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Daniel K. Inouye International Airport

Daniel K. Inouye International Airport, also known as Honolulu International Airport, is the main and largest airport in Hawaii. The airport is named after Honolulu native and Medal of Honor recipient Daniel Inouye, who represented Hawaii in the United States Senate from 1963 until his death in 2012. The airport is in the Honolulu census-designated place 3 miles northwest of Honolulu's central business district. The airport covers 4,220 acres, more than 1% of Oahu's land.

Daniel K. Inouye Airport offers nonstop flights to many places in North America, Asia, and Oceania. The airport serves as the main hub of Hawaiian Airlines and is also a base for Aloha Air Cargo. The airport is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a large-hub primary commercial service facility.

History
The airport opened on March 21, 1927, as John Rodgers Airport, after World War I naval officer John Rodgers. It was funded by the territorial legislature and the Chamber of Commerce, and was the first full airport in Hawaii; aircraft had previously been limited to small landing strips, fields, and seaplane docks. From 1939 to 1943, the adjacent Keehi Lagoon was dredged for use by seaplanes, and the dredged soil was moved to HNL to provide more space for conventional planes.

The U.S. military grounded all civil aircraft and took over all civil airports after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and Rodgers Field was designated Naval Air Station Honolulu. The Navy built a control tower and terminal building, and some commercial traffic was allowed during daylight hours. Rodgers Field was returned to the Territory of Hawaii in 1946. At the time, at 4019 acre, it was one of the largest airports in the United States, with four paved land runways and three seaplane runways.

John Rodgers Airport was renamed Honolulu Airport in 1947; "International" being added to the name in 1951. Being near the center of the Pacific Ocean it was a stop for many transpacific flights. By 1950, it was the third-busiest airport in the United States in terms of aircraft operations, and its 13097 ft runway was the world's longest in 1953. In summer 1959, Qantas began the first jet service to Honolulu on its flights between Australia and California. Qantas introduced these jet flights with Boeing 707 aircraft operating a routing of Sydney – Fiji – Honolulu – San Francisco. Aeronautical engineer and airline consultant Frank Der Yuen advised in the design of the original building and founded its aerospace museum.

The original terminal building on the southeast side of runways 4 was replaced by the John Rodgers Terminal, which was dedicated on August 22, 1962, and opened on October 14, 1962. From 1970 through 1978, the architect Vladimir Ossipoff designed a terminal modernization project that remodeled this terminal and created several additions, which included the Diamond Head Concourse in 1970, the Ewa Concourse in 1972, and the Central Concourse in 1980.

Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) used Honolulu as a transpacific hub for many years, initially as a connecting point between the West Coast and Polynesia (Fiji, New Caledonia, and New Zealand) in 1946, followed by service to East Asia through Midway Island and Wake Island from 1947. By 1960, Pan American was serving the airport with Boeing 707 jets. Pan Am flight number 1, operating a 707, flew a westbound routing of San Francisco – Honolulu – Wake Island – Tokyo – Hong Kong and continuing on to New York City via stops in Asia and Europe. The airline also operated nonstop 707 service to Portland, Oregon (continuing to Seattle) and Los Angeles. Pan Am also had direct 707 flights from Honolulu to Calcutta, Guam, Jakarta, Karachi, Manila, Rangoon, Saigon, and Singapore in 1960. United Airlines was flying nonstop Douglas DC-6 "Mainliner" service from San Francisco in 1947 and by 1961 was operating Douglas DC-8 jet service nonstop from Los Angeles and San Francisco with direct one-stop DC-8 flights from both Chicago and New York City. British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines (BCPA) began serving the airport during the mid-1940s with Douglas DC-4 aircraft flying a routing of Sydney – Auckland – Fiji – Canton Island – Honolulu – San Francisco – Vancouver, B.C. In 1950, Northwest Airlines was operating nonstop flights from Seattle with Boeing 377 Stratocruiser propliners; by 1961, Northwest was flying daily Douglas DC-8 jet service on a round trip routing of New York City – Chicago – Seattle – Portland, OR – Honolulu. Also in 1950, Canadian Pacific Air Lines (which later became CP Air) was operating service between western Canada and Australia with a routing of Vancouver – Honolulu – Canton Island – Fiji – Sydney.

Honolulu-based air carriers Aloha Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines had both introduced jet service on their respective inter-island routes in Hawaii by 1966 with Aloha operating British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets and Hawaiian flying Douglas DC-9-10 jets with both airlines also continuing to operate turboprops on their island services at this time. According to their respective timetables, Aloha was flying Fairchild F-27 and Vickers Viscount propjets while Hawaiian was operating Convair 640 propjets in addition to their new jet aircraft in 1966. Both local air carriers would eventually operate service to the U.S. mainland as well as to the South Pacific while continuing to operate inter-island flights. In 1986, Hawaiian was operating nonstop Lockheed L-1011 Tristar service from Honolulu to Las Vegas, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle as well as one-stop direct service to Portland, Oregon, and also nonstop Douglas DC-8 service to Pago Pago with this flight continuing on to Tonga. By 2003, Aloha was flying nonstop Boeing 737-700 service to Burbank, Oakland, Orange County, and Vancouver, B.C., with one-stop service to Las Vegas, Phoenix, Reno, and Sacramento in addition to operating nonstop flights to Kwajalein and Pago Pago with one-stop service to Majuro and Rarotonga.

In the spring of 1969, Braniff International introduced nonstop Boeing 707-320 service to Honolulu from Dallas Love Field, Houston Hobby Airport, and St. Louis, with one-stop service from Atlanta, Miami, and New Orleans. At the same time, United Airlines introduced daily nonstop Douglas DC-8-62 flights from New York City and was continuing to operate nonstop DC-8 service to Honolulu from Los Angeles and San Francisco. Also in 1969, Western Airlines was operating nonstop Boeing 707 and Boeing 720B service not only from several California cities but also from Anchorage, Denver, Minneapolis–St. Paul, and Phoenix. By 1981, Western was operating one-stop McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 service from London Gatwick Airport via a polar route with a stop in Anchorage. By the mid-1970s Pan Am offered nonstop service from Honolulu to Japan, Guam, Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, as well as to cities on the West Coast. Continental Airlines used Honolulu as a stopover point for charter service to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War era, and to feed its Guam-based Air Micronesia operation. By the early 1970s, Continental was operating scheduled nonstop flights between Honolulu and Los Angeles, Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, including Boeing 747-100 nonstops from Los Angeles and one-stop 747 flights from Chicago. Air Micronesia had service to Guam via stops at Midway Island, Kwajalein, Majuro, Ponape, (now Pohnpei) and Truk (now Chuuk State) flying a Boeing 727-100. American Airlines also operated flights to Auckland, Sydney, Fiji and Pago Pago via Honolulu during the early 1970s in addition to operating nonstop Boeing 707-320 flights from St. Louis.

Over the years, many foreign air carriers used Honolulu as a transpacific stopover point, including Air New Zealand, BOAC (now British Airways), British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines, Canadian Pacific Air Lines, China Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, Japan Airlines, Korean Air, Philippine Airlines, Qantas, Real Transportes Aereos (a Brazilian airline), and Singapore Airlines as well as French air carriers Union de Transports Aeriens (UTA) and its predecessor Transports Aeriens Intercontinentaux (TAI). BOAC served Honolulu as part of its around the world services during the 1960s and early 1970s, first with Bristol Britannia turboprop airliners and later with Boeing 707 and Vickers VC10 jets. Pan Am and Trans World Airlines (TWA) also served Honolulu as a stop on their respective around the world services during the early 1970s. In 1979, Braniff International was operating all of its flights from the airport with Boeing 747 aircraft with nonstops to Dallas–Fort Worth, Guam, and Los Angeles as well as one-stop service to Hong Kong and also one-stop service to Bogota in South America. Several small airlines based in the South Pacific also served Honolulu. In 1983, Air Nauru was operating Boeing 737-200 nonstop flights from Majuro with direct service from Nauru, Air Niugini was flying Boeing 707 aircraft nonstop from Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea and Air Tungaru was operating Boeing 727-100 aircraft nonstop from Christmas Island. Also in 1983, Honolulu-based South Pacific Island Airways was operating nonstop Boeing 707 service from Anchorage, Guam, Pago Pago and Papeete.

