text:
Bukidnon

Bukidnon, officially the Province of Bukidnon (Lalawigan sa Bukidnon; Lalawigan ng Bukidnon; Kapuroan sang Bukidnon; Binukid and Higaonon: Probinsya ta Bukidnon), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanao region. Its capital is the city of Malaybalay. The province borders, clockwise from the north, Misamis Oriental, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte, Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, and Lanao del Norte. According to the 2020 census, the province is inhabited by 1,541,308 residents. The province is composed of 2 component cities and 20 municipalities. It is the third largest province in the country in terms of total area of jurisdiction behind Palawan and Isabela respectively.

The name "Bukidnon" means "highlander" or "mountain dweller." Occupying a wide plateau in the north central part of the island of Mindanao, the province is considered to be the food basket of the region, being the major producer of rice and corn. Products from plantations in the province also include pineapples, bananas and sugarcane.

Situated within Bukidnon is Mount Dulang-dulang, the 2nd highest mountain in the country, with an elevation of 2938 m located in the Kitanglad Mountain Range. Mount Kitanglad (2,899 m), Mount Kalatungan (2,860 m), Mount Maagnaw (2,742 m), Mount Lumuluyaw (2,612 m), and Mount Tuminungan (2,400 m), the 4th, 5th, 8th, 17th, and 30th highest mountains in the country respectively, are also found in the province.

Bukidnon was consecutively ranked 5th in the list of richest provinces in the Philippines for four straight years according to the Commission on Audit's 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 Annual Financial Reports which were posted in 2019, early to late 2021, and 2022, respectively.

Early history
According to oral history of the Indigenous people of Bukidnon, there were four main tribes in Central Mindanao: the Maranaos who dwell in Lanao del Sur, and the Maguindanao, Manobo and Talaandig tribes who respectively inhabit the eastern, southern, and north-central portions of the original province of Cotabato. When the civil government divided central Mindanao into provinces at the turn of the 20th century, the groups included in the province of Bukidnon are the Talaandig and the Manobo, as well as other smaller Lumad tribes. The Visayans, particularly the Cebuanos and the Hiligaynons from the Northern Mindanao coastline and the southern Visayas, migrated into the province. The Visayans are still referred to by the Lumad as the dumagat ("sea people") to distinguish them from the original mountain tribes. This was followed by various groups from Luzon, namely, the Ilocanos, the Igorots and the Ivatans, many of whom were merchants and wealthy entrepreneurs. All contributed massive acculturation among the Indigenous tribes. Most of those who moved to the mountains and forest continued to hold on their ancestors' cultural heritage. The wide variety of Filipino groups now thrives in the province and contributed immensely in the socioeconomic development.

Spanish colonial era
Bukidnon became a part of Misamis in the latter part of 1850. The whole area was then called "Malaybalay" and the people were known as Bukidnons (highlanders or mountain dwellers).

American invasion era
The Philippine Commission, then headed by Commissioner Dean C. Worcester, Secretary of Interior, proposed the separation of Bukidnon from Misamis Province. On August 20, 1907, the Philippine Commission Act No. 1693 was enacted the Province of Agusan and sub-province of Bukidnon. Bukidnon became a regular province on March 10, 1917, by virtue of the creation of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu under Act 2711.

Japanese occupation era
In 1942, invading Japanese troops entered Bukidnon. Mount Capistrano was a civilian evacuation area in the World War II. In 1945, the province was liberated from Japanese occupation by Filipino and American troops with the aid of Bukidnon-based Filipino guerrillas during the Second World War.

Geography
Bukidnon is a landlocked plateau in North Central Mindanao. It is bounded on the north by Misamis Oriental and Cagayan de Oro; on the south by North Cotabato and Davao City; on the east by Agusan del Sur and Davao del Norte; and west by Lanao del Sur. It lies between parallels 7°25' and 8°38' north latitude and meridians 124°03' and 125°16' east longitude. Malaybalay, the capital town, is about 850 km by air from Manila and 91 km by road from Cagayan de Oro.

It has two important landmarks, Mount Kitanglad and Pulangi River. Mount Kitanglad has a peak of 2899 m above sea level. Pulangi River, on the other hand, traverses through the northeastern and southern part of the province towards the Rio Grande de Mindanao.

Land area
The province's total land area is 10,498.59 km2,10,498.59 making it the largest in Mindanao in terms of land area. It accounts for 59 percent (59%) of Northern Mindanao. Thirty-eight percent (38%) is classified as alienable and disposable. The rest is timberland forest.

It also accounts for 80 percent (80%) or 34 million metric tons of the region's nonmetallic mineral deposits, which include high grade white and red clay, gold, chromite, copper, serpentine, manganese, quartz and limestone deposits can also be found in the province.

Topography
Much of Bukidnon is an extensive plateau, but the southern and eastern boundaries are mountainous. The province's average elevation is 915 m above sea level. The slope gradient peaks at 2899 m of Mount Kitanglad, an extinct volcano occupying the central portion. Two other mountain bodies are found in its southern portion, Mount Kalatungan and Mount Tangkulan, which rise to 2287 m and 1678 m, respectively. The rest of the province is composed of nearly level terraces, alluvial plains, canyons and gorges. The volcanic terraces and volcanic foot slopes that are ≥500 m above sea level are estimated to be about 221,600 ha.

Gently rolling grassland plateau are cut by deep and wide canyons of the Cagayan, Pulangi, and Tagoloan rivers and their tributaries, which cover a greater part of the province. The Bukidnon plateau is mainly of volcanic zone consisting of pyroclastic, basaltic and andesitic cones.

The whole eastern and southern border adjoining the provinces of Agusan, Davao del Norte, and Cotabato are covered by lofty and densely forested Pantaron Mountain Range, also known as the Central Cordillera. The Central Cordillera is a mountain range of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. About 49% of the land resource of the province is of rugged hills and mountains and 33% of undulating to rolling terrain.

At Mailag, 23 km south of Malaybalay, the plateau begins to descend and gradually merges into the lowlands of Cotabato province.

Climate
Two types of climate are roughly divided by the northern and southern areas of Bukidnon. The northern part is classified as belonging to Type III, that is, there is no pronounced rain period but relatively dry during the months of November to May. In the southern portion of the province, the climate is classified as Type IV with no dry season. The driest area is Baungon, while the wettest is the Calabugao plain. The climate is relatively cool and humid throughout the year.

The average annual rainfall is 2800 mm. Just like in other parts of the country, rainfall is more pronounced from June to October compared to other months of the year. February to April are the drier months.

Temperature ranges vary with elevation. In areas lower than 500 m above sea level (m.a.s.l.), the recorded temperature range is between 20 and 34 C. Areas with elevations greater than 500 m above sea level would have temperatures ranging from 18 to 28 C.

Relative humidity also varies with elevation, with those above 500 m having relative humidity of about 80%, while areas lying below 500 m, 65-7 percent. Thus, the Malaybalay-Impasugong area and those around the volcanic cones approximate semi-temperate conditions and can support the cultivation of highland tropical crops.

Based on the records of climatological stations within and near the province, lithology and land form, three agro-ecological zones are identified. One covers the mountainous eastern side (Central Cordillera), which is generally wet, with rainfall of about 2340 to 4000 mm per annum. Another covers the high altitude volcanic plains, the Malaybalay-Impasug-ong area, and the foot slopes of Mount Kitanglad, and Mount Kalatungan. These areas have an annual rainfall in the range of 2,490 to 3680 mm. The third zone covers the south-central and the north-western parts of the province, with elevations of less than 500 meters, relatively dry with mean annual rainfall in the range of 1700 to 2600 mm.

Rivers
Bukidnon is home to the largest concentration of watersheds in Mindanao. It is endowed with six major river systems, namely: Pulangi, Tagoloan, Cagayan, Manupali, Muleta, and Bobonawan rivers. These rivers and their tributaries carved the landscape of the province, creating numerous canyons into the plateau.

The Pulangi River, considered the longest river in the province, is a tributary of the Rio Grande de Mindanao. Its headwaters are found in the mountains of Kalabugao, Impasugong. It is the largest as well as the longest river found in the province. It covers the following cities and municipalities of the province: Impasugong, Malaybalay, Cabanglasan, San Fernando, Valencia, Maramag, Quezon, Don Carlos, Kitaotao, Dangcagan, Kibawe and Damulog.

The Tagoloan River has its headwaters in the mountains of Can-ayan, Malaybalay. It traverses the province northwestward passing through Malaybalay, Impasugong, Sumilao, Manolo Fortich, Malitbog and finally empties into the sea at Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. The Cagayan River watershed is found mostly in the municipality of Talakag. Its headwaters are found in the Kitanglad Mountain Range in central Bukidnon. The river flows northward through the municipalities of Talakag and Baungon. Its mouth lies at Cagayan de Oro in Misamis Oriental, where it is the main source of potable water.

