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Dionysios Solomos

Dionysios Solomos (Διονύσιος Σολωμός ; 8 April 1798 – 9 February 1857) was a Greek poet from Zakynthos, who is considered to be Greece's national poet. He is best known for writing the Hymn to Liberty (Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν, Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían), which was set to music by Nikolaos Mantzaros and became the Greek and Cypriot national anthem in 1865 and 1966 respectively. He was the central figure of the Heptanese School of poetry. He is considered the national poet of Greece, not only because he wrote the national anthem, but also because he contributed to the preservation of earlier poetic tradition and highlighted its usefulness to modern literature. Other notable poems include Ὁ Κρητικός (The Cretan), Ἐλεύθεροι Πολιορκημένοι (The Free Besieged). A characteristic of his work is that no poem except the Hymn to Liberty was completed, and almost nothing was published during his lifetime.

He lived in Corfu-Town between 1832–1857, his house you can see there from the outside.

Early life and education

Born in Zakynthos in 1798, Dionysios Solomos was the illegitimate child of a wealthy count, Nikolaos Solomos, and his housekeeper, Angeliki Nikli. Nikolaos Solomos was of Cretan origin; his family were Cretan refugees who settled on Zakynthos in 1670 after Crete's conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1669, and was connected with the Venetian patrician family of Salamon, who had settled on the island of Crete in the 15th century. It is possible that his mother Angeliki Nikli came from the region of Mani. The Italian version of the family name is recorded as: Salamon, Salomon, Solomon, and Salomone.

Count Nikolaos Solomos was legally married to Marnetta Kakni, who died in 1802. From that marriage, he had two children: Roberto and Elena. Since 1796, Nikolaos Solomos had a parallel relationship with his housekeeper Angeliki Nikli, who gave birth to one more son apart from Dionysios, Dimitrios (born in 1801). His brother Dimitros Solomos was in 1852 elected President of the United States of the Ionian Islands under the British Regime and was awarded the British Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George. Count Dimitrios Solomos GCMG was married to Elena, daughter of Dr Demetrio Arvanitachi, the Senator of Zakynthos, who inspired his later work The Woman from Zakynthos.

His father married Dionysios' mother a day before he died on 27 February 1807, making the young Dionysios legitimate and a co-heir to the count's estate, along with his half-brother. The poet spent his childhood years on Zakynthos until 1808, under the supervision of his Italian tutor, abbot Santo Rossi. After his father's death, count Dionysios Messalas gained Solomos' custody, whereas his mother married Manolis Leontarakis on 15 August 1807. In 1808, Messalas sent Solomos to Italy in order to study law, as was customary with Ionian nobility, but possibly also because of Dionysios' mother's new marriage.

Studies in Italy
Solomos went to Italy with his tutor, who returned to his home town, Cremona. Initially he was enrolled at the Lyceum of St. Catherine in Venice, but he had adjustment difficulties because of the school's strict discipline. For that reason, Rossi took Solomos with him to Cremona, where he finished his high-school studies in 1815. In November 1815, Solomos was enrolled at Pavia University's Faculty of Law, from which he graduated in 1817. Given the interest the young poet showed in the flourishing Italian literature and being a perfect speaker of Italian, he started writing poems in Italian. One of the most important first poems written in Italian during that period of time was the Ode per la prima messa (Ode to the first mass) and La distruzione di Gerusalemme (The destruction of Jerusalem). In the meantime, he acquainted himself with famous Italian poets and novelists (possibly Manzoni, Vincenzo Monti etc.); Ugo Foscolo from Zakynthos was among his friends. As a result, he was easily accepted in the Italian literary circles and evolved into a revered poet of the Italian language.

Return to Zakynthos
After 10 years of studies Solomos returned to Zakynthos in 1818 with a solid background in literature. On Zakynthos, which at that time was well known for its flourishing literary culture, the poet acquainted himself with people interested in literature. Antonios Matesis (the author of Vasilikos), Georgios Tertsetis, Dionysios Tagiapieras (a physician and supporter of the dimotiki, and also a friend of Ioannis Vilaras) and Nikolaos Lountzis were some of Solomos' most well-known friends. They used to gather in each other's homes and amused themselves by making up poems. They frequently satirized a Zakynthian doctor, Roidis (Solomos' satirical poems referring to the doctor are The doctors' council, the New Year's Day and The Gallows). They also liked to improvise poems on a given rhyme and topic. His improvised Italian poems during that period of time were published in 1822, under the title Rime Improvvisate.

First works in Greek and encounter with Spyridon Trikoupis
Along with the Italian poems, Solomos made his first attempts to write in Greek. This was a difficult task for the young poet, since his education was classical and in Italian, but also because there did not exist any poetic works written in the demotic dialect that could have served as models. However, the fact that his education in Greek was minimal kept him free of any scholarly influences, that might have led him to write in katharevousa, a "purist" language formulated as a simpler form of ancient Greek. Instead he wrote in the language of the common people of his native island. In order to ameliorate his language skills, he started studying methodically demotic songs, the works of pre-solomian poets (προσολωμικοί ποιητές) and popular and Cretan literature that at that time constituted the best samples of the use of the demotic dialect in modern Greek literature.The result was the first extensive body of literature written in the demotic dialect, a move whose influence on subsequent writers cannot be overstated. Poems dating to that period of time are I Xanthoula — The little blond girl, I Agnoristi — The Unrecognizable, Ta dyo aderfia — The two brothers and I trelli mana — The mad mother.

Solomos' encounter with Spyridon Trikoupis in 1822 was a turning-point in his writing. When Trikoupis visited Zakynthos in 1822, invited by Lord Guilford, Solomos' fame on the island was already widespread and Trikoupis wished to meet him. During their second meeting, Solomos read to him the Ode to the first mass. Impressed by Solomos' poetic skills, Trikoupis stated:

"Your poetic aptitude reserves for you a select place on the Italian Parnassus. But the first places there are already taken. The Greek Parnassus does not yet have its Dante."

Solomos explained to Trikoupis that his Greek was not fluent, and Trikoupis helped him in his studies of Christopoulos' poems.

Hymn to Liberty and the poet's establishment

The first important turning point in the Greek works of Solomos was the Hymn to Liberty that was completed in May 1823-a poem inspired by the Greek revolution 1821. The poem was at first published in 1824 in occupied Mesolongi and afterwards in Paris in 1825 translated into French and later on in other languages too. This resulted in the poet's fame proliferation outside the Greek borders. Thanks to this poem, Solomos was revered until his death, since the rest of his work was only known to his small circle of admirers and his "students". The Hymn to Liberty inaugurated a new phase in the poet's literary work: this is the time when the poet has finally managed to master the language and is experimenting himself with more complex forms, opening up to new kinds of inspirations and easily leaving aside improvisation. This period resulted in the Odi eis to thanato tou Lordou Byron — Ode to the death of Lord Byron, a poem having many things in common with the Hymn but also many weaknesses, I Katastrofi ton Psaron — Psara's Destruction, O Dialogos — The Dialogue (referring to the language) and I Gynaika tis Zakynthos — The Woman from Zakynthos. It is alleged that Solomos could hear the cannon firing from Zakynthos during the Greek War of Independence, which inspired him to write his most famous works.

Establishment on Corfu: first years
After frictions and economic disputes with his brother Dimitrios concerning legacy matters, Solomos move to Corfu, the most important intellectual center of the Ionian islands in those years. However, Dionysios did not leave Zakynthos solely because of his family problems; Solomos had been planning to visit the island since 1825. Corfu would offer him not only a more stimulating environment but also the vital isolation for his solitary and bizarre character. Corfu was the perfect place for contemplation and writing poetry, in line with Solomos' noble ideas about Art. That explains the fact that his happiest years were the first years he spent on Corfu. It was during this period of time that he took up studying German romantic philosophy and poetry (Hegel, Schlegel, Schiller, Goethe). Since he did not know German, he read Italian translations by his friend Nikolaos Lountzis. In the meantime, he continued to work on The Woman of Zakynthos and Lambros that he had started in 1826. The Woman of Zakynthos was said to be inspired by the infidelities of his sister-in-law Elena Arvanitachi, the daughter of Dr Demetrio Arvanitachi, the Senator of Zante.

1833: trial and great works of maturity
Between 1833 and 1838, having restored the relations with his brother, Solomos' life was perturbed by a series of trials where his half-brother (from his mother's side) Ioannis Leontarakis was claiming part of their father's legacy, arguing that he was also the legal child of count Nikolaos Solomos, since his mother was pregnant before the father's death. Even though the outcome of the trial was favorable to both the poet and his brother, the dispute led to Solomos' alienation from his mother (his feelings were badly hurt because of his adoration towards his mother) and his withdrawal from publicity.

Even though the trial influenced the poet to such a point, it was not able to seize his poetical work. 1833 signifies the mature period of his poetical work, that resulted in the unfinished poems of O Kritikos — The Cretan (1833), Eleftheroi Poliorkimenoi — The Free Besieged (until 1845) and O Porfyras(1847), that are considered to be the best of his works. In the meantime, he was planning other works that either remained at the preparation stage or remained as fragments, such as Nikoforos Vryennios, Eis to thanato Aimilias Rodostamo — To the death of Emilia Rodostamo, To Francisca Fraser and Carmen Seculare.

Circle of Corfu
On Corfu, Solomos soon found himself at the admirers' and poets' center of attention, a group of well educated intellectuals with liberal and progressive ideas, a deep knowledge of art and with austere artistic pretensions. The most important people Solomos was acquainted to were Nikolaos Mantzaros, Ioannis and Spyridon Zampelios, Ermannos Lountzis, Niccolò Tommaseo, Andreas Mustoxydis, Petros Vrailas Armenis, Iakovos Polylas, Ioulios Typaldos, Andreas Laskaratos and Gerasimos Markoras. Polylas, Typaldos and Markoras were Solomos' students, constituting the circle referred to as the "solomian poets" (σολωμικοί ποιητές), which signifies Greek's poetry flourishing, several decades before the appearance of the New Athenian School, a second poetical renaissance inspired by Kostis Palamas.

Last years

After 1847, Solomos started writing in Italian once more. Most works from this period are half-finished poems and prose drafts that maybe the poet was planning to translate into Greek. Serious health problems made their appearance in 1851 and Solomos' character became even more temperamental. He alienated himself from friends such as Polylas (they came on terms with each other in 1854) and after his third stroke the poet did not leave his house. Solomos died in February 1857 from apoplexy. His fame had reached such heights so when the news about his death became known, everyone mourned. Corfu's theater closed down, the Ionian Parliament's sessions were suspended and mourning was declared. His remains were transferred to Zakynthos in 1865.

