text:
Talk:Tugboat

Older discussion
The description for tugboats is very limited it appears to only cover smaller harbor type tugs. Tug boats can actually have horsepower ratings up to 25,000 hp.

Tugs are rarely converted to icebreakers.

 * Thank you, it'd be great if you could make the suggested changes to the page. This encyclopedia is freely editable by anyone, and any help is much appreciated.

 * I'll try to incorporate your suggestions. Tristanb 04:18, 11 Aug 2003 (UTC)

How much are they used these days? And historically?
How often are tugboats used these days? How does this compare to historical use? Would be a good addition to the article. Tempshill 04:07, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Tugboats are used more heavily now than ever. With the ever increasing size of ships calling at ports more and more powerrful tugs are required to help these large ships dock and undock. Tug technology is also increasing with the invention of tractor tugs and z-pellar drives.

Adam Hutt Seaspan Internation www.seaspan.com

 * One just sank in China Foreigners among over 20 missing after tug sinks in China's Yangtze: Xinhua 林榮祥 02:06, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

Letters on Tugboats
Can anybody tell me what the large letters on tugboat smokestacks means? I've seen V, M, and K, and now i'm really curious. Taco325i 12:53, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Editing the Intro
I would say that the intro section of the article is a bit too long & that all but the first paragraph could be a section within the body. If no one has any objections I'll be making the change shortly. Trcunning 14:10, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Made minor changes to the intro. First, to add another name as "towboat". Second, changed "is a boat or ship" to "is a type of vessel" because while potentially accurate to call a small harbor tug for example a boat and a larger oceangoing tug a ship what is the exact delineation, but, vessel encompasses every possibility. Third, to change the description from "pushing and towing" to "pushing and pulling." This seems more specific then repeating the name of the vessel in its description (because of course a towboat tows). Lastly, the awkward and somewhat inaccurate phrasing of "Tugs move vessels that either should not move by themselves, such as ships in a crowded harbor or a narrow canal,..." to "Tugs typically move vessels that either are restricted in their ability to maneuver on their own, such as ships in a crowded harbor or a narrow canal,..." This is more accurate as vessels in crowded harbors do not simply shutdown and get towed to berth but are in fact using their main engines and thrusters (if equipped); the towboat is their to provide assistance like nudging the bow or stern in or out or may simply be on standby in case they are needed because of machinery malfunction or the maneuvering process gets out of control, but, are not actually doing any pushing, pulling or otherwise towing. So, the idea that vessels "should not" move by themselves is not completely accurate.

I avoided adding a further description for tugs in that they can also be used to tow vessels that otherwise very expensive to operate long distances on their own, like battleships (not that there are many left but historically), and vessels that while they can maneuver and propel themselves are nevertheless very slow and will typically be towed to cover long distances such as MODUs. I didn't add these examples because I don't have time to research for good sources, but, someone else may find good examples more readily. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WJF3 (talk • contribs) 09:30, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

Bow_thrusters
Should there be mention of these since they are often used instead of tugs. Wikipedia article83.138.189.75 20:39, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Actually bow thrusters are not meant to replace tugs. Tugs still provide safer, more precise control in close quarters, especially at slow speeds where a vessel's rudder is ineffective. Only vessels with azipods or some other omni-directional propulsion system and bow thrusters can safely maneuver at low speed without need of a tug. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.160.98.31 (talk) 15:07, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

History and development
This article needs information on the history and development of the tugboat. At the least it should mention the Charlotte Dundas and the TUG since one of these two certainly qualifies as the first tugboat. -- Derek Ross | Talk 16:03, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

I am looking for information on the tragedy of one super-powered Tug I saw in an island port in the Mediterranean. I admired it but it looked not much like the pictures in this article. It had two or more bollards on the aft deck, with enormous hawsers neatly coiled near at hand. I Heard that at full power, pulling a cruise-ship (?) the hawser(s) snapped and the boat took a nose-dive, straight down, drowning all hands. If this story contains an atom of truth, please, somebody confirm or deny.Flipbustle (talk) 15:44, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Missing Towing lights on Schematic Diagram
The most important characteristic of a Tugboat is missing from the Schematic Diagram on this page - that of the 'Towing lights'. These are required by the International Regulatation for Preventing Collisions at Sea. The picture in the gallery of Turecano Girls tug shows the 3 white lights on the folded mast. These lights are almost what defines a boat as a tugboat. In addition it would be good to show the port side navigation light as this appears to be missing too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Murfas (talk • contribs) 07:54, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Gallery - incorrect example
The photo of the "Bill Berry" in the Gallery should be in the article about towboats, not tugboats. There is a difference. ...for one towboats have square bows, flat bottoms, deal exclusively with barges, and rarely ever pull anything. Tugboats are usually more maneuverable and designed to pull or push from any direction. Towboats generally stick to rivers or calmer waterways due to the hull not being designed for ocean travel. I grew up around the Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee Rivers, my father worked on towboat engines and I knew several men who worked these boats. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.160.98.31 (talk) 15:01, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Hybrid diesel/electric tugboat being built in Oregon
Foss Maritime is building a hybrid diesel/electric tug in Rainier, Oregon. I think it's pretty exciting.

http://www.tdn.com/articles/2008/09/10/top_story/doc48c724f74a6b8711741179.txt —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.78.71.85 (talk) 09:33, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Are they fast?
25,000hp sounds like a lot. Louis Waweru  Talk 01:05, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The design of the propeller of a tug is optimized for bollard pull, not for speed. BoH (talk) 16:50, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you. So those massive propellers in the illustrations are somewhat to scale? If so, I think I get it. =) [[Image:Bollard pull real.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2: bollard pull trial under real conditions]][[Image:Poupe remorqueur.jpg|thumb|A tug with 2 [[azipod]]s]] Louis Waweru  Talk  01:26, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * These propellers are not in scale, probably two times too big.
 * The difference in designing for bollard pull - zero speed - instead of full speed, is that the speed of inflowing water in the propeller is only generated by the propeller itself. When sailing, the speed of the vessel should be added. With a given rotation speed of the propeller, this changes the ideal angle for the blades.
 * See the Smit Rotterdam for a 22.000 hp tug that can do 17 knots. BoH (talk) 09:12, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, I think I can imagine the difference between designing for pull instead of speed. They are kind of like the tractors of the seas. Thanks for your help. Now, what purpose does the giant crystal serve? (j/k) Louis Waweru  Talk 21:59, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe the thing you call a "giant crystal" is just a the bridge. Many of the most recently designed tugs, have a bridge with floor to ceiling windows all the way around.  Geo Swan (talk) 23:51, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I think Louis was joking. :) BoH (talk) 08:44, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Horsepower to kW
The article states tugboats have "750 to 3,000 horsepower (500 to 2,000 kW)", which appears to be converted using a 2/3 ratio, yet each horsepower is equivelant to about 750 watts (it depends on which horsepower), a quite substantial difference. Is this using some nautical horsepower I was previously unaware of? ;) 90.155.10.88 (talk) 21:43, 18 November 2008 (UTC)
 * As far as i know, there are only two definitions of one horsepower: The metric (735.5W) and the imperial/mechanical (745.7). And none of these converts one HP to 750 watts. But that said, the conversion has been there for a fairly long time (since 17:21, 9 March 2004 actually) and my guess is that the author originally intended this to be an round simplified conversion. Probably the right thing would be to present the power-figures in watt and then convert them to hp using either the mechanical or the metric (i would prefer the metric for various reasons, but in the end it doesn't really matter that much...) --Hebster (talk) 07:55, 20 November 2008 (UTC)
 * My personal opinion is that "horsepower" should not be used when talking about ships and their engines. While the unit might be more descriptive for some people, it's not really used in modern shipping and shipbuilding. Tupsumato (talk) 04:55, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Steam tugs
I just finished reading The Grey Seas Under, by Farley Mowat. It's the story of a twin-stack, steam-powered tugboat that operated from Halifax in the 1930s and '40s. And a really fascinating story it is. I'd like to see someone develop a history section that would detail the development of steam tugs, which it seems began appearing in the 1890s.

Copyright violation and major rework
1) This edit two years ago by an anonymous IP with no other Wiki contributions appears to add substantial copyrighted material . The source is not clear, it may have been deleted page . (Material at is a copyright violation of Wiki or vice versa.) At any rate, 71.253.255.97's edits needed to be removed. I replaced the section "Types of tugboats" with the version from before.

2) Several external links seemed to me to cross the line into being excessively commercial and WP:SPAM. I removed these, in a separate edit.

3) Statements made in the opening paragraph reflect a limited perception of the types and uses of tugboats. Moreover we need to be sensitive that this article is highly likely to be read by young children, and that the intro should be correspondingly easy to read, and gracefully work into phrases such as "power ratings up to 20,000 kW (~ 27,200 hp) and usually have an extreme power:tonnage-ratio" Using Jane's Ocean Technology 1979-80, I reworked the intro, and moved the technical information after the general, easy-to-read information.

