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Doboj

Doboj (Добој, ) is a city in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the banks of the Bosna river, in the northern region of Republika Srpska. As of 2013, it has a population of 71,441 inhabitants.

Doboj is the largest national railway junction and the operational base of the Railways Corporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is one of the oldest cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and, aside from Banja Luka, the most important urban center in northern Republika Srpska.

Geography
Prior to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina the municipality of the same name had a larger surface area. The larger part of the pre-war municipality is part of Republika Srpska, including the city itself. The southern rural areas are part of the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the eastern rural part of the municipality is part of the Tuzla Canton, also in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The parts of the pre-war Doboj Municipality that are in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are the municipalities of Doboj South (Doboj Jug), Doboj East (Doboj Istok) and the Municipality of Usora. The northern suburbs of Doboj extend into the Pannonian plains, and effectively mark the southern tip of this great Central European plain. The southern (Doboj South) and eastern suburbs (Doboj East) are spread on the gentle hills which extend to the larger Central Bosnian mountain areas (Mt. Ozren in the southeast, Mt. Krnjin in the west).

Ancient times
Doboj has been continuously inhabited ever since the Neolithic times. Fragments of pottery and decorative art were found on several localities, with the most known site in Makljenovac, south from the city proper, at the confluence of the Usora and Bosna rivers. Archeological findings from the paleolithic era were found in a cave in the Vila suburb.

The Illyrian tribe of Daesitates settled in this region as early as the twelfth century BC. Daesitates were one of the largest and most important Illyrian tribes residing at the territory of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, sharing their northern borders with Breuci, another important tribe. Daesitates and Breuci started the Great Illyrian Revolt, or in Roman sources, the widespread rebellion known as Bellum Batonianum (6–9 AD). After the bloody rebellion was subdued, Roman legions permanently settled in the area and built a large military camp (Castrum) and a civilian settlement (Canabea) in Makljenovac. These structures were most likely built in the early Flavian dynasty era, during Vespasian's rule.

The military camp was large, in the shape of a near perfect rectangle with large towers at each corner and the main gate in the middle of the central wall, and served as the most important defense on the old Roman road from Brod to Sarajevo, demarcating the very borders of the Roman provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia. It served its role for several centuries with the evidence of Belgian and Spanish cohorts stationed there in the second and third century AD. Canabea contained Roman settlers, with evidence of a large bathhouse with a hypocaust (central heating) and a concubine house for soldiers stationed at the nearby Castrum. A large Villa Rustica was located in the modern-day suburb of Doboj, appropriately named Vila. Very fine pieces of religious and practical artefacts were found at these sites, including an altar dedicated to Jupiter, figurines of Mars, and fragments of African made Terra sigillata pottery. When South Slavic tribes migrated into this area in the sixth and seventh century AD, they had settled initially on the ruins of the previous Roman settlement and lived there continuously until the early thirteenth century at which point they used stones and building material from the old Roman Castrum in order to build the stone foundation of the Gradina fortress, several kilometers north, in the modern-day old town of Doboj. Nowadays only the walls of the former camp and civilian settlement are still open to visitors.

Middle Ages
The first official mention of the city itself is from 1415, in a charter issued by Dubrovnik to the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, although there are numerous artefacts and objects that have been found (kept in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo and the Regional Museum in Doboj), which confirm that the area had been inhabited ever since the early Stone Age, and that the Roman Empire had an army camp (Castrum) and a settlement (Canabea) in the vicinity of the town dating from the first century AD. Following the arrival of the Slavs in the sixth century it became a part of the region/Usora banate (in medieval documents sometimes collectively mentioned with the nearby province of Soli, hence, Usora and Soli).

The Doboj fortress, a royal Kotromanić fortress, was first built in the early thirteenth century and then expanded in the early fifteenth century (1415). It was expanded again during Ottoman rule in 1490. This newer stone foundation of the fortress was built on previous layers of an older foundation (dating back to the ninth or tenth century) made of wood, mud and clay (Motte-and-bailey type). It was a very important obstacle for invaders coming from the north, Hungarians, and later on, Austrians and Germans. It was built in the Gotho-Roman style with Gothic towers and Romanesque windows. The area saw numerous battles in medieval times and the fortress often changed hands between Bosnian and Hungarian armies. Doboj was the site of a particularly major battle between the Hungarians and a Bosnian-Turkish coalition in early August 1415 in which the Hungarians were heavily defeated on the field where the modern city of Doboj lies today (especially around the Makljenovac and Usora areas). As an important border fortress between the Bosnian Kingdom and Hungary it was also frequently attacked, officially recorded as 18 times, in the Austro-Ottoman Wars, and fell to the Austro-Hungarians in 1878.

World War I and World War II
During World War I, Doboj was the site of the largest Austro-Hungarian concentration camp. According to the official figures, it held in total 45,791 people between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, of which:

 * 16,673 men from Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 16,996 women and children from Bosnia and Herzegovina (mostly of Serb ethnicity)
 * 9,172 soldiers and civilians (men, women, children) from the Kingdom of Serbia
 * 2,950 soldiers and civilians from the Kingdom of Montenegro

Some 12,000 people had died in this camp, largely due to malnutrition and poor sanitary conditions.

By February 1916, the authorities began redirecting the prisoners to other camps. The Serbs from Bosnia were mostly sent to Győr (Sopronyek, Šopronjek/Шопроњек).

Most of the prisoners from Bosnia were entire families from the border regions of eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is said that 5,000 families alone were uprooted from the Sarajevo district in eastern Bosnia along the border with the Kingdoms of Serbia & Montenegro.

From 1929 to 1941, Doboj was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

During World War II, Doboj was an important site for the partisan resistance movement. From their initial uprising in August 1941 up until the end of the war, the Ozren partisan squad carried out numerous diversions against the occupation forces, among the first successful operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city was an important stronghold for permanently stationed Ustaše and Domobran garrisons with smaller German units serving as liaison and in defense of important roads and railroads. The Waffen SS "Handschar" division was partly mobilized from the local Muslim population and participated in battles around Doboj in the summer and fall of 1944.

During this time, the Ustaše fascist regime, a puppet state of Nazi Germany, purged primarily ethnic Serbs, Jews and Roma, as well as pro-Partisan civilians to concentration and labor camps. According to public records 291 civilians from Doboj, of various ethnic backgrounds, perished in the Jasenovac concentration camp. In 2010, the remains of 23 people killed by Yugoslav Partisans were found in two pits near the Doboj settlement of Majevac. The non-governmental organization which discovered the remains alleges that nearby pits contain the remains of hundreds more also killed by the Partisans.

Doboj with its surrounding area, the Ozren and Trebava mountains, was also a particularly important site for the local Chetnik armed forces. They participated in battles against the Ustaše, Domobrans, and Germans, initially allied with local Partisan units and then alone, after breaking ties with the Partisans in April 1942. In November 1944, the elements of the Ozren Chetnik Corps and the Trebava Chetnik Corps partook in the Operation Halyard, the largest US rescue mission behind enemy lines. They built an airstrip in the village of Boljanić from which rescued US Airmen flew to safety to Bari, Italy.

