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Talk:Ninoy Aquino

Untitled
I moved the page back from Benigno Aquino Jr. because he is more widely known under this name. As far as I know his father was not famous (or if he was, it's not in the article). - Hephaestos 08:03 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Actually, he's more widely known as Ninoy Aquino. If you're going to use Benigno Aquino, then it should properly have the Jr. in it. It makes no harm in having Benigno Aquino redirect to Benigno Aquino Jr. It actually adds info for the casual researcher. I know Benigno Aquino Sr. is not known, but his son, Benigno Aquino III is a congress representative from Tarlac (and might possibly have his own article in the future). —seav 08:09 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * That's a hard one (I'm beginning to think there are a lot of hard ones *grin*). I didn't know about his son either, but that sounds like a mitigating circumstance.  If someone wants to move the article back to Jr., I won't object. - Hephaestos 08:24 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Actually, Benigno Aquino Sr. was a Filipino senator, if I recall correctly. TheCoffee 15:11, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

ehhh.... this needs to be checked for NPOV. Badly. - thesocialistesq —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.1.90.148 (talk) 01:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

/summary This is a barebones summary to initiate the article into different languages. Please do not expand. Please feel free to enter only essential data.--Jondel 00:46, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Do you mind if you guys elaborate on his Education? thanks John earlm 23:04, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Please discuss Ninoy's educational background. John earlm 23:14, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

The discussion regarding Ninoy's imprisonment, military trial and hunger strike are all placed under the topic "On the Road to Martial Law", even though all these events occurred after martial law was declared. Maybe the next topic, "Batasang Pambansa elections and heart bypass surgery" can be renamed "Imprisonment, 1978 elections and heart bypass surgery" and the discussion of post-1972 events be transposed therein? Anyo Niminus 17:05, 21 June 2006 (UTC)]]

Hello, everyone. I have been doing some edits to make this page cohere more closely to related pages and reduce irrelevant and slanted information. Your feedback would be quite helpful. Thanks! Elchori01 —Preceding undated comment added 15:19, 17 August 2011 (UTC).

Imelda asked Ninoy to return if he leaves for a heart surgery?!
In the following snippet from the article:''On May 8, 1980, Imelda Marcos came to Ninoy's hospital room. She asked him if he would like to leave that evening for the U.S., but not before agreeing on two covenants: 1.) That if he leaves, he will return;'' is 1.) correct?--Jondel 04:12, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

This is known as a Marcos (Imelda being a Marcos) "double talk" or as we refer in the Philippines "double speak" (a well-known Marcos ploy). She was granting him a "leave" on condition that he would return, when all the while she was sure that he would not, at least not in the near future because of a sentence condemning Aquino to death by the military tribunal. He returned anyway, much to the shock of Imelda and cohorts, and the rest is history. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.248.81.181 (talk) 14:49, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Some problems
Is it appropriate to use his nickname so frequently instead of his family name? Seems to diminish the authority of the article, which already has a bit of a hagiographic tone. Also: this article needs a lot more citations. One example is the end of the "I will go back" section. A few too many weasel words (critics say, etc.). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Terrasirradient (talk • contribs) 21:31, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

please note that the the quote under the 500 peso bill is incorrect....it says "..undying for...., should be "....dying for..." thanks."202.156.14.74 (talk) 17:37, 20 August 2008 (UTC)Gena

Allegation of bias
To quote, "Although Ninoy Aquino was recognized as the most prominent and most outspoken critic of the Marcos dictatorship, he was regarded by many, in the years prior to martial law, as representative of the entrenched familial bureaucracy which, to this day, still predominates Philippine politics." This part of the article is biased and needs to be suppressed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Unitvm (talk • contribs) 04:14, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, that's one of the more balanced parts. It mentions both good and bad about him.  Mdotley 17:27, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

I don't see any bias. Ninoy Aquino came from political families: grandfather and father both served in high positions in government. His wife is from a rich and powerful clan. He himself had been "entrenched" in politics, having served as counselor, mayor, vice-governor, governor, senator, and had it not been for Marcos, would have been president. His brother, sister and now his son ran and won seats in Congress and the senate. The political system of "inheriting government positions" is a traditional practice in my country, and is widely accepted by the masses, surely a detriment to progress. In the Philippines a candidate to a government position with "no name", no money, and no political machinery, does not stand a chance of being elected. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.248.81.181 (talk) 18:29, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

I beg to disagree, it is not true. Only shallow people belief that.58.69.218.181 (talk) 03:46, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

"In the Philippines a candidate to a government position with "no name", no money, and no political machinery, does not stand a chance of being elected."... I believe this true of any country. 82.30.110.20 (talk) 04:05, 13 November 2017 (UTC)

Murder conviction
Aquino was convicted by then president Marcos of Murder. Pls note that this not a category for murderers nor or does it imply that Ninoy was a murderer.--Jondel 08:05, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Aquino was convicted of murder by a non-legitimate, Marcos-controlled military tribunal. The conviction had no legal basis, no investigation was made and no legal recourse for Aquino. The link to "filipinos convicted murder" without an explanation, is, in my opinion, quite misleading.KaElin 23:39, 9 September 2006 (UTC)kaElin
 * I agree. The case is the same for Lorenzo Ruiz (Spanish controlled tribunal), Flor Contemplacion(biased Singaporean tribunal)and others. Since it is controversial and may be misleading, I will be removing this category .--Jondel 03:12, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, Jondel. KaElin 23:10, 10 September 2006 (UTC)KaElin
 * Disagree. It should be reinstated. It doesn't matter who tried the person. -- Howard   the   Duck   13:31, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

POV
The article has too much. Most of it has to be rewritten or rephrased--not worthy of an encyclopedia article.KaElin 03:24, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. The article's information is good, but the writing style should be revised to be more neutral. The statement "In myriad ways Aquino bedeviled the Marcos regime, chipping away at its monolithic facade" is diatribe and does not really impart any information. Gryphon Hall (talk) 23:20, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Rename article
I seriously think we should rename the article to Ninoy Aquino per the WP:MOS on article naming. Same reason why Bill Clinton is the article while William Jefferson Clinton is a redirect. Shrumster 17:17, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. -- • Kurt Guirnela •  ‡ Talk  04:09, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * True. There are technically three Benigno Aquino articles in wikipedia: ne about Senator Igno Aquino, One for Senator Ninoy himself, and another for his son Senator Noynoy. Whereas the name "Ninoy Aquino" is exclusive to him alone. -- User:Nejibana17 —Preceding undated comment added 14:14, 23 January 2010 (UTC).

