text:
Talk:Spotted dick

Spotted Richard
I've never heard it called "Spotted Richard". Is this maybe an obsolete usage? -- Lee M

 * I think Spotted Richard" is nonsense. there was some talk about M&S or someone renaming it "Spotted Richard" a while ago, but I think it was one of those straight Euro-Banana type stories. Mintguy 14:51 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Dont get started on the Bananas. What are these PC people going to make of Banana split with crushed nuts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.14.18.164 (talk) 06:33, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The BBC link is useful as it includes a picture of the untinned article, but I have removed also referred to as Spotted Richard in some locations from the article itself as that is based on what was never anything more than a silly filler / PR stunt type story. It's very misleading to suggest that anyone ever seriously calls this dish "Spotted Richard". -- Picapica 9 July 2005 17:07 (UTC)

 * I was once served a "Spotted Richard" in a far-from-brilliant "gastropub" in Wiltshire. When I asked if it was just another, "PC", word for Spotted Dick, I was snootily informed that Spotted Richard is not made from Suet. Crabsoneyes 23:06, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * "Spotted Richard" may make sense. "Dick" is short for "Richard".  Perhaps its either the long version of the food's name, or "Spotted Dick" is the shortened/slang version?  74.124.35.177 04:43, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * "Spotted Richard", if it exists, is clearly a backformation from "spotted dick", which is the original. The OED traces usage to a kind of cheese and later a kind of pudding all called "dick" (mid-1800s) -- when accompanied by treacle, it was "treacle dick", and when somebody decided to add currants or raisins, it became "spotted."  By the time the "dick" became "spotted" it was no longer connected to "Richard" (if it ever was).  "Spotted Richard" appears to be a neologism.

 * Where the "dick" part came from isn't discussed in the OED, although it is under the main entry (i.e., the nickname for Richard, which gave birth to various meanings, from "Tom, Dick, and Harry" to the course slang meaning which is often heard today). Other sources theorize a formation from a contraction of the word "pudding"... "-ding" > "dick"... I'm not sure how reasonable this is, but the current reference to a derivation from "dough" in the article seems rather unbelievable.  Where in England would the morphological change exist to make "dough" into "dick", especially in the 19th century?  And why would anyone call it "spotted dough" in the first place?? -- it's a bread pudding!

 * I have therefore changed the reference to "pudding", but retained the need for citation. Please feel free to add appropriate citation info.... 85.178.13.88 16:57, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It's used by prudish people to avoid saying 'dick' - there's no real etymological connection though, it's just desperation. This PC stuff should have its own section in fact - in the UK schools have been renaming it because of all the associated jokes.Malick78 09:00, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I've heard old wives' tales that the pudding Spotted Dick might have been named in honour of King Richard. Has anybody else ever heard of anything like this statement KoopaCooper (talk) 14:15, 21 August 2016 (UTC)?

Peel?
What is "peel"? sanders_muc (not a native speaker) 14 Mar 2004

 * Fruit peel. Orange and or lemon, lime peel. Citrus fruit peel I suppose. Mintguy (T) 18:06, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. sanders_muc 14 Mar 2004

 * Is it the same as zest? If so, maybe it should be changed. Peel usually includes the white bitter part, which is not used for cooking.  Prome  theus  -X303-  21:28, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No, it's not the same as zest. The citrus peel used in puddings like this does indeed include the white part. The peel is usually candied before being used in the cooking though, rather than fresh, so it's sweet, not bitter. -dmmaus 00:35, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok. I guess if anybody questions it, they can see your comment.  Prome  theus  -X303-

Picture
If someone could find a picture, it would add more than a thousand words into the article, especially for non-Brits like poor me. I must confess I read this article thrice, and I have absolutely no idea what a "Spotted Dick" would really look like. Deeply confusing. --Oop 22:49, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2249273.stm has a photo of this delicious, if rather unhealthy, English pudding. Richard W.M. Jones 14:08, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Can anyone tell me the origin of "Spotted Dick?"
Coming to you from the United States, I am searching for the origin of the British culinary dish known as "Spotted Dick." Is there anyone who knows the origin of this unique dish? If not, is there anyone who may be able to point me in the right direction so that I may obtain this info? There are brief tid bits mentioning this British dessert but  that's about it. Many thanks for any and all assistance anyone can give. Peace. . . MZA

The Spotted Dick is From England. I am English. :) Does anyone have the recipe?

I'm English and I have absolutely no idea where the term "spotted dick" comes from. It sounds like a medical complaint. I've come across a few sites that claim that "dick" is a dialect term for "pudding", but even if that's true (which I doubt), the only dessert I know that has "dick" in its name is "spotted dick". Anyway, whatever, this is one of my favourite British desserts, it's great with custard. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.25.65.120 (talk) 04:00, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

Euphimism?
{The common spelling is: euph e mism}

Is this maybe a eupimism for something else? 69.218.230.181 01:53, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Such as? PrometheusX303 01:58, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Probably a chancre, a penis sore caused by an STD. --Damian Yerrick (talk) 04:25, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I seriously doubt a dessert pudding would be named for the aftermath of a VD. The Brits are eccentric but not mad. The name is (I hope) accidental not euphemistic. For certain Bevis'n'Butthead are alive and well in America. -- Naaman Brown (talk) 12:39, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

Squeezed in the spelling. Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 11:56, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Add section?
Should this article contain a section on how many people who aren't from England (such as people from the US, Canada, etc.) are un-used to this particular usage of the word 'dick' and how intentional misuse of the words 'spotted dick' is a childish joke that is commonly seen/heard in groups of young-ish schoolchildren? Or am I forgetting that Wikipedia is not a repository for everything? Has anyone else heard of people making fun of the name of this food? Thanks :-) Ilikefood 02:15, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Most recipes
The most recipes part IMHO needs major work. A simple Google search reveals a number of recipes, most without many of the ingredients listed. Milk, suet, sugar, currants/raisins/sultanas, flour, salt and perhaps breadcrumbs seem fairly ubiquitious but the rest are less common Nil Einne 17:12, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Recipe
Please, it's not self-raising flour, it's self-rising. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.226.124.178 (talk) 16:41, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * In the UK it is called self-raising flour. If you were to say "self-rising" then people would not understand or would immediately correct you. A simple web search would have told you that much: http://www.allinsonflour.co.uk/rootpopups/p_flours_culin_whsrf.cfm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.20.253.176 (talk) 20:52, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, it goes either way. I don't live in the U.K., but I can't imagine anyone over there not understanding self-rising if they know the term self-raising, considering it's almost the exact same thing in terms of spelling. --Crackthewhip775 (talk) 01:03, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Fake Nicknames
Are a few of the nicknames fake? I'm not familiar with spotted dick, but "dick in a box" seems like vandalism to me, especially since the "dick in a box" page only mentions the Saturday Night Live sketch. 68.101.70.28 (talk) 03:20, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Looking back through the history, the majority (if not all) of the nicknames are vandalism. They are here for later reference if anyone can cite them. CITE ANY AND ALL "nicknames" to be included in this article due to the vandalism-prone nature of an article named "Spotted Dick": 66.183.69.201 (talk) 18:41, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

 * VANDALISM? CITE IF POSSIBLE: There are many nicknames for a Spotted Dick including "Spotted Richard", "Dick in a box", "Dotted Lloyd", "Mixey Dick", "Dick with a dot", "Le Dick Spots", "Creamy Brown Dick", "Dick con Motas", and "Dickie Burton" as well as many others.

