text:
Talk:Modern Hebrew phonology

Velar Fricative
I'm pretty sure khet and khaf are voiceless uvular fricatives, not velar (at least in modern Hebrew). --Mo-Al 05:50, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

You are right, velar fricative is e.g. the corresponding sound in Russian (the 'hard' variant, the 'soft' being palatal). The harsh sound of the Hebrew fricative is due to vibration of the uvula on top of the rear part of the tongue body. Uvular fricative was the description in Asher Laufer's article on Hebrew in the 'Handbook of the International Phonetic Association' (1999). The fricative is not at the same place of articulation as the stops, which are velar, but more retracted than them. It should be noted, however, that both this fricative and the rhotic are higher (more 'advanced') than the corresponding sounds in German and French.Beckeroy (talk) 15:14, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

First sentence
"Modern Hebrew is phonetically simpler than Biblical Hebrew and has fewer phonemes, but it is phonologically more complex."

And you've lost me there at the the first sentence. Yes, I'm vaguely aware that phonetics are not the same as phonology, but it's not a distinction that I carry around easily available in my head, not being a student of linguistics. This Wiki article appeared in a search engine's results for "pronunciation stress in modern Hebrew"

Hundovir (talk) 17:29, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree with you, that the first sentence is problematic for the following reasons: 1. It compares apples to oranges--Modern Hebrew is a living language, where you can study the phonology from living speakers, compared to an ancient language for which the phonology is reconstructed and inferred from historical sources. If you're going to make the statement, I feel like you really need to back it up with sources and evidence. 2. The comparison with Biblical Hebrew is not the topic of the article, and is hardly expanded upon in the rest of the article, so making this comparison doesn't belong in the first sentence. 3. The sentence is meaningless to people without a linguistics background and understand the difference between phonology and phonetics. I am not a linguist, and from reading the phonetics and phonology Wikipedia articles, I'm still not exactly sure what the first sentence means.
 * Brian louis ross (talk) 07:58, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * The lead should definitely not start with that observation, and should probably not contain it. Imagine if the first sentence of United States read "The United States is much larger in both area and population than it was when it was founded." It wouldn't be wrong to have a section in which the comparison is made and the factors that made the phonology what it is today are discussed, but that's not what the lead is for. Largoplazo (talk) 11:36, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Consonants, Illustrative words
The grouping of צ׳, תשׁ is confusing While /tʃ/ seems to be the best option for both, they aren't pronounced the same in practice. (the difference between ts, tsh, and ch is very rarely lost on Hebrew native speakers)

the grouping is especially confusing when paired with the example word תְּשׁוּקָה (simply pronounced 'tshuka'), which won't be pronounced by (the majority) natives with צ׳ (as 'chuka'). Dar Chiffon (talk) 10:20, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

Footnote "Phoneme is not present in English phonology"
In the consonant section, why is there a footnote noting phonemes that are not present in English? This is completely irrelevant for an article about the phonology of Modern Hebrew and should be removed promptly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hantanfjantan (talk • contribs) 15:23, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

There are no such phonemes as /f/ and /v/
In the book 'In the Beginning there Was a Language', Ornan proves that some phonemes have the same sound, for example, the phoneme /w/ (which is represented by the letter Vav) is pronunced as [v], which is the same sound of one of the allophones of the letter Bet. The theory is based on theoretical Mikhpal (Dagesh H̱azak), and you can read his whole theory in the book and in other texts. מושא עקיף (talk) 23:10, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * For anyone looking for this book, it took some effort to find out that its title, ברשית היה השפה, is translated by the publisher as In the Beginning was the Language. (By Uzzi Ornan, for those who want to know. And I just added this book to the list in that article.) Anyway, lots of people have a theory. The question for purposes of this article is, what level of acceptance has it attained? Largoplazo (talk) 00:12, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Largoplazo One of his examples was that little children say [pal] instead of [nafal]. Besides, there wouldn't be a difference if you say [napal] instead of [nafal].
 * I couldn't continue reading his whole theory (it was too much to handle), but I've just finished reading another article about the perfect Romanisation rules of Hebrew. There he shows phonemic rules. I can send the article if you want, but it's in Hebrew, and you need a JSTOR account to read it.
 * In Hebrew, the letter <ב> is pronounced as [b] and as [v], so I think there's no reason to have two phonemes for one letter, expecially when there's no difference. For example [bayit] and [vayit]. The second would be really weird, but it doesn't create a new word.
 * Besides, we do have rules when it's [b] and when it's [v]. but that's another story.
 * I think we should stick to the ISO 259-3. I think that those are genious rules for phonemic transcription. מושא עקיף (talk) 16:41, 17 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't read Hebrew (beyond words and phrases) and I'm not prepared to read a scholarly analysis, just the broad strokes. But aren't שבת [ʃaˈbat] 'Shabbat' and שבת [ʃaˈvat] 'he rested' a minimal pair that rips that theory apart?
 * Is it normal to describe the phonology of a language in terms of the mistakes children make while they're still mastering it? I'd hate to think that English would be described has having one phoneme with realizations [spə] and [pʌs] because my sister originally pronounced spaghetti "pusghetti". Largoplazo (talk) 21:46, 17 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Largoplazo, when you respond to me, please tag me.
 * To your first question:
 * Firstly, the Mishkalim (structures) of those words is different. However, Ornan uses phonology and not morphology. (I'm exactly in this part of the book.)
 * The word <שַׁבָּת> is a noun in the Mishkal קַטָּל. And it's a noun. According to his rules it's be transcribed as /šabbat/ – double b because of the Dagesh H̱azak.
 * The word <שָׁבַת> is a verb from the Binyan (structures for verbs) קַל (פָּעַל). This is transcribed as /šabat/.
 * I think you can use children to describe something. I'm not a linsguist yet, but I think children's mistakes do prove something.
 * The mistake you're talking about is a bit different, isn't it? מושא עקיף (talk) 20:10, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Little children, of course, know nothing of dagashes, and Hebrew pronunciation lacks doubling (gemination) of consonants so his treatment of dagesh as an indication of gemination can't correspond to anything in children's speech. But that's a digression. The main point is that the article isn't going to remove references to phonemes that other linguists commonly consider to exist because one linguist has a different view. Largoplazo (talk) 20:51, 23 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Largoplazo who says that only one linguist holds this view?
 * In his book, he's talking about a theoretical Dagesh, which is pronounced like one consonant without doubling. מושא עקיף (talk) 16:50, 24 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @מושא עקיף I'm just going by what you wrote. You created a discussion titled "There are no such phonemes as /f/ and /v/", implying (because that's what Talk pages are for, to discuss changes to make to the article) that the article should be revised accordingly, and you provided exactly one reason to do so: because Ornan says so.
 * The representation /bb/ means doubled. If you aren't implying a doubling, you don't write /bb/. Largoplazo (talk) 17:25, 24 September 2023 (UTC)
 * According to his theory, it's a theoretical Mikhpal. It exists, but isn't heard. In English it also exists, like in the word, but you don't hear double l. Theoretically, it exists there.
 * I did explain his theory, didn't I?
 * Another good reason for changing what's written is that it simplifies Hebrew phonemic transcription. How can you explain that there's a connection between /pataħ/ and /liftoħ/ [liftoaħ]? You can use morphology to explain this, but it involves more elaboration (and not only in phonology).
 * We should at least add this theory.
 * Besides, this theory is newer (the book was published in 2013, but the theory might be a bit older), whereas the theory of six phonemes is way older (most sources were from the 50's and the 60's, if I remember correctly). The main problem is that I cannot find other linguists who support his theory. Neither can I find linguists who at least say something about it. מושא עקיף (talk) 00:47, 25 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @מושא עקיף Pinging because I forgot above. But for talk page discussions you're already involved in, that's what your WP:Watchlist is for. Largoplazo (talk) 20:52, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modern Hebrew phonology


text:
User:CalRis25/Test

The following is an extract from an e-mail communication with a Senior Analyst at the Solar System Dynamics Group of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. I sent him the following question concerning the differences between the 'orbital period' values given by different Solar System Dynamics-tools:

 * "I am fact-checking some of the information in the article "Eris (dwarf planet)" and was wondering about its orbital period.
 * The JPL Small-Body Database Browser's "Orbital Elements" give a "period" of 205135.2487190889 (= 561,63). It is obviously using the Julian year (= 365.25 days/yr). This is also the orbital period listed in the respective data on the "Minor Planet Center" web-site.
 * The "Object Data Page" of Horizons' ephemerides lists "PER = 557.0777399999999". According to the Horizons-tutorial this is the orbital period in years. And this is the orbital period used by Wikipedia.
 * A difference of 4.5 years seems rather hefty. As your data certainly is correct, I am wondering what I am missing, especially as a systematic error of "orbital period"-data in the Wikipedia articles cannot be ruled out."

I received the following reply:

 * "Both numbers are correct but need to have the relevant epoch of osculation specified.
 * For the JPL Small-Body Database Browser's "Orbital Elements" (and probably MPC) the epoch of osculation for the displayed elements is 2011-Aug-27. That is, the parameters (including period) describe the shape and orientation of the orbit ellipse at that one moment.
 * Every 6 months, both sites numerically integrate the orbit forward in time as an aid to those users who take the elements for use in independent low-accuracy two-body Keplerian propagators. Having an epoch close to the presumed time of interest (the present) helps reduce the errors in the common method, hence this advancement.
 * Numerical integration takes into account perturbations due to others planets, Keplerian two-body propagation does not.
 * For Horizons, the epoch of osculation is always the epoch of the orbit solution, currently 2006-Nov-5. To maintain accuracy, only the actual solution orbital elements are display -- the output epoch is not advanced.
 * If people want orbital elements for a different time, the assumption is they would use the precision numerical integration capability of Horizons to obtain them at the desired time.
 * If this is done, and the initial 2006 elements are propagated from 2006 to 2011, Horizons shows ...

