text:
User talk:Pizza Puzzle/Archive 3

Hello, Mr. Pizza Puzzle. I hope your WikiCapitalism schemes are going well. ;) Are you still doing your "uncopyrighting" thing? If so, there are quite a few articles building up on Votes for deletion, such as Bauska, Ventspils, Valka, Dobele, Cesu county, Sykes-Picot Agreement, Megaladapidae, The Firesign Theatre, Internet Anywhere Chat, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Leo Baekeland... Shall I go on? Haha, I bet you're regretting that offer now, aren't you? :) Oh, and sorry, I haven't quite got round to listening to your symphony yet, but I will do; I'm looking forward to it... :) -- Oliver P. 16:08 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

It's rather judgmental, isn't it? : Is that a good thing or a bad thing? :) Be glad your name isn't John Howard . -- Tim Starling 13:44 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

What you did with the wikimoney page, was wxtremely uncool. Meditate, and sin no more. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo stick 04:07 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Why the move of Product rule? -- Tarquin 13:38 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * likewise Quotient rule. Please explain what you intend to put at the old pages -- Tarquin 16:14 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

You are just jealous of my financial success. Pizza Puzzle
 * What financial success? So far you haven't had any takers. Anyway as soon as you do get some customers I will rob your bank. Don't expect any help from the wikipolice because they don't exist. Theresa Knott as Bonnie Cimon will you be my clyde?
 * Sorry Theresa, I was being POV up there. I have deposited all my own goodies at Juuitchan's bank, and like a nice little lemming/serf am doing the advocacy shtick. Banks are fine, competition not! 8-) Cimon Avaro on a pogo stick 14:15 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Re: limit (mathematics): I combined the "division-by-zero" paragraph with the discussion of l'Hopital's rule since those seem to belong together, I mentioned improper limits of infinity, I combined two examples into one, keeping the (x^3-1)/(x-1) because it shows a nice algebra technique, I removed the paragraph about the absolute value definition since it duplicates a paragraph further down in the formal section. I don't remember if there was anything else. Cheers, AxelBoldt 21:09 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

&equal;

There's a complete list of entities in the HTML 4.01 specification. is, unfortunately, not one of them. There are these though:  (≅),   (≈),   (≠),   (≡) and others. It could get quite ugly inserting these in place of all math symbols though... Out of curiosity, what happens when you wrap the math stuff in <math> tags?

What browser is doing this weird wrapping, by the way? I wanna see if I can verify what you're seeing. -- Wapcaplet 15:14 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmm. I just checked in MSIE 4.0 (I'll look in 5.0 later, but I don't have 6.0 anywhere), and it does break after the dash (even if it's immediately next to a number), but not after plus or equals. I don't know if other browsers do this (Mozilla doesn't) - it seems like pretty dumb behavior. Does the  workaround work for you? I just tried that, but apparently I'm missing some fonts, since MSIE just draws a box instead of the minus. (practically anything in the extended Latin gets boxified in my MSIE). Dunno what to tell ya... It seems like there ought to be a "negative sign" symbol which would be appropriate for negative numbers, but I know of no such animal. -- Wapcaplet 00:45 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

naming conventions for theorems: Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (theorems) -

On the subject of harassments, if you do not start using the preview function, I will feel compelled to argue for the enforcement of your existing ban. I can literally watch as you are writing the Ouija article. I have mentioned the problems with your approach before and will not go through them again -- I added "preview on top" because you asked for it, so please start using the damn preview function. --Eloquence 01:55 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Please use preview until the article is finished, and then correct any spelling errors / add missing stuff to the final version. When working on long articles, I suggest doing so in a separate text editor first. What was your problem with the preview function again? If it is not the "preview on top", what is it? --Eloquence 02:03 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

This is the edit history ouf Ouija:

 * (cur) (last) . . M 03:54 22 Jun 2003 . . Pizza Puzzle
 * (cur) (last) . . 03:53 22 Jun 2003 . . Pizza Puzzle
 * (cur) (last) . . 03:53 22 Jun 2003 . . Pizza Puzzle
 * (cur) (last) . . 03:52 22 Jun 2003 . . Pizza Puzzle
 * (cur) (last) . . M 03:51 22 Jun 2003 . . Pizza Puzzle
 * (cur) (last) . . 03:51 22 Jun 2003 . . Pizza Puzzle
 * (cur) (last) . . M 03:49 22 Jun 2003 . . Pizza Puzzle
 * (cur) (last) . . 03:48 22 Jun 2003 . . Pizza Puzzle
 * (cur) (last) . . 03:46 22 Jun 2003 . . Pizza Puzzle

Doesn't that look a little excessive to you? Yes, I know about Enhanced RC, but that doesn't solve the problems: 1) Each edit stores a full copy of the text in the database, 2) The history gets cluttered and it becomes harder to generate diffs, 3) by far most people do not use enhanced RC, and it does not work in all browsers.

If you need more time to think, just keep the edit window open and browse Wikipedia in a separate browser tab in the meantime. --Eloquence 02:11 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * There is no functionality to "condense" edits. It has been proposed, and met with resistance for various reasons that I won't go into here. Please explain to me what exactly it is that stops you from thinking first, and saving later, as virtually everyone else does. --Eloquence 02:16 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Actually, if Looxix did much more of that stuff, I would suggest that he should register a bot -- we have support for hiding all bot edits from RC, precisely because many people are annoyed by cluttered RC list, which makes reviewing edits harder. And no, you won't get registered as a bot :-). I gave you the reasons why it's annoying, you provided no reasons to stop doing it, so please stop it now, or you know what will happen. --Eloquence 02:23 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I am going to stop responding to you indefinitely after this edit. You have repeatedly harrassed me. You harrassed me for voting. Now you harrass me for writing an article. You just insinuated that I dont think prior to editing. I find your attitude to be offensive and inappropriate. I do think before I edit, I think, I edit, then I think while I wait for the edit to go through; and thus, because I continue to think, I inevitably have something I wish to add; thus, I edit again.

It would appear that you are arguing that I should edit in notepad or some such program, and then cut and paste my edits to the wikipedia. However, if I did that I would be unable to use preview (which I do use) and I would be required to switch between multiple windows (which I do not want to do).

I am sorry that you are in someway disturbed by my 10 or so edits to ouija. It would appear that you would rather have no ouija article, than one with 10 edits to it. I find such an attitude to be counter-productive.

I agree with you that it is unnecessary to maintain so many copies of so many articles which are so similar. My editing is a very small percentage of the traffic here; however, you are right that something should be done to reduce the memory load. You are quite right in urging users to refrain from making excessive edits; but you are wrong in condemning my edits as excessive.

While there is certainly room for improvement in all situations, one must learn to accept that true perfection will never be reached. One must continually strive to make changes such that perfection is approached, and this is what I try to do with my editing. Pizza Puzzle

 * Well, you have failed to convince me, Lir. We'll see if the rest of the Wikipedia community thinks that you are welcome. I think I've been more than fair. --Eloquence 02:29 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * "There is no functionality to "condense" edits. It has been proposed, and met with resistance for various reasons that I won't go into here."

Could you provide a link to the discussion, Eloquence? I'd personally support some form of auto-condensation, because I quite frequently edit an article and then see something else to fix, and thus end up making multiple edits (example: forgetting to sign a comment).

 * See this post, which contains my original suggestion and the reply by Mav. The solution he proposes is too complicated for my liking, and I do not like manual compression because it would clutter the user interface with non intuitive stuff. Besides, people like Lir would probably not use it anyway because of laziness unless it is active by default. And if it's active by default, you will get complaints re: information loss again. --Eloquence 02:55 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

To Pizza Puzzle - perhaps you could try to remember to add a edit summary? I think that would help a fair bit, at least for me. Thanks. Martin 02:43 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Just read your page, and certainly, there are boorish advocates of both scientism and mathematical fetishism here. Look into the sad history of some of the articles that challenge those ideologies, including philosophy of mathematics, folk mathematics, persuasion technology, mathematical proof, Theory of Everything, political economy. Anything that challenges the prevailing math dogmas seems to be heavily attacked when it becomes obviously challenging to assumptions made by professors in their classes. In some cases it is laughable, as, the "two different" things that are called say folk mathematics or foundation ontology are actually more or less two different professions' versions of the same thing. The talk files are often extremely interesting. But, do not give up, that would be simply too hasty. EofT

title: User talk:Pizza Puzzle/Archive 3


text:
Gilles Ménage

Gilles Ménage (15 August 1613 – 23 July 1692) was a French scholar.

Biography
He was born at Angers, the son of Guillaume Ménage, king's advocate at Angers. A good memory and enthusiasm for learning carried him quickly through his literary and professional studies, and he practised at the bar at Angers before he was twenty. In 1632, he pleaded several causes before the parlement of Paris.

