text:
Randolph, New York

Randolph is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 2,470 at the 2020 census. The town was named after Randolph, Vermont.

The town of Randolph contains a former village called Randolph. The town also contains most of the former village of East Randolph, the rest of which is located in the town of Conewango. Randolph is on the west border of the county, roughly halfway between the cities of Salamanca and Jamestown.

History
The town of Randolph sits on the vast tracts of land which were originally owned by the Holland Land Company. The region was first settled around 1820. The first settler was Edmund Fuller, who arrived from Oneida County in 1820 and built a log cabin.

The town of Randolph was formed in 1826 from part of the town of Conewango. On March 7, 1826, citizens assembled for their first annual meeting to select the town supervisor and other officials. In 1847, the town was divided to form the town of South Valley.

In 1867, the village of Randolph was incorporated. The village of East Randolph was incorporated in 1881. In 2010, the citizens of both villages voted to dissolve the incorporation, and they reverted to being hamlets within the town, with part of East Randolph becoming once again part of the town of Conewango, effective 2011.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 94.0 sqkm, of which 93.4 sqkm is land and 0.6 sqkm, or 0.61%, is water.

Randolph is located on the west border of the county, next to Chautauqua County.

The Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86 and New York State Route 17) crosses the town, with access from Exits 15 and 16. New York State Route 241 is a highway in the northeast part of the town, and New York State Route 394 is an east-west highway in the northern part of the town.

Adjacent towns and areas
The west border of the town is next to the town of Poland in Chautauqua County. To the south is the town of South Valley. The town of Conewango is to the north, and the town of Coldspring is to the east.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,681 people, 1,007 households, and 702 families residing in the town. The population density was 74.1 PD/sqmi. There were 1,122 housing units at an average density of 31.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.24% White, 0.90% Black or African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.60% of the population.

There were 1,007 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $34,485, and the median income for a family was $39,570. Males had a median income of $30,888 versus $20,586 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,860. About 4.2% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in the Town of Randolph

 * Battle Creek – A stream flowing through the center of the town.
 * Bowen – A hamlet on County Road 8 in the central part of the town.
 * Carr Corners – A hamlet in the southeast corner of the town.
 * East Randolph – The hamlet of East Randolph is partly in the town.
 * Little Conewango Creek – A stream in the northeast part of the town.
 * Randolph – The hamlet of Randolph, the first place settled, is in the northeast corner of the town at a junction of NY Routes 394 and 241.
 * Vollentine – A hamlet in the southwest part of the town, south of Bowen.

title: Randolph, New York


text:
Salamanca (town), New York

Salamanca is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 470 at the 2020 census. The name is from José de Salamanca y Mayol, Marquis of Salamanca, a major Spanish investor in the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, a local railroad.

The town of Salamanca is in the south part of the county. The city of Salamanca, located within the Allegany Indian Reservation of the Seneca Nation of Indians, bisects the town.

History
This was historically the territory of the Native American Wenrohronon and Eriehronon, who were driven out by the Seneca Nation in the Beaver Wars of the 1650s. The Seneca controlled much of the territory of western New York as one of the nations of the powerful Iroquois Confederacy. The area was not settled by European Americans until after the American Revolution around 1815, when the Seneca had been forced to cede their lands to the United States and New York as allies of the defeated British. Many of the early arrivals were whites who settled on Native American land with the informal permission and toleration of tribal members.

The area was a sparsely populated, rural, farming and lumber industry region until four railroads were constructed into the area. They leased a portion of land, then mostly swamp, from the Seneca Nation to make their hub at what was developed as Salamanca.

The town of Salamanca was formed in 1854 from part of the town of Little Valley. At that time it was called the "town of Bucktooth", named after a notable Seneca who lived in the area. At least two roads leading to the town still bear the name "Bucktooth Run". In 1869, the town of Red House was created, taking away the south part of the town of Salamanca. In 1870 the community of Salamanca began to define itself, first as a village, and later as a city.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 47.6 sqkm, all land.

New York State Route 353 is a north-south highway in the town. The Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86) runs through the Seneca reservation in the middle of the town. New York State Route 417 closely parallels the expressway. Route 951T (Old Route 17) serves the southwestern portion of the town.

Adjacent towns and areas
The town of Salamanca is divided into two parts by the Allegany Reservation, which is a sovereign part of the Seneca Nation. This division parallels the Allegheny River. The city of Salamanca is also located in the split between the two portions of the town. North of the town is Little Valley, and south is the town of Red House. On its west side, Salamanca forms a border with the towns of Coldspring and Napoli. To the east is the town of Great Valley.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 544 people, 210 households, and 160 families residing in the town. The population density was 29.8 PD/sqmi. There were 238 housing units at an average density of 13.0 per square mile (5.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.06% White, 0.37% Black or African American, 1.29% Native American, and 1.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.55% of the population.

There were 210 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.2% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $43,889. Males had a median income of $32,344 versus $17,813 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,214. About 2.5% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in the Town of Salamanca

 * Allegany Reservation – The Seneca reservation runs through the center of the town.
 * Allegheny River – The river runs through the center of the town and the Seneca reservation.
 * Allegany State Park – A small part of the park is in the south part of the town.
 * Bucktooth Run – A small stream that enters the Allegheny River west of Salamanca City. A sizable farming community lies along the stream as well as the road that runs along it, informally nicknamed "Bucktooth."
 * Jimerson Town – A hamlet southwest of the city of Salamanca. It is the alternate capital and site of the Allegany Reservation's governmental headquarters.
 * Little Valley Creek – A stream flowing into the Allegheny River in Salamanca City.
 * Newton Run – A stream flowing into the Allegheny River east of Bucktooth Run.
 * Salamanca – Most of the city of Salamanca is inside the town lines.
 * Sawmill Run – A stream (and marked hamlet) in the northwest corner of the town.
 * Shongo – A hamlet inside the Seneca reservation in the southwest part of the town, south of Jimerson Town.
 * Titus Run – A stream flowing into the Allegheny River from the south.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Salamanca (town), New York


text:
Salamanca, New York

Salamanca (Seneca: Onë:dagö:h) is a city in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States, inside the Allegany Indian Reservation, one of two governed by the Seneca Nation of New York. The population was 5,929 at the 2020 census. It was named after José de Salamanca, a Spanish nobleman and cabinet minister of the mid-19th century. Salamanca invested in railroads around the globe, including the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad in New York State, Pennsylvania, and Ohio.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 16.15 sqkm, of which 15.52 sqkm is land and 0.63 sqkm, or 3.88%, is water.

Salamanca is within the Allegany Indian Reservation of the Seneca Nation of New York (one of the six tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy). The city population of about 5,900 is about 19% Native American; this does not include Seneca people living in the nearby hamlets of Jimerson Town (one of the two capitals of the nation) and Kill Buck. The city lies along the Allegheny River and is adjacent to Allegany State Park.

Salamanca is one of the two cities in Cattaraugus County, the other being Olean.

History
What is now known as the city of Salamanca was originally two separate communities, one on Little Valley Creek and the other on Great Valley Creek; the westernmost one of the two was called "Hemlock", a name derived from the numerous hemlock trees throughout the surrounding mountains. The eastern community (from modern-day Conrath Avenue eastward) was Kill Buck's Town; the eastern half of what is now Kill Buck remains an unincorporated hamlet independent of the city of Salamanca. Hemlock was later renamed "West Salamanca" and (although it was marked on road signs as late as the 1990s) was eventually incorporated into the single city of Salamanca. The city was incorporated in 1913. At one time the city was a thriving railroad hub, with the Erie Railroad (later Conrail), Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway (BR&P) (later Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) both having facilities there. Generations of Salamanca residents worked for the railroads, and much of the housing was originally built for them by the railroads. The city also benefited from the then-thriving lumber industry that dominated much of southwestern Cattaraugus County at the turn of the century, as boomtowns along the Allegheny River such as Elko, South Valley and Red House (all much-less-populated ghost towns today) all used the railroads to ship their goods upstream. At the time of the city's incorporation, it peaked at under 10,000 residents, not far behind Olean, 19 miles to the east, the major hub of the county; Olean, however, would continue to grow rapidly into the 1950s, while Salamanca's population would begin falling behind almost immediately. The Salamanca Rail Museum was opened in the former BR&P depot in 1984 to house its archives.