2455800.500000000 = A.D. 2011-Aug-27 00:00:00.0000 (CT) EC= 4.339082250937790E-01 QR= 3.853435449939457E+01 IN= 4.381801616416351E+01 OM= 3.606467470391839E+01 W = 1.509537705231710E+02 Tp= 2546044.049227256794 N = 1.754939739954980E-03 MA= 2.016280091865038E+02 TA= 1.895440834854001E+02 A = 6.807086095850481E+01 AD= 9.760736741761504E+01 PR= 2.051352486947701E+05

 * ... or an orbit period ("PR") of 205135.2486947701 days at the same epoch.
 * The 4 year variation in period comes from the fact osculating orbital elements only represent position and velocity (the state vector, hence ellipse) at one instant in time. Over time, gravitational perturbations pull on the ellipse, so that by 2011, Eris has a slightly different ellipse than it did in 2006, hence different orbit period.
 * So both orbit periods are correct for their respective moment of validity.
 * Because Eris has such a large multi-hundred year period, fractional percent variations in the ellipse due to perturbations manifest as "years" of change in orbit period, which is major on a human scale, but not so much for the whole orbit.
 * The actual statistical uncertainty in orbit period at any one epoch or moment in time is about two weeks at present. If you want to see how period varies as function of time, you could use Horizons to numerically integrate the equations of motion and then plot the resulting curve."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:CalRis25/Test


text:
Eastern Samar

Eastern Samar (Waray-Waray: Sinirangan Samar; Silangang Samar ), officially the Province of Eastern Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Borongan. Eastern Samar occupies the eastern portion of the island of Samar. Bordering the province to the north is the province of Northern Samar and to the west is Samar province. To the east lies the Philippine Sea, part of the vast Pacific Ocean, while to the south lies Leyte Gulf.

Spanish colonial era
During his circumnavigation of the globe, Ferdinand Magellan had set foot on the tiny island of Homonhon in the southern part of the province. On March 16, 1521, the area of what is now Eastern Samar is said to be the first Philippine landmass spotted by Magellan and his crew.

Philippine-American War
Maj. Eugenio Daza Area Commander of General Lukbán's forces for Southeastern Samar

Balangiga Encounter
On September 28, 1901, Filipino guerrillas led by Valeriano Abanador and Eugenio Daza in Balangiga ambushed American troops, killing 48 members of the US 9th Infantry. The incident triggered the infamous American retaliation March across Samar against the Samar populace and guerrillas.

Japanese occupation era
In 1944, combined Filipino-American troops involved in the liberation of the Philippines from Japan built in the town of Guiuan the largest military base in the Pacific. In the same town in 1949, approximately 5,000 Russian refugees escaping from communist China temporarily settled on Tubabao Island until 1951, when they were transferred to Australia and the United States.

Foundation
Eastern Samar, as a province, was created from Samar province through Republic Act No. 4221 on June 19, 1965. Approved by Congress in 1963, it was authored by Samar congressmen Eladio T. Balite (1st district), Fernando R. Veloso (2nd district), and Felipe J. Abrigo (3rd district). The law, ratified in a plebiscite on June 19, 1965, divided Samar into three: Northern Samar, Eastern Samar and (Western) Samar.

Contemporary
The capital town of Borongan became a component city by virtue of Republic Act No. 9394 which sought to convert the municipality into a city. The law was ratified on June 21, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the LCP questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after the court finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional.

Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), one of the strongest typhoons ever recorded, made its first landfall in the coastal town of Guiuan in November 2013.

Geography
Eastern Samar covers a total area of 4,660.47 km2 occupying the eastern section and majority of southern Samar's coast of Samar Island in the Eastern Visayas region. The province is bordered to the north by Northern Samar and to the west by Samar. To the east lies the Philippine Sea, part of the vast Pacific Ocean, while to the south lies Leyte Gulf.

Because it faces the Philippine Sea of the Pacific Ocean, Eastern Samar suffers heavily from powerful typhoons.

Administrative divisions
Eastern Samar comprises 22 municipalities and one city, all encompassed by an lone congressional district and two provincial districts that elect a representative and provincial board members, respectively.

Demographics
The population of Eastern Samar in the 2020 census was 477,168 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2. The predominant language is Waray and it is the main lingua franca of the entire island of Samar.

In the 2000 Census, Warays comprised NaN% (NaN) of the total provincial population of 375,124 at that time. Kapampangan came second at NaN% (NaN), Bisaya/Binisaya NaN% (NaN), Cebuano at NaN% (680), and Tagalog at NaN% (621).

Catholicism
The people of the province are devoted catholics where a majority adhere to Roman Catholicism. The dominant Catholic faith influences the events of the provincial education, politics and social functions of the people.

Others
Other Christians usually form the remaining groups of believers such as the Born-again Christians, Protestants, Iglesia Filipina Independiente or Aglipayan church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Iglesia ni Cristo, Baptists, Methodists, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Seventh-day Adventists. Non Christians (mostly Muslims) are also found.

Transportation
The province has one operational airport; Borongan Airport located in the capital city. Currently, only Leascor operates out of Borongan Airport with flights weekly to serve locals and tourists to and from Cebu.

By land, mini buses and vans ply from the regional center in Tacloban, Catbalogan, and Calbayog in Samar province and to some towns in Eastern Samar. From Borongan, buses ply to Metro Manila. Motorized boats plies through Leyte Gulf ferrying passengers going to Tacloban City seaport.

Economy
Commercial activities in the province are centered on the provincial capital of Borongan while tourism activities are centered in Guiuan town where Calicoan Island and the historical Homonhon Island are located. Generally, the province's major economic resource is fishery and agriculture which include production of coconut, copra, corn, rice, sugar, and vegetables. Tourism potential is untapped on the northern part of the province.

title: Eastern Samar


text:
Grayanotoxin

Grayanotoxins are a group of closely related neurotoxins named after Leucothoe grayana, a plant native to Japan and named for 19th-century American botanist Asa Gray. Grayanotoxin I (grayanotoxane-3,5,6,10,14,16-hexol 14-acetate) is also known as andromedotoxin, acetylandromedol, rhodotoxin and asebotoxin. Grayanotoxins are produced by Rhododendron species and other plants in the family Ericaceae. Honey made from the nectar and so containing pollen of these plants also contains grayanotoxins and is commonly referred to as mad honey.

Consumption of the plant or any of its secondary products, including mad honey, can cause a rare poisonous reaction called grayanotoxin poisoning, mad honey disease, honey intoxication, or rhododendron poisoning. It is most frequently produced and consumed in regions of Turkey and Nepal as a recreational drug and traditional medicine.

Origin
Grayanotoxins are produced by plants in the family Ericaceae, specifically members of the genera Agarista, Craibiodendron, Kalmia, Leucothoe, Lyonia, Pieris and Rhododendron. The genus Rhododendron alone encompasses over 750 species that grow around the world in parts of Europe, North America, Japan, Nepal and Turkey. They can grow at a variety of altitudes, ranging from sea level to more than 3 km. While many of these species contain grayanotoxins, only a few contain significant levels. Species with high concentrations of grayanotoxins, such as R. ponticum and R. luteum, are most commonly found in regions of Turkey bordering the Black Sea, and in Nepal. Nearly all parts of grayanotoxin-producing rhododendrons contain the molecule, including the stem, leaves, flower, pollen and nectar. Grayanotoxins can also be found in secondary plant products, such as honey, labrador tea, cigarettes, and herbal medicines.

Chemical structure

Grayanotoxins are low molecular weight hydrophobic compounds. They are structurally characterized as polyhydroxylated cyclic diterpenes. The base structure is a 5/7/6/5 ring system that does not contain nitrogen. More than 25 grayanotoxin isoforms have been identified from Rhododendron species , but grayanotoxin I and III are thought to be the principal toxic isoforms. Different Rhododendron species contain multiple different grayanotoxin isoforms, contributing to differences in plant toxicity.

Mechanism of action
The toxicity of grayanotoxin is derived from its ability to interfere with voltage-gated sodium channels located in the cell membrane of neurons. The Nav1.x channels consist of four homologous domains (I-IV), each containing six transmembrane alpha-helical segments (S1-S6). Grayanotoxin has a binding affinity (IC50) of approximately 10 μM and binds the group II receptor site located on segment 6 of domains I and IV (IS6 and IVS6). Other toxins that bind to this region include the alkaloids veratridine, batrachotoxin and aconitine.

Experiments using squid axonal membranes indicate that sodium channel binding likely occurs on the internal face of the neuron. Additionally, grayanotoxin only binds to the activated conformation of sodium channels. Normally, voltage gated sodium channels are activated (opened) only when the cell membrane potential reaches a specific threshold voltage. This activated conformation allows for an influx of sodium ions resulting in cell depolarization, followed by the firing of an action potential. At the peak of the action potential, voltage-gated sodium channels are quickly inactivated and are only reset once the cell has repolarized to resting potential. When grayanotoxin is present, binding induces further conformational changes that prevent sodium channel inactivation and lead to a prolonged depolarization. Owing to its transient ability to activate channels and increase membrane permeability to sodium ions, grayanotoxin is classified as a reversible Nav1.x agonist.

Clinical effects
Although mad honey is used in traditional medicine in Turkey, the majority of grayanotoxin poisoning cases occur in middle-aged males who use the honey for perceived sexual enhancement. Slowing of heart rate and lowering of blood pressure are typical effects reported in one review of cases. Dizziness, nausea, fainting, and weakness were reported as common neurological outcomes. Other early-onset symptoms may include doubled and blurred vision, hypersalivation, perspiration, and paresthesia in the extremities and around the mouth. In higher doses, symptoms can include loss of coordination, severe and progressive muscular weakness, electrocardiographic changes of bundle branch block or ST-segment elevations as seen in ischemic myocardial threat, and nodal rhythm or Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

The primary mediator of this grayanotoxin pathophysiology is the paired vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve). The vagus nerve is a major component of the parasympathetic nervous system (a branch of the autonomic nervous system) and innervates various organs including the lungs, stomach, kidney and heart. Vagal stimulation of the heart is mediated by M2-subtype muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR). In severe cases of grayanotoxin poisoning, atropine – a non-specific "mAChR antagonist" or Muscarinic antagonist – can be used to treat bradycardia and other heart rhythm malfunctions. In addition to correcting rhythm disorders, administration of fluids and vasopressors can also help treat hypotension and mitigate other symptoms.

Patients exposed to low doses of grayanotoxin typically recover within a few hours. In more severe cases, symptoms may persist for 24 hours or longer and may require medical treatment (as described above). Despite the risk from cardiac problems, grayanotoxin poisoning is rarely fatal in humans.

