text:
Talk:Company rule in India

Name
Hi. I would like to ask that this article be re-named to British East India Company rule in India, since very few people outside South Asia are aware of the British East India Company and how it managed to take over an entire subcontinent.

Map?
Is there a map available that can depict the EIC's maximum extent (till 1857)?

Nawab of Bengal - Mir Jafar (Jaffar) - Harvard citation
I have reverted to my edit which matches statements made in the cited text regarding the cession of revenues by Mir "Jaffar", the "puppet" Nawab of Bengal: "Mir Jaffar ceded the revenues of the 24-Parganas, south of Calcutta, to the company" (Bose and Jalal 2004, 47). Information regarding his instalment as the Nawab of Bengal matches the information at Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, Mir Jafar, and Battle of Plassey, thereby retaining consistency of information across the pages. Correspondence is welcome (though may have a short delay in reply).Te Karere (talk) 03:00, 1 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I have edited back out many of the changes that reverted. I kept but made amendments to some edits by  per the listed citations. I am no expert on this topic, so could not make a judgement about the language edits of . Please feel free to use this Talk page to discuss any changes you think would help this article work. Te Karere (talk) 04:14, 1 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I am officially on vacation. I have promised my wife to stay away from Wikipedia until the new year and my user page proclaims this as well.  I am down in the sunroom of our house in the middle of the night because some of our cats were fighting.  If that weren't enough to promote sleep, there is also a nor'easter raging outside.
 * I reverted your edits and those of the others because I had judged them not to be encyclopedic. Per WP:BRD, you should have taken to the talk page first and attempted to establish a consensus for the rewording, especially in a lead that has stood in this article for over ten years, before reinstating your version.
 * The lead uses the word "variously." That means there are various interpretations about when the rule began, and what it was that happened that was so instrumental to be cast as a beginning.  Bose and Jalal is just one book in one of the most worked on fields in modern history anywhere.  Plassey is an iconic event in that history.  The phrasing "surrendered his dominions" is in fact a summary-style paraphrase of many things that happened: Siraj ud daulah lost his feudal dominions, which had the stamp of the infirm Mughal emperor in Delhi; the British from that point on became a politically dominant force on the subcontinent; they became a militarily dominant force on the subcontinent, exploiting the new European techniques of infantry warfare; Bengal became a sponsored state (it wasn't just Mir Jafar, it was, more importantly, the bankers such as Jagath Seth who had forced Jafar's hand) for a few years.  To reduce all that to what you have written is unencyclopedic to my mind.  That is all I will say before I head back upstairs.  I won't return to this either until 2020.  I am sounding out  who watch over this page.
 * As for "Hindustani," it was another name for Urdu. Here is David Lelyveld in his seminal article, "Colonial knowledge and the fate of Hindustani:" "'The earlier grammars and dictionaries made it possible for the British government to replace Persian with vernacular languages at the lower levels of judicial and revenue administration in 1837, that is, to standardize and index terminology for official use and provide for its translation to the language of the ultimate ruling authority, English. For such purposes, Hindustani was equated with Urdu, as opposed to any geographically defined dialect of Hindi and was given official status through large parts of north India. Written in the Persian script with a largely Persian and, via Persian, an Arabic vocabulary, Urdu stood at the shortest distance from the previous situation and was easily attainable by the same personnel. In the wake of this official transformation, the British government began to make its first significant efforts on behalf of vernacular education. The earliest controversies over Hindi versus Urdu apparently took place among the British because some officials were anxious to uproot the Mughal gentry by replacing Urdu with a still unformulated standard of Hindi.'"  So, the official languages were English and Persian from 1773 until 1837, and English and Urdu from 1837 until the Company's dissolution in 1858.  Best regards,  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  07:34, 1 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Hey, Fowler&fowler. I hope you are having a lovely vacation. I, however, am afraid much of these changes go beyond the scope of my knowledge in this area, which is admittedly, rather rudimentary. Perhaps RegentsPark can offer actual insights. But if they or someone else doesn't, I'm afraid that telling Te Karere to observe WP:BRD or WP:ONUS is a bit problematic if you are doing so, basically, in absentia. Unfortunately, you might have to wait until your 2020 return to properly address some of the issues that you are raising here. As you well know, I feel that Wikipedia owes you a great debt for your immense accomplishments in the topic area of India, overall, so I hope this doesn't discourage you too much. All the best, El_C 18:57, 1 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm traveling with very poor internet connectivity (takes a while for a page to load). But, should have better connectivity next week and will stop by and take a look. --regentspark (comment) 20:15, 1 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the response. It is good to see you bringing your expertise to the Talk page. I have added no new reference sources to this page (though I did add a page number for one and URL for another). Hence, my initial edit was undertaken to conform the sentence with the existing citation. Nonetheless, I completely agree with you that the cited reference of Bose and Jalal is likely one of very many on this topic. The suggestion that you made as a "summary-style paraphrase" (versus an "unencyclopedic" addition) may have secondary sources of note. Although it is generally worth considering edits that are consistent across related articles, when you (or any other editors) are available, perhaps alternative citations may be proposed? I have not reinstated the language edits, so will leave to others with greater knowledge than I. Have a good vacation. Te Karere (talk) 20:45, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

Medicine
Should there be something about medical matters? Seadowns (talk) 14:10, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes there should (science, public health, etc., as well). I had written something 12 years ago, which I will have to dust off.  Please give me a few days.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  19:21, 23 September 2020 (UTC)
 * PS Meanwhile you could read Doji bara famine and Agra famine of 1837–1838.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  19:21, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Some books
. TrangaBellam (talk) 16:01, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

Tag reason
The Company Rule of India has attracted volumes of scholarship about the various means of exploitation effected by them. Interestingly, NONE finds a mention. The general reception of company rule has been immensely negative, with (what Kim Wagner calls) the balance-sheet approach being consigned to the dustbins of history since around the last two decades. This article is due a rewrite. TrangaBellam (talk) 13:35, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

Social Reform + Education
Hi, I am new to Wikipedia editing so I understand why some may be sceptical of my edits. I have tried to add paragraphs of information about the social reform that came around in the 19th Century and afterwards with regards to the initial British appreciation for Indian culture to the contempt that occurred later on. I feel as though my edits have added to the information that is already under this subtitle as there is limited information in this particular subtitle as it is. The journal article I gathered my information from "The Impact of British Rule in India by M.S. Rajan has a lot of useful insight as to the social reform that occurred as the British Company began to collapse.

There was also valuable information about how the Indian National Congress was formed as this is a key part in the social reform that took place. I also mentioned how these British educated students were the ones who contributed to the uprising against British rule which I feel is a key part in the social reforms that took place.

I feel as though the information that I added blended well, and added onto the subsection and made the page more informative. If there is something in my approach that needs to change rather than the information not being of a good enough standard itself do let me know as I am keen to improve and add valuable contributions to the page.

Many Thanks

Heroicmernaids98 (talk) 11:22, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Have already replied to your earlier post on User_talk:Fowler%26fowler.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  12:09, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

"British influence in India" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect British influence in India. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 November 26 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion.  Peter Ormond 💬  13:19, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:22, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * India in 1837 and 1857, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink.jpg

 * @Fowler&fowler Hi..!! Would you be able to look at the deletion nomination and the files. Seems like they are forgeries and ought to be deleted. Thanks for your help :) — DaxServer (t · m · c) 15:54, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Addition of error-ridden and redundant template
Can you explain the following:
 * Why a template called "British conquest of India" has been retitled "Company rule in India?" You are the editor who has changed its name, a few hours earlier today.
 * What does British conquest of India, mean when the British (howsoever you define them) did not conquer two-fifths of India? (The two-fifths being the princely states)
 * Company rule in India began in 1773 and ended in 1858. The template begins in 1686 and ends long after 1858.
 * What is the point of adding a template that duplicates some sections of this article, dubiously and poorly?
 * What especially is the point of forcing an error-ridden template into an article at such a prominent place, unless the point, or rather its motivation, is WP:Lead fixation. Very best regards,  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  15:00, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Mind you, I don't question the right of the template to exist. I don't because Wikipedia is chock full of trash, and there is nothing I want to do about it.  But I very much question the right of the template to be added to this article.
 * If you are driven to add the template to articles to give it relevance, please consider adding it to leads of British Empire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, James II of England (the monarch in 1686) or Elizabeth I, the monarch in 1600 who recognized the East India Company as a joint stock company.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  15:14, 2 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Good question. The template appears to span the entire British period, not just the company rule, so WikiCleanerMan's heading is incorrect. --RegentsPark (comment) 22:07, 2 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The template does covers the prelude of British rule of India. British conquest of India redirect to this article hence the change of the title minus moving the name of the template page. The Anglo-Mughal War of 1686–1690, the first linked article on the campaignbox, involved the East India Company which states in the lead paragraph linking to this article, "The company seized control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent". I'm only going on what's presented, and for the box, nothing seems short of irrelevance, unless there is a recommendation to remove a portion of the articles from there. And the box does cover a widespread of British history in India and what later became Pakistan. But again if the template is refuse in regards to this article, then how is taking it to Tfd not since it was created as mainspace template for this article? --WikiCleanerMan (talk) 15:23, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The template was created by user:Wareno on Valentine's day 2022 as "British Conquest of India," and accepted later the same day in this edit. For four and a half months it lay in that name, its range clearly much wider than Company rule in India, lasting from 1686 to 1939.
 * In you traipsed in,, changed its name to "Company rule in India," in this edit of 2 July 2022, but not changing the time range 1686 to 1939. Yesterday Wareno changed the name of the template back to "British Conquest of India" in this edit.  The template has little to do with Company rule in India, which lasted 100 years, this template spans 253 years.  Of course it was no created for this article.  Where does it say that?  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  22:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Fowler&fowler «Talk»  22:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I was not aware of this discussion but I reject the notion that my template is "error-ridden and redundant" or that I was involved in its placement here, and the author who says it is just ignorant. The template is supposed to cover all British campaigns in the Indian subcontinent that led to the creation of the Raj, and that includes military interventions by both the East India Company (which was headquartered in England, in Great Britain, therefore it was British) as well as the Crown (which was also British). I don't see why the template should be removed from this article since it seems to fit the general theme, but I don't care either way. Wareno (talk) 13:35, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Of course it is error ridden. It also promotes a G. A. Hentyesque British POV.  Please add it to the Colonial India page and save this high level page from its abuse.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  19:48, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * And that too of all places in the lead, not collapsed at the end with "See also," so the a new reader will click out into the realm of imperial fantasy, to the never never land of gin and tonic, of Gunga Din and Soldiers Three. Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  19:50, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Or you could try some British Empire page, right under the infobox and see how long your edit lasts. Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  19:53, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * It won't last on this page because "British conquest of India" is a title that is both inaccurate (and 2/5th of India was not conquered) and POV, because bot the Raj and Company rule, were polities formed of political arrangements, not a list of military engagements.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  19:58, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Not delusional at all. No idea who Henty is or why he's important, but I've added it to that page like you asked.Wareno (talk) 01:06, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Company rule in India


text:
1879 in art

Events from the year 1879 in art.