In April 1974, American Airlines, Braniff International, Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Pan Am, TWA, United Airlines and Western Airlines were all operating nonstop services on domestic routes from the U.S. mainland while CP Air, a Canadian airline, was operating international nonstop service from Vancouver and on to the South Pacific during the mid-1970s. Just over 25 years later, in June 1999, U.S.-based air carriers operating domestic nonstop services from the mainland included American Airlines, American Trans Air, Continental, Delta Air Lines, Hawaiian Airlines, Northwest, TWA, and United, while Air Canada, Canadian Airlines International (the successor to CP Air), and Canada 3000 were operating nonstop services from Canada.

Modernization and history since 2006
After thirty years, Ossipoff's "forward-looking and flexible design" for the Overseas Terminal had become quite dated. A 2007 retrospective book on Ossipoff's architecture noted that his terminal design was "facing the challenges of new standards of accessibility, comfort, and security", and was therefore likely to be altered or obliterated in the near future.

On March 24, 2006, Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle unveiled a $2.3 billion modernization program for Hawaii airports over a 12-year period, with $1.7 billion budgeted for Honolulu International Airport. The plan involves implementing short-term projects within the first five years to improve passenger service and increase security and operational efficiencies.

As part of the modernization, flight display monitors throughout the airport were upgraded, new food and beverage vendors were added, and a new parking garage across from the international arrival terminal was completed. An international arrivals corridor with moving sidewalks built atop the breezeway leading to the Ewa Concourse was completed in 2010.

In 2011, Hawaiian Airlines renovated the check-in lobby of the Interisland Terminal, replacing the traditional check-in counters with six circular check-in islands in the middle of the lobbies, which can be used for inter-island, mainland, and international flights. This renovation project was fully funded by Hawaiian Airlines and not a part of the modernization program.

By 2012, Hawaiian Airlines was re-establishing Honolulu International Airport as a connecting hub between the United States mainland and the Asia-Pacific region. That year, according to a Massachusetts Institute of Technology study, the airport had 24% fewer domestic departure flights than it did in 2007.

During the 2016 legislative session, the Hawaii state legislature passed a resolution requesting that the U.S. Department of Transportation rename Honolulu International Airport for the late U.S. senator and Medal of Honor recipient Daniel Inouye. The new name first appeared in Federal Aviation Administration documentation on April 27, 2017, and the airport was officially renamed in a ceremony at the airport on May 30, 2017.

On June 1, 2018, the Hawaii Department of Transportation started renumbering all gates and baggage claim carousels. Gates were renamed alphanumerically, baggage carousels were renumbered from alphanumerical to numerical, and the Interisland and Overseas terminals were redesignated Terminals 1 and 2 respectively. HDOT cited the expansion of existing terminals in the airport as a reason to renumber all gates and baggage carousels. The renumbering was the first done since 1993.

After years of delays, the state airports division broke ground on the Mauka Concourse in Terminal 1 on May 30, 2018, and completed construction on August 26, 2021. The first concourse expansion at HNL since 1995, the new concourse includes gates that can accommodate wide-body jets, thus reducing the need for Hawaiian Airlines passengers to walk between Terminals 1 and 2 for overseas arrivals and departures, and freeing up gate space for other airlines.

A new consolidated rental car facility (CONRAC) was built on the east side of Terminal 2 and was completed on December 1, 2021. The 1.8 million square foot five-story facility is a short walk from Terminal 2 baggage claim and is also served by a consolidated shuttle bus service.

Facilities
The airport has four major runways, which it operates in conjunction with the adjacent Hickam Air Force Base. The principal runway designated 8R/26L, also known as the Reef Runway, was the world's first major runway constructed entirely offshore. Completed in 1977, the Reef Runway was a designated alternate landing site for the Space Shuttle.

In addition to the four paved runways, Daniel K. Inouye International Airport has two designated offshore waterways designated 8W/26W and 4W/22W for use by seaplanes.

Terminals
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport has 60 gates (54 jet-way gates and 6 hard stands) in three terminals. Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 are connected post-security, however, passengers walking from Terminal 1 to Terminal 2 must pass through a USDA agricultural inspection station for carry-on luggage.

Terminal 1 (formerly known as the "Interisland Terminal") opened in 1993 and has 25 gates. The $130 million 8-gate terminal was the largest construction project undertaken at that time by the State Airports Division and replaced an earlier terminal built in 1961. In 1995, a 5-gate extension to the terminal, which also featured a new post-security walkway to Terminal 2, opened.

On May 30, 2018, the state airports division broke ground on the Mauka Concourse after years of delays. This new concourse adds space for 11 narrow-body aircraft or six wide-body aircraft and also features a post-security walkway to the rest of Terminal 1 and a new six-lane TSA security checkpoint. The Mauka Concourse opened for passenger use on August 27, 2021.

Continuing the improvements to Terminal 1, Hawaiian Airlines spent $14 million on a new four-lane security checkpoint located at the makai end of the terminal. This new security checkpoint opened on February 18, 2023 and replaced the security checkpoint that was previously located in the center of the terminal.

Terminal 3 opened in 2018 between the Delta and United Cargo facilities on the Diamond Head side of the airport. The terminal was originally a single-story facility located north of Terminal 1 adjacent to Nimitz Highway, but this older facility was closed on June 1, 2018, for demolition in order to make way for the Mauka Concourse expansion of Terminal 1. Originally a larger replacement commuter terminal was planned to be built on the Diamond Head side of the airport, but those plans were ultimately canceled. This was largely due to bankruptcy of three of the four airlines occupying the terminal and the higher-than-expected cost of the project.

Ground transportation
The airport is accessible from both Interstate H-1 at exit 16 and Nimitz Highway.

TheBus routes 20 and 303 stop on the departures level of the airport. Route 20 connects the airport to Pearlridge Center, Downtown Honolulu, Ala Moana Center, and Waikiki. Hickam AFB is served by the new Route 303. Routes 9, 40, 42, and 51 run on Nimitz Highway within walking distance of the airport.

Skyline, the light metro system serving the City and County of Honolulu, will service the airport via the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport station once Segment 2 opens in mid-2025.

The Wiki Wiki Shuttle, the airport's free shuttle bus, provides service between the ticket lobbies of all three terminals as well as provides service between the concourses of Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 post-security.

A 1.8 million sq ft $377 million consolidated rental car facility (CONRAC) opened on December 1, 2021 consolidating all rental car companies into one shared facility. Alamo Rent A Car, Avis Car Rental, Budget Rent A Car, Dollar Rent A Car, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Hertz, National Car Rental, Payless Car Rental, Sixt Rent A Car, and Thrifty Car Rental operate out of the facility which features 4,500 parking stalls across five levels.

Fixed-base operators
A number of fixed-base operators are located along Lagoon Drive on the airport's southeastern perimeter. While these focus on general aviation services, there are a few small passenger airline operations that operate from these facilities, rather than from the main terminal complex. Air tour flights typically depart from this area as well.

Accidents and incidents

 * On March 22, 1955, a United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster transport on descent to a landing in darkness and heavy rain strayed off course and crashed into Pali Kea Peak in the southern part of Oahu's Waianae Range, killing all 66 people on board. It remains the worst air disaster in Hawaii's history and the deadliest heavier-than-air accident in the history of U.S. naval aviation.
 * On July 22, 1962, Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 301, a Bristol Britannia 314 crashed while it attempted a "go-around". 27 of the 40 passengers and crew on board were killed.
 * Vickers Viscount N7410 of Aloha Airlines was damaged beyond repair when it collided on the ground with Douglas DC-9-31 N906H of Hawaiian Airlines on June 27, 1969.
 * On August 8, 1971, Vickers Viscount N7415 of Aloha Airlines was damaged beyond economic repair when a fire broke out upon landing.
 * Pan Am Flight 830: a Boeing 747-121, a bomb exploded aboard as the aircraft prepared for approach to Honolulu from Tokyo on August 11, 1982. One teenager was killed and 15 others were injured. The aircraft did not disintegrate, and made a safe emergency landing in Honolulu.
 * United Airlines Flight 811: a Boeing 747 carrying three flight crew, 15 cabin crew, and 337 passengers from Honolulu to Auckland on February 24, 1989, suffered rapid decompression when a cargo door separated from the aircraft while climbing to cruise altitude. Nine passengers were swept from the aircraft. The plane returned to Honolulu.
 * Bojinka plot: a plot discovered by United States and Filipino intelligence authorities after a fire in a Manila apartment, included in its first phase the planned detonation of bombs aboard several flights inbound to, or outbound from, Honolulu on January 21, 1995. The Bojinka plot later developed into the September 11 attacks.
 * On February 2, 2016, the pilot of a Cessna 337 Skymaster, making a trip to nearby Kalaeloa Airport from Honolulu International Airport, discovered his landing gear would not extend. After holding for 2 hours to burn fuel, he made an emergency water landing in Sea Lane 4/22 off Lagoon Drive. The 68-year-old pilot did not require transportation to the hospital.
 * On July 2, 2021, a Transair Boeing 737-200 (N810TA), en route to Kahului operating as cargo flight Transair Flight 810, crash-landed into the ocean shortly after departure near Ewa Beach. The aircraft had suffered an engine failure. The two pilots on board were rescued by the United States Coast Guard with minor injuries.

