text:
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (CFAA) is a United States cybersecurity bill that was enacted in 1986 as an amendment to existing computer fraud law, which had been included in the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984. Prior to computer-specific criminal laws, computer crimes were prosecuted as mail and wire fraud, but the applying law was often insufficient.

The original 1984 bill was enacted in response to concern that computer-related crimes might go unpunished. The House Committee Report to the original computer crime bill characterized the 1983 techno-thriller film WarGames—in which a young teenager (played by Matthew Broderick) from Seattle breaks into a U.S. military supercomputer programmed to predict possible outcomes of nuclear war and unwittingly almost starts World War III—as "a realistic representation of the automatic dialing and access capabilities of the personal computer."

The CFAA was written to extend existing tort law to intangible property, while, in theory, limiting federal jurisdiction to cases "with a compelling federal interest—i.e., where computers of the federal government or certain financial institutions are involved or where the crime itself is interstate in nature", but its broad definitions have spilled over into contract law (see "Protected Computer", below). In addition to amending a number of the provisions in the original section 1030, the CFAA also criminalized additional computer-related acts. Provisions addressed the distribution of malicious code and denial-of-service attacks. Congress also included in the CFAA a provision criminalizing trafficking in passwords and similar items.

Since then, the Act has been amended a number of times—in 1989, 1994, 1996, in 2001 by the USA PATRIOT Act, 2002, and in 2008 by the Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act. With each amendment of the law, the types of conduct that fell within its reach were extended.

In January 2015, President Barack Obama proposed expanding the CFAA and the RICO Act in his Modernizing Law Enforcement Authorities to Combat Cyber Crime proposal. DEF CON organizer and Cloudflare researcher Marc Rogers, Senator Ron Wyden, and Representative Zoe Lofgren stated opposition to this on the grounds it would make many regular Internet activities illegal, and moved further away from what they were trying to accomplish with Aaron's Law.

Protected computers
The only computers, in theory, covered by the CFAA are defined as "protected computers". They are defined under section to mean a computer:
 * exclusively for the use of a financial institution or the United States Government, or any computer, when the conduct constituting the offense affects the computer's use by or for the financial institution or the government; or
 * which is used in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or communication, including a computer located outside the United States that is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication of the United States ...

In practice, any ordinary computer has come under the jurisdiction of the law, including cellphones, due to the interstate nature of most Internet communication.

Criminal offenses under the Act
(a) Whoever—
 * (1) having knowingly accessed a computer without authorization or exceeding authorized access, and by means of such conduct having obtained information that has been determined by the United States Government pursuant to an Executive order or statute to require protection against unauthorized disclosure for reasons of national defense or foreign relations, or any restricted data, as defined in paragraph y. of section 11 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, with reason to believe that such information so obtained could be used to the injury of the United States, or to the advantage of any foreign nation willfully communicates, delivers, transmits, or causes to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted, or attempts to communicate, deliver, transmit or cause to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted the same to any person not entitled to receive it, or willfully retains the same and fails to deliver it to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it;
 * (2) intentionally accesses a computer without authorization or exceeds authorized access, and thereby obtains—
 * (A) information contained in a financial record of a financial institution, or of a card issuer as defined in section 1602 (n) [1] of title 15, or contained in a file of a consumer reporting agency on a consumer, as such terms are defined in the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.);
 * (B) information from any department or agency of the United States; or
 * (C) information from any protected computer;
 * (3) intentionally, without authorization to access any nonpublic computer of a department or agency of the United States, accesses such a computer of that department or agency that is exclusively for the use of the Government of the United States or, in the case of a computer not exclusively for such use, is used by or for the Government of the United States and such conduct affects that use by or for the Government of the United States;
 * (4) knowingly and with intent to defraud, accesses a protected computer without authorization, or exceeds authorized access, and by means of such conduct furthers the intended fraud and obtains anything of value, unless the object of the fraud and the thing obtained consists only of the use of the computer and the value of such use is not more than $5,000 in any 1-year period;
 * (5)
 * (A) knowingly causes the transmission of a program, information, code, or command, and as a result of such conduct, intentionally causes damage without authorization, to a protected computer;
 * (B) intentionally accesses a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of such conduct, recklessly causes damage; or
 * (C) intentionally accesses a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of such conduct, causes damage and loss.
 * (6) knowingly and with intent to defraud traffics (as defined in section 1029) in any password or similar information through which a computer may be accessed without authorization, if—
 * (A) such trafficking affects interstate or foreign commerce; or
 * (B) such computer is used by or for the Government of the United States;
 * (7) with intent to extort from any person any money or other thing of value, transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any—
 * (A) threat to cause damage to a protected computer;
 * (B) threat to obtain information from a protected computer without authorization or in excess of authorization or to impair the confidentiality of information obtained from a protected computer without authorization or by exceeding authorized access; or
 * (C) demand or request for money or other thing of value in relation to damage to a protected computer, where such damage was caused to facilitate the extortion

Specific sections

 * : Computer espionage. This section takes much of its language from the Espionage Act of 1917, with the notable addition being that it also covers information related to "Foreign Relations", not simply "National Defense" like the Espionage Act.
 * : Computer trespassing, and taking government, financial, or commerce info
 * : Computer trespassing in a government computer
 * : Committing fraud with computer
 * : Damaging a protected computer (including viruses, worms)
 * : Trafficking in passwords of a government or commerce computer
 * : Threatening to damage a protected computer
 * : Conspiracy to violate (a)
 * : Penalties
 * : Investigative, protective, and intelligence activities

Notable cases and decisions referring to the Act
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is both a criminal law and a statute that creates a private right of action, allowing compensation and injunctive or other equitable relief to anyone harmed by a violation of this law. These provisions have allowed private companies to sue disloyal employees for damages for the misappropriation of confidential information (trade secrets).

Criminal cases

 * United States v. Morris (1991), 928 F.2d 504 (2d Cir. 1991), decided March 7, 1991. After the release of the Morris worm, an early computer worm, its creator was convicted under the Act for causing damage and gaining unauthorized access to "federal interest" computers. The Act was amended in 1996, in part, to clarify language whose meaning was disputed in the case.
 * United States v. Lori Drew, 2009. The cyberbullying case involving the suicide of a girl harassed on MySpace. Charges were under 18 USC 1030(a)(2)(c) and (b)(2)(c). Judge Wu decided that using against someone violating a terms of service agreement would make the law overly broad. 259 F.R.D. 449
 * United States v. Rodriguez, 2010. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a Social Security Administration employee had violated the CFAA when he used an SSA database to look up information about people he knew personally.
 * United States v. Collins et al, 2011. A group of men and women connected to the collective Anonymous signed a plea deal to charges of conspiring to disrupt access to the payment website PayPal in response to the payment shutdown to WikiLeaks over the Wau Holland Foundation which was part of a wider Anonymous campaign, Operation Payback. They later became known under the name PayPal 14.
 * United States v. Aaron Swartz, 2011. Aaron Swartz allegedly entered an MIT wiring closet and set up a laptop to mass-download articles from JSTOR. He allegedly avoided various attempts by JSTOR and MIT to stop this, such as MAC address spoofing. He was indicted for violating CFAA provisions (a)(2), (a)(4), (c)(2)(B)(iii), (a)(5)(B), and (c)(4)(A)(i)(I),(VI). The case was dismissed after Swartz committed suicide in January 2013.
 * United States v. Nosal, 2011. Nosal and others allegedly accessed a protected computer to take a database of contacts from his previous employer for use in his own business, violating 1030(a)(4). This was a complex case with multiple trips to the Ninth Circuit, which ruled that violating a website's terms of use is not a violation of the CFAA. He was convicted in 2013. In 2016, the Ninth Circuit ruled that he had acted "without authorization" when he used the username and password of a current employee with their consent and affirmed his conviction. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case.
 * United States v. Peter Alfred-Adekeye 2011. Adekeye allegedly violated (a)(2), when he allegedly downloaded CISCO IOS, allegedly something that the CISCO employee who gave him an access password did not permit. Adekeye was CEO of Multiven and had accused CISCO of anti-competitive practices.
 * United States v Sergey Aleynikov, 2011. Aleynikov was a programmer at Goldman Sachs accused of copying code, like high-frequency trading code, allegedly in violation of 1030(a)(2)(c) and 1030(c)(2)(B)i–iii and 2. This charge was later dropped, and he was instead charged with theft of trade secrets and transporting stolen property.
 * United States v Nada Nadim Prouty, c. 2010. Prouty was an FBI and CIA agent who was prosecuted for having a fraudulent marriage to get US residency. She claims she was persecuted by a U.S. attorney who was trying to gain media coverage by calling her a terrorist agent and get himself promoted to a federal judgeship.
 * United States v. Neil Scott Kramer, 2011. Kramer was a court case where a cellphone was used to coerce a minor into engaging sex with an adult. Central to the case was whether a cellphone constituted a computer device. Ultimately, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit found that a cell phone can be considered a computer if "the phone perform[s] arithmetic, logical, and storage functions", paving the way for harsher consequences for criminals engaging with minors over cellphones.
 * United States v. Kane, 2011. Exploiting a software bug in a poker machine does not constitute hacking because the poker machine in question failed to constitute a "protected computer" under the statute (as the poker machine in question did not demonstrate a tangential relationship to interstate commerce) and because the sequence of button presses that triggered the bug were considered held to have "not exceed[ed] their authorized access." the defendant still faces a regular wire fraud charge.
 * United States v. Valle, 2015. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals overturned a conviction against a police officer who had used a police database to look up information about women he knew personally.
 * Van Buren v. United States, 2020. A police officer in Georgia was caught in an FBI sting operation using his authorized access to a license plate database to check the identity of a person for cash payment, an "improper purpose". The officer was convicted and sentenced to 18 months under CFAA §1030(a)(2). Though he appealed his conviction on the basis that the "improper purpose" was not "exceeding authorized access", the Eleventh Circuit upheld the conviction based on precedent. The Supreme Court ruled in June 2021 that under CFAA, that a person "exceeds authorized access" of a computer system they otherwise have access to when they access files and other content that are off-limits to the portions of the computer system they were authorized to access. Their opinion restricted CFAA from applying to cases where a person obtains information from areas they do have authorized access to, but uses that information for improper reasons.