Events

 * April 10–May 11 – Fourth Impressionist exhibition in Paris, arranged by Gustave Caillebotte at 28 avenue de l'Opéra.
 * Ford Madox Brown begins painting The Manchester Murals in Manchester Town Hall (England).
 * Chicago Academy of Fine Arts established.
 * Guimet Museum of Asian art established in Lyon, France.
 * Museum of Fine Arts Berne established in Switzerland.
 * Kate Greenaway's first book, with her own colour illustrations, Under the Window: Pictures & Rhymes for Children, is published in London.

Works

 * Michael Ancher – Vil han klare pynten (Will he round the point)
 * Albert Fitch Bellows – The Parsonage
 * William-Adolphe Bouguereau – The Birth of Venus
 * William Burges – Golden Bed
 * Edward Burne-Jones – The Annunciation
 * John Ward Dunsmore – Portrait of Thomas Couture (1815-1879) on His Deathbed (chalk on paper mounted on canvas)
 * Edgar Degas
 * The Dance Lesson (approximate date)
 * Diego Martelli
 * Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando
 * Portrait of Edmond Duranty
 * Portrait of Henri Michel-Lévy in his studio
 * Portraits at the Stock Exchange
 * Gustave Achille Guillaumet – Laghouat in the Algerian Sahara
 * Ivan Kramskoi – Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
 * George Dunlop Leslie – Alice in Wonderland
 * Édouard Manet
 * The Café-Concert
 * Self-Portrait with Palette
 * In the Conservatory
 * John Everett Millais
 * Cherry Ripe
 * Louise Jopling
 * Albert Joseph Moore – Topaz
 * Vasily Perov – Pugachev's Judgement
 * Pierre-Auguste Renoir – The Dreamer
 * John Singer Sargent
 * In the Luxembourg Gardens (Luxembourg Gardens at Twilight)
 * Portrait of Carolus-Duran
 * Charlotte Schreiber – The Croppy Boy (The Confession of an Irish Patriot)
 * James Tissot – Mrs. Newton with a Parasol (approximate date)

Births

 * January 13 – William Reid Dick, Scottish sculptor (died 1961)
 * March 27 – Edward Steichen, American photographer, painter, and art gallery and museum curator (died 1973)
 * June 4 – Mabel Lucie Attwell, English illustrator (died 1964)
 * July 26 – Maria Bal, Polish model (died 1955)
 * September 23 – Charles Camoin, French painter (died 1965)
 * October 22 – Sir Matthew Smith, English painter (died 1959)
 * November 18 – Sybil Pye, English bookbinder (died 1958)
 * December 18 – Paul Klee, Swiss painter (died 1940)

Deaths

 * January 26 – Julia Margaret Cameron, British photographer in Ceylon (born 1815)
 * February 10 – Honoré Daumier, French painter, sculptor and caricaturist (born 1808)
 * March 21 – Valentine Bartholomew, English flower painter (born 1799)
 * March 27 – Hércules Florence, French-born Brazilian painter and pioneer photographer (born 1817)
 * March 30 – Thomas Couture, French painter and art teacher (born 1815)
 * May 8 – Henry Collen, English royal miniature portrait painter (born 1797)
 * June 24 – Eliseo Sala, Italian painter (born 1813)
 * July 7 – George Caleb Bingham, American realist artist (born 1811)
 * July 16 – Frederick Langenheim, German American pioneer of panoramic photography (born 1809)
 * July 17 – Maurycy Gottlieb, Polish Jewish painter (born 1804)
 * August 3 – Joseph Severn, English portrait and subject painter (born 1793)
 * September 5 – Camille Doncieux, French first wife and model of Claude Monet (born 1847)
 * September 6 – Amédée de Noé, French caricaturist (born 1818)
 * September 8 – William Morris Hunt, American painter (born 1824)
 * November 2 – Abbondio Sangiorgio, Italian sculptor (born 1798)
 * November 18 – André Giroux, French painter and photographer (born 1801)
 * December 1 – Franz Ittenbach, German religious painter (born 1813)
 * Chō Kōran, Japanese poet and nanga artist (born 1804)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1879 in art


text:
User talk:SquareNot

Hello, SquareNot. Welcome to Wikipedia.

A few tips for you to start going. (I'll send more if I see that I can help you :-)

 * Just edit stuff off the cuff for a while. We like that!
 * When you have time, check out Welcome, newcomers + the links in there.
 * You can sign your stuff on talk pages with ~ It will convert to your username + the time. "anon" is fine too.
 * If puzzled, put a question on Village pump, or feel free to ask me on my talk page if it's a very general question.
 * Most of all, have fun but take our work seriously!

-- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 03:18, Aug 13, 2003 (UTC)

P.S. Neat username ;-)

title: User talk:SquareNot


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Tales of the Texas Rangers

Tales of the Texas Rangers is a 20th century Western old-time radio and television police procedural drama which originally aired on NBC Radio from 1950 to 1952 and later on CBS Television from 1955 to 1958. Film star Joel McCrea voiced the radio version as the fictitious Texas Ranger Jace Pearson, who uses the latest scientific techniques to identify criminals. His faithful horse, Charcoal (or "Charky"), helps Pearson to track down the culprits. The radio shows, some of which are available on the Internet, are reenactments of actual Texas Ranger cases.

The television version was produced and also directed for several episodes by Stacy Keach, Sr. It was sponsored for part of its run by Wheaties cereal. Captain Manuel T. "Lone Wolf" Gonzaullas, who was said to have killed thirty-one men during his 30-year career as a Texas Ranger, was the consultant for the television series, as he had been for the earlier radio series. The television version was filmed by Screen Gems.

On radio, Joel McCrea's Pearson often worked by request with a local sheriff's office or police department. But in the television version, Willard Parker assumed the role of Jace Pearson and had a regular partner, Ranger Clay Morgan, who had been an occasional character on the radio show. Morgan was portrayed in the television version by Harry Lauter. William Boyett appeared five times on the television series, including the role of Wade Crowell in the 1955 premiere episode, "Ransom Flight."

During the opening and closing credits of the television series, the actors march toward the camera as an off-screen men's chorus sings the theme song, "These Are Tales of Texas Rangers", to the tune of "The Eyes of Texas Are Upon You" and "I've Been Working on the Railroad". The radio series used contemporary cases and modern detective methods to solve crimes; it was a procedural drama, in many ways Jack Webb's Dragnet with a Western flavor.

The television version had some episodes set in the 1950s, comparable in some ways to Rod Cameron's syndicated series, State Trooper. Other episodes were set in the 19th century in a traditional Western genre. In each case, Parker and Lauter were involved with chases and shoot-outs.

Irving J. Moore, later with Gunsmoke, began his career as a director on two episodes of Tales of the Texas Rangers. Besides Keach and Moore, the other directors included Lew Landers, George Blair, and Earl Bellamy.

Guest stars (TV series)

 * Chris Alcaide, as Clint Hollister in "Uranium Pete", as Slade in "Hail to the Rangers" (both 1955), and as Ben Thomas in "Trail Herd" (1957)
 * Stanley Andrews, four episodes, mainly as Marshal MacDonald
 * Morris Ankrum, as Colonel Cole Bryson in "Trail Herd" (1957)
 * Gregg Barton, as George Webster in "Horseman of the Sierras" (1956) and as Quiqley in "Double Reward" (1957)
 * Ray Boyle, in "Streamlined Rustlers" (1957)
 * Lane Bradford, as Asa Brockway in "Blazing Across the Pecos" and as Big Jack in "The Rough Tough West" (both 1955)
 * X Brands, as Johnnie Tyce in "Whirlwind Raiders" (1957)
 * Paul Brinegar, as the lead guest star in "The Hobo" (1956)
 * Harry Cheshire, as Joe Chaney in "Desert Fury" (1958)
 * Andy Clyde in "Hardrock's Dilemma" and "Double Reward" (both 1957)
 * Michael Dante, as Alfred in "Edge of Danger" (1958)
 * Anthony Eisley, as Jack Carr in "Kickback" (1958)
 * Dick Elliott, as prospector Pete Cooper in "Uranium Pete" (1955) and as Sheriff Tiny Morris in "Both Barrels Blazine" (1957)
 * Frank Ferguson, as Dembrow in "Deadfall" (1958)
 * Leo Gordon, as Joe Brock in "Desert Fury" (1958)
 * Ron Hagerthy, as Jim Hartley in "The Devil's Deputy" (1956)
 * Don C. Harvey, as Milo Paxin in "Return of the Rough Riders" (1955)
 * Harry Harvey, Jr., as Jeff Thorpe in "Traitor's Gold" (1958)
 * Ed Hinton, as Matt Carter in "Blazing Across the Pecos" and as Walker in "The Rough, Tough West" (both 1955)
 * I. Stanford Jolley, as Sheriff Clinton in "West of Sonora"; the sheriff fights a former outlaw for custody of a little girl.
 * Jimmy Lydon, as Lt. Jared Evans in "Warpath" (1958)
 * Ewing Mitchell, as Tom Weldon in "Whirlwind Raiders" (1957)
 * Dennis Moore, as Jim Webb in "Panhandle" (1956)
 * Burt Mustin, as Ned Watkins in "Home in San Antone" (1955)
 * Gregg Palmer, as Pete Hackett in "Panhandle" (1956)
 * Eddie Parker, three times and as stuntman
 * John M. Pickard, as Frank Warren in "Ransom Flight", the series premiere
 * Paul Picerni, as Philip Conzog in "Gypsy Boy" (1957)
 * Denver Pyle, as Noah Reed in "Texas Flyer" (1958)
 * Rhodes Reason, as Sheriff Tom Keever in "Uranium Pete" and as Dave in "Hail to the Rangers" (both 1955)
 * Olan Soule, as Bill Peters in "Steel Trap" (1958)
 * Marjorie Stapp, as Stacey Walker in "Ambush" (1958, series finale)
 * Dub Taylor, as Jack Geyer in "The Fifth Plague" (1958)
 * Pierre Watkin, as Ross Oliver in "Jace and Clay" (1958)
 * Grant Withers, as Ramrod Johnson in "Cattle Drive" (1958)

