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Prince of Orange

Prince of Orange (or Princess of Orange if the holder is female) is a title associated with the sovereign Principality of Orange, in what is now southern France and subsequently held by the stadtholders of, and then the heirs apparent of, the Netherlands.

The title "Prince of Orange" was created in 1163 by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, by elevating the county of Orange to a principality, in order to bolster his support in that area in his conflict with the Papacy. The title and land passed to the French noble houses of Baux, in 1173, and of Chalons, in 1393, before arriving with Rene of Nassau in 1530. The principality then passed to a German-born nobleman from then Spanish Netherlands, Rene's cousin William (known as "the Silent"), in 1544. Subsequently William led a successful Dutch revolt against Spain, however with independence the new country became a decentralized republic rather than a unitary monarchy.

In 1702, after William the Silent's great-grandson William III of England died without children, a dispute arose between his cousins, Johan Willem Friso and Frederick I of Prussia. In 1713, under the Treaty of Utrecht Frederick William I of Prussia ceded the Principality of Orange to King Louis XIV of France (while retaining the title as part of his dynastic titulature). In 1732, under the Treaty of Partition, Friso's son, William IV agreed to share use of the title "Prince of Orange" (which had accumulated prestige in the Netherlands and throughout the Protestant world) with Frederick William.

With the 19th century emergence of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the title has been traditionally borne by the heir apparent of the Dutch monarch. Although originally only carried by men, since 1983 the title descends via absolute primogeniture, which means that the holder can be either Prince or Princess of Orange.

The current Dutch royal dynasty, the House of Orange-Nassau, is not the only family to claim the dynastical title. Rival claims to the title have been made by German emperors and kings of the House of Hohenzollern and by the head of the French noble family of Mailly. The current users of the title are Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands (Orange-Nassau), Georg Friedrich (of Hohenzollern), and Guy (of Mailly-Nesle).

County of Orange

The title referred to Orange in the Vaucluse department in the Rhône valley of southern France, which was a property of the House of Orange, then of the House of Baux and the House of Chalon-Arlay before passing in 1544 to the Dillenburg branch of the House of Nassau, which since then is known as the House of Orange-Nassau.

The Principality originated as the County of Orange, a fief in the Holy Roman Empire, in the Empire's constituent Kingdom of Burgundy. It was awarded to William of Gellone (born 755), a grandson of Charles Martel and therefore a cousin of Charlemagne, around the year 800 for his services in the wars against the Moors and in the reconquest of southern France and the Spanish March. His Occitan name is Guilhem; however, as a Frankish lord, he probably knew himself by the old Germanic version of Wilhelm. William also ruled as count of Toulouse, duke of Aquitaine, and marquis of Septimania.

The horn that came to symbolize Orange when heraldry came in vogue much later in the 12th century represented a pun on William of Gellone's name in French, from the character his deeds inspired in the chanson de geste, the Chanson de Guillaume: "Guillaume au Court-nez" (William the Short-Nosed) or its homophone "Guillaume au Cornet" (William the Horn). The chanson appears to incorporate material relating to William of Gellone's battle at the Orbieu or Orbiel river near Carcassonne in 793 as well as to his seizure of the town of Orange.

Principality of Orange
As the kingdom of Burgundy fragmented in the early Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa elevated the lordship of Orange to a principality in 1163 to shore up his supporters in Burgundy against the Pope and the King of France. As the Empire's boundaries retreated from those of the principality, the prince acceded to the sovereign rights that the Emperor formerly exercised. As William the Silent wrote in his marriage proposal to the uncle of his second wife, the Elector August of Saxony, he held Orange as "my own free property", not as a fief of any suzerain; neither the Pope, nor the Kings of Spain or France. That historical position of honor and reputation would later drive William the Silent forward, as much as it also fueled the opposition of his great grandson William III to Louis XIV, when that king invaded and occupied Orange.

The last direct descendant of the original princes, René of Chalon, exercised his sovereign right and left the principality to his cousin William the Silent, who was not a descendant of the original Orange family but the heir to the principality of Orange by testament. This was, however, against the inheritance pattern enacted by the last will of Mary of Baux-Orange, the Princess of Orange from the House of Baux who brought the principality into the Chalons family and through to whom Prince René derived his own inheritance right (see Genealogy of the House of Orange-Chalon). In this way, Rene transmitted his property to his nearest relative, rather than go back several generations to transmit it to now distant cousins.

Those now distant cousins were the descendants of Alix de Chalon. Marie des Baux-Orange had stipulated in her will that if her son Louis did not inherit Orange, her daughter Alix and her descendants should. Guillaume de Vienne, seigneur de Saint-Georges, was the husband of Alix. They had a daughter Marguerite, who married in 1449 Rudolf of Baden-Hochberg, lord of Neuchâtel and Rothelin (1427–87). Their son was Philip (d. 1503). His only child who reached maturity was Johanna (d. 1543). She married in 1504 Louis I of Orléans, duc de Longueville (1450–1516). Through this marriage, the Orléans-Longueville, an illegitimate branch of the house of Valois, were the claimants of Orange until their extinction in male line in 1694 (see Famille d'Orléans-Longueville). When William the Silent of Nassau succeeded as prince of Orange, the Orléans-Longueville protested and obtained court decisions in their favor in France. However, as Orange was a sovereign state and not part of France, the courts' decisions were not enforceable and left the principality in the hands of the Nassau-Orange family.

In 1673, Louis XIV of France annexed all territory of the principality to France and to the royal domain, as part of the war actions against the stadtholder William III of Orange — who later became King William III of Great Britain. Orange ceased to exist as a sovereign realm, de facto. Louis then bestowed the titular princedom on Louis Charles de Mailly, marquis de Nesle, whose wife was a direct descendant, and heiress-general by primogeniture, of the original princes of Orange,

After the marquise (who died in 1713), the next holder was, marquis de Nesle (1689–1764). Although no longer descended from Louis-Charles, a branch of the Mailly family still claim the title today.

In 1714 Louis XIV bestowed the usufruct of the principality on his kinsman, Louis Armand of Bourbon, Prince de Conti, who had a claim on the principality through the claims of the Orléans-Longueville via Alix of Chalon (see above). After his death in 1727 the principality was deemed merged in the Crown by 1731.

After the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 ceded Orange to France, the following claimants came forward in official protests against the terms of the treaty:

 * the house of Luynes/Maison d'Albert de Luynes (protest, 14 Apr 1713)
 * the house of Matignon (protest, 15 Apr and 2 Jun 1713)
 * Paule-Françoise-Marguerite de Gondi de Retz, duchesse douairière de Lesdiguières, and the house of Villeroy/Maison de Neufville de Villeroy (16 Apr 1713; also claimants to Neufchatel and Valengin)
 * the house of Allegre (protest, 15 Apr 1713)
 * the house of Duprat (protest, 15 Apr 1713)

However, as the treaty considered Orange to now be conquered by and annexed to France, their protests were ignored.

Abolition of the principality, continuation of the title
Because William III died without legitimate children, the principality was regarded as having been inherited by his closest cognate relative on the basis of the testament of Frederic-Henry, Frederick I of Prussia, who ceded the principality — at least the lands, but not the formal title — to France in 1713. France supported his claim. In this way, the territory of the principality lost its feudal and secular privileges and became a part of France. The Treaty of Utrecht allowed the King of Prussia to erect part of the duchy of Gelderland (the cities of Geldern, Straelen, and Wachtendonk with their bailiwicks, Krickenbeck, Viersen, the land of Kessel, and the lordships of Afferden, Arcen-Velden-Lomm, Walbeck-Twisteden, Raay and Klein-Kevelaer, Well, Bergen, and Middelaar) into a new Principality of Orange. The kings of Prussia and the German emperors styled themselves Princes of Orange till 1918.

An agnatic relative of William III, John William Friso of Nassau, who was also cognatically descended from William the Silent, was designated the heir to the Princes of Orange in the Netherlands by the last will of William III. Several of his descendants became stadtholders. They claim the principality of Orange on the basis of agnatic inheritance, similar to that of William the Silent, who had inherited Orange from his cousin René of Chalon. They did however have a claim, albeit distant, to the principality itself due to John William Friso's descent from Louise de Coligny, who was a descendant of the original Princes of Orange. (Louise's great grandmother, Anne Pot, Countess of Saint-Pol, was a descendant of Tiburge d'Orange, who married into the des Baux family)

They could also claim descent from the del Balzo, an Italian branch of the des Baux family, via the marriage of Princess Anne to William IV, Prince of Orange. Anne was the eldest daughter of George II of Great Britain, who was a descendant of Elizabeth Woodville, wife of Edward IV of England. Elizabeth Woodville's grandmother was Margherita del Balzo, another descendant of Tiburge d'Orange.

They also claimed on the basis of the testaments of Philip William, Maurice, and William III. Finally, they claimed on the basis that Orange was an independent state whose sovereign had the right to assign his succession according to his will. France never recognized any of this, nor allowed the Orange-Nassaus or the Hohenzollerns to obtain anything of the principality itself. The Oranje-Nassaus nevertheless assumed the title and also erected several of their lordships into a new principality of Orange. From that derivation of the title comes the tradition of the House of Orange-Nassau (originally Nassau-Dietz), the later stadtholders of the Netherlands, and the present-day royal family of the Netherlands, of holding this title. They maintain the tradition of William the Silent and the House of Orange-Nassau.

There are two other claimants to this title:
 * The House of Hohenzollern, who reigned in Prussia until 1918
 * The House of Mailly-Nesles

As sovereign prince of Orange
Until 1340, it was customary for all sons of the prince of Orange to inherit the title. Only the direct line of descent to Raimond V is shown here.

House of Baux
The house of Baux succeeded to the principality of Orange when Bertrand of Baux married the heiress of the last native count of Orange, Tiburge, daughter of William of Orange, Omelaz, and Montpellier. Their son was William I of Baux-Orange. Bertrand was the son of Raymond of Baux and Stephanie of Gevaudan. Stephanie was the younger daughter of Gerberga, the heiress of the counts of Provence. For a genealogical table, see the reference cited:

Bertrand I used as Prince of Orange the coat of arms of the House of Baux: a 16-pointed white star placed on a field of gules. Later on, the Princes of Orange quartered the legendary bugle-horn as a heraldic figure into their coat of arms.

