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Lord Edgware Dies

Lord Edgware Dies is a work of detective fiction by British writer Agatha Christie, published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in September 1933 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company later in the same year under the title of Thirteen at Dinner. Before its book publication, the novel was serialised in six issues (March–August 1933) of The American Magazine as 13 For Dinner.

The novel features Hercule Poirot, Arthur Hastings and Chief Inspector Japp. An American actress married to Lord Edgware asks Poirot to aid her in getting a divorce from her husband. Poirot agrees to help her, meeting her husband. That evening, the actress is seen at a dinner with thirteen guests, which has an associated superstition. By the next morning Lord Edgware and another American actress are found murdered, each at their own homes. Poirot investigates.

The novel was well received at publication, in both London and New York, noting the clue that came from the chance remark of a stranger, calling it ingenious. A later review called it clever and unusual.

Plot summary
Attending a performance by impressionist Carlotta Adams, Hercule Poirot is approached by actress Jane Wilkinson. She requests his help in asking her husband, Lord Edgware, to divorce her. Although a Catholic, Poirot agrees but is surprised to learn Edgware has already agreed to a divorce and sent a letter to his wife confirming this; Wilkinson denies receiving it. The following morning, Inspector Japp informs Poirot and his friend Arthur Hastings that Edgware had been murdered at his home in Regent Gate the previous evening, stabbed in the neck. While Wilkinson was witnessed by Edgware's butler and his secretary visiting her husband that night, a morning newspaper reveals she attended a dinner party the same evening, and other guests confirm this. Poirot soon becomes concerned for Adams' safety, recalling she could impersonate Wilkinson. Adams is found dead that same morning from an overdose of Veronal.

Seeking answers, Poirot notes a few facts: Bryan Martin, a former lover of Wilkinson before she met the wealthy Duke of Merton, bitterly describes her as an amoral person; Donald Ross, a guest at the party, witnessed her take a telephone call from someone that night; Adams possessed a pair of pince-nez, along with a gold case that contained the drug, which has a puzzling inscription in it; Edgware's nephew, Ronald Marsh, had been cut off from his allowance by his uncle three months earlier; a sum of francs formerly in Edgware's possession has disappeared, along with the butler. Learning Adams had sent a letter to her sister in America before her death, Poirot makes a request for it. A copy is sent via telegram, revealing Adams was offered $10,000 for an undisclosed endeavour. Poirot suspects she was hired to impersonate Wilkinson.

Japp soon arrests Marsh, based on this letter. Marsh denies hiring Adams or killing his uncle but states that he and his cousin Geraldine went to Regent Gates on the night of the murder, where he spotted Martin entering the house although Geraldine did not as she was retrieving something for him. Poirot later receives the original letter in the post and notes some oddities with it. Hastings attends a luncheon party along with Wilkinson and Ross, in which the guests talk about Paris of Troy. Wilkinson presumes they are talking of the French capital and begins discussing fashion. Ross, puzzled by this, considering how clever Wilkinson had been the last time he met her, confides his concerns to Hastings. He later telephones Poirot but is fatally stabbed before he can explain in detail. Seeking a theory, Poirot overhears a chance remark from a crowd leaving a theatre, which leads him to talk with Ellis, Wilkinson's maid.

Gathering the suspects together, Poirot reveals that the killer in all three murders is Jane Wilkinson. Her motive in killing Lord Edgware is that the devout Duke of Merton would not marry a divorced woman. A widow, however, is a different matter. She recruited Adams to impersonate her at the dinner party, while she killed her husband and then killed Adams afterwards with a fatal dose of Veronal. The women met at a hotel to exchange clothing before and after the party. While waiting for Adams to return from the party, Wilkinson discovers a letter among Adams's belongings that had yet to be posted and tampers with the letter to implicate the last man it mentions for the murders. Ross was killed because he realised that Wilkinson did not attend the dinner party; her ignorance of Greek mythology gave her away, as Adams had been knowledgeable on the subject and thus talked about it while impersonating her.

Poirot reveals what led him to his theory: Wilkinson lied about receiving her husband's letter and used Poirot to prove she had no motive for his murder; the telephone call to Adams was to confirm if their deception had yet to be exposed; the pince-nez belong to Ellis, used in a disguise that she and Wilkinson wore to keep their hotel meetings secret; the gold case was created a week before the murder, not nine months as its inscription implied - Wilkinson had it made under a false name and then sent Ellis to collect it; a corner of a page in Adams' letter was torn by Wilkinson, changing the word "she" to "he", to imply that a man hired Adams. Poirot reveals that the butler stole the missing money; Marsh had witnessed him entering Regent Gates to hide it elsewhere; his disappearance was because he panicked when the police sought another suspect.

Wilkinson is arrested and writes to Poirot from prison about wishing an audience for her hanging, surprisingly evincing no anger at being foiled by him - nor any remorse.

Characters

 * Hercule Poirot - The famed Belgian detective. Drawn into the case, after being asked by Wilkinson to aid her in getting a divorce from her husband.
 * Captain Hastings - Poirot's friend and assistant on the case. He is the narrator of the story.
 * Inspector Japp - The investigating officer for the case.
 * Lord Edgware - The first victim of the case. A wealthy English peer with a harsh personality, who is a noted collector of objets d'art.
 * Carlotta Adams - An American impersonator conducting a tour in London and Paris. Hired to impersonate Edgware's wife by an unknown employer.
 * Donald Ross - A young actor who attends the dinner party Wilkinson joins.
 * Jane Wilkinson - A beautiful but amoral American actress and Edgware's estranged wife.
 * Geraldine Marsh - Edgware's daughter from his first marriage.
 * Captain Ronald Marsh - Edgware's nephew and heir to his title.
 * Genevieve "Jenny" Driver - Adams' friend in London.
 * Bryan Martin - A successful actor who worked with Wilkinson and was recently in love with her.
 * Miss Carroll - Edgware's housekeeper.
 * Alton - Edgware's butler.
 * Ellis - Wilkinson's personal maid at her new accommodation.
 * Duke of Merton - A devout Anglo-Catholic, and the current love of Jane Wilkinson, whom he plans to marry.
 * Dowager Duchess of Merton - The Duke's mother, vehemently opposed to his planned marriage to Jane Wilkinson.

Alternative title
Lord Edgware Dies is alternatively titled Thirteen at Dinner. This second title, used on American editions, arises from a superstition that sitting down thirteen to dinner means bad luck to the person who first leaves the table. The dinner at which Carlotta successfully impersonated Jane Wilkinson had an unexpected missing guest, leaving them thirteen instead of the invited fourteen. The superstition weighs heavily on young actor Donald Ross, but plays out for both him and Jane Wilkinson, and her impersonator.

Literary significance and reception
The Times Literary Supplement of 21 September 1933 reviewed the book positively, commenting on the fact that "it was the chance remark of a stranger in the street that put him on the right track. Three such murders, however, are enough to tax the powers of the most superhuman sleuth, and we do not grudge him one stroke of good fortune."

Isaac Anderson concluded his review in the 24 September 1933 issue of The New York Times Book Review by saying, "This story presents a most ingenious crime puzzle and a still more ingenious solution, all set forth with the consummate skill of which Agatha Christie is mistress."

Robert Barnard: "Deals with a social/artistic milieu rather off Christie's usual beat: aristocrats, actresses, socialites, rich Jews. The anti-Semitism is more muted than in the early thrillers, but still leaves a nasty taste (this is the last book in which it obtrudes). Otherwise clever and unusual, with the Hastings/Poirot relationship done less crudely than usual."

References to other works
In chapter 19, the Duchess of Merton tells Poirot that Lady Yardly had told her about him. Lady Yardly had previously appeared in the short story, "The Adventure of the Western Star" from the Poirot Investigates collection.

References to actual history, geography and current science
The character of Carlotta Adams was based on the American dramatist Ruth Draper (1884–1956). In her Autobiography, Christie says, "I thought how clever she was and how good her impersonations were; the wonderful way she could transform herself from a nagging wife to a peasant girl kneeling in a cathedral. Thinking about her led me to the book Lord Edgware Dies.” Draper was also the inspiration for a character in the short story The Dead Harlequin, published in The Mysterious Mr. Quin (1930), where the character was called Aspasia Glen and was the murderer's accomplice, rather than the victim.

In Chapter 7, Chief Inspector Japp mentions the Elizabeth Canning case which was a real kidnapping case that occurred in London in 1753. The case created a sensation at the time due to the inconsistencies in the victim's declarations and the alibis of the perpetrators. Japp mentions this case due to the peculiar fact that the suspect was seen at two places at the same time. In the novel Lady Edgware was seen at a dinner party at the same time that she was also seen visiting the victim. Similarly, in the Canning case the suspect, Mary Squires, was seen travelling at the time that Elizabeth Canning said that she had been imprisoned by her.

