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Sled dog racing

Sled dog racing (sometimes termed dog sled racing) is a winter dog sport most popular in the Arctic regions of the United States, Canada, Russia, Greenland and some European countries. It involves the timed competition of teams of sled dogs that pull a sled with the dog driver or musher standing on the runners. The team completing the marked course in the least time is judged the winner.

A sled dog race was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, and again at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, and once more in the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, but it did not gain official event status.

Sled dogs, known also as sleighman dogs, sledge dogs, or sleddogs, are a highly trained dog type that are used to pull a dog sled, a wheel-less vehicle on runners, over snow or ice, by means of harnesses and lines.

History
The first recorded sled race in North America took place in 1908 in Alaska, the All Alaska Sweepstakes. It ran 400 miles through some of Alaska's most arduous areas from Nome to Candle and back. The International Sled Dog Racing Association lists the winners of the first and the third races: "The winning driver [the first] year was John Hegness, with a time of 119 hours, 15 minutes, and 12 seconds. By 1910, entries had increased considerably, as had the speed of the teams. The winner of [the third] race was John (Iron Man) Johnson, with an (as yet) unbroken record time of 74 hours, 14 minutes, and 37 seconds."

John Johnson ran a team of all Siberian Huskies, though he was not the owner of the dogs. The owner was a Scotsman named Charles Fox Maule Ramsay who had taken notice of the Siberian Huskies that had been used by a team in the 1909 race. His other teams, also led by Siberian Huskies, won both the second and fourth places in the race. Due to their small size and docile nature the breed had not been thought of as worthy competitors, but after that they dominated racing for a decade capturing some of the most prestigious Alaska racing titles, especially in rugged terrain where the breed was known for their endurance capability. Siberian Huskies were further popularized in 1925 when the city of Nome was stricken with a diphtheria epidemic and medical supplies were urgently needed. In what came to be known as the "Great Race of Mercy", 20 mushers and 150 sled dogs transported the diphtheria antitoxin 674 miles across Alaska in a record-breaking five and a half days. The mushers and their dogs became instantly famous across the United States, especially the dog that lead the team on the final 55 mile stretch into Nome, a Siberian Husky named Balto.

Races
Sled dog races include "sprint" races over relatively short distances of 4 to 100 miles, mid-distance races from 100 to 300 miles, or long-distance races of 300 to over 1,000 miles (Iditarod). Sprint races frequently are two or three-day events with heats run on successive days with the same dogs over the same course. Mid-distance races are continuous events of 100 to 300 miles. (These categories are informal and may overlap to a certain extent.) Long-distance races may be continuous or stage races, in which participants run a different course each day, usually from a central staging location.

Races are categorized not only by distance, but by the maximum number of dogs allowed in each team. The most usual categories are four-dog, six-dog, eight-dog, ten-dog, and unlimited (also called open), although other team size categories can be found.

One example of a dog race is the American Dog Derby, which was first started in 1917. Competitors enter a 20, 40, 60 or 100-mile category. The race starts in Ashton, Idaho. Races are organized either as "timed starts," or "mass start." In a timed start, teams start one after another in equal time intervals, competing against the clock rather than directly against one another. This simplifies some logistical considerations such as that of getting many teams of excited sleddogs to the starting line simultaneously. In mass starts, all of the dog teams start simultaneously. Mass starts are popular in Europe and many parts of Canada. Some mass start events can have up to 30 teams (300 dogs) start all at once.

Although some races are unsanctioned, held under the sole guidance of a local club, many races fall under one of three international organizations. In the United States and Canada, ISDRA (International Sled Dog Racing Association) sanctions many races. In Europe ESDRA (European Sled Dog Racing Association) provides sanctioning, and the IFSS (International Federation of Sleddog Sports) sanctions World Cup races all over the world, as well as a world championship race every two years.

For the race to be sanctioned, a variety of rules must be followed. For example, the ISDRA sanctioning rules specify that all hazards must be avoided, distances must be reported correctly, and the trail must be clearly described to the competitors. The racers have a duty to treat their dogs humanely, and performance-enhancing substances are strictly forbidden.

Dryland Dog Sled Racing is a variant where competitors use a rig (3–4-wheeled cart with a locking brake and handle/steering wheel), a scooter, a bicycle (Bikejoring), or remain on foot (Canicross), racing on packed dirt trails instead of snow. Another mode of dogsled racing is the freight race, in which a specified weight per dog is carried in the sled. This type of race only has about 1 to 5 dogs pulling the sled or scooter at one time.

There is also a huge following in the UK with the British Siberian Husky Racing Association providing premier racing on top-class trails. Almost every year, Marquette, Michigan holds an annual Dog Sled Race. Depending on how much snow there is in Marquette, they don't always hold an event. The breeds of dogs that they use in the Dog Sled Race are Huskies. The UP 200 held in Michigan's Upper Peninsula is one of America's top-notch sled dog races. The trial covers over 240 miles of challenging terrain through the areas of Marquette, Grand Marais, Wetmore, and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore and finishes at Mattson Lower Harbor Park in Marquette. Either before the dogs' race or after the spectators can have a chance to feed the dogs. The UP 200 is one of America's premier 12-dog, mid-distance sled dog races, qualifying teams for the famous Iditarod. For the mushers, it's a chance to test their dogs in the Iditarod qualifying race. For the spectators, it's a time to enjoy the wintry weather and the local culture of this Upper Peninsula city. Here's what to expect if you're planning a visit.

American Dog Derby
The American Dog Derby is the oldest dogsled race in the United States and was the first dogsled race that rose to international prominence. Begun in 1917 and heavily promoted by Union Pacific Railroad, it was on par with the Kentucky Derby and with the Indianapolis 500 in terms of interest and press coverage in the early part of the 20th century and was considered to be the world championship dogsled race. American Dog Derby mushers were international celebrities to such degree that one photogenic female musher named Lydia Hutchinson was tapped by a producer to star in his movie. She may have been on her way to being a movie star when she died of pneumonia in 1930. The American Dog Derby popularized dogsled racing in the 1920s and other dogsled races were organized in towns and cities across North America and Northern Europe in its wake.

Iditarod
The most famous long-distance race is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Also known as the "Last Great Race on Earth", the Iditarod is roughly 1000 miles of some of the roughest terrain in the world. The race consists of fierce mountains, frozen rivers, thick forests, and desolate tundras. Each team of 12–16 dogs must go from Anchorage all the way to Nome.

Although each musher has different strategies, each team must have certain pieces of equipment, such as an arctic parka, an ax, snowshoes, and boots for each dog's feet to protect against cutting ice and hard packed snow injuries.

The dog sled
Racing sleddogs wear individual harnesses to which "tuglines" are snapped, pulling from a loop near the root of the tail. The dogs are hooked in pairs, their tuglines being attached in turn to a central "gangline". The lines usually include short "necklines" snapped to each dog's collar, just to keep the dogs in proper position. It is unusual ever to see more than 22 dogs hooked at once in a racing team, and that number is usually seen only on the first day of the most highly competitive sprint events. Dogs may be omitted from the teams on subsequent days, but none may be added. Many other rules apply, most of which have been in effect since the beginning of organized dogsled racing in the city of Nome, Alaska, in 1908.

Sled dog racing in South Africa
In December 2013 the South Gauteng High Court confirmed sled dog racing as a form of dog racing, and therefore sled dog racing was declared illegal in South Africa.

title: Sled dog racing


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Mark David Chapman

Mark David Chapman (born May 10, 1955) is an American man who murdered English musician John Lennon in New York City on December 8, 1980. As Lennon walked into the archway of The Dakota, his apartment building on the Upper West Side, Chapman fired five shots at the musician from a few yards away with a Charter Arms Undercover .38 Special revolver. Lennon was hit four times from the back. He was rushed to Roosevelt Hospital and pronounced dead on arrival. Chapman remained at the scene following the shooting and made no attempt to flee or resist arrest. Raised in Decatur, Georgia, Chapman used to be a fan of the Beatles, but was infuriated by Lennon's lavish lifestyle and public statements, such as his remark about the band being "more popular than Jesus" and the lyrics of two of his later songs "God" and "Imagine". In the years leading up to the murder, the J. D. Salinger novel The Catcher in the Rye took on great personal significance for Chapman, to the extent that he wished to model his life after the novel's protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Chapman also contemplated killing other public figures, including David Bowie, Johnny Carson, Elizabeth Taylor, Paul McCartney, and Ronald Reagan. He had no prior criminal convictions and had recently resigned from a job as a security guard in Hawaii.

Following the murder, Chapman's legal team intended to mount an insanity defense based on the testimony of mental health experts who said that he was in a delusional psychotic state at the time of the shooting. However, he was more cooperative with the prosecutor, who argued that his symptoms fell short of a schizophrenia diagnosis. As the trial approached, Chapman instructed his lawyers that he wanted to plead guilty based on what he had decided was the will of God. The judge granted Chapman's request and deemed him competent to stand trial. He was sentenced to a prison term of twenty years to life with a stipulation that mental health treatment would be provided.

Chapman refused requests for press interviews during his first six years in prison; he later said that he regretted the murder and that he did not want to give the impression that he killed Lennon for fame and notoriety. He ultimately supplied audiotaped interviews to journalist Jack Jones, who used them to write the investigative book Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman in 1992. In 2000, Chapman became eligible for parole, which has since been denied thirteen times. His life was dramatized in the films The Killing of John Lennon (2006) and Chapter 27 (2007).

Biography
Mark David Chapman was born on May 10, 1955, in Fort Worth, Texas. His father, David Chapman, was a staff sergeant in the United States Air Force and his mother, Diane (née Pease), was a nurse. His younger sister, Susan, was born seven years later. As a boy, Chapman stated he lived in fear of his father, who he claimed was physically abusive towards his mother and unloving towards him. These assertions, however, were never substantiated. Chapman began to fantasize about having God-like power over a group of imaginary "little people" who lived in the walls of his bedroom.

Chapman moved to Decatur, Georgia, at an early age and attended Columbia High School. He later recalled being targeted by bullies due to his lack of athleticism. By the time he was 14, Chapman was using drugs and skipping classes, and at one point ran away from home to live on the streets of Atlanta for two weeks.

