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St. Mary's College of Maryland

St. Mary's College of Maryland (SMCM) is a public liberal arts college in St. Mary's City, Maryland. Established in 1840, St. Mary's College is an honors college that claims to "offer an experience similar to that of an elite liberal arts college". With about 1,600 enrolled students, the institution offers bachelor's degrees in 21 disciplines, as well as a master's program and certification programs.

The college shares much of its campus with Historic St. Mary's City, the site of Maryland's first colony and capital. It is also the site of the fourth colony in British North America. The Historical Archaeology Field School is jointly operated by St. Mary's College of Maryland and Historic St. Mary's City. The campus and the rest of St. Mary's City combined are considered to be one of the premier archaeological sites in the United States.

History
St. Mary's College of Maryland is located on the original site of Maryland's first colony, St. Mary's City, which was also the first capital of Maryland and is considered to be the birthplace of religious freedom in America.

Colonial St. Mary's City was actually only a town and at its peak had between 500 and 600 residents. However, as the colony quickly expanded and settlements spread throughout the Eastern part of what is now Maryland, the town remained the capital and representatives would travel from all over the colony to participate in the Maryland General Assembly, the colony's first legislative body.

The Colony was founded under a mandate by the colonial proprietor, Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore of England, that the new settlers engage in religious tolerance of each other. The first settlers were both Protestant and Catholic during a time of persecution of Catholics. This mandate was unprecedented at the time, as England had been wracked by religious conflict for centuries.

The college is secular and has been since it was started in 1840. Its name St. Mary's commemorates Maryland's first colony, "St. Mary's City", which once stood where the college stands now. It has been coeducational since 1949.

Academics
St. Mary's College offers 21 majors (with 5 additional in development), 29 minors, seven pre-professional programs and it has a master's program in education. It is a public honors college, one of only two such colleges in the United States. As such, it maintains a core honors-level curriculum that all of its students, regardless of major, must complete.

The college underwent its first ever large-scale program review or program prioritization process in February 2021, resulting in the discontinuation of several majors and minors.

It has an 81% overall graduation rate (including longer than four years). The college has a 70% four-year graduation rate, the highest of any public institution in Maryland and third highest in the United States among public colleges. 69% of students pursue dual concurrent degrees or dual minors, which may take longer than four years, in some cases. 10% of students transfer from St. Mary's College to other institutions and 83% of students enroll for a second year.

79% of students are receiving financial aid, with 66% of students receiving grants or scholarships.

The school is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society.

Tuition
According to the Maryland Higher Education Commission, St. Mary's College, despite being a public institution, competes mostly with elite private colleges. The commission reported in 2014 that the cost of obtaining a degree at St. Mary's College is $30,000 less when compared to the average costs of the elite private colleges that it competes with.

Campus

Accreditation and charter
The college is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

Although it is a state-operated institution, St. Mary's is independent of the University System of Maryland as it opted out of the system in 1992. However, in early 2006, St. Mary's College joined the University of Maryland Academic Telecommunications System (UMATS), which interconnects the University System of Maryland with several other networks, including the Internet and Internet2 networks.

Administration
St. Mary's College's president, Tuajuanda Jordan, was appointed in 2014. She is the former dean of two other colleges and holds a PhD in biochemistry. She is the first black woman to become the president of St. Mary's College.

The school has 150 full-time faculty, 14 of whom are current Fulbright scholars (the college faculty has earned 30 Fulbright research awards in the past 20 years). There is a 9:1 student-to-faculty ratio, one of the lowest in the nation.

Overseas programs

Approximately 46% of St. Mary's College students study abroad, half of them for a full semester or more. The Institute of International Education has recognized St. Mary's College as being 17th in the nation (public and private schools combined) for the percentage of its undergraduate students who study abroad for at least one semester.

Music
The Fiske Guide to Colleges ranked St. Mary's College as one of the best small universities/colleges in the U.S. for music study since 2003, and was the only public liberal arts college listed. St. Mary's College removed the music major in 2021, however, and added a new Performing Arts major.

Fulbright program
St. Mary's College has had many students and faculty win Fulbright awards. In the 2009–2010 academic year, the college had the second highest number of student Fulbright winners of any public liberal arts college in the nation.

In the 2011–2012 academic year, the college had the third highest number of faculty Fulbright winners in the United States among public and private baccalaureate colleges (undergraduate colleges).

Leadership development programs
There are many opportunities for leadership development on campus, including positions as a resident assistant (RA), as an orientation leader (OL), on the school's student Judicial Board, as a Multicultural Academic Peer Program (MAPP) mentor, within the active Student Government Association (SGA), and among the various programs boards.

General student services

 * Academic counseling service
 * Career counseling service
 * Employment search services for students
 * Navigator programs, in all departments (guidance, support and advocacy in staying on track academically)
 * Emerging Scholars Programs (ESP)s in science, technology, engineering, math and computer science
 * Psychological counseling and life counseling (confidential, available through health center)
 * Support groups (confidential, sponsored by health center)
 * St. Mary's College Office of Financial Aid, assistance in accessing financial assistance for tuition and living expenses

Racial diversity
As of Fall 2020, 27% of the students are "students of color", including 10% "African American". The college has a history of seeking to improve its racial diversity, as white students have been a large majority of the enrollment over the last few decades.

Historical studies

Since 1840, the school has been charged by the state in various capacities in researching, interpreting and memorializing Maryland history at the site of Maryland's first colony and capitol, St. Mary's City, Maryland, which is also where the college is located.

Historical Archaeology Field School
In this capacity St. Mary's College of Maryland, in partnership with Historic St. Mary's City, also runs the Historical Archaeology Field School which is an internationally recognized institution. The field school has worked on over 300 archaeological dig sites in the St. Mary's City area over the last 40 years.

School's inspirational historic grounding
This research also includes a special focus and draws inspiration from local milestone historical events related to the struggle for establishment of democracy in Maryland, in many of its aspects, including:

 * The early development of representative legislature in Maryland.
 * The struggle for the establishment of religious freedom in America.
 * The beginnings of the quest for women's suffrage in America.
 * The struggle for minority rights in America.
 * The beginnings of freedom of the press in the Southern colonies.

The Center for the Study of Democracy

The Center for the Study of Democracy is an interdisciplinary joint initiative of St. Mary's College of Maryland and Historic St. Mary's City.

It explores historical and contemporary issues related to democracy and also provides presentations by government officials and other leaders from both developed and developing countries and notable scholars.

Colonial St. Mary's City, which was on the site where St. Mary's College of Maryland is located today, was a place where struggles over "Liberty of conscience" in religion, representative political practices, freedom of the press, and minority rights all came to the fore at various times. Utilizing early Maryland as a case study in "emerging democracy", the foundation works to apply the lessons of the region's history to a domestic and international discussion of democracy's role in the modern world. The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) We the People initiative awarded the center a $500,000 challenge grant in September 2004.

The James P. Muldoon River Center
The James P. Muldoon River Center is a biological research center located along the Saint Mary's River. The center administers the Saint Mary's River Project and the university's geothermal operations.

The Slackwater Center
The Slackwater Center studies the current events, culture and history of St. Mary's County and other rural Chesapeake bay and Southern Maryland communities. Its focus is interdisciplinary and it studies the region from both an historical and contemporary point of view.

The center studies, records and documents as well as interprets and reports on current and historical life in Chesapeake Bay communities. The center also has a public education mission. Students engage in historical research and historical interpretation as well as documenting oral histories of living residents. The center utilizes interdisciplinary collaboration and also fosters public education and debate.

It also publishes the Slackwater Journal and maintains an extensive archive.

The center's mission statement says: "We aim to offer a closer look at the rich and complicated legacies of the past, at the social and environmental challenges facing the present, and at our collective visions for the future."

Slackwater Archives
Preservational and curatorial roles are also played by the Slackwater Center, primarily through the Slackwater Archives and the Slackwater Southern Maryland Documentation Project.

The mission of the archives includes preserving, transcribing, analyzing and interpreting:

 * Southern Maryland Documentation Project (The only work and collection of its kind in the region that includes extensive oral histories of the region, preserving local history and documenting community issues still unfolding as current events in Southern Maryland).

The project includes:

 * Oral folk life (folk culture) and oral history interviews of the people of St. Mary's County, Maryland and other Southern Maryland communities. Includes an oral history collection of more than 2,000 folk life and oral life history taped & transcribed interviews, documenting the traditional Chesapeake Bay Tidewater cultures of Southern Maryland.
 * Oral histories documenting the transition to modern St. Mary's County. Uses oral histories of key historical witnesses and participants to document St. Mary's County's transition to its modern era.
 * The Slackwater Journal. The archive is also a repository for issues of the Slackwater Journal, which has articles and interviews about the history, culture and people of Southern Maryland, past and present.
 * St. Mary's College of Maryland oral histories. Documents the growth and history of St. Mary's College of Maryland.

Historic St. Mary's City Commission
Historic St. Mary's City, which sits next to the college, is a State-run archaeological research, historical research, preservation and interpretation center and an indoor and outdoor museum complex. The area managed by the commission also includes a reconstructed colonial town and sailing ship, located on the historic site of Maryland's first colony.

St. Mary's College and Historic St. Mary's City jointly coordinate programs of study in archaeology, history, museum studies, African American studies, political science and theater. This includes both classroom and also hands-on opportunities in archaeological excavations, museums, and historic interpretation work.

The commission and its grounds are considered to be is a major center for colonial archaeological research and historical research in the United States. There have been over 200 archaeological digs in St. Mary's City worked on by the school over the last 30 years.

All St. Mary's Students may also attend St. Mary's City's public access historical sites and all of its museums for free, year round.

The Maryland Heritage Project
The Maryland Heritage Project is also a collaboration between St. Mary's College of Maryland and Historic St. Mary's City. It focuses on the reconstruction of colonial buildings in the Historic St. Mary's City living history area, ongoing development of St. Mary's museum exhibits, and also indoor and outdoor historic interpretation.

This involves ongoing projects in archaeological research (including working on active archaeological excavations), historical research as well as management, preservation and analysis and interpretation of period artifacts and documents. The project also provides hands-on as well as classroom studies in archaeology, anthropology, democracy studies, history, international languages and cultures, and museum studies.

