text:
List of Romanians

Note: Names that cannot be confirmed in Wikipedia database nor through given sources are subject to removal. If you would like to add a new name please consider writing about the person first. If a notable Romanian is missing and without article, please add your request for a new article  here . However, this is not a list of all famous Romanians.

This is a list of some of the most prominent Romanians. It contains historical and important contemporary figures (athletes, actors, directors etc.).

Most of the people listed here are of Romanian ethnicity, whose native tongue is Romanian. There are also a few mentioned who were born in Romania and can speak Romanian, though not of Romanian ethnicity.

Medieval

 * Alexander I the Good (1375–1432), Domn of Moldavia (1400–1432)
 * Basarab I the Founder (1270–1352), first independent Domn of Wallachia (1310–1352)
 * Michael the Brave (1558–1601), Domn of Wallachia (1593–1601), Domn of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania (1599–1600)
 * Mircea I the Elder (1355–1418), Domn of Wallachia (1386–1394, 1397–1418)
 * Neagoe Basarab V (1459–1521), Domn of Wallachia (1512–1521)
 * Nicolaus Olahus (1493–1568), Roman Catholic Archbishop of the Kingdom of Hungary
 * Stephen III the Great (1433–1504), Domn of Moldavia (1457–1504)
 * Vlad II Dracul (before 1395–1447), Domn of Wallachia (1436–1442, 1443–1447)
 * Vlad III the Impaler (1431–1477), Domn of Wallachia (1448, 1456–1462, 1476–1477)

Renaissance Age

 * Dimitrie Cantemir, ruler of Moldavia, historian, writer, and music composer
 * Antioch Kantemir, poet and Russian ambassador
 * Constantin Brancoveanu, Prince of Wallachia (1688–1714)

Modern era

 * Tudor Vladimirescu
 * Prince Gheorghe Bibescu
 * Prince Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
 * Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza
 * King Carol I of Romania
 * King Ferdinand I of Romania
 * King Carol II of Romania
 * King Michael I of Romania
 * Queen Elizabeth of Romania
 * Queen Marie of Romania

Politicians and militarymen

 * Ion Antonescu, Prime Minister and Conducător (Leader) during World War II
 * Corneliu Codreanu, founder and charismatic leader of the Iron Guard
 * Alexandru Averescu, general and politician
 * Nicolae Bălcescu, historian, revolutionary
 * Antoine Bibesco, diplomat, writer
 * Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, Prime Minister during the 1907 Romanian Peasants' revolt
 * Lascăr Catargiu
 * Constantin Cristescu, general, Chief of Staff
 * Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, former mayor of Bucharest
 * Ion Dragalina, general
 * Petre Dumitrescu, general
 * Octavian Goga, writer, former Prime Minister
 * Avram Iancu, revolutionary in 1848 Revolution
 * Take Ionescu, Prime Minister in interbellum Romania
 * Mugur Isărescu, economist and member of the Club of Rome, former Prime Minister
 * Mihail Lascăr, World War II general, Minister of Defense
 * Mihail Manoilescu, economist and Foreign Minister
 * Alexandru Marghiloman, Prime Minister during World War I
 * Gheorghe G. Mironescu, Prime Minister in interbellum Romania
 * David Praporgescu, general
 * Constantin Prezan, general in World War I, Marshal of Romania
 * Nicolae Rădescu, Prime Minister during World War II
 * Radu R. Rosetti, general
 * Ecaterina Teodoroiu, soldier and heroine during World War I

National Peasants' Party

 * Emil Constantinescu, former President of Romania
 * Corneliu Coposu, politician, National Peasants' Party
 * Doina Cornea, noted dissident and intellectual, National Peasants' Party
 * Iuliu Maniu, politician, one of the creators of the National Peasants' Party
 * Ion Mihalache, politician, National Peasants' Party
 * Ion Rațiu, politician, National Peasants' Party
 * Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, politician, Prime Minister of Romania, National Peasants' Party
 * Radu Vasile, economist and politician, former Prime Minister

National Liberal Party (1875–1950)

 * Dinu Brătianu, president of the National Liberal Party, arrested and imprisoned without trial by the communists, dying in 1950, probably at Sighet Prison
 * Ion C. Brătianu, Prime Minister of Romania
 * Ion I. C. Brătianu, politician, one of the founders of the Liberal movement in Romania, Prime Minister, son of Ion C. Brătianu
 * Vintilă Brătianu, politician, Prime Minister of Romania, son of Ion C. Brătianu
 * Ion G. Duca, Prime Minister, assassinated by Iron Guard
 * Ion Ghica, mathematician, diplomat, Prime Minister
 * Mihail Kogălniceanu, lawyer, historian, publicist, Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Internal Affairs
 * C. A. Rosetti, publicist, Mayor of Bucharest
 * Dimitrie Sturdza, president of the National Liberal Party and president of the Romanian Academy

National Liberal Party (after 1990)

 * Crin Antonescu, former leader of the party (2009–2014)
 * Radu Câmpeanu, first leader of the party after the 1989 revolution
 * Neagu Djuvara, former historian
 * Eduard Hellvig, current director of the Romanian Intelligence Service
 * Klaus Iohannis, current President of Romania, former leader of the party (2014)
 * Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, leader of the party (1993–2001)
 * Nicolae Manolescu, literary critic
 * Siegfried Mureșan, MEP and current spokesman of the European People's Party (EPP)
 * Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, former Prime Minister, former leader of the party (2004–2009)
 * Cătălin Predoiu, lawyer, former Justice Minister
 * Theodor Stolojan, former Prime Minister, leader of the party (2002–2004)
 * Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu, Minister of Foreign Affairs (2004–2007), head of Romanian Foreign Intelligence Service (2007–2012)
 * Renate Weber, former lawyer, current MEP

Romanian Communist Party

 * Gheorghe Apostol, General Secretary
 * Alexandru Bârlădeanu
 * Emil Bobu
 * Emil Bodnăraș
 * Silviu Brucan
 * Elena Ceaușescu, wife of Nicolae Ceaușescu
 * Nicolae Ceaușescu, General Secretary
 * Miron Constantinescu
 * Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary and Prime Minister
 * Petru Groza, Prime Minister
 * Corneliu Mănescu
 * Manea Mănescu, Prime Minister
 * Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Prime Minister
 * Paul Niculescu-Mizil
 * Ana Pauker
 * Constantin Pîrvulescu
 * Leonte Răutu
 * Vladimir Tismăneanu

Democratic Liberal Party

 * Teodor Baconschi, former Foreign Affairs Minister
 * Traian Băsescu, former President of Romania and president of the Democratic Liberal Party
 * Emil Boc, former Prime Minister and president of the Democratic Liberal Party
 * Vasile Blaga, former Internal Affairs Minister and president of the Democratic Liberal Party
 * Daniel Funeriu, former Education Minister
 * Monica Macovei, former Justice Minister
 * Theodor Paleologu, former Culture Minister

Social Democratic Party

 * Ana Birchall, current Justice Minister
 * Titus Corlățean, former Foreign Affairs Minister
 * Cristian Diaconescu, former Foreign Affairs Minister
 * Mircea Geoană, former Foreign Minister, former president of the Social Democratic Party and current deputy secretary general of NATO
 * Ion Iliescu, former President of Romania, former president of the Social Democratic Party
 * Adrian Năstase, former Prime Minister, former president of the Social Democratic Party
 * Victor Ponta, former Prime Minister, former president of the Social Democratic Party

Diplomats

 * Bogdan Aurescu
 * Antoine Bibesco
 * Adrian Cioroianu, historian
 * Eugen Filotti
 * Grigore Gafencu
 * Constantin Karadja
 * Corneliu Mănescu
 * Teodor Meleșcanu
 * Alexandru Paleologu, essayist and literary critic
 * Vasile Pușcaș, historian
 * Savel Rădulescu
 * Nicolae Titulescu, professor of law and former President of the General Assembly of the League of Nations (1930–32)
 * Constantin Vișoianu

Dance

 * Iris Barbura, dancer and choreographer
 * Alina Cojocaru, ballerina
 * Eugenia Popescu-Județ, ballerina, dance teacher, choreographer, manuscript specialist

Fashion

 * Ioana Ciolacu, awarded fashion designer
 * Maria Lucia Hohan
 * Narcisa Pheres

Photography

 * Costică Acsinte
 * Iosif Berman
 * Alexandra Croitoru
 * Samoilă Mârza

Sculpture

 * Constantin Brâncuși
 * Oscar Han
 * Ion Irimescu
 * Ion Jalea
 * Ana Lupaș
 * Cornel Medrea
 * Paul Neagu
 * Mihai Olos
 * Dimitrie Paciurea
 * Milița Petrașcu
 * Marilena Preda-Sânc
 * Marian Zidaru

Writing

 * Vasile Alecsandri, poet and playwright
 * Lucian Blaga, philosopher, poet, playwright
 * Ion Luca Caragiale
 * Andrei Codrescu, poet and essayist
 * Nichita Danilov, poet, essayist, novelist
 * Nae Ionescu, philosopher, writer, logician
 * Virgil Nemoianu, essayist, literary critic, philosopher of culture
 * Horia-Roman Patapievici, writer, philosopher, essayist
 * Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu, philologist, linguist
 * Ion Pillat, poet, publicist, academic
 * Andrei Pleșu, writer, philosopher, essayist, journalist
 * Dumitru Radu Popescu, novelist, essayist, playwright
 * Marin Sorescu, poet, playwright
 * Nichita Stănescu, poet and playwright
 * Petre Țuțea
 * Vasile Voiculescu, poet, writer, playwright