Comic book adaptations
The series was adapted into a comic book distributed by Dell Comics and drawn by Dan Spiegle. It also inspired Willy Vandersteen's Suske en Wiske album De Texasrakkers.

title: Tales of the Texas Rangers


text:
User talk:Stevertigo/Archive 4

Dear Stevertigo,

sorry, it's not clear enough what do you mean by: Высшийа приоритет следует дать к переводить архив.php языка здесь -- быть осторожным избежать изменить Кодего -- смотрит другие архивы.php языка для примеров. Could you explain it to me in english? Drbug 10:01, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Steve, when you get back, please think about how you can contribute without yanking RK's chain so much. You know he's sensitive; please try not to irritate him. Remember, "A soft answer turneth away wrath." --Uncle Ed 15:44 Feb 11, 2003 (UTC)

No idea what u mean by vandalized. i was making a test. Hfastedge 06:03 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)

I have restored all the information Jennifer presented, based on her comments and Danny's added info. Based on these arguments you have swayed me to your position: I now agree with you that it would be appropriate to discuss this in the entry on Jewish fundamentalism. I was using too restricted a definition of this term. RK

Well done, Stevert, on calling the cops re that suicide note. I hope everything worked out OK for that guy. Even if it was a prank (and we had no way of knowing) you did the right thing. JTD 00:33 Feb 16, 2003 (UTC)

Hey that Happened on 2/16 may be it was a prank by User:Two16

Some questions regarding recent articles:

 * John Draize redirects to a non-existent article. Why? This obviously cannot work.
 * Any press is good press is not even a dictionary entry. It is just a phrase, the background of which is better placed in an article about media, press, publicity etc. The one sentence pseudo-stub doesn't state anything non-obvious. Why did you create that one?
 * Political regressivism is a term that does not exist in any dictionary or on any website. I seem to recall that you previously added terms which had no verifiable usage; please don't do that.

Regressivism is on Votes for deletion, I will add the other two unless you have some good reasons for keeping them. --Eloquence 03:16 Feb 17, 2003 (UTC)

What just happened?

I shortened the title of that article, - redirecting it to a new page. Welcome to the Wikipedia - nothing stays the same... you should get a username so I can have a face to type to. -PackardGoose

-

You have a good point. I've always been of the opinion that racists may have good ideas, but they oversimplify. It's easier to say that the Jews or the blacks or the Punjabis are keeping us good folk down than to know and understand that the money- and power-grubbing elite in every society have always been keeping the common man down, and that this is true from the US to Japan to Mozambique. Anybody smart enough to become rich and powerful is perfectly aware that racial differences are irrelevant in any meaningful way, but it's easier for ignorant people to blame the Jews or whatever than to really understand the causes and effects of poverty and war. Tuf-Kat

You raise a reasonable question on the Wagner page -- what point. Only someone who has done some research can answer this question. I am by no means an expert on Wagner (although personally I love his music); I have read only enough to know that many scholars hold this view about his music, so I know a good encyclopedia article will treat the issue. I am not committed to working on this article beyond making this point. You seem to be much more active so all I can do is suggest that you read the Bernard Williams' article and Rose's book, and look to see if there are critical reviews of Rose's book and letters to the editor responding to Williams' article, and then you will be able to answer your own question (to my and others' benefit). Slrubenstein

About the organization of the article -- I think there is a matter of politics within his music (what Wagner was trying to communicate through his music) (and as you point out, some music really is "in itself" political, like much rap and reggae -- of course there are different kinds of politics; one can say NWA was political in that it protested the police establishment, and in that it was misogynist -- these are two different kinds of politics based on different ways of interpreting music) and then there is the politics surrounding the music (how different people responded to Wagner's music); these should be two sections but I think both are central to the article, and my point is that the first one is central to his music -- at least, according to many scholars who have studied Wagner and his music. Slrubenstein

Hi Sv, Zoe has changed the name of the 'UN security Council and the War on Iraq' to 'UN security Council and the War with Iraq', believing the first was POV. I don't think changing the word 'with' to 'on' solves the problem. on and with are both used, the former by anti-war people, the latter by pro-war people. So we have just moved one POV and replaced it for another. I've another suggestion: instead call it ' The UN Security Council and the proposed Iraq war'. That way you avoid any hint of bias, by dropping all words that could be seen as in any way expressing a POV and instead calling it a term that all sides would be able to use: the Proposed Iraq War. What do you think? I'd welcome your comments on the relevant talk page. JTD 00:45 Feb 22, 2003 (UTC)

No problem. I forgot that the server's in a different time zone, though, so the edits I took to be yesterday's may in fact have been recently. But anyway. Maybe the discussion will be more calm & civil later. Koyaanis Qatsi

Hi, just a quick note to that it is best not to characterize anyone in a negative way in talk pages or the summary field -- leave me a clean "paper trail" of kindness, and it makes enforcing our policies a lot cleaner. Jimbo Wales 05:54 Feb 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * Jimbo fed me the same line. In the end, it didn't help, the audit trail was ignored and the easy route taken. --Clutch

-

Any appearance of Shania Twain on CMT is abhorrent to all that is good and true in the world. That doesn't mean I've never watched her videos muted, when I hadn't had a date in a while, but that is why God invented Cinemax, not CMT... Did you ever see the ridiclousness at Talk:Country music, where someone tried to claim Twain was "alt-country"? Tuf-Kat

vERY BUSY CONGRATULATION ON YOUR RESSURECTION TWO16

Stevertigo, it's up to you to keep Iraq crisis, 2003 up to date and complete it. Obviously it needs to be there. Just as obviously, Maveric149, TheAnome, JimboWales and Larry Sanger believe that this project is their personal playground, and that their personal biases are far more important than oh say an NPOV statement of all the real issues and consequences around the Iraq crisis.

They have shown their pettiness and lack of relevance to the future, and what is more, their paranoia and commitment to "outing", labelling, libel, slander and abuses of all kinds. It's up to you, TheCunctator, and other intelligent people, to keep the project alive. I suggest you start by advocating the removal of sysop power from the above people on a rotating basis. Get them to give up the power they abuse, temporarily, and perhaps they will find other ways to overcome their personal inadequacies. I am quite sure the project will die, dead, if their personal biases and petty choices of priorities are allowed to overwhelm the real goals of the Wikipedia and GNU FDL.

Here is some stuff that belongs in the Iraq crisis: - 26 February 2003, Bush commits publicly to a democracy in Iraq; Saddam Hussein rules out exile in an interview with Dan Rather;  Both sides in the UN Security Council reject Canada's compromise proposal for a firm deadline of March 28 - Germany and France remain committed to "no deadline" and the US to push hard on the March 1 deadline for Iraq to begin dissassembling its missiles.

Also, the crisis is not specifically about 'Iraq refusing to disarm'. Taht is the US position/excuse. The crisis is about the spread of nuclear and large scale biological capacity to a state that is outside the bounds of what developed nations consider predictable, and according to Bush also, the spread of democracy into the Arab world, and curtailing terrorism. The opening lines should be fixed.

The list of impacts needs to be exhaustive, I hope you can manage the task - 142

 * Yeah, but youre a nut 142, so that makes you all even! :) -&#35918&#30505

 * Never claimed any moral superiority (the surest sign of actual moral superiority ;-) ), nor powers to enforce it (not necessary if you really are right). Just want a fair process to apply to actually achieve NPOV.  You are more committed to that than them, and maybe more than me, whatever.  It's more important that the actual Iraq situation be reported in a way that isn't US-centric, or idiot-centric, or nut-centric if you must.  Else it's just more backsliding into cliques.  Scary that you're the only guy objecting to censorship based on *who wrote* an article rather than based on *what it says*... but hey the USA is paranoid these days. Again, best of luck.  142

Good renaming of the US plan to invade Iraq page. My own POV would have been close to the original name, but we need NPOV here and your name is much better. JTD 01:16 Feb 28, 2003 (UTC)

Hey, thanks. &#22533 &#29483

Thanks for the (I presume) Chinese characters for my user name... I've been trying changing the encoding on my browser but so far have had no luck in getting it to display as anything other than a pair of rectangles. Do you have a handy link to anything explaining what I need to do to see it? Wondering simply, Clueless Frog Infrogmation

Yes, Ride+Theory. See: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.11/streetcred.html?pg=8 ridetheory

Hello. I'm afraid I don't understand how the paragraph which you added to Engrish on 13 January 2003 fits in with the rest of the article. I don't suppose you could reword it a bit, so that I understand what's going on, could you? Thanks! :) -- Oliver P. 03:46 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

Your drawing of the Wikipede is great! --mav
 * danke. Just a goofy sketch.. - &#35918&#30505

I never said it was wrong to blank pages that have been vandalized. The pages I mentioned were vanity pages, completely unnecessary but not offensive. THOSE should not be blanked. -- Goatasaur -- stever, I know you're down, could you find where to put the information at http://www.observer.co.uk/iraq/story/0,12239,905936,00.html and add it to the wikipedia?

 * Nice story, isn't it? I already inserted it onto the current events page, but it'll definitely have to be put in a few of the articles as well. Why don't you (anonymous) do it? --snoyes 15:01 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

You've lost me with your comments about tenure.

