text:
Talk:Robert Morris (financier)

Merchant or financier?
I don't think "(merchant)" is really the location for this page. Robert Morris is known as a merchant, but as a signer of three landmark documents in US history and minor player (relative to the likes of other more well-known figures) in the American Revolution. Daniel Quinlan 16:48, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)
 * I think "(financier)" would probably be a better name than "(merchant)". Perhaps "(Founding Father)" would convey his role in signing the three important documents, but in the end it's a judgement call. Wmahan 15:28, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the original intent was just disamb. But he was more than just a financier, just as he was more than just a merchant. I'd vote for Founding Father. Go for it. Pollinator 12:23, Jul 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * A minor player? He was the wealthiest man in America. Roughly 40% of all war spending went through his own businesses, despite the fact that he was in charge of directing that spending. He was a huge figure in the Revolution, and even the Philadelphia Convention, and yet he's almost never talked about... I don't think traditionalists would appreciate an exhaustive history on the man. It wouldn't be pretty.68.33.227.194 16:39, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Typo
"The Stamp Act of 1765-1766 affected Morris's business due to its dependence on imports. In 1675, Morris began his public career by serving on a local committee organized to protest the Stamp Act. "

 * "1675"??
 * dislexia? Pollinator 12:23, Jul 1, 2004 (UTC)\

Its Robert Morris Jr

Morris and slavery
There is a common conception that Morris, using wealth from the slave trade, financed the Revolutionary War. Historically that is a gross overstatement, perhaps, but there is evidence that he did financially benefit from the sale of slaves and that moneys from those sales were provided in support of General Washington's efforts. This article needs to confront the issue of Morris and slavery.

 * Willing, Morris & Co. (not Morris individually) advertised 28 slaves that may have been sold in agency arrangements. They also advertised a larger consignment, but none were sold and the ship left Philadelphia and the owner took them to the West Indies.

 * Additionally they had a ship that brought in 70 to Philadelphia and about 70 to Virginia, but many were sick and their trading firm had trouble collecting money from buyers. Next the ship went from Cape Coast Castle to Barbados, still carrying too few to be truly profitable. Finally the ship was taken by French Privateers.

 * There is actual evidence that Morris lost money in the trade, so it would have been impossible for him to finance a war costing over $50,000,000 with $0.00. While people may wish to believe Morris financed the Revolution with blood money, this is simply not true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robtmorris (talk • contribs) 19:47, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

So what if he made a mistake every one does(UJRK)Sorry wrong coloum

This section had been used, in error, to advance the idea that the "Presidents' House" has been placed in the wrong spot. Information about Peter Kuhn was included without consideration for the likelihood that Mr Kuhn moved between 1785 and 1790. This confused the contributor into thinking the 1790 address of 179 High street was the same location noted in the 1785 address between 4th and 5th street. I also deleted from this section much of the information about the various lots Morris owned because it did not pertain to the section heading. Robtmorris (talk) 15:21, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

And...
Morris was also a member of an anti-slavery society while funding the slaveowning gentry after the war. I think the issue is too full of contradictions to assume any kind of actual personal interest in the matter from an ethical standpoint. The fact is that most people involved in slavery, or in this case rather loosely involved in slavery, had few or no considerations for it whatsoever. Considering Morris's statements to the effect that the common man (that is, the common white man) was essentially worthless, serving only to give better men his money, I don't think he had much empathy or animosity toward slaves. It's not as though every historical figure in existence was tied deep into the question of slavery simply because they lived in a period during which it was in occurrence.

Slavery was perhaps the most significant economic institution of the South in the 18th Century. It was obviously an economic factor in the funding of the war. Still, there are far better exposes to be had, especially when you're looking at someone like Morris.

This article is insufficient, and I'll be adding to it shortly. Did this come from 1911 Britannica? Or a high school textbook? For the wealthiest man in post-revolutionary America, a man who (arguably) singlehandedly effected the dissolution of government currency in favor of private notes, and who probably had two hands in the pocket of every major revolutionary politician, Morris doesn't have much of a wikipedia entry. I can't imagine anyone would want to know how many kids he had over that. 69.137.157.78 09:37, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

(merchant) v. (founding father)
Holy charged terminology, Friznay. But I guess if you use the term on Washington...

Seriously, there are some quotes from this fellow out there that would scare the compost out of middle school kids looking up information on "the founding fathers". Here's a nice one, if a bit mangled as I can't find the original source but only my quotations of it: "The public are vulgar Souls whose narrow Optics can see but the little Circle of selfish Concerns. Democratic government is filled with wicked men who are opposed to Heaven and its laws." His regular use of religious phrasing to refer to economic or social situations (namely the lack of deference to the gentry as sin, et cetera) is juicy too, especially given his secularity. This guy was respected and feared by the founding fathers--for his deep pockets, not his moral standing. Fearwig 02:01, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

I think he is a very great man and because of him this country stands today!!!

Call to correct
Thus stands the end of the beginning section: '"Robert Morris "Life is to short to waist."' How about a colon? How about a comma? How about buying a vowel, like an O? How about trading an I for E? If it were "Life is to short the market," I might say this sentence makes sense. But as it stands, I must, compelled by forces greater than myself, condemn. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by James Seneca (talk • contribs) 21:41, 13 April 2007 (UTC).

Unconstitutional Tax
The current article reads:

"The Stamp Act of 1765-1766 was a tax on all legal documents, yet the lawyers did not act to oppose it. However the merchants banded together to end what they saw an unconstitutional tax."

This is absurd. The Stamp Act cannot be called an "unconstitutional tax" because there was no Constitution! England does not have a "constitution" as the term is gererally used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.240.3.49 (talk) 14:20, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

The English thought they had a constitution, and still do. It is the sum of their laws. It is different than the American version, but it is not absurd that English colonists would think like Englishmen. Robtmorris (talk) 17:10, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

North American Land Company
Morris played a significant role in the North American Land Company, which was one of the three great land companies that speculated in land as a result of the Pennsylvania land act of 3 April 1792. North American had most of its holdings in NY state, but also some holdings in PA. The other two were the Pennsylvania Population Company and the Holland Land Company. I'm considering writing an article about the Penn Pop Co in coming weeks. Maybe someone could research North American, add it to Morris's article, and write an article about it? The Morris article sets it up nicely. There is a category for early American land companies -- see Holland Land Co for categories. --Pat (talk) 01:36, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Commentary
This man was a rabid detractor of those he thought socially beneath him. His economic policies may have propped up the wealthy elite who are the only measurement ever taken of an economy's health, but he ruined the lives of thousands of American citizens who had just finished fighting for the very freedom of these same white landowners. Handle 2001 16:17, 23 July 2007 (UTC) }}
 * Naturally 'Handle 2001' would consider the above statement to be true, but that is only understandable in the context of Handle own Socialist background. Morris was a capitalist and therefore a mystery to Socialists. He did NOT ruin the lives of thousands, there is simply no proof of this. Instead he risked billions in today's dollars in an effort to pay the troops. Robtmorris (talk) 17:15, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The talk page is not to be used for commentary on the subject of the article. It isn't a chat room or bulletin board. The talk page is for specific discussion on improving the article. --Pat (talk) 02:40, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

never repaid
(please add to article) Robert Morris was never repaid for the money he advanced to finance the US Rev War and if he had been, he would not have lost all of his wealth and died a pauper. And these facts are part of the typical, extreme bad behavior of the US; taking the money to win the war, never paying it back and bankrupting the hero who financed the war... and the same is true for Peter De Haven's advancing the powder from his powder mills to aid the army and he also was never paid back at all anything...All such facts are a key part of this article and need to be added. king midas touch 69.121.221.97 (talk) 23:37, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

the 0ther president of the United States
The position of Superintendent of Finance was analygous to prime minister or president, as the post-1789 meaning of the job. Morris' contribution to the US government should be emphisized more.Ericl (talk) 15:15, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Pre-war Wealth
The statement that Morris' wealth prior to the war was "small when compared to ... the average middle class Englishman living in London" is prima facia absurd. Such a claim at least requires citation. 141.158.50.151 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 13:36, 22 November 2008 (UTC). I think that if you were to read "The Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise" by Thomas M. Doerflinger, you would see how true this is. Instead of making statements like "prima facia absurd" you may want to keep an open mind about things. Robtmorris (talk) 18:45, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Bankruptcy Laws
Aded "citation needed" to the statement that the Bankruptcy Laws were passed, in part, to get him out of prison. He had been in prison for some time when the laws were passed. As an anarchist, I wouldn't be surprised if a law was passed that was partly to bailout a friend, but we still need a citation or two in order to qualify the claim. If one isn't provided within the next week or so, I'm just going to remove the statement as unverifiable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.146.135.173 (talk) 04:29, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

Link
You might care to add this link to the history page of the Robert Morris Inn in Oxford Maryland. http://www.robertmorrisinn.com/history.html Rumjal rumjal 10:38, 14 April 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rumjal (talk • contribs)

Religious Tests
"overturn the religious test laws, thus restoring voting rights to 40% of the citizens including Quakers, Jews, and Mennonites.."

This isn't sourced, and appears to be grossly inaccurate. The only religious tests Pennsylvania appeared to have was believing in the divine inspiration of the Old and New Testaments. This didn't affect Quakers or Mennonites, and in fact may have been written that way just so it didn't.