House of Chalon-Orange (also House of Ivrea of Anscarid dynasty)
The lords of Chalons and Arlay were a cadet branch of the ruling house of the county of Burgundy, the Anscarids or House of Ivrea. They married the heiress of Baux-Orange.

House of Chalon-Orange
Rene inherited the principality of Orange from his uncle Philbert on the condition that he bear the name and arms of the house of Chalon-Orange. Therefore, he is usually counted as one of the Chalon-Orange and history knows him as Rene of Chalon, rather than "of Nassau".

House of Orange-Nassau (first incarnation)
William of Nassau inherited the principality of Orange from his cousin René. Although William descended from no previous Prince of Orange, as René had no children or siblings, he exercised his right as sovereign prince to will Orange to his first cousin on his father's side, who actually had no Orange blood. This began the Dutch Royal House of Orange-Nassau.

House of Orange-Nassau (second incarnation)
The 2nd house of Orange-Nassau (see House of Orange-Nassau family tree) were cousins on their father and mother's side of the 1st house.

House of Hohenzollern

 * Frederick I of Prussia (1702–1713), a senior descendant in female line from William the Silent, who ceded his claims to the lands of Orange to France in 1713, and his descendants, but kept his right to use the title.

House of Mailly

 * Louis de Mailly, Marquis de Nesle et de Mailly, appointed by the French king, and his descendants, descended through another line of the house of Chalons-Arlay, currently Guy, Marquis de Nesle et de Mailly, Prince d'Orange.

House of Bourbon

 * Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti, appointed by the French king, and his descendants, the Princes of Conti becoming extinct in 1815.

Historical background
William the Silent (Willem I) was the first stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and the most significant representative of the House of Orange in the Netherlands. He was count of a portion of the German territory of Nassau and heir to some of his father's fiefs in Holland. William obtained more extensive lands in the Netherlands (the lordship of Breda and several other dependencies) as an inheritance from his cousin René of Châlon, Prince of Orange, when William was only 11 years old. After William's assassination in 1584, the title passed to his son Philip William (who had been held hostage in Spain until 1596), and after his death in 1618, to his second son Maurice, and finally to his youngest son, Frederick Henry.

The title of Prince of Orange became associated with the stadtholder of the Netherlands.

William III (Willem III) was also King of England, Scotland and Ireland, and his legacy is commemorated annually by the Protestant Orange Order. William's mother, Mary, was the daughter of King Charles I of England and therefore a princess of England as well as Princess of Orange by marriage.

William III and Mary II had no legitimate children. After William's death in 1702, his heir in the Netherlands was John William Friso of Nassau-Diez, who assumed the title, King William having bequeathed it to him by testament. The other contender was the King in Prussia, who based his claim to the title on the will of Frederick Henry, William III's grandfather. Eventually, a compromise was reached by which both families were entitled to bear the title of Prince of Orange. By then, it was no more than a title because the principality had been annexed by Louis XIV of France.

Friso's line held it as their principal title during the 18th century. The French army expelled them from the Netherlands in 1795, but on their return, the Prince of Orange became the first sovereign of the Netherlands in 1813.

After the establishment of the current Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, the title was partly reconstitutionalized by legislation and granted to the eldest son of King William I of the Netherlands, Prince William, who later became William II of the Netherlands. Since 1983, the heir to the Dutch throne, whether male or female, bears the title Prince or Princess of Orange. The first-born child of the heir to the Dutch throne bears the title Hereditary Prince(ss) of Orange. When her father Willem-Alexander became King of the Netherlands following the abdication of Queen Beatrix, Princess Catharina-Amalia became the Princess of Orange.

Style
The Prince(ss) of Orange is styled His/Her Royal Highness the Prince(ss) of Orange (Dutch: Zijne/Hare Koninklijke Hoogheid de Prins(es) van Oranje).

During the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries, the Prince(ss) of Orange was styled His/Her Highness the Prince(ss) of Orange (Dutch: Zijne/Hare Hoogheid de Prins(es) van Oranje), except for William III, who rated the "Royal/Koninklijke".

Arms
The princes of Orange in the 16th and 17th century used the following sets of arms. On becoming Prince of Orange, William placed the Châlon-Arlay arms in the center ("as an inescutcheon") of his father's arms. He used these arms until 1582 when he purchased the marquisate of Veere and Vlissingen. He then used the arms attributed to Frederick Henry, etc. with the arms of the marquisate in the top center, and the arms of the county of Buren in the bottom center. Their growing complexity shows how arms are used to reflect the growing political position and royal aspirations of the house of Orange-Nassau.

Literature

 * Herbert H. Rowen, The princes of Orange: the stadholders in the Dutch Republic. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
 * John Lothrop Motley, "History of the United Netherlands from the Death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort". London:  John Murray, 1860.
 * John Lothrop Motley, "The Life and Death of John of Barenvelt". New York & London: Harper and Brothers Publishing, 1900.
 * Petrus Johannes Blok, "History of the people of the Netherlands". New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1898.
 * Reina van Ditzhuyzen, Het Huis van Oranje: prinsen, stadhouders, koningen en koninginnen. Haarlem : De Haan, [1979].

title: Prince of Orange


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1824 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1824.

Events

 * May 7 – First performance of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 (the "Choral") at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna.
 * June 21 – Franz Liszt makes his London debut. Muzio Clementi, Ferdinand Ries, Friedrich Kalkbrenner and Cipriani Potter are in the audience.
 * Baluswami Dikshitar (brother of Muthuswami Dikshitar) is appointed State Vidwan of Ettayapuram.
 * Franz Liszt commences theory lessons with Antonin Reicha and composition lessons with Ferdinando Paer.
 * First Norfolk and Norwich Festival held in England

Popular Music

 * Robert Stephen Hawker – "The Song of the Western Men"
 * "O Tannenbaum" lyrics published by Ernst Anschutz

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Missa Solemnis
 * Symphony No. 9 in D minor "Choral"
 * Hector Berlioz – Messe solennelle
 * Ferdinando Carulli – 18 Petits morceaux, Op. 211
 * Frederic Chopin – Mazurka Op. 7 No. 4
 * Johann Baptist Cramer – Piano Sonata, Op. 63
 * Carl Czerny – Piano Sonata Nos.3, 4, and 5, Op. 57, 65 and 76
 * Friedrich Ernst Fesca – String Quartet, Op.34
 * Fanny Hensel – Sonata for Piano in C minor
 * Johann Nepomuk Hummel – Introduction et rondo brillant, Op. 98
 * Friedrich Kuhlau
 * 3 Grand Solos, Op. 57
 * 3 Sonatinas, Op. 59
 * 3 Sonatas with Variations, Op. 60
 * Kaspar Kummer – Flute Trio, Op. 24
 * Maximillian Joseph Leidesdorf – Horn Sonata, Op. 164
 * Felix Mendelssohn
 * Symphony No. 1 in C minor, Op. 11
 * Concerto for 2 pianos
 * Bernhard Molique – Flute Concerto, Op. 69
 * George Onslow
 * Piano Trio No.8, Op. 26
 * Piano Trio No.9, Op. 27
 * Antoine Reicha – 6 Piano Trios, Op. 101
 * Ferdinand Ries – Rule Britannia, Op. 116
 * Franz Schubert: List of compositions by Franz Schubert (1824), D 799–822, including:
 * Octet, D 803
 * String Quartet No. 13, D 804 (Rosamunde)
 * String Quartet No. 14, D 810 (Death and the Maiden)
 * Sonata in C major for piano four-hands, D 812
 * "Gebet", D 815
 * Arpeggione Sonata, D 821 (Grand Duo)

Opera

 * Gaetano Donizetti – L'ajo nell'imbarazzo
 * Friedrich Kuhlau – Lulu
 * Giacomo Meyerbeer – Il crociato in Egitto
 * Waldemar Thrane – Fjeldeventyret ("The mountain adventure")
 * Nicola Vaccai
 * Pietro il grande (première January 17 at Teatro Ducale, Parma)
 * La pastorella feudataria (première September 18 at Teatro Carignano, Turin)

Births

 * January 22 – Josef Leopold Zvonař, composer, music teacher and critic (d. 1865)
 * March 2 – Bedřich Smetana, composer (d. 1884)
 * March 7 – Robert Ambrose, organist and composer (d. 1908)
 * April 22 – Richard Wüerst, composer and music teacher (d. 1881)
 * June 13 – Julius Eichberg, composer (d. 1893)
 * June 23 – Carl Reinecke, pianist, conductor and composer (d. 1910)
 * August 1 – John P. Ordway, doctor, composer, music entrepreneur and politician (d. 1880)
 * August 19 – Georg Goltermann, cellist and composer (d. 1898)
 * September 4 – Anton Bruckner, composer (d. 1896)
 * September 8 – Jaime Nunó, composer of the Mexican national anthem (d. 1908)
 * November 25 – Antonio Ghislanzoni, librettist (d. 1893)
 * December 24 - Peter Cornelius, composer, writer, translator (d. 1874)
 * date unknown
 * François Xavier Bazin, bow-maker (d. 1865)
 * Frederick Ellard, composer (d. 1874)
 * Velvel Zbarjer, Brody singer (d. 1884)
 * Charlotta Norberg, ballerina (d. 1892)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Faustino Arévalo, hymnographer (born 1747)
 * February 1 – Maria Theresia von Paradis, musician and composer (born 1759)
 * March 3 – Giovanni Battista Viotti, violinist and composer (born 1755)
 * April 18 – Edward Jones, royal harpist (born 1752)
 * June 21 – Étienne Aignan, opera librettist (born 1773)
 * September 16 – Giacomo Tritto, opera composer (born 1733)
 * December 5 – Anne Louise Boyvin d'Hardancourt Brillon de Jouy, harpsichordist (born 1744)
 * date unknown
 * Nicolas Lupot, luthier (born 1758)
 * Alexander Uber, cellist and composer (born 1783)
 * probable – János Bihari, violinist (born 1764)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1824 in music


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1825 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1825.

