text:
Talk:List of Nikola Tesla patents

RMF
How can a person invent rotating magnetic fields? It's like inventing light, or gravity, or fish. -- Tim Starling 02:10, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

It's not invented or made (as you imply) ... mainly they are discovered (or rediscovered, like the battery was). The foundational principles are explained, but the items are there ... just not understood. Einstien didn't invent light ... but he explained the photoelectric model. Tesla didn't invent the rotating magnetic field, but he explained the model. There are plenty of other examples (I hope you can find them ... i'm kinda surprised you didn't know this). reddi

 * Then maybe someone had better change the article, because it says:

 * Tesla's inventions include the Rotating magnetic field...

 * -- Tim Starling 02:38, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Putting "model" after it is better, but not perfect. Can you tell me: what is the rotating magnetic field model? So far you've managed to tell us about applications of rotating magnetic fields, but no models as such. So what is it? -- Tim Starling 03:40, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

I think the reference to a "rotating magnetic field" should be removed until somebody finds out what it is. Vancouverguy 03:41, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Read the patent US381968 [among several others]. Look it up the term in your favorite search engine .... Electrical engineers can tell you about it ... http://tpub.com/ has a bit on it .. also, if Mr. Starling didn't remove the rotating magnetic field article, you probably could have read about it here in wikipedia. oh well ... reddi 03:52, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I read that article, I talked to you about it, attempting to make sense of it, but in the end I discovered that you have no idea what a rotating magnetic field is. Hence I doubt your ability to judge whether or not it is worthy of a mention in the introduction of this article. As for the tpub link, do you mean this? It's just discussing applications of rotating magnetic fields and methods of generating them, not a model. Unfortunately I can't read TIFF files when I'm at uni, you'll have to wait until I have a moment free at home before I read US381968. -- Tim Starling 02:43, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)

 * Nice attack on me [i.e., you have no idea] ... be skeptical ... but I am not the only person to make this statement on Mr. Tesla [or his work], other more qualified than me [or you] have stated this fact (among which are member of the IEEE, including thier excutives)]. Are you seriously implying that the idea of a rotating magnetic field doesn't exist? Or there is not a model for them?

 * The model for rotating magnetic fields is exactly the same as the model for other magnetic fields -- i.e. Maxwell's equations or quantum electrodynamics. Tesla didn't invent either of them. Tesla produced some patents regarding how rotating magnetic fields could be generated and used. Good on him, but it doesn't constitute a model. -- Tim Starling 03:40, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)

 * RMFs are magnetic fields which rotates at non-relativistic speeds. Nikola Tesla invented the first AC motor based on this principle. This principle work in all types of mediums.

 * Here's a few pages from a simple search ...
 * Two experiments with RMFs
 * Magnetic Holes in a Rotating Magnetic Field
 * Rotating Magnetic Field (animation)
 * There are others ... but i am not going to waste my time trying to contest for this [try to research it .. I am not going to try to discuss it with you as you have something personally against me, it seems]... I will focus my efforts on more productive actions ...

 * It's regretfull that this common knowledge in electrical enginnering isn't being included in the wiki on objections by people that have not read nor understand this information .... reddi 03:14, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * It's nice that you've finally found an animation of an actual rotating magnetic field, rather than just a static one that looks like its rotating. You're not obliged to discuss these things with me, but I'm not going to tolerate incorrect information in articles, regardless of who wrote it. -- Tim Starling 03:40, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)

 * this one is an example but then you'd have to take the next step and realize that it's spinnin (i.e., not just static, as the image implies) [as this animation was to a earth discussion we had IIRC]. Don't tolerate incorrect information ... but please don't keep correct information out of wiki ... as for me, I'll try to move forward and add some content ... BTW, have you updated that SQL list on me lately? There's some other pages to add to it [like the battery article, not sure if it's listed] .... reddi 03:57, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC) "A scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." — Max Planck

 * I'm glad you now understand that the image describes a static field, that's certainly not what you implied with this edit. While I'm quoting diffs, I may as well put this one in as well, because it's always good for a laugh. No I haven't updated the list recently, thanks for reminding me. -- Tim Starling 04:09, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)

 * yep ... the magnetic field [of the earth] is alternating and rotating. It goes from south to north as the earth is spinning around (this in part allow the compass work; there's more to it I believe ... but I digress) ... it is a form of a RMF. Mabey i didn't make myself clear (probably not; I need to work on my expressing my thoughts clearer ... ), mabey I did (but this is a relapse ... now if i can just stop gettin pulled into this discussion, I'd be happy [puts way the treats]) ... and thanks for the list of items I worked on [not that you are doin it as a favor for me, but more of an attack (mabey, mabey not ... probably) ... though it matters little either way]. Catch the wiki on the flip side, time for bed - reddi 04:35, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC) "I have 10 fingers but only two eyes" - anonymous

 * I think it's because a field doesn't naturally rotate on the axis he was proposing. Gammaworld1 (talk) 17:55, 7 May 2015 (UTC)John Wilkinson

 * If none of you have an idea of what the phrase "rotating field" means - and your admissions clearly demonstrate that you have absolutely no idea - why are you even discussing it????
 * The "rotating field" refers to the fact that a magnetic field in an electric motor is created around the central axis in a sequential manner, such that the field changes place on the stator every time it is switched on. It "rotates" around the motor's axis because it CHANGES its POSITION. The field itself does NOT rotate in space. To claim such a thing shows a deep ignorance about the matter and all the naysayers should do us a favour and excuse themselves from the debate.
 * Nikola Tesla knew what he was talking about. The engineers in the field of electricity understand him perfectly. If someone does not understand his technical language, there is always knitting and gardening that needs some input. Those who are struggling with the meaning of the phrase "rotating magnetic field" should find these subjects as more suitable to their skills and knowledge. 220.158.191.175 (talk) 02:20, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

can't be invented
Theseitems can't be invented either "x-rays, ionized gases, high field emission, " Rmhermen 04:29, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Perhaps "discovered" would be a better term?Gammaworld1 (talk) 17:56, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Correct. And the terms "discovery/discovered" were in fact used at that time for that precise reason. Everything already exists. We just do not know everything, so by experiments and research we discover things. We do not invent them.
 * We do invent the tools (such as electric motor) to apply, as in this case, electricity to use. 220.158.191.175 (talk) 02:25, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

Superconducivity
I deleted reference to superconductivity. The patent mentions the well known fact that resistance increases with temperature. The patent talks about reducing the resistance by cooling, but no mention of zero resistance. He discusses metallic conductors and liquid air cooling. Even today, there is no metallic conductor which is superconducting in liquid air. The patent mentioned is:, "Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations". 1900 March 21. USPTO. pstudier 00:27, 2005 Mar 9 (UTC)

The patent current U.S. Class is classified as :

 * Class 327 MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVE ELECTRICAL NONLINEAR DEVICES, CIRCUITS, AND SYSTEMS
 * 527 Superconductive (e.g., cryogenic, etc.) device
 * Class 505 SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY: APPARATUS, MATERIAL, PROCESS
 * 888 Refrigeration
 * 870 Power supply, regulation, or energy storage system : Including transformer or inductor
 * 856 Electrical transmission or interconnection system

This is besides the mention of the recent US patent citation of US4869598.

 * It doesn't matter how the patent office classifies the patent. The patent makes no mention of either superconductivity, nor of zero resistance, nor does it describe any process that would result in superconductivity. pstudier 21:07, 2005 Mar 11 (UTC)

 * It doesn't matter how the patent office classifies the patent? Yes ... it is very important. So, do you propose that wikipedia just deny the facts? I hope not.
 * As to the "mention of superconductivity"? This is in retrospect (as many of his inventions are evaluated analyzed for thier true character [BTW, Ratzlaff's Selected Patent Wrappers has a good note on Tesla's battle with the then understanding of the patent office AND why the patents are term as they are] ... Tesla was decades ahead of his time) ... and this is by people qualified to say so (physicists and inventors). This patent covers a process to 'increase the ability to transmit or convey electromagnetic energy.
 * As to the "zero resistance"? Why don't you reread the patent ... specifically the lines 62 - 78. [If you are just debunking without reading ... please don't remove the information!]
 * It does describe the process that would result in superconductivity.

 * First, the fact that the patent office classifies something does not mean much. They classify not to certify anything, but just to make it easier to find similar patents.  They have even granted patents on perpetual motion machines. Lines 62-78, emphasis mine:

 * ''It is a well-established fact that as the temperature of a metallic conductor rises its electrical resistance increases, and in recognition of this constructors of commercial electrical apparatus have heretofore resorted to many expedients for preventing the coils and other parts of the same from becoming heated when in use, but merely with a view to economizing energy and reducing the cost of construction and operation of the apparatus.

 * Now I have discovered that when a circuit adapted to vibrate freely is maintained at a low temperature the oscillations excited in the same are to an extraordinary degree magnified and prolonged, and I am thus enabled to produce many valuable results which have heretofore been wholly impracticable.

 * Here he makes no novel claim concerning resistance nor does he claim zero resistance. Nor would this result in zero resistance because even today no metallic conductor becomes superconducting in liquid air, and most metals are not superconducting even at absolute zero.

 * pstudier 19:07, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)

pstudier, nice try ... but READ THE NEXT PAGE! you missed it ... I would have thought you'd read all the lines on both pages ... but you just picked the 1st page ... [shakes my head]

As to the claims ... it's concerning free oscillations (as far as I can tell this is Tesla's term for superconductivity [as that specific term is coined a bit later by Onnes] ) Notice the sentence : intensity of the oscillation ... will be incrased in same proportion to the resistance is reduced. (This is (along with a longer conductor) all for a greater self-induction [if you keep readin this part]) ... Tesla states the "conductivity vs. restistance" ratio, also.

Tesla states that he doesn't limit himself to the any one specific artificial cooling process.

See the claims at the end too ... specifically number 5.

