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Manganese nodule

Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. As nodules can be found in vast quantities, and contain valuable metals, deposits have been identified as a potential economic interest. Depending on their composition and autorial choice, they may also be called ferromanganese nodules. Ferromanganese nodules are mineral concretions composed of silicates and insoluble iron and manganese oxides that form on the ocean seafloor and terrestrial soils. The formation mechanism involves a series of redox oscillations driven by both abiotic and biotic processes. As a byproduct of pedogenesis, the specific composition of a ferromanganese nodule depends on the composition of the surrounding soil. The formation mechanisms and composition of the nodules allow for couplings with biogeochemical cycles beyond iron and manganese. The high relative abundance of nickel, copper, manganese, and other rare metals in nodules has increased interest in their use as a mining resource.

Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 cm across. However, most nodules are between 3 and 10 cm in diameter, about the size of hen's eggs or potatoes. Their surface textures vary from smooth to rough. They frequently have botryoidal (mammillated or knobby) texture and vary from spherical in shape to typically oblate, sometimes prolate, or are otherwise irregular. The bottom surface, buried in sediment, is generally rougher than the top due to a different type of growth.

Occurrence
Nodules lie on the seabed sediment, often partly or completely buried. They vary greatly in abundance, in some cases touching one another and covering more than 70% of the sea floor surface. The total amount of polymetallic nodules on the sea floor was estimated at 500 billion tons by Alan A. Archer of the London Geological Museum in 1981.

Polymetallic nodules are found in both shallow (e.g. the Baltic Sea ) and deeper waters (e.g. the central Pacific), even in lakes, and are thought to have been a feature of the seas and oceans at least since the deep oceans were oxygenated in the Ediacaran period over 540 million years ago.

Polymetallic nodules were discovered in 1868 in the Kara Sea, in the Arctic Ocean of Siberia. During the scientific expeditions of HMS Challenger (1872–1876), they were found to occur in most oceans of the world.

Their composition varies by location, and sizeable deposits have been found in the following areas:
 * Penrhyn Basin within the Cook Islands.
 * North central Pacific Ocean in a region called the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) roughly midway between Hawaii and Clipperton Islands.
 * Peru Basin in the southeast Pacific, and
 * Southern tropical Indian Ocean in a region termed the Indian Ocean Nodule Field (IONF) roughly 500 km SE of Diego Garcia Island.
 * In the Eastern Pacific, including the area around Juan Fernández Islands and the abyssal plain offshore Loa River.

The largest of these deposits in terms of nodule abundance and metal concentration occur in the Clarion Clipperton Zone on vast abyssal plains in the deep ocean between 4000 and 6000 m. The International Seabed Authority estimates that the total amount of nodules in the Clarion Clipperton Zone exceeds 21 billions of tons (Bt), containing about 5.95 Bt of manganese, 0.27 Bt of nickel, 0.23 Bt of copper and 0.05 Bt of cobalt.

All of these deposits are in international waters apart from the Penrhyn Basin, which lies within the exclusive economic zone of the Cook Islands.

Growth and composition
In both marine and terrestrial environments, ferromanganese nodules are composed primarily of iron and manganese oxide concretions supported by an aluminosilicate matrix and surrounding a nucleus. Typically terrestrial nodules are more enriched in iron, while marine nodules tend to have higher manganese to iron ratios, depending on the formation mechanism and surrounding sedimentary composition. Regardless of where they form, the nodules are characterized by enrichment in iron, manganese, heavy metals, and rare earth element content when compared to the Earth's crust and surrounding sediment. However, organically-bound elements in the surrounding environment are not readily incorporated into nodules.

Marine nodules
On the seabed the abundance of nodules varies and is likely controlled by the thickness and stability of a geochemically active layer that forms at the seabed. Pelagic sediment type and seabed bathymetry (or geomorphology) likely influence the characteristics of the geochemically active layer.

Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all known geological phenomena, on the order of a centimeter over several million years. Several processes are hypothesized to be involved in the formation of nodules, including the precipitation of metals from seawater, the remobilization of manganese in the water column (diagenetic), the derivation of metals from hot springs associated with volcanic activity (hydrothermal), the decomposition of basaltic debris by seawater and the precipitation of metal hydroxides through the activity of microorganisms (biogenic). The sorption of divalent cations such as Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ at the surface of Mn- and Fe-oxyhydroxides, known to be strong sorbents, also plays a main role in the accumulation of these transition metals in the manganese nodules. These processes (precipitation, sorption, surface complexation, surface precipitation, incorporation by formation of solid solutions...) may operate concurrently or they may follow one another during the formation of a nodule.

Manganese nodules are essentially composed of hydrated phyllomanganates. These are layered Mn-oxide minerals with interlayers containing water molecules in variable quantities. They strongly interact with trace metals (Co2+, Ni2+) because of the octahedral vacancies present in their layers. The particular properties of phyllomanganates explain the role they play in many geochemical concentration processes. They incorporate traces of transition metals mainly via cation exchange in their interlayer like clay minerals and surface complexation by formation of inner sphere complexes at the oxide surface as it is also the case with hydrous ferric oxides, HFO. Slight variations in their crystallographic structure and mineralogical composition may result in considerable changes in their chemical reactivity.

The mineral composition of manganese-bearing minerals is dependent on how the nodules are formed; sedimentary nodules, which have a lower Mn2+ content than diagenetic, are dominated by Fe-vernadite, Mn-feroxyhyte, and asbolane-buserite while diagenetic nodules are dominated by buserite I, birnessite, todorokite, and asbolane-buserite. The growth types termed diagenetic and hydrogenetic reflect suboxic and oxic growth, which in turn could relate to periods of interglacial and glacial climate. It has been estimated that suboxic-diagenetic type 2 layers make up about 50–60% of the chemical inventory of the nodules from the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) whereas oxic-hydrogenetic type 1 layers comprise about 35–40%. The remaining part (5–10%) of the nodules consists of incorporated sediment particles occurring along cracks and pores.

The chemical composition of nodules varies according to the type of manganese minerals and the size and characteristics of their core. Those of greatest economic interest contain manganese (27–30 wt. %), nickel (1.25–1.5 wt. %), copper (1–1.4 wt. %) and cobalt (0.2–0.25 wt. %). Other constituents include iron (6 wt. %), silicon (5 wt. %) and aluminium (3 wt. %), with lesser amounts of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, titanium and barium, along with hydrogen and oxygen as well as water of crystallization and free water. In a given manganese nodule, there is one part of iron oxide for every two parts of manganese dioxide.

A wide range of trace elements and trace minerals are found in nodules with many of these incorporated from the seabed sediment, which itself includes particles carried as dust from all over the planet before settling to the seabed.

The size of marine ferromanganese nodules can range from a diameter of 1–15 cm, surrounding a nucleus. The nucleus itself can be made from a variety of small objects in the surrounding environment, including fragments from previously broken down nodules, rock fragments, or sunken biogenic matter. Total nodule composition varies based on the formation mechanism, broadly broken down into two major categories: hydrogenetic and diagenetic. Hydrogenetic nodules have a higher iron and cobalt enrichment with manganese to iron ratios less than 2.5, while diagenetic nodules are more enriched with manganese, nickel, and copper with manganese to iron ratios typically between 2.5 to 5 but upwards to 30+ in sub-oxic conditions. The parent mineral for hydrogenetic nodules is vernadite and buserite for diagenetic nodules. The majority of observed nodules are a mixture of hydrogenetic and diagenetic regions of growth, preserving the changes in formation mechanisms over time. Generally, diagenetic layers are found on the bottom where the nodule is either buried in or touching the sea floor sediment and hydrogenetic layers are found towards the top where it is exposed to the above water column. Nodule layers are discontinuous and vary in thickness on micro to nanometer scale with those composed of higher manganese content typically brighter and those with higher iron content dark and dull.

Terrestrial nodules
Terrestrial ferromanganese nodules form in a variety of soil types, including but not limited to ultisols, vertisols, inceptisols, alfisols, and mollisols. Similar to the marine nodules, concretion layers are defined based on iron and manganese content as well as their combination. High iron content nodules appear a red or brown color, while high manganese content appears black or grey. The dominant metal oxide is related to the elements enriched in the nodule. In manganese-dominated nodules, enriched elements include barium, strontium, nickel, cobalt, copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc. In contrast, iron-dominated nodules are enriched in vanadium, phosphorus, arsenic, and chromium.

Marine origin
Marine ferromanganese nodules form from the precipitation of primarily iron, manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt, and zinc around the nucleus. The mechanism is defined based on the source of the precipitation. Precipitation sourced from the above water column is referred to as hydrogenetic, while precipitation from the sediment pore water is diagenetic. Nodule growth occurs more readily in oxygenated environments with relatively low sedimentation rates that provide adequate levels of labile organic matter to fuel precipitation. When sedimentation rates are too high, nodules can be completely covered in sediments, lowering the local oxygen levels and preventing precipitation. Growth rates for nodules are a current topic for research complicated by the irregular and discontinuous nature of their formation, but average rates have been calculated using radiometric dating. In general hydrogenetic nodules grow slower than diagenetic at approximately 2–5 mm per million years versus 10 mm per million years. The formation of polynodules from multiple nodules growing together is possible and hypothesized to be facilitated by deposited encrusting organisms.

Terrestrial origin
Formation of terrestrial ferromanganese nodules involves the accumulation of iron and manganese oxides followed by repeated redox cycles of reductive dissolution and oxidative precipitation. The oscillating redox cycle is controlled by pH, microbial activity, organic matter concentration, groundwater level, soil saturation, and redox potential. Anthropogenic activity could influence these cycles through increased nutrient loading via fertilizers. Assessment of the changing paleoclimate conditions during soil evolution can be explored by analyzing the nodule's concretion structure when combined with dating techniques. Manganese layers typically form at higher redox potentials compared to iron layers, but a period of rapid increase in redox potential can form a mixed layer. As the nodules are formed, trace elements including but not limited to nickel, cobalt, copper, and zinc are incorporated. Trace metals composition is a product of three processes: uptake of parent material in surrounding soil, accumulation of the products of microbial iron or manganese-reducing bacteria, and complexation on the nodule's surface.