Events

 * March 21 – British première of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 (1824) is presented by the Philharmonic Society of London.
 * May – Chopin performs for Tsar Alexander I in Warsaw.
 * Singer Maria Malibran (as Maria García) makes her operatic debut as Rosina in The Barber of Seville at the King's Theatre in London.
 * September – In Vienna:
 * Joseph Lanner and Johann Strauss I quarrel, and Strauss leaves Lanner's orchestra.
 * Danish composer and pianist Friedrich Kuhlau, on an extended visit to the city, meets Beethoven.
 * November 29 – A touring opera company led by Manuel García performs Rossini's The Barber of Seville in New York City, the first opera to be sung in Italian in the Americas. The troupe includes his daughters Maria, who meets and hastily marries banker Francois Eugene Malibran, and Pauline.
 * December 10 – François-Adrien Boieldieu's opéra comique La dame blanche is premièred by the Opéra-Comique at the Théâtre Feydeau in Paris.

Classical music

 * Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga – Symphony in D major
 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * String Quartet No. 12 in E-flat major
 * String Quartet No. 13 in B-flat major
 * String Quartet No. 15 in A Minor
 * Franz Schubert
 * Ellens Gesang III
 * Piano Sonata in A minor
 * Jean-François Lesueur – Te Deum (for the coronation of King Charles X of France)
 * Felix Mendelssohn – Octet for Strings

Opera

 * Vincenzo Bellini – Adelson e Salvini
 * Gaetano Donizetti – Alahor in Granata
 * Franz Grillparzer - König Ottokars Glück und Ende (written 1923, premiered February 19, 1825 in Vienna's Burgtheater].
 * Franz Liszt – Don Sanche ou le Chateau d'Amour (Don Sanche or the Castle of Love)
 * Giovanni Pacini – L'ultimo giorno di Pompei
 * Nicola Vaccai – Giulietta e Romeo

Popular music

 * "Cherry Ripe" – w. Robert Herrick m. Charles Edward Horn
 * "Ich hatt' einen Kameraden" w. Ludwig Uhland (1809) m. Friedrich Silcher (1825)
 * "The Minstrel's Return'd From The War" – John Hill Hewitt

Births

 * January 23 – Louis Ehlert, composer and music critic (d. 1884)
 * February 28 – Jean-Baptiste Arban, cornet virtuoso and conductor (d. 1889)
 * March 12 – August Manns, conductor (d. 1907)
 * June 24 – Jovan Sundečić, poet and lyricist (d. 1900)
 * June 30 – Hervé, singer, conductor and composer of operettas (d. 1892)
 * August 9 – Gaetano Antoniazzi, violin-maker (d. 1897)
 * August 21 – Kate Loder, pianist and composer (d. 1904)
 * August 22 – Julius Schulhoff, pianist and composer (d. 1898)
 * August 24 – Charles Wels, pianist, organist, composer and music teacher (d. 1906)
 * September 25 – Johann Strauss II, conductor and composer (d. 1899)
 * December 19 – George Frederick Bristow, composer (d. 1898)
 * date unknown – Balbina Steffenone, operatic soprano (d. 1896)

Deaths

 * February 5 – Pierre Gaveaux, operatic tenor and composer (b. 1761)
 * March 24 – Giovanni Domenico Perotti, composer (b. 1761)
 * May 6 – Lady Anne Barnard, balladeer (b. 1750)
 * May 7 – Antonio Salieri, composer (b. 1750)
 * May 12 – Elias Mann (b. 1750)
 * July 10 – Ludwig Fischer, operatic bass (b. 1745)
 * July 29 – Micah Hawkins, composer and writer (b. 1777)
 * August 3 – Ambrogio Minoja, composer (b. 1752)
 * August 17 – Rayner Taylor, composer (b. 1747)
 * August 23 – Amos Bull, composer (b. 1744)
 * September 13 – Luigi Bassi, operatic baritone (b. 1766)
 * November 1 – Rodrigo Ferreira da Costa, composer
 * November 12 – Joseph Reinagle, string and horn player, trumpeter and composer (b. 1762)
 * November 19 – Jan Václav Voříšek, pianist, organist and composer (b. 1791)
 * December 29 – Giuseppe Maria Gioacchino Cambini, composer
 * December 30 – Peter Gronland, composer
 * probable – Giuseppe Cambini, violinist and composer (b. 1746)

title: 1825 in music


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Leeuwenhoek Medal

The Leeuwenhoek Medal, established in 1875 by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), in honor of the 17th- and 18th-century microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, is granted every ten years to the scientist judged to have made the most significant contribution to microbiology during the preceding decade. Starting in 2015, the Royal Dutch Society for Microbiology (KNVM) began awarding the Leeuwenhoek Medal, selecting Jillian Banfield, the first woman to receive the award in 2023.

Recipients
The following persons have received the Leeuwenhoek medal:
 * 1877 Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, Germany
 * 1885 Ferdinand Cohn, Germany
 * 1895 Louis Pasteur, France
 * 1905 Martinus Beijerinck, Netherlands
 * 1915 Sir David Bruce, United Kingdom
 * 1925 Félix d'Herelle, (at the time) Egypt
 * 1935 Sergei Nikolaevitch Winogradsky, France
 * 1950 Selman Abraham Waksman, United States
 * 1960 André Lwoff, France
 * 1970 Cornelius Bernardus van Niel (Kees van Niel), United States
 * 1981 Roger Yate Stanier, France
 * 1992 Carl Woese, United States
 * 2003 Karl Stetter, Germany
 * 2015 Craig Venter, United States of America
 * 2023 Jillian Banfield, Australia

title: Leeuwenhoek Medal


text:
1826 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1826.

Events

 * Chopin begins to study with Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory

Published popular music

 * "The Old Oaken Bucket" w. Samuel Woodworth m. George F. Kiallmark. Words written in 1817.

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * String Quartet No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 131
 * String Quartet No. 16 in F major, Op. 135
 * Muzio Clementi – Complete Gradus ad Parnassum (100 pieces) appears for the first time, simultaneously in Paris, Leipzig and London on October 31.
 * Johannes Frederik Frøhlich – Concertino for violin and orchestra in D major
 * Franz Liszt – Initial version of the Étude en douze exercices
 * Felix Mendelssohn – Overture "A Midsummer Night's Dream" in E major for orchestra, Op. 21
 * Giovanni Morandi – Raccolta di Suonate pei grand' Organi Moderni, Op. 21
 * Niccolò Paganini – Violin Concerto No. 2
 * Ferdinand Ries
 * Piano Concerto No.8, Op.151
 * Variationen über eine portugiesische Hymne für Pianoforte und Flöte in A major, Op. 152
 * 3 Flute Quartets, WoO 35, No. 1 in D minor
 * Franz Schubert
 * Symphony No. 9 in C major "Great"
 * String Quartet No. 15 in G major
 * Piano Sonata No. 18 in G major "Fantasie"

Opera

 * John Barnett – Before Breakfast
 * Vincenzo Bellini – Bianca e Fernando
 * Gaetano Donizetti – Alahor in Granata
 * Joseph Augustine Wade – The Two Houses of Granada
 * Carl Maria von Weber – Oberon, King of the Fairies (first performed in London, libretto by James Robinson Planche).

Births

 * January 18 – Joseph-Henri Altès, composer (died 1895)
 * February 1 – Marie Carandini, opera singer (d. 1894)
 * February 2 – Louisa Langhans-Japha, composer (died 1910)
 * February 16 – Franz von Holstein, composer
 * March 6 – Marietta Alboni, operatic contralto (d. 1894)
 * March 14 – William Fisk Sherwin, composer
 * March 23 – Léon Minkus, composer (d. 1917)
 * April 7 – Johann Hermann Berens, composer (d. 1880)
 * April 28 – Alexander Stadtfeld, composer
 * June 1
 * Carl Bechstein, piano-maker (d. 1900)
 * Hermann Zopff, composer
 * July 4 – Stephen Foster, songwriter (d. 1864)
 * July 8 – Friedrich Chrysander, music historian (d. 1901)
 * July 22 – Julius Stockhausen, singer and music teacher (d. 1906)
 * August 13 – William Thomas Best, organist (d. 1897)
 * August 28 – Walter Cecil Macfarren, pianist and composer
 * October 13 – Johanna Jachmann-Wagner, operatic mezzo-soprano (d. 1894)
 * October 14 – Georges Mathias, composer and pianist (d. 1910)
 * October 16 – Piotr Studzinski, composer
 * Mathilda Ebeling, Swedish soprano (died 1851)
 * October 22 – Guglielmo Quarenghi, cellist and composer (d. 1882)
 * December 21 – Ernst Pauer, composer (d. 1905)
 * December 24 – Ignacy Krzyżanowski, Polish composer (d. 1905)
 * date unknown – Edward Mack, songwriter (d. 1882)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, composer (b. 1806)
 * February 11 – Charles Benjamin Incledon, singer (b. 1763)
 * March 14 – Julie Alix de la Fay, ballerina (b. 1748)
 * March 29 – Johann Heinrich Voss, lyricist (born 1751)
 * April 3 – Reginald Heber, hymn-writing bishop (b. 1783)
 * April 13 – Franz Danzi, cellist, conductor and composer (b. 1763)
 * May 6 – Sophie Hagman, ballerina (b. 1758)
 * May 24 – Frederic Ernest Fesca, violinist and composer (b. 1789)
 * May 27 – Carl David Stegmann, singer, harpsichordist, conductor and composer (b. 1751)
 * June 5 – Carl Maria von Weber, composer (b. 1786)
 * July 7 – Friedrich Ludwig Dulon, flautist and composer (b. 1768)
 * July 11 – Carl Bernhard Wessely, composer
 * August 30 – Theodor Zwetler, composer
 * September 28 – Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel, inventor of the first working metronome (b. 1780)
 * October 9 – Michael Kelly, actor, singer and composer (b. 1762)
 * November 17 – Caroline Frederikke Müller, operatic mezzo-soprano (b. 1755)
 * December 3 – Elizabeth Sandunova, soprano
 * December 10 – Benedikt Emanuel Schack, singer and composer (b. 1758)

title: 1826 in music


text:
Daniel Sheldon Norton

Daniel Sheldon Norton (April 12, 1829 – July 13, 1870) was an American lawyer and politician who served in the Minnesota State Senate and as a U.S. Senator from Minnesota.