Animal poisoning
In contrast to humans, grayanotoxin poisoning can be lethal for other animals. Nectar containing grayanotoxin can kill honeybees, though some seem to have resistance to it and can produce honey from the nectar (see below). According to a team of researchers from the UK and Ireland, worker bumblebees are not harmed and may be preferable as pollinators because they transfer more pollen. Consequently, it may be advantageous for plants to produce grayanotoxin to be pollinated by bumblebees.

Mad honey intoxication
Bees that collect pollen and nectar from grayanotoxin-containing plants often produce honey that also contains grayanotoxins. This so-called "mad honey" is the most common cause of grayanotoxin poisoning in humans. Small-scale producers of mad honey typically harvest honey from a small area or single hive to produce a final product containing a significant concentration of grayanotoxin. In contrast, large-scale honey production often mixes honey gathered from different locations, diluting the concentration of any contaminated honey.

Mad honey is produced in specific world regions, notably the Black Sea region of Turkey (91% of poisoning cases in one analysis) and Nepal (5%). In Turkey, mad honey known as deli bal is used as a recreational drug and traditional medicine. It is most commonly made from the nectar of Rhododendron luteum and Rhododendron ponticum in the Caucasus region. In Nepal, this type of honey is used by the Gurung people for both its hallucinogenic properties and supposed medicinal benefits.

In the 18th century, this honey was exported to Europe to add to alcoholic drinks to give them extra potency. In modern times, it is consumed locally and exported to North America, Europe and Asia.

Other grayanotoxin sources
In addition to various Rhododendron species, mad honey can also be made from several other grayanotoxin-containing plants. Honey produced from the nectar of Andromeda polifolia contains high enough levels of grayanotoxin to cause full body paralysis and potentially fatal breathing difficulties due to diaphragm paralysis. Honey obtained from spoonwood and allied species such as sheep-laurel can also cause illness. The honey from Lestrimelitta limao also produces a similar paralyzing effect to that of the honey from A. polifolia and is also toxic to humans.

Historical use
The intoxicating effects of mad honey have been suspected for centuries, including records from Xenophon, Aristotle, Strabo, Pliny the Elder and Columella, all reporting illness from eating "maddening" honey believed to be from the pollen or nectar of Rhododendron luteum and Rhododendron ponticum. According to Xenophon's Anabasis, an invading Greek army was accidentally poisoned by harvesting and eating the local Asia Minor honey, but they all made a quick recovery without any fatalities. Having heard of this incident, and realizing that foreign invaders would be ignorant of the dangers of the local honey, King Mithridates later used the honey as a deliberate poison when Pompey's army attacked the Heptakometes in Asia Minor in 69 BC. The Roman soldiers became delirious and nauseated after being tricked into eating the toxic honey, at which point Mithridates' army attacked.

title: Grayanotoxin


text:
Samar (province)

Samar, officially the Province of Samar (Probinsya han Samar; Lalawigan ng Samar), formerly named Western Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Catbalogan. It is bordered by Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Leyte and Leyte Gulf, and includes several islands in the Samar Sea. Samar is connected to the island of Leyte via the San Juanico Bridge.

In 1768, Leyte and modern Samar were created out of the historical province of Samar. In 1965, Northern and Eastern Samar were created.

Fishing and agriculture are the major economic activities in the province.

On 8 November 2013, the province was significantly damaged by Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), particularly the towns of Basey, Marabut and Santa Rita.

Etymology
Samar is said to derive from the word Samad, a Visayan word for "wound" or "cut", describing the rough physical features of the land which is rugged and deeply dissected by streams.

Pre-history
Around 2 million to 8000 B.C, based on geologic findings, during the ice ages (2 million years – 8000 B.C), the islands of Mindoro, Luzon, and Mindanao were connected as one big island through the islands of Samar, Leyte and Bohol.

Early history
In 8550 B.C., diggings in Sohoton Caves in Basey, Samar showed stone flake tools. In 1200 A.D., other diggings along the Basey River revealed other stone flakes used until the 13th century.

Spanish colonial era
In 1543, the explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, first came to the island and named it Las Islas Filipinas.

In 1596, many names (such as Samal, Ibabao, Tandaya) were given to Samar Island prior to the coming of the Spaniards in 1596. The name "Samar" was derived from the local language samad, meaning "wound" or "cut", aptly describing the rough physical features of the island, rugged and deeply dissected by streams. During the early days of Spanish occupation, Samar was under the jurisdiction of Cebu.

On October 15, 1596, the first Jesuit missionaries arrived in Tinago (now Dapdap) in Tarangnan. From Tinago, the missionaries, Fr. Francisco de Otazo, Bartolome Martes and Domingo Alonzo began teaching Catechism, healing the sick and spreading the Christian faith into the interior settlements.

On June 1, 1649, the people of Palapag led by Agustin Sumuroy revolted against the decree of Governor General Diego Fajardo requiring able bodied men from the Visayas for service at the Cavite Shipyards. Like wildfire, the revolt quickly spread to the neighboring town in the Northern and Western coast of Samar and to the nearby provinces of Bicol, Surigao, Cebu, Camiguin and as far as Zamboanga. It was suppressed in 1650 by the combined forces of the Spaniards, Lutaos, and Pampangos.

In 1735, Samar and Leyte were united into one province with Carigara, in Leyte, as the capital town.

In 1747, Samar and Leyte were separated for administrative effectiveness.

In 1762, complaints from the Jesuits that the division was not working well, thus it was reunited again by the approval from the King of Spain.

In 1768, Jesuits were expelled in all Spanish dominions. The Franciscans arrived on September 25, 1768, and took over the administration of 14 of the 17 parishes which were under the spiritual care of the Jesuits for almost 172 years. The administration of the remaining three parishes namely Guiuan, Balangiga and Basey in the south of Samar were given to the Augustinians.

In 1777, the two provinces were divided for the last time, it was approved in Madrid in 1786 and had been effective in 1799.

In 1803, Guiuan, Balangiga and Basey were turned over to the Franciscans for the lack of Augustinian priests.

On August 11, 1841, Queen Isabella II of Spain signed a Royal Decree declaring Samar as a province.

American invasion era
The Battle of Catubig occurred on April 15–18, 1900 during the Philippine–American War.

On April 15, 1900, the Filipino guerrillas launched a surprise attack on a detachment of the US 43rd Infantry Regiment, forcing the Americans to abandon Catubig town after the four-day siege.

In 1901, the Balangiga massacre occurred during the Philippine–American War.

On September 28, 1901, the people of Balangiga, Giporlos, Lawaan and Quinapondan in Eastern Samar surprised and attacked the American forces stationed there, killing 48 American soldiers. To avenge their defeat, American general Jacob H. Smith ordered his men to turn Samar into a "howling wilderness".

On April 10, 1910, upon the papal bull of Pope Pius X separated the islands of Samar and Leyte from the Diocese of Cebu and erected the Diocese of Calbayog comprising both islands. Pablo Singzon de Anunciacion was named first Bishop and consecrated on June 12, 1910.

Japanese occupation era
In 1942, the occupying Imperial Japanese forces arrived in the province of Samar.

On October 24, 1944, the Battle off Samar took place as Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's Center Force warships clashed with several allied naval vessels in a collision course. His forces sank escort carrier USS Gambier Bay (CVE-73), destroyers USS Hoel (DD-533) and USS Johnston (DD-557), and escort destroyer USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413), but at a cost of his cruisers Chikuma, JAPANESE CRUISER Chokai, and JAPANESE CRUISER Suzuya. Despite being a tactical victory for the Imperial Japanese Navy, it did not alter the course of the Philippines campaign.

Philippine independence
On June 19, 1965, the Philippine Congress along with the three Samar Representatives, Eladio T. Balite (1st District), Fernando R. Veloso (2nd District) and Felipe J. Abrigo (3rd District), approved Republic Act No. 4221 dividing the region of Samar into three divisions: Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, and Western Samar. Each region adopted a new capital: Catbalogan (Western Samar), Borongan (Eastern Samar), and Catarman (Northern Samar).

On June 21, 1969, under Republic Act No. 5650, Western Samar was renamed Samar with Catbalogan still as the capital.

Contemporary
The capital town Catbalogan became a component city by virtue of Republic Act No. 9391 which sought to convert the municipality into a city. The law was ratified on June 16, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the LCP questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after the court finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional.

On November 8, 2013, Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Typhoon Yolanda hit Samar province. More than 300 people perished on the first day it hit the province.

In June 2018, a friendly fire incident happened between Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of the Philippines under the administration of Rodrigo Duterte. The incident led to the death of numerous police officials of Waray ethnic origin.

On January 22, 2019, House Bill No. 8824 was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representative Edgar Mary Sarmiento to establish a new province called "Northwest Samar", consisting of nine municipalities and one city of Samar's 1st congressional district, of which Calbayog would be the designated capital. The bill is yet to be reviewed.

Geography
Samar province covers a total area of 6,048.03 km2 occupying the central-western sections of the Samar island in the Eastern Visayas region. The province is bordered on the north by Northern Samar, east by Eastern Samar, south by Leyte and Leyte Gulf, and west by the Samar Sea.

Topography

Samar province is hilly, with mountain peaks ranging from 200 to 800 m high and narrow strips of lowlands, which tend to lie in coastal peripheries or in the alluvial plains and deltas accompanying large rivers. The largest lowlands are located along the northern coast extending up to the valleys of Catubig and Catarman rivers. Smaller lowlands in Samar are to be found in the Calbayog area and on the deltas and small valleys of Gandara and Ulot rivers. Slopes are generally steep and barren of trees due to deforestation. Run-off waters after heavy rains can provoke flooding in low-lying areas and the erosion of the mountains enlarges the coastal plains of the province.

Climate and rainfall
Areas near the eastern coast of the province have no dry season (with a pronounced maximum rain period usually occurring from December to January), and are thus open to the northeast monsoon. Municipalities in the southeastern section of the province experience this type of climate.

Areas located in the northwestern portion of the province have a more or less evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year.

Administrative divisions
The province of Samar comprises two congressional districts, 24 municipalities and two component cities. It has a total of 952 barangays.