Excellent renaming of the [AIDS kills fags dead] page. As a gay man deeply irritated by that page's name, I am more than happy to see the remaing. *RESPECT* as they say :) JtdIrL 23:34 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

Good renaming job again. I've made two changes. I've replaced the redirect in the two titles 'AIDS Kills Fags Dead' slogan and AIDS Kills Fags Dead with the following:

For information on Aids Kills Fags Dead and other statements viewed as homopbobia, see
 * Anti-gay slogans
 * Hate speech
 * Homophobia
 * Homophobic hate speech

Because they aren't just redirects now but actually pages with contents, it means that the Cunctator cannot redirect the page back to either titles, as they both have contents in their own right, not just redirects, without deleting the entire page and starting again. That was his stunt the last time. Now that option is closed off. Two can play at that game. His 'preferred' title ain't available any more.  JtdIrL 03:38 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)

As you know, its very difficult to see if somebody is or isn't in the middle of doing something. I suggest the wikipedia develop some internal chatrooms in which it would be easier to communicate amongst the various users. Susan Mason

If we shouldn't be (or aren't) allowed to use non-English characters in sigs then Wikipedia software should detect and reject that kind of change to your profile. I think demanding english-character-only sigs is biased and NPOV. Hehe. -- ヤギ

Accusing someone of a bias is a bannable offense. Susan Mason

I agree with you. But calling someone's opinion "stupid" doesn't work very well. Better to attack the substance of their argument, or their sense of judgement. If all else fails, drop a "mom bomb". -- ヤギ

Sorry for the mistake, I spend all day dealing with people who have rather limited persuasive abilities, and I tend to misunderstandimate some things. -- ヤギ

--  ﷲﷶﷺ ﷴ,ﷳﷲ

I like your new signature, with "sv" in it. Helps me distinguish your posts easily when at work :) Martin

-

Hi Stevertigo. If you have such a thing for kanji, I have a suggestion: we currently have pages for latin letters: A, B, C, and Greek letters. How about a page for each letter of Kanji? -- Tarquin 13:40 Mar 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * Hello Tarquin. Your idea is appealing on the surface, but there are immediate issues that come to mind that stand in the way of this endeavor.  To begin with, Kanji characters aren't letters and there is no real concept of a Kanji alphabet.  Instead, Kanji characters are words and are traditionally listed in a dictionary.  Were we to pursue your delightful proposal, we would be in effect creating a Kanji dictionary within wikipedia.  Given that our consensus has already dictated that wikipedia is not a dictionary, you seem to be suggesting that we overthrow an established wikipedia principle.

 * Even if we ignore these social concerns we will immediately find ourselves caught by technological concerns. Despite your claim to the contrary above, we do not have entries for Greek letters but instead have entries for the names of Greek letters.  Observe for yourself that we have an entry for "Psi", but fail to have an entry for "&".  Curiously, clicking on "&" incorrectly brings us to the entry for "Î¨", which indicates that the wikipedia software itself is suffering from some linking bug.  Attempting to take the tentative first step of writing an entry for the basic Kanji "&", one finds oneself instead writing a definition for the meaningless "Æ?¥".  Therefore, even an earnest attempt to carry out your suggestion is immediately thwarted.

 * Although we could work out the wikipedia is not a dictionary consensus issues between us, the technical issues present a challenge of an altogether different magnitude. Because overcoming these problems will require developer status, perhaps your proposal should next be floated to one of the Developers.

 * Respectfully yours - º¡º

There obviously seem to be technical problems with page names. But I don't think the "not a dictionary" policy applies here -- I'm guessing, because I know nothing about all this -- but an entry on a particular glyph would presumably give a history of the glyph, its evolution, its origins, its usage. That's not a dictionary entry. -- Tarquin 18:44 Mar 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * And Tarquin, aside from your idea being disingenuous; 26,ooo hanji treated with the same care as 26 english letters... youre not being sincere...

also, for large items, it would make sense only to import them en masse from a data source that already has them compiled, like Unicode, as the Us cities were done... Are us cities the only cities in the world? dont we need entries for each town in the world?.. Aside from all of that, i disagree with the idea that each letter deserves its own article, in principle, and I characterize it as a leftover from Wikipedia's initial testing days... starting out with A, etc.. - &#35918&#30505sv

 * Actually, anonymous user, I was being serious. If SV really wants to educate Wikipedians about Kanji by using it in his sig, he might as educate out readership! I for one would be very interested in reading more about it. I do think the articles A etc are encyclopedic in nature, as they give the history and meanings of a particular thing. 26,000 articles will certainly be a lot of work. Are there any "principal" characters? Do people really learn ALL of them, or is there a "basic" vocabulary? We need answers! -- Tarquin 11:26 Mar 11, 2003 (UTC)

--

 四人帮万岁 毛主席万岁  21:50 Mar 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * The above signature best translates as "Long live the Gang of Four! Long live Chairman Mao!" -º¡º

Hey stevertigo,

I need input from someone with a little Japanese knowledge. I'm trying to describe a donburi simmering sauce. NImono refers to simmered dishes, and I've seen "donburi NI shiru" refer to donburi simmering sauce. But now someone tells me that it should be "donburi NU shiru". do you have any advice? Arthur 22:05 Mar 10, 2003 (UTC) (leave message on my talk page, please.)

I think you are projecting! I am attached to my own desire to understand how other people use their concepts. Thus, when asked about something like psychological theories into "attachment," I try to find out how psychologists use the term (and why). I guess one thing I am not attached to is my own navel! ;) Slrubenstein

I agree totally. He tried to change things around a while ago and I reverted one of his pages. Forgot about the other one, though. great you spotted it. This has to be finally ended. :) STÓD/ÉÍRE 05:16 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC)

哎竖眩君，您到底想不想要汉字门面啊？ 你如果要，随时给我打个招呼，我不收你钱。 唉您哪儿来的翻译系统可以把整个儿英语巨资翻译成洋泾浜汉语？ ち き

Hi &#35918&#30505sv, Was the record of the year wrong on Grammy Awards of 2001? Source: the Grammy web site. Regards, sannse 17:32 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, if you check again, do a search - U2 won 9 grammys, most of them ins 2001, and 'ROTY' was for ATYCLB (sing) - Sign your name on talk pages. -豎眩sv

 * I see the problem: Grammy.com says:

 * Record Of The Year 2000 - (43rd Annual GRAMMY Awards) "Beautiful Day" (Single)
 * Record Of The Year, 2001 - (44th Annual GRAMMY Awards) "Walk, On"

 * But those years are not the year the award was presented, they are the previous year (the year records were produced in to be eligible).

 * "Walk On" doesn't come up in a search for awards to U2 because it was actually awarded to the engineer and producers (if you search for U2 as the artist there are 14 matches).

 * The same date problem applies to all the other awards on that list - I'll move it to Grammy Awards of 2002. I'm glad you noticed this before I'd got much further!  I was just about to add all the awards for 1975 (which should have been on the 1976 page)  Thanks :)

 * p.s. I did sign (and date) my first message on this page, do you mean I forgot on another page? Sorry if so.  Signing again -> sannse 18:29 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Just popped back to correct my implication that I'd done the list on Grammy Awards of 2002, that was Tuf-Kat's work. I've been working off-line on similar lists for other years and got confused.  -- sannse 19:42 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC)

Ah, but I do have the imagination to see the connection between "attachments" and "idols." But to be blunt, I found Marx's and Freud's (as well as many other's from Pietz to Deleuze and Guattari's) musings on this topic far more imaginative, as well as thoughtful and sophisticated, than anything I have yet read on Wikipedia, especially the original version of the articles on "attachment" and "idol." Moreover, they use words rather differently than the way words were used in those articles. Since I believe people will find far more stimulation for their mind as well as soul by reading those folk, I think that Wikipedia can help by introducing readers to the language used by them. An analogy: why continue driving in that beat-up Chevy Nova that needs a tune-up, when your thoughts and feelings can take flight (to mix metaphors) in a Lamborghini? I've been in the Lamborghini of the imagination, and believe me, the original article on idol-worship, and on attachments, felt like trying to walk in the sand, with weights tied to my legs... Slrubenstein

I do not mind if the words on the page are in simple black and white -- my mind is full of colors, so full of swirling colors, that what to you may appear colorless is in my mind a kalaidescope of tropical fish, bubbles, and stardust. Slrubenstein

Rachel Corrie photos - you said "Photo courtesy http://www.palsolidarity.org" - I just want to check - have they given us explicit permission to use these photos under the GFDL? Or are you just giving the source of the photo without making any statement about copyright? I've heard four different things from four different wikipedians, so I'd like to know what the real story is! :) Martin

If you need to make a letter drop use Two16 @ groovy.net will be set up as soon as I go to the research labs. User:Two16

Hey. I just wanted to say that I love your sketches. The Wikipede is gorgeous: typing, reading, reaching for books... It helped convince me to support the centipede. Thus, I comission you to draw more, which you may refuse to do since I have no authority and am not paying you. -- Stephen Gilbert 21:38 Mar 24, 2003 (UTC)

Hey, great to see you back. Where have you been? :-) FearÉÍREANN 21:49 26 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Nice to see you back, Stevertigo :) Oh, and since we now have WikiMoney, I'll pay you a wiki-kiss for any sketches you draw for the 'pedia. (admittedly this may rapidly bankrupt me...) Martin

My name is not Adam... Pizza Puzzle

The best part of the quote is its author. Pizza Puzzle

I see that you're the Ambassador for the Japanese Wikipedia, and apparently you know the language quite a bit better than the average bear, so you or someone you know is probably qualified to tackle the translation of Japanese proverbs. -Smack 05:41 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-

I am aware this title is stupidly long Steve, but I want this issue at least temporarily solved before I leave. I did not see any proposition I was happy with, and was not able to give one that could be satisfying. I have waited a long time on the talk page, in hope someone else would propose something better. But no one did, and all left to me to choose a title. I thought if I did choose it, that could steer some reaction :-) These articles have been renamed so many times already, that one more is really no big deal. As long as nothing get lost in the process. You are most welcome to give your opinion. I will be very happy of any good proposition as long as every one stays polite. Anthère

et...merci pour le français :-) Amicalement

Respect and civility are supposed to win. It is clear it does not hold the same importance for everyone. I feel tired Stevie. I consider the cost effectiveness of the past 6 weeks, and I am not convinced. So leave I need. Perhaps totally. Perhaps to focus on the french wikipedia. Perhaps to see if internationals have room in the wikimedia. But sure a break I need. When I am done cleaning. Enough windmills, right ? :-)

You are absolutely right. It is not a cause, but a symptom of a need. The cause just allow the need to raise its head higher. Someone understood at evolution. I don't know if anyone will help at Gaia. If a good title was found, it would be more secure. I will have to count on Slr and 168 to remind people of my opinion. But the more I fix before, the more chance it has to stay. Perhaps. Little hope though.

- is it the custom now to not leave signatures? :)

 * well. I do not sign often on the fr wiki :-) I "trigramme" (Ant). Being less active, we communicate less by personal pages, more often on discussion pages. I make the effort here though. Anthère 15:29 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)~(yes, I did !)

