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University of Malaya

The Universiti Malaya (Universiti Malaya; abbreviated as UM or informally the Malayan University) is a public research university located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is the oldest and highest ranking Malaysian institution of higher education, and was the only university in newly independent Malaya. The university has graduated five prime ministers of Malaysia, and other political, business, and cultural figures of national prominence.

The predecessor of the university, King Edward VII College of Medicine, was established on 28 September 1905 in Singapore, then a territory of the British Empire. In October 1949, the merger of the King Edward VII College of Medicine and Raffles College created the university. Rapid growth during its first decade caused the university to organize as two autonomous divisions on 15 January 1959, one located in Singapore and the other in Kuala Lumpur. In 1960, the governments of Malaya and Singapore indicated that these two divisions should become autonomous and separate national universities. One branch was located in Singapore, becoming the University of Singapore (merging into the National University of Singapore in 1980) after the independence of Singapore from Malaysia, and the other branch was located in Kuala Lumpur, retaining the name University of Malaya. Legislation was passed in 1961 and the University of Malaya was established on 1 January 1962. In 2012, UM was granted autonomy by the Ministry of Higher Education.

Today, UM has more than 2,300 faculty members and is divided into thirteen faculties, two academies, five institutes and six academic centres. In the latest QS World University Rankings, UM is currently ranked 65th in the world, 11th in Asia, 3rd in Southeast Asia and the highest ranked learning institution in Malaysia.

It also collaborated with University of Wales in 2013 to establish International University of Malaya-Wales (IUMW), a private university in Malaysia.

King Edward VII College of Medicine
The establishment of the university began with the issue of shortage of medical assistants in Singapore and Penang during the late 1890s. The problem was addressed in a report published by the Education Commission in April 1902. In the report, it was stated that the commission was in favour of establishing a medical school to fulfil the demand for medical assistants in government hospitals. However, such a view was not in favour among the European community.

Legislation was passed by the Straits Legislative Council in June 1905 under Ordinance No. XV 1905. The school opened on 3 July 1905 and began functioning in September. On 28 September 1905, Sir John Anderson officiated the school under the name 'The Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School.' The school was located in the old Female Lunatic Asylum near the Singapore General Hospital at Sepoy Lines off New Bridge Road, where four of the asylum buildings were converted into a medical school. In 1907, a lecture hall and laboratory were added. There were no library and room to keep pathological specimens.

In 1905, there were 17 medical students, four students attending the hospital assistant course. Five years later, the enrolments increased to 90 medical students and 30 trainee hospital assistants. The school had only one permanent staff which was the Principal, the teaching staff were employed on a part-time basis. The Principal was Dr Gerald Dudley Freer, who previously served as Senior Colonial Surgeon Resident of Penang.

The School Council wanted to gain recognition of its Diploma by the General Council of Medical Education in the United Kingdom to ensure that the Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery Diploma offered by the school would gain worldwide recognition. In 1916, the GCME recognised the Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery Diploma offered by the school. The licentiates were placed on the General Council's Colonial List of the British Medical Register and were entitled to practise anywhere within the British Empire.

In 1910, Dr Robert Donald Keith became the second Principal of the School. The first two years of the five-year course were devoted to pure science studies. Physics, biology and chemistry were taught in the first year, followed by physiology and elementary anatomy in the second year. The remaining three years were attachment to clinical clerkships in medicine, surgery and midwifery, which covered pathology, hygiene and medical jurisprudence. Materia Medica was integrated into the fourth year, where practical pharmacy was taught.

Students were posted to several hospitals, initially at the Singapore General Hospital. From 1908 onwards, attachments were made to Tan Tock Seng Hospital (for medicine and surgery) and Kandang Kerbau Maternity Hospital (for midwifery).

In 1912, the medical school received an endowment of $120,000 from the King Edward VII Memorial Fund, started by Dr Lim Boon Keng. Subsequently, on 18 November 1913, the name of the school was changed to the King Edward VII School of Medicine.

In the first batch of 16 students of 1905, only seven made to the final and graduated in May 1910 while the remaining six students graduated in four months later and others resigned from the school. In 1919, the drop-out rate had risen to 35%, while in 1939 the number of students failed in their final examinations stood at 44%.

At this time a hostel was built to accommodate 72 male students from the Federated Malay States.

In 1921, the school was elevated in status to college. Between 1920 and 1930, the college went through a series of transformations, by replacing the old teaching staff with a younger generation of professionals and also nine new Chairs were created, the first in Anatomy in 1920, followed by Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery & Gynaecology in 1922 and Clinical Surgery, Bacteriology, Biology, Bio-Chemistry, and Dental Surgery in 1926. And the tenth chair for Pathology was created in 1935.

In 1923, the college's new building at Outram Road was commenced. It was completed in November 1925 and officially opened by Sir Laurence Guillemard in February 1926. During the opening ceremony, the college conferred Honorary Diplomas on Sir David James Galloway, Dr Malcolm Watson and Dr Lim Boon Keng.

In 1929, Dr George V. Allen the new principal took the helm, succeeding his predecessor Dr MacAlister.

Raffles College
The establishment of Raffles College was a brainchild of Sir Stamford Raffles and Dr Robert Morison. Sir Stamford had some knowledge of the Malay language and culture, while Morison was a distinguished sinologist missionary. Both men wanted to establish a centre dedicating to the study of Malays and Chinese at tertiary level.

On 5 June 1823, a site designated for an education institution had its foundation stone laid by Sir Stamford. Soon after that, Raffles left for England and Morrison left for China, thus the establishment of the school never happened. The school building was revived as an English school named the Raffles Institution.

In 1918, Sir William George Maxwell, the Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements chaired the Maxwell Committee to review the scheme to commemorate the centenary of the founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford. The committee members were Roland Braddell, A.W. Still, Seah Ling Seah, Dr Lim Boon Keng, Mohammed Yusoff bin Mohammed, N.V. Samy, and Mannesseh Meyer. The working committee headed by H.W. Firmstone recommended the establishment of a college for tertiary education to commemorate the centenary founding of Singapore. On 12 July 1919, the Government decided to undertake the construction of the building with the cost not more than $1,000,000 and would contribute $50,000 as annual recurrent expenditure as soon as the Centenary Committee had collected $2,000,000 for the Raffles College Endowment Fund. On 31 August 1920, the committee had achieved the figure, amounting to $2,391,040. On 31 May 1920, Richard Olaf Winstedt was appointed as the Acting Principal of Raffles College. The course offered was a three-year basis. The establishment of the school was seen far more systematic compared to the King Edward VII Medical College. The school was situated at a site called the Economic Gardens and was designed by Cyril Farey and Graham Dawbarn. And the construction took place in 1926.

Following completion of the first hostel, Raffles College was opened informally to students on 12 June 1928. Of the first 43 students, nine were private students, and the rest were government-funded; there were two women among this first cohort. On 22 July 1929, Raffles College was formally established. Its students studied either arts or sciences, and graduated with a diploma after three years. Science students were permitted to use the labs of the King Edward VII College. Four years later, the College Council proposed changes in the curriculum, so that the Diploma could be furthered to a Degree through external examinations in collaboration with universities in England.

In 1937, Sir Shenton Thomas declared the college would have a full-time Principal. The college had its fourth Principal, Alexander Keir, succeeding Frederick Joseph Morten. By 1939 war was waged in Europe, and had put a halt to the development of the college. The war in Europe came to Asia and Singapore was invaded by the Japanese in February 1942.

After the war, the school was reopened and W.E. Dyer was Principal. The future of Raffles College was uncertain, until 1948 when Dr George V. Allen (later Sir) who was formerly the Principal of King Edward VII Medical College posted as the last Principal of Raffles College. The college was amalgamated with the former, for the making of a university for the Malayans.

University of Malaya (1949–1962)

In 1938, the government appointed a commission under the chairmanship of Sir William McLean to study the higher education potential and progress in Malaya. The Commission concluded that Malaya was not ready to have a university, and that a university college would be more suitable.

In 1943, Oliver Stanley, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, appointed a commission of inquiry chaired by Cyril Asquith to consider the development of higher education in the colonies across the British Empire. The Asquith Commission, reporting in 1945, endorsed the McLean Commission's recommendations for Malaya.

In 1946, Raymond Priestley, the Vice-Chancellor of Birmingham University and member of the previous Asquith Commission, was invited by the British Malaya Government to visit and discuss the application of the Asquith Commission's recommendations to Singapore and Malaya. Priestley again recommended the establishment of a university college as a first step.