Dickie Burton is interesting in that it suggests the Dickie shirt-front getting spotty with dribbled pudding. Burton is an ale or porter brand possibly used as a rising agent and both it and the spotted dick make for hearty English common but universally popular food. There were two Richard Burtons - the film actor famous for his tempestuous alcohol-soaked marriages to screen goddess Liz Taylor, and the Orientalist explorer of the Nile and scandalous translator of the Perfumed Garden and other pornography. Both seem relevant in their own way. 210.50.143.20 (talk) 10:10, 22 October 2009 (UTC) Ian Ison

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was not moved. Jafeluv (talk) 10:41, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Spotted dick → Spotted Dick — A recent BBC article calls it Spotted Dick and not Spotted dick: Pudding renamed Spotted Richard. Thanks Smartse (talk) 18:05, 8 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is not a proper noun, and "Dick" does not refer to a proper name. It was likely capitalized in the BBC article to highlight the connection between the given name "Richard" and the nickname "Dick". Good Ol’factory (talk) 08:07, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Every source used in this article calls it Spotted Dick though, why should we do things differently? Smartse (talk) 16:04, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * In fact, the OED does not; the quotation in our text capitalizes all substantives in the names of foods (like Bolster), but the reference under dick (n1'') is lower case. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 16:25, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * And indeed, I don't see the point of slavishly following the pattern of capitalization used in a single source when there is good evidence that it was incorrectly used in that instance. Good Ol’factory (talk) 22:19, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Other suet puddings
There are many variations on suet puds, of which Spotted Dick (aka as Spotted Dog) is only one. There are Boiled (or Drowned) Baby, Figgy-Dowdy or Treacle-Dowdy, and Jam Roly-Poly (or Dead Man's Leg). And those are just the dessert puddings. For an entree, there's Steak and Kidney Pudding, and Yorkshire Pudding, both made with suet.

Therefore, I would request that the page be retitled "Suet Puddings" and include information on suet, and on both sweet and savory puddings. Amaling (talk) 02:13, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Just to point out that Yorkshire Pudding is not "made with suet" or any other kind of fat.  The only fat involved is what might be used to coat the pan it's cooked in.  Twistlethrop (talk) 00:08, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

The timerous souls who cannot use the word Dick, and want to call it a Richard, actualy make the whole thing worse. In Cockney ryming sland a Richard, is a Richard the Third = a turd. It may not have a London origin, there are many other local languages in England. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.115.252.172 (talk) 20:12, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Spotted dick and slang
The cited source, "Cupboard Love 2: A Dictionary of Culinary Curiosities", specifically covers the issue of the slang meaning - see. It's worth including this point as it addresses the question of why the term "dick" did not have an alternative meaning when it was first applied to this dish. Just to emphasize, this issue is specifically addressed by a reliable source and it's categorically false to claim that it's "unrelated". The meaning may be unrelated but the issue of the overlapping terminology is clearly very relevant and reliably covered. There is no good reason to exclude it. Prioryman (talk) 20:01, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

 * That source is only applying that small additional detail which isn't really part of the topic. Just because its mentioned doesn't really mean it's related. the slang is only mentioned in the book because the dish as mentioned in the source includes an array of various topics, which for certain doesn't constitute the dish. This article is supposed to be the core info that constitute the dish, the slang is not one of them. Not to mention you did a complete revamp to the article which seemed unnecessary since the last version seemed equally adequate. (N0n3up (talk) 06:49, 8 January 2015 (UTC))
 * Thanks for your attention to the content. You've no obligation to back up your judgment about the in-necessity of NOn's revisions, but if you choose not to do so, i'll probably offer a second opinion, either concurring with your overall conclusion or mentioning some diffs i find worthy of consideration. --Jerzy•t 07:29, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I quite agree that it isn't pertinent to the accompanying article's topic, but even tho it's lexicographic in character, i'm going to try out a very short article (linked by a Hatnote Dab from this one) that puts it into perspective. I find it plausible there's info beyond mere lexicography, and there may also be a list article of similar expressions (e.g. similar in being a double entendre like schlang or shmuck that -- since not everyone can apply personal knowledge -- can be useful in providing perspective not available from all dicts). --Jerzy•t 07:29, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

Also a name for a Dalmatian
No big deal but I thought I should mention that. Maybe that is where the dish got its name. Cannot verify though. Not sure if this belongs in the article but I thought I would point this out.

Sunshine Warrior04 (talk) 01:10, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

Deeg
Why the reference to the Dutch word “deeg”? Its pronunciation isn’t even close to “dick”, except for the first letter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.63.196.123 (talk) 20:43, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Marly?
What does "marly" in "very marly species of plum-pudding" mean? Or is it supposed to be "manly"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chuck Baggett (talk • contribs) 08:46, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

Is it a bag pudding?
I'm wandering because it is linked to in "See also" of Figgy duff (pudding).

Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 12:07, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

We "need" an article on "bag puddings"
See: Talk:Bag pudding

Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 12:09, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

 * No, puddings in general started out as bag puddings, so it might as well be discussed in the pudding article. --Macrakis (talk) 00:37, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spotted dick


text:
User:Ktsquare/Wikipedian with Chinese interest

 * User:172
 * User:Cncs wikipedia
 * User:Colipon
 * User:Dersonlwd
 * User:DF08
 * User:Formulax
 * User:Fuzheado
 * User:Gakmo
 * User:Gbog
 * User:gboy
 * User:ghyll
 * User:Hardouin
 * User:Jiang
 * User:Jie
 * User:Kowloonese
 * User:Koyn
 * User:Lorenzarius
 * User:Lowellian
 * User:Madw
 * User:Mandel
 * User:Menchi
 * User:Mgmei
 * User:Michael T. Richter
 * User:Mosstoh
 * User:Mountain
 * User:Munford
 * User:Nanshu
 * User:Olivier
 * User:Philopp
 * User:Pratyeka
 * User:Roadrunner
 * User:Samuel
 * User:Shizhao
 * User:Spencer195
 * User:Tomchiukc
 * User:Voidvector
 * User:Wanli2
 * User:Wshun
 * User:Xyb
 * User:Yacht

and many more (!) at
 * China-related topics notice board
 * Wikipedians/China
 * Wikipedians/Taiwan
 * Wikipedians/Hong Kong

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Simple Simon

Simple Simon may refer to:

 * Simple Simon (1922 film), a British romance film
 * Simple Simon (1935 film), a ComiColor Cartoons short film
 * Simple Simon (2010 film), a Swedish film
 * Simple Simon (musical), a 1930 Broadway musical
 * Simple Simon (novel), a 1996 novel by Ryne Douglas Pearson
 * "Simple Simon" (nursery rhyme), a nursery rhyme
 * Simple Simon (solitaire), a solitaire/patience card game
 * "Simple Simon" (song), a 1980 song by Australian rock band INXS
 * Simple Simon under, a knot
 * the children's game Simon Says, also known as "Simple Simon Says"

title: Simple Simon


text:
Talk:Mong Kok

Development Multiple
Could someone please clarify what the phrase "with a development multiple of four" means? I couldn't find a definition anywhere and according to Google this page seems to be the only one using this wording. Is it an urban planning technical term or just a mistake/mistranslation? Thank you very much. 85.180.2.34 (talk) 05:52, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Bird market
The official name of that famous bird market is Yuen Po Street Bird Garden. Since it is moved from the former "bird street" and it is an active market of birds. People in Hong Kong deem it as the market more than a street.

There is also a street called "Photocopy Street" which is famous in that area because there are some schools close to this area. Students in these school have strong photocopy demand.

Translations of Chinese
From the article:

 * For the 女人街

Can we have this in English, please? --Robert Merkel 03:06 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Done so apparently. --Menchi 06:10, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

"Photocopy Street" original name
Is "Photocopy Street" 影印街? --Menchi 06:10, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

Kok in Pinyin
My Mandarin dictionary says Kok (角) is pronounced one of the following: But the article gives gúo (guo2).
 * jiao3 (jiǎo)
 * jue2 (jué)
 * gu3 (gǔ)
 * lu4 (lù)

If it means "corner" as the article indicates, the Mandarin should be jiao3. If not, please modify and comment here. --Menchi 06:17, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)
 * My bad. You are right. --Jiang

Move
Google shows: Move? --Menchi 03:28, Aug 5, 2003 (UTC)
 * 16,500 "Mong Kok"
 * 24,200 Mongkok

 * It doesn't really matter; the two are completely interchangeable. However, when written for Westerners, the words tend to be joined (because it looks more like English, probably).—Wing 22:45, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Mong Kok area
Should clarify between the Mong Kok area (which includes the place around Mong Kok and Prince Edward MTR stations, and former the Mong Kok district which covers Mong Kok, Tai Kok Tsui, etc.

