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Mount Apo

Mount Apo, also known locally as Apo Sandawa, is a large solfataric, dormant stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao, Philippines. With an elevation of 3144 m above sea level, it is the highest-mountain in the Philippine Archipelago, Mindanao and 24th-highest peak of an island on Earth. Located on the tripartite border of Davao City and Davao del Sur in the Davao Region, and Cotabato in Soccsksargen, Mount Apo is the most-prominent mountain in the Philippines. The peak overlooks from Davao City 45 km to the northeast, Digos 25 km to the southeast, and Kidapawan 20 km to the west. It is a protected area and a Natural Park of the Philippines.

Geology
Mount Apo is a flat-topped, 2954 m (above sea level) high stratovolcano with three peaks. It is the highest peak of the Philippines. The southwest peak has the highest elevation and is topped by a 200. m wide crater that contains a small lake.

The volcanic history of Mount Apo is poorly known but eruptions have produced andesitic-to-dacitic lava. A line of solfataras extend from the southeast flank at an elevation of 2400. m to the summit. Mount Apo is not known to have had historical eruptions, and was incorrectly attributed to be the source volcano of the 1641 eruption of Mount Melibengoy, also in Mindanao.

Etymology and indigenous peoples
The name of Mt. Apo comes from Apo, a title of respect meaning "revered elder" in various languages of the surrounding Lumad tribes. It is the shortened form of the original Manobo and Kalagan name Apo Sandawa ("Elder Sandawa" or "Grandfather Sandawa"), the name of the spirit of the mountain. Apo Sandawa is also regarded as an ancestor spirit by the various Manobo and Kalagan tribes living in the foothills, including the Obo, Manobo Bagobo, Manobo Apao, Tagabawa, Matigsalug, Ata, Arumanen, Tinananen, Kulamanen, Tagakaulo and Kagan peoples. The mountain itself is considered sacred grounds. Various rituals to Apo Sandawa are conducted by the supreme waylan (shaman) known as the diwata, who also serves as the medium for Apo Sandawa and the ancestor spirits of the Manobo and Kalagan tribes.

Mount Apo Natural Park
On May 9, 1936, Mount Apo was declared a National Park with Proclamation No. 59 by President Manuel L. Quezon followed by Proclamation No. 35 of May 8, 1966, then Proclamation No. 882 of September 24, 1996. On February 3, 2004, the approval of Republic Act No. 9237 established Mount Apo as a protected area under the category of Natural Park with an area of 54,974.87 ha; with two peripheral areas of 2,571.73 ha and 6,506.40 ha as buffer zones, provided for its management and for other purposes.

UNESCO World Heritage list

In 1987, the National Geographic Society based in Washington, DC in the United States, published a book entitled, "Our World's Heritage", where Mount Apo was noted as a 'site of World Heritage caliber'. The cover of the book also featured Mount Apo's iconic Philippine eagle, along with three other heritage sites which have already been designated as "UNESCO World Heritage Sites".

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) submitted Mount Apo on December 12, 2009, for inclusion in the UNESCO world heritage list. The mountain is considered by DENR as the center of endemism in Mindanao. It has one of the highest land-based biological diversity in terms of flora and fauna per unit area. It has three distinct forest formations, from lowland tropical rainforest, to mid-mountain forests, and finally to high mountain forests.

A portion of the eastern slopes are also within the scope of the UNESCO Hydrology Environment Life and Policy (HELP) Network. The Davao HELP Network is focused on building collaboration among watershed stakeholders.

In March 2015, it was taken out from the UNESCO List of Tentative Sites due to the dramatic changes (such as logging, intrusion of companies and urban and agricultural landscape, exploitation, and poaching, among others) it experienced which does not constitute the UNESCO documents that describes the park. Better conservation and a change in the content of documents was recommended by UNESCO.

Climate

The climate at the summit of Mount Apo is alpine (Köppen ETH) as its mean temperature does not exceed 10 C in any month. It falls under the Type IV climate under the modified corona's classification wherein rainfall is relatively distributed throughout the year. Mean monthly temperature ranges from a low 6.9 C during January to 8.9 C during April. Monthly relative humidity ranges from 78% during March and April and 82% during June and July. Minima reach 2.4 C in January and February.

In late March–April 2016, due to the extreme effects of El Niño caused by climate change and global warming, massive patches of forest fires and bushfires appeared on the slopes of the mountain, causing hikers on the mountain to halt their ascent. Tourism in the region was threatened due to a massive haze engulfing the slopes of the mountain. The mountain later recovered after the government and local stakeholders initiated a holistic recovery plan for the entire natural park.

Flora and fauna
The mountain is home to over 272 bird species, 111 of which are endemic to the area. It is also home to one of the world's largest eagles, the critically endangered Philippine eagle, which is the country's national bird.

Lakes

There are four major lakes in Mt. Apo. Popular of these are Lake Agco, which used to be called "The Blue Lake", and Lake Venado, a well-known mountaineers camping site and a stopover towards the peak. Lake Macadac and Lake Jordan are found in the summit grassland.

Rivers
Mount Apo is a headwaters catchment area of several major river systems like Marbel River, Matingaw River, connecting with the Kabacan River, part of the Pulangi River, a major tributary of the Mindanao River, the Tudaya Falls, Sibulan River, and Digos River, which flows into Davao Gulf.

Mt. Apo has 19 major rivers and 21 creeks draining its 8 major watersheds (PASAlist.1992). Out of the 19 major rivers, only two has studies as reported by SEA-BMB consultants for the Mt. Apo Geothermal Project Environmental Impact Assessment 1991. According to the report, there are two river ecosystems draining the geothermal site namely: (1) Marbel-Matingao river ecosystem- characterized by narrower river channels at highly elevated areas, much faster water flow, clearer water and rock boulder-rich water beds. The aquatic organisms in the area have expectedly lower biological productivity and species diversity. The report also concluded that this river ecosystem provides much less economic and commercial value for its biological production. The study identified 12 species of fish caught in the area; (2) Kabacan River- Pulangi River ecosystem- characterized by a much wider channels at flat areas, relatively much slower water flow, highly turbid waters and sandy mud river beds.

Waterfalls
The Tudaya Falls is a one-tier 150 m waterfall in Mt. Apo Natural Park. This waterfall flows into the Sibulan River, which flows into the Davao Gulf.

Biological features

The grasslands are characterized by the dominance of Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) and Saccharum spontaneum. Other grasses and ferns also thrive, especially along banks of creeks, streams, and rivers and on steep slopes.

Geothermal energy

The Mt. Apo 1 and Mt. Apo 2 geothermal plants, each possess a rated capacity of 54.24 megawatts. Owned and operated by Energy Development Corporation (EDC) the power plants were commissioned in February 1997 (Mt. Apo 1) and June 1999 (Mt. Apo 2) respectively, under a build-operate owner contract arrangement. Located in Barangay Ilomavis, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato is the Mindanao Geothermal Production Field with a power output of 108.48 MW, currently the only power plant of its kind in Mindanao.

The Philippine National Oil Company geothermal plant supplies electricity to Kidapawan and its neighboring provinces, its completion boosted the city's economy.

The Tudaya Hydropower Plant
The Tudaya Hydropower Plant, located near the foot of Mount Apo on the Davao side (Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur), is composed of two run-of-river type plants that will contribute to the energy needs of Mindanao by early 2014.

The Sibulan Hydroelectric Power Plant
The Sibulan Hydroelectric Power Plants have been generating 42.5 MW of clean and renewable energy for Davao since 2010. It is also composed of two run-of the river mini hydro power plants.

Sibulan A was completed and commissioned on December 26, 2010. Local residents who are mainly engaged in abaca and fruit farming have since benefited from the use of 44 km of farm-to-market roads which were developed as access to the plants.

Hiking activity

At 2954 m, Mount Apo is the highest mountain (peak) and volcano in the Philippines. It is one of the country's most popular hiking/climbing destinations.

The first two attempts to reach Mt. Apo's summit ended in failure: that of Jose Oyanguren (1852) and Señor Real (1870). The first recorded successful expedition was led by Don Joaquin Rajal on October 10, 1880. Prior to the climb, Rajal had to secure the permission of the Bagobo chieftain, Datu Manig. It is said that the Datu demanded that human sacrifice be made to please the god Mandarangan. But the datu agreed to waive this demand, and the climb commenced on October 6, 1880, succeeding five days later. Since then, numerous expeditions followed. These and more are described in colorful narrations by Fr. Miguel Bernad, S.J.

Several trails lead to the summit, coming from North Cotabato and Davao provinces. Arguably the easiest route to the Natural Park is through Kidapawan with an average hike taking 3–4 days roundtrip. In the classification system used by local popular mountaineering website PinoyMountaineer.com, the difficulty of the hike is 7 out of 9. Various sights along the trail include Lake Venado, the highest lake in the Philippines, the solfataras and the old crater near its summit.

title: Mount Apo


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Ramón Ramos

Ramón Luis Ramos Manso (born November 20, 1967) is a Puerto Rican former basketball player. He began his career in the early 1980s with Indios de Canóvanas, then played college basketball at Seton Hall University. Ramos was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association in 1989, but would never play an NBA game after suffering severe injuries in a car crash.