The Historical Archaeology Field School
St. Mary's College of Maryland and Historic St. Mary's Commission also jointly run the Historical Archaeology Field School every summer. It hosts collection-based courses, beginner to advanced level archaeological field training and also summer institutes. The school is attended by students from all over the United States and other countries as well. Many of its graduates now hold prominent positions in the field.

The students not only study, but also work in many of the active archaeological dig sites in St. Mary's City. Providing extensive hands-on experience, the school teaches all aspects of professional archaeological work, including working in real archaeological digs, analyzing and conserving artifacts, as well as cataloging, archiving, and related historical research. The school has been in existence for more than 40 years.

St. Mary's College Archives

 * Southern Maryland Collection: The St. Mary's archives maintains the largest photographic print and audiovisual collection on the history and folk life of the Southern Maryland region.
 * History of St. Mary's City Collection: It also maintains an extensive collection on the history of St. Mary's City, Maryland, the first colony of Maryland, and the birthplace of religious freedom. Includes materials on St. Mary's City's precolonial (Native American), colonial, antebellum (slavery era), American Civil War and 20th century history.

Other institutions
St. Mary's Baltimore Hall Library subscribes to 1,000 periodicals in print and has access to around 20,000 in electronic format. Furthermore, the school participates in the consortium of Maryland public colleges and universities (USMAI), through which library materials from 15 other institutes in the University of Maryland System are accessible.

The New Leadership for the Chesapeake program trains students' in environmental leadership and advocacy as it relates to the Chesapeake Bay. In addition to leadership and advocacy training, classes and field work also focus on the biological and resource management issues affecting the Bay. The program leads to a certificate.

A summer program that brings together notable authors, writers and educators to foster writers of novels, poetry and other venues. Workshops in writing, classes, lectures, mentoring by notable authors and faculty; creative nonfiction, fiction and poetry are offered.

The Rising Tide is the journal of educational studies written by student interns and faculty of the Master of Education program at St. Mary's College of Maryland, named after the adage "A rising tide lifts all boats."

Arts and culture and the Boyden Gallery
St. Mary's College students receive training in curation, planning and design of gallery exhibitions and special programs at the Boyden Gallery. Starting in 2014 the Boyden Gallery and the St. Mary's College of Maryland Masters in Teaching program entered into a partnership with St. Mary's County schools to foster and display works by promising local students. The program involved St. Mary's College of Maryland faculty and students in working with talented local young artists. The program also sponsored a professionally juried competition and a special yearly exhibitions.

Athletics

St. Mary's College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Seahawks are a member of the United East Conference. Prior to July 2021, the Seahawks belonged to the Coast to Coast Athletic Conference.

Between 2006 and 2020, at least 48% of Seahawk student-athletes were named to the Capital Athletic Conference's All-Academic team.

St. Mary's College's mascot is the Seahawk, which is a nickname for the osprey. These birds are native to St. Mary's City and are often seen diving from great heights into St. John's Pond, in order to catch fish. The St. Mary's College Seahawk mascot is named Solomon.

Student life
The student-to-faculty ratio is 9:. this is one of the lowest student faculty ratios for a public college in the United States, and among the lowest when compared to private colleges.

Housing
Approximately 1,600 students live on campus and in traditional-style residence halls, and about 300 students commute.

On campus living includes dorms, suites, apartments, and townhouses. Within the residences there are four living-learning centers on campus: an International Languages & Cultures (ILC) House; a Women In Science House (WISH); a Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies (WGSX) House and an Eco-House. Furthermore, there are Substance and Alcohol Free Environment (SAFE) suites and apartments on campus, as well as part of a residence hall. Other students join the IBA.

The majority of the on-campus student population lives in traditional college dormitories, group suite apartments and townhouses; 85% of students live on campus.

St. Mary's College does not have any social sororities or fraternities. Instead, part of its student residences run on a house system. Each house has its own educational theme, so residents may form community around shared interests.

Campus residence houses include:
 * International Languages & Cultures (ILC) House
 * Women In Science House (WISH)
 * Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies (WGSX) House
 * Eco-House
 * Furthermore, there are Substance and Alcohol-Free Environment (SAFE) suites and apartments on campus, as well as part of a residence hall.
 * Open Housing, for transgender and nonbinary students, and other students not wishing to live in same-sex or same-gender dorm housing.

Student participation in governance
St. Mary's College of Maryland has an active Student Government Association (SGA). The SGA charters clubs, promotes campus events and activities, works closely with the administration to help guide student-related policy, and works to promote student engagement in campus life through representation and programming. Senators, elected by the student body, represent constituents divided by housing (or commuters). The executive board (President, Vice President, Treasurer, etc.) are also elected by the student body.

The Student Trustee, a voting member of the board of trustees, and an ex officio member of the SGA, is chosen from among the students to act as a direct link between the student body and the board of trustees. Aside from the Student Trustee position, students also participate in numerous other committees with faculty and other members of the administration.

Honors organizations

 * Alpha Kappa Delta (sociology)
 * Beta Beta Beta (biology)
 * Omicron Delta Epsilon (economics)
 * Omicron Delta Kappa
 * Phi Alpha Theta (history)
 * Phi Beta Kappa (national)
 * Pi Sigma Alpha (political science)
 * Psi Chi (psychology)
 * Sigma Pi Sigma (physics)
 * Sigma Tau Delta (English)

Student clubs
St. Mary's College hosts more than 100 student-run, SGA-sponsored clubs.
 * Academic clubs – Asian Studies Club, Economics Club, History Club, Math Club, Philosophy Club, Physics Club, Sign Language Club, Sociology/Anthropology Club
 * Activity clubs – Academic Team, Billiards Club, Dance Club, Heroscape Club, Take One Improv, Whitewater Club
 * Advisory clubs – Pre-Law Advisory Network (PLAN), Student Education Association, St. Mary's Advising Students in Health
 * Club Sports – Club Soccer, Equestrian Club, Fencing Club, Women's Rugby, Men's Rugby, Climbing Club, Off-Shore Sailing Club, Softball Club, Windsurfing Club, St. Mary's Ultimate (Frisbee) Team, Hawkettes (dance team), Wrestling
 * Interest clubs – Anime Club, Camera Club, Community Garden Club, Computer/Linux Club, Fine Arts Club, Gaming Club, Global Justice League, International Club, Magic: The Gathering, Meditation Club, Outdoor Adventure Club, Out of State Club, Parking Club, SafeRide, Student Environmental Action Coalition, St. Mary's American Chemical Society, Tolkien Society, We Love the Co-Op, World of Warcraft, Women in Science House Club, Youth Alliance for the Revival of Needlework
 * Musical clubs – Crazy Pianos, Gospel Choir, Interchorus (all-gender a cappella), SMC-men (men's a cappella), The Nightingales - "TNA" (women's a cappella), Sextets (women's a cappella)
 * Political clubs – College Democrats, College Republicans
 * Publications – Avatar (literary magazine), The Dove (yearbook)
 * Religious clubs – Hillel, InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, Newman Society,  Quaker Society
 * Service clubs – Circle K, For Goodness Sake, Habitat for Humanity, Relay For Life, Rotaract, Sister to Sister, Global Justice League, Amnesty International club
 * Social Engagement Clubs – Black Student Union (BSU), Feminists United for Sexual Equality (FUSE),  National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), Raices Hispanas, St. Mary's Triangle and Rainbow Society (S.T.A.R.S.)
 * Media Board – The HAWK Radio (radio) and The Point News (college newspaper)

Campus traditions

• Signing of the book: New students attend a convocation ceremony at the State House of 1634 in Historic St. Mary's City. Afterwards, students are invited to sign the President's book.

• Hallowed-Greens, which takes place on a weekend near Halloween, is an annual all-student costume event.

• Mardi-Greens, occurs the weekend near Mardi Gras, is an annual all-student celebration.

• Nudi-Greens, occurs towards the end of April or early May, is an all-student ABC celebration for Spring.

• The Great Bamboo Boat Race takes place during Homecoming/Parent's Weekend. Teams must make a boat entirely out of materials provided for them (bamboo, sheet plastic, twine, and duct tape) and race it in a small loop on the St. Mary's River by the college boathouse and docks. The bamboo is harvested from the campus bamboo forest, where it is considered an invasive species. There are cash prizes for the winners. This event replaced The Great Cardboard Boat Race (an earlier incarnation using cardboard instead of bamboo) in 2010.

• World Carnival Weekend takes place late in the Spring semester. Clubs across campus are invited to participate in this event which celebrates diversity in music, food, and culture.

• The Frisbee Golf Dorchester Open is held in the Spring (held for 37 consecutive years, a big alumni event, current students play as well).

• Midnight breakfast is held during finals week each semester. Admission is free, and many students participate in karaoke during the night.

• Black Student Union Fashion Show: is held yearly.

• River Concert series: During the summer months the college hosts an event attended by thousands of people each year.

• The Dance Club holds a Dance Show once per semester.

• The Christmas in April Auction is an annual fund-raiser in which students, faculty, and staff bid for humorous items such as singing telegrams or cooked dinners from the Admissions staff.

• Polar Bear Splash: an annual effort to raise awareness for Global Warming. More than one hundred students take a swim in the freezing St. Mary's River during this mid-winter event.

• Shoe Tree: For a lot of students, throwing a pair of shoes or flip-flops tied together into the shoe tree marks a memorable "first time" on the college campus—i.e. losing one's virginity.

• Natty Boh Hunt: On Easter, the upperclassmen prepare the Natty Boh Hunt by buying large quantities of National Bohemian and spray painting them and hiding them all around campus for the freshmen to find.

• Wednesday night Hide-A-Keg: On balmy Wednesday nights, a keg would be hidden somewhere on campus. First observed in 1988, the hunt would start (for both students and campus security) with a ringing of the bell. This tradition is no longer practiced, as kegs were banned on campus in the interest of student safety.

• Friction Fest: Every April the SMCM Rock Climbing Club sponsors a huge Bouldering (rock climbing) competition called "Friction Fest" which is free and open to both students, staff, faculty, community and the local Navy Base members.

