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Modernist poetry in English

Modernist poetry in English started in the early years of the 20th century with the appearance of the Imagists. Like other modernists, Imagist poets wrote in reaction to the perceived excesses of Victorian poetry, and its emphasis on traditional formalism and ornate diction.

In Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, published in 1800, William Wordsworth criticized what he perceived to be the gauche and pompous nature of British poetry over a century earlier, and instead sought to bring poetry to the layman. Modernists saw themselves as looking back to the best practices of poets in earlier periods and other cultures. Their models included ancient Greek literature, Chinese and Japanese poetry, the troubadours, Dante and the medieval Italian philosophical poets, such as Guido Cavalcanti, and the English Metaphysical poets.

Much of early modernist poetry took the form of short, compact lyrics. Ultimately, however, longer poems gained in favor, representing the modernist movement of the 20th-century.

English-language modernism
The roots of English-language poetic modernism can be traced back to the works of a number of earlier writers, including Walt Whitman, whose long lines approached a type of free verse, the prose poetry of Oscar Wilde, Robert Browning's subversion of the poetic self, Emily Dickinson's compression and the writings of the early English Symbolists, such as Arthur Symons. These poets largely remained true to the basic tenets of the Romantic movement and the appearance of the Imagists marked the first emergence of a distinctly modernist poetic in the language. Gerard Manley Hopkins, for instance, wrote in a radically experimental prosody about radically conservative ideals, much like Ezra Pound later did, and he believed that sound could drive poetry. Poetic sonic effects selected for verbal and aural felicity, not just images selected for their visual evocativeness also became an influential poetic device of modernism.

Imagism
The origins of Imagism and cubist poetry are found in two poems by T. E. Hulme, published in 1909 by the Poets' Club in London. Hulme was a student of mathematics and philosophy who had established the Poets' Club to discuss his theories of poetry. The poet and critic F. S. Flint, who was a champion of free verse and modern French poetry, was highly critical of the club and its publications. From the ensuing debate, Hulme and Flint became close friends. They started meeting with other poets at the Eiffel Tower restaurant in Soho to discuss reform of contemporary poetry through free verse and the tanka and haiku and the removal of all unnecessary verbiage from poems.

The American poet Ezra Pound was introduced to this group and they found that their ideas resembled his.

In 1911, Pound introduced two other poets, H.D. and Richard Aldington, to the Eiffel Tower group. Both of these poets were students of the early Greek lyric poetry, especially the works of Sappho.

In October 1912, he submitted three poems each by H.D. and Aldington under the rubric Imagiste to Poetry magazine. That month Pound's book Ripostes was published with an appendix called The Complete Poetical Works of T. E. Hulme, which carried a note that saw the first appearance of the word Imagiste in print. Aldington's poems were in the November issue of Poetry and H.D.'s in January 1913 and Imagism as a movement was launched. The March issue contained Pound's A Few Don'ts by an Imagiste and Flint's Imagisme. The latter contained this succinct statement of the group's position:

 * 1) Direct treatment of the "thing", whether subjective or objective.
 * 2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.
 * 3) As regarding rhythm: to compose in sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of the metronome.
 * 4) Complete freedom of subject matter.
 * 5) Free verse was encouraged along with other new rhythms.
 * 6) Common speech language was used, and the exact word was always to be used, as opposed to the almost exact word.

In setting these criteria for poetry, the Imagists saw themselves as looking backward to the best practices of pre-Romantic writing. Imagistic poets used sharp language and embraced imagery. Their work, however, was to have a revolutionary impact on English-language writing for the rest of the 20th century.

In 1913, Pound was contacted by the widow of the recently deceased Orientalist Ernest Fenollosa, who while in Japan had collected word-by-word translations and notes for 150 classical Chinese poems that fit in closely with this program. Chinese grammar offers different expressive possibilities from English grammar, a point that Pound later made. In Chinese, the first line of Li Po's, called "Rihaku" by Fenollosa's Japanese informants, poem "The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter," is a spare, direct juxtaposition of five characters that appear in Fenollosa's notes as "mistress     hair       first       cover       brow"In his resulting 1915 Cathay, Pound rendered this in simple English as "While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead"

Between 1914 and 1917, four anthologies of Imagist poetry were published. In addition to Pound, Flint, H.D. and Aldington, these included work by Skipwith Cannell, Amy Lowell, William Carlos Williams, James Joyce, Ford Madox Ford, Allen Upward, John Cournos, D. H. Lawrence and Marianne Moore. With a few exceptions, this represents a roll-call of English-language modernist poets of the time. After the 1914 volume, Pound distanced himself from the group and the remaining anthologies appeared under the editorial control of Amy Lowell.

Lowell expressed her extreme debt to the French, to what she preferred to call "unrhymed cadence" instead of the more common "verse libre."

Henry Gore (1902–1956), whose work is undergoing something of a revival was also heavily influenced by the Imagist movement, although from a different generation from H.D., Flint, and others.

World War I and after
The outbreak of World War I represented a setback for the budding modernist movement for several reasons. First, writers like Aldington found themselves in active service; second, paper shortages and related factors meant that publication of new work became increasingly difficult; and, third, public sentiment in time of war meant that war poets such as Wilfred Owen, who wrote more conventional verse, became increasingly popular. One poet who served in the war, the visual artist David Jones, later resisted this trend in his long experimental war poem "In Parenthesis", which was written directly out of his trench experiences but was not published until 1937.

The war also tended to undermine the optimism of the Imagists. This was reflected in a number of major poems written in its aftermath. Pound's "Homage to Sextus Propertius" (1919) uses the loose translations and transformations of the Latin poet Propertius to ridicule war propaganda and the idea of empire. His Hugh Selwyn Mauberley, published in (1921, represents his farewell to Imagism and lyric poetry in general. The writing of these poems coincided with Pound's decision to abandon London permanently.

Sound poetry emerged in this period as a response to the war. For many Dadaists, including German writer Hugo Ball and New York poet and performer Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, sound poems were protestations against the sounds of war. As Irene Gammel and Suzanne Zelazo write, “Born as the trench warfare intensified, phonetic poetry was the language of trauma, a new language to counter the noise of the cannons”. The Baroness’s poem “Klink-Hratzvenga (Death-wail)”, written in response to her husband’s suicide after the war’s end, was “a mourning song in nonsense sounds that transcended national boundaries”. Working from a confrontational feminist and artistic agenda, the Baroness asserted a distinctly female subjectivity in the post-World War I era.

The most famous English-language modernist work arising out of this post-war disillusionment is T. S. Eliot's epic "The Waste Land" (1922). Eliot was an American poet who had been living in London for some time. Although he was never formally associated with the Imagist group, his work was admired by Pound, who, in 1915, helped him publish "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", which brought him to prominence. When Eliot had completed his original draft of a long poem based on both the disintegration of his personal life and mental stability, and the culture around him, he gave the manuscript, provisionally titled "He Do the Police in Different Voices", to Pound for comment. After some heavy editing, "The Waste Land" in the form in which we now know it was published, and Eliot came to be seen as the voice of a generation. The addition of notes to the published poem served to highlight the use of collage as a literary technique, paralleling similar practice by the cubists and other visual artists. From this point on, modernism in English tended towards a poetry of the fragment that rejected the idea that the poet could present a comfortingly coherent view of life.

T. S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" is a foundational text of modernism, representing the moment at which Imagism moves into modernism proper. Broken, fragmented and seemingly unrelated slices of imagery come together to form a disjunctive anti-narrative. The motif of sight and vision is as central to the poem as it is to modernism; the omni-present character Tiresias acting as a unifying theme. The reader is thrown into confusion, unable to see anything but a heap of broken images. The narrator, however (in "The Waste Land" as in other texts), promises to show the reader a different meaning; that is, how to make meaning from dislocation and fragmentation. This construction of an exclusive meaning is essential to modernism.

Others and others and brother and mothers
Although London and Paris were key centres of activity for English-language modernists, much important activity took place elsewhere, including early publication in Poetry magazine in the United States. When Mina Loy moved to New York in 1916, she became part of a circle of writers involved with Others: A Magazine of the New Verse which included William Carlos Williams and Marianne Moore, among others. This magazine, which ran from 1915 to 1919, was edited by Alfred Kreymborg. Contributors also included Pound, Eliot, H.D., Djuna Barnes, Amy Lowell, Conrad Aiken, Carl Sandburg, and Wallace Stevens.

The U.S. modernist poets were concerned to create work in a distinctively American idiom. Williams, a doctor who worked in general practice in a working-class area of Rutherford, New Jersey, explained this approach by saying that he made his poems from 'the speech of Polish mothers'. In this, they were placing themselves in a tradition stretching back to Whitman.

After her initial association with the Imagists, Marianne Moore carved out a niche for herself among 20th-century poets. Much of her poetry is written in syllabic verse, repeating the number of syllables rather than stresses or beats, per line. She also experimented with stanza forms borrowed from troubadour poetry.

Wallace Stevens' work falls somewhat outside this mainstream of modernism. Indeed, he deprecated the work of both Eliot and Pound as "mannered." His poetry is a complex exploration of the relationship between imagination and reality. Unlike many other modernists, but like the English Romantics, by whom he was influenced, Stevens thought that poetry was what all humans did; the poet was merely self-conscious about the activity.

In Scotland, the poet Hugh MacDiarmid formed something of a one-man modernist movement. An admirer of Joyce and Pound, MacDiarmid wrote much of his early poetry in anglicised Lowland Scots, a literary dialect which had also been used by Robert Burns. He served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I and was invalided out in 1918. After the war, he set up a literary magazine, Scottish Chapbook, with 'Not traditions - Precedents!' as its motto. His later work reflected an increasing interest in found poetry and other formal innovations.

In Canada, the Montreal Group of modernist poets, including A.M. Klein, A.J.M. Smith, and F.R. Scott, formed at that city's McGill University in the mid-1920s. Though the poets of the group made little headway for the next twenty years, they were ultimately successful in establishing a modernist hegemony and canon in that country that would endure until at least the end of the 20th century.

Wallace Stevens' Of Modern Poetry
Wallace Stevens' essential modernist poem, "Of Modern Poetry"(1942) sounds as if the verbs are left out. The verb 'to be' is omitted from the first and final lines. The poem itself opens and closes with the act of finding. The poem and the mind become synonymous: a collapse between the poem, the act, and the mind. In the poem, the dyad becomes further collapsed into one: a spatial and a temporal collapse between the subject and the object; form and content equal each other; form becomes not simply expressive of, but constitutive of. The poem goes from being a static object to being an action. The poem of the mind has to be alternative and listening; it is experimental. The poem resists and refuses transcendentalism, but remains within the conceptual limits of the mind and the poem.

Maturity
With the publication of The Waste Land, modernist poetry appeared to have made a breakthrough into wider critical discourse and a broader readership. However, the economic collapse of the late 1920s and early 1930s had a serious negative impact on the new writing. For American writers, living in Europe became more difficult as their incomes lost a great deal of their relative value. Gertrude Stein, Barney, and Joyce remained Paris, where much of the scene they had presided over began to scatter. Pound left for Italy. Eliot left for London. H.D. moved between London and Switzerland, and many of the other writers associated with the movement were then living in the United States.

