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Legislative Council of Hong Kong

The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, colloquially known as LegCo, is the unicameral legislature of Hong Kong. It sits under China's "one country, two systems" constitutional arrangement, and is the power centre of Hong Kong's hybrid representative democracy, though popular representation in the legislature has diminished significantly in recent years, along with its political diversity.

The functions of the Legislative Council are to enact, amend or repeal laws; examine and approve budgets, taxation and public expenditure; and raise questions on the work of the government. In addition, the Legislative Council also has the power to endorse the appointment and removal of the judges of the Court of Final Appeal and the Chief Judge of the High Court, as well as the power to impeach the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

Following the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, the National People's Congress disqualified several opposition councilors and initiated an electoral overhaul in 2021. The current Legislative Council consists of three groups of constituencies—geographical constituencies (GCs), functional constituencies (FCs), and Election Committee constituencies—and has been dominated by the pro-Beijing camp since an opposition walkout in 2020. The 2021 changes resulted in a drop in the share of directly elected representatives from 50% to 22% and an increase in the overall number of seats from 70 to 90, along with the establishment of a screening committee to vet candidates.

The original two groups (GCs and FCs) had constitutional significance. Government bills requires a simple majority of the council for passage, whereas private member bills requires simple majorities in two discrete divisions of geographical members and functional members for passage. Therefore, the directly elected legislators (mainly from the GCs) had minimal influence over government policy and legislative agenda.

The historical Legislative Council of Hong Kong in the British colonial era was created under the 1843 Charter as an advisory council to the Governor. The authority of the colonial legislature expanded throughout its history. A parallel Provisional Legislative Council was put in place by China from 1996 to 1998 to pass laws in anticipation of the Hong Kong handover.

Colonial period
The Legislative Council of Hong Kong was set up in 1843 for the first time as a colonial legislature under British rule. Hong Kong's first constitution, in the form of Queen Victoria's letters patent, issued on 27 June 1843 and titled the Charter of the Colony of Hong Kong, authorised the establishment of the Legislative Council to advise the Governor of Hong Kong's administration. The council had four official members including the governor who was president of the council when it was first established. The Letters Patent of 1888, which replaced the 1843 charter, added the significant words "and consent" after the words "with the advice". The Legislative Council was initially set up as the advisory body to the governor, and for most of the time, consisted half of official members, who were the government officials seated in the council, and half of unofficial members who were appointed by the Governor.

After the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed on 19 December 1984 (in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997), the Hong Kong government decided to start the process of democratisation based on the consultative document, Green Paper: the Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong on 18 July 1984.

The first elections to the Council were held in 1985, followed by the first direct elections of the Legislative Council held in 1991. The Legislative Council became a fully elected legislature for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule.

The People's Republic of China government did not agree with reforms to the Legislative Council enacted by the last Governor Chris Patten in 1994. Therefore, it withdrew the previous so-called "through-train" policy that would have allowed for members elected to the colonial Legislative Council automatically becoming members of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) legislature. Instead, the Beijing government resolved to set up an alternative legislative council in preparation for the return of Hong Kong sovereignty from Britain to China.

Before the 1997 transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, rather than working through the 1995 elected colonial legislature, the government of China, through the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), unilaterally established, in 1996, the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) in Shenzhen, under the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China.

The Provisional Legislative Council, seen as unconstitutional by the British authorities and boycotted by most pro-democracy legislators, was in operation from 25 January 1997 to 30 June 1998 and held its meetings in Shenzhen until 30 June 1997, when the PLC moved to Hong Kong and replaced the elected legislature from the 1997 handover of Hong Kong until the 1998 Hong Kong legislative election. Since 2000, the terms of the Legislative Council have been four years, with the exception of the 6th Legislative Council.

Early SAR years
The current HKSAR Legislative Council was established on 1 October 1998 under the Hong Kong Basic Law. The first meeting of the council was held in July of the same year. Five subsequent Legislative Council elections have been held — the most recent being held on 4 September 2016. The Democratic Party had briefly held the largest-party status in the early years of the SAR period, but its support was slowly eaten away by its pro-democracy allies such as The Frontier and later the Civic Party. In the 2004 election, the pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) surpassed the Democrats as the largest party for the first time and has since held its superior status. Due to the indirectly elected trade-based functional constituencies which largely favour business interests — represented by the Liberal Party and subsequently the Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA) — the pro-Beijing camp has been able to keep the majority in the legislature despite receiving fewer votes than the pro-democracy bloc in the direct elections.

Article 68 of the Hong Kong Basic Law states that the ultimate aim is the election of all the members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage. This and a similar article dealing with election of the Chief Executive have made universal suffrage for the council and the Chief Executive a dominant issue in Hong Kong politics.

In 2010, the government's constitutional reform proposal became the first and only constitutional move to have been passed by the Legislative Council in the SAR era with the support of the Democratic Party after the Beijing government accepted the modified package as presented by the party, which increased the composition of the Legislative Council from 60 to 70 seats; adding five seats in the directly elected geographical constituencies and five new District Council (Second) functional constituency seats which are nominated by the District Councillors and elected by all registered electorates. The 2014 Hong Kong electoral reform proposal, which suggested the electoral method of the Legislative Council remain unchanged, was vetoed in 2015, after a massive occupation protest demanding universal suffrage — often dubbed the "Umbrella Revolution" — broke out in 2014.

The 2016 New Territories East by-election and September general election saw the rise of localist tide where a number of pro-independence candidates were elected to the council. In November, in Beijing's fifth interpretation of the Basic Law since the 1997 handover, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) disqualified two pro-independence legislators from assuming public office pursuant to Article 104. Four more pro-democracy and localist legislators were unseated in subsequent court cases. Returning officers also disqualified certain candidates who had advocated for Hong Kong self-determination, with or without option for independence, from running in the following by-elections; the government expressed support for such decisions.

2019 crisis and 2021 overhaul
The 2019 amendment of the extradition bill caused an historic political upheaval, where intensive protests erupted throughout the city in the latter half of the year, including the storming of the Legislative Council Complex on the 22nd anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong on 1 July. In July 2020, in light of the pro-democrats' attempt to seize the majority of the Legislative Council in the midst of the largely unpopular Carrie Lam government, the government postponed the seventh general election, citing the COVID-19 spike. At variance with the four-year term set out in the Basic Law, the NPCSC decided in August that the sitting Legislative Council should continue with its duties for at least one year; however, the term of the upcoming LegCo would remain four years. In a November decision, the NPCSC disqualified LegCo members on grounds such as Hong Kong independence, Chinese sovereignty, and solicitation of foreign intervention, impacting four sitting legislators whose candidacies had been invalidated in the postponed election. After the disqualification, the 15 remaining pro-democracy legislators announced their resignation in protest, leaving the legislature with virtually no opposition.

On 27 January 2021, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping said that Hong Kong could only maintain its long-term stability and security by ensuring "patriots governing Hong Kong" when he reviewed a work report delivered by Carrie Lam. In March 2021, China's National People's Congress passed a resolution that authorised an overhaul of Hong Kong's electoral system, including that of the Legislative Council. The reform would allow a new Candidate Eligibility Review Committee, composed entirely of principal officials from the Hong Kong government, to vet candidates for the Legislative Council and would increase its total number of seats from 70 to 90. However, the seats that were directly elected would be reduced from 35 to 20, the five directly elected District Council (Second) seats would also be removed, while an additional 40 seats would be elected by the pro-Beijing Election Committee and 30 seats would remain trade-based functional constituencies. Every candidate must have nominations from each of the five sectors in the Election Committee.

The seventh Legislative Council term, beginning in January 2022, made changes where lawmakers' names were replaced with "a member" or "members" in meeting minutes, a change which the Hong Kong Journalists Association said was negative and that "One one hand, that would make it more difficult for the public to hold lawmakers accountable, and therefore affect how voters may vote."

In April 2023, a survey found that half of Hongkongers were unable to name any serving lawmaker, with another 12% naming somebody not a current lawmaker.

In May 2023, the Legislative Council voted with 100% approval to let the chief executive restrict overseas lawyers from national security cases, following attempts by the government to block Jimmy Lai from hiring Tim Owen as his defense lawyer.

In September 2023, a report found that at least 66% of all bills that were passed were done with less than half of all Legislative Council members present, below the 50% attendance threshold for a quorum.

The Legislative Council Building
The first meetings of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, from 1844 to 1846, were likely convened in the residence of Governor Pottinger (later to be the French Mission Building), still standing at Government Hill. From 1848 to 1954 (interrupted by renovation in 1928-9 and the Japanese occupation in 1941–5), it was housed on the upper floor of the Colonial Secretariat Building, Lower Albert Road, replaced in 1957 by the Annex to the Central Government Offices Main Wing, on the same site. In 1985, LegCo moved down to the nearby Old Supreme Court building (22.281°N, 114.16012°W) in Central Hong Kong where it remained until November 2011. It took up residence in its present accommodation at the Legislative Block of the Central Government Complex, Tamar in December 2011.

