text:
User talk:Flipper9

Hello there Flipper9, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. From your recent additions I wonder if you're a fellow New Orleanian? Cheers, -- Infrogmation 19:47 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the warm welcome! Nah, I'm actually from a lot of places, but was just visiting New Orleans a few weeks ago.  I had a good picture of the Saint Louis #1 cemetary and a current picture of Marie Laveau's tomb I thought I'd add to the WikiPedia for a first try.  Will be back to New Orleans in a few months though :)

Meetup
Meetup/Tampa -- You're invited! Hires an editor (talk) 14:27, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Three-revert rule
You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Note that the three-revert rule prohibits making more than three reversions on a single page within a 24 hour period. Additionally, users who perform a large number of reversions in content disputes may be blocked for edit warring, even if they do not technically violate the three-revert rule. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing. Please do not repeatedly revert edits, but use the talk page to work towards wording and content that gains a consensus among editors. If necessary, pursue dispute resolution. Wine Guy  Talk  18:37, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

FYI. Abecedare (talk) 19:12, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

In my own defense:

 * I am simply adding a tag to the article disputing that some information is unencyclopedic, and unverifiable and against the spirit of Wikipeida to present verifiable information and noteworthy information. I have made no disruptive edits to the articles themselves, and am simply raising the issue that the article is unencyclopedic.  In fact other editors simply remove my tag because they have a vested interest in the article, and do not want others challenging their content and hard work. I'm sorry, but as far as I'm concerned, adding a tag to an article with a legitimate dispute about the content does not rise to the level of vandalism or disruptive behavior.  Otherwise, what's the point of raising an issue?  If a someone just disagrees with you, they report you to the administrators to be banned. Flipper9 (talk) 19:19, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

==Regarding reversions made on April 30 2009 to 2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States == You have been blocked from editing for in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for violating the three-revert rule. Please be more careful to discuss controversial changes or seek dispute resolution rather than engaging in an edit war. If you believe this block is unjustified, you may contest the block by adding the text below, but you should read our guide to appealing blocks first. The duration of the block is 24 hours. -- auburn pilot  talk  19:20, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Reviewing admin: See also 3RR report on WP:AN3. -- auburn pilot  talk  19:25, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the quick response. I have been reading all of the guidelines, and I still believe that my block was unjustified.  It was simply a matter of who could get to the admin report board the first to get someone banned that they disagreed with.  I simply wanted to raise a legitimate dispute with the article, and start a relevant discussion in the discussion tab until a true concensus was reached.  The reporting editor and others simply disagreed with me, and started the edit war by removing my tag without discussion.  There is nothing  I can do about it; the ban is in place and the appeal denied.  What is there to learn other than not to apply tags to articles that others have a vested interest in.  If you do, you will be reported as a vandal.  Not in the spirit of Wikipedia nor in the spirit of the tags and discussion. I'll keep reading. Flipper9 (talk) 20:23, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Reply
Since I'm not sure that you will see my reply to your comment on my talk page, I'm copying it here.

 * As you have been blocked for your disruptive behavior, I would suggest that little of what you have done today has been appropriate, or constructive for that matter.

 * For future reference, if you add something to an article and it is removed for a valid reason by another editor, discuss it on the talk page to reach a consensus before attempting to add it again. Wine Guy   Talk  19:30, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Also, when attempting to leave a comment for another editor, the place to do that is on that users talk page, not their user page. Wine Guy  Talk  19:41, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Current events
Virtually any article discussing a current event is, strictly speaking, unencyclopedic. That does not mean it is doomed to forever remain so. We work on such articles under the banner current. There's no need for a redundant unencyclopedic. If we see a specific bit of text that needs to be fixed, we fix it. If we see flaky referencing, we fix it. Step by step the article improves. With high profile topics such as this, it's much more constructive to fix than to comment in the mainspace.LeadSongDog come howl  19:41, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, there are better-suited wiki websites such as Wikinews for tables showing the spread of the infection. A wikipedia article is supposed to be something that lasts the test of time, and updated as necessary.  It shouldn't include information that is by definition unstable or mutable, such as up-to-the-minute numbers that are designed to expire 1-2 days later.  Also, any changes to the article are met by automated reverts by bots from those authors that have a vested interest in the article (and sometimes manually of course), and even raising a flag or discussion concerning those facts and hard work are met vehemently with rage.  Long time editors will use administrative blocks, threats of ForumShopping or 3-revert rule (or whatever procedural block they can come up with) to make their point.  From reading the policies of wikipedia, the opposite is true regarding changes versus discussion.  I've tried to work towards consensus and discussion over the article contents rather than just changing numbers and values, or wholesale deletes of work.  If there isn't consensus, then the discussion just goes on. Flipper9 (talk) 23:02, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Article Edits
Well I guess my appeal was denied. If an editor disputes your dispute about the article, they simply report you to the administrators and have you blocked to shut you up rather than using the discussion page to talk about the dispute. My only purpose was to flag the article as being unencyclopedic so a discussion about the noteworthiness and verifiability of this important, relevant topic could be properly presented in Wikipedia. What I have found is that if enough editors become vested in the content of an article, they will gang up on anyone that disagrees with them and quickly get those that they disagree with banned. I am severely disappointed in Wikipedia. Flipper9 19:57, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * It's unfortunate that you've decided to make that what you have learned from this situation. Instead, you should take this as an opportunity to realize that the discussion itself is far more important than demanding that any tag be applied to the top of an article. You should also take from this the realization that if multiple editors are disagreeing with your actions, it might be a signal that something you are doing is not the best tactic to take. When the 24 hour block expires, you are free to continue attempting to draw attention to what you feel is an important consideration. But do so through discussion, not edit warring. -- auburn pilot  talk  20:03, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * But the point of a tag such as "unencyclopedic" is to generate discussion. If I was simply deleting the information from the page in an edit war, I could understand the need for a ban.  But, I was simply adding the tag so that it could be discussed in the appropriate tag.  The editors that were reverting my tag were not engaging in the discussion, and simply chose to remove the tag because they had a vested interest in the article.  It basically came down to whom could post to the admin's board the fastest, and I guess I lost out on that.  The 3-edit rule ban could easily be applied to others.  I'm just dissappointed that I'm banned because of the fact I wanted to start a discussion, and other editors didn't want a discussion started in the first place. Flipper9 (talk) 20:08, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I understand that in such a new, highly-charged topic that a lot of people have put a lot of hard work compiling information from various sources about an emerging, new virus. However, the information is not encyclopedic in nature, and is poorly sourced.  If it means that all that hard work has to be removed to keep Wikipedia a true encyclopedia, and not just a repository for unverified information, then so be it.  If I have to be banned for standing up for what I think is right for Wikipedia, then so be it.  Flipper9 (talk) 20:12, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid that's the biggest point you seem to be missing, and one editors on the article talk page attempted to get across to you. As a content issue, one related to the reliability of sources and verifiability of information, it isn't up to you to blank it or be blocked. It's a matter for discussion and consensus; the basis of Wikipedia. On an article that only gets the occasional viewer, a tag brings attention to a matter that may otherwise go unnoticed. But on an article that is very likely receiving more views than any other on the project, an article that is receiving extremely high amounts of traffic on its talk page, reverting 4, 5, 6 times to add a tag is a problem. That is not right for Wikipedia. -- auburn pilot  talk  20:21, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Exactly what the tag was intended for; was to bring about discussion about this issue in the talk page. The other editors simply removed my tag because they didn't want to discuss it or come to a consensus.  My tag was being removed because people didn't agree with it, not because a consensus was reached. Flipper9 (talk) 20:25, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

In reviewing the policies of Wikipedia, and the intent of blocks and why they are administered, I don't believe that the block/ban against me is justified. Disruptive editing is what I have been accused of, and that is not the case...

 * Disruptive editing is a pattern of edits, which may extend over a considerable period of time or number of articles, that has the effect of disrupting progress towards improving an article, or effects that are contrary to the fundamental project of building an encyclopedia.

I was not impeding the progress towards improving an article, in fact that was what I was trying to do by simply adding a tag that said that the article was "unencyclopedic" and that it needs to be discussed in the discussion tag. A ban in this case is intended against editing wars over the article content, not wars over whether there is an issue with the article. I was banned because I had the courage to speak up and say that the article needs to be discussed. In retaliation, I was banned unjustly. Flipper9 (talk) 21:09, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Please note
I have not threatened to "report you," nor have I even come close to making a personal attack against you. I purposely did not comment on the "tag issue" because my goal wasn't to get the tag excluded, but rather to try and help you "take a step back" and realize why your behavior was offensive to some.