The economic depression, combined with the impact of the Spanish Civil War, also saw the emergence, in the Britain of the 1930s, of a more overtly political poetry, as represented by such writers as W. H. Auden and Stephen Spender. Although nominally admirers of Eliot, these poets tended towards a poetry of radical content but formal conservativeness. For example, they rarely wrote free verse, preferring rhyme and regular stanza patterns in much of their work.

1930s modernism
Modernism in English remained in the role of an avant garde movement, depending on little presses and magazines and a small but dedicated readership. The key group to emerge during this time were the Objectivist poets, consisting of Louis Zukofsky, George Oppen, Charles Reznikoff, Carl Rakosi, Basil Bunting and Lorine Niedecker. The Objectivists were admirers of Stein, Pound and Williams and Pound actively promoted their work. Thanks to his influence, Zukofsky was asked to edit a special Objectivist issue of the Chicago-based journal Poetry in 1931 to launch the group. The basic tenets of Objectivist poetics were to treat the poem as an object and to emphasise sincerity, intelligence, and the poet's ability to look clearly at the world, and in this they can be viewed as direct descendants of the Imagists. Continuing a tradition established in Paris, Zukofsky, Reznikoff, and Oppen went on to form the Objectivist Press to publish books by themselves and by Williams. In his later work, Zukofsky developed his view of the poem as object to include experimenting with mathematical models for creating poems, producing effects similar to the creation of a Bach fugue or a piece of serial music.

A number of Irish poets and writers moved to Paris in the early 1930s to join the circle around James Joyce. These included Samuel Beckett, Thomas MacGreevy, Brian Coffey and Denis Devlin. These writers were aware of Pound and Eliot, but they were also Francophone and took an interest in contemporary French poetry, especially the surrealists. Indeed, Coffey and Devlin were amongst the first to translate the works of Paul Éluard into English. Around the same time, a number of British surrealist poets were beginning to emerge, among them David Gascoyne, George Barker and Hugh Sykes Davies. Like the Objectivists, these poets were relatively neglected by their native literary cultures and had to wait for a revival of interest in British and Irish modernism in the 1960s before their contributions to the development of this alternative tradition were properly assessed.

Long poems
Pound's Homage to Sextus Propertius and Hugh Selwyn Mauberley and Eliot's The Waste Land marked a transition from the short imagistic poems that were typical of earlier modernist writing towards the writing of longer poems or poem-sequences. A number of long poems were also written during the 1920s, including Mina Loy's 'auto-mythology', Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose and Hugh MacDiarmid's satire on Scottish society, A Drunk Man Looks At The Thistle. MacDiarmid wrote a number of long poems, including On a Raised Beach, Three Hymns to Lenin and In Memoriam James Joyce, in which he incorporated materials from science, linguistics, history and even found poems based on texts from the Times Literary Supplement. David Jones' war poem In Parenthesis was a book-length work that drew on the matter of Britain to illuminate his experiences in the trenches, and his later epic The Anathemata, itself hewn from a much longer manuscript, is a meditation on empire and resistance, the local and the global, which uses materials from Christian, Roman and Celtic history and mythology.

One of the most influential of all the modernist long poems was Pound's The Cantos, a 'poem containing history' that he started in 1915 and continued to work on for the rest of his writing life. From a starting point that combines Homer's Odyssey and Dante's Divine Comedy to create a personal epic of 20th-century life, the poem uses materials from history, politics, literature, art, music, economics, philosophy, mythology, ecology and the poet's personal experiences and ranges across European, American, African and Asian cultures. Pound coined the term 'ideogrammatic method' to describe his technique of placing these materials in relation to each other so as to open up new and unexpected relationships. This can be seen as paralleling techniques used by modernist artists and composers to similar ends.

Other Imagist-associated poets also went on to write long poems. William Carlos Williams' Paterson applied the techniques developed by Pound to a specific location and in a specific, American, dialect. H.D. wrote Trilogy out of her experiences in London during World War II and Helen in Egypt, a reworking of the Helen of Troy story from the perspective of the female protagonist, as a kind of feminist response to the masculine mind-set behind Pound's epic. Eliot's experiences of war-torn London also underpinned his Four Quartets. A number of Objectivists also wrote long poems, including Zukofsky's "A", Charles Reznikoff's Testimony, and Basil Bunting's Briggflatts. Brian Coffey's Advent is the key long poem by an Irish modernist. All these poems, to one extent or another, use a range of techniques to blend personal experience with materials from a wide range of cultural and intellectual activities to create collage-like texts on an epic scale.

A long poem that is often overlooked, because it first appeared in the commercially unsuccessful 1936 anthology New Provinces, is Canadian poet A. M. Klein's meditation on Spinoza, "Out of the Pulver and the Polished Lens."

Politics
Poetic modernism was an overtly revolutionary literary movement, a revolution of the word, and, for a number of its practitioners, this interest in radical change spilled over into politics. A number of the leading early modernists became known for their right-wing views; these included Eliot, who once described himself as a Royalist, Stein, who supported the Vichy government for a time at least, and, most notoriously, Pound, who, after moving to Italy in the early 1930s, openly admired Benito Mussolini and began to include anti-Semitic sentiments in his writings. He was arrested towards the end of World War II on charges of treason arising out of broadcasts he made on Italian radio during the war but never faced trial because of his mental health.

A number of leading modernists took a more left-wing political view. Hugh MacDiarmid helped found the National Party of Scotland and was also a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. During the 1930s, he was expelled from National Party of Scotland for being a communist and from the Communist Party for being a nationalist, although he later rejoined the Communist Party in 1956. The Objectivists Louis Zukofsky, George Oppen and Carl Rakosi were all, at one time or another, committed Marxists and Oppen spent a number of years in Mexico to escape the attention of Joseph McCarthy's United States Senate committee. A number of the British surrealists, especially David Gascoyne, also supported communism.

Other modernists took up political positions that did not fit neatly into the traditional left vs. right model. H.D., Mina Loy, and Nathalie Barney, for instance, are now seen as proto-feminists and their openness about their various sexualities can be read as foreshadowing the 1970s view that the personal is political. H.D., especially after World War I, came to view the goal of modernism as being the bringing about of world peace. However, she also displayed anti-Semitic views in the notebooks for her book Tribute to Freud. Basil Bunting, who came from a Quaker background, was a conscientious objector during World War I, but because of his opposition to Fascism, served in British Military Intelligence in Persia (Iran) during World War II. William Carlos Williams' political views arose from his daily contact with the poor who attended his surgery. He was another for whom the personal and political blended, an approach best summed up in his statement that 'A new world is only a new mind'.

Although many modernist poets were politically engaged, there is no single political position that can be said to be closely allied to the modernist movement in English-language poetry. These poets came from a wide range of backgrounds and had a wide range of personal experiences and their political stances reflect these facts.

Legacy
The modernist revolution of the word was not universally welcomed by readers or writers. By the 1930s, a new generation of poets had emerged who looked to more formally conservative poets like Thomas Hardy and W. B. Yeats as models, and these writers struck a chord with a readership who were uncomfortable with the experimentation and uncertainty preferred by the modernists. Notwithstanding, modernist poetry cannot be positively characterised, there being no mainstream or dominant mode.

However, the 1950s saw the emergence, particularly in the United States, of a new generation of poets who looked to the modernists for inspiration. The influence of modernism can be seen in these poetic groups and movements, especially those associated with the San Francisco Renaissance, the Beat generation, the Black Mountain poets, and the deep image group. Charles Olson, the theorist of the Black Mountain group, wrote in his 1950 essay, Projectivist Verse 'ONE PERCEPTION MUST IMMEDIATELY AND DIRECTLY LEAD TO A FURTHER PERCEPTION', a statement that links back directly to the Imagists. Robert Duncan, another Black Mountain poet admired H.D. while a third member of the group, Robert Creeley did much to help revive interest in Zukofsky and other Objectivists.

Among the Beats, Gary Snyder and Allen Ginsberg studied Pound closely and were heavily influenced by his interest in Chinese and Japanese poetry and the ecological concerns evident in the later Cantos. William Carlos Williams was another who had a strong impact on the Beat poets, encouraging poets like Lew Welch and writing an introduction for the book publication of Ginsberg's seminal poem, Howl. Many of these writers found a major platform for their work in Cid Corman's Origin magazine and press. Origin also published work by Louis Zukofsky, Lorine Niedecker and Wallace Stevens, helping to revive interest in these early modernist writers. The Objectivists, especially the strict formal experimentation of Zukofsky's later works, were also formative for the L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E poets.

As the Beats and other American poets began to find readers in the UK and Ireland, a new generation of British poets with an interest in modernist experimentation began to appear. These poets, who included Tom Raworth, Bob Cobbing, Gael Turnbull, Tom Pickard and others formed the nucleus of the British Poetry Revival. This new generation helped bring about a renewed interest in the writings of Bunting, MacDiarmid, David Jones and David Gascoyne. Current practice includes the enormously influential canon of Roy Fisher (also a major player in the Revival).

Contemporary poets associated with Irish modernism include those associated with New Writers Press and The Beau magazine; these include Trevor Joyce, Michael Smith, Geoffrey Squires, Randolph Healy, Billy Mills, Catherine Walsh, and Maurice Scully. New Writers Press also published work by Thomas MacGreevy, Brian Coffey and Denis Devlin, introducing them to a new audience, and, in Coffey's case, facilitating a late flowering of new work.

title: Modernist poetry in English


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Talk:Kevin Smith (New Zealand actor)

Untitled
Can someone elaborate on this man's death? Did he die during an accident on the set of XENA?
 * No, the accident was on the set of a completely different movie. SimonLyall 11:53, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Died from falling off a set in Beijing, China. He may have been drinking, not sure, and he decided to climb onto a set while waiting for some friends to pick him up for a ride home. He fell about 2 stories, was in a coma for about 10 days. StargateX1 05:50, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kevin Smith (New Zealand actor)


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Drive

Drive or The Drive may refer to:

Motoring

 * Driving, the act of controlling a vehicle
 * Road trip, a journey on roads

Roadways
Roadways called "drives" may include:
 * Driveway, a private road for local access to structures, abbreviated "drive"
 * Road, an identifiable thoroughfare, route, way, or path between two places

Science

 * Drive theory, a diverse set of motivational theories in psychology
 * Drive reduction theory (learning theory), a theory of learning and motivation
 * Prey drive, in the study of animal behavior, the predictable tendency of a carnivore to pursue and capture prey
 * Gene drive, in genetics, a type of bias in the inheritance of a gene

Films

 * Drive (1997 film), an action film starring Mark Dacascos
 * Drive (2002 film), a Japanese film starring Ren Osugi
 * Drive (2011 film), an American crime drama film starring Ryan Gosling
 * Drive (2019 film), an Indian romantic drama film