It did affect Jews. Wikipedia says they numbered about 300 out of a population of 30,000, so that is 1% not 40%.

This needs to be sourced. Furthermore, it would probably turn up more interesting information, as one of the people that worked closely with Morris was from the Philadelphia Jewish congregation that was pushing to overturn that law.

Need to improve sources and cites
There appear to be sections of OR - Original Research, and over-reliance on dated sources - county history and late nineteenth century history (the explanation of the Spanish taking over former British land after the war is strange, as they didn't have all the territory south of the Ohio. Have deleted complaints that Morris is not recognized at the memorial on his former house site - it is recognized for a different purpose.Parkwells (talk) 20:23, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
This article isn't very neutral. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 8.192.1.98 (talk) 14:53, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Move request to 'Robert Morris'
Morris is probably prominent enough to have the name come to this page, and is maybe one of the few major American founding fathers (John Dickinson is another, and I have a request in there as well) who doesn't have a 'clean' linked page. The name now goes to a disamb. page, which can be linked to in a top notice. Thoughts? Thanks. Randy Kryn 00:02 10 February, 2015 (UTC)
 * I definitely agree that this Robert Morris is far more prominent than any other Robert Morris in the U.S. Internationally, I'm not sure if any other Robert Morris is nearly as well known. Orser67 (talk) 05:56, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

Financial conflict of interest
Under the heading "Superintendent of Finance of the United States", it states "In defending himself from would-be critics, Morris insisted Congress allow him to continue his private endeavors while serving in a related public office." That sounds contradictory to me. It seems to me that if he wanted to "defend himself from would-be critics", he would've suspended his private endeavors, rather than continuing them. Did the original editor mean to say "In defiance of would-be critics, Morris insisted Congress allow him to continue his private endeavors while serving in a related public office"? Occam's Shaver (talk) 16:04, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

Dates of Office a Superintendent of Finance.
I was able to find in the Journal of the Continental Congress that he was elected by Congress February 20, 1781. I also found that in May 1784 (not March) Congress legislated that the off ice was to be replaced by a department headed by a committee of three. However Morris was to remain in office until the committee was in place. Both Congress and the Committee of States referred expenditures to him throughout the Legislative Year. On the first day of the new legislative year (November 1, 1784) Robert Morris resigned his commission. It appears Congress did not have a Quorum until December 1, and that is the date that Congress receives the letter and appointed the committee. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.69.224.94 (talk) 01:28, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Atrocious
This is an atrocious article on a figure and period I know very well. And the footnotes are woefully incomplete. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.28.145.174 (talk) 20:56, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
 * You have to demonstrate knowledge rather than make unsupported claims. Rjensen (talk) 21:16, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
 * It would help to know more about what the problem is. Is the article too long?... which references are missing?. I am writing another article that Morris and I am also trying to tie it into this one as well. Over 200 people a day read this article, it should be of high quality. Cheers ... Risk Engineer (talk) 16:09, 24 August 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 12 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved (closed by non-admin page mover)  SITH   (talk)   02:15, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

– I request moving Robert Morris (financier) to Robert Morris because, although there are other Robert Morrises, this Robert Morris is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. As an important Founding Father of the United States, this Robert Morris has greater long-term significance than all other Robert Morrises combined. Looking at Robert Morris (disambiguation) shows that two different educational institutions have been named after him, whereas no other educational institutions have been named for other Robert Morrises, a good indication of enduring notability. Additionally, this Robert Morris averages about 10,000 page views per month, whereas all but two other Robert Morrises average less than 1,000 page views per month each. The two exception are Robert Morris (artist) and Robert Morris (cryptographer), but Robert Morris (artist) averages about 1/3 of the page views of Robert Morris (financier), and Robert Morris (cryptographer) averages less than 1/5 of the page views of Robert Morris (financier). Orser67 (talk) 16:53, 12 December 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Steel1943  (talk) 19:45, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Robert Morris (financier) → Robert Morris
 * Robert Morris → Robert Morris (disambiguation)
 * Support, thank you for a well written and researched nomination. Fully agree. Randy Kryn (talk) 17:14, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Added: The reason that the noted minimalistic artist has 1/3 as many views per average recently is that he just died. Here is the 90-day range on the artist, which shows an accurate picture of page views. Randy Kryn (talk) 17:25, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose: I vote to keep the page where it is. Looking over at the DISamb page, a number of the other Robert Morris' articles are titled the same way this one is. Namely, Robert Morris (judge), Robert Morris (Denver mayor),Robert Morris (actor),Robert Morris (author), etc. Seems logical and consistent to keep it this way. Cheers Risk Engineer (talk) 17:15, 12 December 2018 (UTC).
 * That's the reason for the move request, that since every listing has a descriptor, and the nominator is saying that there probably is a primary, and is suggesting that removing the descriptor and adding a hatnote to direct readers to the page where other Robert Morris articles can be found will save time for the vast majority of the readers who are searching for this Robert Morris. Randy Kryn (talk) 17:22, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Probably oppose. The financier gets under 60% of applicable page views among the top 10-ish people, per |Robert_Morris_(cryptographer)|Robert_Morris_(financier)|Colonel_Robert_Morris|Robert_Morris_(lawyer)|Robert_Morris_(composer)|Robert_Morris_(basketball)|Robert_Morris_(judge)|Robert_Morris_(author)|Robert_Morris_(mathematician) this. That doesn't include many other applicable possibilities, so the true number is likely under half. It seems like at least some of the people currently disambiguated by middle initial didn't actually use their middle initials, so they would rightly be included in the analysis as well (e.g. Robert J. Morris). And then there is Robert Morris University, often referred to as Robert Morris and called such in its article. If that's included, it |Robert_Morris_University|Robert_Morris_University_Illinois pretty much puts things to bed. Dekimasu よ! 18:00, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * ,, something all of us forgot, including the nominator, is long-term significance. It's the second of the two pillars of choosing a primary subject: "A topic is primary for a term with respect to long-term significance if it has substantially greater enduring notability and educational value than any other topic associated with that term." and that fits Robert Morris to a T. Without him the Americans would have had a larger chance of losing the Revolutionary War, he is that important and is one of the main Founding Fathers of the United States, especially in the economic sector. It would seem Robert Morris easily takes the "substantially greater enduring notability" path to primary. Randy Kryn (talk) 20:35, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I did not forget it. If the university is included, I doubt that the question is clear cut. And the two primary topic criteria are best employed when they clearly agree. There is no recentism involved in the above analysis. Others on the page include a former Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court, a mayor of New York City, a former chief scientist of the NSA, etc.; there are various notable and educational subjects involved. The financier has a more impressive article, but 90% of it is based on a single recent source. And yet the article itself states in the section called "historical reputation": "Biographer Charles Rappleye writes that Morris 'was too rich to be a folk hero, and the ultimate failure of his personal fortune robbed him of any Midas-like mystique.' Some historians have largely ignored Morris's role in founding the United States, while others regard him as the leader of a conservative, anti-democratic faction of the Founding Fathers." That doesn't really coincide with your description of Morris as essential to the outcome of the American Revolutionary War. Dekimasu よ! 21:28, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I can respect the argument this Robert Morris isn't clearly the primary topic to non-Americans, but this Robert Morris is clearly the most prominent American Robert Morris. A Founding Father who served as a senior government official for most of the period from 1775 to 1795, signed three of the four great state papers of the United States, is widely credited for keeping U.S. finances afloat during the Revolutionary War, and has two different educational institutions named after him is clearly more notable than a relatively obscure NYC mayor or a judge who sat on the NJ Supreme court for two years in the 1770s. Orser67 (talk) 21:21, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

 Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: The request did not include moving the disambiguation page away from the ambiguous until now (after I fixed the appearance of the move request.) Relisting to allow the possibility of those watching the disambiguation page Robert Morris to provide feedback.
 * Oppose. Making a topic many people have never heard of (e.g. just about everyone in UK, including me) WP:PTOPIC is a guaranteed way of (a) annoying readers who were looking for someone else, and (b) accumulating bad links in which are unlikely to get found and fixed and which will degrade the encylopaedia. With no fewer than 34 people on the DAB page, this proposal is misguided. Narky Blert (talk) 11:47, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Steel1943  (talk) 19:47, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose fails Primary grab on both counts. In ictu oculi (talk) 14:50, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Too many Robert Morrises and despite being a Founding Father of the United States, he's just not well-known enough to be primary. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:53, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Excessive reliance on one source
While Charles Rappleye's Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution (2010) is a reliable source, this recent rewrite uses that single source nearly exclusively: 122 of the 141 citations (87%) are to Rappleye. There are 15 items in the bibliography, yet this rewrite relies on one source. Before the rewrite, the citations were from a much wider array of sources. OCNative (talk) 08:00, 13 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm the user responsible for the re-write. I take no issue with the tag, but I would like to note that the current version still represents a significant improvement on the previous version of the article, which contained a large number of:
 * 1)Unsourced, untagged statements,
 * 2)Primary sources
 * 3)Sources where the work being cited was unclear because it wasn't listed on the page (and I still couldn't figure out the book after looking at Google Books)
 * 4)Overly-detailed info in need of a copy edit
 * I would have liked to have saved more of the previous version, but the issues above made that difficult. The current article still needs work, but it does provide a concise-yet-comprehensive overview of Morris's career that can serve as the "skeleton" of a good article. Orser67 (talk) 21:12, 14 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Nice recap- Cheers Risk Engineer (talk) 15:06, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

Slave trader dispute
User 142.255.99.86 removed from the lead sentence that Robert Morris was a slave trader. His company certainly was involved in the slave trade according to the Slavery section references, but perhaps that is not his most notable history. Is there any agreement to put it farther down in the lead near his other commercial ventures? Ward20 (talk) 21:55, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

 * We never had slaves 74.51.22.100 (talk) 04:50, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Morris (financier)


text:
User:Evilsteven

I am a programmer in New York City.

http://www.interactivenyc.com

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Evilsteven


text:
Talk:Theodor Mommsen

Untitled
The Wilhelm Weber that wrote about Mommsen in 1929 is obviously not the 19th c. physicist, but I haven't been able to find a full name online with which to disambiguate. Stan 17:04, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Translation of the German version completed. Please check spelling and links!