I realize these were a lot of changes, but the copyrighted material required that something be done right away. I think it's possible still other copyrighted material exists in the article, so it was an appropriate time to scrutinize the article as a whole. Although I've written a fair amount in Wiki about ships, I'm not an expert, so please keep a weather eye out for errors I introduced. Piano non troppo (talk) 17:13, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

screw tug?
A bunch of articles, mainly on 19th-century ships, talk about a "screw tug" (see e.g. USS Saffron (1863)), which we don't have an article on or mention here. Anyone know what it is? --Delirium (talk) 20:17, 3 July 2009 (UTC)
 * As opposed to paddle wheel tugs. Screw propulsion was innovative at the time. Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 14:09, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Method/Procedure
How does pushing the the larger vessel actually work? For instance in one of the current pictures (the one with the red Boxer), it's only one tugboat. Does it have to go side-to-side to go straight, or switch sides to turn the other direction? I can't see how else this works, thanks. - Commandur (talk) 16:19, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, the article needs to cover this in the text. A tug generally either: 1) Pulls another vessel by cable from in front (towing), 2) Pushes a vessel directly from behind (for example a barge, specifically built to be transported that way), or 3) Pushes directly from any side, to position another vessel.

 * The picture you mention "Boxer escort tug with Voith Schneider Propeller in action" was possibly intended to show that the tug itself can push sideways.

 * We could use captions on the photos indicating each of three example methods. The text I just wrote above is a beginning, but really needs to include why each method is used, and perhaps how efficient each is? Regards, Piano non troppo (talk) 20:13, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Two engines
It seems a fairly common thing that tug boats have two diesel engines. Could something about this be added to the article by someone who knows a bit about tug boats. Thanks.Sf5xeplus (talk) 18:41, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Finnpusku
I added a photograph of the Finnpusku combination since there was no example of an integrated unit (and forgot to write an edit summary). However, it appears that the pushers are generally referred to as towboats in the USA. Should we have a link to that article in the section about different seagoing tug types? Tupsumato (talk) 04:53, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Small details, maybe "smoothing out" needed.
In Types/Seagoing, 1., what is a model bow? And is there really a need for an article on “hawser”? Wouldn’t a dictionary work?

In Types/Seagoing, 2., is “in ballast” used correctly? Altho slang for empty, doesn’t “in ballast” actually mean that there is ballast water in tanks, in order to provide some load/weight/draft? Do barges ballast? River barges around here are pushed when empty, but appear to have no ballast system at all. And would a towing winch be used to pull the vessel loosely from the front. An option between “notch” pushing and pulling? Not very clear as written, is it?

In Types/River tugboats, are towboats ever called tugs? Simply because they carry no cargo, providing power only? I suppose that “tug” is no less descriptive than “tow”, since they do neither. And if they are tugs, should it be noted that they have no capacity to tow, rather pushing while firmly attached to the barge(s) with no pivot point?

In “propulsion”, third paragraph, what does “After World War II…tow” mean? How was it “linked to safety”? Since a “Voith Water Tractor” “could not be pulled over by its tow”, does that imply that a cyclodical propeller equipped tug can be?

In the image of the Finnpusku, the image shows a single tug with a single barge, not two tugs and four barges. Different caption, maybe with “part of the system” type phrasing?

Thank you, Sammy D III (talk) 14:01, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Merge
I propose to merge Emergency tow vessel and Pusher (boat) articles. These are the articles that come up when I google towing vessel and tow boat respectively. Merge primarily because these are really subcategories of the same general type of vessel (i.e. a vessel designed to tow, push, pull other vessels or sometimes other objects). Also, Emergency tow vessel is hyper specific type of a general term of towing vessel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WJF3 (talk • contribs) 09:36, 8 February 2018 (UTC)
 * This suggestion, made by a very inexperienced contributor, completely overlooks one of the key strengths of the wikipedia. Going to the information you want, by clicking on a link, is far, far superior to scrolling aroud in a large article.  Okay pusher (boat)s are related to traditional tugboats, you can call them a subcategory, if you like.  But there are differences.  Since these are really separate topics, it is far better to leave them as separate articles.  Geo Swan (talk) 04:43, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Costa Concordia and tugboat

 * Some reasons for removing the Costa Concordia picture:

 * The picture is too big and therefore far too dominating. The main visual impact of illustrations in the lede of an article about a tugboat should be to illustrate a tugboat. Here it is the Costa Concordia that dominates the first impression. At least the picture would have to be downsized to the size of the other picture in the lede.

 * The tugboat in the picture is hardly visible with approx. 2% of the picture area. Even the cars in the foreground are more visible than the tug, and the blue truck alone covers a larger area than the tug.

 * The picture does not give any informational value to the article, not about what a tug looks like (too small) and not about how a tug works (it doesn't).

 * The addition has already been challenged. The next step should have been to start a discussion in the talk page, not starting an edit war. Please read WP:CONSENSUS, WP:BRD and WP:EDITWAR.

Please do not add this picture again unless there is consensus in the talk page for the addition. --T*U (talk) 09:30, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:36, 21 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Theodore Tugboat at Murphys cable wharf.jpg

What is a "model bow"?
Cjs (talk) 06:49, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tugboat


text:
Dark Fantasy (series)

Dark Fantasy was an American radio supernatural thriller anthology series. It had a short run of 31 episodes, debuting on November 14, 1941, and ending on June 19, 1942. Its writer was Scott Bishop, also known for his work on The Mysterious Traveler. It originated from station WKY in Oklahoma City and was heard Friday nights on NBC stations. The stories found a nationwide audience almost immediately.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dark Fantasy (series)


text:
Tales of Fatima

Tales of Fatima is an old-time radio transcribed show that was broadcast on CBS from January 8, 1949, to October 1, 1949.

Basil Rathbone starred as himself in the program, with Francis DeSales portraying Lieutenant Farrell and Agnes Young portraying Lavender, Rathbone's assistant and wardrobe woman. Princess Fatima was a "sultry woman" who inspired Rathbone as she spoke to him in dreams. At the beginning of each episode, Princess Fatima (in a voice that was altered by an echo chamber) gave the audience an "obscure tidbit" as a clue to help listeners solve that night's mystery.

Adventurous situations were played for broad comedy. References to the sponsor, Fatima Cigarettes, were embedded in the storylines, and Rathbone delivered the commercials.

Early publicity said that the show would be based on "actual experiences encountered by Rathbone during his adventurous life", from his younger years in South Africa to his worldwide travels. That concept ended after about 10 episodes, when the series changed to what critic John Crosby described as "more orthodox lines, which is to say the plots are downright fantastic." Another change in format occurred beginning on August 27, 1949. Each episode featured a guest star, and Rathbone played varied roles rather than being heard as himself. Guest stars included John Garfield, Rex Harrison, Bela Lugosi, and Lilli Palmer.

Others actors heard on the program included Frances Chaney, Tony Barrett, Betty Lou Gerson, and Ed Begley. Michael Fitzmaurice was the program's announcer. and Harry Ingram directed the program. Orchestra directors were Carl Hoff and Jack Miller. Gail Ingram was the writer.

The series ended with the October 1, 1949, episode as Fatima sponsorship was shifted to Dragnet on NBC effective October 6, 1949.

Critical reception
A review of the premiere episode in the trade publication Variety described the program as "a weird combination of hard and often taut dramatics", with the mood often broken up by Rathbone's interactions with Fatima. It concluded, "According to the debut stanza, the show's elements are too diverse to jell."

Crosby wrote that on this program Rathbone came off badly in comparison to his portrayal of Holmes and in comparison to his portrayal of Inspector Burke in the Scotland Yard radio series. Crosby wrote, "He just blunders through each case, exhibiting only ordinary intelligence . . ."

title: Tales of Fatima


text:
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos

Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos (18 October 1741 – 5 September 1803) was a French novelist, official, Freemason and army general, best known for writing the epistolary novel Les Liaisons dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons) (1782).

A unique case in French literature, he was for a long time considered to be as scandalous a writer as the Marquis de Sade or Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne. He was a military officer with no illusions about human relations, and an amateur writer; however, his initial plan was to "write a work which departed from the ordinary, which made a noise, and which would remain on earth after his death"; from this point of view he mostly attained his goals with the fame of his masterwork Les Liaisons dangereuses. It is one of the masterpieces of novelistic literature of the 18th century, which explores the amorous intrigues of the aristocracy. It has inspired many critical and analytic commentaries, plays and films.

Biography
Born in Amiens into a bourgeois family, in 1761 Laclos began studies at the School of Artillery of La Fère, ancestor of the École Polytechnique. As a young lieutenant, he briefly served in a garrison at La Rochelle until the end of the Seven Years' War (1763). Postings to Strasbourg (1765–1769), Grenoble (1769–1775) and Besançon (1775–1776) followed.

In 1763 Laclos became a Freemason in "L'Union" military lodge in Toul.

Despite a promotion to the rank of captain (1771), Laclos grew increasingly bored with his artillery garrison duties and with the company of soldiers; he began to devote his free time to writing. His first works, several light poems, appeared in the Almanach des Muses. Later he wrote the libretto for an opéra comique, Ernestine, inspired by a novel by Marie Jeanne Riccoboni. The music was composed by the Chevalier de Saint Georges. Its premiere on 19 July 1777, in the presence of Queen Marie Antoinette, proved a failure. In the same year, he established a new artillery school in Valence, which would include Napoleon Bonaparte among its students in the mid-1780s. On his return to Besançon in 1778 Laclos was promoted second captain of the Engineers. In this period he wrote several works which showed his great admiration of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778).