Provincial capital and component city

Component city

Municipality

Demographics

The population of Samar (province) in the 2020 census was 793,183 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Catholicism
Samar (Western Samar) is predominantly Roman Catholic. The Catholic Hierarchy (2014) states that 95 percent of its population adhere to Roman Catholicism.

Others
Some other Christian believers constitute most of the remainder such as Rizalista, Iglesia Filipina Independiente, Born-again Christians, Iglesia ni Cristo, Baptists, Methodists, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Seventh-day Adventist, and Members Church of God International (MCGI). Muslims are also present and a few mosques are located within the province.

Languages and dialects
Residents of Samar are mostly Waray, the fifth largest cultural-linguistic group in the country. 90.2 percent of the household population speaks the Waray-Waray language, while 9.8 percent also speak Cebuano; 8.1 percent Boholano; 0.07 percent Tagalog; and 0.5 percent other languages.

There are two types of Waray spoken in the province, Waray Lineyte-Samarnon which is spoken from the southernmost tip of the province up to the municipality of Gandara and Waray Calbayog, an intermediary between the Waray of Northern Samar and the Waray of Samar, spoken in Calbayog, Santa Margarita, and in some parts of Tagapul-an, Santo Niño, Almagro and Matuguinao.

Notable personalities
 19th & 20th Centuries

 * Senate President José Avelino — the first President of the Senate of the Third Republic of the Philippines and the second President of the Liberal Party came from Calbayog, Samar. He was Senate President pro tempore to President Manuel Quezon prior to the establishment of the Commonwealth. He was the grandfather of Filipino actor Paulo Avelino.
 * Lieutenant Benedicto Nijaga — nicknamed Biktoy, one of the "Thirteen Martyrs of Bagumbayan", executed on January 11, 1897, in Bagumbayan (Luneta Park). During a raid of a printing press in Binondo, the Spaniards found and confiscated subversive documents including a list of members of the Katipunan. Benedicto Nijaga was on the list as a collector of revolutionary funds. Upon the order of Gov. Polavieja to arbitrarily arrest all suspected members of the Katipunan, Nijaga was arrested while he was campaigning for revolutionary funds.
 * Cardinal Julio Rosales — (September 18, 1906 – June 2, 1983) the second Archbishop of Cebu, was a Filipino cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. A native of Calbayog, he made his studies at the Seminary of Calbayog and was ordained in his hometown on June 2, 1929. From 1929 to 1946, he did pastoral work in the diocese of Calbayog. He was consecrated bishop of Tagbilaran on September 21, 1946.
 * Lucio Godina (March 8, 1908 – November 24, 1936) & Simplicio Godina (March 8, 1908 - December 8, 1936) — were pygopagus conjoined twins from the island of Samar in the Philippines. Born in 1908, these boys from the Philippines later made the trip to the United States, where they became sideshow attractions in such hubs of ‘entertainment’ as Coney Island. In 1928, after various legal difficulties – including narrowly avoiding jail when a man was injured in an alleged drunk driving incident – they married identical (but not conjoined) twin sisters, Natividad and Victorina Matos, in Manila. At the age of 21 they married Natividad and Victorina Matos, who were identical twins. They performed in various sideshow acts, including in an orchestra on Coney Island and in dance with their wives. After Lucio died of rheumatic fever in New York City, doctors operated to separate him from Simplicio. Simplicio survived the operation, but died shortly thereafter due to spinal meningitis.

 21st Century

 * Nemesio Baldesco — a pedicab driver from Calbayog who earned respect in the field of literary works in Waray. He is a recipient of Gawad Parangal of UMPIL (Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas). He is known as the “Father of Waray Poetry” (Amay han Siday).
 * Dr. Carmelita Abdurahman — she served as commissioner for Samar-Leyte language at Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF).
 * Archbishop Pedro Rosales Dean, Jr., D.D., Ph.L., S.T.L. — (born 21 February 1930) is the Archbishop emeritus of Palo from Calbayog since the appointment of Archbishop Jose S. Palma as his successor. He served the Archdiocese of Palo from 12 October 1985 until 18 March 2006.
 * Chito S. Roño —(born April 26, 1954), also known as Sixto Kayko, is a Filipino writer, film producer and film director from Calbayog known for his expansive vision and special-effects-heavy films, most notably Yamashita: The Tiger's Treasure (2001) for which he won the Metro Manila Film Festival for best director. He is also known for his 1997 film Nasaan ang Puso which earned him his first MMFF for best director. There is an annual literary and visual arts competition held in Samar in honor of him.
 * Tessie Tomas — (born October 31, 1950), a Filipino actress and TV host from Catbalogan, best known for being the host of the ABS-CBN talk show Teysi ng Tahanan. In an interview with GMA Network's Tunay Na Buhay, Tomas recalled working for an ad agency prior to her career as a presenter and actress. Tessie later appeared in both comedic and dramatic roles, notably in the 2012 remake of the film Mundo Man ay Magunaw and 2015's Buena Familia. In 2018, Tomas played a supporting role in the ABS-CBN soap opera The Blood Sisters.
 * Michael Cinco — a Filipino fashion designer from Catbalogan, Samar. He launched his eponymous fashion line in Dubai in 2003.
 * Rosalio "Yoyong" Martires — (born September 9, 1951), a former Filipino basketball player, actor and comedian from Catbalogan. He played for San Miguel in the Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association and the Philippine Basketball Association between 1972 and 1982. In 1972, he appeared at the Olympic Games in Munich, Germany as a member of the country's national basketball team. He was a fleet footed guard specializing in steals/interceptions and assists.
 * Bishop Maximiano Tuazon Cruz — born in Catbalogan, Philippines and was ordained a priest on November 30, 1947. He was appointed titular bishop to Tanudaia as well as auxiliary bishop to the Diocese of Calbayog on November 10, 1987, and ordained bishop on December 1, 1987. He was appointed bishop to the Diocese of Calbayog on December 21, 1994, and retired from diocese on January 13, 1999. He died on October 9, 2013, at age 90.
 * Rosita “Rose” Bradborn — (born on 1973) is a Philippines international lawn bowler from Daram, Samar. She competed at the 2008 World Outdoor Bowls Championship and 2012 World Outdoor Bowls Championship but came to prominence when winning a bronze medal at the 2016 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Christchurch in the fours with Hazel Jagonoy, Ronalyn Greenlees and Sonia Bruce. In 2018, he bagged three medals again in international tourneys.
 * Sergio Apostol — (born January 17, 1935) is a Filipino politician born in Catbalogan. In 2008, Sergio Apostol was Chief Presidential Legal Counsel for Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. On October 8, 2008, Eduardo Ermita confirmed Apostol's resignation, effective October 30, to prepare for his candidacy, for Leyte congressional seat, in the 2010 Philippine general election. Apostol is a member of the board of Union Bank and the legal consultant of the SSS’ Social Security Commission (SSC). After winning his district's seat as a Lakas-CMD party candidate of Arroyo, Apostol switched allegiance to the Liberal party of Benigno Aquino, the winner of the 2010 Presidential election.
 * Justice Antonio Eduardo Nachura — former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from Catbalogan, Samar. He took his oath of office as Associate Justice on February 7, 2007, and occupied the position until his mandatory retirement on June 13, 2011. Previously, Nachura had been Solicitor-General of the Philippines at the time his appointment to the Court was announced on January 31, 2007, by then-Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
 * Romero Federico Saenz Quimbo — (born December 12, 1969), also known as Miro Quimbo, is a Filipino politician who currently represents Marikina's 2nd Legislative District in the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He succeeded then-Rep. Del R. De Guzman who won as mayor. Quimbo spent the first two years of elementary school at the Sacred Heart College (now Saint Mary’s College of Catbalogan) in Catbalogan, Samar. He moved to the Marist School in Marikina where he eventually finished his elementary and secondary education.
 * Joel Porlares — (born January 1, 1961) the fourteenth Supreme Bishop of the Philippine Independent Church, officially the Iglesia Filipina Independiente and informally the "Aglipayan Church". The supreme bishop serves as the spiritual head, chief pastor, and chief executive officer of the said church. Porlares is the 14th in a line of succession that goes back from the first Supreme Bishop and prolific revolutionary figure, Gregorio Aglipay. He has been the incumbent supreme bishop since June 2023. Although born in Tacloban, Porlares was raised in the municipality of Basey in the province of Samar.
 * Tom Rodriguez — a TV host, singer and actor from Catbalogan, Samar. He was born in Subic Naval Base in Zambales to an American serviceman father and a Filipina mother. One of six siblings, he moved with his two brothers and three sisters with their mother to Pinabacdao, Samar (where their mother hails from). But they grew up in nearby Catbalogan, also in Samar, where Rodriguez studied at Saint Mary's College of Catbalogan (formerly Sacred Heart College) from kindergarten to elementary. He popularized the OPM song “Ikaw Ang Sagot”.
 * Mel Senen Sarmiento — a Calbayognon politician who was a former member of the Philippine House of Representatives representing the 1st Legislative District of Samar from 2010 to 2016. He also served as Secretary General of the Liberal Party. He served as the Vice Mayor of Calbayog from 1992 to 1995 and Mayor from 2001 to 2010. He was also the Secretary General of the League of Cities of the Philippines from 2004 to 2010. He also served as the final Secretary of the Interior and Local Government under President Benigno Aquino III after Jesse Robredo and Mar Roxas.

title: Samar (province)


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Talk:Samar (province)

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Talk:Eastern Samar

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Talk:Northern Samar

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Provincial Officials
Representative, First District of Northern Samar - RAUL A. DAZA

Representative, Second District of Northern Samar - EMIL L. ONG

Governor - PAUL R. DAZA

Vice Governor - RAMP NIELSEN S. UY

Board Members -

First District: JOSE F. LAYON, TEODORO M. JUMAMIL, BEDA M. BOGTONG, ALBERTO C. MENDADOR and GOLDA P. SOMORAY-BALLESTA

Second District: ALBERTO A. LUCERO, MARITES J. GILLAMAC, DIONISIO DEXTER A. GALIT, RICARDO M. DAIZ and EUSTAQUIO C. LAGRIMAS

Ex-Officio Members: NEIL S. HERNANDEZ, Philippine Councilors' League Provincial Federation President; MIKHAEL JOHNSON L. DE ASAS, Provincial Federation President, Sangguniang Kabataan; and REYZANDRO A. UNAY, Provincial Federation President, Liga ng mga Barangay sa Pilipinas

Envious Northern Samarnon
There are some educated northern samarnons who are envy of fellow northern samarnons. They dont want other kababayans to be successful. They are very parochial. What they do not realize is that the competition is not within northern samar but northern samar versus the other provinces and regions. if the envious northern samarnon will keep on cutting down their fellow samarnon,our legends, our stories,our personlitites, then, how can our legends, stories, histories and epics will be known be other provinces and regions.how can we invite graces to come to us, to northern samar. instead of being envious, why not be part of the mysteries and enigma of northern samar by using your education to do research and write additional stories about it. envious northern samarnons are deservice to our province.most of them are educated but their education is used to put fellow nortehanon down. they want to be ahead by pulling down others. Envious people are lonely if fellow nortehanon are successful. envy makes them perennially sick and susceptible to making wrong decisions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.204.209.103 (talk) 01:22, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

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Tourism
It would be better to add more details under the Tourism section to give the readers the actual status of tourism in Northern Samar. Since, the province is now pushing to grow in the tourism industry and contribute to economy. Therefore, I want to propose the following to be included in the Tourism Section:

One of the eco-tourism zones in Northern Samar is the most visited rock formation in the municipality of Biri, which mainly attracted tourists because of its distinct beauty. Biri Rock Formation even took the fifth spot in the Top 10 Philippine Gems organized by Isla Lipana & Co in 2013.

