text:
We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families

We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda is a 1998 non-fiction book by The New Yorker writer Philip Gourevitch about the 1994 Rwandan genocide, in which an estimated 1,000,000 Tutsis and Hutus were killed.

Summary
The book describes Gourevitch's travels in Rwanda after the Rwandan genocide, in which he interviews survivors and gathers information. Gourevitch retells survivors' stories, and reflects on the meaning of the genocide.

The title comes from an April 15, 1994, letter written to Pastor Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, president of the Seventh-day Adventist Church's operations in western Rwanda, by seven Adventist pastors who had taken refuge with other Tutsis in an Adventist hospital in the locality of Mugonero in Kibuye prefecture. Gourevitch accused Ntakirutimana of aiding the killings that happened in the complex the next day. Ntakirutimana was eventually convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. The book not only explains the genocide's peak in 1994, but the history of Rwanda leading up to the major events.

Reception and criticism
This book won numerous awards, including the 1998 National Book Critics Circle Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, the 1999 Guardian First Book Award and the George Polk Award for Foreign Reporting.

Africanist René Lemarchand criticizes the book: "What is missing from Gourevitch's account is the how and why of the killings. It is one thing to describe the horror, another to explain the motivations that occasioned the carnage. ... The absence of attention to the history of the country creates a portrait of a genocide that is insensitive to the complexity of the circumstances. In essence, Gourevitch's story reduces the butchery to the tale of bad guys and good guys, innocent victims and avatars of hate. His frame of reference is the Holocaust."

The book was featured as one of the first Brotherhood 2.0 book club books. In 2019, it was ranked by Slate as one of the 50 best nonfiction books of the past 25 years.


text:
User talk:Lasseyrk.dk

Hi, it's me... I can't help it...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Lasseyrk.dk


text:
Jacques Godbout

Jacques Godbout, OC, CQ (born November 27, 1933) is a Canadian novelist, essayist, children's writer, journalist, filmmaker and poet. By his own admission a bit of a dabbler (touche-à-tout), Godbout has become one of the most important writers of his generation, with a major influence on post-1960 Quebec intellectual life.

Biography
Born in Montreal, Quebec, after studies at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf and the Université de Montréal, Godbout taught French in Ethiopia before joining the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) as producer and scriptwriter in 1958.

He was active during Quebec's Quiet Revolution during which time he wrote a number of penetrating essays, the most important of which were collected in Le Réformiste (1975) and Le Murmure marchand (1984).

Godbout was a co-founder of Liberté (1959), the Mouvement laïque de la langue française (1962) and the Union des écrivains Québécois (1977). Godbout's films include four full-length features and more than 15 documentaries. He has also written nine novels for adults and two for children. Godbout currently writes a monthly column in the Quebec newsmagazine L'actualité.

Godbout lives in Outremont, a former city now in Montreal. He is the grand-nephew of former Quebec Premier Adélard Godbout.

Godbout's novel Une histoire américaine (1986) was chosen for inclusion in the French version of Canada Reads, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2004, where it was championed by trade-union activist and professor Gérald Larose.

Awards and recognition
On June 30, 2016, Godbout was made an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston for "his significant contributions to the literary arts and critical thinking for more than half a century."

His other awards and recognition include:

 * Chevalier of the National Order of Quebec
 * Ludger-Duvernay Prize (1973)
 * Awarded the 2007 Prix Maurice Genevoix for La concierge du Panthéon
 * Nominated for a 1997 Governor General's Award for children's literature for Une leçon de chasse
 * Winner of the Quebec government's Prix Athanase-David in 1985
 * Prix Belgique-Canada (1978)
 * Winner of the 1967 Governor General's Award for Fiction for Salut Galarneau

In 1973 Joseph Pivato published "Nouveau Roman Canadien" in Canadian Literature No. 58, the first English language analysis of Le couteau sur la table which he claims changed his whole career as a writer who has published fourteen books by 2023.

Poetry

 * Carton pâte — 1956
 * Les pavés secs — 1958
 * C'est la chaude loi des hommes — 1960
 * La grande muraille de Chine — 1969
 * Souvenirs Shop — poèmes et proses — 1984

Fiction

 * L'aquarium — 1962
 * La couteau sur la table — 1965 (translated into English as The Knife on The Table)
 * Salut Galarneau! — 1967 (winner of the 1967 Governor General's Award for Fiction; translated into English as Hail Galarneau!)
 * D'amour P.Q. — 1972
 * L'isle au dragon — 1976 (translated into English as Dragon Island)
 * Les têtes à Papineau — 1981
 * Une histoire américaine — 1986
 * Le temps des Galarneau — 1993
 * Opération Rimbaud — 1999

Non-fiction

 * Le réformiste: textes tranquilles — 1975
 * Le murmure marchand — 1984
 * Abécédaire Québécois — 1988
 * L'écran du bonheur — 1990
 * L'écrivain de province: journal 1981–1990 — 1991
 * L'ésprit du don — 1993
 * Le sort de l'Amérique — 1997

Children's literature

 * Une leçon de chasse — 1997 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
 * Mes petites fesses — 1998

Fiction

 * YUL 871 - 1966
 * Kid Sentiment - 1967
 * IXE-13 - 1971
 * The Swindle (La Gammick) - 1974

Documentaries

 * À St-Henri le cinq septembre (narration)
 * Les Administrateurs
 * L'Affaire Norman William
 * Aimez-vous les chiens?
 * Alias Will James
 * Anglo Blues
 * Anne Hébert, 1916–2000
 * Bientôt Noâl
 * Les Canadiens
 * Cinéma vérité : le moment décisif
 * Comme en Californie
 * Derrière l'image
 * Deux épisodes dans la vie d'Hubert Aquin
 * Les Dieux
 * Distorsions
 * L'École des peintres
 * En dernier recours
 * L'Extràme-Nord canadien
 * Fabienne sans son Jules
 * Feu l'objectivité
 * Les héritiers du mouton noir
 * Huit témoins
 * L'Invasion (1775–1975)
 * L'Invention du stress
 * Jacques de Tonnancour, une interview
 * Les Maîtres-sondeurs
 * Marée au Ghana
 * Le monde va nous prendre pour des sauvages
 * The Black Sheep (Le Mouton noir)
 * Paul-Émile Borduas (1905–1960)
 * Les Petits Arpents
 * Pour l'amour du stress
 * Pour quelques arpents de neige
 * Le Prospecteur et la Technique
 * Quand vient l'été
 * Québec Soft (La musique adoucit les moeurs)
 * Rose et Landry
 * Le Sort de l'Amérique
 * Tàtes blanches
 * Le Tir au fusil
 * Traitor or Patriot (Traître ou Patriote)
 * Travail d'équipe et Recherches agricoles
 * Les "Troubbes" de Johnny
 * Un monologue Nord-Sud
 * Une Leçon de chasse
 * Vivre sa ville
 * Les Vrais Cousins

title: Jacques Godbout


text:
Durrës

Durrës (, ; Durrësi) is the second-most-populous city of the Republic of Albania and seat of Durrës County and Durrës Municipality. It is one of Albania's oldest continuously inhabited cities, with roughly 2,500 years of recorded history. It is located on a flat plain along the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast between the mouths of the Erzen and Ishëm at the southeastern corner of the Adriatic Sea. Durrës' climate is profoundly influenced by a seasonal Mediterranean climate.

Durrës was founded by Ancient Greek colonists from Corinth and Corcyra under the name of Epidamnos around the 7th century BC in cooperation with the local Illyrian tribe Taulantii. Also known as Dyrrachium, Durrës essentially developed as it became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire. The Via Egnatia started in the city and led east across the fields, lowlands and highlands of the Balkan Peninsula to Constantinople.

In the Middle Ages, Durrës was contested between Bulgarians, Venetians, local Albanian noble families and Ottoman dominion. The Ottomans ultimately prevailed, ruling the city for more than 400 years from 1501 until 1912. Following the Albanian Declaration of Independence, the city served as the capital of the Principality of Albania for a short period of time. Subsequently, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy in the interwar period and was occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. Durrës experienced a strong expansion in its demography and economic activity during the Communism in Albania.

The transport connections, concentration of economic institutions and industrial tradition underlie Durrës' leading economic position in Albania. It is served by the Port of Durrës, one of the largest on the Adriatic Sea, which connects the city to other neighbouring countries. Its most considerable attraction is the Amphitheatre of Durrës that is included on the Albanian tentative list for designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Once having a capacity for 20,000 people, it is the largest amphitheatre in the Balkan Peninsula.

Name
In antiquity, the city was known as Epidamnos (Ἐπίδαμνος) and Dyrrhachion (Δυρράχιον) in classical Greek and then Epidamnus and Dyrrachium in classical Latin. Epidamnos is the older known of the two toponyms; it is widely considered to be of Illyrian origin, as first proposed by linguist Hans Krahe, and is attested in Thucydides (5th century BC), Aristotle (4th century BC), and Polybius (2nd century BC). Etymologically, Epidamnos may be related to Proto-Albanian *dami (cub, young animal, young bull) > dem (modern Albanian) as proposed by linguist Eqrem Çabej. Although the name Epidamnos/Epidamnus was more commonly used among Ancient Greek authors, the coinage of the city only used the abbreviations for the name Dyrrhachion/Dyrrhachium. Dyrrachium was chosen as the sole name of the city after the Roman Republic got control of the region after the Illyrian Wars in 229 BC. The Latin spelling of /y/ retained the form of Doric Greek Dyrrhachion, which was pronounced as /Durrakhion/. This change of the name is already attested in classical literature. Titus Livius, at the end of the first century BC, writes in Ab Urbe Condita Libri that at the time of the Illyrian Wars (roughly 200 years earlier) the city was not known as Dyrrachium, but as Epidamnus. Pomponius Mela, about 70 years later than Titus Livius, attributed the change of the name to the fact that the name Epidamnos reminded the Romans of the Latin word damnum, which signified evil and bad luck; Pliny the Elder, who lived in the same period, repeated this explanation in his own works. However, the Romans may have adopted the new name because it was already in more frequent use by citizens of the city.