Illness caused him to abandon the legal profession for the church. He became prior of Montdidier without taking holy orders, and lived for some years in the household of Cardinal de Retz (then coadjutor to the Archbishop of Paris), where he had leisure for literary pursuits.

Some time after 1648, he quarrelled with his patron and withdrew to a house in the cloister of Notre-Dame de Paris, where he gathered round him on Wednesday evenings those literary assemblies which he called "Mercuriales." Jean Chapelain, Paul Pellisson, Valentin Conrart, Jean François Sarrazin and Du Bos were among the habitués. He was tutor to Marie-Madeleine Fayette, later the great writer, to whom he was very attached. He was admitted to the Accademia della Crusca of Florence, but his caustic sarcasm led to his exclusion from the Académie française. Ménage made many enemies and suffered under the satire of Boileau and of Molière. Molière immortalized him as the pedant Vadius in Les Femmes savantes, a portrait Ménage pretended to ignore.

In 1664 he published at London an edition of the Lives of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laërtius that contains an unedited anonymous life of Aristotle; this life was known as 'Vita Menagiana' before the critical edition by Ingemar Düring, (Aristotle in the Ancient Biographical Tradition Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1957; reprinted New York, Garland, 1987, pp. 80–93) with the title 'Vita Hesychii' (the attribution to Hesychius of Miletus is controversial). In 1690, he also published a supplement to the work of Diogenes Laërtius titled Historia Mulierum Philosopharum. It is more than a scholarly compilation of 65 women philosophers he had found from his studies of the books of ancient writers. He intended to create a history for these women and dedicated his work to Anne Lefevre Dacier (1654 – 17 August 1720), whom he described in his introduction as "the most learned of women whether of the present or the past."

Ménage died in Paris on 23 July 1692. After his death, his friends published, under the title of Menagiana, a collection of his witticisms and table talk. The edition of this collection by Bernard de la Monnoye (2 vols., 1693/4) has found favor.

Works (partial list)

 * Poemata latina, gallica, graeca, et italica (1656)
 * Observationes et emendationes in Diogenem Laertium Paris 1663 (reprint: London, 1664; Amsterdam, 1692)
 * Origini della lingua italiana (1669)
 * Dictionnaire etymologique (1650 and 1670)
 * Observations sur la langue française (1672–1676)
 * Histoire de Sablé (1686) A second part of this work was edited from the manuscript and published by J. B. Haureau in 1873.
 * Anti-Baillet (1690)
 * Historia mulierum philosopharum (1690) - French language translation as: "Histoire des femmes philosophes", Gilles Ménage; 2006, Paris; Editions Arléa (Translated into French from Latin by Manuella Vaney with an introduction by Claude Tarrene); 96 pages, ISBN 2-86959-719-3 - (See: https://web.archive.org/web/20141013152817/http://www.arlea.fr/Histoire-des-femmes-philosophes,649 ).

English translations

 * The History of Women Philosophers translated from the Latin with an introduction by Beatrice H. Zedler, Lanham: University press of America (1984)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gilles Ménage


text:
Blue-winged teal

The blue-winged teal (Spatula discors) is a species of bird in the duck, goose, and swan family Anatidae. One of the smaller members of the dabbling duck group, it occurs in North America, where it breeds from southern Alaska to Nova Scotia, and south to northern Texas. It winters along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts and south into the Caribbean islands and Central America.

Taxonomy
The first formal description of the blue-winged teal was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae. He coined the binomial name Anas discors. A molecular phylogentic study comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2009 found that the genus Anas, as then defined, was non-monophyletic. The genus was subsequently split into four monophyletic genera with ten species including the blue-winged teal moved into the resurrected genus Spatula. This genus had been originally proposed by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The name Spatula is the Latin for a "spoon" or "spatula". The specific epithet discors is the Latin for "different" or "at variance".

Description
The blue-winged teal is 40 cm long, with a wingspan of 58 cm, and a weight of 370 g. The adult male has a greyish blue head with a white facial crescent, a light brown body with a white patch near the rear and a black tail. The adult female is mottled brown, and has a whitish area at base of bill. Both sexes have sky-blue wing coverts, a green speculum, and yellow legs. They have two molts per year and a third molt in their first year. The call of the male is a short whistle; the female's call is a soft quack.

Distribution
The range is all of North America except western and northern Alaska, northern Yukon Territory, northern Northwest Territories and the northeastern area of Canada. Blue-winged teal are rare in the desert southwest, and the west coast. The breeding habitat of the blue-winged teal is marshes and ponds.

The breeding range extends from east-central Alaska and southern Mackenzie District east to southern Quebec and southwestern Newfoundland. In the contiguous United States it breeds from northeast California east to central Louisiana, central Tennessee, and the Atlantic Coast. The western blue-winged teal inhabits that part of the breeding range west of the Appalachian Mountains. Some populations of blue-winged teals nest along the Atlantic Coast from New Brunswick to Pea Island, North Carolina.

They migrate in flocks to winter in to the south of its breeding range. During migration, some birds may fly long distances over open ocean. They are occasional vagrants to Europe, where their yellow legs are a distinction from other small ducks like the common teal and garganey, and in recent years have been annual vagrants in Britain and Ireland. The blue-winged teal winters from southern California to western and southern Texas, the Gulf Coast to the Atlantic Coast, the Caribbean, and south to Central and South America. It is often seen wintering as far south as Brazil and central Chile.

Habitat
Blue-winged teal inhabit shoreline more often than open water and prefer calm water or sluggish currents to fast water. They inhabit inland marshes, lakes, ponds, pools, and shallow streams with dense emergent vegetation. In coastal areas, breeding occurs in salt-marsh meadows with adjoining ponds or creeks. Blue-winged teal use rocks protruding above water, muskrat houses, trunks or limbs of fallen trees, bare stretches of shoreline, or mud flats for resting sites.

Blue-winged teal winter on shallow inland freshwater marshes and brackish and saltwater marshes. They build their nests on dry ground in grassy sites such as bluegrass meadows, hayfields, and sedge meadows. They will also nest in areas with very short, sparse vegetation. Blue-winged teal generally nest within several hundred yards of open water; however, nests have been found as far as 1.61 km away from water. Where the habitat is good, they nest communally.

Blue-winged teal often use heavy growth of bulrushes and cattails as escape cover. Grasses, sedges, and hayfields provide nesting cover for these ducks. Erik Fritzell reported that blue-winged teal nests located in light to sparse cover were more successful than those in heavy cover. Nesting success was 47% on grazed areas and 14% on ungrazed areas.

The blue-winged teal is primarily found in the northern prairies and parklands. It is the most abundant duck in the mixed-grass prairies of the Dakotas and the prairie provinces of Canada. The blue-winged teal is also found in wetlands of boreal forest associations, shortgrass prairies, tallgrass prairies, and deciduous woodlands.

This duck commonly inhabits wetland communities dominated by bulrush (Scirpus spp.), cattail (Typha spp.), pondweed (Potamogeton spp.), sedges (Carex spp.), widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima), and other emergent and aquatic vegetation. During molting, it often remains among extensive beds of bulrushes and cattails. The blue-winged teal favors areas dominated by bluegrass (Poa spp.) for nesting. Hayfields and plant communities of buckbrush (Ceonothus cuneatus) and sedges are also important as nest sites.

Behavior
These birds feed by dabbling in shallow water at the edge of marshes or open water. They mainly eat plants; their diet may include molluscs and aquatic insects.

Blue-winged teal are generally the first ducks south in the fall and the last ones north in the spring. Adult drakes depart the breeding grounds well before adult hens and immatures. Most blue-winged teal flocks seen after mid-September are composed largely of adult hens and immatures. The northern regions experience a steady decline in blue-winged teal populations from early September until early November. Blue-winged teal in central migration areas tend to remain through September, then diminish rapidly during October, with small numbers remaining until December. Large numbers of blue-winged teal appear on wintering grounds in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas in September.

Reproduction

The onset of courtship among immature blue-winged teal often starts in late January or early February. In areas south of the breeding grounds, blue-winged teal are more active in courtship during the spring migration than are most other ducks.

Blue-winged teal are among the last dabbling ducks to nest, generally nesting between April 15 and May 15. Few nests are started after mid-July. Chronology of nesting can vary from year to year as a result of weather conditions. At Delta Marshes, Manitoba, blue-winged teal nesting was delayed a week in 1950 due to abnormally cold weather. The nest is a shallow depression on the ground lined with grass and down, usually surrounded by vegetation.

Blue-winged teal generally lay 10 to 12 eggs. Delayed nesting and renesting efforts have substantially smaller clutches, averaging five to six eggs. Clutch size can also vary with the age of the hen. Yearlings tend to lay smaller clutches. Incubation takes 21 to 27 days. Blue-winged teal are sexually mature after their first winter. During incubation, the drake leaves its mate and moves to suitable molting cover where it becomes flightless for a period of 3 to 4 weeks.

