text:
Hong Kong Baptist University

Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU) is a public liberal arts university with a Christian education heritage in Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

The university was established as Hong Kong Baptist College with the support of American Baptists, who provided both operating and construction funds and personnel to the school in its early years. It became a public college in 1983. It became Hong Kong Baptist University in 1994.

HKBU has five main campuses: Ho Sin Hang Campus (1966), Shaw Campus (1995), Baptist University Road Campus (1998), Kai Tak Campus (2005), and Shek Mun Campus (2006) for the College of International Education and the Hong Kong Baptist University Affiliated School Wong Kam Fai Secondary and Primary School. The first three campuses are located in the urban heart of Kowloon Tsai, while the Kai Tak Campus is located on Kwun Tong Road and the Shek Mun Campus in the Shek Mun area of Sha Tin District near Shek Mun station.

In 2005, the university established the United International College (UIC) in Zhuhai, Guangdong, China. The college was the first higher education institution founded through collaboration between a Mainland university and a Hong Kong university.

History
The Hong Kong Baptist College was opened on 11 September 1956 on the premises of the Pui Ching Middle School, a Baptist-affiliated secondary school, with an initial enrolment of 152 students. In 1957, the government gave the college land on Waterloo Road to build a permanent campus, which was completed in 1966.

The Hong Kong Baptist College Bill 1983 was passed by the Legislative Council on 10 August 1983. The college previously fell under the purview of the Post Secondary Colleges Ordinance and received funding from the Education Department. After this bill became law, the college instead began to receive funding from the University and Polytechnic Grants Committee.

The third reading of the Hong Kong Baptist College (Amendment) Bill was passed by the Legislative Council on 16 November 1994, transforming the college into the Hong Kong Baptist University.

Emblem
The emblem of Hong Kong Baptist University consists of three pictorial elements: the Bible, waves and knots. The Bible symbolises the unique quality of Christian education which includes moral and spiritual training in addition to academic education. The waves, on the other hand, symbolise both Hong Kong's geographic nature as an island while echoing Confucius' dictum that "the wise love water" and the University's continuing effort to improve its educational quality. The knots, the final symbol, illustrate that within God's embrace, Christians are harmoniously linked and loved.

Logo
The logo, embodying a book and water motifs, was adopted after the institution was granted its university status in 1994. The acronym "BU" coupled with the outlined book on the logo resembles the Chinese characters of welcome (迎) and progress (進), conceptualising the merging of eastern and western cultures. The design of the logo was commended at a design competition held in October 1996. The Hong Kong Designers Association awarded a Certificate of Merit at the Design 96 Show to Kan & Lau Design Consultants for creating the logo.

Governance
Prior to Hong Kong's handover, the colony's governor was the de jure chancellor of the university. That role has been assumed by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong following the handover.

The chief executive's role as the university's Chancellor is enshrined in the Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance.

For a list of pre- and post-handover university chancellors, refer to the articles for the Governor of Hong Kong and the Chief executive of Hong Kong.

Rankings and reputation
HKBU was ranked 281st worldwide by the QS World University Ranking 2023, and 301-350th worldwide by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024. It was previously ranked 111th worldwide in the THE WUR 2011.

The QS Graduate Employability Ranking 2022 placed HKBU at 301-500th worldwide.

Major facilities

The campus is located within Kowloon City.

Academic Community Hall
The Academic Community Hall (AC Hall) is an auditorium located in the university. It was opened in May 1978 with a seating capacity of 1,346. Originally, the first president and co-founder of the university, Dr. Lam Chi-fung, conceived the idea of building a hall for university functions. In 1970, on the occasion of their golden wedding anniversary, Dr. and Mrs. Lam donated half a million dollars towards the construction of the auditorium. A local architect, Eric Cumine, took charge of the project. However, Dr. Lam died the following year before the project got underway. The Board of Governors decided to honour Dr. Lam by expanding the planned auditorium into a much larger scale project – the development of the Lam Chi-fung Memorial Building. As a part of the project, the Academic Community Hall would serve as a cultural centre for the university and its surrounding community, thus providing a direct link between town and gown.

Communication and Visual Art Building
The Communication and Visual Art Building is located in 5 Hereford Road, Kowloon Tong. The building was built for the School of Communication and Academy of Visual Arts.

Library
HKBU Library is an essential component of the University, providing academic resources, support for learning, and research assistance to the HKBU community. It was established concurrently with the founding of Hong Kong Baptist College in 1956. As the institution grew and became a full-fledged university in 1994, the library expanded its collections and services.

The College’s first library was called the Bessie Fleming Library, after the wife of donor William Fleming. In 1975 the Lui Ming Choi Library was added and became the circulating library, while the Bessie Fleming Library became a reference library. In December 1984 the Fong Shu Chuen Library was opened. In 1995, the Au Shue Hung Memorial Library (AML) replaced the Fong Shu Chuen Library as the main library serving the University. This library now houses most of the collection and study areas. Apart from the AML, there are three branch libraries: the European Documentation Centre (established in 1996), the Dr. Stephen Riady Chinese Medicine Library (opened in 2001), and the Shek Mun Campus Library (opened in 2006). With the advent of the digital era, HKBU Library has placed more emphasis on electronic resources to facilitate learning and research. The physical collection has been gradually reduced in size, while investments in digital information resources including through digitization have been increased. In recent years, the library has committed to accelerating research and knowledge transfer by fostering an open access culture and enhancing the visibility of HKBU research output.

Lo Siu Tong College
The Lo Siu Tong College building is under construction.

Students' residences
The Student Residence Halls of HKBU are located at the Baptist University Road campus:
 * Ching-Ling Soong Hall, (C.L. Soong Hall) (宋慶齡堂)
 * Chen-Ning Yang Hall, (C.N. Yang Hall) (楊振寧堂)
 * Shu-Ren Zhou Hall, (S.R. Zhou Hall) (周樹人堂)
 * Yuan-Pei Cai Hall, (Y.P. Cai Hall) (蔡元培堂)

The College of International Education
The College of International Education (CIE), which is under the School of Continuing Education, offers programmes from certificates, higher diplomas, professional diplomas, associate degrees, undergraduate and higher degrees for over 6,300 full-time students and 8,200 part-time students to have the opportunities to pursue further study. CIE has their academic activities mainly in the new Shek Mun Campus (8 On Muk Street, Shek Mun, Sha Tin). The rest of the academic activities are based in Madam Chan Wu Wan Kwai School of Continuing Education Tower on campus, and acquired a 48,000 sq. ft. office in Franki Centre, Kowloon Tong.

title: Hong Kong Baptist University


text:
Talk:Demographic history of Kosovo

Just another piece of Serb propaganda
This article is grossly biased in favour of a Serb nationalist point of view — and lies. As we can see through the maps of the time, most of the territory which is current Kosovo had Albanian-speaking majority. The texts in the article which refute the images of the maps were written by mostly Serbian academics (see the 1985 SANU Memorandum), mostly during the period between the death of Tito in 1980 and the assassination of Zoran Dindic in 2003.--179.153.193.237 (talk) 13:28, 4 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the pointer. I'll try to fix some of it. bobrayner (talk) 20:35, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Antidiskriminator, why did you reinsert unsourced and badly-sourced content with a misleading edit summary? bobrayner (talk) 02:00, 27 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Antidiskriminator, why did you reinsert unsourced and badly-sourced content with a misleading edit summary? bobrayner (talk) 12:02, 28 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Not only this but they use Jagodic as a source, a Serb nationalist, to claim some forcibly movements of Albanians into the territory in the 18th century, mainly a few tribes that revolted and were expelled into areas already Albanian, for example Albanians also inhabited the Eastern part such as the towns, Toplica area, Llapi etc from before these events . There were movements between these Albanian territories. Many Serbs moved in too after 1690, there is no evidence all the refugees came from Kosovo.... These are the statistics according to Malcolm:
 * " Since then I have looked more closely at accounts of the Serb population in central Hungary after 1690. Lists survive of the heads of household of the Serb community in Buda in 1702 and 1720, which in some cases give the person's place of origin. An analysis of these by Dusan Popovié gives the following totals: 70 from Serbia (excluding Kosovo); c.30 from Kosovo; c.20 from Montenegro; 11 from Bosnia; 4 from Macedonia; 1 from Bulgaria. In this sample, therefore, the Serbs from Kosovo make up 22 per cent of the total.*° "
 * They claim all the refugees came from Kosovo which is not even supported by any evidence. Not only this but 30k-40k families when it was actually 30k-40k people, many who came from other areas as even indicated by the statistics. And the ones from Kosovo mainly came from the Eastern part
 * https://archive.org/details/rebels-believers-survivors-studies-in-the-history-of-the-albanians-malcolm-noel-2020/page/141/mode/1up TheCreatorOne (talk) 05:12, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

LOL — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.187.101.241 (talk) 18:14, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 July 2023
Sabrina Ramet misinterpreted the source she used for the claim of:

For 1918 to 1921, Sabrina Ramet cites the estimate that the expulsions of Albanians reduced their numbers from around 800,000 – 1,000,000 within Kosovo down to some 439,500.[107]

The source she used for that claim is "Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1984), 298" which reads:

"Indeed, the official census reports on Albanians probably halved their number (reducing it from approximately 8oo,ooo-1 million people to 441,740 in the preliminary report on the 1921 census and to 439,657 in the final report)"

It's a pretty big difference, so I think the passage should be replaced by the original claim, coming from Ivo Banac. Doireidh (talk) 10:16, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

 * without proper context, anyone reading the two statements would struggle to spot the difference. Would you mind elaborating? Thanks. M.Bitton (talk) 15:38, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.
 * I don't get it either. The original citation doesn't explicitly say the halving took place over 1918-1921, but it's implied by the preceding discussions of Serbian military operations beginning in 1918. The relevant page of Banac (1984) is viewiable on Google Books, so I added that citation in line with the Ramet cite, and also added the book to the Reference section. Closing this until OP can give more precise request. Xan747 (talk) 23:30, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

