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Great Disappointment

The Great Disappointment in the Millerite movement was the reaction that followed Baptist preacher William Miller's proclamation that Jesus Christ would return to the Earth by 1844, which he called the Second Advent. His study of the Daniel 8 prophecy during the Second Great Awakening led him to conclude that Daniel's "cleansing of the sanctuary" was cleansing the world from sin when Christ would come, and he and many others prepared. When Jesus did not appear by October 22, 1844, Miller and his followers were disappointed.

These events paved the way for the Adventists who formed the Seventh-day Adventist Church. They contended that what had happened on October 22 was not Jesus's return, as Miller had thought, but the start of Jesus's final work of atonement, the cleansing in the heavenly sanctuary, leading up to the Second Coming.

Miller's apocalyptic claims
Between 1831 and 1844, on the basis of his study of the Bible, and particularly the prophecy of Daniel 8:14 —"Unto two thousand and three hundred days; then shall the sanctuary be cleansed"—William Miller, a rural New York farmer and Baptist lay preacher, predicted and preached the return of Jesus Christ to the earth. Miller's teachings form the theological foundation of Seventh-day Adventism. Four topics were especially important:

 * 1) Miller's use of the Bible;
 * 2) his eschatology;
 * 3) his perspective on the first and second angel's messages of Revelation 14; and;
 * 4) the seven-month movement that ended with the "Great Disappointment".

Miller's use of the Bible
Miller's approach was thorough and methodical, intensive and extensive. His central principle for interpreting the Bible was that "all scripture is necessary" and that no part should be bypassed. To understand a doctrine, Miller said one needed to "bring all scriptures together on the subject you wish to know; then let every word have its proper influence, and if you can form your theory without a contradiction you cannot be in error." He held that the Bible should be its own expositor. By comparing scripture with scripture a person could unlock the meaning of the Bible. In that way the Bible became a person's authority, whereas if a creed of other individuals or their writings served as the basis of authority, then that external authority became central rather than the teaching of the Bible itself. Miller's guidelines concerning the interpretation of Bible prophecy was built upon the same concepts set forth in his general rules. The Bible, so far as Miller and his followers were concerned, was the supreme authority in all matters of faith and doctrine.

Second Advent
The Millerite movement was primarily concerned with the return of Jesus, literally, visually, in the clouds of heaven. The French Revolution was one of several factors that caused many Bible students around the world who shared Miller's concerns to delve into the time prophecies of Daniel using the historicist methodology of interpretation. They concluded, to their satisfaction, that the end of the 1,260-"day" prophecy of Daniel 7:25 in 1798 started the era of "time of the end". They next considered the 2,300 "days" of Daniel 8:14.

There were three things that Miller determined about this text:
 * 1) that the 2,300 symbolic days represented 2,300 real years, as evidenced in Ezekiel 4:6 and Numbers 14:34;
 * 2) that the sanctuary represents the earth or church; and
 * 3) by referring to 2 Peter 3:7, that the 2,300 years ended with the burning of the earth at the Second Advent.

Miller tied the 2,300-day vision to the Prophecy of Seventy Weeks in Daniel 9 where a beginning date is given. He concluded that the 70 weeks (or 70 sevens, or 490 days) were the first 490 years of the 2,300 years. The 490 years were to begin with the command to rebuild and restore Jerusalem. The Bible records four decrees concerning Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity:

 * 1) 536 BC: Decree by Cyrus to rebuild the temple.
 * 2) 519 BC: Decree by Darius I to finish the temple.
 * 3) 457 BC: Decree by Artaxerxes I of Persia.
 * 4) 444 BC: Decree by Artaxerxes to Nehemiah to finish the wall at Jerusalem.

The decree by Artaxerxes empowered Ezra to ordain laws and to set up magistrates and judges for the restored Jewish state. It also gave him unlimited funds to rebuild whatever he wanted at Jerusalem.

Miller concluded that 457 BC was the beginning of the 2,300-day (or -year) prophecy, which meant that it would end about 1843–1844 (457 BC + 2300 years = 1843 AD). And so, too, the Second Advent would happen about that time.

Miller assumed that the "cleansing of the sanctuary" represented purification of the earth by fire at Christ's Second Coming. Using an interpretive principle known as the day-year principle, Miller, along with others, interpreted a prophetic "day" to read not as a 24-hour period, but rather a calendar year. Miller became convinced that the 2,300-day period started in 457 BC, the date of the decree to rebuild Jerusalem by Artaxerxes I of Persia. His interpretation led Miller to believe—and predict, despite urging of his supporters—that Christ would return in "about 1843". Miller narrowed the time period to sometime in the Jewish year 5604, stating: "My principles in brief, are, that Jesus Christ will come again to this earth, cleanse, purify, and take possession of the same, with all the saints, sometime between March 21, 1843, and March 21, 1844." March 21, 1844, passed without incident, but the majority of Millerites maintained their faith.

After further discussion and study, Miller briefly adopted a new date—April 18, 1844—one based on the Karaite Jewish calendar (as opposed to the Rabbinic calendar). Like the previous date, April 18 passed without Christ's return. In the Advent Herald of April 24, Joshua Himes wrote that all the "expected and published time" had passed and admitted that they had been "mistaken in the precise time of the termination of the prophetic period". Josiah Litch surmised that the Adventists were probably "only in error relative to the event which marked its close". Miller published a letter "To Second Advent Believers," writing, "I confess my error, and acknowledge my disappointment; yet I still believe that the day of the Lord is near, even at the door."

