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User talk:Jwrosenzweig/Archive 2

Old talk moved to User talk:Jwrosenzweig/Archive1 Jwrosenzweig 00:01, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to my talk page
Please leave notes/questions/chastisements/haiku/concerns for me here. I will usually respond on your talk page for your convenience. Thanks, and happy editing! Jwrosenzweig

Probably wrong place to put this about left-handers page. You will see that all these names are from an Indiana University website. I told Ibata to put it up, so i didnt really create that page - claim removed. OK. DMC 04:41, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC) It is interesting that you leave information about a "curse" when you claim to be a purveyor of facts. How can a rational individual write that a "curse" is a fact. Absolutely no facts prove there is a curse, and the only ones who believe that it exists are people who like to make excuses.

In other words, you say that saying there is no curse is an opinion. I submit that you are doing the exact same thing by saying there is a curse, that is also an opinion. There are absolutely no facts that support a curse, just coincidence. Ruth in no way, put a curse on the Red Sox. In fact he loved New England and had a home here for many years. When I go to other team's sites I see no mention of a curse or hex. There are plenty of teams with less World Series titles than the Red Sox. If you must keep "The curse of the Bambino" you should at least place that in the myth/legand column. Also in the interest of your own stated rules, any mention of the curse should be kept to the Curse of the Bambino site and be removed from the Red Sox site.

I'm sure you are sick of editing that part anyway ;).
 * Hey, if somebody says there's a curse (and they say it enough that it's somehow worthy of notice), we report it, even if we think it's silly. There's a lot of wacko science recorded here, and if you look at it, you'll notice we don't say "X is a wacko scientific belief".  Rather, we explain what it is, and why most (if not all) knowledgable scientists disagree.

 * Same goes for the curse. You and I know selling Ruth didn't anger some spirit who has hexed the Red Sox.  But people talk about it, so we record here the events that led people to talk about a so-called curse (selling Ruth, later unsuccess, 1986, etc.).  Since we assume our readers have a medium level of intelligence, we figure we don't have to put a sentence in saying "Most scientists do not believe in curses."  I hope you don't mind that. :)  And I'm very sick of editing all of this, but somebody has to keep these pages from turning into rants for or against the Red Sox.  I've seen both all day, and I'm tired. :)  We don't get paid for this, you know. :)  Thanks for leaving the note, though, and I hope we can come to an understanding. Jwrosenzweig 23:44, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Roof
Regarding the "Curse of the bambino" page. Why is it unreasonable in the paragraph mentioning Shaughnessy to accurately assess that he and other media members fall back on this laughable curse in lieu of any effort at journalism? You tune in ESPN to watch a Red Sox game one month into any season and can't get 2 innings into the game before someone references said curse. No one talked about this curse until Shaughnessy wrote his book, and now he makes national media appearances referencing his book and the curse. He is the proponent of this myth and has a financial incentive to do so. I understand an effort to be fair and balanced about discussing the history of this myth, but in doing so, it is only fair to mention the source of the perpetuation.
 * Re: your comments, yes, the curse is a laughable thing, but calling something laughable isn't a neutral point of view (NPOV is what we live by here). The idea is to present all the facts so that the reader sees "ah, this is an idea proponed by a non-Bostonian which most Bostonians feel is greatly exaggerated....probably just some media thing".  If you want to haggle over how to do that, why not post your proposed addition at Talk:Curse of the Bambino?  That's the best way of settling things--there experienced editors will get together and talk over how best to handle it, and ultimately we hope to reach a compromise that will satisfy you.  How's that sound? Jwrosenzweig 19:29, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Re: your efforts. Assuming you agree the curse is laughable, then it doesn't make sense to require a NPOV.  It seems that by definition, humor or over the top assessment would be suitable.  Even so, it would seem reasonable to have some mention of his journalistic laziness (and that of his peers).  Rather than edit the page and cause you have to re-edit, etc I would propose the following after the line "... focused on the so-called curse." -- "Shaughnessy and other media members frequently fall back on this 'curse' when referring to the Red Sox, often ignoring other more relevant topics which are germane to the moment."  For what it is worth, what is resented by most Bostonians isn't the story of the curse (schlock is schlock after all) but the discussion of it at all times in all circumstances.  And that is laziness on the part of the media -- which is perpetuated by your discussion here.  Your attempt to be factual leaves the reader without the knowledge that the proponent of the myth uses every media opportunity to perpetuate it, and it has become headline material for every Red Sox event without a positive outcome.  In the big picture, it isn't that big a deal, but at the same time your efforts (as a group) seem to be serious about the content, and as such, it wouldn't seem to be an accurate portrayal of the subject matter. Roof

Sbonds
Thanks for the quick reply. I didn't expect anyone to notice my user page for quite some time. I guess that "Recent Changes" page gets some traffic. ;-)

I've looked around the Wikipedia quite a bit (lots of liberal use of the Random Page link) and the content seems quite good. My biggest concern about using this for any kind of real reference is there is often no way to validate what has been said. For example, if someone told me that Jicin was a food additive, I wouldn't know the difference than if it were a city in the Czech republic. Few articles seem to link anywhere that could back up the claims in the article.

This doesn't destroy the usefulness of the Wikipedia, but it does mean that it couldn't be used as the sole reference for anything important.

Thanks for the links to the Village Pump and other newbie resources!

Sbonds 00:45, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
I appreciate what you have done, not only on my talk, but on kenneths as well. I likewise appreciate those who are civil, and able to compromise, regardless of their POV. I do take issue with much of what tannin has done. I don't like how they (I donno their gender!) shuffled things about at Conflicts between users in a way profoundly unfriendly to myself, shortly after some disagreements at Talk:atheism which was shortly after they removed Socialism and Nazism from VfD (they had also placed a rude note there, about "Right wing kooks"). So I do have real objections to what has happened. I also see your point, that making a big stink is probably not going to be good for me on this one... :( Jack 01:12, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Dispute with Lizard King
Please take a look at the latest few edits of talk:yeti. Thanks - UtherSRG 15:50, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Tahnsk! I replied on my talk page. - UtherSRG 16:10, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Metasquares's Nomination
I responded to your question on my talk page. --cprompt 20:01, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Thanks. The Lucy tuning thing seems to be settled, with a page that mollifies Lucy and isn't too bad, albeit with more material than the subject really warrents. Gene Ward Smith 23:33, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

No
The reason for my name change is a I do not want to have my name associated with this place. I am about one inch from leaving permanantly. Ever since I discovered the percentage of admins whom are trolls (or grossly incompetant/biased/unreasonable/anti-intellectual) I have had serious reservations about this place. I find any mention of my name here offensive. I will be deleting your comment. Please do not continue to broadcast my name. The idea that one of my children (or grandchildren) may some day chance across my name on google or some such, and find it connected to the sort of... unexpressable... (I'd be able to articulate this better in person, after a few beers, and utilizing alot of foul language) "incivility" which I have encountered here... tha idea of that just makes me sick. Please do not refer to me by anything other than the new user name I had created. Thank you. Sam Spade 23:03, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the compliment about The Wrong Version. :) Angela. 01:06, Feb 4, 2004 (UTC)

MMPOW
I noticed that you deleted MMPOW. Do MMOPW and MMORTS fall in the same category? - Texture 18:49, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem. Got your reply - Texture 20:24, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Request for Comment
Requests for comment/Homegrown images - UtherSRG 17:56, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Copyright infringement replacements
For copyright infringement replacements, the usual practice is to write the replacement at the /temp page, then when the 7 days for objections is up, to delete the infringing page and use "move this page" to move the /temp page to the main location (and then delete the dangling redirect from the /temp page). The reason for this is to get any copyright violations out of the article history. I did this just now on Idar-Oberstein. Since the same content was at the temp page nothing should've been lost, just letting you know for future reference. --Delirium 04:38, Feb 6, 2004 (UTC)

This is a very nice solution, ye. Thanks a lot :-) fr0069

Fringe science
Excellent! That is the paragraph that I wanted to write, but couldn't. Kudos. --Dante Alighieri 06:39, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Medieval literature
Looking good. Bmills 11:31, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Dick Van Dyke
Thank you for starting and writing Dick Van Dyke. A previously sad omission of a great American has now been rectified. -- Decumanus 19:40, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

No user page
I prefer to keep my username in red type whenever I show up on Wikipedia, and that's final. Denelson83 21:29, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * If you were upset, I apologize. Denelson83 21:41, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Me
Thanks for the quick response. I'm not sure if you noticed on my talk page, but there was the following message: "You are now a sysop" from Bmills. If it helps any...Yours, Meelar 22:45, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. If there's anything I can do to help, let me know. Meelar 22:57, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Bmills attempted to make Meelar a sysop during the bried "interwiki bureaucrat" experiment. He accidentally forgot to type in the wiki where he wanted to make a sysop, and so he made Meelar a sysop on meta by mistake. -- Tim Starling 23:14, Feb 9, 2004 (UTC)

Sinister goings on
Someone is trying to put words in your mouth.. or rather, take words out of your mouth and replace them with others retroactively. Here, take a look at this. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 00:27, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, sorry, forgot to mention. TOTALLY reverted, plus I left a stern warning about this being a ONE TIME warning and immediate banning resulting from a second occurance. I also notified Dysprosia, since it was on Dysp's page. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 00:50, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Academy Award
Thanks for the answer. Sounds like Lund was more like a "kid wrangler". RickK 03:44, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Christian Heritage Party of Canada
Hi JW

Oops, must have forgotten to post the page on copyvio. Thanks for spotting this. No, absolutely no objection to you putting a stub in its place. Thanks. DJ Clayworth 16:56, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi, just an update. I was officially promoted sometime today. Thanks for all your help. Meelar 05:28, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Archiving
Hello, I'm archiving looking at the page history. --Hemanshu 06:14, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks. Personally I think Wik needs tranquilising, and ticking off, but not banning. I allow people to wind me up, I guess I care too much. Secretlondon 22:16, Feb 12, 2004 (UTC)

Why do you keep editing away my changes to the curse of the bambino page? You imply that the book "Curse of the Bambino" is proof of the big role this "curse" plays in Boston culture. You have this wrong. Flat out wrong. There is no known use of this phrase before the book was published. Please include this information. You are perpetuating a myth, not telling the truth.