Blue-winged teal ducklings can walk to water within 12 hours after hatching but do not fledge until 6 to 7 weeks.

Food habits
Blue-winged teal are surface feeders and prefer to feed on mud flats, in fields, or in shallow water where there is floating and shallowly submerged vegetation plus abundant small aquatic animal life. They mostly eat vegetative matter consisting of seeds or stems and leaves of sedge, grass, pondweed, smartweed (Polygonum spp.), duckweed (Lemna spp.), Widgeongrass, and muskgrass (Chara spp.). The seeds of plants that grow on mud flats, such as nutgrass (Cyperus spp.), smartweed, millet (Panicum spp.), and Rice Cut-grass (Leersia oryzoides), are avidly consumed by this duck. One-fourth of the food consumed by blue-winged teal is animal matter such as mollusks, crustaceans, and insects.

Predators
Common predators of blue-winged teal include humans, snakes, snapping turtles (Chleydra serpentina), dogs, cats, muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), magpies (Pica spp.), ground squirrels, coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes fulva), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata), American minks (Mustela vison), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), spotted skunks (Spilogale putorius), and American badgers (Taxidea taxus).

During one study, about half of the nest failures of blue-winged teal were caused by mammals. Striped and Spotted Skunks were responsible for two-thirds of these losses. All nest losses caused by birds were attributed to either crows or magpies.

title: Blue-winged teal


text:
Existence theorem

In mathematics, an existence theorem is a theorem which asserts the existence of a certain object. It might be a statement which begins with the phrase "there exist(s)", or it might be a universal statement whose last quantifier is existential (e.g., "for all $x$, $y$, ... there exist(s) ..."). In the formal terms of symbolic logic, an existence theorem is a theorem with a prenex normal form involving the existential quantifier, even though in practice, such theorems are usually stated in standard mathematical language. For example, the statement that the sine function is continuous everywhere, or any theorem written in big O notation, can be considered as theorems which are existential by nature—since the quantification can be found in the definitions of the concepts used.

A controversy that goes back to the early twentieth century concerns the issue of purely theoretic existence theorems, that is, theorems which depend on non-constructive foundational material such as the axiom of infinity, the axiom of choice or the law of excluded middle. Such theorems provide no indication as to how to construct (or exhibit) the object whose existence is being claimed. From a constructivist viewpoint, such approaches are not viable as it leads to mathematics losing its concrete applicability, while the opposing viewpoint is that abstract methods are far-reaching, in a way that numerical analysis cannot be.

'Pure' existence results
In mathematics, an existence theorem is purely theoretical if the proof given for it does not indicate a construction of the object whose existence is asserted. Such a proof is non-constructive, since the whole approach may not lend itself to construction. In terms of algorithms, purely theoretical existence theorems bypass all algorithms for finding what is asserted to exist. These are to be contrasted with the so-called "constructive" existence theorems, which many constructivist mathematicians working in extended logics (such as intuitionistic logic) believe to be intrinsically stronger than their non-constructive counterparts.

Despite that, the purely theoretical existence results are nevertheless ubiquitous in contemporary mathematics. For example, John Nash's original proof of the existence of a Nash equilibrium in 1951 was such an existence theorem. An approach which is constructive was also later found in 1962.

Constructivist ideas
From the other direction, there has been considerable clarification of what constructive mathematics is—without the emergence of a 'master theory'. For example, according to Errett Bishop's definitions, the continuity of a function such as $sin(x)$ should be proved as a constructive bound on the modulus of continuity, meaning that the existential content of the assertion of continuity is a promise that can always be kept. Accordingly, Bishop rejects the standard idea of pointwise continuity, and proposed that continuity should be defined in terms of "local uniform continuity". One could get another explanation of existence theorem from type theory, in which a proof of an existential statement can come only from a term (which one can see as the computational content).

title: Existence theorem


text:
Broad-tailed parrot

A broad-tailed parrot is any of about 35–40 species belonging to the tribe Platycercini. The members of the tribe are small to medium in size, and all are native to Australasia, Australia in particular, but also New Zealand, New Caledonia, and nearby islands.

Species

 * Genus Prosopeia
 * Crimson shining parrot, Prosopeia splendens
 * Masked shining parrot, Prosopeia personata
 * Maroon shining parrot, Prosopeia tabuensis
 * Genus Eunymphicus
 * Horned parakeet, Eunymphicus cornutus
 * Ouvea parakeet, Eunymphicus uvaeensis
 * Genus Cyanoramphus
 * Black-fronted parakeet, Cyanoramphus zealandicus†
 * Society parakeet, Cyanoramphus ulietanus†
 * Lord Howe parakeet, Cyanoramphus subflavescens†
 * Antipodes parakeet, Cyanoramphus unicolor
 * Red-crowned parakeet, Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae
 * Macquarie parakeet, Cyanoramphus erythrotis†
 * Reischek's parakeet, Cyanoramphus hochstetteri
 * Yellow-crowned parakeet, Cyanoramphus auriceps
 * Chatham parakeet, Cyanoramphus forbesi
 * Malherbe's parakeet, Cyanoramphus malherbi
 * New Caledonian parakeet Cyanoramphus saisseti
 * Norfolk parakeet Cyanoramphus cooki
 * Genus Platycercus
 * Western rosella, Platycercus icterotis
 * Crimson rosella, Platycercus elegans
 * Adelaide rosella, Platycercus (elegans) adelaidae
 * Yellow rosella, Platycercus (elegans) flaveolus
 * Green rosella, Platycercus caledonicus
 * Pale-headed rosella, Platycercus adscitus
 * Eastern rosella, Platycercus eximius
 * Northern rosella, Platycercus venustus
 * Genus Barnardius - sometimes included in Platycercus
 * Australian ringneck, Barnardius zonarius
 * Genus Purpureicephalus
 * Red-capped parrot, Purpureicephalus spurius
 * Genus Lathamus
 * Swift parrot, Lathamus discolor
 * Genus Northiella - often included in Psephotus
 * Eastern bluebonnet, Northiella haematogaster
 * Naretha bluebonnet, Northiella narethae
 * Genus Psephotus
 * Red-rumped parrot, Psephotus haematonotus
 * Genus Psephotellus
 * Mulga parrot, Psephotellus varius
 * Golden-shouldered parrot, Psephotellus chrysoptergius
 * Hooded parrot, Psephotellus dissimilis
 * Paradise parrot, Psephotellus pulcherrimus† (extinct, late 1920s)

The budgerigar was traditionally placed in this tribe, but this inclusion is incorrect. The closest relatives of the budgerigar are the lories and lorikeets. The genera Neopsephotus, Neophema, and Pezoporus are placed in a separate, but closely related tribe, the Pezoporini based on the paper by Joseph et al. (2011)

title: Broad-tailed parrot


text:
Udzima wa ya Masiwa

"Udzima wa ya Masiwa" (also written "Ouzima wa Massiwa", Comorian for "The Union of the Great Islands"; also known as "Umodja wa Massiwa", sometimes written "Masiwa" ) is the national anthem of the Comoros. Adopted in 1978, it was written by Said Hachim Sidi Abderemane, who also composed the music with Kamildine Abdallah.

Mayotte (claimed by the Comoros but under French administration) is also mentioned in the song.

History
The anthem replaced a previous anthem titled "Ungwana" ("Liberty"), also known as "Comor Masiwa Mane" ("Four Comorian Islands"), adopted in 1976 under the Ali Soilih administration following a competition won by writer and musician Abou Chihabi. It was used until 1978, when a coup by Ahmed Abdallah and Bob Denard took place.

title: Udzima wa ya Masiwa


text:
Houri

In Islam, a houri (English plural houris, ; from حُـورِيَّـة ,حُورِيّ), is a maiden woman with beautiful eyes who is described as a reward for the faithful Muslim men in paradise.

They are described as the same age as the men in paradise.

Since hadith states people will be aged 30-33 lunar years in heaven, this translates to 29-32 Gregorian solar years.

The term "houris" is used only four times in the Quran, where the houris are mentioned indirectly several other times, (sometimes as azwāj, lit. companions), and hadith provide a "great deal of later elaboration". Muslim scholars differ as to whether they refer to the believing women of this world or a separate creation, with the majority opting for the latter.

Houris have been said to have "captured the imagination of Muslims and non-Muslims alike". In jihadist ideology, caused by extremism, individuals who engage in "martyrdom operations" — also known as suicide attacks — are encouraged with the promise of companionship with houris, whom they can take as wives.

Etymology
In classical Arabic usage, the word ḥūr (حُور) is the plural of both ʾaḥwar (أحْوَر) (masculine) and ḥawrāʾ (حَوْراء) (feminine) which can be translated as "having eyes with an intense contrast of white and black".

The word "houri" has entered several European languages from around the 17th and 18th centuries.

