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Against Me!

Against Me! is an American punk rock band, formed in 1997 in Naples, Florida, by singer and guitarist Laura Jane Grace. That same year, Grace moved to Gainesville, Florida, which is considered the band's hometown. Since 2001, the band's lineup has also included guitarist James Bowman. After releasing three studio albums through independent record labels, Against Me! moved to Sire Records for 2007's New Wave, which reached no. 57 on the Billboard 200. In 2011, the band launched the record label Total Treble.

In 2012, Grace publicly came out as a trans woman. After a long period of line-up changes and uncertainty surrounding the band's future, their sixth studio album, Transgender Dysphoria Blues, was released independently in January 2014 to critical and commercial acclaim. The band's seventh full-length, Shape Shift with Me, was released September 16, 2016.

Following the release of Shape Shift with Me, longtime bassist Andrew Seward rejoined the group in 2018. Though the group intended to record a new album, plans were derailed by the COVID-19 pandemic and the band entered an indefinite hiatus.

1997–2002: The early years and Reinventing Axl Rose
Against Me! was formed in 1997 by singer/guitarist Laura Jane Grace as a solo act, amidst the breakup of her previous band(s). The first Against Me! release was an eponymously titled demo tape in 1997. It was self-released in very limited numbers. With the addition of drummer Kevin Mahon, a second demo, Vivida Vis! (1998), was released in limited numbers by Misanthrope Records. The band started their first tour in March 1999, a month-long tour of the East coast, during which they met Jordan Kleeman in Baltimore, Maryland. The band's first EP, Against Me!, was released twice through Crasshole Records (once in 1999 and 2000). Grace's longtime friend James Bowman joined the band for a west coast in support of the EP, traveling in Grace's 1976 Buick LeSabre, the engine of which exploded at the end of the tour. Their first widely distributed release was the EP Crime as Forgiven by Against Me! (2001), released by Plan-It-X Records and Sabot Productions (run by longtime Against Me! tour manager Jordan Kleeman). While neither Bowman or Fridkin had part in the recording of Crime as Forgiven by Against Me!, they both joined the band on tour to support it. On April 23, 2001, while heading south on I-75, returning home from their first tour as a four-piece band, their van was struck by a semi truck. They landed upside-down in a ditch. No one was harmed, but the van and equipment were destroyed, after which Bowman and Mahon left the band. The band broke up for a few months that year. A third EP, a self-titled acoustic recording by Grace and bassist Dustin Fridkin, was released in November 2001.

Mahon was eventually replaced by Warren Oakes, and guitarist James Bowman returned in December 2001 during the recording of the band's first album, Against Me! Is Reinventing Axl Rose, released in March 2002 by No Idea Records. Fridkin left during the summer of 2002 to return to college and was replaced by Andrew Seward of the Tennessee band kill devil hills, and this new lineup released the single "The Disco Before the Breakdown" (2002). This lineup remained intact until 2009.

2003–2006: As the Eternal Cowboy and Searching for a Former Clarity
Against Me! signed to Fat Wreck Chords and released their second album, 2003's Against Me! as the Eternal Cowboy. It reached no. 36 on Billboard's Top Independent Albums chart and was supported by singles for "Cavalier Eternal" and "Sink, Florida, Sink". The DVD We're Never Going Home followed, documenting their Spring 2004 tour. 2005's Searching for a Former Clarity was their first album to chart on the Billboard 200, reaching no. 114. Against Me! supported the album with a tour of all 50 U.S. states. It spawned singles for "Don't Lose Touch" and "From Her Lips to God's Ears (The Energizer)", which also became the band's first music videos. The live album Americans Abroad!!! Against Me!!! Live in London!!! followed in 2006.

2007–2010: New Wave and White Crosses
Against Me! moved to Sire Records for 2007's New Wave, produced by Butch Vig. It debuted at no. 57 on the Billboard 200 and featured their first charting single, "Thrash Unreal", which reached no. 11 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart. "White People for Peace", "Stop!", and "New Wave" were also released as singles, and New Wave was named as Spin's album of the year. The DVD Live at the Key Club followed later that year. In 2008, Against Me! supported Foo Fighters on a North American tour, and Sire released the digital EP New Wave B-Sides. In October 2008, while traveling west on I-80, en route to Salt Lake City, their tour bus hit a patch of ice; causing it to spin and land on its side in a ditch. No one was harmed.

For the 2008 presidential election, Against Me! partnered with Rock the Vote.

Oakes left the band in June 2009, in part to focus on running his Mexican food restaurant. In an interview with MTV Oakes wanted it to be known that he wasn't fired, but rather, his leaving the band "was really a mutual decision … it was really amicable." He said he still considers the band members to be "more than friends -- they're family," and added that Boca is already carrying Against Me! guitarist James Bowman's homemade hot sauce on the menu.

Oakes was replaced by Hot Water Music drummer George Rebelo. The following month Fat Wreck Chords released The Original Cowboy, an album of demo recordings from the ''Against Me! as the Eternal Cowboy'' sessions.

Against Me! released White Crosses, their second album with Sire, on June 8, 2010 (although it was leaked about 3 months earlier). It was supported by singles for "I Was a Teenage Anarchist", "White Crosses", and "High Pressure Low" and was their highest-charting album to date, reaching no. 34 on the Billboard 200. On the eve of a scheduled tour of Australia and New Zealand that September, the band suddenly cancelled all touring plans due to "a culmination of circumstances", expressing the need to "take some time off from touring to go home and sort things out."

Against Me! departed from Sire Records on November 29, 2010. Following a two-month hiatus from touring, the band spoke for the first time since their tour cancellation, talking of their upcoming December 2010 shows, which saw Jay Weinberg cover for George Rebelo on drums, as he toured with Hot Water Music.

Throughout December 2010, Grace spoke of George Rebelo's intentions to record an album with his primary band Hot Water Music. In January 2011, Weinberg was officially confirmed as Against Me!'s new drummer. Total Clarity, an album of demos and unreleased songs from the Searching for a Former Clarity sessions, was released on May 24, 2011, through Fat Wreck Chords.

2011–2017: Transgender Dysphoria Blues and Shape Shift with Me
In 2010 Grace had expressed the desire to release at least one album per year for the next decade.

On June 3, 2011, the band announced that they started their own record label, Total Treble. In July 2011, the band released "Black Crosses" which were demos /alternate versions of songs from "White Crosses". In September 2011, Grace built a recording studio in Elkton, Florida, for future Against Me! projects. The studio has since been named Total Treble Studio. The first band to record an album in the studio were Cheap Girls from Lansing, Michigan, with their album Giant Orange.

In May 2012 Grace publicly came out as transgender, having dealt with gender dysphoria since childhood, and began her transition. "I felt like I drop-kicked them in the face," she said of informing the other members of Against Me! "We had the most awkward hug ever, and then they left. And the second I shut the door, I was like, 'What the fuck did I just do? Gender dysphoria is the theme of the band's sixth studio album, an autobiographical account of Laura Jane Grace's experience as a trans woman and of social and body dysphoria. They began recording in February 2012 at Total Treble Studio, working without Butch Vig, who produced New Wave and White Crosses. Instead, Grace was acting as both recording engineer and record producer for the album. Weinberg departed the group that December. Drummer Atom Willard filled in with the band for their 2013 Australian tour dates, and was confirmed as the band's new drummer on July 31, 2013. In March 2013, the band canceled their US tour with Bad Religion. In May 2013, bassist Andrew Seward also announced his departure from the band. Grace expressed that she felt the band wouldn't have continued under the name Against Me! were it not for the then-upcoming record having a message she wanted to spread. On June 24, 2013, Grace announced that recording for Transgender Dysphoria Blues was finished. Grace went on a solo tour in August in a handful of east coast US cities in support of the record.

On July 15, 2013, Against Me! released the "True Trans" single for free, featuring the new acoustic song "FUCKMYLIFE666" and the namesake "True Trans Soul Rebel". On August 29, 2013, Inge Johansson, formerly of the (International) Noise Conspiracy and Refused, was confirmed as the new bass player.

On January 21, 2014, Against Me! released Transgender Dysphoria Blues, their sixth full-length studio album. The album was praised for its raw quality, reminiscent of Against Me!'s earlier music. It is their highest-charting album to date, reaching no. 23 on the Billboard 200.

A new live album, 23 Live Sex Acts was recorded on the subsequent tour by the band in 2014, and was released on September 4, 2015.

In July 2016, the band announced their seventh studio album Shape Shift with Me would be released on September 16. The band also immediately released a song from the album, "333". On August 10, 2016, a second song, "Haunting, Haunted, Haunts" was released via the Adult Swim Singles Program 2016. On September 8, the entire album was available for streaming. Shape Shift with Me, was released September 16, 2016.