In January 1947, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, now Arthur Creech Jones, appointed Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders to chair a commission determining the details of establishing a university college in Malaya. In March of the same year, the other members of the commission were announced and George Allen, principal of King George VII College, was appointed principal-designate of the planned university college. Carr-Saunders listened to the thoughts of the alumni association and students' union of King Edward VII College; he was impressed with the ideas of the president of the students' union, Kanagaratnam Shanmugaratnam. In 1948, the Carr-Saunders Commission recommended the immediate establishment of a full university, bypassing the intermediate step of a university college recommended by previous commissions.

As a result, the institution named the University of Malaya was chartered under the Carr-Saunders Commission in 1949. The formation of the University of Malaya on 8 October 1949 in Bukit Timah Campus (Former site of Raffles College), Singapore came from the merger of King Edward VII College of Medicine and Raffles College, which had been established in 1905 and 1929, respectively.

In Carr-Saunders Commission's report in 1949, it was stated that "the university shall act as a single medium of mingle for enhancing the understanding among the multi-ethnics and religions in the back than Malaya. The University too should be modelled after the tertiary educations in the United Kingdom of Great Britain in term of academic system and administration structure".

The Carr-Saunders Commission postulates "the principle that all children who show the necessary capacity should enjoy an equal chance of reaching the University; and, in particular, that no able child should be handicapped in climbing the educational ladder by race, religion, rural domicile, or lack of means."

In 1959, the university was divided into two autonomous campuses, one in Singapore, known as University of Malaya in Singapore, and the other in Kuala Lumpur (University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur).

University of Malaya (re-established 1962)

In 1961, the governments of Malaysia and Singapore passed laws to split the University of Malaya into two national universities. As a result, on 1 January 1962, the University of Malaya was re-established on the 309 hectare campus in Kuala Lumpur, retaining its original name and became the only university in the post-independent Malaya. The Bukit Timah campus in Singapore became the University of Singapore (today the National University of Singapore).

On 16 June 1962, the newly independent university in Kuala Lumpur celebrated the installation of its first Chancellor, Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's first Prime Minister. The first Vice-Chancellor was former Dean of Arts, Sir Alexander Oppenheim, the mathematician who formulated the Oppenheim conjecture in 1929. When Oppenheim left in 1965 with no successor in sight, Rayson Huang who later became the Vice Chancellor of Nanyang University, Singapore in 1969 and in 1972 went on to become the first Asian Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong, was asked to take over as the Acting Vice-Chancellor. He served in that capacity for 12 months but declined reappointment to return to academic pursuits.

Chin Fung Kee, an authority in geotechnical engineering, replaced Huang as Acting Vice-Chancellor until the university filling the position in 1967 by the appointment of James H.E. Griffiths. A distinguished physicist and a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, Griffiths was also the former head of Clarendon Laboratory of Oxford University and one of the discoverers of ferromagnetic resonance.

Coat of arms
The University of Malaya's coat of arms was designed under a council established in 1961, chaired by Tan Sri Y.C. Foo. The members of the committee involved in the design were the chairman of the council, Y.C. Foo, Professor A. Oppenheim (the vice-chancellor) and Professor Ungku Aziz (later regius professor). The coat of arms was officially chartered in April 1962 by Tunku Abdul Rahman, the university's first chancellor.

The coat of arms is divided into two parts, namely the chief (upper part) and the base (the remainder). The chief is a bundle of seventeen strips of the leaves of Borassus flabellifer or the Palmrya palm. These strips were used as printed material for ancient books by the Malays, long before paper was invented. On the centre of these seventeen strips is the university's motto 'Ilmu Puncha Kemajuan'. The motto consists of 'Ilmu' derived from Arabic, 'Puncha' from Sanskrit (Za'aba Spelling for 'Punca'), and 'Kemajuan' from Malay. These words mean knowledge is the source of progress.

In the centre of the arms is a Bunga Raya or hibiscus rosa-sinensis species encircled by three Malayan tigers. The tigers symbolise the three main races in Malaysia (Malays, Chinese and Indians), who work hand-in-hand to protect the nation and uphold the duty to serve the country. It is blazoned:

"Azure, fimbriated and parted per fess by a line Or. In base a Bunga Raya or hibiscus flower between three tigers passant regardant two and one all proper; and in Chief a bundle of seventeen strips of the leaves of Palmyra Palm or borassus flabellifer Or inscribed with the words 'ILMU PUNCHA KEMAJUAN'."

Since the late 1990s, the UM coat of arms was accompanied by the university's wordmark which is written in capital letters – 'UNIVERSITI MALAYA' in Malay or 'UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA' in English as seen on its corporate logo. This made UM the only university in Malaysia to have a different language versions of its logo. But in late 2019, the university have decided to only use its logo with its official name in Malay language and thus, the English version of its logo is no longer used. The reason given by the university for the change was to make its official Malay name easier to pronounce. In 2022, UM made a refreshment on its corporate logo where the university's wordmark is shown to be thinner instead and the red colour in the 'U' and 'M' letters were removed while its coat of arms remains unchanged. However, the university's previous logo would continued to be used for non-academic and non-corporate purposes.

The University of Malaya is currently one of the three public universities in Malaysia to adopt its coat of arms, the other two are Universiti Sains Malaysia and the National University of Malaysia.

Academic profile
University of Malaya has been ranked consistently as the No. 1 university in Malaysia and among the top 3 universities in Southeast Asia, as well as among the top 300 universities in the world according to reputed ranking publisher such as QS, ARWU, U.S. News & World Report in the recent few years. Currently UM is ranked 65th in the world in the QS World University Rankings 2024, 226th in the USNWR 2023 global rankings, 286th in the 2023 CWTS Leiden Ranking, and among the top 300 universities in the Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings.

In 2015 it has been ranked 54th in Engineering & Technology in QS world ranking. UM rose to the top 100 universities in the QS World University Rankings 2019, and has consistently increased in ranking to 59th in the world and 9th in Asia in the 2021 series. In 2021, U.S. News & World Report ranked University of Malaya 17th and 87th in the world in Engineering and Computer Science respectively by its subject ranking.

The business school of this university achieved two international accreditations i.e. Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and Association of MBAs (AMBA).

The Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, Japanese Language and Linguistic Course was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister's Commendation for their contributions to promotion of Japanese language education in Malaysia on 1 December 2020.

Transportation access

The University of Malaya campus is accessible by car, bus, and both the LRT Kelana Jaya Line (Line 5), MRT Kajang Line (Line 9) and KTM Port Klang Line (Line 2) of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. The campus will also become accessible by future MRT Circle Line.

The campus can be accessed by alighting from Universiti on LRT Kelana Jaya Line, with a 15-minute walk to the Kuala Lumpur (KL) entrance. Angkasapuri station on the Port Klang Komuter Line or Phileo Damansara MRT station are the other two nearest stations. The former has a connection to the GoKL Pink Line bus service, where the bus stops at the nearby mosque, which is about a 5 to 10-minute walk from the KL entrance. The latter is 3 km from the campus' Petaling Jaya (PJ) main entrance, supplemented by T815 MRT Feeder Bus service. Several bus routes operated by Rapid KL include T815 and T789, both of which connect to Phileo Damansara and Universiti stations respectively. PJ City Bus free ride service also has a stop in University Malaya Medical Centre (PPUM) and can be accessed from the PJ gate. Other rapidKL bus services may stop at PPUM. The proposed UM on MRT Circle Line is planned to be built inside the campus, near PPUM.

Signage showing the direction of buildings and other sites appears frequently next to the campus roadways.

The university also provides complimentary shuttle bus services during weekdays for students with 5 different routes, named AB, BA, C, D and E. Certain routes serve areas within the campus, while others connect external accommodation or buildings with the main campus area.

Notable alumni
Throughout the years, UM has produced many alumni that have contributed significantly towards the development of Malaysia, and its graduates have been notable in various fields within the country. In politics, UM has produced the highest number of prime ministers in the country where out of ten Malaysian prime ministers, five of them attended UM, with Mahathir Mohamad becoming the only prime minister to be elected twice. Numerous University of Malaya graduates have been elected as members of parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, senators to the Dewan Negara, members of the State Legislative Assembly, as well as being ministers of the federal cabinet, chief ministers, governors, and speakers to both houses of representatives. Notable politicians include current Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat Johari Abdul, former President of the Dewan Negara Vigneswaran Sanasee, former Minister of Finance Daim Zainuddin who finished his doctoral thesis at UM, former Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca and Menteri Besar of Pahang Mohd Khalil Yaakob, and Member of Parliament for Sungai Buloh and Rhodes Scholar Sivarasa Rasiah.