Career in Puerto Rico
Born in the Puerto Rican municipality of Canóvanas, Ramos attended Catholic all-boys school Colegio San José, and played basketball and baseball. He began his basketball career in 1983 as a reserve center on now-defunct hometown team Indios de Canóvanas. He helped the Indios win back to back BSN league titles in 1983 and 1984. In 1987, Ramos played on the national under-21 team that won the gold medal at the Centrobasket Under 21 competition after defeating Cuba 94–78 in Caguas. He played for Puerto Rico at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

College and NBA career
In 1985, Ramos relocated to the United States to attend Seton Hall University and played for the Pirates in the Big East Conference for all four years. He was selected to the All-Big East First Team and awarded the Big East's Scholar athlete during the 1988–89 season and was named to the Big East All-Tournament First Team during the 1988 and 1989 NCAA tournaments. In his senior year, he averaged 11.9 points and 7.6 rebounds per game as Seton Hall reached their first and only Final Four in 1989, and progressed to the championship game. Ramos finished with nine points and five rebounds as the Pirates lost to the Michigan Wolverines 80–79 in overtime.

Ramos went undrafted in the 1989 NBA draft, and signed as a free agent during the 1989–90 preseason with the Portland Trail Blazers and was initially placed on the injured list due to tendinitis in his knee. He was promoted to the active roster shortly after being cleared to resume playing on December 5, filling the roster spot vacated by the waived Robert Reid. However, Ramos would never play in an NBA game, not leaving the bench for the next five games, and then having his career cut short eleven days later in a car crash.

Accident
On December 16, 1989, after a home game against the Golden State Warriors, Ramos lost control of the car he was driving on Portland's Interstate 5 after hitting a patch of ice, causing him to cross the center median and flip several times. Ramos, who was not wearing a seatbelt and was thrown from the vehicle, suffered brain damage and remained in a coma for three months. Though alcohol was not a factor, Ramos had been speeding prior to the crash. The Blazers kept his locker space intact, complete with his game uniform, for the remainder of the 1989–90 season and several seasons to follow. He was paralyzed from the waist down for a year after the crash, while his speech was severely affected.

During the summer of 1991, more than 20,000 fans turned out to help the Trail Blazers raise $130,000 for a trust fund in Ramos' name at Slam ‘N Jam, an outdoor basketball and music event in what is now Providence Park. Players from throughout the NBA came to play in the benefit game. Ramos and his parents were special guests and drew a long, standing ovation when they were introduced.

Ramos has difficulty walking and doing everyday things, and he requires constant supervision by his parents. His story has been shown several times on Puerto Rican and American television.

Ramos was inducted into the Seton Hall University Athletics Hall of Fame in February 2006. This marked Ramos' first return to New Jersey since his graduation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ramón Ramos


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Jean-Michel Atlan

Jean-Michel Atlan (January 23, 1913 – February 12, 1960) was a French artist.

Biography
Of Algerian Jewish descent, Atlan was born in Constantine, French Algeria, and moved to Paris in 1930. He studied philosophy at the Sorbonne. He started as a self-taught painter in 1941. He was arrested for being Jewish and for his political activism in 1942. He pleaded insanity and was confined to the Sainte Anne asylum. He published a slim volume of poetry in 1944 and had his first exhibition at the Gallerie Arc en Ciel. In 1946 he met Asger Jorn and got involved with the CoBrA art group. His studio became a meeting place for the group in Paris.

In 1955 he exhibited in the Gallerie Carpenter. Two of the works he is known for include Le Kahena, and Composition.

He died in Paris and is buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse.

title: Jean-Michel Atlan


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Ismail Kemal

Ismail Kemal (16 January 1844 – 26 January 1919), also spelled Ismail Qemali, was an Albanian politician and statesman who is regarded as the founder of modern Albania. He served as the first prime minister of Albania from December 1912 until his resignation in January 1914.

Born in Vlorë to an Albanian noble family, Kemal developed an early interest in languages and mastered Ottoman Turkish, Greek, Italian and French in Ioannina and later studied law in Istanbul. He travelled across Europe, particularly Belgium, France, England and Italy, and returned to Albania after the Young Turk Revolution. He took part in the Congress of Ottoman Opposition. He played a major role in the Albanian revolt of 1912.

The principal author of the Declaration of Independence, Kemal was elected leader of the Provisional Government of Albania by the All-Albanian Congress in November 1912. He became prime minister and foreign minister of Albania. Kemal temporarily allied with the Ottoman Empire and jointly plotted to attack Serbia in return for gaining Kosovo from the Ottomans. However, their plan got leaked and International Control Commission occupied Vlora, which resulted in Kemal's resignation. Afterward, he lived in exile in Italy where he died in 1919. He is often known as ("Father of the Nation") in Albania.

Early life
Ismail Kemal was born on 16 January 1844 in the city of Vlorë, then part of the Ottoman Empire. He completed his primary education in his hometown. Later he attended the Zosimaia School in Janina and graduated from Ottoman law school in Istanbul. Kemal married a Greek woman Kleoniki Sourmeli and sent his children to receive an education in Greece.

Political career
Kemal embarked on a career as an Ottoman civil servant reaching high government positions in European and Asian parts of the empire after he moved to Istanbul in May 1860. He identified with the reform wing of Midhat Pasha, the author of the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire with whom Kemal was a close collaborator, and he became governor of several towns in the Balkans. During these years he took part in efforts for the standardization of the Albanian alphabet supporting the use of Latin characters for writing Albanian and the establishment of an Albanian cultural association.

By 1877, Kemal seemed to be on the brink of important functions in the Ottoman administration, but when Ottoman sultan Abdulhamid II ((r. 1876 – 1909)) dismissed Midhat as prime minister, Ismail Kemal was sent into exile in western Anatolia, though the Sultan later recalled him and made him governor of Beirut. Kemal in 1892 presented the Sultan with a plan for a Balkan Confederation. It involved an entente between Balkan states and the empire eventually bound by mutual defense and economic development of resources agreements within a unified Great Eastern state with the Ottoman Empire as its centre and return of old borders. In this framework, Albania like North Macedonia was not treated as a separate state but as part of the Ottoman state. In time his liberal policy recommendations caused him to fall out of favour with the Sultan again. Kemal was aware that the empire came close to intervention from the Great Powers due to the Armenian crisis of 1895. Abdulhamid II awarded Kemal the position of governor (wali) of Tripoli, however he viewed the high post as exile.

Exile
In May 1900 Ismail Kemal boarded the British ambassador's yacht, claimed asylum and was conveyed out of the empire where for the next eight years he lived in exile. Kemal left for Athens and issued proclamations explaining his abandonment of service to the empire while Ottoman authorities were upset with his flight. His interest toward the Albanian question was limited until these events and Kemal's participation in the Albanian national movement was seen as an asset among Albanian circles who would bring prestige and influence Albanians Muslims to support the cause. He also worked to promote constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire. In Paris he met Faik Konitza and the two leaders worked together for a short time on Albanian issues through newspaper publications where Kemal called for Albanian unity, economic development, progress and to warn of future dangers of subjugation by Balkan states. The pair fell out as Kemal found Konitza difficult to work with while Konitza found his focus of being a politician overwhelming and disapproved of his pro-Greek policy. Kemal went on to found the newspaper Selamet (Salvation) published in Ottoman Turkish, Albanian and Greek which called for cooperation between Albanians and Greeks, due to both peoples having the same geopolitical interests. Some Albanian activists involved in the national movement considered those views as suspicious and an instrument of Greek policy causing his popularity to wane among Albanians.

At first Kemal made overtures to Austria-Hungary as the great power to assist Albanians in developing a more unified national opinion about their future, founding of more laic Albanian schools and cultivating their language and attaining autonomy. Later, he became close with Italo-Albanians, shifted his leanings toward Italy and supported Italian policy for Albania to counter Austro-Hungarian territorial ambitions in the Balkans. The Ottoman government initiated a crackdown of members and sympathisers of the Young Turk movement (CUP) with Kemal's son Mahmud, a Council of State official being dismissed. In Paris, Kemal participated in the Congress of Ottoman Opposition (1902) organised by Prince Mehmed Sabahaddin and backed his faction calling for reforms, minority rights, revolution and European intervention in the empire. The 1902 Congress resulted in no organisations being established in the Balkans and an unknown individual impersonating Kemal travelled to various cities in Bulgaria and succeeded in duping many Muslims. The aftermath of the 1902 Congress did result in the formation of the new central committee with attempts for the creation of a "permanent committee", however Kemal and the Ottoman princes Sabahaddin and Lutfullah failed to get support from the Armenians. Later at a gathering of the permanent members of the new committee at the princes' house Kemal was installed as chairman. Control of the official CUP newspaper Osmanli was given by the old members of the central committee to Prince Sabahaddin and Kemal of the new central committee.