Arthur Jeffery and other scholars suggests an Iranian origin for the term, proposing the origins of the word to be the Middle Persian hū̆rust 'well grown.'

Descriptions
The houris are mentioned in several passages of the Quran, always in plural form. No specific number is ever given in the Quran for the number of houris accompanying each believer.

Quranic description
In the tafsirs and commentaries on the Quran, Houris are described as:
 * 37:48 "with large and beautiful eyes",
 * 38:52 "companions of modest gaze well matched",
 * 44:54 wide and beautiful eyes",
 * 52:20 "beautiful houris of wide and beautiful eyes",
 * 55:56  "untouched beforehand by man or jinn",
 * 55:58 "as elegant as rubies and coral",
 * 55:72 "bright-eyed damsels sheltered in pavilions",
 * 55:74 "untouched by any man", "reclining on green cushions and beautiful carpets",
 * 56:8  "the people of the right, how ˹blessed˺ will they be"  56:22 and they will have "houris maidens with intensely black eyes set against the whiteness of their irises",
 * 56:35 "created without the process of birth",
 * 78:31–33 and as "splendid companions",
 * 44:54 "Thus. And We will marry them to fair women with large, [beautiful] eyes".

It is thought that the four verses specifically mentioning Houri were all "probably" 'revealed' at "the end of the first Meccan period".

Hadith description
Details of descriptions of houri (or ḥūr), in hadith collections differ, but one summary (by Smith & Haddad) states: they are generally said to be composed of saffron from the feet to the knees, musk from the knees to the breast, amber from the breast to the neck, and camphor from the neck to the head. Working often with multiples of seven, the traditionalists have described them as wearing seventy to 70,000 gowns, through which even the marrow of their bones can be seen because of the fineness of their flesh, reclining on seventy couches of red hyacinth encrusted with rubies and jewels, and the like. The ḥūr do not sleep, do not get pregnant, do not menstruate, spit, or blow their noses, and are never sick.

In hadith, Houris have been described as "transparent to the marrow of their bones", "eternally young", "hairless except the eyebrows and the head", "pure" and "beautiful". Sunni hadith scholars also relate a number of sayings of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in which the houris are mentioned.

 * A narration related by Bukhari states that"Everyone will have two wives from the houris, (who will be so beautiful, pure and transparent that) the marrow of the bones of their legs will be seen through the bones and the flesh."

 * Another, reported by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri, relates that"The first group to get into Paradise will be like the full moon during the night, and the one following this group will be like the most luminescent of the sky's shining stars in the sky; each man among them will have two spouses, the marrow of whose shanks will glimmer be visible from beneath the flesh—none will be without a spouse in Paradise."

 * Al-Tirmidhi reports"Al-Hasan Al-Basri says that an old woman came to the messenger of God and asked, O Messenger of God make dua that God grants me entrance into Jannah. The Messenger of God replied, "O Mother, an old woman cannot enter Jannah." That woman started crying and began to leave. The Messenger of God said, "Say to the woman that one will not enter in a state of old age, but God will make all the women of Jannah young virgins. God Most High says, 'Lo! We have created them a (new) creation and made them virgins, lovers, equal in age."

 * According to a report transmitted by Ibn Majah in his Sunan:"A woman does not annoy her husband but his spouse from amongst the maidens with wide eyes intensely white and deeply black will say: "Do not annoy him, may Allah ruin you. He is with you as a passing guest. Very soon, he will part with you and come to us.""

Meaning of the term kawa'ib
Verse Q.78:33 describes Houri with the noun ka'ib, translated  as "with swelling breasts" by several translators—like Arberry, Palmer, Rodwell and Sale—(it is also translated as "buxom" or "full bosomed"). At least two Islamic Fatwa sites (islamweb.net and islamqa.info) have attacked the use of these translations by those who "criticize the Quran", or who "seek to make Islam appear to be a religion of sex and desire".

Ibn Kathir, in his tafsir, writes that kawa'ib has been interpreted to refer to "fully developed" or "round breasts ... they meant by this that the breasts of these girls will be fully rounded and not sagging, because they will be virgins." Similarly, the authoritative Arabic-English Lexicon of Edward William Lane defines the word ka'ib as "A girl whose breasts are beginning to swell, or become prominent, or protuberant or having swelling, prominent, or protuberant, breasts."

However, M. A. S. Abdel Haleem and others point out that the description here refers in classical usage to the young age rather than emphasizing the women's physical features. Others, such as Abdullah Yusuf Ali, translate ka'ib as "companions", with Muhammad Asad interpreting the term as being allegorical.

Reference to "72 virgins"
The Sunni hadith scholar Al-Tirmidhi quotes Muhammad as having said: "The smallest reward for the people of Heaven is an abode where there are eighty thousand servants and seventy-two houri, over which stands a dome decorated with pearls, aquamarine, and ruby, as wide as the distance from al-Jabiyyah to San'a."

However, others object that the narration granting all men seventy-two wives has a weak chain of narrators.

Another hadith, also in Jami at-Tirmidhi and deemed "good and sound" (hasan sahih) gives this reward specifically for the martyr: "There are six things with Allah for the martyr. He is forgiven with the first flow of blood (he suffers), he is shown his place in Paradise, he is protected from punishment in the grave, secured from the greatest terror, the crown of dignity is placed upon his head—and its gems are better than the world and what is in it—he is married to seventy-two wives among the wide-eyed houris (Ar. اثْنَتَيْنِ وَسَبْعِينَ زَوْجَةً مِنَ الْحُورِ الْعِينِ) of Paradise, and he may intercede for seventy of his close relatives."

(This hadith is sometimes erroneously attributed to the Quran.)

Sexual intercourse in Paradise
In the Quran, there is no overt mention of sexual intercourse in Paradise. However, it is alluded to in hadiths, tafsirs and Islamic commentaries.

Houri, age
The virgins of paradise "they will be of one age, thirty-three years old," according to Ibn Kathir, (as reported by Ad-Dahhak aka Ibn Abi Asim) based on his interpretation of the word Atrab (أَتْرَابًا) in Q.56:37). However, another interpretation of Atrab (in Q.56:37 and also Q.78:33) by Muhammad Haleen, describes Houri "as being of similar age to their companions". An Islamic Books pamphlet also states Houri will "have the same age as their husbands so that they can relate to each other better", but also adds that they will "never become old"; (Translations of Q.56:37 and Q.78:33 -- for example by Mustafa Khattab's the Clear Quran and by Pickthall -- often include the phrase "equal age" but don't specify what the houris are of equal age to.) On the other hand, the houris were created "without the process of birth", according to a classical Sunni interpretation of Q.56:35 in Tafsir al-Jalalayn, so that the heavenly virgins have no birthday or age in the earthly sense.

Other sources, including a tafsir of Ibn Kathir, (see above) emphasize the purpose of the use of kawa'ib in verse Q.78:33 "is to highlight the woman’s youthfulness", though she is an adult, she "has reached the age when she begins to menstruate"; and that she is of the age of "young girls when their breasts are beginning to appear". At least one person (M Faroof Malik) translates قَـٰصِرَٰتُ ٱلطَّرْفِ in verse Q.55:56 as "bashful virgins".

Quranic commentators
Sunni sources mention that like all men and women of Paradise, the houris do not experience urination, defecation or menstruation.

Ibn Kathir states that jinns will have female jinn companions in Paradise.

Contemporary
According to Smith and  Haddad, if there is any generalization that can be made of "contemporary attitudes" toward the nature of the hereafter, including Houri, it is that it is "beyond human comprehension ... beyond time", that the Quran only "alluded to analogously".

Imam Reza
According to 8th Shia Imam, Imam Reza, the heavenly spouses are created of dirt (Creation of life from clay) and saffron.

Gender and identity
It has traditionally been believed that the houris are beautiful women who are promised as a reward to believing men, with numerous hadith and Quranic exegetes describing them as such. In recent years, however, some have argued that the term ḥūr refers both to pure men and pure women (it being the plural term for both the masculine and feminine forms which refer to whiteness) and the belief that the term houris only refers to females who are in paradise is a misconception.

The Quran uses feminine as well as gender-neutral adjectives to describe houris,  by describing them with the indefinite adjective عِينٌ, which some have taken to imply that certain passages are referring to both male and female companions. In addition, the use of masculine pronouns for the houris' companions does not imply that this companionship is restricted to men, as the masculine form encompasses the female in classical and Quranic Arabic—thus functioning as an all-gender including default form—and is used in the Quran to address all humanity and all the believers in general.

In The Message of The Qur'an, Muhammad Asad describes the usage of the term ḥūr in the verses 44:54 & 56:22, arguing that "the noun ḥūr—rendered by me as 'companions pure'—is a plural of both aḥwār (masc.) and ḥawrā' (fem.)... hence, the compound expression ḥūr ʿīn signifies, approximately, 'pure beings, most beautiful of eye'."

