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Long Island Sound

Long Island Sound is a marine sound and tidal estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. It lies predominantly between the U.S. state of Connecticut to the north and Long Island in New York to the south. From west to east, the sound stretches 110 mi from the East River and the Throgs Neck Bridge in New York City, along the North Shore of Long Island, to Block Island Sound. A mix of freshwater from tributaries, and saltwater from the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island Sound is 21 mi at its widest point and varies in depth from 65 to 230 ft.

Shoreline

Major Connecticut cities on the Sound include Stamford, Norwalk, Bridgeport, New Haven, and New London. Cities on the New York side of the Sound include Rye, Glen Cove, New Rochelle, North Hempstead, Oyster Bay, Smithtown, Port Jefferson, Brookhaven and Riverhead, Larchmont, Mamaroneck and portions of Queens and the Bronx in New York City.

Climate and geography
The climate of Long Island Sound is warm temperate or Cfa in the Köppen climate classification. Summers are hot and humid often with convective showers and strong sunshine, while the cooler months feature cold temperatures and a mix of rain and occasional snow.

Glacial history
About 18,000 years ago, Connecticut, Long Island Sound, and much of Long Island were covered by a thick sheet of ice, part of the Late Wisconsin Glacier. About 3,300 ft thick in its interior and about 1300 to 1600 ft thick along its southern edge, it was the most recent of a series of glaciations that covered the area during the past 10 million years. Sea level at that time was about 330 ft lower than today.

The continental ice sheet scraped off an average of 65 ft of surface material from the New England landscape, then deposited the material (known as drift) from the Connecticut coast into the Sound, creating what is now Long Island (the terminal moraine). When the ice sheet stopped advancing 18,000 years ago (as addition of snow at the origin was in equilibrium with the melting at the southern edge), a large amount of drift was deposited, known as the Ronkonkoma Moraine, which stretches along much of southern Long Island. Later, another period of equilibrium resulted in the Harbor Hill Moraine along most of northern Long Island. The next moraines (recessional moraines) to the north were created just on and off the Connecticut coast. These moraines, created by much smaller deposits (probably from equilibrium states that were much shorter in time) are discontinuous and much smaller than those to the south. The Connecticut coast moraines are in two groups: the Norwalk area and the Madison-Old Saybrook area. Sandy plains and beaches resulted from the erosion of moraines and redeposition in these areas, and to the east of each, where the drift cover is thinnest, exposed bedrock, creating rocky headlands, often with marshlands behind them.

The Captain Islands off Greenwich, Connecticut, along with the Norwalk Islands and Falkner Island off Guilford, Connecticut, are parts of a recessional moraine. Other islands, including the Thimble Islands, are for the most part exposed bedrock with a thin amount of drift, often not continuous. Other shoals and islands off the Connecticut coast are a mixture of these two extremes. The glacier also created several sandy outwash deltas off the coast, including one off Bridgeport, Connecticut, and another off New Haven, Connecticut. Fishers Island, New York, appears to be related to the Harbor Hill Moraine. To the east of the Thimble Islands, inland moraines along the Connecticut coast include the broken Madison Moraine and the Old Saybrook Moraine.

The Long Island Sound basin existed before the glaciers came. It probably had been formed by stream flows. A relatively thick cover of sand and gravel (termed outwash) was left in the basin from glacial meltwater streams. On the west, a ridge rising to about 65 ft below the present sea level is called the Mattatuck Sill. Its lowest point is about 80 ft below sea level. Glacial meltwater formed "Lake Connecticut", a freshwater lake in the basin, until about 8,000 years ago, when the sea level rose to about 80 ft below today's level. Seawater then overflowed into the basin, transforming it from a nontidal, freshwater lake to a tidal, saline arm of the sea.

Rivers

Numerous rivers empty into the Sound, including:

Connecticut
 * Connecticut River - Old Saybrook
 * Housatonic River - Stratford & Milford
 * Mianus River - Greenwich
 * Mill River (Quinnipiac River) - New Haven
 * Mill River (Fairfield) - Fairfield
 * Norwalk River - Norwalk
 * Pequonnock River - Bridgeport
 * Quinnipiac River - New Haven
 * Rooster River/Ash Creek - Bridgeport & Fairfield
 * Rippowam River - Stamford
 * Saugatuck River - Westport
 * Thames River (Connecticut) - Groton & New London
 * West River (Connecticut) - West Haven

New York
 * Byram River - Port Chester
 * Hutchinson River-The Bronx
 * Mamaroneck River - Mamaroneck
 * Nissequogue River - Nissequogue & Ft Salonga

Rhode Island
 * Pawcatuck River

Watershed demographics
The whole watershed population is about 8.93 million as of the 2010 census. Due to extent of the Connecticut River, many riverside cities and towns are included in the Long Island Sound watershed. The largest towns and cities from south to north, west to east are:

New York

 * Huntington
 * Oyster Bay
 * Smithtown
 * Parts of these New York City boroughs:
 * The Bronx
 * Queens
 * Brooklyn
 * Port Chester
 * Rye (city), New York

Connecticut

 * Stamford
 * Bridgeport
 * New Haven
 * New London
 * Danbury
 * Waterbury
 * Norwich
 * Willimantic
 * Torrington
 * Hartford

Rhode Island

 * Westerly

Massachusetts

 * Springfield
 * Worcester
 * Pittsfield

Vermont

 * Brattleboro
 * White River Jct.

New Hampshire

 * Keene
 * West Lebanon

Seaweed
Seaweeds in the Sound occur in greatest abundance in rocky areas between high tide and low tide as well as on rocks on the sea floor. Green seaweed populations fluctuate with the seasons. Monostroma, reproduces in the early spring and dies out by late summer. Grinnellia appears in August and disappears four to six weeks later.

In the rocky areas of the intertidal zone there are the seaweeds characterized by their brown tone, Fucus and Ascophyllum, some species of which have air bladders that allow them to float and receive direct sunlight even at high tide. Also present are Ectocarpus and red algas Polysiphonia, Neosiphonia, Porphyra and Chondrus (Irish moss).

In the marshy areas of the intertidal zone can be found Cladophora (mermaid's hair), Ulva (sea lettuce) and Codium.

In the subtidal zone (below low tide) are Palmaria palmata a red alga, along with two algae, Laminaria (kelp) and Chorda. Kelp can often be found washed up on the beach, and individual specimens are not uncommonly a yard or two long. Deeper in the subtidal zone are red algae such as Spermothamnion, Antithamnion and Callithamnion, which also often float freely.

In tidal pools can be found red or pink colored Phymatolithon, which can often encrust rocks and mollusk shells. Also present are green algae, including Ulothrix, Cladophora, and Ulva.

Plants found in tidal marshes
Tidal marshes are some of the most productive biological systems in the world. Along the sound, they produce three to seven tons per acre per year of vegetation, largely in the form of salt marsh grasses. Much of this, enriched by decomposition, is flushed yearly into the estuary water where it directly contributes to the great finfish and shellfish production of the sound.

 * Salt marsh plants

Salt water cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) grows along ditches and on the seaside edges of marshes where high tides daily inundate it. Salt meadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) and spikegrass (Distichlis spicata) grow in areas less frequently inundated by saltwater, typically closer to dry land. A short form of salt water cordgrass can sometimes be found in the depressions (pannes) in the higher areas where salt water collects and evaporates, leaving water even higher in salinity than seawater.

Other plants in the pannes are sea lavender, salt marsh aster, seaside gerardia, and some species of glasswort. Plants found near the border of the marsh with the upland include bayberry and groundsel-tree shrubs, switchgrass (growing where occasional storm tides reach), reeds and marsh elder.

In areas where the Sound's salt water is more diluted with freshwater from rivers, including along the shores of the larger river estuaries such as the Connecticut River, cattail marshes replace salt marshes. Various types of grasses, including wild rice, and sedges, including bulrushes, are found here.
 * Cattail marshes

Eelgrass - sometimes known as "Saltwater Eelgrass" in order to distinguish it from Freshwater Eelgrass, which is a different species (Vallisneria americana) - is typically found in protected bays, coves, and other areas of brackish water, but it also persists along areas of exposed shoreline along Long Island's north shore near Orient. Eelgrass is one of the few vascular plants found in the marine environment. Despite its name, it is actually not a species of underwater grass; instead, it is a plant that bears a physical resemblance to grass. It can tolerate a wide range of water salinity. It grows on muddy to sandy sediments (even among rocks), mostly below low tide, often forming large meadows. it grows best in shallow water because it is dependent upon sunlight, and the water of the Long island Sound can be very murky. Eelgrass roots help stabilize muddy sediments and can trap moving sand, helping prevent erosion. The leaves, that can range in size from less than 1 m to 2 m long, slow currents, providing calm environments for many species of mollusks and other invertebrates. Eelgrass is also an important food source for waterfowl, especially brant, a type of goose. During the 1930s, the Long Island Sound was struck by an outbreak of a mold infection known as "eelgrass wasting disease". As a result, most of the eelgrass that grew in the sound was killed off, and as an extension, populations of wildlife in the area that depended upon the eelgrass either as food or as a habitat went into a sharp decline. During the succeeding decades, areas along the Connecticut coast saw a slow gradual recovery of eelgrass populations. Unfortunately, the north shore of Long Island did not see much success, and efforts have been made to re-introduce eelgrass by planting it, especially in the eastern part of the Long Island Sound in the waters of Suffolk County. It is unlikely that the Long Island Sound will experience a complete recovery of its eelgrass population because there are still occasional outbreaks of eelgrass wasting disease within the Sound.
 * Eelgrass meadows

Plants found on beaches and dunes
Few undisturbed beach and dune systems exist on the Connecticut shore, the ones that do are located along the eastern portion of the coastline (east of the Connecticut River). Sea rocket and dune grass occur here, but not in abundance. Dune grass and plants that thrive on dunes are largely responsible for the creation and growth of the dunes. On the seaward side of dunes can be found Lathyrus japonicus (beach pea), Dusty Miller, and seaside goldenrod. Other beach plants are orache, beach clotbur, seaside spurge, and jimson weed. On the more protected landward side of dunes are beach plum, bayberry and beach rose. Rare species found on the landward side are beach knotweed and sand false heather.