I'm sure JimRegan is a great guy, but I'm not sure he should dictate how that page looks on my machine. And in case you're wondering, it looks like hell on my machine. It hurts my eyes. Koyaanis Qatsi 00:30, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Ick, I don't like it at Go game either. It reminds me of a vision test, but one designed by a sadist.  Koyaanis Qatsi

 * Hm, I think the onus is on the person who wants the color on a page to prove the usefulness and unoffensiveness of the color, rather than the other way around--especially given the differences in browser setups. Best,  Koyaanis Qatsi 00:51, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

LOL, that's with an O, mind you. ^_^ Koyaanis Qatsi

Sysop status approved
Congratulations, you have just been made a sysop! You have volunteered for boring housekeeping activities which normal users sadly cannot participate in. Sysops basically can't do anything: They cannot delete pages arbitarily (only obvious junk like "jklasdfl,öasdf JOSH IS GAY"), they cannot protect pages in an edit war they are involved in, they cannot ban signed in users. What they can do is delete junk as it appears, ban anonymous vandals, remove pages that have been listed on Votes for deletion for more than a week, protect pages when asked to by other members, and help keep the few protected pages there are, among them the precious Main Page, up to date.

Note that almost everything you can do can be undone, so don't be too worried about making mistakes. You will find more information at Administrators, please take a look before experimenting with your new powers. Drop me a message if there are any questions or if you want to stop being a sysop (could it be?). Have fun!—Eloquence 22:13, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)

Stevertigo, I reverted most of your changes to the RST articles. The pages other than the main article still need to be deleted. You seem to have confused "deleted" with "empty". The current RST page is also the work of much work, compromise, and huge amounts of discussion, adding material from the other pages that are to be deleted is a really bad idea. Unless you want to be sucked into the black hole, you might want to wait for Tim Starling and Doug to resolve any irregularities caused by the forthcoming deletions. Just a suggestion... :-) Daniel Quinlan 05:44, Aug 8, 2003 (UTC)

About the move I did: It was an unsuccessful attempt to revert a petty piece of vandalism accomplished by the previous move, and it looks like maveric149 cleaned up after me. -- NetEsq 00:16, 9 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stevertigo/Archive 4


text:
Berserk (1997 TV series)

Berserk, also known in Japan as Kenpū Denki Berserk (剣風伝奇ベルセルク) is a Japanese anime television series based on Kentaro Miura's manga series of the same name. The series was produced by Nippon Television and VAP, animated by Oriental Light and Magic and directed by Naohito Takahashi. It was broadcast for 25 episodes on Nippon TV from October 1997 to April 1998. Berserk was formerly licensed for English release in North America by Media Blasters, and later acquired by Discotek Media. Berserk has been well-received, with critics praising its storytelling, characters, setting, and soundtrack by Susumu Hirasawa.

Plot
Guts is a lone mercenary warrior who wanders Midland looking for battles, driven solely by his will to survive. After being defeated by Griffith, the ambitious and charismatic leader of a fearsome mercenary group called the Band of the Hawk, Guts becomes a full member of the group. Guts quickly rises through the ranks, becoming Griffith's best warrior. One day, Griffith shows Guts his Behelit, a mysterious demonic relic, and tells him about his dream to rule a kingdom of his own. Three years later, the Band of the Hawk have grown in power and numbers, with Guts serving as a commander of the group. Guts encounters Immortal Zodd, a fearsome giant warrior, who after nearly killing him and Griffith, spares their lives upon seeing Griffith's Behelit, warning Guts of an inescapable death when Griffith's dream dies. While recovering, Griffith starts getting closer to the King of Midland's daughter, Charlotte. At one point, Guts overhears a conversation between Griffith and Charlotte at a royal dinner party, where Griffith says that to him, a true friend is someone who has their own dream. Someone he can call his equal. The Band of the Hawk is eventually hired full-time by the kingdom of Midland, helping to win the Hundred Year War against the Tudor empire. In the meantime, Guts develops a closest relationship with Casca, the Hawks' unit commander and only female member. Some time after the Hawks' victory, Guts decides to leave the group to stop living for Griffith's dream. Griffith challenges Guts to a duel, telling him that he joined the Band of the Hawk because he lost, and that he can only leave the Hawks if he can defeat him. After defeating Griffith with a single swing of his sword, Guts reaffirms his decision and walks away. Psychologically devastated by Guts' departure, Griffith, in a lapse of judgement, has sexual intercourse with Princess Charlotte—unaware that he is being watched. Consequently, Griffith is imprisoned and tortured while the rest of the Hawks are marked for death.

Guts, who spent a year training to become a better swordsman, eventually learns that the Hawks are now outlaws and that Casca has taken over as their leader. Guts goes to their aid, arriving in time as they battle a group of mercenaries. Casca has a plan to rescue Griffith from the Tower of Rebirth, where he is being held. Once they're ready, they go into a dungeon under the Tower of Rebirth, finding Griffith mutilated, disfigured and rendered mute. Back from the escape, the Hawks feel helpless due to Griffith's condition. Casca tells Guts that she must take care of Griffith and that Guts should continue his own path. Overhearing them and desperate at what he has been reduced to, Griffith takes off in a wagon, accidentally crashing into a river nearby. He crawls out of the wreckage, and in despair, attempts to commit suicide by stabbing his throat into a sharp tree root, but fails. Instead, he miraculously finds his Behelit, which he had lost during his time imprisoned, and unintentionally activates it with the blood leaking from his neck. This initiates an event called "the Eclipse", taking everyone present to another plane of existence. The God Hand, a group of archdemons, inform Griffith that he has been chosen as their final member and he must offer his comrades as sacrifices to the "apostles"—humans like Zodd who became powerful demons by sacrificing their loved ones and their own humanity. Griffith agrees and the entire Band of the Hawk are branded as sacrificial offerings. Almost all of the group, except Guts and Casca, are slaughtered and devoured by the apostles. Griffith is reborn as the fifth God Hand member, Femto, and then rapes Casca in front of Guts while the latter is restrained by an apostle that has latched onto his arm. He cuts off his own left forearm and loses his right eye to an apostle in a vain attempt to stop his former friend. In a flashforward, it is shown that Guts ultimately survives the Eclipse, and some time later, becomes known as the Black Swordsman, starting a quest for revenge against the God Hand and the apostles.

Release
Berserk was produced by Nippon Television and VAP, animated by Oriental Light and Magic, and directed by Naohito Takahashi. The series begins with the original manga's Black Swordsman arc, continuing through the Golden Age arc, covering 12 volumes (and part of the 13th volume) of the manga. Its 25 episodes were broadcast in Japan on Nippon TV from October 8, 1997, to April 1, 1998. VAP collected the episodes on VHS, with 13 sets released from February 1, 1998, to January 21, 1999. The series was later released on seven DVDs, from April 23 to October 22, 2003. VAP released the series on a Blu-ray box set on January 18, 2012.

In North America, it was originally reported that Urban Vision was negotiating the license to series for English release; however, it was then confirmed that Berserk was licensed by Media Blasters. The English dub was produced by NYAV Post. Around 2002, there were plans to air the series on the Sci-Fi Channel; however, Media Blasters warned them that the violence would require too many cuts. Media Blasters released the series on VHS and six DVDs, under its Anime Works label, from May 28, 2002, to May 27, 2003. A complete DVD collection was released on November 16, 2004, and a remastered edition was released on March 10, 2009. In December 2012, Media Blasters announced that the rights to the series had expired. In January 2024, Discotek Media announced that they had licensed the series, and released it on a Blu-ray set on March 26 of the same year.

In the United Kingdom, Berserk was licensed by MVM Films. The six DVDs were released from September 3, 2007, to July 7, 2008. MVM re-released the series' complete DVD collection on October 11, 2010, and the Blu-ray collection on February 6, 2017. In Australia and New Zealand, Madman Entertainment released the six DVDs between December 2, 2002, and June 18, 2003. The complete DVD collection was released on March 17, 2004, and the Blu-ray collection on February 21, 2018.

Soundtrack
Susumu Hirasawa composed the music for Berserk. Penpals (band) performed the opening theme "Tell Me Why" and Silver Fins performed the ending theme "Waiting so long". "Berserk -Forces-" was released as a single by Nippon Columbia (Teslakite) on November 1, 1997; "Tell Me Why" and "Waiting so long" were released by VAP on November 6, 1997.

Kenpū Denki Berserk: Original Soundtrack (剣風伝奇ベルセルク オリジナル・サウンドトラッック) was released by VAP on November 6, 1997.

Track listing
All tracks written and performed by Susumu Hirasawa, except where noted.

Other media
Berserk: Kenpū Denki – Kanzen Kaiseki-sho (ベルセルク 剣風伝奇完全解析書), an art book about the series, was released by Hakusensha on December 9, 1998.

Reception
Berserk has been overall well received by critics. Carlo Ross of THEM Anime Reviews said that, at first, he could not get into the "dreary, depressing tone" of Berserk, but added that as the series progresses, the viewer can meet the cast "as more than just the standard fantasy archetypes", praising the characters for their realistic portraying. He said that Berserks violence was like "a classic Kurosawa film", and that just like his films, Berserks lesson is that "beneath all that metal armor, these soldiers are people." Ross concluded: "If you want fantasy that really makes you think, then don't let the name fool you. Berserk is not about turning your brain off. Not one bit." Brittany Vincent, writing for Anime News Network (ANN), said that Berserk "excels in setting up this tone that defines the story, even if it happens to end abruptly without any real conclusion." Vincent wrote that the adaptation is not perfect and that it has "its share of low-quality animation at times", but that it is "an excellent stab at bringing the story to life." She also noted the omission of characters, like the elf Puck, omission that makes the series a "much more serious and foreboding affair", also stating that the anime has several moments that "speed up time or slow it down considerably." Sandra Scholes of Active Anime wrote: "Berserk is a hard – hitting hack and slash demonically possessed horror fantasy of relentless proportions. There’s a good chance no one has seen this type of anime before or will again. This should be in everyone’s collection."

John Oppliger of AnimeNation said that the most appealing aspect of Berserk is "its ability to present exhilarating, extremely violent action while never losing sight of characterization or the continuing storyline", praising the series as well for its "very complex and unpredictable story." Rob Ghoul of PopCultureShock wrote that at first he was in for "two hours of boredom" at seeing "a generic concept, coupled with typical TV quality production", but that suddenly "a story broke out", adding that Berserk was not the "mundane bloodfest" he originally thought, and called it a "gripping story." Eric Frederiksen, writing for Advanced Media Network, said that it would be easy to call Berserk a "mindlessly violent piece of popcorn-gore", but he said that it is not about a "man with a giant sword slicing through everything in his path", adding that the story and the characters are the real focus of the show, concluding: "Part of what helps Berserk weather the ravages of time better than so many other shows is the sheer volume of stuff it gives us to think about, without shoving it down our throats." Chris Beveridge of AnimeOnDVD wrote: "getting something that is just plain violent – but with a purpose and story – is a real treat and change of pace. Something that doesn’t pull away from the darker side of combat in a fantasy setting […] [I]t’s a series that just grabbed me and made me watch in fascination."

