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Vienna Central Cemetery

The Vienna Central Cemetery (Wiener Zentralfriedhof) is one of the largest cemeteries in the world by number of interred, and is the most well-known cemetery among Vienna's nearly 50 cemeteries. The cemetery's name is descriptive of its significance as Vienna's biggest cemetery, not of its geographic location, as it is not in the city center of the Austrian capital, but on the southern outskirts, in the outer city district of Simmering.

History and description
Unlike many others, the Vienna Central Cemetery is not one that has evolved slowly. The decision to establish a new, big cemetery for Vienna came in 1863 when it became clear that – due to industrialization – the city's population would eventually increase to such an extent that the existing communal cemeteries would prove to be insufficient. City leaders expected that Vienna, then capital of the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, would grow to four million inhabitants by the end of the 20th century, as no-one foresaw the Empire's collapse in 1918. The city council therefore assigned an area significantly outside of the city's borders and of such large dimension, that it would suffice for a long time to come. They decided in 1869 that a flat area in Simmering should be the site of the future Central Cemetery. The cemetery was designed in 1870; according to the plans of the Frankfurt landscape architects Karl Jonas Mylius and Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli who were awarded for their project per angusta ad augusta (from dire to sublime).

The cemetery was opened on All Saints' Day in 1874. However the consecration of the cemetery was not without controversy: the interdenominational character of the new cemetery – the different faith groups being interred on the same ground – met with fierce resistance, especially in conservative circles of the Roman Catholic Church.

This argument became even more aggressive when the city announced that it did not want an official Catholic opening of the new cemetery – but gave a substantial amount of money toward the construction of a segregated Jewish section. In the end, the groups reached an agreement resulting in the Catholic representatives opening the Central Cemetery with a small ceremony. Due to refraining from having a large public showing, the new cemetery was inaugurated almost unnoticed in the early morning of 31 October 1874 by Vienna Mayor Baron Cajetan von Felder and Cardinal Joseph Othmar Rauscher to avoid an escalation of the public controversy. The official opening of the Central Cemetery occurred the following day. The first burial was that of Jacob Zelzer, followed by 15 others that day. The grave of Jacob Zelzer still exists near the administration building at the cemetery wall.

The cemetery spans 2.5 sqkm with 330,000 gravesites containing around 3 million deceased, and up to 25 burials daily. It is also the second largest cemetery, after the 4 sqkm of Hamburg's Ohlsdorf Cemetery, which is the largest in Europe by land area.

A Viennese joke has it that the Central Cemetery is "half the size of Zürich, but twice as much fun", (Halb so groß wie Zürich – aber doppelt so lustig ist der Wiener Zentralfriedhof!).

Opposite the cemetery's main gate, across Simmeringer Hauptstrasse, is the Feuerhalle Simmering, Vienna's first crematorium, which was built by Clemens Holzmeister in 1922 in the style of an oriental fortress.

St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church is the central church of the cemetery. It used to be called Dr. Karl-Lueger-Gedächtniskirche (Karl Lueger Memorial Church) because of the crypt of the former mayor of Vienna below the high altar. This church in Art Nouveau style was built in 1908–1910 by Max Hegele. The crypt of Austrian presidents is situated in front of the church. The burial vault is located beneath the sarcophagus, with stairs leading down to a circular room whose walls are lined with niches where urns or coffins can be interred.

On 1 November 2023, unidentified vandals set a fire and sprayed swastikas on external walls overnight in the cemetery's Jewish section. The entrance lobby to a ceremonial hall was burned for the first time since the 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom by the Nazis, but there were no injuries. The attack was condemned by Austrian Chancellor Karl Nehammer.

Ehrengräber
In its early incarnations, the cemetery was unpopular because of its distance from the city centre. This forced authorities to think of ways to make it more attractive: Hence honorary graves (Ehrengrab) as a way of attracting tourists were established.

Interred in the Central Cemetery are notables such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert, who were moved to the Central Cemetery from "Währinger Ostfriedhof" in 1888; Johannes Brahms; Antonio Salieri; Johann Strauss II and Arnold Schoenberg. A cenotaph honours Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who is buried in nearby St. Marx Cemetery.

Interdenominational character
In addition to the Catholic section, the cemetery houses a Protestant cemetery (opened 1904) and two Jewish cemeteries.

Although the older of the two, established in 1863, was destroyed by the Nazis during the Kristallnacht, around 60,000 graves remain intact. Cemetery records indicate 79,833 Jewish burials as of 10 July 2011. Prominent burials here include those of the Rothschild family and that of the author Arthur Schnitzler. The second Jewish cemetery was built in 1917 and is still in use today. There were 58,804 Jewish burials in the new section as of 21 November 2007. Officials discovered the desecration of 43 Jewish graves in the two Jewish sections on 29 June 2012, allegedly as an anti-Semitic act – the stones and slabs were toppled or damaged.

Since 1876, Muslims have been buried at Vienna's Zentralfriedhof. The dead are buried according to Austrian law, in a coffin, in contrast to the Islamic ritual practice: burial in a shroud. The opening of the new Islamic cemetery of the Islamic Faith Community took place on 3 October 2008 in Liesing.

The cemetery also contains Russian Orthodox burial grounds (Saint Lazarus chapel, 1894) and plots dedicated for the use of various Eastern Orthodox churches. Since 1869, members of the Greek Orthodox community have been buried in Section 30 A, just west of Gate 2, near the arcades. The Romanian Orthodox community is near Gate 3 in Section 38 as are members of the Bulgarian Orthodox churches. The Serbian Orthodox community received portions of Sections 68 B and 69 C, near Gate 3. Section 27 A contains the tombs of the Coptic Orthodox Church.

The Protestant section on the east side is dedicated for the use of both confessions-parts of the Evangelical Protestant church in Austria, the Lutheran A.B (Evangelische Kirche Augsburger Bekenntnis) and Calvinist H.B (Evangelische Kirche Helvetisches Bekenntnis). The cemetery was inaugurated in the presence of the President of the Evangelical Protestant Church, Dr. Rudolf Franz on 14 November 1904. The cemetery was expanded in 1926, 1972 and 1998. The Protestant section consists of 6,000 graves and 300 family vaults. There is a 300-seat church named Heilandskirche on the cemetery ground which serves the purpose of a cemetery chapel. The church was consecrated by Pastor Rudolf Morally. The reredos and the altar on the apse of the church is ornamented with a crucifix by sculptor Josef Grünhut.

In 2000, a Baby burial ground opened in Section 35 B near Gate 3 where stillborn infants, dead babies, and young children up to 110 cm of height are interred.

Europe's first Buddhist cemetery was established in the Vienna Central Cemetery in May 2005. An area of the Central Cemetery has been set aside for this purpose centered around a stupa, and was consecrated by a Tibetan monk.

The new Anatomy Memorial opened in Section 26, on 5 March 2009, for interments of the Institute of Anatomy of the Medical University of Vienna and for the people who donated their bodies to science.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Austria celebrated the dedication of a hectare-sized plot set apart for the Mormon deceased in the Vienna Central Cemetery, on 19 September 2009.

Access
Private car traffic is allowed on the cemetery grounds every day of the year except 1 November (All Saint's Day), although vehicles must pay a toll. Because of the large number of visitors on 1 November, private vehicles are not permitted. A public "cemetery bus" line (Route 106) operates on the grounds with several stops. The old Simmering horse tram was replaced by an electric tram, running from Schwarzenbergplatz to the Central Cemetery, in 1901 and it was renumbered as "71" (der 71er) in 1907; it remains the most popular route to the cemetery by public transport. The "Zentralfriedhof" stop on the Vienna S-Bahn (metro suburban railway) is close to the old Jewish part of the cemetery. The closest underground stop is "Simmering" (Vienna U-Bahn, line U3), about 2 km from the cemetery.

Cultural references
The cemetery is the scene of Harry Lime's fake and real funeral at the beginning and end of The Third Man. The musician Wolfgang Ambros credited the cemetery in his 1975 song "Es lebe der Zentralfriedhof" ("Long live the Central Cemetery"), marking with it the 100th anniversary of its opening.