Literature

 * Drive: The Story of My Life, an autobiography by Larry Bird
 * Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us, a 2009 book by Daniel H. Pink

Music

 * Drive (band), an American heavy metal band
 * Distortion (music), or overdrive or drive, an electronic effect

Albums

 * Drive (Alan Jackson album) or the title song (see below), 2002
 * Drive (Anneke van Giersbergen album) or the title song, 2013
 * Drive (Béla Fleck album), 1988
 * Drive (Bic Runga album) or the title song, 1997
 * Drive (Gareth Emery album), 2014
 * Drive (Poisonblack album), 2011
 * Drive (Robert Palmer album), 2003
 * Drive (Russ Freeman album) or the title song, 2002
 * Drive (Steve Wariner album) or the title song, 1993
 * Drive (Tiësto album), 2023
 * Drive: Glay Complete Best, by Glay, 2000
 * Drive: Nike + Original Run, by the Crystal Method, 2006
 * The Drive (album), by Haddaway, 1995
 * Drives (album), by Lonnie Smith, 1970
 * Drive, by Roy Ayers, 1988
 * Drive, by Stephen Ashbrook, 2001

EPS

 * Drive (Amerie EP), 2016
 * Drive (Bic Runga EP) or the title song, 1995
 * Drive (Scott Grimes EP), 2010

Songs

 * "Drive" (Black Coffee and David Guetta song), 2018
 * "Drive" (The Cars song), 1984
 * "Drive" (Cheyenne Jackson song), 2012
 * "Drive" (Clean Bandit and Topic song), 2021
 * "Drive" (Client song), 2007
 * "Drive" (Cory Marks song), 2020
 * "Drive" (Gretta Ray song), 2016
 * "Drive" (Incubus song), 2000
 * "Drive" (Miyeon song), 2022
 * "Drive" (R.E.M. song), 1992
 * "Drive" (Shannon Noll song), 2004
 * "Drive (For Daddy Gene)", Alan Jackson, 2002
 * "Drive", by Ashton Irwin from Superbloom, 2020
 * "Drive", by Ben Rector from Magic, 2018
 * "Drive", by Bobby McFerrin from Don't Worry, Be Happy, 1988
 * "Drive", by Brett Kissel from The Compass Project, 2023
 * "Drive", by Carly Rae Jepsen from Kiss, 2012
 * "Drive", by the Chevin from Borderland, 2012
 * "Drive", by Cold Chisel from Blood Moon, 2019
 * "Drive", by Daft Punk, 2011
 * "Drive", by the Gaslight Anthem from Sink or Swim, 2007
 * "Drive", by Geoffrey Williams, 1996
 * "Drive", by Halsey from Badlands, 2015
 * "Drive", by Imagine Dragons from Imagine Dragons, 2009
 * "Drive", by Joe 90 from Dream This, 1999
 * "Drive", by the Matches from Decomposer, 2006
 * "Drive", by Miley Cyrus from Bangerz, 2013
 * "Drive", by Nate Haller, 2024
 * "Drive", by NCT Dream from Glitch Mode, 2022
 * "Drive", by Pale Waves from My Mind Makes Noises, 2018
 * "Drive", by Pepper from Pink Crustaceans and Good Vibrations, 2008
 * "Drive", by Shinee from The Story of Light, 2018
 * "Drive", by Shortfall from the Squirtgun Records compilation More of Our Stupid Noise, 1998
 * "Drive", by Stray Kids from SKZ-Replay, 2022
 * "Drive", by Tonight Alive from Limitless, 2016
 * "Drive", by U-Turn featuring Richard Poon, 2005
 * "Drive", by Vanessa Hudgens from V, 2006
 * "Drive", by Yanni from Sensuous Chill, 2016
 * "Drive (For All Time)", by Westlife from World of Our Own, 2001

Radio

 * Drive (CBC Music), the afternoon program on the CBC Music radio network
 * WDRV (The Drive, 97.1 FM), a Chicago classic rock station
 * WFLB, a radio station licensed to Laurinburg, North Carolina, United States and called The Drive from 2005 to 2011
 * WNMB, a radio station licensed to North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, United States and called The Drive since 2018
 * WVSC (FM) (103.1 The Drive), a South Carolina classic hits station

Series

 * Drive (2007 TV series), a 2007 American action drama
 * Drive (2016 TV series), a 2016 British reality series
 * Kamen Rider Drive, a 2014–2015 tokusatsu series
 * The Drive (TV series), an American documentary series on sports in the Pac-12 Conference

Episodes

 * "Drive", a 2013 episode of NCIS: Los Angeles
 * "Drive" (Star Trek: Voyager), a 2000 episode of Star Trek: Voyager
 * "Drive" (The X-Files), a 1998 episode of The X-Files

Other media

 * The Drive (Thomson), a 1916–1917 painting by Tom Thomson
 * Drive: the scifi comic, a webcomic by Dave Kellett

Places

 * Drive Creek (Ontario), Canada
 * Drive Lake (Ontario), Canada
 * Lake Shore Drive or "The Drive", an expressway in Chicago

Sports

 * Drive or Drive shot, a fast low groundstroke hit to the opponent's backcourt in some racket sports including:
 * Tennis
 * Pickleball
 * Glossary of baseball terms, a line drive, and related meanings
 * Drive (American football), a continuous set of offensive plays
 * Drive (cricket), a straight-batted shot
 * Drive (golf), in golf stroke mechanics, a long-distance shot from the tee
 * Grand Rapids Drive, American basketball team
 * Greenville Drive, American baseball team
 * The Drive (American football), an offensive series in the January 1987 AFC Championship Game

Technology

 * Google Drive, a file service created and developed by Google
 * Disk drive, a device implementing a storage mechanisms where data is recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks
 * Drive, a spacecraft propulsion device
 * Drive, an automobile transmission device
 * Drive, in a motor controller, an electronic device providing power to a motor or servo
 * List of screw drives, a screw drive
 * Variable-frequency drive, a type of adjustable-speed drive

Other uses

 * Drive (charity), a campaign to collect items, usually other than money
 * Drive (studio), a Japanese animation and music studio
 * Motivation
 * Need for achievement, a person's desire for accomplishment or mastery

title: Drive


text:
Aquifoliales

The Aquifoliales are an order of flowering plants, including the Aquifoliaceae (holly) family, and also the Helwingiaceae (2-5 species of temperate Asian shrubs) and the Phyllonomaceae (4 species of Central American trees and shrubs). In 2001, the families Stemonuraceae and Cardiopteridaceae were added to this order. This circumscription of Aquifoliales was recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group when they published the APG II system in 2003. In the Cronquist system, there is no Aquifoliales order: the Aquifoliaceae are placed within the order Celastrales and the others are in other families.

title: Aquifoliales


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Middletown, Connecticut

Middletown is a city in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. Located along the Connecticut River, in the central part of the state, it is 16 mi south of Hartford. Middletown is the largest city in the Lower Connecticut River Valley Planning Region. In 1650, it was incorporated by English settlers as a town under its original Native American name, Mattabeseck, after the local Wangunk village of the same name. They were among many tribes along the Atlantic coast who spoke Algonquian languages. The colonists renamed the settlement in 1653.

When Hartford County was organized on May 10, 1666, Middletown was included within its boundaries. In 1784, the central settlement was incorporated as a city distinct from the town. Both were included within newly formed Middlesex County in May 1785. In 1923, the City of Middletown was consolidated with the Town, making the city limits extensive.

Originally developed as a sailing port and then an industrial center on the Connecticut River, it is now largely residential. Its downtown, based on Main Street, serves as a popular retail, dining, and bar district near Wesleyan University. Middletown was the county seat of Middlesex County from its creation in 1785 until the elimination of county government in 1960. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 47,717. Middletown, Connecticut is considered the southernmost city in the Hartford-Springfield Knowledge Corridor Metropolitan Region, which features a combined metro population of 1.9 million. Middletown is largely a politically progressive city, and is home to one of the largest pride events in all of Connecticut.

History

The land on the western bank of the Connecticut River where Middletown now lies was home to a village of the Wangunk, a tribe of Algongquian-speaking Native Americans. The village was named Mattabesset (also spelled Mattabesett, Mattabesec, Mattabeseck, and Mattabesek); the area they inhabited—now Middletown and the surrounding area—was named after it. When the primarily-English European settlers arrived in the region the Mattabesset were a part of the Wangunk, a large tribe in the Connecticut Valley, at the time under a sachem named Sowheag.

Plans for the colonial settlement were drawn up by the General Court in 1646; the first migrants came from nearby Connecticut colonies in 1650. On September 11, 1651, the General Court of Connecticut established the town of "Mattabesett". A couple of years later in November 1653, the settlement was renamed as Middletown. This name was chosen because the site was approximately halfway between Windsor and Saybrook on the Great River. Life was not easy for these early colonial Puritans; clearing the land and building houses, and tending farms in the rocky soil of New England was a labor-intensive ordeal. They had a strict society; offenses legally punishable by death in the Connecticut colonies included "witchcraft, blasphemy, cursing or smiting of parents, and incorrigible stubbornness of children."

The Pequot Mohegan, at that time traditional allies of the English colonists and enemies of the Wangunk, arrived in the Middletown area in the latter half of the 17th century; conflict between them and local Native American tribes ensued. The inhabitants of Mattabesett and others referred to the Mohegan as "destroyers of men." Sowheag hoped that the colonists would intervene. They did not. Smallpox epidemics caused high mortality, reducing their ability to resist and disrupting their cohesion as a tribe. Records show that, over time, Sowheag was forced to sell off most of Mattabesett to the local colonists; by 1676 the Puritans owned all but 300 acre of the former territory. Native Americans suffered similar fates of illness and dispossession at other colonial sites in 17th-century New England.

During the 18th century, Middletown became the largest and most prosperous settlement in Connecticut. By the time of the American Revolution, Middletown was a thriving port, where one-third of its residents were involved in merchant and maritime activities. Some settlers held enslaved Africans as workers in the early economy of Middletown; they worked as domestic servants, laborers, and in shipping. African slaves were imported by the English in 1661 from Barbados in the Caribbean. By 1756 Middletown had the third-largest African slave population in the state of Connecticut—218 slaves to 5,446 whites.

Middletown merchant traders pushed for the clearance of the Saybrook Bar at the mouth of the Connecticut River, and later sought the creation of Middlesex County in 1785. The name 'Middlesex' was chosen because the intention was to make Middletown the head of a long river port, much as London was at the head of its long river port on the Thames in Middlesex County, England. The same persons also established the Middlesex Turnpike (now Route 154) to link all the settlements on the western side of the Connecticut, again with the intent of creating one long port.