The new committee attempted to get Armenian endorsement through niceties about a lack of ethnic differences while Armenian organisations responded favorably toward figures like Kemal. Due to Kemal's prominent role Albanians were targeted by the new committee through articles published in the newspaper Osmanli warning of partition by Balkan and Western countries of Albanian inhabited lands within the empire. These publications were distributed secretly in Albania through known associates such as Xhemil Vlora (Avlonyalı Cemil) who worked for Kemal. Kemal supported the leadership of the Albanian movement such as preparing appeals for Jup Kastrati or creating in Paris an Albanian Council. Journals supported by Kemal promoted Albanian autonomy, however the new committee failed to win support among Albanians to their side. Kemal along with the Ottoman princes compared themselves to the statesmen of the Tanzimat reform era. During this time Kemal's positions swung between overthrow of the sultan and increasingly backing the Albanian national movement. He corresponded over Albania's future with the Prince of Albanian origins, Albert Ghica who had designs on becoming an Albanian monarch and with Preng Doçi about the involvement of Kemal in an administrative role within a future autonomous Albania. Good relations were maintained with Ghica, while Dervish Hima an Albanian politically involved with the Romanian prince was viewed by Ottoman authorities as a pawn of Kemal.

Plot against the sultan
Between 1902 and 1903 a coup de detat plot to overthrow Abdulhamid II was devised by the CUP. Involved were Colonel Shevket Bey and Rexhep Pasha Mati (Recep Pasha) left in charge of organising the military aspects of the plan along with Kemal and Prince Sabaheddin given the task of getting diplomatic and financial support and to buy two ships for the venture. Kemal's task was the most difficult aspect of the plot, he kept a unit in Paris, commenced political activities as a high ranking politician in exile and made many visits to London which annoyed the Ottoman government as they were unable to work out his real aims.

Ottoman authorities paid close attention and in some cases court martialed people they thought were associated with Kemal in attempts that were unsuccessful to find out his intentions. In Paris Kemal established close contacts and good relations with journalists such as Stéphane Lauzanne and William Morton Fullerton. During July 1902, Kemal went to London to get British support for the plot and corresponded with and visited people in the British government such as Edmund Monson and Thomas Sanderson. He received responses from the Foreign Office, however Kemal exaggerated the level of British support, being only moral support and ambiguous for the venture. Kemal interactions with the British had managed to raise his profile and notability while he also discussed with them the Ottoman exile of his son to Bitlis. The British were aware of the activities of Kemal and his associates.

Kemal also corresponded with London-based Ottoman diplomats on the plan like Reşid Sadi who secretly worked for the Young Turks. Attempts by Kemal were made to convince Lord Cromer that the "Turkish question" was a pressing matter and he agreed with those sentiments and promised to reply to the Foreign office. He also secretly met Abbas II of Egypt ((r. 1892 – 1914)) in an attempt to secure funds and the khedive placed £4000 in an English bank for the plot, yet later misgivings about Kemal made the Egyptian leader halt funds and fearing scandal he relented. Kemal also sent an Albanian confidant Xhafer Berxhani from Greece to see Rexhep Pasha in Tripoli, Ottoman Libya. Eqrem Vlora, a member of the Vlora family stated that during this time Rexhep Pasha sent £1000 in gold to Kemal and assisted his son Tahir Pasha in exile at Tripoli to escape to Europe. At the end of January 1903, Kemal came back to Paris and found the princes grieving the death of their father Damad Mahmud Pasha, yet they all proceeded to London to make financial arrangements for the plot. Later Kemal and the princes worked to finalise details of their plan. Kemal having the details of tonnage and dimensions left for Athens with £4000 to buy two ships.

While there Kemal was disappointed with the procurement process for the ships and the delay made the central committee members go to Athens. Reşid Sadi arrived and found there was no large ships and that Kemal was residing at the house of an aide-de-camp to the Greek monarch. Kemal informed Reşid Sadi that he was duped and that in Greece it was difficult to find suitable ships. Later Sabaheddin traveled to see the khedive and failed to procure funds and ships where later he returned to Athens and for the last time met with Kemal, Reşid Sadi and Vasileos Musurus Ghikis. Kemal wanted to travel to Naples and get ships from there, however the others decided to abandon the plot. The failure of the plan was put down to different reasons with Kemal blaming prolonged negotiations about obtaining ships, while Rexhep Pasha viewed Kemal's lukewarm attitude for the venture as reason to change his mind. From within Sabaheddin's inner circle the view was that Kemal took the money to profit for his own purposes. Those sentiments were shared by people such as Haydar Midhat who quit the new central committee after he learned that Kemal worked for Greek interests in Albania and was on their payroll. After the 1908 Young Turk revolution some people who opposed the CUP made allegations against Kemal of being uninterested in the plot, worked for his interests and a "crook" that took money from the prince. Kemal broke ties with the Young Turks and on 16 August 1903 he gave an interview to an Italian newspaper in his role as an "Albanian patriot" and pursued his new preoccupation with Albania's future.

Albanian cause
In January 1907 a secret agreement was signed between Kemal and the Greek government which concerned the possibility of an alliance against the Ottoman Empire. There is not much information about the meeting but some sources state that the two sides agreed that the future Greek-Albanian boundary should be located on the Ceraunian Mountains with no Albanian armed activity in the area in exchange for Greek backing of Albanian independence. This was not widely accepted by Albanian nationalists and patriots. The CUP severely criticised Kemal for the agreement with the Greeks. In Rome July 1907, Kemal gave a lengthy interview to Italian media where he called for cooperation between Balkan peoples, a "Greco-Albanian entente" and affirmed Albania as having its own language, literature, history and traditions and a right to liberty and independence. He was also against Albanian cooperation with Bulgarian Macedonians and viewed their support of Albanian insurrectionists as self-serving and strengthening their movement due to depletion of Albanian forces. Kemal's reasons for closer ties with Greeks during this time was to gain support for Albanian independence and thwart Bulgarian ambitions in the wider Balkans region as he viewed them as a threat to Greece and northern Albania in Macedonia along with Austro-Hungarian territorial ambitions.

Throughout this time Kemal living abroad was not the leader of the Albanian national movement, due to his strong pro-British and pro-Greek position. As an Albanian leader the CUP was hostile toward Kemal and the organisation shunned him due to his secret understanding with the Greeks to partition the western regions of the Balkan provinces of the empire. During his lifetime Kemal looked upon Greek culture with favour and respect, maintained friendly relations with Greeks and promoted cooperation between them and Albanians. He promoted a diplomatic solution for creating an independent Albania, an approach rejected by some Albanian groups of the era that instead favoured guerilla warfare against the empire. Kemal may have favoured intervention by the Great Powers into Albanian affairs and those were accusations made against him by a minority of opponents. Over time however he became an Albanian nationalist and by 1912 would declare the independence of Albania.

Young Turk Revolution and countercoup
During the events of the Young Turk Revolution (1908), rumors of the time had it that Abdulhamid II as a last resort asked Kemal for assistance and his response was that only the restoration of the Ottoman constitution would pacify the Albanians. After the 1908 revolution and constitutional restoration Kemal returned from exile and became a deputy representing Berat in the restored Ottoman Parliament, working with liberal politicians and the British. He contributed to the Young Turk (CUP) newspaper Tanin where Kemal called for government reforms. Kemal became leader of the Albanian deputies in the Ottoman parliament and did not oppose Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia adding that recognition of the move should entail security guarantees for the empire in case of war with Balkan states over territory.

During the 31 March incident, the leadership of the Liberty Party (Ahrar) attempted unsuccessfully to get control over events and stop the rebellion from turning toward a reactionary pro-sultan and anti-constitutional course. Kemal, an Ahrar deputy managed to get some parliamentarians to attend parliament, they accepted the requests of the mutineering troops and made an official announcement that the constitution and sharia would be kept. Uninvolved in the events of the initial countercoup Kemal was briefly made President of the Ottoman National Assembly and led it to recognise a new government by Abdulhamid II. Kemal wired his constituency in Vlorë telling them to acknowledge the new government and Albanians from his hometown backed him with some raiding the arms depot to support the sultan with weapons if the situation called for it. Kemal left the city prior to the CUP Action Army arriving at Istanbul to suppress the rebellion and he fled to Greece. A government investigation later cleared Kemal of any wrongdoing.

Nationalism
His political career thereafter concentrated solely on Albanian nationalism. Increasing guerilla activity in Southern Albania led to Kemal coming under suspicion from the Ottoman government during the summer months of 1909. The Athens embassy of the Ottoman Empire reported that Kemal negotiated with organization financed by wealthy Albanian Tosks and Greece about forging a union. Kemal returned from Athens to Istanbul after the parliament cleared him from involvement in the counter-revolutionary movement and he became leader of a group of "modern liberals" who were former members of the Ahrar party. In 1910 Kemal in statements to the Austro-Hungarian ambassador criticized the Young Turk government for promoting Turks above other nationalities in the empire and their divide and rule policies regarding Albanians.

During the Albanian revolt of 1911 he traveled with Xhemal Bey of Tirana and joined leaders of the revolt at a meeting in Gerče, a village in Montenegro on 23 June. Together they drew up the "Greçë Memorandum" that called for Albanian autonomy, schooling and language rights, recognition of Albanians, electoral freedoms and liberty, military service in Albania and other measures which addressed their requests both to Ottoman Empire and Europe (in particular to the Great Britain). In December 1911, Kemal and Hasan Prishtina convened secret meetings of Albanian political notables in Istanbul that decided to organise a future Albanian uprising. Kemal was given the task of going to Europe to obtain support from sympathetic governments for the Albanian movement in addition to financial support and funds for buying 15,000 guns. He met with Austro-Hungarian officials in Paris and expressed that his previous misgivings regarding them had shifted, viewed Austria-Hungary as the only defender of Albania and could rely on Albanian support if they backed Albanian geopolitical interests within a strong Ottoman state. With Prishtina he took the initiative to organize the Taksim meeting for the organization of the Albanian revolt of 1912. During the debates which involved the revolt, Kemal was part of the leadership faction that backed and advocated for Albanian autonomy within the empire during negotiations with the Ottomans.