In 1971, Chapman became a born-again Presbyterian and distributed Biblical tracts. He met his first girlfriend, Jessica Blankenship, and began work as a summer camp counselor at the YMCA in DeKalb County, Georgia. He was very popular with the children at the camp, who nicknamed him "Nemo" (after the protagonist of the Jules Verne novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas), and he was promoted to assistant director after winning an award for Outstanding Counselor. Those who knew him in the caretaking professions unanimously called him an outstanding worker.

On the recommendation of a friend, Chapman read J. D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951). The novel eventually took on great personal significance for him, to the extent he reportedly wished to model his life after its main character, Holden Caulfield. After graduating from high school, Chapman moved for a time to Chicago and played guitar in churches and Christian night spots while his friend did impersonations. He worked successfully for World Vision with Vietnamese refugees at a resettlement camp at Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, after a brief visit to Lebanon for the same work. He was named an area coordinator and a key aide to program director David Moore, who later said Chapman cared deeply for children and worked hard. Chapman accompanied Moore to meetings with government officials, and U.S. President Gerald Ford shook his hand.

Chapman joined Blankenship as a student at Covenant College, a Presbyterian liberal arts college in Lookout Mountain, Georgia. However, he fell behind in his studies and became racked with guilt over having a previous affair. He started having suicidal thoughts and began to feel like a failure. He dropped out of Covenant College after just one semester, and his girlfriend broke off their relationship soon after. Chapman returned to work at the resettlement camp but left after an argument with a supervisor.

In 1977, Chapman relocated to Hawaii, where he attempted suicide by carbon monoxide asphyxiation. He connected a hose to his car's exhaust pipe, but the hose melted and the attempt failed. A psychiatrist admitted Chapman to Castle Memorial Hospital for clinical depression. Upon his release, he began working at the hospital as a janitor. After Chapman's parents began divorce proceedings, his mother joined him in Hawaii.

Chapman embarked on a six-week trip around the world in 1978. The vacation was partly inspired by the film and novel Around the World in 80 Days. He visited Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, Singapore, Bangkok, New Delhi, Beirut, Geneva, London, Paris and Dublin. He also began a relationship with his travel agent, a Japanese American woman named Gloria Abe, whom he married on June 2, 1979. Chapman got a job at Castle Memorial Hospital as a printer, working alone rather than with staff and patients. He was fired by the hospital and later rehired; following an argument with a nurse he finally quit. After this, Chapman took a job as a night security guard at a high-end apartment complex and began drinking heavily to cope with his depression.

As his psychological state worsened, Chapman developed a series of obsessions, including artwork, The Catcher in the Rye, music, and the English musician John Lennon. In September 1980 he wrote a letter to a friend, Lynda Irish, in which he stated, "I'm going nuts." He signed the letter, "The Catcher in the Rye." Chapman had no criminal convictions prior to his trip to New York City to kill Lennon.

Motive and planning
Chapman allegedly started planning to kill Lennon three months prior to the murder. A longtime fan of Lennon's former band the Beatles, Chapman turned against Lennon due to a religious conversion and Lennon's highly publicized 1966 remark about the Beatles being "more popular than Jesus." Some members of Chapman's prayer group made a joke in reference to Lennon's song "Imagine": "It went, 'Imagine, imagine if John Lennon was dead. Chapman's childhood friend, Miles McManushe, recalled that Chapman said that the song was "communist."

Chapman had also been influenced by Anthony Fawcett's John Lennon: One Day at a Time, which detailed Lennon's lavish lifestyle in New York City. According to Gloria, "He was angry that Lennon would preach love and peace but yet have millions." Chapman later said: "He told us to imagine no possessions and there he was, with millions of dollars and yachts and farms and country estates, laughing at people like me who had believed the lies and bought the records and built a big part of their lives around his music." He also recalled having listened to Lennon's solo albums in the weeks before the murder: "I would listen to this music and I would get angry at him, for saying [in the song 'God'] that he didn't believe in God, that he just believed in him and Yoko, and that he didn't believe in the Beatles. This was another thing that angered me, even though this record had been done at least ten years previously. I just wanted to scream out loud, 'Who does he think he is, saying these things about God and heaven and the Beatles?' Saying that he doesn't believe in Jesus and things like that. At that point, my mind was going through a total blackness of anger and rage. So I brought the Lennon book home, into this The Catcher in the Rye milieu where my mindset is Holden Caulfield and anti-phoniness."

Chapman's planning has been described as "muddled." Over the years, he has both supported and denied whether he felt justified by his spiritual beliefs at the time or had the intention of acquiring notoriety. The only time he made a public statement before his sentencing—and for several years afterward—was during a brief psychotic episode in which he was convinced that the meaning of his actions was to promote The Catcher in the Rye, which amounted to a single letter mailed to The New York Times asking the public to read the novel.

Journalist James R. Gaines, who interviewed Chapman extensively, concluded that Chapman did not kill Lennon to gain fame and notoriety. According to Chapman in a later parole hearing, he had a hit list of other potential targets in mind, including Lennon's bandmate Paul McCartney, talk show host Johnny Carson, actress Elizabeth Taylor, actor George C. Scott, former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, recently elected U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Hawaii governor George Ariyoshi. In 2010, Chapman said that the only criterion for the list was being "famous," and that he chose Lennon out of convenience. He had also cited feelings of envy.

It is rumored that Chapman traveled to Woodstock, New York, during one of his visits to the state in search of the musician Todd Rundgren, another target of obsession. Chapman was wearing a promotional T-shirt for Rundgren's album Hermit of Mink Hollow when he was arrested and had a copy of Runt: The Ballad of Todd Rundgren in his Manhattan hotel room. Rundgren was not aware of the connections until much later.

On the day of the murder, singer David Bowie was appearing on Broadway in the play The Elephant Man. "I was second on his list," Bowie later said. "Chapman had a front-row ticket to The Elephant Man the next night. John and Yoko were supposed to sit front-row for that show too. So the night after John was killed there were three empty seats in the front row. I can't tell you how difficult that was to go on. I almost didn't make it through the performance."

October–December 1980
Chapman went to New York City in late October 1980 intending to kill Lennon, but left to obtain ammunition from his unwitting friend Dana Reeves in Atlanta before returning in November. While in New York, Chapman was inspired by the film Ordinary People to stop his plans. He returned to Hawaii and told his wife Gloria that he had been obsessed with killing Lennon, showing her the gun and bullets; Gloria did not inform the police or mental health services. Chapman later said that the commandment "thou shalt not kill" flashed on the television at him and was on a wall hanging that his wife put up in their apartment. He made an appointment to see a clinical psychologist, but he did not keep it and flew back to New York on December 6, 1980. At one point, he considered ending his life by jumping from the Statue of Liberty.

On December 7, Chapman accosted singer James Taylor at the 72nd Street subway station. According to Taylor, "The guy had sort of pinned me to the wall and was glistening with maniacal sweat and talking some freak speak about what he was going to do and his stuff with how John was interested and he was going to get in touch with John Lennon." He also reportedly offered cocaine to a taxi driver. That night, Chapman and his wife talked on the phone about getting help with his problems by first working on his relationship with God.

On the morning of December 8, Chapman left his room at the Sheraton Hotel, leaving personal items behind that he wanted the police to find. He bought a copy of The Catcher in the Rye in which he wrote "this is my statement", signing it "Holden Caulfield." He then spent most of the day near the entrance to the Dakota apartment building where Lennon lived, talking to fans and the doorman. Early in the morning, Chapman was distracted and missed seeing Lennon step out of a taxi and enter the Dakota. Later in the morning, he met Lennon's housekeeper, who was returning from a walk with Lennon's five-year-old son Sean. Chapman reached in front of the housekeeper to shake Sean's hand and called him a beautiful boy, quoting Lennon's song "Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)."

Around 5 p.m., Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono were leaving the Dakota for a recording session at the Record Plant. As they walked toward their limousine, Chapman, without saying a word, held out a copy of Lennon's album Double Fantasy (1980) for Lennon to sign. Amateur photographer Paul Goresh was standing nearby and took a picture as Lennon signed the album. Chapman said in an interview that he tried to get Goresh to stay, and he asked another loitering Lennon fan to go out with him that night. He suggested that he would not have murdered Lennon that evening if the woman had accepted his invitation or if Goresh had stayed, but he probably would have tried another day.

Around 10:50 p.m., Lennon and Ono returned to the Dakota in a limousine. They got out of the vehicle, passed Chapman, and walked toward the archway entrance of the building. From the street behind them, Chapman fired five hollow-point bullets from a .38 special revolver, four of which hit Lennon in the back and shoulder. One newspaper later reported that Chapman called out "Mr. Lennon" and dropped into a combat stance before firing. Chapman said that he does not recall saying anything, and Lennon did not turn around.

Chapman remained at the scene following the shooting and appeared to be reading The Catcher in the Rye when New York City police officers arrived and arrested him without incident. The officers recognized that Lennon's wounds were severe and decided not to wait for an ambulance; they rushed him to Roosevelt Hospital in a squad car. Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival. Three hours later, Chapman told the police, "I'm sure the big part of me is Holden Caulfield, who is the main person in the book. The small part of me must be the Devil."

Legal process
Chapman was formally charged with second-degree murder. He confessed to police that he had used hollow-point bullets "to ensure Lennon's death." Chapman's wife had known of her husband's preparations for killing Lennon, but took no action because Chapman did not follow through at the time; she did not face any charges. Chapman later said that he harbored a "deep-seated resentment" toward his wife, "that she didn't go to somebody, even the police, and say, 'Look, my husband's bought a gun and he says he's going to kill John Lennon.

Mental state assessment
More than a dozen psychologists and psychiatrists interviewed Chapman in the six months prior to his trial—three for the prosecution, six for the defense, and several more on behalf of the court—and they conducted a battery of standard diagnostic procedures and more than 200 hours of clinical interviews. All six defense experts concluded that Chapman was psychotic; five diagnosed paranoid schizophrenia, while the sixth felt that his symptoms were more consistent with manic depression. The three prosecution experts declared that his delusions fell short of psychosis and instead diagnosed various personality disorders. The court-appointed experts concurred with the prosecution's examiners that he was delusional yet competent to stand trial. In the examinations, Chapman was more cooperative with the prosecution's mental health experts than with those for the defense; one psychiatrist conjectured that he did not wish to be considered "crazy" and was persuaded that the defense experts declared him insane only because they were hired to do so.

Charles McGowan, who had been the pastor of Chapman's church in Decatur, visited Chapman. "I believe there was a demonic power at work," he said. Chapman initially embraced his old religion with new fervor as a result; but McGowan revealed information to the press that Chapman had told him in confidence, so Chapman disavowed his renewed interest in Christianity and reverted to his initial explanation: he had killed Lennon to promote the reading of The Catcher in the Rye.

