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Thomas Hart Benton (painter)

Thomas Hart Benton (April 15, 1889 – January 19, 1975) was an American painter, muralist, and printmaker. Along with Grant Wood and John Steuart Curry, he was at the forefront of the Regionalist art movement. The fluid, sculpted figures in his paintings showed everyday people in scenes of life in the United States.

His work is strongly associated with the Midwestern United States, the region in which he was born and which he called home for most of his life. He also studied in Paris, lived in New York City for more than 20 years and painted scores of works there, summered for 50 years on Martha's Vineyard off the New England coast, and also painted scenes of the American South and West.

Early life and education
Benton was born in Neosho, Missouri, into an influential family of politicians. He had two younger sisters, Mary and Mildred, and a younger brother, Nathaniel. His mother was Elizabeth Wise Benton and his father, Colonel Maecenas Benton, was a lawyer and four times elected as U.S. congressman. Known as the "little giant of the Ozarks", Maecenas named his son after his own great-uncle, Thomas Hart Benton, one of the first two United States Senators elected from Missouri.

Given his father's political career, Benton spent his childhood shuttling between Washington, D.C., and Missouri. His father sent him to Western Military Academy in 1905–06, hoping to shape him for a political career. Growing up in two different cultures, Benton rebelled against his father's plans. He wanted to develop his interest in art, which his mother supported. As a teenager, he worked as a cartoonist for the Joplin American newspaper, in Joplin, Missouri.

With his mother's encouragement, in 1907 Benton enrolled at The School of The Art Institute of Chicago. Two years later, he moved to Paris in 1909 to continue his art education at the Académie Julian. His mother supported him financially and emotionally to work at art until he married in his early 30s. His sister Mildred said, "My mother was a great power in his growing up."

In Paris, Benton met other North American artists, such as the Mexican Diego Rivera and Stanton Macdonald-Wright, an advocate of Synchromism. Influenced by the latter, Benton subsequently adopted a Synchromist style.

Early career and World War I

After studying in Europe, Benton moved to New York City in 1912 and resumed painting. During World War I, he served in the U.S. Navy and was stationed at Norfolk, Virginia. His war-related work had an enduring effect on his style. He was directed to make drawings and illustrations of shipyard work and life, and this requirement for realistic documentation strongly affected his later style. Later in the war, classified as a "camoufleur", Benton drew the camouflaged ships that entered Norfolk harbor.

His work was required for several reasons: to ensure that U.S. ship painters were correctly applying the camouflage schemes, to aid in identifying U.S. ships that might later be lost, and to have records of the ship camouflage of other Allied navies. Benton later said that his work for the Navy "was the most important thing, so far, I had ever done for myself as an artist."

Marriage and family
At the age of 33, Benton married Rita Piacenza, an Italian immigrant, in 1922. They met while Benton was teaching art classes for a neighborhood organization in New York City, where she was one of his students. They were married for almost 53 years until Benton's death in 1975; Rita died eleven weeks after her husband. The couple had a son, Thomas Piacenza Benton (1926-2010), and a daughter, Jessie Benton, (1939-2023), who became a major figure in the Fort Hill Community founded by Mel Lyman; Benton himself was identified as a "benefactor" to the community, giving them "dozens of paintings".

Dedication to Regionalism

On his return to New York in the early 1920s, Benton declared himself an "enemy of modernism"; he began the naturalistic and representational work known as Regionalism. He toured America, making sketches and ink wash drawings of the things he saw. He would go back to these sketches again and again as reference for future paintings. He expanded the scale of his Regionalist works, culminating in his America Today murals at the New School for Social Research in 1930–31. In 1984, the murals were purchased and restored by AXA Equitable to hang in the lobby of the AXA Equitable Tower at 1290 Sixth Avenue in New York City. In December 2012, AXA donated the murals to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Met's exhibition "Thomas Hart Benton's 'America Today' Mural Rediscovered" ran until April 19, 2015. The murals were described as showing how Benton absorbed and used the influence of the Greek artist El Greco.

Benton broke through to the mainstream in 1932. A relative unknown, he won a commission to paint the murals of Indiana life planned by the state in the 1933 Century of Progress Exhibition in Chicago. The Indiana Murals stirred controversy; Benton painted everyday people, and included a portrayal of events in the state's history which some people did not want publicized. Some critics attacked his work for showing Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members in full regalia. The KKK reached its peak membership in 1925. In Indiana, 30% of adult males were estimated to be members of the Klan, and in 1924 KKK members were elected as governor, and to other political offices.

These mural panels are now displayed at Indiana University in Bloomington, with the majority hung in the "Hall of Murals" at the Auditorium. Four additional panels are displayed in the former University Theatre (now the Indiana Cinema) connected to the Auditorium. Two panels, including the one with images of the KKK, are located in a lecture classroom at Woodburn Hall.

In 1932, Benton also painted The Arts of Life in America, a set of large murals for an early site of the Whitney Museum of American Art. Major panels include Arts of the City, Arts of the West, Arts of the South and Indian Arts. In 1953 five of the panels were purchased by the New Britain Museum of American Art in Connecticut, and have since been displayed there.

On December 24, 1934, Benton was featured on one of the earliest color covers of Time magazine. Benton's work was featured along with that of fellow Midwesterners Grant Wood and John Steuart Curry in an article entitled "The U.S. Scene". The trio were featured as the new heroes of American art, and Regionalism was described as a significant art movement.

In 1935, after he had "alienated both the left-leaning community of artists with his disregard for politics and the larger New York-Paris art world with what was considered his folksy style", Benton left the artistic debates of New York for his native Missouri. He was commissioned to create a mural for the Missouri State Capitol in Jefferson City. A Social History of Missouri is perhaps Benton's greatest work. In an interview in 1973, he said, "If I have any right to make judgments, I would say that the Missouri mural was my best work". As with his earlier work, controversy arose over his portrayal of the state's history, as he included the subjects of slavery in the history of Missouri, the Missouri outlaw Jesse James, and the political boss Tom Pendergast. With his return to Missouri, Benton embraced the Regionalist art movement.

He settled in Kansas City and accepted a teaching job at the Kansas City Art Institute. This base afforded Benton greater access to rural America, which was changing rapidly. Due to his Populist political upbringing, Benton's sympathy was with the working class and the small farmer, unable to gain material advantage despite the Industrial Revolution.

During the late 1930s he created some of his best-known work, including the allegorical nude Persephone. It was considered scandalous by the Kansas City Art Institute, and was borrowed by the showman Billy Rose, who hung it in his New York nightclub, the Diamond Horseshoe. It is now held by the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City. Karal Ann Marling, an art historian, says it is "one of the great works of American pornography."

In 1937, Benton published his autobiography An Artist in America, which was critically acclaimed. The writer Sinclair Lewis said of it: "Here's a rare thing, a painter who can write." During this period Benton also began to produce signed, limited-edition lithographs, which were sold at $5.00 each through the Associated American Artists Galleries based in New York.

Teaching career
Benton's autobiography indicates that his son was enrolled from age 3 to 9 at the City and Country School in New York in exchange for his teaching art there. He included the school's founder, Caroline Pratt, in "City Activities with Dance Hall", one of the ten panels in America Today.

Benton taught at the Art Students League of New York from 1926 to 1935 and at the Kansas City Art Institute from 1935 to 1941. His most famous student, Jackson Pollock, whom he mentored in the Art Students League, founded the Abstract Expressionist movement. Pollock often said that Benton's traditional teachings gave him something to rebel against. With another of his students, Glen Rounds, who went on to become a prolific author and illustrator of children's books, Benton spent a summer touring the Western United States in the early 1930s. In the 1930s Benton taught at the Ste. Genevieve Art Colony in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri.