Upland vegetation
In areas next to the shoreline but hardly ever salty, the sound's environment can nevertheless be a crucial factor in the presence of certain species. Areas near the Connecticut shore are the northern limit for some species needing the warmer environment provided by proximity to the Sound (which has a longer growing season than inland Connecticut and winters that are less harsh). These include sweetgum (only found in Connecticut in the extreme southwestern area of the state), the American holly, post oak and persimmon, which only exist in Connecticut along the shore. For many species which grow typically in sandy soils, the Connecticut shore is the northern limit.

Mature upland vegetation along the Connecticut coast is mostly hardwood forest, with dominant tree species including oaks and hickories, especially white oak, black oak, pignut hickory and mockernut hickory. Other trees include sassafras, black gum, and black cherry. Mature trees tend to be sparse in coastal forests, likely because of their greater exposure to the wind. This results in more sunlight reaching the forest floor, encouraging a jungle-like tangle of vines and shrubs, including the vines catbriar, poison ivy, bramble and bittersweet, and the shrubs blueberry, huckleberry, viburnum and hazelnut.

Along with the moderate climate, tropical cyclones can have an important impact on observable vegetation patterns. The greatest storms to hit the Sound in the twentieth century were the 1938 hurricane, the 1955 hurricane, Hurricane Belle in 1976, Hurricane Gloria in 1985, Hurricane Irene in 2011, and Hurricane Sandy in 2012. After Hurricane Belle, leaves near the coast were badly salt-burned, then turned brown and shriveled. Many trees were downed by the storm, leaving openings in the forest cover, promoting the growth of vines and shrubs.

Fish
The Sound is inhabited by both marine fish and anadromous fish (oceanic or estuarine species that spawn in freshwater streams and rivers, see fish migration). The most common marine fish in the Sound include porgy, butterfish, winter flounder, summer flounder, windowpane flounder, fourspot flounder, northern and striped sea robin, little skate, menhaden, Atlantic silversides, black seabass, blackfish (tautog), cunner, bluefish, and smooth dogfish. Frequently Atlantic bonito and false albacore, both members of the tuna family, enter the sound and can be caught by anglers from small boats and shore. Many species have declined rapidly since 1975 due to over fishing. Winter flounder may not be currently present except for rare, small local populations. Tautog and summer flounder are also less numerous. Anadromous fishes include striped bass, white perch, alewives, blueback herring, and American and hickory shad. Although several shark species likely infrequently wander in and out of the Sound, e.g. blue shark, mako shark, hammerhead shark and thresher shark, there are only four species of sharks which are regularly found in the area. These are the sand tiger shark, the sandbar shark, the spiny dogfish and the smooth dogfish.

Mollusks
Mollusks (gastropods and bivalves) that can be found include the rough periwinkle near the high-tide line, the European periwinkle, the northern yellow periwinkle, the blue mussel (a popular, edible species), the eastern oyster, the Atlantic slipper shell or "common slippershell" (Crepidula fornicata), the hard clam (also known as the quahog, little neck clam or cherrystone clam), the Atlantic bay scallop, the mud snail (also known as the eastern mud nassa), the salt marsh snail (or "coffee bean snail"), the Atlantic oyster drill, the northern moon snail, Atlantic moon snail, the channeled and knobbed whelks.

Crustacea
Crustaceans include crabs, shrimp and lobsters. In the Sound there are the green crab (a non-native species first reported in Boston around 1900, but a common crab found on the shore, where it feeds on eastern oysters and soft-shell clams), blue crab, red crab, Jonah crab in deepwater areas, and the Atlantic rock crab, which settles in large numbers along rocky shores, especially around Millstone Point, Niantic Bay and Fishers Island Sound. Other crabs found include the lady crab, spider crabs, and fiddler crabs; hermit crabs and mole crabs are also found. By the late 1980s, the Japanese shore crab, an invasive species, was the most commonly found crab in the sound.

The sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosa and two species of grass shrimp are plentiful along the shore, especially in late summer and fall. The American lobster is fished commercially.

Mammals, reptiles, and amphibians
Most animal species on the Connecticut side of the Sound also occur inland, but some are much more abundant along the shore. Animals along the Sound are most concentrated in the salt marshes. Two species of shrews, the masked shrew and the American short-tailed shrew, are common in salt marshes. The least shrew has been thought to exist in small numbers in the salt marshes of western Connecticut. Rodents include the white-footed mouse, the meadow vole (probably the most abundant coastal mammal) and the meadow jumping mouse. Muskrats are heavily trapped but remain abundant. Raccoons and red foxes who live in areas near the marshes will hunt in them. The long-tailed weasel and short-tailed weasel are both found near the Sound, occasionally living in the salt marshes. Dolphins are occasionally spotted in Long Island Sound, along with Harbor seals and gray seals that can be found among the rocks off Stonington and Groton at the eastern end. Long-finned pilot whales and harbor porpoises can also be infrequently sighted in open water, a few miles off the coast. In 1975, a finback whale beached itself in Groton. Animals that need moist woodlands are found in the coastal area (and elsewhere), including the diamondback terrapin in salt marshes and brackish waters (and deposits and hatches its eggs on nearby sandy beaches). Terrapin meat became such a popular delicacy in the early 1900s that the price for a dozen adult females reached as high as US$120. Overhunting made the species uncommon and even rare through most of the Sound and eliminated at some places. After its popularity as food declined, the terrapin population started recovering.

Sea turtles occasionally travel north on the Gulf Stream and wander into the Sound. The loggerhead turtle, green turtle and leatherback turtle are rarely seen along the Connecticut shore.

Other reptiles and amphibians found along the edges of the salt marshes and nearby bodies of water include the green frog, bullfrog, pickerel frog, spotted turtle, painted turtle, northern water snake, and common snapping turtle. On beaches and sandy areas there are Fowler's toads (which are also found inland but find sandy areas preferable), the American toad, and the hognose snake (which feeds on Fowler's toads).

Birds
There are six broad categories of bird habitats near Long Island Sound: (1) open water areas, including bays, coves, rivers and the Sound itself; (2) tidal marshes; (3) mudflats; (4) sandy beaches; (5) offshore islands; and (6) mainland uplands, including woodlands and fields. Some birds are summer residents or winter residents, while others are spring and fall transients. Year round residents include herring gull, great black-backed gull, common tern and double-crested cormorant. Coastal migrants (also called "transients") include shorebirds such as plovers, turnstones, sandpipers, willet and yellowlegs. Summer residents include the osprey, seaside sparrow, saltmarsh sparrow, clapper rail, mallard and black duck, herons and egrets, including the black-crowned night heron and snowy egret as well as the least tern and piping plover. Upland species include the yellow warbler, red-eyed vireo, red-winged blackbird and Carolina wren.

Winter residents include large flocks of ducks, geese, and swans winter in the Sound. In West Haven, Connecticut 8,000 scaup (also called broadbills or bluebills) were regularly counted in the 1970s. Greater scaup, black ducks, mallards, and Canada geese are among the most abundant wintering birds. There are also significant populations of red-breasted mergansers, common goldeneyes, buffleheads, white-winged scoter, American wigeon (also sometimes called baldpate), long-tailed ducks and mute swans. Others (less abundant) include gadwalls, northern pintails, green-winged teal, northern shovelers (also sometimes called broadbill), ruddy ducks, redheads, ring-necked ducks, snow geese, and brant.

Rare and endangered species
Rare, endangered and extinct species of the Sound include the eastern spadefoot, a rare, toadlike amphibian that hasn't been recorded in the area since 1935. Its overall coloring is beige or off-white with a pattern of green markings. Small orange dots punctuate this pattern.

As many as 1,500 shortnose sturgeon, listed as 'endangered' by the Endangered Species Act, inhabit the Connecticut River. Approximately 900 of those live downstream of Holyoke Dam. While shortnose sturgeon primarily remain in their natal rivers, they will feed in estuarine waters like Long Island Sound and make extended trips along the Atlantic Coast, tagged individuals sometime being identified in multiple rivers during their lifetimes.

History
Long Island Sound was formed when the terminal moraine that dammed the waters of glacial Lake Connecticut failed, and sea water mixed with the lake's fresh waters. Prior to colonization, it's estimated that around 10,000 to 15,000 natives inhabited along Long Island Sound. The first European to record the existence of Long Island Sound was the Dutch navigator Adriaen Block, who entered the sound from the East River in 1614. The sound was known as The Devil's Belt in colonial times and the reefs that run across the sound were known as Devil's Stepping Stones, from which Stepping Stones Lighthouse got its name. As the Industrial Revolution grew, Long Island Sound began to be utilized more for manufacturing and production uses that are still observed to this day, like textiles, metal finishing, fishing, and oyster harvesting. Yet, the economic and population growth the Industrial Revolution created led to increased pollution. Around the 1950s and 60s, the US Government began to recognize more of the environmental impacts pollution was having on water quality, as well as human health around regions like Long Island Sound. After the Clean Water Act was passed federally in 1972 to protect water quality around the US, the Environmental Protection Agency partnered with Connecticut and New York to pass the Long Island Sound Study (LISS) in 1985 with plans for restoration and clean-up projects in the region. More habitat conservation, health monitoring, and pollution standards have been established between NY and CT in the years since to protect the estuary for future generations.

Transportation
Ferries provide service between Long Island and Connecticut, notably the Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferry (between Port Jefferson and Bridgeport), and the Cross Sound Ferry (between Orient Point and New London). The ferries that cross Long Island Sound carry automobiles, trucks and buses, as well as foot passengers.

Fishing
Long Island Sound has historically had rich recreational and commercial fishing, including oysters, lobsters, scallops, blue crabs, tuna flounder, striped bass, and bluefish. However, in recent years the western part of the sound has become increasingly deficient of marine life. The fishing and lobster industries have encouraged efforts to identify the cause of the dead water and rectify the problem.

Lobsters have suffered diseases of unknown cause, but recreational fishing improved dramatically in the last 10 years due, in large part, to restoring a key component in the food chain, menhaden (a.k.a. "bunker") fish which are a mainstay of striped bass and other pelagic fish. The ban of netting of bunker - which were over-fished in the late 1990s - has significantly improved the quality and volume of the striped bass population in Long Island Sound.