Notable interments

 * Alfred Adler (1870–1937), psychiatrist and psychologist, founder of individual psychology
 * Wolf Albach-Retty (1906–1967), Austrian actor
 * Rudolf von Alt (1812–1905), painter
 * Alois Ander (1821–1864), Bohemian-born operatic tenor
 * Franz Antel (1913–2007), film director, writer and producer
 * Leon Askin (1907–2005), actor
 * Franz von Bayros (1866–1924), artist
 * Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), composer
 * Erna Berger (1900–1990), opera singer
 * Ulrich Bettac (1897–1959), actor
 * Hedy Bienenfeld (1907–1976), Austrian-American Olympic swimmer
 * Theodor Billroth (1829–1894), surgeon
 * Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906), physicist/mathematician
 * Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851–1914), Austrian economist
 * Sergei Bortkiewicz (1877–1952), composer, with his wife Elisabeth
 * Johannes Brahms (1833–1897), composer
 * Adolf von Brudermann (1854–1945), Austro-Hungarian general
 * Rudolf von Brudermann (1851–1941), Austro-Hungarian general
 * Ignaz Brüll (1846–1907), composer
 * Carl Czerny (1791–1857), piano teacher and composer
 * Elfi von Dassanowsky (1924–2007), singer and film producer
 * Georg Decker (1818–1894), portrait artist
 * Karl Decker (1921–2005), Austrian football player and manager
 * Otto Erich Deutsch (1883–1967), musicologist
 * Heinrich Elbogen (1872–1927), Austrian sports shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics
 * Falco civil name Johann (Hans) Hölzel (1957–1998), rock singer
 * Anton Dominik Fernkorn (1813–1878), sculptor
 * Leopold Figl (1902–1965), statesman
 * Viktor Frankl (1905–1997), neurologist, psychiatrist, and Holocaust survivor
 * Egon Friedell (1878–1938), Austrian philosopher, historian, journalist, actor, cabaret performer, and theatre critic
 * Edgar Froese (1944–2015), musician, artist, composer
 * Dorothea Gerard (1855–1915), novelist
 * Carl von Ghega (1802–1860), engineer
 * Alexander Girardi (1850–1918), actor
 * Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787), composer
 * Karl Goldmark (1830–1915), composer
 * Alfred Grünfeld (1852–1924), pianist
 * Cecil van Haanen (1844–1914), artist
 * Baron Theophil von Hansen (1813–1891), architect
 * Anton Heiller (1923–1979), organist and composer
 * Johann von Herbeck (1831–1877), composer
 * Hysni Curri (?–1925), Albanian revolutionary
 * Gert Jonke (1946–2009), poet, playwright and novelist
 * Curd Jürgens (1912–1982), actor
 * Emmerich Kálmán (1882–1953), composer
 * Vera Karalli (1889–1972), ballerina and actress
 * Siavash Kasrai (1927–1996), Persian Marxist poet
 * Wilhelm Kienzl (1857–1941), composer
 * Thomas Klestil (1932–2004), Austrian president (1992–2004)
 * Bruno Kreisky (1911–1990), statesman
 * Karl Kraus (1874–1936), writer
 * Werner Johannes Krauss (1884–1959), stage and film actor
 * Hedy Lamarr (1914–2000), actress and inventor
 * Joseph Lanner (1801–1843), composer
 * Lotte Lehmann (1888–1976), opera singer
 * György Ligeti (1923–2006), composer
 * Theo Lingen (1903–1978), actor/director
 * Emanuel List (1888–1967), opera singer
 * Guido von List (1848–1919) 19th-century mystic Germanic and Runic revivalist
 * Adolf Loos (1870–1933), architect
 * Max Lorenz (1901–1975), German tenor
 * Luigi Lucheni (1873–1910), Italian assassin
 * Karl Lueger (1844–1910), politician
 * Julius Madritsch (1906–1984), Austrian Righteous Among the Nations
 * Hans Moser (1880–1964), actor
 * Siegfried Marcus (1831–1898), automobile pioneer
 * Karl Millöcker (1842–1899), composer
 * Karl Eugen Neumann (1865–1915), European pioneer of Buddhism
 * Walter Nowotny (1920–1944), World War II Luftwaffe pilot
 * Georg Wilhelm Pabst (1885–1967), film director
 * Ida Laura Pfeiffer (1797–1858), explorer
 * Hans Pfitzner (1869–1949), composer
 * Clemens von Pirquet (1874–1929), scientist and pediatrician
 * Paula von Preradović (1887–1951), writer
 * Helmut Qualtinger (1928–1986), actor
 * Julius Raab (1891–1964), statesman
 * Geli Raubal (1908–1931), Adolf Hitler's half-niece
 * Karl Renner (1870–1950), statesman
 * Richard Réti (1889–1929), chess grandmaster
 * Josef Karl Richter (1880–1933), composer
 * Hans Riemer, politician
 * Albert Salomon von Rothschild (1844–1911), financier
 * Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild (1836–1905), financier
 * Léonie Rysanek (1926–1998), opera singer
 * Antonio Salieri (1750–1825), composer
 * Friedrich Schilcher (1811–1881), painter
 * Franz Schmidt (1874–1939), composer
 * Arthur Schnitzler (1862–1931), writer
 * Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951), composer
 * Franz Schubert (1797–1828), composer
 * Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky (1897–2000), architect
 * David Schwarz (1852–1897) aviation pioneer
 * Alma Seidler (1899–1977), actress
 * Ignaz Seipel (1876–1932), statesman, Austrian chancellor
 * Matthias Sindelar (1903–1939), footballer
 * Robert Stolz (1880–1975), composer
 * Eduard Strauss (1835–1916), composer
 * Johann Strauss I (1804–1849), composer
 * Johann Strauss II (1825–1899), composer
 * Josef Strauss (1827–1870), composer
 * Franz von Suppé (1819–1895), composer
 * Heinrich Schenker (1868–1935), music theorist
 * Friedrich Torberg (1908–1979), writer
 * Kurt Waldheim (1918–2007), U.N secretary-general, Austrian president
 * Franz Werfel (1890–1945), poet
 * Franz West (1947–2012), artist
 * Anton Wildgans (1881–1932), poet
 * Hugo Wolf (1860–1903), composer
 * Fritz Wotruba (1907–1975), sculptor
 * Joe Zawinul (1932–2007), jazz keyboardist and composer
 * Alexander von Zemlinsky (1871–1942), composer

title: Vienna Central Cemetery


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John Money

John William Money (8 July 1921 – 7 July 2006) was a New Zealand American psychologist, sexologist and professor at Johns Hopkins University known for his research on human sexual behavior and gender. Believing that gender identity was malleable within the first two years of life, Money advocated for the surgical "normalization" of the genitalia of intersex infants.

Money advanced the use of more accurate terminology in sex research, coining the terms gender role and sexual orientation. Despite widespread popular belief, Money did not coin the term gender identity. Money pioneered drug treatment for sex offenders to extinguish their sex drives.

Since the 1990s, Money's work and research has been subject to significant academic and public scrutiny. A 1997 academic study criticized Money's work in many respects, particularly in regard to the involuntary sex-reassignment of the child David Reimer. Money allegedly coerced David and his brother Brian to perform sexual rehearsal with each other, which Money then photographed. David Reimer lived a troubled life, ending with his suicide at 38; his brother died of an overdose at age 36.

Money believed that transgender people had an idée fixe, and established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic in 1965. He screened adult patients for two years prior to granting them a medical transition, and believed sex roles should be de-stereotyped, so that masculine women would be less likely to desire transition. Money is generally viewed as a negative figure by the transgender community.

Money's writing has been translated into many languages and includes around 2,000 articles, books, chapters and reviews. He received around 65 honors, awards and degrees in his lifetime.

Early life
Money was born in Morrinsville, New Zealand, to a Christian fundamentalist family of English and Welsh descent. His parents were members of the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church. He attended Hutt Valley High School and initially studied psychology at Victoria University of Wellington, graduating with a double master's degree in psychology and education in 1944. He was a junior member of the psychology faculty at the University of Otago in Dunedin.

Author Janet Frame attended some of Money's classes at the University of Otago, as part of her teacher training. Frame was attracted to Money, and eager to please him. In October 1945, after Frame wrote an essay mentioning her thoughts of suicide, Money convinced Frame to enter the psychiatric ward at Dunedin Public Hospital, where she was misdiagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia. Frame then spent eight years in psychiatric institutions, during which she was subjected to electroshock and insulin shock therapy. Frame narrowly missed being lobotomized. In Frame's autobiography, An Angel at My Table, Money is referred to as John Forrest.

Career and views
In 1947, at the age of 26, Money emigrated to the United States to study at the Psychiatric Institute of the University of Pittsburgh. He left Pittsburgh and earned his PhD from Harvard University in 1952.

Money became a professor of pediatrics and medical psychology at Johns Hopkins University, where he worked from 1952 until his death.

Money proposed and developed several theories related to the topics of gender identity and gender roles, and coined terms like gender role and lovemap. He popularised the term paraphilia (appearing in the DSM-III, which would later replace perversions) and introduced the term sexual orientation in place of sexual preference, arguing that attraction is not necessarily a matter of free choice. Although often misattributed to him, Money did not coin the term  'gender identity'.

In 1960 and 1961, he co-authored two papers with Richard Green, "Incongruous Gender Role: Nongenital Manifestations in Prepubertal Boys" and "Effeminacy in Prepubertal Boys: Summary of Eleven Cases and Recommendations for Case Management."

Money pioneered the use of drug treatment for sex offenders to extinguish their sex drives. According to a 1987 paper, he employed the drug Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate) for use on sex offenders at Johns Hopkins beginning in 1966. The practice later spread in the United States and Europe.

Sex reassignment of David Reimer
In 1966, a botched circumcision left eight-month-old Reimer without a penis. Money persuaded the baby's parents that sex reassignment surgery would be in Reimer's best interest. At the age of 22 months, Reimer underwent an orchiectomy, in which his testicles were surgically removed. He was reassigned to be raised as female and his name changed from Bruce to Brenda. Money further recommended hormone treatment, to which the parents agreed. Money then recommended a surgical procedure to create an artificial vagina, which the parents refused. Money published a number of papers reporting the reassignment as successful. David Reimer was raised under the "optimum gender rearing model" which was the common model for sex and gender socialization/medicalization for intersex youth. The model was heavily criticized for being sexist, and for assigning an arbitrary gender binary.

According to John Colapinto's biography of David Reimer, starting when Reimer and his twin Brian were six years old, Money showed the brothers pornography and forced the two to rehearse sexual acts. Money would order David to get down on all fours and Brian was forced to "come up behind [him] and place his crotch against [his] buttocks". Money also forced Reimer, in another sexual position, to have his "legs spread" with Brian on top. On "at least one occasion" Money took a photograph of the two children performing these acts.

When either child resisted Money, Money would get angry. Both Reimer and Brian recall that Money was mild-mannered around their parents, but ill-tempered when alone with them. Money also forced the two children to strip for "genital inspections"; when they resisted inspecting each other's genitals, Money got very aggressive. Reimer says, "He told me to take my clothes off, and I just did not do it. I just stood there. And he screamed, 'Now!' Louder than that. I thought he was going to give me a whupping. So I took my clothes off and stood there shaking."

Colapinto speculates that Money's rationale for his treatment of the children was his belief that "childhood 'sexual rehearsal play' at thrusting movements and copulation" was important for a "healthy adult gender identity". Brian spoke about the therapy "only with the greatest emotional turmoil", and David was unwilling to speak about the details publicly.

At 14 years old and in extreme psychological agony, David Reimer was told the truth by his parents. He chose to begin calling himself David, and he underwent surgical procedures to revert the female bodily modifications.

Despite the pain and turmoil of the brothers, for decades, Money reported on Reimer's progress as the "John/Joan case", describing apparently successful female gender development and using this case to support the feasibility of sex reassignment and surgical reconstruction even in non-intersex cases.

By the time this deception was discovered, the idea of a purely socially constructed gender identity and infant Intersex medical interventions had become the accepted medical and sociological standard.

David Reimer's case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to Milton Diamond, an academic sexologist, who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly. Soon after, Reimer went public with his story, and John Colapinto published a widely disseminated and influential account in Rolling Stone magazine in December 1997. This was later expanded into The New York Times bestselling biography As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (2000), in which Colapinto described how—contrary to Money's reports—when living as Brenda, Reimer did not identify as a girl. He was ostracized and bullied by peers (who dubbed him "cavewoman"), and neither frilly dresses nor female hormones made him feel female.