The town was eventually liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans on 17 April 1945. The units involved were the 14th Central Bosnian Brigade and the 53rd Division.

SFR Yugoslavia
The city was flooded in May 1965. During this period, the city experienced mass industrialization, becoming one of the most important industrial hubs in Yugoslavia.

Bosnian War
Doboj was strategically important during the Bosnian War. In May 1992, the control of Doboj was held by Bosnian Serb forces and the Serb Democratic Party governed the city. What followed was mass disarming and subsequently mass arrests of all non-Serb civilians (mainly Bosniaks and Croats).

Doboj was heavily shelled throughout the entire war by local Bosniak and Croatian forces. More than 5,500 shells, mortar rounds, and other projectiles were fired into the city proper and some 100 civilians were killed and more than 400 were wounded and maimed during the indiscriminate shelling.

A number of instances of war crimes and ethnic cleansing were committed by Bosnian Serb forces. Biljana Plavšić, Radovan Karadžić, Momčilo Krajišnik and others planned, instigated, ordered, committed or otherwise aided and abetted the planning, preparation or execution of the destruction of the Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats. Plavšić was charged with crimes against humanity that include but are not limited to the killings in Doboj. Her indictment was related to genocide charges in Doboj specifically.

Bosnian Serb forces were implicated in the systematic looting and destruction of Bosniak and Croat properties during the Bosnian War. A number of women were raped and civilians tortured or killed. All the mosques in the town were destroyed. A number of mass executions took place in Spreča Prison, on the banks of the river Bosna and in the "July 4th" military barrack in the village of Miljkovac, all in 1992. Many of the non-Serbs were detained at various locations in the town, subjected to inhumane conditions, including regular beatings, torture and forced labour. A school in Grapska and the factory used by the Bosanka company that produced jams and juices in Doboj was used as a rape camp. Four different armies of soldiers were present at the rape camps, including the local Serbian militia, the Yugoslav army (JNA), police forces based in the Serbian-occupied town of Knin and members of the White Eagles paramilitary group. The man who oversaw the women's detention in the school was Nikola Jorgić, a former police officer in Doboj, who had been convicted of genocide in Germany but died during the serving of his life sentence.

After the Dayton Agreement and the peace following in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the city served as a major HQ/base for IFOR (later SFOR) units.

The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is processing several cases for other war crimes in Doboj.

2014 floods
In May 2014, Doboj was the city in Bosnia and Herzegovina that accounted for the most damage and casualties during and following the historic rainfall that caused massive flooding and landslides, taking the lives of at least 20 people in Doboj alone.

Throughout the two weeks after the beginning of the natural disaster, the corpses of victims were still being found on the streets, in homes and automobiles. On 26 May 2014, it was announced that the floods and landslides had uncovered mass graves with the skeletal remains of Bosniak victims of the Bosnian War of the 1990s. The mass graves are located in the Usora Municipality and the exact number of victims is as of yet unknown.

Urban area by settlements (1991)

 * Bare: 732 (62%) Serbs; 153 (13%) Yugoslavs; 135 (11%) Croats; 112 (9%) Bosniaks; 53 (4%) others, 1,185 total
 * Centar: 3,720 (35%) Serbs; 3,365 (31%) Bosniaks; 1,982 (18%) Yugoslavs; 1,236 (12%) Croats; 432 (4%) others, 10,735 total
 * Čaršija: 3,561 (72%) Bosniaks; 594 (12%) Yugoslavs; 303 (6%) Serbs; 195 (4%) Croats; 273 (6%) others, 4,926 total
 * Doboj Novi: 358 (48%) Bosniaks; 237 (32%) Serbs; 39 (5%) Yugoslavs; 7 (1%) Croats; 108 (14%) others, 749 total
 * Donji Grad: 1,879 (37%) Serbs; 1,547 (31%) Bosniaks; 844 (17%) Yugoslavs; 569 (11%) Croats; 196 (4%) others, 5,035 total
 * Orašje: 1,411 (66%) Bosniaks; 293 (14%) Serbs; 231 (11%) Yugoslavs; 111 (5%) Croats, 90 (4%) others, 2,136 total
 * Usora: 924 (33%) Serbs; 779 (28%) Bosniaks; 502 (18%) Croats; 491 (17%) Yugoslavs; 117 (4%) others, 2,813 total

Economy
As a railway hub, before the Bosnian War, Doboj focused much of its industrial activities around it. Moreover, as a regional center, it was home to several factories, now mostly bankrupt from mismanagement or privatization, including "Bosanka Doboj", a fruit and vegetable produce factory; "Trudbenik", a maker of air compressors and equipment, etc. Nowadays, most of the economy, similar to the rest of the country and typical for the poorly executed transition from state-controlled to a market economy, is based around the service industry. High unemployment warrants a vibrant coffee shop and bar scene, crowded throughout most of the day and night (it is commonly believed that Doboj is one of the top three cities having the largest number of cafes and bars/pubs within city limits in Bosnia & Herzegovina).

In 1981, Doboj's GDP per capita was 53% of the Yugoslav average.

 * Economic preview

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in professional fields per their core activity (as of 2018):

Transportation
The city is the region's primary railroad junction, going south to Ploče on the Adriatic Sea, west to Banja Luka and Zagreb, north to Vinkovci, Croatia, and east to Tuzla, Bijeljina and Zvornik. A highway toward western RS and Banja Luka has been completed and opened since 2018.

Education
Doboj hosts the private Slobomir P University, with several colleges like the Faculty of information technology; the Faculty of economics and management; the Faculty of philology; the Faculty of law; a Fiscal Academy and the Academy of Arts. Doboj also seats the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Technical School, as well as several specialized high schools.

Doboj also hosts the public Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, a branch of the University of East Sarajevo with several departments: Road & Urban Transport; Rail Transport; Postal Transport; Telecommunication and Logistics. Since the 2015/2016 academic year, it has opened new departments: Air Transport; Roads; IT Transport and Motor Vehicles.

Sport

The local football club, Sloga Doboj, plays in the First League of the Republika Srpska. The town's favourite sport, however, is handball. The local handball club is Sloga Doboj. Sloga Doboj ranks among the country's top teams and consistently qualifies for international competitions. Very importantly, Doboj traditionally hosts "The Annual Doboj International Champions' Handball Tournament" every year during the last days of August. Its 55th tournament was in 2023 and once again. The prestige of this EHF-listed tournament was consistently strong enough to attract the most important names in the European team handball over the past five decades such as: Barcelona, Grasshopper, Gummersbach, Ademar León, CSKA, Steaua, Dinamo București, Atlético Madrid, Red Star, Metaloplastika, Partizan, Pelister, Nordhorn, Pick Szeged, Veszprém, Göppingen, Montpellier, d'Ivry and Chekhovski Medvedi.

Symbol
The four squares represent the four mountains which mark the outer borders of the Doboj valley in which the City of Doboj lies in: Ozren, Trebava, Vučjak, and Krnjin. The fleur-de-lis represent the medieval origins of the city in the royal fortress Gradina built by the kings from the medieval Bosnian dynasty of Kotromanić.