In October 2017, Against Me! played a special show with former bassist Dustin Fridkin for the first time since his departure from the band in 2002. The show was part of FEST 16. Grace revealed in August 2018 that she strongly considered disbanding Against Me! once this show had occurred.

2018–2020: Seward's return and 2 Nights / 4 Records / 48 Songs tour
Against Me! played their final show with bassist Inge Johansson in May 2018. The following month, the band played an unannounced show at Trumbullplex in Detroit, MI. The show was notable for being the first show with Andrew Seward playing bass since 2013, although no songs were played from Shape Shift with Me. Grace officially announced in July 2018 via Instagram that after performing these shows, Seward had rejoined the band.

In October 2018, the band played two shows on the eve of their South American tour: one with As the Eternal Cowboy played front to back, and the other with New Wave.

Laura Jane Grace announced in July 2018 that the band she had performed previous solo tours with since 2016, the Devouring Mothers, had recently completed a record together. Bought to Rot was released on Bloodshot Records on November 9, 2018. The band's members since its inception have been Grace and Willard from Against Me!, as well as long-time producer and collaborator Marc Hudson. The album is said to be heavily influenced by the works of Rowland S. Howard and Tom Petty, and includes collaborations with other artists.

Grace later confirmed that Against Me! was still continuing as a band, with a "clean slate", and that an eighth Against Me! record was still planned for eventual release. However, she also noted that it could be either shelved or re-recorded, following Seward's replacement of Johansson as bassist.

The band recorded a cover of The Jim Carroll Band's "People Who Died" for a 2018 compilation album (Songs That Saved My Life) in aid of mental health charities. The track was the first recording with Seward back as bassist since their 2011 single "Russian Spies / Occult Enemies", and Grace used the announcement to further confirm that the band intend to record an eighth studio album together. The band began work on their eighth studio album in February 2019.

In May 2019, the band announced their "2 Nights / 4 Records / 48 Songs" tour. On this North American run, the band performed two shows in each city: The first dedicated to Searching for a Former Clarity and New Wave, the second dedicated to White Crosses and Transgender Dysphoria Blues. Support for the shows came from Chuck Ragan, Toy Guitar, Dilly Dally, Chris Cresswell, and Cursive. The band played its final show to date on March 12, 2020 at the Port City Music Hall – in turn, becoming the final band to ever perform there, due to the venue's closure later that year on account of the COVID-19 pandemic.

2020–present: Hiatus
Grace released a solo album entitled Stay Alive (2020), as well as an EP entitled At War with the Silverfish (2021). Bowman has been working as a guitar tech on tour with My Chemical Romance, while Seward formed the duo Nighttime Flyers and released a self-titled album independently in April 2022. Seward later joined As Friends Rust as a touring and session musician, performing on their 2023 album Any Joy. Willard formed a new band, Plosivs, with members of Drive Like Jehu and Pinback. They released their debut self-titled album in March 2022. He also served as a touring drummer for both The Bronx and Worriers throughout 2022, and was announced as the new permanent drummer of Alkaline Trio in 2023.

In February 2024, while promoting her second solo album, Hole in My Head, Grace confirmed that Against Me! was still on hiatus as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic: "We never broke up, but the pandemic fucked us up. It killed our momentum. It made apparent that there was a point of burnout. So that’s where we’ve been – everyone stepped away. People started doing other things and it got weird. I’m one person in the equation, and because I’m still out here playing the songs and putting out records and doing interviews, I’m always put to task to answer for it all. All I’m ever trying to do is demonstrate that I still want to do it. I go out every night and I still feel attached to the music and I still love playing music. I can’t speak for the other people, I can only speak for myself."

Grace, however, remained optimistic that the band would reunite in the future after "reconnecting" at her wedding: "I don’t want to jinx anything. We’ll just have to see. But we didn’t break up, it just got weird. We’ll play again, I have faith in that. I just don’t know when that’ll be. I’m really hopeful for this year that we’ll start playing music again."

Band members
Final line-up
 * Laura Jane Grace – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1997–2020), bass (1997–2000, 2002, 2013) , lead guitar (1997–2001)
 * James Bowman – lead guitar, backing vocals (2000, 2000–2001, 2001–2020)
 * Andrew Seward – bass, backing vocals (2002–2013, 2018–2020)
 * Atom Willard – drums, percussion (2013–2020)

Former members
 * Kevin Mahon – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1998–2001)
 * Dustin Fridkin – bass, backing vocals (2000–2002)
 * Warren Oakes – drums, percussion (2001–2009)
 * George Rebelo – drums, percussion (2009–2010)
 * Jay Weinberg – drums, percussion (2010–2012)
 * Inge Johansson – bass, backing vocals (2013–2018)

Former touring musicians
 * Franz Nicolay – piano, keyboards, accordion, backing vocals (2010)
 * Tyson Yerex – piano, keyboards, guitar (2009–2010)
 * Adam Trachsel – bass (2010)
 * Dustin Fridkin – bass, backing vocals (2017)

Timeline

Discography
Studio albums
 * Against Me! Is Reinventing Axl Rose (2002)
 * Against Me! as the Eternal Cowboy (2003)
 * Searching for a Former Clarity (2005)
 * New Wave (2007)
 * White Crosses (2010)
 * Transgender Dysphoria Blues (2014)
 * Shape Shift with Me (2016)

title: Against Me!


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Renens

Renens is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It is located in the district of Ouest Lausannois, and is a suburb of the city of Lausanne. It is the fourth largest city in the canton. It is considered a very multiethnic town, as more than 50% of the inhabitants are resident foreign nationals from about a hundred different countries.

History
Renens is first mentioned around 888-896 as in villa Runingis. Neolithic tombs (near Bourdonnette) and a necropolis from the High Middle Ages (near Caudrey) have been discovered in the town.

In the Middle Ages Renens was owned by the cathedral chapter of Lausanne which created a prebend there between 1233 and 1303. In 1555 Claude de Praroman exchanged his old Vuarrens prebend with Bern against that of Renens for which he obtained the lordship rights. The house he already owned at 'En Plait' becomes his castle (Chateau de Renens). Lausanne bought the seigneury in 1750. The castle, sold in 1752 to Jean Pierre Audibert, passed successively to the Doxat, Sandoz, Sauter and Burckhardt families. There are rumors that Mozart stayed in this castle when he visited Lausanne.

Renens was around that time still a small village where a few families owned the countryside: the castle of 'Renens-sur-Roche' (18th century) where the Roëlls, Auberjonois and Guyots succeeded each other, and the 'Ferme des Tilleuls' (Tilia farm), built at the beginning of the 18th century by the Praroman family, where Pierre-Elie Bergier lived.

Renens became a municipality in 1798, attributed to the district of Lausanne (1798–2006) with its own municipal legislative Council from 1901. In the 1950s Renens became a city, and in 2006 the capital of the district of West-Lausanne.

Geography
Renens has an area,, of 2.96 - 2.95 km2 (depending on calculation method). Of this area, 0.1 km2 or 3.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.07 km2 or 2.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.78 km2 or 93.9% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 13.9% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 41.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 28.7%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 3.4% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 6.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 1.0% is used for growing crops, while 1.7% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Lausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Renens became part of the new district of Ouest Lausannois.

The municipality is the capital of the new district of Ouest lausannois. It is part of the agglomeration of Lausanne, and Lausanne Métro line 1 terminates at Renens railway station. The Swiss Federal Railway line connects Renens to Lausanne more directly, as well as offering some longer-distance trains. Renens is located close to junctions 17 and 18 of the A1 motorway.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, two Pales wavy Argent, Chief of the same.

Demographics

Renens has a population of. , 51.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between 1999 and 2009 the population increased by 14.4%.

Most of the population spoke French (13,576 or 73.8%), with Italian being second most common (1,214 or 6.6%) and Portuguese being third (810 or 4.4%). There were 567 residents who speak German and 11 who spoke Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 2,992 or about 16.3% were born in Renens and lived there in 2000. There were 4,431 or 24.1% who were born in the same canton, while 2,566 or 13.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 7,854 or 42.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

In, there were 92 live births to Swiss citizens and 141 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 108 deaths of Swiss citizens and 29 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 16 while the foreign population increased by 112. There were 3 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 287 non-Swiss men and 286 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 358 and the non-Swiss population increased by 208 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.1%.

In 2009 the age distribution in Renens was the following: 2,091 residents or 10.9% of the population were nine years of age or younger; 2,102 (11.0%) were between 10 and 19; 3,103 (16.2%) were between 20 and 29 years old; 3,009 (15.7%) were between 30 and 39; 2,931 (15.3%) were between 40 and 49; 2,201 (11.5%) were between 50 and 59; 1,778 (9.3%) were between 60 and 69; 1,134 (5.9%) were between 70 and 79; 655 (3.4%) were between 80 and 89; and 118 (0.6%) were 90 and older.

In 2000 there were 7,576 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 8,731 married individuals, 913 widows or widowers and 1,186 individuals who are divorced.

