text:
User talk:David J Walker

Anyone? Anyone?

Re Dallas Burn, no doubt. That's the kind of stuff we're looking for. :)

Welcome to the 'pedia. - Hephaestos 04:40 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Ahhhh, affirmation! Thank you. I can see where this could become an addiction.

Howdy, neighbor. Good to see you also. So what do you know about the Oklahoma spaceport at Burns Flats ? If someone out-of-state were coming to visit OKC, what 5 things would you tell them ? Yeah. Yep. Yep. OK. OK. That's also a good one. You'll note that only 1 of those 5 things are mentioned at http://wikitravel.org/en/article/Oklahoma_City . You're the perfect person to fix it. -- DavidCary 00:34, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Langston U
No problem--it was just one of a series of reverts I did. A vandal called User:Oklahoma Tornado was vandalizing a lot of OK-related articles. Best, Meelar (talk) 14:45, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

Edmond
Lol. Well I'm not really "from" Edmond, just moved here a couple of months ago. I'm actually from Broken Arrow and just graduated from OSU =) Ash Lux 23:26, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm looking over ur blog and saw this: Thomas Aquinas: Spiritual Master, by Fr. Robert Barron. Are you Catholic? Ash Lux 23:47, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

thanks
Hi, thanks for your comments, and thank you, as well, for serving. I would still be serving if it wasn't for the disability. But thats ok. Thanks again. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 09:29, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

User categorization
Greetings! Your user page hasn't been vandalized :-) --it was updated to use the new User Categorization scheme. I have categorized your User Page as a Wikipedian in Oklahoma (Category:Wikipedians in Oklahoma) since your name was listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Oklahoma page.  The Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Oklahoma page is scheduled for deletion.  Thanks!   Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 00:48, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Jorge Rodríguez (El Salvador)
The original article you wrote named Jorge Rodríguez is now a disambiguation page. If you would like to change it to reflect the page you actually wrote, it is now located at Jorge Rodríguez (El Salvador). --Thomas.macmillan 08:51, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:David J Walker


text:
Governor of Massachusetts

The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.

Massachusetts has a republican system of government that is akin to a presidential system. The governor acts as the head of government while having a distinct role from that of the legislative branch. The governor has far-reaching political obligations, including ceremonial and political duties. The governor also signs bills into law and has veto power. The governor is a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council, a popularly elected council with eight members who provide advice and consent on certain legal matters and appointments.

Beginning with the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629, the role of the governor has changed throughout its history in terms of powers and selection. The modern form of the position was created in the 1780 Constitution of Massachusetts, which called for the position of a "supreme executive magistrate".

Governors of Massachusetts are elected every four years during state elections that are held on the first Tuesday of November after November 1. As of November 2022, the most recent Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held in 2022. Following each gubernatorial election, the elected governor is inaugurated on the Thursday after the first Wednesday in January following the election. There are no term limits restricting how long a governor may serve. The longest-serving Massachusetts governor is Michael Dukakis, who served 12 years; Dukakis was in office from 1975 to 1979 and from 1983 to 1991. The current governor is Maura Healey, a Democrat who won the 2022 gubernatorial election.

Qualifications
Any person seeking to become governor of Massachusetts must meet the following requirements:
 * Be at least eighteen years of age
 * Be a registered voter in Massachusetts
 * Be a Massachusetts resident for at least seven years when elected
 * Receive 10,000 signatures from registered voters on nomination papers

Election and term
The governor is an elected position. The term of office is four years, with no term limit.

Elections for governor are held on a four-year basis concurrently with elections for the offices of lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of the commonwealth, state treasurer, and state auditor.

History
The role of governor has existed in Massachusetts since the Royal Charter of 1628. The original role was one of a president of the board of a joint-stock company, namely the Massachusetts Bay Company. The governor would be elected by freemen, who were shareholders of the company. These shareholders were mostly colonists themselves who fit certain religious requirements. The governor acted in a vice-regal manner, overseeing the governance and functioning of the colony. Originally they were supposed to reside in London, as was the case with other colonial company governors, although this protocol was broken when John Winthrop was appointed governor. The governor served as the executive of the colony, originally elected annually, they were joined by a Council of Assistants. This council was a group of magistrates who performed judicial functions, acted as an upper house of the General Court, and provided advice and consent to the governor. The early governors of Massachusetts Bay were staunchly Puritan colonists who wished to form a state that coincided with religious law.