The reference that supports this statement is at https://www.philstar.com/nation/2013/10/14/1244877/biri-island-rock-formations-among-top-10-phl-gems

The Sila Island Resort is famous for its shorelines, sparkling in unique pink sand beaches. It is Northern Samar’s primary luxury resort, situated in the town of San Vicente. It is part of the Department of Tourism’s efforts to enter the foreign market to augment the tourism industry in the province.

This information is referenced from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139849

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Maurice Sendak

Maurice Bernard Sendak (June 10, 1928 – May 8, 2012) was an American author and illustrator of children's books. He became most widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in 1963. Born to Polish-Jewish parents, his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust. Sendak also wrote works such as In the Night Kitchen, Outside Over There, and illustrated many works by other authors including the Little Bear books by Else Holmelund Minarik.

Early life
Sendak was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Polish Jewish immigrants Sadie (née Schindler) and Philip Sendak, a dressmaker. Sendak described his childhood as a "terrible situation" due to the death of members of his extended family during the Holocaust which introduced him at a young age to the concept of mortality. His love of books began when, as a child, he developed health issues and was confined to his bed. When he was 12 years old, he decided to become an illustrator after watching Walt Disney's film Fantasia. One of his first professional commissions, when he was 20 years old, was to create window displays for the toy store FAO Schwarz. His illustrations were first published in 1947 in a textbook titled Atomics for the Millions by Maxwell Leigh Eidinoff. He spent much of the 1950s illustrating children's books written by others before beginning to write his own stories.

His older brother Jack Sendak also became an author of children's books, two of which were illustrated by Maurice in the 1950s. In 2011, Sendak was working on a book about noses, and he attributed his love of this olfactory organ to his brother Jack, who—in Sendak's opinion—had a great nose.

Maurice was the youngest of three siblings. When he was born, his sister Natalie was 9 years old, and his brother Jack was 5.

Career

Sendak gained international acclaim after writing and illustrating Where the Wild Things Are, edited by Ursula Nordstrom at Harper & Row. It features Max, a boy who "rages against his mother for being sent to bed without any supper". The book's depictions of fanged monsters concerned some parents when it was first published, as his characters were somewhat grotesque in appearance. And actually, Sendak had first considered that the title would be "Where the Wild Horses Are," but then decided against horses in favor of “things." Before Where the Wild Things Are, Sendak was best known for illustrating Else Holmelund Minarik's Little Bear series of books.

Sendak later recounted the reaction of a fan: "A little boy sent me a charming card with a little drawing on it. I loved it. I answer all my children's letters – sometimes very hastily – but this one I lingered over. I sent him a card and I drew a picture of a Wild Thing on it. I wrote, 'Dear Jim: I loved your card.' Then I got a letter back from his mother and she said: 'Jim loved your card so much he ate it.' That to me was one of the highest compliments I've ever received. He didn't care that it was an original Maurice Sendak drawing or anything. He saw it, he loved it, he ate it."

Almost 50 years later, School Library Journal sponsored a survey of readers which identified Where the Wild Things Are as a top picture book. The librarian who conducted it observed that there was little doubt what would be voted number one and highlighted its designation by one reader as a watershed, "ushering in the modern age of picture books". Another called it "perfectly crafted, perfectly illustrated ... simply the epitome of a picture book" and noted that Sendak "rises above the rest in part because he is subversive."

When Sendak saw a manuscript of Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories, the first children's book by Isaac Bashevis Singer, on the desk of an editor at Harper & Row, he offered to illustrate the book. It was first published in 1966 and received a Newbery Honor. Sendak was delighted and enthusiastic about the collaboration. He once wryly remarked that his parents were "finally" impressed by their youngest child when he collaborated with Singer.

His book, In the Night Kitchen, originally issued in 1970, has often been subjected to censorship for its drawings of a young boy prancing naked through the story. The book has been challenged in several U.S. states including Illinois, New Jersey, Minnesota, and Texas. In the Night Kitchen regularly appears on the American Library Association's list of "frequently challenged and banned books". It was listed number 21 on the "100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999".

His 1981 book ,Outside Over There, is the story of a girl named Ida and her sibling jealousy and responsibility. Her father is away, so Ida is left to watch her baby sister, much to her dismay. Her sister is kidnapped by goblins and Ida must go off on a magical adventure to rescue her. At first, she is not really eager to get her sister and nearly passes right by her when she becomes absorbed in the magic of the quest. In the end, she rescues her sister, destroys the goblins, and returns home committed to caring for her sister until her father returns. This rescue story includes an illustration of a ladder leaning out of the window of a home, which according to one report, was based on the crime scene in the Lindbergh kidnapping, "which terrified Sendak as a child."

Sendak was an early member of the National Board of Advisors of the Children's Television Workshop during the development stages of the Sesame Street television series. He created four animated stories for the series: Bumble Ardy, an animated sequence with Jim Henson as the voice of Bumble Ardy, Seven Monsters, Up & Down, and Broom Adventures. Sendak later adapted Seven Monsters into the book Seven Little Monsters, which itself would be adapted into an animated television series.

Sendak produced an animated television production based on his work titled Really Rosie, featuring the voice of Carole King, which was broadcast in 1975 and is available on video (usually as part of video compilations of his work). An album of the songs was also produced. He contributed the opening segment to Simple Gifts, a Christmas collection of six animated shorts shown on PBS in 1977 and later released on VHS in 1993. He adapted his book Where the Wild Things Are for the stage in 1979. Additionally, he designed sets and costumes for many operas and ballets, including the award-winning (1983) Pacific Northwest Ballet production of Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker, Glyndebourne Festival Opera's productions of Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges (1982), Ravel's L'enfant et les sortilèges and L'heure espagnole (1987) and Oliver Knussen's adaptation of Sendak's own ''Higglety Pigglety Pop! or There Must Be More to Life (1985), Houston Grand Opera's productions of Mozart's The Magic Flute (1981) and Humperdinck's Hansel and Gretel (1997), Los Angeles County Music Center's 1990 production of Mozart's Idomeneo, and the New York City Opera's productions of Janáček's The Cunning Little Vixen (1981), and Mozart's The Goose of Cairo'' (1984).

Also in 1993, Sendak published a picture book, We Are All in the Dumps with Jack and Guy. Later in the 1990s, Sendak approached playwright Tony Kushner to write a new English-language version of the Czech composer Hans Krása's Holocaust opera Brundibár which, remarkably, had been performed by children in the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Kushner wrote the text for Sendak's illustrated book of the same name, published in 2003. The book was named one of The New York Times Book Review's 10 Best Illustrated Books of 2003.

In 2003, Chicago Opera Theatre produced Sendak and Kushner's adaptation of Brundibár. In 2005, Berkeley Repertory Theatre, in collaboration with Yale Repertory Theatre and Broadway's New Victory Theater, produced a substantially re-worked version of the Sendak-Kushner adaptation.

In 2004, Sendak worked with the Shirim Klezmer Orchestra in Boston on their project, Pincus and the Pig: A Klezmer Tale. This Klezmer version of Sergei Prokofiev's best-known musical story for children, Peter and the Wolf, featured Maurice Sendak as the narrator. He also illustrated the cover art.

In 2011, Sendak adapted his Sesame Street short Bumble Ardy into a children's book, his first in over thirty years, and ultimately his last published work before his death.

Personal life
Sendak mentioned in a September 2008 article in The New York Times that he was gay and had lived with his partner, psychoanalyst Eugene David Glynn (February 25, 1926 – May 15, 2007), for 50 years before Glynn's death in May 2007. Revealing that he never told his parents, he said, "All I wanted was to be straight so my parents could be happy. They never, never, never knew." Sendak's relationship with Glynn had been mentioned by other writers before (e.g., Tony Kushner in 2003) and Glynn's 2007 death notice had identified Sendak as his "partner of fifty years". After his partner's death, Sendak donated $1 million to the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services in memory of Glynn, who had treated young people there. The gift will name a clinic for Glynn.

Sendak was an atheist. In a 2011 interview, he stated that he did not believe in God and explained that he felt that religion, and belief in God, "must have made life much easier [for some religious friends of his]. It's harder for us non-believers."

In the early 1960s, Sendak lived in a basement apartment at 29 West 9th Street in Greenwich Village where he wrote and illustrated "Wild Things." Later he had a nearby pied-a-terre at 40 Fifth Avenue where he worked and stayed occasionally after moving full-time to Ridgefield, Connecticut.

Influences
Maurice Sendak drew inspiration and influences from a vast number of painters, musicians, and authors. Going back to his childhood, one of his earliest memorable influences was actually his father, Philip Sendak. According to Maurice, his father would relate tales from the Torah; however, he would embellish them with racy details. Not realizing that this was inappropriate for children, little Maurice would frequently be sent home after retelling his father's "softcore Bible tales" at school.

