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Narva

Narva is a municipality and city in Estonia. It is located in the Ida-Viru County, at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, on the west bank of the Narva river which forms the Estonia–Russia international border. With 53,626 inhabitants (as of 2023) Narva is Estonia's third largest city after capital Tallinn and Tartu.

Narva was nearly completely destroyed in 1944 during World War II. During the Soviet era of Estonia in 1944–1991, the city's original inhabitants were not permitted to return, and immigrant workers from Soviet Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union (USSR) were introduced. Narva’s population, 65% ethnic Estonian as of the 1934 census, became overwhelmingly non-Estonian in the second half of the 20th century. According to more recent data, 46.7% of the city's inhabitants are citizens of Estonia, 36.3% are citizens of the Russian Federation, while 15.3% have undefined citizenship.

Early settlement
People settled in the area from the 5th to 4th millennium BC, as evidenced by archeological findings of the Narva culture, named after the Narva river. The fortified settlement at Narva Joaoru is the oldest known in Estonia, dated to around 1000 BC. The earliest known written reference of the toponym Narva is in the First Novgorod Chronicle, which in the year 1172 describes a district in Novgorod called Nerevsky or Narovsky konets (yard). According to historians, this name probably derives from the name of the then village of Narva, or from the Narva river, and indicates that a frequently used trade route went through Narva, albeit no evidence of the existence of a trading settlement in Narva at the time has been found so far.

Middle Ages
Narva's favourable location at the intersection of both trade routes and the Narva river was behind the founding of Narva castle and the subsequent development of the castle's surrounding urban settlement. The castle was founded during the Danish rule of northern Estonia in the second half of the 13th century; the earliest written record of the castle is from 1277. Narvia village is mentioned in the Danish Census Book already in 1241. A town developed around the stronghold and in 1345 obtained Lübeck City Rights from Danish king Valdemar IV. The castle and surrounding town of Narva (Narwa, in German) became a possession of the Livonian Order in 1346, after the Danish king sold its lands in Northern Estonia. In 1492, Ivangorod fortress across the Narva river was established by Ivan III of Moscow.

Trade, particularly Hanseatic long-distance trade remained Narva's raison d'être throughout the Middle Ages. However, due to opposition from Tallinn, Narva itself never became part of the Hanseatic League and also remained a small town – its population in 1530 is estimated at 600–750 people.

Swedish and Russian rule
Captured by the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy) during the Livonian War in 1558–1581, for a short period Narva became an important trading port and transshipment centre of Russian goods from Pskov and Novgorod. In 1581, the Swedish troops under the command of Pontus De la Gardie conquered the city and it became part of Sweden. During the Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595), when Arvid Stålarm was governor, Russian forces attempted to regain the city without success (Treaty of Teusina, May 1595).

During the Swedish rule, the baroque Old Town of Narva was built. Following a large fire in 1659 that almost completely destroyed the town, only stone buildings were allowed to be built in its central part. Income from flourishing trade allowed rebuilding of the town center in two decades. Until World War II, the baroque architecture of the Old Town underwent practically no changes, and it became renowned all over Europe. Towards the end of Swedish rule, the defence structures of Narva were greatly improved. Beginning in 1680s, an outstanding system of bastions was designed by renowned military engineer Erik Dahlbergh and built around the town. The new defences were among the most powerful in Northern Europe.

During the Great Northern War of 1700–1721, Narva became the setting for the first great battle between the forces of King Charles XII of Sweden and Tsar Peter I of Russia (Muscovy) in November 1700. Although outnumbered four to one, the Swedish forces routed their 40,000-strong opponent. Tsardom of Russia subsequently conquered the city in 1704.

After the Great Northern War, the bastions were renovated. Narva remained on the list of fortifications of the Russian Empire until 1863, although there turned out to be no real military need for it. Administratively the city of Narva, including its then suburb of Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) was a part of the Saint Petersburg Governorate of the Russian Empire until 1917.

In the middle of the 19th century, Narva developed into a major industrial city. Ludwig Knoop established the Krenholm Manufacturing Company in 1857. The factory used the affordable energy of the powerful Narva waterfalls, and at the end of the century became, with about 10,000 workers, one of the largest cotton mills in Europe and the world. In 1872, Krenholm Manufacturing became the site of the first strike in Estonia. At the end of the 19th century, Narva was the leading industrial town in Estonia – 41% of industrial workers in Estonia worked in Narva, compared to 33% in Tallinn. The first railway in Estonia, completed in 1870, connected Narva to Saint Petersburg and to Tallinn.

In August 1890, Narva was the site of a key meeting between German Kaiser Wilhelm II and Russian Tsar Alexander III.

Post-World War I period
The status of Narva was resolved in a July 1917 referendum, when the district population, at that time roughly equally divided between ethnic Russians and Estonians, voted to attach itself to the newly autonomous, and soon to be independent state of, Estonia. Narva became part of the independent Republic of Estonia in 1918, at the end of World War I. The town saw fighting during the Estonian War of Independence. The war started when Russian Bolshevik troops attacked Narva on 28 November 1918, capturing the city on the next day. The Russian bolshevik troops retained control of the city until 19 January 1919.

Heavy battles occurred both in and around Narva during World War II. The city was damaged in the German invasion of 1941 and by smaller air raids throughout the war, but remained relatively intact until February 1944. However, as the focus of the Battle of Narva, the city was destroyed by Soviet bombardment and fires and explosions set by retreating German troops. The most devastating action was the bombing raids of 6 and 7 March 1944 by the Soviet Air Force, which destroyed the Baroque old town.

Soviet occupation 1944–1991
By the end of July 1944, 98 per cent of Narva had been destroyed. After the war, most of the buildings could have been restored as the walls of the houses still existed, but in early 1950s, the Soviet authorities decided to demolish the ruins to make room for apartment buildings. Only three buildings remain of the old town, including the Baroque-style Town Hall. The civilian casualties of the bombing were low as the German forces had evacuated the city in January 1944.

The original native inhabitants were not allowed to return after the war, and immigrant Russian-speaking workers from other parts of the USSR were brought in to populate the city. The city which population had been 65% Estonian according to the last census in 1934, became overwhelmingly non-Estonian. The main reason behind this was a plan to build a secret uranium processing plant in the city, which would turn Narva into a closed town. In 1947 nearby Sillamäe was selected as the location of the factory instead of Narva, but the existence of such a plan was decisive for the development of Narva in the postwar years, and thus also shaped its later evolution. The planned uranium factory and other large-scale industrial developments, like the restoring of Kreenholm Manufacture, were the driving force behind the influx of internal migrants from other parts of the Soviet Union, mainly Russia.

In January 1945, Jaanilinn (Ivangorod), the suburb on the eastern bank of the river was separated from Estonia (and from Narva) by the Soviet authorities, and the settlement around Ivangorod fortress was made administratively part of the neighboring Leningrad Oblast of the Russian SFSR. In 1954, Ivangorod became officially a town in its own rights.

Restoration of Estonian independence
After Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the city's leaders, holdovers from the Soviet era, wanted autonomy, and contended that the notion of a breakaway "Transnarovan Soviet republic" in northeastern Estonia was becoming increasingly popular, but this was contradicted by polls showing 87% of the region's population opposed secession from Estonia.

In 1993, dissatisfaction with newly enacted citizenship and election laws (non-citizens were not allowed to hold office) culminated in the Narva referendum of 16–17 July 1993, which proposed autonomy for both Narva and Sillamäe, a nearby town. Although 97% voted in favor of the referendum, turnout in Narva was a mere 55%, and there were credible charges of vote rigging.

After 1991, disputes regarding the Estonian-Russian border in the Narva sector remained, as the new constitution of Estonia (adopted in 1992) recognizes the 1920 Treaty of Tartu border to be currently legal.

The Russian Federation, however, considers Estonia to be a successor of the Estonian SSR and recognizes the 1945 border between the two former national republics. Officially, Estonia has no territorial claims in the area, and which was also reflected in the new Estonian-Russian border treaty signed in Moscow on 18 May 2005. Russia failed to ratify it because, together with the ratification, the Estonian parliament approved a communiqué, which mentioned the Soviet Occupation.

On 18 February 2014 a new border treaty was signed by both countries. However the treaty was not ratified by the parliaments of either Russia or Estonia.

Overall, by 2014, Russian residents were happy with their status as both Estonian and European Union citizens and lived peacefully alongside their compatriots.

Before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, residents mixed relatively freely with the residents across the river in Ivangorod. Those on the Estonian side mainly crossed to buy cheaper petrol, groats, cleaning products, pasta and sugar. Those crossing from the Russian side wanted to make use of the availability of non-sanctioned goods, entertainment facilities and overall better infrastructure.

The invasion and subsequent conflict seriously reduced cooperation between the two neighbours, especially as visas became difficult to obtain and the residents of Narva increased the take up in Estonian citizenship. Narva took many Ukrainian refugees fleeing the war and previously popular Russian TV stations among older Russophone residents were banned by the Estonian government.

On 10 June 2022, the Estonian foreign ministry summoned the Russian ambassador to protest about remarks by President Vladimir Putin praising Peter the Great for having captured Narva in the early 18th century.

In August 2022, a Soviet T-34 tank memorial was removed from a stretch of road between the city centre and Narva-Jõesuu, to mixed responses. It was moved to the Estonian War Museum near Tallinn. In response to the tank's removal, the following month Russian authorities erected a similar T-34 tank monument in Ivangorod near the border crossing point with Narva.