Civil cases

 * Theofel v. Farey Jones, 2003 U.S. App. Lexis 17963, decided August 28, 2003 (U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit), holding that the use of a civil subpoena which is "patently unlawful," "in bad faith," or "at least gross negligence" to gain access to stored email is a breach of both the CFAA and the Stored Communications Act.
 * International Airport Centers, L.L.C. v. Citrin, 2006,, in which the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Jacob Citrin had violated the CFAA when he deleted files from his company computer before he quit, in order to conceal alleged bad behavior while he was an employee.
 * LVRC Holdings v. Brekka, 2009 1030(a)(2), 1030(a)(4), in which LVRC sued Brekka for allegedly taking information about clients and using it to start his own competing business. The Ninth Circuit ruled that an employee accesses a company computer to gather information for his own purposes does not violate the CFAA merely because that personal use was adverse to the interests of the employer.
 * Craigslist v. 3Taps, 2012. 3Taps was accused by Craigslist of breaching CFAA by circumventing an IP block in order to access Craigslist's website and scrape its classified ads without consent. In August 2013, US federal judge found 3Taps's actions violated CFAA and that it faces civil damages for "unauthorized access". Judge Breyer wrote in his decision that "the average person does not use "anonymous proxies" to bypass an IP block set up to enforce a banning communicated via personally-addressed cease-and-desist letter". He also noted "Congress apparently knew how to restrict the reach of the CFAA to only certain kinds of information, and it appreciated the public v. nonpublic distinction—but [the relevant section] contains no such restrictions or modifiers."
 * Lee v. PMSI, Inc., 2011. PMSI, Inc. sued former employee Lee for violating the CFAA by browsing Facebook and checking personal email in violation of the company's acceptable use policy. The court found that breaching an employer's acceptable use policy was not "unauthorized access" under the act and, therefore, did not violate the CFAA.
 * Sony Computer Entertainment America v. George Hotz and Hotz v. SCEA, 2011. SCEA sued "Geohot" and others for jailbreaking the PlayStation 3 system. The lawsuit alleged, among other things, that Hotz violated ([by] taking info from any protected computer). Hotz denied liability and contested the Court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over him. The parties settled out of court. The settlement caused Geohot to be unable to legally hack the PlayStation 3 system furthermore.
 * Pulte Homes, Inc. v. Laborers' International Union 2011. Pulte Homes brought a CFAA suit against the Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA). After Pulte fired an employee represented by the union, LIUNA urged members to call and send email to the company, expressing their opinions. As a result of the increased traffic, the company's email system crashed. The Sixth Circuit ruled that the LIUNA's instruction to call and email "intentionally caused damage," reversing the lower court's decision.
 * Facebook v. Power Ventures and Vachani, 2016. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the CFAA was violated when Facebook's servers were accessed despite an IP block and cease and desist order.
 * HiQ Labs v. LinkedIn, 2019. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that scraping a public website without the approval of the website's owner is not a violation of the CFAA. LinkedIn petitioned for the Supreme Court to review the decision and the court remanded the case based on its Van Buren v. United States decision. The Ninth Circuit ultimately affirmed its original decision.
 * Sandvig v. Barr, 2020. The Federal District Court of D.C. ruled that the CFAA does not criminalize the violation of a website's terms of service.

Criticism
There have been criminal convictions for CFAA violations in the context of civil law, for breach of contract or terms of service violations. Many common and insignificant online acts, such as password-sharing and copyright infringement, can transform a CFAA misdemeanor into a felony. The punishments are severe, similar to sentences for selling or importing drugs, and may be disproportionate. Prosecutors have used the CFAA to protect private business interests and to intimidate free-culture activists, deterring undesirable, yet legal, conduct.

One such example regarding the harshness of the law was shown in United States vs. Tyler King, where King refused initial offers by the government for involvement in a conspiracy to "gain unauthorized access" to a computer system for a small company that an ex-girlfriend of King worked for. His role, even while not directly involved, resulted in 6.5 years imprisonment. No financial motive was established. A non-profit was started to advocate against further harshness against others targeted under the broad law.

Tim Wu called the CFAA "the worst law in technology".

Professor of Law Ric Simmons notes that many provisions of the CFAA merely combine identical language to pre-existing federal laws with "the element of “access[ing] a protected computer without authorization, or [by] exceed[ing] authorized access," meaning that "the CFAA merely provides an additional charge for prosecutors to bring if the defendant used a computer while committing the crime." Professor Joseph Olivenbaum has similarly criticized the CFAA's "computer-specific approach," noting both the risk of redundancy and resultant definitional problems.

The CFAA increasingly presents real obstacles to journalists reporting stories important to the public’s interest. As data journalism increasingly becomes “a good way of getting to the truth of things. . . in this post-truth era,” as one data journalist told Google, the need for further clarity around the CFAA increases.

As per Star Kashman, an expert in cybersecurity law, the CFAA presents some challenges in cases related to Search Engine Hacking (also known as Google Dorking). Although Kashman states that accessing publicly available information is legal under the CFAA, she also notes that in many cases Search Engine Hacking is ultimately prosecuted under the CFAA. Kashman believes prosecuting cases of Google Dorking under the CFAA could render the CFAA void for vagueness by making it illegal to access publicly available information.

Aaron Swartz
In the wake of the prosecution and subsequent suicide of Aaron Swartz (who used a script to download scholarly research articles in excess of what JSTOR terms of service allowed), lawmakers proposed amending the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Representative Zoe Lofgren drafted a bill that would help "prevent what happened to Aaron from happening to other Internet users". Aaron's Law would exclude terms of service violations from the 1984 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from the wire fraud statute.

In addition to Lofgren's efforts, Representatives Darrell Issa and Jared Polis (also on the House Judiciary Committee) raised questions in the immediate aftermath of Swartz's death regarding the government's handling of the case. Polis called the charges "ridiculous and trumped up," referring to Swartz as a "martyr." Issa, chair of the House Oversight Committee, announced an investigation of the Justice Department's prosecution.

By May 2014, Aaron's Law had stalled in committee. Filmmaker Brian Knappenberger alleges this occurred due to Oracle Corporation's financial interest in maintaining the status quo.

Aaron's Law was reintroduced in May 2015 and again stalled. There has been no further introduction of related bills.

Amendments history
2008
 * Eliminated the requirement that information must have been stolen through an interstate or foreign communication, thereby expanding jurisdiction for cases involving theft of information from computers;
 * Eliminated the requirement that the defendant's action must result in a loss exceeding $5,000 and created a felony offense where the damage affects ten or more computers, closing a gap in the law;
 * Expanded to criminalize not only explicit threats to cause damage to a computer, but also threats to (1) steal data on a victim's computer, (2) publicly disclose stolen data, or (3) not repair damage the offender already caused to the computer;
 * Created a criminal offense for conspiring to commit a computer hacking offense under section 1030;
 * Broadened the definition of "protected computer" in to the full extent of Congress's commerce power by including those computers used in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or communication; and
 * Provided a mechanism for civil and criminal forfeiture of property used in or derived from section 1030 violations.

title: Computer Fraud and Abuse Act


text:
Talk:Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

Untitled
What the heck is this? Random notes? Very messy. --mav 22:19 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

It's apparently moved content from USA PATRIOT Act. I think it should remain there, rather than splitting that page up. Evercat 22:20 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I agree, or at the very least moved to a title that references a law more specifically than "the law". --Delirium 00:40 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Possible Identy Theft
—Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.27.94.68 (talk) 14:07, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