Proposed mining – history of mining activities
Interest in the potential exploitation of polymetallic nodules generated a great deal of activity among prospective mining consortia in the 1960s and 1970s. Almost half a billion dollars was invested in identifying potential deposits and in research and development of technology for mining and processing nodules. These studies were carried out by four multinational consortia composed of companies from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Japan, and two groups of private companies and agencies from France and Japan. There were also three publicly sponsored entities from the Soviet Union, India and China.

In the late 1970s, two of the international joint ventures collected several hundred-ton quantities of manganese nodules from the abyssal plains (18,000 feet + depth) of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Significant quantities of nickel (the primary target) as well as copper and cobalt were subsequently extracted from this "ore" using both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. In the course of these projects, a number of ancillary developments evolved, including the use of near-bottom towed side-scan sonar array to assay the nodule population density on the abyssal silt while simultaneously performing a sub-bottom profile with a derived, vertically oriented, low-frequency acoustic beam. Since then, deep sea technology has improved significantly: including widespread and low cost use of navigation technology such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and ultra-short baseline (USBL); survey technology such as multibeam echosounder (MBES) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV); and intervention technology including remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) and high power umbilical cables. There is also improved technology that could be used in mining including pumps, tracked and screw drive rovers, rigid and flexible drilling risers, and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene rope. Mining is considered to be similar to the potato harvest on land, which involves mining a field partitioned into long, narrow strips. The mining support vessel follows the mining route of the seafloor mining tools, picking up the about potato-sized nodules from the seafloor.

In recent times, nickel and other metal supply has needed to turn to higher cost deposits in order to meet increased demand, and commercial interest in nodules has revived. The International Seabed Authority has granted new exploration contracts and is progressing development of a Mining Code for The Area, with most interest being in the Clarion Clipperton Zone.

Since 2011, a number of commercial companies have received exploration contracts. These include subsidiaries of larger companies like Lockheed Martin, DEME (Global Sea Mineral Resources, GSR), Keppel Corporation, The Metals Company, and China Minmetals, and smaller companies like Nauru Ocean Resources, Tonga Offshore Mining and Marawa Research and Exploration.

In July 2021, Nauru announced a plan to exploit nodules in this area, which requires the International Seabed Authority, which regulates mining in international waters, to finalize mining regulations by July 2023. Environmentalists have criticized this move on the grounds that too little is known about seabed ecosystems to understand the potential impacts of deep-sea mining, and some of the major tech companies, including Samsung and BMW, have committed to avoid using metals derived from nodules.

Proposed mining areas of manganese nodules
The Clarion-Clipperton Zone serves as the largest and most popular area for mining manganese nodules. Extending from approximately 120W to 160W, the Clarion-Clipperton Zone can be located in the Pacific Ocean, lying between Hawaii and Mexico. According to the ISA, it covers an area of about four million square kilometers which almost equals the size of the European Union. The huge potential of the Clarion Clipperton Zone is based on an estimated amount of 21 billion tons of nodules. Around 44 million tons of cobalt are stored in that area alone, which is around three times more than the land reserves could provide. Manganese nodule fields are not equally distributed on the seafloor within the Clarion-Clipperton Zone but rather occur in patches. Economically interesting patches with a high distribution of manganese nodules can cover an area of several thousand square kilometers. This rather irregular nodule distribution in the South Pacific can be found as a possible result of the greater topographic and sedimentological diversity of the South Pacific.

The economic interest of mining manganese nodules
The high natural abundance of nickel, copper, cobalt, zinc, iron, and manganese in ferromanganese nodules has promoted research into their use as a rare metal resource. The Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the northeastern Pacific Ocean has been observed as an area containing the highest concentration of resource-grade nodules. A bulk weight greater than 3% for nickel, copper, and cobalt is required to be considered resource-grade. Nodule formation in oxic waters at or below the carbonate compensation depth produces the most desirable rare metal ratio in hydrogenic nodules. As the grade of ores from terrestrial mines has decreased over time, ferromanganese nodules may offer a way to meet the growing global demand for rare metals. However, the low estimated growth rate of hydrogenic nodules of about 2–5 mm per million years categorizes them as a non-renewable resource.

Technologies like electric car batteries, wind turbines and solar panels require rare types of resources that can be found in the seabed. Manganese nodules provide various sources of these metals, especially cobalt. The ongoing digitalization, transport and energy transition causes a rising demand for metals such as copper, nickel cobalt and many other metals used in technology. Manganese Nodules are therefore needed for batteries, laptops, and smartphones, in e-bikes and e-cars, solar and wind turbines as well as for the storage of green electricity. This enormous demand in cobalt sets the ocean into a new light — many countries have already staked their claims. Yet at the same time, mining them might cause even greater damages to the deep-sea ecosystem. Some scientists question the prime economical interest in manganese nodules. As far as they are concerned, such biological resources could be an untapped value for biotechnologies and medicines and should therefore be protected at all cost.

Ecology
Ferromanganese nodules are highly redox active, allowing for interaction with biogeochemical cycles primarily as an electron acceptor. Notably, terrestrial nodules uptake and trap nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon. The higher rate of organic carbon uptake allows nodules to enhance a soil's ability to sequester carbon, creating a net sink. Phosphorus concentration in the nodules ranges from 2.5 to 7 times the value of the surrounding soil matrix. Microbes in the soil can utilize the nutrient enrichment on the surface of nodules coupled with their redox potential to fuel their metabolic pathways and release the once immobile phosphorus. Along with nutrients, ferromanganese nodules can sequester toxic heavy metals (lead, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, and cadmium) from the soil, improving its quality. However, similar to the release of phosphorus by microbes, reductive dissolution of the nodules would release these heavy metals back into the soil.

Environmental impacts of mining manganese nodules
Very little is known about deep sea ecosystems or the potential impacts of deep-sea mining. Polymetallic nodule fields are hotspots of abundance and diversity for a highly vulnerable abyssal fauna, much of which lives attached to nodules or in the sediment immediately beneath it. Nodule mining could affect tens of thousands of square kilometers of these deep sea ecosystems, and ecosystems take millions of years to recover. It causes habitat alteration, direct mortality of benthic creatures, or smothering of filter feeders by sediment. Due to the complexity and remoteness of the deep-sea, environmental scientists work in a knowledge poor situation with many gaps and high uncertainty. Nevertheless, there are several sources of cumulative impacts caused within a mining operation that must be considered. These impacts can be directly caused by the mining activities themselves but also occur as indirect impacts such as sedimentation plumes and disposition. Multiple impacts can be caused from the same mining activity but affect the deep-sea environment in different ways.

These could include:

 * discharge plumes that have effects of clogging feeding mechanisms of plankton
 * Noise and light pollution that cause reduced visibility for predators
 * Ecotoxicological or chemical temperature changes in the water quality

Destruction of seabed and habitat
The dump-truck-sized collection vehicles that scour the seafloor for nodule-bearing sediment, do necessarily destroy the top of the seabed – often more than three kilometers below the surface. Scientists found that collection vehicles can have long-lasting physical and biological effects on the seafloor and cause an altering of various deep-sea ecosystems that scientists are still working to understand. This mining method leads to an inevitable loss of life among animals while the plow tracks remained visible decades later. Recent growth estimates suggest that "microbially mediated biogeochemical functions" need over 50 years to return to their undisturbed initial state. The DISCOL impact study aimed to reveal the potential long-term impacts of deep-sea mining-related disturbances on seafloor integrity by revisiting 26-year-old plough tracks. While nodules appeared outside the tracks dusted with sediments, the plough tracks themselves were clearly devoid of nodules.

The contracts to explore for manganese nodules are typically for areas up to 75,000 km2, but the total area affected by the extractions is much greater. The extent of physically disturbed seabed area in one mine contract area only can be assumed to be between 200 and 600 km2 each year, which equals the size of a large town. But not just the ocean floor is directly affected by the extractions, rather the whole marine ecosystem.

Sediment laden plumes
The mining robots operating on the seabed floor emit plumes of sediment, which could cover fauna in the area around the mining site and therefore have a great impact on the ecosystem of the seabed. The produced plumes contain a mixture of dissolved material and suspended particles of a range of sizes. Dissolved material is transported inextricably by the water that contains it, whereas suspended particles tend to sink. The contained area can be estimated much bigger than the actual mined area, since finer particles and dissolved material will be transported greater distances away from the actual mined area. Seabed accumulations of plume material will therefore be thicker and contain larger particles close to the source of the plume.

In addition to the plumes created by mining activities on the seabed, discharge plumes should also be considered, that will be created by the return of excess water. Excess water occurs during the dewatering process on board of the surface vessel as well as when ore slurries are transported from the mothership to the transport barges. Predictions of the net impact of plumes should therefore consider a range of scenarios. A lot of unknowns remain, scientists warn that there might be toxic impacts.

Noise pollution
Human generated sound can cause direct damage to marine animals, as many of them use sound as their primary mode of communication. The extreme background noise caused by the mining machines can interfere with the communication between animals and limit their ability to detect prey. Furthermore, noise and vibration can affect auditory senses and systems of marine animals. Noise can be caused during different processes of deep-sea mining:

 * noise and vibration from seabed production tools
 * midwater plumes used to transfer ores to the surface ship
 * the surface ship itself

The surface vessel produces several high intensities sounds for example caused by the propellers, engines, generators, and hydraulic pumps. It is also important to consider the fact that the ship will operate almost continuously for many years during the mining contract which usually lasts for 20–30 years.

Light pollution
Mining activities could impair the feeding and reproduction of deep-sea species through the creation of intense noise and light pollution in a naturally dark and silent environment. Light pollution is another important factor that causes environmental impacts on sea life. The light that is used to make mining work undersea possible could attract or repel some animal species, bright lights can also blind certain marine animals. Strong lights used at the vessel and ships can influence birds as well as near surface animals.