In 1776 Laclos requested and received affiliation with the "Henri IV" lodge in Paris. There he helped Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans leading the Grand Orient of France. In 1777, in front of the Grand Orient's dignitaries, he delivered a speech in which he urged for the initiation of women into Freemasonry.

In 1779, he was sent to Île-d'Aix (in present-day Charente-Maritime) to assist Marc René, marquis de Montalembert in the construction of fortifications there against the British. However, he spent most of his time writing his new epistolary novel, Les Liaisons dangereuses, as well as a Letter to Madame de Montalembert. When he asked for and received six months of vacation, he spent the time in Paris, writing.

Durand Neveu published Les Liaisons Dangereuses in four volumes on 23 March 1782; it became a widespread success (1,000 copies sold in a month, an exceptional result for the time). Laclos was immediately ordered to return to his garrison in Brittany; in 1783 he was sent to La Rochelle to collaborate in the construction of the new arsenal. Here he met Marie-Soulange Duperré, whom he would marry on 3 May 1786, and remain with for the rest of his life. The following year, he began a project of numbering the streets of Paris.

In 1788, Laclos left the army, entering the service of Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, for whom, after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, he carried forward with intense diplomatic activity. In 1790/91 he was the editor of "Journal des amis de la constitution", connected with the Feuillants. Captured by Republican ideals, he left the Duke to obtain a place as commissar in the Ministry of War. His reorganization has been credited as having a role in the French Revolutionary Army's victory in the Battle of Valmy (20 September 1792). Later, after the desertion (April 1793) of general Charles François Dumouriez, he was however arrested as an Orleaniste, being freed after the Thermidorian Reaction of 27 July 1794.

He thenceforth spent some time in ballistic studies, which led him to the invention of the modern artillery shell. In 1795 he requested reinstatement in the Army by the Committee of Public Safety; the request was ignored. His attempts to obtain a diplomatic position and to found a bank also proved unsuccessful. Eventually, Laclos met the young general and recently appointed (November 1799) First Consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, and joined his party. On 16 January 1800 he was reinstated in the Army as Brigadier General in the Army of the Rhine; he took part in the Battle of Biberach (9 May 1800).

Made commander-in-chief of Reserve Artillery in Italy (1803), Laclos died shortly afterward in the former convent of St. Francis of Assisi at Taranto, probably of dysentery and malaria. He was buried in the fort still bearing his name (Forte de Laclos) in the Isola di San Paolo near the city, built under his direction. Following the restoration of the House of Bourbon in southern Italy in 1815, his burial tomb was destroyed; it is believed that his bones were tossed into the sea.

Novels

 * Les Liaisons dangereuses (1782)

Poems

 * Poésies fugitives (1783)

Plays

 * Ernestine (1777, opéra comique)

Non-fiction

 * Des Femmes et de leur éducation (1783)
 * Folies philosophiques par un homme retiré du monde (1784)
 * Instructions aux assemblées de bailliage (1789)
 * Journal des amis de la Constitution (1790–1791)
 * De la guerre et de la paix (1795)
 * Continuation des causes secrètes de la révolution du neuf thermidor (1795)

title: Pierre Choderlos de Laclos


text:
Talk:Level 42

The Answer to life, the universe and Everything
Is this band related to this concept?

Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything

First single and first two albums
The article states they were 'entirely an instrumental act' initially. This is quite wrong, although a common perception. Their early repertoire included Haunted House (by Lee Oscar & played at their first ever gig), Night Train, Wings of Love, Love Meeting Love, Autumn. These are all songs with vocals. The instrumentals were 88, Woman, Theme to Margaret, Mr. Pink, Sandstorm. It was pretty much 50/50. Even if you described them as 'predominantly instrumental' I think that would be a stretch although Haunted House and Night Train didn't make the studio sessions. Even for the 'Level 42' album there were vocal live tracks that also didn't make the studio: Nothing More To Say, Morning Silence. LFG — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.60.80.114 (talk) 12:09, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

Was The Sun Goes Down really the first single? I seem to recall The Chinese Way predated it - or maybe that was later??? Also, is it worth mentioning the first two albums (IMHO much better than their later stuff, not that I'd say that in the article!) GRAHAMUK

Never mind - I've researched it and rewritten the article more or less completely. If anyone is not happy with it, well, you know what to do! GRAHAMUK 01:49 9 Jul 2003 (UTC)

The first two albums are very important! I saw that 'the early tapes' was not mentioned. AHHHHHHH!!!! This album is considered by the fans to be quite important because it shows the real jazz-funk origin of the band. The band even in 2005 is still playing track from that album in Live gigs. That why i edited the article

The article says 'Love Games' was the band's first Polydor single. It wasn't. The first Polydor Single was Love Meeting Love, the second was '(Flying on the) Wings of Love' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.60.80.114 (talk) 13:41, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

Name Origin
Name origin: I'd heard that the band's name might have been taken from a sign on a lift or passageway seen in the Doctor Who serial The Invisible Enemy; I seem to recall something like this being mentioned in the notes in Douglas Adams' radio scripts book, although this Doctor Who storyline apparently aired before Mr. Adams' involvement with that program. B7T 13:55, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Did they specifically say it was a reference to 42 from the Hitchhiker's novel? The radio series came first and if they named the band in 1979, my guess is it came from the original instance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.220.231.143 (talk) 04:46, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

Boon/R Gould
Although Boon was always known as 'Boon' he was actually usually credited for writing as 'R Gould' and only rarely 'B Gould'. Although he hasn't been called 'Rowland' since he was very young, it's important he's credited under his real name for accounting purposes.

Boon/Phil mismatch in caption
Boon and Phil are credited the wrong way round on the "Running in the Family" cover pic.

In the origin of the band's name, one suggestion is Tower 42. Considering the building was only named as such in the late 1990s, this seems rather unlikely...

Recent/Edits
The page has been edited recently, but a number of factual errors have been added. 'Learn To Say No' was never released as a single (although this was planned). The idea of a line-up history is a good one, but the one that's been added is inaccurate - the Guaranteed line-up should really cite Allan Holdsworth and not Jakko. Also no mention of Topping/Gelder etc. Need to tidy up - I'll do this soon. LFG

Singles
Hi, it would like to count with the help of all for the construction of own goods for the singles of the group, and even important music. Sitam-if you liberate to help. Thanks.

Morrissey Quote?
Surely the Morrissey quote is bizarre and irrelevant enough to remove from consideration. Morrissey is an artist but is not a legitimate rock critic. Furthermore, no citation was supplied. I did google up a reference to this quote but it was a page that was loaded with further quotes about 80s-era bands that were all supplied without further reference. Barring dissent, I will remove the quote in the next few days. Mojo Tooth 00:10, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * "Legitimate rock critic"? Isn't that a contradiction in terms?71.90.26.140 08:46, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Startingatthesun.jpg
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BetacommandBot 04:16, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Level 42 1988-1989.JPG
Image:Level 42 1988-1989.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Covellvl4th.jpg
Image:Covellvl4th.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fancruft
This article suffers from unsourced, non-referenced, pseudo rock journalism and opinionated fancruft. For only one example - "Dismayed at what he felt was the record company's ineptitude, Gould played only one promotional gig and did not go on the road for the Forever Now tour". Whilst the article has some references, there are large portions without verifiability; allowing all sorts of POV to creep in. I think it needs a radical overhaul to reduce the press release styled nonsense, and return to a more balanced, referenced and encyclopedic tone. Anyone disagree ?

Derek R Bullamore (talk) 23:43, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Most successful single.
Maybe it should say "Their most successful single in the UK was "Lessons in Love"", since in the US, it was Something About You. I never even heard LiL played anywhere here in the US, other than from my CD player. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jbw9999 (talk • contribs) 01:57, 12 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to meYellowxander (talk) 11:10, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 12:57, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

Clean-Up
There are several sentences in the article that feel very wrong to me. However, since I don't speak British English, I am not going to change them. Rather I will just bring them to your attention and suggest that a native Brit either adjust them or leave them as is. 1. Level 42 are an English pop rock and jazz-funk band, who had a number of worldwide and UK hits during the 1980s and 1990s. (I believe the who should be which). 2. After much success as a live and studio band in the 1980s, Level 42's commercial profile diminished during the early 1990s...  (This sentence seems to indicate that Level 42's commercial profile had much success as a band rather than Level 42 itself). 3. Also included in the shows was an acoustic set, with Mike Lindup playing the accordion. (This seems to be a very backward way to say it. I would say "An acoustic set was also included in the shows featuring Mike Lindup playing the accordian.)  4.  At a performance in Bournemouth, ex-drummer Gary Husband returned due to Pete Ray Biggin being unavailable. (Why not just say "At a performance in Bournemouth, ex-drummer Gary Husband returned because Pete Ray Biggin was unavailable."?)190.117.216.229 (talk) 19:11, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Level 42


text:
Talk:Budugu

Untitled
A few similarities could be drawn with Dennis the Menace.

I've removed this. It looks like editorial opinion to me. -- Oliver P. 12:42 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * The article says that bapu derived heavily from Dennis the Menace. I have my doubts, having followed Budugu. The inference may have to be removed if no references are forthcoming. --Gurubrahma 18:36, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

This is absolutely ridiculous.... first bapu did not write budugu...he only drew his characters.Budugu is has complete roots in telugu traditons....just becasue both are children one should not draw foolish conclusions...ANy furhtre discusiioon of similarities will seriuolsy bring forth a defamation suit against the author.

