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Strong Bad

Strong Bad is a fictional character from Homestar Runner, a series of animated Flash videos, who is inspired by "The Strong Bads" from the video game Tag Team Wrestling. He is voiced by Matt Chapman, the principal voice actor and co-creator of the series. Strong Bad enjoys pranking the other characters of the series, along with his ever-diligent lackey pet The Cheat and his older brother Strong Mad. Strong Bad first became popular due to his own segment on the Homestar Runner website, called “Strong Bad Emails”. The Strong Bad Email series grew to be so popular that six DVDs featuring the emails have been released, as well as a podcast where emails could be downloaded to digital media players, since its first episode in 2001.

Strong Bad was created to be the main antagonist of the series but since then has become less of a villain and more of an antihero. However, he is still occasionally referred to as an antagonist, due to the pranks that he, Strong Mad, and The Cheat play on the other characters, and his insulting of his brother Strong Sad. He seems to be a character influenced by the American popular culture trends of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, such as heavy metal music and the second and third-generations of video games and video game consoles. Since he is one of the site's most popular characters, merchandise has also spun off of Strong Bad, which includes T-shirts and sweatshirts sold by the website.

Strong Bad has been one of the most popular characters in the series and has been well-received. In 2021, Polygon declared Strong Bad an icon. In a tribute, they note that "Strong Bad Email was far and away the most popular segment on Homestar Runner" and the series and character have "remained a "massive comedic influence" on others. Segments have been spun off of his emails, including "Teen Girl Squad", a comic drawn by Strong Bad about four teenage friends, and "20X6", an anime-style cartoon featuring Japanese versions of the characters, such as Strong Bad's counterpart, "Stinkoman".

Role in Homestar Runner
In the original “The Homestar Runner Enters the Strongest Man in the World Contest” book, as well as many of the early cartoons, Strong Bad mainly served as the antagonist to Homestar Runner. The two would frequently compete against each other in competitions, with Strong Bad often cheating. As the series drew away from competition-based stories and became more character-driven, Strong Bad became less of a villain; although he still dislikes Homestar and often tries to prank him, he mostly just views him as dim-witted and irritating. The two have been known to occasionally get along, however.

Along with his physically intimidating but mentally limited big brother Strong Mad and his yellow lackey The Cheat, Strong Bad represents the self-proclaimed criminal element in the series. Many shorts concern the various practical jokes and scams that they perpetrate. Although these are usually only slightly malevolent, Strong Bad still acts as if he is a villainous mastermind, and he is highly prone to exaggerating his alluring qualities—especially with regards to women. Strong Bad also "rules" an area of the fictional universe called Strong Badia. It consists of a barren field, a fence, a tire, and a stop sign reading "Pop: Tire" (Pop meaning population) leaning against a cinder block. Besides Strong Badia, he and The Cheat enjoy hanging out at a stick known as "The Stick".

Strong Bad Email
Strong Bad's main role in the cartoon is in the Strong Bad Email segment, in which he answers emails sent to him from viewers. The Strong Bad Emails began as a small segment in 2001, in which Strong Bad would mock the spelling and grammar of those who wrote to him, usually while typing with boxing gloves on an outdated computer. The question of how he types with boxing gloves on has become a running gag due to the frequency of emails concerning it, and seems to annoy Strong Bad. Most of the time a cut-away sequence is used to move the narrative beyond mere typing. Once the events of the email finish unfolding, Strong Bad wraps it up, and then "The Paper" or "New Paper" comes down with a link to Strong Bad's e-mail address. Often, hidden animations (Easter eggs) are displayed when the user clicks on a word or picture either during the email or after it has concluded. As of 2022, there are 209 Strong Bad emails. Although the animations were initially brief, they gradually grew to establish numerous catchphrases and running gags. His most used catchphrase was "Holy Crap!" and other variations on this theme (example: "What the crap?"), though he now parodies even this in his responses to emails.

Trogdor
Trogdor the Burninator is an original character created by Strong Bad in the 58th Strong Bad Email, titled "dragon". The cartoon features Strong Bad giving an Ed Emberley-inspired drawing tutorial to the viewer, illustrating a fire-breathing serpent with incongruous details including stick-figure feet and a single, large muscular arm. His fire-breathing destruction is referred to with the term "burnination".

The Trogdor character became very popular, with merchandise featuring the dragon consistently being the best-selling in the store. Trogdor was featured on several games on the website, and accompanied by a memorable song in his first appearance. He featured as the main antagonist of the final episode of Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People, "8-Bit is Enough". In 2018, board game ''Trogdor!! The Board Game'' was funded via a Kickstarter campaign.

References to Trogdor have appeared throughout pop culture, with the "Trogdor" theme featured as a bonus song in Guitar Hero II and the dragon being mentioned in the finale of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Spinoffs
A recurring element of Homestar Runner is the re-imagining of the cast and world of the cartoon into a different genre. Variations of Strong Bad feature prominently in many of these series, such as the 1930s-themed "Old-Timey Strong Bad", the comic book superhero "Strong Badman", or the anime-styled "Stinkoman".

Many elements of Homestar Runner spun off from Strong Bad Emails, such as cartoon series Teen Girl Squad or characters Trogdor the Burninator and Homsar.

Creation
Along with several other Homestar Runner main characters, Strong Bad debuted in the 1996 parody children's book The Homestar Runner Enters the Strongest Man in the World Contest. The storybook focuses on friends The Homestar Runner and Pom-Pom entering a strongman competition, opposed by the cheating Strong Bad.

Seeking to design an obvious villain, inspiration came from "evil" masked wrestlers such as Mil Máscaras, Mr. Wrestling II, and most prominently the "Strong Bads" team from the NES video game Tag Team Wrestling. Strong Bad was therefore drawn as a stereotypical luchador, with a red-and-black mask, boxing gloves, tights, and going shirtless.

A few photocopies of the small, handmade book were distributed among friends, there was no serious attempt to publish or otherwise capitalize on it. Strong Bad would not be revisited for several years; in 1999, the brothers wanted to learn to use Flash and returned to the Homestar Runner characters as an outlet to do so.

Development
The earliest Homestar Runner cartoons revolved around the titular Homestar Runner taking part in athletic competitions, opposed by the villainous Strong Bad. The Brothers Chaps soon decided to instead focus on humorous moments taking place between competitions, which allowed for Strong Bad to be developed further in cartoon series like "Marzipan's Answering Machine" and "Strong Bad Email".

Strong Bad quickly became the site's breakout character, with Mike Chapman noting that fans seemed to enjoy "how he rags on everyone, but isn't very threatening." The Brothers Chaps decided to give him his own segment, Strong Bad Email (abbreviated as "sbemail") beginning in 2001; originally established as a brief, advice column-like format merely featuring Strong Bad typing at a computer, the format quickly evolved to more complex mini-cartoons. "Strong Bad Email" became a runaway success for the website: by early 2002 Strong Bad was already receiving hundreds of emails a day, peaking at eight thousand daily emails in the summer of 2003 before leveling off to two thousand a day.

Strong Bad started off with a prominent Mexican accent and a deep voice, which gradually transitioned into a more gruff and less-accented voice with more vocal range.

Reception
Strong Bad has been received well by both critics and viewers of the website. He is considered one of the most popular characters of the website, and his Strong Bad Email segment is one of the most viewed segments of Homestar Runner. In an audio review of Strong Bad and the rest of the Homestar Runner characters, National Public Radio said "There are lots of nasty characters lurking in the shadowy corners of the World Wide Web. But Strong Bad is just awful. And he's awfully funny, too". Peter Wood of National Review Online commented on Strong Bad's personality and his evil-looking appearance. He stated: "Strong Bad is probably not the guy you want to move in next door. The red and black Wrestlemania mask he wears all the time is a clue. As are the boxing gloves, which he keeps on even when he is typing sarcastic e-mails ... He is one of the coolest characters on the Internet and the real star of Homestarrunner.com, which may be the most popular homegrown animation in the world." He added "Strong Bad also dabbles in other media and, like Professor Cornel West, has even recorded his own rap, 'Everybody to the Limit', which builds on the delightful typographic implosion, 'fhqwhgads, and also said "The humor likewise combines the innocence of slapstick with sharp satire of American popular culture. ... At one point, tired of being asked how he types with boxing gloves on, Strong Bad attaches fake fingers: a shrimp, a lit birthday candle, and an action-figure toy." Johnny Dee, a reviewer from The Guardian of the United Kingdom, described the humor of Strong Bad. He wrote: "Like South Park and Modern Toss, Strong Bad isn't exactly beautiful to look at but he's relentlessly funny," and added, "Strong Bad is an animated Mexican wrestler ... and the undoubted star of surreal cartoon site Homestar Runner."

Video games
Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People is a point-and-click adventure game based on Homestar Runner and starring Strong Bad. The game was created by Telltale Games in partnership with The Brothers Chaps, and released for both the Nintendo Wii's WiiWare service and Microsoft Windows, later ported to PlayStation 3 as a PSN download and to OSX. It was released in an episodic format, with five episodes comprising the first season. No serious discussions or pre-production on a second season had taken place prior to Telltale's closure in 2018.

Telltale Games also featured Strong Bad as a character in Poker Night at the Inventory. Released November 22, 2010, the game features Strong Bad alongside other video game characters (Tycho from Penny Arcade, Heavy from Team Fortress 2, and Max from Sam & Max) as computer-controlled opponents playing Texas hold 'em poker against the player. Telltale CEO Dan Connors described the game as "exploring the idea of what video characters do when they're not 'on the clock' in the games we play." Matt Chapman provided input on the writing for Strong Bad.