The majority of the city, with the exception of a northeastern spur along Great Valley Creek, was constructed on the Allegany Indian Reservation held by the Seneca Nation of New York, as established in various treaties. Under the nation's policy, non-Seneca residents are barred from owning real property on the reservation, and non-Senecas can only lease the property from the Seneca Nation. As arranged by the railroads, the previous leases had nominal payments and covered only the land; improvements (i.e., buildings and houses) were considered to be owned by the non-native citizens.

When the leases expired in the early 1990s, the nation tried to gain more from its leases, raising their costs and asserting not only the land, but the improvements were also subject to the native leases. Numerous people living in the city did not agree on the amount of lease payments or the legitimacy of the Senecas' absolute ownership claim. The controversy aroused bitterness, lawsuits, and appeals to government officials. Congress passed a law explicitly placing the improvements under Seneca jurisdiction, the new leases were put into effect, and fifteen houses were seized and their owners evicted for refusing to sign the leases. The current leases are in effect until 2030, with an option to extend until 2070; proceeds from the lease payments are distributed quarterly to enrolled Seneca Nation members, providing a basic income guarantee.

Despite the lack of ownership, leased land held by non-Senecas is subject to property tax, which the lessee must pay to the city, Cattaraugus County and the Salamanca City Central School District. Seneca-owned land is exempt under the Treaty of Buffalo Creek. Once a Seneca acquires the land, it is taken off the tax rolls; for this reason, the city of Salamanca does not auction-off abandoned properties on the reservation in a property-tax auction, for fear Seneca individuals will buy the land, removing it from the tax rolls.

Government
The city has a council-mayor system, with the mayor elected at-large and five trustees selected from wards, generally numbered from west to east.

"Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, State aid for the City, including casino revenues, increased by an average annual rate of nearly 50 percent (starting at $0.8 million in 2004-05 and peaking at $7.3 million in 2008-09). Salamanca’s average annual expenditure increases on debt service, general government, transportation, utilities and public safety between 2004-05 and 2009-10 were all in the double digits." This was attributable to revenues from the Seneca Allegany Casino.

Casino revenues
The Seneca Nation opened a gambling casino in Salamanca in May 2004. About 1,000 new jobs were created by the casino operation, resulting in a housing shortage in the small town as new workers entered the city. Under the arrangement with the state, a 25% share of the casino's revenue goes to the city and county, which they can use for needed projects. Revenues for the city increased dramatically (see above).

Significant change did not quickly take place in the city, with new construction in only a few select areas. Main Street and US Route 219 (which runs through the city) remain largely untouched. Redevelopment was delayed when the Nation stopped casino payments in late 2010, in a dispute with the state over its opening racinos elsewhere in the state; payments were resumed in 2013. The state provided the city with emergency funds to help support it until the dispute was settled. The Senecas again announced it would halt payments to the state in 2017, stating that a clause in the gaming compact had expired and its obligation to continue paying the state was no longer in effect. The Seneca Nation and the state of New York agreed to a settlement in January 2022, with the Senecas agreeing to pay the money owed, ahead of negotiations for a renewal of the compact in 2023.

Because of the contentious relations between Seneca and non-Seneca residents, columnist Selena Zito described Salamanca as a "failed American city" in 2011, in a column that soon drew the rebuke of city officials.

Economy
Retail shops include several Seneca-owned cigarette, tobacco, coffee shops, and gas stations; there are several empty storefronts, especially in the city's central business district on and near Main Street. The Seneca Nation has made efforts to diversify, establishing a tribal holding company in 2009 and an economic development corporation in 2011. In 2021, many of the city's vacant buildings and former smoke shops were converted into cannabis dispensaries, leading to a glut of retailers for the recently legalized product.

The city's only shopping mall, Salamanca Mall, hosts a regional hardware chain, a local antique shop, and a small taqueria Three hotels operate in the city.

A number of industrial factories, among them McHone Industries (a metal fabricating company) and Salamanca Lumber, operate in the center part of the city.

Ground
The Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86 and New York State Route 17) passes south of the city. Running through the city are U.S. Route 219 and New York State Routes 417 and 353, the last two of which terminate within a mile of each other on Salamanca's west end.

Salamanca serves as a hub for the area's public bus service. Coach USA, Fullington Trailways, the Seneca Transit System, and the Olean Area Transit System all converge on the city. The city's only active (freight) rail depot is on the east side of the city, serviced by the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad.

In the past, the Erie Railroad and then, starting in 1960, the Erie Lackawanna Railway had operated passenger trains through Salamanca. Into the 1960s, the Erie Limited and the Atlantic Express/Pacific Express made stops there. The last passenger train making stops there was the Lake Cities which was discontinued on January 6, 1970. The New York and Lake Erie Railroad operated between Salamanca and Gowanda until 1990. Today, the station houses the Salamanca Rail Museum. Two miles to the east, the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway had an "East Salamanca" station. The successor railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad last had passenger trains at the latter in the mid-1950s. Into the early 1940s, the Pennsylvania Railroad ran passenger trains into a third station for trains between Olean and Oil City, Pennsylvania.

Two of the former rail rights-of-way are now rail trails: the NY&LE right-of-way is now the state-owned Pat McGee Trail (which officially ends at the city line before entering the city) and the Pennsylvania Railroad path is now the Pennsy Trail. The Finger Lakes Trail also cuts across the city, mainly using city roads.

Air
Salamanca has no local major airports. Although Great Valley Airport is nearby, this airport is mostly used for general aviation, and no commercial passenger service operates out of it. The nearest public airports are Buffalo Niagara International Airport and Bradford Regional Airport.

Religion
The Catholic Church, Southern Baptist Convention (House of Prayer), Seventh-day Adventists, Free Methodist Church, and Lighthouse Baptist Church all have branches in the city bounds. At least two other independent churches also operate; the local United Methodist Church disaffiliated in the late 2010s.

Media
Radio stations WQRS (on the FM band at 98.3) and WGGO (on the AM band at 1590) are licensed to Salamanca. WQRS (The Goat, historically known as 98 Rocks) carries a classic rock format run by Seven Mountains Media out of Olean; WGGO is an owned and operated station of The Station of the Cross, a regional Catholic radio network, with its nominal studio in Kill Buck. W288EK (FM 105.5) is also licensed to Salamanca and simulcasts WOLY (Big Oly), another Seven Mountains station out of Olean.

From 2010 to 2021, WGWE (FM 105.9) was operated out of Salamanca. The station, licensed to Little Valley, shut down and sold its assets to a broadcaster who plans to operate the station elsewhere.

The Salamanca Press is the local newspaper. A daily paper (publishing Monday through Saturday) for most of the 20th century, the paper reverted to a weekly publication in 2009.

There is no direct television broadcasting in Salamanca; the city is ostensibly part of the Buffalo media market, and local cable and satellite providers carry those stations (as well as some from Erie, Pennsylvania and Toronto, Ontario), but the hilly terrain around the city makes television reception problematic. Two low-powered stations based in Olean can occasionally be received over the air. Breezeline is the local cable provider.

Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, Salamanca had a population of 5,929. The ethnic and racial makeup of the population was 69.3% White, 2.6% African-American, 18.6% Native American, 0.7% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.7% reporting two or more races, and 6.7% Hispanic or Latino of any race. 66.3% of the population was non-Hispanic white.

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,097 people, 2,469 households, and 1,575 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,015.6 PD/sqmi. There were 2,749 housing units at an average density of 457.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 74.26% White, 0.66% Black or African American, 20.74% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 1.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.82% of the population.

There were 2,469 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.2% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $24,579, and the median income for a family was $30,996. Males had a median income of $25,549 versus $19,180 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,812. About 18.0% of families and 22.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.7% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * George Abbott (1887-1995), theater producer
 * Ray Caldwell (1888-1967), former MLB spitball pitcher
 * Gordon Canfield (1898-1972), member of the House of Representatives for New Jersey's 8th congressional district
 * Chuck Crist (1961-2020), former National Football League safety; he returned to his hometown to serve as a principal in the city schools
 * Robert DeLaurentis (1966-), an American aviator, the first solo pilot to fly a Piper Malibu Mirage, a small, single-engine plane, around the world
 * Maxine Crouse Dowler (1933-2015), teacher, Member of the Board of Seneca Nation Educational Foundation
 * Ray Evans (1915–2007), musician/songwriter; composed the Christmas song "Silver Bells". The Ray Evans Seneca Theater is named in his honor; it was closed in 2011 due to disrepair and would not reopen until 2013.
 * Albert T. "Ab" Fancher (1859-1930), New York state senator in the late 19th/early 20th century; co-owner (with E.B. Vreeland of the Seneca Oil Company, a subsidiary of Standard Oil Company); donated much of the land to New York that now comprises Allegany State Park, the largest state park in New York; developed the Fancher farm, on the western side of Salamanca, which boasts one of the largest barns in New York.
 * Ira Joe Fisher (1947-), daytime television personality and weather reporter; born and worked in Salamanca, he spent most of his childhood in neighboring Little Valley.
 * Ralph W. Gallagher (1881–1952), president and chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey
 * Marvin Hubbard (1945-2015), former pro football player; born in Salamanca, he spent most of his childhood in nearby Red House
 * Paul Owens (1924-2003) player, scout, coach and general manager with the Philadelphia Phillies in the late 20th century. Raised in Salamanca's East End; graduated from local schools and St. Bonaventure University, and began his baseball career with the still-extant Salamanca Merchants amateur team.
 * Edward B. Vreeland (1856-1936), banker, congressman, co-author of the "Aldrich-Vreeland Bill" that transformed the United States Banking system in the early 20th century. Senator Aldrich represented Rhode Island and was the maternal grandfather of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller, governor of New York in the 1960s.
 * Carson Waterman, Seneca Indian artist known for public art and illustrations in the Allegany Seneca Storybook and Seneca Coloring Book.

title: Salamanca, New York


text:
Yorkshire (CDP), New York

Yorkshire is a census-designated place (CDP) in the northeastern corner of the town of Yorkshire in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,180 at the 2010 census, out of 3,913 in the town of Yorkshire as a whole.

Geography
Yorkshire CDP is located at 42.52222°N, -78.47528°W (42.522493, -78.475295).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.8 sqkm, of which 0.03 sqkm, or 0.56%, is water.

Yorkshire is on the south bank of Cattaraugus Creek and at the intersection of State Routes 16 and 39. The village of Arcade in Wyoming County is 2 mi to the east on NY 39. County Roads 54 and 72 also lead into Yorkshire.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,403 people, 611 households, and 378 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 759.6 PD/sqmi. There were 690 housing units at an average density of 373.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.07% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.36% Asian, and 0.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64% of the population.

There were 611 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,240, and the median income for a family was $31,694. Males had a median income of $25,694 versus $25,050 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,396. About 9.1% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.8% of those under age 18 and 16.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Yorkshire (CDP), New York


text:
Yorkshire, New York

Yorkshire is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 3,840 at the 2020 census. The town is located on the northern edge and in the northeast quadrant of the county.

History
The area that would become the town was first settled circa 1810. The town of Yorkshire was formed in 1820 from the "town of Ischua" (now Franklinville). In 1827, the south part of the town was taken to form the town of Machias.

Western historian and notable U.S. Army engineer Hiram M. Chittenden was born in Yorkshire on October 25, 1858.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 94.3 sqkm, of which 93.9 sqkm is land and 0.4 sqkm, or 0.40%, is water.

The northern border of the town is formed by Cattaraugus Creek and Erie County. Part of the eastern border is formed by Wyoming County.

New York State Route 16 (north-south) and New York State Route 39 (east-west) intersect and briefly conjoin in the town.

Adjacent towns
(Clockwise)
 * Sardinia [[Image:North.svg]]
 * Arcade; Freedom [[Image:Boxed East arrow.svg]]
 * Machias [[Image:South.svg]]
 * Ashford [[Image:West.svg]]

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,210 people, 1,670 households, and 1,122 families residing in the town. The population density was 113.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,938 housing units at an average density of 52.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.81% White, 0.10% Black or African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 1,670 households, out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,060, and the median income for a family was $39,229. Males had a median income of $30,103 versus $22,205 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,842. About 9.1% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Hiram M. Chittenden, leading historian of the American West
 * Rodney R. Crowley, former New York Inspector of State Prisons
 * Irving Stringham, mathematician

Communities and locations in Yorkshire

 * Delevan – The village of Delevan is located in the northeast part of the town, south of Yorkshire village on NY Route 16 and County Roads 20, 21, and 73.
 * The Forks – A location near the north town line west of Yorkshire village.
 * Lime Lake Outlet – A north-flowing stream that passes west of Delevan and empties into Cattaraugus Creek near Yorkshire village.
 * McKinstrys Hollow – A location by the junction of County Roads 20 and 55 in the south-central part of the town.
 * Silliman's Corners – A location near the north town line west of Yorkshire village, located on former County Road 72.
 * Yorkshire – The hamlet of Yorkshire is located on NY Route 16 and former County Roads 54 and 72 in the northeast corner of the town by Cattaraugus Creek.

title: Yorkshire, New York


text:
Cato (village), New York

Cato is a village in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 532 at the 2010 census. The name was assigned by the surveyors of the Military Tract, and is one of many towns and villages bearing classical place names. The village of Cato is half within the town of Cato and half within the town of Ira. It is west of Syracuse.

History
The village was part of the Central New York Military Tract, land set aside in 1782 for veterans of the American Revolution. Prior native occupants were compelled to live on reservations established at that time. The first permanent settler arrived around 1805, and the new community was called "Jakway's Corners".

Railroad service came to the village in 1869, aiding its prosperity, but rail service ended in 1953.

Cato is home to the 1993 Section 3 Class D state football champions. Modern Cato is partly a bedroom community, with many residents commuting to surrounding cities.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.6 sqkm, of which 0.06 sqkm, or 2.44%, is water.

The village is located in a drumlin field.

Parker Pond, formerly known as "Forest Lake", is a small lake at the southeast edge of the village. Muskrat Creek drains from the lake and flows southward to the Seneca River (and Erie Canal).

The village is at the junction of NY-34 and NY-370. Locating places within the village is extremely simple, since virtually all locations which may be visited by a non-resident are located on these two highways.

Water tower
The Cato water tower stands 120 ft over the village of Cato, to the northeast of the village center. The light blue structure had been a landmark for 75 years or more but was to be torn down as of June 2012. The new water tower was to be dark blue on top and still say "Cato" on both sides. It will sit on 82 ft of concrete. It will also be bigger, holding 25,000 extra gallons of water, in anticipation of future town growth.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 601 people, 238 households, and 154 families residing in the village. The population density was 608.2 PD/sqmi. There were 253 housing units at an average density of 256.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.50% White, 0.33% Black or African American, 0.50% Native American, 0.33% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.50% of the population.