I do realize that the Swine Flu is a very sensitive subject for many people and was just trying to give you some friendly advice. I have personally been involved in difficult situations like this before and found a break to be beneficial. If you choose not to take my advice, that is, of course, your prerogative. --ThaddeusB (talk) 21:00, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * You and the other editors have won. It looks like some people are working to get me banned again for having the audacity to try and question the sources presented in these articles.  To keep myself from being banned for life, I guess I'll need to capitulate and withdraw my discussion. Flipper9 (talk) 21:06, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Flipper, I would urge you to take ThaddeusB's advice in the friendly spirit it is offered.
 * Despite what you may choose to believe, no one is trying to get you blocked or banned; you were blocked yesterday because of your actions, and not because of some grand conspiracy. So lets move past stale recriminations and assumptions of martyrdom now.
 * If you have valid concerns about some specific citations (such as the MN data), present them calmly and succinctly, and they will be dealt with (as you yourself saw). If you can edit within wikipedia's content and conduct policies, your input will be welcome; if you wish to withdraw instead, that is fine too. Cheers. Abecedare (talk) 21:12, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I was working to bring up valid concerns but was being attacked round-robin style by some of the major contributors to the article who didn't want their content questioned.  I notice that another user has brought up the same issue on the same discussion page; Go attack them now. Flipper9 (talk) 23:43, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I notice ThaddeusB that on the WP:NOR board, you were attempting to envoke WP:FORUMSHOP against me that inevitably leads to a ban from discussion. Care to elaborate? Flipper9 (talk) 20:42, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I do understand why some people would be hostile to someone coming in and trying to remove all of the hard work that so many editors have put forth into the table and article. However, the information IMHO is incorrect, and all the hard work in the world doesn't make it right or correct. This isn't any attempt by me to vandalize or make trouble in wikipedia...on the contrary I, like the rest of you, am trying to make the best information available to wikipedia readers. Flipper9 (talk) 21:20, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

My Support
Sad to see admin rage massacre towards you. Every point you made is valid and according with Wikipedia policies. --201.78.11.227 (talk) 14:12, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * While I don't agree with the observation "admin rage massacre", I do largely agree with what you're saying, Flipper, and am stepping in more heavily at Template talk:2009 swine flu outbreak table. Don't let the people there push you out of editing; stick with the discussion, but even if it doesn't go your way immediately I'm certain it will by the end of the month per WP:RECENTISM, and that the editors involved there will have burned themselves out from doing day-by-day updates. —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 03:11, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

 * From what I've experienced so far with Wikipedia, Policies are a big joke. If you have multiple editors working on an article, you basically have mob-rule where policies are thrown out the window and everyone invokes WP:IAR and does whatever they want.  I find many editors to basically be rude, obnoxious, un-welcoming, assume bad-faith, and use admin tools to achieve whatever ends they desire.  I used to be a big supporter of Wikipedia to my friends and colleagues, but at this point I'm very uncertain about Wikipedia as a medium.  As a medical professional, I wonder if any of my time is well spent here trying to add my expertise to the discussion or content.  I can now see why so many academics and professionals reject Wikipedia.  It is anarchy, pure and simple and can't be trusted when people just ignore policies that are intended to make Wikipedia a true encyclopedia.  Flipper9 (talk) 01:27, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia Totals
I see your point totally about the Wikipedia Totals section of the swine flu epidemic page. Oh, I was the IP address that left the comment in the discussion pointing out it's original research.

It seems I wasn't the first to make that distinction. It is original research or at the very least a synthesis of two previous ideas which is also against the rules of wikipedia. But some people cling too strongly to rules like 3RR or the golden rule of ignore all rules if it agrees with what you want to do.

I'd love to help out in the fight against the insanity of that page but I really don't have time. I'm in the final year of a chemistry degree, I see you're doing a medicine course so that must be an insane amount of work. All I can say is good luck with your course and good luck with the edit war but remember which is more important.

I don't edit wiki properly anymore after I got incredibly angry in a deletion row over The Rules Of Chess. It's madness, the rules of chess is clearly a page worth having but somehow someone decided it counts as a Game Guide and should be deleted. The Rules Of Chess is a bit different to a map of all the stars in Mario 64. But anyway, I digress.

Good luck with the page. Simondrake (talk) 00:30, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Naming Conventions. RFC: Removal of exceptions to "use common names" passage.
This is to inform you that removing exceptions to the use of "most Common Names" as the titles of Wikipedia articles from the the Talk:Naming_Conventions policy page, is the subject of a referral for Comment (RfC). This follows recent changes by some editors.

You are being informed as an editor previously involved in discussion of these issues relevant to that policy page. You are invited to comment at this location.  Xan  dar  21:38, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

A new medical resource
Please note that there is a new freely accessible medical resource, MedMerits (to which I'm a medical advisor) on neurologic disorders. A discussion on ELs to MedMerits and medical ELs in general is currently in progress ("Wikipedia and its relationship to the outside world"). Presto54 (talk) 16:54, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Wiki Medicine
Hi I'm contacting you because, as a participant at Wikiproject Medicine, you may be interested in a new multinational non-profit organization we're forming at m:Wikimedia Medicine. Even if you don't want to be actively involved, any ideas you may have about our structure and aims would be very welcome on the project's talk page. Our purpose is to help improve the range and quality of free online medical content, and we'll be working with like-minded organizations, such as the World Health Organization, professional and scholarly societies, medical schools, governments and NGOs - including Translators Without Borders. Hope to see you there! --Anthonyhcole (talk) 07:53, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

The Wikipedia Library now offering accounts from Cochrane Collaboration (sign up!)
The Wikipedia Library gets Wikipedia editors free access to reliable sources that are behind paywalls. Because you are signed on as a medical editor, I thought you'd want to know about our most recent donation from Cochrane Collaboration. Cheers, Ocaasit | c 20:26, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Cochrane Collaboration is an independent medical nonprofit organization that conducts systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials of health-care interventions, which it then publishes in the Cochrane Library.
 * Cochrane has generously agreed to give free, full-access accounts to 100 medical editors. Individual access would otherwise cost between $300 and $800 per account.
 * If you are still active as a medical editor, come and sign up :)

Please remember to template IP vandals
As you have so far failed to do here. It's very embarassing when I go on to invite such people to the project because editors patrolling for vandalism do a half-assed job. The template you usually want is but pump up the number as needed. -- Kendrick7talk 00:23, 14 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Sorry, didn't know you invited random IP addresses to edit when they have obvious vandalism reverted. I added the template to the IP talk page of the offending user, after figuring out how to use them and what they were (long time, very part time editor here) in the first place LOL.  Thanks for the heads up! Flipper9 (talk) 00:42, 14 June 2016 (UTC)

It looks like Private Internet Access (a VPN provider) was unblocked. I don't see why IP ranges are blocked when legitimate, logged-in users are logged in. Oh well, arbitrary policies abound and it's one of the negatives of those in charge of Wikipedia. Looks like I'm back in business undoing IP-only edits that are attempting to vandalize Wikipedia and making edits to things here and there to advance our shared goal of improving Wikipedia. can't get edit Wikipedia and get around these arbitrary blocks.

Edit: oh wait, I can edit my talk page but not the rest of Wikipedia. I guess Wikipedia doesn't believe in those attempting to protect privacy. Good luck getting professionals (I'm a physician) to edit medical articles.

title: User talk:Flipper9


text:
Elliptical

Elliptical may mean:
 * having the shape of an ellipse, or more broadly, any oval shape
 * in botany, having an elliptic leaf shape
 * of aircraft wings, having an elliptical planform
 * characterised by ellipsis (the omission of words), or by concision more broadly
 * elliptical trainer, an exercise machine

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elliptical


text:
Talk:Sikorsky

2003
Removed:
 * Clifford Leroy George Sikorsky is first free Russian Black soviet Family American.

That name comes up with exactly zero hits on google, and the sentence as currently worded is impossible to make sense of. --Delirium 19:52 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Out of Wikiproject spaceflight scope
This disambig page doesn't seem to be in-scope for wikiproject spaceflight. Was there a rationale for that? (sdsds - talk) 03:54, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Lunar crater? Or is that outside scope? WP Moon?  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  17:11, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I hope no potential contributors were driven away by the preceding ... uh, mind-f***. (I almost spent time explaining why Dabs all belong to WP:Wikiproject Disambiguation, but very rarely have enuf overlap with other ones to make membership useful... “Ya could look it up”, maybe ... but don’t bother! —user:JerzyA 10:10, 27 June 2020 (UTC)