Music
Strong Bad Sings (And Other Type Hits) is a 2003 album featuring new or re-recorded songs from the Homestar Runner site. Although many songs are performed by Strong Bad, other bands and characters from Homestar Runner are featured as well.

Spoken word lines from Strong Bad were featured on the Shellac song "Genuine Lulabelle", from the album Excellent Italian Greyhound.

Strong Bad makes a guest appearance on The Aquabats' 2011 album Hi-Five Soup!, providing vocals on the song "Pink Pants!". On July 14, 2012, Matt Chapman appeared onstage at an Aquabats concert in San Diego in character as Strong Bad, joining the band in a performance of "Trogdor".

A three-volume Homestar Runner soundtrack was released to music streaming platforms on April 10, 2020. All songs are credited to "Strong Bad", despite the fact that many are purportedly performed by other fictional characters or are simple instrumental pieces, as a result of limits on formatting compilation albums.

Other media
In 2011, Matt Chapman joined the production team of The Hub series The Aquabats! Super Show! as a writer and director. In the 2012 episode "CobraMan!", co-directed by Chapman, he appears onscreen as a villainous carnival worker named "Carl", who wears a wrestling mask identical to Strong Bad's and speaks in Strong Bad's voice.

title: Strong Bad


text:
Communist Party of Finland

The Communist Party of Finland (Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue, SKP; Finlands Kommunistiska Parti) was a communist political party in Finland. The SKP was a section of Comintern and illegal in Finland until 1944.

The SKP was banned by the state from its founding and did not participate in any elections with its own name. Instead, front organisations were used. In the 1920s the communists took part in the Socialist Workers' Party of Finland (1920–1923) and the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders (1924–1930). Both of them were also banned. In 1944, a new front, Finnish People's Democratic League was formed. The SKP controlled these fronts but they always had a prominent minority of non-communist socialists.

Early stages
In 1918, the Reds lost the Finnish Civil War. The Social Democratic Party of Finland had supported the losing side, and several of its leaders were exiled in Soviet Russia. Some of these exiles founded the Communist Party of Finland in Moscow.

The SKP was illegal in Finland until 1944, and members could be imprisoned. After the Continuation War, the SKP dominated the Finnish People's Democratic League, which was founded in 1944 as an umbrella organization of the radical left.

Cold War
The Cold War era was the high point of Communists in Finland. Between 1944 and 1979 support of the Finnish People's Democratic League was in the range of 17%–24%. Communists participated in several cabinets, but Finland never had a communist Prime Minister or President. In the mid-1960s, the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 40 000 (1.44% of the working age population). with the SKP's main rival for domination of the political left being the Social Democratic Party of Finland. The competition was very bitter in trade unions and other leftist organizations.

The SKP received substantial financial support from the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Internally, SKP was divided, with a Eurocommunist mainstream and a hardline pro-Moscow minority, called the Taistoists after their leader, Taisto Sinisalo. The word "taisto" also means "battle" or "fight"; the double connotation made this slur, originally launched by the largest Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat, stick. Soviet threats to withdraw support were the main reason why the majority did not expel the Taistoists from the party leadership or membership.

Aftermaths of the Prague Spring
The events of the Prague Spring followed by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia had strong repercussions for the SKP. With the SKP's leadership strongly denouncing the Soviet intervention, internal disputes became fiercer than ever. While a de facto Eurocommunist majority held sway, the Taistoist minority decisively stood by the Soviet Union and the Brezhnev doctrine. Gradually this led to a disintegration, and in practice, the party now consisted of two parallel structures, and gradually lost ground in terms of public support. The most hardline leader of the party, Markus Kainulainen, led a group that even opposed Soviet policies after the Perestroika had begun.

In 1985–1986 a large number of Taistoists, hundreds of party organizations with thousands of members, were expelled. They regrouped as the Communist Party of Finland (Unity) (SKPy) which later evolved into the current Communist Party of Finland (1994).

Collapse
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s led to ideological conflicts: bitter internal disputes plagued the party. Bad stock-market investments made during Arvo Aalto's term of office resulted in financial bankruptcy in 1992. The SKP never recovered. A majority of the party members, with other member-organizations of SKDL, formed the Left Alliance in 1990.

SKPy, originally the faction of the party expelled in 1985–1986, outlasted its parent and registered itself as the Communist Party of Finland in 1997, but has failed to regain the former Communist Party's parliamentary representation. In the elections of 2007 it won 0.7% of the vote; in April 2011, it won just 0.3%.

Youth wing
The youth wing of the SKP was the Communist Youth League of Finland (SKNL, 1925–1936). After World War II young communists were active in the SKDL's Democratic Youth League of Finland (SNDL). The SNDL was member of World Federation of Democratic Youth.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Communist Party of Finland


text:
Louis Napoleon (disambiguation)

Louis Napoleon (1808–1873) was Emperor of France (as Napoleon III) from 1852 to 1870.

Louis Napoleon may also refer to:

 * Louis Bonaparte or Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (1778–1846), King Louis I of Holland, brother of Napoleon I
 * Napoléon Louis Bonaparte (1804–1831), King Louis II of Holland, second son of Louis Bonaparte (1778–1846)
 * Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial or Napoléon IV, Prince Imperial, often referred to as Louis Napoléon (1856–1879), only child of Napoleon III
 * Prince Louis Napoléon or Napoléon VI, Prince Imperial (1914–1997), pretender to the French throne
 * Louis Napoleon (underground railroad), associate of Sydney Howard Gay

title: Louis Napoleon (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23

Which draft law?
This article seems to stop with the first draft National Security law. Because of the July 1 march and subsequent events, the proper draft law should be the revised one.

27 June 2003: http://www.legco.gov.hk/lcsearch/showdoc.htm?mylink=/search/marker?s=15&o=2&t=2&a=30&r=2&k=1,&g=0&PROPERTY=2;&MERGEFIELD=-&CODECONVERT=-&SORTFIELDS=-&SIM_START=1&SIM_NUM=10&REL_START=1&REL_NUM=10&LINK=-&REDIRECTTO=-&PATHLINK=-&p=%22National%20Security%22&c=17,1&i=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legco.gov.hk%2Fyr02-03%2Fenglish%2Fhc%2Fpapers%2Fhc0627cb2-2646e.pdf&j=4905&v=&n=&link=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legco.gov.hk%2Fyr02-03%2Fenglish%2Fhc%2Fpapers%2Fhc0627cb2-2646e.pdf (the revised draft starts on p. 48). DOR (HK) (talk) 06:47, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Economic situation
 On July 1, 2003, approximately 200,000 - 500,000 people demonstrated against Article 23 by marching from Victoria Park, Causeway Bay to Central Government Offices in Central.

In fact most demonstrators were calling the government to improve the economic situations. Only some of the demonstrators were really concerned with Article 23. Another thing is that Hong Kong actually is quite divided on this matter. But unfortunetely this article only emphasized one side of view. More work could be done. --Formulax 09:36 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It really looks like it was the other way round! olivier 10:00 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Of course there are many people against the Article 23, but most people are more concerned with economic problems. --Formulax 06:34 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The way you expressed it makes it sound like the concerns around article 23 is only shared by a minority of people. I don't think that it is the case. olivier 10:30 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Of course it is a great concern for many people. I just want to say that in the demonstration, more people were concerned with economic reasons rather than Article 23. --Formulax 02:36 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * As someone who watched the march and talked to participants afterwards, I can assure you that most people were concerned with Art 23. A DBB politician said in a TV interview during the march "These people are misled about Art. 23". The entire crowd howled. Setting aside my anecdotal evidence, I understand that today's South China Morning Post stated that most people there were "well-educated" and concerned about Art. 23. - David Stewart 04:33 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * There is no denying that the first half of 2003, when the anti-national security protests took place, was an extremely difficult time. The economy was in a technical depression and people were scared because of SARS. To suggest that the July 1, 2003, protest march had only one source and that that source was opposition to the national security law, is bias. -- DOR 20 Nov 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.176.69.125 (talk) 05:22, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Wrong
Now that's really wrong:

 * While supporters point out that many other countries have similar anti-subversion laws, political analysts point out that such countries have democratically elected legislators: if the laws are abused, then the electorate can express its opposition by ousting the legislators in the next election. In Hong Kong, however, Tung Chee-hwa was appointed by a college of individuals (some of which are pro-China tycoons such as Li Kai-shing and his son Richard Li) appointed by the People's Republic of China. There is no democratic election for the Chief Executive, and so the electorate has no ability to oust the Chief Executive if the powers are abused.

 * Hong Kong is the only sub-national government in the world to have both the right and the responsibility to enact its own national security law. The alternative, practiced in every other country on earth, is to be subject to the national national security law. -- DOR 20 Nov 2007.

That's npovlessly claiming that Hong Kong is less democratic than all other countries with such laws. That's rather interesting statement, as in Europe (except maybe Turkey and some former Soviet Republics) and most other "democratic" countries there are no laws like that.

 * Actually this is quite incorrect. Britain has the official Secrets Act, and pretty much ever nation in the world has some sort of law against treason.  If you read the text of the law, its really not all that bad.  The problem is that 1) it requires some trust in the people who are going to implement the law 2) the whole process for drafting the law was closed to the public which decreases trust, and 3) people in Hong Kong strongly dislike Tung for reasons that have nothing to do with 23.

 * The guy has no political sense at all.

Roadrunner

On the other hand, such laws would be typical for countries with even less democracy than Hong Kong. Please elaborate if you want to move it back.

 * Hong Kong really isn't very democratic, although the events of the last few hours have shown that it is more democratic than most people thought.