Unlike many other former and current Commonwealth legislatures, the Hong Kong Legislative Council does not have a ceremonial mace placed in its chambers. However, the high courts of Hong Kong use a mace to open sessions, and it represents the authority and powers of the court.

To provide a long-term solution to the space shortage problem facing both the Government and the Legislative Council, the Government commissioned the Tamar Development for the design and construction of the Central Government Complex, the Legislative Council Complex and other ancillary facilities in 2008. The Legislative Council Complex comprises a low block and a high block: the low block, which will be named the Council Block, mainly houses conference facilities including the Chamber, major conference rooms, and communal facilities such as library, cafeteria and education facilities. The range of education facilities for visit by the public includes video corner, visitors' sharing area, exhibition area, children's corner, viewing gallery and access corridors, memory lane, education activities rooms and education galleries. The high block, which will be named as the Office Block, mainly houses offices for members and staff of the Legislative Council Secretariat. Officially opened on 1 August 2011, administrative staff had already taken occupation on 15 January 2011.

Membership composition
[[File:Changes to the composition of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|Changes to the composition of the Legislative Council:

2016 composition (70 seats) {{legend|#FFD701|Directly elected geographical constituencies (35)}} {{legend|#008000|Nominated by District Councillors, directly elected District Council (Second) functional constituency (5)}} {{legend|#000080|Indirectly elected trade-based functional constituencies (30)}}

2021 composition (90 seats) {{legend|#FFD701|Directly elected geographical constituencies (20)}} {{legend|#000080|Indirectly elected trade-based functional constituencies (30)}} {{legend|#FF0000|Newly created Election Committee constituency (40)}} ]]

Under the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes initiated by the National People's Congress, the Legislative Council is now composed of 90 members returned from 3 constituencies: the Election Committee Constituency, Functional Constituencies and Geographical Constituencies by popular vote.

The term of office of a member is constitutionally four years except for the first term (1998 to 2000) which was set to be two years according to Article 69 of the Basic Law. The 6th Legislative Council's term of office of over five years from 2016 is in direct violation of Article 69 of the Basic Law.

In both the 2008 and 2004 elections, 30 members were directly elected by universal suffrage from geographical constituencies (GCs) and 30 were elected from functional constituencies (FCs). In the 2000 election, 24 were directly elected, six elected from an 800-member electoral college known as the Election Committee of Hong Kong, and 30 elected from FCs. Since the 2004 election, all the seats are equally divided between geographical and functional constituencies.

According to The Basic Law, while the method for forming the Legislative Council shall be specified in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress, the ultimate aim is to elect all Council members by universal suffrage (Article 68 of The Basic Law of Hong Kong). However, under the 2021 overhaul, the seats that were directly elected would be reduced from 35 back down to 20, the five directly elected District Council (Second) seats would also be removed, while an additional 40 seats would be elected by the Beijing-controlled Election Committee and 30 seats would remain trade-based functional constituencies, reducing the proportion of directly elected seats from 50% to 22%. Additionally all candidates must now be approved by the unelected HKSAR government via the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee. This has led to all parties that are not pro-Beijing declining to run in the elections, as it is now reasonable to assume that any pro-democracy candidates fielded that might be electable will be disqualified prior to the election.

Geographical constituencies
The Geographical Constituency (GC) seats are returned by universal suffrage. 20 seats of the Legislative Council are returned by GCs through single non-transferable vote with a district magnitude of 2 ("binomial system"). The binomial system was instituted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress in its amendment to Annex 2 of the Basic Law on 30 March 2021.

Geographical constituencies were first introduced in Hong Kong's first legislative election with direct elections in 1991. The electoral system and boundaries of GCs have since changed:

Between 1998 and 2016, the voting system adopted in GCs is a system of party-list proportional representation, with seats allocated by the largest remainder method using the Hare quota as the quota for election.

Functional constituencies
Under the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes, 28 functional constituencies (FC) return 30 members. The Labour Functional Constituency returns three members by block voting. The other FCs return one member each with first-past-the-post voting.

The 2021 electoral reform saw the dissolution of District Council (First) and District Council (Second) FCs. Three existing FCs were reconstituted: the Information Technology FC reorganised as the Technology & Innovation FC; the Medical FC and Health Services FC combined to form the Medical and Health Services FC. Two new FCs were established, namely the Commercial (Third) and the HKSAR Deputies to the National People's Congress, HKSAR Members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and Representatives of Relevant National Organisations FCs. Functional constituencies are now principally elected by body votes; the number of FCs with individual votes were reduced, together with elimination of mixed individual and body voting systems.

The following FCs were abolished in the 2021 electoral reform.

 * Medical
 * Health Services
 * Information Technology
 * District Council (First)
 * District Council (Second)

Between 1998 and 2016, the Heung Yee Kuk, Agriculture and Fisheries, Insurance, and Transport FCs where a preferential elimination system is used due to the small number of voters. In the preferential elimination system, a voter must indicate preferences rather than approval/disapproval or a single choice. District Council (Second) uses the same voting rule in Geographical constituencies for the 5 seats.

Before the 2021 elections, neither the Heung Yee Kuk nor the Commercial (Second) FCs have held an actual election, as only one candidate has stood for each FC in every election since their establishment in 1991 and 1985, respectively.

Election Committee Constituency
The Election Committee constituency was one of the three constituencies designed in the Basic Law of Hong Kong next to the directly elected geographical constituencies and the indirectly elected functional constituencies for the first and second-term Legislative Council in the early SAR period. With the last British Governor Chris Patten's electoral reform, the ECC was composed of all elected District Board members who had been elected in 1994. The Single Transferable Vote system was used in the 1995 election.

After the handover of Hong Kong, the ECC was allocated 10 seats out of the total 60 seats in the SAR Legislative Council, comprising all members of the Election Committee which also elected the Chief Executive every five years. The size of the constituency reduced to six seats in 2000 and was entirely abolished and replaced by the directly elected geographical constituency seats in the 2004 election. The plurality-at-large voting system was used in 1998 and 2000.

In the 2021 electoral overhaul, the Election Committee constituency was reintroduced, taking 40 of the 90 seats, almost half, of the Legislative Council with plurality-at-large voting system. The electorate is composed of all newly expanded 1,500 members in the Election Committee.

Committee system
In order to perform the important functions of scrutinizing bills, approving public expenditure and monitoring Government's work, a committee system is established.

Standing Committees

 * House Committee
 * Parliamentary Liaison Subcommittee
 * Finance Committee
 * Establishment Subcommittee
 * Public Works Subcommittee
 * Public Accounts Committee
 * Committee on Members' Interests
 * Committee on Rules of Procedure

Panels

 * Panel on Administration of Justice and Legal Services
 * Panel on Commerce and Industry
 * Panel on Constitutional Affairs
 * Panel on Development
 * Panel on Economic Development
 * Panel on Education
 * Panel on Environmental Affairs
 * Panel on Financial Affairs
 * Panel on Food Safety and Environmental Hygiene
 * Panel on Health Services
 * Panel on Home Affairs
 * Panel on Housing
 * Panel on Information Technology and Broadcasting
 * Panel on Manpower
 * Panel on Public Service
 * Panel on Security
 * Panel on Transport
 * Panel on Welfare Services

President of the Legislative Council
From the establishment of the Legislative Council in 1843 to 1993, the Governor was the President and a member of the council, and until 1917 the Governor was required to act with the advice but not necessary the consent of the Legislative Council. The Letters Patent of 1917 changed such practice by requiring the Governor to act "with advice and consent" of the Legislative Council.

Under the Basic Law (Article 72), the President has the powers and functions to preside over meetings, decide on the agenda, including giving priority to government bills for inclusion in the agenda, decide on the time of meetings, call special sessions during the recess, call emergency sessions on the request of the Chief Executive, and exercise other powers and functions as prescribed in the rules of procedure of the Legislative Council. However, the president of the legislative council may not vote in most situations regarding government bills, and is encouraged to remain impartial towards all matters in the LegCo. The President of the Legislative Council has to meet the eligibility requirements set out in the Basic Law that he or she shall be a Chinese citizen of not less than 40 years of age, who is a permanent resident of the HKSAR with no right of abode in any foreign country and has ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than 20 years.

The President is elected by and from among Council members. The first President (1997–2008) was Rita Fan; the incumbent president, elected in 2016, is Andrew Leung of the pro-Beijing Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong.

Primacy of President
In a controversial move directed at reining in democratic legislators (most of whom were elected by universal suffrage and six of whose seats had been vacated by a controversial court order of disqualification), amendments to the Rules of Procedure were passed on 15 December 2017 giving sweeping powers to the President to control the business of the legislature. Among them is the power to vet proposed motions and amendments to bills, require legislators to explain them and to reject or merge them. Prior notice must be given of any notice of motion and the President may reconvene the chamber immediately after any failure to meet quorum.