tagged quality
the section defining what is illegal is ... well.. where did it come from? it doesnt list the subparagraphs and it uses different language than what the actual law uses. Decora (talk) 16:55, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Adding relevant info to notable cases section
I see there's a bit of an edit war going on here. I see pros and cons in both positions. Discussing here is what talk pages for. CarolMooreDC 20:26, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * No intention to edit war - was just reverting what seemed like an unsafe removal of referenced content. But fully agreed that it should be discussed further if there is a reason why that content needs further attention. Bonusballs (talk) 20:32, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * The page will of course read as if it takes a position, if we include pro-defendant positions by advisors, attorneys, etc. along with the facts. Let's stick to the facts of each case in the overview, until such time as the cases warrant their own pages.  As an encyclopedia, we should not endorse any particular point of view.  CarthCarsen (talk) 08:23, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Hello Carth. I notice that you have again removed valid, referenced information from this article, citing an 'NPOV violation'. Perhaps you are indeed new to Wikipedia so it should be mentioned that this kind of activity is not polite and is generally discouraged. Wikipedia's Neutral Point Of View policy - see WP:NPOV (the blue writing means that you can click on it to read more) - clearly indicates that maintaining a neutral point of view involves reflecting all viewpoints which can be reliably sourced. An article does not take one position or another purely through the actions of mentioning the various points of view that exist. Your actions, in removing some of these views, actually damage the neutral point of view that you are claiming to protect. In future, when making controversial edits, it's best to discuss such things on the talk page first, and achieve a concensus of other editors, before removing such material. Does this seem fair to you? Bonusballs (talk) 09:01, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Your approach is obviously to begin with the assumption that a prosecution is wrongful, and support the inclusion of statements to that effect. I apologize if you think my deletion was impolite-- your reversion was moreso.  If you don't want to edit-war, don't follow me around reverting my edits.  The inclusion of commentary from one side and not the other shows a clear bias; the effect will be to suggest to readers that Wikipedia considers a case to have been incorrectly brought.  If you would like to include such pro-defense commentary in a case that was settled, you must find some pro-prosecution commentary as well.  Sorry-- bias is bias, no matter how much it might grate sometimes when we would like to express our own. CarthCarsen (talk) 09:28, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * You mischaracterise my approach - it does not presume that a prosecution is wrongful to reflect concern or denial by the accused or associated parties. It's called balance. If you feel that undue weight has been placed on 'the other side' by the inclusion of one referenced sentence, while the prosecution's case is not adequately described in the FOUR sentences preceding it, then maybe you should be finding and adding references rather than removing them? Bonusballs (talk) 09:35, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * An obviously better approach is not to commit NPOV violations in the first place. In this scenario that would involve adding information in a balanced way. CarthCarsen (talk) 09:40, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Remember that the only act I have performed here is to revert your REMOVAL of referenced content. I argue that the content which you removed was not an NPOV violation in the slightest - indeed, that your removal of the same makes the paragraph more one-sided than it otherwise could be. Do you see the point I'm making? Bonusballs (talk) 09:42, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * The point is invalid, sorry. The case was settled; the defendant pled guilty.  There is no way in hell that the info on the case is more biased without the unbalanced comment by his advisor, with a reference to an official body to give it more oomph, giving moral approbation to his action.  If placed in a more full context, so that a reader could understand the situation fully, it would probably be fine.  CarthCarsen (talk) 09:55, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree that putting in a comment by "One of his advisors" which is not verified in the source (or by another WP:RS) as being an official adviser is problematic. However, a brief account of the defense of a charged person or their lawyer should be allowed, including that one if that was it. The article could add he didn't do time and use a ref. CarolMooreDC 17:13, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Edited the intro using a more reliable source
I did some digging and found a 2010 Justice Department manual that specifically goes over the history and origins of the CFAA. I was shocked to find that everything I'd seen floating around on how the CFAA came to be was off, and a little surprised that the overview for the CFAA was sourced from a Huffington Post article. I probably should have stopped by here before doing a huge edit- I see there's been a bit of conflict over this article. I hope I've added a bit of credibility (and referenced it all correctly) anyway. Carmenellie (talk) 06:26, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Intent to edit
I'd like to start work on cleaning up this page, and attempting to get it moved up from start-class. I'm going to start with cleanup of the "notable cases" section. My current plan is to remove any case that's not published (unless there is compelling reason to leave one in), add proper case citations (and links to the text for each case), and try to clean up each summary. If I get through that, I'll start on the more substantive portion of the article. I don't expect the initial changes to be controversial, but given that the CFAA is controversial in some circles, I wanted to make sure there were no major objections to this approach. MikeDunford (talk) 13:38, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

Specific proposed changes:
 * General point - the list of cases should probably be split between civil and criminal.

 * General point - pending/dropped cases that are relevant to critiques that law lends itself to prosecution overreach should go in own section.

 * General point - several of these cases are not legally notable, and I'm unclear on their relevance. For example, why is it worth noting that someone pled guilty to a count of a CFAA violation in a plea deal in a case where the primary charges were espionage related?

 * Cases I propose removing from list (first cut)

 * United States v. Riggs. - this case should be removed from this article. It was initially charged (in part) under the CFAA, but the CFAA charges were dropped in the superseding indictment. The CFAA was not, as a result, significantly important to the outcome of the case or to either of the two published trial court decisions.

 * Robbins v. Lower Merion School District - my inclination is to remove this from the article. The CFAA was definitely an issue, but it was one of many involved in the case, and because the case ultimately settled it does not provide any real guidance about the law.

 * People v. SCEA - having trouble finding this case. Only reference currently provided triggers Vodafone net nanny software. Will remove unless I can find more reliable source.

 * United States v. Drake - not notable that someone pled guilty to a CFAA violation as part of plea deal in case focused on other charges.

 * United States v. Manning - pending case. Suggest removing at least until it is clear that the case will go to court martial on the CFAA charges and specifications.

 * Grand Jury investigation in Cambridge - it's not a case, and it's not clear how much is reliably known about the proceedings.

If there are no comments/objections, I'll start making changes at some point tomorrow. MikeDunford (talk) 16:08, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

what about this case regarding hacking? I think it should be listed. I would like to see information on how the government prosecutes some of these cases, and how often it takes a long long time. Not really on topic. Its important thought. A speedy trial rarely happens. Why is this? We all should be concerned, that we all get a fair trial and a speedy trial. As anything less than speedy is basically holding people hostage, at the cost of taxpayers.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hammond — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.213.17.227 (talk) 04:28, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

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Strange Edit Comment
Can you please explain the edit comment for this edit whose only effect was to italicize Section 1030 and seems to have nothing to do with the Mueller Report and/or its redactions:
 * original section 1030 ... via Mueller Report (currently some redactions): B. "Russian Hacking and Dumping Operations" (page 175) of V. "PROSECUTION AND DECLINATION DECISIONS")

It sounds like either WP:OR or like your comment was meant to go with some other edit related to current events. Quite confusing. --David Tornheim (talk) 23:27, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Doesn't the "Section 1030" have specifically to do with the history of "Computer Fraud and Abuse Act"? If the bolding is/was confusing, feel free to remove the bolding.  My is ES was partly a note to myself as to why I came here.  "Computer Fraud and Abuse Act" is far more broad than the Mueller Report and my ES wasn't intend to confuse you (note to myself).  My apologies.  X1\ (talk) 23:36, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for explaning. Now I understand:  Just personal note to yourself.  I have no problem with the italics:  It makes it easier to read.
 * Unfortunately, the edit summary doesn't explain why you chose to italicize it, making it seem like the Mueller Report and/or the redacted sections somehow was part of the reason for the italics, which makes no sense at all. :)  That's why I was confused.
 * In the future, if you want to make a personal comment like that in your edit summary that everyone else should disregard, I suggest you make that clearer and make it easy to distinguish the purpose of the your edit from how you ended up to the page. Maybe something like:
 * Italicize section 1030 for clarity; I became interested in this article after reviewing Mueller Report (currently some redactions): B. "Russian Hacking and Dumping Operations" (page 175) of V. "PROSECUTION AND DECLINATION DECISIONS"
 * Does that sound reasonable? --David Tornheim (talk) 23:54, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Sounds reasonable. X1\ (talk) 20:38, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing 2 - Digital Futures
— Assignment last updated by Zmuhl (talk) 22:33, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Computer Fraud and Abuse Act


text:
Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives

Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives (ISDA, also known as Smith-IIA) is a voting system criterion which says that the winner of an election should not be affected by candidates who are not in the Smith set.

Say we classify all candidates in an election into two categories, Frontrunners and non-Frontrunners, where every candidate in the group of Frontrunners defeats every candidate in the group of non-Frontrunners. Then, independence of Smith-dominated alternatives says it is always possible to eliminate all candidates in the group of non-Frontrunners without changing the outcome of the election.

Another way of defining ISDA is to say that adding a new candidate should not change the winner of an election, unless that new candidate beats the original winner, either directly or indirectly (by beating a candidate who beats a candidate who... who beats the winner).

Complying methods
Schulze and Ranked Pairs are independent of Smith-dominated alternatives. Any voting system can be forced to satisfy ISDA by first eliminating all candidates outside the Smith set, then running the full algorithm.

Ambiguity
Smith-IIA can sometimes be taken to mean independence of non-Smith irrelevant alternatives, i.e. that no losing candidate outside the Smith set can affect the result. This differs slightly from the above definition, in that methods passing independence of irrelevant alternatives (but not the Smith criterion) also satisfy this definition of Smith-IIA.

If the criterion is taken to mean independence of non-Smith alternatives, regardless of whether they are relevant (i.e. winners) or not, Smith-independence requires passing the Smith criterion.


text:
Talk:The Last Messiah

Untitled
Well, it is a stub already. We don't want two identical stubs Den sidste Messias and The Last Messiah. Wshun

The link for "anchoring" is a page describing a markedly different concept (also called anchoring). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2405:6582:8580:C00:13C:6E80:2890:4354 (talk) 23:14, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

Additions
I added a bunch to the article. I have The Philosophy Now link with The Last Messiah as the main source because I am sure that it would be preferred to wikia (even though the text is the same). The Philosophy Now translation is the only non-personal translation of it that I am aware of. If the fact that it requires a subscription is an overriding problem, someone can change it to the wikia source. Candidesgarden (talk) 05:22, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
move

Den sidste Messias → The Last Messiah — WP:UE —Candidesgarden (talk) 10:18, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

title: Talk:The Last Messiah


text:
Macy's, Inc.

Macy's, Inc. (previously Federated Department Stores, Inc.) is an American holding company of department stores. Upon its establishment in 1929, Federated held ownership of the regional department store chains Abraham & Straus, Lazarus, Filene's, and Shillito's. Bloomingdale's joined Federated Department Stores the next year. Throughout its early history, frequent acquisitions and divestitures saw the company operate a number of nameplates. In 1994, Federated took over the department store chain Macy's. Despite a long history of preserving regional nameplates, with the acquisition of The May Department Stores Company in 2005, they were retired and replaced by the Macy's and Bloomingdale's brands nationwide by 2006. Ultimately, Federated itself was renamed Macy's, Inc. in 2007.