With the founding of the Dominion of New England by James II of England, the New England colonies were combined with the Province of New York, Province of West Jersey, and the Province of East Jersey. During this period (1686–1689) Massachusetts had no governor of its own. Instead there existed a royally appointed governor who resided in Boston and served at the King's pleasure. Though there existed a council which served as a quasi-legislature, however the logistics of calling the council to meet were so arduous that the Dominion was essentially governed by the Crown through the royal governor. The reason for the creation of such a post was there existed tremendous hostility between the Kingdom of England and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay. In an effort to bring the colonies under tighter control the Crown dismantled the old assembly system and created the Viceroy system based on the Spanish model in New Spain. This model of government was greatly disliked by the colonists all throughout British North America but especially in New England where colonists at one time did have some semblance of democratic and local control. With the Glorious Revolution and the Boston Revolt the Dominion was abolished in 1689.

With the creation of the Massachusetts Charter in 1691, the role of civilian governor was restored in Massachusetts Bay. Now the Province of Massachusetts Bay, the colony then encompassed the territory of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, and areas of what is now the state of Maine. The governor however would not be chosen by the electorate, instead the position would remain a royal appointment. In order to ease tensions with royal authorities and the colonists the General Court was reestablished and given significant powers. This created acrimony between the governors and the assembly of the General Court. The governor could veto any decision made by the assembly and had control over the militia, however the General Court had authority of the treasury and provincial finances. This meant that in the event the governor did not agree with or consent with the rulings and laws of the General Court then the assembly would threaten to withhold any pay for the governor and other Royal Officers.

From 1765 on the unraveling of the Province into a full political crisis only increased the tensions between the governor and the people of Massachusetts Bay. Following the passage of the Stamp Act Governor Thomas Hutchinson had his home broken into and ransacked. The early stages of the American Revolution saw political turmoil in Massachusetts Bay. With the passage of the Intolerable Acts the then Royal Governor Thomas Gage dissolved the General Court and began to govern the province by decree. In 1774 the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was formed as an alternative revolutionary government to the royal government in Boston. With Massachusetts Bay declaring its independence in May 1776 the role of governor was vacant for four years. The executive role during this time was filled by the Governor's Council, the Committee of Safety, and the president of the Congress when in session.

With the adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts in 1780 the role of an elected civilian governor was restored. John Hancock was elected as the first governor of the independent commonwealth on October 25, 1780.

Constitutional role
Part the Second, Chapter II, Section I, Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution reads, "There shall be a supreme executive magistrate, who shall be styled, The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; and whose title shall be – His Excellency."

The governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other state officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a two-year term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion or other official residence and resides in their own private residence. However, the governor does receive a housing allowance/stipend for $65,000. The title "His Excellency" is a holdover from the royally appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699; since he was an Earl, it was thought proper to call him "Your Excellency." The title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title.

The governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's armed forces.

Succession
According to the Massachusetts State Constitution:"Whenever the chair of the governor shall be vacant, by reason of his death, or absence from the commonwealth, or otherwise, the lieutenant governor, for the time being, shall, during such vacancy, perform all the duties incumbent upon the governor, and shall have and exercise all the powers and authorities, which by this constitution the governor is vested with, when personally present."The Constitution does not use the term "acting governor", but the practice in Massachusetts has been that the lieutenant governor retains the position and title as "lieutenant governor" and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as "the lieutenant-governor, acting governor" in official documents.

Despite this terminology, the Massachusetts courts have found that the full authority of the office of the governor devolves to the lieutenant governor upon vacancy in the office of governor, and that there is no circumstance short of death, resignation, or impeachment that would relieve the acting governor from the full gubernatorial responsibilities.

The first use of the succession provision occurred in 1785, five years after the constitution's adoption, when Governor John Hancock resigned the post, leaving Lieutenant Governor Thomas Cushing as acting governor. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci.

When the constitution was first adopted, the Governor's Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7, 1799, leaving Lieutenant Governor Moses Gill as acting governor. Acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20, 1800, between that year's election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governor's Council served as the executive for ten days; the council's chair, Thomas Dawes was at no point named governor or acting governor.

Article LV of the Constitution, enacted in 1918, created a new line of succession:

Cabinet
The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration (as opposed to independent executive agencies). See Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing.

