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Molineux Stadium

Molineux Stadium is a football stadium situated in Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England, has been the home ground of Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers since 1889. The first stadium built for use by a Football League club, it was one of the first British grounds to have floodlights installed and hosted some of the earliest European club games in the 1950s.

At the time of its multi-million pound renovation in the early 1990s, Molineux was one of the biggest and most modern stadia in England, though it has since been eclipsed by other ground developments. The stadium has hosted England internationals and, more recently, England under-21 internationals, as well as the first UEFA Cup Final in 1972.

Molineux is a 31,750 all-seater stadium, but it consistently attracted much greater attendances when it was mostly terracing. The record attendance is 61,315. Plans were announced in 2010 for a £40 million redevelopment programme to rebuild and link three sides of the stadium to increase capacity to 38,000 seats. The first stage of this project, the Stan Cullis Stand, was completed in 2012. The next two stages were postponed because the club prioritised funds for development of the youth academy. There are provisional plans for a longer term redevelopment of every stand that could create a 50,000 capacity.

Stadium
The stadium is a few hundred yards north of Wolverhampton city centre, at the far side of the city's ring road, and is a prominent building due to its size in an area with predominantly low-rise buildings.

It consists of four stands:

The Steve Bull Stand (formerly the John Ireland Stand). The Sir Jack Hayward Stand (formerly the Jack Harris Stand and also known as 'The South Bank'), is a single tier, safe standing terrace. The Stan Cullis Stand (also known as The North Bank) is the most recently renovated stand. The Billy Wright Stand holds the team dressing rooms, media booths and the family section.

The total seated capacity of the stands is approximately 31,500, with a temporary seating area lifting the present official capacity to 32,050. The current stadium design stems from the early 1990s when it was extensively redeveloped to become a modern all-seater venue in accordance with the Taylor Report, which required British football stadia to provide seating for all those attending.

In the days before seating regulations, the ground could hold more than 60,000 spectators; the record attendance for a match at the ground is 61,315 for a Football League First Division game against Liverpool on 11 February 1939. The 1940s and 1950s saw average attendances for seasons regularly exceed 40,000, coinciding with the club's peak on the field.

Molineux has hosted England internationals. The first was a 6–1 win over Ireland on 7 March 1891. England again beat Ireland, this time 4–0, on 14 February 1903 and lost to Wales 2–1 on 5 February 1936. The last was a 5–2 defeat of Denmark in a 1958 World Cup qualifier on 5 December 1956. In 2022 Molineux hosted a 0-0 Nationals League draw with Italy and a 0-4 defeat to Hungary. It has also hosted four England under-21 internationals (in 1996, 2008, 2014 and 2018) and, in 2005, hosted some European Youth Championship qualifying matches.

On 24 June 2003, Molineux also became Wolverhampton's biggest live concert venue, with Bon Jovi performing in front of 34,000 people.

Up until May 2011, the ground had a capacity of 29,400. However the 5,500 Stan Cullis Stand was knocked down for redevelopment and 230 seats in the lower tier of the Steve Bull Stand were taken out as part of the process taking temporary capacity down to 23,670. The lower tier of the new North Bank (holding 4,000) was opened for use in September 2011 for the team's second home game of the season, which took the stadium capacity up to 27,670. The upper tier on the new stand (3,700 seats) was completed by the start of the 2012–13 season, taking the overall capacity of the stadium up to 31,700. However the club have delayed the second phase of the redevelopment in rebuilding the Steve Bull Stand. Following relegation from the top flight in 2012, the South-West Corner was dismantled until regaining promotion six years later.

Origins
The Molineux name originates from Benjamin Molineux, a successful local merchant (and a distant relative of the now extinct Earls of Sefton) who, in 1744, purchased land on which he built Molineux House (later converted to the Molineux Hotel) and on which the stadium would eventually be built. The estate was purchased in 1860 by O.E. McGregor, who converted the land into a pleasure park open to the public. Molineux Grounds, as it was titled, included a wide range of facilities including an ice rink, a cycling track, a boating lake, and, most crucially, an area for football.

The grounds were sold to the Northampton Brewery in 1889, who rented its use to Wolverhampton Wanderers, who had previously played at Dudley Road. After renovating the site, the first-ever league game was staged on 7 September 1889 in a 2–0 victory over Notts County before a crowd of 4,000.

Wolves bought the freehold in 1923 for £5,607 (£303,338.70 in 2018 prices ) and soon set about constructing a major grandstand on the Waterloo Road side (designed by Archibald Leitch). In 1932, the club also built a new stand on the Molineux Street side and followed this by adding a roof to the South Bank two years later. The stadium finally now had four stands, which formed Molineux for the next half-century. The South Bank Stand terraces were one of the largest goal stands in Britain.

In 1953, the club became one of the first in Britain to install floodlights, at a cost of around £10,000 (£274,000 in 2018 prices ). The first-ever floodlit game was held on 30 September 1953, as Wolves won 3–1 against South Africa. The referee for this match was Mr. F Read of Willenhall. The addition of the floodlights opened the door for Molineux to host a series of midweek friendlies against teams from across the globe. In the days prior to the formation of the European Cup and international club competitions, these games were highly prestigious and gained huge crowds and interest, the BBC often televising such events. A new taller set of floodlights were later installed in 1957, at a cost of £25,000 (£595,000 in 2018 prices ), as the stadium prepared to host its first European Cup games.

Further redevelopment and decline
In 1958, plans were unveiled to rebuild Molineux into a 70,000 capacity stadium during the early 1960s, but these were rejected by the local council and there were no major changes at the stadium for another 20 years.

The Molineux Street Stand (by now all-seater) failed to meet the standards of the 1975 Safety of Sports Grounds Act. The club set about building a new stand behind the existing one, on land where housing had been demolished. The new stand, designed by architects Atherden and Rutter, had a 9,348 capacity, equipped with 42 executive boxes, although sporting red seats in contrast to the club's traditional colours. When the construction was complete, the old stand lying in front was demolished, leaving the stand some 100 ft from the touchline. This new stand, named the John Ireland Stand (after the then-club president), was opened on 25 August 1979 at the start of a First Division game against Ipswich Town. This was intended as the first phase of a complete reconstruction of the ground, which would have given it a 40,000 capacity by 1984 and made it the first completely rebuilt stadium in postwar league football. However, the John Ireland Stand was the only phase of this project which would become reality. Further redevelopment was still a decade away.

In 1981, plans were unveiled for further redevelopment at the stadium which would have cost more than £4million and involved five-a-side football pitches, indoor and outdoor tennis courts, and an eight-lane running track. However, these were soon scrapped due to rising debts.

The John Ireland Stand (renamed as The Steve Bull Stand in 2003 ), completed in 1979, had cost £2.5 million (£13,675,000 in 2018 prices ) and had been one of the most expensive developments at any football ground in the U.K. The cost of the stand's construction plunged Wolves deep into debt and the club narrowly avoided liquidation in 1982, when it was taken over by a group fronted by former player Derek Dougan.

By the time Wolves slid into the Football League Fourth Division in 1986, the John Ireland Stand and the South Bank terrace were the only sections of the ground in use, after new safety laws implemented following the Bradford City stadium fire forced the closure of the North Bank and Waterloo Road Stand, which had become very dilapidated. Additionally, attendances had fallen due to the club's on-the-field decline.

The club's perilous financial situation meant the stadium fell into ruin, with no funding either for repairs or to move the pitch. The club was saved from folding in August 1986 when Wolverhampton Council bought the ground for £1,120,000 (£3,236,800 in 2018 prices ), along with the surrounding land, while Gallagher Estates, in conjunction with the Asda Superstore chain, agreed to pay off the outstanding debt – subject to building and planning permission for a superstore being granted. Although the stadium continued in use, the disused sections were never reopened.

Present-day stadium
The takeover of the club and stadium by Sir Jack Hayward in 1990 paved the way for redevelopment, which was further prompted by legislation following the Taylor Report that outlawed terraces which affected Premier League and Division One stadiums from the 1993–94 season. The North Bank terrace was demolished in October 1991 and the new Stan Cullis Stand was completed in August 1992, in time for the 1992–93 season. Next came the demolition of the Waterloo Road Stand, with the new Billy Wright Stand opening in August 1993. The final phase of the redevelopment came in December 1993, when the new Jack Harris Stand was opened on the site of the South Bank terrace.

The newly renovated stadium was officially opened on 7 December 1993, in a friendly with Honvéd, the Hungarian team who had been beaten in one of Molineux's most famous original floodlit friendlies. In 2003, the John Ireland Stand was renamed the Steve Bull Stand (in honour of the club's record goalscorer) and, at the same time, the south-west corner of the ground was filled with 900 temporary seats, known as the Graham Hughes Stand, which, until their removal in the summer of 2006, raised the Molineux capacity to 29,400. This seating area – now officially named the Wolves Community Trust Stand – was again added on the club's return to the top flight in 2009, which lifted the capacity to 29,195 before the club began its redevelopment of the stadium in summer 2011. In August 2015, the Jack Harris Stand was renamed the Sir Jack Hayward Stand in honour of Steve Morgan's predecessor as the club's owner, who had died earlier that year.

The record attendance for the stadium in its current configuration is 31,746, which was achieved against Liverpool on 23 January 2020 in the Premier League.

Current redevelopment
Plans were announced in May 2010 to begin an extensive multi-million pound programme of redevelopment to enlarge the stadium's capacity and develop its facilities. A full application for planning permission was submitted in September 2010, and granted three months later.

Phase 1 of this process was confirmed in February 2011, and commenced on 23 May 2011 as demolition of the Stan Cullis Stand began. In its place a new two-tier stand (seating 7,798), complete with mega-store, museum, café and hospitality facilities, was planned for the 2012–13 season which extended around into the north-east corner.

This phase, costing an estimated £18 million, was carried out by contractors the Buckingham Group. By September 2011 the lower tier was opened to fans, permitting a temporary stadium capacity of 27,828. The stand was fully opened on 11 August 2012 for the club's first fixture of the 2012–13 season, creating a new official stadium capacity of 31,700.

Phase 2 will be the rebuilding of the Steve Bull Stand over a two-season period. Work was initially set to begin in summer 2012, but has since been postponed with no revised start date yet set. In January 2013 club owner Steve Morgan stated the club would prioritise the redevelopment of its academy facilities over the stadium. At the conclusion of this stage stadium capacity would reach around 36,000 and see this stand connected to the new Stan Cullis Stand. Proceeding with this second stage would raise the redevelopment spend to in excess of £40 million.

Phase 3 is subject to demand and finance, but is planned to be the construction of a new top-tier on the Sir Jack Hayward Stand, that will connect it to the new Steve Bull Stand. This would bring capacity up to around 38,000.