In August 1844, at a camp meeting in Exeter, New Hampshire, Samuel S. Snow presented a new interpretation, which became known as the "seventh-month message" or the "true midnight cry". In a complex discussion based on scriptural typology, Snow presented his conclusion (still based on the 2,300-day prophecy in Daniel 8:14) that Christ would return on "the tenth day of the seventh month of the present year, 1844". Using the calendar of the Karaite Jews, he determined this date to be October 22, 1844. This "seventh-month message" "spread with a rapidity unparalleled in the Millerites experience" amongst the general population.

October 22, 1844
October 22 passed without incident, resulting in feelings of disappointment among many Millerites. Henry Emmons, a Millerite, later wrote,

"I waited all Tuesday [October 22] and dear Jesus did not come;—I waited all the forenoon of Wednesday, and was well in body as I ever was, but after 12 o'clock I began to feel faint, and before dark I needed someone to help me up to my chamber, as my natural strength was leaving me very fast, and I lay prostrate for 2 days without any pain—sick with disappointment."

Repercussions

The Millerites had to deal with their own shattered expectations, as well as considerable criticism and even violence from the public. Many followers had given up their possessions in expectation of Christ's return. On November 18, 1844, Miller wrote to Himes about his experiences:

"Some are tauntingly enquiring, 'Have you not gone up?' Even little children in the streets are shouting continually to passersby, 'Have you a ticket to go up?' The public prints, of the most fashionable and popular kind [...] are caricaturing in the most shameful manner of the 'white robes of the saints,' Revelation 6:11, the 'going up,' and the great day of 'burning.' Even the pulpits are desecrated by the repetition of scandalous and false reports concerning the 'ascension robes', and priests are using their powers and pens to fill the catalogue of scoffing in the most scandalous periodicals of the day."

There were also the instances of violence: a Millerite church was burned in Ithaca, New York, and two were vandalized in Dansville and Scottsville. In Loraine, Illinois, a mob attacked the Millerite congregation with clubs and knives, while a group in Toronto was tarred and feathered. Shots were fired at another Canadian group meeting in a private house.

Both Millerite leaders and followers were left generally bewildered and disillusioned. Responses varied: some continued to look daily for Christ's return, while others predicted different dates—among them April, July, and October 1845. Some theorized that the world had entered the seventh millennium—the "Great Sabbath", and that therefore, the saved should not work. Others acted as children, basing their belief on Jesus' words in Mark 10:15: "Truly, I say to you, whoever does not receive the kingdom of God like a child shall not enter it." Millerite O. J. D. Pickands used Revelation 14:14–16 to teach that Christ was now sitting on a white cloud and must be prayed down. It has been speculated that the majority simply gave up their beliefs and attempted to rebuild their lives. Some members rejoined their previous denominations. A substantial number joined the Shakers.

By mid-1845, doctrinal lines among the various Millerite groups began to solidify, and the groups emphasized their differences, in a process George R. Knight terms "sect building". During this time, there were three main Millerite groups—in addition to those who had simply given up their beliefs.

The first major division of the Millerite groups who retained a belief in Christ's Second Advent were those who focused on the "shut-door" belief. Popularized by Joseph Turner, this belief was based on a key Millerite passage, Matthew 25:1–13; the Parable of the Ten Virgins.

The shut door mentioned in Matthew 25:11–12 was interpreted as the close of probation. As Knight explains, "After the door was shut, there would be no additional salvation. The wise virgins (true believers) would be in the kingdom, while the foolish virgins and all others would be on the outside."

The widespread acceptance of the shut-door belief lost ground as doubts were raised about the significance of the October 22, 1844, date—if nothing happened on that date, then there could be no shut door. The opposition to these shut-door beliefs was led by Himes and make up the second post-1844 group. This faction soon gained the upper hand, even converting Miller to their point of view. Their influence was enhanced by the staging of the Albany Conference. The Advent Christian Church has its roots in this post-Great Disappointment group.

The third major post-disappointment Millerite group also claimed, like the Hale- and Turner-led group, that the October 22 date was correct. Rather than Christ having returned invisibly, however, they concluded that the event that took place on October 22, 1844, was quite different. The theology of this third group appears to have had its beginnings as early as October 23, 1844—the day after the Great Disappointment. On that day, during a prayer session with a group of Advent believers, Hiram Edson became convinced that "light would be given" and their "disappointment explained".

Edson's experience led him into an extended study on the topic with O. R. L. Crosier and F. B. Hahn. They came to the conclusion that Miller's assumption that the sanctuary represented the earth was in error. "The sanctuary to be cleansed in Daniel 8:14 was not the earth or the church, but the sanctuary in heaven." Therefore, the October 22 date marked not the Second Coming of Christ, but rather a heavenly event. Out of this third group arose the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and this interpretation of the Great Disappointment forms the basis for the Seventh-day Adventist doctrine of the pre-Advent Divine Investigative Judgement. Their interpretations were published in early 1845 in the Day Dawn.