Demographics
On 1 January 2013 Narva's population was 59,888, down from 60,454 inhabitants a year earlier. The population was 83,000 in 1992. 95.7% of the population of Narva are native Russian speakers, and 87.7% are ethnic Russians. Most non-Estonians are ethnically Russian, Belarusian, or Ukrainian immigrants or the children of immigrants, though 69% of Narva residents in the early 1990s had been born in Narva or had lived there for more than 30 years. Ethnic Estonians account for 5.2% of total population. Much of the city was destroyed during World War II and for several years during the following reconstruction the Soviet authorities largely prohibited the return of Narva's pre-war residents (among whom ethnic Estonians had been the majority, forming 64.8% of the town's population of 23,512 according to the 1934 census), thus radically altering the city's ethnic composition. Nevertheless, ethnic Russians had already formed a significant minority: 29.7% of the city's population were Russian in the census of 1934.

46.7% of the city's inhabitants are Estonian citizens, 36.3% are citizens of the Russian Federation, while 15.3% of the population has undefined citizenship. Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine there has been an increase in acquiring Estonian citizenship in the city.

A concern in Narva is the spread of HIV, which infected 1.2% of Estonia's population in 2012. Between 2001 and 2008, more than 1,600 cases of HIV were registered in Narva, making it one of the worst areas in Estonia, alongside Tallinn and the rest of Ida-Viru County. The HIV infection rate in Estonia declined in 2014, with 59 new cases in Narva.

Geography
Narva is situated in the eastern extreme point of Estonia, 200 km to the east from the Estonian capital Tallinn and 130 km southwest from Saint Petersburg. The capital of Ida-Viru County, Jõhvi, lies 50 km to the west. The eastern border of the city along the Narva river (which drains Lake Peipus) coincides with the Estonian-Russian border. The Estonian part of the Narva Reservoir lies mostly within the territory of Narva, to the southwest of the city center. The mouth of the Narva river to the Gulf of Finland is about 13 km downstream from the city.

The municipality of Narva covers 84.54 km2, of which the city proper occupies 62 km2 (excluding the reservoir), while two separate districts surrounded by Vaivara Parish, Kudruküla and Olgina, cover 5.6 km2 and 0.58 km2, respectively. Kudruküla is the largest of Narva's dacha regions, located 6 km to northwest from the main city, near Narva-Jõesuu.

Climate
Narva has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with mild to warm, rainy summers with cool nights and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. Narva is one of the coldest settlements in Estonia, being located at the very northeast of the country and bordering Russia.

Neighbourhoods
Narva is officially divided into 15 neighbourhoods: Elektrijaama, Joaoru, Kalevi, Kerese, Kreenholmi, Kudruküla, Kulgu, Olgina, Paemurru, Pähklimäe, Siivertsi, Soldina, Sutthoffi, Vanalinn and Veekulgu.

Landmarks
Narva's skyline is dominated by the 15th-century castle, with the 51 m Pikk Hermann tower as its most prominent landmark. The sprawling complex of the Kreenholm Manufacture, located in the proximity of scenic waterfalls, is one of the largest textile mills of 19th-century Northern Europe. Other notable buildings include Swedish mansions of the 17th century, a Baroque town hall (1668–71), and remains of Erik Dahlberg's fortifications.

Across the Narva river lies the Russian Ivangorod fortress, established during the rule of Grand Prince Ivan III of Muscovy in 1492 and also referred to in some contemporary sources as the "Counter-Narva". From the 17th century until 1945, both the fortress and the adjacent suburb of Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) were an administrative part of Narva.

Narva Kreenholmi Stadium is home to Meistriliiga football team, FC Narva Trans.

Transportation
The Narva railway station is located on an international railway line between Estonia and Russia (Tallinn–Narva railway). All passenger trains between Russia and Estonia were cancelled during the pandemic in 2020 and the service has not been resumed. There is a domestic train service between Saint Petersburg and Ivangorod. Hence, it is possible to travel between Narva and Saint Petersburg by train if one crosses the border between Narva and Ivangorod by foot. The walking distance between the border station and Ivangorod train station is about 3.5 km.

Five daily domestic trains run between Narva and Tallinn. Some are express, which takes about $2 1/2$ hours.

Adjacent to the central rail station is a central bus station, which has multiple domestic and international connections (including to Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus etc.). The direct bus routes to Russia ceased on February 1, 2024, since the Russian Federation closed the border between Narva and Ivangorod for traffic - only pedestrians are now permitted to cross the border.

There is a general aviation grass airfield near Narva (ICAO: EENA). The strip is 600 meters long.

Sport
The two main professional sports in the city are ice hockey and football.

Narva PSK play at the Narva Ice Hall, which also was the host arena of the 2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Division I Championship Group B.

JK Narva Trans play at the Narva Kreenholm Stadium. They are founding members of the Meistriliiga, and are one of two clubs which have never been relegated from the Estonian top division. They have won 2 Estonian Cups and 2 Estonian Supercups.

Notable residents

 * Evert Horn (1585–1615), governor of Narva (1613)
 * Ludwig Busbetzky (1687-1699), composer and organist at the German Church in Narva
 * Aleksander Promet (1879–1938), artist
 * Raimund Kull (1882–1942), conductor and composer
 * Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz (1883–1948), architect
 * Albert Üksip (1886–1966), botanist
 * Emmanuel Steinschneider (1886–1970), professor.
 * Nikolai Stepulov (1913–1968), Olympic boxer
 * Kersti Merilaas (1913–1986), poet, playwright
 * Paul Keres (1916–1975), chess grandmaster
 * Paul Felix Schmidt (1916–1984), chess player
 * Ortvin Sarapu (1924–1999), chess player
 * Valeri Karpin (born 1969), Russian football player
 * Maksim Gruznov (1974), football player
 * Reinar Hallik (1984), basketball player
 * Leo Komarov (1987), ice hockey player
 * Alika Milova (2002), singer, represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023

In popular culture
In the first-person shooter video game Squad, the map Narva is loosely based on the real city, containing Narva Castle, Ivangorod Fortress and a southern industrial area.

Friendship and partner cities
Narva is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇸 Bel Air, United States
 * 🇪🇪 Pärnu, Estonia
 * 🇫🇮 Forssa, Finland
 * 🇫🇮 Humppila, Finland
 * 🇫🇮 Jokioinen, Finland
 * 🇫🇮 Lahti, Finland
 * 🇫🇮 Somero, Finland
 * 🇫🇮 Urjala, Finland
 * 🇫🇮 Ypäjä, Finland
 * Kobuleti, Georgia
 * 🇲🇩 Bălți, Moldova
 * 🇵🇱 Elbląg, Poland
 * 🇸🇪 Karlskoga, Sweden
 * 🇨🇳 Xiamen, China

title: Narva


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Pärnu

Pärnu is the fourth-largest city in Estonia and third in terms of the ethnic Estonian population. Situated in southwest Estonia, Pärnu is located 128 km south of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, and 176 km west of Estonia's second-largest city, Tartu. The city sits off the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Riga, which is a part of the Baltic Sea. In the city, the Pärnu River drains into the Gulf of Riga.

Pärnu is a popular summer holiday resort town among Estonians with many hotels, restaurants and large beaches. The city is served by Pärnu Airport.

History

Pärnu or Old Pärnu (Perona, Pernau, Alt-Pernau, Vana-Pärnu), which was founded by the bishop of Ösel–Wiek c. 1251, suffered heavily under pressure of the concurrent town, and was finally destroyed c. 1600. Another town, Embeke (later Neu-Pernau, Uus-Pärnu) was founded by the Livonian Order, who began building an Ordensburg nearby in 1265. The latter town, then known by the German name of Pernau, was a member of the Hanseatic League and an important ice-free harbor for Livonia. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took control of town between 1560 and 1617; the Poles and Lithuanians fought the Swedes nearby in 1609. Sweden took control of the town during the 16th-century Livonian War as part of Swedish Livonia, although it was not formally ceded by Poland-Lithuania until the 1660 Treaty of Oliva. Sweden then lost Livonia to the Russian Empire in the 1710 Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia and the 1721 Treaty of Nystad, following the Great Northern War. It belonged to the Imperial Russian Governorate of Livonia until 1917, when it was transferred to the short-lived Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. The city is occasionally referred to as Pyarnu, an incorrect reverse-transliteration from the Russian Пярну.

The town became part of independent Estonia in 1918 following World War I and the Estonian War of Independence.

The city was occupied by the Soviet Red Army along with the rest of Estonia in 1940 during World War II, and its German population fled the town. It was briefly occupied by Germany from 1941 until 1944 before it was reoccupied by the Soviet Union during its counteroffensives. Pärnu then continued as being part of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1944 to 1991, when Estonia restored its independence.

During the Great Northern War, the University of Dorpat (Tartu) was relocated to Pärnu from 1699 to 1710. The university has still maintained a branch campus in Pärnu to this day (1,000 students in the 2004/2005 school year).

Districts of Pärnu
There are seven districts in Pärnu: Ülejõe, Rääma, Vana-Pärnu, Kesklinn, Rannarajoon, Eeslinn and Raeküla.

Climate
Pärnu lies within the temperate humid continental climate zone.

Waterbodies
Pärnu River, Sauga River, Reiu River, Pärnu Moat, Pärnu Bay.

Pärnu Moat was previously a part of Pärnu Fortress. Nowadays, it is mainly used as a venue for different events.