Macy's, Inc. owns the department store chains Bloomingdale's and Macy's, and beauty store chain Bluemercury, all of which operate flagship stores in Manhattan. , it operates 722 locations in the United States, Guam, and Puerto Rico. The company was the world's largest fashion goods retailer and the 36th largest retailer overall in 2010. Macy's, Inc. has been headquartered within Macy's Herald Square in New York City since 2020, and was previously headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1945 until 2020.

Early history
Federated Department Stores traces its corporate lineage to F&R Lazarus & Company, founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1851. In the summer of 1929, months before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, Fred Lazarus Jr. met with Walter N. Rothschild from Abraham & Straus of Brooklyn and Edward Filene from Filene's of Boston on Rothschild's yacht in Long Island Sound. The three businessmen agreed to merge their stores and form Federated Department Stores, as a department store holding company for F&R Lazarus & Company (including its Cincinnati division, then known as Shillito's), Abraham & Straus, and William Filene's Sons of Boston. In 1930, Bloomingdale Brothers of New York joined.

In the mid-1930s, a modern merchandising standard was set when Fred Lazarus Jr. arranged garments in groups of a single size with a range of style, color and price, basing the technique upon observations made in Paris. As well, Lazarus convinced President Franklin D. Roosevelt that it would help American economy to change the Thanksgiving holiday from the last Thursday of November to the fourth Thursday, thus extending the Christmas shopping season. An act of Congress perpetuated the arrangement in 1941. Black Friday became a nationwide sensation and the most profitable day for Federated. (Robert Lazarus Jr. worked at Federated until he died in 2013, the last remaining family member with an official role at the company. )

In 1945, Federated moved its corporate offices to Cincinnati. The latter half of the 20th century saw the company expand nationwide, adding Rike Kumler of Dayton, Ohio (merged into Shillito's in the 1980s to become Shillito-Rike's); Burdines of Miami, Florida; Rich's of Atlanta, Georgia; Foley's of Houston, Texas; Sanger Brothers and A. Harris, both of Dallas, Texas (which were merged to form Sanger-Harris); Boston Store of Milwaukee, Wisconsin; MainStreet of Chicago, Illinois; Bullock's, of Los Angeles; I. Magnin, of San Francisco, California; Gold Circle; and Richway Discount Department Stores of Worthington, Ohio. Federated entered the supermarket industry in 1968 when it acquired the Ralphs chain based in Southern California. In 1982, Federated acquired the Twin Fair, Inc. discount store chain based in Buffalo, New York, and merged it with Gold Circle. In 1983, Federated sold four shopping center properties to JMB Realty.

Acquisition by Campeau
Canadian real estate developer Robert Campeau – who had taken over and dismembered Allied Stores in 1986 – attempted to take over Federated starting in early 1988 which Federated fought off in a high-profile battle, with Macy's (at that time not part of Federated, but a rival), also submitting competitive bids of over $6 billion. Nonetheless, in April 1988, Federated gave in and agreed to a $6.6 billion takeover by Campeau. It was the largest merger in corporate history, barring the oil sector. Macy's paid Campeau $1.1 billion to acquire the 20-store Bullock's/Bullocks Wilshire and the 25-store specialty apparel chain I. Magnin. Two years later, Federated filed for bankruptcy after Campeau failed to refinance the debt of Federated and Allied Stores Corp. In 1992, Campeau was ousted and Federated emerged from bankruptcy as a new public company, Federated Stores, Inc., dropping the word "Department" from the previous company. As part of the reorganization, Federated sold the Ralphs chain to a group of owners led by Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation.

Acquisition of Macy's
Also in 1992, Macy's declared bankruptcy; Federated acquired it two years later, in 1994. The name of the once-main-rival of Federated, Macy's, would soon become the consumer-facing identity of most of Federated's stores.

In 1995 Federated bought Broadway Stores, Inc. and its California-based Emporium-Capwell, Weinstock's and The Broadway chains. Macy's changed the nameplate of these three chains and Bullock's to Macy's, or in some cases, turned locations into Bloomingdales. In 2003, Federated changed the nameplates of almost all their remaining non-Macy's stores – the lone exception was Bloomingdales – to include the Macy's name, a rebranding internally dubbed Project Hyphen. For example, Seattle-based The Bon Marché became Bon-Macy's; Goldsmith's in Tennessee became Goldsmith's-Macy's; Lazarus, Burdines, and Rich's also added "-Macy's" to their name. A year later, the hyphenated names were changed to simply Macy's, a rebranding process referred internally to as Project Star.

The department store chain Stern's, a division of Federated, ceased operations in 2001 and most of its stores became Macy's stores.

Federated began selling goods online in 1998, rather later than most contemporary large retailers; Federated ran a private bank, FDS Bank, which issued and maintained the majority of its own consumer credit card portfolio, was one of the last credit card banks to begin to allow its cardholders to access account information online (around 2004).

In 1998, Federated settled an SEC investigation for $14.46 million (equivalent to $ in 2024) due to unethical debt-collection practices. Federated routinely forced credit card holders/debtors to sign an agreement that legally bound them to repay their outstanding balances instead of having the unsecured debt discharge via the filing of bankruptcy. Federated failed to file reaffirmation agreements with bankruptcy courts. As a result, the changes in the agreements were not legally binding.

In 2001 Federated acquired Liberty House of Hawaii as it emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It was managed as part of Macy's West and all the store names were changed to Macy's.

In 2005, Federated agreed to sell its credit card business to Citigroup.

Acquisition of May
On February 28, 2005, Federated Department Stores announced that it would acquire May Department Stores company for $11 billion (equivalent to $ in 2024) in cash and stock. Also part of the buyout was the bridal and formal unit of May, consisting of David's Bridal and After Hours Formalwear. Federated would also assume $6 billion (equivalent to $ in 2024) of May's debt, bringing total consideration to $17 billion (equivalent to $ in 2024). The deal would create the nation's largest department store chain with over 1,000 stores and $30 billion (equivalent to $ in 2024) in annual sales. To help finance the deal, Federated agreed to sell its combined proprietary credit card business (but still administered by FACS Group, a subsidiary of Federated) to Citigroup. The merger was completed on August 30, 2005, after an assurance agreement was reached with the Attorneys General of New York, California, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.

As a result of the merger, Federated also in the process reacquired two of their former department store chains Foley's & Filene's (Which Federated originally sold to May Company), putting them back under the Federated Department Stores corporate umbrella for the first time since 1988.

Federated announced plans to sell 80 store locations in 2006, having pledged in its settlement to sell most of them as viable businesses, with preference being given to a group of thirteen competitors. This number could fluctuate pursuant to Federated's negotiations with various mall landlords and its final decision regarding using former Macy locations for its luxury Bloomingdale's operation.

On January 12, 2006, Federated announced its plans to divest May Company's Lord & Taylor division (48 stores in 12 states) by the end of 2006 after utilizing prime and conflicting real estate by closing and converting several locations. On June 22, 2006, Macy's announced that NRDC Equity Partners, LLC would purchase Lord & Taylor for US$1.2 billion (equivalent to $ in 2024), and completed the sale in October 2006.

On September 9, 2006, the former May Company store names Famous-Barr, Filene's, Foley's, Hecht's, The Jones Store, Kaufmann's, L. S. Ayres, Marshall Field's, Meier & Frank, Robinsons-May, and Strawbridge's disappeared as Federated switched most of them to the Macy's masthead and a few to the Bloomingdale's name. One of the consequences of this rebranding is that several malls have two Macy's stores. In downtown Boston, Federated liquidated an acquired Filene's because it already had a Macy's (formerly a Jordan Marsh) across the street. The two stores have a combined floorspace of more than 1400000 sqft, more than two-thirds the size of Macy's New York City flagship store.

On November 17, 2006, the bridal and formal unit was sold. David's Bridal and Priscilla of Boston were sold to Leonard Green & Partners. After Hours Formalwear was sold to Men's Wearhouse.

2000s
On February 27, 2007, Federated announced that its board of directors would ask shareholders to change the company's name to Macy's Group, Inc. By March 28, the company revised its plans for the new name, opting to eventually become Macy's, Inc. Federated shareholders approved the revised proposal during the company's annual meeting on May 18, 2007.

The name took effect on June 1, 2007. The reasoning for the proposed name change—according to Terry Lundgren, Federated's chairman, president, and chief executive officer—hinges on the large-scale conversions throughout the company toward the Macy's nameplate. "Today, we are a brand-driven company focused on Macy's and Bloomingdale's, not a federation of department stores," Lundgren said in the company's press release heralding the proposed name. Upon the change to Macy's Inc., Federated's stock ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from "FD" to "M", making the new Macy's Inc. one of a handful of single-letter ticker symbol companies.

In April 2008, Moody's Investors Service said that it might downgrade Macy's Inc. bonds to just above junk status. That same month, Fitch Ratings downgraded their bond credit rating to BBB− from BBB, noting a deterioration in the company's operating and credit metrics.

The domain macysinc.com attracted at least 3 million visitors annually by 2008, according to a Compete.com survey.

On Wednesday, February 6, 2008, Terry Lundgren announced the localization strategy and the company's plan to shed 2,550 jobs. This new localization strategy is known as "My Macy's."

Employees of the Macy's North headquarters office in Minneapolis, the Macy's Northwest headquarters office in Seattle, and the Macy's Midwest headquarters office in St. Louis were given pink slips, as Macy's pared its seven regional centers to four. About 40 new jobs were to be created in May as part of the restructuring. By 2009, the company expected to save $100 million (equivalent to $ in 2024) a year from the cuts.

