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Non-binary gender

Non-binary and genderqueer are umbrella terms for gender identities that are not solely male or female (identities outside the gender binary). Non-binary identities often fall under the transgender umbrella since non-binary people typically identify with a gender that is different from the sex assigned to them at birth, though some non-binary people do not consider themselves transgender.

Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or separate third gender, identify with more than one gender or no gender, or have a fluctuating gender identity. Gender identity is separate from sexual or romantic orientation: non-binary people have various sexual orientations.

Being non-binary is also not the same as being intersex. Most intersex people identify as either men or women, though some identify as only non-binary, some identify as non-binary and genderfluid, such as Hida Viloria, while others identify as non-binary men or non-binary women.

Non-binary people as a group vary in their gender expressions, and some may reject gender identity altogether. Some non-binary people receive gender-affirming care to reduce the mental distress caused by gender dysphoria, such as gender-affirming surgery or hormone replacement therapy.

Terms and definitions
The term genderqueer first appeared in queer zines of the 1980s, preceding the more widely used "non-binary." It gained prominence in the 1990s through activists, like Riki Anne Wilchins. who used it in a 1995 essay and a 1997 autobiography to describe individuals deviating from traditional gender norms. By 2002, the term had further dissemination through the anthology Genderqueer: Voices Beyond the Sexual Binary. The rise of the internet and public identification by celebrities brought genderqueer into mainstream awareness during the 2010s.

Genderqueer serves as both an umbrella term for non-binary identities and an adjective describing those who challenge or diverge from conventional gender distinctions, regardless of how they personally identify. It encompasses a range of expressions that transcend the typical binary categories of "man" and "woman.".

Additionally, genderqueer is associated with gender ambiguity, and Androgynous (also androgyne) often used to describe a blend of socially defined masculine and feminine traits. However, not all genderqueer individuals identify as androgynous; some may identify with traditionally masculine or feminine traits or use alternative descriptors like "masculine woman" or "feminine man." The term "enby," derived from the initials "NB" for non-binary, is also commonly used. It’s important to note that being non-binary is distinct from being intersex, with most intersex individuals identifying as either male or female.

The term transgender often includes those who are genderqueer or non-binary, reflecting a broad spectrum of gender diversity. This inclusive usage dates back to at least 1992, with significant contributions from figures like Leslie Feinberg and Kate Bornstein, who emphasized the shared experiences of "gender outlaws." " Organizations like the Human Rights Campaign Foundation and Gender Spectrum use gender-expansive to denote a broader range of gender identities and expressions than those typically associated with the binary gender system.

Agender
 individuals, also known as genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered, identify as having no gender or gender identity. This group represents a spectrum of identities that diverge from conventional gender norms. According to scholar Finn Enke, not all agender individuals may self-identify as transgender. While there is no universally accepted set of pronouns for agender people, singular they is commonly used, but it is not the default. Notably, "Agender" and "Neutrois" were among the custom gender options added to Facebook in February 2014 and to OkCupid since November 2014.

Multigender/polygender
These terms describe individuals who experience more than one gender identity, either simultaneously or alternately. This category includes identities such as demigender, bigender, pangender, and genderfluid. In contrast, those who experience a singular, unchanging gender are referred to as monogender or genderstatic.

Bigender
Bigender individuals possess two distinct gender identities which can manifest simultaneously or fluctuate between masculine and feminine expressions. This differs from genderfluid identities, which may not involve fixed gender states but rather a fluid range across the gender spectrum. The American Psychological Association recognizes bigender identity as part of the broader transgender category. Surveys and studies, including a 1999 San Francisco Department of Public Health survey and a 2016 Harris poll, have documented the prevalence of bigender identification, particularly within younger generations. Trigender people shift among male, female, and third gender.

Demigender
Individuals identifying as demigender feel a partial connection to one gender while also identifying with another gender or none at all (agender). Subcategories include demi-boy or demi-man, who partially identify as male, and demi-girl, who are partly female and partly non-binary. Demiflux people experience a stable non-binary identity with varying intensities of other gender identities.

Pangender
 individuals identify with multiple or all genders, sometimes experiencing all these identities simultaneously.

Genderfluid
Genderfluid individuals do not adhere to a fixed gender identity; their gender expression may change over time, combining elements from various genders at different times. This identity can overlap with bigender, trigender, or pangender expressions.

Transfeminine or transmasculine
Transfeminine refers to individuals assigned male at birth but who predominantly identify or express themselves as feminine. Transmasculine refers to those assigned female at birth who predominantly identify or express themselves as masculine. These terms encompass both binary and non-binary identities.

Two-spirit
Originating from a 1990 Indigenous LGBT gathering in Winnipeg, the term Two-spirit refers to individuals within Indigenous North American communities who embody qualities or fulfill roles across traditional gender distinctions.

Xenogender
Xenogender encompasses a variety of gender identities that are defined using non-traditional concepts often drawn from natural, inanimate, or abstract sources, representing a departure from the typical human gender binary.

Other identities
This includes identities such as maverique, aporagender, ambigender, intergender, and genderflux, each presenting unique perspectives and experiences outside conventional gender norms.

History

Non-binary gender, often included within the concept of third gender, has historical roots that extend well before the modern term was established. For instance, the Public Universal Friend, who emerged in 1776, was a genderless evangelist who renounced their birth name and gendered pronouns, representing an early instance of non-binary gender expression in America.

In 1781, Jens Andersson from Norway, assigned female at birth but identifying as male, faced imprisonment and a trial after marrying a woman. When questioned, Andersson stated, "Hand troer at kunde henhøre til begge Deele" ("He believes he belongs to both parts"), indicating a recognition of his dual gender identity.

Judith Butler's Gender Trouble, published in 1990, challenged the fixed male/female binary and advocated for a broader understanding of gender as a spectrum, a view Butler has expanded upon since coming out as non-binary in 2019.

The term "genderqueer" surfaced in the mid-1990s, notably used by activist Riki Wilchins in the newsletter In Your Face in 1995, and later in their 1997 autobiography. Wilchins contributed significantly to the discourse, particularly with the 2002 anthology GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the Sexual Binary.

Jim Sinclair, an autism-rights activist and a founder of Autism Network International, publicly embraced a gender-neutral identity in 1997, declaring a physical and social neuter status in an introduction to the Intersex Society of North America.

In Japan, the expression "X-gender" has been recognized since the late 1990s, describing a non-binary identity, with notable individuals like manga artists Yūki Kamatani and Yuu Watase identifying as such.

In 2012, the Intersex & Genderqueer Recognition Project began advocating for more inclusive gender options on official documents, a milestone realized when Elisa Rae Shupe became the first person in the U.S. to obtain official documents with a non-binary gender marker.

Alberta legislator Estefan Cortes-Vargas openly identified as non-binary during a 2015 legislative session, marking a significant moment in political recognition of non-binary identities.

Pronouns and titles

Many non-binary people use gender-neutral pronouns with the singular "they", "their" and "them" being used most commonly in English. Some non-binary individuals opt for neopronouns such as, , , , and ey. Others may use traditional gender-specific pronouns like "he" or "she", switch between them, or prefer to use their name without pronouns. The title Mx. is also increasingly used as a gender-neutral honorific.

A significant 2015 study by the National Center for Transgender Equality surveyed nearly 28,000 transgender people in the United States, finding that 35% identified as non-binary or genderqueer. Among them, 84% used pronouns different from those associated with the gender on their birth certificates. The breakdown of preferred pronouns was 37% for "he/him," 37% for "she/her," and 29% for "they/them." Additionally, 20% did not request specific pronouns be used for them, and 4% used pronouns not listed in the survey. In a 2023 Gender Census survey, 40,375 participants provided insights into how they describe their gender identity and their preferred references. The key identity labels reported were nonbinary, used by 63.1% of respondents (down 0.8% from the previous year), queer (54.8%, up 0.2%), trans (46.7%, up 8.5%), a category described simply as a person/human/[my name]/“I’m just me” (42.5%, newly included this year), and transgender (40.3%, up 6.4%). The survey also explored title preferences, with 40.1% preferring no title at all (up 1.5%), followed by Mx (18.7%, down 1.4%), Mr (11.5%, up 2.1%), non-gendered professional/academic titles (9.4%, up 1.0%), and Ms (5.5%, up 1.1%). Pronoun usage varied, with "they/them" being the most popular at 74.5% (down 1.2%), "he/him" at 42.5% (up 2.1%), "she/her" at 32.7% (no change), "it/its" at 19.4% (up 3.2%), and a preference for avoiding pronouns or using names as pronouns at 13.2% (up 2.1%). This data offers a comprehensive view of the diverse and evolving ways individuals within the non-binary community identify and prefer to be referred to.

Legal recognition
Many non-binary/genderqueer people use the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business, as many institutions and forms of identification—such as passports and driver's licenses—only accept, in the sense of recorded recognition, binary gender identities. But with the increasing acceptance of non-binary gender identities and the rise in wider societal recognition, this is slowly changing, as more governments and institutions recognize and allow non-binary identities.

Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. Some non-Western societies have long recognized transgender people as a third gender, though this may not (or may only recently) include formal legal recognition. In Western societies, Australia may have been the first country to legally recognize a classification of sex outside of "male" and "female" on legal documentation, with the recognition of Alex MacFarlane's intersex status in 2003. The wider legal recognition of non-binary people—following the recognition of intersex people in 2003—in Australian law followed between 2010 and 2014, with legal action taken against the New South Wales Government Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages by transgender activist Norrie May-Welby to recognize Norrie's legal gender identity as "non-specific". India's Supreme Court formally recognized transgender and non-binary people as a distinct third gender in 2014, following legal action taken by transgender activist Laxmi Narayan Tripathi. In July 2021, Argentina incorporated non-binary gender in its national ID card, becoming the first country in South America to legally recognize non-binary gender on all official documentation; non-binary people in the country will have the option to renew their ID with the letter "X" under gender.

While the United States does not federally recognize a non-binary gender, in 2016 Oregon became the first state to recognize a non-binary gender identity. In 2017, California passed an act allowing citizens to identify as "non-binary" on official documents. , eight states have passed acts that allow "non-binary" or "X" designations on certain identifying documents. One of the main arguments against the inclusion of a third gender identifier in the U.S. is that it would make law enforcement and surveillance harder, but countries that have officially recognized a third gender marker have not reported these issues. In the U.S. there are no explicit laws to protect non-binary people from discrimination, but under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it is illegal for an employer to require employees to conform to gender stereotypes, or to fire them merely for being transgender.

Discrimination
Various countries throughout history have criminalized transgender and non-binary gender identities.

In the U.S., 13% of respondents to the 2008 National Transgender Discrimination Survey chose "A gender not listed here". The "not listed here" respondents were 9 percentage points more likely to report forgoing healthcare due to fear of discrimination than the general sample (36% compared to 27%). 90 percent reported experiencing anti-trans bias at work, and 43 percent reported having attempted suicide.

The reported discrimination non-binary people face includes disregard, disbelief, condescending interactions, and disrespect. Non-binary people are also often viewed as partaking in a trend and thus deemed insincere or attention-seeking. As an accumulation, erasure is often a significant form of discrimination non-binary people face.

Misgendering, intentional or not, is also a problem that many face. In the case of intentional misgendering, transphobia is a driving force. Additionally, the use of they/them pronouns is lumped into the larger, controversial, subject of safe spaces and political correctness, causing pushback and intentional misgendering by some people.

Non-binary and transgender identifying people also face discrimination in sports participation. Non-binary identifying athletes have an immediate barrier as most sports competitions are divided into men's and women's categories.

Healthcare
Nonbinary people may report significantly less well-being and overall health than binary transgender people, though current research demonstrates conflicting perspectives on this topic. These health disparities may be exacerbated by minority stress by breaking gender and social norms.

Healthcare professionals are often uninformed about nonbinary people's specific health needs, sometimes requiring nonbinary patients to educate them. Some providers may believe that nonbinary people do not require transition-related treatment, while others may not understand the difference between their identity and the identities of binary transgender patients. Nonbinary patients report lower rates of respect from healthcare providers than binary transgender people.

Transgender health care
Some nonbinary people desire gender-affirming health care, including hormone replacement therapy or surgery. Others do not, and the ratio of those who desire care to those who do not is unclear. The factors that lead to this decision are complex and unique to each person.

Nonbinary patients seeking gender-affirming care typically begin treatment earlier than binary transgender patients.

Mental health care
Nonbinary people are likely to face more mental stress than binary transgender individuals.

Symbols and observances

Many flags have been used in non-binary and genderqueer communities to represent various identities. There are distinct non-binary and genderqueer pride flags. The genderqueer pride flag was designed in 2011 by Marilyn Roxie. Lavender represents androgyny or queerness, white represents agender identity, and green represents those whose identities which are defined outside the binary. The non-binary pride flag was created in 2014 by Kye Rowan. Yellow represents people whose gender exists outside the binary, purple represents those whose gender is a mixture of—or between—male and female, black represents people who have no gender, and white represents those who embrace many or all genders.

Genderfluid people, who fall under the genderqueer umbrella, also have their own flag. Pink represents femininity, white represents lack of gender, purple represents mixed gender or androgyny, black represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.

Agender people, who also sometimes identify as genderqueer, have their own flag. This flag uses black and white stripes to represent an absence of gender, and a green stripe to represent non-binary genders.

International Non-Binary People's Day is celebrated on July 14. Other observances with non-binary participation include International Transgender Day of Visibility, observed on March 31, and International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia, and Transphobia, observed on May 17.

Argentina
On July 20, 2021, President Alberto Fernández signed Decreto 476/2021, mandating that the National Registry of Persons (RENAPER) allow a third gender option on all national identity cards and passports, marked as "X". The measure also applies to non-citizen permanent residents who possess Argentine identity cards. The 2022 national census, carried out less than a year after the resolution was implemented, counted 8,293 (roughly 0.12%) of the country's population identifying with the "X / other" gender marker.

Brazil
A 2021 survey published in Scientific Reports concluded that 1.19% of Brazilian adults are non-binary, but the study did not ask whether they self-identified as non-binary. Because the authors considered most Brazilians unfamiliar with North American gender terminology, more open-ended questions about gender were asked.

Canada
In April 2022, Statistics Canada released findings from the 2021 census, making Canada the first country to ask a core question about gender identity, and found that 41,355 Canadians aged 15 and over identified as nonbinary.

A 2019 survey of the two-spirit and LGBTQ+ population in Hamilton, Ontario, called Mapping the Void: Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ Experiences in Hamilton showed that 19% of the 906 respondents identified as non-binary.

A 2017 survey of Canadian LGBT+ people called LGBT+ Realities Survey found that 4% of the 1,897 respondents identified as non-binary transgender and 1% identified as non-binary outside of the transgender umbrella.

Switzerland
A 2021 survey found that 0.4% of adults in Switzerland describe themselves as non-binary. The survey of 2,690 Swiss residents was weighted to be reflective of the entire population.

United Kingdom
According to the 2021 United Kingdom census, 0.06% of the population in England and Wales identified as non-binary. The proportion was highest among people aged 16 to 24 years (0.26% or 17,000).

United States
According to a 2021 study by the Williams Institute, an estimated 1.2 million American adults aged between 18 and 60 identify as non-binary, making up 11% of the LGBTQ population in that age bracket.

A 2020 survey by The Trevor Project found that 26% of LGBTQ youth (ages 13–24) in the U.S. identify as non-binary.

According to The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, 35% of the nearly 28,000 transgender respondents to the anonymous online survey identified as non-binary.

title: Non-binary gender


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Talk:Solomon Stoddard

Untitled
See Salomon Stoddard. We have two articles with varying information and different spellings. RickK 03:28 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Now merged! (Whew!) -- Someone else 05:12 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

More poor writing
This seems to have been appropriated from the same place as Increase Mather was and is equally uninformative and hard to read. 68.39.174.238 23:33, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

ka j lksal j klaj kalj —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.190.91.6 (talk) 00:34, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Solomon Stoddard


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Flying Finn (airline)

Flying Finn Ltd (Flying Finn Oy, Flying Finn Ab) was a low cost airline, based at Helsinki-Vantaa Airport, Finland. It ceased operations in 2004.

History
The airline was established in December 2002 and started operations on 16 March 2003. Its cheap air fares were based on the fact that the e-tickets were only sold through Internet and phone. The airline claimed a successful beginning, as the passengers who formerly bought bus and train tickets now bought cheaper flights.

The president of the company was Peter Sevelius. The flight captains had been employed from Finnair. It had many celebrities as shareholders, such as the rally driver Juha Kankkunen. Its competitors included Finnair, Ryanair and Soder Airlines.

In January 2004, faced with the threat of the termination of its plane lease and operating license for unpaid debts, the financially ailing airline cancelled its flights to London and went into debt restructuring. On January 27, 2004, Flying Finn ceased all flights and filed for bankruptcy. Over 20,000 passengers were left without refund.

In August 2007, there was speculation by Keskusrikospoliisi (the National Bureau of Investigation) that there are financial irregularities due to the airline accounts, leading to seven former employees being accused of breaking bankruptcy laws.

Services
Flying Finn operated daily flights between Helsinki and Oulu. It also ran limited services between Helsinki and Rovaniemi, Kuopio and London Stansted.

Fleet
The Flying Finn fleet consisted of 2 leased McDonnell Douglas MD-83 aircraft which originated from Finnair.

title: Flying Finn (airline)


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Flying Finn

"The Flying Finn" (Lentävä suomalainen, Flygande finländaren) is a nickname given to several Finnish athletes who were noted for their speed. Originally, it was given to several Finnish middle and long-distance runners. The term was later extended to notable Finnish racing drivers.

Flying Finn is also the title of a documentary about the history of sports in Finland, and is the first English-language documentary produced in Finland.

Running
The nickname was first used of Hannes Kolehmainen, also known as "Smiling Hannes", as he took home three gold medals and broke two world records during the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. As Finnish runners started to dominate long-distance running, the nickname was passed on to all successful Finns in the sport, including multi-Olympic gold medalists Paavo Nurmi and Ville Ritola. Nurmi won three gold medals at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Belgium and five at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where he was partnered with Ritola, who ran to four gold medals. Volmari Iso-Hollo, the winner of 3000 m steeplechase at the 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics, was one of the best-known Finnish runners in the 1930s and also nicknamed the Flying Finn. During his tour of the United States in 1940, Taisto Mäki—who held five world records—was regularly referred to as a Flying Finn. The last Flying Finn in running was Lasse Virén, who won the 5000 m and 10,000 m events at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics.