Economy
Today Pärnu is an economically balanced region with a comprehensive range of industries. Foreign investments and new businesses with up-to-date technologies have enhanced job creation and higher competitiveness of the businesses in the world markets. Several enterprises of Pärnu region stand out as the best in Estonia.

Significant flows of exports from Pärnu region and South-Estonia pass through the Port of Pärnu which lies at the mouth of the Pärnu River. In recent years, the port has developed into an important regional harbour for south-western and southern Estonia. Pärnu's fame as a rehabilitation and holiday resort dates back to the middle of the 19th century. The foundation of the first bathing facility in 1838 is considered the birth date of Pärnu resort. Today Pärnu has all desirable qualities of a modern holiday resort – it has spas and rehabilitation centres, hotels, conference and concert venues, golf courses and tennis courts, restaurants and pubs. Long tradition of as a resort has made Pärnu well known in Finland and Scandinavian countries.

Tourism
The majority of the tourists in Pärnu are Finns, Swedes and Russians. German, Latvian, and Norwegian tourists have also become more common.

In 1837, a tavern near the beach was made into a bathing establishment. The establishment accommodated 5–6 bathrooms that provided hot seawater baths in summer and operated as a sauna in winter. The wooden building was burnt down in the course of World War I. In 1927, the present stone building of Pärnu Mud Baths was erected at the same site.

Since 1996 Pärnu has been known as Estonia's Summer Capital.

Starting from 2015 the city of Pärnu hosts the annual Weekend Festival, the largest dance music festival in the Nordic and Baltic region. Stages are headlined by DJs from across the electronic dance music spectrum, with audiovisual support. Some of the past and upcoming artists to perform include Martin Garrix, David Guetta, Avicii, Steve Aoki, The Chainsmokers, Tiësto, Armin van Buuren, Hardwell, Robin Schulz, Afrojack, deadmau5, Knife Party, Desiigner and many more. Pärnu is also known for its seawall. According to legend, if a couple holds hands while journeying along the wall and kisses at its endpoint they will stay together forever.

Notable people

 * Elisabeth Aspe, writer
 * Gustav Fabergé, jeweller
 * Johann Voldemar Jannsen, journalist and poet
 * Lili Kaelas, archeologist
 * Tõnis Kasemets, race-car driver who has competed in ChampCar and IMSA
 * Egon Kaur, rally driver
 * Paul Keres, chess grandmaster
 * Lydia Koidula, poet
 * Ilmi Kolla, poet
 * Kaie Kõrb, prima ballerina
 * Karin Luts, artist
 * Friedrich Martens, lawyer
 * Kaili Närep, actress
 * Rene Pais, professionally known as Syn Cole, DJ and musician
 * Liisa Pulk, actress
 * Rasmus Rändvee, singer
 * Salme Reek, actress
 * Georg Wilhelm Richmann, German physicist
 * Erika Salumäe, track bicycle racer
 * David Samoylov, poet
 * August Sang, poet
 * Olev Siinmaa, architect
 * David Shrayer-Petrov, poet, fiction writer, translator, medical scientist
 * Maxim D. Shrayer, author and literary scholar
 * Lilli Suburg, writer
 * Avo Sõmer, musicologist, music theorist, composer
 * Kristin Tattar, athlete, disc golf world champion

Honorary citizens

 * 1886 Konstantin Possiet
 * 1901 Friedrich Fromhold Martens
 * 1934 Konstantin Päts
 * 2007 Neeme Järvi
 * 2008 Valter Ojakäär
 * 2009 Jüri Jaanson

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pärnu


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Olavinlinna

Olavinlinna (also known as St. Olaf's Castle; Olofsborg; Olafsburg; lit. 'Olof's Castle') is a 15th-century three-tower castle located in Savonlinna, Finland. It is built on an island in the Kyrönsalmi strait that connects the lakes Haukivesi and Pihlajavesi. It is the northernmost medieval stone fortress still standing. The castle forms a spectacular stage for the Savonlinna Opera Festival, which was held for the first time in the summer of 1912.

History
The fortress was founded by Erik Axelsson Tott in 1475 under the name Sankt Olofsborg in an effort to profit from the political turmoil following Ivan III's conquest of the Novgorod Republic. It was sited in Savonia so as to lay claim to the Russian side of the border established by the Treaty of Nöteborg.

One of Tott's letters from 1477 includes a passing mention of foreign builders invited to Olofsborg, probably from Reval, where the city fortifications were being extended. It was the first Swedish castle provided with a set of thickset circular towers that could withstand cannon fire. It is not by accident that a network of lakes and waterways forms the setting for the castle, for these would seriously impede a prospective Russian offensive.

The three-towered keep was completed in 1485, and the construction of the outer curtain walls with two towers was initiated immediately. They were completed in 1495. The castle is roughly a truncated rhomboid with keep on the western side of the island and the curtain walls and outer bailey to east. One of the towers of the keep, St. Erik's Tower, has a bad foundation and has since collapsed. One of the towers of Bailey, the Thick Tower, exploded in the 18th century. A bastion has been built on its place. The castle was converted into a Vaubanesque fort in the late 18th century with bastions.

Warfare
Olofsborg withstood several sieges by the Russians during the First and Second Russian-Swedish wars. A brisk trade developed under the umbrella of the castle towards the end of the 16th century, giving birth to the town of Savonlinna, which was chartered in 1639.

While the castle was never captured by force, its garrison agreed to terms of surrender twice; first to invading Russians on 28 July 1714 and the second time on 8 August 1743, with the latter conflict's peace treaty in form of the Treaty of Åbo leading to the castle and the entire region being seceded to Empress Elizabeth of Russia. During the Russian era Alexander Suvorov personally inspected rearmament of the fortress.

Several devastating fires destroyed much of the castle's decor in the 19th century, all of its original furnishings were destroyed.

Border conflicts
After the conclusion of the Russo Swedish War 1495-1497, Sten Sture returned to Sweden and discovered that a large revolt had begun against him, resulting in the Battle of Rotebro where he was deposed in favor of King Hans of Denmark.

In August of 1499, the governor of Vyborg, Eric Bielke, received alarming reports from Nyslott. The reports tell of battles against Russian forces who believed Nyslott was rightfully Russian and were attempting to move the border posts so that it is put inside Russian territory. Of the 1,000 Russians that took part in the fighting, only about 200 are said to have been equipped with firearms, the others fought with axes and sabers. In the following battles, the Russians suffered heavy casualties and were repulsed.

Further details on the battles are not know, which seem to have been limited to the area around Nyslott. On the 14th of September 1504, Eric Bielke was able to sign a truce lasting 20 years with the Russians. The next major war between Sweden and Russia would not come until 1554. However, despite this, there was no guaranteed peace on the border between them, among other things a letter from 1509 tells that "the enemies of God and Christendom, the instransigent Russians" have ravaged Finland.

Tourism
The castle hosts several small exhibitions, including the Castle Museum which displays artifacts found in the castle or related to it, and the Orthodox Museum which displays icons and other religious artifacts both from Finland and Russia.

Olavinlinna is the initial model for Kropow Castle in the bande dessinée King Ottokar's Sceptre, an album in the series of Adventures of Tintin created by Hergé.

title: Olavinlinna


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Lovisa

Lovisa is a Swedified form of Louise, which originates in Louis and has been used in Sweden since the 17th century. It was placed in the Swedish calendar in the 1750s after king Adolf Fredericks marriage to Lovisa Ulrika of Prussia in 1744. Lovisa means fighter.

The name Lovisa had a rejuvenation in the 1980s and 90's in Sweden but has since then begun to decline.

Lovisa is placed in the Swedish calendar (namnsdag) on August 25.

Famous people with the name Lovisa
Royalty Artists Other famous people
 * Lovisa of Sweden, Queen of Denmark
 * Lovisa Ulrika of Prussia, Queen of Sweden
 * Lovisa Augusti, opera singer, member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Music
 * Brigitte Lovisa Fouché, artist
 * Greta Lovisa Gustafsson (aka Greta Garbo), actress
 * Lovisa Åhrberg, doctor and surgeon
 * Lovisa von Burghausen, Swedish prisoner of war, known for her life as a slave in Russia
 * Sofia Lovisa Gråå, educator and principal
 * Agatha Lovisa de la Myle (died 1787), Baltic-German and Latvian poet
 * Lovisa Svensson (1853–1963), 109-year-old.

Places

 * Loviisa

title: Lovisa


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User:Invisible Friend

A friend that is invisible.

title: User:Invisible Friend


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Deutsche Bundesbank

The Deutsche Bundesbank (, lit. 'German Federal Bank', colloquially Buba, sometimes alternatively abbreviated as BBk or DBB) is the German member of the Eurosystem and has been the monetary authority for Germany from 1957 to 1998, issuing the Deutsche Mark (DM). It succeeded the Bank deutscher Länder, which had introduced the DM on 20 June 1948.

The Bundesbank was the first central bank to be given full independence, leading this form of central bank to be referred to as the "Bundesbank model", as opposed, for instance, to the "New Zealand model", which has a goal (i.e. inflation target) set by the government. The Bundesbank was greatly respected for its control of inflation through the second half of the 20th century. This made the German Mark one of the most respected currencies, and the Bundesbank gained substantial indirect influence in many European countries. Today its bilance sheet total is around 2,7 trillion, making it the 4th biggest central bank.

