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Battle of Ain Jalut

The Battle of Ain Jalut (معركة عين جالوت), also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) near the spring of Ain Jalut in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley.

Continuing the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire, the armies of Hulagu Khan captured and sacked Baghdad in 1258, along with the Ayyubid capital of Damascus sometime later. Hulagu sent envoys to Cairo demanding Qutuz surrender Egypt, to which Qutuz responded by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on the Bab Zuweila gate of Cairo. Shortly after this, Möngke Khan was slain in battle against the Southern Song. Hulagu returned to Mongolia with the bulk of his army to attend the kurultai in accordance with Mongol customs, leaving approximately 10,000 troops west of the Euphrates under the command of Kitbuqa.

Learning of these developments, Qutuz quickly advanced his army from Cairo towards Palestine. Kitbuqa sacked Sidon, before turning his army south towards the Spring of Harod to meet Qutuz' forces. Using hit-and-run tactics and a feigned retreat by Mamluk general Baibars, combined with a final flanking maneuver by Qutuz, the Mongol army was forced to retreat toward Bisan, after which the Mamluks led a final counterattack, which resulted in the deaths of many Mongols, including Kitbuqa himself.

The battle has been cited as the first time the Mongols were permanently prevented from expanding their influence; It also marked the first of two defeats the Mongols would face in their attempts to invade Egypt and the Levant, the other being the Battle of Marj al-Saffar in 1303.

Background
When Möngke Khan became Great Khan in 1251, he immediately set out to implement his grandfather Genghis Khan's plan for a world empire. To lead the task of subduing the nations in the West, he selected his brother, another of Genghis Khan's grandsons, Hulagu Khan. Assembling the army took five years, and it was not until 1256 that Hulagu was prepared to begin the invasions. Operating from the Mongol base in Persia, Hulagu proceeded south. Möngke had ordered good treatment for those who yielded without resistance and destruction for the rest. In that way, Hulagu and his army had conquered some of the most powerful and longstanding dynasties of the time.

Other countries in the Mongols' path submitted to Mongol authority and contributed forces to the Mongol army. When the Mongols had reached Baghdad, their army included Cilician Armenians and even some Frankish forces from the Principality of Antioch. The Assassins in Persia fell, the 500-year-old Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad was destroyed (see Battle of Baghdad) and the Ayyubid dynasty in Damascus fell as well. Hulagu's plan was then to proceed southwards through the Kingdom of Jerusalem towards the Mamluk Sultanate, to confront the major Islamic power.

During the Mongol attack on the Mamluks in the Middle East, most of the Mamluks were Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde's supply of Kipchaks replenished the Mamluk armies and helped them fight off the Mongols.

In 1260, Hulagu sent envoys to Qutuz in Cairo with a letter demanding his surrender. Qutuz responded, however, by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on Bab Zuweila, one of the gates of Cairo. Hulagu withdrew from the Levant with the bulk of his army, leaving his forces west of the Euphrates with only one tumen (nominally 10,000 men, but usually fewer), and a handful of vassal troops under the Naiman Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa. Contemporary Mamluk chronicler al-Yunini's Dhayl Mirat Al-Zaman states that the Mongol army under Kitbuqa, including vassals, numbered 100,000 men in total, but this was likely an exaggeration.

Until the late 20th century, historians believed that Hulagu's sudden retreat had been caused by the power dynamic having been changed by the death of the Great Khan Möngke on an expedition to the Song dynasty's China, which made Hulagu and other senior Mongols return home to decide his successor. However, contemporary documentation discovered in the 1980s reveals that to be untrue, as Hulagu himself claimed that he withdrew most of his forces because he could not sustain such a large army logistically, that the fodder in the region had been mostly used up and that a Mongol custom was to withdraw to cooler lands for the summer.

Upon receiving news of Hulagu's departure, Mamluk Sultan Qutuz quickly assembled a large army at Cairo and invaded Palestine. In late August, Kitbuqa's forces proceeded south from their base at Baalbek, passing to the east of Lake Tiberias into Lower Galilee. Qutuz was then allied with a fellow Mamluk, Baibars, who chose to ally himself with Qutuz in the face of a greater enemy after the Mongols had captured Damascus and most of Bilad ash-Sham.

Mongol invasion of the crusader states
The Mongols attempted to form a Franco-Mongol alliance or at least to demand the submission of the remnant of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centered on Acre; but Pope Alexander IV had forbidden it. Tensions between the Franks and the Mongols had also increased when Julian of Sidon caused an incident which resulted in the death of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons. Angered, Kitbuqa sacked Sidon. The Barons of Acre and the remainder of the Crusader outposts, contacted by the Mongols, had also been approached by the Mamluks and sought military assistance against the Mongols.

Though the Mamluks were the traditional enemies of the Franks, the Barons of Acre recognised the Mongols as the more immediate menace and so the Crusaders opted for a position of cautious neutrality between the two forces. In an unusual move, they agreed that the Egyptian Mamluks could march north through the Crusader states unmolested and even camp to resupply near Acre. When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the Jordan River, Sultan Qutuz and his forces proceeded southeast, toward the spring called Ain Jalut, also known as Harod's spring in Hebrew, in the Jezreel Valley.

Battle
The first to advance were the Mongols, whose force also included troops from the Kingdom of Georgia and about 500 troops from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, both of which had submitted to Mongol authority. The Mamluks had the advantage of knowing the terrain, and Qutuz capitalized on that by hiding the bulk of his force in the highlands and hoping to bait the Mongols with a smaller force, under Baibars.

Both armies fought for many hours, with Baibars usually implementing hit-and-run tactics to provoke the Mongol troops and to preserve the bulk of his troops intact. When the Mongols carried out another heavy assault, Baibars, who it is said had laid out the overall strategy of the battle since he had spent much time in that region earlier in his life as a fugitive, and his men feigned a final retreat to draw the Mongols into the highlands to be ambushed by the rest of the Mamluk forces concealed among the trees. The Mongol leader, Kitbuqa, already provoked by the constant fleeing of Baibars and his troops, committed a grave mistake. Instead of suspecting a trick, Kitbuqa decided to march forward with all of his troops on the trail of the fleeing Mamluks. When the Mongols reached the highlands, Mamluk forces emerged from hiding and began to fire arrows and attack with their cavalry. The Mongols then found themselves surrounded on all sides. Additionally, Timothy May hypothesizes that a key moment in the battle was the defection of the Mongol Syrian allies.

The Mongol army fought very fiercely and very aggressively to break out. Some distance away, Qutuz watched with his private legion. When Qutuz saw the left wing of the Mamluk army almost destroyed by the desperate Mongols seeking an escape route, he threw away his combat helmet, so that his warriors could recognize him and cried loudly three times "O Islam! O Allah grant your servant Qutuz a victory against these Mongols". He was seen the next moment rushing fiercely towards the battlefield yelling wa islamah! ("Oh my Islam"), urging his army to keep firm and advancing towards the weakened side, followed by his own unit. The Mongols were pushed back and fled to a vicinity of Beisan, followed by Qutuz's forces, but they managed to reorganize and to return to the battlefield, making a successful counterattack. However, the battle shifted toward the Mamluks, who now had both the geographic and psychological advantage, and some of the Mongols were eventually forced to retreat. Kitbuqa, with almost the rest of the Mongol army that had remained in the region, perished.

Aftermath
Hulagu Khan ordered the execution of the last Ayyubid emir of Aleppo and Damascus, An-Nasir Yusuf, and his brother, who were in captivity, after he heard the news of the defeat of the Mongol army at Ain Jalut. However, the Mamluks captured Damascus five days later after Ain Jalut, followed by Aleppo within a month.

On the way back to Cairo after the victory at Ain Jalut, Qutuz was assassinated by several emirs in a conspiracy led by Baibars. Baibars became the new Sultan. Local Ayyubid emirs sworn to the Mamluk sultanate subsequently defeated another Mongol force of 6,000 at Homs, which ended the first Mongol expedition into Syria. Baibars and his successors would go on to capture the last of the crusader states in the Holy Land by 1291.

Internecine conflict prevented Hulagu Khan from being able to bring his full power against the Mamluks to avenge the pivotal defeat at Ain Jalut. Berke Khan, the Khan of the Golden Horde to the north of Ilkhanate, had converted to Islam and watched with horror as his cousin destroyed the Abbasid Caliph, the spiritual and administrative center of Islam. The Muslim historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani quoted Berke as sending the following message to Mongke Khan, protesting the attack on Baghdad since he did not know that Mongke had died in China: "He (Hulagu) has sacked all the cities of the Muslims, and has brought about the death of the Caliph. With the help of God I will call him to account for so much innocent blood." The Mamluks, learning through spies that Berke was a Muslim and was not fond of his cousin, were careful to nourish their ties to him and his Khanate.

Later on, Hulagu was able to send only a small army of two tumens in his sole attempt to attack the Mamluks in Aleppo in December 1260. They were able to massacre a large number of Muslims in retaliation for the death of Kitbuqa, but after a fortnight could make no other progress and had to retreat.