Please Read the whole damn patent!

 * I have read the whole patent, and even your excerpts here do not support your conclusion. If a wheel is "free" to spin, it does not mean that it has no friction and will spin forever.  More importantly, intensity of the oscillation ... will be incrased in same proportion to the resistance is reduced implies that the intensity would increase without limit when the resistance is zero. This is not mentioned.  Claim 5 just refers to the well known reduction in a metal's resistance as the temperature is lowered.  Never does he claim zero resistance, nor did any technology exist in 1901 that could produce zero resistance.  Helium was not even liquified until 1908.  It was decades before any superconductor was demonstrated that did not require liquid helium temperatures.  pstudier 01:12, 2005 Mar 30 (UTC)

 * You must not have read page 2 over the stated lines (62-78) .... BECAUSE you were not citing the correct portion of the patent earlier! (and ... you still seem confused on the contents ... I do conceed that I didn't mentiopn the exact page and I am sorry for that ... but you were suppose to have read the whole thing so I thought you would grasp the location ... mabey not ...)
 * As to intensity thing not being mentioned (ala. the intensity of the oscillation ... will be incrased in same proportion to the resistance is reduced ...), See Page 2 line 65-67. On these lines this phrase is stated!!!! This DOES imply that the intensity would increase when the resistance is dropped via bring the conductor near zero temperature.
 * Claim 5 does NOT refer to the resistance - temperature thing ... YOU ARE NOT READING THE PATENT! Claim 5 is about intensifying and prolonging the electrical oscillation! (BTW, if you are ignorant of where the claims are in patent ... they are @ the end.)
 * If you are not goin to read the patent ... nor comprehend the FACTS ... please stop removing the information!

Enough of this nonsense. Superconductivity was not possible with the cooling technology available at that time. pstudier 21:50, 2005 Apr 13 (UTC)

 * BZZT ... wrong ... see Carl von Linde! Superconductivity was possible with the cooling technology available at that time ... Tesla mention Linde concerning this (in a lecture,IIRC, not the patent) ...

Study some physics please. Linde liquified air. We have already discussed liquid air. No metal is superconducting with liquid air. pstudier 19:14, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)

 * No ... you are wrong ... see Conventional superconductor ... Linde's process can be used to achieve cryogenic Kelvin temps. (PS. see BCS theory)

 * Temperatures necessary for superconductivity were first achieved by Onnes in 1908. Onnes had the best equipped cryogenics lab in the world and had been working continuously in the field for decades. Although Onnes' process used Joule-Thomson cooling (same as the Linde process), it is especially difficult for helium because the "inversion temperature" for helium is 40 K, i.e. you have to pre-chill it to below 40 K or else JT actually heats it. Quite apart from the technical unlikeliness of Tesla achieving this, in secret, without any prior work on super-cooling, nearly a decade earlier than Onnes (and then not telling anyone how he did it), this speculation is simply unnecessary. Not only is there nothing in that patent which suggests superconductivity, there is stuff which strongly suggests there was not any superconductivity--because a superconductor does not make a good oscillator, in fact it strongly resists oscillations. Securiger 20:43, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The patent office classifies the patent as superconductivity tech (that is important). The patent suggests superconductivity.
 * The process patented is to increase the ability to keep current (as Onnes himself verified in 1912).
 * It does describe "zero resistance" .. read the patent, Page 2, lines 62 - 78.
 * The theory necessary for superconductivity was established by Dewar and Flemming. Tesla understood this and was using Linde's machines [the same thing that Onnes himself used and modified]. Tesla had best equipped lab in the world (from the vast amount of money he made from Westinghouse; and he had many wealthy financiers backing him).
 * Tesla achieving this, not in secret (read his notes written in colorado springs; he states in his notes that it was bitterly cold (IIRC) during his experiments), with prior knowledge on super-cooling (he had a physics degree and was widely known in europe and america by the best scientists (note who is in his quotation section)). The theory of superconductivity was established nearly a decade earlier than Onnes (again, Dewar and Flemming set forward the notion!).
 * The superconductor is not an oscillator, but the particular winding of the coil sets up the oscillations. (But you'd have to understand coils (like the bifilar that Tesla invented), each have a specific resonance and frequency, to grasp that!)

Superconductivity has a lot of meaning nowadays. Then it would have simple been a medium through which millions of amperes could travel which does not require expensive quantities of material. In which case I propose he did. In either of his inventions, one - radio waves. No wires needed. And two - the Tesla Magnifier which dealt with "current waves" or ampere waves. Of course, we have yet to see that one proven out,Gammaworld1 (talk) 18:02, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Removal of references - superconductivity
Telsa had methods for providing extremely low level of resistance to the passage of electrical current.
 *  - Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations - 1900 March 21 - A method for producing a "great increase in the intensity and duration of the (electrical) oscillations excited in a freely-vibrating or resonating circuit by maintaining the same at a low temperature". Producing increase intensity and duration of electric oscillations; Combination of a circuit to possess freely-vibrating excitations and of means for artificially cooling the circuit to a low temperature; Low temperature resonating circuit; Uses of electrical impulse oscillations; A circuit upon which oscillations are impressed, and which is adapted to vibrate freely, in combination with a receptacle containing an artificial refrigerant in which the circuit is immersed; superconducting oscillators in a series of transmitting and receiving circuits in a system for the transmission of energy.

US patent 685012 - Classifications: 178/43; 174/15.5; 310/54; 327/527; 330/6; 330/61R; 333/24R; 336/58; 343/700R; 439/196; 505/825; 505/856; 505/870; 505/888

 * . The The patent office classifies the patent as superconductivity technolgy, specifically "Dynamoelectric; liquid coolant" (310/54) and "Specific Identifiable Device, Circuit, or System; Superconductive (e.g., cryogenic, etc.) device" (327/527).
 * Ibib

 * We have been over this before. Low does not mean zero.  No technology exits even today to produce superconductivity with liquid air. Etc, ad nauseam. pstudier 23:30, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * absolute zero is impossible (notice the It is unachievable in practice in the wikipedia article) ... near zero (eg., low) is attainable with certian types of liquifide gases. pstudier read a book about it (as I have), get a clue, Etc, ad nauseam ... J. D. Redding (PS ... "high-temperature" materials (such as yttrium, barium, and copper) all were discovered well before the time of the patent ... and as a side note, it would even take some time for term "superconductivity" to come into wide use ... please don't be ignorant of the history!)

It is possible he actually did discover a near zero resistance method. Remember that he was a pioneer even by today's standards. There are ideas which are still far out there. So because of the negative resistance properties of a vacuum it could be that he, via the Tesla turbine or extreme heat, found a method to reduce the resistance to near zero. Or even negative, if you can believe it. A very interesting topic, if you're interested it taking it up further.Gammaworld1 (talk) 18:08, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Superconductivity References
It should be noted in the article that superconductivity was part of his inventions. As to Tesla's Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations references ...

 * 1) The patent office classifies  as superconductivity technolgy via several classifications
 * 2) Thomas Valone (ed.) book contains the information on the superconductivity in one of the essays. The essay "Effects of Tesla's Life and Electrical Inventions" specifically notes this.
 * 3) Oliver Nichelson talks of Tesla's invention in this context.
 * 4) In "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy - Through Use of the Sun's Energy," (The Century Illustrated Magazine), Tesla cites Carl von Linde (inventor of a method for liquefying air via "self-cooling"). As Tesla states, " This was the only experimental proof which I was still wanting that energy was obtainable from the medium in the manner contemplated by me ." In 1892, Tesla went to London and saw Professor Dewar's experiments with liquefied gases. Tesla noted that others had liquefied gases before, notably Ozlewski and Pictet. Later, Tesla was working on a project, together with other pojects, which would give a refrigerating machine of exceptional efficiency and simplicity. This is the time of the 1895 Houston Street lab fire which delayed his endeavors.  Shortly afterward, "Linde announced the liquefaction of air by a self cooling process, demonstrating that it was practicable to proceed with the cooling until liquefaction of the air took place". Tesla sought to simplify Linde's accomplisment, also. Tesla's endeavors in his own projects (with this as one part) would lead to (according to him) a "self-acting machine deriving energy from the ambient medium". Read the "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy - Through Use of the Sun's Energy")

 * In addition to the above reference, Seifer ("Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla". ISBN 1-559723-29-7 (HC)) states that it is possible that tesla contemplated the use of superconductivity. His diagram cites -197 degrees, BUT in the footnote in the chapter he states that (though doubtful) it is probable that Tesla contemplated superconductivity for his world wireless system (this a decade before Onnes experiment).

Nitpick: (Wiki-markup? idea) why restart the numbering at 1 every 50?
(idea for improvement:) At the beginning of the section "===Fifty-one to one hundred===", it re-starts the numbering at one. Isn't there some feature of the wiki mark-up that we use, that could be used to cause that section to start with 51? In my opinion, if there isn't [already] (such a feature), then there should be -- in the near future. (note: a similar issue exists for the "101-and-up" section). Just my 0.02 Mike Schwartz (talk) 22:12, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Being a newbie not sure how to do this but reference #4 is incorrect stating that the ozone machine is a superconductive device. It is not. How to fix this? And obviously this is posted in the wrong section Andy —Preceding unsigned comment added by Handyandy802 (talk • contribs) 21:47, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Broken Link
The link to the book "Man out of Time" is broken. 198.54.202.94 (talk) 22:50, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

New York Times quotes this article
A Battle to Preserve a Visionary’s Bold Failure - New York Times - May 4, 2009 has this sentence: "Wikipedia says the inventor obtained at least 700 patents." I put this on the Wardenclyffe Tower talk page (the article is about sale/preservation of the tower) but the article actually to be referring to this article. Americasroof (talk) 00:34, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Dates of patents
I believe the dates of the patents should be the date of application, not the date of issue. They are currently given as date of issue.