Background (1948–1957)
The history of the Bundesbank is inextricably linked with the history of the German currency after the Second World War. Following the total destruction after the war, the old Reichsmark was practically worthless, and a currency reform was implemented in the western occupation zones including West Berlin: on 21 June 1948, the D-Mark, or Deutsche Mark, replaced the Reichsmark. The currency reform was based on laws enacted by the Allied military government. In preparation, the Western Powers established a new two-tier central bank system in the occupied zones; in its federal structure, it was modeled on the Federal Reserve System of the US. It comprised the central banks of the states (Länder) of the West German occupation zones and the Bank deutscher Länder in Frankfurt am Main, which was created on 1 March 1948. The central banks of the Länder acted as central banks within their areas of jurisdiction. The Bank deutscher Länder, whose share capital was held by the central banks of the Länder, was responsible for issuing bank notes, co-ordinating policy and various central tasks including management of foreign exchange. The supreme governing body of the two-tier central bank system was the Central Bank Council (Zentralbankrat) set up at the Bank deutscher Länder. It consisted of a president, the presidents of the central banks of the Länder and the president of the directorate (board) of the Bank deutscher Länder. Amongst other things, the Central Bank Council determined policy on bank rate and minimum reserve policy, open-market policy guidelines and granting of credit. After the negative experience with a central bank subject to government orders, the principle of an independent central bank was established. The Bank deutscher Länder was independent of German political bodies from the start, including the federal German government, which was active from September 1949. It achieved independence from the Allies in 1951.

1957–1990
The German "Basic Law" (constitution), which had come into force on 23 May 1949, placed an obligation on the German federal legislature to establish a federal bank responsible for the issue of bank notes and currency. The legislature fulfilled this obligation by passing the Bundesbank Act (BBankG) of 26 July 1957, which abolished the two-tier structure of the central bank system. The central banks of the Länder were now no longer independent note-issuing banks, but became regional headquarters of the Bundesbank, nevertheless retaining the title "state central bank" (Landeszentralbank).

The Central Bank Council remained the supreme decision-making body of the Bundesbank. It was now made up of the presidents of the central banks of the Länder and a board of directors based in Frankfurt. The Central Bank Council decided on the currency and credit policy and laid down rules for management. As the central executive body of the Bundesbank, the Directorate (Direktorium) was responsible for implementing the decisions of the Central Bank Council. The Directorate ran the bank and was, in particular, responsible for dealings with the federal government and its "special assets" (Sondervermögen), for transactions with credit institutes operating in the Federal republic of Germany, for currency transactions, and foreign commercial transactions, and for open-market dealings. The Directorate was made up of the president and the vice-president of the Bundesbank and up to six additional members.

The central banks of the Länder carried out business falling in their areas independently. The Bundesbank Act explicitly made them responsible for dealings with public bodies and credit institutes. The central Banks of the Länder also controlled the subsidiary bodies (Zweiganstalten), now called branches (Filialen). Overall management of each Land central bank was in the hands of its executive board (Vorstand), which as a rule consisted of the president and the vice-president of the bank.

1990–1993
In the wake of the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic signed a treaty on 18 May 1990, that created an economic, social and currency union between the two German states; it came into force on 1 July 1990, and made the Deutsche Mark the sole legal tender in both German states. The Bundesbank was made responsible for money and currency policy within the whole of the currency union. A "Provisional Administration Body" was set up for the purpose of implementing the treaty, and this body continued to operate beyond the official date of reunification until 31 October 1990. The Bundesbank Act was amended to adjust the organizational structure of the Bundesbank to better match changed circumstances following German reunification, and at the same time streamline the organisation. The eleven central banks of the Länder and the Provisional Administrative Body were replaced by nine central banks of similar economic size.

1993–2001
The Maastricht Treaty that came into force on 1 November 1993 laid the foundation for the European Economic and Currency Union (EECU). National responsibility for monetary policy was transferred, at the Community level, to the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), comprising the European Central bank (ECB) and the national central banks (NCBs) of the EU states. Until the ECB became fully responsible for currency in 2001, the Bundesbank had three governing bodies. The Central Bank Council (Zentralbankrat) was the supreme body of the Bundesbank. It was made up of: The Directorate was the executive body of the Bundesbank, while all currency policy decisions were made by the Central Bank Council.
 * 1) the Directorate, which comprised the president, the vice-president and six additional members. These eight people were nominated by the Federal Government (Bundesregierung)
 * 2) The nine presidents of the Landeszentralbanken. These were nominated by the Bundesrat.

2001–present
In 2001 the ECB took over full control of currency. The Bundesbank Act was last amended in 2002 by the 7th Law Amending the Law on the Bundesbank of 30 April 2002, which gave the Bundesbank its current structure.

The Bundesbank today
After the ECB took over responsibility for currency, the Bundesbank continued to exist. Its duties were redefined by the 7th Law amending the "Law on the German Bundesbank" of 30 April 2002, in Section 3 of the Bundesbank Act:
 * The Bundesbank, being the central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany, is an integral part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). It shall participate in the performance of the ESCB's tasks with the primary objective of maintaining price stability, and shall arrange for the execution of domestic and international payments. In addition, it shall discharge the duties assigned to it under this Act or other legislation.

Unlike other central banks such as the Bank of England and the U.S. Federal Reserve (but like the ECB), the Bundesbank is not officially responsible for maintaining the stability of the financial system and is not a lender of last resort. For 2022, the Bundesbank recorded its first loss since 1979.

Based on the Bundesbank Act and the ECB Statute, the Bundesbank has four areas of activity, which it mostly handles jointly with the ECB:

The Bundesbank as a note-issuing bank
As a note-issuing bank, the Bundesbank provides the economy with cash, and ensures the physical circulation of cash. It checks the cash delivered by banks and money transport companies, removes counterfeit money from circulation and hands it to the police. It changes D-Mark holdings still in circulation, without any time limit and replaces damaged or mutilated notes (National Analysis Centre for Counterfeit and Damaged Banknotes and Coins). It also issues information on the safety mechanisms for notes and coins and issues a weekly bulletin on the volume of cash in circulation.

The Bundesbank as the banks' banker
In relation to the commercial banking system, the Bundesbank has two functions:

Clearing house for commercial banks
Firstly, the Bundesbank is a refinancing source and clearing house for the commercial banks. The commercial banks can use what are known as "refinancing instruments" to cover their needs for central bank money through the Bundesbank and the ECB. Until the end of 1998, the control of the money supply by this method was one of the main tasks of the Bundesbank. Since 1 January 1999, one of the principal aims of the ECB has been to maintain price stability by means of its monetary strategy. Commercial banks can deposit money that is temporarily surplus to requirements with the Bundesbank/ECB (known as a deposit facility). The Bundesbank supports cross-border payments between domestic and foreign commercial banks, for instance by means of the German real time gross transfer system RTGSplus and TARGET2.

Bank supervision
The bank also helps to regulate commercial banks, in close cooperation with the German financial regulatory agency the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin).

The Bundesbank as the state's banker
As the state's banker, the Bundesbank provides accounts and performs normal banking services for federal, state (Land) and local authorities, as well as for the statutory social security organizations. All such accounts are required to have a positive balance, i.e. the Bundesbank is not allowed to grant credits to the public sector. This is due to negative historical precedents in connection with the financing of two world wars by the Deutsche Reichsbank. It also carries out securities transactions for the federal government (Bundesfinanzagentur).

The Bundesbank as the keeper of the currency reserves
Currency reserves are all assets of the Bundesbank that are not specified in EUR, including gold reserves, securities in foreign currency, credit with foreign banks, foreign exchange, etc. Currency reserves can be invested for profit and also provide a possibility of intervening in the market if the exchange rate fluctuates strongly. The gold reserves of the Bundesbank are the second largest in the world (after the U.S. Federal Reserve). As of late 2021, the Bundesbank has over 3,359 tonnes of gold reserves.

Structure
The Bundesbank has nine regional headquarters in the Länder, the former central banks of the Länder and 31 branches (Filiale). As of 30 June 2006, the Bundesbank had a total of 12,474 employees. These are available to banks, public authorities and money transport enterprises for the provision of cash and the clearing of credit transfer. The nine regional headquarters are:
 * Frankfurt – federal headquarters, also governing the state of Hesse.
 * Stuttgart, governing the state of Baden-Württemberg
 * Munich, governing the state of Bavaria
 * Berlin, governing federal city Berlin and the state of Brandenburg
 * Hanover, governing the states of Bremen, Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt
 * Hamburg, governing the states of Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein
 * Düsseldorf, governing the state of North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Mainz, governing the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland
 * Leipzig, governing the states of Saxony and Thuringia

Governance
The executive board (Vorstand) is the supreme governing body of the Bundesbank. It comprises: the president, the vice president and one additional board member, nominated by the German government, plus three additional members of the executive board, nominated by the Bundesrat. All members of the executive board are appointed by the President of Germany, normally for eight years, but at least for five years.

