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Billy Carter

William Alton Carter (March 29, 1937 – September 25, 1988) was an American farmer, businessman, brewer, and politician. The younger brother of U.S. President Jimmy Carter, he promoted Billy Beer and Peanut Lolita; and he was a candidate for mayor of Plains, Georgia.

Early life
William Alton "Billy" Carter was the fourth and youngest child of Lillian and James Earl Carter. He attended Emory University, served in the United States Marine Corps, and later worked in the Carter family's peanut business.

1970s and later
In 1970, Billy Carter was managing partner and 15% owner of the Carter family's peanut business. By 1976, Billy had increased revenues to $5 million per year.

In 1972, Carter purchased a gas and service station in Plains. He owned and operated it for most of the decade. At its peak he sold 2,000 cases of beer a month and more than 40,000 gallons of gas. In 2009, the station became the Billy Carter Service Station Museum, via the University of Georgia.

Carter ran for mayor of Plains in 1976 but lost the election, 97 to 71 votes, to A.L. Blanton, an Albany airport air traffic controller.

In the 1970s, Billy Carter was the official spokesperson for Peanut Lolita liqueur.

In 1977, although a Pabst Blue Ribbon drinker, he endorsed Billy Beer, introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company, who wished to capitalize upon his colorful image as a beer-drinking Southern good ol' boy. Billy Carter's name was occasionally used as a gag answer for a Washington, D.C. trouble-maker on 1970s episodes of Match Game. He was known for his outlandish public behavior; he once urinated on an airport runway in full view of the press and dignitaries. By 1979, he drank half a gallon of vodka and whiskey a day. In February 1979, Carter was admitted to seven weeks of rehabilitation at the Long Beach, California Navy Hospital alcohol treatment facility. He later became sober and reportedly extended support to other addicts in their own recovery.

Relationship with Libya
In late 1978 and early 1979, Billy Carter visited Libya three times with a contingent from Georgia. He eventually registered as a foreign agent of the Libyan government and received a $220,000 loan of which, The New York Times speculated, only $1,000 was repaid. However, Edwin P. Wilson claimed he had seen a telegram showing that Libya paid Billy Carter $2 million. This led to a Senate hearing on alleged influence peddling which the press named Billygate. A Senate sub-committee was called To Investigate Activities of Individuals Representing Interests of Foreign Governments (Billy Carter—Libya Investigation). "'I am deeply concerned that Billy has received funds from Libya and that he may be under obligation to Libya. These facts will govern my relationship with Billy as long as I am president. Billy has had no influence on U.S. policy or actions concerning Libya in the past, and he will have no influence in the future.'"

Home sales
In 1981, he was forced to sell his Plains properties to pay taxes and debts and moved to Haleyville, Alabama where he worked in sales for Tidwell Industries. In 1985, he became Vice President of Scott Housing Systems.

After Billy died, his wife Sybil opened a cafe.

Death
Carter was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the fall of 1987 and received unsuccessful treatments for the disease. He died in Plains the following year at age 51, five years after the death of his sister, Ruth Carter Stapleton, who also died of pancreatic cancer at age 54. Their father, James Earl Carter Sr., also died of the disease at the age of 58.

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Talk:Platte River

Untitled
This page could use a map. -- ESP 03:19 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Note**  In the first paragraph this is very confusing to the reader to the direction of the river.  It is not until the second paragraph that this statement is corrected.  Please clarify this sentence**

I've moved the alt name Nebraska River down a bit in the introduction. I don't think it's appropriate to use Plate River (or Nebraska River) form since it makes it seem like the title is an alternate name. Definitely no one calls it by the name anymore. It is definitely a historical footnote at this point and not an accepted modern alternate. -- Decumanus | Talk 00:05, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"... This is also why many or most of Nebraska’s larger more bigger, exciting, dumb situated cities are located on or near the Platte River such as Omaha, Lincoln, Kearney, Grand Island, and North Platte. ..." Lincoln is not on the Platte River it is on Salt Creek and its early develop was from the salt flats and not water based. --Boris58 (talk) 17:50, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Native Peoples The artice mentions the Platte supporting colonisation. What about the role it played with natives, prior and during that era?

"...who named it the Nebraskier, an Oto word meaning "flat water"..." I wonder if that is the whole meaning in Oto, in UmoNhoN the word is Nibthaska is a compound word of ni (water) and bthaska (make or made flat with pressure). Given the geology of the Platte River basin calling the basin a place that has been pressed flat by water seems more appropriate than calling the river or the state flat water. --Boris58 (talk) 18:04, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

The only source I have immediately to hand is 'Centennial'! --TresRoque 11:39, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

I've excised the sentence-- "There are also many reservoirs along the Platte River used to supply water for farming irrigation such as Swanson Reservoir, Lake McConaughy, and Plum Creek Reservoir." Swanson Reservoir is on the Republican River; Plum Creek Reservoir is in Pawnee County. Neither of these is in the Platte watershed at all. --Ammodramus (talk) 17:48, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

Policy This section needs a lot more explanation: it'd be very unclear to someone who wasn't familiar with the issues already. It probably needs updating as well, judging by the reference to the first reading of LB962 (which passed in 2004). --Ammodramus (talk) 18:59, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

I've excised the paragraph: "The Platte River is a braided stream that spans from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to the Missouri River. It then pours into the Missouri River which leads into the Mississippi River and then into the Gulf of Mexico." All of this information is duplicated in the next section. --Ammodramus (talk) 22:56, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

I would suggest that the following passage in the second paragraph could be misleading: "Both of these arise from snowmelt in the eastern Rockies near the Continental Divide: the South Platte in Colorado, the North Platte in Wyoming." Although snow melt from the Rockies in Wyoming certainly contribute to the flow of the North Platte, the headwaters of the North Platte are in Colorado's North Park. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.19.220.203 (talk) 17:11, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Platte River Cooperative Hydrology Study
The article needs to be updated because "As of October 2009, the study is still ongoing" is more the 7 years ago and the links to the study internet site is broken. אביהו (talk) 11:27, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Platte River


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Clark University

Clark University is a private research university in Worcester, Massachusetts. Founded in 1887 with a large endowment from its namesake Jonas Gilman Clark, a prominent businessman, Clark was one of the first modern research universities in the United States. Originally an all-graduate institution, Clark's first undergraduates entered in 1902 and women were first enrolled in 1942.

The university offers 46 majors, minors, and concentrations in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering and allows students to design specialized majors and engage in pre-professional programs. It is a member of the Higher Education Consortium of Central Massachusetts, which enables students to cross-register at other Worcester institutions including the Worcester Polytechnic Institute and the College of the Holy Cross.

Clark is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It was a founding member of the Association of American Universities, but departed in 1999. The university competes intercollegiately in 17 NCAA Division III varsity sports as the Clark Cougars and is a part of the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference. Clark faculty, alumni, and affiliates have included business executives and inventors of the wind chill factor, and the birth control pill.

Founding, Cornell University model, and early history
On January 17, 1887, successful American businessman Jonas Gilman Clark announced his intention to found and endow a university in the city of Worcester, filing a petition in the Massachusetts Legislature requesting a charter for Clark University. An Act of Incorporation was duly enacted by the legislature and signed by the governor on March 31 of that same year. Clark University was to incorporate the best features of universities in continental Europe and America, particularly Cornell University and Johns Hopkins.

Clark, who was a friend of Leland Stanford, was probably inspired by the plans for Stanford University (also inspired by Cornell University) and founded the university with an endowment of one million dollars, and later added another million dollars because he feared the university might someday face a lack of funds. Opening on October 2, 1889, Clark was the first all-graduate university in the United States, with departments in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and psychology.

G. Stanley Hall was appointed the first president of Clark University in 1888. He had been a professor of psychology and pedagogy at Johns Hopkins University, which had been founded just a few years prior and was quickly becoming a model of the modern research university. Hall spent seven months in Europe visiting other universities and recruiting faculty. He became the founder of the American Psychological Association and earned the first PhD in psychology in the United States at Harvard. Clark has played a prominent role in the development of psychology as a distinguished discipline in the United States ever since. Franz Boas, founder of American cultural anthropology and adviser for the first PhD in anthropology which was granted at Clark in 1891, taught at Clark from 1888 until 1892 when he resigned in a dispute with President Hall over academic freedom and joined the faculty of Columbia University. Albert A. Michelson, the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics, best known for his involvement in the Michelson–Morley experiment, which measured the speed of light, was a professor from 1889 to 1892 before becoming head of the physics department at the University of Chicago.

Jonas G. Clark died in 1900, leaving gifts to the university and campus library, but reserving half of his estate for the foundation of an undergraduate college. This had been strongly opposed by President Hall in years past, but Clark College opened in 1902, managed independently of Clark University. Clark College and Clark University had different presidents until Hall's retirement in 1920. Clark University began admitting women after Clark's death, and the first female PhD in psychology was awarded in 1908. Early PhD students in psychology were ethnically diverse, with several early graduates being Japanese. In 1920, Francis Sumner became the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology.

Clark University, along with Stanford and Johns Hopkins, was one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities, an organization of universities with the most prestigious profiles in research and graduate education, and was one of only three New England universities, along with Harvard and Yale, to be a founding member. Clark withdrew its membership in 1999, citing a conflict with its mission.

Clark Lectures

In order to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Clark's opening, President Hall invited a number of leading thinkers to the university. Among them was Sigmund Freud who, accompanied by Carl Jung, delivered his five famous "Clark Lectures" there over the course of five days in September 1909, introducing psychoanalysis to an American audience. This was Freud's only visit to the United States. Clark granted Freud an honorary degree, which hangs in the Sigmund Freud House in Vienna, Austria. It was one of the few official distinctions Freud received during his lifetime.