Procedure
The quorum for meetings of the council is half of all LegCo Members; while the quorum for meetings of a committee of the whole during second reading of bills is 20, i.e. only 22 per cent of membership, having been reduced from 35 on 15 December 2017.

After the 15 December 2017 amendments to procedure, a petition is to be submitted to the House Committee only with at least 35 signatures of members, effectively blocking democrat-sponsored scrutiny of government action.

Passage of Bills
Passage of bills introduced by the government require only a simple majority of votes of the members of the Legislative Council present; whereas passage of motions, bills or amendments to government bills introduced by individual LegCo members shall require a simple majority of votes of each of the two groups of members present: namely members returned by the Election Committee and members returned by functional constituencies and geographical constituencies.

Motions on amendments to the Basic Law require a two-thirds vote in the Legislative Council, without a specific requirement in each group of constituencies. After passing the council, the Basic Law amendment must obtain the consent of two-thirds of Hong Kong's deputies to the National People's Congress, and also the Chief Executive (the Chief Executive is vested with the veto power). The National People's Congress reserves the sole power to amend the Basic Law.

Traditionally, the President does not vote. However, this convention is not a constitutional requirement.

Elections of the Legislative Council
Legislative Council general elections are held every four years in accordance with Article 69 of the Basic Law of HKSAR. The most recent election was held on 19 December 2021. The pro-Beijing camp had absolute control of the Legislative Council with the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) as the largest party.

Seating arrangement
In a typical Council meeting in the old Legislative chamber, members were seated to the left and front of the President's chair in the Chamber patterned after the adversarial layout of Westminster system legislatures. The three rows to the right were reserved for government officials and other people attending the meetings.

At the new LegCo site at Tamar, members sit facing the President (and council officers) in a hemicycle seating arrangement.

At present, the Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, provides administrative support and services to the Council through its ten divisions. In addition to being the chief executive of the Secretariat, the Secretary General is also the Clerk to the Legislative Council responsible for advising the President on all matters relating to the procedure of the council.

List of Legislative Council compositions

The following lists the composition of Legislative Council seats since its establishment:

The following chart lists the composition of the Legislative Councils of Hong Kong since the Special Administrative Region (SAR) period from 1998, the composition and diagram indicate the seats controlled by the camps (green for the pro-democracy camp and red for the pro-Beijing camp) at the beginning of the sessions.

Officers of the Legislative Council
Services to members were originally provided by the Office of the Clerk to the Legislative Council which was part of the Government Secretariat. Additional support later came from other administrative units, i.e. the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils (UMELCO) Secretariat and its variants, in consideration of the gradually rising volume of work in Council business.

With the establishment of UMELCO in 1963, public officers were seconded to UMELCO to assist members to deal with public complaints and build up public relations with the local community. During their secondments, public officers took instructions only from Council members. The practice remained when the Office of the Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils (OMELCO) replaced UMELCO in 1986.

In 1991, the OMELCO Secretariat was incorporated. As a result of the complete separation of membership of the Executive and Legislative Councils, OMELCO was renamed the Office of Members of Legislative Council (OMLEGCO).

The Legislative Council Commission, a statutory body independent of the Government, was established under The Legislative Council Commission Ordinance on 1 April 1994. The Commission integrated the administrative support and services to the council by the Office of the Clerk to the Legislative Council and the OMLEGCO Secretariat into an independent Legislative Council Secretariat. The Commission replaced all civil servants by contract staff in the 1994–1995 session.

title: Legislative Council of Hong Kong


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Talk:Silvia Saint

Breasts
Who wrote, her breasts were natural? They don't look natural at all. Does anybody know more about this?--Martinxxxx72 (talk) 14:36, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * She has implants. There is a notable difference in the shape and size of her boobs from nude images circa 1996 and 2000. Vinh1313 (talk) 17:17, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Bravo to all you discerning breast lovers. While her breasts were nearly perfect, but small, in earlier photos, Silvia choose the way of most adult entertainers, and enhanced her breasts. They are very good fakes...this is accomplished by selecting an appropriate implant, and inserting them under the muscle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.45.219.126 (talk) 15:13, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Several issues
So, first of all, I think "Silvia" is the proper spelling. Or that's what Google says.
 * "Silvia" is the proper spelling. This is supported by the title of her official website, Club Silvia Saint.  I'll move it after I'm done making my edits to it. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 23:40, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, couldn't move it myself as Silvia Saint is a redirect to "Sylvia Saint" article. I requested that it be moved. -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 00:22, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Second, who called Ms. Saint "Anal Sex Queen"? Any sources? That should be taken out.

Third, I don't think it's legal to publish pictures of a public figure endorsing a product or company without their permission. -- ESP 22:25 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I'm not sure about Ms. Saint's permission, but I'm pretty sure. on the other hand I believe there are so many people in Arab world love this woman, the last web traffic statistics show that 90% of ordering Sylvia saint pic & movies are coming from UAE , and 89% of 90% is coming specifically from city called sharjah. Bomis won't object: it's majority owned by a certain Jimbo Wales. Now can we get her to pose in a Wikipedia T-shirt? Jpatokal 15:31, 23 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Jimbo knows about the photo, and commented about it somewhere (I can't remember where). I believe he said "Well, I didn't give permission, but I don't have a problem with it", or something to that effect. -- Middenface 22:18, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Husband
She is married to a Czech tycoon, not Mr. Marcus.
 * Can we have a source or three on this, please? -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 00:22, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This is correct. Silvia was NEVER married to Mr. Marcus.  They had a purely sexual relationship.  This very brief relationship ended in 2000. Source is from Marcus and Silvia Saint's Management team directly, this is published for public viewing on Luke is Back in this article (I'll make the changes to the main article) JordanGekko (talk) 19:26, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Will the real Anal Sex Queen please stand up
Googling for "the anal sex queen" (the "the" is needed to filter out huge amounts of spam) one finds Tristan Taormino to be the person most commonly described thus. Following are Sylvia Saint, Kendra Jade, Sahara Sands, and Bridgette Kerkove. Thus we can conclude that SS is "an anal sex queen", but not really "the anal sex queen". -- Middenface 22:18, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
 * A search for "anal sex queen" and "sylvia saint" (in quotes so that the words are searched for as a phrase) yields around 30 hits. Non-notable.--Nectarflowed (talk) 22:45, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Things to be found out
-- Joe Beaudoin Jr. 00:22, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The biography seems like it needs more meat to it. Official sources would be nice.
 * We also need to substantiate if the pregnancy news item and find out whether or not she was married, and who was the fortunate indvidual?

Appearance on TripleJ
Ah, the highs and lows of Wikipedia. On July 29 2005 Silvia Saint appeared on the Australian Radio Station Triple J's Today Today program. She was in Australia for the Sydney Sexpo and was interviewed and apparently answered callers questions about sexual and emotional problems. (There may be a link to an MP3 on the website referenced of the interview to confirm facts.)

Silvia told me in London in July 2004 that she was not in fact married. I do not believe Silvia has any children. You could contact Martin directly for some more information but I cannot say how much information Silvia would want to release. info@softcoreillusions.com I prepared a List of Silvia's Movies (it needs a little updating) but there's over 430 titles identified to date. You can locate this on the Pay Site (in the free of charge section) The Pay Site is at: http://www.clubsilviasaint.net/. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.231.45 (talk • contribs) at 20:17, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * From Victor (CSS Forum)  - The Slovak lady photographer's name is WANDA POLAK and her former husband is Martin Bucek, who presently co-owns ClubSilviaSaint.net.  Martin's present partner is glamour model Evelyn Lory.   Wanda and Martin did a great job when Silvia was making her modelling comeback in late 2002.

Zero gee sex scene?
I've heard somewhere that Silvia Saint was in some sort of zero gee sex scene filmed in one of those planes that flies in parabolic arcs. Is this true? If so, it would make her one of a very small number to have ever done something like that and should probably be mentioned in her bio. --Cyde 01:56, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

It was in the movie the uranus experiment. I dont know if its real or FX. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.59.188.14 (talk • contribs) at 17:17, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Gee! Just for the record: Zero G --82.141.49.217 06:20, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Private Media Group filmed a brief scene for the space-themed pornographic film The Uranus Experiment in a Russian aircraft flying a parabolic track (similar to NASA's Vomit Comet). The Uranus Experiment features around 20 seconds of pornography actors Sylvia Saint and Nick Lang (who portray astronauts living on a space station) having sex in freefall. The scene was nominated for a Nebula Award in 2000, but did not win. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.30.145.238 (talk) 00:25, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

She left the porn?
So how is her web-site updating? She seems to not be filming sex scenes anymore, but does pose in softcore pictures. That's my impression anyway. I don't know enough to put it on the main page. -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * She's returned to the business and is actively promoting and updating her journal and you are right it doesn't look like she's shooting much anymore but has returned on a full-time basis and attends shows to promote her older films (read it on her myspace), wish she'd do some new stuff also but I don't think she really needs to from a personal standpoint given she has her brand already developed. JordanGekko (talk) 00:23, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Text needing work
The following text needs work as it is clearly riddled with POV issues:

 * She is considered one of the most recognisable and famous faces in porn. She differs from many other porn "A-listers" in the versatility of her roles; which have included interracial, lesbian, and even foot fetish themes.