Presidents of the predecessors to the Bundesbank

 * 1948–1957:, Chairman of the Central Bank Council (Zentralbankrat) of the Bank deutscher Länder
 * 1948–1957:, President of the Directorate of the Bank deutscher Länder, from 1 August 1957

Presidents of the Bundesbank

 * 1958–1969: Karl Blessing
 * 1969–1977: Karl Klasen
 * 1977–1979: Otmar Emminger
 * 1980–1991: Karl Otto Pöhl
 * 1991–1993: Helmut Schlesinger
 * 1993–1999: Hans Tietmeyer
 * 1999–2004: Ernst Welteke
 * 2004: Jürgen Stark, interim president
 * 2004–2011: Axel A. Weber
 * 2011–2021: Jens Weidmann
 * Since 2022: Joachim Nagel

Current Executive Board of the Bundesbank
The Bundesbank's decision-making body is the executive board. According to current regulations, it comprises the President, the vice-president and four other members. , its membership is as follows:
 * Joachim Nagel (President)
 * Claudia Buch (vice-president)
 * Johannes Beermann
 * Joachim Würmeling
 * Burkhard Balz
 * Sabine Mauderer

Disputes between the Bundesbank and the government
The statutory independence of the central bank guaranteed by the Bundesbank Act does not ensure that there will be no disputes between the central bank and government.

Dispute over currency union with East Germany
One particularly public dispute was in the lead-up to German re-unification. When a customs union was created between the former East Germany (German Democratic Republic) and West Germany (the "old" Federal Republic of Germany), there was a dispute over the rate of exchange for conversion of East German money to Deutschmarks. The Chancellor (Helmut Kohl) decided to ignore the advice of the Bundesbank, and chose an exchange rate of 1:1. The Bundesbank feared that this would be excessively inflationary as well as very significantly impairing the economic prospects of the area of the former East Germany. This dispute was particularly public because of the Bundesbank policy of communicating openly on such matters. Although public opinion normally supported the Bundesbank in matters of combating inflation, in this case Helmut Kohl prevailed, and the President of the Bundesbank, Pöhl, resigned. The Bundesbank had to use monetary measures to offset the inflationary effect.

The Bundesbank in the news
In 2004 the president of the Bundesbank, Ernst Welteke, resigned after the press published allegations that his hotel bills for a New Year celebration had been paid by a commercial bank and he was criticized for his handling of the affair. There were also some allegations that this was part of a political intrigue to remove Welteke from office because he opposed selling Bundesbank gold reserves, as desired by the government. After Pöhl (see above), Welteke was the second Bundesbank president to resign.

On Wednesday, 24 February 2016, as part of the Bundesbank's annual news conference, Bundesbank president and European Central Bank Governing Council member, Jens Weidmann, dismissed deflation in light of the ECB's current stimulus program, pointing out the healthy condition of the German economy and that the euro area isn't that bad off, on the eve of the 9–10 March 2016 meetings.

Involvement in the European sovereign debt crisis
In June 2012, it was estimated that the Bundesbank had €644 billion exposure to other central banks in the eurozone under the TARGET2 payment system. Only three other eurozone central banks had net exposure from the system; all others had the offsetting net exposure due to the system. The net exposure finances trade imbalances and capital flight. The Bundesbank is the largest shareholder of the European Central Bank. The ECB has bought up more than €200 billion in sovereign debt from crisis-ridden countries. Some of this would have to be written off in the case of a euro collapse, which would entail corresponding losses for the Bundesbank.

On 27 January 2014, the Bundesbank called for a capital levy on citizens of a nation before that nation applies for relief under the European Financial Stability Facility. The levy "corresponds to the principle of national responsibility, according to which tax payers are responsible for their government's obligations before solidarity of other states is required". This followed an IMF report from October 2013 which proposed a similar wealth tax.

Publications of the Bundesbank
The Bundesbank produces a number of regular publications and statistics (see Web site)
 * English publications of the Bundesbank
 * Financial Stability Review

title: Deutsche Bundesbank


text:
User:Zzc

I wake up to find that I am in a dream.

title: User:Zzc


text:
Bench

Bench or The Bench can refer to:

Furniture

 * Bench (furniture), a long seat
 * Memorial bench, a bench commemorating something that is deceased
 * Workbench, a table at which manual work is done
 * Countertop or benchtop

Arts

 * The Bench (2000 film), a Danish film
 * The Bench (TV series), a 2001 British series
 * The Bench (Hogarth), a painting by William Hogarth
 * The Bench (book), a 2021 children's book by Meghan, Duchess of Sussex

Business

 * Bench (Philippine clothing brand)
 * Bench (British clothing brand)
 * Bench Accounting, a company

Geology

 * Bench (geology), a long, relatively narrow strip of relatively level or gently inclined land of differing origins that is bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below it
 * Benches, steps cut into the side of open-pit mines

Law and politics

 * Bench (law), the location where a judge sits while in court, often a raised desk in a courtroom; also refers to the judiciary as a whole, and to a group of judges hearing a case and judging on a case
 * Bench, the panel or body of justices of the peace in a specific county under the traditional English system of magistracy

People

 * Jo Bench, English death metal bass player
 * Johnny Bench, American baseball player
 * Lauren Bench, American ice hockey player

Places

 * Bench, Idaho
 * Bench (woreda), a district in Ethiopia

Spoken

 * Bench language, spoken in the Bench Maji Zone of Ethiopia
 * Bench people, an ethnic group of Ethiopia, speakers of the Bench language
 * Benching or bentching, an English-language term for reciting Birkat Hamazon

Sports

 * Bench, the place where players available for substitution wait (synonymously dugout); also referred to the players as such
 * In soccer, the technical area contains the bench
 * Bench (weight training), a piece of weight training equipment
 * Bench press, one of three power-lifting exercises
 * The Bench, the student rooting section for the University of California men's basketball team

title: Bench


text:
Talk:OpenStep

Untitled
Erm, I'm sorry, but I really feel that the implementation specific aspects of OpenStep should be put to it's own page. After all, OPENSTEP==operating system. OpenStep == API... Would there be such an objection to me re-forkinig OpenStep? After all, I have seriously expanded the content under OPENSTEP, and intend to put a screenshot up later. ... Dysprosia 12:30 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Gee, forget about it then. Dysprosia 04:01 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Sorry, didn't see this page until now. The problem I have with forking the article is that there is exactly one implementation that saw real use. Since the Sun version occupies exactly one paragraph, it seems that any forking is pointless, it's not like there's any need for an "OpenStep Solaris" article, and the differences between the OS and the API can be described, as you have done, in a single sentance.

In fact I think as it stands the article could use a little more re-arranging. The Solaris port should have it's own section I think, and the intro could be re-merged. That is, the intro would mention the Solaris and NeXT versions, but would concentrate solely on the API and leave full descriptions to later in the article (as it is now to a large degree).

 * Well, the real problem I have is that implementation specific stuff is under OpenStep, which is really misleading, and should be pointed out clearer. Putting the sentence in for me was a kind of compromise, but I'm still uneasy. Call me a pedant :)
 * But what about NeXT's OPENSTEP? This is the most important NeXT OS they created, and deserves special treatment just as well as the Sol port..
 * Dysprosia 12:27 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I agree, but I'm a little confused what to do about it. Most of my articles have a short intro (got that here), then a history section, then a description. I this case I can't really do much of a description of the Solaris port because I've never seen it.

 * About titling? I thought about moving to OpenStep and OPENSTEP, but understandably that's a little cumbersome. Or maybe moving to Openstep, which is a kind of case-in-the-middle...I have no other ideas so far, but I'll think about it...
 * About the Sol port, I've seen screenshots of it hither and thither, it looks like a weird cross between OPEN LOOK with the NeXT dock (but with the Sun logo) and with NeXTSTEP style windows. However I don't know that much to expand. I might have a look further when I have the time... Dysprosia 12:31 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

What I changed.

autoreleasing an object passed to another object and HOPING it retains it is asking for trouble (unless the other object is explicitly documented as retaining the object passed in). it is only even vaguely logical to do this when you no longer need a reference to it yourself; even then, it is much better (specifically, clearer) to release it directly.

(I'm not talking about the return value of an accessor or factory method. the previous version implied that you would do this when passing an object to a method on another object, and that's what I'm talking about here.)

Mac-arena the Bored Zo 14:04, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:OPENSTEP Desktop.jpg
Image:OPENSTEP Desktop.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:06, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Didn't NeWS development precede both X and OpenStep or OPENSTEP?
> In the early era of the Sun Microsystems history, Sun machines had been programmed at a relatively low-level making calls directly to the underlying Unix operating system and producing a graphical user interface (GUI) using the X11 system. This led to complex programming even for simple projects. An attempt to address this with an object oriented programming model was made in the mid-1980s with Sun's NeWS windowing system, but the combination of a complex application programming interface (API) and generally poor performance led to little real-world use and the system was eventually abandoned.

I don't remember complaints about NeWS performance, but I do remember so for X. I have no knowledge or opinion about relative programming difficulties. Perhaps the performance issues came after Sun was forced to abandon NeWS by the X cabal ganging up on them?

I have never worked for Sun, but I have for DEC.