Interesting
Interesting how you claim there were only Vlachs but Albanians only appeared, secondly there is no evidence of any Serbs in this territory until the 12th-13th century, we got countless of linguists that argue ancient names like Nish, Shtip, Shkup etc are from Albanian. It should be allowed to show an Albanian continuity instead of removing it because it doesn't suit your propaganda, the claim about Serbian scholars in the 11th century is nothing but speculation considering Serbs were definitely not the inhabitants of the region during that period and definitely should be removed. We got plenty of toponyms in the Nish area which shows an Albanian presence since the medieval period, We got in the Shkupi area Albanian presence since the medieval period etc. I wonder why do you keep removing this ? Not to mention Albanians were expelled from that same area in Nish. Secondly the so called Great migration of Serbs 1690 is just an invention, it was a war and affected all populations and there were movements from both sides, in and out. The name 'Dardania' is explained in the Albanian languages. Albanians are continiously mentioned in this territory since the Serb occupation and Ottoman occupation. The whole page is made up to make it seem as if Albanians just appeared but Vlachs are supposed to be the indigenous people by the  ... Albanians are mentioned right around the Serb occupation 12th-13th century and there are sources that show this... Also in the Llap region and even Nish-Toplica area where you find Albanian toponyms. Just write when these mentions occurred, don't write ''by the ... '' TheCreatorOne (talk) 11:55, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

1690
That whole 1690 is nothing but an invention from the Serbian part. For example the claim was that 30,000 - 40,000 families left when the patriarch actually said 30,000-40,000 people and many of these, if not most of them, had come from the Belgrade area, secondly later Serb writers interpreted that as 30,000-40,000 families and said all of them had come from Kosovo without any evidence. Not only this but they claimed they came from the towns which were in fact mostly Muslim Albanian. They claim there was a massive migration from an area that was Albanian even back then and Muslim. The claim isn't supported by the demographics. Only way one could support such an exodus was the areas of Eastern Kosovo which had a higher proportion of Slavs. And even that does not add up to 30,000-40,000 people (let alone families) considering majority of the refugees listed in Hungary were from what is today Serbia as noted by Malcolm. You also had refugees from other areas. Also persecutions occurred on all populations, especially Catholics, co-religionists of the Austrians. Where is supposedly the evidence on only persecutions of Serbs ? Also completely irrelevant that some tribes from Northern Albania were supposedly settled, these were very few, there were movements in general in a territory that had a large Albanian population. You are manipulating the facts to make it seem like there was a flight of Serbs and settlement of Albanians only. TheCreatorOne (talk) 01:21, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

You are telling nothing but a false version of history
Why did you remove it ? There is nothing that supports what you claim, nor any kind of mass exodus of Serbs out of this territory especially not in an area that was inhabited by Albanians, not only this, but the people who revolted were specefically Albanians .You claim that we should be neutral but what you are telling is nothing but some false version of history and a fairytale where Serbs are favored. You are a bunch of propagandists and it's obvious you are threatened by the truth https://global.oup.com/academic/product/rebels-believers-survivors-9780198857297

This essay examines both the historical facts concerning the migration of Serbs from Kosovo in 1690, and the claims made about that migration by subsequent historians—claims which, 'at their most extreme, suggested that hundreds of thousands of Serbs departed, with huge effects on the ethnic composition of the region. This essay demonstrates that there was no large-scale organized exodus of Serbs under the Serbian Orthodox Patriarch, Arsenije Crnojević: his departure from Kosovo in early 1690 was extremely hasty, and he had not, in any case, been leading organized resistance to the Ottomans. A large number of Serbs did move with the Patriarch to Hungarian territory later in that year; he himself gave their numbers as 30,000 or 40,000. But they had gathered, from many areas, in the Belgrade region, and only a small proportion were from Kosovo itself. One unsupported claim was made many years later, by a Serbian monk, that the Patriarch had brought 37,000 families to Hungary; and in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries many Serb writers interpreted that figure maximally, while also assuming that all those people had come from Kosovo. 'This essay analyses the ideological influences (operating primarily on Serbs within the Habsburg territories in the nineteenth century) that helped to shape that interpretation; it also criticizes excessive claims made by modern Albanian and Turkish historians.

As for tribes being settled, mainly few tribes settled in an area that was inhabited by Albanians. Many Serbs moved into this territory later. They came from Serbia, Montenegro from tribes such as Vasojevic etc. You pretty much remove the truth. I have never in my life seen more pathetic people than you. You removed this part too: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878, That shows a continuity in the Nish area since the medieval period at least.

''In 1660 Çelebi went to Kosovo and referred to the central part of the region as Arnavud (آرناوود) and noted that in Vushtrri its inhabitants were speakers of Albanian or Turkish and few spoke Bosnian. The highlands around the Tetovo, Peja and Prizren areas Çelebi considered as being the "mountains of Arnavudluk". '''Çelebi referred to the "mountains of Peja" as being in Arnavudluk (آرناوودلق) and considered the Ibar river that converged in Mitrovica as forming Kosovo's border with Bosnia. He viewed the "Kılab" or Llapi river as having its source in Arnavudluk (Albania) and by extension the Sitnica as being part of that river. Çelebi also included the central mountains of Kosovo within Arnavudluk. '

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi

What persecution of Serbs are you talking about ? The people that were persecuted were Muslims and Catholic Albanians that revolted. TheCreatorOne (talk) 03:58, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Demographic history of Kosovo


text:
Moore

Moore may refer to:

Language

 * Mooré language, spoken in West Africa

People

 * Moore (surname)
 * List of people with surname Moore
 * Moore Crosthwaite (1907–1989), a British diplomat and ambassador
 * Moore Disney (1765–1846), a senior officer in the British Army
 * Moore Powell (died c. 1573), a Welsh politician
 * Gordon Moore (1929–2023), co-founder of Intel, coined the term "Moore's Law"

Australia

 * Moore, Queensland, a town in the Somerset Region
 * Division of Moore, an electoral division in Western Australia

Greenland

 * Moore Glacier

United Kingdom

 * Moore, Cheshire, England

United States

 * Moore, Idaho
 * Moore, Indiana
 * Moore, Montana
 * Moore, New Jersey
 * Moore, Oklahoma
 * Moore Township, Pennsylvania
 * Moore, South Carolina
 * Moore, Texas
 * Moore, Utah
 * Moore, Washington
 * Moore, West Virginia
 * Moore County, North Carolina
 * Moore County, Tennessee
 * Moore County, Texas
 * Moore Haven, Florida
 * Banning, California, formerly known as Moore City

Australia

 * Moore Theological College, Sydney, Australia

United States

 * Moore Catholic High School, in Staten Island, New York
 * Moore College of Art and Design, in Philadelphia
 * Moore Traditional High School, grades 6–12 school in Louisville, Kentucky

Other uses

 * Moore (lunar crater)
 * Moore's law, the empirical observation that the transistor density of integrated circuits doubles every two years
 * Moore machine, finite state automaton where the outputs are determined by the current state alone in the theory of computation
 * Moore 30, an American sailboat design

title: Moore


text:
Talk:History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)

Work in progress
I do acknowledge that this article has its gaps, as it is a work in progress. The gaps (especially domestic mobilization for the Cold War, and major events in the Cold War) will be filled shortly. 172

Article section: "Perestroika, Glasnost, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union"
''The piece below (the whole section) is cut out from the body, since it almost letter-to-letter duplicates Collapse of the Soviet Union. Mikkalai 19:50, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)''

 Gorbachev has accused Boris Yeltsin, his old rival and Russia's first post-Soviet president, of tearing the country apart out of a desire to advance his own personal interests.

Gorbachev instituted a number of political reforms under the name of Glasnost, these included relaxing censorship and political repression, reducing the powers of the KGB and democratisation. The reforms were intended to break down resistance against Gorbachev's economic reforms, by conservative elements within the Communist Party. Under these reforms, much to the alarm of party conservatives. Competitive elections were introduced for the posts of officials (by people within the communist party).

Gorbachev's relaxation of censorship and attempts create more political openness. However had the unintended effect of re-awakening long suppressed nationalist and anti-Russian feelings in the Soviet Union's constituent republics. During the 1980s calls for greater independence from Moscow's rule grew louder, this was especially marked in the Baltic Republics of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, which had been annexed into the Soviet Union by Stalin in 1940. Nationalist feeling also took hold in other Soviet republics such as the Ukraine and Azerbaijan. These nationalist movements were strengthened greatly by the declining Soviet economy, whereby Moscow's rule became a convenient scapegoat for economic troubles. Gorbachev had accidentally unleashed a force that would ultimately destroy the Soviet Union.

On February 15, 1989, Soviet forces completed their withdrawal from Afghanistan. The Soviet Union continued to support the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan with substantial aid until the end of 1991. In 1989 the communist governments of the Soviet Union's satellite states were overthrown one by one with feeble resistance from Moscow.

By the late 1980s the process of openness and democratisation began to run out of control, and went far beyond what Gorbachev had intended. In elections to the regional assemblies of the Soviet Union's constituent republics, nationalists swept the board. As Gorbachev had weakened the system of internal political repression, the ability of the USSR's central Moscow government to impose its will on the USSR's constituent republics had been largely undermined.

On February 7, 1990 the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agreed to give up its monopoly of power. The USSR's constituent republics began to assert their national sovereignty over Moscow, and started a "war of laws" with the central Moscow government, in which the governments of the constituent republics repudiated all-union legislation where it conflicted with local laws, asserting control over their local economies and refusing to pay tax revenue to the central Moscow government. This strife caused economic dislocation, as supply lines in the economy were broken, and caused the Soviet economy to decline further.

Gorbachev made desperate and ill-fated attempts to assert control, notably in the Baltic Republics, but the power and authority of the central government had been dramatically and irreversibly undermined. On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared independence and pulled out of the union. However, a large part of the population of the Lithuanian SSR comprised ethnic Russians, and the Red Army had a strong presence there. The Soviet Union initiated an economic blockade of Lithuania and kept troops there "to secure the rights of ethnic Russians." In January 1991, clashes between Soviet troops and Lithuanian civilians occurred, leaving 20 dead. This further weakened the Soviet Union's legitimacy, internationally and domestically. On March 30, 1990, the Estonian supreme council declared Soviet power in Estonia since 1940 to have been illegal, and started a process to re-establish Estonia as an independent state.

Also amongst Gorbachev's reforms, was the introduction of a directly elected president of the RSFR (Russia). The election for this post was held in June 1991. The populist candidate Boris Yeltsin, who was an outspoken critic of Mikhail Gorbachev won 57% percent of the vote, and humiliated Gorbachev's preferred candidate, Former Prime Minister Ryzhkov, who won just 16% of the vote.

On August 20, 1991, the republics were to sign a new union treaty, making them independent republics in a federation with a common president, foreign policy and military. However, on August 18, a group of Gorbachev's ministers led by Gennadi Yaneyev, backed by the KGB and military, staged a coup d'état. Gorbachev was held prisoner in his summer residence on the Crimean peninsula (Ukraine), and martial law was declared in Russia on August 19. Large groups of soldiers controlled Moscow, but no politicians were arrested. During this time, Estonia declared its independence on August 20.