Life and career
Norton was born in Mount Vernon, Ohio to Daniel Sheldon and Sarah Sheldon (née Banning). He had a brother, Anthony Banning Norton, who also became a politician. He attended Kenyon College but left school to serve with the 2nd Ohio Volunteers in the Mexican–American War. After returning from the war he studied law under his brother-in-law Judge Rollin C. Hurd. For several years he moved to California and Nicaragua but he returned to Ohio in 1852 and was admitted to the bar shortly thereafter. He practiced law in Mount Vernon for several years before he moving to Minnesota Territory in 1855.

After initially living in St. Paul, Minnesota, Norton eventually settled in Winona, Minnesota. In 1857 Norton was elected to the Minnesota State Senate for its first legislative session. He was reelected in 1860 and 1863 serving four total terms in seven years. In 1865 the state legislature elected him to the US Senate where he served in the 39th and 40th congresses. Initially elected as a Unionist, Norton later aligned himself with the more moderate Republican faction in the senate. He supported President Andrew Johnson's stance on reconstruction and opposed his impeachment. This led to tension with the more radical Republicans of Minnesota who passed a resolution censuring Norton for his actions and calling for his resignation.

Norton died while in office on July 13, 1870.

title: Daniel Sheldon Norton


text:
Hooded merganser

The hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) is a species of fish-eating duck in the subfamily Anatinae. It is the only extant species in the genus Lophodytes. The genus name derives from the Greek language: lophos meaning 'crest', and dutes meaning 'diver'. The bird is striking in appearance; both sexes have crests that they can raise or lower, and the breeding plumage of the male is handsomely patterned and coloured. The hooded merganser has a sawbill but is not classified as a typical merganser.

Hooded mergansers are the second-smallest species of merganser, with only the smew of Europe and Asia being smaller, and it also is the only merganser whose native habitat is restricted to North America.

A species of fossil merganser from the Late Pleistocene of Vero Beach, Florida, was described as Querquedula floridana (a genus now included in Anas), but upon reexamination turned out to be a species closely related to the hooded merganser; it is now named Lophodytes floridanus, but the exact relationship between this bird and the modern species is unknown.

Taxonomy
The hooded merganser was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Mergus cucullatus. Linnaeus based his account on the "round-crested duck" that had been described and illustrated by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in the first volume of his The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands that was published between 1729 and 1732. Linnaeus specified the type location as America but this was restricted to Virginia and Carolina following Catesby. The hooded merganser is now the only species placed in the genus Lophodytes that was introduced in 1853 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek lophos meaning "crest" with dutēs meaning "diver". The specific epithet cucullatus is Latin meaning "hooded".

Description
The hooded merganser is a sexually dimorphic species. The adult female has a greyish-brown body, with a narrow white patch over the lower breast and belly. She has a light reddish-brown crest extending from the back of the head. During the nonbreeding season the male looks similar to the female, except that his eyes are yellow and the female's eyes are brown.

In breeding plumage the dorsal areas and the head, neck and breast of the mature male are mainly black with white markings; there are large white patches on either side of the crest, and they are particularly conspicuous when he raises his crest during courtship. His lower flanks are a rich reddish-brown or chestnut in colour, and the breast and undersides are more or less white, extending into white stripes across the crop and breast.

In both sexes there are narrow white stripes along the tertial wing feathers; when the bird is in repose they have the appearance of longitudinal white stripes along the bird's lower back, if they are visible.

First-winter birds differ from adult females in appearance in that they have a grey-brown neck and upper parts; the upper parts of adult females are much darker — nearly black. Furthermore, the young birds have narrower white edges to their tertial feathers than adults do. Females of all ages are dark-eyed, whereas in males the eyes become pale during their first winter.

Measurements:

 * Length: 15.8-19.3 in (40-49 cm)
 * Weight: 16.0-31.0 oz (453-879 g)
 * Wingspan: 23.6-26.0 in (60-66 cm)

Distribution and habitat
Hooded mergansers are short-distance migrants, and they winter in the United States in regions where winter temperatures allow for ice-free conditions on ponds, lakes and rivers. They have two major year-round ranges. One is in the eastern United States from the southern Canada–US border along the Atlantic Coast to the Gulf Coast in the region of the Mississippi delta. A smaller year-round range extends from Washington state and southern British Columbia to northern Idaho. They also breed to some extent in regions from Missouri to southern Canada and from Nova Scotia to eastern North Dakota and Saskatchewan, migrating when necessary to avoid winter conditions. From 1966 - 2015, the hooded merganser experienced a >1.5% yearly population increase throughout its breeding range.

For preference the hooded merganser lives on small bodies of water such as ponds and small estuaries where there is ample emergent aquatic vegetation, but it also inhabits larger wetlands, impoundments, flooded timber, and rivers. They prefer fresh water but do occur on brackish water bodies as well.

Feral to Europe
Although the hooded merganser is a common species in captivity in Europe and most specimens recorded in the wild are regarded as escapes, or feral animals, a small number of birds have been regarded as genuinely wild vagrants. Britain's current first accepted record is a bird which was seen on North Uist in October 2000. Small numbers are seen regularly in Dublin, but these are presumed to be feral.

Food and feeding
The hooded merganser is a diving predator that largely hunts by sight while under water. Most studies report that its diet varies according to circumstances, usually being dominated by fish (44 to 81%). In addition it feeds on aquatic insects (13 to 20% of its diet) and other aquatic invertebrates such as crabs and crayfish (22 to 50%).

Breeding
Males and females of the hooded merganser form monogamous pairs and they remain together until the female has selected a nesting cavity and completed laying her clutch. After that, the male leaves the female to incubate and care for the brood. Females will actively seek out cavities in dead trees or artificial nest boxes such as those provided for nesting wood ducks. They prefer cavities 4–15 feet off the ground. Breeding occurs anytime between the end of February and the end of June, depending on the region.

The female will lay a clutch of 7-15 eggs but only begins incubation when the last egg has been laid, thereby permitting synchronous hatching. All hatchlings are consequently of the same size, which facilitates efficient parental care. During incubation, the female may lose anywhere from 8% to 16% of her body weight.

Like most waterfowl, hooded merganser hatchlings are precocial and usually leave the nest within 24 hours after they hatch; this is about long enough to accommodate synchronous hatching. Once they leave the nest, the young are capable of diving and foraging, but remain with the female for warmth and protection.

Management and conservation
Population declines in the past have been linked with large scale deforestation. Because these waterfowl are cavity nesters, they require mature trees in which suitable nesting sites are likely to be found. It has been suggested that in recent years proper timber management is increasing available habitat successfully. One priority consideration when managing wooded habitat for cavity nesting ducks, is to maintain a sufficient population of mature trees in which suitable nesting cavities would be plentiful. In addition these ducks do make use of artificial nest boxes when available.

Because of their high reliance on aquatic prey, hooded mergansers are very susceptible to harm from many types of pollution, some of which are poisons that accumulate in the food organisms, directly poisoning predators high in the food chain, and some of which simply reduce the populations of their prey.

title: Hooded merganser


text:
Talk:Edsel

Untitled
Why was the name changed? I'm pretty sure #company# #model# is and should be standard. -- stewacide 20:39 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * No what is standard is marque and model, as Mercury Grand Marquis made by Ford Motor Company or Plymouth Voyager made by Chrysler Corporation ..err, made by DaimlerChrysler Corporation. Rmhermen 20:47 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I thought it was the name of a Ford model. -- stewacide

 * I did too. I don't think Edsel ever was (or was ever intended to be) a marque. Hephaestos 22:12 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes it certainly was its own marque. It didn't say Ford anywhere on it. It was just as separate and just as similar as Mercury. Rmhermen 22:26 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * For clarity, I changed the first sentence in the article to plainly state that Edsel was a separate make, different and apart from Ford, Mercury, Lincoln and (at the time) Continental.   Rmhermen has it right. . .  it's make (or marque) and model, eg. an Edsel Pacer or a Ford Maverick.

In addition, I also expanded under "Edsel's failure" the quality control aspects relating to Edsel's failure. Lastly, I added to the Comet discussion how the Edsel cars and the Comet were styled in similar ways, showing how these cars share Edsel "family identity." 209.221.223.134 23:51, 30 May 2004 (UTC) avnative

 * Was Taunus a marque in America? This article contains the only mention of that fact that I've seen.  Sounds interesting! --SFoskett 15:49, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * I have heard of this outside Wikipedia. I do know that some Taunuses did have 'T A U N U S' on the front, rather than the more familiar 'F O R D'. Stombs 10:57, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't notice any reference to the origin of the name Edsel.I believe it was the name of one of the Ford family menbers.Shouldn't this be included somewhere? thx.BrianAlex (talk) 09:00, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

copyedit
Can someone check on the copyright status and editing of this edit? It's massive and good, which usually indicates a copyvio, but I couldn't locate it on the web... --SFoskett 15:29, August 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm reverting it. Besides the copyvio possibility, the anon. ed. jettisoned a lot of previous work. There's info that can be included, but a new anon should not be making massive deletions. Pollinator 01:31, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * What's a copyvio? 66.120.86.154 23:26, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * A copyright violation. --Metropolitan90 04:43, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Removal of Betamax and Chevy Chase references
My rationale for removing the references for the following two references within the Edsel article are listed here, and if either of these two references are near and dear to your hearts I hope that you will read through my reasoning:

1) Betamax - while Betamax didn't win the battle over which form of video tape recorders won domination (VHS) in the marketplace as the standard in the industry, Betamax did provide superior playback capabilities, and was a strong contender in its early years. If anything, Betamax was a victim of Sony's tight control on the licensing and sharing of its technology, as well as the high cost of Sony players.  I liken the battle between Betamax/VHS to Apple/Microsoft with one huge difference - the physical size of Betamax tapes made it impossible for inexpensive machines to swap formats unless they contained an adapter or a two cassette layout.