The Manupali River, a major tributary of the Pulangi River, starts in the mountains of Lantapan, Bukidnon, picking up tributaries along the way from the Kalatungan and Kitanglad Mountain Ranges. It forms part of the natural boundary of the Valencia and Lantapan. It flows eastward towards Malaybalay, eventually joining the Pulangi River in Valencia.

The Muleta River is found in the southern portion of the province covering the municipalities of Pangantucan, Don Carlos, Kitaotao, Dangcagan, Kibawe, Kadingilan and Damulog. It is another important tributary of the Pulangi River and flows southward. It will join the Pulangi River in the boundary of Bukidnon and Cotabato province.

The Bobonawan River, found in the municipality of Cabanglasan, is another tributary of the Pulangi River. It covers most of the parts of the municipality, flowing southward towards Pulangi River.

Lakes
Aside from the relatively important river systems, various lakes also dot the landscape of the province. Pinamaloy Lake, in Don Carlos, Bukidnon, is the largest in the province covering about 50 hectares. It was named after Barangay Pinamaloy, where the lake is located. Another lake is found in Pigtauranan, Pangantucan called the Napalit Lake. The lake covers an area of 36 hectares and is one of the tourist spots in Pangantucan, Bukidnon. There are 24 floating islets in the lake. The third significant inland body of water in the province is Apo Lake at Guinoyoran, Valencia. It occupies an approximate area of 25 hectares. A man-made lake called Maramag Basin is found in Maramag, Bukidnon, which was the result of the construction of the Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Dam of the National Power Corporation (NPC) in the course of the Pulangi River.

Springs and waterfalls
There are also numerous springs and waterfalls located in the province. Some of the waterfalls include the Alalum Falls, Dimadungawan Falls, Dila Falls, Gantungan Falls, Natigbasan Falls, Sagumata Falls, Magubo Falls, and Balisbisan Falls.

Biodiversity
The Pantaron Mountain Range in Bukidnon is a biodiverse area that hosts endemic fauna. It is home to the critically endangered Philippine eagle, the vulnerable Philippine deer, the Philippine flying lemur, and the Mindanao gymnure. The Mount Kitanglad Mountain Range is home to the Philippine eagle, the Mindanao pygmy fruit bat, Crunomys suncoides, and Limonmys bryophilus. Rafflesia schadenbergiana has also been found on Mount Kitanglad.

Mount Musuan and Mount Kalatungan, along with Mount Malindang in Misamis Occisdental, are also home to the Philippine eagle, Aceros leococephalus, and Tarsius syrichta. The three mountains are home to more than 1,000 plant species, including 12 that are endangered, 221 that are endemic, 17 that are rare, and 187 that are economically or socioculturally important.

Administrative divisions
Bukidnon is subdivided into 20 municipalities and 2 cities. Provincial capital and component city

Component city

Municipality

Barangays
The province has 464 barangays under its jurisdiction. The table below shows the Top 20 Largest Barangays according to population.

Legislative districts
Bukidnon has four legislative districts namely the first, second, third and fourth districts.

Demographics
Based on the 2020 census, Bukidnon has a total population of 1,541,308 residents.

In the 2000 census, males slightly edge the females with 546,234, accounting for about 52% of the province's total population while females, with 514,181, account about 48%. Based on age distribution, Bukidnon has a fairly young population, with ages 14 and below accounting 42.15% or 446, 952. The 15-34 age bracket account for 33.68% of the province's population or 357,112. Ages 55 and above barely accounts 6.5% of the total. The average population growth rate of the province is 2.05% (2.03% if exponential) from 2000 to 2010. Male-to-female ratio in the province stood at 1.06.

Population density
The average population density for the province is 128 persons per square km. The cities/municipalities with the highest population densities are the following: Don Carlos (353/km2), Kitaotao (250/km2), Valencia (244/km2), Maramag (213/km2) and Quezon (202/km2). The cities/municipalities with the lowest densities, on the other hand are: Impasugong (29/km2), Talakag (58/km2), San Fernando (63/km2), Malitbog (75/km2) and Damulog (83/km2).

Population by congressional districts
District III has the highest population among the four provincial congressional districts, with 31.86% of the total population of the province. It is followed by District II with 26.45% of the total population and District I with a population share of 21.36%. The least populated district is District IV with population percentage share of 20.33%.

Valencia has the highest population among the cities/municipalities of the province with 192,993 inhabitants, accounting 13.64% of the province's total. It is closely followed by Malaybalay with 174,625 inhabitants or 12.34% of the provincial population. Quezon is at third with 104,116 inhabitants or 7.36% of the total, with Maramag and Manolo Fortich rounding out the fourth and fifth with 102,089 and 100,210 inhabitants, respectively.

The four largest local government units of Bukidnon (Valencia, Malaybalay, Quezon, and Maramag) are clustered together in the central part of the province. It is also in the national roads of these cities/municipalities that daily road use volume are high.

Languages
The lingua franca of the region is Cebuano. Minority languages include Higaonon, Bukid, Ilianen, Matigsalug, Hiligaynon, Maranao, Maguindanao, Iranun, Ilocano, and Waray. Tagalog and English are generally understood and widely used in schools, business, and government offices.

Ethnicity
According to ethnicity, majority of the people in Bukidnon are Cebuano accounting for approximately 41% of the total population. The Bukidnon Lumads (Bukidnon, Higaonon, Manobo, Talaandig, etc.) account for about 24% of the total population of the province. The Maranaos form about 8% of the total population followed by the Hiligaynon/Ilonggo and Boholano groups with 12.7% and 7.37%, respectively, of the province's total population.

Indigenous inhabitants of Bukidnon are the Lumad peoples, including the Bukidnon, Higaonon, Manobo, and Talaandig. Their cultures and traditions are embodied in oral folk literature of the province, which are classified into; antoka (riddles), basahan (proverbs or wise sayings), kaliga (ceremonial songs), limbay (lyric poem), sala (love song), idangdang (ballad), ulaging (epic), and nanangon (folktales). Religion is monotheistic. They believe in one God. Magbabaya (the ruler of all) has minor gods and goddesses under his command (Example: Bulalakaw watches rivers and lakes, Tumpas Nanapiyaw or Itumbangol watches the bases of the earth, night, and day).

Many of the province's inhabitants, however, are descendants of immigrants from Cebu or elsewhere in Central Visayas.

Catholicism
The majority of the population are Christians (predominantly Roman Catholic, 80.7%.

Others
Significant other Christian denomination minority at 15%, followed by Islam (4%), and other religious groups comprising 0.3%. Ethnic religion is still in practice by native Lumads across the province.

Economy
Bukidnon is an agricultural economy. It is a major producer of rice, maize, sugar, coffee, rubber, pineapple, banana, tomato, flowers, cassava, and other fruits and vegetables. Almost all large firms operating in the province are into production or processing of these agricultural products. Recognized by the Food and Agriculture Organization as a foot-and-mouth disease-free province, it is also a major producer of poultry, hogs, goats, and cattle.

The Philippine Carabao Center's outlet in Central Mindanao University makes dairy products from water buffalos. Due to being landlocked, Bukidnon relies on the nearby cities of Cagayan de Oro and Davao for the supply of marine products. However, the province has its own supply of freshwater products such as tilapia, carp, catfish, mudfish, gourami, barb, goby, climbing perch, freshwater eels, giant freshwater prawn or shrimps, native freshwater snails or freshwater clams, and freshwater crabs, either via inland fishing or fry production aquaculture in inland fish farms and fish hatcheries.

Del Monte Philippines, Inc. (DMPI), Lapanday Diversified Products Corp. and Mt. Kitanglad Agri-Development Corporation are engaged in pineapple production. Dole Philippines (Skyland) and Mt. Kitanglad Agri-Ventures, Inc. are into banana production. DMPI is also engaged in cattle fattening. Bukidnon Sugar Milling Corporation (BUSCO) and Crystal Sugar Milling are into sugar milling and refining.

Phil-Agro Industrial Corporation is in starch production. Menzi Agricultural Development is in cacao production. Agaropyta Phils. Inc., Bukidnon Greens Inc., FP Obrero Farms and ARDEM, Inc. are in cutflower production.

Food manufacturing giants, San Miguel Foods Corp. (SMPFCI), Monterey Farms Corp., Swift Foods, Inc. have intensified their contract breeding and growing operations in the province. Valencia Rubbertex, Inc., an 80-20 Japanese-Filipino joint venture produces rubber boots and rubber shoes for Japan.

As one of the major anchors in crop production, Bukidnon is moving forward towards establishing its position as a principal trader of rice, corn, sugar, potato, tomato and many other commercial and industrial crops. As the second largest producer of corn in the country, it reached a total production of 481,370 metric tons. In year 2000, vast tracts of cornfields, rice paddles, and sugar plantations are distributed all over the province.