Literary influences and major works
Solomos' first poems written on Zakynthos were influenced by Italian poetry of that era, in line with the Academy of Arcadia movement (e.g. O thanatos tou voskou-The shepherd's death, Evrikomi) and by early romanticism (I trelli mana-The mad mother). Generally speaking, Solomos was heavily influenced by European romanticism, including Byron and Leopardi. The decade 1823–1833 determined the poet's progress. It was during that time he tried to give up improvisation and abandoned the new classicism style of poems such as Hymn to Liberty and Ode to the death of Lord Byron.

Solomos was exposed to the cultural and political ferment of the Enlightenment and the ideas of the French Revolution, and he identified with Italian national sentiments for unification and liberation from the Habsburgs.

In 1823, the poet writes the epic Hymn to Liberty, the first two stanzas of which became the Greek national anthem. This work salutes the War of Greek Independence, started in 1821, by invoking the personified image of Liberty, reborn and renewed out of "the sacred bones of the Greeks." Of particular interest to non-Greeks are references to all the great powers of the time, which include the "heartfelt joy of Washington's land" that "remembered the irons that bound her as well", and a savage dig at the Austrian Eagle "that feeds on the entrails of the Italians to grow wings and talons" and does his best to harm Liberty. Solomos' own Ionian islands, under British rule at the time, are described as being "artfully chained" and having "'False Freedom' written on their foreheads." The poem does not shrink from the savagery of the war, and ends with exhortations to the revolutionaries to maintain unity and avoid civil war, which had already erupted at the time of writing. In the Hymn to Liberty Solomos rejoices in the sight of "lily-fingered virgins" whose "breasts are preparing the sweet-suckled milk of bravery and freedom."

In 1824, Solomos composed The Dialogue, dealing with the language issue. The work involves three people: the poet, his friend (the first draft mentions Sp. Trikoupis) and the savant. However, it is mainly the poet and the savant who speak. The poet is trying to prove that katharevousa is an artificial language, of no use to either the people nor to literature. The poet supports a literary language based on the language spoken by the people, that should be elaborated on by the poet. In order to support his argument, the following phrase is used: "firstly succumb to the language of the people and then, if you are worthy, conquer it". His arguments are based on the French Age of Enlightenment on the subject of the use of national languages and on examples of Italian poetry, by which he tries to prove that no word is vulgar in itself but gets its meaning by the poem's context. At the end of the work, the poet abandons the rational reasoning and supports his arguments with passion.

Between 1824 and 1826, the poet started working on the poem Lampros, a poem that remained unfinished. Lampros is an extreme romantic hero: he entered into a relationship with a young girl named Maria and they had four children without being married. Lampros sen t their children to an orphanage. While he was fighting against Ali Pasha, he met a girl, unaware of the fact that she was his daughter, and had a love affair with her. When he finally became aware of the incest, after recognizing the daughter's birthmarks, he told his daughter the truth that resulted in the daughter's suicide. On his way home, Lampros was forced to tell Maria about his crime and he fled to a church in order to appeace his soul. Divine Justice however sent the three boys' ghosts that chased him to the end of a cliff from which he fell of. Maria had already lost her reason and fell into a lake, hoping that she would at last find peace.

Between 1826 and 1829, Solomos worked on the prose-like poem I Gynaika tis Zakynthos, a work of a satirical character, that mainly analyses the Evil. The poem is a monk's (Dionysios) narration and "I Gynaika"-"The Woman" is the Evil's main expression. It is said that this composition was about one of Solomos' relatives and that is the reason why the poet's brother never let Polylas publish the poem.

In 1833, Solomos wrote his first important work during his maturity, O Kritikos (The Cretan), in iambic fifteen-syllable verse, as a result of the Cretan's literature influence. The work describes the story of a Cretan who left from Crete after the revolution was lost in 1826, the shipwreck and his efforts to save his beloved from the tempest. A central point in the work is the apparition of an oracle, the Feggarontymeni (meaning the one dressed by the moon). The narrator of the story is the Cretan himself: he starts telling his story many years later, when he is living alone as a beggar, doing flashbacks (from his life on Crete and the shipwreck) and talking about the future (the resurrection of the dead and his encounter with his beloved one in Paradise). O Kritikos is aesthetically the most complete poem. There is juxtaposition of storm imagery and the pursuit by the Turks. The problem troubling language specialists is the interpretation of the Feggarontymeni's figure. Some think the figure is an allusion to the Virgin Mary. She is described as the 'goddess' and reads in his heart the story of his heroic and ultimately futile struggles against the Turks in his native island which all but charms him out of his mortal body. David Ricks writes with respect to her identity, "we must hold in balance the soul of the expiring fiancée, the kindly presence of the Motherland and a recollection of our Lady".

Between 1833 and 1844, Solomos edited the second draft of The Free Besieged, a poem inspired by the Third Siege of Missolonghi and the heroic exodus of its inhabitants, written in a rhyming fifteen-syllable verse. After 1845, the poet started working on the poem once more, this time without using rhyme. The poem describes the last days of the siege, when food supplies were exhausted and it was certain that the city would fall. The notes written by the poet in Italian are very useful for the poem's interpretation. These notes are included in the Polylas edition. The central theme of the poem is willpower and the struggle with the temptations of nature that give birth to the will for life. There are three fragmentary drafts of this unfinished work, each draft longer and more thoroughly worked than the previous one, all of which show glimpses of what the finished poem could have been; yet the three drafts are considered possibly the finest moment of modern Greek poetry. This opinion of reverence and awe is not only one expressed by critics and scholars, but also by all major Greek poets who have invariably referred to Dionysios Solomos as a poet far superior than themselves.

The last work of maturity is "O Pórfyras" (The Shark), written in 1847. The poet was inspired by a real incident, when a shark mangled an English soldier swimming in Corfu harbor. Porfyras is a difficult poem to interpret, mostly because of its fragmented nature. This poem also refers to the relation between nature and man and the body's and soul's dimension.

The fragmented poems Lampros and Porfyras show the romantic impulse of Solomos (melancholy, gothic and supernatural, influenced by both Byron and Leopardi).

The poem Ode to the death of Lord Byron, is labeled lyrical and was written after Byron died during the siege of Mesolongi, but the subject matter and form are epic.

In the works of The Hymn to Liberty and Ode to the death of Lord Byron there are several direct and indirect references to Byron's works. A good example is a reference (in Solomos' own footnotes) to Byron's Don Juan, where in Canto the Third (The Greek Isles 15) a Greek poet says:

Fill high the bowl with Samian wine!

Our virgins dance beneath the shade –

I see their glorious black eyes shine;

But gazing on each glowing maid,

My own the burning tear-drop laves,

To think such breasts must suckle slaves.

Minor works
Solomos also wrote translations of Italian poetry and Desdemona's song from Shakespeare's Othello, epigrams, other miscellaneous verse, satirical poems in Zakynthian dialect, and two prose works, including the tragic/mystical The Woman of Zakynthos. Of his attempts to translate parts of the Iliad into modern Greek only a couple of dozen lines remain.

Acceptance of his work
Since the beginning, Solomos was in the center of the literary circles of Zakynthos. After the Hymn to Liberty's publication, his fame spread throughout the Greek state. On the Ionian Islands and in Athens, the poet was known only by his published poems: the Hymn to Liberty, the abstract from Maria's prayer, Lampros, the Ode to the Nun and his poems written in his youth, many of them which were spread by word of mouth and many of them were set to music. This means that his contemporaries' opinion was formed by these works and it was thanks to these works that Solomos gained the fame that lasted until his death. The most important representatives of the First Athenian School admired Solomos' works even though they expressed their objections about the language used by the poet. In 1827, Iakovos Rizos Neroulos wrote in the Cours de la literature grecque moderne: "Dionysios Solomos' poems... have the value of a strong and fascinating inspiration, a fantasy full of courage and fertility". Alexandros Soutsos in the poem Letter to King Otto described Solomos (and Andreas Kalvos) as a great maker of odes who, however, neglected the beauties of the language and presented rich ideas poorly clad. Alexandros Rizos Ragkavis in Esquisses de la literature grecque moderne wrote: his spirit makes him one of Greece's greatest glories... Solomos shone like the most beautiful gem of Greece's poetical crown. Even before his death, Solomos' poetical work was identified with the fatherland's concept; in 1849, the newspaper Aion wrote: "the poetry of Solomos is not the poetry of a single person but the poetry of a whole nation". Similar judgements were expressed even after the poet's death. The magazine Pandora wrote: "one of the finest poets of Greece and of Europe, the author of the dithyramb to Liberty, Dionysios Solomos from Zakynthos died at a thriving age". The funeral orations of Solomos' students were of course more essential and referred to the poet's unpublished works, many of which they had heard their teacher reciting. Ioulios Typaldos described Solomos as the "first and greatest founder of a new type of literature" and Iakovos Polylas in Solomos' poems "Prolegomena" in 1859 refers to him as "the national poet".

The perception of Solomos' work changed radically after the long-awaited publication in 1859. His uncompleted work was an unpleasant surprise and created puzzlement to the newspapers which praised the greatest Greek poet after his death did not mention anything about the publication of the works. Valaoritis wrote to Constantinos Asopius in 1859 after the poet's death: "the nation's hopes were deceived" and in 1877 in a letter to Emmanouil Roidis he wrote that Solomos left us "only a hymn and some incoherent verses". Spyridon Trikoupis also expressed negative comments about Solomos' poems in his essay "Where does the common word "tragoudo" (i.e. "I am singing") derive from?" written in 1859.

The first revaluation of Solomos' work outside the Ionian region started after 1880, especially after the critical work of Kostis Palamas, who acknowledged the historical importance of Solomos' work, which is characterized by the creation of a personal poetic language and the combination of all elements of the poetical tradition and the European poetical currents and ideas.

Formal elements
The poet used different metrical and rhyme forms, starting with some influenced by Italian poetry (sonnet form, rhymed trochaic tetrameters) and settling into the standard forms of Greek folk songs (iambic 15-syllable blank verse). His epigram on the destruction of Psara, an event of the Greek War of Independence, influenced by classical forms, is a marvel of rhythm and brevity in six lines of anapaest.

The fragmented nature of Solomos' works
One of the most important issues of Solomic poetry and of Greek literature in general is the fragmented nature of the poet's works. The only works published during Solomos' lifetime were the Hymn to Liberty (1825), an extract from Lampros ("Maria's prayer") (1834), the Ode to the Nun (1829) and the epigram To Francisca Fraser (1849). The rest of his works remained incomplete. Solomos was constantly editing his works and was striving towards total perfection of form, making efforts to get rid of anything excessive that destroyed their essential lyrical substance. His manuscripts do not comprise engrossed works; on the contrary, they reveal all stages of editing, without their latest version being the final one. At first, the poet conceptualized a draft of the poem written in Italian prose and after that he used to start editing the Greek version. Many of the verses are saved in the form of alternative versions, often in the wrong order, some incomplete and with many gaps. The poet often used to write verses of different poems on the same piece of paper. The poem 'The Cretan' (1833), written about the Cretan revolution was one of his most famous poems. It is highly fragmented, however, this adds to the tormented atmosphere of the dramatic monologue because the speaker is a beggar whose life has been torn apart and who is in emotional turmoil, his entire family killed by the Turks.