Philosophers

 * Petre Andrei, philosopher
 * Lucian Blaga, philosopher, poet, playwright
 * Emil Cioran, essayist, philosopher
 * Vasile Conta, philosopher
 * Mircea Eliade, philosopher
 * Mircea Florian, philosopher
 * Nae Ionescu, orthodox philosopher
 * Stéphane Lupasco, philosopher
 * Constantin Noica, philosopher
 * Theodor Paleologu, politician, philosopher
 * Camil Petrescu, essayist, philosopher, writer
 * Dumitru D. Roșca, philosopher, professor
 * Petre Țuțea, philosopher
 * Tudor Vianu, philosopher of culture, critic, writer

Poets

 * Vasile Alecsandri, playwright, poet and revolutionary
 * Grigore Alexandrescu, poet
 * Ioan Alexandru, poet and political figure
 * Bartolomeu Anania, poet and clerical figure
 * Dimitrie Anghel, poet and playwright
 * Tudor Arghezi, poet, journalist
 * Céline Arnauld, poet (French language)
 * Anatol E. Baconsky, poet
 * George Bacovia, poet
 * Vasile Baghiu, novelist and poet
 * Cezar Baltag, poet and essayist
 * Ion Barbu, poet and mathematician
 * Mihai Beniuc, poet and Communist Party figure
 * Lucian Blaga, poet, philosopher, playwright, translator
 * Ana Blandiana, poet, journalist
 * Eta Boeriu, poet, literary critic, translator
 * Geo Bogza, poet, journalist
 * Dimitrie Bolintineanu, novelist, poet, and revolutionary
 * Cezar Bolliac, poet and revolutionary
 * Emil Botta, actor, poet
 * Emil Brumaru, poet
 * Scarlat Cantacuzino, poet, essayist and diplomat
 * Ion Caraion, poet
 * Vasile Cârlova, poet
 * Magda Cârneci, poet, art critic and historian
 * Mircea Cărtărescu, poet, essayist
 * Nina Cassian, poet, translator (+English language)
 * Paul Celan, poet (German language)
 * George Coșbuc, poet, translator
 * Traian T. Coșovei, poet
 * Aron Cotruș, poet
 * Nichifor Crainic, essayist, poet, journalist, theologian, and political figure
 * Nichita Danilov, poet
 * Leonid Dimov, poet
 * Mircea Dinescu, poet, journalist
 * Ștefan Augustin Doinaș, poet, translator and political figure
 * Geo Dumitrescu, poet
 * Mihai Eminescu, poet, essayist, journalist
 * Șerban Foarță, poet, essayist, translator
 * Benjamin Fondane, poet, essayist (+French language)
 * Emilian Galaicu-Păun, poet, essayist and novelist
 * Octavian Goga, poet and political figure
 * Radu Gyr, poet
 * Iulia Hasdeu, poet
 * Ion Heliade-Rădulescu, poet and revolutionary
 * Ștefan Octavian Iosif, poet, translator
 * Isidore Isou, poet
 * Nora Iuga, poet
 * Mircea Ivănescu, poet and translator
 * Eugen Jebeleanu, poet
 * Claudiu Komartin, poet and translator
 * Nicolae Labiș, poet
 * Leonida Lari, poet and political figure
 * Irving Layton, poet
 * Gherasim Luca, poet
 * Alexandru Macedonski, poet
 * Adrian Maniu, poet
 * Angela Marinescu, poet
 * Dumitru Matcovschi, poet
 * Virgil Mazilescu, poet
 * Ion Minulescu, poet and novelist
 * Andrei Mureșanu, poet and revolutionary
 * Alexandru Mușina, poet, essayist and translator
 * Gellu Naum, poet, playwright and translator
 * Sașa Pană, poet
 * Oskar Pastior, poet (German language)
 * Adrian Păunescu, poet and political figure
 * Cristian Popescu, poet
 * Marin Sorescu, poet and novelist
 * Radu Stanca, director, playwright, poet and essayist
 * Nichita Stănescu, poet, essayist, translator
 * Valeriu Sterian, singer-songwriter
 * Constant Tonegaru, poet
 * George Topîrceanu, poet
 * Tristan Tzara, poet (+French language)
 * Grigore Vieru, poet
 * Ion Vinea, poet
 * Matei Vișniec, playwright and poet (+French language)
 * Gelu Vlașin, poet
 * Vasile Voiculescu, poet
 * Ilarie Voronca, poet (+French language)

Writers

 * Gabriela Adameșteanu
 * Radu Aldulescu
 * George Bălăiță
 * Eugen Barbu
 * Marthe Bibesco, writer (+French language)
 * Nicolae Breban
 * Augustin Buzura
 * Ion Luca Caragiale, playwright
 * Mateiu Caragiale, novelist
 * Mircea Cărtărescu, writer, essayist
 * Pavel Chihaia
 * George Coandă, writer, historian, novelist and poet
 * Ioan Mihai Cochinescu, writer, essayist
 * Gheorghe Crăciun
 * Ion Creangă, writer, especially of children's stories
 * Ioan Petru Culianu, historian of religion
 * Petru Dumitriu
 * Mircea Eliade, historian of religion; also novelist
 * Mihail Fărcășanu, writer, novelist
 * Nicolae Filimon
 * Filip Florian
 * Virgil Gheorghiu, novelist
 * Paul Goma, writer
 * Anton Holban
 * Vintilă Horia, prominent writer( +French language)
 * Eugène Ionesco, playwright (+French language)
 * Petre Ispirescu, writer
 * Panait Istrati, novelist (+French language)
 * Claudiu Komartin
 * Gabriel Liiceanu, writer, publi
 * Herta Müller, writer (German language), 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature
 * Mircea Nedelciu
 * Bujor Nedelcovici
 * Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu
 * Camil Petrescu
 * Cezar Petrescu
 * Radu Petrescu
 * Vasile Pogor, writer
 * Marin Preda, novelist
 * Doina Ruști, novelist
 * Liviu Rebreanu, writer
 * Mihail Sadoveanu, novelist
 * Dinu Săraru
 * Mihail Sebastian, writer, playwright
 * Ioan Slavici
 * Bogdan Suceavă
 * Lucian Dan Teodorovici
 * Dumitru Țepeneag, novelist (+French language)
 * Nicolae Iorga, historian, politician
 * Nicolae Milescu, writer, diplomat
 * Urmuz, writer
 * Richard Wagner, writer
 * Elie Wiesel, Romanian-born American writer, professor, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust survivor

Literary critics

 * George Călinescu
 * Matei Călinescu
 * Paul Cernat
 * Mihai Cimpoi
 * Șerban Cioculescu
 * Pompiliu Constantinescu
 * Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu
 * Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
 * Garabet Ibrăileanu
 * Virgil Ierunca
 * Eugen Lovinescu
 * Titu Maiorescu
 * Nicolae Manolescu
 * Ovidiu Papadima
 * Edgar Papu
 * Ovidiu Pecican
 * Perpessicius

Historians

 * Gheorghe I. Brătianu
 * George Călinescu
 * Constantin Daicoviciu
 * Nicolae Densușianu
 * Constantin C. Giurescu
 * Neagu Djuvara
 * Adrian Cioroianu
 * Dinu C. Giurescu, Member of the American Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences and Member of the Romanian Academy since 2002.
 * Nicolae Iorga
 * Vasile Pârvan
 * A. D. Xenopol
 * Alexandru Zub

Journalists

 * Teodor Brateș, radio host and television journalist
 * Ion Cristoiu
 * Eugen Filotti, journalist, Director of the Press
 * Leonard Miron, journalist and Romanian National TV presenter
 * Cristian Tudor Popescu, journalist and science-fiction writer
 * Pamfil Șeicaru, journalist (Gândirea, Bucovina) member of Romanian Parliament, Director of Curentul

Linguists

 * Eugenio Coșeriu
 * Iorgu Iordan
 * I.C. Massim
 * Emil Petrovici

Music
See also Music of Romania, especially for contemporary pop musicians.

Composers

 * Ana-Maria Avram, composer
 * Pascal Bentoiu, composer
 * Tiberiu Brediceanu, composer and conductor
 * Nicolae Bretan, opera composer
 * Eduard Caudella, composer
 * Paul Constantinescu, composer
 * Dimitrie Cuclin, composer
 * Constantin Dimitrescu, composer, cellist
 * Sabin Dragoi, composer
 * Iancu Dumitrescu, composer, conductor, musicologist
 * George Enescu, composer, violinist, pianist, conductor, teacher
 * Iosif Ivanovici
 * Dinu Lipatti
 * Liviu Marinescu, composer
 * Octavian Nemescu, composer
 * Ștefan Niculescu, composer
 * Nonna Otescu, composer
 * Anton Pann, composer
 * Ciprian Porumbescu, composer
 * Horațiu Rădulescu, composer
 * Octave Octavian Teodorescu, composer
 * Cornel Trailescu, composer
 * Iannis Xenakis, composer born in Romania