Benton's students in New York and Kansas City included many painters who contributed significantly to American art. They included Pollock's brother Charles Pollock, Eric Bransby, Charles Banks Wilson, Frederic James, Lamar Dodd, Reginald Marsh, Charles Green Shaw, Margot Peet, Jackson Lee Nesbitt, Roger Medearis, James Duard Marshall, Glenn Gant, Fuller Potter, William Fredrick Kautzman, Aaron Gunn Pyle, and Delmer J. Yoakum. Benton also briefly taught Dennis Hopper at the Kansas City Art Institute; Hopper later became well known as an independent actor, filmmaker, and photographer.

Later life
During World War II, Benton created a series titled The Year of Peril, which portrayed the threat to American ideals by fascism and Nazism. The prints were widely distributed. Following the war, Regionalism fell from favor, eclipsed by the rise of Abstract Expressionism. Benton remained active for another 30 years, but his work included less contemporary social commentary and portrayed pre-industrial farmlands.

Benton was hired in 1940, along with eight other prominent American artists, to document dramatic scenes and characters during the production of the film The Long Voyage Home, a cinematic adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's plays. Benton was also an accomplished harmonica musician, recording an album for Decca Records in 1942 titled Saturday Night at Tom Benton's.

He continued to paint murals, including Lincoln (1953), for Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri; Trading At Westport Landing (1956), for The River Club in Kansas City; Father Hennepin at Niagara Falls (1961) for the Power Authority of the State of New York; Joplin at the Turn of the Century (1972) in Joplin; and Independence and the Opening of the West, for the Harry S. Truman Library in Independence. His commission for the Truman Library mural led to his developing a friendship with Harry S. Truman that lasted until the former U.S. President's death.

Benton died in 1975 at work in his studio, as he completed his final mural, The Sources of Country Music, for the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee.

Legacy and honors
Benton was elected into the National Academy of Design in 1954 as an Associate member and became a full member in 1956. In 1961, Benton was chosen as one of 50 outstanding Americans of meritorious performance in the fields of endeavor, to be honored as a Guest of Honor to the first annual Banquet of the Golden Plate in Monterey, California. Honor was awarded by vote of the National Panel of Distinguished Americans of the Academy of Achievement.

In 1977, Benton's 2$1/2$ story late-Victorian residence and carriage house studio in Kansas City was designated by Missouri as the Thomas Hart Benton Home and Studio State Historic Site. The historic site has been preserved nearly unchanged from the time of his death; clothing, furniture, and paint brushes are still in place. Displaying 13 original works of his art, the house museum is open for guided tours. Benton was the subject of the eponymous 1988 documentary, Thomas Hart Benton, directed by Ken Burns and produced by WGBH-TV.

In December 2019, a lawsuit was filed by Benton's daughter, Jessie, her son, and her two daughters against the UMB Bank, a trustee of the Benton Trusts and manager of Benton's estate since 1979: "More than a hundred paintings gone, priceless works of art stored in subpar conditions, paintings sold for fire sale prices - those are the allegations put forward by a new lawsuit filed by the heirs of famous American artist Thomas Hart Benton." The bank did not directly respond to the specific allegations in the lawsuit but characterized them as misguided. The bank's president, Jim Rine, said that it regrets that the Bentons chose to resolve the issue through litigation and that the bank takes its role as trustee of Benton's art very seriously.

Illustrated

 * Europe After 8:15 – H.L. Mencken—1914
 * Schoolhouse in the Foothills – Ella Enslow—1937
 * Tom Sawyer – Mark Twain—1939
 * Grapes of Wrath – John Steinbeck—1940
 * Huckleberry Finn – Mark Twain—1941
 * Taps for Private Tussie – Jesse Stuart—1943
 * Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography & Other Tales—1944
 * Life on the Mississippi – Mark Twain—1944
 * The Oregon Trail – Francis Parkman—1945
 * Ozark Folksongs (4 Vols.) – Vance Randolph (endpapers only)–1946-50
 * We the People – Leo Huberman—1947
 * Green Grow the Lilacs – Lynn Riggs—1954
 * Three Rivers South (Young Abe Lincoln) – Virginia Eifert–1955

Major museum exhibitions

 * "Thomas Hart Benton's 'America Today' Mural Rediscovered", organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * "American Epics: Thomas Hart Benton and Hollywood", organized by the Peabody Essex Museum, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, and the Amon Carter Museum of American Art

title: Thomas Hart Benton (painter)


text:
Talk:Table of nuclides (segmented, narrow)

Explanation of the two-coloured cells
I'd like to know the exact meaning of this: Half lives are indicated by the color of each isotope's cell, with isotopes having alternative decay paths having differing foreground and background colors and of the colors in the case of alternative decay paths, in order to translate this correctly to french for the French Wikipedia. (And also in order to learn for myself...)

When an element has alt. decay paths, do the 2 colours correspond to the most important (i.e. most probable) 2 decay paths ? And then to what "half-life" exactly does each colour correspond ? (My wild guess: to the hypothetical half-life of the element that would hold if only that decay mode was active.)

Also, what is the meaning of "Natural radioactive" ? If it is radioactive then it decays then it has a finite half-life, right ? So the "> 10000 years" category is actually "> 10000 years and < X years": what is X ? The maximal evaluable half-life ?

And at last, what is a good french translation for "decay" ?

--FvdP 23:49 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I, too, am looking for a more detailed explanation of the two-coloured cells. I suppose that the central colour indicates the half-life, as for one-coloured cells. The border colour I imagine may indicate the most common decay pathway, e.g. white for beta decay and violet for electron capture (arbitrary examples) – but which is which? --Eddi (Talk)  20:58, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

I am not a nuclear physicist. And technically, "foreground color" should refer to the color of the text, not to the inner box background. That out of the way, the description in the article may be simply wrong. The outer colors appear not to refer to multiple decay modes or something like that, but to the half lives of metastable isomer states. Al-26 has a half life of 7.1e5 years, Al-26m has a half life of 6.345 s. Sc-46 83.81 days, Sc-46m 18.7 s. Mn-52 5.591 days, Mn-52m 21.1 minutes (data from CRC handbook). Seems to fit to the colors. Let's see how hafnium is handled with more than one metastate. Looks like only the most stable states are used. Hf-178 is stable, Hf-178m1 4.0 s, Hf-178m2 31 years. Some early talk about the tables is found at Talk:Isotope (and in its history), of which these pages are spin-offs. I've sent a message to User:Bryan Derksen, the main early contributor, asking for some insights. Femto 12:50, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, I'm not so sure myself. :) I got all the original data off of a giant table that was at http://www2.bnl.gov/CoN/nuchart1.html but which now 404s. Some of the cells in the table were divided diagonally to show two different half-lives, so I just copied that when I made this table. Magnus Manske indicated that he thought this might be for alternate decay types with different half lives and that sounded reasonable to me. Bryan 18:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's alive and kicking at http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ if that's the page we're talking about. Femto 20:38, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No, that's a much different-looking table than the one I remember. Much nicer-looking, but it lacks the two-color split cells. Bryan 01:03, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Within each isotope, a specific mode of decay has no specific half-life, whereas a specific isomer does. Therefore it may be reasonable if different colours indicate the half-lives of the two (most abundant) isomers of each isotope. Is it feasible to check all of the ~200 two-coloured cells to verify this and then modify the explanation in the articles as appropriate? --Eddi (Talk)  19:27, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds like work. I am not going to do that. :) Anyway, if we go to this length, it would be done with an automated script, and it'd be just as easy to check and re-create the whole table from the most up-to-date online database as it would be to check only part of the entries. To make sure, everyone's aware of WikiProject Isotopes? It's not the most populated or most active project, but any more sophisticated effort at collecting nuclide data would best be coordinated through there. There's also a better chance of finding specialists who may want to help with here. Femto 20:38, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Or we could just be bold and change the explanation without verification, and make the necessary corrections if anybody complains... :D  I hadn't actually visited the project but I've been thinking about leaving a note there regarding the development of the isotope tables. --Eddi  (Talk)  22:43, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * After checking another handful of entries I'm reasonably convinced of the meaning and edited the descriptions. Femto 17:21, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

In nuclide charts that I've observed in auditoriums and corridors, different colours mean different modes of decay, and the colours' areas indicate the approximate proportion of decay modes. E.g. if there are two modes and each amount to 10-90% of the activity, they get a diagonal half table cell each. For isotopes with isomers, the table cell is divided vertically or horizontally in two, three, etc. and the colours of each rectangle describe one isomer's decay pattern. Would this kind of detail be possible here? --Eddi (Talk)  19:27, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Meaning of white cells
What does it mean when there is white cell?