This is absolutely ridiculous.... first bapu did not write budugu...he only drew his characters.Budugu is has complete roots in telugu traditons....just becasue both are children one should not draw foolish conclusions...Any further discussion of similarities will serioulsyy bring forth a defamation suit against such author. Please take time to read and follow about things that you write about.

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title: Talk:Budugu


text:
Horsted Keynes

Horsted Keynes  is a village and civil parish in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England. The village is about 5 mi north east of Haywards Heath, in the Weald. The civil parish is largely rural, covering 1581 ha. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 1,586, increased from 1,507 in 2001. The 0° meridian passes about 1 mile to the east of the village of Horsted Keynes.

Origin and history
Willelmus de Cahaines, a Norman knight who participated in the conquest of England, and lord of what is now Cahagnes (Bessin), was given Middletone (Buckinghamshire) and the Sussex village of Horstede (The Place of Horses in Old English). The latter became Horstede de Cahaignes and in time Horsted Keynes. The place name is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086. The village has been formally twinned with the Normandy village of Cahagnes since 1971. The Horsted Cahagnes Society promotes social and cultural links, and organises annual exchange visits between the two places.

On Saturday, 28 August 1624, Horsted Keynes hosted what is believed to be the earliest known organised cricket match in Sussex. Knowledge of it stems from the death thirteen days later of Jasper Vinall, on whom an inquest was held. He had suffered a head injury during the game when accidentally hit by a cricket bat.

Two months before being assassinated, U.S. President John F. Kennedy slept in the parish when he stayed one Saturday night at Birch Grove, the home of the former Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. The American Secret Service closed the village that night, siting their communication hub in the Lounge Bar of The Crown Inn.

This part of Sussex was known for its iron industry long before the industrial revolution and the coming of the railways. Little remains of this now, except for the hammer ponds and other traces of this activity dotted around the surrounding countryside, although iron working is remembered in many local place names.

Amenities
Horsted Keynes is centred on a village green with pubs, Post Office and village store. The Post Office was to be closed down for lack of use but was bought up by a group of villagers who invested in its continued use for the community. It now serves a large rural area.

Like many other English villages Horsted Keynes is losing businesses that have been there for many years. After the closure of the main village store in 1992, and the more recent loss of the butcher, village hairdresser and photographer, the village garage closed down in June 2007. It was only 20 years ago that the village had two garages, but now it has none, leaving the nearest petrol retailer more than 6 mi away. Planning permission was granted and the garage site has now been turned into residential accommodation.

Churches
The two principal churches are: the Anglican Parish Church dedicated to St Giles and the Roman Catholic church of St Stephen which is unoccupied and controlled from the nearest town, Haywards Heath.

Railway station

The railway station, three-quarters of a mile from the village, was on the line from East Grinstead to Lewes. It is now owned and operated by the Bluebell Railway, which is largely run by volunteers and operates using vintage steam trains. The station originally also had a connection with Haywards Heath, between 1883 and 1963.

Notable people

 * Robert Leighton (prelate) - buried here
 * Harold Macmillan, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom – buried here, alongside his wife Dorothy Macmillan

title: Horsted Keynes


text:
Liaisons dangereuses (disambiguation)

Les Liaisons dangereuses is a French epistolary novel by Choderlos de Laclos.

Les Liaisons dangereuses may also refer to:
 * Les liaisons dangereuses (film), a 1959 film adapted by Claude Brulé and directed by Roger Vadim
 * Les Liaisons Dangereuses 1960, the soundtrack by Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers with Barney Wilen for the above film
 * Les Liaisons Dangereuses (play), a 1985 play adapted by Christopher Hampton
 * Les Liaisons dangereuses (TV miniseries), a 2003 TV miniseries adapted by Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt
 * Liaisons Dangereuses (band), a German electropunk band from the early 1980s and their eponymous 1981 album

title: Liaisons dangereuses (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:House sparrow

Range Map
The unsourced range map appears to be a bit inaccurate. One of the pictures featured in the article shows a pair of sparrows in Rome, yet the map shows they are not in Italy at all. I also find it hard to believe that they are native to the Arabian dessert and small spots in the middle of the Sahara. --Jleon (talk) 03:12, 30 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The range map is sourced, to the Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, and it's accurate. The birds in Rome are Italian sparrows, which are discussed in the article as close relatives of the house sparrow. That they are native to those parts of Arabia, Sudan, and the Sahara is pretty meticulously documented in sources such as Summers-Smith (1988). —innotata 06:22, 30 July 2014 (UTC)

The map in Peterson, R., Mountfort, G. and Hollom, P.A.D. 1967. A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. Collins. p.300 notes, in reference to their map,: "Black line sur-rounds range of Italian Sparrow".Osborne 15:49, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

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It is not fully good article217.118.81.17 (talk) 18:53, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
How about The Great Sparrow War of the 1870s in USA??? (It is like Great Sparrow Campaign in China from 1958 to 1962) Please see https://daily.jstor.org/the-great-sparrow-war-of-the-1870s/

Cluttered with images
I added the cleanup template because IMO the article is cluttered with images, many of which are redundant. For example, we don't need three sets of image comparisons of male and female sparrows. The description and behavior sections are most in need of a cleanup – either by removing images or rearranging them so that they don't impede the reading of the article text (e.g. galleries). I would do this myself, but since one of my own images is present in the article, that would probably constitute an issue of bias... -Air55- (Talk) 05:59, 16 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Frankly I don't think the amount of pictures is disturbing. A little less is ok - most of them are appropriate and illustrating the paragraph effectively. Remove some - feel free to select your own. Take Mirrenberg (talk) 08:11, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

Recording of bird call missing?
I listened to the recording of the House Sparrow call in this article, and all I hear are some wind noises in the microphone. The actual call seems to be missing from the recording. I'm not sure how to fix this. David Spector (talk) 00:04, 1 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:House sparrow


text:
NetBIOS Frames

NetBIOS Frames (NBF) is a non-routable network- and transport-level data protocol most commonly used as one of the layers of Microsoft Windows networking in the 1990s. NBF or NetBIOS over IEEE 802.2 LLC is used by a number of network operating systems released in the 1990s, such as LAN Manager, LAN Server, Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95 and Windows NT. Other protocols, such as NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP), and NBX (NetBIOS-over-IPX/SPX) also implement the NetBIOS/NetBEUI services over other protocol suites.

The NBF protocol is broadly, but incorrectly, referred to as NetBEUI. This originates from the confusion with NetBIOS Extended User Interface, an extension to the NetBIOS API that was originally developed in conjunction with the NBF protocol; both the protocol and the NetBEUI emulator were originally developed to allow NetBIOS programs to run over IBM's new Token Ring network. Microsoft caused this confusion by labelling its NBF protocol implementation NetBEUI. NBF is a protocol and the original NetBEUI was a NetBIOS application programming interface extension.

Overview
NBF protocol uses 802.2 type 1 mode to provide the NetBIOS/NetBEUI name service and datagram service, and 802.2 type 2 mode to provide the NetBIOS/NetBEUI session service (virtual circuit). NBF protocol makes wide use of broadcast messages, which accounts for its reputation as a chatty interface. While the protocol consumes few network resources in a very small network, broadcasts begin to adversely impact performance and speed when the number of hosts present in a network grows.

Sytek developed NetBIOS for IBM for the PC-Network program and was used by Microsoft for MS-NET in 1985. In 1987, Microsoft and Novell utilized it for their network operating systems LAN Manager and NetWare.

Because NBF protocol is unroutable it can only be used to communicate with devices in the same broadcast domain, but being bridgeable it can also be used to communicate with network segments connected to each other via bridges. The lack of support for routable networks means that NBF is only well-suited for small to medium-sized networks, where it has such an advantage over TCP/IP that requires little configuration. The NetBIOS/NetBEUI services must be implemented atop other protocols, such as IPX and TCP/IP (see above) in order to be of use in an internetwork.

Services
NetBIOS/NetBEUI provides three distinct services:
 * Name service for name registration and resolution
 * Datagram distribution service for connectionless communication
 * Session service for connection-oriented communication

NBF protocol implements all of these services.

Name service
In order to start sessions or distribute datagrams, an application must register its NetBIOS/NetBEUI name using the name service. To do so, an "Add Name Query" or "Add Group Name Query" packet is broadcast on the network. If the NetBIOS/NetBEUI name is already in use, the name service, running on the host that owns the name, broadcasts a "Node Conflict" message on the network.

In addition, to start a session or to send a datagram to a particular host rather than to broadcast the datagram, NBF protocol has to determine the MAC address of the host with a given NetBIOS/NetBEUI name; this is done by sending a "Name Query" packet, the response to which will have the MAC address of the host sending the response, i.e. the host with that name.

Datagram distribution service
Datagram mode is "connectionless". A datagram is sent with a "Datagram" packet if it is being sent to a particular NetBIOS/NetBEUI name, or a "Datagram Broadcast" packet if it is being sent to all NetBIOS/NetBEUI names on the network.

Session service
Session mode lets two computers establish a connection for a "conversation," allows larger messages to be handled, and provides error detection and recovery.