In July 2002, Brian was found dead from an overdose of antidepressants. In May 2004, David committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with a sawed-off shotgun at the age of 38. According to his mother, "he had recently become depressed after losing his job and separating from his wife."

Money argued that media response to Diamond's exposé was due to right-wing media bias and "the antifeminist movement." He said his detractors believed "masculinity and femininity are built into the genes so women should get back to the mattress and the kitchen". However, intersex activists also criticized Money, stating that the unreported failure had led to the surgical reassignment of thousands of infants as a matter of policy. Privately, Money was mortified by the case, colleagues said, and as a rule did not discuss it.

Transgender people and the Johns Hopkins gender clinic
Money had a particular interest in gender dysphoria and transgender people. He believed transgender people had an Idée fixe; a preoccupation of the mind resistant to change.

According to Goldie, Money is a seen as a "negative figure" among transgender people. In one paper, Money described trans women as "devious, demanding and manipulative in their relationships with people on whom they are also dependent" and “possibly also incapable of love.”

Money believed that de-stereotyping sex roles might prevent people from wanting to transition, arguing “a tomboy-ish girl, prenatally androgenized, grows up to be a career-minded woman, not a transsexual who claims to need sex reassignment”.

In 1965, Money co-established the Gender Identity Clinic at Johns Hopkins with the endocrinologist Claude Migeon. Money screened adult patients for two years prior to granting them a medical transition, and argued that none regret the procedure as a result. The hospital began performing sexual reassignment surgery in 1966, and was the first clinic in the United States to do so.

Homosexuality and sexual orientation
John Money was a leading proponent of the idea that human sexual orientation develops through learning and gendered socialization. He believed that males, if surgically reassigned and raised as girls around birth, would grow up to be attracted to males and live as heterosexual women. However, in the case of David Reimer, he grew up to be attracted to women. A 2016 academic review found that in seven total cases of boys surgically reassigned and raised as girls (due to botched circumcision or cloacal exstrophy), all were strongly attracted to women, not men, inconsistent with this learning theory of homosexuality.

Chronophilias
Money coined the term chronophilia and nepiophilia (sexual attraction to toddlers and infants) in 1986. In two 1983 case study publications, Money stated that pedophilia, among other chronophilias, could be characterized as combining "devotion, affection, and limerence", "comradeship with a touch of hero-worship" and ultimately as "harmless... in most instances".

He stated that both sexual researchers and the public do not make distinctions between affectional pedophilia and sadistic pedophilia. According to Colapinto, Money told  Paidika , a now defunct Dutch journal of pedophilia, that:

"'If I were to see the case of a boy aged 10 or 12 who's intensely attracted toward a man in his 20s or 30s, if the relationship is totally mutual, and the bonding is genuinely totally mutual, then I would not call it pathological in any way.'"

Also in 1986, Money postulated the existence of multiple chronophilic forms of erotic age-roleplaying, or age impersonation, which he named "infantilism", "juvenilism", "adolescentilism", "gerontilism"''. ''

Books on sexology
Money co-edited a 1969 book, Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment, which helped bring more acceptance to sexual reassignment surgery and transsexual individuals.

Money introduced numerous definitions related to gender in journal articles in the 1950s, many of them as a result of his studies of intersex morphology. His definition of gender is based on his understanding of sex differences among human beings. According to Money, the fact that one sex produces ova and the other sex produces sperm is the irreducible criterion of sex difference. However, there are other sex-derivative differences that follow in the wake of this primary dichotomy. These differences involve the way urine is expelled from the human body and other questions of sexual dimorphism. According to Money's theory, sex-adjunctive differences are typified by the smaller size of females and their problems in moving around while nursing infants. This then makes it more likely that the males do the roaming and hunting.

Sex-arbitrary differences are those that are purely conventional: for example, color selection (baby blue for boys, pink for girls). Some of the latter differences apply to life activities, such as career opportunities for men versus women. Finally, Money created the now-common term gender role which he differentiated from the concept of the more traditional terminology sex role. This grew out of his studies of intersex people.

In his studies of intersex people, Money alleged that there are six variables that define sex. While in the average person all six would line up unequivocally as either all "male" or "female", in an intersex person any one or more than one of these could be inconsistent with the others, leading to various kinds of anomalies. In his seminal 1955 paper he defined these factors as:
 * 1) assigned sex and sex of rearing
 * 2) external genital morphology
 * 3) internal reproductive structures
 * 4) hormonal and secondary sex characteristics
 * 5) gonadal sex
 * 6) chromosomal sex

and added, "'Patients showing various combinations and permutations of these six sexual variables may be appraised with respect to a seventh variable: 7. Gender role and orientation as male or female, established while growing up.'"

He then defined gender role as; "'all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the following: general mannerisms, deportment and demeanor; play preferences and recreational interests; spontaneous topics of talk in unprompted conversation and casual comment; content of dreams, daydreams and fantasies; replies to oblique inquiries and projective tests; evidence of erotic practices, and, finally, the person's own replies to direct inquiry.'"

Money made the concept of gender a broader, more inclusive concept than one of masculine/feminine. For him, gender included not only one's status as a man or a woman, but was also a matter of personal recognition, social assignment, or legal determination; not only on the basis of one's genitalia but also on the basis of somatic and behavioral criteria that go beyond genital differences. In 1972, Money presented his theories in Man and Woman, Boy and Girl, a college level textbook. The book featured David Reimer as an example of gender reassignment.

In his book Gay, Straight and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation, Money develops a conception of "bodymind". "Bodymind" is a way for scientists, in developing a science about sexuality, to move on from the platitudes of dichotomy between nature versus nurture, innate versus the acquired, biological versus the social, and psychological versus the physiological. He suggested that all of these capitalize on the ancient, pre-Platonic, pre-biblical conception of body versus the mind, and the physical versus the spiritual. In coining the term "bodymind", in this sense, Money wishes to move beyond these very ingrained principles of our folk or vernacular psychology.

Money also developed a view of "Concepts of Determinism" which, transcultural, transhistorical, and universal, all people have in common, sexologically or otherwise. These include pairbondage, troopbondage, abidance, ycleptance, foredoomance, with these coping strategies: adhibition (engagement), inhibition, explication. Money suggested that the concept of "threshold" – the release or inhibition of sexual (or other) behavior – is most useful for sex research as a substitute for any concept of motivation. Moreover, it confers the distinct advantage of having continuity and unity to what would otherwise be a highly disparate and varied field of research. It also allows for the classification of sexual behavior. For Money, the concept of threshold has great value because of the wide spectrum to which it applies. "It allows one to think developmentally or longitudinally, in terms of stages or experiences that are programmed serially, or hierarchically, or cybernetically (i.e. regulated by mutual feedback)."

Personal life
Money was briefly married in the 1950s and never had any children. He was reportedly bisexual.

According to his friends, Money lived an "eccentric lifestyle." He only bought secondhand clothing and rarely threw things away he deemed reusable. For over 40 years, Money lived in a house in Baltimore near the John Hopkins medical campus. His house had a collection of anthropological art from his travels abroad, including his studies of aboriginal communities in Australia. Money was an early supporter and patron of many famous artists, including New Zealand artists Rita Angus and Theo Schoon, and the American artist Lowell Nesbitt, whom he provided with an x-ray for one artwork. Money was also acquainted with Yoko Ono, visiting her in London with Richard Green, and fashioning some of her sculptures.

In 2002, as his Parkinson's disease worsened, Money donated a substantial portion of his art collection to the Eastern Southland Art Gallery in Gore, New Zealand. In 2003, the New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark opened the John Money wing at the gallery.

Money died on 7 July 2006, one day before his 85th birthday, in Towson, Maryland, of complications from Parkinson's disease. He was survived by eight nieces and nephews.

Selected works

 * Money, John. (1952). Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox. Thesis (Ph.D.), Harvard University.
 * ____, and Patricia Tucker. (1975). Sexual Signatures on Being a Man or a Woman. Little Brown & Co: ISBN 0-316-57825-8
 * ____ (1985). The Destroying Angel. Prometheus. ISBN 0-879-75277-7
 * ____ (1986). Venuses Penuses. Prometheus. ISBN 978-0879753276
 * ____ (1986). Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. New York: Irvington. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
 * ____ (1988) Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505407-5
 * ____ (1989). Vandalized Lovemaps: Paraphilic Outcome of 7 Cases in Pediatric Sexology. Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-513-X
 * ____ (1994). Sex Errors of the Body and Related Syndromes: A Guide to Counseling Children, Adolescents, and Their Families , 2nd ed. Baltimore: P.H. Brooks Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55766-150-2
 * ____ (1995). Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
 * ____, and Anke Ehrhardt. (1996). Man & Woman, Boy & Girl: Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson. Originally published: 1972 ISBN 0-8018-1406-5
 * ____ (1999). The Lovemap Guidebook: A Definitive Statement. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1203-3

In media
The Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode "Identity" (2005) was based on David and Brian Reimer's lives and their treatment by Money.

The Money and Reimer case was highlighted in the 2023 documentary Every Body, in which intersex individuals (aka individuals with Differences of Sexual Development) describe growing up and their struggles due to their gender being mis-identified.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Money


text:
Milton Diamond

Milton Diamond (March 6, 1934 – March 20, 2024) was an American professor of anatomy and reproductive biology at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. After a career in the study of human sexuality, Diamond retired from the university in December 2009 but continued with his research and writing until retiring fully in 2018. He died on March 20, 2024, at the age of 90.

Early career
Milton Diamond graduated from the City College of New York with a BS in biophysics in 1955, after which he spent three years in the Army as an engineering officer, stationed in Japan. On returning to the United States, he attended graduate school at University of Kansas from 1958 to 1962 and earned a PhD in anatomy and psychology from that University. His first job was teaching at the University of Louisville, School of Medicine where he simultaneously completed two years toward an Doctor of Medicine, passing his Basic Medicine Boards, and in 1967 he moved to Hawaii to take up a post at the recently established John A. Burns School of Medicine. Milton Diamond had a long running feud with the psychologist Dr. John Money. In 1965 Diamond published "A Critical Evaluation of the Ontogeny of Human Sexual Behavior" a critique of Money's work. In the early seventies, Diamond and Money were attending a conference on transgenderism in Dubrovnik. According to the book As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (page 174) at this conference Money initiated a loud and aggressive argument with Diamond. One witness claims that Money punched Diamond; however, Diamond himself said that he could not recall any physical contact during this encounter.