Connection to the Baháʼí Faith
Members of the Baháʼí Faith believe that Miller's interpretation of signs and dates of the coming of Jesus were, for the most part, correct. They believe that the fulfillment of biblical prophecies of the coming of Christ came through a forerunner of their own religion, the Báb, who declared that he was the "Promised One" on May 23, 1844, and began openly teaching in Persia in October 1844. Several Baháʼí books and pamphlets make mention of the Millerites, the prophecies used by Miller and the Great Disappointment, most notably Baháʼí follower William Sears' Thief in the Night.

It was noted that the year AD 1844 was also the Year AH 1260. Sears tied Daniel's prophecies in with the Book of Revelation in the New Testament in support of Baháʼí teaching, interpreting the year 1260 as the "times, time and half a time" of Daniel 7:25 (3 and 1/2 years = 42 months = 1,260 days). Using the same day-year principle as did William Miller, Sears decoded these texts into the year AH 1260, or 1844.

It is believed by Baháʼís that if William Miller had known the year 1844 was also the year AH 1260, then he may have considered that there were other signs to look for. The Baháʼí interpretation of chapters 11 and 12 of the Book of Revelation, together with the predictions of Daniel, were explained by 'Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, to Laura Clifford Barney and published in 1908 in Chapters 10, 11 and 13 of "Some Answered Questions". The explanation provided in Chapter 10 draws on the same biblical verses that William Miller used, and comes to the same conclusion about the year in which to expect the 'cleansing of the sanctuary' which was interpreted by 'Abdu'l-Bahá to be the 'dawn' of a new 'Revelation' – AD 1844.

Other views
The Great Disappointment is viewed by some scholars as an example of the psychological phenomenon of cognitive dissonance. The theory was proposed by Leon Festinger to describe the formation of new beliefs and increased proselytizing in order to reduce the tension, or dissonance, that results from failed prophecies. According to the theory, believers experienced tension following the failure of Jesus's reappearance in 1844, which led to a variety of new explanations. The various solutions form a part of the teachings of the different groups that outlived the disappointment.

title: Great Disappointment


text:
John Davies of Hereford

John Davies of Hereford (c. 1565 – July 1618) was a writing-master and an Anglo-Welsh poet. He referred to himself as John Davies of Hereford (after the city where he was born) in order to distinguish himself from others of the same name, particularly the contemporary poet Sir John Davies (1569–1626).

Davies wrote very copiously on theological and philosophical themes, some of which brought proto-scientific ideas into the public arena. He also wrote many epigrams on his contemporaries which have some historical interest. John Davies died in London.

Davies was a friend of Edmund Ashfield, and wrote in an epigram that he nearly accompanied Ashfield on his journey to Scotland in 1599.

Works

 * Mirum in Modum, a Glimpse of God's Glory and the Soul's Shape (1602)
 * Microcosmos (1603)
 * Wittes Pilgrimage (1605?)
 * Bien Venu (1606)
 * Summa Totalis (1607)
 * Humours Heav'n on Earth (1609)
 * The Holy Roode (1609)
 * The Scourge of Folly (1611)
 * The Muse's Sacrifice (1612)
 * The Picture of a Happy Man (1612)
 * A Select Second Husband for Sir Thomas Overburie's Wife (1616)
 * Wit's Bedlam (1617)

These rare editions were compiled by Reverend Alexander Balloch Grosart (1827–1899) into a two-volume edition privately printed in one hundred copies in 1875 and 1878 at the Edinburgh University Press by Thomas and Archibald Constable as part of the "Chertsey Worthies' library" subscription series. The complete works of John Davies of Hereford (15??-1618) was "for the first time collected and edited: with memorial introduction, notes and illustrations, glossarial index, and portrait and facsimile, &c." Grosart indicated for several of the poems that there was only one extant copy known.

A Lover's Complaint
In a 2007 monograph, Shakespeare, "A Lover's Complaint," and John Davies of Hereford, Brian Vickers attributes to Davies the poem "A Lover's Complaint", which was published by Thomas Thorpe with Shakespeare's Sonnets in 1609. This attribution goes against scholarly consensus, and in particular studies by Kenneth Muir, Eliot Slater and MacDonald P. Jackson, but is based on both a detailed demonstration of the non-Shakespearean nature of the poem and a list of numerous verbal parallels—such as 'What brest so cold that is not warmed heare' and 'What heart's so cold that is not set on fire'—between the Complaint and the known works of Davies. On Vickers's attribution it was omitted from the 2007 RSC Shakespeare Complete Works, a decision Jackson called a mistake in his RES review of Vickers's book, arguing, among other reservations, that "Evidence that, in poems undoubtedly his, Davies exhibits an intimacy with Shakespeare's works equal to that of the author of 'A Lover's Complaint' is very meagre."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Davies of Hereford


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Reading Rainbow

Reading Rainbow is an American educational children's television series that originally aired on PBS and afterward PBS Kids from July 11, 1983 to November 10, 2006, with reruns continuing to air until August 28, 2009. 155 30-minute episodes were produced over 23 seasons. Before its official premiere, the show aired for test audiences in the Nebraska and Buffalo, New York markets (their PBS member stations, the Nebraska ETV [now Nebraska Public Media] and WNED-TV, respectively, were co-producers of the show).

The purpose of the show was to encourage a love of books and reading among children. In 2012, an iPad and Kindle Fire educational interactive book reading and video field trip application was launched bearing the name of the program.