title: Daniel K. Inouye International Airport


text:
Talk:National monument (United States)

Colorado National Monument
This article attributes the creation of Colorado National Monument to Teddy Roosevelt in 1911...but Teddy Roosevelt had been out of office for three years by that point. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.246.184.231 (talk) 01:57, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

Comments
Should the article title be "...Monuments?" Slrubenstein

 * No. With the singular we can simply link to this article without using pipes. See Naming conventions (pluralization). --mav 01:27 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Uh, okay, Slrubenstein

Edited the sentence "...although wilderness areas managed by the United States Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management often allow hunting" to include "and grazing". Mwehman (talk) 13:49, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

"The proclamation authority was not used again anywhere until 1996" The table in List of National Monuments of the United States doesn't seem to support this. There are many monuments established between 1978 and 1996. 2620:0:1000:1704:8579:B235:17A9:F5C4 (talk) 20:58, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
 * National Monuments can also be designated by acts of Congress. Ethelred unraed (talk) 21:39, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Americentricism
This article - National Monument, despite being a relatively ambiguous term, explicity discusses only the US concept of a National Monument. In Ireland, we also have a concept of a "national monument" (it's in the news at the minute because they are building a motorway over one - remains of a castle in the path of Dublin's M50 motorway). It's hard to see how to insert general information (non-US) into the article without spoiling it. Perhaps this should be moved to US National Monuments instead, with a more general article at this location?

Do any other countries have a concept of "National Monuments"?

zoney ▓ █ ▒ talk 20:15, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The article has since been renamed. -- Beland (talk) 18:56, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Removed text
I removed the following from the article because it is unreferenced, possibly original research, and it seems likely to be incorrect. -- Beland (talk) 18:56, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

The island of Guam was a Unincorporated Territory of the United States and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI) was in Political Union with the U.S., but not a Incorporated Territory as well. Since neither were Incorporated Territory meaning eventually they were to be de-colonized per the UN Charter, the Presidential Proclamation laying Federal claim to National Monument status permanently makes those Territories Incorporated Territories of the United States. The United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories which was created in 1946 pursuant to Article XI of the United Nations Charter, listed the CNMI as a area to be decolonized until 1990 when the U.S. agreed to release them as their own entity in Political Union with the United States. Guam is still listed as an area to be decolonized by the UN, but in light of the National Monument status both appear to be permanently Incorporated into the United States per Presidential Proclamation. Insular Court cases viewed by the Supreme Court such as Rasmussen v. United States states only Congress can Incorporate Territory to the United States, but this Presidential Proclamation creating this National Monument does so without Congress and permanently ends Guam's Commonwealth status goals that were attempted in Congress for over a decade. Also it ends the CNMI supposed de-colonization and makes them permanent Incorporated Territories of the United States, pending Supreme Court rule and United Nations protests. The Antiquities Act as codified contains provisions that could evict the residents of the Marianas Islands under its National Monument status. With the Marianas Islands military complex being constructed currently, National Monument status for the Marianas is mute seeing how it is and will increase to be a live fire military training complex.

National Monuments not same as Protected areas
Places designated as National Monuments by the U.S. President are not always natural areas like Devils Postpile. Completely different from that are historic, non-natural sites, like the African Burial Ground in downtown New York City and a Lincoln cottage/memorial in Washington, D.C. Those historic sites are "protected" if you wish, but they are not "Protected areas", which is a defined term meaning areas of 6 types defined by the IUCN International Union of something or another. This has recently been discussed at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Protected areas. Editors, please stop making incorrect, unsupported assertions by category changes or editing the lede or otherwise, along these lines! :) Please discuss if you wish at the Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Protected areas discussion. doncram (talk) 17:50, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Your statements are a personal point of view, not supported by the US legislative fact. As such, your statements are useless.  IUCN has nothing to do with US law. Hmains (talk) 18:14, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Doncram, I respect your view, but these are indeed protected areas. They are areas that receive protection from the US Federal Government. While some are not completely natural and therefore do not fit the IUCN's definition, nothing here implies that we are following this unrelated NGO's terminology. I am somewhat disappointed the IUCN has such such definitions that do not take the generality of the terms into account. Perhaps the link to protected area should be removed, but they are still protected areas. However, that article should also be expanded. It should clearly define that the IUCN decides to only classify those concerning nature, but that there are many other types of protected areas. Reywas92 Talk  22:37, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

Dead Link
This external link is dead and should receive a replacement: http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl/ Leitmotiv (talk) 22:03, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 1

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move. Favonian (talk) 17:02, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

National Monument (United States) → National monument (United States) – As a general term, "national monument" is not a proper noun and thus should be given in sentence case rather than title case, exactly as is done for national parks in (for example) List of national parks of the United States. WolfmanSF (talk) 01:44, 22 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Question I am not going to pretend to be familiar with U.S. law, but this does not strike me as being used as a general term ("Lots of countries have legislation protecting national monuments" is an example of the term being used in a general sense). This is an official designation.  I would have thought it was being used as a proper noun (National Monuments are a specific type of national monument).  The same issue with National Historic Sites. The two sentences "This park is a National Monument" and "This park is a national monument" mean very different things.  --Skeezix1000 (talk) 14:57, 22 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not aware that being officially designated makes something a proper noun. For example, state birds are officially designated, but we don't treat the term as a proper noun. "National monument" is a general term in that it refers (in this case) to any member of the class of U. S. national monuments, numbering about a hundred, not to one specific national monument. WolfmanSF (talk)
 * I actually disagree with you on that. "National Monument" and "national monument" are two very different things.  A "national monument" is any type of monument, in an any jurisdiction, which the writer suggests has some national significance or pertains to the national government in some way.  That's the general term.  A "National Monument", on the other hand, is an official designation pertaining to a protected area in the United States declared by the President.  It's a proper name referring to a specific class of entities considered as unique. Your "state birds" comparison is apples and oranges.  While many (all?) states have designated an official state bird, there all do so in their way, as do countries, provinces, regions and other jurisdictions the world over.  There is no single state or official bird designation, representing a separate and unique class of bird. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 19:44, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. This is not about a United-States-centric concept of "national monuments"; it is about topics in the United States that are called National Monuments.  As such, the article title should either remain as it is, or move to a title such as United States National Monuments or national monuments in the United States.  Powers T 17:48, 22 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. As the nominator, I would like to ask those opposing to distinguish whether they believe "national monument" is a proper noun, and if so to explain why, or whether they believe it is a common noun for which the normal rules of typography and Wikipedia policy should not be followed. Also, I'd like to point out a few links that support my position, in Britannica online, the National Parks Conservation Association web site (2nd paragraph, 2nd to last line), and Encyclopedia.Com. WolfmanSF (talk)
 * My opposition is irrelevant to whether or not I feel the phrase is a proper noun or not. Powers T 19:03, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Perhaps so, but whether something is capitalized in formal prose is generally based on the application of rules, not on someone's preference or a vote. WolfmanSF (talk) 00:31, 24 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Have you even read my opposition? I specifically tried to make clear that I was not addressing the issue of whether or not this should be treated as a proper noun or not.  I oppose the change if it's a proper noun, and I oppose the change if it's not, because neither title is, IMO, correct.  Powers T 16:00, 25 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Useful distinction from things like the National Monument to the Forefathers, . The NPS sometimes uses as well: "designated as a National Monument in 1924". Rmhermen (talk) 17:13, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree that the typographical distinction could be useful if there were a lot of examples of non-Antiquities Act-based "national monuments", and if there was also a general practice outside Wikipedia of maintaining this distinction. However, I doubt the former is true and I have already shown the latter isn't true, which undercuts the usefulness of trying to maintain this distinction in Wikipedia. Under the circumstances, it will probably be necessary to explicitly discuss the difference when the issue arises, as is done in the National Monument to the Forefathers article, or perhaps to use wording similar to what I just used. WolfmanSF (talk) 03:08, 24 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

New requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:35, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

National Monument (United States) → United States National Monument – Alternatively, National monuments in the United States. As per my comments in the above section, this is not an article about a different concept of national monuments unique to the United States, but rather a subarticle of the National monument article; the title should reflect that, using our usual titling conventions, rather than using the disambiguation convention. Powers T 15:36, 3 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose, but National monument (United States) might be a good choice. My reasoning:
 * 1) Contrary to the nominator's assertion, U.S. "National Monuments" are not the same as what's described in National monument. That article says "A National monument is a monument constructed in order to commemorate something of national importance". The great majority of National Monuments in the US are protected areas (e.g., natural areas or archaeological sites); they are not constructed and they generally don't "commemorate" anything. Furthermore, the term has a very specific meaning, in that "National Monuments" are specifically authorized by the Antiquities Act of 1906 and can only be established by Presidential proclamation.
 * 2) The proposed proper-noun term "United States National Monument" would be a Wikipedia neologism, and thus is inappropriate for an article title.
 * 3) The form "National Monument (United States)" is consistent with Wikipedia convention for titling articles about named entities that have different meanings in different countries.
 * 4) The general term "National Monument" sometimes is treated as a proper noun (as in the article title), but in recent usage is often rendered in lower case ("national monument"), so National monument (United States) might be appropriate. However, because this article describes a specific legal concept rather than a list of entities, the title National monuments in the United States is undesirable. (Note that List of National Monuments of the United States exists as a separate article.) --Orlady (talk) 16:10, 3 July 2012 (UTC)
 * We just had the discussion on the name you propose, and it was rejected. Powers T 19:52, 3 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose this suggestion, for reasons stated in the move discussion above. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 19:58, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment "United States National Monument" is not a neologism. (1978). (2010), (2007), (1957) -- 70.49.127.65 (talk) 04:51, 4 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose This is, in fact, an article about a different concept of national monuments unique to the United States.  I adopt the reasoning of Orlady's point no. 1 above. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 20:00, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

NPOV issues
I added the POV tags and started the cleanup. This article needs a lot more work. It was written as a largely-uncited critique of the national monuments creation process. It didn't have a NPOV. Nearwater (talk) 18:05, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Quotes
Mbierman... I'm unaware as to why you restored quotes around the names of national monuments. They aren't direct quotes from anywhere, they're proper names, and stylistically, there's no reason for the quotes. Could you explain why you think they need to be there? NorthBySouthBaranof (talk) 02:09, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

NorthBySouthBaranof I removed them. Our edits simply passed each other. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mbierman (talk • contribs) 02:16, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Yep, no worries. NorthBySouthBaranof (talk) 02:42, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

Merge Antiquities Act into this one
Is there a reason why this and Antiquities Act are separate articles? it seems to me that we can merge that article into this one and have a more complete, more encylopedia-like article. Most of the history is the same.--Iloilo Wanderer (talk) 03:20, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The Antiquities Act page has lots of nice detail in the infobox that I think we should keep. The reverse, i.e., merging this national monument article into the Antiquities Act article, might work if there are no national monuments that didn't come from the Antiquities Act. Is that true? Nearwater (talk) 05:19, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * You raise a good question. I await others to answer it.
 * I think that we can keep the infoxbox and indeed create a section here with the heading "Antiquities Act", highlighting that act and giving something for people to link to (e.g. National Monument (United States)), while merging the history section.  I think that "National Monument" being the WP:CommonName should remain the title of the resulting merged article. --Iloilo Wanderer (talk) 12:18, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Keep them separate. The topics are distinct (National Monuments are places and the Antiquities Act is a statute) and both could be expanded productively. The fact that the two articles are very similar right now does not mean that they couldn't be developed in different directions, but merging them is likely to prevent further development. --Orlady (talk) 20:43, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * How can they be developed in different directions? Does the Antiquities Act do anything else but create National Monuments? --Iloilo Wanderer (talk) 01:20, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Merge this page with Antiquities Act. The Antiquities Act page is about a specific federal law establishing the authority to create National Monuments; this page defines what National Monuments are.  I don't think we need both; the page on the Act can define them.  We also have List of National Monuments of the United States which should remain as is. 331dot (talk) 20:57, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The Antiquities act seems to have been the legal basis for prosecuting looting on all federal lands, not just in monuments. I think. Rmhermen (talk) 20:53, 23 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The Antiquities Act article contains references to the expansion of presidential power and Supreme Court cases that have created this power. This would not be appropriate as part of the National Monument article, particularly because national monuments can be established in other ways and too much emphasis on this Act would be out of place.Moonboy54 (talk) 03:25, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

OPPOSE. The Antiquities Act is a piece of legislation that has many potential applications. The designation of National Monuments may be the best known of these, but it is certainly no the only one. Enabling legislation is important enough to deserve its own entry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.191.46.58 (talk) 20:23, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

Duplicate of info on List of National Monuments of the United States not needed
I removed from the history section a few paragraphs that just said On XX date Pres. Obama created XX national monument, commenting "Removed list of recent additions. There is a List of National Monuments of the United States article". User:Rmhermen undid my changes commenting only "(restore recent history to history section)". I see no reason to duplicate information that already exists at List of National Monuments of the United States. This article should encyclopedic and not a WP:Laundry list. We should mention only substantial and historical creations not each and every one and leave the list article for Pres created XX national monument on XX date listing. --Iloilo Wanderer (talk) 12:14, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, let's nix the redundant laundry list stuff. If there's been some important recent trends (that sources back up), that might be worth mentioning. Additionally, it might be helpful to add the presidents as a separate column to the table here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Monuments_of_the_United_States Nearwater (talk) 06:03, 23 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Note: The list article contains only current National Monuments. It only has a brief discussion on the numerous former National Monuments, which are properly in the scope of this article. --Orlady (talk) 15:57, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:National monument (United States)


text:
Hacker Manifesto

The Conscience of a Hacker (also known as The Hacker Manifesto) is a short essay written on January 8, 1986 by Loyd Blankenship, a computer security hacker who went by the handle The Mentor, and belonged to the second generation of hacker group Legion of Doom.

It was written after the author's arrest, and first published in the underground hacker ezine Phrack. It can be found on many websites, as well as on T-shirts and in films.

Considered a cornerstone of hacker culture, the Manifesto asserts that there is a point to hacking that supersedes selfish desires to exploit or harm other people, and that technology should be used to expand our horizons and try to keep the world free.

When asked about his motivation for writing the article, Blankenship said, "I was going through hacking withdrawal, and Craig/Knight Lightning needed something for an upcoming issue of Phrack. I was reading The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress and was very taken with the idea of revolution." At a more prominent public event, when asked about his arrest and motivation for writing the article, Blankenship said, "I was just in a computer I shouldn’t have been. And [had] a great deal of empathy for my friends around the nation that were also in the same situation. This was post-WarGames, the movie, so pretty much the only public perception of hackers at that time was ‘hey, we’re going to start a nuclear war, or play tic-tac-toe, one of the two,’ and so I decided I would try to write what I really felt was the essence of what we were doing and why we were doing it."

In popular culture
The article is quoted several times in the 1995 movie Hackers, although in the movie it is being read from an issue of the hacker magazine 2600, not the historically accurate Phrack.

The Mentor gave a reading of The Hacker Manifesto and offered additional insight at H2K2. It is also an item in the game Culpa Innata.

A poster of the Hacker Manifesto appears in the 2010 film The Social Network in the Harvard room of Mark Zuckerberg.

The Hacker Manifesto is mentioned in Edward Snowden's autobiography Permanent Record.