Bukidnon has already assumed its role as producer and supplier of fresh fruits and vegetables. These produce are either sold in domestic markets or exported to Japan and other neighboring countries. Fresh pineapples, banana, sugarcane and cutflower grown over the years are among its exports. New agri-business industries are still growing such as strawberry farming. Even export of rubber boots and shoes, an infant industry in the province is increasing tremendously.

A wide variety of resource-based handicrafts is extensively produced from rattan, bamboo, and wood. San Fernando is known for its rattan furniture. Bamboo baskets, wood wares and carvings, mats, and other handmade products are ideal souvenir items.

Bukidnon Investment Grid
During the mid-1990s, the provincial government of Bukidnon, after careful studies and consultation, has adopted a strategic program called the Bukidnon Investment Grid or BIG. This program is aimed to confine all its investment promotion activities and projects to the strip of land three kilometers from both sides of the Sayre Highway from Damulog to Manolo Fortich, and along the national/provincial road from Kibawe to Kadingilan; Don Carlos to Kadingilan; Maramag to Quezon; Maramag to Kadingilan; Kadingilan to Pangantucan; Valencia City to San Fernando; Malaybalay City to Cabanglasan; Malaybalay to Lantapan; Manolo Fortich to Libona; Libona to Cagayan de Oro; Talakag to Pangantucan; and Malitbog to Tagoloan in Misamis Oriental.

Transportation
The province is very well accessible by road primarily from the cities of Cagayan de Oro and Davao with alternate road networks as well from the cities of Butuan (via Agusan del Sur), Iligan (via Talakag), Marawi (via Talakag), Tagum (via San Fernando), and the province of Cotabato.

The entire province is bisected from north to south by the four-lane Sayre Highway from Cagayan de Oro to Kabacan, North Cotabato via Maramag (Bukidnon–Cotabato Road); and by the two-to-four lane Bukidnon–Davao Road (colloquially known as "BuDa") from Quezon to Davao City. Both are components of National Route 10 (N10) of the Philippine highway network, and a spur of the Asian Highway 26 (AH26) of the Asian highway network. The Sayre Highway intersects with the BuDa Road in the barrio of Dologon in Maramag, where it changes to route N943 and continues on to Dangcagan, Damulog, and Kabacan.

The Sayre Highway (formerly "Route 3") was renamed in honor of Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr., the U.S. Philippine High Commissioner who spearheaded its construction during the American occupation of the Philippines.

There are several airstrips in the province being used by private firms. Commercial flights used to be flown from the Malaybalay Airstrip, but it was closed down by the provincial government in the late 1990s. The airport where it used to be located was converted into a low-cost housing project. A proposed domestic airport site in the municipality of Don Carlos has already been on the talks since 2008 and in 2013, the Bukidnon Airport Development Project proposal was finalized. Budget allocation was done in 2017 and construction started in 2018. There are no seaports in Bukidnon because the province is landlocked. The nearest passenger seaport is in Cagayan de Oro.

Universities and colleges
The following universities and colleges of Bukidnon are the tertiary schools.

Festivals
The province celebrates the Kaamulan Festival, an ethnic cultural festival held annually in Malaybalay, Bukidnon from the mid-February up to March 10, the founding date of the Bukidnon as a province in 1917. It is held to celebrate the culture and tradition of the seven ethnic tribal groups—Bukidnon, Higaonon, Talaandig, Manobo, Matigsalug, Tigwahanon, and Umayamnon—that originally inhabit the province. Kaamulan comes from the indigenous Binukid word amul meaning "to gather". Kaamulan is gathering for a purpose—a datuship ritual, a wedding ceremony, a thanksgiving festival during harvest time, a peace pact, or all of these together. The festival started in 1974 and is celebrated until now. It is the only authentic ethnic festival in the Philippines.

Bukidnon Hymn: Bukidnon My Home
The Provincial Hymn was composed by Filomeno Bautista between 1925 and 1932. Nimecio Jun Beltran authored a provincial resolution requiring the singing of the provincial hymn in all and every events in the Province of Bukidnon where the Philippine National Anthem is also sung.

Notable people

 * Gerald Tabios - elite endurance athlete
 * Arcelle Tadena - scaled crossfit athlete
 * Alfredo Lagamon - Associate Justice, Court of Appeals
 * Caesar Fortich - Secretary of Agriculture
 * Clare Cabiguin – Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 1 - 4th Placer
 * Elenito Galido - Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iligan
 * Joey Ayala - singer-songwriter and composer
 * Migz Zubiri - politician
 * Lorenzo S. Dinlayan - USEC, Office of Cultural Communities
 * Oona Barretto - scholar of Pinoy Dream Academy (season 1)
 * Nelbert Omolon - PBA Player
 * Nereus Acosta - politician
 * Reynan Dal-Anay - 1st Runner-up of The Voice Kids (Philippines season 2)
 * Roel Manlangit - Grand Champion of Pilipinas Got Talent (season 4)
 * Romeo M. Recina - Brig. Gen., PC-INP Recom 11 Commander
 * Sheree (real name Sweet Faye V. Bautista) - Singer / dancer / model & actress (former Viva Hot Babe)
 * Virgilio Garcillano - former government official
 * Ivy Grace Paredes – The X Factor UK 2016 contender
 * Rowell "Roy" Ucat – internet celebrity, songwriter, popularly known as "Medyo Maldito"
 * Mario Fernandez – a multi-medalist national boxer
 * Teofisto Guingona III – politician/former senator
 * Archie Gamboa - 21st Chief of the Philippine National Police
 * Samuel Duran (real name Samuel Quilab) – professional boxer; former WBC International Bantamweight Champion and former OPBF Featherweight Champion
 * Leonil B. Lazarito – international boxing promoter/matchmaker, professional boxing manager
 * Mark Anthony N. Geraldo – professional boxer; former WBO Asia-Pacific youth super flyweight champion and PBF bantamweight champion
 * Manny Pacquiao – Filipino professional boxer and senator born in Kibawe

title: Bukidnon


text:
Talk:Cookware and bakeware

Comments
cooking pan? i've never heard it called that before. Isn't it a frying pan, or a fry pan? --Tristanb 00:15 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * 1) I too have never heard of a cooking pan. It is a frying pan.
 * 2) This is hardly a subject for an encyclopædia. We seem to be having a lot of cooking pages appearing on wiki; first recipes, now utensils. None of them are encyclopædic or encyclopædia topics. All are listed on the votes for deletion page. I guess this will have to join them. FearÉIREANN 00:27 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Yeah, I don't really have much problem with a page frying pan existing -- there are many worse sins. (I don't like recipes though). I won't move it or do anything else, otherwise i'm just making more pages to potentially delete. I'll let someone else put in on votes for deletion if they want, see what others think. Tristanb

 * I've listed it on the VfD page. FearÉIREANN 03:14 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Is there a common term for saucepan, frying pan and similar? May be Pan (cooking)? - Patrick 02:50 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

There are a whole bunch of terms for the same general concept, that of a vessel that is relatively broad and shallow. "Cooking pan" is a generic term that would cover a range of shapes and sizes, then cooking pot could be for things that are deeper and used for a different purposes. Ideally, one would have many redirs for all the other terms that are used. Stan 04:35 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

A google search gets 8,350 hits for the exact phrase. I object to deletion

This article is a pitiful stub, so I encourage people to fill it out with information. What about the history of cooking pans? Which culture invented the first cooking pan? What's the oldest cooking pan that archeologists have discovered? How have modern materials been used to improve their design? There's lots that could be said here, and I hope it will be. Martin 17:50 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Agree. I also think that pots, pans and other such tools of culture and civilization are indeed appropriate subjects of encyclopedia articles. -- Infrogmation 16:26 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Frogmation, I agree. Of course its a suitable subject to include in an encyclopedia. I came across it exactly for the reason that I needed to know about something in that category! Though sadly, it didn't contain the answer I wanted; it didn't include brass as a material for cooking utensils. Does anybody know if brass is a safe metal to cook in? I have an antique brass saucepan, which is unlined by any other metal. I've had it for years, but only as an ornament hanging in the kitchen. But I would like to use it if it's safe. I'm aware that it must have been used in Edwardian/Victorian kitchens, but they were not aware of many things regarding metal poisoning & safety and such then. I'd be most grateful, & interested if anyone can supply me with any information. 82.132.240.177 (talk) 04:21, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

Cooking utensil
Why does cooking utensil redirect here? I guess I'm unclear about the meaning of cooking utensil. Is a cooking utensil any utensil, aiding in cooking, or is it a utensil used specifically in cooking? If the former, the redirect is wrong, and if the latter, articles such as whisk shouldn't link to cooking utensil. Ambarish | Talk 22:51, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems like a bandaid probably - cooking utensil should be a brief summary of the full range of things called such, plus a list of specific items, ideally with all possible utensils listed, for proper encyclopedic completeness. Stan 23:43, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There is already such a list at List of food preparation utensils. Perhaps cooking utensil should redirect to this list, so that one can then choose the article about the utensil of one's choice afterwards.  ???  Well?!  Is it an idea? Sfdan 11:29, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh yeah, it's even linked from this article... :-) There's still room for article-type content for utensils in general, such as history - yesterday I got to wondering at what point iron cooking utensils supplanted bronze or pottery, but WP doesn't have the answer, and Googling was inconclusive. Stan 12:49, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

In the Alumnimum section, what does "neither material" refer to? Aluminum and steel? This could be more clear.