On February 2, 2009, Macy's announced the elimination of 7,000 jobs, or 4% of its workforce, and slashed its dividend as it looked to lower expenses as part of a major restructuring. Cincinnati-based Macy's Inc. stated that the workforce reduction included positions in offices, stores, and other locations, and the cuts include some unfilled jobs. "Reducing our workforce is an unfortunate outcome of the current economic environment, and I am frustrated that so many of our people will be unable to move forward with us as we proceed into a very exciting future for Macy's and Bloomingdale's" said Terry J. Lundgren, chairman, president and chief executive officer.

Macy's also got rid of its division structure and integrated its functions into one organization. Macy's central buying, merchandise planning, stores senior management and marketing functions merged to its New York City corporate office (formerly Macy's East). Corporate-related business functions, such as finance and human resources, will be primarily in Cincinnati. To buy with local consumers in mind, Macy's developed a concept called "My Macy's", in which the buyers and planners all look at what the local consumer base is looking for in their local Macy's store. This will help bring a better sense of branding, sizing, and marketing to each Macy's store nationwide.

Macy's Inc. decided to close the Bloomingdale's at the Mall of America in Minnesota. Since 1994, Bloomingdale's had been one of the 4 anchor stores of the mall, and will be replaced with a $30 million renovation with four new foreign clothing stores.

2010s
On October 14, 2013, Macy's Inc. announced the decision to open most of their stores for the first time on Thanksgiving Day 2013, breaking a long-standing tradition of 155 years, and joined the ranks of retailers who created Gray Thursday the year before. Its doors opened at 8 p.m. (local time) on the holiday evening, and remained open for 24 hours straight until the close of business on Friday, which is usually about 10 p.m.

, Macy's Inc. is valued at US$28 billion.

In September 2015, Macy's announced it would close 40 stores, 5% of its total stores in early 2016. It also announced plans to open 6 additional Macy's Backstage locations. From 2010 to 2015, Macy's had closed 52 stores and opened 12.

2020s
In February 2020, Macy's announced that their headquarters in downtown Cincinnati will be closing in the near future with all corporate operations relocating to New York City. This news came after a gradual pulling out of the Cincinnati area with a couple of area store closures and the retirement of a top executive.

In November 2021, Macy's announced the launch of its digital marketplace, which set to debut in the second half of 2022. Macy's will partner with AlixPartners and Mirakl.

In November 2023, it was reported that Arkhouse Management and Brigade Capital Management have offered to buy Macy's Inc. for $5.8 billion. Macy's rejected the offer in January 2024 citing the unsolicited offer to be undervalued. The investor group increased their offer to $6.6billion two months later.

In February 2024, Macy's announced it would close 150 stores by 2026.

Criticism
The conversion of Marshall Field's in Chicago was particularly criticized, with many customers boycotting its historic State Street flagship store. The Chicago Tribune continues to report on the poor reception of Macy's in Chicago. Pittsburgh customers also strongly resisted the name change from Kaufmann's, in part because of the Kaufmann family role in Pittsburgh history, as well as the central store's Christmas windows and holiday parade.

title: Macy's, Inc.


text:
Mickey's Revue

Mickey's Revue is a 1932 Walt Disney cartoon, directed by Wilfred Jackson, which features Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Horace Horsecollar and Clarabelle Cow performing a song and dance show. The film was delivered to Columbia Pictures on May 12 and released on May 27, 1932. It was the 41st Mickey Mouse film, and the fifth of that year. A yokel in the audience laughs uproariously at every act; the character would soon be known as Dippy Dawg, and would eventually become a major supporting character, Goofy. Pinto Colvig's memorable "witless laugh" could be heard in the previous Mickey Mouse cartoon, The Barnyard Olympics, but this is the first time the character can be seen on screen.

Plot
In a barnyard concert hall, Mickey Mouse is the conductor for a band of pigs and horses. In a ballet sequence, Minnie Mouse is a flying fairy, held aloft by Horace Horsecollar. Several dancing cows also feature in the performance, and Pluto makes an occasional appearance. In the audience, a witless yokel character annoys the audience by crunching a bag of peanuts and laughing loudly. A pair of tap dancing hounds perform. The yokel laughs again, and other audience members knock him out with a mallet. Mickey and Minnie round out the performance with a duet for piano and horns, assisted by a mischievous litter of kittens.

Voice cast

 * Pluto: Lee Millar
 * Dippy Dawg, Goats: Pinto Colvig

Home media
The short was released on December 2, 2002, on Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Black and White.

title: Mickey's Revue


text:
TSL

TSL may refer to:

Business

 * Trina Solar Limited, a Chinese solar power company traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker "TSL"
 * Technology Sales Leads, multinational company providing outsourced sales and marketing
 * The Software Link, a defunct software company
 * TSL Limited, a Zimbabwean company
 * Transformer Specialties Ltd (TSL), a New Zealand manufacturer

Games and sports

 * The Spring League, a developmental American football organization
 * The Silver Lining (video game), a 2010 fan-created game based on the Kings Quest series
 * Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II The Sith Lords, a video game
 * Teen Second Life, a version of Second Life reserved for teenagers
 * Tasmanian State League, the premier Australian rules football competition in Tasmania, a state of Australia
 * Turkish Süper Lig, the top-flight league in Turkish nationwide football
 * Team Liquid Starleague professional gaming tournament for Starcraft 2 by Team Liquid

Language

 * Taiwanese Sign Language, used in Taiwan
 * Trisyllabic laxing, a process in English whereby long vowels become short
 * Turkish Sign Language, used in Turkey

Media

 * The Simple Life, a TV series featuring Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie
 * The Suite Life on Deck, a spinoff from The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
 * The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, an American sitcom
 * This Spartan Life, a machinima talk show
 * This Sporting Life, an Australian radio comedy show
 * The Space Lady, a US singer, musician and composer in the genres of synth pop, psychedelic pop and outsider music
 * Time spent listening, one of the measurements surveyed by Arbitron in determining ratings for radio stations in the U.S.
 * The Starting Line, a pop-punk band from the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area
 * The Student Life, a student newspaper publication at the Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California

Technology

 * Test-and-set, an atomic operation used for computer program synchronization
 * Transmitter/studio link, sends telemetry data from the remotely located transmitter back to the studio for monitoring purposes

Transport

 * Thomson MRT line in Singapore
 * Tin Shui Wai stop in Hong Kong (MTR station code)

Other uses

 * Trinity Sergius Laura, not far from Moscow, Russia
 * TSL color space based on tint, saturation, and luminance

title: TSL


text:
MTS

MTS, Mts or mts may refer to:

Organizations

 * Machine and tractor station, Soviet state-owned enterprise
 * Manitoba Teachers' Society, Canada, founded 1919
 * Marine Technology Society, professional society
 * Marine Transportation Services, northern Canadian shipping company
 * Marion Transit System, a bus service in Marion, Indiana
 * Merchant Taylors' School (disambiguation), several schools
 * Metcash (stock exchange code), Australian distribution company
 * Metro Transport Sydney, Australia, former Sydney light rail and monorail owner until 2013
 * Metro Trains Sydney, Australia, operator of the Sydney Metro Northwest line since 2019
 * Millennium Transit Services, a 2003–2009 US bus builder
 * Mitchelton–Scott, a professional cycling team that competes on the UCI World Tour
 * MTS Entertainment, a television syndication unit of Mattel
 * MTS Systems Corporation, test system supplier
 * Muckleshoot Tribal Schools
 * San Diego Metropolitan Transit System, since 1886

Telecommunications

 * Bell MTS, a telecommunications provider in Manitoba, Canada formerly known as Manitoba Telephone System and Manitoba Telecom Services
 * Mts (Telekom Srbija), a telecommunications company in Serbia
 * MTS (network provider), a Russian telecommunications company
 * MTS India, Indian subsidiary of MTS
 * MTS Ukraine, former name of Vodafone Ukraine, a Ukrainian subsidiary of MTS
 * MTS Turkmenistan

Science and technology

 * Metre–tonne–second system of units, a system of physical units
 * Metrical task system, mathematical objects used in the context of online algorithms
 * MIDI Tuning Standard, a specification of precise musical pitch
 * Mobile Telephone Service, early mobile telephone standard
 * Movement Tracking System, US battlefield asset-tracking system
 * Multichannel television sound, encoding several sound channels onto a single carrier

Computing

 * .mts, file format for multiplexed audio, video and other streams
 * Michigan Terminal System, a mainframe operating system
 * Microsoft Transaction Server, software
 * MT/s, megatransfers per second
 * MPEG transport stream, a digital media container format

Biology and medicine

 * Malaysian trumpet snail
 * Mesial temporal sclerosis, pattern of hippocampal neuron cell loss
 * Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome, also known as deafness–dystonia syndrome
 * MTS assay, a biochemical cell assay used in research
 * Muir–Torre syndrome, a cancer syndrome

Other uses

 * Make to stock, build-ahead production approach
 * Master of Theological Studies, a graduate degree
 * Matsapha Airport (IATA code MTS), a former airport in Eswatini
 * Moored training ship, a United States Navy Nuclear Power School training ship
 * Megan Thee Stallion, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter
 * MTS (group), a Canadian Eurodance band

title: MTS


text:
Talk:Jolly Roger

SVG
Anyone have the flag picture in SVG format? Frap 19:05, 2 January 2006

Anarchist cookbook
I dont know how much relevance you guy might think this has to the article but "Jolly Rogers" is also the official/unofficial author of the Anarchist Cookbook (hehe which makes perfect sense now since the book is pretty much about scamming, stealing, and just being an all around pirate). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.213.82.112 (talk • contribs) 14:39, 1 June 2008

"Jolly Roger" or "Skull and Crossbones"?
The article indicates that a Jolly Roger is the pirate flag, and skull and crossbones is the symbol commonly found on it. Which means most of the "sports" examples belong in the latter category unless explicitly depicted on a flag (like the Tampa Bay Buccaneers). If there are no objections, I'm going to start moving those examples to the other article. SixFourThree (talk) 20:06, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

 * That argument can be made sure, but a Jolly Roger is historically often defined as a "flag featuring the skull and crossbones" or a black such, rather than "pirate flag" in general. It appears in the 1720s, by which time the black skull and bones flag had become the default pirate flag in the new world. By this definition i feel the sports flags can stay, as they most likely got their design from pirae usage, rather than old cavalry flags or danger symbols. This article is, however, full or errors and needs heavy cleanup (Odin gimme strength). The "Historical designs" section is 90% erroneous.--Blockhaj (talk) 01:27, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * To further elaborate on the name; jolly probably refers to the toothy grin of a skull and roger can mean a variety of morbid things, especially for the period, the most notable being the devil. "Jolly Roger" can thus mean something akin to "the devil is coming for you and he is happy about it". Blockhaj (talk) 01:37, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

One Piece source
The following passage seems to be AI generated and low quality - particularly the part on design variations. Everything has already been said in the section just before it. Furthermore, for some reason, the source it points to [20] is about One Piece. I feel this paragraph should be removed.