Notable places

 * The Doboj Fortress from the early thirteenth century, looking over the town.
 * A Roman military camp (Castrum) from the first century AD (right above the confluence of the Usora and the Bosna rivers)
 * Goransko Jezero, lake and recreation park in the vicinity of town.

Notable people

 * Aleksandar Đurić, Singapore footballer
 * Bojan Šarčević, basketball player
 * Borislav Paravac, politician
 * Danijel Pranjić, Croatian footballer
 * Danijel Šarić, Bosnian-Qatari handball player
 * Dina Bajraktarević, singer
 * Dino Djulbic, Australian footballer
 * Dragan Mikerević, politician
 * Fahrudin Omerović, footballer
 * Igor Vukojević, singer
 * Indira Radić, singer
 * Izet Sarajlić, historian
 * Jasmin Džeko, footballer
 * Krešimir Zubak, politician
 * Mirsada Bajraktarević, singer
 * Nenad Marković, basketball player
 * Ognjen Kuzmić, Serbian basketball player
 * Pero Bukejlović, politician
 * Sejad Halilović, former footballer
 * Silvana Armenulić, singer
 * Spomenko Gostić, soldier
 * Vladimir Tica, Serbian basketball player
 * Vlastimir Jovanović, footballer
 * Zoran Kvržić, footballer
 * Aidin Mahmutović, footballer
 * Zdenko Križić, Croatian Roman Catholic prelate
 * Benjamin Burić, handball goalkeeper
 * Senjamin Burić, handballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Doboj is twinned with:
 * 🇸🇮 Celje, Slovenia (1965)
 * 🇷🇸 Ćuprija, Serbia

title: Doboj


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Mr. Garrison

Mr. Herbert Garrison is a fictional character and occasional antagonist featured in the American animated television series South Park, created by Matt Stone and Trey Parker (who also voices the character). Garrison first appeared in South Park's pilot episode, "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe", which aired on August 13, 1997.

Garrison is primarily employed as a teacher at South Park Elementary, originally of the main characters' third grade class, and currently, their fourth-grade class. In the earlier seasons, Garrison uses a hand puppet named Mr. Hat as a teaching resource; the puppet occasionally shows signs of sentience and has been suggested to be a manifestation of Garrison's own latent homosexual feelings. Mr. Hat was largely retired by the sixth season. Garrison was partially inspired by Parker's kindergarten teacher, who also used a puppet named Mr. Hat, as well as a British literature professor Parker had at the University of Colorado. Garrison is characterized as particularly cynical, especially in comparison with the other adults in South Park, and he is one of the few characters on South Park to have broken the fourth wall.

In the ninth season premiere, "Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina", Garrison comes out as a trans woman, undergoes a sex change operation and renames herself Janet Garrison. In the twelfth season episode "Eek, a Penis!", a disillusioned Garrison undergoes another sex change operation to detransition. During the twentieth season, Garrison is elected President of the United States and serves in the role until the twenty–fourth season. He is never referred to by name during this period, and is exclusively referred to as "the President".

Parker has stated that Garrison has become one of the most complex characters on South Park, particularly due to his relationship with Mr. Hat and his sexuality and gender issues. He describes Garrison as "the soap opera element to the whole series. [He] has a real story going on."

Role in South Park
"Well, I just went through a little thing. You know, I… I realized I was gay. And then I realized I wasn't gay, I was a woman. And after I transitioned, I thought it was a little mistake, and then I went through a phase of being the President of the United States." In South Park, Garrison was raised in Arkansas and claims to have a master's degree in mechanical engineering from Denver Community College, as depicted in "The Entity". Garrison is characterized as being sexually confused, having had both heterosexual and same-sex relationships in addition to two sex reassignment surgeries.

In many episodes, Garrison displays racist tendencies. In the episode "Chef Goes Nanners", Garrison's hand puppet, Mr. Hat, is a member of the local chapter of the Ku Klux Klan, which Garrison resents, and he insists to Chef that he wants nothing to do with it. However, in the later episode "Here Comes the Neighborhood", he leads an effort to run affluent residents–who are all Black–out of town using Klan techniques, including burning crosses. Although the townsfolk at first claim that this is because of the "richers'" wealth, in his last line of the episode, Garrison's intentions are revealed to be indeed racially motivated. In the episode "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig", he states that "genetic engineering erases all of God's mistakes, like German people". In multiple episodes, he expresses disdain for Mexican people, to the point of attempting to prolong the COVID-19 pandemic in order to keep his campaign promise to eradicate Mexicans, even if countless other people also died.

In the first three seasons, Garrison teaches the third–grade class at South Park Elementary School. He was portrayed as a closeted homosexual, of which he was ashamed. He pretends to have highly negative views on homosexuality in earlier episodes. Garrison usually uses a hand puppet named Mr. Hat, which he uses to emote more aggressively as well as to display his internal conflicts. It was suggested that Mr. Hat, and his temporary replacement Mr. Twig, were characters through which Garrison could express his repressed gay feelings. Though Garrison emphatically denies being gay, he acknowledges that Mr. Hat and Mr. Twig had homosexual fantasies. He eventually comes out as gay in the episode "4th Grade".

It has been established that Garrison has had heterosexual relationships, including with Liane Cartman. Possible same-sex relationships include Stephen Stotch in "Butters' Very Own Episode", and he sought a tryst with Eric Cartman in "Cartman Joins NAMBLA", in which Garrison solicited sex from Cartman, not knowing that he had contacted the latter online; Garrison was consequently arrested for this act and then temporarily dismissed from his teaching position. In his absence from teaching, Garrison wrote an erotic romance novel titled In the Valley of Penises, which sold respectably before it won the Gay Pulitzer Prize and was deemed to be "the best work of homoerotic literature since Huckleberry Finn".

In the episodes following the release of his novel, Garrison has a nervous breakdown and flees South Park to become a hermit, where he eventually comes to terms with his gay identity. After this point, he is portrayed as openly embracing his homosexuality.

He is rehired by South Park Elementary as a kindergarten teacher, as his previous position as the fourth grade teacher was held by Diane Choksondik. In the sixth season episode "The Death Camp of Tolerance", he was promoted to the fourth grade following Choksondik's death. However, when Garrison finds that he could sue the school for substantial compensation if he were discriminated against, he purposely attempts to be dismissed. To that end, he abandons his puppet counterpart in favor of a human assistant, Mr. Slave, Garrison's personal BDSM slave and lover. The two proceed to perform several sexually explicit homosexual acts in front of Garrison's students. Garrison's plan was unsuccessful, and he was instead praised for his perceived bravery.

The show has implied that Garrison has corprophilic tendencies in "Proper Condom Use", wherein the majority of sexual acts he taught to the kindergarten class involved feces or defecation. In that episode, Chef refers to Garrison as a "complete pervert".

Despite having declared himself gay, Garrison continues to appear ashamed of it as a part of his continual emotional and psychological problems. In the season three finale, "World Wide Recorder Concert", he was portrayed as in despair over the fact that his father, Garrison Senior, had not sexually abused him when Garrison was young, believing that he did not love his son. After being repeatedly pressed by his son to have sex with him, Garrison Senior has Kenny G do so. In two episodes–"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" and "Jakovasaurs"–Garrison was implied to have practiced bestiality with Cartman's pig and a pigeon, respectively.