Merge Cooking Pot into this page?
Unless there are objections, I intend to merge cooking pot into this page. FiveRings 22:58, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

done FiveRings 02:56, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

pots or gourds?
Merged cooking pot into this page, but the picture that came with it looks like gourds, not ceramic pots. Comments?

Aluminum rusting?
'Aluminum is a lightweight metal with very good thermal conductance. It does not rust'

The issue I have here is the use of the word 'rust.' 'Rust' is the oxidation of the element iron, and so defacto is not the oxidation of aluminum. The meaning that is typically conveyed by the statement is that aluminum does not oxidise (react with oxygen). In fact aluminum very quickly oxidises when exposed to oxygen in air. The difference in oxidation of aluminum and iron is that the coating of aluminum oxide over aluminum prevents further oxidation, but with iron such oxidised coating doesn't prevent further oxidation. Consequently the oxidation of iron (rust) is corrosive, and not in the case of aluminum

This is fine. If you wanted to fully explain every term, then you would need to have all of wikipedia on every page. It doesn't say it doesn't oxidise, so I think this is fine. Rust can be made into a link if needs be, so can aluminium, if people are interested in it's chemcial properties. As a science student I fully apreciated what is involved.

129.234.55.55 (talk) 22:47, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Rust does sound a bit dorky. How about:

"'Aluminium is a lightweight metal with very good thermal conductivity. It is resistant to many forms of corrosion, although it can be damaged by strongly alkaline automatic dishwashing detergents. Aluminium can also react with some acidic foods to change the taste of the food. Sauces containing egg yolks, or vegetables such as asparagus or artichokes may cause oxidation of non-anodized aluminium. Since 1965 circumstantial evidence has linked Alzheimer's disease to aluminium, but to date there is no proof that the element is involved in causing the disease, and it is now considered unlikely. Aluminium is commonly available in sheet, cast, or colored anodized forms.' cojoco (talk) 00:59, 14 February 2009 (UTC)"

lens-shaped?
I am disambiguating the lens links. While I understand the description of a Wok as lens-shaped, that isn't really helpful if you don' know what a wok already looks like. The only type of lense that fits that description exactly is a miniscus lens. Can someone find a better way to describe a Wok? Perhaps use the desciptors found on Wok. For now I'm redirecting the lens link to lens (optics). Speed8ump 23:34, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Cooking basket
Wouldn't cooking baskets (native American) fall under cookware. Should a paragraph be added on those. Lisa4edit (talk) 20:41, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * sounds like a good idea, but where would one find a reference? (should also add olla). FiveRings (talk) 20:50, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Ah, yes nothing exists until a white male has written about it in a book. Some anthropologists (and other -ologists) have looked into some aspects.  Art sites have some mentions, but I doubt that will suffice for the wikipurists.  I'll give it a start, but I know diddly.  I'll try to get someone at the native American portal to maybe add a bit and correct things if I should get it wrong.  --71.236.23.111 (talk) 02:28, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, I'll certainly agree with your self-assessment. Go ahead. FiveRings (talk) 02:49, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Controversial? Really?
The Non-stick section (under Coated..) says this: There has been controversy surrounding the use of nonstick coatings: ... overheating ... Really? Has anyone seen a reliable source that disputes that overheating produces toxic products? I'm going to cite additional information on the issue, and I want to give equal time (WP:WEIGHT), but as of now I'm convinced that the equivocation should be deleted. Dmforcier (talk) 16:55, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

The section has other problems too.

BTW, what's the deal with the subsection formatting such as in ? Why the fake subheads rather than H4, e.g. ==== Non-stick ==== ? Dmforcier (talk) 18:15, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

I left an empty nonstick pan on a burner by accident, and all of a sudden the house was filled with a sweet smelling gas. I looked up the decomposition of nonstick, and yes, it produces toxic products. Lesson learned: only stick non-nonstick empty bakeware on a hot burner. The reason nonstick doesn’t decompose at high temperatures when full is because heat is not just accumulating in the utensil, it is also being removed by the contents of the utensil. The nonstick begins decomposition at high temperatures sometimes encountered during cooking, but it is safest to use them only at or below 400°F, and to use glass or plain metal utensils at higher temperatures. Axeyop (talk) 04:46, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

Aluminum and Alzheimer's Disease
At one time a connection was suspected. "Experts today focus on other areas of research, and few believe that everyday sources of aluminum pose any threat." (Alzheimer's Association) Accordingly, I'm going to heavily modify the Aluminum section to reflect this. Dmforcier (talk) 20:21, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Citation 12 appears to simply be unreferenced opinion
It cites no source, and simply seems to be a placeholder response to a [CN] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.164.242.94 (talk) 18:16, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Introduction - focus on material
I've added to the header section and (hopefully) improved it by pointing out that much of this article is about the variations of material used for cookware and bakeware affects the properties and use of the item.

As such I've removed the 'too short header' tag

Hope this does the trick

Jpmaytum (talk) 20:47, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Aluminium or Aluminum - spelling debate
This article had an inline note in the Aluminium section citing WP:ENGVAR and claiming this meant the US spelling of the word was used - rather than the spelling used everywhere else in the world (except Canada) WP:ENGVAR actually says that a regionised spelling of a word should only be insisted upon for an article particularly related to a specific country (ie White House should use US English Buckingham Palace should use British English, but general articles such as food do not have a specific version that should be used.)

This article had both versions of the spelling in this section. I have now made the spelling consistent.

I have used the worldwide version of the word as this was the spelling in the section head and there is no clear reason why this section should be written in American. I have amended the inline note to direct any conversation to this talk section.

hope this clear things up.

Jpmaytum (talk) 20:56, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

I fail to see the use of aluminium (I'm British/English)as a safe hygienic material for great cookware. Has anyone present ever passed a finger over a "clean" aluminium cooking pot or pan? If so you will have noticed that you had a black finger tip. Actually this is aluminium oxide which is constantly being shed from the raw aluminium material, and no matter how many times you clean your pot or pan with soap and water, it still continues to output this aluminium oxide. I am not a chemical expert but I very much doubt that aluminium oxide is very good for a healthy living style. Maybe someone could shed some light on the matter so that I may once and for all decide to dispose or not dispose of all the aluminium great cookware I have in my kitchen cupboards. 189.242.44.211 (talk) 05:04, 13 July 2012 (UTC) David Anthony http://greatcookware.theazonway.com

Missing Stone
You guys forgot stone cookware, despite it's one of the oldest and safest types. People have been cooking via stone, earth/clay, and wood/other tree/plant parts throughout history. How could you leave out that stone and wood are still in use, and are among the best choices for safety and environmental-friendliness? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.22.251.138 (talk) 05:45, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

external link caldero
I am not sure the external link called caldero is appropriate in the middle of the argument. I request that it be converted into a reference or something. 69.168.144.139 (talk) 20:21, 1 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing it out. I found a better reference for it. --Ronz (talk) 20:43, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

This article about cookware or a tool used in preparation cookware sets — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bonjacks (talk • contribs) 09:07, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

name
Article titles — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.131.80.19 (talk) 23:48, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

