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Anna Friel

Anna Louise Friel (born 12 July 1976) is an English actress. She first achieved fame as Beth Jordache in the Channel 4 soap opera Brookside (1993–1995), later coming to international prominence with her role as Charlotte "Chuck" Charles on ABC's Pushing Daisies (2007–2009), for which she received a nomination for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. In 2017, she won the International Emmy for Best Actress for her portrayal of the title character in the ITV/Netflix mystery drama series Marcella (2016–2021). Her other accolades include a Drama Desk Award, an honorary degree, and a BAFTA nomination.

Friel made her feature film debut in 1998 with a leading role in The Land Girls. Subsequent credits include A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999), Me Without You (2001), Timeline (2003), Goal! (2005), Bathory (2008), Land of the Lost (2009), Limitless (2011), Books of Blood (2020), and Charming the Hearts of Men (2021). Her stage credits include Closer (Broadway, 1999), Breakfast at Tiffany's (West End, 2009), and Uncle Vanya (West End, 2012).

Early life
Anna Louise Friel was born on 12 July 1976 in Rochdale, Greater Manchester. Her mother, Julie Bamford Friel (born 1952), is a special needs teacher. Her father, Desmond "Des" Friel (born 1951), was born in Belfast and raised in County Donegal, Ireland. He is a former French teacher and folk guitarist, who now owns a web design company. Her brother Michael is a doctor, who in his youth did television advertising work for Hovis.

Friel attended Crompton House secondary school—an Anglican school—and later Holy Cross College, a Roman Catholic sixth form. She began her training as an actress at Oldham Theatre Workshop.

1991–1999: Television work and film debut
Friel made her professional debut at age 13 in the television miniseries G.B.H., which aired in 1991 and was nominated for several BAFTAs. This led to small parts on the ITV soap operas Coronation Street and Emmerdale (1991; 1992). She was cast the following year as Beth Jordache in the Channel 4 soap Brookside, a role she played for two years. The character was involved in some of the series' most famous storylines, including the murder and covert burial of her abusive father, and the first ever pre-watershed lesbian kiss in British television history; a moment that went on to be broadcast around the world—including 76 countries where homosexuality is outlawed—when it featured during a montage at the 2012 Olympics opening ceremony. She later said, "For a very long time I was defined by that kiss. And I didn't want to be. I spent years turning down other lesbian roles because it felt like going back to Beth. [But it] did also make me want to take on parts that showed extreme sides of women". In 1995, Friel won a National Television Award in the category of "Most Popular Actress" for her work on Brookside.

Upon leaving the show, a decision that she initially thought to be a "terrible mistake", Friel was cast in an episode of Tales from the Crypt and appeared as one of the main characters in Stephen Poliakoff's television film The Tribe (1998), which attracted controversy for its inclusion of a ménage à trois sex scene. She then played leading roles in small-screen adaptations of Charles Dickens' Our Mutual Friend and Robert Louis Stevenson's St. Ives (both 1998), and co-starred in several British films, such as wartime period drama The Land Girls (1998), crime drama Rogue Trader (1999), and slapstick comedy Mad Cows (1999). While most were dismissive of Cow's eccentric humour, some critics felt that Friel's work as Australian expatriate Maddy was impressive. Next, she played Hermia in the 1999 film version of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, saying later of the experience, "I think that [role] sort of changed things for me, especially in America, because the cast was really great—Kevin Kline, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christian Bale—and people started to think, 'if she's working with [those people] she must be doing well'".

During that same period, Friel made her Broadway debut in a production of Patrick Marber's Closer, which ran for 173 performances at the Music Box Theatre in New York (March–August 1999). In his review of the show for Variety, Charles Isherwood wrote:

"It's the exquisitely lovely Friel who is the discovery here. Her Alice is both the nihilistic core of the play and its tender center, and the paradoxical mixture of toughness and fragility [she] brings to it are essential to the play's deepest truths. It's a star-making performance."

For her work as exotic dancer Alice, Friel won that year's Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play.

2000–2009: Stage roles, film work, and Pushing Daisies
Friel had leading roles in the comedy-drama films An Everlasting Piece and Sunset Strip (both 2000), with her performance in Piece attracting particular praise. The following year, she starred as the wife of a World War II soldier in the decently reviewed Canadian film The War Bride, for which she earned a Genie Award nomination for Best Actress, and co-headlined the coming-of-age drama Me Without You opposite Michelle Williams. In his appraisal of You for Variety, David Rooney said, "Of the central duo, Friel has the most difficult job, playing an essentially unsympathetic brat … But [she] continually tempers the negatives with a vulnerability and insecurity that redeem her". Between March and May 2001, Friel appeared in an adaptation of Frank Wedekind's Lulu at the Almeida Theatre; her West End stage debut. Describing her portrayal of the titular Victorian sex worker, theatre critic Nicholas de Jongh felt, "The appeal of Miss Friel's [performance] depends upon its restraint, guile and cool", noting that she mixes "child-like glee and naughtiness" with a "calm and callous" demeanour. The play transferred to the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. for one month following its run at the Almeida.

Friel's next roles were in the Irish television film Watermelon (2003), where she starred as a headstrong Dublin girl who travels to England for an abortion, and the Richard Donner fantasy adventure film Timeline (2003), where she played the love interest of the main character. She was then cast as Attorney Megan Delaney in The Jury, an American legal drama series that ran on Fox for a single season in 2004. Writing for The New York Times, Alessandra Stanley called the show "clever, innovative", and said of Friel, "hers is the most textured and persuasive character". Friel later admitted to finding the job a challenge: "Everyone was saying, 'you will never believe how much hard work it is', and I was telling them not to worry because I'm used to it … but my God were they right … You run off the set from one scene and get changed and run back on. It is so fast and so very well organised but it is hard, hard bloody work". Next, she played Geordie nurse Roz in the British-American sports drama Goal! (2005; a part she reprised in its sequel) and appeared as a recovering drug addict in the Toronto-set Niagara Motel (2006). In a mixed review of Motel, The Georgia Straight's Ken Eisner noted that Friel's performance carried "the most weight" in the film, while commending her "perfect local accent". In November 2006, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Bolton for contributions to the performing arts.

In 2007, Friel was cast as Charlotte "Chuck" Charles in Pushing Daisies, an American dramedy series created by Bryan Fuller, which aired on ABC from October that year until June 2009. The show was warmly reviewed during its run, with television critic John Leonard believing it to be "at once satire, mystery, fairy tale, romance, lollipop, whimsy, and kazoo", and singling out Friel as a highlight. Her portrayal of Charles, a resurrected murder victim and passionate beekeeper, won her a nomination for the 2008 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. Daisies was cancelled shortly after its second season finale, with viewership having dropped from 13 million to 4.9 million. Friel was subsequently offered a number of roles on American television, but turned them down to focus on her film career.

For her portrayal of the title character in Bathory, a 2008 historical drama directed by Juraj Jakubisko, Friel was nominated for that year's Czech Lion Award for Best Actress. With a budget of UK£9.5 million, the film was the most expensive ever made in central Europe and broke box-office records in Slovakia. In her review for The Guardian, Gwladys Fouché described the film as being "bathed in a gothic atmosphere that tops every Dracula movie you've seen", while saying of Friel, "[she] spends two-and-half hours wielding swords, torturing peasants, surviving poison plots and making love to Caravaggio (yes, the Italian painter) to protect her land", adding that "[she] rolls her r's in an interesting attempt at a local accent". Her next project was the science fiction adventure film Land of the Lost—her first lead role in a major U.S. production—where she co-starred opposite Will Ferrell. Directed by Brad Silberling and based on the 1970s television series of the same name, Lost was met with tepid reviews and poor box office upon its release in June 2009, though some critics enjoyed Friel's portrayal of Holly Cantrell, a spirited palaeontologist, remarking that she and Ferrell shared onscreen chemistry.

Friel returned to the stage towards the end of 2009 in an adaptation of Truman Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's, which played at the Theatre Royal Haymarket for four months and gained notice for its addition of nudity, with increased security being implemented at the venue after naked images of Friel—taken during a preview performance—were anonymously posted online. The production received mixed reviews, but Friel's portrayal of café society daydreamer Holly Golightly, one of her "all time favourite heroines", was praised: Alice Jones of The Independent described her as "infectious", adding, "Gorgeously gamine and wrapped, like a treat from Tiffany's, in an array of ever more extravagantly bowed cocktail dresses, she's a bewitching stage presence, at once perilously provocative and child-like"; while Ray Bennett of The Hollywood Reporter believed she brought "confidence" and "considerable depth" to the part. In November 2009, Friel won an RTS Award for "Best Performance in a Drama Series" for her work as Dee, a struggling single mother who turns to prostitution, in BBC One's The Street.

2010–2019: Marcella and other leading roles
Friel had key parts in three films released in 2010: self-destructive Iris in the Woody Allen ensemble comedy You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger, ex-drug addict Melissa in Neil Burger's lucrative sci-fi thriller Limitless, and depressed alcoholic Briony in the gangster drama London Boulevard, with her work in the latter being described as "engaging". The following year, Friel played a fictionalised version of herself in an episode of the mockumentary series Come Fly with Me, as well as starring as a ruthless pirate in Neverland on the Syfy channel—a prequel to J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan—and earning strong notices for her performance in the three-part mystery drama series Without You. She then returned to the West End in a new version of Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya at the Vaudeville Theatre (November 2012 to February 2013), receiving praise for her role as aristocratic newlywed Yelena. Next, she appeared as a vilified probation officer in the BBC crime drama series Public Enemies (2012) and headlined two British films: The Look of Love, a biopic where she played the long-suffering wife of self-made millionaire Paul Raymond, and the independent comedy-drama Having You (both 2013). In September 2013, Friel was cast as one of the main characters in the Ridley Scott-directed pilot The Vatican, though—due in part to a negative response from affiliates of the Catholic Church—Showtime decided not to proceed with a full series.