Traditions
The front doors of the State House are only opened when a governor leaves office, a head of state or the president of the United States comes to visit the State House, or for the return of flags from Massachusetts regiments at the end of wars. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door and walked out by himself in 1884.

Incoming governors usually choose at least one past governor's portrait to hang in their office.

Immediately before being sworn into office, the governor-elect receives four symbols from the departing governor: the ceremonial pewter "Key" for the governor's office door, the Butler Bible, the "Gavel", and a two-volume set of the Massachusetts General Statutes with a personal note from the departing governor to their successor added to the back of the text. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the President of the Senate before a joint session of the House and Senate.

Lone walk
Upon completion of their term, the departing governor takes a "lone walk" down the Grand Staircase, through the House of Flags, into Doric Hall, out the central doors, and down the steps of the Massachusetts State House. The governor then crosses the street into Boston Common, thereby symbolically rejoining the commonwealth as a private citizen. Benjamin Butler started the tradition in 1884. Some walks have been modified with some past governors having their wives, friends, or staff accompany them. A 19-gun salute is offered during the walk, and frequently the steps are lined by the outgoing governor's friends and supporters.

In January 1991, outgoing lieutenant governor Evelyn Murphy, the first woman elected to statewide office in Massachusetts, walked down the stairs before Governor Michael Dukakis. In a break from tradition, the January 2007 inauguration of Governor Deval Patrick took place the day after outgoing governor Mitt Romney took the lone walk down the front steps.

Governor's residence
Despite several proposals for establishing an official residence for the governor of Massachusetts, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts does not have a governor's mansion.

In 1955, Governor Foster Furcolo turned down a proposal to establish the Shirley–Eustis House in Roxbury, built by royal Governor William Shirley, as the official residence.

At one time, Governor John A. Volpe accepted the donation of the Endicott Estate in Dedham from the heirs of Henry Bradford Endicott. He intended to renovate the 19th-century mansion into a splendid governor's residence. After Volpe resigned to become United States Secretary of Transportation in the Nixon administration, the plan was aborted by his successor in consideration of budgetary constraints and because the location was considered too far from the seat of power, the State House in Boston.

Prior to their respective demolitions in 1922 and 1863, the Province House and the Hancock Manor were also proposed as official residences.

Since the governor has no official residence, the expression "corner office", rather than "governor's mansion", is commonly used in the press as a metonym for the office of governor. This refers instead to the governor's office on the third floor of the State House.

List of governors
Since 1780, 65 people have been elected governor, six to non-consecutive terms (John Hancock, Caleb Strong, Marcus Morton, John Davis, John Volpe, and Michael Dukakis), and seven lieutenant governors have acted as governor without subsequently being elected governor. Thomas Talbot served a stint as acting governor, but was elected governor several years later. Prior to 1918 constitutional reforms, both the governor's office and that of lieutenant governor were vacant on one occasion, when the state was governed by the Governor's Council.

Colonial Massachusetts
The colonial history of Massachusetts begins with the founding first of the Plymouth Colony in 1620, and then the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628. The Dominion of New England combined these and other New England colonies into a single unit in 1686, but collapsed in 1689. In 1692 the Province of Massachusetts Bay was established, merging Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, which then included the territory of present-day Maine.

Colonial governors of Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay Colony were elected annually by a limited subset of the male population (known as freemen), while Dominion officials and those of the 1692 province were appointed by the British crown. In 1774 General Thomas Gage became the last royally appointed governor of Massachusetts. He was recalled to England after the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775, by which time the Massachusetts Provincial Congress exercised de facto control of Massachusetts territory outside British-occupied Boston. Between 1775 and the establishment of the Massachusetts State Constitution in 1780 the state was governed by the provincial congress and an executive council.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 1780–present
The constitution of Massachusetts created the offices of governor and lieutenant governor, to be elected annually. Terms were lengthened to two years in 1918, to last until their successor was inaugurated, which would be at least the first Wednesday in the January after their election. This was changed to the Thursday following the first Wednesday in the January after the election in 1950, and terms were lengthened to four years in 1966.

title: Governor of Massachusetts


text:
Talk:Chien-Shiung Wu

Gas plural needs uniform spelling
The plural of 'gas' can be either 'gases' or 'gasses'; the article uses both.