HE IS NOT First Gentleman Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr.
...since he's dead already. The marriage lasts until death, not until the widow/er remarries when his/her spouse died. -- Howard  the   Duck  08:05, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, unless someone objects I'll be removing all instances of being "first gentleman". -- Howard  the   Duck  11:23, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree --Carsjme (talk) 11:27, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

Timeline
It seems to me that Judge Regino C. Hermosisima, Jr. is not as important to the "timeline of Ninoy murder case" as references to him seem to indicate. I'm bringing it up here first, but I intend to remove some of the mentions of him, particularly his subsequent promotions, unless there are reasonable objections. maxsch (talk) 16:45, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Php bill 500 front.jpg
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --08:44, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Iconic Image
May i ask, who deleted the iconic picture of Ninoy Aquino?? --CommanderPhoenix (talk) 07:06, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

PictureC
can't we get a better pic than the one we have right now? like, for starters, an actual picture of him or something? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.95.187.138 (talk) 07:44, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes. Depicting the Ninoy Aquino in currency is not only unethical in the academic sense, but is also disrespectful to Senator Aquino Himself. A real picture must be shown, not the 500 peso bill. It is just the same as saying thet Ninoy is only a peso bill and not an actual person himself. User: Nejibana17 —Preceding undated comment added 14:27, 23 January 2010 (UTC).

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was no consensus. @harej 00:45, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Benigno Aquino, Jr. → Ninoy Aquino — Although he was called Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr., his nickname "Ninoy Aquino" is more common along Filipinos. According to this, names should be the name recognisable by the public. Ninoy Aquino is more recognisable by Filipino public rather than Benigno Aquino, Jr. Also, in this, Senator Aquino Jr. used Ninoy more often than Benigno in writing.  JL 09  q? c|undefined 12:54, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose Ninoy may be more common among Filipinos, but the general naming conventions recommend "Name articles in accordance with what the greatest number of English speakers would most easily recognize". A Google search indicates that Benigno Aquino (735,000 hits) is more common than Ninoy Aquino (627,000).  Favonian (talk) 13:09, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment Google hits doesn't indicate significance of the name. Remember that there are three Benigno Aquino's in Philippine politics, namely Senator Benigno Q. Aquino (First Benigno Aquino to become senator), Senator Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. (the person described by this article, and current Senator Benigno C. Aquino III; so more likely that the Google hits "Benigno Aquino" does not only point to Senator Aquino Jr. Senator Aquino commonly called as Ninoy Aquino. Even the airport was not named Benigno Aquino, Jr. International Airport.-- JL 09  q? c|undefined 13:18, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment. I tend to think of Google hits as being precise only to an order of magnitude. To my mind, 735,000 to 627,000 is a tie, and doesn't seem to take a finer-grained look at use in reliable sources, which is certainly something we take into account. -GTBacchus(talk) 00:00, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Comment: WP:NC also recommends consistency between similar articles; Benigno Aquino, Sr., Benigno Aquino, Jr., Benigno Aquino III seems indicated. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:28, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Neutral. I agree that Ninoy Aquino is more well-known than Benigno Aquino, Jr. (e.g., Ninoy Aquino International Airport) but I have no inkling either way. The Sr./Jr./III consistency is a nice argument for the status quo but we also have nicknamed articles like Bill Clinton and Bill Gates which provide support for the proposed move. The three Benignos are not royalty so the consistency issue is not a strong factor, I think. If the move would succeed, then the next debate is the move from Corazon Aquino to Cory Aquino, for similar reasons. --seav (talk) 05:09, 14 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Plus the names of senators like Jamby Madrigal is not named on her real name but on her nickname. Gloria Arroyo is also not titled as Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Next debate would also be Erap Estrada so to speak.-- JL 09  q? c|undefined 12:39, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree There will certainly be a redirect from this Benigno Jr to Ninoy, so it's not like people wouldn't be able to find the article. The wikipedia convention is pretty simple, use the name he went by. xschm (talk) 18:13, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose It is conceded that Ninoy Aquino is, in the Philippines, more commonly known as Ninoy Aquino. However, I do not agree with the idea that just because Filipinos more commonly call Benigno Aquino, Jr. "Ninoy", it is right to impose such a convention among other, non-Filipino Anglophones, many of which perhaps don't even know that Benigno Aquino, Jr. was nicknamed "Ninoy" in the first place.  Unless there is a more convincing reason to demand such a move, the current redirection scheme is certainly more than adequate. --Sky Harbor (talk) 11:33, 22 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose Ninoy Aquino redirects to Benigno Aquino, Jr. at present; this seems prudent and correct to me. In my opinion, having a user being able to locate the correct article when searching for such takes precedence over all other concerns. — •KvЯt GviЯnЭlБ•  Speak!  11:45, 22 September 2009 (UTC)
 * My "oppose" vote stands, despite my earlier rumination dated 22 August 2007. —  •KvЯt GviЯnЭlБ•  Speak!  11:49, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Support Ninoy Aquino is obviously the more common name. Why else would the Philippines airport be named Ninoy Aquino International Airport and the memorial holiday be called Ninoy Aquino Day? --Polaron | Talk 21:48, 24 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

"S" for Servillano or Simeon
Servillano (like his grandfather) or Simeon (like his son)? The references currently used in the article point out that it is "Servillano", but one of the entries also contain an incorrect birth date (1965) for his son Noynoy (born 1960). Noynoy's "S" definitely stands for "Simeon." The maiden name of Ninoy's mother was "Aquino" also, but he did not use "A" as an initial. The second "Servillano" reference does not directly support the argument for it. I used Google Books to search for possible references. I also temporarily shortened the name to Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. in the article until this is resolved.
 * From August 7, 2010 Manila Bulletin - Just call him President Benigno S. Aquino III By JC BELLO RUIZ President Aquino, in a dialogue with Malacañang reporters last Friday, said he prefers the former to adhere to the tradition of his grandfather and father whose given names are Benigno Simeon. Mk32 (talk) 23:25, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

It is Benigno Servillano, not Benigno Simeon. Benigno Simeon is the name of the current philippine president (and his son), Noynoy. It is shown in my set of World Book Encyclopedias. It causes confusion because they are often mentioned as 'Benigno S. Aquino, Jr.' and 'Benigno S. Aquino III'--Carsjme (talk) 11:23, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

References for "Servillano" (citations currently in article)
Sen. Ninoy Aquino was initiated to Upsilon Sigma Phi in my father's room at the YMCA. My father knew his name as "Benigno Servillano". My father was Alpha Phi Beta, but had Upsilon rommates. Fast-forward to when Mrs. Aquino was president, and she addressed a gathering of Fulbright Alumni (yours truly included); again, the mistaken name "Benigno Simeon" was announced, which Mrs. Aquino corrected to "Benigno Servillano". I dont know how Britannica can get it wrong.Vp bongolan (talk) 06:01, 19 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Family and relatives of Benigno Servillano Aquino Jr.
 * Sen. Benigno Servillano Jr AQUINO "Ninoy" was born 27 Nov 1932 in Concepcion Tarlac.
 * Rep. Benigno Simeon Cojuangco III AQUINO "Noynoy" was born 1965 - The Wikipedia article for Noynoy says he was born February 8, 1960.
 * "Error in 'At Last, A Movie on Ninoy'", October 12, 2006
 * His mother’s maiden name is Aurora Aquino, not Aurora Servillano as we reported. We’re sorry.
 * The good die young : Sen. Benigno Servillano Aquino, Jr. (1932-1983) (published 2000)