Rallying
The nickname was next used to describe the efforts of Finnish rally drivers in the 1960s. Timo Mäkinen, Rauno Aaltonen and Simo Lampinen were among the first drivers referenced as the Flying Finn. In 1968, Castrol released a film called "The Flying Finns", it featured the 1968 1000 Lakes Rally and concentrated on documenting the duel between Mäkinen and Hannu Mikkola. The term then moved on to the next generations of Finnish rally drivers, and among others, the four-time World Rally Champions Juha Kankkunen and Tommi Mäkinen were often referred to as Flying Finns.

Formula One
The first driver to carry the nickname in Formula One was Leo Kinnunen. Kinnunen had the title written on his helmet in 1970, when he won the World Sportscar Championship for Porsche. However, he could not turn his success in sports car racing into a successful F1 career in his underpowered Surtees. In the 1980s the moniker was given to Keke Rosberg, who became the first well-known Finn in the sport, winning the 1982 world championship. Following the success of later Finnish drivers, Rosberg has been described as the "original Flying Finn".

After Rosberg, many Finnish Formula 1 drivers have also been called the "Flying Finn", including Mika Häkkinen, who won the drivers' championship in 1998 and 1999; Mika Salo; Kimi Räikkönen, who was drivers' champion in 2007; Heikki Kovalainen; and Valtteri Bottas.

Motorcycles
On two wheels, the most famous Flying Finn was Jarno Saarinen, also known as The Baron, who won the 250cc road racing World Championship as privateer in 1972, and finished a close second to Giacomo Agostini in the 350cc class. Saarinen died the following year, while leading both the 250cc and 500cc championships and after competing for only three years. He remains in motorcycle sport history books for developing a new riding style, which is still predominantly in use today; body hanging off the bike with knee near the ground. During the 1970s, Finnish rider Heikki Mikkola won four motocross world championships and also became known as the Flying Finn. Mika Kallio, who finished second in the 125cc championship in 2005 and 2006, has also been nicknamed the Flying Finn. Mauno Hermunen, who has finished third in 2010 and fourth in 2011 in the world supermoto series, has also been nicknamed the Flying Finn.

Football
Shefki Kuqi, who played for Scottish side Hibernian F.C. was nicknamed the "Flying Finn", owing to a strange but popular goal celebration, throwing himself onto the ground, with his arms outstretched and landing on his chest.

Motorsport

 * Timo Mäkinen – rally driver
 * Rauno Aaltonen – rally driver
 * Pauli Toivonen - rally driver
 * Markku Alén – World Rally Champion
 * Pentti Airikkala – rally driver
 * Simo Lampinen - rally driver
 * Marcus Grönholm – two time World Rally Champion
 * Mikko Hirvonen – rally driver
 * Joonas Kylmäkorpi – four time world long track champion
 * Jari-Matti Latvala – rally driver
 * Tommi Mäkinen – four time World Rally Champion
 * Heikki Mikkola – four-time motocross world champion
 * Keke Rosberg – F1 World Champion
 * Jarno Saarinen – Motorcycle World Champion
 * Teuvo Länsivuori – Motorcycle road racer
 * Juha Kankkunen – four time World Rally Champion
 * JJ Lehto – two time Le Mans winner and F1 podium finisher
 * Juha Salminen – twelve time World Enduro Champion
 * Timo Salonen – World Rally Champion
 * Mika Salo – two time Le Mans GT2 winner and F1 podium finisher
 * Kari Tiainen – seven time World Enduro Champion
 * Henri Toivonen – rally driver, son of fellow Flying Finn, Pauli Toivonen
 * Ari Vatanen – World Rally Champion
 * Sami Seliö – F1 Boat World Champion
 * Mika Häkkinen – two time F1 World Champion
 * Kimi Räikkönen – F1 World Champion and WRC driver
 * Heikki Kovalainen – F1 race winner and Super GT champion
 * Valtteri Bottas – F1 race winner
 * Kalle Rovanperä – World Rally Champion

Winter sports

 * Janne Ahonen – ski jumper
 * Jari Kurri – ice hockey player
 * Matti Nykänen – ski jumper
 * Kalle Palander – alpine skier
 * Teemu Selänne – ice hockey player
 * Kalevi Häkkinen – speed skier
 * Kaisa Mäkäräinen – biathlete (won three World Cups)

Other Flying Finns

 * Pertti Karppinen – triple Olympic rowing champion
 * Jarkko Nieminen – tennis player known for his speed
 * Makwan Amirkhani – MMA fighter known for his flying knee attack
 * Juho Kuosmanen – Finnish film director and screenwriter

title: Flying Finn


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Richard Holmes (organist)

Richard Arnold "Groove" Holmes (May 2, 1931 – June 29, 1991) was an American jazz organist who performed in the hard bop and soul jazz genre. He is best known for his 1965 recording of "Misty".

Career
Holmes's first album, on Pacific Jazz with guest Ben Webster, was recorded in March 1961. He recorded many albums for Pacific Jazz, Prestige, Groove Merchant, and Muse, many of them with Houston Person.

He died of a heart attack after battling prostate cancer, having performed his last concerts in a wheelchair. One of his last gigs was at the 1991 Chicago Blues Festival with his longtime friend, singer Jimmy Witherspoon.

As leader

 * "Groove" (Les McCann Presents the Dynamic Jazz Organ of Richard "Groove" Holmes) [also released as That Healin' Feelin' ] (Pacific Jazz, 1961) – with Ben Webster
 * Groovin' with Jug (Pacific Jazz, 1961) – with Gene Ammons
 * Somethin' Special (Pacific Jazz, 1962) – with Les McCann
 * After Hours (Pacific Jazz, 1961–1962)
 * Tell It Like It Tis (Pacific Jazz, 1961–1962 [rel. 1966])
 * Book of the Blues Vol. 1 (Warner Bros., 1964) – with Onzy Matthews' orchestra [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66707) in 2009]
 * A Bowl of Soul (Loma/WB, 1966 [rel. 1967]) – with Onzy Matthews' orchestra [note: reissued on Groove Hut (#66707) in 2009]
 * Blues For Spoon And Groove (Surrey, 1965) – with Jimmy Witherspoon [reissued as Groovin' and Spoonin'  on Olympic/Everest in 1973]
 * Soul Message (Prestige, 1965; CD reissue: OJC, 1988) [note: includes the original "full–length" version (6:00) of "Misty"]
 * Living Soul (Recorded Live! at Count Basie's) (Prestige, 1966)
 * On Basie's Bandstand [live] (Prestige, 1966 [rel. 2003])
 * Soul Mist! (Prestige, 1966 [rel. 1970])
 * Misty (Prestige, 1965–1966; CD reissue: OJC, 1992)
 * Spicy! (Prestige, 1966)
 * Super Soul (Prestige, 1967) – with Richard Evans
 * Get Up & Get It! (Prestige, 1967)
 * Soul Power! (Prestige, 1967)
 * The Groover! (Prestige, 1968)
 * That Healin' Feelin' (Prestige, 1968) – with Rusty Bryant
 * Welcome Home (World Pacific, 1968)
 * Workin' on a Groovy Thing (World Pacific, 1968)
 * X–77: Richard "Groove" Holmes Recorded Live at the Lighthouse (World Pacific, 1969)
 * Come Together (World Pacific, 1970) – with Ernie Watts
 * Comin' on Home (Blue Note, 1971)
 * American Pie (Groove Merchant, 1972)
 * Night Glider (Groove Merchant, 1973)
 * Giants of the Organ Come Together (Groove Merchant, 1973) – with Jimmy McGriff
 * Giants of the Organ in Concert (Groove Merchant, 1973) – with Jimmy McGriff
 * New Groove (Groove Merchant, 1974)
 * Onsaya Joy [live] (Flying Dutchman, 1975)
 * Six Million Dollar Man (Flying Dutchman, 1975)
 * I'm in the Mood for Love (Flying Dutchman, 1976)
 * Shippin' Out (Muse, 1977)
 * Good Vibrations (Muse, 1977 [rel. 1980]) – with Houston Person, Bob DeVos, Idris Muhammad
 * Dancing in the Sun (Versatile, 1978)
 * Star Wars/Close Encounters (Versatile, 1978)
 * Broadway (Muse, 1980; reissue: 32 Jazz, 1998) – with Houston Person
 * Swedish Lullaby (Sison, 1984)
 * Blues All Day Long (Muse, 1988; reissue: 32 Jazz, 1999) – with Cecil Bridgewater, Houston Person, Jimmy Ponder
 * African Encounter (Muse, 1988)
 * Hot Tat (Muse, 1989 [rel. 1991]) – with Cecil Bridgewater, Houston Person, Jimmy Ponder