The name Dyrrhachion is usually explained as a Greek compound from δυσ- 'bad' and ῥαχία 'rocky shore, flood, roaring waves', an explanation already hinted at in antiquity by Cassius Dio, who writes it referred to the difficulties of the rocky coastline, while also reporting that other Roman authors linked it to the name of an eponymous hero Dyrrachius. The mythological construction of the city's name was recorded by Appian (2nd century AD) who wrote that "the king of the barbarians of this country, Epidamnus gave the name to the city. His daughter's son Dyrrachius, built a port near the town that he called Dyrrachium". Stephanus of Byzantium repeated this mythological construction in his work. It is unclear whether the two toponyms referred originally to different areas of the territory of the city or whether they referred to the same territory. Classical literature indicates that they more probably referred to different neighbouring areas originally. Gradually, the name Epidamnus fell out of use and Dyrrachium became the sole name for the city. Archaeological research has shown that at the time of the foundation of Durrës, two distinct settlements existed on its territory. The first one is a hill site with no direct contact with the sea. It predates the colony and might represent the settlement which held the toponym known as Epidamnos in ancient literature. The hill site overlooks to its south the second site which is the territory of the port of Durrës, where the colony was founded. Its location on a rocky shore struck by waves on all sides reflects the description of the toponym Dyrrhachion. The distinction between these two districts of the city remained in place even much later. In the 19th century, Durrës proper was the district of the port, while the hill north of it was a separate settlement, Stani (Kodra e Stanit).

The modern names of the city in Albanian (Durrës) and Italian (Durazzo, ) are derived from Dyrrachium/Dyrrachion. An intermediate, palatalized antecedent is found in the form Dyrratio, attested in the early centuries AD. The palatalized /-tio/ ending probably represents a phonetic change in the way the inhabitants of the city pronounced its name. The preservation of old Doric /u/ indicates that the modern name derives from populations to whom the toponym was known in its original Doric pronunciation. By contrast, in Byzantine Greek, the name of the city is pronounced with the much later evolution of /u/ as /i/. The modern Italian name evolved in the sub-dialects that emerged from Colloquial Latin in northern Italy. The modern Albanian name evolved independently from the parent language of Albanian around the same period of the post-Roman era in the first centuries AD as the difference in stress in the two toponyms (first syllable in Albanian, second in Italian) highlights. In Aromanian, the city is known as Durus. During the 411-year Ottoman period, Durrës was known in Ottoman Turkish as Dırac (دراج); with final consonant devoicing, the name has evolved into modern Turkish as Dıraç.

In English usage, the Italian form Durazzo used to be widespread, but the local Albanian name Durrës has gradually replaced it in recent decades.

Earliest period
The territory of Durrës was populated at least starting from the Eneolithic and then, from protohistoric times, it was inhabited by Illyrian peoples.

Antiquity

Though surviving remains are minimal, Durrës is one of the oldest cities in Albania. In terms of mythology, the genealogy of the foundation of Dyrrhachium includes among the founders Illyrian men (the Illyrian king Epidamnos and his grandson Dyrrachos), Greek men (the Corinthian Falio, descendant of Heracles), heroes (Heracles who was given part of the lands) and gods (Poseidon, as father of Dyrrachos).

Several ancient people held the site: the presence of the Brygi appears to be confirmed by several ancient writers, the Illyrian Taulantii (their arrival has been estimated to have happened not later than the 10th century BC), probably the Liburni who expanded southwards in the 9th century BC. The city was founded by Greek colonists in 627 BC on the coast of the Taulantii. According to ancient authors, the Greek colonists helped the Taulantii to expel Liburnians and mixed with the local population establishing the Greek element to the port. A flourishing commercial centre emerged and the city grew rapidly. The fact that about the 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-style treasury at Olympia confirms that the city was among the richest of the Ancient Greek world. An ancient account describes Epidamnos as 'a great power and very populated' city. After 323 BC Epidamnus-Dyrrhachium was involved in the intervention in Illyria of the Macedonians under Cassander, who clashed with the Illyrians under Glaukias. In 314 BC the Macedonian king seized the city but the garrison he established there was in turn besieged and driven out by the Illyrian king and the Corcyrans. In 312 BC, after another unsuccessful attack of Cassander in the region, the city came under the protection of Glaukias. Those events marked the end of Macedonian presence on the Adriatic coast for almost one century. The city probably came under the control of Pyrrhus of Epirus at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. From about 280 BC the Illyrian king Monunius, and his successor Mytilos minted in Dyrrhachion silver and bronze coins respectively, bearing the king's name and the symbol of the city. The fact that their coins were struck in the city mint of Dyrrhachion stresses that they exercised to some extent their authority over the city.

Epidamnus came under the control of the Illyrian Ardiaei under Agron, who fortified the city (c. 250–231 BC). When the Romans defeated the Illyrians, they replaced the rule of queen Teuta with that of Demetrius of Pharos, one of her generals. He lost his kingdom, including Epidamnus, to the Romans in 219 BC at the Second Illyrian War. In the Third Illyrian War Epidamnus was attacked by Gentius but he was defeated by the Romans at the same year.

For Catullus, the city was Durrachium Hadriae tabernam, "the taberna of the Adriatic", one of the stopping places for a Roman traveling up the Adriatic, as Catullus had done himself in the sailing season of 56.

After the Illyrian Wars with the Roman Republic in 229 BC ended in a decisive defeat for the Illyrians, the city passed to Roman rule, under which it was developed as a major military and naval base. The Romans preferred to use the name Dyrrachium (Greek: Δυρράχιον / Dyrrhachion) for the city. They considered the name Epidamnos to be inauspicious because of its wholly coincidental similarities with the Latin word damnum, meaning "loss" or "harm". The meaning of Dyrrachium ("bad spine" or "difficult ridge" in Greek) is unclear, but it has been suggested that it refers to the imposing cliffs near the city. During the Great Roman Civil War in Illyria, the Battle of Dyrrachium was undertaken by Julius Caesar against Gnaeus Pompey. The battle was a victory for Pompey, but it preceded the more decisive Battle of Pharsalus in Greece where Caesar won. Under Roman rule, Dyrrachium prospered; it became the western end of the Via Egnatia, the great Roman road that led to Thessalonica and on to Constantinople. Another lesser road led south to the city of Buthrotum, the modern Butrint. The Roman emperor Caesar Augustus made the city a colony for veterans of his legions following the Battle of Actium, proclaiming it a civitas libera (free town).

In the 4th century, Dyrrachium was made the capital of the Roman province of Epirus nova. It was the birthplace of the emperor Anastasius I in c. 430. Sometime later that century, Dyrrachium was struck by a powerful earthquake which destroyed the city's defences. Anastasius I rebuilt and strengthened the city walls, thus creating the strongest fortifications in the western Balkans. The 12 m walls were so thick that, according to the Byzantine historian Anna Komnene, four horsemen could ride abreast on them. Significant portions of the ancient city defences still remain, although they have been much reduced over the centuries.

Like much of the rest of the Balkans, Dyrrachium and the surrounding Dyrraciensis provinciae suffered considerably from barbarian incursions during the Migrations Period. It was besieged in 481 by Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, and in subsequent centuries had to fend off frequent attacks by the Bulgarians. Unaffected by the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city continued under the Byzantine Empire as an important port and a major link between the Empire and western Europe. During the sixth century based on accounts of Procopius, the city was mainly inhabited by a Greek population.

Middle Ages
The city and the surrounding coast became a Byzantine province, the Theme of Dyrrhachium, probably in the first decade of the 9th century. Durrës became a Christian city quite early on; its bishopric was created around 58 and was raised to the status of an archbishopric in 449. It was also the seat of an Orthodox metropolitan bishop. The city remained in Byzantine hands until the late 10th century, when Samuel of Bulgaria gained control of the city, possibly through his marriage with Agatha, daughter of the local magnate John Chryselios. Samuel made his son-in-law Ashot Taronites, a Byzantine captive who had married his daughter Miroslava, governor of the city. In circa 1005, however, Ashot and Miroslava, with the connivance of Chryselios, fled to Constantinople, where they notified Emperor Basil II of their intention to surrender the city to him. Soon, a Byzantine squadron appeared off the city under Eustathios Daphnomeles, and the city returned to Byzantine rule.

In the 11th–12th centuries, the city was important as a military stronghold and a metropolitan see rather than as a major economic center, and never recovered its late antique prosperity; Anna Komnene makes clear that medieval Dyrrhachium occupied only a portion of the ancient city. In the 1070s, two of its governors, Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder and Nikephoros Basilakes, led unsuccessful rebellions trying to seize the Byzantine throne. Dyrrachium was lost in February 1082 when Alexios I Komnenos was defeated by the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemund in the Battle of Dyrrhachium. Byzantine control was restored a few years later, but the Normans under Bohemund returned to besiege it in 1107–08, and sacked it again in 1185 under King William II of Sicily.

In 1205, after the Fourth Crusade, the city was transferred to the rule of the Republic of Venice, which formed the "Duchy of Durazzo". This Duchy was conquered in 1213 and the city taken by the Despotate of Epirus under Michael I Komnenos Doukas. In 1257, Durrës was briefly occupied by the King of Sicily, Manfred of Hohenstaufen. It was re-occupied by the Despot of Epirus Michael II Komnenos Doukas until 1259, when the Despotate was defeated by the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea in the Battle of Pelagonia. In the 1270s, Durrës was again controlled by Epirus under Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas, the son of Michael II, who in 1278 was forced to yield the city to Charles d' Anjou (Charles I of Sicily). In c. 1273, it was wrecked by a devastating earthquake (according to George Pachymeres ) but soon recovered. It was briefly occupied by King Milutin of Serbia in 1296. In the thirteenth century, a Jewish community existed in Durrës and was employed in the salt trade.

In the early 14th century, the city was ruled by a coalition of Anjous, Hungarians, and Albanians of the Thopia family. In 1317 or 1318, the area was taken by the Serbs and remained under their rule until the 1350s. At that time the Popes, supported by the Anjous, increased their diplomatic and political activity in the area, by using the Latin bishops, including the archbishop of Durrës. The city had been a religious center of Catholicism after the Anjou were installed in Durrës. In 1272, a Catholic archbishop was installed, and until the mid-14th century there were both Catholic and Orthodox archbishops of Durrës.