Friel was cast in the lead role of Sgt. Odelle Ballard, an American special ops soldier on a secret mission in Mali, West Africa, in the thriller series American Odyssey. The NBC show ran for a single season between April and June 2015, with some critics comparing it unfavourably to Homeland; though Friel's performance was roundly praised. She starred that same year in the World War II-set Norwegian miniseries The Heavy Water War (known elsewhere as The Saboteurs), and in the drama film Urban and the Shed Crew, based on the memoir of the same name. Her next major film projects were the independent dark comedy The Cleanse, revenge thriller I.T. (both 2016), and the Irish-Canadian crime drama Tomato Red (2017), where her role as a trailer trash mother drew attention for being against type.

Friel began playing the eponymous Marcella Backland in the British Nordic noir detective series, Marcella, in 2016. Speaking of her decision to take on the part—a former policewoman who returns to work to investigate an unsolved serial killer case—she told a journalist prior to the debut of the second season, "I nearly pulled out of [the job] after I'd accepted it [because] I just thought, 'Oh God, how can I do this? There are so many amazing female detectives that have done it so well, I don't know what I can offer differently' … so when [the first season] was received as well as it was, I thought maybe I had done something that is different and I've put my own ownership and my own stamp on it". In 2019, Friel collected the International Emmy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Backland, which Decider felt was "extraordinary":

"Friel is a master of expressions. From scene to scene the actress' face can shift from chilling hard stares to wide-eyed looks of terror. It's never completely clear what Marcella is thinking or what she's going to do next. Not only does this allow Friel to explore her wide range, but it adds to the unsettling tone of this show."

Marcella's third and final season debuted on Netflix in 2020, with Friel commenting afterwards that a fourth season was unlikely to happen.

On the second season of The Girlfriend Experience (2017), an anthology drama series produced by Steven Soderbergh for the Starz network, Friel played Erica Myles, an ambitious financier engaged in dom-sub partnerships with multiple women. Her performance was described as "outstanding" by The Atlantic and "fantastic" by Variety, who added, "sometimes [the camera] just focuses on her eyes, which can either well up with frustrated tears or shutter in Erica's emotions, as changeable as the sky reflected in a lake". Referring to the series' intense work schedule and the explicit nature of its sex scenes, Friel said that the role was her "most challenging job to date". That same year, she was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of a destitute mother in the six-part BBC drama Broken, with Metro's Sarah Deen noting, "Friel excellently [plays] Christina's frantic desperation … all wild eyes, flapping shoes and dry humour ('I went to Mass and I got the sack. What am I gonna get tomorrow? Cystitis?'). You couldn't tell if her wit was genuine or hastily developed as a defence mechanism to stop her from bursting into tears".

In the ITV drama series Butterfly, which aired over three weeks in October 2018, Friel starred as Vicky, the parent of a transgender child. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian called the show "important, truthful ... a wonderfully delicate drama that covers new ground carefully and features fully realised characters", while the New Statesman felt that Friel's portrayal of a mother "racked by guilt" was "sterling". Friel said she and the show's creators felt a great responsibility to make it as realistic as possible: "We met all these wonderful families, who were saying, 'please tell our story and tell it properly'. I said, 'do you not feel represented?' And they said 'no'. People have so many comments and opinions, but they actually can be somewhat ill-informed". The following year, Friel headlined the six-part miniseries Deep Water, which Metro described as a "dark soap opera", adding, "The performances, with a very human and relatable nasty streak running through each one, [elevate it] to a must-binge drama … Friel excels when it comes to playing harassed women, usually ones with a secret to keep, and the actress completely [disappears] into [her character] as she [fights] to get her marriage back".

2020–present
In the 2020 horror film Books of Blood, Friel played Mary, a grieving mother who makes contact with her late son. Based on a collection of stories by Clive Barker, Blood received mixed reviews, though critics remarked that Friel's work was strong. Her next project was the starring role of Sharon Pici, a Kansas City detective, in Viaplay's seven-part psychological thriller The Box (2021). The following year, she co-headlined the Fox musical drama series Monarch opposite Susan Sarandon. Friel played Nicolette "Nicky" Roman, a singer-songwriter trying to continue her family's legacy while forging her own path in the country music industry. In his review for The A.V. Club, Max Gao said:

"Friel, not Sarandon, is the show's real leading lady—and a pretty great one at that … She belts out song after song, delivers memorable, fast-paced one-liners in a Texas accent ('I was going to say be careful about the rats, but there's no need because… you're going to fit right in'), and plays Nicky with such steadfast conviction that it's easy to wonder why she hasn't been more successful on this side of the pond since starring in ABC's Pushing Daisies … thankfully [this is] a role that is worthy of her talents."

Friel performed every song that her character sings—a mixture of covers and originals—herself. It was announced in December 2022 that the series had been cancelled after one season.

In the period drama film Charming the Hearts of Men (2021), Friel played Grace Gordon, a woman fighting for civil rights in 1960s Southern America. Her work drew acclaim, with Film Threat commenting that her "lived-in" performance was key to Hearts' success. She then appeared as Nicky, a Liverpudlian nurse helping one of her patients unravel a dark secret, in the British psychological thriller Locked In (2023).

Other work
Friel has featured in print and television advertising campaigns for brands such as Reebok, Virgin Atlantic, Mulberry, Three, Pantene, and Marks & Spencer.

In 2010, she co-starred with Michael Sheen in the music video for the Manic Street Preachers' single "(It's Not War) Just the End of Love", in which their characters were absorbed in a game of chess.

Friel works as an ambassador for the WWF wildlife charity.

Personal life
In 2001, Friel began a relationship with actor David Thewlis, after the pair met on a flight to Cannes. Later that year, Friel collapsed and was rushed to a hospital, needing emergency surgery and two blood transfusions for a ruptured ovarian cyst. It was discovered that she suffers from endometriosis and would have difficulty conceiving. Despite this, she later became pregnant and gave birth to a daughter, Gracie Ellen Mary Friel, on 9 July 2005 at Portland Hospital, London. Gracie was named after Gracie Fields, and her mother's grandmothers, Ellen and Mary. In December 2010, Friel and Thewlis separated after almost ten years together.

title: Anna Friel


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Elle Macpherson

Eleanor Nancy Macpherson (born March 29, 1964) is an Australian model, businesswoman, television host, and actress.

She is known for her record five cover appearances for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue beginning in the 1980s, leading to her nickname "The Body", coined by Time in 1989. She is the founder, primary model, and creative director for a series of business ventures, including Elle Macpherson Intimates, a lingerie line, and The Body, a line of skin care products. She was the host and executive producer of Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model from 2010 to 2013. She is an executive producer of NBC's Fashion Star and was the host for the first season.

As an actress, Macpherson appeared in supporting roles in Sirens (1994), The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996) and as Julie Madison in Batman and Robin (1997) as well as lead roles in The Edge (1997) and South Kensington (2001). She had a recurring role on Friends and hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live.

Early life
Macpherson was born Eleanor Nancy Gow in Killara, New South Wales, on 29 March 1964, the daughter of entrepreneur and sound engineer Peter Gow, a former president of the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, a Sydney rugby league team, and Frances Gow, a nurse. She is of Scottish descent. Macpherson's parents divorced when she was 10 years old, and she moved with her mother and two siblings. Her mother later remarried, and a clerical mistake in registering at her new school meant that her surname was changed from Gow to Macpherson, her stepfather's surname.

Macpherson grew up in East Lindfield, a suburb in Sydney's North Shore, and attended Killara High School, completing her Higher School Certificate in 1981. She briefly studied law for one year at the University of Sydney. Her sister is businesswoman and environmentalist Mimi Macpherson, born Miriam Frances Gow.

Rise to fame as model
Macpherson enrolled to study law at the University of Sydney. Before beginning her university studies, she visited the United States to spend one year doing modelling work to earn money to pay for her law books. She travelled to New York City, where she initially signed up with Click Model Management. Her modelling career began in 1982 with a television commercial for Tab which established her as a "girl next door" figure in Australia.

During the 1980s, Macpherson's profile quickly rose, and she appeared on the cover and in the pages of major magazines including Elle, Harper's Bazaar, Marie Claire, Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Tatler, GQ, Allure, Mademoiselle, Glamour, Time, L'Officiel, Flare, Maxim and New York. She cemented her high-profile image through frequent appearances in Elle; she was featured on numerous covers and appeared in every issue for six straight years. During that time, at the age of 21, she married Gilles Bensimon, the creative director of Elle. In 1985, Macpherson became the longtime face of luxury French skin care company Biotherm.

Eventually she garnered more exposure through Sports Illustrated magazine's annual Swimsuit Issue. She appeared on the cover a record five times: 1986, 1987, 1988, 1994, and 2006.

She has walked the runways for Louis Vuitton, Ralph Lauren, Azzedine Alaïa, Donna Karan, Christian Dior, Thierry Mugler, Nicole Miller, Michael Kors, Perry Ellis, Kenzo, Todd Oldham, Calvin Klein, John Galliano, and Valentino.

She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Christian Dior, Escada, Enrico Coveri, Azzedine Alaïa, Guy Laroche, Ralph Lauren, Victorio & Lucchino, Omega, Pinko, H&M, Victoria's Secret, ModelCo and Revlon. She also appeared in non-fashion advertising campaigns for Diet Coke, Chrysler, Miller Lite, Impulse, Budweiser, Tab, KFC, Garuda Airlines, and the Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group.