Phase 4 is a tentative plan to completely redevelop the Billy Wright Stand in a move that would bring capacity to 50,000. However, no planning permission has yet been sought for this phase and it remains only a potential, rather than planned, development with no timeframe in place.

title: Molineux Stadium


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Talk:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics

Merge
I think all of this pages content can be incorporated into the thermodynamics article. Perhaps this page should not be deleted, but dedicated to explaining the link between thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. As it stands, it could use some work in that area. PAR 01:05, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Importance
The link between thermodynamics and statistical mechanics is important because it raises philosophical questions about how the postulatory method is used in science. There are questions raised about how humans "do" science, and how different subfields use the same words to mean the same thing, but with different implicit assumptions that are only assumed by those in the same subfield when they use language in a slightly sloppy way (which is the way it's usually used) or math in a slightly sloppy way (which happpens sometimes too). For example: which is a better way to approach thinking about the laws of nature? Determining a property of matter relative to a perfect vacuum at a temperature of 0 K which can only be approached or determining a property of a system relative to static equilibrium with an infinite reservoir which can only be approached? This is a philosophical question because the two ways will give the same answers if rigor is maintained. But the choice is still made very often in a subconscious way in the mind of researchers in different fields and this choice has conseqeunces that often prevent scientists in different fields from understanding each other. This is not addressed in the present article, so I understand your suggestion for a merge. I am changing the merge tag to an importance tag and adding an expert tag here. We need a systems ecologist who is really great at physics or a physicist who has really dived into the systems ecology literature or a person familiar with both along with issues in the philosophy of science. In a few weeks, I might be familiar enough with the topic to do a major rewrite of this article or move some of what I'm trying to do at exergy here. Flying Jazz 15:22, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Talk
There is a lot to say about this subject, but it has not yet been said in the Wikipedia. My suggestion is to make this an introduction with links to articles concering detailed subjects. Those articles till have to be written, though. A few suggestions (please feel free to see this as a 'to do' list):

 * Status of the 0th law of thermodynamics
 * Status of the 1st law of t.
 * Status of the 2nd law of t. - this is long and tricky one
 * Boltzmann's H-theorem
 * Loschmidt's Umkehreinwand
 * Zermelo's Wiederkehreinwand
 * Maxwell's two derivations of his distribution
 * Boltzmann's derivation of the MB-distribution
 * Stosszahlansatz
 * Ergodic hypothesis
 * Ehrenfest's Quasi-ergodic hypothesis
 * Von Neumann's ergodic theorem
 * Markovianism
 * Interpretation of statistical ensembles
 * Tolman & Jaynes: subjective interpretation -- Article currently (Nov 05) basically presents subjective view. Tolman also stressed need for ergodicity or quasi-ergodicity; article downplays this. Jheald 21:55, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Interpretation of probability -- ''Jaynes/Bayesian view of entropies & probabilities set out at MaxEnt thermodynamics Jheald 21:55, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Maxwell's demon
 * Connection with information theory - hinted at on that page Jheald 21:55, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Szilard
 * Landauer -- some material at Reversible computing Jheald 21:55, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Criticism (Earman & Norton comes to mind)
 * Perpetuum mobiles

Etcetera. We have a lot of work to do. ;) -- Victor Gijsbers

 * Sounds good. I agree, there's certainly a lot of interesting material to be written. You might want to check out our article naming conventions before you start on a large set of articles. -- Tim Starling 14:49 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah, the capitals. Thanks for mentioning it. -- Victor Gijsbers

You guys seem to have been off to a good start two years ago but to since have abandoned this project. Ah, but I'm on the case now. --Christofurio 13:31, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)

WRT the claim of Maxwell's Demon being "refuted", this has only been shown to be the case where the demon is tautologically assumed to be measuring the state of particles through some method which increases overall entropy. I believe I was made aware of this while reading a "This Week's Finds" by John Baez about Huw Price and the arrow of time, but it's also fairly obvious when you consider that it is at least possible to construct a closed system with a "demon" that happens to decrease entropy without measuring any particles (for instance, the universe running in reverse). How do we know our own universe will not eventually decrease in entropy, as Hawking once proposed it might? I imagine this harder to rule out completely than by building several examples of "demons" which fail to live up to the name.

Hm, it looks like there are great references on the page about Maxwell's Demon which can be imported and which contradict the information on this page. I'm too much of a newbie to do it right, though. 76.109.111.75 (talk) 10:38, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

I'm removing this paragraph, for the following reasons: Removed text:
 * Even if the universe has zero net energy density, that is an empirical observation, not a constraint imposed by the first law of thermodynamics.
 * The content of the paragraph is out of date, since it does not mention the cosmological constant, which is now believed to be an important contribution to the energy density of the universe.
 * "In scientific arguments about cosmology, the study of the cosmos as a whole, this first law is an important constraint - it limits the net energy of universe by zero. Observations indeed support that positive rest energy of matter in visible universe (which amounts to about $$10^{70}$$ Joules) is equilibrated by the same amount of negative gravitational energy of interaction of this matter (which amounts to the same $$10^{70}$$ Joules, but with negative sign as gravity is an attractive force). Also, according to cosmological models space-time of zero-energy universe must be flat - and recent observations support this too."

I'm also removing the last part of this paragraph:
 * "There is, for example, Boltzmann's H-theorem, an interpretation associated with Ludwig Boltzmann (1844 - 1906) which proposes that the directionality of thermodynamics is a consequence of the dimensionality of electromagnetics.  Disorderliness, or entropy, must increase over time, in other words, under the influence of time-delayed interactions through purely retarded potentials."

To begin with, the "dimensionality of electromagnetics" has nothing to do with the H theorem. Nor can the retarded potential in electromagnetism explain the directionality of time, since the advanced potential is equally a solution of Maxwell's equations.

67.186.28.212 15:59, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

What is the point of this article?
This article does not discuss the philosophy of thermodynamics, it just gives a brief summary of the laws of thermodynamics. The only part that can be argued to be on topic is the discussion of Maxwell's demon, which already has its own article.

Unless some secondary literature is presented that explicitly addresses the topic of this article, it should be merged or deleted. --dab (𒁳) 12:28, 30 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. Any material that is of value here could be merged elsewhere. EdJohnston (talk) 14:08, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I also agree. Perhaps an article of this title is needed, but it would better be written from scratch than as a rescue of the present version. At present there is little or nothing in this article that is not covered adequately in other Wikipedia articles, I think.Chjoaygame (talk) 04:50, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

undid edit; reason
I undid this edit. I don't have immediate access to the cited work, but still the edit as a whole isn't right. The versions were not, I think (subject to correction), first proposed by R.L. Park. I think he reported that wags proposed them. Someone who has access to the book may check this out before I do. Quite possibly the book can be cited, for the statement that R.L. Park reported the wags' version. It would be great if someone could find a real origin for the versions.Chjoaygame (talk) 04:43, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of Gondomar

Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of Gondomar (Spanish: Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar; Astorga, November 1, 1567 – Casalarreina, La Rioja, October 2, 1626), was a Spanish (Galician) diplomat. He served as the Spanish ambassador to England from 1613 to 1622 and afterwards, as a kind of ambassador emeritus, Spain's leading expert on English affairs until his death.

The popular notion in England of his day painted him as the head of a Spanish faction at the English court, as privy to the inner thoughts of King James I, and as a fiendish schemer for Popery. The term "Machiavellian" was brought into common English usage in references to him.

Early life
He was the eldest son of the Galician knight Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of Gondomar —Lord of Salvaterra de Miño, who served as corregidor of Toro and governor of the Canary Islands— and of Juana de Acuña, heiress of the noble house of Acuña. He was born in Astorga, near Galicia, inheriting large estates both in Galicia and in Old Castile. He took an active part during the Anglo-Spanish War in repelling an English raid led by Sir Francis Drake on Baiona and Vigo in 1585. They met forces again four years later in Vigo, after the "English Armada" was turned away in A Coruña and Lisbon; in the assault on A Corunha Drake was defeated but not before the bombing and sack of the town. As a result of these military successes, he was appointed by King Philip II of Spain as governor of Baiona, and keeper of the fortress of Monte Real, so warding the southern frontier and sea coast of Galicia. Later, in 1596, he was appointed first corregidor of Toro, and later of Valladolid, then the residence and capital of King Philip III. From that moment he was forced to reconcile both roles, as courtier and corregidor in the capital, and as soldier and Capitan in Galicia: in 1603 he was sent from court to Vigo to superintend the distribution of the treasure brought from America by two galleons which were driven to take refuge there; on his return he was appointed a member of the board of finance. In 1609 he repelled a Dutch naval attack on the coast of Galicia.

Although he held both military and administrative employs, his residence was at Valladolid, where he owned the Casa del Sol estate and was already collecting his fine library. He was known as a courtier, and apparently as a friend of the favourite, the Duke of Lerma. In 1612 he was appointed ambassador in England, but he did not leave to take up his appointment until May 1613.

The embassy to London
Gondomar's reputation as a diplomat, which brought him to international historical prominence, is based on his two periods of service in England – from 1613 to 1618 and from 1619 to 1622. The excellence of his latinity pleased the literary tastes of King James I, whose character he judged with remarkable insight. He flattered the king's love of books and of peace, and he made skilful use of the king's desire for a matrimonial alliance between the Prince of Wales and the infanta Maria Anna of Spain (the proposed "Spanish Match"). The British historian J. P. Kenyon calls him "a cleverer man than any in England", who was gifted enough to tie England to Spain's interests for the next decade.

The ambassador's task in the prelude to the Thirty Years' War was to keep James from aiding the Protestant states against Spain and Habsburg Austria, and to avert English attacks on Spanish possessions in the Americas. His success made him odious to the anti-Spanish and Puritan parties. The active part he took in promoting the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh aroused particular animosity. He was attacked by popular pamphleteers — Thomas Scott's extravagant propaganda, Vox populi, was widely believed — and the dramatist Thomas Middleton made him a principal character in the strange political play A Game at Chess, which was suppressed by order of the council.

The Howards were Gondomar's principal friends at court – Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton (died 1614), Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, Lord High Treasurer, whose daughter was married to James's favourite, Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, Lord High Admiral, Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, and their protégés. The "Howard faction" preferred a marriage alliance with Spain over one with France, the traditional ally of Scotland, and they preferred to keep out of open warfare with Spain promoted by the more zealous Puritans. Most of the Howards were Catholics, encouraging them towards a spirit of toleration at home. Like many at the English court, they were receiving pensions from Spain, without much effect on their opinions and actions, and Gondomar seldom had the money to follow through. Among the pensioners, in an embarrassing list that surfaced in 1613, at Gondomar's first arrival was the King of England himself.