2) The Chevy Chase Show - I removed this reference because in popular culture because its more a "blip" of the moment than a colossal failure that we still don't sit around talking about after, (how many years?) This may be something that people in the entertainment industry may talk about, but if you go up to the average person in the street and mention his name, are they going to remember a this show, or National Lampoon's Vacation?

While I can appreciate these two examples, I think that the "Edsel" name continues to have enough of its own weight behind it, along with the selective imbedded links, and scholarly books on the Edsel to carry the legacy associations with its names. Now had the name association been made along the lines of mentioning Michael Chimino's Heaven's Gate (film) or the AMC Pacer, then I could see the relationship to things that costs millions of dollars and cost people their careers or threatened the survival of a major US Coprotaion. Stude62 14:01, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Lincoln Pricing mention
In 1958 Lincoln models sold for higher prices than there Cadillac counterparts and the Continental Mark, which though was not officically a Lincoln, but would later inspire the Mark Series, rivaled the 1958 Rolls-Royce in terms of its pricing. Fact is that the Contiental sold for more than twice as much as the top-of-the-line Cadillac; thus, I beleive that the statement, "Lincoln competed not with Cadillac, but with Oldsmobile" gives readers a false impression of the era's luxury market and should be removed from the article. Besides. lets not forget that Lincoln built the era's presidential limousines. Thanks. Regards,  Signature brendel  07:50, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe it's a little late to add a comment but the article is correct: In fact, Lincoln was competing against Oldsmobile in the early Fifties. Just compare a 1953 Lincoln Capri against competition Olds or Cadillac (leave alone the Eldorado). Management was aware of that and changed scope within a few years. 1956-1960 Continental is a make of its own, not a Lincoln model. It was targeted for a limited market niche above usual Cadillac / Lincoln / Imperial territory. And while 1956-1957 Mark IIs were not profitable at a sales price of $10,000, they of course were at the level of a Rolls Royce. Although, the above mentioned 1958 Continental was already cheapened with sheetmetal shared with Lincolns. Accordingly, prices went down, too. I didn't check sales prices yet but I doubt that this car cost twice as much as the limited-production Cadillac Brougham. --Chief tin cloud (talk) 09:19, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

GA failed
For the following reasons :
 * Too many POV sentences, here are a few examples :
 * The car brand is best known as the most spectacular failure in the history of the United States automobile industry.
 * For the 1958 model year, Edsel produced four models, including the larger Mercury-based Citation and Corsair, and the smaller, more affordable Ford-based Pacer and Ranger.
 * It was promoted by a top-rated television special,
 * Other less-touted but more enduring design innovations included a primitive attempt at ergonomically-designed controls for the driver, and self-adjusting brakes (often claimed as a first for the industry, although this was not so -- Studebaker had pioneered them earlier in the decade).
 * Edsel and its failures; "The aim was right, but the target moved", a section name.
 * I don't understand the table.
 * The section Edsel in culture shoud be a prose text and not a list. Lincher 14:32, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Why does Karmann keep removing the pictures of the various Edsel models? Karmann, please stop it.

 * This article is a damn mess. It's like everyone is writing their own opinions with no in-line citations.  Many, many weasel words, NPOV statements, etc.  Lots of information here but needs total, TOTAL rewrite. It doesn't surprise me one bit that it's considered a sub-par article. 68.101.143.168 (talk) 00:37, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Duplication
The following sentence is in two places in the article: "It looked like a Merc sucking on a lemon," or men's reference to the horse collar grill as resembling a woman’s genitalia. I don't think it belongs in the "popular culture" section but I'll leave it to someone doing more major improvements to tweak this... Jpp42 09:00, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Are you joking, that's the greatest line I've ever read. It deserves duplication. I've never laughed so much at woman’s genitalia in my life. The essence of wit, whoever wrote it. 83.70.248.72 09:08, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Production figures
Total production over three model years as quoted over the years constantly omits Edsel produced at Oakville, Ontario, Canada. The number 110,847 has been repeated so many times, it is now erroneously assumed to be universal fact, when in reality Canadian-produced Edsels are just as much Edsel as those assembled in the U.S. I have added Canadian production figures, and placed them in the article immediately following the U.S. production figures. While the article wrongly attributes these figures to "sales", the concept is close enough. In reality, total actual sales in Canada included some models produced in the U.S., since only hardtops and four-door sedans were actually assembled in Canada. Other body styles had to be imported from the U.S. (two-door sedans, station wagons and convertibles). The final production total for 1960 Edsel was actually 2,846, not 2,848, although a few fake 1960 convertibles have been assembled after the fact from 1960 Fords with Edsel parts attached. No 1960 Edsels were produced in Canada. (Sources: The Production Figure Book For U.S. Cars, by Jerry Heasley, Motorbooks International; The Edsel Owner's Handbook, by Ty Triplett, International Edsel Club (for distribution to members only). —Preceding unsigned comment added by A58pacer (talk • contribs) 18:16, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

1960 Model Pictures
There do not seem to be any pictures of the 1960 model, even on the separate Ranger and Villager pages. I had to look on Google Images to see what it looked like. Somebody needs to add some. Jason404 (talk) 18:55, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

front grill
My father always said no man wanted to buy one because the front grill looked like a vagina but I couldn't find this criticism in the article and don't want to cause trouble by adding it so I'll just leave these possible sources here for use at a future date. time magazine auto mania by tom mccarthy  and Brand Failures by Matt Haig  (print book sources) daily kos  Andman8 (talk) 21:32, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Believe it or not, the references check out, but the DailyKos is derivative and looks like a blog. I personally wouldn't include this however. Smallbones (talk) 02:32, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

Epic fail?
"There is no single reason why the Edsel failed, and failed so epically." Doesn't really sound encyclopedic, does it? --75.90.234.197 (talk) 23:30, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Today
What do "E-M" and "E-F" refer to in the final paragraph? If those are abbreviations for the names of specific car models or series, they should be written out rather than abbreviated so that readers know what's being referenced.Rand Lamberth (talk) 21:00, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

"The Homer"
This article doesn't have a popular culture reference section, but [The Homer](http://simpsons.wikia.com/wiki/The_Homer) was inspired by this car. 129.59.122.172 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 16:21, 23 August 2017 (UTC)

Missing reference for "The Ford Motor Company lost $250 million"
The reference for "The Ford Motor Company lost $250 million" is just "Carlson". Looks like it is missing a full reference? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marauder016 (talk • contribs) 14:57, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Edsel or the Edsel?
If the first sentence is correct and Edsel is a marque, then the article shouldn't be using "the Edsel" everywhere, as if it were a model. It's confusing. For example, in the lead, The Edsel never gained popularity with contemporary American car buyers and sold poorly. I presume this means "all Edsels". If that's true, why don't we say that, instead implying that the "Edsel" represents a single model? — howcheng  {chat} 06:11, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

 * In terms of proper grammar, this is asking the proper question; in the context of Edsels, the marque itself seems to overshadow the model name. Conversely, we don't say "the Ford" or "the Mercury" the same way despite both brands consisting of several nameplates when Edsel was in production.  Some minor revisions through the article may need to take place to fix this issue, but it should not make for an extensive change.  --SteveCof00 (talk) 07:28, 28 October 2018 (UTC)

I realized this oddity the other day, how Edsels are always referred to as "the Edsel" as if it were a single model of car when in fact there were several Edsel models with different names. We should head up making this correct. Watchdevil (talk) 23:10, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

I did more research and even Ford Motor Company's advetising refers to Edsels as "the Edsel" in most of the text copy despite there being individual model names. Yet still you never say "The Ford" or "The Lincoln". This phenomenon extends to DeSotos too as I will often see "the DeSoto" mentioned even though there were different models of DeSotos. This seems to affect older defunct brands. Watchdevil (talk) 04:02, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

Internal Inconsistency
The opening paragraph says:

The Ford Motor Company lost $250 million[2] on Edsel development, manufacturing, and marketing.

Whereas further down, under the heading "End of Edsel", this appears:

The company lost $350 million...on the venture.

To paraphrase Lincoln, both of those numbers may be, but one must be, wrong.

 * reply Things like this are part of how this article needs major reconstruction. In response to this topic, I am of the thinking that the smaller figure is of a more specific context than the larger figure, which may apply to the venture as a whole. --SteveCof00 (talk) 07:52, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edsel


text:
Global Affairs Canada

Global Affairs Canada (GAC; Affaires mondiales Canada; AMC) is the department of the Government of Canada that manages Canada's diplomatic and consular relations, promotes Canadian international trade, and leads Canada's international development and humanitarian assistance. It is also responsible for maintaining Canadian government offices abroad with diplomatic and consular status on behalf of all government departments.

According to the OECD, Canada’s total official development assistance (ODA) (USD 7.8 billion, preliminary data) increased in 2022 due to exceptional support to Ukraine and its pandemic response in developing countries, increased costs for in-donor refugees as well as higher contributions to international organizations, representing 0.37% of gross national income (GNI).

History
The department has undergone numerous name changes and re-organizations since its founding in 1909. Originally established as the "Department of External Affairs", GAC has been known by a variety of names throughout its lifetime. Its current legal name is the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, but its "applied" name used within government is Global Affairs Canada often shorted in the Canadian media to simply "Global Affairs".

Origins (early 20th century)
GAC was first founded as the Department of External Affairs on 1 June 1909.

During and after World War I, Canada assumed greater control over its foreign relations, with its full autonomy in this field confirmed by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. For historical reasons, the name External Affairs was retained.

The Department of Trade and Commerce, which included the Trade Commissioner Service, had been created in 1892. In 1969, it was combined with the Department of Industry to form the Department of Industry Trade and Commerce (ITC). Both External Affairs and ITC maintained networks of offices abroad, with varying degrees of coordination among them. The Department of Citizenship and Immigration also had offices abroad, in some cases dating back to Confederation.