David Reimer
Diamond was best known for following up on the case of David Reimer, a boy raised as a girl under the supervision of John Money after his penis was damaged beyond surgical repair during a botched circumcision, which was performed using an unconventional method of electrocauterization instead of a clamp and scalpel. This case, which Money renamed that of "John/Joan" to protect Reimer's privacy, has become one of the most cited cases in the literature of psychiatry, anthropology, women's studies, child development, and biology of gender. With the cooperation of H. Keith Sigmundson, who had been Reimer's supervising psychiatrist, Diamond tracked down the adult Reimer and found that Money's sex reassignment of Reimer had failed. Diamond was the first to alert physicians that the model, proposed by Reimer's case, of how to treat infants with intersex conditions was faulty.

Diamond recommended that physicians should not perform surgery on intersex infants without their informed consent, should assign such infants to the gender to which they will probably best adjust, and refrain from adding shame, stigma and secrecy to the issue, by assisting intersex people to meet and associate with others of like condition. Diamond similarly encouraged considering the intersex condition as a difference of sex development, not as a disorder.

Work, appointments and awards
Diamond wrote extensively about abortion and family planning, pornography, intersexuality, transsexuality, and other sex- and reproduction-related issues for professional sex and legal journals, as well as lay periodicals. He was frequently interviewed for public media and legal matters, and often served as an expert in court proceedings, and was known for his research on the origins and development of sexual identity. He retired from teaching in 2009, but continued to research and consult concerning transsexuality, intersexuality and pornography until he retired fully in 2018.

Appointments
Diamond was based at the John A. Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, from 1967. He was appointed Professor of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology in 1971, and from 1985 until his retirement he was Director of the Pacific Center for Sex and Society within the School of Medicine.

In 1999 Diamond was appointed President of the International Academy of Sex Research, and in 2001/02 President of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.

Awards
The awards Diamond received include:
 * 1999: the British GIRES Research Prize
 * 2000: the German Magnus Hirschfeld Medal for sexual science
 * 2005: the Norwegian Diversity Prize for his research efforts on behalf of transsexual and transgender people worldwide
 * 2008: the first of a proposed annual award made by the German Intersex Society (Intersexuelle Menschen e.V.) "for his decades-long commitment to the benefit of intersex people";
 * 2009: the Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research by the University of Hawaiʻi;
 * 2010: the Kinsey Award for 2011, made by the Midcontinent Region of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.
 * 2015: the World Association for Sexual Health gold medal

Selected publications

 * Sexual Decisions (1980), ISBN 0-316-18388-1
 * Sexwatching: Looking into the World of Sexual Behaviour (1992), ISBN 1-85375-024-7
 * Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawaiʻi: A Sexological Ethnography

title: Milton Diamond


text:
Xin dynasty

The Xin dynasty, also known as Xin Mang in Chinese historiography, was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty which lasted from 9 to 23 AD, established by the Han dynasty consort kin Wang Mang, who usurped the throne of the Emperor Ping of Han and the infant "crown prince" Liu Ying. The Xin dynasty ruled for over a decade before it was overthrown by rebels. After Wang's death, the Han dynasty was restored by Liu Xiu, a distant descendant of the Emperor Jing of Han; therefore, the Xin dynasty is often considered an interregnum period of the Han dynasty, dividing it into the Western Han (or "Former Han") and the Eastern Han (or "Later Han").

Etymology
Chinese dynasties were typically named after the fief of their founders, and this reading is consistent with Wang Mang's pre-imperial position as Marquess of Xin. In 1950, C.B. Sargent suggested that the name of the dynasty should be read as meaning "new", which J. J. L. Duyvendak rejected out of hand. Chauncey S. Goodrich argued that it would be possible to assign a semantic reading to xin, but that it ought to be read as renewed or renewal, not simply new.

History
After the death of Emperor Wu of Han, the ruling Liu family was increasingly beset by factional struggles. As result, the power of the imperial clan declined. In contrast, the Wang family grew powerful during the rule of Emperor Cheng of Han, and its leading member Wang Mang used his influence to act as regent for several young puppet emperors. In contrast to other Wang family members who were content to rule the empire by influencing the Han emperors, Wang Mang had greater ambitions. He embarked on a programme of building and learning, creating much positive publicity and propaganda for himself. He openly presented himself as champion of Confucian virtues, and as guiding force of the empire. Following the death of Emperor Ping of Han in 6 AD, Wang Mang cemented his control over the empire. Rebellions against his de facto rule were crushed in 6 and 7 AD. Two years later, Wang usurped the throne and officially proclaimed the Xin (literally the "New dynasty"). Though he enjoyed no great support among the empire's political class, Wang's ascension was generally tolerated because the Han dynasty had lost most of their prestige. Regardless, much of the old bureaucracy and nobility was still loyal to the Han dynasty, but these loyalists did not openly oppose the establishment of the Xin regime.

In contrast, relations with the nomadic Xiongnu confederation quickly deteriorated, and the latter intended to intervene in China around 10/11 AD. Wang responded by mobilizing 300,000 soldiers along the northern border and prevented the Xiongnu from invading China. The continuing disputes with the northern confederation resulted in Wang setting up a rival Xiongnu government in 19 AD, while maintaining the great army at the border. This drained the Xin dynasty's resources, weakening its grip on the rest of the empire.

The new emperor initiated several radical social and political reforms. These aimed at strengthening the central government, restoring the failing economy, weakening the powerful noble families, and improving the livelihood of the empire's peasants. The reforms enjoyed some initial successes, and provided a much-needed legitimacy boost to the Xin dynasty. At the same time, the reforms weakened the former imperial clan, as most of the redistributed resources had belonged to the Liu family. Furthermore, Wang patronized education based on Confucianism, taking the Duke of Zhou as his model for a good ruler. His policies were often not implemented by the old bureaucracy who resented his radical reforms. In contrast, the reforms found some acclaim among the empire's peasants.

Soon after its inauguration, Wang's regime was destabilized by several natural disasters, including the Yellow River changing course, which resulted in massive floods. Plagues of locusts further worsened the situation, and widespread famines broke out. The Xin dynasty's economic policies failed to solve the ensuing crisis, and Wang Mang quickly lost the support which he had had among the peasantry as the latter struggled for survival. The desperate peasants in the eastern parts of the empire soon turned to banditry. The bandit groups grew in strength, and numbered tens of thousands of members by the 20s. The most powerful factions along the Yellow River reorganized into rebel armies, known as the Red Eyebrows. The insurgents allied with discontented nobles and descendants of the former imperial clan, resulting in large-scale civil war by 19 AD. Wang Mang was forced to shift troops from other areas to deal with the Red Eyebrows, whereupon the Protectorate of the Western Regions was overrun by the Xiongnu. Smaller rebellions broke out in other parts of China. The "Troops from the Lower Yangtze" operated along this river, while two insurgent bands in Hubei were recruited by Han loyalists. Led by Liu Bosheng, they became known as the Lulin.

As civil war engulfed the entire Xin Empire, Wang's loyalist armies fought hard to keep the rebels at bay. The Xin armies scored several victories, but were completely defeated by Han restorationist armies in the Battle of Kunyang in June–July 23 AD. Upon hearing of this event, the irregular militias of Zhuang Ben and Zhuang Chun captured Chang'an in October 23, plundering the capital and killing Wang Mang. The various rebel armies subsequently fought each other to gain full control over the empire. In 25 AD, Liu Xiu was crowned as Emperor Guangwu of Han in Luoyang. The Red Eyebrows were defeated by Liu Xiu's forces in 27 AD, and he also destroyed other rival claimants as well as separatist regimes including Wang Lang's Zhao state, Gongsun Shu's Chengjia empire, and warlord Wei Ao in the northwest. By 37 AD, the Han dynasty was fully restored.

Government

Wang Mang implemented several reforms, systematically transforming the government of the Han dynasty based on his understanding of the Confucian classics and what turned out to be his faulty beliefs about the ancient Western Zhou's government system. Sinologist Li Feng described these reforms as "socialist and imperialist combined". In order to weaken the nobles, strengthen the central government, reform the economy, and improve the peasants' situation, Wang Mang redistributed land from the rich to those who owned nothing, introduced new taxes on slave owning, prohibited the sale of slaves, and implemented limits on how much farmland one family was allowed to own. He also nationalized farmland, and restored the government's old monopoly on the salt and iron industries. To further strengthen the empire's struggling economy and restore the government's fiscal stability, the Xin dynasty also implemented a new system to stabilize market prices, replaced the gold currency with a bronze currency, and forced nobles of marquis and lower rank to exchange all their gold for copper coins. These policies allowed the nearly-broke government to regain much-needed funds, and actually improved the economy, but caused great resentment among the nobility. Wang Mang also reduced the status of foreign vassal rulers in an attempt to strengthen the Xin empire's control over its border regions.

In an attempt to return to an idealized past, the Xin regime also implemented architectural changes to the capital Chang'an. The "Nine Temples" were constructed where the emperor worshipped the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, breaking with the Han dynasty's tradition to worship one's own ancestors. At the "Bright Hall", Wang Mang observed the change of the seasons in accordance with the Confucian traditions. He also opened up posts at the imperial academies, so far dominated by New Text Confucianism, for scholars who supported the Confucian Old Texts. Sinologist Hans van Ess has speculated that this was Wang Mang's attempt at achieving a better balance between the competing schools of thought, although the emperor himself probably preferred the Confucian New Texts.

Historians who lived during the Han dynasty ridiculed Wang Mang's movement to return to the order of the Zhou dynasty as neither practical nor successful, but the Xin dynasty's attempted reforms served as an inspiration for later emperors. According to Li Feng, Wang Mang would have been "the greatest reformer in Chinese history" if his regime had survived.

title: Xin dynasty


text:
User talk:Jimregan/Archive2

(JTD wrote: One night it all came to a head. Zoe, 172, myself, Tannin and others decided "fuck it. We have had enough."