Seven Wonders
The Seven Wonders are seven notable campus landmarks. New students are inducted into the traditions of SMCM by orientation leaders in a tour of the Seven Wonders during orientation and it is a graduation tradition for the departing class to tour the seven wonders and recount stories the evening before graduation. Thus a student's time at SMCM begins and ends with tours of the Seven Wonders.

The seven "wonders" are:
 * 1) The Shoe Tree (see above)
 * 2) The Bell Tower
 * 3) A clearing on St. John's Pond on the Side of Queen Ann (see above)
 * 4) Maryland Freedom of Conscience Statue on Route 5 (a.k.a. The Naked Man)
 * 5) Garden of Remembrance Fountain
 * 6) "Hidden" Grave
 * 7) Church Point

Sustainability

The college runs a composting system to handle the majority of its biodegradable waste. St. Mary's College is transitioning to 100% environmentally responsible Green Seal certified cleaning products.

Goodpaster Hall, an academic building devoted to chemistry, psychology, and educational studies that opened in January 2008, was built to a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating of Silver, and is one of few "green" buildings in the state of Maryland.

St. Mary's College's groundskeeping crews implement sustainable practices, including protecting the St. Mary's River by developing green buffer areas, creating green spaces and wildlife habitat, using integrated pest management and minimizing synthetic fertilizers. SMCM has applied to the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program.

St. Mary's College is expanding its recycling and composting programs. Student volunteers have been collecting recyclable and compostable material from the residences. Compostable bins will soon be available all across campus.

Energy conservation
By upgrading fixtures, adjusting campus facilities operations and raising the campus community awareness about wasteful energy usage, St. Mary's College is making progress in using energy more efficiently, containing energy expenditures and reducing its impact on the environment.

St. Mary's College students voted to create a Green Energy Fund by raising student fees $25 per year. The purpose of the Green Energy Fund is to purchase Renewable Energy Credits to offset 100% of the college's electricity use and fund renewable energy projects on campus. St. Mary's College received the 2008 EPA Green Power Leadership Club award for their efforts.

Notable alumni

 * Kay Aldridge 1934, actor and model
 * Ramtin Arablouei, co-host/co-producer of the NPR podcast Throughline
 * Alan Bean, astronaut and artist, took art classes at SMCM while attending the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School
 * Emily Clayton Bishop 1900, sculptor
 * Brian Boyle 2010, triathlete and motivational speaker
 * Maria Briscoe Croker 1891, first poet laureate of Maryland
 * Julie Croteau 1993, first woman to play and coach men's NCAA baseball
 * Lettie Marshall Dent Gough 1911, first female superintendent of schools in Maryland
 * E-Dubble, 2005, Rap/hip-hop artist
 * Dan Engelstad, head coach Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers men's basketball
 * Tom Everhart, artist
 * David Fraser-Hidalgo 1992, Maryland House of Delegates, District 15, Montgomery County
 * Rosewell Hobart Graves 1853, Medical and Christian Missionary
 * Jean Tenney Gray 1934 (JC), Women's National Archery Champion 1937 and 1938, member of American Archer Hall of Fame
 * Ryan Grim, journalist
 * Cora B. Key 1906, psychology researcher and scholar
 * Quentin Hillsman, head women's college basketball coach for the Syracuse Orange
 * Neil Irwin, senior economics correspondent for The New York Times
 * Jesse Kirkland, Olympic Men's Sailing 49er representing Bermuda in 2012
 * Bruce Merritt 1984, Olympic sprint canoeist
 * Lenny Rudow, 1990, journalist, author, and mid-Atlantic fishing expert
 * Anna Ranta, professor of neurology in New Zealand
 * Brandon Scott, 2006, Mayor of Baltimore
 * John F. Slade III 1967, Associate Judge, 4th District Court of Maryland; Maryland House of Delegates District 29C, St. Mary's and Calvert Counties, elected in 1982.
 * Paul Reed Smith, luthier, founder of PRS Guitars
 * Scott Steele 1981, Olympic silver medal winner, windsurfing
 * Ashani Weeraratna, cancer researcher
 * Robert White (Washington, D.C., politician), 2004, at-large member of the Council of the District of Columbia, candidate for Mayor of the District of Columbia in the 2022 Washington, D.C., mayoral election

title: St. Mary's College of Maryland


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Sodipodi

Sodipodi is a free and open-source vector graphics editor, superseded since 2003 by Inkscape, an independent Sodipodi fork.

Development
Sodipodi started as a fork of Gill (abbreviated from "GNOME" and "illustration"), a vector-graphics program written by Raph Levien. The main author is, a son of the famous Estonian writer and poet Jaan Kaplinski, and later there was several other people contributed to the project.

Sodipodi means "mish mash" or "hodgepodge" in Estonian child-speak.

The primary design goal of Sodipodi was to produce a usable vector graphics editor, and a drawing tool for artists. Although it used SVG as its native file format (including some extensions to hold metadata), it was not intended to be a full implementation of the SVG standard. Sodipodi imports and exports plain SVG data, and can also export raster graphics in PNG format. The user interface of Sodipodi is a Controlled Single Document Interface (CSDI) similar to GIMP.

Sodipodi was developed for Linux and Microsoft Windows. The last stable version is  released on February 11th 2004. Released under the GNU General Public License, Sodipodi is free software.

Even though there are no new releases since 2004, Lauris Kaplinski continued development of Sodipodi for years in a minor way, mostly contributing code refactoring and bug fixes. The latest commit for the  branch was pushed on September 12th 2023.

Derivatives
Sodipodi started a collection of SVG clip art containing symbols and flags from around the world. This work helped inspire the Open Clip Art Library.

In 2003 a group of Sodipodi developers decided to improve Sodipodi with different goals, including redesigning the interface and closer compliance with the SVG standard. Initial idea was to create separate Sodipody Hydra branch, planned to be merged into , but as it was difficult to make such a merge developers later decided to create an independent fork and named it Inkscape.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sodipodi


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Vitaliano Brancati

Vitaliano Brancati (24 July 1907 – 25 September 1954) was an Italian novelist, dramatist, poet and screenwriter.

Biography
Born in Pachino, Syracuse, Brancati studied in Catania, where he graduated in letters and where he spent most of his life. While he started writing at a young age and at 25 years old he was already the author of six books, which were largely influenced by fascist ideals and which were later rejected by the same Brancati, critics tend to set the starting point of his career in 1935, when he released the collection of short stories In search of a cause. Brancati got his first and probably major success in 1941, with the novel Don Giovanni in Sicilia, a vibrant and humorous portrait of the Sicilian temperament.

In 1944 he wrote the novel Gli anni perduti ("The Lost Years"), a bold satire of Benito Mussolini's megalomania, and in 1946 Vecchio con gli stivali ("Old Man in Boots"), a satirical short story inspired by the vicissitudes of the Italian fascism which won the Vendemmia Award and which was adapted into a successful film, Difficult Years by Luigi Zampa. In 1950 he won the Bagutta Prize with one another well-known novel, Il bell'Antonio ("The Handsome Antonio"). He was one of the contributors of a cultural magazine, Omnibus.

He died in a clinic in Turin after a major surgery. He was married to actress Anna Proclemer and the couple had a daughter together.

Novels and short stories

 * Don Giovanni in Sicilia (1941), adapted into the film internationally released as Don Juan in Sicily (1967)
 * Gli anni perduti (1944) (The Lost Years (1992), trans. Patrick Creagh)
 * Il bell'Antonio (1949) (Antonio: The Great Lover (1952), Beautiful Antonio (1993), trans. Patrick Creagh); adapted into the film Il bell'Antonio (1960)
 * Vecchio con gli stivali (1946), a short story, adapted into the film Anni difficili (Difficult Years) (1948)

Screenplays

 * La bella addormentata (Sleeping Beauty) (1942)
 * Don Cesare di Bazan (1942)
 * Gelosia (Jealousy) (1942)
 * Signori, in carrozza! (Rome-Paris-Rome) (1951)
 * È più facile che un cammello... (His Last Twelve Hours) (1951)
 * Anni facili (Easy Years) (1953)
 * L'arte di arrangiarsi (The Art of Getting Along) (1954)
 * Paolo il caldo (Hot Paolo) (1955)

title: Vitaliano Brancati


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for investigation/Archives/2003/08 (195.92.168.169)