Two Irish pilgrims who visited Albania on their way to Jerusalem in 1322, reported that Durrës was "inhabited by Latins, Greeks, perfidious Jews and barbaric Albanians".

When the Serbian Tsar Dušan died in 1355, the city passed into the hands of the Albanian family of Thopias. In 1376 the Navarrese Company Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo, who had gained the rights on the Kingdom of Albania from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city, but in 1383 Karl Topia regained control of the city. The Republic of Venice regained control in 1392 and retained the city, known as Durazzo in those years, as part of the Albania Veneta. It fended off a siege by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in 1466 but fell to Ottoman forces in 1501.

Ottoman period (to 1912)
Under Ottoman rule, many of its inhabitants converted to Islam and many mosques were erected. The city was renamed Dırac (دراج) but did not prosper in the first two centuries of the Ottoman era; its importance declined greatly and it became a den of piracy. Following the establishment of Ottoman rule in 1501, the Durrës Jewish community experienced population growth.

As a port, Durrës was of little importance to the Ottomans, who controlled the entire Albanian coast. The town's main significance rather lay in its strategic castle, which the Turks reinforced and improved upon, and its rich salt deposits. There were few permanent civilian settlements, and most of the population, including the local kadı, opted to live further inland, such as in the newly established town of Kavajë, 14 km south of Durrës. The Ottoman chronicler Evliya Çelebi visited Durrës in 1670-71 and noted in his Seyahatname that there were around 150 houses as well as a mosque named after Sultan Bayezid II.

The city's economy began to recover from the late 17th century onwards, boosted by profits from the salt mines, which exported salt throughout the Balkan hinterland. According to diplomat and Turkologist François Pouqueville, about 100 Turkish and Greek merchants lived in the city in 1699, exporting 3,000 quintals (300 tons) of beeswax, 15,000 quintals (1,500 tons) of finished cloth, 15,000 pieces of fine leather, and 60-100 ships of wheat, barley, corn and millet to Venice every year despite an official prohibition from the central government in Constantinople. France, England, the Netherlands, and Austria established their consulates in Durrës in 1700.

As Ottoman relations with Venice improved upon the conclusion of the Ottoman-Venetian Wars, Durrës became a focal point of trade with the Republic of Venice, especially in grains and olive oil, as reported by the Venetian consul in the city in 1769. Mercantile relations with Venice were halted when the latter city was occupied by Napoleonic forces in 1797, bringing an end to the maritime republic. The Austrian Empire and later Austria-Hungary, via the port of Trieste, then replaced Venice as Durrës' largest trading partner. According to contemporary statistician Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, total exports from Durrës reached 672,000 Austrian thalers each year, while imports amounted to 455,000 thalers.

By the mid-19th century, its population was said to have been about 1,000 people living in some 200 households. In the late nineteenth century, Durrës contained 1,200 Orthodox Aromanians (130 families) who lived among the larger population of Muslim Albanians alongside a significant number of Catholic Albanians. The decrepitude of Durrës was noted by foreign observers in the early 20th century, echoing comments made by the Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis almost 400 years before: "The walls are dilapidated; plane-trees grow on the gigantic ruins of its old Byzantine citadel; and its harbour, once equally commodious and safe, is gradually becoming silted up."

During the Tanzimat (reform) era, Durrës was separated from the Sanjak of Elbasan and became a main administrative centre in the reorganised İşkodra Vilayet before 1912; it had its own sanjak, namely the Sanjak of Durrës, which was established in 1880 within the vilayet. With the city's economic prosperity and upgrade in status, its demographic decline was also reversed. Many government buildings were built, as well as Western-style hotels and restaurants for private businesses. In 1892-1893 the population of the kaza of Durrës grew to about 4,781, consisting of 3,018 Muslims, 1,514 Orthodox, 201 Catholics, and 48 foreigners.

On 26 November 1912, as the Ottoman Empire was embroiled in the First Balkan War, a group of nationalists led by Ismail Qemali raised the Albanian flag over Durrës. Albania declared independence two days later, bringing four centuries of Turkish rule in Durrës to an end.

Modern

Durrës was an active city in the Albanian national liberation movement in the periods 1878–1881 and 1910–1912. Ismail Qemali raised the Albanian flag on 26 November 1912 but the city was occupied by the Kingdom of Serbia three days later during the First Balkan War. On 29 November 1912 Durrës became the county town of the Durrës County one of the counties of the Kingdom of Serbia established on the part of the territory of Albania occupied from Ottoman Empire. The Durrës County had four districts: Durrës, Lezha, Elbasan and Tirana. The army of the Kingdom of Serbia retreated from Durrës in April 1913. The city became Albania's second national capital (after Vlora) on 7 March 1914 under the brief rule of Prince Wilhelm, Prince of Albania. It remained Albania's capital until 11 February 1920, when the Congress of Lushnjë made Tirana the new capital.

During the First World War, the city was occupied by Italy in 1915 and by Austria-Hungary in 1916–1918. On 29 December 1915, a Naval Battle was fought off Durazzo. On 2 October 1918, several allied ships bombarded Durazzo and attacked the few Austrian ships in the harbour. Although civilians started to flee the city at the start of the bombardment, many casualties were inflicted on the innocent and neutral population. The Old City being adjacent to the harbour was largely destroyed, including the Royal Palace of Durrës and other primary public buildings. It was captured by Italian troops on 16 October 1918. Restored to Albanian sovereignty, Durrës became the country's temporary capital between 1918 and March 1920. It experienced an economic boom due to Italian investments and developed into a major seaport under the rule of King Zog, with a modern harbour being constructed in 1927. It was at this time the Royal Villa of Durrës was built by Zog as a summer palace, that still dominates the skyline from a hill close to the old city. An earthquake in 1926 damaged some of the city and the rebuilding that followed gave the city its more modern appearance. During the 1930s, the Bank of Athens had a branch in the city.

Durrës (called Durazzo again in Italian) and the rest of Albania were occupied in April 1939 and annexed to the Kingdom of Italy until 1943, then occupied by Nazi Germany until autumn 1944. Durrës's strategic value as a seaport made it a high-profile military target for both sides. It was the site of the initial Italian landings on 7 April 1939 (and was fiercely defended by Mujo Ulqinaku) as well as the launch point for the ill-fated Italian invasion of Greece. The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during the war and the port installations were blown up by retreating German soldiers in autumn 1944.

The Communist regime of Enver Hoxha rapidly rebuilt the city following the war, establishing a variety of heavy industries in the area and expanding the port. It became the terminus of Albania's first railway, begun in 1947 (Durrës–Tiranë railway). In the late 1980s, the city was briefly renamed Durrës-Enver Hoxha. The city was and continues to remain the center of Albanian mass beach tourism.

Following the collapse of communist rule in 1990, Durrës became the focus of mass emigrations from Albania with ships being hijacked in the harbour and sailed at gunpoint to Italy. In one month alone, August 1991, over 20,000 people migrated to Italy in this fashion. Italy intervened militarily, putting the port area under its control, and the city became the center of the European Community's "Operation Pelican", a food-aid program.

In 1997, Albania slid into anarchy following the collapse of a massive pyramid scheme which devastated the national economy. An Italian-led peacekeeping force was controversially deployed to Durrës and other Albanian cities to restore order, although there were widespread suggestions that the real purpose of "Operation Alba" was to prevent economic refugees continuing to use Albania's ports as a route to migrate to Italy.

Following the start of the 21st century, Durrës has been revitalized as many streets were repaved, while parks and façades experienced a face lift.

Geography
Durrës is located on the Bay of Durrës on a flat alluvial plain between the river mouths of Erzen and the Ishëm along the Adriatic Sea within the Mediterranean Sea. The municipality of Durrës is encompassed in the County of Durrës within the Northern Region of Albania and consists of the adjacent administrative units of Ishëm, Katund i Ri, Manëz, Rrashbull, Sukth and Durrës as its seat. It stretches from the mouth of Ishëm River at the Cape of Rodon in the north across the Bay of Lalzi to the Shkëmbi i Kavajës in the south.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Durrës is classified under the periphery of the hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) zone with an average annual temperature of 15.9 C. Its climate is influenced by its proximity to the Adriatic Sea in the Mediterranean Sea and the hills in the Western Lowlands in the hinterlands. The summers are predominantly hot and dry, the winters relatively mild, and falls and springs mainly stable, in terms of precipitation and temperatures. The mean monthly temperature ranges between 7.5 °C in winter to 23.8 °C in summer. The highest temperature of 39 °C was recorded on 14 August 1957. The lowest temperature of -6.2 °C was registered on 26 January 1954. Durrës receives most of the precipitation in winter months and less in summer months. The mean annual precipitation ranges between 1000 mm and 1273 mm.

Politics
Durrës is a municipality governed by a mayor–council system with the mayor of Durrës and the members of the Durrës Municipal Council being responsible for the administration of Durrës Municipality. The mayor of Durrës is elected by its people to act as the executive officer of the municipality. The Durrës Municipal Council is the legislative body of the municipality and is also a democratically elected institution, comprising 51 councillors since the latest municipal election. Both, the mayor and members of the municipal council serve four-year terms without term limits.

Economy

Durrës is an important link to Western Europe due to its port and its proximity to the Italian port cities, notably Bari, to which daily ferries run. As well as the dockyard, it also possesses an important shipyard and manufacturing industries, notably producing leather, plastic and tobacco products.

The southern coastal stretch of Golem is renowned for its traditional mass beach tourism having experienced uncontrolled urban development. The city's beaches are also a popular destination for many foreign and local tourists. In 2012, new water sanitation systems are being installed to eliminate sea water pollution. In contrast, the northern coastal stretch of Lalzit Bay is mostly unspoiled and set to become an elite tourism destination as a number of beach resorts are being built since 2009. Neighboring districts are known for the production of good wine and a variety of foodstuffs.