I'm not a contributor to this article, but someone who is should pick one and make the changes uniformly throughout the article. 209.99.207.55 (talk) 00:09, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Didn't realize I was logged out when I posted the above. Bill Jefferys (talk) 00:14, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Resolved: "gases". → (talk·contribs) 11:14, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

--User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 01:10, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

Beta decay, the book
I noted that this article does not have a proper listing for the "Beta Decay" book. I'm not sure where to put it - a new section entitled "Book"? The book is: C. S. Wu and S. A. Moszkowski, Beta Decay, Interscience Publishers (a division of John Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney, 1966, 394 pp.  Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 65-21452.  No ISBN number in the book that I can find.  Likely one could list the publisher as just John Wiley, New York; the book has the JW logo.  Note the spelling of Moszkowski, which is presently incorrect in the article.  (Historical note:  I bought this book at a Woolco Department store bargain book bin for 99 cents in Louisiana quite some time ago. How the mighty have fallen? Moszkowski autographed the book for me sometime later...next to the 99c Woolco sticker.) Bdushaw (talk) 20:52, 25 April 2015 (UTC)

Curiously: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Moszkowski but no English article. Bdushaw (talk) 20:57, 25 April 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Added to the bibliography, and linked Moszkowski. Hawkeye7 (talk) 21:48, 25 April 2015 (UTC)

Travel abroad
Just to try to clarify how I am reading the phrase: At that time the United States government had severe restrictions on its citizens' ability to travel abroad...  It reads to me like something like what the Soviets or East Germans were doing - preventing its citizens from going abroad. I believe what is meant here is that there were U.S. restrictions on traveling to some countries - Cuba, North Korea, China, North Vietnam, etc. My revision was to try to be specific about that, while avoiding the misperception that the US generally prevented its citizens from traveling abroad. Perhaps something like ...restrictions on its citizens' ability to travel to communist countries...? Bdushaw (talk) 23:37, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

(I, an American, traveled abroad quite extensively in this time period, without any restrictions...) Bdushaw (talk) 23:43, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

 * How about At that time the United States government had McCarthy-era restrictions on international travel... ? Bdushaw (talk) 00:08, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

 * I just noticed this sentence also. Does anyone have access to the source, "Madame Chien-Shiung Wu: The First Lady of Physics Research?" I'd like to know the details. Note that the dates in question were in the middle of the Great Leap Forward, so I would have suspected that China had restrictions on US citizens entering the country, but more details from the source would resolve this. Natsirtguy (talk) 05:58, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

and I too travelred abroad, ref source give no data on this!75.163.147.50 (talk) 00:05, 17 February 2016 (UTC) how about this http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_us_china.htm

1957: U.S. Students Visited PRC

In August, a group of 41 U.S. students who had been participating in the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students decided to journey to the People’s Republic of China. Most of the group stayed into October, touring Beijing and other cities in the country. This trip was made against the express wishes of the U.S. Government, which seized their passports upon their return to the United States. 75.163.147.50 (talk) 00:05, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

 * US restrictions on overseas travel were not limited to Communist countries. As of January 2016, there are still restrictions on travelling to certain countries. Hawkeye7 (talk) 01:32, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20150405025057/http://wc.arizona.edu/papers/90/1/16_1_m.html to http://wc.arizona.edu/papers/90/1/16_1_m.html

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Birth Country Link
User:Hawkeye7: Hello, I noticed you reverted my edit in which I linked Wu's birthplace, the former Republic of China. I'm afraid I don't grasp your objection to the action in question, and would appreciate it if you could elaborate on how my edit was possibly inconsistent with Wikipedia policy, as you hinted at in your edit summary. Thank you! BUjjsp (talk) 06:00, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * It is merely inconsistent with our style guide, which says that we don't link modern-day countries, like China and the United States.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  12:20, 27 June 2018 (UTC)
 * The former Republic of China (1912-1949) is an entirely different entity than the modern-day People's Republic of China. BUjjsp (talk) 00:49, 28 June 2018 (UTC)

 * It was just a change of government, like from the Obama administration to the Trump administration. The population did not become stateless.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:26, 28 June 2018 (UTC)