After appearing nude in the 1994 film Sirens, Macpherson learned that the media had begun searching for nude photos of her, including contacting her ex-boyfriends. To address this, Macpherson appeared in a nude pictorial in the May 1994 issue of Playboy magazine, shot by Herb Ritts, to produce nude photos "on her own terms". In 1999, the twin island nation of Antigua and Barbuda honoured Macpherson by using her face on a series of postage stamps, the first model to appear on legal tender. Macpherson appeared among other Australian icons during the 2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, her elaborate float resembling a camera lens and featuring a runway. Along with Naomi Campbell, she co-hosted the Miss Universe 2001 pageant. Her popularity had reached such a level that Australian government offered her a position on its tourist commission as an unofficial ambassador.

During her career, Macpherson has worked with fashion photographers including Francesco Scavullo, Mario Testino, Mert and Marcus, Ellen von Unwerth and Steven Meisel. Portraits of Macpherson, shot by Bob Carlos Clarke, were among those donated to the National Portrait Gallery, London by his family following his death. Macpherson received the Style Icon award at the 2006 Elle Style Awards presented by fashion magazine Elle. In March 2008, she signed a three-year deal with Revlon Cosmetics, which named her a Global Brand Ambassador. She has since been featured in print and advertising campaigns for the company. She returned to the runway in 2010 to close the fall Louis Vuitton show for Marc Jacobs in Paris.

Business career
In the 1980s, together with Linda Evangelista, Christy Turlington, Tatjana Patitz, Naomi Campbell, Pavlína Pořízková, and Cindy Crawford, Macpherson became part of the new generation of supermodels. In 1989, she was given the nickname Elle "The Body" Macpherson by Time magazine after she appeared on their cover. She went on to use the name in a number of business ventures. In 1996, Frank DeCaro of The New York Times cited Macpherson, along with Linda Evangelista, Christy Turlington, Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell, Helena Christensen and Claudia Schiffer as "The Magnificent Seven". DeCaro reflected, "Known by their first names to legions of fans, they are the legends of the modern catwalk, the girl next door pretty underneath all the paint".

In 1994, she left her agency, Ford Models, to form her own company, Elle Macpherson Inc., which would serve as the financial organizational base for her later endeavours. She soon went on to produce her own series of calendars, each of which was accompanied by a "making of" television program in 1992, 1993, and 1994. She used this as a springboard to create the "Your Personal Best – The Body" series of workout videos.

She later diversified her portfolio of businesses, and in 1990 launched her lingerie collection 'Elle Macpherson Intimates' in partnership with Bendon Limited Apparel. Intimates became the single best-selling lingerie line in both Great Britain and Australia.

The partnership was among the first instances of a crossover between a model and a fashion label. In 1989, when she was first approached by Bendon to promote their lingerie in Australia, Macpherson saw an opportunity to reverse their strategy and suggested a licensing arrangement, with products bearing her name and designs created in partnership with Bendon's team. Though commonplace now, the idea was unorthodox at the time.

Macpherson took a significant role in the development and management of the company, serving as chief marketing officer and later Creative Director. In January 2010, Macpherson expanded the line, launching Obsidian as a sub-brand. While nursing her second child, she spearheaded the development of a signature maternity bra line. Intimates has retained a high brand recognition into the 2000s, appearing as a featured brand on America's Next Top Model; last year, the brand celebrated 10 years of being stocked at Selfridges.

Macpherson has also created her own line of beauty products: "Elle Macpherson – The Body". The line was carried at Boots, and Australian suncare brand Invisible Zinc. She spent a year on the board of directors at Hot Tuna Clothing, advising on product development, brand positioning and sales strategy.

In 2007, the BBC TV series The Money Programme aired a documentary which followed Macpherson through her day-to-day business as she continued to develop her international lingerie business. In 2009 Macpherson delivered the Keynote Address at the annual meeting of the International Trademark Association.

In 2014, Macpherson co-founded WelleCo, and released its flagship product, an alkalising wellness supplement, The Super Elixir. The product, sold at retailers including Selfridges in London and the premium online retailer, Net-A-Porter has celebrity fans including Kate Moss.

Awards
Macpherson has received a number of awards recognising her business acumen and the success of Elle Macpherson Intimates. In 2005, she was named Glamour Magazine's Entrepreneur of the Year; in 2007, she received an Everywoman Ambassador Award recognising her success as a businesswoman; in 2008, the Underfashion Club's Femmy Awards crowned her Lingerie Designer of the Year and in 2009, she received a World Career Award from the Women's World Awards.

Acting career
Macpherson made her film debut playing an artist's model in the 1994 film Sirens, which starred Hugh Grant, Sam Neill, and Tara FitzGerald. She followed with a two-year sequence of film roles, appearing in films such as Woody Allen's Alice, Batman & Robin alongside George Clooney, The Edge with Anthony Hopkins, and The Mirror Has Two Faces with Barbra Streisand. In 1996 Macpherson hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live.

In 1999, Macpherson appeared in five episodes of the American TV series Friends as Joey Tribbiani's roommate and eventual girlfriend, Janine Lecroix. Macpherson went on to act in the movie Jane Eyre with William Hurt, and she has also appeared alongside Ben Stiller and Sarah Jessica Parker in If Lucy Fell. Her most controversial acting role was in the Showtime cable network miniseries, A Girl Thing, as a woman experimenting with bisexuality. In 2001, she appeared in the Italian movie South Kensington. She played agent Claudia Foster in The Beautiful Life, appearing with Mischa Barton, Sara Paxton and Corbin Bleu. The show centred on aspiring models working for a modelling agency, trying to make it big in New York City and in the fashion world. In April 2011, she starred with Gary Lineker in an advertisement for Walkers Crinkles.

Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model
In July 2010, Macpherson became the new host of Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model, taking over from Lisa Snowdon. She also serves as executive producer on the show. The revamped show's panellists now include OBE-winning fashion designer Julien Macdonald, designer Whitney Port and male model Tyson Beckford.

Fashion Star
Macpherson hosts and executive produces NBC's reality competition series Fashion Star. The series gives 14 unknown designers, mentored by celebrities such as Jessica Simpson, Nicole Richie, and John Varvatos, the chance to launch their collections in three of America's largest clothing retailers, including Macy's, H&M, and Saks Fifth Avenue. Its first season was sold to 75 countries.

Extortion attempt
According to a police statement reproduced online, between 11 and 22 July 1997 William Ryan Holt and Michael Mischler broke into Macpherson's Los Angeles home while she was away on business in Chicago. They stole an estimated $100,000 worth of jewellery, $6,000 in cash, and several photographs. The two were arrested on 4 August 1997. Mischler, 29, pleaded guilty to one count of attempted extortion and one count of burglary. He received a six-year and eight-month prison sentence. Holt, 26, a former US Air Force enlisted man and a military-justice convict out on parole, pleaded guilty to one count of extortion, and was sentenced to a year in prison.

Personal life
Macpherson dated Billy Joel during the early 1980s. Joel has said that the songs "This Night" and "And So It Goes" were written about his relationship with Macpherson. Macpherson is also believed to be at least part of the inspiration for Joel's track "Uptown Girl".

Macpherson met French fashion photographer Gilles Bensimon in 1984 on a photo session for Elle magazine. They wed in May 1986, and divorced three years later.

Macpherson began a relationship with financier Arpad Busson in 1996. They have two sons. The family lived together in London until their separation in July 2005.

Macpherson subsequently began dating Miami, Florida-based hotel heir and billionaire Jeffrey Soffer, son of Donald Soffer, in early 2009. They broke up in March 2012, but reconciled following his injury in a helicopter accident in November 2012. They became engaged in March 2013, and married in July 2013 at the Laucala Resort in Fiji. In 2017, Macpherson and Soffer announced that they were getting a divorce. Macpherson also lives in Florida, where Soffer is based.

From 2017 to 2019, Macpherson dated the British anti-vaccine activist and discredited academic Andrew Wakefield.

Besides English, she speaks French, Italian and Spanish.

Philanthropy
Macpherson is a European Ambassador for RED, an initiative set up by Bono and Bobby Shriver to raise money and awareness for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and to help eradicate AIDS for women and children in Africa. She is also an ambassador for UNICEF.

In Australia, she is an ambassador for the Smile Foundation, which helps the families of children with rare diseases and organises government research grants. She has also modelled for charitable causes including fundraising for 2007 British flood victims, and child welfare group Absolute Return for Kids.

In 2012, Macpherson led Sky's campaign for International Women's Day. MacPherson is a patron for the National Association for the Children of Alcoholics (NACOA).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elle Macpherson


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Raspberry

The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus. The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are perennial with woody stems.

World production of raspberries in 2022 was 947,852 tonnes, led by Russia with 22% of the total. Raspberries are cultivated across northern Europe and North America and are consumed in various ways, including as whole fruit and in preserves, cakes, ice cream, and liqueurs. Raspberries are a rich source of vitamin C, manganese, and dietary fiber.

Description
A raspberry is an aggregate fruit, developing from the numerous distinct carpels of a single flower. What distinguishes the raspberry from its blackberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.

Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or dried fruit used in a variety of grocery products such as raspberry pie. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. Raspberries thrive in well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7 with ample organic matter to assist in retaining water. While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess irrigation can bring on Phytophthora root rot, which is one of the most serious pest problems facing the red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist, temperate regions, it is easy to grow and tends to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.