-- Joe Beaudoin Jr. Think out loud 00:45, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

External Links.
In short, official sites are meant to be there. Full stop. Mathmo Talk 01:10, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Secondly, don't label edits as vandalism when they are clearly not. Regarding vandal calling I suggest reading no personal attacks. A moresources tag shouldn't be used when an article already has many sources, because such a tag is far too vague to of much use. Rather it is better to put fact tags wherever you feel there is a problem. Mathmo Talk 01:12, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Heterosexual my ass!
I can't begin to understand why she's listed as such. She loves girls, as she's proven countless times, and I love her for it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by RedVengeanceIII (talk • contribs).
 * Because if you read through the reference, you'll see why she's listed as heterosexual. From the cited interview when asked if she was bisexual: "No, I'm 100% hetero. But I don't object against having sex with other women." Seems clear enough. Tabercil 03:21, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Would you guys let another guy prove you in the ass with his dick and still regard yourselves as heterosexual? She's licked, fingered and fucked more pussy than Ron Jeremy has. I rest my case! 01:34, 20 December 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.234.109.196 (talk)

Well, I think she describes herself as hetero because she only makes lesbianism scenes in front of cameras. She doesn't have sex with other women behind the scenes... I think. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.37.81.53 (talk) 18:39, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

On an interview she says she prefers have sex with women. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.21.76.13 (talk) 09:01, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Vandalism of External Links
Again as stated before earlier on discussions, vandalism is not tolerated. It appears there is a user with the IP of 66.152.79.250 vandalizing a number of pages on here, including this one with previous edits to webcam sites. There is no reason that we should have two links to the same site especially when it is already stated in the main information box. We also do not need other links that are non-relevant to the subject topic. 66.152.79.250, please be aware that editors who persist in such misbehavior are quickly banned from Wikipedia. Thanks. JordanGekko (talk) 11:33, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

I almost feel the need to write an independent article regarding the proper identification of linkspam. I've been watching this and a number of articles for the past few years and despite the best efforts to properly identify linkspam and vandalism, there always seems to be confusion of the issue. People, identifying linkspam requires more then a glance, it is very clear when it is obvious BUT when you are dealing with sites that have been involved in Cybersquatting cases, you do need to look deeper especially since the proper links have been involved in lawsuits over intellectual rights and domain names.

Sylvia Saint won her case in 2006. As Mathmo stated, official sites are meant to be there, these sites have been in litigation and have been in lawsuits that were won by the individuals, these are NOT secondary producer sites, labeled as "official sites". Further clarification - in some cases, individuals will assign a secondary producer to manage and operate their "official sites" and that is fine. This is not the case when it comes to a name has been copyright and a Cybersquat was awarded.

Please, before editing articles especially that have been involved in cases as mentioned before, review certain items about the site before labeling it as linkspam. The key factors are a) where the site is hosted b) the DNS name c) the copyright information and finally the most identifying feature of the website ownership, the 18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement also called the 2257. This is taken from the 2257 directly at http://silviasaintfilms.com/2257.htm, "SILVIA SAINT AND SILVIA SAINT FILMS are registered trademarks of Silvia Saint Entertainment, managed and operated by Net Fame Solutions Inc." Official sites are meant to be here, do not list non-official sites. This is a legal issue given the history of the names and individuals involved. JordanGekko (talk) 06:12, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Vandalism of external links II
Piano non troppo removed the link to clubsilviasaint.net and commented, that this is a link to a social site. I reinserted it because actually this is one of her official websites (the only one she owned already before the WIPO case, it's even cited in ). Valrith reverted me again with a no-comment. Ironically it was just Valrith who had inserted this link the last time on Jan 22, after he had reverted the addition of the other official site silviasaintfilms.com several times.

In general I respect the fight against linkspam, but here it's her website since 5 years, including her blog and her new exclusive productions. I don't see how anybody could doubt that this site is official.--Tantamo (talk) 07:51, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Penthouse Pet is an award?
I don't think Penthouse Pet of the Month/Pet of the Year should be listed as "awards". I just looked over about a dozen other articles on Penthouse Pets and none of them listed these in that fashion.

Opinions? Valrith (talk) 20:18, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Silvia Saint


text:
File:Korn-LifeIsPeachy.jpg

Summary
Korn - Life Is Peachy album cover. Copyright 1996 Epic Records. Image uploaded under fair use doctrine.

Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

Fair use rationale for Life Is Peachy
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

title: File:Korn-LifeIsPeachy.jpg


text:
User talk:Pocopoco

Hello Pocopoco, fellow dutchman, welcome down here. Groetjes, Ellywa 22:26 20 Jul 2003 (UTC) (ik zit vaker bij nl:wikipedia, maar zag dat je je naam hier bij de Nederlanders neer had gezet).
 * Hoi! Ik ben nog niet actief geweest op NL omdat ik problemen heb met de cookies, als ik beide sites bezoek word ik steeds van beide uitgelogd, vandaar dat ik me voorlopig in elk geval maar alleen met de internationale versie bezighoud. -- poco poco 10:17 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149
 * Thanks for the welcome, this is a wonderful place :) -- poco poco 10:17 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm glad you think so. :) Have you heard the NPR radio story about us that ran on Monday yet? Here is a link: --mav

Hi Pocopoco,

That would be great, if you would write more about Discworld. I am at the moment reading the whole series the second time, I love this books. If you need help for special parts, just let me know. I'm currently pretty much occupied with other Wiki-projects, but I am happy to help with the Discworld ;-) Fantasy 12:10 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pocopoco


text:
Talk:Roman Catholic Bishops of Montreal

See Talk:Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec for discussion on nomenclature. - Montréalais

The article on Cardinal Léger should be Paul-Émile Léger. With few exceptions, we don't use titles in article names. - Montréalais

 * We do with cardinals, as Efghij explained. FearÉIREANN 18:59 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * This is one of those exceptions. See Naming conventions (names and titles) - Efghij 23:59 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Fine, but if we're going to pipe it anyway, I don't see why what looks like Paul-Émile Léger should point to Paul-Émile Cardinal Léger. From reading the conventions, they seem to favour it simply out of a desire not to have to rewrite all the old articles. I don't see why we should do it for new ones. - Montréalais

 * It is the standard that is being applied universally to cardinals and pipes are not being used. It is the agreed format. FearÉIREANN 18:59 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * There are good reasons for having these conventions. "Paul-Émile Cardinal Léger" is much more recognizable than "Paul-Émile Léger", and it's the official form used by the church. (see Talk:Naming Conventions (names and titles) Archive 7) - Efghij 18:14 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I leave names of articles to others, but "Archbishop X Cardinal Y" is not how someone who is a cardinal and an archbishop should be referred to. It should be "Cardinal Archbishop X Y" or "X Cardinal Y, Archbishop of Montreal" or (less popularly) "Cardinal X Y, Archbishop of Montreal". It's just the way it's done... if there's a logic to it, it's that "Cardinal" is a title, but "Archbishop of Z" is an office. -- Someone else 00:01 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montreal
Shouldn't the above be merged with Roman Catholic Bishops of Montreal? Happy editing! Stormbay 21:27, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roman Catholic Bishops of Montreal


text:
Electronic test equipment

Electronic test equipment is used to create signals and capture responses from electronic devices under test (DUTs). In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced. Use of electronic test equipment is essential to any serious work on electronics systems.

Practical electronics engineering and assembly requires the use of many different kinds of electronic test equipment ranging from the very simple and inexpensive (such as a test light consisting of just a light bulb and a test lead) to extremely complex and sophisticated such as automatic test equipment (ATE). ATE often includes many of these instruments in real and simulated forms.

Generally, more advanced test gear is necessary when developing circuits and systems than is needed when doing production testing or when troubleshooting existing production units in the field.