Garrison is characterized as highly inept as a teacher, regularly introducing dubious curricula, such as showing Barnaby Jones videos to the class for eight days, asking the class "why Chubby Checker left the Beatles in 1972" or teaching the students how to tell the difference between a prostitute and a police officer. On the other hand, he will occasionally teach the children advanced subjects such as theories on evolution, Stalin, and communism. Despite his cynicism, he appears to genuinely enjoy his job, falling into a depression when he is fired or is suspended from teaching. He also carries a gun and badge with him in class at all times, despite being told the teachers do not carry guns.

Garrison did not have a known given name until the episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons". In that episode, his full name is Ethan P. Garrison. In "The Entity", his given name is changed to Herbert. During Garrison's presidency, he is generally not referred to by name at all, with characters only referring to him as "The President".

As Janet Garrison
In the season nine premiere, "Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina", Garrison comes out as a trans woman and decides to undergo a vaginoplasty and breast augmentation. In the episode "D-Yikes!", it is revealed that she renamed herself Janet. Garrison frequently asserts her femininity, including through misandry and open proclamations of her sexuality.

The transition causes her relationship with Mr. Slave to end, as the latter had not been consulted before the operation. Garrison also realizes that she has had no menstrual periods after the operation, leading her to believe that she is pregnant. Garrison attempts to abort before she is told that her procedure does not result in the creation of reproductive organs. In the episode "Follow That Egg!", she attempts to prevent same-sex marriage from becoming legal after finding out that Mr. Slave is engaged to Big Gay Al.

In the episode "Go God Go", Garrison is ordered by the school district to teach evolution. Due to her personal aversion to the concept, she deliberately underperforms and is subsequently replaced by Richard Dawkins. Dawkins becomes attracted to Garrison, and they begin dating. Dawkins converts Garrison to atheism, and they subsequently decide to eradicate all religion from the world, leading to a future where the global populace embraces atheism and ignores logic, causing wars about the answer to "the Great Question". In the following episode, "Go God Go XII", Eric Cartman, having been cryonically frozen 500 years earlier, contacts Garrison's home from the future. Dawkins answers the phone and learns from Cartman about Garrison's previous life. Repulsed, Dawkins hastily ends his relationship with Garrison. The episode reveals that Garrison was the motivation that convinced Dawkins to teach atheism to the world, and as their relationship ended, the future changed once more.

In the episode "D-Yikes", Mrs. Garrison starts to have lesbian relationships. After an unnamed boyfriend abandons her, Garrison meets Allison, a lesbian who becomes quickly attracted to the former. Unaware of Allison's sexual orientation or growing affection, Garrison unwittingly joins her at a lesbian bar. After Garrison learns the truth, she is initially shocked but quickly returns Allison's feelings, and the two begin to date. As a result, Garrison begins openly identifying as a lesbian.

Detransition
In the episode "Eek, a Penis!", Garrison becomes disillusioned with living as a woman and wants to detransition. After hearing about genetic engineering being used to grow human body parts on mice, she pays for a procedure to grow a penis on a mouse. After Garrison spends most of the episode chasing the runaway mouse, it returns to Garrison and the sex change operation proves successful.

After his detransition between seasons 12 through 18, Garrison's behavior was shown to be less eccentric than before, with significantly fewer acts of deviant sexual behavior, outrageous outbursts, racism, or psychotic episodes. His sexual identity was left ambiguous, being shown a Republican despite his ever-changing sexual and gender identities in "About Last Night...", being absent from "Gays against faggots" in "The F Word". In "200", he at first assists Stan, Kyle and Cartman in angering Tom Cruise unintentionally, but also later is consulted by Cartman regarding the events of "Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut", after Mitch Connor tells Cartman that the allegations Ms. Cartman was intersex and Cartman's father are a lie – while Garrison tries to steer Cartman away, Cartman convinces him to bring out Mr. Hat, and Mr. Hat confesses the declaration of Ms. Cartman being his father (and intersex) was fake and that Eric Cartman's real father was in the room. The episode ends with an abrupt cliffhanger while Garrison is about to reveal the identity of Cartman's father.

Presidential campaign, presidency and post-presidency
During the nineteenth season, following Principal Victoria's replacement with PC Principal, Garrison becomes frustrated with a recent influx of illegal Canadian immigrants. He begins denigrating the immigrants and is consequently dismissed from his teaching job. He begins a political campaign on promises to get rid of the immigrants and build a wall, parodying Donald Trump's then-current presidential campaign. After discovering Canada has already built a wall, Garrison goes over Niagara Falls to Canada and rapes the Canadian President—a caricature of Trump—to death. Convinced that his policies work, Garrison continues his campaign with Caitlyn Jenner as his running mate. The episode "Sponsored Content" features Principal Victoria convincing Garrison to return to South Park.

Parker and Stone had expected Trump's campaign to end before the 2016 election. They opined that a direct portrayal of Trump would be dated if the campaign ended quickly, and felt it would be more appropriate to use one of their characters in his role, having already decided Garrison would come into conflict with the new principal.

In the following seasons, Garrison receives the Republican Party nomination and continues his campaign. He realizes that he will be incapable of actually performing his duties as the president if he is elected, and tries to sabotage his own campaign, even outright telling people to vote for Hillary Clinton instead of him. While his attempts are initially unsuccessful, he eventually manages to lower his poll numbers by making inflammatory comments about women. As he attempts to tell his supporters that the election is rigged against him, they realize that he had never intended to actually make it as far as he did and furiously pursue him. Seeking refuge in a support group run by Randy Marsh, Garrison learns that people want him to become president because J. J. Abrams brainwashed people into liking Star Wars: The Force Awakens using Member Berries. After failing to destroy the Member Berries, Garrison makes a speech urging Americans to vote for Clinton in protest of the new film.

Despite his efforts, Garrison is elected president and brainwashed by Jenner, who herself was brainwashed by the Member Berries. Upon winning the election, he uses his newfound power to force people with whom he has had altercations to perform fellatio on him. Garrison plays a role in the season twenty finale by helping to defeat the season's other antagonists while remaining in power.

Parker and Stone expected Clinton to win the election, and revealed that they waited for the election to end to focus on other storylines, intending for a humbled Garrison to return to teaching. Garrison was also intended to play a role in resolving the conflict between the male and female students at the school classroom that had developed over the course of the season, taking responsibility for causing their behavior. Following Trump's win, Parker and Stone were consequently forced to rewrite the season's final episodes, and felt that they could not resolve some of the season's storylines in a satisfying way as a result.

The twenty-first season sees a desperate Garrison returning to South Park after launching a nuclear strike against Canada in "Super Hard PCness". Garrison was absent in all but one episode of the following season, appearing in a cameo in the season finale, "Bike Parade".