195.xxx is adding POV content to Irish Republican Army and Provisional Irish Republican Army among others -- Jim Regan 23:21, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * It is Jimregan who has POV problems re Irish Republican Army and Provisional Irish Republican Army. 'Terrorist' is simply too narrow a descriptor and is very loaded. I wonder what 'among others' might refer to Jim? - 195.92.168.169
 * "Among others" means I don't wish to simply quote your list of contributions; as to POV, it is stating a POV to change "terrorist" to something neutral; we are discussing people who have murdered civilians. -- Jim Regan 23:35, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * 'it is stating a POV to change XXXXXXX to something neutral'. You have damned yourself out of you own mouth by equating neutral with a POV.
 * Please sign your comments, instructions are available at the top of this page. As for that comment, I misrepresented myself; the way 195... changed terrorist to something he/she viewed as neutral was POV. In any case a neutral term does not always equal a neutral POV, especially not in this case, when we are talking about a terrorist/whatever neutral term you wish to employ type of group -- Jim Regan 00:03, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Your argument is simply a child-like 'it just is' - 195.92.168.169.
 * That wasn't my intent - to rephrase, the use of neutral terms does not make for neutral point of view; your changing "terrorist" to the, as you would have it, neutral term "paramilitary" gives the implication that all of the IRA/whatever splinter group's activities are legitimate, thereby changing the tone of the article to somewhat sympathetic. If you were to add a sentence like "The IRA are viewed by their supporters as a legitimate paramilitary group", or if not their supporters, whatever other group whose views you can provide. The important part is that it be an attributed view; as is, the terrorist description should stay, as it is accurate, but you can provide alternate views to dispute it. -- Jim Regan 22:26, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * From WordNet: terrorist: a radical who employs terror as a political weapon
 * If you wish to change the use of this term in reference to the IRA or any of its splinter groups, please feel free to give evidence of how their actions do not fit under that description. -- Jim Regan 23:42, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Terrorist is a POV label if it does not cover the full gamut of their operations (against military, police, economic targets) and their giving of warnings for civilians to clear the area (however bungled at times). Terrorism is violence directed at civilians, so it is not an adequate descriptor. I'm English and I can see that! - 195.92.168.169.
 * Fine, describe their other activities. Add a note describing how a minority view them as folk heroes. Paramilitary doesn't cut it as a description though; if it threatens like a terrorist, and lays bombs like a terrorist, I'd be inclined to believe it is a terrorist. The definition I gave is pretty simple, pretty widely accepted, and your list of other activities does nothing to dispute terrorist behaviour; giving warning for civilians tends towards the rule, not the exception. -- Jim Regan 00:03, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Jim, I have already described activities (eg: attacking military bases) that are obviously guerrilla in character. If you are going to sum them up as terrorist then that is plain inaccurate and reflects badly on your sense of neutrality, which seem to be determined by your own personal lack of approval - 195.92.168.169.
 * Against military targets, fine; if their activities were restricted to military targets. Attacking police and economic targets are generally considered terrorist acts. Considered as a whole their activities are terrorist; that you consider the whole of their activities legitimised by a subset reflects badly on your neutrality. -- Jim Regan 22:26, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * This does not appear to be technically "vandalism" -- 195 maybe if you had a face (a pseudoname) demonstrating your intention to stay and resolve issues with civility, then we can proceed to making the article express all appropriate points of view. -戴&#30505sv 00:26, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)
 * I will think about it Stevertigo. Trying to cut down surfing at present!
 * I do think 195 and Jim both have points, and I think also that this is more of a partisan debate than a question of vandalism. I think the intentions are good on both sides.  Koyaanis Qatsi 00:41, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * (1) terrorist is the agreed wiki term to be used to describe movements such as the IRA. (2) While this user is not a vandal, he has been adding in some lines that conflict with NPOV and which for that reason, not because of a political agenda, have been removed, and will continue to be removed by Irish and non-Irish wikipedians alike. In particular, calling Northern Ireland the six counties is a no-no, yet this user consistently adds it in. For those who may not know, Northern Ireland has a number of alternative unofficial names used by either community but not acceptable to both. The terms are deeply POV hence their non-use on wiki. They include six counties & twenty-six counties - 195.92.168.169's preferred terminology exclusively used by Irish republicans in Sinn Féin and the IRA and offensive to everyone else. (Other POV terms for Northern Ireland are North of Ireland, The Province and Ulster (meaning N.I., as distinct to the geographic province of Ulster, which covers a larger area). This user's consistent censoring of the word terrorist (used by 90%+ of Irish people, international sourcebooks, encyclopædias and the Irish and world governments to describe the IRA) and determination to use the politically loaded 'six county' term, has left Irish users under the impression that he is pushing an unrepresentative pro-Sinn Féin agenda on wiki. Any attempt to do that will be reverted on sight. FearÉIREANN 00:49, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Ok, well, JT, 172 -- now that weve established that 195 "is not a vandal" why the hell was this edit war added to the VIP page??-戴&#30505sv
 * Because I was mistaken about the user's intent; I would have moved the discussion, but it had gone on far longer than I could stay wake for. -- Jim Regan 22:26, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)


text:
CSIRO

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is an Australian Government agency responsible for scientific research.

CSIRO works with leading organisations around the world. From its headquarters in Canberra, CSIRO maintains more than 50 sites across Australia and in France, Chile and the United States, employing about 5,500 people.

Federally funded scientific research in Australia began in 1916; the Advisory Council of Science and Industry was established in that year, but was hampered by insufficient available finance. In 1926, the research effort was reinvigorated by establishment of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which strengthened national science leadership and increased research funding. CSIR grew rapidly and achieved significant early successes. In 1949, further legislated changes included renaming the organisation as CSIRO.

Notable developments by CSIRO have included the invention of atomic absorption spectroscopy, essential components of the early Wi-Fi technology, development of the first commercially successful polymer banknote, the invention of the insect repellent in Aerogard and the introduction of a series of biological controls into Australia, such as the introduction of myxomatosis and rabbit calicivirus for the control of rabbit populations.

Structure
CSIRO is governed by a board appointed by the Australian Government, currently chaired by Kathryn Fagg. There are eight directors inclusive of the chief executive, presently Doug Hilton, who are responsible for management of the organisation.

Research and focus areas
CSIRO is structured into Research Business Units, National Facilities and Collections, and Services.

Research Business Units
As at 2023, CSIRO's research areas are identified as "Impact science" and organised into the following Business Units:
 * Agriculture and Food
 * Health and Biosecurity
 * Data61
 * Energy
 * Manufacturing
 * Mineral Resources and
 * Environment (being the amalgamation of the former Land and Water and Oceans & Atmosphere BUs)

National facilities
CSIRO manages national research facilities and scientific infrastructure on behalf of the nation to assist with the delivery of research. The national facilities and specialised laboratories are available to both international and Australian users from industry and research. As at 2019, the following National Facilities are listed:
 * Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP)
 * Australia Telescope National Facility – radio telescopes included in the Facility include the Australia Telescope Compact Array, the Parkes Observatory, Mopra Observatory and the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
 * Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex
 * Energy Centre and National Solar Energy Centre
 * Marine National Facility (R.V. "Investigator")
 * New Norcia ground station
 * NovaSAR-1 satellite
 * Pawsey Supercomputing Centre

Collections
CSIRO manages a number of collections of animal and plant specimens that contribute to national and international biological knowledge. The National Collections contribute to taxonomic, genetic, agricultural and ecological research. As at 2019, CSIRO's Collections are listed as the following:
 * Australian National Algae Culture Collection
 * The Atlas of Living Australia
 * Australian Tree Seed Centre
 * Australian National Fish Collection
 * Australian National Insect Collection
 * Australian National Herbarium
 * Australian National Soil Archive (managed through A&F)
 * Australian National Wildlife Collection
 * Cape Grim Air Archive

Services
In 2019, CSIRO Services are itemised as follows:
 * Materials and infrastructure services
 * Agricultural and environmental analysis
 * Environmental services
 * Biological, food and medical science services
 * Australian Animal Health Laboratory services

Other services are noted as including education, publishing, infrastructure technologies, Small and Medium Enterprise engagement and CSIRO Futures.

Evolution of the organisation
A precursor to CSIRO, the Advisory Council of Science and Industry, was established in 1916 on the initiative of prime minister Billy Hughes. However, the advisory council struggled with insufficient funding during the First World War. In 1920 the council was renamed the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry, and was led by George Handley Knibbs (1921–26), but continued to struggle financially.

Implementing the 1923 Imperial Conference's call for colonies to broaden their economic base, in 1926 the Australian Parliament modified the principal Act for national scientific research (the Institute of Science and Industry Act 1920) by passing The Science and Industry Research Act 1926. The same conference led to the creation of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in New Zealand.

The new Act replaced the institute with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). With encouragement from prime minister Stanley Bruce, strengthened national science leadership and increased research funding, CSIR grew rapidly and achieved significant early successes. The council was structured to represent the federal structure of government in Australia, and had state-level committees and a central council. In addition to an improved structure, CSIR benefited from strong bureaucratic management under George Julius, David Rivett, and Arnold Richardson. Research focused on primary and secondary industries. Early in its existence, CSIR established divisions studying animal health and animal nutrition. After the Great Depression, research was extended into manufacturing and other secondary industries.

In 1949 the Act was changed again, and the entity name amended to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. The amendment enlarged and reconstituted the organisation and its administrative structure. Under Ian Clunies Ross as chairman, CSIRO pursued new areas such as radio astronomy and industrial chemistry. CSIRO still operates under the provisions of the 1949 Act in a wide range of scientific inquiry.

Participation by women in CSIRO research was severely limited by the Australian government policy, in place until 1966, forcing women public servants out of their jobs when they married. Even unmarried women were considered a poor investment because they might eventually marry. Single women such as Helen Newton Turner nevertheless made major contributions.

Since 1949, CSIRO has expanded its activities to almost every field of primary, secondary and tertiary industry, including the environment, human nutrition, conservation, urban and rural planning, and water. It works with leading organisations around the world and maintains more than 50 sites across Australia and in France, Chile and the United States of America, employing about 5500 people.

Inventions
Notable inventions and breakthroughs by CSIRO include:
 * A4 DSP chip
 * Aerogard, insect repellent
 * Atomic absorption spectroscopy
 * Biological control of Salvinia
 * Development of Linola (a flax variety with low alpha-linolenic acid content) with a longer life used as a stockfeed
 * Distance measuring equipment (DME) used for aviation navigation
 * Gene shears
 * Interscan Microwave landing system, a microwave approach and landing system for aircraft
 * Use of myxomatosis and calicivirus to control rabbit numbers
 * Parkes Radio Telescope
 * The permanent pleat for fabrics
 * Plasma sintering
 * Polymer banknote
 * Production of metals from their halides
 * Relenza flu drug
 * Sirosmelt lance
 * "Softly" woollens detergent
 * Phase-contrast X-ray imaging
 * Method to use titanium in 3D printing
 * UltraBattery
 * Essential components of Wi-Fi technology
 * Zebedee - Mobile Handheld 3D Lidar Mapping technology

Historic research
CSIRO had a pioneering role in the scientific discovery of the universe through radio "eyes". A team led by Paul Wild built and operated (from 1948) the world's first solar radiospectrograph, and from 1967 the 3 km radioheliograph at Culgoora in New South Wales. For three decades, the Division of Radiophysics had a world-leading role in solar research, attracting prominent solar physicists from around the world.

CSIRO owned the first computer in Australia, CSIRAC, built as part of a project began in the Sydney Radiophysics Laboratory in 1947. The CSIR Mk 1 ran its first program in 1949, the fifth electronic computer in the world. It was over 1,000 times faster than the mechanical calculators available at the time. It was decommissioned in 1955 and recommissioned in Melbourne as CSIRAC in 1956 as a general purpose computing machine used by over 700 projects until 1964. The CSIRAC is the only surviving first-generation computer in the world.