Cat 17:29, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The use of "science" doesn't make sense when discussing history in English. In place of "scientific", I'd like to see the word "scholarly". Any opinions (before I put in the change)?

Also, I have a question about this passage:

 * Regarding social policies Mommsen had a disagreement with Bismarck in 1881, concerning the question, whether Jews could be Germans with equal rights ...

On which side did Mommsen come down on? For or against equal rights?

WpZurp 21:14, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I would guess for equal rights, because von Treitschke, mentioned in the article, was an anti-semite.

dubeauxDubeaux 09:14, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

I was reading this article to learn more about Mommsen and had a number of questions and comments that could result in "major edits" from people who have expertise on his life and works.

 * In the "Life" section, I moved the paragraph that reads: "Mommsen worked hard. He rose at five and began to work in his library. Whenever he went out, he took one of his books along to read, and contemporaries often could see him reading while walking in the streets." It was in between the other two paragraphs, but I moved it to the end.  It breaks up the follow of the short life history.  However, I was wondering if this paragraph should even be in the article?  It seems like the point is to emphasize that this guy worked hard, but doesn't say enough to make this point.  Without more information about his work ethic--perhaps quotes from people who are famous--I don't think it helps me understand much about his "life."

 * With regards to his works, I read in a Britannica article by Lothar F.K. Wicket, a professor of ancient history at the University of Cologne and author of Theodor Mommsen: Eine Biographie; Drei Vorträge über Theodor Mommsen, that says that his most significant work is Roman Constitutional Law not History of Rome. I wonder if this is just two different perspectives and there would be a way for someone to contribute a thought on which fields each of the two works is considered particularly important.  Also, if there are some experts who think that Roman Constitutional Law is more important than at least it deserves some more description in the article. But, I don't know that area at all.

 * Reading the article, I was a bit confused about History of Rome. Are the notes that were published under A History of Rome Under the Emporers the same thing as History of Rome? Or is that a related work?  It sounds like something different the way this reads, so I wonder if it should be in a different bullet.  What is the difference between these lecture notes and the actual work?

Dperkel 11:49, 26 October 2006 (pacific standard time)

The great-grandsons
I corrected grandsons to great-grandsons in regard to Hans Mommsen and Wolfgang Mommsen (see here for info on how people in the family are related), but since English is my second language I didn't know quite how to make it clear, that Wolfgang is dead so they no longer are prominent German historians (Hans of course still is).--Heelgrasper 05:05, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

violent supporter of German nationalism
I am very happy that this is mentioned in the English version of the article, hence it is not mentioned in the German version. Although it seems that he was not an Antisemite, he supplied German nationalism with academic legitimation for the later Third Reich, proclaiming Germanic unity as early as the classical Roman era and supplying arguments for the abandoning of Bavarian autonomy and the later annexion of Austria by Nazi-Germany in 1938. This should be kept in mind, because it also biased his historical work. --El bes 19:16, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Surely what is meant is "vehement", not "violent", unless Mommsen actually did perform violent actions. Skookumpete 22:52, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Surely what was meant was "violent" - he encouraged his "folk comrades" to use violent acts as means of coexistence with other nation(s).--Pooh-winnie 14:42, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you have a reference for that? Currently, there's a reference which quotes him calling the Czechs 'barbaric' and 'irrational', but that's hardly incitement to violence. bogdan (talk) 10:37, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

El bes, I don't know why you hate Germany so much but I surely disagree on you. Mommsen was a patriot--and in my opinion, this is a very positive thing and not a negative. Why do you hate Germany so much that you criticize all people who were patriots? 99% of Germans were patriots until the end of the 60's, even cosmopolites like Schiller or Goethe were quite proud on Germany. So what? Why criticize that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.145.211.124 (talk) 16:30, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what "Mommsen was a violent supporter of German nationalism" means and how German nationalism is different from German Unification. Was there a strong opposition to the German Empire after 1871? Nitpyck (talk) 00:54, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
 * he never advocated violence. Nor was he nearly as strong a nationalist as other historians such as von Treitschke. Rjensen (talk) 03:15, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
 * He was not as strongly antisemitic as von Treitschke (advocating "only" the Jewish assimilation instead of von Treitschke's outright antisemitism - athough losing someone's Jewish identity is arguably rather harsh price for being accepted as a regular German) nevertheless he still lent his intellectual weight to incitement of violence against the Slavic peoples.--188.122.215.2 (talk) 17:43, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

second illustration
The legend to the second illustration does not make sense. What is it supposed to mean? Deipnosophista (talk) 14:02, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Some recent changes
I'd like to ask for not removing referenced info on Mommsen calls for using physical violence against nations he did happen to like much - again. Saying that this was related to nation outside of the German Reich and therefore somewhat does not really count as an incitement to ethnic violence, as Rjensen did suggest, is not much particularly impressive either. --188.122.215.2 (talk) 17:02, 11 December 2012 (UTC)
 * saying someone has a thick skull and will respond only to a bang on the head is not a call for actual violence against anyone. it's a nasty insult. The issue in Germany was the role of Poles, not Czechs (who did not live in Germany but in Austria). The "thick skull-that-has to be hit" theme is a common metaphor for stupidity in European and American rhetoric. Here's some examples from dull novels ". to smack that supercilious smirk off his face, to hit him alongside the head with a lamp and knock some sense into his thick skull. But she did none of that. Instead she said, “I refuse to stand here and listen to another word of your stupid tirade." books.google.com/books?isbn=0446604976Millie Criswell - 199; It comes from the German term for peasant "Bauernschädel" = "thick—skull" Rjensen (talk) 19:09, 11 December 2012 (UTC)
 * His proclamation (stating that Germans have to be tough, as Czech skulls [in general] are impervious to reason, yet suspectible to blows) was an clear and unabated incetement to a very real ethnic violence, as there's no proof that he 'actually meant it' figuratively only.
 * I was not dealing with some 'issue in Germany', I was referring to an opinion you expressed that "commends [sic] on Czech issues were not about Germany", when you removed referenced information on Mommsen's role in incitement of ethnic hatred.--188.122.215.2 (talk) 19:20, 11 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Incitement of ethnic hatred yes, but violence no -- you mean street riots? pogroms? assassinations? was he calling on Germans to use clubs to smash Czech heads in? It's political rhetoric. The image of Czechs as thick skulled peasants immune to fancy learning was widespread in those days ("the "Bohemian thick skull" has become proverbial" says Alois Jirásek - Some aspects of Czech culture 1953 - Page 317. And please, edits have to be neutral toward the topic and not unleash their own ethnic hatred in Wikipedia Rjensen (talk) 19:29, 11 December 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) I do not unleash my ethnic hatred, in contrast to some other editors.
 * 2) In a given context (Autumn/Winter 1897), Mommsen was calling for violence, when reasonable arguing - according to his opinion - failed. I do not claim that Mommsen's appeal alone incited the riots (for which were, at least in the Czech lands, largely responsible representatives of both ethnicities themselves) but certainly did not help to calm the situation down, as both sides took his appeal quite literally - though of course each for differents reason.
 * 3) Perhaps the Czechs are proverbially stubborn, yet this does not justify calls for violence against them.--188.122.215.2 (talk) 15:13, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * there were violent clashes in the streets of Prague between Germans and Czechs. Why either side would pay attention to a newspaper letter to the editor from a professor in a third country (Germany) is the mystery. If he had rephrased the letter the mobs would disperse and go have a beer???? Rjensen (talk) 16:24, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Because he was an internationally acclaimed scholar and respected man of letters who in time of heightened ethnic tension published - in a leading Austrian Germans newspaper - an article titled "To the Germans in Austria", where he stated that the "Czechs are apostles of barbarism" who are not suspectible to reason, but blows to skulls can make just right? I did never say that Mommsen caused the riots all alone, but that he lent his support to an advice to resort to violence as means of dealing with Czechs. If it is not advocating of ethnic violence, then what is?--188.122.215.2 (talk) 17:15, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * he's saying the Germans are smarter and the Czechs are dumb and should not get any concessions. That's nationalism all right. Calling it an incentive to German teenagers in Prague to take up bricks and clubs tonite misleads Wikipedia readers --that's not how German academia worked and not what caused pogroms, massacres and riots in those days. Rjensen (talk) 19:03, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Theodor Mommsen


text:
Tahini

Tahini or tahina (طحينة, ) is a Middle-Eastern condiment made from ground sesame. Its more commonly eaten variety comes from hulled sesame, but unhulled seeds can also be used for preparing it. The latter variety has been described as slightly bitter, but more nutritious. It is served by itself (as a dip) or as a major ingredient in hummus, baba ghanoush, and halva.