Further development
Underwater cables transmit electricity under Long Island Sound, most notably a new and controversial Cross Sound Cable that runs from New Haven in western Connecticut, to Shoreham in central Long Island, and an older one from Rye in Westchester County to Oyster Bay on Long Island. Scientists debate whether submarine power cables are safe for marine ecosystems, but installations like large-scale armoing around cables helps to protect overall ecological impact and provides ecosystem regeneration.

Over the years, bridges over the sound have been proposed, including a bridge between Rye in Westchester County and Oyster Bay on Long Island; between New Haven, Connecticut, and Shoreham on Long Island; between Bridgeport, Connecticut, and Port Jefferson on Long Island; or between Orient Point, New York, and Rhode Island. A tunnel under the sound, as between Rye and Oyster Bay has also been proposed, to carry both freeway lanes and railroads. However, no crossing has been built since the Throgs Neck Bridge in the early 1960s.

Pollution
The Long Island Sound ecosystem has historically been polluted by a number of different sources, including industry, agriculture and communities (untreated sewage and urban runoff). Pollutants entering the Sound include toxic substances such as heavy metals; a specific example includes mercury discharged by the hatting industry in Danbury, Connecticut. Other pollutants include pathogens, debris, and nutrients (which contain nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer runoff).

Eutrophication occurs when bodies of water, like Long Island Sound, are exposed to higher levels of nutrients like nitrogen, causing harmful overgrowth of cyanobacteria that feed on them. Eutrophication can also lead to algal blooms and eventually hypoxia, when runoff into water causes rapid development of algae and phytoplankton that blocks the surface of water from sunlight and deprives oxygen to marine organisms. Eutrophication and its effects are direct environmental impacts on the Sound that are exacerbated by higher temperatures, stratified water columns (when the water is not well mixed vertically) and excess nutrients. The primary target for water remediation tactics in Long Island Sound have been nutrients discharged by sewage treatment plants and in surface runoff.

Long Island Sound sustains significant populations of fish and nurseries. This biological function has been threatened by both terrestrial and chemical alterations resulting from urbanization of the area. Specifically 25–35% of the tidal wetlands in the Sound have been dredged, filled, and developed over and hypoxia and eutrophication resulting from pollution have led to low dissolved oxygen levels (less than 4.8 mg of oxygen per liter) in the water. The low dissolved oxygen levels limit the fishes' ability to swim, feed, grow and reproduce and loss of habitat prevents success in fish larval growth. The impacts listed here are directly associated with these specific species in Long Island Sound: killifishes, silversides, bay anchovy, eels, menhaden, cunner, tautog, sticklebacks, winter flounder, weakfish, bluefish, tomcod and striped bass.

An example of impacts from nitrogen is a shift in the types of plankton that make up their community in Long Island Sound. Over the last several decades, excess nitrogen may have adversely affected diatoms—microscopic, single-celled algae at the base of the food chain, which make shells ('frustules') of opaline silica. When diatoms are less productive, they are replaced by other phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates or blue-green algae, which grow well in waters with high nitrogen levels, but do not need silica. Such changes in the base of the food chain leads to consequences such as an increase in abundance of jellyfish and decline in shellfish and other fish.

Starting in the 1990s, Connecticut and federal United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials defined no-dumping areas in which commercial or recreational boat users were prohibited from releasing untreated sewage into the Sound near the coastline. In 2007 state and federal officials announced the ban had extended to the entire Connecticut coast and applied to both treated and untreated sewage. New Hampshire and Maine have similar bans, but Massachusetts, Maine and New York do not (all are within the contributing watersheds). From the 1990s to 2007, the number of pumping stations for boat sewage tripled to 90 at marinas up and down the coast. Violators may be charged with a state misdemeanor and face $250 fines, or a federal civil penalty, with fines of up to $2,000.

To address the water quality problems, EPA created the Long Island Sound Study (LISS) in 1985, which led to LISS's Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP) to support development of a nitrogen total maximum daily load (TMDL) in 1994. The TMDL implements innovative strategies, including a nitrogen credit trading program for sewage treatment plants in Connecticut, and bubble permits for sewage treatment plants in New York. Results point to significant nitrogen reductions in Long Island Sound, and significant cost savings. By 1998, a plan to reduce nitrogen outputs of effluent into the Sound was agreed upon by the federal government and the states of New York and Connecticut. The goal was to reduce the amount of nitrogen entering the Sound by 58.5 percent as of 2014. New York City agreed with New York state and Connecticut to reduce nitrogen levels in 2001, but backed off its commitment and was sued by the state. In early 2006, the city agreed to lower nitrogen outputs and was given until 2017 to meet its reduction goals. By 2007, $617 million had been spent in upgrading sewage treatment plants, with 39 out of 104 retrofitted with devices to remove nitrogen.

According to the EPA National Estuary Program Coastal Protection Report for June 2007, the western part of the Sound was in the worst condition. The report gives a "fair" rating to water quality in the sound and poor marks to fish, bottom-feeders and sediment. High levels of PCBs were found in fish samples, and high concentrations of the pesticide DDT were found in sediment. Development resulting from population increases, past industrial pollution and stormwater runoff all contribute to the poor quality of the water, according to the report.

Nitrogen pollution in the Sound has been declining in the 21st century. By 2016, both NY and CT attained their goals to reduce nitrogen percentages by 58.5 percent established in the TMDL. According to LISS as of 2018, significant improvements to wastewater treatment plants have led to "over 50 million fewer pounds of nitrogen a year are discharged into Long Island Sound" in comparison to the 1990s. In 2015 the Long Island Sound Study concluded that the Sound is cleaner and healthier than it has been, but still impaired from pollution and habitat loss. To continue improving the quality of Long Island Sound, both ongoing challenges and adapting to new conditions due to climate change need to be addressed.

Dumping of dredged sediment
Polluted sediment from harbor, river and waterway dredging has been dumped in four sites in the Sound, although in late 2007 two of them at the eastern end of the Sound were scheduled to be closed at some future date. A dumping site near Stamford, Connecticut, and another near New Haven, Connecticut, were expected to remain open. In 2007, the U.S. EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began a five- to seven-year, $16 million study on more environmentally friendly ways to dredge harbors in the Sound. Dumping the sediment in the Sound is considerably less expensive than other options, according to Connecticut harbor officials and state and federal environmental officials.

Federal officials had concluded that sediment from Bridgeport Harbor was too contaminated for disposal in the Sound, and in 2007 the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) required Norwalk, Connecticut, to "cap" 350000 cuyd of dumped sediment from a planned Norwalk Harbor dredging project with 75000 cuyd of material. Silt and sediment from the harbor contains heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, according to DEP officials.

Legal status
In 1985, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Long Island Sound is a juridical bay. The case involved a jurisdictional dispute among New York State, Rhode Island, and the United States.

The classification of 'juridical bay' means that the states, and not the federal government, have jurisdiction over the Long Island Sound waters. This also means that the legal coastline of the United States incorporates the southern shore of Long Island, but not the alternative that would have been to consider the coastline to follow additionally the southern shores of Connecticut, and the eastern shores of Westchester County, the Bronx, and Manhattan.

title: Long Island Sound


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Hans von Aachen

Hans von Aachen (1552 – 4 March 1615) was a German painter who was one of the leading representatives of Northern Mannerism.

Hans von Aachen was a versatile and productive artist who worked in many genres. He was successful as a painter of princely and aristocratic portraits, and further painted religious, mythological and allegorical subjects. Known for his skill in the depiction of nudes, his eroticized mythological scenes were particularly enjoyed by his principal patron, Emperor Rudolf II. These remain the works for which he is best known. He also painted a number of genre paintings of small groups of figures shown from the chest upwards, laughing, often apparently using himself and his wife as models. Von Aachen usually worked on a small scale and many of his works are cabinet paintings on copper.

The life and work of Hans von Aachen bear unique witness to the cultural transfer between North, South and Central Europe in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. After training in the tradition of Netherlandish Renaissance painting the artist moved to Italy in 1574, where he remained for about 14 years, mainly working in Venice. He returned in 1587 to his native Germany, where he took up residence in Munich in Bavaria. His final years were spent in Prague. The combination of the Netherlandish realism of his training and the Italian influences gained during his travels gave rise to his unique painting style. His presence in the important art centres of the time, the wide distribution of prints after his designs and his congenial character all contributed to his international fame during his lifetime.

Life
Hans von Aachen was born in Cologne. His surname is derived from the birthplace of his father, Aachen in Germany. Hans von Aachen began painting in Germany as a pupil of the portrait painter Georg Jerrigh, who had trained in Antwerp. He probably joined the Cologne painters' guild before leaving for Italy around 1574. Like many northern artists of his time, such as the Flemish painter Bartholomeus Spranger, he then spent a long period in Italy. He lived in Venice from 1574 to 1587 where he became a member of the Netherlandish and German community of artists, printmakers and art dealers. He was active as a copyist and worked in the workshop of the Flemish painter and art dealer Gaspar Rem who was a native of Antwerp. Rem arranged for von Aachen to go through an apprenticeship with an artist referred to as Morett (or Moretto). This apprenticeship involved making copies of famous works in Venice's churches. Many of these copies were destined for the Northern-European art market. A contemporary art collector and dealer in Antwerp by the name of Hermann de Neyt had a collection of nearly 850 original and copied paintings, of which six were by Hans von Aachen (two of these being copies after Raphael).

Von Aachen went to Rome in 1575. Here he studied the antique sculptures and the works of Italian masters. He became a member of the circle of northern artists active in Rome such as Otto van Veen, Joris Hoefnagel, the brothers Paul and Matthijs Bril, Hans Speckaert and Joseph Heintz the Elder. He was able to secure a commission for a Nativity for the Church of the Gesù, the mother church of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in Rome. In Florence in the years 1582–3 he established a reputation for his portraits, which led to commissions from the ruling Medici family. In 1585 he again settled in Venice.