Garrison reappears in "The Pandemic Special" as an antagonist who wants to prolong the COVID-19 pandemic, as the virus is also killing Mexicans. At the end of the episode, Garrison kills the pangolin being researched in for vaccine development with a flamethrower, along with the scientist holding the pangolin. In "South ParQ Vaccination Special", Garrison returns to South Park after losing the 2020 election to return to teaching, but is opposed by everyone except the QAnon-adhering White family. Garrison pleads to the elites, who are toying with him and Bob White, to return his life to normal; he later regains the townspeople's respect after securing COVID-19 vaccines for everyone with the elites' help.

In the twenty-fifth season, Mr. Garrison started dating a man named Rick in the episode "Pajama Day". Garrison's relationship with Rick is tested in the season twenty-six finale "Spring Break" when Garrison is pressured by his supporters to run for president again in 2024. Garrison is forced to choose between his relationship with Rick and personal gain, ultimately choosing the former. Garrison returns to Rick, and the two reconcile.

Mr. Hat
Mr. Hat initially appears to be simply a puppet used by Mr. Garrison as a teaching aid. However, in some episodes, Mr. Hat is able to perform activities that would not have been possible if he were merely a puppet. In the show, it is not entirely clear how much autonomy Mr. Hat and Mr. Garrison have from each other. In the episode "Chef Aid", Mr. Hat is able to drive a car through a prison wall to rescue Mr. Garrison and Chef, to which Chef remarks, "How the hell did he reach the gas pedal?".

Other episodes also portray Mr. Hat as somewhat autonomous. In one episode, Mr. Hat is able to move his eyes and blink towards Mr. Garrison and Brett Favre, and in "Worldwide Recorder Concert", Mr. Hat beats up Mr. Mackey. In the South Park video game, Mr. Hat owns and runs a robot factory by himself. In South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, Satan picks up Mr. Hat as a companion to replace Saddam Hussein. Satan speaks Mr. Hat's lines in a voice very similar to Mr. Garrison's.

Mr. Hat is portrayed as racist, as seen in "Chef Goes Nanners", where he is a member of the South Park branch of the Ku Klux Klan. Mr. Hat argues with Mr. Garrison and seemingly disappears to attend a meeting without him. Mr. Hat also appears to be somewhat psychotic. In "Weight Gain 4000", furious at Kathie Lee Gifford for a talent show he and Mr. Garrison had lost years ago, Mr. Hat convinces Mr. Garrison to kill her, which he attempts to do. It is unclear in the show if Mr. Hat is independent or if Mr. Garrison's own psychosis is projected to his puppet.

In "Summer Sucks", during a fictional crossover psychotherapy session with Dr. Katz (from another Comedy Central series), Katz suggests that Mr. Hat is a personification of Mr. Garrison's "gay side". Garrison rejects this, and Katz is unable to make a counterpoint because he is killed shortly afterward by a gigantic novelty firework. Despite this suggestion, Mr. Garrison continues to use Mr. Hat even after coming out as gay. Mr. Hat is permanently abandoned in favor of Mr. Slave when Mr. Garrison begins teaching fourth grade.

Parker and Stone have said that the removal of Mr. Hat was symbolic of the show abandoning its original style as a surreal comedy in favor of its current format of satirizing real-life issues and events. Mr. Hat was not seen again until the climax of the episode "200", when Eric Cartman demands to speak with him, at which point Mr. Garrison produces Mr. Hat from a dresser drawer, and despite his initial reluctance, Garrison again seems unable to control Mr. Hat, and again addresses him separately. At the conclusion of the storyline, Mr. Hat is again discarded, subsequently appearing briefly in the game South Park: The Stick of Truth and the 2021 special South ParQ Vaccination Special.

Mr. Twig
Starting in the episode "Summer Sucks", Mr. Garrison temporarily replaces Mr. Hat with Mr. Twig, who consists of a twig wearing a purple shirt with a pink triangle symbol. His voice is identical to Mr. Hat's until his final scene in "Chef Aid", where he speaks with a French accent. Mr. Twig is poorly received by the children in Garrison's third grade class, who repeatedly call for the return of Mr. Hat and suggest that Mr. Twig would be better used as a coat rack, to which Garrison takes offense. Eventually, Mr. Hat returns in "Chef Aid", heralding the fact by some psychopathic attacks on Mr. Twig. Though Garrison constantly assures himself that Mr. Twig is a better choice than Mr. Hat, he comes to terms with his attachment to Mr. Hat at the end of the episode upon being broken out of jail by him. Garrison reunites with Mr. Hat after Mr. Twig advises him to follow his heart.

title: Mr. Garrison


text:
2005 in film

2005 in film is an overview of events, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies, festivals, a list of country-specific lists of films released, notable deaths and film debuts.

Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 2005 by worldwide gross are as follows:

By country/region

 * List of American films of 2005
 * List of Argentine films of 2005
 * List of Australian films of 2005
 * List of Bangladeshi films of 2005
 * List of Brazilian films of 2005
 * List of British films of 2005
 * List of Chinese films of 2005
 * List of Hong Kong films of 2005
 * List of French films of 2005
 * List of German films of the 2000s
 * List of Indian films of 2005
 * List of Bengali films of 2005
 * List of Bollywood films of 2005
 * List of Kannada films of 2005
 * List of Malayalam films of 2005
 * List of Tamil films of 2005
 * List of Telugu films of 2005
 * List of Italian films of 2005
 * List of Japanese films of 2005
 * List of Mexican films of 2005
 * List of Pakistani films of 2005
 * List of Russian films of 2005
 * List of South Korean films of 2005
 * List of Spanish films of 2005

By genre/medium

 * List of action films of 2005
 * List of animated feature films of 2005
 * List of avant-garde films of 2005
 * List of crime films of 2005
 * List of comedy films of 2005
 * List of drama films of 2005
 * List of horror films of 2005
 * List of science fiction films of 2005
 * List of thriller films of 2005
 * List of western films of 2005

Births

 * January 4 – Dafne Keen, Spanish-English actress
 * January 25 – Avantika Vandanapu, American actress
 * February 23 – Arica Himmel, American actress
 * February 25 – Noah Jupe, English actor
 * April 13 – Brandon Severs, American actor
 * April 29 – Shahadi Wright Joseph, American actress, singer and dancer
 * May 3 – Maxwell Jenkins, American actor
 * May 13 – Tristan Pravong, American actor
 * June 6 – Soma Santoki, Japanese actor
 * July 20 – Alison Fernandez, American actress
 * July 25 – Pierce Gagnon, American actor
 * August 10 – Sunny Suljic, American actor
 * August 18 – Brady Hepner, American actor
 * August 30 – Sophia Valverde, Brazilian actress
 * September 20 – Jason Drucker, American actor
 * October 1 – Rosalie Chiang, American actress
 * October 7 – Lulu Wilson, American actress
 * November 18 – Lia McHugh, American actress
 * December 16 – Owen Vaccaro, American actor
 * December 30 – Brady Noon, American actor

title: 2005 in film


text:
Sea of clouds

A sea of clouds is an overcast layer of stratocumulus clouds, as viewed from above, with a relatively uniform top which shows undulations of very different lengths resembling waves on the sea. A sea of fog is formed from stratus clouds or fog and does not show undulations.

In both cases, the phenomenon looks very similar to the open ocean. The comparison is even more complete if some mountain peaks rise above the clouds, thus resembling islands.