The patentee's rights relate to the date of application, not the date of issue which in some cases may be many years later. An extreme example is Edison's US patent 480,567 which was issued after the patent had expired. Further, since this is essentially a historical article the date of invention, as evidenced by the date of application, is likely to be of more interest to readers. ianw 08:07, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Many inventions developed by Tesla were not put into patent protection
In the end of the opening paragraph there is that sentence. If there are plenty of documented but not patented inventions, then good. Otherwise that could be said about anyone. The other question is about Margaret Cheney's book. It was mentioned as a source and page number 62 was given. I found it on Amazon. On page 62 of her book Cheney does not mention anything about Tesla's inventions that he did not patent. Instead of that she writes: "Within six months after opening his shop, Tesla sent two motors to the Patent Office for testing and filed his first AC patents. In all, through 1891, he applied for and was granted a total of forty patents. So original and sweeping were they that he met with no delay." I have absolutely no doubt that Tesla invented more than he patented. My point is that on page 62 Cheney does not say anything about those inventions. Nikolas Ojala (talk) 09:35, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

force field?
whats the reference for "a magnetic field dome made of energy that will eventually be built big enough to protect a city from attack during wars" everything i've read said it was a scalar field/beam interference. --198.209.32.252 (talk) 21:55, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

Tesla Did Not Discover Superconductivity
"superconductivity" is the sudden and surprising drop to zero resistance that occurs in some metals at liquid-helium temperatures. It has been recently produced at higher temperature (liquid nitrogen) using exotic ceramic materials. The term does _not_ refer to the gradual reduction of resistance with cooling, which was a well known phenomenon at the time of Tesla. The effect of cooling and resitance was studied long before Tesla, for example by Augustus Matthiessen in the 1860s, and was not a precursor to the phenomenon of superconductivity. Superconductivity is a sudden phase change, similar to super-fluidity. It is caused by Bose condensation of charge carriers that only become stable at an extremely low temperature -- so-called Cooper Pairs of electrons bound by phonon exchange force. Tesla had absolutely nothing to do with the discovery of superconductivity, and his patents make no such claim. The theories of quantum mechanics and solid state physics were not yet discovered, so he certainly did not deduce the existance of superconductivity. There is no evidence that Tesla experimented with liquid helium, which was not produced until 1908. DonPMitchell (talk) 21:16, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

No one in particular discovered superconductivity. The path to superconductivity was gradual from the very first observations of resistance being reduced under cooler temperatures - as a result of attempts to reduce ambient temperatures of electric coils due to their excessive heating under the current - to the improvements of such methods of cooling the machinery, electric and internal combustion, because the people have empirically realised that a cooler machine works better. The developments in various technical categories all led to conclusions that then gave the birth to the idea that at a certain low temperature it may be possible to achieve zero resistance/losses.

To claim that Onnes "invented" it is a gross error. The same goes for Nikola Tesla. But the fact that the naysayers are struggling with is that Nikola Tesla was the first to discover a working method of achieving near zero losses, which then gave the birth to the phrase "superconductivity". At first the phrase did not imply zero losses, just near zero losses/resistance. And that, whether the naysayers like it or not, at the time was categorised as "superconductivity" in a context completely different to the context the naysayers, in their limited ability to understand and even more restricted knowledge of physics of resistance and losses, are just unable to grasp. Lucky for them wikipedia helps them display their academic and intellectual limits in a completely unsupervised, and unhinged, manner.

No wonder the support for maintaining wikipedia is dropping fast. Why feed the beast?

 * Superconductivity has a number of properties. Humans are currently working on a room-temperature superconductor. If we discover one it doesn't negate that it is a superconductor because it is not supercooled. At the time, I believe, simply reducing the resistance would suffice. And that was discovered using vacuums, ie Negative Resistance.Gammaworld1 (talk) 18:23, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Patents in other countries
No references have been provided for the patents that Tesla had received from other countries. For example, if you claim that Tesla received 1 patent from Japan or India, what was the nature of the patent? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.138.110.226 (talk) 11:47, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

Cleanup unverified and deceptive claims.
Per this edit, I have removed the info box "Nikola Tesla worked on during his career": The deceptive wording and being on a Nikola Tesla patent page makes the reader think Tesla invented these things, some of which he did not. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 19:05, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

WP:YESPOV problems
It is hard to figure out where the claims in the patent descriptions come from. I assume its quotes from the patent but the way its worded creates a WP:YESPOV problem, Tesla claims stated in Wikipedia's voice as fact. I have cleaned up one entry, much more should be done. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 20:42, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

Italics
The title of the article, when viewed on the page, should be de-italicized.--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 16:33, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

Flying Machine
The source for the supposed flying machine is garbage it makes all kinds of irrational claims and misrepresents Tesla quotes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.235.46.247 (talk) 16:26, 23 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Agreed, allot of Tesla fan mumbo-jumbo there with article links to stuff that doesn't exist. Pruned it with extreme prejudice. Rewrote other parts trying to decipher this bunk. If anyone can find reliable sourcing for more please re-add it. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 00:21, 26 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of Nikola Tesla patents. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110517002748/http://www.zis.gov.rs/sr/pdf_patenti/tesla.pdf to http://www.zis.gov.rs/sr/pdf_patenti/tesla.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:52, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

Italics
The article title is italicized. This is not appropriate.--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 04:52, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Nikola Tesla patents


text:
Free Internet Chess Server

The Free Internet Chess Server (FICS) is a volunteer-run Internet chess server. It was organised as a free alternative to the Internet Chess Club (ICC), after that site began charging for membership.

History
On January 15, 1992, Michael Moore of the University of Utah and Richard Nash started the first Internet chess server, named the American Internet Chess Server (AICS), but generally known as simply the Internet Chess Server (ICS). The initial release was hosted at the Colorado School of Mines, but it was moved to Carnegie Mellon University later the same year.

The software was coded, supported, and operated by volunteers until March 1, 1995, when administrators began charging players for membership and changed the name to the ICC.

Several former ICS programmers saw the commercialization of ICS as an exploitation of their work. This group, led by Chris Petroff and Henrik Gram, developed FICS as an alternative to the paid model, giving users free, unrestricted access. The server debuted on March 3, 1995, just two days after the ICC announcement.

In 1998, the Free Internet Chess Organization (FICS) was organized as a nonprofit organization.

In 2007, the legal entity was involuntarily dissolved. The server is still maintained and administered by volunteers.

As of August 2014, FICS had over 650,000 registered accounts.

In 2016, 50,000 active players played a total of 23 million games.

Connecting
Playing chess on FICS requires connecting to the server either through a web-based applet on the FICS website or else by using a client program, which could be as simple as a telnet client, but is usually an interface designed specifically for playing Internet chess. Users can log in either as an anonymous guest or else by registering for a free account. Each user is permitted only one account. The server maintains rating and game statistics for registered users. FICS uses the Glicko rating system.

Gameplay
Players can watch for game requests by other users broadcast or create their own seeks and wait for someone to respond. Seeks include time controls and frequently an optional ratings limit. Seeks can be programmed to require manual acceptance by the user, or they can automatically be accepted by the player. Users can challenge specific players to a game by using the match command. Moves are made with a mouse on an image of a chess board or users can type in moves in algebraic chess notation. All games played by registered users are recorded by a computer and made publicly available.

Time controls
Since the mechanics of play are simplified, chess games played online tend to use faster time controls than in over-the-board (OTB) play. Longer games (i.e., usually 15 or more minutes per player) are called standard and are also common on the server. Separate ratings are maintained for lightning (under 3 minutes), blitz (usually 5 or 10 minutes), and standard (over 15 minutes). Irregular variants, such as Fischer Random, are grouped together into a handful of formats like Wild, and these are not further classified by time controls.

Fischer delay is popular: the time control is specified by two numbers, the minutes each player is allotted at the start of the game, and the seconds added to a player's clock after making a move (the increment). For example, in the popular 2–12 time controls, each player receives 2 minutes at the beginning of the game, and 12 seconds are added to a player's clock after they make a move. Since all games are assumed to last 40 moves for format classification purposes, 2–12 is grouped with 10-minutes-per-player (10 minutes = (60s per minute * 2 minutes) + (12s * 40 moves) / 60s per minute).

The timeseal is a utility which allows the server to adjust for the effects of internet lag. Each move is time-stamped locally and the time it takes for each command to travel to the server is not deducted from the player's clock. This method of time stamping each move is helpful for players with slow internet connections. FICS does not track lag centrally and does not permit users to exclude persistent laggers.

Interfaces
FICS is designed to be accessed by a chess interface designed to connect to Internet chess servers. Interfaces are created independently. FICS does not have an official interface and does not endorse any interface. The most popular interfaces for Windows are BabasChess, Jin, XBoard, Thief, and Raptor. Mobialia Chess is the most common platform for mobile operating systems Android and IOS.

On other operating systems (mainly Unix-type boxes based on Linux or macOS), eboard, XBoard, PyChess, Jin, JavaBoard, and Raptor are popular choices. JavaBoard, JinApplet, and QXBoard are web interfaces that run in a web browser.

In 2017, the Free Chess Club open-source project released a web-based client targeted towards modern web browsers using JavaScript, HTML5 and WebSockets. In addition to a web interface, Free Chess Club provides a cross-platform desktop application that runs on Linux, macOS and Windows.

Channels
FICS has a number of very conservatively censored chat channels numbered 0 through 255. Many of the channels are reserved for administrators and bots.

Some of the more popular channels include:

Registration is required for all channels except channels 1,4 and 53.
 * channel 1 – general help; questions asked in channel 1 are usually answered by FICS admins or Service Representatives (SRs)
 * channel 4 – helping guests
 * channel 50 – general chat
 * channel 53 – guest chat

Some channels are used for FICS staff and cannot be seen by regular users:

 * channel 0 – the admin channel
 * channel 5 – the service representatives channel
 * channel 48 – the mamer manager channel
 * channel 63 – the chess advisor channel

A user can listen and send tells to up to thirty channels simultaneously. Another form of mass communication available to registered users is "shouts" which can be seen by all connected users who haven't turned shouts off.