Primary topic and cut/paste moves
Please do not move the DAB page without discussion, and by cut-and-paste move, especially. without attribution. Sikorsky Aircraft received nearly twice the page views of Igor over the past year, and that's not enough to make the company the primary topic either. As for splitting off the Sikorski DAB page, this has all been covered at Sikorsky for over 15 years, thus has de facto consensus, and so ought to be discussed beforehand. Thanks. BilCat (talk) 20:33, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the explanation. Now it makes sense. I agree this must be discussed. However the article Sikorski has nothing to do with this. I wrote a completely new, referenced, article about a polish surname. I callenge uyou to point whetre you see cut-and-pase move'. Lembit Staan (talk) 20:44, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Ok, you wrote some new material, but it's still redundant to what was at Sikorsky, especially the list of names. I'm not opposing that change per se, but it needs to be part of the overall discussion first so other editors can discuss it. BilCat (talk) 20:47, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * There is nothing redundant. Sikorsky lede is unreferenced nonsense. The list of names is not copyrightable, you know that "phonebook" defense, right? My article Sikorski is  about a Polish surname. Sikorsky comes from Russian langauge and in fact it is overwhelmingly unique: all "otheruses" are associated with one and the same person. Lembit Staan (talk) 20:54, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I will call for the disussion tomorrow, I am busy with other thins now. Lembit Staan (talk) 20:55, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

List of Sikorskis
A list of people named Sikorski is in here and in there. Either merge the articles or scrap them here. Rp (talk) 09:07, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sikorsky


text:
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, 523 U.S. 75 (1998), is a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court. The case arose out of a suit for sex discrimination by a male oil-rig worker, who claimed that he was repeatedly subjected to sexual harassment by his male co-workers with the acquiescence of his employer. The Court held that the protection of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 against workplace discrimination "because of... sex" applied to harassment in the workplace between members of the same sex.

Background
In late October 1991, Joseph Oncale was working for Sundowner Offshore Services on a Chevron USA Inc. oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. He was employed as a roustabout on an eight-man crew. On several occasions, Oncale was forcibly subjected to sex-related, humiliating actions against him by his coworkers in the presence of the rest of the crew. Oncale was also sodomized with a bar of soap and threatened with rape. Oncale's complaints to supervisory personnel produced no remedial action. Instead, the company's Safety Compliance Clerk called him a name suggesting homosexuality. Oncale eventually quit, asking that his pink slip reflect that he "voluntarily left due to sexual harassment and verbal abuse."

Oncale filed a complaint against Sundowner in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, alleging that he was discriminated against in his employment because of his sex. Relying on earlier precedents, the district court granted summary judgment to the defendant: "Mr. Oncale, a male, has no cause of action under Title VII for harassment by male co-workers." Oncale appealed, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the decision. After granting a petition for writ of certiorari, the Supreme Court reversed the decision.

Decision
Justice Scalia, writing for the unanimous court (with Justice Thomas concurring), reversed the decision of the district court and remanded the case for further proceedings in accordance with the instruction that a male can be discriminated against by members of the same sex under Title VII.

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services set the precedent for analyzing same-sex harassment and sexual harassment without motivation of "sexual desire" by stating that any discrimination based on sex is actionable if it places the victim in an objectively-disadvantageous working condition, regardless of the gender of the victim or the harasser.

The case was subsequently remanded by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit to the trial court. The case was then settled out of court.

Impact and implementation
The application of the Oncale case has caused some difficulty in the lower federal courts, which have struggled with how to determine whether any particular case of same-sex harassment is "because of sex." In particular, courts have struggled with how to deal with harassment that appears to be based on actual or perceived sexual orientation because employment discrimination based on sexual orientation was not explicitly forbidden by federal law.

In July 2015, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission determined that employment discrimination based on sexual orientation was illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and used the Oncale decision as a basis.

Because it set a precedent regarding harassment "because of sex," Oncale v. Sundowner has been lauded as a landmark gay rights case, even though all those involved were heterosexual. In the Court's opinion in Oncale, the inclusion of sexual discrimination between same sex individuals as a protected class under Title VII set an important precedent of expanding the interpretation of protected classes under § 2000e-2(a)(1). This precedent was later reflected upon in Bostock v. Clayton County along with two other important cases, all of which considered the word "sex" and its definition in regards to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.


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Sea Hawk

Sea Hawk or Seahawk may refer to:

Birds

 * Osprey, a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey
 * Skua, a group of seabirds comprising seven species

Aircraft

 * Curtiss F7C Seahawk, a carrier-capable biplane fighter aircraft of the United States Navy in the late 1920s and early 1930s
 * Curtiss SC Seahawk, a World War II United States Navy scout floatplane
 * Hawker Sea Hawk, a British carrier-based fighter aircraft of the 1950s built by Armstrong Whitworth
 * Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk, an American helicopter
 * Wüst Seahawk, a German amateur-built flying boat design
 * Y2Fly Seahawk, an ultralight flying boat

Art, entertainment, and media

 * Sea Hawk, a recurring guest character from the animated television series She-Ra: Princess of Power and its reboot, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power
 * The Sea Hawk, a 1915 novel by Rafael Sabatini
 * The Sea Hawk (1924 film), film based on the novel, starring Milton Sills
 * The Sea Hawk (1940 film), film inspired by the novel, starring Errol Flynn
 * Sea Hawks (TV series), an Indian series broadcast by DD National
 * USS Seahawk CVN-65, a fictional aircraft carrier on the TV series JAG
 * Sea Hawk, a 1987 shooter video game released by Froggo

Naval uses

 * RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk), name of the Royal Naval Air Station Culdrose at Helston in Cornwall
 * USS Sea Hawk (SP-2365), a United States Navy patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1919
 * Rheinmetall Seahawk, a model of 20 mm naval autocannon used aboard TTS Brighton

Mascots

 * The mascot of Chief Sealth High School in Seattle, Washington
 * The mascot of Delaware Military Academy in Wilmington, Delaware
 * The mascot of Peninsula High School near Gig Harbor, Washington
 * The mascot of Redondo Union High School in Redondo Beach, California
 * The mascot of South Lakes High School near Reston in Fairfax County, Virginia
 * The mascot of South River High School in Edgewater, Maryland
 * The mascot of Southside High School in Chocowinity, North Carolina
 * The mascot of H. Frank Carey Junior-Senior High School in Franklin Square, New York
 * The mascot of Anacortes High School in Anacortes, Washington

Professional

 * Bremerhaven Seahawks, an American football club from Bremerhaven, Germany
 * Miami Seahawks, an All-America Football Conference team in 1946
 * Seattle Seahawks, a National Football League team
 * Seattle Seahawks (hockey), an ice hockey team that played from 1933 to 1941
 * Seahawks Gdynia, a Polish American Football League team

College

 * Broward Seahawks, athletic teams from Broward College, Florida
 * Cabrillo College Seahawks, athletic teams from Cabrillo College in Aptos California
 * Iowa Pre-Flight Seahawks football, a college football team during World War II
 * Memorial Sea-Hawks, athletic teams from Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
 * Keiser Seahawks, athletic teams from Keiser University's Florida campus
 * St. Mary's Seahawks, athletic teams from St. Mary's College of Maryland
 * Salve Regina Seahawks, athletic teams from Salve Regina University in Newport, Rhode Island
 * UNC Wilmington Seahawks, athletic teams from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington
 * Wagner Seahawks, athletic teams from Wagner College in Staten Island, New York
 * LSCPA Seahawks, athletic teams from Lamar State College–Port Arthur in Port Arthur, Texas

title: Sea Hawk


text:
Phil LaMarr

Phillip LaMarr (born January 24, 1967) is an American actor. He was one of the original featured cast members on the sketch comedy television series Mad TV, where he stayed for five seasons. His voice acting roles in animated series include the title character of Samurai Jack, both John Stewart / Green Lantern and Virgil Hawkins / Static in the DC Animated Universe (across the series Static Shock, Justice League, and Justice League Unlimited) Hermes Conrad in Futurama, and Wilt in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. LaMarr has also provided voices for video game franchises including Metal Gear, Jak and Daxter, Darksiders, Final Fantasy, Infamous, Dead Island, Kingdom Hearts, and Mortal Kombat. He also voiced Browntooth the Goblin Rogue in the Critical Role episode "The Goblins".

In film, he has appeared in Pulp Fiction (1994), Bio-Dome (1996), Speaking of Sex (2001), Spider-Man 2 (2004), and Real Steel (2011).