Formation
A sea of clouds forms generally in valleys or over seas in very stable air mass conditions such as in a temperature inversion. Humidity can then reach saturation and condensation leads to a very uniform stratocumulus cloud, stratus cloud or fog. Above this layer, the air must be dry. This is a common situation in a high-pressure area with cooling at the surface by radiative cooling at night in summer, or advection of cold air in winter or in a marine layer.

Artistic uses

 * The term Sea of Clouds (雲海) is a Chinese poetic term for the surroundings of a mountain's summit, such as the one at Huangshan.
 * Wanderer above the Sea of Fog is an oil painting composed in 1818 by the German Romantic artist Caspar David Friedrich depicting this phenomenon.

title: Sea of clouds


text:
List of Washington Metro stations

The Washington Metro (commonly called Metro, and branded Metrorail) is a rapid transit system serving Washington, D.C. and neighboring communities in Maryland and Virginia, both inside and outside the Capital Beltway.

With an average weekday ridership of 764,300, the Washington Metro is the second-busiest rapid transit system in the United States behind the New York City Subway. , the system has 98 active stations on six lines with 129 mi of tracks.

The Washington Metro system was conceived as an alternative to constructing a large freeway system throughout the Washington, D.C. area. It was partially financed with funds originally dedicated to highway construction. Construction began in 1969, and in 1976 the first section of the Metro system opened along the Red Line between the Farragut North and Rhode Island Avenue stations in Washington, D.C. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, more stations were opened in the city and the suburban communities of Arlington County, the City of Alexandria, and Fairfax County in Virginia as well as Montgomery and Prince George's Counties in Maryland. By 1991, five rail lines were open: the Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, and Blue Lines. The system, as originally planned, was completed in 2001 with the extension of the Green Line to Branch Avenue. In 2004, three stations were opened: an extension of the Blue Line to the Morgan Boulevard and Downtown Largo stations and the first infill station, NoMa–Gallaudet U. The Silver Line opened in two phases, adding five stations in 2014 and six in 2022. On the Yellow and Blue Lines, an additional infill station at Potomac Yard opened on May 19, 2023.

Nine Metrorail stations are officially designated transfer stations, although other intermediate stations also allow passengers to transfer between lines. Four of these stations have separate, perpendicular upper and lower levels, which open at different times. Two other transfer stations, Rosslyn and Pentagon, have parallel stacked platforms. Ten stations are termini (stations at the end of lines); several other non-terminus stations are used to short turn trains in regular service.

The busiest station in the system in 2023 was Metro Center, with more than 3.9 million passenger entries over the course of the year. Rosslyn was the busiest station in Virginia, while Silver Spring was the busiest in Maryland. The system's 10 busiest stations are all located in Washington.

Lines
There are six Washington Metro lines, each named for a different color. All lines except the Red Line share tracks.

title: List of Washington Metro stations


text:
Vladimir Žerjavić

Vladimir Žerjavić (2 August 1912 – 5 September 2001) was a Croatian economist and demographer who published a series of historical articles and books during the 1980s and 1990s on demographic losses in Yugoslavia during World War II and of Axis forces and civilians in the Bleiburg repatriations shortly after the capitulation of Germany. From 1964 to 1982, he worked as an adviser for industrial development in the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.

Early life
Žerjavić was born in Križ, Zagreb County and graduated at the Faculty of Economics at the University of Zagreb. He was one of four siblings, having two sisters, Viktorija (1908–1993) and Darinka (1921–2009) and a brother, Slavko. After 1934 he worked in the private sector, and after 1945 in various institutions of SFR Yugoslavia. Between 1958 and 1982 he worked abroad as an industrial consultant. In 1964 he joined the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and later consulted the governments of various nations.

Žerjavić's calculations regarding World War II in Yugoslavia
In the 1980s Žerjavić conducted a research on demographic losses in Yugoslavia during World War II, at about the same time as Bogoljub Kočović, a Serb statistician. Žerjavić's calculations of total victims in Yugoslavia are based on looking at pre- and post-war censuses. Zerjavić asserted that Yugoslavia lost a total 1,027,000 people in World War II.

Of those, the vast majority, 623,000 people, died in the Independent State of Croatia - 295,000 in Croatia itself, and 328,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina (both part of the Independent State of Croatia and under the Ustaše regime at the time), and another 36,000 from those countries died abroad. According to ethnicity and/or religion as needed, Žerjavić provided the following estimates of victims in the Independent State of Croatia, for both the war and immediate post-war period:

 * 322,000 Serbs
 * 192,000 Croats
 * 77,000 Muslims
 * 26,000 Jews
 * 16,000 Roma

His claims include 153,000 civilian victims in Croatia and 174,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and of that, 85,000 people from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 48,000 from Croatia died in concentration camps. As for the total casualties in Jasenovac concentration camp, he estimated that 85,000 were killed, of which 45–52,000 were Serbs, 13,000 were Jews, 10,000 were Roma, 10,000 were Croats and 2,000 were Muslims.

With regard to Serbs, Žerjavić's calculation ended with a total of 197,000 Serbian civilian victims within the borders of the Independent State of Croatia: 50,000 at Jasenovac concentration camp, 25,000 of typhoid, 45,000 killed by the Germans, 15,000 killed by Italians, 34,000 civilians killed in battles between Ustaše, Chetniks and Partisans, 28,000 killed in prisons, pits and other camps, etc. Another 125,000 Serbs inside the Independent State of Croatia were killed as combatants, raising the total to 322,000.

Regarding the Yugoslav Partisan pursuit of Nazi collaborators, when soldiers and civilians associated with the NDH and other Axis forces were killed by the Yugoslav Partisans, Žerjavić estimated that around 45–55,000 Croats and Bosniaks, 8-10,000 Slovenes, and around 2,000 Serbs and Montenegrins were killed.

Žerjavić's opinions and statements
Žerjavić's investigations and statistical analyses, like others such as Kočović's examinations, aim to show that the original number of lives lost on all sides during World War II in Yugoslavia was considerably exaggerated, partly due to the war reparations claims by the Yugoslav government shortly after the war.

An excerpt from Žerjavić's book Manipulations with WW2 victims in Yugoslavia reads: "One should also believe that the Serbs in Croatia, who have lived in these territories for more than four centuries, will realize that they are not endangered in a community with Croats. They especially should not be afraid that any form of genocide could occur, because they themselves know best that during the Second World War a large number of Croats stood at their defense, and that they, along with Serbians, contributed to the National Liberation War, and even prevented a larger number of victims.

It should be mentioned that the regular Croatian Army (Domobrani) also helped with their passive role and even by logistic support to the partisan units. [V]engeance for the crimes committed by the Ustaše was executed immediately after the war, with the terrible massacres at Bleiburg and during the so-called Way of the Cross (Death Marches), when many innocent opponents of the Communist regime were also killed. Therefore, enacting vengeance against the Croats, with whom the Serbs in Croatia have peacefully lived for the past 45 years, could not be excused, neither morally nor politically. After the artificially created euphoria is over, and once peace is established, all reasonable and objective Serbs will -- I strongly believe -- realize that their common life with Croats, in a state with a prosperous economic future, is the most acceptable solution for them."