Guilty plea
Chapman's court-appointed lawyer, Herbert Adlerberg, withdrew from the case amid threats of lynching. Police feared that Lennon fans might storm the hospital, so they transferred Chapman to Rikers Island for his personal safety.

At the initial hearing in January 1981, Chapman's new lawyer, Jonathan Marks, instructed him to enter a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. In February, Chapman sent a handwritten statement to The New York Times urging everyone to read The Catcher in the Rye, calling it an "extraordinary book that holds many answers." The defense team sought to establish witnesses as to Chapman's mental state at the time of the killing. However, Chapman told Marks in June that he wanted to drop the insanity defense and plead guilty. Marks objected with "serious questions" over Chapman's sanity and legally challenged his competence to make this decision. In the pursuant hearing on June 22, Chapman said that God had told him to plead guilty and that he would not change his plea or ever appeal, regardless of his sentence. Marks told the court that he opposed Chapman's change of plea, but Chapman would not listen to him. Judge Dennis Edwards Jr. refused a further assessment, saying that Chapman had made the decision of his own free will, and declared him competent to stand trial.

Sentencing hearing
The sentencing hearing took place on August 24, 1981, in a crowded courtroom. Two experts gave evidence on Chapman's behalf. Judge Edwards interrupted Dorothy Lewis, a research psychiatrist who was relatively inexperienced in the courtroom, indicating that the purpose of the hearing was to determine the sentence and there was no question of Chapman's criminal responsibility. Lewis had maintained that Chapman's decision to change his plea did not appear reasonable or explicable, and she implied that the judge did not want to allow an independent competency assessment. The district attorney argued that Chapman committed the murder as an easy venture to acquire fame. Chapman was asked if he had anything to say, and he rose and read a passage from The Catcher in the Rye in which Holden tells his little sister Phoebe what he wants to do with his life:

"I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around – nobody big, I mean – except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff – I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all."

The judge ordered psychiatric treatment for Chapman during his incarceration and sentenced him to twenty years to life, five years less than the maximum sentence of twenty-five years to life.

Imprisonment
In 1981, Chapman was imprisoned at Attica Correctional Facility outside of Buffalo, New York. He fasted for twenty-six days in February 1982, so the New York State Supreme Court authorized the state to force-feed him. Central New York Psychiatric Center director Martin Von Holden said that Chapman refused to eat with other inmates but agreed to take liquid nutrients. He was held in a solitary confinement unit for violent and at-risk prisoners, in part due to concern that he might be harmed by Lennon's fans in the general population. There were 105 inmates in the facility who were "not considered a threat to him," according to the New York State Department of Correctional Services. He had his own cell but spent "most of his day outside his cell working on housekeeping and in the library."

Chapman worked in the prison as a legal clerk and kitchen helper. He was barred from participating in the Cephas Attica workshops, a charitable organization helping inmates adjust to life outside prison. He was also prohibited from attending the prison's violence and anger management classes due to concern for his safety. He told a parole board in 2000 what he would do if paroled: "I would immediately try to find a job, and I really want to go from place to place, at least in the state, church to church, and tell people what happened to me and point them the way to Christ." He also said that he thought that he could find work as a farmhand or return to his previous trade as a printer.

Chapman is in the Family Reunion Program, and has been allowed regular conjugal visits since 2014 with his wife since he accepted solitary confinement. The program allows him to spend forty-four hours alone with his wife in a specially built prison home. He also gets occasional visits from his sister, clergy, and a few friends. In 2004, Department of Correctional Services spokesman James Flateau said that Chapman had been involved in three "minor incidents" between 1989 and 1994 which included delaying an inmate count and refusing to follow an order. On May 15, 2012, he was transferred to the Wende Correctional Facility in Alden, New York, which is east of Buffalo. On March 30, 2022, he was transferred to the Green Haven Correctional Facility in Beekman, New York, which is in Dutchess County.

Book, interviews, and media appearances
Chapman declined all offers for interviews following the murder and during his first six years at Attica, later stating that he did not want to give the impression that he killed Lennon as a route to acquire fame and notoriety. Despite his claim that he refused all interviews during those six years, James R. Gaines interviewed him and wrote a three-part, 18,000-word People magazine series starting in 1981 and climaxing in February and March 1987. Chapman subsequently told the parole board that he regretted the interview. He gave a series of audio-taped interviews to Jack Jones of the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, and Jones published Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon in 1992. Jones asked Chapman to tell his story for Mugshots, a CourtTV program in 2000, with his first parole hearing approaching. Chapman refused to go on camera but consented to tell his story in a series of audiotapes.

On December 4, 1992, ABC's 20/20 aired an interview with Barbara Walters, Chapman's first television interview. On December 17, 1992, Larry King interviewed Chapman on his CNN program Larry King Live.

Parole applications, campaigns, and denials
Chapman first became eligible for parole in 2000 after serving twenty years in prison. Under New York state law, he is required to have a parole hearing every two years from that year onward. Since that time, a two- or three-member board has denied Chapman parole thirteen times. Before his first parole hearing, Yoko Ono sent a letter to the board requesting that Chapman should stay behind bars and serve out the remainder of his life sentence. In addition, New York State Senator Michael Nozzolio, chairman of the Senate Crime Victims, Crime and Correction Committee, wrote to Parole Board Chairman Brion Travis saying: "It is the responsibility of the New York State Parole Board to ensure that public safety is protected from the release of dangerous criminals like Mark David Chapman."

Timeline
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 * 2000: During the fifty-minute hearing, Chapman professed that he was not a threat to society and that Lennon would have approved of his release. The parole board however declined and concluded that releasing him would "deprecate the seriousness of the crime and serve to undermine respect for the law" and that Chapman granting media interviews represented a continued interest in "maintaining [his] notoriety." They noted that Chapman had a good disciplinary record while in prison, but he had been in solitary confinement and did not have access to "anti-violence and/or anti-aggression programming." Correctional Association of New York lawyer Robert Gangi said that he thought it unlikely that Chapman would ever be freed because the board would not risk the "political heat" of releasing Lennon's killer. Ono stated that if Chapman were released, she and John's sons would not feel safe for the rest of their lives. "I am afraid it will bring back the nightmare, the chaos and confusion once again," she added.
 * 2002: Despite a positive behavioral record, the board again stated that releasing Chapman after twenty-two years in prison would "deprecate the seriousness" of the crime. Some counterarguments have stated that this basis was no predictor of his potential community behavior.
 * 2004: The parole board held a third hearing and declined parole. One of the reasons given by the board was that Chapman had subjected Ono to "monumental suffering by her witnessing the crime." Another factor was concern for Chapman's safety; several Lennon fans threatened to kill him upon his release. Ono's letter opposing his release stated that Chapman would not be safe outside of prison. The board reported that its decision was based on the interview, a review of records, and deliberation. By this time, approximately 6,000 people had signed an online petition opposing Chapman's release.
 * 2006: The parole board held a sixteen-minute hearing and concluded that his release would not be in the best interest of the community or his own personal safety. On the twenty-sixth anniversary of Lennon's death, Ono published a one-page advertisement in several newspapers, saying that December 8 should be a "day of forgiveness," but she was not sure if she was ready to forgive Chapman.
 * 2008: Chapman was denied parole at his fifth hearing "due to concern for the public safety and welfare."
 * 2010: In advance of Chapman's scheduled sixth parole hearing, Ono said that she would again oppose his parole, stating that her safety, that of Lennon's sons, and Chapman's would be at risk. The parole board postponed the hearing in September, stating that it was awaiting additional information to complete Chapman's record. On September 7, the board denied Chapman's parole application, with the panel stating that "release remains inappropriate at this time and incompatible with the welfare of the community."
 * 2012: Chapman's seventh parole hearing was held in August. The board announced the following day that his parole request was denied, on the grounds that they believed he would reoffend. "Despite your positive efforts while incarcerated, your release at this time would greatly undermine respect for the law and tend to trivialize the tragic loss of life which you caused as a result of this heinous, unprovoked, violent, cold and calculated crime."
 * 2014: Chapman's eighth parole application was denied. Chapman told the board, "I am sorry for being such an idiot and choosing the wrong way for glory.... I found my peace in Jesus. I know him. He loves me. He has forgiven me. He has helped in my life like you wouldn't believe." The board was unmoved, telling Chapman that it believed that "there is a reasonable probability that you would not live and remain at liberty without again violating the law."
 * 2016: Chapman's parole was denied. Chapman said that he now saw his crime as being "premeditated, selfish and evil."
 * 2018: Denied for the tenth time, the parole board wrote to Chapman that he was at low risk to reoffend, but that he "admittedly carefully planned and executed the murder of a world-famous person for no reason other than to gain notoriety." The board added, "While no one person's life is any more valuable than another's life, the fact that you chose someone who was not only a world-renowned person and beloved by millions, regardless of pain and suffering you would cause to his family, friends, and so many others, you demonstrated a callous disregard for the sanctity of human life and the pain and suffering of others. This fact remains a concern to this panel."
 * 2020: Chapman's parole was denied for the eleventh time. Officials said he was refused parole as "it would be incompatible with the welfare of society". According to the tapes acquired by ABC News, he sought glory in killing a member of the Beatles.
 * 2022: In Chapman's twelfth parole hearing, he admitted he knew what he did was wrong, but "wanted the fame too much", and that he wanted to be a "somebody, and nothing was going to stop that". The board denied him parole, citing his "selfish disregard for human life of global consequence", they also added "The worldwide impact of your crime resonates such as to evoke images, memories and emotions internationally, leading the panel to concur that your release at this time would be incompatible with the welfare of society" and also noted his action leaving lasting ramifications of "the world recovering from the void of which he created".
 * 2024: Chapman appeared before the parole board in early March, and he was again denied parole.
 * 2025: Chapman's fourteenth parole hearing is scheduled for August.

In film
Two biographical films center on Chapman and the murder: The Killing of John Lennon (2006), directed by Andrew Piddington and starring Jonas Ball as Chapman and Chapter 27 (2007), directed by J. P. Schaefer and starring Jared Leto as Chapman.

In music
Julian Cope released the song "Don't Call Me Mark Chapman" on his 1994 album Autogeddon.

In 1996, the Irish rock band The Cranberries released the song "I Just Shot John Lennon" on their third studio album, To the Faithful Departed.