Annemarie Schimmel says that the Quranic description of the houris should be viewed in a context of love; "every pious man who lives according to God's order will enter Paradise where rivers of milk and honey flow in cool, fragrant gardens and virgin beloveds await home".

Relation to earthly women
Regarding the eschatological status of this-worldly women vis-à-vis the houris, scholars have maintained that righteous women of this life are of a higher station than the houris. Sunni theologian Aḥmad al-Ṣāwī (d. 1825), in his commentary on Ahmad al-Dardir's work, states, "The sound position is that the women of this world will be seventy thousand times better than the dark-eyed maidens (ḥūr ʿīn)." Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar Baḥraq (d.1524) mentions in his didactic primer for children that "Adamic women are better than the dark-eyed maidens due to their prayer, fasting, and devotions."

Other authorities appear to indicate that houris themselves are the women of this world resurrected in new form, with Razi commenting that among the houris mentioned in the Quran will also be "[even] those toothless old women of yours whom God will resurrect as new beings". Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari mentions that all righteous women, however old and decayed they may have been on earth, will be resurrected as virginal maidens and will, like their male counterparts, remain eternally young in paradise. Modernist scholar Muḥammad ʿAbduh states "the women of the Garden are the good believers [al-mu'mināt al-ṣalihāt] known in the Qur'an as al-ḥūr al-ʿayn, (although he also makes a distinction between earthly women and houri).

Verses that are thought to refer to women from earth in paradise (Q.2:25, 3:15, and 4:57) talk of "purified companions" [azwāj muṭahhara], which distinguishes them from ḥūr, who are by definition "pure rather than purified".

Symbolism
Muhammad Asad believes that the references to houris and other depictions of paradise should be understood as allegorical rather than literal, citing the "impossibility of man's really 'imagining' paradise". In support of this view he quotes Quran verse 32:17 and a hadith found in Bukhari and Muslim.

Shi'ite philosopher Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai mentions that the most important fact of the description of the houris is that good deeds performed by believers are re-compensated by the houris, who are the physical manifestations of ideal forms that will not fade away over time and who will serve as faithful companions to those whom they accompany.

According to Islamic Scholar Javed Ahmad Ghamidi the houri is just an adjective used to describe beauty of women from this world, who would be given a new beautiful appearance in afterlife.

Similarities to Zoroastrianism
The houri has been said to resemble afterlife figures in Zoroastrianism narratives: "The Zoroastrian text, Hadhoxt Nask, describes the fate of a soul after death. The soul of the righteous spends three nights near the corpse, and at the end of the third night, the soul sees its own religion (daena) in the form of a beautiful damsel, a lovely fifteen year-old virgin; thanks to good actions she has grown beautiful; they then ascend heaven together."

"Syro-Aramaic" interpretation: grapes
In The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran, a 2007 book by "Christoph Luxenberg" (pseudonym of unknown author), the promise of houris is interpreted to relate to pure white grapes or raisins, not virgins, reflecting contemporary expectations of life in Paradise in Syriac Christianity.

title: Houri


text:
Talk:Provinces of Thailand

older entries
In case anyone cares, using the Mozilla 1.3.1 browser, the map overlays the right-hand portion of the list of provinces, with the browser configured to approximately 3/4 width of my 1024 x 768 screen. With the browser set to full screen, the map clears the text, but I don't normally operate this way. I don't know if it has to do with this, but there are HTML coding errors, notably text within an ordered list, but outside of a any list-item. This is illegal. e.g.

69:
 70: North</strong&gt 71: <li&gt<a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_province"

FWIW. Bill 15:32 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I checked the illegal coding by test-correcting it and it does not appear to be the cause of the overlap. Bill 15:50 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I did not know that this kind of using lists is not official covered by the HTML standard, it works fine with Mozilla as well as in IE - I did it to have the caption and the following list item texts aligned well, without having to do a complete table. The reason for the overlap is simply that the list and the graphic are too wide with a big font, but two double-columns below each other as looks bad. Anyone have a better idea how to present the list? BTW: IE does not overlap the table and the text, that one moves the table below, seems to Gecko having a bit problems here. andy 07:58 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the standard dictates that any text occuring within a list must occur within a list item. Although it looks the way you want it to now, future browsers, written to the standard, may not do what you expect, or worse, they may refuse to display the page.  I checked the stylesheet that this page links to (/style/wikistandard.css) and it does contain two errors:
 * border-width: 1 (requires unit of measure)
 * padding: 2 (requires unit of measure)
 * as well as a number of warning conditions. It would be interesting to fix the errors and see if that helps the overlap. Mozilla does tend to be pretty standard-compliant, whereas IE is renowed for its non-standard behavior.
 * All that said, the Thailand pages are really magnificent; I can't imagine any other encyclopedia coming close to what has been done here! Bill 15:32 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the compliment - I am so free and take that compliment for myself, as most of the recent pages on Thailand were at least partially by myself. But it is of course still work-in-progress, still not all provinces are covered and many other things to add (more cities, the kings are still incomplete, national parks, and so on). If you want to contribute on this topic you're welcome.
 * However as you already checked yourself these illegal lists are not the source of the overlap problem, that must be something to do with the way Gecko handles the div and tables. The question is if this is a bug in Mozilla, or if the HTML created by Wikipedia is broken. I noticed it on other pages occasionally as well - so maybe you better ask it the Sandbox instead of here, there it would have a much bigger audience. andy 16:05 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * You probably mean Village pump. The sandbox is not for asking questions. (I would not expect an answer there.) -- Cordyph 16:56 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * Of course I meant that one, and Bill also went to the right place... andy

The errors in the stylesheet apply to the #powersearch element. Nothing to do with the content of this article. I've instered a BR clear element to fix the overlap, though I'm not entirely sure why it was there. BTW, why is this list in a table? It doesn't look like tabular data to me. It looks like four lists. -- Tarquin 16:26 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Now it never aligns next to the image, it is always underneath it - that way it doesn't look much better either. There are in fact five lists, but if these five lists are underneath each other wouldn't look nice, thus the table to have them next to each other. andy 16:35 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * For me at least, it is now displaying the same way on Mozilla and older versions of both Netscape and IE. The top quarter of the map aligns to the right of the text; the map extends vertically and right justified past the end of the text, as I would expect it to do. I don't find the current format objectionable. Bill 16:42 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * But now it is impossible to see both the map with the numbers and the table which explains the numbers on the same screen without scrolling back and forth - the table is always below the map. Only when the font is quite big and the screen narrow it look OK, otherwise it is one big white space in the middle of the article. That was exactly why I tried to place the image next to the table, to allow to do this. Sadly I have no idea for an alternative design right now. andy 18:08 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, if you're willing to settle for two columns of province names that seems to work pretty well. I tested it and couldn't get it to overlap no matter how narrow I made the browser window. You'd just delete the
 and reformat the table. OTOH, Tarquin is correct about this really being a "list" and not tabular data.  Using tables solely to format is frowned upon by many since it tells an untruth about the nature of the data.  Still, it's a very common practice. Bill 20:37 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Map & Region Names
Maybe I need things spelled out for me in monosyllabic words, but it would be nice to have a link between the regions of the map image & the regions the provinces are grouped under. Unless my eyes deceive me, these should be linked as follows: Does any one object to these color names -- or have better choices? -- llywrch 22:12, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * North - Green
 * Northeast - Peach
 * Central - Yellow
 * East - Blue-green
 * South - Purple

 * I thought that the color codes are quite obvious for everyone who knows the Cardinal directions and the fact that maps are usually drawn with north to the top. But maybe you're right and this isn't so much basic knowledge as I thought, so just be bold. andy 09:35, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well it's only intuitive if you're used to matching the options & performing deductive reasoning. It took me only a moment to sort out which belonged to which; but having done phone support for computer software (as well as taking catalog orders) I know just how easy it is for two people to stare at an object & see it in two different ways. For example, some people might make the mistake of thinking the blue-green region was central, the peach east, & the green north, then wonder what happened to the north-east region -- and get angry because we didn't make it more clear. It never hurts to tell people something in two or three ways. (And my question was more about the choice of what to call the colors; I wouldn't be surprised if some people think that the peach color doesn't look very peachy.) -- llywrch 03:18, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Thailand has 75 or 76 provinces, actually?!?
Formally, Thailand has 75 provinces (or Changwats) and Krungthep Maha Nakorn (or Bangkok). Bacause Bangkok is capital territory like Canberra of Australia, Warshington,D.C. of U.S.A., ect., not count in province. Bangkok'citizen will elect to choose their governor by themself unlike others provinces that the governors come from ordering by Ministry of Interior except City of Pattaya, a part of Chonburi province, is another self-administrated area. Pattaya's Mayor come from election.