According to the World Bank, Durrës has made significant steps of starting a business in 2016. Durrës ranks ninth among 22 cities in Southeastern Europe before the capital Tirana, Belgrade, Serbia and Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Transportation

Major roads and railways pass through the city of Durrës thank to its significant location and connect the northern part of the country to the south and the west with the east. Durrës is the starting point of Pan-European Corridor VIII, national roads SH2 and SH4, and serves as the main railway station of the Albanian Railways (HSH).

The Pan-European Corridor VIII is one of the Pan-European corridors. It runs between Durrës, at the Adriatic coast, and Varna, at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The National Road 2 (SH2) begins at the Port of Durrës at the Dajlani Overpass, bypasses the road to Tirana International Airport, and ends at the Kamza Overpass in the outskirts of Tirana where it meets National Road 1 (SH1) State Road heading to northern Albania. The Albania–Kosovo Highway is a four-lane highway constructed from 2006 to 2013 between Albania and Kosovo. As part of the South-East European Route 7, the highway will connect the Adriatic Sea ports of Durrës via Pristina, with the E75/Corridor X near Niš, Serbia. As most tourists come through Kosovo, the laying of the highway make it easier to travel to Durrës.

The Port of Durrës, in the south-west of the city, is one of the major ports of the Adriatic Sea and plays a very important role in the city's economy. The port is located on an artificial basin that is formed between two moles, with a west-northwesterly oriented entrance approximately wide as it passes between the ends of the moles. The port is also a key location for transit networks and passenger ferry, giving Durrës a strategic position with respect to the Pan-European Corridor VIII. The port has experienced major upgrades in recent years culminating with the opening of the new terminal in July 2012. In 2012, The Globe and Mail ranked Durrës at no. 1 among 8 exciting new cruise ports to explore. It is one of the largest passenger port on the Adriatic Sea that handle more than 1.5 million passengers per year.

The railway station of Durrës is connected to other cities in Albania, including the capital of Tirana, Vlorë, Elbasan and Shkodër. The Durrës–Tiranë railway was a 38 km railway line which joined the two biggest cities in Albania: Durrës and Tiranë. The line connects to the Shkodër–Vorë railway halfway in Vorë, and to the Durrës–Vlorë railway in Durrës. In 2015, some rail stations and rolling stock along the Durrës-Tiranë line are being upgraded and latter colored red and white.

A rail connection between Durrës and Prishtina in Kosovo was proposed in 2021, with a feasibility study being prepared in 2022.

Demography
Durrës is the second most populous municipality in Albania and one of the most populous on the Adriatic Sea with a growing number of inhabitants. According to the 2011 census, the municipal unit of Durrës had an estimated population of 113,249 of whom 56,511 were men and 56,738 women.

Islam was introduced to the city in the early 16th century during the Ottoman conquest. Much of the local population converted to Islam during the four centuries of Ottoman rule. The two most well-known mosques in the city are the Great Mosque of Durrës (built in 1931 on the site of an earlier Ottoman mosque) and the Fatih Mosque, erected in 1502 just one year after the city became part of the Ottoman Empire.

Christianity in Durrës and elsewhere in Albania has a presence dating back to classical antiquity. Christian traditions relate that the archbishopric of Durrës was founded by the apostle Paul while he was preaching in Illyria and Epirus and that there were possibly about seventy Christian families in the city as early as the time of the apostles. The Orthodox Church of Albania, which has been autocephalous since 1923, was divided into the archbishopric of Tirana–Durrës, headed by the Metropolitan and sub-divided into the local church districts of Tirana, Durrës, Shkodër and Elbasan.

Culture
The theatrical and musical life of the city is centered on the Aleksandër Moisiu Theatre, the Estrada Theatre, a puppet theatre, and the Philharmonic Orchestra. The annual International Film Summerfest of Durrës, founded in 2008, is held in late August or early September in the amphitheatre. In 2004 and 2009 Miss Globe International was held in Durrës.

The city is home to different architectural styles that represent influential periods in its history. The architecture is influenced by Illyrian, Greek, Roman and Italian architecture. In the 21st century, part of Durrës turned into a modernist city, with large blocks of flats, modern new buildings, new shopping centres and many green spaces.

Education

Durrës has a long tradition of education since the beginning of civil life from antiquity until today. After the fall of communism in Albania, a reorganization plan was announced in 1990, that would extend the compulsory education program from eight to ten years. The following year, major economic and political crisis in Albania, and the ensuing breakdown of public order, plunged the school system into chaos. Later, many schools were rebuilt or reconstructed, to improve learning conditions especially in larger cities of the country. Durrës is host to academic institutions such as the University of Durrës, Albanian College of Durrës, Kajtazi Brothers Educational Institute, Gjergj Kastrioti High School, Naim Frashëri High School, Sports mastery school Benardina Qerraxhiu and Jani Kukuzeli Artistic Lycee.

One of the city's main sights is the Byzantine city wall, also called Durrës Castle, while the largest amphitheatre in the Balkans is close to the city's harbour. This fifth-century construction is currently under consideration for listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Museums
Durrës is home to the largest archaeological museum in the country, the Durrës Archaeological Museum, located near the beach. North of the museum are the sixth-century Byzantine walls constructed after the Visigoth invasion of 481. The bulk of the museum's collection comprises artefacts from the nearby ancient site of Dyrrhachium and includes an extensive collection from the Illyrian, Ancient Greek, Hellenistic and Roman periods. Items of major note include Roman funeral steles and stone sarcophagi, a colourful elliptical mosaic measuring 17 x, known as The Beauty of Durrës, and a collection of miniature busts of Venus, testament to the time when Durrës was a centre of worship of the goddess. There are several other museums including the Royal Villa of Durrës and the Museum of History (in the house of the actor Aleksandër Moisiu).

International relations
In 2008, Bosnia and Herzegovina opened a consulate in the city considering that there is a community with Bosniak ancestry that lives in Durres County. They are mostly concentrated in two neighborhoods of the city of Shijak, Borake and Koxhas. Nowadays it seems that the consulate is no longer active.

These countries have an honorary consulate in Durrës:

Twin and sister cities
Durrës is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Bari, Italy
 * 🇮🇹 Bitonto, Italy
 * 🇹🇷 Istanbul, Turkey
 * 🇬🇷 Thessaloniki, Greece

Cooperation and friendship
Durrës has cooperation and friendship relationships with:
 * 🇲🇰 Kumanovo, North Macedonia
 * 🇨🇳 Shantou, China
 * 🇲🇪 Ulcinj, Montenegro

title: Durrës


text:
Talk:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus

Untitled
The first sentence should say of what/where he was king/emperor. Molinari 20:36 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus


text:
James Beattie (poet)

James Beattie (25 October 1735 – 18 August 1803) was a Scottish poet, moralist, and philosopher.

Career
He became schoolmaster of the parish of Fordoun in 1753. He took the position of usher at the grammar-school of Aberdeen in 1758.

In 1760, he was, to his surprise, appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy at Marischal College (later part of Aberdeen University) as a result of the influence exerted by his close friend, Robert Arbuthnot of Haddo. In the following year he published a volume of poems, The Judgment of Paris (1765), which attracted attention. But the two works that brought him most fame were An Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth, and his poem of The Minstrel. The Essay, intended as an answer to David Hume, had great immediate success, and led to an introduction to the King, a pension of £200, and the degree of LL.D. from Oxford. The first book of The Minstrel was published in 1771 and the second in 1774, and constitutes his true title to remembrance, winning him the praise of Samuel Johnson. It contains much beautiful descriptive writing.

Beattie was prominent in arguing against the institution of slavery, notably in his Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth (1770), and in Elements of Moral Science (1790–93), where he used the case of Dido Belle to argue the mental capacity of black people.

Beattie was an amateur cellist and member of the Aberdeen Musical Society. He considered questions of music philosophy in his essay On Poetry and Music (written 1762, published 1776), which was republished several times and translated into French in 1798. His poem "The Hermit" was set to music by Tommaso Giordani (1778).

Beattie co-founded the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1786.

Personal life
James Beattie was born the youngest of six children of a shopkeeper and small farmer at Laurencekirk in the Mearns, and educated at Marischal, graduating in 1753.

Beattie underwent much domestic sorrow in his later years, which broke down his own health and spirits. His wife, Mary née Dunn, whom he had married in 1767, went mad and was committed to a Musselburgh asylum. His two promising sons both died: James Hay in 1790 aged 22 from "nervous atrophy", and Montagu in 1796, a 'promising poet' aged 18 after a short illness.

He relinquished his duties at Marischal in 1797. That year he became afflicted with rheumatism, and in 1799 he had a stroke of palsy. He died in Aberdeen in 1803 and is buried there in St Nicholas' Churchyard.

His niece, Margaret Valentine, married Reverend Professor George Glennie FRSE.

Recognition
Beattie is today remembered primarily for his poetry and for his staunch opposition to slavery. His philosophical work have generally been assessed very negatively in the time since his death, with Immanuel Kant stating that his misunderstanding of most of David Hume's work was "positively painful". Philosopher John Immerwahr states that among contemporary scholars, Beattie is regarded as "a superficial thinker who is primarily known because he was the source for some of Kant's knowledge of Hume".

A biographical sketch, An Account of the Life of James Beattie, LL.D., was published in 1804 by Alexander Bower.

The poet Robert Burns informed Mrs Frances Dunlop in a letter that the idea of using Coila as the name of his poetic muse first came to him from Beattie's use of a muse named 'Scota' in his Scots language poem of 1768 titled To Mr Alexander at Lochlee.

Beattie is one of the sixteen Scottish poets and writers depicted on the Scott Monument on Princes Street in Edinburgh. He appears on the left side of the east face.