Whatever else may have been true of X, it was best case, a hodgepodge. Lee D. Rothstein 19:45, 23 May 2023 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by LDR (talk • contribs)
 * In the early era of the Sun Microsystems history, Sun machines had been programmed at a relatively low-level making calls directly to the underlying Unix operating system and producing a graphical user interface (GUI) using the X11 system. In the early days of Sun, they produced a GUI using an API the implementation of which called graphic drives to draw on the screen and, as I remember, used a driver in the kernel to allow a process to grab a lock on regions of the screen while it was drawing in one of its windows.  That quote from the article needs to be fixed.
 * NeWS development probably started somewhere around 1984, given that Gosling's LinkedIn page indicates that he joined Sun in 1984 and, apparently, started out working on NeWS. According to the lead of X Window System, X development started in 1984, so I suspect if NeWS development preceded X development, it was only by months. X11, which is what, in practice, is what "X' usually means, came out in 1987, which is definitely post-NeWS.
 * NeXTSTEP started in 1985 or so, when NeXT was founded. Display PostScript and NeXTSTEP came out after NeWS was first publicly available, I think, but maybe only by a year or two.
 * For what it's worth, Basile Starynkevich speaks of NeXT as being... not all that fast. When I had a quad-booting Pentium II machine running FreeBSD as the main development platform and Windows NT 4.0 as the "run Quicken" platform (and Debian an Solaris as other platforms for doing multi-platform development), the performance of FreBSD+X11 wasn't too bad, but most of my work tended to be done in a terminal emulator window, so I wasn't exactly putting huge demands on the GUI.  I don't think Sun were forced to abandon NeWS; they were forced to support X11 because, for better or worse, it was becoming the de facto standard for window systems on UN*X, hence the X11/NeWS server, but there wan't a ton of NeWS development going on, so they eventually abandoned it.
 * And sometimes "good enough and commony available" beats "better but uncommon".
 * (P.S. The "> at the beginning of the line" quoting convention isn't common here; typically, either blockquote or talk quote block would be used.) Guy Harris (talk) 22:55, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:OpenStep


text:
Talk:Porkkalanniemi

As Porkkala is more well known than the municipality within which it is located it makes sense to have it as a separate entry. -- Mic 12:46 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

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Map
Obviously we need a map, but I don't know the area, so I don't know what is relevant and appropriate.

IceDragon64 (talk) 15:55, 7 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Porkkalanniemi


text:
Talk:List of string quartets by Joseph Haydn

Untitled
What does FHE stand for? Something Haydn Edition? I've never heard of it, I think a note explaining it would be useful. --Camembert

FHE - First Haydn Edition We catalogue Haydn's music by 3 main lists:

Hoboken (Hob.) Opus (Op.) First Haydn Edition (FHE)

 * Hob. mostly used for identify Piano Sonatas, Trios and other miscellaneous pieces.
 * Opus used mainly for Quartets.
 * Numbers 1-104, Which are basically Hob.I, are for symhponies.

--- Of Course if you know the scale, it's highly suggested that you use it. ---

For Example: Joseph Haydn - Symphony No. 85 in B- flat major, Hob. I:85 (La Reine) - "The Queen" Some Smphonies and quartets have nicknames, non of which Haydn named himslef. But it helps identifying the pieces.

Presonally, I do not use the FHE, and it's actually pretty rare to see that. Maybe, somtimes when the subject is his early works,

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.65.0.49 (talk) 08:16, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

Supposed Opus Zero
According to Oxford Music Online - highly reliable, what has been claimed here as Opus 0, is incorrect - it needs to be under "Opus. 1, No. 0" or however you want to format it to that information  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.73.43.87 (talk) 21:26, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Encoding of Flats and Sharps
It seemed like a nice idea to add html encoding to get the 'flat' and 'sharp' characters to show up, but the encoding does not work (at least on my machine). All I get is a faint empty square. 66.63.144.242

Accidentals work on my Mac. Stephen B Streater 00:05, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Extract
It's nice to hear what these pieces sound like, and here's a link to a right's cleared extract of Op 33 no 2: The Joke

I'd like to add this link in to the article, but it seems slightly unusual to add an external link to the middle where the piece appears, and adding a whole section to the end seems a bit excessive for one link. I'll leave it here in the talk section while I (and hopefully others) think about where this (and other links) could go. Stephen B Streater 00:04, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Opus 64
The 5 extant autographs are dated 1791. So why 1790? (see ) Schissel | Sound the Note! 05:31, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

When were the earliest quartets composed?
DOH!: what i came to find, wasn't here to be found. And i might not be the only one. If it's not not known, maybe a note to that effect, and maybe the best guess? Thx, "alyosha" (talk) 03:34, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Nicknames for the sets
There's been a bit of edit/revert going on between a registered editor and an anon regarding nicknames for each set. The proposed nicknames are:
 * 20 Sun
 * 30 Russian
 * 50 Prussian
 * 54/55 Tost I/II
 * 64 Tost III
 * 71/74 Apponyi
 * 76 Erdödy
 * 77 Lobkowitz

The question is which of these are "standard" and which are not as common.

Personally, I'd vote to at least drop the "Tost" labels just because of the confusion of multiple sets (what good is a label if it doesn't disambiguate?). Also, when I have seen Tost used, I've see 54/55 together as "Tost" and more rarely I've seen 64 as "Tost II" or "Second Tost". I've never seen "Tost III".

Anyone else have any opinions? Its a relatively minor issue, but since there's been some edit/revert, I feel it deserves a few more opinions. Cheers. DavidRF (talk) 01:34, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Geiringer writes that 54/55 and 64 are indeed sometimes referred to as the Tost quartets, after Johann Tost, a cloth merchant of almost no notability, whose relationship with Haydn is a mystery. If I hadn't looked in Geiringer I wouldn't know all that (and it's all in a footnote, no less!). Haydn himself never gave names to his quartets - the Joke, the Frog, the Rider, the Sunrise, are all names given by others.  All of which is to say, I guess, that the assignations that 70.190.6.38 has been applying so assiduously are correct, if unimportant.  I would leave them. --Ravpapa (talk) 06:03, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Quoting from the booklet to DG 437-134-2, Haydn Streichquartette Op. 54 & Op. 55, Amadeus Quartet 1971-2, in an essay written by Anthony Burton,"'These [Op. 54 and Op. 55] quartets appear, like their successors, the half-dozen op. 64, to have been written for Johann Tost. Tost was a violinist in Haydn's orchestra at Esterháza, who gave up his job in 1788 to go to Paris. He later returned to Austria and married Prince Esterházy's housekeeper; eventually he became a successful manufacturer and merchant, playing the violin only as a hobby. It was certainly through Tost that the op. 54 and 55 quartets (as well as the symphonies nos. 88 and 89) came to be published in Paris. At the same time, none of the early printed editions of the quartets specifically identify Tost as their dedicatee, as do the first publications of op. 64. But there are many signs that the first violin parts of the earlier set are conceived for the same outstanding player as those of the later. The late Hans Keller, in his interpretive study of The Great Haydn Quartets, concluded on the basis of all twelve quartets that Tost must have been 'an exceptional musician with an intense and rich imagination'." Burton's phrasing is a little ambiguous, but it sounds like he's saying that Op. 64 was specifically dedicated to Tost. Then in his notes to DG 431145-2, a 3-disc set again with the Amadeus Quartet, including Opp. 51 & 64, Burton says"Like their predecessors, the two sets of three opp. 54 and 55, these quartets are dedicated to Johann Tost, a former violinist in Haydn's orchestra at Esterháza who had become a wealthy merchant in Vienna. Presumably because of this, they occasionally highlight the first violin part in brilliant passage-work or expressive high-lying melodic writing."Before this passage Burton mentions that Op. 64 was composed in 1790, "the year in which his employer Prince Nikolaus Esterházy died, leaving him free to accept the invitation to visit London ..." It might be speculated (Burton does not) that if Haydn's employment had ended, a "wealthy merchant" formerly in the orchestra may have paid Haydn something for the dedication. These DG publications say merely "Tost Quartetten" without specifying set numbers such as I, II, III. Milkunderwood (talk) 20:37, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
 * There are a couple of issues here. First, which nicknames have "stuck"?  Trying to "fix" a nickname after its been in use for a couple of generations is difficult.  Especially if the nickname is that of a patron.  Patrons commission lots of works and its not uncommon for only a subset of those works to acquire the patron as a nickname.  Secondly, these nicknames are supposed to help disambiguate.  In my opinion, this whole Tost I/II/III thing just adds more confusion.  You end up having to use the Opus number anyways.DavidRF (talk) 22:21, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I have no feeling one way or the other about the I/II/III numbering, but concerning the nickname "Tost", I think you're looking at the situation from the wrong point of view. Users will find a quartet or a set of them designated "Tost", and if that name is deleted from here they'll be confused and disappointed. It doesn't matter if the name doesn't disambiguate between them - the user can then go back to opus number, or Hob. number, and/or the key. But they will start with that nickname. In my own experience the nickname is very commonly used on CDs, etc. Milkunderwood (talk) 23:06, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
 * No Haydn Quartet CD will ever be missing the opus number. The nicknames for these are just added for color.DavidRF (talk) 00:10, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * No, of course. That misses my point. Not for "color", but for users who are not experts or scholars, but just plain people who find a nickname on a piece of music, and it piques their interest sufficiently to come look it up on Wikipedia. The encyclopedia is written by experts (at least eventually), but for just plain ordinary people who are looking for information. So why be stingy with information that they came looking for? People who happen to hear and be taken by a Haydn composition couldn't care less about an opus number except to the extent that it helps them identify what they're looking for. Nearly all of these nicknames appear on discs, or may be announced on the radio or whatever, and that's why we should do our best to both provide and explain them. Wikipedia is not a scholarly publication, for scholars - it's for the general public. I certainly agree that some nicknames on compositions are very rarely used, and it's questionable whether it's more confusing or less so to include them - Beethoven's "Gassenhauer" Op. 11 is the closest example I can think of right now. I'm not personally familiar with the name "Sun" for Haydn's Op. 20; but once you get up to Op. 54, all of those names are very widely used. This is also why I think we ought to provide some explanation for the name "Tost", as I mentioned earlier, below, because this is exactly the sort of thing people are curious about. Milkunderwood (talk) 01:12, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * My point is that no one is ever going to see "Tost Quartets" on a CD or in a book without the opus number. Just the fact that multiple opuses (54+55 and sometimes 64) apply means that the phrase is not useful as an isolated label.  Its not like the Gassenhauer Trio... that *has* to be Op. 11.  Archduke Trio *has* to be Op. 97 (even though he may have written other works for that Archduke).  Now, of the Tost Quartets (or maybe-Tost Quartets), we certainly need to have "Razor" and "Lark" marked because those *can* be used in isolation (and they are so marked here).DavidRF (talk) 20:11, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I suppose you're right; and certainly the last thing I want is to get into an argument with you, so I'm going to leave the issue be. We're just looking at it from different viewpoints. Looking back at your original post here, you first said The question is which of these are "standard" and which are not as common. "Tost", alone, is unquestionably standard, though the I/II/III numbering is (I think) unquestionably not. But then you pose an entirely different question, (what good is a label if it doesn't disambiguate?), and I just can't see that criterion as being relevant. It seems to me that if someone finds a reference to "the Tost quartets", whether or not the opus numbers are also provided (and whether or not Johann was ever "officially" a dedicatee), leaving that nickname here on the page can't do any harm, and I don't think it's in any way misleading. I did at least find the answer to Ravpapa's question. Maybe the name could be footnoted with something to the effect that These quartets are nicknamed after Johann Tost, a former violinist in the orchestra that Haydn wrote for. Scholars are uncertain whether any of the quartets were actually dedicated to Tost. (I'm just making up that wording, because I don't have the sources.) Would that help? Milkunderwood (talk) 21:09, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Maybe I'm getting distracted by tangent discussions from three years ago. I added a note saying who Tost was.  We can go into more detail if these ever get an article.  This page is just supposed to be a list.DavidRF (talk) 21:56, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * (Oops, I didn't see your response above before posting this): Clearly I'm looking at the situation from exactly the opposite POV from you. As you say, "Gassenhauer" has to be Op. 11. But the question I would ask is, does that work in both directions? Op. 97 is the "Archduke" trio, and is universally recognized by that name. Musicians will recognize a reference to "Op. 97" as being the Archduke, but to nonmusicians an opus number by itself is meaningless, while they might instantly recognize the nickname. Op. 11, on the other hand, is rarely but very occasionally called "Gassenhauer". People remember widely used nicknames, and wonder about them; only musicians think in terms of opus numbers. Nicknames are a hook that bring people to Wikipedia to start with, and they want to find out about them. Does this distinction make sense to you? Milkunderwood (talk) 22:27, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