Gondomar conceived of his embassy as a sortie in enemy country, and he took for his maxim aventurar la vida y osar morir ("risk your life and dare to die"). His opening challenge was his refusal to strike the colours of Spain at his warships' entry to Portsmouth harbour, in which an appeal to the king averted an exchange of cannon fire. His handling of the unconditional release of the Catholic agitator Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza further established him in James's eyes as a man of unexpected strength. In 1617 Sarmiento was created Count of Gondomar. The key to Gondomar's success was his relationship with James, whom he brought to admire and like his witty and learned companionship, his candour, within the obvious limits, and his personal integrity. They called themselves the "two Diegos" and drank from the same bottle (Carter 1964:205). It was to Gondomar, after the failure of the Addled Parliament of 1614, that James made his celebrated remark "I am amazed that my ancestors should have allowed such an institution to come into existence".

A key program for Gondomar at the outset was to block the marriage negotiations between Prince Charles and a sister of Louis XIII of France, a French counterweight to marital alliances being concluded with the Spanish Habsburgs (see the Spanish Match).

In the matter of Sir Walter Raleigh, it was Gondomar's pressure that cost Sir Walter his head on 29 October 1618. In a moment of weakness, James had shown Gondomar the contract under which Raleigh had sailed, and the restriction upon attacking Spanish settlements, in order to mollify Gondomar's objections to an enterprise on which James had set his heart. Raleigh's attack on San Thomé (near modern Ciudad Guayana) was a public violation; his execution kept the peace with Spain. The English could not forgive Gondomar, who in 1618 obtained leave to come home for his health, but he was then ordered to return by way of Flanders and France with a diplomatic mission.

In 1619 he returned to London and remained until 1622. The Guyana expedition of Roger North in 1620 seemed to be a repeat of Raleigh's violation of Spanish settlements in the Caribbean, and at Gondomar's insistence, North was imprisoned.

The tensest late confrontation was over Count Mansfeld's projected movement of troops raised in England to rescue James's son-in-law Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the "Winter King" of Bohemia. Habsburg Madrid and Brussels were concerned that the French aimed to join Mansfeld's forces and retrieve Artois for France, and the project was let slide.

When Gondomar was allowed to retire and return to Spain, he was named a member of the royal council and governor of one of the king's palaces, and he was appointed to a complimentary mission to Vienna. Gondomar was in Madrid when the Prince of Wales— afterwards Charles I— made his journey there in search of a wife. He died at the house of the Constable of Castile, near Haro in La Rioja.

Gondomar was twice married, first to his niece Beatrix Sarmiento, by whom he had no children, and then to his cousin Constanza de Acuña, by whom he had four sons and three daughters. The hatred he aroused in England, which was shown by the widespread mockery of an intestinal complaint from which he suffered for years, was a tribute to the zeal with which he served his own master.

Gondomar collected, both before he came to London and during his residence there, a fine library of printed books and manuscripts. Orders for the arrangement, binding and storing of his books in his house at Valladolid appear frequently in his voluminous correspondence. In 1785 the library was ceded by his descendant and representative the marquis of Malpica to Charles III of Spain, and it is now in the Royal Library at Madrid.

A portrait of Gondomar, attributed to Diego Velázquez, was formerly at Stowe, Buckinghamshire. It was mezzotinted by Robert Cooper.

Gondomar and the Galician language
Part of the private correspondence of Gondomar with his relatives and with other Galician noblemen has been preserved in the archives of the house of Alba. These private letters are frequently written totally or partially in Galician, and represent an invaluable source for the knowledge of this language in the transition from Old Galician to Middle Galician, a period for which there are but a few literary or public documents preserved. Gondomar is also well known for his Galician patriotic writings in defence of the antiquity and noblesse of the Kingdom of Galicia and of the Galicians, because 'Galicia was a Kingdom and her kings got this title well before any other in Spain'.

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Authorities
Gondomar's missions to England were largely dealt with in Samuel Rawson Gardiner's History of England (London, 1883–1884) and more recently in Glyn Redworth, The Prince and the Infanta: The Cultural Politics of the Spanish Match (New Haven, 2003).

In Spanish, Don Pascual de Gayangos wrote a useful biographical introduction to a publication of a few of his letters – Cinco Cartas politico-literarias de Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar, issued at Madrid in 1869 by the Sociedad de Bibliófilos of the Spanish Academy; and there is a life in English by F.H. Lyon (1910).


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Black-shouldered kite

The black-shouldered kite (Elanus axillaris), also known as the Australian black-shouldered kite, is a small raptor found in open habitats throughout Australia. It resembles similar species found in Africa, Eurasia and North America, including the black-winged kite, a species that has in the past also been called "black-shouldered kite". Measuring around 35 cm in length, with a wingspan of 80 - 100 cm, the adult black-shouldered kite has predominantly grey-white plumage and prominent black markings above its red eyes. It gains its name from the black patches on its wings. The primary call is a clear whistle, uttered in flight and while hovering. It can be confused with the related letter-winged kite in Australia, which is distinguished by the striking black markings under its wings.

The species forms monogamous pairs, breeding between August and January. The birds engage in aerial courtship displays which involve high circling flight and ritualised feeding mid-air. Three or four eggs are laid and incubated for around thirty days. Chicks are fully fledged within five weeks of hatching and can hunt for mice within a week of leaving the nest. Juveniles disperse widely from their home territory. The black-shouldered kite hunts in open grasslands, searching for its prey by hovering and systematically scanning the ground. It mainly eats small rodents, particularly the introduced house mouse, and has benefitted from the modification of the Australian landscape by agriculture. It is rated as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Threatened Species.

Taxonomy
The black-shouldered kite was first described by English ornithologist John Latham in 1801, as Falco axillaris. Its specific name is derived from the Latin axilla, meaning "armpit", relating to the dark patches under the wings. He reported the description came from a bird that had been kept for two months in the early colony. The species description was based on one of four paintings by Australian painter Thomas Watling of a bird in the Sydney district in the 1790s.

English naturalist John Gould described the same species as Elanus notatus in 1838 from a specimen from New South Wales, apparently unaware of Latham's description. English zoologist George Robert Gray followed Latham using the binomial Elanus axillaris in 1849. Gould conceded Latham's name was valid and hence had precedence, and E. notatus was reduced to synonymy. Australian ornithologist Gregory Mathews argued that Latham's description mentioned black axillaries and hence must have referred to the letter-winged kite, and that Watling's drawings were inconclusive. He promoted the use of E. notatus over E. axillaris in 1916. This was followed for many years. But in 1980 Australian taxonomists Richard Schodde and Ian J. Mason refuted Mathews' claim that the original description of E. axillaris was ambiguous and reinstated the name. This has been followed by subsequent authorities. The black-shouldered kite has no recognised subspecies.

"Black-shouldered kite" has been designated the official English name by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC). It has also been called the Australian black-shouldered kite to distinguish it from the Eurasian black-winged kite (E. caeruleus) and American white-tailed kite (E. leucurus)—both formerly known as "black-shouldered kite". Watling had recorded the Dharug term Geo-ga-rack.

In 1959, American ornithologist Kenneth C. Parkes noted that the plumage of the black-shouldered kite is similar to that of the black-winged and white-tailed kites, and proposed that all three were subspecies of a single cosmopolitan species E. caeruleus—much like the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Researchers William S. Clark and Richard C. Banks disputed this, pointing out the differences in anatomical proportions such as wing shape and tail length, and hunting behavior (E. caeruleus rarely hunts by hovering, unlike the other two species) and proposed the species be separated again in 1992. They are regarded as distinct in the IOC World Bird List.

Molecular evidence shows that the black-shouldered kite and its relatives belong to a subfamily Elaninae that is an early offshoot within the raptor family Accipitridae. There is some evidence they are more divergent from other raptors and better placed in their own family.

Description
The adult black-shouldered kite is around 35 cm in length, with a wingspan of between 80 and 100 cm. The female is slightly heavier, weighing on average around 300 g compared to the male's average weight of 260 g. The sexes have similar plumage. The crown, neck and upperparts are pale grey, while the head and underparts are white. A black comma-shaped marking lies in front of and stretches over and behind the eye, which is deep red and surrounded by a black orbital ring. The leading edge of the outer wing is black. When perched, this gives the species its prominent black "shoulders". The central rectrices of the tail are pale grey, while the rest of the tail feathers are white. The bill is short with a sharp, hooked tip to the upper mandible. Its nostrils and the cere are bright or dull yellow and the bill is black. The legs and feet are also yellow or golden-yellow, and the feet have three toes facing forwards and one toe facing backwards.

The juvenile has a white forehead and chin and rusty brown neck, nape and breast with darker streaks. The back and wings are mottled buff or brown. There is a less distinctive dark shoulder patch, but a larger comma-shaped patch over the eyes. The eyes themselves are dark brown. The bill is black with a horn-coloured cere.

Black-shouldered kites spiral into the wind like a kestrel. They soar with V-shaped up-curved wings, the primaries slightly spread and the tail widely fanned, giving the tail a squarer appearance and visible 'fingers' on the wings. In level flight progress is rather indirect. Their flight pattern has been described as 'winnowing' with soft steady beats interspersed with long glides on angled wings. They can most often be seen hovering with wings curved and tail pointing down.

The black-shouldered kite is very similar to the related letter-winged kite (E. scriptus), but has the black mark above and behind the eye, a white rather than grey crown, and shows all-white underparts in flight except for the black markings on the shoulder, dark wingtips, and a small black patch on the underwing. It is slightly larger than the nankeen kestrel (Falco cenchroides). The latter species lacks wing markings and has pale brown plumage. It keeps its wings level when soaring, and has a faster wingbeat when hovering. The grey falcon (Falco hypoleucos) has somewhat similar coloration to the black-shouldered kite but is bulkier and heavier overall and lacks the black markings. Its wings are barred, and it preys on birds. The grey goshawk (Accipiter novaehollandiae) has wider more rounded wings, underwing markings and glides with lowered wings.

Vocalisations
The black-shouldered kite is generally silent, except in the breeding season when its calls, though weak, can be persistent. It primarily utters a clear whistled chee, chee, chee call in flight and while hovering, or a hoarse wheezing skree-ah when perched. A short high whistle is the primary contact call between a pair, while a harsh scraping call is the most common call used by the female and large young, and brooding females call to their young with a deep, soft, frog-like croak.

A variety of different calls have been recorded from captive birds, including harsh, harmonic, chatter and whistle vocalisations. Harsh calls were made when a bird was alarmed or agitated, whistle-type calls were emitted in general contexts, sometimes monotonously, and shorter duration "chatter" calls were given when a bird sighted a human near the enclosure.