see from Ministry of Interior

 * Seeing that the Thailand article states 75 provinces plus special administrative areas, should Bangkok be removed as a province in this article as well?--Paul C 18:32, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You are indeed absolutely right, confer http://www.statoids.com/uth.html -- please update the article and related articles to that effect. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 18:11, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, Bangkok is not a province, but a special area. Yet it is at the same administrative level as the other provinces, and thus usually included like a 76th province. Pattaya is a totally different story, as that is a municipality, but with a different structure of administration than the other 3 levels in Thailand. But unlike Bangkok it is part of a province. I have reworded it a bit, better now? andy 21:35, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * But which districts, sub-districts (or communes), and villages represent the self-adminstered area of the city of Pattaya? Johnluisocasio (talk) 14:02, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Pattaya covers the Tambon (subdistricts) Nong Prue and Na Kluea completely, and parts of Nong Pla Lai	and Huai Yai, all within Amphoe Bang Lamung. As it is at a different administrative level than the provinces (unlike Bangkok) it IMHO does not need to be mentioned here. andy (talk) 14:11, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Districts
What is the difference between a "district" and a "minor district"? Nik42 07:10, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I haven't found the exact answer for this yet, only that the two have very similar duties. Usually a newly created district is a "minor district" for some years, until it gets elevated to "district" status. andy 22:27, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought the same thing as you do, Andy. jlog3000 (talk) 12:57, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Regions
"... are grouped into 5 groups of provinces - sometimes the East and Central are grouped together"

Actually, the grouping system varies widely among fields. In geography class taught in school, a system of six regions are usually used (North, Northeast, East, Central, West, and South). The weather forcast divides into North, Northeast, East, Central, Eastern South, Western South, and Bangkok. Can any one system be referred to as a standard, or should all (or none) be mentioned?--Paul C 18:32, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The regions North, Northeast and South are quite standard, the fact that weatherforecast separates the western and the eastern coast is simply because due to the mountains in middle the weather can be different. For the central, east and west there is a bit description in Central Thailand. andy 02:08, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Please try to look at the article guys and see how my re-organization of the regions and sub-regions of the country look. Johnluisocasio (talk) 13:27, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think it was an improvement, in the earlier version the numbers were much easier linked to the map. Also those subregions are even more informal than the regions, which are rather standard to divide the country - you might see what I wrote in the article on Central Thailand. I also wonder why you included Phu Wiang Province, AFAIK that province isn't created yet - or do you have news I haven't heard about yet. Besides, there seem to be several more provinces about to be created, see my blog. andy (talk) 13:51, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Johnluisocasio. Sorry, but I don't like your re-organization and I find those numbers in brackets very confusing. Where did you get those "sub-regions" from? And: "provinces" have to do with administration, no? Not so much with weather forcast. --hdamm (talk) 14:31, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Try checking at the Khon Kaen Province. Johnluisocasio (talk) 17:01, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, there it says "there are plans to create a province named Phu Wiang", which means it might have one in the near future, but also that these plans can get shelfed or scrapped by a future government. Actually I don't know the current status of this plan, maybe it is already shelved now? But as long as this creation isn't officially done it definitely doesn't belong into the table, only in the section named "since 1932" - which I should enlarge, I have found a lot more facts of what happened in the last 75 years in the meantime. andy (talk) 17:16, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Automatic addition of "class=FA"
A bot has added class=FA to the WikiProject banners on this page, as it's listed as a featured lists. If you see a mistake, please revert, and leave a note on the bot's talk page. Thanks, BOT Giggabot (talk) 06:11, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

ATTENTION : Incorrect Zoning ????
I have doubt, should "South Eastern" & "South Western" be swapped here ?? South Eastern Thailand sub-region (not official yet)  Krabi (กระบี่) [#2 in purple]  Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) [#3 in purple]  Phatthalung (พัทลุง) [#7 in purple]  Surat Thani (สุราษฎร์ธานี) [#12 in purple]  Trang (ตรัง) [#13 in purple]  South Western Thailand
 * Mori Riyo (talk) 04:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Mori Riyo (talk) 04:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Mori Riyo (talk) 04:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Mori Riyo (talk) 04:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Mori Riyo (talk) 04:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Mori Riyo (talk) 04:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

 * As said in the section "" above, I don't like these subregions within the table anyway, the four main regions are enough, especially as none of these regions are official. But of course west and east has been swapped around there. I have now reverted it to the old state before the edits of User:Johnluisocasio. andy (talk) 12:04, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I apologize. I was trying to make sub-regions out of each region to say the least or try to make that as a separate article, official or predicted. jlog3000 (talk) 15:35, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Requirements for each subdivision
What are the requirements for the following subdivisions in population, area etc.? jlog3000 (talk) 13:02, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Province (Changwat)
 * District (Amphoe, Khet)
 * Minor District (King Amphoe, King Khet)
 * Sub-District (Tambon, Khwaeng)
 * Village (Muban)
 * Community (Chumchom)

Reorganized into six regions
Most Thai sources agree on the six-region system, based on the 1978 resolution of the National Geographical Committee, which was appointed by the National Research Council, and I think we should do so too. The previous grouping was more similar to the administrative region grouping system used by the Ministry of Interior, which would have had the East combined into the Central region, leaving a total of four. This grouping was abandoned, however, and the Ministry of Interior currently uses a twelve-region system. --Paul_012 (talk) 19:15, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Are there are references related with the twelve-region system? jlog3000 (talk) 12:17, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe the best place for this discussion would be in Talk:Regions of Thailand, which could need more on the various groupings, as it right is nearly only a list of the four regions. Especially references to official texts from the ministries would be great. As these regions are only a grouping and not administrative entities, even though the MOI creates a new grouping doesn't mean it is used in all governmental circles - especially for statistical purposes it does not make sense to change the regions because it will make comparisons difficult. The grouping of the provinces into four regions in this article follows the grouping done by the NSO in the 2000 census, see . andy (talk) 17:58, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Provinces where capitals are not the biggest cities
"The only 6 provinces whose capitals aren't the biggest cities in their provinces are Tak (Mae Sot is the biggest city), Pathum Thani (Rangsit is the biggest city), Songkhla (Hat Yai is the biggest city), Chonburi (Pattaya is the biggest city), Narathiwat (Su-ngai Kolok is the biggest city) and Prachuap Khiri Khan (Hua Hin is the biggest city)."

-A few doubts here about Chonburi, Tak and Narathiwat (and Pathum Thani):

What is the source for Sungai Kolok being bigger than Narathiwat city? According to Wikipedia, Sungai Kolok has 38,600 inhabitants, but the article about Narathiwat has no population number. (Thai Wikipedia only gives the population of the whole Amphoe Mueang: 305,000.)

Similarly, the 120,000 figure at Mae Sot refers to the amphoe, not the town itself. However, it is indeed quite large and I remember reading about something in the range of 45,000-50,000 somewhere else. And of course, with the many Burmese refugees & semi-legal workers there, we also have to consider a substantial number of unregistered inhabitants, as in Pattaya (below). I wasn't aware that Tak (town) was that small (19,900) and would have thought it to be just slightly larger than Mae Sot, but if this figure is correct, then no objections to the inclusion of this example.

The population of Chonburi is given as 180,000, while the article about Pattaya says the following: "The city (Mueang) had 104,318 registered inhabitants in 2007. But like Bangkok Metropolis, that figure excludes the large number of people who work in Pattaya but remain registered in their hometowns, and many long-term expatriate visitors. Including non-registered residents, the population numbers around 300,000 at any given time. Other estimates put the figure as high as 500,000." I guess this qualification should also appear in this article ("Pattaya is the biggest city, if non-registered residents are included"); otherwise remove the whole Pattaya example.