Jordan?
Temple Street (廟街, sometimes referred to as Men's Street), extending into Jordan, is also in the area, however, the area famous for the Hong Kong specific goods are only in the section between Yaumatei and Jordan.

What does Jordan has to do with Mong Kok? Is it a faulty hyperlink? please I need explanation. --- Omernos 16:10, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Layout problem
What happened to this page? On my browser there are four gray blocks in the History section, and the two left blocks only has "==" in them. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by TexWiki (talk • contribs) 10:05, 9 April 2007 (UTC).

Ferns?
The naming section says it was "named for its plentiful supply of ferns". Where do the ferns come from in the name 望角? 14.0.173.234 (talk) 17:31, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mong Kok


text:
User:Ng Siu Ha

.

title: User:Ng Siu Ha


text:
User:Jbwong

.

title: User:Jbwong


text:
User:H0142692

.

title: User:H0142692


text:
User:H0274318

.

title: User:H0274318


text:
Benny Golson

Benny Golson (born January 25, 1929) is an American bebop/hard bop jazz tenor saxophonist, composer, and arranger. He came to prominence with the big bands of Lionel Hampton and Dizzy Gillespie, more as a writer than a performer, before launching his solo career. Golson is known for co-founding and co-leading The Jazztet with trumpeter Art Farmer in 1959. From the late 1960s through the 1970s Golson was in demand as an arranger for film and television and thus was less active as a performer, but he and Farmer re-formed the Jazztet in 1982.

Many of Golson's compositions have become jazz standards including "I Remember Clifford", "Blues March", "Stablemates", "Whisper Not", "Along Came Betty", and "Killer Joe". He is regarded as "one of the most significant contributors" to the development of hard bop jazz, and was a recipient of a Grammy Trustees Award in 2021.

Early life and education
Born in Philadelphia, Golson began learning the piano at age nine, then switched to the saxophone when he was 14. While a student at Benjamin Franklin High School in Philadelphia, he played with several other promising young musicians, including John Coltrane, Red Garland, Jimmy Heath, Percy Heath, Philly Joe Jones, and Red Rodney. He later attended Howard University.

Career
After graduating from Howard University, Golson joined Bull Moose Jackson's rhythm and blues band; Tadd Dameron, whom Golson came to consider the most important influence on his writing, was Jackson's pianist at the time.

From 1953 to 1959, Golson played with Dameron's band and then with the bands of Lionel Hampton, Johnny Hodges, Earl Bostic, Dizzy Gillespie, and Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers, with whom he recorded the classic Moanin' in 1958.

Golson was working with the Lionel Hampton band at the Apollo Theater in Harlem in 1956 when he learned that Clifford Brown, a noted and well-liked jazz trumpeter who had done a stint with him in Dameron's band, had died in a car accident. Golson was so moved by the event that he composed the threnody "I Remember Clifford", as a tribute to a fellow musician and friend.

In addition to "I Remember Clifford", many of Golson's other compositions have become jazz standards. Songs such as "Stablemates", "Killer Joe", "Whisper Not", "Along Came Betty", and "Are You Real?", have been performed and recorded numerous times by many musicians.

From 1959 to 1962, Golson co-led the Jazztet with Art Farmer, mainly playing his own compositions. Golson then left jazz to concentrate on studio and orchestral work for 12 years. During this time he composed music for such television shows as Mannix, Ironside, Room 222, M*A*S*H, The Partridge Family and Mission: Impossible. He also formulated and conducted arrangements to various recordings, such as Eric Is Here, a 1967 album by Eric Burdon, which features five of Golson's arrangements, conducted by Golson.

During the mid-1970s, Golson returned to jazz playing and recording. Critic Scott Yanow of AllMusic wrote that Golson's sax style underwent a major shift with his performing comeback, more resembling avant-garde Archie Shepp than the swing-era Don Byas influence of Golson's youth. In 1982, Golson re-organized the Jazztet.

Golson played a cameo role in the 2004 movie The Terminal, related to his appearance in "A Great Day in Harlem", a group photograph of prominent jazz musicians taken in 1958. Main character Viktor Navorski (Tom Hanks) travels to the US from Europe to obtain Golson's signature; Golson was one of seven musicians then surviving from the photo, the others being Johnny Griffin (died 2008), Eddie Locke (died 2009), Hank Jones (died 2010), Marian McPartland (died 2013), Horace Silver (died 2014), and Sonny Rollins. Pianist Ray Bryant's song "Something in B-Flat," which was included on the Golson's debut album as a leader, Benny Golson's New York Scene, can be heard during a scene where Viktor is painting and redecorating part of an airport terminal; in a later scene, Golson's band performs "Killer Joe". The album Terminal 1 was released by Golson shortly after the film, as a "homage to Steven Spielberg", its director.

Awards and honors
In 1996, Golson received the NEA Jazz Masters Award of the National Endowment for the Arts.

In 1999, Golson was awarded an honorary doctorate of music from Berklee College of Music.

In October 2007, Golson received the Mellon Living Legend Legacy Award, presented by the Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation at a ceremony at the Kennedy Center. Additionally, during the same month, he won the University of Pittsburgh International Academy of Jazz Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award at the university's 37th Annual Jazz Concert in the Carnegie Music Hall.

In November 2009, Golson was inducted into the International Academy of Jazz Hall of Fame, during a performance at the University of Pittsburgh's annual jazz seminar and concert.

The Howard University Jazz Studies program created a prestigious award in his honor called the "Benny Golson Jazz Master Award" in 1996. Many distinguished jazz artists have received this award.

Beliefs
In an interview with [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101980729 "Awake!" on October 08, 1980], Golson said that since the late 60s he had become a member of the religious organization Jehovah's Witnesses

Notable compositions

 * "And You Called My Name", 1954
 * "Stablemates", 1955
 * "Whisper Not", 1956
 * "Are You Real?", 1958
 * "I Remember Clifford", 1957
 * "Just by Myself", 1957
 * "Blues March", 1958
 * "Park Avenue Petite", aka "From Dream to Dream", 1959
 * "Along Came Betty", 1958
 * "Killer Joe", 1960
 * "Beauty And The Blues"
 * "Blues After Dark"
 * "Five Spot After Dark"
 * "Gipsy Jingle-Jangle"
 * "Minor Vamp"
 * "Step Lightly"
 * "Strut Time"
 * "Reggie of Chester"
 * "The Stroller"

Gallery
Benny Golson in Denmark (2007)

Discography

 * The Modern Touch (Riverside 1958) – recorded in 1957
 * The Other Side of Benny Golson (Riverside, 1958)
 * Benny Golson and the Philadelphians (United Artists, 1958)
 * Benny Golson's New York Scene (Contemporary, 1959) – recorded in 1957
 * Gone with Golson (New Jazz, 1959)
 * Groovin' with Golson (New Jazz, 1959)
 * Winchester Special with Lem Winchester (New Jazz, 1959)
 * Gettin' with It (New Jazz, 1960) – recorded in 1959
 * Take a Number from 1 to 10 (Argo, 1961) – recorded in 1960-61
 * Pop + Jazz = Swing (Audio Fidelity, 1962)
 * Turning Point (Mercury, 1962)
 * Free (Argo, 1963) – recorded in 1962
 * The Roland Kirk Quartet Meets the Benny Golson Orchestra with Roland Kirk (Mercury, 1964)
 * Stockholm Sojourn (Prestige, 1965) – recorded in 1964
 * Tune In, Turn On (Verve, 1967)
 * Killer Joe (Columbia, 1977)
 * California Message with Curtis Fuller (Baystate, 1981)
 * One More Mem'ry with Curtis Fuller (Baystate, 1982)
 * Time Speaks with Freddie Hubbard and Woody Shaw (Baystate, 1983)
 * This Is for You, John (Baystate, 1984) – recorded in 1983
 * Stardust with Freddie Hubbard (Denon, 1987)
 * Benny Golson Quartet Live (Dreyfus, 1991) – recorded in 1989
 * Benny Golson Quartet (LRC Ltd. 1990)
 * Domingo (Dreyfus, 1992) – recorded in 1991
 * I Remember Miles (Alfa Jazz, 1993) – recorded in 1992
 * That's Funky (Meldac Jazz, 1995) – recorded in 1994
 * Up Jumped Benny (Arkadia Jazz, 1997) – recorded in 1996
 * Tenor Legacy (Arkadia Jazz, 1998) – recorded in 1996
 * Remembering Clifford (Milestone, 1998) – recorded in 1997
 * One Day, Forever (Arkadia Jazz, 2001) – recorded in 1996-2000
 * Terminal 1 (Concord, 2004)
 * New Time, New 'Tet (Concord, 2009) – recorded in 2008
 * Horizon Ahead (HighNote, 2016) – recorded in 2015