Mitigation of environmental impacts
There is still a gap in research of how to reduce these environmental impacts. This is partly because the entire ocean ecosystem still needs to be discovered and researched much more. Some scientists suggest that one possibility would be to reduce the weight of mining vehicles. This could reduce compaction and lessen the amount of disturbed sediment at the rear of the vehicle. Since many deep seas are extremely dependent on the hard substrate of manganese nodules in their food chain, another option would be to leave at least a few tracks of nodules left and to not harvest them. Due to the extremely long growth rate, the mined manganese nodules will not return for millions of years. To combat this, distributing manufactured replacement nodules could be an option. But these possibilities also need to be further explored. The most beneficial mitigation effect would bring a reduction of the sediment plumes and their spreading, as these not only affect the immediate surroundings, but also affect the ecosystem at considerable distances from the nodule harvesting sites .Experimental studies in the 1990s concluded in part that trial mining at a reasonable scale would likely help best constrain real impacts from any commercial mining.

Recovery potential of seabed ecosystems
The slow recovery potential of ecosystems can be seen as one of the major concerns of nodule mining. Seabed areas that contain nodules will be massively disturbed and the recovery of epifauna is exceptionally slow within the mined areas. A significant proportion of the animals are dependent on the nodules, which create a hard substrate for them. These substrates will not return for millions of years until new nodules are formed. Nodules grow from a few to a few tens of millimeters per million years. Their extreme slow growth rate is not continuous or regular and differs regarding the environment and surface. They may also not grow at all or be completely buried for periods of time. Altogether, manganese nodules grow with an average of 10-20 mm per million years and usually have an age of several million years – if they are not mined. Because many deep-sea species are rare, long-lived and slow to reproduce, and because polymetallic nodules (which may take millions of years to develop to a harvestable size) are an important habitat for deep-sea species, scientists are fairly certain that some species would face extinction from habitat removal due to mining. The affected ecosystems would require extremely long time periods to recover, if ever. Nodule mining could affect tens of thousands of square kilometers of deep-sea ecosystems, and ecosystems take millions of years to recover.

title: Manganese nodule


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Drongos (disambiguation)

Drongos may refer to:
 * The Drongos, a quartet of New Zealanders who performed in New York City
 * Drongo, a family of small passerine birds of the Old World tropics

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Drongos (disambiguation)


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Donald Jack

Donald Lamont Jack (6 December 1924 – 2 June 2003) was an English and Canadian novelist and playwright.

Life
Jack was born in Radcliffe, Bury, England and grew up in Britain, attending the well regarded Bury Grammar School and Marr College and later serving in the RAF in World War II (1943–47).

After the war he emigrated to Canada in 1951, and became a Canadian citizen in 1964. From 1955 to 1957 he was a scriptwriter for Crawley Films. After 1957 he became a full-time freelance writer.

He wrote for the stage, radio, and for television programs such as General Motors Theatre, The Unforeseen, Playdate, Hatch's Mill, The Forest Rangers, and On Camera, but he is most famous for his novels, the Bandy Papers, which recount the humorous adventures of Bartholomew Bandy, a World War I fighter pilot. His play The Canvas Barricade was the first Canadian play produced at the Stratford Festival of Canada. Other stage plays included Exit Muttering, Crash, and Minuet for Brass Band. He had 39 TV plays produced, 22 radio plays, and numerous documentaries. Most of Jack's book-length works are being re-published, or published for the first time, by Sybertooth.

Jack died of a stroke at his home in Warwickshire, England in June 2003.

The Bandy Papers series

 * Three Cheers for Me – 1962 (Winner of the 1963 Stephen Leacock Award)
 * Three Cheers for Me (revised & expanded edition) – 1973
 * That's Me in the Middle – 1973 (Winner of the 1974 Stephen Leacock Award)
 * It's Me Again - 1975 (Also published as two volumes, It's Me Again & Me Among the Ruins)
 * Me Bandy, You Cissie - 1979 (Winner of the 1980 Stephen Leacock Award)
 * Me Too - 1983
 * This One's on Me - 1987
 * Me So Far – 1989
 * Hitler Versus Me: The Return of Bartholomew Bandy – 1996
 * Stalin Versus Me – 2005
 * Hitler Versus Me paperback combining H vs M with the author's novelette, "Where Did Rafe Madison Go?" – 2006
 * Me Bandy, You Cissie paperback combining the novel with the author's radio play Banner's Headline – 2009
 * Three Cheers for Me 50th anniversary edition of the original 1962 version, with a foreword by Paul Marlowe – 2011

Other published works

 * Exit Muttering – 1972
 * Sinc, Betty and the Morning Man – 1977 (non-fiction)
 * Rogues, Rebels, and Geniuses: The Story of Canadian Medicine – 1981 (non-fiction)
 * The Canvas Barricade – 2007 (stage play)

Stageplays

 * Humbly, for Fyodor (1953)
 * Minuet for Brass Band (1953) A 3-act play first performed at the Canadian Theatre School in Toronto, founded by Sterndale Bennett.
 * Flamacue Serenade
 * The Canvas Barricade (1961) A 2-act comedy about an artist defying materialism. Set on the Quebec-Ontario border, and in Toronto. Performed in 1961 at the Stratford Festival, where it was the first original Canadian play performed. Music by Harry Freedman
 * Exit Muttering (1962) A 2-act comedy first performed at the Grenville Street Playhouse, directed by Hugh Webster, with set design by Vincent Vaitiekunas. Published 1974.
 * Reckless (1969/1971)
 * Folly (1985) Alternate titles: Love in Business Hours; Pension Play.
 * Blast (1988) Comedy about espionage at an English country house.
 * Crash A 2-act comedy about a timpanist who inherits a funeral home. First performed at the Ontario Playwrights' Showcase.

Radio Plays

 * Three Cheers for Me (CBC Theatre 10:30, 1972)
 * Your Tiny Head is Frozen (for CBC Stage)
 * Grave Tidings (for Sunday Theatre)
 * Banner's Headline
 * More Joy in Heaven (dramatization of Morley Callaghan's novel for Theatre 10:30)

title: Donald Jack


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Hiberno-Latin

Hiberno-Latin, also called Hisperic Latin, was a learned style of literary Latin first used and subsequently spread by Irish monks during the period from the sixth century to the tenth century.

Vocabulary and influence
Hiberno-Latin was notable for its curiously learned vocabulary. While neither Hebrew nor Greek was widely known in Western Europe during this period, odd words from these sources, as well as from Irish and British sources, were added to Latin vocabulary by these authors. It has been suggested that the unusual vocabulary of the poems was the result of the monks learning Latin words from dictionaries and glossaries which did not distinguish between obscure and common words; unlike many others in Western Europe at the time, the Irish monks did not speak a language descended from Latin. During the sixth and seventh centuries AD, Irish monasticism spread through Christian Europe; Irish monks who founded these monasteries often brought Hiberno-Latin literary styles with them.

Notable authors whose works contain something of the Hiberno-Latin spirit include St Columba, St Columbanus, St Adamnan, and Virgilius Maro Grammaticus. St Gildas, the Welsh author of the De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, is also credited with the Lorica, or Breastplate, an apotropaic charm against evil that is written in a curiously learned vocabulary; this too probably relates to an education in the Irish styles of Latin. John Scotus Eriugena was probably one of the last Irish authors to write Hiberno-Latin wordplay. St Hildegard of Bingen preserves an unusual Latin vocabulary that was in use in her convent, and which appears in a few of her poems; this invention may also be influenced by Hiberno-Latin.

Hisperica Famina
The style reaches its peak in the Hisperica Famina, which means roughly "Western orations"; these Famina are rhetorical descriptive poems couched in a kind of free verse. Hisperica is understood as a portmanteau word combining Hibernia, Ireland, and Hesperides, the semi-legendary "Western Isles" that may have been inspired by the Azores or the Canary Islands; the coinage is typical of the wordplay used by these authors. A brief excerpt from a poem on the dawn from the Hisperica Famina shows the Irish poet decorating his verses with Greek words:

One usage of Hesperia in classical times was as a synonym for Italy, and it is noticeable that some of the vocabulary and stylistic devices of these pieces originated not among the Irish, but with the priestly and rhetorical poets who flourished within the world dominated ecclesiastically by Rome (especially in Italy, Gaul, Spain and Africa) between the fourth and the sixth centuries, such as Juvencus, Avitus of Vienne, Dracontius, Ennodius and Venantius Fortunatus. (Thus the very word famen, plural famina – a pseudo-archaic coinage from the classical verb fari, 'to speak' – is first recorded in the metrical Gospels Evangeliorum libri of Juvencus. Similarly, the word-arrangement often follows the sequence adjective 1 - adjective 2 - verb - noun 1 - noun 2, known as the "golden line", a pattern used to excess in the too-regular prosody of these poets; the first line quoted above is an example.) The underlying idea, then, would be to cast ridicule on these Roman-oriented writers by blending their stylistic tricks with incompetent scansion and applying them to unworthy subjects.

Altus Prosator
On a much more intelligible level, the sixth-century abecedarian hymn Altus prosator shows many of the features of Hiberno-Latin: the word prosator, the "first sower" meaning creator, refers to God using an unusual neologism. The text of the poem also contains the word iduma, meaning "hands;" this is probably from Hebrew (yadaim, "two hands"). The poem is also an extended alphabetical acrostic, another example of the wordplay typical of Hiberno-Latin. Irish (but not Continental) manuscripts traditionally attributed the poem to the sixth-century Irish mystic Saint Columba, but this attribution is doubtful. Marking with an asterisk (*) words that are learned, neologisms, unusually spelled, or unusual in the context they stand, the poem begins:

Similar usage

 * In Italian, Francesco Colonna created a similar style (in prose), packed with neologisms drawn from Hebrew, Greek and Latin, for his allegory Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499).
 * The Spanish Golden Century poet Luis de Góngora was the champion of culteranismo (sometimes called gongorism in English), a style that subjected Spanish to abstruse Latinate neologism, obscure allusions to Classical mythology and violent hyperbaton.
 * In English, euphuism – a 16th-century tendency named after the character Euphues who appears in two works by its chief practitioner John Lyly – shows similar qualities.

title: Hiberno-Latin


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Talk:Highest averages method

2003 comments
First, I can't tell you how happy that user:Ruhrjung added this page, and the sainte-lague one, and that we've had all these people working on these pages. I'm going to suggest that we replace the example with the following made-up one: apportioning seats to states for an 8-seat council of New England states. The reasons I'd want to make the change are: 1) the "preferences" (in this case, population) aren't made up, so nobody has to account for "is this a realistic spread of preferences or is this tailored", and 2) it emphasises the difference between d'H and S-L (that's why I chose not to use modified S-L).