Radio
John Moffatt starred as Poirot in a five-part BBC Radio 4 adaptation by Michael Bakewell directed by Enyd Williams and also starring Simon Williams as Captain Hastings and Nicola Pagett as Jane Wilkinson.

Film
The novel was first adapted in 1934 as an eighty-minute film directed by Henry Edwards for Real Art Productions. The film was the third to star Austin Trevor in the role of Poirot after his appearances in Alibi and Black Coffee, both in 1931.

Television

 * 1985 adaptation

The novel was first adapted for television as an eighty-seven-minute film in 1985, under the American version's title Thirteen at Dinner. It starred Peter Ustinov in one of his six appearances as Hercule Poirot, David Suchet as Chief Inspector Japp, and co-starred Faye Dunaway in the dual role of Jane Wilkinson and Carlotta Adams. The adaptation updated the setting of the story to contemporary times, rather than within the 1930s.

A second television adaptation of Lord Edgware Dies was created in 2000, as an episode for the series Agatha Christie's Poirot on 19 February 2000. It starred David Suchet in the role of Hercule Poirot, and was produced by Carnival Films. While remaining faithful to most of the plot of the novel, it featured a number of changes.
 * 2000 adaptation

Adaptor: Anthony Horowitz

Director: Brian Farnham

Cast:
 * David Suchet as Hercule Poirot
 * Hugh Fraser as Captain Arthur Hastings
 * Philip Jackson as Chief Inspector Japp
 * Pauline Moran as Miss Lemon
 * Helen Grace as Jane Wilkinson/Lady Edgware
 * John Castle as Lord Edgware
 * Fiona Allen as Carlotta Adams
 * Dominic Guard as Bryan Martin
 * Fenella Woolgar as Ellis
 * Deborah Cornelius as Penny Driver
 * Hannah Yelland as Geraldine Marsh
 * Tim Steed as Ronald Marsh
 * Lesley Nightingale as Miss Carroll
 * Christopher Guard as Alton
 * Iain Fraser as Donald Ross
 * Virginia Denham as Alice

A third television adaption of the novel was made as an episode for the French series Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie ("The Little Murders of Agatha Christie") on 14 September 2012, under the title "Le couteau sur la nuque" ("The Knife on the Neck"). The adaptation changed the setting to a theatre in the city of Amiens, France, in the 1950s, made changes in a number of characters – Christie's detectives were replaced by Commissaire Larosière (Antoine Duléry) and his clumsy assistant, Inspecteur Lampion (Marius Colluci), while the killer is glamorous actress Sarah Morlant (Maruschka Detmers), and the victim is Morlant's inconvenient husband, fellow actor Pierre Fougère (Jean-Marie Winling) – and featured an additional murder subplot involving the theatre's concierge.
 * 2012 French television adaptation

Publication history

 * 1933, The American Magazine, serialised in six issues (March–August 1933) as 13 For Dinner
 * Illustrations by Weldon Trench

 * 1933, Collins Crime Club (London), September 1933, Hardcover, 256 pp
 * The UK edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6).

 * 1933, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), 1933, Hardcover, 305 pp
 * The US edition retailed at $2.00.

 * 1944, Dell Books (New York), Paperback, (Dell number 60 [mapback]), 224 pp
 * 1948, Penguin Books, Paperback, (Penguin number 685), 251 pp
 * 1954, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 192 pp
 * 1969, Greenway edition of collected works (William Collins), Hardcover
 * 1970, Greenway edition of collected works (Dodd Mead), Hardcover, 255 pp
 * 1970, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 380 pp; ISBN 0-85456-479-9
 * 2007, Poirot Facsimile Edition (Facsimile of 1933 UK first edition), 5 February 2007, Hardcover, 256 pp; ISBN 0-00-724022-8

Book dedication
The dedication of the book reads: To Dr. and Mrs. Campbell Thompson

Reginald Campbell Thompson (21 August 1876 – 23 May 1941), married to Barbara, was an eminent British archaeologist and the second expedition leader to employ Christie's husband Max Mallowan to work on one of his digs. The offer of work came in 1930 when Mallowan's employer, Leonard Woolley, was proving difficult over his proposed marriage to Agatha and their wish that she should join her husband on the dig at Ur although the real opposition came from Leonard Woolley's difficult wife, Katharine (see the dedication to The Thirteen Problems). Thompson's dig was at Nineveh and Max joined the team there in September 1931 followed the next month by Agatha. The invitation was only confirmed after the Mallowans had joined Thompson for a weekend in the country near Oxford where they were subjected to a cross-country scramble on "the wettest day possible over rough country" followed by another test to ensure that neither Agatha nor Max were fussy eaters. These were to ensure that both could withstand the rigours of a season in the wilds of Iraq. Used to walking over Dartmoor and having a very healthy appetite, Agatha passed the tests with flying colours.

The relationship between the Mallowans and the Thompsons was far more relaxed than it had been with the Woolleys. The only source of contention was that Thompson was notoriously frugal with money and questioned every expense. Horses were a vital part of the expedition but Thompson only bought poor, badly-trained animals. He nevertheless insisted that Max ride them with skill since to fall off one would mean that "not a single workman will have a scrap of respect for you". Christie's clash with Thompson regarding this facet of his character was over her insistence on purchasing a solid table to place her typewriter on in order that she could complete her next book. Not seeing why she couldn't use orange boxes, Thompson was aghast at her personal expenditure of ten pounds on a table at a local bazaar (although Max's recollection in his own memoir was that three pounds was the sum. ) and he took some two weeks to recover his temper over this 'extravagance'. After this though, he made frequent polite enquiries over the progress of the book, Lord Edgware Dies, which was dedicated to him and his wife. A skeleton found on the dig was named 'Lord Edgware'. A singular honour that Christie bestowed on the Thompsons was to read aloud the manuscript of the book to them, something that she normally only ever did to her family (See External Links below).

Dustjacket blurb
The blurb on the inside flap of the dustjacket of the first edition (which is also repeated opposite the title page) reads: "Supper at the Savoy! Hercule Poirot, the famous little detective, was enjoying a pleasant little supper party there as the guest of Lady Edgware, formerly Jane Wilkinson, a beautiful young American actress. During the conversation Lady Edgware speaks of the desirability of getting rid of her husband. Lord Edgware, since he refuses to divorce her, and she wants to marry the Duke of Merton. M. Poirot jocularly replies that getting rid of husbands is not his speciality. Within twenty-four hours, however, Lord Edgware dies. This amazing story once more reveals Agatha Christie as the perfect teller of Detective stories. It will be difficult indeed to lay down the book until one learns the true solution of the mystery."

title: Lord Edgware Dies


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James Abercrombie (British Army officer, born 1706)

General James Abercrombie or Abercromby (1706 – 23 April 1781) of Glassaugh, Banffshire was a British Army general and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1734 to 1754. He was commander-in-chief of forces in North America during the French and Indian War, best known for the disastrous British losses in the 1758 Battle of Carillon.

Biography
Abercrombie was born in Glassaugh, Banffshire, Scotland, the eldest son of Alexander Abercromby, also MP for Banffshire, and his wife Helen Meldrum. He was appointed an ensign in the 25th Regiment of Foot at age eleven. He married Mary Duff (sister of William Duff, 1st Earl Fife) and they had one daughter. At the 1734 British general election, he was returned by his brother-in-law, William Duff, later Lord Braco, as Member of Parliament for Banffshire. He voted regularly with the Government.

Abercrombie was promoted to captain in 1736, and by 1739 was lieutenant-governor of Stirling castle. He was re-elected MP for Banff at the 1741 British general election. In 1742, he purchased a major's commission. He was promoted to colonel in 1746 and served in the Flemish Campaign of the War of Austrian Succession. He was quartermaster general under General James St Clair at the Raid on Lorient in 1746 and was wounded at Hulst in 1747. At the 1747 British general election, he was returned unopposed as MP for Banff as an Old Whig, but stood down in 1754 in favour of Lord Braco's son, now of age.

With the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756, Abercrombie was promoted major general and ordered to America as second in command to Lord Loudoun for the upcoming campaigns against the French. Abercrombie commanded a brigade at Louisbourg in 1757 and became Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in North America after Loudoun's departure in December.

In the summer of 1757, Abercrombie was ordered to lead an expedition against Fort Carillon (later known as Fort Ticonderoga), to prepare to take Montreal. Abercrombie was a genius at organization but vacillated in his leadership to the point where, after his defeat, he was called Mrs. Nanny Cromby. He managed the remarkable feat of assembling fifteen thousand troops at Fort Edward and moving them and their supplies through the wilderness. Then, after losing George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe, his second-in-command, in a skirmish on 7 July while reconnoitring, he directed his troops on 8 July into a frontal assault on a fortified French position, without the benefit of artillery support. More than two thousand men were killed or wounded. Eventually his force panicked and fled, and he retreated to his fortified camp south of Lake George.