Sessions are established by exchanging packets. The computer establishing the session sends a "Name Query" request, specifying that a session should be initialized. The computer with which the session is to be established will respond with a "Name Recognized" response indicating either that no session can be established (either because that computer is not listening for sessions being established to that name or because no resources are available to establish a session to that name) or that a session can be established (in which case the response will include a local session number to be used in subsequent packets). The computer that is starting the session will then send a "Session Initialize" request which will prompt a "Session Confirm" response.

Data is transmitted during an established session by data packets. IEEE 802.2 handles flow control and retransmission of data packets. Because NetBIOS/NetBEUI allows packets to be sent that are larger than the largest packet that could be transmitted on a particular MAC layer, a NetBIOS/NetBEUI packet might have to be transmitted as a sequence of "Data First Middle" packets and a "Data Only Last" packet; packets that do not need to be segmented in that fashion will be sent as a single "Data Only Last" packet. An acknowledgment will be sent for all "Data Only Last" packets that are successfully received; this will also acknowledge all preceding "Data First Middle" packets.

Sessions are closed by sending a "Session End" request.

Availability
NBF protocol – apart from DOS, OS/2 and Unix implementations – was officially supported by Microsoft on almost every version of Windows up to Windows 2000, but its use has decreased quickly since the development of NBT.

Microsoft officially dropped support starting with Windows XP, but it is included on the Windows XP CD-ROM and can be installed manually. Windows Vista does not include NetBEUI (means NBF) support at all, but the Windows XP NetBEUI support drivers can be used.

title: NetBIOS Frames


text:
Data Link Control

In the OSI networking model, Data Link Control (DLC) is the service provided by the data link layer. Network interface cards have a DLC address that identifies each card; for instance, Ethernet and other types of cards have a 48-bit MAC address built into the cards' firmware when they are manufactured.

There is also a network transport protocol with the name Data Link Control, comparable to better-known protocols like TCP/IP and AppleTalk. DLC is a transport protocol used by IBM SNA mainframe computers and peripherals and compatible equipment. In computer networking, it is typically used for communications between network-attached printers, workstations and servers, for example by HP in their JetDirect print servers. While it was widely used up until the time of Windows 2000, versions from Windows XP onward do not include support for DLC.

title: Data Link Control


text:
The Whistler (radio series)

The Whistler is an American radio mystery drama which ran from May 16, 1942, until September 22, 1955, on the west-coast regional CBS radio network. The show was also broadcast in Chicago and over Armed Forces Radio. On the west coast, it was sponsored by the Signal Oil Company: "That whistle is your signal for the Signal Oil program, The Whistler." There were also two short-lived attempts to form east-coast broadcast spurs: July 3 to September 25, 1946, sponsored by the Campbell Soup Company; and March 26, 1947, to September 29, 1948, sponsored by Household Finance. The program was also adapted into a film noir series by Columbia Pictures in 1944.

Characters and story
Each episode of The Whistler began with the sound of footsteps and a person whistling. (The Saint radio series with Vincent Price used a similar opening.) The haunting signature theme tune was composed by Wilbur Hatch and featured Dorothy Roberts whistling with an orchestra.

A character known only as the Whistler was the host and narrator of the tales, which focused on crime and fate. He often commented directly upon the action in the manner of a Greek chorus, taunting the characters, guilty or innocent, from an omniscient perspective. The stories followed a formula in which a person's criminal acts were typically revealed either by an overlooked but important detail or by the criminal's own stupidity. An ironic ending, often grim, was a key feature of each episode. But on rare occasions, such as "Christmas Bonus" broadcast on Christmas Day 1944, the plot's twist of fate caused the story to end happily for the protagonist.

Bill Forman, a veteran radio announcer, had the title role of the Whistler for the longest period of time. Others who portrayed the Whistler at various times were Gale Gordon, Joseph Kearns, Marvin Miller (announcer for the show, who occasionally filled in for Forman and played supporting roles), and Bill Johnstone (who had the title role on radio's The Shadow from 1938 to 1943). Cast members included Betty Lou Gerson, Hans Conried, Joseph Kearns, Cathy Lewis, Elliott Lewis, Gerald Mohr, Lurene Tuttle and Jack Webb.

Writer-producer J. Donald Wilson established the tone of the show during its first two years, and he was followed in 1944 by producer-director George Allen. Other directors included Sterling Tracy and Sherman Marks with final scripts by Joel Malone and Harold Swanton. Of the 692 episodes, over 200 no longer exist. In 1946, a local Chicago version of The Whistler with local actors (including Everett Clarke as the Whistler) aired Sundays on WBBM, sponsored by Meister Brau beer.

Films
The Whistler was adapted into a film noir series of eight films by Columbia Pictures. The "Voice of the Whistler" was provided by an uncredited Otto Forrest. In the first seven films, veteran actor Richard Dix played the main character in the story – a different character in each film, ranging from mild-mannered sympathetic heroes to flawed and forceful villians. In the eighth film, made after Dix's retirement, Michael Duane played the main character.

 * The Whistler – 1944, directed by William Castle
 * The Mark of the Whistler – 1944, directed by William Castle
 * The Power of the Whistler – 1945, directed by Lew Landers
 * Voice of the Whistler – 1945, directed by William Castle
 * Mysterious Intruder – 1946, directed by William Castle
 * The Secret of the Whistler – 1946, directed by George Sherman
 * The Thirteenth Hour – 1947, directed by William Clemens
 * The Return of the Whistler – 1948, directed by D. Ross Lederman

Television
A syndicated TV version of The Whistler was produced and aired for a brief period in 1954. Bill Forman, the most frequently employed radio voice of the show's title character, reprised that role on TV.

Cultural references
On April 21, 1964, the show was parodied on an episode of The Jack Benny Program entitled "I Am the Fiddler," an expanded reboot of an earlier, like-named, audio-only Benny parody, which aired during the October 20, 1946 episode of his radio show.

In the 1990 film The Two Jakes, set in Los Angeles in the late 1940s, the opening narrative of The Whistler can be heard on the car radio as private detective J.J. Gittes (played by Jack Nicholson) cruises the streets.

title: The Whistler (radio series)


text:
Spectrogram

A spectrogram is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies of a signal as it varies with time. When applied to an audio signal, spectrograms are sometimes called sonographs, voiceprints, or voicegrams. When the data are represented in a 3D plot they may be called waterfall displays.

Spectrograms are used extensively in the fields of music, linguistics, sonar, radar, speech processing, seismology, ornithology, and others. Spectrograms of audio can be used to identify spoken words phonetically, and to analyse the various calls of animals.

A spectrogram can be generated by an optical spectrometer, a bank of band-pass filters, by Fourier transform or by a wavelet transform (in which case it is also known as a scaleogram or scalogram).

A spectrogram is usually depicted as a heat map, i.e., as an image with the intensity shown by varying the colour or brightness.

Format
A common format is a graph with two geometric dimensions: one axis represents time, and the other axis represents frequency; a third dimension indicating the amplitude of a particular frequency at a particular time is represented by the intensity or color of each point in the image.

There are many variations of format: sometimes the vertical and horizontal axes are switched, so time runs up and down; sometimes as a waterfall plot where the amplitude is represented by height of a 3D surface instead of color or intensity. The frequency and amplitude axes can be either linear or logarithmic, depending on what the graph is being used for. Audio would usually be represented with a logarithmic amplitude axis (probably in decibels, or dB), and frequency would be linear to emphasize harmonic relationships, or logarithmic to emphasize musical, tonal relationships.

Generation
Spectrograms of light may be created directly using an optical spectrometer over time.

Spectrograms may be created from a time-domain signal in one of two ways: approximated as a filterbank that results from a series of band-pass filters (this was the only way before the advent of modern digital signal processing), or calculated from the time signal using the Fourier transform. These two methods actually form two different time–frequency representations, but are equivalent under some conditions.

The bandpass filters method usually uses analog processing to divide the input signal into frequency bands; the magnitude of each filter's output controls a transducer that records the spectrogram as an image on paper.

Creating a spectrogram using the FFT is a digital process. Digitally sampled data, in the time domain, is broken up into chunks, which usually overlap, and Fourier transformed to calculate the magnitude of the frequency spectrum for each chunk. Each chunk then corresponds to a vertical line in the image; a measurement of magnitude versus frequency for a specific moment in time (the midpoint of the chunk). These spectrums or time plots are then "laid side by side" to form the image or a three-dimensional surface, or slightly overlapped in various ways, i.e. windowing. This process essentially corresponds to computing the squared magnitude of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of the signal $$s(t)$$ — that is, for a window width $$\omega$$, $$\mathrm{spectrogram}(t,\omega)=\left|\mathrm{STFT}(t,\omega)\right|^2$$.

Limitations and resynthesis
From the formula above, it appears that a spectrogram contains no information about the exact, or even approximate, phase of the signal that it represents. For this reason, it is not possible to reverse the process and generate a copy of the original signal from a spectrogram, though in situations where the exact initial phase is unimportant it may be possible to generate a useful approximation of the original signal. The Analysis & Resynthesis Sound Spectrograph is an example of a computer program that attempts to do this. The Pattern Playback was an early speech synthesizer, designed at Haskins Laboratories in the late 1940s, that converted pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech (spectrograms) back into sound.

In fact, there is some phase information in the spectrogram, but it appears in another form, as time delay (or group delay) which is the dual of the instantaneous frequency.