Taw 17:34 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I tried to summarize what the argument was. The basic issue is to justify why people should be opposed to the current drafts of laws, while they are nowhere near as draconian as the laws that the British had when they were ruling Hong Kong. Under the British, the Governor could theoretically declare an emergency and pass any law that he wanted and censor pretty much he wanted.

Roadrunner 6 Jul 2003

 * As the person who drafted that paragraph (indeed, the orginal article), I think its a fair summation of one of the chief arguments against the law. Politicians in other countries are accoountable to voters: here in HK, they are not, except to a collage of Beijing appointees. Its true about the British having similar powers when they ruled HK, but the British have a democracy back home to keep the UK government accountable. No such thing exists in the PRC. - David Stewart 04:33 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I got the argument from Martin Lee's web site. Ironically, the events of the based week have damaged that argument, since they've shown that both Beijing and the HK government really are strongly constrained by public opinion.  Roadrunner 7 Jul 2003

 * I think that's true, but because of the economic consequences for the city. Railroading a a law through over such strong public opinion would have a negative impact on sovereign risk assessment, perhaps. But, in any event, public opinion is not the same thing as universal emancipation and the consequences of a free and fair election. There is no direct political consequence for Tung if he'd pushed it through. - David Stewart 06:21 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * There isn't for Tung, but it has to go through

Legco, and the reaction of the Liberals and the DAB is certainly being shaped by the fact that they are going to have to answer to the voters. There's even an electoral consequence for Beijing, in that they don't want a Legco dominated by the DP. - Roadrunner

 * I get the very strong impression that there is a problem with trusting the government, not with a law against treason, sedition, etc.

Patriotic instincts

 * The patriotic instincts of Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa, rather than a desire to assert Hong Kong's separate identity, have been the main motivating factor in introduction of the bill. Tung himself owes a personal debt to the PRC government: his family's shipping conglomerate Orient Overseas was bailed out for the sum of $US120 million by Chinese government-owned companies in the 1980s.

Removed this since this wasn't the main motivating factor. HK is constitutionally required to pass these laws.

 * I'm of the opinion it should be retained, but modified. Most people in Hong Kong (from my pov as a resident here) view Tung's backing of the laws despite public opinion because of his personal debt to the PRC govt. Maybe edited to say, "Many people in Hong Kong believe..." - David Stewart 04:03 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Added it back in modified form. One thing that is remarkable to me is how politically inept Tung is.  He could have easily had smooth passage of Article 23 legislation had he tried really hard to address public fears about the bill.

Roadrunner

 * I think Tung is politically inept (he ran for CE last year with no platform) but with even reasonable men like the Solicitor General Bob Allcock incapable of reassuring the public that this won't mean knocks on the door in the night by secret police, its difficult to see what else they could do. There is a good reason why Art 23. wasn't fleshed at pre-handover - too difficult. - David Stewart 06:21 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The basic problem is that Tung and the HK government has been utterly dismissive of public opinion and input and that attitude has poisioned the whole process. It's possible that Tung was under strong pressure from Beijing, but even in this case, I think Tung grossly underestimated the influence that HK public opinion has on Beijing, and Beijing's willingness to support him.

 * It will be interesting to see what happens next.

Roadrunner

I actually think public opinion frightens Tung, and that he doesn't understand it. Look at his reaction to those opinion polls from HKU a few years back, and then look at how badly he tried to alter some opinion polls on Art.23 more recently. He is just not a natural democrat. - David Stewart 08:49 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

''Mrs. Ip has been criticised by the press and religious groups for her zealousness in pursuing the implementation of the legislation. In a politically clumsy move, Mrs. Ip asserted that because the ordinary people would not understand the legal language, there was no point in consulting them on it - in other words, because a few may not comprehend, let's keep everyone in the dark. This comment illustrates the extent to which authoritarian reflexes have become the natural habit of Hong Kong's unelected ruling elite.''
 * sounds very much like what's been happening in the states recently with the elected elite. The politicians can cry 'national safety', 'threat of terrorism' and quietly shuffle billions of dollars into rich friends pockets while passing nat'l legislation protecting Americans from hobgoblins in the dark...case in point nullification of campaign finance laws with recent national security legislation.
 * So? He is also constitutionally required to give us universal suffrage and I don't see any action there. F 11:58, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Tidying up
I am going to work on some tidying up, elaboration and reorganization of the topic, so that it would be more systematic. This includes:

 * Introduces Article 23, backgrounds, etc.
 * Briefly describe the proposals
 * Timeline of the implementation
 * Both sides of arguments (probably in another page), for both the process and procedure, including
 * White bill vs. blue bill
 * Debate on timing
 * Debate on compendium
 * Short treatment on the outcome.
 * External links to a number of sites and articles.

While I would retain the present content as much as possible, the present treatment seemed to elaborate too much on some particular points, which may need to be summarized to give a proportionate treatment to other points in the overall debate. Some NPOVing also seemed necessary.

I also consider it more appropriate to put political readouts / speculations in a separate context.

I would work on it in pieces and post omitted texts here.

Hlaw 18:00, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Cleanup notes
I posted this article on Cleanup because it needs to be re-factored and copyedited. I also had the following notes:

* Does "Bishop Zen" have a first name? * President Hu is the President of China? * "is the strong desire to put on a good face before Taiwan's 2004 Presidential Election, hoping to increase public opinion there in favor of Chinese reunification." -> this happened in March, I think. * Clearly link to the full text of Article 23.

-- Beland 01:04, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yes this needs extensive cleanup. For your questions: * Bishop Joseph Zen * Hu Jintao is the President of the People's Republic of China since March 15, 2003 * Taiwan's 2004 election was held on March 20, 2004 * Official HK government page is here:. Article 23 itself is short and can be pasted inside the article: "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organizations or bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organizations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organizations or bodies"

-- Hlaw 03:41, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Law or not?
So is Article 23 actually in the Basic Law or not? Because it is part of it according to Wikisource. It's unclear to me if the bill was to add the article or to enact it, but then if it was in the Basic Law before it would already be enforced? Anyone who can explain things would be a big help. --Joowwww (talk) 13:04, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Art. 23 gives the HKSAR government the power to enact its own laws regarding state security issues. In a sense, the British-inherited statutes on the books are under the authority of Art. 23, because they can only be altered by the HKSAR, and not the central government, thanks to Art. 23.  Furthermore, the wording shall is considered to be a statement that the HKSAR government has a responsibility to enact its own legislation to substitute the British statutes.
 * It's like a law that says "companies shall make rules on the cleanliness of employees." It doesn't specify whether employees must wash their hands after using the loo, but the company has a responsibility to make rules on the matter. Kelvinc (talk) 18:07, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23


text:
Tony Thompson (drummer)

Anthony Terrence Thompson (November 15, 1954 – November 12, 2003) was an American session drummer best known as the drummer of the Power Station and a member of Chic.

Early life and education
Thompson grew up in the middle-class community of Springfield Gardens in Queens, New York. His mother was Trinidadian and father was of Antiguan descent.

Chic
Thompson first drummed for the group Labelle, and then for a short while was a member of the soul/disco band Ecstasy, Passion & Pain. That was followed by a long tenure with Chic, where he helped create hits such as "Dance, Dance, Dance (Yowsah, Yowsah, Yowsah)," "Le Freak," and "Good Times". He performed with members of Chic on "We Are Family" and "He's the Greatest Dancer" by Sister Sledge as well as "Upside Down" and "I'm Coming Out" by Diana Ross.

After the temporary disbanding of Chic in 1983, Chic's former guitarist and bassist, Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards became prolific producers; Thompson's drumming was much in demand among their clients. Thompson appeared with numerous artists such as Jody Watley, Madonna (on her 1984 album Like a Virgin), Rod Stewart, Robert Palmer, and David Bowie.

Other bands
Thompson and Robert Palmer along with John Taylor and Andy Taylor (who are not related) of Duran Duran were in the band The Power Station. Thompson filled in and played at the Live Aid charity benefit concert in 1985 with the Power Station and joined the remaining members of Led Zeppelin on stage (along with Phil Collins) at John F. Kennedy Stadium. Page, Plant and Jones then invited Thompson to England for rehearsals for a Led Zeppelin reunion which was canceled by Jimmy Page after Thompson was badly injured in a car crash.

He later joined groups including the Distance and Crown of Thorns with Jean Beauvoir (playing on their first album Crown of Thorns before leaving the band and being replaced by Hawk Lopez). Thompson was a founding member of the band That Hideous Strength. In the mid-1990s he rejoined Power Station for their 1996 reunion album Living in Fear and subsequent tour. His final project was called Non-Toxic which he formed with bassist Michael Paige (Crown of Thorns) and guitarist Dave Scott; Thompson died before finishing the project's first album.

He played with David Bowie on the Serious Moonlight Tour.