Tahini is used in the cuisines of the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean, the South Caucasus, the Balkans, South Asia, Central Asia, and amongst Ashkenazi Jews as well as parts of Russia and North Africa. Sesame paste (though not called tahini) is also used in some East Asian cuisines.

Etymology
Tahini is of Semitic origin and comes from a colloquial Levantine Arabic pronunciation of (طحينة),  or more accurately  (طحينية), whence also English tahina and Hebrew ṭḥina טחינה. It is derived from the root ط ح ن, which as a verb طحن means "to grind",  and also produces the word طحين , "flour" in some dialects. The word tahini had appeared in English by the late 1930s.

History
The oldest mention of sesame is in a cuneiform document written 4,000 years ago that describes the custom of serving the gods sesame wine. The historian Herodotus writes about the cultivation of sesame 3,500 years ago in the region of the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia. It was mainly used as a source of oil.

Tahini is mentioned as an ingredient of hummus kasa, a recipe transcribed in an anonymous 13th-century Arabic cookbook, Kitab Wasf al-Atima al-Mutada.

Sesame paste is an ingredient in some Chinese and Japanese dishes; Sichuan cuisine uses it in some recipes for dandan noodles. Sesame paste is also used in Indian cuisine.

In North America, sesame tahini, along with other raw nut butters, was available by 1940 in health food stores.

Preparation and storage
Tahini is made from sesame seeds that are soaked in water and then crushed to separate the bran from the kernels. The crushed seeds are soaked in salt water, causing the bran to sink. The floating kernels are skimmed off the surface, toasted, and ground to produce an oily paste. It can also be prepared with untoasted seeds and called "raw tahini".

Because of tahini's high oil content, some manufacturers recommend refrigeration to prevent spoilage. Others do not recommend refrigeration, as it makes the product more viscous and more difficult to serve.

Culinary uses
Tahini-based sauces are common in Middle Eastern restaurants as a side dish or as a garnish, usually including lemon juice, salt, and garlic, and thinned with water. Hummus is made of cooked, mashed chickpeas typically blended with tahini, lemon juice and salt. Tahini sauce is also a popular topping for meat and vegetables in Middle Eastern cuisine. A sweet spread, ḥalawa ṭaḥīniyya (حلاوة طحينية "sweet tahini"), is a type of halva sweet. It sometimes has mashed or sliced pistachio pieces sprinkled inside or on top. It is usually spread on bread and eaten as a quick snack.

For sweets
Tahini is also used in sweet dishes like cakes, cookies, halva, and ice cream.

Armenia
In Armenia, tahini can be used as a sauce to put on lahmajoun.

China
In Chinese cuisine, sesame paste (芝麻醬 zhīmájiàng) is used as a condiment in many dishes. Chinese sesame paste differs from the Middle Eastern tahini in that the sesame is roasted; the paste is much darker, and has far less astringency. Often, white sesame paste is used in salty dishes, while black sesame paste is used in desserts (not to be confused with black sesame soup, which is made in a different manner from sesame paste). Sesame paste is a primary condiment in the hot dry noodles of Hubei cuisine and ma jiang mian (sesame paste noodles) of Northeastern Chinese cuisine and Taiwanese cuisine. Sesame paste is also used as a bread or mantou spread, and may be paired with or baked into bing (Chinese flatbread). Sesame paste is used as a seasoning, condiment and dip in cold dishes (such as liangfen) and hot pot.

Cyprus
In Cyprus, tahini, locally pronounced as tashi, is used as a dip for bread and sometimes in pitta souvlaki rather than tzatziki, which is customary in Greece; it is also used to make "tahinopitta" (tahini pie).

Palestine
In the Gaza Strip, a rust-colored variety known as "red tahina" is served in addition to ordinary tahina. It is achieved by a different and lengthier process of roasting the sesame seeds, and has a more intense taste. Red tahina is used in sumagiyya (lamb with chard and sumac) and salads native to the falaḥeen from the surrounding villages, as well as southern Gaza. In the West Bank city of Nablus, tahina is mixed with qizḥa paste to make "black tahina", used in baking.

Greece
In Greece, tahini (ταχίνι) is used as a spread on bread either alone or topped with honey or jam. Jars of tahini ready-mixed with honey or cocoa are available in the breakfast food aisles of Greek supermarkets.

Iran
In Iran, tahini is called ardeh (ارده) in Persian. It is used to make ḥalvardeh (حلوا ارده), a kind of halva made of tahini, sugar, egg whites, and other ingredients. It is also eaten during breakfast, usually with an accompanying sweet substance, such as grape syrup, date syrup, honey, or jam. Ardeh and halvardeh are among the souvenirs of the Iranian cities of Yazd and Ardakan.

Iraq
In Iraq, tahini is known as rashi (راشي), and is mixed with date syrup (rub) to make a sweet dessert usually eaten with bread.

Israel
In Israel, tahini (טחינה ṭḥina) is a staple foodstuff. It is served as a dip with flat bread or pita, a topping for many foods such as falafel, sabich, Jerusalem mixed grill and shawarma, and as an ingredient in various spreads. It is also used as a sauce for meat and fish, and in sweet desserts like halva, halva ice cream and tahini cookies. It is also served baked in the oven with kufta made of lamb or beef with spices and herbs, or with a whole fish in the coastal areas and the Sea of Galilee.

Levant
In the Levant, tahini (Levantine Arabic: ṭḥine) is a staple food and is used in various spreads and culinary preparations. It is the main ingredient of the Ṭaraṭor (sauce) which is used with falafel and shawarma. It is also used as a sauce for meat and fish. It is an ingredient in a seafood dish called ṣiyadiyeh.

Turkey
In Turkey, tahini (tahin) is mixed with pekmez to make tahin-pekmez, which is often served as a breakfast item or after meals as a sweet dip for breads.

Nutrition
In a 100-gram reference amount, tahini provides 592 calories from its composition as 53% fat, 22% carbohydrates, 17% protein, and 3% water (table). It is a rich source of thiamine (138% of the Daily Value, DV), phosphorus (113% DV), zinc (49% DV), niacin (38% DV), iron (34% DV), magnesium (27% DV), and folate (25% DV) (table). Tahini is a moderate source of calcium, other B vitamins, and potassium (table).

title: Tahini


text:
Throttle (disambiguation)

A throttle is any mechanism by which the power or speed of an engine is controlled.

Throttle or throttling may also refer to:

Fiction

 * Throttle (film), a 2005 thriller
 * Throttle (novella), a 2009 novella by Stephen King and his son Joe Hill
 * Throttle, one of the three main characters of Biker Mice from Mars

Science and technology

 * Rocket engine throttling
 * Thrust lever or throttle lever, a device for controlling aircraft engines
 * Throttling process (thermodynamics), an isenthalpic process in thermodynamics

Computing

 * CPU throttling, computer hardware speed control, also known as dynamic frequency scaling
 * Bandwidth throttling, used to control the bandwidth that a network application can use
 * Throttling process (computing), software speed control

Other uses

 * Strangling, compression of the neck
 * DVD-by-mail throttling, the process of penalizing the most active users in subscription-based DVD-by-mail businesses, by slowing shipments or sending less desirable movies
 * Dave Wottle (born 1950), American athlete nicknamed "The Throttle"

title: Throttle (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Nutrient

Nutrition in Midwifery
Nutrition in Midwifery 45.215.253.22 (talk) 09:24, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * See Nutrition and pregnancy. David notMD (talk) 18:38, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

Science
Which is not a nutrient 2409:4050:2D32:5A60:0:0:A489:BB0D (talk) 05:18, 5 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Be specific. Is there a mineral, fatty acid, etc. that you question? David notMD (talk) 12:16, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

food and nutrition
What are nutrients — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.223.119.44 (talk) 01:30, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

Micronutrient undefined
Micronutrients are not defined in the same section macros are. Leitmotiv (talk) 17:19, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Science
Nutrition 72.27.216.32 (talk) 16:05, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Do you have a question? David notMD (talk) 16:45, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

Fiber
The article cites no high-quality secondary source in support of implied claim that dietary fiber is healthful. sbelknap (talk) 19:14, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nutrient


text:
Talk:Collage

The History
I think it is important to note that Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso were working side by side during the first decade of the 20th century. Picasso did not necessarily invent collage or at least not alone. There is much evidence that Braque actually created the first collage. At any rate a fair wikipedia entry must mention that both Braque and Picasso were working in collage simultaneously.