Nick Griffin
Vandal! :) - Decumanus 23:09, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

DNA
[Peak:] Thanks for installing the changed paragraphs. As you may have gleaned from the Talk page, my role was mainly as a mediator and proposer, which is the main reason why I did not participate in the final vote. If I had, the outcome would have been to strengthen the majority in all cases; that is, the results would have been:
 * 1a: 6 out of 6 votes cast for this question
 * 2b: 5 out of 6 "
 * 3b: 5 out of 6 "

Unfortunately, 168... chose to abstain on these particular questions, but even 5 out of 7 is better than two-thirds, so I believe that, imperfect though these paragraphs may be, they should not be changed without "due process" on the Talk page. I just wish there were better Wiki-guidelines about all this! Thanks again. Peak 05:55, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Of course... Secretlondon 21:53, Feb 13, 2004 (UTC)

Arthur Ransom, et al
Funny, but until about a month ago I'd never gotten into any kind of edit/revision war despite lots of editing ... then whamo, I stumbled into cosmotheism, iridology and, of all things, the Bambino! Next thing you know, there will be an Arthur Ransome edit war over Titty's real name. (Don't laugh: there's an Arthur Ransome group that has some heated debates http://the-stable.lancs.ac.uk/~esarie/tarboard/tarboard.html) Anyway, thanks for the admin nomination. It will drive user:irismeister insane. - DavidWBrooks 21:55, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Flora and Fauna of Belize
I was still making changes. Have a look at Plants and animals of Belize and the related pages and let me know if there is anything still wrong. Dori | Talk 00:54, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for pointing me to Translation
As you see, I've listed myself. I'm currently translating an article i think is missing in the english 'pedia, and it's very tough because the original is not very good. But the project is good, i think. Inside this project, can i ask for peer review after i've done a translation and want help on english style/grammar? (on other occasions here, my style was labeled "engrish" :(( so i seem need it). Lady Tenar 22:06, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

User 195..... on the loose again
Hi. Please visit the Race article and deal with 195... who has started an edit war. I see you have already been on his case. Thanks. P0M

Alan Bullock
Thanks for your comment. I think we are very thin on historian biographies at the moment. I've tried to fix up Robert Conquest and Isaac Deutscher as well. Adam 08:20, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

You are not the only person who has made this comment. It has been pointed out to me that I may be encouraging him. I understand that the will of the community seems to be that I shouldn't unblock him again. I don't like people being blocked without discussion but I will respect the view of the community. Secretlondon 19:24, Feb 16, 2004 (UTC)

Faults
I'm not sure exactly what you were referring to when you said that you "admit all of [my] known faults," but I'd like to take this opportunity to apologize for whatever messes I've caused in the past. I hope that you will change your mind about your wish for me to not continue here. Anthony DiPierro 19:32, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thank you!
James - thank you very much for the kind words on my talk page. It's one of the nicest things anyone on here has said to me -- it's always good to hear that people appreciate my work. Once again, thank you. →Raul654 23:11, Feb 16, 2004 (UTC)

My new barnstar
Thanks a lot for the barnstar, I really appreciate it. Never thought I'd get one of these. silsor 00:32, Feb 17, 2004 (UTC)

Gore Page
Hello, to your request, I fixed my page and added the needed legal info. You can check it out to see if it has all the needed information. http://www.algoresupportcenter.com/goreinfo.html

User:ChrisDJackson

Recreation of 51st state
Just so you know and don't think I'm vandalizing, I have recreated 51st state as a legitimate article. I did this as per discussion on my talk page. →Raul654 21:39, Feb 18, 2004 (UTC)

Request for Comments on Plautus satire
Your comments are requested on Requests for comment/Plautus satire. →Raul654 05:19, Feb 19, 2004 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Atheism/Godvrs.god_poll#run-off_election/Compromise?
"Your skills both intrigue and suprise me. Do you sincerely think it is honest to use the lower case G in refering to God, when all sources of reference (with the sole exception of Encarta, a source I personally despise) do not? Why must wiki take this stand, and to what end? I find it a fearsom slap to the face for both our theistic, and our un-opinionated readers, and a complete parody of NPOV. Sam Spade 21:46, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC) "

I asked you this there, and was worried you missed it. I'm honestly interested in what your educated (semi?) proffessional opinion (I don't mean to be rude at all, but I don't know your line of work) about the spelling of God? Do you think the one God who is All is contained within the concept of god or gods? I have never known the words to be used that way. If I was writing a story about a specific greek or roman god, I would use the god spelling. But if I am refering to the absolute infinite, he that is, was, and ever shall be, how could he be included with the lesser concept of gods? Sam Spade 07:26, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry its so long? I'd sooner thank you for your thoroughness! :). You may always feel free to say as much as you like to me. If its upsetting I may take issue with that (I'm certainly not doing that here! :) or if its inordinantly long (say you write me a novel) I may take my time in reading it and formulating my response. Anyhow, I understand what you are saying, and respectfully disagree with it. My opinions on why have been covered extensively, but can easilly be summed up as my being in accordance w Dictionary.com, encyclopedia.com, the brittanica, etc.. Thanks for the polite discourse (something distressingly uncommon here), Sam Spade 20:43, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I was in the middle of writing something, and then saw someone else had already done it. Secretlondon 21:51, Feb 19, 2004 (UTC)

Rhyming
Thank you, all input appreciated. I certainly hadn't thought of "woe", which is a great poetical word. But, on another matter... I've been admiring your conversations with a certain mutual friend over the last two days. I don't think I've ever laughed so hard. Your responses were just, in a word, perfect. :) fabiform | talk 22:05, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

LOL... I apologize for my mistake. Gender is such a strange thing online, especially when you're doing something like Wikipedia where the focus is on work, not socializing. I have no idea why I made that assumption. Anyway, good luck in your dealings with Plautus. He's getting better, but the jury is still very much out. Isomorphic 22:35, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

You are so bloody clever! You are tying him in knots. theresa knott 23:48, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Shadow
Thank you very much for notifying me. The most effective way to troll wikipedia is to mix one's bad edits with good ones (which isn't all that hard to do). I'll keep an eye on the situation. - snoyes 18:16, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Lir
I replied on my talk page as I expect a lot of people might have the same question, so it seemed easier to keep it in one place. Angela. 22:56, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

Plautus (again)
Hey James - I posted it here before, but I think you might have missed it (it got buried pretty quickly by other comments). I'd like you to voice your opinion over at Requests for comment/Plautus satire. →Raul654 04:43, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't normally try to change your opinion (I respect yours very much), but for one thing - you said you haven't seen much of him today. Are you aware that after being advised by Jamesday, Silsor, and Isomorphic to move onto less controversial topics, he went right over to September 11th and started making more POV edits there, as well as Quasar, Big Bang, and creation of the obviously POV Laser star hypothesis? On the basis of this, Jamesday changed his vote from 'give him another chance' to 'recent actions seem to show he is a troll'. I think you might want to consider the same thing, or at least qualifying of your opinion that it was based on older information. →Raul654 05:05, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

Irismeister
Hi Jwrosenzweig! I've decided to ask the arbitration committee to look into Irismeister's behaviour on wikipedia (of course, I don't know if Jimbo will approve it, or if the committee will accept the case). If there's any particular point/issue/incident you think I should be aware of, then please email me. Cheers, fabiform | talk 23:55, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I've made my request officially here: Requests for arbitration, and asked Jimbo on his talk page to refer the case to the arbitration committee, as it needs his approval.  I understand you just made a similar plea to the mailing list.  Perhaps for the time being you should just ignore him, and edit some nice friendly pages.  :)  fabiform | talk 14:21, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * The arbitration committee are deciding whether or not to accept the case. I've been looking for the place where he threatened to sue you. I thought it was iridology but i can't find it. Can you remember where it was ? theresa knott 15:34, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Found and submitted to the evidence page. Jwrosenzweig 16:38, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Meriadoc Brandybuck
Sorry I overwrote your edit of Meriadoc Brandybuck: I was trying to fix more than just the last bunch of nonsense added by the anon in question. I don't think I deleted anything you added :) Jor 19:45, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I'm cutting and pasting the text into an email and adding at the bottom the link to the page the email is on. I'm looing on newspaper web pages and trying to find the best address to send it to. Secretlondon 19:32, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Events in history.
See Events in history. --mav

Thanks for the welcome
Always nice to be welcomed. It's a lot less scary once you actually start getting your hands dirty instead of spending weeks procrastinating it in case I do something wrong...

San de Berg

Thanks for the tip!
Like the header says, I appreciate the tip. Always nice to know there are people willing to lend a helping hand and whatnot.

Seth Mahoney 19:44, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

No - it's public domain not GFDL. Secretlondon 21:48, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC) Image Tag Team may help. Secretlondon 21:50, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

OK
OK that CS Lewis link should work now.