After the Mongol succession was finally settled, with Kublai as the last Great Khan, Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262 and massed his armies to attack the Mamluks and avenge Ain Jalut. However, Berke Khan initiated a series of raids in force that lured Hulagu north, away from the Levant, to meet him. Hulagu suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus in 1263. That was the first open war among the Mongols and signaled the end of the unified empire. Hulagu Khan died in 1265 and was succeeded by his son Abaqa.

The Muslim Mamluks defeated the Mongols in all battles except one. Beside a victory to the Mamluks in Ain Jalut, the Mongols were defeated in the second Battle of Homs, Elbistan and Marj al-Saffar. After five battles with the Mamluks, the Mongols only won at the Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar. They never returned to Syria again.

Medieval
The large number of sources in vastly-different languages caused Mongol historians to have generally focused on one limited aspect of the empire. From that standpoint, the Battle of Ain Jalut has been represented by numerous academic and popular historians as an epochal battle. One that saw, for the first time, a Mongol advance that experienced their first major defeat and a permanent halt to forward movements.

According to Ahmad Yousef al-Hassan, Arabic military treatises of the 14th centuries state that the hand cannon was used by the Mamluk side in the Battle of Ain Jalut to frighten the Mongol armies, making it the earliest known battle for hand cannon being used. The compositions of the gunpowder used in the cannon were also given in those manuals. Hassan's claims are contradicted by other historians such as David Ayalon, Iqtidar Alam Khan, Joseph Needham, Tonio Andrade, and Gabor Ágoston. Khan argues that it was the Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world, and believes cannons only reached Mamluk Egypt in the 1370s. According to Needham, fire lances or proto-guns were known to Muslims by the late 13th century and early 14th century. However the term midfa, dated to textual sources from 1342 to 1352, cannot be proven to be true hand-guns or bombards, and contemporary accounts of a metal-barrel cannon in the Islamic world do not occur until 1365. Needham also concludes that in its original form the term midfa refers to the tube or cylinder of a naphtha projector (flamethrower), then after the invention of gunpowder it meant the tube of fire lances, and eventually it applied to the cylinder of hand-gun and cannon. Similarly, Andrade dates the textual appearance of cannon in middle eastern sources to the 1360s.

However, such claim contradicts other historians who claim hand cannons did not appear in the Middle East until the 14th century.

A recent study claims that the Mongol defeat was in part caused by a short term climate anomaly following the eruption of Samalas volcano a few years earlier, stating that "a return to warmer and dryer conditions in the summer of 1260 CE, [...] likely reduced the regional carrying capacity and may therefore have forced a mass withdrawal of the Mongols from the region that contributed to the Mamluks’ victory."

Modern
One of the three original brigades of the Palestine Liberation Army was named "Ain Jalut", after the battle. In July 1970, Yasser Arafat referred to the modern area in the context of the historical battle: "This will not be the first time that our people has vanquished its enemies. The Mongols came and swept away the Abbasid caliphate, then they came to Ain Jalut in our land – in the same region where we are today fighting the Zionists – and they were defeated at Ain Jalut."

title: Battle of Ain Jalut


text:
Talk:E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)

What's the value of this game
Value of game 71.72.27.166 (talk) 15:12, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Review
8.37.179.254 (talk) 18:03, 20 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Jeux & Stratégie #19

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Gaia (disambiguation)

Gaia (also spelled Gaea) is a primordial deity and the personification of the Earth in Greek mythology.

Gaia or Gaea may also refer to:

Environmentalism

 * Gaia hypothesis, concerns the stability of Earth's natural systems
 * Gaia philosophy, the concept that living organisms will improve their environment
 * Gaia, the Earth in Gaianism

Science and technology

 * Gaea (crater), crater on Amalthea, a moon of Jupiter
 * 1184 Gaea, a minor planet in the main asteroid belt
 * Gaia, an alternative name for the early Earth
 * Gaia spacecraft, European space mission launched in 2013
 * Gaia catalogues, several star catalogues
 * Gaia, the user interface of Firefox OS
 * GAIA, a profile and sign-in system in Google

Film and television

 * Gaia (Rome character), character in the historical-drama television series Rome (2005–2007)
 * Ultraman Gaia, a character in the tokusatsu television series of the same name (1998)
 * Gaea, a planet in the anime television series The Vision of Escaflowne (1996)
 * Gaia, a character in the drama television series Spartacus: Gods of the Arena (2011)
 * Gaia, the spirit of Earth in the animated television series Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990–1996)
 * Gaia, the spirit of Earth in the British TV series Edge of Darkness (1985)
 * Gaia (film), 2021 South African horror thriller film.

Video games

 * Game Artificial Intelligence with Agents, an engine in Outcast (1999)
 * GAIA, fictional highly advanced A.I. character in Horizon Zero Dawn (2017)
 * Gaia (Final Fantasy VII), a fictional world
 * Gaia, cancelled video game by Electronic Arts' Motive Studios

Places

 * Grantley Adams International Airport, Barbados
 * Vila Nova de Gaia, a city and municipality in northern Portugal
 * Gaia River, Romania
 * Gaia, a village in Murgași Commune, Dolj County, Romania
 * Gaià River, a river in Catalonia
 * Gaià, a village in Catalonia
 * Gaia (a.k.a. Sofia), one of the Echinades islands in the Ionian Sea
 * Gaia, a rock climbing route at Black Rocks (Derbyshire)

Literature

 * Gaea trilogy, a series of science-fiction novels (1979, 1980 and 1984) by John Varley
 * Gaia Gear, a series of five novels by Yoshiyuki Tomino
 * GAIA (journal), an academic journal concerned with environmental and sustainability problems
 * Gaia Moore, the heroine of the teen-novel series Fearless by Francine Pascal
 * Gaean Reach, a fictional region in space in works by Jack Vance
 * Gaea, an island in the young-adult novel The Arm of the Starfish (1965) by Madeleine L'Engle
 * Gaea, a character in the dystopian fiction novella Anthem (1937) by Ayn Rand
 * Gaea, a character in the fictional novel series The Heroes of Olympus (2010) by Rick Riordan
 * Gaia (a.k.a. gaiaphage), a supernatural creature in the novel series Gone by Michael Grant
 * Gaia Girls, an environmental fantasy children's book series by Lee Welles
 * Gaia, a fantasy comic by Oliver Knörzer and Puri Andini hosted on their Sandra and Woo website

Music

 * GAIA Chamber Music Festival, a music festival in Thun, Switzerland
 * SH-01 GAIA, a synthesizer manufactured by Roland Corporation
 * Gaia (band), a Dutch trance project started by Armin van Buuren

Albums

 * Gaia (2002), an album by the Japanese rock band Janne Da Arc
 * Gaia (1994), an EP by the Swedish metal band Tiamat
 * Gaia (Mägo de Oz album) (2003)
 * Gaia (Marilyn Crispell album) (1988)
 * Gaia: One Woman's Journey, a 1994 album by the Australian singer Olivia Newton-John
 * Gaia-Onbashira, a 1998 album by the Japanese New Age musician Kitarō
 * GAIA, a 2003 album by Alan Simon
 * GAIA, a 2020 album by Blank Banshee

Songs

 * "Gaia (The Vultures)", a song by God Forbid from Earthsblood (2009)
 * "Gaia", a song by In Hearts Wake from Earthwalker (2014)
 * "Gaia", a song by Peter Hammill from Fireships (1993)
 * "Gaia", a song by Kitarō from Gaia-Onbashira (1998)
 * "Gaia", a song by James Taylor from Hourglass (1997)
 * "Gaia", a song by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard from Omnium Gatherum (2022)
 * "Gaea", a song by Pentangle from So Early in the Spring (1989)
 * "Gaia", a song by Devin Townsend from Synchestra (2006)
 * "Gaia", a song by Valensia from Valensia (1993)
 * "Gaia", a song by Tiamat from Wildhoney (1994)

Organisations

 * Gaia (arts venue), an arts center in Havana, Cuba
 * Gaia Earth Sciences, an oilfield services company
 * Gaia, Inc., formerly Gaiam, an online video subscription service
 * Gaea Japan, a wrestling promotion that terminated in 2005
 * GAIA locomotive, a former Argentine locomotive builder
 * Gaia Movement USA, a USA-based charitable organization
 * Gaia Online, a social networking website
 * Gaia Trafikk, a former Norwegian company

Given name

 * Gaia (singer), Italian singer
 * Gaia (artist), American street artist
 * Gaea Schell, pianist/composer and singer
 * Gaia Germani (born 1942), Italian actress
 * Gaia Cauchi (born 2002), Maltese singer
 * Gaia Vince, British journalist, broadcaster and non-fiction author
 * Gaia Weiss (born 1991), French actress and model
 * Gaia Girace (born 2003), Italian actress

Surname

 * Brian Gaia (born 1994), American football player
 * Michele Gaia (born 1985), Italian cyclist
 * Santos Gaia (born 1978), Brazilian footballer

Other uses

 * Armin van Buuren (born 1976), DJ who uses the pseudonym Gaia
 * Gaia (chimpanzee), a chimpanzee
 * Toyota Gaia, a multi-purpose vehicle
 * Gaia the Fierce Knight, a card in Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game
 * Gaia, the spaceship from The Magellanic Cloud by Stanisław Lem
 * Gaia (Jerram), a 2018 installation artwork by Luke Jerram

title: Gaia (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Gaia (disambiguation)

Also...
Gaea is also the name of the world from which the Earth and moon can be seen in the sky in the Anime, Escaflowne.