UM has also produced a large number of lawyers, diplomats and public servants that have hold top posts within their respective fields. In diplomacy and foreign affairs, 51st President of the United Nations General Assembly Razali Ismail, and 8th Secretary General of the ASEAN Ajit Singh, both studied at UM for their undergraduate degrees. More than half of the Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia has been a graduate from UM where out of fifteen of them, eight has studied at UM, where Ismail Bakar is the most recent alumnus to hold the post. Two former Inspector-General of the Royal Malaysian Police Norian Mai and Mohamad Fuzi Harun also attended UM. In law, two Chief Justice of Malaysia, three President of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia, three Attorney General of Malaysia, three Chief Judge of Malaya and one Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak have all attended UM Law School.

Four governors of the Malaysian central bank, Bank Negara Malaysia, Ali Abul Hassan bin Sulaiman, Zeti Akhtar Aziz, Muhammad bin Ibrahim, and Shaik Abdul Rasheed all studied commerce at UM. Business people include billionaires such as the founder and chairman of Top Glove Corporation Bhd, Lim Wee-Chai, CEO of Westports Holdings G. Gnanalingam, founder and chairman of Public Bank Berhad Teh Hong Piow, and founder of NagaCorp Ltd Chen Lip Keong.

Various corporate figures such as the former chairman, president and CEO of Petronas Azizan Zainul Abidin, president and CEO of Maybank Amirsham Abdul Aziz, co-founder of AirAsia Pahamin Rajab, and former CEO of Permodalan Nasional Berhad Khalid Ibrahim.

In literature and the arts, five Malaysian National Laureates have studied in UM which include writer and Tokoh Akademi Negara Muhammad Haji Salleh, novelists Anwar Ridhwan and Siti Zainon Ismail, writer Baha Zain and the first female recipient of the award, Zurinah Hassan. Moreover, various UM alumnus have won the Southeast Asian Writers Award, including novelist Malim Ghozali PK and author Adibah Amin.

Student bodies
The University of Malaya's campus student bodies, known as University of Malaya Students' Union (UMSU) are elected by the students to have representatives engaging in policies and matters relating to student affairs. As such the elections, known as 'PRKUM' which is acronym for Pilihanraya Kampus Universiti Malaya in Malay language is seen as a precursor to a student leader. Whilst prior elections before 2019 was organised by the Student Affairs Department of the university, the first election managed by the students was conducted on 4 March 2019, marking a historic first whereby an all student affair made the elections a milestone. Suara Siswa, a pro-student group won the elections which saw 61% of 13,671 students cast their votes. The University of Malaya also has its own radio station, UMalaya Radio which is under the auspices of its Student & Alumni Affairs Division.

Facilities
The university houses 13 residential colleges (11 in-campus, 2 off-campus), an Olympic-sized swimming pool, the Rimba Ilmu Botanical Gardens, the UM Arena which boasts a full course running track, several museums of different fields as well as numerous sports facilities (gymnasiums, courts and fields) in the campus. The university's teaching hospital, University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) is located at the boundaries of UM near the Petaling Jaya gate.

Residential colleges
Unlike other global universities, colleges in University of Malaya does not function as accommodation and institution. They are only functioned as hostels for students.

During the pandemic, all colleges were at limited capacity or closed. In September 2021, they were in the process of being reopened in conjunction with the loosening of pandemic measures by the government. Many colleges have their own basic facilities, such as a restaurant. In the 12th college (UM labels their residential colleges by name and dedicated number) lies a well known hipster cafe called He and She Coffee.

 * 1) Tuanku Abdul Rahman Residential College
 * 2) Tuanku Bahiyah Residential College (Engineering Hostel)
 * 3) Tuanku Kurshiah Residential College
 * 4) Bestari Residential College
 * 5) Dayasari Residential College
 * 6) Ibnu Sina Residential College (Clinical Students Hostel)
 * 7) Za'ba Residential College
 * 8) Kinabalu Residential College
 * 9) Tun Syed Zahiruddin Residential College (off-campus limits)
 * 10) Tun Ahmad Zaidi Residential College
 * 11) Ungku Aziz Residential College
 * 12) Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah Residential College
 * 13) 13th Residential College (formerly International Islamic University of Malaysia Petaling Jaya foundation campus)

Dewan Tunku Canselor (Tunku Chancellor Hall)
The Dewan Tunku Canselor, also popularly known as DTC, is one of the 47 buildings listed under the National Heritage list, as well as a UNESCO Heritage Building. The building was named and officiated by the first prime minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman on 25 June 1966 where he became the university's chancellor at that time. It was designed by Dato' Kington Loo/CHR Bailey, an architect from the firm BEP Arkitek.

University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)
The UMMC formerly known as University Hospital, is a government-funded medical institution located in Pantai Dalam, southwest corner of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was established by Statute in September 1962 and is part of University of Malaya.

Museums and galleries

 * Museum of Asian Art
 * Museum of Zoology @ Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science
 * Museum of Geology
 * Malay Studies Museum @ Academy of Malay Studies
 * Malaya Art Gallery @ Chancellery Building

Central Library

 * Main Library

Branch libraries

 * T.J. Danaraj Medical Library
 * Ahmad Ibrahim Law Library
 * Za'ba Memorial Library

Special libraries

 * Dental Library
 * Built Environment Library
 * East Asian Studies Library
 * Education Library
 * Engineering Library
 * Indian Studies Library
 * Islamic Studies Library
 * Languages and Linguistics Library
 * Malay Studies Library

In the media
The University of Malaya became a subject matter in the 1987 documentary film, Dari Desa Ke Kampus (lit. From the Countryside to the Campus), produced by Filem Negara Malaysia.

title: University of Malaya


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Talk:S. R. Nathan

Untitled
Make sure about "S.R. Nathan" and "SR Nathan" since most government documents and web sites refer to him as "SR Nathan." - Fuzheado 02:34, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * CIA World Factbook has him as "S. R. (Sellapan Rama) NATHAN". "SR Nathan" is probably just a Singapore thing. - Efghij 05:33, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

- http://www.istana.gov.sg/president.html says he was born in Singapore, not Tamil Nadu as is currently listed in the entry.

Can someone confirm the birthplace as Singapore and then correct the entry, or note the discrepancy between the article and the official website? -- Jim Fung, July 8, 2005

Early education
The article currently contains the text:

 * Mr Nathan received his early education in several Anglo-Chinese Schools like, Rangoon Road Afternoon School and Victoria School.

This information could be better formatted and cleaned up. Can someone who knows his education history please do so? 129.78.64.100 10:16, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

--4.248.233.140 05:20, 8 August 2006 (UTC)== S R Nathan ==

The name of the President is exactly "S R Nathan" and this is clear from the Istana website or any government website. I have no clue why this page is called "Sellapan Rama Nathan", but we got to get this right. If there is no further comment, this page will be moved to the correct page title. (I think the same problem applies to Shunmugam Jayakumar.) --Vsion 07:50, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * But I would prefer the full name actually. It seems like they like to shortern Indian names as thou people wont be able to pronounce or remember them?--Huaiwei 08:20, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What I mean is that the sources indicate that the full name is "S R Nathan", without any full-stop, with a space between the 'S' and 'R' as seen in here. This use is very consistent throughout gov.sg websites. I don't have any official document with me, but there is an official transcript of a speech here, and the name "S R Nathan" was used. I'm afraid this is the full name, not an abbreviation. Dunno how the long version arised. -- Vsion 08:57, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, but it is a fact that Indian names have often appeared as abbreviation even in "full name" fields in official docs. They have a practise of using abbreviations, and somehow, the govt here accepts it. I doubt this is his name printed on his NRIC thou, and that should be the name we reflect here.--Huaiwei 09:36, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wah, like that how to verify that the "S R" refers to "Sellapan Rama"? I've done google search, but have not found any source of "Sellapan Rama" that is reliable, and they seems to cross reference each other including this wikipedia article. In fact, I cannot find "Sellapan Rama" in gov.sg sites at all. Problem now also is someone even suggested "Sellapan Ramanathan"! And you see Vivian Balakrishnan does not have this problem, so such persistent abbreviation does not seem to be a standard practice. Btw, I have got an email-reply from Istana, which simply says The President's name is "S R Nathan". Should I ask the officer to elaborate further? I'm afraid it might sound silly: "Is the name printed on the President's NRIC "Sellapan Rama Nathan"?. The officer might think I'm up to some mischief and inform ISD. :P --Vsion 10:13, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Haha...seriously I have no idea how this name came about...i didnt try verifying it. :D Amazing that you actyally sent them an email (and got a reply). Why not just ask them specifically if we may know what "S R" stands for? No need to talk about his NRIC lah. :D--Huaiwei 10:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I think I will try your suggestion and send another email later today. I hope it won't put the lady officer into any difficulty though. --Vsion 20:40, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Got the reply, guess what? Turns out that the anon is right, the name is "Sellapan Ramanathan". You are also right about the abbreviation. :-) . So now there are 2 correct versions:
 * "Sellapan Ramanathan", the full name,
 * "S R Nathan", the official name, also the common and well-known name (note: there's no period, and there is a space between 'S' and 'R')