Amplitude Problem's 2019 album Crime of Curiosity, featuring The Mentor himself, YTCracker, Inverse Phase and Linux kernel maintainer King Fisher of TRIAD is dedicated to The Hacker Manifesto. Each song title is a phrase from the essay.

title: Hacker Manifesto


text:
Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin

Christ Church Cathedral, more formally The Cathedral of the Holy Trinity (Irish: Ardeaglais Theampall Chríost ), is the cathedral of the United Dioceses of Dublin and Glendalough and the cathedral of the ecclesiastical province of the United Provinces of Dublin and Cashel in the (Anglican) Church of Ireland. It is situated in Dublin, Ireland, and is the elder of the capital city's two medieval cathedrals, the other being St Patrick's Cathedral.

The cathedral was founded in the early 11th century under the Viking king Sitric Silkenbeard. It was rebuilt in stone in the late 12th century under the Norman potentate Strongbow, and considerably enlarged in the early 13th century, using Somerset stones and craftsmen. A partial collapse in the 16th century left it in poor shape and the building was extensively renovated and rebuilt in the late 19th century, giving it the form it has today, including the tower, flying buttresses, and distinctive covered footbridge.

Overview
In law, and in fact, it has been the cathedral of only the Church of Ireland's Archbishop of Dublin since the Irish Reformation. Though nominally claiming Christ Church as his cathedral, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin uses St Mary's in Marlborough Street in Dublin as his pro-cathedral (acting cathedral).

Christ Church Cathedral is located in the former heart of medieval Dublin, next to Wood Quay at the end of Lord Edward Street. However, a major dual carriageway building scheme around it separated it from the original medieval street pattern which once surrounded it, with its original architectural context (at the centre of a maze of small buildings and streets) lost due to road-building and the demolition of the older residential quarter at Wood Quay. As a result, the cathedral now appears dominant in isolation behind new civil offices along the quays, out of its original medieval context. The cathedral is used as the setting for filming from time to time.

Christ Church is the only one of the three cathedrals or acting cathedrals which can be seen clearly from the River Liffey.

First cathedral
The cathedral was founded probably sometime after 1028 when King Sitric Silkenbeard, the Hiberno-Norse king of Dublin made a pilgrimage to Rome. The first bishop of this new Dublin diocese was Dúnán or Donat, and the diocese was at that time a small island of land surrounded by the much larger Diocese of Glendalough, and was for a time answerable to Canterbury rather than to the Irish Church hierarchy. The church was built on the high ground overlooking the Viking settlement at Wood Quay and Sitric gave the "lands of Baldoyle, Raheny and Portrane for its maintenance." Of the four old Celtic Christian churches reputed to have existed around Dublin, only one, dedicated to St. Martin of Tours, lay within the walls of the Viking city, and so Christ Church was one of just two churches for the whole city.

The cathedral was originally staffed by secular clergy. The second Bishop of Dublin introduced the Benedictines. In 1163, Christ Church was converted to a priory of the Regular Order of Arrosian Canons (Reformed Augustinian Rule) by the second Archbishop of Dublin, later saint, Laurence O'Toole, who adhered to the rule himself; it was subsequently headed by an Augustinian prior, who ranked as the second ecclesiastical figure of the diocese, and not a dean, until re-establishment in 1541. This priory, the Priory of the Holy Trinity, became the wealthiest religious house in Ireland, holding over 10000 acre of property in County Dublin alone, most notable of which were the three home farms held at Grangegorman, Glasnevin and Clonken or Clonkene, now known as Deansgrange.

Norman period
Henry II attended the Christmas service at the cathedral in 1171. According to the cathedral guidebook, this was the first time Henry received Holy Communion following the murder of Thomas Becket by Henry's knights in Canterbury.

In the 1180s, Strongbow and other Norman magnates helped to fund a complete rebuilding of Christ Church, initially a wooden building, in stone, comprising the construction of a choir, choir aisles and transepts, the crypt and chapels to St. Edmund and St. Mary and St. Lô.

A chapel to St Laurence O'Toole was added in the 13th century and much of the extant nave was built in the 1230s. Its design was inspired by the architecture of the English western school of Gothic, and its wrought stones—of a Somersetshire oolite—were sculpted and laid by craftsmen from the same area.

In 1300 Richard de Ferings, Archbishop of Dublin arranged an agreement between the two cathedrals, the Pacis Compostio, which acknowledged both as cathedrals and made some provisions to accommodate their shared status (see below for more on this).

In the 1350s a major extension was undertaken by John de St Paul, Archbishop of Dublin, 1349–1362. By 1358, the nave of the cathedral was partly in use for secular purposes and a "long quire" was added, extending the old choir area by around 10 metres. St Paul also installed an organ. His works were destroyed by the major rebuilding project in the 1870s. He was buried under the high altar.

In 1480 the wealthy judge William Sutton bequeathed all his lands and silver to the cathedral.

The cathedral was the location of the purported coronation, in 1487, of Lambert Simnel, a boy pretender who sought unsuccessfully to depose Henry VII of England, as "King Edward VI".

The choir school was founded in 1493.

Reformation period
As part the dissolution of the Irish monasteries, King Henry VIII by Royal Warrant of 12 December 1539 abolished the Priory of the Holy Trinity. The Prior and Canons of Holy Trinity were transformed into secular clergy, to be known as the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church. So, Robert Paynswick or Penswick, alias Castell, Prior, and Richard Ball, Sub-Prior, became Dean and Precentor respectively, whilst Walter White, Seneschal and Precentor, became Chancellor and Vicar-Choral, and John Moss, Sub-Precentor [Succentor] and Sacristan, Treasurer and Vicar-Choral of the new foundation. Thus the last Augustinian Prior (Robert Paynswick) became the first Dean of Christ Church, though the process of conversion actually continued in 1540 and 1542, finishing with a Chapter of eight clergy.

Henry VIII's immediate successor, Edward VI of England, in 1547, provided funds for an increase in cathedral staffing and annual royal funding for the choir school.

King Edward VI formally suppressed St Patrick's Cathedral and, on 25 April 1547, its silver, jewels and ornaments were transferred to the dean and chapter of Christ Church. This episode ended with a late document of Queen Mary's reign, a deed dated 27 April 1558, comprising a release or receipt by Thomas Leverous, dean, and the chapter of St Patrick's, of the "goods, chattels, musical instruments, etc." belonging to that cathedral and which had been in the possession of the dean and chapter of Christ Church.

Queen Mary I of England, and later James I of England, also increased Christ Church's endowment. Meanwhile, in 1551, divine service was sung for the first time in Ireland in English instead of Latin. In 1560, the Bible was first read in English.

Kingdom of Ireland
The foundations of the nave, resting in peat, slipped in 1562, bringing down the south wall and the arched stone roof (the north wall, which visibly leans, survived, and largely dates back to 1230). Partial repairs were carried out but much of the debris was simply levelled and new flooring was built over it until 1871. In 1620 the English-born judge Luke Gernon observed that Christchurch was in a better state of repair than St. Patrick's; he does not seem to have been overly impressed by either.

In the 17th century, both parliament and the law courts met in buildings erected alongside Christ Church. King James II himself presided over a state opening of parliament in that location. However, parliament and the law courts both moved elsewhere: the law courts to the newly built Four Courts on the riverfront, and Parliament to Chichester House in Hoggen Green, into the building which is now The Bank of Ireland, College Green.

Like nearby St Patrick's, the building was in poor condition for much of the 19th century. After the building was declared unsafe and no longer fit for use, some limited works were carried out by Matthew Price (architect) between 1829 and 1831.

19th and 20th centuries
The cathedral was extensively renovated and rebuilt from 1871 to 1878 by George Edmund Street, with the sponsorship of the distiller Henry Roe of Mount Anville. The great 14th-century choir was demolished and a new eastern end was built over the original crypt. He built a new chapter house. The tower was rebuilt. The south nave arcade was rebuilt. The flying buttresses were added as a decorative feature. The north porch was removed. The baptistry was built in its place. Street built the adjacent Synod Hall, taking in the last remnant of St Michael and All Angels's Church, including the bell tower. The synod house is linked to the cathedral by Street's iconic covered footbridge. Roe spent over £230,000 at the time (over €26 million in 2006 terms). Further renovations were carried out, notably between 1980 and 1982.

Role
Christ Church is the centre of worship for the united dioceses and holds notable annual events such as the Citizenship Service. As the cathedral of the southern province of the Church of Ireland, it also hosts ordinations of priests and consecrations of bishops.