Gathering evidence against Plautus
James:
 * I know thinking about Plautus is probably the last thing you ever want to do again, but I'd appreciate it if you would look over User:Raul654/Plautus to see if we missed anything. →Raul654 17:04, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

The ridiculousness of VfD
Well, just because something is ridiculous doesn't mean I'm not going to use it. In any case, I'm not the first one who used that word. I was responding to RickK's almost-but-probably-not-quite personal attack on me. Is the current implementation of VfD ridiculous? Yes, it most certainly is. That it occassionally (very rarely) gets things right doesn't alter that fact. Anthony DiPierro 04:55, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your message to me, and I'll certainly keep it in mind that I need to be less curt. Am I one of VfD's most frequent contributors?  Of course.  But the vast majority of my contributions are in opposition to its existence (keep votes).  Anyway, you're point is well taken.  Less talking, more thinking.  Anthony DiPierro 05:09, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

re: member advocate
Thanks for the correction. I don't know why I thought she was an arbitrator... I guess I incorrectly interpreted her comment about the advocacy program complementing the arbitration process. I was in no way accusing her, however; Is the identity of arbitrators supposed to be secret? Perl 21:13, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Raul
I'm only mildly annoyed w him, since I have no idea why he did what he did. I am however rather outraged by the situation (admins harassing me in regards to my name) and the lack of interest regarding it. I tried to ask for help on IRC while it was happening (and was ignored), posted that note to Jimbo, and gave a link to each of the arbitrators in regards to it. Martin said that was annoying, or some such, and put a rather distressing note next to each of my "spam-like" posts. I asked him what I should do (on his talk) and he said something about considering my audience before myself. I thought about it, and decided what was on their talk pages looked awful, and so I tried to remove it, only to be reverted by raul. I don't want my name on this website, because flaming is not only allowed, but encouraged, and the administrators are so clearly fond of trolling me. The advice on how to alleviate the problem which I have gotten (be nice to the regulars, and maybe they might allow me the privlidge of not having my name used) is frankly unsatisfactory. If I don't want the wiki using my name, its not right for it to be used, particularly not by admins, and esp. not w the intent of harassing me. How I could have experienced all of this and keep a pleasent demeanor is beyond me. Anyhow, thank you for your politeness. We have spoken a number of times, and while I don't remember us agreeing on anything (seriously, I don't ;) you have always been polite, and that means alot to me. I'd rather you politely disagree w me then rudely agree, if you know what I mean. Have a nice day, Sam Spade 22:44, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * (CC'd from my talk page)
 * Whoops, sorry. James is correct - I misundertood Sam's intentions. Sam, I'm sorry. →Raul654 23:09, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * PS - I would have replied earlier but I was out all day. →Raul654 23:15, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

Karsten on CEM
Karsten Kilian on Deletion Request for Customer Experience Management (CEM)

Hello James,

Thanks for your feedback. I am sorry that I caused some confusion since I was not aware of announcing our project at School and university projects as you requested ... which I just did right now. We are a university in Germany with an international students from 6 different countries. The aim of the Customer Experience Management (CEM) is as follows:
 * introduce a fairly new concept in the literature to interested audience (latest related article was published in Marketing Management on Dec. 2003)
 * make students familiar with wikipedia.org
 * CEM is not part of CRM (actually the concept critiques CRM and goes beyond it)
 * The topic is part of my PhD studies at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland
 * add to a new theme to Wikipedia which might be of interest
 * project is still ongoing (students are working on it today)

I hope that my explanation does make it clear what our goal is and I would be thankful if you could withdraw the deletion note.

Thanks, Karsten

P.S.: Having scanned your CV, I saw that you are from Washington State. I lived in Goldendale, Wa. for a year and went to high school there (1989/90) and visited with my host family several times after that in Port Angeles (Sequim).

 * Karsten, thanks very much for your note of explanation. If you would notice the note below, however, there are still some major community-wide concerns regarding your project.  To be direct, there are three major issues: (1) your students do not seem to know how to use Wikipedia's markup to put the articles into the proper Style, (2) your project appears to be adding instructive articles as opposed to balanced factual articles (have your students read over Wikipedia:Neutral point of view?), and (3) your titles do not follow Naming conventions.  These are important to address now, or else, as DJ notes below, your articles are likely to be deleted as being too far out of standard to be fixable.  Can we talk this over?  Can you ask your students to read a number of the guide pages (like the above links, plus How to edit a page and Welcome, newcomers)?  It is very hard to just jump into editing here without missing important aspects of Wikipedia's goals and approach.  Please discuss these things here with me.

 * Goldendale and Sequim are lovely towns I've only visited once in my lives each. Glad to know you've enjoyed the hospitality and scenery of my state--I've been to Germany on two occasions (with a name like Rosenzweig, perhaps it's obvious I was visiting family?), and loved it both times.  My family is primarily from the  Hunsrück region near Trier and from the lowlands just north of the Lüneburger Heide.

 * Anxiously awaiting your reply, Jwrosenzweig 17:01, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi JW

Following what the CEM guys are doing, they appear to be creating a set of articles that are either going to require an enormous amount of editing to get into Wiki format, or are going to end up deleted about a week from now. Someone should probably try to instruct in the way of Wiki;since you appear to be the primary contact at the moment, is this something that you are goin to do? Or should everyone add their own hints? DJ Clayworth 15:17, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

William Kelly
There is now a Wikipedia article for William Hill Kelly, so it is a valid link from the disambiguation page. Anthony DiPierro 18:21, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

If that page goes through VfD and gets deleted, then I agree that there is a consensus that the link should be deleted as well. Anthony DiPierro 18:22, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, the link should have been William Hill Kelly Jr. I don't think it'll get deleted. There doesn't seem to be a consensus that these pages should be deleted. Anthony DiPierro 18:25, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

If I get reverted, you can reprotect. Anthony DiPierro 18:33, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I'll definitely follow that advice (won't revert back). Anthony DiPierro 18:35, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Oh well, there goes that. I guess this page is scheduled for permanent protection? Anthony DiPierro 18:37, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Why thankyou! And here was me feeling rather grumpy this morning. A little Wikilove goes a long way. -- Tony

The Passion of the Christ
Hi JWR--I got a little mad at first but finally realized you were probably just caught up in the thrill of the investigation ("Wow, what if the POSTER made it up?!"). Thanks for your message, and no offense taken. --Opus33 18:04, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for your help on homemaker! Mark Richards 04:01, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jwrosenzweig/Archive 2


text:
Talk:First Nephi

First sentence
Is there any historical evidence for the prophet? "It was written by the ancient prophet Nephi, who lived around 600 BC" is a very concrete claim. How does "It was written by the ancient prophet Nephi, who is held by believers to have lived around 600 BC" sound? - Molinari 19:39 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It sounds great.:) Sorry for not making the text NPOV originally. —Frecklefoot 19:41 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

No need to apologize. Your response was at lightening speed, too. Cheers. - Molinari 20:27 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Separate article for each book?
Do we need a seperate article for each of the books in the Book of Mormon? I think they should be merged into one article. Noldoaran (Talk), 16:13, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC) Please respond on Talk:Book of Mormon

Nephi Hebrew name?
Is Nephi even a Hebrew / Aramaic name?! What does it mean?

Shaybani 10:03, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Nephi's vision
--Concerning this article, I felt impressed to add some more details on Nephi's vision which go beyond the basics of what may be typically rehearsed in the LDS church. Some of the details are fascinating when looked at with a view on their potential.

I also created a section titled "Interpretations on Nephi's Vision". If needed, perhaps it could be placed within a new article, titled "Vision of Nephi", where there is discussion on its meaning.

While reading through this, I thought that some of the storyline was redundant, in the sense that it went over too many little details of their journeys. It may be better to edit many of these things, but also increase some of the doctrinal themes, especially since it is the first book in the Book of Mormon.

 * For one thing, I do think that if this much information is going to be added, it should have its own article. But it should grow to article size inside of this article, then be split off.

 * But there is a greater problem: What you wrote appears to be "original research". This may be common beliefs, but you need to cite sources in order for it to be here. Val42 04:37, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

America?
I've read through the original text of the book, and can find nothing which specifically identifies the land to be sailed to as America. Is there some secondary source confirming that this is the correct interpretation? The land described could just as easily be Africa, Australia, or Asia. Cheers! bd2412 T 00:11, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Tree of Life merge proposal
I propose we merge Tree of life vision into this article - all of the information is essentially already here, and it would be really simple.
 * Merge --Descartes1979 (talk) 23:34, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I changed my mind - I am retracting my proposal, I think the article can stand on its own. --Descartes1979 (talk) 05:27, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

wikilinks to anachronisms of the BoM
I removed some wikilinks to Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon. Right now that page has a lot of original, apologetic research and it seems unusual to link it from here. If you disagree, let's talk. Rachel Helps (BYU) (talk) 18:51, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * ??? At some point it would be good to document on each of the books in the Book of Mormon what anachronisms are included. This is, after all, one of the most famous things about the Book of Mormon and one of the things that people are most interested in that study it who are not Mormon. jps (talk) 19:18, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:First Nephi


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Isinglass

Isinglass is a form of collagen obtained from the dried swim bladders of fish. The English word origin is from the obsolete Dutch huizenblaas – huizen is a kind of sturgeon, and blaas is a bladder, or German Hausenblase, meaning essentially the same. The bladders, once removed from the fish, processed, and dried, are formed into various shapes for use.

It is used mainly for the clarification or fining of some beer and wine. It can also be cooked into a paste for specialised gluing purposes.

Although originally made exclusively from sturgeon, especially beluga, in 1795 an invention by William Murdoch facilitated a cheap substitute using cod. This was extensively used in Britain in place of Russian isinglass, and in the US hake was important. In modern British brewing all commercial isinglass products are blends of material from a limited range of tropical fish.

Foods and drinks

Before the inexpensive production of gelatin and other competing products, isinglass was used in confectionery and desserts such as fruit jelly and blancmange.

Isinglass finings are widely used as a processing aid in the British brewing industry to accelerate the fining, or clarification, of beer. It is used particularly in the production of cask-conditioned beers, although many cask ales are available which are not fined using isinglass. The finings flocculate the live yeast in the beer into a jelly-like mass, which settles to the bottom of the cask. Left undisturbed, beer will clear naturally; the use of isinglass finings accelerates the process. Isinglass is sometimes used with an auxiliary fining, which further accelerates the process of sedimentation.

Non-cask beers that are destined for kegs, cans, or bottles are often pasteurised and filtered. The yeast in these beers tends to settle to the bottom of the storage tank naturally, so the sediment from these beers can often be filtered without using isinglass. However, some breweries still use isinglass finings for non-cask beers, especially when attempting to repair bad batches.

Many vegetarians consider beers that are processed with these finings (such as most cask-conditioned ales in the UK ) to be unsuitable for vegetarian diets (although acceptable for pescetarians). According to global data in 2018, along with low-calorie beer and gluten-free beer, beers that are acceptable for strict vegetarians are expected to grow in demand in the coming years. The demand increase is attributed to millennial consumers, and some companies have introduced vegetarian friendly options or done away with isinglass use. A beer-fining agent that is suitable for vegetarians is Irish moss, a type of red algae containing the polymer chemical carrageenan. However, carrageenan-based products (used in both the boiling process and after fermentation) primarily reduce hazes caused by proteins, but isinglass is used at the end of the brewing process, after fermentation, to remove yeast. Since the two fining agents act differently (on different haze-forming particles), they are not interchangeable, and some beers use both.

