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Stefan Uroš V

Saint Stefan Uroš V (Стефан Урош V, ; 1336 – 2/4 December 1371), known in historiography and folk tradition as Uroš the Weak (Урош Нејаки), was the second Emperor (Tsar) of the Serbian Empire (1355–1371), and before that he was Serbian King and co-ruler (since 1346) with his father, Emperor Stefan Dušan.

Early life
Stefan Uroš V was the only son of Stefan Uroš IV Dušan by Helena of Bulgaria, the sister of Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria. He had been crowned as king (second highest title) in the capacity of heir and co-ruler after Dušan was crowned emperor in 1346. Although by the time of his succession as sole ruler and emperor in 1355 Stefan Uroš V was no longer a minor, he remained heavily dependent on his mother and various members of the court.

Reign
The account of the contemporary John VI Kantakouzenos describes a descent of the Serbian Empire into disintegration soon after death of Uroš' father and his accession. However, Kantakouzenos mainly focused on the Greek lands rather than the Serbian core lands. Further the general disorder along with the powerlessness of the center represents the situation that arose much later in Uroš's reign. According to Mihaljčić, during the initial years of his rule the threats to the territorial integrity of Uroš's empire in the south came mainly from external attacks. The death of Uroš's father was quickly followed by the death of Preljub, who governed Thessaly. In the spring of 1356, Nikephoros Orsini landed a force on the coast of Thessaly and quickly overran it. He then followed up this success by driving despot Simeon Uroš from Aetolia and Acarnania. Simeon was paternal uncle and the closest male relative of young Emperor Uroš. Retreating to Epirus and western Macedonia, he seized Kostur and proclaimed himself Tsar in hope of becoming co-ruler, or even replacing young Uroš on the Serbian throne. His claim was not widely welcomed, and the support he gained was limited to the some southern regions. The Sabor (state council) held in Skoplje did not accept Simeon's claims and following the endorsement of the magnates, Uroš became more energetic in his political activities, publishing a number of charters. In 1358, Simeon attacked the Skadar region, trying to capture the old Serbia region of Zeta, but was defeated. Defeated in the north, Simeon again turned to south, retaking Epirus and Thessaly in 1359, where he continued to rule with the title "emperor of Serbs and Greeks".

There is one account, early in his reign, that is in contrast to his general record of incompetence. In 1356, Matthew Kantakouzenos, a pretender to the Byzantine throne, gathered an army of 5,000 Turks and marched on Serres, the Serbian-held capital of Jovan Uglješa. Uroš V, whose mother ruled from Serres, decided to raise an army to defend his mother. In 1357, when Matthew and his Turks attacked, the Serbian army under Vojihna of Drama (a major player in that region) came to aid. The Turks were defeated. Matthew Kantakouzenos was captured and held hostage until his ransom was paid by the Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos.

In following years, the Serbian Empire gradually fragmented into a conglomeration of principalities, some of which did not even nominally acknowledge Uroš's rule. His position was not helped by his mother Helena, who started to rule autonomously from Serres in alliance with Jovan Uglješa. A similarly autonomous posture was assumed by the Dejanović family, the Balšić family, Nikola Altomanović. By 1365, the most powerful Serbian nobleman became Uglješa's brother Vukašin Mrnjavčević who became co-ruler with Emperor Uroš and was granted the title of Serbian King. By 1369, as Uroš was childless, Vukašin designated his eldest son Prince Marko as heir to the throne, with the title of "young king". Stefan Uroš V died childless in December 1371, after much of the Serbian nobility had been destroyed by the Turks in the Battle of Maritsa earlier that year. The exact cause of his death at a relatively young age remains unknown. Vukašin's son Prince Marko inherited his father's royal title, but real power in northern Serbia was held by Lazar Hrebeljanović. The latter did not assume the imperial or royal titles (associated with the Nemanjić dynasty), and in 1377 accepted King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (a maternal grandson of Stefan Dragutin) as titular king of Serbia. Serbia proper became a vassal of the Ottomans in 1390, but remained effectively ruled by the Lazarević family and then by their Branković successors until the fall of Smederevo in 1459.

The exceptional modesty and tolerance of this ruler was the main reason he was called "the weak", and also the reason he was canonized 211 years after his death.

Stefan Uroš V was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church. His body is kept in the Jazak monastery on Fruška Gora mountain.

Legacy
Today, Stefan Uroš V is viewed mostly in contrast to his able and strong-willed father, as a lacking and indecisive ruler, unable to keep the Serbian nobility under his control, whose weak and unassertive personality greatly contributed to the fall of the Empire and the eventual destruction of the Serbian state by the Ottomans. In Serbian folklore and epic poems he is often described as a just, well-intentioned ruler of pleasant appearance but weak character. While this view is popular among historians as well, some argue that he was not especially incompetent in his role as Emperor of Serbia, and that the decline of the empire was much less spectacular and started much later into his rule than popular opinion suggests. For a long time, it was considered a historical fact that he was murdered by his co-ruler, Vukašin Mrnjavčević, but eventually Vukašin was proven to have died before the Emperor.

In 1825 Stefan Stefanović, a Serbian writer living in the Austrian Empire wrote a tragic play called The Death of Uroš V, which drew inspiration from both facts and folk tradition about Uroš, including the aforementioned belief that he was killed by King Vukašin.

title: Stefan Uroš V


text:
Premium-rate telephone number

Premium-rate telephone numbers are telephone numbers that charge callers higher price rates for select services, including information and entertainment. A portion of the call fees is paid to the service provider, allowing premium calls to be an additional source of revenue for businesses. Tech support, psychic hotlines, and adult chat lines (e.g. dating and phone sex) are among the most popular kinds of premium-rate phone services. Other services include directory enquiries, weather forecasts, competitions and ratings televoting (especially relating to television shows). Some businesses, e.g. low-cost airlines, and diplomatic missions, such as the US Embassy in London or the UK Embassy in Washington, have also used premium-rate phone numbers for calls from the general public.

Premium calls are typically independent of the caller's area code. These telephone numbers are usually allocated based on a national telephone numbering plan that makes them easily distinguishable from non-premium numbers; telephone companies often offer their customers the option to block calls from these number ranges, and in some jurisdictions, are required by law to offer blocking services.

SMS (texting) also has a feature for premium rate services, however instead of standard telephone numbers, premium-rate texting uses so-called shortcodes, which are 4–6 digit numbers that work only for SMS.

Egypt
In Egypt, premium rate numbers begin with the prefix 0900, and for mobile services it uses short numbers to call or to send SMS to(4 digits only).

South Africa
In South Africa, premium rate SMS short codes are four or five digits long, starting with either '3' or '4'. Premium rate telephone services are regulated by The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) and ranges from 0862 through 0869(increasing rates relating to the next digit after 086).

Armenia
In Armenia, premium numbers start with 900, followed by six digits.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, premium numbers begin with 0809 and are marketed by Telkom as Japati, an acronym for Jaringan Pintar Nasional (National Smart Network). Due to the number's association with adult services (Telkom's dial-up Internet service, Telkomnet Instan at 080989999 being a major exception) premium-rate phone services have come under public scrutiny and regulatory crackdown, most notably in May 2015 following rash of spam text messages enticing mobile phone users to dial them.