All other variations are strictly incorrect. Shall we move the page to "Sellapan Ramanathan"? What about the categories, should we change to index 'R' or stay with index 'N'? --Vsion 08:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wah....thanks for the efforts, but now we have another problem....index him as R or N?? :D This will probably sound stupid, but can we use his full name, but index him under N? :D--Huaiwei 13:00, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks to the civil service too, I'm getting more impressed by their responsiveness. I would prefer to stay with 'N', to follow the official and more familiar name. - Vsion 17:27, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Someone may want to make this correction. When Nathan was in MINDEF, he was Director of Security and Intelligence Division (SID) with the rank of Permanent Secretary. The ISD is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

 * Many thanks. It was correct before; the wrong information seeped in during December 2005 and nobody noticed. --Vsion 05:37, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Either move the article to Nathan or categorise it under N
Categorising it under N while leaving it at its current title simply looks wrong and causes confusion for the 99.9% of people who are not from Singapore. Haddiscoe 10:24, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Portrait of Mr. Nathan
The picture in the infobox should be an official portrait of Mr. Nathan. I can't find it on Commons. Does anyone know how? Bonchygeez (talk) 17:29, 11 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Official photos of US people are copyright-free. This does not apply to works of the Singapore Government. Ğavin  Ťing  18:50, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

picture
Is there any better picture of this guy? The current one looks horrendous. 18.138.1.34 (talk) 13:49, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

COE
It's clearly stated he was elected unopposed and that applicants had been rejected as ineligible. How many more times do you want to write it in? 202.156.13.10 (talk) 23:53, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Your new edit changes the language to make it seem he actually participated in an actual election. elle vécut heureuse  à jamais  (be free) 00:31, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
 * He did participate in an 'actual election', as you put it. An election without polling is still an election. And one is not 'proclaimed' president; one is elected, or declared to be elected. With regard to the separate issue of "certificate of eligibility", this is covered later in the article, and it is out of place in the intro. And even so, this issue may not be appropriate for a BLP. Virtuaoski (talk) 14:20, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we should seek an RFC for general consensus on appropriate terminology when a candidate enjoys an effective walkover. I do believe it's quite misleading to say he was "elected" when all his opponents had been disqualified by a special committee. elle vécut heureuse  à jamais  (be free) 16:41, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move per request.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 02:33, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

S.R. Nathan → S. R. Nathan –
 * Spacing required. Standupforsingapore (talk) 15:26, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
 * No. From WP:NCP, "There is no consensus for always using spaces between initials, neither for never using them." There's no need to make this change, but it can proceed to RM if still desired. --BDD (talk) 22:09, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. As the sentence following the one quoted by BDD says, "However, in most Wikipedia articles where the subject uses two consecutive initials, the space between initials is used." Deor (talk) 17:16, 18 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Support Yeah, the style guide suggests that the space in initials is used in Wikipedia.  So, if it is T. S. Eliot, it should be S. R. Nathan.SLawsonIII (talk) 03:29, 20 August 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:S. R. Nathan


text:
Donald Duck (American comic book)

Donald Duck, also known as Donald Duck and Friends, is an American Disney comic book series starring the character Donald Duck and published by various publishers from October 1942 to June 2017. As with many early Disney comics titles, Donald Duck began as individual issues of Dell Comics' Four Color one-shots series. It was published as its own regular series in November 1952, starting with issue #26.

Donald Duck featured many early stories by Carl Barks, including the first American Donald Duck comic book story, Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold. All of the stories in the first nine years of the comic were written and drawn by Barks.

The comic passed through many different publishers. Western Publishing produced the book from 1962 to 1984 (issues #85-245), and it was then revived by Gladstone Publishing from 1986 to 1998 (issues #246-307).

From 2003 to 2006, the comic was renamed Donald Duck and Friends by Gemstone Publishing (issues #308-347). Boom! Studios continued the series under that title, but reverted to Donald Duck near the end of its 2009–2011 run (issues #347-367).

When IDW took over publishing Donald Duck in May 2015 they restarted from #1, but retained the 'legacy' numbering as a secondary number (issue #1 is also #368). IDW cancelled the book in 2017; the last issue was #21 (#388) in June.

Four Color one-shots
The first American Donald Duck comic book story, Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold, was published as Four Color #9, October 1942. The story was written by Bob Karp and illustrated by Carl Barks and Jack Hannah, beginning Barks' decades-long career as "the Good Duck Artist". Barks wrote and drew all 21 of the Donald Duck Four Color issues between 1942 and May 1951, ultimately penning 24 out of the total 29.

In 1943, Barks began his run of Donald Duck 10-page stories in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, often pitting Donald in competition with his nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie, or his next-door adversary Neighbor Jones. The stories published in Donald Duck enriched the character, as historian Alberto Becattini points out: "In the longer adventures which appeared in Four Color Comics, Donald and his nephews acted more like a team, and though luck did not necessarily seem to favor him, the Duck was often the winner in the end, showing qualities and feelings that made him even more sympathetic to the readers".

The second issue, "Donald Duck and the Mummy's Ring" (Four Color #29, Sept 1943), was the first long Duck story written and drawn by Barks, and it established patterns that would soon become standards. Donald and the nephews are swept up into an adventure with life-and-death stakes, although there are many comedic gags to lighten the tone. There are nasty criminals, mistaken identities, humorous coincidences and a surprise ending. The boys also get a tour of an exotic setting, with many detailed panels of Egyptian landmarks, painstakingly copied from Barks' collection of National Geographic magazines.

While Donald and his nephews mostly stayed close to home in the WDC&S 10-page stories, the Four Color adventure stories sent the ducks to more exotic locales. The third issue, "Frozen Gold" (Jan 1945), took them to Alaska; the fourth, "The Terror of the River!" (1946), takes place on a houseboat traveling to New Orleans; and the fifth, "Volcano Valley" (May 1947), involves a trip to the Central American nation of Volcanovia. These periodic adventures helped Barks to deepen the ducks' characterization—not just putting them in new settings, but broadening the kinds of events and experiences that they could react to.

At first, the Donald Duck issues were released on a roughly annual basis—the first four came out in 1942, 1943, 1945 and 1946—but beginning in 1947, Barks produced three issues a year. This included "Volcano Valley", "The Ghost of the Grotto" (Aug 1947) and "Christmas on Bear Mountain" (Dec 1947), the first story featuring Donald's uncle, Scrooge McDuck. Barks' second Uncle Scrooge adventure, "The Old Castle's Secret", was published in Donald Duck in June 1948.

In 1950, the rate of Donald Duck one-shots increased to five issues a year, and then to six issues a year in 1951. At that point, other writers and artists were enlisted to create the Donald Duck adventure stories. The first three issues of 1951 were Barks creations -- "Dangerous Disguise" (Jan 1951), "No Such Varmint" (March 1951) and "In Old California" (May 1951), but these were followed by "Donald Duck and the Magic Fountain" (July 1951, written by Del Connell and drawn by Bob Moore), "The Crocodile Collector" (Sept 1951, by Don Christensen and Frank McSavage) and "Rags to Riches" (Nov 1951, Frank McSavage).

In 1952, Barks wrote four of the six Donald Duck issues, including the classics "A Christmas for Shacktown" (Jan 1952) and "The Golden Helmet" (July 1952).

Dell Comics series
Starting with the November 1952 issue, Dell transitioned Donald Duck from a bimonthly series of one-shots to its own bimonthly series. Dell called the first Donald Duck issue #26, counting the previous issues as if they'd always been part of the series. Unfortunately, the numbering was a mistake, as Four Color #422 was actually the 29th Four Color issue titled "Donald Duck".

The first issue of the new series led with a Carl Barks Halloween story, "Trick or Treat", which was based on the October 1952 Donald Duck short of the same name. That was Barks' last contribution to the Donald Duck comic for several years. In 1953, Barks' attention turned to producing a quarterly Uncle Scrooge comic, and the bimonthly Donald Duck passed to other creators. Barks returned to Donald Duck periodically, writing eight more stories over the next eighteen years, ending with three that were drawn by other artists -- "Pawns of the Loup Garou" in Donald Duck #117 (Jan 1968, drawn by Tony Strobl), "Officer for a Day" in #126 (July 1969, also Strobl) and "A Day in a Duck's Life" in #138 (July 1971, drawn by Kay Wright).