Positive
Some international agencies and experts have accepted Žerjavić's (and almost equal data achieved by Serbian statistician Bogoljub Kočović) calculations as the most reliable data on war losses in Yugoslavia during World War II. A U.S. Census report from 1954 states: "Details of the (Yugoslav) 1948 census were kept secret but, in negotiations with Germany, it became apparent that the real figure of the dead was about one million. An American study in 1954 calculated 1,067,000."

Following Tito's death in 1980, the 1948 census results became available for comparison with those of 1931. Allowances had to be made for the birth rates of the different communities and for emigration. Research was pioneered by Professor Kočović, a Serb living in the West, whose findings were published in January 1985. He assessed the number of dead as 1,014,000. Later that year a Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Conference heard that the figure was 1,100,000.

Žerjavić's and Kočović's calculations of war losses in Yugoslavia during World War II were accepted by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, together with other typically higher estimates:

"Due to differing views and lack of documentation, estimates for the number of Serbian victims in Croatia range widely, from 25,000 to more than one million. The estimated number of Serbs killed in Jasenovac ranges from 25,000 to 700,000. The most reliable figures place the number of Serbs killed by the Ustaša between 330,000 and 390,000, with 45,000 to 52,000 Serbs murdered in Jasenovac."

Concerning Žerjavić's calculations on the number of casualties linked to the Bleiburg repatriations, historian Ivo Goldstein writes that it is "difficult to speak of the overall number" and that "the only option is to rely on the research by Vladimir Žerjavić, which has up to now shown itself to be the most reliable in overall estimates".

Negative
Some Serb critics of Žerjavić consider his work to have been politically motivated, with the aim of downplaying Croatian nationalist atrocities during the war, such as at Jasenovac.

Critics point out that Serbs in Bosnia and Croatia lived in rural areas and therefore had a much higher growth rate than others. Žerjavić used growth rates for Serbs in Bosnia as 1.1% (as for all nations together), while actual growth rate was 2.4% (1921–31) and 3.5% (1949–53). They posit he intentionally underestimated growth rate of Serbs to decrease the Serb death count, according to critics. Some, like Đorđević, claimed that Serbian losses were in fact 1.6 million, a number which goes in other direction compared to the official estimates that Žerjavić denied. The higher numbers was opposed by Bogoljub Kočović's book, published in 1997, which tries to refute Đorđević's efforts to "reinstate" the "great numbers" victims figures dominant in Communist Yugoslavia.

The Simon Wiesenthal Center and Yad Vashem still use the old estimates given by the Yugoslav authorities. The Simon Wiesenthal Center cites the Yad Vashem document, the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. In a separate entry on the Ustasha movement in general, however, Yad Vashem cites the extermination of "over 500,000" Serbs in the entire NDH.

Regarding Žerjavić's research on World War Two casualties, Croatian historian Vladimir Geiger notes that individual researchers who assert the inevitability of using identification of casualties and fatalities by individual names have raised serious objections to Žerjavić's calculations/estimates of human losses by using standard statistical methods and consolidation of data from various sources, pointing out that such an approach is insufficient and unreliable in determining the number and character of casualties and fatalities, as well as the affiliation of the perpetrators of the crimes.

Žerjavić's calculations regarding the Bosnian war
According to Žerjavić's calculations, there were 215,000 victims in Bosnia-Herzegovina in the Bosnian war of 1992–95, of which 160,000 were Bosniaks, 30,000 Croats and 25,000 Serbs. However, according to newer research done by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the number of people killed in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina was around 102,000: 69.24% (70,625) Bosniaks, 25.35% (25,857) Serbs, and 5.33% (5,437) Croats.

title: Vladimir Žerjavić


text:
2004 in film

2004 in film is an overview of events, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies, festivals, a list of country-specific lists of films released, notable deaths and film debuts. Shrek 2 was the year's top-grossing film, and Million Dollar Baby won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Evaluation of the year
American film critic and professor Emanuel Levy described 2004 as "a banner year for actors, particularly men." He went on to emphasize, "I can't think of another year in which there were so many good performances, in every genre. It was a year in which we saw the entire spectrum of demographics displayed on the big screen, from vet actors such as Clint Eastwood and Morgan Freeman, to seniors such as Pacino, De Niro, and Hoffman, to newcomers such as Topher Grace. As always, though, the center of the male acting pyramid is occupied by actors in their forties and fifties, such as Sean Penn, Johnny Depp, Liam Neeson, Kevin Kline, Don Cheadle, Jim Carrey. In terms of film genres, Levy stated, "The year's most prominent genre was the biopicture, a genre that in the past has suffered from lack of prestige and abundance of clichés. There were a dozen worthy biopictures, including Alexander, The Aviator, Beyond the Sea, Finding Neverland, Hotel Rwanda, Kinsey, Motorcycle Diaries, and Ray. Celebrating entrepreneurs, playwrights, singers, sex researchers, composers, and politicians, they continued to show one alarming bias: They were all about men. You don't have to be a feminist critic or a sociologist to deduct that, as far as real or reel heroes are concerned, women matter less in Hollywood and American society at large. Can't anyone come up with a strong part for a femme-driven bio a la British film Vera Drake, without relegating women to showbiz personae." Levy also stated, "Classic Hollywood cinema, which reached its height during the golden age of studio system and has been in decline, is kept alive by one major force: Clint Eastwood. The "Man With No Name" has become the "Man With the Best Name", a director who's experiencing an unparallel artistic height with “Million Dollar Baby,” a follow-up to the equally sublime Mystic River."

Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 2004 by worldwide gross are as follows:

Shrek 2 set a new record for total gross by an animated film making it the highest-grossing animated film of all time. The record was later surpassed by Toy Story 3 in 2010. It also remained the highest-grossing non-Disney animated film until it was surpassed by Despicable Me 2 in 2013. It remains to this day the highest-grossing animated film not distributed by Disney or Universal. On July 7, Spider-Man 2 reached a $200 million domestic gross in a record time of eight days. On July 18, after 19 days in release, Spider-Man 2 reached $300 million domestically in another record time. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban has the highest international revenue of $546 million compared to Shrek 2's $487.5 million.

The Passion of the Christ, directed by Mel Gibson, became the first blockbuster motion picture of 2004 and also the highest grossing R-rated film domestically. Meet the Fockers beat 2003's Bruce Almighty record for the highest-grossing comedy film; both were released by Universal.