Later history
In the 1920s Robert Goddard, a pioneer of rocketry, considered one of the founders of space and missile technology, was chairman of the Physics Department. The Robert H. Goddard Library is named for him.

The Graduate School of Management (GSOM) was founded in 1982. In 1997, Clark announced the first PhD program in Holocaust Studies in the United States. This after the university convinced Debórah Dwork to leave Yale University and become Clark's first professor of Holocaust studies in the prior year.

2000s
The Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise was established in fall 2007 due to a founding gift from two Clark alumni, William '76 and Jane '75 Mosakowski.

U.S. Secretary of State and former senator and democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton spoke at Clark University on February 4, 2008, to an audience of approximately 3,500 in the Kneller Athletic Center.

In March 2009, Clark University convened a first-of-its-kind National Conference on Liberal Education and Effective Practice, co-sponsored by Clark's Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise and the Association of American Colleges and Universities.

In April 2009, then-President John Bassett denied Clark University Students for Palestinian Rights, a student group, permission to bring Norman Finkelstein to speak about the "Gaza Massacre" (2008–2009 Gaza War) because Finkelstein "would invite controversy and not dialogue or understanding". He also cited a conflict in scheduling regarding a conference on Holocaust and Genocide Studies presented by the university in the same month. However, following protests, which included a public protest in the center of campus, a petition campaign and outreach by alumni, students and faculty, Basset reversed his decision and allowed Finkelstein to speak on April 27, the last day of classes for the semester. Finkelstein spoke to around 400 students, faculty and community members in Atwood Hall.

In April 2010, Clark University received the largest gift in its 123-year history, a $14.2 million offering from the late head of Hanover Insurance, one of the nation's biggest property and casualty insurers. The gift from John Adam is intended to strengthen Clark's graduate programs in education, promote college-readiness among minority students and bolster its research profile related to urban education. This donation created the Adams Education Fund, which will enhance Clark's nationally recognized model for urban secondary education and reform, teacher-training, and community education partnerships.

On July 1, 2010, former provost David Angel became the ninth president of Clark, succeeding John Bassett, who went on to become president of Heritage University, located on the Yakama Indian Reservation in Toppenish, Washington.

Clark University has an ongoing renovation project that will cover several buildings. In the summer of 2010, overhauls occurred in Bullock and Wright Hall dormitories.

In summer 2012, Clark University underwent more renovations. The city of Worcester allowed the university to close Downing Street to unite the campus. The area was landscaped to become a pedestrian plaza. Johnson and Sanford halls were united to become the Johnson Sanford Center featuring new social, study, and multimedia spaces. The project included addition of an outdoor roof terrace and an elevator to all levels. The university has recently begun a project called LEEP to connect students and the world of academia to practical experience.

Summer 2016 saw the completion of a new Alumni and Student Engagement Center building, extending the campus across Main Street. The facility is a mixed-use building containing administrative offices, lecture halls, meeting rooms, and some retail space, and features a modern architectural look and a rooftop solar array.

In 2022, graduate students at the university organized as Clark University Graduate Workers United, a chapter of Teamsters Local 170. An NLRB-overseen election resulted in a 100–7 vote in favor of unionization, after which the union and university entered into negotiations. On October 3, 2022, the graduate workers' union began an indefinite strike over wages, benefits, and working conditions that continued until that Friday, October 7, when the union and the university announced a tentative agreement on a contract. On the following Wednesday, October 13, the union unanimously ratified the contract, which took effect immediately.

Campus
The campus is located on Main Street in the Main South neighborhood about 2 mi west of downtown Worcester and 40 mi west of Boston. The campus is compact, with most of the major buildings located within the space of a single city block.

The center of campus is known as the Green. The Green is a hub for student activity, and is where most Clarkies spend their time during the warm months. It is the location of Spree Day, the welcome back BBQ, several clubs' events and graduation. The buildings surrounding The Green include Atwood Hall, Jefferson Academic Center, Higgins University Center, Jonas Clark Hall, and the Goddard Library.

Administrative offices are housed in small buildings along Woodland Street, as is the president's house. The new Shaich Family Alumni and Student Engagement Center, named in honor of a $5 million gift from the family of alumnus Ron Shaich, is across Main Street and houses meeting spaces and offices.

Academic facilities
Jonas Clark Hall, built in 1887, was Clark University's first building. It occupies the center of campus and houses the economics, psychology and education departments. Located in the basement of Jonas Clark Hall is the university's cogeneration plant which allows the university to recycle waste heat from electrical generation into hot water, heat, and steam. It was updated in 2013 to a more efficient 2.0 kWh natural gas engine.

Estabrook Hall, located on Woodland Street, is the second oldest building on Clark's campus. Originally constructed as a dormitory, it now functions as the language center and the music center. The upper floors are primarily home to classrooms and offices for the Language, Literature, and Culture department, which includes Spanish, French, German, Latin, and Hebrew. The bottom floor and basement are practice rooms and music halls.

The Jefferson Academic Center houses various social science departments including Women's Studies, Geography, History, Geographical Information Sciences, Political Science, and Sociology.

Atwood Hall, attached to the Jefferson Academic Center, is the primary theater on campus and seats 658. Atwood Hall originally served as the chapel for the university, and in recent decades has been the scene for several notable concerts and speeches. The Grateful Dead (1967 and 1969), the Jimi Hendrix Experience (1968), Janis Joplin (1969), and Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band (1974) have all played here. A March 15, 1968, concert by the Jimi Hendrix Experience was professionally recorded and released in 1999 as Live at Clark University. In 1963, student D'Army Bailey invited Malcolm X to speak here. Noam Chomsky spoke here on the topic of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Arab Spring April 12, 2011. It was the first-ever lecture given on a Spree Day at Clark. On October 16, 2014, President Bill Clinton spoke in Atwood as a supporter of Martha Coakley's run for Governor of Massachusetts.

The Lasry Center for Bioscience (named for hedge fund manager Marc Lasry and his wife Cathy, both alumni) houses the biology department. It received a LEED Gold certification for its energy efficiency.

The Little Center is the alternate performing arts venue, with its largest room, the Michelson Theater seating 120.

The Academic Commons, also known as the AC, acts as a study area and lounge for the students, and incorporates a Sodexo coffeehouse named Jazzmans, a quiet study area, a computer room, and the Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprises. The Goddard Library is upstairs from the Academic Commons and houses more than 375,000 volumes.

Libraries
Clark University has 4 libraries.
 * The Goddard Library, the main library of the university
 * The Rose Library at the Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, which contains volumes concerning genocides
 * The Jeanne X. Kasperson Research Library, which focuses on environmental research
 * The Fuller Resource Library at the Traina Center for the Arts, with performing arts media in its collection

Athletic facilities
The Kneller Athletic Center houses the basketball courts, swimming pool, racquet ball courts, handball courts, and the James and Ada B. Bickman Fitness Center which was opened in 1995 and completely renovated in 2013. Major campus events, such as International Gala, the fall concert, and first year orientation are usually held in the Kneller as the basketball courts are the largest rooms on campus and can accommodate the entire student body. The Thomas M. '62 and Joan E. '60 Dolan Field House opened in May 2003 at which time the Russ Granger Athletic Fields and Corash Tennis Courts around it were reconfigured and renovated. The Boys and Girls Club Track and Field opened in October 2016.

Housing
Students entering Clark must live on campus for the first two years unless their primary address is within 25 mi of campus. The residence halls at Clark are organized by those who live there. The halls include the following breakdowns:
 * First Year Experience halls (Dana, Hughes, Bullock, and Wright)
 * Mixed Class halls (Johnson-Sanford Center)
 * Single Sex hall (Dodd—female and non-binary only)
 * Suite-style and Apartment-style halls (Maywood and Blackstone)

Clark owns apartments that, while outside of the main campus area, exclusively house Clark students.

The first Clark "residence halls" (Wright and Bullock) opened in 1959. Before that time, Estabrook Hall was the men's dormitory and small women's dorms stood in the current location of Little Center and Bullock Hall. Blackstone, the newest of the halls, opened in 2007.

As of fall 2007, gender blind/neutral housing is an option at Clark, meaning that students of different genders can room together.

Clark University released its Climate Action Plan December 15, 2009, detailing strategies for the university to reduce its carbon footprint while strengthening many of its existing sustainability practices. The plan sets two goals with respect to climate neutrality: First is an interim goal of reducing emissions to 20 percent below 2005-levels by 2015. The second goal is to achieve climate neutrality (net zero greenhouse gas emissions) by the year 2030.

Clark College
Clark College opened in 1902 as the fulfillment of founder Jonas Clark's desire for an undergraduate liberal arts college. The administration of Clark College and Clark University was formally united in 1920 and undergraduate programs continue today under the university.

School of Management
The School of Management (SOM), founded in 1982, is led by interim Dean David Jordan. The school offers a range of master's degrees as well as undergraduate courses in Management, Marketing, and Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Notable alumni of SOM include Libérat Mfumukeko, secretary-general of the East African Community and Matt Goldman, co-founder of the Blue Man Group.

Graduate School of Geography
The Graduate School of Geography (GSG), founded in 1921 by Wallace Walter Atwood and led by Director James McCarthy, offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. Under GSG is Clark Labs, founded in 1987, which developed the IDRISI GIS and image processing software and then the TerrSet geospatial monitoring and modeling software. Alumni of the school include Paul Siple, an Antarctic explorer and inventor of the wind chill factor who attended the school on the recommendation of Admiral Richard E. Byrd. Siple named the Clark Mountains in Antarctica after Clark and several of the peaks after Clark professors in the GSG.