Japan
In Japan, premium rate telephone number service was currently known as "Navi-dial" and began with the prefix 0570 followed by six digits. The "DIAL Q2" service that's number had the prefix 0990 was ended operations in early 2013.

South Korea
Premium rate numbers start with the prefix 060 followed by 7 or 8 digits. Some consumers do not know that numbers starting with 060 are premium rate numbers because 060 is mistaken for one of long-distance area codes in Korea (there are 062, 061 and 063). They call back when they find that they miss a call to their mobile phones from a 060 number ending up paying for just making a call.

1588-#### and 1577-#### are not premium rate numbers per se. They are used by banks, insurance companies, nationwide restaurant chains, consumer electronics companies, online shopping malls and others for customer service and delivery order. In many cases, customers calling them are charged at a long-distance rate without knowing that they are making a long-distance call.

Vietnam
Premium rate numbers start with 1900; premium rate SMS have 4 digits starting with 4,5,6,7,8 and the 2nd digit decides the price (except 1400 - 1409 with variable prices from 3000-18000 VND per sms, reserved for charity and 156, 5656, 1414 which are free).

Taiwan
Premium rate numbers start with 0203, 0204 and 0209.

Europe
In many European countries, such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom, it was common for organisations to operate customer service lines on premium-rate numbers using prefixes that fall outside the scope of the country's premium-rate number regulations. Therefore, in contrast to North America where customer service numbers are typically free of charge to the caller, consumers in Europe often used to pay a premium above the cost of a normal telephone call. The EU Consumer Rights Directive 2011/EU/83, which came into force on 13 June 2014, was intended to eliminate this pricing model, but the law's implementation and success varies widely from country to country.

Austria
The 0900 prefix is used for premium rate numbers that charge per minute and the 0901 prefix is used for premium rate numbers that charge by call. For adult content the prefix is 0930 for per minute tariffs and 0931 for event based tariffs.

Belgium
Premium rate numbers in Belgium have the area codes 090x. Call limited to 10 mins.
 * 0900, 0902, 0903, 0904 (per minute – from 0.25 to 2.00 EUR)
 * 0906, 0907 (adult services – per minute – from 0.25 to 2.00 EUR)
 * 0905, 0909 (per call – from 0.25 to 31.00 EUR)

Croatia
The 060 prefix is used for premium rate numbers in Croatia for non-erotic and 064 prefix is used for erotic services.

Czech Republic
Numbers starting with 900, 906, 909 and 976 are premium rate numbers. Other numbers beginning with "9" are allocated to certain organizations, such as 972 (Czech railways), 973 (Ministry of Defense), 974 (Ministry of Interior), 95x (other Ministries, government organizations, certain commercial subjects), 910 (VoIP nongeographic nomadic numbers).

Denmark
Premium rate numbers in Denmark have the area codes 9013, 9050 and 9055/9056. The 9013 is for helplines and chat services, the 9050 (paid per call) is for TV Call-in Shows and the 9055/9056 codes are for charitable organizations.

However, the regulation is very strict. TDC is the only carrier offering these numbers, with MCXess and kwak Telecom offering numbers internationally. The regulator can be found at http://www.itst.dk/, a shortened English regulation is available here: Short Denmark Regulation.

Finland
Numbers starting with 0100, 0200, 0202, 0209, 0300, 0600, 0700, 0750, 0751, 0752, 0753, 0757, 0759, 100, 106 and 107 are premium rate numbers. The 0700 series is for entertainment, while 0600 is for services. Several other premium codes exist, sometimes confusing consumers, who may not know if they are calling a premium number or not.

The Finnish Consumers' Association has repeatedly denounced the use of premium rate numbers.

France
Numbers starting with 08xx (International : +33 8(...)) are special rate numbers. They range from toll free numbers (080x) to premium numbers (08Rx) (R from 1 to 9) (called Audiotel by France Telecom). There are also various moderately priced numbers (from about 0.03 to 0.15 €/minute) in the 081x and 082x ranges. Most of these numbers are not reachable from outside France.

There are also special 4 digits numbers (national speed dial) in the form of 3xxx, for which billing rules can be the ones from any 08xx number, to the provider's choice.

The split rule between different premium rate numbers is not clearly defined (premium rate information numbers and premium rate entertainment numbers).

The regulator (ARCEP, previously ART) had issued a range for Telephony over xDSL in the 087x range, which might confuse consumers, as calls to these numbers are billed as local calls nationwide. Starting 20 December 2005, these have been changed to 09xx numbers, which are dedicated to VoIP. All 087x numbers have been converted to 09xx numbers by 15 December 2008.

Germany
Dedicated premium-rate lines nowadays begin with the prefix 0900, the infamous 0190 prefix having been terminated on December 31, 2005. However, some premium services also use lines with the prefix 0137, which is supposedly reserved for planned simultaneous call-in events, such as televoting.

The digit after 0900 decides the kind of service offered, unlike 0190, where it determined the pricing. This is called offline billing and causes problems for coin telephones (where they are restricted entirely) or prepaid services. These are -1 for information, -3 for entertainment and -5 for "miscellaneous" (mostly adult entertainment). 0900-9 is reserved for dialers, which are heavily regulated, or to do payments by phone.

Greece
Premium numbers in Greece start with 901 (general purpose) and 909 (adult-only services), followed by seven digits.

Hungary
In Hungary, 06-90 and 06-91 followed by six digits are common premium-rate numbers. SMS-based services can also use short numbers such as 1781 and 17632.

Ireland
Premium rate numbers begin with the prefix 15. These numbers provide a range of services from weather forecasting to adult dating. Adult type services shall only be provided using the access codes 1598 or 1599, with adult services of a sexual nature being restricted to the latter. Adult authentication is required from your network operator to access these numbers.

All 15x numbers have officially quoted rates, set by the prefix, although telecom providers can charge an additional fee for carrying the call. 151x numbers are charged on a per-call basis, all others on a per-minute basis. In general the prices increase as the prefix number increases, within the call type range.

Comreg is a body which monitors the premium rate services industry in Ireland. Although an independent body, it can impose sanctions, ban advertisements and ban services offered by providers. It is funded by a levy on providers.

Italy
There are many premium rate numbers, including anything starting with 89 using different fares. 0878 is also a premium-rate number, reserved for polls run via telephone.

Latvia
Premium numbers are with prefix (+371) 90

Netherlands
Premium numbers in The Netherlands start with 0900 (general purpose), 0906 (erotic entertainment) and 0909 (games and lotteries) followed by four or seven digits. When one dials such a nulnegenhonderdnummer it is enforced by law that the caller gets informed about the per minute rate. The Opta is the governing body that regulates premium rate services in the Netherlands. Starting June 2014 any 0900 number used for customer service purposes is regulated so that it is free to the caller, for if they buy the product, they also buy the right to contact consumer service.

Norway
Any telephone number starting with 82 (mostly 820/829) is charged at premium rates (82x xx xxx).

Portugal

 * 607 - Pull opinion, 9 tariffs up to 3.28 Eur per minute (premium rates)
 * 707 – Entertainment and some business (€0.25 + VAT / minute)
 * 760 - Fixed tariff for all calls (€0.60 + VAT per call)
 * 761 - Entertainment (€1 + VAT per call)
 * 808 – Business and marketing (cost of a local land-line call)

In Portugal, the VAT for calls is 23%, except in Madeira, where it is 22%, and in Azores, where it is 18%.