Variants
Currently, the following chess variants are available on FICS, besides regular chess:

 * Suicide – capturing is compulsory, a player wins by losing all his pieces; the king has no special significance
 * Loser's chess – like suicide, but with additional rules pertaining to the king and check
 * Atomic – pieces "explode" when captured, removing all adjacent pieces except pawns
 * Wild – Nine different variants similar to regular chess but with different types of starting positions, including Chess960
 * Bughouse – fast-paced, four player game, in which two teams of two players face each other on two boards
 * Crazyhouse – two player version (like in regular chess) of bughouse, where captured pieces reenter the game

Tournaments on FICS
Tournaments are regularly organised or relayed on FICS. The popular Lichess platform obtains its tournament relays via FICS.

Mamer tournaments
Most tournaments are organised by "Mamer," an automated tournament director. Mamer is run by tourney managers who organize and supervise tournaments. Mamer announces tournaments through channel 49 and through tells and "tshouts." Tournaments organised by Mamer range in time controls and include variants.

Other tournaments
Other regular conducted tournaments on FICS include tournaments featuring slow time controls (STC) of typically more than 45 minutes. Two of the most popular of these are FICS Teamleague, which uses 45 45 controls, and the Online Chess League (OCL), which uses 60 15 time controls. Both are team events with teams of 4 competing against each other, and each player typically plays one game per week. In addition, the STC Bunch, or the Slow Time Control Bunch, organised several tournaments with slow time controls.

Relay
FICS relays major chess events. A bot takes the moves in ongoing games and relays them to special demo accounts on FICS. These demo accounts bear the names of the grandmasters playing in the event. Users and guests on FICS can watch the games in progress and chat about the games with each other. The relay has covered every single World Chess Championship since its inception. Other major relays include the yearly relay of Wijk aan Zee, Morelia-Linares and Amber Melody.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Free Internet Chess Server


text:
Dentist

A dentist, also known as a dental surgeon, is a health care professional who specializes in dentistry, the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth. The dentist's supporting team aids in providing oral health services. The dental team includes dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and sometimes dental therapists.

Middle Ages
In China as well as France, the first people to perform dentistry were barbers. They have been categorized into 2 distinct groups: guild of barbers and lay barbers. The first group, the Guild of Barbers, was created to distinguish more educated and qualified dental surgeons from lay barbers. Guild barbers were trained to do complex surgeries. The second group, the lay barbers, were qualified to perform regular hygienic services such as shaving and tooth extraction as well as basic surgery. However, in 1400, France made decrees prohibiting lay barbers from practicing all types of surgery. In Germany as well as France from 1530 to 1575 publications completely devoted to dentistry were being published. Ambroise Paré, often known as the Father of Surgery, published his own work about the proper maintenance and treatment of teeth. Ambroise Paré was a French barber surgeon who performed dental care for multiple French monarchs. He is often credited with having raised the status of barber surgeons.

Modern dentistry

Pierre Fauchard of France is often referred to as the "father of modern dentistry" because in 1728 he was the first to publish a scientific textbook on the techniques and practices of dentistry. Over time, trained dentists immigrated from Europe to the Americas to practice dentistry, and by 1760, America had its own native born practicing dentists. Newspapers were used at the time to advertise and promote dental services. In America from 1768 to 1770 the first application of dentistry to verify forensic cases was being pioneered; this was called forensic dentistry. With the rise of dentists, there was also the rise of new methods to improve the quality of dentistry. These new methods included the spinning wheel to rotate a drill and chairs made specifically for dental patients.

In the 1840s the world's first dental school and national dental organization were established. Along with the first dental school came the establishment of the Doctor of Dental Surgery degree, often referred to as a DDS degree. In response to the rise in new dentists as well as dentistry techniques, the first dental practice act was established to regulate dentistry. In the United States, the First Dental Practice Act required dentists to pass each specific state medical board exam in order to practice dentistry in that particular state. However, because the dental act was rarely enforced, some dentists did not obey the act. From 1846 to 1855 new dental techniques were being invented such as the use of ester anesthesia for surgery, and the cohesive gold foil method which enabled gold to be applied to a cavity. The American Dental Association was established in 1859 after a meeting with 26 dentists. Around 1867, the first university-associated dental school was established, Harvard Dental School. Lucy Hobbs Taylor was the first woman to earn a dental degree.

In the 1880s, tube toothpaste was created which replaced the original forms of powder or liquid toothpaste. New dental boards, such as the National Association of Dental Examiners, were created to establish standards and uniformity among dentists. In 1887 the first dental laboratory was established; dental laboratories are used to create dentures and crowns that are specific to each patient. In 1895 the dental X-ray was discovered by a German physicist, Wilhelm Röntgen.

In the 20th century, new dental techniques and technology were invented such as the porcelain crowns (1903), Novocain (a local anesthetic) 1905, precision cast fillings (1907), nylon toothbrushes (1938), water fluoridation (1945), fluoride toothpaste (1950), air driven dental tools (1957), lasers (1960), electric toothbrushes (1960), and home tooth bleaching kits (1989) were invented. Inventions such as the air driven dental tools ushered in a new high-speed dentistry.

Responsibilities
By nature of their general training, a licensed dentist can carry out most dental treatments such as restorative (dental restorations, crowns, bridges), orthodontics (braces), prosthodontic (dentures, crown/bridge), endodontic (root canal) therapy, periodontal (gum) therapy, and oral surgery (extraction of teeth), as well as performing examinations, taking radiographs (x-rays) and diagnosis. Additionally, dentists can further engage in oral surgery procedures such as dental implant placement. Dentists can also prescribe medications such as antibiotics, fluorides, pain killers, local anesthetics, sedatives/hypnotics and any other medications that serve in the treatment of the various conditions that arise in the head and neck.

All DDS and DMD degree holders are legally qualified to perform a number of more complex procedures such as gingival grafts, bone grafting, sinus lifts, and implants, as well as a range of more invasive oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures, though many choose to pursue residencies or other post-doctoral education to augment their abilities. A few select procedures, such as the administration of General anesthesia, legally require postdoctoral training in the US. While many oral diseases are unique and self-limiting, poor conditions in the oral cavity can lead to poor general health and vice versa; notably, there is a significant link between periodontal, cardiovascular, and endocrine diseases. Conditions in the oral cavity may also be indicative of other systemic diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes, AIDS, and various blood diseases, including malignancies and lymphoma. Dentists can also prescribe medicines.

Several studies have suggested that dentists and dental students are at high risk of burnout. During burnout, dentists experience exhaustion, alienate from work and perform less efficiently. A systemic study identified risk factors associated with this condition such as practitioner's young age, personality type, gender, the status of education, high job strain and/or working hours, and the burden of clinical degrees requisites. The authors of this study concluded that intervention programs at an early stage during the undergraduate level may provide practitioners with a good strategy to prepare for / cope with this condition.

Regulations
Depending on the country, all dentists are required to register with their national or local health board, regulators, and professional indemnity insurance, in order to practice dentistry. In the UK, dentists are required to register with the General Dental Council. In Australia, it is the Dental Board of Australia, while in the United States, dentists are registered according to the individual state board. The main role of a dental regulator is to protect the public by ensuring only qualified dental practitioners are registered, handle any complaints or misconduct, and develop national guidelines and standards for dental practitioners to follow.

List of specialties
For many countries, after satisfactory completion of post-graduate training, dental specialists are required to join a specialist board or list, in order to use the title 'specialist'.

United States
In the US, dental specialties are recognized by the American Dental Association (ADA) or the American Board of Dental Specialties (ABDS) Currently, the ADA lists twelve dental specialties, who are recognized by the National Commission on Recognition of Dental Specialties and Certifying Boards, while the ABDS recognizes four dental specialty boards.

List of Dental Specialties under the ADA:

 * Dental Anesthesiology – The study and administration of general anesthesia, sedation, local anesthesia and advanced methods of pain control. Recognized by both ADA and ABDS.
 * Dental public health – The study of dental epidemiology and social health policies.
 * Endodontics – Root canal therapy and study of diseases of the dental pulp.
 * Oral and maxillofacial pathology – The study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial-related diseases.
 * Oral and maxillofacial radiology – The study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
 * Oral and maxillofacial surgery – Extractions, implants, and maxillofacial surgery which also includes correction of congenital facial deformities
 * Oral Surgery. A recognized specialty in Europe and Australia. A specialty devoted to surgery within the oral cavity. Mainly the extraction of teeth, the exposure of teeth, treatment of cystic lesions, and treatment of patients with medical complicating factors.
 * Oral medicine - the discipline of dentistry concerned with the oral health care of medically complex patients – including the diagnosis and management of medical conditions that affect the oral and maxillofacial region. Recognized by both ADA and ABDS.
 * Orofacial pain - the specialty of dentistry that encompasses the diagnosis, management, and treatment of pain disorders of the jaw, mouth, face, and associated regions. Recognized by both ADA and ABDS.
 * Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics – The straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth.
 * Periodontics – Study and treatment of diseases of the gums (non-surgical and surgical) as well as placement and maintenance of dental implants
 * Pediatric dentistry (formerly pedodontics) – Dentistry for children. Teeth, bones, and jaw continually grow in children and certain dental issues in children require specific attention.
 * Prosthodontics – Dentures, bridges and dental implants (restoring/placing). Some prosthodontists further their training in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics", which is the discipline concerned with the replacement of missing facial structures, such as ears, eyes, noses, etc.