[Also, I am quite sure that Rangsit has more inhabitants than tiny, sleepy Pathum Thani town (yes, I've been there once!) - but what is Rangsit? Apparently just a tambon of Amphoe Thanyaburi..... Does it really have any sort of town status, i.e. is there a thessaban tambon / thessaban mueang Rangsit? As it is now, we are left with a rather unconvincing comparison of 20,592 (tambon) vs. 18,320 (town).] ---Dekthep (talk) 06:40, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

 * You can find the official population numbers (i.e. the registered inhabitants) at the website of the Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA) at http://www.dopa.go.th/xstat/popyear.html

 * Narathiwat 40,521 vs. Sungai Kolok 39,564 - very close, maybe Sungai Kolok took over lately, those are the numbers for 2008, the 2009 numbers should come within the next few weeks.
 * Tak 19,274 vs. Mae Sot 35,042 - clear confirmation
 * Chonburi 33,067 vs. Pattaya 104,797 - clear confirmation
 * Pathum Thani 18,843 vs. Rangsit 76,843, even Khu Khot and Tha Khlong have more than Pathum Thani itself. Rangsit town covers the complete Tambon Prachathipat as stated in the Thanyaburi district article - note that Thesaban do not necessarily coincide with Tambon boundaries. andy (talk) 12:17, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Thanks for the DOPA link, very useful. That removes the doubts, of course. Though I still wonder how Chonburi has such a small population of only 33,000...? And where did the 180,000 figure at Chonburi come from then? Does that possibly include several neighbouring thesaban, due to a somewhat quirky structure of the Chonburi urban area? The article Amphoe Mueang Chonburi states: "There are three towns (thesaban mueang) - Chonburi, Saen Suk and Ban Suan." According to DOPA, the respective numbers are: Saen Suk 44,366 / Chonburi 33,067 / Ban Suan 65,115 = a total of 142,548. Still doesn't explain the Wikipedia figure. Anyway, that statistical data also disproves the common assumption that Chiang Mai is the second biggest city in Thailand. One might argue about Nonthaburi being a 'real' separate city (as opposed to an indistinguishable part of the Greater Bangkok Metropolis), but Hat Yai is definitely bigger, and Udon and Khorat are virtually tied with Chiang Mai for a common 4th place. Here are the 8 cities (i.e. thesaban nakhon / thesaban mueang) with >100,000 population, not including Bangkok, in descending order:

1. Nonthaburi 264,000

2. Hat Yai 157,000

3. Chiang Mai 146,000

4. Nakhon Ratchasima 145,000

5. Udon Thani 141,000

6. Surat Thani 127,000

7. Khon Kaen 118,000

8. Nakhon Si Thammarat 108,000

(As for Samut Prakan: like Nonthaburi, it is of course a densely populated area in close vicinity to Bangkok, with more than 1 million people in the province as a whole, but the population number for the thesaban nakhon is only 56,000.) And by the way - the smallest provincial capital in Thailand is Mae Hong Son (6,440). --Dekthep (talk) 12:18, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

 * You forgot Pak Kret, see also List of cities in Thailand by population andy (talk) 13:27, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Former provinces
The current section of former provinces IMHO does not fit into the article, not just because it is very incomplete (only the 4 Malay states which were "lost" in 1908), nor does a second list improve the readability of the article. A separate article List of former provinces of Thailand would make more sense, especially if it is a complete list - I could give lots of names for such a list, a few are collected in the Category:Former provinces of Thailand. This article should just mention the main changes in provincial outline, especially the abolished provinces in 1932, the temporary abolishment of provinces during WWII and at the same time the 4 provinces in the annexed Cambodian and Laotian areas. The "lost" territory is a bit tricky, as these happened when the Thesaphiban system was still in development, thus the 4 Malay states were not yet provinces in the modern sense but still the Mueang city states loosely bound with the central administration. andy (talk) 23:10, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Patent nonsense
There was NO census in 2005 or 2009! If these numbers are from the Wikipedia articles, then it is the registrar data. The last census from which data is available was in   2000, and last year a new census was done, but AFAIK there are no data available yet. The right numbers can be found at statoids, or for 1990 and 2000 can also be collected from the website of the NSO - or in a  spreadsheet I compile myself. andy (talk) 21:59, 7 January 2011  (UTC)
 * OK, no problem, just input the data or change the titles to suit!!!
 * I am going to incorporate this table into the Provinces of Thailand article anyway. Petebutt (talk) 13:04, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

flags
Please upload all flags to English wikipedia, or commons. Flags are in th:ธงประจำจังหวัดของไทย. Thank you.--183.89.251.249 (talk) 12:44, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

I know. I'm doing this now.--DKH2010 (talk) 05:24, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Please check the source and copyright status of images before uploading them; images without proper attribution may not be kept on the English Wikipedia. --Paul_012 (talk) 11:48, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Is "Province" part of the proper names
The provinces are mostly listed without "Province" as part of the name, but the individual province articles include "Province" in the name. Is "Province" or "changwat/Changwat" part of the proper names, or is this a misapplied disambiguator? In other words, should individual province names indeed be "Xxx Province", or should they be something like "Xxx (province)"? Nurg (talk) 21:31, 20 December 2014 (UTC)
 * All of the official Thai sources include the term Changwat (and same for the lower administrative level), but it is required in Thai as well as a disambiguation, as there are often more than one administrative unit at different level sharing the same name. To add confusion, if in Thai someone just uses the name "Chiang Mai" he usually means the province, whereas in English it usually more refers to the city - hence in most cases the plain name here is occupied by the article on the provincial capital. andy (talk) 11:42, 21 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Also, even if the term is considered a disambiguator, it is considered a "natural disambiguation" and is actually preferred to parenthetical disambiguation (see WP:NATURAL). Thus we have New York City rather than New York (city). --Paul_012 (talk) 20:05, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

77 Provinces? Bung Kan
Where is Bung Kan province? There are now 77 provinces. Also Pattaya is also an administrative district isn't it? 203.131.210.82 (talk) 06:13, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

 * There are 76 provinces including Bueng Kan. Bangkok is not a province, but a special administrative area, which however is at same administrative level as the provinces, thus is often wrongly stated that there are 77 province . Pattaya is also a special administrative area, but not at province level, only a special local government within Chonburi province. This should however all be covered in the article already. andy (talk) 12:15, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Province capitals
Should we contine to list them? I don't think the concept of a provincial capital even officially exists. The current listing appears to just be the municipal locations of the Provincial Hall building of each province. This likely fails Wikipedia's policy on no original research. And frankly, it's extremely awkward to see Chaeramae listed as the "capital" of Ubon Ratchathani Province. --Paul_012 (talk) 19:00, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I don't know much about the policies, but I always think that section in all related articles and templates should be removed, because there aren't such things as provincial capitals in Thailand. It's actually as simple as that. Even if we substitute this term for with "provincial seat", "seat of provincial government", etc., they still imply a federal system to me. However, other people may take the meaning of the word "capital" differently. I don't know. The Collins Dictionary, for example, defines the word "capital" as "the seat of government of a country or other political unit." I don't see Chaeramae or Mai Khet as awkward according to this definition. --Potapt (talk) 18:29, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Even there is no concept for the province "capital" in Thai, the usual definition of capital is simply "seat of administration". I have no problem with a list collecting referenced locations for the province administrations, especially as other language editions as well as Wikidata will still list these values - I don't know if compiling a list from other sources counts as original research. Especially in those cases where the province hall was moved from inside the city named same as the province to an outskirt which happens to be a different municipality/TAO it would make sense to list the date when this move was done - at least in Wikidata. What kept me from being more active in this (apart from being busy with other things) - why we have to use the local administrative unit which contains the province hall, the Tambon is usually more detailed, or actually would have to list both? That'd be very confusing in Wikidata then. Though I have not much hope of a perfect solution, at least for Wikidata I'll try to post a question in the general discussion there. andy (talk) 10:11, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Provinces of Thailand. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150908070156/http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/pk/pk_57.pdf to http://www.stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/pk/pk_57.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:11, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

Updated population for each province for 77 provinces updated reference
Hello All Editor for Wikipedia I have just modifying updated population for all provinces with reference from government so if you have comment please kindly contact me directly on my talk page.. Thank you and looking forward to brainstorm for something great in near future soon....Tris T7 (talk) 17:17, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

Manifest error - 76+1 versus 77+1 provinces?
The introduction to this page specifies 76 provinces plus Bankgok as a special administrative area. However the long list given in the body of the article contains 77 provinces plus Bangkok as a special administrative area. I have no idea what the right answer is, but someone who knows the true situation should make approproate edits. A history of recent changes would also be useful. Pauldoust (talk) 09:35, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Could you re-check your count? I count Bangkok plus 76 provinces in the list table. --Paul_012 (talk) 10:06, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

Apologies. My mistake was that when I pasted into a spreadsheet, Bangkok occupied two rows because of the note about "special administrative area". Pauldoust (talk) 15:22, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

Chai Nat hyperlink
I have noticed that the hyperlink for Chai Nat Province leads to the town of Chai Nat. Is someone able to correct the hyperlink to the province? AridCeption (talk) 09:23, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Done. The source is hidden in the templates at Category:Country data templates of subdivisions of Thailand. This one seems to have been missed when the others were previously fixed. --Paul_012 (talk) 12:40, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Provinces of Thailand


text:
Cinnamon teal

The cinnamon teal (Spatula cyanoptera) is a species of duck found in western North and South America. It is a small dabbling duck, with bright reddish plumage on the male and duller brown plumage on the female. It lives in marshes and ponds, and feeds mostly on plants.

Description
The adult male has a cinnamon-red head and body with a brown back, a red eye and a dark bill. The adult female has a mottled brown body, a pale brown head, brown eyes and a grey bill and is very similar in appearance to a female blue-winged teal; however, its overall color is richer, the lores, eye line, and eye ring are less distinct. Its bill is longer and more spatulate. Male juvenile resembles a female cinnamon or blue-winged teal but their eyes are red. They are 16 in long, have a 22 in wingspan, and weigh 14 oz. They have 2 adult molts per year and a third molt in their first year.