"Key elements commonly found on a Jolly Roger flag include: Skull: The skull on the flag represents death and danger, emphasizing the pirates' ruthless and deadly reputation. Crossbones: The crossbones are often positioned behind or beneath the skull and create an "X" shape. They symbolize crossed swords or bones, signifying violence and conflict. Design Variations: While the basic design consists of a skull and crossbones, many pirate crews have personalized their Jolly Roger flags with unique additions or alterations. These variations can include different facial expressions, accessories, or additional symbols." 2A02:C7C:BFA4:400:C508:CE75:4B26:F27F (talk) 02:36, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Fixed.--Blockhaj (talk) 05:44, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jolly Roger


text:
SAP (disambiguation)

SAP is a German multinational enterprise-software company.

SAP may also refer to:

Biology and medicine

 * Serum amyloid P component, the serum form of a human protein that forms amyloids
 * Shrimp alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme used in research
 * SLAM-associated protein, a signaling lymphocytic activation molecule
 * Select Agent Program of the CDC to regulate select agents in the US

Business

 * SAP Ariba, a US subsidiary of SAP
 * Sayers, Allport & Potter, an Australian rodent poison manufacturer
 * Société des Automobiles Pilain (SAP) (1902–1920), a French automobile manufacturer

Computing and telecommunication

 * SAP (file format), a file format for playing back Atari 8-bit music
 * SAP ERP, business data software by SAP SE
 * Second audio program
 * Service Access Point
 * Service Advertising Protocol
 * Session Announcement Protocol
 * SIM Access Profile, a Bluetooth connectivity profile
 * Symbolic Assembly Program
 * Stable abstractions principle
 * Simple-As-Possible, a computer architecture designed for educational purposes

Law and government

 * SAP scale (2002–2014) used to categorise indecent images of children in England and Wales
 * Simplified Acquisition Procedures, streamlined procedures for government procurement in the United States
 * Social amelioration program, cash aid by the Philippine government
 * South African Police (1913–1994)
 * Special access program, for U.S. secret information
 * Special Assistance Plan, an academic programme in Singapore
 * Stabilisation and Association Process of the EU, for prospective new members
 * Structural Adjustment Program of the International Monetary Fund

Political parties

 * Revolutionary Communist League (Belgium) or Stroming voor een Anticapitalistisch Project, formerly Socialistische Arbeiderspartij (SAP) - Parti ouvrier socialiste (POS)
 * Socialist Alternative Politics, a socialist political party in the Netherlands
 * Socialist Workers Party (Denmark) or Socialistisk Arbejderparti
 * South African Party (1911–1934)
 * Swedish Social Democratic Party or Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti

Other uses

 * Self-avoiding polygon
 * Semi-Armour Piercing, a type of rocket or cannon round.
 * Space allocation problem
 * Standard Assessment Procedure
 * Strong anthropic principle
 * Superabsorbent polymer
 * Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport's IATA code

title: SAP (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Mobility

July 2003
I'll be copying and pasting a large chunk of information about mobility from my thesis within a month or two. So if anyone is planning on making any huge changes, contact me, and I can send you the part from my thesis and coordinate from there. I'll be adding some stuff so that the article will look like the following:

 * Mobility in crystalline semiconductors
 * Examples include holes and electrons in Si, GaAs, etc..
 * Dependancy on temperature and impurity/dopant concentration
 * How to calculate from first principles, using effective mass, etc..
 * I actually don't have information on this written, but this is basic textbook stuff

 * Advanced information about mobility in real transistors, mobility degradation effects, etc.

 * Mobility in amorphous semiconductors
 * I have info written for this section
 * Basic definition
 * time-of-flight/drift mobility
 * explain
 * Hall mobility
 * explain, rederive some Hall related equations
 * field-effect mobility
 * talk about mobility in field-effect thin-film transistors

Please add anything else that you think should be added — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dgrant (talk • contribs) 22:57, 24 July 2003

Military mobility
I'd like to see a section on this. I'd especially like to see comments on the US military and it's mobility or lack thereof. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.224.47.58 (talk) 19:04, 20 May 2006

Mobility of fluids in porous media
As per caption, this is a measure of considerable interest in the petroleum industry, unsurprisingly. I'll have to check up the precise definitions and come back to update the page appropriately ; but I've got reports to get the units correct on just now. Aidan Karley (talk) 02:40, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mobility


text:
Silvertown

Silvertown is a district in the London Borough of Newham, in east London, England. It lies on the north bank of the Thames and was historically part of the parishes of West Ham and East Ham, hundred of Becontree, and the historic county of Essex. Since 1965, Silvertown has been part of the London Borough of Newham, a local government district of Greater London. It forms part of the London E16 postcode district along with Canning Town and Custom House.

The area was named after the factories established by Stephen William Silver in 1852,. The riverside of central Silvertown continues to be dominated by the Tate & Lyle sugar refinery, with residential developments being built to its east and west.

Central Silvertown features St Marks Church (now Brick Lane Music Hall), London City Airport, and a new community arts and creative space called The Factory Project.

A £3.5 billion redevelopment of part of the district was approved in 2015.

History
In 1852 S.W. Silver & Company moved to the area from Greenwich and established a rubber works, originally to make waterproof clothing. This subsequently developed into the works of the India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company, which constructed and laid many submarine cables. By the 1860s a number of manure and chemical works and petroleum storage depots had been set up. In 1864, the area became an ecclesiastical parish of its own, centred on the church of St Mark's.

Sugar refiners in the area were joined by Henry Tate in 1877 and Abram Lyle in 1881, whose companies merged in 1921 to form Tate & Lyle. Prior to the merger, which occurred after they had died, the two men were bitter business rivals, although they had never met. Tate & Lyle still has two large refineries in the area.

In 1889 Silver's factory was the scene of a twelve-week-long strike by the majority of its 3,000 workers. The strikers were demanding higher pay and were inspired by the recent successes of New Unionism in the East End of London. Management refused to negotiate with the strikers who had immense popular support. Leading figures in the strike included Tom Mann and Eleanor Marx. The workers were eventually starved back to work, with many being victimised for their role. In the aftermath of the strike, Silver's declared a half-yearly dividend of 5 per cent. The rest of the industry congratulated Silver's management for holding a line against New Unionism.

On 19 January 1917, parts of Silvertown were devastated by a massive TNT explosion at the Brunner-Mond munitions factory, in what is known as the Silvertown explosion. Seventy three people died and hundreds were injured in one of the largest explosions ever experienced in the British Isles.

In the early 20th century the area suffered greatly from road congestion due to being located between the Thames and the Royal Docks, then the largest and one of the busiest dock groups in the world. The area was cut off for much of the time by lifting bridges over dock entrances and level crossings which were closed for up to three-quarters of each hour by train movements. This led in the early 1930s to the construction of the elevated Silvertown Way, one of the earliest urban flyovers.

On the first night of The Blitz, Tate and Lyle's sugar refinery, John Knight's Primrose Soapworks, and the Silvertown Rubber Works were all badly damaged by bombing.

Silver's was eventually taken over by the British Tyre and Rubber Co, later known as BTR Industries. The site closed in the 1960s and is now the Thameside Industrial Estate. Another major local employer was the Loders and Nucoline plant at Cairn Mills, a traditional port oleo industry and formerly part of Unilever. This originally milled seeds but later concentrated on production of fats from palm kernel oil.

The area was part of the ancient parishs of West Ham and East Ham, Essex, from the 12th century onwards. The Local Government Act 1894 created East Ham Urban District. West Ham became a county borough in 1900, before merging with East Ham to create the new London Borough of Newham in 1965.

Regeneration
Since the closure of the former mainline Silvertown rail station, the small commercial area nearby has suffered, with a loss of shops, post office, local social club, and library. Of the many previous pubs along the Albert Road in Silvertown, only one now remains. Some small pockets of residential develpment occurred in the 1980s, however since then, little has been done to improve the centre of Silvertown.

Further west, the residential area of Britannia Village was developed in the 1990s in what would come to be known as "West Silvertown".

On 21 April 2015, Newham Council gave planning permission to The Silvertown Partnership for a new £3.5 billion redevelopment in the area. The 7 e6sqfoot development will provide offices, a tech hub, 3,000 new homes and brand experience pavilions. A school, health centre and shops are also included in the plan and a new bridge will cross the Royal Docks to get people to Custom House station and Crossrail. However, little of this proposed redevelopment will benefit the historic centre of residential Silvertown.