 * The isotope has a half life of less than a day. Usually much less than a day, in most cases; those isotopes tend to be so unstable they fall apart almost as soon as they form. Bryan 01:08, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Half-life of Si-32
According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon, Silicon 32 has a half life of 132 years, not the half life indicated on the table, which is between 100 days and 10 years.

Introducing templates to Isotope table (divided)
The templates Iso1 and Iso2 have successfully been introduced to Isotope table (complete), reducing file size from over 90 to under 45 kB and simplifying the editing of the article. It was tested at User:Femto/templatedisotopetabledraft before implementation. Now a similar test has been made with the same results for Isotope table (divided) at User:Femto/templatedisotopetabledraft2. The templates may therefore be introduced to Isotope table (divided) in the near future. For further background and discussion see the talk page of Isotope table (complete). --Eddi (Talk)  20:58, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * After proofreading the draft vs. the live table, I have implemented the templates in the live table. As far as I can see, all isotopes are maintained, all colours are the same as before, and all wikilinks are in place. The file size was reduced from 96 to 46 kB. See the talk page of the complete table for a discussion of further synchronisation of complete and divided tables. --Eddi (Talk)  22:59, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Synchronisation of complete and divided tables
Some isotopes were missing in either the complete table or the divided table. (This was unrelated to the introduction of templates in the tables.) The following entries have now been added or corrected in each table: --Eddi (Talk)  20:01, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Isotope table (complete): Ne-15, Al-21, Si-22, Si-23, Si-24, P-24, P-25, P-26, P-45, P-46.
 * Isotope table (divided): Mg-33 (was Mg-31), S-41, S-42, S-43, S-44, S-45, Cl-44, Cl-45, Cl-46, Ar-47, V-45, Mn-48, Co-51, Co-52, Cu-55, Cu-56, Cu-57, Zn-58, Zn-59, Ga-59, Ga-60, Ga-61, Ga-62.

Stability of isomer of Ta 180
The two-coloured cell for Ta 180 indicates that there is a nuclear isomer that is unstable (the white border). However, elsewhere on Wikipedia (under "nuclear isomer") we are told that Ta 180 has the only stable nuclear isomer.

One of these must be wrong - I suspect the first, since elsewhere there is reference to Ta 180 isomer stability - see http://iac.isu.edu/workshops/isometric.html.

I'm not sure if I can edit this, perhaps someone can have a go?

Why was this article deleted?
[put answer next to this. -anomumous]

Because you appear to have messed up while editing it, deleting most of the text and inserting a redirect at the top. I've fixed it. Please be a little more careful next time, if you want to practice editing an article you can experiment with Sandbox and not risk damaging anything. Bryan 23:58, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Contradiction
Both this page and Isotope table (complete) say that Neodymium-145 is radioactive, but Isotopes of neodymium and Stable isotope say that that isotope is stable.
 * Fixed. Femto 14:03, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Size of chunks
With the main isotope table, I can see over 30 columns at once.

What do you think of changing the divided table to chunks of 30 columns instead of 15? --JWB 05:26, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * If redoing this article's tables based on the undivided table, I would also slice horizontally instead of vertically. I will try this at some point if nobody objects. --JWB 22:03, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I tried doing it horizontally myself back when I was first crafting these. Some of those tables got extremely wide, though. I'd recommend not making the tables wider than will fit on an 800×600 screen, otherwise the value of not having to scroll side-to-side will be lost to some users. There's always the "complete" version for those who don't mind wideness. Bryan Derksen (talk) 02:00, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Please Fix the color
Krypton 78 is unstable !!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gulabatu (talk • contribs) 04:52, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Merge?
A proposal has been made to merge this article with Isotope table (complete). Please offer your opinion on this matter here on “complete’s” talk page. Prior discussion regarding a preceding proposal to merge, posted by the initiating proponent of the merge User: Greg L and JWB (talk) can be read here on “complete’s” talk page. . Greg L (my talk) 07:22, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Mobile workstation

Untitled
As far as I can tell, the DeskNote is not a category of PC, but a specific laptop made by ECS. The article seems to waver between calling it a "desknote" (lowercase), similar to a "laptop" or "desktop", and calling it by its trademark name, DeskNote. Is this actually the case? If so, the term shouldn't be used in the more general sense of referring to "desknote computers." -- Wapcaplet 23:52 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The term is actually "desktop replacement". I'm going to be bold and change the title (and content) accordingly, for three reasons:
 * Desknote is not nearly as common a term as "Desktop Replacement", and the two are essentially synonymous. Google returns three times as many hits for the latter as for the former.
 * This article seems pretty uncertain on what, exactly, constitutes a "desknote" - does the iMac even count? I thought they had to be similar in form to a laptop, in which case a better example would be the 17" MacBook Pro, or any other 17"+ laptop.
 * "Desktop Replacement Computer" is a far more common term, but currently has no article. I'll redirect from here to Desktop replacement computer.

Hope this isn't too much of an issue. RandyWang 13:38, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Desknotes is listed under Laptop
So are Desktop replacements which seem to be described somewhat differently than in this Desktop replacement computer article.

I don't know who is right but there seems to be consider confusion and overlapping articles on this subject. Desktop replacement computers appears to be an orphaned article. (I am new here and may not know what I am talking about.)

KarenAnn 14:37, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

P.S. See Penn State 'Desknote' Buyer's Guide

Also, Webopedia - What is desknote?

When I moved, I intended to have the article define its subject more specifically than "Desknote" did: that is, to be a bulky laptop that takes the role of a desktop computer, rather than "anything that combines features of the two". If there are still some discrepancies, we'll need to work them out - thanks for noting them. But yes, it should be listed under "laptop", since that's technically what they are.

Of course, if this doesn't work out, we may need to create separate articles for each. Perhaps we should add a "Desknote" section to this page, in the meantime? RandyWang (raves/rants) 00:28, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Well, I'm confused too, but I do think it needs to be cleared up. KarenAnn 01:13, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

I'll take a look at it when I have the time (possibly not until tomorrow). If you want to clear it up yourself, though, feel free - I guess the only real difficulty is in deciding on a definition. :) RandyWang (raves/rants) 02:37, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup tag
Many statements in the article are later contradicted, making the article confusing. For example, the article says in the intro paragraph that desktop replacements use standard parts, but says in the last paragraph ("problems with desktop replacements" I think) that they can't.--Frenchman113 on wheels! 21:57, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Desktop replacement computer versus desknote
I googled both of them and the only desktop replacement computer definition that google comes up with is this article in Wikipedia. There are somewhat more responses to desknote. I have no opionion on the subject but this discussion is the reason citations and references are so important. Statements have no credibility otherwise and are just opinions. See Citing sources. To quote this Wikipedia page:
 * Providing sources for edits is mandated by No original research and Verifiability, which are policy. This means that any material that is challenged and has no source may be removed by any editor. See those pages and Reliable sources for more information.