Isinglass finings are also used in the production of kosher wines, although for reasons of kashrut, they are not derived from the beluga sturgeon, because this fish is not kosher. Whether the use of a nonkosher isinglass renders a beverage nonkosher is a matter of debate in Jewish law. Rabbi Yehezkel Landau, in Noda B'Yehuda, first edition, Yore Deah 26, for example, permits such beverages. This is the position followed by many kashrut-observant Jews today.

The similar-sounding names has resulted in confusion between isinglass and waterglass, especially as both have been used to preserve eggs. A solution of isinglass was applied to eggs and allowed to dry, sealing their pores. Waterglass is sodium silicate. Eggs were submerged in solutions of waterglass, and a gel of silicic acid formed, also sealing the pores of the eggshell.

Conservation
Isinglass is also used as an adhesive to repair parchment, stucco and damage to paintings on canvas. Pieces of the best Russian isinglass are soaked overnight to soften and swell the dried material. Next, it is cooked slowly in a double boiler at 45 °C while being stirred. A small amount of gum tragacanth dissolved in water is added to the strained isinglass solution to act as an emulsifier.

When repairing paint that is flaking from parchment, isinglass can be applied directly to an area which has been soaked with a small amount of ethanol. It is typically applied as a very tiny drop that is then guided, with the help of a binocular microscope, under the edges of flaking paint.

It can also be used to coat tissue or goldbeater's skin. On paintings this can be used as a temporary backing to either canvas patches or filler until dried. Here, isinglass is similar to parchment size and other forms of gelatin, but it is unique in that as a dried film the adhesive can be reactivated with moisture. For this use, the isinglass is cooked with a few drops of glycerin or honey. This adhesive is advantageous in situations where minimal use of water is desired for the parchment as the isinglass can be reactivated with an ethanol-water mixture. It also has a greater adhesive strength than many other adhesives used for parchment repair.

In popular culture
In the musical Oklahoma!, the song "The Surrey With the Fringe on Top" describes the surrey as having "isinglass curtains you can roll right down" although here the term refers to mica, commonly used for windows in vehicle side screens (but totally inflexible).

title: Isinglass


text:
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (video game)

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is an interactive fiction video game based on the comedic science fiction series of the same name. It was designed by series creator Douglas Adams and Infocom's Steve Meretzky, and it was first released in 1984 for the Apple II, Mac, Commodore 64, CP/M, MS-DOS, Amiga, Atari 8-bit computers, and Atari ST. It is Infocom's fourteenth game.

Plot
The game loosely mirrors a portion of the series' plot, representing most of the events in the first book. Arthur Dent wakes up one day to find his house about to be destroyed by a construction crew to make way for a new bypass. His friend Ford Prefect, who is secretly an extraterrestrial, helps to calm Arthur down and hitches them a ride on one of the ships in the approaching Vogon constructor fleet, moments before the fleet destroys the Earth to make way for a new hyperspace bypass.

Aboard the ship, Arthur learns that Ford is a journalist for The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and has been on Earth researching the planet for the Guide. The two are discovered by Vogons and subjected by the captain to a reading of his poetry. The two manage to survive this, and the Vogons throw them into the airlock and shoot them out into space. By a huge improbability, they are picked up in the last moment before they die of asphyxiation by the spacecraft Heart of Gold while it is traveling on Infinite Improbability Drive. After getting safely aboard the ship, Arthur and Ford meet Ford's friend Zaphod Beeblebrox, who had stolen the Heart of Gold as his first act of office as the Galactic President, as well as Arthur's friend Trillian (Tricia McMillan), whom Zaphod had picked up from a party on Earth. Zaphod wants to travel to the legendary planet of Magrathea, believing it to hold a great secret.

At this point, Zaphod leaves the task of getting to Magrathea to the ship's computer Eddie, and he, Ford, and Trillian depart to the ship's sauna. Arthur finds Eddie incapable of getting to Magrathea without help. Arthur initially tries to help by supplying the Infinite Improbability Drive with a tea substitute from the ship's Nutrimatic device to serve as a source of Brownian motion, but this only causes Arthur to temporarily take on the consciousness of Ford, Zaphod, and Trillian in their respective pasts, and he must manipulate events such that items in these past periods are brought aboard the Heart of Gold in the present. Through this, Arthur gains enough parts as to replace the circuit board in the Nutrimatic so that it can produce real tea. This tea is powerful enough to power the Drive to get them to Magrathea, but in orbit, the ship is attacked by two missiles from the surface. Arthur employs the Drive again to change the missiles into a sperm whale and a bowl of petunias, neutralizing the threat.

The ship prepares to land, but the computer will not let them do so. Again, the other three head off to the sauna, leaving Arthur to figure out how to fix this. This requires Arthur to reach Marvin the Paranoid Android's closet on the ship in order to get the final tools needed to fix the computer and get it to land. The game ends as Arthur and the others are about to set foot on Magrathea.

Gameplay
The Hitchhiker's Guide is a text adventure game in which the player, in the role of Arthur Dent, solves a number of puzzles to complete various objectives to win the game. This includes collecting and using a number of inventory items. The player has a limited variety of commands to observe, move about, and interact with the game's world, such as,  ,   (to move north),  , or. Most commands will advance the game's turn counter, and some puzzles require the player to complete it within a fixed number of turns or else the game may end and require the player to restart at the beginning or a saved state; passive commands like "look" and "inventory", or mistyped or non-comprehended commands, do not count as turns. Once the player has acquired the eponymous Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a wide variety of topics can be asked about, some of which may be helpful in solving the game's puzzles.

In both the game's 20th- and 30th-anniversary editions, the game's interface is augmented with graphics that help to map out the locations and other features, though the player is still required to type in all commands.

Feelies
Most Infocom games contained "feelies", bonus novelty items included to enhance the immersiveness of the game. The feelies provided with this game included:
 * A pin-on button with "Don't Panic!" printed in large, friendly letters
 * A small plastic packet containing "pocket fluff" (a cottonball)
 * Order for destruction of Arthur Dent's house
 * Order for destruction of Earth written in "Vogon" (actually an English cryptogram written in a thinly-disguised Greek alphabet. The text was nearly identical to that of the English Order for Destruction)
 * Official Microscopic Space Fleet (an empty plastic bag)
 * "Peril Sensitive Sunglasses" (a pair of opaque black cardboard "sunglasses")
 * How Many Times Has This Happened to You?, an advertising brochure for the fictional guidebook/encyclopedia The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 * "No tea: Just like the tea professional hitchhikers don't carry!" (in fact, nothing)

Reception
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy gained a reputation for deviousness. Computer Gaming World reported on rumors that "several important people within the [video game] industry cannot (snicker, snicker!!!) even get out of [the] first room!" Jerry Pournelle advised non-readers of the novel against playing the game, and warned that "even if you've memorized the book, these puzzles are hard". Perhaps the most notorious instance involved getting a Babel Fish out of a dispenser in the hold of the Vogon ship, which would translate the Vogon language to English. This tricky puzzle appeared early in the game and required the player to use a variety of obscure items in a specific fashion, some which had to be obtained in earlier, but non-revisitable, sections of the game, to create a Heath Robinson (or Rube Goldberg)-like chain of events. The puzzle further had to be "solved" within a limited number of turns. Failure to "solve" the Babel Fish puzzle did not kill the player, but rendered the remainder of the game unwinnable, as one subsequent puzzle requires the player to gain a passcode based on Vogon-written instructions, otherwise undecipherable without the Fish. That particular puzzle became so notorious for its difficulty that Infocom wound up selling T-shirts bearing the legend, "I got the Babel Fish!" Adams stated that the puzzle's difficulty, and the notable game play change that it begins, was intentional; "Just as the player gets comfortable in the narrow neck, the bottom drops out!"

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy was very successful. It sold 59,000 copies in 1984—in second place among Infocom games, after Zork I—and with 166,000 copies it was the company's best-selling title in 1985, more than twice as many as Wishbringer. Based on sales and market-share data, Video magazine listed the game fourth on its list of best selling video games in February 1985, and third on the best seller list in March 1985, with II Computing listing it sixth on the magazine's list of top Apple II games as of October–November 1985. Its sales had surpassed 250,000 copies by November 1989. Hitchhiker ultimately sold 400,000 copies, and was one of the best-selling titles of its time.

Video in March 1985 praised the game's fidelity to its source material, stating that "it survives the transition as wacky and spaced-out as ever". Though acknowledging that "there may be a few minor problems with The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", the reviewer suggested that "the game is so engrossing, funny, and often so infuriatingly difficult that you'll hardly notice them". In May 1985 Antic called it an "extraordinary game" and "a step forward from Infocom's safe, established approach to game design" with "distinct and tangible" writing, "really the first stylistic departure since the Zork trilogy". The magazine stated that Hitchhiker was "not your run-of-the-mill text adventure" but promised that "the puzzles are tough, but follow a certain capricious, twisted internal logic". Compute! in June 1985 stated that the game "may well be Infocom's best effort to date", citing an effective adaptation of Adams's "comic absurdity", sense of humor, and "fascinating" story. The magazine "recommended [it] for all adventure gamers", and listed the game in May 1988 as one of "Our Favorite Games", stating that its humor distinguished Hitchhiker from other adventure games; "[Adams'] keen and literate wit make this game a joy". Compute! gave it the 1989 Compute! Choice Award for Role Playing/Adventure Game.

In 1996, Computer Gaming World listed The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy at #42 among their top 150 best games of all-time, writing that "Douglas Adams' humor comes alive in this text adventure".