title: Benny Golson


text:
Tripoli, Lebanon

Tripoli (طَرَابُلُس, ALA-LC: Ṭarābulus) is the largest and most important city in northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in the country. Situated 81 km north of the capital Beirut, it is the capital of the North Governorate and the Tripoli District. Tripoli overlooks the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and it is the northernmost seaport in Lebanon. The city is predominantly inhabited by Sunni Muslims, with smaller populations of Alawites and Christians, including Maronites and Armenians among others.

The history of Tripoli dates back at least to the 14th century BCE. It was called Athar by the Phoenicians, and later Tripolis by the Greek settlers, whence the modern Arabic name Ṭarābulus derives. In the Arab world, Tripoli has been historically known as Ṭarābulus ash-Shām (طرابلس الشام), to distinguish it from its Libyan counterpart, known as Ṭarābulus al-Gharb (طرابلس الغرب).

Landmarks of Tripoli include the Mansouri Great Mosque and the Citadel of Tripoli, which is the largest crusader castle in Lebanon. The city has the second highest concentration of Mamluk architecture after Cairo. Tripoli also holds a string of four small islands offshore, the Palm Islands, which were declared a protected area because of their status as a haven for endangered loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), rare monk seals and migratory birds. Tripoli borders the city of El Mina, the port of the Tripoli District, which it is geographically conjoined with to form the greater Tripoli conurbation.

With the formation of Lebanon and the 1948 breakup of the Syrian–Lebanese customs union, Tripoli, once on par in economic and commercial importance to Beirut, was cut off from its traditional trade relations with the Syrian hinterland and therefore declined in relative prosperity. The city faces recurrent sectarian clashes, high unemployment, economic disparities, and the infiltration of radical Islamist groups in poorer neighborhoods.

Names
According to classical writers Diodorus Siculus, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo, the city was founded by combining colonies from three different Phoenician cities – Tyre, Sidon and Arwad. These colonies were each a stadion (c. 180 m) apart from each other, and the combined city became known as 'Triple City', or Trípolis (Τρίπολις) in Greek.

Tripoli had a number of different names as far back as the Phoenician age. In the Amarna letters the name Derbly, possibly a Semitic cognate of the city's modern Arabic name Ṭarābulus, was mentioned, and in other places Ahlia or Wahlia are mentioned (14th century BCE). In an engraving concerning the invasion of Tripoli by the Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II (888–859 BCE), it is called Mahallata or Mahlata, Mayza, and Kayza.

Under the Phoenicians, the name Athar was used to refer to Tripoli. When the Ancient Greeks settled in the city they called it Trípolis, meaning 'triple city', influenced by the earlier phonetically similar but etymologically unrelated name Derbly. The Arabs called it Ṭarābulus and Ṭarābulus al-Šām (referring to bilād al-Šām, to distinguish it from the Libyan city with the same name).

Once, Tripoli was also known as al-Fayḥāʾ (الفيحاء), which is a term derived from the Arabic verb fāḥa (فاح) which is used to indicate the diffusion of a scent or smell. Tripoli was once known for its vast orange orchards. During the season of blooming, the pollen of orange flowers was said to be carried on the air, creating a splendid perfume that filled the city and suburbs. The city of Tripoli is also given the title of "City of Knowledge and Scholars" (طرابلس مدينة العلم والعلماء).

History

Evidence of settlement in Tripoli dates back as early as 1400 BCE. In the 9th century, the Phoenicians established a trading station in Tripoli and later, under Persian rule, the city became the center of a confederation of the Phoenician city-states of Sidon, Tyre, and Arados Island. Under Hellenistic rule, Tripoli was used as a naval shipyard and the city enjoyed a period of autonomy. It came under Roman rule around 64 BCE. The 551 Beirut earthquake and tsunami destroyed the Byzantine city of Tripoli along with other Mediterranean coastal cities.

Tripoli was conquered by an Arab Muslim army in 635. During Umayyad rule, Tripoli became a commercial and shipbuilding center. It achieved semi-independence under Fatimid rule, when it developed into a center of learning. The Crusaders laid siege to the city at the beginning of the 12th century and were able finally to enter it in 1109. This caused extensive destruction, including the burning of Tripoli's famous library, Dar al-'Ilm (House of Knowledge), with its thousands of volumes. During the Crusaders' rule the city became the capital of the County of Tripoli. In 1289, it fell to the Mamluks and the old port part of the city was destroyed. A new inland city was then built near the old castle. During Ottoman rule from 1516 to 1918, it retained its prosperity and commercial importance. Tripoli and all of Lebanon was under French mandate from 1920 until 1943 when Lebanon achieved independence.

Ancient period
Many historians reject the presence of any Phoenician civilization in Tripoli before the 8th (or sometimes 4th) century BCE. Others argue that the north–south gradient of Phoenician port establishments on the Lebanese coast indicates an earlier age for the Phoenician Tripoli.

Tripoli has not been extensively excavated because the ancient site lies buried beneath the modern city of El Mina. However, a few accidental finds are now in museums. Excavations in El Mina revealed skeletal remains of ancient wolves, eels, and gazelles, part of the ancient southern port quay, grinding mills, different types of columns, wheels, Bows, and a necropolis from the end of the Hellenistic period. A sounding made in the Crusader castle uncovered Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, in addition to Roman, Byzantine, and Fatimid remains. At the Abou Halka area (at the southern entrance of Tripoli) refuges dating to the early (30,000 years old) and middle Stone Age were uncovered.

Tripoli became a financial center and main port of northern Phoenicia with sea trade (East Mediterranean and the West), and caravan trade (North Syria and hinterland).

Under the Seleucids, Tripoli gained the right to mint its own coins (112 BCE); it was granted autonomy between 104 and 105, which it retained until 64 BCE. At the time, Tripoli was a center of shipbuilding and cedar timber trade (like other Phoenician cities).

During the Roman and Byzantine period, Tripoli witnessed the construction of important public buildings including a municipal stadium or gymnasium due to the strategic position of the city midway on the imperial coastal highway leading from Antioch to Ptolemais. In addition, Tripoli retained the same configuration of three distinct and administratively independent quarters (Aradians, Sidonians, and Tyrians). The territory outside the city was divided between the three quarters.

Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid periods
Tripoli gained in importance as a trading centre for the whole Mediterranean after it was inhabited by the Arabs. Tripoli was the port city of Damascus; the second military port of the Arab Navy, following Alexandria; a prosperous commercial and shipbuilding center; a wealthy principality under the Kutama Ismaili Shia Banu Ammar emirs. Legally, Tripoli was part of the jurisdiction of the military province of Damascus (Jund Dimashq).

The Jewish community of Tripoli traces its roots back to the seventh century, as recounted by the Abbasid-era historian al-Baladhuri. During the caliphate of Rashidun caliph Uthman (644–655), the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya, settled Jews in Tripoli, fostering amicable relations with the majority Sunni Muslims. However, during the persecution of dhimmis by the Shi'ite Fatimid caliph al-Hakim (996–1021), the synagogue faced conversion into a mosque. Notably, during the Seljuk invasion in the 1070s, Tripoli served as a refuge for Jews from Palestine, as documented in Cairo Geniza records.