The public television series garnered over 200 broadcast awards, including a Peabody Award and 26 Emmy Awards, 10 of which were in the "Outstanding Children's Series" category. The concept of a reading series for children originated with Twila Liggett, PhD who in partnership with Cecily Truett Lancit and Larry Lancit, at Lancit Media Productions in New York created the television series. The original team also included Lynne Brenner Ganek, Ellen Schecter, and host LeVar Burton. The show's title was conceived by an unknown intern at WNED.

Each episode centered on a topic from a featured children's book that was explored through a number of on-location segments or stories. The show also recommended books for children to look for when they went to the library.

After the show's cancellation on November 10, 2006, reruns aired until August 28, 2009, when it was removed from the schedule. At the time, it was the third-longest running children's series in PBS history, after Sesame Street and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. It was the first PBS children's show to be broadcast in stereo. On June 20, 2012, the Reading Rainbow App was released for the iPad and, within 36 hours, became the #1 most-downloaded educational app in the iTunes App Store. Developed by LeVar Burton and his company, RRKIDZ, the app allows children to read unlimited books, explore video field trips starring Burton, and earn rewards for reading. On the week of July 11, 2013, Reading Rainbow celebrated its 30th anniversary.

In May 2014, a Kickstarter campaign was launched to raise funds to make the app available online and for Android, game consoles, smartphones, and other streaming devices along with creating a classroom version with the subscription fee waived for up to 13,000 disadvantaged classrooms. The effort met its initial fundraising goal of $1,000,000 in 11 hours, and ended a few days later at $5,408,916 from 105,857 backers. This campaign led to the launch of Skybrary by Reading Rainbow, a web-based expansion of the Reading Rainbow app experience.

Due to a legal dispute, licensing of the Reading Rainbow brand was revoked from RRKidz in October 2017, and all its platforms (including Skybrary) were rebranded to LeVar Burton Kids.

An interactive revival titled Reading Rainbow Live debuted on Looped in March 2022.

Show details
Reading Rainbow was hosted by actor and executive producer LeVar Burton, who was then known for his role in Roots. The show was produced first by Lancit Media Entertainment (1983-2001), and later On-Screen Entertainment (2002-2006). Every episode featured a different children's picture book, often narrated by a celebrity. The featured story's illustrations were scanned by the camera in a technique known as "iconographic animation" of each page shown in succession, although on certain occasions the shots would be animated.

After the featured story, Burton visited many places relating to the episode's theme, often featuring interviews with guests. A notable example is the season 6 premiere episode, which featured the book The Bionic Bunny Show by Marc Brown and his wife Laurene, and included a behind-the-scenes look at the TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation, in which Burton was a main cast member.

The last segment of each show, called Book Reviews, began with Burton's introductory catchphrase, "But you don't have to take my word for it," and featured children giving capsule reviews of books they liked. At the end of almost every episode, Burton signed off by telling the audience "I'll see you next time", with a review of the books featured in that episode beginning in season 2.

The series' pilot, which was created and produced in 1981 and aired as the show's 8th episode in 1983, featured the book Gila Monsters Meet You at the Airport by Marjorie Weinman Sharmat and was narrated by Doug Parvin. Producer Larry Lancit's daughters, Shaune and Caitlin, were often featured in the series, notably as the children thanking the sponsors at the beginning and end of the show.

Theme song and opening sequence
The show's theme song was written by Steve Horelick, Dennis Neil Kleinman, and Janet Weir; the former also served as the series' music director and composer for all 155 episodes and received an Emmy nomination in 2007 for his work on the series. Over the show's 23-year run, it went through three different versions of the theme song. The original theme (used from 1983 to 1999) was performed by Tina Fabrique and featured one of the first uses of the Buchla synthesizer in a TV theme song. The original opening sequence, which consisted of an animated butterfly transforming the surroundings of young children reading books into animated fantasy lands, was used until January 1, 1999. The introductory animation was produced by Ovation Films, Inc. and designed and animated by Bill Davis. Some episodes (from 1983 through 1999) had the end credits having the full version of the 1983-1999 theme song (sung by the same singer—Tina Fabrique) --with some episodes (with the said song) repeating two or three times.

On January 4, 1999, episodes began using a new live-action opening sequence and featured CGI in a new space-themed world, with a new arrangement of the original song by Steve Horelick and performed by Johnny Kemp. A third intro was used starting on May 8, 2000, with a rerecorded version and the original lyrics performed by R&B artist Chaka Khan. This opening sequence is mostly the same as the second one, but features footage of Burton in place of some of the animated elements.

Final years as a TV series (2005–2006)
Original production of the series was to have ended after April 4, 2005, with the show continuing to air in reruns, but Burton said on February 7, 2006, that five new episodes of the show would be shot the same year despite the continuing financial issues of PBS. The show aired its final original episode on November 10, 2006 and continued to air reruns until on August 28, 2009.