Poland
Numbers starting with 70, 30 and 40 are reserved for premium-rate services. 700, 701, 707 and 300 are "general" premium-rate services (usually charged per minute), 707 and 400 are assigned for tele-voting, mass-calls and so on (usually charged per call). Other numbers (702-706, 709, 301–309, 401-409) are reserved for future assignments. There are some other numbers in "shared costs" or "dial-up services" ranges, which are charged at a quite high rates (comparable with lower cost premium rates): 8015, 8016, 207, 208.

Effective on December 1, 2008, 300 and 400 numbers are changed into 703 and 704 respectively, freeing up the whole 30x and 40x range for the future assignments (non-premium rate). This change will allow to accumulate all the premium rate services in the 700-709 range of numbers.

Romania
Premium numbers are in the 090xxxxxx-098xxxxxx range. Currently, only the 0900 block is used. . Prior to 2002, all numbers starting with 89 were premium rate numbers. Some of those number remain as local premium numbers, and the 02xx89xxxxx block remains reserved.

Russia
809 and 803 (paid per call, less generally used) are premium prefix. Note that usually in Russia one needs to dial 8 before the area code, so premium numbers are usually written as 8-(803/809)-xxx-xxxx.

Slovakia
The 0900 prefix is used in Slovakia for premium rate numbers.

Slovenia
The 090 prefix is used for premium rate numbers in Slovenia.

Spain
In Spain, the charged-at-premium numbers begins with 80 or 90 (except the 800, 900 and 909, which are free, the 901 which is shared cost, the 902 which is like a provincial call and the 908 which is like a metropolitan call). The most popular prefixes are 803 (porn hot-lines) and 806 (services), also are used 807 and 905. Previously all the numbers starting with 90x (except 900, 901 and 902) were charged at premium rates but the 906 had been moved to 803, 806 and 807 and the 908 and 909 prefixes were created for Internet dialup services. All those numbers have 9 digits. In Spain both pay per minute and pay per call billing options are available across the 8 and 9 series range of numbers.

Also there are other range for information services (weather, white pages, etc...), there are all the numbers starting with 118, they can have 5 or 6 digits with a variable cost per number. 11818 is free from Telefónica's telephone cabins. Previously 11818 was 1003.

Sweden
Numbers starting with 0900, 0939 and 0944 are premium rate numbers. Also numbers beginning on 118 are premium rate numbers for companies that provide phonebook lookup services.

Switzerland
Numbers starting with 0900, 0901 and 0906 are premium rate numbers.
 * 0900 – Business & Marketing
 * 0901 – Entertainment
 * 0906 – Erotic services

Dialers (computer programs) are banned from these lines.

See also Bundesamt für Kommunikation

Ukraine
Numbers starting with 0703 and 0900 are premium rate numbers.

United Kingdom
Premium rate numbers in the United Kingdom have a two-part call charge, following regulatory reform in July 2015. The cost of calling such numbers is always a total of the following elements:
 * An 'Access Charge' which is set by the caller's own telephone company. This varies considerably by company, from 2p-15p per minute from landlines or 5p-58p per minute from mobile phones.
 * A 'Service Charge' that benefits the organisation being called and/or its telecoms supplier. The same charge applies from all consumer landlines and mobile phones, with the organisation in question being responsible for informing callers of the applicable rate.

Such numbers are officially designated as 'service numbers' and fall into the following ranges:
 * 084x xxx xxxx - Service Charge of up to 7p per call and/or up to 65p per minute
 * 087x xxx xxxx - Service Charge of up to 13p per call and/or up to 65p per minute
 * 09xx xxx xxxx - Service Charge of up to 65p per call and/or up to £3.60 per minute

Numbers starting 098, along with legacy numbers starting 0908 and 0909 are reserved for 'adult' services with sexual content.

The Phone-paid Services Authority regulatory body monitors and enforces specific community standards in terms of content and price for Controlled Premium Rate Services (CPRS). These include:
 * 087, 09 and 118 numbers with a Service Charge of more than 7p per minute or per call
 * all chatlines, information, connection and/or signposting services (ICSS), sexual entertainment services and internet dialler-operated services irrespective of call cost or prefix
 * any 070 numbers and mobile shortcodes where the benefit passed on is more than 10p per call or per minute.

The various 08 and 09 ranges originate from telephone numbering reform in the late 1990s. Originally 09 numbers were designated as premium rate, with 0845 and 0870 numbers charged from landlines at rates that mirrored the cost of standard local and national phone calls respectively. Prior to this, a wide mix of prefixes was in use, from the well-recognized 0891 and 0898 prefixes to others such as 0331 and 0660.

Iran
In Iran, premium rate numbers start with the prefix 909 followed by 7 digits. (909 xxx xxxx). Can only be reached via landline, 7020 and 7070xxxx can be used by anything.

Israel
Numbers starting with 1–900, 1–901, 1–919, 1-956 and 1-957 are premium rate numbers.
 * 1-900 – Regular landline call rate + 50 Agorot (0.5 Shekel) (≈$0.14) per minute
 * 1-901 – Regular landline call rate + 250 Agorot (2.5 Shekels) (≈$0.7) per call
 * 1-919 – Erotic services
 * 1-956 – Entertainment services: up to 40 Agorot more than a regular landline rate + destination service provider fee
 * 1-957 – Information services: regular landline rate + destination service provider fee

The prefix 1-900 belongs to services with cost addition of 0.5 NIS for minute. Usually, used in radio stations and dates services. the next two digits tells the company: 2X for Bezeq, 50 for Pelephone, 52 for Cellcom (052-999XXXX in the origin), 54 for Partner (054-400XXXX in the origin) and 72 for Smile.

More optional premium call prefix:
 * 012-409 or 018-XXX: Are used by Smile and Xphone. Cost 9.90 NIS for minute, usually for mysticism services.
 * 013-44: Is used by Netvision. Costs 6 NIS for minute, usually for TV game.

Lebanon
Some four digit numbers are premium rate numbers. These numbers can only be reached with a mobile phone and are mainly used for contests and sweepstakes.

Saudi Arabia
The numbers starting with 700. They are mostly for competitions and winning prizes—adult entertainment ventures are considered immodest and thus illegal in Saudi Arabia.

Canada, United States, and other NANP countries
In the North American Numbering Plan (NANP), area code 900 is reserved for premium rate telephone services, which are also known as 900 numbers (one-nine-hundred). The full dialing specification is 1-900-XXX-XXXX.

Mexico
Premium rate numbers in Mexico are served by Telmex and start with the dialling prefix 01-900, where 01 is the domestic long-distance prefix and 900 is the premium-rate area code. These numbers are usually used for the same purposes as in the United States.

Australia
In Australia, premium rate numbers generally begin with the prefix 19, with premium-rate voice services using the prefix 190x. Of these 1900 was the initial prefix and is the most common; since then 1901 and 1902 have also been allocated. The 1901 prefix is specifically reserved for "restricted services", where a user must register with the provider of the service on that number - these can include services of a sexual nature, although this is not the only definition of "restricted". The prefix 1906 is reserved for premium-rate paging services.

Other numbers beginning with 19 are generally used for premium rate short message service (SMS) services on mobile phones. These were originally trialled using the 188 prefix.

Previously (before the introduction of eight digit numbering), the prefix 0055 was used for this purpose, and as a result 190x numbers are occasionally referred to colloquially as 0055 numbers (pronounced double-oh, double-five).