An individual raspberry weighs 3 – and is made up of around 100 drupelets, each of which consists of a juicy pulp and a single central seed. A raspberry bush can yield several hundred berries a year.

Etymology
Raspberry derives its name from raspise, "a sweet rose-colored wine" (mid-15th century), from the Anglo-Latin vinum raspeys, or from raspoie, meaning "thicket", of Germanic origin. The name may have been influenced by its appearance as having a rough surface, related to the Old English rasp or "rough berry".

Species

Examples of raspberry species in Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus include:
 * Rubus crataegifolius (Asian raspberry)
 * Rubus gunnianus (Tasmanian alpine raspberry)
 * Rubus idaeus (red raspberry or European red raspberry)
 * Rubus leucodermis (whitebark raspberry or western raspberry, blue raspberry, black raspberry)
 * Rubus occidentalis (black raspberry)
 * Rubus parvifolius (Australian native raspberry)
 * Rubus phoenicolasius (wine raspberry or wineberry)
 * Rubus rosifolius (Mauritius raspberry)
 * Rubus strigosus (American red raspberry) (syn. R. idaeus var. strigosus)
 * Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry)

Several species of Rubus, also called raspberries, are classified in other subgenera, including:
 * Rubus deliciosus (boulder raspberry, subgenus Anoplobatus)
 * Rubus odoratus (flowering raspberry, subgenus Anoplobatus)
 * Rubus nivalis (snow raspberry, subgenus Chamaebatus)
 * Rubus arcticus (Arctic raspberry, subgenus Cyclactis)
 * Rubus sieboldii (Molucca raspberry, subgenus Malachobatus)

Cultivation
Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3 to 9. Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a year in a northern climate such as Scotland or Oregon or Washington, where the chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants are typically planted 2–6 per m in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about root rot problems.

All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots, but many do not have perennial shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that are biennial (meaning shoots grow in the first growing season and fruits grow on those shoots during the second growing season). The flowers can be a major nectar source for honeybees and other pollinators.

Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using basal shoots (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked. Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil conditions.

The fruit is harvested when it comes off the receptacle easily and has turned a deep color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow, depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are ripest and sweetest.

High tunnel bramble production offers the opportunity to bridge gaps in availability during late fall and late spring. Furthermore, high tunnels allow less hardy floricane-fruiting raspberries to overwinter in climates where they would not otherwise survive. In the tunnel, plants are established at close spacing usually prior to tunnel construction.

Major cultivars
Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial red raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between R. idaeus and R. strigosus. Some botanists consider the Eurasian and American red raspberries to belong to a single, circumboreal species, Rubus idaeus, with the European plants then classified as either R. idaeus subsp. idaeus or R. idaeus var. idaeus, and the native North American red raspberries classified as either R. idaeus subsp. strigosus, or R. idaeus var. strigosus. Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking.

The black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, is also cultivated, providing both fresh and frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species' distinctive flavor.

Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in Vermont) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.

Blue raspberry is a local name used in Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada, for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of R. strigosus and R. occidentalis. Blue raspberry can also refer to the whitebark raspberry, R. leucodermis.

Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.

Red raspberries have also been crossed with various species in other subgenera of the genus Rubus, resulting in a number of hybrids, the first of which was the loganberry. Later notable hybrids include the olallieberry, boysenberry, marionberry, and tayberry; all are multi-generational hybrids. Hybridization between the familiar cultivated red raspberries and a few Asiatic species of Rubus has also been achieved.

Selected cultivars
Numerous raspberry cultivars have been selected.

Two types of raspberry are available for commercial and domestic cultivation; the summer-bearing type produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double or "everbearing" plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Those marked (AGM) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Red, early Summer fruiting

 * Boyne
 * Cascade Dawn
 * Fertödi Venus
 * Glen Clova
 * Glen Moy (AGM)
 * Killarney
 * Latham
 * Malahat
 * Malling Exploit
 * Malling Jewel (AGM)
 * Prelude
 * Rubin Bulgarski
 * Titan
 * Willamette

Red, Mid-summer Fruiting

 * Cuthbert
 * Glen Ample (AGM)
 * Lloyd George
 * Meeker
 * Newburgh
 * Ripley
 * Skeena
 * Cowichan
 * Chemainus
 * Saanich

Red, Late Summer Fruiting

 * Cascade Delight
 * Coho
 * Fertödi Rubina
 * Glen Magna (AGM)
 * Leo (AGM)
 * Malling Admiral (AGM)
 * Octavia
 * Schoenemann
 * Tulameen (AGM)

Red primocane, Autumn fruiting

 * Amity
 * Augusta
 * Autumn Bliss (AGM)
 * Joan J. (Thornless)
 * Caroline
 * Fertödi Kétszertermö
 * Heritage
 * Imara
 * Joan J
 * Josephine
 * Kwanza
 * Kweli
 * Mapema
 * Polka (AGM)
 * Rafiki
 * Ripley
 * Summit
 * Zeva Herbsternte

Yellow primocane, Autumn fruiting

 * Anne
 * Fallgold
 * Fertödi Aranyfürt
 * Goldenwest
 * Golden Queen
 * Honey Queen
 * Jambo
 * Kiwi Gold

Purple (hybrids between black and red raspberries)

 * Brandywine
 * Glencoe
 * Royalty

Black

 * Black Hawk
 * Bristol
 * Cumberland
 * Jewel
 * Logan
 * Morrison
 * Munger
 * Ohio Everbearer
 * Scepter

Dwarf cultivars

 * = 'Nr7'

Diseases and pests
Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths). More serious are the raspberry beetle (in Europe) and the raspberry fruitworm (in North America), whose larvae can damage raspberries.

Botrytis cinerea, or gray mold, is a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as the bruises provide an easy entrance point for the spores.

Raspberry plants should not be planted where potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, or bulbs have previously been grown, without prior fumigation of the soil. These crops are hosts for the disease Verticillium wilt, a fungus that can stay in the soil for many years and can infest the raspberry crop.

Animals
Raspberries, among other plants with high sugar content like peaches, are prime targets for the Japanese beetle, which relies heavily on these sources as its main food resource. The voracious feeding habits of Japanese beetles not only pose a direct threat to raspberry plants but also increase the risk of transmitting various plant diseases. This dual impact can significantly undermine agricultural productivity, making it crucial for raspberry growers to implement effective pest management strategies to mitigate the damage caused by Japanese beetle infestations.

Production
In 2022, world production of raspberries was 947,852 tonnes, led by Russia with 22% of the total (table). Other major producers were Mexico, Serbia, Poland, and the United States.

Nutrition
Raw raspberries are 86% water, 12% carbohydrates, and have about 1% each of protein and fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g, raspberries supply 53 kilocalories and 6.5 grams of dietary fiber. Raspberries are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (32% DV), manganese (32% DV) and dietary fiber (26% DV), but otherwise have low content of micronutrients (table). Raspberries are a low-glycemic index food, with total sugar content of only 4% and no starch.

The aggregate fruit structure contributes to raspberry's nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, which is among the highest known in whole foods – up to 6% fiber per total weight.

Phytochemicals
Raspberries contain phytochemicals, such as anthocyanin pigments, ellagic acid, ellagitannins, quercetin, gallic acid, cyanidins, pelargonidins, catechins, kaempferol and salicylic acid. Yellow raspberries and others with pale-colored fruits are lower in anthocyanin content. Both yellow and red raspberries contain carotenoids, mostly lutein esters, but these are masked by anthocyanins in red raspberries.

Raspberry compounds are under preliminary research for their potential to affect human health.

Leaves
Raspberry leaves can be used fresh or dried in herbal teas, providing an astringent flavor. In herbal and traditional medicine, raspberry leaves are used for some remedies, although there is no scientifically valid evidence to support their medicinal use.

title: Raspberry


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Module (mathematics)

In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a ring. The concept of module also generalizes the notion of abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.

Motivation
In a vector space, the set of scalars is a field and acts on the vectors by scalar multiplication, subject to certain axioms such as the distributive law. In a module, the scalars need only be a ring, so the module concept represents a significant generalization. In commutative algebra, both ideals and quotient rings are modules, so that many arguments about ideals or quotient rings can be combined into a single argument about modules. In non-commutative algebra, the distinction between left ideals, ideals, and modules becomes more pronounced, though some ring-theoretic conditions can be expressed either about left ideals or left modules.

Much of the theory of modules consists of extending as many of the desirable properties of vector spaces as possible to the realm of modules over a "well-behaved" ring, such as a principal ideal domain. However, modules can be quite a bit more complicated than vector spaces; for instance, not all modules have a basis, and even for those that do (free modules) the number of elements in a basis need not be the same for all bases (that is to say that they may not have a unique rank) if the underlying ring does not satisfy the invariant basis number condition, unlike vector spaces, which always have a (possibly infinite) basis whose cardinality is then unique. (These last two assertions require the axiom of choice in general, but not in the case of finite-dimensional vector spaces, or certain well-behaved infinite-dimensional vector spaces such as Lp spaces.)

Formal definition
Suppose that R is a ring, and 1 is its multiplicative identity. A left R-module M consists of an abelian group (M, +) and an operation · : R × M → M such that for all r, s in R and x, y in M, we have
 * 1) $$ r \cdot ( x + y ) = r \cdot x + r \cdot y $$,
 * 2) $$ ( r + s ) \cdot x = r \cdot x + s \cdot x $$,
 * 3) $$ ( r s ) \cdot x = r \cdot ( s \cdot x ) $$,
 * 4) $$ 1 \cdot x = x .$$

The operation · is called scalar multiplication. Often the symbol · is omitted, but in this article we use it and reserve juxtaposition for multiplication in R. One may write RM to emphasize that M is a left R-module. A right R-module MR is defined similarly in terms of an operation · : M × R → M.