Zac Bertschy, writing for SciFi.com, stated that Berserk is "possibly the most mature, intelligent, and just flat-out kick-butt fantasy series to ever come across the market", adding that the series explores themes like child abuse and schizophrenia, and that it is "a major departure from other common anime fantasy series; it goes where most fear to tread." Bertschy concluded: "If you're a big fantasy fan and like mature, adult stories that aren't afraid to explore even the darkest pits of the psyche, then Berzerk [sic] is for you." In another review for ANN, Bertschy said that Berserk is the finest example of dark fantasy available on the market and that its original manga basis "surpasses all others in terms of quality and popularity", adding that the series "remains enchanting, entertaining and truly terrifying to this day."

Writing for Anime Jump, Mike Toole said: "Berserk is one of those shows that's just the Total Package-- if you're a fan of action or fantasy and can handle hard-edged, violent stories, it's just what you're looking for." Praising the characters, the "detailed, tightly-wound" plot, and the "furious" battle scenes, concluding: "If there were a such thing as "realistic fantasy," Berserk would be it. Altogether, the show's collective merits make it impossible to ignore—it's truly one of the good ones." Toole, in another review for ANN, called Berserk "a showcase of bad, weird animation", commenting that the distance of time helps to gloss over its issues. In comparing the series to the 2016 series, which was criticized for its handling of CGI, Toole wrote: "It helps that animation mistakes tend to be a bit less noticeable in 2D."

Writing for About.com, Serdar Yegulalp said that Berserk is a "grim but utterly gripping fantasy that makes Lord of the Rings look like Anne of Green Gables", calling its violence "brutal and disturbing", but that it has an "epic storytelling with unforgettable characters." In another review, Yegulalp commented: "Despite its abbreviated, abortive form, and despite a relatively crude animation style, Berserk was, and still is, one of the best anime of its kind", adding that, like Game of Thrones, Berserk "has an appeal far beyond the fantasy-adventure fans who became the show's first and most vocal champions."

Berserk's soundtrack has also been praised by critics. Ross said that the opening and ending themes were "two of the least appropriate songs I have ever heard for an anime series", but that Hirasawa's background tracks are "rather memorable", highlighting "Berserk -Forces-", which he called "an object lesson in how to use a synthesizer and reverb completely wrong, and yet still come up with something interesting and fresh anyway", adding that Hirasawa's music is "an acquired taste, to be sure - people either love it or hate it." Bertschy said that the music of Berserk is "certainly worth praising", commenting that the score "leaps effortlessly from haunting and melodic to dark and sinister in the blink of an eye, maintaining credibility and flow throughout." Yegulalp wrote: "[Hirasawa] created the throbbing, disturbing score for the ultra-violent fantasy anime Berserk. Some of the synthesizer and sampler techniques used sound a bit primitive today, but they're more than made up for by the haunting composition and songwriting. If the alternately joyful and sorrowful "Guts's Theme" doesn't send chills through you, there's probably not much that could." Writing for Funimation, Kathleen Townsend highlighted "Gut's Theme", and stated: "It’s particularly gentle for a world filled with evil and a fearsome protagonist willing to carve his own limbs away if it means helping those he loves. It’s peaceful and delicate, filled with hope and longing." Toole said that Berserk's music has "both ups and downs." On the upside, he lauded the incidental music, stating that the music is "churning and intense, and lends a well-placed sense of urgency to the show's plot", but Toole commented that the selection of compositions "is pretty small, which means that a lot of themes, especially "Forces," are used and reused incessantly. It's a good soundtrack, and an unusual one, but it gets a bit repetitive." In another review, Toole said that Hirasawa's "churning, hypnotic" musical output was "as sort of like tossing Philip Glass, Yello, and Peter Gabriel into a centrifuge." Toole highlighted "Berserk -Forces-", and said that it has become "iconic and wholly associated with the series." Toole concluded: "I appreciate Berserk's excellent direction and pacing and dig its atmospheric artwork, especially Kobayashi Production's awesome painting work, but it's the music that has aged the best." Friederickson wrote that Hirasawa's synth-heavy soundtrack "brings an otherworldly feeling that reminds of some of those great practical-effects-fueled '80s movies. It fits perfectly into this story where magic is beginning to emerge in a world where no one believes in it."

title: Berserk (1997 TV series)


text:
Talk:House of Medici

Wanted to add to family tree
I noted that Henrietta_Maria_of_France which exists on wikipedia is the daughter of Marie de' Medici (1573 – 1642), wife of Henry IV of France, so I wanted to add that into the family tree, so immediately exposing the fact the the Medici penetrated English Royal Family. So by modern Genetic Standards A Medici became the King of England!!

Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360 – 1429)

Lorenzo de' Medici (the Elder) (1395 – 1440)

Pierfrancesco de' Medici (the Elder) (1431 – 1476)

Giovanni the Popolano (1467 – 1498)

Lodovico de' Medici (Giovanni dalle Bande Nere) (1498 – 1526), the most famous soldier of all the Medici

Cosimo I de' Medici (1519 – 1574), Grand duke of Tuscany

Francesco I de' Medici (1541 – 1587), Grand duke of Tuscany

Marie de' Medici (1573 – 1642), wife of Henry IV of France

Henrietta_Maria_of_France, wife of Charles_I_of_England

Charles_II_of_England Great Great Great Great Great Great Great Grandson of Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360 – 1429)

├─Francesco I de' Medici (1541 – 1587), Grand duke of Tuscany │ │ │ ├─Eleonora de' Medici (1566 – 1611), wife of Vincenzo I Gonzaga, duke of Mantua │ │ │ ├─Romola de' Medici (1568 – 1568) │ │ │ ├─Anna de' Medici (1569 – 1584) │ │ │ ├─Isabella de' Medici (1571 – 1572) │ │ │ ├─Lucrezia de' Medici (1572 – 1574) │ │ │ ├─Marie de' Medici (1573 – 1642), wife of Henry IV of France │ │ │ │ │ └─Henrietta_Maria_of_France, wife of Charles_I_of_England │ │ │ │ │ └─Charles_II_of_England │ │ │ │ │ ├─Antonio de' Medici (1576 – 1621), adopted │ │ │ └─Filippo de' Medici (1577 – 1582)
 * This could definitely be valuable information --Saigen98 (talk) 18:24, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

Emílio Garrastazu Médici
Can Emílio Garrastazu Médici be included in this article? 2804:431:C7C5:227E:A02E:DCD0:24A2:C8ED (talk) 21:19, 14 July 2021 (UTC)
 * No. No connection is mentioned in his article, and the Florentine Medicis died out in the 18th century. Johnbod (talk) 21:50, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

Caption of Blood Orange Photo
I don't know how to make this change, but the grammar is quite wrong here. "Here seen sliced in half" would apply to the phrase "an art historian" which follows it! The art historian is not seen sliced in half. Perhaps "An art historian suggests that the blood orange, here seen sliced in half, could be the imagery used in the Medici coat of arms."2601:5CC:C900:345:5C33:9337:BD48:8EC9 (talk) 23:25, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

Reference in past tense
Why are the references to the family line in the past tense? The house of medici is still alive today. Lorenzo de Medici survives the family line as of today. Chefs-kiss (talk) 20:50, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:House of Medici


text:
Princess Ludovika of Bavaria

Princess Ludovika of Bavaria (Marie Ludovika Wilhelmine; Mary Louise Wilhelmina; 30 August 1808 – 25 January 1892) was the sixth child of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and Caroline of Baden, and the mother of Empress Elisabeth of Austria. She was born and died in Munich.

Early years
Marie Ludovika Wilhelmine was born to King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and Caroline of Baden as their sixth child. The birth of Ludovika was known to be difficult. Ludovika was christened one day after her birth as Ludovika Wilhelmine.

Ludovika and her sisters received many lessons in literature as well as geography and history. They both spoke German and French.

Marriage
Ludovika married Maximilian Joseph, Duke in Bavaria, whose father Duke Pius August in Bavaria was her cousin, on 9 September 1828 in Tegernsee. Ludovika was always frustrated that, unlike her elder sisters who married kings and Austrian archdukes, she would not be marrying someone with a grand title, but rather a peculiar and childish duke who had a fondness for circuses. However, Ludovika was determined to create dynastic marriages for her daughters. She and her husband had ten children, including Empress Elisabeth of Austria and Queen Maria Sofia of the Two Sicilies.

Maximilian was mostly away from home; due to this, Ludovika wrote that she spent their first wedding anniversary alone and wept. Though, in 1830, Ludovika found herself pregnant with their first child. On 21 June 1831, she gave birth to a son whom they named Ludwig Wilhelm.

title: Princess Ludovika of Bavaria


text:
Augusta Regional Airport

Augusta Regional Airport (Augusta Regional Airport at Bush Field) is a city-owned public airport six miles (11 km) south of Augusta, in Richmond County, Georgia, United States.

In 2000 Bush Field airport changed its name to Augusta Regional Airport. The airport opened a new passenger terminal in December 2007 and renovated the entire property, designed by the LPA Group. Augusta Regional Airport, served by American Eagle, Delta Air Lines, and Delta Connection, utilizes the phrase "Fly There, Fly Home" as part of their marketing. Lower fares at Augusta Regional Airport have increased passenger usage during the past two years.

Facilities and aircraft
Augusta Regional Airport covers 1,411 acre at an elevation of 144 feet (44 m) above mean sea level. It has one concrete and one asphalt runway: 17/35, 8,001 × 150 feet (2,439 × 46 m) and 8/26, 6,002 × 75 feet (1,829 × 23 m).

In the year ending July 31, 2022, the Augusta Regional Airport had 42,038 aircraft operations, an average of 115 per day: 49% general aviation, 19% air taxi, 16% military and 17% scheduled commercial. 18 aircraft were then based at this airport: 5 single-engine, 7 multi-engine, 4 jet and 2 helicopter.