Boris Yeltsin and the semi-democratically elected Russian parliament opposed the coup, and the coup makers gave up on August 21, the same day that the third Baltic Republic, Latvia, declared its independence. Immediately after the coup had failed, and before Mikhail Gorbachev returned to Moscow, the power vacuum was filled by Boris Yeltsin, Boris Yeltsin immediately signed a decree banning the Communist party throughout Russia, this ban was soon extended throughout the Soviet Union. Thus 70 years of Communist rule effectively came to an end.

On December 21, 11 of the 12 remaining republics (all except Georgia) founded the Commonwealth of Independent States, effectively ending the USSR. On December 25, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as president, and on December 26 the Supreme Soviet officially dissolved the USSR.

Article section: "Conclusions: the post-Communist transition"
IMO this section must go away as well, since the topic is covered in much greater datail in History of post-communist Russia.

One may consider puting brief summaries into the two sections instead of their texts, for cohesiveness. Mikkalai 20:02, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

--

The best way to resolve this problem is to get rid of these part 1 and part 2 articles and use dates. How about History of Russia and the Soviet Union (1917-1927) framed by the Great October Socialist Revolution and Stalin's consolidation of power, History of the Soviet Union (1927-1953) on the Stalin years, History of the Soviet Union (1953-1985 ending before Gorbachev, and History of the Soviet Union (1985-1981). We can move the content in Collapse of the Soviet Union to a new article on 1985-1991. We should do this regardless, duplicate material notwithstanding, given that all the other history series (U.S., Germany, Brazil, etc.) are organized chronologically. 172 20:04, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

TDC,

Re: "...although the Soviet Union still lagged far behind its western rivals."

I know this is true; anyone living on this planet knows that this is true. But we're going to have to be more specific (i.e. what's lagging?). Growth rates (which wouldn't be the case overall throughout the first couple of decades of planning for the most part)? Levels of development? If so, what indicators of development? Really, one can go on forever listing ways to go about comparing development. That's a whole other field in and of itself. 172 18:39, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Re "...in general standard of living."

This is getting better, but I'm still trying to figure out a way we can be more specific.
 * Better yet, it's too complicated to draw this comparision in a single sentence, esp. given that the Soviets were starting off at a much lower level of development. The vastly different economic structures don't make for easy, quick comparisions either.

 * Instead, it would probably be better for our purposes to note that growth rates began to stagnate next to the West in the '70s. 172 19:49, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Then do so. Stop just reverting other users' contributions; it's obnoxious.  -- VV 22:26, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * So this is coming from someone whose user history looks like a directory of WP revert wars since 8/6/03? I can't find evidence of having written any articles among the hundreds, perhaps thousands, of summaries reading "rv." Oh yeah, it's obnoxious.

 * Now in all seriousness, I don't think mentioning that comparision toward the end of that very section is really important; there's already an entire section (written by me, incidentally) dealing with the topic. But if you yearn for a unfavorable comparison of the USSR next to the West situated in that particular part of the article and your emotional well-being depends on it, please write it yourself. I cannot do this, given that I'm not privy to your thoughts. I'm not going to stop you if it's accurate and logical. 172 00:54, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Afghanistan
Nothing about Afghanistan in the Brezhnev's article.--Nixer 11:37, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Khrushchev & Terror
Any mention of Khrushchev's end to the arbitrary terror of the Stalinist Era... I'm wary of inserting into an article this long. Either way, it is significant - that a coup was possible against him, and that this coup was bloodless was diametrically opposite to the purge of political rivals under Stalin. Khrushchev himself said, 'The fear's gone. That's my contribution'.

Releases from the Gulag
In the third paragraph it is said that the number of prisoners in gulag declined from 13 to 5 million people, but when I used this information in a seminar at school I was told to be wrong - the numbers were 2.5 to something half of it. That the numbers here are exaggerated... Although I do study history this is not my major, so someone more versed in this should look it up from a trusty source.

 * Same number as above (2.4 mil) is quoted on the GULAG page. See the part of the article concerning pre-dissolution years. - Peter Vasiljev (talk)

Image copyright problem with Image:Brezhnev.jpg
The image Image:Brezhnev.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --23:08, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

1956 Hungarian uprising casualties
The article notes that during the 1956 Hungarian uprising "About 25,000 to 50,000 Hungarian insurgents and 7,000 Soviet troops were killed", therefore contradicting the actual 1956 Hungarian uprising article. Can anyone confirm these figures? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bokskar (talk • contribs) 01:28, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Marwan?
Why is Kruzchev's name appear as Marwan throughout the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.162.148.215 (talk) 06:32, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Khrushchev and Censorship
I'm just a layman so don't like to edit anything, but in the paragraph talking about Khrushchev's relaxing of censorship in the arts it kind of gives the impression that all repression of artistic expression was voluntary on the part of the artists and authors. I don't mean to suggest that any of the information here is inaccurate: of course people didn't want to get into trouble. It just seems to me that there ought to be another sentence here explaining that censorship was still very active in the USSR during this time, and this is what lead to artists still conforming to the state, eg Pasternak not collecting his Nobel Prize due to threats from the gvmt. I recognise that this is covered more in depth in Khrushchev's article, but surely a little bit of clarification here couldn't hurt, if anyone has the time or patience to add it in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.172.38.190 (talk) 12:14, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Local revolts in 1954?
A recently published book about Russian elite forces, which seems serious, mentions that in May 1954 there would have been revolts in a number of Soviet cities that were crushed and information about them silenced. Cities specifically mentioned are Kingirsk and Dzjezkagansk (N.B. there may be other transcribations of these names). Anyone having any additional information about this?150.227.15.253 (talk) 14:52, 31 October 2016 (UTC)


text:
Talk:History of Russia and the Soviet Union (1917-1927)

==Work in progress I do acknowledge that this article has its gaps, as it is a work in progress. However, at least it's in better shape than part II. 172

Formation of the USSR
Changed the date of the formation of the USSR based on this document, which gives it as December 30, 1922. --dcsohl, December 17, 2003

The Red Terror
User:172, I note you have removed the link to the Red Terror from the article History of Russia and the Soviet Union (1917-1927), This was one of Lenin's most important policies for which there is good historical evidence. Please replace this link. Fred Bauder 15:49, Apr 19, 2004 (UTC)

A quote from Gulag: A History, 'The Red Terror was crucial to Lenin's struggle for power. Concentration camps, the so-called "special camps," were crucial to the Red Terror. They are mentioned in the very first decree on Red Terror...' She footnotes that decree as being titled, "On Red Terror" and as being published in Sbornik, September 5, 1918, page 11.

References for the Red Terror

 * Page 9, Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History, Doubleday, 2003, hardcover, 677 pages, ISBN 0767900561
 * Chapter 3, "The Red Terror", pages 71-80, Courttois, et al, The Black Book of Communism Crimes Terror Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0674076087
 * Articles in Encarta, One entitled Red Terror

Restoring this article
I want to restore this article rather than having it redirect. This period of Soviet history is quite interesting and involved and deserves its own article. Fred Bauder 22:47, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Murray

Murray may refer to:

Businesses

 * Murray (bicycle company), an American manufacturer of low-cost bicycles
 * Murrays, an Australian bus company
 * Murray International Trust, a Scottish investment trust
 * D. & W. Murray Limited, an Australian wholesale drapery business
 * John Murray (publishing house), a British publishing house

Fictional characters

 * Murray Monster, a muppet in Sesame Street
 * Little Murray Sparkles, a cat in Sesame Street
 * Murray (Monkey Island), a character in the video game series
 * Murray (Sly Cooper), a character in the video game series
 * Murray Slaughter, a regular character in The Mary Tyler Moore Show
 * Murray, the mascot of the band Dio
 * Murray, in the 2015 Netflix series Richie Rich
 * Murray, a Hotel Transylvania character
 * Murray the Cop, in Fat Pizza
 * Murray Smith, in Swift and Shift Couriers
 * Mrs Murray the teacher from Little Bill.

People

 * Murray (surname)
 * Murray (given name)

Australia

 * Division of Murray, federal electoral district in Victoria
 * Electoral district of The Murray, an electoral district in the Australian colony of Victoria from 1856 to 1877
 * Murray, Queensland
 * Murray Island, Queensland
 * Murray River, a major river
 * Murrays Road, Logan City, Queensland
 * Murray Street, Perth, Western Australia

United States

 * Murray, Connecticut
 * Murray, Idaho
 * Murray, Indiana
 * Murray, Iowa
 * Murray, Kentucky
 * Murray State University, located in this city
 * Murray State Racers, the school's athletic program
 * Murray, Nebraska
 * Murray, New York
 * Murray, Utah, the largest city with the name in the United States
 * Murray, West Virginia
 * Murray Isle, in the Thousand Islands region of New York
 * Murray Lake (Michigan)

Elsewhere or multi-national

 * Murray County (disambiguation)
 * Murray Island (disambiguation)
 * Lake Murray (disambiguation)
 * Murray Lake (Manitoba), Canada
 * The Murray Marsh, Ontario, Canada
 * Murray River (disambiguation)
 * Murray Township (disambiguation)
 * Murray Monolith, Mac.Robertson Land, Antarctica
 * Murray Channel, between Navarino and Hoste Islands in Chile
 * The Murray, East Kilbride, Scotland, a residential area of East Kilbride

Ships

 * HMS Murray, two Royal Navy ships
 * USS Murray, three US Navy ships
 * The Murray (clipper ship), an English clipper ship launched in 1861

Other uses

 * Murray High School (disambiguation)
 * Murray Building, a 1960s government building in Hong Kong, re-opened in 2018 as The Murray hotel
 * Murray cod, a freshwater fish in Australia
 * Murray polygon, a type of space-filling curve

title: Murray


text:
Talk:Meatball

"World's Largest Meatball" references
The referenced article on sweden.se has no informationon the record-setting events. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.191.230.222 (talk) 09:01, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

Cleanup
There aren't a lot of references here no. It mmust be cleaned up, or we can throw this to the AFD. Also, why is Swedish meatballs specific typed? → A z a  Toth 08:37, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Nah, I changed my mind, I throw it to the AFD so there will be some discussion. → A z a  Toth 08:39, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Stop removing the meatballs plate people!