Authors who do not require rings to be unital omit condition 4 in the definition above; they would call the structures defined above "unital left R-modules". In this article, consistent with the glossary of ring theory, all rings and modules are assumed to be unital.

An (R,S)-bimodule is an abelian group together with both a left scalar multiplication · by elements of R and a right scalar multiplication ∗ by elements of S, making it simultaneously a left R-module and a right S-module, satisfying the additional condition (r · x) ∗ s = r ⋅ (x ∗ s) for all r in R, x in M, and s in S.

If R is commutative, then left R-modules are the same as right R-modules and are simply called R-modules.

Examples

 * If K is a field, then K-vector spaces (vector spaces over K) and K-modules are identical.
 * If K is a field, and K[x] a univariate polynomial ring, then a K[x]-module M is a K-module with an additional action of x on M by a group homomorphism that commutes with the action of K on M. In other words, a K[x]-module is a K-vector space M combined with a linear map from M to M. Applying the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain to this example shows the existence of the rational and Jordan canonical forms.
 * The concept of a Z-module agrees with the notion of an abelian group. That is, every abelian group is a module over the ring of integers Z in a unique way. For n > 0, let n ⋅ x = x + x + ... + x (n summands), 0 ⋅ x = 0, and (−n) ⋅ x = −(n ⋅ x). Such a module need not have a basis—groups containing torsion elements do not. (For example, in the group of integers modulo 3, one cannot find even one element that satisfies the definition of a linearly independent set, since when an integer such as 3 or 6 multiplies an element, the result is 0. However, if a finite field is considered as a module over the same finite field taken as a ring, it is a vector space and does have a basis.)
 * The decimal fractions (including negative ones) form a module over the integers. Only singletons are linearly independent sets, but there is no singleton that can serve as a basis, so the module has no basis and no rank.
 * If R is any ring and n a natural number, then the cartesian product Rn is both a left and right R-module over R if we use the component-wise operations. Hence when n = 1, R is an R-module, where the scalar multiplication is just ring multiplication. The case n = 0 yields the trivial R-module {0} consisting only of its identity element. Modules of this type are called free and if R has invariant basis number (e.g. any commutative ring or field) the number n is then the rank of the free module.
 * If Mn(R) is the ring of n × n matrices over a ring R, M is an Mn(R)-module, and ei is the n × n matrix with 1 in the (i, i)-entry (and zeros elsewhere), then eiM is an R-module, since reim = eirm ∈ eiM. So M breaks up as the direct sum of R-modules, M = e1M ⊕ ... ⊕ enM. Conversely, given an R-module M0, then M0⊕n is an Mn(R)-module. In fact, the category of R-modules and the category of Mn(R)-modules are equivalent. The special case is that the module M is just R as a module over itself, then Rn is an Mn(R)-module.
 * If S is a nonempty set, M is a left R-module, and MS is the collection of all functions f : S → M, then with addition and scalar multiplication in MS defined pointwise by (f + g)(s) = f(s) + g(s) and (rf)(s) = rf(s), MS is a left R-module. The right R-module case is analogous.  In particular, if R is commutative then the collection of R-module homomorphisms h : M → N (see below) is an R-module (and in fact a submodule of NM).
 * If X is a smooth manifold, then the smooth functions from X to the real numbers form a ring C∞(X). The set of all smooth vector fields defined on X form a module over C∞(X), and so do the tensor fields and the differential forms on X. More generally, the sections of any vector bundle form a projective module over C∞(X), and by Swan's theorem, every projective module is isomorphic to the module of sections of some vector bundle; the category of C∞(X)-modules and the category of vector bundles over X are equivalent.
 * If R is any ring and I is any left ideal in R, then I is a left R-module, and analogously right ideals in R are right R-modules.
 * If R is a ring, we can define the opposite ring Rop, which has the same underlying set and the same addition operation, but the opposite multiplication: if ab = c in R, then ba = c in Rop.  Any left R-module M can then be seen to be a right module over Rop, and any right module over R can be considered a left module over Rop.
 * Modules over a Lie algebra are (associative algebra) modules over its universal enveloping algebra.
 * If R and S are rings with a ring homomorphism φ : R → S, then every S-module M is an R-module by defining rm = φ(r)m. In particular, S itself is such an R-module.

Submodules and homomorphisms
Suppose M is a left R-module and N is a subgroup of M. Then N is a submodule (or more explicitly an R-submodule) if for any n in N and any r in R, the product r ⋅ n (or n ⋅ r for a right R-module) is in N.

If X is any subset of an R-module M, then the submodule spanned by X is defined to be $\langle X \rangle = \,\bigcap_{N\supseteq X} N$ where N runs over the submodules of M that contain X, or explicitly $\left\{\sum_{i=1}^k r_ix_i \mid r_i \in R, x_i \in X\right\}$, which is important in the definition of tensor products of modules.

The set of submodules of a given module M, together with the two binary operations + (the module spanned by the union of the arguments) and ∩, forms a lattice that satisfies the modular law: Given submodules U, N1, N2 of M such that N1 ⊆ N2, then the following two submodules are equal: (N1 + U) ∩ N2 = N1 + (U ∩ N2).

If M and N are left R-modules, then a map f : M → N is a homomorphism of R-modules if for any m, n in M and r, s in R,
 * $$f(r \cdot m + s \cdot n) = r \cdot f(m) + s \cdot f(n)$$.

This, like any homomorphism of mathematical objects, is just a mapping that preserves the structure of the objects. Another name for a homomorphism of R-modules is an R-linear map.

A bijective module homomorphism f : M → N is called a module isomorphism, and the two modules M and N are called isomorphic. Two isomorphic modules are identical for all practical purposes, differing solely in the notation for their elements.

The kernel of a module homomorphism f : M → N is the submodule of M consisting of all elements that are sent to zero by f, and the image of f is the submodule of N consisting of values f(m) for all elements m of M. The isomorphism theorems familiar from groups and vector spaces are also valid for R-modules.

Given a ring R, the set of all left R-modules together with their module homomorphisms forms an abelian category, denoted by R-Mod (see category of modules).

Types of modules

 * Finitely generated: An R-module M is finitely generated if there exist finitely many elements x1, ..., xn in M such that every element of M is a linear combination of those elements with coefficients from the ring R.
 * Cyclic: A module is called a cyclic module if it is generated by one element.
 * Free: A free R-module is a module that has a basis, or equivalently, one that is isomorphic to a direct sum of copies of the ring R. These are the modules that behave very much like vector spaces.
 * Projective: Projective modules are direct summands of free modules and share many of their desirable properties.
 * Injective: Injective modules are defined dually to projective modules.
 * Flat: A module is called flat if taking the tensor product of it with any exact sequence of R-modules preserves exactness.
 * Torsionless: A module is called torsionless if it embeds into its algebraic dual.
 * Simple: A simple module S is a module that is not {0} and whose only submodules are {0} and S. Simple modules are sometimes called irreducible.
 * Semisimple: A semisimple module is a direct sum (finite or not) of simple modules. Historically these modules are also called completely reducible.
 * Indecomposable: An indecomposable module is a non-zero module that cannot be written as a direct sum of two non-zero submodules. Every simple module is indecomposable, but there are indecomposable modules that are not simple (e.g. uniform modules).
 * Faithful: A faithful module M is one where the action of each r ≠ 0 in R on M is nontrivial (i.e. r ⋅ x ≠ 0 for some x in M). Equivalently, the annihilator of M is the zero ideal.
 * Torsion-free: A torsion-free module is a module over a ring such that 0 is the only element annihilated by a regular element (non zero-divisor) of the ring, equivalently rm = 0 implies r = 0 or m = 0.
 * Noetherian: A Noetherian module is a module that satisfies the ascending chain condition on submodules, that is, every increasing chain of submodules becomes stationary after finitely many steps. Equivalently, every submodule is finitely generated.
 * Artinian: An Artinian module is a module that satisfies the descending chain condition on submodules, that is, every decreasing chain of submodules becomes stationary after finitely many steps.
 * Graded: A graded module is a module with a decomposition as a direct sum M = ⨁x Mx over a graded ring R = ⨁x Rx such that RxMy ⊆ Mx+y for all x and y.
 * Uniform: A uniform module is a module in which all pairs of nonzero submodules have nonzero intersection.

Relation to representation theory
A representation of a group G over a field k is a module over the group ring k[G].

If M is a left R-module, then the action of an element r in R is defined to be the map M → M that sends each x to rx (or xr in the case of a right module), and is necessarily a group endomorphism of the abelian group (M, +). The set of all group endomorphisms of M is denoted EndZ(M) and forms a ring under addition and composition, and sending a ring element r of R to its action actually defines a ring homomorphism from R to EndZ(M).

Such a ring homomorphism R → EndZ(M) is called a representation of R over the abelian group M; an alternative and equivalent way of defining left R-modules is to say that a left R-module is an abelian group M together with a representation of R over it. Such a representation R → EndZ(M) may also be called a ring action of R on M.

A representation is called faithful if and only if the map R → EndZ(M) is injective. In terms of modules, this means that if r is an element of R such that rx = 0 for all x in M, then r = 0. Every abelian group is a faithful module over the integers or over some ring of integers modulo n, Z/nZ.

Generalizations
A ring R corresponds to a preadditive category R with a single object. With this understanding, a left R-module is just a covariant additive functor from R to the category Ab of abelian groups, and right R-modules are contravariant additive functors. This suggests that, if C is any preadditive category, a covariant additive functor from C to Ab should be considered a generalized left module over C. These functors form a functor category C-Mod, which is the natural generalization of the module category R-Mod.