Musicians

 * Dan Andrei Aldea, rock guitarist, composer, singer
 * Christian Badea, conductor
 * Lucian Ban, jazz composer & pianist
 * Carla's Dreams, singer-, musician
 * Sergiu Celibidache, orchestra conductor
 * Nicole Cherry, singer
 * Connect-R, rapper
 * Marius Constant, originator of the Twilight Zone theme
 * Marin Constantin, conductor
 * Nicu Covaci, rock guitarist, composer, vocalist
 * Michael Cretu, musician founder of (Enigma)
 * Grigoraș Dinicu, violinist, composer
 * Adrian Erlandsson, drummer (At the Gates), Swedish with Romanian background
 * Daniel Erlandsson, drummer (Arch Enemy), Swedish with Romanian background
 * George Georgescu, orchestra conductor
 * Valeriu Găină, guitarist
 * Tudor Gheorghe, musician, composer and singer
 * Nicolae Guță, singer
 * Clara Haskil, pianist
 * Hugo Jan Huss, orchestra conductor and violinist
 * Antonia Iacobescu, singer
 * Inna, singer-songwriter, dancer
 * Ovidiu Lipan, drummer (Phoenix)
 * Dinu Lipatti, pianist, composer
 * Radu Lupu, pianist
 * Ion Marin, conductor
 * Cristi Minculescu, rock singer and composer
 * Jonel (Ionel) Perlea, conductor
 * Valentin Radu, conductor
 * Florin Salam, singer
 * Constantin Silvestri, orchestra conductor and composer
 * Alexandra Stan, singer, musician, entertainer, model, dancer
 * Laura Stoica, pop-rock singer and composer
 * Octave Octavian Teodorescu, composer, vanguard rock musician, multi-instrumentist (guitars, keyboards, programmable instruments)
 * Cristian Vasile, tango singer
 * Dorin Liviu Zaharia, composer and singer
 * Gheorghe Zamfir, pan flute musician

Classic

 * Zeno Costa, tenor
 * Ileana Cotrubaș, soprano
 * Hariclea Darclée, soprano
 * Angela Gheorghiu, soprano
 * Dinu Lipatti, pianist and composer
 * Radu Lupu, pianist
 * Nelly Miricioiu, soprano
 * Mariana Nicolescu, soprano
 * Mihaela Ursuleasa, pianist
 * Leontina Vaduva, soprano
 * Virginia Zeani, soprano

Folk and derivatives

 * Maria Tănase, Romanian popular music singer

Instruments

 * Alexander Bălănescu, violinist
 * Ion Miu, cimbalom player
 * Johnny Răducanu, jazz pianist
 * Ion Voicu, violinist
 * Gheorghe Zamfir, panpipes player

Pop and techno

 * Nicoleta Alexandru, pop and techno singer
 * Loredana Groza, pop singer
 * Gabriela and Mihaela Modorcea, twins sisters comprising the duo Indiggo

Film and theatre

 * Mircea Albulescu, actor
 * Ștefan Bănică Jr., actor
 * Monica Bârlădeanu, actress
 * Radu Beligan, actor, director
 * Joana Benedek, actress
 * Ion Luca Caragiale, playwright
 * Ion Caramitru, actor
 * Ion Cojar, acting teacher, founder of the Romanian method acting school
 * Gheorghe Dinică, actor
 * Maria Filotti, actress
 * Marcel Iureș, actor
 * Cătălin Mitulescu, film director
 * Maia Morgenstern, actress
 * Cristian Mungiu, director of 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days
 * Jean Negulescu, film director, Oscar nominee
 * Sergiu Nicolaescu, film director
 * Amza Pellea, actor
 * Florin Piersic, actor
 * Florian Pittiș, actor
 * Alina Plugaru, pornographic actress
 * Elvira Popescu, actress
 * Corneliu Porumboiu, film director
 * Cristi Puiu, film director
 * Victor Rebengiuc, actor
 * Edward G. Robinson, actor
 * Alec Secăreanu, actor
 * Sebastian Stan, actor
 * Saviana Stănescu, playwright
 * Constantin Tănase, cabaretist, comic and poet, shot by the soviet army of occupation in Bucharest, in 1945
 * Grigore Vasiliu Birlic, actor
 * Johnny Weissmuller, actor

Religion

 * Teoctist Arăpașu, Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church
 * Arsenie Boca
 * Daniel Ciobotea, incumbent Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church
 * Miron Cristea, first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church
 * Iuliu Hossu, Greek-Catholic bishop of the Cluj-Gherla Diocese and later cardinal
 * Justinian Marina, Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church
 * Iustin Moisescu, Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church
 * Nicodim Munteanu, Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church
 * Lucian Mureșan, Greek-Catholic Metropolitan bishop, later (and incumbent) Major Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia
 * Dumitru Stăniloae, priest, translated the Philokalia into Romanian
 * Vasile Suciu, Greek-Catholic Metropolitan bishop of the Archdiocese of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia
 * Alexandru Todea, Greek-Catholic Metropolitan bishop of the Archdiocese of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia and later cardinal
 * Lucian Turcescu, Orthodox theologian teaching at Concordia University (Montreal, Canada), president of the Canadian Society of Patristic Studies, 2004–2008
 * Richard Wurmbrand, pastor, author of Tortured for Christ

Swimming

 * David Popovici

Athletics

 * Iolanda Balaș, high jump
 * Violeta Beclea-Szekely
 * Paula Ivan
 * Lia Manoliu, discus thrower
 * Doina Melinte, 3000 m
 * Gabriela Szabo

Basketball

 * Ernie Grunfeld (born 1955), NBA guard/forward & GM, Olympic champion
 * Tal Karpelesz (born 1990), Israeli-Romanian basketball player
 * Gheorghe Mureșan

Boxing

 * Lucian Bute
 * Adrian Diaconu
 * Leonard Doroftei
 * Florian Munteanu
 * Mihai Leu
 * Francisc Vaștag
 * Victor Zilberman, Olympic welterweight boxer, bronze medal

Canoe

 * Leon Rotman, sprint canoer, 2-time Olympic champion (C-1 10,000 meter, C-1 1,000-meter) and bronze (C-1 1,000-meter), 14 national titles

Football

 * Ioan Andone
 * Ilie Balaci
 * Ladislau Bölöni
 * Cristian Chivu
 * Cosmin Contra
 * Nicolae Dică
 * Nicolae Dobrin
 * Helmuth Duckadam
 * Ilie Dumitrescu
 * Ioan Viorel Ganea
 * Dorin Goian
 * Gheorghe Hagi
 * Cătălin Hâldan
 * Adrian Ilie
 * Anghel Iordănescu
 * Emerich Jenei
 * Michael Klein
 * Miodrag Belodedici
 * Marius Lăcătuș
 * Mircea Lucescu
 * Silviu Lung
 * Viorel Moldovan
 * Dorinel Munteanu
 * Adrian Mutu
 * Gheorghe Popescu
 * Florin Răducioiu
 * Ioan Sabău
 * Bogdan Stelea

Gymnastics

 * Simona Amânar
 * Oana Ban
 * Octavian Belu, women's coach
 * Mihai Brestyan, gymnastics coach
 * Sabina Cojocar
 * Nadia Comăneci
 * Laura Cutina
 * Aurelia Dobre
 * Marian Drăgulescu
 * Emilia Eberle
 * Gina Gogean
 * Sandra Izbașa
 * Marta Károlyi, gymnastics coach
 * Alexandra Marinescu
 * Lavinia Miloșovici
 * Aura Andreea Munteanu
 * Steliana Nistor
 * Maria Olaru
 * Cătălina Ponor
 * Claudia Presăcan
 * Andreea Răducan
 * Monica Roșu
 * Daniela Silivaș
 * Nicoleta Daniela Șofronie
 * Ioan Silviu Suciu
 * Ecaterina Szabo
 * Corina Ungureanu
 * Teodora Ungureanu
 * Marius Urzică

Ivey

 * Julia Ionescu
 * Victor Zega

Rowing

 * Constanța Burcică
 * Georgeta Damian
 * Elena Georgescu
 * Doina Ignat
 * Elisabeta Lipă
 * Ivan Patzaichin
 * Viorica Susanu

Tennis

 * Irina Bara
 * Irina-Camelia Begu
 * Ana Bogdan
 * Mihaela Buzărnescu
 * Alexandra Cadanțu
 * Sorana Cîrstea
 * Marius Copil
 * Jaqueline Cristian
 * Ruxandra Dragomir
 * Alexandra Dulgheru
 * Edina Gallovits
 * Simona Halep, 2018 French Open winner, 2019 Wimbledon Winner
 * Victor Hănescu
 * Gabriela Lee
 * Florin Mergea
 * Andreea Mitu
 * Ilie Năstase, 1972 French Open winner, 1973 US Open winner
 * Monica Niculescu
 * Ioana Raluca Olaru
 * Dinu Pescariu
 * Magda Rurac
 * Gabriela Ruse
 * Virginia Ruzici, 1978 French Open winner
 * Răzvan Sabău
 * Irina Spîrlea
 * Horia Tecău
 * Patricia Maria Țig
 * Ion Țiriac, also a businessman
 * Adrian Ungur

Other sports

 * Laura Badea (born 1970), Romanian fencer and Olympic champion in foil competition
 * Luminița Dinu-Huțupan handball player
 * Mathew Dumba (born 1994), NHL ice hockey player
 * Alina Dumitru, Olympic judo champion
 * Yohan Kende (born 1949), Israeli Olympic swimmer
 * Alina Popa, IFBB professional bodybuilder
 * Angelica Rozeanu (Adelstin; 1921–2006), Romanian-Israeli 17-time world table tennis champion; ITTF Hall of Fame
 * Andre Spitzer (1945–1972), Israel's 1972 Summer Olympics fencing coach and victim of the Munich massacre
 * Timea Toth (born 1968), Romanian-born Israeli Olympic swimmer
 * Iulia Baba, IFBB Professional Bikini bodybuilder 2023 Mr. Olympia

Astronomy

 * Cristiana Dumitrache

Biology

 * Grigore Antipa, hydrobiologist
 * Ana Aslan, geriatrics researcher
 * Victor Babeș, biologist
 * Dimitrie Brândză, botanist
 * Ioan Cantacuzino, microbiologist
 * Melania Cristescu, biologist
 * Wilhelm Knechtel, botanist
 * Nicolae Leon, biologist
 * Gheorghe Marinescu, neurologist
 * Nicolae Minovici, forensic scientist
 * Mina Minovici, forensic scientist
 * George Emil Palade, 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner
 * Constantin Parhon, endocrinologist
 * Nicolae Paulescu, discovered insulin
 * Emil Racoviță, biologist and speleologist