Reorganization (1970s–80s)
In the 1970s and early 1980s, there were growing efforts to ensure coordination among all Canadian government offices outside Canada and to strengthen the leadership role and authority of heads of post (ambassadors, high commissioners, and consuls general) over all Canadian government staff in their areas of accreditation. This led to a 1979 decision by Prime Minister Joe Clark to consolidate the various streams of the Canadian Foreign Service, including the "political" (traditional diplomatic) stream, the Trade Commissioner Service, and the Immigration Foreign Service.

This was followed in 1982 by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's decision to combine External Affairs and International Trade into a single department. It initially retained the name of Department of External Affairs, but was subsequently renamed External Affairs and International Trade. The change was reflected in a new Department of External Affairs Act passed in 1983. The 1982 merger was part of larger reorganization of government that also combined the Industry component of ITC with the Department of Regional Economic Expansion.

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (1993–95)
The department's name was changed to the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT) in 1993, about 60 years after Canada had gained control over its foreign policy in 1931—though this change was only formalized by an Act of Parliament in 1995. DFAIT maintained two separate ministers: the Minister of Foreign Affairs, with lead responsibility for the portfolio, and the Minister of International Trade. The Minister for International Cooperation, who was responsible for agencies such as the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), also fell under DFAIT. Moreover, the responsibilities of DFAIT would include Canadian relations with Commonwealth nations—though such nations are not considered 'foreign' to one another.

CIDA had been formally established in 1968, although a preceding External Aid Office was created as a branch of the External Affairs Department in 1960, building on roots that go back to the Colombo Plan in the early 1950s.

Recent developments (21st century)
Through an administrative separation of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, two separate departments named Foreign Affairs Canada (FAC) and International Trade Canada (ITCan) were created in December 2003. However, legislation to formally abolish DFAIT and provide a statutory basis for the separate departments failed to pass a first vote in the House of Commons on 15 February 2005. The government, nonetheless, maintained the administrative separation of the two departments despite neither having been established through an Act of Parliament.

In early 2006, under the new government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Foreign Affairs Canada and International Trade Canada were re-joined to again form a single department known as Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.

In 2013, included within the Conservative government's omnibus budget bill, An Act to implement certain provisions of the budget tabled in Parliament on March 21, 2013 and other measures (Bill C-60), was a section that would fold CIDA into the department, creating the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD). The bill received royal assent on 26 June 2013.

On 4 November 2015, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's new Liberal government again modified the name of the department. While its legal name remains the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, its public designation (applied title) under the Federal Identity Program is Global Affairs Canada (GAC). Despite the change to the applied title of the department, the senior minister responsible is still called the Minister of Foreign Affairs, rather than "Minister of Global Affairs", in line with the terminology used in other jurisdictions and in international law.

Functions and structure
GAC is headquartered in the Lester B. Pearson Building at 125 Sussex Drive on the banks of the Rideau River in Ottawa, but operates out of several properties in Canada's National Capital Region.

Ministers
Ministers and parliamentary secretaries to ministers are elected members of the House of Commons and accountable to Parliament. Ministers are also members of the cabinet and privy council (and thus entitled to use the prefix "the Honourable"). The current leadership of GAC is provided by three ministers, each with their own responsibilities.

The minister of foreign affairs (currently Mélanie Joly) is the senior minister in the department, with responsibility for foreign policy matters as well as the department overall. This ministerial portfolio includes:

The minister of international development (currently Ahmed Hussen) is responsible for international development, poverty reduction, and humanitarian assistance. This ministerial portfolio includes:
 * Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada
 * International Joint Commission
 * Permanent Joint Board on Defense
 * Roosevelt Campobello International Park Commission

 * Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Advisory Council
 * Development finance institutions
 * African Development Bank
 * Asian Development Bank
 * Inter-American Development Bank
 * Caribbean Development Bank
 * International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

The minister of international trade, export promotion, small business and economic development (currently Mary Ng) is responsible for matters of international trade. This ministerial portfolio includes:

 * Business Development Bank of Canada
 * Canadian Commercial Corporation (CCC)
 * Export Development Canada (EDC)
 * Invest in Canada
 * Office of the Extractive Sector Corporate Social Responsibility Counsellor
 * Trade Commissioner Service

Current departmental structure
Deputy ministers are senior public servants who take political direction from ministers and are responsible for the day-to-day operations of the department.

The current departmental structure, and corresponding executives, are as follows:

 * Minister of Foreign Affairs – Mélanie Joly
 * Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs – Rob Oliphant
 * Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs – David Morrison
 * Associate Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs – Cindy Termorshuizen
 * North America
 * Latin America and the Caribbean
 * Europe, Middle East and the Maghreb
 * Asia & Africa
 * Minister of International Development – Ahmed Hussen
 * Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of International Development – Kamal Khera
 * Deputy Minister of International Development – Christopher MacLennan
 * International Development Research Centre
 * International Assistance Operations – C. Campbell
 * Minister of International Trade, Export Promotion, Small Business and Economic Development – Mary Ng
 * Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Small Business, Export Promotion and International Trade – Rachel Bendayan
 * Deputy Minister of International Trade – Rob Stewart
 * Trade Commissioner Service
 * Export Development Canada
 * Canadian Commercial Corporation
 * Office of the Extractive Sector Corporate Social Responsibility Counsellor

Branches of Global Affairs each have their own Assistant Deputy Minister, who report to all three deputy ministers:

 * Strategic Planning and Policy
 * Consular, Security and Emergency Management Branch
 * Global Issues
 * International Security
 * International Business Development, Investment & Innovation
 * Trade Policy & Negotiation
 * International Platform
 * Legal Advisor
 * Human Resources
 * Corporate Finance and Operations

Organizations
Included in the portfolios of the three Global Affairs ministers are:

 * Crown corporations:
 * Business Development Bank of Canada
 * Canadian Commercial Corporation (CCC)
 * Export Development Canada (EDC)
 * International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
 * Invest in Canada
 * shared-governance corporations (responsibility of Foreign Affairs minister):
 * Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada
 * International Joint Commission
 * Permanent Joint Board on Defense
 * Roosevelt Campobello International Park Commission
 * international organizations:
 * African Development Bank
 * Asian Development Bank
 * Inter-American Development Bank
 * Caribbean Development Bank
 * Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Advisory Council

Nomenclature
The change of terminology from external affairs to foreign affairs recognized, albeit belatedly, a shift that had occurred many years before.

At the time that the external affairs portfolio was created in 1909, Canada was a self-governing dominion in the British Empire and did not have an independent foreign policy. The term external affairs avoided the question of whether a colony or dominion—self-governing and hence sovereign in some respects—could, by definition, have foreign affairs. Implicitly, since the department was responsible for affairs with both Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries, all external relations were of a type, even when the head of state was shared with other nations.

Under section 132 of the British North America Act, 1867, the federal government had authority to conduct and implement relations with other parts of the British Empire, which were not considered foreign lands. The United Kingdom and other colonial powers still routinely divided their conduct of overseas policy into foreign affairs (e.g. the Foreign Office) and domestic or colonial affairs (the Colonial Office or Dominion Office, which were later reorganized and combined into one department: the Foreign and Commonwealth Office). Canadian interests outside the empire (e.g. between Canada and its non-empire neighbours, the United States, Russia, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenland) were under the purview of the UK Foreign Office. Informally, however, Canada had had relations with the United States in particular, with trade and other relationships pre-dating Confederation.

Foreign relations
Canada's management of its own foreign relations evolved over time, with key milestones including: the First World War (at the conclusion of which Canada was a signatory of the Treaty of Versailles and a member of the League of Nations); the Balfour Declaration; increased direct conduct of bilateral matters with the United States (where Canada had its own representatives since at least 1927); and finally, the Statute of Westminster and the Second World War. In terms of Canada's commercial relations, the first trade commissioner, John Short Larke, was named following a successful trade delegation to Australia led by Canada's first minister of trade and commerce, Mackenzie Bowell.

The Statute of Westminster clarified that Canada (and certain other dominions, such as Australia and New Zealand) were primarily responsible for, among other things, the conduct of their own foreign affairs. After World War II, Canada was a founding member of the United Nations and participant in its own right in post-war settlement talks and other international fora, and in most respects the conduct of foreign affairs was no longer colonial.

Over the years after the Second World War, a number of other historical traditions were slowly abolished or brought into accordance with reality, such as the practice of Canadian ambassadors presenting diplomatic credentials signed by the monarch of Canada (including, on occasion, credentials written in French as an official language of Canada); Canadian ambassadors now present credentials signed by the governor general of Canada as representative of the Canadian monarch. Other traditions remain, such as the exchange of high commissioners, instead of ambassadors, between Commonwealth countries. (High commissioners present credentials from the head of government [the prime minister], as the head of state was historically shared, and would not accredit a representative to one's self.) Nonetheless, by the time the change in terminology was effected in 1993, Canada's foreign affairs had been conducted separately from the United Kingdom in most significant respects for the entire post-war period, or over 60 years since the Statute of Westminster.

This process was paralleled in other areas over this period, including the establishment of Canada's own supreme court as the court of last resort, the patriation of the constitution, and Canadian citizenship (Canadians had been British subjects, and no citizenship per se existed until 1947).

In September 2012, the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office signed a memorandum of understanding on diplomatic cooperation, which promotes the co-location of embassies, the joint provision of consular services, and common crisis response. The project has been criticized by leading Canadian foreign affairs scholars for undermining Ottawa's foreign policy independence.

International Development and Humanitarian Assistance
Global Affairs Canada funds humanitarian projects, contributes to the United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund, makes smaller emergency contributions through the Canadian Red Cross and Canadian Foodgrains Bank and funds Canadian humanitarian organisations via the Humanitarian Coalition.

Support is guided by Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy.