After the American Revolution, Connecticut and most northern states abolished slavery. The port's decline began in the early 19th century during the period of strained American-British relations and resulting trade restrictions, which led to the War of 1812. The port never recovered from the restrictions of the war. The city's men distinguished themselves in the war effort, as Middletown's Commodore Thomas Macdonough led American forces to the victory on Lake Champlain in 1814 which ended British hopes for an invasion of New York. After the war, migration of New England families continued west to New York and, later, to the Midwest around the Great Lakes, where more land was available.

In the 19th century, Middletown became a major center for firearms manufacturing. Numerous gun manufacturers in the area supplied the majority of pistols to the United States government during the War of 1812. After that war, however, the center of this business shifted to Springfield, Massachusetts; and Hartford, and New Haven, Connecticut. (See also History of Connecticut industry.)

In 1831 Wesleyan College was established. It became one of the United States' leading liberal arts universities. The college replaced an earlier educational institution on the same site, Partridge's American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy. It had moved to Norwich, Vermont and later developed as Norwich University.

The two main buildings of the original campus were built by the people of Middletown in order to attract an academic institution to the city. In 1841, Middletown established the state's first public high school, which at first enrolled all students from age nine through age sixteen who had previously attended district schools.

During the mid-19th century, manufacturing replaced trade as Middletown's economic mainstay. But industrial growth was limited after railroad operators bypassed Middletown in their construction of a railway between Hartford and New Haven. There had been an ambitious plan to build a railroad suspension bridge in the White Rock, Middletown to Bodkin Rock, Portland vicinity, which was seen as an unpractical solution.

Middletonians played an active role in the American Civil War. General Joseph K. Mansfield was a Union general at the Battle of Antietam, where he died in action in 1862. Another casualty at Antietam was Brigadier General George Taylor, who had been educated at a private military academy in Middletown. The popular Civil War marching song "Marching Through Georgia" was written by Henry Clay Work, a Middletown resident. Some residents were active in the abolitionism movement, and the city was a hub along the underground railway.

In the latter half of the 19th century, manufacturing was the mainstay of the city's economy, especially finely made metal parts, such as marine hardware (Wilcox, Crittendon & Co.) and typewriters (Royal Typewriters). There were also several machine tool & die manufacturers in the city. Middletown was the site of a major unit of Goodyear. In addition, there was the pioneer automobile manufacturer Eisenhuth Horseless Vehicle Company. Other manufacturers included in national expositions and now museum collections include the Middletown Plate Company (silver), Middletown Silver Co. and I. E. Palmer (hammocks).

Middletown also briefly was the home of a major-league baseball team, the Middletown Mansfields of the National Association.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the city underwent a demographic transformation, after having been settled primarily by Protestant people from the British Isles. First the Irish, in response to the Great Famine, and then large numbers of Italian immigrants arrived to work in Middletown's factories and farms. Many of the Italians were immigrants from Melilli, Sicily. Both groups were primarily Roman Catholic.

Polish and German arrivals followed, and many of these immigrants were also Catholic. By 1910 the population had swelled to nearly 21,000. Meanwhile, the number of African Americans dwindled to 53 persons. Employers chose to hire white immigrants. Later in the century, more African Americans from the South migrated to the area for its industrial jobs and better social conditions. They were part of the Great Migration during the 20th century, up to 1970.

In the early 1980s, two Wesleyan professors arranged to bring a small group of Cambodian refugees to Middletown, who were exiled following the US involvement in Southeast Asia in the Vietnam War. They developed a thriving Cambodian community, as have later migrants from Tibet. Middletown also attracted Hindu immigrants from India and other parts of Southeast Asia, who established the first Hindu temple in Connecticut in Middletown.

Over the decades the new immigrants stimulated the rise of a range of cuisines offered by restaurants. This has become one of the most well-known aspects of the city.

Middletown was hit by floods in 1927 and 1936, and by The Great New England Hurricane in 1938. The Arrigoni Bridge was completed over the Connecticut River in 1938. It replaced an earlier bridge to connect Middletown to Portland and points east.

During the 1950s, as the prevalence of the automobile increased, government officials approved the construction of a highway that effectively separated Middletown from the Connecticut River, which had long supported its development. Highway construction demolished historic neighborhoods, including many buildings from the 18th century. New suburban developments were built outside older neighborhoods, attracting the people with money to buy new. In the mid-20th century, Middletown and similar towns lost heavy industry and manufacturing jobs that moved offshore, resulting in a general decline in population. An alternate economy began to develop by the 1990s.

During this period, the city tore down many older buildings in the name of 'urban renewal', but sometimes new development was delayed for years. Downtown area had large flat parking lots, or buildings were abandoned and left empty. With high unemployment and limited opportunities, and increasing problems with drugs, crime increased. During the 1960s, Pratt & Whitney opened a large aircraft engine plant in the Maromas section of Middletown. Concurrently, developers bought much of the city's remaining farms, including most of Oak Grove Dairy, to redevelop as residential suburbs for local workers and commuters to surrounding cities.

During the 1970s, Oddfellows Playhouse was established. The theater attracts hundreds of young people every year from around the state to perform in plays and other performances. The playhouse is one of the few youth theaters in the state of Connecticut. It is located on 128 Washington Street, around the corner from Middletown's Main Street.

During the 1990s, a partnership between the city, the Middlesex Chamber of Commerce, and Wesleyan University invested substantially in Middletown's Main Street, improving urban design and supporting new businesses. Their actions helped the revival of downtown Middletown. Crime decreased, and new restaurants and shops opened.

21st century
In recent decades, Middletown has focused on balancing the needs and comforts of its residents with the commercial development required to help fund services. These efforts date at least from 1931, when the city was one of the first in America to establish a planning board. Progress continued under the leadership of Democratic mayor, Domenique S. Thornton, who served a record eight years (four terms) as mayor. The city attracted a 12-screen movie theater and numerous restaurants and other businesses to the downtown area, the city provided free Wi-Fi service along Main Street and the historic Inn at Middletown a luxury four and half star boutique hotel transformed the former vacant National Guard Armory. On November 8, 2005, Republican Sebastian Giuliano won the mayor's office, replacing Thornton, whom he criticized for raising taxes and for the awarding of a contract for the construction of a new high school to Tomasso Brothers, Inc., a firm that had been the target of a federal corruption probe. During Giuliano's three terms in office, Middletown's Main Street became a hub for small businesses, and the city began investing heavily in the arts. Democrat Daniel T. Drew defeated Giuliano in 2011. Drew has pushed for increased development in the city's North End, an area that has been plagued by poverty and crime in recent decades. In November 2012, voters approved a $37 (~$ in ) Million initiative to move Middletown's wastewater to the Mattabassett Sewer District treatment plant in nearby Cromwell. Previously, the city had operated its own sewage treatment plant on the banks of the Connecticut River. The city has made plans to tear down this older plant and develop the riverfront property on which it sits. Middletown continues to support manufacturing and small business.

Middletown has remained an important government administrative center. From the creation of Middlesex County in 1798 until the elimination of county government in 1965 Middletown was the county seat. Middletown today retains Middlesex Superior Court, and the Judicial District remains that of the former county court. Other county functions were either centralized to the state or transferred to the towns. The former county building has been removed, but there are other state agency buildings elsewhere in the city, such as the Dept. of Social Services on Main Street Ext. Middletown's Probate Court district includes the towns of Cromwell, Portland, Middlefield and Haddam. The city is also the site of the controversial State Juvenile Training Center.

Culturally and politically, Middletown is in the midst of an effort to revitalize its historically disadvantaged North End. Economic development projects recently completed in the North End include Wharfside Commons, a 96-unit mixed income apartment block, and the new Community Health Center (completed in 2012 at the corner of Main and Grand Streets ). The Green Street Arts Center, founded by Wesleyan and a coalition of community groups in 2000, is a pioneering attempt to attract residents and businesses to the neighborhood by promoting arts education and outreach. For decades, the famous O'Rourke's Diner has done much to bring some stability to the North End. A fire on August 31, 2006, gutted much of the historic structure. The Middletown community held many fundraising events to raise money for the diner's rebuilding. Reconstruction began in September 2007, and O'Rourke's Diner re-opened in February 2008. Mayor Daniel Drew (2011–2019) supported citizen-oriented efforts to revitalize the North End, such as the local nonprofit NEAT (North End Action Team). In 2012, the City of Middletown and NEAT partnered to form the "I Heart the North End" initiative, which plans to raise public awareness of the economic and cultural opportunities available in the area.

Middletown is the only location of a well-known youth theater group, Oddfellows Playhouse, which is located on Washington Street and pulls in children of all ages from all over the state to learn theater skills. Oddfellows also runs the Children's Circus of Middletown where children learn circus skills and put on a free show for close to a thousand people.

Middletown is also host to the Kidcity Children's Museum located in a renovated and recently expanded former home of Judge Elmer, which was moved 400 ft down Washington Street to its current location. Kidcity is a hands-on playspace where children ages 1 through 8 come with parents and other significant adults to learn through play.

The Downtown Business District continues to revitalize the downtown area. Pratt and Whitney, Aetna, Middlesex Hospital, Connecticut Valley Hospital, Liberty Bank, and Wesleyan University are major employers. Located on the western border of the city, in an area known as Westlake, is an 84 house community known as The Farms. This architectural award-winning community was developed in 1969 by George Achenbach, and was one of the first communities in Connecticut designed for cluster living, with open areas designated as common land.

There are also many parks and nature trails including the Middletown Nature Gardens, Wadsworth Falls State Park and Smith Park, and 100 acre of open property at the Guida Farm Conservation Area for families to enjoy. Harbor Park is a 2.6 acre recreation area on the Connecticut River, featuring a boardwalk, restaurant/nightclub, fishing, seasonal boat excursions, and the Middletown High School and Wesleyan University crew boathouses. July 4 festivities, as well as the head of the Connecticut Regatta event in October are conducted from Harbor Park.

Middlesex Hospital a major employer in Middletown and throughout Middlesex County, is spending $31 million to build a new emergency department. The new emergency department opened on March 24, 2008. Along with the new department, a helipad will be added along with 70 new parking spaces for patients.

At 11:17 a.m. on February 7, 2010, a large explosion occurred at a power plant under construction in Middletown. There are numerous houses, buildings and historic districts in Middletown listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and two are further designated as National Historic Landmarks. The Samuel Wadsworth Russell House on High Street, built in 1827, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001. The Alsop House, also located on High Street, and built in 1840, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009. Both buildings are part of the Wesleyan campus.

The saltbox Samuel Harris House, built in 1686 and not listed on the National Register, may be the oldest surviving house in Middletown.

Geography
Middletown sits on the west bank of the Connecticut River, in the south-central portion of the state. Running alongside the river, Route 9 bisects the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 42.3 square miles (109.6 km$2$), of which 40.9 square miles (105.9 km$2$) is land and 1.4 square miles (3.7 km$2$)  is water. The total area is 3.36% water. Middletown shares borders with the neighboring towns of Cromwell, Portland, East Hampton, Haddam, Durham, Middlefield, Berlin, and Meriden. Of all the neighboring towns, Portland and East Hampton are the only ones that do not have any land boundaries, as they are located on the eastern side of the Connecticut River.