LP/CD compilations

 * Richard "Groove" Holmes: Jazz Milestone Series (Pacific Jazz, 1966) (compilation of Pacific Jazz material)
 * The Best of Richard "Groove" Holmes (Prestige, 1969) (compilation of Prestige material)
 * The Best of Richard "Groove" Holmes: For Beautiful People (Prestige, 1970) (another compilation of Prestige material)
 * Hunk–a–Funk (Groove Merchant, 1975) (compilation of Night Glider + New Groove)
 * Supa Cookin'  (Groove Merchant, 1975) – with Jimmy McGriff (compilation of Giants of the Organ Come Together + Giants of the Organ in Concert)
 * Groovin' With Groove (LRC [Lester Radio Corporation], 1994) (compilation of Groove Merchant albums: American Pie, Night Glider, New Groove)
 * Blue Groove (Prestige, 1994) (compilation of Get Up & Get It! + Soul Mist!)
 * After Hours (Pacific Jazz, 1996) (compilation of After Hours + Tell It Like It Is)
 * Legends of Acid Jazz: Richard "Groove" Holmes (Prestige, 1997) (compilation of The Groover! + That Healin' Feelin')
 * Groove's Groove (32 Jazz, 1998) (compilation of Muse albums: Shippin' Out, Good Vibrations, Broadway, Blues All Day Long)
 * Legends of Acid Jazz: Richard "Groove" Holmes – Spicy (Prestige, 1999) (compilation of Living Soul + Spicy!)
 * The Best of the Pacific Jazz Years (Pacific Jazz/EMI, 2001) (compilation of Pacific Jazz material)
 * Timeless: Richard "Groove" Holmes (Savoy Jazz/Denon, 2003) (compilation of Muse material)
 * Super Soul (Prestige, 2004) (compilation of Soul Power! + Super Soul)

As sideman
With Earl Bostic With Bumble Bee Slim With Willis Jackson With Eric Kloss With Les McCann With Lou Rawls With Dakota Staton With Gerald Wilson
 * Jazz As I Feel It (King, 1963; reissued as Complete Quintet Recordings on Lone Hill Jazz in 2006) – with Joe Pass
 * A New Sound (King, 1964; reissued as Complete Quintet Recordings on Lone Hill Jazz in 2006) – with Joe Pass
 * Back in Town (Pacific Jazz, 1962)
 * In Chateauneuf-du-Pape 1980 [also released as Ya Understand Me?] (Disques Black And Blue, 1980; Muse, 1984; reissued as Live On Stage (The Definitive Black & Blue Sessions) on Black & Blue in 2003 with 3 bonus tracks)
 * Love and All That Jazz (Prestige, 1966)
 * Les McCann Sings (Pacific Jazz, 1961)
 * Black and Blue (Capitol, 1963)
 * Madame Foo-Foo (Groove Merchant, 1972)
 * You Better Believe It! (Pacific Jazz, 1961)
 * Eternal Equinox (Pacific Jazz, 1969)

title: Richard Holmes (organist)


text:
Richard Holmes

Richard Holmes may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Richard Holmes (biographer) (born 1946), British biographer
 * Richard Holmes (organist) (1931–1991), American jazz organist known as Richard "Groove" Holmes
 * Rick Holmes (born 1963), American actor
 * Richard Holmes (producer) (born 1963), independent film producer
 * Rick Holmes (disc jockey) (1936–2015), American jazz disc jockey

Sports

 * Richard Holmes (cricketer) (born 1952), English cricketer
 * Richard Holmes (Canadian football) (born 1952), former Canadian Football League running back
 * Richard Holmes (footballer) (born 1980), former footballer for Notts County
 * Richard G. Holmes (born 1947), former Paralympic athlete and psychologist

Other

 * Richard Holmes (Connecticut settler) (1633–1704), founding settler of Norwalk, Connecticut
 * Richard Rivington Holmes (1835–1911), British archivist and courtier
 * Richard Holmes (military historian) (1946–2011), British soldier and military historian
 * Richard E. Holmes (born 1944), first black student to enroll at Mississippi State University
 * Richard T. Holmes, American ornithologist
 * Richard Winn Holmes (1923–1999), associate justice of the Kansas Supreme Court

title: Richard Holmes


text:
Hilbert matrix

In linear algebra, a Hilbert matrix, introduced by, is a square matrix with entries being the unit fractions

 * $$ H_{ij} = \frac{1}{i+j-1}. $$

For example, this is the 5 × 5 Hilbert matrix:

 * $$H = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{3} & \frac{1}{4} & \frac{1}{5} \\ \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{3} & \frac{1}{4} & \frac{1}{5} & \frac{1}{6} \\ \frac{1}{3} & \frac{1}{4} & \frac{1}{5} & \frac{1}{6} & \frac{1}{7} \\ \frac{1}{4} & \frac{1}{5} & \frac{1}{6} & \frac{1}{7} & \frac{1}{8} \\ \frac{1}{5} & \frac{1}{6} & \frac{1}{7} & \frac{1}{8} & \frac{1}{9} \end{bmatrix}.$$

The entries can also be defined by the integral

 * $$ H_{ij} = \int_0^1 x^{i+j-2} \, dx, $$

that is, as a Gramian matrix for powers of x. It arises in the least squares approximation of arbitrary functions by polynomials.

The Hilbert matrices are canonical examples of ill-conditioned matrices, being notoriously difficult to use in numerical computation. For example, the 2-norm condition number of the matrix above is about 4.8.

Historical note
introduced the Hilbert matrix to study the following question in approximation theory: "Assume that  , is a real interval.  Is it then possible to find a non-zero polynomial P with integer coefficients, such that the integral

 * $$\int_{a}^b P(x)^2 dx$$

is smaller than any given bound ε > 0, taken arbitrarily small?" To answer this question, Hilbert derives an exact formula for the determinant of the Hilbert matrices and investigates their asymptotics. He concludes that the answer to his question is positive if the length b − a of the interval is smaller than 4.

Properties
The Hilbert matrix is symmetric and positive definite. The Hilbert matrix is also totally positive (meaning that the determinant of every submatrix is positive).

The Hilbert matrix is an example of a Hankel matrix. It is also a specific example of a Cauchy matrix.

The determinant can be expressed in closed form, as a special case of the Cauchy determinant. The determinant of the n × n Hilbert matrix is

 * $$\det(H) = \frac{c_n^4}{c_{2n}},$$

where

 * $$c_n = \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} i^{n-i} = \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} i!.$$

Hilbert already mentioned the curious fact that the determinant of the Hilbert matrix is the reciprocal of an integer (see sequence in the OEIS), which also follows from the identity
 * $$\frac{1}{\det(H)} = \frac{c_{2n}}{c_n^4} = n! \cdot \prod_{i=1}^{2n-1} \binom{i}{[i/2]}.

$$

Using Stirling's approximation of the factorial, one can establish the following asymptotic result:

 * $$\det(H) \sim a_n\, n^{-1/4}(2\pi)^n \,4^{-n^2},$$

where an converges to the constant $$e^{1/4}\, 2^{1/12}\, A^{-3} \approx 0.6450$$ as $$n \to \infty$$, where A is the Glaisher–Kinkelin constant.

The inverse of the Hilbert matrix can be expressed in closed form using binomial coefficients; its entries are

 * $$(H^{-1})_{ij} = (-1)^{i+j}(i + j - 1) \binom{n + i - 1}{n - j} \binom{n + j - 1}{n - i} \binom{i + j - 2}{i - 1}^2,$$

where n is the order of the matrix. It follows that the entries of the inverse matrix are all integers, and that the signs form a checkerboard pattern, being positive on the principal diagonal. For example,

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

1 & \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{3} & \frac{1}{4} & \frac{1}{5} \\ \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{3} & \frac{1}{4} & \frac{1}{5} & \frac{1}{6} \\ \frac{1}{3} & \frac{1}{4} & \frac{1}{5} & \frac{1}{6} & \frac{1}{7} \\ \frac{1}{4} & \frac{1}{5} & \frac{1}{6} & \frac{1}{7} & \frac{1}{8} \\ \frac{1}{5} & \frac{1}{6} & \frac{1}{7} & \frac{1}{8} & \frac{1}{9} \end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \left[\begin{array}{rrrrr} 25 & -300 & 1050 & -1400 & 630 \\ -300 & 4800 & -18900 & 26880 & -12600 \\ 1050 & -18900 & 79380 & -117600 & 56700 \\ -1400 & 26880 & -117600 & 179200 & -88200 \\ 630 & -12600 & 56700 & -88200 & 44100 \end{array}\right].$$

The condition number of the n × n Hilbert matrix grows as $$O\left(\left(1 + \sqrt{2}\right)^{4n}/\sqrt{n}\right)$$.