Not only was PBS unable to secure enough funds to cover the costs associated with renewing broadcast rights and continuing reruns, the show's core philosophy was challenged as well. Reading Rainbow prominently featured published books throughout each episode, and licensing those books to be read aloud on the air was costly—an expensive move that producing station WNED decided not to make. Prior to the cancellation, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the U.S. Department of Education provided funds for the production of Reading Rainbow and a number of other PBS children's series throughout the early 2000s. The "Ready to Learn" grant was designed for television programming that encourage early childhood learning and development. However, under the No Child Left Behind Act, this grant was focused much more narrowly toward programs that teach literacy skills, phonics, and spelling after 2005. Since Reading Rainbow was originally developed upon fostering a love of reading books, and not necessarily developing reading skills, the funding was redirected toward other programs, and led to the launch of new skills-based programming, like Super Why!, WordWorld, and a reboot of The Electric Company.

Announcement and early developments (2010–2014)
Former executive producer LeVar Burton announced on his Twitter feed on March 19, 2010, that "Reading Rainbow 2.0 is in the works." In 2011, WNED, the PBS affiliate in Buffalo, New York that owns the Reading Rainbow brand, licensed rights to the brand to Burton and his company, RRKidz. On March 4, 2012, he announced that it was the "last day of shooting before launch!"

On June 13, 2012, in a special presentation at Apple Inc's annual World Wide Developers Conference, Burton and his business partner, Mark Wolfe, introduced the new Reading Rainbow iPad App. It became available in Apple's iTunes Store on June 20, 2012, and within 36 hours was the #1 educational app. In January 2014, the Reading Rainbow App surpassed 10M books read and video field trips watched by children in 18 months.

Kickstarter revival campaign and aftermath (2014–22)
On May 28, 2014, LeVar Burton started a Kickstarter fund to revive the show and materials. In under 12 hours the show had reached its $1 million goal. The new goal was to create an educational version for schools to use, free of cost to those schools in need, and help America get back to high literacy rates. They are also going to create a website for students to use to assist them with learning how to read. The following day, May 29, 2014, they reached $2million (double their goal) at 1:15 pm. PST. The campaign raised $5,408,916 on Kickstarter with another $1million from Family Guy creator/animator Seth MacFarlane and $70,000 raised via direct contributions. The grand total was $6,478,916.

With 105,857 backers, the campaign holds Kickstarter's record for most backers and is the 8th highest amount raised on Kickstarter (as of June 1, 2015).

The first product of the Kickstarter campaign was Skybrary by Reading Rainbow. Launched in May 2015, it was a web based subscription service that duplicated the Reading Rainbow app experience. In addition to narrating many of the books, Burton hosted video fieldtrips which connected kids to real world experiences at places like NASA HQ and Niagara Falls.

In March 2016, RRKidz launched a new online educational service called Reading Rainbow Skybrary for Schools, which followed the same mission of the television series, while expanding to integrate into classroom curriculums.

In August 2017, WNED filed a wide-ranging lawsuit against Burton and RRKidz that demanded Burton's company hand over administrative access to other websites and social media accounts. The lawsuit also sought to enjoin Burton from using the Reading Rainbow catchphrase, "But you don't have to take my word for it," on his podcast.

In October 2017, WNED and RRKidz settled out of court. While the exact terms were confidential, the result was that RRKidz was no longer a licensee of the Reading Rainbow brand. RRKidz was rebranded LeVar Burton Kids and its services (including Skybrary) removed references to Reading Rainbow. In addition, Burton was allowed to continue using the Reading Rainbow catchphrase. Visiting the official Reading Rainbow website provided a page that stated "Recent legal disputes between WNED and LeVar Burton/RRKIDZ have been resolved and RRKIDZ no longer licenses the Reading Rainbow brand from WNED. WNED is currently working on the next chapter of Reading Rainbow and will continue its mission of fostering education for a new generation."

WNED announced in November 2018 that research and development had begun on a new Reading Rainbow program thanks to a $200,000 grant from The John R. Oishei Foundation.

Skybrary was acquired by Reading is Fundamental in March 2019.

In December 2021, it was announced that the show would be revived as Reading Rainbow Live, an interactive version featuring multiple hosts, dubbed "The Rainbows". The series debuted on Looped on March 6, 2022.

Feature Book filming
The photographing of the Feature Book segments was by:
 * Centron Films (1983–1987; renamed in 1986 to "Centron Productions Inc.")
 * Loren Dolezal (1988–1998; renamed in 1995 to "Dolezal Animation"); Take Ten Animation teamed up with Dolezal from 1995 to 1998.
 * On Screen Entertainment (2000–2006)
 * Roger Holden, designer of the digital animation photography system used by Centron Films to film the Feature Book segments (1983–87)