Health claims on this page
For example, in the section Non-stick there is the statement "Note that the highest temperature listed for a recommended use is 470 °F/243 °C. overheating, particularly likely when heating an empty pan, can produce decomposition products that are toxic to humans" referencing an EWG article in 2003 by non-expert authors and which references "in new tests conducted by a university food safety professor" without citing any sources, let alone reputable (in a WP:MEDRS sense). This sort of claim should only be made when referenced to reputable peer reviewed and preferably secondary consensus. TerryE (talk) 12:47, 21 February 2015 (UTC)
 * @Dmforcier You shouldn't revert this content for the justification "No counter-evidence". WP doesn't work this way.  You need a WP:RS source to underpin any "fact" included in WP, and in the case of medically relevant claims this should reference a WP:MEDRS source.  In this case the cited article doesn't even mention this 470 °F/243 °C datum.  Moreover its principle author was an environmental activist with a masters and bachelors degree in civil engineering.  Her role is PoV and her qualification non-expert.  I don't have any problem including a claim that is underpinned by a secondary consensus or a qualified claim by a primary source.  But for WP to say that there is a health risk from Teflon coatings when heated past a specific temperature then you should at least have sound evidence to back this up. TerryE (talk) 18:51, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * The citation references statements by the manufacturers of the coating. There is *plenty* of evidence that overheating PTFE releases toxic fumes  All you are quibbling about is how likely a pan is to reach those temperatures in common use.  Well, the cited article demonstrates that it is quite easy.  Rather than say "non-expert" and remove the citation, I challenge you to cite counter-evidence that it does not occur. Dmforcier (talk) 05:04, 9 March 2015 (UTC)
 * @Dmforcier, surely if there is "plenty of of evidence that overheating PTFE releases toxic fumes", then it would be easy to directly cite a manufacturer or better an WP:RS or better a WP:MEDRS source for the classification as "dangerous". The cited article is a piece of reporting dressed up in pseudo-scientific terms . It doesn't demonstrate anything of correctly cite any RS source (BTW, "new tests conducted by a university food safety professor" does not count.)  Yes, it does include the quote: In a recent press release, DuPont wrote that 'significant decomposition of the coating will occur only when temperatures exceed about 660° F (340° C).  It does seem to me that 660° is a tad greater than 470° and that "significant decomposition" may or may not represent danger to humans. But then again, if you heat a pan to over 340°C then you'll get a lot of other problems -- like any plastic handle will start to give off pretty nasty toxins.
 * Yes EWS petitioned CPSC twelve years ago, but I don't think anything became of this petition. If we want to quote Dupont then why not go to the horses mouth with their current statement Cookware Coated with Teflon Nonstick is Safe to Use? or why not a piece of proper WP:RS research Investigation into the migration potential of coating materials from cookware products which concluded that "There was no detectable release of perfluorochemicals".  I am not advocating any specific content, just that content which claims health risks should follow the enforced WP rules. TerryE (talk) 21:26, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

There are so many health topics related to cook/bakeware that an entire subsection devoted to them would make sense. As we can see, little tidbits remarking about interesting health repercussions have popped up over time all over the page. There’s PTFE decomposition, the alumino-Alzheimer’s allegations, metal toxicity, microwave safety, and who knows what else will come around in the future. Also not mentioned are the health benefits of certain utensils (ie: un-enameled cast iron->iron supplementation). There’s no reason to have all the little nuggets of distraction strewn throughout the page. Why not shove the subject under a new subheading and satisfy the fears that led to people adding these. I’m sure there are existing pages regarding all of these cases, so a paragraph referencing all of them would keep the tidbits from expanding in the wrong place. Axeyop (talk) 05:46, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

Copy claim
This article is too similar to the New World Encyclopedia article at "www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Cookware_and_bakeware" that is also titled "Cookware and Bakeware." Probably plagiarized? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.22.151.103 (talk • contribs)
 * Vice-versa. The article there credits Wikipedia as the baseline. Kuru   (talk)  22:22, 10 August 2018 (UTC)

Saucepan!
The single most important and frequently used piece of cookware in Europe, at least, yet it only gets a short paragraph in this article when many more obscure utensils have entire articles. No details of history, construction, usage etc. Stub Mandrel (talk) 19:52, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

How to make cooking pots with copper
190.80.91.222 (talk) 13:45, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cookware and bakeware


text:
Talk:Carotene

Cancer risk
Shoul this statement "It has been shown in trials that the ingestion of beta carotene at about 30 mg/day increases the rate of lung cancer and prostate cancer" be changed to "It has been shown in trials that the ingestion of beta carotene at about 30 mg/day DECREASES the rate of lung cancer and prostate cancer" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.82.186.77 (talk) 12:45, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * That section does need reworked. See the next paragraph for the INCREASED risk of lung cancer in smokers. VMS Mosaic (talk) 15:48, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

(No title)
The two carotene chemical structures on this page (and related) are wrong. Two carbon atoms are missing from the conjugated central chain.
 * No, they're not (at least now). Icek 02:43, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

I just added two paragraphs: 1. the plant sources of beta-carotene 2. short comment on anti-oxidant properties and its use as a dietary supplement. -- Bedrupsbaneman 13:34, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Carotene is the dimer of vitamin A. What does that mean? RickK 00:18 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * A polymer is a molecule composed of several more or less identical copies of a simpler molecule. A dimer is a molecule composed of exactly two copies of a simpler molecule. The simpler molecule, in both instances, is termed a monomer.  So carotene is a molecule composed of two joined copies of Vitamin A. -- Someone else 00:25 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Is there a link to dimer in the Wikipedia? If so, could it be added?  If not, could it be explained in this article?  I didn't have a clue. RickK 06:20 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Done. :) Bryan 06:37 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Now I understand.  RickK 22:15 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

There are more than two forms of carotene. Changed to reflect that. NSiDms 13:54 11 Oct 2005 (UTC)

I've added in a reference about beta carotene and lung cancer Dr prune 12:23, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Melissa's thought
I'm doing a science fair project on this and i need to know exactly what beta Carotene is

Wrong structure
I have changed the structures, as the old one was wrong. There should be 40 carbon atoms. In old structure (Image:Alpha-carotene.png) there were only 38. Compare it with structure from commons. Polimerek 23:20, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

- I think there is still a problem. Beta-carotene is supposed to have eleven double bonds and this one only has ten. Thejeffftrain 13:46, 08 Aug 2006

The structure is still wrong - it is missing two carbon atoms from the middle (look at the structure on the Bristol University link) Gingekerr 16:17, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Beta Carotene, a pro vitamin?
Isn't beta carotene also called a "pro vitamin"? Can someone expand on "pro vitamins"? --68.103.154.140 16:49, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

It is a provitamin, and I added that fact with a link to the provitamin stub to the second paragraph of the article. A provitamin is a substance which animal tissues (particularly human) can convert into the corresponding vitamin. 71.205.13.162 06:51, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Greek letters
Please write out the names of greek letters when they are first mentioned in ANY article. Thereafter we may use the shorthand. This is a general encyclopedia.

SMILES Notation
I was wondering if we should include the SMILES notation for the compounds in the article somewhere. It would be good to have them, but they tend to get pretty long in the long compounds. If anyone is wondering:

α-carotene: C\C2=C\CCC(C)(C)C2/C=CC(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(/C)CCCC1(C)C

β-carotene: CC2(C)CCCC(\C)=C2\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(/C)CCCC1(C)C

I'm not sure if these are correct, I generated them from the 2 diagrams on the page. If anyone wants the other notations, I can get them pretty easily. Sbrools ( talk .  contribs ) 17:19, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

No adverse effects from common dietary sources
Why is this noteworthy at all? The bioavailability is about 1/6 compared to supplements, so the 20 mg/day studies would translate to more than 1.4 kg carrots per day. Icek 03:16, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, the retinoid forms of vitamin A are pretty toxic.WolfKeeper 03:27, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * What has your answer to do with my question? This is about carotene, not about retinoids (and we know that production of retinoids from carotenes by the human body is regulated well enough not to result in retinoid toxicity in the relevant dosage (and even if this wouldn't be that way, your answer wouldn't make sense)). Icek 17:19, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * What has what you know to do with it? It's what is in the article that counts. Bioavailability varies anyway- if carotenes are eaten with a fatty meal, absorption is doubtless greatly increased. So your OR about 1.4 kg is probably out by a factor of up to 6. Carotenemia kicks in at about 60mg/day and I'm pretty sure that people with it don't have to eat that much more than 1.4 kg of carrots.WolfKeeper 17:37, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The other point is that beta-carotene is often referred to as 'Vitamin A' and vitamin A is often referred to as toxic in large quantities. Compared to retinoids the toxicity is almost non existent.WolfKeeper 17:37, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Even if beta-carotene is often referred to as 'Vitamin A' it isn't vitamin A, and vitamin A is not what the article is about (and I still don't know why you started talking about retinoid toxicity, but let's forget that and talk about the topic of this article). About the bioavailability see here, page 375ff: 2 mg oil-dissolved beta-carotene is 1 mg retinol equivalent, but it takes 12 mg dietary beta-carotene for 1 mg retinol equivalent. It is further noted that the bioavailablity of beta-carotene has long been overestimated by a factor of 2. But even if they are wrong, it's still 700 g of carrots.