So, as now happens to Michael, we waged total war. Everything Adam in the name of his latest troll touched was reverted on sight.)

 * And now Zoe has learned and applied that same trick to me, so rather than being tricked into appearing the same as the vandals I have waited until I spotted her selectivity elsewhere. Now I can show people a track record of misbehaviour - thin so far, but real - I hope without (as she has) becoming what she fought. You don't believe it? She requires a certain level of proof from others, as in "fanny", yet lets through stuff she has no problem with. Selectivity, which adds up. All I ask for is decent equitable criteria, evenly applied. (And once we have established that, look at the internal evidence in what I gave that she suppressed. Then we can give it a fair go for deciding how to word what ought to go in, rather than just suppressing what doesn't fit preconceptions.) PML.

I moved your comment here, the page was getting too long. I hope that's enough of a quote to put yours in context, though I have to say, I think it's fairly rude to start a reply in the middle of someone else's message. Now that we've gotten off to a bad start, to my reply. I'd have to say that valid or not, it's really not a good time to complain about Zoe. Many other people seem to have gotten the same idea. Maybe Zoe really is the nastiest thing since... whatever the polar opposite of sliced bread is, but if all she's asking you for is proof, what's the problem in providing it? Maybe she does have a double standard, but she's only human.

If you want to be treated the same way as everyone else, why don't you create an account? By having just an IP in a page history, you are waving a red flag at everyone who has an eye on RC. Wikipedia does have a hierarchy, and by not logging in you are choosing to stay at the bottom of that hierarchy —if you're not being treated the same as everyone else, you've only yourself to blame -- Jim Regan 05:32 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I was trying to anchor things to a related context (now missing - you shouldn't have guessed you left enough context). As for "...if all she's asking you for is proof, what's the problem in providing it?" - that's exactly what was shown by the context against which I put the comment (now missing). She was not doing that, any more than the usual suspect vandal was "only" doing this or that. She made out that that was all she was after - but she cut regardless, only giving the appearance of making a reasonable request in a way that might fool people coming in in the middle (possibly unintentional, but just like that earlier vandal), and she wouldn't accept spelling things out in the post as proof or accept that prima facie obvious stuff put the burden of proof on rejecting it (at least show what's not prima facie about it!). So I decided to give her plenty of rope and wait for her to be out in the open before again raising the area (the sale of the Danish Virgin Islands) as part of a wider whole (bias), in the hope that eventually it would get an impartial review so we could get an agreed phrasing in - which is why it is a good time to complain about Zoe, or more precisely about what she does, now she's exposed and will find it harder to hide the fact that she has a pattern of bias we need to offset. Reworking the Danish Virgin Islands may take a while before we get around to it, but I can't just wait for the pressure to be off her - she'll make out that it's me that's biassed (as she just now has, falsely stating that the point related to being NPOV). As for why not create an account - I have already given reasons for that (it's work related); and matters should be judged on their form and content, not author. Apologies for rushed mind dump phrasing there. PML.

Oh. I guess the correct quote, then, would be "Adam's classic stunt was to start off all nice and polite, do something, people would change it and nicely explain why it was wrong. Adam would be so nice and polite . . . and change it back. So the gullible user would be all nice back, trying to explain the change. Then finally it would dawn on the user after a week or two that they were falling for an act". So this leaves me with having to read through several revisions to find out what it is you said. I'm guessing the contentious part is
 * "During the submarine warfare phases of the First World War, the USA feared that these islands might be seized by Germany as a submarine base and accordingly put pressure on Denmark (more precisely, the Danish Crown) to sell the islands to the USA to pre-empt German seizure. It should however be noted that the U.S. pressure itself took the form of a threat of seizure if a sale could not be agreed, that this took place between neutral non-belligerents, and that the USA only contemplated a permanent acquisition and not the conventional temporary acquisition for the duration of hostilities. On January 17, 1917, the United States bought the Danish West Indies for $25 million and took possession of the islands on March 31, with the funds going to the Danish Crown and so helping to maintain a degree of royal independence."

I can see the problem with POV here, from both sides. Fine, Zoe is Americo-centric, and wants proof. Simply stating that the US threatened seizure of the Islands isn't enough - you need to back it up, with evidence supporting this claim. Unless you can provide this proof, it's simply a matter of the US's word against Denmarks, and you need to flag your claims accordingly. Simply saying "The Danish Crown felt they were under pressure to sell the islands" or whatever should be the right sort of thing. -- Jim Regan 06:12 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * There was one more problem, that doesn't show in this fossilised retrospect. I had been seeking alternate forms of words to firm things up. No dice - everything got cut, including context that showed what I was putting made sense. So I stopped and awaited a strategic moment rather than seeking a synthesis that would be kyboshed. Had I continued, I would probably have put "...the U.S. pressure itself could only be a threat of seizure... since the owners were the Danish Crown", only hopefully a bit clearer than that. Then I would have tried to clarify this internal evidence even more, showing that the USA had nothing to offer the Crown, since it was all a one way loss for the Crown. Showing that would have been a serious digression into constitutional aspects - but it was already clear that I was being cut regardless, since the Second World War comparative stuff had been simply cut. Zoe et al were simply assuming that presenting evidence is POV and that if it was once cut, that showed I had no evidence to offer. No credence was being put on internal evidence, and there was no willingness to check my reasoning. PML.

OK, have a look at the page now, and tell me what you think. -- Jim Regan 06:22 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Sorry I could not look at the article tonight. I've been wading through 500 articles by Joe Canuck to put his jpeg downloads on the VfD page. I am knackered and crawling off to bed. FearÉIREANN 03:32 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * You'll need to learn some SQL then - Sysops have that, right? It'd have made it a whole lot quicker. -- Jim Regan 18:25 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

No. Your comments were spot on and fair.FearÉIREANN 23:02 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I wasn't too sure... lots said &c, but I wasn't sure I needed to issue an apology either. -- Jim Regan 05:56 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

BTW take a look at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers) and let me know what you think. Eloquence, a normally very nice german guy, has a bee in his bonnet about using the dating format of dd/mm/yy. He insists we should use mm/dd/yy which things used to be written in up until a few months ago. He also dislikes British english being used on wiki and would prefer if we used both American dating and American english. Or as a compromise, that he could tolerate British english if non-Americans agreed to use American mm/dd/yy dating. I delivered a rather long and sharp attack on his arguments on the above page. I'd love to hear your views on it. FearÉIREANN 11:59 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * You know, I've been staring at that page for 15 minutes, and can't think of much to say. I presumed from your comments that some misguided people were literally using numerical dates dd/mm, mm/dd &c. In that case, I would have votes for ISO dates, but since the issue is different, 22 June vs June 22, I don't see the problem. Honestly, I wasn't fully aware that the 22 June form could be used, and have been using the American style. Though, mostly I've been writing pages about bands, albums etc and most of them are American anyway - though I have not once used an American spelling - I'd be too confused (confuzed?).

 * I've been taking part in Distributed Proofreaders, and while there, mostly focussing on Vol. 2 of the 1911 ed. of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. AFAIR, this was before the company moved to the US, and since that encyclopaedia has a mixture of conventions across articles, I fail to see why some people find it so unprofessional/inconsistent/bad here. In fact, since I started here, and started seeing these little tiffs over "standardizing" on AE, I've found myself flicking through other encyclopaedias to see how they do it, and I don't recall seeing any difference. Maybe I'll actually take a survey--I doubt it'll placate the hardcore AE people, but it'd be nice to have. -- Jim Regan 13:48 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

To be honest I am utterly puzzled by Eloquence's stance. I don't see how using 27 June rather than June 27 is going to cause the end of civilisation as we know it. (civilization?) Given there was agreement to use either, and the redirects are all in place, his argument I find odd in the extreme. Oh. The joys of a Sunday afternoon! lol. FearÉIREANN 14:02 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Now, you're not suggesting that some people have too much time on their hands, now are you? :) It's amazing what people get passionate about. Oh well. -- Jim Regan 14:31 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

The thing with Michael Hardy is he has done this before with political science pages and it is getting irritating, to put it mildly. But in this case he changed the actual formula, removed an important definition phrase and mucked up on the capitalisation for the umptheenh time. I have asked him before that if he has any doubts to raise questions on the relevant talk page first before makingh wholescale changes but he never does. He just bulldozes ahead and I am fed up as a political scientist regularly having to clean up after his mess. But the changes to Droop Quota hit a new low. He obviously doesn't know what the Droop Quota is but still changed everything anyway. If a student wrote the formula as adjusted by him they would get an F- and a bollocking from their professor. FearÉIREANN 23:30 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, an ongoing thing. Maybe you need to lart him. -- Jim Regan 00:18 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Not that he knows me from Adam, but tell him 'Happy Birthday' for me, eh? Phil Bordelon 07:28 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I did, but he all he's interested in at the moment is his party and his presents. -- Jim Regan 07:51 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Just passing through on an obsessive quest to remove links to disambiguation pages ;) Regards -- sannse 23:26 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks! -- Jim Regan 23:34 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I hope I am doing this right... anyway, I stubbed Rockapella and Tekserve is not meant as an advert. Sorry. -- Etan

I added some basic info on Pearl Jam's albums. I didn't know that you were working on them, so you might have to edit and/or merge your info. -- Dori Jul 7 2003

Thanks for the info. By the way, is there any way of entering date/time automatically? --Dori Jul 8 2003

Just saw your question to TUK-KAT - I'm not sure if he's around at the moment, so I'll chip in: you can get details of Billboard chart positions from allmusic.com (search for the album, and the appropriate link is on the album page). --Camembert

If you would help take the appropriate steps (pop punk page I was working on) to delete everything cached past the March date, I'd appreciate it so no one else goes back to it. I screwed up and put the latest page up there instead of the first one, but I don't want to try again because it would still leave the old ones there. I don't know how to do it and I don't want to get in trouble. Plus I am going on vacation in a few hours and I can't deal with this right now. Many thanks. P.S. Did you go to Notre Dame? Or maybe that was a different guy I am thinking about. --weezer76

 * Well, deleting specific revisions is being worked on, but not there yet; all we can do is revert, and note in the summary that it's being done for copyright reasons. Secondly, I'm not an admin, so I wouldn't be able to help you directly in any case, but simply reverting copyright violations seems to work for the vast majority of cases. Don't worry about causing trouble, you made a simple mistake, and have taken the steps to correct it. And no, I didn't go to Notre Dame :) -- Jim Regan 19:43 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Not an admin? Isn't it about time you were? :) -- sannse 20:00 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * First time it came up. Well, apart from those pages with little bits of vandalism, but they've always been deleted within minutes of my blanking them. But I'll take that as a vote of confidence, so thanks. -- Jim Regan 20:09 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well I won't push - but it's just as quick to delete as blank when you have the buttons... and it saves any being missed... and it saves someone else doing it... and I'll shut up and leave you alone now ;) -- sannse

 * I tried it out before on test. I'll try it out again and see if it fits... -- Jim Regan

- Congratulations, you have just been made a sysop! You have volunteered for boring housekeeping activities which normal users sadly cannot participate in. Sysops basically can't do anything: They cannot delete pages arbitarily (only obvious junk like "jklasdfl,öasdf JOSH IS GAY"), they cannot protect pages in an edit war they are involved in, they cannot ban signed in users. What they can do is delete junk as it appears, ban anonymous vandals, remove pages that have been listed on Votes for deletion for more than a week, protect pages when asked to by other members, and help keep the few protected pages there are, among them the precious Main Page, up to date.