Chemistry

 * Lazăr Edeleanu, chemist
 * Henrik Kacser, physical chemist
 * Costin Nenițescu, founder of the Romanian school of Organic Chemistry
 * Nicolae Teclu, inventor of the Teclu gas burner

Physicians

 * Raed Arafat, founder of SMURD (a Syrian-born Palestinian refugee living in Romania since 1981)
 * Bazil Assan, engineer, explorer and economist
 * Adrian Bejan, namesake of the Bejan number
 * Gheorghe Benga, physician and molecular biologist
 * Alexandru Ciurcu, inventor, with M.M. Just Buisson, of the first reactive engine
 * George Constantinescu, inventor
 * Leon Dănăilă, neurosurgeon
 * Daniel David, professor, psychologist, and psychotherapist
 * Carol Davila, physician
 * Anastase Dragomir, inventor of the parachute cell, predecessor of the ejection seat
 * Dimitrie Gerota, anatomist, physician, radiologist, urologist
 * Rodrig Goliescu, inventor of the first airplane with a tubular fuselage
 * Iuliu Hațieganu, internist doctor
 * Petrache Poenaru, inventor
 * Elie Radu, architect, engineer
 * Anghel Saligny, engineer
 * Nicolae Vasilescu-Karpen, engineer
 * David Wechsler, psychologist

Aerospace

 * Elie Carafoli, aeronautics engineer
 * Henri Coandă, aircraft designer and discoverer of the Coandă effect of fluidics
 * Aurel Vlaicu, flight pioneer
 * Traian Vuia

Astronauts

 * Dumitru Prunariu, Romania's first and only cosmonaut

Mathematics

 * Titu Andreescu
 * Emanoil Bacaloglu
 * Dan Barbilian
 * Alexandra Bellow
 * Julius Borcea
 * Liliana Borcea
 * Cristian S. Calude
 * Ana Caraiani
 * Zoia Ceaușescu
 * Alina Carmen Cojocaru
 * Nicușor Dan
 * Anton Davidoglu
 * Cornelia Druțu
 * Ciprian Foias
 * Alexandru Froda
 * Tudor Ganea
 * Ion Ghica
 * Alexandru Ghika
 * Emil Grosswald
 * Spiru Haret
 * Caius Iacob
 * Adrian Ioana
 * Eleny Ionel
 * Cassius Ionescu-Tulcea
 * Sergiu Klainerman
 * Traian Lalescu
 * Florian Luca
 * Alexandru Lupaș
 * George Lusztig
 * Ciprian Manolescu
 * Solomon Marcus
 * George Marinescu
 * Octav Mayer
 * Preda Mihăilescu
 * Gheorghe Mihoc
 * Irina Mitrea
 * Petru Mocanu
 * Grigore Moisil, Member of the Romanian Academy
 * Elena Moldovan Popoviciu
 * Gheorghe Moroșanu
 * Henri Moscovici
 * Mircea Mustață
 * Miron Nicolescu, Member of the Romanian Academy
 * Octav Onicescu
 * Magda Peligrad
 * Valentin Poénaru
 * Dimitrie Pompeiu
 * Florian Pop
 * Mihnea Popa
 * Sorin Popa
 * Cristian Dumitru Popescu
 * Nicolae Popescu, Member of the Romanian Academy
 * Tiberiu Popoviciu
 * Tudor Ratiu
 * Ovidiu Savin
 * Rodica Simion
 * Simion Stoilow
 * Ileana Streinu
 * Bogdan Suceavă
 * Gabriel Sudan
 * Daniel Tătaru
 * Gheorghe Țițeica, Member of the Romanian Academy
 * Monica Vișan
 * Dan-Virgil Voiculescu
 * Gheorghe Vrănceanu
 * Alexandru Zaharescu

Physics

 * Réka Albert
 * Emanoil Bacaloglu, physicist, chemist and mathematician
 * Victor Albert Bailey, physicist (Romanian on his mother's side)
 * Radu Dan Constantinescu, physicist, President of the Balkan Physical Union
 * Peter George Oliver Freund, physicist
 * Mihai Gavrilă, theoretical quantum physicist, professor, Corresponding Member of the Romanian Academy
 * Horia Hulubei, atomic physicist, professor, Member of the Romanian Academy
 * Theodor V. Ionescu, plasma physicist, professor, Member of the Romanian Academy
 * Ștefania Mărăcineanu
 * Alexandru Marin, physicist, professor
 * Victor Mercea
 * Florentina I. Mosora, biophysicist and nuclear medicine professor, Member of the Royal Academy of Belgium
 * Horațiu Năstase
 * Ioan-Iovitz Popescu
 * Alexandru Proca, theoretical physicist, Member of the Romanian Academy
 * Ștefan Procopiu, theoretical physicist, Member of the Romanian Academy
 * Șerban Țițeica, theoretical physicist, founder of the Romanian modern school of theoretical physics, Member of the Romanian Academy

Computer science

 * Andrei Alexandrescu, computer scientist
 * Mihai Nadin, computer scientist
 * Ștefan Odobleja, scientist, precursor of cybernetics
 * Mihai Pătrașcu, computer scientist
 * Ion Stoica, computer scientist
 * Victor Toma, computer engineer, born in Romanian Bessarabia
 * Matei Zaharia, computer scientist

Others

 * Dionisie Ghermani (1922–2009), professor, writer, philanthropist, and political activist
 * Dimitrie Gusti, sociologist
 * Ernest Krausz (1931–2018), Israeli professor of sociology and President at Bar Ilan University
 * David Mitrany (1888–1975), political theorist
 * George Pomutz (1818–1882), ethnic Romanian United States general in the Civil War, and a diplomat
 * Emil Racoviță, polar explorer
 * Emilia Săulea (1904–1998), geologist and paleontologist.
 * Ruxandra Sireteanu (1945—2008), neuroscientist
 * Henri Stahl, stenographer
 * Henri H. Stahl, cultural anthropologist, ethnographer, sociologist, social historian

Polymaths

 * Simion Bărnuțiu, jurist, priest, politician, publicist, lawyer, writer, professor
 * Matila Ghyka, famous polymath, mathematician and author
 * Mihail Kogălniceanu, lawyer, historian, publicist, politician, cultural peacemaker
 * Bogdan Suceavă, mathematician, novelist, journalist, professor of mathematics at California State University, Fullerton

Business

 * Octav Botnar, Nissan UK chairman, billionaire
 * Iosif Constantin Drăgan, gas tycoon, billionaire and academic
 * John DeLorean, US car industry executive, engineer, inventor of Pontiac GTO Muscle car and DeLorean
 * Dinu Patriciu, former CEO of Rompetrol
 * Dan Petrescu, businessman and billionaire
 * Anastasia Soare billionaire, the CEO and founder of Anastasia Beverly Hills

Miscellaneous

 * Ana Cumpănaș (a.k.a. Anna Sage), the "Woman in Red" who helped FBI catch John Dillinger
 * Iana Matei, activist and founder of Reaching Out

List of Romanians who were born outside present-day Romania
This is a list of Romanians who were born outside present-day Romania.

Austria

 * Victor Babeș, physician, biologist, bacteriologist

Republic of Moldova

 * Ștefan Baștovoi, orthodox monk
 * Maria Cebotari, opera singer
 * Emil Constantinescu, president of Romania (1996–2000)
 * Eugenio Coșeriu, linguist
 * Paul Goma, writer
 * Lia Manoliu, athlete
 * Adrian Păunescu, poet, politician

Russia

 * Alexander Kolchak, partially Romanian, descendant of Iliaș Colceag, Russian Admiral; Supreme Ruler of Russia (White Guard State) (1918–1920)

Serbia

 * Zoran Lilić, president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 1993–1997
 * Baba Novac, captain under Mihai Viteazul and hajduk
 * Vasko Popa, poet
 * Emil Petrovici, linguist

Ukraine

 * Alexandru Averescu, prime minister of Romania (1918, 1920–1921, 1926–1927)
 * Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, philologist, writer
 * Lucian Pintilie, film director, screenwriter
 * Sofia Rotaru, singer
 * Nicolae Văcăroiu, prime minister of Romania (1992–1996)
 * Sofia Vicoveanca, singer

title: List of Romanians


text:
Talk:Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed

Untitled
Note that my two references disagree about her year of birth: this one says "1860", while this one says "1861" (as did the original version of this article). I might check Burke's Peerage and various biographical reference works, but my guess would be that the first source probably used Burke's Peerage anyway, so it wouldn't be independent confirmation... -- Oliver P. 14:29 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Don't you just hate it when this happens? This page calls her son "Harry Arthur Burnaby", while this page calls him "Harry St. Vincent Augustus Burnaby". I mean, clearly they're the same person, but why the discrepancy? I suppose this is a good reason not to have articles on obscure people. If few people have done research on them, and those few people disagree with each other, little of the information we find can be relied on. Should I therefore retract my support for keeping this article, or just hope that some better research turns up in the future? -- Oliver P. 15:12 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I think it's a fine article; might be good to wait for more research (after all we're fairly sure there's an autobiography out there somewhere). The interest point here I think is more the mountain climbing than the lineage anyway. - Hephaestos 15:28 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * True... I'm just being genealogy-obsessed again. Please forgive me. :) -- Oliver P. 15:38 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Her marriages don't make sense. She is said to have divorced her second husband seven years before she married him, in the year she married her first. Jdfisher (talk) 01:21, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Sentence fragments?
These sentence fragments (and partial opinion) were on the main page: Breaking hundreds of years of society rules. Elizabeth expressed her feelings of modern day society through her hobby. there is a distinct relationship between mountaineering and 'Anglo' ideologies of imperialism, gender, sexuality, and class. One of the most notable female climbers of her era, with over one hundred assents. Elizabeth was a member of the first all female team to climb a major alpine peak recorded and unguided. Climbed twenty peaks never climbed before, throughout her mountaineering career. I moved them here in case something can be gleaned from them. --WiseWoman (talk) 21:45, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed


text:
Al-Nabi Rubin, Acre

Al-Nabi Rubin (النبي روبين, literally "Prophet Rubin" or "Prophet Reuben"), was a Palestinian village located 28 kilometers northeast of Acre. Al-Nabi Rubin students used to attend school in the nearby village of Tarbikha.