We can upgrade this page enormously if we follow the Wikipedia policy. Otherwise, Desktop replacement computer page will languish in the dustbin. KarenAnn 23:49, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * There are 1.4 million google hits for "desktop replacement" and 500,000 for "desknote." TomTheHand 17:16, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

I think that, for simplicity's sake, "Desktop replacement computer" is a far more useful entry name than "desknote". I have never heard that term before now, and I am currently typing this on one of these so-called "desknotes". I always heard them referred to as desktop replacements, and it really makes more sense than "desknote". "Desknote" is just a merging of two words, and while shorter, could mean many things. How about a note that one puts on a desk? It doesn't suggest any electronic device at all. And, as stated above, Google suggests desktop replacement to be the more commonly referenced phrase.Di4gram 00:49, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

This article's name needs to be changed to desknote
Other computer articles, e.g. laptop talk about desknote but anyone who clicks desknote gets this article instead. That must be confusing to anyone trying to learn about the subject! KarenAnn 10:51, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * They're the same thing; since the same information was extant in both desknotes and this article, I redirected the former and removed the merge tag from the latter. RasputinAXP   c  14:55, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The merge does not seem complete, since the word "desknote" is missing from this article. This is important if the redirect is to make sense. Notinasnaid 16:26, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Desktop replacement computer does not even show up on Google (except for this Wikipedia article, nor is it mentioned in any of the other computer articles in Wikipedia. Why use a name that no one else uses? I don't understand. Plus, I took my material and put a lot of work into a Desknotes page and now that page and the work I put into it is completely gone. KarenAnn 17:05, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, my section was completely removed from the article. It is totally gone. Everything I did is gone. The same thing happened to me on the Fidel Castro page. Just ask mensch who was kind enough to work hard at restoring it. There removing someone's contributions without discussion was consided by mensch as against Wikipedia policy. KarenAnn 17:05, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that "desknote" should be mentioned. I removed the "Comparison to desknotes" section because the terms are essentially synonymous, the content was just copied and pasted from a couple of online definitions, and one of the definitions was inaccurate. TomTheHand 17:08, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Removing duplicate material is, however, in accordance with policies. You should make the case that your material is not duplicating the same ground, or saying the same thing in a different way. Look closely at both to decide, I know how easy it is to get attached to your own words. "Everything I did is gone" is the normal experience, what matters is whether the final article is better. If it isn't better, say so. Quote specific cases to say why. Above all, engage: stay in the discussion, nothing will happen if you go somewhere else. Notinasnaid 17:10, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I no longer have access to my material anymore since it has been deleted. Otherwise, I could follow your advice and do as you suggest and perhaps learn something. Anyway, I had just started that subsection when I a got nasty message regarding it on my talk page. I get the message and will go away KarenAnn 18:07, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * You material wasn't deleted, it was redirected; the information you had is still in the page history. When I redirected it the Desknote section still existed in this article. That said, the Desknote seems to me to be less of a general term than it is a specific model from a manufacturer. Desktop replacement machines encompass both large laptops and the "desknote" segment and is widely used in the IT industry. RasputinAXP   c  18:12, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * KarenAnn, as several people have pointed out, much of what you wrote in "Desknote" was just quoted definitions from other web sites. These are considered less good than rewritten text, so will tend to be deleted. But you have made an important mistake, one that is easy to make, so I will point it out here in the hope it won't catch so many people in future. You quoted a definition from "The Free Dictionary" on http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Desknote. Well, suppose it was rewritten, couldn't this at least be a reference? Unfortunately, absolutely not. Why? Read to the bottom of the page: "This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community." In other words, you are quoting from a site, which just copied from Wikipedia, at some time in the past when the article was different. There are now lots and lots of sites which copy Wikipedia, and it's important to watch out for this when looking for accurate sources for Wikipedia articles! Notinasnaid 21:41, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

The image used for this article has the following caption:

An Apple MacBook Pro 17" is often used as a desktop replacement.

However, the MacBook Pro pictured above the caption is a 15" model. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.93.52.236 (talk) 11:42, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Thats hardly a desktop replacement laptop its just 1. something inches bigger than a normal laptop this category is more suited to 18.4 and 20.1 inch desktop replacements, Ive updated the image with the 2008 modal of the HDX 9000 a 20.1 inch desktop replacement laptop as far as i know it is the latest 20.1 inch behemoth produced —Preceding unsigned comment added by RaymondT IE (talk • contribs) 01:36, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Desktop Replacements Are Not Short Lived
They are still made, so that introduction needs to be changed. I am going to buy one for myself.

In Correct (talk) 20:24, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

"Dragtop" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Dragtop. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 21:13, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

The article name doesn't seem right.
The article name is Mobile Workstation, but the description seems to simply describe a performant laptop. In my opinion, laptops like ZBook or Precision have different orientation than models like Clevo x7200. Shouldn't the two be separated? Undefined~kowiki (talk) 07:15, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mobile workstation


text:
User talk:Ad hoc~enwiki

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title: User talk:Ad hoc~enwiki


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User talk:Blackjack3

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 23:55 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Blackjack3


text:
Cheddington

Cheddington is a village and civil parish in the Buckinghamshire district of the ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire, England. The parish has an area of 1429 acre.

The village is about 6 miles northeast of Aylesbury and three miles north of Tring in Hertfordshire. The hamlet of Cooks Wharf has grown up where the main road into the village from Pitstone crosses the Grand Union Canal.

Archaeology
At Southend Hill near the village are the remains of an Iron Age hill fort which has been largely obliterated through arable cultivation.

History
The earliest known record of the village is in the Domesday Book of 1086, in which it is called Cetendone, which is Old English for "Cetta's Hill". The Church of England parish church of Saint Giles was originally Norman. There is also a Methodist church with a large congregation.

Cheddington manor house is a much gabled and half-timbered red-brick building under a tiled roof, dating from the 16th century.

In 1963 Cheddington featured in the national press as it was near the location of the Great Train Robbery of 1963 at Bridego Railway Bridge in the hamlet of Ledburn.

In 1984, Cheddington received national notoriety as the location of the first assault by Malcolm Fairley, a violent armed rapist, nicknamed "The Fox" because of his cunning nocturnal attacks.

In the last thirty years Cheddington, due to its railway station and easy access to four towns, has more than quadrupled in size.

In 2005 Cheddington won the Buckinghamshire Best Kept Village Competition DeFraine Cup and also the Buckinghamshire Village of the Year Competition. It went on to win the East of England Young People award in the national competition. Cheddington also won the smaller villages category in the 2006 and 2007 Buckinghamshire Village of the Year Competition and received a special community building award.

Amenities
The village has two public houses: The Swan, a thatched inn, and The Three Horseshoes. A third inn, known as the Rosebery Arms, designed by the Victorian architect George Devey has been converted into houses.

Cheddington Combined School is a mixed community primary school that takes children between the ages of four and 11. The school has about 200 pupils, and its catchment area includes the neighbouring parishes of Horton and Slapton.

Cheddington has various clubs including a tennis club, a bell ringers' association, a badminton club, a history society, a bowls club, a petanque club and a football team.

title: Cheddington


text:
Maharishi International University

Maharishi International University (MIU), formerly Maharishi University of Management, is a private university in Fairfield, Iowa. It was founded in 1971 by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and practices a "consciousness-based education" system that includes the Transcendental Meditation technique. Its founding principles are the development of the full potential of the individual, fulfilling economic aspirations while maximizing proper use of the environment and bringing spiritual fulfillment and happiness to humanity.

The university is accredited through the doctoral level by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) and offers degree programs in art, business, education, communications, mathematical science, literature, physiology & health, regenerative organic agriculture, Vedic Science and sustainable living.

The original campus in Goleta, California, moved in 1974 to a 370-acre campus in Fairfield, Iowa. During the 1990s many older buildings were demolished and replaced with green technology and the principles of ancient Vedic architecture. The university features an academic "block system" (only one subject for four weeks) and a diverse, multinational student body. It is said to offer an organic, vegetarian food program.

1971–2004
The concept for a university came out of a "series of international symposia on Science of Creative Intelligence" (SCI) attended by notable academics. It was established in 1971 by Nat Goldhaber. It was created with the belief that a school that incorporated the "philosophy and techniques of Transcendental Meditation" would create an "unusual contribution to higher education".