Modules over commutative rings can be generalized in a different direction: take a ringed space (X, OX) and consider the sheaves of OX-modules (see sheaf of modules). These form a category OX-Mod, and play an important role in modern algebraic geometry. If X has only a single point, then this is a module category in the old sense over the commutative ring OX(X).

One can also consider modules over a semiring. Modules over rings are abelian groups, but modules over semirings are only commutative monoids. Most applications of modules are still possible. In particular, for any semiring S, the matrices over S form a semiring over which the tuples of elements from S are a module (in this generalized sense only). This allows a further generalization of the concept of vector space incorporating the semirings from theoretical computer science.

Over near-rings, one can consider near-ring modules, a nonabelian generalization of modules.

title: Module (mathematics)


text:
Talk:Sundance Film Festival

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 August 2020 and 10 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Taywall2828, Shatche1, Rmoncada, Laurensmith18. Peer reviewers: Ksm0408, Pwarsame, Jebradl1, Kmklein1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Ranking
The opening sentence says, 'The Sundance Film Festival is a film festival in the United States, and ranks amongst the top five events of its type in the world." Do we have either a citation for the ranking or criteria on which the ranking is based? (size, number of films shown, partipants attending, etc.) Crunch 10:03, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Revisiting this problem in 2012. I'm unable to find a citation that reliably demonstrates that Sundance is the "largest independent film festival" in the United States. There are several Reuters stories that call it the "premier" or "top" independent film festival, but those qualifiers don't seem to justify mention in the article. I found a economic impact study conducted by the University of Utah that gave specific attendance numbers in 2012, which I added. But I changed the language to "one of the largest independent film festivals" in the United States until someone can demonstrate that it is so with a reliable source. Any suggestions are welcome. Almonroth 21:22, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I have placed a merge tag on this article, proposing that the article, Utah/US Film Festival, be merged into this article. Please discuss the merger in this section. — WiseKwai 03:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Merge: The information about the early incarnation of the Sundance Film Festival is actually more detailed and thorough in the Sundance Film Festival article. Additionally, there are few articles that link to the Utah/US Film Festival article. — WiseKwai 03:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Merge: History section of Sundance Film Festival is a great place for this information. —A 23:20, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Merger completed. — WiseKwai 20:15, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Years
After all of these years editing Wikipedia articles about Sundance related topics, I still do not have a good primary source about what years the festival was the Utah Film Festival, what years it was the US Film Festival, and at what point it became the Sundance Film Festival. For the template I just created (Template:Sundance Film Festival) I included 1985 and on because of this source that lists all of the award winners from 1985-2007. I'd love to break the years into sections for when the festival was under the three different names; does anyone have a definitive source that would give us this information? —A 21:35, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

"Official Selection"
This page is pretty worthless. Who thought it would be a good idea to make a page about the Sundance Film Festival and not explain the only situation where most people are likely to encounter it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.80.84.132 (talk) 17:59, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Sundance Screenwriters Lab (2010)
The Screenwriters Lab is a five-day writers’ workshop that gives independent screenwriters the opportunity to work intensely on their feature film scripts with the support of established writers in an environment that encourages innovation and creative risk-taking. The 2010 Sundance Screenwriters Lab will be held January 15 through January 20, 2010 at the Sundance Resort in Utah.

Lance Edmands (writer/director) / Bluebird (U.S.A.): In the frozen woods of an isolated Maine logging town, one woman’s tragic mistake leads to unexpected consequences.

Craig Zobel (writer/director) / Canary (U.S.A): The residents of a small West Virginia coal mining town intersect and affect one another in surprising, often humorous ways, as their lives are inextricably shaped by their surroundings.

Sydney Freeland (writer/director) / Drunktown’s Finest (U.S.A.): Three Native Americans—a rebellious father-to-be, a devout Christian, and a promiscuous transsexual—find their self-images challenged, and ultimately strengthened, as they come of age on an Indian reservation.

Saodat Ismailova (writer/director) / 40 Days of Silence (Uzbekistan): Four generations of women under one roof look to each other for comfort while resisting the strictly proscribed life for women in Uzbek culture.

Lance Weiler (co-writer/director) and Chuck Wendig (co-writer) / HiM (U.S.A.): When a mysterious sleep virus begins to affect the adults in a small rural town, those under 18 find themselves cut off from civilization and fighting for their lives. As weeks turn into months, they must struggle against the infected adults, one another, and their own worst instincts.

Cao Baoping (writer/director) / How Many Trainings Must I Take Before I Can Be as Hard as Steel? (China): After spending her entire adolescence fighting with her psychologically abusive mother, a young woman is forced to come to terms with the love underlying the hatred she feels.

Sean Durkin (writer/director) / Martha Marcy May Marlene (U.S.A.): Haunted by painful memories and increasing paranoia, a damaged woman struggles to reassimilate with her family after fleeing an abusive cult.

Cherien Dabis (writer/director) / May In The Summer (U.S.A., Jordan): A Palestinian American woman grapples with culture shock, religion, and her loving but strong-willed family when she reunites with them in Jordan to plan a wedding that no one knows she’s called off.

Myna Joseph (writer/director) / My Favorite Nightmare (U.S.A.): A willful teenager, pregnant with her cousin’s child and determined to get an abortion, travels to New York, only to discover her unpredictable father has followed her

Edwin (co-writer/director) and Daud Sumolang (co-writer) / Postcards From The Zoo (Indonesia): After being abandoned at a young age at the zoo, a young woman leaves her magical childhood behind to discover the world outside.

Dash Shaw (writer/director) / Slobs and Nags (U.S.A.): Told with hand-drawn animation, a disconnected family is thrown into chaos when the scientist father loses the test subject of his experiment with appearance-altering technology.

Samantha McIntyre (writer) / Unicorn Store (U.S.A.): A lonely young woman who has never had a boyfriend tries to fix her life by purchasing a unicorn. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.49.246.237 (talk) 23:45, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Sundance London
It appears that the Sundance Film Festival didn't move to London, but split into [Sundance London] which was last held in April 2013 and [Sundance U.S.A] which was still held in Utah in January 2013. Rustamabd (talk) 21:03, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Controversy
I have asked you to engage in discussion about your opinion on this on the talk page, and you have just reverted again without discussion. You seem to be getting needlessly bogged down in a trivial matter. Are you aware of WP:3RR? Let's see what a couple of other editors or admins think: not because I care so much about this trivial piece of information, but because it does not belong in a good Wikipedia article for the reason I cited and others. There is WP:CRIT, there is the fact that there is only one working citation to support the section, and there is the fact that according to the hatnote, this article about the history and nature of the recurring event; there are individual articles for each year. If you can find substantial debate and controversy about that year, then write it up in that year. Unless there is substantial and ongoing criticism in a wide range of sources about Sundance, it does not belong in this article. One opinion in one year does not make a controversy section, IMO. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 03:17, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It's seems to be a trivial mention that adds WP:UNDUE weight to the subject at hand, and doesn't really belong here IMO.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 06:42, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks, - yes, there's that too. I'll remove it again. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 06:56, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

 * No worries. If you need more eyes on this, then please drop a note at the Film Project. Thanks.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 07:03, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review for IDS 2002-476
The article does a good job listing facts about the festival and its history. It mostly stays neutral and is mostly organized in a way that flows well.

That being said, there are a lot of ways this article can be improved. The last couple sentences of the lead are clunky. There are a lot of sentences that could use citations in every section, especially the history section. The sentence about how many people attended in 2016 could be updated to numbers from the festival in 2019. Also the sentence about plans for the 2020 festival planning can either be removed or updated to reflect how Covid is affecting those plans. The first sentence of “notable” filmmakers only includes men with only two directors of color so that should be updated to reflect other minority directors/producers who gained notoriety at this festival.

About the lead section specifically, perhaps a list of the categories could be included. Also the fact that it is the “largest” US film festival could come before its location. I do think that the lead is otherwise quite comprehensive.

Structure-wise, the “growth of the festival” section should come before the “spinoff” section to maintain the flow of the article. I think it is more important to discuss the original festival’s progress than to veer off onto the topic of other locations. The rest of the article is organized well.

The subject coverage stays on topic and each section appears to be the right length for its topic. I wonder if the small point of the festival’s leaning away from small budget independent films for bigger name studios and titles could be fleshed out a bit more. Also the Oscars seem to be getting more and more political as time goes on. Is that reflected in the award acceptance speeches at Sundance? Or does it specifically remain neutral? What is the tone of the members attending the festival? The article itself does not draw conclusions.

The only sentence that has some not neutral language includes “…the most comprehensive chronicle of Sundance…” which can be removed or cited. Otherwise the article does not have a perspective. There are many citations missing so those could be filled in to add legitimacy to some of its claims.

Regarding sources there are a few problems. There are many sources cited so it is not unbalanced, however some of these sources are blogs or published by the Sundance organization itself or are broken. They are listed below.

- 6 seems to be both produced by the Sundance organization itself and does not relate to the original sentence cited - 8 no longer exists - 11 is broken - 13 is not available without a subscription - 14/15 is both a blog and broken - 19 appears to be produced by the Sundance org - 32 also produced by the Sundance org

Overall it looks like you have your work cut out for you. None of this seems too difficult, however.