...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead released the song "Mark David Chapman" on their 1999 album Madonna.

The industrial band Mindless Self Indulgence released the song "Mark David Chapman" (also written as "Mark David Chapmen" on Spotify), on the 2008 album If.

The rock band Måneskin wrote the song "Mark Chapman" about a killer stalking a celebrity on the 2023 album Rush!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mark David Chapman


text:
CCT

CCT may refer to:

Computation

 * Computational complexity theory
 * Computer-Controlled Teletext, an electronic circuit, see Teletext
 * Internet Computer Chess Tournament

Economics

 * Compulsory Competitive Tendering, see Best value
 * Conditional cash transfer
 * Currency Carry Trade, see Carry (investment)

Education

 * Center for Computation and Technology at Louisiana State University, USA
 * Clarkson College of Technology, the original name of Clarkson University
 * Communication, Culture & Technology, M.A. program at Georgetown University
 * College of Ceramic Technology at Kolkata, India
 * Centre for Converging Technologies, University of Rajasthan at Jaipur, India
 * Cisco Certified Technician, an IT certification from Cisco Systems

Government

 * Congo Chine Télécoms, now Orange RDC, a company of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Constitutional Court of Thailand
 * United States Air Force Combat Control Team

Medicine and psychology

 * Caring Cancer Trust
 * Central corneal thickness
 * Certificate of Completion of Training, which doctors in the UK receive on completion of their specialist training
 * Client-Centered Therapy, see Person-centered psychotherapy
 * Cognitive complexity theory
 * Controlled Cord Traction, a technique used to manage certain types of Postpartum haemorrhage
 * Cortical collecting tubule in kidney

Religion

 * Christian Churches Together, an ecumenical organization
 * Christian Community Theater, a theater program for ages eight to adult
 * Churches Conservation Trust, a charity to conserve redundant churches in England

Science

 * Carbon capture technology, various technologies used in carbon capture
 * Coal pollution mitigation ("clean coal") technology
 * Cold cathode tube
 * Colossal carbon tube
 * Continuous cooling transformation
 * Correlated color temperature
 * GCxGC
 * Catch connective tissue
 * CCT, a codon for the amino acid Proline

Social science

 * Consumer culture theory

Sports

 * Coca-Cola Tigers, former basketball team

Transportation

 * California Coastal Trail
 * Capital Crescent Trail, Washington, DC
 * Central California Traction Company, railroad in California, reporting marks CCT
 * Cobb Community Transit serving Cobb County Georgia (US), now known as CobbLinc
 * Corridor Cities Transitway, a proposed transit line in Montgomery County, Maryland
 * Cotswold Canals Trust, a canal restoration trust in southern England
 * Covered Carriage Truck, a Mk1 British Rail carriage
 * Cross City Tunnel, a road tunnel in Sydney

title: CCT


text:
Jack Wagner (screenwriter)

Jack Wagner (May 20, 1891 – July 13, 1963) was an American Academy Award nominee screenwriter and cinematographer mostly during the silent era of motion pictures.

Biography
Born in Monterey, California, United States, Wagner was one of five children, all boys, of William Wallace Wagner, a railroad conductor, and Edith Wagner, a writer who provided dispatches for the Christian Science Monitor during the Mexican Revolution. He lived in Mexico from about 1895 to 1909 before moving to Los Angeles to work for D. W. Griffith on his early films. Between the years 1909 and 1912, Wagner worked mostly as a furniture painter, set designer and second unit cameraman. He then turned his attention to gag writing and found a job with Mack Sennett writing gags for Keystone Cops shorts. His specialty was comedy construction, especially the famed car chase scenes. He often alternated between writing comedy and working behind the camera as a principal photographer or assistant cameraman.

When the United States entered World War I, he joined the Army's first motion picture unit with the Signal Corps. He was assigned to filming Air Corps footage. He also filmed battles involving American forces at the Marne, St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne. He was discharged in 1919. He continued working through the teens and 1920s as a gag writer and cameraman for Fox Films and the Hall Room Boys Photoplays. He also worked as an assistant director and second unit man for such directors as Allan Dwan and Lewis Milestone. He also was on Corrine Griffith and Constance Talmadge's writing production staffs. One of his last cinematography assignments before turning to screenwriting full-time was as a second unit cameraman for Rex Ingram's The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.

In the mid-1920s he wrote gags for Harry Langdon and Will Rogers on the Mack Sennett and Hal Roach comedy lots. When talkies arrived, Wagner found himself making the difficult transition from silent films to sound. He never achieved the success he found in silents. Yet he found steady work as a gag man, adding bits of dialogue to comedy and dramatic films. He also worked as a director for the Spanish-language division of Fox Films, which included films Cupido Chauffeur and Entre Platos y Notas. In 1934, he helped script The Little Minister with Katharine Hepburn. He also co-wrote the short film La Cucaracha (1934), which garnered RKO Radio Pictures an Academy Award.

Even after this success, he struggled with writer's block. When he came up with the story idea for A Medal for Benny (1945), he again was troubled with putting the story to paper. He had known John Steinbeck for many years. Steinbeck had considered Jack's mother, Edith Wagner, as his first writing coach while growing up in Salinas, California. Jack and his brothers – Max, Blake and Bob – had been steady friends and drinking buddies with Steinbeck since the 1920s. After much work Steinbeck and Jack wrote the script for Benny and it earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay. He went on to help Steinbeck with another script on The Pearl. He closed out his career as a producer of Mexican films featuring such actresses as Dolores del Río, among others. He died in Los Angeles.

Partial filmography

 * Intolerance: Love's Struggle Throughout the Ages (assistant cameraman) (1916)
 * Pathways of Life (assistant cameraman) (1916)
 * The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (assistant cameraman) (1921)
 * The Teaser (1925)
 * Bobbed Hair (1925)
 * The Sea Beast (1926)
 * Syncopating Sue (1926)
 * Lady Be Good (1928)
 * La Cucaracha (1934)
 * The Little Minister (1934)
 * Annapolis Farewell (1935)
 * Dancing Pirate (1936)
 * Little Men (1940)
 * A Medal for Benny (1945)
 * La Otra (1946)
 * The Pearl (1947)
 * La Diosa Arrodillada (1947)

title: Jack Wagner (screenwriter)


text:
CobbLinc

CobbLinc (formerly Cobb Community Transit) is the bus public transit system in Cobb County, Georgia, one of metro Atlanta's three most populous suburban counties. (The others are Gwinnett County, which operates Ride Gwinnett and Clayton County, which formerly operated Clayton County C-TRAN but is now served by MARTA.)

Operation
CobbLinc began operations in July 1989 (as Cobb Community Transit) and has had relatively strong ridership (3,793,253 total passengers in 2005) since then. The hub is along South Marietta Parkway in Marietta, just west of the former Southern Polytechnic State University now the Marietta campus of Kennesaw State University. Routes connect to the most populated areas of the county, including Mableton and Kennesaw. Express routes also operate down to Atlanta, connecting with MARTA at the Arts Center station. Transfers are free between MARTA and CCT, though both transit agencies charge the same fare ($2.50) with a Breeze Card. CobbLinc's annual operating budget is about $12.9 million (2004), from fares and the general county budget, as well as Federal grants.

All buses make automatic announcements inside the bus of upcoming stops and major roads, and stop requests from passengers. This is done by pre-recorded voice announcements for the vision-impaired and LED message signs for the hearing-impaired. External announcements are also made by voice, in addition to the normal electronic signs. Some buses also run on compressed natural gas (CNG) rather than diesel.

Planning
Along with Gwinnett, Cobb voted against MARTA in the 1970s, and thus was left out of the system. The lack of sales tax revenue from the two counties stunted the growth of MARTA, however the GRTA created by former governor of Georgia Roy Barnes has been seeking to create other solutions, such as possible light rail to Cobb through the Cumberland Mall and Town Center at Cobb areas. Other solutions proposed include special bus-only lanes on Interstate 75, and commuter rail into Cherokee County. A cross-suburb line over to Gwinnett County has also been proposed, intersecting with a future extended MARTA north line between Roswell and Sandy Springs in Fulton County.

2019 Light Rail Proposal
In May 2010 Cobb's Board of Commissioners approved further funding to study a light rail line from the Cumberland/Galleria area to the Town Center/KSU area. If constructed, the line would be approximately 14.5 mi long with seven stations. The proposed line would be constructed and operational by 2019 with the expectation of nearly 50,000 riders daily by 2025. At each end of the line, a circulator bus system has also been proposed bringing the total expected ridership for the new combined LRT/BRT system to nearly 100,000. The project would be funded and operated through both federal and local sources. As of 2010, it is unclear whether or not the new transit system would be operated by CCT, a new agency, or even another existing agency such as MARTA.

Flex Busses and Shuttles
In 2015, Flex buses were added in Cobb County. They are organized into three zones in Powder Springs and Austell. There is also a Cumberland CID circulator shuttle.

Express
Cobb operates five GRTA Express routes, funded by GRTA. Express route 476 serves Douglas County, Powder Springs and Hiram park and rides. Route 463 serves Douglas County MMTC and West Douglas. Route 480, 483, and 490 serve Town Center. 480 continues to Acworth. 483 and 490 continue to Woodstock, and then 490 continues to Canton.

Shortfalls
CobbLinc generally serves the core portions of the county, and the Six Flags area, with little to no service to the West and East sides. Acworth, as well as the greater northwestern area of the county, lack local service, with only express routes operating out of the newly renovated Acworth Park and Ride lot. East Cobb has no routes at all after route 65 was shut down. In East and West Cobb there are many county-owned facilities, such as the East Cobb Regional Library, West Cobb Regional Library, West Cobb Aquatic Center and Mountain View Aquatic Center that have no service at all. West Cobb only has three flex zones in the Southwest portion, and one GRTA Express route operated by Cobb County. Other busy throughways that have no service - natural spots for transit corridors - include but are not limited to Dallas Highway (in West Cobb) and the northern end of Cobb Parkway. Other complaints include infrequent service to MARTA stations as well as a the system (no longer does) complete shutdown of the system every Sunday and on Holidays, as opposed to other regional operators, which operate reduced schedules on these days.

Routes
Most routes begin and end at the Marietta Transfer Center, though several operate from the Cumberland Boulevard Transfer Center.