Most of the issues from 1954 to 1972 were drawn by Tony Strobl, including "The Kitchy-Kaw Diamond" (#40, March 1955), "Rainbow Island Rendezvous" (#41, May 1955), "The Mysterious Crewless Ship" (#47, May 1956), "The Secret of the Glacier" (#51, Jan 1957), "One for the Whammy" (#65, May 1959), "The Stone Money Mystery" (#69, Jan 1960) and "Secret of the Sargasso Sea" (#72, July 1960).

Western Publishing
In 1962, all of Dell Comics' Disney comic books moved to Western Publishing, who released them first under the Gold Key Comics imprint, and then as Whitman Publishing. Gold Key continued the Donald Duck comic, beginning with issue #85 (Dec 1962).

Donald's seafaring relative Moby Duck premiered in issue #112 (March 1967) in "A Whale of an Adventure", written by Vic Lockman and illustrated by Strobl. Moby returned two issues later in "The Jewels of Skull Rock" (#114, July 1967), and then graduated to his own series in October.

In 1972, Strobl left Western to write for the Disney Studio Program; his last Donald Duck story was "The Siren's Whistle" in issue #142 (March 1972). John Carey took Strobl's place as the main artist for the original Donald Duck stories starting with issue #144 (July 1972).

Starting with issue #147 (Jan 1973), Donald Duck began alternating new stories with reprints of earlier issues. Four years later, the comic moved to all reprints; the last original story of the 1970s was "Inspiration Hunt", a story written and drawn by Bob Gregory in issue #186 (Aug 1977).

In 1979, Western Publishing was bought by toy company Mattel, and the management decided to stop publishing comic books for newsstands, preferring to sell bagged sets of three comics at department, variety and grocery stores. At this point, they stopped publishing the comics as Gold Key Comics and switched to Whitman Comics, another Western Publishing imprint.

The first issue of Donald Duck under the Whitman label was #212, published in October 1979. The comic continued to be mostly reprints, with only a few original stories. Sales declined, and the release schedule became erratic. They even managed to print the same reprint issue twice in a little over a year—issue #222 (Oct 1980) was a reprint of a 1969 issue led by the Carl Fallberg/Tony Strobl story "The Fuddleduck Diggin's", and then issue #235 (Jan 1982) reprinted the same stories, using the same cover. The series came to an end in 1984, with issue #245 reprinting three Vic Lockman/Tony Strobl stories from 1968.

Gladstone Publishing
Gladstone Publishing got the license to publish Disney comics in 1986, and began publishing the four core comics in October: Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, Uncle Scrooge, Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. Gladstone's approach was to publish an equal mix of the best classic stories (which in Donald Duck's case meant Carl Barks reprints), and new stories from Denmark and the Netherlands.

Gladstone began Donald Duck with issue #246 (Oct 1986), reprinting Barks' The Gilded Man from 1952, and issue #250 (Feb 1987) went all the way back to the beginning, reprinting "Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold!" from the first Four Color issue in 1942. Gladstone also printed stories by Volker Reiche and Daan Jippes first published in the Netherlands' Donald Duck Weekblad, and stories drawn by Vicar and Daniel Branca from Denmark's Anders And & C:o.

The new comics were a success, and in 1987, Gladstone began publishing a second Donald Duck book, Donald Duck Adventures.

In issue #262 (March 1988), Gladstone's Donald Duck spotlighted a reprint of a 1938 sequence from Al Taliaferro's Donald Duck comic strip which introduced Gus Goose as Donald's troublesome cousin. Gus was featured on the cover, and an accompanying text piece described the history of the character in cartoons, comic strips and comics.

In 1990, the Walt Disney Company—seeing that Gladstone was successful at marketing Disney comics—revoked Gladstone's license, and began their own Disney Comics line. Gladstone's final issue of Donald Duck was a double-sized #279 (May 1990).

The next month, Disney published their first set of comics, starting again with the core four comics. Walt Disney's Comics & Stories and Uncle Scrooge continued their legacy numbering, but the Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck books were retitled Mickey Mouse Adventures and Donald Duck Adventures, starting with a new issue #1. The original Donald Duck series had to wait three years before it resumed.

Gladstone Publishing, 2nd series
Disney's attempt at comics publishing only lasted three years, from 1990 to 1993. When Disney cancelled their books, they returned the license to Gladstone Publishing, which picked up from where they left off. Gladstone's second line included both Donald Duck and Donald Duck Adventures, which resumed their numbering from the first Gladstone run.

The new Donald Duck Adventures contained the longer adventure stories, mixing occasional reprints of Barks stories with new stories by Don Rosa, William Van Horn and others. With DDA taking the adventure stories and the revived Walt Disney's Comics & Stories printing traditional Donald Duck 10-page stories (mostly new ones by Van Horn), Donald Duck focused almost entirely on the past—specifically, the Al Taliaferro comic strips from the 1930s and 40s.

Starting with issue #280 (July 1993) and for the next 20 issues, almost every issue contained one 10-page story by Carl Barks (or Don Rosa, in issue #283), with the rest of the pages filled with Taliaferro reprints, in chronological order.

The historical focus of the title continued in issue #286 (Sept 1994), a 64-page special celebrating the character's 60th anniversary, featuring a special anniversary story by Don Rosa, and a reprint of the first Donald Duck adventure story from 1937, Federico Pedrocchi's "Paolino Paperino e il mistero di Marte" ("Donald Duck and the Secret of Mars") published in the Italian comic Donald Duck and Other Adventures (Paperino e altre avventure).

Issue #300 (Jan 1997) also broke the Barks/Taliaferro format, celebrating the milestone with a Dutch story by Evert Geradts and Mau Heymans originally written to celebrate the 2000th issue of the weekly Donald Duck Weekblad. The issue also featured the first American printing of one of Marco Rota's "Andold Wild Duck" stories.

Gladstone continued with the 10-pager/Taliaferro format until the end of the run, with issue #307 (March 1998).

Gemstone Publishing
Five years later, publisher Steve Geppi got the license to publish Disney comics, and continued where Gladstone left off, even with the same creative staff. Now under Gemstone Publishing, the team retitled the Duck book Donald Duck and Friends, and continued Gladstone's numbering, with #308 coming out in September 2003.

While the last Gladstone run had focused on the past, the new Donald Duck and Friends published recent stories created for the Danish publisher Egmont. Most issues had three stories: a 10-16 page Donald Duck story, a 10-page Mickey Mouse story, and a 6-10 page story featuring one of the other Donald Duck universe characters, including Uncle Scrooge, Gyro Gearloose, Daisy Duck and Grandma Duck.

Almost all of the stories were from the late 1990s and early 2000s, often by creators that were previously unknown in the US, including Noel Van Horn, Pat and Carol McGreal, César Ferioli and Stefan Petrucha.

When the sales dipped lower than expected, Gemstone returned to a previously successful strategy: publishing Carl Barks stories. Issue #325 (March 2005) reprinted "Lost in the Andes!", #332 (Oct 2005) published "Trick or Treat", #339 (May 2006) ran "In Ancient Persia", and #344 "Pawns of the Loup Garou".

Gemstone's Disney comics run ended in December 2006; the last issue of Donald Duck and Friends was #346.

Boom! Studios
Three years later, Boom! Studios picked up the Disney license, and began releasing a new slate of comics, including Donald Duck and Friends, which began with issue #347 (Nov 2009).

Boom! used two new strategies at the start of their run. The first was to use variant covers to encourage collectors to purchase multiple copies of each issue; every issue from #347 to 356 had two or three covers each.

The other strategy was to use non-traditional subseries for the Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck books, attempting to attract a new audience with modern storylines. Boom!'s Mickey Mouse and Friends began with the Italian fantasy-world story "Wizards of Mickey", and Donald Duck and Friends began with "DoubleDuck", an Italian subseries in which Donald is transformed into a secret agent. "DoubleDuck" is darker than traditional Donald Duck stories—both literally using a darker color scheme, as well as a darker, less comedic tone. The characters all keep secrets, and don't trust each other; one of the main characters is revealed to be a double agent. Boom! published 12 issues of the "DoubleDuck" storyline, from #347 to #358, comprising four complete stories originally published in Topolino.

The next four issues (#359-362) featured stories about Donald Duck doing martial arts. The first two reprinted "Son of the Rising Sun", an Italian story from 1989. The third and fourth reprinted other Donald martial-arts stories from Italy and Denmark.