A faithful student of Solomos, Iakovos Polylas, affronted many difficulties when he undertook the publication of his "teacher's" work (that was long-awaited, not only in the Ionian Islands but also the rest of Greece). First of all, Polylas had to ask permission from the poet's brother Dimitrios in order to be able to study the poet's manuscripts. After that, he had to arrange the scattered material (written in the poet's difficult to decipher handwriting) so as to present an as much as possible complete and coherent work. Polylas piled and arranged this material, choosing the verses that he thought were closest in meaning to what the poet had in mind. Sometimes Polylas added verses that he had heard Solomos recite and wrote down some alternative versions. In 1859, Polylas published the work of Solomos under the title "Apanta ta Evriskomena- Omnibus of the works found", accompanying this work with an exceptional introduction, in which he stated that the poet's manuscripts with their definitive form were lost.

Attempt to interpret the fragmented works
The form of Solomos' work as presented in its first edition was the source of disappointment, because at that time the work's value could not be appreciated. Polylas in his "Prolegomena" stressed that the major manuscripts of the poems' final version were either lost or destroyed. People assumed that the works may have been stolen by Solomos' servant or by the poet's brother Dimitrios or even that the poet himself destroyed them. Only in the beginning of the 20th century was it made clear that no more manuscripts existed and that Solomos had not completed his poems. The first attempts to interpret the fragmented nature of the poet's work were mostly based on theories having nothing to do with the texts themselves: the difficulty to complete the works was thought to be due to the lack of an appropriate intellectual atmosphere that would provide Solomos with the motivation to complete his works, or due to the lack of an adequate literary tradition that the poet could have followed. The fragmentation of Solomos' work was also attributed to psychological factors, such as the poet's alcoholism, the lack of compositive capability, the negative effects of the 1833–1838 trial, Solomos' perfectionism or his feeling of dissatisfaction.

Other scholars underlined however that, to a great extent, Solomos did not care about the completion of his poems. A phrase attributed to the poet is illustrative: "Lampros will remain an abstract, because the whole poem does not reach the height of some days". Linos Politis notes on the fragmentary nature of the Free Besieged: "He did not want or did not care to incorporate these lyrical pieces into a narrative group ... He stuck to the pure, lyrical expression, without regard to the non-lyrical linking substance, thus advancing ... to the conquest of a 'pure' lyrical sphere, long before his time. We detected something similar in Kritikos too and the same thing is applied to the rest of his 'fragmented' works". Later on, Solomos was considered by several poets and critics as the forerunner of "pure poetry" and the fragmented nature of his work did not "disturb" any more; on the contrary, it was considered as an advantage.

During the last decade, attempts have been made to associate the incomplete Solomian works with the fragmentary works of romantic literature (such as Kubla Khan by Coleridge, Giaour by Lord Byron and Heinrich von Oftendingen by Novalis), even though this interpretation is not accepted by all scholars.

Publication issue
From 1920 to 1930, an issue arose concerning the publication of works that were not included in Iakovos Polylas' edition such as The Woman of Zakynthos, the satirical The Gallows and several Italian sonnets that were published by K. Kairofylas in 1927. The Academy of Athens decided to publish Solomos' poems accompanied by a critical edition by N.B. Tomadakis, thus contributing to the discussion about whether a genuine (as Linos Politis was in favor of) or a critical edition of Solomos' works would be best. The critical edition was never published and the two classical scholars prepared "easy to use" editions of the poems, aiming at a wider range of readers. In 1964, Linos Politis published the poet's manuscripts using photographic reprint and typographical transcription. This edition constitutes a turn-point in the research on the Solomian works because not only was the poet's way of work revealed but also because the scholars had the opportunity to study all of the poet's editing phases and maybe even propose new editions.

The contemporary editing attempts of the solomic work can be divided into two categories: the "analytical" edition which reveals the successive editing stages of every poem and its different versions, such as Politis had proposed and intended to realize; the "synthetical" edition which presents the work with a logical sequence and a completion of form, excluding verses or abstracts that do no fulfill these criteria. A sample of "synthetical" edition is the one of Stylianos Alexiou (1994), that was strongly criticized by the supporters of "analytical" approach.

Surviving works at his death
The poet's work at his death was mostly unfinished and in fragments, and was edited and published by his friend and fellow poet Iakovos Polylas. Whether Solomos was never satisfied with his work and kept little of it, whether large parts of his manuscripts were lost (something Polylas implies), or whether he had difficulties fleshing out the ambitious structure of his planned works is not clear, but the fragments show a huge disconnect between intention and surviving work: The Cretan begins with a fragment of Canto 18 and ends with Canto 22, and none of them are complete; Lambros was conceived with at least 38 cantos (of some of them only a prose summary survives), with the shortest poetic fragment consisting of a single line, and the longest containing 33 stanzas; the second draft of The Free Besieged consists of 61 fragments, of which 27 are single lines, seven are two lines, and two are half-lines.

Legacy
Solomos is commonly referred to as Greece's "national poet" for his important legacy to Greek literature and national identity.

The Museum of Solomos and Eminent Zakynthians was founded in 1959, located in St Mark's Plaza in Zakynthos city. It features him and Andreas Kalvos prominently. He has been interred in the mausoleum since 1968. He was depicted on the reverse of the Greek ₯20 coin of 1990–2001. A 50 drachmas commemorative coin was issued in 1998 for the 200th anniversary of his birth.

The international airport on the island of Zakynthos and a square in Nicosia, Cyprus, are named after Dionysis Solomos.

The film Eternity and a Day (1998) depicts a dying Greek poet who attempts to complete some of Solomos' unfinished works. He also sees visions of Solomos (played by Fabrizio Bentivoglio) as he travels around Thessaloniki.

His first works

 * Eis korin i opoia anethrefeto mesa eis monastiri-To the girl who was brought up in a monastery
 * Sto thanato tis mikris anipsias-To the small niece's death
 * Pothos-Desire
 * I skia tou Omirou-Homer's shadow
 * Anamnisis-Remembrance
 * Evrikomi
 * Eis filon psyxoraggounta-To a friend near death
 * O thanatos tis orfanis-The orphan's death
 * To oneiro-The dream
 * O thanatos tou voskou-The shepherd's death
 * H Psyxoula-The little soul
 * Pros ton Kyrion Lodovikon Strani-To sir Lodovikos Stranis
 * Pros ton Kyrion Georgion Dhe Rossi-To sir Georgios De Rossi
 * I Agnoristi-The Unrecognizable
 * Kakioma-The miff

1823–1833: the period of formation

 * Hymn to Liberty (1823)
 * Nekriki Odi-Funerary Ode
 * Poiima lyrikon eis to thanato tou Lord Byron-Lyrical poem "To the death of Lord Byron (1824)
 * Eis monachin-To a nun (1829)
 * Eis Marko Botsari-To Markos Botsaris (1823)
 * I katastrofi ton Psaron-The destruction of Psara (1824)
 * Eis to thanato kyrias Agglidas-To the English lady's death
 * I Farmakomeni-The poisoned (1826)
 * I Farmakomeni ston Adi-The poisoned in Hades
 * Lampros (1829)

Great works of maturity

 * O Kritikos-The Cretan (1833)
 * Eleftheroi Poliorkimenoi-The Free Besieged (1826–1844)
 * Porfyras-The Whale (1849)

Last drafts

 * Nikiforos o Vryennios
 * Eis to thanato Aimilias Rodostamo-To the death of Emilia Rodostamo (1848)
 * Eis Fragkiskan Fraizer-To Francisca Fraser (1849)
 * Eis to thanato tis anipsias tou-To the death of his niece
 * Pros ton Vasilea tis Elladas-To the King of Greece
 * O Anatolikos Polemos-The Eastern War
 * Carmen Seculare
 * Ellinida Mitera-Greek Mother

Satirical works

 * I Protochronia-The New Year's Eve (1824)
 * To Iatrosymvoulio-The Doctors' council (1825)
 * To oneiro-The dream (1826)
 * H Tricha-The Hair (1833)

Translations

 * I anoixi-Spring by Metastasio
 * To kalokairi-Summer by Metastasio
 * Odi tou Petrarchi-Petrarca's Ode

Greek prose

 * O Dialogos-The Dialogue (1822–1825)
 * H Gynaika tis Zakynthos-The Woman of Zakynthos (1826–1829)

Early works

 * La Distruzione di Gierusalemme-Jerusalem's destruction
 * Ode per la prima messa-Ode to the first mass
 * Rime Improvvisate (collection, 1822)

Incomplete poems of the last period

 * La navicella Greca-The Greek little boat
 * Saffo-Sappho
 * Orfeo, sonetto-Orpheus
 * Sonetto in morte di Stelio Marcoran-A sonnet on the death of Stelios Marcoras
 * L'albero mistico (frammento-extract)-The mystical tree
 * L'avvelenata (frammenti)-The poisoned
 * Il giovane guerriero (frammenti)-The young warrior

Drafts of poems written in prose

 * La madre Greca-The Greek Mother
 * La donna velata-The veiled woman
 * L'usignolo e lo sparviere-The nightingale and the falcon
 * Orfeo-Orpheus
 * Porfyras

Italian prose

 * Per Dr. Spiridione Gripari (funeral oration, 1820)
 * Elogio di Ugo Foscolo (oratio in memoriam, 1827)

title: Dionysios Solomos


text:
New Jersey City University

New Jersey City University (NJCU) is a public university in Jersey City, New Jersey. Originally chartered in 1927, NJCU consists of the School of Business, College of Arts and Sciences, College of Education, and College of Professional Studies and is part of New Jersey's public system of higher education. In 2022, it announced that it was severely reducing its academic offerings due to a budgetary crisis.