Independence of Albania

The Balkan Wars marked the end of Ottoman rule in the region. In September 1912, Kemal along with Luigj Gurakuqi traveled to Bucharest to consult with the Albanian community in Romania. Later he departed for Vienna and kept in touch through telegram with Austro-Hungarian officials and supported as a solution their intervention in Albania. On 12 November Kemal met with officials from the Austro-Hungarian foreign ministry and they told him of their sympathies for the Albanians and their situation but could not do much due to the continuing war. Foreign Minister Leopold Berchtold supported Kemal's views on the Albanian question and placed a boat at his disposal. From Trieste, Kemal sailed to Durrës by mid November, however his stay was short due to Ottoman authorities objecting to his presence with Serb forces approaching the city and he left for Vlorë arriving there on 26 November. Meanwhile, his son Ethem had summoned Albanian representatives to Vlorë from all over Albania.

Kemal was the principal figure in the secession of Albania from the Ottoman Empire, in the Albanian Declaration of Independence and the formation of the independent Albania on 28 November 1912. This signaled the end of more than 400 years of Ottoman rule in Albania. Together with Gurakuqi, he raised the Albanian flag on the balcony of the two-story building in Vlorë where the Declaration of Independence had just been signed.

Prime Minister
The establishment of the government was postponed for the fourth session of the Assembly of Vlorë, held on 4 December 1912, until representatives of all regions of Albania arrived to Vlorë. The Ottoman Council of Ministers opposed his actions preferring Albanian autonomy and requested that Kemal give military assistance to the Ottoman Third Army trapped in southern Albania. Aware of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, Kemal asked the Great Powers to recognise and support an independent Albania.

The Ottoman CUP government sought to restore its control over Albania and sent lieutenant colonel Bekir Fikri in 1913 to raise Albanian support for Ahmed Izzet Pasha, an Albanian Ottoman officer and CUP member as the candidate for the Albanian throne. Fikri acting as Izzet Pasha's emissary contacted Kemal and presented him with a plan that envisaged joint Ottoman, Albanian and Bulgarian military action against Greece and Serbia. Albania's reward in the military venture would have been the allocation of Kosovo and Chameria, areas given to Serbia and Greece by the Conference of Ambassadors. Kemal assured Fikri of his loyalty to Izzet as monarch of Albania and supported a plan from the CUP government in Istanbul to secretly infiltrate troops and weapons into the country to conduct a guerilla war against Serbian and Greek forces. After these negotiations Fikri sent telegrams to Istanbul, and asked the government to send ammunition, weapons and soldiers. The Serbs uncovered the plot and reported the operation to the International Control Commission (ICC). The ICC, an organisation temporarily administering Albania on behalf of the Great Powers allowed their Dutch officers serving as the Albanian Gendarmerie to declare a state of emergency and stop the plot. They raided Vlorë on 7–8 January 1914, discovering more than 200 Ottoman troops and arrested Fikri. During Fikri's trial the plot emerged and an ICC military court under Colonel Willem de Veer condemned him to death and later commuted to life imprisonment, while Kemal and his cabinet resigned. After Kemal left the country, turmoil ensued throughout Albania.

Exile and death
During the First World War (1914–1918), Kemal lived in exile in Paris, where, though short of funds, he maintained a wide range of contacts and collaborated with the correspondent of the continental edition of the British newspaper Daily Mail, Somerville Story, to write his memoirs. His autobiography, published after his death, is the only memoir of a late Ottoman statesman to be written in English and is a unique record of a liberal, multicultural approach to the problems of the dying empire. In 1918, Kemal travelled to Italy to promote support for his movement in Albania, but was prevented by the Italian government from leaving Italy and remained as its involuntary guest at a hotel in Perugia, much to his irritation. He died of an apparent heart attack on 26 January 1919. After his death, his body was brought to Vlorë and buried in the local tekke of the Bektashi Order.

Reception and legacy
Ismail Kemal is commemorated in Albania as their ("Father of the Nation"). He is depicted on the obverses of the Albanian 200 lekë banknote of 1992–1996, and of the 500 lekë banknote issued since 1996. On 27 June 2012, Albanian president Bamir Topi decorated Kemal with the Order of the National Flag (post-mortem).

title: Ismail Kemal


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Bearded reedling

The bearded reedling (Panurus biarmicus) is a small, long-tailed passerine bird found in reed beds near water in the temperate zone of Eurasia. It is frequently known as the bearded tit or the bearded parrotbill, as it historically was believed to be closely related to tits or parrotbills. Today it is known to lack close relatives and it is the only species in the family Panuridae.

Bearded reedlings are strongly sexually dimorphic and form life-long pairs. They are highly productive and can breed several times in a season. They mainly feed on small invertebrates in summer and plant seeds in winter.

Taxonomy and systematics
The bearded reedling was scientifically described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in his 10th edition of Systema Naturae. He placed it with the tits in the genus Parus and coined the binomial name Parus biarmicus. Linnaeus based his entry on the "beardmanica or bearded tit-mouse" that had been described and illustrated in 1731 by the English naturalist Eleazar Albin and the "least butcher-bird" that had been described and illustrated in 1747 by George Edwards. The bearded reedling was later moved from the tit family and placed with the parrotbills in the family Paradoxornithidae. Subsequent authors variously classified the species as a member of Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers), Sylviidae (typical warblers) or Timaliidae (Old World babbler). Molecular phylogenetic studies show that it is a unique passerine, not part of any of these families. The bearded reedling is now placed in the monotypic family Panuridae that was introduced in 1860 (as the subfamily Panurinae) by Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet Des Murs. It lacks close relatives, but it is a sylvioid and nearest to the lark family Alaudidae. Panuridae and Alaudidae split from each other in the Early Miocene.

The current genus name, Panurus, was introduced by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1816. It is from Ancient Greek panu, "exceedingly", and ουρά, "tail". The specific biarmicus is from "Biarmia", a Latinised form of Bjarmaland, today part of Russia's Arkhangelsk Oblast and Kola Peninsula (a result of confusion when the species was first described; the bearded reedling does not range into these areas).

Subspecies
Three subspecies are generally recognised:

 * P. b. biarmicus (Linnaeus, 1758) – medium-dark in colour and found in northern, western and southern Europe, also ranging into Turkey and Azerbaijan
 * P. b. russicus (Brehm, CL, 1831) – pale and found in eastern Europe, through southern Russia and Central Asia to Mongolia and northern China
 * P. b. kosswigi Kumerloeve, 1959 – dark and found in Hatay Province of southern Turkey and most likely in adjacent Syria

In some parts of central and eastern Europe, it is not entirely certain if P. b. biarmicus, P. b. russicus or intermediates are present. The three subspecies are quite similar; some authorities have suggested that the species should be considered monotypic (i.e. no distinct subspecies) because of the amount of individual variation and overall cline in the variation.

Distribution and habitat

The bearded reedling is native to temperate Europe and Asia, ranging from Spain, France and the British Isles to the Manchurian region, but its distribution tends to be quite spotty because of its habitat preference. Maps often show most of its Asian range as a single large continuous section (instead of more spotty), but this is due to limited details in monitoring data from this area relative to the western part of its range. In Europe, it used to be limited to mid and low latitudes, also including Great Britain, but in the second half of the 20th century it has expanded north into Scandinavia, Finland and the northern Baltics.

It is an occasional non-breeding visitor to Cyprus and Iran, and it has rarely been recorded as a vagrant to the west, south and east of its normal distribution in Portugal, North Africa, Israel, Kuwait, Pakistan, Japan and Korea. The species generally is resident and no population is known to follow a clear and consistent migration pattern. However, some European populations tend to spend the non-breeding period (winter) to the south or southwest of their breeding (summer) range, making what potentially can be described as a short-distance migration, up to a few hundred kilometres long. This is primarily seen in the northern half of the continent, but in no region does it appear to involve the entire population, with some birds partaking in such movements and some essentially staying year-round. Both adults and young may make eruptive dispersals outside the breeding season and in periods with limited food or cold weather bearded reedlings may perform other, most often local movements.

The bearded reedling is a habitat specialist found in reed beds, primarily those with common reed, by fresh or brackish water lakes, swamps or rivers, but it also occurs in nearby tall grass-like vegetation such as bulrushes and true sedges. Especially during the breeding period the species quite strongly avoids non-floodable or dry parts of wetlands, but in other times it may wander more freely. Although typically found perched or climbing on reeds and similar types of vegetation, it readily hops on the ground, especially in swampy places or at water's edge. It has a wide altitudinal range, mostly being found from sea level to medium altitudes, but has been recorded up to 3050 m above sea level in China.