Local

 * 10: Marietta to Cumberland Mall via U.S. Route 41, then to MARTA Arts Center station
 * 15: Marietta, south to County Services Parkway, then Windy Hill Road west to Wildwood office park
 * 20: Marietta to Cumberland Mall, via South Cobb Drive
 * 25: Cumberland to MARTA H. E. Holmes station, via Concord Rd SE, Hurt Rd, Austell Rd, Maxham Rd, Mableton Pkwy, Hillcrest Rd SE.
 * 30: Marietta to MARTA H. E. Holmes station, including Mableton and Six Flags Over Georgia
 * 35:Cobb Hospital to MARTA H. E. Holmes station including Austell [Discontinued **]
 * 40: North to Town Center Mall (at J. C. Penney) near Kennesaw, along Bells Ferry Road
 * 45: Similar to 40, but along U.S. 41 instead; ends at Town Center Mall via Kennesaw State University
 * 50: Marietta to Cumberland Mall, via Powers Ferry Road
 * 65: East along Roswell Road, south along Johnson Ferry Road to Johnson Ferry Baptist Church, Park and Ride Lot, rush hours also to MARTA Dunwoody station, in DeKalb County [Discontinued **]
 * 70: Cumberland Mall west to WellStar Cobb Hospital and Cobb County Health Center via East-West Connector and Powder Springs Road, including Home Depot world headquarters [Discontinued **]
 * ** Discontinued August 1, 2011

Express
Express buses run only during peak hours, and only weekdays. Morning buses run only to Atlanta, afternoon buses only from Atlanta. All buses run via I-75, I-575 and I-20, and charge a fare of three dollars one-way, four for a round trip.

.  10X: Upcoming route to replace 10A,10B,10C routes on summer 2019

 * 100: "North Cobb Express", Kennesaw (Busbee Park and Ride Lot) to MARTA Civic Center station, then to Five Points
 * 101: "Marietta Express", Marietta (Transfer Center) to MARTA Arts Center station, and Peachtree Street at Luckie Street
 * 102: "Acworth to Midtown", Acworth (Acworth Park and Ride Lot) to MARTA Arts Center station
 * 476 (GRTA Xpress Route): "Hiram-Powder Springs to Atlanta", Hiram (Hiram 278 Theater Park and Ride Lot) and Powder Springs to MARTA Civic Center and Arts Center stations
 * 475/75 (GRTA Xpress Route): "Austell to Atlanta", South Cobb County (unincorporated) and Six Flags Theme Park to the MARTA Civic Center station.
 * 480 (GRTA Xpress Route): "Acworth to Atlanta", Busbee Park and Ride Lot to Five Points and the MARTA Civic Center station
 * 481 (GRTA Xpress Route): "Children's Healthcare to Atlanta", Children's Healthcare Park and Ride Lot to Five Points and the MARTA Civic Center station

Park and Ride Lots and Transfer Centers

 * Marietta Transfer Center (MTC) Park and Ride @ South Marietta Parkway (SR 120 Loop) - Routes 10, 10C, 15, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 65 and 101 connect at the MTC
 * Busbee Park and Ride @ George Busbee Parkway - Express Route 100 and GRTA Route 480 connect at Busbee
 * Children's Healthcare Park and Ride @ Big Shanty Road - Express Route 100 and GRTA Route 481 connect at Children's Healthcare
 * Johnson Ferry Baptist Church Park and Ride @ Johnson Ferry Road - Route 65 connects at the Johnson Ferry Baptist Church
 * Powder Springs Park and Ride @ the Silver Comet Trail in Powder Springs, GA - GRTA Route 476 connects at Florence Road
 * Floyd Road Park and Ride @ the Silver Comet Trail in Mableton, GA - Route 30 connect at Floyd Road
 * Acworth Park and Ride @ Lake Acworth Drive in Acworth, GA - Express Route 102 and GRTA Route 480 connect at Acworth
 * Cumberland Transfer Center (CTC) @ Cumberland Boulevard/Cumberland Mall (does not have a park and ride lot) - Routes 10, 10A, 10B, 20, 25, 50, 70 and MARTA Route 12 connect at the CTC

title: CobbLinc


text:
Ride Gwinnett

Ride Gwinnett (formerly known as Gwinnett County Transit or GCT prior to 2023 ) is the bus public transit system in Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States, one of metro Atlanta's three most populous suburban counties. (The others are Cobb County, which operates CobbLinc, and Clayton County, which formerly operated Clayton County C-TRAN.)

It was formed in 2000, with express buses starting in November 2001 and local buses in November 2002, and has had greater-than-expected ridership since then. Routes connect to the most populated areas of the county, including Norcross and Lawrenceville. With the assistance of the Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA), express services are available to Atlanta, connecting with MARTA at the Doraville (NE10), Arts Center (N5), Midtown (N4), North Avenue (N3), Civic Center (N2), Peachtree Center (N1), and Five Points stations. Transfers are free between MARTA and GCT. On December 10, 2008, GCT began the official Breeze Card Pilot Launch on routes 10, 102, and 103A.

Along with Cobb, Gwinnett voted against MARTA in 1971 and thus was left out of a system. The lack of sales tax revenue from the two counties stunted the growth of MARTA; however, GRTA, created by former Governor of Georgia Roy Barnes, has been seeking to create other solutions, such as transit for the entire Atlanta and surrounding areas. The Gwinnett Place Community Improvement District (GPCID) along with MARTA are seeking alternative, such as light rail to Gwinnett through the Gwinnett Place area.

In 2016, Gwinnett County Transit started a new express route, 110 that serviced the Indian Trail Park and Ride area to the Emory/CDC employment center. Some service was expanded to Sugarloaf Park and Ride Lot in May 2017.

Gwinnett County Transit has 6 local bus routes. The Gwinnett Place Mall Transit Center Hub houses the transfer point for local routes; 10A/10B, 30, and 40. Gwinnett County Transit has 5 express bus routes. The express routes are 101, 102, 103, and 110. There is also a reverse commute route 103A, which are used by reverse commuters on the AM and PM trips.

Recent news reports have documented a pattern and practice of overcharging some patrons of the GRTA Xpress bus routes when using Breeze cards to pay transit fares. GRTA has acknowledged the issue in a few printed handbills advising patrons to purchase multiple Breeze cards (one for each type of bus or rail fare) to pay transit fares and record transfers between the GRTA, CobbLinc, and MARTA transit systems.

In September 2018, MARTA's board of directors and the Gwinnett County Board of Commissioners gave conditional approval to an agreement which would see the county to contract with MARTA for the operations of the service. This included county designed and built projects, significantly expanding bus service in the county and clear the way for a long-sought-after extension of MARTA's rail system into the county from its current terminus at Doraville. The contract with MARTA would go into effect only if a public vote, scheduled for March 2019, succeeds. The agreement calls for a new one-cent sales tax that would be collected in Gwinnett County until 2057. The transit referendum failed on March 19, 2019.

In July 2020, the Gwinnett County Board of Commissioners called for another transit referendum, this time through the House Bill 930/ATL mechanism. Projects would have been designed, built and operated all by Gwinnett County. The referendum failed on the November ballot with a final vote total of 198,514 for yes and 199,527 voting no.

In January 2023, Gwinnett County Transit officially changed its name to Ride Gwinnett.

Local
name=":0" />
 * 10A/10B: Sugarloaf Mills (formerly Discover Mills) Mall to Gwinnett Place Mall to MARTA Doraville station via portions of Buford Highway, Beaver Ruin Road, and Satellite Boulevard. Route runs about every 30 minutes, with 15 minute frequency in the early mornings and late afternoons.
 * 20: North Norcross-Tucker Road to Tech Drive via McDonough Drive, South Norcross-Tucker Road and Singleton Road, with frequency on the weekdays is 30 minutes peak. No service to Gwinnett Transit Center but connects to MARTA at Doraville.
 * 25: Gwinnett Place Transit Center to Stone Mountain
 * 30: Connecting Duluth to Lilburn via South Berkely Road to Gwinnett Transit Center via Indian Trail - Lilburn Road. This portion is one-way only and is known as the "Lilburn Loop." It runs Burns to Pleasant Hill to Lawrenceville Highway to Rockbridge to Dickens back to Indian Trail-Lilburn Road. Frequency on the weekdays is 30 minutes peak.
 * 35: Technology Parkway and Spalding to Buford Highway and North Norcross-Tucker Rd. No service to Gwinnett Transit Center. Frequency is hourly. It goes from the Forum on Peachtree Parkway to the MARTA Doraville Station. Frequency on the weekdays is 30 minutes peak.
 * 40: Connecting Gwinnett Place Transit Center to the City of Lawrenceville via Old Norcross Rd. Atkison Road "Gwinnett Tech" through Old Norcross and Historic Downtown Lawrenceville and through portions which are only One-Way Sugarloaf Parkway. Frequency on the weekdays is 30 minutes peak.
 * 45: Connecting Sugarloaf Mills with Georgia Gwinnett College and servicing points north in Lawrenceville. This bus connects with the Route 40 bus near the hospital.   Frequency on the weekdays is 50 minutes peak.<ref
 * 70: Snellville to Indian Creek Transit Station

Express
PM: Sugarloaf Mills via Steve Reynolds Boulevard, Breckinridge Road, and North Brown to Midtown ending at the Georgia State Capitol
 * 101: I-985 @ Buford Drive Park & Ride to Downtown
 * 102: Indian Trail Park & Ride to Downtown
 * 103: Sugarloaf Mills-North Brown Park & Ride to Downtown
 * 103A: AM: Georgia State Capitol to Midtown, ending at Sugarloaf Mills Park & Ride via Steve Reynolds Boulevard, Breckingridge Road, and North Brown.
 * 110: Indian Trail & Sugarloaf Park and Ride to CDC/Emory

Planned route expansions and changes by fiscal year 2024

 * 10: Gwinnett Place Transit Center to Doraville Station via Buford Highway & Satellite Boulevard
 * 15: Peachtree Corners to Lilburn
 * 20: Gwinnett Place Transit Center to Doraville Station via Singleton Road & Steve Reynolds Boulevard
 * 30: Lilburn to Doraville Station
 * 35A: Peachtree Corners to Doraville Station via Technology Parkway
 * 35B: Peachtree Corners to Doraville Station via Medlock Bridge Road
 * 40: Gwinnett Place Transit Center to Lawrenceville East
 * 45: Gwinnett Place Transit Center to Georgia Gwinnett College/Lawrenceville East via Sugarloaf Mills Park & Ride
 * 50: Gwinnett Place Transit Center to Mall of Georgia
 * 60: South Lawrenceville to Snellville
 * 104: Harbins Mill Park & Ride to Downtown Atlanta

Source

title: Ride Gwinnett


text:
Ship's bell

A ship's bell is a bell on a ship that is used for the indication of time as well as other traditional functions. The bell itself is usually made of brass or bronze, and normally has the ship's name engraved or cast on it.