Historical chronology

 * 1927: The New Jersey State Normal School at Jersey City was chartered. The institution was built to accommodate 1,000 students and an eight-room demonstration school in its one building, Hepburn Hall, on 10 acre on what was then Hudson Boulevard.
 * 1935: The name was changed to New Jersey State Teachers College at Jersey City. The institution was authorized to offer a four-year teacher education program and award the Bachelor of Science degree in education.
 * 1936: A degree program in health education and nursing was initiated in cooperation with the Jersey City Medical Center for the training of school nurses.
 * 1958: New Jersey State Teachers College at Jersey City became Jersey City State College and was authorized to award the bachelor of arts degree.
 * 1959: The institution began to offer the Master of Arts in elementary education.
 * 1968: Jersey City State College became a multipurpose institution, authorized to develop a liberal arts program and to enlarge teacher preparation programs.
 * 1981: The Thomas Edison Film Festival established as the Black Maria Film and Video Festival at NJCU Media Arts Department.
 * 1985: The institution was awarded a $5.7 million Governor's Challenge Grant for an expanded Cooperative Education Program, which would serve all academic majors.
 * 1998: The New Jersey Commission on Higher Education approved a petition submitted by the JCSC Board of Trustees requesting that the institution be granted university status and renamed New Jersey City University. The university was restructured into three colleges of Arts and Sciences, Education, and Professional Studies.
 * 2003: NJCU joined with the City of Jersey City, the Jersey City Board of Education, and New Jersey Transit to collaborate on the Jersey City Bayfront urban development plan.
 * 2012: After 19 years, NJCU President Carlos Hernandez retired. Under his tenure, three new buildings were erected and, in 1998, the school became a university.
 * 2013: On September 20, NJCU inaugurated Dr. Sue Henderson to be the 12th president of the University, the first woman to hold the position.
 * 2016: First building of major campus expansion opened.
 * 2022: In June 2022, NJCU declared a financial emergency and sought a $10 million lifeline from the state government. Henderson resigned as president of the university, effective July 1.   In August, Governor Phil Murphy called for an investigation into NJCU's dramatic change in financial standing from a surplus of $108 million in 2013 to a deficit of $67 million amid plans to expand NJCU's campus. It was later learned that there was never a surplus and those facts were misreported. The university did have a $22.7 million operating deficit. The university announced a cut of 37% of its academic offerings. Campus expansion was curtailed.

Academics
NJCU is organized into four colleges. In 2022 it announced the reduction of numerous undergraduate and graduate degree programs.

The largest programs of study at NJCU are psychology, nursing, early childhood education, and music. In addition, the NJCU Fire Science program is the only university-based bachelor's degree fire science program in the State of New Jersey. NJCU has a department of professional security studies that prepares students for work with agencies such as the FBI, NSA, and CIA.

A. Harry Moore School
A special needs school operated by NJCU and the Jersey City Board of Education, the A. Harry Moore Laboratory School was first opened in 1931 and offers academic, therapeutic, and social programs for approximately 140 students between the ages of three and 21. The students are classified as Preschool Disabled, Learning and Language Disabled, and/or Multiply Disabled. The school has operated under the direction of the College of Education of NJCU since 1963. In September 2019, it was announced that the school would close in 2020, though the decision was quickly walked back after public and political backlash. In 2021, a former principal sued both the school and University alleging wrongful termination after he pushed for stricter COVID-19 protocols.

Main campus
The university's landscaped main campus is situated on Kennedy Boulevard. The university's administrative center is Hepburn Hall. Designed by Guilbert and Betelle and completed in 1930, the Collegiate Gothic structure serves as the symbol of the university and features in school publications as well as the university's athletic nickname.

The NJCU Frank J. Guarini Library is available to students as well as staff for learning materials such as books, DVDs, CDs, computer lab, quiet study rooms, and access to electronic databases. Since the Fall 2014 semester, despite some objections by librarians, a Dunkin Donuts franchise has been open on the first floor of the library.

A six-story Arts and Sciences building named Karnoutsos Hall was designed by architect Michael Graves. It is known by students as the Crayola building, because of the colors which make up the building's exterior, and as the K building. It is located in the center of the campus. The 77000 sqft building houses 14 classrooms, 10 computer labs, faculty offices for nine departments, and the Office of the Dean of Arts and Sciences.

Other academic buildings include: Rossey Hall (music, dance, and theatre; sociology and anthropology; environmental and earth science; nursing; and educational counseling; as well as numerous classrooms); the Science Building (natural sciences); the Professional Studies Building (education departments; national security/security studies; criminal justice); Fries Hall (media arts); and Grossnickle Hall.

The Visual Arts Building on Culver Avenue features a Maya Lin sculpture in the entrance garden area. The university is as of 2024 exploring the potential sale of the building.

West campus
Renovated buildings on West Side Avenue are also part of the school, including the West Side Theatre, which is used for theatrical productions and community events. Another building houses the Business Development Incubator program. The affiliated University Academy Charter High School opened in 2002.

Construction began on the 21 acre "West Campus" between West Side Avenue and Bayfront on Route 440 in the mid 2010s. Plans for further expansion were curtailed in 2022 due to financial difficulties and decreased enrollment. It would have more than doubled the university’s footprint and was to have included academic buildings, residences, retail spaces, parking, and a University Promenade. The first building, a student residence, opened in 2016. A new performing arts center would have housed the Joffrey Ballet School.

Athletic complex
The university's Thomas M. Gerrity Athletic Complex is located less than a mile southwest of the main campus at near Droyers Point on Newark Bay. In 2017, the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer entered into a facility usage partnership with the university to upgrade the natural grass soccer training field at the complex to professionally approved standards. Under the partnership, national and international teams will be allowed to train at the facility ahead of their matches at Red Bull Arena. Phase one of the project began in early June 2017 and involved regrading, aeration and reseeding of the training facility. The project, which is still ongoing, will also involve overall maintenance of the training facility.

NJCU School of Business
In September 2015, the NJCU School of Business opened at Harborside Plaza directly on the Jersey City waterfront. The two-story facility features 18 instructional spaces, two data science centers, computer labs and laundry facilities, an auditorium, offices, study areas, a student lounge, and a large waterfront conference center with views of Lower Manhattan.

Campus living
The university operates three residence halls: Co-op Hall, a corridor-style facility with common area bathrooms and study lounges for freshmen and first year dorm students; Vodra Hall, a traditional dormitory with shared bathrooms between rooms for upper-class students and special needs individuals; and West Campus Village, its newest suite-style residence hall on its west campus at University Place.

Athletics
NJCU is a member of Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

 * The John J. Moore Athletics and Fitness Center (JMAC) is the home of the Gothic Knight basketball, volleyball and wrestling programs and the focal point for the NJCU athletic department and recreation and intramural activities. The 72000 sqft JMAC opened in the fall of 1994, giving the university one of the finest indoor recreational facilities in the area. The building features a 2,000-seat basketball and volleyball arena, an exercise and fitness center, a 25 yd swimming and diving pool with adjacent sauna, a 1/10 mi elevated jogging track, a multi-purpose room for aerobics and classes, and locker room space for teams, students, faculty, and staff.

 * New Jersey City University sponsors 17 intercollegiate athletic programs in baseball, men's and women's basketball, women's bowling, women's cross country, Esports, men's and women's soccer, softball, men's and women's indoor and outdoor track and field, men's and women's wrestling, and men's and women's volleyball.
 * The women's bowling team qualified for the first seven NCAA National Collegiate Championship events from 2004 to 2010. The Gothic Knights advanced to the national semifinals four times, always coming in even-numbered years: 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010, finishing third nationally in 2004 and 2008. NJCU hosted the 2010 NCAA Championship in New Brunswick, N.J.
 * The men's basketball team is the oldest program, having reached the Final Four in 1986 and 1992. The team has appeared in 21 NCAA Tournaments, most recently in three consecutive years from 2017 to 2019.
 * The baseball team now, under tenth-year head coach Jerry Smith, along with long-time assistant coaches Nick Cesare and Raj Subramanian have built the program into a contender which has culminated in a win over the No. 1 ranked team in the nation and program records for wins in a single season and two, three and four-year periods.
 * In the 2020-2021 year, the university began offering varsity programs in eSports, men's and women's tennis, and men's and women's wrestling. It's the first university in New Jersey or the tristate area to ever offer a collegiate program for women's wrestling, the first new men's wrestling in the state since 1997, and one of the first to offer eSports at the varsity level.

Greek life
Greek organizations offered at New Jersey City University include:
 * Alpha Phi Omega fraternity
 * Iota Phi Theta fraternity
 * Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity
 * Lambda Sigma Upsilon fraternity
 * Lambda Tau Omega sorority
 * Lambda Theta Alpha sorority
 * Lambda Theta Phi fraternity
 * Mu Sigma Upsilon sorority
 * Omega Phi Chi sorority
 * Phi Chi Epsilon sorority
 * Phi Mu Alpha fraternity
 * Psi Sigma Phi fraternity
 * Sigma Alpha Iota fraternity (female)
 * Sigma Lambda Beta fraternity
 * Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity
 * Zeta Phi Beta sorority
 * Phi Beta Sigma fraternity
 * Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority
 * Lambda Pi Upsilon sorority
 * Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity

Student newspaper
The Gothic Times is New Jersey City University's official student newspaper. It was reintroduced in 2001 and prints monthly issues, excluding June, July and August. It features stories about campus happenings as well as articles on lifestyle, sports, arts and entertainment. It also features an editorial and opinion/advice section.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Jersey City University


text:
1595 in art

Events from the year 1595 in art.

Paintings

 * Caravaggio
 * The Musicians
 * Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy
 * Bacchus
 * Annibale Carracci – Venus, Adonis and Cupid (approximate date)
 * Lavinia Fontana – Portrait of a Lady with Lap Dog (approximate date)
 * Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger (attributed) – Portrait of an unknown lady, possibly Lettice Knollys, Countess of Leicester (approximate date) (Tate Britain)
 * Nicholas Hilliard – Portrait miniature of Lettice Knollys, Countess of Leicester (c.1590-1595)
 * Fabrizio Santafede – Madonna with Saints

Births

 * April 6 - Pieter de Molijn, Dutch Golden Age painter and engraver born in England (died 1661)
 * July 4 - Felix Castello, Spanish painter (died 1651)
 * October 18 - Lucas van Uden, Flemish Baroque painter specializing in landscapes (died 1672)
 * date unknown
 * Francesco Carracci, Italian painter and engraver (died 1622)
 * Lucas Vorsterman, Dutch Baroque engraver (died 1675)
 * probable
 * Vincenzo Spisanelli, Italian painter of altarpieces (died 1662)
 * Tomás Yepes, Spanish painter of primarily bodegóns (died 1674)
 * Jan den Uyl, Dutch Golden Age painter of still lifes (died 1640)
 * Dirck van Baburen, Dutch painter (died 1624)
 * Pieter de Keyser, Dutch Golden Age sculptor and architect (died 1676)
 * Jan Wildens, Flemish Baroque painter and draughtsman specializing in landscapes (died 1653)
 * 1595/1596: Simon de Passe, Dutch royal engraver and designer of medals (died 1647)

Deaths

 * July 26 - Augustin Cranach, German painter, son of Lucas Cranach the Younger (born 1554)
 * date unknown
 * Robert Adams, English architect, engraver and surveyor of buildings to Queen Elizabeth (born 1540)
 * Michelangelo Aliprandi, Italian painter, pupil of Veronese (born 1527)
 * Alessandro Ardente, Italian painter during the late-Renaissance period (date of birth unknown)
 * Annibale Caccavello, Italian sculptor (born 1515)
 * Jean Cousin the Younger, French painter, sculptor (born 1522)
 * Hernando de Ávila, Spanish painter and sculptor (born 1538)
 * Pedro de Bolduque, Spanish sculptor of Flemish origin (born 1550)
 * Étienne Delaune, French engraver and goldsmith (born 1518)
 * Ercole Procaccini the Elder, Italian painter (born 1520)

title: 1595 in art


text:
1967 in art

Events from the year 1967 in art.