Appearance and voice
This is a small bird, 14.5-17 cm in length, with a long tail and an undulating flight. The plumage is mostly orange-brown, with a whitish throat and chest, some contrasting black and white parts in the wings, and white edges to the tail feathers. The adult male has a grey head, black "moustaches" (not a beard) and black undertail coverts. The adult female is generally paler, with a more brownish head and no black moustaches or undertail coverts, but sometimes with black streaks/spots to the crown or back. Whereas these streaks/spots vary from absent to strong in the west of the species' range, they are absent to faint in the east. There is a single reported case of a gynandromorph bearded reedling where one side of the bird showed mainly male plumage characteristics and the other side female characteristics. The adult female's bill is often somewhat duller that the adult male's bright orange-yellow bill. Adults go through a single complete moult in the late summer–autumn, generally starting in August (just after the breeding season) and being finished around 50 days later.

Juveniles of both sexes resemble the adult female, but are overall buffier in colour, have a roughly rectangular black patch on the back (well beyond the streaks/spots on the backs of even the most strongly marked adult females) and extensive black to the tail feathers. The juvenile male has a relatively large and contrasting black loreal patch and a bright orange-yellow bill, whereas the juvenile female has a smaller dusky-grey loreal patch and a blackish, brownish or yellowish-dusky bill. This sex-related difference in juvenile bill colour is already evident at the late nestling stage. Unlike most birds, bearded reedlings undergo a complete post-juvenile moult, starting in late July–early September and ending with an adult plumage in October. This means that bearded reedlings hatched only a few months earlier already are indistinguishable from older adults by the autumn. When first fledged, juveniles have dark brown eyes, which then become grey and later grey-yellow or yellow. Once they have moulted into the adult plumage they also generally have the adult yellow or orange eye colour; however bearded reedlings in adult plumage with juvenile-like brown or grey eyes occur on occasion.

Because of their well-camouflaged plumage and dense reed bed habitat, they are easily overlooked, but their presence is often revealed by their characteristic metallic "ping" call, which is used by bearded reedlings to maintain contact with each other. The male's song has been described as a tuneful "tschin-schik-schra". During flight, their short wings give a whirring sound.

Life cycle

The bearded reedling is social and during the non-breeding season it is usually seen in groups of up to a few tens of birds, exceptionally up to two hundred. During the breeding season, it is most commonly seen in pairs, family groups or groups of independent young.

Young already form pairs when still juvenile, only a few weeks after having fledged. Once formed, a pairing is generally life-long and they stay together throughout the year, also sleeping closely together. If one part of a pair dies, the surviving bird may join groups of young to find a new partner to pair up with. A pair is monogamous, although mating with another partner (infidelity) is not uncommon for either sex. The length of a male's black "moustaches" is an honest signal indicating his dominance (in competitions for food between males the one with the longest "moustaches" usually wins) and females prefer males where it is longer. Both sexes, but especially females, also prefer partners with longer tails and tail length plays a role in a bird's movement agility. In juveniles of both sexes, the size of the loreal patch is an honest signal of body condition, but whether this plays a role in mate choice when pairs are first established is unknown.

Breeding happens in the spring and summer, from late March to early September, but how early it starts and late it ends depends on environmental conditions and availability of food, and April to July is common. There are typically two or three, less frequently four and rarely five, broods in a season. In captivity where not limited by the same conditions as in the wild, they may already begin to breed in late February and exceptionally there can be attempts of up to seven broods in a season, although it is doubtful that this many can be raised successfully. A pair may nest alone or as part of a small loose colony that on average consists of six pairs with nests located a few metres apart. Infidelity is common in those nesting in loose colonies and rare in pairs nesting alone. It frequently happens when a female performs a "catch-me-if-you-can" behavior, initiated by her making a specific call that attracts males, then flies up with males in pursuit, finally diving down to the reed bed and allowing the fastest male to mate with her. The winner can be her own male partner or a male paired with another female, but unpaired males are generally unlikely to mate at all. Mating is very frequent and to increase the chance of fathering a clutch the male bearded reedling has a relatively large and muscular cloacal protuberance that functions as a copulatory organ, which is unique among passerines. In the wild bearded reedlings are entirely non-territorial, but those living under the more restricted space of captivity may show some territorial tendencies, though two pairs can still inhabit and breed in an aviary that covers a couple of square meters.

Both sexes participate in the building of the cup-shaped nest, which has a diameter of between 7.5 and(-). It is attached to reeds or similar vegetation and can be positioned from almost ground or water level to a height of about 0.7 m. Artificial nests are also accepted. Both sexes participate in the up to two week long incubation of the 3 to 11 (usually 4 to 8) eggs, which is followed by another up to about two week long nestling period. After having left the nest, which frequently happens before being able to fly, the young continue to rely on the parents for up to about a two weeks, rarely more. With a typical nest building period of five days, the average time from start of building a nest to young being fully independent is about forty days. Especially in years with a low population density, a pair may start a new brood in a nearby new nest even before their previous has left their nest. When there are overlapping broods, the female devotes her time to the new brood and the male divides his time between the old and the new. During successful years, a pair is likely to have the highest number of young in a season of any European passerine. Young rapidly reach sexual maturity and those hatched early in a season can potentially breed late in the same season, but this is exceptional (it has not been confirmed from bearded reedlings in the wild) and first breeding usually only happens next year.

On average bearded reedlings reach an age of two or three years, but the record is seven years and three months.

Feeding
In the summer, the bearded reedling mostly eats adult insects, their larvae and pupae, and other small invertebrates (springtails, spiders, snails, etc), typically taking rather slow-moving species. This is also the food a pair provides to their nestlings and fledglings. It is common for a nest site to be several hundred metres from the main feeding sites.

In the late autumn and winter, bearded reedlings mostly feed on seeds of common reed, rushes, common nettle, great willowherb and other grassy or sedge-like plants, occasionally forming mixed flocks with other small seed-eating birds like redpolls. Seeds are taken directly from the plant or from the ground, scratching the surface, turning over leaves or even probing into snow. However, during hard or wet winters, access to this important food source can be greatly reduced due to extensive snow cover, ice cover or floods, causing starvation. Significant changes happen in its digestive system to cope with the very different summer and winter diets. The stomach lining is strengthened, and from around September to December, bearded reedlings swallow gritting material, for example coarse sand or small gravel grains, which aids in grinding down the tough seeds.

Conservation status

Overall the bearded reedling is widespread with a large population and it is not considered threatened. In Europe alone it is estimated that there are around 500,000 or more adults and the vast majority of the species' range is in Asia, meaning that the total adult population is presumed to be at least 3,000,000. However, due to its lifestyle, getting accurate population estimates is difficult, even for those living in well-studied parts of the world.

Local populations fluctuate greatly from year to year depending on availability of food and habitat. The bearded reedling is vulnerable to hard winters during which many birds may die; even after a complete die-off in a region the species' high breeding capacity and eruptive dispersal behavior allows it to later be recolonised from other regions. In certain places, habitat loss has caused populations to fall or even disappear entirely. The subspecies P. b. kosswigi, which is only definitely known from the today fully drained Lake Amik (although it may also occur elsewhere in this part of Turkey and in adjacent Syria), has not been recorded since 1962 and could be extinct.

The eruptive dispersal behavior of the bearded reedling has allowed it to expand its range into new regions. For example, it first established itself as a breeder in Denmark and Sweden in the late 1960s and is now locally fairly common in both countries (but subject to large annual variations depending on severity of winters). This was part of an overall expansion in northwestern Europe during the 1960s, which appears to mainly have been driven by eruptive dispersals from the large population in the Netherlands. In subsequent decades, the species has further expanded into northern Europe, with the first record in Estonia in 1978 and breeding being verified shortly after, and it becoming established as a breeder in Finland in the late 1980s. With global warming, it is likely that further expansions will occur in regions where winters are becoming milder. Conversely, the predicted increase in extreme weather events, especially droughts or winter floods, is likely to have a negative effect on some populations of the bearded reedling.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland

The population has always fluctuated greatly depending mainly on the severity of winters and the availability of suitable reed beds, which commonly were harvested or drained, but collection of their eggs also played a role.

Up to the early 20th century, the bearded reedling had experienced a period of decline due to habitat loss and persecution. After a series of hard winters in the 1930s and 40s, the remaining population had crashed with a small number of birds surviving in a few locations in southeastern England. In the last of these, the severe 1946–47 winter, the species was almost exterminated and in the following summer there were at most around half a dozen pairs in Norfolk and Suffolk. Subsequently, the bearded reedling's population began to increase and it was speculated that this in part relied on influx from the European mainland; its ability to cross the English Channel was first confirmed in 1965 when several individuals ringed in the Netherlands were found in Great Britain (part of a larger expansion in northwestern Europe from the Netherlands in the 1960s). Since then the British population has significantly increased in both range and numbers, but it remains overall uncommon and quite local. There have been a few later population crashes, probably related to hard winters, including one reduction that happened over several years from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, one over the winter of 2010–11 and one over the winter of 2017–18 (likely due to the February–March cold wave), but none were anywhere near as drastic as the reduction seen in the 1930s–40s and recoveries have been fast.