Applications
The method of moments applied to polynomial distributions results in a Hankel matrix, which in the special case of approximating a probability distribution on the interval [0, 1] results in a Hilbert matrix. This matrix needs to be inverted to obtain the weight parameters of the polynomial distribution approximation.

title: Hilbert matrix


text:
Talk:Great Apostasy

Adventists
FIrst of all, I like the article. Secondly, I think that putting Jehovah's Witnesses under "Adventisits" is not fully correct. Yes, Russell had some significant influence from adventist teachings. Jehovah's Witnesses are not adventists though as neither group associates itself with the other, nor did Russell ever open an adventist church. In fact, never in the history of the group have they idetified themselves with the adventist church and vice versa. Also Russell himself credited many past religious teachers and groups with influencing his undersatnding of the bible.george m

 * Ok, so what's the best way to fix it? Should the Adventists section be split into two separate top-level headings, maybe "Jehovah's Witnesses" and "Seventh-Day Adventists"? Wesley 16:52, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is a wreck
Casual reader here, and I've never before felt the urge to comment on a Wikipedia article's backpage before, but this article is a debate, with factual information rare. I'd suggest removing it altogether. Are there not pages/sections for each denomination's theology, where what little factual information is here could be recapped (say, a "Great Apostasy" subheading on the page Beliefs_and_practices_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints or on the Counter-Reformation page)? Those pages generally have a better tone than this internecine squabble. It should be scrapped. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.30.91.54 (talk) 16:10, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Your suggestion would be a lot more helpful and likely to be taken seriously if you were to speak in specifics rather than generalities. With your comment, it's unclear what exactly you are concerned about in regards to this article. I would suggest itemizing your concerns, then allowing them to be discussed before you recommend the deletion of a page. Also, since you seem to be new to Wikipedia, it would be a great help if you were to set up a user account. Registered users are far more likely to be taken seriously than users with only an IP address. It would also be a great help if you were to sign your own posts rather than having them autosigned by a bot. Just a few things for you to consider. Thanks. --Jgstokes (talk) 06:22, 10 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I have found it pretty common on wikipedia for people to talk about how horrible an article is and request deletion and it pretty rare for people to actually revise an article. Feel free to rewrite the article to your liking or go visit an actual encyclopedia website. You are wasting your breath if you think this comment will inspire someone to rewrite the article for you, so that task is on you. 69.116.158.191 (talk) 15:38, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I have found it pretty common for people to revise an article. In fact, I just checked and in one sample minute Wikipedia was edited 100 times and 85 of those were article changes. What are the exact issue with this article? Rmhermen (talk) 20:11, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

I agree with the idea posited by most of the commentators that the article has many problem issues, including and foremost that it is not an encyclopedia article but an editorial. Theanswerman63 (talk) 15:14, 16 July 2018 (UTC)

BRD - let's Discuss. Wikifying this page
Thanks to for recent edits and comments above.

This page presents some facts about an idea widespread though not universal in various sects of Protestant Christianity. Per various comments above, the article has serious problems. First, its referencing is very poor, indeed much of the article appears to be original research. And second, it incorporates theological discourse from Christian sects that are accused of being part of this Apostasy. The theological OR converts this from an encyclopedic page into a low-grade sectarian argument.

I suggest a three-pronged solution. First, to remove the entirely-unreferenced material. Second, to remove the defensive (and, currently, OR) responses on behalf of the Catholic / Orthodox churches - a brief comment that these churches entirely deny the concept will suffice, if one can be sourced. We do not need to belabour the very obvious fact that they reject the idea that they form any part of any apostasy. Indeed, as far as I know, the long-established churches tend to ignore and despise the idea, rather than bother to argue against it. Third, to supply readable encyclopedic text with good references. These will be mostly from people with a rather extreme Protestant viewpoint. In an article upon the specific subject of an extreme Protestant idea, this is appropriate. However, I suggest that we should limit ourselves, in general, to authors who are regarded as within the mainstream of their own sects. Those whom no moderately-sized extreme sect will accept, or those whom their own sects treat as unhinged fanatics are, on the whole, probably best omitted.

In these edits we made a first cut at some of the entirely-unreferenced material and OR. There is more, but I'd appreciate comments on the overall plan and on these specific initial edits. Richard Keatinge (talk) 09:09, 18 July 2018 (UTC)

Thank you Richard Keatinge for your comments and insights. This article takes a particular POV that is not mainstream, but reflects only one side of a larger debate regarding what the Great Apostasy truly is or might be. The two largest churches in the world, the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, would disagree with the POV of this article and have a different set of principles by which to define what is the Great Apostasy. I recommend the following:

1. The two footnotes at the end of the second paragraph need to be moved to the end of the first paragraph where they belong.

2. The editorial style of writing in favor of one POV makes the article less an encyclopedia article and more a term paper in favor of one view. Thus, the largely biased POV given in favor of fundamentalist Christian doctrine should be toned down and the other points of view by opposing sides be given equal weight and space. These opposing viewpoints should be made in the body of the article where they are originally addressed and not in a separate section all by themselves.

Once again, thanks to Richard Keatinge for his comments. Theanswerman63 (talk) 20:22, 18 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks in turn for this helpful response. I'd like to discuss a small point in the hope that this will be useful in itself, and may lead us to further fruitful discussion. You suggest moving the first two references, and I have no problem with Sozomen as a primary source for the variability of early Christian practice. However, he doesn't explicitly mention any apostasy great or small, and I'd prefer to use him as a reference for some comment such as "Early Christian ritual practice was extremely varied and had many elements in common with non-Christian practice." For the second assertion in that sentence, we'd really need a comment to that effect from a more-appropriate secondary source.

 * Hislop appears to me to be some way off his head, and also to have a very poor grasp of the non-Christian theologies that he mentions. I don't think that we should include the ramblings of a loony as evidence of anything except his own problems. I feel that he has little to offer this article and would prefer to leave him out.

 * How would you feel about these ideas? Richard Keatinge (talk) 09:28, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Great ideas and I think both would be a step in the right direction. Feel free to make these changes unless others bring up problems on Talk. Theanswerman63 (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 14:23, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

 * At this edit I have rewritten the lede in accordance with the above. I will wait at least a few days for comments before I proceed. I'd like to suggest again that much of this article is unreferenced and OR, and it needs heavy pruning. Richard Keatinge (talk) 20:37, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

 * There are a number of problems with the first two paragraphs, among them:

 * 1. "Great Apostasy" is mostly a Mormon term and not used frequently among other Christians. The first line might be changed to: "The term "Great Apostasy," primarily a Mormon term, is derived from St Paul's second letter to the Thessalonians..."

 * 2. The writing is not clear and is jumbled in its ideas

 * 3. The one footnote is referencing a writer that is almost completely unknown and should not be considered an excellent source

 * 4. Discussion about the return of Jesus and the "falling away" has been discussed throughout the course of Christianity and is not an idea that began with Martin Luther. Reference to Luther should be taken out since he was one of many people through history who believed that the "falling away" had occurred and Jesus's return was imminent. (Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses and Seventh Day Adventists are more modern examples of those who have also followed the idea that the "falling away" had occurred, and they even assigned dates to the Second Coming.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Theanswerman63 (talk • contribs) 14:30, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Actually, I'd suggest that the main problem with the lede is pretty much the same as with more or less all of the article. That is, there are too few references and almost no reliable sources, so that the whole thing reads like a rather poor schoolboy essay on theology. Also, there seems to be some confusion about the range of the article; should it be about all historical interpretations of Thess 2:3, or is it specifically about the "Great Apostasy", which doesn't appear in the Greek text, starts in English (thanks to Google Books, very useful) about 1600 and becomes widespread in later Protestant / Mormon discourse? I suggest strongly that it should be the latter, and that while we should mention the existence of other uses and interpretations of Thess 2:3 that don't specifically identify a Great Apostasy, we should do so only briefly.
 * I'd like to proceed by removing almost all the unreferenced ideas, especially all the primary theological argumentation, and all the repetition. This will leave only a skeleton of the article, which strikes me as much more useful than the present jumble. It could then be filled out with better material, preferably from appropriate recent academic works on the history of Christianity, occasionally perhaps by relevant and uncontroversial comments from high-quality primary sources such as Sozomen. Again, I'll leave it a few days before I do proceed. Richard Keatinge (talk) 17:15, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Great ideas. My preference is that the article not take a Catholic vs Protestant view, or Mormon vs The World, or any other partisan view, but rather is more general in its leanings about what is referenced in the letter to the Thessalonians. It seems the most common view of the term "The Great Apostasy" is that western culture has left the teachings of Christianity by adopting non-Christian ideas and principles (same-sex marriage, abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide, etc.). This would be the focus of the article, unless you disagree. Theanswerman63 (talk) 16:29, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

 * This may be the most common use of the term in current discourse. I don't know. We would need reliable sources to say so, and I don't mean sources arguing against the things that you mention. I'm confident that you can find plenty of those. We'd want, primarily, academic sources or good-quality journalism that specifically say that something is being widely described as the "Great Apostasy". Polemic sources would be appropriate as back-up. Until then we have "Great Apostasy" well-recorded as a specifically extreme-Protestant / Mormon view, from the 1600s on. The other interpretations of Thessalonians 2:3 may be worth very brief mention and an external link or two, but their further disputation, I'm sorry to say, is not appropriate for this article or anywhere else in Wikipedia, not even in our article on Second Epistle to the Thessalonians. One external link might be to, which seems to be the only result for searching the Catholic Encyclopedia for the phrase "Great Apostasy". Richard Keatinge (talk) 08:54, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

 * All of this sounds excellent. I think if you want to take a crack at the article, feel free to do so! Theanswerman63 (talk) 23:57, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

Sedevacantist view of Great Apostacy
I recently viewed a video on the YouTube Channel Vatican Catholic by MHFM (Most Holy Family Monastery) in which they espouse the view that the Great Apostacy began with the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II). In the video they state proof of the Great Apostacy is the events at Assisi, Italy. Many Sedevacantist agree with the assessment made in the video. How is stating that these Sedevacantist have this interpretation any different than stating the Catholic Church interpretation is “of a future “falling away”? The editors who are removing my edit claiming I am promoting a religious view are wrong and right. In truth, to expose anyone to any religious viewpoint is to promote that religion if you are likeminded. But it certainly doesn’t change the fact that you are exposing the reader to the truth, that another interpretation exist. Deleting my edit is removing facts that readers could gain information. I came to the subject on Wikipedia looking for more information on the Sedevacantist position and found this site didn’t contain the Sedevacantist position. To all editors: if you want the information I provided removed? I suspect your intentions are to censor. The paragraph above the paragraph I added is exactly the same as the paragraph I added. PhillipMH (talk) 09:04, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