The first digit of 1900 numbers is mainly 9; such numbers were converted from the 0055 prefix (for example, 0055 55 123 would become 1900 955 123.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, premium-rate telephone numbers begin with 0900. The service is used by phone sex companies, phone support services and for donations to charitable organizations.

Argentina
Telephone numbers of the form 0600-xxx-xxxx and 0609-xxx-xxxx are premium rate numbers. The 0609 series is for entertainment (fixed rate), while 0600 is for services (the rate depends on the particular number).

Brazil
In Brazil, there is only one premium prefix: 0500, and this number is used by organizations receiving donations (it's a premium rate per call and not per minute).

In the 1990s, numbers starting with 900 were used for that purpose and later numbers starting with 0900 was available, but now is no longer allowed. As there are no longer premium numbers, TV shows now use mobile numbers to receive calls and generate revenue to their program.

For the same premium rate purpose, it is used of numbers destined to mobile phones with unusual code of selection of carriers for the purpose of charging a premium rate per minute. Ex: 0 91 41 98401–0101.

Illicit use
Computer criminals have historically used premium-rate numbers to defraud unsuspecting Internet users. One scheme involved inducing computer users who used now-uncommon dial-up Internet access to download a program known as a dialer that surreptitiously dialed a premium-rate number, accumulating charges on the user's phone bill without their knowledge. Another now-uncommon premium-rate scam involved television programming that induced young children to dial the number, banking on the notion that they will be unaware of the charges that will be incurred. One variant, targeted at children too young to dial a number, enticed children to hold a landline telephone up to the television set while the DTMF tones of the number were played. This type of scam was especially popular in the late 1980s to early 1990s in the United States before tougher regulations on the 900 number business forced many of these businesses to close.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Premium-rate telephone number


text:
Tufted duck

The tufted duck (or tufted pochard) (Aythya fuligula) is a small diving duck with a population of close to one million birds, found in northern Eurasia. They are partially migratory. The scientific name is derived from Ancient Greek, an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin fuligo 'soot' and gula 'throat'. It is a game bird.

Taxonomy
The tufted duck was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Anas fuligula. He cited the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner who in 1555 had used the identical name Anas fuligula in his Historiae animalium. Linnaeus specified the type locality as Europe but in 1761 restricted it to Sweden. The tufted duck is now one of 12 species placed in the genus Aythya that was introduced in 1822 by the German naturalist Friedrich Boie. The genus name is from Ancient Greek aithuia, an unidentified seabird mentioned by Aristotle, Hesychius and other authors. The specific epithet fuligula combines Latin meaning "soot" and gula meaning "throat". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. An alternative common name is "tufted pochard".

Description
The adult male is all black except for white flanks and a blue-grey bill with gold-yellow eyes, along with a thin crest on the back of its head. It has an obvious head tuft that gives the species its name. The adult female is brown with paler flanks, and is more easily confused with other diving ducks. In particular, some have white around the bill base which resembles the scaup species, although the white is never as extensive as in those ducks. The females' call is a harsh, growling "karr", mostly given in flight. The males are mostly silent but they make whistles during courtship based on a simple "wit-oo".

The only ducks which are similar are the greater scaup and lesser scaup, but these species have no tuft and a different call.

The tufted duck is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

Refer to the following table for measurements of the tufted duck:

Distribution and habitat
The tufted duck breeds throughout temperate and northern Eurasia. It occasionally can be found as a winter visitor along both coasts of the United States and Canada. It is believed to have expanded its traditional range with the increased availability of open water due to gravel extraction, and the spread of freshwater mussels, a favourite food. These ducks are migratory in most of their range, and overwinter in the milder south and west of Europe, southern Asia and all year in the British Isles. One individual has been reported as far south as Melbourne, Australia. They form large flocks on open water in winter.

Their breeding habitat is close to marshes and lakes with plenty of vegetation to conceal the nest. They are also found on coastal lagoons, shorelines and sheltered ponds.

Breeding
In northern Europe breeding takes place between mid May and the end of July. They are not colonial but sometimes the nests can be in a loose group. Most nests are placed beside water; an island site is preferred. The nest is built by the female and consists of depression in the ground that is lined with grass, reeds and down. The clutch consists of 8–11 greenish-grey eggs that measure 59 x. They are incubated by the female starting after the clutch is complete so that they hatch synchonously. The female covers the eggs with down when she is away from the nest. The eggs hatch after around 25 days (range 23–28 days). The young are precocial and nidifugous. They can feed themselves and are cared for by the female who broods them when they are small. They typically fledge when aged between 45 and 50 days. Tufted ducks usually first breed at one year but occasionally at 2 years.

Food and feeding
These birds feed mainly by diving, but they will sometimes upend from the surface. They eat molluscs, aquatic insects and some plants and sometimes feed at night.

Hunting
They are hunted as sport in the UK, Italy, Iran, Finland and Denmark, and commercially in Iran. Eggs used to be (and maybe continue to be) gathered in Iceland. Because it feeds on the water bottom, it can taste "muddy" and is considered a less tasty duck.

title: Tufted duck


text:
Scaup

Scaup is the common name for three species of diving duck:
 * Greater scaup, or just "scaup", Aythya marila
 * Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis
 * New Zealand scaup, Aythya novaeseelandiae

title: Scaup


text:
Devil's Punch Bowl

The Devil's Punch Bowl is a 282.2 ha visitor attraction and biological Site of Special Scientific Interest situated just to the east of the village of Hindhead in the English county of Surrey. It is part of the Wealden Heaths Phase II Special Protection Area.

The Punch Bowl is a large natural amphitheatre and is the source of many stories about the area. The London to Portsmouth road (the A3) skirted the rim of the site before the Hindhead Tunnel was built in 2011. The land is now owned and maintained by the National Trust as part of the "Hindhead Commons and the Devil's Punch Bowl" property. The highest point of the rim of the bowl is Gibbet Hill, which is 272 m above sea level and commands a panoramic view that includes, on a clear day, the skyline of London some 38 mi away.

The Devil's Punch Bowl was featured on the 2005 TV programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the South.

Etymology
The name Devil's Punch Bowl dates from at least 1768, the year that John Rocque's map of the area was published. This was 18 years before the murder of the unknown sailor on Gibbet Hill, so this event was clearly not the origin of the name. Prior to 1768, it was marked as "ye Bottom" on a map by John Ogilby dated 1675. The northern end of the Bowl is known as Highcombe Bottom which exists in different variants: Hackombe Bottom, Hacham Bottom, and Hackham Bottom.

Natural history
The geology of this part of Surrey comprises a sandstone known as the Hythe Formation, beneath which is a mudstone known as the Atherfield Clay Formation. This deep depression is believed to be the result of erosion caused by spring water beneath the sandstone, causing the upper level to collapse. With its steep sides, the Devil's Punch Bowl, characterised by heathland, streams and woodland, is an SSSI.

The site has abundant wildlife. Most woodland species can be seen easily - including lesser spotted woodpecker and common redstart. It has been known for the wood warbler, a rare summer visitor, but the last documented sighting was in 2009.