School of Professional Studies
The School of Professional Studies (SPS) offers bachelor's degrees as well as a Master in Public Administration (MPA), Master of Science in Public Communication (MSPC), Master of Science in Information Technology (MSIT), Certificate in Community Human Services, and Certificate of Advanced Graduate Study (CAGS). Called the Evening College from its establishment in 1953 and then the College of Professional and Continuing Education (COPACE) from 1975 to 2016, the school is led by the vice provost for professional education and dean, John LaBrie. It has branch campuses in Łódź and Warsaw, Poland, with the University of Social Sciences and in Astrakhan, Russia with Astrakhan State University. There are also joint programs with Shandong University of Science and Technology and Hefei University of Technology. Alumni of SPS include Olta Xhaçka, Albanian Minister of Defense, and Keith R. Hall, former director of the National Reconnaissance Office.

Frances L. Hiatt School of Psychology
The Hiatt School of Psychology, led by Chair James Córdova, offers undergraduate and doctoral degrees. Notable alumni include Francis Sumner, the father of black psychology, and Arnold Gesell, noted child psychologist. The American Psychological Association was founded at Clark in 1892 by Clark's first president, psychologist G. Stanley Hall. It was also at Clark that mazes were first used to study rat behavior by psychology professor Edmund Sanford in his laboratory.

Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
The Carlson School of Chemistry offers undergraduate, master's, and doctoral degrees, including a 3/2 engineering program with Columbia University's Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science. The school is led by Chair Shuanghong Huo. What was then known as Clark's chemical laboratories was once directed by professor Charles A. Kraus, a noted chemist who was a consultant to the U.S. Chemical Warfare Service during World War I and the Manhattan Project during World War II. He also developed the anti-knock additive in gasoline.

Becker School of Design & Technology
Becker School of Design & Technology was founded in March 2021 after Becker College announced its closure at the end of the Spring 2021 semester. Becker School of Design & Technology offers a bachelor's degree in interactive media with multiple concentrations as well as a Design Your Own undergraduate major. A graduate MFA in interactive media is also offered. Clark University was ranked #7 by The Princeton Review in the Top 25 Game Design 2021.

Academics
Clark offers 32 undergraduate and 34 graduate majors. It offers 57 study abroad and away programs in 34 countries. Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2021 graduates, were Psychology (85), Economics (48), Political Science and Government (47), Business Administration and Management (43), and Biology/Biological Sciences (37).

Clark has 212 full-time faculty, representing a 10:1 student-faculty ratio. Ninety-four percent of Clark's faculty have doctoral or terminal degrees. Clark University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

In recent years, Clark has received widespread media coverage for its "Fifth-Year Free" program. Under Clark's BA/MA program with the fifth year free, undergraduates who maintain a B+ average are eligible for tuition-free enrollment in its one-year graduate programs, meaning that they can get a Master of Arts degree for the price of a bachelor's degree. Students apply to master's degree programs in their junior year, begin meeting requirements in their senior year and typically complete those requirements in the fifth year. Bachelor's degrees are granted en route to the master's degree.

For Fall 2023, Clark received 10,735 freshmen applications; 4,498 were admitted (41.9%). The average high school grade point average (GPA) of the enrolled freshmen was 3.68, while the middle 50% range of SAT scores was 1300-1440. The middle 50% range of the ACT Composite score was 29–33.

Rankings and recognition
Undergraduate admission to Clark is rated "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report.

Clark University was featured on Princeton Review's 2021 list of best value colleges in the United States and in 2020 it was ranked No.3 of the Top 20 Best Schools for Making an Impact in the United States.

Student body
As of fall 2019, Clark's student body comprised 2,349 undergraduates and 1,149 graduate and professional students. International students make up 11.5% of undergraduates. In addition, 21% of the undergraduate student body is classified as ALANA (Asian-, Latino-, African-, and Native-American) and 61% of undergraduates are female.

Residential life
The majority of the undergraduate student body, 66%, lives on campus. Clark requires undergraduates to do so for their first two years, with first-years being assigned housing based on their responses to a Housing Preferences Form. Once first-years have been assigned housing, a seniority system, whereby seniors have the first choice of spaces left, juniors have the second, and sophomores the third, ensures that seniors and juniors are usually able to live on campus if they wish to. Nonetheless, some choose to live in off-campus apartments in the immediate neighborhood of Clark, along with the graduate students outside the 1% that live on campus.

Student organizations
There are more than 130 student clubs and organizations at Clark. All these are headed by the Clark Undergraduate Student Council which disseminates more than $750,000 in budgets to the various clubs and their events.

Media and publications
The Scarlet is Clark University's student newspaper. It is published weekly and has four sections: News, Opinions, Living Arts, and Sports. Clark's literary magazine, Caesura, is published annually and features artwork, poetry, prose, essays, and creative non-fiction submitted by undergraduate and graduate students. STIR Magazine, Clark's life, culture, and style magazine was founded by Diana Levine as a student project in 2004. STIR began with a three-person staff and in black and white, and now has about 30 core students who contribute to its production in full color. The Scholarly Undergraduate Research Journal (SURJ) is Clark's student-run undergraduate research journal. It publishes undergraduate academic work and is intended to provide undergraduates with "experiences in the peer review and academic publication processes." Peer reviewers consist of undergraduate and graduate students, as well as faculty. The Freudian Slip, is a satire/humor publication founded in 2015. It publishes semi-weekly satirical articles about local and worldwide events. It is also the first university publication published exclusively online.

There is also a student-run internet radio station, Radio of Clark University (ROCU), with over 100 student DJs.

Events
Spree Day originated in 1903 to coincide with St. Patrick's Day. It is traditional to not tell first-year students about Spree Day. Instead, the Senior class awakens the first-years by running through the quads outside of the residence halls banging pots and pans.

While Spree Day is a day of recreation, Clark University also holds the Academic Spree Day annually during Spring semester. This academic event is when Clark undergraduates present their research and creative work.

Athletics
Clark University fields 17 NCAA Division III varsity teams which compete intercollegiately as the Clark Cougars in the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, and tennis; women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, crew, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, and volleyball.

The university also offers a variety of club and intramural sports such as soccer, ice hockey, ultimate frisbee, quidditch, volleyball and basketball. This contributes to Clark's 65 percent student participation rate in athletics.

Clark and the community
In 1985, the university engaged in a partnership with community groups and business organizations to revitalize Clark neighborhoods. Its efforts in the University Park Partnership program include refurbishing dilapidated or abandoned homes, reselling them to area residents, and subsidizing mortgages for new home buyers.

In 1997, Clark opened a secondary public school, the University Park Campus School (UPCS), that is also a professional development school for Clark's teacher education program. Because of its long hours and demanding curricula, UPCS has been lauded as a model for collaboration between a university and an urban district. Students are able to attend Clark University free of charge upon graduation, provided they meet certain residency and admissions requirements. In the May 16, 2005, issue of Newsweek, UPCS was named the 68th best high school in the nation. UPCS was featured in a page-one story entitled "Town-grown triumph: In poorest part of Worcester, Clark helps put children on path to college" of the November 22, 2007, edition of The Boston Globe.

The UPCS collaborative is one of several sponsored by Clark's Jacob Hiatt Center for Urban Education focused on urban teacher education and school reform.

Research
Clark has seven research institutes and centers.

The William and Jane Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise seeks to improve through the successful mobilization of use-inspired research the effectiveness of government and other institutions in addressing social concerns. The institute focuses on important social issues, including focal areas such as education reform, environmental sustainability, access to healthcare, human development, well-being and global change.

The George Perkins Marsh Institute conducts collaborative, interdisciplinary research on human-environment relationships and the human dimensions of global environmental change.

The Strassler Family Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies an interdisciplinary center, founded in 1998, which focuses on the causes and effects of Holocausts and Genocides around the world. It is housed in Lasry House, donated by investor Marc Lasry and his wife Cathy in honor of their fathers Irwin Cohen and Moise Lasry. Debórah Dwork is the founding director and also Rose Professor of Holocaust History at Clark.

The Jacob Hiatt Center for Urban Education develops models of urban schooling, teaching and teacher education through local partnership, in order to learn from these models and expand the knowledge-base of effective practice through research.

The Center for Risk and Security (CRS) at the George Perkins Marsh Institute conducts in-depth studies of homeland security issues using a risk-analysis perspective. The center's broad range of security issues includes: terrorism; disaster management; law and human rights; resource availability; and public health.

The Center for Technology, Environment and Development (CENTED), founded in 1987, is a center for the study of natural and technological hazards in the United States. Projects include theoretical work on hazard analysis, hazard taxonomies, vulnerability, environmental equity, corporate risk management, emergency planning and hazardous waste transportation.

Clark Labs is engaged in the research and development on geospatial technologies including the development of computer software and analytical techniques for GIS and remote sensing with an emphasis on monitoring and modeling earth system dynamics. Clark Labs continues to develop and distribute TerrSet (formerly IDRISI), a geographic information system (GIS) software package that is in use at more than 40,000 sites in over 180 countries worldwide. Its chief is Dr. J. Ronald Eastman, creator of IDRISI.

Notable people
The university's most famous alumnus was graduate student and professor Robert H. Goddard, a pioneering rocket scientist who conducted many experiments on campus. Clark's first president, G. Stanley Hall, founded the American Psychological Association in July 1892 at Clark. Grayson L. Kirk, a president of the Council on Foreign Relations during the Cold War and the president of Columbia University during the student protests of 1968 received his master's degree from the university, as did D'Army Bailey a prominent civil rights activist and the founder of the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee. Clark is also notable for being the site of Sigmund Freud's only lectures in the United States and for being the university where Chinese poet Xu Zhimo earned his BA.