In 2000 there were 8,196 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.2 persons per household. There were 3,213 households that consist of only one person and 397 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 8,409 households that answered this question, 38.2% were households made up of just one person and there were 51 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 2,034 married couples without children, 2,245 married couples with children. There were 494 single parents with a child or children. There were 159 households that were made up of unrelated people and 213 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

In 2000 there were 600 single family homes (or 41.3% of the total) out of a total of 1,452 inhabited buildings. There were 496 multi-family buildings (34.2%), along with 248 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (17.1%) and 108 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (7.4%). Of the single family homes 60 were built before 1919, while 83 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (170) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (137) were built between 1946 and 1960 and the next most (89) were built before 1919. There were 17 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

In 2000 there were 8,959 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was three rooms, of which there were 3,095. There were 919 single room apartments and 708 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 8,015 apartments (89.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 748 apartments (8.3%) were seasonally occupied and 196 apartments (2.2%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.12%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 23.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (21.39%), the PdA Party (14.34%) and the Green Party (13.66%). In the federal election, a total of 2,897 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 39.7%.

Economy
, Renens had an unemployment rate of 7.6%. , there were 8 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 1 business involved in this sector. 2,338 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 153 businesses in this sector. 7,493 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 579 businesses in this sector. There were 9,293 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.5% of the workforce.

, the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 8,699. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 7, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 2,245 of which 1,048 or (46.7%) were in manufacturing and 855 (38.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 6,447. In the tertiary sector; 1,795 or 27.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1,452 or 22.5% were in the movement and storage of goods, 244 or 3.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 470 or 7.3% were in the information industry, 735 or 11.4% were the insurance or financial industry, 390 or 6.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 299 or 4.6% were in education and 500 or 7.8% were in health care.

, there were 7,789 workers who commuted into the municipality and 7,087 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.1 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 2.2% of the workforce coming into Renens are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 31.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 49.8% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 8,162 or 44.3% were Roman Catholic, while 3,952 or 21.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 740 members of an Orthodox church (or about 4.02% of the population), there were 14 individuals (or about 0.08% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 757 individuals (or about 4.11% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 1,662 Muslims (or about 9.03% of the population)  and  20 individuals (or about 0.11% of the population) were Jewish. There were 65 individuals who were Buddhist, 159 individuals who were Hindu and 36 individuals who belonged to another church. 1,904 (or about 10.34% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 1,301 individuals (or about 7.07% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Renens about 5,518 or (30.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 1,664 or (9.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 1,664 who completed tertiary schooling, 42.0% were Swiss men, 21.0% were Swiss women, 24.5% were non-Swiss men and 12.5% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 2,355 students in the Renens (VD) school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 803 children of which 502 children (62.5%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 1,329 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 916 students in those schools. There were also 110 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 93 students in Renens who came from another municipality, while 1,188 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, Renens VD, that sits at the junction of multiple major railway lines. It has regular service to Lausanne, Geneva, and points beyond. It is also the western terminus of the Lausanne Métro.

Notable people

 * Fabio Celestini (born 1975 in Lausanne) a Swiss professional footballer / football manager. He played in Renens from 1992 to 1995. He was trainer of FC Renens between 2011 and 2013, and president of the club in 2013–2014.
 * Henri Dès (born 1940 in Renens) a French-language children's singer and songwriter, fourth in the 1970 Eurovision Song Contest
 * Gabriel Reymond (1923–2021) racewalker, competed in the 1952 and 1960 Summer Olympics, lived in Renens
 * Bigambo Rochat (born 1991 in Renens) a Swiss footballer
 * Alfred Stucky (1892–1969) a swiss dam engineer who established his engineering firm, today part of Gruner AG, in Renens in 1926
 * Frédéric Veseli (born 1992 in Renens) an Albanian professional footballer, over 130 club caps

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Renens


text:
Moscow Peace Treaty

The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940, and the ratifications were exchanged on 21 March. It marked the end of the 105-day Winter War, upon which Finland ceded border areas to the Soviet Union. The treaty was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrei Zhdanov and Aleksandr Vasilevsky for the Soviet Union, and Risto Ryti, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Rudolf Walden and Väinö Voionmaa for Finland. The terms of the treaty were not reversed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Karelian question refers to the debate within Finland over the possible reacquisition of this ceded territory.

Background
The Winter War began on 30 November 1939 with the Soviet invasion of Finland. On 29 January 1940, Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov put an end to the puppet Terijoki Government and recognized the Ryti–Tanner government as the legal government of Finland, informing it that the Soviet Union was willing to negotiate peace. The Finnish government received the first tentative peace conditions from the Soviet Union (through Stockholm) two days later. The Soviets made larger claims than they had before the war started. The demands were for Finland to cede the Karelian Isthmus, including the city of Viipuri, and Finland's shore of Lake Ladoga. The Hanko Peninsula was to be leased to the Soviet Union for 30 years.

Finland rejected the demands and intensified its pleas to Sweden, France and the United Kingdom for military support by regular troops. The reports from the front still held out hope for Finland, anticipating a League of Nations intervention. Positive signals, however inconstant, from France and Britain and more realistic expectations of troops from Sweden, for which plans and preparations had been made throughout the 1930s, were further reasons for Finland not to rush into peace negotiations. (See for more details.)

In February 1940, Finland's commander-in-chief, Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim expressed his pessimism about the military situation, which prompted the government to start peace talks on 29 February, the same day the Red Army started an attack on Viipuri (now Vyborg).

Terms

On 6 March, a Finnish delegation, led by Finnish Prime Minister Risto Ryti, travelled to Moscow. During the negotiations, the Red Army were close to surrounding Viipuri.

The treaty was signed on the evening of 12 March, Moscow Time, or 1 hour on 13 March, Finnish time. The protocol appended to the treaty stipulated that the fighting should end at noon, Leningrad time (11:00 Finnish time), and the fighting continued until then.

Finland ceded approximately half of Finnish Karelia, exceeding the amount of territory demanded by the Soviets before the war. The ceded area included Finland's industrial centre, the city of Viipuri (Finland's second-largest city [Population Register] or fourth-largest city [Church and Civil Register], depending on the census data ), Käkisalmi, Sortavala, Suojärvi, and the whole of Viipuri Bay (with its islands). Much of this territory was still held by the Finnish Army. Military troops and remaining civilians were hastily evacuated inside the new border: 422,000 Finns, i.e. 12% of Finland's population, left their homes.

There was also an area that the Russians captured during the war that remained in Finnish hands according to the treaty: Petsamo. The treaty also stipulated that Finland would grant free passage for Soviet civilians through Petsamo to Norway.

Finland also had to cede a part of the Salla area, the Finnish part of the Kalastajansaarento (Rybachi) Peninsula in the Barents Sea, and in the Gulf of Finland the islands of Suursaari, Tytärsaari, Lavansaari (now Moshchny Island о. Мощный), Peninsaari (now Maly Island, о. Малый) and Seiskari. Finally, the Hanko Peninsula was leased to the Soviet Union as a naval base for 30 years at an annual rent of 8 million marks. The total area ceded by Finland amounted to approximately 9% of its territory.

Contrary to a common belief, the Soviet troops' transfer rights by railway to the Hanko base were not granted in the peace treaty, but they were demanded on 9 July, after Sweden had acknowledged the railway transit of Wehrmacht troops to occupied Norway.

Additional demands were the handing over any equipment and installations on the territories that were ceded. Thus Finland had to hand over 75 locomotives, 2,000 railroad cars, and a number of cars, trucks and ships. The Enso industrial area, which was clearly on the Finnish side of the border, as it was drawn in the peace treaty, was also soon added to the Finnish losses of territory and equipment.

Aftermath
The harsh terms imposed on the Finns led them to seek support from Nazi Germany. The Winter War and the subsequent peace treaty were core factors in leading to what would become the Continuation War, when hostilities resumed in 1941.

title: Moscow Peace Treaty


text:
Diego Aduarte

Diego Aduarte OP (1570–1636; born in Zaragoza) was a Spanish Dominican friar and historian. He was a missionary to the Philippine Islands and arrived there in 1595 with Blancas de San Jose. In 1632 was made Prior of Manila. He died in 1636.

Aduarte's works include an account of the difficulties and problems faced by Spanish missionaries introducing Christianity into Cambodia. He also made a biography of the missionary Juan Cobo.

title: Diego Aduarte


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Richard Aertsz

Richard Aartsz, or Rijckaert Aertsz (1482 – May 1577) was a Dutch Renaissance painter of historical allegories. Most of his works were painted while he lived in Antwerp. He was a pupil of Jan Mostaert in Haarlem. Frans Floris became his pupil and friend.