Note that almost everything you can do can be undone, so don't be too worried about making mistakes. You will find more information at Administrators, please take a look before experimenting with your new powers. Drop me a message if there are any questions or if you want to stop being a sysop (could it be?). Have fun! --Eloquence 21:17 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

OK, I want to know the find-copyrighted-text trick (like Donny Hathaway). -- ESP 05:02 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I used this query on google; just picked a phrase that looked relatively unusual. My first search had the name on the bottom of the page, Michelle E Smith. I'd have picked a different phrase if the second hadn't worked. -- Jim Regan 05:08 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi Jim, I've put forward some other ideas about how to make the VFD page more user-friendly and more decisive. They are on the Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion. I'd welcome your observations. lol FearÉIREANN 00:47 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

- Sorry for the late reply, but I've been out-of-town. The chart positions come from allmusic.com Near the bottom of the first section is:

Charts & Awards 	Click here for Billboard Chart Positions & GRAMMY Awards

Tuf-Kat

 * Before I left, there were no dissenters to the view that album covers would certainly qualify under fair use since Wikipedia is a non-profit, education and reporting organization, and the image could not replace the original product (nobody buys the album solely for the cover, and if they did, a blurry print-out would hardly suffice). Tuf-Kat

You've made the most recent edit on a number of [http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=67.121.191.130 Michael edit. s]. Are you vouching for the accuracy of them? I need to know so I know which to blank. --Dante Alighieri 18:13 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Yes. If you look at At the Drive-In, almost every detail is different between my edits and his. -- Jim Regan 18:27 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * OK, no problemo. I'll just get rid of the ones without your revisions. --Dante Alighieri 19:36 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

- Yo Jim, thought I'd let you know I un-stubbed your article Killswitch Engage. TopCamel

title: User talk:Jimregan/Archive2


text:
Masterpiece

A masterpiece, magnum opus, or ; ; ) in modern use is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship.

Historically, a "masterpiece" was a work of a very high standard produced to obtain membership of a guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts.

Etymology
The form masterstik is recorded in English or Scots in a set of Aberdeen guild regulations dated to 1579, whereas masterpiece is first found in 1605, already outside a guild context, in a Ben Jonson play. Masterprize was another early variant in English. In English, the term rapidly became used in a variety of contexts for an exceptionally good piece of creative work, and was "in early use, often applied to man as the 'masterpiece' of God or Nature".

History
Originally, the term masterpiece referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. His fitness to qualify for guild membership was judged partly by the masterpiece, and if he was successful, the piece was retained by the guild. Great care was therefore taken to produce a fine piece in whatever the craft was, whether confectionery, painting, goldsmithing, knifemaking, leatherworking, or many other trades.

In London, in the 17th century, the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, for instance, required an apprentice to produce a masterpiece under their supervision at a "workhouse" in Goldsmiths' Hall. The workhouse had been set up as part of a tightening of standards after the company became concerned that the level of skill of goldsmithing was being diluted. The wardens of the company had complained in 1607 that the "true practise of the Art & Mystery of Goldsmithry is not only grown into great decays but also dispersed into many parts, so as now very few workmen are able to finish & perfect a piece of plate singularly with all the garnishings & parts thereof without the help of many & several hands...". The same goldsmithing organization still requires the production of a masterpiece but it is no longer produced under supervision.

In Nuremberg, Germany, between 1531 and 1572, apprentices who wished to become master goldsmith were required to produce columbine cups, dies for a steel seal, and gold rings set with precious stones before they could be admitted to the goldsmiths' guild. If they failed to be admitted, then they could continue to work for other goldsmiths but not as a master themselves. In some guilds, apprentices were not allowed to marry until they had obtained full membership.

In its original meaning, the term was generally restricted to tangible objects, but in some cases, where guilds covered the creators of intangible products, the same system was used. The best-known example today is Richard Wagner's opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1868), where much of the plot is concerned with the hero's composition and performance of a "masterpiece" song, to allow him to become a meistersinger in the (non-commercial) Nuremberg guild. This follows the surviving rulebook of the guild.

The practice of producing a masterpiece has continued in some modern academies of art, where the general term for such works is now reception piece. The Royal Academy in London uses the term "diploma work" and it has acquired a fine collection of diploma works received as a condition of membership.

Modern use
In modern use, a masterpiece is a creation in any area of the arts that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship. For example, the novel David Copperfield by Charles Dickens is generally considered a literary masterpiece. The term is often used loosely, and some critics, such as Edward Douglas of The Tracking Board, feel it is overused in describing recent films.

title: Masterpiece


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William Clito

William Clito (25 October 1102 – 28 July 1128) was a member of the House of Normandy who ruled the County of Flanders from 1127 until his death and unsuccessfully claimed the Duchy of Normandy. As the son of Robert Curthose, the eldest son of William the Conqueror, William Clito was seen as a candidate to succeed his uncle King Henry I of England. Henry viewed him as a rival, however, and William allied himself with King Louis VI of France. Louis installed him as the new count of Flanders upon the assassination of Charles the Good, but the Flemings soon revolted and William died in the struggle against another claimant to Flanders, Thierry of Alsace.

Youth
William was the son of Duke Robert Curthose of Normandy and Sibylla of Conversano. His father was the first son of King William the Conqueror of England. His nickname Clito was a Medieval Latin term equivalent to the Anglo-Saxon "Aetheling" and its Latinized form "Adelinus" (used to refer to his first cousin, William Adelin). Both terms signified "man of royal blood" or, the modern equivalent, "prince". It may have been derived from the Latin inclitus/inclutus, "celebrated."

Robert was defeated and captured by his brother King Henry I of England at the Battle of Tinchebrai in 1106. Robert accompanied Henry to Falaise where Henry met his nephew William Clito for the first time. Henry placed his nephew in the custody of Helias of Saint Saens, count of Arques, who had married a natural daughter of Duke Robert, his friend and patron. The boy William stayed in his sister's and Helias's care until August 1110, when the king abruptly sent agents to demand the boy be handed over to him. Helias was at the time away from home, so his household concealed the boy and smuggled him to their master, who fled the duchy and found safety among Henry's enemies.

First Norman Rebellion, 1118–19
William's first refuge was with King Henry's great enemy, Robert de Bellême, who had extensive estates south of the duchy. On Robert's capture in 1112, William and Helias fled to the court of the young Count Baldwin VII of Flanders, William's cousin. In 1118 a powerful coalition of Norman counts and barons was sufficiently disenchanted with King Henry to ally with Count Baldwin and rebel. They took up William Clito's cause and commenced a dangerous rebellion.

The Norman border counts and Count Baldwin between them were too powerful for the king and seized much of the north of the duchy. But the promising campaign abruptly ended with Baldwin's serious injury at the siege of Arques (September 1118). The next year the cause of William Clito was taken up by King Louis VI of France. He invaded the duchy down the river Seine, and on 20 August 1119 was met by the troops of King Henry at the Battle of Brémule, where the French were decisively defeated.

William had ridden as a new knight amongst the king's guard that day, and barely escaped capture. His cousin, King Henry's son, William Adelin, the next day sent him back the horse he had lost in the battle with other "necessities" in a courtly gesture. The rebellion collapsed, but William continued to find support at the French court. Louis brought his case to the pope's attention in October 1119 at Reims, and forced Henry I to justify his treatment of the exiled boy.

Second Norman Rebellion, 1123–24
The death by drowning in the White Ship disaster of William Adelin, King Henry's only legitimate son, on 25 November 1120 transformed William Clito's fortunes. He was now a contender for the thrones of England and Normandy, and a significant party of Norman aristocrats adopted his cause. Henry's problems became worse, as his son William Adelin had been betrothed to Matilda, daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou, and Fulk wanted her dowry, several castles and towns in Maine, returned. Henry refused. Fulk, in turn, betrothed his daughter Sibylla to William Clito, giving to him the county of Maine, between Normandy and Anjou, as her dowry. King Henry appealed astutely to canon law, however, and the marriage was eventually annulled in August 1124 on the grounds that the couple were within the prohibited degree of kinship.

In the meantime, a serious aristocratic rebellion broke out in Normandy in favour of William, but was defeated by Henry's intelligence network and the lack of organisation of the leaders, who were defeated at the Battle of Bourgthéroulde in March 1124. Louis VI was distracted from active intervention as Henry I got his son-in-law, Emperor Henry V, to threaten Louis from the east.

Count of Flanders
Louis VI made great efforts to further William's cause in 1127. In January he granted him the royal estates in the French Vexin as a base to attack down the Seine into Normandy, and he was married to Joanna of Montferrat, a half sister of Queen Adelaide of France. The murder of Count Charles the Good of Flanders on 2 March 1127 gave King Louis an even better chance to further William's fortunes. He marched into Flanders at the head of an army and on 30 March got the barons of the province to accept William as their new count.