References for "Simeon"
Some things these sources have going for them: 1) They are published books (except the Britannica one), 2) They were published before his son Noynoy rose to prominence, so there will be no circular reference (in other words, a case where Ninoy's "S" is assumed to mean "Simeon" because that's what the now prominent Noynoy's "S" initial stands for). However there are also other published books that also support "Servillano"
 * Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1 (published 2006) - Thomas M. Leonard
 * Benigno Simeon Aquino, Jr. (1932-1983), was born in Tarlac Province, Philippines...
 * Assassinations and executions: an encyclopedia of political violence, 1865-1986 (published 1988) - Harris M. Lentz
 * On August 21, 1983, Benigno Simeon Aquino, Jr., a leading opponent of President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines, was shot and killed...
 * Encyclopædia Britannica
 * Benigno Simeon Aquino, Jr., byname Ninoy
 * An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945-1996 (published 1998) by John E. Jessup
 * Aquino, Benigno ("Ninoy") Simeon Jr. (b. 27 November 1932, Tarlac Province, Philippines...
 * MORE RESULTS FROM GOOGLE BOOKS for "SIMEON" (with search terms used)

References for "Servillano" not in the article
(Note: Other times, the search gives results referring to his grandfather Servillano Aquino instead of Ninoy)
 * Philip's daughters: women in pentecostal-charismatic leadership (2009) by Estrelda Alexander, Amos Yong
 * was planning to take up law at the Far Eastern University when Benigno Servillano Aquino Jr. (1932-1983) came into her life.
 * MORE RESULTS FROM GOOGLE BOOKS for "SERVILLANO" (with search terms used)

There needs to be more references for this. I noted that "Benigno Simeon Aquino" gives out 749 results compared to 98 for "Benigno Servillano Aquino", but this is not enough to say which is the correct one. Again, I temporarily put the name simply as Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. until this is resolved.

On a slightly related note
Documents published in 1938 and 1939 shows that Ninoy's father Benigno Sr also used the middle initial "S". It does not say what the "S" stands for either. Mk32 (talk) 01:13, 3 July 2010 (UTC) EDIT I decided to go ahead and put the name as "Simeon" for now, since I could find more book references to it. Feel free to discuss or revert. Mk32 (talk) 04:16, 3 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Masterpieces in Philippine oratory, and lessons in public speaking (1938) - Honorable BENIGNO S. AQUINO - Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce
 * The Philippine Journal of Agriculture (1939) - Hon. BENIGNO S. AQUINO - Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce
 * August 21, 2010 Official Gazette website at http://www.gov.ph clearly states it is "Simeon" Mk32 (talk) 03:12, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * From August 7, 2010 Manila Bulletin - Just call him President Benigno S. Aquino III By JC BELLO RUIZ President Aquino, in a dialogue with Malacañang reporters last Friday, said he prefers the former to adhere to the tradition of his grandfather and father whose given names are Benigno Simeon. Mk32 (talk) 23:25, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

It is Benigno Servillano, not Benigno Simeon. Benigno Simeon is the name of the current philippine president (and his son), Noynoy. It is shown in my set of World Book Encyclopedias. It causes confusion because they are often mentioned as 'Benigno S. Aquino, Jr.' and 'Benigno S. Aquino III'--Carsjme (talk) 11:23, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

Unsourced POV edits
I have recently reverted two edits by Elchori01. I have clearly explained to Elchori01 on his talk page that his edits were unsourced, and removed well-sourced information. If Elchori01 claims there is any truth in what he writes then he must provide some reliable sources.

As I have no wish to engage in an edit war, intervention by others would be very welcome.  Rubywine. talk 14:38, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

I have now just restored well-sourced lede text and internal links to Ninoy Aquino International Airport and Ninoy Aquino Day removed by Elchorio01 in another destructive edit. I also removed some the unnecessary details inserted in their place.  Rubywine. talk 15:47, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

As is apparent to all now, editing controversial topics is no easy task. Unlike Rubywine, I live in the Philippines and collaborate with the Wikipedia Philippines project, and am planning to attend the meeting in Manila in February to discuss this and other topics in a civilized manner. I am a Wikipedia newbie- I only started editing last June, and am quite distressed by the manner in which rubywine refuses to engage in dialogue and threatens editors unless they edit articles in a manner pleasing to her. If any of you can help her understand this thing, I would be most grateful, as she has already started an edit war and reverted my edits more than three times. Once again, feedback would be appreciated. Elchori01 (talk) 06:54, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The first step would be to clarify what the problem is. It is clear that there is a disagreement between two editors about content, but a quick look does not reveal what the fundamental problem is. What text is now in the article that you think should be changed? What should it be changed to? Why? Is anything missing from the article? What and why? Please be brief: just an outline at first; more details can be added if asked for. Material needs to be sourced (see WP:V and WP:RS), and needs to be due (see WP:NPOV). Johnuniq (talk) 07:39, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * John, unfortunately I have very little time available and not enough to explain the situation regarding this article. To see what's gone on here you need to trawl through the edits. But there was a related situation at Ferdinand Marcos -- please look at Talk:Ferdinand Marcos where I've copied one of the edits made by Elchori01 for others to see. He is engaged in rewriting ledes and adding totally unsourced POV material to articles about Philippine politicians. For example, well sourced statements about Marcos' 20 years of corruption and brutality are suddenly just allegations, the Marcos' well-established embezzlement of billions of dollars is rephrased so as to imply doubt about that, etc. Please look at that talk page because the edits show what I mean. Benigno Aquino was Marcos' key political opponent, assassinated by Marcos, and so here the situation is reversed. Doubt is cast on Marcos' role in the assassination. Links to key articles are removed. Aquino's significance and legacy is downplayed, and the Legacy section stuffed full of waffle. Obviously Wikipedia doesn't care at all what I think is highly POV apologism for a brutal dictator, but Wikipedia does demand reliable sources, and Elchori01 provides none, not even unreliable ones. See also Juan Miguel Zubiri who Elchiori01 declares is known to be guilty of electoral fraud when actually nothing has been proven and Zubiri denies the allegations. Elchiori01 goes around writing his own version of history. Tell him he needs a source and he'll retort "read a newspaper" or "speak to some Filipinos". (Have to rush, sorry.) <span style="border:2px ridge #aaf;padding:1px 8px;font:normal 10px Verdana,sans-serif;"> Rubywine . talk 09:19, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the response, and I hear you. However, I had a very quick look at the recent history of this article, and did not notice the kind of editing outlined above. I'm not suggesting the edits aren't there, but a very quick look did not show them, and if an editor wants third parties to comment, some help is needed with precise information. I'm watching this article now and may be able to say something meaningful in the future. Johnuniq (talk) 09:54, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I understand. If the Marcos edit didn't strike you as problematic, I'll drop this for the moment. I can't ask for more than your offer to keep an eye on these two articles. Thank you for being so evenhanded. <span style="border:2px ridge #aaf;padding:1px 8px;font:normal 10px Verdana,sans-serif;"> Rubywine . talk 14:22, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * John, this type of thing is exactly what I'm talking about: . <span style="border:2px ridge #aaf;padding:1px 8px;font:normal 10px Verdana,sans-serif;"> Rubywine . talk 11:57, 29 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I restored the part about the airport; it was covered in the main article and seemed noteworthy enough to be in the lead, two requirements for being included there. I let the deletion of comments on his wife's subsequent activities stand for the converse reasons. Fat&Happy (talk) 16:25, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