The Silvertown Partnership were selected as the development partner to take forward the regeneration of the site. Their plan was to develop the site with homes, restaurants, commercial buildings, local convenience retail facilities, and significant public realm for community use. They predicted that it would provide up to 20,700 new jobs, up to 3,000 homes and contribute £260m each year of gross value to the London economy. The redevelopment is planned to include the restoration of former flour factory Millennium Mills.

In January 2015, the Mayor of London announced an initial £12m of government funding to start work on demolishing part of Millennium Mills and clearing it of asbestos. Prior to this latest development, the area was transformed in the 1970s by the construction of the Thames Barrier, an adjacent park, new housing areas and London City Airport. In the mid-1990s much of the business activity in the area was centred on the brewing firm Bass. In 2007 Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester visited Silvertown, to formally open the new Silvertown Ambulance Station on North Woolwich Road.

Maritime
The Tate & Lyle Thames Refinery is a safeguarded wharf in the Port of London. It is one of the largest sugar refineries in the world, with a capacity of 1.2 million tonnes per annum. The Raw Sugar and Refined and Shore Berth jetties include two bulk-handling crane. The terminal commodities are sugar, as dry bulks, and edible and vegetable oils, as liquid bulks: it exports globally and imports from Fiji, Caribbean, Africa and South America.

Transport
The nearest Docklands Light Railway station is London City Airport, with Pontoon Dock station also nearby. Access to Silvertown was much improved by an extension of the Docklands Light Railway from Canning Town to Woolwich Arsenal, which opened on 02 December 2005.

The old Silvertown railway station on the North London Line was closed in 2006. A new London Underground station at nearby Custom House built by Crossrail was opened in 2022, adding further public transport access to and from central London, Essex, and direct service to London Heathrow Airport. Locally, this new line used the trackbed of the old North London Line and there is passive provision for a stop serving Silvertown to be built in future.

The London Cable Car connects West Silvertown with the Greenwich peninsula.

London City Airport is located in central Silvertown.

A new bridge to connect West Silvertown with Crossrail's Custom House station is one of the features of a £3.5bn redevelopment plan for London's Royal Docks.

The Silvertown Tunnel is a road tunnel under the Thames which will open in 2025 and provide a toll route to the Greenwich peninsula.

Transport For London public buses that serve Silvertown include the 473 that runs from Stratford to North Woolwich and the 474 that operates from Canning Town to Manor Park. Both the 473 and 474 make stops at London City Airport. A new route 241 runs between Straford and Pontoon Dock.

Some attempts have been made in recent years to establish bicycling lanes, however ongoing construction and road works limit access and cyclists generally are required to share the road with motor vehicle users.

Popular culture
Silvertown is featured in a ballad by Mark Knopfler, titled Silvertown Blues, which describes the area as it was before redevelopment.

'Silvertown' was the name of a Men They Couldn't Hang album released in 1989. One song 'Blackfriers Bridge' mentions Silvertown.

The district also features in Charlie Connelly's 2004 book, Attention All Shipping. In the first chapter "Sea, Soup and Silvertown" the author describes his grandparents' flight from the area during The Blitz and the inspiration for the book. The docks and factories of Silvertown also provide the backdrop for his 2015 book Constance Street which traces the once thriving community through the lives of 12 women and their struggle for survival during the chaos of the war years.

Melanie McGrath's book Silvertown is a novelistic account of her grandmother's life in the area, where she and her husband ran a cafe.

The Sugar Girls, by Duncan Barrett and Nuala Calvi, tells the true stories of women who worked at Tate & Lyle's Silvertown factories, and features much detail on the area.

Notable people

 * Frank Bailey (1925–2015), firefighter

title: Silvertown


text:
SAP

SAP SE is a German multinational software company based in Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg. It develops enterprise software to manage business operation and customer relations. The company is the world's leading enterprise resource planning (ERP) software vendor.

Founded in 1972 as a private partnership named Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung (literally System Analysis and Software Development). SAP GbR became in 1981 fully Systeme, Anwendungen und Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung abbreviated SAP GmbH after a five-year transition period beginning in 1976. In 2005, it further restructured itself as SAP AG. Since 7 July 2014, its corporate structure is that of a pan-European societas Europaea (SE); as such, its former German corporate identity is now a subsidiary, SAP Deutschland SE & Co. KG''. '' It has regional offices in 180 countries and over 111,961 employees.

SAP is a component of the DAX and Euro Stoxx 50 stock market indices. The company is the largest non-American software company by revenue and the world's third-largest publicly traded software company by revenue. As of December 2023, SAP is the largest German company by market capitalization.

Products
As well as its main ERP products, the company also sells database software and technology (particularly its own brand, SAP HANA) and cloud-engineered systems. It sells other ERP software products such as:
 * human capital management (HCM) software
 * customer relationship management (CRM) software
 * enterprise performance management (EPM) software
 * product lifecycle management (PLM) software
 * supplier relationship management (SRM) software
 * supply chain management (SCM) software
 * business technology platform (BTP) software
 * the programming environment SAP AppGyver for business

Formation
When Xerox exited the computer hardware manufacturing industry in 1971, it asked IBM to migrate its business systems to IBM technology. As part of IBM's compensation for the migration, IBM was given the rights to the Scientific Data Systems (SDS)/SAPE software repository.

Five IBM engineers from the AI department (Dietmar Hopp, Klaus Tschira, Hans-Werner Hector, Hasso Plattner, and Claus Wellenreuther, all from Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg) were working on an enterprise-wide system based on this software, only to be told that it would no longer be necessary. Rather than abandoning the project, they decided to leave IBM Tech and start another company.

In June 1972 they founded the SAP Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung ("System Analysis and Program Development" / "SAPD") company, as a private partnership under the German Civil Code.

Their first client was the German branch of Imperial Chemical Industries in Östringen, where they developed mainframe programs for payroll and accounting. Instead of storing the data on punch cards mechanically, as IBM did, they stored it locally in the Electronic System while using a common Logical database for all activities of Organization. Therefore, they called their software a real-time system, since there was no need to process the punch cards overnight (for this reason their flagship product carried an R in its name until the late 1990s). This first version was also a standalone software that could be offered to other interested parties.

Acquisitions
Since 1991, SAP has acquired more than 70 companies.

Enterprise resource planning
In 1973 the first commercial product was launched. SAP completed its first financial accounting system - RF. This system served as the cornerstone in the ongoing development of other software modules of the system that eventually bore the name SAP R/1.

This offered a common system for multiple tasks. This permitted the use of a centralized data storage, improving the maintenance of data. From a technical point of view, therefore, a database was necessary.

In 1976 SAP GmbH Systeme, Anwendungen und Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung ("Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing") was founded as a sales and support subsidiary. Five years later, the private partnership was dissolved and its rights were passed on to SAP GmbH.

The headquarters moved the following year to Walldorf, Germany. Three years later, in 1979, SAP launched SAP R/2, expanding the capabilities of the system to other areas, such as material management and production planning. In 1981, SAP brought a re-designed product to market. However, SAP R/2 did not improve until the period between 1985 and 1990. SAP released the new SAP R/3 in 1992. SAP developed and released several versions of R/3 through 1995. By the mid-1990s, SAP followed the trend from mainframe computing to client–server architectures. The development of SAP's internet strategy with mySAP.com redesigned the concept of business processes (integration via Internet). As a result, R/3 was replaced with the introduction of SAP ERP Central Component (ECC) 5.0 in 2004. Architectural changes were also made to support an enterprise service architecture to transition customers to a service-oriented architecture. The latest version, SAP ERP 6.0, was released in 2006. SAP ERP 6.0 has since then been updated through SAP enhancement packs, the most recent: SAP enhancement package 8 for SAP ERP 6.0 in 2016.

Corporate restructuring
In August 1988 SAP GmbH became SAP AG, and public trading started on 4 November 1988. Shares were listed on the Frankfurt and Stuttgart stock exchanges. In 1995, SAP was included in the German stock index DAX and, on 22 September 2003, SAP was included in the STOXX Europe 50.

SAP AG era
The company's official name became SAP AG (a public limited company) after the 2005 annual general meeting.

SAP SE era
On 21 May 2014, SAP AG announced during the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that 99% of the shareholder votes approved the conversion of legal form to a European stock corporation (Societas Europaea, SE) and at the same time, elected the first supervisory board of SAP SE. The conversion of the company's legal form would take place upon entry in the commercial register, expected to be in July 2014.

On 7 July 2014, SAP announced it had changed its legal form to a European Company (Societas Europaea, SE). As a result, its German subsidiary was renamed to SAP Deutschland SE & Co. KG. The conversion cost the company approximately €4 million.

Focus on cloud
Since 2012 SAP has acquired several companies that sell cloud-based products, with several multi-billion-dollar acquisitions seen by analysts as an attempt to challenge competitor Oracle. In 2016 SAP bought Concur Technologies, a provider of cloud-based travel and expense management software, for $8.3 billion, SAP's most expensive purchase to that date. Analysts' reactions to the purchase were mixed, with Thomas Becker of Commerzbank questioning whether Concur was the right choice for SAP, while Credit Suisse called the acquisition an "aggressive" move.

In 2014 IBM and SAP began a partnership to sell cloud-based services. Likewise, in 2015, SAP also partnered with HPE to provide secure hybrid cloud-based services running the SAP platform. Both HPE and IBM provide infrastructure services to SAP, and SAP runs its SAP HANA cloud solution on top. SAP has announced additional partnerships with Microsoft in order to give customers tools for data visualization, as well as improved mobile applications.