Biography
Rykert (or Rijck) was born in Wijk aan Zee, (Beverwijk) and was the son of a fisherman. As a boy he had burned his leg, so he was sent to Haarlem for treatment, but because of an incompetent physician or because it was simply too late, the wound further deteriorated until his leg had to be amputated, which compelled him to walk with a crutch. This is why he was nicknamed Rijk met de Stelt (Rich with the Crutch), which is his now his best known artist name.

During his period of recovery, he often sat near the fire, and drew on the white stone hearth wall with charcoals, which he did so well that his parents asked if he would like to be a painter or draughtsman, and when he responded seriously in the affirmative, he was apprenticed to Jan Mostaert, then a master of a painting workshop in Haarlem. He was such a studious apprentice that he soon became a good artist himself. He painted the altar doors of the Carrier's guild (Zakkendragersgilde, a guild for turf carriers and other cart trades) in the St. Bavochurch. The altar itself had been painted earlier by Jacob van Haarlem, the master of Mostaert. The altar door subjects were designed by Rijck, and were the history of Joseph (son of Jacob); one side was devoted to his brothers who came for grain, and the other side was Joseph himself seated like a king, hiding his identity for his brothers in Egypt; pieces which were highly praised. Rijck was a successful painter who painted many pieces in Friesland, but most of these were destroyed during the Beeldenstorm.

Rijck eventually traveled to Antwerp where he married Catharina Dircksdr and joined the Guild of Saint Luke in 1520. He was able to make a living by painting the "flesh tones" (naeckten can also mean nudes) for other painters in return for a day-wage. He died there in May 1577, famed as a quiet, happy, peaceful and pious man, much loved for his good mood. In reference to his name and crutch, he often said "Ik ben rijk en wel gestelt" ("I am rich and well off", a pun on his name Rijckaert (rijck means rich, while rijkaard means rich man), and having to use a crutch (gestelt means "with a crutch", while welgesteld means "well off").

In his old age, his vision was badly impaired, so that he was barely able to see what he was doing. When he put the paint on the panels so thickly that no one liked it, the paint often needed to be scraped off again, which upset him because he felt no one appreciated his work.

His portrait was painted by his friend Frans Floris around 1560, as the central figure in a painting of St. Luke for the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke, probably because he was an upbeat and popular character in the guild. He was the father of the painter Lambert Ryck Aertsz, called Robbesant.

title: Richard Aertsz


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Nikolaus Ager

Nikolaus Ager, name also spelled Nicolas Ager and sometimes referred to as Agerius (1568, Ittenheim – 26 June 1634, Strasbourg) was a French physician and botanist born in Alsace. He was the author of the treatise "De Anima Vegetativa" (1629).

He studied medicine in Basel, subsequently obtaining doctorates in medicine and philosophy in Strasbourg. In 1618 he became a professor of medicine and botany at Strasbourg. During his career, he worked closely with famed botanists Johann and Gaspard Bauhin.

In 1763 Michel Adanson named the genus Ageria (family Aquifoliaceae) in his honor.

Written works
From 1623 to 1634 he published a series of disputations, a few of them being: "De vita et morte", "De nutritione", "De mente humana", "De monstris" and "De somno et insomniis". In 1602 he published a new edition of Walther Hermann Ryff's "Reformierte Deütsche Apoteck" (Reformed German chemist) as "Newe ausgerüste deutsche Apoteck". The following are a list of some of his better known works:
 * "Theses physico-medicae de homine sano", 1593.
 * "Disputatio de dyssenteria", 1593.
 * "Disputatio de Zoophytis", 1625.
 * "De Anima Vegetativa", 1629.

title: Nikolaus Ager


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Talk:Vaud

Comment
To the new user (I assume it's somebody new) who created this entry:

Welcome to the Wikipedia. I hope you decide to stay around and continue to help out! You might want to have a look at WikiProject U.S. States and see if a similar format is suitable for the Swiss cantons. In any case, it would be good if all the canton articles were consistent in format and aimed to at least contain the same basic information. --Robert Merkel 09:41, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Latin Europe
Hello ! There is a vote going on at Latin Europe that might interest you. Please everyone, do come and give your opinion and votes. Thank you. The Ogre (talk) 21:18, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Suspect unreferenced history
''The Bernese occupants were not popular amongst the population and the French Revolutionary troops were received with enthusiasm in 1798. The French troops were victorious and a Lemanic Republic was declared. This was soon turned into the canton of Léman, which in 1803 joined the Swiss confederation.'' It seems very improbable that opinions and feelings about the Bernese and about the French Revolution, let alone invasion or liberation by French Revolutionary troops, would have been other than divided. I think it's quite inappropriate to make claims about 'not popular' or 'enthusiasm' without at least supplying a source, but preferably (as it would still not carry any credibility) identifying with whom the Bernese were unpopular and the invaders were received enthusiastically.

I'm not inclined to edit this until I know more about it. However I am removing the trivia about Ian Fleming and his (fictitious?) biography of James Bond. There are much more significant people to mention in connection with Vaud, though perhaps under 'Lausanne' etc rather than here. At any rate I hope that if someone is passionate about restoring the Fleming/Bond connection they'll find or make a better spot than in the history section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alkhowarizmi (talk • contribs) 13:29, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It's a well known fact that the French speaking Swiss are not (shall we say) "best of friends" with regards to the German speaking Swiss. This text is fine and does not need editing. --  Île flottɑnte~Floɑting islɑnd   Talk   20:32, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Bold page move
regarding your bold page move from Vaud to Canton of Vaud, in your edit summary you are referring to a geographical and cultural region Vaud. How exactly is the region different from the canton of Vaud, i.e. which cities and villages belong to the canton but not to the region, or vice versa? Marcocapelle (talk) 10:20, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Firstly, excuse my late response; better late than never. Canton of Vaud is the official naming, while Vaud is a short version only, however used very often (as long as the context refers to the canton). The term 'Vaud' is a homonym, which also can refer to a geographical, cultural and others (climate, language, ..) contexts, which often do not have that dedicated borders as the cantonal (legal) meaning has! For example, Céligny and Bossey belong culturally to the Vaud but they are part of the canton of Geneva. This is a general pattern for all Swiss cantons. -- ZH8000 (talk) 20:48, 18 April 2019 (UTC)

 * As usual, User:ZH8000 is didactically discussing subjects he knows nothing about. Céligny does not only belong politically to the Canton of Geneva, but had had very strong ties with it for centuries, and certainly cannot be qualified as "belonging culturally to Vaud". On the other hand, the fact that Bossey is a French commune, which is thus not in the least a part of the Canton of Geneva (although very near), and which is definitely not "culturally belonging to Vaud", should warn us not to be too confident in ZH8000 surprising assertions. Especially regarding the bold allegation that "this is a general pattern for all Swiss cantons". "En Vaud" is simply very rarely used all by itself in Switzerland; one rather says "dans le canton de Vaud" or (with a touch of patriotic tradition) "dans le Pays de Vaud". Sapphorain (talk) 21:55, 18 April 2019 (UTC)

 * My dear Sapphy, if I would be you then I would thoroughly and shamefacedly reconsider your very own words - by the way the same way you were proven wrong about (from Sept 2017 until April 2018).
 * Of course there is a French Bossey, but there is also a Swiss one, eventually just next to Céligny, namely the hamlet Petit Bossey and Chateau Bossey. But I was indeed wrong since this Bossey indeed belongs to canton of Vaud. – Anyhow, it should only be an example for how the political view can differ from a cultural, regional, or geographical term.

 * Nevertheless, in German-speaking Switzerland the phrase "im Waadt" is quite more common than "Kanton Waadt"; and the regional term "Waadt" is often quite loosly used to refer to a rather fuzzy region without sharp borders, even if they for example talk about Estavayer-Le-Lac FR or Villeneuve FR.

 * Probably this is not so obvious regarding 'le Vaud' in French. But a very obvious example is the Val Calanca, which obviously and undisputably belongs geographically (the water of the river Calancasca flows into to the Italian Po), linguistically (they speak an Italian dialect) and meteorological/climatological (they are used to Tessin's weather forcasts) to the Tessin, even though the Val Calanca politically belongs to the Grisons – indeed since centuries.

 * And finally please, would you mind to adhere to the WP:TALK rules. Thank you very much.

 * -- ZH8000 (talk) 23:06, 18 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I came to this old discussion after noticing the odd page title. I'm not convinced by the argument ZH8000 gave for moving the page.

 * First, it may very well be that the official name is "Canton of Vaud", but Wikipedia articles prefer the common name, not the official name (I think the policy is WP:COMMON). We also have articles named "France", not "French Republic" (or even "République française"), and "California", not "State of California".

 * The other argument is that the term "Vaud" refers to a geographical area that does not exactly match the borders of the canton of Vaud. That may very well be, but there is nothing in our article that supports this claim; there is no article on Vaud (geography) and there is no discussion of the ambiguity of the term in the article on the canton. It seems to me that we should first establish through reliable sources that this alternative sense of the term "Vaud" exists, before we rename the article.