Early life
LaMarr was born in Los Angeles, California. He is a graduate of the Harvard-Westlake School in North Hollywood and Yale University, where he helped found the improv comedy group Purple Crayon. One of his biggest roles at Yale was the titular character in the British comedy Trevor. After graduating in 1989, he became a member of the award-winning sketch and improv comedy group The Groundlings. He studied improv at The Second City and at the IO Theater in Chicago, Illinois, with Del Close. He has also improvised with Cold Tofu and Off the Wall Productions.

Mad TV
LaMarr, unlike most of the other original nine cast members of Mad TV, had extensive television and film jobs experience when he joined the show (as did fellow cast member David Herman). Even before college, he had voiced a character on the Mister T cartoon show.

Some of the recurring characters LaMarr performed on Mad TV were Desperation Lee ("Funky Walker Dirty Talker"), Jaq the UBS Guy, "sexy player" Rick, talentless R&B singer Savante, and Rocket Revengers star Lieutenant Abraham Jefferson (a.k.a. Lincoln Willis).

LaMarr has done impressions of the following celebrities:

 * Bobby Brown
 * Ray Charles
 * Johnnie Cochran
 * Nat King Cole
 * Billy Crystal (as Harry Burns from When Harry Met Sally...)
 * Diddy
 * Tommy Davidson
 * Sammy Davis Jr.
 * Louis Farrakhan
 * Morgan Freeman
 * Sherman Hemsley (as George Jefferson from The Jeffersons)
 * Ice-T
 * Michael Jackson
 * Rick James
 * Vernon Jordan
 * Don King
 * Martin Lawrence
 * Spike Lee
 * Bill Maher
 * Howard McNear (as Floyd Lawson from The Andy Griffith Show)
 * Eddie Murphy
 * Sidney Poitier
 * Colin Powell
 * Prince
 * Chris Rock
 * Bernard Shaw
 * Sinbad
 * Sammy Sosa
 * Chris Tucker
 * Ben Vereen
 * Kanye West
 * Barry White
 * Michael Winslow
 * Stevie Wonder

He has also done impressions of Moe Howard from The Three Stooges while playing an African-American version of the character.

LaMarr left Mad TV at the end of the fifth season (2000).

Sometimes, LaMarr filled in for Greg Proops on Odd News, a 4-minute section on Yahoo.com. It features odd but true recent news.

Since July 1, 2020, LaMarr has hosted NASA TV's "Ask the Astronomers live!" show.

Voice acting work
LaMarr's voice over credits include a starring role on Justice League and Justice League Unlimited as John Stewart/Green Lantern, a major role as Hermes Conrad and various other characters on Futurama, and the title roles on Samurai Jack and Static Shock. He also voiced Black Vulcan in Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law and Hector Con Carne in Evil Con Carne. LaMarr reprised his role as Hermes Conrad in the Futurama films Bender's Big Score, The Beast with a Billion Backs, Bender's Game, Into the Wild Green Yonder, and upon the series return in 2010. He also voices Wilt and other recurring characters in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Carver Descartes on The Weekenders, Philly Phil in Class of 3000, and he portrayed the character Osmosis Jones in the television series Ozzy & Drix (replacing Chris Rock). He was also Gabe Wallace, and other characters in Kaijudo: Rise of the Duel Masters. He additionally voices Jazz, Omega Supreme, Oil Slick, and Jetstorm on Transformers Animated. LaMarr portrayed Nautolan Jedi Master Kit Fisto in Star Wars : The Clone Wars on Cartoon Network; he also played Amit Noloff, a one time character, and a Tactical Droid. He portrayed Aquaman, and voiced other characters in Young Justice, and he voiced Baxter Stockman in the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. He also lent his voice to the character of Lucius Fox for DC Super Hero Girls. LaMarr also provided voice talent to J.A.R.V.I.S. throughout the series of The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. He also portrayed Professor Thistlethorpe, a caterpillar, in BoJack Horseman. Through a tweet Jar Jar Binks actor Ahmed Best implied that LaMarr had done the voice work for his character on the animated show The Clone Wars. LaMarr provided the voice of Alphabittle the unicorn in the Netflix animated film My Little Pony: A New Generation.

In July 2021, LaMarr provided the voice for Orn Free Taa in Star Wars: The Bad Batch.

Film and theatre projects
LaMarr's stage credits include The Tempest, As You Like It, Guys and Dolls, Asylum, South Coast Repertory's Make the Break and the Sacred Fools Theater Company's inaugural production of The Fatty Arbuckle Spookhouse Revue.

LaMarr's second film role was that of the ill-fated Marvin from Pulp Fiction. He has appeared in Kill the Man, Free Enterprise, Cherish, and Manna from Heaven. He appeared in Speaking of Sex starring Bill Murray and Catherine O'Hara, and Back by Midnight with Kirstie Alley, Rodney Dangerfield, and Randy Quaid.

LaMarr's other film appearances include Fronterz (2004) and Choose Your Own Adventure: The Abominable Snowman (2005). In LaMarr appeared in Cook Off! as Thaddeus Briggs.

LaMarr made a cameo appearance in the Will Ferrell film Step Brothers, viewing a house for sale with his wife.

LaMarr also was in the Yum Corp Sexual Harassment training videos.

LaMarr played Cowboy Curtis in the Los Angeles and Broadway productions of The Pee-wee Herman Show. The LA production ran from January 12 to February 7, 2010, at the Club Nokia @ LA Live. The New York show opened on November 11 and ended its limited engagement on January 2, 2011. The New York production was recorded for an HBO special that aired in March 2011.

LaMarr also appeared in Spider-Man 2 as a passenger standing behind Spider-Man in the subway train.

Video game voiceover work

LaMarr performed the English voice-over work for Vamp, a villain of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty and Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots. Additionally, LaMarr voiced the characters Reddas from Square Enix's Final Fantasy XII as well as Ramza in the PSP version of Final Fantasy Tactics: The War of the Lions. He also did several voices for Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines.

He also did the English voice acting for the parts of Sig and Count Veger in the Jak and Daxter video game series as well as voicing several characters in the game Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, as well as the voice of Gadon Thek in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. As well as a featuring in the Sega CD game Make My Video C+C Music Factory, he also was the voice of Chris Jacobs in both Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction and its sequel, Mercenaries 2: World in Flames. He plays the character John White/The Beast in the PS3 titles Infamous and Infamous 2. Also, he plays the character Dr. Bradley Ragland in the game Prototype.

He also was the voice of the grumpy Kane in the game The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning, and Marty in the video game tie-in of Madagascar. LaMarr also voiced the merchant "Vulgrim" in the action/adventure hybrid Darksiders.

He played the role of "Mr. Sunshine" in the 2008 crime game Saints Row 2, and reprised his role in Saints Row IV in 2013.

He reprised his role as Kit Fisto for the video game: Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Republic Heroes. LaMarr voiced Rick Grimes in the animation film of The Walking Dead.

He also voiced Sam B, one of the playable characters in Dead Island, and recently made his debut in the Kingdom Hearts series in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance as Phoebus, a character originally from The Hunchback of Notre Dame and voiced by Kevin Kline.

LaMarr returned to the Metal Gear franchise as the voice of Kevin Washington in Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance.

He also provided the voice for multiple roles in Hunt the Truth, a marketing campaign audio-drama for Halo 5: Guardians.

LaMarr provided the voices of Aquaman and John Stewart (Green Lantern) in the 2013 superhero fighting video game Injustice: Gods Among Us and its 2017 sequel, Injustice 2.

LaMarr, in addition, provided his voice for a number of audio logs in 2016 puzzle game, The Witness. He also voiced Kotal Kahn in Mortal Kombat X (2015) and Mortal Kombat 11 (2019).

He voiced Pangolier in Dota 2.

Webisode project
LaMarr had been announced to appear as a regular character in a webisode series, Naught for Hire produced by Jeffrey Berman and Ben Browder (Farscape), that has been in development since 2010. His character Mark One was described to be that of an elevator with mood swings. It is unclear whether or not he will be solely the voice of this character or if he will appear in person similar to that of Max Headroom, a concept which Browder has pulled from before when writing for Farscape episode "John Quixote", which used an elevator displaying a talking human interface on a screen within.

Kickstarter
LaMarr worked on co-creating and voice-acting in a project titled Goblins Animated. The Kickstarter launched on October 23, 2017, and finished on November 22, 2017. LaMarr worked with Ellipsis Stephens, Danielle Stephens, and Matt King to produce the cartoon. Voice actors on board were Billy West, Maurice LaMarche, Jim Cummings, Matthew Mercer and Steve Blum.

title: Phil LaMarr


text:
Guangxu Emperor

The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, was the tenth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign was largely dominated by his maternal aunt Empress Dowager Cixi. He initiated the radical Hundred Days' Reform but was abruptly stopped when the Empress Dowager launched a coup in 1898, after which he was held under virtual house arrest until his death.