Collage techniques actually existed before the twentieth century. Braque clearly invented the papier colle technique and produced the first works combining cut papers with painting. However, I am not aware of any twentieth century artist who produced a serious successful collage using only cut papers, or a photomontage, before the German female artist Hannah Hoch, whose "Cut with the Kitchen Knife" Dada work is shown next to the introduction of the history. It is not clear why Hoch, visually represented here by her key pioneering work, is not mentioned in the text. Nor is it clear why the section on photomontage claims that it was pioneered decades later by others. Consider the following:

"Collage has a long history—the earliest surviving examples may be 12th century Japanese calligraphic scrolls. With the invention of photography in the mid-19th century, collaging photographic fantasies became a hugely-popular pastime in Victorian and Edwardian parlors. In 1912 Picasso and Braque introduced the fine-art world to “collage” (reputedly they coined the phrase), specifically the addition of actual materials (like chair caning) to their painted canvases. But it was the Berlin Dadaists who established fotomontage (literally “photo engineering”) as a fully-respected modern art form. . . The Berlin Dadaists begrudgingly admitted [Hannah Höch] as the only woman into their ranks, but they never accepted her as an equal. Hausmann dismissed her work. Hans Richter referred to her pejoratively in his memoirs as the “quiet girl” with a “tiny voice.” Grosz and Heartfield were set against her participation in the Dada Fair of 1920. Ironically, it was Höch who experimented early on with photomontage, the medium which the group would later adopt as its own. Her first mature work of photomontage can be reliably dated to a 1918 summer vacation with Hausmann on the Baltic coast. (Although Hausmann also takes credit for having invented the medium on the same trip.)" venetianred.net/2010/01/16/hannah-hoch-the-good-girl-with-big-scissors-part-i/ Womanedit (talk) 01:51, 25 March 2013 (UTC)womanedit

 * "Collage techniques actually existed before the twentieth century" Indeed!
 * To use the Tate Gallery's online art glossary as a reliable source is crap: this glossary uses Wikipedia! This is a loop! 88.217.38.3 (talk) 18:26, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

Addition
Can we add a section on webpages as a Collage? or Collages in technology? According to US law, a webpage should be defined as a Collage, a new piece of art made of technology, scripts, text, images and information from many sources which may or may not be open source. Most websites make use of some open source technology in some fashion, either in the database, webserver, text or other information. Perhaps a legal expert can weigh in on this but I'm pretty sure I am right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.187.185.32 (talk) 08:52, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Collage and surrealism
this section of the page reveals a specific problem. if mention were made of max ernst, and of works such as ernst's eerie La Femme cent têtes (1929), then the importance of surrealist use of collage would have an anchor. in the surrealist subculture, collage mimicked sleep dreams, which (according to the then current freudian account) take scraps of daily experience and combine them in unsettling or bizarre narratives. the surrealists emphasized this connection by using collage with automatic or aleatory ("subconscious," "involuntary") processes of selection and combination, and preference for print media images ("memories") rather than the use of materials as texture or color more common in cubist works.

the problem is that this article misses the forest for the trees, specifically by attempting to be academically inclusive in the "techniques" of collage (gold leaf applique, victorian photo albums as "collage" precursors???), but generally by wandering from the visual art technique "collage" to the metaphorical language that applies the word "collage" to texts, film, etc. is this an encyclopedia entry or a dictionary entry? the crux is that collage is entirely and distinctly a modernist art technique, allied with the earliest developments in film editing (griffiths, eisenstein), and unless its development and use is explained in that context one seems forced to account any sticking of something on something else as a form of collage, which strikes me as brutally simpleminded.

and the techniques mentioned are not as inclusive as the stray and distant examples propose; for example the article does not mention the significant victorian fad for historical or mythical scenes or "fairy records" produced by piecing together staged photographic components as a larger work that was rephotographed to appear as an actual scene. this was "photoshopping" bien avant la chose and was the parodic element in ernst's work.

it seems to me that this trees for forest tendency in this article is what the grubbery about "landscapade" and "prehensilouette" is basically trying to resolve. keep your eye on the ball. --macevoy.

 * I share your frustration at the article's failure adequately to address, in its introduction, the conceptual inspiration that underlies collage. It seems to me that, despite the fact that the word collage literally refers to sticking or gluing things, the important thing about it is the idea of creating collisions between fragmentary or displaced "signifiers" (in the semiotic sense), especially photographic images or printed text, still recognizable as being taken from some other context, and then placed in new juxtapositions which may or may not have some coherence as a new figural image. If this quality of a confrontation between disrupted, displaced signifiers is not present, then the piece is not really a collage — except perhaps in the literal and trivial sense that there has been a "sticking of something on something else", as you say. I did some work in the 'wood collage' section that attempts to address this problem, but the main intro still needs work. MdArtLover (talk) 18:02, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It could be that previous editors have shied away from more elaborate art critique, rather than run the risk of deletion due to original research concerns. It's certainly worth bearing in mind that, while a you've identified a clear omission here, it does need to be remedied with reference to reliable third-party sources. While that's particularly nice work on the wood section, I'd consider backing it up with something published elsewhere. --mikaultalk 18:19, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Removed
I removed the following lines:

Surrealism has made extensive use of the collage, and certain kinds of, and methods for making, collages, have been significant in surrealism. Among these have been torn paper collage, inimage, and the methods invented by Penelope Rosemont, the prehensilhouette and the landscapade.

Many art forms use collage. To only mention surrealism is silly. Also, there is no mention anywhere in literature or websites that I could find of inimage, prehensilouette or landscapade, except those attributed to Daniel Boyer himself. If more reliable sources can be provided, then I could change my mind on this note. SpeakerFTD 17:17, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Firstly, surrealism is not an "art form". Secondly, I think that collages significant in other fields than surrealism should most definitely be mentioned in this article (for instance, decoupage); we should have a substantial article here.  For an external source on some of this see Surrealist Games/Includes Books and Games by Alastair Brotchie (Compiler), Mel Gooding (Editor) or Penelope Rosemont's Surrealist Experiences.  I am much surprised that you are unable to find information on the World Wide Web "except [that] attributed to Daniel Boyer himself" about inimage (you can see this at ), the prehensilhouette, and the landscapade .  --Daniel C. Boyer 19:52, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Surrealist collage techniques
I see what Wik has done in his edit. What is the proper way to deal with types of surrealist and non-surrealist collage in this article? Is there going to be no mention of any surrealist collage technique, or should there be no such mention? How is this best to be dealt with? --Daniel C. Boyer 20:27, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * You can mention common techniques of surrealist collage, if there are any, but prehensilhouette or landscapade seem to be just Penelope Rosemont's personal techniques (or her personal fancy terms for not particularly profound ideas) which have not spread much further. Your own Google links above prove it. --Wik 20:50, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)

 * I like Wik's edit. I also have no problem with the addition of statements about other collage techniques, both surrealist and non-surrealist, as long as evidence of the factuality of the statements can be sourced from multiple, independent sources.  None of the sources evidenced above qualify as independent.SpeakerFTD 21:08, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * What on earth are you talking about? In what sense are they not "independent?" --Daniel C. Boyer 22:27, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I find it tedious that we need to get to this level of granularity in the debate, but I suppose that is a necessity when the reliability of sources is being considered.

 * You list three techniques.

 * I will concede that the first technique, "inimage", seems to have two sources independent of the statement's author.  These potentially could be viewed as evidence of independence.  Although I am personally still dubious of the reliability of those two sources, without evidence to contradict their independence, the sources must be assumed to be independent and the statement should stand.

 * But the other two techniques seem to have no independent sources.

 * Prehensilhouette - Only two sources, one of which is wikipedia. The other source  sells a book from Mr. Boyer.  Not exactly independent.
 * This is really a moot point as one can get Penelope Rosemont's book from many other sources than this. To impose this level of standard for "independence" would cause Wikipedia to devolve into total unworkability; are we to say that anyone who had something for sale of Amazon.com would have no right to cite anything else sold thereby?  We are reaching an apotheosis of ridiculousness.  --Daniel C. Boyer 14:38, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * You misunderstand me. I am discussing sources, as in written sources, not retail outlets.  The only other written source about prehensilhouette other than Ms. Rosemont's own book

 * Explain to me why her book is not a source. --Daniel C. Boyer 14:39, 30 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * is a discussion on surrealism-usa.org, yet this entity has a financial interest in both Ms. Rosemont and Mr. Boyer. If an independent source can be found (again I mean written sources here, not retail sources), then I would be willing to accept that this is a legitimate technique.
 * SpeakerFTD 15:21, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Landscapade - Again the only two sources are the above site and a second site selling another book from the same publishing company. Neither source is independent.

 * If you can find me one source that independently describes prehensilhouette and landscapade, I'll relent. Independent means that the source is in no way related to or controlled by the author and the author does not have a fiduciary or similarly beneficial relationship with the source.
 * SpeakerFTD 23:59, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Cite: Review of Surrealist Experiences. Relent.  --Daniel C. Boyer 18:37, 16 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Decoupage
I know my mention of decoupage is not up to snuff; can anyone help me flesh this out? --Daniel C. Boyer 18:29, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Lacerated posters
I am going to be placing Lacerated posters on the Requested articles page. How should this topic be fit into collage, since it really is a form of "decollage"? --Daniel C. Boyer 00:15, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC) Daniel, Speaker FTD has a very valid point. Penelope Rosemont is your friend and it appears that you have some kind of financial stake in your friend Ron's book. How much does, "SURREALIST SUBVERSIONS" sell for? You know, Dan, the book written by the expert on pirate radio, or is it the expert on Surrealism?