 * I'm going to rename the article back now to its previous name. A renaming to "Canton of Vaud" will require more evidence. Ucucha (talk) 07:25, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I welcome to name change back to Vaud. As a Vaudois myself, I’d like to add that I don’t think the article’s name should in any way be affected by how Swiss Germans refer to our Canton. Furthermore, whilst it’s correct that in French it’s incorrect to say à Vaud, en Vaud, etc, we do say sur Vaud, for example “Les gens sont quand même plus sympa sur Vaud qu’à Genève.” The historical borders of the pays de Vaud are exactly as they sound: history. The Germany article is not entitled Federal Republic of Germany instead of Germany on some pretence that historically Germany included territory now possessed by other countries. Île flottante (talk) 11:44, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

Notaable people
Why isn't Alexandre Yersin, the dsiover of the bacteria that causes plague Yersina Pestis, included as a notable perosn from Vaud. See his entry in the Wikipedia, 71.190.105.78 (talk) 22:31, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vaud


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Basic exchange telephone radio service

The basic exchange telephone radio service or BETRS is a fixed radio service where a multiplexed, digital radio link is used as the last segment of the local loop to provide wireless telephone service to subscribers in remote areas. BETRS technology was developed in the mid-1980s and allows up to four subscribers to use a single radio channel pair, simultaneously, without interfering with one another.

In the US, this service may operate in the paired 152/158 and 454/459 MHz bands and on 10 channel blocks in the 816-820/861-865 MHz bands. BETRS may be licensed only to state-certified carriers in the area where the service is provided and is considered a part of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) by state regulators.

Regulation of this service currently resides in parts 1 and 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Subtitle 47 on Telecommunications, and may be researched or ordered through the Government Printing Office (GPO).

title: Basic exchange telephone radio service


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User talk:Azra99

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. You can sign your name with ~. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 09:54, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Speedy deletion nomination of And Queen Charlotte City

A tag has been placed on And Queen Charlotte City requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, a rephrasing of the title, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. Canuck 89 (have words with me) 08:16, October 29, 2012 (UTC) 08:16, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Azra99


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User talk:Dunric76

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. You can sign your name with ~. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 09:54, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

title: User talk:Dunric76


text:
H. R. Locke

Henry Robinson Locke (1867 – August 22, 1927) was an American photographer in the 19th and 20th century who photographed the Wild West.

He ran a studio in Deadwood, South Dakota. He photographed the Black Hills area, Deadwood, Crow Indians, farmers, miners, railroads, but also Calamity Jane (1885) and the Little Big Horn battlefield (1894).

Personal life and death
Locke was born in 1867 in Pennsylvania. He died in 1927 in Sheridan, Wyoming.

title: H. R. Locke


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United States Government Publishing Office

The United States Government Publishing Office (USGPO or GPO; formerly the United States Government Printing Office) is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States Federal government. The office produces and distributes information products and services for all three branches of the Federal Government, including U.S. passports for the Department of State as well as the official publications of the Supreme Court, the Congress, the Executive Office of the President, executive departments, and independent agencies.

An act of Congress changed the office's name to its current form in 2014.

Establishment of the Government Printing Office
The Government Printing Office was created by congressional joint resolution on June 23, 1860. It began operations March 4, 1861, with 350 employees and reached a peak employment of 8,500 in 1972. The agency began transformation to computer technology in the 1980s; along with the gradual replacement of paper with electronic document distribution, this has led to a steady decline in the number of staff at the agency.

Headquarters and unique architecture
For its entire history, the GPO has occupied the corner of North Capitol Street NW and H Street NW in the District of Columbia. The large red brick building that houses the GPO was erected in 1903 and is unusual in being one of the few large, red brick government structures in a city where most government buildings are mostly marble and granite. (The Smithsonian Castle and the Pension Building, now the National Building Museum, are other exceptions.) An additional structure was attached to its north in later years.

Role and structure of the GPO
The activities of the GPO are defined in the public printing and documents chapters of Title 44 of the United States Code. The Director (formerly the Public Printer), who serves as the head of the GPO, is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Director selects a Superintendent of Documents.

Superintendent of Documents and information dissemination
The Superintendent of Documents (SuDocs) is in charge of the dissemination of information at the GPO. This is accomplished through the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), the Cataloging and Indexing Program and the Publication Sales Program, as well as operation of the Federal Citizen Information Center in Pueblo, Colorado. Adelaide Hasse was the founder of the Superintendent of Documents classification system.

Environmentally conscious initiatives
The GPO first used 100 percent recycled paper for the Congressional Record and Federal Register from 1991 to 1997, under Public Printers Robert Houk and Michael DiMario. The GPO resumed using recycled paper in 2009.

In March 2011, the GPO issued a new illustrated official history covering the agency's 150 years of "Keeping America Informed".

Name change and shift to digital publishing
With demand for print publications falling and a move underway to digital document production and preservation, the name of the GPO was officially changed to "Government Publishing Office" in a provision of an omnibus government funding bill passed by Congress in December 2014. Following signature of this legislation by President Barack Obama, the name change took place on December 17, 2014.

Public Printers of the United States
By law, the Public Printer heads the GPO. The position of Public Printer traces its roots back to Benjamin Franklin and the period before the American Revolution, when he served as "publick printer", whose job was to produce official government documents for Pennsylvania and other colonies. When the agency was renamed in December 2014 the title "Public Printer" was also changed to "Director". Davita Vance-Cooks was therefore the first "Director" of the GPO.

Superintendent:
 * 1) John D. Defrees (1861–1866)
 * 2) Cornelius Wendell (1866–1867)
 * 3) John D. Defrees (1867–1869)
 * 4) Almon M. Clapp (1869–1876)

Public Printers:
 * 1) Almon M. Clapp (1876–1877)
 * 2) John D. Defrees (1877–1882)
 * 3) Sterling P. Rounds (1882–1886)
 * 4) Thomas E. Benedict (1886–1889)
 * 5) Frank W. Palmer (1889–1894)
 * 6) Thomas E. Benedict (1894–1897)
 * 7) Frank W. Palmer (1897–1905), O.J. Ricketts (Acting, 1905–1905)
 * 8) Charles A. Stillings (1905–1908), William S. Rossiter (Acting, 1908–1908), Capt. Henry T. Brian (Acting, 1908–1908)
 * 9) John S. Leech (1908–1908)
 * 10) Samuel B. Donnelly (1908–1913)
 * 11) Cornelius Ford (1913–1921)
 * 12) George H. Carter (1921–1934)
 * 13) Augustus E. Giegengack (1934–1948), John J. Deviny (Acting, 1948–1948)
 * 14) John J. Deviny (1948–1953), Phillip L. Cole (Acting, 1953–1953)
 * 15) Raymond Blattenberger (1953–1961), John M. Wilson (Acting, 1961–1961), Felix E. Cristofane (Acting, 1961–1961)
 * 16) James L. Harrison (1961–1970)
 * 17) Adolphus N. Spence (1970–1972), Harry J. Humphrey (Acting, 1972–1973), L.T. Golden (Acting Deputy, 1973–1973)
 * 18) Thomas F. McCormick (1973–1977)
 * 19) John J. Boyle (1977–1980), Samuel Saylor (Acting, 1980–1981)
 * 20) Danford L. Sawyer, Jr. (1981–1984), William J. Barrett (Acting, 1984–1984)
 * 21) Ralph E. Kennickell, Jr. (1984–1988), Joseph E. Jenifer (Acting, 1988–1990)
 * 22) Robert Houk (1990–1993), Michael F. DiMario (Acting, 1993–1993)
 * 23) Michael F. DiMario (1993 –2002)
 * 24) Bruce James (2002–2007), William H. Turri (Acting, 2007–2007)
 * 25) Robert C. Tapella (2007–2010)
 * 26) William J. Boarman (2010–2012)
 * 27) Davita Vance-Cooks (2013–2017)
 * 28) Hugh Halpern (2019–present)

Official journals of government
The GPO contracts out much of the Federal government's printing but prints the official journals of government in-house,

 * Public and Private Laws
 * The Congressional Record
 * The Federal Register, which is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of Federal agencies and organizations.
 * United States House Journal
 * United States Senate Journal
 * United States Code
 * United States Statutes at Large

Passports

GPO has been producing U.S. passports since the 1920s. The United States Department of State began issuing e-passports in 2006. The e-Passport includes an electronic chip embedded in the cover that contains the same information that is printed in the passport: name, date and place of birth, sex, dates of passport issuance and expiration, passport number, and photo of the bearer. GPO produces the blank e-Passport, while the Department of State receives and adjudicates applications and issues individual passports. GPO ceased production of legacy passports in May 2007, shifting production entirely to e-passports.

In March 2008, the Washington Times published a three-part story about the outsourcing of electronic passports to overseas companies, including one in Thailand that was subject to Chinese espionage.