However, I'm not going to be bold because Ruhrjung clearly put in a lot of work to make the existing example (whose table structure I have copied) and I don't want to offend him. Is this okay? Which example do you think is better?

Also, whichever example we use, I want to use and explain a table like this:

 * Seats=seats allocated under this system
 * Ratio=Total Seats to allocate*State Population/N.E. Population
 * Diff.= Seats-Ratio

-- User:DanKeshet

Go along. I'm busy at work for the next three days - probably without any time to "recover" in front of the computer.

Your proposed addition is quite in line with my thoughts on what's relevant and interesting. I had a thought with the made up number of votes, namely that they make percentage-comparisons easy for the untrained, as the total number of casted votes was set to 100.000. And as quite a few elections in the last 30 years (i.e. in my lifetime:-) has been done with these methods, it never occured to me that one of them ought to be taken as an example. By making up the numbers, the which-and-why question was avoided. :-) My idea was to add rows to the tables with approximately the following information: const.                    result in percentage  size         d'Hondt                              Sainte-Laguë          party 1    party 2,   party 3...       party 1,  party 2,  party 3...  1       100% (1)                               100% (1)  2       100% (2)                               100% (2)  3        67% (2)    33% (1)                     67% (2)   33% (1)  4        50% (2)    25% (1)    25% (1)          50% (2)   25% (1)   25% (1)  5  6  7  8        9 10

I had further had the idea to have two sections in the article with two headings: One for comparing the unmodified Sainte-Laguë method, and one (as I had started) for the method with the first divisor set equal to 1.4 - and how unlikely it might now ever seem, I had actually finished that work when my computer locked, and the work was lost, ...and I soured.

Do as you like with the figures. I wouldn't advice you to use any New England example, as the whole wikipedia project already as it is is pretty much US-centered, which isn't always a good thing, and as it might seem odd to list half-a-dozen of non-US countries where the method is in uncontroversial use, and then give an example from USA. However, I'm glad someone more than me has found it relevant to work on these articles, and I'm sure the end result will become pretty good whatever you choose to do of your New England idea.

best regards! -- Ruhrjung 17:52 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Uf! I'm sorry to hear about your computer lockup! I look forward to the text being regenerated. So, I agree about the US-centrism, and I'll drop the New England example, but I still think it's better to use a "real-life" made-up example (EU? AU?) than an out-of-the-blue made-up example.

By the way, do you know about WikiProject Voting Systems? You don't need to know anything about the project in order to participate, but if we want project-wide standards, then that could be a place we work them out.

See you,

DanKeshet 04:35, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

One more step taken, on the outlined road, but the weather is nice, and the summer short up here in the North, why I refuse to hide indoors more. :)) -- Ruhrjung 09:05, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * No worries. Relax, take your time, it will still be here when you get back.  I have added a section on the other way of conceiving of the highest averages methods.  I understand that nobody who didn't already understand what I wrote will probably gain an understanding, but I meant it as starter text which can be ruthlessly rewritten until it actually explains the reasoning behind the procedures. DanKeshet 17:49, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I saw that. The colour is nice. Your attempt to explain the method as if it was largest remainder method is maybe not quite simple to understand, that's true, but if so, it can surely be mended in due time. I'm for instance pretty fond of the following sparse wording, quoted from http://www.barnsdle.demon.co.uk/vote/appor.html:

 * That was the quota definition of Webster's method. Webster actually worded his own definition slightly differrently, in a way that's very brief: To determine each party's seats:

 * Divide each party's votes by the same number & round off.

 * This common divisor is chosen so that the total number of seats awarded equals the desired house (or district) size.

 * Again, this common divisor is a common ratio between seats & votes, and rounding off puts each party's seats as close as possible to what that common ratio calls for.

 * Some object that the divisor definition is unclear because it orders division by an as-yet unspecified number, unlike the quota definition. But Webster's divisor definition has the best brevity.

-- Ruhrjung 13:58, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Would it be useful to mention minor methods like Hill's method? (Hill's method is used for assigning representatives to US states, and has the property that every "party" gets at least one representative.) Rob Speer 08:04, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)

why?
Im having trouble understanding the exact rationale behind these methods. Why do seemingly provisionaly choosen divisors result in a proportional result? Also, why are such complicated ways of allocation used at all; it would seem that simply dividing the number of votes each party won with the total votes and multiplying this with the number of available seets, rounded down, and then largest remaining fractions up to the remaining number of seets chosen (if you write this out, it is mathematically equivalent to Hare quota) would by definition result in the most proportional results, and its the most intuitive - mathematically most evident - way of doing this. --195.29.116.30 04:54, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thaat is a largest remainder method and is not mathematically equivalent.--Rumping (talk) 10:17, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

____________

Let’s suppose those figures:

A: 340,000	B: 280,000	C: 160,000	D: 60,000	E: 15,000

The result using Sainte-Laguë method would be: 3, 2, 1, 1

If we use D'Hond method, then: 2, 2, 2, 1.

It seems to contradict the idea of a 'more proportional' system.

Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.35.196.9 (talk) 15:03, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * You may have made an error with your D'Hondt calculations: I make it 3,3,1,0 as 340000/3 > 280000/3 > 160000/2 > 60000/1. As for which is more proportional, I have my doubts about any system which does not guarantee that a party with more than half the votes will win at least half the seats. --Rumping (talk) 10:17, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Modified S-L
The table calculates modified S-L with 1.4, 3.4, 5.4,.... This results in a top row with a divisor of 1.4, which is incomparable with all the other tables. Why not use the mathematically equivalent series 1, 2 3/7 (2.429..), 3 6/7,...? This would lead to more comparable numbers (although it would take a footnote to explain it.) 187.143.7.74 (talk) 14:49, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't. Modified S-L (and the table) uses 1.4, 3, 5, .... --Roentgenium111 (talk) 18:05, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * The table has been modified to allow for direct comparisons across rows, by using 0.5, 1.5... for Sainte-Lague (which is the "more correct" fencepost sequence; using 1, 3, ... is just a convenience to avoid dealing with fractions). Closed Limelike Curves (talk) 21:02, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Sainte-Laguë and splits
I have radically changed the part which previously said: "D'Hondt favors the merging of parties, while Sainte-Laguë favours neither merging nor splitting parties which expect to gain more than 1 or 2 seats. (It does favor splitting of very small parties – expecting to gain only 1-2 seats – into still smaller ones). Modified Saint-Laguë prevents this splitting advantage for small parties, while remaining impartial towards party size for all larger parties" on the grounds that it is not true. Just to illustrate from the current example, if the Yellow party split its 47,000 votes into 6 new parties with about 7,800 votes each, it would win 6 seats in both unmodified Sainte-Laguë and modified Sainte-Laguë (with unmodified Sainte-Laguë it might even successfully do a split into 7 parties with 6,700 votes each so going from 4 to 7 seats). The reality is that Sainte-Laguë often rewards splits, even for large parties, rather like the Hare quotas in Hong Kong. --Rumping (talk) 16:45, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

Fill gaps from the German Wikipedia
For missing references and other useful material (including mathematical properties of the apportionments achieved and other algorithms always yielding the same apportionment) see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitzzuteilungsverfahren. -- Wegner8 07:13, 19 October 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wegner8 (talk • contribs)

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is huntington-hill example correct
Hi

not sure on this but I'm not sure the huntington hill example is correct.

because the divisor is n(n+1) the first number in the series is infinity - hence all who meet the threshold get at least one seat. so the first round should both eliminate two of the parties, and assign four seats to the other parties leaving six to be allocated. these will go four to yellow, one to white, one to red, giving overall allocation of 5,2,2,1. In this example it is the same seat allocation as d'hondt and modified S-L.

--Dirtyrottenscoundrel (talk) 09:32, 23 October 2020 (UTC) Dirtyrottenscoundrel (talk) 09:32, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

 * The example was incorrect and has been corrected. Closed Limelike Curves (talk) 20:58, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Unexplained deletion of content
@ you are removing the Imperiali quota ($post(k) = k + 2$) from the divisor table (and elsewhere) without explanation in your edit comments. Please explain that here. Thank you — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 20:52, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Did I? I'll fix that; I dropped it from the table intentionally because it's:
 * 1. Not technically a proper divisor method (signposts must be k+1) at most, and
 * 2. Subsumed by the stationary divisor methods.
 * But I'll add a comment describing it as part of the stationary family of divisor methods. Closed Limelike Curves (talk) 21:00, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, I've seen that you changed the text to support that "Not technically a proper divisor method (signposts must be k+1) at most", but what is your source for this restriction of at most $k + 1$? The restriction appears false in light of the existence of the Imperiali quota.
 * Yes, but especially because it has a name, we should include it, yes? As in, we don't include $k + π$ because no one uses it!
 * — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 21:06, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Seeing no objections, I am going to restore equal footing to the Imperiali quota, including the possibility that $post(k)$ could be greater than $k + 1$. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 14:48, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The restriction is provided in Balinski and Young, as well as Pukelsheim (the two texts that form the basis for this article). fenceposts that violate the restriction k <= post(k) <= k+1 fail the exactness/idempotence axiom of proportional representation systems--a proportional representation algorithm M*(p) must be idempotent, i.e. M*(p) = M*(M*(p)). In other words, every whole number must round to itself. Closed Limelike Curves (talk) 20:58, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Best names for the discussed methods
@ you've renamed several of the methods discussed so that the wikilinks take us to pages that are named differently. As evidenced by the choice of the names of these linked articles, the new names appear to be inferior to the names that they have replaced. But likely you have a reason for preferring the names that you are using ... what is it? Thank you — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 21:11, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I’m not super wedded to either set of names, but my reasoning in general was that:
 * I’d prefer to be consistent in using one set of names (American) or the other (European) throughout this article; unfortunately it’s a bit more difficult to try and make the European names fit. Adams’ method is only occasionally associated with Cambridge; the Dean and Hill methods and have no European names whatsoever.
 * As a rule of thumb, I think it’s reasonable to go by priority (and Jefferson/Webster have priority, as they came up with the methods first).
 * The English-language literature on this seems to lean towards using the American names more often.
 * Closed Limelike Curves (talk) 00:30, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