This disaster caused in September 1758 Abercrombie's recall to Great Britain and his replacement by General Jeffery Amherst. Despite his failure, he was promoted to lieutenant general in 1759, and general in 1772.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Paramount Network

Paramount Network is an American basic cable television channel owned by the MTV Entertainment Group unit of Paramount Media Networks, a division of Paramount Global. The network's headquarters are located at the Paramount Pictures studio lot in Los Angeles.

The channel was originally founded by a partnership between radio station WSM and Westinghouse Broadcasting as The Nashville Network (TNN) and began broadcasting on March 7, 1983. It initially featured programming catering towards the culture of the Southern United States, including country music, variety shows, outdoors programming, and motor racing coverage (such as NASCAR). TNN was purchased by the Gaylord Entertainment Company in 1983. After Gaylord bought CMT in 1991, TNN's music programming was shifted to CMT, leaving TNN to focus on entertainment and lifestyle programming.

In 1995, TNN and CMT were acquired by Westinghouse, which was in turn acquired by Viacom in 1999. Under Viacom ownership, TNN would phase out country-influenced programming in favor of a general entertainment format appealing to Middle America. It was renamed The National Network in September 2000, coinciding with the network premiere of WWF Raw. In August 2003, TNN relaunched as Spike TV, which targeted a young adult male audience. From June 2006, the network's programming had a more explicit focus on the action genre, while in 2010, the network had an increased focus on original reality series. This culminated with a final rebrand in 2015 to emphasize gender-balanced series (such as Lip Sync Battle) and a return to original scripted programming.

On January 18, 2018, Spike relaunched as Paramount Network, aiming to align the network with its namesake studio (which previously lent its name to the now-defunct United Paramount Network), and to position it as a flagship, "premium" channel. Paramount Network's most successful original program was Yellowstone—which quickly became it's flagship series, and has spawned multiple spin-offs on Paramount+, the streaming service owned by its parent company Paramount Global. The network has also featured limited engagements of new Paramount+ original series by Yellowstone co-creator Taylor Sheridan, using Yellowstone as a lead-in. Between 2020 and 2021, most of Paramount Network's original programming would either be cancelled, or moved to other Paramount Global outlets, as part of a proposed plan to relaunch the network with a focus on made-for-TV films. By January 2022, these plans had been scrapped due to the impact of COVID-19, and success of the Yellowstone franchise; leaving it, and Spike holdover Bar Rescue, as the channel's only original, first-run programs.

, approximately 61.33 million pay television households in the United States received Paramount Network; down from 80.24 million in September 2018.

The Nashville Network (1983–2000)
The Nashville Network first launched on March 7, 1983; it was dedicated to the culture and lifestyle of country music and the Southern United States. It originally operated as a joint venture of WSM, Inc., at the time owned by National Life and Accident Insurance Company, and Group W Satellite Communications. TNN operated from the now-defunct Opryland USA theme park near Nashville, Tennessee. Country Music Television (CMT), founded by Glenn D. Daniels, beat TNN's launch by two days, robbing them of the claim of the "first country music cable television network." TNN's flagship shows included Nashville Now, The Statler Brothers Show, American Sports Cavalcade and Grand Ole Opry Live. Nashville Now and the Grand Ole Opry were broadcast live from Opryland USA.

The Gaylord Entertainment Company purchased WSM, along with TNN and the Opryland properties, in the latter half of 1987. Much of TNN's programming (except for its sports) during the Gaylord era was originally produced by Opryland Productions, also owned by Gaylord Entertainment. From 1983 to 1992, all of TNN's auto racing and motor sports coverage was produced by Diamond P Sports. Starting in 1993, TNN started having its NASCAR coverage produced by World Sports Enterprises, and the American Speed Association coverage produced by Group 5 Sports, while Diamond P continued to produce most of the rest of the racing coverage. Programming included variety shows, talk shows, game shows, outdoor shows (such as hunting and fishing), and lifestyle shows; all centered in some way around country music or the country style of living.

Some of TNN's popular on-air talent included local Nashville media personalities Ralph Emery, Dan Miller, Charlie Chase and Lorianne Crook, as well as established stars such as country music singer Bill Anderson and actresses Florence Henderson and Dinah Shore. By 1995, TNN was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which had recently acquired CBS around that time; two years later, Westinghouse bought CMT, TNN's chief competitor. In 1998, the channel dropped its "The Nashville Network" moniker and shortened its official name to TNN. Ownership shifted to Viacom in the late 1990s after its acquisition of CBS Corporation, Westinghouse's successor.

The National Network, the New TNN, and professional wrestling (2000–2003)
In 1999, TNN began to downplay its previous country lifestyle programming to appeal to a wider demographic, including younger viewers; capitalizing on the success of RollerJam (a roller derby-inspired series with elements of professional wrestling), TNN reached a three-year deal to broadcast a weekly television series from the Philadelphia-based wrestling promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), which would air on Friday nights beginning in late-August 1999. Under the contract, ECW also agreed to revenue sharing with TNN for all of the promotion's events (including live shows and pay-per-views) and merchandising. These two programs would air as part of a Friday-night block themed around extreme sports programming, alongside Motor Madness and bull riding from the Professional Bull Riders (PBR); a TNN executive described bull riding as being "the original extreme sport".

In November 1999, TNN announced new programming and primetime theme blocks it planned to introduce in 2000, including Movie Monday (which would target female viewers), Action Wednesday, Friday Night Thrill Zone, Classic Country on Saturday nights, and TNN Outdoors on Sundays. The new schedule, along with new series such as the action drama 18 Wheels of Justice, collegiate bowling competition series Rockin' Bowl, reruns of the Western anthology Dead Man's Gun, and a new promotional campaign targeting younger viewers, were intended to introduce a broader audience to the network.

Despite ECW reportedly driving a 200% increase in young male viewership in its timeslot, the promotion had a strained relationship with TNN's management—which had given the program little advertising, among other issues. ECW would reference these difficulties in its storylines with its stable "The Network", whose leader Cyrus criticized the ECW program for its content, and showed a blatant adoration for TNN shows such as RollerJam.

On September 25, 2000, TNN was folded into the MTV Networks division based in New York City, and was renamed The National Network. The rebranding coincided with major changes to the network's programming, including the network premiere of RAW Is War—the flagship weekly program of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, later WWE)—which moved to TNN from USA Network as part of a new contract with Viacom. As WWF programs were among USA Network's top programs, the move was considered a major coup for TNN. MTV Networks chairman Tom Freston described TNN as now being a general entertainment service, albeit one with a "sort of populist middle-America flavor" rather than "another network for New York or Los Angeles."

Football also became more prominent on the network, as it began airing games of the original Arena Football League (AFL) with Eli Gold as an announcer. TNN was also one of three networks to air games of the ill-fated, WWF-backed XFL (along with NBC and UPN). As part of its contract, TNN had the rights to a late Sunday afternoon game each week except for the first week, when UPN aired the afternoon game instead. In 2001, TNN aired CBS Sports-produced coverage of the inaugural opening round game of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. The opening round game would later move to ESPN in 2002.

In 2001, TNN added off-network sitcoms and dramas such as Diff'rent Strokes, The Wonder Years, The Rockford Files, WKRP in Cincinnati, Newhart, Hangin' With Mr. Cooper, Miami Vice and Taxi. It also became the first channel to air reruns of MADtv. These moves went unnoticed for the most part, due to TNN's lack of popularity. By this time, all country-western programming had been purged from the network; some of The Nashville Network's former programming was picked up by CMT, while other classic TNN shows were picked up by Great American Country, including eventually the Grand Ole Opry, which was pushed off to CMT and eventually removed by Viacom after they did not renew the agreement to carry the series. In 2001, TNN began to market itself as "The New TNN", an inadvertent pleonasm in its full context.

By late 2002, the channel had picked up more male-oriented shows, such as Baywatch, Monster Jam, the hidden camera game show Oblivious, Robot Wars Extreme Warriors, Star Trek: The Next Generation, and Slamball.

Spike (2003–2018)
In April 2003, it was announced that TNN would be relaunched as Spike TV on June 16. Promoted with the slogan "The First Network for Men", Viacom aimed to target young adult males aged 18–34 — a demographic they believed were being served insufficiently by other cable networks. Spike's launch programming would include a slate of new adult animation series such as Gary the Rat, Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon" (an adult-oriented revival of the former Nickelodeon series The Ren & Stimpy Show, led by its original creator John Kricfalusi), and Stripperella, as well as other new series such as Ride with Funkmaster Flex, joined by its recent acquisitions CSI, Star Trek, and Raw. Other planned programming included interstitial segments on health, technology, and finance in collaboration with Men's Health, Stuff, and MarketWatch.

Three days before the planned launch date, film director Spike Lee won a New York Supreme Court injunction preventing Viacom from using the name "Spike TV". Lee claimed that because of his well-known popularity in Hollywood, viewers would therefore assume that he was associated with the new channel. Lee stated in court papers that: "The media description of this change of name, as well as comments made to me and my wife, confirmed what was obvious—that Spike TV referred to Spike Lee." Spike Jones Jr., son of comic musician Spike Jones, became a party to the lawsuit as part of Viacom's defense to protect the rights to his father's name.