Death and legacy
Three days before his 49th birthday, Thompson died on November 12, 2003, in Los Angeles, within a month of being diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer). It was two months after the death of the Power Station bandmate Robert Palmer from a heart attack. Thompson was a member of the band Non-Toxic at the time of his death. He was survived by his wife, two children, and his sister, Cookie. On September 19, 2005, like his former band member Bernard Edwards, Thompson was honoured posthumously along with the rest of the Chic band members by being inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame.

with Chic

 * Chic (1977)
 * C'est Chic (1978)
 * Risqué (1979)
 * Real People (1980)
 * Take It Off (1981)
 * Tongue in Chic (1982)
 * Believer (1983)

with Sister Sledge

 * We Are Family (1979)
 * Love Somebody Today (1980)

with Diana Ross

 * Diana (1980)

with Power Station

 * The Power Station (1985)
 * Living in Fear (1996)

with Distance

 * Under the One Sky (1989)

with Crown of Thorns

 * The Black CD EP (1991)
 * Crown of Thorns (1994)

Guest appearances

 * Debbie Harry (Artist) KooKoo (Album) (1981)
 * David Bowie (Artist) Let’s Dance (Album) (1983)
 * The Serious Moonlight Tour (performed live with David Bowie) (1983)
 * "Like a Virgin", "Material Girl", "Love Don’t Live Here Anymore", "Shoo-Bee-Doo" (from the Madonna album, Like a Virgin) (1984)
 * "Rock and Roll", "Whole Lotta Love", "Stairway to Heaven" (performed live with Led Zeppelin & Phil Collins at Live Aid) (1985)
 * Belouis Some (Artist) Some People (Album) (1985)
 * "Hard Woman" (from the Mick Jagger album, She's the Boss) (1985)
 * "Hyperactive", "Addicted To Love", "I Didn't Mean to Turn You On", "Riptide" (from the Robert Palmer album, Riptide) (1985)
 * "Lost in You", "Forever Young", "The Wild Horse", "Dynamite", "Try a Little Tenderness", "When I Was Your Man" (from the Rod Stewart album, Out of Order) (1988)
 * Adam Ant (Artist) Persuasion (Adam Ant album) (Album) (1992)
 * "I Wanna Take You Higher" (from the Duran Duran album, Thank You) (1995)
 * "What It Takes" (with Bobby Kimball from the compilation album, Tribute to Aerosmith: Let the Tribute Do the Talkin') (2001)

Film appearances

 * Appeared with Distance as the club band in the Whoopi Goldberg movie, Burglar (1987)

title: Tony Thompson (drummer)


text:
Hot Gossip

Hot Gossip (1974–1986) was a British television dance troupe and recording group.

Formation
Arlene Phillips moved to London to teach American jazz dance routines, working at Pineapple Dance Studios and the Italia Conti Stage School. In 1974, Phillips started forming the core of a troupe; Italia Conti student actress Lesley Manville turned her down. Hot Gossip spent two years performing in Munkberry's club in Jermyn Street, London W1, where Phillips and manager/producers Michael Summerton and Iain Burton developed the group's act. Phillips, Summerton and Burton continued to work together for eight years.

The Kenny Everett Video Show
British television director David Mallet invited Phillips to make Hot Gossip a regular feature of The Kenny Everett Video Show (Thames Television,1978–1981). Dancers in this version of Hot Gossip included:

 * males: Mark Tyme, Roy Gale, Floyd Pearce
 * females: Dominique Wood, Donna Fielding, Carol Fletcher, Perri Lister, Lyndsey Ward, Sarah Brightman, Lorraine Whitmarsh

Everett moved to the BBC for The Kenny Everett Television Show (1981–1988), which featured Hot Gossip only in Season 4 (1986).

Recordings
In 1978, during their initial impact period on The Kenny Everett Video Show, Hot Gossip, featuring Sarah Brightman on lead vocals, recorded "I Lost My Heart to a Starship Trooper", a disco song written by Jeff Calvert and Geraint Hughes. The song reached number 6 on the UK Singles Chart. In 1981, the group recorded a cover version of Suzanne Fellini's "Love on the Phone", and the same year released the synth-pop album Geisha Boys and Temple Girls, produced by former Human League and then current Heaven 17/BEF member Martyn Ware.

The Very Hot Gossip Show
Produced by Burton and Telecast for Channel 4 in 1982, this one-hour special was one of the highest rated shows for Channel 4 that year.

Film appearance
The group appeared in the film The Golden Lady (1979).

Style
Hot Gossip were noted for the risqué nature of their costumes and dance routines, designed and choreographed by Phillips, especially considering the early evening timeslot for The Kenny Everett Video Show. The male dancers were handsome and black and the female members were attractive and white.

In 1979 the group was satirised on The Benny Hill Show as Hot Gossamer, with references to their routines for "Supernature" and "Walk on the Wild Side".

Sponooch
In late 1979 Mark Tyme, Dom Wood, Lorraine Whitmarsh, Carol Fletcher, Lyndsey Ward, Donna Fielding and Lee Black left Hot Gossip to form Sponooch, which was featured in the BBC TV shows Friday Night Saturday Morning (1979) and Dancing Girls (6 January 1982). They signed to EMI and released two singles, "Crime Buster" and "Lady Dracula".

List of Hot Gossip members

 * Amanda Abbs
 * Heather Alexander
 * Debbie Ash
 * Debbie Astell
 * Dee Thomas
 * Bunty Bailey
 * Elvis Baptiste
 * Lee Black
 * Richard Bodkin
 * Sarah Brightman
 * Bonnie Bryg
 * Kathy Burke ††
 * Lindsay Cole
 * Titian Deakin
 * Lorraine Doyle
 * Annie Dunkley
 * Penni Dunlop
 * Sandy Easby
 * Mark Elie
 * Yvonne Evans (Voyd)
 * Donna Fielding
 * Carol Fletcher
 * Alan Forgie
 * Debbie Fox
 * Judey Ford
 * Julia Gale
 * Roy Gayle
 * Donnette Goddard
 * Heavon Grant
 * Virginia Hartley
 * Alison Hierlehy
 * Nicky Hinkley
 * Laura James
 * Lavinia Lang (Hudson)
 * Kim Leeson
 * Perri Lister
 * Richard Lloyd King
 * Madeleine Loftin
 * Erin Lordan
 * Barry Martin
 * Jayne Melville
 * Sarah Miles †
 * Johanna Kate Morley
 * Jane Colthorpe
 * Trudy Pack
 * Floid Pearce
 * Tristan Rafael
 * Sinitta Renet
 * Heather Robbins
 * Wanda Rokicki
 * Heather Seymour
 * Sonia Talbot
 * Bruno Tonioli
 * Mark Tyme
 * Lyndsey Ward
 * Susie Waring
 * Lorraine Whitmarsh
 * Chrissy Wickham
 * David Wilkins
 * Phillipa Williams
 * Frances Wingate
 * Dominique Wood
 * Penny Kendell
 * Michelle Gail Fellows
 * Libby Rose
 * Cherry B

† Not to be confused with the actress of the same name

†† Not to be confused with the actress of the same name

title: Hot Gossip


text:
Red-breasted merganser

The red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) is a duck species that is native to much of the Northern Hemisphere. The red breast that gives the species its common name is only displayed by males in breeding plumage. Individuals fly rapidly, and feed by diving from the surface to pursue aquatic animals underwater, using serrated bills to capture slippery fish. They migrate each year from breeding sites on lakes and rivers to their mostly coastal wintering areas, making them the only species in the genus Mergus to frequent saltwater. They form flocks outside of breeding season that are usually small but can reach 100 individuals. The worldwide population of this species is stable, though it is threatened in some areas by habitat loss and other factors.

Taxonomy
The red-breasted merganser was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the current binomial name Mergus serrator. The genus name Mergus is a Latin word used by Pliny and other Roman authors to refer to an unspecified water bird. The specific epithet serrator is Latin for sawyer and is ultimately from serra, meaning saw. It refers to the saw-like projections on the bird's bill, which enable it to hold on to slippery fish, its most frequent prey. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
The adult red-breasted merganser is 51 – long, has a wingspan of 66 –, and weighs 800 - 1350 g.

It has a spiky crest and long thin red bill with serrated edges. The male has a dark head with a green sheen, a white neck with a rusty breast, a black back, and white underparts. Adult females have a rusty head and a grayish body. Juveniles look similar to females, but lack the white collar and have smaller white wing patches.

The range of the red-breasted merganser broadly overlaps with that of the similar and closely related common merganser. The two species can therefore occur in the same place at the same time, though the species often choose different habitats (only the red-breasted frequents saltwater). Breeding male plumages are fairly distinctive, but other plumages such as those born by females, immatures, and non-breeding males can make the two species hard to distinguish. The common merganser displays more contrast between the darker head and lighter breast and has a light chin patch not seen on the red-breasted.

Voice
During courtship, the female gives a rasping prrak prrak, while the male gives a catlike meow. In flight, the female makes a harsh gruk. At other times this species is largely silent.

Food and feeding
Red-breasted mergansers dive and swim underwater. They mainly eat small fish, but also consume aquatic insects, worms, crustaceans, and amphibians.

Breeding
Its breeding habitat is freshwater lakes and rivers across northern North America, Greenland, Europe, and the Palearctic. It nests in sheltered locations on the ground near water. It is migratory and many northern breeders winter in coastal waters further south. Outside of the breeding season, it forms flocks that can reach 100 individuals, though these flocks are smaller during spring migration than they are in autumn migration and in winter.

Speed record
The fastest duck ever recorded was a red-breasted merganser that attained a top airspeed of 100 mph while being pursued by an airplane. This eclipsed the previous speed record held by a canvasback clocked at 72 mph.

Conservation
The red-breasted merganser is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. The species is also considered a game bird under the Migratory Bird Treaty between the United States and Canada. This means that the species gets some protection, though hunting it is legal in North America in certain seasons and places determined by local hunting regulations. However, few hunters are interested in the species and relatively few birds are harvested.