Legacy
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy was one of five top-selling Infocom games to be produced in Solid Gold versions, with a built-in hint system not included in the originals. The game was re-released by Activision in several collection packages before rights reverted to Adams, enabling The Digital Village to re-release it as a web-based Java applet. Originally published as a fund-raising tool on the 1997 Comic Relief website, it took up permanent residence on Adams' own website the following year.

The original text-only version appeared in the Game On video games exhibition, which has toured museums worldwide since 2002, representing the text-based genre of video games.

On 21 September 2004 the BBC launched the 20th Anniversary Edition to coincide with the initial radio broadcast of the Tertiary Phase. Sporting a Flash user interface, and illustrated by Rod Lord (who also produced the guide animations for the Hitchhiker's TV series), it won the Interactive BAFTA Award for Best Online Entertainment.

In 2024, a 30th Anniversary Edition was made available at the BBC.

Sequel
A proposed sequel, Milliways: The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, which was to continue from the ending of the original, had problems from the start of development in 1985, until it was cancelled in 1989. This was due primarily down to the facts that there was "no solid game design, nobody to program it, and the backdrop of Infocom's larger economic problems". The beginning stages of the game were leaked in April 2008; however, the majority of it had yet to be written by the time it was cancelled.


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Die Zeit

Die Zeit (, lit. 'The Time') is a German national weekly newspaper published in Hamburg in Germany. The newspaper is generally considered to be among the German newspapers of record and is known for its long and extensive articles.

History
The first edition of Die Zeit was first published in Hamburg on 21 February 1946. The founding publishers were Gerd Bucerius, Lovis H. Lorenz, Richard Tüngel and Ewald Schmidt di Simoni. Another important founder was Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, who joined as an editor in 1946. She became publisher of Die Zeit from 1972 until her death in 2002, together from 1983 onwards with former German chancellor Helmut Schmidt, later joined by Josef Joffe and former German federal secretary of culture Michael Naumann.

The paper's publishing house, Zeitverlag Gerd Bucerius in Hamburg, is owned by the Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group and Dieter von Holtzbrinck Media. The paper is published weekly on Thursdays.

As of 2018, Die Zeit has additional offices in Brussels, Dresden, Frankfurt, Moscow, New York City, Paris, Istanbul, Washington, D.C., and Vienna. In 2018, it re-opened an office in Beijing.

Orientation
The paper is considered to be highbrow. Its political direction is centrist and liberal or left-liberal.

Die Zeit often publishes dossiers, essays, third-party articles and excerpts of lectures of different authors emphasising their points of view on a single aspect or topic in one or in consecutive issues. It is known for its very large physical paper format (Nordisch) and its long and detailed articles.

Sections and supplements
Die Zeit is divided into different sections, some of which are:
 * Politik (politics)
 * Streit (dispute)
 * Dossier (dossier)
 * Geschichte (history)
 * Wirtschaft (economy)
 * Wissen (science)
 * Feuilleton (features)
 * Zeitmagazin

Appearance and printing

The masthead lettering in the weekly Die Zeit with its elegant font was designed by Carl Otto Czeschka in 1946. Czeschka was inspired by the British daily newspaper The Times which shows the British national coat of arms in between The and Times. This was not only for graphic reasons, it also represented the founder's self-conception which he published in an editorial called "Unsere Aufgabe" ("Our Mission") on 21 February 1946.

The very first version of Czeschka's design, which included the Hamburg crest, was used from the first edition (published on 21 February 1946) to the 12th edition (published on 9 May 1946). Other than the official coat of arms this crest featured peacock's feathers with little hearts on them. Additionally, the position of the lions' legs first resembled those of the old great coat of arms. The positions were changed in 1952. Regardless of this tiny difference, the crest was viewed as the great Hamburg coat of arms by the Hamburg Senate and was therefore considered a national emblem. Upon this, the crest was revised: An open gate was supposed to be incorporated to represent the cosmopolitanism of the hanseatic city. However, the Senate also declined this version that was printed in editions 13 to 18, as it was viewed a misuse of a national emblem for commercial purposes, which is still prohibited to this day. To avoid another prohibition, Zeit Magazin changed its masthead on 27 June 1946, into the Coat of arms of Bremen: The key and the golden crown of the city coat of arms, which was approved by Wilhelm Kaisen, the mayor of Bremen. This happened as a result of the mediation from Josef Müller-Marein who later became the editorial director of Die Zeit. The design with the Bremer Schlüssel in its masthead was also designed by Carl Otto Czeschka and is used as the logo of the whole publishing group today. With the demand from Ernst Samhaber, the Hamburg artist Alfred Mahlau had created the whole first edition which had a five-column break. The edition was printed in the printing house Broscheck in Hamburg. At the same time, Czeschka had also drawn the headlines of the first edition for the different sections of the newspaper. The articles of Die Zeit and, especially the leading articles on the first page, are traditionally longer and more detailed than the ones of a daily newspaper. However, in the past few years many articles have been noticeably shorter and include more pictures. Since the redesign by Mario Garcia in January 1998, the headlines have been printed in Tiemann-Antiqua. The running texts are printed in Garamond, a font that is very frequently used in books.

Die Zeit did not join the discussion about the return of the traditional German orthography, which was led by Der Spiegel, Süddeutsche Zeitung and Bild. Starting in 1999, the newspaper used its in-house orthography which derived from the traditional orthography as well as from the different versions of the reformed orthography, which were edited by Dieter E. Zimmer. Since 2007, Die Zeit refrained from using the in-house orthography and started following the recommendations of the Duden. The nordisch format, a trademark of the newspaper, has always been addressed in literature and cabaret—mostly in satirical form. According to Hanns Dieter Hüsche Die Zeit is "so groß, wenn man die aufschlägt, muss der Nachbar gleich zum Zahnarzt" (lit. 'so big, if you open it, the neighbour must go to the dentist immediately'). In reality however, the format is not bigger than that of a dozen other German newspapers. Die Zeit is printed by the Frankfurter Societäts-Druckerei GmbH in Mörfelden-Walldorf. The Deutscher Pressevertrieb, based in Hamburg, is in charge of the distribution of the newspapers.

Editor-in-chief

 * 1946: Ernst Samhaber
 * 1946–1955: Richard Tüngel
 * 1957–1968: Josef Müller-Marein
 * 1968–1972: Marion Gräfin Dönhoff
 * 1973–1992: Theo Sommer
 * 1992–1997: Robert Leicht
 * 1997–2001: Roger de Weck
 * 2001–2004: Josef Joffe and Michael Naumann
 * 2004–present: Giovanni di Lorenzo

Zeitmagazin
The Zeitmagazin was first published as a supplement in 1970 and later discontinued in 1999. Die Zeit then introduced the section Leben (English: Lifestyle). Since 24 May 2007, Die Zeit reintroduced the Zeitmagazin. For the supplement's 40th birthday, Die Zeit published a 100-page anniversary issue, including 40 different covers – one for each year.

Circulation
The 1993 circulation of Die Zeit was 500,000 copies. With a circulation of 504,072 for the second half of 2012 and an estimated readership of slightly above 2 million, it is the most widely read German weekly newspaper. It reached 520,000 copies in the first quarter of 2013.

Zeit Online
Zeit Online is run by Zeit Online GmbH, a fully owned subsidiary of the publishing company Zeitverlag. The independent editorial office consists of around 70 editors, graphic designers and technicians. Upon 1 February 2009, Zeit Online, Tagesspiegel Online and zoomer.de were merged into Zeit Digital with one joint editorial office in Berlin. Only some editors as well as the technology and the marketing departments remained in Hamburg. Zoomer.de was discontinued in February 2009, and the editorial office of Tagesspiegel Online was handed back to Tagesspiegel in September 2009. In 2017, Die Zeit was among the most quoted sources in German Wikipedia. At present, it is one of the 100 most visited websites in Germany.

Sections
The content is categorized into four section groups that each consist of one or more sections, as follows:

 * Politics, Economy and Society
 * Culture and Discovery
 * Knowledge & Digital
 * Sports

Since April 2014, Zeit Online has also been publishing a local section for Hamburg.

In a survey of German literature blogs, the literature section of Zeit Online was rated as the best portal, better than the literature section of Der Spiegel, Süddeutsche Zeitung and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, amongst others.

On 2 November 2012, Zeit Online launched a Content API which is available for software developers.

Website traffic
Up to 2017, Die Zeit experienced a significant increase in clicks on their website. In March 2017, Z+ was launched and so was a payment model for the new product. Since then, some of the content has only been available after payment.

In January 2019, the website was visited 75.1 million times. On average, 2.34 pages were opened per visit.

Recent history
Gero von Randow, a former Die Zeit editor, was the editor-in-chief until February 2008. The journalist Wolfgang Blau took over his position in March of that year. When Blau joined The Guardian in April 2013, Jochen Wegner subsequently took over, and has been in charge since 15 March 2013. Before that, he had been the editor-in-chief at Focus Online from 2006 to 2010.

Being part of the same publishing group, Die Zeit and Berliner Tagesspiegel decided to cooperate in September 2006. Since then, they have been exchanging and sharing some of their online content. Zeit has similar relationships with other German online news portals such as Handelsblatt and Golem.de.

Cooperations
In June 2008, Zeit Online started a cooperation with ZDF and broadcast their news in a display format called 100 Sekunden (English: 100 seconds). Starting 2018, the online presence of brand eins and Zeit Online were merged and are now marketed together.

Zuender
Between 2005 and 2009, Zeit Online introduced Zuender (igniter) which was an online platform for young adults in Germany between the ages of 16 and 25.

Zeit Campus Online
Zeit Campus Online started in 2006 as an online version of the printed magazine Zeit Campus.

Störungsmelder
In 2007, Zeit Online started a cooperation with the music magazine Intro, the union Gesicht Zeigen! (show face!) and the agency WE DO as well as the moderators Markus Kavka, Ole Tillmann and Klaas Heufer-Umlauf. The project is called Störungsmelder (trouble report) and is directed against right-wing extremism.