There were 238 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $35,938, and the median income for a family was $49,219. Males had a median income of $37,303 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,511. About 2.9% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 21.0% of those age 65 or over.

title: Cato (village), New York


text:
Cato, New York

Cato is a town in Cayuga County, New York, United States. According to the 2020 census, the town had a population of 2,443. The town is named after Cato the Elder, a Roman statesman. The name was assigned by the surveyors of the Military Tract, and is one of many towns and villages bearing a classical name.

The town of Cato contains part of a village also named Cato, as well as the entire village of Meridian. Cato is northwest of Syracuse.

History
The town was in the Central New York Military Tract, reserved for veterans of the American Revolution. Settlers trickled in during the early 19th century. After the War of 1812, the population increased more quickly.

The town was formed in 1802 from part of the town of Aurelius. Cato was subsequently reduced in size when new towns were formed: Sterling in 1812, and in 1821 Conquest, Ira, and Victory. Part of the town of Ira was returned to Cato in 1824.

Notable people

 * Howard Frank Mosher, novelist
 * Regan Smith, NASCAR driver
 * Josh Warner, pro football player (Chicago Bears)

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 93.7 sqkm, of which 87.2 sqkm is land and 6.6 sqkm, or 7.03%, is water.

The town of Cato is on the eastern side of Cayuga County, so that the eastern town line is the border of Onondaga County. The southern town boundary is defined by the Seneca River/Erie Canal.

Cato village is located along the northern border of the town; half of it extends into the town of Ira to the north. The village of Meridian is to the east of Cato village and is entirely within the town of Cato. New York State Route 34, a north-south highway, intersects New York State Route 370, an east-west highway, in Cato village. The southern terminus of New York State Route 176 is at NY-370, east of Meridian.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,744 people, 994 households, and 747 families residing in the town. The population density was 81.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,293 housing units at an average density of 38.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.74% White, 0.36% Black or African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.07% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population.

There were 994 households, out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.0% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.0% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $43,281, and the median income for a family was $49,028. Males had a median income of $35,150 versus $24,572 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,941. About 6.0% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in the town of Cato

 * Cato – The village of Cato straddles the northern town line at the junction of NY-34 and NY-370. The northern part of the village of Cato is in the town of Ira.
 * Cross Lake – A large lake on the eastern town line.
 * Meridian – The village of Meridian is at the northern town boundary on NY-370.
 * Otter Lake – A lake south of Meridian.
 * Parker Pond – A small lake at the southeastern corner of Cato village.
 * Whitford's Airport – A general aviation airport near the southern town line. It is also called "Weedsport Airport."

title: Cato, New York


text:
Moravia (village), New York

The village of Moravia in Cayuga County, New York, United States is a community with population of about 1,200. The village of Moravia is in the southern part of the town of Moravia and is south of Auburn.

Nearby Fillmore Glen State Park contains a replica of the cabin in which President Millard Fillmore was born.

History
The village was in the Central New York Military Tract and is on the site of a former native village.

Moravia village was founded in 1789 by John Stoyell, a veteran. It was then called "Owasco Flats". The village of Moravia was incorporated in 1837 and re-incorporated in 1859 when enlarged.

The Powers Library, erected in 1880, is the oldest continuously used library in New York.

Dozens of Italianate houses built in the late 1800s, plus many other residences, churches, a cemetery, and other properties in the village are documented, and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places either as individual buildings or within historic districts: see National Register of Historic Places listings in Cayuga County, New York.

The village population was 1,282 at the 2010 census.

Notable people

 * Millard Fillmore was born in the village.
 * John D. Rockefeller, boyhood home of the future industrialist
 * Andrew Dickson White, educator and president of Cornell University

Geography
Moravia is located at 42.71083°N, -76.42278°W (42.711108, -76.42302).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 4.47 sqkm, of which 4.41 sqkm is land and 0.06 sqkm, or 1.24%, is water.

The village is south of Owasco Lake, and the Owasco Inlet flows through the village.

New York State Route 38 intersects New York State Route 38A in Moravia village.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,363 people, 542 households, and 338 families residing in the village. The population density was 793.0 PD/sqmi. There were 592 housing units at an average density of 344.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.39% White, 0.29% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.29% Asian, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population.

There were 542 households, out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.4% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $33,864, and the median income for a family was $41,513. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $23,264 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,447. About 4.8% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.

title: Moravia (village), New York


text:
Moravia, New York

Moravia is a town in Cayuga County, New York. The population was 3,626 at the time of the 2010 census.

The town of Moravia contains a village also called Moravia. The town is located in the Finger Lakes region, south of Auburn.

History
Moravia was part of the Central New York Military Tract. The first settlers arrived around 1789, while the natives still lived in the area. The town was formed in 1833 from the town of Sempronius. Moravia was long known as the last bastion of the Whigs, the defunct political party of native ex-U.S. president Millard Fillmore. A few Whigs survived as late as the early 1980s according to voter registration records.

Notable people

 * Abigail Fillmore, First Lady of the United States
 * Millard Fillmore, US president, born east of Moravia village and married in the village
 * John D. Rockefeller, boyhood home of the American industrialist and wealthiest person in modern history
 * John Wood, Illinois governor and founder of Quincy, Illinois

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 76.8 sqkm, of which 74.8 sqkm is land and 2.0 sqkm, or 2.54%, is water.

Moravia is at the southern end of Owasco Lake, and the Owasco Inlet flows northward through the town to the lake. Mill Creek flows into the Owasco Inlet at Moravia village.

New York State Route 38 joins New York State Route 38A at Moravia village.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,040 people, 1,003 households, and 685 families residing in the town. The population density was 139.3 PD/sqmi. There were 1,198 housing units at an average density of 41.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 72.30% White, 21.39% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 5.35% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.98% of the population.

There were 1,003 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 16.8% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 42.9% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 202.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 237.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $38,081, and the median income for a family was $43,493. Males had a median income of $32,919 versus $23,264 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,847. About 5.5% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in the Town of Moravia

 * Courtwright Corners – A location east of Southeast Owasco.
 * Fillmore Glen State Park – A state park southeast of Moravia village.
 * Four Town Corners – A location southeast of Owasco village at the eastern town line.
 * Indian Grove – A location north of Southeast Owasco.
 * Montville – A hamlet east of Moravia village. It was once a rival for prominence over Moravia village.
 * Moravia – The village of Moravia is at the junction of NY-38 and NY-38A near the southern town line.
 * Owasco Hill – A hamlet northwest of Owasco village at the town line.
 * Perkins Corners – A location at the western town line, south of Owasco Hill.
 * Southeast Owasco – A hamlet at the southern end of Owasco Lake.
 * Toll Gate Corners – A hamlet at the southern town line, south of Moravia village.
 * Wilson Corners – A hamlet northeast of Moravia village on NY-38A

title: Moravia, New York


text:
Cherry Creek (hamlet), New York

Cherry Creek is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 461 at the 2010 census, when it was an incorporated village. The hamlet is within the town of Cherry Creek near the east border of the county. It is located on New York State Route 83 and a stream called Cherry Creek.

History
The hamlet is the site of the earliest settlement of the town, in 1815. The settlement got its name from a cherry tree planted by Holland Land Company surveyor Joshua Bentley to mark the center of the new town. It was formally incorporated as a village in 1893. On February 2, 2017, residents of the village voted 70 to 32 in favor of dissolving into the surrounding town of Cherry Creek. The village was dissolved on December 31, 2017.