There is a disagreement concerning by Elchori01 which removed the following text from the lead:
 * after which popular protests led to her presidency and the end of the 20 year Marcos regime. Manila International Airport has been renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor.

Fat&Happy restored the airport text, so the overall difference is that this has been removed:
 * after which popular protests led to her presidency and the end of the 20 year Marcos regime.

F&H's explanation above is correct: when someone is assasinated at an airport (with its old name appropriately given in the lead), it is desirable to mention that the airport has been renamed in their honor. Further, that information is given in the article, and if I looked I would find a reliable source. By contrast, the text about popular protests and the Marcos regime (while obviously true, and verifiable) is not present in the article and so should be omitted per WP:LEAD.

I can see an argument that this article is somewhat inadequate if it fails to mention that Aquino's death lead to the end of the Marcos regime. Again, I would call that obviously true, but the connection is not a clear fact—it is more an opinion regarding a fairly long chain of events (and many other factors were necessary in order for the regime to fall at that time). If a suitable source were available, it is the sort of conclusion that should be attributed ("According to X, Aquino's death lead to the end of the Marcos regime"), and ultimately would be more suitable for an article written by a single author where the connection was clearly the conclusion of that author.

There is no requirement for an editor to explain their reasoning on this talk page, but changes made by such an editor are likely to be reverted unless the edits are clearly appropriate. An edit summary of "incorrect info removed" is not adequate: the text which is claimed to be incorrect needs to be specified here, with a justification. Johnuniq (talk) 00:34, 30 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Lack of support for the now-deleted part of the lead may be partly due to relevant text having been moved into Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. I've started talking to editors who worked on AoBAJ with a view to strengthening both articles, since AoBAj also suffers from sourcing problems, and one of them mentioned that some text had been moved, which in retrospect may have been unfortunate. It is important to indicate the historical impact of Aquino's assassination in this parent article, but as John says, a prequisite for this is to locate reliable sources. <span style="border:2px ridge #aaf;padding:1px 8px;font:normal 10px Verdana,sans-serif;"> Rubywine . talk 19:04, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

1978 elections, bypass surgery, exile
The section entitled "1978 elections, bypass surgery, exile" is woefully incomplete. There is no mention at all of the 1978 elections or even how his death sentence was commuted. Even the part where he goes the U.S. doesn't sound like an exile. It reads as if he was only leaving the country for the medical procedure. — howcheng  {chat} 05:17, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

death_cause in infobox "Gunshot" or "Assassination"?
I was STIKIing and I noticed this bold edit by User:Ellivro99. I'm not an expert on the subject, so I thought I'd just bring this up and if there are no objections the new version sticks. Cheers. --L235 (talk) Ping when replying 07:53, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120930105738/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080821-155890/Fewer-than-10-people-in-plot-5-core-5-others-in-the-know to http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080821-155890/Fewer-than-10-people-in-plot-5-core-5-others-in-the-know
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External links modified
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Censorship of Ninoy's links with the CPP/NPA
user:WayKurat is censoring Ninoy Aquino's links with the CPP/NPA and his association with Hacienda Luisita even if the contributions conform with Wikipedia's policy on Verifiablity and Reliable Sources. Rather than focusing on the specific content in question, user is resorting to personal attacks branding these contributions as my personal POV. Thetruth16 (talk) 03:07, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Why are you considering my reverts as "personal attacks" to you? You have already been blocked twice for POV edits and you even have the guts to report me to AIV just because I removed your POV edits. Please note, you have already been reported TWICE in WP:ANI for inserting POV edits and other editors have already taken notice on how you have titled the neutrality of several articles involving Ferdinand Marcos and Ninoy Aquino to be "pro-Marcos". You are shielding your edits using the WP:RS policy, but at the same time, you are violating WP:NPOV. See 1, and 2 in case you have forgotten the reason why you have been blocked.
 * Pinging, and admin  in this thread. -WayKurat (talk) 03:25, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
 * First you need to focus on content Dispute_resolution rather than bringing up conduct, as you yourself have deleted a large swath of cited content without discussing first. Second, note that Wikiepdia does have a policy on handling opinions from reliable sources perceived as biased, see - Neutral_point_of_view. In the contributions you deleted, facts are stated as they are, and editorial opinions are attributed in the text. Thirdly, you need to be specific which sentences / lines violate specific Wikipedia policy on NPOV. Fourth, please check Wikipedia's policy before deleting content perceived as non-neutral and not make it as an excuse to delete. Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ. Finally, many contribution that are pro-Ninoy / Cory are actually not cited at all and are opinions and full of weasel words, such as this part As a result, the remainder of his personal and political life had a distinct spiritual sheen. He emerged as a contemporary counterpart of Jose Rizal, who was among the most vocal proponents of the use of non-violence to combat a repressive regime at the time, following the model of Gandhi and Martin Luther King., shall we focus on cleaning/rewriting these first? Thetruth16 (talk) 04:05, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

I'm adding discussions about this Article's neutrality from the ANI page for discussion purposes:

WayKurat
 * This user added a statement that the one that issued Benigno Aquino Jr. the fake "Marcial Bonifacio" passport is linked with the Moro National Liberation Front, and at the same time, reinforcing the sources that Marcos declared Martial Law because of communist insurgency and the Moro uprising. If you read the whole article, it made it look that Aquino is being linked with communists and Moro rebels.
 * In the Benigno Aquino Jr. article, he reiterated that Aquino's father, Benigno Sr. was a Japanese collaborator during World War II. It also claimed that Aquino did support the Moro rebellion and "rubbed elbows" with the Communist Party of the Philippines in the 1970s. (see 4)