List of Dental Specialties under the ABDS:

 * Oral Implantology/Implant Dentistry
 * Oral medicine
 * Orofacial Pain
 * Dental Anesthesiology

Specialists in these fields are designated "registrable" (in the United States, "board eligible") and warrant exclusive titles such as dentist anesthesiologist, orthodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, endodontist, pediatric dentist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local accreditation requirements (U.S., "Board Certified")

United Kingdom
In the UK, the specialties are recognized by the General Dental Council (GDC). Currently the GDC lists 13 different dental specialties:

 * Dental & Maxillofacial Radiology – This specialty includes any medical imaging used to supplement investigations with relevant information about the anatomy, function, and health of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding structures.
 * Dental Public Health – This is a non-clinical specialty that assesses the needs of dental health and explores the ways in which they can be met.
 * Endodontics – This specialty includes the aetiology, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention of disease that affects the nerve tissue found inside a tooth, roots, and surrounding tissues.
 * Oral & Maxillofacial pathology – This is a clinical specialty that is undertaken by laboratory-based personnel. It assesses the changes in the tissues of the oral cavity, jaws, and salivary glands that are characteristic of disease to aid in coming to a diagnosis.
 * Restorative Dentistry – This is based on three monospecialities. These are endodontics, periodontics and prosthodontics. Periodontists are dentists that specialize in preventing, diagnosing, and treating gum disease. Prosthodontists deal with missing teeth.
 * Oral medicine – This specialty deals with the diagnosis and non-surgical management of patients with disorders related to the oral and maxillofacial region.
 * Oral Microbiology – This clinical specialty involves diagnosing, reporting, and interpreting microbiological samples taken from mouth
 * Oral Surgery – This clinical specialty manages any abnormalities of the jaw and mouth that requires surgery
 * Orthodontics – This clinical specialty deals with correcting the irregularities of the teeth, jaw, and bite
 * Paediatric Dentistry – This clinical specialty provides comprehensive oral health care for children from infants to adolescents including children with mental or physical impairments
 * Periodontics – This clinical specialty is involved in the diagnosis and treatment of gums
 * Prosthodontics – This clinical specialty deals with replacing missing teeth by using fixed or removable prosthesis such as implants, bridges, dentures
 * Special Care (Needs) Dentistry – This clinical specialty is trained to improve and manage the oral health of adults with disability inc physical, mental, medical, social, emotional, and learning impairments

European Union
European Union legislation recognizes two dental specialties: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (A degree in dentistry and medicine being compulsory) and Orthodontics.

title: Dentist


text:
Necrotizing fasciitis

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF), also known as flesh-eating disease, is a bacterial infection that results in the death of parts of the body's soft tissue. It is a severe disease of sudden onset that spreads rapidly. Symptoms usually include red or purple skin in the affected area, severe pain, fever, and vomiting. The most commonly affected areas are the limbs and perineum.

Typically, the infection enters the body through a break in the skin such as a cut or burn. Risk factors include poor immune function such as from diabetes or cancer, obesity, alcoholism, intravenous drug use, and peripheral artery disease. It does not typically spread between people. The disease is classified into four types, depending on the infecting organism. Between 55 and 80% of cases involve more than one type of bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is involved in up to a third of cases. Medical imaging is often helpful to confirm the diagnosis.

Necrotizing fasciitis may be prevented with proper wound care and handwashing. It is usually treated with surgery to remove the infected tissue, and intravenous antibiotics. Often, a combination of antibiotics is used, such as penicillin G, clindamycin, IV vancomycin, and gentamicin. Delays in surgery are associated with a much higher risk of death. Despite high-quality treatment, the risk of death is between 25 and 35%.

Necrotizing fasciitis occurs in about 0.4 people per 100,000 per year in the U.S., and about 1 per 100,000 in Western Europe. Both sexes are affected equally. It becomes more common among older people and is rare in children. It has been described at least since the time of Hippocrates. The term "necrotizing fasciitis" first came into use in 1952.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms may include fever, swelling, and complaints of excessive pain. The initial skin changes are similar to cellulitis or abscess, thus making the diagnosis at early stages difficult. Hardening of the skin and soft tissue and swelling beyond the area of skin changes are commonly present in those with early necrotizing changes. The redness and swelling usually blend into surrounding normal tissues. The overlying skin may appear shiny and tense. Other signs which are more suggestive of necrotizing changes (but present in later stages in 7 to 44% of the cases) are: formation of bullae, bleeding into the skin which is present before skin necrosis (skin turning from red to purple and black due to thrombosis of blood vessels), presence of gas in tissues, and reduced or absent sensation over the skin (due to the necrosis of the underlying nerves). Rapid progression to shock despite antibiotic therapy is another indication of necrotizing fasciitis. Necrotizing changes affecting the groin are known as Fournier gangrene.

However, those who are immunocompromised (have cancer, use corticosteroid, on radiotherapy, chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, or prior organ or bone marrow transplantation) may not show typical symptoms. Immunocompromised persons also have twice the risk of death from necrotizing infections, so higher suspicion should be maintained in this group.

Risk factors
More than 70% of cases are recorded in people with at least one of these clinical situations: immunosuppression, diabetes, alcoholism/drug abuse/smoking, malignancies, and chronic systemic diseases. For reasons that are unclear, it occasionally occurs in people with an apparently normal general condition.

Necrotizing fasciitis can occur at any part of the body, but it is more commonly seen at the extremities, perineum, and genitals. Only a few of such cases arise from the chest and abdomen. Trauma is the usual cause of the infection, such as from intravenous drug injection, insulin injection, animal and insect bites, catheter insertion over the skin, or a fistula connecting skin to the internal body organs. Skin infections such as abscess and ulcers can also complicate necrotizing fasciitis. Spreading of infection through blood has been suggested for those with streptococcal pharyngitis. For infection of the perineum and genitals (Fournier gangrene), trauma, surgery, urinary tract infection, stones, and Bartholin gland abscess are the usual causes.

The risk of developing necrotizing fasciitis from a wound can be reduced by good wound care and handwashing.

Bacteria
Types of soft-tissue necrotizing infection can be divided into four classes according to the types of bacteria infecting the soft tissue. This classification system was first described by Giuliano and his colleagues in 1977.

Type I infection: This is the most common type of infection, and accounts for 70 to 80% of cases. It is caused by a mixture of bacterial types, usually in abdominal or groin areas. This type of infection is usually caused by various species of Gram-positive cocci, (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and enterococci), Gram-negative rods, (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and anaerobes, (Bacteroides and Clostridium species). Populations of those affected are typically older with medical comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and immunodeficiency. Usually, trauma is not the cause of such infections. Previous history of abscess infection or gut perforation with bacterial translocation may be elicited. Clostridial infection accounts for 10% of type I infection. Clostridium species involved are Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium septicum, and Clostridium sordellii, which typically cause gas gangrene (also known as myonecrosis). Clostridium perfringens produces two deadly toxins: alpha-toxin and theta-toxin. Alpha-toxin causes excessive platelet aggregation which blocks blood vessels and deprives the vital organs of oxygen supply. This creates an acidic, oxygen-deficient environment for the proliferation of bacteria. When alpha-toxin is absorbed by soft tissues, it can inhibit the migration of white blood cells from blood vessels into the soft tissue, thus impairing phagocyte function. The two toxins together can cause destruction of red blood cells in blood vessels, damage to the integrity of the blood vessels, and suppression of heart function.

Paraclostridium sordellii can also produce two major toxins: all known virulent strains produce the essential virulence factor lethal toxin (TcsL), and a number also produce haemorrhagic toxin (TcsH). TcsL and TcsH are both members of the large clostridial cytotoxin (LCC) family. The key Clostridium septicum virulence factor is a pore-forming toxin called alpha-toxin, though it is unrelated to the Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. Myonecrotic infections caused by these clostridial species commonly occur in injecting heroin users. Those with clostridial infections typically have severe pain at the wound site, where the wound typically drains foul-smelling blood mixed with serum (serosanguinous discharge). Shock can progress rapidly after initial injury or infection, and once the state of shock is established, the chance of dying exceeds 50%. Another bacterium associated with similar rapid disease progression is group A streptococcal infection (mostly Streptococcus pyogenes). Meanwhile, other bacterial infections require two or more days to become symptomatic.

Type II infection: This infection accounts for 20 to 30% of cases, mainly involving the extremities. This mainly involves Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, alone or in combination with staphylococcal infections. Both types of bacteria can progress rapidly and manifest as toxic shock syndrome. Streptococcus species produce M protein, which acts as a superantigen, stimulating a massive systemic immune response which is not effective against the bacterial antigen, precipitating shock. Type II infection more commonly affects young, healthy adults with a history of injury.

Type III infection: Vibrio vulnificus, a bacterium found in saltwater, is a rare cause of this infection, which occurs through a break in the skin. Disease progression is similar to type II but sometimes with little visible skin changes.

Type IV infection: The type IV infection, which accounts for less than 1% of cases, is caused by the Candida albicans fungus. Risk factors include age and immunodeficiency.

Diagnosis

Early diagnosis is difficult, as the disease often looks early on like a simple superficial skin infection. While a number of laboratory and imaging modalities can raise the suspicion for necrotizing fasciitis, none can rule it out. The gold standard for diagnosis is a surgical exploration in a setting of high suspicion. When in doubt, a small incision can be made into the affected tissue, and if a finger easily separates the tissue along the fascial plane, the diagnosis is confirmed and an extensive debridement should be performed.

Medical imaging
Imaging has a limited role in the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. The time delay in performing imaging is a major concern. Plain radiography may show subcutaneous emphysema (gas in the subcutaneous tissue), which is strongly suggestive of necrotizing changes, but it is not sensitive enough to detect all the cases, because necrotizing skin infections caused by bacteria other than clostridial infections usually do not show subcutaneous emphysema. If the diagnosis is still in doubt, computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are more sensitive modalities than plain radiography. However, both the CT scan and MRI are not sensitive enough to rule out necrotizing changes completely. CT scan may show fascial thickening, edema, subcutaneous gas, and abscess formation. In MRI, when fluid collection with deep fascia involvement occurs, thickening or enhancement with contrast injection, necrotizing fasciitis should be strongly suspected. Meanwhile, ultrasonography can show superficial abscess formation, but is not sensitive enough to diagnose necrotizing fasciitis. CT scan is able to detect about 80% of cases, while MRI may pick up slightly more.