Distribution and habitat
Black-shouldered kites may be sedentary or nomadic and are generally found in open grasslands or valleys where there are scattered clumps of trees, where the grass or groundcover is accessible from the air and ranges from 30 cm to 1.5 m (1–5 ft) high. As well as native grasslands they forage over pastures, cereal or vegetable crops and vineyards, often focusing on areas that have been recently harvested or ploughed and hence rendering prey more exposed. In urban areas, they are encountered on the edge of towns on wasteland, irregularly mown areas, sports fields, golf courses or grassy roadside verges. They also hunt over coastal dunes and drier marshland, but avoid areas with dense cover such as forest as well as bare or rocky ground.

Their numbers fluctuate during drought and floods and can be irruptive in response to sudden increases in mouse populations. The most distant banding recovery was from the Red Banks area in South Australia to Lithgow in eastern New South Wales three and a half years later, a distance of 1073 km.

Although reported throughout Australia, they are most common in the relatively fertile south-east and south-west corners of the mainland, and in south-east Queensland. They are rare in the deep desert and dryer areas such as western Cape York or the Northern Territory, and are occasional visitors to northern Tasmania, King Island, and the Torres Strait islands.

Behaviour
Black-shouldered kites usually hunt singly or in pairs, though where food is plentiful they occur in small family groups and can be loosely gregarious at times of irruptions, with up to 70 birds reported feeding together during a mouse plague. They roost communally, like other Elanus species. They are territorial when food is not abundant. The practice of "tail flicking" where, on landing, the tail is flicked up and lowered and the movement repeated persistently is thought to be a possible territorial display.

Breeding
Aerial courtship displays involve single and mutual high circling flight, and the male may fly around with wings held high rapidly fluttering, known as flutter-flight. Courting males dive at the female, feeding her in mid-flight. The female grabs food from the male's talons with hers while flipping upside-down. They may lock talons and tumble downwards in a ritualised version of grappling, but release just before landing. All courtship displays are accompanied by constant calling.

Black-shouldered kites form monogamous pairs. The breeding season is usually August to January, but is responsive to mice populations, and some pairs breed twice in a good season. Both sexes collect material for the nest but the female alone builds it. A large untidy shallow cup of sticks usually in the foliage near the top of trees, the nest takes anywhere from two to six weeks to be built. It is constructed of thin twigs and is around 28 to 38 cm across when newly built, but growing to around 78 cm across and 58 cm deep after repeated use. The nest is lined with green leaves and felted fur, though linings of grass and cow dung have also been reported. It is generally located in the canopy of an isolated or exposed tree in open country, elevated 5 to 20 m or more above the ground. Black-shouldered kites have been known to use old Australian magpie, crow or raven nests.

Females perform most of the care of eggs and nestlings, though males take a minor share of incubation and brooding. The clutch consists of three to four dull white eggs of a tapered oval shape measuring 42 x and with red-brown blotches that are often heavier around the larger end of the egg. The eggs are laid at intervals of two to five days. The female incubates the eggs for 30 days and when the eggs hatch the chicks are helpless but have soft down covering their body. For the first two weeks or so the female broods the chicks constantly, both day and night. She does no hunting at all for the first three weeks after hatching, but calls to the male from the nest, and he generally responds by bringing food. The female feeds the chicks with the mice brought back to the nest by the male, feeding them in tiny pieces for the first week or two, at which time the chicks are capable of swallowing a mouse whole. The nestling period lasts around 36 days, and the post-fledging period at least 36 days with parental feeding for at least 22 days. When the chicks are older both parents take it in turns to feed them. Black feathers start to appear along the chicks' wings when they are about a fortnight old, and they are fully fledged and are ready to fly in five weeks. Within a week of leaving the nest the young birds are capable of hunting for mice on their own.

Juveniles disperse widely, taking up territory that can be as far as 1000 km from the nest site.

Food and hunting
The black-shouldered kite has become a specialist predator of the introduced house mouse, often following outbreaks of mouse plagues in rural areas. It takes other suitably-sized creatures when available, including grasshoppers, rats, small reptiles, birds, and even (very rarely) rabbits, but mice and other mouse-sized mammals account for over 90% of its diet. Its influence on mouse populations is probably significant; adults take two or three mice a day each if they can, around a thousand mice a year. On one occasion, a male was observed bringing no less than 14 mice to a nest of well-advanced fledglings within an hour. In another study, a female kite was seen to struggle back to fledglings in the nest with a three-quarters grown rabbit, a heavy load for such a small bird.

Like other elanid kites, the black-shouldered kite hunts by quartering grasslands for small creatures. This can be from a perch, but more often by hovering in mid-air. It is diurnal, preferring to hunt during the day, particularly in the early morning and mid to late afternoon, and occasionally hunts in pairs. Its hunting pattern, outside breeding periods and periods of abundant prey, has distinct crepuscular peaks, perhaps corresponding to mouse activity. When hunting, the kite hovers with its body hanging almost vertically, and its head into the wind. Unlike the nankeen kestrel, the black-winged kite shows no obvious sideways movement, even in a strong breeze. One study of a nesting pair noted that the male searched aerially for 82% of the search time. Typically, a kite hovers 10 to 12 m above a particular spot, peering down intently, sometimes for only a few seconds, often for a minute or more, then glides swiftly to a new vantage point and hovers again. When hunting from a perch, a dead tree is the preferred platform. Like other Elanus kites, the black-shouldered kite grips a vertical branch with a foot on either side, each one above the other and turned inwards, which enables them to maintain a secure footing on relatively small branches. Though hovering is the most common hunting method, the kites have been observed searching the ground beneath a vantage point for periods of up to an hour.

When a mouse or other prey is spotted, the kite drops silently onto it, feet-first with wings raised high; sometimes in one long drop to ground level, more often in two or more stages, with hovering pauses at intermediate heights. Prey is seized in the talons and about 75% of attacks are successful. Prey can either be eaten in flight or carried back to a perch. Birds will have a favoured feeding perch, beneath which accumulate piles of pellets or castings.

Conservation status
The arrival of Europeans to Australia has, on the whole, benefited the black-shouldered kite through land clearing, irrigation for agriculture, grain harvesting, and storage practices which provide suitable conditions for much larger numbers of mice. As the species has a large range and an increasing population, it is listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened species. In southwestern Australia, it has become one of the most commonly recorded raptors in the wheatbelt. According to raptor researcher Stephen Debus, this species did not suffer from eggshell thinning during the period of DDT use in Australia, though he believes secondary poisoning is possible from rodenticides used during mouse plagues or from pesticides used during locust plagues. Populations in areas with high sheep and rabbit numbers may decline, as these animals compact the soil and reduce the available habitat for mice.

title: Black-shouldered kite


text:
Pascual de Gayangos y Arce

Pascual de Gayangos y Arce (June 21, 1809 – October 4, 1897) was a Spanish scholar and orientalist.

Life
Born in Seville, Gayangos was the son of Brigadier José de Gayangos, intendente of Zacatecas, in New Spain (Mexico). After completing his primary education in Madrid, at the age of thirteen, he was sent to school at Pont-le-Voy near Blois. There, he began the study of Arabic in the École spéciale des Langues orientales of Paris under Silvestre de Sacy.

Gayangos visited Britain, where he married Frances, daughter of Henry Revell, in 1828. He then obtained a post in the Spanish treasury, and was transferred to the foreign office as translator in 1833.

In 1837, Gayangos returned to Britain, wrote extensively in British periodicals, like The Athenaeum, and in publications of the SDUK, like The Penny Cyclopaedia for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge and The Biographical Dictionary. In these years he completed his magnum opus as an arabist: the translation, for the Royal Asiatic Society, of the first part of Al Makkari's biography of Ibn al-Khatib. The edition was entitled the History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain and appeared in two volumes in 1840 and 1843. While in England, he entered in the Holland House circle, where he made the acquaintance of George Ticknor, to whom he was very helpful. In 1843, he returned to Spain as professor of Arabic at the University of Madrid, a post he held until 1871. In 1861, the American Philosophical Society elected him an international Member. He entered in politics in 1881, when he was made director of public instruction. He resigned on being elected senator for the district of Huelva.

His latter years were spent in cataloguing the Spanish manuscripts in the British Museum; he had previously continued Gustav Adolf Bergenroth's catalogue of the manuscripts relating to the negotiations between England and Spain in the Simancas archives. His best-known original work is his lengthy introduction on Spanish romances of chivalry in volume 40 (Libros de caballerías, vol. 1, 1857) of Adolfo Rivadeneyra's Biblioteca de autores españoles. This was the first survey of Spanish chivalric romances.

Gayangos died in London.

title: Pascual de Gayangos y Arce


text:
Ahmad al-Maqqari

Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Maqqarī al-Tilmisānī (or al-Maḳḳarī) (أحمد المقري التلمساني), (1577-1632) was an Algerian scholar, biographer and historian who is best known for his, a compendium of the history of Al-Andalus which provided a basis for the scholarly research on the subject until the twentieth century.

Life
A native of Tlemcen and from a prominent intellectual family originally from the village of Maqqara, near M'sila in Algeria. After his early education in Tlemcen, al-Maqqari travelled to Fes in Morocco and then to Marrakesh, following the court of Ahmad al-Mansur. On al-Mansur's death in 1603, al-Maqqari established himself in Fes, where he was the imam of the Qarawiyyin Mosque.

In 1617, he left for the East, possibly following a quarrel with the local ruler, and took up residence in Cairo, where he composed his best known work, Nafḥ al-ṭīb.

In 1620 he visited Jerusalem and Damascus, and made five pilgrimages over six years. At Mecca and Medina he gave popular lectures on ḥadīth. In 1628 he was again in Damascus, where he continued his lectures on Muhammad al-Bukhari's collection of Ḥadīth ('Traditions'), and spoke much of the glories of Muslim Iberia, and received the impulse to write his work on this subject later. That year he returned to Cairo and spent a year in writing his history of Spain. Surviving manuscripts are now held in part at El Escorial, near Madrid. He died in 1632 during preparations to settle in Damascus.