Allows zeros
@ et al: The new column in the table "Allows zeros" might need some re-thinking. Any of the methods that gives $post(k=0) = 0$ can be said to not allow zeros in that every alternative will get one representative before any alternative gets a second alternative. However, if giving one representative to every alternative makes too many representatives then a floor number of votes is established and only those alternatives with that many votes will get a representative. In this case, some alternatives will get zero representatives even though "Allows zeros" is listed as "no". — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 21:26, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Seeing no objections, I am going to remove the column "Allows zeros" from the table, so that it does not mislead the reader into believing that some systems disallow zeros in all cases. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 14:50, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * . Your recent edit to restore the "Allows zeros" column to the table didn't quite work / appears incomplete.  I look forward to seeing your ideas for this.  Thank you — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 14:31, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Corrected, thanks. Closed Limelike Curves (talk) 20:54, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Highest averages method


text:
Talk:Joliet Correctional Center

Architecture
I'm curious about the battlements on the main building. Were these just meant as decoration or did they actually think they would need battlements in case of a riot or attack of some sort? I've seen these on several old prison buildings, and I've always wondered. nut-meg (talk) 13:58, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

Prison in the Blues Brothers movie
Was the prison in the Blues Brothers movie, Joliet or Statesville? Rmhermen 16:35 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Joliet

 * Statesville in Blues Brothers 2000 02:44, 12 December 2005 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joe The Dragon (talk • contribs)

 * It was Joliet, which was closed down for prisoners, but sits within the general site for the newer Statesville Prison. 06:15, 12 June 2006 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.239.22.245 (talk • contribs)

 * Joliet was the site where "Blues Brothers" was filmed, long before the prison closed. Stateville is the prison where scenes from "Natural Born Killers" were filmed.  Joliet and Stateville look somewhat alike in certain scenes and photos because both are built of native Illinois limestone.  However, they are several miles apart.  One is not inside the other.  I worked at both facilities. -- LisaSmall T/ C  04:37, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Portions of the movie "Natural Born Killers" was also filmed at Joliet Correctional Center in the R&C/Annex portion. Most of the scenes did not make the movie, but the film crew was there. The beginning Riot scene was filmed at Joliet. There was also a TV series filmed at Joliet Correctional. A short running series called "The Untouchables" filmed an episode or two here also. I worked one of the days that they filmed, but never watched the show to see if that was aired. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.248.24.164 (talk) 20:21, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Annual budget
The text of this article states that the annual budget in 2000 was 333.8 million dollars with a population of 1,300. This works out to 256,769 dollars per inmate per year, which seems way out of line compared to other prison articles which cite budgets, such as Stateville Correctional Center ($33,000/inmate/year). I can't find any references to these numbers on the Ill. Department of Corrections site. Does anyone have any idea where these numbers came from, and where I might be able to verify them? Thanks--69.157.104.121 23:18, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, further checking shows here that the total DOC budget in 2000 was $1,122,815,500... which would have made Joliet almost 30% of the budget with per capita costs hundred times more than others... I'm gonna take out the numbers in the article since they don't appear to be accurate.  --69.157.104.121 23:22, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Stateville Prison
I just made the Stateville Prison wikisite, according to comments above, this is not the same prison. Travb (talk) 20:00, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * They are definitely not the same prison and you were right to start a stub for Stateville Correctional Center, which is larger, slightly newer, and several miles away from Joliet Correctional Center. -- LisaSmall T/ C 05:23, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

John Wayne Gacy
I just removed half a sentence claiming that "John Wayne Gacey" was housed at Stateville, rather than Joliet, on the grounds that if whoever added it couldn't get the name right, their facts were probably wrong too. It certainly contradicts the Prison Break article, which claims that parts of the show were shot in Gacy's cell at Joliet. Fact-checkers? --Quuxplusone 00:36, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, Gacy was executed at Stateville (as his own article says), which as I recall was where Illinois' death house was/is. Further research might be needed. Wahkeenah 00:54, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

hej, sorry for not knowing how to change stuff here, but there is a spelling mistake in this page: Peotry instead of Poetry. could someone change that? :) I have found it in two places, maybe there's more. TC Y'all. Szymon Poland —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.228.70.89 (talk) 21:40, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Percy's Song
Percy's Song does not appear on Dylan's album, The Times They Are a-Changin'. It was an outtake from the sessions that produced the album. I've modified the Music section somewhat to reflect this, although I'm not sure so much detail is warranted here, especially in light of the fact the the song has its own entry. Bill (talk) 19:42, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

STATESVILLE-NEW PRISON
MY FATHER STARTED TO WORK AT STATEVILLE IN 1949. HE WORKED THERE FOR ALMOST 30 YRS.HE WAS BUSINESS ADMINISTRATOR FOR THE ENTIRE PRISON.HIS NAME WAS WAYNE T. PENROD.HE USUALLY KEPT THINGS PRIVATE FROM OUR FAMILY TO PROTECT US, BUT THERE ARE A FEW THINGS I REMEMBER THAT I COULD SHARE.I HAVE BEEN INSIDE THE PRISON ALOT. I REMEMBER WHEN LEOPOLD WAS WORKING FOR MY FATHER AND HE WROTE A COUPLE OF THINGS FOR ME. DON'T KNOW WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO THEM.THAT WAS THE PERIOD WARDEN REGAN WAS THERE. I REMEMBER ART SHOWS,MOVIES I ATTENDED THERE WITH MY FAMILY ON FRI. NIGHTS. I REMEMBER THE WARDEN WANTING TO TEACH SKILLS TO THE INMATES FOR WHEN THEY WENT ON THE OUSIDE.AS A CHILD I REMEMBER MOST OF THE GUYS I CAME INTO CONTACT LOOKED LIKE EVERYDAY PEOPLE YOU WOULD MEET GOING DOWN THE SIDEWALK. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.3.94.175 (talk) 17:35, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Fate of Joliet
Does anyone know what happened to Joliet prison after its closure? I have had difficulty finding information on the web. I am certain a section on the prison's fate would benefit this article. 76.23.222.83 (talk) 01:20, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

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The Old Joliet correctional center is on fire as of 05 29 2017 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.4.124.225 (talk) 02:14, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

"State Prison station" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect State Prison station. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 21:37, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

How do we go about getting a contact number for property owner
How do we go about getting a contact number for property owner 2600:1017:B107:F3EC:5DC4:5B6F:84D7:451D (talk) 02:56, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joliet Correctional Center


text:
Talk:The Dana Girls

Untitled
The titles in the series need emphasis. The dates of publication need wikilinks (and any of the titles that might have articles in the 'pedia). Normally I'd do this type of wikification, but I don't have the energy right now. Anyone else? —Frecklefoot 16:36 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I added the last wikilinks Theophilus88 20:41, 2 August 2005 (UTC)Theophilus88

FWDixon/Finnan is a spammer and plagiarist with more than 100 links from Wiki to his web site to sell books thru Amazon. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.205.13.193 (talk • contribs) 12:39, 20 August 2005  (UTC)

 * See discussion with anon about links in question here. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  19:32, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

See [] for discussion about User FWDixon/Bob Finnan's link spamming and plagiarism.

More on the link spamming and commercial advertising. Example http://hardyboys.bobfinnan.com/hbpb.htm is just a list of titles that all have links to Amazon. All of the books summaries were copied from Amazon. Every HB Digest title, Casefiles title, Clues Brothers title, Supermysteries title, Ultra Thriller title and so on has a link to Amazon and all summaries were copied from Amazon. Does that tell anyone something?

The links to The Unofficial Nancy Drew and Dana Girls commercial web pages are to two web sites owned by the same person. This is not consistent with the one link per site per article rule which has been agreed to on the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew. Can we agree on that? If we can at least one should be removed and the other identified as a commercial site. 69.205.9.31 19:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I cleaned up the intro, but there is much work to be done. Much of this content seems as if it may have been copied from a promotional or fan site, and might be under copyright.  If I'm right about that, and we secure permission to continue to use the content, there will still be a lot of re-working needed.  The emphatic use of caps and other advertising gimmickry in the text is tacky and unencyclopedic and needs to be eliminated.  If someone is using this article to promote his own commercial or status-seeking agenda, that will need to be curbed as well. --Jpbrenna 03:56, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The second series of hardcovers from the 1970's went out of print about the time Harriet Adams switched publishers for the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew to Simon and Schuster. The Danas are mentioned as being friends of Nancy's in volume 58 of that series, a plug for a planned paperback series, that failed to take place. They have been out of print for over 15 years, but a new series is set to be reintroduced in 2006 or 2007. Considering the popularity of girls school plots in film and television in the 1980's, it is likely that a new series would have been popular. Will the Danas be cool in 2006?
 * The above type of content is totally unacceptable. This is sheer promotion, not an encyclopedic description of the series.  There is little discussion of the characters except when mentioning inconsistencies that might make a certain edition more valuable to collectors --- pure commercialization!  This article needs a complete rewrite, and I'm adding a neutrality tag until it receives one.--Jpbrenna 04:03, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Rewrite
I removed most of the original article content, as it was either extremely poorly written and unencyclopedic, of suspect copyright status --- or more usually, both! I have read the earlier books in the original series, but not all of them, so I can speak as to how the characters develop over time. I haven't seen any of the later, modernized versions so I could use some help there too. If you're contributing, Please find good sources and write your own content --- don't do a copy/paste dump from some crummy fansite! --Jpbrenna 05:24, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 13:49, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Assessment
As requested on WikiProject Children's Literature, I have read this article through for assessment and agree with the current rating of C class. To improve, I suggest you rewrite the Characters section to avoid in-universe perspective, and extend the article to explain the plot of the series as a whole, or of individual books within the series. If you have any comments or questions about this assessment, please leave them at my Talk page. strdst_grl  (call me Stardust)  16:19, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Dana1.jpg
The image File:Dana1.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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title: Talk:The Dana Girls


text:
User:Aboyd

v

title: User:Aboyd


text:
Nicholas of Cusa

Nicholas of Cusa (1401 – 11 August 1464), also referred to as Nicholas of Kues and Nicolaus Cusanus, was a German Catholic cardinal and polymath active as a philosopher, theologian, jurist, mathematician and astronomer. One of the first German proponents of Renaissance humanism, he made spiritual and political contributions in European history. A notable example of this is his mystical or spiritual writings on "learned ignorance," as well as his participation in power struggles between Rome and the German states of the Holy Roman Empire.