Crusader period

During the Crusade period, the city became the chief town of the County of Tripoli (a Crusader state founded by Raymond of Saint-Gilles) extending from Byblos to Latakia and including the plain of Akkar with the famous Krak des Chevaliers. Tripoli was also the seat of a bishopric. Tripoli was home to a busy port and was a major center of silk weaving, with as many as 4,000 looms. Important products of the time included lemons, oranges, and sugar cane. For 180 years, during the Frankish rule, Occitan was among the languages spoken in Tripoli and neighboring villages. At that time, Tripoli had a heterogeneous population including Western Europeans, Greeks, Armenians, Maronites, Nestorians, Jews, and Muslims.

During that time, Tripoli witnessed the growth of the inland settlement surrounding the "Pilgrim's Mountain" (the Citadel of Tripoli) into a built-up suburb including the main religious monuments of the city such as: The "Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Pilgrim's Mountain" (incorporating the Shiite shrine), the Church of Saint Mary of the Tower, and the Carmelite Church. The state was a major base of operations for the military order of the Knights Hospitaller, who occupied the famous castle Krak Des Chevaliers (today a UNESCO world heritage site). The state ceased to exist in 1289, when it was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Qalawun.

The mid-twelfth century earthquake led to the death of many Jews in Tripoli, as noted by Jewish explorer Benjamin of Tudela.

Mamluk period

Tripoli was captured by Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun from the Crusaders in 1289. The Mamluks destroyed the old city and built a new city 4 km inland from it. About 35 monuments from the Mamluk city have survived to the present day, including mosques, madrasas, khanqahs, hammams (bathhouses), and caravanserais, many of them built by local Mamluk amirs (princes). The Mamluks did not fortify the city with walls but restored and reused Saint-Gille's citadel.

During the Mamluk period, Tripoli became a central city and provincial capital of the six kingdoms in Mamluk Syria. Tripoli ranked third after Aleppo and Damascus. The kingdom was subdivided into six wilayahs or provinces and extended from Byblos and Aqra mountains south, to Latakia and al Alawiyyin mountains north. It also included Hermel, the plain of Akkar, and Hosn al-Akrad (Krak des Chevaliers).

Tripoli became a major trading port of Syria supplying Europe with candy, loaf and powdered sugar (especially during the latter part of the 14th century). The main products from agriculture and small industry included citrus fruits, olive oil, soap, and textiles (cotton and silk, especially velvet).

The Mamluks formed the ruling class holding main political, military and administrative functions. Arabs formed the population base (religious, industrial, and commercial functions) and the general population included the original inhabitants of the city, immigrants from different parts of the Levant, North Africans who accompanied Qalawun's army during the liberation of Tripoli, Eastern Orthodox Christians, some Western families, and a minority of Jews. The population size of Mamluk Tripoli is estimated at 20,000–40,000; against 100,000 in each of Damascus and Aleppo.

Mamluk Tripoli witnessed a high rate of urban growth and a fast city development (according to traveler's accounts). It also had poles of growth including the fortress, the Great Mosque, and the river banks. The city had seven guard towers on the harbor site to defend the inland city, including what still stands today as the Lion Tower. During the period the castle of Saint-Gilles was expanded as the Citadel of Mamluk Tripoli. The "Aqueduct of the Prince" was reused to bring water from the Rash'in spring. Several bridges were constructed and the surrounding orchards expanded through marsh drainage. Fresh water was supplied to houses from their roofs.

The urban form of Mamluk Tripoli was dictated mainly by climate, site configuration, defense, and urban aesthetics. The layout of major thoroughfares was set according to prevailing winds and topography. The city had no fortifications, but heavy building construction characterized by compact urban forms, narrow and winding streets for difficult city penetration. Residential areas were bridged over streets at strategic points for surveillance and defense. The city also included many loopholes and narrow slits at street junctions.

The religious and secular buildings of Mamluk Tripoli comprise a fine example of the architecture of that time. The oldest among them were built with stones taken from 12th and 13th-century churches; the characteristics of the architecture of the period are best seen in the mosques and madrassas, the Islamic schools. It is the madrassas which most attract attention, for they include highly original structures as well as decoration: here a honeycombed ceiling, there a curiously shaped corniche, doorway or moulded window frame. Among the finest is the madrassa al-Burtasiyah, with an elegant façade picked out in black and white stones and a highly decorated lintel over the main door.

Public buildings in Mamluk Tripoli were emphasized through sitting, façade treatment, and street alignment. Well-cut and well-dressed stones (local sandstone) were used as media of construction and for decorative effects on elevations and around openings (the ablaq technique of alternating light and dark stone courses). Bearing walls were used as vertical supports. Cross vaults covered most spaces from prayer halls to closed rectangular rooms, to galleries around courtyards. Domes were constructed over conspicuous and important spaces like tomb chambers, mihrab, and covered courtyards. Typical construction details in Mamluk Tripoli included cross vaults with concave grooves meeting in octagonal openings or concave rosettes as well as simple cupolas or ribbed domes. The use of double drums and corner squinches was commonly used to make the transition from square rooms to round domes.

Decorations in Mamluk buildings concentrated on the most conspicuous areas of buildings: minarets, portals, windows, on the outside, and mihrab, qiblah wall, and floor on the inside. Decorations at the time may be subdivided into structural decoration (found outside the buildings and incorporate the medium of construction itself such as ablaq walls, plain or zigzag moldings, fish scale motifs, joggled lintels or voussoirs, inscriptions, and muqarnas) and applied decoration (found inside the buildings and include the use of marble marquetry, stucco, and glass mosaic).

Mosques evenly spread with major concentration of madrasas around the Mansouri Great Mosque. All khans were located in the northern part of the city for easy accessibility from roads to Syria. Hammams (public baths) were carefully located to serve major population concentrations: one next to the Grand Mosque, the other in the center of the commercial district, and the third in the right-bank settlement.

About 35 monuments from the Mamluk city have survived to the present day, including mosques, madrasas, khanqahs, hammams, and caravanserais, many of them built by local Mamluk amirs. Major buildings in Mamluk Tripoli included six congregational mosques (the Mansouri Great Mosque, al-Aattar, Taynal, al-Uwaysiyat, al-Burtasi, and al-Tawbat Mosques). Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–93) founded the city's first congregational mosque in memory of his father (Qalawun), in either late 1293 or 1294 (693 AH). Six madrasas were later built around the mosque. The Mamluks did not fortify the city with walls but restored and reused a Crusader citadel on the site. In addition, there were two quarter mosques (Abd al-Wahed and Arghoun Shah), and two mosques that were built on empty land (al-Burtasi and al-Uwaysiyat). Other mosques incorporated earlier structures (churches, khans, and shops). Mamluk Tripoli also included 16 madrasas of which four no longer exist (al-Zurayqiyat, al-Aattar, al-Rifaiyah, and al-Umariyat). Six of the madrasas concentrated around the Grand Mosque. Tripoli also included a Khanqah, many secular buildings, five Khans, three hammams (Turkish baths) that are noted for their cupolas. Hammams were luxuriously decorated and the light streaming down from their domes enhances the inner atmosphere of the place.

Ottoman period

During the Ottoman period, Tripoli became the provincial capital and chief town of the Eyalet of Tripoli, encompassing the coastal territory from Byblos to Tarsus and the inland Syrian towns of Homs and Hama; the two other eyalets were Aleppo Eyalet, and Şam Eyalet. Until 1612, Tripoli was considered as the port of Aleppo. It also depended on Syrian interior trade and tax collection from mountainous hinterland. Tripoli witnessed a strong presence of French merchants during the 17th and 18th centuries and became under intense inter-European competition for trade. Tripoli was reduced to a sanjak centre in the Vilayet of Beirut in 19th century and retained her status until 1918 when it was captured by British forces.

Public works in Ottoman Tripoli included the restoration of the Citadel of Tripoli by Suleiman I, the Magnificent. That was the only major project during 400 years of Ottoman Rule. Later governors brought further modifications to the original Crusader structure used as garrison center and prison. Khan al-Saboun (originally a military barrack) was constructed in the center of the city to control any uprising. Ottoman Tripoli also witnessed the development of the southern entrance of the city and many buildings, such as the al-Muallaq or "hanging" Mosque (1559), al-Tahhan Mosque (early 17th century), and al-Tawbah mosque (Mamluk construction, destroyed by 1612 flood and restored during early Ottoman Period). It also included several secular buildings, such as Khan al-Saboun (early 17th century) and Hammam al-Jadid (1740).