 * That's about 3 big carrots. Sounds about right: http://www.dietitian.com/vitamina.html WolfKeeper 05:26, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you have data on bioavailability from carrots when eaten with certain amounts of fat? Do you have data on how the people in the studies ate their carrots? Please cite your sources (also for the  dosage necessary for carotenemia). Icek 20:03, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You can tell just by looking at the numbers that they're very approximate. There's no way that the true figure is going to be a whole number like that. If I was trying to come up with a number for this, I would measure some stuff, and then deliberately pick a highly conservative number; and that's clearly what has happened. There's no prizes for being too low, people would get ill, but if you're too high, people just eat a few more bits of carrot.WolfKeeper 05:26, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * What's relevant is: Where's the study which actually shows that dietary beta-carotene does not have the known adverse effects at the relevant dosage? Icek 08:46, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Dietary source: how much per kg?
Can someone please add how many mg per kg you can find in the veggies and fruits in the "dietary source" list. THANKS -- Michael Janich 03:21, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Additionally, a certain concentration of carotene should be a criterion for inclusion in the list. I think it would be even better to use the amount of carotene per dry weight or per nutritional energy. Icek (talk) 12:05, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 01:18, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

partially cis vs. all-trans
I was wondering why the 3D stick model is cis at C6-C7 and C8-C9 (and not in C6'-C7' and C8'-C9') while the strucutral formula further down is all trans. If that is due to photo excitation it should be explained in the text. 2 September 2009 148.79.162.144

Me too - but I had to find for the carbon labeling. Rod57 (talk) 15:55, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Link to Whole Foods broken, New source required
The link should go to an archived version of the page unless it has simply been moved — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.48.186.28 (talk) 15:39, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on Carotene. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070626174921/http://www.whfoods.org:80/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=125 to http://www.whfoods.org/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=125
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080314060735/http://whfoods.org:80/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=116 to http://whfoods.org/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=116
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Warning_Labels_on_Beta_Carotene_Called_For.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050330085659/http://www.berkeleywellness.com:80/html/ds/dsBetaCarotene.php to http://www.berkeleywellness.com/html/ds/dsBetaCarotene.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050306145547/http://www.umm.edu:80/altmed/ConsSupplements/BetaCarotenecs.html to http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsSupplements/BetaCarotenecs.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:08, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

Two retinyl groups
Is it true that beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups? It says nothing about that on the beta-carotene page. Can someone explain that to me, please. Juliansteinb (talk) 17:50, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

Night Vision
When I was a youth I learned Carotene will help with night vision. Is this right? Jokem (talk) 03:10, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carotene


text:
Jerome Bruner

Jerome Seymour Bruner (October 1, 1915 – June 5, 2016) was an American psychologist who made significant contributions to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology. Bruner was a senior research fellow at the New York University School of Law. He received a BA in 1937 from Duke University and a PhD from Harvard University in 1941. He taught and did research at Harvard University, the University of Oxford, and New York University. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Bruner as the 28th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Education and early life
Bruner was born blind (due to cataracts) on October 1, 1915, in New York City, to Herman and Rose Bruner, who were Polish Jewish immigrants. An operation at age 2 restored his vision. He received a bachelor's of arts degree in psychology, in 1937 from Duke University, and went on to earn a master's degree in psychology in 1939 and then a doctorate in psychology in 1941 from Harvard University. In 1939, Bruner published his first psychological article on the effect of thymus extract on the sexual behavior of the female rat. During World War II, Bruner served on the Psychological Warfare Division of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force committee under General Dwight D. Eisenhower, researching social psychological phenomena.

Career and research
In 1945, Bruner returned to Harvard as a psychology professor and was heavily involved in research relating to cognitive psychology and educational psychology. In 1972, Bruner left Harvard to teach at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. He returned to the United States in 1980, to continue his research in developmental psychology. In 1991, Bruner joined the faculty at New York University (NYU), where he taught primarily in the School of Law.

As an adjunct professor at NYU School of Law, Bruner studied how psychology affects legal practice. During his career, Bruner was awarded honorary doctorates from Yale University, Columbia University, The New School, the Sorbonne, the ISPA Instituto Universitário, as well as colleges and universities in such locations as Berlin and Rome, was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the American Philosophical Society. Bruner was a distinguished member of Psi Chi. He turned 100 in October 2015 and died on June 5, 2016.

Cognitive psychology
Bruner is one of the pioneers of cognitive psychology in the United States, which began through his own early research on sensation and perception as being active, rather than passive processes.

In 1947, Bruner published his study Value and Need as Organizing Factors in Perception, in which children from advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds were asked to estimate the size of coins or wooden disks the size of American pennies, nickels, dimes, quarters and half-dollars. The results showed that the value and need the poor and rich children associated with coins caused them to significantly overestimate the size of the coins, especially when compared to their more accurate estimations of the same size disks.

Similarly, another study conducted by Bruner and Leo Postman showed slower reaction times and less accurate answers when a deck of playing cards reversed the color of the suit symbol for some cards (e.g. red spades and black hearts). These series of experiments issued in what some called the 'New Look' psychology, which challenged psychologists to study not just an organism's response to a stimulus, but also its internal interpretation. After these experiments on perception, Bruner turned his attention to the actual cognitions that he had indirectly studied in his perception studies.

In 1956, Bruner published the book A Study of Thinking, which formally initiated the study of cognitive psychology. Soon afterward Bruner helped found the Harvard Center of Cognitive Studies. After a time, Bruner began to research other topics in psychology, but in 1990 he returned to the subject and gave a series of lectures, later compiled into the book Acts of Meaning. In these lectures, Bruner contested the computer model of the mind, advocating a more holistic understanding of cognitive processes.

Developmental psychology
Beginning around 1967, Bruner turned his attention to the subject of developmental psychology and studied the way children learn. He coined the term "scaffolding" to describe an instructional process in which the instructor provides carefully programmed guidance, reducing the amount of assistance as the student progresses through task learning. Bruner suggested that students may experience, or "represent" tasks in three ways: enactive representation (action-based), iconic representation (image-based), and symbolic representation (language-based). Rather than neatly delineated stages, the modes of representation are integrated and only loosely sequential as they "translate" into each other. Symbolic representation remains the ultimate mode, and it "is clearly the most mysterious of the three."

Bruner's learning theory suggests that it is efficacious, when faced with new material, to follow a progression from enactive to iconic to symbolic representation; this holds true even for adult learners. A true instructional designer, Bruner's work also suggests that a learner (even of a very young age) is capable of learning any material so long as the instruction is organized appropriately, in sharp contrast to the beliefs of Piaget and other stage theorists. Like Bloom's Taxonomy, Bruner suggests a system of coding in which people form a hierarchical arrangement of related categories. Each successively higher level of categories becomes more specific, echoing Benjamin Bloom's understanding of knowledge acquisition as well as the related idea of instructional scaffolding.

In accordance with this understanding of learning, Bruner proposed the spiral curriculum, a teaching approach in which each subject or skill area is revisited at intervals, at a more sophisticated level each time. First there is basic knowledge of a subject, then more sophistication is added, reinforcing principles that were first discussed. This system is used in China and India. Bruner's spiral curriculum, however, draws heavily from evolution to explain how to learn better and thus it drew criticism from conservatives. In the United States classes are split by grade—life sciences in 9th grade, chemistry in 10th, physics in 11th. The spiral teaches life sciences, chemistry, physics all in one year, then two subjects, then one, then all three again to understand how they mold together. Bruner also believed learning should be spurred by interest in the material rather than tests or punishment, since one learns best when one finds the acquired knowledge appealing.

Educational psychology
While Bruner was at Harvard he published a series of works about his assessment of current educational systems and ways that education could be improved. In 1961, he published the book Process of Education. Bruner also served as a member of the Educational Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Referencing his overall view that education should not focus merely on memorizing facts, Bruner wrote in Process of Education that "knowing how something is put together is worth a thousand facts about it." From 1964 to 1996 Bruner sought to develop a complete curriculum for the educational system that would meet the needs of students in three main areas which he called  A Course of Study. Bruner wanted to create an educational environment that would focus on (1) what was uniquely human about human beings, (2) how humans got that way and (3) how humans could become more so. In 1966, Bruner published another book relevant to education, Towards a Theory of Instruction, and then in 1973, another book, The Relevance of Education. Finally, in 1996, in The Culture of Education, Bruner reassessed the state of educational practices three decades after he had begun his educational research. Bruner was also credited with helping found the Head Start early childcare program. Bruner was deeply impressed by his 1995 visit to the preschools of Reggio Emilia and has established a collaborative relationship with them to improve educational systems internationally. Equally important was the relationship with the Italian Ministry of Education which officially recognized the value of this innovative experience.

Language development
In 1972, Bruner was appointed Watts Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, where he remained until 1980. In his Oxford years, Bruner focused on early language development. Rejecting the nativist account of language acquisition proposed by Noam Chomsky, Bruner offered an alternative in the form of an interactionist or social interactionist theory of language development. In this approach, the social and interpersonal nature of language was emphasized, appealing to the work of philosophers such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, John L. Austin and John Searle for theoretical grounding. Following Lev Vygotsky the Russian theoretician of socio-cultural development, Bruner proposed that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition in general and of language in particular. He emphasized that children learn language in order to communicate, and, at the same time, they also learn the linguistic code. Meaningful language is acquired in the context of meaningful parent-infant interaction, learning "scaffolded" or supported by the child's language acquisition support system (LASS).