Guest readers and contributors

 * Marv Albert
 * Jason Alexander (Pet Stories You Don't Have to Walk)
 * Maya Angelou (All the Colors of the Race)
 * Michael Ansara (The Gift of the Sacred Dog, Sheila MacGill-Callahan's and Barry Moser's And Still the Turtle Watched)
 * Lucie Arnaz (When Aunt Lena Did the Rhumba)
 * Edward Asner (Dinosaur Bob and His Adventures with the Family Lazardo)
 * James Avery (Berlioz the Bear, Game Day)
 * Hoyt Axton (Meanwhile Back at the Ranch)
 * Julia Barr (Raccoons and Ripe Corn, Deer at the Brook, Come Out, Muskrats)
 * Angela Bassett (The Wonderful Towers of Watts)
 * Orson Bean (The Runaway Duck)
 * Philip Bosco (Desert Giant: The World of the Saguaro Cactus)
 * Reizl Bozyk (Mrs. Katz and Tush)
 * Wayne Brady (Mr. George Baker)
 * Jeff Bridges (The Tin Forest)
 * Fran Brill (Dive to the Coral Reefs)
 * Matthew Broderick (Owen)
 * Ruth Buzzi (Miss Nelson is Back)
 * David Canary (Work Song)
 * Jose Canseco
 * Diahann Carroll (Show Way)
 * Dixie Carter (Come a Tide)
 * Lacey Chabert (Snowy Day: Stories and Poems)
 * Julia Child (Florence and Eric Take the Cake)
 * Roy Clark (Barn Dance)
 * Kevin Clash (Elmo from Sesame Street)
 * Imogene Coca (Imogene's Antlers)
 * James Coco (Perfect the Pig)
 * Tim Conway (The Secret Shortcut)
 * Bill Cosby (Arthur's Eyes, Dennis Nolan's Big Pig)
 * Denise Crosby
 * Jim Cummings (Frog and Toad)
 * Jane Curtin (Duncan and Dolores)
 * Tyne Daly (Amazing Grace)
 * Keith David (Follow the Drinking Gourd)
 * Ossie Davis (Summer)
 * Ruby Dee (Simon's Book, Tar Beach, Badger's Parting Gifts)
 * Josie de Guzman (Saturday Sancocho)
 * Brian Dennehy (Kate Shelley and the Midnight Express)
 * Phyllis Diller (Ludlow Laughs)
 * Michael Dorn
 * Ann Duquesnay (Hip Cat)
 * Eliza Dushku (Unique Monique)
 * Buddy Ebsen (Steven Kellogg's Paul Bunyan)
 * Georgia Engel (Chickens Aren't the Only Ones)
 * Hector Elizondo (Brush)
 * Fernando Escandon (Hill of Fire)
 * Lola Falana (Sophie and Lou)
 * Peter Falk (The Robbery at the Diamond Dog Diner)
 * Jamie Farr (The Sign Painter's Dream)
 * Barbara Feldon (The Life Cycle of the Honeybee)
 * Tovah Feldshuh (The Piggy in the Puddle)
 * Ron Foster (My Little Island)
 * Jonathan Frakes
 * Vincent Gardenia (Louis the Fish, The Adventures of Taxi Dog)
 * Richard Gere (The Biggest Test in the Universe)
 * Jack Gilford (The Purple Coat)
 * Whoopi Goldberg
 * Jane Goodall
 * Robert Guillaume (My Shadow)
 * Lorne Greene (Ox-Cart Man)
 * Ed Harris (Enemy Pie)
 * Jo Hayden (Martha Speaks)
 * Jim Henson (Kermit the Frog from The Muppets)
 * William Hickey (Dennis Nolan's Monster Bubbles: A Counting Book, Willi Glasauer's (Greetings from the Surreal)
 * Gregory Hines (Zin! Zin! Zin! A Violin)
 * Anna Holbrook (Regina's Big Mistake)
 * Lena Horne (Snowy Day: Stories and Poems)
 * Beth Howland (If You Give a Mouse a Cookie)
 * Scott Irby-Ranniar (My Life with the Wave)
 * Anne Jackson (Stellaluna)
 * Victoria Jackson (Tooth-Gnasher Superflash)
 * James Earl Jones (Bringing the Rain to Kapiti Plain)
 * Raul Julia (Mystery on the Docks)
 * Madeline Kahn (Bea and Mr. Jones)
 * Carol Kane (Someplace Else)
 * Charles Kimbrough (June 29, 1999)
 * Regina King (Max)
 * Eartha Kitt (Is This a House for Hermit Crab?)
 * Linda Lavin (Ruth Law Thrills a Nation)
 * Robin Leach
 * Michael Learned (Appelemando's Dreams)
 * Maya Lin
 * Viveca Lindfors (Rechenka's Eggs)
 * Amy Linker (A Chair for My Mother)
 * Keye Luke (The Paper Crane)
 * Michele Mariana (Stay Away from the Junkyard!)
 * Olga Merediz (Borreguita and the Coyote)
 * Andrea McArdle (Lemonade for Sale)
 * Bruce McAvaney (The Club)
 * Gates McFadden
 * Bobby McFerrin
 * Mark McGwire
 * Marilyn Michaels (Gregory the Terrible Eater)
 * Stephanie Mills (Bea and Mr. Jones)
 * Helen Mirren (How to Make an Apple Pie and See the World)
 * Robert Morse (Sunken Treasure)
 * Fred Newman (Mama Don't Allow, Fox on the Job)
 * Jerry Orbach (Germs Make Me Sick!)
 * Corinne Orr (Aliki's Mummies Made in Egypt)
 * Frank Oz (Fozzie Bear from The Muppets)
 * Jane Pauley (Humphrey the Lost Whale: A True Story)
 * Peter Pitofsky
 * Faith Prince (Nosey Mrs. Rat)
 * Freddie Prinze Jr. (Beegu)
 * Keshia Knight Pulliam (The Magic School Bus: Inside the Earth)
 * Gilda Radner (The Tortoise and the Hare)
 * Phylicia Rashad (Mufaro's Beautiful Daughters)
 * Lou Rawls (Ty's One Man Band)
 * Alaina Reed (The Milk Makers)
 * Lionel Richie
 * Jason Robards (Sam the Sea Cow)
 * Al Roker (Hail to Mail)
 * Zelda Rubinstein (A Three Hat Day)
 * Run-D.M.C.
 * Lea Salonga (Silent Lotus, My America: A Poetry Atlas of the United States)
 * Isabel Sanford (The Patchwork Quilt)
 * Susan Sarandon (The Shaman's Apprentice: A Tale of the Amazon Rainforest)
 * Josh Saviano (Little Nino's Pizzeria)
 * John Sebastian
 * Pete Seeger (Abiyoyo)
 * Martin Short (Animal Cafe)
 * Marina Sirtis
 * Phoebe Snow (The Gift of the Sacred Dog)
 * Brent Spiner
 * Arnold Stang (Alistair in Outer Space, Alistair's Time Machine, Archibald Frisby)
 * Stomp
 * Patrick Stewart (On the Day You Were Born)
 * Jerry Stiller (Digging Up Dinosaurs)
 * Regina Taylor (Uncle Jed's Barber Shop)
 * Lynne Thigpen (The Salamander Room)
 * Sada Thompson (Keep the Lights Burning, Abbie)
 * Lauren Tom (Liang and the Magic Paintbrush)
 * Michelle Trachtenberg (Math Curse)
 * Alex Trebek
 * Leslie Uggams (Jack, the Seal and the Sea)
 * Ben Vereen (Ty's One Man Band)
 * Ralph Waite (Rumplestilitskin)
 * Bree Walker
 * Eli Wallach (Once There Was a Tree)
 * Adam West (The Bionic Bunny Show)
 * Steve Whitmire (Waldo C. Graphic from The Muppets)
 * William Windom (Hot-Air Henry)
 * Michael Winslow (Space Case)
 * Hattie Winston (Galimoto)
 * Alfre Woodard (Visiting Day)