SAP exceeded its revenue projections due to the expansion in its cloud business and the success of SAP HANA. The growth can also be partially attributed to the acquisitions of Concur and Fieldglass. Since 2017, SAP is a founding member of the EU Cloud Code of Conduct. Since May 2021 SAP has listed selected Cloud Service adherent to the EU Cloud Code of Conduct as one of the first Cloud Service Providers.

The company announced plans in 2016 to invest heavily into technology relating to the Internet of things (IoT) as part of a strategy to capitalize on the growth in that market. For that purpose, €2 billion is planned for investment in relevant sectors by the end of 2020. SAP will also launch a new product line called SAP IoT, which "will combine large amounts of data from things connected to the Internet with machine learning and SAP's real-time database S/4 HANA."

On 29 January 2019 SAP announced plans to cut approximately 4,000 positions at the company in a strategic plan to shift to more modern cloud-based technologies such as blockchain, quantum computing, machine learning, Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence.

SAP Fioneer and Dediq
On 13 April 2021 SAP announced the formation of the joint venture SAP Fioneer, a dedicated Financial Services Industry (FSI) Unit between SAP and investment company Dediq GmbH. Dediq GmbH invested over €500 million in the newly formed unit and received an 80 percent share in return. SAP brought its products, organizational units and the sales network into the business and holds 20 percent of the shares.

Ownership
SAP had the following ownership structure in early 2024:

Organization
SAP uses a two-tier structure of boards with an executive board and a supervisory board. In October 2019 Jennifer Morgan and Christian Klein were appointed as co-CEOs of SAP. In April 2020 it was announced that Jennifer Morgan will leave SAP and Christian Klein will continue to operate as the sole CEO, citing that the current environment of the COVID-19 recession requires "companies to take swift, determined action which is best supported by a very clear leadership structure".

The majority of the company's employees are in Germany and United States. About 20,000 employees are based in Germany and about 19,311 employees are based in the United States.

The Executive Board currently has eight serving members.
 * Christian Klein - Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
 * Muhammad Alam - SAP Product Engineering
 * Dominik Asam - Chief Financial Officer
 * Juergen Mueller - Chief Technology Officer
 * Scott Russell - Chief Revenue Officer
 * Thomas Saueressig - Customer Services & Delivery
 * Gina Vargiu-Breuer - Chief People Officer and Labor Director
 * Julia White - Chief Marketing and Solutions Officer

45 employee representatives were elected in 2022 to the SAP SE Works Council, including 15 candidates from the Ver.di and IG Metall trade union lists. They represent 17,000 employees of Germany. Headquarters is responsible for overall management as well as core engineering activities related to product development. Worldwide customer support is not provided by the field organizations but by a unified organization called Active Global Support (AGS).

Finances
For the fiscal year 2017 SAP reported earnings of €4 billion, with an annual revenue of €23.5 billion, an increase of 6.3% over the previous fiscal cycle. SAP's shares traded at over US$154 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$180 billion in December 2023, making it the largest German company by market capitalization.

The key trends for SAP are (as at the financial year ending 31 March):

Business and markets
As of 2016, SAP was the world's fourth-largest software and programming company. The corporation operates in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, North America, and South America.

SAP focuses on 25 industries and six industry sectors: process industries, discrete industries, consumer industries, service industries, financial services and public services. It offers integrated product sets for large enterprises, mid-sized companies and small businesses.

Partnerships
SAP partners include Global Services Partners with cross-industry multinational consulting capabilities, SAP University Alliances, Global Software Partners providing integrated products that complement SAP Business Suite solutions, and Global Technology Partners providing user companies with a wide range of products to support SAP technology, including vendors of hardware, database, storage systems, networks, and mobile computing technology.

Extensions partners are companies which provide functionality that complements SAP product capabilities. Their products are certified, sold, and supported by SAP. These partner companies include Adobe, CA Technologies, GK Software, Tricentis, Hewlett-Packard, IDS Scheer, Mendix, OpenText, Knoa Software, and BackOffice Associates.

SAP has also partnered with Apple to work on the mobile experience for SAP enterprise customers. As part of the partnership, a new SAP HANA Cloud Platform SDK would be delivered exclusively for iOS. As a result, developers can build applications based on the SAP HANA Cloud Platform for the iPhone and iPad devices. The partnership was announced in May 2016.

In 2019 SAP announced a three-year partnership "Embrace" with Microsoft that should allow its clients to move their business process into the cloud, although significant portions of that partnership were reduced to two years. SAP teams up on cloud sales with Microsoft

In 2020 SAP announced that together with Wipro it will co-develop and market "solutions for the retail and fashion industry."

SAP Labs
SAP Labs are research and development locations that develop and improve SAP core products. SAP Labs are strategically located in high-tech clusters around the globe.

The four most prominent labs of SAP SE are located in Germany, Japan, Israel and the US. Labs Walldorf was founded in 1972 and became SAP's primary location. At the beginning, the focus of SAP's expansion was entering highly developed IT markets; in 1993, Palo Alto became a part of SAP Labs. Aiming to acquire talented employees, SAP opened another lab in Bangalore in 2003.

SAP Labs in Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland were established in 2016. The lab in India is SAP's largest outside Germany as of 2016.

In order to manage SAP Labs, SAP Labs Network (SLN) was created. SLN is a global unit that manages regional Labs and shares best business practices. It coordinates and distributes development projects among individual SAP Labs locations, accelerates product delivery, gives SAP full access to talent, and drives SAP corporate strategy regarding innovation and business growth.

Philanthropic efforts
SAP has donated several millions of dollars to a variety of global health causes including the Product Red campaign and the Global Fund. In addition, SAP has distributed free software in South Africa as part of an effort towards developing future markets there. The company also encourages employees to volunteer through social sabbaticals, sending teams of people to different countries to aid non-profits. SAP employees have volunteered in China, India, Brazil, and South Africa.

Bribery charges
In 2024 after investigations by the U.S. Justice Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission, SAP was ordered to pay $220 million to resolve violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in South Africa, Indonesia, Tanzania, Malawi, Ghana, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Azerbaijan. It paid bribes to officials in state-owned enterprises to gain government contracts. It entered into a three-year deferred prosecution agreement, paying a criminal penalty of $118.8 million and an administrative forfeiture of $103,396,765.

In South Africa SAP used third-party intermediaries to acquire tenders from various state-owned entities, including Transnet, the South African Revenue Service, the City of Johannesburg, Eskom and the Department of Water and Sanitation.

In March 2024, SAP agreed to pay R500 million as part of an agreement with South Africa's Special Investigating Unit. The agreement indemnifies them against further financial claims related to the bribery, but does not absolve any parties from criminal prosecution.

US-Iran sanctions
In 2021 SAP admitted in a United States court that it exported software to firms in Iran, contrary to US sanctions against Iran, which led to a fine of $8 million.

East African allegations
In February 2019 SAP was accused of 'improper conduct' linked to state contracts in Kenya and Tanzania. An anonymous whistle-blower claims, through a firm of attorneys, that SAP used Twenty Third Century Systems (TTCS) to bribe officials at the Tanzania Ports Authority (TPA) to win a US$6.6 million enterprise resource planning software tender that involved the provision of software licenses and services.

South African allegations
In July 2017 allegations were made that SAP had been involved in business transactions with the controversial and politically influential Gupta family in South Africa. SAP was accused of paying CAD House, a Gupta-controlled company, R100 million in order to secure a Transnet deal. SAP denied the allegations, claiming that the money was paid as "an extension of the sales force", despite CAD House having no prior SAP experience.

The dealings of the Gupta family with SAP were revealed in a widely publicized e-mail leak.

As a consequence of the allegations SAP launched an investigation that led to four of its South African managers being placed on administrative leave along with the seizure of their mobile phones and computers. Claas Kuehnemann was named as acting managing director for Africa while the investigation continued.

On 26 October 2017 SAP announced that it had voluntarily reported itself to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a possible violation of US law, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), related to the South African bribery allegations. SAP's own investigation, conducted by law firm Baker McKenzie, revealed that SAP had paid $7.7 million in commissions to third-parties linked to the Gupta family while securing contracts worth $48 million with Transnet and Eskom.

Panamanian bribery
Since May 2015, the company has dealt with a series of high-profile bribery investigations, including one that led to them paying $3.9 million to settle U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission civil charges over a former executive's scheme to bribe Panama government officials in order to win lucrative technology contracts.

Allegations of intellectual property theft and fraud
In 2018 and in an ongoing court battle, Teradata accused SAP of IP theft and fraudulent behaviour. In 2021, in the German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel, additional claims were made of questionable behaviour with regards to SAP's funding of researchers at the University of Mannheim - who were in effect paid by SAP to investigate competitors technology. In a later article, Der Spiegel magazine maintained that SAP had been neglectful in maintaining strict governance for years.

In June 2022 the German business magazine Manager Magazin published an article stating the management style of the leadership might be responsible for an increased compliance risk.

Bullying claims and misogyny
In May 2022, multiple claims were made of bullying and sexual harassment within the company, with many cases of unwanted advances by senior male managers on female colleagues. When complaints were made or information made available, HR were found to be unhelpful or hostile. For example, in one case a female employee was groped by a male manager in Sydney while at a company event, but he was never brought to account. In another case, a female employee was sexually targeted by a manager and asked to keep her web camera on during the day. She then complained and was placed under "performance management" - a precursor to being asked to leave the company. Several female executives, including the Co-CEO left the company, adding to concerns that women were negatively treated, despite SAP then hiring several other senior women from Microsoft.

title: SAP