In popular culture
Gus Van Sant's The Sea of Trees was filmed in part on Clark University's campus. Leading actor Matthew McConaughey's character, Arthur Brennan, is a physics professor and scenes were filmed in and around Clark's Sackler Sciences Center. Clark was also a shooting location for the thriller Black Car, an independent film about a law student out for revenge, with Clark as the law school. The novel Something for Nothing, a semi-comic take on the struggles of a professor new to academia written by economist Michael W. Klein, is set at the fictional "Kester College," which like Clark University has a large main building that legend says was designed so that it could be converted into a factory should the college fail. Klein began his teaching career at Clark. Burning Annie, an independent comedy, was written and produced by two Clark alumni and is a semi-autobiographical film based on the experiences of one at Clark. One of the main characters in Annie Baker's Pulitzer Prize-winning play The Flick, an African American movie usher named Avery, is a Clarkie with a full-ride to attend the university.

title: Clark University


text:
Sluagh

The Sluagh (, ; slúag; English: 'host, army, crowd'), or Sluagh na marbh ('host of the dead'), were the hosts of the unforgiven dead in Irish and Scottish folklore. In the words of British folklorist Lewis Spence, "In the Western Isles of Scotland the Sluagh, or fairy host, was regarded as composed of the souls of the dead flying through the air, and the feast of the dead at Hallowe'en was likewise the festival of the fairies." Usually taking a crescent form, similar to a flight of grey birds, they were said to be able to approach and pick up a person from any direction and then transport them far away through the air, from one island to another. Although they would sometimes rescue humans from dangerous rock clefts, they were generally portrayed as dangerous to mortals.

Etymology
The Scottish Gaelic name Slúagh stems from the Old Irish slúag (≈ slóg), meaning 'host, army; crowd, assembly'. Variant forms include slógh and sluag. It derives from the Proto-Celtic root *slougo- (cf. Gaul. catu-slougi 'troops of combat', Middle Welsh llu 'troop', Old Bret. -lu 'army'), whose original meaning may have been 'those serving the chief', by comparing with Balto-Slavic words that probably emerged from early linguistic contacts with Celtic speakers in Central-Eastern Europe: e.g. Lithuanian slaugà ('service, servitude'), or Old Church Slavonic sluga ('servant').

In popular culture
In the Legacy of Kain video game series, Sluagh are among the enemies that Raziel encounters in the Spectral Realm. They are scavenging, animalistic creatures that prey on souls and usually prefer to flee from Raziel unless cornered or in a group. Raziel can easily weaken them into a transparent state in which he can devour them to replenish his own health.

Within the VR motion ride Battle for Eire at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, the Sluagh are the minions of the evil villain Balor in the ride's story.

In the roleplay game Household by Two Little Mice the Slaughs are little peoples that lives in the Basement.

title: Sluagh


text:
Lorimar

Lorimar may refer to:

 * Lorimar Television, previously Lorimar Productions and later Lorimar Distribution, an American film and television production and marketing company from 1969 to 1986
 * Lorimar-Telepictures, formed in 1986 after the merger of Lorimar Television and Telepictures, purchased by Warner Bros. in 1988
 * The Lorimar Sports Network, an ad hoc sports broadcast syndication network owned by the Lorimar Television
 * Lorimar Studios, one of four former names of the Sony Pictures Studios, an American film and television studio lot when it was owned by Lorimar-Telepictures

title: Lorimar


text:
Talk:Abington School District v. Schempp

Markup Errors
The citations in several sections - such as Justice Brennan's concurrence - are in such a format that I'm unsure how to fix them. They look like law book references, but contain limited data and are showing through as if Justice Brennan was quoting someone from the future. 76.21.107.221 (talk) 22:45, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I changed the inline MLA citations to endnotes where they link to the full citation in the ill fittingly titled "further reading".  Were these the kinds of citations you were talking about?  They are a trick to edit at first, but this style works well for readers. Professor marginalia (talk) 23:51, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Author
My name is Cale Corbett. I am the author of the article. I maintain copyright and ownership of the material. It has been served at infidels.org [at this address Mateo SA 19:10, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)] since 1996 with my express permission. I would greatly appreciate it if the article were not mistakenly removed as a copyright violation.

Thank you,

Cale Corbett ccorbet2@mac.com

 * The thing is, Wikipedia articles are supposed to be public domain. If you want to maintain your copyright, I don't know that I'd classify removal as a mistake. Notice how heavily edited it's been already.—Calieber 19:09, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * No, they are not supposed to be public domain. They are supposed to be under the GNU/FDL. Andre Engels 11:43, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, by selecting Save page when editing the page, a contributor consents to release his or her contribution under the GFDL, no "supposed to" about it. This includes Mr. Corbett (assuming that he was actually the one who contributed the article)—when he pushed "Save page", he released his work under the GFDL. Since the GFDL is not exclusive, he separately controls the original copyright, but only to his original contribution. He can do what he wants to with that contribution, but he can't revoke his licensing of it under the GFDL. He also can't claim any copyright to the subsequent changes to his work by other editors on Wikipedia. — Mateo SA | talk 19:37, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

Is this a copyvio?
"Abington School District v. Schempp - this is an infidels.org essay. Probably one of the biased article I've seen so far and not a good example of a NPOV " - If this is true, wouldn't this be a copyvio? WhisperToMe 21:28, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Note statement at the top of this Talk page. The author has knowingly placed it here under the GNU FDL, and it has been edited accordingly, although there's still more work to be done. Noisy 22:34, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This is not an NPOV article, it shouldn't be here. It'd do better on a place like Kuro5hin!
Firstly, I notice that although the article does mention opponents of this case, it always mentions them in a negative light.

This article makes numerous assertions that need to be fixed.

For the middle part of this post, listing various paragraphs that need to be edited, see This is not an NPOV article, it shouldn't be here. It'd do better on a place like Kuro5hin!.

Look, I could go on (and I may edit this tomorrow), but it's getting late for me. I think I've proved that this article is really an essay written by an author with an axe to grind. It needs serious work!

Ta bu shi da yu 13:44, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Lawrence v. Texas
Contrast this with Lawrence v. Texas. What a difference! Noisy 18:09, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Wow!
What a difference a good editor makes! This is looking a lot better. Both User:Mateo SA and User:Soren9580 need to be congratulated on their efforts! - Ta bu shi da yu 06:43, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Query: what is POV about this article?
I notice the NPOV tag is back on it. Why? What's POV about it? - Ta bu shi da yu 02:24, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Soren9580 put the NPOV tag back. His explanation for the tag (included as a comment along with the template) was that "  ". Since his objection was limited to that section, I changed the NPOV to a  tag in the section "The decision" (I assume that was the section he meant). I don't really think that his comment was a sufficient explanation for the tag. I plan to remove the tag in a few days if no one objects. — Mateo SA | talk 02:28, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

Deleted POV paragraph
I deleted the following paragraph from the section "Subsequent history": The need for such an amendment is clear, say its proponents, citing as evidence the several hundred percent rise in incidents of campus crime, unwanted pregnancies, suicides, murder and lower aptitude test scores seen since the "banning of prayer and Bible reading" in the 1960s (Licciardello, 1994, p. 81). Critics of this view label it as "simplistic and ignorant of complex socio-economic realities" that have surfaced since the early 1960s (Boston, 1993, p. 228). I don't think we should rely on the claim of one extremely POV author to support such an extraordinary claim about crime, pregnancy, suicide, and murder rates. This paragraph should be left out until we find better support or a clearer explanation of what the sentence is talking about. — Mateo SA | talk 02:32, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

Questionable Deletion from The Decision == ==

This edit, which is recent (2005-11-10), but not the most recent, deletes two paragraphs without giving a reason. The IP address from which it was issued has been used to post obvious vandalism to other articles.

Could someone familiar with the subject please check whether the deletion is legitimate, and, if not, re-instate the deleted text. --David Woolley 17:25, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

"Secular purpose" and "primary effect"?
Weren't the tests of "secular purpose" and "primary effect" established in this case? I see no mention of them in the article. - Brian Kendig 21:30, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

What the heck is SCKITANOR?
Who put that on there? That's not even a real word, I googled it and no results came up. WHAT IS UP WITH THAT WORD!!!!!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Heero Kirashami (talk • contribs) 00:46, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Suggested reading ... Peter McWilliams?
Who suggested this book (Ain't Nobody's Business If You Do) as a follow-up to this article? I worked on this book with Peter and fail to see the relevance. Please come forward and explain or I will remove the entry. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ivyrabbit (talk • contribs) 07:57, 28 April 2010

 * This has been in the article for 6 years now - it was originally used to source a quote ("kicked God and prayer out of the schools") - the article was lifted virtually word for word from here (later re-edited due to copyright viol). The original editor probably didn't consult the book itself.  I've looked in the book and the quote isn't found on page 107.  The index suggests the topic of prayer in school was discussed on 410 but unfortunately the copy I have was printed without the pages 403-434 and I can't check for it there.  If you have a copy you might help look there.  It's not unlikely that the quote is there given the separation of church and state, religious right, and prayer in schools are issues touched on in the book.  But I've been unable to verify the quote either.  I'll make a note of this in the article to see if another editor can verify it there on another page than 107, but this article doesn't get much traffic and the note is likely to go unnoticed. It should be removed if it isn't verified to Ain't Nobody's Business If You Do within the next week or so.  Professor marginalia (talk) 15:57, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Ellery Schempp
What do people think about adding in some information on Ellery Schempp? Ellery was Edward's son and he still travels the country speaking about the case and his atheism to this day. It might make an interesting post script. Constitutional Scholar (talk) 22:24, 10 August 2012 (UTC)
 * There is a separate article, already linked. As this is peripheral to the legal case, it would be best not to duplicate content.Novangelis (talk) 02:41, 11 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Good point. Still, the whole family brought the lawsuit, not just Edward.  Edward is named first, his family (Sidney, Roger, and Donna) and the Murrays are the "et al" in the Sup Ct decision.  But all were plaintiffs.Constitutional Scholar (talk) 16:55, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Scientific instrument

A scientific instrument is a device or tool used for scientific purposes, including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research.