..But I'm allergic! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.131.64.98 (talk) 00:09, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Friesland section in the list of countries is vandalism — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.54.77.74 (talk) 03:49, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Photo
I may be biased because I took the photo, but I think my image is more appropriate than the one that replaced it. If nothing else, mine had the meatballs more prominently featured. Since I'm not neutral here, I'll leave it for others to decide. —Chowbok 02:27, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. For the first and most prominent photo in the article, it would make sense to use a photo which prominently features meatballs.  Looking at the picture and the caption, you would still have to read the article to figure out that the meatballs are the reason the picture is there.  For such a simple concept, the picture should be able to stand on its own. PubliusFL 17:38, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The Koettbullar stockholm2006 image isn't great, because the meatballs are cut off, but it may be useful to show the typical accompaniments. --Macrakis 18:24, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Guy holding the meatballs pic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Meatballs.jpg

If American Meatballs are generally larger than Italian metballs then I'd imagine American Meatballs would be the size of a volleyball. very misleading. i assume that they are american meatballs and the person in said picture is american. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Matstars (talk • contribs).
 * This photograph is very obviously edited to add the meatballs. It seems like replacing it with a more appropriate image would be a good idea. —Leftmostcat 18:54, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Swedish/Finnish
I see no difference between the description of Swedish and Finnish meatballs at all. Indeed we probably had meatballs while Finland was a part of Sweden... I find that section difficult to handle. It is kind of ridiculous to expect every country to have their own variant of meatballs. // habj 09:38, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yah, there is no difference between them :-) Jotunn (talk) 15:59, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Also, it says traditional Swedish meatballs are one half inch in diameter. That sounds really small, ive never seen them that small. I mean, they are bigger than grapes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.120.65.180 (talk) 20:57, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Swedes must have copied the meatballs. There is no reason to expect they were invented in Sweden. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.148.29.104 (talk) 15:58, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

or see MeatballWiki for the article about the wiki about communities.
Y'wot?:) Could someone who knows what is trying to be said rephrase that obscene sentance at the very top of the page to make sense?

Meatballs and spaghetti dish popular in UK?!
The US Italian-style dish of spaghetti with meatballs is in fact almost unheard-of in the UK. Spaghetti bolognese is the most common pasta/sauce combination and has been a popular home-cooked meal since the 1960s, after its introduction to the public in cafes run by Italian post-war immigrants. There was comparitively very little Italian immigration to the UK before this, so the conditions did not exist for the food to develop in the same way it did in the USA (as a result of large numbers of immigrants at the turn of the 20th c.). I've altered the statement piece in the article (viz. that it is a common US/US dish) as it is so very incorrect. Plutonium27 (talk) 00:20, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Please do not make generalised statements for an entire nation - as a born and bred British citizen myself, spaghetti and meatballs is one of my favourite dishes and was a popular option for school dinners. Either homemade or served from a can, this may not be as common in the UK as it is in the USA, but it is by no means 'unheard-of'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.179.101.136 (talk) 10:02, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
There seems to be multiple regional articles about basically the same thing. Should they all be merged into this one Meatball article? --NJR_ZA (talk) 09:10, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * YES! YES! YES! Kofta is the same. Must be merged! In other case (now) we have incorrect interwiki links. E. g. en:Meatball link to ru:Тефтели, but (!) ru:Тефтели verse link to en:Kofta. --= APh =-- 22:25, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I disagree, some may be the same but Frikadeller are not the same as meatballs, they are cooked in a different way and a different shape as well. 86.10.116.61 (talk) 17:14, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Correct, Frikadeller are different, starting with them not being balls at all. The shape is different.  Meatloaf shares some of the same ingredients, but we don't consider that with meatballs - the shape matters.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by APh (talk • contribs)

 * I support this merger. Obviously things that are not meatballs should not be merged, but minor variants can be included in the main article. DJ Clayworth (talk) 17:17, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Kofta has been merged. Gigs (talk) 19:18, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * No clear concensus. It distinct type meatball. Bagel an ka'ak not merge into Bread just because they be type bread. Same exist here. Ani medjool (talk) 19:24, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Merge that. Meatball is such a generic term, it covers all varieties. Just make sure the differences are explained. Alternative: cut down the Meatball article, then expand the specific articles. --G-41614 (talk) 11:54, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I completely disagree with the merge. Meatballs and Frikadeller are two separate items.  If I wanted to have a meatball I would go to Meatball, when I want Frikadeller I go to Frikadeller.  20:11pm PST January 22, 2011

They are two different things, as a dane I grew up with frikadeller and they are not the same as meatballs. They are made two different ways and with very different ingredients. I can also tell you that the Swedish kodboller is also different than the two other ones. In regards to the picture it is exactly like looking at a big bowl of frikardeller. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DanskeViking (talk • contribs) 21:36, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * In preparation/ingredients, no, they're not much the same, but the main ingredient is still a minced/ground meat which gets shaped into a ball(yes it gets flattened, but still into a ball form at some point) Hell, most of the list of "meatballs" are different in one way or another. Actually, except for how they're cooked, my mothers' meatloaf recipe is about the same as the frikadeller and the picture of the final result is how her home-made hamburgers looked.  Either way the Frikadeller article isn't very large and if merged with Meatballs it is unlikely that it would have just 2-3 lines of mention.   In short, I support the proposed merger.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.201.238.78 (talk) 21:36, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

I disagree with this proposal. Variations on the meatball and other, similar forms of food such as the Frikadeller are unique to different cultures, each deserves their own page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.179.101.136 (talk) 09:53, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

 * If we would merge 'Frikadellen' we could make the same case and merge (ham)'burgers'. Would that make sense? Don't think so.TMCk (talk) 17:34, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

UK Faggots
Can anyone justify the statement that 'A popular brand of meatball, known as John Cowards' can be purchased in supermarkets. I've never heard of the brand. I'd have thought Brains Faggots were much more popular and certainly more notable. Antsnest (talk) 00:16, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Argeed. This silly statment, which sounds more like advertising, and was wrong (Faggots are normaly served in gravy, not tomato, and are nothing like "subway" meatballs) has been removed. Now, can we do something about the description of what they are made of.

I say now, don't go dragging sexuality in to this bro!--24.177.6.38 (talk) 01:16, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

Faggots
"A popular brand of meatball, known as John Cowards, can be bought from local supermarkets, and are based on the "Subway sandwich" type meatball, in a tomato-based, meat-managed sauce." This is wrong. I romoved this, and someone felt they should revert is back. Unless you can provide some proffe that this is true please do not change back. The changes made were to give a little more depth to the artical. It was changed to " A faggot is traditionally made from pig heart, liver and fatty belly meat or bacon minced together, with herbs added for flavouring and sometimes breadcrumbs." in line with the other descriptions.

Again "A popular brand of meatball, known as John Cowards, can be bought from local supermarkets, and are based on the "Subway sandwich" type meatball, in a tomato-based, meat-managed sauce." has been added. Please explain why. This is wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.183.204 (talk) 13:06, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Please also explain why you think these are "test edits" on a subject you know nothing about?

If you have infomation to show this is true please provide evidence —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.183.204 (talk) 13:09, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Please note "If you are undoing an edit that is not vandalism, explain the reason in the edit summary. Do not use the default message only." It is not acceptable to just say something is vandalisum because you don't want to explain an edit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.183.204 (talk) 13:19, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

"Meatballs in America are traditionally extremly high in carbohydrates and low in protein due to process of taking the best from each country. "

I don't understand that line at all.

Totaly confused listings
Hi! This article is absolutely messed up. Either it needs a far more broadly defined new header/title, representing ALL forms of minced meat dishes or it needs to be thoroughly cleaned up.

You can't explain that a meatball is a kind of small roundish chopped meat dish and then stray into the list things like german/austrian Frikadellen/Fleischlaiberl and greek Koefte that are not even close to SMALL or ball-shaped. (A Frikadelle is pretty much the original from which a burger patty derives its size and shape. Totally NOT the same as "Meatballs and spaghetti" and then there are the complicated and only vaguely definable differences to similar dishes like "Hacksteak" (lit. "Minced steak" which can be simply a slice of Meat Loaf or be a single small loaf coming close to some forms of Frikadelle/Boulette. The french use the related name "Beefsteak" for a kind of tartar in roughly the patty shape/size, greek bifteki is cooked again, but with the small distinction of often being filled with goat or sheeps' cheese not much different from a Hacksteak.) Finally... IF you make this into the collective description of all these roughly handsized or smaller dishes out of ground meat, then why are Frikandel (Speciaal) or Cevapcici not part of the list but exceptions? Just having a finger/sausage shape isn't enough of a difference if you have thrown in all sizes of ball, patty and filet shaped minced meat dishes into one and the same category. Even Koefte that ARE in the list are kind of cigar shaped... As i've said... it IS a mess.--5.146.47.110 (talk) 23:20, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

"Small ball"?
My family's usual "Sunday" meatballs (in the Italian-American way, though we're from Montreal) are a fair bit bigger (~3 inches dia.) than the comically small ones at Subway, Ikea and the like, and the ones the caterers do for our events now (aunties used to do it all) are the size of a softball. Does the definition of a meatball necessarily include "small"? Are my family's meatballs not in fact meatballs? Should I start calling them meatglobes? 174.115.100.93 (talk) 19:07, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

Serously
Someone redirected this page to Stupid that’s weird Chronickidneydisease (talk) 22:10, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Slovenia
In Slovenia, a "polpeta" is more like a hamburger patty. The dish with meatballs which is typically served in tomato sauce and with mashed potatoes, which is mentioned in the article, is referred to as "čufti" or "čufte."