Works

 * Original Poems and Translations (1760)
 * The Judgement of Paris (1765)
 * Poems on Several Subjects (1766)
 * An Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth (1770)
 * The Minstrel; or, The Progress of Genius (two volumes, 1771 and 1774)
 * Essays, on the nature and immutability of truth in opposition to sophistry and scepticism. On poetry and music as they affect the mind. On laughter and ludicrous composition. On the utility of classical learning (1776)
 * Essays on Poetry (1778)
 * Scoticisms, Arranged in Alphabetical Order, Designed to Correct Improprieties of Speech and Writing (1779)
 * Poems on several occasions (1780)
 * Dissertations Moral and Critical (1783)
 * The Evidence of the Christian Religion Briefly and Plainly Stated (two volumes, 1786)
 * The theory of language. Part I. Of the origin and general nature of speech. Part II. Of universal grammar (1788)
 * Elements of Moral Science (two volumes, 1790–1793) Vol 1 Vol 2
 * The Poetical Works of James Beattie (1831), edited by A. Dyce
 * The poetical works of Beattie, Blair, and Falconer (1868), edited by Charles Cowden Clarke
 * James Beattie's Day-Book, 1773–1778 (1948), edited by R. S. Walker
 * James Beattie's Diary (1948), edited by R. S. Walker

title: James Beattie (poet)


text:
Talk:George Lansbury

Untitled
The emphasis on the national politics of the life of George Lansbury in this little vignette has underplayed the role he took in seeking social justice for the working classes, his imprisonment for refusing to comply with onerous local rates, and the tragedy of the death of the daughter in law who also went to prison over the same issue. The memorials to him (and her!) in the East End of London reflect this personal consideration.

 * Q. In response to the above comment, does anybody know enough about this to add it to the page? EdH 13:52 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

A. I was able to find information on Lansbury's work to achieve justice for working people, including women's rights and the Poplar Rates Rebellion, and his imprisionment by the government for these activities. I have included new information in the original article as well as in a new one. While I discovered that his daughter-in-law, Minnie Lansbury, went to prison with him, I found no mention of her death. --Jose Ramos 15:50, 23 Aug 2003 (UTC)

A. I have undertaken some updates to the page. -- Jonathan Rackowe 26 July 2007

Q: The article asserts that George Lansbury said he was in favour of abolishing army and saying to the world "Do your worse" but if you actually examine the source cited (132) it actually specifically says that he did not say that in his address, 'They [another pair of authors] also state that Lansbury sent a message to East Fulham reading: 'I would close every recruiting station, disband the Army and disarm the Air Force. I would abolish the whole dreadful equipment of war and say to the world "Do your worst"'. These words do not appear in Lansbury's message, which merely appealed to electors to vote Labour as an escape from the 'menace of war ... widespread unemployment, hopeless poverty and insecurity and dreadful social misery and unhappiness' p. 185, can this be replaced with a different quote? - 20/07/2015 — Preceding unsigned comment added by BoldJuan (talk • contribs) 12:46, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

George Lansbury books
Q. I have a particular interest in George Lansbury as I am related through marriage. When at university I found a copy of the book he wrote about his life, but have since failed to find a copy; I think it was called "My Life" or something similar. Does anyone know its correct title, and how I might buy a copy?

A. The book was indeed called My Life, published in 1928. Obviously, it only covers a part of his career and life. Lansbury also wrote:
 * Your Part In Poverty, 1917
 * These Things Shall Be, 1920
 * What I Saw In Russia, 1920
 * The Miracle of Fleet Street, 1925
 * My England, 1934
 * Looking Backwards and Forwards, 1935
 * My Quest for Peace, 1938

Biographies have been written by:
 * Edgar Lansbury, 1934 - George Lansbury, My Father
 * Raymond Postgate, 1951 - The Life of George Lansbury
 * Bob Holman, 1990 - Good Old George. Lion UK ISBN 0-7459-1574-4, Aus ISBN 0-7324-0275-1
 * John Shepherd, 2002 - George Lansbury: At the Heart of Old Labour. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-820164-8, Paperback 2004 0199273642

-- Jonathan Rackowe, Great Grandson of George Lansbury. 82.153.70.205 (talk) 10:52, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Lido ?
Regarding this item under the heading of HEIRS: "His name lives on in the Lansbury Estate and, of course, the Lido."

 * Is this for real?

Danindenver (talk) 09:41, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Yes, I have expanded the line that mentions Lansbury's Lido to reference the location in London's Hyde Park. -- Jonathan Rackowe 82.153.70.205 (talk) 10:37, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

first world war
I think considerably more information is needed about his attitude to the first world war, the supremen political test of the time. The Daily Herald did not campaign consistently against British war objectives, unless I am mistaken... Johncmullen1960 (talk) 08:24, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Major expansion
This will happen over the next few weeks. The article will, for a while, look decidedly lopsided, but all will come out right in the end. Suggestions for further improvements, sources etc are welcome, for discussion here. Brianboulton (talk) 16:00, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

Never heard of him!
Why is he notable? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.151.65.218 (talk) 16:56, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Because he was the leader of the Labor Party, a major political organization, and he is mentioned in many independent, reliable sources. See Notability for more information. — SamX‧☎‧✎‧ S  17:23, 15 August 2013 (UTC)

Added images
I have removed the following images, recently added to the article:
 * File:George Lansbury at Skara Brae, 1929.jpg
 * File:George Lansbury, c1935.jpg
 * File:George Lansbury, 1936.jpg

The images lack proper source and authorrship details. In each case the author is given as the "LSE library", which is obviously not correct. Also the licence, which claims PD in the USA on the grounds of original publication before 1923, is clearly wrong when the events depicted in the images date from 1929, 1935 and 1936 respectively. Please do not re-add the images until their PD status has been properly established through author, source and appropriate licence. Brianboulton (talk) 23:49, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

Categorisation
I recently removed Category:British pacifists and Category:British socialists from the article as they seem to be redundant to Category:English Christian pacifists and Category:English Christian socialists respectively. Having been reverted by, I figured I would open a discussion here.

WP:SUBCAT provides that: "A page or category should rarely be placed in both a category and a subcategory or parent category (supercategory) of that category (unless the child category is non-diffusing – see below – or eponymous). For example, the article 'Paris' need only be placed in 'Category:Cities in France', not in both 'Category:Cities in France' and 'Category:Populated places in France'. Because the first category (cities) is in the second category (populated places), readers are already given the information that Paris is a populated place in France by it being a city in France."

I imagine it is for this reason that the article is not in Category:European pacifists and Category:European socialists. So I'm not clear on what rationale there could be for keeping the Category:British pacifists and Category:British socialists. Graham (talk) 00:10, 23 January 2016 (UTC)
 * User:Graham11 - English Christian Socialist and English Christian Pacifist are specific concepts see Christian Socialism and Christian Pacifism. Do we know that his socialism and pacifism was driven by his faith? AusLondonder (talk) 02:22, 25 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree that the categories would not be appropriate for all English socialists/pacifists who happen to also be Christians. However, I think it is reasonable to infer that he is a Christian socialist and a Christian pacifist based on the following excerpts from the article:
 * "There is much agreement among historians and analysts that Lansbury was never self-serving and, guided by his Christian socialist principles, was consistent in his efforts on behalf of the poorest in society."
 * "Lansbury, supported by many in the PLP, moved into a position of Christian pacifism, unilateral disarmament and the dismantling of the British Empire."
 * "His speech—a passionate exposition of the principles of Christian pacifism—was well received by the delegates, but immediately afterwards his position was destroyed by Ernest Bevin, the Transport and General Workers' Union leader […] Union support ensured that the sanctions resolution was carried by a huge majority; Lansbury, realising that a Christian pacifist could no longer lead the party, resigned a few days later."
 * "In an article published in the socialist magazine Tribune, published on 25 April 1940, he made a final statement of his Christian pacifism: 'I hold fast to the truth that this world is big enough for all, that we are all brethren, children of one Father'."
 * Graham (talk) 02:53, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

Infobox additions
An IP is attempting to enlarge the infobox by re-inserting the details od "preceded by" and "succeeded by" in the various offices Lansbury held. These do not constitute "key facts" in Lansbury's career. If the IP has an issue with this interpretation of MoS regarding infoboxes, please bring the debate here. Brianboulton (talk) 10:29, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on George Lansbury. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6DXxSnXp4?url=http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//ITVProgs/1992/01/07/Y05870109//ITN/2009/08/06/T06080924/ to http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070618035533/http://www.lse.ac.uk:80/library/archive/Default.htm to http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/archive/Default.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:07, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:52, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * George Lansbury MP.jpg

New fact in lead section proposal
I discovered the other day that Lansbury is Labour's only leader to have never contested a general election - notwithstanding acting leaders and the incumbent, whose tenure has not finished. User:Tim riley reverted the addition of this fact to the article lead, but did not seem to mind it being in the section about Lansbury's leadership of the party. I added it back to the lead, and posted this on Tim's Usertalk page:
 * "Having looked again, I now feel that this fact is more relevant to the lead section of the article, as it is a reason why Lansbury might be notable, so I've moved it there - I hope you don't mind. The footnote should clarify this. Lansbury isn't particularly remembered amongst Labour's past leaders (partly because of how long ago it was, and the era in which he was prominent), but him not contesting a general election does make him stand out amongst the party's leaders, making him unique (acting leaders don't really count, and nor does the incumbent, as his tenure is still ongoing). I added the fact because I think it's the kind of thing which those interested in British political history would find relevant. Facts and feats about such people on WP are not always attributable to a source - such things are in a state of constant change anyway, so even if an old book did state this Lansbury fact, it could still become dated if Keir Starmer stood down before the next election, and would therefore need updating. Hopefully a footnote will clarify it for readers."
 * Tim has reverted this edit and suggested it be discussed at this Talk page, so that's what I'm doing. Tim reverted the text to its "featured article" status. However, WP, like such facts, is constantly evolving, so even when it comes to articles about deceased historical figures, our knowledge of them can change. I think this fact about Lansbury is important enough to be in the lead, given that Labour's past electoral performance is frequently discussed in the media. The FA article text is not static, so it can be changed as and when more becomes learned about a subject.--TrottieTrue (talk) 12:56, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Please see WP:LEAD. There must be nothing in the lead that is not covered in full (and cited) in the main text. You cannot just have this factoid in the lead and not in the main text. Whether other editors think it belongs in the latter we may see; for my part I don't think it merits inclusion in the lead in any event. An statement like this, though unacceptable unless cited, is of mild interest, but it is hardly news and I am sure the main author of the article, the late and still sorely missed Brian Boulton, would not have omitted it had he considered it of importance. If you cannot find a citation for it, that possibly shows that the authors of the sources didn't think it important enough to mention in their books. Let us see what other editors think.  Tim riley  talk   13:05, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with Tim that this fact is surely not lead-worthy, and not even worthy of mentioning in the body, because it is not about the subject. The succession is covered sufficiently by the name in the infobox, - no need to clutter the text. The ref could be added there if wanted. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:13, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, I don't mind this fact being in both sections, but I was conscious to avoid repetition, which was why I moved it so it was just in the lead. It could be that neither Boulton nor other authors on Lansbury were aware of this fact, or were focusing on Lansbury himself, rather than his place in the history of Labour leaders. A fact can be self-evident without a citation. I'm not sure a footnote in the succession section of the infobox would be appropriate. The succession only covers who came after Lansbury, which doesn't tell us much. Lansbury is a fairly forgotten figure in British political history: at present, this makes him unique. Facts about political figures are still mentioned in their articles even if it is not specifically about the subject (although it can be argued that a fact about Lansbury's significance amongst Labour leaders is relevant to the subject).--TrottieTrue (talk) 13:26, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