Growing up, Sendak developed from other influences, starting with Walt Disney's Fantasia and Mickey Mouse. Sendak and Mickey Mouse were born in the same year and Sendak described Mickey as a source of joy and pleasure while growing up. He has been quoted as saying, "My gods are Herman Melville, Emily Dickinson, Mozart. I believe in them with all my heart." Elaborating further, he has stated that reading Emily Dickinson's works helps him to remain calm in an otherwise hectic world: "And I have a little tiny Emily Dickinson so big that I carry in my pocket everywhere. And you just read three poems of Emily. She is so brave. She is so strong. She is such a passionate little woman. I feel better." Likewise, of Mozart, he has said, "When Mozart is playing in my room, I am in conjunction with something I can't explain. ... I don't need to. I know that if there's a purpose for life, it was for me to hear Mozart."

Ursula Nordstrom, director of Harper's Department of Books for Boys and Girls from 1940 until 1973, was also an inspiration for Sendak.

Death
Sendak died at Danbury Hospital in Danbury, Connecticut, on May 8, 2012, at age 83, due to complications from a stroke. In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.

The New York Times obituary called Sendak "the most important children's book artist of the 20th century." Author Neil Gaiman remarked, "He was unique, grumpy, brilliant, wise, magical and made the world better by creating art in it." Author R. L. Stine called Sendak's death "a sad day in children's books and for the world."

Comedian Stephen Colbert, who interviewed Sendak in one of his last public appearances on his television program The Colbert Report, said of the author: "We are all honored to have been briefly invited into his world." Sendak's appearance on a January 2012 episode of the show saw him teach Colbert how to illustrate and provide a book blurb for Colbert's own children's book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You!), and the day that Sendak died was also the book's official release date.

The 2012 season of Pacific Northwest Ballet's The Nutcracker, for which Sendak designed the set and costumes, was dedicated to his memory.

On May 12, 2012, the Nick Jr. Channel hosted a three-hour Little Bear marathon in his memory. The writer of the series Else Holmelund Minarik died herself only two months later on July 12, 2012, at the age of 91.

His final book, Bumble-Ardy, was published eight months before his death. A posthumous picture book, titled My Brother's Book, was published in February 2013.

The film Her was dedicated in memory of him and Where the Wild Things Are co-star James Gandolfini. The film was directed by Spike Jonze, who also directed the 2009 feature film adaptation of Where the Wild Things Are.

Maurice Sendak Collection
In 1968, Sendak lent the Rosenbach Museum & Library in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the bulk of his work, including nearly 10,000 works of art, manuscripts, books and ephemera. From May 6, 2008, through May 3, 2009, the Rosenbach presented There's a Mystery There: Sendak on Sendak. This major retrospective of over 130 pieces pulled from the museum's vast Sendak collection featured original artwork, rare sketches, never-before-seen working materials, and exclusive interview footage.

Exhibition highlights included the following:

 * Original color artwork from books such as Where the Wild Things Are, In the Night Kitchen, The Nutshell Library, Outside Over There, and Brundibar;
 * "Dummy" books filled with lively preliminary sketches for titles like The Sign on Rosie's Door, Pierre, and Higglety, Pigglety, Pop!;
 * Never-before-seen working materials, such as newspaper clippings that inspired Sendak, family portraits, photographs of child models and other ephemera;
 * Rare sketches for unpublished editions of stories such as Tolkien's The Hobbit and Henry James' The Turn of the Screw, and other illustrating projects;
 * Unique materials from the Rosenbach collection that relate to Sendak's work, including an 1853 edition of the tales of the Brothers Grimm, sketches by William Blake, and Herman Melville's bookcase;
 * Stories told by the illustrator himself on topics like Alice in Wonderland, his struggle to illustrate his favorite novels, hilarious stories of Brooklyn, and the way his work helps him exorcise childhood traumas.

Since the items had been on loan to the Rosenbach for decades, many in the museum world expected that the Sendak material would remain there. But Sendak's will specified that the drawings and most of the loans would remain the property of the Maurice Sendak Foundation. In 2014, representatives of his estate withdrew the works, saying they intended to follow Sendak's directive in his will to create "a museum or similar facility" in Ridgefield, Connecticut, where he lived, and where his foundation is based, "to be used by scholars, students, artists, illustrators and writers, and to be opened to the general public" as the foundation's directors saw fit.

The Rosenbach filed an action in 2014 in state probate court in Connecticut, contending that the estate had kept many rare books that Sendak had pledged to the library in his will. In a ruling in Connecticut probate court, a judge awarded the bulk of the disputed book collection to the Sendak estate, not to the museum.

In 2018, the Maurice Sendak Foundation chose the University of Connecticut to house and steward the Collection. Under an agreement with, and supported by a grant from, the Foundation, Sendak's original artwork, sketches, books, and other materials (totaling close to 10,000 items) will be housed at UConn's Archives and Special Collections in the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center. UConn will also host exhibits of and digitize Sendak materials. The Foundation will retain ownership of the materials.

Awards and honors
Internationally, Sendak received the third biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award for Illustration in 1970, recognizing his "lasting contribution to children's literature". He received one of two inaugural Astrid Lindgren Memorial Awards in 2003, recognizing his career contribution to "children's and young adult literature in the broadest sense". The citation called him "the modern picture-book's portal figure" and the presentation credited Where the Wild Things Are with "all at once [revolutionizing] the entire picture-book narrative ... thematically, aesthetically, and psychologically." In the U.S., he received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal from the professional children's librarians in 1983, recognizing his "substantial and lasting contributions to children's literature". At the time it was awarded every three years. Only Sendak and the writer Katherine Paterson have won all three of these premier awards.

 * Caldecott Medal from the ALA as illustrator of "the most distinguished American picture book for children", Where the Wild Things Are, 1964 (Sendak was also one of the Caldecott runners-up seven times from 1954 to 1982, more than any other illustrator, although some have won multiple Medals)
 * The House of Sixty Fathers, a novel by Meindert DeJong, for which Sendak provided the spot, black-and-white illustrations, won the Child Study Association of America's Children's Book Award (now called the Josette Frank Award), 1956
 * Hans Christian Andersen Award for children's book illustration, 1970
 * National Book Award in category Picture Books for Outside Over There, 1982
 * Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal for American children's literature, 1983
 * National Medal of Arts, 1996
 * Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award for children's literature, 2003
 * Honorary doctorate from the University of Connecticut, 1990
 * Honorary doctorate from Goucher College, 2004
 * Inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame in 2013.

Sendak has two elementary schools named in his honor, one in North Hollywood, California, and PS 118 in Brooklyn, New York. He received an honorary doctorate from Princeton University in 1984.

On June 10, 2013, Google featured an interactive doodle where visitors could click on the video go triangle to see an animated movie-ette of Max and Sendak's other main characters.

On the cusp of the 125th anniversary of the Brooklyn Public Library it was revealed on November 16, 2022, that the most checked-out book in the collection was Sendak's Where the Wild Things Are.

Author and illustrator

 * Kenny's Window (1956)
 * Very Far Away (1957)
 * The Sign on Rosie's Door (1960)
 * The Nutshell Library (1962)
 * Alligators All Around
 * Chicken Soup with Rice
 * One Was Johnny
 * Pierre
 * Where the Wild Things Are (1963)
 * Higglety Pigglety Pop! or There Must Be More to Life (1967) ISBN 0-06-028479-X
 * In the Night Kitchen (1970)
 * Fantasy Sketches (1970)
 * Ten Little Rabbits: A Counting Book with Mino the Magician (1970)
 * Some Swell Pup or Are You Sure You Want a Dog? (written by Maurice Sendak and Matthew Margolis, and illustrated by Maurice Sendak) (1976)
 * Seven Little Monsters (1977)
 * Outside Over There (1981)
 * Caldecott and Co: Notes on Books and Pictures (an anthology of essays on children's literature) (1988)
 * The Big Book for Peace (1990)
 * We Are All in the Dumps with Jack and Guy (1993)
 * Maurice Sendak's Christmas Mystery (1995) (a box containing a book and a jigsaw puzzle)
 * Bumble-Ardy (2011) ISBN 0-06-205198-9, ISBN 978-0-06-205198-1
 * My Brother's Book (2013) ISBN 0-06-223489-7, ISBN 978-0-06-223489-6