The west side of Middletown is flanked by the Metacomet Ridge—a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound to nearly the Vermont border. Notable mountains of the Metacomet Ridge in Middletown include Higby Mountain and the north side of Lamentation Mountain. The 50 mi Mattabesett Trail traverses the ridge. The Nature Conservancy manages the summit and ledges of Higby Mountain. Major bodies of water include the Connecticut River along the towns eastern boundary, the Mattabesset River along its northern boundary, Crystal Lake in the southern end of town, and Pameacha Pond along South Main Street. The Mount Higby and Adder reservoirs also fall along its western boundary with Middlefield.

Principal communities

 * Highland – The westernmost neighborhood of Middletown. It is the only section of the city that Interstate 91 passes through within its total distance through Middletown.

 * Westfield – Formerly a village, now a mostly residential neighborhood located in the northwestern corner of the city, lying just south of the border with Cromwell.
 * Miramichi – A mostly residential neighborhood located in the southwest corner of the city, lying just north of the border with Middlefield.
 * Newfield Heights – A commercial-neighborhood with many businesses and restaurants located just to the north of the city center.
 * Bretton Heights – A mostly residential neighborhood located a few miles west from the city center.
 * Lakeridge Heights – A semi-industrial neighborhood located just below the South Farms area, and just above the Durham town-line.
 * South Farms – A mostly residential area lying just to the south of the city center.
 * Maromas – A largely industrial and mostly-uninhabited neighborhood, located in the southeastern part of the city. Pratt & Whitney has one of its offices located in this area.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 47,717 people, and 20,089 households residing in the city, with an average household size of 2.14. The population density was 1,163.26 PD/sqmi. There were 21,549 housing units at an average density of 508.59 /sqmi and a vacancy rate of 7%. Owner occupied housing made up 54% of the units and the average value of owner occupied housing units was $240,700.

The racial makeup of the city was 66.2% White only, not Hispanic or Latino, 15.7% Black or African American, 10.9% Hispanic or Latino, and 5.7% Asian. The foreign born population made up 11.9% of residents.

15.5% of residents were under the age of 18, and 16.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.5 years.

The median income for a household in the city was $62,022. Males had a median income of $49,846 versus $37,412 for females. The per capita income for the city was $39,845. 12.3% of the population below the poverty line.

Government and infrastructure
The headquarters of the Connecticut Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection, previously the Connecticut Department of Public Safety,  is located in Middletown.

The United States Postal Service operates the Middletown Post Office.

Benjamin Florsheim has been the mayor of Middletown since 2019.

Top employers
Top employers in Middletown according to the town's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report

Education
Middletown operates public schools, including Middletown High School.

The city has one Roman Catholic elementary school, Saint John Paul II Regional Catholic School, and two Roman Catholic high schools, Xavier High School for boys and Mercy High School for girls.

Middletown also has one technical high school, Vinal Technical High School.

Post-secondary institutions include Wesleyan University and Middlesex Community College.

Russell Library is the public library of Middletown. It has books, newspapers, magazines, informational databases of full-text newspaper and magazine articles, classes, computer training, workshops, concerts, and meeting spaces.

Media
Middletown has three regular news outlets. The Middletown Press is a daily broadsheet which covers news in the Middletown area. The Hartford Courant is a daily broadsheet which includes a Middletown story in every issue. Three radio stations are licensed to Middletown: WMRD 1150 AM (variety), WESU 88.1 FM (Wesleyan University) and WIHS 104.9 FM (religious).

Transportation
River Valley Transit provides public transportation services throughout Middletown as well as service between Middletown and Old Saybrook, which, along with New Haven, provides connections to Amtrak intercity trains and Shore Line East commuter rail service. The New Britain Transportation Company provides connecting service to New Britain and the surrounding area; and Connecticut Transit provides local and express service to Hartford as well as express service to New Haven.

Bradley International Airport (BDL) in Windsor Locks and Tweed New Haven Airport (HVN) in East Haven are the closest commercial airports to Middletown. Meriden Markham Municipal Airport, in Meriden, and Goodspeed Airport, in East Haddam, each offer general aviation services as well and are open to the public.

In popular culture
Middletown's riverfront and bridges were featured extensively in the music video for Billy Joel's hit song "The River of Dreams". TLC's reality series 90 Day Fiancé (2017–2020) documented Darcey Silva's relationships. On June 29, 2020, Entertainment Weekly announced that Silva and her sister Stacey are getting their own reality show called Darcey & Stacey. Three seasons of Darcey & Stacey have been filmed in Middletown.

Notable organizations

 * Artists For World Peace, Nonprofit International Peace Organization

Notable people
This notable people list is divided into three sections: people born in Middletown, people who currently live in Middletown, and people who once lived in Middletown at some point in their lives.

The following notable people were born in Middletown:
 * Dean Acheson (1893–1971), 51st United States Secretary of State
 * Joseph Wright Alsop IV, politician and insurance executive; father of Joseph Alsop
 * Jules Dassin, film director
 * Reginald De Koven, music critic and composer
 * Bill Denehy, Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher
 * Samantha Johnson, soccer player
 * Joey Logano, NASCAR driver, 2018 and 2022 NASCAR Cup Series champion
 * Mark MacDonald, member of the Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate
 * Samuel Mattocks, officer in the American Revolution and Vermont State Treasurer
 * Peter Parcek, blues rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter
 * Tony Pastor, band leader, singer
 * Eli Pemberton (born 1997), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Willie Pep, boxer, two-time World Featherweight Champion
 * Marco Rafalà, Novelist and Game Writer
 * William Ranney, 19th century Western artist
 * James Riley, captain of the United States merchant ship Commerce
 * Adelaïde Alsop Robineau, American potter
 * Maurice Rose, U.S. Army Major General, highest-ranking American killed by enemy fire in Europe during World War II
 * Jordan Russolillo, professional soccer player
 * Bill Rutan, racing driver
 * Darcey Silva, television personality, former beauty queen and businesswoman
 * Amari Spievey, professional football player for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL)
 * Duke Thomas, professional football player for the Dallas Cowboys of the NFL
 * Alton Tobey, artist
 * Nicholas Tucci, actor
 * Will Tye, professional football player for the New England Patriots of the NFL
 * Edward Burr Van Vleck, mathematician
 * John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, physicist and mathematician, co-recipient of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Bill Watrous, jazz musician and band leader
 * Allie Wrubel, composer and songwriter

The following notable people were not born in Middletown but lived there at some point in their lives:
 * Jeff Bagwell, Hall of Fame MLB baseball player
 * Horatio Strother, historian and educator

The following notable people were not born in Middletown but currently live there:
 * Andre Drummond, American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the NBA
 * Anthony Fantano, music critic and YouTuber
 * William Raymond Manchester, American author, biographer, and historian

Sister cities

 * 🇮🇹 Melilli, Italy

title: Middletown, Connecticut


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Garryales

The Garryales are a small order of dicotyledons, including only two families and three genera.

Description
Garryales are woody plants that are either hairless or have very fine hairs. Members of the family Garryaceae are evergreen, whereas those of the Eucommiaceae are deciduous and produce latex. All members are dioecious.

Taxonomy
These belong among the asterids. Under the Cronquist system, the Garryaceae were placed among the Cornales. The Eucommiaceae were given their own order and placed among the Hamamelidae. The Oncothecaceae family has been associated with Garryales, though the link is not strong enough to prove they are related.

Subdivisions
The order is made up of two families which, between them, contain three genera. These are:
 * Family Garryaceae
 * Garrya
 * Aucuba
 * Family Eucommiaceae
 * Eucommia

Distribution
Species in the order are spread between North America and Asia. The various Garrya species are found in North America, in southern and western coastal regions of the United States. Aucuba species are found across eastern parts of Asia, while Eucommia species are within China.

Uses
Plants within the Garryales may be cultivated for ornamental purposes; Aucuba japonica is grown as a decorative hedge.

title: Garryales


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Celastrales

The Celastrales are an order of flowering plants found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. The 1200 to 1350 species are in about 100 genera. All but seven of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae. Until recently, the composition of the order and its division into families varied greatly from one author to another.

Description
The Celastrales are a diverse order that has no conspicuous distinguishing characteristic, so is consequently hard to recognize. The flowers are usually small with a conspicuous nectary disk. The stipules are small or rarely absent. The micropyle has two openings and is therefore called a bistomal micropyle. Flowers with well-developed male and female parts are often functionally unisexual. The seed often has an aril. In bud, the sepals have a quincuncial arrangement. This means that two sepals are inside, two are outside, and the remaining sepal is half inside and half outside.

Relationships
Perhaps the most conspicuous and unusual trait of the Celastrales is the nectary disk, a feature that it shares with another rosid order, Sapindales. Since the orders are not closely related, the disk must have been an independent development in each of these lines.

The Celastrales are a member of the Celastrales, Oxalidales (including Huaceae), and Malpighiales (COM) clade of Fabidae, with Fabidae being one of the two groups of Eurosids.

Circumscription
The name Celastrales was first used by Thomas Baskerville in 1839. In the time since Baskerville first defined the order, until the 21st century, great differences of opinion occurred about what should be included in the order and in its largest family, the Celastraceae. The family Celastraceae was the only group consistently placed in the order by all authors who accepted it. Because of the ambiguity and complexity of its definition, the Celastraceae became a dumping ground for genera of dubious affinity. Several genera were assigned to this family with considerable doubt about whether they really belonged there. Also, some genera that properly belong in the Celastraceae were placed elsewhere.

By the end of the 20th century, Goupia and Forsellesia had been excluded from the Celastraceae and also from the Celastrales. Goupia is now in the Malpighiales. Forsellesia is now in the Crossosomatales. It continues to be the subject of a dispute about whether its proper name is Forsellesia or Glossopetalon.

After being placed elsewhere, Canotia, Brexia, and Plagiopteron were found to belong in the Celastraceae. The family Hippocrateaceae was found to be deeply nested within the Celastraceae and is no longer recognized as a separate family.

In 2000, Vincent Savolainen et alii found that three families - Lepidobotryaceae, Parnassiaceae, and Celastraceae - were closely related. They stated that these three families should constitute the order Celastrales, and this idea was accepted by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, which later subsumed the Parnassiaceae into the Celastraceae. Savolainen and co-authors also excluded Lophopyxis from the Celastrales. Lophopyxis now constitutes a monogeneric family in the Malpighiales.

In 2001, in a molecular phylogenetic study of DNA sequences, Mark Simmons and others confirmed all of these results except for the placement of Lophopyxis and the Lepidobotryaceae, which they did not sample.