Zhou Enlai common name
If anyone can help, I'd like clarification on a certain (minor) point in this article. I edited the name of Chou En-Lai to Zhou Enlai, as it is the more common version of his name. Indeed, Zhou Enlai's wikipedia page uses the Hanyu pinyin version, as per WP:ZHNAME. Similarly, Mao Zedong is no longer known by the Wade-Giles romanisation of his name (Mao Tse-Tung), so it seemed a reasonable change. So I'm puzzled why my edit was reverted by User:Hawkeye7. Thanks. Retinalsummer (talk) 23:37, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

NBS headquarters were in DC
The parity experiment was conducted at the National Bureau of Standards facility in Washington DC (Connecticut Ave and Van Ness Street). The bureau moved its headquarters to Gaithersburg, Maryland later, in the 1960s. 73.132.236.131 (talk) 17:06, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chien-Shiung Wu


text:
List of governors of Puerto Rico

 * This list of governors of Puerto Rico includes all persons who have held that post, either under Spanish or American rule. The governor of Puerto Rico is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The position was first established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th century following the archipelago's colonization.

The first person to officially occupy the position was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León in 1509. At the time, the Spanish monarchy was responsible for appointing the functionary who would perform this office. The first native Puerto Rican to perform the function was Juan Ponce de León II, as interim governor in 1579. During this administration, all of those appointed to take the position had served another function within the empire's government or the Roman Catholic Church. In 1898, the United States invaded Puerto Rico and the Spanish government ceded control of the island to the United States. During the first two years, the entire government in Puerto Rico was appointed by the president of the United States. In 1900, the American government approved the establishment of the Foraker Act as a federal law, this act established a civilian government in the island. In 1947, the federal Elective Governor Act was enacted, which created a new system where, since 1948, the governor is elected through a democratic process every four years. The governor is in charge of Puerto Rico's executive branch and is responsible for appointing executive branch agency heads, including the Secretary of State, who fulfills the role of lieutenant governor, the legislative branch's ombudsman and comptroller and all judges in the judicial branch.

Duties and succession
In the governor's absence, or if the governor dies or is unable to perform the executive duties, the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico takes control of the executive position, as acting governor during a temporary absence or inability, and as governor in case of death, resignation or impeachment and conviction. The elected governor must designate a number of secretaries and other agency heads that will control the individual administrative agencies during his time in office, the selected secretaries are in charge of the island's health, natural resources, economy, correctional and judicial agencies and the department of consumer concerns, among others. The Governor's four-year term begins on January 2, the day after the New Year's Day holiday.

On July 24, 2019, Ricardo Rosselló became the first governor to resign his office. This happened after more than a week of protests due to a chain of corruption arrests and a leaked Telegram chat which contained offensive remarks made by the governor.

Governors under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
(7) (7)

US party affiliation

(10) (3)  (1)

title: List of governors of Puerto Rico


text:
Talk:Thomas B. Costain

Untitled
You have left out his 1963 novel about Napoleon and "Betsey" on St. Helena. The title is "The Last Love" and it is as good as any of his others, which are all fantastic!

Yes, they are all really good novels. Whoever wrote this biography doesn't know Brantford. They said: "He attended high school there as well as the Brantford Collegiate Institute." Well, Brantford Collegiate Institute - commonly known as "B.C.I", IS a high school. In fact, it was the only public high school in the city up until about 1960 when the baby boomers started reaching high school age, and two more high schools were built. Koolkatkiwi (talk) 10:43, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

Canadian History Series
He also was involved in the Canadian History Series, which was a series of five volumes on the history of Canada published in the 1950s.
 * The White and the Gold: The French Regime in Canada. 1954
 * Century of Conflict: The Struggle Between the French and British in Colonial America (with Joseph Lister Routledge), 1956
 * The Path of Destiny: Canada from the British Conquest to Home Rule 1763-1850 (with Thomas H. Raddall), 1957
 * From Sea Unto Sea: The Road to Nationhood, 1850-1910 (with W.G. Hardy), 1959
 * Ordeal By Fire: Canada 1910-1945 (with Ralph Allen), 1961

Philologick (talk) 05:17, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas B. Costain


text:
List of governors of the Northern Mariana Islands

The following is a list of persons who served as governor of Northern Mariana Islands. The term of office is 4 years. The longest-serving governors in CNMI history are Pedro Tenorio, who served 12 years in office from 1982 to 1990 and from 1998 to 2002, and Benigno Fitial, who served 7 years, one month, and 11 days from 2006 to 2013.