Writing and illustrating contest
In 1995, the creators launched the first contest called "Reading Rainbow Young Writers and Illustrators Contest". The annual writing and illustrating competition for children grades K through 3 continued until 2009 when it was relaunched as "PBS Kids Go! Writers Contest". It was renamed to the PBS Kids Writers Contest in 2014.

title: Reading Rainbow


text:
User talk:Wayne~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --MONGO 09:18, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * How to write a great article
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Hi Wayne
Hi Wayne. I think almost everybody round here is a good guy - it's just that the bad guys can be really productive ;-) Anyway, welcome to the Wikipedia - if you need any help with anything, have a look at the Help pages or add a question to the bottom of the Village pump. All the best--Camembert

Experimenting with math notation... (This maybe should go in the sandbox. Oh, well.)

Given: $$ Girls = Time \cdot Money $$ Time = Money $$ Money = \sqrt{All Evil} $$ We may deduce: $$ Girls = (Money)\cdot Money $$ $$ Girls = Money^2 $$ $$ Girls = (\sqrt{All Evil})^2 $$ Girls = All Evil Wayne 06:51, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
Hi Wayne, sorry I reverted your revert.. I thought I was reverting the vandal but somehow something went wrong. Probably too many people in the same place at the same time... Thanks for fixing it! :-) Regards, JoanneB 10:10, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of A Wizard in Rhyme
I have nominated A Wizard in Rhyme, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/A Wizard in Rhyme. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. NativeForeigner Talk/Contribs 17:35, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wayne. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wayne~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:35, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Chainmail closeup.jpg

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title: User talk:Wayne~enwiki


text:
User:Simon George

Some info

I'm currently an English teacher in Japan and have worked also in the Czech Republic where I translated a general reference work on Bohemian history (Cesky Slovnik Dejin). Despite being a republican by political choice, I am a big fan of biographical history and find monarchy to be useful in breaking history into small manageable chunks. The BASIS of my work often comes from Britannica and the Longmans Chronicle series; but I've also researched into a number of other texts to get the bigger picture. A few examples would be John Julius Norwich's works on Byzantium and Sicily; Sir Steven Runciman's unsurpassed trilogy of The Crusades; D.H. Livermore's History of Portugal; Pal Engel's "The Realm of St Stephen"; Stuart Wolff's "Revolution and Reaction - A History of Italy 1700-1870"; Sir George Hill's "History of Cyprus" and other titles (author's names unfortunatley not to hand) such as "The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France". "The Medieval Crown of Aragon", "The Medieval Spanish Kingdoms"; "The Rise and Fall of the Dutch Republic"; "The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire", "The Cambridge History of Poland"; Freidrich Heer's "Holy Roman Empire"; the Longmans series on Russian and Hapsburg history; "A History of Modern Greece"; "A History of the Scandinavian Kingdoms". Most of my work from Japan is reliant on memory, internet sources and the few English books I can obtain here. When I return to England I will have much better resources to hand and I hope to contribute a lot more to the Wikipedia which I consider to be a project as worthy as Diderot's first "Encyclopedie" in such a profit-generated age. I have some disks of information I transcribed before coming to Japan, but as these are mostly derivative I only intend to place them here on request. .

title: User:Simon George


text:
London International Airport

The London International Airport is an  international airport located in London, Ontario, Canada. It is located 5 NM northeast of the city of London, Ontario and is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada. In 2023, the airport was listed as the 17th busiest airport in Canada in terms of aircraft movements with 102,122 flights. The airport posted a record 683,000 travelers in 2019 and 332,447 passengers in 2023. It provides services for cargo airlines and year-round flights with Air Canada Express and WestJet.