What source are you using? Dimadick (talk) 09:20, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Sourcing isn't the only issue. The sedevacantist position isn't listed anywhere in the body of the article. Therefore it shouldn't be in the lede. The Catholic Church interpretation is in the lede because it is in the body of the article, where the statements are sourced. Additionally, there's the issue of undue weight - according to Sedevacantism, the number of people who hold to the idea is maybe in the hundred thousands, much less than most other groups discussed in the body of the article. Maybe it could be included in the body of article, though I'm not sure where, but it wouldn't be more than a couple of sentences. Finally, the statement that is being suggested for the lede seems unique to minority of the minority. Again according to the Sedevacantism article, most Sedevacantists place the "falling away" much sooner than the Day of Prayer event. For that reason I'm removing it from the lede, again; perhaps it could be included, with proper sourcing, in the body but at this point I see no consensus for keeping it in the lede. --FyzixFighter (talk) 14:06, 24 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The Great Apostasy did start with Vatican II Robber Council. spSo few espouse this view because.... Well, we're in Great Apostasy. The Greatapostasy would necessarily hit Catholics, members of Church founded by Christ. And hit catholics satan certainly did. 2600:1700:B900:CF10:2CEB:D621:8379:6A04 (talk) 05:47, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
 * "Catholics, members of Church founded by Christ" Jesus was long gone by the time of the East–West Schism. The Catholic Church only dates to 1054. Dimadick (talk) 08:27, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

Easter Claim in Intro
"For example, Easter has been described as a pagan substitute for the Jewish Passover, although neither Jesus nor his Apostles enjoined the keeping of this or any other festival."

I think this sentence needs additional clarification. Is this claiming that Jesus and the apostles never celebrated the Jewish passover? This claim is contentious: in Mt. 26:18, Christ directly states he is going to celebrate passover. This sentence is also equivocating if it is making the claim Jesus and his apostles never celebrated Easter. Easter is the celebration of Christ's resurrection, so it's rather absurd to state that Christ never celebrated his own resurrection after he was resurrected. NousEssayons (talk) 20:54, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

"Worldly Ambitions" of the Church
Hello, I am not trying to push any anti-Protestant or anti-Catholic agenda, but seriously, the "worldly ambitions" branch is gibberish, with all due respect to its author. This is how the article is now, as of 2022/03/14, GMT+1 22:35:

'''There have certainly been times when the Catholic Church has seemingly benefited from its affiliation with ruling governments, and vice versa. The church further used other means, such as the Donation of Constantine (Donatio Constantini) where it forged a Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the pope. There is also much evidence that the church sought to subvert or undermine ruling governments to bring them under its influence, in accordance with the dogma of the temporal power of the papacy. It used its agents or allowed the methods to be adopted for the acquisition of greater power and influence for the Roman Catholic Church. The Jesuits were seen as the church's soldiers, and, in the view of some, given free rein to use whatever methods as outlined in the forged anti-Catholic document Monita Secreta, also known as the "Secret Instructions of the Jesuits" published (1612 and 1614) in Kraków and were also accused of using casuistry to obtain justifications for the unjustifiable in their work (see: formulary controversy; Blaise Pascals' Lettres Provinciales).'''

Examples of the exercise of this subversive influence include regicides and attacks on Protestant-majority nations such as The Gunpowder Plot in England in 1605, and the church's blame in the 1865 assassination of Abraham Lincoln, resulting in the hanging of four Roman Catholics, and a ban by the U.S. Congress on diplomatic relations with the Holy See from 1867 to 1984.

Wikipedia cannot just have an article with claims that the Catholic Church wants to take over the world, as much as criticism of the Church is welcome. How is Gunpowder Plot or Lincoln's Assassination evidence of the Church's abuses? Where is any shred of proof that it was the Vatican that was behind these two?

And again, the first part only has sources that confirm the existence of Monita Secreta. There is no source or proof produces for the claim that "the church sought to subvert or undermine ruling governments to bring them under its influence".

This seems like an attack on Wikipedia's impartiality, because this reads like a conspiracy theory that lacks evidence. I will continue to delete this branch and I want to request that it's not restored until more people comment on it and proof for the currently outlandish claims is produced. Again, I am not trying to be anti-protestant here, but it's just absurd.

 * Just because you deem something to be absurd or outlandish does not make it untrue, or unworthy of inclusion in this or any other article. You have wrongfully deleted a great deal of well-supported historical content.  You cannot claim lack of evidence or proof for this section after you have deleted corroborating sources and references, further supported by very relevant related wikilinks.
 * All of your above objections are explained by the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Temporal power of the papacy, which purports that the Pope as the vicar of Christ rules the world by Divine right in the place of Christ. Therefore they have for centuries taken actions to assert this dominance, with the Jesuit order as their primary tool. Historically the popes have ruled over European monarchs as "king of kings," a term otherwise applied only to Jesus Christ.  The official reactions of the U.S. and Britain to the Gunpowder Plot and Lincoln's Assassination provide ample evidence as to how these events were viewed at the time, regardless of how much they may be downplayed, glossed over or outright denied today.  The history of expulsion of the Jesuits from many nations, and the reasons for their expulsion, provide rich and ample evidence of many such crimes, with full blame being placed upon the Vatican and the papacy.
 * Wikipedia can (and should) absolutely repeat what the Roman Catholic institution claims for itself, be it "worldly ambitions" or otherwise, as well as recounting its fully documented centuries of history, while remaining fully objective. Also, you need to sign your comment, please. - JGabbard (talk) 03:34, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

 * "king of kings," King of Kings, as in the title of Middle Eastern emperors? I was not aware it had correlations to Catholicism. Dimadick (talk) 09:13, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Apostasy


text:
Septo-optic dysplasia

Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), known also as de Morsier syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation syndrome that features a combination of the underdevelopment of the optic nerve, pituitary gland dysfunction, and absence of the septum pellucidum (a midline part of the brain). Two or more of these features need to be present for a clinical diagnosis—only 30% of patients have all three. French-Swiss doctor Georges de Morsier first recognized the relation of a rudimentary or absent septum pellucidum with hypoplasia of the optic nerves and chiasm in 1956.

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of SOD can be divided into those related to optic nerve underdevelopment, pituitary hormone abnormalities, and mid-line brain abnormalities. Symptoms may vary greatly in their severity.

Optic nerve underdevelopment
About one quarter of people with SOD have significant visual impairment in one or both eyes, as a result of optic nerve underdevelopment. Developmental delays are more common in children with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia than those with unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia is also associated with a more severe disease course.

There may be nystagmus (involuntary eye movements, often side-to-side). In cases of bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia this can usually be detected within the first three months of life. It may be followed by strabismus developing in the first year.

Pituitary hormone abnormalities
Underdevelopment of the pituitary gland in SOD leads to hypopituitarism, most commonly in the form of growth hormone deficiency. In severe cases panhypopituitarism may occur.

Mid-line brain abnormalities
In SOD, mid-line brain structures such as the corpus callosum and the septum pellucidum may fail to develop normally, leading to neurological problems such as seizures or developmental delay. Patients with seizures are more likely to show additional neurological abnormalities such as cortical dysplasia, polymicrogyria and schizencephaly. Such abnormalities are always identified when spastic quadriplegia is present.

Neurological symptoms are typically considered late onset manifestations of SOD. Common initial presentations include epilepsy, development delays and limb weakness. Intellectual abilities vary widely from normal to severe intellectual disability. Early studies indicated intellectual disability occurs in 71% of cases, cerebral palsy occurs in 57%, and behavioral problems occur in 20%, but further research has indicated that these symptoms may be less common and caused by additional neurological abnormalities.

Causes
SOD results from an abnormality in the development of the embryonic forebrain at 4–6 weeks of pregnancy. There is no known single cause of SOD, but it is thought that both genetic and environmental factors may be involved.

Genetic
Rare familial recurrence has been reported, suggesting at least one genetic form (HESX1). Five homozygous and eight heterozygous pathogenic HESX1 mutations have been discovered. Patients with homozygous mutations present with a typical SOD phenotype while those with heterozygous mutations are mildly affected. In addition to HESX1, mutations in OTX2, SOX2 and PAX6 have been implicated in SOD. SOX2 mutations in SOD patients are associated with severe bilateral ocular anomalies such as microphthalmia and anophthalmia. Additional features associated with SOX2 mutations include developmental delay, oesophageal atresia, short stature and sensorineural hearing loss. Genetic abnormalities are identified in fewer than one percent of patients.

Diagnosis
A diagnosis of SOD is made when at least two of the following triad are present: optic nerve underdevelopment; pituitary hormone abnormalities; and mid-line brain abnormalities. Diagnosis is usually made at birth or during childhood, and a clinical diagnosis can be confirmed by MRI scans.

Treatment
There is no cure for SOD. Treatment aims to manage symptoms and may require a multidisciplinary team of specialists including neurologists, ophthalmologists and endocrinologists. Hormone deficiencies may be treated with HRT but vision impairments are not usually treatable.