Impact of the restoration
The extensive renovation in Victorian times preserved the seriously decayed structure from collapse, but it is now difficult to tell which parts of the interior are medieval and which parts are Victorian pastiche. Photographs of the exterior show the extent of the Victorian rebuilding: Archbishop de St Paul's 14th-century cathedral, in particular, the "long choir", was almost entirely destroyed. As a result, Christ Church is a mixture of surviving medieval and later church building.

Nave
The cathedral contains the reputed tomb of Strongbow, a medieval Norman-Welsh peer and warlord who came to Ireland at the request of King Diarmuid MacMorrough and whose arrival marked the beginning of Anglo-Norman involvement in Ireland. According to the Christ Church Cathedral website, in 1562 the nave roof vaulting collapsed and Strongbow's tomb was smashed; the current tomb is a contemporary replacement from Drogheda. As is well documented from a number of sources, the tomb of Strongbow was used as the venue for legal agreements from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Alongside the main tomb is a smaller figure with sloping shoulders, suggesting a female figure, but wearing chain mail, which may indicate that it was a child.

Crypt
Christ Church also contains the largest cathedral crypt (63.4m long) in Britain or Ireland, constructed in 1172–1173. Having been renovated in the early 2000s, it is now open for visitors.

The crypt contains various monuments and historical features, including:

 * the oldest known secular carvings in Ireland, two carved statues that until the late 18th century stood outside the Tholsel (Dublin's medieval city hall, which was demolished in 1806)
 * a tabernacle and set of candlesticks which were used when the cathedral last operated (for a very short time) under the "Roman rite", when the Roman Catholic king, James II, having fled England in 1690, came to Ireland to fight for his throne and attended High Mass in the temporary restoration of Christ Church as a Roman Catholic cathedral.
 * the stocks, formerly in Christ Church Place, made in 1670 and used for the punishment of offenders before the Court of the Dean's Liberty (the small area under the cathedral's exclusive civic authority), moved here in 1870
 * historic books and altar goods of the Cathedral
 * "The Cat & The Rat" are displayed with an explanatory note.

Chapter house
Behind the altar area, there is the chapter house, which contains cathedral offices, meeting rooms and other facilities.

Synod hall and bridge
At the west end of the cathedral is a fully integrated stone bridge, leading to the former synod hall, which was built on the site of St Michael's, a prebendal church of Christ Church which was demolished by Street during his restoration of the cathedral. This hall, which incorporates the old St Michael's tower, was formerly used for hosting general synods and diocesan synods for Dublin, Glendalough and Kildare. It is now home to the "Dublinia" exhibition about medieval Dublin.

Two cathedral issue
For most of their common history, both Christ Church and St Patrick's held the status of cathedral for the Dublin diocese, a rare arrangement which only ended following the move to disestablish the Church of Ireland. In early times, there was considerable conflict over status but under the six-point agreement of 1300, Pacis Compositio, still extant, and in force until 1870:

 * The consecration and enthronement of the Archbishop of Dublin was to take place at Christ Church – records show that this provision was not always followed, with many archbishops enthroned in both and at least two in St Patrick's only
 * Christ Church had formal precedence, as the mother and senior cathedral of the diocese
 * Christ Church was to retain the cross, mitre and ring of each deceased Archbishop of Dublin
 * Deceased Archbishops of Dublin were to be buried alternately in each of the two cathedrals unless they personally willed otherwise
 * The annual consecration of chrism oil for the diocese was to take place at Christ Church
 * The two cathedrals were to act as one and shared equally in their freedoms

The 1868 Church Commissioners' report proposed making St Patrick's the sole cathedral and reducing Christ Church to a parish church.

Roman Catholicism
To this day, the acting seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, St Mary's, is known as a "pro-cathedral" in acknowledgement of the fact that the Holy See claims Christ Church as the rightful seat of the Roman Catholic archbishop.

Dean and chapter
The dean and chapter, with the consent of the Archbishop of Dublin, preside over the cathedral, with the dean as "first among equals" in the chapter but holding a day-to-day authority, subject to the special roles of some other figures (the dean and chapter together are in a similar position to a rector of a parish).

The chapter comprises the dean, precentor (who must be skilled in music), chancellor, treasurer, Archdeacons of Dublin and Glendalough and 12 canons, eight being clergy of the Diocese of Dublin and four clergy of the Diocese of Glendalough (the three most senior in order of appointment are known as the Prebendary of St Michael's, Prebendary of St Michan's and the Prebendary of St John's).

The dean is appointed by the Archbishop of Dublin and, in an arrangement commenced in 1971, is also incumbent of the Christ Church Cathedral Group of Parishes, the day-to-day care of which is in the hands of a vicar appointed by a special board of patronage.

The dean can appoint a deputy and also appoints the cathedral verger. The dean and chapter together appoint the precentor, while the other members of the chapter are appointed by the archbishop.

Board
Having been historically governed by its clerical chapter alone, since 1872 the cathedral has been operationally overseen by a board comprising nine clerical members (the dean, precentor, two clerical vicars and five other clerics) and nine lay members, elected every third annual Easter vestry. The board has the power to appoint and remove officers of the cathedral other than those whose appointment is vested in the archbishop, or the dean and chapter, or dean, to regulate salaries and to manage financial matters. The board is in a similar position to a select vestry of a parish.

The board has committees – mid-2007, these are administration and finance, culture (including the treasury), deanery, fabric, fundraising, health and safety, information technology, music, safeguarding trust and tower.

Administrative staff
The cathedral staff is led by the Dean. The Senior Management Team consists of the Dean's Vicar, Head of Education, Head of Finance, Head of Operations, Head of Tourism & Events, HR Manager and the Director of Music.

Other clergy
There is a dean's vicar (and clerk of the chapter), a vicar of the Cathedral Group of Parishes and posts for a curate assistant and a student reader. There are also usually honorary clerical vicars.

Music
Christ Church has a long musical history, with a well-known cathedral choir and a girls' choir. Along with the precentor, the musical side of its work is led by the "Organist and Director of Music", working with any assistant organist and organ scholar, as well as the "Honorary Keeper of the Music and Music Librarian" and,, a "Music Development Officer".

List of organists

 * 1595 John Fermor
 * 1608 Thomas Bateson
 * 1631 Randal Jewett
 * 1639 Benjamin Rogers
 * 1646 John Hawkshaw
 * 1688 Thomas Godfrey
 * 1689 Thomas Morgan
 * 1692 Peter Isaac
 * 1694 Thomas Finell
 * 1698 Daniel Roseingrave
 * 1727 Ralph Roseingrave
 * 1747 George Walsh
 * 1765 Richard Woodward
 * 1777 Samuel Murphy
 * 1780 Langrishe Doyle
 * 1805 William Warren
 * 1816 Francis Robinson
 * 1834 John Robinson
 * 1844 Sir Robert Prescott Stewart
 * 1894 John Horan
 * 1906 James Fitzgerald
 * 1913 Charles Herbert Kitson
 * 1920 Thomas Henry Weaving
 * 1950 Leslie Henry Bret Reed
 * 1955 Arnold Thomas McKiernan
 * 1980 Peter Sweeney
 * 1992 Mark Duley
 * 2003 Judy Martin
 * 2010 Judith Gannon (Locum)
 * 2012 Ian Keatley
 * 2020 Tom Little

Bells
Christ Church Cathedral probably had at least one ringing bell from its foundation. By 1440 there were known to be three great bells in the tower; however, on 11 March 1597, an accidental gunpowder explosion on one of the nearby quays damaged the tower and caused the bells to crack. The effects of this blast also damaged the tower nearby of St. Audoen's Church.

In 1670, six new bells were cast for the tower from cannon metal. These were recast and augmented to eight in 1738 by Abel Rudhall. In the 1840s, several of the bells were recast by John Murphy of Dublin. In the 1860s and 1870s, the bells were gradually recast and augmented to twelve by John J. Murphy, his son, with a tenor weight of 36 hundredweight in the key of B. The tenor was recast in 1979.