It was inaugurated by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and Robert Keith Wallace assumed his position as the first university president in 1973. Its first location was an apartment complex in Goleta, California. The university enrolled 700 students during its first year of operation. In August 1974, the university purchased the campus of the bankrupt Parsons College in Fairfield, Iowa, for $2.5 million and relocated there. In 1975, the freshman and sophomore years consisted of interdisciplinary studies, and were organized in a modular format, with each course lasting a few weeks or months. All students, regardless of their previous education, were required to attend 24 interdisciplinary courses, some of which consisted of pre-recorded video tapes of "resident faculty" who were not on campus, while graduate students and teaching assistants played the video tapes and conducted discussions. Nobel Prize winner Melvin Calvin said that, even though he participated in a symposium on SCI, the use of his name in the MIU catalogue was "perilously close to false advertising". John Lewis, a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who created video-taped lectures for MIU, was supportive, saying that TM "unblocks the student's pathways to education". During this period, an open admissions policy was instituted, and transfer students were welcomed regardless of their academic history. In 1976, the accreditation evaluation team from the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools said the 19 senior and 20 assistant faculty were "creative in their vision for higher education and eminently qualified", and the university was granted "candidate for accreditation" status. At that time, faculty and administrators were paid "approximately the same base salary of $275 per month", with additional compensation "on a sliding scale for those with spouses and children", plus free housing in university dormitories. On campus, drugs and alcohol were "shunned" and a "strong sense of community" was said to pervade the institution.

Bevan Morris was appointed president and chairman of Maharishi International University's board of trustees in 1979. The following year, the university received accreditation through the doctoral level by the Higher Learning Commission, and became a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCACS). 1981 saw the completion of two 20,000 square foot meditation buildings called Golden Domes, that were built on campus for daily group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. By this time the Henn Mansion, Trustee Gymnasium and Ballard Hall buildings, built in the early 1900s, showed rapid deterioration. These buildings were scheduled to be demolished but the university spent $500,000 to restore Henn Mansion, starting 1984, and nominated six other buildings for the National Historic Register.

In July 1983, the Argus-Press reported that competing meditation seminar teacher, Robin Woodsworth Carlsen, had criticized and ridiculed the university in a full-page advertisement placed in a local newspaper and had filed a lawsuit against the university. As a result, "many students" who were distributing Carlsen's literature on campus were asked to leave the campus and several were suspended with their meditation dome admission privileges revoked.

In December 1983, the university hosted a three-week "Taste of Utopia" conference with more than 7,000 participants and practitioners of the TM-Sidhi program "from around the world". MIU president Morris later reported that research data indicated the conference had reduced violence in war-torn areas and inspired an increase in the Dow Jones stock index via the Maharishi Effect. By 1992, the university had 800 students from more than 70 countries, paying approximately $10,000 a year for their tuition and board.

In 1995, Maharishi International University changed its name to Maharishi University of Management (MUM). As part of its master plan to rebuild and expand the campus using natural materials and Maharishi Vastu Architecture design principles, many of the Parsons College buildings, which had high maintenance costs, were demolished, including Foster Hall. In 2019, the name was changed back to the original Maharishi International University.

In 2000, local preservationists protested the demolition of Parsons Hall, built in 1915, and Barhydt Chapel, designed in 1911 by Henry K. Holsman. University officials said that MIU would donate the buildings to any community group who could raise the $1 million needed to move what the local newspaper described as an "ailing building". In response to protests the university ensured the survival of the chapel's plaques, pipe organ, and stained glass windows, which are now displayed at the Fairfield Arts & Convention Center. Between 2000 and 2005, the university demolished Carnegie Hall, Parsons Hall (1915), Barhydt Chapel (1911), Blum Stadium (1966), Laser Tower, the dining hall, and 38 dormitory-style "pods". Seven student "residence halls" with single rooms were completed in 2005 using eco-friendly designs, natural materials and geo-thermal heating.

A stabbing incident occurred in 2004, when MIU student Shuvender Sem attacked two other students in separate incidents on the same day. He stabbed the first student with a pen and, hours later, fatally stabbed Levi Butler with a knife. Sem was found not guilty due to insanity and the university settled a lawsuit that charged it with negligence.

2005–present
Beginning in 2005, film director David Lynch hosted an annual "David Lynch Weekend for World Peace and Meditation" at MIU. The 2008 event included musical performances by Donovan, Moby, and Chrysta Bell. The fourth annual David Lynch Weekend of November 2009 featured Donovan, MIU professor John Hagelin, and the American debut of James McCartney, who performed at the Fairfield Arts & Convention Center. The weekend conference was intended to appeal to those "interested in creativity, film, art, sustainable living, organic agriculture, brain development, consciousness, meditation, natural medicine, renewable living [and] peace".

By 2007, the university had over 45 campus buildings, including 17 classroom and administrative buildings. Between 1974 and 2008, a total of 43 buildings were demolished and 70 new buildings erected in their place. At that time, MIU had 948 students (813 full time) of whom 78% were foreign students – the third-highest number of foreign students at an Iowa university that year. 71% of these students were enrolled in a graduate degree program. The largest age group was 25–29 years of age (42%). In this same year, MIU awarded 125 Master's degrees and 34 Bachelor degrees.

In 2008, the Argiro Student Center was completed, featuring "the most advanced green technologies" and included dining areas, student cafe, book store, interdenominational chapel, auditorium, classrooms, exercise studio and student government offices.

In 2010, there were 1,210 students enrolled – 754 full-time and 456 part-time students, with 928 full- and part-time graduate students.

Enrollment in 2013 included 337 students from 54 countries and the university graduated the largest class in its history. That year the university began offering a program called the David Lynch MA in Film. The program's segments include courses called Advanced Narrative, Advanced Screenwriting and Acting for Film. Other features include a three-month film project and question and answer sessions with Lynch both in-person and via Skype. As of August 2013, 826 graduate and undergraduate full-time students and 365 part-time students were enrolled at MIU. The following year, Jim Carrey delivered the university's commencement address and received an honorary doctorate for his achievements as a comedian, artist, author, and philanthropist; his address has frequently been described as one of the best in the genre.

In 2016 Bevan Morris retired as president and the board of trustees appointed John Hagelin.

Administration and faculty
The board of trustees consists of 37 members and is chaired by Ed Malloy, former mayor of Fairfield. Other members include Bevan Morris, chairman emeritus of MIU, John Hagelin, honorary chairman, and Jeffrey Abramson, a partner in The Tower Companies. Past trustees include Ramani Ayer, former chairman of The Hartford Financial Services Group Inc., retired major general and author Franklin M. Davis, Jr., Theodore Dreier, an engineer and educator who was one of the founders of Black Mountain College, and Alfred L. Jenkins, a career diplomat who served as chairman of MIU for three years.

Notable past and present faculty at MIU include Arthur Aron and Elaine Aron, David Orme-Johnson, Ashley Deans, and Elaine Ingham.

In 2007 the university had 52 faculty members and average salaries for full-time faculty ranged from $6,678 for some instructors and assistant professors to $19,595 for full professors. In 2011, MIU was one of more than 1,000 corporations which requested a waiver to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's requirement to offer maximum payouts of $750,000 per employee.

Campus
The campus sits on 370 acre located 50 mi west of the Mississippi River. The grounds include wooded areas, fields and two small lakes with U.S. News & World Report categorizing the campus setting as "urban".

The original Parsons College campus included 60-80 buildings before closing due to bankruptcy, standing empty and being purchased by MIU. The Library Building continues to be used and houses the main library, classrooms, administrative offices, multimedia computer lab, Unity Art Gallery, Campus Security and Facilities Management. The library catalog includes 140,000 volumes, 60 reference databases and Internet reference resources, 7,000 electronic books, 12,000 full-text periodicals, special collections including the Science of Creative Intelligence Reserve Collection, Journal of Modern Science and Vedic Science, PhD dissertations by university students, and a Vedic literature collection. A campus-wide closed-circuit television network includes 10,000 hours of video- and audio-taped courses, conferences and presentations. Additional facilities include network plug-in ports for laptop users, support for international distance education students, and DVD/video rentals with over 1,500 titles. Inter-library loans include books and articles and access to the University of Iowa Library as well as to libraries worldwide.