Ottoman era
In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described  Al-Nabi Rubin: This is a small village round the tomb of the Neby, containing about ninety Moslems, it is situated on a prominent top, and surrounded by many  olives, a few figs and arable land; there are two cisterns and a birket near.

British rule
In the 1945 statistics  the population Tarbikha, Suruh and  Al-Nabi Rubin together was 1000 Muslims according to an official land and population survey,   all were Muslims, and they  had a total of 18,563  dunams of land. 619 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,204 used for cereals, while 112 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

Israeli period

The village was captured by Israel as a result of the Haganah's offensive, Operation Hiram during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and was mostly destroyed with the exception of its shrine. Al-Nabi Rubin inhabitants were expelled to Lebanon in two waves, the aged and infirm were the last to depart when the IDF trucked them to the Lebanese border.

A shrine thought to be dedicated to the prophet Rubin is the only original structure that remains on former village's lands.

title: Al-Nabi Rubin, Acre


text:
George Anson, 1st Baron Anson

Admiral of the Fleet George Anson, 1st Baron Anson, (23 April 1697 – 6 June 1762) was a British Royal Navy officer, politician and peer from the Anson family.

He served as a junior officer during the War of the Spanish Succession and then saw active service against Spain at the Battle of Cape Passaro, off the south tip of Sicily, during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. He then undertook a circumnavigation of the globe during the War of Jenkins' Ear. Anson commanded the fleet that defeated the French Admiral de la Jonquière at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1747, during the War of the Austrian Succession.

Anson went on to be First Lord of the Admiralty during the Seven Years' War. Among his reforms were the removal of corrupt defence contractors, improved medical care, submitting a revision of the Articles of War to Parliament to tighten discipline throughout the Navy, uniforms for commissioned officers, the transfer of the Marines from Army to Navy authority, and a system for rating ships according to their number of guns.

Family
Anson was the son of William Anson of Shugborough in Staffordshire and Isabella Carrier, whose brother-in-law was the Earl of Macclesfield and Lord Chancellor, a relationship that proved very useful to the future admiral. He was born on 23 April 1697, at Shugborough Manor. He was one of eight surviving children of the couple, and the younger brother of the politician Thomas Anson.

Early career
In February 1712, amid the War of the Spanish Succession, Anson entered the navy at the age of 15. He served as a volunteer aboard the fourth-rate HMS Ruby (1708), before transferring to the third-rate HMS Monmouth (1667).

Promoted to lieutenant on 17 March 1716, he was assigned to the fourth-rate HMS Hampshire (1698) in service as part of a Baltic Sea fleet commanded by Admiral John Norris. Anson transferred to the aging fourth-rate HMS Montagu (1654) in March 1718, and saw active service against Spain at the Battle of Cape Passaro in August 1718 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. He then transferred to the second-rate HMS Barfleur (1697), flagship of Admiral George Byng, in October 1719.

Anson was promoted to commander in June 1722 and given command of the small 8-gun HMS Weazel. Anson's orders were to suppress smuggling between Britain and Holland, a task he swiftly and effectively performed. In recognition of his efforts he was promoted to the rank of post-captain in February 1723 and given command of the 32-gun sixth-rate HMS Scarborough with orders to escort British merchant convoys from the Carolinas. (The Ansonborough district of Charleston, South Carolina, still commemorates his time there.)

He transferred to the command of the sixth-rate HMS Garland, still on the Carolinas station, in July 1728, then to the command of the fifth-rate HMS Diamond in the Channel Fleet in 1730, and to the command of the sixth-rate HMS Squirrel back on the Carolinas station in 1731. He was given command of the 60-gun third-rate HMS Centurion (1732) in the West Africa Squadron in 1737 and, having been promoted to commodore with his broad pennant in HMS Centurion, he took command of a squadron sent to attack Spanish possessions in South America at the outset of the War of Jenkins' Ear.

Voyage around the world

After setting off later than planned, Anson's squadron encountered successive disasters. The lateness of the season forced him to round the Horn in very stormy weather, and the navigating instruments of the time did not allow for exact observations. Two of his vessels, the fifth-rate HMS Pearl (1726) and the fourth-rate HMS Severn (1695), failed to round Cape Horn and returned home. Meanwhile, the sixth-rate HMS Wager (1739) was wrecked off the coast of Chile, where the crew subsequently mutinied.

By the time Anson reached the Juan Fernández Islands in June 1741, only three of his six ships remained (HMS Centurion, the fourth-rate HMS Gloucester (1711), and the sloop HMS Tryall), while the strength of his crews had fallen from 961 to 335. In the absence of any effective Spanish force on the coast, he was able to harass the enemy and to sack the small port city of Paita in Peru in November 1741. The steady decrease of his crews by scurvy and the worn-out state of his remaining consorts compelled him to collect all the remaining survivors in Centurion. He rested at the island of Tinian, and then made his way to Macau in November 1742.

After considerable difficulties with the Chinese, he sailed again with his one remaining vessel to cruise in search of one of the Manila galleons that conducted the trade between Mexico and the Chinese merchants in the Philippines, where he captured the Nuestra Señora de Covadonga with 1,313,843 pieces of eight on board, which he had encountered off Cape Espiritu Santo on 20 June 1743. The charts captured with the ship added many islands (and phantom islands) to the British knowledge of the Pacific, including the so-called Anson Archipelago.

Anson took his prize back to Macau, sold her cargo to the Chinese, kept the specie, and sailed for England via the Cape of Good Hope. Passing by means of a thick fog a French fleet then patrolling the Channel, he reached England on 15 June 1744. The prize money earned from the capture of the galleon made Anson a rich man for life and bought him considerable political influence. He initially refused promotion to Rear-Admiral of the Blue however, out of anger that the Admiralty refused to sanction a captain's commission he had given one of his officers.

Senior officer
Anson was elected Member of Parliament for Hedon in the East Riding of Yorkshire in 1744. He joined the Board of Admiralty led by the Duke of Bedford in December 1744. Promoted to Rear-Admiral of the White on 23 April 1745 and to vice-admiral of the blue in July 1745, he took command of the Western Squadron, with his flag in the third-rate HMS Yarmouth (1745), in July 1746.

Anson commanded the fleet that defeated the Marquis de la Jonquière at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre in May 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession. His force captured the entire French squadron: four ships of the line, two frigates, and six merchantmen The treasure amounted to £300,000. He was elevated to the peerage as Baron Anson, of Soberton, in the County of Southampton, on 11 June 1747. In 1748, the memoir of Anson's circumnavigation—Voyage Round the World in the Years MDCCXL, I, II, III, IV —was published, having been edited from his notes and Richard Walter's journals by Benjamin Robins. It was a vast popular and commercial success. He was promoted to admiral of the blue on 12 May 1748 and became Vice-Admiral of Great Britain on 4 July 1749. He was advanced to Senior Naval Lord on the Admiralty Board in November 1749.

First Lord of the Admiralty
Anson became First Lord of the Admiralty in the Broad Bottom Ministry in June 1751 and continued to serve during the first Newcastle ministry. Among his reforms was the removal of corrupt defence contractors, improved medical care, submitting a revision of the Articles of War to Parliament so tightening discipline throughout the Navy, uniforms for commissioned officers, the transfer of the Marines from Army to Navy authority and a system for rating ships according to their number of guns.

Anson oversaw the Navy for much of the Seven Years' War, and established a permanent squadron at Devonport which could patrol the western approaches to both Britain and France. He was particularly concerned at the prospect of a French invasion of the British Isles which led him to keep a large force in the English Channel. In 1756 he was criticised for not sending enough ships with Admiral Byng to relieve Minorca because he wanted to protect Britain from a threatened invasion, only to see Byng fail to save Minorca while no invasion attempt materialised. He left the Admiralty when the Newcastle ministry fell in November 1756 and then served again as First Lord when the Pitt–Newcastle ministry was created in June 1757.

In July 1758, after Edward Hawke had decided to strike his flag and return to port over a misunderstanding at which he took offence, Anson hoisted his own flag in the first-rate HMS Royal George (1756) and took over command of the Western Squadron again. Anson oversaw Britain's naval response to a more serious French invasion attempt in 1759. He instituted a close blockade of the French coast, which proved crippling to the French economy and ensured no invasion fleet could slip out undetected. The British victories at the Battle of Lagos in August 1759 and the Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759 ended any realistic chance of a major invasion of the British Isles.

As well as securing home defence, Anson co-ordinated with William Pitt a series of British attacks on French colonies around the globe. By 1760 the British had captured Canada, Senegal and Guadeloupe from the French, and followed it up by capturing Belle Île and Dominica in 1761. In 1762 the entry of Spain into the war offered further chances for British expeditions. Anson was the architect of a plan to seize Manila in the Philippines and, using the idea and plans of Admiral Sir Charles Knowles to capture Havana. Anson had been concerned that the combined strength of the French and Spanish navies would overpower Britain, but he still threw himself into the task of directing these expeditions. The British also captured Martinique and Grenada in the French West Indies. Anson was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 30 July 1761. His last service was to convey Queen Charlotte to England.