Most of the new programming would premiere on the originally-planned date as a soft launch; at this time, the TNN name and logo was downplayed heavily in favor of the "First Network for Men" tagline. The suit was settled on July 8, 2003, in announcing the settlement, Lee admitted that he did not believe that the channel intentionally tried to trade on his name. On July 28, 2003, it was announced that Spike TV would officially launch on August 11, 2003—eight weeks later than initially scheduled. Its launch night programming featured two programs originally intended to air on June 16, including Party with Spike—a launch special filmed at the Playboy Mansion, and the premiere of Most Extreme Elimination Challenge—a comedic dub of the Japanese game show Takeshi's Castle. Klasky Csupo's Immigrants and the John Leguizamo-produced Zilch & Zero were originally slated to run on Spike TV's animation block, but these plans never materialized and the former was released as a film instead. Later that year, Spike premiered the reality television parody The Joe Schmo Show, and launched the Spike Video Game Awards.

On January 17, 2005, Spike TV premiered The Ultimate Fighter, a reality competition series following mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters training and competing to earn a contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). The series helped to raise the profile of the promotion, and would run for 14 seasons, ending its run in 2011 only after Fox Sports acquired the U.S. television rights to UFC programming and events under a new, seven-year deal.

In March 2005, Viacom announced that it would not renew its contract with WWE when it expired in September 2005. Spike TV's new president, Doug Herzog, stated that the network had planned to "expand its investments in original programming and new acquisitions for its core audience", including new scripted programming. The following month, it was announced that WWE Raw would return to USA Network. Spike TV subsequently reached a deal with another wrestling promotion, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), which saw TNA Impact! premiere on Saturday, October 1, 2005. Later in the month, Spike TV debuted the video game news show Game Head, hosted by Geoff Keighley.

"Get More Action"
In 2005, Viacom conducted research which found that word-of-mouth knowledge narrowly perceived Spike TV's programming as being predominantly "low-brow", violent, and reliant on sex appeal. These findings led Viacom to pursue a rebrand in an effort to clarify the network's focus. At its upfront presentations in 2006, Viacom unveiled a new logo for the channel (officially shortening its name to simply "Spike"), and the new slogan "Get More Action". The new brand was described as being "authentic" and "unapologetically" masculine, and emphasizing action as a core genre of programming for the network. The new branding would launch alongside the premiere of Blade: The Series in June 2006. Spike also attracted advertisers with product placement opportunities, such as the "Men of Action" promos, which featured homages and parodies of "classic action moments".

On September 5, 2006, Spike premiered the documentary film Metal of Honor: The Ironworkers of 9/11 by filmmaker Rachel Maguire, which profiled the ironworkers' efforts in the attempts for rescue and recovery following the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center site. The film proceeds through the ironworkers' dismantling of the fallen towers. On October 10, 2006, Spike aired the inaugural Scream Awards, an awards show honoring horror, science fiction, fantasy and comic book-based entertainment.

In October 2007, Kevin Kay was appointed network president after serving as executive vice president and general manager of the channel for the previous two years. The post had been vacant since December 2006. In 2008, the network premiered DEA, a reality series based on the Drug Enforcement Administration.

On April 7, 2008, Spike acquired cable syndication rights for the sitcom Married... with Children. Five new unscripted series were also picked up for the channel's Summer 2008 lineup, including 1000 Ways to Die.

In the fall of 2009, Spike broadcast live Australian rugby league semifinal games from the National Rugby League and also showed the grand final, as part of efforts by David Niu to bring the National Rugby League USA to the United States. On June 1, 2010, Spike launched into the first crowd-sourced pilot episode contest with Scripped, a web-based screenwriting community.

"Get Real"
In January 2011, Spike ordered two new reality television series, Bar Rescue and Repo Games. During Viacom's upfronts presentation that May, it was announced that Spike would undergo a brand repositioning, with a larger focus on reality programming and a broader audience of males in the key demographic. The changes were intended to pivot Spike's brand in a more mature direction, which were described as an aim to be less like Maxim magazine and more like Esquire. A promotional campaign emphasized adversity as a common theme in Spike's programming.

The following year, Spike ordered the new series Rat Bastards (a series following a pest control business in Mississippi), Tattoo Nightmares, along with a revival of World's Wildest Police Videos, and Full Bounty—a bounty hunting reality series that was later revealed to actually be a third season of The Joe Schmo Show. In 2013, Bellator MMA made its network debut with the premiere of its eighth season; the now Viacom-owned mixed martial arts promotion previously aired on sibling channel MTV2. Later that year, Fox reality series Cops moved to Spike beginning September 14. In the fall, kickboxing promotion Glory made its network debut with Glory 11: Chicago. This was not Spike's first time broadcasting a kickboxing event as, in 2012, they partnered with K-1 to broadcast several events on their website. The end of the year saw the Video Game Awards revamped and become known as VGX.

At the end of the year, Impact Wrestling would air its last episode on Spike on December 24, 2014, before moving to Destination America in 2015. Spike also announced that they would drop their video game award show; Geoff Keighley would go on to create his own award show in the form of The Game Awards. In January 2015, following a similar deal made by NBC, Spike announced they would air monthly fight cards by the Haymon Boxing-created "Premier Boxing Champions".

"The Ones to Watch"
During its upfronts on March 3, 2015, Spike unveiled a new logo and tagline, "The Ones to Watch". The re-branding aimed to make the network more inclusive to women, emphasizing a focus on "big talent, engaging shows and hits that get people talking" and further expansions into scripted series. Alongside the miniseries Tut and the announcement of an expanded episode order for the series Lip Sync Battle (a spin-off of a segment from Late Night with Jimmy Fallon), the network announced an output deal with Dwayne Johnson's Seven Bucks Productions for a series of specials, Emergency Broadcast, an original drama co-created by Max Brooks, and Sweat Inc., a fitness-oriented reality series hosted by Jillian Michaels.

Paramount Network (2018–present)
On February 9, 2017, Viacom announced that Spike would relaunch as Paramount Network in 2018 and move its headquarters from the One Astor Plaza in New York City to Paramount Pictures in Los Angeles to give the network a closer association with the film studio. This was part of a restructuring plan by new Viacom CEO Bob Bakish to refocus the majority of its media business around six flagship brands, which included Paramount, BET, Comedy Central, Nickelodeon, the Nick Jr. Channel, and MTV. New original series announced in the first half of 2018 included the miniseries Waco and Yellowstone, along with American Woman and Heathers—two comedies originally slated for TV Land. The Shannara Chronicles, which moved to Spike for season 2 from MTV, was not renewed by Paramount Network.

Paramount Network is being positioned as a "premium" basic cable network, similar to AMC and FX. Network president Kevin Kay explained that Bakish wanted Viacom to have a "flagship" outlet for scripted programming, as opposed to making inefficient investments into them across individual channels. He added that Paramount Network's offerings would be distinguished from its competitors by continuing to emphasize Middle America as a key viewer base. Even with its subsequent rebrandings, Paramount Network still had significant carriage strength and viewership in the Midwest and South due to its heritage as TNN. Kay argued that its initial slate of original dramas were not as "dark", citing the setting of Yellowstone as making it "brighter and a bit more blue sky than some of the things that are on premium cable TV now".

In regards to the programs moved to Paramount Network from TV Land, American Woman was moved to take advantage of its prominent leads Alicia Silverstone and Mena Suvari, while Heathers was moved because, in Kay's opinion, the show was not appropriate for TV Land's target audience. In June 2018, Heathers was dropped by Paramount Network and Viacom, citing network concerns over the content of the series in the wake of recent shootings in the United States, such as the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting. The series would eventually air on Paramount Network in October 2018 in an edited form, with two episodes dropped due to the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting.

Paramount Network began a viral marketing campaign to promote its launch in December 2017. The campaign included a Times Square advertisement asking viewers to phone and email Paramount Network's chief marketing officer Niels Schuurmans to protest Spike's "firing", as well as a string of self-deprecating posts by the network's Twitter account about its history and programming (including that "My favorite number is 329 because it's the number of times Cops is on every night", "We had a show called The Joe Schmo Show. Apparently every decent show name was taken", and that "There's a reason all our early shows were CSI, UFC, TNA, MXC, UTI. No one around here knew how to read"). A network executive stated that the campaign was meant to represent a "public meltdown" by a fired employee.

The campaign concluded with a live streaming event on January 17, 2018, where users could vote on various ways a crew would deface a large model of the former Spike logo, culminating in its demolition. Paramount Network officially launched the following night at 9:00 p.m. ET, marked by a live, Michael Jackson-themed Lip Sync Battle special from the Dolby Theatre.

The Spike trademark remains in active use as a series of channels on Paramount Global's Pluto TV, specifically targeted to men. As of January 2024, The channels’ logos are now stylized as “Pluto Spike.”