At Oxford Bruner worked with a large group of graduate students and post-doctoral fellows to understand how young children manage to crack the linguistic code, among them Alison Garton, Alison Gopnik, Magda Kalmar (Kalmár Magda), Alan Leslie, Andrew Meltzoff, Anat Ninio, Roy Pea, Susan Sugarman, Michael Scaife, Marian Sigman, Kathy Sylva and many others. Much emphasis was placed on employing the then-revolutionary method of videotaped home-observations, Bruner showing the way to a new wave of researchers to get out of the laboratory and take on the complexities of naturally occurring events in a child's life. This work was published in a large number of journal articles, and in 1983 Bruner published a summary in the book Child's talk: Learning to Use Language.

This decade of research established Bruner at the helm of the interactionist approach to language development, exploring such themes as the acquisition of communicative intents and the development of their linguistic expression, the interactive context of language use in early childhood, and the role of parental input and scaffolding behavior in the acquisition of linguistic forms. This work rests on the assumptions of a social constructivist theory of meaning according to which meaningful participation in the social life of a group as well as meaningful use of language involve an interpersonal, intersubjective, collaborative process of creating shared meaning. The elucidation of this process became the focus of Bruner's next period of work.

Narrative construction of reality
In 1980, Bruner returned to the United States, taking up the position of professor at the New School for Social Research in New York City in 1981. For the next decade, he worked on the development of a theory of the narrative construction of reality, culminating in several seminal publications which contributed to the development of narrative psychology. His book Acts of Meaning has been cited over 20,000 times followed by Actual Minds, Possible Worlds which has been cited by over 18,000 scholarly publications, making them two of the most influential works of the 20th century. In these books, Bruner argued that there are two forms of thinking: the paradigmatic and the narrative. The former is the method of science and is based upon classification and categorisation. The alternative narrative approach organises everyday interpretations of the world in storied form. The challenge of contemporary psychology is to understand this everyday form of thinking.

Legal psychology
In 1991, Bruner arrived at NYU as a visiting professor to do research and to found the Colloquium on the Theory of Legal Practice.

Selected articles

 * Bruner, J. S. & Goodman, C. C. (1947). "Value and need as organizing factors in perception". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 42, 33–44.
 * Bruner, J. S. & Postman, L. (1947). "Tension and tension-release as organizing factors in perception". Journal of Personality, 15, 300–308.
 * Bruner, J. S. & Postman, L. (1949). "On the perception of incongruity: A paradigm. Journal of Personality, 18, 206–223.
 * Bruner, J. S. (1975). "The ontogenesis of speech acts". Journal of Child Language, 2, 1–19. (The most cited article in the Journal of Child Language)
 * Scaife, M., Bruner, J. S. (1975). "Capacity for joint visual attention in the infant". Nature, 253, 265–266.
 * Bruner, J. S. (1975/76). "From communication to language: A psychological perspective". Cognition, 3, 255–287.
 * Bruner, J. S. (1976). "Prelinguistic prerequisites of speech". In R. Campbell and P. Smith (Eds.), Recent Advances in the Psychology of Language, 4a, 199–214. New York: Plenum Press.
 * Bruner, J. S., and Sherwood, V. (1976). "Early rule structure: The case of peekaboo". In J. S. Bruner, A. Jolly, and K. Sylva (Eds.), Play: Its Role in Evolution and Development. London: Penguin Books.
 * Wood, D., Bruner, J., & Ross, G. (1976). "The role of tutoring in problem solving". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 17, 89–100.
 * Bruner, J. S. (1977). "Early social interaction and language acquisition". In H. R. Schaffer (Ed.), Studies in Mother-infant Interaction (pp. 271–289). London: Academic Press.
 * Bruner, J. S., Caudill, E. and Ninio, A. (1977). "Language and experience". In R. S. Peters (Ed.), John Dewey Reconsidered. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
 * Ninio, A. and Bruner, J. S. (1978). "The achievement and antecedents of labelling". Journal of Child Language, 5, 1–15. Reprinted in M. B. Franklin and S. S. Barten (eds.), "Child Language: A Reader" (pp. 36–49). New York: Oxford University Press (1988).
 * Ratner, N. and Bruner, J. S. (1978). "Games, social exchange and the acquisition of language". Journal of Child Language, 5, 391–401.
 * Bruner, J. S. (1978). "On prelinguistic prerequisites of speech". In R. N. Campbell and P. T. Smith, (eds.), Recent Advances in the Psychology of Language (Vol. 4a. pp. 194–214). New York: Plenum Press.
 * Bruner, J. S. (1978). "Learning how to do things with words". In J. S. Bruner and R. A. Garton, (eds), Human Growth and Development (pp. 62–84). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
 * Bruner, J. S. (1978). "The role of dialogue in language acquisition". In A. Sinclair, R. J. Jarvella, and W. J. M. Levelt (Eds.), The Child's Conception of Language (pp. 241–256). New York: Springer-Verlag.
 * Bruner, J. S., Roy, C., and Ratner, N. (1982). "The beginnings of request". In K. E. Nelson, (Ed.), Children's Language (Vol. 3. pp. 91–138). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
 * Bruner, J. S. (1983). "The acquisition of pragmatic commitments". In R. Golinkoff, (Ed.), The Transition from Prelinguistic to Linguistic Communication (pp. 27 42). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 * Bruner, J. S. (1985). "Models of the Learner". Educational Researcher, June/July, 5–8.
 * Bruner, J. (1995). "From joint attention to the meeting of minds". In C. Moore & P. Dunham (eds.), Joint Attention: Its Origins And Role In Development. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
 * "The Narrative Construction of Reality" (1991). Critical Inquiry, 18:1, 1–21.
 * "The Autobiographical Process" (1995). Current Sociology. 43.2, 161–177.

title: Jerome Bruner


text:
Talk:Saint Joseph

Edits
I think it is wrong to call Joseph "a New Testament figure". Since all scholars agree that Jesus existed historically, he clearly had a father (independently of religious beliefs about the Virgin birth of Jesus) and scholars usually accept that his father was indeed named Joseph (Yosef was a common name in 1st century Galilee). So I suggest we edit this page in stating that he was "a 1st century man of Nazareth" similarly to the page of Mary, mother of Jesus.-Karma1998 (talk) 00:25, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

Relics of Saint Joseph
As said in the version comment: It is unclear what this is supposed to tell the reader. Furthermore, it is also illogical: if applies to Mary and St. John as well, Joseph cannot be "the only Saint". Furthermore, there is more than one kind of relic (see for second or third class relics). As I could see from at least one of your sources: the source only says, that there seem to be no bones etc, however, your wording is "not claimed by anyone..." Medusahead (talk) 09:45, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

Wrong lineage
What you have commented out has been pointed by Jewish scholars who oppose Christianity. But Christian apologists found a way around that. tgeorgescu (talk) 16:24, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you. However, in any case there should be a possibility to point out who said (claims?) that, as it begins "Christians point to Joseph's lineage…". --Medusahead (talk) 08:43, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Legal father
@IP: Christian law and Islamic law did not exist yet. So, Joseph could not be not the father of Jesus according to their laws.

Joseph could not say "I choose to obey Islamic law", since there was no such law at that time.

Joseph was the legal father of Jesus in history. That is independent of religious tradition. tgeorgescu (talk) 06:25, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

Legal father of Jesus as a title
Randy, as I think it was me who took that out: I wondered why this is listed as a title? Of course, "legal father of Jesus" is a way to describe Saint Joseph but in my opinion it is not a title. Maybe one should shorten this list of titles anyway – the missal only lists "spouse of the mother of God". Patron of the Universal Church seems to be another title officially used. Medusahead (talk) 07:57, 26 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The section is not only for religious titles but for descriptors, and 'legal father of Jesus' has been in the infobox for years. The infobox already contains 'Guardian of the Holy Family' which covers 'Guardian of Jesus'. Thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 11:25, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint Joseph


text:
Ritual de lo Habitual

Ritual de lo Habitual (Spanish for "Ritual of the Usual") is the second studio album by American rock band Jane's Addiction, released on August 21, 1990, by Warner Bros. Records. Co-produced by Dave Jerden, it was the band's final studio album before their initial break-up in 1991. Singles from Ritual de lo Habitual include "Been Caught Stealing" and "Stop!". Ritual de lo Habitual is certified 2× Platinum in the U.S.

In 1990, one month after its release, the album had sold 500,000 units.