Between 1965 and 1985, George Bornemissza of CSIRO's Division of Entomology founded and led the Australian Dung Beetle Project. Bornemissza, upon settling in Australia from Hungary in 1951, noticed that the pastureland was covered in dry cattle dung pads which did not seem to be recycled into the soil and caused areas of rank pasture which were unpalatable to the cattle. He proposed that the reason for this was that native Australian dung beetles, which had co-evolved alongside the marsupials (which produce dung very different in its composition from cattle), were not adapted to utilise cattle dung for their nutrition and breeding since cattle had only relatively recently been introduced to the continent in the 1880s. The Australian Dung Beetle Project sought, therefore, to introduce species of dung beetle from South Africa and Europe (which had co-evolved alongside bovids) in order to improve the fertility and quality of cattle pastures. Twenty-three species were successfully introduced throughout the duration of the project and also had the effect of reducing the pestilent bush fly population by 90%.

Domain name
CSIRO was the first Australian organisation to start using the Internet and was able to register the second-level domain csiro.au (as opposed to csiro.org.au or csiro.com.au). Guidelines were introduced in 1996 to regulate the use of the .au domain.

Governance and management
When CSIR was formed in 1926, it was led initially by an executive committee of three people, two of whom were designated as the chairman and the chief executive. Since then the roles and responsibilities of the chair and chief executive have changed many times. From 1927 to 1986 the head of CSIR (and from 1949, CSIRO) was the chairman, who was responsible for the management of the organisation, supported by the chief executive. From 1 July 1959 to 4 December 1986 CSIRO had no chief executive; the chairman undertook both functions.

In 1986, when the Australian Government changed the structure of CSIRO to include a board of non-executive members plus the chief executive to lead CSIRO, the roles changed. The chief executive is now responsible for management of the organisation in accordance with the strategy, plans and policies approved by the CSIRO Board which, led by the chair of the board, is responsible to the Australian Government for the overall strategy, governance and performance of CSIRO.

As with its governance structure, the priorities and structure of CSIRO, and the teams and facilities that implement its research, have changed as Australia's scientific challenges have evolved.

Numerous CSIRO scientists have gone onto distinguished careers in the university sector. Several have been appointed to the role of Vice-Chancellor/President. They include: Sir George Currie (UNZ 1952–62, Western Australia 1945–52), Paul Wellings CBE (Wollongong 2012–21, Lancaster 2002–12), Michael Barber AO (Flinders 2008–14), Mark Smith CBE (Southampton 2019–ff, Lancaster 2012–19), Annabelle Duncan (UNE 2014–19), Attila Brungs (UNSW 2021–ff, UTS 2014–21), Alex Zelinsky AO (Newcastle (2018–ff), Andrew Parfitt (UTS 2021–ff), Chris Moran (UNE 2023–ff).

Total Wellbeing Diet
In 2005 the CSIRO gained worldwide attention, including some criticism, for promoting a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet of their own creation called Total Wellbeing Diet. The CSIRO published the diet in a book which sold over half a million copies in Australia and over 100,000 overseas. The diet was criticised in an editorial by Nature for giving scientific credence to a "fashionable" diet sponsored by meat and dairy industries.

802.11 patent
In the early 1990s, CSIRO radio astronomy scientists John O'Sullivan, Graham Daniels, Terence Percival, Diethelm Ostry and John Deane undertook research directed to finding a way to make wireless networks work as fast as wired networks within confined spaces such as office buildings. The technique they developed, involving a particular combination of forward error correction, frequency-domain interleaving, and multi-carrier modulation, became the subject of, which was granted on 23 January 1996.

In 1997 Macquarie University professor David Skellern and his colleague Neil Weste established the company Radiata, Inc., which took a nonexclusive licence to the CSIRO patent for the purpose of developing commercially viable integrated circuit devices implementing the patented technology.

During this period, the IEEE 802.11 Working Group was developing the 802.11a wireless LAN standard. CSIRO did not participate directly in the standards process, however David Skellern was an active participant as secretary of the Working Group, and representative of Radiata. In 1998 it became apparent that the CSIRO patent would be pertinent to the standard. In response to a request from Victor Hayes of Lucent Technologies, who was chair of the 802.11 Working Group, CSIRO confirmed its commitment to make non-exclusive licenses available to implementers of the standard on reasonable and non-discriminatory terms.

In 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. and Broadcom Corporation each invested A$4 million in Radiata, representing an 11% stake for each investor and valuing the company at around A$36 million. In September 2000, Radiata demonstrated a chip set complying with the recently finalised IEEE 802.11a Wi-Fi standard, and capable of handling transmission rates of up to 54 Mbit/s, at a major international exhibition.

In November 2000, Cisco acquired Radiata in exchange for US$295 million in Cisco common stock with the intention of incorporating the Radiata Baseband Processor and Radio chips into its Aironet family of wireless LAN products. Cisco subsequently took a large write-down on the Radiata acquisition, following the 2001 telecoms crash, and in 2004 it shut down its internal development of wireless chipsets based on the Radiata technology in order to focus on software development and emerging new technologies.

Controversy over the CSIRO patent arose in 2006 after the organisation won an injunction against Buffalo Technology in an infringement suit filed in Federal Court in the Eastern District of Texas. The injunction was subsequently suspended on appeal, with the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit finding that the judge in Texas should have allowed a trial to proceed on Buffalo's challenge to the validity of the CSIRO patent. In 2007, CSIRO declined to provide an assurance to the IEEE that it would not sue companies which refused to take a license for use in 802.11n-compliant devices, while at the same time continuing to defend legal challenges to the validity of the patent brought by Intel, Dell, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard and Netgear.

In April 2009, Hewlett-Packard broke ranks with the rest of the industry becoming the first to reach a settlement of its dispute with CSIRO. This agreement was followed quickly by settlements with Microsoft, Fujitsu and Asus and then Dell, Intel, Nintendo, Toshiba, Netgear, Buffalo, D-Link, Belkin, SMC, Accton, and 3Com.

The controversy grew after CSIRO sued US carriers AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile in 2010, with the organisation being accused of being "Australia's biggest patent troll", a wrathful "patent bully", and of imposing a "WiFi tax" on American innovation.

Further fuel was added to the controversy after a settlement with the carriers, worth around $229 million, was announced in March 2012. Encouraged in part by an announcement by the Australian Minister for Tertiary Education, Skills Science and Research, Senator Chris Evans, an article in Ars Technica portrayed CSIRO as a shadowy organisation responsible for US consumers being compelled to make "a multimillion dollar donation" on the basis of a questionable patent claiming "decades old" technology. The resulting debate became so heated that the author was compelled to follow up with a defence of the original article. An alternative view was also published on The Register, challenging a number of the assertions made in the Ars Technica piece.

Total income to CSIRO from the patent is currently estimated at nearly $430 million. On 14 June 2012, the CSIRO inventors received the European Patent Office (EPO) European Inventor Award (EIA), in the category of "Non-European Countries".

Genetically modified wheat trials
On 14 July 2011, Greenpeace activists vandalised a crop of GM wheat, circumventing the scientific trials being undertaken. Greenpeace was forced to pay reparations to CSIRO of $280,000 for the criminal damage, and were accused by the sentencing judge, Justice Hilary Penfold, of cynically using junior members of the organisation with good standing to avoid custodial sentences, while the offenders were given 9-month suspended sentences.

Following the attack Greenpeace criticised CSIRO for a close relationship with industry that had led to an increase in genetically modified crops, even though a core aim of CSIRO is Cooperative Research "working hand in hand with industry [to] build partnerships and engage with industry to generate impact".

Climate change censorship: Clive Spash
On 25 November 2009, a debate was held in the Australian Senate concerning the alleged involvement of the CSIRO and the Labor government in censorship. The debate was called for by opposition parties after evidence came to light that a paper critical of carbon emissions trading was being suppressed. At the time, the Labor government was trying to get such a scheme through the Senate. After the debate, the Science Minister, Kim Carr, was forced to release the paper, but when doing so in the Senate he also delivered a letter from the CEO of the CSIRO, Megan Clark, which attacked the report's author and threatened him with unspecified punishment. The author of the paper, Clive Spash, was cited in the press as having been bullied and harassed, and later gave a radio interview about this. In the midst of the affair, CSIRO management had considered releasing the paper with edits that Nature reported would be "tiny". Spash claimed the changes actually demanded amounted to censorship and resigned. He later posted on his website a document detailing the text that CSIRO management demanded be deleted; by itself, this document forms a coherent set of statements criticising emissions trading without any additional wording needed. In subsequent Senate Estimates hearings during 2010, Senator Carr and Clark went on record claiming the paper was originally stopped from publication solely due to its low quality not meeting CSIRO standards. At the time of its attempted suppression, the paper had been accepted for publication in an academic journal, New Political Economy, which in 2010 had been ranked by the Australian Research Council as an 'A class' publication. In an ABC radio interview, Spash called for a Senate enquiry into the affair and the role played by senior management and the Science Minister. After these events, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that "Questions are being raised about the closeness of BHP Billiton and the CSIRO under its chief executive, Megan Clark". After his resignation, an unedited version of the paper was released by Spash as a discussion paper, and later published as an academic journal article.

CSIRO–Novartis–DataTrace scandal
On 11 April 2013, the Sydney Morning Herald ran a story on how CSIRO had "duped" the Swiss-based pharmaceutical giant Novartis into purchasing an anti-counterfeit technology for its vials of injectable Voltaren. The invention was marketed by a small Australian company called DataTrace DNA as a method of identifying fake vials, on the basis that a unique tracer code developed by CSIRO was embedded in the product. However, the code sold to Novartis for more than A$2M was apparently not unique, and was based on a "cheap tracer ... bought in bulk from a Chinese distributor". Novartis was contractually bound not to reverse-engineer the tracer to verify its uniqueness. The Sydney Morning Herald report alleges that this was done with the knowledge of key CSIRO personnel.

CSIRO has since conducted a full review of the allegations and found no evidence to support them.

Alleged bullying, harassment and victimisation
Around 2008–2012, CSIRO fell under the spotlight for allegedly exhibiting a culture of workplace bullying and harassment. Former CSIRO employees started to surface with experiences of workplace bullying and other unreasonable behaviour by current and former CSIRO staff members. CSIRO took the allegations seriously and responded to the articles on a number of occasions.