As of 2019, the vast majority of the United Kingdom's almost 100 known breeding sites are in England, which is home to more than 500 pairs. These are mainly confined to southern and eastern parts of England, but there are also a few sites in the North West. In Scotland there are only three known breeding sites, all in the east, but this includes the largest in the United Kingdom at the mouth of the River Tay in Perth and Kinross, where the species first established itself in the early 1990s but today there are possibly in excess of 250 pairs (the two other Scottish sites are small and irregular). After having again disappeared from Wales as a breeding bird in the early 1980s, it was first confirmed to have returned in 2005 in Gwent and this remains the only place where it is known to breed.

In Ireland, the bearded reedling has historically been considered a rare accidental visitor, but in recent decades there have been confirmed cases of breeding in coastal southeastern parts of the island. There has been a very small breeding population in County Wexford since 2011 (where not known to have bred earlier) and likely in County Wicklow since 2017 (first known Irish breeding was in this county in 1976 and bred again in 1982–85).

title: Bearded reedling


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User talk:Forlane

hi

Hello, Forlane. Welcome to Wikipedia.

A few tips for you to start going. (I'll send more if I see that I can help you :-)

 * Check out Welcome, newcomers + the links in there.
 * Sign your stuff on talk pages with ~ It will convert to your username + the time.
 * If puzzled, put a question on Village pump, or feel free to ask me on my talk page if it's a very general question.
 * Have fun.

-- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 07:04 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

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Tamaraw

The tamaraw or Mindoro dwarf buffalo (Bubalus mindorensis) is a small buffalo belonging to the family Bovidae. It is endemic to the island of Mindoro in the Philippines, and is the only endemic Philippine bovine. It is believed, however, to have once also thrived on the larger island of Luzon. The tamaraw was originally found all over Mindoro, from sea level up to the mountains (2000 m above sea level), but because of human habitation, hunting, and logging, it is now restricted to only a few remote grassy plains and is now a critically endangered species.

Contrary to common belief and past classification, the tamaraw is not a subspecies of the water buffalo, nor is it a subspecies of the slightly larger carabao, which is classified as a subspecies of the water buffalo. In contrast to the carabao, the tamaraw has a number of distinguishing characteristics; it is slightly hairier, has light markings on its face, is not gregarious, and has shorter horns that are somewhat V-shaped. It is the second-largest native terrestrial mammal in the country, next only to the carabao.

Evolutionary history
The presence of B. mindorensis on the island of Mindoro, coupled with the discovery of fossil bubalids in other islands around the archipelago, indicates that the family was once widespread throughout the Philippines. In fact, fossil finds in the 20th century have shown that B. mindorensis was once found on the northern Philippine island of Luzon during the Pleistocene.

As a member of the family Bovidae, the tamaraw's close affinity to the water buffalo (B. bubalis) has been validated many times in the past. It was once considered a subspecies of B. bubalis (as Anoa bubalis), Anoa bubalis mindorensis. Recent genetic analysis studies of the family members further strengthen this view.

Etymology and taxonomic history
The tamaraw was originally described as Anoa mindorensis by French zoologist Pierre Marie Heude in 1888. In 1958, it was described as Anoa bubalis mindorensis, a subspecies of the then-water buffalo species (Anoa bubalis). A little over a decade after, the tamaraw was elevated to species status as Anoa mindorensis in 1969.

Later research and analyses of relationships determined the genus Anoa to be a part of the genus Bubalus. The tamaraw's scientific name was updated into its present form, Bubalus mindorensis (sometimes referred to as Bubalus (Bubalus) mindorensis).

The name tamaraw has other variants, such as tamarau, tamarou, and tamarao. The term tamaraw may have come from tamadaw, which is a probable alternative name for the banteng (Bos javanicus).

Anatomy and morphology
B. mindorensis has the appearance of a typical member of its family. It has a compact, heavyset, bovine body, four legs that end in cloven hooves, and a small, horned head at the end of a short neck. It is smaller and stockier compared to the water buffalo (B. bubalis). Little sexual dimorphism is seen in the species, although males are reported to have thicker necks. The tamaraw has a typical shoulder height of 100 - 105 cm. The length of the body is 2.2 m, while the tail adds a further 60 cm. Reported weights have ranged from 180 to 300 kg.

Adults have a dark brown to grayish color and more hair than B. bubalis. The limbs are short and stocky. White markings are seen in the hooves and the inner lower fore legs. These markings are similar to those of the anoa (B. depressicornis). The face is the same color as the body. Most of the members of the species also have a pair of gray-white strips that begins from the inner corner of the eye to the horns. The nose and lips have black skin. The ears are 13.5 cm long from notch to tip with white markings on the insides.

Both sexes grows short, black horns in a V-shaped manner compared to C-shaped horns of B. bubalis. The horns have flat surfaces and are triangular at their base. Due to the regular rubbing, the tamaraw's horns have a worn outer surface, but with rough inner sides. The horns are reported to be 35.5 to 51.0 cm long.

Distribution
The tamaraw was first documented in 1888 on the island of Mindoro. Before 1900, most people avoided settling on Mindoro due to a virulent strain of malaria. However, as antimalarial medicine was developed, more people settled on the island. The increase in human activity has drastically reduced tamaraw population. By 1966, the tamaraw's range was reduced to three areas: Mount Iglit, Mount Calavite, and areas near the Sablayan Penal Settlement. By 2000, their range was further reduced to only two areas: the Mounts Iglit–Baco National Park and Aruyan.

Initial estimates of the B. mindorensis population on Mindoro was placed at around 10,000 individuals in the early 1900s. Less than 50 years later in 1949, the population had dwindled to around 1000 individuals. By 1953, fewer than 250 animals were estimated to be alive. These population estimates continually grew smaller until the International Union for Conservation of Nature publication of their 1969 Red Data Book, where the tamaraw population was noted to be an alarmingly low 100 head. This head count rose to 120 animals in 1975. Current estimates place the wild tamaraw population from 30 to 200 individuals.

Ecology and life history
As a rare, endemic mammal on a relatively secluded island, the ecology of the tamaraw is largely unknown. Individuals of the species are reclusive and shy away from humans. In addition, the small sizes of the species' subpopulations, already spread thin throughout their fragmented range (in 1986, about 51 individuals were found in a 20-km2 area), make contact with any more than a solitary individual a rarity.

Habitat
B. mindorensis prefers tropical highland forested areas. It is typically found in thick brush, near open-canopied glades, where it may feed on grasses. Since human habitation and subsequent forest fragmentation of their home island of Mindoro, the habitat preferences of the tamaraw have somewhat expanded to lower-altitude grassy plains. Within their mountainous environment, tamaraws will usually be found not far from sources of water.

Trophic ecology
The tamaraw is a grazer that feeds on grasses and young bamboo shoots, although it is known to prefer cogon grass and wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum). They are naturally diurnal, feeding during the daytime hours; however, daytime human activities have recently forced select B. mindorensis individuals to be nocturnal to avoid human contact.

Life history
The tamaraw is known to live for about 20 years, with an estimated lifespan of about 25. The adult female tamaraw gives birth to one offspring after a gestation period around 300 days. There is an interbirth interval of two years, although one female has been sighted with three juveniles. The calf stays for 2–4 years with its mother before becoming independent.

Behavioral ecology
Unlike the closely related water buffalo, B. mindorensis is a solitary creature. Adults of the species do not occur in herds or smaller packs, and are often encountered alone. Only juveniles exhibit the typical bovine herding behavior and clan hierarchy often seen in water buffalo. Males and females are known to associate all year round, but this interaction lasts only a few hours. This solitary behavior may be an adaptation to its forest environment. Adult males are often solitary and apparently aggressive, while adult females can be alone, accompanied by a bull, or their young of different ages.

Similar to other bovines the tamaraw wallows in mud pits, maybe to avoid biting insects.

Reports of aggression when cornered are unsubstantiated. Tamaraw Threat posture involves lowering the head, and shifting its horns into a vertical position, accompanied by head shaking.

Conservation
Being an entirely endemic and rare land mammal, B. mindorensis stands as an extremely vulnerable species. Currently, it is classified as a critically endangered species and has been so since 2000 by the IUCN on its IUCN Red List of endangered species. Awareness of the conservation status of B. mindorensis began in 1965, when it was classified as status inadequately known by the IUCN. Enough data were gathered on the tamaraw population by 1986, and the IUCN conservation monitoring center declared the species endangered. Throughout succeeding surveys conducted in 1988, 1990, 1994 and 1996, the species remained listed on the Red List as endangered. The relisting of the species in 1996 fulfilled the IUCN criteria B1+2c and D1. Criterion B1 indicated that the species' range was less than 500 km2, and is known to exist in less than five independent locations. A noticed continuing decline in the population fulfilled sub-criterion 2c, given the condition of the population's sole habitat. Criterion D1 essentially required that a population be composed of less than 250 mature individuals; individual counts of the B. mindorensis population at the time figured significantly lower than this. In 2000, the tamaraw was relisted on the Red List under the more severe C1 criteria. This was due to estimates that the population would decline by 20% in five years or within the timespan of two generations.

Many factors have contributed to the decline of the tamaraw population. Over the course of the century, the increase of the human population on Mindoro has exposed the island's sole tamaraw population to severe anthropogenic pressures. In the 1930s, the introduction of non-native cattle on the island caused a severe rinderpest epidemic among the tamaraw population then numbering in the thousands. Hunting of tamaraws for food and sustenance has also taken a toll on the species' numbers. The most major factor threatening survival of B. mindorensis is habitat loss due to infrastructure development, logging, and agriculture. These factors reduced the population of thousands during the early 1900s to less than 300 individuals in 2007.