 * There are two facts here: a) Lansbury as Labour's leader never contested a general election, and b) he is the only leader not to have done so.  Of course neither fact is in the cluttered infobox. I think both are entirely proper to put in the lead, and repeat below, but this is especially the case with a), which surely should be in the lead.  I must say I find Gerda's comments bizarre - how is a) "not about the subject"?  How could it be omitted from the text?  Johnbod (talk) 14:21, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Johnbod. It seems I have made a mistake in my assertion though - John Smith is another Labour leader who did not contest a general election, caused by his death. What would then be appropriate to state is that Lansbury is the only Labour leader to stand down from the leadership without contesting a general election, or to state that he is one of only two Labour leaders not to contest a general election (the other being John Smith). Apologies for the error.--TrottieTrue (talk) 16:29, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I'd say either, maybe the latter. Johnbod (talk) 17:36, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

John Smith (Labour Party leader) is probably turning in his grave. FDW777 (talk) 15:25, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * No doubt, but this will be the least of his reasons. Johnbod (talk) 17:36, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

I agree with Tim riley that the factoid should not appear in the LEAD section, especially since it is not unique. Obviously, all facts must be cited in WP:Reliable sources, per WP:V. As Tim noted, if we cannot find a citation for for a factoid, it is usually because the authors of the sources on the topic didn't find it important enough to mention. Even the assertion about him "thus" contesting no general elections is WP:synthesis, and the use of three references to support it underlines this fault. I've left that in, for now, but hidden the second, uncited factoid. -- Ssilvers (talk) 18:23, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I've added in that Lansbury was the last Labour leader to stand down before contesting a GE, citing The Telegraph as the source.--TrottieTrue (talk) 19:20, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

, so forgive my lack of familiarity with John Smith (and I can't get to the source cited). Are you saying this edit needs to be reverted? —valereee (talk) 13:15, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

 * No, that edit is fine. John Smith died before he could contest an election. Also, if you use the NoScript browser extension you can quite often bypass paywalls on certain websites (ones that display the page then run a script to hide access to subscribers only), including the UK's Telegraph newspaper. FDW777 (talk) 13:27, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

Lead
@Tim riley, would you be able to explain how the line: "...he spent his political life campaigning against established authority and vested interests..." is 1.) Supported by the sources and 2.) adheres to the principle of NPOV? Are the concepts of "established authorities" and "vested interests" objective terms in your mind? Alssa1 (talk) 23:10, 11 October 2022 (UTC)
 * If you read the full text – as the reviewers at peer review and featured article candidacy have done – you will find the answer to your questions. But by all means canvass opinion on this talk page to see if you can now persuade these colleagues to change their minds and/or other colleagues to agree with you. If there is a consensus in favour of your alterations to the approved FA text we can make it.  Tim riley  talk   08:34, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * This article was 'peer-reviewed' in 2013 and is therefore not relevant today. Second, one of the issues is very specific; the NPOV, so I ask again: are the concepts of "established authorities" and "vested interests" objective terms in your mind? Alssa1 (talk) 21:47, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Please concentrate: NPOV was policy in 2013.  Tim riley  talk   08:40, 13 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Maybe you should concentrate. The fact that it was peer-reviewed almost 10 years ago does not make this article unchangeable and unreviewable for all time. Alssa1 (talk) 17:38, 17 October 2022 (UTC)
 * If we can persuade you to address the point, what conformed to WP policy then conforms to the same policy now. The policy has not changed. You are right that policies here or, in the real world are not "unchangeable and unreviewable for all time" (e.g., as we're on politics, Brexit and the UK's readmission to the EU to undo the damage) but our WP NPOV policy is long-standing.  Tim riley  talk   19:22, 17 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The point has already been addressed; the fact that a version was used in a 'peer-review' 10 years ago does not make this unchangeable for all time. Perhaps you would be able to point to the guidance that justifies your attitude that it unchangeable? Alssa1 (talk) 16:51, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * No FAC renders an article unchangeable. Improvements can and should be made continually whenever possible. If you can assemble a consensus that your proposed deletions are an improvement they will be made. There has been no stampede in that direction so far, and your insistence on putting inverted commas around peer review does not suggest that you place much value on the opinions of other editors. The point you seem to have difficulty in grasping is that if something complied with NPOV in 2013 it still complies with it nine years later.   Tim riley  talk   17:19, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * And my contention is that it doesn't comply NPOV, a point that you seem to be unwilling to engage with on any level. Alssa1 (talk) 23:07, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, let us see if you can establish a consensus for your contention. Over to you.  Tim riley  talk   07:23, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * 'not relevant today' - um, what?? 2013 is almost yesterday, not like it is 1913 50.111.40.79 (talk) 17:39, 25 October 2022 (UTC)
 * True, but to be fair, Alssa1 is an openly declared Europhobe, and some tolerance is in order from the rest of us to whom 1913 is not where Great Britain ought still to be.  Tim riley  talk   18:31, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Lansbury


text:
British Academy

The British Academy for the Promotion of Historical, Philosophical and Philological Studies is the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and the social sciences. It was established in 1902 and received its royal charter in the same year. It is now a fellowship of more than 1,000 leading scholars spanning all disciplines across the humanities and social sciences and a funding body for research projects across the United Kingdom. The academy is a self-governing and independent registered charity, based at 10–11 Carlton House Terrace in London.

The British Academy is primarily funded with annual government grants. In 2022, £49.3m of its £51.7m of charitable income came from the Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy – in the same year it took in around £2.0m in trading income and £0.56m in other income. This funding is expected to continue under the new Department for Business and Trade.

Purposes
The academy states that it has five fundamental purposes:
 * To speak up for the humanities and the social sciences
 * To invest in the very best researchers and research
 * To inform and enrich debate around society's greatest questions
 * To ensure sustained international engagement and collaboration
 * To make the most of the Academy's assets to secure the Academy for the future.

History

The creation of a "British Academy for the Promotion of Historical, Philosophical and Philological Studies" was first proposed in 1899 in order that Britain could be represented at meetings of European and American academies. The organisation, which has since become simply "the British Academy", was initiated as an unincorporated society on 17 December 1901, and received its Royal Charter from King Edward VII on 8 August 1902.

Since then, many of Britain's most distinguished scholars in the humanities and social sciences have been involved in the life of the academy, including John Maynard Keynes, Isaiah Berlin, C. S. Lewis and Henry Moore.

Until 1927–28 the academy had no premises. Then it moved to some rooms in No. 6 Burlington Gardens. In 1968 it moved the short distance to Burlington House. It subsequently moved to headquarters near Regent's Park. Then in 1998 the Academy moved to its present headquarters in Carlton House Terrace. Overlooking St James's Park, the terrace was designed by John Nash and built in the 1820s and 1830s. Number 10 was formerly the London residence of the Ridley family and number 11 was from 1856 to 1875 the home of Prime Minister William Gladstone.

In March 2010, the academy embarked on a £2.75m project to renovate and restore the public rooms in No. 11, following the departure of former tenant the Foreign Press Association, and link the two buildings together. The work was completed in January 2011 and the new spaces include a new 150-seat Wolfson Auditorium are available for public hire. In addition to offices for its staff 10 - 11 Carlton House Terrace is used for academy conferences and events and parts of the building are available on a private hire basis for events.

The history, problems and achievements of the academy have been recorded in works by two of its secretaries. Sir Frederic Kenyon's volume of 37 pages covers the years up to 1951; Sir Mortimer Wheeler's volume covers the years 1949 to 1968.

Fellowship
Election as a Fellow of the British Academy recognises high scholarly distinction in the humanities or social sciences, evidenced by published work. Fellows may use the letters FBA after their names. Fellows are elected into one of the following disciplinary sections:

 * Humanities
 * Classical Antiquity
 * Theology and Religious Studies
 * African and Oriental Studies
 * Linguistics and Philology
 * Early Modern Languages and Literatures
 * Modern Languages, Literatures and other Media
 * Archaeology
 * Medieval Studies
 * Early Modern History to c1800
 * Modern History from c1800
 * History of Art and Music
 * Philosophy
 * Culture, Media and Performance

 * Social Sciences
 * Law
 * Economics and Economic History
 * Anthropology and Geography
 * Sociology, Demography and Social Statistics
 * Political Studies: Political Theory, Government and International Relations
 * Psychology
 * Management and Business Studies
 * Education

Funding schemes
The British Academy channels substantial public funding into support for individuals and organisations pursuing humanities and social sciences research and scholarship in the UK and overseas. These funding schemes are designed to aid scholars at different stages of their academic career and include postdoctoral fellowships, Wolfson Research Professorships, Leverhulme Senior Research Fellowships, small research grants and British Academy Research Projects.

In addition to its main public funds supported by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, the academy also draws on private funds arising from gifts, legacies, contributions made by fellows and grants from research foundations to support a further range of research activities. In 2014/15, the academy received around £30m to support research and researchers across the humanities and social sciences. Funds available to the academy were invested in the following main areas: research career development; a portfolio of research grant opportunities, and international engagement. The demand and quality of applications submitted for academy funding remains high. This year the academy received around 3,600 applications and made 588 awards to scholars based in around 100 different universities across the UK – a success rate of 16 per cent.