Jebradl1 (talk) 20:54, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

Notice of related discussion
There it is suggested that the list articles of films shown at this festival should be merged away. Kind regards from  PJvanMill ) talk ( 20:14, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sundance Film Festival


text:
Catherine McCormack

Catherine Jane McCormack (born 3 April 1972) is an English actress. Her film appearances include Braveheart (1995), The Land Girls (1998), Dangerous Beauty (1998), Dancing at Lughnasa (1998), Spy Game (2001), and 28 Weeks Later (2007). Her theatre work includes National Theatre productions of All My Sons (2000) and Honour (2003).

Early life
McCormack was born in Epsom, Surrey, England. She is of part Irish ancestry as one of her grandfathers was Irish. Her mother died of lupus when McCormack was six years old and her steelworker father subsequently raised her and her brother Stephen. She was brought up as Roman Catholic and attended the Convent of Our Lady of Providence. She went on to study at the Oxford School of Drama.

Film
McCormack's first important role was as the character Murron MacClannough in the multiple Academy Award-winning film Braveheart (1995). Her screen debut was as the lead in the Anna Campion-directed film Loaded (1994). She has subsequently stated that she had a "miserable time with the director (Anna Campion)... it was my first film job, I needed to be mollycoddled, I needed to be helped through it, and I wasn't. Mostly, it was a horrible experience."

After Braveheart, McCormack starred alongside Anna Friel and Rachel Weisz in David Leland's The Land Girls and had lead roles in Nils Gaup's Northstar and Marshall Herskovitz's Dangerous Beauty. Other films include Spy Game (2001) and 28 Weeks Later. Despite being in demand, she does few films, stating that "I read very few scripts I'm passionate about... Maybe one in every twenty or thirty."

Theatre
McCormack has shown a preference in her career for the theatre, saying that "theatre really is an actor's medium: you're on stage with no director anymore, whereas in film very rarely do you get much rehearsal other than running through the scene very quickly. Then everyone comes in and shoots it." McCormack was one of the original 2006 London cast of Patrick Barlow's play of The 39 Steps. In 2008, she performed the role of Nora in A Doll's House, directed by Peter Hall at the Theatre Royal, Bath, and also the role of Isabel Archer in a stage adaptation of The Portrait of a Lady, both of which commenced their runs in July 2008, ending in August, before transferring to the Rose Theatre in Kingston later that year.

In 2009, she appeared in the British tour of Headlong's adaptation of Six Characters in Search of an Author. In 2012, she starred as Juana Inés de la Cruz in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Helen Edmundson's play The Heresy of Love.

Personal life
As of 2009, McCormack was living with her boyfriend in Richmond.

title: Catherine McCormack


text:
User talk:Vanessa (usurped)

Hi there, welcome to Wikipedia!

You may have noticed that I changed your Lucius Apuleius to redirect to Apuleius, and added your note about Metamorphoses being the only complete novel (which I didn't know!) to the existing article. At 140,000+ articles, there is quite a lot out there, and so usually when I'm ready to create a new article, I do a "Search" on a word or two from my proposed title, to see what's out there, often with surprising results! Stan 15:36 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vanessa (usurped)


text:
User:Rossami

Someday, I need to post something about myself instead of just using this as a personal reference page...

My Sandbox

Current projects

 * Wikt:Appendix:Military slang
 * Wikt:Appendix:Architectural glossary
 * Category:Date of birth missing
 * Transwiki list
 * User:Rossami/Analysis of undeletions

Articles I want to start someday soon

 * urban beekeeping
 * gastrophysics
 * firemark

Articles to edit

 * add to motherese
 * fix overwatch
 * copyedits to maniple for readability
 * copyedits to Revaluation of fixed assets

My accounts on other Wikiprojects

 * Wikibooks
 * Wiktionary
 * Wikiquotes
 * Meta
 * Wikinews

Reference pages that I want to keep track of but don't keep on the "watchlist"

 * replies (was "What Our Critics Say About Us")
 * Reading level
 * How does one edit a page
 * Disambiguation pages with links
 * Peer review
 * Cleanup
 * MediaWiki custom messages
 * Template messages
 * List of Wikipedians by number of edits
 * Vandalism in progress
 * Proposed new structure for VfD
 * WP
 * Category:Candidates for speedy deletion
 * User:Rossami/monobook.css
 * User:Rossami/Admin vote
 * Log file of admin actions taken
 * Edit count analyzer
 * User:Korath/autovfd.js
 * Tools
 * Template messages/User talk namespace
 * TestTemplates
 * Meta:Help:Interwiki linking
 * page usage stats
 * {{subst:uw-lang}}

Thoughts on redirects

 * User:Rossami/On redirects
 * log bookmark

Templates
which returns

Link rot and RfDs
Redirects for discussion/Log/2008 August 19

When nominators "vote"
** Comment: Nominators generally should not add a "delete" opinion in the bulleted section of these discussions. Your opinion is clear from the nomination. Adding a bullet gives the impression that you're trying to have your opinion double-counted. It creates potential confusion for the admin who eventually has to close the discussion. Thanks. ~

For threads with lots of anonymous votes
*Comment: New users should be aware that votes by anonymous and very new accounts are generally very steeply discounted during these discussions. We have had significant problems in the past with abuse of the voting process and attempts to bias the outcome by users creating sockpuppets. Hard facts which add to the discussion are appreciated. Opinions and qualitative judgments are likely to be ignored. ~

When untranscluding an exceptionally long debate
===pagename=== This discussion has become very long, and is no longer being shown directly on this page in order to improve performance. Please click this link to view or participate in the discussion. ~ Votes for deletion/pagename

This discussion thread has become very long and extremely difficult to sort out. In an effort to assist the admin who must eventually make this decision, I propose the use of a recap table. In addition to your vote and explanation below, please record your name in the table. Comment: For this to work, please keep all comments below. I've taken my best guess at the current opinions of the discussion participants. If I've listed anyone's vote incorrectly, please move it. ~

User:Rossami/Vandalism watch and Repeat vandal and Vandalism watch

Reference list of "surprising" VfD discussions

 * Votes for deletion/Karafuto Prefecture - initially tagged as 1) patent nonsense then 2) fancruft but turned out to be historically real (though obscure)
 * Votes for deletion/Treaty of Finkenstein - initially tagged as a hoax.
 * Votes for deletion/Kaleidoscope Entertainment - initially tagged as a speedy. Moved to VfD where the response was a clear "keep"
 * Terrax and Nina Kulagina - initially tagged as speedy but one was a valid topic from fiction, one was a real person whose disputed claims were thought to be fiction. (These two articles were subsequently found to be copyvios.)
 * Votes for deletion/United Cracking Force - initially tagged as speedy. Moved to VfD where the response was a clear "keep"
 * Votes for deletion/Diadem (physics) - an article which was around for a long time and sucked in a surprising number of people who tried to wikify and copyedit what was ultimately uncovered as a hoax.
 * Votes for deletion/Climate theory - initially thought to be a hoax and/or patent nonsense but turned out to be a real (though now discredited) theory of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
 * Votes for deletion/Religious persecution by Jews - initially a "no consensus" with a strong "delete" majority. Controversy raged over the closing admin's decision.  (See here, here and here.)  Re-vfd' only a few weeks later here where it received near unanimous "keep" votes.
 * Votes for deletion/Like cola - initially tagged as a hoax
 * Votes for deletion/Pseudowallerian degeneration - initially tagged as a hoax but later verified
 * Articles for deletion/Pseudowallerian degeneration (2nd nomination) - deleted as unverified phenomenon mentioned nowhere but in one scientific paper
 * Re-created as a "harmless redirect"
 * Back at RfD as of May 28, 2006

title: User:Rossami


text:
Ardagh

Ardagh (Ardachadh or Ard-achadh, meaning "high field" in Irish; modern Irish: Ardach) may refer to:

Places in Ireland

 * Ardagh, County Antrim, a townland
 * Ardagh, County Cork, a townland; see List of townlands of the barony of Bear
 * Ardagh, County Donegal, a townland
 * Ardagh, County Limerick, a village and parish
 * Ardagh, County Londonderry, a townland; see List of townlands of County Londonderry
 * Ardagh, County Longford, a village
 * Ardagh (barony), containing the village
 * Ardagh, County Mayo, a parish and townland
 * Ardagh, County Sligo; see List of townlands of County Sligo

Other uses

 * Ardagh (surname), with a list of people with this surname
 * Ardagh GAA, Gaelic football club in County Mayo, Ireland
 * Ardagh Glass Group, based in Luxembourg, produces metal and glass packaging
 * Ardagh railway station, served the Limerick village

Dioceses

 * Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh, in the Church of Ireland province of Armagh
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise, in the province of Armagh, Ireland

title: Ardagh


text:
User:Laussy

Fabrice P. Laussy — http://laussy.org/wiki/Fabrice

Theoretical physicist, presently Chair of Light-Matter interactions at the University of Wolverhampton, UK.

Previously a Ramón y Cajal fellow at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Previously a Marie Curie fellow at the Walter Schottky Institute, Technische Universität München in Garching bei München.

I work mainly on light-matter interactions (particularly in heterostructures of semiconductors.)

See also http://laussy.org

title: User:Laussy


text:
Haley Joel Osment

Haley Joel Osment (born April 10, 1988) is an American actor. Beginning his career as a child actor, Osment's role in the comedy-drama film Forrest Gump (1994) won him a Young Artist Award. His breakthrough came with the psychological thriller film The Sixth Sense (1999), which won him a Saturn Award and earned him nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. He achieved further success with the drama film Pay It Forward (2000), the science fiction film A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) which won him a second Saturn Award, the comedy film Secondhand Lions (2003) which won him a Critics Choice Award, and the animated film The Jungle Book 2 (2003). He has voiced Sora in the Kingdom Hearts video game franchise since 2002, and voiced Vanitas in the same franchise from 2010 to 2020.