Local legends
Local legend has colourful theories as to its creation. According to one story, the Devil became so irritated by all the churches being built in Sussex during the Middle Ages that he decided to dig a channel from the English Channel through the South Downs and flood the area. As he began digging, he threw up huge lumps of earth, each of which became a local landmark — such as Chanctonbury Ring, Cissbury Ring and Mount Caburn. He got as far as the village of Poynings (an area known as the Devil's Dyke) when he was disturbed by a cock crowing. (One version of this story claims that it was the prayers of St Dunstan that made all the local cocks crow earlier than usual.) The devil assumed that dawn was about to break and leapt into Surrey, creating the Devil's Punch Bowl where he landed.

Another story goes that, in his spare time, he hurled lumps of earth at the god Thor to annoy him. The hollow out of which he scooped the earth became the Punch Bowl. The local village of Thursley means Thor's place. An alternative version of this story says that Thor threw the earth at the Devil, who was annoying Thor by jumping across the Devil's Jumps.

Development and protected status
The beauty of the area and the diversity of nature it attracts that has gained the Devil's Punch Bowl the title of a Site of Special Scientific Interest. This status has recently helped save the Devil's Punch Bowl from above-ground redevelopment of the A3, which was needed to relieve traffic congestion in the area, as this section of the A3 was single-carriageway.

The National Trust co-operated with developers Balfour Beatty who designed the twin-bore Hindhead Tunnel, running underneath the surrounding area. The tunnel preserves not only the area from the road widening originally proposed but also removes the heavy traffic congestion which previously affected this section of the A3 in peak hours. The parking and cafe are provided by the National Trust. The old A3 road, apart from a small stub to the National Trust cafe, and small private lane to the site of the youth hostel, has been removed and the land reinstated.

The Hindhead youth hostel, run by the Youth Hostel Association, used to be located inside the bowl but closed in 2015.

In fiction
Punch Bowl Farm, at the northern end of the Devil's Punch Bowl, was the home of children's novelist Monica Edwards from 1947 until 1998. In her books she renamed the farm Punchbowl Farm. In Charles Dickens' novel Nicholas Nickleby, Nicholas and Smike visit the Devil's Punch Bowl on their journey to Portsmouth.

The third novel in the Horatio Hornblower series, Flying Colours by C.S. Forester, makes a one-line reference to the Devil's Punch Bowl in chapter eighteen as Hornblower is returning to London: "Even the marvellous beauty of the Devil's Punch Bowl was lost on Hornblower as they drove past it."

The "Devil's Punch-Bowl in Surrey" is briefly mentioned in The Shining Pyramid, a short story by Arthur Machen, and in "The Manhood of Edward Robinson", the fifth story in Agatha Christie's The Listerdale Mystery and Other Stories. The area is the setting for Sabine Baring-Gould's novel The Broom-squire.

Legacy Project
A lottery award from the Heritage Lottery Fund was made in 2012 for a project with young people from schools in the area, celebrating the landscape. Several sculptures marked the completion in early 2013 and a carving from a 3-tonne block of Portland stone by Jon Edgar now sits on the spine of the former A3 near the visitor centre.

title: Devil's Punch Bowl


text:
Talk:Cyclopentadiene

odd name for a chemical compound??
Claims the chemical is odorless, but still whiffs suspiciously. Is this article for real? -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo stick 08:01 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * It's not only real but correctly named.  jimfbleak 08:03 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

merge with Dicyclopentadiene
The content at Dicyclopentadiene is mostly chemistry of cyclopentadiene anyway, so why not merge the pages. Pilatus 16:26, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * reasons not to merge: 22 articles that link to cyclopentadiene have no interest in Dicyclopentadiene and vice versa. I would prefer taking cyclopentadiene content out of dicyclopentadiene and place a cheminfobox in dicyclopentadiene with the chemical properties and the endo exo pics. V8rik 17:32, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I was thinking of redirecting dicyclopentadiene to cyclopentadiene. Cyclopentadiene is exceedingly common whereas dicyclopentadiene is almost exclusively encountered in the context of cracking it to cyclopentadiene. That fact is incidentally mentioned in both articles. Pilatus 17:46, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * no clear majority for merge so I remove the notice. Pilatus already moved content not specific to dicyclopentadiene. Also, DCP has specific properties not found in cyclopentadiene such as endo/exo ismerism and reactivity in metathesis. V8rik 20:17, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support the non-merge, dicyclopentadiene is what you buy in a bottle, cyclopentadiene is the more commonly used but both have disting chemistry apart from the Diels-Alder reaction. Physchim62 (talk) 12:44, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Support the non-merge, but I do agree that both pages need some work. Especially cyclopentadiene appears a bit ambiguous. --Dirk Beetstra 23:42, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Rewrite
I have rewritten/resorted the page to a large extend. Added a section that asks for some organic chemistry (some specific Diels-Alder examples, with endo-exo info, and it's use as monomer in polymerisations), of which I know it is there, but I do not have the in depth info at hand. Please add.

I feel that the info about the use of the  eta should not be here, but in a seperate article, I think about moving it --Dirk Beetstra 00:10, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Nice rewrite! DMacks 06:37, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Rewrite 2 - cyclopentadiene and cyclopentadienyl
I have moved all information pertaining "cyclopentadienyl" (as the ligand used in organometallic chemistry) to Cyclopentadienyl complex. I suggest that this page evolves further as a description of the organic molecule, describing
 * physical properties,
 * it's synthesis,
 * reactivity
 * acidity (this can be linked with the page Pentamethylcyclopentadiene)

The page 'cyclopentadienyl' now redirects to 'cyclopentadienyl complex'.--Dirk Beetstra 20:36, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Has anyone really seen the NMR of CpH?
We work with MeCpH, and the supposedly rapid sigmatropic thing alluded to in this report is not going on at all. So I am skeptical that CpH has a singlet in its H NMR spectrum. Me3SiCp, yes, but not CpH.--Smokefoot 04:11, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I have seen 1H NMR spectra of CpH, but only at room temperature (the last time I encountered it, I think I recorded it on a 400 MHz). At that temperature and field, one sees different protons for the three different protons in the molecule.  I don't know what happens if you heat the tube up (well, dimerisation, but that is slow compared to recording NMR), I know cyclopentadiene is quite acidic, it might start to behave as [H+][C5H5-]. The 4. überarbeitete Auflage of my Hesse, Meyer, und Zeeh 'Spektroskopische Methoden in der organischen Chemie' gives for Cyclopentadien δ 2.90, 6.41 and 6.50 (page 179).  But I would not find it strange that the shifts are temperature dependent, so I would like to see a reference for that. --Dirk Beetstra 18:49, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Molecular shape
The chembox says that the molecular shape of cyclopentadiene is "envelope structure". Is this really the case? Certainly cyclopentane has that shape as a primary conformation, but shouldn't cyclopentadiene be planar, or very nearly so? -- Ed (Edgar181) 20:11, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * might have info but I'm having trouble downloading the article right now. DMacks (talk) 20:26, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks! The article concludes "Geometry optimization of [cyclopentadiene] at the B3LYP level gave structures with planar five-membered rings of C2v symmetry".  I've corrected the article accordingly.    -- Ed (Edgar181) 20:33, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, its not that simple. The 5 carbons are in the same plane, but the entire molecule is not planar.  The two hydrogens on the sp3 carbon are clearly not in the same plane as the carbons.  -- Jayron  32  15:07, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * in discussions like these only the carbon framework is considered V8rik (talk) 18:35, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Synthesis of related compound
i need to know the preparation of pentacyanocyclopentadiene. it has a pKa value of -14. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.231.184.84 (talk) 03:37, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
 * US Patent 3853943 ("CYCLOPENTADIENES IN WHICH AT LEAST FOUR OF THE RING CARBONS CARRY CYANO SUBSTITUENTS AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION") looks like it has it (or at least various salts of it, which you could protonate if you wanted the neutral compound). The German wikipedia site has an article on this specific compound (de:Pentacyanocyclopentadien), but it does not describe the preparation of it. DMacks (talk) 08:24, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