Illustrator only

 * Atomics for the Millions (by Maxwell Leigh Eidinoff, 1947)
 * The Wonderful Farm (by Marcel Aymé, 1951)
 * Good Shabbos Everybody (by Robert Garvey, 1951)
 * A Hole is to Dig (by Ruth Krauss, 1952)
 * Maggie Rose: Her Birthday Christmas (by Ruth Sawyer, 1952)
 * A Very Special House (by Ruth Krauss, 1953)
 * Hurry Home, Candy (by Meindert DeJong, 1953)
 * The Giant Story (by Beatrice Schenk de Regniers, 1953)
 * Shadrach (by Meindert Dejong, 1953)
 * I'll Be You and You Be Me (by Ruth Krauss, 1954)
 * The Tin Fiddle (by Edward Tripp, 1954)
 * The Wheel on the School (by Meindert DeJong, 1954)
 * Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle's Farm (by Betty MacDonald, 1954)
 * Charlotte and the White Horse (by Ruth Krauss, 1955)
 * Happy Hanukah Everybody (by Hyman Chanover and Alice Chanover, 1955)
 * Little Cow & the Turtle (by Meindert DeJong, 1955)
 * Singing Family of the Cumberlands (by Jean Ritchie, 1955)
 * What Can You Do with a Shoe? (by Beatrice Schenk de Regniers, 1955, re-colored 1997)
 * Seven Little Stories on Big Subjects (by Gladys Baker Bond, 1955)
 * I Want to Paint My Bathroom Blue (by Ruth Krauss, 1956)
 * The House of Sixty Fathers (by Meindert De Jong, 1956)
 * The Birthday Party (by Ruth Krauss, 1957)
 * You Can't Get There From Here (by Ogden Nash, 1957)
 * Little Bear series (by Else Holmelund Minarik)
 * Little Bear (1957)
 * Father Bear Comes Home (1959)
 * Little Bear's Friend (1960)
 * Little Bear's Visit (1961)
 * A Kiss for Little Bear (1968)
 * Circus Girl (by Jack Sendak, 1957)
 * Along Came a Dog (by Meindert DeJong, 1958)
 * No Fighting, No Biting! (by Else Holmelund Minarik, 1958)
 * What Do You Say, Dear? (by Sesyle Joslin, 1958)
 * Seven Tales by H. C. Andersen (translated by Eva Le Gallienne, 1959)
 * The Moon Jumpers (by Janice May Udry, 1959)
 * Open House for Butterflies (by Ruth Krauss, 1960)
 * Best in Children's Books: Volume 31 (various authors and illustrators: featuring, Windy Wash Day and Other Poems by Dorothy Aldis, illustrations by Maurice Sendak, 1960)
 * Dwarf Long-Nose (by Wilhelm Hauff, translated by Doris Orgel, 1960)
 * Best in Children's Books: Volume 41 (various authors and illustrators: featuring, What the Good-Man Does Is Always Right by Hans Christian Andersen, illustrations by Maurice Sendak, 1961)
 * Let's Be Enemies (by Janice May Udry, 1961)
 * What Do You Do, Dear? (by Sesyle Joslin, 1961)
 * The Big Green Book (by Robert Graves, 1962)
 * Mr. Rabbit and the Lovely Present (by Charlotte Zolotow, 1962)
 * The Singing Hill (by Meindert DeJong, 1962)
 * The Griffin and the Minor Canon (by Frank R. Stockton, 1963)
 * How Little Lori Visited Times Square (by Amos Vogel, 1963)
 * She Loves Me ... She Loves Me Not ...  (by Robert Keeshan, 1963)
 * Nikolenka's Childhood: An Edition for Young Readers (by Leo Tolstoy, 1963)
 * McCall's: August 1964, VOL. XCI, No. 11 (featuring The Young Crane by Andrejs Upits, illustrations by Maurice Sendak, 1964)
 * The Bee-Man of Orn (by Frank R. Stockton, 1964)
 * The Animal Family (by Randall Jarrell, 1965)
 * Let's Be Enemies (written by Janice May Udry) (1965)
 * Hector Protector and As I Went Over the Water: Two Nursery Rhymes (traditional nursery rhymes, 1965)
 * Lullabyes and Night Songs (by Alec Wilder, 1965)
 * Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories (by Isaac Bashevis Singer, 1966)
 * The Golden Key (by George MacDonald, 1967)
 * The Bat-Poet (by Randall Jarrell, 1967)
 * The Saturday Evening Post: May 4, 1968, 241st year, Issue no. 9 (features Yash The Chimney Sweep by Isaac Bashevis Singer, 1968)
 * The Light Princess (by George MacDonald, 1969)
 * The Juniper Tree and Other Tales from Grimm: Volumes 1 & 2 (translated by Lore Segal with four tales translated by Randall Jarrell, 1973 both volumes)
 * King Grisly-Beard (by the Brothers Grimm, 1973)
 * Pleasant Fieldmouse (by Jan Wahl, 1975)
 * Fly by Night (by Randall Jarrell, 1976)
 * Mahler – Symphony No. 3, James Levine conducting the Chicago Symphony Orchestra – album cover artwork "What The Night Tells Me", 1976
 * The Big Green Book (by Robert Graves, 1978)
 * Singing family of the Cumberlands (by Jean Richie, 1980)
 * Nutcracker (by E.T.A. Hoffmann, 1984)
 * The Love for Three Oranges (The Glyndebourne version, by Frank Corsaro, based on L'Amour des Trois Oranges by Serge Prokofiev, 1984)
 * In Grandpa's House (by Philip Sendak, 1985)
 * The Cunning Little Vixen (by Rudolf Tesnohlidek, 1985)
 * The Mother Goose Collection (by Charles Perrault with various illustrators, 1985)
 * Dear Mili (written by Wilhelm Grimm, 1988)
 * Sing a Song of Popcorn: Every Child's Book of Poems (by Beatrice Schenk de Regniers with various illustrators including Maurice Sendak, 1988)
 * The Big Book for Peace (various authors and illustrators, cover also by Maurice Sendak, 1990)
 * I Saw Esau (edited by Iona Opie and Peter Opie, 1992)
 * The Golden Key (by George MacDonald, 1992)
 * We Are All in the Dumps with Jack and Guy: Two Nursery Rhymes with Pictures (traditional nursery rhymes, 1993)
 * Pierre, or The Ambiguities: The Kraken Edition (by Herman Melville, 1995)
 * The Miami Giant (by Arthur Yorinks, 1995)
 * Frank and Joey Eat Lunch (by Arthur Yorinks, 1996)
 * Frank and Joey Go to Work (by Arthur Yorinks, 1996)
 * Penthesilea (by Heinrich von Kleist, 1998)
 * Dear Genius: The Letters of Ursula Nordstrom (by Ursula Nordstrom, 1998)
 * Swine Lake (by James Marshall, 1999)
 * Brundibár (by Tony Kushner, 2003)
 * Sarah's Room (by Doris Orgel, 2003)
 * The Happy Rain (by Jack Sendak, 2004)
 * Pincus and the Pig: A Klezmer Tale (performed by the Shirim Klezmer Orchestra and narrated by Maurice Sendak, 2004)
 * Bears! (by Ruth Krauss, 2005)
 * Mommy? (by Arthur Yorinks, paper engineering by Matthew Reinhert; Maurice Sendak's only pop-up book, 2006)
 * Bumble Ardy, illustrated and written by Maurice Sendak, (2011)
 * My Brother's Book, illustrated and written by Maurice Sendak (Released posthumously, February 5, 2013)
 * Presto and Zesto in Limboland (by Arthur Yorinks and Maurice Sendak, released posthumously, September 4, 2018)

Collections

 * Somebody Else's Nut Tree and Other Tales from Children (by Ruth Krauss, 1971)
 * The Art of Maurice Sendak (by Selma G. Lanes, 1980) ISBN 0-8109-1600-2
 * The Art of Maurice Sendak: From 1980 to the Present (by Tony Kushner, 2003) ISBN 0-8109-4448-0
 * Making Mischief: A Maurice Sendak Appreciation (by Gregory Maguire, 2009) ISBN 0-06-1689165
 * Maurice Sendak: A Celebration of The Artist and His Work (by Justin G. Schiller, 2013)

Filmography

 * 1973: Where the Wild Things Are (Animated short direct by Gene Deitch, music and narration by Peter Schickele)
 * 1975: Really Rosie (director, writer, and story artist)
 * 1985: Return to Oz (directed by Walter Murch, preliminary artwork)
 * 1986: Sendak (non-story featurette)
 * 1987: In the Night Kitchen (Animated short direct by Gene Deitch, narration by Peter Schickele)
 * 1995-2001: Little Bear (creator, producer)
 * 2000-2003: Seven Little Monsters (creator, producer)
 * 2001: The Little Bear Movie (producer)
 * 2002: Last Dance (directed by Mirra Bank)
 * 2009: Where the Wild Things Are (producer, story)
 * 2009: Tell Them Anything You Want: A Portrait of Maurice Sendak, documentary filmed by Lance Bangs and Where the Wild Things Are director Spike Jonze. Released in the US on DVD by Oscilloscope Laboratories.
 * 2010: Higglety Pigglety Pop! or There Must Be More to Life (story), an animated/live action short adapted and directed by Chris Lavis and Maciek Szczerbowski (Clyde Henry Productions), produced by Spike Jonze, Vincent Landay, and Marcy Page (National Film Board of Canada)

Selected exhibitions

 * April 18–September 1, 2024. Wild Things Are Happening: The Art of Maurice Sendak at the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles.
 * March 25, 2021 – July 10, 2021. Maurice Sendak Exhibit and Sale at the Society of Illustrators in New York.
 * June 11, 2013 – August 17, 2013. "Maurice Sendak: A Celebration of the Artist and his Work" at the Society of Illustrators in New York.
 * Permanent.  Maurice Sendak Collection at The Rosenbach Museum & Library in Philadelphia.
 * 2013–"Maurice Sendak; The Memorial Exhibition." April 2013 "Bowers Museum of California" "The New Britain Museum of American Art'"
 * September 8, 2009 – January 19, 2010. There's a Mystery There: Sendak on Sendak at The Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Francisco.
 * October 6, 2009 – November 1, 2009.  Where the Wild Things Are: Original Drawings by Maurice Sendak at The Morgan Library & Museum in New York.
 * October 1–30, 2009 "Sendak in SoHo" at AFA Gallery in New York.
 * April 15, 2005 – August 14, 2005.  Wild Things: The Art of Maurice Sendak at The Jewish Museum in New York.

title: Maurice Sendak


text:
Babbler

Babbler may refer to:

 * Old World babbler, a large family of mostly Old World passerine birds
 * Australo-Papuan babbler, passerine birds endemic to Australia-New Guinea
 * Babbler (software), a French software company
 * Babbler (Dungeons & Dragons), a fictional monster
 * Vic Babbler, the newsletter of Birds Australia - Victoria

title: Babbler


text:
True crime

True crime is a nonfiction literary, podcast, and film genre in which the author examines a crime and details the actions of people associated with and affected by criminal events. It is a cultural phenomenon that can refer to the promotion of sensationalized and emotionally charged content around the subject of violent crime, for the general public.

History
Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles (c. 1617) is a late Ming dynasty collection of stories about allegedly true cases of fraud. Works in the related Chinese genre of court case fiction (gong'an xiaoshuo), such as the 16th-century Cases of Magistrate Bao, were either inspired by historical events or else purely fictional.

Hundreds of pamphlets, broadsides, chapbooks and other street literature about murders and other crimes were published from 1550 to 1700 in Britain as literacy increased and cheap new printing methods became widespread. They varied in style: some were sensational, while others conveyed a moral message. Most were purchased by the "artisan class and above", as the lower classes did not have the money or time to read them. Ballads were also created, the verses of which were posted on walls around towns, that were told from the perpetrator's point of view in an attempt to understand the psychological motivations of the crime. Such pamphlets remained in circulation in the 19th century in Britain and the United States, even after widespread crime journalism was introduced via the penny press.

In 1807, Henry Tufts published A Narrative of the Life, Adventures, Travels and Sufferings of Henry Tufts, which is likely the first extensive biography of an American criminal. Thomas De Quincey published the essay "On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts" in Blackwood's Magazine in 1827, which focused not on the murder or the murderer but on how society views crime.