Timing of ship's watches
Unlike civil clock bells, the strikes of a ship's bell do not accord to the number of the hour. Instead, there are eight bells, one for each half-hour of a four-hour watch. In the age of sailing, watches were timed with a 30-minute hourglass. Bells would be struck every time the glass was turned, and in a pattern of pairs for easier counting, with any odd bells at the end of the sequence.

Classical system
The classical, or traditional, system was:

Most of the crew of a ship would be divided into two to four groups, called watches. Each watch would take its turn with the essential activities of manning the helm, navigating, trimming sails, and keeping a lookout.

The hours between 16:00 and 20:00 are so arranged because that watch (the "dog watch") was divided in two. The odd number of watches aimed to give each person a different watch each day; it also allowed the entire crew of a vessel to eat an evening meal, the normal time being at 17:00 with first dog watchmen eating at 18:00.

Simpler system
Some "ship's bell" clocks use a simpler system:

Other uses

 * Ship's bells are also used for safety in foggy conditions, their most important modern use.
 * On US naval vessels, bells additionally are rung as "boat gongs" for officers and dignitaries coming aboard or leaving the ship, in a number equivalent to the number of sideboys to which the visitor is entitled.
 * At midnight on New Year's Eve, 16 bells would be struck – eight bells for the old year and eight bells for the new.
 * When a sailor has died he or she can be honoured with the sounding of eight bells; meaning "end of the watch". The term "eight bells" can also be used in an obituary, as a nautical euphemism for finished.

Markings on the bell
The ship's name is traditionally engraved or cast onto the surface of the bell, often with the year the ship was launched, as well. The earliest ship's bell was recovered from the wreck-site of a Portuguese armada ship off the coast of Oman. The bell was dated 1498. Occasionally (especially on more modern ships) the bell will also carry the name of the shipyard that built the ship. If a ship's name is changed, maritime tradition is that the original bell carrying the original name will remain with the vessel. A ship's bell is a prized possession when a ship is broken up and often provides the only positive means of identification in the case of a shipwreck.

Number of bells
Most United States Navy ships of the post–World War II era have actually carried 2 or 3 bells: the larger bell engraved with the ship's name, mounted on the forecastle, and smaller bells in the pilot house and at the quarterdeck at the 1MC (public address) station, for use in making shipwide announcements and marking the time. The larger bell on the forecastle is rung periodically as a fog signal when the ship is at anchor in reduced visibility.

Cook and boatswain
According to seafaring legend, the ship's cooks and boatswain's mates had a duty arrangement to give the cooks more sleep. The boatswain's mates, who worked 24 hours a day on watches, would build the fire in the stove, so the cook could get up a little while later and the fire would be already going so he could begin preparing breakfast. In return, between meals, the cooks would shine the bell, which was traditionally the boatswain's mates' responsibility.

Baptizing children
It is a naval tradition to baptize children using the ship's bell as a baptismal font and to engrave the names of the children on the bell afterwards. Christening information from the bells held by the Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt Museum has been entered into a searchable data archive.

title: Ship's bell


text:
Bushshrike

The bushshrikes are smallish passerine birds. They were formerly classed with the true shrikes in the family Laniidae, but are now considered sufficiently distinctive to be separated from that group as the family Malaconotidae, a name that alludes to their fluffy back and rump feathers.

Like their shrike-like relatives, the helmetshrikes, the bushshrikes have arisen in Africa in relatively recent times. The family is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa but completely absent from Madagascar, where the vangas are their closest relatives. They are found in scrub or open woodland, and less often in marshes, Afromontane or tropical forest. They are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive.

Some bushshrikes have flamboyant displays. The male puffbacks puff out the loose feathers on their rump and lower back, to look almost ball-like.

These are mainly insectivorous forest or scrub birds. Up to four eggs are laid in a cup nest in a tree.

Taxonomy
Bock has posited that the family name Malaconotidae was first used by William John Swainson in 1824; however, this is disputed by Storrs Olson, who reports that Swainson used the term Malaconoti as a non-defining plural, and placed the genus in the Thamnophilinae within the shrike family Laniidae. Peters regarded the group as a subfamily, Malaconotinae, of the shrikes. In 1971, the group was raised to family status, with their resemblance to typical shrikes considered to be more a result of convergent evolution.

Bushshrikes, helmetshrikes (Prionopidae), ioras (Aegithinidae), vangas (Vangidae) and the Australian butcherbirds, magpies and currawongs (Cracticidae) and woodswallows (Artamidae) are part of a large group of shrike-like birds distributed from Africa to Australia, which have been defined as the superfamily Malaconotoidea by Cacraft and colleagues in 2004. Previously, bushshrikes and helmetshrikes have been considered part of the Old World shrike family, Laniidae, based on shared characteristics including a hooked bill. However, analysis of behavioral and molecular characteristics places Malaconotidae closer to Platysteiridae and Vangidae, suggesting that the birds of the family Laniidae are only distant relatives.

An intron-comparison study by Fuchs et al. in 2004 provided strong support for the monophyly of the Malaconotidae, but the relationships between the genera of the family remain unclear. The genus Nilaus is morphologically more similar to Prionopidae than the rest of the bushshrike family is, but the results presented by Fuchs et al. place it within Malaconotidae. This placement is supported by DNA/DNA hybridization data as well as studies of hind limb musculature. The genus Dryoscopus consists of six small species with similar coloring, which may be closely related to birds of the genus Tchagra. The genus Malaconotus consists of six species which were traditionally believed to be closely related to Telophorus due to similar coloration, but new analyses suggest a close relationship between Malaconotus and Dryoscopus and Tchagra. Strong evidence exists for the monophyly of the genus Laniarius, and Fuchs et al. suggest its closest relatives are the genera Telophorous and Rhodophoneus, but the exact relationships are unclear.

Description
Bushshrikes are small to medium-sized passerines, with short, rounded wings and strong legs and feet. Plumage is typically black, grey, and brown, with some yellow and green. Some bushshrikes have red undersides or red throat-patches.

Distribution and habitat
Bushshrikes typically inhabit forest margins or patches of bush in savannah. Some species have been known to inhabit coffee plantations, or subsist in sacred groves where riparian vegetation is informally protected from shifting cultivation.

Behavior
Bushshrike diets consist mainly of large insects, but occasionally may include wild fruits and berries and sometimes rodents. They catch their prey by gleaning among tree foliage. They also join mixed bird parties, loose foraging assemblages consisting mainly of passerine birds.

Their nests are generally small and neat, and they lay clutches of 2–3 eggs.

Bushshrikes have distinctive harsh or guttural calls, which may be sung as duets. Male and female birds are able to learn songs of similar complexity, and both sexes have a similarly sized repertoire. Songs may be sung to indicate territory or as part of courtship. A 1992 study of the calls of Laniarius funebris found that a male's likelihood of singing a mating song was correlated with his mate's estradiol levels, rather than his own testosterone levels, suggesting that behavioral cues between a mating pair, rather than hormone levels, are more important in triggering mating songs.

title: Bushshrike


text:
Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira (, born 2 June 1976), better known as Minotauro or Big Nog, is a Brazilian retired mixed martial artist. He competed in the heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he is a former Interim UFC Heavyweight Champion. He is the twin brother of UFC fighter Antônio Rogério Nogueira. Nogueira rose to prominence in Japanese promotions Fighting Network RINGS where he won the 2000 RINGS King of Kings tournament, and later with Pride Fighting Championships, where he was the first Pride Heavyweight Champion from November 2001 to March 2003, as well as a 2004 PRIDE FC Heavyweight Grand Prix Finalist. He is one of only three men to have held championship titles in both Pride Fighting Championships and the Ultimate Fighting Championship (the others being Mauricio Rua and Mark Coleman).

Early life
Born in the town of Vitória da Conquista, Brazil, Nogueira started training in judo at the age of 4, boxing at 14 and Brazilian jiu-jitsu at 18. At age 10, he was accidentally run over by a truck and fell into a four-day coma, losing a rib and part of his liver, and was hospitalized for eleven months. As a result of the accident, he has a large scar, including a noticeable indentation, on his lower back.

Mixed martial arts career
Nogueira made his mixed martial arts (MMA) debut in the World Extreme Fighting promotion, which often held events in southern parts of the United States. He won his first two fights by submission and then won the WEF Heavyweight Superfight Championship in his 5th pro fight against veteran Jeremy Horn. A few years after his MMA debut, Nogueira started training with the Brazilian Top Team.

Rings: King of Kings 1999
Nogueira debuted in Fighting Network Rings by taking part in the King of Kings 1999 tournament. He quickly submitted Valentijn Overeem and Yuriy Kochkine before clashing with middle-aged sambo champion Andrei Kopylov. Nogueira avoided a kimura lock attempt through the first round and controlled Kopylov for some minutes, before switching to stand-up in the second round and landing punches for the split decision win. In the next match, however, Nogueira was eliminated by American wrestling champion Dan Henderson in a controversial fight, as it was believed that the Brazilian had controlled the match much more than Henderson.

Kohsaka fight
Nogueira's next fight was against Japanese star Tsuyoshi "TK" Kohsaka. The bout was back and forth, with Nogueira repeatedly gaining dominant position and striking with short punches, only for his opponent to consistently reverse him, blocking the Brazilian's takedowns and striking as well when possible. After three rounds, the match was ruled a draw.

Rings: King of Kings 2000
At King of Kings 2000, Nogueira was invited back to Rings. He submitted Achmed Labasanov before facing another Japanese name in the form of Kiyoshi Tamura. Nogueira was able to take him down and threaten him with submissions, but the Japanese fighter kept defending them and coming back at openings. Finally, the second round saw Nogueira win using an armbar.

His third match in the tournament was against another sambo champion, Volk Han, who was almost twice Nogueira's age. Han proved difficult to submit, but Nogueira controlled most of the match. After a flying kimura attempt by the Russian, Nogueira countered with an omoplata/ankle hold combination, until the match went to the judges' decision. The unanimous decision was given to the Brazilian, who advanced to the next round to face Hiromitsu Kanehara. Noguiera won the fight by submission. His final opponent in the tournament was Valentijn Overeem. Nogueira made Overeem tap out quickly and won the King of Kings tournament.