Commercial aircraft
In early 2008, a typical day saw seven departures to Atlanta, GA on Bombardier CRJ-200 regional jets and ATR 72 turboprop aircraft by Delta Connection carriers, US Airways Express had seven departures to Charlotte, NC with turboprop Bombardier Dash 8-300s and Bombardier CRJ-200s. As of mid-2009, Delta Air Lines regional carrier Atlantic Southeast Airlines (ASA) no longer operates the ATR-72 turboprop aircraft, and all ExpressJet flights into and out of Augusta are 50-seat CRJ-200 regional jets. US Airways Express served the airport with Dash 8-300 turboprops and CRJ-200s. American Eagle ended flights to Augusta on January 31, 2012, but it returned to Augusta once parent airline American Airlines overtook US Airways Express' parent US Airways in 2015.

Delta Air Lines has been flying to Augusta since May 2011 after an 11-year hiatus using the Boeing 717-200 aircraft flights to and from its hub in Atlanta.

During the Masters golf tournament, traffic through Augusta soars. Airlines respond with more flights on larger equipment, including Delta Air Lines Boeing 737s and 757s. During 2009 Masters week, Embraer E-170s and CRJ-900s were common, but larger aircraft were also sent to Augusta. Delta does operate mainline aircraft to Augusta on a daily basis from their hub in nearby Atlanta.

The presence of Fort Eisenhower in Augusta results in periodic military charter flights using widebody aircraft such as McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and McDonnell Douglas MD-11 trijet aircraft, in the past operated by World Airways.

Origins
In 1941, the City of Augusta learned that the United States Army Air Corps was looking for a site to locate a basic Contract Pilot School. In March 1941, the president of the Chamber of commerce contacted Harold S. Darr, who operated a primary flight school for the Air Corps in Albany (Albany Army Airfield) to promote the idea to locate the new school in the Augusta area. With the Army's approval, Darr chose a 900 acre tract 7.5 mi southeast of the City adjacent to the Savannah River. On March 22, 1941, Darr entered into an agreement with local officials to invest $500,000 in buying the acreage and building a school. Darr estimated that the school would employ 300 civilians with an annual payroll of $1.5 million, In turn, the City and Richmond County agreed to move a City-owned hangar from nearby Daniel Field, pave the aircraft parking ramp, pave a road in the area to create a runway, and provide convict labor with guards. The Air Corps set a very ambitious timetable by requiring that flight training begin no later than June 7, 1941. Construction started on April 1. The Air Corps and Darr did not go public with the project until April 5, when an announcement appeared in the local newspaper.

World War II
Training began on June 10, with flying cadets arriving from the Air Corps primary schools at Albany and Americus, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Camden, South Carolina, Arcadia and Lakeland, Florida. The initial aircraft complement numbered 24 Vultee BT-13 Valiant and BT-15 aircraft. The ten-week course consisted of 70 hours of flight training and 150 hours of ground training. Harold Darr named the school Georgia Aero Tech; however, the Army designated it the 72nd Army Air Force Flight Training Detachment. The school was one of only three contract pilot schools conducting basic training. In addition to the main school at Augusta, the following auxiliary airfields were utilized:
 * Dionne Auxiliary Field 33.09722°N, -81.96639°W
 * Yawn Auxiliary Field 33.19944°N, -82.06278°W

Shortly after flight training commenced in June 1941, Don C. Bush, a civilian flight instructor lost his life in an aircraft crash. The airfield was named Bush Field in his memory.

In January 1942, the Defense Plant Corporation, a corporation entity of the Federal government, bought the school from Harold Darr. With the United States now in the war, the size of the classes increased, requiring an expansion of the school's facilities. Construction began on a ground training building in May and an additional barracks in June. The number of aircraft assigned to the school grew from 24 to around 100 BT-13s and BT-15s. Additional paved runways were eventually added.

During all 1943, the school operated at capacity with classes averaging around 160 students. By early 1944, training requirements began to decrease, and with the possibility at that time of closing nearby Camp Gordon, the Army suddenly had no use for the field. In September 1944, the Air Force closed the facility after training over 5,000 students.

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation used Bush Field until 1948 for the disposal and sale of surplus military aircraft. The surplus aircraft at Bush included almost every Army and Navy model, from primary trainers and drones to B-24s and large transports. Several were purchased by the upstart Flying Tiger Airline.

Commercial use
Bush Field became Augusta's commercial airport on July 1, 1950, when the Federal Government transferred Bush Field to the City of Augusta and the airlines moved from Daniel Field to Bush Field. One of the airport's most profitable initiatives occurred in 1955 when a transient terminal was opened to sell fuel and to provide service to visiting aircraft. To this day, the fueling operation continues as a major source of revenue for the airport, keeping it self-sufficient and profitable. No tax dollars or City funding has ever been needed to support the airport.

During the 1950s and 1960s passenger traffic grew. The old flight school barracks were renovated and leased to Continental Hotels. In 1961, an 8000 ft runway was completed. In 1964, Bush Field was the 135th-busiest airport in the nation. Jet service at the airport began in 1965. By the close of the 1960s, the airport had doubled its baggage claim area and added a terminal, a tower, a lobby, a hotel, parking meters, and a second runway.

The 1970s saw the airport's industrial growth period. During the 1970s, Capitol Aviation of Georgia (not to be confused with Capitol Air) established itself at the airport with a million-dollar-plus airplane service facility. The company, now known as Landmark Aviation, developed a jet engine repair facility, an avionics-navigation shop, and a structural and aircraft systems repair shop. Landmark Aviation now employs roughly 220 people at the Augusta facility.

By the 1990s, Bush Field tenants and visitors were contributing about $290 million in annual economic activity with nearly 2,200 jobs attributed to the airport. In 2000, Bush Field was renamed Augusta Regional Airport at Bush Field.

The self-sufficient airport, which has never used tax dollars, completed the first-ever "Master Plan" in 2002. The Master Plan serves as a road map for future economic growth and development at and around the airport.

Several former World War II buildings of Georgia Aero Tech remain at Bush Field. The former mess hall, administration building, and ground school buildings formed part of the airport's terminal building. The original swimming pool remained until 2008, but with a hotel built around it rather than cadet barracks. The hotel, pool, and terminal buildings were demolished in conjunction with the building of an entirely new terminal building. The FAA currently occupies the former Link trainer building. All the hangars are still in use – including the one moved from Daniel Field in 1941.

The ARFF Department at Augusta Regional Airport works on 3- to 24-hour shifts.

In 2021, Augusta Regional Airport became the home of Augusta University Health's AirCare program. The air ambulance service through Metro Aviation provides medical transport services to Augusta University Medical Center from on-scene responses and from transportation to and from other medical facilities.

title: Augusta Regional Airport


text:
Talk:Mogul Era

Possible additions from http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html (please wikify and incorporate):

The Coming of the Europeans
The quest for wealth and power brought Europeans to Indian shores in 1498 when Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese voyager, arrived in Calicut (modern Kozhikode, Kerala) on the west coast. In their search for spices and Christian converts, the Portuguese challenged Arab supremacy in the Indian Ocean, and, with their galleons fitted with powerful cannons, set up a network of strategic trading posts along the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 1510 the Portuguese took over the enclave of Goa, which became the center of their commercial and political power in India and which they controlled for nearly four and a half centuries.

Economic competition among the European nations led to the founding of commercial companies in England (the East India Company, founded in 1600) and in the Netherlands (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie--the United East India Company, founded in 1602), whose primary aim was to capture the spice trade by breaking the Portuguese monopoly in Asia. Although the Dutch, with a large supply of capital and support from their government, preempted and ultimately excluded the British from the heartland of spices in the East Indies (modern-day Indonesia), both companies managed to establish trading "factories" (actually warehouses) along the Indian coast. The Dutch, for example, used various ports on the Coromandel Coast in South India, especially Pulicat (about twenty kilometers north of Madras), as major sources for slaves for their plantations in the East Indies and for cotton cloth as early as 1609. (The English, however, established their first factory at what today is known as Madras only in 1639.) Indian rulers enthusiastically accommodated the newcomers in hopes of pitting them against the Portuguese. In 1619 Jahangir granted them permission to trade in his territories at Surat (in Gujarat) on the west coast and Hughli (in West Bengal) in the east. These and other locations on the peninsula became centers of international trade in spices, cotton, sugar, raw silk, saltpeter, calico, and indigo.

English company agents became familiar with Indian customs and languages, including Persian, the unifying official language under the Mughals. In many ways, the English agents of that period lived like Indians, intermarried willingly, and a large number of them never returned to their home country. The knowledge of India thus acquired and the mutual ties forged with Indian trading groups gave the English a competitive edge over other Europeans. The French commercial interest--Compagnie des Indes Orientales (East India Company, founded in 1664)--came late, but the French also established themselves in India, emulating the precedents set by their competitors as they founded their enclave at Pondicherry (Puduchcheri) on the Coramandel Coast.

In 1717 the Mughal emperor, Farrukh-siyar (r. 1713-19), gave the British--who by then had already established themselves in the south and the west--a grant of thirty-eight villages near Calcutta, acknowledging their importance to the continuity of international trade in the Bengal economy. As did the Dutch and the French, the British brought silver bullion and copper to pay for transactions, helping the smooth functioning of the Mughal revenue system and increasing the benefits to local artisans and traders. The fortified warehouses of the British brought extraterritorial status, which enabled them to administer their own civil and criminal laws and offered numerous employment opportunities as well as asylum to foreigners and Indians. The British factories successfully competed with their rivals as their size and population grew. The original clusters of fishing villages (Madras and Calcutta) or series of islands (Bombay) became headquarters of the British administrative zones, or presidencies as they generally came to be known. The factories and their immediate environs, known as the White-town, represented the actual and symbolic preeminence of the British--in terms of their political power--as well as their cultural values and social practices; meanwhile, their Indian collaborators lived in the Black-town, separated from the factories by several kilometers.

The British company employed sepoys--European-trained and European-led Indian soldiers--to protect its trade, but local rulers sought their services to settle scores in regional power struggles. South India witnessed the first open confrontation between the British and the French, whose forces were led by Robert Clive and François Dupleix, respectively. Both companies desired to place their own candidate as the nawab, or ruler, of Arcot, the area around Madras. At the end of a protracted struggle between 1744 and 1763, when the Peace of Paris was signed, the British gained an upper hand over the French and installed their man in power, supporting him further with arms and lending large sums as well. The French and the British also backed different factions in the succession struggle for Mughal viceroyalty in Bengal, but Clive intervened successfully and defeated Nawab Siraj-ud-daula in the Battle of Plassey (Palashi, about 150 kilometers north of Calcutta) in 1757. Clive found help from a combination of vested interests that opposed the existing nawab: disgruntled soldiers, landholders, and influential merchants whose commercial profits were closely linked to British fortunes.