Thetruth16
 * In the article Rashid Lucman, you can see that Rashid Lucman issued the passport named Marcial Bonifacio (for Ninoy) and the same person founded a Muslim separatist group. Rashid Lucman's son himself said that his father sent young Filipino Muslims to train in Malaysia and these guerillas formed part of the MNLF: http://www.philstar.com/letters-editor/604043/will-noynoy-aquino-be-hero-muslims-mindanao
 * Benigno Aquino Sr., Ninoy's father, and José P. Laurel, VP candidate Laurel's father, were leaders of the KALIBAPI that supported Japan during WWII, as you can see in the KALIBAPI article. . And there was a picture of him being arrested by the Americans which you deleted /censored. Ninoy's links with the communist rebels are supported by multiple verifiable sources and definitely not my point of view: http://www.manilatimes.net/the-ninoy-aquino-i-knew/31974/ and http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/198820/news/specialreports/ninoy-networked-with-everyone-reds-included. Ninoy's links with the communist rebels are supported by multiple verifiable sources and definitely not my point of view: http://www.manilatimes.net/the-ninoy-aquino-i-knew/31974/ and http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/198820/news/specialreports/ninoy-networked-with-everyone-reds-included

Thetruth16 (talk) 18:32, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:35, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Ninoy Aquino Monument and marker at the Pampanga Provincial Capitol.jpg

Requested move 5 July 2022
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 07:00, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

Benigno Aquino Jr. → Ninoy Aquino – After 13 years of no consensus, it is to request again that this page be moved to Ninoy Aquino, as per WP:COMMONNAME. Details and/or arguments are as follows:

 * 1) Ninoy Aquino remains to be the more recognizable name of the subject than Benigno Aquino Jr., used as the namesake of Ninoy Aquino International Airport, government-mandated Ninoy Aquino Day, Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center, Ninoy Aquino Stadium, Ninoy Aquino Library and Learning Resources Center, and Ninoy Aquino Avenue.
 * 2) To support Favonian's "oppose" comment of September 13, 2009 that the general naming conventions recommend "Name articles in accordance with what the greatest number of English speakers would most easily recognize", this nominator states that as of this writing, a Google search indicated that Ninoy Aquino (about 6,420,000) is more common than Benigno Aquino Jr (about 2,370,000), Benigno Aquino (about 4,560,000), and Benigno Ninoy Aquino Jr (about 163,000 results).
 * 3) For the sake of future arguments, the same request move cannot be applicable to Benigno Aquino III, nicknamed Noynoy, as he was more popular internationally as Benigno Aquino III and locally as PNoy (a wordplay of President Noy and Pinoy); and Corazon Aquino, where the popularity of Corazon Aquino and Cory Aquino has almost the same magnitude.
 * 4) For the sake of future arguments: While local politician Jamby Madrigal used her initials MA (Senator MA Madrigal) as nickname, instead of Jamby, she is still referred commonly to as Jamby, thus used as Wikipedia title. None being his birth name, Joseph Estrada is used as title of the subject as he is more internationally and formally known as Joseph Estrada, than Erap. This is, although, he is undoubtedly more locally known as Erap.
 * 5) Definitely, Ninoy Aquino is the same case of Bill Gates and Bill Clinton, where the nicknames are more common names than their real first names. ~  Pog  ing  Juan  06:25, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Notified: Wikipedia talk:Tambayan Philippines. Chlod <small style="font-size:calc(1em - 2pt)">(say hi!) 06:32, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Just a few quick points: Google search terms have to be put in quotation marks for the number of results to be at all meaningful, and it can be helpful to look at how many results you actually get when you go to additional pages of search rather than looking at the headline number. For the search terms above, put in quotation marks, I get 151–103–157–93 when looking at the final pages. Google Books leads me to believe all are four are common, but the last version does not adhere to Wikipedia naming conventions. And the previous move request linked to at Talk:Benigno Aquino III was by an editor who was blocked indefinitely only a month later for "nonsense page moves", so there may not be too much useful information in that section. It seems like you actually intended to refer to on this page. Dekimasu よ! 07:43, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your inputs! First, you were correct that I actually intended to refer to #Requested move on this page. Secondly, I have put in quotation marks on the following Google search terms: "Ninoy Aquino" (about 4,510,000), "Benigno Aquino Jr." (about 162,000), "Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr." (about 34,800), and "Benigno Aquino" (about 1,260,000). Definitely, Ninoy Aquino is a more common name to the subject than Benigno Aquino Jr. I actually just added names "Benigno Aquino" and "Benigno Ninoy Aquino Jr." for the sake of argument, but you cannot use both the former, since Sr. and III were also "Benigno Aquino"; and the latter, since as you have said, it does not adhere to Wikipedia naming conventions. But for a food of thought, the reason Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. is being used in several news articles and books, instead of just Benigno Aquino Jr. is because of the fact that Benigno Aquino Jr. is more commonly and popularly known as Ninoy Aquino. Thus, the reiteration to move the subject's title "Benigno Aquino Jr." to a more common name "Ninoy Aquino". ~  Pog ing  Juan  12:48, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with the arguments, especially that which point out that his common name is much more recognizable. Ganmatthew (talk) 11:33, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

<div style="padding-left: 1.6em; font-style: italic; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; margin: 0.5em 0; padding-top: 0.5em">The discussion above is closed. <b style="color: #FF0000;">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nomination. The commonly-referenced name Ninoy Aquino is indeed the WP:COMMONNAME. A recent nomination to move the main title header of the entry for commonly-referenced Bongbong Marcos to the "official" Ferdinand Marcos Jr. was tellingly unsuccessful at Talk:Bongbong Marcos. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 23:01, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support as long as Corazon Aquino gets moved to Cory Aquino and Benigno Aquino III to Noynoy Aquino. Shwcz (talk) 23:16, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 22:02, 7 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Chlod <small style="font-size:calc(1em - 2pt)">(say hi!) 02:25, 9 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Itsquietuptown  ✉📜 12:12, 9 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. This has been low-key bugging me for the past decade. The arguments presented by the nominator are much better than what I could have written. —seav (talk) 20:30, 9 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ninoy Aquino


text:
Joseph Estrada

Joseph Ejercito Estrada (born Jose Marcelo Ejercito; April 19, 1937), also known by the nickname Erap,  is a Filipino politician and former actor. He served as the 13th President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001, the 9th Vice President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998, and the 26th Mayor of the City of Manila, the country's capital, from 2013 to 2019. In 2001, he became the first chief executive in Asia to be formally impeached. At the age of 87, he is currently the oldest living former Philippine president.

Estrada gained popularity as a film actor, playing the lead role in over a hundred films in an acting career spanning some three decades. He also worked as a model, beginning as a fashion and ramp model at the age of 13. He used his popularity as an actor to make gains in politics, serving as mayor of San Juan from 1969 to 1986, as senator from 1987 to 1992, then as vice president under President Fidel V. Ramos from 1992 to 1998.