Early PRIDE career and heavyweight championship
Following the end of Akira Maeda's Rings federation, Nogueira was signed by Pride Fighting Championships. He debuted in July 2001 at Pride 15, quickly submitting Gary Goodridge by triangle choke. At Pride 16, he submitted UFC and Pride Grand Prix champion Mark Coleman by triangle armbar.

Nogueira was crowned as the inaugural Pride World Heavyweight Champion after defeating Heath Herring by decision at PRIDE 17. The fast-paced bout, which saw Nogueira's superiority at both grappling and striking, was considered by some the best heavyweight MMA fight of all time.

Nogueira next defeated Enson Inoue via technical submission due to a triangle choke and then fought for Antonio Inoki's UFO organization, scoring his first MMA KO victory against Sanae Kikuta.

Bouts with Sapp, Schilt and Henderson
Nogueira then represented Pride at a co-promotion with K-1, Pride Shockwave. He was initially offered a kickboxing bout against K-1 fighter Mark Hunt, but he proposed instead to fight two separate matches under mixed martial arts and kickboxing rules respectively, which Hunt refused. Nogueira then to fight another K-1 super heavyweight, former American football player Bob Sapp, who outweighed Nogueira by 127 pounds. Due to this, Nogueira asked for special rules that banned knee strikes to a grounded opponent.

The fight soon became a brutal exhibition of technical skill against raw strength, as mere seconds into the match, Sapp would stop Nogueira's first takedown attempt with a sound piledriver which almost ended the fight. The same outcome repeated itself several times, with Nogueira taking several powerbombs and heavy punches every time his huge antagonist managed to power out of his submission attempts. At the end, however, Sapp's stamina started to falter, allowing a very worn out Nogueira to mount him and finally submit him with an armbar.

After defeating Sapp, Dutch kickboxing champion and former King of Pancrase Semmy Schilt was his next opponent. Nogueira scored another victory by triangle choke. He then avenged his only loss against Dan Henderson, when he armbarred him in the 3rd round after Henderson displayed great submission defense for the first two rounds.

Title bouts
Nogueira's first Pride title defense was against Russian sambo champion and Volk Han apprentice Fedor Emelianenko at Pride 25. Nogueira suffered his second career loss, a judges' decision after Emelianenko dominated the fight with his characteristic ground-and-pound through the guard. In his next fight, Nogueira won a decision against former UFC heavyweight champion Ricco Rodriguez. Though Rodriguez scored takedowns and maintained top position, Pride's fight-scoring was determined primarily by "effort to finish the fight by KO or submission," and Nogueira's multiple near-submission attempts won him the decision victory.

In November 2003, with heavyweight champion Emelianenko unable to fight due to injuries, Pride elected to crown an interim champion, so top contenders Nogueira and Mirko Cro Cop were matched up. Cro Cop dominated the first round with his superior striking and a left high kick which knocked Nogueira down in the very end of the round, but in the second round, Nogueira secured a takedown and rolled into an armbar to submit Cro Cop.

2004 Grand Prix
On 25 April 2004, at Pride Total Elimination 2004, the first round of the 2004 Heavyweight Grand Prix was held. Nogueira faced the unbeaten professional wrestler and former judoka Hirotaka Yokoi, whom he submitted with the debut of his anaconda choke. He then repeated the move against Heath Herring in the next round to advance to the semi-finals where he defeated Sergei Kharitonov to again face Fedor Emelianenko in the finals. The fight was markedly different from their first, with Nogueira able to avoid the damage he suffered from ground-and-pound in their first meeting. However, the bout was stopped when Emelianenko suffered a cut after an accidental head-butt and could not continue, resulting in a no-contest. Another rematch was required to determine the tournament champion and was scheduled for Pride Shockwave 2004 on 31 December 2004. In the rematch as in the first bout, Nogueira suffered another unanimous decision loss to Emelianenko after being dominated in the standing positions and being controlled on the ground.

At Pride Critical Countdown 2005, Nogueira defeated Polish Olympic judoka Pawel Nastula by strikes, and following this, at Pride 31 he beat professional wrestler and fighter Kiyoshi Tamura by armbar for the second time.

2006 Grand Prix
He then entered the 2006 Pride Open Weight Grand Prix, progressing to the semi-final by defeating fellow Brazilians Zuluzinho and Fabrício Werdum. In the semi-final, he faced the American catch wrestler Josh Barnett and lost a controversial split decision in which many people thought Nogueira had won the fight, as both had landed damaging blows and submission attempts without managing to secure a victory. Barnett went on to face Mirko Cro Cop in the finals, Losing to Cro Cro after submitting to punches and kicks to the face. Nogueira avenged the loss to Barnett with a dominant unanimous decision win in their rematch at Pride Shockwave 2006.

In an interview with Sherdog.com, Nogueira stated that the best moments of his career were against Bob Sapp and Mirko Cro Cop, both matches he won fighting in Pride.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
At UFC Fight Night 9 which took place on 5 April 2007, Nogueira was in attendance and was sitting cage side with UFC president Dana White. It was subsequently announced at UFC 69, by White, that Nogueira had joined the UFC. He was promoted initially as simply "Minotauro" Nogueira, much like the UFC's promotion of Mirko Filipović as Mirko "Cro Cop" and Quinton Jackson as "Rampage" Jackson. In June 2007, he officially left Brazilian Top Team and joined Black House.

His debut in the Octagon was a third fight with Heath Herring at UFC 73, promoted under various combinations of his name and nickname, but was officially introduced to the audience under his full name and nickname. Nogueira once again defeated Herring, via unanimous decision. During the first round, Herring landed a head kick that sent Nogueira to the canvas, in which unofficial judge Eddie Bravo thought the fight could have been stopped. Herring let Nogueira get back to his feet, and Nogueira was then able to recover and come back with a dominant decision victory.

UFC Interim Heavyweight Championship
It was announced during the UFC 79 broadcast and subsequent press conference that Nogueira would be fighting former long time UFC Heavyweight Champion Tim Sylvia at UFC 81 for the Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship. Nogueira defeated Sylvia in the third round with a guillotine choke to become the Interim UFC Heavyweight Champion. During the fight Sylvia knocked Nogueira down with punches. After pulling Sylvia into his half guard in the third round, Nogueira quickly secured a sweep and attempted an armbar which he missed but immediately transitioned into a guillotine choke as Sylvia tried to regain his feet thus mounting a come from behind victory. Nogueira's coach, Amaury Bitetti, said that Nogueira had trained for the guillotine well beforehand.

Nogueira and former UFC Heavyweight Champion Frank Mir were the coaches for the eighth season of The Ultimate Fighter (TUF), which premiered on 17 September 2008, on Spike TV. Both winners of The Ultimate Fighter, season 8, light heavyweight Ryan Bader and lightweight Efrain Escudero, were members of Team Nogueira. After the season concluded, coaches Nogueira and Mir met at UFC 92 for the Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship. Mir won a one-sided fight in the second round via TKO due to punches, showing much improved striking by knocking Nogueira down twice in the first round. Herb Dean stopped the match at 1:54 of the second round. The loss marked the first time Nogueira had been stopped in his career.

Two days after the fight, Dana White revealed in an interview that "Nogueira had just gotten over a Staph infection." Nogueira himself verified this fact several months later in his own interview, stating that he had a Staph infection "20 days before the fight, [requiring] 5 days in the hospital." When asked if this infection affected his fight, he answered: "For sure." In addition to this significant illness, his knee was injured during training for which he had surgery in February 2009. Despite these legitimate handicaps, Nogueira offered strong praise for Frank Mir's performance, with particular credit given to Mir's ability to maintain "very good distance."

Non-title bouts
The UFC next wanted to schedule Nogueira to face UFC Hall of Famer and former UFC Heavyweight and Light Heavyweight Champion Randy Couture at UFC 97, but Couture had to turn down the fight due to elbow surgery in January 2009. Couture later agreed to fight Nogueira at UFC 102 in Portland, Oregon. Nogueira defeated Couture via unanimous decision (30–27, 30–27, and 29–28). Nogueira showed much improved sharpness on his feet, and displayed his excellent chin by walking through many of Couture's strikes while still throwing punches, eventually gaining the better of the exchanges as he scored two knockdowns of Couture in the fight. Although taken down twice, Nogueira swept from guard on both occasions (after some time on his back) to gain the full mount over Couture. On the floor, Nogueira threatened with two submissions, first with a D'Arce choke and later with an arm-triangle choke.

Nogueira was expected to face undefeated prospect Cain Velasquez on 2 January 2010, at UFC 108, but again, Nogueira caught another severe staph infection cancelling the bout. The bout instead took place on 21 February 2010, at UFC 110 in Sydney, Australia. During the bout, Nogueira was out-boxed as Velasquez landed an uppercut-right hook combo that dropped Nogueira early in the first round. Velasquez followed up with five clean shots on the ground, prompting referee Herb Dean to stop the contest, in which Velasquez earned a KO victory. At the time, Nogueira had been knocked out in two of his last three fights.

Nogueira was to face Frank Mir on 25 September 2010, at UFC 119 in a rematch from the championship bout at UFC 92. Nogueira pulled out of this fight in order to undergo needed surgery on both of his hips as well as his knee and was replaced by Mirko Cro Cop. He stated on 15 May 2011, that he would fight at the UFC's return to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Nogueira defeated The Ultimate Fighter alumnus Brendan Schaub by knockout due to punches in the first round on 27 August 2011, at UFC 134 in his home-city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was his first fight in over 16 months (and was billed as his "return fight") and earned him his first Knockout of the Night bonus. He celebrated his victory by sitting on top of the octagon fence and displaying a Brazilian national flag with Sport Club Internacional's emblem added to the center of the flag.

Nogueira faced Frank Mir in a rematch on 10 December 2011, at UFC 140. After close early exchanges and a lot of work against the cage, the two separated, and Nogueira rocked Mir with a hard overhand right, jab combo. After Mir fell to the ground, Nogueira continued with ground and pound before attempting a guillotine choke. Mir was able to get out of this and during a scramble, ended in side control and locked up a kimura. Nogueira managed to roll Mir, only to be reversed himself. Mir stepped his right leg over the face of Nogueira and cranked the kimura, causing Nogueira's right humerus to break, thus ending the fight at 3:38 of round 1.