In 2011, with the Disney line struggling, Boom! followed the same path as Gladstone and Gemstone ultimately did: they printed Carl Barks stories. The line pivoted to a celebration of "70 years of Disney comics", with all of the comics reprinting favorite stories from the past, as well as anniversary stories and sequels. Issue #363 (Feb 2011) featured the Barks 10-pager "Mystery of the Loch", and two recent Dutch stories that returned to the typical cast and locations of traditional Duck comics. The comic's title also reverted from Donald Duck and Friends back to Donald Duck.

In issues #364 and 365 (March–April 2011), Donald Duck featured one of the earliest Donald Duck adventure stories: "Donald Duck, Special Correspondent", from the 1938 Italian comic Paperino e altre avventure. Issue #366 (May 2011) featured "Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold... Again!", a 1962 Italian sequel to Barks' first Duck adventure, the 1942 tale "Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold". The final issue, #367 (June 2011), reprinted a 2006 story written by Carl Barks and drawn by Daan Jippes.

Boom!'s Disney comic line ended in 2011.

IDW Publishing
In 2015, IDW Publishing obtained the Disney comics license and began publishing their own set of comics. IDW restarted Donald Duck's numbering over from #1, but also retained a secondary legacy numbering system that continued the series with #368. The new series continued Boom! Studios' variant covers gimmick; almost every issue had three different covers, and #1 had five.

This series featured a wide mix of stories, with contributions from Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands, the Disney Studio Program, and American stories seeing their first reprint. The most common source was Italian comics from the late 1960s and 70s, with stories by Romano Scarpa, Luciano Bottaro and Giorgio Cavazzano leading many issues.

Issue #5 and 6 (Sept/Oct 2015) presented "The True Origin of the Diabolical Duck Avenger"—an Italian story from June 1969 by Elisa Penna, Guido Martina and Giovan Battista Carpi that introduced Paperinik, Donald Duck's costumed vigilante alter ego which began as a way to get revenge on his own relatives, but later became a crime-fighting superhero. For the English translation, IDW used "the Duck Avenger". The second "Duck Avenger" story was presented in issues #14 and 15 (June/July 2016), and then IDW began a six-issue Duck Avenger spin-off series, reprinting stories from the 1996 Italian series PKNA.

Slow sales prompted IDW to drop most of their Disney comics titles in 2017, and Donald Duck's last issue was #21, aka #388 (June 2017).

Publishers

 * Dell Comics as Four Color: 29 Donald Duck issues from #9 (Oct 1942) to #422 (Sept 1952)
 * Dell Comics, from issue #26 (Nov 1952) to issue #84 (Sept 1962)
 * Gold Key Comics, from issue #85 (Dec 1962) to issue #211 (Sept 1979)
 * Whitman Publishing, from issue #212 (Oct 1979) to issue #245 (1984)
 * Gladstone Publishing (1st series), from issue #246 (Oct 1986) to issue #279 (May 1990)
 * Gladstone Publishing (2nd series), from issue #280 (Sept 1993) to issue #307 (March 1998)
 * Gemstone Publishing, from issue #308 (Sept 2003) to issue #346 (Dec 2006); the comic book was renamed Donald Duck and Friends
 * Boom! Studios, from issue #347 (Nov 2009) to issue #367 (June 2011); the comic book was renamed Donald Duck from #363
 * IDW Publishing, from issue #1 (May 2015) to issue #21 (June 2017); the numbering restarted from #1, with a secondary numbering system continuing the legacy numbering (#368-388). Some of the run was collected in Timeless Tales book series.

Reprints
The Carl Barks Donald Duck stories have been reprinted many times around the world. In the United States, there have been three major reprint series of Barks' work: The Carl Barks Library (1984-1990), The Carl Barks Library in Color (Gladstone, 1992-1998) and The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library (Fantagraphics, 2011-present).

Of the five Four Color lead stories not written by Barks, only two of them have been reprinted in the US, both in 1976 issues of Donald Duck.

title: Donald Duck (American comic book)


text:
Richard Simmons (actor)

 Richard Simmons (August 19, 1913 – January 11, 2003) was an American actor.

Early life
Simmons was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and his family later moved across the Mississippi River to Minneapolis. There, he attended West Side High School and then the University of Minnesota, where he studied drama. Simmons was a professional pilot.

Career
While attending the university, Simmons competed in fencing and swimming, and also acted in a few theater productions. Simmons left the Twin Cities in the 1930s to launch his film acting career in 1937. He soon became an MGM contract player. Many of his minor movie roles went uncredited through the 1940s. One even included his portrayal of a Mountie in King of the Royal Mounted produced by Republic Pictures.

Starting in 1943, he began appearing in credited roles, beginning with his appearance in The Youngest Profession, starring Virginia Weidler. From 1943 through 1949, he appeared in 17 films, of which 10 listed him in the credits.

Simmons interrupted his film career to serve as a flight officer pilot with the Air Transport Command in World War II.

The 1950s mirrored the 1940s, with his appearing in several films and television series, at times uncredited. In 1952, he played the co-pilot in Above and Beyond. In 1955, Simmons won his best-known role, portraying Sergeant William Preston in Sergeant Preston of the Yukon. Following the end of the series in 1958, he continued to have a successful acting career, mostly in television series guest appearances, through 1982. Simmons appeared in a 1963 episode of Perry Mason ("The Case of the Decadent Dean"). In 1964, he appeared in the episode "Tin Can Man" (aired November 5, 1964) of The Munsters as Harold Balding, the principal of Eddie Munster's school. His last role was in a 1982 episode of CHiPs.

Later life and death
In the 1970s, when acting roles became scarce, Simmons managed a mobile home park in Carlsbad, near San Diego. Towards the end of his life, Simmons was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died on January 11, 2003, at the age of 89, in an Oceanside, California, nursing home.

title: Richard Simmons (actor)


text:
Live in Concert (Natalie Merchant album)

Live in Concert is a 1999 live album and DVD by Natalie Merchant. The album and DVD were recorded at the Neil Simon Theatre in New York City. The setlist includes a rare cover of David Bowie's "Space Oddity". The U.S. release is HDCD encoded, but without "peak extension".

CD
All songs written by Natalie Merchant, except where noted.
 * 1) "Wonder"
 * 2) "San Andreas Fault"
 * 3) "Beloved Wife"
 * 4) "Space Oddity" (David Bowie)
 * 5) "Carnival"
 * 6) "Dust Bowl" (Merchant, Robert Buck)
 * 7) "After the Gold Rush" (Neil Young)
 * 8) "Gun Shy"
 * 9) "The Gulf of Araby" (Katell Keineg)
 * 10) "Ophelia"
 * 11) "Seven Years"
 * 12) "These Are Days" (Bonus track - Japan only)

DVD

 * 1) "Life Is Sweet (partial)"
 * 2) "Ophelia"
 * 3) "Wonder"
 * 4) "San Andreas Fault"
 * 5) "Beloved Wife"
 * 6) "Senor Don Gato"
 * 7) "Space Oddity"
 * 8) "Carnival"
 * 9) "Break Your Heart"
 * 10) "These Are Days"
 * 11) "The Gulf of Araby"
 * 12) "Waterbound"

Personnel
Adapted from AllMusic.
 * Natalie Merchant - vocals, piano
 * Erik Della Penna - guitars
 * Gabriel Gordon - guitars, backing vocals
 * Peter Yanowitz - drums
 * Graham Maby - bass
 * Elizabeth Steen - keyboards
 * Doug Stringer - percussion
 * Susan McKeown - guest vocals


text:
Talk:Boxer Rebellion

Picture
Rather boys-own looking and US/west-centric ... Can we change it to show more actual focus on the rebellion aspect? 2A0A:EF40:8B9:D701:25F7:6692:257A:7F6 (talk) 15:40, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

 * No, the current pictures shows the largest battle of the war and showed a soldier who is very notable. LuxembourgLover (talk) 16:53, 14 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm open to it, and the description of "boys-own looking" is quite correct. But it's better for someone to bring forward a specific alternative which we can use under the policies and directly compare the current picture to. JArthur1984 (talk) 13:39, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * We should change it back to a battle in accordance with what most war pages do since a map does not exist. I don't understand why we want to "change it to show more actual focus on the rebellion aspect" when Boxer movement exists. The Boxer Rebellion is not understood as a movement but as a war or intervention. I believe we should change it back. ReidLark1n (talk) 13:31, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree, this was a major war. I perfer the original infobox that included three pictures and information on what parts of the British Empier helped. LuxembourgLover (talk) 23:38, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I support making a four-quadrant infobox as a compromise with the 3 old infoxbox images plus the current one (even though it's already in Boxer movement where I personally believe it belongs). That should correct the issue raised by Parsecboy about the infobox being too long. However we need to get JArthur1984 on board since they've reverted changes to the current image which they changed it to. JArthur1984 would you support the old infobox in four-quadrants with your Boxer movement picture? ReidLark1n (talk) 16:32, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, that sounds like a solid compromise. JArthur1984 (talk) 16:42, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * This points to a problem: the article title is "Boxer Rebellion" (though I am among those who think it should be "Boxer Uprising") not "Boxer War." So I support the quest for at least a picture that has something to do with the Boxer Rebellion or Uprising. Maybe a map? ch (talk)