He died at Moor Park in Hertfordshire on 6 June 1762 and was buried at St Michael and All Angels’ Church in Colwich, Staffordshire. Places named after him include Anson County, North Carolina and Anson, Maine. Eight warships of the Royal Navy have also been named after him.

Anson was a prominent figure in Britain throughout his life, having earned nicknames such as "Father of the British Navy" and accomplishing a wide range of arduous tasks throughout his career, but in the last decades of his life, his fame waned.

Family
In April 1748, Anson married Lady Elizabeth Yorke, daughter of Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke; they had no children.

title: George Anson, 1st Baron Anson


text:
Nahf

Nahf (نحف, Naḥf or Nahef; נַחְף) is an Arab town in the Northern District of Israel. It is located in between the lower and upper Galilee, about 23 km east of Acre. In it had a population of. Archaeologists believe that the area was an important center for viticulture in the Hellenistic period and possibly the Early Bronze Age IB period (ca. 3100 BC).

History
Remains have been found from Early Bronze IB,  EB II,  Middle Bronze Age II and Iron Age II,   as well as coins from the Ptolemaic dynasty and  Antiochus III. Tombs from the 2nd to the 4th centuries have been found. Nahf contains Persian, Hellenistic and Roman  remains.

From archaeological finds, it is assumed that blown glass vessels were produced in the village during the Byzantine  era. A bath, containing a hypocaust from the same period has also been excavated. Dating from the late Byzantine era, it was in continuous use in the early Umayyad era.

In the Crusader era it was known as "Nef." In 1249 John Aleman transferred land, including the  casalia of  Beit Jann,  Sajur,  Majd al-Krum and Nahf to the Teutonic Knights.

Remains, including potsherds of bowls, plates and jars, all from Mamluk era, (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries CE), have been found in archaeological excavations.

Ottoman era
In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in 1596, Nahaf appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in nahiya (subdistrict) of Akka, part of  Sanjak Safad. It had a population of 108 households and 9 bachelors, all Muslims. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, summer crops, fruit trees, goats and/or beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 6,629 akçe.

A map from 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as "Nafeh". When Victor Guérin visited Nahf in 1875, he described the village as containing 400 Muslims and some Greek Orthodox families, while in 1881 Nahf was described as being built of stone, containing 200 Muslims, with olives and arable land.

A population list from about 1887 showed that Nahf  had about 475 inhabitants;  all  Muslims.

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Nahf had a population of 818, 2 Jews, 6 Christians and  810  Muslims. where all the Christians were Orthodox. At the time of the 1931 census the population had increased to 994, all Muslims, in 194 houses.

In the 1945 statistics  the population of Nahf was 1,320, all Muslims,  who owned 15,745 dunams of land  according to an official land and population survey. 1,088 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 4,571 used for cereals, while 44 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

State of Israel
Nahf was captured by Israel on 18 July 1948 during Operation Dekel led by the Sheva (Seventh) Brigade. Its defenders included the town's local militia as well as Arab Liberation Army volunteers. The town was left intact and most residents did not flee their homes. There was a massacre carried out by the IDF Moshe Carmel's troops after the fighting was over. The population remained under Martial Law until 1966.

In and around Nahf, there are a number of archaeological remains dating from the Middle Ages, including mosaics and a cemetery. In a nearby location lies the shrines of Muslim leaders Sheik Muhammad Rabiah and Sheik Mahmud who fought against the Crusaders. The Auba cave, which dates from the time of the Assyrians, is also located here.

Notable structures
The largest medieval structure in the village is a roughly 10 meter long wall, made of large drafted blocks with a rubble core, which may be of Crusader origin.

The Maqam (shrine) of Shaykh Rabi is located on a steep hill above the village, surrounded by a cemetery. It is a domed rectangular building, with an entrance from the east. A deep mihrab ("Islamic prayer niche") is located inside, in the middle of the south side. By the north wall is the elongated cenotaph of Shaykh Rabi.

title: Nahf


text:
Resource allocation

In economics, resource allocation is the assignment of available resources to various uses. In the context of an entire economy, resources can be allocated by various means, such as markets, or planning.

In project management, resource allocation or resource management is the scheduling of activities and the resources required by those activities while taking into consideration both the resource availability and the project time.

Economics
In economics, the field of public finance deals with three broad areas: microeconomic stabilization, the distribution of income and wealth, and the allocation of resources. Much of the study of the allocation of resources is devoted to finding the conditions under which particular mechanisms of resource allocation lead to Pareto efficient outcomes, in which no party's situation can be improved without hurting that of another party.

Strategic planning
In strategic planning, resource allocation is a plan for using available resources, for example human resources, especially in the near term, to achieve goals for the future. It is the process of allocating scarce resources among the various projects or business units. There are a number of approaches to solving resource allocation problems e.g. resources can be allocated using a manual approach, an algorithmic approach (see below), or a combination of both.

There may be contingency mechanisms such as a priority ranking of items excluded from the plan, showing which items to fund if more resources should become available and a priority ranking of some items included in the plan, showing which items should be sacrificed if total funding must be reduced.

Algorithms
Resource allocation may be decided by using computer programs applied to a specific domain to automatically and dynamically distribute resources to applicants.

This is especially common in electronic devices dedicated to routing and communication. For example, channel allocation in wireless communication may be decided by a base transceiver station using an appropriate algorithm.

One class of resource whereby applicants bid for the best resource(s) according to their balance of "money", as in an online auction business model (see also auction theory).

In one paper on CPU time slice allocation an auction algorithm is compared to proportional share scheduling.

title: Resource allocation


text:
Al-Nahr

al-Nahr (النهر), was a Palestinian village 14 km northeast of Acre. It was depopulated in May 1948 after a military assault carried out by the Carmeli Brigade as part of the Israel Defense Forces's Operation Ben-Ami. Immediately after the assault, the village of al-Nahr was razed.

History
The twin villages of al-Nahr and nearby al-Tall were both sites of ancient settlements atop the tel of Kabri. Recent excavations indicate habitation back to the sixth millennium BC.

Ottoman era

In the Ottoman period, the village appeared under the name of El Qahweh in Pierre Jacotin´s map from 1799. In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, which he called El Kahoueh. He found it to have 120 inhabitants, all Muslims.

In 1881 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described the village, then named El Kahweh, as a "stone village, containing about 250 Moslems, [] situated on the plain, surrounded by figs, olives, mulberries, and pomegranates; there is a spring and flowing stream at this village."

A population list from about 1887 showed that el Kahweh had 370 inhabitant; all Muslims.

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al Nahr wa Tal had a population of 422; 3 Bahai, the rest Muslim. In the 1931 census, Al-Nahr had 522 Muslim inhabitants, in a total of 120 houses.

In villagers of Al-Nahr lived principally of agriculture and animal husbandry. In the 1945 statistics it had a population of 610 Muslims, with 5,261 dunams of land. A total of 2,066 dunums was used for citrus and bananas, 1,094 dunums were allotted to cereals, 1,937 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, of which 30 dunums were planted in olive trees, while 28 dunams were built-up land.

1948 war
On March 27, 1948, hundreds of armed villagers and units of the Arab Liberation Army attacked a Jewish convoy near Kabri, killing forty-nine Jews. Six Arabs were also killed in the battle. Two months later the commander of Operation Ben-Ami gave operational orders given that day were to "attack with the aim of capturing, the villages of Kabri, Umm al Faraj and Al-Nahr, to kill the men [and] to destroy and set fire to the villages." Benvenisti states that "the orders were carried out to the letter", while Morris writes that a number of villagers were apparently executed.

Israeli period
Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. The kibbutz of Kabri was founded the following year and uses land that had belonged to al-Nahr. The moshav Ben Ami, named after the fallen commander of an attack on nearby Nahariyya, was also established on the village's land. In 1992, the village site was described as "Only two houses remain, and one of them is partially destroyed. A tall date-palm tree grows on the village site, which is overgrown by wild grasses, a few cactuses, and fig trees. The cemetery, on the western side of the village contains one identifiable grave. The nearby Fawwara spring has been fenced in and declared private property."

title: Al-Nahr


text:
Al-Ruways

Al-Ruways (الرويس), was a Palestinian Arab village on a rocky hill located 12 km southeast of Acre and south of the village of al-Damun. Its population in 1945 was 330. Al-Ruways was depopulated following its capture by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

Middle Ages
Al-Ruways stood on the site of the Crusader town of Careblier, which was also referred to by the Crusaders as Roeis. In 1220, Beatrix de Courtenay and her husband Count Otto von Botenlauben, Henneberg, sold their land, including Roeis’, to the Teutonic Knights. However, they appeared not to have sole ownership, as in 1253 John Aleman, Lord of Caesarea, sold several villages, including Roeis, to the Knights Hospitaller. In 1266, a Crusader vanguard returning from a raid in Tiberias to Acre was ambushed at Roeis by Mamluk forces based in Safad. In 1283 it was mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders in the hudna (truce) between the Acre-based Crusaders and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun.

Based on tradition, the people of the village professed to have blood relations with Husam ad-Din Abu al-Hija. Hussam ad-Din was a high-ranking officer in the Ayyubid army of Sultan Saladin.

Ottoman era
French explorer Victor Guérin visited al-Ruways in 1875, and noted that the village contained "150 people at most, whose homes are located on a hill, amid gardens filled with fig, pomegranate and olive trees, and here and there are palm trees".

In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described al-Ruways as being situated on open ground with olive groves to the north of the village. Its population of 400 was entirely Muslim.

A population list from about 1887 showed that Ruweis had about 190 inhabitants; all Muslims.

British Mandate era
Under the British Mandate of Palestine in the early twentieth century, al-Ruways was one of the smallest villages in the District of Acre. In the 1922 census Al-Ruways had a population of 154; all Muslims,  increasing in the 1931 census to 217, still all Muslim, in a total of 44 houses. and consisting of two quarters.