He returned to Germany in 1587, first to Augsburg where he painted portraits for the wealthy Fugger family. He also worked in Munich, where he was commissioned to paint two altarpieces for the church of St Michael. After visiting his home town Cologne and a return trip to Venice, he chose Munich as his residence from 1589. He married Regina, the daughter of the composer Orlando di Lasso in Munich. In Germany he became well known as a painter of portraits for noble houses. He also produced historical and religious scenes and earned a wide reputation. He painted several works for Duke William V of Bavaria.

In Munich he came into contact with the Imperial Court in Prague. In 1592 he was appointed official painter of Emperor Rudolf II who resided in Prague. Von Aachen did not need to reside at the court in Prague as his appointment was as a 'Kammermaler von Haus aus' (a court painter from home) who could work from his residence. Rudolf was one of the most important art patrons of his time. He held painting in particular esteem and issued a Letter of Majesty to the Prague Painter's Guild exempting painters from the guild rules, awarding them annual stipends and decreeing that painting should no longer be referred to as a craft but as the 'art of painting'. The special treatment provided to painters and artists generally in Rudolf's Prague turned the city into a major art centre. The large output consisted mainly of mythological paintings with an erotic quality or complex allegories glorifying the Emperor. The Emperor was open to artistic innovation and he presided over a new affected style, full of conceits, which became known as Mannerism. This style stressed sensuality, which was expressed in smoothly modeled, elongated figures arranged in elegant poses, often including a nude woman seen from behind.

Rudolf also relied on von Aachen as an advisor on his art collection and what is usually called a 'diplomat'. In this role he travelled to the owners of art collections to convey the emperor's often shameless bullying to make them accept his offers for their treasures. His diplomatic duties required him to travel extensively. In 1602 he travelled to Brunswick, Wolfenbüttel, Wittenberg and Dresden, and between 1603 and 1605 to Innsbruck, Venice, Turin, Mantua and Modena. The purpose of these later travels was in part for him to make portraits of potential future consorts of the Emperor. Emperor Rudolf II conferred knighthood on him in 1605. Von Aachen only moved to Prague years later possibly in 1601 or earlier in 1597. Here he received many commissions for mythological and allegorical subjects.

After his patron's downfall in 1605 and his death in 1612 von Aachen was, unlike most of Rudolf's court artists, retained by Rudolf's successor Matthias I who gave him an estate in Raussnitz. Emperor Matthias sent him to Dresden and Vienna in 1612, while 1613 saw him back in Augsburg, and 1614 again in Dresden.

Von Aachen's pupils included Pieter Isaacsz, who was his pupil in Italy while Andreas Vogel, Christian Buchner and Hans Christoph Schürer were his pupils in Prague.

Hans von Aachen belonged to the circle of artists in Rome who frequented Anthony van Santvoort.

He died in Prague in 1615.

Work

 * List of paintings by Hans von Aachen

General
Hans von Aachen was a versatile artist who produced portraits, paintings of historical and religious subjects, genre pictures and allegories. He was one of the principal representatives of the late Mannerist style of art that had been nurtured at the court of Rudolf II in Prague around 1600. One of these works is Allegory of Peace, Art and Abundance.

His style ranges between an idealized style of painting close to Roman and Florentine Mannerism as well as to Venetian masters Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto and the newly emerging tradition of northern realism. Von Aachen developed his own mannerist technique from his study of Tintoretto and Michelangelo's followers. Throughout his career his principal influences were the style of Bartholomeus Spranger and Hendrick Goltzius who dominated the art scene in Germany at the time.

Prints
While von Aachen did not produce prints himself, his paintings were much reproduced by other court artists of Rudolf II including included Wolfgang Kilian, Dominicus Custos as well as various members of the Sadeler family. These prints contributed to his fame and influence across Europe, despite the Mannerist style having fallen from fashion soon after his death.

Von Aachen also produced original designs for the court's printmakers. An example is the series of prints published under the title Salus generis humani (Salvation of Mankind). The series consists of 13 plates engraved by the Flemish printmaker Aegidius Sadeler who was active at the Prague court. Made in 1590, the engravings feature scenes from the Life of Christ after designs by Hans von Aachen. The central compositions are surrounded by emblematic borders, whose designs originate from illuminations in the missal (Missale romanum) made by the Flemish artist Joris Hoefnagel in 1581–90 for Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria (now in the Austrian National Library, Vienna).

Museums

 * Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria
 * Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne, Germany
 * Budapest Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary
 * The National Gallery, London

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hans von Aachen


text:
M (James Bond)

M is a codename held by a fictional character in Ian Fleming's James Bond book and film series; the character is the Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service for the agency known as MI6. Fleming based the character on a number of people he knew who commanded sections of British intelligence. M has appeared in the novels by Fleming and seven continuation authors, as well as appearing in twenty-four films. In the Eon Productions series of films, M has been portrayed by four actors: Bernard Lee, Robert Brown, Judi Dench and Ralph Fiennes, the incumbent; in the two independent productions, M was played by John Huston, David Niven and Edward Fox.

Background
Fleming based much of M's character on Rear Admiral John Godfrey, who was Fleming's superior at the Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War. After Fleming's death, Godfrey complained "He turned me into that unsavoury character, M."

Other possible inspirations include Lieutenant Colonel Sir Claude Dansey, the deputy head of MI6 and head of the wartime Z network, who achieved different interpretations of his character from those who knew him: Malcolm Muggeridge thought him "the only professional in MI6", while Hugh Trevor-Roper considered Dansey to be "an utter shit, corrupt, incompetent, but with a certain low cunning". A further inspiration for M was Maxwell Knight, the head of MI5, who signed his memos as "M" and whom Fleming knew well. The tradition of the head of MI6 signing their name with a single letter came from Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who would sign his initial "C", with green ink.

Another possibility for the model of M was William Melville, an Irishman who became the head of the Secret Service Bureau, the forerunner of both MI5 and MI6: Melville was referred to within government circles as M. Melville recruited Sidney Reilly into government service and foiled an assassination plot against Queen Victoria on her 1887 Golden Jubilee. Fleming's biographer John Pearson also hypothesised that Fleming's characterisation of M reflects memories of his mother:

Novels
Fleming's third Bond novel, Moonraker, establishes M's initials as "M**** M*******" and his first name is subsequently revealed to be Miles. In the final novel of the series, The Man with the Golden Gun, M's full identity is revealed as Vice Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG; Messervy had been appointed Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service after his predecessor had been assassinated at his desk.

A naval theme runs throughout Fleming's description of M and his surroundings, and his character was described by journalist Ben Macintyre as "every inch the naval martinet". Macintyre wrote that in his study of Fleming's work, Kingsley Amis outlined the way Fleming had described M's voice, being: angry (three times); brutal, cold (seven times); curt, dry (five times); gruff (seven times); stern, testy (five times).

Over the course of twelve novels and two collections of short stories, Fleming provided a number of details relating to M's background and character. In On Her Majesty's Secret Service it is revealed that M's pay as head of the Secret Service is £6,500 a year, (£0 in 2024 pounds) £1,500 of which comes from retired naval pay. Although his pay is good for the 1950s and 1960s, it is never explained how M received or can afford his membership at Blades, an upscale private club for gentlemen he frequents in London to gamble and dine. Blades has a restricted membership of only 200 gentlemen and all must be able to show £100,000 (£0 in 2024 pounds) in cash or gilt-edged securities. Kingsley Amis noted in his study, The James Bond Dossier, that on M's salary his membership of the club would have been puzzling. As a personal favour to M, the staff at Blades keeps a supply of cheap red wine from Algeria on hand but does not include it on the wine list. M refers to it as "Infuriator" and tends only to drink it in moderate quantities unless he is in a very bad mood.

The academic Paul Stock argues that M's office is a metonym for England and a stable point from which Bond departs on a mission, whilst he sees M as being an iconic representative of England and Englishness.

In the first post-Fleming book, Colonel Sun, M is kidnapped from Quarterdeck, his home, and Bond goes to great lengths to rescue him. The later continuation books, written by John Gardner, retain Sir Miles Messervy as M, who protects Bond from the new, less aggressive climate in the Secret Service, saying that at some point Britain will need "a blunt instrument". In Gardner's final novel, COLD, M is kidnapped and rescued by Bond and finishes the book by retiring from MI6. Continuation Bond author Raymond Benson's 1998 novel The Facts of Death continued Messervy's retirement, where he still resides in Quarterdeck. The book also introduces a new M, Barbara Mawdsley.

Bernard Lee: 1962–1979
M was played by Bernard Lee from the first Bond film, Dr. No (1962), until Moonraker (1979). In line with Fleming's character, he is given the name of Miles in The Spy Who Loved Me. In Dr. No, M refers to his record of reducing the number of operative casualties since taking the job, implying someone else held the job recently before him. The film also saw M refer to himself as head of MI7; Lee had originally said MI6, but was overdubbed with the name MI7 prior to the film's release. Earlier in the film, the department had been referred to as MI6 by a radio operator.

A number of Bond scholars have noted that Lee's interpretation of the character was in line with the original literary representation; Cork and Stutz observed that Lee was "very close to Fleming's version of the character", while Rubin commented on the serious, efficient, no-nonsense authority figure. Smith and Lavington, meanwhile, remarked that Lee was "the very incarnation of Fleming's crusty admiral."

Lee died of cancer in January 1981, four months into the filming of For Your Eyes Only and before any of his scenes could be filmed. Out of respect, no new actor was hired to assume the role and, instead, the script was re-written so that the character is said to be on leave, with his lines given to either his Chief of Staff Bill Tanner or the Minister of Defence, Sir Frederick Gray. Later films referred to Lee's tenure as head of the service, with a painting of him as M in MI6's Scottish headquarters during the 1999 instalment The World Is Not Enough.

Appearances in:

Robert Brown: 1983–1989
After Lee's death in 1981, the producers hired actor Robert Brown to play M in Octopussy. Brown had previously played Admiral Hargreaves, Flag Officer Submarines, in the 1977 film, The Spy Who Loved Me. Bond scholars Steven Jay Rubin, John Cork, and Collin Stutz all consider Admiral Hargreaves would have been appointed to the role of M, rather than Brown playing a different character as M.