The shadow minister for innovation, industry, science and research, Sophie Mirabella, wrote to the government requesting it establish an inquiry. Mirabella said she is aware of as many as 100 cases of alleged workplace harassment. On 20 July 2012 Comcare issued CSIRO with an Improvement Notice with regard to handling and management of workplace misconduct/code of conduct type investigations and allegations. On 24 June 2013 Mirabella advised the Australian House of Representatives that in relation to the worker's compensation claim for psychological injuries of ex-CSIRO employee, Martin Williams, which was vigorously defended by Comcare on the advice of the CSIRO, that CSIRO officers had provided false testimony on no less than 128 occasions under oath when the matter went before the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. Mirabella stated, "even in establishing the framework for this inquiry it is obvious there's an inappropriate 'hands on' approach by CSIRO."

In response to the allegations Clark commissioned Dennis Pearce, who is assisted by an investigation team from HWL Ebsworth Lawyers, to conduct an independent investigation into allegations of workplace bullying and other unreasonable behaviour. Mirabella continued to question the independence of the investigation. The first stage of the investigation published its findings at the end of July 2013, and the final stage was scheduled to be complete by February 2014. Post the Pearce Report, CSIRO overhauled its relevant policies and put in place training and whistleblower procedures to address the situation.

CSIRO and climate change
In August 2015 the CSIRO discontinued its annual July and August survey, conducted over the previous five years, polling to create a long-term view of how Australians viewed global warming and their support for action. In the previous 2013 poll, 86 per cent agreed with the statement that climate change was occurring and only 7.6 per cent disagreed.

On 11 February 2016, Dr Larry Marshall – a former venture capitalist with Southern Cross Venture Holdings, who had been appointed CEO of the CSIRO on 1 January 2015, caused an international outcry after describing Australia's national climate change discussion as "more like religion than science," a week after announcing hundreds of job cuts to the organisation that will reduce the effectiveness of its climate research team.

In "an open letter to the Australian Government and CSIRO", 2,800 of the leading climate scientists from 60 countries say the announcement of cuts to the CSIRO's Oceans and Atmosphere research program has alarmed the global climate research community. They say the decision shows a lack of insight and a misunderstanding of the importance of the depth and significance of Australian contributions to global and regional climate research.

The CSIRO has been the target of successive funding cuts under the Morrison government, starting with cuts targeting climate science research initiated by Tony Abbott.

Trademark dispute with Cisco
In 2015, Cisco Systems filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against CSIRO, claiming that the colours and style of CSIRO's logo were too similar to Cisco's. An Australian court ruled in CSIRO's favor and ordered Cisco to pay CSIRO's court costs.

title: CSIRO


text:
Zhengzhou

Zhengzhou is the capital and largest city of Henan Province in the central part of the People's Republic of China. Located in northern Henan, it is one of the National Central Cities in China, and serves as the political, economic, technological, and educational center of the province. The Zhengzhou metropolitan area (including Zhengzhou and Kaifeng) is the core area of the Central Plains Economic Zone.

The city lies on the southern bank of the Yellow River. Zhengzhou is a major hub of China's domestic and international transportation network; for example, it is connected to Europe. and an international airport. Zhengzhou is a National Civilized City and a State-list Famous Historical and Culture City. As of 2020, there are two World Cultural Heritage Sites in Zhengzhou. The Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange (ZCE) is China's first futures exchange. Zhengzhou Airport Economy Zone is China's first Airport Economy Zone.

As of the 2020 Chinese census, the prefecture-level city of Zhengzhou had a population of 12,600,574 inhabitants, whom 10,260,667 lived in its built-up (or metro) area made of 6 urban districts plus Zhongmu county, Xinzheng and Xingyang cities now largely being conurbated. The city had a total GDP of 1.014 trillion (RMB) in 2018. Greater Zhengzhou was named as one of the 13 emerging mega-cities in China in a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit, and officially named as the eighth National Central City in 2017 by the central government in Beijing.

Zhengzhou is a major city for scientific research, appearing among the world's top 100 cities as tracked by the Nature Index. The city is home to several national key universities in China, notably Zhengzhou University, Henan University, Henan Agricultural University, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, and Henan University of Technology.

History
The Shang dynasty established Aodu (隞都) or Bodu (亳都) in Zhengzhou. This prehistorical city had become abandoned as ruins long before the First Emperor of China in 260 BC. Since 1950, archaeological finds in a walled city in Eastern Zhengzhou have provided evidence of Shang dynasty settlements in the area around 1600 BC. Outside this city, remains of large public buildings and a complex of small settlements have been discovered. The site is generally identified with the Shang capital of Ao and is preserved in the Shang dynasty Ruins monument in Guanchen District.

The Shang, who continually moved their capital due to frequent natural disasters, left Ao at around 13th century BC. The site, nevertheless, remained occupied; Zhou (post-1050 BC) tombs have also been discovered. Legend suggests that in the Western Zhou period (1111–771 BC) the site became the fief of a family named Guan. From this derives the name borne by the county (xian) since the late 6th century BC—Guancheng (City of the Guan). The city first became the seat of a prefectural administration in AD 587, when it was named Guanzhou. In 605 it was first called Zhengzhou—a name by which it has been known virtually ever since.

The name Zhengzhou came from the Sui dynasty (AD 582), even though it was located in Chenggao, another town. The government moved to the contemporary city during the Tang dynasty. It achieved its greatest importance under the Sui (AD 581–618), Tang (618–907), and early Song (960–1127) dynasties, when it was the terminus of the New Bian Canal, which joined the Yellow River to the northwest. There, at a place called Heyin, a vast granary complex was established to supply the capitals at Luoyang and Chang'an to the west and the frontier armies to the north. In the Song period, however, the transfer of the capital eastward to Kaifeng robbed Zhengzhou of much of its importance.

In 1903 the Beijing–Hankou Railway arrived at Zhengzhou, and in 1909 the first stage of the Longhai Railway gave it an east–west link to Kaifeng and Luoyang; it later was extended eastward to the coast at Lianyungang, Jiangsu, and westward to Xi'an (Chang'an), Shaanxi, as well as to western Shaanxi. Zhengzhou thus became a major rail junction and a regional center for cotton, grain, peanuts, and other agricultural produce. Early in 1923 a workers' strike began in Zhengzhou and spread along the rail line before it was suppressed; a 14-story double tower in the center of the city commemorates the strike. On 10 June 1938, Chiang Kai-shek's National Revolutionary Army opened up the dikes retaining the Yellow River at Huayuankou between Zhengzhou and Kaifeng, in an effort to stem the tide of invading Japanese; however, the ensuing 1938 Yellow River flood also killed hundreds of thousands of Chinese.

Zhengzhou also has a locomotive and rolling-stock repair plant, a tractor-assembly plant, and a thermal generating station. The city's industrial growth has resulted in a large increase in the population, coming predominantly from industrial workers from the north. A water diversion project and pumping station, built in 1972, has provided irrigation for the surrounding countryside. The city has an agricultural university.

In July 2021, record breaking floods left over a million people displaced and at least 300 people dead.

Geography
Located just north of the province's centre and south of the Yellow River, Zhengzhou borders Luoyang to the west, Jiaozuo to the northwest, Xinxiang to the northeast, Kaifeng to the east, Xuchang to the southeast, and Pingdingshan to the southwest. With the land within its administrative borders generally sloping down from west to east, Zhengzhou is situated at the transitional zone between the North China Plain to the east and the Song Mountains and Xionger Mountains to the west, which are part of the greater Qinling range. The city centre is situated to the south of the middle reach of the Yellow River, where its valley broadens into the great plain. Zhengzhou is at the crossing point of the north–south route skirting the Taihang Mountains and the mountains of western Henan. The prefecture spans 34° 16' ~ 34° 58 N latitude and 112° 42' ~ 114° 14' E longitude, covering a total area of 7567 sqkm, including the metropolitan area, which covers 1284.89 sqkm, and the city centre, which occupies 709.69 sqkm.

A section of the Yellow River passes by the northern edges of the urban area, extending 150.4 km within Zhengzhou prefecture. However, Jialu River, a secondary tributary of the Huai River, is Zhengzhou's main urban river and flood channel. The Jialu enters Zhengzhou from Xinmi to the southwest, and turns to the southeast within the city. Mountains loom over the western counties of Gongyi and Dengfeng while the easternmost county of Zhongmu is a vast, fertile floodplain, with the counties in between being hilly transitions.

Climate
Zhengzhou experiences a monsoon-influenced, four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa), with cool, dry winters and hot, humid summers. Spring and autumn are dry and somewhat abbreviated transition periods. The city has an annual mean temperature of 15.4 °C, with the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranging from 1.0 °C in January to 27.8 °C in July. The frost-free period lasts on average 220 days. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −17.9 °C on 2 January 1955, 27 December 1971 and 1 February 1990 to 43.0 °C on 19 July 1966.

Rainfall is primarily produced by the monsoonal low during summer; in winter, when the vast Siberian High dominates due to radiative cooling from further north, the area receives little precipitation. During the summer season, the city is also often affected by tropical depressions, which bring additional amounts of rain. The annual precipitation is about 630 mm. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in January to 49 percent in April and May, the city receives 1,905 hours of sunshine per year, which is around 43% of the possible total.

In 2019, there were 177 good days in Zhengzhou, an increase of 9 days year-on-year, and 48.5% of the good days reached the standard. There were 24 days of heavy pollution, 9 days less than last year.

2021 flood
On 20 July 2021, "The heaviest hour of rainfall ever reliably recorded in China crashed like a miles-wide waterfall over the city of Zhengzhou on July 20, killing at least 300 people, including 14 who drowned in a subway tunnel." Although an emergency alert was issued the day before the flood, businesses and subways remained open. From 4pm to 5pm on 21 July, 7.95 inches of rain fell. A collapsed retaining wall allowed water to pour into subway tunnels. "The Chinese government now appears to be acknowledging missteps by local officials, as well as the possibility that severe weather events will become increasingly common."