Aborted rebrand as a movie network
In early 2020, Paramount Network began to cut back on scripted series development, having dropped upcoming projects such as Emily in Paris (which was subsequently picked up by Netflix), and cancelling 68 Whiskey after a single season. On September 11, 2020, it was announced that Bellator would move to CBS Sports Network in October 2020. It would later move to Showtime in April 2021.

On September 22, 2020, ViacomCBS president of Entertainment and Youth Brands Chris McCarthy told Variety in an exclusive that Paramount Network would relaunch as a movie channel "within the next year" (to be tentatively known as Paramount Movie Network). The relaunched network was to focus primarily on original made-for-TV films featuring major talent, with a plan to premiere 52 films per-year. The films would have been largely produced by Paramount Pictures and MTV Studios, with plans for co-productions with ViacomCBS International networks such as Argentina's Telefe, Australia's Network 10, and the United Kingdom's Channel 5. These changes would have mirrored a similar shift in programming that McCarthy undertook at sister channel Comedy Central, which also dropped live-action series development in favor of original specials, films, and adult animation.

At least one scripted series or miniseries was to be carried per-quarter, such as Yellowstone (albeit with episodes premiering in a different format to suit a cinematic presentation), but the channel was to abandon non-scripted programming. In preparation for the relaunch, it was stated that Bar Rescue and Lip Sync Battle would move to another ViacomCBS channel to be determined, while Ink Master and Wife Swap were both cancelled.

Former Lifetime SVP of original movies Meghan Hooper White had been brought on as ViacomCBS's head of original movies and specials in May 2020, and was to oversee the Paramount Movie Network slate, as well as television films and specials across all other ViacomCBS networks. However, she was released from the company in August 2021 as part of a reorganization of Paramount+ and MTV Entertainment Group's executive structure. In the interim, new seasons of Bar Rescue and Yellowstone would premiere on the network in 2021, and in October 2021, the second season of The Last Cowboy (a reality competition series by Yellowstone co-creator Taylor Sheridan) moved to CMT. Ink Master was also picked up for a new season by Paramount+.

The channel also began a strategy of promoting new Paramount+ original series involving Sheridan, such as Mayor of Kingstown and Yellowstone prequel 1883, under which their initial episodes were given special television airings on Paramount Network as lead-outs for Yellowstone. 1883 would set a record for the highest-rated premiere in Paramount Network history, and on cable overall since 2015, with 4.9 million viewers. McCarthy described this practice as a method of using its linear platforms as a "launch pad" for streaming content.

In January 2022, Deadline reported that the network relaunch had been shelved, partly due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television and film production, in addition to Yellowstone's ratings success—which had been influenced by the acquisition of streaming rights to the series by NBCUniversal's Peacock. The network also acquired linear rights to the Spectrum Originals series George & Tammy. During the Paramount Global upfronts in May 2022, it was announced that Yellowstone spin-off 6666 had been shifted from Paramount+ to Paramount Network, the fifth season of Yellowstone would premiere in November 2022, and that the first two episodes of Sheridan and Sylvester Stallone's Paramount+ series Tulsa King would receive special airings as lead-outs for Yellowstone.

Programming
Paramount Network's current programming consists primarily of reruns of sitcoms and drama series, as well as airings of feature films. As of 2022, the network's lone original drama is Yellowstone, which launched alongside the rebranding of Spike as Paramount Network, and grew in viewership throughout its first four seasons. Bar Rescue, a reality series carried over from Spike, has also continued to air new episodes on Paramount Network.

As Spike, male-oriented programs constituted the majority of the network's schedule upon its original relaunch in 2003. By 2011, Spike had shifted its programming towards shows aimed at a broader audience, such as Bar Rescue. Finally, with its 2015 rebrand, Spike attempted to add more "gender-balanced" programming.

The network had formerly carried combat sports programming throughout its various incarnations; being the first basic cable home of mixed martial arts promotion UFC, and including early seasons of the promotion's reality series The Ultimate Fighter. Other promotions and sports-related programming have included kickboxing events from Glory and K-1; professional wrestling from TNA Wrestling, WWE, and Extreme Championship Wrestling; boxing cards from Premier Boxing Champions; and the Paramount-owned Bellator MMA and Bellator Kickboxing.

Website
On October 15, 2005, Viacom acquired iFilm, which was initially launched in 1997. After acquiring the website for $49 million, it was eventually rebranded to Spike.com and provided hosting of user-uploaded videos in a short-lived attempt to compete with YouTube (which Viacom had sued to remove user-generated uploads of its programming from), a strategy eventually abandoned to refocus Spike.com as a general network site. The iFilm.com domain redirected to the Screen Junkies website for a period of time.

During the era where they hosted user generated content, Spike.com's managers only approved videos pre-screened to meet their standards. On January 18, 2018, Spike.com was sunsetted, and viewers were redirected to the new Paramount Network site and domain.

Canada
In April 1984, while as TNN, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the channel for carriage by Canadian cable and satellite television providers. Following its re-branding as Spike TV, the Canadian Association of Broadcasters filed a complaint with the CRTC on behalf of Canwest Global, demanding the channel be removed from Canadian television providers. The CAB felt that its new general entertainment format would unduly compete with various Canadian-run specialty channels, arguing that there was overlap in its niche and its then-current schedule with Men TV (men's lifestyle), Space (Star Trek), sports channels such as TheScore (WWE), Discovery Health (interstitial segments focusing on men's health, although the network did not air any full-length programs on the topic and mainly focused on generic women's and children's health and pregnancy-related programming at the time), along with the inexplicable naming of Report on Business Television and CTV Travel for reasons unknown.

In January 2005, the CRTC dismissed the CAB's complaint, ruling that it provided insufficient evidence that Spike was directly competing with Canadian specialty channels. The CRTC ruled that Spike did not unduly compete with Men TV, since it was licensed as a service that would carry men's lifestyle programming (in contrast to Spike, which the CRTC classified as a general entertainment channel targeting males), and that the remaining allegations of overlap with domestic Canadian specialty channels represented only a minority of Spike's overall programming.

Due to programming rights issues, programs which the channel does not hold rights to air outside of the U.S. are replaced with alternate programs, consisting mainly of reruns of Spike's previous reality programs.

In 2022, with Paramount Global prioritizing promotion of the Paramount+ streaming service in the market instead, a number of major providers began dropping the channel, beginning with Rogers Communications on April 1, 2022, followed by Shaw Cable and Shaw Direct on August 31, 2023, and Eastlink on September 15, 2023. The Canadian feed was discontinued on all other providers on January 1, 2024.

Czech Republic
Prima Comedy Central was rebranded as Paramount Network on January 12, 2021.

Hungary
On December 17, 2020, Paramount Channel in Hungary rebranded as the Paramount Network.

Latin America
On April 14, 2020, ViacomCBS rebranded the Latin American version of Paramount Channel into Paramount Network.

Netherlands
Spike rebranded as the Paramount Network in the Netherlands on May 24, 2022.

Spain
In May 2018, Viacom announced that it would rebrand Paramount Channel in Spain under the Paramount Network name on June 10, 2018, marking Viacom's first property outside of the U.S. to adopt the brand. Paramount Channel in Spain had been among Viacom's most successful international properties. The channel adopted a similar general entertainment format to the U.S. version, with its launch lineup featuring the fifth season of Alaska y Mario (moving from MTV Spain), and a lineup of imported dramas and films.

United Kingdom
Paramount Network launched in the UK on July 4, 2018, it is operated by the Viacom-owned network Channel 5. It is the second Paramount-branded property in that market; its domestic version of Comedy Central launched as the Paramount Channel in 1995, then was Paramount Comedy from 1997 until 2009, when it took the Comedy Central name. On January 7, 2020, it replaced the British version of Spike in its channel allotments on Freeview, cable, and satellite. The British version of Paramount Network was closed the day prior, and rebranded as 5Action on January 19, 2022.