Netz gegen Nazis
On 5 May 2008, Zeit Online started a project in cooperation with partners such as the German Football Association, the German Fire Department Association, the VZ-networks, the ZDF and the German Olympic Sports Confederation to start the online platform Netz gegen Nazis (English: web against Nazis). The web portal was subject to criticism from the journalists. This was based on the platform not providing new information and only arguing superficially. On 1 January 2009, Die Zeit withdrew their contribution to the project and handed over administration to the Amadeu Antonio Foundation. The project has since been renamed to Belltower.News.

ze.tt
On 27 July 2015, the publishing house started a new online format called ze.tt, aimed at young readers who spend a large amount of time on social-media.

Zeitmagazin International
Die Zeit has published Zeitmagazin International (sometimes also referred to as The Berlin State of Mind) twice a year since 2013. It contains articles from the weekly magazine which accompanies the newspaper, translated into English.

English-language online presence
A selection of stories are published in English.

Big Brother Award
In June 2019, the Zeit Online was awarded with the Big Brother Award in the category consumer protection.

title: Die Zeit


text:
Christie Brinkley

Christie Lee Brinkley (née Hudson; born February 2, 1954) is an American model. Brinkley appeared on an unprecedented three consecutive covers of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues in 1979, 1980, and 1981. She spent 25 years as the face of CoverGirl; has appeared on over 500 magazine covers; and has signed contracts with major brands, both fashion and non-fashion.

Brinkley went on to work as an actress, illustrator, television personality, photographer, writer, designer, and activist for human and animal rights and the environment. Brinkley has been married four times, including to musician Billy Joel between 1985 and 1994, having appeared in several of his music videos. Her fourth marriage, to architect Peter Cook, ended in a much-publicized 2008 divorce. Magazines such as Allure and Men's Health have named Brinkley one of the most attractive women of all time.

Early life
Brinkley was born Christie Lee Hudson in Monroe, Michigan, on February 2, 1954, the daughter of Marjorie (née Bowling) and Herbert Hudson. Her family moved to Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California, where her mother Marjorie later met and married television writer Donald Brinkley in Bel Air, Los Angeles. Donald adopted Christie and her brother Greg Brinkley. During this time, the family lived in Malibu and then the Brentwood neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Brinkley was educated at Paul Revere Junior High School and attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles from 9th to 12th grade. After graduation in 1972, she moved to Paris to study art.

Career beginnings
Brinkley was discovered in 1973 by American photographer Errol Sawyer in a post office in Paris. He took her first modeling pictures and introduced her to John Casablancas of Elite Model Management agency in Paris. Brinkley stated later: "I was basically a surfer girl from California. I never looked like a model." After being introduced to Elite, where Brinkley met the fashion photographers Patrick Demarchelier and Mike Reinhardt who called Eileen Ford and told her about Brinkley, she returned to California, and by the end of a lunch meeting with Nina Blanchard (Eileen Ford affiliate in Los Angeles) she had been booked for three national ad campaigns.

Breakthrough and continued success
Multiple appearances on the cover of Glamour soon followed, along with a record 25-year contract with cosmetics brand CoverGirl, one of the longest modeling contracts in history. In 2005, CoverGirl again signed Brinkley, using her in ads in magazines and TV commercials for mature skin products. In 1989, Brinkley was, along with Cheryl Tiegs and Beverly Johnson, one of the three models featured as dolls produced by Matchbox Toys called The Real Model Collection.

Brinkley appeared on three consecutive Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue covers (1979, 1980, and 1981 ) – the first time that had happened – and appeared in the publication's annual swimsuit issues and television specials for years to follow. Brinkley was featured exclusively in the first Sports Illustrated Calendar and also released two of her own calendars. In 2005, Brinkley was featured in the special Sports Illustrated 40th Anniversary Issue's Hall of Fame, celebrating the most revered figures in the magazine's history and again in 2014, in the 50th Anniversary The Legends.

As an editorial model, Brinkley has appeared on over 500 magazine covers, including US, Vogue, Newsweek, Rolling Stone, Esquire, Harper's Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, Glamour and the best-selling issue of Life. She has held major contracts with Chanel No. 19, Prell, MasterCard, Breck, Diet Coke, Anheuser-Busch, Got Milk?, Healthy Choice, Max Factor, Nissan, Noxzema, Revlon, Clairol, Borghese Cosmetics, Danskin, Nu Skin, Yardley of London, Halston, Vogue Patterns, Gottex and Black Velvet, among others. Brinkley has been photographed in six continents in more than 30 countries.

Acting and television appearances
Brinkley played her first acting role in the 1983 film National Lampoon's Vacation as "The girl in the red Ferrari" opposite Chevy Chase. She reprised that role in the 1997 sequel Vegas Vacation; later spoofed it in a 2008 DirecTV commercial, using footage from Vacation; again in a 2015 Infiniti commercial as the wife in the Infiniti (the blonde in the convertible for this spoof is model Scarlett Burke); and again in the ABC series The Goldbergs in 2019. In 2011, she appeared as herself in the documentary King of the Hamptons, which was produced by filmmaker Dennis Michael Lynch. The film premiered at the 2010 Hamptons International Film Festival.

Brinkley's appearance on NBC's Mad About You was the broadcaster's highest-rated half-hour episode since the finale of The Cosby Show. She hosted Celebrity Weddings InStyle, the highest-rated special in Lifetime's history. Brinkley appeared on the Today Show in 1983 in a four-part segment featuring beauty tips and, in 1992, began her own television series Living in the 90s — With Christie Brinkley, a daily half-hour show on CNN.

Brinkley made further television appearances, including Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue television specials and music videos for beau Billy Joel ("Uptown Girl", "Keeping the Faith", "All About Soul", "River of Dreams", "A Matter of Trust" and "Leningrad") and Mick Jones's "Just Wanna Hold". She had a recurring role as Gayle Gergich, the wife of Jerry Gergich, on NBC's Parks and Recreation. In December 2012, Brinkley co-hosted Anderson Live and also danced with Dancing With the Stars alumnus Gilles Marini during the show.

On April 8, 2011, in New York, Brinkley made her stage debut as Roxie Hart in the long-running musical Chicago. In August, she completed a one-month engagement in the London's production at Cambridge Theatre and reprised the role on Broadway and continued with 182 total performances with the National Touring Company of Chicago in cities including Los Angeles, San Diego, Boston and Hartford. In April 2019, Brinkley reprised the Roxie Hart role in Chicago at the Venetian Theatre at The Venetian Las Vegas.

On August 5, 2019, it was reported by Deadline that Brinkley would have a guest role on the season 7 premiere of the ABC television series The Goldbergs playing a character named Aleah Welsh. In 2019, Brinkley was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on the 28th season of Dancing with the Stars. However, sometime before the premiere, she suffered injuries to her wrist and arm that required emergency surgery. As a result, her daughter Sailor, stepped in her place for the season.

In 2022, Brinkley competed in season seven of The Masked Singer as "Lemur" of Team Cuddly.

Businesses
Since 1997, Brinkley has appeared with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment. In 2008, Brinkley and Dr. Carlon Colker promoted National Family Fitness Day with Xbox 360 at the Boys & Girls Clubs of America. Brinkley promotes Christie Brinkley Authentic Skin Care, a line of beauty products, Hair2Wear, a line of hair extensions, Bellissima Prosecco, an organic sparkling wine label and Christie Brinkley Eyewear, an eyeglasses eyewear. Her financial holdings in 2019 were worth an estimated US$80 million, primarily as the owner of real estate mainly in the Hamptons.

Other work
In 1983, Brinkley wrote and illustrated a book on health and beauty, Christie Brinkley's Outdoor Beauty and Fitness Book, which topped The New York Times Best Seller list. Brinkley illustrated the cover art for Billy Joel's 1993 triple platinum album River of Dreams. For this, Rolling Stone awarded her the honor of "Best album cover of the year". Brinkley has designed clothing patterns for Simplicity Pattern and in March 1994 helped design, for brand Nouveau Eyewear, her line of prescription glasses and sunglasses called Christie Brinkley Perspectives with worldwide sales. In Spring 1998 she released her own signature fragrance, Believe. Her jewelry collection is manufactured by Swank.

Public image
In 1991, Brinkley was considered to have an ideal, all-American look with her blonde hair, blue eyes, slim figure, and soft features, when Allure first conducted a survey taking the pulse of the average American (men and women) searching for their beauty perceptions and preferences.

In 1998, Playboy readers voted Brinkley one of the 100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century. Brinkley is ranked third in the AskMen.com Top 10 Supermodels Of All Time. In 2011, Men's Health named her one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time", ranking her at No. 16. Pop-topia.com named her No. 1 on their list of "10 Hottest Hollywood Women In Their 50s" in 2013.

Personal life
In 1973, Brinkley married French artist Jean-François Allaux. They divorced in 1981. In 1982, Brinkley had a romantic relationship with Olivier Chandon de Brailles, heir to the Moët-Chandon Champagne fortune. The two met at Studio 54 in New York City at a party promoting a calendar in which Brinkley appeared. Chandon died a year later in a crash at a private pre-season practice session car race.

Her second marriage was in 1985 to musician Billy Joel. The two had met in 1983 on the Island of St Barts, in the Caribbean, and were married on March 23, 1985, on a yacht on the Hudson River; it was also Joel's second marriage. Guests included singer Paul Simon and members of the band Stray Cats. The marriage ended in August 1994; they had one child, Alexa Ray Joel, born December 29, 1985. Brinkley and Billy Joel remain close friends.

In 1994, Brinkley was introduced to real estate developer Richard Taubman by a mutual friend. He proposed in May 1994 while she and Billy Joel were still married. She married Taubman on December 22, 1994, in Telluride, Colorado, near the area where they were both in a helicopter crash on April 1, 1994. Brinkley was 40 and Taubman was 46. She announced at their wedding that they were expecting a baby boy. The marriage ended in 1995 with one son, Jack Paris Brinkley, born June 2, 1995. In 1994, Brinkley survived a helicopter crash that occurred during a ski trip in Telluride, Colorado. As a result, she suffered years of hip pain, culminating in a full hip replacement in 2021.