Events

 * May 14 – Dedication of Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral in England, designed by Frederick Gibberd, with stained glass by John Piper, Patrick Reyntiens and Margaret Traherne and a bronze crucifix by Elisabeth Frink.
 * September 25 – Gilbert and George first meet while studying sculpture at St Martins School of Art in London.
 * December 17 – 1967 Basel Picasso paintings purchase referendum: The people of Basel (Switzerland) vote to purchase two paintings by Picasso to retain them in the Kunstmuseum Basel.
 * John Willett publishes Art in a City, a pioneering sociological study of art in a single city, Liverpool.
 * Foundation of the Project Arts Centre, Dublin.
 * The Maruki Gallery for the Hiroshima Panels is established in Higashimatsuyama, Saitama, Japan, as a permanent home for The Hiroshima Panels.

Exhibitions

 * February 28–May 7 – New Documents photography exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York curated by John Szarkowski and featuring the work of Diane Arbus, Lee Friedlander and Garry Winogrand.
 * September–October – Im Spazio ("The Space of Thoughts") at the Galleria La Bertesca, Genoa, Italy, curated by Germano Celant and introducing Arte Povera.

Works

 * Diane Arbus – Identical Twins, Roselle, New Jersey, 1967 (photograph)
 * Francis Bacon – Portrait of Isabel Rawsthorne Standing in a Street in Soho
 * Sargis Baghdasaryan – We Are Our Mountains (sculpture)
 * Max Bill – Rhythm in Space (sculpture)
 * Peter Blake with Jann Haworth – Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (collage for record album cover)
 * Salvador Dalí – Tuna Fishing
 * Edward Delaney – Wolfe Tone (bronze statue)
 * Jose de Rivera – Infinity (sculpture)
 * Dušan Džamonja – Monument to the Revolution of the people of Moslavina
 * Milton Glaser – Dylan (poster)
 * Barbara Hepworth – Two Forms (Orkney) (slate sculpture)
 * Eila Hiltunen – Sibelius Monument (Helsinki)
 * David Hockney – A Bigger Splash
 * Richard Long – A Line Made by Walking (land art)
 * Timothy Malone – Corten Steel Sculpture
 * Joan Miró – The Caress of a Bird (sculpture)
 * Henry Moore – sculptures
 * Nuclear Energy
 * Two-Piece Reclining Figure No. 9
 * Barnett Newman
 * Broken Obelisk (sculpture - completed)
 * Voice of Fire (painting commissioned for Expo 67 in Montreal)
 * Isamu Noguchi – Sinai (sculpture)
 * Pablo Picasso – Chicago Picasso (sculpture)
 * Michelangelo Pistoletto –
 * Muretto di straci (Rag Wall - assemblage)
 * Venus of the Rags, (Assemblage - first version)
 * Faith Ringgold – The American People Series #18: The Flag is Bleeding
 * Faith Ringgold – The American People Series #20: Die
 * Norman Rockwell – Russian Schoolroom
 * Kenneth Snelson – Six Number Two (sculpture)
 * Mark di Suvero – Are Years What? (for Marianne Moore) (sculpture)
 * Yevgeny Vuchetich – The Motherland Calls (sculpture)
 * Andy Warhol
 * Big Electric Chair
 * I, a Man (film)
 * Steve Weaver – John Lennon's psychedelic Rolls-Royce
 * James Wines – Three Bronze Discs (sculpture)
 * David Wynne – Bird Fountains (Ambassador College, Pasadena, California)

Births

 * January 1 – Spencer Tunick, American photographer
 * March 4 – Sam Taylor-Johnson, born Samantha Taylor-Wood, English-born film director, photographer and visual artist
 * March 10 – Tim Pitsiulak, Inuk artist
 * December 15 – David Černý, sculptor associated with Prague
 * date unknown
 * Olafur Eliasson, Danish-Icelandic installation artist
 * Andy Taylor, Australian painter and printmaker

Deaths

 * January 8 – Josef Frank, Austrian-born Swedish architect and designer (born 1885)
 * January 10 – Charles E. Burchfield, American landscape watercolorist (born 1893)
 * January 15 – David Burliuk, Russian avant-garde artists (born 1882)
 * January 28 – Ary Stillman, Russian-American representational and abstract painter (born 1891)
 * January 31 – Oscar Fischinger, German born American animator, filmmaker and painter (born 1900)
 * February 17 – Nancy Cox-McCormack, American portrait sculptor (born 1885)
 * March 31 – Jefto Perić, Serbian painter (born 1895)
 * May 15
 * Edward Hopper, American painter and printmaker (born 1882)
 * Italo Mus, Italian painter (born 1892)
 * Jessie Traill, Australian printmaker (born 1881)
 * May 27 – Johannes Itten, Swiss painter (born 1888)
 * August 15 – René Magritte, Belgian surrealist painter (born 1898)
 * August 30 – Ad Reinhardt, American abstract painter (born 1913)
 * September 20 – Zinaida Serebriakova, Russian-born French painter (born 1884)
 * November 21 – Vladimir Lebedev, Russian painter and graphic artist (born 1891)
 * November 22 – Pavel Korin, Russian painter (born 1892)
 * December 12 – Mac Raboy, American illustrator (born 1914)
 * December 26 – Ambrose McCarthy Patterson, Australian painter and printmaker (born 1877)
 * date unknown
 * Marguerite Huré, French stained-glass artist (born 1895)
 * Veljko Stanojević, Serbian painter (born 1892)

title: 1967 in art


text:
1882 in art

Events from the year 1882 in art.

Events

 * April 9 – English poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies aged 53 of Bright's disease at Birchington-on-Sea in the care of his brother, the critic William Michael Rossetti.
 * March 1 – Seventh Impressionist exhibition in Paris opens at 251 rue Saint-Honoré.
 * August – Vincent van Gogh starts painting in oil on the sea coast at Scheveningen, sponsored by his brother Theo.
 * Walter Langley moves to Newlyn on the coast of Cornwall, becoming the first resident artist of the Newlyn School.
 * The gallery of botanical illustrations made and donated by Marianne North is opened at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the first permanent solo exhibition by a female artist in Britain.
 * The Royal Manchester Institution transfers its galleries and collections to Manchester Corporation (England) as Manchester Art Gallery.

Works

 * Marie Bashkirtseff – Head of a Woman
 * Edward Burne-Jones – The Mill (1870–82; Victoria and Albert Museum, London)
 * Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris – David's Charge to Solomon (stained-glass window, Trinity Church, Boston, Massachusetts)
 * Gustave Caillebotte
 * Fruits on a stand
 * Yellow Roses in a Vase
 * Paul Cézanne – Still Life With Compotier
 * William Merritt Chase
 * Azaleas
 * In the Studio
 * John Collier - Clytemnestra (Guildhall Art Gallery, City of London)
 * Pierre Puvis de Chavannes – The Happy Land
 * Henry Treffry Dunn – Rossetti and Watts-Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk
 * Frank Duveneck – Mary Cabot Wheelwright
 * Nikolai Ge – Leo Tolstoy
 * Aleksander Gierymski – In the Arbour
 * Atkinson Grimshaw – Under the Moonbeams
 * William Halsall – Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor
 * William Henry Holmes – Panorama from Point Sublime, looking East; The Grand Cañon at the foot of the Toroweap and The Temples and Towers of the Virgen (illustrations to Clarence Dutton's Tertiary History of the Grand Cañon District published by the United States Geological Survey)
 * Christian Krohg – Portrait of the Swedish Painter Karl Nordström
 * P. S. Krøyer – Frederikke Tuxen
 * Benjamin Williams Leader
 * In the evening it shall be light
 * Sunshine after Rain
 * Wilhelm Leibl – Three Women in Church (Kunsthalle Hamburg)
 * Konstantin Makovsky – Portrait of the Artist's Children
 * Édouard Manet – A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
 * Jan Matejko – Prussian Homage
 * Albert Joseph Moore – Dreamers
 * Frank O'Meara – Reverie
 * Pierre Renoir – Blonde Bather (second version)
 * Auguste Rodin – The Kiss (marble sculpture, original version, as Francesca da Rimini)
 * John Singer Sargent
 * Lady with the Rose (Charlotte Louise Burckhardt)
 * Portraits d'enfants (The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit)
 * Joseph-Noël Sylvestre – The Gaul Ducar decapitates the Roman general Flaminus at the Battle of Trasimene
 * James Tissot – The Garden Bench
 * Vincent van Gogh
 * Adrianus Jacobus Zuyderland series of drawings
 * Sien series of drawings, including Sorrow
 * Lying Cow (two paintings – probable date)
 * Viktor Vasnetsov – Sergius of Radonezh (icon for church at Abramtsevo Colony)
 * William Frederick Yeames – Prince Arthur and Hubert de Burgh

Births

 * January 15 – Daniel Vázquez Díaz, Spanish painter (died 1969)
 * January 18 (January 6 OS) – Aleksandra Ekster, born Aleksandra Aleksandrovna Grigorovich, Russian-Ukrainian painter (Cubo-Futurist, Suprematist, Constructivist) and designer (died 1949)
 * February 12 – Ljubomir Ivanović, Serbian painter (died 1945)
 * April 2 – Estella Solomons, Irish painter (died 1968).
 * April 16 – André Edouard Marty, French artist (died 1974)
 * May 5 – Sylvia Pankhurst, English-born suffragette and artist (died 1960)
 * May 13 – Georges Braque, French painter and sculptor (died 1963)
 * June 1 – Signe Hammarsten-Jansson, Swedish graphic artist (died 1970)
 * June 4 – John Bauer, Swedish illustrator (died 1918)
 * June 11 – Alvin Langdon Coburn, American-born pictorialist photographer (died 1966)
 * June 21 – Rockwell Kent, American painter, printmaker, illustrator and writer (died 1971)
 * July 22 – Edward Hopper, American painter and printmaker (died 1967)
 * August 14 – Gisela Richter, English archaeologist and art historian (died 1972)
 * August – George Bellows, American painter (died 1925)
 * October 3
 * Auguste Chabaud, French painter (died 1955)
 * A. Y. Jackson, Canadian painter (died 1974)
 * October 10 – Lazar Drljača, Serbian painter (died 1970)
 * October 19 – Umberto Boccioni, Italian Futurist painter and sculptor (died 1916)
 * November 2 – Frederick Farrell, Scottish watercolourist, war artist (died 1935)
 * November 18 – Wyndham Lewis, Nova Scotia-born English Vorticist painter and writer (died 1957)
 * December 28 – Lili Elbe, born Einar Magnus Andreas Wegener, Danish-born artist (died 1931)
 * Undated – Todor Švrakić, Serbian painter (died 1931)