As papal legate to Germany from 1446, he was appointed cardinal for his merits by Pope Nicholas V in 1448 and Prince–Bishop of Brixen two years later. In 1459, he became vicar general in the Papal States.

Nicholas has remained an influential figure. In 2001, the sixth centennial of his birth was celebrated on four continents and commemorated by publications on his life and work.

Life
Nicholas was born in Kues (Latinized as "Cusa") in south-western Germany. He was the second of four children of Johan Krebs (or Cryfftz) and Katherina Roemer. His father was "a prosperous boat owner and ferryman." Nicholas entered the Faculty of Arts of the Heidelberg University in 1416 as "a cleric of the Diocese of Trier," studying the liberal arts. He seemed to have left Heidelberg soon afterwards, as he received his doctorate in canon law from the University of Padua in 1423. In Padua, he met with the later cardinals Julian Cesarini and Domenico Capranica and became friends with the mathematician Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli. Afterwards, he entered the University of Cologne in 1425 as "a doctor of canon law," which he appears to have both taught and practiced there. In Cologne, he made friends with the scholastic theologian Heymeric de Campo.

Following a brief period in Cologne, Nicholas returned to his hometown and became secretary to Otto of Ziegenhain, the Prince–Archbishop of Trier. Otto appointed him canon and dean at the stift of Saint Florinus in Koblenz affiliated with numerous prebends. In 1427 he was sent to Rome as an episcopal delegate. The next year he travelled to Paris to study the writings of Ramon Llull. At the same time he rejected a calling by the newly established University of Leuven. He acquired great knowledge in the research of ancient and medieval manuscripts as well as in textual criticism and the examination of primary sources. In 1433 he identified the Donation of Constantine as a fake, confirmed by Lorenzo Valla a few years later, and revealed the forgery of the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. He made friends with the Austrian astronomer Georg von Peuerbach and advocated a reform of the Julian calendar and the Easter computus, which, however, was not realized until the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582.

After the Archbishop Otto of Trier had died in 1430, Pope Martin V appointed the Speyer bishop Raban of Helmstatt his successor. Nevertheless, the Electorate was contested by opposing parties, and in 1432 Nicholas attended the Council of Basel representing the Cologne dean Ulrich von Manderscheid, one of the claimants, who hoped to prevail against the new Pope Eugene IV. Nicholas stressed the determining influence of the cathedral chapter and its given right to participate in the succession policy, which even places the pope under an obligation to seek a consent. His efforts were to no avail in regard to Ulrich's ambitions; however, Nicholas's pleadings earned him a great reputation as an intermediary and diplomat. While present at the council, he wrote his first work, De concordantia catholica (The Catholic Concordance), a synthesis of ideas on church and empire balancing hierarchy with consent. This work remained useful to critics of the papacy long after Nicholas left Basel.

Initially as conciliarist, Nicholas approached his university friend Cardinal Julian Cesarini, who had tried to reconcile pope and council, combining reform and hierarchic order. Nicholas supported transfer of the council to Italy to meet with the Greeks, who needed aid against the Ottoman Turks. He arbitrated in the conflict with the Hussites. Between the summer of 1437 and early 1438 he was a member of the delegation sent to Constantinople with the pope's approval to bring back the Byzantine emperor and his representatives to the papally summoned Council of Florence of 1439, which was attempting to bring the Eastern Orthodox Church into union with the Western Catholic Church. The reunion achieved at this conference turned out to be very brief. Nicholas would later claim (in the postfaced dedicatory letter of On Learned Ignorance, which Nicholas finished writing on 12 February 1440) that he had chosen to write on this metaphysical topic because of a shipboard experience of divine illumination while on the ship returning from this mission to Constantinople.

After a successful career as a papal envoy, he was made a cardinal by Pope Nicholas V in 1448 or 1449. In 1450 he was both named Bishop of Brixen, in Tyrol, and commissioned as a papal legate to the German lands to spread the message of reform. In 1444, the White Tower of Brixen caught fire and in 1459 he commissioned its reconstruction in a Gothic style. This latter role, his 'Great Legation' of 1450–1452, involved travel of almost 3000 miles, preaching, teaching and reforming. He became known as the "Hercules of the Eugenian cause." His local councils enacted reforms, many of which were not successful. Pope Nicholas canceled some of Nicholas's decrees, and the effort to discourage pilgrimages to venerate the bleeding hosts of Wilsnack (the so-called Holy Blood of Wilsnack) was unsuccessful. His work as bishop between 1452 and 1458 – trying to impose reforms and reclaim lost diocesan revenues – was opposed by Duke Sigismund of Austria. The duke imprisoned Nicholas in 1460, for which Pope Pius II excommunicated Sigismund and laid an interdict on his lands. Nicholas returned to Rome, but was never able to return to his bishopric.

He died at Todi in Umbria on 11 August 1464. Sigismund's capitulation came a few days after Nicholas's death.

Upon his death, Nicholas's body was interred in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome, probably near the relic of Peter's chains; but it was later lost. His monument, with a sculpted image of the cardinal, remains. Two other tombstones, one medieval and one modern, also are found in the church. In accordance with his wishes, his heart rests within the chapel altar at the Cusanusstift in Kues. To this charitable institution that he had founded he bequeathed his entire inheritance; it still stands, and serves the purpose Nicholas intended for it, as a home for the aged. The Cusanusstift also houses many of his manuscripts.

Philosophy
Nicholas's De Docta Ignorantia ('Of Learned Ignorance') is an epistemological and metaphysical treatise. He maintains the finite human mind cannot fully know the divine, infinite mind ('the Maximum'). Nonetheless, he holds that the human intellect can become aware of its limitations in knowing God and thus attain "learned ignorance". His theory shows the influence of neoplatonism and negative theology, and he frequently cites Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.

Nicholas was noted for his deeply mystical writings about Christianity. He wrote of the enfolding of creation in God and their unfolding in creation. He was suspected by some of holding pantheistic beliefs, but his writings were never accused of being heretical. Nicholas also wrote in De coniecturis about using conjectures or surmises to rise to better understanding of the truth. The individual might rise above mere reason to the vision of the intellect, but the same person might fall back from such vision.

Theologically, Nicholas anticipated the implications of Reformed teaching on the harrowing of Hell (Sermon on Psalm 30:11), followed by Pico della Mirandola, who similarly explained the descensus in terms of Christ's agony.

Science and mathematics
Most of Nicholas's mathematical ideas can be found in his essays, De Docta Ignorantia (Of Learned Ignorance), De Visione Dei (On the Vision of God) and De coniecturis (On Conjectures). He also wrote on squaring the circle in his mathematical treatises.

Mathematics plays a key role for Cusanus in orienting the human mind towards God. Mathematical figures provide a means for the mind to consider how figures may be deformed and transformed, and thus prepares the mind to reach the "coincidence of opposites" in the "Absolutely maximal Being".

From the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913 edition): "The astronomical views of the cardinal are scattered through his philosophical treatises. They evince complete independence of traditional doctrines, though they are based on symbolism of numbers, on combinations of letters, and on abstract speculations rather than observation. The earth is a star like other stars, is not the centre of the universe, is not at rest, nor are its poles fixed. The celestial bodies are not strictly spherical, nor are their orbits circular. The difference between theory and appearance is explained by relative motion. Had Copernicus been aware of these assertions he would probably have been encouraged by them to publish his own monumental work."

Like Nicole Oresme, Nicholas also wrote about the possibility of the plurality of worlds.

Norman Moore tells us in The Fitz-Patrick Lectures of 1905:

In medicine he introduced an improvement which in an altered form has continued in use to this day. This improvement was the counting of the pulse which up to his time had been felt and discussed in many ways but never counted. ...Nicholas of Cusa proposed to compare the rate of pulses by weighing the quantity of water run out of a water clock while the pulse beat one hundred times. ...The manufacture of watches with second-hands has since given us a simpler method of counting, but the merit of introducing this useful kind of observation into clinical medicine belongs to Nicholas of Cusa.

Politics
In 1433, Nicholas proposed reform of the Holy Roman Empire and a method to elect Holy Roman Emperors. Although it was not adopted by the Church, his method was essentially the same one known today as the Borda count, which is used in many academic institutions, competitions, and even some political jurisdictions, in original form and a number of variations. His proposal preceded Borda's work by over three centuries.

Nicholas's opinions on the Empire, which he hoped to reform and strengthen, were cited against papal claims of temporal power in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Protestant writers were happy to cite a cardinal against Rome's assertions. Protestants, however, found his writings against the Hussites wrong. Nicholas seemed to Protestants to give the church too much power to interpret Scripture, instead of treating it as self-interpreting and self-sufficient for salvation, the principle of sola scriptura.