In 2006, Li-Bing Zhang and Mark Simmons produced a phylogeny of the Celastrales based on nuclear ribosomal, and chloroplast DNA. Their results showed that Bhesa and Perrottetia were misplaced in the Celastraceae. Bhesa is now in the Centroplacaceae, a family in the Malpighiales. and Perrottetia is in the Huerteales. Zhang and Simmons found Pottingeria and Mortonia to be closely related to the families Parnassiaceae and Celastraceae, as they were then defined, but not in either of them. These two genera are therefore in the Celastrales. They found that Siphonodon and Empleuridium are proper members of the Celastraceae, removing considerable doubt about their placement there. They also showed that the small family Stackhousiaceae, consisting of three genera, is embedded in the Celastraceae. Except for taxa that were not sampled, these results were confirmed by the second phylogeny of the Celastrales, which was produced by Mark Simmons and several co-authors in 2008.

Nicobariodendron sleumeri, the only member of its genus, continues to be an enigma. It is a small tree from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Little is known of it and it has never been sampled for DNA. It is generally thought to belong in the Celastrales, but this is not a certainty. It is one of the five taxa placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms in the APG III system of classification.

Families
The Celastrales have been divided into families in various ways. In their APG II classification in 2003, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognized three families in the Celastrales – Lepidobotryaceae, Parnassiaceae, and Celastraceae. When they revised their classification in 2009, they recognized only two families because Pottingeria and the two genera of Parnassiaceae were transferred to the Celastraceae. Nicobariodendron became one of the five taxa placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms.

In the 2006 phylogeny, Nicobariodendron was not sampled, but those species that were sampled fell into two strongly supported clades. One was a small clade consisting only of the family Lepidobotryaceae. Its sister was a very large clade containing the rest of the order. The large clade consisted of five strongly supported groups. These are the family Parnassiaceae, the genus Pottingeria, the genus Mortonia (in the Celastraceae), and a pair of genera from the Celastraceae (Quetzalia and Zinowiewia), and the rest of the Celastraceae. No relationships were resolved among these groups.

In 2008, Simmons and others produced a phylogeny of the Celastrales that achieved better resolution than the 2006 study by sampling more species and more DNA. They found the same pentatomy of five strongly supported groups that the previous study had found, but only weak to moderate support for any relationships between the five groups. In the APG III system, the family Celastraceae was expanded to consist of these five groups. No one has yet published an intrafamilial classification for the expanded Celastraceae.

Phylogeny
The following phylogenetic tree was made by combining parts of three different trees. Bootstrap support is 100% except where shown. Branches with less than 50% bootstrap support are collapsed. The clade numbers are from Simmons et al. (2008).

title: Celastrales


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Dereliction of duty in American law

Dereliction of duty is a specific offense under United States Code Title 10, Section 892, Article 92 and applies to all branches of the US military. A service member who is derelict has willfully refused to perform his duties (or follow a given order) or has incapacitated himself in such a way that he cannot perform his duties. Such incapacitation includes the person falling asleep while on duty requiring wakefulness, his getting drunk or otherwise intoxicated and consequently being unable to perform his duties, shooting himself and thus being unable to perform any duty, or his vacating his post contrary to regulations.

Details
In the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), dereliction of duty is addressed within the regulations governing the failure to obey an order or regulation.

"§ 892. Art. 92. Failure to obey order or regulation Any person subject to this chapter who— ... (3) is derelict in the performance of his duties; shall be punished as a court-martial may direct."

Punishment can include sanctions up to and including the death penalty (in times of war). Outside of wartime, the maximum punishment allowed is a dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 1 year (10 years for service members receiving special pay under 37 USC 310 ).

Proving dereliction
In order to prosecute a service member under Article 92, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the service member knew (or should have reasonably known) his duties and that he was either, through neglect or culpable inefficiency (i.e., being inefficient without just cause), derelict in the performance of those duties.

A duty is imposed in any one of the following ways:

 * via a treaty,
 * statute,
 * regulation,
 * lawful order,
 * standard operating procedure, or
 * custom of the service

That the service member possessed actual knowledge of his duties may be proved via:
 * regulations,
 * training / operating manuals,
 * academic literature,
 * testimony of service members who held similar positions,
 * customs of the service

Sentinel / lookout
UCMJ Article 113 ("Misbehavior of sentinel") includes components of behavior that are, in themselves, examples of dereliction of duty:

 * 1) Drunk while on post
 * 2) Sleeping while on post
 * 3) Leaving one's post without being properly relieved

Failure to follow instructions and directives
Both a Staff Sergeant and an Airman First Class stationed at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base had their pay reduced by $300 and $200 pay per month, respectively, for two months, when their actions resulted in a delayed launch and subsequent aircraft shutdown. They were found guilty of failing to follow Air Force Instruction 21-101, Air Force Policy Directive 31-3, and Technical Order 00-20-1. They were also given 14 days extra duty and had a reprimand inserted into their files.

Misuse of government property
An Airman First Class stationed at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base was reduced to Airman when she received non-judicial punishment for dereliction of duty. She was found to have charged over $700 on her Travel Card for personal uses.

United States v. Allen Lawson 33 M.J. 946
In August 1988, Marine Lance Corporal Jason Rother died on a desert exercise at Twentynine Palms, California. First Lieutenant Allen Lawson was charged and convicted of dereliction of duty for disobeying orders (to submit a roster of posted Marines and locations to his superior officer, Captain Edwards) and for failing to post two subordinates as a pair (as ordered by the battalion commander, Lieutenant Colonel Robeson).

title: Dereliction of duty in American law


text:
Saddle Creek Records

Saddle Creek Records is an American record label based in Omaha, Nebraska. Started as a college class project on entrepreneurship, the label was founded by Mike Mogis and Justin Oberst in 1993 (as Lumberjack Records). Mogis soon turned over his role in the company to Robb Nansel. The label is named after Saddle Creek Road, a major street which cuts through midtown Omaha and also the beginnings of a scene whose members included Justin's brother Conor Oberst (at the time a solo artist and now from Bright Eyes, Conor Oberst and the Mystic Valley Band, Desaparecidos, and Monsters of Folk), Tim Kasher (then of Slowdown Virginia, currently of Cursive and The Good Life), and others. Collectively, they were known unofficially as the "Creekers". Saddle Creek first appeared in print on a show flyer, offering to "Spend an evening with Saddle Creek" (later to be the title of the label's DVD.) Saddle Creek became an incorporated entity as a result of a class project on entrepreneurship. Distribution is handled by Redeye Distribution.

SCR continues to be the flagship label of a style of music called "The Omaha Sound", characterized by a slight country twang. It is increasingly inaccurate, though to reference it as such with the rise of more electronic sounds like those favored by The Faint and Broken Spindles. The eclectic sounds of Saddle Creek's disparate member bands is somewhat explained by their history; a number of the original members of the label attended grade school together. A "sister label" of sorts, to Saddle Creek is Team Love which was begun by Conor Oberst in 2004.

History
The label opened its arms to the first bands on its roster not based in Omaha in 2001 with releases by Now It's Overhead and Sorry About Dresden. Other artists not from Nebraska followed including Los Angeles' Rilo Kiley, Eric Bachmann (formerly the leader of Archers of Loaf from Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Crooked Fingers from North Carolina), Georgie James (Washington D.C.), Two Gallants (San Francisco), and most recently Tokyo Police Club (Toronto).

In 2005, Spend an Evening with Saddle Creek, a documentary detailing the first ten years of the record label's history, was released. The DVD features extensive interviews with the Saddle Creek bands, archival footage, and rare live performances. On June 8, 2007, the label opened their own music venue named Slowdown (after the group Slowdown Virginia) which is located in downtown Omaha.

The label's name was inspired partially by the A-side single of Polecat's 1994 -ismist Recordings release 2500 Ft of Our Love, "Saddle Creek."

Current

 * Art in Manila
 * Azure Ray
 * Beep Beep
 * Big Thief
 * Black Belt Eagle Scout
 * Bright Eyes
 * Criteria
 * Cursive
 * Desaparecidos
 * Disq
 * Feeble Little Horse
 * Hop Along
 * The Good Life
 * Icky Blossoms
 * Indigo De Souza
 * Ladyfinger (ne)
 * Eastern Youth
 * Eric Bachmann
 * Land of Talk
 * Maria Taylor
 * Mayday
 * Miles Benjamin Anthony Robinson
 * The Mynabirds
 * Neva Dinova
 * Now It's Overhead
 * Old Canes
 * Orenda Fink
 * Palm
 * The Rural Alberta Advantage
 * Sebastien Grainger
 * Sam Evian
 * Shalom
 * Son, Ambulance
 * Sorry About Dresden
 * The Spirit of the Beehive
 * Stef Chura
 * The Thermals
 * Tim Kasher
 * Tokyo Police Club
 * Tomberlin
 * Young Jesus

Former

 * Broken Spindles
 * Commander Venus
 * The Faint
 * Gabardine
 * Georgie James
 * Park Ave.
 * Polecat
 * Rilo Kiley
 * Slowdown Virginia
 * Two Gallants
 * We'd Rather Be Flying