It might be a good idea to footnote the name Tost to Johann - does anyone have access to a copy of Keller? Milkunderwood (talk) 23:16, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

"FHE" numbers?
What are the FHE numbers assigned to each of the quartets, and where did they come from? No source is mentioned or given. Milkunderwood (talk) 21:39, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Top of the article says "First Haydn Edition". It must be old because the numbering is way off and still includes Op. 3.  I don't know anyone that uses them.DavidRF (talk) 22:24, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. :-) "When in doubt, read the instructions." Milkunderwood (talk) 23:12, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Haydn and Mozart
We know that Haydn's Op. 20 influenced Mozart's Viennese Quartets (KV 168–173, followed by the quintet KV 174), and that Haydn's Op. 33 influenced Mozart's Haydn Quartets Op. 10 (KV 387, 421, 428, 458, 464, 465). Therefore it is amusing to note that the next quartets by Haydn are the singleton Op. 42 and the set for the King of Prussia Op. 50 (with Mozartian influence), and that the next quartets by Mozart are the single Hoffmeister Quartet (KV 499, followed by the quintets KV 515 and 516) and a set for the King of Prussia (KV 575, 589, 590). (And even though those were to be Mozart's last quartets, it has been speculated that the "Hungarian amateur" Mozart wrote the quintets KV 593 and 614 for was Tost, the dedicatee of Haydn's Op. 54, 55, and 64!) Alas, I would be surprised if any reliable source remarked on this coincidence, unless it could be demonstrated that it was more than such. Double sharp (talk) 09:48, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

Op. 103
"Assuming a first movement and finale that measured up to the dynamism of the two inner portions, it would appear that Haydn had something particularly formidable in mind, perhaps a bold demonstration of undiminished strength – to himself and to the world at large – even as he faced imminent collapse from inside.

As a consequence of the afflictions that darkened the last years of Haydn's career, Lobkowitz had to make do with an unfinished commission, Haydn's publishers were denied the satisfaction of even a half set of completed works to issue, and Griesinger was left with unfulfilled promises. Might it also be said that the oeuvre was deprived of a crowning masterpiece?" – The String Quartets of Joseph Haydn (Grave and Grave, 2006): p.335

"But this is not the only allusion to Haydn's previous works: the Seasons contains references to Haydn's music from years back. When he finished it, he was written out. The last years of Haydn's life, with all his success, comfort, and celebrity, are among the saddest in music. More moving than the false pathos of a pauper's grave for Mozart (who was only buried there because Baron Van Swieten advised the economy to Constanza) is the figure of Haydn filled with musical ideas which were struggling to escape, as he himself said; he was too old and weak to go to the piano and submit to the discipline of working them out." – The Classical Style (Rosen, 1971): p.373

Double sharp (talk) 15:39, 4 May 2016 (UTC)

Oh, and what could have been: in 1801 Greisinger wrote "Haydn macht jezt sechs Quartette für den Fürsten Lobkowiz und hernach will er dem Graf Fries sechs Quintette componiren; er hat sie schon vor mehreren Jahren versprochen." The thought of Haydn string quintets! Double sharp (talk) 14:57, 16 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Truly there is cause to grieve for wonders lost: I finally made it to op.77 and op.103 in my listening to the complete Haydn string quartets, and they are truly the most beautiful of all IMHO. Double sharp (talk) 15:28, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

List by keys
It seems like an interesting thing to have, something like: Double sharp (talk) 05:49, 5 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Added. Double sharp (talk) 05:52, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

The incipits
Why not post all of the first themes or first portions of first themes as many are already shown?Amoss1985 (talk) 21:43, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

After you add all the incipits for Haydn quartets, please create a similar page for the string trios. Then, I will make a donation to wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Amoss1985 (talk • contribs) 13:30, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

What are the fake quartets?
There are 68 quartets by Haydn. There used to be 83. What are the 15 quartets that got debunked? I think it would be an interesting addition to the article. And a matter of personal importance as well: have I been tricked into playing (and perhaps enjoying) string quartets by some phoney???!!!

Anyone have a list of the non-Haydn quartets? Thanks. Ravpapa (talk) 06:35, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

 * If you're still waiting for an answer on this, check out the Hoboken listing. It has 83 items in section III for string quartets.  But 3 quartets in opp. 1 and 2 were dropped: one is actually Symphony A while the other two are arrangements of cassations.  Then there are the 6 quartets in op. 3, so that makes 9.  The other six come from the Seven Last Words, where Hoboken has separate numbers for each movement.  Those are now combined into a single quartet.  So that's how they got from 83 to 68. Davidrfox (talk) 00:52, 26 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
Lee Jong-wook

Lee Jong-wook (12 April 1945 – 22 May 2006) was a South Korean physician. He was the director-general of the World Health Organization for three years. Lee joined the WHO in 1983, working on a variety of projects including the Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunizations and Stop Tuberculosis. He began his term as director-general in 2004, and was the first figure from Korea to lead an international agency.

In 2004, Lee was listed as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine.

Early life
Born on 12 April 1945 in Keijō, Keiki-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan (now Seoul, South Korea).

Lee received a Bachelors in Engineering from Hanyang University, followed by a medical degree at Seoul National University, and a Master of Medicine at the University of Hawaii in public health. He is the third son in a family of six children; he has three brothers and two sisters. Two of his brothers are professors.

Lee took care of leprosy patients in Anyang, South Korea when he was studying medicine. There were few medical facilities set up at the time and he worked in a volunteer capacity. He met and later married Kaburaki Reiko, a Japanese woman who visited Korea in order to volunteer in the country.

WHO career
He worked at the World Health Organization (WHO), at country, regional and headquarter levels for 23 years. His work in WHO started in 1983 when he worked with leprosy in Fiji. He started his work as an advisor on leprosy, and later also treated tuberculosis and promoted the vaccination of children against preventable diseases.

In 1994, Lee moved to Geneva to work at WHO headquarters as chief in prevention and vaccines. In 1995, he was nicknamed Vaccine Czar according to Scientific American. Lee became official candidate for 6th director-generals of WHO.

 * 1983–2006: Staff of WHO
 * 1994–98: Director in Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization, and Executive Secretary, Children's Vaccine Initiative
 * 1998–99: Senior Policy Adviser to 5th General, Gro Harlem Brundtland
 * 1999–2000: Special Representative of the Director-General
 * 2003–2006: Director-General of WHO

He had said that global efforts to control the HIV/AIDS pandemic would be the right course that would give meaning to his tenure as director-general of the agency.

The 3 by 5 policy, which was the basic idea of Lee, was largely criticized by many concerned people. International AIDS Society president Joep Lange, had a comment that the project was "totally unrealistic". Médecins sans Frontières, also expressed similar reservations toward Lee's plan.