Geography
Cherry Creek is located in eastern Chautauqua County at 42.29444°N, -79.09722°W (42.294654, -79.097353), east of the geographic center of the town of Cherry Creek. A stream by the same name flows east through the hamlet towards Conewango Creek, which in turn is a tributary of the Allegheny River and part of the Mississippi River basin.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village in the 2010 census has a total area of 3.5 sqkm, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 551 people, 198 households, and 156 families residing in the village. The population density was 404.8 PD/sqmi. There were 222 housing units at an average density of 163.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.91% White, 0.18% Black or African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 0.91% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.27% of the population.

There were 198 households, out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.2% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $31,528, and the median income for a family was $32,500. Males had a median income of $31,406 versus $24,038 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,358. About 15.9% of families and 18.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

title: Cherry Creek (hamlet), New York


text:
Cherry Creek, New York

Cherry Creek is a town in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 1,036 at the 2020 census. The name is derived from that of a small stream that flows through the town amid many cherry trees.

Cherry Creek is situated on the east border of the county, northeast of Jamestown. There is also a hamlet named Cherry Creek located within the town.

History
The community was first settled circa 1815, and the town of Cherry Creek was formed in 1829 from part of the town of Ellington. The settlement got its name from a cherry tree planted by Holland Land Company surveyor Joshua Bentley to mark the center of the new town. The village, which was incorporated in 1893, voted on February 2, 2017, to dissolve into the surrounding town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 94.9 sqkm, of which 0.03 sqkm, or 0.04%, is water.

New York State Route 83 is a major north-south highway in the eastern half of the town. Chautauqua County Route 70 (the westernmost part of Leon Road) enters the town from the east. The New York and Lake Erie Railroad serves the town with freight and occasional passenger rail service; Chautauqua CARTS serves the town on its Sinclairville-to-Frewsburg line.

Cherry Creek is also the name of a stream that flows into Conewango Creek in the eastern part of the town.

Adjacent towns and areas
Cherry Creek is east of the town of Charlotte. It is south of the town of Villenova and north of the town of Ellington. Cherry Creek's east town line is shared by the town of Leon in Cattaraugus County.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,152 people, 413 households, and 315 families residing in the town. The population density was 31.5 PD/sqmi. There were 498 housing units at an average density of 13.6 per square mile (5.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.14% White, 0.09% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 1.56% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.00% of the population.

There were 413 households, out of which 38.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,146, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $30,089 versus $22,857 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,980. About 11.4% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.4% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Ozra Amander Hadley, former governor of Arkansas
 * Egburt E. Woodbury, former New York State Attorney General
 * Lewis Emery, Jr., former politician and oil man

Features

 * Cherry Creek – A stream that flows into Conewango Creek by Cherry Creek village.
 * Cherry Creek – The hamlet of Cherry Creek, near the center of the town on NY Route 83.
 * Cockaigne – A former skiing facility in the southwest corner of the town, west of Thornton. Historic lodge burned in January 2011, and the resort closed due to the fire at the end of that skiing season. It was re-opened in winter of 2018-19.
 * Gates Corners – A location on the south town line on Pickup Hill Road.
 * George Nelson Frost House – built c. 1860, now a country bed and breakfast.
 * Kings School Corner – A location in the southeast corner of the town on Route 83.
 * Shattuck School – A location west of Cherry Creek village.
 * Thornton – A hamlet in the southwest corner of the town at the junction of Route 66 and Route 85.

title: Cherry Creek, New York


text:
Dunkirk (town), New York

Dunkirk is a town in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 1,257 at the 2020 census.

The town of Dunkirk is split into two sections, east and west, by the city of Dunkirk, which is a separate entity.

History
The area was first settled circa 1808. Development was slow until the New York and Erie Railroad established a station in Dunkirk village in 1851. The town of Dunkirk was established in 1859 from the northern portion of the town of Pomfret. The village of Dunkirk was incorporated in 1837, becoming a city in 1888.

The first naval skirmish in the War of 1812 began in Lake Erie near the mouth of Canadaway Creek, which is now within the boundaries of the western part of the town. A small marker commemorating the event sits near the intersection of Route 5 and Temple Street.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 16.3 sqkm, of which 16.1 sqkm is land and 0.1 sqkm, or 0.85%, is water.

The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) and NY Route 5 pass through the town. The town of Dunkirk is served by the Buffalo-Chicago main lines of both CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway.

The town of Dunkirk is split into an east section and a west section by the city of Dunkirk, which is located in the middle.

Adjacent towns and areas
(Clockwise)
 * Lake Erie [[Image:North.svg]]
 * Sheridan [[Image:Boxed East arrow.svg]]
 * Pomfret; Fredonia [[Image:South.svg]]
 * Lake Erie [[Image:West.svg]]

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,387 people, 519 households, and 333 families residing in the town. The population density was 222.1 PD/sqmi. There were 602 housing units at an average density of 96.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 94.16% White, 2.24% Black or African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 1.66% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.33% of the population.

There were 519 households, out of which 22.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.78.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 15.6% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 20.3% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 31.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,553, and the median income for a family was $40,000. Males had a median income of $32,692 versus $23,194 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,124. About 7.1% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.5% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Dunkirk

 * Canadaway Creek – The War of 1812 began near the mouth of Canadaway Creek.

title: Dunkirk (town), New York


text:
Dunkirk, New York

Dunkirk is a city in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. It was settled around 1805 and incorporated in 1880. The population was 12,743 as of the 2020 census. Dunkirk is bordered on the north by Lake Erie. It shares a border with the village of Fredonia to the south, and with the town of Dunkirk to the east and west. Dunkirk is the westernmost city in the state of New York.

History
The Iroquoian languages-speaking Erie people occupied this area of the forested lakefront along the southern shore of Lake Erie well into the 1600s, when Europeans, mostly French, started trading around the Great Lakes. They were pushed out by the Seneca people, one of the Five Nations of the powerful Iroquois League, based here and further east in New York. The European-American demarcation and settlement of Chadwick Bay and subsequent naming of Dunkirk - after Dunkirk in France - began in earnest in 1826.

The Dunkirk Lighthouse at Point Gratiot was built soon after and still stands. Dunkirk served as a minor railroad hub and steamship port on Lake Erie into the early 1900s. Both freight and passenger ships traveled the lakes.

The city has been the site of the Chautauqua County Fair during the summer for more than 140 years, with the fairgrounds in use for sporadic events and functions at other points in the year.

A major employer in Dunkirk in the second half of the 19th century was Brooks Locomotive Works, founded in 1869 by Horatio G. Brooks. The Brooks plant built almost 4,000 steam locomotives, for which they won several awards at international exhibitions, and a few of their locomotives were hailed as the fastest and largest locomotives in the world. Brooks Locomotive Works was merged into American Locomotive Company in 1901. The homestead of Horatio G. Brooks became the Brooks Memorial Hospital following a donation by Brooks's daughter in 1898.

The city thrived as a steel town for Roebling and others through the 1950s. In addition, it was a manufacturing leader with Plymouth Tube and Ralston Purina. Its coal-burning Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation plant provided power for the region. The plant was mothballed in 2016, negatively impacting Dunkirk's tax base. NRG Energy acquired the plant and proceeded with plans to convert it from coal-burning to run on natural gas. Since the 1970s, population has declined following a regional drop in manufacturing as the steel industry and other restructured. Overall employment has declined in the area.

Dunkirk gained international recognition in 1946 for the Dunkirk-to-Dunkerque campaign. It was a humanitarian assistance program for its namesake and sister city, Dunkerque, France, which had been devastated in World War II. Dunkirk-to-Dunkerque became the model for similar relief efforts in cities elsewhere in the United States.

Beginning in the 1980s, the city refocused its economic efforts on revitalizing its pier and fishing, to improve the quality of life for residents and attract more tourists. In addition, in 2016 it attracted a high-tech drug manufacturing project as part of business related to the state project of area investment called the "Buffalo Billion."