Epidemiology
A European survey put the prevalence of SOD at somewhere in the region of 1.9 to 2.5 per 100,000 live births, with the United Kingdom having a particularly high rate and with increased risk for younger mothers.

History
In 1941 Dr. David Reeves at the Children's Hospital Los Angeles described an association between underdevelopment of the optic nerve with an absent septum pellucidum. Fifteen years later French doctor Georges de Morsier reported his theory that the two abnormalities were connected and coined the term septo-optic dysplasia. In 1970 American doctor William Hoyt made the connection between the three features of SOD and named the syndrome after de Morsier.

In popular culture
British model and television personality Katie Price's son, Harvey, has this condition.

title: Septo-optic dysplasia


text:
John C. Lilly

John Cunningham Lilly (January 6, 1915 – September 30, 2001) was an American physician, neuroscientist, psychoanalyst, psychonaut, philosopher, writer and inventor. He was a member of a group of counterculture thinkers that included Timothy Leary, Ram Dass, and Werner Erhard, all frequent visitors to the Lilly home. He often stirred controversy, especially among mainstream scientists.

Lilly conducted high-altitude research during World War II and later trained as a psychoanalyst. He gained renown in the 1950s after developing the isolation tank. He saw the tanks, in which users are isolated from almost all external stimuli, as a means to explore the nature of human consciousness. He later combined that work with his efforts to communicate with dolphins. He began studying how bottlenose dolphins vocalize, establishing centers in the U.S. Virgin Islands, and later San Francisco, to study dolphins. A decade later, he began experimenting with psychedelics, including LSD, often while floating in isolation. His work inspired two Hollywood movies, The Day of the Dolphin (1973) and Altered States (1980), as well as the videogame series Ecco the Dolphin.

Early life and education
Lilly was born to a wealthy family on January 6, 1915, in Saint Paul, Minnesota. His father was Richard Coyle Lilly, president of the First National Bank of St. Paul. His mother was Rachel Lenor Cunningham, whose family owned the Cunningham & Haas Company, a large stockyards company in St. Paul. Lilly had an older brother, Richard Lilly Jr., and a younger brother, David Maher Lilly. A fourth child, Mary Catherine Lilly, died in infancy.

Lilly showed an interest in science at an early age. At thirteen years old, he was an avid chemistry hobbyist, supplementing his makeshift basement laboratory with chemicals given to him by a pharmacist friend. Students at his parochial Catholic grade school called him "Einstein Jr." At age 14 he enrolled at St. Paul Academy (SPA), a college preparatory academy for boys, where his teachers encouraged him to pursue science further and conduct his experiments in the school laboratory after hours.

While at SPA, Lilly also further developed his interest in philosophy. He studied the works of many of the great philosophers, finding himself especially attracted to the subjective idealism of Irish theologian and philosopher George Berkeley.

Despite his father's wish that he go to an eastern Ivy League university to become a banker, Lilly received a scholarship at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California, where he studied biology. He was the president of the ski club and a member of the drama club, and lived in Blacker House. After his first year, Caltech learned that Lilly was from a wealthy family and cancelled his scholarship, forcing him to go to his father for help. Dick Lilly set up a trust fund to pay the tuition and eventually became a benefactor of the college. Lilly continued to draw on his family wealth to fund his scientific pursuits throughout his life.

In 1934, Lilly read Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. The pharmacological control methods of Huxley's dystopia and the links between physical chemical processes of the brain and subjective experiences of the mind helped inspire Lilly to give up his study of physics and pursue biology, eventually focusing on neurophysiology.

Lilly was engaged to Mary Crouch at the beginning of his junior year at Caltech. Months before their wedding, he took a job with a lumber company in the Northwest to soothe a bout of "nervous exhaustion" brought on by the pressures of academia and his upcoming marriage. During this sabbatical he was hospitalized after injuring his foot with an ax while cutting brush. His time in the trauma ward inspired him to become a doctor of medicine.

In 1937, while Lilly was looking for a good medical school, his wealthy and well-connected father arranged a meeting between Lilly and Charles Horace Mayo of the famous Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Following Mayo's advice, Lilly applied and was accepted to Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, where he became good friends with Mayo's son, Charles William Mayo. Lilly graduated from Caltech with a Bachelor of Science degree on June 10, 1938, and enrolled at Dartmouth the following September.

At Dartmouth, Lilly launched into the study of anatomy, performing dissections on 32 cadavers during his time there. He once stretched out an entire intestinal tract across the length of a room to determine its actual length with certainty.

During the summer after his first year at Dartmouth, Lilly returned to Pasadena to participate in an experiment with his former Caltech biochemistry professor Henry Borsook. The purpose of the experiment was to study the creation of glycocyamine, a major source of muscle power in the human body. The experiment involved putting Lilly on a completely protein-free diet while administering measured doses of glycine and arginine, the two amino acids that Borsook hypothesized were involved in the creation of glycocyamine. The experiments pushed Lilly to extreme physical and mental limits; he became increasingly weak and delirious as the weeks went on. The results of the experiment confirmed Borsook's hypothesis and Lilly's name was included among the authors, making it the first published research paper of his career. It was also one of the first instances of a lifelong pattern of experimenting on his own body to the point of endangering his health.

After two years at Dartmouth, Lilly decided that he wanted to pursue a career in medical research, rather than therapeutic practice as was standard for Dartmouth medical students at that time. He decided to transfer to the medical school at the University of Pennsylvania, which would provide him with better opportunities for conducting research.

At the University of Pennsylvania, Lilly met Professor H. Cuthbert Bazett, a protege of British physiologist J. B. S. Haldane. Bazett introduced Lilly to Haldane's view that scientists should never conduct an experiment or procedure on another person that they have not first conducted on themselves, a view Lilly embraced and attempted to exemplify throughout his career. Bazett took a liking to the young, enthusiastic graduate student, and set Lilly up with his own research laboratory. While working under Bazett, Lilly created his first invention, the electrical capacitance diaphragm manometer, a device for measuring blood pressure. While designing the instrument, he received electrical engineering advice from biophysics pioneer Britton Chance. Chance also introduced Lilly to the world of computers, which was still in its infancy.

While finishing his degree at the University of Pennsylvania, Lilly enrolled in a class entitled "How to Build an Atomic Bomb." He and several other students transcribed their notes from the class into a book with the same title. The director of the Manhattan Project, General Leslie Groves, attempted to suppress publication of the book, but was unable to because no classified data were used in writing the book.

Lilly graduated with a medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942.

Career overview
Lilly was a physician and psychoanalyst. He made contributions in the fields of biophysics, neurophysiology, electronics, computer science, and neuroanatomy. He invented and promoted the use of an isolation tank as a means of sensory deprivation. He also attempted communication between humans and dolphins.

Lilly's career as a scientist began doing research for universities and government. He gradually began researching less conventional topics. He published 19 books, including The Center of the Cyclone, which describes his own LSD experiences, and Man and Dolphin and The Mind of the Dolphin, which describe his work with dolphins.

In the mid-1950s, Lilly began dolphin cognition and communication research, with an intensive period of work through the late 1960s. This period brought many discoveries about dolphin anatomy and brain structure, as well as behavioral and communication observations. Originally researching at Coconut Grove, Florida, Lilly purchased a property in St. Thomas in 1960. The seaside lab was converted into a dolphin–human cohabitation house by purposely flooding part of the building.

In the 1980s Lilly directed a project that attempted to teach dolphins a computer-synthesised language. He designed a future "communications laboratory" that would be a floating living room where humans and dolphins could chat as equals and develop a common language. In the 1990s Lilly moved to Maui, Hawaii, where he lived most of the remainder of his life.

Research
During World War II, Lilly researched the physiology of high-altitude flying and invented instruments for measuring gas pressure. After the war, he trained in psychoanalysis at the University of Pennsylvania, where he began researching the physical structures of the brain and consciousness. In 1951 he published a paper showing how he could display patterns of brain electrical activity on a cathode ray display screen using electrodes he devised specially for insertion into a living brain. Furthermore, Lilly's work on electrical stimulation of the nervous system gave rise to biphasic charge balanced electrical stimulation pulses (later known as "Lilly's wave" or "Lilly's pulses"), now an established approach to design of safe electrical stimulation in neuroprosthetics. In the 1960s he sponsored research on human–animal communication with a dolphin.

Development of the isolation tank
In 1953, Lilly began a job studying neurophysiology with the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Officers Corps. At the N.I.M.H. in 1954, with the aim of isolating a brain from external stimulation, he devised the first isolation tank, a dark soundproof tank of warm salt water in which subjects could float for long periods in sensory isolation. Lilly and a research colleague were the first subjects of this research. What had been known as perceptual isolation or sensory deprivation was reconceptualized as Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique (R.E.S.T.).

Lilly later studied other large-brained mammals and during the late 1950s he established a facility devoted to fostering human–dolphin communication: the Communication Research Institute on St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands. During the early 1960s, Lilly and coworkers published several papers reporting that dolphins could mimic human speech patterns.

S.E.T.I.
Lilly was interested in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project. In 1961 a group of scientists including Lilly gathered at the Green Bank Observatory to discuss the possibility of using the techniques of radio astronomy to detect evidence of intelligent life outside the solar system. They called themselves The Order of the Dolphin after Lilly's work with dolphins. They discussed the Drake equation, used to estimate the number of communicative civilizations in our galaxy.