The airport is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 180 passengers; however, they can handle up to 450 if the aircraft is unloaded in stages.

London Airport, 1929–1942
In January 1927 the City of London selected a site for an airfield at Lambeth, Ontario near 42.91667°N, -81.28333°W; the adjacent section of Wonderland Road to the east between Southdale and Exeter was named Airport Road up through 1989 when the town of Westminster was established and all rural roads were named by the town. A group of local businessmen acquired the site in 1928 and by 3 May 1929 an airport license was issued to London Airport Ltd. The London Flying Club was formed in 1928 and became a tenant of the new airport. The airfield was used for flying instruction, private aviation, and for air mail. By 1933 it had become too small for some commercial aircraft.

The London Flying Club continued to use the Lambeth airfield until 7 August 1942.

London City Airport, 1940–1945
In 1935 the city decided to replace the original London Airport. Site surveys and consultations took place and on 9 September 1939, at the start of World War II, work began on a new airport located near Crumlin. The city leased the new airport to the Government of Canada, Department of Transport on 24 January 1940 for the duration of the war.

Runways 14-32 and 05-23 were paved and ready for use by July 1940 and the Royal Canadian Air Force established RCAF Station Crumlin on part of the airport. This air station was host to No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School (EFTS) and No. 4 Air Observer School (AOS), both part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.

The airport remained under civilian management and was used for civil and military aviation during the war years. The licence for London City Airport was issued on 6 May 1941. Improvements made during this time include:

 * main terminal building (civilian) opened in July 1942
 * Trans-Canada Airlines began serve to the airport in July 1942.
 * runway 08-26 added in 1943.

British Commonwealth Air Training Plan operations ended on 31 December 1944 with the closure of No. 4 Air Observer School.

The Royal Air Force Transport Command, No. 45 Group established the Mosquito Preparation and Despatching Unit at London on 10 January 1945. This detachment had twenty three members and test flew De Havilland Mosquitos built in Toronto before they were flown overseas.

After the war the airport remained under the control of the Department of Transport.

Aerodrome information
In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed at 43.03333°N, -81.15°W with a Var. 5 degrees W and elevation of 899 ft. Two runways were listed as follows:

Postwar RCAF operations 1945–1961

After World War II RCAF reserve or auxiliary squadrons were given the task of defending Canada's major cities. 420 Squadron reformed as City of London 420 (Fighter) Auxiliary Squadron at the airport in September 1948. Initially equipped with Harvard aircraft, the squadron upgraded to Mustangs in 1952 and Canadair CT-133 jets in 1954. The squadron disbanded in 1957. Air Defence Command reformed 2420 Aircraft Control and Warning (Auxiliary) Squadron at London on 1 July 1956. 2420 trained Fighter Control operators and disbanded on 31 May 1961.

RCAF Station London opened in 1950 to support a NATO Induction and Training Centre, later moved to Centralia. The station closed on 30 September 1958.

As a tribute to this period, a Canadair CT-133 aircraft in former Royal Canadian Air Force livery is mounted in front of the main terminal building.

Capital improvements since 1950
The airport has been continuously improved since World War II as navigation and air traffic control systems evolved, and as commercial aircraft became larger and larger. These improvements include:

 * 1950, installation of the Instrument Landing System (ILS) on runway 14-32
 * 1955, runway 14-32 lengthened to 6,000 feet to accommodate the Vickers Viscount
 * 1960, Meteorological Branch weather station opened
 * 1965, new terminal building opened
 * 1968, Air Canada begins DC-9 jet service
 * 1974, runway 14-32 lengthened to 8,800 feet to accommodate DC-8, Boeing 707 and 747, and L-1011 aircraft
 * 1988, runway 05-23 decommissioned
 * 1990, new radar system installed
 * 1998, control of the airport was transferred from Transport Canada to the Greater London International Airport Authority
 * 2003, main terminal building completely renovated and expanded
 * 2019, taxiway G is completely rebuilt

Other tenants

 * CHC Helicopter - Ornge (Ontario Air Ambulance)
 * Jet Aircraft Museum - currently operates six Canadair CT-133 Silver Stars, otherwise known as the T-bird
 * Executive Aviation - World Fuel Services-affiliated fixed-base operator
 * Trek Aviation - aircraft maintenance and consulting services
 * Flite Line Services London - Shell-affiliated fixed-base operator
 * Diamond Aircraft - light aircraft manufacturer
 * Discovery Air - niche flight services
 * Diamond Flight Centre - flight training school
 * Forest City Flight Centre - flight training school
 * AFS Aerial Photography - aerial photography services
 * 427 (London) Wing - Air Force Association of Canada
 * International Test Pilots School

London International Airport Fire Crash and Rescue Station provides fire and rescue operations at the airport with three crash tenders based on Blair Boulevard.

Ground transportation
Shuttle service is available for passengers wishing to connect to flights at Toronto Pearson International Airport in Toronto.

London Transit Commission provides bus service between the airport and Fanshawe College.

Airshow London
The airport is home to the annual Airshow London, the largest military airshow in Canada. It showcases ground and air display of military aircraft from the air forces of Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

title: London International Airport