Gaea
...is also a crater on the Jovian moon Amalthea, according to that article. I'm not sure whether this is a typo for Gaia, but if not, Gaea shouldn't redirect straight to Gaia. Marnanel 06:00, Apr 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Gaea is also a genus of moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) HKmoths (talk) 10:33, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Other uses of "Gaia" for this disambig
I've found one more usage: a 2000 short film. Apparently very unnotable. But if you've seen it and think it's notable enough, then by all means write an article and link it here. :-) • Benc • 09:43, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Also not notable, as decided on VfD: Gaia, the Croatian sci-fi club, and Global Artificial Intelligence Act. Please do not re-create these articles, unless you're prepared to write more than a stub and justify why they are, in fact, notable. • Benc • 00:48, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm not qualified to say it's notable, being a member, but there is also a Gaia Community in Kansas City. It is a Unitarian Universalist/neopagan congregation, so something of a unique entity, but may not rise to the standard of a full entry. Nae'blis 21:45:37, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

Telepathically connected
"It is society in which all animals, planets, and even inanimate matter are telepathically connected."

Whoa, the creatures are telepathically connected with the planet itself? Or should this just be "animals, plants, and even inanimate matter"? I don't know enough about the novel to know what the correct word is, but if someone here who's read it can tell me. . . 204.201.135.163 02:20, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Good catch. I clarified that sentence. (Side note/spoiler: the novel ends with the expansion of "Gaia" to include the entire galaxy — so planets would be part of the entity.) • Benc • 00:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Reorganization
An anonymous user recently reorganized the page to imply that the Ancinet Greeks derived their concept of Mother Earth from the work of Ken Wilbur. The reorganization implied that the use of Gaia in relationship to Gaia theory was the primary usage and that all others were less important secondary uses. I have changed the section related to Gaia theory to reflect the points below. If anyone feels that what I removed was, in light of the seven points above, was justifiably on the disambiguation page I welcome your comments. Please reply here and leave me a note on my talk page directing my attention to your response. WAvegetarian 22:12, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Point A. His name is Ken Wilber.
 * Point B. Since he currently alive, he would have to be thousands of years old to have influenced the Ancient Greeks. While some people's philosophical beliefs may allow for this possibility, I don't feel that we promote this POV on Wikipedia.
 * Point C. The article on Ken Wilber makes no mention of Gaia. (It is due to these first three points that I've removed all reference to Ken Wilbur.
 * Point D. "Gaia model of Gaia theory" seems to mean "The model of Gaia theory." It is redundant. That is why there is no article for Gaia model.
 * Point E. "Gaia model" turns up less than 500 relevant hits on Google. ("gaia model" -"Gaia model base" -"generic architecture for information availability" -"computer science" -"environmental information system" -"gaia project" -"francine pascal" -"toyota" -"gaia lista" -"gaia architects" -leblanc -"spatial demography" -"european space agency" -"ESA") These search terms result in 514 hits, which include references to the Mars Express Gaia solar array and Amaral Gaia, a model with the last name Gaia. Also note that "Gaia model" doesn't appear in the Gaia theory article.
 * Point F. "Gaia metaphor of Gaia philosophy" see Point D.
 * Point G. "Gaia metaphor" turns up just 258 hits on Google, of these only 93 are suitably distinct for google to display them and one is wholy unrelated (poetry portal). Note also that "Gaia metaphor" doesn't appear in the philosophy article.

Gaia Gear
Just so you know, there's a reason behind putting Gaia Gear where I did. Both Gaia Gear and the Gaia Gundam (both named after goddess of Earth, not each other) are from the Mobile Suit Gundam series. Gaia Gear was both written and takes place before the series in which the Gaia Gundam appears, Gundam SEED DESTINY, and therefore should be placed before it.

Age of Empires II
I added a point to the list, and then reformatted it to look more like the rest of the entries. Apologies for the double edit. :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.110.155.150 (talk) 20:34, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Greedy Gaia MF
If we search... or maybe in search… of WHAT?

The basics of Gaia have been explained a thousand fold times by all religions and by the thoughts of many philosophers. So why don’t we understand? Because of GREED! Why? The human greed is also the driving force behind human evolution. So when stop being greedy and start being a part of the whole? Here I could’ve tried to express my good thoughts on the subject, but listen to Neurosis instead and you will understand. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Larkar (talk • contribs) 02:04, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Why various media and not this non-fiction book?
99.109.126.11 (talk) 08:17, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * <>
 * Because there is no article about the book or significant discussion of it on Wikipedia. If the book is notable, and you are so inclined, you can write an article about it and then link to the article from this dab. Lambtron (talk) 14:31, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Ordinarily that would be true, however that option is not available to this IP at present because he is a block-evading WP:SOCK under a 1-year block for external link spamming. See User:Arthur Rubin/IP list NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 14:04, 10 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the tip, AR. Now it's clear that previous attempts to add this book to the dab were made by the same sp. Oh well, this option will be available if he should ever decide to go straight. update: I removed the link from the above heading per WP:MOSHEAD. Lambtron (talk) 17:23, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 9 December 2017

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved as proposed. Consensus is clear and based on a solid explanation of long-term significance. bd2412 T 04:33, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

– Gaia (mythology) seems the most likely primary topic based on enduring notability and educational value. – Sangdeboeuf (talk) 23:22, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Gaia → Gaia (disambiguation)
 * Gaia (mythology) → Gaia

 * Oppose – What is this weird concept of "the most likely primary topic" anyway? There's clearly no primarytopic here. Dicklyon (talk) 23:34, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Then why is there a link to Gaia (mythology) at the top of the page? —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 00:02, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support Gaia (mythology) is definitely the primary topic. It does not make any sense at all for Gaia to be a disambiguation page, since all the other items listed on this page lack enduring notability and are clearly named after the Greek goddess Gaia. If someone searches for "Gaia," the person is almost certainly looking for the Greek goddess. In fact, if you look at the article history, the first revision of this page was just a redirect to Gaia (mythology). --Katolophyromai (talk) 01:17, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support Per Katolophyromai's analysis, which I agree with.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 05:27, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support Clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC per long, long, long-term significance and |Gaea_(crater)|Gaia_(spacecraft)|Gaia_(Rome_character)|Gaia_(Havana) a huge lead in page views Ribbet32 (talk) 06:21, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose results in Gbooks are more to do with Gaia (hypothesis) than Gaia (goddess) In ictu oculi (talk) 11:28, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Except the Gaia hypothesis was named after, and heavily inspired by, the mythological goddess. One clearly predates the other in importance.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 16:56, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Authors and scholars on Google Books call it the Gaia hypothesis rather than plain Gaia. Gaia (hypothesis) didn't even exist as a redirect until you created it five hours ago Ribbet32 (talk) 17:02, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I would have suggested Gaia hypothesis as another likely search target, partly due to book search results, but it lags considerably behind Gaia (mythology) in |Gaia_hypothesis|Gaia_Online|Gaia_(Armin_van_Buuren_alias)|Gaia_(spacecraft)|Gala_Inc.|Gaia_philosophy|Gaia_Movement|Gaia_(Rome_character)|Gaianism page views and so, presumably, in search queries. In the relatively few cases where readers end up at the latter page when searching for the former, the hatnote I just added should be sufficient in getting them to the page they want. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 21:02, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per PRIMARYTOPIC: "A topic is primary for a term with respect to if it has substantially greater enduring notability and educational value than any other topic associated with that term", which seems clearly the case here. Paul August ☎ 19:34, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. It clearly dwarfs everything else on the dab page put together in terms of prominence, and most of the other dab entry names are derived from the goddess. —Xezbeth (talk) 22:08, 10 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. Gaia (mythology) has clear long-term significance for "Gaia", and  has shown that that page also clearly gets a vast majority of page views as well. Egsan Bacon (talk) 06:12, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Clear primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:12, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose.This seems a clear case of WP:NAMECHANGES. Current awareness of the term came through the medium of science fiction IMO, but it has obviously spread since then. The primary topic if there is one is certainly no longer the goddess, although it would have been once (but long before Wikipedia). Andrewa (talk) 01:40, 19 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Gaia (disambiguation)


text:
Antivirus software

Antivirus software (abbreviated to AV software), also known as anti-malware, is a computer program used to prevent, detect, and remove malware.

Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses, hence the name. However, with the proliferation of other malware, antivirus software started to protect against other computer threats. Some products also include protection from malicious URLs, spam, and phishing.