Pfeiffer and Worrall considered that whilst Brown looks perfect, the role had been softened from that of Lee; they also considered him "far too avuncular", although in Licence to Kill they remarked that he came across as being very effective as he removed Bond's double-0 licence. Continuation author Raymond Benson agrees, noting that the M role was "once again under written, and Brown is not allowed the opportunity to explore and reveal his character traits"; Benson also considered the character to be "too nice". In No Time to Die (2021), Brown's M is briefly seen in a portrait at M's office (Ralph Fiennes) opposite a portrait of Judi Dench's M.

Appearances in:

Judi Dench: 1995–2015
After the long period between Licence to Kill and GoldenEye, the producers brought in Dame Judi Dench to take over as the new M replacing Robert Brown. The character is based on Stella Rimington, the real-life head of MI5 between 1992 and 1996. For GoldenEye, Dench's M is cold, blunt and initially dislikes Bond, whom she calls a "sexist, misogynist dinosaur, a relic of the Cold War." Tanner, her Chief of Staff, refers to her during the film as "the Evil Queen of Numbers", given her reputation at that stage for relying on statistics and analysis rather than impulse and initiative.

Following Pierce Brosnan's departure from the role as Bond, Dench continued playing M for the 2006 film Casino Royale, which rebooted the series with Daniel Craig playing Bond at the beginning of his career. In this new continuity, M has worked for MI6 for some time, at one point muttering, "Christ, I miss the Cold War". According to Skyfall, M was previously in charge of MI6's operations in Hong Kong during the 1990s. Her ability to run MI6 has been questioned more than once; in Casino Royale, she is the subject of a review when Bond is caught shooting an unarmed prisoner and blowing up a foreign embassy on camera; in Quantum of Solace, the Foreign Secretary orders her to personally withdraw Bond from the field in Bolivia and to stop any investigations into Dominic Greene's eco-terrorist organisation; and in Skyfall, she is the subject of a public inquiry when MI6 loses a computer hard drive containing the identities of undercover agents around the world. Skyfall marked Dench's seventh appearance as M, where she is targeted by former MI6 agent Raoul Silva, whom she turned over to the Chinese in order to save six other agents. She assists Bond with making booby traps in preparation of Silva's forces coming to attack at Bond's old family estate, Skyfall in Scotland. She is shot and wounded before dying from her wounds in the film, making her the only M to die in the Eon Bond films. Dench's M makes a final appearance in Spectre in a video will, giving Bond a final order to hunt down and terminate someone, which ultimately leads him to the film's titular criminal organisation.

In No Time to Die (2021), Dench's M is briefly seen in a portrait at M's office (Ralph Fiennes) opposite a portrait of Robert Brown's M.

There have also been brief references to M's family: in GoldenEye, she responds to Tanner calling her the "Evil Queen of Numbers" by telling him that when she wants to hear sarcasm she will listen to her children. Quantum of Solace director Marc Forster suggested that Dench's casting gave the character maternal overtones in her relationship with Bond, overtones made overt in Skyfall, in which Silva repeatedly refers to her as "Mother" and "Mommy" [sic]. In Skyfall she is revealed to be a widow.

An inscribed box following her death in Skyfall reveals her name to be Olivia Mansfield, at least for the duration of the Craig era.

Appearances in:

Ralph Fiennes: 2012–present
After the death of Dame Judi Dench's M at the end of Skyfall, she is succeeded by Gareth Mallory, played by Ralph Fiennes. Mallory had been the Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee prior to heading MI6, and is a former lieutenant colonel in the British Army. He served in Northern Ireland (with the Special Air Service) during the Troubles, where he had been held hostage by the Irish Republican Army for three months. In Spectre, the 00 Section of MI6 is briefly dismantled in addition to Mallory being demoted. He assists Bond in the field when it is revealed that the Nine Eyes initiative is part of Spectre's plan for world domination. He eulogises Bond at the end of No Time to Die. Mallory is the first M in the Eon series whose real name is known from the start, and he continues to be referred to both as M and as Mallory throughout the films.

Appearances in:

John Huston/David Niven: 1967
The 1967 film Casino Royale had not one but two Ms. The first is played by John Huston, who also co-directed. In this film, M's real name is McTarry and he is accidentally killed when, in order to get Bond out of retirement, he orders the military to fire mortars at Bond's mansion when the retired spy refuses to return to duty. The first quarter of the film depicts Bond's subsequent visit to McTarry Castle in Scotland, on a quest to return the only piece of M's remains recovered after the attack—his bright red toupée. Subsequently, Bond—played by David Niven—becomes the new M and proceeds to order that all MI6 agents, male and female, be renamed "James Bond 007" in order to confuse the enemy.

Edward Fox: 1983
In 1983's Never Say Never Again, Edward Fox played M as a bureaucrat, contemptuous of Bond—far removed from the relationship shared between Bernard Lee's M and Sean Connery's Bond; the academic Jeremy Black notes that the contempt felt for the 00 section by Fox's M was reciprocated by Connery's Bond. Fox's M is also younger than any of the previous portrayals, and his portrayal is the only instance ― to date ― of the actor playing M being younger than the actor playing Bond. The media historian James Chapman notes that while M considers Bond to be an out-dated relic, the Foreign Secretary orders the 00 section to be re-activated.

Outside the James Bond series
Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen comic series establishes that the 1898-era League (led by Mina Harker) was directed by Campion Bond (James Bond's grandfather), who served under a master called M. This M was later revealed to be none other than James Moriarty in disguise, using the League to win a gang war against Fu Manchu. After the death of Moriarty, Sherlock Holmes's older brother Mycroft Holmes assumed the role of M. In the sequel volume The Black Dossier, set during a moribund and dystopian 1950s post-war Britain, the head of the British secret service, M, is Harry Lime, from Graham Greene's The Third Man. In the final volume of Century, spanning from 1910 to 2009, the M of 2009 is an elderly Emma Peel from The Avengers. In the 2003 film adaptation of the series, M is once again Moriarty, and played by Richard Roxburgh.

title: M (James Bond)


text:
Fendlerbush

Fendlerbush may refer to:

 * Fendlera
 * Fendlerella, Utah fendlerbush

title: Fendlerbush


text:
Rudolph II (disambiguation)

Rudolph II (1552–1612) was a Holy Roman Emperor.

Rudolph II or Rudolf II may also refer to:
 * Rudolph II of Burgundy (died 937), king of Upper Burgundy, Lower Burgundy, and Italy
 * Rudolf II, Margrave of the Nordmark (d. 1144)
 * Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg (died 1232), Count of Habsburg
 * Rudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen (died 1247), Count Palatine of Tübingen and Vogt of Sindelfingen
 * Rudolf II, Duke of Austria (1270–1290), the youngest son of King Rudolph of Habsburg and Gertrude of Hohenburg
 * Rudolf II, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1295)
 * Rudolf II, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1301–1352)
 * Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1306–1353), Count Palatine of the Rhine
 * Rudolf II, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg (c. 1307–1370), member of the House of Ascania

title: Rudolph II (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Vicki Rosenzweig/archive1

Archiving old talk, without too much worry about organization. --VR

" First is that (for example) Smile (album) is a better page title than just Smile, because many things can be and are called 'Smile.' (A more distinctive title, such as Pet Sounds or Rubber Soul, can generally stand alone.) "

Point taken... Will make attempts to amend.

" I'm also concerned that you're quoting large pieces of reviews on relatively short pages about Jandek albums, and this could be a copyright issue. "

Authors have been contacted, and have agreed. -- Cadastral

Yes, mozilla is the most standards compliant browser out there. For that plan of mine, it would make more sense to make changes to it, than write some new software (which would end up embedding gecko anyway). Mozilla, moreoever, supports the most platforms of any browser. To make, and note the outlandish remark, this feasible, this features of mozilla would make the most sense. User:hfastedge

Hi Vicki, I'm the one who wrote the article about el Cid. My name is Jorge Tamayo, from Madrid Spain. Even if I tried a free-style translation of the last sentence, I'm not native in english and it shows. Your version is better. Thank you for editing, the article needed it.

Oh, Vicki! Welcome to Wikipedia! We need your skills! I've already admired a submission or two (e.g., saint). --MichaelTinkler

Welcome aboard, Vicki! Polymaths and editors are the backbone of Wikipedia. -- User:Claudine

Hi Vicki --

There is in fact, some belief that Charlemagne caused Carloman's death, but I'd be kinda careful. There isn't a lot of evidence for it. We do know through extant sources that Carloman made very large grants to religious foundations and seems to have demonstrated sincere piety. Also, by entering a monastery, Carloman would have given up any right to inheritance (although he may have had some control over how lands he held were dispersed). Because of this, I tend to disregard those rumors. Now Grifo, the half-brother of Charles and Carloman ....

would you mind terribly if I removed the reference? User:JHK

Sure, rephrase or remove. I based that on something that I think was written in the 1950s, so may well have been disproven by now.

Vicki,

Just put back Orange, the telecoms company. They are a major player in the UK, and are moving globally. They are probably worth an article in their own right once we get bracketed headings - their rise has been mercurial. User:sjc

Hi Vicki - just wanted to say welcome and hello. I never knew where "Bronx" came from - thanks for that. Regards Manning

--Wow! Great work on the senses. I'm a medical doctor by training and I'd never heard of "umami", so I went and looked it up. Re the spelling, "Nature Neuroscience" spells it "umami" and I couldn't find any medical references to "umame" (which only means that "I" couldn't find them) so I chose that spelling as the primary one. You also (properly) pointed out my humano-centricity so I went and looked up electroception and magnetoception. Cheers- MB

Hi Vicki, I've been admiring your work, and I wanted to give you a much-belated welcome to the project, and sorry it wasn't sooner. There are so many good people who have arrived in the last few months, it's hard to keep up! --User:Larry Sanger

Hi Vicki -- I listed the fat, stupid, ugly pages on TB deleted already... thanks for noticing them, too, because I thought i must have been hallucinating! User:JHK

hi Vicky I?m the starter of the wikipedia in basque. what can I do for you? I?m eager to contribute. Did I do something wrong? Not really, but I wanted something local and in English. Please check anything I write about Basque language or culture for accuracy

--

Thanks Vicki for your recent contribution to Masculism. It was a point essential to bring up and I hope I flushed it out OK. User:QIM

I would say "thank you," except that I don't think I've written anything there. User:VR

Oh, in case anyone is wondering, I did just update Aleutian Islands about five times; I ran into an edit conflict, so wound up putting my bits in a paragraph or two at a time, to avoid trouble. (The other person editing was working on a different chunk of the article, so it was a database conflict but not a disagreement.)