Exploration of human consciousness
In the early 1960s, Lilly was introduced to psychedelic drugs such as LSD and began a series of experiments in which he ingested a psychedelic drug either in an isolation tank or in the company of dolphins. These events are described in his books Programming and Metaprogramming in the Human Biocomputer, published in 1968, and The Center of the Cyclone, published in 1972. Following advice from Ram Dass, Lilly studied Patanjali's system of yoga (finding I. K. Taimni's Science of Yoga, a modernized interpretation of the Sanskrit text, most suited to his goals). He also paid special attention to self-enquiry meditation advocated by Ramana Maharshi, and reformulated the principles of this exercise with reference to his human biocomputer paradigm (described in and ).

Lilly later traveled to Chile and trained with the spiritual leader Oscar Ichazo, whose attitude to metaphysical consciousness exploration Lilly characterized as "empirical". Lilly wrote that he had achieved the maximum degree of satori-samādhi consciousness during his training.

Lilly's maxim: "In the province of the mind what one believes to be true, either is true or becomes true within certain limits. These limits are to be found experimentally and experientially. When so found these limits turn out to be further beliefs to be transcended. In the province of the mind there are no limits. However, in the province of the body there are definite limits not to be transcended."

"Solid State Intelligence"
Solid State Intelligence (S.S.I.) is a malevolent entity described by Lilly in his 1978 autobiography, The Scientist. According to Lilly, the network of computation-capable solid state systems (electronics) engineered by humans will eventually develop into an autonomous "bioform." Since the optimal survival conditions for this bioform (low-temperature vacuum) are drastically different from those humans need (room temperature aerial atmosphere and adequate water supply), Lilly predicted (or "prophesied," based on his ketamine-induced visions) a dramatic conflict between the two forms of intelligence.

Earth Coincidence Control Office (E.C.C.O.)
In 1974, Lilly's research using various psychoactive drugs led him to believe in the existence of a certain hierarchical group of cosmic entities, the lowest of which he later dubbed Earth Coincidence Control Office (E.C.C.O.) in an autobiography published jointly with his wife Antonietta (often called Toni). Lilly states that "[t]here exists a Cosmic Coincidence Control Center (CCCC) with a Galactic substation called Galactic Coincidence Control (GCC). Within GCC is the Solar System Control Unit (SSCU), within which is the Earth Coincidence Control Office (ECCO)."

Lilly also wrote that there are nine conditions that should be followed by people who seek to experience coincidence in their own lives:

 * 1) You must know/assume/simulate our existence in E.C.C.O.
 * 2) You must be willing to accept our responsibility for control of your coincidences.
 * 3) You must exert your best capabilities for your survival programs and your own development as an advancing/advanced member of E.C.C.O.'s earthside corps of controlled coincidence workers. You are expected to use your best intelligence in this service.
 * 4) You are expected to expect the unexpected every minute, every hour of every day and of every night.
 * 5) You must be able to maintain conscious/thinking/reasoning no matter what events we arrange to happen to you. Some of these events will seem cataclysmic/catastrophic/overwhelming: remember to stay aware, no matter what happens/apparently happens to you.
 * 6) You are in our training program for life: there is no escape from it. We (not you) control the long-term coincidences; you (not we) control the shorter-term coincidences by your own efforts.
 * 7) Your major mission on earth is to discover/create that which we do to control the long-term coincidence patterns: you are being trained on Earth to do this job.
 * 8) When your mission on planet Earth is completed, you will no longer be required to remain/return there.
 * 9) Remember the motto passed to us (from G.C.C. via S.S.C.U.): "Cosmic Love is absolutely Ruthless and Highly Indifferent: it teaches its lessons whether you like/dislike them or not."

Personal life
Lilly married Mary Crouch in 1936. In 1937, they had their first son, John Jr. Lilly. In 1943, they had their second son, Charles Lilly. In 1958, Lilly moved to the Virgin Islands.

In 1959, Lilly and Mary divorced but would remain friendly thereafter. During the same year (1959) Lilly married Elisabeth Bjerg whom he met on the islands. She was a divorced former fashion model and already had three children of her own. In 1960 the couple had Lilly's only biological daughter, Cynthia Olivia Roslyn. In May 1968, Lilly and Elisabeth separated, and they later divorced. Elisabeth left and took their children with her.

While still living in Los Angeles, Lilly met Antonietta (Toni) Lena in February 1971. Lena already had a daughter, Nina Carozza. Lilly and Lena formed a romantic as well as a spiritual relationship which later inspired the writing of their book The Dyadic Cyclone (1974). Lilly later described Lena as his "best friend, love, and wife." During the same year (1971) Lilly and his new family moved to Malibu, California, where they organized workshops with Lena. Lena died in 1986. Their daughter Nina Carozza Lilly continued living at Lilly's house in Malibu even after Lilly had moved out in 1992.

During the subsequent years, Lilly adopted two more daughters, including Lisa Lyon.

Lilly continued living in Malibu until 1992. In 1992 he moved to the Hawaiian island of Maui where he continued his research with dolphins and whales in the wild. From there he also continued travelling to and lecturing in Japan, Europe and the United States.

Death
Lilly died of heart failure at age 86 in Los Angeles on September 30, 2001. His remains were cremated.

Legacy
His literary rights and scientific discoveries were owned by Human Software, Inc., while his philanthropic endeavors were owned by the Human Dolphin Foundation. The John C. Lilly Research Institute, Inc. continues to research topics of interest to Lilly and carry on his legacy.

In popular culture
Lilly's work with dolphins and the development of the sensory deprivation tank have been referenced in movies, music and television productions. Dolphin Island: A Story of the People of the Sea is a 1963 novel by Arthur C. Clarke set in a strange and fascinating research community where a brilliant professor tries to communicate with dolphins. In the 1972 novel The Listeners, Lilly and the other scientists who were members of the Order of the Dolphin are mentioned as pioneers.

The 1967 French science fiction thriller Un animal doué de raison by Robert Merle (translated into English as The Day of the Dolphin in 1969) features a central character who is a government scientist with similar ideas to those of Lilly.

In the 1973 film based on the book, George C. Scott portrays a Lilly-esque scientist, known to the dolphins as "Pa," who succeeds in teaching a dolphin to speak elementary English.

The 1980 movie Altered States, based on Paddy Chayefsky's novel of the same name, features actor William Hurt regressing to a simian form by ingesting psychoactive substances and then experiencing the effects of prolonged occupation of a sensory deprivation chamber.

In 1985, Dale Peterson and early art game designer John O'Neill consulted Lilly for assistance in developing their Commodore 64 game The Dolphin's Pearl (later retitled as The Dolphin's Rune).

The video game Ecco the Dolphin (1992) also contains references to Lilly, including being named in reference to the Earth Coincidence Control Office.

American avant-garde musician Laurie Anderson released a spoken-word song about Lilly titled "John Lilly" on her 1995 album, The Ugly One with the Jewels.

In 2001, supergroup Oysterhead, created a song "Oz is Ever Floating" referencing the tanks of John C. Lilly.

On June 15, 2014, comedians Dave Anthony and Gareth Reynolds published an episode of their podcast The Dollop about Lilly, where they detail his life, research, and drug use.

In 2019, Lilly's research was featured in the sixth season of Drunk History in the episode entitled "Drugs".

Inventions
Besides the isolation tank, Lilly invented:

 * Micrometric measurement of the melting point of drugs (Micro-melting Point Device for Drugs, 1940)
 * Electric manometer (Electrical Capacitance Diaphragm Manometer, 1942)
 * Nitrogen meter (Nitrogen Meter, 1943)
 * Apparatus for measuring pressure variations (Variable Pressure and Mechanical Capacitor, 1947)
 * Apparatus for measuring respiratory flow (Respiratory Flow Meter, 1950)
 * Multi-Channel Electrical Imaging Apparatus (25 Channel Bavatron and Electro-Iconograms, 1950)

Books

 * [Reprinted 1962, Gollancz, ISBN 978-0-575-01054-3].
 * (at Internet Archive). [Reprinted 1987, Three Rivers Press/Julian Press, ISBN 978-0-517-52757-3].
 * (at Internet Archive). [Reprinted 1973, Bantam Books, ISBN 978-0-553-13349-3; 2001, Marion Boyars Publishers, ISBN 978-1-84230-004-6].
 * [Reprinted 1981, Warner Books, ISBN 978-0-446-33023-7; 2006, Gateways Books & Tapes, ISBN 978-0-89556-116-9].
 * [Reprinted 1981, Bantam Books, ISBN 978-0-553-12813-0].
 * [Reprinted 1981, Warner Books, ISBN 978-0-446-33023-7; 2006, Gateways Books & Tapes, ISBN 978-0-89556-116-9].
 * [Reprinted 1981, Bantam Books, ISBN 978-0-553-12813-0].
 * [Reprinted 1981, Bantam Books, ISBN 978-0-553-12813-0].
 * [Reprinted 1981, Bantam Books, ISBN 978-0-553-12813-0].

Co-authored

 * [Reprinted 1978, Paladin, ISBN 978-0-586-08276-8].
 * An authorized biography.

title: John C. Lilly