In 2016, Willie Rosas, a former law enforcement officer, became the first Hispanic to be elected mayor in the State of New York.

Geography
Dunkirk lies on the southeastern shore of Lake Erie and is 45 mi southwest of Buffalo.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.8 sqkm, of which 11.7 sqkm is land and 0.1 sqkm, or 1.10%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 12,563 people, 5,477 households, and 3,690 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,774.6 people per square mile (1,119.2 per km2). There were 6,071 housing units at an average density of 1,340.6 per square mile (517.4 per km2). The city's racial makeup of the city was 65.70% White, 5.1% Black or African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.50 Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 9.14% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26.40% of the population.

There were 5,477 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.4% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,313, and the median income for a family was $35,058. Males had a median income of $29,462 versus $21,682 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,482. About 18.5% of families and 22.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.0% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education

 * A branch of Jamestown Community College is in Dunkirk.
 * Dunkirk High School, home of the Marauders, is part of the public Dunkirk City School District.
 * Northern Chautauqua Catholic School is a K-8th grade school under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo.

Media

 * The Observer newspaper is published in Dunkirk.
 * WDOE AM radio station in Dunkirk, co-owned with Fredonia FM sister station, WBKX.

Transportation

The Chautauqua County/Dunkirk Airport, in the town of Dunkirk, provides training facilities and charter services.

Freight railroad service in Dunkirk is provided by CSX Transportation (via the Buffalo-Cleveland-Willard (Ohio)-Chicago Main Line) and Norfolk Southern Railway (Buffalo-Cleveland-Fort Wayne-Chicago Main Line). The Lake Shore Limited daily Amtrak passenger train passes through the city but does not stop. Erie Railroad and New York Central trains stopped at one station. Nickel Plate and Pennsylvania Railroad trains stopped at another station. As recently as 1968 the New York Central operated a Buffalo-Chicago daytime train, #51, the former Empire State Express, that made a stop westbound in Dunkirk. Two other daily trains eastbound stopped in Dunkirk, #64 and #90, the former Chicagoan. In the late 1990s Amtrak considered adding the city as a stop between Buffalo and Erie. Dunkirk was listed as a stop with service "to commence on a date to be announced" on several timetables, but the stop was never added.

The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) passes through the southern edge of the city, with access from Exit 59 (NY Route 60) just east of the city limits. The Thruway leads northeast 42 mi to the outskirts of Buffalo and southwest 28 mi to the Pennsylvania border. New York State Route 5 runs through the center of the city, leading northeast 9 mi to Silver Creek and southwest 18 mi to Westfield. New York State Route 60 runs from Dunkirk south, heading toward Jamestown, New York.

Public safety
The city of Dunkirk has its own police force under the leadership of Police Chief David Ortolano. It employs full-time officers and part-time dispatchers for the police department only.

Dunkirk has a paid fire department under the leadership of Fire Chief Mike Edwards. There are three stations throughout the city staffed by the cities 24 Firefighter/EMT's. The firefighters belong to IAFF Local 616, the union for the city's firefighters.

As of 2011, Dunkirk Fire started handling 90 percent of EMS transports and billing accordingly. Alstar Ambulance still has a reduced contract with the city for advanced life support when needed. In recent years, Dunkirk Fire's dispatching merged with the county dispatch center in Mayville but still maintains its FCC ID of KED 653.

Alstar Ambulance has its north county satellite station on Monroe Street in Dunkirk just southwest of NY 60. Dispatching is still controlled by the main station in Jamestown via MEDCOM. Several transportable units are housed here. There is a fenced-in and pre-lit landing pad on the property for any medevac needing to use the landing pad.

Notable people

 * Samuel Hopkins Adams, author
 * Edna A. Boorady, lawyer and diplomat
 * Mark Brazill, creator of That '70s Show
 * Horatio G. Brooks founder of Brooks Locomotive Works
 * June Card, operatic soprano and stage director
 * William L. Carpenter, U.S. Army officer, geologist
 * Richard H. Cosgriff, Union Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor
 * Dave Criscione, retired Major League Baseball catcher
 * Celestine Damiano, former Bishop of Camden
 * Katharine Bement Davis, social reformer
 * Mike DiMuro, MLB umpire
 * Ray DiMuro, retired MLB umpire
 * Francis S. Edwards, former US congressman
 * Mike Friedman, pro-racing cyclist
 * Daniel G. Garnsey, former US congressman
 * Dave Graf, retired NFL linebacker
 * Grasshopper, guitarist and songwriter for seminal alternative rock band Mercury Rev
 * Ross Graves, former New York politician
 * Chad Green, former minor league baseball player
 * H. B. Halicki, director of Gone in 60 Seconds and The Junkman; born in Dunkirk
 * Norm Hitzges, host on Sportsradio 1310 AM and 96.7 FM the Ticket in the Dallas-Fort-Worth area and Texas Radio Hall of Famer
 * Thomas Horan, a Medal of Honor Recipient at the battle of Gettysburg (1863) during the Civil War, was born in Dunkirk in 1839 and died 1902. His grave is at Saint Mary's Cemetery in Dunkirk.
 * Jerry Interval, portrait photographer
 * Teresa Jordan, geologist at Cornell University
 * Richard P. Klocko, Air Force lieutenant general, command pilot, director of Defense Communications Agency
 * John T. McDonough, former Secretary of State of New York
 * Sean Patrick McGraw, country music artist
 * Jim McGuire, former MLB player
 * Mark Merchant, retired minor league baseball player
 * Cindy Miller, pro golfer
 * Van Miller, play-by-play announcer for the Buffalo Bills and WIVB-TV sportscaster
 * Chris Poland, former guitarist of thrash metal band Megadeth
 * Gar Samuelson, former drummer of thrash metal band Megadeth
 * William J. Scheyer, Major general in the Marine Corps during World War II
 * Murray Shelton, member of the College Football Hall of Fame
 * Wendy Corsi Staub, New York Times best selling author
 * Grace Hyde Trine, writer, lecturer, dramatic reader
 * Elisha Ward, former New York state senator
 * Cory Wells, One of three lead singers of the band Three Dog Night

title: Dunkirk, New York


text:
Ripley (CDP), New York

Ripley is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Ripley in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the CDP was 872, out of a total town population of 2,415.

Ripley is located on U.S. Route 20 and Interstate 90 in the northeast corner of the town. Ripley is a few miles east of the Pennsylvania border.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census, the CDP has a total area of 3.55 sqkm, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,030 people, 418 households, and 285 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 753.0 PD/sqmi. There were 455 housing units at an average density of 128.2 persons/km2 (332.6 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.35% White, 0.29% African American, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.55% of the population.

There were 418 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,125, and the median income for a family was $37,188. Males had a median income of $28,125 versus $24,135 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,966. About 8.0% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under the age of 18 and 20.0% ages 65 or older.

title: Ripley (CDP), New York


text:
Ripley, New York

Ripley is a town on Lake Erie in the westernmost part of Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 2,310 at the time of the 2020 census. The town was named after Eleazer Wheelock Ripley, a general in the War of 1812. There are no incorporated villages in the town, but there is one census-designated place: the hamlet of Ripley. The town is perhaps best known as being the western terminus of the New York State Thruway.

History
Ripley was first settled circa 1804 in the vicinity of Ripley village. The town was established in 1817 from part of the town of Portland.

Much of the economy of the town in recent years has been based on growing fruit, especially Concord grapes.

Notable people

 * Richard Theodore Ely, economist
 * B.F. Goodrich, founder of the popular rubber company
 * Charles Mann Hamilton, former US congressman
 * Dudley Marvin, former US congressman
 * Joseph A. McGinnies, former New York state assemblyman
 * Edward Orton Sr., first president of the Ohio State University

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 126.6 sqkm, of which 126.3 sqkm is land and 0.3 sqkm, or 0.21%, is water.