Distribution
Their breeding habitat is marshes and ponds in western United States and extreme southwestern Canada, and are rare visitors to the east coast of the United States. Cinnamon teal generally select new mates each year. They are migratory and most winter in northern South America and the Caribbean, generally not migrating as far as the blue-winged teal. Some winter in California and southwestern Arizona. Two subspecies of cinnamon teal reside within the Andes of South America. The smaller sized S. c. cyanoptera is widespread within low elevations (<1000m) such as the coast of Peru and southern Argentina, whereas the larger size subspecies S. c. orinomus occupies elevations of 3500–4600 meters in the central Andes.

Behavior
These birds feed by dabbling. They mainly eat plants; their diet may include molluscs and aquatic insects.

Taxonomy
They are known to interbreed with blue-winged teals, which are very close relatives.

Subspecies are:
 * Spatula cyanoptera septentrionalium (Oberholser, 1906) northern cinnamon teal breeds from British Columbia to northwestern New Mexico, and they winter in northwestern South America.
 * Spatula cyanoptera tropica (Snyder & Lumsden, 1951) tropical cinnamon teal occurs in the Cauca Valley and Magdalena Valley in Colombia.
 * Spatula cyanoptera borreroi (Snyder & Lumsden, 1951) Borrero's cinnamon teal (possibly extinct) occurs in the eastern Andes of Colombia with records of apparently resident birds from northern Ecuador. It is named for Colombian ornithologist José Ignacio Borrero.
 * Spatula cyanoptera orinoma (Snyder & Lumsden, 1951) Andean cinnamon teal occurs in the Altiplano of Peru, northern Chile and Bolivia.
 * Spatula cyanoptera cyanoptera (Vieillot, 1816) Argentine cinnamon teal occurs in southern Peru, southern Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and the Falkland Islands.

title: Cinnamon teal


text:
Jean François Paul de Gondi

Jean François Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz (20 September 1613 – 24 August 1679) was a French churchman, writer of memoirs, and agitator in the Fronde.

The Florentine banking and noble Gondi family had been introduced into France by Catherine de' Medici; Catherine offered Jérome (Girolamo) de Gondi in 1573 the château that he made the nucleus of the Château de Saint-Cloud; his hôtel in the Faubourg Saint-Germain of Paris became the Hôtel de Condé in the following generation. The Gondi acquired great estates in Brittany and became connected with the noblest houses of the kingdom.

Early life

Jean-François de Gondi was born in Montmirail, in the Brie region of northern France. He was the third son in his family, and according to Tallemant des Réaux was made a knight of Malta on the very day of his birth. The death of his second brother, however, destined him for a closer connection with the Church. The Retz side of his family had much church influence, and though young Jean-François was not much attracted to the clergy, his family insisted that he join it. They said he lacked the appearance of a soldier, being short, near-sighted, ugly and awkward.

He was tutored by St. Vincent de Paul and educated at the Sorbonne. When he was eighteen, he wrote Conjuration de Fiesque, a little historical essay, influenced by the Italian of Agostino Mascardi, and audaciously insinuating revolutionary principles.

Family background
The district of Retz or Rais is in southern Brittany, and has been under the control of several different families. Retz always spelled the word "Rais." The barony of Retz first belonged to the House of Retz, then to the Chabot family and the Laval family. Gilles de Rais, a Laval and comrade in arms of Joan of Arc, was executed without an heir, so the barony passed successively to the families of Tournemine, Annebaut and Gondi.

In 1581, it became a duchy, with Albert de Gondi its first duke. His brother Pierre de Gondi became bishop of Paris in 1570 and cardinal in 1587. Pierre was succeeded by his nephews Henri de Gondi (d. 1622) and Jean-François de Gondi (d. 1654), for whom the episcopal see of Paris was erected into an archbishopric in 1622. Finally, Jean François was then succeeded by Pierre's great-nephew Jean François Paul de Gondi.

Archbishop of Paris
Retz received no preferment of importance during Cardinal Richelieu's life. Even after the minister's death, though he was presented to Louis XIII and well received, he found difficulty in attaining the co-adjutorship with reversion of the archbishopric of Paris. But almost immediately after the king's death, Anne of Austria appointed him to the coveted post on All Saints Eve, 1643. Retz, who had, according to some accounts, already plotted against Richelieu, set himself to work to make the utmost political capital out of his position. His uncle had lived in great seclusion; Retz, on the contrary, gradually acquired a very great influence with the populace of the city. This influence he gradually turned against Cardinal Mazarin, which helped lead to the outbreak of the Fronde in October 1648.

Of the two parties who joined the Fronde, Retz could only depend on the bourgeoisie of Paris. He had some speculative tendencies in favour of popular liberties, and even perhaps of republicanism, but represented no real political principle, which inevitably weakened his position. When the breakup of the Fronde came he was left in the lurch, having more than once been in no small danger from his own party. However, because of a misapprehension on the part of Pope Innocent X, he had been made cardinal.

In 1652, he was arrested and imprisoned, first at Vincennes, then at Nantes; he escaped after two years, and traveled through Europe. He went to Rome more than once, and helped elect Pope Alexander VII. In 1662, Louis XIV received him back into favor, and asked him to formally serve as envoy to Rome several times. For this reconciliation to occur, he resigned his claims to the archbishopric of Paris. He was appointed abbot of St-Denis, and restored to his other benefices with the payment of arrears.

Later life
The last seventeen years of Retz's life were passed partly in his diplomatic duties (he was again in Rome at the papal conclaves of 1667 and 1669 ), partly in Paris, partly at his estate of Cornmercy, but mostly at Saint-Mihiel in Lorraine. His debts were enormous, and in 1675 he made over to his creditors all his income except twenty thousand livres. He died at Paris on 24 August 1679. During these last years he corresponded with Madame de Sévigné, a relative by marriage.

Writings
During the last ten years of his life, Retz wrote his Memoirs, which go up to the year 1655. They are addressed in the form of narrative to a lady who is not known, though guesses have been made at her identity, some even suggesting Madame de Sévigné herself. In the beginning there are some gaps. They are known for their narrative skill and the verbal portraits of their characters. Alexandre Dumas, père drew heavily on the Memoirs for Vingt ans après. Besides these memoirs and the youthful essay of the Conjuration de Fiesque, Retz has left diplomatic papers, sermons, Mazarinades and correspondence.

Retz and François de La Rochefoucauld, the greatest of the Frondeurs in literary genius, were personal and political enemies, and each left a portrait of the other. De la Rochefoucauld wrote of Retz: "Il a suscité les plus grands désordres dans l'état sans avoir un dessein formé de s'en prévaloir." (He stirred up the greatest disorder in the State, without having a clear plan of how to gain from it).

The Memoirs of the cardinal de Retz were first published in a very imperfect condition in 1717. The first satisfactory edition appeared in the twenty-fourth volume of the collection of Joseph François Michaud and Jean Joseph François Poujoulat (Paris, 1836). In 1870 a complete edition of the works of Retz was begun by Alphonse Feillet in the collection of Grands Ecrivains.

Perhaps his most famous quotation with respect to modern culture was from Vol 2. of his Memoirs, discussing the unrest in the day, with a philosophical reflection,"Il n’y a rien dans ce monde qui n’ait un moment decisif..." (There is nothing in the world that does not have its decisive moment...)

The full translated passage goes on: "It seemed that everyone was surprised and intoxicated by the smoke of the grape harvest; and you will see scenes at the cost of which the past has been nothing but greenery and pastures. There is nothing in the world that does not have its decisive moment, and the masterpiece of good conduct is know and take this moment. If we miss it in the revolution of States, we run the risk of not finding it, or of not noticing it."

Henri Cartier-Bresson used this passage as the keynote to his classic work "Images à la Sauvette" which was renamed in English "The Decisive Moment."

title: Jean François Paul de Gondi


text:
Tübingen (district)

Tübingen is a Landkreis (district) in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Böblingen, Reutlingen, Zollernalbkreis and Freudenstadt.

History
The district dates back to the Oberamt Tübingen in the state of Württemberg. In 1811 the Oberamt Rottenburg was created, and both were converted into districts in 1934. In 1938 most of the district Rottenburg as well as a few municipalities from the district Herrenberg and Reutlingen were added to the district Tübingen. In 1974 it was enlarged again when some municipalities from the dissolved district Horb were added.

Geography
The main river in the district is the Neckar. The landscapes covered by the district are called Oberer Gäu and Schönbuch.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms show the banner (gonfalon) of the Counts of Tübingen. In contrast to the coat of arms of the city Tübingen, it is depicted on a spear. The red-and-white colors are chosen to represent the County Hohenberg, which belonged to Austria.

title: Tübingen (district)