Works

 * Rawdat al-As al-'Aatirat al-Anfaas fi Dhikar men Laqaituhu min Aa'alaam Marrakesh wa Fes (روضة الآس العاطرة الأنفاس في ذكر من لقيته من أعلام الحضرتين: مراكش وفاس) - The Garden of Myrtle of Aromatic Scents and the Memories of The Scholars (ulema) Whom I Met in the Two Metropolises: Marrakesh and Fes. Al-Maqqarī dedicated this to his patron Ahmad al-Mansur.
 * (نفح الطيب من غصن الأندلس الرطيب وذكر وزيرها لسان الدين بن الخطيب) - The Breath of Perfume from the Branch of Flourishing Al-Andalus and Memories of its Vizier Lisan ud-Din ibn ul-Khattib. His great work consists of two parts:

 * i) a history of Muslim Iberia compiled from descriptions by many authors;  published by William Wright, Christoph Krehl, Reinhart Dozy and Gustave Dugat as Analectes sur l'histoire et la littérature des Arabes d'Espagne (1855–1861), and in an abridged English translation by Pascual de Gayangos, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, Volume 1 (1840) and Volume 2 (1843);

 * ii) a biography of Ibn al-Khatib. A complete Arabic edition was published at Bulaq (1863), Cairo (1885) and Beirut (1968). A complete English translation is yet to be published.

 * Azhar al-Riyad fi Akhbar al-Qadi 'Ayyad (أزهار الرياض في أخبار القاضي عياض)

Editions

 * Al-Makkari, القسم الأول من كتاب نفح الطيب, من غصن الأندلس الرطيب, و ذكر وزيرها لسان الدين بن الخطيب لأبي العباس أحمد بن محمد المقري [al-Qism al-awwal min kitāb nafḥ al-ṭīb, min ghuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb, wa-dhikr wazīrihā Lisān al-Dīn ibn al-Khaṭīb li-Abī al-ʻAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Maqarrī]/Analectes sur l'histoire et la littĕrature des Arabes d'Espagne, ed. by R. Dozy and G. Dugat, L. Krehl and W. Wright, 2 vols in four parts (Leiden: Brill, 1855–61), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 (edition of the nafḥ al-ṭīb)
 * al-Maqqarı̄, Nafḥ al-Ṭı̄b min Ghuṣn al-Andalus al-Raṭı̄b, ed. by I. ‘Abbās (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1968)

title: Ahmad al-Maqqari


text:
Pat Lowther Award

The Pat Lowther Memorial Award is an annual Canadian literary award presented by the League of Canadian Poets to the year's best book of poetry by a Canadian woman. The award was established in 1980 to honour poet Pat Lowther, who was murdered by her husband in 1975. Each winner receives an honorarium of $1000.

title: Pat Lowther Award


text:
Muhammad al-Bukhari

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Ibrāhīm al-Juʿfī al-Bukhārī (أبو عبد الله محمد بن إسماعيل بن إبرهيم الجعفي البخاري; 21 July 810 – 1 September 870) was a 9th-century Muslim muhaddith who is widely regarded as the most important hadith scholar in the history of Sunni Islam. Al-Bukhari's extant works include the hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari, al-Tarikh al-Kabir, and al-Adab al-Mufrad.

Born in Bukhara in present-day Uzbekistan, Al-Bukhari began learning hadith at a young age. He travelled across the Abbasid Caliphate and learned under several influential contemporary scholars. Bukhari memorized thousands of hadith narrations, compiling the Sahih al-Bukhari in 846. He spent the rest of his life teaching the hadith he had collected. Towards the end of his life, Bukhari faced claims the Quran was created, and was exiled from Nishapur. Subsequently, he moved to Khartank, near Samarkand.

Sahih al-Bukhari is revered as the most important hadith collection in Sunni Islam. Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, the hadith collection of Al-Bukhari's student Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, are together known as the Sahihayn (صحيحين) and are regarded by Sunnis as the most authentic books after the Quran. It is part of the Kutub al-Sittah, the six most highly regarded collections of hadith in Sunni Islam.

Ancestry and early life
Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari al-Ju'fi was born after the Friday prayer on Friday, 21 July 810 (13 Shawwal 194 AH) in the city of Bukhara in Greater Khorasan in present-day Uzbekistan. He has been described as Persian and his father was Ismail ibn Ibrahim, a scholar of hadith and a student of Malik ibn Anas, Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak, and Hammad ibn Salamah. Ismail died while Al-Bukhari was an infant. Al-Bukhari's great-grandfather, Al-Mughirah, settled in Bukhara after accepting Islam at the hands of Bukhara's governor, Yaman al-Ju'fi. As was the custom, he became a mawla of Yaman, and his family continued to carry the nisba "al-Ju'fi."

Al-Mughirah's father, Bardizbah, is the earliest known ancestor of Al-Bukhari according to most scholars and historians. Bardizbah was a Zoroastrian Magi. Taqi al-Din al-Subki is the only scholar to name Bardizbah's father, who he says was named Bazzabah. Little is known of both of them except that they were Persian and followed the religion of their people. Historians have also not come across any information on Al-Bukhari's grandfather, Ibrahim ibn al-Mughirah (إبراهيم ابن المغيرة).

Travels and education
According to contemporary hadith scholar and historian Al-Dhahabi, al-Bukhari began studying hadith in the Hijri year 821 CE. He memorized the works of Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak while still a child and began writing and narrating hadith while still an adolescent. In the Hijri year 826 CE, at the age of sixteen, Al-Bukhari performed the Hajj with his elder brother and widowed mother. Al-Bukhari stayed in Mecca for two years, before moving to Medina where he wrote Qadhāyas-Sahābah wa at-Tābi'īn, a book about the companions of Muhammad and the tabi'un. He also wrote Al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr during his time in Medina.

Al-Bukhari is known to have travelled to most of the important Islamic learning centres of his time, including Syria, Kufa, Basra, Egypt, Yemen, and Baghdad. He studied under prominent Islamic scholars including Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ali ibn al-Madini, Yahya ibn Ma'in and Ishaq ibn Rahwayh. Al-Bukhari is known to have memorized over 600,000 hadith narrations.

Mihna, later years and death
According to Jonathan Brown, following Ibn Hanbal, Al-Bukhari had reportedly declared that 'reciting the Quran is an element of createdness’. Through this assertion, Al-Bukhari had sought an alternative response to the doctrines of Mu'tazilites and declared that the element of creation is applied only to humans, not the Word of God. His statements were received negatively by prominent hadith scholars and he was driven out of Nishapur. Al-Bukhari, however, had only referred to the human action of reading the Qur’an, when he reportedly stated "My recitation of the Quran is created" (لفظي بالقرآن مخلوق). Al-Dhahabi and al-Subki asserted that Al-Bukhari was expelled due to the jealousy of certain scholars of Nishapur. Al-Bukhari spent the last twenty-four years of his life teaching the hadith he had collected. During the mihna, he fled to Khartank, a village near Samarkand, where he then also died on Friday, 1 September 870. Today his tomb lies within the Imam Bukhari Mausoleum in Hartang, Uzbekistan, 25 kilometers from Samarkand. It was restored in 1998 after centuries of neglect and dilapidation. The mausoleum complex consists of Al-Bukhari's tomb, a mosque, a madrasa, library, and a small collection of Qurans. The modern ground-level mausoleum tombstone of Al-Bukhari is only a cenotaph, the actual grave lies within a small crypt below the structure.

Works
Sahih al-Bukhari is considered Al-Bukhari's magnum opus. It is a collection of approximately 7,563 hadith narrations across 97 chapters creating a basis for a complete system of jurisprudence without the use of speculative law. The book is highly regarded among Sunni Muslims, and most Sunni scholars consider it second only to the Quran in terms of authenticity. It is considered one of the most authentic collection of hadith, even ahead of Muwatta Imam Malik and Sahih Muslim. Alongside the latter, Sahih al-Bukhari is known as one of the 'Sahihayn (Two Sahihs)' and they are together part of the Kutub al-Sittah. One of the most famous stories from the Sahih al-Bukhari is the story of Muhammad's first revelation.

Al-Bukhari wrote three works discussing narrators of hadith with respect to their ability in conveying their material. These are Al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr, Al-Tarīkh al-Awsaţ, and Al-Tarīkh al-Ṣaghīr. Of these, Al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr is published and well-known, while Al-Tarīkh al-Ṣaghīr is lost. Al-Dhahabi quotes Al-Bukhari as having said, “When I turned eighteen years old, I began writing about the companions and the tabi'un and their statements. [...] At that time I also authored a book of history at the grave of the Prophet at night during a full moon." The books being referred to here were Qadhāyas-Sahābah wa at-Tābi'īn and Al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr. Al-Bukhari also wrote al-Kunā on patronymics, and Al-Ḍu'afā al-Ṣaghīr on weak narrators of hadith. Al-Adab al-Mufrad is a collection of hadith narrations on ethics and manners.

In response to the accusations levied against him during his mihna, Al-Bukhari compiled the treatise Khalq Af'āl al-'Ibād, the earliest traditionalist representation of the position taken by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, in which Al-Bukhari explains that the Quran is God's uncreated speech, while maintaining that God creates human actions, as the Sunnis had insisted in their attacks on the free-will position of Qadariyah. The first section of the book reports narrations from earlier scholars such as Sufyan al-Thawri that affirmed the Sunni doctrine of the uncreated nature of the Quran and condemned anyone who held the contrary position as a Jahmi or Kāfir. The second section asserts that the acts of men are created, relying on Qur'anic verses and reports from earlier traditionalist scholars like Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Qatlan. In the last part of his treatise, Al-Bukhari harshly condemned the Mutazilites, defending the belief that sound of the Qur'an being recited is created. Al-Bukhari cited Ahmad Ibn Hanbal as evidence for his position, re-affirming the latter's legacy and the former's allegiance to the Ahl al-Hadith.

List of works
Historical and biographical works

 * Al-Tarikh al-Kabir = Kitāb al-Tārīkh (The Great History)
 * Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar min al-tārīkh = al-Tārīkh al-awsaṭ
 * Asāmī al-ṣaḥābah (On the Prophet's Companions)

Hadith collections and sciences

 * Sahih al-Bukhari
 * Al-Duʿafāʾ = al-Duʿafāʾ al-kabīr = al-Duʿafāʾ al-ṣaghīr
 * Kitāb al-wuḥdān (On the Companions from whom only one hadith is transmitted) (lost)
 * Kitāb al-ʿilal (lost)
 * Birr al-wālidayn (hadith collection on filial piety)
 * Al-Adab al-Mufrad
 * Kitāb al-hiba

Fiqh and theological works

 * Al-Sunan fī al-fiqh = al-Fawāʾid = al-Mabṣūṭ (lost)
 * Al-Jāmiʾ al-Ṣaḥīḥ = al-Jāmiʿ al-kabīr = al-Musnad al-kabīr
 * Rafʿ al-yadayn fī al-ṣalāh
 * Al-Qirāʾa khalfa al-imām
 * Kitāb Khalq afʿal al-ʿibād

School of law
In terms of law, scholars like Jonathan Brown assert that al-Bukhari was of the Ahl al-Hadith, an adherent of Ahmad ibn Hanbal's traditionalist school in law (fiqh), but fell victim to its most radical wing due to misunderstandings. This claim is supported by Hanbalis, although members of the Shafi'i and Ẓāhirī schools levy this claim as well. Scott Lucas argues that al-Bukhari's legal positions were similar to those of the Ẓāhirīs and Hanbalis of his time, suggesting al-Bukhari rejected qiyas and other forms of ra'y completely. Many are of the opinion that Al-Bukhari was a mujtahid with his own madhhab. Munir Ahmad asserts that historically most jurists considered him to be a muhaddith (scholar of hadith) and not a faqīh (jurist), and that as a muhaddith, he followed the Shafi'i school. The Harvard historian Ahmed el-Shamsy also asserts this, as he states that he was a student of the Shafi'i scholar al-Karabisi (d. 245/859).