Many structures have been replaced since 1974 as part of MIU's master plan for reconstruction and expansion which includes careful attention to environmental conservation, incorporating renewable energy, state-of-the-art building technologies, natural building materials and Maharishi Sthapatya Veda principles of architecture. Two golden domes were erected between 1980 and 1981 and are used for daily group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and the TM-Sidhi program and have been called "particle accelerators of consciousness" by the university's founder. The campus was "thoroughly rebuilt" in the 1990s and seven student residence halls, with single rooms, were completed in 2005 using eco-friendly designs, natural materials and geo-thermal heating. By 2007, the university had over 45 campus buildings, including 17 classroom and administrative buildings. Between 1974 and 2008, a total of 43 buildings had been demolished and 70 new buildings had been erected in their place. The newly-created Dreier Building houses the offices of Admissions, Alumni, Campus Reconstruction, Development, the dean of faculty, the deans of women and men, the Enrollment Center, the executive vice-president, legal counsel, Human Resources, and six classrooms. The 50000 sqft Argiro Student Center was completed in 2008 and houses a large, open reception area, dining rooms, kitchens, student cafe, student book store and shopping area, interdenominational chapel, an auditorium, classrooms, exercise studio, and student government offices. The building incorporates many principles of Vedic architecture such as eastern orientation, specific room placement size and proportions, energy efficiency, day lighting, non-toxic and natural building materials and "higher than normal" energy efficiency.

In 2012, the university completed construction of a Sustainable Learning Center (SLC) building. According to the university, the building sets a "new global standard for green buildings" by incorporating local building materials and being completely energy self-sufficient, even during its construction. It was designed to meet the Living Building Challenge requirements and become one of three buildings in the US to meet that standard as well as LEED Platinum certification. It houses both research and classroom activities and allows students to "interactively monitor performance and energy efficiency". University officials hope this building proves that the county has the expertise for technological jumps of this kind.

Accreditation and rankings
The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The university’s business programs (BA, MBA, and PhD) are accredited by the International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education (IACBE).

The "Best Colleges 2013" Master's Midwest Category of U.S. News & World Report college and university rankings gave MIU (then called Maharishi University of Management) a tier two rating, which places the school in the bottom 25% of colleges. The report listed its application deadline as rolling, its acceptance rate as 41%, its freshman retention rate as 80%, and its student–faculty ratio as 12:1.

Class structure
Maharishi International University operates on a block system. Students take one course at a time during a four-week period.

Consciousness-Based Education
MIU is committed to achieving its goals through Consciousness-Based Education (CBE) which aims to unfold "creative potential" and create life in harmony with the laws of nature. CBE includes traditional subjects while simultaneously cultivating the student's potential from within. As a component of Consciousness-Based Education, students and faculty practice the Transcendental Meditation technique twice daily. Both Consciousness-Based Education and Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI) are said to include the personal experience and intellectual understanding of consciousness. Classes at MIU present subjects such as art, economics, physics, literature, and psychology in the context of these universal principles of consciousness. Before 2009 MIU freshmen and transfer students began their first semester with the 33-lesson SCI course. The university president, Morris, has credited the knowledge and principles of SCI with contributing to the success of its graduates and SCI degrees have been awarded to Morris, Doug Henning, Mike Tompkins, Benjamin Feldman, the finance minister for Global Country of World Peace, and author John Gray.

Programs
The university offers Bachelor of Arts degrees in 13 areas including Vedic science and sustainable living. According to a 2006 report in The Des Moines Register, MIU "is establishing itself as a leader in sustainable living architecture" among Iowa's colleges and universities and offers a sustainable living program. The program includes a BS in Sustainable Living and an MBA in Sustainable Business. MIU is listed with the Institute for Sustainability as a university that offers eco-curriculums and a Bachelor of Science in "sustainable living/environmental science" which teaches students methods for designing and maintaining environmentally friendly communities. Course content includes sustainable practices for agriculture, technology, architecture, landscape design, business and the ecology of living systems.

MIU is reported to be the only university in the U.S. that offers a PhD degree in the Neuroscience of Human Consciousness. The university participates in a state-sponsored, fast-track license program for school teachers.

MIU also offers undergraduate programs in China.

Health and ecology
The university's endeavor to create a sustainable campus include the use of green, energy-efficient architecture and community planning that incorporates Maharishi Sthapatya Veda architecture – a system of country, town, village, and home planning that utilizes natural building materials and procedures. The university operates an organic vegetable farm including a 1 acre, year-round greenhouse, which provides students and faculty with a 100% organic food program. In 2011, the university participated in the Southeast Alaska Conservation Council's solar energy project, Sustain Angoon.

Sports and recreation
MIU students compete in numerous team and individual sports. Men's and women's golf is an intercollegiate sport; men's and women's soccer is a club sport. Intramural sports include soccer, archery, badminton, baseball, basketball, fencing, field hockey, football, rock climbing, sailing, swimming, tennis, ultimate Frisbee and weight lifting.

Residence halls
Single, furnished rooms are standard for all students to ensure quiet and privacy, and include high-speed Internet connections. Most residence halls are equipped with exercise and TV rooms. Freshmen are required to live on campus. Compared to other colleges, MIU offers dorm rooms to a higher than average percentage of its students.

Research
Maharishi International University publishes the Journal of Modern Science and Vedic Science. MIU faculty members have published on TM in scientific journals including the American Heart Association's journals, Hypertension and Stroke.

Since the establishment of its research facilities, the university has been awarded over 150 federal, state, and private grants and contracts totaling over $24 million,  including funding from the NIH's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and its Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. In 2012 the US Department of Defense granted MIU and the San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center $2.4 million to research the effectiveness of TM for the treatment of PTSD.

Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention
The Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention (INMP) (formerly the Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention) has received grants totaling over $10.5 million for research on prevention-oriented natural medicine. The university had received more than $20 million in funding from different branches of the National Institutes of Health as of 2002 The university's Department of Physiology and the Institute for Natural Medicine and Prevention received $8 million from the NIH National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) to establish the first research center in the U.S. specializing in "natural" preventive medicine for minorities.

Other institutes and centers

 * The Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy (ISTPP) was founded by John Hagelin to identify, scientifically evaluate and implement proven, prevention-oriented, forward-looking solutions to critical national and global problems
 * The Center for Advanced Military Science (CAMS), whose founder and director is David R. Leffler
 * The Center for Brain, Consciousness, and Cognition, whose director is faculty member, Fred Travis

Views on research
Lola Williamson, who practiced the TM-Sidhi program until 1981, wrote a book called Transcendent in America: Hindu-Inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion. In the book, she cites two former professors who in the late 1980s "testified against the research practices conducted at the university". In the book, she writes that former MIU professor of economics and business law Anthony DeNaro alleged in 1986 that there was "a very serious and deliberate pattern of fraud ... designed to misrepresent the TM movement as a science (not a cult), and fraudulently claim and obtain tax exempt status with the IRS". Williamson writes in her book that Dennis Roark, former dean of faculty and chair of the physics department in the 1970s, was a "witness to routine suppression of negative data" and that Roark wrote in a 1987 letter that it was his "belief that the many scientific claims both to the factual evidence of unique, beneficial effects of T.M. and physics are not only without any reasonable basis, but in fact in many ways fraudulent". Roark said "he had questioned" MIU faculty member Michael Dillbeck regarding his studies of brain wave coherence using EEG measurements during practice of the TM-Sidhi program, and that Dilbeck confirmed that it was impossible to make EEG measurements while the subjects are moving. Williamson writes in her book that Roark questioned other investigators "regarding the alleged reduction in crime if enough people practice TM or the TM-Sidhi program" and they "confirmed that they had suppressed negative evidence". The EEG research referred to by Roark, which required researchers to make EEG measurements during the TM-Sidhi program, was subsequently published in two separate studies in the International Journal of Neuroscience. The editor-in-chief, Sydney Weinstein, said that the studies published in his journal are reviewed by "a distinguished group of scientists from leading universities," and added, "Not once have these scientists ever questioned the integrity or scientific validity of the papers on Transcendental Meditation."