The size and shape of the analysis window can be varied. A smaller (shorter) window will produce more accurate results in timing, at the expense of precision of frequency representation. A larger (longer) window will provide a more precise frequency representation, at the expense of precision in timing representation. This is an instance of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, that the product of the precision in two conjugate variables is greater than or equal to a constant (B*T>=1 in the usual notation).

Applications

 * Early analog spectrograms were applied to a wide range of areas including the study of bird calls (such as that of the great tit), with current research continuing using modern digital equipment and applied to all animal sounds. Contemporary use of the digital spectrogram is especially useful for studying frequency modulation (FM) in animal calls. Specifically, the distinguishing characteristics of FM chirps, broadband clicks, and social harmonizing are most easily visualized with the spectrogram.
 * Spectrograms are useful in assisting in overcoming speech deficits and in speech training for the portion of the population that is profoundly deaf
 * The studies of phonetics and speech synthesis are often facilitated through the use of spectrograms.
 * In deep learning-keyed speech synthesis, spectrogram (or spectrogram in mel scale) is first predicted by a seq2seq model, then the spectrogram is fed to a neural vocoder to derive the synthesized raw waveform.
 * By reversing the process of producing a spectrogram, it is possible to create a signal whose spectrogram is an arbitrary image. This technique can be used to hide a picture in a piece of audio and has been employed by several electronic music artists. See also steganography.
 * Some modern music is created using spectrograms as an intermediate medium; changing the intensity of different frequencies over time, or even creating new ones, by drawing them and then inverse transforming. See Audio timescale-pitch modification and Phase vocoder.
 * Spectrograms can be used to analyze the results of passing a test signal through a signal processor such as a filter in order to check its performance.
 * High definition spectrograms are used in the development of RF and microwave systems
 * Spectrograms are now used to display scattering parameters measured with vector network analyzers
 * The US Geological Survey and the IRIS Consortium provide near real-time spectrogram displays for monitoring seismic stations
 * Spectrograms can be used with recurrent neural networks for speech recognition.
 * Individuals' spectrograms are collected by the Chinese government as part of its mass surveillance programs.
 * For a vibration signal, a spectrogram’s color scale identifies the frequencies of a waveform’s amplitude peaks over time. Unlike a time or frequency graph, a spectrogram correlates peak values to time and frequency. Vibration test engineers use spectrograms to analyze the frequency content of a continuous waveform, locating strong signals and determining how the vibration behavior changes over time.
 * Spectrograms can be used to analyze speech in two different applications: automatic detection of speech deficits in cochlear implant users and phoneme class recognition to extract phone-attribute features.
 * In order to obtain a speaker's pronunciation characteristics, some researchers proposed a method based on an idea from bionics, which uses spectrogram statistics to achieve a characteristic spectrogram to give a stable representation of the speakers' pronunciation from a linear superposition of short-time spectrograms.
 * Researchers explore a novel approach to ECG signal analysis by leveraging spectrogram techniques, possibly for enhanced visualization and understanding. The integration of MFCC for feature extraction suggests a cross-disciplinary application, borrowing methods from audio processing to extract relevant information from biomedical signals.
 * Accurate interpretation of temperature indicating paint (TIP) is of great importance in aviation and other industrial applications. 2D spectrogram of TIP can be used in temperature interpretation.
 * The spectrogram can be used to process the signal for the rate of change of the human thorax. By visualizing respiratory signals using a spectrogram, the researchers have proposed an approach to the classification of respiration states based on a neural network model.

title: Spectrogram


text:
Gnateater

The gnateaters are a bird family, Conopophagidae, consisting of twelve small suboscine passerine species in two genera, which occur in South and Central America.

Taxonomy
The family Conopophagidae was introduced in 1877 by the English zoologist Alfred Henry Garrod. The family was formerly restricted to the gnateater genus Conopophaga but a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2005 found that the genus Pittasoma in the family Formicariidae was sister to Conopophaga. The association between this genus and Conopophaga is also supported by traits in their natural history, morphology, and vocalizations. The members of this family are very closely related to the antbirds and less closely to the antpittas and tapaculos. Due to their remote and dim habitat, gnateaters are a little-studied and poorly known family of birds.

Description
They are round, short-tailed, and long-legged birds, about 12 – in length, with Pittasoma being larger than Conopophaga. They are quite upright when standing. All species are sexually dimorphic, although the extent of this varies greatly. Most Conopophaga species have a white tuft behind the eye.

Distribution and habitat
Gnateaters are birds of the forest understory, bamboo stands, and the forest floor. The members of the genus Conopophaga are found in the Amazon and Orinoco basins, east and central Andean slopes, Atlantic Forest, and nearby regions, while the members of the genus Pittasoma are found in the Chocó, and Panama and Costa Rica. Some species live in impenetrable thickets; others live in more open forest. Most are entirely restricted to humid habitats, but several species extend into drier regions in eastern Brazil. While the members of the genus Conopophaga always are found near the forest floor, seldom rising more than 1.5 m above the ground, they also seldom travel or spend much time on the ground (though they do feed there; see diet). The members of the genus Pittasoma are more commonly seen hopping around on the ground.

Food and feeding
Gnateaters are insectivorous as the group name implies. The members of the genus Conopophaga feed mostly using two methods; one is to perch above the forest floor until prey is spotted, then lunge down to the ground to snatch it; having landed on the ground to snatch a prey item it will not remain on the forest floor for more than a couple of seconds. The second method used is to glean insects directly from the foliage, trunks, and branches of low vegetation. Typical prey items include spiders, caterpillars, insect larvae, grasshoppers and beetles; individuals of some species have also been observed eating fruit and in one case a frog. Very little information is available on the diet of the two Pittasoma, but they are presumably also insectivorous.

Species list
The family contains 12 species in two genera.

title: Gnateater


text:
Concave function

In mathematics, a concave function is one for which the value at any convex combination of elements in the domain is greater than or equal to the convex combination of the values at the endpoints. Equivalently, a concave function is any function for which the hypograph is convex. The class of concave functions is in a sense the opposite of the class of convex functions. A concave function is also synonymously called concave downwards, concave down, convex upwards, convex cap, or upper convex.

Definition
A real-valued function $$f$$ on an interval (or, more generally, a convex set in vector space) is said to be concave if, for any $$x$$ and $$y$$ in the interval and for any $$\alpha \in [0,1]$$,

 * $$f((1-\alpha )x+\alpha y)\geq (1-\alpha ) f(x)+\alpha f(y)$$

A function is called strictly concave if

 * $$f((1-\alpha )x + \alpha y) > (1-\alpha) f(x) + \alpha f(y)\,$$

for any $$\alpha \in (0,1)$$ and $$x \neq y$$.

For a function $$f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$$, this second definition merely states that for every $$z$$ strictly between $$x$$ and $$y$$, the point $$(z, f(z))$$ on the graph of $$f$$ is above the straight line joining the points $$(x, f(x))$$ and $$(y, f(y))$$.

A function $$f$$ is quasiconcave if the upper contour sets of the function $$S(a)=\{x: f(x)\geq a\}$$ are convex sets.

Functions of a single variable
\ge \frac{a}{a+b} f(a+b) + \frac{b}{a+b} f(a+b) = f(a+b)$$
 * 1) A differentiable function $f$ is (strictly) concave on an interval if and only if its derivative function $f ′$ is (strictly) monotonically decreasing on that interval, that is, a concave function has a non-increasing (decreasing) slope.
 * 2) Points where concavity changes (between concave and convex) are inflection points.
 * 3) If $f$ is twice-differentiable, then $f$ is concave if and only if $f ′′$ is non-positive (or, informally, if the "acceleration" is non-positive). If $f ′′$ is negative then $f$ is strictly concave, but the converse is not true, as shown by $f(x) = −x^{4}$.
 * 4) If $f$ is concave and differentiable, then it is bounded above by its first-order Taylor approximation: $$f(y) \leq f(x) + f'(x)[y-x]$$
 * 5) A Lebesgue measurable function on an interval $C$ is concave if and only if it is midpoint concave, that is, for any $x$ and $y$ in $C$ $$ f\left( \frac{x+y}2 \right) \ge \frac{f(x) + f(y)}2$$
 * 6) If a function $f$ is concave, and $f(0) ≥ 0$, then $f$ is subadditive on $$[0,\infty)$$. Proof:
 * 7) * Since $f$ is concave and $1 ≥ t ≥ 0$, letting $y = 0$ we have $$f(tx) = f(tx+(1-t)\cdot 0) \ge t f(x)+(1-t)f(0) \ge t f(x) .$$
 * 8) * For $$a,b\in[0,\infty)$$: $$f(a) + f(b) = f \left((a+b) \frac{a}{a+b} \right) + f \left((a+b) \frac{b}{a+b} \right)

Functions of n variables

 * 1) A function $f$ is concave over a convex set if and only if the function $−f$  is a convex function over the set.
 * 2) The sum of two concave functions is itself concave and so is the pointwise minimum of two concave functions, i.e. the set of concave functions on a given domain form a semifield.
 * 3) Near a strict local maximum in the interior of the domain of a function, the function must be concave; as a partial converse, if the derivative of a strictly concave function is zero at some point, then that point is a local maximum.
 * 4) Any local maximum of a concave function is also a global maximum. A strictly concave function will have at most one global maximum.