Theology
According to some scholars, such as Christopher Melchert, and also Ash'ari theologians, including Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani and al-Bayhaqi, al-Bukhari was a follower of the Kullabi school of Sunni theology due to his position on the utterance of the Quran being created. Other Kullabis, such as al-Harith al-Muhasibi, were harassed and made to relocate, a similar situation al-Bukhari found himself towards the latter years of his life by other Hanbalis. He was also known to be a student of al-Karabisi (d. 245/859), who was a direct student of Imam al-Shafi'i from his period in Iraq. Al-Karabisi was also known to have associated himself directly with Ibn Kullab and the Kullabi school of thought.

Interpretation of God's attributes
According to Namira Nahouza in her work 'Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists', al-Bukhari in his Sahih, in the book entitled "Tafsir al-Qur'an wa 'ibaratih" [i.e., Exegesis of the Qur'an and its expressions], surat al-Qasas, verse 88: "kullu shay'in halikun illa Wajhah" [the literal meaning of which is "everything will perish except His Face"], he said the term [illa Wajhah] means: "except His Sovereignty/Dominance". And there is [in this same chapter] other than that in terms of ta'wil (metaphorical interpretation), like the term 'dahk' (ضحك) which is narrated in a hadith, [which is interpreted by] His Mercy.

Views on predestination
Al-Bukhari also rebuked those who rejected of qadar (predestination) in Sahih al-Bukhari by quoting a verse of the Qur'an implying that God had precisely determined all human acts. According to Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, al-Bukhari signified that if someone was to accept autonomy in creating his acts, he would be assumed to be playing God's role and so would subsequently be declared a Mushrik, similar to the later Ash'ari view of kasb (acquisition, occasionalism, and causality, which link human action with divine omnipotence). In another chapter, al-Bukhari refutes the creeds of the Kharijites. According to Badr al-Din al-'Ayni, the heading of that chapter was designed not only to refute the Kharijites but any who held similar beliefs.

Studies

 * Ghassan Abdul-Jabbar, Bukhari, London, 2007
 * Jonathan Brown, The canonization of al-Bukhari and Muslim, Leiden 2007
 * Eerik Dickinson, The development of early Sunnite hadith criticism, Leiden 2001

 * Scott C. Lucas, "The legal principles of Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī and their relationship to classical Salafi Islam," ILS 13 (2006), 289–324
 * Christopher Melchert, "Bukhārī and early hadith criticism," JAOS 121 (2001), 7–19
 * Christopher Melchert, "Bukhārī and his Ṣaḥīḥ," Le Muséon 123 (2010), 425–54
 * Alphonse Mingana, An important manuscript of the traditions of Bukhārī, Cambridge 1936

title: Muhammad al-Bukhari


text:
Western Province, Sri Lanka

The Western Province (බස්නාහිර පළාත Basnāhira Paḷāta; மேல் மாகாணம் Mael Mākāṇam) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Western Province is the most densely populated province in the country and is home to the legislative capital Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte as well as to Colombo, the nation's administrative and business center.

History
Parts of present-day Western Province were part of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Kotte. The province then came under Portuguese, Dutch and British control. In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon. They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The Western Province was part of the Low Country Sinhalese administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission, the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces. The districts of Chilaw, Colombo, Kalutara, Puttalam, Seven Korales (present day Kurunegala District), Three Korales, Four Korales and Lower Bulatgama (present day Kegalle District) formed the new Western Province. Chilaw District, Puttalam District and Seven Korales were transferred to the newly created North Western Province in 1845. Three Korales, Four Korales and Lower Bulatgama were transferred to the newly created Sabaragamuwa Province in 1889.

It is planned to create a planned Megacity under the Western Region Megapolis Plan in the Western Province designed by Surbana. Originally initiated in 2004 by Ranil Wickremesinghe it was stopped after his election defeat and was restarted again after his return to power in 2015. The project plans to merge Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara districts and introduce zoning.

Geography and climate
Western Province is located in the southwest of Sri Lanka. It has an area of 3684 km2. The province is surrounded by the Laccadive Sea to the west, North Western Province to the north, Sabaragamuwa Province to the east and the Southern Province to the south.

The Western Province is vulnerable to recurrent flooding as a result of an increase in average rainfall coupled with heavier rainfall events, with knock-on impacts on the infrastructure, utility supply, and the urban economy of the Province. As the most urbanised province in Sri Lanka, these climate events pose a number of problems due to the rapid urban growth the province has undergone.

Districts
The Western Province is divided into three administrative districts, 40 Divisional Secretary's Divisions (DS Divisions) and 2,505 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).

Population
The Western Province's population was 5,821,710 in 2012. The majority of the population are Sinhalese, with a minority Sri Lankan Moor and Sri Lankan Tamil population.

Economy
The Western province provides the highest contribution to the Gross Domestic Product contributing 41.2% of the Provincial Gross Domestic Product(PGDP) and has a nominal PGDP growth rate of 5.8% as of 2015. Agriculture only made up 1.7% of the GDP the lowest among the nine provinces while Industrial sector made up 34.6% the highest in the country and service sector represented 56.5%.

The province is undergoing rapid development with several of the largest infrastructure development projects happening in the province such as the Colombo International Financial City(CIFC) which is an International Financial Zone and the Western Region Megapolis Planning Project(WRMPP)   Western province is also undergoing a major real estate and construction boom with residential and commercial buildings and skyscrapers changing the skylines of cities such as Colombo and Rajagiriya. Several major residential, office and hotel buildings as well as resorts and malls are either proposed or under construction.

The Colombo Harbour is also a major driver of economic growth being the busiest port in South Asia. It has both privately run and state owned terminals and is being expanded.

Education
Almost all the premier educational institutions in the island are located in the Western Province. Universities in the province includes the University of Colombo, University of Kelaniya, University of Moratuwa, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Open University, Sri Lanka, Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, National Institute of Business Management and the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology. Having the highest population in all the provinces, Western Province has the largest number of schools in the country, which includes national, provincial, private and international schools.

Expressways in Western Province

 * Southern Expressway
 * Outer Circular Expressway
 * Colombo-Katunayake Expressway

National Highways in Western Province

 * A0 highway (Sri Lanka) Kollupitiya to Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
 * A1 highway (Sri Lanka) Colombo to Dummaladeniya
 * A2 highway (Sri Lanka) Colombo to Alutgama
 * A3 highway (Sri Lanka) Colombo to kochchikade
 * A4 highway (Sri Lanka) Colombo to Avissawella
 * A8 highway (Sri Lanka) Panadura to Nambapana
 * A33 highway (Sri Lanka) Ja Ela to Yakkala

title: Western Province, Sri Lanka


text:
Bukhari (surname)

Bukhari, also spelled as Bokhari, Bukhary or Bukhori, is a common surname in South Asia and in the Muslim world, meaning "from Bukhara" (a Persian speaking-majority city in today's Uzbekistan).

Its Arabic version is al-Bukhari (البخاري)

Males

 * Makhdoom Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari (Naqvi/Naqawi Al Bukhari) (1199–1291), 13th-century Naqvi Sufi saint and missionary settled in Uch, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. (Founding father of Naqvi Al Bukhari, not to be confused with Naqvi Al Bhakkari founded by his paternal 3rd cousin).
 * Makhdoom Jahaniyan Jahangasht, 13th-century scholar, successor and paternal grandson of Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari (Naqvi/Naqawi Al Bukhari)
 * al-Bukhari (810–870), editor of Sahih al-Bukhari, the book of Hadith
 * Abū Naṣr Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Bukhārī (eleventh century), author of Tāj al-qiṣaṣ
 * Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (1067–1139), Hanafi-Maturidi scholar
 * Shah Jewna or Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bukhari, famous saint of Kannauj and a paternal descendant of Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari through Sadruddin Rajan Qatal Naqvi Al Bukhari.
 * Jamal ad-Din Muḥammad ibn Ṭāhir ibn Muḥammad al‐Zaydī al‐Bukhārī (13th-century), Persian-speaking Muslim astronomer
 * Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (1318–1389), founder of the Naqshbandi tariqa
 * 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (1377–1438), Hanafi-Maturidi scholar
 * Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari, 14th century Sufi saint
 * Kirom Bukhoroi, 18th century Tajik poet
 * Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari (1892–1961), Muslim scholar and orator
 * Patras Bokhari (1898–1958), Pakistani humorist and diplomat
 * Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari (1904–1975), Urdu broadcaster and first director-general of Radio Pakistan
 * Lal Bokhari (1909–1959), Indian field hockey player
 * Abdul Halim Bukhari (1945–2022), Bangladeshi Islamic scholar
 * Naeem Bokhari (born 1948), Pakistani lawyer and television personality
 * Syed Mokhtar Albukhary (born 1951), Malaysian businessman
 * Nayyar Hussain Bukhari (born 1952), Pakistani politician
 * Shahid Hussain Bokhari (born 1952), Pakistani computer scientist
 * Syed Faisal Bukhari (born 1963), Pakistani film and television director, producer, and cinematographer
 * Syed Iftikhar Bokhari (1935–2021), Pakistani politician and cricketer
 * Nourdin Boukhari (born 1980), Dutch-born Moroccan footballer
 * Mudassar Bukhari (born 1983), Pakistani-born Dutch cricketer
 * Admiral Fasih Bokhari, Chief of Naval Staff of the Pakistani Navy
 * Asghar Bukhari, founding member of the Muslim Public Affairs Committee UK
 * Ahmed Bukhari, Imam of Delhi's Jama Masjid
 * Daoud Bokhary (born c. 1919), Hong Kong businessman
 * Kemal Bokhary (born 1947), Hong Kong judge
 * Syed Asim Munir Ahmed Shah Bukhari, Chief of Army Staff Pakistan