1949–1980 period (pre-antivirus days)
Although the roots of the computer virus date back as early as 1949, when the Hungarian scientist John von Neumann published the "Theory of self-reproducing automata", the first known computer virus appeared in 1971 and was dubbed the "Creeper virus". This computer virus infected Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC) PDP-10 mainframe computers running the TENEX operating system.

The Creeper virus was eventually deleted by a program created by Ray Tomlinson and known as "The Reaper". Some people consider "The Reaper" the first antivirus software ever written – it may be the case, but it is important to note that the Reaper was actually a virus itself specifically designed to remove the Creeper virus.

The Creeper virus was followed by several other viruses. The first known that appeared "in the wild" was "Elk Cloner", in 1981, which infected Apple II computers.

In 1983, the term "computer virus" was coined by Fred Cohen in one of the first ever published academic papers on computer viruses. Cohen used the term "computer virus" to describe programs that: "affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a (possibly evolved) copy of itself." (note that a more recent definition of computer virus has been given by the Hungarian security researcher Péter Szőr: "a code that recursively replicates a possibly evolved copy of itself").

The first IBM PC compatible "in the wild" computer virus, and one of the first real widespread infections, was "Brain" in 1986. From then, the number of viruses has grown exponentially. Most of the computer viruses written in the early and mid-1980s were limited to self-reproduction and had no specific damage routine built into the code. That changed when more and more programmers became acquainted with computer virus programming and created viruses that manipulated or even destroyed data on infected computers.

Before internet connectivity was widespread, computer viruses were typically spread by infected floppy disks. Antivirus software came into use, but was updated relatively infrequently. During this time, virus checkers essentially had to check executable files and the boot sectors of floppy disks and hard disks. However, as internet usage became common, viruses began to spread online.

1980–1990 period (early days)
There are competing claims for the innovator of the first antivirus product. Possibly, the first publicly documented removal of an "in the wild" computer virus (i.e. the "Vienna virus") was performed by Bernd Fix in 1987.

In 1987, Andreas Lüning and Kai Figge, who founded G Data Software in 1985, released their first antivirus product for the Atari ST platform. In 1987, the Ultimate Virus Killer (UVK) was also released. This was the de facto industry standard virus killer for the Atari ST and Atari Falcon, the last version of which (version 9.0) was released in April 2004. In 1987, in the United States, John McAfee founded the McAfee company (was part of Intel Security ) and, at the end of that year, he released the first version of VirusScan. Also in 1987 (in Czechoslovakia), Peter Paško, Rudolf Hrubý, and Miroslav Trnka created the first version of NOD antivirus.

In 1987, Fred Cohen wrote that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible computer viruses.

Finally, at the end of 1987, the first two heuristic antivirus utilities were released: Flushot Plus by Ross Greenberg  and Anti4us by Erwin Lanting. In his O'Reilly book, Malicious Mobile Code: Virus Protection for Windows, Roger Grimes described Flushot Plus as "the first holistic program to fight malicious mobile code (MMC)."

However, the kind of heuristic used by early AV engines was totally different from those used today. The first product with a heuristic engine resembling modern ones was F-PROT in 1991. Early heuristic engines were based on dividing the binary into different sections: data section, code section (in a legitimate binary, it usually starts always from the same location). Indeed, the initial viruses re-organized the layout of the sections, or overrode the initial portion of a section in order to jump to the very end of the file where malicious code was located—only going back to resume execution of the original code. This was a very specific pattern, not used at the time by any legitimate software, which represented an elegant heuristic to catch suspicious code. Other kinds of more advanced heuristics were later added, such as suspicious section names, incorrect header size, regular expressions, and partial pattern in-memory matching.

In 1988, the growth of antivirus companies continued. In Germany, Tjark Auerbach founded Avira (H+BEDV at the time) and released the first version of AntiVir (named "Luke Filewalker" at the time). In Bulgaria, Vesselin Bontchev released his first freeware antivirus program (he later joined FRISK Software). Also Frans Veldman released the first version of ThunderByte Antivirus, also known as TBAV (he sold his company to Norman Safeground in 1998). In Czechoslovakia, Pavel Baudiš and Eduard Kučera started avast! (at the time ALWIL Software) and released their first version of avast! antivirus. In June 1988, in South Korea, Ahn Cheol-Soo released its first antivirus software, called V1 (he founded AhnLab later in 1995). Finally, in autumn 1988, in the United Kingdom, Alan Solomon founded S&S International and created his Dr. Solomon's Anti-Virus Toolkit (although he launched it commercially only in 1991 – in 1998 Solomon's company was acquired by McAfee). In November 1988 a professor at the Panamerican University in Mexico City named Alejandro E. Carriles copyrighted the first antivirus software in Mexico under the name "Byte Matabichos" (Byte Bugkiller) to help solve the rampant virus infestation among students.

Also in 1988, a mailing list named VIRUS-L was started on the BITNET/EARN network where new viruses and the possibilities of detecting and eliminating viruses were discussed. Some members of this mailing list were: Alan Solomon, Eugene Kaspersky (Kaspersky Lab), Friðrik Skúlason (FRISK Software), John McAfee (McAfee), Luis Corrons (Panda Security), Mikko Hyppönen (F-Secure), Péter Szőr, Tjark Auerbach (Avira) and Vesselin Bontchev (FRISK Software).

In 1989, in Iceland, Friðrik Skúlason created the first version of F-PROT Anti-Virus (he founded FRISK Software only in 1993). Meanwhile, in the United States, Symantec (founded by Gary Hendrix in 1982) launched its first Symantec antivirus for Macintosh (SAM). SAM 2.0, released March 1990, incorporated technology allowing users to easily update SAM to intercept and eliminate new viruses, including many that didn't exist at the time of the program's release.

In the end of the 1980s, in United Kingdom, Jan Hruska and Peter Lammer founded the security firm Sophos and began producing their first antivirus and encryption products. In the same period, in Hungary, also VirusBuster was founded (which has recently being incorporated by Sophos).

1990–2000 period (emergence of the antivirus industry)
In 1990, in Spain, Mikel Urizarbarrena founded Panda Security (Panda Software at the time). In Hungary, the security researcher Péter Szőr released the first version of Pasteur antivirus. In Italy, Gianfranco Tonello created the first version of VirIT eXplorer antivirus, then founded TG Soft one year later.

In 1990, the Computer Antivirus Research Organization (CARO) was founded. In 1991, CARO released the "Virus Naming Scheme", originally written by Friðrik Skúlason and Vesselin Bontchev. Although this naming scheme is now outdated, it remains the only existing standard that most computer security companies and researchers ever attempted to adopt. CARO members includes: Alan Solomon, Costin Raiu, Dmitry Gryaznov, Eugene Kaspersky, Friðrik Skúlason, Igor Muttik, Mikko Hyppönen, Morton Swimmer, Nick FitzGerald, Padgett Peterson, Peter Ferrie, Righard Zwienenberg and Vesselin Bontchev.

In 1991, in the United States, Symantec released the first version of Norton AntiVirus. In the same year, in the Czech Republic, Jan Gritzbach and Tomáš Hofer founded AVG Technologies (Grisoft at the time), although they released the first version of their Anti-Virus Guard (AVG) only in 1992. On the other hand, in Finland, F-Secure (founded in 1988 by Petri Allas and Risto Siilasmaa – with the name of Data Fellows) released the first version of their antivirus product. F-Secure claims to be the first antivirus firm to establish a presence on the World Wide Web.

In 1991, the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research (EICAR) was founded to further antivirus research and improve development of antivirus software.

In 1992, in Russia, Igor Danilov released the first version of SpiderWeb, which later became Dr.Web.

In 1994, AV-TEST reported that there were 28,613 unique malware samples (based on MD5) in their database.

Over time other companies were founded. In 1996, in Romania, Bitdefender was founded and released the first version of Anti-Virus eXpert (AVX). In 1997, in Russia, Eugene Kaspersky and Natalya Kaspersky co-founded security firm Kaspersky Lab.

In 1996, there was also the first "in the wild" Linux virus, known as "Staog".

In 1999, AV-TEST reported that there were 98,428 unique malware samples (based on MD5) in their database.

2000–2005 period
In 2000, Rainer Link and Howard Fuhs started the first open source antivirus engine, called OpenAntivirus Project.

In 2001, Tomasz Kojm released the first version of ClamAV, the first ever open source antivirus engine to be commercialised. In 2007, ClamAV was bought by Sourcefire, which in turn was acquired by Cisco Systems in 2013.

In 2002, in United Kingdom, Morten Lund and Theis Søndergaard co-founded the antivirus firm BullGuard.

In 2005, AV-TEST reported that there were 333,425 unique malware samples (based on MD5) in their database.

2005–2014 period
In 2007, AV-TEST reported a number of 5,490,960 new unique malware samples (based on MD5) only for that year. In 2012 and 2013, antivirus firms reported a new malware samples range from 300,000 to over 500,000 per day.