Due to the decline of the B. mindorensis population, various Philippine laws and organizations have been created towards the conservation of the species. In 1936, Commonwealth Act No. 73 was enacted by the then-Philippine Commonwealth. The act specifically prohibited killing, hunting, and even merely wounding tamaraws, with an exception noted for self-defense (if one were to be attacked by an agitated individual) or for scientific purposes. The penalties were harsh enough to include a hefty fine and imprisonment.

In 1979, an executive order was signed creating a committee specifically geared towards the conservation of the tamaraw; it was referred to as a "source of national pride" in the said order. The Tamaraw Conservation Project was also established in 1979. The organization has successfully bred a tamaraw, nicknamed "Kali", in captivity in 1999. In 2001, Republic Act 9147, or the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act was enacted to protect the tamaraw and other endemic species from hunting and sale. During the 1970s, a gene pool was established to preserve the tamaraw's numbers. However, the project was not successful, as only one offspring, named "Kali", was produced. As of 2011, Kali is the only surviving animal in the gene pooling project. The project was also not improved as the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau showed that the tamaraws were already breeding in the wild. Cloning was not implemented for conservation as the Department of Environment and Natural Resource argued that such measures would diminish the genetic diversity of the species.

A small subpopulation of tamaraws has been found within the confines of the Mt. Iglit Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary on Mindoro.

As of May 2007, B. mindorensis is on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, where it has been since the species was first put on the list on January 7, 1975. With the listing, CITES recognizes the species as critically endangered and threatened with extinction. Thus, international commercial trade in the species or any derivatives of which, such as meat or horns, is considered illegal. While commercial trade in the species is prohibited, exchange for noncommercial reasons, such as scientific research, is allowed.

The 2002 Presidential Proclamation 273 set October as a "Special Month for the Conservation and Protection of the Tamaraw in Mindoro.".

As of April 2019, according to June Pineda, Tamaraw Conservation Program coordinator of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the latest count at Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park in Occidental Mindoro showed 466 to 494 tamaraws, lower than 2018’s 523 animals.

Economical and commercial value
While not as heavily exploited as other large, endangered mammals, the tamaraw population was subject to some harvesting pressure from subsistence hunters before conservation efforts were spurred towards the latter half of the 20th century. The IUCN has described this as still going on in their 2006 Red List report.

In Philippine culture
Though the national animal of the Philippines is the carabao, the tamaraw is also considered a national symbol of the Philippines. An image of the animal is featured on a Flora and Fauna Series 1 peso coin released from 1983 to 1994.

In 2004, Proclamation No. 692 was enacted to make October 1 a special working holiday in the province of Occidental Mindoro. In line with the Tamaraw Conservation Month, the proclamation aimed to remind the people of Mindoro the importance of the conservation of the tamaraw and its environment.

During the wake of the Asian utility popularity in the 1990s, Toyota Motors Philippines released the Toyota Kijang as the Tamaraw FX, an evolution of the Tamaraw AUV. It was widely patronized by taxi operators, and was immediately turned into a staple mode of transportation much like a cross of the taxi and the jeepney. The FX later saw a new generation model known locally as the Revo The tamaraw is also the mascot of the varsity teams of the Far Eastern University (FEU Tamaraws) in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines, and of the Toyota Tamaraws of the Philippine Basketball Association. The Tamaraw Falls in Barangay Villaflor, Puerto Galera, were also named after the bovine.

title: Tamaraw


text:
Talk:Ismail Kemal

Untitled
It seemed to me like it was public domain (no copyright notice). I guess I'll added an abreviated version (entirely my own).

I have emailed the website operators asking about public domain status. Note that the lack of a copyright notice does not imply the lack of copyright. That's true under Albanian law even more than it's true under US law. -- Tim Starling 07:04 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Result: not licensable under GFDL.

The owner of this text does not wish to relinquish his commercial interest in it. Although he will allow non-profit use, we cannot place such a restriction once we license it under GFDL. The correspondence between us follows. -- Tim Starling 00:55 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 Is the text on www.albanianculturalheritage.com public domain? A portion of the website text has been posted to the free encyclopedia "wikipedia.org", but unless its status can be confirmed, we will have to remove it. Specifically,

http://www.albanianculturalheritage.com/historyAlbania19131939.htm

was briefly available at

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Qemali

before it was removed pending investigation.

Yours sincerely, Tim Starling.

 Dear Tim

thanks for your query www.albanianculturalheritage.com and the GUide in Hard Copy @Albania a Patrimony of European Values are property of SEDA NGO *see www.seda.org.al and more exactly there are property of Mr. Genc Myftiu who is the chairman of SEDA

1.in any case you should mention the origin and the authors *SEDA* of the info you place somewhere in internet

2. in case of profit from this site you should declare it and ask Mr. Genc Myftiu for profit sharing

all the best

REgards

Genc Myftiu www.seda.org.al

Detail on the religion of this Albanian hero
I modified this to correctly reflect that Mssr. Qemali was "Bektashi Islam" or "Sufi Islam." He was not Sunni. Bektashi Islam, per se, I did not find in English Wikipedia, so I linked it to the Order of Bektashi, a reasonable choice, I hope! KSRolph (talk) 22:56, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Orphaned references in Ismail Qemali
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Ismail Qemali's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Zurcher202": From Ottoman countercoup of 1909:  From Ahmed Niyazi Bey:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 10:28, 11 December 2018 (UTC)

Vital dates
Most other WPs say he was born on 16 January and died on 24 January. English WP alone has 24 January - 26 January. Why? --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  00:20, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Text title alignment
Just noting that regardless of which spelling is chosen, per MoS the text and title should align. 74.73.224.126 (talk) 16:51, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Then revert your edit and move it back to "Ismail Qemali". Stop citing wikipedia policies since we both know you didn't follow them when you move the page to "Ismail Kemal" even though you knew this was a controversial edit and it would have needed a discussion in the talk page. FierakuiVërtet (talk) 17:42, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * So you know, unregistered users can not move pages. I don't know the full history here, but you clearly have some of your facts confused. Anyway, if you think that a move would be uncontroversial, go to WP:RM/TR and file a request, otherwise follow the procedure outlined at WP:RM. If any of that confuses you, ask for help at the WP:TEAHOUSE. But whatever you do, please stop blindly reverting, and try to get this one right, thank you. 74.73.224.126 (talk) 18:01, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Look, the very fact that you're still using an IP address to edit Wikipedia, and yet keep citing its policies, says it all about you. So, stop, I’m not wasting my time responding to you again. FierakuiVërtet (talk) 19:39, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * please review WP:CIVIL. If you persist in editing this page contrary to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, I will have no choice but to request a sysop block you from editing. Civility issues aside, a failure to engage in talk page discussion will not reflect well on you in the long-term, thanks for your understanding. 74.73.224.126 (talk) 20:15, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 5 July 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (non-admin closure)  NightWolf1223  < Howl at me • My hunts > 17:16, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Ismail Qemali → Ismail Kemal – I was researching on this topic and actually discovered that this figure's real name was Ismail Kemal, not Qemal or Qemali as several authors have inaccurately spelled it. The page was also moved to Ismail Kemal by CanadianFolks, though without any discussion so I thought I could request one. As they highlight, Ismail used the spelling "Kemal" in his signature and also in his English memoirs, The Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Bey. The Albanian source Amfora says. This confirms that his name's actual spelling was Kemal, not Qemali which was promoted by Zog I as part of his Albanian nationalist campaigns. As much as I would wish Ismail's surname to be Qemali, we have to face the facts so I would request it to be changed to Kemal. As a matter of fact, the sources on this article itself use "Kemal" rather than "Qemali" such as: These sources count for more than half of the article and I have only listed the sources on this article, I could go on listing several others though I think this is sufficient enough for now. Hoping for a quick move. Dashnor Kemalit   (talk)  09:42, 5 July 2024 (UTC) <--- blocked sock of User:SheryOfficial The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Skendi, The Albanian National Awakening (1967)
 * Kondis, Greece and Albania, 1908–1914 (1976)
 * Treadway, The Falcon and Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908–1914 (1983)
 * Hanioğlu, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908 (2001)
 * Blumi, Ottoman Refugees, 1878-1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World (2013)
 * Support per nom. Kürkisk (talk) 22:02, 7 July 2024 (UTC) <--- blocked sock of User:SheryOfficial