History
Historically, the definition of a scientific instrument has varied, based on usage, laws, and historical time period. Before the mid-nineteenth century such tools were referred to as "natural philosophical" or "philosophical" apparatus and instruments, and older tools from antiquity to the Middle Ages (such as the astrolabe and pendulum clock) defy a more modern definition of "a tool developed to investigate nature qualitatively or quantitatively." Scientific instruments were made by instrument makers living near a center of learning or research, such as a university or research laboratory. Instrument makers designed, constructed, and refined instruments for purposes, but if demand was sufficient, an instrument would go into production as a commercial product.

In a description of the use of the eudiometer by Jan Ingenhousz to show photosynthesis, a biographer observed, "The history of the use and evolution of this instrument helps to show that science is not just a theoretical endeavor but equally an activity grounded on an instrumental basis, which is a cocktail of instruments and techniques wrapped in a social setting within a community of practitioners. The eudiometer has been shown to be one of the elements in this mix that kept a whole community of researchers together, even while they were at odds about the significance and the proper use of the thing."

By World War II, the demand for improved analyses of wartime products such as medicines, fuels, and weaponized agents pushed instrumentation to new heights. Today, changes to instruments used in scientific endeavors — particularly analytical instruments — are occurring rapidly, with interconnections to computers and data management systems becoming increasingly necessary.

Scope
Scientific instruments vary greatly in size, shape, purpose, complication and complexity. They include relatively simple laboratory equipment like scales, rulers, chronometers, thermometers, etc. Other simple tools developed in the late 20th century or early 21st century are the Foldscope (an optical microscope), the SCALE(KAS Periodic Table), the MasSpec Pen (a pen that detects cancer), the glucose meter, etc. However, some scientific instruments can be quite large in size and significant in complexity, like particle colliders or radio-telescope antennas. Conversely, microscale and nanoscale technologies are advancing to the point where instrument sizes are shifting towards the tiny, including nanoscale surgical instruments, biological nanobots, and bioelectronics.

The digital era
Instruments are increasingly based upon integration with computers to improve and simplify control; enhance and extend instrumental functions, conditions, and parameter adjustments; and streamline data sampling, collection, resolution, analysis (both during and post-process), and storage and retrieval. Advanced instruments can be connected as a local area network (LAN) directly or via middleware and can be further integrated as part of an information management application such as a laboratory information management system (LIMS). Instrument connectivity can be furthered even more using internet of things (IoT) technologies, allowing for example laboratories separated by great distances to connect their instruments to a network that can be monitored from a workstation or mobile device elsewhere.

Examples of scientific instruments
• Accelerometer, physical, acceleration

• Ammeter, electrical, amperage, current

• Anemometer, wind speed

• Caliper, distance

• Calorimeter, heat

• DNA sequencer, molecular biology

• Dynamometer, torque/force

• Electrometer, electric charge, potential difference

• Electroscope, electric charge

• Electrostatic analyzer, kinetic energy of charged particles

• Ellipsometer, optical refractive indices

• Eudiometer, gas volume

• Gravimeter, gravity

• Hydrometer

• Inclinometer, slope

• Interferometer, optics, infrared light spectra

• Magnetic tweezers, biomolecular manipulation

• Magnetograph, magnetic field

• Magnetometer, magnetic flux

• Manometer, air pressure

• Mass spectrometer, compound identification/characterization

• Micrometer, distance

• Microscope, optical magnification

• NMR spectrometer, chemical compound identification, medical diagnostic imaging

• Ohmmeter, electrical resistance/impedance

• Optical tweezers, nanoscale manipulation

• Oscilloscope, electric signal voltage, amplitude, wavelength, frequency, waveform shape/pattern

• Seismometer, acceleration

• Spectrogram, sound frequency, wavelength, amplitude

• Spectrometer, light frequency, wavelength, amplitude

• Telescope, light magnification (astronomy)

• Thermometer, temperature measurement

• Theodolite, angles, surveying

• Thermocouple, temperature

• Voltmeter, voltage

List of scientific instruments manufacturers
• 454 Life Sciences, United States of America

• ADInstruments, New Zealand

• Agilent Technologies, United States of America

• Anton Paar, Austria

• A. Reyrolle & Company

• Beckman Coulter, United States of America

• Bruker, United States of America

• Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, United Kingdom

• Elementar, Germany

• First Light Imaging, France

• Horiba, Japan

• JEOL, Japan

• LECO Corporation, United States of America

• Markes International, United Kingdom

• Malvern Instruments, United Kingdom

• McPherson Inc, United States of America

• Mettler Toledo, Switzerland / United States of America

• MTS Systems Corporation, US, mechanical

• Novacam Technologies, Canada

• Oxford Instruments, United Kingdom

• Pall Corp., United States of America

• PerkinElmer, United States of America

• Polymer Char, Spain

• Shimadzu Corp., Japan

• Techtron, Melbourne, Australia

• Thermo Fisher Scientific, United States of America

• Waters Corporation, United States of America

List of scientific instruments designers

 * Jones, William
 * Kipp, Petrus Jacobus
 * Le Bon, Gustave
 * Roelofs, Arjen
 * Schöner, Johannes
 * Von Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich

Museums

 * Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments (CHSI)
 * Boerhaave Museum
 * Chemical Heritage Foundation
 * Deutsches Museum
 * Royal Victoria Gallery for the Encouragement of Practical Science
 * Whipple Museum of the History of Science

Historiography

 * Paul Bunge Prize

Types of scientific instruments

 * Optical instrument
 * Electronic test equipment

title: Scientific instrument


text:
Lorimar Television

Lorimar Productions, Inc., later known as Lorimar Television and Lorimar Distribution, was an American production company that was later a subsidiary of Warner Bros., active from 1969 until 1993, when it was folded into Warner Bros. Television (which is currently known as Warner Bros. Television Studios). It was founded by Irwin Molasky, Merv Adelson, and Lee Rich. The company's name was a portmanteau of the name of Adelson's then wife, Lori, and Palomar Airport.

Early years and merger with Telepictures (1969–86)
In the late 1960s, Lorimar Productions was founded with the aid of a bank loan of $185,000 from Adelson. Prior to Lorimar, Rich had an established reputation first as an advertising executive at Benton & Bowles, then as a television producer, co-producing (with Walter Mirisch) successful series such as The Rat Patrol.

Lorimar initially produced made-for-television movies for the ABC Movie of the Week. Rich bought the script to an adaptation of Earl Hamner Jr.'s novel The Homecoming and subsequently sold the rights to CBS. The Homecoming: A Christmas Story, airing during the 1971 holiday season, was a ratings success, and served as the pilot for Lorimar's first major hit, The Waltons, which premiered in 1972. Throughout the 1970s, Lorimar produced a number of hit shows, including Eight Is Enough; of these, the most popular by far was Dallas.

Lorimar's operations gradually expanded, first with a syndication unit. In late 1978, Lorimar Productions and United Artists entered into a partnership; UA distributed Lorimar-produced films, while Lorimar sought to adapt UA properties into television series. However, nothing would come of the latter, and UA's distribution deal with Lorimar ended in 1980. In 1980, Lorimar purchased the Allied Artists Pictures Corporation library.

In the 1984–85 season, three of the top 10 shows in the United States were produced by Lorimar; Dallas, Knots Landing, and Falcon Crest. In the mid-1980s, Lorimar's output swung toward family-friendly sitcoms; among these were The Hogan Family (initially titled Valerie), Perfect Strangers, and Full House, which were produced by Miller-Boyett Productions. 1985 saw a concerted effort to expand into the lucrative field of first-run syndication with the acquisition of Syndivision, whose rights include syndication of The Greatest American Hero and It's a Living, with ultimately-aborted plans to tape new episodes of the CBS game show Press Your Luck.

In October 1985, Lorimar, as part of their first-run syndication expansion, announced it would merge with television syndication firm Telepictures, becoming Lorimar-Telepictures. That same year Lorimar announced their intention to buy a 15% share in the then-financially troubled Warner Communications. On February 19, 1986, the Lorimar-Telepictures merger was completed and the company started trading on the New York Stock Exchange as "LT". In 1986 they purchased the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio lot in Culver City, as well as the Metrocolor laboratory from Ted Turner. L-T turned around and sold off the Metrocolor facility to Technicolor for $60 million. Around that same year, Rich left the company and moved to MGM.

Purchase by Warner Communications and merger with Warner Bros. Television (1987–93)
In 1987, Lorimar-Telepictures's production arm became Lorimar Television and the L-T distribution business was rebranded as Lorimar Syndication. This was part of a strategy where the Lorimar name would be used as an operating name for all of L-T's business units. Plans were announced for a TV series based on TV Guide magazine, but these plans did not come to fruition (TV Guide would come to television in 1999, when the Prevue Channel was rebranded as the TV Guide Channel).