The village had a mosque. Its children attended school in nearby al-Damun. The inhabitants' drinking water came from domestic wells, and they primarily grew wheat, corn, sesame, watermelons, and olives.

In the 1945 statistics  the population of al-Ruways was 330  Muslims, who owned 1,163 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 222 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 844 used for cereals, while built-up areas consisted of 15 dunams.

Israeli rule
On 18 July 1948, two days after Nazareth was occupied by Israel's Seventh Armored Brigade in Operation Dekel, some units advanced into the Western Galilee and captured a number of Arab villages, one of which was al-Ruways. The inhabitants fled after bombardment and the fall of major towns in the vicinity, namely Shefa-'Amr and Nazareth. Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, "the site is deserted. The debris of old wells and cement roofs is strewn of over the site, which is otherwise covered by a forest of eucalyptus trees and cactus." By 1992 there were no villages on al-Ruways land, but the surrounding area was cultivated by residents of kibbutz Yas'ur.

title: Al-Ruways


text:
Talk:War driving

I am merging this page with wardriving. I will repace the current page with a redirect to wardriving. and update all current links. Tacvek 15:14 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:War driving


text:
Ishwa

Ishwa' (إشوع) was a Palestinian village which was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. The village was located about 20 km west of Jerusalem, on the present location of Eshta'ol. In the 1931 British census of Palestine, Ishwa had a population of 468 in 126 houses. The village was occupied by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) on July 16, 1948, in Operation Dani by the Harel Brigade. All of its inhabitants fled or were expelled.

History
Ishwa was an ancient village, situated at the foot of a hill.

It is thought to have been established over the site of the Israelite city of Eshtaol, famous for the biblical story of Samson. It was known by that name during the Roman Empire era, when it fell within the administrative district of Eleutheropolis (Bayt Jibrin). However, Dayr Abu al-Qabus, located 0.5 km to the north has also been identified with Eshta'ol.

Ottoman era
During the 16th century CE, settlement seems to have shifted to the northwest to Islin. During the 17th or 18th century the site of Islin went out of use, and Ishwa was probably repopulated.

In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited and found the village to have barely 300 inhabitants. The only ancient remains was  a ruined arch near the well, which he thought was possibly dated to the Roman period. An Ottoman village list of about 1870 counted 32 houses and a population of 90  in Schu’a, though  the population count included men, only. It was described as being in the Hebron district, just east of Sar'a.

By 1875, it had a population of 450. In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as being  built near the foot of a hill and  with olive trees  planted below the village. Ishwa had a star-shaped configuration, its mostly stone houses extending along the roads leading to other villages.

In 1896 the population of Aschuwa' was estimated to be about 354 persons.

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Ishwa had a population of 379, all Muslim. This had increased by the time of the 1931 census to 468, still all Muslim, in 117 houses.

In the 1945 statistics the population was 620, all Muslims while the total land area was 5,522  dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 473 were allocated  for plantations and irrigable land, 1,911 for cereals, while 47 dunams were classified as built-up areas.

1948 Arab–Israeli War and aftermath
Ishwa, along with four other villages, were overtaken by the Israeli Harel Brigade on 17–18 July 1948 in Operation Dani. The villages had been on the front line since April 1948 and most of the inhabitants of these villages had already left the area. Many of those who stayed fled when Israeli forces attacked and the few who remained at each village were expelled.

Following the war, the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. In 1949 the moshav of Eshtaol was established on land that had belonged to Ishwa and nearby Islin.

In 1992 Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi noted that: "Only a few of the village houses remain on the site, interspersed among the settlement's houses; some serve as residences and warehouses. The village cemetery, next to the administrative building of the settlement, has been levelled and planted with grass. On the southern edge of the cemetery is a cave that contains the large grindstone of a flour mill. Olive and carob trees grow on the site, among other trees more recently planted by the settlers. At the western edge of the village is a soccer field. The walls and fallen roofs of the destroyed houses can be seen at the edge of this field." In 1998, a book about the village was published in Jordan.

title: Ishwa


text: User talk:81.203.99.245

title: User talk:81.203.99.245


text:
Carbon paper

Carbon paper (originally carbonic paper) consists of sheets of paper that create one or more copies simultaneously with the creation of an original document when inscribed by a typewriter or ballpoint pen. The email term cc which means ‘carbon copy’ is derived from carbon paper.

History
In 1801, Pellegrino Turri, an Italian inventor, invented carbon paper to provide the ink for his mechanical typing machine, one of the first typewriters. Ralph Wedgwood obtained the first patent for carbon paper in 1806.

Carbon paper in its original form was paper coated on one side with a layer of a loosely bound dry ink or pigmented coating, bound with wax. The manufacture of carbon paper was formerly the largest consumer of montan wax. In 1954 the Columbia Ribbon & Carbon Manufacturing Company filed a patent for what became known in the trade as solvent carbon paper: the coating was changed from wax-based to polymer-based. The manufacturing process changed from a hot-melt method to a solvent-applied coating or set of coatings. It was then possible to use polyester or other plastic film as a substrate, instead of paper, although the name remained carbon paper.

Carbon paper was the principal medium of reproduction for samizdat, a publication method used in the former Soviet Union in order to publish books without having to use state-controlled printing houses and risk the censorship or imprisonment.

Modern uses
The advent of word processing and the decline of typewriting meant that any number of copies of a document could be printed on demand, and the decline of carbon paper, which had already been partially superseded by photocopying and carbonless copy paper, became irrevocable. A few specialist or remnant uses remain. Examples of these are receipts at point of sale (though they have mostly been relegated to being backups for when electronic POS devices fail) or for on-the-spot fine notices, duplicate checks, and some money orders (though the United States Postal Service has recently converted to an electronic format), and tracking slips for various expedited mail services requiring multiple copies. In India, form-filling is on a sufficient scale that carbon paper is still widely used. As of 2013, in Canada, only one eight-person company still manufactured carbon paper; in the United Kingdom, one company; and in the United States, only two small companies.

There have been some experimental uses of carbon paper in art: as a surface for painting and mail art (to decorate envelopes). Carbon paper is commonly used to transfer patterns onto glass in the creation of stained glass.

Carbon paper disks are still used in school physics labs as part of experiments on projectile motion and position.

Fuel cell "carbon paper"
A substance known as "carbon paper" is also used in fuel cell applications. However, this carbon paper has nothing to do with the carbon paper used for copying texts. It consists of carbon microfibers manufactured into flat sheets. It is used to help as an electrode that facilitates diffusion of reagents across the catalyst layered membrane portion of membrane electrode assembly.

title: Carbon paper


text:
Jordan curve theorem

In topology, the Jordan curve theorem, formulated by Camille Jordan in 1887, asserts that every Jordan curve (a plane simple closed curve) divides the plane into an "interior" region bounded by the curve and an "exterior" region containing all of the nearby and far away exterior points. Every continuous path connecting a point of one region to a point of the other intersects with the curve somewhere. While the theorem seems intuitively obvious, it takes some ingenuity to prove it by elementary means. "Although the JCT is one of the best known topological theorems, there are many, even among professional mathematicians, who have never read a proof of it." . More transparent proofs rely on the mathematical machinery of algebraic topology, and these lead to generalizations to higher-dimensional spaces.

The Jordan curve theorem is named after the mathematician Camille Jordan (1838–1922), who published its first claimed proof in 1887. For decades, mathematicians generally thought that this proof was flawed and that the first rigorous proof was carried out by Oswald Veblen. However, this notion has been overturned by Thomas C. Hales and others.

Definitions and the statement of the Jordan theorem
A Jordan curve or a simple closed curve in the plane R2 is the image C of an injective continuous map of a circle into the plane, φ: S1 → R2. A Jordan arc in the plane is the image of an injective continuous map of a closed and bounded interval $[a, b]$ into the plane. It is a plane curve that is not necessarily smooth nor algebraic.

Alternatively, a Jordan curve is the image of a continuous map φ: [0,1] → R2 such that φ(0) = φ(1) and the restriction of φ to [0,1) is injective. The first two conditions say that C is a continuous loop, whereas the last condition stipulates that C has no self-intersection points.

With these definitions, the Jordan curve theorem can be stated as follows:

$$

In contrast, the complement of a Jordan arc in the plane is connected.

Proof and generalizations
The Jordan curve theorem was independently generalized to higher dimensions by H. Lebesgue and L. E. J. Brouwer in 1911, resulting in the Jordan–Brouwer separation theorem.

$$

The proof uses homology theory. It is first established that, more generally, if X is homeomorphic to the k-sphere, then the reduced integral homology groups of Y = Rn+1 \ X are as follows:

 * $$\tilde{H}_{q}(Y)= \begin{cases}\mathbb{Z}, & q=n-k\text{ or }q=n, \\ \{0\}, & \text{otherwise}.\end{cases}$$

This is proved by induction in k using the Mayer–Vietoris sequence. When n = k, the zeroth reduced homology of Y has rank 1, which means that Y has 2 connected components (which are, moreover, path connected), and with a bit of extra work, one shows that their common boundary is X. A further generalization was found by J. W. Alexander, who established the Alexander duality between the reduced homology of a compact subset X of Rn+1 and the reduced cohomology of its complement. If X is an n-dimensional compact connected submanifold of Rn+1 (or Sn+1) without boundary, its complement has 2 connected components.