Deaths

 * January 14 – Timothy H. O'Sullivan, American Civil War photographer (born 1840)
 * January 20
 * John Linnell, English landscape painter (born 1792)
 * William Miller, Scottish Quaker engraver (born 1796)
 * February 7 – Édouard De Bièfve, Belgian painter (born 1808)
 * March 30 – Henri Lehmann, German-born French painter (born 1814)
 * April 10 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English Pre-Raphaelite painter (born 1828)
 * April 18 – Elizabeth Goodridge, American miniature painter (born 1798)
 * May 20 - Pietro Boyesen, Danish-born photographer (born 1819)
 * June 3 – Christian Wilberg, German painter (born 1839)
 * June 20 – Auguste François Biard, French genre painter (born 1799)
 * July 8 – Hablot Knight Browne ("Phiz"), English illustrator (born 1815)
 * July 9 – Louis-Charles Verwee, Belgian painter (born 1832)
 * August 14 – Niels Christian Kierkegaard, Danish draftsman and lithographer (born 1806)
 * August 29 – Johann Halbig, German sculptor (born 1814)
 * September 22 – Katarina Ivanović, Serbian painter (born 1811)
 * September 23 – John Wharlton Bunney, English topographical painter (born 1828)
 * October 25 – Emma Stebbins, American sculptor (born 1815)
 * November 7 – Julius Hübner, German genre painter (born 1806)
 * Unknown date
 * James Eights, American scientist and watercolour painter (born 1798)
 * George Hollingsworth, American painter (born 1813)

title: 1882 in art


text:
Open Mind Common Sense

Open Mind Common Sense (OMCS) is an artificial intelligence project based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab whose goal is to build and utilize a large commonsense knowledge base from the contributions of many thousands of people across the Web. It has been active from 1999 to 2016.

Since its founding, it has accumulated more than a million English facts from over 15,000 contributors in addition to knowledge bases in other languages. Much of OMCS's software is built on three interconnected representations: the natural language corpus that people interact with directly, a semantic network built from this corpus called ConceptNet, and a matrix-based representation of ConceptNet called AnalogySpace that can infer new knowledge using dimensionality reduction. The knowledge collected by Open Mind Common Sense has enabled research projects at MIT and elsewhere.

History
The project was the brainchild of Marvin Minsky, Push Singh, Catherine Havasi, and others. Development work began in September 1999, and the project opened to the Internet a year later. Havasi described it in her dissertation as "an attempt to ... harness some of the distributed human computing power of the Internet, an idea which was then only in its early stages." The original OMCS was influenced by the website Everything2 and its predecessor, and presents a minimalist interface that is inspired by Google.

Push Singh would have become a professor at the MIT Media Lab and lead the Common Sense Computing group in 2007, but committed suicide on February 28, 2006.

The project is currently run by the Digital Intuition Group at the MIT Media Lab under Catherine Havasi.

Database and website
There are many different types of knowledge in OMCS. Some statements convey relationships between objects or events, expressed as simple phrases of natural language: some examples include "A coat is used for keeping warm", "The sun is very hot", and "The last thing you do when you cook dinner is wash your dishes". The database also contains information on the emotional content of situations, in such statements as "Spending time with friends causes happiness" and "Getting into a car wreck makes one angry". OMCS contains information on people's desires and goals, both large and small, such as "People want to be respected" and "People want good coffee".

Originally, these statements could be entered into the Web site as unconstrained sentences of text, which had to be parsed later. The current version of the Web site collects knowledge only using more structured fill-in-the-blank templates. OMCS also makes use of data collected by the Game With a Purpose "Verbosity".

In its native form, the OMCS database is simply a collection of these short sentences that convey some common knowledge. In order to use this knowledge computationally, it has to be transformed into a more structured representation.

ConceptNet
ConceptNet is a semantic network based on the information in the OMCS database. ConceptNet is expressed as a directed graph whose nodes are concepts, and whose edges are assertions of common sense about these concepts. Concepts represent sets of closely related natural language phrases, which could be noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, or clauses.

ConceptNet is created from the natural-language assertions in OMCS by matching them against patterns using a shallow parser. Assertions are expressed as relations between two concepts, selected from a limited set of possible relations. The various relations represent common sentence patterns found in the OMCS corpus, and in particular, every "fill-in-the-blanks" template used on the knowledge-collection Web site is associated with a particular relation.

The data structures that make up ConceptNet were significantly reorganized in 2007, and published as ConceptNet 3. The Software Agents group currently distributes a database and API for the new version 4.0.

In 2010, OMCS co-founder and director Catherine Havasi, with Robyn Speer, Dennis Clark and Jason Alonso, created Luminoso, a text analytics software company that builds on ConceptNet. It uses ConceptNet as its primary lexical resource in order to help businesses make sense of and derive insight from vast amounts of qualitative data, including surveys, product reviews and social media.

Machine learning tools
The information in ConceptNet can be used as a basis for machine learning algorithms. One representation, called AnalogySpace, uses singular value decomposition to generalize and represent patterns in the knowledge in ConceptNet, in a way that can be used in AI applications. Its creators distribute a Python machine learning toolkit called Divisi for performing machine learning based on text corpora, structured knowledge bases such as ConceptNet, and combinations of the two.

Comparison to other projects
Other similar projects include Never-Ending Language Learning, Mindpixel (discontinued), Cyc, Learner, SenticNet, Freebase, YAGO, DBpedia, and Open Mind 1001 Questions, which have explored alternative approaches to collecting knowledge and providing incentive for participation.

The Open Mind Common Sense project differs from Cyc because it has focused on representing the common sense knowledge it collected as English sentences, rather than using a formal logical structure. ConceptNet is described by one of its creators, Hugo Liu, as being structured more like WordNet than Cyc, due to its "emphasis on informal conceptual-connectedness over formal linguistic-rigor".

There is also the Brazilian initiative, named Open Mind Common Sense in Brazil (OMCS-Br), led by the Advanced Interaction Lab at Federal University of São Carlos (LIA-UFSCar). This project started in 2005, in collaboration with the Software Agents Group at the MIT Media Lab, the main goal is to collect common sense stated in Brazilian Portuguese and use it to develop culturally sensitive software applications based on extracting cultural profiles' knowledge from ConceptNet. This is intended to help developers and users with a culturally contextualized content software, making the final applications more flexible, adaptive, accessible and usable. The main applications' focuses are education and healthcare.

title: Open Mind Common Sense


text:
Talk:The Addams Family

Addams family characters - television series versus Charles Addams cartoons
Is it true that the characters in the Charles Addams cartoons did not have names - i.e., the character names first appeared in the television series. Mitch Robinson (talk) 14:47, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Yes, most of the named were invented for the TV series. However, in 1962, a Manhattan company called Aboriginals Ltd made 3 rag dolls for FAO Schwarz. It’s been reported that Addams came up with the name Morticia, a friend suggested Wednesday (’s child is full of woe), but Pugsley was called Irving. No idea whose idea that was. 74.104.189.176 (talk) 16:25, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

 * @74.104.189.176 After 'Irving' I believe there was a period of time they were going to name him Pubert (now his baby brothers name). Do you know who came up with pugsley? QuaggaZebra13 (talk) 06:50, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry, my mistake. he was originally called Pubert but Aboriginals Ltd found the name unpalatable so it was rejected and changed to Irving for the dolls and pugsley for the TV series. QuaggaZebra13 (talk) 06:58, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

Strange info box on talk page.
It looks like the info box that allows comments has been vandalized. In any case the comment within is not helpful.1archie99 (talk) 17:14, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

i love the adams familly — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.106.9.243 (talk) 11:23, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

Link deleted
Hi everyone,

I have deleted the link of this article to a spanish page, because there's not a caracter's spanish page of the Addams Family. I would say that in reality, the link that I have deleted, was directing to the spanish disambiguation page of The Addams Family.

Thanks, and sorry for my bad english (I'm from Spain). --Paso del lobo (talk) 18:35, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

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Thing…
The lede says that Thing is a “disembodied hand”; I would say that that neglects the Thing in the New Yorker cartoons is not seen (it may even be limited to a single one-panel gag, of a “Beware of the Thing!” sign in a fence, in the manner of a “Beware of the Dog!” notice);and the fact that in the TV series, Thing is quite clearly “something” that lives inside a box, with the hand attached to an arm - part of the humour being that a much larger creature is housed in a too-small box, with access to many objects also too large to be housed there. Did Thing as a dismembered animate hand start in the movies, or did it have its origins elsewhere - print cartoon, TV animation, etc.? Jock123 (talk) 09:06, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

 * I always imagined Thing as living in a parallel space, interfacing with ours in the boxes, which are too small for more than a hand to pass. —Tamfang (talk) 22:33, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

Room for Improvement
I think the article does need a bit more to it to make it better. There's all the talk about backgrounds, and the various media outlets that the Addams have been in, but there's hardly much regarding a break-down of the main characters; in other words, a list of them and a brief, but still well detailed out passage of information about the member's respective role in the Family and a link to the article about them. This article lacks this, since it is aimed at being informative about the fictional family in question, and the media outlets naturally have their own articles (where applicable). GUtt01 (talk) 16:52, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * The characters changed somewhat from the original cartoons when put on TV and cinema. This article, it seems to me, is about the original cartoons and their legacy, so what you describe would be difficult, but not impossible. I am surprised that there is no suggestion here that the Addams family has contributed to making Halloween the most popular holiday in the US. It seems obvious to me. Wastrel Way (talk) Eric

The Addams Windsor Family.
It is said that an Addams Family episode was running on Cartoon Network TV but got interrupted to announce the death of Lady Diana, which became a "flashlight memory" for tens of thousands of shocked british kids. The article could discuss the event if it is true. 78.131.76.55 (talk) 21:59, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The term flashlight memory was new to me, so I searched, and found flashbulb memory, which is also new to me but makes more sense to me – as I am old enough to remember flashbulbs. —Tamfang (talk) 22:30, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

Addams Family house vs. Syracuse University Hall of Languages, and any pic?
The wikipedia article Hall of Languages, Syracuse University asserts that "The iconic building has been prominently displayed as a representation of the University in many forums. The building served as creative inspiration for the Addams Family home in the TV show. Is this valid?  Is it worth mentioning in this article?