Italian influences?
In Brazil, meatballs are called almôndegas, derived from Italian influences -- unsigned

 * Really? What are meatballs called in Italian? 213.106.201.216 (talk) 22:25, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Wiktionary: From Arabic البُنْدُقَة (al-bunduqa, “hazelnut”), from Ancient Greek Ποντικόν κάρυον (Pontikón káruon, “hazelnut”).[1] Compare Spanish albóndiga. --Macrakis (talk) 23:02, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meatball


text:
Morton

Morton may refer to:

People

 * Morton (surname)
 * Morton (given name)

Fictional

 * Morton Koopa, Jr., one of the Koopalings in the Mario franchise
 * A character in the Charlie and Lola franchise
 * A character in the 2008 film Horton Hears a Who!
 * Morton Slumber, a funeral director who assists the diamond smuggling ring in Diamonds Are Forever
 * Morton "Mort" Rainey, an author and the main character of the 2004 film Secret Window

Canada

 * Rural Municipality of Morton, Manitoba, a former rural municipality
 * Morton, Ontario, a community in Rideau Lakes

England

 * Morton, Carlisle, a place in Carlisle, Cumbria
 * Morton, Eden, Cumbria
 * Morton, Derbyshire
 * Morton, Gloucestershire
 * Morton, Isle of Wight
 * Morton, a village in Morton and Hanthorpe parish, Lincolnshire
 * Morton, West Lindsey, Lincolnshire
 * Morton Hall, Lincolnshire
 * Morton, Norfolk (or Morton on the Hill)
 * Morton, Nottinghamshire
 * Morton-on-Swale, North Yorkshire
 * Morton, Shropshire, a location in Oswestry Rural parish, Shropshire
 * Morton, West Yorkshire, a parish

Scotland

 * Morton, Dumfries and Galloway, a civil parish
 * Morton Castle, a seat of the Earls of Morton in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
 * Morton, West Lothian

United States

 * Morton, Illinois, a village
 * Morton, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Morton, Minnesota, a city
 * Morton, Mississippi, a city
 * Morton, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Morton, New York
 * Morton, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a neighborhood
 * Morton, Pennsylvania, a borough
 * Morton, Texas, a city
 * Morton, Washington, a city
 * Lake Morton-Berrydale, Washington, an unincorporated community
 * Morton, Wyoming, an unincorporated community
 * Morton Arboretum, a large plant collection in Lisle, Illinois
 * Lake Morton (Florida), a lake in Florida
 * Lake Morton (Washington), a lake in Washington
 * Morton Township (disambiguation)
 * Morton County (disambiguation)
 * Camp Morton, an American Civil War military training ground and prisoner-of-war camp in Indianapolis, Indiana

Elsewhere

 * Morton Strait, Antarctica
 * Morton National Park, New South Wales, Australia
 * Morton, Vienne, France, a commune

Businesses

 * Morton Frozen Foods
 * Morton's Potato Chips, an American company in the 1960s and 1970s
 * Morton's Restaurant Group, owner and operator of upscale restaurants, including Morton's The Steakhouse
 * Morton Salt
 * Morton (restaurant), a Finnish restaurant chain

Schools

 * Morton College, a community college in Cicero, Illinois
 * Morton High School (disambiguation)

Titles

 * Earl of Morton, a title in the Peerage of Scotland
 * Morton baronets, a title in the Baronetage of England

Other uses

 * Greenock Morton F.C., a Scottish football club
 * Morton Stadium, Santry, Dublin, Ireland
 * Morton station, a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Morton, Pennsylvania
 * USS Morton, a US Navy destroyer
 * Ulmus 'Morton', a variety of elm tree that originated at the Morton Arboretum
 * Morton's neuroma, a medical condition affecting the foot

title: Morton


text:
Bihor County

Bihor County (, Bihar megye) is a county (județ) in western Romania. With a total area of 7544 sqkm, Bihor is Romania's 6th largest county geographically and the main county in the historical region of Crișana. Its capital city is Oradea.

Toponymy
The origin of the name Bihor is uncertain, except that it likely takes its name from an ancient fortress in the current commune of Biharia. It possibly came from vihor, the Serbian and Ukrainian word for "whirlwind" (вихор), or Slavic  biela hora, meaning "white mountain". Another theory is that Biharea is of Daco-Thracian etymology (bi meaning "two" and harati "take" or "lead"), possibly meaning two possessions of land in the Duchy of Menumorut. Another theory is that the name comes from bour, the Romanian term for aurochs (from the Latin word bubalus). The animal once inhabited the lands of northwestern Romania. Under this controversial theory, the name changed from buar to buhar and to Bihar and Bihor.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Bihor County was adopted in 1998, and is a quarterly shield featuring a castle (for the Castle of Bihar), five wheat stalks with a ribbon, and a scroll with the text of Deșteaptă-te, române!, covered with a fess featuring three fish. It was subject to redesign in 2013 after it was discovered by a local teacher that the text on the scroll was erroneously written in Greek, rather than Cyrillic (the original alphabet used to write the poem's text) or the Latin alphabet. The county has no significant history with Greece.

Geography
This county has a total area of 7544 sqkm. In the eastern side of the county there are the Apuseni Mountains, with the highest peak being the Cucurbăta Mare (also known as the Bihor Peak), at 1849 m. The heights decrease westwards, passing through the hills an ending in the Romanian Western Plain – the eastern side of the Pannonian plain.

The county is mainly the Criș hydrographic basin with the rivers Crișul Repede, Crișul Negru, and Barcău the main rivers.

Neighbours

 * Sălaj County, Cluj County, and Alba County in the East.
 * Hungary in the West – Hajdú-Bihar County and Békés County
 * Satu Mare County in the North.
 * Arad County in the South.

History
Prior to World War I, the territory of the county belonged to Austria-Hungary and mostly was contained in the Bihar County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of the war, and the declaration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania, the Romanian Army took control of the county in April 1919, during the Hungarian–Romanian War. The territory of Bihor County was officially transferred to the Kingdom of Romania from Hungary as successor state to Austria-Hungary in 1920 under the Treaty of Trianon. After the administrative unification law in 1925, the name of the county remained as it was, but the territory was reorganized.

In 1938, King Carol II promulgated a new Constitution, and subsequently he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed. Ten ținuturi (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled by rezidenți regali (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") – appointed directly by the king – instead of the prefects. Bihor County became part of Ținutul Crișuri.

In August 1940, under the auspices of Nazi Germany, which imposed the Second Vienna Award, Hungary retook the territory of Northern Transylvania (which included part of the county) from Romania. In October 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and reintegrated it into Romania. Romanian jurisdiction over the entire county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. In September 1950, the county was disestablished by the communist government of Romania and was replaced by the Bihor Region, whose territory comprised an area similar to the old county. Bihor County was re-established in February 1968, when Romania restored the county administrative system.

Economy
Bihor is one of the wealthiest counties in Romania, with a GDP per capita well above the national average. Recently, the economy has been driven by a number of construction projects. Bihor has the lowest unemployment rate in Romania and among the lowest in Europe, with only 2.4% unemployment, compared to Romania's average of 5.1%.

The predominant industries in the county are:
 * Textile industry.
 * Food and beverages industry.
 * Mechanical components industry.
 * Metallurgy.

In the west side of the county there are mines for extracting coal and bauxite. Crude oil is also extracted.

Tourism
The main tourist attractions in the county are:
 * The city of Oradea.
 * The Apuseni Mountains:
 * The Stâna de Vale resort and the Iad River valley.
 * The Caves around Padiș and on the Sighiștel River valley.
 * The Bear's Cave.
 * Băile Felix Resort.

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, the county had a population of 551,297 and the population density was. 51.1% of its population lives in urban areas, lower than the Romanian average.

Politics and administration
The Bihor County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 34 counsellors, with the following party composition:

Administrative divisions

Bihor County has four municipalities, six towns, and 91 communes.

Municipalities Towns Communes • Abram
 * Beiuș
 * Marghita
 * Oradea – capital city; 183,105 (as of 2021)
 * Salonta
 * Aleșd
 * Nucet
 * Săcueni
 * Ștei
 * Valea lui Mihai
 * Vașcău

• Aștileu

• Aușeu

• Avram Iancu

• Balc

• Batăr

• Biharia

• Boianu Mare

• Borod

• Borș

• Bratca

• Brusturi

• Budureasa

• Buduslău

• Bulz

• Buntești

• Căbești

• Câmpani

• Căpâlna

• Cărpinet

• Cefa

• Ceica

• Cetariu

• Cherechiu

• Chișlaz

• Ciumeghiu

• Cociuba Mare

• Copăcel

• Criștioru de Jos

• Curățele

• Curtuișeni

• Derna

• Diosig

• Dobreşti

• Drăgănești

• Drăgești

• Finiș

• Gepiu

• Girișu de Criș

• Hidişelu de Sus

• Holod

• Husasău de Tinca

• Ineu

• Lăzăreni

• Lazuri de Beiuș

• Lugașu de Jos

• Lunca

• Mădăras

• Măgești

• Nojorid

• Olcea

• Oșorhei

• Paleu

• Petreu

• Pietroasa

• Pocola

• Pomezeu

• Popești

• Răbăgani

• Remetea

• Rieni

• Roșia

• Roșiori

• Sâmbăta

• Sâniob

• Sânnicolau Român

• Sânmartin

• Sântandrei

• Sârbi

• Săcădat

• Sălacea

• Sălard

• Spinuș

• Suplacu de Barcău

• Șimian

• Șinteu

• Șoimi

• Șuncuiuș

• Tămășeu

• Tărcaia

• Tarcea

• Tăuteu

• Tileagd

• Tinca

• Toboliu

• Tulca

• Țețchea

• Uileacu de Beiuș

• Vadu Crișului

• Vârciorog

• Viișoara

Administration
The territory of the county was divided into twelve districts (plăși)
 * 1) Plasa Aleșd (comprising 41 villages, headquartered at Aleșd)
 * 2) Plasa Beiuș (comprising 62 villages, headquartered at Beiuș)
 * 3) Plasa Beliu (comprising 30 villages, headquartered at Beliu)
 * 4) Plasa Ceica (comprising 47 villages, headquartered at Ceica)
 * 5) Plasa Centrală (comprising 40 villages, headquartered at Oradea)
 * 6) Plasa Marghita (comprising 43 villages, headquartered at Marghita)
 * 7) Plasa Salonta (comprising 19 villages, headquartered at Salonta)
 * 8) Plasa Săcueni (comprising 11 villages, headquartered at Săcueni)
 * 9) Plasa Sălard (comprising 28 villages, headquartered at Sălard)
 * 10) Plasa Tileagd (comprising 28 villages, headquartered at Tileagd)
 * 11) Plasa Tinca (comprising 26 villages, headquartered at Tinca)
 * 12) Plasă Vașcău (comprising 44 villages, headquartered at Vașcău)

Within Bihor County there were three urban localities: Oradea (also known as Oradea Mare, the county seat) and urban communes Salonta and Beiuș.

Population
According to the 1930 census data, the county population was 510,318, ethnically divided among Romanians (61.6%), Hungarians (30.0%), Jews (4.3%), Czechs and Slovaks (2.2%), as well as other minorities. By language the county was divided among Romanian (61.4%), Hungarian (33.8%), Czech (2.0%), Yiddish (1.5%), as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the population consisted of Eastern Orthodox (49.8%), Reformed (21.0%), Greek Catholics (10.7%), Roman Catholics (10.4%), Jews (5.4%), Baptists (2.2%), as well as other minorities.

Urban population
The county's urban population consisted of 102,277 inhabitants, 54.8% Hungarians, 26.4% Romanians, 15.4% Jews, 1% Germans, as well as other minorities. As a mother tongue in the urban population, Hungarian (67.9%) predominated, followed by Romanian (24.9%), Yiddish (4.3%), German (1.2%), as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban population consisted of 31.5% Reformed, 20.6% Jewish, 19.3% Roman Catholic, 17.5% Eastern Orthodox, 9.1% Greek Catholic, 1.1% Lutheran, as well as other minorities.

title: Bihor County


text:
Bistrița-Năsăud County

Bistrița-Năsăud is a county (județ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with its capital city at Bistrița.