Emperor Guangxu was the second son of Prince Chun, Yixuan (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), and his mother, Yehenara Wanzhen, was the sister of Empress Dowager Cixi. After Emperor Tongzhi's death in 1874, he was supported by the two Empress Dowagers (Ci'an and Cixi) to succeed the throne, being adopted at the age of three by Emperor Xianfeng and the two Empress Dowagers, thereby inheriting the throne. During the early years of his reign, the two dowagers jointly handled state affairs. As Ci’an passed away in 1881, Cixi continued to act as the sole regent. In 1889, Guangxu got married and announced his personal rule. After the failure of the Hundred Days’ Reform in 1898, he was confined by Cixi in the Yingtai Pavilion of Zhongnanhai, completely losing his ruling power. In November 1908, he died of arsenic poisoning at Yingtai. He reigned for 34 years, dying at the age of 38 without leaving any descendants, and was buried in the Chongling Mausoleum of the Western Qing Tombs.

The emperor’s life was turbulent and full of hardships. He was not originally the heir to the throne but was forcibly elevated after Emperor Tongzhi died without an heir. From a young age, he was forced to leave his home and enter the palace, where he was strictly controlled and disciplined by Cixi, enduring many hardships and sorrows. Even after he reached adulthood and began his personal rule, Cixi was unwilling to relinquish her control over state power, making him continue to be a puppet, unable to enjoy the majesty and power of a monarch. During his reign, the Qing dynasty became increasingly impoverished and weak. The Sino-French War, the First Sino-Japanese War, and the Boxer Rebellion followed one after another, causing the dynasty to cede territory and pay indemnities, losing sovereignty and humiliating the nation, leaving the people in misery. Seeing the country’s decline, Guangxu allied with intellectuals to launch the Hundred Days’ Reform, attempting to save and rejuvenate the nation. However, this movement was immediately suppressed by the conservative forces led by Cixi, resulting in his confinement and loss of political power and personal freedom until his untimely death. His tragic fate is rare among emperors. Although historians do not deny the failures and limitations during his reign, he is still regarded as a relatively progressive and enlightened monarch of the dynasty. His image in historical research and literary works is also mostly positive.

Accession to the throne and upbringing
The emperor was the second son of Yixuan (Prince Chun), and his primary spouse Yehenara Wanzhen, a younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi. On 12 January 1875, Zaitian's cousin, the Tongzhi Emperor, died without a son to succeed him. Breaking the imperial convention that a new emperor must always be of a generation after that of the previous emperor, candidates were considered from the generation of the Tongzhi Emperor. Empress Dowager Ci'an suggested choosing one of Prince Gong's sons to be the next emperor, but was overruled by her co-regent, Empress Dowager Cixi. Instead, Cixi nominated Zaitian (her nephew) and the imperial clan eventually agreed with her choice because Zaitian was younger than other adoptable children of the same generation.

Zaitian was named heir and successor to his late uncle, the Xianfeng Emperor, rather than his cousin and predecessor, the Tongzhi Emperor, so as to maintain the father-son succession law. He ascended to the throne at the age of four and adopted "Guangxu" as his regnal name, therefore he is known as the "Guangxu Emperor". He was adopted by Empress Dowager Cixi and Ci'an. Cixi remained as regent under the title "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager" (聖母皇太后) while her co-regent Empress Dowager Ci'an was called "Mother Empress, Empress Dowager" (母后皇太后).

Beginning in 1876, the Guangxu Emperor was taught by Weng Tonghe, who had also been involved in the disastrous upbringing of the Tongzhi Emperor yet somehow managed to be exonerated of all possible charges. Weng instilled in the Guangxu Emperor a duty of filial piety toward the Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci'an.

In 1881, when the Guangxu Emperor was nine, Empress Dowager Ci'an died unexpectedly, leaving Empress Dowager Cixi as sole regent for the boy. In Weng's diaries during those days, Guangxu was reportedly seen with swollen eyes, had poor concentration and was seeking consolation from Weng. Weng too expressed his concern that Cixi was the one who had been suffering from chronic ill health, not Ci'an. During this time, the imperial eunuchs often abused their influence over the boy emperor. The Guangxu Emperor had also reportedly begun to hold some audiences on his own as an act of necessity.

Taking over the reins of power
In 1887, the Guangxu Emperor was old enough to begin to rule in his own right, but the previous year, several courtiers, including Prince Chun and Weng Tonghe, had petitioned Empress Dowager Cixi to postpone her retirement from the regency. Despite Cixi's agreement to remain as regent, by 1886 the Guangxu Emperor had begun to write comments on memorials to the throne. In the spring of 1887, he partook in his first field-plowing ceremony, and by the end of the year he had begun to rule under Cixi's supervision.

Eventually, in February 1889, in preparation for Cixi's retirement, the Guangxu Emperor was married. Much to the emperor's dislike, Cixi selected her niece, Jingfen, to be empress. She became known as Empress Longyu. She also selected a pair of sisters, who became Consorts Jin and Zhen, to be the emperor's concubines. The following week, with the Guangxu Emperor married, Cixi retired from the regency.

Years in power
Even after the Guangxu Emperor began formal rule, Empress Dowager Cixi continued to influence his decisions and actions, despite residing several months of the year at the Summer Palace. Weng Tonghe reportedly observed that while the emperor attended to day-to-day state affairs, in more difficult cases the emperor and the Grand Council sought Cixi's advice. In fact, the emperor often journeyed to the Summer Palace to pay his respects to his aunt and to discuss state affairs with her.

In March 1891, the Guangxu Emperor received the foreign ministers to China at an audience in the "Pavilion of Purple Light", in what is now part of Zhongnanhai, something that had also been done by the Tongzhi Emperor in 1873. That summer, under pressure from the foreign legations and in response to revolts in the Yangtze River valley that were targeting Christian missionaries, the emperor issued an edict ordering Christians to be placed under state protection.

The Guangxu Emperor, while growing up, apparently had been instilled with the importance of frugality. In 1892, he tried to implement a series of draconian measures to reduce expenditures by the Imperial Household Department, which proved to be one of his few administrative successes. But it was only a partial victory, as he had to approve higher expenditures than he would have liked to meet Cixi's needs.

The summer of 1894 saw the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War over influence in Korea. The Emperor was reportedly eager for the war against Japan, and became associated with the pro-war faction in the imperial court, which believed that China would easily win. This was in contrast to the Empress Dowager and Viceroy Li Hongzhang, who both wanted to reach a peaceful resolution. In September 1894, after the major defeat of the Chinese land forces at the battle of Pyongyang and the naval forces at the Yalu River, the Guangxu Emperor wanted to leave the capital and go to the front lines to personally take command of the troops, but he was talked out of it by his advisors. The emperor met with a German military advisor to the Qing navy, Constantin von Hanneken, who had been present at the battle of the Yalu, to learn what exactly happened. He also signed edicts calling for the execution of generals who were defeated. In February 1895, as peace negotiations with the Japanese were underway, the Guangxu Emperor spoke with his top negotiator before he met with the Japanese, Li Hongzhang, and allegedly told him during their conversation that China needed large scale reforms.

During the war, even though the Guangxu Emperor was nominally the sovereign ruler of the Qing Empire, officials often ignored him and instead sent their memorials to Cixi for her approval. Eventually, two sets of Grand Council memoranda were created, one for the emperor and the other for the empress dowager, a practice that continued until it was rendered unnecessary by the events in the autumn of 1898. Following the Qing Empire's defeat and forced agreement to the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Guangxu Emperor reportedly expressed his wish to abdicate. In April 1895, after the Treaty of Shimonoseki was negotiated and signed, but before its ratification by the Qing government, its terms were publicized. Government bureaucrats throughout the empire urged the imperial court to reject it and continue fighting. The Emperor did not want to take responsibility for ratifying the treaty, and neither did the Empress Dowager, who may have wanted to use the defeat against Japan to undermine his influence. He tried to shift the responsibility in an edict by asking two officials, Liu Kunyi and Wang Wenshao, to give a recommendation on whether to ratify treaty, because they had told him that the Chinese army was capable of achieving victory. Eventually, the emperor ratified it.