Examples

 * The functions $$f(x)=-x^2$$ and $$g(x)=\sqrt{x}$$ are concave on their domains, as their second derivatives $$f(x) = -2$$ and $g(x) =-\frac{1}{4 x^{3/2}}$ are always negative.
 * The logarithm function $$f(x) = \log{x}$$ is concave on its domain $$(0,\infty)$$, as its derivative $$\frac{1}{x}$$ is a strictly decreasing function.
 * Any affine function $$f(x)=ax+b$$ is both concave and convex, but neither strictly-concave nor strictly-convex.
 * The sine function is concave on the interval $$[0, \pi]$$.
 * The function $$f(B) = \log |B|$$, where $$|B|$$ is the determinant of a nonnegative-definite matrix B, is concave.

Applications

 * Rays bending in the computation of radiowave attenuation in the atmosphere involve concave functions.
 * In expected utility theory for choice under uncertainty, cardinal utility functions of risk averse decision makers are concave.
 * In microeconomic theory, production functions are usually assumed to be concave over some or all of their domains, resulting in diminishing returns to input factors.
 * In Thermodynamics and Information Theory, Entropy is a concave function. In the case of thermodynamic entropy, without phase transition, entropy as a function of extensive variables is strictly concave. If the system can undergo phase transition, if it is allowed to split into two subsystems of different phase (phase separation, e.g. boiling), the entropy-maximal parameters of the subsystems will result in a combined entropy precisely on the straight line between the two phases. This means that the "Effective Entropy" of a system with phase transition is the convex envelope of entropy without phase separation; therefore, the entropy of a system including phase separation will be non-strictly concave.

title: Concave function


text:
Curve sketching

In geometry, curve sketching (or curve tracing) are techniques for producing a rough idea of overall shape of a plane curve given its equation, without computing the large numbers of points required for a detailed plot. It is an application of the theory of curves to find their main features.

Basic techniques
The following are usually easy to carry out and give important clues as to the shape of a curve:
 * Determine the x and y intercepts of the curve. The x intercepts are found by setting y equal to 0 in the equation of the curve and solving for x. Similarly, the y intercepts are found by setting x equal to 0 in the equation of the curve and solving for y.
 * Determine the symmetry of the curve. If the exponent of x is always even in the equation of the curve then the y-axis is an axis of symmetry for the curve. Similarly, if the exponent of y is always even in the equation of the curve then the x-axis is an axis of symmetry for the curve. If the sum of the degrees of x and y in each term is always even or always odd, then the curve is symmetric about the origin and the origin is called a center of the curve.
 * Determine any bounds on the values of x and y.
 * If the curve passes through the origin then determine the tangent lines there. For algebraic curves, this can be done by removing all but the terms of lowest order from the equation and solving.
 * Similarly, removing all but the terms of highest order from the equation and solving gives the points where the curve meets the line at infinity.
 * Determine the asymptotes of the curve. Also determine from which side the curve approaches the asymptotes and where the asymptotes intersect the curve.
 * Equate first and second derivatives to 0 to find the stationary points and inflection points respectively. If the equation of the curve cannot be solved explicitly for x or y, finding these derivatives requires implicit differentiation.

Newton's diagram
Newton's diagram (also known as Newton's parallelogram, after Isaac Newton) is a technique for determining the shape of an algebraic curve close to and far away from the origin. It consists of plotting (α, β) for each term Axαyβ in the equation of the curve. The resulting diagram is then analyzed to produce information about the curve.

Specifically, draw a diagonal line connecting two points on the diagram so that every other point is either on or to the right and above it. There is at least one such line if the curve passes through the origin. Let the equation of the line be qα+pβ=r. Suppose the curve is approximated by y=Cxp/q near the origin. Then the term Axαyβ is approximately Dxα+βp/q. The exponent is r/q when (α, β) is on the line and higher when it is above and to the right. Therefore, the significant terms near the origin under this assumption are only those lying on the line and the others may be ignored; it produces a simple approximate equation for the curve. There may be several such diagonal lines, each corresponding to one or more branches of the curve, and the approximate equations of the branches may be found by applying this method to each line in turn.

For example, the folium of Descartes is defined by the equation
 * $$x^3 + y^3 - 3 a x y = 0 \,$$.

Then Newton's diagram has points at (3, 0), (1, 1), and (0, 3). Two diagonal lines may be drawn as described above, 2α+β=3 and α+2β=3. These produce
 * $$x^2 - 3 a y = 0 \,$$
 * $$y^2 - 3 a x = 0 \,$$

as approximate equations for the horizontal and vertical branches of the curve where they cross at the origin.

The analytical triangle
De Gua extended Newton's diagram to form a technique called the analytical triangle (or de Gua's triangle). The points (α, β) are plotted as with Newton's diagram method but the line α+β=n, where n is the degree of the curve, is added to form a triangle which contains the diagram. This method considers all lines which bound the smallest convex polygon which contains the plotted points (see convex hull).

Applications

 * Streamline tracing in fluid dynamics

title: Curve sketching


text:
Operation Crosstie

Operation Crosstie was a series of 48 nuclear tests conducted by the United States in 1967–1968 at the Nevada Test Site. These tests followed the Operation Latchkey series and preceded the Operation Bowline series.

Gasbuggy
The blast designated Gasbuggy involved an underground detonation, intended to stimulate production of natural gas by cracking the rock in the underground formation of its deposit. The test proceeded as expected, but not only did the production not increase as much as expected, but the customers also refused to buy gas contaminated with traces of radioisotopes.

Faultless
The Faultless test was a calibration test conducted in a mine cavity 3,200 feet beneath the Hot Creek Valley near Tonopah, Nevada, with a yield of around 1 megaton. This test was conducted to see if the land was fit for testing a 5 megaton thermonuclear warhead for the Spartan missile. The test failed because of the large degree of faulting that resulted in the area around the test. It was decided that the land was unfit for multi-megaton nuclear tests, so a similar calibration test was conducted at Amchitka Island, Alaska, in the fall of 1969 during Operation Mandrel.

The 8 foot diameter steel pipe that was used to place the bomb remains at the test site. The top of the pipe was originally flush with the surface; however, the ground sank by nine feet following the explosion. A plaque is mounted on the exposed pipe to commemorate the event.

Buggy
Buggy was a Plowshare test designed to excavate a channel. It was a simultaneous detonation of 5 devices, placed 150 ft apart and 150 ft below the surface that resulted in a channel 300 ft wide, 900 feet long, and 80 ft deep . Or 65 feet deep and 254 feet wide, according to declassified U.S. film.

The USSR conducted a similar salvo-test to investigate the use of nuclear explosions in the construction of the Pechora–Kama Canal project. On March 23, 1971, three simultaneously detonated 15 kiloton underground nuclear charges were exploded in the Taiga test.

Rickey
Rickey was the first Los Alamos test to use a television PINEX (pin-hole neutron experiment) system. A fluor was imaged using a newtonian telescope which was split for imaging by two cameras by a beam splitter. The instrument package containing the television system was protected from neutrons and gamma rays by kinking the path between it and the nuclear device and by placing baffles along the optical path pipe.

List of nuclear tests
The United States's Crosstie nuclear test series was a group of 48 nuclear tests conducted in 1967–1968. These tests followed the Operation Latchkey series and preceded the Operation Bowline series.

title: Operation Crosstie


text:
Suddenly Susan

Suddenly Susan is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC from September 19, 1996, to December 26, 2000. The series was created by Clyde Phillips and starred Brooke Shields in her first regular series. Shields played Susan Keane, a glamorous San Francisco magazine writer who begins to adjust to being single, and who learns to be independent-minded after having been taken care of all her life. The series was developed by Gary Dontzig and Steven Peterman, who also served as executive producers during the first three seasons, and was produced by Warner Bros. Television.

Synopsis
Susan Keane (Brooke Shields) has always been taken care of by someone else. She worked as a copy editor at The Gate, a fictional San Francisco magazine. On her wedding day, she realizes that she and her wealthy, vain fiancé, Kip, are not meant for each other and that there is more to life than just being known as the "s" in "The Kip Richmonds." She abruptly leaves him at the altar. Now, she's suddenly just Susan. Susan's parents (guest stars Swoosie Kurtz and Ray Baker) were less than ecstatic about their daughter deciding to end her engagement to Kip, though her grandmother and confidant, Nana (Barbara Barrie) stands as a pillar of support for Susan.

The day after the wedding, Susan goes to her boss, Jack Richmond (Judd Nelson), the rebellious brother of Susan's former fiancé, Kip, begging for her job back. Instead, Jack assigns Susan to write a regular column about being suddenly single. Susan's coworkers include photographer Luis Rivera (Nestor Carbonell), boyish rock music reporter Todd Stites (David Strickland), restaurant critic Vicki Groener (Kathy Griffin), and, in later episodes, investigative reporter and Susan's old enemy Maddy Piper (Andréa Bendewald).

In the show's final season, The Gate is taken over by Ian Maxtone-Graham (Eric Idle) and overhauled into a men's magazine that's run out of an old warehouse in Chinatown. Along with this, Ian brings his own team of workers, including executive assistant and U.S. Navy veteran Miranda Charles (Sherri Shepherd), sports writer Nate Knaborski (Currie Graham), and freelance photographer Oliver Browne (Rob Estes). Susan is faced with a new set of problems and has to prove herself all over again.