Stub
Why is this once long article now a stub? Hyacinth 11:53, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm glad its no longer a stub. Hyacinth 09:47, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

What collage is about
You're forgetting what collage is about. Surreal or not. Collage nevers falls under the same theme; Give two artists the same images, and they'll make two diffrent and stlyized collages. It kills me, that you can write about art and all, but you have trouble discussing it. Collage can be about really anything the artist wants it to be about. But, I'm just an artist who likes J.D. Salinger and all.

Attribution problem
The article states, "Collage was often called the art form of the 20th century...". Such a statement, it seems to me, needs attribution. Furthermore, since the writer says it was "often" thus called, there should be several examples given.

 * I completely agree. Furthermore, the placement of the statement is kind of random; it's like a little lost orphan sentence. I think other contributors here have just tried to be nice and leave the sentence as is, while trying to build a decent article around it. No one wants to be the meany who deletes it. But we have given the writer plenty of time to come forward and attribute this statement, and to write it properly into context. How polite do we have to be when somebody cares so little about their own work? MdArtLover 13:55, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * (I just realized that the above statement was a reply to myself! No wonder I agreed so heartily! ;) MdArtLover 14:03, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Music Videos
A music video can also be a collage and the most recent and most known of this kind of videos is this: Yes We Can as an example. --134.155.99.42 (talk) 14:06, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

ISBN for book "Urban Walls"
I easily verified the ISBN for the book "Urban Walls", using Worldcat.

And in fact, this was so very easy to do that I wonder why the person who presumed to delete this reference didn't instead make a minimal effort to verify it, or else simply register a request for verification on the talk page and wait to see if someone else could verify it, since the deleter couldn't be bothered to do so (presumably because there's so much more hasty deleting to do — who has the time to give it any thought?).

Here's the information from the Worldcat listing:

Urban walls : a generation of collage in Europe & America : Burhan Dogançay with François Dufrêne, Raymond Hains, Robert Rauschenberg, Mimmo Rotella, Jacques Villeglé, Wolf Vostell

ISBN 9781555952884

ISBN 1555952887

OCLC 191318119

New York : Hudson Hills Press ; [Lanham, MD] : Distributed in the United States by National Book Network, ©2008

Here is the link:     MdArtLover (talk) 18:08, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Just looking in here, I think the point is this - a book has to be verifiable within the article itself. People may not have the time to go to Worldcat to look it up. It seems proper practice to list the text with the ISBN as a link. JaneVannin (talk) 18:24, 4 September 2008 (UTC

 * Thanks for adding the link. That's fine now. Setwisohi (talk) 18:26, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * To JaneVannin: I provided a direct external link to the Worldcat record; that goes one better than a mere ISBN link. I also give the OCLC number. Besides, are you aware that there are many books in libraries and in Worldcat which do not have ISBNs - for example, many art exhibition catalogues? But no matter; Worldcat lists them, gives them OCLC numbers, and tells you which libraries hold them. Please let's not make a fetish of ISBNs and Wiki ISBN links. The point is to give the reader the information as well as verification of and access to a book source — not to show off Wikipedia's convenience features. MdArtLover (talk) 18:44, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Contemporary Collage artists
I think that there should be a well-known contemporary collage artist (e.g. works in the 1980's or later) added to the images section. Any ideas? I like Matt Bryant (shown at the Tate).

Boyprose (talk) 03:12, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Carle! Eric Carle of the picture book art design authorship. Although he originally started publishing picture books in the last few years 60s, he is still working in a distinctive collage style, probably one of the best known artists. That is - if any fine art sticklers will have him in the article! I am trying to get [The Very Hungry Caterpillar]] article up to scratch, with expert help from others. So any more would be appreciated. But that is by the way. Kathybramley (talk) 21:20, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Felipe Jesus Consalvos
Felipe Jesus Consalvos is a notable collage artist that should be included on this article. His unique and amazing work, created from the 1920s through the 1950s, was only recently discovered and introduced to the world. The work incorporates vernacular cigar-band collage traditions and anticipates later developments in pop and other contemporary collage that are now considered part of the canon. Roberta Smith described Consalvos as a "self-starting modernist" whose work "belongs to the collage continuum from Hannah Hoch to Barbara Kruger." (See Felipe Jesus Consalvos article for cite.) Just because his his work is not widely known (yet) does not mean that he is not notable. Please read more about his work before reflexively removing him from the list. Within the last year, Consalvos' work appeared in an exhibition at Adam Baumgold Gallery, and was also featured alongside work by Joseph Cornell, Lenore Tawney, Jess, and Ray Johnson in the exhibition "Messages and Magic: 100 Years of Collage and Assemblage in American Art" at the John Michael Kohler Arts Center. His work is found in public collections, including the Kohler Arts Center and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Please reconsider the decision to remove him from the list. Klyber (talk) 02:30, 18 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Impressive! Good find...Modernist (talk) 09:59, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Traditional technique
It isn't newsworthy to add that artists are still making collages with paper and paste...Modernist (talk) 03:45, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * So that would dis-include Carle, then? Kathybramley (talk) 21:24, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

uhhi
I removed Revision 02:01 17 Jun 2015 by IP user 175.45.14.142 (talk) with comment (Tags: Mobile edit, Mobile web edit) I am parking the text here if anyone cares. --Naaman Brown (talk) 03:08, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Hyihuyfewywrnriyeihi4?(66?3;76238)3)425(237);:2?2)72,3(?8,:2?782:86;784)7;4)2)4;84453;?34?

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Mali
Mali was rich in gold but needed salt as we have seen. They route that they were using was known as Transaharan trade 41.150.219.21 (talk) 14:31, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

Health
An example of up to date techniques of collage and construction 27.34.59.77 (talk) 03:14, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Collage


text:
Agelenopsis

Agelenopsis, commonly known as the American grass spiders, is a genus of funnel weavers described by C.G. Giebel in 1869. They weave sheet webs that have a funnel shelter on one edge. The web is not sticky, but these spiders make up for that by running very rapidly. The larger specimens (depending on species) can grow to about 19 mm in body length. They may be recognized by the arrangement of their eight eyes into three rows. The top row has two eyes, the middle row has four eyes, and the bottom row has two eyes (spaced wider than the ones on the top row). They have two prominent hind spinnerets, somewhat indistinct bands on their legs, and two dark bands running down either side of the cephalothorax.

Name
The genus name is a combination of Agelena (Eurasian grass spiders), a genus of similar spiders, and Greek -opsis "to look like". They are harmless spiders. Although most spiders use their webs to catch prey, the grass spider's web lacks adhesive ability. The spiders make up for that with their fast running. The main distinction between Agelenopsis and the related European genus Agelena consists of the pattern appearing on the cephalothorax; the former possesses two quasiparallel lines from the eyes to the beginning of the abdomen. The latter genus has curved, irregular lines that often meet at the end. Another difference is the length of the front legs row in females, but in males, the similarities are not as in line.

Species
it contains fourteen species:
 * Agelenopsis actuosa (Gertsch & Ivie, 1936) – common American grass spider - USA, Canada
 * Agelenopsis aleenae (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935) – USA
 * Agelenopsis aperta (Gertsch, 1934) – desert grass spider - USA, Mexico
 * Agelenopsis emertoni (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935) – USA
 * Agelenopsis kastoni (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1941) – USA
 * Agelenopsis longistyla (Banks, 1901) – USA
 * Agelenopsis naevia (Walckenaer, 1841) – USA, Canada
 * Agelenopsis oklahoma (Gertsch, 1936) – USA, Canada
 * Agelenopsis oregonensis (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935) – USA, Canada
 * Agelenopsis pennsylvanica (C. L. Koch, 1843) – USA, Canada
 * Agelenopsis potteri (Blackwall, 1846) – North America. Introduced to Ukraine, Russia (Europe, Far East), Kyrgyzstan
 * Agelenopsis riechertae (Bosco & Chuang, 2018) – USA
 * Agelenopsis spatula (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935) – USA
 * Agelenopsis utahana (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933) – USA, Canada

title: Agelenopsis


text:
User talk:Evilsteven

Talk to me.

Hi, and welcome to the Wikipedia! If just want to try out editing, go to Sandbox. If you want to read the manual first, check out Welcome, newcomers, How to edit a page, and FAQ. If you can't find the answer to a question there, post it to the Village pump. Have fun! -- Paullusmagnus 17:26, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Evilsteven


text:
Susan McMaster

Susan McMaster (born 1950) is a Canadian poet, literary editor, performance poet, and former president of the League of Canadian Poets (2011–12).

Early life and education
McMaster came to Ottawa with her family in 1955 and attended First Avenue Public School, Elmdale, Connaught, Lisgar Collegiate (1966), Carleton University (B.A. in English, 1970; graduate studies in journalism), and Ottawa Teachers' College (elementary certificate, 1971).

Editing career
While she taught for a few years, McMaster has spent most of her paid working career as an editor, notably at the National Gallery of Canada from 1989 to 2008 as an editor of some 40 art catalogues and founder of the Gallery magazine Vernissage.

McMaster's was the founding editor of the feminist and art magazine Branching Out (magazine) (1973–1975).

McMaster is a member of the League of Canadian Poets, The Writers' Union of Canada, the Writers' Federation of Nova Scotia, PEN (Canada), the Writers' Trust, SOCAN, Access copyright, and the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).