French Mandate
After the partition of the Ottoman Empire, the French created the territory of Greater Lebanon, whose borders forcibly separated Tripoli from Syria, a decision that was contested by Tripolitans. Tripoli's population - mostly Sunni Muslims - found itself isolated in this state dominated by Christians, and so Tripoli developed a strong identity as a bastion for Muslim Arab nationalism and anti-imperialism. During this period, protests demanding reunification with Syria were backed by the Syrian National Bloc until the French cut off their support, resulting in a massive 33 day general strike in 1936.

Independent Lebanon
Since Lebanese independence was achieved, Tripoli has been mired in a period of extended economic and political decline. Beirut's rise as Lebanon's dominant port deprived Tripoli of its former preeminence as a trade hub, and globalization eroded the city's ability to compete in manufacturing. Lebanon's civil war, from 1975 to 1990, hit Tripoli hard. On 15 September 1985 intense fighting broke out between Tawheed al-Islami, a Sunni militia which controlled the harbour and was backed by the PLO, and the Alawite Arab Democratic Party’s militia. The ADP were backed by the communist Red Knights as well as Syrian special forces. After a week of fighting which saw around 150 killed, 4500 wounded and 200,000 people leaving their homes, the Syrians brokered a truce which involved the Syrian army occupying five key positions and the removal of heavy weapons. The truce broke down on 27 September and Tahweed al-Islami positions where bombarded from SSNP and Syrian artillery positions in the surrounding hills. On 1 October, following an Iranian diplomatic intervention, Tahweed agreed to surrender their heavy weapons and Syrian troops, on 6 October, were deployed throughout the city. A further 350 people had been killed and hundreds more wounded.

The Syrian army remained in the city for almost three decades until 2005:"As a majority Sunni city with a growing strain of indigenous Islamist militancy, Tripoli suffered some of the Syrians’ cruelest predations at a time when then-President Hafez al-Assad was engaged in the brutal suppression of Syria’s own Muslim Brotherhood." Wartime violence and instability triggered waves of emigration and capital flight. It also left Tripoli increasingly isolated, not least due to the dismantling of Lebanon's rail network and the abandonment of the Tripoli railway station. The city, moreover, saw little of the post-war reconstruction funding that Prime Minister Rafic Hariri ushered into Lebanon, with an overwhelming focus on the capital.

In the years since, living conditions in Tripoli have continued to decline. In 2016, the United Nation's Human Settlements Program estimated that 58% of Tripoli's Lebanese residents lived in poverty. That already high figure preceded Lebanon's 2019 financial crisis, which has ratcheted up poverty and food insecurity.

Tripoli's stagnation is attributable, in part, to the city's dysfunctional politics, in which a fragmented array of Sunni political figures (such as Saad Hariri, Najib Mikati, Faisal Karami, and Ashraf Rifi) vie for influence through competing networks of patronage: "No single leader has been able to assert dominance, leaving city politics to devolve into chaos."

Demographics
Tripoli has a majority Arab, Sunni Muslim population. Lebanon's small Alawite community is concentrated in the Jabal Mohsen neighborhood. Christians constitute today less than 5 percent of the population of the city. The Christian population in the city comprises Greek Orthodox Christians, Maronites and Greek Catholics, along with Armenians.

Tripoli stands as one of Lebanon's less stable cities, marked by recurrent sectarian tensions among its communities, notably the Sunni and Alawite populations. The impact of the Syrian civil war, beginning in 2011, has extended into Tripoli, where local Alawites align with the Assad regime, while Lebanese Sunnis support the opposition, resulting in frequent and intense clashes between the two groups.

Climate
Tripoli has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with mild wet winters and very dry, hot summers. Temperatures are moderated throughout the year due to the warm Mediterranean current coming from Western Europe. Therefore, temperatures are warmer in the winter by around 10 °C (18 °F) and cooler in the summer by around 7 °C (13 °F) compared to the interior of Lebanon. Although snow is an extremely rare event that only occurs around once every ten years, hail is common and occurs fairly regularly in the winter. Rainfall is concentrated in the winter months, with the summer typically being very dry.

Offshore islands

Tripoli has many offshore islands. The Palm Islands Nature Reserve, or the Rabbits' Island, is the largest of the islands with an area of 20 ha. The name "Araneb" or Rabbits comes from the great numbers of rabbits that were grown on the island during the time of the French mandate early in the 20th century. It is now a nature reserve for green turtles, rare birds and rabbits. Declared as a protected area by UNESCO in 1992, camping, fire building or other depredation is forbidden. In addition to its scenic landscape, the Palm Island is also a cultural heritage site. Evidence for human occupation, dated back to the Crusader period, was uncovered during 1973 excavations by the General Directorate of Antiquities. The Bakar Islands, also known as Abdulwahab Island, were leased to Adel and Khiereddine Abdulwahab as a shipyard, since the Ottoman rule and until this day a well known ship and marine contractor. It was also known as St Thomas Island during the Crusades. It is the closest to the shore and can be accessed via a bridge that was built in 1998. Bellan Island's name comes from a plant found on the island and used to make brooms. Some people claim that the name comes from the word "blue whale" (Baleine in French) that appeared next to the island in early 20th century. Fanar Island is 1600 m long and is the home of a light-house built during the 1960s.

The opposite of Palms Island, which is a large flat sandy beach, is Ramkin Island. This island is largely made up of cliffs and rocks. Anyone who enjoys adventure, cliff leaping, free diving, spear fishing, and snorkeling will enjoy this location.

Citadel of Tripoli
The Citadel of Tripoli is also known as the Castle of Saint-Gilles (قلعة سان جيل Qalʻat Sān Jīl; Château Saint-Gilles), in reference to Raymond de Saint-Gilles, who dominated the city in 1102 and commanded a fortress to be built in which he named Mont Pèlerin (Mount Pilgrim). The original castle was burnt down in 1289, and rebuilt again on numerous occasions and was rebuilt in 1307–08 by Emir Essendemir Kurgi.

Later the citadel was rebuilt in part by the Ottoman Empire which can be seen today, with its massive Ottoman gateway, over which is an engraving from Süleyman the Magnificent who had ordered the restoration. In the early 19th century, the Citadel was extensively restored by the Ottoman Governor of Tripoli Mustafa Agha Barbar.

Clock Tower

The Clock Tower is one of the most iconic monuments in Tripoli. The tower is located in Al-Tell square, and was gifted to the city by the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. It was erected in 1906 to celebrate the 30th year of Abdulhamid II of the Ottoman Empire, like the Jaffa Clock Tower in Israel and many others throughout the Empire.

The Clock Tower underwent a complete renovation in 1992 with personal funding from the honorary Turkish consul of Northern Lebanon, Sobhi Akkari, and the second at February 2016 as a gift from the Turkish prime minister in cooperation with the Committee of Antiquities and Heritage in the municipality of Tripoli, and now the clock tower is again operational. "Al Manshieh" which is one of the oldest parks in Tripoli, is located next to the clock tower.

Hammams

When Tripoli was visited by Ibn Batutah in 1355, he described the newly founded Mamluk city. "Traversed by water-channels and full of’ gardens", he writes, "the houses are newly built. The sea lies two leagues distant, and the ruins of the old town are seen on the sea-shore. It was taken by the Franks, but al-Malik ath-Tháhir (Qala’un) retook it from them, and then laid the place in ruins and built the present town. There are fine baths here.’’

Indeed, the hammams built in Tripoli by the early Mamluk governors were splendid edifices and many of them are still present until today. Some of the more known are:
 * Abed
 * Izz El-Din
 * Hajeb
 * Jadid
 * An-Nouri, built 1333 by the Mamluk governor Nur El-Din, is located in the vicinity of the Grand Mosque.