In June 1988, Lorimar was purchased by Warner Communications, which in 1990 merged with Time Inc. to form Time Warner. Lorimar's distribution business was folded into Warner Bros. Television Distribution and became Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution; since then, the Telepictures name has been resurrected as both a production company (circa 1990), and once again as a syndication company (1995).

The former MGM studio lot was sold to Sony to house Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, and Sony's other operations towards the end of 1989 with the facilities renamed as Columbia Studios (now Sony Pictures Studios) at the beginning of 1990. In 1990, David Salzman left Lorimar to start Millennium Productions, an independent production company allied with WB. In 1991, after Orion Pictures shut down its television unit, Gary Nardino moved to Lorimar, taking some Orion-produced shows and talent deals (Thomas Carter, Robert Townsend, Paul Stojanovich, Clifton Campbell and Deborah Joy LeVine) with them. In 1992, Barbara Corday, former CBS executive, struck a deal with the studio.

Lorimar continued as a production company until September 1993, when it was eventually folded into Warner Bros. Television, primarily for economic reasons. The last series to premiere under the Lorimar name was Time Trax, as part of the Prime Time Entertainment Network programming block. Several shows slated to be Lorimar productions, such as Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, Living Single, It Had to Be You, Café Americain, The Trouble with Larry and Family Album ended up being produced by Warner Bros.

Les Moonves, who would later become the chairman and CEO of CBS Corporation, was the president and CEO of Lorimar Television from 1990 to 1993. Moonves then became the chairman of Warner Bros. Television after the merger with Lorimar.

Additionally, Lorimar owned key components of the film library of the defunct Allied Artists film studio (originally Monogram Pictures), which includes Cabaret and Papillon; these, too, are now owned by Warner. After the merger with Telepictures, they also took possession of the Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment animation house, along with the post-1973 library of that company, including its entry into the 1980s animation market, ThunderCats, which ran until 1989; a Warner Bros. Animation-produced revival show aired on Cartoon Network for one season in 2011.

Theatrical films
Lorimar was not restricted to producing television programs. They also sporadically produced theatrical motion pictures, most of which were originally distributed by other studios; these were produced under the banner of Lorimar Motion Pictures (or sometimes Lorimar Pictures). Lorimar's entrance into feature films was predominantly sanctioned by Adelson; Rich was vehemently against it. This asset was among the many factors that led to Rich's exit from the studio in 1986.

Lorimar ended their original distribution pact with United Artists in 1980, soon after purchasing the Allied Artists library, due mainly to dissatisfaction with UA's scattershot marketing of Lorimar productions. Subsequently, much of Lorimar's film output was distributed by either Universal or Paramount domestically. By late 1984, the entire unit began to ramp up operations, including a deal with Sidney Lumet to develop feature films. In 1985, it entered into a partnership with Producers Sales Organization, handling worldwide sales, and 20th Century Fox, which took over North American distribution rights to many of its theatrical films. By 1986, Lorimar Motion Pictures had signed international distribution agreements with a joint venture of TCF and The Walt Disney Company called U.K. Film Distributors in the United Kingdom, France's UGC and German's Neue Constantin Film, along with Toho-Towa in Japan.

In January 1987, the film unit was renamed Lorimar Film Entertainment to coincide with its newly formed in-house distribution unit; this superseded the previous deal with Fox. That year, New Century/Vista Film Co., a joint venture of The Vista Organization and New Century Entertainment, struck a deal with Lorimar for international distribution. Several Vista productions were distributed by Lorimar, including Rented Lips, Pass the Ammo and Fright Night Part II. Lorimar also acquired international theatrical and other ancillary rights to Return of the Living Dead Part II.

In May 1987, Craig Bamgaurten, who had been with Lorimar Motion Pictures since 1984, announced that he would resign his post as president in December, and Peter Chernin took over as president of Lorimar Film Entertainment.

In 1988, following the announcement of L-T's merger with Warner Communications, Lorimar struck a new distribution deal with Warner Bros. This deal effectively ended Lorimar's in-house distribution wing; under Warner, Lorimar continued to make theatrical films until 1990. The theatrical film library of Lorimar was subsequently folded into Warner Bros. Pictures.

Warner Bros. now owns most of Lorimar's catalogue, though a few films remained with their original distributors.

Home video
In 1984, Lorimar purchased Karl Video Corporation (KVC), also known as Karl Home Video, which was named after its founder, Stuart Karl (1953–1991). KVC, which was best known for producing the bestselling Jane Fonda's Workout exercise videos, was renamed Karl-Lorimar Home Video after the acquisition. However, Lorimar continued to license library product (primarily Allied Artists titles) to CBS/Fox Video (as well as sub-labels Key Video and Playhouse Video) for some time.

After the Lorimar buyout, Karl-Lorimar began to expand, first with a deal to distribute movies from Lorimar Motion Pictures. Third-party distribution deals were struck with VCL Communications and De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, while laying groundwork for international expansion that saw Lorimar titles released in the UK through Guild Home Video and The Video Collection (the latter company handling children's titles, including titles from the Scholastic-Lorimar Home Video venture).

In late 1986, a new broadcast-style home video branding, "KLV-TV" (advertised as being "Your Personal Network") was introduced. Other areas of growth included Karl-Lorimar's distribution of the Shades of Love direct-to-video romance series (in cooperation with Canada's Astral Film Enterprises) and Jazzvisions, featuring jazz concerts from Herbie Hancock, Antonio Carlos Jobim, John Scofield, George Duke, Tito Puente and Etta James, as well as a big-band jazz production of Porgy and Bess.

By early 1987, while the company's expansion (including a deal with international film distributor Cinecom Entertainment Group) continued, the relationship between Lorimar and Karl had turned sour, primarily thanks to the division racking up financial losses from failed experiments; as a result, Karl resigned in March 1987 due to violating the company's ethical guidelines. Karl-Lorimar continued to exist under the name Lorimar Home Video, with a new push intended for Lorimar theatrical releases; however, this wouldn't last long, as Lorimar Home Video closed in 1988 following the Warner merger, and was folded into Warner Bros. Home Entertainment.

In Australia, Lorimar joined a venture with Village Roadshow to create Roadshow Lorimar Home Video, which distributed movie titles by Lorimar Motion Pictures in that country.

Record label
In 1979, Lorimar formed Lorimar Records, whose first release was the soundtrack to the film The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh. The label would have very few artists signed to it. It was mainly distributed by Columbia Records, but it was also distributed for one album from The Coyote Sisters by Motown via the Morocco subsidiary. Lorimar Records' final release was the soundtrack to Action Jackson (1988), which in that case was distributed by Atlantic Records.

Advertising
Lorimar also expanded into advertising during the 1980s; it first acquired Kenyon & Eckhardt, an advertising agency, in 1983. It then acquired Bozell Jacobs in 1985, and merged it with Kenyon to form Bozell, Jacobs, Kenyon & Eckhardt. The firm was renamed to Bozell Worldwide in 1992.

TV productions
Lorimar's TV productions included: • The Good Life (with Screen Gems, 1971–1972)

• The Waltons (1972–1981)

• Doc Elliot (1973-1974)

• Apple's Way (1974–1975)

• The Runaways (TV film, 1975)

• Sybil (TV film, 1976)

• Helter Skelter (TV miniseries, 1976)

• Eight Is Enough (1977–1981)

• Killer on Board (TV film, 1977)

• Dallas (1978–1991)

• A Question of Guilt (TV film, 1978)

• Kaz (1978–1979)

• The Waverly Wonders (1978)

• Knots Landing (1979–1993)

• Skag (1980)

• Flamingo Road (1980–1982)

• Falcon Crest (1981–1990)

• King's Crossing (1982)

• Boone (1983)

• Just Our Luck (1983)

• Dream House (November 1983-June 1984; Group W Productions produced from April to November 1983)

• Lace  (1984)

• Hunter (1984–1991, distribution only until 1988)

• Christopher Columbus (TV miniseries, 1985)

• ThunderCats (1985–1989)

• Gulag (1985; co-produced by HBO)

• SilverHawks (1986)

• Act of Vengeance (1986; co-produced by HBO)

• Love Connection (1986–1993; co-produced by Lorimar Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television, 1989–1993)

• Mama's Family (1986–1990 version, 1986–1989 distribution only)

• ALF (1986–1990)

• Valerie/The Hogan Family (1986–1991)

• Perfect Strangers (1986–1993)

• The People's Court (1986–1989; distributed by Warner Bros. Television 1989–1993)

• Our House (1986–1988)

• Better Days (1986)

• She's the Sheriff (1987)

• The Comic Strip (1987)

• Max Headroom (1987)

• Full House (1987–1993)

• Spies (1987)

• Gumby (1988)

• Midnight Caller (1988–1991)

• Aaron's Way (1988)

• Paradise (1988–1991)

• Freddy's Nightmares (1988–1990)

• Studio 5-B (1989)

• Nearly Departed (1989)

• I Know My First Name Is Steven (1989)

• The People Next Door (1989)

• Island Son (1989–1990)

• Family Matters (1989–1993)

• The Family Man (1990–1991)

• Gabriel's Fire (1990–1991)

• Stephen King's It (TV mini-series, 1990)

• D.E.A. (1990)

• Going Places (1990–1991)

• Doublecrossed (1991; co-production with HBO)

• Dark Justice (1991–1993)

• Reasonable Doubts (1991–1993)

• Sisters (1991–1993)

• Homefront (1991–1993)

• I'll Fly Away (1991–1993)

• Step by Step (1991–1993)

• O Pioneers! (TV film, 1992)

• Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures (1992)

• To Grandmother's House We Go (TV film, 1992)

• Hangin' with Mr. Cooper (1992–1993)

• The Jackie Thomas Show (1992–1993)

• Time Trax (1993)

• Getting By (1993)

• It Had to Be You (1993)

• Island City (TV film, 1994)

Theatrical feature films
Most of Lorimar's film and television library, with several exceptions, is now owned by Warner Bros. Several of Lorimar's films are still owned by their original distributors or third parties, which are marked with an asterisk (*).

title: Lorimar Television


text:
Distributed control system

A distributed control system (DCS) is a computerized control system for a process or plant usually with many control loops, in which autonomous controllers are distributed throughout the system, but there is no central operator supervisory control. This is in contrast to systems that use centralized controllers; either discrete controllers located at a central control room or within a central computer. The DCS concept increases reliability and reduces installation costs by localizing control functions near the process plant, with remote monitoring and supervision.