Also, where are any linkable pics of the Addams Family's house? I'd like to include or refer to some (at least by providing external links to them) in the Hall of Languages article.--Doncram (talk) 01:18, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

There is also some credible information that the Addams Family house was based on College Hall, the 1870s period building that housed the University of Pennsylvania. Charles Addams was a student at Penn, and the university has occasionally mentioned the connection and that fact that the Addams Family house was based on the College Hall.

One of the Penn fine arts buildings may be called Addams Hall? It has a gate decorated with characters from Addams'cartoons. THis possibility is also cited in the wikipedia page on Charles Addams with a linked photo: " College Hall, the oldest building on the current campus of the University of Pennsylvania, where Addams studied, was also an inspiration for the mansion.[5]" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Addams

Don't you editors read other Wikipedia pages on your subject? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.15.139.37 (talk) 20:59, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

The Addams family fun-house
What happened to the Addams family Fun-house musical variety show? It only got a pilot in 1973 before being cancelled, but there are no records of it that I have been able to find. QuaggaZebra13 (talk) 16:59, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I believe it is considered lost. It was shot on videotape and it's very likely that no copies exist. Rcarter555 (talk) 18:50, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

a nuance of casting

 * The animated incarnation featured a new cast except for Felix Silla, who returned as Cousin Itt.

If Silla became the voice of Itt, that is (as I understand) a change. If not, what did he do in the animation? —Tamfang (talk) 21:56, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Addams Family


text:
John Thach

John Smith Thach (April 19, 1905 – April 15, 1981) was a World War II Naval Aviator, air combat tactician, and United States Navy admiral. Thach developed the Thach Weave, a combat flight formation which could counter enemy fighters of superior performance, and later the big blue blanket, an aerial defense against kamikaze attacks.

Early career
John S. Thach was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, on April 19, 1905. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1927 and spent two years serving in battleships, before becoming a Naval Aviator in early 1930. His USNA classmates included William Brockman, Creed Burlingame, and Eugene Lindsey. Thach spent the next decade serving as a test pilot and instructor and establishing a reputation as an expert in aerial gunnery.

World War II

In early 1940, Thach was placed in command of Fighting Squadron Three (VF-3). There he met a young ensign just out of flight school, Edward O'Hare, later a Medal of Honor recipient. Thach made O'Hare his wingman and taught him everything he knew. At the United States Navy fleet gunnery competition at the end of 1940, eight of the 16 VF-3 pilots qualified for the gunnery "E" award ("excellence").

Later Thach developed a fighter combat tactic known as the Thach Weave. This tactic enabled American fighter aircraft to hold their own against the more maneuverable Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the primary Imperial Japanese Navy fighter aircraft.

Lieutenant Commander Thach and VF-3 flew from USS Saratoga (CV-3) in the early part of World War II, and was assigned to USS Yorktown (CV-5) during the Battle of Midway in June 1942. On the morning of June 4, Thach led a six-plane sortie from VF-3, escorting twelve Douglas TBD Devastators of VT-3 led by Lieutenant Commander Lance Massey from Yorktown, when they discovered the main Japanese carrier fleet. They were immediately attacked by 15 to 20 Japanese fighters. Thach decided to use his namesake maneuver, marking its first combat usage. Although outnumbered and outmaneuvered, Thach managed to shoot down three Zeros and a wingman accounted for another, at the cost of one Grumman F4F Wildcat.

After Midway, Thach was assigned to instruct other pilots in combat tactics. The United States Navy pulled its best combat pilots out of action to train newer pilots, while the Japanese kept their best pilots in combat. As the war progressed, the Japanese Navy lost their experienced pilots due to attrition and had no well-trained replacements, while the United States was able to improve the general fighting ability of their own personnel. When the Japanese resorted to the feared Kamikaze suicide attacks, Thach developed the "big blue blanket" system to provide an adequate defense.

Later in the war, Commander Thach became operations officer to Vice Admiral John S. McCain Sr., commander of the Fast Carrier Task Force. Thach was also present at the formal Japanese surrender aboard the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) on September 2, 1945, in Tokyo Bay.

Thach was a flying ace, having been credited with shooting down six enemy aircraft during World War II.

Post–World War II

Thach commanded USS Sicily (CVE-118) during the Korean War and USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CVA-42) in 1953–54. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1955.

In 1958 and 1959, Thach was placed in command of an antisubmarine development unit, "Task Group Alpha", with the aircraft carrier USS Valley Forge (CVS-45) serving as his flagship. He subsequently appeared on the cover of Time magazine on September 1, 1958, for his contributions to anti-submarine warfare (ASW), which was a primary focus at the time in the ongoing Cold War. An annual award was later established in his name for presentation to the top ASW squadron in the navy.

Thach was promoted to vice admiral in 1960 and served as the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air in the Pentagon, where he presided over development of the A-7 Corsair II, among other naval aviation programs. As Commander in Chief, United States Naval Forces Europe, starting in 1965, he pinned on his fourth star as a full admiral, retiring from the Navy in May 1967 from that position.

The Arkansas Aviation Historical Society inducted Thach into the Arkansas Aviation Hall of Fame in 1981.

Thach died on April 15, 1981, in Coronado, California, four days before his 76th birthday, and was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego.

The frigate USS Thach (FFG-43) was named in his honor.

Personal life
Thach and his wife Madalynn had four children.

title: John Thach


text:
1598 in art

Events from the year 1598 in art.

Events

 * Marin le Bourgeoys is appointed Valet de Chambre to King Henry IV of France. At court he produces artwork, firearms, air guns, crossbows, and movable globes.
 * The first recorded use of the term "landscape" in English, to refer to a genre of painting, borrowed from the Dutch term "landschap".

Works

 * Federico Barocci (Galleria Borghese, Rome)
 * Aeneas' Flight from Troy
 * St. Jerome
 * Caravaggio
 * Saint Catherine
 * Sacrifice of Isaac
 * Martha and Mary Magdalene
 * Portrait of Maffeo Barberini

Births

 * May 23 - Claude Mellan, French engraver and painter (died 1688)
 * July 31 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor (died 1654)
 * November 7 – Francisco de Zurbarán, Spanish Baroque painter (died 1664)
 * December 7 – Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian Baroque sculptor and architect of 17th century Rome (died 1680)
 * date unknown
 * Bartholomeus Breenbergh, Dutch painter (died 1657)
 * Domingos da Cunha, Portuguese painter (died 1644)
 * Giovanni Andrea de Ferrari, Italian painter of the Baroque period active in Genoa (died 1669)
 * Willem de Passe, Dutch engraver and designer of medals (died 1637)
 * Chen Hongshou, Chinese painter of late Ming Dynasty (died 1652)
 * Willem Hondius, Dutch engraver, cartographer and painter (died 1652/1658)
 * Lambert Jacobsz, Dutch painter (died 1636)
 * Jean Lemaire, French painter (died 1659)
 * Bernard van Linge, Dutch glass and enamel painter (died 1644)
 * probable - Wang Jian, Chinese landscape painter during the Qing Dynasty (died 1677)

Deaths

 * March 27 - Theodor de Bry, Flemish-born engraver, draftsman and book editor and publisher (born 1528)
 * April 19 - Hans Fugger, patron of the arts (born 1531)
 * June 25 - Giacomo Gaggini, Italian sculptor (born 1517)
 * December 28 - Gillis Mostaert, Dutch painter, son of Jan Mostaert (b. c.1535)
 * date unknown
 * Giovanni Antonio di Amato the younger, Italian painter (born 1528)
 * René Boyvin, French engraver who lived in Angers (born 1525)
 * Benedetto Caliari, Italian painter (born 1538)
 * Jacopino del Conte, Italian Mannerist painter (born 1510)
 * Guillaume Le Bé, French engraver (born 1525)
 * probable - Marcin Kober, Polish court painter to King Stefan Batory (born 1550)

title: 1598 in art


text:
1942 in art

Events from the year 1942 in art.

Events

 * January – Treasures from the new National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. are evacuated by train to the Biltmore Estate at Asheville, North Carolina.
 * February 15 – Singapore surrenders to Japanese forces. Among the British troops captured are illustrator Ronald Searle and sculptor Anthony Twentyman.
 * March 28–29 – Bombing of St. Mary's Church, Lübeck, destroys Adriaen Isenbrandt's Bröhmse triptych, Jacob van Utrecht's Trinity Altar, Friedrich Overbeck's Entrance of Christ into Jerusalem and Bernt Notke's Gregorsmesse and replica Totentanz, but reveals medieval frescos.
 * May 8 – English novelist David Garnett marries painter and writer Angelica Bell, the daughter of painters Duncan Grant (Garnett's lover) and Vanessa Bell.
 * July 27 – A large amount of "degenerate art" including works by Picasso, Dalí, Ernst, Klee, Léger and Miró is destroyed in a bonfire in the gardens of the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume in Nazi-occupied Paris.
 * October – Michael Ayrton and John Minton exhibit together at the Leicester Galleries in London.
 * October 14–November 7 – The "First Papers of Surrealism" exhibition, arranged by André Breton and Marcel Duchamp, is held at the Whitelaw Reid Mansion on Madison Avenue in New York City, including Duchamp's His Twine and Breton's Hanging.
 * October 20 – The Art of This Century gallery is opened by Peggy Guggenheim at 30 West 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City.
 * unknown dates
 * Salvador Dalí publishes his autobiography, The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí.
 * Horst Rosenthal, whilst in Gurs internment camp, produces Mickey au Camp de Gurs and two other comic books; on September 11 he is murdered on arrival at Auschwitz concentration camp.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize: William Dargie – Corporal Jim Gordon, VC

Works

 * Rita Angus – Portrait (Betty Curnow)
 * Thomas Hart Benton – Year of Peril (series)
 * George Berry – Statue of Benjamin Franklin (sculpture, Franklin High School (Portland, Oregon))
 * Pierre Bonnard – Red Roofs in Cannet
 * Paul-Émile Borduas – Abstraction No 7
 * Russell Drysdale – Soldier
 * Richard Eurich
 * HMS Revenge Leaving Harbour
 * The Raid on the Bruneval Radio-location Station
 * Marie Hadad – Portrait of Mr. Dahesh (Dahesh Museum of Art)
 * Edward Hopper
 * Dawn in Pennsylvania
 * Nighthawks
 * Dame Laura Knight – A Balloon Site, Coventry
 * Helen Levitt - New York City (photograph)
 * Jacques Lipchitz – Theseus (sculpture)
 * L. S. Lowry
 * After the Blitz
 * Blitzed Site
 * Roberto Matta
 * The Apples we Know
 * Composition in Magenta: The End of Everything
 * The Disasters of Mysticism
 * The Hanged Man
 * Paul Nash – The Archer
 * Frank Newbould – Your Britain, Fight for it Now (poster series)
 * Méret Oppenheim – Sun, Moon, Stars
 * Gordon Parks – American Gothic, Washington, D.C. (photograph)
 * Pablo Picasso
 * Portrait of Dora Maar
 * Woman in a Fish Hat (Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam)
 * Diego Rivera – The Flower Seller
 * Ruskin Spear – We Can Take It
 * Dorothea Tanning – Birthday (Philadelphia Museum of Art)
 * Carel Weight – Recruit's Progress – Medical Inspection
 * Andrew Wyeth – Winter Fields
 * Philip Zec – The price of petrol has been increased by one penny – Official (political cartoon)