Females

 * Meher Bukhari, Pakistani journalist
 * Samra Bukhari, Pakistani novelist

title: Bukhari (surname)


text:
Mahomet

Mahomet may refer to:

People

 * Muhammad (in Medieval Latin, French, and archaically in English)
 * Albert Mahomet (1858-1933), Anglo-Indian photographer, teacher, and Methodist preacher
 * Sake Dean Mahomet (1759-1851), 18th-century Bengali traveler
 * Mahomet Allum (c. 1858-1964), Afghan herbalist
 * Mahomet Thomas Phillips (1876-1943), English-Congolese sculptor
 * Mahomet Sirocco (1525-1571), Ottoman government official
 * Mahomet Weyonomon (c. 1700-1736), Native American tribal chieftain of the Mohegan tribe from Connecticut

Other uses

 * Mahomet (play), by Voltaire
 * Mahomet, Illinois, a village in the United States
 * Mahomet Aquifer, an aquifer in Central Illinois

title: Mahomet


text:
ARD

ARD or Ard may refer to:

Arts and media

 * ARD (broadcaster), the German public broadcaster
 * Das Erste, their main television channel
 * ARD International Music Competition
 * Ard, a character in the 1981 film Heavy Metal

Military

 * Army Reconnaissance Detachment 10, a special forces unit of the Swiss Armed Forces
 * US Navy hull classification symbol for an auxiliary repair dry dock

People

 * Ard (surname), a surname of Scottish origin
 * Ard (biblical figure), a son of Benjamin in the Bible
 * Ard., abbreviation in scientific literature for botanist Pietro Arduino
 * Ard Ayush, leader of a rebellion in Mongolia
 * Ard Louis, Dutch physicist and professor
 * Ard Schenk, Dutch speed skater
 * Ard Sluis, Dutch football manager
 * Ard van der Steur, Dutch politician and lawyer
 * Ard van Peppen, Dutch footballer

Republic of Ireland

 * Ardpatrick, County Limerick
 * Ardpatrick, a townland in County Louth

United Kingdom

 * Ard, Inverness, Scotland
 * Ardgay railway station, Scotland
 * Ardpatrick, Argyll, Scotland
 * Ardpatrick, a townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland

United States

 * Ard, Arkansas
 * Ardmore station (Pennsylvania) (by Amtrak code)

Elsewhere

 * Arad, Iran
 * Alor Island Airport, Indonesia (IATA: )

Politics

 * Alliance for Restoration of Democracy, a Pakistani political movement
 * Democratic Republican Alliance, Alliance Républicaine Démocratique or ARD, a French political party of the Third Republic
 * Republican Alliance for Democracy, an opposition party in Djibouti (Alliance Républicaine pour le Développement)
 * Right Romania Alliance, Alianţa România Dreaptăa, short-lived electoral alliance in Romania

Science and technology

 * Ard (plough), a simple plough
 * Acid rock drainage, the outflow of acidic water from mines
 * Acireductone dioxygenase (iron(II)-requiring), an enzyme
 * Aging-associated disease, diseases of senescence
 * Alcohol-related dementia
 * Antimicrobial Removal Device, Marion Laboratories product
 * Apple Remote Desktop, computer application
 * Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, ESA spacecraft
 * Auxiliary repair dock

Other uses

 * Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition, an American pretrial intervention program
 * American Research and Development Corporation, one of the first venture capital firms
 * Ard Patrick (foaled 1899), a horse

title: ARD


text:
ZDF

ZDF, short for Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (lit. 'Second German Television'), is a German public-service television broadcaster based in Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate. Launched on 1 April 1963, it is run as an independent nonprofit institution, and was founded by all federal states of Germany (Bundesländer). ZDF is financed by television licence fees and advertising revenues.

The broadcaster is well known for its famous programmes heute, a newscast established in 1963, and Wetten, dass..?, an entertainment show that premiered in 1981, with a suspension from 2014 to 2021. Norbert Himmler, ZDF's director general, was elected by the ZDF Television Council in 2021.

History

In 1959, the government of Konrad Adenauer began preparations to form a second nationwide television network with the intention of competing with ARD. Adenauer perceived ARD's news coverage to be too critical of his government, and believed that two of the organizations primarily responsible for its news reporting – the Deutsche Presse-Agentur and Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, which produced the nightly Tagesschau – were too close to the opposition Social Democratic Party (SPD) to ever be able to report neutrally on his Christian Democratic Union government. The new television company called the Freies Fernsehen Gesellschaft (Free Television Society) but derisively called Adenauer-Fernsehen (Adenauer's television) by critics, was founded on 25 July 1960.

The Deutsche Bundespost began constructing a second transmitter network on UHF channels, which required new reception equipment. For older receivers, a converter was sold for about 80 DM. As with the earlier ARD television network, the location of the transmitters was carefully planned to ensure the entire country would be able to receive the programming.

To test the transmitters and encourage the public to purchase UHF receivers, the federal government allowed the ARD network to create a temporary secondary channel, ARD 2, which was broadcast daily from 8 to 10 pm. ARD 2 began broadcasting on 1 May 1961 in the transmission area of Hessischer Rundfunk and a month later expanded nationwide.

Interstate agreement
The SPD-led states of Hamburg, Bremen, Lower Saxony, and Hesse appealed to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, which on 28 February 1961 in the First Broadcasting Judgment blocked the plan. While building and maintaining telecommunications infrastructure, such as television transmitters, is a responsibility of the federal government under article 87f of the Basic Law, the constitution does not extend these duties to running a television or radio broadcaster. Under Article 30, any power or duty not explicitly assigned to the federal government is reserved for the states. Therefore, the court ruled only the states had the right to set up a television broadcaster. (Conversely, the same decision supported new longwave broadcaster Deutschlandfunk, which had been established by the federal government in November 1960; its focus was on external broadcasting and therefore under the federal government's remit to conduct foreign relations.)

After this decision, in March 1961, the states decided to establish a central nonprofit public television network independently of Adenauer's effort. On 6 June 1961, the state premiers signed at a premiers' conference in Stuttgart the interstate agreement on the "establishment of the public institution Second German Television". On 1 December 1961, though not all states had ratified the agreement, it went into force in the states that had done so (Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate). The last state, Bavaria, filed the instrument of ratification on 9 July 1962.

Launch
The station began broadcasting from Eschborn near Frankfurt am Main on 1 April 1963, with a speech by the first director general (Intendant), Karl Holzamer. The channel broadcast its first programme in colour in 1967. In 1974, ZDF moved its base of operations to Mainz-Lerchenberg, after briefly being located in Wiesbaden. Since 5 October 1996, ZDF has broadcast 24 hours a day.

Finances
ZDF is financed by a license fee of €18.36 per month, which must be paid by all households in Germany, except handicapped people and persons on social aid. ZDF shares the income with ARD and Deutschlandradio. The fees are not collected directly by ZDF, but by the Beitragsservice (more commonly known by its former name of GEZ) a common organization of the ARD member broadcasters, ZDF, and Deutschlandradio. ZDF also has income from sponsorships and programming and advertising sales.

Terrestrial
As ZDF is a station, not a network, the station is broadcast throughout Germany, with no regional variations or affiliates, using a number of signal repeaters. ZDF transmitters broadcast a digital signal. Analog signals were gradually phased out, a process which lasted from 2002 to 2008. ZDF does not run any transmitters itself. Throughout the analogue days, all ZDF transmitters were run by the Deutsche Bundespost which was later privatised as Deutsche Telekom's subsidiary T-Systems Media Broadcast. (This is in contrast to the other public German broadcaster, ARD, which owns its main transmitters.) ZDF was not previously allowed to use ARD's transmitters. ZDF has used both ARD and Telekom transmitters since changes to the law in the 1990s, and since the digital switchover.

Cable
ZDF has also been relayed by cable since the days of the first cable pilot projects.

Satellite
The first Europe-wide satellite broadcast via Astra 1C began in August 1993 during the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (IFA – "International Broadcasting Exhibition") in Berlin. In the same decade, these new technologies were used to enable digital broadcasting of ZDF. Today, ZDF is available free-to-air throughout Europe on Astra 19.2°E.

Other channels
ZDF operates two digital channels: ZDFneo (aimed at 18- to 45-year-olds) and ZDFinfo (documentaries). Both are transmitted in SD and HD. A commercial subsidiary called ZDF Studios GmbH manages programme sales, acquisitions, international coproductions, and a growing number of important activities in new media. ZDF Enterprises owns a Dutch TV production and distribution company, Off the Fence. ZDF also operates various channels in cooperation with other networks: Arte, 3sat, KI.KA, and Phoenix.

Design
ZDF's animated station-identity mascots, the Mainzelmännchen (a play on the words "Mainz" and "Heinzelmännchen"), created by Wolf Gerlach for the channel's launch in 1963, quickly became popular and are still shown between commercials. In 1976, Otl Aicher, a graphic designer, created ZDF's corporate design. A new design for ZDF was created by Lee Hunt in February 2000.

Director general
Administratively, ZDF is headed by a director general (Intendant), who is elected by the ZDF Television Council, the composition of which is in turn determined by "societally relevant groups" named in the ZDF Treaty.

Directors General since the start of ZDF:
 * 1963–1977: Karl Holzamer
 * 1977–1982: Karl-Günther von Hase
 * 1982–2002: Dieter Stolte
 * 2002–2012: Markus Schächter
 * 2012–2022: Thomas Bellut
 * 2022–present: Norbert Himmler

Supervising board
The supervising board supervises the work of the intendant. They pay special attention to the budget. The supervising board has 14 members:
 * Five representatives of the federal states
 * One representative of the federal republic of Germany
 * Eight independent members (not allowed to work for the government or other public entities)

Television board
The Television Board supervises ZDF and authorizes the budget. They also elect the Director General. The board has 60 members:
 * Sixteen representatives of the states of Germany
 * Two representatives of the federal republic of Germany
 * Two representatives of the Protestant churches
 * Two representatives of the Catholic Church
 * One representative of the Central Council of Jews in Germany
 * 21 representatives of selected civil society groups
 * 16 members nominated by the federal states, representing different social causes

Membership
ZDF became a full member of the European Broadcasting Union in 1963. It also has numerous individual cooperation agreements with broadcasters around the world. ZDF is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV initiative which promotes the establishment of an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface.