Brinkley's fourth marriage was in 1996, to architect Peter Halsey Cook. Cook and Brinkley met in 1979 when he was modeling. They were later reintroduced by a mutual friend and announced their engagement in August 1996. They married on September 21, 1996. They had one child, daughter Sailor Lee Brinkley Cook, born July 2, 1998 (who has also became a model). Brinkley's representative announced in July 2006 that Brinkley and Peter Cook planned to separate. The couple reached a settlement in July 2008; accounts differ as to whether divorce was final on September 12, 2008, or October 3, 2008. In September 2015, it was widely reported that John Mellencamp was in a new relationship with Brinkley. In August 2016, the couple announced their separation after almost a year of dating.

Interests

Brinkley lives on Long Island in Sag Harbor, New York; she previously lived in Bridgehampton and Amagansett, Long Island. She and her children are fans of the New York Islanders ice hockey team. Brinkley began doing promotions for the team after being noticed at games. In 2007, she showed her support by writing a blog for NHL.com and filming a commercial. Brinkley helped found a club for cutting, an equestrian sport in which a rider has two and a half minutes to cut as many cattle from a herd as he or she can.

Since 1998, Brinkley has given nearly $1,000,000 to organizations and candidates of the Democratic Party of the United States, including Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, Democratic National Committee, Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, America Coming Together and Moveon.org. In the New York delegation, Brinkley served as a delegate on the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles. She has also been involved in anti-nuclear activities and campaigned against the restarting of the High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR) located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Brinkley supports animal rights, most notably through the organization PETA, having previously spoken out against the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. She became a vegetarian when she was 13 years old and then got her entire family to become vegetarians.

Awards and achievements

 * Top Picks, in 1993 by Rolling Stone for the artistic work Brinkley did on the cover of Billy Joel's album River of Dreams.
 * 2001 Merit Award, given by USO-The United Service Organizations Inc. Brinkley traveled with the USO on goodwill missions to Sarajevo, Bosnia, Kosovo, Macedonia and Italy entertaining the peacekeeping forces and visiting aircraft carriers and refugee camps. After participating in Secretary of Defense William Cohen's Christmas tour to Kosovo, she was given the award in Washington DC for her efforts on behalf of American troops.
 * Spirit of Achievement Award, at 2003 by "The Women's Division" of Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University presented Brinkley for her charity work.
 * Christie Brinkley Scholarship, at February 2007 by The Ross School in East Hampton, Long Island, New York. This scholarship allows students interested in art or environment sciences get four free years at Ross High School.
 * Heart Award, special honor from the American Heart Association in the "12th Annual Heart of the Hamptons Gala" for her commitment to helping children live healthier lives. Brinkley said she was very honored to receive the award from the AHA being convinced that the research from the organization made it possible for her mother to be alive after suffering five strokes.
 * Humanitarian Award, given by March of Dimes. This organization is dedicated to improving the health of babies by preventing birth defects, premature birth, and infant mortality through research, community services, education and advocacy.
 * Merit Award, by the non-profit USA national organization Mothers Voices which mission is strengthens family communication about sex, sexual health and HIV/AIDS/STD prevention through education and awareness, mobilize parents and caregivers to become their child's frontline sexual health educator.
 * Mother of the Year, given by The National Mothers Day committee at a ceremony held in New York City.
 * Merit Award, given by Make-A-Wish Foundation in New York. They work granting the wishes of children with life-threatening medical conditions to enrich the human experience with hope, strength, and joy.
 * America's Mothers and Shakers, named by Redbook Magazine for her involvement in "STAR — Standing for Truth About Radiation".
 * HBA's Positively Beautiful Award, named by HBA Global Expo on behalf of her work with the international charity Smile Train.
 * Mothers Who Make A Difference Award, given by Love Our Children USA on the 2011 Sixth Annual edition, recognizing and supporting four celebrity moms for balancing motherhood, work and causes.
 * Broadway Beacon Award for her portrayal of Roxie Hart in the hit musical Chicago (June 4, 2012).
 * Honor by the South Fork Natural History Museum and Nature Center for her many years of work to raise awareness about nuclear radiation and the safety of the oceans.(June 16, 2012).
 * 2013 Pet Hero Award, Humanitarian of the Year, by the Pet Philanthropy Circle for her strong advocacy for animals, environment and wildlife.
 * 2018 FN Style Influencer of the Year along with daughters Alexa and Sailor.

title: Christie Brinkley


text:
Orangina

Orangina is a lightly carbonated beverage made from carbonated water, 12% citrus juice (10% from concentrated orange, 2% from a combination of concentrated lemon, concentrated mandarin, and concentrated grapefruit juices), as well as 2% orange pulp. Orangina is sweetened with sugar or high fructose corn syrup (glucose fructose) and in some markets (such as the United Kingdom) with artificial sweetener. Natural flavors are also added.

Orangina was developed by Agustín Trigo Miralles in 1933 in Algeria. Today it is a popular beverage in Europe (especially France and Switzerland), Japan, North Africa, and to a lesser extent in North America.

Since November 2009, Orangina has been owned by Suntory in most of the world. In the United States and Canada, the brand has been owned by Suntory and licensed to Ventures Food and Beverage since 2020. It was previously made by Dr Pepper Snapple Group and Canada Dry Motts.

History
Orangina was developed in 1933, as Naranjina, by Spanish chemist Agustín Trigo, from Valencia. It was presented at the 1936 Marseille Trade Fair. The drink was created from a mix of citrus juice, sugar, and carbonated water. It was later called TriNaranjus (now, TriNa) for the Spanish market.

French businessman Léon Beton bought the concept and recipe for Naranjina in 1935. However, the outbreak of major conflicts, notably World War II, largely sidelined Beton's attempts to market his drink in Europe.

His son, Jean-Claude Beton, took over the company from his father in 1947. Jean-Claude Beton kept most of the original recipe, which he marketed to appeal to European and North African consumers. Orangina quickly became a common beverage throughout North Africa. In 1951, Jean-Claude Beton introduced Orangina's signature 250 ml bottle, which became a symbol of the brand. The bottle recalls the rounded shape of an orange, with a glass texture designed to mimic the fruit.

Production was moved to Marseille in metropolitan France in 1962 in the run-up to Algeria's independence. The company joined the Pernod Ricard group in 1984.

In 2000, after an attempt to sell to Coca-Cola was blocked on anti competitive grounds, the Orangina brand was acquired by Cadbury Schweppes along with Pernod Ricard's other soda businesses. In 2006, Cadbury decided to concentrate on the chocolate business and sought buyers for its soda business. As the number three soda producer globally, neither of the bigger two (Coca-Cola or PepsiCo) could buy it, so eventually the soda company was split up to sell.

North America
In 1978, the drink was introduced in the United States under the name Orelia, but this name was abandoned in favour of the original in 1985. Orangina was produced for the North American market in Canada, but the operation was moved to Hialeah, Florida, United States, to be produced under license by Mott's LLP of Rye Brook, New York. After being spun off from Cadbury Schweppes' former North American soft drinks business, the brand was owned by Dr Pepper Snapple Group Inc (now Keurig Dr Pepper). Production of Orangina moved back to Canada.

As with other carbonated beverages in the US market, Orangina for the United States is sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup, instead of regular sugar like original Orangina. Orangina for the Canadian market is labelled as being sweetened with sugar and glucose-fructose. Orangina sweetened only with sugar was also imported by Canada Dry Motts from Europe for the Canadian market.

In 2020, Suntory assumed the brand in North America and licensed it to Ventures Foods and Beverage.

Rest of the world
From 2006, private equity firms Blackstone Group and Lion Capital LLP owned the brand outside North America under the company name Orangina Schweppes. In November 2009, its ownership changed once again when it was bought by Japanese brewer Suntory. In Great Britain, it was formerly manufactured under licence by AG Barr of Glasgow, most famous for Irn-Bru, this has recently been taken in house by Suntory subsidiary Lucozade Ribena Suntory

Orangina is produced in Vietnam by Fosters Vietnam under licence and is sold in Carrefour branches in Taiwan. It is produced in Iran by Shemshad Noosh Co.

Packaging
The brand is famous for the design of its 25 cl (8 oz) bottle made in the shape of a pear with a pebbly texture meant to recall the peel of an orange or other citrus fruit. Larger bottles also include the pebbly texture but use a more regular bottle shape rather than maintaining the proportions of the smaller bottles.

Varieties
New flavours have emerged in Europe including Orangina Sanguine which is made from blood oranges and also contains caffeine and guarana. It is significantly more sour than regular Orangina. Other flavours such as the series called "les givrés" (which can be translated as both "frosted" and "crazy") are also available in Europe, but rarely seen in North America. The sugar free variant "Miss O" was launched in the 2010s.

In Tunisia, multiple flavors of Orangina are sold as Orangina Rouge, similar to the European Orangina Sanguine, and Orangina Light as a sugar free variant.

Advertising

The pulp at the bottom of the bottles was a big flaw compared to its competitors. It therefore took an original marketing positioning, which transformed this defect into a quality, with the "Shake me" advertisements.

In 2010, a gay-friendly Orangina commercial was released in France, a few weeks after a McDonald's advertisement featuring a gay teenager was shown on French television.

Criticism of suggestive advertising
In 2008, a commercial featuring anthropomorphic animals (such as a deer, a bear, peacocks, and chameleons) in swimsuits, caused outrage in the United Kingdom, for its sexually suggestive content. In the video, the animals gyrate around poles, spray the drink onto the breasts of other animals, and ride bottles which then explode. The advert had already had 45 seconds of more provocative footage cut, and was only to be shown after the 9 o'clock watershed, initially during a programme titled How to Look Good Naked. Kidscape, a children's charity based in the country, criticised the advert, saying, "Orangina is a drink which is mainly aimed at children and young people, but this new advert places the product in a very sexualised and provocative context". The advert was also awarded "Freakiest Advert of 2007", and was seventh place in "Worst TV Ad of 2008". Others asserted that Orangina is not targeted just at children and is also a "leading adult soft drink" and that the advertisement is intended to create controversy and thus free publicity. The advertisement was popular, and by April 2008 had three million online viewings.

title: Orangina


text:
Spanish language in the Americas

The different varieties of the Spanish language spoken in the Americas are distinct from each other as well as from those varieties spoken in the Iberian peninsula, collectively known as Peninsular Spanish and Spanish spoken elsewhere, such as in Africa and Asia. There is great diversity among the various Latin American vernaculars, and there are no traits shared by all of them which are not also in existence in one or more of the variants of Spanish used in Spain. A Latin American "standard" does, however, vary from the Castilian "standard" register used in television and notably the dubbing industry. Of the more than 498 million people who speak Spanish as their native language, more than 455 million are in Latin America, the United States and Canada in 2022. The total amount of native and non-native speakers of Spanish as of October 2022 exceeds 595 million.