There is a strengthening of the Jordan curve theorem, called the Jordan–Schönflies theorem, which states that the interior and the exterior planar regions determined by a Jordan curve in R2 are homeomorphic to the interior and exterior of the unit disk. In particular, for any point P in the interior region and a point A on the Jordan curve, there exists a Jordan arc connecting P with A and, with the exception of the endpoint A, completely lying in the interior region. An alternative and equivalent formulation of the Jordan–Schönflies theorem asserts that any Jordan curve φ: S1 → R2, where S1 is viewed as the unit circle in the plane, can be extended to a homeomorphism ψ: R2 → R2 of the plane. Unlike Lebesgue's and Brouwer's generalization of the Jordan curve theorem, this statement becomes false in higher dimensions: while the exterior of the unit ball in R3 is simply connected, because it retracts onto the unit sphere, the Alexander horned sphere is a subset of R3 homeomorphic to a sphere, but so twisted in space that the unbounded component of its complement in R3 is not simply connected, and hence not homeomorphic to the exterior of the unit ball.

Discrete version
The Jordan curve theorem can be proved from the Brouwer fixed point theorem (in 2 dimensions), and the Brouwer fixed point theorem can be proved from the Hex theorem: "every game of Hex has at least one winner", from which we obtain a logical implication: Hex theorem implies Brouwer fixed point theorem, which implies Jordan curve theorem.

It is clear that Jordan curve theorem implies the "strong Hex theorem": "every game of Hex ends with exactly one winner, with no possibility of both sides losing or both sides winning", thus the Jordan curve theorem is equivalent to the strong Hex theorem, which is a purely discrete theorem.

The Brouwer fixed point theorem, by being sandwiched between the two equivalent theorems, is also equivalent to both.

In reverse mathematics, and computer-formalized mathematics, the Jordan curve theorem is commonly proved by first converting it to an equivalent discrete version similar to the strong Hex theorem, then proving the discrete version.

Application to image processing
In image processing, a binary picture is a discrete square grid of 0 and 1, or equivalently, a compact subset of $$\Z^2$$. Topological invariants on $$\R^2$$, such as number of components, might fail to be well-defined for $$\Z^2$$ if $$\Z^2$$ does not have an appropriately defined graph structure.

There are two obvious graph structures on $$\Z^2$$:
 * the "4-neighbor square grid", where each vertex $$(x, y)$$ is connected with $$(x+1, y), (x-1, y), (x, y+1), (x, y-1)$$.
 * the "8-neighbor square grid", where each vertex $$(x, y)$$ is connected with $$(x', y')$$ iff $$|x-x'| \leq 1, |y-y'| \leq 1$$, and $$(x, y) \neq (x', y')$$.

Both graph structures fail to satisfy the strong Hex theorem. The 4-neighbor square grid allows a no-winner situation, and the 8-neighbor square grid allows a two-winner situation. Consequently, connectedness properties in $$\R^2$$, such as the Jordan curve theorem, do not generalize to $$\Z^2$$ under either graph structure.

If the "6-neighbor square grid" structure is imposed on $$\Z^2$$, then it is the hexagonal grid, and thus satisfies the strong Hex theorem, allowing the Jordan curve theorem to generalize. For this reason, when computing connected components in a binary image, the 6-neighbor square grid is generally used.

Steinhaus chessboard theorem
The Steinhaus chessboard theorem in some sense shows that the 4-neighbor grid and the 8-neighbor grid "together" implies the Jordan curve theorem, and the 6-neighbor grid is a precise interpolation between them.

The theorem states that: suppose you put bombs on some squares on a $$n\times n$$ chessboard, so that a king cannot move from the bottom side to the top side without stepping on a bomb, then a rook can move from the left side to the right side stepping only on bombs.

History and further proofs
The statement of the Jordan curve theorem may seem obvious at first, but it is a rather difficult theorem to prove. Bernard Bolzano was the first to formulate a precise conjecture, observing that it was not a self-evident statement, but that it required a proof. It is easy to establish this result for polygons, but the problem came in generalizing it to all kinds of badly behaved curves, which include nowhere differentiable curves, such as the Koch snowflake and other fractal curves, or even a Jordan curve of positive area constructed by.

The first proof of this theorem was given by Camille Jordan in his lectures on real analysis, and was published in his book Cours d'analyse de l'École Polytechnique. There is some controversy about whether Jordan's proof was complete: the majority of commenters on it have claimed that the first complete proof was given later by Oswald Veblen, who said the following about Jordan's proof:

"His proof, however, is unsatisfactory to many mathematicians. It assumes the theorem without proof in the important special case of a simple polygon, and of the argument from that point on, one must admit at least that all details are not given."

However, Thomas C. Hales wrote:

"Nearly every modern citation that I have found agrees that the first correct proof is due to Veblen... In view of the heavy criticism of Jordan’s proof, I was surprised when I sat down to read his proof to find nothing objectionable about it. Since then, I have contacted a number of the authors who have criticized Jordan, and each case the author has admitted to having no direct knowledge of an error in Jordan’s proof."

Hales also pointed out that the special case of simple polygons is not only an easy exercise, but was not really used by Jordan anyway, and quoted Michael Reeken as saying: "Jordan’s proof is essentially correct... Jordan’s proof does not present the details in a satisfactory way. But the idea is right, and with some polishing the proof would be impeccable."

Earlier, Jordan's proof and another early proof by Charles Jean de la Vallée Poussin had already been critically analyzed and completed by Schoenflies (1924).

Due to the importance of the Jordan curve theorem in low-dimensional topology and complex analysis, it received much attention from prominent mathematicians of the first half of the 20th century. Various proofs of the theorem and its generalizations were constructed by J. W. Alexander, Louis Antoine, Ludwig Bieberbach, Luitzen Brouwer, Arnaud Denjoy, Friedrich Hartogs, Béla Kerékjártó, Alfred Pringsheim, and Arthur Moritz Schoenflies.

New elementary proofs of the Jordan curve theorem, as well as simplifications of the earlier proofs, continue to be carried out.

 * Elementary proofs were presented by and.
 * A proof using non-standard analysis by.
 * A proof using constructive mathematics by.
 * A proof using the Brouwer fixed point theorem by.
 * A proof using non-planarity of the complete bipartite graph K3,3 was given by.

The root of the difficulty is explained in as follows. It is relatively simple to prove that the Jordan curve theorem holds for every Jordan polygon (Lemma 1), and every Jordan curve can be approximated arbitrarily well by a Jordan polygon (Lemma 2). A Jordan polygon is a polygonal chain, the boundary of a bounded connected open set, call it the open polygon, and its closure, the closed polygon. Consider the diameter $$\delta$$ of the largest disk contained in the closed polygon. Evidently, $$\delta$$ is positive. Using a sequence of Jordan polygons (that converge to the given Jordan curve) we have a sequence $$\delta_1, \delta_2, \dots$$ presumably converging to a positive number, the diameter $$\delta$$ of the largest disk contained in the closed region bounded by the Jordan curve. However, we have to prove that the sequence $$\delta_1, \delta_2, \dots$$ does not converge to zero, using only the given Jordan curve, not the region presumably bounded by the curve. This is the point of Tverberg's Lemma 3. Roughly, the closed polygons should not thin to zero everywhere. Moreover, they should not thin to zero somewhere, which is the point of Tverberg's Lemma 4.

The first formal proof of the Jordan curve theorem was created by in the HOL Light system, in January 2005, and contained about 60,000 lines. Another rigorous 6,500-line formal proof was produced in 2005 by an international team of mathematicians using the Mizar system. Both the Mizar and the HOL Light proof rely on libraries of previously proved theorems, so these two sizes are not comparable. showed that in reverse mathematics the Jordan curve theorem is equivalent to weak Kőnig's lemma over the system $\mathsf{RCA}_0$.

Application

In computational geometry, the Jordan curve theorem can be used for testing whether a point lies inside or outside a simple polygon.

From a given point, trace a ray that does not pass through any vertex of the polygon (all rays but a finite number are convenient). Then, compute the number $n$ of intersections of the ray with an edge of the polygon. Jordan curve theorem proof implies that the point is inside the polygon if and only if $n$ is odd.

Computational aspects
Adler, Daskalakis and Demaine prove that a computational version of Jordan's theorem is PPAD-complete. As a corollary, they show that Jordan's theorem implies the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. This complements the earlier result by Maehara, that Brouwer's fixed point theorem implies Jordan's theorem.

title: Jordan curve theorem


text:
Khirbat al-Jawfa

Khirbat al-Jawfa' was a Palestinian Arab village that was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war.

Location
The village was situated 12 km west of Jenin, on the top of a small circular plateau that extended from the northern slope of a mountain (Jabal Faqqu'a). It overlooked the Jordan Valley to the north and northeast, and was linked by a dirt path to the village Tall al-Shawk in District of Baysan.

British period
In the British mandate period the village was classified as a hamlet by the Palestine Index Gazetteer.

It was probably occupied by the forces of the Golani Brigade as part of Operation Gideon on 12 May 1948. Most of its population fled to Jenin and its surrounding areas after the Israeli forces overtook the city of Bisan on 15 May 1948.

Israeli period
According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, the 1948 armistice line separating Israel from the West Bank fell a short distance to the west of Khirbat al-Jawfa, cutting through the land of the nearby village of Faqqu'a (in the West Bank). The land of this village that was inside Israel have been combined with the land that belonged to Khirbat al-Jawfa, making the two indistinguishable. The kibbutz of Ma'ale Gilboa, founded 1962, is located inside this amalgamated parcel of land, southwest of the village site.

Khalidi described the village remaining structures in 1992 as: "Although sections of some walls still stand, most of the former houses have been reduced to rubble. The entire area has been fenced in and is used as a grazing area for cows. A large water tank belonging to kibbutz Ma'ale Gilbo'a is on the site".

External links and references

 * Welcome to al-Jawfa,-Khirbat
 * Khirbat al-Jawfa at  Zochrot
 * Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9:  IAA, Wikimedia commons
 * Al-Jawfa, Khirbat at  Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center

title: Khirbat al-Jawfa