Name
In Hungarian, it is known as Beszterce-Naszód megye, and in German as Kreis Bistritz-Nassod. The name is identical with the county created in 1876, Beszterce-Naszód County (Comitatul Bistrița-Năsăud) in the Kingdom of Hungary (the county was recreated in 1940 after the Second Vienna Award, as it became part of Hungary again until 1944). Except these, as part of Romania, until 1925 the former administrative organizations were kept when a new county system was introduced. Between 1925–1940 and 1945–1950, most of its territory belonged to the Năsăud County, with smaller parts belonging to the Mureș, Cluj, and Someș counties.

Geography
The county has a total area of 5355 km2. One third of this surface represents the mountains from the Eastern Carpathians group: the Țibleș, Rodna, Bârgău, and Călimani Mountains. The rest of the territory represents the North-East side of the Transylvanian Plateau.

The main river crossing the county is the Someșul Mare. On the Bistrița River there is a big dam and a lake.

Neighbours

 * Suceava County in the East.
 * Cluj County in the West.
 * Maramureș County in the North.
 * Mureș County in the South.

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, the county had a population of 295,988 and the population density was.

Politics
The Bistrița-Năsăud County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 30 counsellors, with the following party composition:

Administrative divisions

Bistrița-Năsăud County has 1 municipality, 3 towns, and 58 communes.
 * Municipalities
 * Bistrița – capital city; 78,877 (as of 2021)
 * Towns
 * Beclean
 * Năsăud
 * Sângeorz-Băi

 * Communes
 * Bistrița Bârgăului
 * Braniștea
 * Budacu de Jos
 * Budești
 * Căianu Mic
 * Cetate
 * Chiochiș
 * Chiuza
 * Ciceu-Giurgești
 * Ciceu-Mihăiești
 * Coșbuc
 * Dumitra
 * Dumitrița
 * Feldru
 * Galații Bistriței
 * Ilva Mare
 * Ilva Mică
 * Josenii Bârgăului
 * Leșu
 * Lechința
 * Livezile
 * Lunca Ilvei
 * Maieru
 * Matei
 * Măgura Ilvei
 * Mărișelu
 * Miceștii de Câmpie
 * Milaș
 * Monor
 * Negrilești
 * Nimigea
 * Nușeni
 * Parva
 * Petru Rareș
 * Poiana Ilvei
 * Prundu Bârgăului
 * Rebra
 * Rebrișoara
 * Rodna
 * Romuli
 * Runcu Salvei
 * Salva
 * Sânmihaiu de Câmpie
 * Șieu
 * Șieu-Odorhei
 * Șieu-Măgheruș
 * Șieuț
 * Șintereag
 * Silivașu de Câmpie
 * Spermezeu
 * Șanț
 * Târlișua
 * Teaca
 * Telciu
 * Tiha Bârgăului
 * Uriu
 * Urmeniș
 * Zagra

People
Natives of the county include:
 * George Coșbuc
 * Andrei Mureșanu
 * Liviu Rebreanu

title: Bistrița-Năsăud County


text:
Botoșani County

Botoșani County is a county (județ) of Romania, in Western Moldavia (encompassing a few villages in neighbouring Suceava County from Bukovina to the west as well), with the capital town (Oraș reședință de județ) at Botoșani.

Demographics
As of 31 October 2011, it had a population of 412,626 and the population density was 83/km2.

 * Romanians – 94.1%
 * Romani – 1%
 * Ukrainians – 0.2%
 * Lipovans – 0.1%
 * Other ethnicities – 0.1%
 * Unknown ethnicity – 4.6%

Geography

 * Botoșani County is situated between the rivers Siret and Prut, in the northeastern part of Romania, bordering Ukraine to the north and Moldova to the east. To the west and south it has borders with Suceava and Iași counties.
 * It has a total area of 4986 km2, comprising 2.1% of the Romanian territory.
 * The relief is a high plain, between the valleys of the Siret and the Prut, and the latter's affluent, the Jijia River.
 * It has a temperate climate, influenced by the eastern air masses of the continent.

Neighbours

 * Republic of Moldova in the East – Edineț Raion.
 * Suceava County in the West.
 * Ukraine in the North – Chernivtsi Oblast.
 * Iași County in the South.

Economy
This is a predominantly agricultural county; the main industries are the textile industry, the food industry, the electrical components industry, and the glass and porcelain industry.

The Stânca–Costești Hydroelectric Power Station is one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in Romania. Work on it started in 1973, and it was completed in 1978, at the same time as the Stânca-Costești Dam. They are both situated on the Prut River, between Stânca in Botoșani County and Costești, Rîșcani.

Politics
The Botoșani County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 32 counsellors, with the following party composition:

Administrative divisions
Botoșani County has 2 municipalities, 5 towns and 71 communes:

Municipalities

 * Botoșani – capital city; population: 106,847 (as of 2011)
 * Dorohoi

Towns

 * Bucecea
 * Darabani
 * Flămânzi
 * Săveni
 * Ștefănești

Communes

 * Adășeni
 * Albești
 * Avrămeni
 * Bălușeni
 * Blândești
 * Brăești
 * Broscăuți
 * Călărași
 * Cândești
 * Concești
 * Copălău
 * Cordăreni
 * Corlăteni
 * Corni
 * Coșula
 * Coțușca
 * Cristești
 * Cristinești
 * Curtești
 * Dersca
 * Dângeni
 * Dimăcheni
 * Dobârceni
 * Drăgușeni
 * Durnești
 * Frumușica
 * George Enescu
 * Gorbănești
 * Havârna
 * Hănești
 * Hilișeu-Horia
 * Hlipiceni
 * Hudești
 * Ibănești
 * Leorda
 * Lozna
 * Lunca
 * Manoleasa
 * Mihai Eminescu
 * Mihăileni
 * Mihălășeni
 * Mileanca
 * Mitoc
 * Nicșeni
 * Păltiniș
 * Pomârla
 * Prăjeni
 * Rădăuți-Prut
 * Răchiți
 * Răuseni
 * Ripiceni
 * Roma
 * Românești
 * Santa Mare
 * Stăuceni
 * Suharău
 * Sulița
 * Șendriceni
 * Știubieni
 * Todireni
 * Trușești
 * Tudora
 * Ungureni
 * Unțeni
 * Văculești
 * Viișoara
 * Vârfu Câmpului
 * Vlădeni
 * Vlăsinești
 * Vorniceni
 * Vorona

Historical county
During the years between the world wars, the county extended over different territory than currently. It was located in the northeastern part of Romania, in the northeast of the region or Moldavia. The county included the southern part of the present county and the northern part of the current Iași County. It was bordered to the west by the counties of Suceava and Baia, to the north by Dorohoi, to the east by Bălți, and to the south with Iași.

Administration
In 1930, the county was divided into three districts (plăși):
 * 1) Plasa Botoșani
 * 2) Plasa Jijia
 * 3) Plasa Siret

Administration was re-organized in 1938, comprising 4 districts:
 * 1) Plasa Bucecea (with 52 villages, headquartered in Târgu Bucecea)
 * 2) Plasa Răchiți (with 73 villages, headquartered in Botoșani)
 * 3) Plasa Sulița (with 49 villages, headquartered in Hârlău)
 * 4) Plasa Ștefănești (with 77 villages, headquartered in Ștefănești)

Population
According to the 1930 census data, the county population was 218,258 inhabitants, ethnically, 88.8% were Romanians, 9.0% were Jews, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, 89.4% were Eastern Orthodox, 9.2% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, as well as other minorities.

Urban population
In 1930, the county's urban population was 50,320 inhabitants, comprising ethnically 64.9% Romanians, 31.3% Jews, 0.9% Germans, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban population was composed of Eastern Orthodox (64.5%), Jewish (32.3%), Roman Catholic (2.1%), as well as other minorities.

Notable people
Natives of the county include:
 * Grigore Antipa (1866–1944), naturalist
 * Teoctist Arăpașu (1915–2007), patriarch
 * Gheorghe Avramescu (1884–1945), general
 * Emil Bobu (1927–2014), politician
 * Demostene Botez (1893–1973), poet
 * Dimitrie Brândză (1846–1895), botanist
 * Mihai Eminescu (1850–1889), poet
 * George Enescu (1881–1955), composer
 * Nicolae Iorga (1871–1940), historian and politician
 * Ștefan Luchian (1868–1916), painter
 * Gheorghe Moroșanu (b. 1950), mathematician
 * Dimitrie Pompeiu (1873–1954), mathematician
 * Alexandru Zub (b. 1934), historian

title: Botoșani County


text:
Brașov County

Brașov County is a county (județ) of Romania, in Transylvania. Its capital city is Brașov. The county incorporates within its boundaries most of the Medieval "lands" (țări) Burzenland and Făgăraș.

Name
In Hungarian, it is known as Brassó megye, and in German as Kreis Kronstadt. Under Austria-Hungary, a county with an identical name (Brassó County, Comitatul Brașov) was created in 1876, covering a smaller area.

Demographics
At the 2011 census, the county had a population of 549,217 and the population density was.

 * Romanians – 87.4%
 * Hungarians – 7.77%
 * Romas – 3.5%
 * Germans (Transylvanian Saxons) – 0.65%

At the 2021 census, Brașov County had a population of 546,615 and the population density was.

 * Romanians – 88.33%
 * Hungarians – 5,98%
 * Romas – 4.98%
 * Germans (Transylvanian Saxons) – 0.40%

Traditionally, the Romanian population was concentrated in the west and southwest of the county, the Hungarians in the east part of the county, and the Germans in the north and around Brașov city.

Geography
The county has a total area of 5363 km2.

The south side comprises the Carpathian Mountains (Southern Carpathians and Eastern Carpathians), with the Făgăraș Mountains, the Bucegi Mountains, the Piatra Mare Mountains, the Piatra Craiului Mountains, and the Postăvarul Massif. In the east, there is the Brașov Depression, and in the west, there is the Olt River valley. Between them, there are the Perșani Mountains. The north and west sides of the county are crossed by the Olt River.

In the southern and central part of Brașov County lies the Burzenland, bordered approximately by Apața in the north, Bran in the southwest and Prejmer in the east, with Brașov roughly in the center. To the west lies Țara Făgărașului, bordered to the north by the Olt and to the south by the Făgăraș Mountains; its main city is Făgăraș.

Neighbours

 * Covasna County in the east.
 * Sibiu County in the west.
 * Mureș County and Harghita County in the north.
 * Argeș County, Dâmbovița County, and Prahova County in the south.
 * Buzău County in the southeast.