Administration and demography
Zhengzhou is divided into 6 urban districts, 5 county-level cities and 1 county. These subdivisions are likely to undergo significant changes in the near future due to increasingly rapid urban expansion and urban planning.

The municipality is home to 8,626,505 inhabitants (2010 census) and 6,35 million in its built up area made of 6 urban and suburban districts, Xingyang and Xinzheng cities and now Zhongmu county largely being urbanized, making the city one of the main built-up areas of the province.

Main sights
Zhengzhou was the capital of China during the Shang dynasty. Parts of the Shang-era capital city wall that were built 3,600 years ago still remain in Downtown Zhengzhou (see Zhengzhou Shang City). Zhengzhou maintains abundant cultural heritages that reflect its history as well as the culture of Henan Province. Zhengzhou Confucius Temple, initially built during the Eastern Han dynasty 1900 years ago, is one of the oldest Confucian Temples in China. Other important architectural heritage sites in the city center include Town God Temple and Erqi Memorial Tower.

One internationally known tourist attraction is the Shaolin Monastery (少林寺), which is in Dengfeng, about 90 km southwest of downtown Zhengzhou (1.5 hours by coach). The Shaolin Monastery is not only known as one of China's most important Buddhist shrines, but also as the ancient centre of Chinese Kung-fu. Shaolin Monastery and its famed Pagoda Forest were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010.

The Henan Museum is one of China's most important museums. It has a collection of more than 130,000 cultural objects includes exhibitions from prehistoric times (such as dinosaur fossils and prehistoric human remains) through to the modern era.

Zhengzhou's most developed and modern area is the Zhengdong New Area, which is in the eastern part of the city. It is home to some of the tallest skyscrapers in Zhengzhou, including the 280 m tall Zhengzhou Greenland Plaza ("Big Corn"), which is one of the most prominent landmarks in Zhengzhou, and the twin towers of Zhengzhou Greenland Central Plaza (285 m), which are currently the tallest skyscrapers in the city. The tallest structure in Zhengzhou is the 388-meter height Zhongyuan Tower, located on Hanghai East Road in the south of Zhengdong New Area. It is used as a television tower, with a revolving restaurant and an observation deck. The tower is among the tallest towers in the world.

Zhengzhou Zoo (郑州动物园) is located on Huayuan Road (花园路).

The newly built Zhengzhou Botanic Garden is at the western edge of Zhengzhou city.

Main attractions of Zhengzhou include:

 * Mount Song (UNESCO Global Geopark)
 * Shaolin Monastery and Pagoda Forest (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
 * Dengfeng Observatory (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
 * Songyue Pagoda (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
 * Yellow River Scenic Area
 * Mausoleums of the Song dynasty
 * Kang Baiwan's Mansion
 * the birthplace of Yellow Emperor
 * Erqi Memorial Tower
 * Henan Museum
 * Zhongyuan Tower
 * Zhengzhou Shang City

Economy
Zhengzhou, along with Xi'an, Chengdu, Chongqing and Wuhan, are some of the most economically important cities in inland China. Zhengzhou is the economic center of the province and the surrounding areas such as southeastern Shanxi and southwestern Shandong. Due to its strategic location in one of the most populous areas in the world (nearly 100 million people in Henan alone) and in China's railway, road and aviation transport networks, Zhengzhou is increasingly attracting domestic and international investment as well as migrants from other areas, transforming the city into one of the largest economic centers in China. In 2018, total GDP of Zhengzhou was ¥1020 billion, ranked 17th in China. And in 2021, total GDP was ¥1269.1 billion, ranked 16th in China.

Agriculture
By the end of 2006, Zhengzhou had a total population of over 7 million, of which 2.88 million lived in rural areas. Its main products include apples, paulownia, tobacco, maize, cotton, and wheat. In addition, Zhengzhou also produces Yellow River carp, Zhengzhou watermelons, Xinzheng jujube, Xingyang dried persimmons, Guangwu Pomegranate and Zhongmu garlic, all of which are specialties that are rarely found outside the region.

Mining and manufacturing
Zhengzhou and the surrounding area have large reserves of coal and other minerals. Coal mining and electricity generation are traditionally important in the local economy.

Zhengzhou has been one of the major industrial cities in The People's Republic of China since 1949. The city's staple industry is textiles. Others manufactured items include tractors, locomotives, cigarettes, fertilizer, processed meats, agricultural machinery, and electrical equipment. Some high-tech companies in new material, electronics and biotechnology are also growing rapidly during the recently years, especially in the high-tech industrial park in the northwest of the city.
 * Yutong, China's largest bus producer.
 * Shaolin Bus, a well-known small-to-medium-sized bus producer.
 * Zhengzhou Nissan, a subsidiary of Dongfeng Nissan, specializing in the manufacture of SUVs and pickup trucks. In 2010, Nissan opened its second plant in the city.
 * Haima Automobile Zhengzhou, an automobile manufacturer specializing in manufacturing microvans and light passenger vehicles.
 * Zhengzhou Unique Industrial Equipment Co., Ltd., a large tractor and agricultural equipment manufacturer.
 * Foxconn Zhengzhou, located in Zhengzhou Airport Economy Zone, is the largest smartphone production site in the world and is also known as "iPhone City".
 * Mural Painting of a Banquet Scene from the Han Dynasty Tomb of Ta-hu-t'ing.jpgan Food, a frozen food company. With over 20000 employees, Sanquan produced the first frozen dumplings and rice balls in China.
 * Synear Food Holdings Limited, along with Sanquan Food, is one of the largest producers of frozen food in China. The market share is over 20% in China

Services
The service industries of Zhengzhou include retail, wholesale, hospitality, finance, exhibition, transport and delivery, tourism, and education. With a number of domestic and international institutions having regional offices in the city, Zhengzhou is becoming the financial center in central China. Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange (ZCE) is one of the only four future exchanges (inc. Shanghai Futures Exchange and Dalian Commodity Exchange and China Financial Futures Exchange) in China and is becoming an important global player specialised in agricultural future exchange. Equipped with newly built facilities such as Zhengzhou International Conference and Exhibition Center. Third party logistics (3PL) in Zhengzhou has also been experiencing industrial boom during the past few years. As a transit and tourist center of Henan Province and central China, Zhengzhou is the center of Henan cuisine.
 * Dennis, a regional retail chain.
 * Henan Jianye, a large real estate developer, which owns the China Super League club Henan Jianye F.C.

Economic development zones
The Zhengdong New Area, literally Eastern Zhengzhou New Area, similar to Hangzhou Bay New Area in Ningbo and Hengqin New Area in Zhuhai, is one of dozens of major economic zones that are currently developing in various regions of China. Established in 2003 by the provincial and municipal governments, it has become the financial center of Henan province and one of the most rapidly growing areas of China.

Kisho Kurokawa, a Japanese world-renowned planner and architect, was appointed to design the overall planning scheme for Zhengdong New Area. He brought in advanced ideas including ecological city, co-existing city, metabolic city and ring city ideas. The scheme won the "Prominent Award for City Planning Design" at the first session of Annual Meeting of the World Architects Alliance in 2002. Zhengdong New Area is mainly constituted by the CBD area, the Longhu commercial and residential area, the Longzihu college area, and the Zhengzhou East railway station commercial area.

Industrial zones
Zhengzhou High & New Technology Industries Development Zone was established in 1988, and approved by the state Council of PRC to be a state development zone on Mar.6,1991. It was appraised to be advanced high tech zone of China respectively in 1993, 1998 and 2002. The Zone currently covers a total area of 18.6 km2. An extension plan was approved by Zhengzhou Municipal Government, the various construction work started in 2004. Under the development strategy of "multiple parks in one zone", the Zone has been making great efforts to promote the development of software, information technologies, new materials, bio-pharmaceutical and photo-machinery-electronic industries.
 * Zhengzhou New & Hi-Tech Industries Development Zone
 * Zhengzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone

Zhengzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone was approved as state-level development zone on 13 February 2000. The zone has a developed area of 7 km2 Industries encouraged include Electronics Assembly & Manufacturing, Telecommunications Equipment, Trading and Distribution, Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals, Instruments & Industrial Equipment Production, Medical Equipment and Supplies, Shipping/Warehousing/Logistics and Heavy Industry. Zhengzhou (Henan) Export Processing Zone was established on 21 June 2002 with approval by the state council. Its planned area is 2.7 km2. Zone A is located in Zhengzhou National Economic & technological Development Area and began to operate on 1 June 2004. The area of land developed is 0.893 km2 at present. Zone B is located in Zhengzhou Airport Area and is adjacent to Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport on the north and it covers a planned area of 5 square km with bonded logistics zone, bonded processing zone and supporting industry zone, etc.
 * Zhengzhou Export Processing Area

Transportation
Zhengzhou is located in the central part of China and is a main national transport hub.

Metro

The Zhengzhou Metro is a rapid transit metro rail network serving urban and suburban districts of Great Zhengzhou metropolitan. The Zhengzhou Metro system started operation on 28 December 2013. It currently has 5 lines in operation, creating a 134.1 km long network. The first two lines (Line 1 and Line 2) were approved by the National Development and Reform Commission in Feb. 2009. Construction of the two lines started in 2009 and 2010, and were finished in 2013 and 2015 respectively. The Chengjiao Line (planned to be part of Line 9), which is now in through operations with Line 2, allows the system to serve the Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport. A total of 21 metro lines have been planned to connect all areas in Great Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area.

As of 2024, Zhengzhou Metro operates 9 inner-city metro lines (Line 1; Line 2; Line 3; Line 4; Line 5 Inner Ring; Line 5 Outer Ring; Line 6; Line 10; Line 12; and Line 14). In addition, the city operates two metro lines connecting to the suburbs (Suburban Line) and to the nearby Xuchang, a prefecture-level city (Zhengxü Line). Line 6, 7 and 8 is estimated to be opened by the end of 2024.