He visited 60 countries in the three years of his Generalship including Darfur, Sudan, sites of the Indian Ocean tsunami, Madagascar, Mauritius. He was famed as a man of action during this time. His adventurous spirit led him to "experience more, see more, and do more," said his son Tadahiro.

Death and commemoration
He died on 22 May 2006, in intensive care unit of Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland, following emergency surgery for a blood clot in the brain (a subdural hematoma). He had been preparing for UN general meetings when he fell ill at a weekend luncheon.

Secretary General of United Nations at that time, Kofi Annan mentioned The world has lost a great man today. He was a strong voice for the right of every man, woman, and child to health prevention and care, and advocated on behalf of the very poorest people.

President George W. Bush of the United States said Dr. Lee worked tirelessly to improve the health of millions of people, from combating tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS to his aggressive efforts to eradicate polio. He provided tremendous leadership to the international community as it confronted the challenges of the 21st century, including the threat of an influenza pandemic. Dr. Lee's outreach to world leaders and entities increased awareness of potentially devastating public health dangers.

He was posthumously awarded the Hibiscus Cordon (Grand Cross) of the Order of Civil Merit by the South Korean government. He was survived by Reiko Kaburaki Lee; the couple has one son, Tadahiro Lee. Reiko continues to volunteer in Peru helping poor women and children.

Memorial award
The South Korean government officially announced the establishment of the a Memorial Prize in Lee's memory. After his death, You Si min, the Minister of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea, officially revealed the plans concerning the new awards and urged other nations and persons concerned to participate at a meeting of WHO in 2007. Mr. Lee Sung-joo, who is permanent representative of the Republic of Korea, spoke of the award in Dr. Lee's memory to motivate and inspire young leaders aspiring to be the next Dr. Lee Jong-wook.

Starting in 2009, the awards would be given for mainly the fields "young leadership" and "contributor of health management" (especially for epidemics) at the annual assembly of WHO, which takes place in May each year.

title: Lee Jong-wook


text:
Dwarf star

A dwarf star is a star of relatively small size and low luminosity. Most main sequence stars are dwarf stars. The meaning of the word "dwarf" was later extended to some star-sized objects that are not stars, and compact stellar remnants that are no longer stars.

History
The term was originally coined in 1906 when the Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung noticed that the reddest stars – classified as K and M in the Harvard scheme – could be divided into two distinct groups. They are either much brighter than the Sun, or much fainter. To distinguish these groups, he called them "giant" and "dwarf" stars, the dwarf stars being fainter and the giants being brighter than the Sun.

Most stars are currently classified under the Morgan Keenan System using the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, a sequence from the hottest: type O, to the coolest: type M.

With the development of infrared astronomy in the late 20th century the Morgan Keenan system was extended to cooler types L and T, all of which are "dwarfs" but not all of which are stars as such.

Current uses of the term "dwarf"
The scope of the term "dwarf" at present includes the following:

 * Dwarf star with no other qualification generally refers to a main-sequence star, a star of luminosity class V: main-sequence stars (dwarfs). Example: Achernar (B6Vep)
 * Red dwarfs are low-mass main-sequence stars.
 * Yellow dwarfs are main-sequence (dwarf) stars with masses comparable to that of the Sun.
 * Orange dwarfs are K-type main-sequence stars.
 * Blue (type O and type B) main sequence stars are so large that they are difficult to distinguish from blue giant stars, either in size or brightness, and because of the cognitive dissonance, the word "dwarf" is avoided when referring to them.
 * A blue dwarf is a hypothesized class of very-low-mass stars that increase in temperature as they near the end of their main-sequence lifetime. (It is believed that the universe is not old enough for any red dwarf to have yet reached the so-called "blue" stage, which is actually more of a medium white.
 * A white dwarf is the remains of a dead star, composed of electron-degenerate matter. It is thought to be the final stage in the evolution of stars not massive enough to collapse into a neutron star or black hole – stars less massive than roughly 9.
 * A black dwarf is theorized as a white dwarf that has cooled sufficiently that it no longer emits any visible light. It is believed that the universe is not old enough for any white dwarf to have yet cooled to "black".
 * A brown dwarf is a substellar object not massive enough to ever fuse hydrogen into helium, but still massive enough to fuse deuterium – less than about 0.08  and more than about 13 Jupiter masses.

title: Dwarf star


text:
2003 Scottish Parliament election

The 2003 Scottish Parliament election was the second election of members to the Scottish Parliament. It was held on 1 May 2003 and it brought no change in terms of control of the Scottish Executive. Jack McConnell, the Labour Party MSP, remained in office as First Minister for a second term and the Executive continued as a Labour and Liberal Democrat coalition. As of 2023, it remains the last Scottish Parliament election victory for the Scottish Labour Party, and the last time the Scottish National Party lost a Holyrood election.

The results also showed rises in support for smaller parties, including the Scottish Green Party and the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) and declines in support for the Labour Party and the Scottish National Party (SNP). The Conservative and Unionist Party and the Scottish Liberal Democrats each polled almost exactly the same percentage of the vote as they had in the 1999 election, with each holding the same number of seats as before.

Three independent MSPs were elected: Dennis Canavan, Margo MacDonald and Jean Turner. John Swinburne, leader of the Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party, was also elected. This led to talk of a "rainbow" Parliament, but the arithmetic meant that the coalition of Labour and Scottish Liberal Democrats could continue in office, which they did until the 2007 election.

The decline in support for the SNP was viewed by some as a rejection of the case for Scottish independence. Others argued against this, pointing out that the number of MSPs in favour of independence actually rose because most of the minor parties such as the SSP share this position with the SNP.

Retiring MSPs
At the dissolution of Parliament on 31 March 2003, ten MSPs were not seeking re-election.

Campaign
The parliament was dissolved on 31 March 2003 and the campaign began thereafter.

Party leaders in 2003

 * Labour – Jack McConnell
 * SNP – John Swinney
 * Conservative – David McLetchie
 * Liberal Democrat – Jim Wallace
 * Greens – Robin Harper & Eleanor Scott (co-chairs)
 * SSP – Tommy Sheridan

Labour

 * Brian Fitzpatrick, Strathkelvin and Bearsden
 * Rhoda Grant, Highlands and Islands
 * Iain Gray, Edinburgh Pentlands
 * Angus MacKay, Edinburgh South
 * Richard Simpson, Ochil
 * Elaine Thomson, Aberdeen North

SNP

 * Kenneth Gibson, Glasgow
 * Irene McGugan, North East Scotland
 * Fiona McLeod, West of Scotland
 * Gil Paterson, Central Scotland
 * Lloyd Quinan, West of Scotland
 * Michael Russell, South of Scotland
 * Andrew Wilson, Central Scotland

The New Party

 * Keith Harding, Mid Scotland and Fife (elected as a Conservative)
 * Lyndsay McIntosh, Central Scotland (elected as a Conservative)

Results

! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Party ! colspan=5 | Constituencies ! colspan=5 | Regional additional members ! colspan=5 | Total seats ! Votes !! % !! ± !! Seats !! ± !! Votes !! % !! ± !! Seats !! ± !! Total !! ± !! %
 * style="background-color:white" colspan=15 | Scottish Parliament elected members, 2003.svg
 * style="background-color:white" colspan=15 | Scottish Parliament elected members, 2003.svg

!style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Total || 1,928,877 || 100 ||  || 73 || – || 1,927,789 || 100 ||   || 56 || – || 129 || – || 100
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Valid votes || 1,916,574 || 99.4 || 0.3 || colspan="2"|  || 1,915,851 || 99.4 || 0.3 || colspan="5"|
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Spoilt votes || 12,303 || 0.6 || 0.3 || colspan="2"|  || 11,938 || 0.6 || 0.3 || colspan="5"|
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Spoilt votes || 12,303 || 0.6 || 0.3 || colspan="2"|  || 11,938 || 0.6 || 0.3 || colspan="5"|
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Spoilt votes || 12,303 || 0.6 || 0.3 || colspan="2"|  || 11,938 || 0.6 || 0.3 || colspan="5"|
 * style="text-align:left"; colspan="2" | Electorate/Turnout || 3,877,460 || 49.7 || 8.7 || colspan="2"|  || 3,877,460 || 49.7 || 8.6 || colspan="5"|
 * }
 * }

Notes:

 * The Scottish Greens did not stand in any constituencies, instead concentrating their resources on winning the largest possible share of the "second" vote for 'list' seats.

Central Scotland
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Glasgow
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Highlands and Islands
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Lothians
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Mid Scotland and Fife
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

North East Scotland
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

South of Scotland
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

West of Scotland
! colspan=2 style="width: 200px"|Constituency ! style="width: 150px"|Elected member ! style="width: 300px"|Result

! colspan="2" style="width: 150px"|Party ! Elected candidates ! style="width: 40px"|Seats ! style="width: 40px"|+/− ! style="width: 50px"|Votes ! style="width: 40px"|% ! style="width: 40px"|+/−%

Coalition
As part of the coalition deal between Labour and the Scottish Liberal Democrats, Labour allowed proportional representation (a long-standing Lib Dem policy) to be used in Scottish local government elections. This system was first used in 2007.

Party manifestos

 * British National Party – Freedom
 * Pro-Life Alliance
 * Scottish Liberal Democrats – Make the difference
 * Scottish National Party – Release our potential
 * Scottish Socialist Party – another Scotland is possible

title: 2003 Scottish Parliament election