Personal life
McMaster lives in Ottawa, Ontario. She and her husband Ian spend part of each summer at their cottage in Nova Scotia on the Bay of Fundy. They have two grown daughters, Morel and Aven, and three grandchildren.

Selected publications

 * Branching Out Magazine (first Canadian feminist and arts periodical), founding editor. Edmonton, 1973–75, editor 1975–80 Sharon Batt.
 * Pass this way again (with Andrew McClure and Claude Dupuis, 1983). (Underwhich Editions, 1983).
 * Dark Galaxies. (Ouroboros, 1986).
 * North/South (with Andrew McClure and Colin Morton). (Underwhich Editions, 1987).
 * Dangerous Graces: Women's Poetry on Stage (editor). (Balmuir Publishing, 1987).
 * Wordmusic (audiotape, with Andrew McClure and Colin Morton, and Paula Quick, Lynne Simpson, and Yasmine Malinowksi from Open Score). (First Draft, 1986). Reissued with additional tracks by Penn Kemp, Max Middle, and Linsey Wellman as 1981 Wordmusic 2007.
 * The Hummingbird Murders. (Quarry Press, 1992). ISBN 1-55082-048-6.
 * Learning to Ride. (Quarry Press, 1994). ISBN 1-55082-104-0.
 * Dangerous Times. (audiotape, with SugarBeat Music & Poetry, 1996).
 * Uncommon Prayer. (Quarry Press, 1997). ISBN 1-55082-196-2.
 * Siolence: Poets on Women, Violence and Silence (editor). (Quarry Press, 1997).
 * SugarBeat Music & Poetry. (CD, with Alrick Huebener and Jennifer Giles). (SugarBeat Music & Poetry, 1998).
 * Geode Music & Poetry. (CD, with AH and JG, and Geode Music & Poetry, 2000). ISBN 0-9687191-0-4.
 * Waging Peace: Poetry and Political Action, editor. (Penumbra Press, 2002). ISBN 1-894131-37-1.
 * La Deriva del Pianeta/World Shift, translations into Italian by Ada Donati. (Schifanoia Editore, 2003). ISBN 88-87882-30-4.
 * Until the Light Bends (Black Moss, 2004). Finalist: Ottawa Book Awards; Lampman-Scott Award. ISBN 0-88753-397-3.
 * Until the Light Bends: Geode Music & Poetry. (CD, with AH and JG Pendas Productions, 2004). ISBN 0-920820-70-0.
 * The Gargoyle's Left Ear: Writing in Ottawa. (Black Moss, 2007). ISBN 978-0-88753-443-0
 * Crossing Arcs: Alzheimer's, My Mother, and Me. (Black Moss, 2009, 2d printing 2010). Finalist: Acorn-Plantos Peoples' Poetry Award; Ottawa Book Awards; Archibald Lampman Award for Poetry. ISBN 978-0-88753-462-1
 * Paper Affair: Poems Selected & New. (Black Moss, 2010). ISBN 978-0-88753-468-3
 * Pith & Wry: Canadian Poetry, editor. (Scrivener Press, 2010). ISBN 978-1-896350-41-7.

Selected anthologies

 * Celebrating Canadian Women. Ed. Greta Hofmann Nemiroff (Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1989).
 * A Room at the Heart of Things. Ed. Elisabeth Harvor (Vehicle, 1999).
 * Crossing Boundaries: An International Anthology of Women's Experiences in Sport. Eds. Susan J. Bandy, Anne S. Darden. (Human Kinetics, 1999).
 * Line by Line: An Anthology of Canadian Poetry. Ed. and with drawings by Heather Spears (Ekstasis Editions, 2002).
 * Nth. Eds. Carolyn Creed, Fred Wah (Sage Hill Fall Poetry Colloquium, 2003).
 * The Lunar Plexus. Aut. Penn Kemp (PsychoSpace Sounds, Pendas Productions, 2002). ISBN 1-894715-01-2.
 * Two Lips. Aut. Penn Kemp (PsychoSpace Sounds, Pendas Productions, 2001). ISBN 0-920820-35-2.
 * Re:Generations: Canadian Women Poets in Conversation. Eds. Barbara Godard, Di Brandt (Black Moss Press, 2005). ISBN 0-88753-393-0.

title: Susan McMaster


text:
DARPA Grand Challenge

The DARPA Grand Challenge is a prize competition for American autonomous vehicles, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the most prominent research organization of the United States Department of Defense. Congress has authorized DARPA to award cash prizes to further DARPA's mission to sponsor revolutionary, high-payoff research that bridges the gap between fundamental discoveries and military use. The initial DARPA Grand Challenge in 2004 was created to spur the development of technologies needed to create the first fully autonomous ground vehicles capable of completing a substantial off-road course within a limited time. The third event, the DARPA Urban Challenge in 2007, extended the initial Challenge to autonomous operation in a mock urban environment. The 2012 DARPA Robotics Challenge, focused on autonomous emergency-maintenance robots, and new Challenges are still being conceived. The DARPA Subterranean Challenge was tasked with building robotic teams to autonomously map, navigate, and search subterranean environments. Such teams could be useful in exploring hazardous areas and in search and rescue.

In addition to the challenges in autonomous technology, DARPA has also conducted prize competitions in other areas of technology.

History and background
Fully autonomous vehicles have been an international pursuit for many years, from endeavors in Japan (starting in 1977), Germany (Ernst Dickmanns and VaMP), Italy (the ARGO Project), the European Union (EUREKA Prometheus Project), the United States of America, and other countries. DARPA funded the development of the first fully autonomous robot beginning in 1966 with the Shakey the robot project at Stanford Research Institute, now SRI International. The first autonomous ground vehicle capable of driving on and off roads was developed by DARPA as part of the Strategic Computing Initiative beginning in 1984 leading to demonstrations of autonomous navigation by the Autonomous Land Vehicle and the Navlab.

The Grand Challenge was the first long distance competition for driverless cars in the world; other research efforts in the field of driverless cars take a more traditional commercial or academic approach. The U.S. Congress authorized DARPA to offer prize money ($1 million) for the first Grand Challenge to facilitate robotic development, with the ultimate goal of making one-third of ground military forces autonomous by 2015. Following the 2004 event, Dr. Tony Tether, the director of DARPA, announced that the prize money had been increased to $2 million for the next event, which was claimed on October 9, 2005. The first, second and third places in the 2007 Urban Challenge received $2 million, $1 million, and $500,000, respectively. 14 new teams have qualified in year 2019.

The competition was open to teams and organizations from around the world, as long as there was at least one U.S. citizen on the roster. Teams have participated from high schools, universities, businesses and other organizations. More than 100 teams registered in the first year, bringing a wide variety of technological skills to the race. In the second year, 195 teams from 36 U.S. states and 4 foreign countries entered the race.

2004 Grand Challenge
The first competition of the DARPA Grand Challenge was held on March 13, 2004 in the Mojave Desert region of the United States, along a 150 mi route that follows along the path of Interstate 15 from just before Barstow, California to just past the California–Nevada border in Primm. None of the robot vehicles finished the route. Carnegie Mellon University's Red Team and car Sandstorm (a converted Humvee) traveled the farthest distance, completing 11.78 km of the course before getting hung up on a rock after making a switchback turn. No winner was declared, and the cash prize was not given. Therefore, a second DARPA Grand Challenge event was scheduled for 2005.

2005 Grand Challenge
The second competition of the DARPA Grand Challenge began at 6:40 am on October 8, 2005. All but one of the 23 finalists in the 2005 race surpassed the 11.78 km distance completed by the best vehicle in the 2004 race. Five vehicles successfully completed the 212 km (132 mi) course:

Vehicles in the 2005 race passed through three narrow tunnels and negotiated more than 100 sharp left and right turns. The race concluded through Beer Bottle Pass, a winding mountain pass with a sheer drop-off on one side and a rock face on the other. Although the 2004 course required more elevation gain and some very sharp switchbacks (Daggett Ridge) were required near the beginning of the route, the course had far fewer curves and generally wider roads than the 2005 course.

The natural rivalry between the teams from Stanford and Carnegie Mellon (Sebastian Thrun, head of the Stanford team was previously a faculty member at Carnegie Mellon and colleague of Red Whittaker, head of the CMU team) was played out during the race. Mechanical problems plagued H1ghlander before it was passed by Stanley. Gray Team's entry was a miracle in itself, as the team from the suburbs of New Orleans was caught in Hurricane Katrina a few short weeks before the race. The fifth finisher, Terramax, a 30,000 pound entry from Oshkosh Truck, finished on the second day. The huge truck spent the night idling on the course, but was particularly nimble in carefully picking its way down the narrow roads of Beer Bottle Pass.

2007 Urban Challenge

The third competition of the DARPA Grand Challenge, known as the "Urban Challenge", took place on November 3, 2007 at the site of the now-closed George Air Force Base (currently used as Southern California Logistics Airport), in Victorville, California (Google map). The course involved a 96 km urban area course, to be completed in less than 6 hours. Rules included obeying all traffic regulations while negotiating with other traffic and obstacles and merging into traffic.