Over the years it has become necessary for antivirus software to use several different strategies (e.g. specific email and network protection or low level modules) and detection algorithms, as well as to check an increasing variety of files, rather than just executables, for several reasons:
 * Powerful macros used in word processor applications, such as Microsoft Word, presented a risk. Virus writers could use the macros to write viruses embedded within documents. This meant that computers could now also be at risk from infection by opening documents with hidden attached macros.
 * The possibility of embedding executable objects inside otherwise non-executable file formats can make opening those files a risk.
 * Later email programs, in particular Microsoft's Outlook Express and Outlook, were vulnerable to viruses embedded in the email body itself. A user's computer could be infected by just opening or previewing a message.

In 2005, F-Secure was the first security firm that developed an Anti-Rootkit technology, called BlackLight.

Because most users are usually connected to the Internet on a continual basis, Jon Oberheide first proposed a Cloud-based antivirus design in 2008.

In February 2008 McAfee Labs added the industry-first cloud-based anti-malware functionality to VirusScan under the name Artemis. It was tested by AV-Comparatives in February 2008 and officially unveiled in August 2008 in McAfee VirusScan.

Cloud AV created problems for comparative testing of security software – part of the AV definitions was out of testers control (on constantly updated AV company servers) thus making results non-repeatable. As a result, Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organisation (AMTSO) started working on method of testing cloud products which was adopted on May 7, 2009.

In 2011, AVG introduced a similar cloud service, called Protective Cloud Technology.

2014–present: rise of next-gen, market consolidation
Following the 2013 release of the APT 1 report from Mandiant, the industry has seen a shift towards signature-less approaches to the problem capable of detecting and mitigating zero-day attacks. Numerous approaches to address these new forms of threats have appeared, including behavioral detection, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud-based file detonation. According to Gartner, it is expected the rise of new entrants, such Carbon Black, Cylance and Crowdstrike will force EPP incumbents into a new phase of innovation and acquisition. One method from Bromium involves micro-virtualization to protect desktops from malicious code execution initiated by the end user. Another approach from SentinelOne and Carbon Black focuses on behavioral detection by building a full context around every process execution path in real time, while Cylance leverages an artificial intelligence model based on machine learning. Increasingly, these signature-less approaches have been defined by the media and analyst firms as "next-generation" antivirus and are seeing rapid market adoption as certified antivirus replacement technologies by firms such as Coalfire and DirectDefense. In response, traditional antivirus vendors such as Trend Micro, Symantec and Sophos have responded by incorporating "next-gen" offerings into their portfolios as analyst firms such as Forrester and Gartner have called traditional signature-based antivirus "ineffective" and "outdated".

As of Windows 8, Windows includes its own free antivirus protection under the Windows Defender brand. Despite bad detection scores in its early days, AV-Test now certifies Defender as one of its top products. While it isn't publicly known how the inclusion of antivirus software in Windows affected antivirus sales, Google search traffic for antivirus has declined significantly since 2010.

Since 2016, there has been a notable amount of consolidation in the industry. Avast purchased AVG in 2016 for $1.3 billion. Avira was acquired by Norton owner Gen Digital (then NortonLifeLock) in 2020 for $360 million. In 2021, the Avira division of Gen Digital acquired BullGuard. The BullGuard brand was discontinued in 2022 and its customers were migrated to Norton. In 2022, Gen Digital acquired Avast, effectively consolidating four major antivirus brands under one owner.

Identification methods
In 1987, Frederick B. Cohen demonstrated that the algorithm which would be able to detect all possible viruses can't possibly exist (like the algorithm which determines whether or not the given program halts). However, using different layers of defense, a good detection rate may be achieved.

There are several methods which antivirus engines can use to identify malware:
 * Sandbox detection: a particular behavioural-based detection technique that, instead of detecting the behavioural fingerprint at run time, it executes the programs in a virtual environment, logging what actions the program performs. Depending on the actions logged which can include memory usage and network accesses, the antivirus engine can determine if the program is malicious or not. If not, then, the program is executed in the real environment. Although this technique has shown to be quite effective, given its heaviness and slowness, it is rarely used in end-user antivirus solutions.
 * Data mining techniques: one of the latest approaches applied in malware detection. Data mining and machine learning algorithms are used to try to classify the behaviour of a file (as either malicious or benign) given a series of file features, that are extracted from the file itself.

Signature-based detection
Traditional antivirus software relies heavily upon signatures to identify malware.

Substantially, when a malware sample arrives in the hands of an antivirus firm, it is analysed by malware researchers or by dynamic analysis systems. Then, once it is determined to be a malware, a proper signature of the file is extracted and added to the signatures database of the antivirus software.

Although the signature-based approach can effectively contain malware outbreaks, malware authors have tried to stay a step ahead of such software by writing "oligomorphic", "polymorphic" and, more recently, "metamorphic" viruses, which encrypt parts of themselves or otherwise modify themselves as a method of disguise, so as to not match virus signatures in the dictionary.

Heuristics
Many viruses start as a single infection and through either mutation or refinements by other attackers, can grow into dozens of slightly different strains, called variants. Generic detection refers to the detection and removal of multiple threats using a single virus definition.

For example, the Vundo trojan has several family members, depending on the antivirus vendor's classification. Symantec classifies members of the Vundo family into two distinct categories, Trojan.Vundo and Trojan.Vundo.B.

While it may be advantageous to identify a specific virus, it can be quicker to detect a virus family through a generic signature or through an inexact match to an existing signature. Virus researchers find common areas that all viruses in a family share uniquely and can thus create a single generic signature. These signatures often contain non-contiguous code, using wildcard characters where differences lie. These wildcards allow the scanner to detect viruses even if they are padded with extra, meaningless code. A detection that uses this method is said to be "heuristic detection".

Rootkit detection
Anti-virus software can attempt to scan for rootkits. A rootkit is a type of malware designed to gain administrative-level control over a computer system without being detected. Rootkits can change how the operating system functions and in some cases can tamper with the anti-virus program and render it ineffective. Rootkits are also difficult to remove, in some cases requiring a complete re-installation of the operating system.

Real-time protection
Real-time protection, on-access scanning, background guard, resident shield, autoprotect, and other synonyms refer to the automatic protection provided by most antivirus, anti-spyware, and other anti-malware programs. This monitors computer systems for suspicious activity such as computer viruses, spyware, adware, and other malicious objects. Real-time protection detects threats in opened files and scans apps in real-time as they are installed on the device. When inserting a CD, opening an email, or browsing the web, or when a file already on the computer is opened or executed.

Unexpected renewal costs
Some commercial antivirus software end-user license agreements include a clause that the subscription will be automatically renewed, and the purchaser's credit card automatically billed, at the renewal time without explicit approval. For example, McAfee requires users to unsubscribe at least 60 days before the expiration of the present subscription while Bitdefender sends notifications to unsubscribe 30 days before the renewal. Norton AntiVirus also renews subscriptions automatically by default.

Rogue security applications
Some apparent antivirus programs are actually malware masquerading as legitimate software, such as WinFixer, MS Antivirus, and Mac Defender.

Problems caused by false positives
A "false positive" or "false alarm" is when antivirus software identifies a non-malicious file as malware. When this happens, it can cause serious problems. For example, if an antivirus program is configured to immediately delete or quarantine infected files, as is common on Microsoft Windows antivirus applications, a false positive in an essential file can render the Windows operating system or some applications unusable. Recovering from such damage to critical software infrastructure incurs technical support costs and businesses can be forced to close whilst remedial action is undertaken.

Examples of serious false-positives:

 * May 2007: a faulty virus signature issued by Symantec mistakenly removed essential operating system files, leaving thousands of PCs unable to boot.
 * May 2007: the executable file required by Pegasus Mail on Windows was falsely detected by Norton AntiVirus as being a Trojan and it was automatically removed, preventing Pegasus Mail from running. Norton AntiVirus had falsely identified three releases of Pegasus Mail as malware, and would delete the Pegasus Mail installer file when that happened. In response to this Pegasus Mail stated:
 * On the basis that Norton/Symantec has done this for every one of the last three releases of Pegasus Mail, we can only condemn this product as too flawed to use, and recommend in the strongest terms that our users cease using it in favour of alternative, less buggy anti-virus packages.

 * April 2010: McAfee VirusScan detected svchost.exe, a normal Windows binary, as a virus on machines running Windows XP with Service Pack 3, causing a reboot loop and loss of all network access.
 * December 2010: a faulty update on the AVG anti-virus suite damaged 64-bit versions of Windows 7, rendering it unable to boot, due to an endless boot loop created.
 * October 2011: Microsoft Security Essentials (MSE) removed the Google Chrome web browser, rival to Microsoft's own Internet Explorer. MSE flagged Chrome as a Zbot banking trojan.
 * September 2012: Sophos' anti-virus suite identified various update-mechanisms, including its own, as malware. If it was configured to automatically delete detected files, Sophos Antivirus could render itself unable to update, required manual intervention to fix the problem.
 * September 2017: the Google Play Protect anti-virus started identifying Motorola's Moto G4 Bluetooth application as malware, causing Bluetooth functionality to become disabled.
 * September 2022: Microsoft Defender flagged all Chromium based web browsers and Electron based apps like WhatsApp, Discord, Spotify as a severe threat.