Hi Vicki - are you also a fan of Terry Pratchett? User:JHK

 * More or less--and my partner very much so--I've read most of his books, and we have some of the remainder (non-Discworld stuff). VR

 * actually, Now that you mention it, I am a little vague on what people can do, besides helping suggest areas where we can create valid methodology articles that the people in question won't read! Also, it would be good if more detached minds could look out for the debates, and perhaps re-voice them, because the messages don't get through the way we write them!  Thanks! User:JHK

- good luck with HJ, Vicki - someone's got to do it. MichaelTinkler

Vicki, could you have a look at the history for morphine and make sure my corrections to your recent copyedit were in fact corrections and not messing up what you did? Graham Chapman

Graham, thanks for catching my slip. Prescription is indeed correct there. Vicki Rosenzweig

 * content moved to User talk:H.J.

- Yay, Vicki! I hope this wonderful attentiveness to our needs doesn't mean you're home sick, or something? MichaelTinkler

Job hunting, actually. And in certain moods, editing is easier than writing, or even than playing computer games. Thanks for the kind wishes, Michael. (And if anyone needs an editor, either in the NYC area or to work remotely, let me know.) Vicki Rosenzweig

---

Vicki asked, "at what point do we remove 1911 annotation?"

My two cents: when both language and content are fully modernized. As long as anachronisms or ou-of-date information remain, I'd keep that annotation as a "warning flag" that more work is needed.

By the way, my thanks and admiration go out to your constant editorial labors. As an indifferent speller and careless typist, I for one am in your debt. -- April

Hi Vicki, Thanks for the welcome message! I'm trying to update some of the information related to my home country, Romania, but I have all sorts of other interests as well. My greatest problem though is that I'm really not satisfied with my lack of English vocabulary and aproximate knowledge of grammar, and I would appreciate it very much if you would consider throwing a critical eye every once in a while on some of the stuff I've been writing. Thanks again, Daniel _____

Hi Vicki, I just noticed at April 18 your deletion of the death years at birth entries, and ages at death entries. I didn't originate this practice, but it did seem like a good idea so I followed it without much consideration when the information was at hand. It seems that you have stronger views on this than I, and I would appreciate reading them. Eclecticology
 * Following the format given on the example page, basically. Also, it seems to clutter things; we're providing very sketchy info here (year of birth, and a word or two about what a person did), and pointing to separate articles for each. Vicki Rosenzweig

-

Thanks for confirming my labelling of 194.117.133.xxx as a vandal. I just got sysophood yesterday and I'm in one of those silly nervous states where I feel obligated to work hard for Wikipedia and at the same time am paranoid about screwing up. Considering that I had an actual dream about editing Wikipedia last night, perhaps I should consider taking a walk to smell some flowers for a while today. :) Bryan Derksen, Sunday, April 21, 2002

To User:Ed Poor: This is an encyclopedia, not an anthology of religious poetry. I don't know whether we're legally in the clear on the Sun Myung Moon poem, or the poem cited as found on a wall at Mother Teresa's, but even if we are, they don't belong here, any more than a sermon written by a noted poety when she was a teen would. (I'm putting this note in your talk and mine, and will wait a little while before deleting these items.) Vicki Rosenzweig
 * Lacking any response from Ed, or anyone else, I have deleted the Moon poem. Vicki Rosenzweig

 * 1) ITIS stands for Integrated Taxonomic Information System. It started as US government based inter-agency which included the Dept. of Agriculture and the Smithsonian Institute among its partners.  In its own words "The goal is to create an easily accessible database with reliable information on species names and their hierarchical classification."  This consortium has since added the corresponding Canadian and Mexican agencies, and it has further links to the "Global Biodiversity Information Facility.  For more about the agency see http://www.itis.usda.gov/index.html
 * 2) I admit that these taxonomic pages do have a skeletal look to them. At the risk of seeming apologetic, this venture was undertaken with a view to suggesting a taxonomic structure to link related articles.  The approach suggest a common template for these articles, and I've been hoping to set these up for the level of orders and up, beginning with flowering plants.  Anyone can add to these pages especially when it comes to adding more descriptive materials.  There is also plenty of room for development at the family level and below.  There do remain serious differences about which is the correct way of placing life forms in a taxonomic tree.  Thus, using ITIS should no imply that I consider it correct in every respect, but I would hope that using a fairly comprehensive structure as a starting point could lead to a synthesis that could be accepted by a significant group of participants. --Eclecticology, Saturday, June 1, 2002

Take a look at Artiodactyla. I taxonomized it, putting the previous content in the "Text" section. Also gambier. -phma

"Pilot programming language" was moved to "PILOT programming language" leaving a blank instead of a redirect. -phma

- Important note for all sysops: There is a bug in the administrative move feature that truncates the moved history and changes the edit times. Please do not use this feature until this bug is fixed. More information can be found in the talk of Brion VIBBER and maveric149. Thank you. --maveric149

Thanks for cleaning up my "August, Maine" mistake. -- Zoe

Hey Vicki, I saw your "azby" question on a userpage and since the user didn't answer, I will: the azby he's referring to means to take the first letter of a word, then the last, then the second, then the second-to-last, etc. until you meet at the middle. Hence "rhinoceros" in azby would be "rshoirneoc". It's a substitution s/he used to avoid having his email picked up by spambots. Cheers, Koyaanis Qatsi

Fixed EB1911 scan garbles in Susan B. Anthony as requested. I have print edition and will be glad to do this any time. Tom P. Ortolan88

---

Hi, there! Just a question: why did you substitute some kinds of Castilian with "most dialects of Spanish" in the Romanian entry? Castilian and Spanish are the same language, at least in Spanish usage. Marco Neves p.s.: sorry if i'm writing this in the beginning of the page, but I don't know if it is supposed to be in the end.
 * Castilian/Castellano is used by some Spanish-speakers to mean specifically Spanish-as-spoken-in-Spain, and pronunciation of a j as /h/ is common in Latin American Spanish as well. Also, "most dialects" is better English than "some kinds of". p.s. End is better, but either is okay. Vicki Rosenzweig 02:21 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I cannot reach your cited Web page, http://www.panix.com/~vr. David 16:15 Aug 11, 2002 (PDT)
 * Fixed - since the introduction of the new software, URLs with a full stop directly after them no longer work. Enchanter

Thanks much for your help on the supernova remnant page! It's wonderful to have a pro to ask these things. :) Of whom to ask these things...? Well, anyhow, thanks. :)  -- April

 * You're welcome. (I caught that by chance; leaving notes here is probably a more reliable way of getting my attention, though I was pleased to be there so soon.) Vicki Rosenzweig

Vicki, thanks for rescuing the Eastern Prussians in Old Prussian language. I'm sure Helga will be happy about that, too. :-) --Ed Poor

Vicki, any entry in the Library of Congress Subject Index is either a search term someone is likely to use or a subject upon which books have been written. What was interesting is that although I spent a few minutes doing those few entries; making them was the entrepot for a bunch of related stuff like converting all the Australian Aborigine entries to being capitalized, so a lot of useful work did get done. User:Fredbauder

See answer on Fred's page. Vicki Rosenzweig

Hi Vicki -- Just wanted to let you know that I'll help fight the good fight for as long as it takes. Sorry Helga is such a prat. JHK

You asked The Cunctator the use of the Wail Ashehri page. My fault, it should be Wail Alshehri. Please, either remove your comment (if the question has now been answered) or update it (if not). Andre Engels

Hi, and purely for purposes of furthering my education, why do you say "Redirect" has to be in capitals for the command to work? It redirected as soon as I put it on Ellis Peters, and that's how I got to Edith Pargeter to upload it before you capitalized the command. So it may not be supposed to work if it's not all capitalized, but it does. -- isis

Never mind. I figured it out -- you're right, it didn't redirect: It created a link I followed to the new page. Thanks for teaching me the command has to be in caps. -- isis

Vicki, I think of you as my conscience (but you need not think of yourself that way, the job is overwhelming). Anyway, thanks for picking up on Arts and Crafts Movement, now one of us or both is going to have to learn something about it (!). In the meantime, make free with the Unun* family. Tom Parmenter. Ortolan88

 * PS -- Your unun changes look fine. It wasn't really boilerplate, just a paste buffer that I had to keep changing on the fly as I got into it.  Fun of wikipedia is learning new stuff.  Thanks again.  Sounds like you should do a piece on the Berkeley scientists who went off half-cocked in 1999 (note that I removed the relative date, "two years ago", where I noticed it).  Ortolan88

 * blush* Between us, we'll get this in shape. I had something on the Berkeley scientists; if it's not still in the history, I'll have to re-research this, since I threw that newspaper clipping away. Vicki Rosenzweig

Thanks for looking at global warming. I'm going to leave it alone until after Labor Day, to give Axel a chance to review it (he hates stealthy changes). --Ed Poor

Vicki, re majority/plurality. Although you are technically absolutely right, I believe we do not make the distinction here in the UK. And the winning candidate's majority would be his/her vote margin over the next candidate, not the gross number or percentage of votes received. A winning candidate has a majority even when receiving less than 50% of votes cast. In British parlance anyhow. I expect we're using the language incorrectly, but how else does language get meaning other than through use? Heck, I even heard a flight attendant ask us to "deplane the aircraft" one time... be seeing you --Nairobiny

 * As far as I know, while Americans are more likely to make the distinction, everyone will understand the term "plurality". If so, I think it would have been worth doing (if the numbers had been right) for those who do make the distinction. If "plurality" will confuse a UK audience, I will sigh regretfully over the loss of a useful distinction, and leave this alone in writing on British matters. Can someone clarify this? Vicki Rosenzweig