Economy
Brașov County is one of the most prosperous regions of Romania and has a tradition of industry. During World War II, IAR 80 and towards the end of the war, Bf 109, fighter aircraft were built in Brașov. During the communist period the county was heavily industrialized, which left it with some very large industrial complexes. Some of them managed to survive and adapt to the capitalist type market economy, but some did not, leading to a high rate of unemployment. Due to new investments, mainly foreign, the economy managed to partially recover.

The predominant industries in the county are:
 * Mechanical and automotive industry.
 * Chemical industry.
 * Construction materials.
 * Food industry.

Around Victoria there were big chemical complexes that polluted the region.

Tourism
Brașov County contains some of the most attractive tourist destinations in Romania.

The main tourist attractions in the county are:
 * The city of Brașov.
 * Bran Castle also known as Dracula's Castle
 * Poiana Brașov mountain resort.
 * Predeal mountain resort.
 * Bran with its castle often – inaccurately – referred to as Dracula's castle.
 * The Făgăraș Mountains.
 * Piatra Craiului Mountains.
 * The medieval fortresses of Făgăraș and Râșnov.
 * The Fortified churches from the Saxon villages in the Burzenland area.
 * The Via Transilvanica long-distance hiking and biking trail, which crosses the county.

Administration
The Brașov County Council, renewed at the 2020 Romanian local elections, consists of 34 counsellors, with the following party composition:

Administrative divisions

Brașov County has four municipalities, six towns and 48 communes:
 * Municipalities
 * Brașov – county seat; 253,200 (as of 2011)
 * Codlea
 * Făgăraș
 * Săcele

 * Towns
 * Ghimbav
 * Predeal
 * Râșnov
 * Rupea
 * Victoria
 * Zărnești

 * Communes
 * Apața
 * Augustin
 * Beclean
 * Bod
 * Bran
 * Budila
 * Bunești
 * Cața
 * Cincu
 * Comăna
 * Cristian
 * Crizbav
 * Drăguș
 * Dumbrăvița
 * Feldioara
 * Fundata
 * Hălchiu
 * Hărman
 * Hârseni
 * Hoghiz
 * Holbav
 * Homorod
 * Jibert
 * Lisa
 * Mândra
 * Măieruș
 * Moieciu
 * Ormeniș
 * Părău
 * Poiana Mărului
 * Prejmer
 * Racoș
 * Recea
 * Șercaia
 * Șinca
 * Șinca Nouă
 * Sâmbăta de Sus
 * Sânpetru
 * Șoarș
 * Tărlungeni
 * Teliu
 * Ticușu
 * Ucea
 * Ungra
 * Vama Buzăului
 * Viștea
 * Voila
 * Vulcan

Historical county
Historically, the county was located in the central part of Greater Romania, in the southeastern part of Transylvania. Its capital was Brașov. Its territory included the part of the old region of Țara Bârsei. The county's territory was enlarged as a result of the administrative reform of 1925. Its territory covered the eastern part of today's Braşov County and the south of today's Covasna County.

It was bordered on the west by the counties of Făgăraș and Muscel, to the north by Trei Scaune County, to the east by Buzău County, and to the south by the counties of Prahova and Dâmbovița.

History
Prior to World War I, the territory of the county belonged to Austria-Hungary and was identical with the Brassó County of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1918–1919, the territory of Brașov County came under the administration of the Kingdom of Romania; it was formally transferred to Romania from Hungary as the successor state to Austria-Hungary in 1920 under the Treaty of Trianon.

In 1938, King Carol II promulgated a new Constitution, and subsequently, he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed. 10 ținuturi (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled by rezidenți regali (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") - appointed directly by the King - instead of the prefects. Brașov County became part of Ținutul Argeș.

In 1940, part of the county was transferred back to Hungary with the rest of Northern Transylvania under the Second Vienna Award. In September 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and reintegrated it into Romania. Romanian jurisdiction over the entire county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. The county was disestablished by the communist government of Romania in 1950, when it was incorporated in the larger Stalin Region, renamed Brașov Region in 1960. Brașov County was re-established in 1968 when Romania restored the county administrative system.

Administration

Until the administrative reform of 1925, Brașov County was divided into three administrative districts (plăși), 23 rural communes, and one urban commune (Brașov).

After 1925, the area of the county was similarly divided into three districts:
 * 1) Plasa Bran, headquartered at Bran.
 * 2) Plasa Buzăul Ardelean, headquartered at Întorsura Buzăului.
 * 3) Plasa Săcele (previously named Plasa Brașov), headquartered at Prejmer.

Plasa Bran included the following settlements: Bran, Codlea, Cristian, Fundata, Ghimbav, Hălchiu, Holbav, Măgura, Moieciul de Jos, Moieciul de Sus, Peștera, Poiana Mărului, Predeal, Râșnov, Satu Nou, Șimon, Sohodol, Șirnea, Tohanu Nou, Tohanu Vechi, Țânțari, Vlădeni, Vulcan, and Zărnești.

Plasa Buzăul Ardelean included the following settlements: Barcani, Budila, Dobârlău, Întorsura Buzăului, Mărcuș, Sărămaș, Sita Buzăului, Teliu, and Vama Buzăului.

Plasa Săcele included the following settlements: Apața, Baciu, Bod, Cernatu, Crizbav, Feldioara, Hărman, Măieruș, Prejmer, Purcăreni, Rotbav, Satulung, Sânpetru, Tărlungeni, Turcheș, and Zizin.

Economy
As a mountain county, agriculture was poorly developed in Brașov. Much of the county's agricultural land was devoted to potatoes, and orchards were planted in hilly areas. Livestock breeding (predominantly cattle and pigs) was an important activity.

Such industry as there was in the county was concentrated in the city of Brașov. In 1925, it had production centers in the chemical, metallurgical, construction, food, textile, machine, pharmaceutical and light industries. Surrounding areas excelled in the metallurgy, extractive, construction, food, textile, and light industries. The city of Brașov was also the main outlet of the county for local products.

Among the natural richness of the county were Zizin's mineral waters, containing sodium bicarbonate, iron, iodine, and carbonic acid. Lignite was exploited at Prejmer, and bituminous coal at Vulcan and Cristian.

Education
In 1925, there was a state high school (lyceum) for boys and another one for girls, four religious high schools for boys, a gymnasium, six secondary schools, four commercial schools, a normal school for educators, a school of arts and crafts and a school of state for commercial and industrial apprentices. The number of state primary schools was 19 and the religious was 53 (of which, in the Romanian language: 17 Orthodox and 3 Roman Catholic; in the German language: 2 Roman Catholic and 18 Lutheran; in the Hungarian language: 2 Reformed and 10 Lutheran; and one Jewish school)

Population
The census of 1920 reported 101,953 inhabitants (about 68 /sqkm), of which 36,138 were ethnic Romanians, 33,584 Hungarians, 30,281 Germans, 1,560 Jews, and 390 of other nationalities.

According to the census data of 1930, the county's population was 168,125, of which 49.9% were Romanians, 26.6% Hungarians, 19.8% Germans, as well as other minorities. In the religious aspect, the population consisted of 48.8% Eastern Orthodox, 27.8% Lutheran, 9.9% Roman Catholic, 6% Reformed, 2.4% Greek Catholic, 1.7% Jewish, as well as other minorities.

Urban population
In 1930, the urban population of the county was 59,232, of which 39.3% were Hungarians, 32.7% Romanians, 22.0% Germans, 3.8% Jews, as well as other minorities. As a mother tongue in the urban population, Hungarian was 42.2%, followed by Romanian (32.7%), German (22.4%), Yiddish (0.9%) as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban population was made up of 30.0% Eastern Orthodox, 22.3% Roman Catholic, 22.0% Evangelical (Lutheran), 13.9% Reformed (Calvinist), 4.4% Jewish, 3.5% Greek Catholic, 3.2% Unitarian, as well as other minorities.

title: Brașov County


text:
Buzău County

Buzău County is a county (județ) of Romania, in the historical region Muntenia, with the capital city at Buzău.

Demographics
In 2011, it had a population of 432,054 and the population density was 70.7/km2.

 * Romanians – 97%
 * Romani – under 3% declared and others

Geography
This county has a total area of 6,103 km2.

In the North Side there are the mountains from the southern end of the Eastern Carpathians group – the Vrancea Mountains and the Buzău Mountains with heights over 1,700 m. The heights decrease in the South and East passing through the subcarpathian hills to the Bărăgan Plain at about 80 m.

The main river crossing the county is the Buzău River which collects many small rivers from the mountains and flows to the East into the Siret River.

Neighbours

 * Brăila County to the east.
 * Prahova County and Brașov County to the west.
 * Covasna County and Vrancea County to the north.
 * Ialomița County to the south.

Economy
The predominant industries in the county are:
 * Mechanical components; railway and automotive components
 * Metallurgical parts
 * Glass
 * Food
 * Textiles
 * Wood

The hilly area is well-suited for wines and fruit orchards. Salt and oil are the main resources extracted in the county.

Tourism
The main tourist destinations are:
 * The city of Buzău.
 * The Vrancea Mountains and Buzău Mountains.
 * The Berca Mud Volcanoes
 * The amber museum in Colți
 * The Ciolanu Monastery and the Măgura sculpture camp
 * The Rătești Monastery
 * The Amara Resort.
 * The Sărata-Monteoru Resort.