Estrada was elected president in 1998 with a wide margin of votes separating him from the other challengers and was sworn into the presidency on June 30, 1998. In 2000, he declared an "all-out-war" against Moro Islamic Liberation Front and captured its headquarters and other camps. Allegations of corruption spawned an impeachment trial in the Senate, and in 2001, Estrada was ousted in the Second EDSA Revolution after the prosecution walked out of the impeachment court when the senator-judges voted not to open an envelope that allegedly contained incriminating evidence against him. After his arrest on April 25, 2001, on charges of plunder, his supporters rallied and marched to Malacañang Palace and attempted to storm the premises in EDSA III.

In 2007, Estrada was sentenced by a special division of the Sandiganbayan to reclusión perpetua under a charge of plunder for the embezzlement of the $80 million from the government but was later granted a pardon by the president and his former deputy, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. He ran for president again in the 2010 presidential election but was defeated by Senator Benigno Aquino III by a wide margin. He later served as mayor of Manila for two terms, from 2013 to 2019.

Early life and education
Joseph Estrada was born as Jose Marcelo Ejercito at 8:25 pm on April 19, 1937 in Tondo, an urban district of Manila. His family later moved to the wealthy suburb of San Juan, then a municipality in the province of Rizal. He belonged to a wealthy family and was the eighth of ten children of Emilio Ejercito Sr. (1899–1977) and his wife, Maria Marcelo (1906–2009). After graduating from the Ateneo Elementary School in 1951, he was expelled during his second year of secondary studies at the Ateneo High School for disciplinary conduct. Later during college, he enrolled in a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering course at the Mapúa Institute of Technology to please his father. He would leave once again and later transferred to Central Colleges of the Philippines College of Engineering but dropped out.

In his twenties, he began a career as a drama actor, usually playing the role of the villain/antagonist. He adopted the stage name "Joseph Estrada", as his mother objected to his chosen career and his decision to quit schooling multiple times. He also acquired the nickname "Erap" (a play on the Tagalog slang "pare", meaning 'buddy') from his friend, fellow actor Fernando Poe Jr.

Film actor
Estrada gained popularity as a film actor, playing the lead role in over a hundred films in an acting career spanning some three decades.

In 1974, Estrada founded the Movie Workers Welfare Foundation (Mowelfund), which helps filmmakers through medical reimbursements, hospitalization, surgery and death benefits, livelihood, alternative income opportunities, and housing. Its educational arm, the Mowelfund Film Institute, has produced some of the most skilled and respected producers, filmmakers, writers, and performers in both the independent and mainstream sectors of the industry since its inception in 1979. He also founded, together with Guillermo de Vega, the first Metro Manila Film Festival in 1975.

Mayor of San Juan (1969–1986)
Estrada entered politics in 1967, running for mayor of San Juan, failing and only succeeding in 1969 after winning an electoral protest against Braulio Sto. Domingo. His administration achieved many infrastructure developments. These included the establishment of the first Municipal High School, the Agora complex, a modern slaughterhouse, a sprawling government center with a post office, a mini-park, and the paving of 98 percent of the town's roads and alleys.

As mayor, he paid particular attention to the elementary education of children by improving and renovating school buildings, constructing additional school structures, health centers, barangay halls, and playgrounds in all barangays, and providing artesian wells to areas with low water supply. He relocated some 1,800 squatter families out of San Juan to Taytay, Rizal, at no cost. He was also the first mayor to computerize the assessment of the Real Estate Tax at the Municipal Assessor's Office. When Corazon Aquino assumed the presidency in 1986, all elected officials of the local government were forcibly removed and replaced by appointed officers-in-charge, including Estrada

Senator of the Philippines (1987–1992)
In 1987, Estrada won a seat in the Senate under the Grand Alliance for Democracy (GAD) placing 14th in the elections (out of 24 winners). He was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Public Works. He was Vice-Chairman of the Committees on Health, Natural Resources and Ecology, and Urban Planning.

In the Senate, Estrada sponsored bills on irrigation projects and the protection and propagation of the carabao, the beast of burden in the rural areas.

Estrada and eleven other senators (dubbed the "Magnificent 12" in media coverage) voted to terminate the RP-US Military Bases Agreement in 1991, leading to the withdrawal of American servicemen from the Clark Air Base in Pampanga and the Subic Naval Base in Zambales.

In 1989, the Free Press cited him as one of the Three Outstanding Senators of the Year. He was conferred the degree of Doctor of Humanities, Honoris Causa by the University of Pangasinan in 1990, and by the Bicol University in April 1997.

Vice presidency (1992–1998)
In 1992, Estrada initially ran for president under the Partido ng Masang Pilipino (PMP), with Vicente Rivera Jr. as his running mate and fellow actor Fernando Poe Jr. as his campaign manager. The Philippine film industry called for a 60-day "moratorium" on all film projects by March for industry figures to help Estrada's presidential campaign. However, Estrada reluctantly withdrew his bid on March 30 due to financial issues and instead became the running mate of Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. under the Nationalist People's Coalition; Estrada expressed that the decision was "very painful, if not traumatic". Though Cojuangco lost to former National Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos for the presidency, Estrada won the vice-presidency garnering more votes than his closest opponent Marcelo Fernan, Ramon Mitra Jr.'s running mate.

As vice president, Estrada was the chair of President Ramos' Presidential Anti-Crime Commission (PACC). Estrada arrested criminal warlords and kidnapping syndicates. He repeatedly topped surveys on government officials' performance conducted by the Social Weather Stations within his first two years as vice president and was named "Man of the Year" by ABS-CBN for 1993. He resigned as chair in 1997.

In the same year Estrada, together with former president Corazon Aquino, Cardinal Jaime Sin, Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and other political leaders, led an anti-charter change rally that brought in an estimated half a million people to Rizal Park against the charter change moves by Ramos and his supporters.

In early 1993, Estrada established Club 419 (later the International Business Club) in Cafe Ysabel within San Juan as a private men's club for him and his friends, including Poe.

Presidency (1998–2001)
On June 30, 1998, Estrada took his oath of office at the historic Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. He also gave his inaugural address at the Quirino Grandstand where he promised to bring peace and harmony to the people and pledged to fight corruption and continue the economic reforms of the previous Ramos administration. The elected vice-president was Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo from the LAKAS-NUCD.

"Erap Para sa Mahirap" became the campaign slogan of the presidency. He drove his election campaign vehicle JEEP, which meant Justice, Economy, Environment, and Peace.