Discography
All releases marked either LBJ (Lumberjack) or SCE (Saddle Creek Europe)
 * LBJ-034 Bright Eyes/Son, Ambulance - Oh Holy Fools: The Music of Son, Ambulance & Bright Eyes CD/LP
 * LBJ-035 Cursive - Burst and Bloom CD/LP
 * LBJ-036 Son, Ambulance - Euphemystic CD/LP
 * LBJ-037 The Faint - Danse Macabre CD/LP
 * LBJ-038 Now It's Overhead - Now It's Overhead CD/LP
 * LBJ-039 Sorry About Dresden - The Convenience of Indecision CD
 * LBJ-040 Desaparecidos - The Happiest Place on Earth CD5
 * LBJ-041 Azure Ray - November EP CD
 * LBJ-042 Desaparecidos - Read Music/Speak Spanish CD/LP
 * LBJ-043 The Good Life - Black Out CD/LP
 * LBJ-044 Mayday - Old Blood CD
 * LBJ-045 Bright Eyes - There Is No Beginning To The Story EP CD/12"
 * LBJ-046 Bright Eyes - Lifted or The Story Is in the Soil, Keep Your Ear to the Ground CD/2×LP
 * LBJ-047 Rilo Kiley - The Execution of All Things CD/LP
 * LBJ-048 Bright Eyes - A Christmas Album CD
 * LBJ-049 Cursive - Art Is Hard CD
 * LBJ-050 Various Artists - Saddle Creek 50 2×CD/LP
 * LBJ-051 Cursive - The Ugly Organ CD/LP
 * LBJ-052 Sorry About Dresden - Let It Rest CD
 * LBJ-053 Bright Eyes - Vinyl Box Set 5×LP + 2x12" + box set
 * LBJ-054 Azure Ray - Hold On Love CD/LP
 * LBJ-055 Azure Ray - The Drinks We Drank Last Night CD
 * SCE-056 Rilo Kiley - The Execution of All Things CD
 * LBJ-057 Azure Ray - New Resolution CD
 * LBJ-058 Now It's Overhead - Fall Back Open CD
 * LBJ-059 Cursive - The Recluse CD
 * SCE-060 Bright Eyes/Neva Dinova - One Jug of Wine, Two Vessels CD/LP
 * LBJ-061 Broken Spindles - fulfilled/complete CD/LP
 * LBJ-062 The Good Life - Lovers Need Lawyers CD/10"
 * LBJ-063 Beep Beep - Business Casual CD/LP
 * LBJ-064 The Good Life - Album of the Year CD/LP
 * LBJ-065 Now It's Overhead - Wait in a Line CD
 * LBJ-066 The Faint - I Disappear CD
 * LBJ-067 The Faint - Wet From Birth CD/LP
 * LBJ-068 Bright Eyes - Lua CD
 * LBJ-069 Bright Eyes - Take It Easy (Love Nothing) CD
 * LBJ-070 Cursive - The Difference Between Houses and Homes CD/LP
 * LBJ-071 Son, Ambulance - Key CD
 * LBJ-072 Bright Eyes - I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning CD/LP
 * LBJ-073 Bright Eyes - Digital Ash in a Digital Urn CD/LP
 * LBJ-074 Maria Taylor - 11:11 CD
 * LBJ-075 Orenda Fink - Invisible Ones CD
 * LBJ-076 Mayday - Bushido Karaoke CD
 * LBJ-077 Bright Eyes - When the President Talks to God iTunes exclusive
 * LBJ-078 unassigned
 * SCE-079 Bright Eyes - First Day of My Life CD/7"
 * LBJ-080 Criteria - En Garde (reissue) CD
 * LBJ-081 Criteria - When We Break CD/LP
 * LBJ-082 Broken Spindles - inside/absent CD/LP
 * LBJ-083 The Faint - Desperate Guys CD
 * LBJ-084 Bright Eyes - Easy/Lucky/Free CD/2×7″
 * LBJ-085 Criteria - Prevent the World CD
 * LBJ-086 Orenda Fink - Bloodline iTunes single
 * LBJ-087 Various Artists - Lagniappe
 * SCE-088 Bright Eyes - Motion Sickness: Live Recordings CD
 * LBJ-089 Saddle Up and Love It - Saddle Creek/Lovitt Records Hot Topic Compilation CD
 * LBJ-090 Two Gallants - Las Cruces Jail 7-inch
 * LBJ-091 Two Gallants - What the Toll Tells CD/LP
 * SCE-092 Two Gallants - Steady Rollin' iTunes Exclusive
 * LBJ-093 Cursive - Dorothy at Forty CD/7"
 * LBJ-094 Cursive - Happy Hollow CD/LP
 * LBJ-095 Eric Bachmann - To The Races CD
 * LBJ-096 Now It's Overhead - Dark Light Daybreak (Live in the Studio) iTunes Exclusive
 * LBJ-097 Now It's Overhead - Dark Light Daybreak CD
 * LBJ-098 Ladyfinger - Heavy Hands CD
 * LBJ-099 Bright Eyes - Noise Floor: Rarities 1998-2005 CD, 2*LP
 * LBJ-101 Bright Eyes - Four Winds CD/12"
 * LBJ-102 Maria Taylor - Lynn Teeter Flower CD
 * LBJ-103 Bright Eyes - Cassadaga CD/2×LP
 * SCE-104 Cursive - Big Bang digital single
 * LBJ-105 Two Gallants - The Scenery of Farewell CD/12"
 * LBJ-106 The Good Life - Heartbroke 7-inch/Digital Single
 * LBJ-107 Art in Manila - Set the Woods on Fire CD
 * LBJ-108 The Good Life - Help Wanted Nights CD/LP
 * LBJ-109 Two Gallants - Two Gallants CD/LP
 * LBJ-110 Georgie James - Places CD/LP
 * SCE-111 Two Gallants - Despite What You've Been Told Digital Single
 * SCE-112 Georgie James - Need Your Needs Digital Single
 * SCE-113 Richard Swift - Dressed Up for the Letdown CD
 * LBJ-114 Cursive - Rhapsody Original EP Digital
 * LBJ-115 Cursive - Bad Sects 12-inch
 * LBJ-116 Tokyo Police Club - Elephant Shell CD/LP
 * LBJ-117 Neva Dinova - You May Already Be Dreaming CD/LP
 * LBJ-118 Georgie James - Cake Parade 7-inch/Digital
 * LBJ-119 Tokyo Police Club - Elephant Shell (Remixes) Digital
 * LBJ-120 Son, Ambulance - Someone Else's Deja Vu CD/LP
 * LBJ-121 Tokyo Police Club - Tessellate 7-inch
 * SCE-122 Two Gallants - Miss Meri Digital Single
 * LBJ-123 Beep Beep - Enchanted Islands CD
 * LBJ-124 Neva Dinova - Neva Dinova (2009 Reissue) Digital
 * LBJ-125 O+S - O+S CD/LP
 * LBJ-126 Land of Talk - Some Are Lakes CD/LP
 * LBJ-127 Sebastien Grainger - American Names 7-inch/Digital EP
 * LBJ-128 Sebastien Grainger - Sebastien Grainger & The Mountains CD/LP
 * LBJ-129 Ladyfinger (ne) - Dusk CD
 * LBJ-130 Tokyo Police Club - FNMTV Live (Rhapsody Exclusive)
 * LBJ-131 Tokyo Police Club - Live Session iTunes Exclusive EP
 * LBJ-132 Cursive - Mama, I'm Swollen CD/LP
 * LBJ-133 Cursive/Ladyfinger (ne) - Record Store Day Picture 10-inch
 * LBJ-134 Sebastien Grainger - Who Do We Care For Digital Single
 * LBJ-135 Tokyo Police Club - Baskervilles Remix Digital Single
 * SCE-136 Dag för Dag - Shooting from the Shadows CD EP
 * LBJ-137 UUVVWWZ - UUVVWWZ CD
 * LBJ-138 The Rural Alberta Advantage - Hometowns CD/LP
 * LBJ-139 Orenda Fink - Ask The Night CD/LP
 * LBJ-140 Old Canes - Feral Harmonic CD/LP
 * LBJ-141 O+S - We Do What We Want to Digital
 * LBJ-142 Miles Benjamin Anthony Robinson - Summer of Fear CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-143 Land of Talk - Fun & Laughter EP CD/Digital
 * LBJ-144 The Rural Alberta Advantage - Drain the Blood 7-inch/Digital
 * LBJ-145 Bright Eyes / Neva Dinova - One Jug of Wine, Two Vessels CD/LP/Digital (2010 Reissue)
 * LBJ-146 The Mynabirds - What We Lose in the Fire We Gain in the Flood CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-147 Azure Ray - Drawing Down the Moon - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-148 Cursive - Discovering America Digital Single
 * LBJ-149 Land of Talk - Cloak and Cipher CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-150 Land of Talk - Swift Coin 7-inch/Digital
 * LBJ-151 Tim Kasher - Cold Love 7-inch/Digital
 * LBJ-152 Tim Kasher - The Game of Monogamy CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-153 Adam Haworth Stephens - We Live on Cliffs CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-154 Azure Ray - Don't Leave My Mind Digital Single
 * LBJ-155 Tim Kasher - Delirium Tantrums 7-inch (online-store exclusive)
 * LBJ-156 The Mynabirds - All I Want is Truth (for Christmas) 7-inch/Digital
 * LBJ-157 The Rural Alberta Advantage - Departing CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-158 Bright Eyes - The People's Key CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-159 Bright Eyes - Singularity Digital
 * LBJ-160 Azure Ray (feat. Sparklehorse) - Silverlake Digital
 * LBJ-161 Big Harp - White Hat - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-162 Maria Taylor - Overlook - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-163 Maria Taylor - In A Bad Way - CD/Digital
 * LBJ-164 Various Artists - Saddle Creek Spring 2011 Sampler - CD/Digital
 * LBJ-165 PUJOL - Nasty, Brutish, and Short EP - CD/10"/Digital
 * LBJ-166 Tim Kasher - Bigamy: More Songs from the Monogamy Sessions - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-167 Tim Kasher - The Game of Monogamy with Bigamy: More Songs from the Monogamy Sessions - Digital
 * LBJ-168 Cursive - I Am Gemini - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-169 Cursive - The Sun and Moon / The Cat and Mouse - 10"/Digital
 * LBJ-170 The Mynabirds - GENERALS - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-171 PUJOL - United States of Being - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-172 Icky Blossoms - Icky Blossoms - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-173 The Mynabirds - Generals - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-174 PUJOL - Reverse Vampire 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-175 Icky Blossoms - Babes 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-176 Azure Ray - As Above So Below - CD/12"/Digital
 * LBJ-177 Ladyfinger - Errant Forms - LP/Digital
 * LBJ-178 Icky Blossoms - Village 7"
 * LBJ-179 UUVVWWZ - the trusted language - LP/Digital
 * LBJ-180 The Faint - Danse Macabre (Deluxe Edition) [Remastered] - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-181 Big Harp - Chain Letters - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-182 O+S - Flowers Turn to Fire - Digital
 * LBJ-183 The Mynabirds - Body of Work - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-184 2012 Saddle Creek Sampler - CD/Digital
 * LBJ-185 Cursive - The Ugly Organ (Deluxe Edition) [Remastered] - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-186 The Thermals - Desperate Ground - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-187 O+S - Flowers Turn To Fire - 7"
 * LBJ-188 PUJOL - DEEP CUTS - 7"
 * LBJ-189 The Thermals - Desperate Ground Demos - 7"
 * LBJ-190 Black Lips/Icky Blossoms - Cowboy Knights - 7"
 * LBJ-191 Maria Taylor - Something About Knowing - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-192 Icky Blossoms - Revisions - Digital
 * LBJ-193 The Mynabirds - GENERALS: REMIXED - 12"/Digital
 * LBJ-194 Icky Blossoms - Icky Blossoms (Deluxe Edition) Digital
 * LBJ-195 Various Artists - Saddle Creek Spring 2013 Sampler - CD/Digital
 * LBJ-196 Jake Bellows - New Ocean - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-197 Neva Dinova - The Hate Yourself Change - Digital
 * LBJ-198 Tim Kasher - Adult Film - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-199 Bright Eyes - A Christmas Album (Reissue) - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-200 unassigned
 * LBJ-201 Tim Kasher - Truly Freaking Out - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-202 Tim Kasher - Fragile Bipedal - 7"
 * LBJ-203 Twinsmith - Honestly - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-204 PUJOL - KLUDGE - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-205 PUJOL - CIRCLES - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-206 Orenda Fink - Blue Dream - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-207 The Rural Alberta Advantage - Mended With Gold - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-208 The Good Life - Novena on a Nocturn - LP
 * LBJ-209 The Good Life - Novena on a Nocturn Demos - LP
 * LBJ-210 The Good Life - Album of the Year Demos - LP
 * LBJ-211 Orenda Fink - You Can Be Loved - Digital
 * LBJ-212 The Rural Alberta Advantage - Terrified - Flexi disc
 * LBJ-213 PUJOL - Reunited States of Being - Cassette/Digital
 * LBJ-214 Orenda Fink - Ace of Cups - Digital
 * LBJ-215 Twinsmith - Alligator Years - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-216 Tim Kasher & Chris Farren - You Be Me For A While - Split 7"
 * LBJ-217 Icky Blossoms - Mask - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-218 Hop Along - Painted Shut - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-219 Icky Blossoms - Living in Fiction - 7"
 * LBJ-220 The Mynabirds - Lovers Know - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-221 The Good Life - Everybody's Coming Down - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-222 Hop Along - Get Disowned (Reissue) - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-223 Orenda Fink - Mighty Mist - Digital