Leadership
I think the art article should have a leadership for the national leaders of governments and military during the war. This is a list of the major leaders:

China: Empress Dowager Cixi, Guangxu Emperor

United Kingdom: Queen Victoria, Lord Salisbury, William St John Brodrick (Secretary of State for War)

Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II, Bernhard von Bülow (Chancellor)

France: President Émile Loubet, Waldeck-Rousseau (PM) Gaston de Galliffet (Minister of War)

Russia: Tsar Nicholas II, Sergei Witte

United States: President William McKinley, Elihu Root (Secretary of War)

Japan: Emperor Meiji, Yamagata Aritomo (PM) Katsura Tarō (Minister of War)

Italy: King Umberto IGiuseppe Saracco(PM) Coriolano Ponza di San Martino (Minister of War)

Austria-Hungary: Emperor Franz Joseph Ernest von Koerber(PM) Edmund von Krieghammer (Minister of War) LuxembourgLover (talk) 13:27, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * For some sources: US Government, Russia, United Kingdom and others. LuxembourgLover (talk) 13:30, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Was any of them actually in China? The Banner  talk 23:00, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This was not an official war declared by any country except China, and the formalities (like Queen Victoria) are not relevant. The article is too long and too complex in the first place. Rjensen (talk) 10:15, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree, this article is very long, we could split, this war saw a lot of commanders. LuxembourgLover (talk) 22:14, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * James Madison was not in africa duing the Barbery Wars, yet he was heavy mentoned and had involment. Just like McKinley during the Boxer War.  LuxembourgLover (talk) 22:16, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The classic WP:OTHERSTUFF EXISTS again. And if you did your homework properly: 1) Madison was not a president during the First Barbary War; 2) de jure, there was no war with the Second Barbary War as the US never formally declared war. Yes, there was turmoil and fighting but formally no war. The Banner  talk 22:44, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? First off I never said Madison was presedent with the First Barbary War. I just said we should add leaders somewhere. Both the boxer rebellion and the Barbery Wars where not declared wars. I do not know what you are talking about. LuxembourgLover (talk) 22:49, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The point is that infoboxes are for listing key information about a given topic. If figures aren't important to the actual historical event, they shouldn't be uselessly taking up the space. Almost none of the figures you've listed above had any significant involvement in the conflict in their own right. Remsense  诉  23:42, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Also @Havsjö, if you think the selection of leaders in the infobox is presently arbitrary, I would agree: but let's do things in the right order and mention them in the article first before we add a summary that doesn't correspond to anything in the body. Remsense  诉  11:14, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @141.155.35.58 and @Qiushufang please stop the edit war and uses this or releated talk page to discuss what leaders we should mention. I still support a separate article or section on military and political leaders. LuxembourgLover (talk) 19:37, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

To add to article!
How is it possible that someone wrote an article on the Boxer Rebellion, but forgot to include the number of casualties (deaths)? There's not even a section listing casualties in the infobox. That's definitely not encyclopedic. Most sources indicate that there were about 100,000 deaths, mostly Chinese. Please fix the situation of this crucial, fundamental information not being contained in the current version of this article! 98.123.38.211 (talk) 01:03, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The casualties were originally in the infobox, however for a unknown (at least I have no clue) reason they were removed. The infobox is changing almost every day so I will just say wait and eventy the daily edits would die down once people can finally decide what to do for the infobox. LuxembourgLover (talk) 14:45, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It's been edited thrice in the past two weeks. I think I figured out what happened, and it was a total accident: if you look at the article source, the information is still there—it's just that it's not displaying due to a typo in the code. Fixed it. Remsense  诉  14:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 July 2024
Please remove the errant tag here:

. 76.14.122.5 (talk) 03:09, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Hyphenation Expert (talk) 04:17, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boxer Rebellion


text:
Talk:Macaroni

Crucial commonwealth macaroni distinctions?

 * In the United States and Canada, the name macaroni is customarily given to a specific shape of pasta: small pasta tubes cut into short pieces.

Only in the US and Canada? My experience tells me this is the case in the UK, for example, too. It's often sold branded as such, often under different trade names than are other, more self-consciously Italianified brands are. (Though the term "elbow macaroni" isn't widely used.) Is this an "English speaking world in general" phenom? Alai 23:12, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In the US and UK, this pasta is usually prepared by baking it with cheddar cheese or American cheese; the resulting dish is called macaroni and cheese (or macaroni cheese in Britain).

I'm struck in this case by the sudden omission of Canada, it having been previously mentioned: is this purposeful, or just one of those accidents of successive editing? Alai 23:12, 19 October 2005 (UTC):)

I'm questioning the portrayal of the use of "macaroni"="pasta" as a mistake. My family always used "macaroni" and "pasta" as synonyms when I was growing up, and I am not from an Italian background (instead, [Ashkenazi] Jewish American). Some friends called me on my usage, and i pointed out to them that on many boxes of pasta you can find the small print an enriched macaroni product, whether the pasta is elbow macaroni, spaghetti, ziti, spirals, or whatnot. So at least the big pasta companies agree that macaroni=pasta. —Steg, no account.

-Actually the name macaroni comes from the Italian maccheroni, which is pretty much the same kind of pasta. Also, since Macaroni clearly originates from Italy, you could erase all that US and Canada distinction nonsense. Different pasta types are recognized universally by anyone who cares about real cuisine. Another point is the text below a picture of a plate of penne, which are another type of pasta and not a macaroni sub-species as you seem to think. It's like saying that a Toyota is a popular Chrysler, when in fact both are different car brands. July 16th 08 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.243.150.152 (talk) 01:25, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Macaroni
What kind of person, in the slang vernacular, is a "Macaroni"? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 8.10.176.114 (talk) 22:53, 19 March 2007 (UTC).

 * This isn't appropriate for the article talk page. Please ask at the language reference desk and I'll reply there :-) (At least I know the answer for Neapolitan, which is my dialect) — Gennaro Prota •Talk 18:07, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Why no info on various sizes of macaroni? It isn't all one size. Skimpy article. Not really informative.

vandalism?
the first paragraph talks about eggs in macaroni -- I'm not a macaroni expert, but isn't that just a joke? haha duh!

pasta maker photos
I was curious how the hollow shape gets made - this article could maybe have http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Elbow_macaroni_die_front.jpg and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Elbow_macaroni_die_back.jpg on it somewhere? Jaddle (talk) 22:10, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Kraft Dinner
I disagree that "Kraft Dinner" is Canadian for "Macaroni and Cheese". To me, "Kraft Dinner" refers to the specific product made by Kraft and is not a generic name for the dish. Gmarsden (talk) 04:38, 26 March 2008 (UTC) i love mac and cheese.. its very yummy.

Elbow macaroni
The article Elbow macaroni should probably be redirected to Macaroni, and merged if any of the information can be verified. — Snigbrook 14:08, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Arabic etymology.
Macaroni most likely comes from Arabic maqruna=juncted.

Humanbyrace (talk) 15:19, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Macaroni in England
In the England of my youth at least.....
 * 1) Macaroni was mostly known as a milk pudding - along the lines of rice pudding, sago pudding, tapioca etc - still many references on Google eg http://recipes.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Macaroni_Pudding_Recipe
 * 2) Macaroni was often (normally?) a long pasta (ie like spaghettic, but tubes). Another reference for this style of macaroni can be found here http://www.bocuse.fr/recettes/resultatrecherche_us.asp?tri=m or on Page 71 of Paul Bocuse's Regional French Cooking ISBN 2-08013-517-1 (BTW this is, in my view, the best Macaroni Cheese recipe - it does, however, use Beaufort cheeses and a truffle!) 122.107.58.27 (talk) 01:29, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

 * There's a really questionable claim about macaroni pudding being "still the most common form of macaroni use" in the UK. Could probably just snip that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.96.167.157 (talk) 00:30, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Marked Incomplete
I felt that this article didn't give any deep encyclopedic information about macaroni, only an etymology and basic ingredients (and hardly that.) In a way, the article could be stub worthy since information is repeated (such as the lack of eggs, which is typical for pasta anyway, with the exception of egg noodle type noodles)

I'd like to see more information on the actual process of creating macaroni and even some more detailed history - I'll research it myself and if I can, post what I find out, but I still find it silly that this article is only a few paragraphs.