Politics
The Buzău County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 32 counsellors, with the following party composition:

Administrative divisions

Buzău County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 82 communes.
 * Municipalities
 * Buzău – capital city; population: 108,384 (as of 2011)
 * Râmnicu Sărat
 * Towns
 * Nehoiu
 * Pătârlagele
 * Pogoanele

 * Communes
 * Amaru
 * Bălăceanu
 * Balta Albă
 * Beceni
 * Berca
 * Bisoca
 * Blăjani
 * Boldu
 * Bozioru
 * Brădeanu
 * Brăești
 * Breaza
 * Buda
 * C.A. Rosetti
 * Calvini
 * Cănești
 * Cătina
 * Cernătești
 * Chiliile
 * Chiojdu
 * Cilibia
 * Cislău
 * Cochirleanca
 * Colți
 * Costești
 * Cozieni
 * Florica
 * Gălbinași
 * Gherăseni
 * Ghergheasa
 * Glodeanu Sărat
 * Glodeanu-Siliștea
 * Grebănu
 * Gura Teghii
 * Largu
 * Lopătari
 * Luciu
 * Măgura
 * Mărăcineni
 * Mărgăritești
 * Mânzălești
 * Merei
 * Mihăilești
 * Movila Banului
 * Murgești
 * Năeni
 * Odăile
 * Padina
 * Pardoși
 * Pănătău
 * Pârscov
 * Pietroasele
 * Podgoria
 * Poșta Câlnău
 * Puiești
 * Racovițeni
 * Râmnicelu
 * Robeasca
 * Rușețu
 * Săgeata
 * Săhăteni
 * Săpoca
 * Sărulești
 * Scorțoasa
 * Scutelnici
 * Siriu
 * Smeeni
 * Stâlpu
 * Tisău
 * Topliceni
 * Țintești
 * Ulmeni
 * Unguriu
 * Vadu Pașii
 * Valea Râmnicului
 * Valea Salciei
 * Vâlcelele
 * Vernești
 * Vintilă Vodă
 * Viperești
 * Zărnești
 * Ziduri

Historical county
Historically, the county was located in the central-southern part of Greater Romania, in the northeastern part of the historical region of Muntenia. Its territory included the southern and western parts of today's Buzău County and several localities that are today in Prahova County, including the town of Mizil. It was bordered on the west by Prahova County, to the north by the counties of Brașov, Trei Scaune, and Putna, to the east by the counties of Râmnicu Sărat and Brăila, and to the south by Ialomița County.

Administration
The county has seen multiple subdivisions administratively.

At the end of the 19th century, the county was subdivided into six districts (plăși):
 * 1) Plasa Sărata, with the town of Buzău and 16 communes
 * 2) Plasa Câmpului, with 14 communes
 * 3) Plasa Tohani, with the town of Mizil and 17 communes
 * 4) Plasa Buzău, with 17 communes
 * 5) Plasa Pârscov, with 16 communes
 * 6) Plasa Slănic, with 19 communes

In the interwar period, the territory of the county was initially divided into four districts:
 * 1) Plasa Buzău, headquartered at Pătârlagele
 * 2) Plasa Câmpul, headquartered at Buzău
 * 3) Plasa Slănic, headquartered at Săpoca
 * 4) Plasa Tohani, headquartered at Mizil

Subsequently, the territory of the county was reorganized into seven districts, by abolishing Plasa Câmpul and establishing four new districts:
 * 1) Plasa Buzău, headquartered at Pătârlagele
 * 2) Plasa Câlnău, headquartered at Buzău
 * 3) Plasa Câmpeni, headquartered at Pogoanele
 * 4) Plasa Orașul, headquartered at Buzău
 * 5) Plasa Pârscov, headquartered at Pârscov
 * 6) Plasa Slănic, headquartered at Săpoca
 * 7) Plasa Tohani, headquartered at Mizil

Population
According to the 1930 census data, the county population was 309,405 inhabitants, ethnically divided as follows: 97.4% Romanians, 1.5% Romanies, 0.5% Jews, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the population was 98.9% Eastern Orthodox, 0.5% Jewish, as well as other minorities.

Urban population
In 1930, the county's urban population was 42,127 inhabitants, comprising 91.2% Romanians, 3.7% Jews, 2.3% Romanies, 0.9% Hungarians, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban population was composed of 93.3% Eastern Orthodox, 3.9% Jewish, 1.0% Roman Catholic, as well as other minorities.

title: Buzău County


text:
Brăila County

Brăila County is a county (județ) of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Brăila.

Demographics
At the 2021 Romanian census, Brăila County had a population of 281,452 (172,533 people in urban areas and 108,919 people in rural areas.) and the population density was.

 * Romanians – 98%
 * Romani, Russians, Lipovans, Aromanians, and others - c. 2%

Geography
This county has a total area of 4766 km2.

All the county lies on a flat plane: the Bărăgan Plain, one of the best areas for growing cereals in Romania.

On the east side there is the Danube, which forms an island – the Great Brăila Island –surrounded by the Măcin channel, Cremenea channel, and Vâlciu channel. On the northern side there is the Siret River and on the north-western side there is the Buzău River.

Neighbours

 * Tulcea County in the east.
 * Buzău County in the west.
 * Galați County and Vrancea County in the north.
 * Ialomița County and Constanța County in the south.

Economy
The agriculture is the main occupation in the county. Industry is almost entirely concentrated in the city of Brăila. The predominant industries in the county are:
 * Food industry.
 * Textile industry.
 * Mechanical components industry.

In Brăila there is an important harbour, once the biggest cereal harbour in Romania.

Tourism
The main tourist destinations are:
 * The city of Brăila.
 * The Lacu Sărat resort.

Politics
The Brăila County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 30 counsellors, with the following party composition:

Administrative divisions

Brăila County has 1 municipality, 3 towns, and 40 communes
 * Municipalities
 * Brăila – capital city; population: 154,686 (as of 2021)
 * Towns
 * Făurei
 * Ianca
 * Însurăței

 * Communes
 * Bărăganul
 * Berteștii de Jos
 * Bordei Verde
 * Cazasu
 * Chiscani
 * Ciocile
 * Cireșu
 * Dudești
 * Frecăței
 * Galbenu
 * Gemenele
 * Grădiștea
 * Gropeni
 * Jirlău
 * Mărașu
 * Măxineni
 * Mircea Vodă
 * Movila Miresii
 * Racovița
 * Râmnicelu
 * Romanu
 * Roșiori
 * Salcia Tudor
 * Scorțaru Nou
 * Siliștea
 * Stăncuța
 * Surdila-Găiseanca
 * Surdila-Greci
 * Șuțești
 * Tichilești
 * Traian
 * Tudor Vladimirescu
 * Tufești
 * Ulmu
 * Unirea
 * Vădeni
 * Victoria
 * Vișani
 * Viziru
 * Zăvoaia

Historical county
Historically, the county was located in the southeastern part of Greater Romania, in the northeastern part of the Muntenia region. Its territory included the portions of the current county to the east and south-east of the Buzău River. It was bordered on the west by the counties of Buzău and Râmnicu-Sărat, to the north by Covurlui County, to the east by Tulcea County, and to the south by the counties of Constanța and Ialomița.

Administration
The county was originally divided administratively into four districts (plăși):

 * 1) Plasa Călmățui, with headquarters at Făurei
 * 2) Plasa Ianca, with headquarters at Ianca
 * 3) Plasa Silistraru, with headquarters at Silistraru
 * 4) Plasa Viziru, with headquarters at Viziru

Subsequently, Plasa Călmățui, was abolished and two new districts were established in its place:
 * 1) Plasa I.I.C. Brătianu, with headquarters at Făurei
 * 2) Plasa Vădeni, with headquarters at Vădeni

Population
According to the 1930 census data, the county population was 219,831 inhabitants, ethnically divided as follows: 89.4% Romanians, 3.1% Jews, 2.2% Greeks, 0.7% Hungarians, 0.6% Russians, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the population was 93.6% Eastern Orthodox, 3.3% Jewish, 1.2% Roman Catholic, as well as other minorities.

Urban population
In 1930, the county's urban population was 68,347 inhabitants, comprising 75.4% Romanians, 9.7% Jews, 6.7% Greeks, 1.7% Hungarians, 1.6% Russians, as well as other minorities. Mother tongues among the urban population were Romanian (82.6%), Greek (5.8%), Yiddish (4.8%), Russian (1.9%), Hungarian (1.5%), as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the urban population was composed of 84.4% Eastern Orthodox, 10.4% Jewish, 3.2% Roman Catholic, as well as other minorities.

title: Brăila County


text:
Călărași County

Călărași is a county (județ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in Muntenia, with the county seat at Călărași.

Demographics
In 2011, it had a population of 285,050 and a population density of 56.02/km2.

 * Romanians – 94.1%
 * Romani – 5.7%
 * Turks - 0.1%
 * Unknown - 0.1%

List of cities by population
All the data, except Călărași, is as of 2002.

 * Călărași (county's capital and largest city) – 73,823 (as of 2005)
 * Oltenița – 27,217
 * Modelu (county's largest village) – 9,804
 * Budești (with Crivăț village) – 9,709
 * Borcea (village) – 9,676
 * Dragalina (village) – 8,760
 * Chirnogi (village) – 8,131

The other two towns of Călărași county (Lehliu Gară and Fundulea) have a population under 8,000 inhabitants.

Geography
This county has an area of 5,088 km2.

The entire area lies in the southern part of the Bărăgan Plain and is crossed by small rivers with deep valleys. On its southern and eastern sides there is the valley of the Danube which, on the eastern side, splits into a number of branches, forming islands, now drained. On the western side, the rivers Argeș and Dâmbovița form a wide valley before flowing into the Danube.

Neighbours

 * Constanța County to the East.
 * Ilfov County and Giurgiu County to the West.
 * Ialomița County to the North.
 * Bulgaria to the South – Silistra Province

Economy
Agriculture is the county's main industry, generating about 3% of the entire country's agricultural output.

The county's industries:
 * Metallurgy – there is a big metallurgical plant in Călărași, similar to the one in Galați
 * Food processing
 * Textiles
 * Construction materials

Tourism
Tourism in the county is uncommon. There are only 3 hotels in Călărași County.  The main tourist destinations:
 * The town of Călărași;
 * The town of Oltenița;
 * Fishing on the Danube.

Politics
The Călărași County Council, elected at the 2020 local elections, consists of 30 counsellors, with the following party composition:

Administrative divisions

Călărași County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 50 communes
 * Municipalities
 * Călărași – county seat; population: 65,181 (as of 2011)
 * Oltenița
 * Towns
 * Budești
 * Fundulea
 * Lehliu-Gară

 * Communes
 * Alexandru Odobescu
 * Belciugatele
 * Borcea
 * Căscioarele
 * Chirnogi
 * Chiselet
 * Crivăț
 * Ciocănești
 * Curcani
 * Cuza Vodă
 * Dichiseni
 * Dor Mărunt
 * Dorobanțu
 * Dragalina
 * Dragoș Vodă
 * Frăsinet
 * Frumușani
 * Fundeni
 * Gălbinași
 * Grădiștea
 * Gurbănești
 * Ileana
 * Independența
 * Jegălia
 * Lehliu
 * Luica
 * Lupșanu
 * Mânăstirea
 * Mitreni
 * Modelu
 * Nana
 * Nicolae Bălcescu
 * Perișoru
 * Plătărești
 * Radovanu
 * Roseți
 * Sărulești
 * Sohatu
 * Spanțov
 * Șoldanu
 * Ștefan cel Mare
 * Ștefan Vodă
 * Tămădău Mare
 * Ulmeni
 * Ulmu
 * Unirea
 * Valea Argovei
 * Vasilați
 * Vâlcelele
 * Vlad Țepeș

title: Călărași County