Besides the task of putting together a magazine and focusing on the lead character's life, Suddenly Susan also focuses on the private lives of many employees in the show.

Cast

 * Brooke Shields as Susan Keane
 * Nestor Carbonell as Luis Rivera, Susan's co-worker and Gate photographer
 * Kathy Griffin as Vicki Groener, Susan's co-worker and Gate food/nightlife writer
 * Judd Nelson as Jack Richmond, Susan's boss and original love interest (Seasons 1–3)
 * David Strickland as Todd Stites, Susan's co-worker and Gate music critic (Seasons 1–3)
 * Barbara Barrie as Helen 'Nana' Keane, Susan's grandmother
 * Andréa Bendewald as Maddy Piper, Susan's co-worker and former high school rival, and Gate journalist (Seasons 2–3; guest star, Season 4)
 * Currie Graham as Nate Knaborski, Susan's co-worker and Gate sportswriter (Season 4)
 * Eric Idle as Ian Maxtone-Graham, Susan's boss (Season 4)
 * Sherri Shepherd as Miranda Charles, Ian's executive assistant (Season 4)
 * Rob Estes as Oliver Browne, Susan's love interest and Gate freelance photographer (Season 4)

Original pilot
In the show's original pilot, written by Billy Van Zandt and Jane Milmore and based on a dramatic script by Clyde Phillips, Susan worked at a publishing house editing children's books. After breaking up with her live-in boyfriend Ted (Brian McNamara), Susan finds herself "single" for the first time in years. Concurrently, Susan faces even greater challenges at work when her boss, Eric (Philip Casnoff), assigns her the task of working as an editor with Charlotte (Elizabeth Ashley), a hugely successful and highly opinionated romance novelist. Always on hand to provide support is Susan's grandmother, Nana (Nancy Marchand), her co-workers, acerbic best friend Marcy (Maggie Wheeler) and Neil (David Krumholtz), who has a crush on Susan.

When the series was picked up, former Murphy Brown writers/producers Gary Dontzig and Steven Peterman were brought in to redevelop the concept, being appointed as the show's co-showrunners. Other changes between the pilot and the series included Barbara Barrie replacing Nancy Marchand in the role of Nana, and Swoosie Kurtz and Ray Baker replacing Kurt Fuller and Caroline McWilliams as Susan's parents, Bill and Liz; the characters of Eric and Ted were reworked into the roles of Jack Richmond (played by Nelson) and his brother, Kip (Anthony Starke), whom Susan jilts during their wedding. (McNamara would later play Cooper Elliot, a friend of Jack's who briefly replaces him as publisher of The Gate through a poker game bet and takes Susan to Italy at the end of Season 1.) In the series, though the setting switches from a publishing house to a magazine, the main office set retained most of its features from the pilot; the most noticeable difference was that the elevator was at stage right. While the pilot's storyline featuring Elizabeth Ashley as one of the publishing house's clients was not used in the series, a cardboard cut out of Ashley that was featured in the pilot appears throughout the first three seasons of the show – it can be seen briefly behind Susan's desk, near the filing cabinets along the back wall.

The actual location for the exterior shots of the office was the Newhall Building at 260 California Street in San Francisco.

Death of David Strickland
David Strickland committed suicide in a Las Vegas motel room on March 22, 1999. Strickland's death was later incorporated into the show's third season finale, "A Day in the Life", which killed off his character, Todd Stites. The episode's plot finds Susan desperately trying to find Todd when she suspects he has gone missing after he fails to show up to work one morning. As the episode progresses, Susan learns about a number of good deeds that Todd had done around his neighborhood that she never knew about. In-character interviews with the supporting cast also appear throughout the episode, with each actor sharing their personal experiences they had with Strickland before his death, framed as each character's own memories of Todd. As the episode comes to an end, Todd's favorite song, "Praise You" by Fatboy Slim, plays outside of Luis' apartment as Susan and her co-workers sit in a circle praying for Todd's well-being. At last, the phone in the middle of the room rings, but the camera cuts away before the news of Todd's fate can be revealed. The episode ends with memorable clips of Strickland from the show and the memorial subtitle: "The Gods of comedy looked down upon you and smiled".

Fourth season and cancellation
Before production began on the fourth and final season, Judd Nelson and Andrea Bendewald left the show; Peterman and Dontzig also stepped down as showrunners, and the series replaced almost its entire writing staff (with the exception of executive producer Maria Semple, who joined the show at the start of Season 3 and took over showrunning duties alongside Mark Driscoll, one of the new writers hired for the fourth season). The departures of Nelson and Bendewald, along with the death of Strickland, prompted Driscoll and Semple to retool the series: The Gate was transformed into a men's magazine by its new owner, Ian Maxtone-Graham (Eric Idle), and relocated from its trendy uptown offices overlooking the bay to a dingy former warehouse in Chinatown. In tow, Ian brought his own team of workers, including executive assistant and U.S. Navy veteran Miranda Charles (Sherri Shepherd), sports writer Nate Knaborski (Currie Graham), and freelance photographer Oliver Browne (Rob Estes). Faced with new challenges, Susan suddenly had to prove herself all over again.

Airing between Seinfeld and ER during its first season, Suddenly Susan was initially a ratings success, attracting almost 25 million viewers per episode, despite mostly unfavorable critical reviews. When the show was moved to Monday nights at 8:00 p.m. (against the Top 30 hit Cosby) for the second season, the show experienced a large decline in viewership, sliding from #3 to #71 in one year, bringing in less than 11 million viewers. The ratings failed to bounce back, and in its final season, the show barely ranked in the top 100, prompting NBC to pull it from the schedule in January. It returned briefly in June, but at the end of the month was pulled from the network's prime-time schedule with five episodes left unaired. One episode, "The Gay Parade", remained unaired by NBC (but was eventually shown on Lifetime a few years later); the final four episodes (including the two-part series finale) were burned off from 2:00 to 4:00 a.m. EST on December 26, 2000, airing as part of the NBC All Night overnight block.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, season 1 has an approval rating of 55% based on reviews from 11 critics. The website's critical consensus was: "Comedic inspiration doesn't spark Suddenly for this Susan, hampered by derivative gags that undermine Brooke Shields' energetic performance."

Caryn James of the New York Times wrote: "Like its lead character, Suddenly Susan has no identity of its own. The beauty of the magic time slot is that it gives Suddenly Susan, with its engaging star and flexible format, a well-deserved chance to grow."

Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly gave it a grade C and called it: "A wearyingly self-conscious updating of The Mary Tyler Moore Show: nice girl trying to make it in the competitive workplace of a big town."

Ratings history
undefinedTwenty-three episodes were produced for season four, but episode 18, "The Gay Parade" was never broadcast. undefinedEnd of the series' original broadcast run. Last four episodes were aired six months later.

title: Suddenly Susan


text:
Charadriidae

The bird family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. The family contains 69 species that are divided into 10 genera.

Taxonomy
The family Charadriidae was introduced (as Charadriadæ) by the English zoologist William Elford Leach in a guide to the contents of the British Museum published in 1820. Most members of the family are known as plovers, lapwings or dotterels. These were rather vague terms which were not applied with any great consistency in the past. In general, larger species have often been called lapwings, smaller species plovers or dotterels and there are in fact two clear taxonomic sub-groups: most lapwings belong to the subfamily Vanellinae, most plovers and dotterels to Charadriinae.

The trend in recent years has been to rationalise the common names of the Charadriidae. For example, the large and very common Australian bird traditionally known as the ‘spur-winged plover’, is now the masked lapwing; the former ‘sociable plover’ is now the sociable lapwing.

Description
They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings, but most species of lapwing may have more rounded wings. Their bill are usually straight (except for the wrybill) and short, their toes are short, hind toe could be reduced or absent, depending on species. Most Charadriidae also have relatively short tails, with the exception of the killdeer. In most genera, the sexes are similar, very little sexual dimorphism occurs between sexes. They range in size from the collared plover, at 26 grams and 14 cm, to the masked lapwing, at 368 g and 35 cm.

Distribution and habitat
They are distributed through open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water, although there are some exceptions: the inland dotterel, for example, prefers stony ground in the deserts of central and western Australia, and the killdeer is often found in grasslands in North America.

Behaviour and ecology
They hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipe do. Foods eaten include aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates such as insects, worms, molluscs and crustaceans depending on habitat, and are usually obtained by a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other wader groups. They also feed on plant material.

Breeding
The vast majority of Charadriidae have a socially monogamous mating system. Some, such as Northern lapwings, are polygynous, others, such as mountain plovers have a rapid multiple-clutch system that can be accompanied by sequential polyandry. In Eurasian dotterels, females compete for males and males provide all parental care. While breeding, they defend their territories with highly visible aerial displays.

Charadridae lay two to four eggs into the nest, which is usually a shallow scrape in the open ground, and incubate the clutch for 21–30 days. In species where both parents incubate the eggs, females and males vary in the way they share their incubation duties, both within and between species. In some pairs, parents exchange on the nest in the morning and in the evening so that their incubation rhythm follows 24-hour day, in others females and males exchange up to 20 times a day.

Charadriidae are protective over their eggs and offspring. The parents protect their young by uttering an alarm call, performing distraction display and they may even attack the predator or intruder. The chicks are precocial; their parents do not feed them.

title: Charadriidae