Nogueira was expected to face Cheick Kongo on 21 July 2012, at UFC 149. However, Nogueira pulled out of the bout, citing that his arm injury had not healed enough to resume the proper training and was replaced by Shawn Jordan. Nogueira fought Dave Herman on 13 October 2012, at UFC 153. He won the bout when he submitted Herman in the second round with an armbar. The finish earned him his first Submission of the Night honors.

Losing streak and retirement
Nogueira coached opposite Fabrício Werdum on the second season of The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil. The two met in a rematch at the conclusion of the season, on 8 June 2013, at UFC on Fuel TV 10. This fight was a rematch of their first fight in PRIDE in which Nogueria won by unanimous decision back in 2006. After a back-and-forth first round, Nogueira lost via submission to an armbar in the second round.

Nogueira faced Roy Nelson on 11 April 2014, in the main event at UFC Fight Night 39. After dropping Nogueira several times with punches in the first round, Nelson finished the fight via knockout with an overhand right.

On 17 June 2014, Nogueira underwent successful surgery to repair a partial ACL tear of his right knee. On 9 February 2015, it was announced Nogueira would replace Anderson Silva as a head coach on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 4, after Silva was removed following his failed drug test.

In March 2015, Nogueira revealed in an interview with Combate that he had undergone stem cell therapy on his elbows, hips and knees. Nogueira said,"They have a clinic in Kansas where they work with stem cells. What they do is they remove some cells from fat out of your back and then inject them in your joints. I did it on my elbows, my hips and knees. It stimulates cartilage growth. It's pretty cutting edge technique. I'm responding really well so far. It's been helping a lot with my pain. I'm still doing physiotherapy, which is responsible for curing my hips, but I'm now doing this to make it even stronger. I had a break between my last fight and The Ultimate Fighter shootings, so I decided to go for it." Nogueira also confessed a desire to fight Frank Mir for a third time saying,"In two weeks I'll be cleared to train freely again. First, I will get my body strong enough so I can train and be 100% ready to fight. I intend to fight at UFC 190 in August. I wanted to come back at the TUF finale card, but I'm afraid there won't be enough time. I'll definitely be ready in August. The UFC told me they would put me in a card in August. They didn't say which one, but I'm sure it'll be the one in Rio. I still don't have an opponent. They said there were three different guys I could be fighting, but I can't comment on that. I don't have any preferences really. I just want to come back and fight, but I would like to face Frank Mir again before the end of the year." In turn, the promotion balked at setting up a third bout with Mir. Instead, Nogueira next faced Stefan Struve at UFC 190 on 1 August 2015. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. After the fight, UFC president Dana White said he would no longer offer Nogueira fights, effectively ending his UFC career. White also indicated that he would instead offer Nogueira a position within the company. In turn, Nogueira confirmed his intention to retire.

Fighting style
Nogueira was universally known as a grappler, drawing strength from his Brazilian jiu-jitsu skills. However, he also had a well-rounded set of MMA abilities, relying on outstanding boxing and a competent takedown game. He was especially famous for his affinity to fighting from the bottom, utilizing an offensive open guard with masterful skill. His trademark moves were submissions like armbars, triangle chokes and variations of both, along with more exotic techniques. His ground game was considered "on a completely different level" from the rest of the sport during his time as an MMA competitor. Nogueira was also known for his solid chin and extreme ability to take punishment, which was showcased in his fights against Bob Sapp, Fedor Emilianenko and Mirko Cro Cop.

Other media
From 2004 to 2005, Nogueira acted in Yomiuri TV's sitcom television series Africa no Tsume, playing the character "Nogueira." He cameoed in The Expendables along with his twin brother.

In 2023, Nogueira began working as a member of the commentary team for UFC Fight Pass Brazil.

Personal life
Nogueira has one daughter. On 23 August 2011, Nogueira established a partnership with Brazilian football club Internacional to represent the club's brand in the UFC. In an interview for SporTV, Nogueira said, "I'll do my best to represent Internacional in the best possible way. Now I am 100% Internacional."

Mixed martial arts

 * Fighting Network RINGS
 * 2000 RINGS King of Kings Tournament Winner
 * PRIDE Fighting Championship
 * Pride Heavyweight Championship (One time, first)
 * Interim Pride Heavyweight Championship (One time)
 * 2004 PRIDE Heavyweight Grand Prix Runner-Up
 * 2006 PRIDE Open-Weight Grand Prix Semi-Finalist
 * Tied with Kazushi Sakuraba for the most submission wins (11) in Pride FC history
 * Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * UFC Hall of Fame (Pioneer Wing, Class of 2016)
 * Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship (One time)
 * Fight of the Night (Two times)
 * Knockout of the Night (One time)
 * 2023 UFC Forrest Griffin Community Award
 * World Extreme Fighting
 * WEF Heavyweight Superfight Champion (One Time)
 * Sherdog
 * Mixed Martial Arts Hall of Fame
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * 2002 Fighter of the Year
 * Black Belt Magazine
 * 2002 NHB Fighter of the Year
 * Inside Fights
 * 2009 Fight of the Year - vs. Randy Couture on 29 August
 * MMAFighting
 * 2003 Fight of the Year vs. Mirko Cro Cop on 9 November
 * FightMatrix.com
 * 2004 Most Noteworthy Match of the Year vs. Fedor Emelianenko on 31 December
 * 2003 Most Noteworthy Match of the Year vs. Fedor Emelianenko on 16 March

Submission grappling

 * ADCC World Submission Wrestling Championships
 * 2000 ADCC – 99 kg+: Quarter finals
 * CBJJ World Championships
 * 1999 Black Belt Absoluto: 3rd Place
 * 1997 Purple Belt Pesadissimo: 2nd place
 * CBJJ Pan-American Championships
 * 1999 Brown Belt Pesadissimo: 1st Place
 * 1999 Brown Belt Absoluto: 1st place
 * CBJJ Brazilian Championships
 * 1998 Brown Belt Pesadissimo: 1st Place
 * 1997 Purple Belt Super Pesado: 3rd Place
 * 1996 Blue Belt Absoluto: 1st Place

title: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira


text:
Serbian Hound

The Serbian Hound (srpski gonič), previously known as the Balkan Hound (balkanski gonič), is a breed of scent hound from Serbia.

Description
The Serbian Hound is a medium sized hound breed, the breed standard states dogs should stand between 46 and 56 cm with bitches being slightly smaller, standing between 44 and 54 cm, and they typically weigh around 20 kg. The breed has a short, dense coat that is a distinctive reddish tan in colour, sometimes described as "fox coloured", with a large black saddle and black markings above the eyes. They have a broad skull which narrows evenly to the nose and medium-length, hanging ears. The breed's body is slightly longer than they are tall, they have a broad, straight back and a straight or slightly curved tail.

The Serbian Hound is described as well-disciplined, energetic, tenacious and lively in nature, they both track game and capture it; when hunting they have a distinctive high-pitched voice. The breed is known for its great stamina and ability to hunt over difficult terrain.

History
There is a long tradition of hunting in South East Europe and the Serbian Hound is one of several regional hound (and horse) breeds that were bred to suit the hunting requirements of the region. The Serbian Hound is a centuries old breed, it is believed to be a composite of hound breeds that were traded around the Mediterranean, with European and North African dogs contributing to its ancestry. The Serbian Hound is traditionally kept as a pack hound, with its usual quarry being wild boar, deer, fox and hare.

Previously known as the Balkan Hound, Balkanski Gonič (балкански гонич), in 1996 the Fédération Cynologique Internationale officially changed the breed's name to the Serbian Hound, Srpski Gonič (Српски гонич).

title: Serbian Hound


text:
Izumo

Izumo (出雲) may refer to:

Locations

 * Izumo Province, an old province of Japan
 * Izumo, Shimane, a city located in Shimane Prefecture
 * Izumo Airport
 * Izumo-taisha, one of Japan's most ancient and important Shinto shrines

Ships

 * Izumo-class multi-purpose destroyer, a class of multi-purpose operation destroyer operated by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
 * JS Izumo, lead ship of this class
 * Japanese cruiser Izumo, an armored cruiser operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy

Fiction

 * SDF-4 Izumo, a spaceship in the Robotech universe
 * Izumo: Takeki Tsurugi no Senki, an anime series
 * Kunisaki Izumo no Jijō, a Japanese manga series
 * Izumo Kamurogi, the commander of Altair forces in the anime series Aquarion Evol
 * Daisuke Izumo, the main character in the anime series Ninja Captor who portrayed by Daisuke Ban

Other

 * Izumo (train), a former train service in Japan
 * Sunrise Izumo, a train service in Japan
 * IZUMO1, a sperm-specific protein necessary for sperm-egg plasma membrane binding and fusion.

title: Izumo


text:
VCL

VCL may refer to:

Computing

 * Varnish Configuration Language, a domain-specific language used for configuring the Varnish Proxy / Server
 * Video Coding Layer, a layer in H.264/AVC and HEVC
 * Virus Creation Laboratory, an MS-DOS program designed to create computer viruses
 * Visual Component Library, a programming library for Delphi and C++Builder
 * Visual Class Library, an internal part of OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice
 * Voluntary collective licensing, an alternative approach to solve the problem of software piracy

Other uses

 * Vinculin, a mammal protein
 * Vickers-Carden-Loyd tankette, a British tankette
 * Voluntary Committee of Lawyers, a former organization to repeal prohibition of alcohol in the US
 * Vampire Cheerleaders, a manga series
 * Chu Lai Airport (IATA code: VCL)

title: VCL


text:
Boubou

Boubou can refer to:

 * Boubou (clothing), a type of clothing worn in West Africa
 * Boubou, Burkina Faso, a town
 * Boubou Macoutes, from "Boubou", the nickname of Premier Robert Bourassa
 * Laniarius (boubous or gonoleks), a genus of passerine birds

title: Boubou


text:
User:Lafayette

Lafayette is a European user of Hungarian origin, until recently residing in Aberystwyth (UK), studying International Politics and European Law at the University of Wales. Other main areas of interest include Religions, History, Geography and Languages. This user now resides in Budapest, Hungary, and works as a trainee at a law-firm. Evidently, this user doesn't have the amount of free time he used to have...

My most serious contribution so far: History and Recent Development sections for the EC Competition Law article.

Account superseded by M2wiki

title: User:Lafayette