Spike
Viacom began to launch localized versions of Spike in 2015.
 * On April 15, 2015, a British version of Spike was launched; owned by Viacom International Media Networks Europe, it is operated as a sister digital terrestrial television channel to Channel 5, which Viacom had acquired the previous year. Its launch lineup primarily featured Spike's original programs and reruns from its parent network, acquired U.S. drama imports (such as Breaking Bad, Justified and The Walking Dead), along with Bellator MMA and the domestic MMA promotion BAMMA. On 31 October 2017, the channel changed its name to 5Spike to better-signify its connection to Channel 5's other digital networks. On 7 January 2020, 5Spike was shut down, with its channel allotments and selected programs being assumed by the British version of Paramount Network.
 * On August 18, 2015, Viacom announced that a Dutch version of Spike would launch in the Netherlands and Flanders. The channel began as a timeshare on the Dutch Nickelodeon channel, airing from 21:00 to 02:30 CET daily. On December 12, 2016, Spike launched in the Netherlands as a 24-hour channel on Ziggo. Spike and Nickelodeon continued time-sharing in Flanders until January 6, 2021, when Nickelodeon became a 24-hour channel again.   on May 24, 2022, Spike was replaced by Paramount Network.
 * In July 2016, an Australian version of Spike was launched on Fetch TV.   This channel was closed on 27 February 2022 with no replacement.
 * On December 1, 2016, a Hungarian version of the channel named RTL Spike was launched, via brand licensing and advertising sales agreements with the RTL Group. On October 20, 2020, ViacomCBS announced the channel's closure, and the closure date was confirmed on November 23 that year. RTL Spike was shut down on January 12, 2021, and was replaced by TeenNick.
 * On March 15, 2017, a Russian version of Spike was launched as a separate channel, airing alongside the local version of Paramount Channel. This channel was shut down on June 1, 2021.
 * On October 22, 2017, an Italian version of Spike was launched in the country as a free-to-air channel, replacing Fine Living on Digital TV channel 49. The channel, however, ceased broadcasting on January 16, 2022.

title: Paramount Network


text:
Oxnard Airport

Oxnard Airport is a county-owned, public airport a mile west of downtown Oxnard, in Ventura County, California. The airport has not had scheduled passenger service since June 8, 2010, when United Express (operated via a code sharing agreement with United Airlines by SkyWest Airlines) ended flights to Los Angeles International Airport. America West Express also served the airport with nonstop flights to Phoenix in the early-2000s via a code sharing agreement with America West Airlines.

Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 15,961 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 12,060 in 2009 and 4,074 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 called it a primary commercial service airport based on enplanements in 2008 (over 10,000 per year). By the time of the next NPIAS report, for 2015–2019, Oxnard Airport had been downgraded to a regional general aviation airport with only 19 enplanements.

History
Ventura County opened Oxnard Airport in 1934 by clearing a 3,500 ft dirt runway. In the 1930s aviator Howard Hughes erected a tent at the airport to shelter his famous H-1 monoplane racer, which he tested from the dirt strip. In 1938 Ventura County paved the dirt runway and built a large hangar. In 1939 James McLean opened the Oxnard Flying School with a Piper J-3 Cub and a Kinner 2-seat airplane. Housing was built nearby for instructors and students at the school.

In late 1941, the airport was assigned to the U.S. Navy until the Naval Air Station at Point Mugu could be completed. The Navy moved to NAS Point Mugu in 1945 and the Oxnard Flying School returned to the airport. Ventura County regained control of the airport in 1948, receiving a final quitclaim deed. The state of California issued the airport an operating permit in 1949.

Past airline service
Scheduled airline service started in 1946 with Southwest Airways flying Douglas DC-3s on a multi-stop route between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Southwest then changed its name to Pacific Air Lines which in turn began operating Martin 4-0-4 prop aircraft followed by Fairchild F-27 turboprops into the airport. In 1968 Pacific merged with Bonanza Air Lines and West Coast Airlines to form Air West which was subsequently renamed Hughes Airwest which in turn continued to serve Oxnard with F-27s. Also in 1968, Cable Commuter Airlines was operating de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter service to LAX.

Hughes Airwest ended all service to Oxnard in the early 1970s and was then replaced by Golden West Airlines and other commuter air carriers. Golden West operated de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Short 330 turboprops nonstop to Los Angeles (LAX), San Diego and Santa Barbara. According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), in the fall of 1979 Golden West was operating shuttle service from LAX to the airport with 15 nonstop flights operated every weekday with Twin Otter commuter turboprops. Other service included Wings West with Beech 99 turboprops to Los Angeles and Desert Pacific Airlines flying Piper twin prop aircraft nonstop to San Francisco, Sacramento and Las Vegas. By 1980, Golden Gate Airlines was operating nonstop service to Bakersfield, Las Vegas, Monterey, and Santa Barbara with direct service to San Francisco. Also in 1980, Santa Barbara-based Apollo Airways was operating nine nonstop flights every weekday with Handley Page Jetstream commuter propjets from Santa Barbara (SBA) with direct connecting service from Bakersfield (BFL), Fresno (FAT), Las Vegas (LAS), Monterey (MRY), Oakland (OAK), Sacramento (SMF), San Francisco (SFO) and San Jose (SJC) via Santa Barbara. In 1981, two airlines were serving the airport according to the Official Airline Guide (OAG): Golden West Airlines with ten nonstop flights every weekday from Los Angeles (LAX) plus two nonstop flights every weekday from San Diego (SAN) primarily flown with Twin Otter aircraft with some flights being operated with the Short 330, and Apollo Airways operating Handley Page Jetstreams with five nonstop flights every weekday from Santa Barbara (SBA) with this Apollo service featuring connecting flights via Santa Barbara from the California cities of Bakersfield (BFL), Fresno (FAT),  Monterey (MRY), Oakland (OAK), Sacramento (SMF), San Francisco (SFO) and San Jose (SJC).

Oxnard never received scheduled jet service; however, the airport did have Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia propjet service operated by WestAir as United Express nonstop to San Francisco (SFO) in the 1990s. By 2001, America West Express operated by Mesa Airlines via a code sharing agreement with America West Airlines was flying nonstop service to Phoenix (PHX) with de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 propjets. Most service was operated to LAX with a few flights to Santa Barbara, Santa Maria and other cities at this time. In 1985, Evergreen Airspur, a division of Evergreen International Airlines, was operating de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters to LAX. In 1987 Resort Commuter Airlines was operating nonstop service to LAX as a Trans World Express air carrier on behalf of Trans World Airlines (TWA). By 1988 Qwest Air was flying nonstop service to San Diego (SAN) and Sacramento (SMF) with Dornier 228 commuter turboprops. Also during the late 1980s into the mid-1990s, two airlines were flying Oxnard-LAX service: American Eagle operated by Wings West flying Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner propjets and United Express operated by WestAir flying British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 propjets. The United Express service would later be taken over by SkyWest Airlines with this airline operating Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias. United Express subsequently ended all scheduled passenger flights at the airport and Oxnard no longer has passenger airline service but is served by two cargo airlines.

California Air Shuttle was a commuter airline based at the Oxnard Airport. In 1990, it briefly operated nonstop service with a Swearingen Metro II propjet aircraft between the airport and Las Vegas, San Francisco, San Jose and Sacramento. This new start-up air carrier quickly went out of business.

Facilities and aircraft
Oxnard Airport covers 230 acres (93 ha) at an elevation of 45 feet (14 m) above mean sea level. Its one runway, 7/25, is 5,953 by 100 feet (1,814 x 30 m) asphalt. Fuel, parking and hangar space is available from private vendors at the airport.

In 2010 the airport had 55,323 aircraft operations, average 151 per day: 92% general aviation, 8% air taxi, and <1% military. 157 aircraft were then based at this airport: 79% single-engine, 17% multi-engine, and 5% helicopter.

Incidents
A single-engine Mooney M20C private plane crashed on July 10, 2022, into the airport fence along South Ventura Road during final approach while attempting to land. The pilot had minor injuries and the road was closed until the damaged plane could be removed. The fire department reported that the pilot got out of the aircraft on his own and that a fuel spill had occurred.

title: Oxnard Airport


text:
Talk:Covering space

Surjectivity
Is there any reason why the word "surjective" does not appear in the informal definition, but it appears in the formal one a couple of lines further down. I would prefer adding it there, too. (I am fine with informal definitions, as long as they are really equivalent to the formal ones and do not "define" something else). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:5BA0:20:67:0:0:0:104 (talk) 14:26, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Surjectivity is implicit in the informal statement "each point in X has ...", as in each point is covered. Anyway, it's a technical condition that matters only for disconnected base spaces, otherwise I think it can be proved from the remainder of the definition; I recall some authors do not even require surjectivity in general. Tokenzero (talk) 14:40, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

Overlap
User:Charles Matthews There is now some overlap between the content here and at local homeomorphism.

The way covering map has been defined allows it not to be surjective (the condition holds vacuously for points with empty pre-image); the usual definition has a covering map being surjective. I think surjective should be added to the definition since that's what is needed for most purposes.

 * Just noticed that one property that a covering map is supposed to have, according to whoever made the page, is being surjective. So I'll add 'surjective' to the definition.

I removed this paragraph of mine:
 * The composition of two covering maps need not be a covering map: consider the unit circle S1 as a subset of the complex plane, and for any natural number n define pn : S1 → S1 by pn(z) = z−n. Consider the map p : S1 × N → S1 × N by p(z,n) = (pn(z),n). If N is equipped with the discrete topology and S1 × N carries the product topology, then p is a covering map. The natural projection q : S1 × N →  S1 defined by q(z,n) = z is obviously a covering map. The composition qp : S1 × N →  S1 is not: no matter how small an open set U you pick in S1, there will always be an n large enough so that pn−1(U) = S1 which cannot be isomorphic to U.