In 2002, The Gazette (Cedar Rapids and Iowa City) and Chicago Sun-Times reported that although "a few years ago" many "major medical schools" would have "turned up their noses" at the studies MIU was conducting, "things have changed" and MIU has received so many offers that it has "turned away" collaboration proposals from a few institutions. According to an MIU spokesperson, the university had received almost $18 million in grant support from the National Institutes of Health in the prior 15 years and "its researchers are strict about scientific standards because they work more often with other, larger universities" including the University of Iowa; University of California, Irvine; and University of Hawaii. The article reports that Maharishi University and the University of Iowa were working on a study that looked at the effects of holistic therapy on heart disease.

According to news reports in 2003, MIU's Center for Natural Medicine and Prevention (CNMP) was in collaboration with a "growing list of mainstream universities" including Howard University, the Medical College of Wisconsin, the University of Pennsylvania, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science and the University of California at Irvine. According to the article, "mainstream medical researchers – including many scientists suspicious of spiritualism" no longer believe that MIU's research is junk science.

Reception
MIU has received both criticism and acclaim. Author Samuel Schuman reports that while many in the higher education community did not take the university seriously when it began in 1974, the college has "persisted cheerfully" for more than three decades and its achievements and results are "incontestably impressive". Some members of the local community were initially against the university with 540 residents signing a petition protesting the local school board for allowing four MIU students to visit the public schools as observers. However, author William Jefferson reports that by 1976, 200 local people had "taken up Transcendental Meditation themselves" and compared to the "wild and woolly" students of the prior college, "nearly all the residents now agree that they [MIU students] are nice people to have around".

A 1976 article in The New York Times described the campus as a "cheerful, optimistic place where people smile a lot and tend to be considerate and trusting". In 1992 The New York Times reported that the university was a place where all students and faculty meditate, and all the Maharishi's teachings are woven into mathematics, physics and every other subject, similar to colleges with strong religious affiliations, while noting it is "an accredited university with grant-winning faculty members and competitive students". The article goes on to say that even as the university gains research grants and subsequent credibility, it also faces controversy. For example, one critic, 1979 alumnus Curtis Mailloux, called the campus a "coercive environment" with a "propensity for fraudulent research". Accreditation officials say they are aware of these accusations and "have been aggressive in checking Marahishi [sic] International's academic freedom". The deputy director of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCACS), Steven D. Crow, says "Every move the university's made has been monitored" and MIU's library, faculty, academic mission and classroom space have been deemed appropriate. At the same time John W. Patterson, a professor at Iowa State University has harshly criticized The North Central Association's evaluation, saying it "does nothing more than to lend credibility to these crackpots". The article also reports that many non-students have moved to the city of Fairfield "so they can meditate in the [campus meditation] domes".

In 1986, seven "former devotees" filed a fraud suit against the Maharishi saying they paid thousands of dollars for lessons at Maharishi International University that were designed to reduce stress, improve memory, reverse aging, and develop clairvoyance and levitation. One plaintiff said that after ten years he had not acquired any of the special abilities that were promised. According to reviews of the 1992 book, Heaven on Earth – Dispatches from America’s Spiritual Frontier, author and reporter Michael D'Antonio wrote that the MIU physics department was teaching theories that he believed were "dead wrong" and alleged that the university had taken Transcendental Meditation "into a grandiose narcissistic dream, a form of intellectual bondage, that they call enlightenment".

MIU is listed in Peterson's 440 Great Colleges for Top Students 2010. According to the National Survey of Student Engagement MIU scored in the top 3% for "active and collaborative learning," in the top 4% for "enriching educational experience," in the top 7% for "student/faculty interaction," in the top 8% for "supportive campus environment," and in the top 26% for "level of academic challenge." MIU graduates also gave their college experience a "higher than average satisfaction" rating as recorded in the "annual ACT alumni survey." Specifically, 73% said they would choose MIU again, more than twice the national average of 32%.

The university has been categorized as a "Sierra Club Cool School" and in 2014 was ranked as the fourth best environmental science school by career guide website, Environmental Science.

In popular culture
The Beach Boys recorded their 1978 album M.I.U. Album on the campus, and named it after the university. Man on the Moon, a biopic of entertainer Andy Kaufman, includes a scene at Maharishi International University in which Kaufman is asked to leave a retreat because his behavior was unbecoming an enlightened individual. In October 2011, Oprah Winfrey visited MIU, toured the campus and attended a group meditation in the golden dome for women. Video footage of her visit to the MIU campus was shown on an episode of her show.

Notable alumni and faculty
Noted alumni include self-help author Peter McWilliams, Nat Goldhaber, an original founder of the University, ufologist Jeff Peckman who attended for one year, and Ron Parker, a Canadian Natural Law Party candidate who received his PhD in physics from MIU. Author John Gray has been called an alumnus of MIU, but other sources list him as an alumnus of Maharishi European Research University (MERU) in Switzerland. Other alumni include Chris Hartnett, CEO of USA Global Link, who received his BA from MIU, Michael C. Dimick, a Natural Law Party candidate who received his MBA degree,  Jennie Rothenberg-Gritz who is a senior editor at The Atlantic   and video game developer Mike Zak, who received his master's degree in digital media from the university. In 1994, the son of Mozambique's president, Joaquim Chissano, and several children of the country's Cabinet members, attended the university on scholarships. Ashley Deans, executive director of Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment. Bevan Morris, former president of Maharishi International University. David Orme-Johnson, researcher, former professor at Maharishi International University.

title: Maharishi International University


text:
Virkon

Virkon is a multi-purpose disinfectant. It contains potassium peroxymonosulfate (an oxidizing agent), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (a detergent), sulfamic acid (a cleaning agent), and inorganic buffers. It is typically used for cleaning up hazardous spills, disinfecting surfaces and soaking equipment. The solution is used in many areas, including hospitals, laboratories, nursing homes, funeral homes, dental and veterinary facilities, and anywhere else where control of pathogens is required.

1% Virkon has a wide spectrum of activity against viruses, some fungi, and bacteria. This includes at least 300 strains/clinical isolates from 76 bacteria, 47 strains/clinical isolates from 35 viruses, and 45 strains/clinical isolates from 17 fungi.

It has been proven effective against SARS-COV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it is less effective against spores and fungi than some alternative disinfectants.

title: Virkon


text:
David Packard

David Packard (September 7, 1912 – March 26, 1996) was an American electrical engineer and co-founder, with Bill Hewlett, of Hewlett-Packard (1939), serving as president (1947–64), CEO (1964–68), and chairman of the board (1964–68, 1972–93) of HP. He served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1971 during the Nixon administration. Packard served as president of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) from 1976 to 1981 and chairman of its board of regents from 1973 to 1982. He was a member of the Trilateral Commission. Packard was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988 and is noted for many technological innovations and philanthropic endeavors.

Personal life
Packard was born in Pueblo, Colorado, the son of Ella (Graber) and Sperry Sidney Packard, an attorney. He attended Centennial High School, where early on he showed an interest in science, engineering, sports, and leadership. Packard earned his B.A. from Stanford University in 1934, where he earned letters in football and basketball and attained membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society and was a Brother of the Alpha Delta Phi Literary Fraternity. Stanford is where he met two people who were important to his life, Lucile Salter and Bill Hewlett. Packard briefly attended the University of Colorado at Boulder before taking a position with the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York. In 1938, he returned to Stanford, where he earned a master's degree in electrical engineering later that year. In the same year, he married Lucile Salter, with whom he had four children: David, Nancy, Susan, and Julie. Lucile Packard died in 1987 (age 72).

Hewlett-Packard
In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard (HP) in Packard's garage with an initial capital investment of $538. Packard mentions in his book The HP Way that the name Hewlett-Packard was determined by the flip of a coin: HP, rather than PH. Their first product was an audio frequency oscillator, 8 of which were sold to Walt Disney Studios for testing sound equipment used to produce Fantasia.

The company grew into the world's largest producer of electronic testing and measurement devices. It also became a major producer of calculators, computers, and laser and ink jet printers.