 * LBJ-224 The Good Life - Everybody - Flexi disc
 * LBJ-225 The Thermals - We Disappear - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-226 unassigned
 * LBJ-227 O+S - You Were Once the Sun, Now You're the Moon - LP/Digital
 * LBJ-228 The Mynabirds - Chelsea Hotel No. 2 - Digital
 * LBJ-229 Sam Evian - Need You - Digital
 * LBJ-230 The Mynabirds - Leonora - Digital
 * LBJ-231 Cho-Cho & Dasheen - Cool Pool Reggae - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-232 The Thermals - Hey You - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-233 Big Thief - Masterpiece - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-234 Big Thief - Masterpiece single - Flexi disc
 * LBJ-235 Bright Eyes - Fevers and Mirrors (Remastered) - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-236 Bright Eyes - LIFTED or... (Remastered) - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-237 Bright Eyes - I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning (Remastered) - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-238 Bright Eyes - Digital Ash in a Digital Urn (Remastered) - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-239 Bright Eyes - Cassadaga (Remastered) - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-240 Bright Eyes - The Studio Albums 2000–2011 - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-241 Sam Evian - Premium - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-242 Sam Evian - Sleep Easy - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-243 Posse - Kismet - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-244 Big Thief - Dandelion - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-245 The Faint - CAPSULE:1999–2016 - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-246 The Faint - Fasciinatiion - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-247 The Faint - Doom Abuse - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-248 The Faint - Young & Realistic - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-249 The Good Life - The Modern Mary - Digital
 * LBJ-250 Laura Burhenn - Apples & Oranges - Digital
 * LBJ-251 The Good Life - Are You Afraid of Dying? - Digital
 * LBJ-252 The Rural Alberta Advantage - White Lights - Digital
 * LBJ-253 Sam Evian - Snow - Amazon digital single
 * LBJ-254 Big Thief - Mythological Beauty - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-255 Big Thief - Capacity - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-256 The Rural Alberta Advantage - Beacon Hill - Digital
 * LBJ-257 Twinsmith - Stay Cool - LP/Digital
 * LBJ-258 Land Of Talk - Life After Youth - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-259 Wilder Maker - New Streets - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-260 The Rural Alberta Advantage - The Wild CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-261 The Mynabirds - BE HERE NOW - LP/Digital
 * LBJ-262 Hand Habits - yr heart - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-263 Hop Along - Bark Your Head Off, Dog - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-264 Bright Eyes - Coyote Song - Digital
 * LBJ-265 Sam Evian - You, Forever - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-266 Palehound - YMCA Pool - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-267 The Rural Alberta Advantage - Brother - Digital
 * LBJ-268 The Mynabirds - BE HERE NOW: Behind The Album - Digital
 * LBJ-269 The Rural Alberta Advantage - Toughen Up - Digital
 * LBJ-270 Stef Chura - Messes - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-271 Stef Chura - Midnight - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-272 Young Jesus - S/T - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-273 Young Jesus - The Whole Thing Is Just There - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-274 Stef Chura - Degrees b/w Sour Honey - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-275 Adrianne Lenker - abysskiss - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-276 Tomberlin - At Weddings - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-278 Hovvdy - Easy/Turns Blue - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-279 The Faint - Egowerk - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-280 Black Belt Eagle Scout - Mother of My Children - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-281 Adrianne Lenker & Buck Meek - a-sides and b-sides - CD/LP
 * LBJ-282 Adrianne Lenker - Hours Were the Birds - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-283 Land of Talk - Indistinct Conversations - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-284 Sam Evian - Aquarium Drunkard’s Lagniappe Session - Digital
 * LBJ-285 Adrianne Lenker & Buck Meek - a-sides - Digital
 * LBJ-286 Adrianne Lenker & Buck Meek - b-sides - Digital
 * LBJ-287 Adrianne Lenker - Demos (Rough Trade Exclusive) - CD
 * LBJ-288 Disq - Communication b/w Parallel - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-289 Sam Evian - Next to You (feat. Kazu Makino) - Digital
 * LBJ-290 The Faint - Danse Macabre (Remastered) - LP
 * LBJ-291 Hand Habits - placeholder - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-292 Outer Spaces - Teapot #1 b/w Children Love to Run - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-293 Black Belt Eagle Scout - Loss & Relax b/w Half Colored Hair - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-294 Sam Evian - Cherry Tree b/w Roses - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-295 Treadles - Cold b/w Iron - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-296 Ada Lea - what we say in private - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-297 Black Belt Eagle Scout - At the Party With My Brown Friends - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-298 Frances Quinlan - Likewise - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-299 Disq - Collector - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-300 Ada Lea - the party (french version) - Digital
 * LBJ-301 Sam Evian - Right Down the Line - Digital
 * LBJ-302 McKinley Dixon - Anansi, Anansi b/w Wit These - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-303 Young Jesus - Welcome to Conceptual Beach - LP/CD/Digital
 * LBJ-304 S. Raekwon - Parts Towards Whole b/w A Crow's Smile - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-305 The Big Net - Big Moon b/w Rufus - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-306 Ada Lea - one hand on the steering wheel the other sewing a garden LP/CD/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-307 Ada Lea - woman, here - Digital
 * LBJ-308 Adam Cayton-Holland - Adam Cayton-Holland Performs His Signature Bits - LP
 * LBJ-309 Hand Habits - wildfire covers - LP/Digital (Bandcamp Exclusive)
 * LBJ-310 Stef Chura - How to Rent a Room - Digital
 * LBJ-311 311 - Dammit! - Cassette (Limited Edition of 311)
 * LBJ-312 Tomberlin - Projections - Picture Disc/Digital
 * LBJ-313 Divide and Dissolve - TFW - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-314 Quarter-Life Crisis - Quarter-Life Crisis EP - 12"/Digital
 * LBJ-315 Crake - Enough Salt (For All Dogs) b/w Gef - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-316 Disq - I Know What It's Like- Digital
 * LBJ-317 Mal Blum - Nobody Waits b/w San Cristóbal - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-318 Indigo De Souza - Any Shape You Take - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-319 Neva Dinova - Demos and C-Sides LP/Digital
 * LBJ-320 unassigned
 * LBJ-321 Ohtis - Schatze b/w Failure - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-322 SPIRIT OF THE BEEHIVE - ENTERTAINMENT, DEATH - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-323 Hand Habits - Dirt - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-324 Tomberlin - Hours (draag me Remix) - Digital
 * LBJ-325 Tomberlin - Hours (Katie Dey Remix) - Digital
 * LBJ-326 Hand Habits - Fun House - LP/CD/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-327 Marcey Yates & XOBOI - Culxr House:Freedom Summer - LP/Digital
 * LBJ-328 Indigo De Souza - I Love My Mom - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-329 Frances Quinlan - Likewise Remixes - Digital
 * LBJ-330 PENDANT - Harp - CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-331 allie - cast iron // infinite jesters - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-332 SPIRIT OF THE BEEHIVE - THE DOOR - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-333 Disq - Desperately Imagining Someplace Quiet CD/LP/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-334 Disq - Gentle (draag me Remix) - Digital
 * LBJ-335 PENDANT - Blood Rite - Digital
 * LBJ-336 Lonely Pirate Committee - He Was in the Father b/w ODE - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-337 SPIRIT OF THE BEEHIVE - IT MIGHT TAKE SOME TIME (Avey Tare Remix)
 * LBJ-338 Land of Talk - Calming Night Partner - Digital EP - Digital
 * LBJ-339 Black Belt Eagle Scout - the land, the water, the sky LP
 * LBJ-340 Desaparecidos - What’s New for Fall b/w Give me the Pen 7”
 * LBJ-341 unassigned
 * LBJ-342 Desaparecidos - Read Music/Speak Spanish (Remastered) - CD/LP/Digital
 * LBJ-343 Sorry About Dresden - Ghost (Is Leaving Me) - Digital
 * LBJ-344 unassigned
 * LBJ-345 Indigo De Souza - Ivy (Frank Ocean) - Digital
 * LBJ-346 Young Jesus - Shepherd Head LP/CD/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-347 unassigned
 * LBJ-348 unassigned
 * LBJ-349 unassigned
 * LBJ-350 The Rural Alberta Advantage - CANDU ::: AB Bride - Digital
 * LBJ-351 Palm - Nicks and Grazes LP/CD/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-352 Shalom - Sublimation LP/CD/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-353 unassigned
 * LBJ-354 Indigo De Souza - All of This Will End LP/CD/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-355 SPIRIT OF THE BEEHIVE - I SUCK THE DEVIL'S COCK (Nmesh's Electric Ego Death Quadrathlon) - Digital
 * LBJ-356 The Rural Alberta Advantage - The Rise - Digital
 * LBJ-357 The Rural Alberta Advantage - Plague Dogs - Digital
 * LBJ-358 The Rural Alberta Advantage - The Rise & The Fall LP/CD/Digital
 * LBJ-359 Shalom - Bad To The Bone / Agnes - Digital
 * LBJ-360 Shalom - DTAP / True Love - Digital
 * LBJ-361 unassigned
 * LBJ-362 Hand Habits - Fun House: Blueprints - Digital
 * LBJ-363 feeble little horse - Hayday (Reissue) - LP/CD/Digital
 * LBJ-364 PENDANT - Caustic Pop Remixes - Digital
 * LBJ-365 feeble little horse - Girl with Fish - LP/CD/Tape/Digital
 * LBJ-366 claire rousay - Sigh In My Ear - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-367 Ada Lea - hometown / heard you - Digital
 * LBJ-368 Hand Habits - Fun House + Blueprints - Digital
 * LBJ-370 Land of Talk - Performances - LP/CD/Digital
 * LBJ-372 Bedlocked|Teethe - All Over Again b/w Moon - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-373 SPIRIT OF THE BEEHIVE - i'm so lucky EP - 7"/Digital
 * LBJ-374 Neva Dinova - Something's Out There - Digital
 * LBJ-375 Indigo De Souza - Cassette Box Set 2018–2023 - Tape
 * LBJ-376 Young Jesus - The Weasel - Digital
 * LBJ-377 Neva Dinova - Something's Out There (Todd Fink Remix) - Digital
 * LBJ-378 PENDANT - PCM - Digital

Compilations

 * Saddle Creek Records, A Sampler (1998)
 * Saddle Creek 50 (2002)
 * Lagniappe: A Saddle Creek Benefit for Hurricane Katrina (2005)

title: Saddle Creek Records