Distributed control systems first emerged in large, high value, safety critical process industries, and were attractive because the DCS manufacturer would supply both the local control level and central supervisory equipment as an integrated package, thus reducing design integration risk. Today the functionality of Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and DCS systems are very similar, but DCS tends to be used on large continuous process plants where high reliability and security is important, and the control room is not geographically remote. Many machine control systems exhibit similar properties as plant and process control systems do.

Structure
The key attribute of a DCS is its reliability due to the distribution of the control processing around nodes in the system. This mitigates a single processor failure. If a processor fails, it will only affect one section of the plant process, as opposed to a failure of a central computer which would affect the whole process. This distribution of computing power local to the field Input/Output (I/O) connection racks also ensures fast controller processing times by removing possible network and central processing delays.

The accompanying diagram is a general model which shows functional manufacturing levels using computerised control.

Referring to the diagram;

 * Level 0 contains the field devices such as flow and temperature sensors, and final control elements, such as control valves
 * Level 1 contains the industrialised Input/Output (I/O) modules, and their associated distributed electronic processors.
 * Level 2 contains the supervisory computers, which collect information from processor nodes on the system, and provide the operator control screens.
 * Level 3 is the production control level, which does not directly control the process, but is concerned with monitoring production and monitoring targets
 * Level 4 is the production scheduling level.

Levels 1 and 2 are the functional levels of a traditional DCS, in which all equipment are part of an integrated system from a single manufacturer.

Levels 3 and 4 are not strictly process control in the traditional sense, but where production control and scheduling takes place.

Technical points
The processor nodes and operator graphical displays are connected over proprietary or industry standard networks, and network reliability is increased by dual redundancy cabling over diverse routes. This distributed topology also reduces the amount of field cabling by siting the I/O modules and their associated processors close to the process plant.

The processors receive information from input modules, process the information and decide control actions to be signalled by the output modules. The field inputs and outputs can be analog signals e.g. 4–20 mA DC current loop or two-state signals that switch either "on" or "off", such as relay contacts or a semiconductor switch.

DCSs are connected to sensors and actuators and use setpoint control to control the flow of material through the plant. A typical application is a PID controller fed by a flow meter and using a control valve as the final control element. The DCS sends the setpoint required by the process to the controller which instructs a valve to operate so that the process reaches and stays at the desired setpoint. (see 4–20 mA schematic for example).

Large oil refineries and chemical plants have several thousand I/O points and employ very large DCS. Processes are not limited to fluidic flow through pipes, however, and can also include things like paper machines and their associated quality controls, variable speed drives and motor control centers, cement kilns, mining operations, ore processing facilities, and many others.

DCSs in very high reliability applications can have dual redundant processors with "hot" switch over on fault, to enhance the reliability of the control system.

Although 4–20 mA has been the main field signalling standard, modern DCS systems can also support fieldbus digital protocols, such as Foundation Fieldbus, profibus, HART, modbus, PC Link, etc.

Modern DCSs also support neural networks and fuzzy logic applications. Recent research focuses on the synthesis of optimal distributed controllers, which optimizes a certain H-infinity or the H 2 control criterion.

Typical applications
Distributed control systems (DCS) are dedicated systems used in manufacturing processes that are continuous or batch-oriented.

Processes where a DCS might be used include:

 * Chemical plants
 * Petrochemical (oil) and refineries
 * Pulp and paper mills (see also: quality control system QCS)
 * Boiler controls and power plant systems
 * Nuclear power plants
 * Environmental control systems
 * Water management systems
 * Water treatment plants
 * Sewage treatment plants
 * Food and food processing
 * Agrochemical and fertilizer
 * Metal and mines
 * Automobile manufacturing
 * Metallurgical process plants
 * Pharmaceutical manufacturing
 * Sugar refining plants
 * Agriculture applications

Evolution of process control operations
Process control of large industrial plants has evolved through many stages. Initially, control would be from panels local to the process plant. However this required a large amount of human oversight to attend to these dispersed panels, and there was no overall view of the process. The next logical development was the transmission of all plant measurements to a permanently-staffed central control room. Effectively this was the centralisation of all the localised panels, with the advantages of lower manning levels and easier overview of the process. Often the controllers were behind the control room panels, and all automatic and manual control outputs were transmitted back to plant. However, whilst providing a central control focus, this arrangement was inflexible as each control loop had its own controller hardware, and continual operator movement within the control room was required to view different parts of the process.

With the coming of electronic processors and graphic displays it became possible to replace these discrete controllers with computer-based algorithms, hosted on a network of input/output racks with their own control processors. These could be distributed around plant, and communicate with the graphic display in the control room or rooms. The distributed control system was born.

The introduction of DCSs allowed easy interconnection and re-configuration of plant controls such as cascaded loops and interlocks, and easy interfacing with other production computer systems. It enabled sophisticated alarm handling, introduced automatic event logging, removed the need for physical records such as chart recorders, allowed the control racks to be networked and thereby located locally to plant to reduce cabling runs, and provided high level overviews of plant status and production levels.

Origins
Early minicomputers were used in the control of industrial processes since the beginning of the 1960s. The IBM 1800, for example, was an early computer that had input/output hardware to gather process signals in a plant for conversion from field contact levels (for digital points) and analog signals to the digital domain.

The first industrial control computer system was built 1959 at the Texaco Port Arthur, Texas, refinery with an RW-300 of the Ramo-Wooldridge Company.

In 1975, both Yamatake-Honeywell and Japanese electrical engineering firm Yokogawa introduced their own independently produced DCS's - TDC 2000 and CENTUM systems, respectively. US-based Bristol also introduced their UCS 3000 universal controller in 1975. In 1978 Valmet introduced their own DCS system called Damatic (latest generation named Valmet DNA ). In 1980, Bailey (now part of ABB ) introduced the NETWORK 90 system, Fisher Controls (now part of Emerson Electric) introduced the PROVoX system, Fischer & Porter Company (now also part of ABB ) introduced DCI-4000 (DCI stands for Distributed Control Instrumentation).

The DCS largely came about due to the increased availability of microcomputers and the proliferation of microprocessors in the world of process control. Computers had already been applied to process automation for some time in the form of both direct digital control (DDC) and setpoint control. In the early 1970s Taylor Instrument Company, (now part of ABB) developed the 1010 system, Foxboro the FOX1 system, Fisher Controls the DC2 system and Bailey Controls the 1055 systems. All of these were DDC applications implemented within minicomputers (DEC PDP-11, Varian Data Machines, MODCOMP etc.) and connected to proprietary Input/Output hardware. Sophisticated (for the time) continuous as well as batch control was implemented in this way. A more conservative approach was setpoint control, where process computers supervised clusters of analog process controllers. A workstation provided visibility into the process using text and crude character graphics. Availability of a fully functional graphical user interface was a way away.

Development
Central to the DCS model was the inclusion of control function blocks. Function blocks evolved from early, more primitive DDC concepts of "Table Driven" software. One of the first embodiments of object-oriented software, function blocks were self-contained "blocks" of code that emulated analog hardware control components and performed tasks that were essential to process control, such as execution of PID algorithms. Function blocks continue to endure as the predominant method of control for DCS suppliers, and are supported by key technologies such as Foundation Fieldbus today.

Midac Systems, of Sydney, Australia, developed an objected-oriented distributed direct digital control system in 1982. The central system ran 11 microprocessors sharing tasks and common memory and connected to a serial communication network of distributed controllers each running two Z80s. The system was installed at the University of Melbourne.

Digital communication between distributed controllers, workstations and other computing elements (peer to peer access) was one of the primary advantages of the DCS. Attention was duly focused on the networks, which provided the all-important lines of communication that, for process applications, had to incorporate specific functions such as determinism and redundancy. As a result, many suppliers embraced the IEEE 802.4 networking standard. This decision set the stage for the wave of migrations necessary when information technology moved into process automation and IEEE 802.3 rather than IEEE 802.4 prevailed as the control LAN.

The network-centric era of the 1980s
In the 1980s, users began to look at DCSs as more than just basic process control. A very early example of a Direct Digital Control DCS was completed by the Australian business Midac in 1981–82 using R-Tec Australian designed hardware. The system installed at the University of Melbourne used a serial communications network, connecting campus buildings back to a control room "front end". Each remote unit ran two Z80 microprocessors, while the front end ran eleven Z80s in a parallel processing configuration with paged common memory to share tasks and that could run up to 20,000 concurrent control objects.

It was believed that if openness could be achieved and greater amounts of data could be shared throughout the enterprise that even greater things could be achieved. The first attempts to increase the openness of DCSs resulted in the adoption of the predominant operating system of the day: UNIX. UNIX and its companion networking technology TCP-IP were developed by the US Department of Defense for openness, which was precisely the issue the process industries were looking to resolve.