International work

In order to promote the interests of UK research and learning around the world, the Academy works to create frameworks to support international networking and collaboration and develop the role of humanities and social sciences research in tackling global challenges. It draws on expertise from a wide range of sources from within the fellowship and on specialist advice from its seven Area Panels for Africa, China, the Middle East, Europe, South Asia, and Latin America/Caribbean.

The Academy also funds and coordinates a network of overseas institutes which provide local expertise, logistical support and often a working base for UK scholars. These include research institutes in Amman, Ankara, Athens, Jerusalem, Nairobi, Rome and Tehran, as well as UK-based specialist learned societies which run strategic research programmes in other parts of the world including Africa, Latin America and South and South East Asia.

Higher education and research
As the UK's national voice for the humanities and social sciences, the British Academy seeks to promote and protect the interests and health of these disciplines and their research base. It makes independent representations to the government and other bodies on relevant higher education and research issues, contributes statements and submissions to formal consultations and organises a range of policy events and discussions, liaising regularly with learned societies, universities, national academies and other relevant organisations.

Policy work
The British Academy's Fellowship represents breadth and excellence of expertise across these disciplines, and the Academy's policy work is dedicated to applying that insight to policy issues for public benefit and societal well-being. The goal is to enlighten the context, meaning and practicalities of policy challenges. This work is meant to bring independence, authority and objectivity to complex issues, such as public policy, skills, education and research. From reports to small meetings, the British Academy provides a forum for examining issues that are important for the society and the economy.

Public events
The British Academy organises a wide-ranging annual programme of more than 50 public lectures, panel discussions, conferences and seminars showcasing new research and debating topical issues. This includes a number of long-established lecture series, such as the Shakespeare Lecture, first given in 1911. Most events are free and most take place at the Academy's headquarters in Carlton House Terrace

Award of prizes

The British Academy awards a total of 15 prizes and medals, most of them awarded annually.

 * British Academy President's Medal, created in 2010 and awarded to up to five recipients each year who have demonstrated "signal service to the cause of the humanities and social sciences"
 * British Academy Medal, created in 2013 and awarded to up to three recipients each year "for landmark academic achievement in any of the humanities and social science disciplines supported by the Academy"
 * Burkitt Medal, created in 1923
 * Kenyon Medal, first awarded in 1957
 * Leverhulme Medal and Prize, created in 2002
 * British Academy Book Prize for Global Cultural Understanding, established in 2013
 * Peter Townsend Policy Press Prize, created in 2011
 * Wiley Prize in Psychology, first awarded in 2009
 * Wiley Prize in Economics, first awarded in 2013
 * Brian Barry Prize in Political Science, first awarded in 2014
 * Serena Medal, first awarded in 1920
 * Edward Ullendorff Medal, first awarded in 2012
 * Rose Mary Crawshay Prize, first awarded in 1916
 * Grahame Clark Medal, first awarded in 1993
 * Sir Israel Gollancz Prize, first awarded in 1925
 * Landscape Archaeology Medal, first awarded in 2007
 * Neil & Saras Smith Medal for Linguistics, first awarded in 2014
 * Derek Allen Prize, first awarded in 1977

Presidents of the British Academy

 * The Lord Reay 1902–1906
 * Sir Edward Maunde Thompson 1906–1909
 * Samuel Henry Butcher 1909–1910
 * Sir Adolphus Ward 1911–1913
 * The Viscount Bryce 1913–1917
 * Sir Frederic Kenyon 1917–1921
 * The Earl of Balfour 1921–1928
 * H. A. L. Fisher 1928–1932
 * John William Mackail 1932–1936
 * Sir David Ross 1936–1940
 * Sir J. H. Clapham 1940–1946
 * Sir Idris Bell 1946–1950
 * Sir Charles Kingsley Webster 1950–1954
 * Sir George Norman Clark 1954–1958
 * Sir Maurice Bowra 1958–1962
 * The Lord Robbins 1962–1967
 * Sir Kenneth Clinton Wheare 1967–1971
 * Sir Denys Lionel Page 1971–1974
 * Sir Isaiah Berlin 1974–1978
 * Sir Kenneth Dover 1978–1981
 * Owen Chadwick 1981–1985
 * Sir Randolph Quirk 1985–1989
 * Sir Anthony Kenny 1989–1993
 * Sir Keith Thomas 1993–1997
 * Sir Tony Wrigley 1997–2001
 * The Viscount Runciman of Doxford 2001–2004
 * The Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve 2005–2009
 * Sir Adam Roberts 2009–2013
 * The Lord Stern of Brentford 2013–2017
 * Sir David Cannadine 2017–2021
 * Julia Black 2021–2025

Secretaries of the British Academy

 * Sir Israel Gollancz (1902–1930)
 * Sir Frederic G. Kenyon (1930–1949)
 * Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1949–1968)
 * Derek Allen (1969–1973)
 * N. J. Williams (1973–1977)
 * J. P. Carswell (1978–1983)
 * P. W. H. Brown (1983–2006)
 * Robin Jackson (2006–2015)
 * Alun Evans (2015–2019)
 * Hetan Shah (2020-)

Publications
• British Academy Original Paperbacks
 * Lectures and conferences papers

• British Academy Occasional Papers

• Proceedings of the British Academy

• Reissues of proceedings lectures

• Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology

• Symposia

• Thank-Offering to Britain Fund Lectures

• Archaeological reports (including BAMA)
 * Monographs

• British Academy Centenary Monographs

• Miscellaneous research publications

• Postdoctoral Fellowship Monographs

• Supplemental papers

• Anglo-Saxon Charters
 * Research series

• Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi

• Classical and Medieval Logic Texts

• Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture

• Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani

• Corpus vasorum antiquorum

• Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi

• Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources

• Early English Church Music

• English Episcopal Acta

• Fontes Historiae Africanae

• Oriental and African Archives

• Oriental Documents

• Records of Social and Economic History

• Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles

• Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum

• Tabula Imperii Romani

title: British Academy


text:
Delivery month

For futures contracts specifying physical delivery, the delivery month is the month in which the seller must deliver, and the buyer must accept and pay for, the underlying. For contracts specifying cash settlement, the delivery month is the month of a final mark-to-market. The exact dates of acceptable delivery vary considerably and will be specified by the exchange in the futures contract specifications.

For most futures contracts, at any given time, one contract will typically be traded much more actively than others. This is called variously the front month or the top step contract.

Financial contracts traded on US futures exchanges (such as bonds, short-term interest rates, foreign exchange, and US stock indexes) typically expire quarterly, specifically in March, June, September, and December. However, for financial contracts traded on non-US futures exchanges, the expiration schedule may not follow a quarterly pattern.

Codes
This table lists the conventional letter codes used in tickers to specify delivery month:

To name a specific contract in a financial futures market, the month code will follow the contract code, and in turn be followed by the year. For example, CLZ3 is the December 2023 NYMEX crude oil contract. CL denotes crude oil (crude light), Z corresponds to the December delivery month, and 3 refers to 2023.

title: Delivery month


text:
User talk:196.30.245.149

Speedy deletion nomination of Ryu (video game character

A tag has been placed on Ryu (video game character requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section R3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a redirect from an implausible typo or misnomer.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.  93 19:28, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:196.30.245.149


text:
HMS Warrior

At least five ships and one shore establishment of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Warrior:

 * HMS Warrior (1781) was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1781. She became a receiving ship after 1818, a convict ship after 1840, and was broken up in 1857.
 * HMS Warrior (1860) was the Royal Navy's first ironclad ocean-going armoured battleship and world's first iron-hulled ironclad, and was launched in 1860. She became a depot ship in 1902, was renamed HMS Vernon III in 1904, and hulked as HMS Warrior in 1923. She was handed over for preservation as Warrior in 1979, and is preserved at Portsmouth as a museum ship.
 * HMS Warrior (1905) was a Warrior-class cruiser armoured cruiser launched in 1905. She was disabled at the Battle of Jutland in 1916 and foundered a day later.
 * HMS Warrior (1917) was a yacht requisitioned by the Royal Navy in 1917 and 1918
 * HMS Warrior (R31) was a Colossus-class aircraft carrier light fleet aircraft carrier launched in 1944, having had her name changed from HMS Brave in 1942. She was loaned to Canada from 1946 to 1948, as HMCS Warrior, then sold to Argentina and renamed ARA Independencia in 1958.
 * HMS Warrior was the name assigned to the operational headquarters of the Royal Navy in Northwood, London from 1963. The base became the Joint Headquarters in 1996, before being decommissioned in 1999 to become the Joint Services Headquarters.

title: HMS Warrior


text:
Talk:Ricardo López (boxer)

Untitled
Whoever wrote this was confused. Lopez wasn't stripped by the WBC for failing to make weight, it was his opponent Rosendo Alvarez in their rematch who lost the WBA title for that reason. The WBC didn't recognize Lopez-Alvarez II as a title fight because Alvarez was over the weight, but the WBA awarded Lopez the title after he won.

Also, Dariusz Michalczewski is now at 23 successful defenses in a row and counting, so Lopez' run is now third all-time. John

Disagreement in translation of alias
As a native spanish speaker I disagree on the term "Finisher" as a translation for "Finito".

Finito, is the diminutive of the word "fino", meaning refined, polished, suave, genteel, all referring to high class.

The alias was given to him by Jorge "Sonny" Alarcón, because he saw in the boxer's style a mastery in the art of combining attack and defense.

source: http://www.pids.com.mx/index.php?option=com_content&id=479:qfinitoq-lopez-un-ejemplo-de-vida-y-de-deportista&Itemid=3

title: Talk:Ricardo López (boxer)


text:
Bob Bert

Robert Bertelli, better known professionally as Bob Bert (born June 11, 1955), is an American rock drummer.

Biography
Based in Hoboken, New Jersey, Bert initially came to prominence as drummer for the experimental rock band Sonic Youth during the early to mid-1980s. Bert played on the Sonic Youth releases Confusion Is Sex, Sonic Death, and Bad Moon Rising. After Bad Moon Rising, Bert quit the group.