Music
The album is divided into halves. Tracks 1 through 5 are hard rock songs unrelated to each other.

Tracks 6 through 9 are in memoriam of singer Perry Farrell's deceased girlfriend Xiola Blue, who died of a heroin overdose in 1987 at the age of 18. "Three Days" and "Then She Did" bear a progressive rock influence, while "Of Course" carries a klezmer influence, with a prominent violin throughout. Eric Avery refused to play bass on "Of Course" out of resentment from being told what to play on other songs. Recording engineer and guitar tech Ronnie S. Champagne, who would later confess that Farrell had a tendency to dictate the other members' parts during the recording of this album, ended up playing bass on the song instead. For his part, Avery would later admit regret at not playing on the track.

"Then She Did" also chronicles Farrell's mother's suicide when he was four years old. "It's probably one of the reasons we were brought together…" remarked guitarist Dave Navarro, whose mother was murdered when he was a teenager. "I have memories of us being onstage together and, before we played 'Then She Did', Perry would grab me and say, 'Let's do this for our moms.' I still get chills when I think about it." "When you have something like that happen…" noted Farrell, "the better thing to do is to try to make some flowers grow out of it."

"Ain't No Right" begins with Farrell singing excerpts from "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll" by Ian Dury and the Blockheads against a dub reggae backdrop of a drum machine and synthesized bass, which he eventually slurs into a profanity-laced rant. The intro ends and "Ain't No Right" begins.

Packaging
Two versions of the disc packaging were created: one album featured cover artwork by singer Perry Farrell and artist Casey Niccoli related to the song "Three Days" and including male and female nudity; the other cover has been called the "clean cover", and features only black text on a white background, listing the band name, album name, and the text of the First Amendment (the "freedom of speech" amendment, erroneously referred to as "Article 1", which in reality establishes the legislative branch of government) of the U.S. Constitution. The back cover of the "clean cover" also contains the text: "Hitler's syphilis-ridden dreams almost came true. How could it happen? By taking control of the media. An entire country was led by a lunatic… We must protect our First Amendment, before sick dreams become law. Nobody made fun of Hitler??!" The "clean cover" was created so the CD could be distributed in stores which refused to stock items with represented nudity.

Critical reception
Ritual de lo Habitual was acclaimed by music critics, similar to the band's previous album. "The gigantic swerve and swagger of 'Stop', the Chili Pepperish taunts of 'Ain't No Right', 'Of Courses raga rocking and, above all, the epic 'Three Days', where guitarist David Navarro gets to pile the layers shoulder high, prove to be the stuff of true compulsion," wrote Peter Kane in Q''. "Enigmatic, audacious and unpredictable to the last."

"It all makes you realise how few bands actually bother to try and be any good, to play stuff that's inspirational," enthused Andrew Perry in a retrospective review for Select. The same magazine later listed Ritual as the fifth best album of the '90s: "Nevermind would never have been possible without it. And, along the way, they ushered in the Led Zep revival."

The album was voted the 24th best of 1990 in The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics nationwide. Robert Christgau, the poll's supervisor, remained unimpressed by the album, dismissing it as "junk syncretism (kitchen-sink eclecticism? styleless mish-mash?)".

Other musicians have spoken highly of the album. "I can spot traces of other people on this album, us included," remarked hard rock vocalist Alice Cooper in 1994, "but that's all they are: traces. They were a really original band. This is their peak album, where they really went out on a limb. Sometimes I get so caught up in these songs, I can actually feel the band pushing themselves to their limits. Sometimes I can't believe how strong it is. I wonder if this will have the same effect on some kid as Chuck Berry had on me ..."

In 2003, the album was ranked number 453 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

In 2019, a book about the album, El Ritual de Jane's Addiction, was released by Argentinian journalist Fabrizio Pedrotti. It tells the story with collaborations from the band, producers and other artists from that era. Farrell and Dream Theater drummer Mike Portnoy wrote the foreword for it.

Personnel
Jane's Addiction
 * Perry Farrell – lead vocals, piano ("Of Course"), guitar ("Three Days")
 * Dave Navarro – guitar
 * Eric Avery – bass guitar
 * Stephen Perkins – drums, percussion

Additional musicians Other personnel
 * Charlie Bisharat – violin ("Of Course"), electric violin ("Then She Did ...")
 * Ronnie S. Champagne – bass ("Of Course")
 * John Philip Shenale – strings ("Then She Did ...")
 * Geoff Stradling – piano ("Obvious", "Then She Did ...")
 * Cindy Lair – spoken word ("Stop!")
 * Herman Agopyan – photography assistant
 * Victor Bracke – photography
 * Kim Champagne – advisor, art hostess
 * Ronnie S. Champagne – engineering, guitar technician
 * Chris Edwards – photography assistant
 * Perry Farrell – artwork, production
 * Ross Garfield – drum technician
 * Liza Gerberding – advisor, word hostess
 * Dave Jerden – production
 * Bob Lacivita – engineering
 * Casey Niccoli – cover artwork
 * Tom Recchion – advisor, art host
 * Eddy Schreyer – mastering

title: Ritual de lo Habitual


text:
Bacilli

Bacilli is a taxonomic class of bacteria that includes two orders, Bacillales and Lactobacillales, which contain several well-known pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis (the cause of anthrax). Bacilli are almost exclusively gram-positive bacteria.

The name Bacillus, capitalized and italicized, refers to a specific genus of bacteria. The name Bacilli, capitalized but not italicized, can also refer to a less specific taxonomic group of bacteria that includes two orders, one of which contains the genus Bacillus. When the word is formatted with lowercase and not italicized, 'bacillus', it will most likely be referring to shape and not to the genus at all.

Ambiguity
Several related concepts make use of similar words, and the ambiguity can create considerable confusion. The term "Bacillus" (capitalized and italicized) is also the name of a genus (Bacillus anthracis) that, among many other genera, falls within the class Bacilli.

The word "bacillus" (or its plural "bacilli", with a small b) is also a generic term to describe the morphology of any rod-shaped bacterium. This general term does not mean that the subject is a member of class Bacilli or genus Bacillus. Thus, it does not necessarily imply a similar group of characteristics. Not all members of class Bacilli are rod-shaped (Staphylococcus is spherical), and many other rod-shaped bacteria that do not fall within that class exist (e.g., Clostridium  is rod-shaped but very different taxonomically). Moreover, the general term "bacillus" does not necessarily indicate the Gram-positive staining common to class Bacilli. For example, E. coli is a rod-shaped bacterium that can be described as "a bacillus", but it stains Gram-negative and does not belong to the genus Bacillus or the class Bacilli. Some microbiologists have forsaken the general "bacillus" term because of the confusion it can create.

Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

title: Bacilli


text:
A Woman in Flames

A Woman in Flames (Die flambierte Frau, literally "The Flambéed Woman") is a 1983 German drama film, directed and co-written by Robert van Ackeren, starring Gudrun Landgrebe, Mathieu Carrière, and Hanns Zischler. The film was selected as the West German entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 56th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Plot
Eva, an upper class housewife, becomes frustrated and leaves her arrogant husband. She is drawn to the idea of becoming a call girl. With the aid of a prostitute named Yvonne, Eva learns the basics and then they both set out looking for janes and johns together. She meets a charming man who she falls in love with and comes to his house late at night for a romantic tryst. He turns out to be a gigolo. Consequently, they move into his penthouse, which is large enough for both of them to offer their services separately.

Then slowly Eva enters the world of sado-masochism. She finds being a dominatrix extremely satisfying, and begins to take pleasure in controlling others and causing them intense pain. She discovers this in a scene in which a man is hiding under a table. Eva can see that his hands are sticking out from under the table and are clearly visible. Coldly, and with intense inner satisfaction, Eva proceeds to crush the man's hands by slowly walking over them with her stiletto-heeled shoes.

Chris, the gigolo, becomes jealous of her and wants to know what's going on upstairs and how she is making so much money. She tells him it is from hurting men, and that the more she hurts them, the more money she gets. This upsets him greatly. She also becomes jealous of his boyfriend/client, a man who has been coming to him for many years. The scenes in the upstairs room intensify. One day he sneaks up and observes her in a scene dominating a man tied to a chair. He has a look on his face like "see, this is what you truly are," and the look on her face says proudly "yes, this is what I truly am." He tries to whisk her away from all of it, buying her furs, talking about marriage. She tells him that she's been dreaming about hitting him, and in the dream he likes it.

The setting is all there for a romantic ending, and yet, he panics, he takes all their money and invests it in a restaurant that she doesn't want to be part of. She tries to walk out on him, and he gets angry, throws her against the wall, hits her, pours alcohol on her, and lights her on fire.

But the last scene shows her unscathed, happy with her friend the sex worker/madame, and they're getting thrown out of a bar that Chris owns.

title: A Woman in Flames