The species is widespread and common enough to be categorized as least concern by the IUCN, though populations in some areas may be declining. Threats include habitat loss through wetland destruction, exposure to toxins such as pesticides and lead, and becoming bycatch of commercial fishing operations. Anglers and fish farmers have also persecuted the species, which they regard as a competitor, though the impact of this on the species' population is not known.

title: Red-breasted merganser


text:
Liveaboard

Liveaboard can mean:

 * Someone who makes a boat, typically a small yacht in a marina, their primary residence. Powerboats and cruising sailboats are commonly used for living aboard, as well as houseboats which are designed primarily as a residence.
 * A boat designed for people to live aboard it.
 * A boat used for recreational diving expeditions or cruises where the divers live on the boat for the duration of the cruise and use it as a diving support vessel.

The liveaboard lifestyle has attractions and downsides. Most boats are much smaller than equivalent cost shoreside residences, they are more exposed to bad weather, and require special maintenance skills. However, they are mobile, provide water access, and allow for integrated recreational, transportation, and housing costs. Where the cost of housing is high, a liveaboard lifestyle may have cost advantages. Although it is sometimes regarded as being a cheaper way to live this is not always the case. Liveaboard boats can be luxury vessels moored in expensive marinas or small vessels in need of restoration. One attraction of the lifestyle is there is something to suit everyone. Because of this, liveaboards are very diverse people coming from many different backgrounds.

Scuba diving liveaboards
In the recreational scuba diving industry, a liveaboard service offers its guests the opportunity to stay aboard for one or more nights, unlike a day boat operation. This allows time to travel to more distant dive sites. Normally, a liveaboard charter caters for between about ten and thirty passengers.

While most liveaboards around the world are usually made with fiber reinforced plastic or steel hulls, in Indonesia, traditional pinisi boats made from teak wood are commonly used.

title: Liveaboard


text:
Dynamic mechanical analysis

Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA) is a technique used to study and characterize materials. It is most useful for studying the viscoelastic behavior of polymers. A sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured, allowing one to determine the complex modulus. The temperature of the sample or the frequency of the stress are often varied, leading to variations in the complex modulus; this approach can be used to locate the glass transition temperature of the material, as well as to identify transitions corresponding to other molecular motions.

Viscoelastic properties of materials
Polymers composed of long molecular chains have unique viscoelastic properties, which combine the characteristics of elastic solids and Newtonian fluids. The classical theory of elasticity describes the mechanical properties of elastic solids where stress is proportional to strain in small deformations. Such response of stress is independent of strain rate. The classical theory of hydrodynamics describes the properties of viscous fluid, for which stress response depends on strain rate. This solidlike and liquidlike behaviour of polymers can be modelled mechanically with combinations of springs and dashpots, making for both elastic and viscous behaviour of viscoelastic materials such as bitumen.

Dynamic moduli of polymers
The viscoelastic property of a polymer is studied by dynamic mechanical analysis where a sinusoidal force (stress σ) is applied to a material and the resulting displacement (strain) is measured. For a perfectly elastic solid, the resulting strain and the stress will be perfectly in phase. For a purely viscous fluid, there will be a 90 degree phase lag of strain with respect to stress. Viscoelastic polymers have the characteristics in between where some phase lag will occur during DMA tests. When the strain is applied and the stress lags behind, the following equations hold:

 * Stress: $$ \sigma = \sigma_0 \sin(t\omega + \delta) \,$$
 * Strain: $$ \varepsilon = \varepsilon_0 \sin(t\omega)$$

where
 * $$ \omega $$ is frequency of strain oscillation,
 * $$t$$ is time,
 * $$ \delta $$ is phase lag between stress and strain.

Consider the purely elastic case, where stress is proportional to strain given by Young's modulus $$E$$. We have $$ \sigma(t) = E \epsilon(t) \implies \sigma_0 \sin{(\omega t + \delta)} = E  \epsilon_0 \sin{\omega t} \implies \delta = 0 $$

Now for the purely viscous case, where stress is proportional to strain rate. $$ \sigma(t) = K \frac{d\epsilon}{dt} \implies \sigma_0 \sin{(\omega t + \delta)} = K  \epsilon_0 \omega \cos{\omega t} \implies \delta = \frac{\pi}{2} $$

The storage modulus measures the stored energy, representing the elastic portion, and the loss modulus measures the energy dissipated as heat, representing the viscous portion. The tensile storage and loss moduli are defined as follows:

 * Storage modulus: $$ E' = \frac {\sigma_0} {\varepsilon_0} \cos \delta $$
 * Loss modulus: $$ E'' = \frac {\sigma_0} {\varepsilon_0} \sin \delta $$
 * Phase angle: $$ \delta = \arctan\frac {E''}{E'} $$

Similarly, in the shearing instead of tension case, we also define shear storage and loss moduli, $$G'$$ and $$G''$$.

Complex variables can be used to express the moduli $$E^*$$ and $$G^*$$ as follows:
 * $$E^* = E' + iE'' = \frac {\sigma_0} {\varepsilon_0} e^{i \delta} \,$$
 * $$G^* = G' + iG'' \,$$

where
 * $${i}^2 = -1 \,$$

Derivation of dynamic moduli
Shear stress $$\sigma(t)=\int_{-\infty}^t G(t-t') \dot{\gamma}(t')dt'$$ of a finite element in one direction can be expressed with relaxation modulus $$G(t-t')$$ and strain rate, integrated over all past times $$t'$$ up to the current time $$t$$. With strain rate $$ \dot{\gamma(t)}=\omega \cdot \gamma_0 \cdot \cos(\omega t)$$and substitution $$\xi(t')=t-t'=s $$ one obtains  $$\sigma(t)=\int_{\xi(-\infty)=t-(-\infty)}^{\xi(t)=t-t} G(s) \omega \gamma_0 \cdot \cos(\omega(t-s))(-ds)=\gamma_0\int_0^{\infty} \omega G(s)\cos(\omega(t-s))ds$$. Application of the trigonometric addition theorem $$\cos(x \pm y)=\cos(x)\cos(y) \mp \sin(x)\sin(y)$$ lead to the expression

\frac{\sigma(t)}{\gamma(t)}=\underbrace{[\omega\int_o^{\infty}G(s)\sin(\omega s) ds]}_{\text{shear storage modulus }G'} \sin(\omega t)+\underbrace{[\omega\int_o^{\infty}G(s)\cos(\omega s) ds]}_{\text{shear loss modulus }G''} \cos(\omega t). \,$$ with converging integrals, if $$G(s) \rightarrow 0$$ for $$s \rightarrow \infty $$, which depend on frequency but not of time. Extension of $$\sigma(t)=\sigma_0 \cdot \sin (\omega \cdot t + \Delta \varphi) $$ with trigonometric identity $$ \sin(x \pm y)=\sin(x)\cdot \cos(y) \pm \cos(x)\cdot \sin(y)$$ lead to
 * $$ \frac{\sigma(t)}{\gamma(t)}=\underbrace{\frac{\sigma_0}{\gamma_0} \cdot \cos(\Delta \varphi)}_{G'}\cdot \sin (\omega \cdot t)+ \underbrace{\frac{\sigma_0}{\gamma_0} \cdot \sin(\Delta \varphi)}_{G''} \cdot \cos (\omega \cdot t)

\,$$. Comparison of the two $$\frac{\sigma(t)}{\gamma(t)}$$ equations lead to the definition of $$G'$$ and $$G''$$.

Measuring glass transition temperature
One important application of DMA is measurement of the glass transition temperature of polymers. Amorphous polymers have different glass transition temperatures, above which the material will have rubbery properties instead of glassy behavior and the stiffness of the material will drop dramatically along with a reduction in its viscosity. At the glass transition, the storage modulus decreases dramatically and the loss modulus reaches a maximum. Temperature-sweeping DMA is often used to characterize the glass transition temperature of a material.

Polymer composition
Varying the composition of monomers and cross-linking can add or change the functionality of a polymer that can alter the results obtained from DMA. An example of such changes can be seen by blending ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and different cross-linking or curing systems. Nair et al. abbreviate blends as E0S, E20S, etc., where E0S equals the weight percent of EPDM in the blend and S denotes sulfur as the curing agent.

Increasing the amount of SBR in the blend decreased the storage modulus due to intermolecular and intramolecular interactions that can alter the physical state of the polymer. Within the glassy region, EPDM shows the highest storage modulus due to stronger intermolecular interactions (SBR has more steric hindrance that makes it less crystalline). In the rubbery region, SBR shows the highest storage modulus resulting from its ability to resist intermolecular slippage.

When compared to sulfur, the higher storage modulus occurred for blends cured with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) because of the relative strengths of C-C and C-S bonds.

Incorporation of reinforcing fillers into the polymer blends also increases the storage modulus at an expense of limiting the loss tangent peak height.

DMA can also be used to effectively evaluate the miscibility of polymers. The E40S blend had a much broader transition with a shoulder instead of a steep drop-off in a storage modulus plot of varying blend ratios, indicating that there are areas that are not homogeneous.

Instrumentation

The instrumentation of a DMA consists of a displacement sensor such as a linear variable differential transformer, which measures a change in voltage as a result of the instrument probe moving through a magnetic core, a temperature control system or furnace, a drive motor (a linear motor for probe loading which provides load for the applied force), a drive shaft support and guidance system to act as a guide for the force from the motor to the sample, and sample clamps in order to hold the sample being tested. Depending on what is being measured, samples will be prepared and handled differently. A general schematic of the primary components of a DMA instrument is shown in figure 3.

Types of analyzers
There are two main types of DMA analyzers used currently: forced resonance analyzers and free resonance analyzers. Free resonance analyzers measure the free oscillations of damping of the sample being tested by suspending and swinging the sample. A restriction to free resonance analyzers is that it is limited to rod or rectangular shaped samples, but samples that can be woven/braided are also applicable. Forced resonance analyzers are the more common type of analyzers available in instrumentation today. These types of analyzers force the sample to oscillate at a certain frequency and are reliable for performing a temperature sweep.