System and interoperability related issues
Running (the real-time protection of) multiple antivirus programs concurrently can degrade performance and create conflicts. However, using a concept called multiscanning, several companies (including G Data Software and Microsoft ) have created applications which can run multiple engines concurrently.

It is sometimes necessary to temporarily disable virus protection when installing major updates such as Windows Service Packs or updating graphics card drivers. Active antivirus protection may partially or completely prevent the installation of a major update. Anti-virus software can cause problems during the installation of an operating system upgrade, e.g. when upgrading to a newer version of Windows "in place"—without erasing the previous version of Windows. Microsoft recommends that anti-virus software be disabled to avoid conflicts with the upgrade installation process. Active anti-virus software can also interfere with a firmware update process.

The functionality of a few computer programs can be hampered by active anti-virus software. For example, TrueCrypt, a disk encryption program, states on its troubleshooting page that anti-virus programs can conflict with TrueCrypt and cause it to malfunction or operate very slowly. Anti-virus software can impair the performance and stability of games running in the Steam platform.

Support issues also exist around antivirus application interoperability with common solutions like SSL VPN remote access and network access control products. These technology solutions often have policy assessment applications that require an up-to-date antivirus to be installed and running. If the antivirus application is not recognized by the policy assessment, whether because the antivirus application has been updated or because it is not part of the policy assessment library, the user will be unable to connect.

Effectiveness
Studies in December 2007 showed that the effectiveness of antivirus software had decreased in the previous year, particularly against unknown or zero day attacks. The computer magazine c't found that detection rates for these threats had dropped from 40 to 50% in 2006 to 20–30% in 2007. At that time, the only exception was the NOD32 antivirus, which managed a detection rate of 68%. According to the ZeuS tracker website the average detection rate for all variants of the well-known ZeuS trojan is as low as 40%.

The problem is magnified by the changing intent of virus authors. Some years ago it was obvious when a virus infection was present. At the time, viruses were written by amateurs and exhibited destructive behavior or pop-ups. Modern viruses are often written by professionals, financed by criminal organizations.

In 2008, Eva Chen, CEO of Trend Micro, stated that the anti-virus industry has over-hyped how effective its products are—and so has been misleading customers—for years.

Independent testing on all the major virus scanners consistently shows that none provides 100% virus detection. The best ones provided as high as 99.9% detection for simulated real-world situations, while the lowest provided 91.1% in tests conducted in August 2013. Many virus scanners produce false positive results as well, identifying benign files as malware.

Although methods may differ, some notable independent quality testing agencies include AV-Comparatives, ICSA Labs, SE Labs, West Coast Labs, Virus Bulletin, AV-TEST and other members of the Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organization.

New viruses
Anti-virus programs are not always effective against new viruses, even those that use non-signature-based methods that should detect new viruses. The reason for this is that the virus designers test their new viruses on the major anti-virus applications to make sure that they are not detected before releasing them into the wild.

Some new viruses, particularly ransomware, use polymorphic code to avoid detection by virus scanners. Jerome Segura, a security analyst with ParetoLogic, explained:

It's something that they miss a lot of the time because this type of [ransomware virus] comes from sites that use a polymorphism, which means they basically randomize the file they send you and it gets by well-known antivirus products very easily. I've seen people firsthand getting infected, having all the pop-ups and yet they have antivirus software running and it's not detecting anything. It actually can be pretty hard to get rid of, as well, and you're never really sure if it's really gone. When we see something like that usually we advise to reinstall the operating system or reinstall backups.

A proof of concept virus has used the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to avoid detection from anti-virus software. The potential success of this involves bypassing the CPU in order to make it much harder for security researchers to analyse the inner workings of such malware.

Rootkits
Detecting rootkits is a major challenge for anti-virus programs. Rootkits have full administrative access to the computer and are invisible to users and hidden from the list of running processes in the task manager. Rootkits can modify the inner workings of the operating system and tamper with antivirus programs.

Damaged files
If a file has been infected by a computer virus, anti-virus software will attempt to remove the virus code from the file during disinfection, but it is not always able to restore the file to its undamaged state. In such circumstances, damaged files can only be restored from existing backups or shadow copies (this is also true for ransomware ); installed software that is damaged requires re-installation (however, see System File Checker).

Firmware infections
Any writeable firmware in the computer can be infected by malicious code. This is a major concern, as an infected BIOS could require the actual BIOS chip to be replaced to ensure the malicious code is completely removed. Anti-virus software is not effective at protecting firmware and the motherboard BIOS from infection. In 2014, security researchers discovered that USB devices contain writeable firmware which can be modified with malicious code (dubbed "BadUSB"), which anti-virus software cannot detect or prevent. The malicious code can run undetected on the computer and could even infect the operating system prior to it booting up.

Performance and other drawbacks
Antivirus software has some drawbacks, first of which that it can impact a computer's performance.

Furthermore, inexperienced users can be lulled into a false sense of security when using the computer, considering their computers to be invulnerable, and may have problems understanding the prompts and decisions that antivirus software presents them with. An incorrect decision may lead to a security breach. If the antivirus software employs heuristic detection, it must be fine-tuned to minimize misidentifying harmless software as malicious (false positive).

Antivirus software itself usually runs at the highly trusted kernel level of the operating system to allow it access to all the potential malicious process and files, creating a potential avenue of attack. The US National Security Agency (NSA) and the UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) intelligence agencies, respectively, have been exploiting anti-virus software to spy on users. Anti-virus software has highly privileged and trusted access to the underlying operating system, which makes it a much more appealing target for remote attacks. Additionally anti-virus software is "years behind security-conscious client-side applications like browsers or document readers. It means that Acrobat Reader, Microsoft Word or Google Chrome are harder to exploit than 90 percent of the anti-virus products out there", according to Joxean Koret, a researcher with Coseinc, a Singapore-based information security consultancy.

Alternative solutions

Antivirus software running on individual computers is the most common method employed of guarding against malware, but it is not the only solution. Other solutions can also be employed by users, including Unified Threat Management (UTM), hardware and network firewalls, Cloud-based antivirus and online scanners.

Hardware and network firewall
Network firewalls prevent unknown programs and processes from accessing the system. However, they are not antivirus systems and make no attempt to identify or remove anything. They may protect against infection from outside the protected computer or network, and limit the activity of any malicious software which is present by blocking incoming or outgoing requests on certain TCP/IP ports. A firewall is designed to deal with broader system threats that come from network connections into the system and is not an alternative to a virus protection system.

Cloud antivirus
Cloud antivirus is a technology that uses lightweight agent software on the protected computer, while offloading the majority of data analysis to the provider's infrastructure.

One approach to implementing cloud antivirus involves scanning suspicious files using multiple antivirus engines. This approach was proposed by an early implementation of the cloud antivirus concept called CloudAV. CloudAV was designed to send programs or documents to a network cloud where multiple antivirus and behavioral detection programs are used simultaneously in order to improve detection rates. Parallel scanning of files using potentially incompatible antivirus scanners is achieved by spawning a virtual machine per detection engine and therefore eliminating any possible issues. CloudAV can also perform "retrospective detection", whereby the cloud detection engine rescans all files in its file access history when a new threat is identified thus improving new threat detection speed. Finally, CloudAV is a solution for effective virus scanning on devices that lack the computing power to perform the scans themselves.

Some examples of cloud anti-virus products are Panda Cloud Antivirus and Immunet. Comodo Group has also produced cloud-based anti-virus.

Online scanning
Some antivirus vendors maintain websites with free online scanning capability of the entire computer, critical areas only, local disks, folders or files. Periodic online scanning is a good idea for those that run antivirus applications on their computers because those applications are frequently slow to catch threats. One of the first things that malicious software does in an attack is disable any existing antivirus software and sometimes the only way to know of an attack is by turning to an online resource that is not installed on the infected computer.

Specialized tools

Virus removal tools are available to help remove stubborn infections or a certain type of infection. Examples include Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool, Sophos Scan & Clean, and Kaspersky Virus Removal Tool. It is also worth noting that sometimes antivirus software can produce a false-positive result, indicating an infection where there is none.

A rescue disk that is bootable, such as a CD or USB storage device, can be used to run antivirus software outside of the installed operating system in order to remove infections while they are dormant. A bootable rescue disk can be useful when, for example, the installed operating system is no longer bootable or has malware that is resisting all attempts to be removed by the installed antivirus software. Examples of software that can be used on a bootable rescue disk include the Trend Micro Rescue Disk, Kaspersky Rescue Disk, and Comodo Rescue Disk. Most of the rescue disk software can also be installed onto a USB storage device that is bootable on newer computers.