Scoring system
A white blood cell count greater than 15,000 cells/mm3 and serum sodium level less than 135 mmol/L have a sensitivity of 90% in detecting the necrotizing soft tissue infection. It also has a 99% chance of ruling out necrotizing changes if the values have shown otherwise. Various scoring systems are being developed to determine the likelihood of getting necrotizing fasciitis, but a scoring system developed by Wong and colleagues in 2004 is the most commonly used. It is the laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score, which can be used to stratify by risk those people having signs of severe cellulitis or abscess to determine the likelihood of necrotizing fasciitis being present. It uses six laboratory values: C-reactive protein, total white blood cell count, hemoglobin, sodium, creatinine, and blood glucose. A score of 6 or more indicates that necrotizing fasciitis should be seriously considered. The scoring criteria are:
 * CRP (mg/L) ≥150: 4 points
 * WBC count (×103/mm3)
 * <15: 0 points
 * 15–25: 1 point
 * >25: 2 points
 * Hemoglobin (g/dL)
 * >13.5: 0 points
 * 11–13.5: 1 point
 * <11: 2 points
 * Sodium (mmol/L) <135: 2 points
 * Creatinine (umol/L) >141: 2 points
 * Glucose (mmol/L) >10: 1 point

However, the scoring system has not been validated. The values would be falsely positive if any other inflammatory conditions are present. Therefore, the values derived from this scoring system should be interpreted with caution. About 10% of patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the original study still had a LRINEC score <6. A validation study showed that patients with a LRINEC score ≥6 have a higher rate of both death and amputation.

Prevention
Necrotizing fasciitis can be partly prevented by good wound care and handwashing.

Treatment
Surgical debridement (cutting away affected tissue) is the mainstay of treatment for necrotizing fasciitis. Early medical treatment is often presumptive; thus, antibiotics should be started as soon as this condition is suspected. Tissue cultures (rather than wound swabs) are taken to determine appropriate antibiotic coverage, and antibiotics may be changed in light of results. Besides blood pressure control and hydration, support should be initiated for those with unstable vital signs and low urine output.

Surgery
Aggressive wound debridement should be performed early, usually as soon as the diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is made. Surgical incisions often extend beyond the areas of induration (the hardened tissue) to remove the damaged blood vessels that are responsible for the induration. However, cellulitic soft tissues are sometimes spared from debridement for later skin coverage of the wound. More than one operation may be used to remove additional necrotic tissue. In some cases when an extremity is affected by a NSTI, amputation may be the surgical treatment of choice. After the wound debridement, adequate dressings should be applied to prevent exposure of bones, tendons, and cartilage so that such structures do not dry out and to promote wound healing.

For necrotizing infection of the perineal area (Fournier's gangrene), wound debridement and wound care in this area can be difficult because of the excretory products that often render this area dirty and affect the wound-healing process. Therefore, regular dressing changes with a fecal management system can help to keep the wound at the perineal area clean. Sometimes, colostomy may be necessary to divert the excretory products to keep the wound at the perineal area clean.

Antibiotics
Empiric antibiotics are usually initiated as soon as the diagnosis of NSTI has been made, and then later changed to culture-guided antibiotic therapy. In the case of NSTIs, empiric antibiotics are broad-spectrum, covering gram-positive (including MRSA), gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria.

While studies have compared moxifloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (a penicillin) and evaluated appropriate duration of treatment (varying from 7 to 21 days), no definitive conclusions on the efficacy of treatment, ideal duration of treatment, or the adverse effects could be made due to poor-quality evidence.

Add-on therapy

 * Hyperbaric oxygen: While human and animal studies have shown that high oxygen tension in tissues helps to reduce edema, stimulate fibroblast growth, increase the killing ability of white blood cells, inhibit bacterial toxin release, and increase antibiotic efficacy, no high-quality trials have been shown to support or refute the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with NSTIs.
 * Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG): No clear difference between using IVIG and placebo has been shown in the treatment of NSTIs, and one study showed serious adverse effects with IVIG use, including acute kidney injury, allergic reactions, aseptic meningitis syndrome, haemolytic anaemia, thrombi, and transmissible agents.
 * AB103: One study assessed the efficacy of a new type of treatment that affects the immune response, called AB103. The study showed no difference in mortality with use of this therapy, but it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions due to low-quality evidence.
 * Supportive therapy: Supportive therapy, often including intravenous hydration, wound care, anticoagulants to prevent thromboembolic events, pain control, etc. should always be provided to patients when appropriate.

Epidemiology
Necrotizing fasciitis affects about 0.4 in every 100,000 people per year in the United States. About 1,000 cases of necrotizing fasciitis occur per year in the United States, but the rates have been increasing. This could be due to increasing awareness of this condition, leading to increased reporting, or bacterial virulence or increasing bacterial resistance against antibiotics. In some areas of the world, it is as common as one in every 100,000 people.

Higher rates of necrotizing fasciitis are seen in those with obesity or diabetes, and those who are immunocompromised or alcoholic, or have peripheral artery disease. However, the disease may also occur in young, healthy adults with no underlying illnesses. NSAIDs may increase the rates of necrotizing infections due to the modification of immune response in the body, because NSAIDs inhibit the cycloxygenase-1 and cycloxygenase-2 enzymes which are important in producing thromboxane and prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin has been responsible for fever, inflammation, and pain. The inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production reduces inflammatory response and leukocyte adhesion, and thus reduces immune response against bacterial invasion, giving rise to soft-tissue infection.

History
In the fifth century BCE, Hippocrates described necrotizing soft tissue infection as a disease where those affected would have "erysipelas all over the body while the cause was only a trivial accident. Bones, flesh, and sinew (cord, tendon, or nerve) would fall off from the body and there were many deaths". The first English description for necrotizing soft-tissue infection was by British surgeon Leonard Gillespie and British physicians Gilbert Blaine and Thomas Trotter in the 18th century. At that time, necrotizing soft-tissue infections were known variously as "phagedaenic ulcer" (ulceration that spreads and destroys surrounding tissue), "gangrenous phagedena", "gangrenous ulcer", "malignant ulcer", "putrid ulcer", "fulminating gangrene", "necrotizing erysipelas", "gangrenous erysipelas", "crepitant cellulitis", "gangrenous cellulitis", "Meleney cellulitis", "necrotizing synergistic cellulitis", "hemolytic streptococcal gangrene", "progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene", or "necrotizing abscess". Later, "hospital gangrene" became more commonly used. In 1871 Confederate States Army surgeon Joseph Jones reported 2,642 cases of hospital gangrene with a mortality rate of 46%. In 1883, Dr Jean-Alfred Fournier described the necrotizing infection of the perineum and scrotum, now called Fournier gangrene. The term "necrotizing fasciitis" was coined by Wilson in 1952. Its definition has become broader, to include not only infection of fascia, but also other soft-tissue infection. Despite being disfavored by the medical community, the term "galloping gangrene" is frequently used in sensationalistic news media to refer to outbreaks of necrotizing fasciitis.

Notable cases

 * 1994: Lucien Bouchard, future premier of Québec, Canada, who was infected while leader of the federal official opposition Bloc Québécois party, lost a leg to the illness.
 * 1994: A cluster of cases occurred in Gloucestershire, in the west of England. Of five confirmed and one probable infection, two died. The cases were believed to be connected. The first two had acquired the Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria during surgery; the remaining four were community-acquired. The cases generated much newspaper coverage, with lurid headlines such as "Flesh Eating Bug Ate My Face".
 * 1997: Ken Kendrick, former agent and partial owner of the San Diego Padres and Arizona Diamondbacks, contracted the disease. He had seven surgeries in a little more than a week and later fully recovered.
 * 2004: Don Rickles, American stand-up comedian, actor, and author, known especially for his insult comedy, contracted the disease in his left leg. He had six operations and later recovered. The condition confined him in his later years to performing comedy from a chair.
 * 2004: Eric Allin Cornell, winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics, lost his left arm and shoulder to the disease.
 * 2005: Alexandru Marin, an experimental particle physicist, professor at MIT, Boston University, and Harvard University, and researcher at CERN and JINR, died from the disease.
 * 2006: Alan Coren, British writer and satirist, announced in his Christmas column for The Times that his long absence as a columnist had been caused by his contracting the disease while on holiday in France.
 * 2009: R. W. Johnson, British journalist and historian, contracted the disease in March after injuring his foot while swimming. His leg was amputated above the knee.
 * 2011: Jeff Hanneman, guitarist for the thrash metal band Slayer, contracted the disease. He died of liver failure two years later, on May 2, 2013, and it was speculated that his infection was the cause of death. However, on May 9, 2013, the official cause of death was announced as alcohol-related cirrhosis. Hanneman and his family had apparently been unaware of the extent of the condition until shortly before his death.
 * 2011: Peter Watts, Canadian science fiction author, contracted the disease. On his blog, Watts reported, "I'm told I was a few hours away from being dead ... If there was ever a disease fit for a science-fiction writer, flesh-eating disease has got to be it. This ... spread across my leg as fast as a Star Trek space disease in time-lapse."
 * 2013: British actress Georgie Henley revealed in 2022 that she had contracted the disease several weeks after starting at Cambridge University and that it had almost claimed her life.
 * 2014: Daniel Gildenlöw, Swedish singer and songwriter for the band Pain of Salvation, spent several months in a hospital after being diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis on his back in early 2014. After recovering, he wrote the album In the Passing Light of Day, a concept album about his experience during the hospitalization.
 * 2014: Ricky Bartlett, CBS Radio Morning Host, had his left leg amputated. He got the disease during a trip to Wyoming and South Dakota, USA. He lost his right leg to bone disease (associated with the flesh eating disease he contacted) in 2022.
 * 2015: Edgar Savisaar, Estonian politician, had his right leg amputated. He got the disease during a trip to Thailand.
 * 2018: Alex Smith, an American football quarterback for the Washington Football Team of the National Football League (NFL), contracted the disease after being injured during a game. He suffered an open compound fracture in his lower leg, which became infected. Smith narrowly avoided amputation, and eventually returned to playing professional football in October 2020. Smith's injury and recovery is the subject of the ESPN documentary E60 Presents: Project 11.

title: Necrotizing fasciitis


text:
Talk:Admiral Daala

Copyright
Terribly sorry! I never knew the information in the Star Wars Databank was copyrited! Thanx for the info! Sorry again! (I was sorta just adding things one after another and didn't get your message until after.)