dimerization reaction rates
Content on dimerization reaction rates was removed for dubious reasons. A kinetics section would be more than welcome. V8rik (talk) 20:31, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Seeing raw kinetics data for a single reaction of a compound seemed too technical for the article about all facets of this compound. The table I removed addition to prose (that I did not remove) discussing its significance and analyzing the meanings of the values (akin to WP:SECONDARY). If someone wants data underlying the analysis of it, presumably the ref that is cited would have it. Is dimerization the only or most significant thing we have to say about this compound as a Diels–Alder diene? DMacks (talk) 19:39, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyclopentadiene


text:
Wikipedia:Naming conventions (slogans)

This naming convention concerns whether to flag slogans in article titles and if so, then how and whether to limit this to offensive slogans only. The current de facto practice is that most slogans are not tagged. However, certain slogans are tagged on grounds of offensiveness; these are listed below. No de jure rule has ever been decided upon; some discussion has taken place at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (slogans).

Currently tagged slogans (please keep this up to date!):
 * Slogan 'Jesus is Lord'
 * More Irish than the Irish themselves (slogan)

Several other titles along these lines exist as redirects only.

title: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (slogans)


text:
Talk:Quart

Metric value
What's a US quart in metric/SI? reference to another US unit (not the same as UK gallon) doesn't help. jimfbleak 08:28 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * As the articles says 1.136 liters. IIRC a US quart and an Imperial quart are the same (their definitions are different though). --mav
 * A US & an imperial quart are only the same with respect to their ratios to other units of volumes (excluding fl. oz. & any cubic length). So yeah, a quart is 0.25 gal or 2 pints in both systems, in this way they are the same.  But an imperial quart is still about 20% bigger than a U.S. one so in this respect they are different. ... Maybe that's what you mean by "IIRC" Jimp 03:41, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Colbert Report
Shouldn't this page be protected, wikiality was mentioned on Colbert again tonight? "If we believe there are 5 pints in a quart..." or something to that effect.RudeBII 06:43, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * No. People are done with that little stuff.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

WP:ENGVAR
Per this edit, the usage of the page was established as American English. Kindly maintain it consistently, pending a new consensus to the contrary. — Llywelyn II   23:10, 9 June 2017 (UTC)
 * In that case, wouldn't it be "liters", rather than "litres"? 2601:545:8201:6290:ED27:28EF:9CC0:7D1D (talk) 01:41, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes. Also, quart is very commonly used in the US but has fallen out of use in the UK (in favour of "two pints"). --Red King (talk) 16:03, 25 January 2020 (UTC)

Status of the quart in UK statute measure
''For new readers, be advised that this discussion predates identification of a reliable source for, and subsequent addition of, a definition of "statute measure" at Weights and Measures Acts (UK). It became clear in the course of this discussion that such a definition was essential before progress could be made towards resolution.'' --Red King (talk) 22:56, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

Section 8 of the Weights and Measures Act 1985 reads: "8 Units of measurement, weights and measures lawful for use for trade. (1)No person shall— (a)use for trade any unit of measurement which is not included in Parts I to V of Schedule 1 to this Act, or (b)use for trade, or have in his possession for use for trade, any linear, square, cubic or capacity measure which is not included in Schedule 3 to this Act, or any weight which is not so included."

and, in Schedule 1, under "Volume", only the pint is defined. However, in the 'subsequent amendments' section, we find "Textual Amendments F4 Sch. 1 Pt. IV: definitions of

“gallon” , “quart” and “gill” omitted (1.10.1995) by virtue of S.I. 1994/2867, reg. 6(5)(b)(i)."

So the quart is not a statute measure, but I acknowledge that the correct date is 1995 not 1985 and will correct the article accordingly. --Red King (talk) 21:08, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

 * This article is about the quart in general, and not only about its status under British Weights & Measure legislation. Even if it was not allowed for trade (and we'll see in a moment that that is not true) that would not mean that it therefore isn't used at all in the UK as, clearly, the Weight and Measures legislation only covers a narrow usage profile.
 * However, if you read further into section 8 of the act you will see that subsection 5A explicitly allows the use of imperial units such as the the quart as supplementary units for trade, and lists it explicitly as such in Schedule 1 Part VI.
 * This is why Wikipedia recommends the use of secondary sources, and frowns upon original research using primary sources such as is happening here. -- DeFacto (talk). 23:21, 2 November 2019 (UTC)
 * This is why Wikipedia recommends the use of secondary sources, and frowns upon original research using primary sources such as is happening here. -- DeFacto (talk). 23:21, 2 November 2019 (UTC)
 * This is why Wikipedia recommends the use of secondary sources, and frowns upon original research using primary sources such as is happening here. -- DeFacto (talk). 23:21, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

 * That doesn't change the fact that it is an obsolete measure, and it is simply wrong to claim in this article that it is in current use. It is not: a two-pint bottle of milk says "two pints", it does not say "quart". I have not seen a single example this century. Compare that with pounds weight, which are still widely seen on street-markets as supplementary measures.
 * It is not "original research" to cite an Act of Parliament, in particular the 'Textual Amendments" citation that has a clear and unambiguous statement that the quart etc was deleted from the permitted list.
 * In the context of this article, and in the interests of consensus, I propose this replacement:
 * Presently, two kinds of quarts remain in active use: the liquid quart and dry quart of the US customary system. Since 1995, the imperial quart of the British imperial system is not 'legal for use in trade' but may be quoted as supplementary measure.
 * Can you live with that? Otherwise you must produce a citation that it "remains in use". --Red King (talk) 14:24, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I favour leaving the article as it is until we can establish that there is a consensus, amongst reliable sources, that the quart is never used for anything anymore in the UK. -- DeFacto (talk). 15:35, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * In the absence of any experience or other evidence, the obligation to provide evidence lies with those who assert that it is indeed still used, despite dropping out of statutory measure over 24 years ago. If you insist, I shall have to tag it in the meantime as dubious and citation needed. Any such citation needs to be no older than ten years, if current usage is to be claimed. --Red King (talk) 16:36, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * as we see, it is still included in the list of available units in the W&M Act, so that should serve as a reliable source that it still exists in UK law. Without evidence that it has vanished entirely from use throughout the UK, I don't see how we can legitimately now exclude it from the article, sorry. Which policy are you relying on to support your 10-year rule? -- DeFacto (talk). 16:57, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * , don't start wp:wikilawyering me. Any reasonable definition of "current" means "the last ten years". You know I can't prove a negative. For all either of us know, there is a tailor somewhere in these benighted isles that gives equivalent prices in shillings and pence per ell and someone like Bill Bryson has given it in a book to illustrate the ideosyncratic English: it would still be wp:fringe. It is indisputable that imperial quarts are not a statute measure and the article should say that. If it is also to say that the unit, while permitted as a supplementary measure, is still actually used in the real world, a citation is needed to support that claim. --Red King (talk) 17:45, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * let's concentrate on getting the content right, and not attack each other. It could be that we cannot reliably source the assertion that the quart is still in current use in the UK, but equally, we would need to be able to reliably source that it isn't in use anywhere in the UK if we were to add that to the article. All we can currently say (reliably sourced) is that it is still permitted to be used for trading purposes as a supplementary unit. For now I would suggest that the best compromise would be to limit its mention to something like that. -- DeFacto (talk). 18:09, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Nowhere on wikipedia (or indeed anywhere outside Kafka) is there a requirement to prove a negative, but it would be an exceptional scholar who could identify the moment when regular usage that unarguably did exist, ceased to do so. I accept your proposal and invite you to draft a sentence accordingly. --Red King (talk) 22:15, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * in fact the quart is a "statute measure"; it is defined as " gallon" in the Weights and Measures Act 1985 - a statute. -- DeFacto (talk). 21:40, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Not any more it isn't, as I sure you well know. The current version of the W&MA says that it was deleted by Statutory Instrument, see above. Mention in a former edition of a statute does not make it a statute measure. I take it that you weren't serious. --Red King (talk) 22:15, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * can you give a link to that amendment please - I didn't see that in the version I looked at. -- DeFacto (talk). 22:41, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