The last statement, pn−1(U) = S1, is false, and that kills the whole argument. I don't know if the composition of two covering maps is always again a covering map. AxelBoldt 14:52, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Huh? I'm often muddle-headed and confused, but ... the last statement is perfectly true. What's false is the statement that p is a covering map.  The problem being that p restricted to to the inverse image S1 does not produce a homeomorphism to U. That is, one can always find an n large enough so that pn(S1) is not equal to U; thus p was never a covering to begin with. Changing -n to +n in the definition would make p into a covering.  Interesting example, though. Non-trival fundamental group. linas 15:47, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The composition of two covering maps need not be a covering map. To devise a counterexample is an exercise in the Munkres book (which I don't have ready to hand, so I can't give a page citation).  It is also an exercise (with a hint) in Allen Hatcher's book Algebraic Topology, which is available online at http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATpage.html.  (See exercise 6 on page 79.)  The question comes up frequently in discussions at the "Topology Atlas" web site (http://at.yorku.ca/topology/); see e.g. http://at.yorku.ca/cgi-bin/bbqa?forum=ask_an_algebraic_topologist;task=show_msg;msg=0002.0001.  If p and q are (composable) covering maps and every fiber q-1(x) is finite, then the composition qp is a covering map; see http://at.yorku.ca/cgi-bin/bbqa?forum=ask_a_topologist_2002&task=show_msg&msg=0348.0001 for a proof.  --Logician1989 19:41, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Would someone who knows what is meant by the "opposite" of a group like to make a stub/redirection? I can't find anything on this.

Special case of dual (category theory); anyway like defining g*h = hg.

Charles Matthews 09:06, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Ah yes, of course. I've added links - that ok?

Deck transformations and fixed points
In the first paragraph of "Deck transformation group, regular covers", it is claimes that a non-trivial deck transformation has no fixed points. I think that's false. Take C to be the disjoint union of X, X and X and p to be the "disjoint union" of id, id and id (in the obvious way). Then you could define f to swap the first to copies of X. This is a deck transformation with all the points of the third copy of X as fixed points.

COMMENT ON ABOVE STATEMENT: a Deck transformation acts as a lift of the projection map from the universal covering space to itself. By the unique lifting property, a Deck transformation that fixes a point is the same as the identity map. The universal cover has to be simply connected, so the counter example above is invalid. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.36.156.224 (talk) 16:07, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

Maybe the statement is true if C is simply connected. -- Sven

If a topological space is path connected and locally path connected and its covering space Y is path connected, then the statement is true. The statement in Allen Hatcher's algebraic topology text is the following: each point in Y has a neighborhood U such that all the images g(U) are disjoint for varying deck transformations g. That is, the only element of the group of deck transformations that has a fixed point is the identity element. Orthografer 17:24, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. I have not checked the proof in that book, but here is a counterexample. X is a bouquet of 2 circles. For the covering space Y, take a triangle ABC, attach a circle to one of the vertices, A, and add two extra segments between the two other vertices. The deck group can transpose B and C, and I think that's it, because the covering map then identifies uniquely which segments go to which loops in what orientation. Anyway, for sure A is a fixed point of the group. GaborPete (talk) 22:43, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Oh, I think I have to take this back. Thinking of graphs, I thought that the transposition of B and C is for sure a deck transformation. But it is not: the covering map on the edges actually identifies uniquely who is B and who is C. So, the deck group seems trivial. But this raises the question for me: What is the group we are "seeing" here, transposing B and C, and maybe permuting some of the edges? It looks like the obvious group of symmetries of this covering. GaborPete (talk) 22:56, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

The Opposite of a Group
Don't you think it's overly pedantic to say the fundamental group of a space is isomorphic to the opposite of the group of deck transformations of its universal cover? After all, every group is canonically isomorphic to its opposite, via

$$g \mapsto g^{-1}.$$

In a detailed textbook, it might make sense to introduce the concept of the opposite of a group... but in an encyclopedia article, more people will be confused than helped - since most people will not know that every group is isomorphic to its opposite!

So, I urge that we delete the bit about the opposite of...

John Baez 02:52, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. In fact, it doesn't even show up in one textbook which I consider pretty detailed, Hatcher's algebraic topology book (searchable pdf). I'm deleting it. Why would something so trivial deserve an entire english word? Those things are getting rare scarce in math... Orthografer 14:19, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Universal cover
The author or authors of this note have been cavalier with the hypotheses. The definition of universal cover given here is such that there is no universal cover. For instance let $$X=\mathbb{R}\times D$$ and let $$B=\mathbb{R}$$, where D is any set with the discrete topology. The covering projection is $$p:X \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$$ is $$p(x,n)=x$$. Now choose $$D$$ of greater cardinality than D and let $$X'=\mathbb{R}\times D'$$ with projection $$p':X'\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$$ given by $$p'(x,n)=x$$. Notice that p lifts to $$p'$$ but it is not a covering map because no lift is onto. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.6.88.31 (talk • contribs)
 * Hi, I added the math tags to make it easier to read - revert if this annoys. It seems that the only definition of universal cover is at the beginning of the article, and it is the standard one: a covering space X→B is a universal cover if X is simply connected. In your example, p is not in general a covering map because it does not satisfy the path lifting property (for example when D is an interval, the preimage of an interval could be straight or curvy). In order to address your comment, I would need to know what hypotheses you are referring to. Further, in your example, which of X or $$X'$$ is a universal cover? Orthografer 04:17, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

not locally path connected?
I have a technical question. What if a space is path connected and simply connected, but not locally path connected? (You can usually make up an example from something that's connected but not path connected by adding an appropriate path going around). Then technically this space would be the universal cover of itself, yet it is not locally path connected. It contradicts the conditions of having a universal cover, listed here... 146.186.132.190 (talk) 19:23, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure who put the "if and only if" statement for existence of universal covers. The comb space is an example of what you're describing - good catch! Orthografer (talk) 16:46, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Lead now perfect
I have rewrote the lede. It now gives applications of covering spaces to mathematics, as well as a cite note and an image. It also carefully describes their importance in mathematics. PST

 * I have trimmed the introduction by fixing the grammar and removing material which I feel is too advanced. I kept the picture -- that is very nice and perhaps should be repeated later in the article.  I also kept the links to ramification and homotopy groups.  I think the introduction is now easier to read.  best, Sam nead (talk) 23:17, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi Sam,

 * Per WP:LEAD, the lead should contain a description of the concept and its importance in mathematics (for this particular case). The applications of covering maps in homotopy theory are crucial (note that fiber bundles are also important) and I think that this should be mentioned in the lead. Despite the technical terms there, I think that the lede should be like before. Of course, if you think differently, feel free to comment here again and we will try to even out the content. -- PS T  12:20, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Dear PST - I believe that you may be misunderstanding the point of WP:LEAD. The introduction to an article cannot be both concise, clear, and mention every possible application of covering spaces.  I find the addition of G-covers, isomorphisms of homotopy groups, forward references, and technical definitions to be an imposing obstacle to readability.  My version wasn't great, but it was better than the current version, which I find to be unreadable.  To be clear -- the current version includes material that is too advanced; it will serve no purpose other than to block understanding.  That is my opinion.  Best, Sam nead (talk) 21:23, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Dear PST -- Unless I hear back from you, I will rewrite the intro in a few days. all the best, Sam nead (talk) 21:37, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I have now done so. If you'd like to rewrite the lead again, I urge you to keep in mind an important class of reader -- that is, the reader who does not know what a covering space is.  all the best, Sam nead (talk) 23:44, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Rewrite
Except for the lead, most of the article has to be rewritten in order to go for FA. PS T  09:27, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Uniqueness
If an open set U in X is even covered, is the collection of pairwise disjoint "open lifts" of U unique? Also, is it true that infinite product of covering maps is not necessarily a covering map? Take the product of the real numbers to circle map with itself infinitely many times, since a covering map must be injective on some open set but the product map is not even injective on any basis element. Money is tight (talk) 16:13, 27 December 2009 (UTC)
 * In general, if you don't assume that U is connected and locally path connected, there is no uniqueness : "In general, the representation of an evenly covered open set as a disjoint union of open sets, mapped homeomorphically, is not unique (consider the case of an evenly covered discrete set)..." (Spanier, Algebraic topology, Mc GrawHill, page 64)--Cbigorgne (talk) 16:33, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Typesetting
Per WP:MSM, special math symbols should be done in LaTeX. As is, many of them aren't rendering correctly in multiple browsers, like the circle for function composition. There seems to be extreme avoidance of LaTeX formatting in this article, and I don't really know why, but it's a problem in many cases. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.144.122.240 (talk) 21:55, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

 * In the 2006-2009 timeframe, when this was written, it was highly fashionable to avoid LaTeX, because the size of the LaTeX images did not match the user's native font size, and so inline formulas looked our of proportion. Less of an issue now, now that everyone has high-resolution screens and are thus using large fonts. Anyway, there are still some people running around, doing this conversion, away from LaTeX; I guess they don't agree with the math style manual.