As a result, suppliers also began to adopt Ethernet-based networks with their own proprietary protocol layers. The full TCP/IP standard was not implemented, but the use of Ethernet made it possible to implement the first instances of object management and global data access technology. The 1980s also witnessed the first PLCs integrated into the DCS infrastructure. Plant-wide historians also emerged to capitalize on the extended reach of automation systems. The first DCS supplier to adopt UNIX and Ethernet networking technologies was Foxboro, who introduced the I/A Series system in 1987.

The application-centric era of the 1990s
The drive toward openness in the 1980s gained momentum through the 1990s with the increased adoption of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components and IT standards. Probably the biggest transition undertaken during this time was the move from the UNIX operating system to the Windows environment. While the realm of the real time operating system (RTOS) for control applications remains dominated by real time commercial variants of UNIX or proprietary operating systems, everything above real-time control has made the transition to Windows.

The introduction of Microsoft at the desktop and server layers resulted in the development of technologies such as OLE for process control (OPC), which is now a de facto industry connectivity standard. Internet technology also began to make its mark in automation and the world, with most DCS HMI supporting Internet connectivity. The 1990s were also known for the "Fieldbus Wars", where rival organizations competed to define what would become the IEC fieldbus standard for digital communication with field instrumentation instead of 4–20 milliamp analog communications. The first fieldbus installations occurred in the 1990s. Towards the end of the decade, the technology began to develop significant momentum, with the market consolidated around Ethernet I/P, Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus PA for process automation applications. Some suppliers built new systems from the ground up to maximize functionality with fieldbus, such as Rockwell PlantPAx System, Honeywell with Experion & Plantscape SCADA systems, ABB with System 800xA, Emerson Process Management with the Emerson Process Management DeltaV control system, Siemens with the SPPA-T3000 or Simatic PCS 7, Forbes Marshall with the Microcon+ control system and Azbil with the Harmonas-DEO system. Fieldbus technics have been used to integrate machine, drives, quality and condition monitoring applications to one DCS with Valmet DNA system.

The impact of COTS, however, was most pronounced at the hardware layer. For years, the primary business of DCS suppliers had been the supply of large amounts of hardware, particularly I/O and controllers. The initial proliferation of DCSs required the installation of prodigious amounts of this hardware, most of it manufactured from the bottom up by DCS suppliers. Standard computer components from manufacturers such as Intel and Motorola, however, made it cost prohibitive for DCS suppliers to continue making their own components, workstations, and networking hardware.

As the suppliers made the transition to COTS components, they also discovered that the hardware market was shrinking fast. COTS not only resulted in lower manufacturing costs for the supplier, but also steadily decreasing prices for the end users, who were also becoming increasingly vocal over what they perceived to be unduly high hardware costs. Some suppliers that were previously stronger in the PLC business, such as Rockwell Automation and Siemens, were able to leverage their expertise in manufacturing control hardware to enter the DCS marketplace with cost effective offerings, while the stability/scalability/reliability and functionality of these emerging systems are still improving. The traditional DCS suppliers introduced new generation DCS System based on the latest Communication and IEC Standards, which resulting in a trend of combining the traditional concepts/functionalities for PLC and DCS into a one for all solution—named "Process Automation System" (PAS). The gaps among the various systems remain at the areas such as: the database integrity, pre-engineering functionality, system maturity, communication transparency and reliability. While it is expected the cost ratio is relatively the same (the more powerful the systems are, the more expensive they will be), the reality of the automation business is often operating strategically case by case. The current next evolution step is called Collaborative Process Automation Systems.

To compound the issue, suppliers were also realizing that the hardware market was becoming saturated. The life cycle of hardware components such as I/O and wiring is also typically in the range of 15 to over 20 years, making for a challenging replacement market. Many of the older systems that were installed in the 1970s and 1980s are still in use today, and there is a considerable installed base of systems in the market that are approaching the end of their useful life. Developed industrial economies in North America, Europe, and Japan already had many thousands of DCSs installed, and with few if any new plants being built, the market for new hardware was shifting rapidly to smaller, albeit faster growing regions such as China, Latin America, and Eastern Europe.

Because of the shrinking hardware business, suppliers began to make the challenging transition from a hardware-based business model to one based on software and value-added services. It is a transition that is still being made today. The applications portfolio offered by suppliers expanded considerably in the '90s to include areas such as production management, model-based control, real-time optimization, plant asset management (PAM), Real-time performance management (RPM) tools, alarm management, and many others. To obtain the true value from these applications, however, often requires a considerable service content, which the suppliers also provide.

Modern systems (2010 onwards)
The latest developments in DCS include the following new technologies:

 * 1) Wireless systems and protocols
 * 2) Remote transmission, logging and data historian
 * 3)  Mobile interfaces and controls
 * 4) Embedded web-servers

Increasingly, and ironically, DCS are becoming centralised at plant level, with the ability to log into the remote equipment. This enables operator to control both at enterprise level ( macro ) and at the equipment level (micro), both within and outside the plant, because the importance of the physical location drops due to interconnectivity primarily thanks to wireless and remote access.

The more wireless protocols are developed and refined, the more they are included in DCS. DCS controllers are now often equipped with embedded servers and provide on-the-go web access. Whether DCS will lead Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) or borrow key elements from remains to be seen.

Many vendors provide the option of a mobile HMI, ready for both Android and iOS. With these interfaces, the threat of security breaches and possible damage to plant and process are now very real.

title: Distributed control system


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Update
Nostrum 03:16, 16 Aug 2003 (UTC) Just to let everyone know, specifically 172, I admit the Pat Robertson edits were completely inappropriate. I didn't really understand how serious Wikipedia was in terms of NPOV. I thought wikipedia was some guy's website that just had a bunch of info on it, so I treated it respectively, like trash. Since then, I've made efforts to ensure the facts I provide have backing, the information is NPOV, and that from now on anything significant is first discussed before I call for the lions. Your comments and criticism are the only things which allowed me to learn this. And I thank those people that took the effort to understand or reach out to a person in my position. From now on I wish to be treated as a member with respect, given I am also admonished as someone who understands right from wrong.

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text:
Talk:Radio programming

Untitled comment

 * I have an issue with the statement, "The medium was unique in that it used only sound." Apart from seeming obvious (it uses sound doncha know?) it seems to be suggesting that radio is no more. sugarfish 04:08 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

ITMA was from the 1940s and The Goon Show ran from 1951 - 1960, but they're both listed as Modern shows. At what point does Old-time radio become Modern Radio??? - Lee M 18:26, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

This could use a substantial overhaul. The programs currently listed under "modern programs" are a mish-mosh of British and American programs, some of which are currently on the air and some of which are 20 or 30 years old. I don't feel qualified to do a full rewrite, but I may be able to do some further categorization. – Scarequotes 23:07, Oct 7, 2003 (UTC)

I cut the following from the article. While mildly interesting, it has little to do with radio programming. Anyone interested should think about merging it into the main article at radio. Rossami 22:45, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * The medium is unique in that it only uses sound. Since the advent of television radio has remained popular because there are several advantages to a sound-only medium. Firstly it is possible to drive a car while listening to the radio and still keep your eyes on the road. Secondly it is possible to operate power machinery while listening to a radio, where television would be too distracting. Thirdly radio works well as a medium of entertainment for factory assembly line workers. Fourthly it is possible to run a radio station on a much lower budget than a television station. Fifthly a radio can be tiny and portable, where a tiny television is only a novelty item. Large size would be desirable for a tv screen. Sixthly radio is a medium for blind or partially sighted people as well as everyone else.

Unless someone sees a compelling reason why the list of radio programs is best here, I'd like to delete them. It's a very incomplete list that is and always will be biased toward recent programming. It does not match the historical tone of the rest of the article. Rossami 22:59, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Hearing no dissent after one week, moved to new article list of radio programs. Rossami 15:47, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

how was coast to coast radio broadcasting done before the satellite age?
E.g. FDR's fire side chats. Some discussion of that or a link would be nice. Thx. Mre5765 02:04, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Reorganization of TV/radio articles
Is this article even necessary, or is it adequately covered by List of radio programs, History of radio, Timeline of radio, and so on? Please weigh in at Talk:Scheduling (broadcasting). --Quuxplusone 04:48, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Merge discussion
It has been suggested that this page be merged. If there are no objections this editor will complete the merge.--Amadscientist (talk) 14:16, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep Radio Broadcasting focuses on broadcasting in general while radio programming seems to focus on commercial radio. I guess the name of the articles can be changed but these still would be two different articles. Wikishagnik (talk) 19:43, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge As Wikishagnik points out, the articles have clearly different, though overlapping, scopes. Danger High voltage! 10:00, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radio programming


text:
Talk:Prime reciprocal magic square

Question for anyone out there who knows. In a prime reciprocal magic square, what does "Base" mean when talking about the "prime in a base"? If you know the answer to this question and would be willing to share your knowledge, please contact me at john.mitchell@saturnset.com. no i dont think ya'll r smart!!!!!!!!!

 * I am _assuming_ that they show that pattern using a non-base 10 numbering system. For example, binary is base 2. While knowledge of binary is fairly common, few people realize that other bases can be used to represent numbers to a degree of precision higher then one unit, such as is found in 1.011010... (a rough approximation of sqrt(2) in base binary). 68.62.174.27 22:48, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

I, personally would like to see the reference citations for this article... And a Number-Theoretical explanation for why this works. MathArtSPD (talk) 21:10, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prime reciprocal magic square