See the second block of text ("Textual amendments") that I quoted from the current (as amended) version of the Act to open this discussion? "omitted ... by virtue of S.I. 1994/2867, reg. 6(5)(b)(i)." (I don't know how to find Statutory Instruments, though). Is that not what you mean? (To save you hunting back, the citation is the second one in the reflist talk below). --Red King (talk) 22:53, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * ah, found it! But I think it's saying they've moved from Schedule 1 part IV to part VI. i.e. they've moved from being primary to supplementary, but are still defined in the Act as units for trade. -- DeFacto (talk). 23:03, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * , Part VI is simply giving the SI equivalent values of traditional units. Nowhere does it say that these are permitted "for trade" within the meaning of the Act. I'm afraid it looks like you may be clutching at straws here. (BTW, you may find useful this citation, which I've just added to Imperial measures re Land Registry. It supports your position [which I have always accepted] that traditional measures are fully permissible under UK law as supplementary information. You may even be amused, as I was, that whoever wrote it doesn't seem to be aware that US measures with the same names aren't always the same size). --Red King (talk) 23:25, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * firstly, I can confirm that I am not "clutching at straws here", I'm trying to ensure that the article is factual - and verifiably so. As for the purpose of "Part VI", in the version of that section that I have (annotated as being "up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 14 September 2019") the title of Part VI is "DEFINITIONS OF CERTAIN UNITS WHICH MAY NOT BE USED FOR TRADE EXCEPT AS SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATIONS" . So they are explicitly permitted for use for trade when used as supplementary indications. And they are given a statutory definition in that section, not in terms of a metric unit, but as " gallon" (the gallon is previously given as statutory definition as "4.54609 cubic decimetres"). So if a "statutory measure" is a measure which is legally defined in a statute, the quart appears to be such a measure. -- DeFacto (talk). 07:17, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * What part of (1)No person shall— (a)use for trade any unit of measurement which is not included in Parts I to V of Schedule 1 to this Act,  do you not understand? --Red King (talk) 15:02, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I understand it all, but it needs to be seen in the context of subsection 5A too, which says:
 * (5A) Nothing in this section precludes the use for trade of any supplementary indication; and for this purpose any indication of quantity ("the imperial indication") is a supplementary indication if—
 * (a) it is expressed in a unit of measurement other than a metric unit,
 * (b) it accompanies an indication of quantity expressed in a metric unit (“the metric indication”) and is not itself authorised for use in the circumstances as a primary indication of quantity, and
 * (c) the metric indication is the more prominent, the imperial indication being, in particular, expressed in characters no larger than those of the metric indication.
 * This is why we need reliable secondary sources to interpret and summarise this stuff for us, rather than trying to make sense of it ourselves. But, I still read it as confirming that the quart is legal for trade, and as it is defined in the Act it is a "statute measure". -- DeFacto (talk). 20:04, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Sigh. I am permitted by law to add the supplementary information that my product is very very tasty. As far as the law is concerned, it is just noise. But if I want to sell it by weight, volume, length or area, I must use one of the measures specified in Sections I to V and I must not obscure that information with extraneous detail about historic measures. I am permitted to use those obsolescent measures but not (except draught beer/lager) obliged to use them. The statutory measures are those specified in sections I to V. This is entirely unambiguous: no interpretation by a third party source is needed. It reads to me that you are trying to throw red herrings across the trail. --Red King (talk) 23:23, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * however we decide to word its relationship with other units wrt trade, it is clearly relevant, in this article specifically about the quart, to state too that it still has a statute standard definition in UK law and is still legally protected for use for trade as a supplementary indication (as explicitly stated in subsection 5A). -- DeFacto (talk). 09:19, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * , I can live with that, provided that its supplementary status is made clear in this article. The problem is that the article currently begins Presently, three kinds of quarts remain in use: the liquid quart and dry quart of the US customary system and the imperial quart of the British imperial system. That, I believe, is untrue for the Imperial quart but if you assert that it is true, then you need to provide a citation to support it. Unevidenced content gets deleted and I am sure we can avoid that with clever wording. --Red King (talk) 21:07, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

Quart again
[Moved this here from my talkpage. -- DeFacto (talk). 21:38, 15 November 2019 (UTC)]

I waited for you to rewrite it diplomatically. As you didn't, I had a go and really believed that by taking the UK together with AU and CA, I had reflected equally the legal position as we each understand it. I'm afraid I really don't see the point of your edit. The quart can be used for trade in AU and CA as well, but only as a supplementary designation, exactly as in the UK. It is not at all obvious how the two sentences differ semantically (as opposed to verbally), it just reads as "the UK is special". Why? Your edit note was too terse, would you elaborate please? --Red King (talk) 21:34, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * this is an article about the quart and not about metrication in the UK. I don't know what the rules about it are in Australia or Canada, but I do know (and I thought we now agreed that per subsection 5A) that it can be legally used for trade in the UK and I don't think we should try to obfuscate that with irrelevancies about other units. -- DeFacto (talk). 21:46, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * It is rather difficult to write about a quart without mentioning two pints. But yes, perhaps I tried too hard to walk on eggshells and am happy to lose that reference. As per the citations, Australia and Canada list the quart as secondary measures: the only difference is that they state explicitly that it is a "secondary measure" whereas the UK's W&MA weasel-words its way round by doing the same thing in effect by having different Schedules. Yes, I do agree. I did write "may be sold" as a less legalistic form of words than "used for trade" and won't insist on that wording. The critical issue is that we cannot imply that it is permissible to use it alone: it can only be listed as supplementary information.
 * I really believe that it is more helpful to the reader to give all three countries together since their laws are the same in essence. --Red King (talk) 22:14, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I can't see "quart" or "secondary" mentioned on either the Australian or Canadian document you cited. The point about the word "trade" is that, in this context, it only means "sold by measure" and not "sold" in general. In the UK I can legally sell a quart jug as a "quart jug" without giving its capacity in metric units and I can ask for x quarts of milk or petrol, or whatever without using metric units. The only thing I can't do is sell by volume in quarts without giving a metric unit equivalent. And I think the current "In the United Kingdom the quart can be used for trade as a supplementary indication" says that adequately, but I would also be okay with something like "In the United Kingdom goods may be sold by the quart if the equivalent metric measure is also given" to avoid the legalese. What I disagree with is biased editorialising such as use of the word "only" in, for example, "quarts may only be given as supplementary information" which gives implications that are not supported by the cited source. Let's focus on what the quart is, and present it neutrally and avoid any spin or disparagement. -- DeFacto (talk). 23:18, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I will need to go back and recheck AU and CA, that was from memory so I will take it out in the meantime. Re the word "only", I hadn't seen or intended that interpretation but I can see now how it could be inferred. No matter: your In the United Kingdom goods may be sold by the quart if the equivalent metric measure is also given captures the essence well and I am happy with that. I'll leave it to you to edit accordingly. --Red King (talk) 23:35, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * fair enough, and I've done the UK reword as suggested. -- DeFacto (talk). 09:00, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quart