ThymeCypher 16:31, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Italian Wikipedia page is better
If anyone here speaks Italian and English, http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccheroni hosts a notable more amount of information.

ThymeCypher 16:41, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Too superficial; how to translate the better Italian Wikipedia page
This article is poorly presented although apparently well researched with 13 references.

1) The first paragraph says that "macaroni" refers to the type of dough used which is durum wheat. But almost all pasta is made from durum wheat (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta), so "macaroni" doesn't differentiate this pasta from any other pasta if shape is not considered.  From this article one would deduce that rigatoni, fusilli and almost all other pasta are "macaroni" since almost all are made from durum wheat.

2) The shape DOES appear to differentiate "macaroni" from other pasta since the article speaks of "elbow macaroni" but doesn't mention any other shape for macaroni, even though paragraph 3 says it does not necessarily have an elbow shape. From this article one would deduce that _all_ pasta shapes are encompassed by the term "macaroni".

3) Paragraph 2 says macaroni comes from the term for "a kind of barley broth which was served to commemorate the dead" but doesn't address why macaroni is made from wheat rather than barley or how macaroni relates to death rituals, and does not address why academics feel the Greek barley-dead link is better than the Latin (->Italian, ->English) or Arabic possibilities.

4) The Italian Wikipedia link given in the 10 July 2011 post above (http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccheroni) is a much better article; I used http://translate.google.com/ to read it.

- Peter, Los Angeles, 2011dec07, IP 71.106.222.207

 * Added G. Alessio's etymology from the Italian article. Macedonian (talk) 07:31, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

"moderately extended"
Quoting article: "Macaroni is a variety of moderately extended, dry pasta made with durum wheat."

What does "moderately extended" meant here? Thanks, Wanderer57 (talk) 17:47, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

Excessive references?
I feel that the statement "a kind of barley broth which was served to commemorate the dead,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]" has perhaps too many references? What do you guys think? Bananasoldier (talk) 06:45, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Mostly nonsense
This article is mostly nonsense – something less than a stub because of many misconceptions, errors and the problems noted by others.

Although the word 'macaroni' is derived from 'maccheroni', it does not exist in Italy and does not sound the same to Italians. More importantly, macaroni and maccheroni have diverged in concept. An article specifically about macaroni does not describe anything Italian. Moreover, the meaning of macaroni is culture-dependent. In some parts (e.g., US) it has become the generic name for (short) pasta. In other parts (e.g., UK) it tends to be just short thick walled tubes.

In Italy maccheroni generally refers to medium length straight tubular square-ended 'pasta corta' that is greater in diameter than bucatini. The '-oni' suffix indicates that it is in some way large and this generally refers to its length rather than its diameter. The term therefore does not cover other shapes (e.g., elbow), short tubes or wide tubes – these all have their own well-established names.

 * In strong agreement with essentially all of this comment. As an Italian, this page sounds to me at least weird, possibly biased to (US? North American? Commonwealth?) context. For sure the opening sentence "Macaroni is a variety of dry pasta, originating from Italy" strongly implies that Italians invented/use this spelling of the word, which is not true, to refer to all the varieties of pasta mentioned in the following, which is also not true. If "macaroni" have diverged noticeably in meaning from the original Italian maccheroni (which I cannot confirm, but the previous poster claims), then the best solution could be to write two articles, referring to each other. If the two names are deemed to be still close enough in meaning to share a same page, one of them should redirect to the other. If the unified page is titled "macaroni" it should probably start with "Macaroni (English spelling) or Maccheroni (original Italian spelling) are...". If titled "maccheroni", it should contain somewhere in the first paragraphs a notice that the name has morphed into "macaroni" in English-speaking countries. By the way, as the article states, "maccheroni" in Italian is definitely plural, a single piece is called "maccherone"; is it correct in English to say "Macaroni is"? Feangio (talk) 21:42, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * In English, macaroni, spaghetti, taglietelli, pasta et al. are all treated as singular nouns. So "the spaghetti is ready", "macaroni is great with a cheese sauce", etc. Here in the UK, at least, we are not as enlightened about the subtle nuances of pasta terminology as Italians seem to be: although it's now a staple food, eaten often in the home as well as out in "Italian" restaurants (many of which you might also complain are not authentic), it's only a few decades ago that pasta was seen as an exotic import, the exception being macaroni which, as others have mentioned, was a common ingredient of British baked milk puddings, in much the same way as short-grain "pudding rice" is, and the savoury dish macaroni cheese. suggests that the word "macaroni" has been in use in English much longer than other pasta names, and its origins are more complex than a simple more-understandable respelling of "maccheroni" (which, like ciabatta, gnocchi and radicchio, could cause much confusion to non-Italian-speaking English speakers, even though they are now more common in British supermarkets at least). It would be interesting to know if the Italian commentators here recognise  (used as a reference in the article) as macaroni. Bazza (talk) 14:39, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm Italian too and I totally agree with the first comment above, in particular with this statement: "In Italy maccheroni generally refers to medium length straight tubular square-ended 'pasta corta' that is greater in diameter than bucatini. The '-oni' suffix indicates that it is in some way large and this generally refers to its length rather than its diameter. The term therefore does not cover other shapes (e.g., elbow), short tubes or wide tubes – these all have their own well-established names."

 * If you ask me, maccheroni is only a "medium length straight tubular square-ended 'pasta corta'", basically like rigatoni or tortiglioni, that's it. I'd never call any other type of pasta maccheroni, I don't mean to sound fussy about it but it's just a different matter in Italian, I guess that maccheroni and macaroni just turned into false friends somewhere along the line.--Teno85 (talk) 03:15, 14 November 2015 (UTC)

 * It's a shame so much good stuff is languishing here in Talk that needs to be better expressed in the article itself. Talk is a wonderful addition to a wiki but please edit the article if you have authentic, verifiable knowledge—don't be shy; after all, far more readers use the article than its Talk offshoot. I could not see how the way British, American and oriental users of macaroni choose to serve it should monopolise a section entitled Culinary Use. I therefore reworded that section to Culinary use Outside Italy. Do you agree with this, everyone? Humboles (talk) 20:40, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

Incorrect statement about Russian terminology
While макаронные изделия (lit. macaroni products) is a collective term in Russian for most (all?) pasta products, there are other names for specific products: лапша (flat noodles), вермишель (thin, round noodles), рожки (elbow macaroni), etc. This is detailed on the Russian version of the page. SwiftSurge (talk) 14:47, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Macaroni is not a specific shape
The term macaroni as used by Italian Americans refers to any shape of pasta made without eggs. See this link http://www.food.com/about/macaroni-158

You find this also in the book "Sunday Sauce" and regularly in episodes of "the Sopranos" such as when in season 4 Ralph is cooking spaghetti and announces "the macaroni is ready" So this article is misleading PointOfPresence (talk) 17:14, 14 July 2015 (UTC) PointOfPresence (talk) 17:14, 14 July 2015 (UTC)

 * That's probably true for Italian-Americans, not for Italians. You'll never hear anybody call spaghetti macaroni here in Italy, it would sound very odd because they're clearly different from each other. If you're searching for a word that summarizes both macaroni and spaghetti, it's just pasta: for example, if you're cooking spaghetti you'll just announce "la pasta è pronta" ("pasta is ready").--Teno85 (talk) 03:28, 14 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Much the same in British English, apart from not usually saying "la pasta è pronta" of course. Bazza (talk) 12:24, 14 November 2015 (UTC)

Sorry but why italians say "frittata di maccheroni" when refering to a recipe of fried spaghetti with eggs, or why they use interchargeably the terms "maccheroni alla chitarra" with "spaghetti alla chitarra", refering to the same long pasta? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.219.215.99 (talk) 01:15, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

This is correct, macaroni is a generic term for a type of pasta regardless of its shape. You can examine a package of any shaped pasta in America and you'll see it clearly labeled as macaroni. This is also true of the Italian maccheroni, as stated above and already expressed in the article. The term became conflated with 'elbow macaroni' through common use in the name "macaroni and cheese", although a keen observer might still raise the question... If that's elbow macaroni, what's non-elbow macaroni? Still, it's hard to argue that the Oxford definition is incorrect, it's just not the complete picture. Ideally the article should attempt to explain the confusion. 71.223.72.252 (talk) 06:31, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

Maybe add something like “This article is about the pasta. For the dish, see Macaroni and Cheese.”??
Or change the title to “Macaroni (pasta)”. Some people refer to Macaroni and Cheese as simply “Macaroni”. Adding something like that would help prevent confusion among some readers. GenZenny (talk) 01:36, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macaroni


text: Talk:The Carlyle Group

title: Talk:The Carlyle Group