International trade
Within Global Affairs Canada, there are several bodies that facilitate Canada's international trade system, including the Trade Controls Bureau, Export Development Canada, Canadian Commercial Corporation, and the Trade Commissioner Service. Other organizations that facilitate international trade and foreign investment in Canada include the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), Invest in Canada (formerly Foreign Investment Review Agency), and the Canadian International Trade Tribunal, which is an independent quasi-judicial body. The CBSA and Statistics Canada collect information on all items exported from Canada, and classify these items using categories negotiated by the World Customs Organization.

title: Global Affairs Canada


text:
1827 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1827.

Events

 * March 29 – The funeral of Ludwig van Beethoven is attended by huge crowds.
 * April 5 – Pope Leo XII honours Nicolo Paganini with the Order of the Golden Spur.
 * April 13 – 18-year-old soprano Eugenia Savorani marries Giovanni Tadolini, her 42-year-old singing teacher.
 * date unknown
 * Franz Liszt moves to Paris after the death of his father. He will live there for the next five years. He plays a concert in London that was attended by Ignaz Moscheles.
 * François Dauverné becomes one of the first musicians to use the new F three-valved trumpet in public performance.
 * Rossini's mother dies, prompting his return home to Bologna.
 * The term "Gesamtkunstwerk" is first used in print, in an essay by Eusebius Trahndorff; it is later adopted by Richard Wagner.
 * Soprano Laure-Cinthie Montalant marries the tenor Vincent-Charles Damoreau.
 * The Zagreb Music Association is founded; one of its earliest members is Ivan Padovec.

Popular music

 * "I'd Be a Butterfly" w.m. Thomas Haynes Bayly

Classical music

 * Dionisio Aguado – 4 Rondos brillants, Op. 2
 * Hector Berlioz – La mort d’Orphée (cantata)
 * Frederic Chopin – Variations on "Là ci darem la mano" Op. 2
 * Carl Czerny
 * 3 Sonatines faciles et brillantes, Op. 104
 * Piano Sonata Nos.6–9, Opp. 124, 143–145
 * Grande Serenade concertante, Op.126
 * 100 Progressive Studies, Op. 139
 * Concerto for Piano Four-Hands and Orchestra, Op. 153
 * Mauro Giuliani – 6 Airs Irlandois nationales variées (for guitar), Op. 125
 * Fanny Hensel – 6 Lieder, Op.9, Nos. 1, "Die Ersehnte" and 5 "Der Maiabend"
 * Ferdinand Hiller
 * "Le sénateur" (dated June 22)
 * "Wandrers Nachtlied"
 * Johann Wenzel Kalliwoda – Symphony No.1, Op. 7
 * Friedrich Kuhlau
 * Flute Sonata, Op. 85
 * 4 Sonatinas, Op. 88
 * Kaspar Kummer – Trio for Flute, Clarinet and Bassoon, Op. 32
 * Franz Liszt – Scherzo in G minor, S.153
 * Felix Mendelssohn
 * 7 Charakterstücke, Op.7
 * String Quartet No.2, Op.13
 * The Last Rose of Summer, Op.15
 * Piano Sonata No.3, Op.106 (dated May 31)
 * Tu es Petrus, Op.111
 * Christe, du Lamm Gottes, MWV 5
 * Ferdinand Ries
 * Polonaise No.4, Op.140
 * 3 Flute Quartets, WoO 35, No. 2 in G major
 * Pierre Rode – Violin Concerto No.11 in D major, Op. 23
 * Franz Schubert
 * Winterreise (song cycle)
 * Piano Trio No. 1
 * Piano Trio No. 2
 * Im Abendrot, D.799
 * Impromptus, D.899 and D.935
 * 3 Gesänge, D.902
 * Zur guten Nacht, D.903
 * Alinde, D.904
 * An die Laute, D.905
 * Variations on a Theme from Herold's 'Marie', D. 908
 * Phantasie for violin and piano in C major, D.934
 * 12 Valses nobles, D. 969
 * Ignaz Seyfried – Libera me Domine, continuation of Mozart's Requiem
 * Louis Spohr
 * Violin Concerto No.11, Op. 70
 * Double String Quartet No.2, Op.77
 * Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse – Et Eventyr i Rosenborg Have (Singspiel)

Opera

 * Vincenzo Bellini – Il Pirata
 * Louise Bertin – Le loup-garou
 * Michele Carafa – Les Deux Figaro
 * Felix Mendelssohn – Die Hochzeit des Camacho, Op.10 (premiered April 29 in Berlin)
 * Giovanni Pacini – Margherita regina d'Inghilterra
 * Louis Spohr – Pietro von Abano, premiered Oct. 13 in Kassel.

Births

 * January 14 – Enderby Jackson, pioneer of the British brass band (d. 1903)
 * January 16 (or 17) – Antonio Giuglini, operatic tenor (d. 1865)
 * February 2 – Ludwig Eichrodt, lyricist (died 1892)
 * February 9 – Auguste Dupont, composer (died 1890)
 * February 12 – Alexander Wilhelm Gottschalg, composer (died 1908)
 * February 14 – José Costa, composer (died 1881)
 * February 18 – Marc Burty, music teacher and composer (died 1903)
 * March 5
 * Hans Balatka, composer (d. 1899)
 * Emile Jonas, composer (died 1905)
 * March 26 – Emanuel Kania, composer (died 1887)
 * April 15 – Julius Tausch, composer (died 1895)
 * April 25 – Jean Antoine Zinnen, composer (d. 1898)
 * May 11 – Septimus Winner, composer (died 1902)
 * August 20 (or 22) – Josef Strauss, waltz composer (d. 1870)
 * August 22 – Edouard Silas, composer (died 1909)
 * August 23 – Simon Waley, composer (died 1875)
 * September 5 – Goffredo Mameli, lyricist of the Italian national anthem (d. 1849)
 * September 13 – Catherine Winkworth, hymnist (died 1878)
 * October 6 – Karl Riedel, conductor (died 1888)
 * November 7 – Theodor Bernhard Sick, composer (died 1893)
 * November 12 – Gustav Merkel, organist and composer (d. 1885)
 * November 20 – Edmond Dédé, composer (died 1903)
 * November 26 – Hugo Ulrich, composer, teacher and arranger (d. 1872)
 * December 24 – Lisa Cristiani, cellist (died 1853)
 * December 31 – Marie Caroline Miolan-Carvalho, French operatic soprano (d. 1895)
 * date unknown
 * Martino Frontini, composer (d. 1909)
 * George Lichtenstein, Hungarian-born pianist and music teacher (d. 1893)

Deaths

 * January 18 – John Hoyland, organist and composer (b. 1783)
 * January 30 – Johann Philipp Christian Schulz, composer (b. 1773)
 * February 2 – Johann Nepomuk Kalcher, opera composer (b. 1764)
 * February 11 – José Lidon, composer and musician (born 1748)
 * February 26 – David Moritz Michael, composer (b. 1751)
 * March 9 – Franz Xaver Gerl, operatic bass and composer (b. 1764)
 * March 26 – Ludwig van Beethoven, composer (b. 1770)
 * April 3 – Ernst Chladni, physicist and musician, "Father of acoustics" (b. 1756)
 * May 9 – Friedrich Wilhelm Berner, composer (born 1780)
 * June 4 – Stephan von Breuning, librettist (born 1774)
 * July 17 – Charles Borremans, violinist and conductor (b. 1769)
 * July 25 – Gottfried Christoph Härtel, music publisher (born 1763)
 * August 2 – James Hewitt, composer, conductor and music publisher (b. 1770)
 * August 3 – Lorenz Leopold Haschka, lyricist of the Austrian national anthem (b. 1749)
 * August 9 – Marc-Antoine Madeleine Désaugiers, composer, dramatist and songwriter (b. 1772)
 * August 28 – Adam Liszt, Hungarian musician, father of Franz Liszt (b. 1776)
 * September 8 – Reginald Spofforth, composer (b. 1769)
 * September 30 – Wilhelm Müller, lyricist (born 1794)
 * November 6 – Bartolomeo Campagnoli, violinist (b. 1751)
 * November 11 – Franz von Walsegg, count who commissioned Mozart's Requiem (b. 1763)
 * November 20 – Alexey Nikolayevich Titov, violinist and composer (b. 1769)
 * date unknown
 * James Hook, composer (b. 1746)
 * Syama Sastri, oldest of the Trinity of Carnatic music (b. 1762)

title: 1827 in music


text:
1828 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1828.

Events

 * January 14 & December 30 – Franz Schubert's song cycle Winterreise is published, the second part posthumously.
 * February 29 – Daniel Auber's La muette de Portici ("Masaniello"), the earliest French grand opera, premières at the Salle Le Peletier of the Paris Opéra.
 * March 9 – The Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire of Paris gives its first concert, including music by Beethoven, Rossini, Meifreid, Rode and Cherubini.
 * March 26 – Franz Schubert gives his only public concert of his own works eight months before his death aged 31 in Vienna of typhoid fever or symptoms related to syphilis.
 * August – Genoa-born violinist Niccolò Paganini begins his European tour in Vienna. It establishes his international reputation as the greatest violinist of his time and inspires other instrumentalists to mimic his innovations on the piano (Chopin, Liszt).
 * November 3 – Composer Ferdinand Hérold is awarded the Légion d'honneur.
 * December 27 – Soprano Elisabetta Manfredini-Guarmani gives her last known performance, at Rimini. She disappears from the historical record after this.
 * Flugelhorn introduced by Heinrich Stölzel in Berlin.