The most recent augmentation was in 1999 when an additional seven bells were added to the ring, giving a grand total of 20 bells – 19 swinging bells (the world's highest number of change ringing bells) and one chiming bell, cast by the Rudhalls. Although this does not produce a diatonic scale of 19 notes, it does uniquely provide a choice of combinations: three different 12-bell peals (in the keys of B, C# and F#) as well as 14 and 16-bell peals. At the time of the augmentation, this was only the second 16 full circle bell peal in the world – St Martin-in-the-Bullring in Birmingham being the first – and is now one of three rings of 16, along with the Swan Bells in Perth, Western Australia.

They are regularly rung on tower tours and on Sunday for Sung Eucharist and Choral Evensong, with a ringing practice on Friday nights.

Archives and publications
Christ Church has a range of historical archives and has arranged for a number of publications over the years, as well as maintaining a website since the 1990s. This work is overseen by the "Honorary Keeper of the Archives" and the "Web and e-mail Editor", along with the honorary secretary of Christ Church Publications, Ltd.

Friends
The cathedral is supported by a voluntary group, the Friends of Christ Church Cathedral, founded in 1929. This group works with the cathedral authorities in a variety of ways.

Access
As Christ Church receives no regular state support, while it welcomes all guests and has a chapel for those who simply wish to pray, there are fees for sightseeing, which can also be paid in combination with the purchase of a ticket for the neighbouring "Dublinia" exhibition. There is a gift shop with souvenirs, recordings of cathedral music groups and publications.

Media usage
In recent years the cathedral has been used as a set for medieval dramas such as the CW's drama Reign and The Tudors, the cathedral's longest-running television show. Many dresses and outfits worn by Maria Doyle Kennedy (playing Catherine of Aragon) and Jonathan Rhys Myers (King Henry VIII) can be viewed within the cathedral crypt.

Group of parishes
In 1971, the general synod, following prior discussions, created the "Christ Church Cathedral Group of Parishes", uniting what were then four parishes with the cathedral, whose dean is their rector: St Andrew's, St Werburgh's, All Saints (Grangegorman) and St Michan's, St Paul and St Mary. The parishes are overseen day-to-day by a vicar appointed by a special board of patronage.

Burials

 * The heart of Lorcán Ua Tuathail (Saint Laurence O'Toole / Archbishop of Dublin)
 * Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke mk i
 * John Comyn (archbishop)
 * Thomas Cartwright (bishop)
 * John Maxwell (archbishop)
 * Stephen de Fulbourn
 * John Parker (archbishop)
 * Thomas Lindsay (archbishop)
 * Henry Leslie (bishop)
 * St George Ashe
 * Welbore Ellis (bishop)
 * John Garvey (archbishop)
 * John de St Paul (archbishop)
 * James Barry, 1st Baron Barry of Santry
 * James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster

Theft and recovery of the heart of Saint Laurence O'Toole
On 3 March 2012, the heart of Lorcán Ua Tuathail (Saint Laurence O'Toole, Archbishop of Dublin) was stolen from the cathedral. In April 2018, the heart was recovered in Phoenix Park, by Irish police following "an intelligence-led investigation".

title: Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin


text:
Battle of Magnesia

The Battle of Magnesia took place in either December 190 or January 189 BC. It was fought as part of the Roman–Seleucid War, pitting forces of the Roman Republic led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and the allied Kingdom of Pergamon under Eumenes II against a Seleucid army of Antiochus III the Great. The two armies initially camped northeast of Magnesia ad Sipylum in Asia Minor (modern-day Manisa, Turkey), attempting to provoke each other into a battle on favorable terrain for several days.

When the battle finally began, Eumenes managed to throw the Seleucid left flank into disarray. While Antiochus' cavalry overpowered his adversaries on the right flank of the battlefield, his army's center collapsed before he could reinforce it. Modern estimates give 10,000 dead for the Seleucids and 5,000 killed for the Romans. The battle resulted in a decisive Roman-Pergamene victory, which led to the Treaty of Apamea that ended Seleucid domination in Asia Minor.

Background
Following his return from his Bactrian (210-209 BC) and Indian (206-205 BC) campaigns, Antiochus forged an alliance with Philip V of Macedon, seeking to jointly conquer the territories of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. In 198 BC, he was victorious in the Fifth Syrian War, taking over Coele-Syria and securing his southeastern border. He then focused his attention on Asia Minor, launching a successful campaign against coastal Ptolemaic possessions. In 196 BC, Antiochus used the opportunity of Attalus I's death to assault cities controlled by the Attalid dynasty. Fearing that Antiochus would seize the entirety of Asia Minor, the independent cities of Smyrna and Lampsacus appealed for protection from the Roman Republic. In the early spring of 196 BC, Antiochus' troops crossed to the European side of the Hellespont and began rebuilding the strategically important city of Lysimachia. In October 196 BC, Antiochus met with a delegation of Roman diplomats in Lysimachia. The Romans demanded that Antiochus withdraw from Europe and restore the autonomous status of Greek city-states in Asia Minor. Antiochus countered by claiming that he was simply rebuilding the empire of his ancestor Antiochus II Theos and criticized the Romans for meddling in the affairs of the Asia Minor states whose rights were traditionally defended by Rhodes.

In late winter 196/195 BC, Rome's erstwhile chief enemy, Carthaginian general Hannibal, fled from Carthage to Antiochus' court in Ephesus. Despite the emergence of a pro-war party led by Scipio Africanus, the Roman Senate exercised restraint. The Seleucids expanded their holdings in Thrace from Perinthus to Maroneia at the expense of the Thracian tribesmen. Negotiations between the Romans and the Seleucids resumed, coming to a standstill once again over differences between Greek and Roman law on the status of disputed territorial possessions. In the summer of 193 BC, a representative of the Aetolian League assured Antiochus that the Aetolians would take his side in a future war with Rome, while Antiochus gave tacit support to Hannibal's plans of launching an anti-Roman coup d'état in Carthage. The Aetolians began spurring the Greek states to jointly revolt under Antiochus' leadership against the Romans, hoping to provoke a war between the two parties. The Aetolians then captured the strategically important port city of Demetrias, killing the key members of the local pro-Roman faction. In September 192 BC, the Aetolian general Thoantas arrived at Antiochus' court, convincing him to openly oppose the Romans in Greece. The Seleucids raised 10,000 infantry, 500 cavalry, 6 war elephants, and 300 ships for their campaign in Greece.

Prelude
The Seleucid fleet sailed via Imbros and Skiathos, arriving at Demetrias where Antiochus' army disembarked. The Achaean League declared war on the Seleucids and Aetolians with the Romans following suit in November 192 BC. Antiochus forced Chalcis to open its gates to him, turning the city into his base of operations. Antiochus then shifted his attention towards rebuilding his alliance with Philip V of Macedon, which had been shattered after the latter was decisively defeated by the Romans at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC. Philip expected that the Romans would emerge victorious in the conflict and counted on territorial rewards as well as the writing off of war reparations that he owed them; the Seleucids could provide neither, so Antiochus' overtures were rejected and Philip aligned himself with the Romans. Between December 192 and March 191 BC, Antiochus campaigned in Thessaly and Acarnania.

A combined counter-offensive conducted by the Romans and their Macedonian allies erased all of Antiochus' gains in Thessaly within a month. On 26 April 191 BC, the two sides faced off at the Battle of Thermopylae, where Antiochus' army suffered a devastating defeat and he returned to Ephesus shortly afterwards. The Seleucids then attempted to destroy the Roman fleet before it could unite with those of Rhodes and the Attalids. However, the Roman fleet defeated the Seleucids in the Battle of Corycus in September 191 BC, enabling it to take control of several cities including Dardanus and Sestos on the Hellespont. In May 190 BC, Antiochus invaded Pergamon, ravaging the countryside, besieging its capital and forcing Eumenes to return from Greece. In August 190 BC, the Rhodians defeated Hannibal's fleet at the Battle of the Eurymedon. A month later a combined Roman-Rhodean fleet defeated the Seleucids at the Battle of Myonessus. The Seleucids could no longer control the Aegean Sea, opening the way for a Roman invasion of Asia Minor. Antiochus withdrew his armies from Thrace, while simultaneously offering to cover half of the Roman war expenses and accept the demands made in Lysimachia in 196 BC. By this time, however, the Romans were determined to crush the Seleucids once and for all. As the Roman forces reached Maroneia, Antiochus began preparing for a final decisive battle. The Romans advanced through Dardanus to the River Caecus where they united with Eumenes’ army.