 * Ideally, a browser would tell you what font size it wants to use, and the inline LaTeX images would be rendered so that they math that font size. No clue if this is doable in practice. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 17:55, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

Implication of covers that are not regular (or normal or Galois)?
Less than entirely clear is what the implications are of not having a regular cover. For what I can tell, the orbit space is homeomorphic to the base space iff the cover is regular. A worked example of a non-regular cover, and how that wrecks things, would be nice (e.g. with a non-regular cover, then the automorphism group of a fiber does not act transitively. Right?) thus, somehow the orbit space gets messed up too, but I'm having trouble visualizing this just right now. (I'm having trouble finding a simple example). 67.198.37.16 (talk) 17:20, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

Riemann surfaces
Skimming through this article, can't help noticing that Riemann surfaces are never mentioned ... yet the classic example is of a torus covered by R^2 is a Riemann surface. It seems to me that this might be worth mentioning... another example would be the Lens spaces. Then there's e.g. the toric varieties and so on. Another factoid: the fundamental group of any topological group has to be abelian, or else there's no way to define multiplication.

Also, more attention to things that don't work: e.g. the wedge product of infinite number of circles does not have a universal cover because it is not locally one-connected because the open sets are given by the cylinder sets of the initial topology on the cartesian product of the circles, and so no open set is simply connected and thus not contractible. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 18:09, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

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Misleading section
The section Alternative definitions includes this passage:

" many authors require both spaces to be path-connected and locally path-connected. This can prove helpful because many theorems hold only if the spaces in question have these properties."

It is true that the conditions of path-connected and locally path-connected — and also semi-locally simply connected — can prove helpful in proving certain theorems about covering spaces.

However: It is utterly ridiculous to suggest that the definition of covering spaces must be restricted to path-connected or locally path-connected (or semi-locally simply connected) spaces. Any space can have a covering space!

For this reason I strongly suggest that this passage be removed.

Even restricting to connected spaces is strictly unnecessary. For instance, a discrete subgroup of the rotation group SO(3) (such as the tetrahedral group T of order 12) should be seen as covered by its inverse image π-1(T) by the covering map π : S3 → SO(3) (which for T is the binary tetrahedral group 2T ⊂ S3).71.37.182.254 (talk) 19:15, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

Incomprehensible definition
In this sweeping revision the definition was made incomprehensible. Concrete gripes: Is it really required that the preimages are disjoint unions? Why is that important? --Lambiam 21:16, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
 * a space $$E$$ is introduced as the codomain of $$\pi$$ ("$$\pi : E \rightarrow X$$"), but does not play any further role;
 * the notation $$V_d$$ is used, but remains undefined.

Also, is what is being defined here not usually called a "covering map"?  --Lambiam 21:52, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure why these edits were made. The article now seems completely impenetrable for someone who doesn't already know about covering maps/spaces. 122.161.93.162 (talk) 05:33, 13 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree, I found the previous revision to be much more agreeable to read. The article is now way too technical. DeathOfBalance (talk) 15:59, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

section headings cannot repeat
The heading "Examples" is repeated several times. As are "Definition", "Properties", etc. This breaks anchor links and runs contra MOS:HEADINGS. Can someone here try to invent unique headings for each of these? –jacobolus (t) 23:30, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

Very short lead
Maybe an old version of the lead can be used? The longer version of the lead was removed after this edit: Christian75 (talk) 20:58, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

 * @Christian75 I took a stab at it, please do let me know what you think. (I figured if we have a definition section no need to spell out disjoint-union-homeomorphism explicitly; best to give some intuition & use-cases) Winthrop23 (talk) 17:54, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @Winthrop23 I think it looks better, but I can not fact check. The lead should be more or less understandably by laymen but still correct. Christian75 (talk) 12:03, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

Definition restrictive compared to some references
Here is current's version of def:

''Let $$X$$ be a topological space. A covering of $$X$$ is a continuous map
 * $$ \pi : E \rightarrow X$$

such that there exists a discrete space $$D$$ and for every $$x \in X$$ an open neighborhood $$U \subset X$$, such that $$\pi^{-1}(U)= \displaystyle \bigsqcup_{d \in D} V_d $$ and $$\pi|_{V_d}:V_d \rightarrow U $$ is a homeomorphism for every $$d \in D $$.''

In Allen Hatcher's "Algebraic Topology" and "Godbillon's Éléments de topologie algébrique" in both cases the definition allows examples where D depends on x (the cardinality of D be locally constant, hence constant if X is connected) but in the definition above D is fixed. Similarly, the notion of degree of a covering is only defined when the base X is connected. Arnaud Chéritat (talk) 07:55, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Well spotted; made some changes to show the possible dependence of $$D$$ on $$x$$. Winthrop23 (talk) 18:06, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

The non-existence of a covering map T^3 to RP^3 is not really the fundamental reason for gimbal lock
Every proper (surjective) local homeomorphism between (connected) manifolds is a (surjective) covering map. A version of this appears as Exercise 11-9 in Lee's Topological manifolds book, and this is discussed in many places. So, by compactness of T^3, the existence of a covering map T^3 to RP^3 is equivalent to the existence of a local homeomorphism T^3 to RP^3. Hence there is perhaps no formal issue being raised by this topic.

However, the gimbal lock phenomenon, as explained on the page, is more fundamentally due to the map not being a local homeomorphism than it is to the map not being a covering map. The explanation on the page naturally suggests it is because on every neighborhood of the triplet of angles corresponding to the total alignment of the gimbals, the map to SO(3) ~= RP^3 does not restrict to a homeomorphism to its image.

As mentioned, in this setting there is not much difference between local homeomorphisms and covering maps. In other settings there is a difference however, and the difference has to do with non-local behavior of the map. The gimbal locking phenomenon teaches something about continuous maps versus local homeomorphisms (or smooth maps versus local diffeomorphisms).

To prove that Euler angles cannot determine elements of SO(3) "without some singularity issue", it does seem useful to invoke the covering map technology. The universal cover of T^3 is not homeomorphic to the universal cover of RP^3, so there can exist no covering map T^3 to RP^3, hence by the point mentioned at the beginning there can exist no local homeomorphism T^3 to RP^3. I still contend that the actual gimbal locking phenomenon (according to the gimbals in the animation) is most directly explained just with the language of local homeomorphisms, however.

73.39.58.52 (talk) 16:15, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Request/suggestion for more robust section featuring examples of non-covering map local homeomorphisms
Speaking from experience, seeking the difference between a local homeomorphism and a covering map is a very natural inquiry. I find it confusing that very little mention of this seems to appear on Wikipedia, although it is among the first things a person learning about this topic would try to address. The section should indicate common settings where the two types of objects are equivalent. Lee's Topological Manifolds exercise 11-9 says "Show that a proper local homeomorphism between connected, locally path connected, and compactly generated Hausdorff spaces is a covering map". I don't know of a source with a proof of this fact, but such a source would be preferable.

The page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_homeomorphism says every covering map is a local homeomorphism, but gives no counterexample to the converse. This page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_space) has only one counterexample to the converse. I think it would be helpful to indicate that no surjective non-trivial restriction of the map $$p : \mathbb{R} \to S^1,\ t \mapsto (\cos(2 \pi t), \sin(2 \pi t))$$ is a covering map. (The counterexample listed on the page being a special case of this.) Particular attention to the restrictions having finite fibers also seems useful for building intuition; these can be helpfully visualized using a modification of the helix picture which already exists on the page. Ryan Budney's answer here https://math.stackexchange.com/a/100942/444923 gives good intuition for why one should expect non-covering map local homeomorphisms (actually local diffeomorphisms) to be abundant in general. That intuition should be achievable from reading this page. This page should indicate that in many settings a covering map is a very special object compared to a local homeomorphism, more akin to a homeomorphism (a "multi-sheeted homeomorphism") than to an arbitrary local homeomorphism. 73.39.58.52 (talk) 17:33, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Composition properties of covering maps
Lemma 80.2. and Exercise 1 of Section 80 of Munkres's point-set topology book (Topology, 2nd edition) discuss the composition properties of covering maps. These should be available on this page since they are basic facts which are not easily found. Evidence for the demand for these facts is given already on this Talk page. Logician1989 states a special case of Munkres's Exercise 80.1. The special case of composition of covering maps where the second covering map is finite-sheeted appears in Munkres's Exercise 54.4 (section 54, exercise 4).

It is frequently stated "The composition of two covering maps need not be a covering map" (this direct quote even appears in this Talk page). This is true but somewhat misleading, because in very general settings a composition of covering maps actually is a covering map. Munkres's Exercise 80.1 says this is true if the codomain of the second map has a universal cover, which to me means a better working default is to assume the composition of whatever covering maps I'm thinking about is a covering map, and then be surprised in the unusual case (since I think about manifolds) when the fact doesn't hold. 73.39.58.52 (talk) 18:07, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Covering space