 * I think it's safe to say not everyone will understand the term "plurality", at least in the UK. I have only heard it used in technical contexts in the study of voting systems.  So I think when we use terms like plurality and majority, we should generally make it clear from the context what is meant and not assume readers know the technical meanings of the terms.  Enchanter (a Brit)

Hi Vicky, I just did some adding to the telescope article, as well as created the spectrograph one. Probably more people will have already done some editing, but I would appreciate some professional copyediting when you have the time. Thanks AstroNomer 17:12 Sep 5, 2002 (PDT)
 * Thanks. I had to revert back the part about diffraction limited. Its physical-astronomical jargon I'll have to explain somewhere.--AN

Thanks for correcting me. Still learning Wikipedia and appriceate your support. -- Jim

Hi Vicki! Thanks for fixing up Zapatista uprising in Chiapas, Mexico. I am amazed at the amount of work you do for Wikipedia. I'm new here; I guess the project "works" thanks to a few hundred (?) dedicated volunteers that constantly patrol the site stopping vandalism and improving what others leave incomplete or wrong. But the number of daily edits and new users is growing almost exponentially (Statistics). Will the number of dedicated Wikipedians be able to keep up? Cheers --Jose Icaza - HI Vicki, I just linked the vandal you added, and followed the link but found only one edit in his/her history. Did I link it incorrectly? What happened? --KQ 15:00 Sep 28, 2002 (UTC)
 * More likely I misread recent changes. Thanks for checking. Vicki Rosenzweig

There is no need to jump on someone, especially when they're new(ish), just because I suddenly had to give my attention to something other than Wiki for a short while. I am constantly working on stubs that I or others have created. User:Renata
 * So am I. But it's easier when there's something to work with. When I don't have time to finish typing a sentence because something else comes up, I don't hit the "save page" button either. (By the way, while this is a wiki and it's therefore cool to delete stuff, I won't be able to work on that stub easily because you removed the identifying information from your talk page without moving it here.)

http://www.2think.org/ah.shtml

http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/faq.htm

http://home.earthlink.net/~krazhawk/Columbus_Day.html

http://www.geocities.com/amawek/HeroBarbarian.html

http://www.unitednativeamerica.com/columbus1.html

http://www.indiancountry.com/?595

http://www.trinicenter.com/kwame/2001/Jul/20010713.htm

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/mexico.shtml

http://www.csindy.com/csindy/2001-10-11/yourturn.html

http://www.csindy.com/csindy/2001-10-11/yourturn.html

there are a lot of good books out there

columbus diary has been published and that should be quite interesting for you

actually what is in doubt, is not whether the dude was a slavetrader, but whether or not he was Italian!

 * I have no faith in the Kwame page (that's at trinicenter.com), after the first paragraph:

" At the outset, it must be stated quite clearly that we Afrikan people, are the original, majority people with original ideas. Europeans are only an inherited, transmitting global minority people. Europeans did not invent, create or discover culture nor civilisation; they just inherited them and in some cases, stole them. Afrikans never lived in caves and in the icebox during the Ice Age for 20,000 years." This is not history, it's myth. "csindy.com" appears to be an alternative newsweekly, not any kind of scholarly source. enchantedlearning.com tells us that Columbus enslaved some of the natives when he got to the Americas, but describes him as an explorer. Vicki Rosenzweig

Hi Vicki. Thanks for tidying up the article Wong Fei Hung. Clearly the movie series by Jet Li is the only one you know but it is not the one I talked about - Well, a movie series consists of only four or five movies cannot be considered as a long movie series. Surely you had taught me a lesson that I should be careful not to make confusions. Thanks again. Wshun

Hi Viki. Appreciate you're edits on "Largest Cities in the world", but I was kinda still adjusting it.

It's a Wiki--if you think the taxation article is dangerous, rather than merely incomplete, move the dangerous stuff to its talk page. (I've added a note at the article's beginning stating that it's a brief overview.) Vicki Rosenzweig

 * I do believe it's dangerous, but it's not my problem, because it doesn't pose any danger to me, only to readers who rely on it and then to Wikipedia itself if it gets them into trouble. -- isis 19:01 Dec 9, 2002 (UTC)

 * Maybe something like that needs a disclaimer (not that everyone reads them of course...). Boilerplate text would be the place to work on a standard. -- Tarquin

 * Don't you think having a disclaimer warning readers not to believe what an article says would undermine Wikipedia's credibility in general? -- isis 20:49 Dec 9, 2002 (UTC)

Hi Vicki -- I started a stubbish article on editors, if you want to jump in. -- Marj 05:40 Jan 11, 2003 (UTC)

- If you have a spare moment there is a formatting question at Talk:Historical anniversaries/Example. --mav

Hi Vicky,

Why did you remove several relevant links from Port Authority of New York and New Jersey??? - Patrick 18:02 Feb 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * I thought they were excessive. (We don't need to link to ever mention of a place, for example.) If you disagree, put them back: I don't feel strongly about this. Vicki Rosenzweig

Vicky, In what way are the French a "race"? -- Zoe
 * I spoke loosely. "Ethnic slur" would be more accurate. It's still baseless prejudice. Vicki Rosenzweig

 * I did attempt to keep the reporting of the comment NPOV. Whether the comment is or not, it's become a catch phrase lately.  -- Zoe

-- Hey Vicki,

Thanks for the info about _Science_. Can you tell me which issue? (It sounds like it is probably fairly current.)

BTW, I'm still trying to figure out this User_talk conversation protocol. If you leave a message on my page, do I respond on the same page, indented (as I see above). Or is it preferable for me to leave a reply on *your* page (like this)? Keeping it on the same page allows for a conversation to be followed, while putting a "reply from nowhere" on the User_talk page presents a handy "You've got new messages" link on the user's menu. (Please excuse my ignorance of terminology and protocol. I only just got here last week, and I didn't see anything in the FAQ or other introductory pages that I read.) -- Jrv 22:08 Mar 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * Last week's issue: "Genesis of Suicide Terrorism" by Scott Atran, Science 299, pp 1534-1539.
 * Either works. The advantage of answering in my talk page is that it ensures that I'll be told about it when I log in. The advantage of my answering here is that we get some continuity. Vicki Rosenzweig 23:39 Mar 19, 2003 (UTC)

- Thank you for your copyediting of the Daniel Patrick Moynihan article. I am honored that you found it worthy of your attention. -- NetEsq 05:25 Mar 27, 2003 (UTC)

- Hi Vicki, thanks for your advice on copyright notices with regard to extinct mammals such as Prionessus, (or anything else for that matter). I'll try and work something in. Trevor Dykes Apr 14, 2003

Addendum: I'm not sure it's a good idea to separate the source notice from the page itself, though. My reasoning is that it's also a reference, albeit not a scientific one. References should surely be shown on the entry itself, rather than on the talk page.

In response to certain comments by a well forgotten contributor to the mailing list you replied with the insightful phrase "Ye gods and little fishes". This reference may interest you: http://www.quinion.com/words/qa/qa-yeg1.htm   ☮ Eclecticology 23:57 Apr 19, 2003 (UTC)

- Hi Vicky - there is a discussion on the WikiEN mailing list about capitalization and common vs proper nouns (specifically: what to do with the common names of plants and animals). As the premier authority here on copyediting matters I was wondering if you would like to weigh-in? Cheers! --mav - Howdy, Of late, I've found myself getting annoyed at articles that begin as follows: As a copy-editor, do you find anything wrong with such constructions? The reason (I think) they annoy me is that whatever the "quark" is (for example), it's that in and out of the field the clause tries to limit it to. But I also suspect that this is my "quirk" and may be a perfectly acceptable way to state things. -- Someone else 02:47 22 May 2003 (UTC)
 * In quantum mechanics, a quark is...
 * In France, champagne is....
 * I'd agree that it needs to be used more carefully. Something like "Champagne is a sparkling wine...In France, the erm is limited to..."

 * I don't offhand have a better solution to the problem, though. The goal is to quickly tell the reader what a quark, or a biconditional, is, and point them to more information. As such, the quantum mechanics intro for quark makes sense--that's the right place to go for more information--but pointing to France as the context for champagne (beverage) wouldn't be very useful, so I'm glad it's an arbitrary example, not the actual intro to that article.

 * I think I've got it now...such opening phrases seem to me to seek to distinguish the use of a term in one field from another, and should be necessary only if the term is used differently somewhere else. So I'm happier (anyway) if the article goes on to delineate other uses from which it is being distinguished. (Thanks for the guidance, I'm glad it's not entirely my personal bete noir.) -- Someone else 18:55 22 May 2003 (UTC)

Just to resolve the mystery, Shergar "disappeared", and Lord Lucan "disappeared". I agree with your assessment that the connection is sufficiently tenuous that it should be deleted -- Someone else 01:25 9 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Thank you for improving my Tony Award article. RickK 02:53 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Thanks Vicky, that's exactly how I wanted it. Andrew Vanderesch. One more question about etiquette. Is it OK if I use your page to communicate with you or is there another way which is less disturbing but that assures me the other Wikepedian gets the message all the same?
 * This is fine, or I have a "user talk" page you can use. ==VR

Vicky, no criticism intended, but the term "Nearctic" has a new definition in ecology. Read the Ecoregions entry and follow the link to the new WWF and NG map of the terrestrial ecoregions of the world, and youll see that the definition that was there before was accurate, and your new one is using an old definition (which may still be in use for other purposes - ???)
 * I suppose someone could have come up with a more confusing term for that. Okay, change it back. Who are you, by the way? (And there's no y in my name.)

--- Sorry Vicki. Now I have to figure out how to change it back. But if you have an interest in this stuff you might want to add all the entries for all the ecoregions, since it's good party chatter for parties in Manhattan etc.

I'm just the voice writing the strange Ecoregional_Democracy link - the movement with so many names I had to make one up just to be broad enough... hey Shakespeare made up 1/4 of the words he used, let alone phrases.... sigh...