Trusted Traveler Program card
GPO designs, prints, encodes, and personalizes Trusted Traveler Program cards (NEXUS, SENTRI and FAST) for the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

GPO publications

 * Cumulative Copyright Catalogs
 * Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1870–88)
 * Official Records of the American Civil War
 * U.S. Congressional Serial Set

GPO publishes the U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual. Among the venerable series are Foreign Relations of the United States for the Department of State (since 1861), and Public Papers of the Presidents, covering the administrations of Presidents Herbert Hoover onward (except Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose papers were privately printed). GPO published the Statistical Abstract of the United States for the Census Bureau from 1878 to 2012.

Internet access to GPO publications
In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed the GPO Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act, which enabled GPO to put Government information online for the first time. One year later, GPO began putting Government information online for the public to access. In 2009, GPO replaced its GPO Access website with the Federal Digital System, or FDsys. In 2016, GPO launched GovInfo, a mobile-friendly website for the public to access Government information. GovInfo makes available at no charge the Congressional Record, the Federal Register, Public Papers of the Presidents, the U.S. Code, and other materials.

GPO Police
Security and law enforcement for GPO facilities is provided by the Government Publishing Office Police. The force is part of the GPO's Security Services Division, and in 2003 it had 53 officers. Officers are appointed under Title 44 USC § 317 by the Public Printer (or their delegate).

Mission
Their duty is to "protect persons and property in premises and adjacent areas occupied by or under the control of the Government Printing Office".

Jurisdiction and Authority
Officers are authorized to bear and use arms in the performance of their duties, make arrests for violations of Federal and state law (and that of Washington, D.C.), and enforce the regulations of the Public Printer, including requiring the removal from GPO premises of individuals who violate such regulations.

Officers have concurrent jurisdiction with the law enforcement agencies where the premises are located. GPO Police Officers are required to maintain active certification with the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Police Department as their agency holds a cooperative agreement with the city, granting GPO Police authority to enforce city laws and regulations to include Traffic Code.


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Căile Ferate Române

Căile Ferate Române (abbreviated as the CFR) was the state railway carrier of Romania. The company was dissolved on 1 October 1998 by splitting into several successor companies. CFR as an entity existed from 1880, even though the first railway on current Romanian territory was opened in 1854. CFR was divided into four autonomous companies:
 * CFR Călători, responsible for passenger services;
 * CFR Marfă, responsible for freight transport;
 * Compania Națională de Căi Ferate CFR, manages the infrastructure on the Romanian railway network; and
 * Societatea Feroviară de Turism, or SFT, which manages scenic and tourist railways.

CFR was headquartered in Bucharest and had regional divisions centered in Bucharest, Brașov, Cluj-Napoca, Constanța, Craiova, Galați, Iași, and Timișoara. Its International Union of Railways code is 53-CFR.

Railways in the nineteenth century
The first railway line on Romania's present-day territory was opened on 20 August 1854 and ran between Oravița in Banat and Baziaș, a port on the Danube. The line, which had a length of 62.5 km, was used solely for the transportation of coal. From 12 January 1855, the line was operated by Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company, the Banat province being at that time part of the Austrian Empire. After several improvements in the following months, the line was opened to passenger traffic from 1 November 1856.

Between 1864 and 1880, several railways were constructed in the area of the Kingdom of Romania. On 1 September 1865, the English company John Trevor-Barkley began construction on the Bucharest–Giurgiu line. Commissioned by the King of Romania, the line was opened to traffic on 26 August 1869. The Bucharest-Giurgiu line was the first railway built on Romanian territory at that time (considering that the Oravița-Baziaș line was part of Austria-Hungary, even though it now lies on Romanian territory).

In September 1866, the Romanian Parliament voted for the construction of a 915 km railway, from Vârciorova in the south to Roman in the north, via Ploiești, Bucharest, Buzău, Brăila, Galați, and Tecuci, all important population centres. The price for the construction was at that time 270,000 gold francs per kilometre and was contracted to the German Strousberg consortium. The line was opened in various stages, the first stage (Ploiesti–Bucharest–Galați–Roman) being opened to traffic on 13 September 1872, while the Vârciorova–Ploiești segment was opened some time later, on 9 May 1878. The Vârciorova-Roman line was an important part of Romania's rail infrastructure because it spanned the entire Kingdom and provided an important connection for passengers and freight between several significant Wallachian and Moldavian cities.

On 10 September 1868, Bucharest's Gara de Nord (North Station) was finalised. In January 1880, the Romanian Parliament voted to transfer the ownership of the Vârciorova-Roman line from the private administration of the Strousberg consortium to state ownership, under the administration of CFR. 1880 therefore marks the start of the Căile Ferate Române institution which survives to this date. The first administration of CFR was made up of Ioan Kalinderu, Eugeniu Stătescu, and Ștefan Fălcoianu.

In May 1868, the Romanian state concluded an agreement with another German consortium, known as the "Offenheim Consortium", for the construction of several shorter railways in the region of Moldavia. The lines, which had a total length of 224 km, would run from Roman to Ițcani, from Pașcani to Iași and from Verești to Botoșani. In 1870, the Iași railway station was inaugurated and the lines were progressively opened from December 1869 to November 1871. Due to the poor management of the lines by the Offenheim Consortium, they were placed under the management of CFR in January 1889.

Meanwhile, during the Romanian War of Independence in 1877, Romania annexed the region of Dobrogea, which had previously belonged to the Ottoman Empire. The Romanian state placed under the management of CFR the Constanța–Cernavodă line, which had been opened during the Ottoman times in 1860. The Bucharest-Giurgiu line, the first line constructed in the Kingdom of Romania, was also placed under the administration of CFR during this time.

Hence, by 1889, the Romanian state became the owner of all of the lines in the Kingdom of Romania, the railway system having a total length of 1377 km.

Railways in the early twentieth century

In 1918, the historical regions of Transylvania, Banat, Bassarabia, and Bucovina united with the Kingdom of Romania to form Greater Romania. As a result, all railway lines in these regions, previously under the ownership of Austria-Hungary or the Russian Empire, were placed under the administration of CFR. This event was significant for Romanian railways because it meant that the large Arad rolling stock and steel factory, previously located on Austro-Hungarian territory, was now part of Romania, and was consequently used to produce a wide range of rolling stock and locomotives for CFR.

During this time, various railways were "doubled"— that is, double tracks were introduced on routes to permit a greater flow of traffic. The first line to be doubled was the Bucharest–Ploiești–Câmpina line, where doubling was completed in 1912. In the period between the wars, various other lines were doubled, including:

 * Constanța–Cernavodă (1931)
 * Adjud–Tecuci (1933)
 * Teiuș–Apahida (1940)
 * Câmpina–Brașov (1941)
 * Buzău–Mărășești (1942)

During the 1920s and 1930s CFR also bought several new locomotives and cars, embarking on a plan of widespread modernisation. Diesel traction was introduced, and the Malaxa high-speed DMUs (a modernised version of which are still in use as commuter trains in Banat) were built.

A significant event in the history of the railways was the Grivița Strike of 1933, which occurred during the Great Depression and resulted in violent clashes between railway workers and police.

The Holocaust

During World War II, CFR (Romanian Railways) was involved in the transport of Jewish and Romani people from Bessarabia, Bukovina and Regat to concentration camps set up in Transnistria. In a notable example, during the Iași pogrom events, Jews were forcibly loaded onto freight cars with planks hammered in place over the windows and traveled for seven (7) days in unimaginable conditions. Many died and were gravely affected by lack of air, blistering heat, lack of water, food or medical attention. These veritable death trains arrived to their destinations, Podu Iloaiei and Călărași, with only one-fifth of their passengers alive. No official apology was released yet by CFR for their role in the Holocaust in Romania.

Railways in Communist Romania
After Romania became a Communist republic in 1947, there was quite a significant amount of investment in railway infrastructure, often to the detriment of other forms of infrastructure. During this period, railways were seen as the symbol of Romania's rapid industrialisation under Communist leaders Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and later by Nicolae Ceaușescu. Aside from an increase in train traffic and the construction of various new lines, especially in rural areas, the bulk of electrification and line doubling occurred during the Communist period. Also, the railways in Southern Dobruja were left to Bulgaria in 1940 and the ones in Northern Bucovina and Bessarabia were ceded to the Soviet Union in 1947.

Electrification and track doubling

The first line to be electrified on the Romanian railway network was the Bucharest–Brașov line, which was used by a significant amount of passenger and freight traffic. Works on electrification started on 27 December 1960, and the first electrified segment, from Brașov to Predeal, opened on 9 December 1965. By 20 April 1966, a further segment was electrified, from Predeal to Câmpina. The entire line was electrified by 16 February 1969, at.