The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90), US 20, NY 5, and NY 76 pass through the town.

Adjacent towns and areas
(Clockwise)
 * Lake Erie [[Image:North.svg]]
 * Westfield [[Image:Boxed East arrow.svg]]
 * Mina [[Image:South.svg]]
 * North East Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania [[Image:West.svg]]

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,636 people, 1,004 households, and 722 families residing in the town. The population density was 53.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,211 housing units at an average density of 9.6 persons/km2 (24.7 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 98.25% White, 0.19% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 0.99% from two or more races. 1.44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,004 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% were married couples living together, 7.7% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,237, and the median income for a family was $37,083. Males had a median income of $28,278 versus $23,359 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,652. 10.3% of the population and 7.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 12.1% are under the age of 18 and 9.9% are 65 or older.

Communities and locations in Ripley

 * East Ripley – A small hamlet on Route 20 in the northeastern corner of the town between Forsyth and Ripley
 * Forsyth – A hamlet on Route 20 in the northeastern corner of the town
 * Minnegar Corners – A hamlet at the junction of Greenbush (Route 76) and Noble roads near the eastern town line
 * Raters Corners – A location in the southeastern part of the town on County Road 22
 * Ripley – The hamlet of Ripley, located on Route 20 in the north central part of the town. This community was once known as "Quincy."
 * Ripley Beach – A location on the shore of Lake Erie, north of Forsyth
 * Sheldon Corners – A location in the southeastern part of the town on County Road 22
 * Shore Haven – a hamlet on the shore of Lake Erie and the eastern town line
 * South Ripley – A hamlet in the southwestern part of the town on County Road 6
 * State Line – a hamlet at the Pennsylvania-New York boundary on Route 20
 * Wattlesburg – A hamlet in the center of the town, south of Ripley village

Notable people

 * William Avery Cochrane, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Richard T. Ely, economist and author
 * Benjamin Goodrich, industrialist and businessman in the rubber industry
 * John H. Haight resting place, soldier in the American Civil War
 * Charles Mann Hamilton, politician who represented New York's 43rd congressional district
 * Bruce Johnstone, New Zealand-born jazz baritone saxophone player
 * Dudley Marvin, politician who represented New York's 26th and 31st congressional district
 * Joseph A. McGinnies, businessman and politician
 * William Spencer Newbury, politician who served as the 23rd mayor of Portland, Oregon

title: Ripley, New York


text:
Sherman (village), New York

Sherman is a village in the town of Sherman, Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The village lies in the northern part of the town at intersections of County Routes 15 and 18, NY-76 and NY-430. The population was 681 at the 2020 census.

History
The village of Sherman was incorporated in 1890. Sherman was named for Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. The first settler was Dearing Dorman. A granite monument exists at the site of his original settlement on what is now known as Titus Road.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.2 sqkm, all land.

Sherman is the westernmost incorporated place in New York.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 714 people, 287 households, and 198 families residing in the village. The population density was 860.4 PD/sqmi. There were 316 housing units at an average density of 380.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.90% White, 0.28% Native American, 0.42% Asian, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.42% of the population.

There were 287 households, out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,583, and the median income for a family was $37,857. Males had a median income of $26,645 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,266. About 7.2% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.7% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

Schools
Sherman has only one school, Sherman Central School, covering pre-school grades through grade 12. There are about 550 enrolled students in total, with an approximate graduating class of 40 students, and an attendance rate of 97%. The student ethnicity is 99% White/non-Hispanic, and 1% Black/non-Hispanic. The average student / teacher ratio is 14:1, and the average years of experience for the teachers is 13 years.

title: Sherman (village), New York


text:
Sherman, New York

Sherman is a town in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. It is an interior town in the county, west of Chautauqua Lake. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 1,618. The town contains the village of Sherman.

History
The area was first settled around 1823. The town of Sherman was formed in 1824 from the town of Mina.

The source of the town's name is Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 94.3 sqkm, of which 93.9 sqkm is land and 0.3 sqkm, or 0.36%, is water.

The Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86 and New York State Highway 17) passes across the north part of the town. Access is from Exit 6 on the south side of Sherman village.

Adjacent towns and areas
(Clockwise)
 * Westfield; Chautauqua [[Image:North.svg]]
 * North Harmony [[Image:Boxed East arrow.svg]]
 * Clymer [[Image:South.svg]]
 * Mina [[Image:West.svg]]

Regular events

 * The Brushwood Folklore Center in Sherman plays annual host to the Sirius Rising pagan festival and spent many years hosting the Starwood Festival before it was moved to Wisteria in Athens, Ohio.
 * The Great Blue Heron Music Festival has been held in Sherman every July since 1992. The festival grounds expanded into other events including the Night Lights Music Festival (Electronic Music) in 2011 and the Great Rhythm Revival. They have also held a Bluegrass Festival in 2015 and a Farm Conference in 2018.
 * Sherman Day is the first Saturday in August.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,553 people, 546 households, and 400 families residing in the town. The population density was 42.8 PD/sqmi. There were 631 housing units at an average density of 17.4 per square mile (6.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.88% White, 0.32% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.19% of the population.

There were 546 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.2% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.36.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,969, and the median income for a family was $39,083. Males had a median income of $26,121 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,947. About 9.5% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in the town

 * Sherman – A village in the north part of the town.
 * Slab City – A hamlet in the west part of the town on Route 15.
 * Stebbins Corners – A location at the eastern town line at the Route 18 and 25 junction.
 * Wait Corners – A location in the eastern part of the town at Bailey Hill and Wait Corners Roads.

Notable people

 * Jay LaDue member of the New York Senate
 * Jerome B. Miller, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

title: Sherman, New York


text:
Westfield (village), New York

Westfield is a village in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 2993 at the 2020 census. The village lies within the town of Westfield in the northern part of the county.

The village is known as the "Grape Juice Capital of the World" because it lies roughly in the geographical center of 30000 acre of vineyards, most of which are the Concord grapes from which grape juice is produced, for years was corporate headquarters for the Welch's Grape Juice company, and is still home to a Welch's processing plant and other grape-related manufacturers.

Significant institutions in the village include the McClurg Mansion, Westfield Memorial Hospital, Westfield Academy, and the Patterson Library.

History
The community was settled in 1802 and was formerly known as "Crossroads". The village of Westfield was incorporated in 1833. The discovery of a pasteurization method for grape juice made by the Welch family promoted the production of grapes for this purpose in this region.

It was here in 1861 that Abraham Lincoln met a little girl named Grace Bedell, who, during the preceding year's Presidential campaign, urged Lincoln by letter to grow his beard out fully as an attempt to improve his chances at being elected. Lincoln responded by brief letter thanking Grace for the suggestion. He made no promises but shortly afterwards allowed his beard to grow, and by the time he began his inaugural journey by train from Illinois to Washington, D.C., he had a full beard. The trip took him through New York State, and included a stop in Westfield, where thousands gathered to meet the President-Elect. Lincoln asked by name to meet Grace Bedell.

The February 19, 1861, edition of the New York World recounted the meeting as follows: ''"At Westfield an interesting incident occurred. Shortly after his nomination Mr. Lincoln had received from that place a letter from a little girl, who urged him, as a means of improving his personal appearance, to wear whiskers. Mr. Lincoln at the time replied, stating that although he was obliged by the suggestion, he feared his habits of life were too fixed to admit of even so slight a change as that which letting his beard grow involved. To-day, on reaching the place, he related the incident, and said that if that young lady was in the crowd he should be glad to see her. There was a momentary commotion, in the midst of which an old man, struggling through the crowd, approached, leading his daughter, a girl of apparently twelve or thirteen years of age, whom he introduced to Mr. Lincoln as his Westfield correspondent. Mr. Lincoln stooped down and kissed the child, and talked with her for some minutes. Her advice had not been thrown away upon the rugged chieftain. A beard of several months' growth covers (perhaps adorns) the lower part of his face. The young girl's peachy cheek must have been tickled with a stiff whisker, for the growth of which she was herself responsible."''