 * Changing things back is easy: you can use the "history" feature and save the version before the changes were made. But please see Wikipedia is not a dictionary: a useful article on Nearctic would describe this ecological region--biomes, species, why it's defined as a region, when it was named and defined, probably several things I haven't thought of.
 * And my "to do" list is quite long enough, thanks. (I'm leaving you a note on my page because I have no other way to reach you. If I didn't have a login either, how would we talk?) Vicki Rosenzweig

Are you sure about Timberline? I thought the timberline was the upper (in latitude or altitude) boundary of the forest.

Timberline is used locally in the Rocky Mountains, but treeline is used in the Arctic. Fred Bauder
 * That's not what I was asking. Let me try again: is the treeline/timberline a *region*? I thought it was the boundary, a line in the geometrical sense (with no thickness). Vicki Rosenzweig

Oh, yes, it is a region with a distinctive ecology and is rather broad. Readily distinquished from the Alpine zone below and the Tundra zone above. Fred Bauder

Hi, Vicki, Yes Tucson, Arizona is an outrageously short stub. But a big city that someone will eventually write about. Mostly I just noticed a "Tucson," a "Tucson,Arizona," and of course in my Tohono O'odham I had used "Tucson, Arizona." so I put in a stub and got all the different Tucsons to link to that page., Fred
 * Not only do these entries not make the Wikipedia look good--imagine doing a Web search on "Tucson, Arizona," finding a pointer to an encyclopedia, then that half-sentence--they probably make it less likely that someone will write about these places. One of the ways people decide what to write about is by looking at the "most wanted". A place with lots of links, and no stub, becomes a most-wanted, and then someone like me does a little research and writes it. A city with a page reading "A city in northern Arizona" won't turn up there, and can remain a stub indefinitely. Vicki Rosenzweig, Sunday, June 16, 2002

-- Thanks for editing "Gdansk", Vicki. Unfortunately, HJ just put back her old version. I decided to restore yours instead of mine, due to punctuation etc. Space CadetMon,06/24/02 Hi -- Forgive me if this is an improper place to put a reply, I was unable to find documentation for the Talk feature of Wikipedia. Thanks for the heads-up on "Wikipedia is not a dictionary", I can see the logic in that decision. I'll try to create more expansive entries in the future. juwiley
 * It's cool. The User talk is also cool--and I'm going to move this there in a day or two. But user pages are for working on the 'pedia, so notes here are fine. Vicki Rosenzweig

--

Vicki, where is the "vote for deletion" link? Is it on each article page? Or what? Ed Poor 07:29 Jul 23, 2002 (PDT)

 * I don't know where it is now. Vicki Rosenzweig

Hi Vicki, I proposed deletion of Cro-Magnon to turn it back into an "edit"-Link and attract an author -- JeLuF 14:48 Aug 3, 2002 (PDT)

 * I think removing the content does that. No? Vicki Rosenzweig

Hi Vicki, at Maveric's request, New standards digest at history standards in place for your vote! JHK

I have just unblocked 158.152.193.193 (contribs) (unblock) (uploading articles that fail google test: palmate newt, red eared terrapin): Mike Hatch contacted me and explained that he is the author of those articles. I've invited him to create a Wikipedia login.

--- thanks for cleaning up my soil life article- i intended to do some work on it but 'Significant Other' called me away from the PC to spend some quality time together, then promptly fell asleep.... Ah, real life, eh???

quercus robur

title: User talk:Vicki Rosenzweig/archive1


text:
Adium

Adium is a free and open-source instant messaging client for macOS that supports multiple IM networks, including XMPP (Jabber), IRC and more. In the past, it has also supported AIM, ICQ, Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger. Adium is written using macOS's Cocoa API, and it is released under the GNU GPL-2.0-or-later and many other licenses for components that are distributed with Adium.

History
Adium was created by college student Adam Iser, and the first version, "Adium 1.0", was released in September 2001 and supported only AIM. The version numbers of Adium since then have followed a somewhat unusual pattern. There were several upgrades to Adium 1.0, ending with Adium 1.6.2c.

At this point, the Adium team began a complete rewrite of the Adium code, expanding it into a multiprotocol messaging program. Pidgin's (formerly "Gaim") libpurple (then called "libgaim") library was implemented to add support for IM protocols other than AIM – since then the Adium team has mostly been working on the GUI. The Adium team originally intended to release these changes as "Adium 2.0". However, Adium was eventually renamed to "Adium X" and released at version 0.50, being considered "halfway to a 1.0 product". Adium X 0.88 was the first version compiled as a universal binary, allowing it to run natively on Intel-based Macs.

In 2005, Adium received a "Special Mention" at the Apple Design Awards.

After version Adium X 0.89.1, however, the team finally decided to change the name back to "Adium", and, as such, "Adium 1.0" was released on February 2, 2007.

Apple Inc. used Adium X 0.89.1's build time in Xcode 2.3 as a benchmark for comparing the performance of the Mac Pro and Power Mac G5 Quad, and Adium 1.2's build time in Xcode 3.0 as a benchmark for comparing the performance of the eight-core Mac Pro and Power Mac G5 Quad.

On November 4, 2014, Adium scored 6 out of 7 points on the Electronic Frontier Foundation's secure messaging scorecard. It lost a point because there has not been a recent independent code audit.

From March 2019, Adium is no longer able to support the ICQ plugin.

Protocols
Adium supports a wide range of instant messaging networks through the libraries libezv (for Bonjour), STTwitterEngine (for Twitter), and libpurple (for all other protocols).

Adium supports the following protocols:
 * XMPP (including Google Talk, Facebook Chat, and LiveJournal services)
 * Twitter
 * Bonjour
 * Internet Relay Chat
 * Novell GroupWise
 * IBM Sametime
 * Gadu-Gadu
 * Skype with a plugin
 * Skype for Business Server (previously Microsoft Lync Server, Microsoft Office Communications Server) with a plugin
 * Telegram with a plugin
 * Tencent QQ with a plugin
 * Steam Chat with the "Steam IM" plugin
 * NateOn with a plugin

Plugins and customization
Adium makes use of a plug-in architecture; many of the program's essential features are actually provided by plugins bundled inside the application package. These plugins include functionality such as file transfer, support for the Growl notifications system, Sparkle for program updates, and support for encrypted messaging with the Off-the-Record Messaging library.

Adium is also highly customizable through the use of resources its developers call "Xtras". The program can be customized by the use of hundreds of third-party Xtras that alter the appearance of emoticons, dock icons, contact list styles, and messages styles. Adium can also be enhanced through the use of different sound sets. AppleScripts can also be utilized to automatically alter behavior in responses to certain triggers.

Icon
The icon of Adium is a green duck named Adiumy. It is also the mascot of the software.

title: Adium


text:
Kung Fu Records

Kung Fu Records is an American independent record label founded in 1996 by Joe Escalante and Warren Fitzgerald of the punk rock band The Vandals. Founded in order to release a record by the Riverside, California band Assorted Jelly Beans, the label soon grew to include a roster of notable artists such as The Ataris, Ozma, Tsunami Bomb, and The Vandals themselves. In 2000 Escalante started Kung Fu Films as a subsidiary of the music label in order to release DVDs of live concerts, music videos, band documentaries, and independent films. In 2005 Kung Fu also spawned the spinoff label Broken Sounds Records, focusing on hardcore releases.

History
Kung Fu Records was founded by Vandals bassist Joe Escalante and guitarist Warren Fitzgerald in 1996. Escalante had been urged by his wife to allow the Riverside, California band Assorted Jelly Beans to open for The Vandals, and he and Fitzgerald were so impressed by their performance that they decided to start a record label in order to release the band's debut album.

In 2010, the label and the band Vandals were sued by Daily Variety stating it violated an agreement stemming from a complaint Variety registered in 2004 over the design of the Vandals’ “Hollywood Potato Chip” album cover, looking like the Variety logo. The label won the first round and the case was sent from Delaware to the California courts. The case was finally settled in 2012.

Offshoots and subsidiary labels
Kung Fu records has also spawned several subsidiary imprints specializing in particular types of releases. In 2000 Escalante started Kung Fu Films as an offshoot of the label with the release of the independent film That Darn Punk, in which he starred. The label also released the internet television series Fear of a Punk Planet, which was later released on DVD. Over the years Kung Fu Films has released more independent films, such as 2005's Cake Boy starring Fitzgerald, and several video compilations showcasing bands from the Kung Fu labels. The film imprint is best known, however, for its series of live concert DVDs grouped under the title The Show Must Go Off! To date there have been 19 "episodes" of the series released. These have included bands signed to Kung Fu Records such as The Vandals and Tsunami Bomb, but more often have branched outside the label to include groups such as Alkaline Trio, Guttermouth, Reel Big Fish, the Circle Jerks, and The Bouncing Souls.

In 2005 Kung Fu Records launched the spinoff imprint Broken Sounds Records to focus on releases by hardcore acts such as the Righteous Jams, The Getaway, xdeathstarx, Suffocate Faster, and H2O. To date, however, the only album to be released under the Broken Sounds imprint has been the Righteous Jams' Rage of Discipline.

Artists

 * Antifreeze
 * Apocalypse Hoboken
 * Assorted Jelly Beans
 * The Ataris
 * Audio Karate
 * Bouncing Souls
 * Down by Law
 * Josh Freese
 * The God Awfuls
 * Kenneth Keith Kallenbach
 * Knock-Out
 * Longfellow
 * One Man Army
 * Ozma
 * Sweet and Tender Hooligans
 * Tsunami Bomb
 * Underminded
 * Useless ID
 * The Vandals
 * Versus the World

Notable (or possible) one-time releases

 * Alkaline Trio
 * blink-182
 * MxPx
 * Circle Jerks
 * Guttermouth
 * Reel Big Fish
 * The Chinkees
 * Bigwig

Label compilations
Much like other independent record labels, Kung Fu has released a series of low-priced compilation samplers designed to draw attention to the label. Originally these compilations did not have a unifying title similar to Epitaph's Punk-O-Rama or Fat's Fat Music series. However the third sampler was titled Punk Rock is Your Friend, and this became the series' overall name. Future compilations were released as Punk Rock is Your Friend: Kung Fu Records Sampler #_, the first such release being #4 even though the first two did not carry the Punk Rock is Your Friend title.

title: Kung Fu Records