Basic equipment
The following items are used for basic measurement of voltages, currents, and components in the circuit under test.
 * Voltmeter (Measures voltage)
 * Ohmmeter (Measures resistance)
 * Ammeter, e.g. Galvanometer or Milliammeter (Measures current)
 * Multimeter e.g., VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter) or DMM (Digital Multimeter) (Measures all of the above)
 * LCR meter - inductance (L), capacitance (C) and resistance (R) meter (measure LCR values)

The following are used for stimulus of the circuit under test: The following analyze the response of the circuit under test:
 * Power supplies
 * Signal generator
 * Digital pattern generator
 * Pulse generator
 * Oscilloscope (Displays voltage as it changes over time)
 * Frequency counter (Measures frequency)

And connecting it all together:
 * Test probes

Advanced or less commonly used equipment
Meters

 * Solenoid voltmeter (Wiggy)
 * Clamp meter (current transducer)
 * Wheatstone bridge (Precisely measures resistance)
 * Capacitance meter (Measures capacitance)
 * LCR meter (Measures inductance, capacitance, resistance and combinations thereof)
 * EMF Meter (Measures Electric and Magnetic Fields)
 * Electrometer (Measures voltages, sometimes even tiny ones, via a charge effect)

Probes

 * RF probe
 * Signal tracer

Analyzers

 * Logic analyzer (Tests digital circuits)
 * Spectrum analyzer (SA) (Measures spectral energy of signals)
 * Protocol analyzer (Tests functionality, performance and conformance of protocols)
 * Vector signal analyzer (VSA) (Like the SA but it can also perform many more useful digital demodulation functions)
 * Time-domain reflectometer (Tests integrity of long cables)
 * Semiconductor curve tracer

Signal-generating devices

 * Signal generator usually distinguished by frequency range (e.g., audio or radio frequencies) or waveform type (e.g., sine, square, sawtooth, ramp, sweep, modulated, ...)
 * Frequency synthesiser
 * Function generator
 * Digital pattern generator
 * Pulse generator
 * Signal injector

Miscellaneous devices

 * Boxcar averager
 * Continuity tester
 * Cable tester
 * Hipot tester
 * Network analyzer (used to characterize an electrical network of components)
 * Test light
 * Transistor tester
 * Tube tester
 * Source measure unit (SMU), a test tool capable to supply power and measure voltage or current at the same time.

Platforms

Several modular electronic instrumentation platforms are currently in common use for configuring automated electronic test and measurement systems. These systems are widely employed for incoming inspection, quality assurance, and production testing of electronic devices and subassemblies. Industry-standard communication interfaces link signal sources with measurement instruments in “rack-and-stack” or chassis-/mainframe-based systems, often under the control of a custom software application running on an external PC.

GPIB/IEEE-488
The General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) is an IEEE-488 (a standard created by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) standard parallel interface used for attaching sensors and programmable instruments to a computer. GPIB is a digital 8-bit parallel communications interface capable of achieving data transfers of more than 8 Mbytes/s. It allows daisy-chaining up to 14 instruments to a system controller using a 24-pin connector. It is one of the most common I/O interfaces present in instruments and is designed specifically for instrument control applications. The IEEE-488 specifications standardized this bus and defined its electrical, mechanical, and functional specifications, while also defining its basic software communication rules. GPIB works best for applications in industrial settings that require a rugged connection for instrument control.

The original GPIB standard was developed in the late 1960s by Hewlett-Packard to connect and control the programmable instruments the company manufactured. The introduction of digital controllers and programmable test equipment created a need for a standard, high-speed interface for communication between instruments and controllers from various vendors. In 1975, the IEEE published ANSI/IEEE Standard 488–1975, IEEE Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation, which contained the electrical, mechanical, and functional specifications of an interfacing system. This standard was subsequently revised in 1978 (IEEE-488.1) and 1990 (IEEE-488.2). The IEEE 488.2 specification includes the Standard Commands for Programmable Instrumentation (SCPI), which define specific commands that each instrument class must obey. SCPI ensures compatibility and configurability among these instruments.

The IEEE-488 bus has long been popular because it is simple to use and takes advantage of a large selection of programmable instruments and stimuli. Large systems, however, have the following limitations:

 * Driver fanout capacity limits the system to 14 devices plus a controller.
 * Cable length limits the controller-device distance to two meters per device or 20 meters total, whichever is less. This imposes transmission problems on systems spread out in a room or on systems that require remote measurements.
 * Primary addresses limit the system to 30 devices with primary addresses. Modern instruments rarely use secondary addresses so this puts a 30-device limit on system size.

LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation
The LXI (LXI) Standard defines the communication protocols for instrumentation and data acquisition systems using Ethernet. These systems are based on small, modular instruments, using low-cost, open-standard LAN (Ethernet). LXI-compliant instruments offer the size and integration advantages of modular instruments without the cost and form factor constraints of card-cage architectures. Through the use of Ethernet communications, the LXI Standard allows for flexible packaging, high-speed I/O, and standardized use of LAN connectivity in a broad range of commercial, industrial, aerospace, and military applications. Every LXI-compliant instrument includes an Interchangeable Virtual Instrument (IVI) driver to simplify communication with non-LXI instruments, so LXI-compliant devices can communicate with devices that are not themselves LXI compliant (i.e., instruments that employ GPIB, VXI, PXI, etc.). This simplifies building and operating hybrid configurations of instruments.

LXI instruments sometimes employ scripting using embedded test script processors for configuring test and measurement applications. Script-based instruments provide architectural flexibility, improved performance, and lower cost for many applications. Scripting enhances the benefits of LXI instruments, and LXI offers features that both enable and enhance scripting. Although the current LXI standards for instrumentation do not require that instruments be programmable or implement scripting, several features in the LXI specification anticipate programmable instruments and provide useful functionality that enhances scripting's capabilities on LXI-compliant instruments.

VME eXtensions for Instrumentation
VME eXtensions for Instrumentation (VXI) are an electrical and mechanical standard used mainly with automatic test equipment (ATE). VXI allows equipment from different vendors to work together in a common control and packaging environment. VPX (a.k.a. VITA 46) is an ANSI standard based on the VMEbus with support for switched fabric using a high speed connector. VXI combines VMEbus specifications with features from the general-purpose interface bus (GPIB) to meet the needs of instrumentation applications. Other technologies for VME, VPX and VXI controllers and processors may also be available.

Selecting VME, VPX and VXI bus interfaces and adapters requires an analysis of available technologies. The original VME bus (VMEbus) uses Eurocards, rugged circuit boards that provide a 96-pin plug instead of an edge connector for durability. VME64 is an expanded version of the VMEbus that provides 64-bit data transfers and addressing. VME64 features include asynchronous data transfers, an addressing range between 16 and 40 bits, data path widths between 8 and 64 bits, and a bandwidth of 80 Mbit/s. VME64 extended (VME64x) is an improved version of the original VMEbus that features a 160-pin connector family, 3.3 V power supply pins, bandwidths up to 160 Mbit/s, injector/ejector locking handles, and hot swap capability. VME160 transfers data at 160 Mbit/s. VME320 transfers data at a rate of 320 Mbit/s. VXI combines VMEbus specifications with features from the general-purpose interface bus (GPIB) to meet the needs of instrumentation applications. VME, VPX and VXI bus interfaces and adapters for VPX applications are also available.

PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation
PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation, (PXI), is a peripheral bus specialized for data acquisition and real-time control systems. Introduced in 1997, PXI uses the CompactPCI 3U and 6U form factors and adds trigger lines, a local bus, and other functions suited for measurement applications. PXI hardware and software specifications are developed and maintained by the PXI Systems Alliance. More than 50 manufacturers around the world produce PXI hardware.

Universal Serial Bus
The Universal Serial Bus (USB) connects peripheral devices, such as keyboards and mice, to PCs. The USB is a Plug and Play bus that can handle up to 127 devices on one port, and has a theoretical maximum throughput of 480 Mbit/s (high-speed USB defined by the USB 2.0 specification). Because USB ports are standard features of PCs, they are a natural evolution of conventional serial port technology. However, it is not widely used in building industrial test and measurement systems for several reasons (e.g., USB cables are rarely industrial grade, are noise sensitive, are not positively attached and so are rather easily detachable, and the maximum distance between the controller and device is limited to a few meters). Like some other connections, USB is primarily used for applications in a laboratory setting that do not require a rugged bus connection.

RS-232
RS-232 is a specification for serial communication that is popular in analytical and scientific instruments, as well for controlling peripherals such as printers. Unlike GPIB, with the RS-232 interface, it is possible to connect and control only one device at a time. RS-232 is also a relatively slow interface with typical data rates of less than 20 kB/s. RS-232 is best suited for laboratory applications compatible with a slower, less rugged connection.

Test script processors and a channel expansion bus
One of the most recently developed test system platforms employs instrumentation equipped with onboard test script processors combined with a high-speed bus. In this approach, one “master” instrument runs a test script (a small program) that controls the operation of the various “slave” instruments in the test system, to which it is linked via a high-speed LAN-based trigger synchronization and inter-unit communication bus. Scripting is writing programs in a scripting language to coordinate a sequence of actions.

This approach is optimized for small message transfers that are characteristic of test and measurement applications. With very little network overhead and a 100 Mbit/s data rate, it is significantly faster than GPIB and 100BaseT Ethernet in real applications.

The advantage of this platform is that all connected instruments behave as one tightly integrated multi-channel system, so users can scale their test system to fit their required channel counts cost-effectively. A system configured on this type of platform can stand alone as a complete measurement and automation solution, with the master unit controlling sourcing, measuring, pass/fail decisions, test sequence flow control, binning, and the component handler or prober. Support for dedicated trigger lines means that synchronous operations between multiple instruments equipped with onboard Test Script Processors that are linked by this high-speed bus can be achieved without the need for additional trigger connections.