The emperor and the Qing government faced further humiliation in late 1897 when the German Empire used the murders of two priests in Shandong Province as an excuse to occupy Jiaozhou Bay, prompting a "scramble for concessions" by other foreign powers. After this incident, the emperor wrote an edict in December 1897 that asked bureaucrats with military knowledge to recommend reforms that could be made.

Following the war and the scramble for concessions, the Guangxu Emperor came to believe that by learning from constitutional monarchies like Japan, the Qing Empire would become more politically and economically powerful. In June 1898, the emperor began the Hundred Days' Reform, aimed at a series of sweeping political, legal and social changes. For a brief time, after Cixi's supposed retirement, the Guangxu Emperor issued edicts for a massive number of far-reaching modernizing reforms with the help of more progressive officials such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.

Changes ranged from infrastructure to industry and the civil examination system. The Guangxu Emperor issued decrees allowing the establishment of a modern university in Beijing, the construction of the Lu-Han railway, and a system of budgets similar to that of Western governments. The initial goal was to make China a modern constitutional empire, but still within the traditional framework, as with Japan's Meiji Restoration.

The reforms, however, were not only too sudden for a China still under significant neo-Confucian influence and other elements of traditional culture, but also came into conflict with Cixi, who held real power. Many officials, deemed useless and dismissed by the Guangxu Emperor, begged her for help. Although Cixi did nothing to stop the Hundred Days' Reform from taking place, she knew the only way to secure her power base was to stage a military coup. The Guangxu Emperor became aware of such a plan, so he asked Kang Youwei and his reformist allies to plan his rescue. They decided to use the help of Yuan Shikai, who had a modernized army, albeit only 6,000-strong. Cixi relied on Ronglu's army in Tianjin. Ronglu also had an ally, General Dong Fuxiang, who commanded 10,000 Muslim Kansu Braves, including generals such as Ma Fuxiang and Ma Fulu, stationed in the Beijing metropolitan area. Armed with more advanced firearms and artillery, they sided with Cixi's conservative faction during the coup.

The day before the staged coup was supposed to take place, Yuan Shikai revealed everything to Ronglu, exposing the Guangxu Emperor's plans. This gained Yuan Shikai the trust of Cixi, as well as the status of lifetime enemy of the Guangxu Emperor as well as the emperor's younger half-brother, Zaifeng. Following the exposure of the plot, the emperor and empress dowager met, and the emperor retreated to the Yingtai Pavilion, a palace on a lake that is now part of the Zhongnanhai Compound.

Lei Chia-sheng (雷家聖), a Taiwanese history professor, proposes an alternative view: that the Guangxu Emperor might have been led into a trap by the reformists led by Kang Youwei, who in turn was in Lei's opinion tricked by British missionary Timothy Richard and former Japanese prime minister Itō Hirobumi into agreeing to appoint Itō as one of many foreign advisors. British ambassador Claude MacDonald claimed that the reformists had actually "much injured" the modernization of China. Lei claims that Cixi learned of the plot and decided to put an end to it to prevent China from coming under foreign control.

Under house arrest after 1898
The Guangxu Emperor's duties after 1898 became rather limited. The emperor was effectively removed from power as emperor (despite keeping the title), but he did retain some status.

The emperor was kept informed of state affairs, reading them with Cixi prior to audiences, and was also present at audiences, sitting on a stool to Cixi's left hand while Cixi occupied the main throne. He discharged his ceremonial duties, such as offering sacrifices during ceremonies, but never ruled alone again.

In 1898, shortly after the collapse of the Hundred Days' Reform, the Guangxu Emperor's health began to decline, prompting Cixi to name Pujun, a son of the emperor's cousin, the reactionary Prince Duan, as heir presumptive. Pujun and his father were removed from their positions after the Boxer Rebellion. He was examined by a physician at the French Legation and diagnosed with chronic nephritis; he was also discovered to be impotent at the time.

During the Boxer Rebellion, Emperor Guangxu fiercely opposed the idea of using usurpers as a means to counter foreign invasion. His letter to then United States president Theodore Roosevelt is still preserved in U.S. government archives. On 14 August 1900, the Guangxu Emperor, along with Cixi, Empress Longyu and some other court officials, fled from Beijing as the forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance marched on the capital to relieve the legations that had been besieged during the Boxer Rebellion.

Returning to the capital in January 1902, after the withdrawal of the foreign powers, the Guangxu Emperor spent the next few years working in his isolated palace with watches and clocks, which had been a childhood fascination, some say in an effort to pass the time until Cixi's death. He also read widely and spent time learning English from Cixi's Western-educated lady-in-waiting, Yu Deling. His relationship with Empress Longyu, Cixi's niece (and the Emperor's own first cousin), also improved to some extent.

Death
The Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908, a day before Cixi's death, at the age of 37. For a long time there were several theories about the emperor's death, none of which was accepted fully by historians. Most were inclined to believe that Cixi, herself very ill, poisoned the Guangxu Emperor because she was afraid he would reverse her policies after her death. China Daily quoted a historian, Dai Yi, who speculated that Cixi might have known of her imminent death and worried that the Guangxu Emperor would continue his reforms after her death. Another theory is that the Guangxu Emperor was poisoned by Yuan Shikai, who knew that if the emperor were to come to power again, Yuan would likely be executed for treason. There were no reliable sources to prove who murdered the Guangxu Emperor.

The medical records kept by the Guangxu Emperor's physician show the emperor suffered from "spells of violent stomachaches" and that his face had turned blue, typical symptoms of arsenic poisoning. To dispel persistent rumors that the emperor had been poisoned, the Qing imperial court produced documents and doctors' records suggesting that the Guangxu Emperor died from natural causes, but these did not allay suspicion.

On 4 November 2008, forensic tests revealed that the level of arsenic in the emperor's remains was 2,000 times higher than that of ordinary people. Scientists concluded that the poison could only have been administered in a high dose at one time.

The Guangxu Emperor was succeeded by Cixi's choice as heir, his nephew Puyi, who took the regnal name "Xuantong". In January 1912, the Guangxu Emperor's consort, who had become Empress Dowager Longyu, placed her seal on the abdication decree, ending two thousand years of imperial rule in China. Longyu died childless in 1913.

After the Xinhai Revolution of 1911–1912, the Chinese Republic funded the construction of the Guangxu Emperor's mausoleum in the Western Qing Tombs. The tomb was robbed during the Chinese Civil War and the underground palace (burial chamber) is now open to the public.

Appraisal
In 1912, Sun Yat-sen praised the Guangxu Emperor for his educational reform package that allowed China to learn more about Western culture. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, historian Fan Wenlan (范文瀾) called the Guangxu Emperor "a Manchu noble who could accept Western ideas". Some historians believe that the Guangxu Emperor was the first Chinese leader to implement modernizing reforms and capitalism. Imperial power in the Qing dynasty saw its nadir under Guangxu, and he was the only Qing emperor to have been put under house arrest during his own reign.

Honours
Domestic honours
 * Sovereign of the Order of the Peacock Feather
 * Sovereign of the Order of the Blue Feather
 * Sovereign of the Order of the Double Dragon

Foreign honours
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military), 18 July 1898
 * German Empire: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, in Diamonds, 28 June 1898
 * Kingdom of Hawaii: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1882
 * Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 29 April 1899
 * Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders, 1904
 * Russian Empire: Order of St. Andrew

Family

The Guangxu Emperor had one empress and two consorts in total. The emperor was forced by Empress Dowager Cixi to marry her niece (his cousin) Jingfen, who was two years his senior. Jingfen's father, Guixiang (Cixi's younger brother), and Cixi selected her to be the Guangxu Emperor's wife in order to strengthen the power of their own family. After the marriage, Jingfen was made empress and was granted the honorific title of "Longyu" (lit. 'auspicious and prosperous') after the death of her husband. However, the Guangxu Emperor detested his wife, and spent most of his time with his favorite concubine, Consort Zhen (better known as the "Pearl Consort"). Rumors allege that in 1900, Consort Zhen was drowned by being thrown into a well on Cixi's order after she begged Empress Dowager Cixi to let the Guangxu Emperor stay in Beijing for negotiations with the foreign powers. That incident happened when the Imperial Family was preparing to leave the Forbidden City due to the occupation of Beijing by the Eight-Nation Alliance in 1900. Like his predecessor, the Tongzhi Emperor, the Guangxu Emperor died without issue. After his death in 1908, Empress Dowager Longyu ruled in cooperation with Zaifeng.