Various lines were also supplemented with double tracks to permit a wider flow of traffic, including:

 * Făurei–Galați (1971)
 * Pantelimon–Cernavodă (1971)
 * Bucharest–Roșiori–Craiova (1972)
 * Chitila–Golești (1972)
 * Brașov–Câmpul Libertății (1974)
 * Adjud–Suceava (1975)
 * Dragalina–Călărași (1970s)

By the mid-1970s, steam traction disappeared completely out of mainstream use, being replaced by standardised diesel and electric locomotives and cars, most of which were built in Romania, at the Electroputere factory in Craiova, respectively Întreprinderea de Vagoane Arad (IVA) factory in Arad.

CFR after 1989

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, which resulted in the fall of Communism, Romania was left with one of the largest, most dense and most frequently used railway networks in Europe; but at the same time having relatively outdated infrastructure. This, combined with the economic decline that Romania faced in the 1990s due to its transition to a market economy, resulted in CFR entering a period of relative decline. Several little-used routes, especially in rural areas, were cut back, and rolling stock, most of which was acquired in the 1970s, entered a period of disrepair. CFR's image, both domestically and abroad, suffered greatly, due to reports of dilapidated trains, poor service and general disarray of management.

This situation continued until the year 1998, when Societatea Națională a Căilor Ferate Române (The National Society of Romanian Railways) was split into five independently administered companies : Compania Națională de Căi Ferate "CFR" SA (National Railway Company "CFR" – dealing with infrastructure), CFR Călători (CFR Passenger Services – the operator of passenger trains), CFR Marfă (Freight transport company), CFR Gevaro (Services linked with restaurant cars) and SAAF (dealing with excess rolling stock to be sold, leased or scrapped).

Since 1989, a number of small branch lines have been closed— especially those designated for industrial purposes or having a narrow gauge. This has been generally done due to greater competition from private bus services as well as generally low passenger numbers on those lines. The narrow gauge line from Turda to Abrud, for example, could not hope to compete with the private car or bus, the journey time being just short of six and a half hours for the 93 km trip (CFR Timetable 1988, table 309). As of 2022 the Turda–Abrud journey by bus takes 2 hours and 45 minutes.

Some other line closures were thought imminent especially on the branch lines in Timiș County, which were generally very old and little-used; but most seem to have been reprieved and now are operated by private operators. Between 1000 and 1500 km of railway lines have been divested of CFR control and a few have closed completely since 1990, most of which were in rural areas. Overall however, actual railway closures in Romania have been much less drastic than in other former Communist bloc countries, such as Hungary or Eastern Germany; indeed the "closure" figures given include lines which have been taken over by private operators and continue to operate (2010). Some standard gauge lines have in fact reopened since closure in the 1990s and some narrow-gauge tracks have recently been reopened by SFT (CFR's Railway Tourism Society) for tourism, but are only run occasionally, about twice a month (lines include Abrud-Câmpeni, Târgu Mureș-Band or Moldovița-Vama). All forestry railroads (căi ferate forestiere in Romanian) still in operation after 1989 have been privatized and sold to the forestry companies. Some, such as the Vasser Valley Scenic Railroad, have since become significant tourist attractions.

Passenger services
CFR Călători, the passenger service division of CFR, operates seven types of passenger train, both on Romania's territory, with rolling stock and locomotives, or internationally, with rolling stock. Also, CFR operates international trains on Romanian territory with its own locomotives. The train types vary in terms of speed and type of rolling stock.

In 2015, approximately 55 million passenger journeys were made with the company. In the same time 12 million further journeys were made using the private operators.

The CFR train types are:
 * Regio (R) – the trains have assigned numbers from 2000 to 9999.
 * InterRegio (IR) – the trains have assigned numbers from 200 to 499, 600 to 999, 1000 to 1999 and 10000 to 16999.
 * InterCity (IC) – numbered from 500 to 599, discontinued in December 2014 but reintroduced in 10 december 2023.

Regio trains
Regio trains (regional), formerly Local (Romanian: "Personal") trains (until December 2011), also termed commuter trains (navete or trenuri de navetiști), are the most abundant type of trains on the CFR passenger network. They are used for two main purposes, as shuttle, or commuter, trains, linking towns with neighbouring villages, and linking neighbouring cities with each other.

Local trains (now Regio), have the lowest average speed (34.3 km/h in 2004) and the least comfortable (usually oldest) rolling stock, and have a reputation for being very slow, crowded and generally unkempt which is only gradually changing. Regio trains operate mostly on local routes and stop at every station. Train fares for this type are the cheapest, since no supplement is paid, only the base fare, based on distance. Seats are not reservable. The rolling stock on Regio trains differs widely. On routes that link neighbouring cities with each other (such as Bucharest and Pitești), the quality of the rolling stock is much better than those services which provide a shuttle link between cities and rural areas (such as the Timișoara-Berzovia line).

Most Regio rolling stock consist of compartment single level and open-plan double-decker cars. As of 2007, most Regio trains, especially on rural routes, have only 2nd class cars. The livery of most Regio cars is painted in the color scheme of CFR Calatori (blue and grey), with the rolling stock built in the 1970s and 1980s. Some very short rural routes in Romania's Bukovina region use rolling stock from the 1940s and 1950s, refitted with bus seats and operating like railbuses. CFR is refurbishing a range of double-decker Local (Regio) cars, that will be used on Local and Accelerat trains. The refurbished cars, painted in the same livery as the old ones, have been introduced since 2003, and are cleaner, although they still use most of the old fittings. Exceptions to this widespread use of older rolling stock for Local trains is found on some routes (such as Sibiu–Craiova) that are operated using Desiro trainsets, and some others are operated using modernized electric trainsets.

The new private operators also use the term Regio using mainly (refurbished) railbuses.

InterRegio trains
InterRegional trains (IR), formerly Accelerat and Rapid trains (until December 2011), are used for medium and long-distance services that stop only in towns or cities. InterRegional trains have higher speeds. They are also more expensive, requiring the payment of a supplement alongside the base fee. Some services of the InterRegional type require a reservation. InterRegional trains are also used for cross-regional long-distance routes (for example, Timișoara to Bucharest). Despite the long distances, InterRegional trains tend to stop in every town (even though they bypass villages) and hence are very popular, though they are seldom used for express travel between two large cities.

Since 2009, the InterRegio 1821/1822 from Arad to Constanța via Deva, Tîrgu Jiu, Craiova and Bucharest also travels to Constanța with an extra sleeperette car and sleeper car. The InterRegio rolling stock is formed of both single-decker cars painted in the painting scheme of CFR Calatori (blue and gray). Single-decker cars are all corridor-type, with the old cars having 8 seats per compartment in second class and 6 in first class whereas the new cars have 6 seats per compartment regardless of class (this type of coaches are used now for Regio Trains and rarely on InterRegio Trains). Double-decker cars have 4 seats per row in an open plan.

In early 2005, CFR introduced a new double-decker car for medium-distance, highly used Interregional routes such as Bucharest–Predeal. Siemens Desiro trainsets have also been introduced on medium-distance InterRegional routes in Transylvania and Moldavia (Iași–Vatra Dornei). Longer-distance InterRegional trains often have couchettes, and sleepers started to be added again to consists after a lengthy absence. Dining cars are never used on these trains. In the 2010 schedule, many short and medium distance routes (such as Bucharest–Craiova, Bucharest–Râmnicu Vâlcea–Sibiu, Bucharest–Tulcea, Craiova–Sibiu, Timișoara–Sibiu, Cluj-Napoca–Timișoara) were served by modernized double-decker cars or Desiro trainsets. Some long-distance trains (Bucharest–Timișoara, Bucharest–Târgu Jiu–Arad, Bucharest–Cluj-Napoca–Satu Mare, Bucharest–Iași, Bucharest–Vatra Dornei, Iași–Timișoara, Sighetu Marmației–Bucharest) also use modernized Rapid-style cars.

Rolling stock on InterRegional trains has recently been the object of CFR's modernisation plan. Various series of cars have been refurbished, and fitted with air-conditioning, ecological toilets, etc. However, a small and rapidly declining number of Rapid rolling stock, mainly on lesser-used routes, remains fairly aged and outdated. As of 2004, Siemens Desiro DMUs have been introduced on medium-distance Rapid routes. Most Rapid rolling stocks are painted in the painting scheme of CFR Călători (blue and gray). All cars are uncompartmented and are usually air-conditioned. Sleepers, couchettes and dining-cars are available on most long routes.

 * From Sighetu Marmației the Rapid train needs over 21 hours to complete the 850 km trip.
 * From Satu Mare nearly 22 hours to complete the 928 km trip.
 * From Oradea over 19 hours to complete the 913 km trip
 * From Timișoara Nord over 15 hours to complete the 795 km trip.