The current governor is Arnold Palacios, since January 9, 2023.

List

 * Parties


text:
List of governors of Kentucky

The governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of government of Kentucky, and serves as commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws; the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Kentucky General Assembly; the power to convene the legislature; and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment. The governor is also empowered to reorganize the state government or reduce it in size. Historically, the office has been regarded as one of the most powerful executive positions in the United States.

Fifty-nine individuals have held the office of governor. Prior to a 1992 amendment to the state's constitution, the governor was prohibited from succeeding himself or herself in office, though four men (Isaac Shelby, John L. Helm, James B. McCreary and Happy Chandler) served multiple non-consecutive terms. Paul E. Patton, the first Kentucky governor eligible for a second consecutive term under the amendment, won his reelection bid in 1999. James Garrard succeeded himself in 1800, before the constitutional provision existed. Garrard is also the longest serving governor, serving for a total period of eight years and 90 days. In 2023 Democrat Andy Beshear became the 3rd incumbent governor in Kentucky history to be reelected to a second consecutive term.

William Goebel, who was elected to the office in the disputed election of 1899, remains the only governor of any U.S. state to die from assassination while in office. Goebel is also the shortest serving governor, serving for a period of only three days. Martha Layne Collins, who held the office from 1983 to 1987, was the first woman to serve as governor and was only the third woman to serve as governor of any U.S. state who was not the wife or widow of a previous governor. The 63rd and current Kentucky governor is Democrat Andy Beshear, who took office on December 10, 2019.

Governors
Kentucky County, Virginia was admitted to the Union as Kentucky on June 1, 1792. There have been 59 governors, serving 63 distinct terms.

An unelected group proclaimed Kentucky's secession from the Union on November 20, 1861, and it was annexed by the Confederate States of America on December 10, 1861. The Confederate government elected two governors, but it never held much control over the state.

The original 1792 Kentucky Constitution had the governor chosen by an electoral college for a term of four years, commencing on the first day of June. The second constitution in 1799 changed this to a popular vote, prevented governors from succeeding themselves within seven years of their terms, and moved the start date to the fourth Tuesday after the election. The third constitution in 1850 reduced the succession limitation to four years, and moved the start date of the term to the fifth Tuesday after the election. A 1992 amendment allowed governors to have a second term before being prevented from succeeding themselves for four years. Originally, should the office of governor be vacant, the speaker of the Senate would exercise the powers of the office; in 1799, the office of lieutenant governor was created to fill this role, and, as of 1992, is elected on the same ticket as the governor.

Confederate governors
During the Civil War, a group of secessionists met at Russellville to form a Confederate government for the Commonwealth of Kentucky. This government never successfully displaced the government in Frankfort, and Kentucky remained in the Union through the entire war. Two men were elected governor of the Confederate government: George W. Johnson, who served from November 20, 1861, to his death on April 8, 1862, at the Battle of Shiloh, and, on Johnson's death, Richard Hawes, who served until the Confederate surrender on April 9, 1865. The Confederate government disbanded shortly after the end of the war in 1865.

title: List of governors of Kentucky


text:
Talk:Active site

Educational assignment
Hi, I am a final year university student (studying Biology) and I decided to edit this page. Yuexuezhihuang (talk) 6:24, 22 March 2018 (UTC)

Untitled
Hmph. After adding the additional inhibition info, it appears to all be over on the enzyme article with diagrams to boot. Leave it here or nix it? Ed Cormany 01:44 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I think the point on inhibition should be developed somewhere else, even in another article as the active site not always where the inhibitor binds! In addition the subject of the article is the active site, therefore the topic on inhibition should not be such an important part of it. --Blastwizard 14:10, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

The part on models should be reviewed, needs clarification Blastwizard 22:39, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Educational assignment
Hi, I am a final year university student (studying Biology) and I plan on editing and adding to the active site page. I am however new to editing so any suggestions will be greatly received! Hottuna080 (talk) 18:58, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
 * -Historical reference

Possible image
User:TimVickers produced the following image which I nominated for deletion last week because it wasn't being used anywhere. User:Deryck Chan was nice enough to look through the nominations at my request and thought that this one was worth saving, and might be useful on this article. ~ Bigr  Tex  15:33, 5 February 2007 (UTC) I

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Yuan T. Lee

Yuan Tseh Lee (born 19 November 1936) is a Taiwanese chemist. He is a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the first Taiwanese Nobel Prize laureate who, along with the Hungarian-Canadian John C. Polanyi and American Dudley R. Herschbach, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986 "for their contributions to the dynamics of chemical elementary processes".