Children

 * Zu Gast Bei Paulchens Trickverwandten (1973-1983)
 * 1, 2 oder 3 (1977–present)
 * ALF (1988–1993)
 * Alfred J. Kwak (1990–2003)
 * Die Kinder von Bullerbü (Alla vi barn i Bullerbyn)
 * Dog City (1995–1997)
 * Fraggle Rock (Die Fraggles) (1983–1995)
 * Fun with Claude (2009–2015)
 * H2O: Just Add Water (2006–2010)
 * Hals über Kopf (1987–1993, 1997)
 * Löwenzahn (1981–present)
 * Pablo the Little Red Fox (1999–2003)
 * Pingu (1990–2004)
 * Pippi Langstrumpf (Pippi Långstrump) (1969–present)
 * Rappelkiste (1973–1987)
 * Tabaluga (1997–2007)
 * Cosmic Quantum Ray (2009)
 * Tabaluga tivi (1997–2011)
 * The Muppet Show (Die Muppet Show) (1977–1989)
 * ''Mia and Me (2012–present)

Culture

 * aspekte (1965–present)
 * Das Blaue Sofa (2003–present)
 * Das Literarische Quartett (1998–2006, 2015–present)

Documentaries

 * 37 Grad (1994–present)
 * Alexander the Great (2014)
 * Die Deutschen (2008/2010)
 * Terra X (1982–present)
 * Terra Xpress (2011–present)
 * ZDFzeit (2012–present)
 * ZDF-History (2000–present)

Entertainment

 * Bares für Rares, hosted by Horst Lichter (2013–present)
 * Blond am Freitag (2002–2007)
 * Blond am Sonntag (2001)
 * Dance Academy (2010)
 * Das große Los – Die Show für die Aktion Sorgenkind, hosted by Dieter Thomas Heck (1996–2000)
 * Die Anstalt, comedy hosted by Claus von Wagner and Max Uthoff (2014–present)
 * Die Goldene Kamera (1973, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994–present)
 * Die goldene Stimmgabel, hosted by Dieter Thomas Heck (1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001–2007)
 * Die größten Musical Hits (The Greatest Musical Hits)
 * Die Helene Fischer Show, hosted by Helene Fischer (2013–present)
 * Die Pyramide, German version of Pyramid hosted by Dieter Thomas Heck (1979–1994)
 * Die Pyramide, German version of Pyramid hosted by Micky Beisenherz and Joachim Llambi (2012)
 * Die ZDF-Hitparade, hosted by Dieter Thomas Heck/Viktor Worms/Uwe Hübner (1969–2000)
 * Die ZDF-Kultnacht (2002–present)
 * Disco (1971–1982)
 * Grand Prix der Volksmusik (1986–2010)
 * heute-show, comedy hosted by Oliver Welke (2009–present)
 * Kerner kocht, cooking show hosted by Johannes B. Kerner (2005–2008)
 * Lafer! Lichter! Lecker!, cooking show hosted by Johann Lafer and Horst Lichter (2006–2017)
 * Mainz bleibt Mainz, wie es singt und lacht (Carnival) (1973–present)
 * Melodien für Millionen, hosted by Dieter Thomas Heck (1985–2007)
 * Musik liegt in der Luft, hosted by Dieter Thomas Heck (1991–1998)
 * Neues aus der Anstalt, comedy hosted by Urban Priol (2007–2013)
 * Nicht nachmachen! (2012–2013)
 * Rockpop (1977–1981)
 * Rock Pop Music Hall (1984–1986)
 * Show Palast, hosted by Dieter Thomas Heck (1999–2000)
 * Wetten, dass..?, hosted by Frank Elstner/Thomas Gottschalk/Wolfgang Lippert/Markus Lanz (1981–2014, 2021–present)
 * Willkommen bei Carmen Nebel, hosted by Carmen Nebel (2004–present)
 * ZDF Fernsehgarten, hosted by Andrea Kiewel (1986–present)

Information

 * Aktenzeichen XY… ungelöst, hosted by Eduard Zimmermann/Sabine Zimmermann/Butz Peters/Rudi Cerne
 * auslandsjournal (1973–present)
 * Berlin direkt (1999–present)
 * Bonn direkt (1987–1999)
 * Chronik der Woche (1965–1984)
 * Die Drehscheibe (1964–1982)
 * drehscheibe (1998–present)
 * Frontal, hosted by Bodo H. Hauser and Ulrich Kienzle (1993–2000)
 * Frontal21 (2001–present)
 * hallo deutschland (1997–present)
 * heute (newscast) (1963–present)
 * heute aus den Ländern (newscast) (1983–1992)
 * heute journal (newscast) (1978–present)
 * heute mittag (newscast) (1998–2009)
 * heute nacht (newscast) (1994–2015)
 * heute Xpress (newscast) (2015–present)
 * Kennzeichen D (1971–2001)
 * länderjournal (1991–1996)
 * Leute heute (1997–present)
 * ML Mona Lisa (1988–present)
 * Politbarometer (1977–present)
 * tele-illustrierte (1982–1991)
 * Volle Kanne – Service täglich (1999–present)
 * WISO (1984–present)
 * ZDF-abendmagazin (1996–1997)
 * ZDF-Magazin, hosted by Gerhard Löwenthal/Fritz Schenk/Wolfgang Weinert/Hans Scheicher (1969–1988)
 * ZDF-Mittagsmagazin (1989–present)
 * ZDF-Morgenmagazin (1992–present)
 * ZDFzoom (2011–present)

Series

 * ALF (1988–1996)
 * Bella Block (1994–present)
 * Blochin (2015)
 * Borgia (Borgia: Faith and Fear), co-producers CANAL+ (France) and others (2011, 2013)
 * The Bridge (2011), co-producers Sveriges Television and DR
 * Cologne P.D. (2003–present)
 * Das Kriminalmuseum (1963–1973)
 * Das Traumschiff (1981–present)
 * Der Adler – Die Spur des Verbrechens (Ørnen) (2005–2007, 2009–2010, 2012, 2014, 2017)
 * Der Alte (The Old Fox) (1977–present)
 * Der Bergdoktor (2008–present)
 * Der kleine Doktor (1974, 1981–1982)
 * Der Kommissar (1969–1976)
 * Der Kommissar und das Meer (Kommissarien och havet) (2007–present)
 * Der Kriminalist (2006–present)
 * Der Landarzt (1987–2016)
 * Derrick (1974–1998)
 * Die Bergretter (2009–present)
 * Die Chefin (2012–present)
 * Die Garmisch-Cops (2012, 2014, 2016)
 * Die Rosenheim-Cops (2002–present)
 * Die Schwarzwaldklinik (The Black Forest Clinic) (1985–2013)
 * Die Toten vom Bodensee (2014–present)
 * Diese Drombuschs (1983–1995, 1998–2000)
 * Dr. Klein (2014–2016)
 * Ein Fall für Zwei (1981–2013)
 * Ein starkes Team (1994–present)
 * Forsthaus Falkenau (1989–2016)
 * Freunde fürs Leben (1992–2005, 2008)
 * Friesland (2015–present)
 * Girl friends – Freundschaft mit Herz (1995–2009)
 * Helen Dorn (2014–present)
 * Herzensbrecher – Vater von vier Söhnen (2013–2016)
 * Highway to Heaven (Ein Engel auf Erden) (1987–1990)
 * Hotel (1985, 1988)
 * Hotel Paradies (1990–1992, 1995–1996, 1998, 2000–2001, 2009)
 * Ich heirate eine Familie (1987–1992, 1998–2008, 2013)
 * In Plain Sight (2010, 2013–2014, 2016)
 * Inga Lindström (2004–present)
 * Jack Holborn (miniseries for Christmas 1982)
 * Jack Taylor (2013, 2017)
 * Jede Menge Leben (1995–1996)
 * Kidnap and Ransom (Der Jäger – Geld oder Leben) (2016–present)
 * Kommissarin Lucas (2003–present)
 * Kripo Holstein (2013–2015)
 * Ku'damm 56 (2016)
 * Küstenwache (1997–2016)
 * Leipzig Homicide (2001–present)
 * Letzte Spur Berlin (2012–present)
 * Lotta & ... (2010–present)
 * Magnum, P.I. (Magnum) (2012–2015)
 * Matlock (1998–1992)
 * Midsomer murders (Inspector Barnaby) (2005–present)
 * Mino (1986 Christmas miniseries)
 * Mordkommission Königswinkel (2017–present)
 * Morgen hör ich auf (2016)
 * New Tricks (New Tricks – Die Krimispezialisten) (2005)
 * Notruf Hafenkante (2007–present)
 * Ray Donovan (2014–2016)
 * Salto Kommunale (1998, 2001–2002)
 * Salto Postale (1993–1997, 2002–2003, 2006)
 * Sibel&Max (2015–2016)
 * Siska (2002–2010)
 * SOKO 5113 (1978–present)
 * SOKO Donau/SOKO Wien (2005–present)
 * SOKO Hamburg (2018–present)
 * SOKO Kitzbühel (2003–present)
 * SOKO Rhein-Main (2006–2008, 2010)
 * SOKO Wismar (2004–present)
 * "Solo für Weiss" (2016–present)
 * Sperling (1996–2013)
 * Star Trek (Raumschiff Enterprise) (1972–1982)
 * Star Trek: The Next Generation (Raumschiff Enterprise: Das nächste Jahrhundert) (1990–1993)
 * Stubbe – Von Fall zu Fall (1995–2016)
 * Stuttgart Homicide (2009–present)
 * The Bold and the Beautiful (Reich und Schön) (2002–2008, 2010–2011)
 * The Fall (The Fall – Tod in Belfast) (2015)
 * The Five (2017)
 * The Muppet Show (Die Muppet Show) (1977–1989)
 * The Simpsons (Die Simpsons) (1991–1993)
 * The Young and the Restless (Schatten der Leidenschaft) (2008)
 * Unser Charly (1995–2012)
 * Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter (Generation War) (2013)
 * Veronica Mars (2006–2008)
 * Welcome Back, Kotter (1979–1980)
 * Wilsberg (1999–present)

Sport

 * das aktuelle sportstudio (1963–present)
 * FIFA World Cup (1966–present)
 * UEFA European Championship (1964–present)
 * UEFA Champions League (Final Only)

Talk

 * Dunja Hayali, hosted by Dunja Hayali (2015–present)
 * Johannes B. Kerner, talk show hosted by Johannes B. Kerner (1998–2009)
 * live (1986–1997)
 * Markus Lanz, talk show hosted by Markus Lanz (2008–present)
 * Maybrit Illner, a political talk show hosted by Maybrit Illner (1999–present)
 * Peter Hahne, hosted by Peter Hahne (2010–2017)
 * Tacheles, hosted by Johannes Gross (1996)
 * Willemsens Woche, hosted by Roger Willemsen (1994–1998)
 * Zeugen des Jahrhunderts (1979–present)

Germany
The average viewer age is 62 years (as of 2016).

title: ZDF