Analyzers are made for both stress (force) and strain (displacement) control. In strain control, the probe is displaced and the resulting stress of the sample is measured by implementing a force balance transducer, which utilizes different shafts. The advantages of strain control include a better short time response for materials of low viscosity and experiments of stress relaxation are done with relative ease. In stress control, a set force is applied to the sample and several other experimental conditions (temperature, frequency, or time) can be varied. Stress control is typically less expensive than strain control because only one shaft is needed, but this also makes it harder to use. Some advantages of stress control include the fact that the structure of the sample is less likely to be destroyed and longer relaxation times/ longer creep studies can be done with much more ease. Characterizing low viscous materials come at a disadvantage of short time responses that are limited by inertia. Stress and strain control analyzers give about the same results as long as characterization is within the linear region of the polymer in question. However, stress control lends a more realistic response because polymers have a tendency to resist a load.

Stress and strain can be applied via torsional or axial analyzers. Torsional analyzers are mainly used for liquids or melts but can also be implemented for some solid samples since the force is applied in a twisting motion. The instrument can do creep-recovery, stress–relaxation, and stress–strain experiments. Axial analyzers are used for solid or semisolid materials. It can do flexure, tensile, and compression testing (even shear and liquid specimens if desired). These analyzers can test higher modulus materials than torsional analyzers. The instrument can do thermomechanical analysis (TMA) studies in addition to the experiments that torsional analyzers can do. Figure 4 shows the general difference between the two applications of stress and strain.

Changing sample geometry and fixtures can make stress and strain analyzers virtually indifferent of one another except at the extreme ends of sample phases, i.e. really fluid or rigid materials. Common geometries and fixtures for axial analyzers include three-point and four-point bending, dual and single cantilever, parallel plate and variants, bulk, extension/tensile, and shear plates and sandwiches. Geometries and fixtures for torsional analyzers consist of parallel plates, cone-and-plate, couette, and torsional beam and braid. In order to utilize DMA to characterize materials, the fact that small dimensional changes can also lead to large inaccuracies in certain tests needs to be addressed. Inertia and shear heating can affect the results of either forced or free resonance analyzers, especially in fluid samples.

Test modes
Two major kinds of test modes can be used to probe the viscoelastic properties of polymers: temperature sweep and frequency sweep tests. A third, less commonly studied test mode is dynamic stress–strain testing.

Temperature sweep
A common test method involves measuring the complex modulus at low constant frequency while varying the sample temperature. A prominent peak in $$\tan(\delta)$$ appears at the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Secondary transitions can also be observed, which can be attributed to the temperature-dependent activation of a wide variety of chain motions. In semi-crystalline polymers, separate transitions can be observed for the crystalline and amorphous sections. Similarly, multiple transitions are often found in polymer blends.

For instance, blends of polycarbonate and poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) were studied with the intention of developing a polycarbonate-based material without polycarbonate's tendency towards brittle failure. Temperature-sweeping DMA of the blends showed two strong transitions coincident with the glass transition temperatures of PC and PABS, consistent with the finding that the two polymers were immiscible.

Frequency sweep

A sample can be held to a fixed temperature and can be tested at varying frequency. Peaks in $$\tan(\delta)$$ and in E’’ with respect to frequency can be associated with the glass transition, which corresponds to the ability of chains to move past each other. Note that this implies that the glass transition is dependent on strain rate in addition to temperature. Secondary transitions may be observed as well.

The Maxwell model provides a convenient, if not strictly accurate, description of viscoelastic materials. Applying a sinusoidal stress to a Maxwell model gives: $$ E'' = \frac{E \tau_0 \omega}{\tau_0^2 \omega^2 + 1} ,$$ where $$\tau_0 = \eta/E$$ is the Maxwell relaxation time. Thus, a peak in E’’ is observed at the frequency $$1/\tau_0$$. A real polymer may have several different relaxation times associated with different molecular motions.

Dynamic stress–strain studies
By gradually increasing the amplitude of oscillations, one can perform a dynamic stress–strain measurement. The variation of storage and loss moduli with increasing stress can be used for materials characterization, and to determine the upper bound of the material's linear stress–strain regime.

Combined sweep
Because glass transitions and secondary transitions are seen in both frequency studies and temperature studies, there is interest in multidimensional studies, where temperature sweeps are conducted at a variety of frequencies or frequency sweeps are conducted at a variety of temperatures. This sort of study provides a rich characterization of the material, and can lend information about the nature of the molecular motion responsible for the transition.

For instance, studies of polystyrene (Tg ≈110 °C) have noted a secondary transition near room temperature. Temperature-frequency studies showed that the transition temperature is largely frequency-independent, suggesting that this transition results from a motion of a small number of atoms; it has been suggested that this is the result of the rotation of the phenyl group around the main chain.

title: Dynamic mechanical analysis


text:
Mark Eyskens

Marc Maria Frans, Viscount Eyskens (born 29 April 1933), known as Mark Eyskens, is a Belgian economist, professor and politician in the Christian People's Party, now called Christian Democratic and Flemish, and briefly served as the prime minister of Belgium in 1981.

Early life
Eyskens was born in Leuven, the son of Gaston Eyskens, and lived for a time at the International House of New York. When Germany invaded Belgium, Eyskens and his mother fled to France but upon the Belgian capitulation, the family returned to Leuven.

Academic career
In 1953, Eyskens attained a bachelor's degree in philosophy. In 1956, he became a doctor juris at the University of Leuven. In 1957, he obtained a master of arts in economics at Columbia University. In 1962, he received a doctorate in economic sciences. In 1962, he became a professor at the University of Leuven (1962–1998). From 1971 to 1976, he was chairman of the university. He was a member of the Club of Rome (1972–1978). In 2004, he was chairman of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts.

Political career
In 1962, Eyskens started his political career as a counsellor in the cabinet of the Minister of Finance André Dequae.

In 1976, Eyskens became Secretary of State for Town and Country Planning and Housing (1976–1977, Tindemans I). Eyskens was first elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in 1977. He was re-elected (elections of 1977, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1978, 1995, 1999) and served until 2003.

He became Secretary of State for the budget and Flemish affairs (1977–1979, Tindemans II & Vanden Boeynants II), Minister of Development Aid (1979–1980, Martens I, Martens II & Martens III) and Minister of Finance (1980–1981, Martens IV). Eyskens became the 45th Prime Minister of Belgium on 6 April 1981, an office his father had held six times. His government quickly collapsed on 17 December, due to disagreements on the financing of the Walloon steel industry. After the fall of his government he served as Minister for Economical Affairs (1981–1985, Martens V) and Minister of Finance (1985–1988, Martens VI & Martens VII). Although originally not a member of the Martens VIII cabinet, on 19 June 1989 he re-entered the government when he replaced Leo Tindemans as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1989–1992, Martens VIII & Martens IX). This was the last government office he held. He served as a backbencher 1992–2003 and retired at the 2003 general election.

Later career
On 18 November 1998, Eyskens was made a Minister of State. In the 2006 provincial elections Eyskens was elected to the provincial council of Flemish Brabant. He served from 2007 until his resignation in 2009.

Eyskens is a member of the Advisory Board of the Global Panel Foundation, a member of the Advisory Board of the Itinera Institute think-tank and as Honorary President of the Olivaint Conference of Belgium.

title: Mark Eyskens


text:
Doofus (comics)

Doofus is an American alternative comic book character created by Rick Altergott. In the low-brow, scatological strip, Doofus and his sidekick/pal Henry Hotchkiss are two foolish creeps who have adventures in the fictional Flowertown, USA. Fantagraphics Books published two issues of the series from 1994 to 1997.

Characterization
Doofus is a short, obese grown man with facial stubble and a pageboy haircut, topped by a straw boater. He is a known liar and obnoxious human being, with an affinity for sniffing women's underwear.

Publication history
Doofus strips first appeared in the alternative weekly The Stranger. Doofus ' s comic book debut was in Eightball #8 (Fantagraphics, May 1992). From 1995 to 1998, Doofus strips appeared as a backup feature in Peter Bagge's Hate, issues #21–26, and #29–30. The character also appeared in various publications, including Heavy Metal, and other comic books published by Fantagraphics, including Raisin Pie.

In 2014, Altergott produced a weekly Doofus-related comic for Vice titled Flowertown USA.

List of appearances

 * Eightball #8 (Fantagraphics Books, May 1992)
 * Heavy Metal vol. 17, #4 (Metal Mammoth Inc., September 1993)
 * Doofus #1 (Fantagraphics, December 1994)
 * Hate #21 (Fantagraphics, December 1995)
 * Hate #22 (Fantagraphics, March 1996)
 * Hate #23 (Fantagraphics, June 1996)
 * Hate #24 (Fantagraphics, August 1996) — featuring Stink Hair Stu
 * Hate #25 (Fantagraphics, December 1996)
 * Hate #26 (Fantagraphics, March 1997)
 * Doofus #2 (Fantagraphics, Spring 1997)
 * Hate #29 (Fantagraphics, January 1998)
 * Hate #30 (Fantagraphics, May 1998)
 * Doofus Omnibus (Fantagraphics, October 2002)
 * Raisin Pie #1 (Fantagraphics, October 2002)
 * Legal Action Comics #2 (Dirty Danny Legal Defense Fund, 2003)
 * Kramers Ergot #7 (Buenaventura Press, 2008) — featuring Stink Hair Stu
 * Raisin Pie #2 (Fantagraphics, July 2003)
 * Raisin Pie #3 (Fantagraphics, Spring 2004)
 * Raisin Pie #4 (Fantagraphics, September 2005)
 * Raisin Pie #5 (Fantagraphics, July 2007)
 * Vice (2014) — weekly series
 * Blessed Be: A Flowertown, U.S.A. Adventure (Fantagraphics Books, April 2024)

Sources consulted

 * Altergott, Rick. Doofus Omnibus. Fantagraphics, Seattle, Wash.. 2002

title: Doofus (comics)


text:
Talk:Silkworm (missile)

max range
What's the maximum range of a Silkworm? --The_reverend

Iraq Scud
"Iraq also used Scud missiles in both these conflicts." i.e. both Iran-Iraq and Iraq 2003.