Initially, William did well, securing most of the county by the end of May. But English money and the emergence of a rival in Thierry of Alsace led to a deterioration in his position. In February 1128, Saint-Omer and Ghent declared against him, as did Bruges in March. In May 1128, Lille too welcomed Thierry, leaving William controlling little more than the southern fringe of Flanders. However, he struck back at Bruges and at the battle of Axspoele south of the town on 21 June, William, with his Norman knights and French allies, defeated Thierry.

At this point, William was joined by Count Godfrey I of Louvain, and together their armies besieged Aalst on 12 July, with the probable intention of going on from there to reduce Ghent. During the course of the siege he was wounded in the arm in a scuffle with a foot soldier. The wound became gangrenous and William died at the age of twenty-five on 28 July 1128, attended to the end by his faithful brother-in-law, Helias of Saint-Saëns, whose wife was one of Clito's illegitimate half-sisters.

William had written letters to his uncle, Henry I, asking for his followers to be pardoned; Henry did as requested. Some followers returned to Henry I while others set out for the crusade.

William's body was carried to the abbey of St Bertin in St. Omer and buried there. He left no children and was survived by his imprisoned father by six years.

title: William Clito


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Sterling (marque)

Sterling was a brand name of automobile marketed in the United States by Austin Rover Cars of North America (later renamed Sterling Motor Cars), a division of the Rover Group company of the United Kingdom. It was sold in North America from 1987 to 1991, during which time Rover was in collaboration with Honda of Japan. Models sold were the Sterling 825, Sterling 827 and a limited production Sterling Oxford Edition based on the 827.

Model range
The only Sterling model that was sold was the 800 series, which was a rebadged Rover 800 series but with different specifications tailored for the North American market. In the United States and Canada, the Sterling was only available with a V6 gasoline engine.

825 and 827
In 1987 and 1988, only the sedan body-styled 825 (trims S or SL) was offered. In 1989, the hatchback was added alongside the sedan, coinciding with the introduction of a new, larger, Honda engine. The new models were called 827 and were available in S, SL, SL Limited or SLi trims in 1989; S, Si, SL or SLi trims in 1990; and Si or SLi trims in 1991.

Oxford Edition
350 limited production Oxford Editions were also available in 1990. Based on the Sterling 827 SL sedan, the Oxford Edition included upgraded interior trim and added various luxury/convenience items such as a built-in cellular phone.

Experience in the market

Sales in America were initially strong, due to the appeal of classic 'British' interior design, combined with a clean and up to date exterior design, both of which compared well with its sister the Acura Legend. U.S. sales hit a high of just over 14,000 cars in 1987. All models came with extensive, real wood interior trim. The SL models also feature ABS, power Connolly leather seats, and two-tone paint as standard equipment. U.S. market Sterlings got motorized automatic seatbelts in the 1989 model year.

While dynamic characteristics and performance were broadly similar to the Legend, due to the shared platform, core structure and power units; detail spring and damper changes gave each model its own unique feel. The Sterlings were the sportier cars, with less float and an overall tighter feel than the Acura Legends. The ride/handling compromise was defined through the shared use of Honda's double wishbone front suspension that allowed a very low hood line, but offered limited wheel travel. This meant that on poorer road surfaces, there was a greater possibility of reduced traction.

Early build quality of the 800 was demonstrably poor as measured by J.D. Power. The various problems included issues with interior trim – for example, the hood latch remained on the passenger side of the cabin the first year in production – problematic Lucas electronics, and paintwork. Corrosion problems in early models would also mar its reputation. All of this contributed to the eventual demise of Rover in the United States. The Sterling fell to the bottom of J.D. Power surveys, while its twin, the Japanese-built Acura Legend, had enjoyed top rankings its first year.

During its run, the instrumentation had been changed to gauges sourced from a different component builder (losing the oil pressure gauge and voltmeter in the process) and build quality had started to improve year to year. However, these changes were too late to prevent the U.S.-market version from later being withdrawn due to poor sales.

Discontinuation
Combined with the effects of the strong British currency, Rover was losing money, and recovering lost ground with the facelifted car and its coupe sister was not deemed possible, and Rover Cars announced its withdrawal from the North American market in August 1991. At the time of the announcement, the company had sold fewer than 2,000 units so far that year.

After the withdrawal from the U.S. market, the Rover 800 remained popular in Europe, especially following the major R17 facelift and was kept in production until 1999 when it was replaced by the Rover 75.

title: Sterling (marque)


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Deheubarth

Deheubarth (lit. 'Right-hand Part', thus 'the South') was a regional name for the realms of south Wales, particularly as opposed to Gwynedd (Latin: Venedotia). It is now used as a shorthand for the various realms united under the House of Dinefwr, but that Deheubarth itself was not considered a proper kingdom on the model of Gwynedd, Powys, or Dyfed is shown by its rendering in Latin as dextralis pars or as Britonnes dexterales ("the Southern Britons") and not as a named land. In the oldest British writers, Deheubarth was used for all of modern Wales to distinguish it from Hen Ogledd (Y Gogledd), the northern lands whence Cunedda originated.

History
Deheubarth was united around 920 by Hywel Dda out of the territories of Seisyllwg and Dyfed, which had come into his possession. Later on, the Kingdom of Brycheiniog was also added. Caerleon was previously the principal court of the area, but Hywel's dynasty fortified and built up a new base at Dinefwr, near Llandeilo, giving them their name.

After the high-water mark set by Hywel, Dinefwr was repeatedly overrun. First, by the Welsh of the north and east: by Llywelyn ap Seisyll of Gwynedd in 1018; by Rhydderch ab Iestyn of Morgannwg in 1023; by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd in 1041 and 1043. In 1075, Rhys ab Owain and the noblemen of Ystrad Tywi succeeded in killing their lord Bleddyn ap Cynfyn. Although Rhys was quickly overrun by Gwynedd and Gwent, his cousin Rhys ap Tewdwr – through his marriage into Bleddyn's family and through battle – reestablished his dynasty's hegemony over south Wales just in time for the second wave of conquest: a prolonged Norman invasion under the Marcher Lords. In 1093, Rhys was killed in unknown circumstances while resisting their expansion into Brycheiniog and his son Gruffydd was briefly thrown into exile.

Following the death of Henry I, in 1136 Gruffydd formed an alliance with Gwynedd for the purpose of a revolt against Norman incursions. He took part in Owain Gwynedd and Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd's victory over the Normans at Crug Mawr. The newly liberated region of Ceredigion, though, was not returned to his family but annexed by Owain.

The long and capable rule of Gruffydd's son the Lord Rhys – and the civil wars that followed Owain's death in Gwynedd – briefly permitted the South to reassert the hegemony Hywel Dda had enjoyed two centuries before. On his death in 1197, though, Rhys redivided his kingdom among his several sons and none of them ever again rivalled his power. By the time Llywelyn the Great won the wars in Gwynedd, in the first half of the 13th century, lords in Deheubarth merely appear among his clients.

Following the conquest of Wales by Edward I, the South was divided into the historic counties of Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire by the Statute of Rhuddlan.

Religion
In the arena of the church, Sulien was the leader of the monastic community at Llanbadarn Fawr in Ceredigion. Born ca. 1030, he became Bishop of St David's in 1073 and again in 1079/80. Both of his sons followed him into the service of the church. At this time the prohibition against the marriage of clerics was not yet established. His sons produced a number of manuscripts and original Latin and vernacular poems. They were very active in the ecclesiastical and political life of Deheubarth. One son, Rhygyfarch (Latin: Ricemarchus) of Llanbadarn Fawr, wrote the Life of Saint David and another, Ieuan, was a skilful scribe and illuminator. He copied some of the works of Augustine of Hippo and may have written the Life of St. Padarn.

List of rulers
The kingdom of Deheubarth was formed by the union of the kingdoms of Ceredigion, Seisyllwg and Dyfed. Ceredigion was absorbed into Seisyllwg and Dyfed was merged with Seisyllwg to form Deheubarth in 909.

Ceredigion

 * Ceredig ap Cunedda (424–453)
 * Usai (453–490)
 * Serwyl (490–525)
 * Boddw (525–560)
 * Arthfoddw (560–595)
 * Arthlwys (595–630)
 * Clydog I (630–665)

Dyfed

 * Ednyfed - realm also included the Caer-Went part of Gwent (his brother received the remainder)
 * Clotri
 * Triffyn Farfog
 * Aergol Lawhir (?-c. 515)
 * Vortiporius (c. 540)
 * Arthur ap Pedr
 * Cloten (c. 630) married Ceindrech of Brycheiniog, uniting the two kingdoms of Dyfed and Brycheiniog
 * Rhain ap Cadwgan (c. 690-740) - also king of Brycheiniog. On his death, his kingdoms were divided again by his sons.
 * Tewdwr ap Rhain
 * Maredudd ap Tewdws (c. 740–797)
 * Rhain ap Maredudd (c. 797–808)
 * Owain ap Maredudd (c. 808–810)
 * Triffyn ap Rhain (?-c. 814)
 * Hyfaidd
 * Llywarch ap Hyfaidd (c. 893-904)
 * Rhodri ap Hyfaidd (c. 904-905)
 * Hywel Dda ("Hywel the Good") (c. 905-909), an invader from Seisllywg who conquered Dyfed (but later chronicles claim he acquired it by marrying Llywarch's daughter)

Seisyllwg

 * Seisyll ap Clydog, prince of Ceredigion (eponym and possibly founder of Seisyllwg)
 * Arthen (?-807)
 * Dyfnwallon
 * Meurig of Seisyllwg
 * Gwgon of Seisyllwg (?-c. 870/871)

House Manaw

 * Angharad ferch Meurig (?-872) and Rhodri the Great (?–873/877/878) - stewards
 * Cadell ap Rhodri, second son of Anghared and Rhodri (872–909)
 * Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) (909-920) - he ruled Seisyllwg in 920 and shortly thereafter merged it with Dyfed into Deheubarth