Awards

 * Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival):
 * Fahrenheit 9/11, directed by Michael Moore, United States

 * Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival):
 * Vera Drake, directed by Mike Leigh, United Kingdom

 * Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):
 * Head-On, directed by Fatih Akın, Germany & Turkey

By country/region

 * List of American films of 2004
 * List of Argentine films of 2004
 * List of Australian films of 2004
 * List of Bangladeshi films of 2004
 * List of Brazilian films of 2004
 * List of British films of 2004
 * List of Chinese films of 2004
 * List of Hong Kong films of 2004
 * List of French films of 2004
 * List of Indian films of 2004
 * List of Bengali films of 2004
 * List of Bollywood films of 2004
 * List of Kannada films of 2004
 * List of Tamil films of 2004
 * List of Telugu films of 2004
 * List of Malayalam films of 2004
 * List of Italian films of 2004
 * List of Japanese films of 2004
 * List of Mexican films of 2004
 * List of Pakistani films of 2004
 * List of Russian films of 2004
 * List of South Korean films of 2004
 * List of Spanish films of 2004

By genre/medium

 * List of action films of 2004
 * List of animated feature films of 2004
 * List of avant-garde films of 2004
 * List of crime films of 2004
 * List of comedy films of 2004
 * List of drama films of 2004
 * List of horror films of 2004
 * List of science fiction films of 2004
 * List of thriller films of 2004
 * List of western films of 2004

Births

 * January 10 – Kaitlyn Maher, American singer and actress
 * January 16 – Harry Collett, English actor
 * January 25 – Rohan Chand, American actor
 * February 19 – Millie Bobby Brown, English actress and producer
 * March 5 – Kit Connor, English actor
 * April 21 – Emma Tremblay, Canadian actress
 * April 23 – Teagan Croft, Australian actress
 * May 3 – Mel Maia, Brazilian actress
 * May 13 – Ava Acres, American actress
 * May 22 – Peyton Elizabeth Lee, American actress
 * June 8 - Francesca Capaldi, American actress
 * June 19 – Louis Ashbourne Serkis, English actor
 * July 2 – Caitlin Carmichael, American actress
 * July 4 – Alex R. Hibbert, American actor
 * July 6 – Dylan Kingwell, Canadian actor
 * July 16
 * Ruby Barnhill, English actress
 * Amiah Miller, American actress
 * July 17
 * Logan Allen, American actor
 * Shamon Brown Jr., American actor
 * August 5 – Albert Tsai, American actor
 * August 14 – Marsai Martin, American actress
 * August 19 – Siena Agudong, American actress
 * August 24 – Ivy Wolk, American actress, comedian, and Internet personality
 * September 10 – Gabriel Bateman, American actor
 * September 12 – Ellis Rubin, American actor
 * September 23 – Anthony Gonzalez, American actor
 * October 3 – Noah Schnapp, American actor
 * October 10 – Zain Al Rafeea, Syrian-born Norwegian actor
 * November 1
 * Jayden Bartels, American YouTuber, singer and actress
 * November 11 – Oakes Fegley, American actor
 * November 16
 * Marlon Kazadi, Canadian actor
 * Jack Champion, American actor
 * November 27 – Jet Jurgensmeyer, American actor
 * December 5 – Jules LeBlanc, American YouTuber, singer and actress
 * December 9 – Nico Parker, English actress
 * December 22 – Bryce Gheisar, American actor
 * December 30 – Lyliana Wray, American actress

Film debuts

 * Marian Álvarez – Swindled
 * Ivana Baquero – Romasanta
 * Emily Blunt – My Summer of Love
 * Yvette Nicole Brown – Little Black Book
 * Eddie Cahill – Miracle
 * Eva Ceja – Owenstory
 * Josh Duhamel – The Picture of Dorian Gray
 * Brian F. Durkin – Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius
 * Alice Eve – Stage Beauty
 * Will Forte – Around the World in 80 Days
 * Rupert Friend – The Libertine
 * Nick Frost – Shaun of the Dead
 * David Harbour – Kinsey
 * Amber Heard – Friday Night Lights
 * Jon Heder – Napoleon Dynamite
 * Ed Helms – Blackballed: The Bobby Dukes Story
 * Jonah Hill – I Heart Huckabees
 * Cheryl Hines – Along Came Polly
 * Arielle Kebbel – Soul Plane
 * Toby Kebbell – Dead Man's Shoes
 * Rebekah Kochan – Eating Out
 * Riki Lindhome – Seeing Other People
 * Jason Mantzoukas – Terrorists
 * Joel McHale – Spider-Man 2
 * Denis Ménochet – Automne
 * Mircea Monroe – Cellular
 * Chris Pine – The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement
 * Alba Rohrwacher – An Italian Romance
 * Belén Rueda – The Sea Inside
 * Catalina Sandino Moreno – Maria Full of Grace
 * Amanda Seyfried – Mean Girls
 * Claudia Traisac – The 7th Day
 * Olivia Wilde – The Girl Next Door
 * Patrick Wilson – The Alamo

title: 2004 in film


text:
Talk:European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

Untitled
Since this is a defined standard and the proper name of a project, it needs to be properly capitalised. (Would an admin be so kind as to fix this, please? The correct page name is taken up by a "redicet" page.) --rj 7:34, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Done - Tεx  τ  urε  19:31, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It is now June 2005. Does anybody know if EGNOS is operational? Why are there so little news published on this topic? --LA2 06:21, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

 * Hello. I'm not native English so I didn't changed the article, but due to a new delay, the new expected operational data is in the first quarter of 2006. Also the Testbed is going to be removed (until now it transmitted valid EGNOS signals but the satellite was rather low in horizon for western countries). I suppose the lack of information is because there are no good news, all are delays. Also, in ESA page you can read the new programme but not a word about the delay, as if the original date was 2006. I'm very dissapointed. Regards. --Ncc1701zzz 14:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Let's continue... It is now past the first quarter of 2006. Does anybody know if EGNOS is operational? Why are there so little news published on this topic? --213.39.211.138 15:41, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

This page is deprecated. It mentions that EGNOS is slated to start in the first quarter of 2006 which has passed. Needs Updation.

Move?
System to Service? Seems like this should be moved. Dual Freq 11:19, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Moved. Dual Freq 23:54, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

First Stepping Stone; original research?
I pulled this sentence from the article:
 * EGNOS is the first stepping stone towards the European Galileo positioning system.

It was not cited and sounds like original research. Is there any support for this to be included? - Davandron | Talk 03:25, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * "EGNOS represents the first step in the European Satellite Navigation Strategy that leads to Galileo" (EGNOS flyer) – Rainald62 (talk) 15:12, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Galileo compatibility?
Has anyone seen anything about EGNOS being usable / compatible with Galileo? - Davandron | Talk 03:25, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The main uncertainty (after the artificial jitter of NAVSTAR-GPS has been switched off) is the delay caused by free electrons in the ionosphere. Knowing the electron density there—this is the main content of EDNOS data—allows the receiver to correct the pseudo-ranges. This correction depends on the carrier frequency but not on whether the signal stems from a NAVSTAR or Galileo satellite. – Rainald62 (talk) 15:12, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

picture of the EGNOS ground segment deployment plan
I made a picture of the EGNOS ground segment deployment plan, which is available on Commons : commons:Image:EGNOS map.svg. It can be included in the article. --Ikonact 12:45, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

3 or 4 satellites?
It says at the start of the article that there are 3 geostationary satellites, but further down the page, 4 are listed. Can anyone explain this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Royboymaps (talk • contribs) 16:05, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

Title of document
Title of ESESA is given in the article as "EGNOS Service Extension to South America" - that should be ". . . . South Africa". Follow the link to the document to confirm. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.63.200.55 (talk) 21:55, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101022135956/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/satnav/egnos/index_en.htm to http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/satnav/egnos/index_en.htm

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