My understanding was that initial reports that Iraq used scuds in 2003 were inaccurate, and were contradicted by later reports.

 * Maybe you're correct, if i wrote that bit then i did it while the war was still ongoing. Feel free to change it. Tristanb 01:25 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Why is the Scud mentioned in this article at all? It is related to the Silkwork in any way other than having been used by Iraq? - Molinari 20:18 9 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, originally it was just because i knew the scud missile page existed :-) But it also halts the implication that silkworm missiles are the only missile that iraq uses.
 * It's a bit of an ugly sentence, but i like it better than a See also. --Tristanb 06:46 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I can see what you mean, but I don't think that the article would imply that the Silkworm is the only missile that Iraq uses. After all, the article is Silkworm-centered, and a reader is not likely to see it as providing an exhaustive list of the missiles possessed by Iraq, or any other country.

 * What do you think of replacing the paragraph with something like this?

 * The Silkworm gained fame in the 1980s when it was used by both sides in the Iran-Iraq War; both countries were supplied by China. More recently, the missile was used by Iraq in the 2003 Iraq War.

 * Molinari 01:40 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that's better. I've changed it. Tristanb 05:41 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * What evidence is there that any silkworms were used during the latest Iraq War? (Sonlee 15:29, 9 January 2007 (UTC))

While in the Gulf of Aden in 1980...
Somebody hucked one of those damned things at us while I was serving aboard the Constellation (CV64). Seriously unreal feeling when the 1MC calls out "General Quarters" and "Vampires Inbound!!" You try not to panic but you get a seriously cold feeling in the middle of your chest. Sort of hard to discribe. They started reading off the closing mileage, (Which was REALLY creepy) when it dropped off the scopes at about 8 miles out. Never did find out for sure if it was knocked down by the picket destroyers, it was foiled by ECM or we were just a little too far out of range.BigDon 01:42, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

INS Hanit incident
Current info says that the missile the hit the INS Hanit was a C-802, not this older Silkworm so I've moved the info to there. Riddley 17:02, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Combat Use
I ran across an article on Depleted Uranium in the Gulf that happened to mention an incident with a silkworm missile. (http://www.deploymentlink.osd.mil/du_library/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm) at the end "Ship-to-Ship Incident"

A shore-based launcher fired a silkworm at the USS Missouri (BB-63), USS Jarrett (FFG-33), and HMS Gloucester(D-96) February 25, 1991. A sea dart missile from the Gloucester shot down the Silkworm.

Is this worth adding to the 'History' section of this article?

Edit: I see that this incident is already listed in the Combat History section of the Sea Dart missile entry.

--Occasional Reader 17:04, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

This page states that "Both the Shang You (SY) and the Fei Long (FL) families of anti-ship missiles are often also referred as Silkworms.", however, http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/hy1.htm states that "HY-1 is coastal defense version, SY-1 is the ship-launched version.". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.221.128.8 (talk) 11:41, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

The article is incorrect as it was not known if the Silkworm was targeted at USS Missouri or HMS London, they were in close proximity and the missile exploded between the two vessels. I know I was there!!!! Ijf1959 (talk) 10:11, 25 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I seem to recall a mention of London being involved in that - but 'I was there' isn't considered a reliable sourcing for inclusion in a Wikipedia article. If you can find a source, feel free to add it back! - The Bushranger Return fire Flank speed 17:55, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Tsien's Departure From the U.S.
This article states that Tsien was deported from the U.S. The article on Tsien says that he left the U.S. voluntarily after an agreement between the PRC and the U.S. ended his house arrest. I have no idea which is correct, but obviously one article or the other needs to be changed. I'd suggest just removing the issue from this article, since it's not all that relevant here. Isaac R (talk) 01:13, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Infobox?
The appropriate infobox is Infobox Weapon -MBK004 02:50, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silkworm (missile)


text:
Thermal analysis

Thermal analysis is a branch of materials science where the properties of materials are studied as they change with temperature. Several methods are commonly used – these are distinguished from one another by the property which is measured:

Simultaneous thermal analysis generally refers to the simultaneous application of thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry to one and the same sample in a single instrument. The test conditions are perfectly identical for the thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry signals (same atmosphere, gas flow rate, vapor pressure of the sample, heating rate, thermal contact to the sample crucible and sensor, radiation effect, etc.). The information gathered can even be enhanced by coupling the simultaneous thermal analysis instrument to an Evolved Gas Analyzer like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy or mass spectrometry.
 * Dielectric thermal analysis: dielectric permittivity and loss factor
 * Differential thermal analysis: temperature difference versus temperature or time
 * Differential scanning calorimetry: heat flow changes versus temperature or time
 * Dilatometry: volume changes with temperature change
 * Dynamic mechanical analysis: measures storage modulus (stiffness) and loss modulus (damping) versus temperature, time and frequency
 * Evolved gas analysis: analysis of gases evolved during heating of a material, usually decomposition products
 * Isothermal titration calorimetry
 * Isothermal microcalorimetry
 * Laser flash analysis: thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity
 * Thermogravimetric analysis: mass change versus temperature or time
 * Thermomechanical analysis: dimensional changes versus temperature or time
 * Thermo-optical analysis: optical properties
 * Derivatography: A complex method in thermal analysis

Other, less common, methods measure the sound or light emission from a sample, or the electrical discharge from a dielectric material, or the mechanical relaxation in a stressed specimen. The essence of all these techniques is that the sample's response is recorded as a function of temperature (and time).

It is usual to control the temperature in a predetermined way – either by a continuous increase or decrease in temperature at a constant rate (linear heating/cooling) or by carrying out a series of determinations at different temperatures (stepwise isothermal measurements). More advanced temperature profiles have been developed which use an oscillating (usually sine or square wave) heating rate (Modulated Temperature Thermal Analysis) or modify the heating rate in response to changes in the system's properties (Sample Controlled Thermal Analysis).

In addition to controlling the temperature of the sample, it is also important to control its environment (e.g. atmosphere). Measurements may be carried out in air or under an inert gas (e.g. nitrogen or helium). Reducing or reactive atmospheres have also been used and measurements are even carried out with the sample surrounded by water or other liquids. Inverse gas chromatography is a technique which studies the interaction of gases and vapours with a surface - measurements are often made at different temperatures so that these experiments can be considered to come under the auspices of Thermal Analysis.

Atomic force microscopy uses a fine stylus to map the topography and mechanical properties of surfaces to high spatial resolution. By controlling the temperature of the heated tip and/or the sample a form of spatially resolved thermal analysis can be carried out.

Thermal analysis is also often used as a term for the study of heat transfer through structures. Many of the basic engineering data for modelling such systems comes from measurements of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.

Polymers
Polymers represent another large area in which thermal analysis finds strong applications. Thermoplastic polymers are commonly found in everyday packaging and household items, but for the analysis of the raw materials, effects of the many additive used (including stabilisers and colours) and fine-tuning of the moulding or extrusion processing used can be achieved by using differential scanning calorimetry. An example is oxidation induction time by differential scanning calorimetry which can determine the amount of oxidation stabiliser present in a thermoplastic (usually a polyolefin) polymer material. Compositional analysis is often made using thermogravimetric analysis, which can separate fillers, polymer resin and other additives. Thermogravimetric analysis can also give an indication of thermal stability and the effects of additives such as flame retardants. (See J.H.Flynn, L.A.Wall J.Res.Nat.Bur. Standerds, General Treatment of the Thermogravimetry of Polymers Part A, 1966 V70A, No5 487)

Thermal analysis of composite materials, such as carbon fibre composites or glass epoxy composites are often carried out using dynamic mechanical analysis, which can measure the stiffness of materials by determining the modulus and damping (energy absorbing) properties of the material. Aerospace companies often employ these analysers in routine quality control to ensure that products being manufactured meet the required strength specifications. Formula 1 racing car manufacturers also have similar requirements. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to determine the curing properties of the resins used in composite materials, and can also confirm whether a resin can be cured and how much heat is evolved during that process. Application of predictive kinetics analysis can help to fine-tune manufacturing processes. Another example is that thermogravimetric analysis can be used to measure the fibre content of composites by heating a sample to remove the resin by application of heat and then determining the mass remaining.

Metals
Production of many metals (cast iron, grey iron, ductile iron, compacted graphite iron, 3000 series aluminium alloys, copper alloys, silver, and complex steels) are aided by a production technique also referred to as thermal analysis. A sample of liquid metal is removed from the furnace or ladle and poured into a sample cup with a thermocouple embedded in it. The temperature is then monitored, and the phase diagram arrests (liquidus, eutectic, and solidus) are noted. From this information chemical composition based on the phase diagram can be calculated, or the crystalline structure of the cast sample can be estimated especially for silicon morphology in hypo-eutectic Al-Si cast alloys. Strictly speaking these measurements are cooling curves and a form of sample controlled thermal analysis whereby the cooling rate of the sample is dependent on the cup material (usually bonded sand) and sample volume which is normally a constant due to the use of standard sized sample cups. To detect phase evolution and corresponding characteristic temperatures, cooling curve and its first derivative curve should be considered simultaneously. Examination of cooling and derivative curves is done by using appropriate data analysis software. The process consists of plotting, smoothing and curve fitting as well as identifying the reaction points and characteristic parameters. This procedure is known as Computer-Aided Cooling Curve Thermal Analysis.