Births

 * January 8 – George Passmore, English artist partnering with Gilbert (Proesch)
 * February 2
 * Alonzo Davis, African American artist
 * Graham Nash, English-born rock singer-songwriter and photographer
 * February 10 – Lawrence Weiner, American conceptual artist (d. 2021)
 * February 28 – Oliviero Toscani, Italian photographer
 * March 2 – Jonathan Borofsky, American painter, sculptor and installation artist
 * March 16 – Danny Lyon, American documentary photographer
 * March 20 – Peter Schjeldahl, 80, American art critic (The New Yorker, The New York Times) (d.2022)
 * March 31
 * Dan Graham, American conceptual and performance artist (d. 2021)
 * David Medalla, Filipino-born sculptor
 * May 20 – Anna Maria Maiolino, Italian-born Brazilian artist
 * August 18? – Charlotte Johnson Wahl, born Charlotte Fawcett, English painter (d. 2021)
 * October 6 – Dan Christensen, American abstract painter (d.2007)
 * October 29 – Bob Ross, American painter and television presenter (d.1995)
 * November 7 – Stan Rice, American poet and artist (d.2002)
 * December 1 – William Feaver, English art critic and historian
 * date unknown
 * Susan Crile, American painter
 * De Es Schwertberger, born Dieter Schwertberger, Austrian painter

Deaths

 * January – Albert Moulton Foweraker, English painter (b. 1873)
 * January 5 – Tina Modotti, Italian photographer and model (b. 1896)
 * January 6 – John Bernard Flannagan, American sculptor (b. 1895) (suicide)
 * January 22 – Walter Sickert, British Impressionist painter (b. 1860)
 * January 23 – Bogdan Šuput, Serbian painter (b. 1914)
 * January 27 – Petar Dobrović, Serbian painter (b. 1890)
 * February 9 – Anna Elizabeth Klumpke, American portrait and genre painter (b. 1856)
 * February 12 – Grant Wood, American painter (b. 1892)
 * February 16 – Giovanni Bartolena, Italian painter (b. 1886)
 * February 20 – Herbert Dicksee, English canine painter (b. 1862)
 * April 18 - Adolphe Valette, French painter (b. 1876)
 * April 18 – Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, founder of the Whitney Museum of American Art (b. 1875)
 * May 23 – C. R. Ashbee, English designer (b. 1863)
 * June 18 – Sutherland Macdonald, English tattoo artist (b. 1860)
 * June 30 – William Henry Jackson, American photographer (b. 1843)
 * August 10 – Albert Guillaume, French painter and caricaturist (b. 1873)
 * August 30 – Sava Šumanović, Serbian painter (b. 1896)
 * September 2 – Eric Ravilious, English painter (b. 1903) (lost on active service as a war artist)
 * September 7
 * Cecilia Beaux, American portrait painter (b. 1855)
 * Albert Julius Olsson, English marine painter (b. 1864)
 * November 24 – Bohumil Kafka, Czech sculptor (b. 1878)
 * December 11 - Séraphine Louis, French painter (b. 1864)
 * December 19 – T. F. Šimon, Czech painter (b. 1877)
 * date unknown
 * Nampeyo, Hopi ceramicist (b. 1860)

title: 1942 in art


text:
Talk:Initao

Initao was a Visita of Iligan which in 1870 was a pueblo. Related researches reveal that Initao was already a municipality in 1905. In brief analysis: "Initao became a municipality during the first decade of American colonial rule."

This premise calls for a great historical research at the national archives in Manila and local and private libraries.

I am willing to conduct the said research.

09196341404

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/ to http://www.census.gov.ph/

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title: Talk:Initao


text:
1654 in art

Events from the year 1654 in art.

Events

 * October 12 – The Delft Explosion destroys the city of Delft, killing painter Carel Fabritius and destroying his home, studio and most of his paintings: only five are known to exist. Egbert van der Poel produces paintings of the explosion.

Paintings

 * Willem Drost paints Bathsheba Holding King David's Letter, Portrait of an Officer in a Red Beret and (at about this date) Portrait of a Young Woman with her Hands Folded on a Book and Portrait of a Young Woman in a Brocade Gown.
 * Carel Fabritius paints his Young Man in a Fur Cap, The Sentry, and The Goldfinch, showing use of lighting effects with a bright background.
 * Rembrandt completes Bathsheba at Her Bath and Woman Bathing in a Stream (both featuring his mistress Hendrickje) and paints his Portrait of Jan Six.
 * Bartholomeus van der Helst paints The Van Aras Family.
 * Guercino paints Samson and Delilah.
 * Philips Koninck paints The Feast of Bacchus.

Births

 * February 19 – Antonio Bellucci (or Antonijus Belutis), Italian painter from Treviso (died 1726)
 * February 24 – Bartolomeo Altomonte, Italian painter (died 1783)
 * March 10 – Giuseppe Bartolomeo Chiari, Italian painter of frescoes (died 1727)
 * November 2 – Giuseppe Passeri, Italian painter active in his native city of Rome (died 1714)
 * November 23 – Jan van Kessel the Younger, Flemish-Spanish painter (died 1708)
 * December 10 – Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole, Italian landscape painter and engraver from Bologna (died 1719)
 * date unknown
 * Bartolomeo Guidobono, Italian painter active mainly in Northern Italy (died 1709)
 * Francisco Leonardoni, Italian painter active mainly in Spain (died 1711)
 * Giacomo del Pò, Italian painter of emblematical and allegorical subjects (died 1726)
 * Giacomo Antonio Ponsonelli, Italian Rococo sculptor (died 1735)
 * Michelangelo Ricciolino, Italian church painter of the Baroque period (died 1715)
 * probable – Herman Moll, engraver active in England (died 1732)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Paulus Potter, Dutch painter specializing in animals in landscapes (born 1625)
 * January 23 – Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert, painter (born 1613)
 * February 8 – Luca Ferrari, Italian painter (born 1605)
 * April 5 – Lorenzo Garbieri, Italian painter (born 1580)
 * June 10 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor active mainly in Rome (born 1598)
 * October 12 – Carel Fabritius, Dutch painter (born 1622)
 * December 1 – Giacomo Apollonio, Italian painter (born 1584)
 * date unknown
 * Baccio Ciarpi, Italian painter (born 1574)
 * Nicolaes de Giselaer, Dutch painter and draughtsman (born 1583)

title: 1654 in art


text:
1836 in art

Events from the year 1836 in art.

Events

 * June – Hablot K. Browne ("Phiz") begins illustrating The Pickwick Papers following the suicide of the original illustrator, Robert Seymour.
 * David Wilkie is granted a knighthood.

Works

 * Thomas Cole – View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm (The Oxbow)
 * Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot – Diana Surprised By Actaeon
 * Paul Delaroche – Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers
 * Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin – Study (Young Male Nude Seated beside the Sea)
 * Caspar David Friedrich – Seashore by Moonlight
 * Joseph von Führich – Jacob encountering Rachel with her father's herd
 * Christian Albrecht Jensen – Hans Christian Andersen
 * Antoine Wiertz – Les Grecs et les Troyens se disputant le corps de Patrocle
 * Sir David Wilkie – Napoleon and Pius VII at Fontainebleau
 * Matthew Cotes Wyatt – Bronze equestrian statue of George III

Births

 * January 8 – Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Dutch-English painter (died 1912)
 * January 13 – Giuseppe Abbati, painter (died 1868)
 * January 14 – Henri Fantin-Latour, painter and lithographer (died 1904)
 * February 24 – Winslow Homer, landscape painter (died 1910)+
 * March 28 – Emmanuel Benner, French artist (died 1896)
 * March 28 – Jean Benner, French artist (died 1906)
 * April 27 – Eugen Felix, Austrian painter (died 1906)
 * May 25 – Lina von Perbandt, German landscape painter (died 1884)
 * September 6 - John Atkinson Grimshaw, painter (died 1893)
 * October 15 – James Tissot, painter (died 1902)
 * December 13 – Franz von Lenbach, painter (died 1904)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Thomas Henry, French painter and art patron (born 1766)
 * January 16 – Heinrich Christoph Kolbe, German portrait painter (born 1771)
 * January 24 - Francesco Alberi, Italian painter of historical scenes and frescoes (born 1765)
 * February 23 – Ezra Ames, American portrait painter (born 1768)
 * March 4 – Matthias Kessels, Dutch sculptor (born 1784)
 * April 20 – Robert Seymour, English illustrator (born 1798)
 * April 24 – Firmin Didot, French printer, engraver, and type founder (born 1764)
 * before April 30 – Louise-Adéone Drölling, French painter and draughtswoman (born 1797)
 * October 11 – Giacomo Raffaelli, Italian mosaicist from Rome (born 1753)
 * October 17 – Orest Kiprensky, Russian portrait painter (born 1782)
 * November 10 – William Frederick Wells, English watercolour painter and etcher (born 1762)
 * date unknown
 * Pierre-Charles Bridan, French sculptor (born 1766)
 * Giovanni Folo, Italian engraver (born 1764)
 * Edme-François-Étienne Gois, French sculptor (born 1765)
 * Stefano Ticozzi, Italian art historian (born 1762)

title: 1836 in art


text:
Salty dog

Salty Dog  may refer to:

 * Salty dog (cocktail), a drink made with vodka or gin and grapefruit juice
 * Salty dog (slang), a slang phrase with several meanings, including "an experienced sailor"

Music

 * A Salty Dog, a 1969 album by the band Procol Harum
 * "A Salty Dog" (song), a song from the album
 * "Salty Dog", a song from a 1964 album "Back in Town" by The Kingston Trio
 * "Salty Dog", a 2000 song by Flogging Molly
 * Salty Dog (band), an American hard rock band formed in 1986
 * "Salty Dog Blues", a traditional folk song
 * "Salty Dog Rag", a 1952 hit by Red Foley

Other uses

 * The Original Salty Dogs Jazz Band, a jazz ensemble from the Midwestern United States
 * Syracuse Salty Dogs, a soccer team from Syracuse, New York
 * VX-23, a U.S. Navy squadron known by the nickname Salty Dogs
 * Salty Dog, a character on Lily's Driftwood Bay

title: Salty dog