 * That's good. Thanks for letting us know. --Vancouverguy 02:18, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

About weapons category
A star destroyer is not a weapon! Its a starship. A weapon would denote a handheld object used to defend oneself. ("Oh yeah, let me just draw my Star Destroyer here.")

 * As opposed to, "Oh let me fire my rocket (which isn't handheld or portable at all! so I'm not really attacking you with a weapon- your immiment fiery demise is merely a coincidence) at you"? A rocket(/bomb/artillery/bomber/fighter jet/cruise missile/nuke/trebuchet/etc.) is certainly a weapon, but certainly is not hand-held. --Maru

 * Take it easy mate. Anyway, the difference is that with a rocket launcher the rocket is desigened to be shot at a person wheras a Star Destroyer is meant to shoot other starships and and contains a bunch of weapons which are fired from it.  (i.e. the F-14 is not a weapon, the Sidewinder missile is)  Also the only Star Destroyer that can be handled by a single person is the light Carrak class so it coudnd't be used by a single person anyway. (An ISD I mean)

 * You could add it as a Vehicle she flies. Just a suggestion.

Good suggestion

 * I think I took that bit out... it is rather ridiculous. Unidentified Flying Bunny in the Sky  TalkContribs 04:18, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Sourcing the works
This article badly needs information about what works the character appears in. --DJ Clayworth 15:55, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Better now? --maru  (talk)  contribs 19:56, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

At long last, Daala has a first name now (Natasi. From Revelation.) Someone go add that in. Unidentified Flying Bunny in the Sky TalkContribs 23:29, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Speaking of which, should the title of the article be changed? Unidentified Flying Bunny in the Sky TalkContribs 04:18, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Admiral Daala


text:
Saloon

Saloon may refer to:

Buildings and businesses

 * One of the bars in a traditional British pub
 * An alternative name for a bar (establishment)
 * Western saloon, a historical style of American bar
 * The Saloon, a bar and music venue in San Francisco, California, US
 * The Saloon (Minneapolis), a gay bar in Minneapolis, Minnesota, US
 * A South Asian term for a barber's shop
 * The centre room of a suite of state rooms, the drawing room

Automobiles

 * Saloon (car), a style of car body also known as a sedan
 * Honda Saloon, a pre-production sedan electric car

Music

 * Saloon (band), an English indie musical group
 * Saloon (album), by The Ongoing Concept

Ships

 * A social lounge on a passenger ship
 * The officers' mess on a merchant vessel
 * The main social cabin of a yacht

title: Saloon


text:
Honda Jazz

The Honda Jazz nameplate has been used by the Japanese manufacturer Honda to denote several different motorized vehicles since 1982:

 * 1982–1986 — The first generation Honda City when marketed in Europe, as Opel owned the City name
 * 1986–2001 — A 50 cc cruiser-style motorcycle (AC09)
 * 1993–1996 — Japanese-market name for a badge-engineered Isuzu MU (Isuzu Amigo)
 * 2001–present — In Europe, Oceania, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, India, and Africa the Honda Fit five-door hatchback automobile is sold as the Jazz
 * 2002–2009 — Canadian-market name used on the Honda CHF50 scooter

title: Honda Jazz


text:
George Cambridge, 2nd Marquess of Cambridge

George Francis Hugh Cambridge, 2nd Marquess of Cambridge, (11 October 1895 – 16 April 1981), known as Prince George of Teck until 1917 and as Earl of Eltham from 1917 to 1927, was a relative of the British royal family, a great-great-grandson of King George III and nephew of Queen Mary and King George V. He was also nephew to the 1st Earl of Athlone. He was the elder son of the 1st Marquess of Cambridge, formerly the Duke of Teck, and his wife, the former Lady Margaret Grosvenor.

Early life
Born at Grosvenor House, the home of his maternal grandfather, the 1st Duke of Westminster, he was styled His Serene Highness Prince George of Teck from birth. On his father's side, he was descended from King George III and—morganatically—from the Royal House of Württemberg. In June 1917, at the request of George V, his father relinquished the titles, styles, and designations, "Highness", "Duke of Teck" and "of Teck" in the Kingdom of Württemberg and the German Empire, and assumed the surname Cambridge by Royal Licence and Warrant. The former Duke of Teck was subsequently created Marquess of Cambridge, Earl of Eltham and Viscount Northallerton in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Prince George became George Cambridge and was styled Earl of Eltham as a courtesy title. He succeeded his father as 2nd Marquess of Cambridge on 24 October 1927. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in June 1927 and was promoted to Knight Grand Cross in June 1935.

Education and career
Prince George of Teck was educated at Ludgrove School and Eton College followed by Magdalen College, Oxford. He joined the Reserve Regiment of the 1st Life Guards during World War I and served as an aide-de-camp on the Personal Staff in 1918–1919.

In the inter-war years, he served with the Territorial Army as a lieutenant in the Shropshire Yeomanry from 1921, then as captain in the 16th Battalion, London Regiment from 1929 to 1932.

At the outbreak of World War II he mobilised as Captain with the Royal Army Service Corps and served in France, rising to rank of Major.

In 1929, he became a director of Coutts & Company, a banking firm. This made him the second member of the British royal family (albeit, a very minor one) to pursue a career in the City of London. He remained with the firm until his retirement in 1951.

Personal life
On 10 April 1923 at Beaumanor Hall, he married Dorothy Isabel Westenra Hastings (18 May 1899 Cirencester – 1 April 1988), daughter of The Hon. Osmund William Toone Westenra Hastings, a younger son of the 14th Earl of Huntingdon, and his wife Mary Caroline Campbell Tarratt, daughter of Daniel Fox Tarratt, Gent.

The couple had one child, Lady Mary Cambridge (24 September 1924 – 13 December 1999).

Lord and Lady Cambridge regularly attended major royal occasions, although they did not carry out royal duties. Lord Cambridge participated in the coronations of George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II. For many years he served as Royal Trustee of the British Museum.

Lord Cambridge died on 16 April 1981 in Little Abington, and was buried in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore. His peerages became extinct. His brother, Lord Frederick Cambridge, had died while fighting in Belgium during World War II.


text:
DJ Paul

Paul Duane Beauregard, known professionally as DJ Paul, is an American rapper and record producer. He is a founding member of hip hop group Three 6 Mafia and the half-brother of rapper Lord Infamous. DJ Paul is also the half-brother of convicted drug lord Craig Petties. He is also a part owner of FaZe Clan.

DJ Paul started his career in the late 1980s as a DJ and released a number of solo tapes, as well as three collaboration albums with Lord Infamous as The Serial Killaz. Juicy J was introduced and the three founded the group Three 6 Mafia, going on to achieve national success in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Their 2000 album, When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1, debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified platinum. Later followed by Da Unbreakables in 2003 and Most Known Unknown in 2005, both of which were commercially successful. In 2006, DJ Paul, Juicy J, Crunchy Black, and Frayser Boy won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" from the film Hustle & Flow. Paul has also released three solo albums, and created soundtracks to two movies. He and the rest of Three 6 Mafia are known as the originators of the crunk style of music. In 2018, he co-produced the track "Talk Up" from Drake's fifth studio album, Scorpion.

Aside from music, DJ Paul has been involved in a variety of business ventures, including film production and real estate. He founded his own record label Scale-A-Ton Entertainment, co-owns the fashion wear line Dangerus / Skandulus, has a collection of BBQ seasonings and is the spokesman for a legal version of the drink Sizzurp.

1988–1992: Career beginnings
In 1988, DJ Paul started his career at age 11 as a DJ in Memphis club "380 Beale". At first he wanted to focus on DJing instead of rapping. In 1989, he formed the duo The Serial Killaz, together with his half-brother Lord Infamous. Paul served as the producer, making beats, which Infamous would rap over. The two did not have any equipment, so they used to rent local DJ Just Born's studio with the money their father gave them. Paul would play and scratch records on his mother's record player when she was not home. They released self-recorded tapes in their neighborhood, school, and local shops. Their first tape, Portrait of a Serial Killa, was released in 1992. In the following years, the duo went on to release The Serial Killaz tape and two parts of Come with Me 2 Hell.

DJ Paul eventually bought studio equipment, consisting of a keyboard, a turntable, and a four-track recorder. He started making mixtapes with popular songs and selling them at his high school. Later he started including songs of his affiliated rappers on the tapes as well, in order to promote them. Eventually, he began making mixtapes consisting only of original songs by himself and local artists. Paul claimed that Memphis DJs, such as himself, DJ Spanish Fly, DJ Squeeky and Juicy J created the modern format of mixtapes by including their original songs, instead of making compilations of other artists' music.

DJ Paul also released a number of solo tapes called Volume 1 to Volume 16. He rose to prominence as a DJ and producer on the south side of Memphis, and was introduced to fellow producer Juicy J, who was also garnering buzz on the north side of the city. Together with Lord Infamous, they formed the group The Backyard Posse. DJ Paul and Juicy J soon began producing tracks, described as "dark, eerie ... driven by bass-heavy beats and haunting sounds." They changed their name to Triple Six Mafia, after a phrase Lord Infamous would use to refer to the group in their songs.