Requested move 14 July 2024
Ismail Kemal → Ismail Qemali – Ismail Qemali is the native name how it is spelled into the native language, the conspiracies as per why the name was changed falls into Original Research. RoyalHeritageAlb (talk) 14:52, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per the above discussion. Kemal is the correct spelling, used by Ismail Kemal himself in his memoirs and signature. Kemal is also used in nearly every source of this article. This does not even need a discussion.  Dashnor Kemalit    (talk)  17:01, 14 July 2024 (UTC) <--- blocked sock of User:SheryOfficial
 * Strong Support:Ismail Kemal was used before the standartisation and officialisation of the Albanian writing system mainly on the ottoman documents. Going by this logic should we also move the article of King Arthur into Artorius? Or the name Charlemagne into KAROLVS IMP AVG according to the signature? RoyalHeritageAlb (talk) 19:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * First of all, per WP:RMCOMMENT, the nominator cannot add a separate line of support: ". Secondly, your claim is baseless that "Ismail Kemal was used before the standartisation and officialisation of the Albanian writing system mainly on the ottoman documents". Kemal did not just use the spelling in his signatures but also in his only work, The Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Bey. The spelling "Qemali" was never ever used by Kemal nor any of the early sources, only promoted by later governments for political purposes. And King Arthur's comparision is not suitable here as he is an ancient figure and modern Latin was not used back then. As highlighted in the previous discussion, Kemal is definately WP:COMMONNAME for this figure.  Dashnor Kemalit    (talk)  09:33, 15 July 2024 (UTC) <--- blocked sock of User:SheryOfficial

 * Note: WikiProject Biography, WikiProject Albania, WikiProject Former countries, WikiProject Biography/Politics and government, and WikiProject Ottoman Empire have been notified of this discussion.  98𝚃𝙸𝙶𝙴𝚁𝙸𝚄𝚂  •  [𝚃𝙰𝙻𝙺]   22:34, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak Oppose ngrams gives Kemal a slight lead, a hasty google survey shows sources are split fairly evenly. Native names are only to be used if they are more common per WP:UE, although I sympathise with the nom Kowal2701 (talk) 11:22, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Support, Ismail Qemali is the most widespread spelling of the name today. Even Fischer and Schmitt in the most recent academic book about the history of Albania, A Concise History of Albania, use the spelling Ismail Qemali. I don't know how the previous request move was closed so quickly, with the vote of only one account, User:Kürkisk, which appears to have been created with this sole scope, as appears to be the nominator of that request, User:DashnorKemalit. The article should be restored to its previous name. – Βατο (talk) 09:35, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

 * The user just admitted [] to have been the editor behind Kürkisk also so basically the move was proposed by just a single sock editor and approved by his other sock account. Can an admin proceed with the move? RoyalHeritageAlb (talk) 22:16, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

--Maleschreiber (talk) 15:38, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:NC. Ismail Qemali is the most common name in reliable sources.
 * Ismail Qemali: 2650 results (2000-2024)
 * Ismail Kemal: 950 results (2000-2024)
 * Support per the arguments made above. Ismail Qemali is the most common name in modern reliable literature and reflects the native Albanian spelling and pronunciation of this historical figure's name. Lezhjani1444 (talk) 18:00, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per arguments above. The guy had many roles in his life and he might have signed himself off in many languages but the main reason he is famous and people know him is the declaration of independence of Albania. He is mentioned as "Ismail Qemali" in literature as a result, as can be seen by sources provided above. Therefore, his Turkish, French, British, and whatever else aliases are irrelevant. I am shocked that the article was moved so quickly with only one support and zero arguments, this should not happen on Wikipedia for established figures. Uniacademic (talk) 22:23, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't know what you are on about? The "main reason he is famous and people know him is the declaration of independence of Albania." True, maybe if you researched a bit more, you would find out he signed himself in the Albanian language as Ismail Kemal in the Albanian Declaration of Independence. He used "Kemal" in his memoirs as well and never ever used "Qemali" which is as I highlighted, was introduced years after his death by the Albanian monarchy of Zog I.  Dashnor Kemalit    (talk)  03:25, 17 July 2024 (UTC) <--- blocked sock of User:SheryOfficial
 * Before the officialisation of the Albanian alphabet that's how the letter K was pronounced in Tosk Albanian. Some examples i would give based on literature but also on everyday words are Karbala-Qerbela, Makedon-Maqedon, also literally the majority of personal names in Albanian of Ottoman influence such as Qerim(Karim) Qazim(Kasim) pronounce Q instead of K. No one changed the names only the alphabet. Hence the native name is Ismail Qemali. RoyalHeritageAlb (talk) 12:46, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

These sources account for nearly the entire article and I'm quite surprised how some participants are preferring "Qemali" over "Kemal". This is probably a part of the Albanian-pov pushing group. Nevertheless, I would like to ping some editors who have edi ted Albania-related and Ottoman-related articles. ,, , and. Dashnor Kemalit   (talk)  03:25, 17 July 2024 (UTC) <--- blocked sock of User:SheryOfficial
 * Comment I don't know on what basis "Qemali" is being considered more common than "Kemal" in WP:RS As i highlighted before, nearly this entire article uses "Ismail Kemal" rather than "Qemali". The following WP:RS in this article use Kemal:
 * Skendi, The Albanian National Awakening (1967)
 * Kondis, Greece and Albania, 1908–1914 (1976)
 * Treadway, The Falcon and Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908–1914 (1983)
 * Hanioğlu, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908 (2001)
 * Gawrych, The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913 (2006)
 * Blumi, Ottoman Refugees, 1878-1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World (2013)
 * Tütüncü, Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey Albay Thomson'a Karşi 1914 Avlonya Olayı [Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey against Colonel Thomson: The Case of Vlorë 1914] (2017)
 * Hello, as your a newbie, i see your account was created in July. So i'll give you a few pointers. Your inference of other editors as being probably a part of the Albanian-pov pushing group without evidence is casting WP:ASPERSIONS. In the spirit of good faith, i hope your pinging and choice of a select few editors, some who have done minimal to almost barely any edits here was due to inexperience. But to other editors, in light of what you stated about them could be perceived as WP:CANVASSING, and dabbling in WP:RIGHTGREATWRONGS. Now if any of the editors pinged place a vote here, that will come off as canvassing as they were not involved. I'll give you a fun fact about this article. I am responsible for nearly a quarter of all edits and in terms of content/text, have written about half the article based on non-nationalist scholarship. The very content you refer too to make your points.Resnjari (talk) 19:04, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * DashnorKemalit is a sock of the LTA Sockpuppet investigations/SheryOfficial, so they can be safely ignored. And the user who supported their move request to "Ismail Kemal" is - you guessed it, one of their other socks . I'll strike their comments after their block. HistoryofIran (talk) 22:36, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Considering the recent pagemove was the disruptive work of a sockpuppet, this pagemove discussion has in a sense become one about undoing the sock's edit. Per WP:SOCKSTRIKE, a sock's edits where relevant need to be undone.Resnjari (talk) 15:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * No need to selectively ping editors. The relevant wikiprojects have already been notified. Ktrimi991 (talk) 09:35, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Seeing that you have pinged editors who literally have NEVER edited this article but have had long discussions/debates with some of editors (on other articles) who have voted in this proposal makes it clearly wp:Canvassing. Also seeing that your account is just 12 days old while the only one who voted agree on your proposal is 11 days old i cant help but to suspect wp:Sockpuppetry. RoyalHeritageAlb (talk) 11:44, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I don’t understand how this user, in only 12 days, is familiar with a number of users from the Greek space who are continuously involved in edit wars over Albanian topics. What a strange discussion this has become. Botushali (talk) 00:44, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Hmm, very interesting indeed.Resnjari (talk) 19:12, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Support, I honestly don’t know how this page was even moved in the first place. The main criterion that decides article names is WP:COMMONNAME, and the common name in the English language as demonstrated by Maleschreiber above is currently ‘Ismail Qemali’. Most Albanians will not recognise “Ismail Kemal”, let alone non-Albanian readers of the article.Botushali (talk) 00:51, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support - per WP:COMMONNAME and points made by @Maleschreiber.Resnjari (talk) 18:33, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. While the proposed spelling has become more common recently, and is used on more web pages, it has not caught up with the traditional spelling in books, per the n-gram evidence. It's too soon to jump. Dicklyon (talk) 15:05, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * "too soon to jump" for what? For restoring the long standing name of the article that was changed only after an improper request move with the participation of only two sock accounts that was quickly closed by a non admin after only one week? This is a high-importance article about Albania, editors should not "jump soon" to make such erroneous choices. And your argument about the WP:COMMONAME is not accurate as already pointed out by User:Maleschreiber above. – Βατο (talk) 15:25, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I meant too soon to declare the modern Albanian spelling to be commonname, over the longstanding much more common name used in English-language sources. I wasn't aware of the previous RM discussion. Dicklyon (talk) 15:37, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

Kemal's Islamic sect
This article and many sources affirm that Ismail Kemal was a Bektashian Sufi Muslim but some works such as A Concise History of Albania of Bernd Fischer and Oliver Schmitt state that he was from a Sunni Muslim family? Can someone please confirm as to which sect of Islam did he belong?

 * Bektashism sect falls under the Sunni category so both informations are true. RoyalHeritageAlb (talk) 12:08, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Hey guys. Bektashi Muslims are not exactly Sunnis, but they’re not exactly Shias either. They’re a Sufi Muslim sect, hence why they have their own designation on the census. Botushali (talk) 00:41, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Ktrimi991 (talk) 00:45, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The Bektashi Sufis are a complicated lot and their relationship to Sunni Islam also. Qemali was of the elite, being Sunni while also affiliated to Bektashism was not uncommon in the day even with all the frictions and contradictions sufism has with sunnism. The Janissary force is an example where Bektashism was dominant, but created by the Sultan, a Sunni to protect him and the empire.Resnjari (talk) 19:39, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ismail Kemal