In the case of travelling such a long distance as mentioned above, it is recommended to book a sleeperette (the passenger can choose between 4–6 passengers in a compartment). The 6 passenger-compartment is the cheapest option for a higher comfort. Fares and timetables can be checked on www.cfrcalatori.ro.

InterCity
InterCity (IC) is CFR's premier train type and was used for daytime express services between major cities, as well as shuttle services between Bucharest and the Black Sea coast and the Carpathian mountain resorts. InterCity trains typically only stopped in large cities (generally of over 100,000 inhabitants). InterCity trains were the fastest out of all the train types, having an average speed of 87 km/h in 2004, and also used the most modern and comfortable rolling stock, rivaling the premier services of other European carriers. Due to this, InterCity prices included a significant supplement alongside the base fee.

The InterCity rolling stock was either new or refurbished (all IC rolling stock was built after 1995), with air-conditioning, power-plugs (in both 1st and 2nd class carriages) and plush bucket armchairs, as well as complimentary newspapers, free meals and airplane-like service in first class. These trains generally had a reputation for their high levels of comfort, cleanliness and service. The InterCity standard livery was usually grey and blue, especially in the case of the C160-class rolling stock, which is the newest type. Most InterCity rolling stock was open plan (no compartments). When CFR bought the Desiro DMUs, they were mostly used for InterCity trains, but due to complaints related to their comfort levels, they were replaced with standard cars for most routes and now the Desiro DMUs are used for the Regio trains.

Express passenger and international IC services, such as the Bucharest-Constanța route, used the Romanian-built Astra AVA-200 cars, which have a maximum speed of 200 km/h and are the most comfortable rolling stock in the CFR fleet. In fact, according to Friends of CFR, a Romanian railway journal, there was a considerable downgrading in quality when the Bucharest–Vienna IC service switched from being operated by CFR to being run by Austrian Railways (ÖBB) in 2003, leading to numerous complaints that the route should revert to CFR cars instead of Austrian ÖBB cars.

Beginning with December 2006, the company introduced the business service on certain IC routes (București Nord–Timișoara Nord, București Nord–Oradea). These wagons were refurbished by CFR Grivița and they provided two classes: standard and standard exclusive. According to class, these rail cars provide leather or fabric-covered armchairs, monitors, individual displays for every seat, 4 channel audio system with earphones, wireless internet access, bar, air conditioning, and they were equipped with an elevator for disabled travellers. As of 1 June 2014, InterCity trains used to operate on the following routes:

Before early 2003, there was also a train type known as InterCityExpress (ICE), which ran from Bucharest to Constanța, but these have been discontinued and transformed into IC and later into IR, while maintaining the same rolling stock.

Because of the bad infrastructure as of 2015 InterCity trains are not in use anymore because the fare was too high. There are some trains which are running like InterCity but with InterRegio cost. Now the rolling stock used before 2015 for Intercity trains is used now for the InterRegio trains.

Speeds
The speed limit for express passenger trains in Romania is 160 km/h. All other trains have a general speed limit of 120 km/h. Average operating speeds (including all stops in stations) according to CFR, are in 2018:

 * 39 km/h for Regio trains
 * 55 km/h for InterRegio trains

The longest train route, as of 2005, is the one between Iași, in the north-east, and Timișoara, in the west, which takes 18 hours with an Interregio train to complete. For example, the journey between Suceava Burdujeni and Bucharest is 447 km, and takes approximately 5-6 hours to complete at an average speed of 80 km/h.

Freight services
Freight services in Romania are operated mostly by CFR Marfă, the freight division of CFR, as well as by 28 other private companies who operate on lines leased from CFR Infrastructură. The CFR Marfă fleet is made up of 987 locomotives, most of which were built in Romania or the former Yugoslavia. The fact that rail freight remains maintains a strong market share in Romania, as well as a number of efficiency reforms, has led CFR Marfă to perform quite well financially in recent years, even though it remains loss-making. In 2003, the CFR Marfă's net loss was 8.8 million new lei (approximately US$3 million), reduced from 141.5 million new lei in 2002.

Freight trains follow the same speed limits to those issued for passenger trains, although hazardous materials, explosive, nuclear, flammable, chemical or otherwise dangerous trains have a special regime. Most locomotives have a physical speed limit of 160 or 120 km/h, but freight trains are not usually running at speeds exceeding 100 km/h.

Locomotives and stock
CFR Călători (passenger services) and CFR Marfă (freight services) use a range of electric (known as LE), diesel electric (LDE), diesel hydraulic (LDH) and diesel mechanical (LDM/LDMM) locomotives. SFT (tourist railways division) uses steam locomotives (both narrow gauge and standard gauge) and diesel mechanical locomotives.

Each of the four CFR divisions have their own locomotives, and these are generally not interchanged. For example, a CFR Marfă locomotive should not be used to pull a CFR Călători train. In practice however, this rule does not hold, and frequently the companies use other rolling stock through informal lease agreements. Moreover, private companies' rolling stock is used at times, usually because of emergencies (such as a locomotive breaking down and requiring a replacement to keep the line open, and an unused private locomotive being closer).

Electric locomotives
Most of the electric locomotives employed by CFR were built by Electroputere Craiova (known as EA-type) and Rade Končar Zagreb (known as EC-type). All are built for and run using a catenary wire at. All trains have electric heating. CFR owns 1,066 electric locomotives, 933 of which were built by Electroputere (Class 40, 41, 42) and 133 built by Končar (Class 43, 44, 46).

Diesel locomotives
CFR's diesel locomotives have been built by Electroputere Craiova (classes 60 to 68) and FAUR Bucharest (classes 69 to 95).

Classes 60 and 62 have as prime mover a twin-bank cylinder Sulzer 12LDA28 diesel engine rated at 2100 hp@750rpm, being derated from its nominal power by a smaller turbocharger and a lower max rpm. The difference between classes 60 and 62 is that the class 62 features traction motors certified and capable of pulling passenger coaches at 120 km/h instead of the 100 km/h allowed for class 60.

Classes 63 and 65 are modified by replacing Sulzer engines with 2 stroke 8 cylinders EMD 8-710G which develop 2150 hp at crankshaft at 900 rpm, the generators were replaced with alternators and DC traction motors were replaced with new ones. Class 63 has a max speed of 120 km/h while class 65 is limited to 100 km/h. 63 and 65 are in service for CFR Călători only for passenger coaches' traction. 63 and 65 do not feature Dynamic Braking Systems available in North America.

The following classes are in service:

Diesel multiple units
CFR Călători uses diesel multiple units (DMUs) mainly for passenger services on shorter and little-used lines, even though the Siemens Desiro DMUs have also been used for InterRegio and InterCity services on longer distances.

Electric multiple units
A 6-car regional EMU built by Electroputere was used from 1975 to 1997, although they were rare, only 8 being made. By June 2006, there were no electric multiple units (EMUs) in service. However, CFR bought some second-hand Z-6100 and Z-6300 EMUs from SNCF, and their CFL version 250 with 2 cars and 260 with 3 cars, which were modernised by Remarul 16 Februarie in Cluj-Napoca and were used for commuter trains, as class 58, until 2020 when they were withdrawn. The last one to be used was 58-1007-2 (Z-6316).

Rail links with adjacent countries
Romania is linked by rail with all neighboring countries.
 * Same gauge:
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * Break-of-gauge /:
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * 🇲🇩 Moldova

Notable people

 * George Cosmovici (1857–1920), mechanical engineer and inventor

title: Căile Ferate Române


text:
CFR

CFR may refer to:

Biology

 * 23S rRNA (adenine2503-C2,C8)-dimethyltransferase, an enzyme
 * 23S rRNA (adenine2503-C2)-methyltransferase, an enzyme

Organizations

 * Căile Ferate Române, the Romanian state railway
 * Canadian Finals Rodeo
 * Centre for Foreign Relations, Tanzania
 * CFR Cluj, Romanian football club
 * CFFR, a Canadian radio station once branded as "66 CFR"
 * Chess Federation of Russia, the governing body for chess in Russia
 * Council on Foreign Relations, U.S. foreign policy think tank
 * Franciscan Friars of the Renewal, a religious institute in the Catholic Church commonly abbreviated "C.F.R."

Places

 * Caen – Carpiquet Airport in northern France

Protocols

 * Charter of Fundamental Rights, a charter of political, social and economic rights for European Union (EU) citizens
 * Code of Federal Regulations of the United States

Titles

 * Certified first responder
 * Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic, Nigerian order of merit

Other

 * Case fatality rate, term for proportion of people dying of a disease
 * Compact fusion reactor, a proposed nuclear fusion reactor project
 * Coronary flow reserve, a diagnostic cardiac measurement
 * Cost and Freight, word used in international commerce
 * Cross-Functional Requirements, another name for non-functional requirements or the "ilities" in software systems requirements and design
 * Chinese Folk Religion, the millennia-old indigenous beliefs and folklore of China that later morphed into Taoism, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism

title: CFR