Lee's particular physical chemistry work was related to the use of advanced chemical kinetics techniques to investigate and manipulate the behavior of chemical reactions using crossed molecular beams. From 15 January 1994 to 19 October 2006, Lee served as the President of the Academia Sinica of Taiwan. In 2011, he was elected head of the International Council for Science.

Early life and education

Lee was born to a Hokkien family in Shinchiku City (modern-day Hsinchu city) in northern Taiwan, which was then under Japanese rule, to Lee Tze-fan, an artist, and Ts'ai P'ei, an elementary school teacher from Goseikō Town (梧棲港街), Taichū Prefecture (Wuqi, Taichung). Lee is a Hokkien with ancestry from Nan'an City, China. Lee played on the baseball and ping-pong teams of Hsinchu Elementary School, and later studied at the Hsinchu Senior High School, where he played tennis, trombone, and the flute.

He was exempted from the entrance examination and directly admitted to National Taiwan University. He earned a B.S. in 1959. He earned his M.S. from National Tsing Hua University in 1961 and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1965 under the supervision of Bruce H. Mahan. He was a member of the Chemistry International Board from 1977 to 1984.

Chemistry
In February 1967, he started working with Dudley Herschbach at Harvard University on reactions between hydrogen atoms and diatomic alkali molecules and the construction of a universal crossed molecular beams apparatus. After the postdoctoral year with Herschbach he joined the University of Chicago faculty in 1968. In 1974, he returned to Berkeley as professor of chemistry and principal investigator at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, becoming a U.S. citizen the same year. Lee is a University Professor Emeritus of the University of California system.

Nobel prize
One of the major goals of chemistry is the study of material transformations where chemical kinetics plays an important role. Scientists during the 19th century stated macroscopic chemical processes consist of many elementary chemical reactions that are themselves simply a series of encounters between atomic or molecular species. In order to understand the time dependence of chemical reactions, chemical kineticists have traditionally focused on sorting out all of the elementary chemical reactions involved in a macroscopic chemical process and determining their respective rates.

Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius studied this phenomenon during the late 1880s, and stated the relations between reactive molecular encounters and rates of reactions (formulated in terms of activation energies).

Other scientists at the time also stated a chemical reaction is fundamentally a mechanical event, involving the rearrangement of atoms and molecules during a collision. Although these initial theoretical studies were only qualitative, they heralded a new era in the field of chemical kinetics; allowing the prediction of the dynamical course of a chemical reaction.

In the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, with the development of many sophisticated experimental techniques, it became possible to study the dynamics of elementary chemical reactions in the laboratory. Such as the analysis of the threshold operating conditions of a chemical laser or the spectra obtained using various linear or non-linear laser spectroscopic techniques.

Professor Lee's research focused on the possibility to control the energies of the reagents, and to understand the dependence of chemical reactivity on molecular orientation, among other studies related to the nature of reaction intermediates, decay dynamics, and identifying complex reaction mechanisms. To do so, Professor Lee used a breakthrough laboratory technique at the time, called the "crossed molecular beams technique", where the information derived from the measurements of angular and velocity distributions allowed him and his team to understand the dynamics of elementary chemical reactions.

Later career
During his tenure, Lee has worked to create new research institutes, advance scientific research within Taiwan, and to recruit and cultivate top scholars for the Academic Sinica.

In 2010, Lee said that global warming would be much more serious than scientists previously thought, and that Taiwanese people needed to cut their per-capita carbon emissions from the current 12 tons per year to just three. This would take more than a few slogans, turning off the lights for one hour, or cutting meat consumption, noting: "We will have to learn to live the simple lives of our ancestors." Without such efforts, he said, "Taiwanese will be unable to survive long into the future".

Lee was appointed the president of Academia Sinica in 1994 and renounced his U.S. citizenship to take the post. As president of Academia Sinica he presided over the creation of the Taiwanese history textbook Knowing Taiwan.

At the request of president Chen Shui-bian, Lee was Taiwan's representative in the 2002 APEC leaders' summit in Mexico. (Presidents of the Republic of China have been barred from joining the APEC summits because of objections from the People's Republic of China.) Lee represented Chen again in the 2003 and 2004 APEC summits in Thailand and Chile, respectively.