Empress

 * Empress Xiaodingjing (孝定景皇后) of the Yehe-Nara clan (葉赫那拉氏; 28 January 1868 – 22 February 1913), personal name Jingfen (靜芬)

Imperial Noble Consort

 * Imperial Noble Consort Wenjing (溫靖皇貴妃) of the Tatara clan (他他拉氏; 6 October 1873 – 24 September 1924)
 * Imperial Noble Consort Keshun (恪順皇貴妃) of the Tatara clan (他他拉氏; 27 February 1876 – 15 August 1900)

title: Guangxu Emperor


text:
User:Jxz

http://jxz.dontexist.org/

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title: User:Jxz


text:
Tongzhi Emperor

The Tongzhi Emperor (27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875), also known by his temple name Emperor Muzong of Qing, personal name Zaichun, was the ninth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign, which effectively lasted through his adolescence, was largely overshadowed by the rule of Empress Dowager Cixi. Although he had little influence over state affairs, the events of his reign gave rise to what historians call the "Tongzhi Restoration", an unsuccessful modernization program.

The only surviving son of the Xianfeng Emperor, he ascended the throne at the age of five under a regency headed by his biological mother Empress Dowager Cixi and his legal mother Empress Dowager Ci'an. The Self-Strengthening Movement, in which Qing officials pursued radical institutional reforms following the disasters of the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion, began during his reign. The Tongzhi Emperor assumed personal rule over the Qing government in 1873, but immediately came into conflict with his ministers and was outmaneuvered by the dowager empresses.

He died of smallpox at the age of 18 in 1875, following unsuccessful medical treatments; his death without a male heir created a succession crisis. In contravention to Qing's dynastic custom, his double first cousin assumed the throne as the Guangxu Emperor.

Life
The only surviving son of the Xianfeng Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi, the Tongzhi Emperor was namesake to the attempted political reform initiated by his mother, called the Tongzhi Restoration. His era name was originally proposed as "Qixiang" (祺祥; Manchu: Fengšengge sabingga), but this was later changed upon his succession to "Tongzhi". The era name means 'order and prosperity' coming from the Confucian teaching that "there are many ways of being a good government, and they can all be summarized as order and prosperity".

The Tongzhi Emperor became emperor at the age of five upon the death of his father, the Xianfeng Emperor. His father's choice of a regent, Sushun, was removed in favor of a partnership between his mother Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci'an.

While there had most likely been hopes that the Tongzhi Emperor would become a successful leader like the Kangxi Emperor (who ascended the throne as a child in 1661), those hopes would soon be disappointed, as the Tongzhi Emperor grew up to become an obstinate and dissolute young man who also expressed his dissatisfaction with his mother Empress Cixi.

In the fall of 1872, he married Empress Xiaozheyi and two official concubines. The Tongzhi Emperor apparently had wanted to take up power immediately, prompting a quarrel at court regarding the dismantling of the regency and the timing of it. However, the two empresses dowager stuck by the intended date of February 23, 1873.

The day after the Tongzhi Emperor took power, foreigners requested an audience with him. The request precipitated a sharp disagreement between the ministers at the foreign legations, who made it clear that they would not perform the ritual kowtow to the emperor, and the Zongli Yamen (foreign affairs ministry), regarding the protocol to be observed. The Qing government was also loath to hold the audience within the confines of the Forbidden City, eventually settling on the "Pavilion of Purple Light" at one of the lakeside palaces to the west of the Forbidden City, which is now part of Zhongnanhai. The audience was finally held on 29 June 1873. After the audience, however, the foreign representatives made clear their annoyance at being received in a hall initially used by the Qing emperors to receive envoys of tributary states.

In the fall of 1874, the Tongzhi Emperor got into a clash with his ministers, which included his two uncles, Prince Gong and Prince Chun, largely over the emperor's plans to rebuild the Old Summer Palace at a time in which the empire was bankrupt, and over his dissolute behavior. The emperor reacted by firing the ministers, but Empresses Dowager Ci'an and Cixi intervened, and he had them reinstated. That December, it was announced that he was ill with smallpox, and the Empress Dowagers resumed the regency. He died on 12 January 1875, leaving no sons to succeed him.

The Tongzhi Emperor's death left the court in a succession crisis as he was childless. Eventually, the empresses dowager designated the Tongzhi Emperor's three-year-old cousin, Zaitian, as the heir to the throne. Zaitian was biologically Prince Chun's son, but was symbolically adopted as the Xianfeng Emperor's son to make him eligible to succeed the Tongzhi Emperor. Zaitian was thus enthroned as the Guangxu Emperor, with Empresses Dowager Ci'an and Cixi resuming their roles as regents. Empress Alute, Tongzhi's wife, refused to eat after his death and died seventy days after he died in an act of marital piety.

The Self-Strengthening Movement
The inspiration for the future Self-Strengthening Movement arose from the notion that China's defense in the face of war and rebellion must come from within, as the superior man strengthens himself under imperative of Heaven's robust action. The costs of war and rebellion dictated that the Qing dynasty undertake vigorous measures to ensure its survival. Moreover, the very survival of China itself was now at stake.

Self-strengthening efforts evolved in a succession of stages over a period of almost half a century. In 1840 Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu, impressed by the power of British warships in the initial battles of the Opium War, advocated adoption of Western naval technology. The paddle-wheel steamer Nemsis had run circles around cumbersome Chinese war junks. Some Chinese at first believed the paddle-wheels were powered by men inside the ship, but soon came to appreciate the power of steam, Commissioner Lin was the first self-strengthener.

Self-strengthening enterprises, including arsenals, shipyards, and technical schools, were now established in the principal treaty ports where access to Western technology was most direct. By 1860, the overwhelming bulk of the Chinese scholarly class had become cognizant of the enormity of changes that were taking place due to the increasingly prevalent Western presence in China. They now proclaimed that change was irresistible and advocated for deeper studies of Western technology. Many reforms were proposed and implemented such as the Self-Strengthening Movement, but ultimately the failure of reforms was due to multiple factors such as political machinations.

Family
Empress

 * Empress Xiaozheyi (孝哲毅皇后) of the Arute clan (阿魯特氏; 25 July 1854 – 27 March 1875)

Imperial Noble Consort

 * Imperial Noble Consort Shushen (淑慎皇貴妃) of the Fuca clan (富察氏; 24 December 1859 – 13 April 1904)
 * Imperial Noble Consort Gongsu (恭肅皇貴妃) of the Arute clan (阿魯特氏; 20 September 1857 – 14 April 1921)
 * Imperial Noble Consort Xianzhe (獻哲皇貴妃) of the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏; 2 July 1856 – 3 February 1932)
 * Imperial Noble Consort Dunhui (敦惠皇貴妃) of the Sirin-Gioro clan (西林覺羅氏; 6 September 1856 – 18 May 1933)

title: Tongzhi Emperor


text:
Xianfeng Emperor

The Xianfeng Emperor (17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), also known by his temple name Emperor Wenzong of Qing, personal name Yizhu, was the eighth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China proper. During his reign, the Qing dynasty experienced several wars and rebellions including the Taiping Rebellion, the Nian Rebellion, and the Second Opium War. He was the last Chinese emperor to exercise sole power.

The fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor, he assumed the throne in 1850 and inherited an empire in crisis. A few months after his ascension, the Taiping Rebellion rebellion broke out in southern China and rapidly spread, culminating in the fall of Nanjing in 1853. Contemporaneously, the Nian Rebellion began in the north, followed by ethnic uprisings (the Miao Rebellion and the Panthay Rebellion) in the south. The revolts ravaged large parts of the country, caused millions of deaths and would not be quelled until well into the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor's successor. Qing defeat during the first phase of the Second Opium War led to the Treaty of Tientsin and the Treaty of Aigun, the latter of which resulted in the cession of much of Manchuria to the Russian Empire. Negotiations broke down and hostilities resumed soon after, and in 1860 Anglo-French forces entered Beijing and burned the Old Summer Palace. The Xianfeng Emperor was forced to flee for the imperial estate at Jehol, and the Convention of Peking was negotiated in his absence.

His health was already in rapid decline in the face of mounting Qing losses. He died in 1861 in Jehol at the age of 30 and was succeeded by his six-year-old son, who assumed the throne as the Tongzhi Emperor. On his deathbed, the Xianfeng Emperor appointed eight men to a regency council to assist his young successor. A few months later, Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci'an along with Prince Gong instigated the Xinyou Coup and ousted the regents. Cixi ultimately rose to sole power and consolidated control over the Qing government.