1993–2005: Three 6 Mafia and debut solo album
In 1994, Triple Six Mafia were joined by Koopsta Knicca and released the underground album Smoked Out Loced Out. Later the group acquired two more members, Gangsta Boo and Crunchy Black and changed its name again to Three 6 Mafia. In 1995, they self-released their debut studio album, Mystic Stylez. Following the album's success, Three 6 Mafia signed a major label deal with Relativity Records. They also started their own label Hypnotize Minds and signed a number of local artists, such as Project Pat, MC Mack, La Chat, Frayser Boy and Lil Wyte, among others. DJ Paul and Juicy J exclusively produced the whole albums by their artists, as well as Three 6 Mafia's releases. The group achieved commercial success with their 2000 album, When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1, which debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 chart and was eventually certified platinum by RIAA.

In 2002, DJ Paul released his debut solo studio album Underground Volume 16: For da Summa. Most of the songs, originally featured on his 1994 mixtape Underground Volume 16: 4 Da Summa of '94, were remastered and some of the old featured artists were replaced with new ones from Hypnotize Minds, such as Frayser Boy and La Chat. The album peaked at number 127 at the Billboard 200.

Three 6 Mafia released two more commercially successful albums: Da Unbreakables in 2003 and Most Known Unknown in 2005, both peaking in top five of Billboard 200. They also created the soundtracks of the movies Choices and its sequel Choices II: The Setup. By 2006, Paul and Juicy were the only members of the group left.

2006–2012: Academy Award win, Scale-A-Ton and A Person of Interest
In 2006, DJ Paul, Juicy J, and Crunchy Black won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" from the film Hustle & Flow. The song, which they co-wrote with HCP member Frayser Boy, was also ranked at number 80 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop".

After Three 6 Mafia released their 2008 album Last 2 Walk, the group had conflicts with their label Sony about their music style, which led DJ Paul and Juicy J to pursue other ventures and their solo careers.

In 2009, Paul released The Weigh In – his first mixtape since the Volume series in the early 1990s. A few months later he followed up with his second solo album Scale-A-Ton, released under Paul's newly founded label Scale-A-Ton Entertainment. The album was received well by critics, earning a positive review and an "Album pick" by AllMusic. In 2010, Paul released his second mixtape Too Kill Again, hosted by DJ Scream and DJ Whoo Kid. The mixtape features many upcoming and new Memphis artists such as Lion Heart, Thug Therapy, Partee and Miscellaneous. DJ Paul stated the tape was a preview to his upcoming album, also titled Too Kill Again, which however was never released. Instead, in 2011, Paul made a new collaboration mixtape with rapper Ya Boy and producer Lil Lody, called Pray For Forgiveness. A few months later Paul released a retail No-DJ version with bonus songs to iTunes.

In 2012, Paul announced he was working on an experimental dub-hop EP called A Person of Interest. Later he changed it into a full featured album, which was released on October 22. A Person of Interest was packed with a bonus DVD, including a self-titled short movie, music videos and behind the scenes footage. Paul released videos for a number of songs from the album, including "What I Look Like (W.I.L.L.)", "Wit Tha Shit", "Trap Back Jumpin", "E&J" and a remix of "I'm Dat Raw" with Snow Tha Product. Paul called A Person of Interest his favorite solo album, stating that he loved the production and the "raw" sound of the album.

2013–present: S.I.M., Da Mafia 6ix, The Killjoy Club, Master of Evil, etc.
In early 2013, DJ Paul focused on performing as a DJ, and created a DJ duo, called S.I.M. (Sex is Mandatory). The group created a number of live sets, as well as remixes to songs, such as Just Blaze & Baauer's "Higher".

In late 2013, Paul and Lord Infamous were discussing creating a sequel to their 1993 album Come with Me 2 Hell, when the latter came with the idea to try and reunite the whole Three 6 Mafia crew. Infamous brought back Crunchy Black, Koopsta Knicca and Gangsta Boo, and the five of them reunited as "Da Mafia 6ix" with plans to release an album in 2014. On November 12, 2013, Da Mafia 6ix released their first mixtape 6ix Commandments. The tape was almost entirely produced by DJ Paul and featured Yelawolf, 8Ball & MJG, Krayzie Bone, Bizzy Bone, SpaceGhostPurrp and HCP affiliates Lil Wyte, Skinny Pimp and La Chat, among others. Juicy J and Project Pat also appeared as surprise guests on the posse song "Body Parts", being credited just as "& more" in the track listing.

DJ Paul collaborated on a mixtape titled Clash of da Titans with fellow Memphis producer Drumma Boy that was released on October 23, 2013, and on a free EP, called Black Fall, with rapper Yellawolf, which they put out for Halloween on October 31, 2013. On November 26, 2013, DJ Paul released Volume 16: The Original Masters, a remaster of his 1994 mixtape 4 da Summer of '94. It was revealed on the PSYR17 EP given away at the 2014 Gathering of the Juggalos that DJ Paul plans to release his next solo album, Master of Evil, on Psychopathic Records in 2015. He later confirmed it himself on August 28 on The Australia underground hip hop podcast "The Underground Podcast", as well as on the outro song to The Killjoy Club's debut album Reindeer Games.

DJ Paul has been announced to play South by Southwest showcase in Austin, Texas on March 21, 2015.

On August 19, 2016, DJ Paul announced that he has signed to Yelawolf's Slumerican Records. Upon signing with Slumerican, Paul released a two album series titled YOTS: Year of the Six parts 1 & 2.

In 2017, he released the follow-up to his album "Underground, Volume 16: For da Summa" respectfully titled, "Underground, Volume 17: For da Summa" through his own Scale-A-Ton imprint. On September 2, 2018, Paul announced that he had begun working on the next volume in the "Underground" series titled "Drackula: Vol. 18", which is said to be recorded in Castle Dracula in Transylvania. The project was originally scheduled to release sometime in 2018, but has since been pushed back to 2019.

Personal life
DJ Paul and Juicy J starred in MTV's 2007 reality show Adventures in Hollyhood, which showed Three 6 Mafia's move to Hollywood, California, following their Oscar win. The show also featured their personal assistants Computer and Big Triece, as well as Hypnotize Minds artists Project Pat and Lil Wyte. The series aired for eight episodes between April 5 and May 23, 2007.

In 2011, DJ Paul starred in VH1's cooking show Famous Food together with seven other celebrities and eventually won first place. In an interview, Paul cleared up some controversy from the show, involving Ashley Dupre best known from the Eliot Spitzer scandal.

In a 2013 interview, Paul said he is getting three hours of sleep a day due to the amount of work he has to do in the variety of business ventures he has a part in. Describing his daily schedule, he said that he works with all of his companies during the day and records music during the night, stating that "I feel like if I'm not working, then I'm losing and I'm not really giving my life what I should be giving."

On December 20, 2013, his half-brother, Lord Infamous, died from a heart attack at his mother's house in Memphis, Tennessee.

DJ Paul is no longer engaged to Majda Baltic. They participated in an episode of Celebrity Wife Swap together with Plaxico Burress and his wife. They stated that they met at the Salt Lake City Airport.

Business ventures
In 2001, DJ Paul and the rest of Three 6 Mafia created the straight-to-video film Choices, followed by a sequel Choices II: The Setup, which was released in 2005. In 2007, DJ Paul and Juicy J started their own fashion wear line titled "Dangerus / Skandulus". It was branded as the official Three 6 Mafia wear and includes T-shirts, hats, accessories and stickers. DJ Paul founded his own record label Scale-A-Ton Entertainment in 2009. He has released his last two albums under the label.

In 2012, DJ Paul launched a collection of BBQ seasonings called "DJ Paul BBQ". Paul initially created a BBQ rub seasoning, soon followed by a Smoked Out BBQ Sauce. In 2013, DJ Paul became the official spokesman for a new legal version of the alcoholic drink Sizzurp. As of 2013, Paul also owns a real estate company.

Legal issues
In an interview with Power 105.1's The Breakfast Club, Paul stated he has been arrested numerous times. He was sent to jail for the first time at the age of 17.

In 2006, a man from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, named Ramone Williams, filed a lawsuit against DJ Paul and other Three 6 Mafia members, claiming he has been severely beaten at a Three 6 Mafia concert when other fans followed the lyrics of the song "Let's Start a Riot" and attacked him. The man claimed he was hit with a chair, kicked and stomped numerous times. Three 6 Mafia asked for dismissal of the suit on a summary judgment motion. In October 2006, both sides settled the suit and Williams received financial compensation.

On June 8, 2012, a lawsuit was filed against DJ Paul and Juicy J for failing to appear at a concert for which they were booked. The suit claimed the two were booked for an April 2011 show in Orlando, Florida but never showed up. They also never returned a $9,000 advance payment they received for the performance. Paul and Juicy are demanded to pay $50,000 for economic loss, out-of-pocket expenses and loss of income and revenue.

In October 2012, few days before his third album was released, DJ Paul was arrested in New York when a Taser stun gun was found on him during a routine search. He was charged with misdemeanor and released shortly after. Paul commented on the arrest: "I honestly didn't know it was illegal. I thought it was at the same level as pepper spray." Paul pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 21 hours of community service.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Underground Volume 16: For da Summa (2002)
 * Scale-A-Ton (2009)
 * A Person of Interest (2012)
 * Volume 16: The Original Masters (2013)
 * Master of Evil (2015)
 * YOTS: Year of the Six Pt. 1 (2016)
 * YOTS: Year of the Six Pt. 2 (2016)
 * Underground Volume 17: For da Summa (2017)
 * Power, Pleasure & Painful Things (2019)
 * Drackula: Volume 18 (TBA)

title: DJ Paul