Later, Clive defeated the Mughal forces at Buxar (Baksar, west of Patna in Bihar) in 1765, and the Mughal emperor (Shah Alam, r. 1759-1806) conferred on the company administrative rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, a region of roughly 25 million people with an annual revenue of 40 million rupees (for current value of the rupee--see Glossary). The imperial grant virtually established the company as a sovereign power, and Clive became the first British governor of Bengal.

Besides the presence of the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French, there were two lesser but noteworthy colonial groups. Danish entrepreneurs established themselves at several ports on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts, in the vicinity of Calcutta and inland at Patna between 1695 and 1740. Austrian enterprises were set up in the 1720s on the vicinity of Surat in modern-day southeastern Gujarat. As with the other non-British enterprises, the Danish and Austrian enclaves were taken over by the British between 1765 and 1815.

title: Talk:Mogul Era


text:
Veronica Hart

Jane Esther Hamilton (born October 27, 1956) is an American former pornographic actress and current adult film director who performed under the stage name Veronica Hart during the 1980s. She is sometimes credited as Jane Hamilton, V. Hart, Veronica Heart, Victoria Holt, Randee Styles or just Veronica. Hart is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame. Director Paul Thomas Anderson has called her "the Meryl Streep of porn."

Early life
Hart was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. She graduated from high school at age 16 and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas at age 19 in 1976 with a degree in theatrical arts. After school she worked in England before returning to the United States and moving to New York City.

Career
Hart appeared in pornographic films from 1980 until 1982 and is best known for her performances in Amanda by Night, Wanda Whips Wall Street, Roommates and A Scent of Heather. She would often portray "stylish native New Yorker" characters in her films. Around 1984, she began directing segments on the Playboy TV series Electric Blue, appearing in B-Movies and working as a stripper. During the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s she directed, edited, and produced pornographic films, while making occasional (non-sexual) cameos in both mainstream and adult productions.

With the sale of VCA, her primary production company, to Hustler in 2003, and the direction of the company moving from feature, storyline-driven films to gonzo, she left the company when her existing contract expired. Afterwards, Hart moved on to other work, including working as a tour guide at the Erotic Heritage Museum in Las Vegas.

Hart has acted in off-Broadway theater productions such as The House of Bernarda Alba, A Thurber Carnival, The Dyke And The Porn Star, and The Deep Throat Sex Scandal.

Hart portrays a judge in the film Boogie Nights and also appears in another Paul Thomas Anderson movie, Magnolia.

As of 2014 Hart had become a sex educator in China. An article in AVN magazine stated that she has been instructing women through an arrangement with a chain of adult retail stores and clubs called Sediva Maison.

Personal life
Hart married adult industry sound technician Michael Hunt in 1982, although they have since divorced. She has two sons, Chris and Max, who attended magnet schools for highly gifted students. Hart's career had a negative impact on her sons, with her saying "It's horrible for them... I'm their loving mommy and nobody likes to think of their parents having sex and being famous for it. I'm not ashamed of what I do. I take responsibility for who I am. I chose. From the time they were kids, my stripping gear was washed and hanging in my bathtub. At the same time I apologize to my kids for how the choices in my life have affected them. They're well adjusted and can joke with me about it: I know I'm going to spend the rest of my life on the couch".

Selected TV appearances

 * Six Feet Under, Jean Louise Macarthur a.k.a. Viveca St. John - in season 1's episode "An Open Book" (2001)
 * Lady Chatterly's Stories, Amy (as Jane Hamilton) - in the episode "The Manuscript" (2001)
 * First Years, Lola - in the episode "Porn in the USA" (2001)

Awards
Wins

AFAA for Best Actress – Amanda by Night
 * 1981

AFAA Award for Best Actress – Roommates
 * 1982

AFAA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Foxtrot

AVN Award for Best Non-Sex Performance – Nylon
 * 1996

XRCO Award for Best Video - Torn (directed and produced by Hart)
 * 1999

XRCO Award for Best Comedy or Parody - Misty Beethoven: The Musical (directed, edited and produced by Hart)
 * 2004

 * AVN Hall of Fame
 * XRCO Hall of Fame

Nominations

AVN Best Director – Video for White Lightning AVN Best Director – Film for Taken AVN Best Director – Video for Crime and Passion AVN Best Director – Film for Barbara Broadcast Too AVN Best Director – Film for Misty Beethoven: The Musical AVN Best Non-Sex Performance for Eternity AVN Best Non-Sex Performance for Sex Pix AVN Best Non-Sex Performance for Delilah AVN Best Non-Sex Performance for Roller Dollz
 * 2001
 * 2002
 * 2003
 * 2004
 * 2005
 * 2006
 * 2007
 * 2008
 * 2009

Literature

 * Dedicated to her, and one chapter covers Hart's early career.
 * Features a chapter on Hart.

title: Veronica Hart


text:
Talk:Caloric restriction

I see that the neutrality of the living foods article was disputed and then rectified. The same should be done of this article.

Hi Melody Can you say why you think this is so.There are a lot of unsupported claims made on it. I will try to rewrite, but look forward to your views.

I think the page needs a radical rewrite, or possibly a move to a more suitable page eg longevity or something like that.

TonyClarke 11:15, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I agree a rewrite might be in order. To start with, prefacing it with quotes isn't normal format - especially since Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Swift are both 18th century non-clinicians. Its also written from the POV as though this theory is accepted and non-controversial, which is certainly isn't. Most of the references you've given have to do with mice studies (where did that link go?) and extrapolation to humans isn't quite that simple. I assume the New Scientist article says more about humans, but I have no idea what that might be, as the only evidence cited is "Evidence that CR works comes from many sources: animal and human, both direct and indirect evidence". Explaining all of these would help. There's probably more but hope that assists. Melody 21:38, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hi I've done it! Hope it meets the points you made. I've left the intiial quotes in as historicl curiosities, but I won't be upset if soemone wants to remove them, particularly the first.

The disappearing link was simply a link to a site which gave abstracts of papers, and it didnt really fundtion to take you to the abstract itself. (However, Google could take you there with a little effort). So I replaced the link with the original reference, always preferable anyway as websites come and go but the wikipedia goes on forever. TonyClarke 12:36, 14 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah, much better. Research in this area certainly isn't my thing so apart from the fact that I now feel able to remove the dispute, I can't offer much more help. It reads a lot better now though. Melody

Hi Melody Thanks for prompting me to do this! Take care with those calories now! :<

TonyClarke 00:23, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)]]

Throughout human history numerous societies have touted the health benefits of frugal eating habits, including the Ancient Greeks and Romans. The first widely recognized study of dietary restriction was conducted in 1934 by Clive McCay and his colleagues at Cornell University. At the time it seemed reasonable that if the growth of an animal was slowed, say by restricting food intake, its lifespan would correspondingly increase. They tested this idea by substituting 10-20% of the rats’ diet with indigestible cellulose, thus cutting back on their caloric intake. Consistent with predictions, the underfed rats did develop slower and lived substantially longer, although the hypothesis was ultimately proven incorrect.

ATTN orig author: Incorrect information in "Caloric restriction"
There is some information on this page that is INCORRECT and needs to be changed:

"The first major demonstration of the benefits of caloric restriction was an experimental trial conducted by Richard Weindruch. In 1986, ..."

No: It was McKay, in 1934, that first demonstrated the benefits of calorie restriction.

See: http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/28346?fulltext=true&print=yes http://www.dnafiles.org/about/pgm13/topic2a.html http://www.lammd.com/A3R_brief_in_doc_format/1999-No2-Caloriesthatcount.cfm

Or read Walford AND Weindruch's co-authored book, The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction

"Recent research has demonstrated (see Bluher et al) that it is not reduced intake which influences longevity. This was done by studying animals which have their metabolism changed to reduce insulin uptake, consequently retaining the leanness of animals in the earlier studies. It was observed that these animals can have a normal dietary intake, but have a similarly increased lifespan."

Absolutely false. And, even if it were true (which it's NOT), it does not belong in a def for "calorie restriction" per se (but, rather, anti-aging interventions or similar)

"This suggests that lifespan is increased for an organism if it can remain lean and if it can avoid any accumulation of fatty tissue:"

Incorrect. Vist http://www.calorierestriction.org for more information. Or contact me: khashmi@calorierestriction.org

As far as "Why CR increases longevity", there are several THEORIES, including:

- Genetic changes

- Biological defense upregulation

- Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory (less free radicals due to fewer calories being processed/metabolized )

- Disposable Soma Theory

- and more (see: http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/28346?fulltext=true)

So, CR increases both maximum lifespan and average lifespan based on several (though prob not equally powerful), simultaneously occurring factors.

Finally, its better to use the term "Calorie Restriction" rather than "Caloric Restriction"; it is the one most-often encountered in science and the press.

--24.152.129.86 15:37, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC) Khurram Hashmi

caloric reduction paradox
there's an aspect of caloric reduction diet i don't really understand. It is said that a person takes less than needed. Say 70%. But then the energy intake is less than energy spent, so by that the body would be continuously loose weight!? Xah Lee 01:03, 2004 Oct 29 (UTC) ____

That's an interstng point. Maybe our energy requirments decrease as well, less weight to carry around, less body metabolism etc. Maybe our energy spent depends on energy intake, so that it naturally balances out? TonyClarke 14:01, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Kaeberlein and Kennedy
This encylopedia is not the place for scientists to argue about their theories. See recent rebuttal by Sinclair et al., Science, Sept. 2005.

Nor is it the place for any scientist to promote his or her contributions to the field. The article is about caloric restriction, not scientists' bios. There is nothing wrong with citing but part of this article seems as if it were written by a couple scientists promoting their views instead of by a neutral (a property central to Wikipedia) party. Please exercise restraint. -j

Confusing Paragraph: Contradiction?
I'm referring to the following:

reported that a bark extract that was known to inhibit fungal growth, actually stimulated growth when given at very low concentrations. They coined the term "hormesis" to describe such beneficial actions resulting from the response of an organism to a low-intensity biological stressor.

Assuming that fungal growth is BAD, I'm wondering if the words "inhibit" and "stimulated" were switched. A beneficial action would be inhibiting, not stimulating fungal growth. Right? -- tharsaile 12 Oct 2005

title: Talk:Caloric restriction