There are numerous regional particularities and idiomatic expressions within Spanish. In Latin American Spanish, loanwords directly from English are relatively more frequent, and often foreign spellings are left intact. One notable trend is the higher abundance of loan words taken from English in Latin America as well as words derived from English. The Latin American Spanish word for "computer" is computadora, whereas the word used in Spain is ordenador, and each word sounds foreign in the region where it is not used. Some differences are due to Iberian Spanish having a stronger French influence than Latin America, where, for geopolitical reasons, the United States influence has been predominant throughout the twentieth century.

Main features
Pronunciation varies from country to country and from region to region, just as English pronunciation varies from one place to another. In general terms, the speech of the Americas shows many common features akin to southern Spanish variants, especially to western Andalusia (Seville, Cádiz) and the Canary Islands. Coastal language vernaculars throughout Hispanic America show particularly strong similarities to Atlantic-Andalusian speech patterns while inland regions in Mexico and Andean countries are not similar to any particular dialect in Spain.
 * Most Spaniards pronounce $\langlez\rangle$ and $\langlec\rangle$ (before and ) as  (called distinción). Conversely, most Hispanic Americans have seseo, lacking a distinction between this phoneme and . However, seseo is also typical of the speech of many Andalusians and all Canary islanders. Andalusia's and the Canary Islands' predominant position in the conquest and subsequent immigration to Hispanic America from Spain is thought to be the reason for the absence of this distinction in most American Spanish dialects.
 * Most of Spain, particularly the regions that have a distinctive phoneme, realize  with the tip of tongue against the alveolar ridge. Phonetically this is an "apico-alveolar" "grave" sibilant, with a weak "hushing" sound reminiscent of  fricatives. To a Hispanic American, Andalusian or Canary Island Spanish speaker, the  in Spanish dialects from northern Spain might sound close to  like English $⟨sh⟩$ as in she. However, this apico-alveolar realization of  is not uncommon in some Latin American Spanish dialects which lack ; some inland Colombian Spanish (particularly Antioquia) and Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia also have an apico-alveolar.
 * The second-person familiar plural pronoun vosotros is not generally used in daily speech in Latin American dialects of Spanish; the formal ustedes is used at all levels of familiarity. However, vosotros and its conjugations are known and seen occasionally in writing or oratory, especially in formal, ritualized contexts.
 * Latin America lacks the leísmo found in most of Spain.
 * As mentioned, Anglicisms are far more common in Hispanic America than in Spain, due to the stronger and more direct US influence. Anglicisms in Chile and Argentina are even very common mostly because of the influence of British settlers there.
 * Equally, Indigenous languages have left their mark on Hispanic American Spanish, a fact which is particularly evident in vocabulary to do with flora, fauna and cultural habits. Nevertheless, European Spanish has also absorbed numerous words of Amerindian origin, although for historical reasons, the vast majority of these are taken from Nahuatl and various Caribbean languages.
 * Arabic-derived words with Latinate doublets are common in Hispanic American Spanish, being influenced by Andalusian Spanish, such as alcoba ("bedroom") instead of standard cuarto, recámara, and many others and alhaja ("jewel") instead of standard joya. In this sense Hispanic American Spanish is closer to the dialects spoken in the south of Spain.
 * See List of words having different meanings in Spain and Hispanic America.
 * Most Hispanic American Spanish usually features yeísmo: there is no distinction between $⟨ll⟩$ and $⟨y⟩$. However realization varies greatly from region to region. Chileans pronounce these 2 graphemes as, for example. However, yeísmo is an expanding and now dominant feature of European Spanish, particularly in urban speech (Madrid, Toledo) and especially in Andalusia and the Canary Islands, though in some rural areas has not completely disappeared. Speakers of Rioplatense Spanish pronounce both $⟨ll⟩$ and $⟨y⟩$ as  or . The traditional pronunciation of the digraph $⟨ll⟩$ as  is preserved in some dialects along the Andes range, especially in inland Peru and the Colombia highlands (Santander, Boyacá, Nariño), northern Argentina, all Bolivia and Paraguay; the Indigenous languages of these regions (Quechua and Aymara) have  as a distinct phoneme.
 * Most speakers of coastal dialects may debuccalize or aspirate syllable-final to, or drop it entirely, so that está  ("s/he is") sounds like  or , as in southern Spain (Andalusia, Extremadura, Murcia, Castile–La Mancha (except the northeast), Madrid, the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla).
 * $\langleg\rangle$ (before or ) and $\langlej\rangle$ are usually aspirated to  in Caribbean and other coastal language vernaculars, as well as in all of Colombia and southern Mexico, as in much of southern Spain. In other American dialects, the sound is closer to, and often firmly strong (rough) in Peruvian Spanish dialect.  Very often, especially in Argentina and Chile,  becomes fronter  when preceding high vowels  (these speakers approach  to the realization of German $⟨ch⟩$ in ich); in other phonological environments it is pronounced either  or.
 * In many Caribbean varieties, the phonemes and  at the end of a syllable sound alike or can be exchanged: caldo > ca[r]do, cardo > ca[l]do; in the situation of  in word-final position, it becomes silent, giving Caribbean dialects of Spanish a partial non-rhoticity. This happens at a reduced level in Ecuador and Chile as well. It is a feature brought from Extremadura and westernmost Andalusia.
 * In many Andean regions, the alveolar trill of rata and carro is realized as an retroflex fricative or  or even as a voiced apico-alveolar . The alveolar approximant realization is particularly associated with an Indigenous substrate and it is quite common in Andean regions, especially in inland Ecuador, Peru, most of Bolivia and in parts of northern Argentina and Paraguay. That phonetic is also heard in Costa Rica, except pronounced as [z].
 * In Belize, Puerto Rico, and Colombian islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, aside from, , and , syllable-final can be realized as , an influence of American English to Puerto Rican dialect and British English to Belizean dialect and Colombian dialect of Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (in the case of the latter three, it is not exclusive to Colombians whose ancestors traced back to Spanish period before British invasion, under British territorial rule, and recovery of Spanish control, but is also used by Raizals, whites of British descent, and descendants of mainland Colombians); "verso"' (verse) becomes , aside from , , or , "invierno" (winter) becomes , aside from , , or , and "escarlata" (scarlet) becomes , aside from , , or []. In word-final position,  will usually be one of the following:
 * a trill, a tap, an approximant,, or elided when followed by a consonant or a pause, as in amo paterno ('paternal love');
 * a tap, an approximant, or when followed by a vowel-initial word, as in amo eterno ('eternal love').
 * In Chile and Costa Rica, consonant cluster [t] can be pronounced [],, or [], making cuatro 'four' and trabajo 'work' pronounced as [ and [ respectively. This is an influence of Mapudungun in Chile and native languages of Costa Rica.
 * The voiced consonants, , and are pronounced as plosives after and sometimes before any consonant in most of Colombian Spanish dialects (rather than the fricative or approximant that is characteristic of most other dialects):  pardo , barba , algo , peligro , desde —rather than the , , , ,  of Spain and the rest of Spanish America. A notable exception is the Department of Nariño and most Costeño speech (Atlantic coastal dialects) which feature the soft, fricative realizations common to all other Hispanic American and European dialects.
 * Word-final is velar  in much Latin American Spanish speech; this means a word like pan (bread) is often articulated . To an English-speaker, those speakers that have a velar nasal for word-final  make pan sound like pang. Velarization of word-final  is so widespread in the Americas that it is easier to mention those regions that maintain an alveolar : most of Mexico, Colombia (except for coastal dialects) and Argentina (except for some northern regions). Elsewhere, velarization is common, although alveolar word-final  can appear among some educated speakers, especially in the media or in singing. Velar word-final  is also frequent in Spain, especially in southern Spanish dialects (Andalusia and the Canary Islands) and in the Northwest: Galicia, Asturias and León.

North America

 * Mexican Spanish
 * Spanish language in the United States
 * Isleño Spanish
 * Sabine River Spanish
 * New Mexican Spanish
 * Chicano Spanish

Central America

 * Belizean Spanish
 * Costa Rican Spanish
 * Guatemalan Spanish
 * Honduran Spanish
 * Nicaraguan Spanish
 * Salvadoran Spanish

The Caribbean

 * Cuban Spanish
 * Dominican Spanish
 * Panamanian Spanish
 * Puerto Rican Spanish
 * Trinidadian Spanish

South America

 * Amazonic Spanish
 * Andean Spanish
 * Bolivian Spanish
 * Chilean Spanish
 * Chilote Spanish
 * Colombian Spanish
 * Ecuadorian Spanish
 * Paraguayan Spanish
 * Peruvian Spanish
 * Peruvian Coast Spanish
 * Rioplatense Spanish
 * Argentine Spanish
 * Uruguayan Spanish
 * Venezuelan Spanish
 * Maracucho Spanish

title: Spanish language in the Americas


text:
Talk:404 File Not Found

I don't know about anyone else, but clicking on that link doesn't take me to a "404 Not Found" page, it just brings up a dialog box that says the page doesn't exist. Adam Bishop 20:12 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

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I don't really see the point of having this article and 404 error. Merge into 404 error, I suggest. -- Tarquin 22:19 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:404 File Not Found


text:
Hershey's

Hershey's may refer to:

 * The Hershey Company, the chocolate manufacturer, commonly called Hershey's
 * Hershey's Ice Cream or Hershey Creamery Company
 * Hershey's Chocolate World, several visitor centers which started in Hershey, Pennsylvania, US

title: Hershey's