Deheubarth

 * Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) (920–950)
 * His son, Owain ap Hywel (950–986)
 * Rhodri ap Hywel (950–953) and
 * Edwin ap Hywel (950–954)
 * Owain ap Hywel's son, Maredudd ab Owain (986–999)
 * Cynan ap Hywel, prince of Gwynedd (999–1005)
 * the sons of Einion ab Owain (brother of Maredudd ab Owain), who ruled jointly:
 * Edwin ab Einion (1005–1018)
 * Cadell ab Einion (1005–1018)
 * Llywelyn ap Seisyll, prince of Gwynedd (1018–1023)
 * Rhydderch ap Iestyn, prince of Glywysing (1023–1033)
 * Edwin ab Einion's son, Hywel ab Edwin (1033–1044)
 * Rhydderch ap Iestyn's son, Gruffydd ap Rhydderch (1047–1055)
 * Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063)
 * Edwin ab Einion's grandson, Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin (1063–1072)
 * his brother, Rhys ab Owain (1072–1078)
 * his second cousin, Rhys ap Tewdwr (1078–1093)

 Deheubarth was in the possession of the Normans from 1093 to 1155

 * Gruffydd ap Rhys (1116–1137) ruled a portion of Deheubarth with Norman permission
 * his son, Anarawd ap Gruffydd (1136–1143)
 * his brother, Cadell ap Gruffydd (1143–1151)
 * his brother, Maredudd ap Gruffydd (1151–1155)
 * his brother, The Lord Rhys (Rhys ap Gruffydd) (1155–1197)
 * his son, Gruffydd ap Rhys (1197–1201) who for a time ruled jointly with his brother,
 * Maelgwn ap Rhys (1199–1230) who disputed the territory with his brother,
 * Rhys the Hoarse (Rhys Gryg) (1216–1234)

 From 1234 to 1283, Deheubarth was subject to the princes of Gwynedd

 * Rhys the Hoarse's son, Rhys Mechyll (1234–1244) ruled a portion of Deheubarth
 * his brother, Maredudd ap Rhys (1244–1271) ruled a portion of Deheubarth
 * his son, Rhys ap Maredudd (1271–1283) ruled a portion of Deheubarth

title: Deheubarth


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Lorelei

The Lorelei (Loreley or Lorelei, or ; also found as Loreleï, Lore Lay, Lore-Ley, Lurley, Lurelei and Lurlei throughout history) is a 132 m, steep slate rock on the right bank of the River Rhine in the Rhine Gorge (or Middle Rhine) at Sankt Goarshausen in Germany, part of the Upper Middle Rhine Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site. The 1930s Loreley Amphitheatre is on top of the rock.

It has been an infamous maritime disaster site since its first records during the 10th century, with a varied mythos, ranging from dwarfs to a siren trying to explain the high number of ship wrecks and the loud echo inside the passage.

Etymology
The name comes from the old German words lureln, Rhine dialect for "murmuring", and the Old German term ley "rock". The translation of the name would therefore be "murmur rock" or "murmuring rock". The heavy currents, and a small waterfall in the area (still visible in the early 19th century) created a murmuring sound, and this combined with the special echo the rock produces to act as a sort of amplifier, giving the rock its name. The murmuring is hard to hear today owing to the urbanization of the area. Other theories attribute the name to the many boating accidents on the rock, by combining the German verb ('to lurk, lie in wait') with the same "ley" ending, with the translation "lurking rock".

After the German spelling reform of 1901, in almost all German terms, the letter "y" was changed to the letter "i".

Original folklore and modern myth
The rock and the murmur it creates have inspired various tales. An old legend envisioned dwarfs living in caves in the rock.

In 1801, German author Clemens Brentano composed his ballad Zu Bacharach am Rheine as part of a fragmentary continuation of his novel Godwi oder Das steinerne Bild der Mutter. It first told the story of an enchanting woman associated with the rock. In the poem, the beautiful Lore Lay, betrayed by her sweetheart, is accused of bewitching men and causing their death. Rather than sentence her to death, the bishop consigns her to a nunnery. On the way thereto, accompanied by three knights, she comes to the Lorelei rock. She asks permission to climb it and view the Rhine once again. She does so, and, thinking that she sees her love in the Rhine, falls to her death; the rock ever afterward retaining an echo of her name. Brentano had taken inspiration from Ovid and the Echo myth.

In 1824, Heinrich Heine seized on and adapted Brentano's theme in one of his most famous poems, "Die Lorelei". It describes the eponymous female as a sort of siren who, sitting on the cliff above the Rhine and combing her golden hair, unwittingly distracted shipmen with her beauty and song, causing them to crash on the rocks. In 1837 Heine's lyrics were set to music by Friedrich Silcher in the art song "Lorelei" that became well known in German-speaking lands. A setting by Franz Liszt was also favored and dozens of other musicians have set the poem to music. During the Nazi regime and World War II, Heinrich Heine (born as a Jew) became discredited as author of the lyrics, in an effort to dismiss and hide Jewish contribution to German art. Lorelei also appears in the poem Waldesgespräch, which appears as a dialog in Joseph von Eichendorff's first novel,. The poem was set by Robert Schumann in his Liederkreis, op. 39.

The Lorelei character, although originally imagined by Brentano, passed into German popular culture in the form described in the Heine–Silcher song and is commonly but mistakenly believed to have originated in an old folk tale. The French writer Guillaume Apollinaire took up the theme again in his poem "La Loreley", from the collection Alcools which is later cited in Symphony No. 14 (3rd movement) of Dmitri Shostakovich. The character continues to be referenced in pop culture, such as the 1998 Eagle-Eye Cherry single "When Mermaids Cry."

Accidents
A barge carrying 2,400 tons of sulphuric acid capsized on 13 January 2011, near the Lorelei rock, blocking traffic on one of Europe's busiest waterways.

title: Lorelei


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Feeling Minnesota

Feeling Minnesota is a 1996 American crime comedy film written and directed by Steven Baigelman. It stars Keanu Reeves, Vincent D'Onofrio, Cameron Diaz, Tuesday Weld, Dan Aykroyd, and Delroy Lindo.

Plot
Ex-stripper Freddie Clayton is marrying Sam to repay a debt owed to nightclub owner Red. At the wedding, Freddie meets Jjaks, Sam's brother, and they instantly fall in love. Jjaks and Freddie decide to run off together, eventually staying in a motel. After realizing that they do not have any money, Freddie and Jjaks decide to go back and steal some of Sam's money. Sam catches Jjaks in the act and they fight. After escaping, Jjaks returns to the motel, unaware that Sam has been following him. After Jjaks passes out due to the fight, Sam ends up shooting Freddie in the stomach in Jjaks's car, and tries to frame the killing on him by returning Freddie's body to the motel room along with the murder weapon.

The next morning, Jjaks awakens, unable to recall anything that happened after his fight with Sam. Seeing Freddie's body in the room along with the gun, he briefly thinks that maybe he killed Freddie. After being tipped off by Sam, the police arrive but Jjaks hastily avoids capture, driving Freddie's body to a remote area in the woods to lay her to rest. All the while, Sam has been watching these events from afar, hoping for Jjaks's arrest.

Sam now calls a friend, Detective Ben Costikyan, who promptly arrests Jjaks. The trio, along with Costikyan's partner Lloyd, drive to where Freddie was supposedly buried. However, upon arrival, they are unable to find her. Angered at Sam for misleading him, Costikyan drives off with Lloyd, leaving the brothers beside the road.

Upon returning home, the brothers receive a phone call from the motel manager, who, based on seeing Sam carrying Freddie's body into the motel room and Jjaks carrying the body out of the room, wants $50,000 to keep quiet. Jjaks now realizes that Sam was setting him up for Freddie's murder. After another fight, they decide that Jjaks will go to the motel to talk to the manager while Sam will see Red, hoping for a loan.

At this point, Red has learned that Sam has been stealing money from him for the past year. Sam ends up shooting and killing Red after a brief skirmish and collects the $50,000 from a safe. Jjaks meets with the motel manager but sees Freddie's necklace on the floor of the manager's apartment. Confused and angry, Jjaks throws the manager outside and threatens to kill him. Suddenly out of nowhere, an alive Freddie walks towards them, calling for Jjaks, who faints. When he revives, she shows Jjaks her bullet wound and tells him that Sam is a bad shot and that someone picked her up from the side of the road where he had left her body.

The next morning, Sam calls Jjaks and tells him he got the money. However, after seeing Freddie alive from a nearby diner, he confronts Jjaks and Freddie in the manager's apartment. Sam ends up getting shot when the couple try to defend themselves. Costikyan enters the hotel room and suffocates Sam by holding his hand against his mouth. It turns out that Freddie had called Costikyan after being rescued and used him to help her get the $50,000. A betrayed and wounded Jjaks is left helpless.

Some time later, Costikyan is arrested in his underwear inside a hotel, as Freddie had tipped off the cops and left with the money. She and Jjaks have since fallen out, but Jjaks, recalling her dream of being a dancer in Las Vegas, hitchhikes there. When he finds her living her dream, she happily says, "What took you so fucking long?" before they embrace.

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Feeling Minnesota has a 14% approval rating based on 21 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, "Clumsily derivative, shoddily assembled, and fundamentally miscast, Feeling Minnesota sets out for romantic comedy and gets irrevocably lost along the way."

Negative reviews said the plot felt too reminiscent of other films, particularly those of "Quentin Tarantino and the recent cycle of indies about lowlifes, petty criminals and wannabes". Variety's Emanuel Levy wrote, "Meant to be an offbeat, darkly comic tale of a triangle of losers desperately clinging to their versions of the American dream, pic comes across as a charmless high-concept indie." In contrast, Siskel & Ebert gave the film "two thumbs up." In his review, Roger Ebert awarded 3 out of 4 stars to the film and wrote, "[Baigelman] creates a whimsical, grungy reality in which whenever the steamy love affair threatens to get boring, it is interrupted by an action scene". He praised Diaz's "range and comic ability" and said that the film, along with A Walk in the Clouds, "establishes [Reeves] as one of the most gifted romantic leads of his generation".

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film was released in August 1996 through Atlantic Records. The film's title was derived from lyrics in the 1991 song "Outshined" by the band Soundgarden although neither the band nor the song appear on the soundtrack. The album received a mixed review from AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine, who ended his review with "the overall effect of the whole Feeling Minnesota juggernaut can't help but make you feel a little 'sick.' "

title: Feeling Minnesota