Oscar Niemeyer's Rachid Karame Fairground
The International Fair of Tripoli site, formally known as the Rachid Karami International Exhibition Center, is a complex of buildings designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer who was commissioned for the project in 1962. The site was built for a World's Fair event to be held in the city, but construction was halted in 1975 due to the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war, and never resumed. The site contains 15 semi-completed Niemeyer buildings within an approximate 75.6 ha area near Tripoli's southern entrance. "'More recent years have seen the fairground undermined by a mixture of periodic instability and nonsensical administrative procedures that make it virtually impossible to put the facility to use. If the city needed any more physical metaphors for decay, the fairground is flanked by a Quality Inn that is literally falling apart, and whose ownership is years overdue on payment to the site’s administrators.'"

In 2023, the Rashid Karami International Fair was added to both the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger.

Churches
Many churches in Tripoli are a reminder of the history of the city. These churches also show the diversity of Christians in Lebanon and particularly in Tripoli:

 * Saint Michael Cathedral of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy
 * St. Elie Greek Orthodox Church
 * St. Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church
 * St Francis Roman Catholic Church
 * St. Georges Melkite Greek Catholic Cathedral
 * Saint Hokekalousd Armenian Orthodox Church
 * St. John of the Pilgrims Mount church Maronite Catholic Church
 * Our Lady oof the Annunciation Melkite Greek Catholic Cathedral
 * Then National Evangelical Church

Mosques

Tripoli is a very rich city containing many mosques that are spread all over the city. In every district of the city there is a mosque. During the Mamluk era, a lot of mosques were built and many still remain until today.

Some of the more known mosques:

 * Al-Attar Mosque
 * Abou Bakr Al Siddeeq
 * Arghoun Shah
 * Al-Burtasi Mosque
 * Kabir al Aali
 * Mahmoud Beik the Sanjak
 * Mansouri Great Mosque
 * Omar Ibn El-Khattab Mosque
 * Sidi Abdel Wahed
 * Tawbah Mosque
 * Tawjih Mosque
 * Taynal Mosque
 * Al Bachir Mosque
 * Hamza Mosque
 * Al Rahma Mosque
 * Al Salam Mosque
 * Al Ghandour Mosque
 * Al Shokr Mosque
 * Zafer Bellah Mosque
 * Al Wafaa’ Mosque
 * Al-Uwaysiyat Mosque
 * Mu'allaq Mosque

The Al-Ghuraba cemetery is located within the city.

Education
Tripoli has a large number of schools of all levels, public and private. It is also served by several universities within the city limits as well as in its metro area.

The universities in Tripoli and its metro area are:
 * University of Tripoli Lebanon
 * The Lebanese University – North Lebanon Branch
 * Universite St Joseph – North Lebanon
 * Lebanese International University (Dahr el Ein, Just outside the city)
 * Al-Manar University of Tripoli (changed to "City University")
 * Jinan University
 * University of Balamand (Qelhat, in the Koura district, just outside the city)
 * Notre Dame University (Barsa, in the Koura district, just outside the city)
 * Arts, Sciences and Technology University in Lebanon-North Lebanon Branch
 * Beirut Arab University – North Lebanon Branch
 * Universite Saint Espirt de Kaslik – Chekka ( Just Outside The City )
 * Université de Technologie et de Sciences Appliquées Libano-Française (chamber of commerce)
 * Azm university

Economy
Tripoli stands out as one of Lebanon's economically poorest cities, marked by a substantial divide between the affluent and poor residents. The city grapples with elevated unemployment rates, and certain impoverished neighborhoods have become strongholds for Islamist and other radical factions.

Commerce
Tripoli, while once economically comparable to Beirut, has declined in recent decades. Organizations such as the Business Incubation Association in Tripoli (BIAT) are currently trying to revive traditional export businesses such as furniture production, artisanal copper goods, soaps, as well as expand new industries such as ICT offshoring and new technological invention.

The Tripoli Special Economic Zone (TSEZ) was established in 2008 to provide exemptions from many taxes and duties for investment projects that have more than $300,000 of capital and more than half their workers from Lebanon. It is a 55-hectare site adjacent to the Port of Tripoli.

Recently, a Tripoli development plan called "Tripoli Vision 2020" has been formulated and supported by a number of advisory councils including influential key government officials and prominent businessmen in the city. The goal of the project is to provides a comprehensive framework consisting of promoting investment, investing, training, re-skilling, talent placement and output promotion to reinvigorate the city's economy. The Tripoli Vision 2020 was sponsored by the Prime Minister Saad Hariri Office and the Tripoli MPs Joint Office with the comprehensive study conducted by Samir Chreim of SCAS Inc.

Inequality
Tripoli embodies Lebanon's extreme wealth inequality: Although it is one of the country's most concentrated centers of poverty, it is also the hometown of several extravagantly wealthy politicians, notably including Najib Mikati, Taha Mikati and Mohammad Safadi who are accused of accumulating their wealth by embezzling government funds.

The Soap Khan

The khan, built around a square courtyard decorated with a fountain, houses soap making workshops and shops.

At the end of the 15th century, the governor of Tripoli Yusuf Sayfa Pasha established Khan Al Saboun (the hotel of soap traders). This market was finished at the beginning of the 16th century, the last days of the Mamluk rule. The manufacture of soap was very popular in Tripoli. There, the market became a trade center where soap was produced and sold. Afterwards, traders of Tripoli began to export their soap to Europe.

Initially, perfumed soaps were offered as gifts in Europe and as a result, handiwork developed in Tripoli. Due to the ongoing increase of the demand, craftsmen started to consider soap making as a real profession and real art which led to an increased demand for Tripoli soap in various Arab and Asian countries. Currently, many varieties of soap are manufactured and sold in Tripoli such as anti-acne soaps, moisturizing soaps, slimming soaps, etc. which has increased an exportation of these soap products.

The raw material used for these kinds of soap is olive oil. The Tripoli soap is also composed of: honey, essential oils, and natural aromatic raw materials like flowers, petals, and herbs. The soaps are dried in the sun, in a dry atmosphere, allowing the evaporation of the water that served to mix the different ingredients. The drying operation lasts for almost three months. As the water evaporates, a thin white layer appears on the soap surface, from the soda that comes from the sea salts. The craftsman brushes the soap very carefully with his hand until the powder trace is eliminated.

Khan el-Khayyatin–the Tailors' Khan
Unlike other khans built around a square courtyard, el-Khayyatin, built in the 14th century, is a 60 meter long passage with arches on each side.

Arabic sweets
Tripoli is regionally known for its Arabic sweets where people consider it as one of the main attractions and reasons to visit the city. Some sweetshops have even built a regionally and even internationally recognized brand name like Abdul Rahman & Rafaat Al Hallab, who both became so popular, opening shops outside Tripoli and shipping sweets boxes worldwide.

Environmental issues
See Oil pollution from ships in Tripoli.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Tripoli is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Naples, Italy
 * 🇨🇾 Larnaca, Cyprus
 * Faro, Portugal
 * 🇫🇷 Toulouse, France
 * 🇺🇸 Miami, USA
 * 🇨🇾 Ayia Napa, Cyprus

title: Tripoli, Lebanon


text:
Talk:Warped Tour

Photos
There are way too many pictures in this article that don't relate to anything actually being discussed in the body of the article. Basically the entire right side of the article looks like a gallery. Most of the pictures claim to be copyright free or to have been released by the copyright holder, but I highly doubt that is true in most cases. Several of them are very clearly promotional images taken from band websites, which are copyrighted. Can we request a review of these images, and clear out the ones that aren't useful? Remember, all images must conform to Wikipedia policies, particularly copyrighted pictures which must meet the criteria at WP:NONFREE.--IllaZilla (talk) 23:13, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

2008
The first bands for 2008 have been announced here:

http://www.rocklouder.co.uk/articles/4479/First-bands-confirmed-for-Warped-Tour-2008.html

I think this would be a good chance to get the 2008 page started up, especially since they say there's going to be an additional 12-14 bands announced next week. DX927 18:10, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Citing of one fact