Popular music

 * "Oh! No! We Never Mention Her" by Thomas Haynes Bayly & E. Riley
 * "Tyrolese Evening Hymn" by Felicia Hemans & Augusta Browne
 * "Jump Jim Crow" by Thomas D. Rice

Classical music

 * Hector Berlioz – Waverly Overture, Op. 1
 * Frédéric Chopin
 * Piano Sonata No. 1 Op. 4
 * Fantasy on Polish Airs Op. 13
 * Rondo à la Krakowiak Op. 14
 * Johannes Frederik Fröhlich – Ouverture til Freias Alter
 * Mikhail Glinka – Mazurka in G major
 * Ferdinand Hérold – La fille mal gardée (ballet)
 * Franz Schubert
 * Der Hirt auf dem Felsen
 * Fantasia in F minor for piano four-hands
 * Mass no. 6 in E-flat major
 * String Quintet in C major, D. 956
 * Schwanengesang
 * Last three piano sonatas
 * Louis Spohr – Symphony No. 3, Op. 78

Opera

 * Daniel Auber – La muette de Portici
 * Vincenzo Bellini – Bianca e Fernando
 * Gaetano Donizetti – L'esule di Roma
 * Heinrich Marschner – Der Vampyr
 * Gioacchino Rossini – Le comte Ory (Count Ory) first performed in Paris. Libretto by Eugène Scribe and Charles-Gaspard Delestre-Poirson.
 * Peter Josef von Lindpaintner – Der Vampyr
 * Saverio Mercadante – Adriano in Siria (Ita) and Gabriella di Vergy (Ita)

Publications

 * Louis-Francois Dauprat – Du cor à pistons
 * Edward Holmes – A Ramble Among the Musicians of Germany
 * Johann Bernard Logier – System der Musikwissenschaft (abridged version, full version published one year earlier)
 * Gustav Adolph Wettengel – Vollständiges Lehrbuch der Geigen- und Bogenmacherkunst
 * Carl Friedrich Whistling – Handbuch der musikalischen Literatur

Births

 * January 6 – Robert Keller, music editor (d. 1891)
 * January 17 – Ede Reményi, violinist (d. 1898)
 * January 20 – Johanna Sundberg, ballerina (d. 1910)
 * February 8 – Antonio Cagnoni, composer (d. 1896)
 * 14 February – Julius Reisinger, choreographer (d. 1892)
 * April 5 – Pietro Platania, composer and music teacher (d. 1907)
 * April 15 – Robert Sands, first conductor of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir
 * April 24 – Charles Nuitter, librettist (died 1899)
 * April 26 – Francesco Graziani (baritone), operatic baritone (d. 1901)
 * June 2 – James Cutler Dunn Parker, composer (d. 1916)
 * June 24 – Adolphe Blanc, chamber music composer (d. 1885)
 * July 15 – Raffaele Fiorini, violin maker (d. 1898)
 * July 31 – François-Auguste Gevaert, musicologist and composer (d. 1908)
 * August 7 – Michał Zawadzki, composer (died 1887)
 * October 3 – Woldemar Bargiel, composer (d. 1897)
 * October 19 – Adolfo Fumagalli, pianist (d. 1856)
 * November 3 – Joseph Hellmesberger, Sr., violinist and conductor (d. 1893)
 * November 10 – Hector-Jonathan Crémieux, librettist (d. 1892)
 * November 23 – Clemente Aguirre, composer and music teacher (d. 1900)
 * December 23 – Mathilde Wesendonck, poet and collaborator of Richard Wagner (d. 1902)

Deaths

 * January 12 – Peter Mandrup Lem, violinist (b. 1758)
 * March 26 – Elisabeth Olin, operatic soprano (b. 1740)
 * April 25 – François Benoît Hoffmann, opera librettist (b. 1760)
 * July 9 – Cathinka Buchwieser, German opera singer and actress (b.1789)
 * July 22 or July 28 – Antonio Calegari, composer (b. 1757)
 * September 25 – Charlotta Seuerling, singer, harpsichordist, composer and poet (b. c. 1783)
 * October 31 – John Marsh, composer (b. 1752)
 * November 19 – Franz Schubert, composer (b. 1797)
 * December 30 – Waldemar Thrane, composer (b. 1790)
 * date unknown – Vincenzo dal Prato, castrato singer (b. 1756)

title: 1828 in music


text:
Alonzo J. Edgerton

Alonzo Jay Edgerton (June 7, 1827 – August 9, 1896) was a United States senator from Minnesota and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota.

Education and career
Born June 7, 1827, in Rome, Oneida County, New York, Edgerton graduated from Wesleyan University in 1850 and read law in 1855. At Wesleyan, he became a member of the Mystical Seven. He was admitted to the bar and entered private practice in Mantorville, Minnesota, from 1855 to 1861. He was prosecutor for Dodge County, Minnesota. He was a member of the Minnesota Senate from 1858 to 1859. In 1862, during the American Civil War, Edgerton organized a company of militia which later constituted Company B of the Tenth Minnesota Infantry Volunteers. By January 1864, he had risen to the rank of Colonel of the 67th Regiment Infantry United States Colored Troops. He was brevetted a brigadier general on March 13, 1865, and confirmed on April 10, 1866. He resumed private practice in Mantorville from 1867 to 1871. He was Railroad Commissioner for Minnesota from 1871 to 1874. Edgerton became a regent of the University of Minnesota in 1872. He again resumed private practice in Mantorville from 1874 to 1877. He served as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives and returned to private practice in Mantorville from 1878 to 1881.

Congressional service
Edgerton was appointed as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of United States Senator William Windom and served from March 12, 1881, to October 30, 1881, during the 47th United States Congress, when a successor was elected.

Later career
Following his departure from Congress, Edgerton served as a Judge of the District Court for the District of Dakota Territory from 1881 to 1885. He returned to private practice in Mitchell, Dakota Territory (State of South Dakota from November 2, 1889) from 1885 to 1889. He served as President of the constitutional convention of South Dakota.

Federal judicial service
Edgerton received a recess appointment from President Benjamin Harrison on November 19, 1889, to the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota, to a new seat authorized by 25 Stat. 676. He was nominated to the same position by President Harrison on December 16, 1889. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 16, 1890, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on August 9, 1896, due to his death in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. He was interred in Evergreen Cemetery in Mantorville.

Membership
Edgerton was a freemason.

Honor
The town of Edgerton, Minnesota, is named in Edgerton's honor.

title: Alonzo J. Edgerton


text:
1829 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1829.

Events

 * March 11 – The German composer Felix Mendelssohn (age 20) conducts the first performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion since the latter's death in 1750, at the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin; the success of this performance sparks a revival of interest in Bach.
 * April–September – Mendelssohn pays his first visit to Britain. This visit included the first London performance of his concert overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream and his trip to Fingal's Cave.
 * July – George Washington Dixon popularizes "Coal Black Rose" singing in blackface in New York City.
 * December 29 – Soprano Eugenia Tadolini makes her house debut at the Teatro Regio di Parma.
 * Frédéric Chopin concludes his studies at the music academy in Warsaw which will later be named after him. He also hears Paganini perform and begins writing his Etudes.

Popular music

 * "There's Nothing True but Heaven" words by Thomas Moore, music by Oliver Shaw

Classical music

 * Hector Berlioz – La Mort de Cleopatre
 * Norbert Burgmüller – Piano Concerto in F-sharp minor
 * Frederic Chopin
 * Introduction and Polonaise Brillante Op. 3
 * Piano Trio Op. 8
 * Étude Op. 10, No. 8
 * Étude Op. 10, No. 9
 * Étude Op. 10, No. 10
 * Étude Op. 10, No. 11
 * Piano Concerto No. 2
 * Carl Czerny
 * Piano Trio No.2, Op.166
 * Sonatina in A major, Op.167
 * Systematische Anleitung zum Fantasieren auf dem Pianoforte, Op.200
 * Fanny Hensel – Capriccio for Cello and Piano in A-flat major
 * Johann Nepomuk Hummel – Gesellschafts Rondo, Op.117
 * Friedrich Kuhlau
 * Fantaisie, Op.93
 * Introduction and Rondo on 'Le Colporteur', Op.98a
 * 3 Brilliant Duos for 2 Flutes, Op.102
 * 7 Variations on an Irish Folksong, Op.105
 * Caspar Kummer
 * Adagio et Variations sur un Thême de l’Opéra : Armida, de Rossini, p. Cor de Bassette avec Orchestre, Op. 45
 * 2 Duos for Flute and Clarinet, Op.46
 * Flute Trio, Op.53
 * Joseph Merk – Valses brillantes, Op.6
 * Gioachino Rossini – William Tell Overture

Opera

 * Michael William Balfe – I rivali di se stessi
 * Gioacchino Rossini – Guillaume Tell (William Tell) first performed in Paris. Libretto by Étienne de Jouy, Florent Bis and Armand Marrast.

Births

 * January 24 – William Mason, pianist and composer (d. 1908)
 * February 4 – Marquis d'Ivry, composer (died 1903)
 * February 11 – Camillo Walzel, librettist (died 1895)
 * March 6 – Heinrich Lichner, composer (d. 1898)
 * May 8 – Louis Moreau Gottschalk, pianist and composer (d. 1869)
 * May 9 – Ciro Pinsuti, pianist and composer (d. 1888)
 * June 9 – Gaetano Braga, cellist and composer (d. 1907)
 * June 11 – Horace Poussard, violinist and composer (d. 1898)
 * August 7 – Timoteo Pasini, composer, conductor, and pianist (d. 1888)
 * August 21 – Otto Goldschmidt, pianist, conductor and composer (d. 1907)
 * August 25 – Carlo Acton, pianist and composer (d. 1909)
 * August 28 – Albert Dietrich, composer (d. 1908)
 * October 6 – Josef Gänsbacher, music educator (died 1911)
 * November 28 – Anton Rubinstein, pianist, conductor and composer (d. 1894)
 * date unknown
 * Fritz Andersen, composer (died 1910)

Deaths

 * January 25 – William Shield, violinist and composer (b. 1748)
 * January 30 – Friedrich Haug, lyricist (born 1761)
 * February 16 – François Joseph Gossec, composer (b. 1734)
 * February 18 – Jan Křtitel Kuchař, organist, composer and teacher (b. 1751)
 * April 28 – Karl Gottlieb Umbreit, composer (born 1763)
 * May 8 – Mauro Giuliani, guitarist and composer (b. 1781)
 * August 15 – Christian Gottlieb Scheidler, composer (born 1747)
 * August 16 – Carl Gotthelf Gläser, hymnist (born 1784)
 * October 29 – Maria Anna Mozart, elder sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1751)
 * December 14 – Luigi Marchesi, castrato singer (b. 1754)

title: 1829 in music