Test equipment switching
The addition of a high-speed switching system to a test system's configuration allows for faster, more cost-effective testing of multiple devices, and is designed to reduce both test errors and costs. Designing a test system's switching configuration requires an understanding of the signals to be switched and the tests to be performed, as well as the switching hardware form factors available.

title: Electronic test equipment


text:
Talk:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York

Untitled
See Talk:Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec for nomenclature discussion. - Montréalais

EFGHIJ: these people are correctly termed "Cardinal Archbishops". "Archbishop X Cardinal Y" is wrong. An alternative would be "X Cardinal Y, Archbishop of New York". -- Someone else 23:33 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Is "Cardinal Archbishop X Y" acceptable? - Montréalais

 * I think it is, but agree with Vicki that "X Cardinal Y, Archbishop of New York" is the most common use that includes both the title and the office. (Though doing it that way, you lose the middle names). -- Someone else 00:19 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I've never seen "Cardinal Archbishop" used as a title; they're just called (for example) "Francis Cardinal Spellman" or "Cardinal Francis Spellman", depending on context.

 * The personal title of a cardinal is in the form "Francis Cardinal Spellman". The informal usage since Vatican II is "Cardinal Francis Spellman" (but that is not used in wiki for pratical reasons - 90% of cardinals predate Vatican II and were never known by the latter format and it would involve renaming over a thousand years of cardinals. '"See Naming conventions (names and titles)'') When an archbishop is made a cardinal, their office is referred to always as Cardinal Archbishop, eg, Cardinal Archbishop of Dublin, Cardinal Archbishop of New York. (Venice has a Cardinal Patriarch.) FearÉIREANN 01:20 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

As a separate matter, if anyone knows exactly what the current boundaries of the archdiocese are, that information would be worth including--I know it's part of NYC and some of the suburbs, but not all of either. Vicki Rosenzweig 00:04 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

The New York Archdiocese covers (in NYC) Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island, but not Queens or Brooklyn (which are in the not-very-imaginatively named Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn and Queens). It also takes in Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Sullivan, Ulster and Westchester Counties. (I'll put this in the article, which was named "List of....etc" before it got moved around, and probably best belongs there: the archdiocese or the bishopric of the same seems to be a different article). -- Someone else 00:19 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Article moved from "Archdiocese of New York" to "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York" for (1) uniformity with other Roman Catholic diocesan article titles as per wiki standard and (2) clarity between denominational diocesan territories of similar names (i.e., Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of New York, Episcopal Diocese of New York, etc.). --Gerald Farinas 22:44, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The article currently indicates that Archbishop Dolan is "Archbishop-coadjutor" which is not a term used in the Catholic Church. There is such a thing as a "Coadjutor Archbishop", but Archbishop Dolan is not one.--Dcheney (talk) 01:51, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Removal of History Unreferenced Section tag
I removed the Unreferenced Section tag at the top of the History section. I recently added additional information to the section with numerous citations. I also went back and cited all of the information that was previously in the section but was without a citation. The History section now should be thoroughly cited and quite comprehensive. Ergo Sum (talk) 20:19, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

Styles and honorifics for saints
@Laurel Lodged: I think you are confusing MOS:SAINTS and MOS:BIO. The former applies to article names, however the latter applies for the names of clergy and saints in article text. Since MOS:HON is a subsection of MOS:BIO, therefore the advice of MOS:HON does apply in this instance. MOS:HON states that in general styles and honorifics related to royalty, clergy, and sainthood should not be included in the article text. Additionally, WikiProject Saints/Style Guidelines has a section on article titles but is generally about article text and would also apply. Imo, this guidance is similar to the exclusion of other religious styles and honorifics, such as that in MOS:PBUH. FyzixFighter (talk) 22:19, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I think that it's yourself that is misinterpreting the policies. If your interpretation was correct, then the phrase "St Thomas" could never appear in an article; it would have to apppear as "Thomas". That would leave a lot of people scratching their head. Laurel Lodged (talk) 08:31, 11 August 2022 (UTC)


text: File:VerucaSalt-AmericanThighs.jpg

title: File:VerucaSalt-AmericanThighs.jpg


text:
Talk:Wars of Alexander the Great

Comments
I have been making some major changes to this article. It is surprising that this article was blank for so long. RomanHistorian (talk) 03:34, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Can someone change his date of birth to 356BC? He was 32 when he died, not 13!

Categories
I removed the adoptee-category. But it seems like a few more are also displaced:  Category:Ancient Macedonian generals Category:Ancient Pellaeans Category:Cause of death disputed Category:City founders Category:Hellenistic individuals Category:Macedonian monarchs Category:Monarchs of Persia Category:Mummies Category:People from Central Macedonia Category:Pharaohs of the Argead dynasty - Mr. Hill (talk) 12:43, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

The end of the war section needs revamping asap
No references whatsoever, it looks like all that is in that section with the exception of the first paragraph is more of a romanticized, made up account of the end of Alexander's campaign. Reading that section was like reading a novel based on Alexander's life... 99.231.26.15 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 21:19, 5 June 2009 (UTC).

India or indian subcontinent.
Alexander during his conquest barely entered India proper. They were limited to Pakistan. As pakistan didnt existed tht time so in historical prospective its more appropriate to say indian subcontinent rather then just india which gives wrong meanings to a reader more over it may sound correct historically (as it means a region east of indus river) but under modern regional contexts it may misguide a reader. Any thoughts ??

الله أكبر Mohammad Adil  19:19, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's much of a problem saying India as the area was part of India at the time (at least that's my understanding, but I'd have to check), but "Indian subcontinent" would make an acceptable alternative in my opinion to avoid confusing the reader. Nev1 (talk) 19:25, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Where are the sources?
It seems to me like much of this article is mere speculation or fanciful imagination. Many sections lack even ONE citation, and contain phrases like "The Persians, who were never known for strategy but instead usually relied on sheer numbers, appeared to take the Macedonian threat too lightly early in the war. Alexander believed Darius, who was known to surround himself with eunuchs and concubines, to be a weak man." Where is the source of this information? Did Alexander really believe that? Who says the Persians were never known for military strategy? Who can verify these claims?

This article desperately needs attention.

Dacicus Parthicus (talk) 03:22, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Completely agreed. The article as it is focuses way too much on Alexander - the Persian strategy was always to redirect the war elsewhere to other fronts (compare with the Trachenberg Plan and Napoleon.) E.g. they sponsored revolts in Greece (most notably at Megalopolis - the most hard-fought battle of the war); an attempt to raise Athens and Chalkis in revolt failed when the Greek mercenary admiral died beforehand; after Issus the surviving Persian commanders attempted to recover Asia Minor but were defeated by Antigonus the one-eyed in three battles we know almost nothing about. None of these are mentioned in the article. Plus, much detail (e.g. campaigns in Sogdiana/Bactria, the Battle of Jaxartes, hardships in the Gedrosian desert, etc.) are glossed over or simply ignored. Seleucus (talk) 18:16, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

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Page Links
Shouldn't "Parthenon" have a link to the Parthenon wiki page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Svoboman (talk • contribs) 01:48, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

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Subsection on Bactria doesn't actually talk about Bactria
It just discusses the death of Darius 2601:184:4780:174D:80F5:776:BC08:607F (talk) 03:05, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

May i pls change BC to BCE?
it's time! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stavfrombc (talk • contribs) 15:57, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

Alexander The Great is the biggest liar
The picture refer to alexander is the Mithra god of light how it is possible there is no sculpture of great Conqueror in a culture the made sculptor from everything. According to history he ruled from 336 B.C to 323 B.C which means 13 years in total and they tell he defeated Darrius III in three battels from 333 to 330 in three years he reached to Persepolis. But For traveling from Macedonia to iran needed 1 years how Alexander conquer and reach to iran in 3 years with all the fight he has and he need a heavy tools war such as battering ram. In story tells Alexander set fire all the Persepolis how again in history Persian used them if somebody reconstruct that why there is not a name of him in history just who made it various the great and Xerxes. the Persepolis constructed with Calcite CaCO₃ (Most types of wood will start combusting at about 300 degrees Celsius. The gases burn and increase the temperature of the wood to about 600 degrees Celsius (1,112 degrees Fahrenheit). When the wood has released all its gases, it leaves charcoal and ashes. Charcoal burns at temperatures exceeding 1,100 degrees Celsius) so what is happening hear CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) Decomposition of limestone to calcium oxide (quicklime) and carbon dioxide on heating.] one is gas another is washable how Persepolis could be in fire still we have it. They could not supply their logistics. Ariobarzane story is the copy of Termopil war. and how they can defeat Persian Immortals was the name given by Herodotus. because the Xerxes set in fire the Aten The western writer made the Alexander story Sohail123456 (talk) 13:08, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

Alexander's wars
Make it detailed 124.253.130.40 (talk) 05:09, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

== It wasn't just the Macedonians in the expedition of Alexander the Great. It was also the rest of the Greeks under his leadership except for the Spartans. As Alexander himself had said it was a Panhellenic war, that's why I put Greek instead of just Macedonian victory. Please don't change it again. ==

Result Nickolas VL (talk) 11:00, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wars of Alexander the Great


text:
American Thighs

American Thighs is the 1994 debut studio album by American alternative rock band Veruca Salt. The album features the single "Seether".