 * 1) ""In 2007, a fire was set in the parking lot at the Mansfield, Massachusetts show, and Lyman posted cash reward posters, no questions asked, threatening to cancel all remaining post-show barbecues. While a BBQ band was turned in, and expelled from the tour, it later turned out that the perpetrators were individuals affiliated with Avenged Sevenfold.""

this needs to be cited to prove it was real. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.168.53.69 (talk) 04:13, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Solved the issue by taking out all the unreferenced/uncited parts in that section. Also just FYI new topics always go at the bottom of the talk page. --IllaZilla (talk) 08:30, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Just for the record. This doesn't seem real since Avenged Sevenfold wasn't even on the tour last year. They played the last date as a surprise. So I don't know why people affiliated with them would be in Massachusetts to start a fire. DX927 (talk) 02:08, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * might supply some of that. Can we use it as a picture in the article?--Wehwalt (talk) 02:37, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * What I meant was the claim was not real. The fire definitely did happen but the claims of who was involved is false. DX927 (talk) 20:17, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Kia/Kevin Says Stage
Kia Motors is now the sponsor of the Kevin Says Stage. You can see it for yourself on www.kevinsaysstage.com but I just wanted to put this here before someone changed it. I'm guessing this may be due to the fact that Hot Topic is sponsoring a stage on the Rockstar Mayhem Tour. DX927 (talk) 04:13, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Rape
I remember reading after the 2006 show in Calgary, Alberta the lead singer (who was a girl) of some band was raped. Does anyone know what band it was? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Clark.d.kennedy (talk • contribs) 03:05, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Compilation CD Additions
I have CDs from 1996 and 1997 that aren't mentioned here. In fact, the 1997 CD was released by Epitaph as a Punk-O-Rama Tour Edition (POR 2.1). I am adding the reference to the page.

History
I was thinking of adding more to the EarthEcho International partnership with the Tour. It seems like a good way for fans to get involved with helping the enviroment. Heres the link I was planning on using. http://www.earthecho.org/programs-past-live.html Senortiz (talk) 06:39, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

History
Also, the history behind Warped Tour needs citation and slight alteration. Using mainly an article found on Proquest. Tyler.marchello (talk) 18:40, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

Pop punk as an infobox genre
I propose that pop punk be added to the infobox as, though it is derived from punk, it is one of the most common genres on Warped Tour (see the 2015 lineup). --Peter Dzubay (talk) 00:34, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Does not seem to be that dominant. How about moving "pop" up in the infobox? Pop punk is a fusion of punk rock and pop music.-- MA SHAUN IX 12:17, 19 August 2015 (UTC)
 * While I do agree that pop should be moved into the infobox, I still feel that pop punk is a Warped Tour genre notable of being included in the infobox. Specific to Warped Tour, pop punk as has received significant coverage, with claims from Alternative Press such as "[pop-punk, arguably Warped Tour's house genre"], and Orlando Weekly specifically mentioning the genre, saying, "pop-punk ... [is] well represented". --Peter Dzubay (talk) 01:05, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I understand your argument, but it still seems abundant to include pop punk alongside the major genres of punk and pop that are its parents. Template:Infobox_musical_artist states that infobox genres should be kept to a minimum and aim for generality; that is for artists, not festivals, but I see no reason why the same logic should not be applied here. If pop punk was the most dominant genre, fine, but it is merely one of a number of diverse genres featured on the festival; the second source you cited itself states at the very first paragraph that "[t]his year's Warped Tour lineup is decidedly rock-centric, leaning toward metalcore, hardcore and edgy indie rock", and though it does say that pop punk is well represented, it says the same of "pop" and "alternative/indie". In my opinion, pop punk is a subgenre rather than a major stand-alone genre, and if we follow the idea that infobox genres should be kept few and general, it should not be included; otherwise, we could list 20 or more genres, and that is exactly what the guideline I mentioned warns against. I'll make a few changes to the infobox in light of this discussion and sources mentioned; let me know what you think.-- MA SHAUN IX 12:02, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Your edit was definitely a step in the right direction; thank you very much. I still feel, however, that pop-punk is a strongly dominate genre of Warped Tour that is notable enough to be included in the infobox; the genre has received significant coverage specifically across various forms of media. As I had said above, Alternative Press stated that "[pop-punk [is] arguably Warped Tour's house genre"], while Fuse referred to the tour as "pop-punk summer camp". Though it is a subgenre, it is notable enough in its own right because of its dominance and popularity; for a tour so diverse, nine genres in the infobox would be reasonable. --Peter Dzubay (talk) 21:56, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Perhaps pop punk has been a dominant genre throughout the festival's history, but in my opinion, given the diversity of the tour, it is well covered in the infobox by including punk rock alongside pop. Many artists are very diverse in their output, but it is still preferred to leave their infoboxes with a minimum of genres, aiming for generality. Take the Beatles, a featured article; the band has experimented with extremely diverse influences, shifting their style from album to album, but the infobox leaves their genres as merely rock and pop, per editor consensus. I believe we should follow this logic in this case, and in fact, the case of all genre fields in infoboxes. More details on genres that have been prominent on the tour (or even better, how prominence of various genres has changed over time) should be covered in the article text, the same way the Beatles article I mentioned lists many genres the band has touched.-- MA SHAUN IX 03:30, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Pop punk is a dominant genre at least in the current iterations of the tour based on the sources covering it (example: The AP source I just added when I was cleaning up the lead). Having said that, if someone is going to seriously get heartburn about the inclusion of two more genre words in the infobox, just discuss it in the body of the article. Also, if someone from this discussion posted the Proquest link at bottom, be aware that nobody without a U of Arizona Proquest account can access it.  Next time just post a cite naming the actual article and then those of us who have our own Proquest accounts through some other school can also get to it. TheBlinkster (talk) 19:42, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Should we add the genre to the infobox? With this year's lineup alone receiving significant coverage on pop punk's inclusion on the tour in addition to the sources above which refer to the festival as a whole as a "pop-punk summer camp" with pop punk as "arguably Warped Tour's house genre", it seems that the genre is dominant enough to be included in the infobox. ~Peter Dzubay (talk) 14:45, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

HeadCount and other organizations
Adding organizations, such as HeadCount which helped people eligible to vote register for the 2016 presidential election, would be useful information. Also, the Feed Our Children is a good way for the people attending to help out their community. This can be important to know about the Van Warped tour to give more insight to simply a music festival. Captainyackie (talk) 21:45, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Warped Tour. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090704084141/http://www.freewebs.com/44blinkingangels/tourarchives.htm to http://www.freewebs.com/44blinkingangels/tourarchives.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090705122709/http://www.warpedtour.com/warpedtour/news.asp?xid=16522&id=1500687 to http://www.warpedtour.com/warpedtour/news.asp?xid=16522&id=1500687
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111009180817/http://www.rockonrequest.com/id323.html to http://www.rockonrequest.com/id323.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120218145156/http://vanswarpedtour.com/blog/id/1844504 to http://vanswarpedtour.com/blog/id/1844504
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140404181310/http://vanswarpedtour.com/dates/los-angeles-ca to http://vanswarpedtour.com/dates/los-angeles-ca

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:34, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

BrokeNCYDE
How in the absolute hell are these guys not part of the controversy section? I can't think of a more controversial band to have played at Warped Tour in their history.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Warped Tour. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151016235421/http://mediablasphemy.com/2012/other/vans-warped-tour-coming-to-the-uk/ to http://mediablasphemy.com/2012/other/vans-warped-tour-coming-to-the-uk/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101201233541/http://wirenh.com/music-mainmenu-5/15-music-general/1597-joe-queer-the-face-of-punk.html to http://www.wirenh.com/music-mainmenu-5/15-music-general/1597-joe-queer-the-face-of-punk.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:11, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Why do only 3 years of the tour have their own individual pages?
is there a specific reason why? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shamus248 (talk • contribs) 07:45, 14 July 2022 (UTC)

 * There were some articles that were deleted or merged. See the various deletion discussions at "WP:Articles for deletion/Warped Tour ...". — BarrelProof (talk) 02:27, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warped Tour