Nicholas's own thought on the church changed with his departure from Basel. He tried arguing that the Basel assembly lacked the consent of the church throughout the world, especially the princes. Then he tried arguing that the church was unfolded from Peter (explicatio Petri). This allowed him to support the pope without abandoning ideas of reform. Thus, he was able to propose to Pius II reform of the church, beginning with the pope himself. Then it was to spread through the Roman curia and outward throughout Christendom.

Nicholas noted that government was founded on the consent of the governed:
 * Accordingly, since by nature all men are free, any authority by which subjects are prevented from doing evil and their freedom is restrained to doing good through fear from penalties, comes solely from harmony and from the consent of the subjects, whether the authority reside in written law or in the living law which is in the ruler. For if by nature men are equally strong and equally free, the true and settled power of one over the others, the ruler having equal natural power, could be set up only by the choice and consent of the others, just as a law also is set up by consent.

Other religions
Shortly after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Nicholas wrote De pace fidei, On the Peace of Faith. This visionary work imagined a summit meeting in Heaven of representatives of all nations and religions. Islam and the Hussite movement in Bohemia are represented. The conference agrees that there can be una religio in varietate rituum, a single faith manifested in different rites, as manifested in the eastern and western rites of the Catholic Church. The dialog presupposes the greater accuracy of Christianity but gives respect to other religions. Nicholas's position was for Europeans not to retake Constantinople but simply to trade with the Ottomans and allow them their conquests. Less irenic but not virulent, is his Cribratio Alchorani, Sifting the Koran, a detailed review of the Koran in Latin translation. While the arguments for the superiority of Christianity are still shown in this book, it also credits Judaism and Islam with sharing in the truth at least partially.

Influence
Nicholas was widely read, and his works were published in the sixteenth century in both Paris and Basel. Sixteenth-century French scholars, including Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and Charles de Bovelles, cited him. Lefèvre even edited the Paris 1514 Opera. Nonetheless, there was no Cusan school, and his works were largely unknown until the nineteenth century, though Giordano Bruno quoted him, while some thinkers, like Gottfried Leibniz, were thought to have been influenced by him. Neo-Kantian scholars began studying Nicholas in the nineteenth century, and new editions were begun by the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften in the 1930s and published by Felix Meiner Verlag. In the early twentieth century, he was hailed by Ernst Cassirer as the "first modern thinker," and much debate since then has centered around the question whether he should be seen as essentially a medieval or Renaissance figure. What is more, Cassirer presented Cusanus as the main focal point (einfachen Brennpunkt) of Italian Renaissance philosophy. Eminent scholars like Eugenio Garin and Paul Oskar Kristeller challenged Cassirer’s thesis, and went so far as to practically deny any considerable link between Nicholas of Cusa and Marsilio Ficino or Giovanni Pico. In the following decades, new hypotheses on the relationship between Cusanus and Italian humanists appeared, more balanced and focused on the sources.

Societies and centers dedicated to Nicholas can be found in Argentina, Japan, Germany, Italy and the United States. His well-known quote about the infinity of the universe is found paraphrased in the Central Holy Book of the Thelemites, The Book of the Law, which was "received" from the Angel Aiwass by Aleister Crowley in Cairo in April 1904: "In the sphere I am everywhere the centre, as she, the circumference, is nowhere found."

Works
Nicholas wrote a large number of works, which include:
 * De auctoritate praesidendi in concilio generali (1434), a proposal for resolving the question of presidency over the deliberations of the Council of Basil.
 * De concordantia catholica (The Catholic Concordance) (1434), a synthesis of ideas on church and empire balancing hierarchy with consent.
 * Reparatio kalendarii (1434/5), a plan for reforming the church's calendar.
 * De Docta ignorantia (On Learned Ignorance) (1440).
 * De coniecturis (On Conjectures) (1441-2)
 * Dialogus concludens Amedistarum errorem (1441), an ecclesiological explanation of his papal advocacy.
 * De Deo abscondito (On the Hidden God) (1444/5)
 * De quaerendo Deum (On Seeking God) (1445)
 * De date patris luminum (On the Gift of the Father of Lights (1445/6)
 * De transmutationibus geometricis
 * De arithmetricis complementis (1445)
 * De filiatione Dei (On Divine Sonship)
 * De genesi (On Genesis)
 * Apologia doctae ignorantiae (The Defense of Learned Ignorance) (1449), a response to charges of heresy and pantheism by the Heidelberg scholastic theologian John Wenck in a work entitled De ignota litteratura (On Unknown Learning).
 * Idiota de mente (The Layman on Mind) (1450). This is formed of four dialogues: De Sapientia I-II, De Mente III, and De staticis experimentis IV.
 * De visione Dei (On the Vision of God) (1453), completed at the request of the monks of the Benedictine abbey at Tegernsee.
 * De pace fidei (1453), written in response to the news of the fall of Constantinople to the Turks.
 * De theologicis complementis, in which he pursued his continuing fascination with theological applications of mathematical models.
 * De mathematicis complementis (1453)
 * Caesarea circuli quadratura (1457)
 * Excitationum ex sermonibus (1457)
 * De beryllo (On the Beryl) (1458), a brief epistemological treatise using a beryl or transparent stone as the crucial analogy.
 * De aequalitate (1459)
 * De principio (1459)
 * Reformatio generalis, (1459) a treatise on the general reform of the church, written at the request of Pope Pius II, but generally ignored by the Pope and cardinals.
 * De possest (1460)
 * Cribratio Alkorani, a Christocentric evaluation of the Koran written at the request of Pope Pius II, based on the twelfth-century translation of Robert of Ketton.
 * De non aliud (On the Not-Other) (1462)
 * De venatione sapientiae (1462)
 * De ludo globi (1463)
 * Compendium (1463)
 * De apice theoriae (On the Summit of Contemplation) (1464), his last work.

Modern editions

 * Opera omnia, ed. E Hoffmann et al., (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1932–2006) [The modern critical edition, begun under the editorship of Ernst Hoffmann and Raymond Klibansky]
 * Acta Cusana, ed Erich Muethen and Hermann Hallauer, (1976–) [A series designed to publish all extant documents, letters, deeds and other materials in which Cusanus and his activities are mentioned]
 * On Learned Ignorance, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1985)
 * Jasper Hopkins, Nicholas of Cusa's Dialectical Mysticism: Text, Translation, and Interpretive Study of De Visione Dei , (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1985)
 * Dialectical Mysticism, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1988)
 * De auctoritate praesidendi in concilio generali, tr. HL Bond et al., Church History 59, (1990), 19-34
 * De concordantia catholica (The Catholic Concordance), tr. P Sigmund, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, (Cambridge: CUP, 1991)
 * A Miscellany on Nicholas of Cusa, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1994)
 * On Wisdom and Knowledge, tr. J Hopkins, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1996)
 * Metaphysical Speculations, tr. J Hopkins, 2 vols, (Minneapolis, MN: Banning, 1997–2000) [Contains translations of: Vol 1: De apice theoriae; Vol 2: De Coniecturis and De Ludo Globi]
 * Bond, H. Lawrence (ed.), Nicholas of Cusa: Selected Spiritual Writings, Classics of Western Spirituality, (New York: Paulist Press, 1997). ISBN 0-8091-3698-8 [Contains translations of On Learned Ignorance, Dialogue on the Hidden God, On Seeking God, On the Vision of God, and On the Summit of Contemplation.]
 * Hopkins, Jasper (ed.), Complete philosophical and theological treatises of Nicholas of Cusa, 2 vols., (Minneapolis: AJ Banning Press, 2001)
 * Izbicki, Thomas M., ed., Nicholas of Cusa, Writings on Church and Reform, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).

In popular culture
In the paradox interactive grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV, Nicholas is a hireable advisor for Austria in the 1444 start date as (natural scientist) Nikolaus von Kues.

title: Nicholas of Cusa


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User talk:OverZealousFan

Welcome to the universe. Rednblu 16:50 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hiyas, and thanks for registering :) Btw, if you want to tell us which Yoan you are, that'd be nice. No requirement, but it might make it easier to guard against bias... :) Martin Harper

 * I'll try to get a copy of the Zuzu's Place article and send it to you. I'm very curious as to the outcome of this Yoism discussion.  Obviously the outcome will effect my opinion of wikipedia, and my continued involvement.  So far I feel like a good healthy discussion has ensued, with some minor exceptions (for instance one user stubornly and repeatedly deleting the Yoism content before the conversation really got underway, not sure who).  Anyway, if I stay involved, I will certainly put my real name up. OverZealousFan

Look forward to reading it :)

Thanks for your patience. I know from experience that this kind of discussion can be a bit wrenching (I faced similar opposition to my first version of gender-neutral pronoun), so I'm glad that you've remained civil throughout - good for you! Martin

Yoism deletion review
I have requested a deletion review for Yoism. You can find the discussion here. Respectfully. Wikibofh 15:38, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:OverZealousFan


text:
User:OverZealousFan

Hi,

I'm a long time admirer and contributor to open source projects.

For that reason I'm really excited about Yoism, which I had a hand in creating.

Also for that reason, I really love the idea of Wikipedia.

I thought I would put an article in Wikipedia about Yoism, since it seemed like other people might be interested in learning more about it.

That, has resulted in quite a conversation.

title: User:OverZealousFan


text:
Cantharellus

Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.

The name comes from the Greek word kantharos ('tankard, cup'). Chanterelles are one of the most recognized and harvested groups of edible mushrooms.

Description
Mushrooms in the genus are generally shaped like cups or trumpets. The hue is mostly yellow, with the gills sometimes pinkish.

Similar species

The false chanterelle (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca) has finer, more orange gills and a darker cap. It is sometimes regarded as poisonous.

The very similar jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) and its sister species (Omphalotus olivascens) are very poisonous, though not lethal. They have true gills (unlike chanterelles) which are thinner, have distinct crowns, and generally do not reach up to the edge. Additionally, the jack-o-lantern mushroom is bioluminescent and grows on wood – possibly buried – whereas Cantharellus species grow on the ground.