Usage and risks
According to an FBI survey, major businesses lose $12 million annually dealing with virus incidents. A survey by Symantec in 2009 found that a third of small to medium-sized business did not use antivirus protection at that time, whereas more than 80% of home users had some kind of antivirus installed. According to a sociological survey conducted by G Data Software in 2010 49% of women did not use any antivirus program at all.

title: Antivirus software


text:
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title: User:Patrick/test1


text:
Greater scaup

The greater scaup (Aythya marila), just scaup in Europe or, colloquially, "bluebill" in North America, is a mid-sized diving duck, larger than the closely related lesser scaup. It spends the summer months breeding in Alaska, northern Canada, Siberia, and the northernmost reaches of Europe. During the winter, it migrates south to the coasts of North America, Europe, and Japan.

Drake greater scaup are larger and have more rounded heads than the females; they have a bright blue bill and yellow eyes. Their heads are dark, with a green gloss; the breast is black, the belly white, and the wing shows a white stripe. The females are mostly brown, again with white on the wing. They have dull blue bills and white on the face.

Greater scaup nest near water, typically on islands in northern lakes or on floating mats of vegetation. They begin breeding at age two, but start building nests in the first year. The drakes have a complex courtship, which takes place on the return migration to the summer breeding grounds and concludes with the formation of monogamous pairs. Females lay a clutch of six to nine olive-buff-colored eggs. The eggs hatch in 24 to 28 days. The down-covered ducklings are able to follow their mother in her search for food immediately after hatching.

Greater scaup eat aquatic molluscs, plants, and insects, which they obtain by diving underwater to depths of 23 feet. They form large groups, called "rafts", that can number in the thousands. Their main threat is human development, although they are preyed upon by owls, skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, and humans. Greater scaup populations have been declining since the 1980s; however, they are still listed as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List.

Taxonomy
The greater scaup was formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1761 under the binomial name Anas marila. The type locality is Lapland. The species is now placed in the genus Aythya that was introduced for the greater scaup by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822.

The genus name Aythya is derived from the Ancient Greek aithuia which refers to a seabird mentioned by Aristotle and others and is thought to refer to a duck, auklet or other seabird. The species name marila is from the Greek word for charcoal embers or coal dust.

At least two subspecies of Greater scaup are recognized. The nominate A. m. marila is found from northern Europe to east Siberia, west of the Lena river. The birds in North America are considered a separate subspecies A. m. nearctica , and are distinguishable from those in Europe by a typically higher forehead, and the male having stronger vermiculations on the mantle and scapulars. Additionally, there is less extensive white on the primary feathers than marila. Greater Scaup of East Asia (east of the Lena River towards the Bering Sea) are intermediate between the two subspecies and sometimes lumped with either race or a distinct subspecies A. m. mariloides, though the latter name has been deemed invalid as it was first used to describe the Lesser Scaup A. affinis. Based on size differences, a Pleistocene paleosubspecies, Aythya marila asphaltica, has also been described by Serebrovskij in 1941 from fossils recovered at Binagady, Azerbaijan. The greater scaup's name may come from "scalp", a Scottish and Northern English word for a shellfish bed, or from the duck's mating call: "scaup scaup".

A phylogenetic analysis of the diving ducks, examining the skeletal anatomy and skin, found that the greater and lesser scaups are each other's closest relatives, with the tufted duck as the next closest relative of the pair.

Description
The adult greater scaup is 39 – long with a 71 – wingspan and a body mass of 726 - 1360 g. It has a blue bill and yellow eyes and is 20% heavier and 10% longer than the closely related lesser scaup. The male has a dark head with a green sheen, a black breast, a light back, a black tail, and a white underside. The drake or male greater scaup is larger and has a more rounded head than the female. The drake's belly and flanks are a bright white. Its neck, breast, and tail feathers are a glossy black, while its lower flanks are vermiculated gray. The upper wing has a white stripe starting as the speculum and extending along the flight feathers to the wingtip. Legs and feet of both sexes are gray.

The adult female has a brown body and head, with white wing markings similar to those of the male but slightly duller. It has a white band and brown oval shaped patches at the base of the bill, which is a slightly duller shade of blue than the drake's. Juvenile greater scaup look similar to adult females. The greater scaup drake's eclipse plumage looks similar to its breeding plumage, except the pale parts of the plumage are a buffy gray.

Distinguishing greater from lesser scaups can be difficult in the field. The head of the greater tends to be more rounded, and the white wing stripe is more extensive. The bill is also tends to be larger and wider, often with a large black nail at the tip. The North American subspecies nearctica typically has a higher forehead and reduced white on the wings, intermediate between the European marila and Lesser Scaup.

Distribution and habitat
The greater scaup has a circumpolar distribution, breeding within the Arctic Circle both in the Old World (the Palearctic) and in North America (the Nearctic). It spends the summer months in Alaska, Siberia, and the northern parts of Europe. It is also found in Asia and is present in the Aleutian Islands year round. The summer habitat is marshy lowland tundra and islands in fresh water lakes. In the fall, greater scaup populations start their migration south for the winter. They winter along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America, the coasts of northwest Europe, the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the coast of Japan, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. During the winter months, they are found in coastal bays, estuaries, and sometimes inland lakes, such as the lakes of Central Europe and the Great Lakes.

In Europe, the greater scaup breeds in Iceland, the northern coasts of the Scandinavian peninsula, including much of the northern parts of the Baltic Sea, the higher mountains of Scandinavia and the areas close to the Arctic Sea in Russia. These birds spend the winters in the British Isles, western Norway, the southern tip of Sweden, the coast from Brittany to Poland, including all of Denmark, the Alps, the eastern Adriatic Sea, the northern and western Black sea and the southwestern Caspian Sea.

In North America, the greater scaup summers in Newfoundland and Labrador, Ungava Bay, Hudson Bay, Lake Winnipeg, northern Yukon, northern Manitoba, and northern Saskatchewan. It winters along the coasts of North America from northern British Columbia south to the Baja Peninsula and from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick south to Florida, as well as the shores of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico.

Breeding
Greater scaup breed in the tundra and the boreal forest; it is estimated that 75% of the North American population breed in Alaska. They typically nest on islands in large northern lakes. Greater scaup begin breeding when they are two years old, although they may start nesting at age one. Drake greater scaup have a soft, quick whistle they use to attract the attention of hens during courtship, which takes place from late winter to early spring, on the way back to their northern breeding grounds. Female greater scaup have a single pitch, a raspy “arrr-arrr-arrr-arrr-arrr” vocalization. The courtship is complex and results in the formation of monogamous pairs.

Pairs nest in close proximity to each other in large colonies, usually near water, on an island or shoreline, or on a raft of floating vegetation. The nest consists of a shallow depression made by the female and lined with her down. After the female lays the eggs, the drake abandons the female and goes with other drakes to a large, isolated lake to molt. These lakes can be close to the breeding grounds or miles away. The lakes chosen are used yearly by the same ducks. The optimal molting lake is fairly shallow and has an abundance of food sources and cover.

The female lays six to nine olive-buff-colored eggs, which she incubates for 24–28 days. A larger clutch could indicate brood parasitism by other greater scaups or even ducks of other species. Newly hatched chicks are covered with down and are soon able to walk, swim, and feed themselves; however, they are not able to fly until 40–45 days after hatching. The vulnerable small chicks follow their mother, who protects them from predators.

Feeding
The greater scaup dive to obtain food, which they eat on the surface. They mainly eat molluscs, aquatic plants, and aquatic insects. During the summer months, the greater scaup will eat small aquatic crustaceans. There is a report of four greater scaups in April near Chicago swallowing hibernating leopard frogs (a species with a body length about 5 centimetres, or 2.0 in), which they dredged out of a roadside freshwater pond. In freshwater ecosystems, the greater scaup will eat seeds, leaves, stems and roots, along with sedges, pondweeds, muskgrass, and wild celery. Owing to the greater scaup's webbed feet and weight, it can dive up to 6 m and stay submerged for up to a minute, allowing it to reach food sources that are unobtainable to other diving ducks.

Threats
Common predators of the greater scaup are owls, skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, and humans. Greater scaup often find themselves entangled in fishing nets, thus large numbers of them drown in nets each year. Greater scaup can catch avian influenza, so future outbreaks have the potential to threaten greater scaup populations.

Although the greater scaup faces numerous threats, the most significant challenge to their survival is habitat degradation caused by a mix of human development and runoff. Greater scaup, when moulting and during the winter, are threatened by escalated levels of organochloride contaminants. Oil and sewage pollution also threaten this duck. Since 80% of the greater scaup population winters in the urbanized part of the Atlantic Flyway, these ducks are subject to high levels of organic contaminates, along with increased levels of heavy metals in foods and habitat.

A joint group of American and Canadian scientists researching scaup migration across the Great Lakes found that 100% of female greater scaup, and 77% of female lesser scaup, had escalated levels of selenium in their bodies. Selenium is an occurring semimetallic trace element that occurs naturally in some soils and minute amounts are necessary for animal life. However excessive selenium can cause reproductive harm and is highly toxic. On their migration across the Great Lakes, greater scaups are at risk of ingesting selenium by eating the invasive zebra mussels, which can render a hen infertile. This sterilization of hens is causing the population to decrease.