HP incorporated in 1947, with Packard becoming its first president, serving in that role until 1964. He was then elected chief executive officer and chairman of the board, holding those positions through 1968. Packard left HP in 1969 to serve in the Nixon administration until 1971, at which time he returned to HP and was re-elected chairman of the board, serving from 1972 to 1993. In 1991, Packard oversaw a major reorganization at HP. He retired from HP in 1993. At the time of his death in 1996, Packard's stake in the company was worth more than $1 billion.

Packard was criticized for expanding into South Africa, where HP equipment was used to implement apartheid. In 1980, he presided over the groundbreaking ceremony for HP's headquarters in Johannesburg. When Nebraska became the first US state government to divest from South Africa, Packard remarked "I'd rather lose business in Nebraska than with South Africa."

At Packard's instruction, the domain name "HP.com" was registered on March 3, 1986, and as such was one of the earliest to be registered.

Department of Defense
Upon entering office in 1969, President Richard Nixon appointed Packard United States Deputy Secretary of Defense under Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird. Packard resigned in December 1971 and returned to Hewlett-Packard in 1972 as chairman of the board.

While serving in the Department of Defense (DoD), he brought concepts of resource management used in business to the military, as well as establishing the Defense Systems Management College. In 1970, Packard issued a memorandum that contained a number of major reforms designed to address "the real mess we have on our hands." A key reform was elimination of Robert MacNamara's Total Package Procurement except in rare situations.

Near the end of his time at DoD, Packard wrote the "Packard Memo" or "Employment of Military Resources in the Event of Civil Disturbances". Enacted in February 1972, the act describes exceptions to the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act, which limited the powers of the federal government to use the U.S. military for law enforcement, except where expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress — noting that the Constitution provides an exception when needed "to prevent loss of life or wanton destruction of property and to restore governmental functioning and public order when sudden and unexpected civil disturbances, disasters, or calamities seriously endanger life and property and disrupt normal governmental functions to such an extent that duly constituted local authorities are unable to control the situations" and "to protect Federal property and Federal governmental functions when the need for protection exists and duly constituted local authorities are unable or decline to provide adequate protection". § 214.5 states that "employment of DoD military resources for assistance to civil authorities in controlling civil disturbances will normally be predicated upon the issuance of a Presidential Executive order or Presidential directive authorizing", with exceptions "limited to: According to Lindorff, these exceptions reinstate the possibility of martial law in the U.S., prohibited since 1878.
 * 1) Cases of sudden and unexpected emergencies as described in §215.4(c)(1)(i), which require that immediate military action be taken.
 * 2) Providing military resources to civil authorities as prescribed in §215.9 of this part."

In the 1970s and 1980s Packard was a prominent advisor to the White House on defense procurement and management. He served as chairman of The Business Council in 1973 and 1974. From 1985 to 1986, he served as chairman of The Packard Commission.

Philanthropy
From the early 1980s until his death in 1996, Packard dedicated much of his time and money to philanthropic projects. In 1964, Packard and his wife had established the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. In 1986, they donated $40 million toward building what became the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University; the new hospital opened in June 1991. Prompted by his daughters Nancy and Julie, in 1978 David and Lucile had created the Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation. The couple eventually donated $55 million to build the new aquarium, which opened in 1984 with Julie Packard as its executive director. In 1987, Packard gave $13 million to create the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Packard and Hewlett made a combined donation of $77 million to Stanford in 1994, for which the university named the David Packard Electrical Engineering Building in his honor.

Packard was a member of the American Enterprise Institute's board of trustees. He died on March 26, 1996, at age 83 in Stanford, California, leaving approximately $4 billion (the bulk of his estate) to the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, including large amounts of valuable real property in Los Altos Hills. All three Packard daughters sit on the foundation's board of trustees. David Woodley Packard, his son, serves as president of the Packard Humanities Institute.

Honors

 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1969)
 * IEEE Founders Medal along with William R. Hewlett. (1973)
 * Gold Medal from National Football Foundation and Hall of Fame. (1975)
 * Vermilye Medal from the Franklin Institute (1975)
 * Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy (1982)
 * Francis Boyer Award from the American Enterprise Institute (1986)
 * Vannevar Bush Award (1987)
 * Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame (1988)
 * National Medal of Technology (1988)
 * Presidential Medal of Freedom (1988)
 * Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1988)
 * Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1989)
 * Member of the American Philosophical Society (1989)
 * Lemelson-MIT Prize (1995)
 * Bower Award in Business Leadership, both from the Franklin Institute (1996)
 * Heinz Award Chairman's Medal along with William R. Hewlett. (1997)
 * Member of the California Hall of Fame (2006)
 * Entrepreneur Walk of Fame (2011)
 * The "David Packard" Lecture at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU)
 * David Packard Hall at USU

Packard's old home and garage in Palo Alto, California were placed on the California registry of historic places as "The Birthplace of Silicon Valley". He also had an oil tanker named for him. The David Packard, built in 1977, was operated for Chevron, had a capacity and was registered under the Bahamian flag. In 2021, MBARI built a new research vessel named R/V David Packard in honor of him as their founder.

title: David Packard


text: Talk:Simpson Chain

title: Talk:Simpson Chain


text:
Simpson Chain

The Simpson Chain or Simpson Lever Chain was an English-made bicycle chain invented by William Spiers Simpson (died 1917) in 1895. The design departed from the standard roller bicycle chain: it was composed of linked triangles forming two levels. The inner level was driven by the chainring and the outer drove the rear cog. Instead of teeth, the chainring and cog had grooves into which the rollers of the chain engaged. The chain was known in the German as die Simpson-Hebelkette, and in French as la Chaîne à levier Simpson.

Simpson made claims, widely discredited, that the levers of this chain provided a mechanical advantage that could amplify energy produced by the cyclist. Simpson hired top cyclists such as Constant Huret, Lisette Marton, and Tom Linton (of Paris-Bordeaux fame), and the Gladiator Pacing Team from France to race for high stakes in England for the Chain Matches. His teams were largely successful.

Jimmy Michael (depicted in the first draft of the Toulouse-Lautrec's advertisement ) attended the so-called Chain Race at Catford track in 1896. Simpson was so insistent that it was an improvement over conventional chains that he staked part of his fortune on it.

Pryor Dodge wrote: In the fall of 1895, Simpson offered ten-to-one odds that riders with his chain would beat cyclists with regular chains. Later known as the Chain Matches, these races at the Catford track in London attracted huge crowds estimated between twelve and twenty thousand in June 1896. Simpson's team not only included the top racers - Tom Linton, Jimmy Michael, and Constant Huret - but also the Gladiator pacing team brought over from Paris. Pacers enabled a racer to ride faster by shielding him from air resistance. Although Simpson won the Chain Matches, they only proved that the Gladiator pacers were superior to their English rivals.

Crowds up to 20 000 attended the Chain Races and "Simpson v was an argument to be heard where cyclists foregathered."

Bill Mills of The Bicycle recalled: "All the events were distance races, with multi-cycle pacing. This was the heyday of pacing, when the famous Dunlop team of quads and triplets was available. Dunlops arranged the pacing for the plain chain men, and turned out some 80 riders and £2 000-worth of pacing machines. Simpson's brought over the Gladiator team of pacemakers from Paris, consisting of 12 assorted quads and quints [five-man bicycles] and several triplets."

When the 1890s cycling boom ended, the Simpson Lever Chain company collapsed spectacularly, under the stewardship of the notorious entrepreneur and financier Ernest Terah Hooley, who had earlier acquired the rights to the chain from Simpson. The company was ultimately wound up in 1898, prompting the first of Hooley's four bankruptcies.

This invention would probably have been long forgotten except that:
 * The Simpson Chain is portrayed in a work of the French post-impressionist artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.
 * The Simpson Lever Chain Racing Team employed the Belgian cyclist Hélène Dutrieu who became a stunt cyclist and pioneering aviator.
 * Simpson's promotions were so widespread and effective that much of his promotional material is collected today.

title: Simpson Chain