Species in the genera Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus may also look like chanterelles.

Taxonomy
The genus Cantharellus is large and has a complex taxonomic history. Index Fungorum lists over 500 scientific names that have been applied to the genus, although the number of currently valid names is less than 100. In addition to synonymy, many species have been moved into other genera such as Afrocantharellus, Arrhenia, Craterellus, Gomphus, Hygrophoropsis, and Pseudocraterellus. Molecular phylogenetic analyses are providing new information about relationships between chanterelle populations. The genus has been divided into eight subgenera Afrocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck, Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr., Cinnabarinus Buyck & V. Hofst., Magni T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, Parvocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck, Pseudocantharellus Eyssart. & Buyck, and Rubrini Eyssart. & Buyck.

Selected species
• C. afrocibarius – Africa

• C. altipes – southeastern United States

• C. amazonensis – South America

• C. amethysteus – Europe

• C. anzutake – Japan, Korea

• C. appalachiensis – eastern North America, China

• C. aurantioconspicuus – Brazil

• C. californicus – the oak chanterelle

• C. cascadensis – the Pacific Northwest of North America

• C. cibarioides – Africa

• C. cibarius – golden chanterelle, Europe

• C. chicagoensis - Chicago, United States

• C. cinereus – the ashen chanterelle

• C. cinnabarinus- red chantrelle

• C. coccolobae – the Caribbean, the Bahamas, and Florida

• C. concinnus – the Australian chanterelle

• C. congolensis - Africa

• C. eccentricus – New Caledonia

• C. densifolius

• C. elegans

• C. flavus - midwestern and southern United States

• C. floridulus

• C. formosus – California and the Pacific Northwest of North America

• C. friesii – the orange chanterelle

• C. garnierii

• C. gracilis – Africa

• C. guyanensis – South America

• C. humidicolus – Africa

• C. incrassatus – Malaysia

• C. isabellinus

• C. lateritius – the smooth chanterelle

• C. lewisii – southeastern United States

• C. lilacinus – Australia

• C. luteopunctatus – Africa

• C. minor

• C. miomboensis – Africa

• C. neocaledonicus – New Caledonia

• C. pallens

• C. persicinus – the peach chanterelle

• C. phasmatis - the ghost chanterelle, midwestern United States

• C. pleurotoides – Guyana

• C. pseudocibarius

• C. pseudoformosus – found with deodar cedar in India

• C. protectus – South America

• C. quercophilus – southeastern United States

• C. rhodophyllus

• C. roseocanus

• C. ruber

• C. spectaculus - the spectacular chanterelle, midwestern United States

• C. subalbidus – western North America

• C. sublaevis – Africa

• C. subpruinosus – Europe

• C. tabernensis – southeastern United States and Mexico

• C. tanzanicus – Africa

• C. tenuithrix – southeastern United States

• C. texensis – southeastern United States

• C. tomentosus

• C. vaginatus – China

• C. zangii – China

Etymology
The name comes from the Greek κάνθαρος, kantharos 'tankard, cup'.

Distribution and habitat
Cantharellus species are found throughout the world in association with mycorrhizal host plants, including Africa, Europe, Asia, North America, South America, and Australia.

Ecology
Chanterelles are associated with either conifers or hardwood trees, depending on species. They are often found with oaks in California, Texas. and Mexico. In Scotland, chanterelles grow in mixed forests of silver birch and Scots pine, especially when the forest has plenty of moist, mossy undergrowth. In Fife they are common under beech. They are usually (but not always) found in the same places as wild blueberries. In Spain they associate with sweet chestnut. They are abundant after from late July through autumn. In the coastal forests of Washington and British Columbia, they are often found in damp, mossy riparian zones in the vicinity of western hemlock.

Uses
Many species of chanterelles contain antioxidant carotenoids, such as beta-carotene in C. cibarius and C. minor, and canthaxanthin in C. cinnabarinus and C. friesii. They also contain significant amounts of vitamin D.

Their mycorrhizal nature makes the species very difficult to cultivate.

Culinary

Chanterelles in general go well with eggs, curry, chicken, pork, fish, beef and veal, can be used as toppings on pizzas, be stewed, marinated, sauteed, or used as filling for stuffed crêpes. Of course these are just examples; chanterelles are versatile and can be added as an ingredient to most dishes.

In European cuisine, chanterelles are often served with venison. A traditional method of preparing these mushrooms is sauteed and then used to make scrambled eggs.

In Polish tradition, chanterelles are used for making creamy sauces that top chicken.

Many mushroom enthusiasts just like chanterelles sauteed in butter, with a pinch of salt, a clove of fresh crushed garlic, and some whipping cream. This recipe is said to bring out the subtle flavor of the chanterelle without masking it with other aromas. This recipe has the added benefit of retaining flavor even after being stored frozen.

It is a feature of Viennese cuisine.

Preparation and storage

Since the mushrooms hold a lot of water, they are often prepared using a "dry sauté" method: after cleaning, the mushrooms are sliced and put in a covered pan over high heat with no oil or butter. The mushrooms then release much of their water, which can be allowed to boil off or be poured off and used as a stock. Many people often cook the mushrooms with butter because it "sweetens" them.

Chanterelles can also be pickled in brine. Salted water is brought to a boil and pickling spices such as peppercorns, mustard seeds, and thyme are added. The mushrooms are then cooked in this solution for 5–10 minutes before being transferred to sterilized bottles along with some of the liquid. Sliced garlic and dill can be added to the bottles for extra flavor. The remaining liquid forms an excellent stock for making soup. When pickled in this way, chanterelles can last from six to twelve months.

Another storage technique is drying. Mushrooms can be dried with gentle heat in an oven at temperatures of 65 °C or less. A vacuum process is also practical on large orders. A few hours before final preparation, put dry mushrooms in water which they absorb for returning to nearly original size. Mushrooms can then be used as fresh and will last indefinitely as dry.

Fresh chanterelles can generally be stored up to ten days in a refrigerator.

title: Cantharellus


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Talk:Katharine Kent

No doubt someone will want to invent an alternative title for this article. I wish you luck. Deb 16:54 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Katharine Kent


text:
K. V. Johansen

K.V. Johansen (born 1968) is a Canadian fantasy, science fiction, and children's author.

Krista Victoria Johansen was born in Kingston, Ontario. She holds Master's degrees in Medieval Studies and English literature.

She lives in Sackville, New Brunswick.

Novels

 * Blackdog (Pyr, 2011)
 * The Leopard: Marakand Volume One (Pyr, June 2014)
 * The Lady: Marakand Volume Two (Pyr, December 2014)
 * Gods of Nabban (Pyr, September 2016)
 * The Last Road (Pyr, September 2019)

Warlocks of Talverdin (novels)

 * Nightwalker (2007)
 * Treason in Eswy (2008)
 * Warden of Greyrock (2009)
 * The Shadow Road (2010)

Torrie Quests (novels)

 * Torrie and the Dragon (1997)
 * Torrie and the Pirate-Queen (2005) (in Danish as Sørøverdronningen, 2005; in Macedonian as Тори и пиратската кралица)
 * Torrie and the Firebird (2006)
 * Torrie and the Snake-Prince (2007) (in Macedonian as Тори и принцот-змија)
 * Torrie and the Dragonslayers (2009)

Cassandra Virus (novels)

 * The Cassandra Virus (2006)
 * The Drone War (2007)
 * The Black Box (2011)

Pippin (picture books)

 * Pippin Takes a Bath (1999) (in French as Au bain, coquine!, 1999)
 * Pippin and the Bones (2000) (in French as Coquine et son trésor, 2000)
 * Pippin and Pudding (2001) (in French as Coquine et Pouding, 2001)

Collections

 * The Serpent Bride and Other Stories from Medieval Danish Ballads (1998)
 * The Storyteller and other Tales (2008)

Non-fiction

 * Highlights in the History of Children's Fantasy (2004)
 * Quests and Kingdoms: A Grown-Up's Guide to Children's Fantasy Literature (2005)
 * Beyond Window Dressing? Canadian Children's Fantasy at the Millennium (2007)

Awards and honours

 * 2000 — Early Childhood Literacy Award from the Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick
 * 2004 — Frances E. Russell Award for research in children's literature from the Canadian section of the International Board on Books for Young People.
 * 2006 — Lilla Stirling Award, for the novel Torrie and the Pirate-Queen, awarded by the Canadian Authors Association.
 * 2006 — Torrie and the Pirate-Queen was a starred selection in the Our Choice Guide to Canada's Best Children's Books from the Canadian Children's Book Centre
 * 2007 — Ontario Library Association Best Bets Top Ten List for 2006 for Torrie and the Firebird
 * 2007 — Voya's Best Science Fiction, Fantasy, & Horror 2006 List for Nightwalker
 * 2007 — The Cassandra Virus short-listed for the 2007 Book of the Year for Children Award by the Canadian Library Association
 * 2007 — Torrie and the Snake-Prince short-listed for the 2008 Silver Birch Award.
 * 2008 — Torrie and the Snake-Prince was on the 2007 Year's Best list from Resource Links magazine
 * 2008 — Ontario Library Association Best Bets Top Ten List for 2007 for Nightwalker
 * 2008 — Nightwalker short-listed for the 2008 Snow Willow Awards
 * 2008 — Torrie and the Snake-Prince selected for the 2008/2009 Hackmatack Children's Choice Book Award short-list
 * 2008 — Nightwalker won the 2008 Ann Connor Brimer Award
 * 2010 — Warden of Greyrock selected for the 2009 Ontario Library Association Best Bets Top Ten List
 * 2010 — Johansen receives the 2010 Anna Frank Award for Children's Literature in Macedonia.
 * 2011 — Torrie & the Snake-Prince was chosen by IBBY (the International Board on Books for Young People) for their 2011 selection of Outstanding Books for Young People with Disabilities
 * 2012 — Ontario Library Association Best Bets for 2011 honourable mention for The Black Box
 * 2012 — Blackdog short-listed for the 2012 Sunburst Award

title: K. V. Johansen