Unlike previous challenges, the 2007 Urban Challenge organizers divided competitors into two "tracks", A and B. All Track A and Track B teams were part of the same competition circuit, but the teams chosen for the Track A program received US $1 million in funding. These 11 teams largely represented major universities and large corporate interests such as CMU teaming with GM as Tartan Racing, Stanford teaming with Volkswagen, Virginia Tech teaming with TORC Robotics as VictorTango, Oshkosh Truck, Honeywell, Raytheon, Caltech, Autonomous Solutions, Cornell University, and MIT. One of the few independent entries in Track A was the Golem Group. DARPA has not publicly explained the rationale behind the selection of Track A teams.

Teams were given maps sparsely charting the waypoints that defined the competition courses. At least one team, Tartan Racing, enhanced the maps through the insertion of additional extrapolated waypoints for improved navigation. A debriefing paper published by Team Jefferson illustrates graphically the contrast between the course map it was given by DARPA and the course map used by Tartan Racing.

Tartan Racing claimed the $2 million prize with their vehicle "Boss", a Chevy Tahoe. The second-place finisher earning the $1 million prize was the Stanford Racing Team with their entry "Junior", a 2006 Volkswagen Passat. Coming in third place was team VictorTango, winning the $500,000 prize with their 2005 Ford Escape hybrid, "Odin". MIT placed 4th, with Cornell University and University of Pennsylvania/Lehigh University also completing the course.

The six teams that successfully finished the entire course:

While the 2004 and 2005 events were more physically challenging for the vehicles, the robots operated in isolation and only encountered other vehicles on the course when attempting to pass. The Urban Challenge required designers to build vehicles able to obey all traffic laws while they detect and avoid other robots on the course. This is a particular challenge for vehicle software, as vehicles must make "intelligent" decisions in real time based on the actions of other vehicles. Other than previous autonomous vehicle efforts that focused on structured situations such as highway driving with little interaction between the vehicles, this competition operated in a more cluttered urban environment and required the cars to perform sophisticated interactions with each other, such as maintaining precedence at a 4-way stop intersection.

2012 Robotics Challenge
The DARPA Robotics Challenge is an ongoing competition focusing on humanoid robotics. The primary goal of the program is to develop ground robotic capabilities to execute complex tasks in dangerous, degraded, human-engineered environments. It launched in October 2012, and hosted the Virtual Robotics Competition in June 2013. Two more competitions are planned: the DRC Trials in December 2013, and the DRC Finals in December 2014.

Unlike prior Challenges, the construction of the "vehicles" will not be part of the scope of the Robotics Challenge. In August 2012 DARPA announced Boston Dynamics would act as sole source for the robots to be used in the challenge, awarding them a contract to develop and build 8 identical robots based on the PETMAN project for the software teams to use. The amount contracted was $10,882,438 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract and work is expected to be completed by Aug. 9, 2014.

2013 FANG Challenge
On April 22, 2013, DARPA awarded a $1 million prize to "Ground Systems", a 3-person team with members in Ohio, Texas and California, as the winner of the Fast Adaptable Next-Generation Ground Vehicle (FANG) Mobility/Drivetrain Challenge. Team Ground Systems' final design submission received the highest score when measured against the established requirements for system performance and manufacturability. Since the beginning of the first FANG Challenge on January 14, 2013, more than 1,000 participants within more than 200 teams used the META design tools and the VehicleFORGE collaboration platform developed by Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, to design and simulate the performance of thousands of potential mobility and drivetrain subsystems. The goal of the FANG program is to test the specially developed META design tools, model libraries and the VehicleFORGE platform, which were created to significantly compress the design-to-production time of a complex defense system.

2017–2021 Subterranean Challenge

The DARPA Subterranean Challenge tasked teams, consisting of university and corporate entities from around the world, to build robotic systems and virtual solutions to autonomously map, navigate, and search subterranean environments. Such areas can be difficult and dangerous for humans, making robotic teams a desirable option for exploration and search and rescue operations. These environments pose significant challenges to robots as well, including a lack of lighting, dripping water, thick smoke, cluttered or irregularly shaped environments and potential loss of GPS capabilities and communications with their handlers. The Challenge was meant to help close gaps in four technical areas: autonomy, perception, networking and mobility.

The Challenge started in September 2018 and consisted of a Systems Competition (in which teams compete with physical robots) and a Virtual Competition (in which teams compete in a virtual environment in the ROS Gazebo virtual simulator). The competition was split into three stages (Development Stage, Circuit Stage, and Finals Stage. The SubT Challenge consisted of four events, the Tunnel Circuit (August 2019), which was held at an experimental mine in Pittsburgh, PA; the Urban Circuit (February 2020), which featured an abandoned nuclear power plant in Elma, WA; the Cave Circuit (November 2020), which was held virtual only due to the COVID-19 Pandemic; and the Final Event (September 2021), which featured elements from all three domains (tunnel urban underground, and natural cave networks was held in Louisville, KY.

Teams came from 11 countries (Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, England, Germany, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) and 20 universities. On September 24, 2021, Team CERBERUS won the Final Systems Competition using four ANYmal C legged systems. Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) team came in second to Team CERBERUS, with an equal number of points, but a slightly slower time. Team Dynamo won the Final Virtual Competition.

One important strategy was to built a team of robots with diverse capabilities. With a mix of navigational capabilities such as treads, wheels, rotors and legs, robots were able to navigate a variety of spaces. Different types of robots have different capabilities. Walking robots can deal with uneven terrain such as stairs and piles of rubble. Robots with wheels or treads can carry heavier payloads, including large batteries, and operate for a longer time. “Marsupials” can carry other robots, including small flying robots which have short battery lives. Flying robots can be strategically deployed to map large or difficult-to-access spaces. Using diverse detection instruments, such as lights, radar, sonar and thermal imaging, enables a team of robots and their handlers to gather information about air and visibility conditions and respond to a broader range of conditions.

Because conditions can interfere with communications between robots and their handlers, the teams that developed robots with some degree of autonomy were most successful at the challenge task of mapping and searching a complex subterranean space. Such robots could explore on their own, and then return to radio contact with each other and their handlers to exchange information about what they had found. Australia’s CSIRO team even designed its robots to make cooperative decisions about what tasks to undertake. For example, a robot that was too large to fit into a corridor could notify other robots that it existed, so that a smaller robot could explore there. A robot exploring an area could also for a communications node to be dropped to expand the contact area. A robot deep in a cavern could relay information back to a robot closer to the surface, which could more quickly walk back to a point where it could report the information to the human operators. This changed the way in which humans worked with the robots: the human operator used the control system to set goals and direct overall strategy, leaving the robots to assess on-the-ground conditions and choose how to get the job done.

2018 Launch Challenge
In early 2020, three teams were expected to compete by rapidly launching a small satellite payload into orbit, with minimal notification, from two different launch sites (this requirement was later, when there was only one competitor left in the Challenge, relaxed so that the launches should use different launch pads, but could use the same launch site ) – one just days after the other – for an opportunity to win prizes. The prizes of the Challenge are: All teams that qualify for the competition would receive $400,000. Each team to successfully carry out an orbital launch gets a prize of $2 million, and is eligible to try to make a second launch in rapid succession. The second launches of the teams are scored (based on combination of time to launch, mass launched and orbital accuracy, etc.); the winning team gets $10 million, second prize is $9 million, and third prize $8 million. The pool of launch sites for the Challenge originally consisted of 8 launch locations; in the end, only Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska was used for an attempted launch.

The Challenge was announced on 18 April 2018, and on 10 April 2019, three finalist teams who would be attempting to launch rockets were announced: Virgin Orbit, Vector Launch and Astra (although at the time it was not published that the third finalist was Astra; the company was referred only as a "stealth startup"). In the autumn of 2019, both Vector and Virgin dropped out of the competition, Vector because of financial problems and Virgin because it wanted to focus on other customers than DARPA. The final remaining team, Astra, attempted to launch their Astra Rocket 3.0 for the Challenge from Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska in late February and early March 2020, but several launch attempts were all called off due to weather and technical difficulties. With the only team left in the competition failing to launch their rocket in the time frame set by DARPA, the Challenge was called off 2 March 2020 with no winner of the DARPA Launch Challenge. The $12 million prize pool went unclaimed. No rocket launch was performed by any contender of the DARPA Launch Challenge.

Technology
A technology paper and source code for the computer vision machine learning component of the 2005 Stanford entry has been published.

2007 Urban Challenge teams employed a variety of different software and hardware combinations for interpreting sensor data, planning, and execution. Some examples:

Press coverage

 * The Register: Final robot grunts picked for $1million DARPA race
 * The Register: DARPA's Grand Challenge proves to be too grand
 * CNN.com: Robots fail to complete Grand Challenge
 * SFGate.com: Robot race suffers quick, ignoble end
 * 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge Image Gallery
 * IEEE Computer Society, Special Issue on Unmanned Vehicles: The DARPA Grand Challenge
 * Journal of Field Robotics, Special Issue on DARPA Grand Challenge, Part 1
 * Journal of Field Robotics, Special Issue on DARPA Grand Challenge, Part 2
 * Wired Magazine article on the DARPA Grand Challenge and Stanley.
 * Popular Mechanics article on the DARPA Grand Challenge.
 * Popular Mechanics article on the UK MoD Grand Challenge
 * Popular Science article on the DARPA Grand Challenge.
 * Scientific American article on the DARPA Grand Challenge.

 * Forbes article on the DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge competition
 * Engadget article on the DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge competition

title: DARPA Grand Challenge