In July 2024, Lee accepted president Lai Ching-te's invitation to serve as a consultant on the newly formed National Climate Change Strategy Committee.

Lee was then elected President of the International Council for Science in 2008 and started his term in 2011. He has been involved with the Malta Conferences, an initiative designed to bring together Middle Eastern scientists. As part of the initiative, he offered six fellowships to work on the synchrotron in Taiwan. He is also a member of International Advisory Council in Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

Personal life
Lee's father was a painter in Taiwan, and his mother was an elementary school teacher. His elder brother Yuan-Chuan Lee has been a professor at Johns Hopkins University for 40 years and was awarded the honor Special Chair Lectureship in Academia Sinica in Taiwan. His younger brother Yuan-Pern Lee was also awarded this honor. Lee's sister Chi-Mei Lee has served as a professor at National Chung Hsing University.

In 2003, he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.

Politics
During the 2000 Taiwanese presidential election, Lee supported the pan-green coalition which advocates Taiwan independence. In the last week of the election he announced his support for the candidacy of Chen Shui-bian who subsequently defeated James Soong in the election. Chen intended to nominate Lee to become premier.

In January 2004, he and industrial tycoon Wang Yung-ching and theatre director Lin Hwai-min issued a joint statement to both Chen Shui-bian and Lien Chan. He backed Chen again in the 2004 elections, issuing a statement of support for the DPP on 17 March, three days before polls opened.

During the 2012 presidential election, Lee expressed his support for DPP candidate Tsai Ing-wen. In early 2016, he appeared and addressed a rally by New Power Party, a party formed by student activists involved in the Sunflower Movement.

Climate change
Yuan Lee has signed the 2015 Mainau Declaration expressing concern about anthropogenic climate change.

Wu Chien-Shiung Foundation
Lee was one of the four Nobelists who established the Wu Chien-Shiung Foundation.

Recognition
In addition to the Nobel Prize, his awards and distinctions include Sloan Fellow (1969); Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1975); Fellow Am. Phys. Soc. (1976); Guggenheim Fellow (1977); Member National Academy of Sciences (1979); Member International Academy of Science, Munich, Member Academia Sinica (1980); E.O. Lawrence Award (1981); Miller Professor, Berkeley (1981); Fairchild Distinguished Scholar (1983); Harrison Howe Award (1983); Peter Debye Award (1986); National Medal of Science (1986); Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1987) and Faraday Lectureship Prize (1992). Yuan Tseh Lee was awarded the Othmer Gold Medal in 2008 in recognition of his outstanding contributions to progress in chemistry and science. His post-doctoral supervisor and fellow Nobel Laureate Dudley Herschbach congratulated Lee. In 2019 Yuan T. Lee was also awarded the Fray International Sustainability Award by FLOGEN Star Outreach at SIPS 2019.

Publications

 * Lee, Y. T. "Crossed Molecular Beam Studies and Dynamics of Decomposition of Chemically Activated Radicals", University of Chicago, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (September 1973).
 * Lee, Y. T. & S. J. Sibener. "Internal Energy Dependence of Molecular Condensation Coefficients Determined from Molecular Beam Surface Scattering Experiments", Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States Department of Energy, (May 1978).
 * Lee, Y. T., Sibener, S. J. & R. J. Buss. "Development of a Supersonic Atomic Oxygen Nozzle Beam Source for Crossed Beam Scattering Experiments", Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States Department of Energy, (May 1978).
 * Lee, Y. T., Baseman, R. J., Guozhong, H. & R. J. Buss. "Reaction Mechanism of Oxygen Atoms with Unsaturated Hydrocarbons by the Crossed-Molecular-Beams Method", Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States Department of Energy-Office of Basic Energy Science, (April 1982).
 * Lee, Y. T. "Molecular-beam Studies of Primary Photochemical Processes", Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States Department of Energy, (December 1982).
 * Lee, Y. T., Continetti, R. E. & B. A. Balko. "Molecular Beam Studies of Hot Atom Chemical Reactions: Reactive Scattering of Energetic Deuterium Atoms", Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, (February 1989).
 * Lee, Y.T., "Energy, Environment, and the Responsibility of Scientists", (2007).

title: Yuan T. Lee