Family and early life
Yizhu was born in 1831 at the Old Summer Palace, eight kilometres northwest of Beijing. He was from the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, and was the fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor. His mother was the Noble Consort Quan, of the Manchu Niohuru clan, who was made Empress in 1834, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoquancheng. Yizhu was reputed to have an ability in literature and administration which surpassed most of his brothers, which impressed his father, who therefore decided to make him his successor.

Early reign
Yizhu succeeded the throne in 1850, at age 19, and was a relatively young emperor. He inherited a dynasty that faced not only internal but also foreign challenges. Yizhu's reign title, "Xianfeng", which means "universal prosperity", did not reflect the situation. In 1850, the first of a series of popular rebellions began that would nearly destroy the Qing dynasty. The Taiping Rebellion began in December 1850, when Hong Xiuquan, a Hakka leader of a syncretic Christian sect, defeated local forces sent to disperse his followers. Hong then proclaimed the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the rebellion spread to several provinces with amazing speed. The following year, the Nian Rebellion started in North China. Unlike the Christian-influenced Taiping rebels, the Nian movement lacked a clear political program, but they became a serious threat to the Qing capital, Beijing, with the mobility of their cavalry-based armies. The Qing imperial forces suffered repeated defeats at the hands of both rebel movements.

Rebellions and wars
In 1853, the Taiping rebels captured Nanjing and for a while it seemed that Beijing would fall next; but the Taiping northern expedition was defeated and the situation stabilized. The Xianfeng Emperor dispatched several prominent mandarins, such as Zeng Guofan and the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen, to crush the rebellions, but they only obtained limited success. The biggest revolt of the Miao people against Chinese rule in history started in 1854, and ravaged the region until finally put down in 1873. In 1856, an attempt to regain Nanjing was defeated and the Panthay Rebellion broke out in Yunnan.

Meanwhile, an initially minor incident on the coasts triggered the Second Opium War. The British and French, after engaging in a number of minor military confrontations on the coast near Tianjin, attempted to start negotiations with the Qing government. The Xianfeng Emperor believed in Chinese superiority and would not agree to any demands from the European powers. He delegated Prince Gong for several negotiations but relations broke down completely when a British diplomat, Sir Harry Parkes, was taken hostage by Chinese forces during negotiations on 18 September.

Anglo-French forces clashed with Sengge Rinchen's Mongol cavalry on 18 September near Zhangjiawan before proceeding toward the outskirts of Beijing for a decisive battle in Tongzhou District, Beijing. On 21 September, at the Battle of Palikao, Sengge Rinchen's 10,000 troops, including his elite Mongol cavalrymen, were completely annihilated after several doomed frontal charges against the concentrated firepower of the Anglo-French forces, which entered Beijing on 6 October. On 18 October 1860, British and French forces sacked and burnt Old Summer Palace. Upon learning about this news, the Xianfeng Emperor's health quickly deteriorated.

During the Xianfeng Emperor's reign, China lost part of Manchuria to the Russian Empire. In 1858, according to the Treaty of Aigun, the territory between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur River was ceded to Russia, and in 1860, according to the Treaty of Beijing, the same thing happened also to the area east of the Ussuri River. After that treaty, the Russians founded the city of Vladivostok in the area they had annexed.

While negotiations with British, French and Russian officials were being held, the Xianfeng Emperor and his imperial entourage fled to Jehol province in the name of conducting the annual imperial hunting expedition. As his health worsened, the emperor's ability to govern also deteriorated, and competing ideologies in court led to the formation of two distinct factions — one led by the senior official Sushun and the princes Zaiyuan and Duanhua, and the other led by Noble Consort Yi, who was supported by the general Ronglu and the Bannermen of the Yehe Nara clan.

Death
The Xianfeng Emperor died on 22 August 1861, from a short life of overindulgence, at the Chengde Mountain Resort, 230 kilometres northeast of Beijing. His successor was his surviving five-year-old son, Zaichun. A day before his death, the Xianfeng Emperor had summoned Sushun and his supporters to his bedside and gave them an imperial edict that dictated the power structure during his son's minority. The edict appointed eight men – Zaiyuan, Duanhua, Jingshou, Sushun, Muyin, Kuangyuan, Du Han and Jiao Youying – as an eight-member regency council to aid Zaichun, who was later enthroned as the Tongzhi Emperor. Xianfeng gave the eight men the power of regency, but their edicts would have to be endorsed by Noble Consort Yi and Empress Consort Zhen. By tradition, after the death of an emperor, the emperor's body was to be accompanied to the capital by the regents. Noble Consort Yi and Empress Consort Zhen, who were now known as Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci'an travelled ahead to Beijing and planned a coup with Prince Gong that ousted the eight regents. Empress Dowager Cixi then effectively ruled China over the subsequent 47 years as a regent.

The Xianfeng Emperor was interred in the Eastern Qing Tombs, 125 kilometres/75 miles east of Beijing, in the Ding (定; lit. "Quietude") mausoleum complex.

Legacy

The Qing dynasty continued to decline during the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor. Rebellions in the country, which began the first year of his reign, would not be quelled until well into the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor and resulted in millions of deaths. The Xianfeng Emperor also had to deal with the British and French and their ever-growing appetite to expand trade further into China. The Xianfeng Emperor, like his father, the Daoguang Emperor, understood very little about Europeans and their mindset. He viewed non-Chinese as inferior and regarded the repeated requests by the Europeans for the establishment of diplomatic relations as an offence. When the Europeans introduced the long-held concept of an exchanged consular relationship, the Xianfeng Emperor quickly rebuffed the idea. At the time of his death, he had not met with any foreign dignitary.

Despite his tumultuous decade of reign, the Xianfeng Emperor was commonly seen as the last Qing emperor to have held paramount authority, ruling in his own right. The reigns of his son and subsequent successors were overseen by regents, a trend present until the fall of the Qing dynasty.

Family
Empress

 * Empress Xiaodexian (孝德顯皇后) of the Sakda clan (薩克達氏; 12 April 1831 – 24 January 1850)
 * Empress Xiaozhenxian (孝貞顯皇后) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 12 August 1837 – 8 April 1881)
 * Empress Xiaoqinxian (孝欽顯皇后) of the Yehe-Nara clan (葉赫那拉氏; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908), personal name Xingzhen (杏貞)
 * Zaichun (載淳), the Tongzhi Emperor (同治帝; 27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875), first son

Imperial Noble Consort

 * Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing (莊靜皇貴妃) of the Tatara clan (他他拉氏; 2 April 1837 – 26 December 1890)
 * Princess Rong'an of the First Rank (榮安固倫公主; 20 June 1855 – 5 February 1875), first daughter
 * Married Fuzhen (符珍; ? – 1909) of the Manchu Gūwalgiya clan in September/October 1873
 * Imperial Noble Consort Duanke (端恪皇貴妃) of the Tunggiya clan (佟佳氏; 3 December 1844 – 7 May 1910)

Noble Consort

 * Noble Consort Wen (玟貴妃) of the Xu clan (徐氏; 1835 – 20 December 1890)
 * Prince Min of the Second Rank (憫郡王; 8 January 1859 – ?), second son
 * Noble Consort Wan (婉貴妃) of the Socoro clan (索綽絡氏; 17 November 1835 – 20 June 1894)

Consort

 * Consort Lu (璷妃) of the Yehe-Nara clan (葉赫那拉氏; 2 March 1841 – 15 May 1895)
 * Consort Ji (吉妃) of the Wang clan (王氏; 1846 – 12 November 1905)

 * Consort Xi (禧妃) of the Cahala clan (察哈喇氏; 4 October 1842 – 26 June 1877)
 * Consort Qing (慶妃) of the Zhang clan (張氏; 25 October 1840 – 15 June 1885)

Concubine

 * Concubine Yun (雲嬪) of the Wugiya clan (武佳氏; ? – 11 January 1856), personal name Qiyun (绮云)
 * Concubine Rong (容嬪) of the Irgen-Gioro clan (伊爾根覺羅氏; 6 July 1837 – 21 June 1869)
 * Concubine Shu (璹嬪) of the Yehe-Nara clan (葉赫那拉氏; 27 March 1840 – 9 May 1874)
 * Concubine Yu (玉嬪) of the Yehe-Nara clan (葉赫那拉氏; 14 August 1843 – 26 December 1863)

First Class Attendant

 * First Class Attendant Chun (瑃常在) of the Ming'an clan (暝谙氏; 1835–1859)
 * First Class Attendant Xin (鑫常在) of the Daigiya clan (戴佳氏; ? – 27 May 1859)
 * First Class Attendant Ping (玶常在) of the Irgen-Gioro clan (伊尔根觉罗氏; ? – 1856)

title: Xianfeng Emperor