text:
Macula

The macula (/ˈmakjʊlə/) or macula lutea is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and in other animals. The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm and is subdivided into the umbo, foveola, foveal avascular zone, fovea, parafovea, and perifovea areas.

The anatomical macula at a size of 5.5 mm is much larger than the clinical macula which, at a size of 1.5 mm, corresponds to the anatomical fovea.

The macula is responsible for the central, high-resolution, color vision that is possible in good light. This kind of vision is impaired if the macula is damaged, as in macular degeneration. The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil, as in ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography.

The term macula lutea comes from Latin macula, "spot", and lutea, "yellow".

Structure

The macula is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and other animal eyes. Its center is shifted slightly away from the optical axis (laterally, by 5°=1.5 mm). The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm and is subdivided into the umbo, foveola, foveal avascular zone, fovea, parafovea, and perifovea areas. An even smaller central region of highest receptor density (40–80 μm) is sometimes referred to as the foveal bouquet. The anatomical macula at 5.5 mm is much larger than the clinical macula which, at 1.5 mm, corresponds to the anatomical fovea.

The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil, as in ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography. The anatomical macula is defined histologically in terms of having two or more layers of ganglion cells. The umbo is the center of the foveola which in turn is located at the center of the fovea.

The fovea is located near the center of the macula. It is a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells. The retina's receptor layer contains two types of photosensitive cells, the rod cells and the cone cells.

Color
Because the macula is yellow in color, it absorbs excess blue and ultraviolet light that enter the eye and acts as a natural sunblock (analogous to sunglasses) for this area of the retina. The yellow color comes from its content of lutein and zeaxanthin, which are yellow xanthophyll carotenoids, derived from the diet. Zeaxanthin predominates at the macula, while lutein predominates elsewhere in the retina. There is some evidence that these carotenoids protect the pigmented region from some types of macular degeneration. A formulation of 10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin has been shown to reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration progressing to advanced stages, although these carotenoids have not been shown to prevent the disease.

After death or enucleation (removal of the eye), the macula appears yellow, a color that is not visible in the living eye except when viewed with light from which red has been filtered.

Regions

 * Fovea – 1.55 mm
 * Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) – 0.5 to 0.6 mm
 * Foveola – 0.35 mm
 * Umbo – 0.15 mm

Function
Structures in the macula are specialized for high-acuity vision. Within the macula are the fovea and foveola that both contain a high density of cones, which are nerve cells that are photoreceptors with high acuity.

In detail, the normal human eye contains three different types of cones, with different ranges of spectral sensitivity. The brain combines the signals from neighboring cones to distinguish different colors. There is only one type of rod, but the rods are more sensitive than the cones, so in dim light, they are the dominant photoreceptors active, and without information provided by the separate spectral sensitivity of the cones it is impossible to discriminate colors. In the fovea centralis, cones predominate and are present at high density. The macula is thus responsible for the central, high-resolution, color vision that is possible in good light; and this kind of vision is impaired if the macula is damaged, for example in macular degeneration.

Clinical significance
The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil, as in ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography.

Whereas loss of peripheral vision may go unnoticed for some time, damage to the macula will result in loss of central vision, which is usually immediately obvious. The progressive destruction of the macula is a disease known as macular degeneration and can sometimes lead to the creation of a macular hole. Macular holes are rarely caused by trauma, but if a severe blow is delivered it can burst the blood vessels going to the macula, destroying it.

Visual input from the macula occupies a substantial portion of the brain's visual capacity. As a result, some forms of visual field loss that occur without involving the macula are termed macular sparing. (For example, visual field testing might demonstrate homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing.)

In the case of occipitoparietal ischemia owing to occlusion of elements of either posterior cerebral artery, patients may display cortical blindness (which, rarely, can involve blindness that the patient denies having, as seen in Anton's Syndrome), yet display sparing of the macula. This selective sparing is due to the collateral circulation offered to macular tracts by the middle cerebral artery. Neurological examination that confirms macular sparing can go far in representing the type of damage mediated by an infarct, in this case, indicating that the caudal visual cortex (which is the principal recipient of macular projections of the optic nerve) has been spared. Further, it indicates that cortical damage rostral to, and including, lateral geniculate nucleus is an unlikely outcome of the infarction, as too much of the lateral geniculate nucleus is, proportionally, devoted to macular-stream processing.

title: Macula


text:
Talk:Twenty-One Demands

Old Discussion
One of our policies is that Wikipedia is not a repository for source documents. (see What Wikipedia is not). Can we have an encylopedia article about this, please rather than just the raw text? For example, these questions could be answered: What was the context? What were the most important demands? Why was this significant? What were the consequences?

Thanks. -- The Anome 09:11 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Someone needs to summarize the main points. See statement above. --Jiang

 * An idea: relocate the source document to Wikisource and put the main points mentioned by The Anome in the article. (I will need someone more experienced with Wikisource and part of the Wikisource community to help me with this--thanks) Wikiacc 22:37, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have found the Move to Wikisource template. I will be putting this on the page soon and moving it. Wikiacc 01:46, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Does anyone know the original text of this document? Was it English? In Wikisource the namespace for all documents should be occupied with that document in its original language. Wikiacc 02:41, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * A friend of mine (Profxyz) has just added it. Nippoo 17:16, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * clean-up has now removed source document from main article. It can now be found on Wikisource, where it belongs. MChew 20:55, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

pro-japan bias? "In China, the overall political impact of Japan’s actions was positive" I'm no scholar on this field but im fairly sure the Japanese intervention in China was negative.

"In retrospect, the results of the revised final (Thirteen Demands) version of the Twenty-One Demands were far more negative for Japan than positive, and it is hard to comprehend what the Japanese government was attempting to obtain. Without Clause 5, the new treaty did not give Japan anything that it did not already have in China." This still seems rather biased to me, and has no sources to back it up. - Renn, April 25, 2007

Because it is probably written by the japanese

New Discussion
Why are there so many missing verbs? "China to grant..." appears rather than "China is to grant..." for example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.208.204.11 (talk) 16:42, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

demaich
The most prominent location for the word "demaich" is < http://demaich.com >, street address removed

This article is confusing.

I am searching f/ article twenty-one, article XXI, Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo, & frustrated.

[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 01:05, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Twenty-One Demands