Osment made his Broadway debut in a short-lived revival of David Mamet's play American Buffalo (2008), and executive produced the independent film The Misadventures of the Dunderheads (2012) which he also starred in. His further on-screen work includes appearing in the body horror film Tusk (2014), the comedy films Sex Ed (2014), Entourage (2015), Izzy Gets the F*ck Across Town (2017) and Clara's Ghost (2018), and the drama films Almost Friends (2016), Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile (2019) and Somebody I Used to Know (2023). He has also voiced Kash D. Langford on the Netflix series Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous (2021), Leonard "Buzzsaw" Burne on the DreamWorks Animation Television series DreamWorks Dragons: The Nine Realms (2021–2023), Casey Jones in the animated film Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie (2022), and Collector in the animated film LEGO Marvel Avengers: Code Red (2023).

Early life
Osment was born on April 10, 1988 in Los Angeles, California, the son of Theresa (Seifert), a teacher, and Michael Eugene Osment, a theater and film actor, both natives of Birmingham, Alabama. Osment was raised Roman Catholic. He has one sibling, actress Emily Osment, who is four years younger. Osment's parents have described his childhood as a "good old-fashioned Southern upbringing". His father said that when Osment was learning to speak, he deliberately avoided using baby talk when communicating with his son. As a child, he wrestled and played basketball, football, and golf.

Osment was a student at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Cañada Flintridge, California. He graduated from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 2011.

Career
Visiting a store at age four, Osment signed up with a talent scout. Called back for an audition, he was asked to describe the biggest thing he had ever seen; his description of an IMAX theater screen helped win him a part in a Pizza Hut TV commercial. The commercial launched his career, and later that year he starred in the ABC TV sitcom Thunder Alley, his first role in series television. His first feature film role was as Forrest Gump's son in the 1994 film Forrest Gump. He also had a small part in another 1994 film, Mixed Nuts. Throughout the rest of the 1990s, Osment played regular or recurring roles in various TV series; including The Jeff Foxworthy Show and the final season of Murphy Brown, where he replaced Dyllan Christopher as Murphy's son, Avery.

In addition, he made numerous guest appearances on shows, including The Larry Sanders Show, Walker, Texas Ranger, Touched by an Angel, Chicago Hope, The Pretender, and Ally McBeal. He appeared in the 1996 film Bogus, alongside Whoopi Goldberg and Gérard Depardieu and the 1998 television film The Lake, as well as I'll Remember April (1999), with future The Sixth Sense co-star Trevor Morgan.

Osment first achieved stardom in 1999, when he appeared in The Sixth Sense, co-starring Bruce Willis. For his portrayal of Cole Sear, a psychic child, Osment won the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor. He was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second-youngest performer ever to receive an Academy nomination for a supporting role, but lost the final Oscar vote to Michael Caine (with whom he would later work, appearing together in Secondhand Lions). One of Osment's lines in The Sixth Sense, "I see dead people," became a popular catchphrase and is often repeated or parodied on television programs and in other media. The phrase is #44 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Movie Quotes. He made three minor appearances on the animated TV series Family Guy in 2000 and 2001.

In 2000 Osment had a leading role in Pay It Forward, which received mixed reviews. The following year, he appeared in Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence, cementing his stature as one of the leading young actors in Hollywood. This role earned him his second Saturn Award for Best Younger Actor, and further critical acclaim. In reviewing the film, critic Roger Ebert claimed that: "Osment, who is onscreen in almost every scene, is one of the best actors now working". In 2001, Osment starred in the Polish film, Edges of the Lord, as Romek. The film was never released theatrically in the United States. Between 2002 and 2003, Osment lent his voice to films such as The Country Bears, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II and The Jungle Book 2 (Jake Thomas auditioned for the role of Mowgli prior to Osment's casting), all from Walt Disney Pictures. He returned to live action with the 2003 film, Secondhand Lions.

Osment lent his voice to the video game series Kingdom Hearts, providing the voice of Sora, the series' main character, and also Vanitas, a villain from the same series. Osment also voiced the character of Takeshi Jin in the English version of the Immortal Grand Prix anime television series.

He appeared in Home of the Giants, playing a high school journalist opposite Ryan Merriman and Danielle Panabaker. He subsequently worked on Montana Amazon as both an actor and executive producer. The film starred Olympia Dukakis and debuted at the Orlando and Big Apple Film Festivals in November 2010, winning Best Feature Film at the latter.

Osment made his Broadway debut at the Belasco Theatre in November 2008 playing the role of Bobby, a young heroin addict, in a revival of David Mamet's American Buffalo; co-starring with John Leguizamo and Cedric the Entertainer. The show opened to mixed reviews, and a provisional statement was made on November 20, 2008, that it would close after the first week.

In 2010, Osment signed for a leading role in the comedy film Sex Ed from MPCA, to play a college graduate who wants to teach geometry, but ends up as a sex education teacher while inexperienced himself. In January 2011, Entertainment Weekly reported that Osment had joined the cast of Sassy Pants, a comedy about a homeschooler with an overbearing mother.

Variety reported on June 27, 2011, that Osment would star in Wake the Dead, a modern-day retelling of the Frankenstein story, with production to begin the last quarter of 2011. As of mid-2014, no published status was available.

In 2013, he appeared in a series of episodes of Amazon's Alpha House. He also co-starred in the Will Ferrell and Adam McKay-produced comedy melodrama miniseries The Spoils of Babylon and The Spoils Before Dying for IFC. Kevin Smith has further added to Osment's career resurgence with roles in the first two films of his True North Trilogy, first as Teddy Craft in Tusk and next as a fictionalized version of Canadian journalist Adrien Arcand in Yoga Hosers.

In 2017, Osment held a recurring role in season 4 of HBO's Silicon Valley as VR expert and tech financier Keenan Feldspar. Also in 2017, Osment made an appearance on BBC America's Top Gear America as one of the guests in the fourth episode of season 1.

In 2019, Osment had a supporting role in the Netflix film Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile, starring alongside Lily Collins whose character Liz follows the prosecution of Ted Bundy, played by Zac Efron. Osment performs in two series that have Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg as executive producers: Osment plays Mesmer in the Amazon series The Boys and Dr. Stu Camillo in the Hulu series Future Man.

Personal life
Osment plays the guitar and piano. He is an avid golfer who began playing at the age of seven. He played for the U.S. team in the All-Star Cup 2005, under team leader Mark O'Meara, and has participated in the annual Michael Douglas & Friends Celebrity Golf Tournament.

In 2006, Osment suffered a broken rib and fractured shoulder blade in an auto accident. He pled no contest to driving under the influence of alcohol and misdemeanor drug possession and was sentenced to three years' probation, 60 hours in an alcohol rehabilitation and education program, a fine of $1,500, and attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous.

, Osment lived in New York City.

title: Haley Joel Osment


text:
Talk:New York Islanders

Islanders' home city location
In my opinion, the home city location for the Islanders should now be listed as Brooklyn. The Islanders' Contact Us page (seen here) lists the address for the Barclays Center as: 620 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11217. I sincerely believe that all Wikipedia articles for all professional sports teams should list the address for a specific club based on the physical address of the club's home arena/stadium. Charlesaaronthompson (talk) 19:46, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Brooklyn is the arena's ZIP code since Brooklyn's post office existed before Brooklyn was merged into New York City. But the Islanders and the Barclays Center are physically located in the City of New York, of which Brooklyn is a part. Brooklyn itself is not a city (not since 1898), so listing it as the home city would be inaccurate. We do not need to have specific boroughs and neighborhoods listed in very general sections like the infobox. That's taken care of in the body of the article. --JonRidinger (talk) 20:01, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Where's your proof? I have listed several sources as to why the home city location for the Islanders should be Brooklyn. Here's another source: the Barclays Center website. Charlesaaronthompson (talk) 20:27, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Brooklyn is a borough of New York City. We want to list the city, not a borough. GoodDay (talk) 20:32, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * What I don't understand is this: why list the location for the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Brooklyn Nets as Brooklyn, but list it as NYC for the Islanders? There should be an equal application for both clubs. I have a suggestion that might work: What if the location for both the Nets and Islanders is listed as: Brooklyn, New York, NY? I also suggest the location for the Knicks and Rangers be listed as Manhattan, New York, NY. Charlesaaronthompson (talk) 20:42, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * you shouldn't bring the Nets into this discussion, the style guides of the two articles emanate from two different Wikiprojects. Also, the basketball template reads "location," not "city" as this one does, so it is reasonable they could be used differently in my opinion. Rikster2 (talk) 20:44, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Nvm, I'm finally persuaded that the location in the infobox for both the Nets and Islanders' articles should be listed as NYC. As long as there's a mention that both clubs play home games at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn in the lead paragraph (which there is for both clubs currently), I'm satisfied. Charlesaaronthompson (talk) 21:14, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Lead paragraph
So after this NYC–Brooklyn battle something new was started. Lead paragraph always started like this. However, another user showed up and started stating that this is "correct". However, that editor doesn't go to Rangers' article and do the same there. – Sabbatino (talk) 21:16, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * If it helps, I was the editor who changed the wording in the lead paragraph. I also did it for the New York Rangers article, to ensure that the wording in the articles for both New York City National Hockey League (NHL) teams was consistent with each other. Charlesaaronthompson (talk) 05:35, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I was referring to other editor who reverted back to your version, but since Rangers' article was updated, I'm fine with that. – Sabbatino (talk) 07:54, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:56, 14 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Le Red Bull Arena.jpg

title: Talk:New York Islanders