Estrada was the first president to use a special name as his official address name, combining his real family name, Ejercito, with his screen name, thus forming "Joseph Ejercito Estrada". Estrada was inaugurated on June 30, 1998, in the historical town of Malolos in Bulacan province in paying tribute to the cradle of the First Philippine Republic. That afternoon the new president delivered his inaugural address at the Quirino Grandstand in Luneta. He assumed office amid the Asian Financial Crisis and with agricultural problems due to poor weather conditions, thereby slowing the economic growth to −0.6% in 1998 from 5.2% in 1997. The economy recovered by 3.4% in 1999 and 4% in 2000. In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and captured its headquarters and other camps. Allegations of corruption spawned a railroaded impeachment trial in the Senate courtesy of house speaker Manuel Villar, and in 2001 Estrada was ousted by a coup after the trial was aborted.

In his inaugural address, Estrada said: One hundred years after Kawit, fifty years after independence, twelve years after EDSA, and seven years after the rejection of foreign bases, it is now the turn of the masses to experience liberation. We stand in the shadow of those who fought to make us free – free from foreign domination, free from domestic tyranny, free from superpower dictation, free from economic backwardness.

Rebellion in Mindanao
During the Ramos administration a cessation of hostilities agreement was signed between the Philippine government and the MILF in July 1997. This was continued by a series of peace talks and negotiations in Estrada administration. The MILF, an Islamic group based in formed in 1977, seeks to be an independent Islamic state from the Philippines, and, despite the agreements, a sequence of terrorist attacks on the Philippine military and civilians still continued. These included the kidnapping of a foreign priest, namely Father Luciano Benedetti; the destruction by arson of Talayan, Maguindanao's municipal hall; the takeover of the Kauswagan Municipal Hall; the bombing of the Lady of Mediatrix boat at Ozamiz City; and the takeover of the Narciso Ramos Highway. By doing so, they inflicted severe damage on the country's image abroad, and scared much-needed investments away. For this reason, on March 21, 2000, Estrada declared an "all-out war" against the MILF.

During the war the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) asked Estrada to negotiate a ceasefire with the MILF, but Estrada opposed the idea arguing that a ceasefire would cause more terrorist attacks. For the next three months of the war, Camp Abubakar, headquarters of the MILF, fell along with other 13 major camps and 43 minor camps, and then all of which became under controlled by the government. The MILF leader Hashim Salamat fled to Malaysia. The MILF later declared a jihad on the government. On July 10 of the same year, the Estrada went to Mindanao and raised the Philippine flag symbolizing victory. After the war Estrada said, "... will speed up government efforts to bring genuine and lasting peace and development in Mindanao". In the middle of July Estrada ordered the military to arrest top MILF leaders.

In his state of the nation address (SONA), Estrada highlighted his vision for Mindanao:

 * The first is to restore and maintain peace in    Mindanao—because, without peace, there can be no development.
 * The second is to develop Mindanao—because, without    development, there can be no peace.
 * The third is to continue seeking peace talks with the    MILF within the framework of the Constitution—because a peace agreed upon     in good faith is preferable to a peace enforced by force of arms.
 * And the fourth is to continue with the implementation    of the peace agreement between the government and the Moro National     Liberation Front, or MNLF—because that is our commitment to our countrymen     and the international community.

In addition to this Estrada said his administration can move with more speed in transforming Mindanao into a progressive economic center.[1] High on the list of priorities was the plight of MILF guerrillas who were tired of fighting and had no camps left to which to report. On October 5, 2000, the first massive surrender of 669 LC-MILF mujahideen led by the renegade vice mayor of Marugong, Lanao del Sur Malupandi Cosandi Sarip and seven other battalion commanders, surrendered to Estrada at the 4th ID headquarters in Camp Edilberto Evangelista, Bgy. Patag, Cagayan de Oro City. They were followed shortly by a second batch of 855 surrenderees led by Lost command MILF Commander Sayben Ampaso on December 29, 2000.[2]

Economy
By the end of Estrada's administration, debt supposedly reached ₱2.1 trillion in 1999. Domestic debt supposedly amounted to ₱986.7 billion while foreign debt stood at US$52.2 billion. The fiscal deficit had reportedly doubled to more than ₱100 billion from a low of ₱49 billion in 1998. Despite such setbacks, the GDP by 1999 posted a 3.2 percent growth rate, up from a low of −0.5 percent in 1998. Moreover, domestic investments started to increase from 18.8% of GDP in 1999 to 21.2% of GDP in 2000.

Corruption charges and impeachment
In October 2000, Ilocos Sur governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, a close friend of Estrada, alleged that he had personally given Estrada ₱400 million as the payoff from jueteng, a grassroots-based numbers game, hidden in a bank account known as "Jose Velarde", as well as ₱180 million from the government price subsidy for the tobacco farmers' marketing cooperative after Estrada ordered a full-blown investigation into Chavit Singson's alleged misuse of millions of pesos in public funds. Singson's allegation caused controversy across the nation, which culminated in the House of Representatives' filing of an impeachment case against Estrada on November 13, 2000. House Speaker Manny Villar fast-tracked the impeachment complaint. The impeachment suit was brought to the Senate and an impeachment court was formed, with Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. as presiding officer. Estrada pleaded "not guilty".

This was the first time the Filipino public witnessed, through radio and television, an elected president stand in trial and face possible impeachment with full media coverage. During the trial, the prosecution presented witnesses and alleged pieces of evidence to the impeachment court regarding Estrada's alleged involvement in jueteng. The existence of secret bank accounts which he allegedly used for receiving payoffs was also brought to the fore.

In the 2004 Global Transparency Report by Transparency International, Estrada, together with Ferdinand Marcos, made it into the list of the World's All-Time Most Corrupt Leaders in the World. Estrada was listed tenth and was said to have amassed between $78 million to $80 million.

Protests
On the evening of January 16, 2001, the impeachment court voted not to open an envelope that allegedly contained incriminating evidence against Estrada as it was not part of the impeachment complaint. The final vote was 11–10 to keep the envelope closed. The prosecution panel (of congressmen and lawyers) walked out of the impeachment court in protest of this vote. The 11 senators who voted not to open the envelope are known as the "Craven Eleven." That night, anti-Estrada protesters gathered in front of the EDSA Shrine at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, not too far away from the site of the 1986 People Power Revolution that overthrew President Ferdinand Marcos.

On January 19, 2001, Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of Staff Angelo Reyes, seeing the political upheaval throughout the country, decided to "withdraw his support" of Estrada and pay his allegiance to the vice president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

Ouster from office
The following day, the Supreme Court declared the presidency vacant even without Estrada's resignation. At noon, Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was sworn in by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. as president of the Philippines. Before Estrada departed from Malacañang, he issued the following press release:

At twelve o'clock noon today, Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo took her oath as President of the Republic of the Philippines. While along with many other legal minds of our country, I have strong and serious doubts about the legality and constitutionality of her proclamation as President, I do not wish to be a factor that will prevent the restoration of unity and order in our civil society.

It is for this reason that I now leave Malacañang Palace, the seat of the presidency of this country, for the sake of peace and to begin the healing process of our nation. I leave the Palace of our people with gratitude for the opportunities given to me for service to our people. I will not shirk from any future challenges that may come ahead in the same service of our country.