Advanced techniques use differential curves to locate endothermic inflection points such as gas holes, and shrinkage, or exothermic phases such as carbides, beta crystals, inter crystalline copper, magnesium silicide, iron phosphide's and other phases as they solidify. Detection limits seem to be around 0.01% to 0.03% of volume.

In addition, integration of the area between the zero curve and the first derivative is a measure of the specific heat of that part of the solidification which can lead to rough estimates of the percent volume of a phase. (Something has to be either known or assumed about the specific heat of the phase versus the overall specific heat.) In spite of this limitation, this method is better than estimates from two dimensional micro analysis, and a lot faster than chemical dissolution.

Foods
Most foods are subjected to variations in their temperature during production, transport, storage, preparation and consumption, e.g., pasteurization, sterilization, evaporation, cooking, freezing, chilling, etc. Temperature changes cause alterations in the physical and chemical properties of food components which influence the overall properties of the final product, e.g., taste, appearance, texture and stability. Chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, oxidation or reduction may be promoted, or physical changes, such as evaporation, melting, crystallization, aggregation or gelation may occur. A better understanding of the influence of temperature on the properties of foods enables food manufacturers to optimize processing conditions and improve product quality. It is therefore important for food scientists to have analytical techniques to monitor the changes that occur in foods when their temperature varies. These techniques are often grouped under the general heading of thermal analysis. In principle, most analytical techniques can be used, or easily adapted, to monitor the temperature-dependent properties of foods, e.g., spectroscopic (nuclear magnetic resonance, UV-visible, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence), scattering (light, X-rays, neutrons), physical (mass, density, rheology, heat capacity) etc. Nevertheless, at present the term thermal analysis is usually reserved for a narrow range of techniques that measure changes in the physical properties of foods with temperature (TG/DTG, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and transition temperature).

Printed circuit boards
Power dissipation is an important issue in present-day PCB design. Power dissipation will result in temperature difference and pose a thermal problem to a chip. In addition to the issue of reliability, excess heat will also negatively affect electrical performance and safety. The working temperature of an IC should therefore be kept below the maximum allowable limit of the worst case. In general, the temperatures of junction and ambient are 125 °C and 55 °C, respectively. The ever-shrinking chip size causes the heat to concentrate within a small area and leads to high power density. Furthermore, denser transistors gathering in a monolithic chip and higher operating frequency cause a worsening of the power dissipation. Removing the heat effectively becomes the critical issue to be resolved.

title: Thermal analysis


text:
Child murder

Pedicide, child murder, child manslaughter, or child homicide is the homicide of an individual who is a minor. In many legal jurisdictions it is considered an aggravated form of homicide. The age of the victim may constitute an aggravated factor for homicide offenses, or child murder may be a stand-alone criminal offense.

United States
In 2008, there were 1,494 child homicides in the United States. Of those killed, 1,035 were male and 452 were female.

In the United States, about half of the states that maintain the death penalty have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors that may make a murder punishable by death. The victim's age under which the crime is a capital crime varies between states. The ages are set between 10 and 17, with 12 being the most common age.

Child manslaughter can result in an aggravated charge in some jurisdictions such as the State of Florida.

United Kingdom
Any murder in the United Kingdom carries a mandatory life sentence. In England and Wales, murder of a child involving sexual or sadistic conduct or abduction of the victim can result in a whole life order (i.e. life imprisonment without the possibility of parole) being imposed where the offender is at least 21 years old. Sentencing guidelines state that where the offender is under 21, the starting point is a minimum term of 30 years.

By other children
In most countries, there are very few cases where children are killed by other children. According to the U.S. Department of Justice statistics for 1996, one in five murders of children were committed by other children. Several murders by children have gained prominent media exposure. One was the killing on 12 February 1993 of the 2-year-old boy James Bulger by Robert Thompson and Jon Venables who were both 10 years old in Bootle, Merseyside, England. He was beaten and stoned before his unconscious body was left on train tracks to give the impression that a train had hit him. Bulger's killers became the youngest convicted murderers in the modern history of the United Kingdom. Another notable case in the UK occurred in 1968 in Newcastle upon Tyne, when 10 year old Mary Bell was convicted of manslaughter due to diminished responsibility in the deaths of toddlers Martin Brown and Brian Howe. She was released in 1980 at the age of 23. In 1998, 8 year old Madelyn Clifton was killed by 14 year old Josh Phillips.

By medical professionals
Children, especially infants, have been killed on purpose by medical professionals. Katherine Ramsland, an expert in serial killers, believes predatory offenders may view healthcare agencies as "places of trust" where they have advantages. While other killers may decide to reduce the workload, or set someone up out of spite, or get God complex and think they are helping their victims, or be seeking attention, self-empowerment, and thrill. In one such case, neonatal nurse Lucy Letby was accused of killing at least 7 infants between June 2015 to 2016 at the Countess of Chester Hospital and attempting to kill a further 10 more.

Media coverage
In 1992, after the fatal shooting of 7-year-old Dantrell Davis as he left the Cabrini–Green public housing project for school, the Chicago Tribune put every child murder on the front page (generally no murders were front-page news). 62 child murders were reported that year.

Multiple deaths in one incident, such as the 1999 Columbine High School massacre and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, tend to gather the most media attention but are statistically scarce.

Genocide and child soldiers
The military use of children refers to children being placed in harm's way in military actions, in order to protect a location or provide propaganda. This is sometimes referred to as child sacrifice, though not equivalent to the religious variety. It may also refer to the use of children as child soldiers or saboteurs.

Red Hand Day on February 12 is an annual commemoration day to draw public attention to the practice of using children as soldiers in wars and armed conflicts.

"Muti killings"
Medicine murder (often referred to as muti killing) is a practice of human sacrifice and mutilation associated with traditional medicinal practices, such as Muti. Victims of muti killings are often children. Organs and/or body parts are usually taken while the child is still alive. An unknown child (referred to as Adam), whose decapitated torso was found in the River Thames in London in 2002 is believed to have been the victim of a muti killing.

Murdered children of royalty

 * Alexander IV of Macedon, 323–309 BC
 * Two sons of Queen Dowager Zhao of Qin and her lover Lao Ai, † 238 BC
 * Hieronymus of Syracuse, 231–214 BC
 * Caesarion, June 23, 47 BC – August 23, 30 BC
 * Julia Drusilla, summer of AD 39 – 24 January 41
 * Diadumenian, Roman co-emperor (May–June 218), September 14, 208 – June 218
 * Licinius II, Roman co-emperor (317-324), c. 315 – c. 326
 * Gisald (son of Sigismund of Burgundy), † 1 May 524
 * Gondebaud (son of Sigismund of Burgundy), † 1 May 524
 * Théodebald (son of Chlodomer), c. 521-531
 * Gunthaire (son of Chlodomer), c. 523-531
 * Tremorus of Brittany (son or stepson of Conomor) - Legendary (6th century AD)
 * Tiberius (son of East-Roman emperor Maurice), † 27 November 602
 * Petrus (son of East-Roman emperor Maurice), † 27 November 602
 * Paulus (son of East-Roman emperor Maurice), † 27 November 602
 * Justin (son of East-Roman emperor Maurice), † 27 November 602
 * Justinian (son of East-Roman emperor Maurice), † 27 November 602
 * Merovech (son of Theudebert II of Austrasia), † 612
 * Chilperic, king of Aquitaine, † 632
 * Tiberius, Byzantine co-emperor (706-711), 705 – December 711
 * Edward the Martyr, c. 962 – 18 March 978
 * Several sons of Harald Kesja, some of which might have been minor, were murdered in 1135
 * Harald (son of Sigurd Munn & Kristin Sigurdsdatter), killed in the 1160s before the age of majority
 * Alexios II Komnenos, 14 September 1169 – September 1183
 * Emperor Antoku of Japan, December 22, 1178 – April 25, 1185
 * Vira Bahu I, King of Polonnaruwa, 1179 – 1196
 * Conradin, Duke of Swabia & King of Jerusalem, 25 March 1252 – 29 October 1268
 * Şehzade Halil, probably 1346 – 1362
 * Thong Lan, king of Ayutthaya, c. 1373/74 – c. 1388/89
 * Chang of Goryeo, September 6, 1381 – December 31, 1389
 * Yi Bang-Beon (son of Taejo of Joseon & Queen Sindeok), 1381 – October 6, 1398
 * Yi Bang-Seok (son of Taejo of Joseon & Queen Sindeok), 1382 – October 6, 1398
 * Danjong of Joseon, August 9, 1441 – December 24, 1457
 * Alexios V, Trapezuntine emperor, 1454 – November 1, 1463
 * Edward V of England, November 2, 1470 – c. 1483
 * Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, August 17, 1473 – c. 1483
 * Lê Quang Trị, Emperor of Annam, 1509 – May 1516 (his two brothers was killed along with Quang Trị)
 * Feodor Godunov, 1589 – 10 or 20 June 1605
 * Louis XVII of France, March 27, 1785 – June 8, 1795
 * Jacques-Victor Henry, Prince Royal of Haiti, March 3, 1804 – October 18, 1820
 * Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, June 18, 1901 – July 17, 1918
 * Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia, August 12, 1904 – July 17, 1918

title: Child murder