Bert contributed during the last half of the 1980s as percussionist for noise band Pussy Galore. He was a member of Action Swingers in the early 1990s.

In the early 1990s, Bert drummed for the Chrome Cranks (which also included Peter Aaron on vocals; Jerry Teel on bass; and William Weber on stun guitar).

After the dissolution of the Cranks, Bert joined forces with guitarist Kid Congo, guitarist Jack Martin, bassist/vocalist Jerry Teel and organist Barry London in the rootsy New York City band Knoxville Girls.

Throughout, Bert managed to release a handful of recordings by his percussive/concussive vehicle Bewitched. Releases by Bewitched include the Chocolate Frenzy 12" EP; some albums, including Harshing My Mellow on No. 6 Records; and the "Hey White Homie" 7" on Sub Pop. Bewitched toured with S.Y. and STP (short-lived NYC all-female foxcore band which included PG guitarist Julie Cafritz) during the summer of 1990, the year Goo was released.

During the late 1990s, Bert and his wife, artist Linda Wolfe, began publishing BBGun, a zine that primarily covers punk rock.

In 1998, Bert contributed the liner notes and interviewed Suicide for the reissue of the band's eponymous second album.

Bert played with Five Dollar Priest as well as with the International Shades, which features ex-Live Skull guitarist Mark C. and former Pier Platters shop assistant-turned-keyboardist Dorien Garry among others.

In 2011 Thick Syrup Records released the compilation cd Bewitched - Bob Bert Presents: The Worst Poetry Of 1986 - 1993, featuring all tracks Bob Bert recorded with Bewitched. The label also released the last album of the re-united Chrome Cranks featuring Bert on drums.

Bert is now playing with Retrovirus (Lydia Lunch, Weasel Walter, Tim Dahl), who have released studio and live albums, and also with Wolfmanhattan Project with Kid Congo Powers (The Gun Club, The Cramps, Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds, Knoxville Girls, Pink Monkey Birds) and Mick Collins (The Gories, The Dirtbombs).

In 2019, Bert released I'm Just the Drummer: My Time Behind Sonic Youth, Pussy Galore, Chrome Cranks & BB Gun Magazine, a book compiling his photographs and interviews he did with artists he collaborated with or that influenced him.

With Sonic Youth

 * Confusion is Sex, 1982
 * Kill Yr Idols, 1983
 * Bad Moon Rising, 1984
 * Sonic Death, 1984
 * Death Valley 69, 1984

With Lee Ranaldo

 * Between the Times and the Tides, 2012

Bewitched

 * Chocolate Frenzy 12" EP
 * Brain Eraser, No. 6 Records
 * Harshing My Mellow, No. 6 Records
 * "Hey White Homie" 7" Sub Pop.
 * Bob Bert Presents: The Worst Poetry of 1986-1993, Thick Syrup Records 2011

Chrome Cranks

 * Dead Cool, CD Crypt, 1995
 * Love In Exile, CD PCP, 1996
 * Oily Cranks, CD Atavistic Records, 1997
 * Diabolical Boogie: Singles, Demos & Rarities (1992 B.C.- 1998 A.D.) CD, Atavistic Records, 2006
 * Ain't No Lies In Blood CD, Thick Syrup Records 2011

With Lydia Lunch Retrovirus

 * Retrovirus, Recorded live at the Knitting Factory, Brooklin, NY, Nov 15, 2012 (CD / Widowspeak, 2013)
 * Urge to Kill (CD / Widowspeak / Rustblade / Brava, 2015)
 * Live in Zurich (CD / Widowspeak, 2016)

With Wolfmanhattan Project

 * Smells Like You, (7", In The Red Recordings, 2015)
 * Blue Gene Stew, (CD/Album, In the Red Recordings, 2019)

With John Spencer and the HITMakers

 * Spencer Gets It Lit, (Album, Bronzerat/Shove Records, 2022)

title: Bob Bert


text:
İstiklal Avenue

İstiklal Avenue (İstiklal Caddesi) is a 1.4 kilometre (0.87 mi) pedestrian street in the historic Beyoğlu (Pera) district in Istanbul, Turkey. It is one of the most famous avenues in the city. It acquired its modern name after the declaration of the Republic on 29 October 1923, İstiklal (Independence) commemorating Turkey's triumph in its War of Independence.

The street starts at the northern end of Galata (the medieval Genoese quarter) at Tünel Square and runs as far as Taksim Square. It was historically known as the Grand Avenue of Pera (جادهٔ كبیر; Μεγάλη Οδός του Πέραν). İstiklal Avenue is flanked by late Ottoman era buildings (mostly from the 19th and early 20th centuries) in a variety of styles including Neo-Classical, Neo-Gothic, Renaissance Revival, Beaux-Arts, Art Nouveau and First Turkish National Architecture. There are also a few Art Deco style buildings from the early years of the Turkish Republic, and a number of more recent examples of modern architecture. Many would once have been apartment blocks but most are now occupied by  boutiques, music stores, art galleries, cinemas, theatres, libraries, cafés, pubs, nightclubs with live music, hotels, historical patisseries, chocolateries, restaurants and a steadily growing number of international chain stores, as well as a branch of Madame Tussauds.

Galatasaray Square marks the middle of the avenue and is home to the oldest secondary school in Turkey: the Galatasaray High School (Galatasaray Lisesi), originally known as the Galata Sarayı Enderun-u Hümayunu (Galata Palace Imperial School). A monument, erected in 1973, commemorates the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Turkish Republic.

The avenue forms a spine with narrow side streets running off it like a ribcage. Many historical and politically significant buildings can be found on or immediately adjacent to Istiklal Avenue. They include the Çiçek Pasajı (Flower Passage) which is full of lively restaurants and taverns; the Balık Pazarı (The Fish Market) with the Armenian church of Üç Horan to one side; the Hüseyin Ağa Mosque; the Roman Catholic churches of Santa Maria Draperis and S. Antonio di Padova; the Greek Orthodox church of Hagia Triada; several academic institutions established by Austria, France, Germany and Italy in the 19th century; and the consulates (embassies until 1923 when these moved to the new capital of Ankara) of France, Greece, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain and Sweden (the consulate of the United Kingdom is just off Istiklal Avenue on Meşrutiyet Street).

At the southern end of the avenue, it is possible to board the Tünel (the Tunnel), the world's second-oldest subway, which entered service in 1875 and carries passengers down to Karaköy. A photogenic red-and-cream tram runs along the street from Tünel to Taksim Square every 15 minutes.

History
During the Ottoman period, the avenue was called Cadde-i Kebir (Grand Avenue) in Turkish or the Grande Rue de Péra in French. It was a popular gathering place where Ottoman intellectual rubbed shoulders with Europeans and the local Italian and French Levantines. When 19th-century travelers referred to Constantinople (today Istanbul) as the Paris of the East, they were usually thinking of the Grande Rue de Péra and its cosmopolitan, half-European, half-Asian culture.

On 6–7 September 1955 an anti-Greek Istanbul pogrom resulted in many shops along the avenue being pillaged; its pavements were covered with broken glass, scattered clothing, smashed white goods, burned automobiles and other items that had belonged to the Greek owners of the wrecked shops.

Between the 1950s and 1970s the side streets around the Emek Pasajı were home to Yeşilcam, Turkey's home-grown equivalent of Hollywood, a fact commemorated in the street name Yeşilcam Sokağı.

The avenue fell from grace in the 1970s and 1980s as the old Istanbulite inhabitants moving elsewhere, and the side streets (then infamous for bars and night clubs with live music and shows, called pavyon in Turkish) were repopulated by migrants from rural Anatolia.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, a revival took place, spearheaded and executed by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Beyoğlu Municipality. Historic buildings were restored, the street was pedestrianised, and the old historic trams were reinstated, bringing back much of the avenue's old charm and popularity.

İstiklal Avenue became the center for fine arts and leisure in Istanbul once again and real estate prices skyrocketed. Numerous new art galleries, bookstores, cafés, pubs, restaurants, shops and hotels were opened in and around the street, and venues around it became the host to many international art festivals, such as the annual Istanbul Film Festival.

Until the mid-2010s, İstiklal Avenue was also a popular venue for all sorts of parades, marches and gatherings, such as the Istanbul Pride and International Women's Day. However, after the Gezi Park protests of 2013, all such gatherings have been effectively banned, citing security reasons.

On 19 March 2016, an Islamic State suicide bombing on Istiklal Avenue killed five people.

On 13 November 2022, a bomb explosion on Istiklal Avenue killed 6 people and left 81 injured. Police detained a Syrian woman, Ahlam Albashir, suspected of being a Kurdish insurgent having planted the bomb, in a sweep of 47 arrests.

Notable buildings

 * Religious buildings
 * Church of Sant'Antonio di Padova
 * Hagia Triada Greek Orthodox Church
 * Church of Santa Maria Draperis
 * Hüseyin Ağa Mosque
 * Schools
 * Galatasaray High School
 * Historic buildings and residences
 * Old Galatasaray Post Office
 * Rumeli Pasajı (Cité Roumelie)
 * Hazzopulo Pasajı
 * Mısır Apartments
 * Casa Botter, one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture in Istanbul
 * Grand Pera, home in the past to the Cercle d'Orient and now to Madame Tussauds Istanbul
 * Tokatliyan Han, once home to the Grand Tokatliyan Hotel
 * Food and drink
 * Çiçek Pasajı (Cité de Péra), site of the Naum Theatre until 1870
 * Lebon Patisserie & Café, a defunct historic pastry shop and café
 * Markiz Pastanesi, a renowned historic pâtisserie and chocolaterie
 * Narmanlı Han, originally home to the Russian Embassy, later home to artist Aliye Berger, today houses cafés and restaurants
 * Diplomatic missions
 * Dutch Consulate
 * French Consulate
 * Greek Consulate
 * Russian Consulate
 * Swedish Consulate
 * Culture and arts
 * Istanbul Cinema Museum
 * Yapı Kredi Art Gallery
 * Beyoğlu Sanat Galerisi
 * Akbank Sanat Galerisi
 * SALT Beyoğlu
 * Meşher Art Gallery

title: İstiklal Avenue