Armies
The two main historical accounts of the battle come from Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita Libri and Appian’s Syriaca. Both of these authors agree that the Roman army was about 30,000 men strong and the Seleucids fielded approximately 72,000 soldiers. However, modern historians disagree on the issue, with some believing the estimates in the primary sources, while others claim that the two armies might have each numbered some 50,000 men. Additionally, the Romans had 16 war elephants at their disposal, while the Seleucids fielded 54. A popular anecdote regarding the array of the two armies is that Antiochus supposedly asked Hannibal whether his vast and well-armed formation would be enough for the Roman Republic, to which Hannibal tartly replied, "Quite enough for the Romans, however greedy they are."

The left wing of the Seleucids was commanded by Antiochus' son Seleucus and his nephew Antipater. It was composed of Cyrtian slingers and Elymaean archers, 4,000 peltasts, 1,500 Illyrians, 1,500 Carians and Cilicians, and 1,000 Neocretans. The rest of the left wing consisted of 2,500 Galatian and 500 Tarentine light cavalry, 1,000 royal cavalry, 3,000 cataphracts, 2,000 Cappadocian infantry, 16 war elephants, and a miscellaneous force of 2,700 light infantry. The center was formed by a 16,000-strong Macedonian phalanx, commanded by Philip, the master of the elephants. It was deployed into ten 1,600-man taxeis, each 50 men wide and 32 men deep. Twenty war elephants were separated into pairs and deployed in the gaps between the taxeis, further supported by 1,500 Galatian and 1,500 Atian infantry. The right flank was led by Antiochus, consisting of 3,000 cataphracts, 1,000 agema cavalry, 1,000 argyraspides of the royal guard, 1,200 Dahae horse archers. 2,500 Mysian archers, 3,000 Cretan and Illyrian light infantry, 4,500 Cyrtian slingers and Elymaean archers as well as a reserve of 16 war elephants. Ahead of the main body, units of scythed chariots and a unit of camel-borne Arab archers were posted in front of the left flank, and to their immediate right, Minnionas and Zeuxis commanded 6,000 psiloi light infantry. The war camp was guarded by 7,000 of the least combat-ready Seleucid troops.

The left wing of the Romans was commanded by the legate Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. It numbered 10,800 heavy infantrymen drawn from among the Romans and Rome's Socii, along with four cavalry companies of 100 to 120 men. The center likewise consisted of 10,800 Roman and Latin heavy infantrymen commanded personally by Scipio. The Roman infantry was divided into three lines, with the youngest soldiers standing at the front, in a more open and flexible formation than their adversaries. The right flank was led by Eumenes and comprised 2,800 to 3,000 cavalry, the majority being Romans supplemented by an 800-man Pergamene force. Ahead of the Roman main force were 3,000 Achaean and Pergamene light infantry and 800 Cretan and Illyrian archers. The rearguard was formed by 2,000 Thracian and Macedonian volunteers and 16 African war elephants that were considered inferior to the Asian war elephants deployed by the Seleucids.

Battle
The battle took place either in December 190 BC or January 189 BC. The Romans advanced from Pergamon towards Thyatira where they expected to encounter Antiochus. Antiochus was determined to fight his adversaries on the ground of his own choosing, and his army marched from the direction of Sardis towards Magnesia ad Sipylum, camping 15 km northeast of the city. Magnesia had already served as a battlefield for the Seleucids in 281 BC where they had emerged victorious in the Battle of Corupedium. Upon learning that the Seleucids had left Thyatira, the Romans marched for five days towards the River Phrygios, camping north of the River Hermos, 6.5 km from the Seleucid camp. Antiochus dispatched a party of 1,000 Galatian and Dahae cavalry to lure the Romans into a more exposed position, but the Romans refused to be drawn out. Three days later, the Romans moved their camp into a horseshoe-shaped plain some 4 km from the Seleucid camp, which was surrounded by the Phrygios and Hermos rivers on three sides, by which the Romans hoped to limit the effectiveness of the Seleucid cavalry. The Seleucids once again sent an elite 3,000-man detachment to harass the Romans. During the following five days, the two armies lined up for battle, without engaging each other. Scipio found himself in a zugzwang. He could not hope to win the battle by directly assaulting the heavily-fortified Seleucid camp, but by refusing to engage he risked having his supply lines cut by the numerically-superior enemy cavalry. Turning back would have caused Roman morale to plunge as campaigns were halted during the winter. Additionally, Scipio wished to achieve a decisive victory over the Seleucids before a new consul was sent out from Rome to replace him. The Romans advanced to the point where the Phrygios made a 90-degree turn towards the north, leaving their right flank unprotected by the rivers. Antiochus was satisfied with the location, accepting the Roman challenge on the dawn of the third day after the last Roman advance.

The battle began on the Seleucid left flank when Eumenes sent forward his archers, slingers, and spearmen to harass the Seleucid scythed chariots. The latter began fleeing in panic after suffering heavy casualties, causing confusion among the camel-borne Arab archers and cataphracts positioned behind them. Eumenes then charged with his cavalry before the cataphracts could properly reorganize. The Roman and Pergamene cavalry broke through the Seleucid left flank, causing the cataphracts to flee to the Seleucid camp. The Galatians, Cappadocians, and mercenary infantry to the left of the phalanx faced a simultaneous attack from the Roman center and right, causing them to retreat and exposing the phalanx's left flank.

On the Seleucid right flank, Antiochus led the attack with the cataphracts and agema cavalry facing the Latin infantry, while the argyraspides engaged the Roman legionaries. The Roman infantry broke ranks retreating to their camp where they were reinforced by the Thracians and Macedonians and subsequently rallied by tribune Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Antiochus's cavalry was unsuitable for taking the camp and he became bogged down in the fighting while his forces were badly needed elsewhere. In the center, the Seleucid phalanx held its ground against the Roman infantry, but it was not mobile enough to dislodge the enemy archers and slingers who bombarded it with projectiles. It began a slow organized retreat, when the war elephants positioned between its taxeis panicked because of the projectiles, causing the phalanx to break formation. The phalangites discarded their weapons and abandoned the battlefield. By the time Antiochus' cavalry had returned to reinforce the center his army had already dispersed. He gathered the surviving troops and retreated to Sardes while the Romans were busy looting his camp.

Aftermath
Antiochus' defeat at Magnesia marked the end of the Macedonian phalanx's dominance on Hellenistic period battlefields. According to Livy 53,000 Seleucid soldiers perished, with 1,400 being captured alongside 15 elephants. By comparison, Livy claims that the Romans lost 349 men with many more wounded. Modern estimates give 10,000 dead for the Seleucids and 5,000 killed for the Romans. Shortly after arriving at Sardes, Antiochus learnt that Seleucus had survived the battle and headed to Apamea to meet him. The defeat at Magnesia and the subsequent withdrawal of the Seleucid fleet from Ephesus to Patara led the garrisons of numerous cities including Sardes, Ephesus, Thyatira, and Magnesia ad Sipylum to surrender to the Romans. Antiochus dispatched Zeuxis and Antipater to the Romans, in order to secure a truce. The truce was signed at Sardes in January 189 BC, whereupon Antiochus agreed to abandon his claims on all lands west of the Taurus Mountains, paid a heavy war indemnity and promised to hand over Hannibal and other notable enemies of Rome from among his allies.

The Romans sought to subjugate Asia Minor and punish Antiochus' allies, starting the Galatian War. In mainland Greece they suppressed the Athamanians and Aetolians who broke the terms of a previous truce. During the summer of 189 BC, ambassadors from the Seleucid Empire, Pergamon, Rhodes, and other Asia Minor states held peace talks with the Roman Senate. Lycia and Caria were given to Rhodes, while the Attalids received Thrace and most of Asia Minor west of the Taurus. The independence of Asia Minor city-states that sided with the Romans before the Battle of Magnesia was guaranteed. Antiochus further agreed to withdraw all his troops from beyond the Taurus, and refuse passage and support to enemies of Rome. The conditions also included the requirement to hand over Hannibal, Thoantas, and twenty notables as hostages, destroy all his fleet apart from ten ships, and give Rome 40,500 modiuses of grain per year. The terms were put into effect in the summer of 188 BC with the signing of the Treaty of Apamea.

title: Battle of Magnesia