In a study of 107 scaup, they all had traces of iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, cadmium, cobalt and nickel in their tissue samples with varying concentrations of metals in different types of tissues. Further analysis revealed that the kidneys had the highest levels of cadmium, the liver had the highest levels of copper and manganese, the liver and the stomach had the highest levels of zinc, and the lungs and liver had the highest levels of iron. There was no difference in concentration when comparing genders.

Conservation
Greater scaup are rated as a species of least concern by the IUCN Redlist. During aerial population surveys greater and lesser scaup are counted together, because they look almost identical from the air. It was estimated that the greater scaup made up about 11% of the continental scaup population. Since the 1980s, scaup populations have been steadily decreasing. Some of the primary factors contributing to this decline are habitat loss, contaminants, changes in breeding habitat, and a lower female survival rate. The 2010 American scaup population survey was 4.2 million scaup, however, the worldwide greater scaup population survey estimated 1,200,000 to 1,400,000 mature greater scaup. Along with the aerial population surveys, there is a banding program for the greater scaup. Metal leg bands are placed on them, so that if the scaup is killed by a hunter or if it is captured by another banding group, the number on the band can be reported to biologists and wildlife organizations. These banding programs yield valuable data about migration patterns, harvest rates, and survival rates.

Human interactions
Greater scaup are a popular game bird in North America and Europe. They are hunted in Denmark, Germany, Greece, France, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, and in Iran for both sport and commercial reasons. Greater scaup are hunted with shotguns because they must be shot on the fly, a challenging task, as they can fly at up to 121 km/h. Greater scaup are hunted from shorelines and in open water hunting blinds or layout boats, low-profile kayak-like boats that hunters lie inside. Hunters frequently use decoys to attract the birds, often arranged to simulate a raft of greater scaup and featuring an open area to attract the birds to land.

title: Greater scaup


text:
Talk:Rainham, London/Archive 1

Good Article Status Discussion
I think this is a nice, concise, and interesting article. The only issue I see for GA, is that the Lead paragraph could be longer. See Lead section for suggestions. Is it possible to photograph one of the pre-historic sites? It's not necessary, but given the amount of text devoted to that topic, a picture would be a nice addition (assuming of course there's anything to photograph.) Appraiser 20:33, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I expanded the introduction slightly, I don't know if anyone wants to refine it further or if it'll do for good article status. Oh, and to be honest I don't think there's much prehistory to photograph. The book I used to source the info had some photos but they weren't good quality and I don't think it would be fair use to use them. Max naylor 11:22, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Need a source for the 30,000. MRSC • Talk 12:19, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The 30,000 was made up some time ago. I added it when I first came to Wikipedia, I was told it in a geography lesson. Using the National Statistics from to 2001 census, I found out the actual population of Rainham and Wennington and added to the article with a reference. Max naylor 12:33, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That's great. MRSC • Talk 16:42, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

I have e-mailed the person in charge of the RainhamWeb website, linked at the bottom of article, to see if we can use some of the pictures on the site. I don't know if the guy running the site owns the copyright, but he might be able to help us illustrate the article a little more. Max naylor 12:36, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Could the references have a last access date? It would neaten it up a bit. RHB 16:39, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

GAC

 * 1) Well-written:
 * 2) Factually accurate:
 * 3) Broad:
 * 4) Neutrally written:
 * 5) Stable:
 * 6) Well-referenced:
 * 7) Images:

Images- we start off with a dot next to a splotch in the infobox, I suppose that the splotch is London, but it's hard to tell. From there we go to a gallery(!) of broken images.

Well-referenced- the history section has no references besides the name references until the 20th century, with statements such as "hinted at" and "it is now believed".

Broad- other than the history, there is very little about Rainham. You have some discussion of the various railways and subways that go there, but not much else. What is in Rainham? A few offices and 12000 people, and that's all?

Overall, this article is B-class, but needs some work to get to GA. I see that it's now up for peer review, so I hope that goes well for you. --PresN 04:23, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As of 20/02/07, I have renominated the article for GA status as I have improved the article with a gallery of self-taken photographs, a 'demographics' and 'future' section. Please reconsider the prior decision. Max Naylor 14:41, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

GA Review (2nd nom)
I have unfortunately had to fail this article. From the look of the above, it has improved over the last nomination. Unfortunately, the article has referencing issues that I cannot overlook. The history section is almost entirely unreferenced. Please see WP:CITE and WP:ATT and WP:CITET for more information and help in fixing this problem. If these issues can be fixed, this article can and should be renominated, as it passes all other aspects of Good Article Criteria as listed at WP:WIAGA. --Jayron32| talk | contribs 04:08, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * OK. Some additional help in citing the history section.  Since the history section is cited from a single source, here is how I would recommend you cite it.  Using the citation template  found at WP:CITET cite each paragraph or fact you wish to cite to the appropriate pages of the book in question.  Thus, your text would look something like this:

 * Rainham is the coolest place in the world. It was founded in 123 AD by monks. In 1997, it held a really large party attended by the Queen.

 * See, you cite the book for each fact (once at the end of each paragraph is fine) that way we know that each paragraph is in fact referenced to an appropriate source. Since it is a book, you can make each reference unique by citing the page numbers.  The problem with NOT referencing each paragraph is it is impossible to tell whether the information is in the prior source, the last source, or entirely unsourced.  An alternate way to do it is to use the ref name= tag, which will group the references into the same footnote.  That would work like this:

 * Rainham is the coolest place in the world. It was founded in 123 AD by monks. In 1997, it held a really large party attended by the Queen.

 * What that will do is put multiple references to the same footnote. Notice that I left off the pages since we are now simply referencing the whole book in multiple places. A third option is to direct footnote the websites and harvard reference (in footnote style with ref tags) the book.  Look at today's featured article Cricket World Cup which does this VERY well.  Any of those 3 options would work very well.  Once that is done, renominate it again, and someone (me even, if you let me know) will review it again.  --Jayron32| talk | contribs  22:39, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Headings
Who keeps changing the headings to non-standard Wikipedia headings? What is the reason? Please refer to the style guide before making further changes. Max Naylor 21:03, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Third GAC nomination
Third time lucky! I’ve now increased the amount of references in the history section after a short trip to the library, and the article is now punctuated with images. Hopefully it will pass this time! Max Naylor 15:33, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

GA comment
All inline citations go directly after the punctuation. --Nehrams2020 07:03, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

GA review
The article is well written and will pass once the following have been fixed:
 * Please provide a Fair Use Rationale for the Rainham Casino image. ✅ Max Naylor 08:08, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The every paragraph in the History section needs at least one citation.
 * There is an overuse of wikilinking throughout the article. Links to common words like food, pebbles, glass, schoolchildren etc. should be removed.
 * Can anymore be added to the history section on the 17th to 19th centuries?
 * All sources of history information have been exhausted, unfortunately. Max Naylor 08:08, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The years in the History section should either all be linked or all be unlinked. ✅ Max Naylor 08:08, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It should be made clearer what product is made by Tilda Rice (I assume it's rice). ✅ Max Naylor 08:08, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Lists are discouraged in town articles. The list of schools should be made into prose, with maybe a brief description of each of the secondary schools.
 * The phrase "dumping ground" should be replaced by something more encyclopedic
 * Any suggestions? Max Naylor 08:08, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The Commerce section could be renamed Economy, and could incorporate the Future section.
 * I’m not sure about this; the information in the future section is not really relevant to Rainham’s economy. Max Naylor 08:08, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Are there any sports teams, museums, landmarks, etc. which could make up a Culture section?
 * Unfortunately there aren’t really any sports teams, and the closest thing to a museum is Rainham Library. Max Naylor 08:08, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Let me know once these have been fixed or if you disagree with any. The article's GA review will be placed on hold for a maximum of seven days. Thanks. Epbr123 10:34, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Just the citations, lists and overlinking to sort out. Epbr123 13:26, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I have to fail the article. The seven days have now passed and not all the problems have been fixed. Epbr123 19:00, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Education
In other areas the education section has been combined on the borough article (an example is Barking). Perhaps that could be done for Rainham/Havering. This will eliminate the lists from this article. MRSC • Talk 22:46, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I've created a full list on the boro' article (from the Havering education site). I tend to prefer to see it under one place, but if there are notable local schools, then they should perhaps also be mentioned in this article. If they are notable, then more important to create articles for them. Kbthompson 10:39, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Dumping ground
I saw a report on BBC London News where the local councillor said he felt Rainham was getting a bad deal from the London Riverside plans. I think the 'dumping ground' comment is more to do with Frog Island, London and a plan to build a site at Rainham that would process waste from a possible terrorist attack. The 'terror tip' as James Brokenshire MP calls it. MRSC • Talk 22:55, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Economy section
“High profile retailer Ambience”? I don’t think this is correct. I’m removing this bit from the article unless a verifiable source is found. Max Naylor 13:34, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

GA review (again)
One last go through to check the references, then I believe this could go forward for GA again. That would cover all the issues from the previous one. GA can be a bit of a moving target, but should pass. Kbthompson (talk) 11:14, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rainham, London/Archive 1