Background and release
Singer-guitarists Nina Gordon and Louise Post started working together in 1992. They eventually formed Veruca Salt with bassist Steve Lack and drummer Jim Shapiro, and the four had been a full band less than a year when they signed with the independent label Minty Fresh. In 1994, they released the single "Seether"/"All Hail Me". "Seether" became a hit on college and alternative radio stations, and the band recorded the album American Thighs with producer Brad Wood. The album was released through Minty Fresh on September 27, 1994, the title is a reference to a line from the AC/DC song "You Shook Me All Night Long".

Veruca Salt then signed with the major label Geffen Records, which re-released the album. "Seether" became a hit on MTV. Two more singles, "Number One Blind" and "Victrola", were released from the album, but neither matched the success of "Seether". American Thighs was eventually certified gold.

Critical reception
American Thighs received generally positive reviews from critics. Nick Kelly of Hot Press said, "Given that this is their first record, you can't help asking yourself how a band so young can sing songs so good." Eric Gladstone of CMJ New Music Monthly wrote that "the album works an infectious formula: thick harmonies layered over attack-formation guitars and drums, with lyrics shifting from childlike innocence to guiltless brutality." Spin ranked it number 8 on its list of the 20 best albums of 1994.

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called American Thighs "a pure pop album masquerading as the next big thing." In 2014, Rolling Stone ranked it number 21 on its list of the 40 best alternative rock albums of 1994.

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.

Veruca Salt
 * Nina Gordon – guitar, vocals
 * Louise Post – guitar, vocals
 * Steve Lack – bass guitar
 * Jim Shapiro – drums, background vocals

Additional musicians
 * Christian Lane – additional vocals (on "Victrola")

Production
 * Brad Wood – production, recording, mixing
 * Casey Rice – additional engineering
 * John McEntire – additional engineering
 * Roger Seibel – mastering

title: American Thighs


text:
Gaspar Llamazares

Gaspar Llamazares Trigo (born 28 November 1957) is a Spanish politician. He was the leader of the leftist coalition United Left (IU) from 2001 to 2008, as the General Coordinator.

Early years and career
Llamazares was born in Logroño, La Rioja, Spain. Second of six brothers and sisters, he spent his childhood and youth in Salinas, Castrillón, Asturias. He studied medicine in the Autonomous University of Madrid and in the University of Oviedo, where he received his degree. There, he founded "Bocetos" ("sketches"), a medical publication attempting to focus especially on the social issues of medicine, unlike the biological paradigms then dominating in medicine. He then completed his studies with a Masters in Public Health in the University of Havana, in Cuba. In 1985, back in Spain, he started teaching in the University of Santiago de Compostela, and then in the Unidad Docente de Medicina de Familia in Cazoña (Cantabria).

Early political career
He joined the Communist Party in 1981. In 1988, he was elected Secretary General and General Coordinator of Izquierda Unida in Asturias. In 1991, he was elected deputy to the regional parliament of Asturias, where he was spokesman for Izquierda Unida's group. In this chamber, IU worked with governments of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party until 1995.

Llamazares was the General Secretary of the PCE in the autonomous community of Asturias, and member of Asturias' Parliament between 1988 and 2000.

Later political career
Llamazares was elected deputy in the Spanish Congress for the constituency of Asturias in the 2000 General Elections. Following the poor results obtained by IU in that elections (20 deputies in 1996, and 8 in 2000), Llamazares announced his intentions to run for the post of General Coordinator in the Coalition's sixth Federal Assembly due to be held December that year. During the Assembly, the post was contested by Francisco Frutos, Secretary General of the Communist Party of Spain, and Angeles Maestro, who was supported by the most radical factions of IU, along with Llamazares, who was supported by the then General Coordinator Julio Anguita. In the Election for the Political Committee, the list backing Llamazares obtained 32 seats, whilst the list backing Frutos obtained 30 seats, and the list backing Maestro obtained 13 seats. In the following General Coordinator election, Maestro's supporters abstained, allowing Llamazares to be elected as General Coordinator. Being the General Coordinator, Llamazares was also designated as IU's parliamentary leader.

Llamazares was re-elected General Coordinator in the seventh Federal Assembly of IU held in December 2003, being opposed by Luis Carlos Rejon, then Deputy for Cordoba, who was backed by several regional minorities, along with the new leftist faction "Espacio Alternativo", and Juan Manuel Sanchez Gordillo Mayor of Marinaleda, Seville, who was supported by the more radical factions of IU (mainly Corriente Roja and CUT). Llamazares obtained a clear majority and was appointed Prime Ministerial candidate.

In the 2004 general election, Llamazares was elected Deputy for Madrid (as it is tradition for the Prime Ministerial Candidates of the national parties to be candidates for Madrid), but IU obtained its worst result ever with only 3 seats in Congress (5 in coalition with Initiative for Catalonia Greens). This led to a large number of IU members blaming the results on Llamazares. In the 2004 European Parliament election, IU won only 1 Member of the European Parliament from the previous 4 in 1999 (IU was in a joint list with Initiative For Catalonia that won 2 MEPs - one for each - that joined separate groups in the European Parliament). That led to Llamazares to call for an Extraordinary Assembly.

In the eighth (Extraordinary) Assembly of IU, Llamazares, who was backed by the more centrist Factions of IU as well as the Green-left factions and the more nationalist leaning factions, was opposed by Enrique Santiago, a human rights lawyer initially supported by the young cadres, and later Communist Party of Spain leadership, and Sebastian Martin Recio, Mayor of Carmona, Seville, supported by the Andalusian minority as well as "Espacio Alternativo". (Previously, Santiago and Martin Recio reached an agreement to vote in the most supported of both in the political council. Llamazares won 54 seats, while Santiago won 42, and Martin Recio 14. The sum of Santiago and Martin Recio lists gave the first 56 votes. But a last-hour amendment introduced during the assembly to the IU by-laws, giving the General Coordinators of the Federations the right to vote for the General Coordinator, threw a result of 67 for Llamazares, 51 against, and 8 abstentions, allowing Llamzares to be re-elected as Coordinator General.

In May 2007, prior to the Municipal Elections, Llamazares Became the first national political leader to campaign through Second Life. During the electoral campaign, Llamazares announced he will not re-run as candidate for General Coordinator of IU in the following Assembly, supposedly scheduled for autumn that year. In July 2007, Llamazares announced he will intend to run once more as candidate for prime minister, a decision that caused several controversies inside the organization, specially amongst the Communist Party of Spain, and other sectors considered to be on the left of IU, along with that it was announced that the upcoming general assembly will be postponed to after the General Election, scheduled for March 2008. On October, Marga Sanz, a member of the Communist Party of Spain's Standing Committee and its General Secretary in the Valencian Community, announced her intention to run against Llamazares for IU's nomination to prime ministership. Primary elections were held in the last weeks of October and the beginning of November 2007, with Llamazares victorious.

In March 2008, in the immediate aftermath of IU's worst-ever General Election results, Llamazares announced his intention not to seek re-election to the leadership of IU, finally resigning on 25 October 2008, three weeks before the 9th Federal Assembly of IU that will elect his successor.

In 2009, he sought to publicly condemn Pope Benedict XVI for having argued that condoms may in fact do more harm than good in the fight against AIDS.

On 15 January 2010, the Federal Bureau of Investigation published digitally-aged pictures of Osama bin Laden and Atiyah Abd Al-Rahman on its website which they claimed were produced using cutting-edge technology. Spanish newspaper El Mundo revealed that a picture of Llamazares was taken from Google Images, and his hair and facial stubble was used to create the image. The FBI has admitted to this, and removed the image. An internal investigation has been launched by the FBI to find out if this was done intentionally.

title: Gaspar Llamazares


text:
Francisco Frutos

Francisco "Paco" Frutos Gras (6 September 1939 – 26 July 2020) was a Spanish politician who served, from 1998 until 2009, as the Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE).

Biography
He was born on 6 September 1939 in Calella, province of Barcelona. A son of peasants, Frutos worked until the age of 25 in agriculture, emigrating later to Germany, and then returning to Barcelona, where he was touched for the first time by trade unionism in a textile factory in Blanes. There, he was an organiser of the then-clandestine Workers' Commissions (CCOO). In 1963, Frutos joined the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC), the fraternal party of PCE in Catalonia. In the 1970s, he was elected organisational secretary of the Workers' Commission of Catalonia, and represented the union in the Assembly of Catalonia. Frutos was also a member of the Confederation Executive Committee of CCOO. In 1980, Frutos was elected a member of the Parliament of Catalonia, and in 1981, General Secretary of PSUC. He would remain in those positions until 1982 and 1984, respectively. During that period, Frutos oversaw different disputes between Leninists and eurocommunists, that led to the expulsion of the Leninist majority, including Chairman Pere Andarica, that would later become the Communists' Party of Catalonia.