Today there is a small park in Westfield commemorating this meeting, on the site of the previous "Grand Theatre" movie house.

The celebrated author of juvenile adventure novels, Charles Austin Fosdick, better known by his pen name, Harry Castlemon, lived in Westfield for most of his adult life and is buried in the Westfield Cemetery. He was the most-read author for boys in the post-Civil War era.

Geography
Westfield is at the second westernmost exit on Interstate 90 (the New York State Thruway) before it reaches the Pennsylvania border. It is a short distance north of Chautauqua Lake and the tourist attractions there including Chautauqua Institution.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 9.9 sqkm, all land. The center of Westfield is approximately 1 mi south of the shore of Lake Erie.

The most significant geographical feature in the village is the gorge of Chautauqua Creek, which flows roughly north-south, on the way to Lake Erie, just west of the main intersection in the village (that of Portage Street, NY 394, and Main Street, US 20).

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,481 people, 1,367 households, and 918 families residing in the village. The population density was 914.1 PD/sqmi. There were 1,476 housing units at an average density of 387.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.09% White, 0.40% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 1.81% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.27% of the population.

There were 1,367 households, out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $32,136, and the median income for a family was $43,028. Males had a median income of $30,878 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,828. About 11.1% of families and 17.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 19.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Westfield (village), New York


text:
Westfield, New York

Westfield is a town in the western part of Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 4,513 at the 2020 census. Westfield is also the name of a village within the town, containing 65% of the town's population. This unique town is accompanied by vineyards, gorges and historical buildings.

History
The area was first settled in 1802 by James McMahan, formerly of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. McMahan established a mill near the mouth of Chautauqua Creek, where it empties into Lake Erie. The mill was later dismantled in advance of the War of 1812 to prevent it falling into the hands of the British. Today some of the millstones from McMahan's mill rest outside the Patterson Library in Westfield village.

The town of Westfield was established in 1828 from parts of the towns of Portland and Ripley.

The Barcelona Lighthouse was constructed in 1829 to overlook Barcelona Harbor and aided sailors on Lake Erie until being deactivated in 1859. It was the first lighthouse in the world to be powered by natural gas.

In 1897, the founder of Welch's Grape Juice, Charles E. Welch, moved his company to Westfield from New Jersey to take advantage of the ideal climate for the cultivation of grapes, particularly of Concord grapes. The region soon became noted for the growing of grapes for both wine and grape juice.

An unusually large number of buildings, twenty in all, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, with all but one (the Barcelona Lighthouse, listed in 1972) being listed on the register in fall 1983.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Westfield has a total area of 122.4 sqkm, of which 122.2 sqkm is land and 0.2 sqkm, or 0.14%, is water.

Surrounding towns or areas
(Clockwise)
 * Lake Erie [[Image:North.svg]]
 * Portland; Chautauqua [[Image:Boxed East arrow.svg]]
 * Sherman [[Image:South.svg]]
 * Ripley [[Image:West.svg]]

Chautauqua Creek serves as much of the boundary between Westfield and Chautauqua.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,232 people, 2,075 households, and 1,419 families residing in the town. The population density was 110.8 PD/sqmi. There were 2,493 housing units at an average density of 52.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.98% White, 0.27% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 1.30% from other races, and 0.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.64% of the population.

There were 2,075 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,534, and the median income for a family was $43,156. Males had a median income of $30,203 versus $23,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,738. About 8.8% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.0% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

The economy of the town is primarily agriculture, and the major crop is grapes. The Welch Grape Juice Company has ties to this region.

Transportation
The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90), US 20, NY 5, and NY 394 pass through the town.

CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern both have routes running through Westfield. CSX operates a double-track mainline on the former New York Central "Water Level Route", and Norfolk Southern operates over former Nickel Plate Road, later Norfolk and Western, trackage. Both routes come east out of Cleveland to Buffalo.

As recently as 1967, the New York Central Railroad had a train, Empire State Express, (#51) making a stop westbound in Westfield itself, and the Fifth Avenue-Cleveland Limited (#6) and the Chicagoan (#90) stopping eastbound in Westfield. As recently as January 1968 the New York Central operated a Buffalo-Chicago daytime train, #51, the then former Empire State Express, that made a stop westbound. Two other daily trains eastbound stopped in Westfield, #64 and #90, the then former Chicagoan. Amtrak's Lake Shore Limited passes twice daily on the CSX tracks but does not stop. The closest stops are Erie, to the west, and Buffalo-Depew station, to the east.

Notable people

 * Grace Bedell, girl who suggested to then-candidate Abraham Lincoln that he should grow a beard
 * Francis B. Brewer, US congressman
 * George Emerson Brewer, surgeon, urologist
 * Jimmy Caci, member of the Los Angeles crime family
 * Harry Castlemon, writer
 * Bill Catania, racing driver, entrepreneur, National FFA Organization Vice President
 * Marion Dickerman, vice-principal of the Todhunter School
 * Lou DiMuro, Major League Baseball umpire
 * Charles G. Groat, geologist
 * George W. Patterson, US congressman for the 33rd district and Lieutenant Governor of New York
 * Robert Weathers, former NFL running back
 * Alexander Wilson, former Wisconsin Attorney General
 * John Wrench, mathematician
 * John H. Haight, Medal of Honor recipient in the American Civil War

Communities and locations in Westfield

 * Barcelona – A hamlet located by Barcelona Harbor, a harbor in Lake Erie.
 * Bournes Beach – A community at the mouth of Bournes Creek in the northeast corner of the town.
 * Camp Vernon Airport – A small airfield between I-90 and Route 5 in the northeast corner of the town.
 * Forest Park – A small community on Lake Erie southwest of Barcelona.
 * Hawthorne Park – A lakeside community near Bournes Beach.
 * Lombard – A hamlet located in the western part of the town at the crossing of Lombard, Pigeon, and Parker Roads.
 * Volusia – A hamlet near Chautauqua Creek in the eastern part of the town.
 * Westfield – A village at the junction of Route 394 and Route 20 in the northern part of the town.

title: Westfield, New York


text:
Big Flats (CDP), New York

Big Flats is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) within the town of Big Flats in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 5,277 at the 2010 census, out of a total population in the town of 7,595.

Geography
The Big Flats CDP is located at 42.14509°N, -76.92987°W (42.145087, -76.929869) and occupies the center and northeastern portions of the town of Big Flats. The CDP includes the hamlet of Big Flats in the west-center part of the town and Fisherville near the eastern border, as well as residential subdivisions in the areas between. Elmira Corning Regional Airport is in the CDP, northwest of Fisherville, as is Arnot Mall.

The Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86 and New York State Route 17) crosses the CDP, with access from exits 49, 50, and 51. County Route 64 (Big Flats Road) runs roughly parallel to the expressway, connecting the centers of the hamlets of Big Flats and Fisherville.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 42.4 sqkm, of which 42.2 sqkm is land and 0.2 sqkm, or 0.47%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,482 people, 950 households, and 748 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 634.9 PD/sqmi. There were 968 housing units at an average density of 247.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.17% White, 1.49% Black or African American, 2.01% Asian, 0.32% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.89% of the population.

There were 950 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.1% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 16.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $53,344, and the median income for a family was $54,829. Males had a median income of $44,479 versus $30,190 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,938. About 1.0% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.1% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Big Flats (CDP), New York