Starting in 1889, Scottish lawyer William Roughead wrote and published essays for six decades about notable British murder trials he attended, with many of these essays collected in the 2000 book Classic Crimes. Many regard Roughead "as the dean of the modern true crime genre."

An American pioneer of the genre was Edmund Pearson, who was influenced in his style of writing about crime by De Quincey. Pearson published a series of books of this type starting with Studies in Murder in 1924 and concluding with More Studies in Murder in 1936. Before being collected in his books, Pearson's true crime stories typically appeared in magazines like Liberty, The New Yorker, and Vanity Fair. Inclusion in these high-class magazines distinguished Pearson's crime narratives from those found in the penny press. The foreword of a 1964 anthology of Pearson's stories contains an early mention of the term "true crime" as a genre.

Truman Capote's "non-fiction novel" In Cold Blood (1965) is usually credited with establishing the modern novelistic style of the genre and the one that rocketed it to great profitability.

The crimes most commonly include murder; about 40 percent focus on tales of serial killers.

True crime comes in many forms, such as books, films, podcasts, and television shows. Many works in this genre recount high-profile, sensational crimes such as the killing of JonBenét Ramsey, the O. J. Simpson murder case, and the Pamela Smart murder, while others are devoted to more obscure slayings.

Magazines
The first true crime magazine, True Detective, was published in 1924. It featured fairly matter-of-fact accounts of crimes and how they were solved. During the genre's heyday, before WWII, 200 different true crime magazines were sold on newsstands, with six million magazines sold every month. By itself, True Detective had two million in circulation. The covers of the magazines generally featured women being menaced in some way by a potential criminal perpetrator, with the scenarios being more intense in the 1960s.

Public interest in the magazines began declining in the 1970s, and by 1996, almost none were being published, including True Detective, which had been bought and shut down by a new owner.

Books
True crime books often center on sensational, shocking, or strange events, particularly murder. Even though murder makes up less than 20% of reported crime, it is present in most true crime stories. Typically, these books report on a crime from the beginning of its investigation to its legal proceedings. Serial killers have been a highly profitable sub-genre. An informal survey conducted by Publishers Weekly in 1993 concluded that the more popular true crime books focus on serial killers, with the more gruesome and grotesque content performing even better.

Some true crime works are "instant books" produced quickly to capitalize on popular demand; these have been described as "more than formulaic" and hyper-conventional. Others may reflect years of thoughtful research and inquiry and may have considerable literary merit.

A milestone of the genre was Norman Mailer's The Executioner's Song (1979), which was the first book in the genre to win a Pulitzer Prize.

Other prominent true crime accounts include Truman Capote's In Cold Blood; the best-selling true crime book of all time, Helter Skelter, by the lead Manson family prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi and Curt Gentry; and Ann Rule's The Stranger Beside Me, about Ted Bundy. An example of a modern true crime book is I'll Be Gone in the Dark by Michelle McNamara. Erik Larson's The Devil in the White City gives a novelistic account of H. H. Holmes' operations during the 1893 World's Fair.

In 2006, Associated Content stated that since the start of the 21st century, the genre of writing that was growing the quickest was true crime. Much of this is due to the ease of recycling materials and the publication of numerous volumes by the same authors differing only by minor updates. The majority of readers of true crime books are women.

Films and television
True crime documentaries have been a growing medium in the last several decades. One of the most influential documentaries in this process was The Thin Blue Line (1988), directed by Errol Morris. This documentary, among others, feature reenactments, although other documentary filmmakers choose not to use them since they do not show the truth.

In the early 1990s, a boom of true crime films began in Hong Kong. These films ranged from graphic Category III–rated films such as The Untold Story and Dr. Lamb (based on serial killers Wong Chi Hang and Lam Kor-wan, respectively) to more general audience fare such as the film Crime Story (based on the kidnapping of businessman Teddy Wang Tei-huei), which featured action star Jackie Chan.

Other prominent documentaries

 * Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills (1996)
 * Making a Murderer
 * The Jinx
 * The Sons of Sam: A Descent Into Darkness
 * The Keepers
 * Don't F**k with Cats: Hunting an Internet Killer
 * Evil Genius

Netflix
Netflix has become one of the most influential streaming services in regard to their True Crime selection. The Netflix show Making a Murderer did so well, the company decided to establish more true crime and expand on this genre making a profit off of the interest from the viewers. Netflix has a number of key search words or tags to help users find true crime programs on their website because the genre has become so popular in the past few years. The way Netflix uses storytelling to explain the case is appealing to many viewers and creates an intimate relationship between the audience and the case itself. These programs often leave the viewer with the job to make a decision on justifications, sentencing, or in cases of unsolved true crime; who they believe did it. Algorithms are used not only to see what a specific user is watching, but also what is being watched worldwide and what is sparking conversation. It is obvious that if this algorithm picks up on popularity, Netflix will continue to push out true crime material.

Many of the True Crime documentaries or docuseries have Twitter pages that promote their show's hashtags and reply to fans and/or their theories about the case. Part of the reason viewers love watching true crime, especially on something so available as Netflix, is because after they form their opinions they are able to easily find places to discuss it online and share their opinions. This gains more attention online and leads more people to watching what is being spoken about online. However, this has caused some problems in the past with viewers feeling so strongly about this topic that there have been lawsuits of defamation against Netflix.

Podcasts
Podcasts with a true crime theme are a recent trend. The 2014 true crime podcast Serial broke podcasting records when it achieved 5 million downloads on iTunes quicker than any previous podcast. As of September 2018, it has been downloaded more than 340 million times. It has been followed by other true crime podcasts such as Dirty John, My Favorite Murder, Up and Vanished, Parcast series such as Cults, Female Criminals and Mind's Eye, Someone Knows Something, and many more.

Podcasts have now expanded to more sites such as Spotify, Apple Music, YouTube and several others. They exist to provide others an easy way to learn about true crime murders and mysteries. Spotify has an expanding number of true crime podcasts with Rotten Mango, Conviction American Panic, Bed of Lies, Catch & Kill among many more. This genre has been on the rise as psychologist, Amanda Vicary, said her report found “women were most drawn to true crime stories that gave them tips for spotting danger and staying alive”. The True Crime category in Apple Podcasts appeared for the first time mid-2019, and until then the podcasts that would be moved into the section had existed across many other categories, such as History, News & Politics, and even Comedy.

It has been speculated that fear could play a role in the popularity of true crime podcasts. These podcasts often recount horrific crimes, which triggers the fear response and the release of adrenaline in the body. Due to the possibility of binge-watching podcasts, adrenaline rushes can be experienced in quick bursts. Another explanation for the popularity of true crime podcasts is due to the serialized nature of crime, in which events happen one after another. Podcasts that explore a crime episodically can utilize this aspect in their storytelling. Another strength of these podcasts is use of typical sensationalist techniques, such as inclusion of direct dialogue and focus on victims and their families. Podcasts can use music or other sound cues to maximize the intended impact or shock value of a fact, as seen in Serial.

Trends in the United States

In the U.S. women are predominantly the consumers of digital true crime podcasts, in 2019 making up around 73% of the content audience. The 2019 Edison Research Report found that at the time of data collection, an estimated 90 million of the U.S. population older than 12 had listened to a podcast in the last month, and of those polled, around 28% were interested in true crime as a topic to listen to in a podcast.

In 2020, true crime podcasts held many of the U.S. top 50 spots for popularity by most listens, with Crime Junkie at No. 3, My Favorite Murder at No. 5, and others scattered amongst the top 50, such as; Serial at No. 13, Dateline NBC at No. 22, and Criminal at No. 30. In that year, true crime ranked third overall for genres by listen behind both comedy and news. From November 2019 through May 2022, true crime podcast listening increased the most of the top three genres by percentage gain in listeners, with a 66% gain (from ~12.9m to ~21.5m) in current listeners, versus the 44% and 37% gain in listeners by comedy and news respectively.

On Apple Podcasts, True Crime podcasts make up just less than half a percent of the total number of podcasts on the platform. On a collated list of 432 podcasts from the most-visited results of a search for "Top Podcasts of 2021", true crime podcasts made up more than 20% of the podcasts constituting the lists.

Trends in Australia

In 2017, as many as 30% of podcast listeners had listened to true crime podcasts, and in 2019, this had increased to up to 44%.

Effects
True crime works can impact the crimes they cover and the audience who consumes it. Also, coverage of true crime events can have a direct effect on the aftermath of the crime and how it is dealt with by authorities or a given community.

The investigative process of the true crime genre can lead to changes in the cases being covered, such as when Robert Durst seemingly confessed to murder in the documentary The Jinx and was arrested.

A study conducted in 2011, in Nebraska, showed that consuming non-fiction crime shows (aka true crime) is correlated with an increased fear of being a victim of crime. As the frequency of watching true crime shows increased, support for the death penalty increased, while support for the criminal justice system decreased.

In Australia, the amount of reports given to the crime reporting network Crime Stoppers Australia that led to charges being pressed doubled from 2012 to 2017. This increased interest in crime is attributed to popular true crime podcasts.

The Netflix show Making A Murderer has had a range of real-life effects, ranging from the show being shown in law schools as instructional material to increased mistrust in criminal investigators.

Criticism
The true crime genre has been criticized as being disrespectful to crime victims and their families and is described by some as trash culture. Author Jack Miles believes this genre has a high potential to cause harm and mental trauma to the real people involved. True crime media can be produced without the consent of the victim's family, which can lead to them being re-traumatized. Recent discussions about the consumption of true crime media have also focused on the impact on the audience's mental health.

Depending on the writer, true crime can adhere strictly to well-established facts in journalistic fashion or can be highly speculative. Writers can selectively choose which information to present and which to leave out in order to support their narrative. Artists have offered fact-based narratives blending fiction and historical reenactment. Author Christiana Gregoriou analyzed several books of the genre and concluded that tabloidization and fictionalization are pervasive in the works of some of the authors of true crime literature. In some cases, even books by the same author disagree on specifics about the same killer or events. For instance, some facts reported in Capote's In Cold Blood were challenged in 2013. Capote's second attempt at a true crime book, Handcarved Coffins (1979), despite being subtitled "Nonfiction Account of an American Crime", was already noted for containing significant fictional elements.

title: True crime