After the resignation of Santiago Carrillo as General Secretary of PCE, and the election of Gerardo Iglesias, due to poor results in the 1982 elections, Frutos transferred to Madrid to work within the Structures of the Central Committee of the PCE. After the creation of United Left (IU) in 1986, Frutos was also a member of the Presidium of IU. In the 12th Congress of the PCE in 1988, Frutos was elected Organisational Secretary of the Party. In the 1993 elections, Frutos was elected a deputy for Madrid, and during the 13th Congress of PCE in 1995, Frutos rose to the position of Secretary of the Federal Committee, a position that substituted the position of Deputy General Secretary. In the 1996 elections, Frutos was second on the Madrid List of the IU, and succeeded in being re-elected. In 1998, the then-General Secretary of PCE and General Coordinator of IU, Julio Anguita, suffered a non-fatal heart stroke, and, following that, he announced his intention to gradually abandon active politics. In December of that year, the 14th Congress of PCE was convened, with Frutos elected to the position of General Secretary. In 1999, following Anguita's second stroke, Frutos was asked to be IU's Candidate for Prime Minister in the 2000 elections. Prior to the elections, Frutos signed a polemic agreement with Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), then led by Joaquín Almunia. In those elections, IU fell from 21 deputies to 8. Later in the Year, Frutos unsuccessfully disputed IU's General Coordination to Gaspar Llamazares in the 6th Assembly of IU. Remaining as a deputy until 2004, Frutos was re-elected general Secretary of PCE in the 16th and 17th Congresses of PCE.

Frutos was a key-note speaker in the October 2017 Barcelona anti-independence demonstrations during which he denounced the independence movement as identitarian racism. The Communist Party of Spain disavowed him, alleging "he does not represent us, from the Federal Committee we reject his attitude".

In July 2018, he took part in the event that launched Izquierda en Positivo, a political party that vowed to offer a "left-wing and non-nationalist" option.

He died on 26 July 2020.

title: Francisco Frutos


text: File:VerucaSalt-EightArmsToHoldYou.jpg

title: File:VerucaSalt-EightArmsToHoldYou.jpg


text:
Eight Arms to Hold You

Eight Arms to Hold You is the second studio album by alternative rock band Veruca Salt. It was released on February 11, 1997, through Outpost/Geffen Records.

Release
The album was produced by Bob Rock. The title is a reference to the working title for The Beatles' film eventually titled Help!.

Eight Arms to Hold You peaked at number 55 on the Billboard 200. The single "Volcano Girls", written by Nina Gordon, was a rock radio hit. Veruca Salt performed "Shutterbug", written by Louise Post, on Saturday Night Live. Besides those two, there were three other singles released from the album: "Benjamin", "The Morning Sad", and "Straight".

This was the last album to feature all of the original band members—Gordon, Post, Steve Lack, and Jim Shapiro—until the 2015 album Ghost Notes.

Personnel
Veruca Salt
 * Nina Gordon - guitar, vocals
 * Louise Post - guitar, vocals
 * Jim Shapiro - guitar, drums, backing vocals
 * Steve Lack - bass guitar, guitar

Additional personnel
 * Jim McGillveray - percussion
 * Zach Ingraham - whiteboard
 * Bob Rock - producer
 * Randy Staub - engineer, mixing
 * Brian Dobbs - engineer
 * Mike Cusick - assistant engineer
 * Jim Labinski - assistant engineer
 * Jeff Lane - assistant engineer, mixing assistant
 * Darren Grahn - assistant engineer
 * George Marino - mastering
 * Mike Gilles - digital editing, assistant engineer, digital programming

Singles

 * 1997 – "Volcano Girls" – US Modern Rock Tracks - No. 8
 * 1997 – "Volcano Girls" – US Mainstream Rock Tracks - No. 9
 * 1997 – "Volcano Girls" – UK Singles Chart - No. 56
 * 1997 – "Volcano Girls" – Australian ARIA singles chart - No. 47
 * 1997 – "Volcano Girls" – Swedish singles chart - No. 32
 * 1997 – "Shutterbug" – US Mainstream Rock Tracks - No. 39
 * 1997 – "Shutterbug" – Australian ARIA singles chart - No. 114
 * 1997 – "Benjamin" – UK Singles Chart - No. 75
 * 1997 – "Straight" – US Mainstream Rock Tracks - No. 38

title: Eight Arms to Hold You


text:
User talk:Buddhist72802

Greetings! If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 22:56 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Hey, buddy! Are you interested in religion? Apparently, you surf the edges of reality. I liked your Frisbeetarianism entry. And your reference to open-source religion caught my attention. That is an advanced concept. Are you an intriguing somebody that I already know? Rednblu 00:04 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * If you edit this page, I will see your reply. Rednblu 02:54 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Frisbeetarianism

The article Frisbeetarianism has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Wiktionary doesn't actually have anything about this term so it seems pointless to have this entry suggesting people look over there. It can only cause confusion and waste people's time.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. DanielRigal (talk) 22:22, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Buddhist72802


text:
Talk:Eight Arms to Hold You

Untitled
Wasn't this the original title of the Beatles' Help? RickK 22:58 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Eight Arms to Hold You


text:
Bandage

A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on its own to provide support for the movement of a part of the body. When used with a dressing, the dressing is applied directly on a wound, and a bandage used to hold the dressing in place. Other bandages are used without dressings, such as elastic bandages that are used to reduce swelling or provide support to a sprained ankle. Tight bandages can be used to slow blood flow to an extremity, such as when a leg or arm is bleeding heavily.

Bandages are available in a wide range of types, from generic cloth strips to specialized shaped bandages designed for a specific limb or part of the body. Bandages can often be improvised as the situation demands, using clothing, blankets or other material. In American English, the word bandage is often used to indicate a small gauze dressing attached to an adhesive bandage.

Gauze bandage (common gauze roller bandage)
The most common type of bandage is the gauze bandage, a woven strip of material with a Telfa absorbent barrier to prevent adhering to wounds. A gauze bandage can come in any number of widths and lengths and can be used for almost any bandage application, including holding a dressing in place.

Compression bandage

The term 'compression bandage' describes a wide variety of bandages with many different applications.

Short stretch compression bandages are applied to a limb (usually for treatment of lymphedema or venous ulcers). This type of bandage is capable of shortening around the limb after application and is therefore not exerting ever-increasing pressure during inactivity. This dynamic is called resting pressure and is considered safe and comfortable for long-term treatment. Conversely, the stability of the bandage creates a very high resistance to stretch when pressure is applied through internal muscle contraction and joint movement. This force is called working pressure.

Long stretch compression bandages have long stretch properties, meaning their high compressive power can be easily adjusted. However, they also have a very high resting pressure and must be removed at night or if the patient is in a resting position.

Triangular bandage
Also known as a cravat bandage, a triangular bandage is a piece of cloth put into a right-angled triangle, and often provided with safety pins to secure it in place. It can be used fully unrolled as a sling, folded as a normal bandage, or for specialized applications, as on the head. One advantage of this type of bandage is that it can be makeshift and made from a fabric scrap or a piece of clothing. The Boy Scouts popularized use of this bandage in many of their first aid lessons, as a part of the uniform is a "neckerchief" that can easily be folded to form a cravat.

Tube bandage
A tube bandage is applied using an applicator, and is woven in a continuous circle. It is used to hold dressings or splints on to limbs, or to provide support to sprains and strains, so that it stops bleeding.

Kirigami bandage
A new type of bandage was invented in 2016; inspired by the art of kirigami, it uses parallel slits to better fit areas of the body that bend. The bandages have been produced with 3D-printed molds.

title: Bandage


text:
Talk:Electrical signal

Not quite satisfied with the redirect, but analog is very relevant. May yank out some text later. Waveguy

title: Talk:Electrical signal


text:
User:Александър/Sandbox/Youth Sport Trust

The Youth Sport Trust is a trust for helping young sportsmen.

It is a national charity established in 1994 to build a brighter future for young people in sport. It was the brainchild of John L. Beckwith, who wanted to ensure that all young people received a quality introduction to sport. He was also keen to channel the energy of young people in a particular direction.

The Trust develops and implements, in close partnership with other organizations, quality physical education and sport programmes for all young people, aged eighteen months to eighteen years, in schools and community. Key features of TOP programmes are illustrated resource cards, child-friendly equipment and quality training for teachers and deliverers. All of the programmes can be accessed by young disabled people.

To provide the best in education, training, research and development for the benefit of all young people, the Beckwith Chair of Youth Sport was established in Loughborough University in 1998.

By the end of 1999, the Trust had reached over 3 million young people through its TOP programmes