The Zhengzhou subway fares has a segmented pricing system. The starting price is 2 yuan ($0.28) for a ride of up to 6 kilometers. If the mileage exceeds 6 kilometers, the principle of "decreasing for further distances" will apply. Within the mileage of 6 to 13 kilometers, 1 yuan ($0.14) will be added for every 7 kilometers, and for 8 kilometers between 13 and 21 kilometers, 1 yuan ($0.14) will be added. For each additional 9 kilometers above 21 kilometers, an additional 1 yuan ($0.14) is added. Riders can use cash, a physical metro card, or QR code payment available on Alipay or WeChat apps to pay for the ride.

Bus
Zhengzhou has a bus system with over 5,700 bus vehicles, operated by the Zhengzhou Bus Communication Corporation (ZZB).

The operations of Zhengzhou Bus Rapid Transit commenced in 2009. The system consists of 5 main routes (B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6) with dedicated bus lanes and dozens of branch routes that serve most areas of the city.

Railways

Zhengzhou is the junction of the Longhai Railway (Lianyungang, Jiangsu–Lanzhou, Gansu) and the Beijing–Guangzhou Railway as well as a major national railway hub. The main railway station for these conventional services is Zhengzhou railway station, opened in 1904.

Zhengzhou is also on the Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway and the Xuzhou–Lanzhou High-Speed Railway. The high-speed rail network provides fast train services to most major cities in China, including Beijing (2.5 hours), Guangzhou (6 hours), Xi'an (2 hours), Wuhan (2 hours), Shanghai (4 hours), Nanjing (3 hours), Hangzhou (5 hours), and Hong Kong (6.5 hours). Proposed high-speed railways from Zhengzhou to Chongqing, Hefei, Jinan and Taiyuan are under construction.

The completion of the Zhengzhou–Jinan high-speed railway, planned for 2023, will complete a star-shaped (referred to as a "米"-shaped) network of eight high-speed lines radiating out from the city.

Zhengzhou is also the hub of intercity railways in Henan. Currently there are three intercity railways from Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou–Kaifeng intercity railway, Zhengzhou–Jiaozuo intercity railway and Zhengzhou–Xinzheng Airport intercity railway are in operation.

Zhengzhou East railway station is dedicated to high-speed trains and is one of the largest in Asia and Zhengzhou Hangkonggang railway station is a new high-speed railway hub dedicated to Zhengzhou Airport Economy Zone.

Zhengzhou North railway station, over 6000 m long and over 800 m wide, has been described as Asia's largest classification yard.

Roads and expressways
The surrounding area of Zhengzhou, along with the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and the Bohai Economic Rim, has the highest highway density nationwide. Zhengzhou is the center of Henan expressway network that provides 1–2 hours road trip to surrounding cities of Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Xuchang, Jiaozuo and Luoyang. Other major cities within the province can be reached in 3 hours. The expressway network and national highways also links Zhengzhou to all major cities in the country.

There are several limited access express roads in the city center to relieve traffic problems. However, heavy congestion is still common in rush hours.

Expressways

 * China Expwy G4 sign with name.svg G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway
 * China Expwy G30 sign with name.svg G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway
 * China Expwy G3001 sign with name.svg G3001 Zhengzhou Ring Expressway
 * Henan Expwy S1 sign no name.svg S1 Zhengzhou Airport Expressway
 * Henan Expwy S32 sign no name.svg S32 Yongcheng–Dengfeng Expressway
 * Henan Expwy S49 sign no name.svg S49 Linzhou–Ruzhou Expressway
 * Henan Expwy S60 sign no name.svg S60 Shangqiu–Dengfeng Expressway
 * Henan Expwy S82 sign no name.svg S82 Zhengzhou–Minquan Expressway
 * Henan Expwy S85 sign no name.svg S85 Zhengzhou–Shaolinsi Expressway
 * Henan Expwy S87 sign no name.svg S87 Zhengzhou–Yuntaishan Expressway
 * Henan Expwy S88 sign no name.svg S88 Zhengzhou–Xixia Expressway
 * Henan Expwy S89 sign no name.svg S89 Zhengzhou Airport–Xihua Expressway

National highways

 * Kokudou 107(China).svg China National Highway 107
 * Kokudou 220(China).svg China National Highway 220
 * Kokudou 310(China).svg China National Highway 310

Urban express roads

 * 3rd Ring Road (Zhengzhou)
 * 4th Ring Road (Zhengzhou)
 * Jingguang Expressway
 * Longhai Expressway
 * Nongye Expressway
 * Zhongzhou Avenue

Air
Zhengzhou is primarily served by Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport (IATA: CGO, ICAO: ZHCC), which is 37 km southeast of the city center.

The airport is a focus city of China Southern Airlines, Lucky Air, West Air and Shenzhen Airlines. It used to be the headquarter for Henan Airlines. In 2017, it was the busiest airport in central China in both passenger and cargo traffic. It is also one of the eight air hubs nominated by the Civil Aviation Administration of China.

Other airports in Zhengzhou include Shangjie Airport (IATA: HSJ) which is for general aviation, and Matougang Airbase which is for military use.

Public

 * Zhengzhou University
 * Henan University (Longzi Lake campus)
 * Henan Agricultural University
 * Henan University of Technology (former Zhengzhou Institute of Technology)
 * Henan University of Finance and Economics
 * Zhongyuan Institute of Technology
 * Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
 * Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management
 * North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power
 * Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
 * Henan Textile University (河南纺织专科学校)
 * Zhengzhou Normal University
 * Zhengzhou Institute of Technology (former Zhongzhou University, not to be confused with Henan University of Technology)
 * Henan Institute of architecture technology (河南建筑职业技术学院)

Military

 * PLA Information Engineering University (中国人民解放军信息工程大学)
 * Air Defense Force Command Academy

Private

 * Zhengzhou College of Economics
 * Huanghe S&T University(Zijin Mountain Street Campus) (黄河科技大学) (紫金山南校区)
 * Sias International University
 * Shengda Economics, Trade and Management College of Zhengzhou

Notable people

 * Zichan (子产; ? – 552 BC), a politician and philosopher of the State of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn period.
 * Lie Yukou (列子; c. 450 BC – ?), known as Liezi, a Taoism philosopher.
 * Shen Buhai (申不害; c. 400 BC – c. 337 BC), a politician and philosopher in Legalism.
 * Han Fei (韩非; c. 280 BC – 233 BC), also known as Han Feizi, an influential political philosopher of the Warring States Period.
 * Du Fu (杜甫; 712–770), a Tang dynasty poet, born in Gongyi, now a county under the administration of Zhengzhou.
 * Bai Juyi (白居易; 772–846), a Tang dynasty poet widely known for his poems featuring realism, born in Xinzheng.
 * Li Shangyin (李商隐; c. 813–858), a late Tang dynasty poet, born in Xingyang.
 * Gao Gong (高拱; 1512–1578), a politician of the Ming dynasty, born in Xinzheng.
 * Wei Wei (魏巍; 1920–2008), a modern era writer, widely known in China for his works on the Chinese Volunteer army's participation of the Korean War.
 * Chang Xiangyu (常香玉; 1923–2004), a Yu opera actress.
 * Li Na (李娜; born 1963), a Chinese folk singer.
 * Li Jianying (李剑英; 1964–2006), hero pilot.
 * Shi Yigong (施一公; born 1967), a biophysicist, president of Westlake University and the former vice president of Tsinghua University.
 * Hai Xia (海霞; born 1972), a Chinese news anchor for China Central Television, the main state announcer of China.
 * Deng Yaping (邓亚萍; born 1973), a four-time table tennis Olympic champion.
 * Liu Yang (刘洋; born 1978), a pilot and astronaut who became the first Chinese woman in space.
 * Tie Ya Na (帖雅娜; born 1979), a table tennis player representing Hong Kong, born in Zhengzhou.
 * Sun Tiantian (孙甜甜; born 1981), a former professional tennis player on WTA Tour and 2004 Olympic Tennis champion (women's doubles with Li Ting), the first Chinese player to win a mixed doubles Grand Slam title at the 2008 Australian Open with Nenad Zimonjić.
 * Du Wei (杜威; born 1982), a professional footballer and the former captain of China national football team.
 * Jiang Xin (蒋欣; born 1983), an actress, famous for her role as Consort Hua in the TV series Empresses in the Palace.
 * Gao Lin (郜林; born 1986), a professional footballer.
 * Shi Xiaolong (释小龙; born 1988), an actor.
 * Fan Pengfei (范朋飞; born 1992), a Chinese singer, songwriter and musician in pop music.
 * Ning Zetao (宁泽涛; born 1993), a competitive swimmer and gold medal winner at 2014 Asian Games and 2015 World Aquatics Championships.

Politics
The current mayor is He Xiong from January 2022. List of the CPC Party Chiefs of Zhengzhou:
 * 1) Gu Jingsheng (谷景生): October 1948 – December 1948
 * 2) Wu Defeng (吴德蜂): December 1948 – June 1949
 * 3) Zhao Wucheng (赵武成): June 1949 – April 1953
 * 4) Song Zhihe (宋致和): April 1953 – August 1956
 * 5) Wang Lizhi (王黎之): August 1956 – January 1968
 * 6) Wang Hui (王辉): March 1971 – January 1974
 * 7) Zhang Junqing (张俊卿): January 1974 – December 1977
 * 8) Yu Yichuan (于一川): December 1977 – December 1979
 * 9) Li Baoguang (李保光): December 1979 – May 1983
 * 10) Jiang Jinfei (蒋靳非): May 1983 – September 1984
 * 11) Yao Minxue (姚敏学): September 1984 – August 1987
 * 12) Cao Lei (曹磊): August 1987 – July 1990
 * 13) Song Guochen (宋国臣): July 1990 – May 1992
 * 14) Zhang Deguang (张德广): May 1992 – December 1995
 * 15) Wang Youjie (王有杰): December 1995 – June 2001
 * 16) Li Ke (李克): June 2001– January 2006
 * 17) Wang Wenchao (王文超): January 2006 — July 2010
 * 18) Lian Weiliang (连维良): July 2010 — December 2012
 * 19) Wu Tianjun (吴天君): December 2012 — May 2016
 * 20) Ma Yi (马懿): May 2016 — June 2019
 * 21) Xu Liyi (徐立毅): June 2019 — January 2022
 * 22) An Wei (安伟): January 2022 —

Sister cities
Zhengzhou is twinned with:

title: Zhengzhou