I call on all my supporters and followers to join me in to promotion of a constructive national spirit of reconciliation and solidarity.

May the Almighty bless our country and beloved people. Mabuhay!The Supreme Court on March 2, 2001, upheld the constitutionality of Arroyo succeeding Estrada in a unanimous 13–0 decision in Estrada vs. Desierto.

Arrest and EDSA III
After being ousted from the presidency, Estrada returned to his family home in San Juan.

On April 25, 2001, the Sandiganbayan charged him and his son Jinggoy with plunder and had them arrested. His supporters marched to the EDSA Shrine to stage a protest demanding Estrada's release and his reinstatement as president, among whom were his wife Loi Ejercito and political allies such as Juan Ponce Enrile, Panfilo Lacson, Gringo Honasan and Miriam Defensor Santiago. In the early morning of May 1, supporters of Estrada marched straight to the gates of Malacañang Palace, where violence erupted and forcing President Arroyo to declare a state of rebellion. Many protesters were injured in the ensuing riots and arrested, with four casualties, while many journalists were also injured due in part to the protesters' general hostility to the media. The government called out the military and was able to quell the riots with tear gases and warning shots under a "maximum tolerance" policy. The riots came to be generally known as EDSA III, though others have argued against the use of the name.

Estrada was initially detained at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City and then transferred to a military facility in Tanay, Rizal,[1] but he was later transferred to a nearby vacation home, virtually under house arrest. Under Philippine law at the time, plunder had the maximum penalty of death; the death penalty was eventually repealed by 2006.

Trial
On September 12, 2007, the Sandiganbayan gave its decision, finding Estrada not guilty in his perjury case but guilty of plunder "beyond reasonable doubt". He was sentenced to reclusión perpetua. He was thus the first Philippine president to be convicted of plunder.[1]

On September 26, 2007, Estrada appealed by filing a 63-page motion for reconsideration of the Sandiganbayan judgment penned by Teresita de Castro (submitting five legal grounds).[2][3] Estrada alleged that the court erred "when it convicted him by acquitting his alleged co-conspirators."[4]

On October 5, 2007, the Sandiganbayan's Special Division ruled to set October 19 as an oral argument (instead of a defense reply) on Estrada's motion for reconsideration. Estrada asked for the court's permission to attend the hearing, since it ordered the prosecution to file a comment before October 11.[5]

Perjury case

The Sandiganbayan's special division, on June 27, 2008, ordered Estrada to file a comment within 10 days, on the motion of the Ombudsman's special prosecutor to re-open the trial of his perjury case regarding his 1999 statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth (SALN). The court was also to resolve Banco de Oro's (formerly Equitable PCI Bank) plea that it could not determine "without hazard to itself" whom to turn over to the P1.1 billion Jose Velarde assets due to claims by Bureau of Internal Revenue stay order.

Clemency and release from detention
On October 22, 2007, Acting Justice Secretary Agnes Devanadera stated that Estrada was seeking a "full, free, and unconditional pardon" from President Arroyo. Estrada's lawyer Jose Flaminiano wrote Arroyo: "The time has come to end President Estrada's fight for justice and vindication before the courts. Today [Monday], we filed a withdrawal of his Motion for Reconsideration." Estrada stressed the "delicate condition" of his mother in asking for pardon.

On October 25, 2007, President Arroyo granted executive clemency to Estrada based on the recommendation by the Department of Justice (DoJ). Acting Executive Secretary and Press Secretary Ignacio R. Bunye quoted the signed Order: "In view hereof in pursuant of the authority conferred upon me by the Constitution, I hereby grant Executive clemency to Joseph Ejercito Estrada, convicted by the Sandiganbayan of plunder and imposed a penalty of reclusión perpetua. He is hereby restored to his civil and political rights." Bunye noted that Estrada committed in his application not to seek public office, and he would be free from his Tanay resthouse on October 26, at noon. On October 26, 2007, after almost seven years of detention, Estrada was released after the Sandiganbayan promulgated the resolution.

Activities
When Estrada was released from detention, he gave a message to the Filipino people that he could once again help the lives of the people, especially the poor. He also stated that he made errors as a public servant but assured them that, notwithstanding his conviction for it, corruption was not one of them. After the message was released, he had a nationwide tour called "Lakbay Pasasalamat" (Thank you tour) during which he thanked the people for their support and gave them relief goods such as food, medicines and clothing.

2010 presidential election
During the 2010 presidential election, Estrada stated in interviews that he would be willing to run for the opposition if they would be unable to unite behind a single candidate. Fr. Joaquin Bernas and Christian Monsod, members of the constitutional commission that drafted the 1987 Constitution, stated that the constitution prohibited any elected president from seeking a second term at any point in time. Romulo Macalintal, election counsel of President Arroyo, clarified that the constitutional ban did not prevent Estrada from attaining the presidency if he were to be elevated from the vice-presidency, for example. Rufus Rodriquez, one of Estrada's lawyers, claimed that Estrada was within his rights to do so because the prohibition banning re-election only applied to the incumbent president.

On October 22, 2009, Estrada announced that he would run again for president with Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay as his running mate. His senatorial lineup included Francisco Tatad, Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada, Joey de Venecia, and Miriam Defensor Santiago. Estrada lost to Senator Benigno Aquino III in the election.

Other activities
In 1972, Estrada starred in Blood Compact.

In October 2010, the magazine Foreign Policy included Estrada in its list of five former heads of states/governments who did not make "a positive difference in the world", but "faded away into obscurity." Also included in this "Bad Exes" list were Thailand's Thaksin Shinawatra, Spain's Jose Maria Aznar, and Germany's Gerhard Schroder.

Estrada announced in November 2010 that he would be selling his 3,000 sqm home in San Juan for about 200 million Philippine pesos to pursue his real estate business. Agence France Presse reported that Estrada "has put up two high-rise residential condominium buildings and plans to build a third soon."

Mayor of Manila (2013–2019)
In May 2012, Estrada announced his intention to run for mayor of Manila in the 2013 elections to continue his political career.

Around noon of May 14, 2013, the day after the conduct of the 2013 Philippine mid-term elections, Estrada and his running-mate and re-electionist Vice Mayor Francisco "Isko Moreno" Domagoso were proclaimed mayor-elect and vice mayor-elect, respectively, by the City Board of Canvassers for the City of Manila. When Estrada assumed office on June 30, 2013, the city government coffers were practically bankrupt as his administration inherited as much as ₱5 or 8 billion in debts. During his first term as mayor of Manila, Estrada implemented a city-wide bus ban, truck ban, and revival program especially on Escolta Street. In 2015, Estrada declared the city debt-free after instituting various fiscal reforms.

Originally planning to serve for one term only, he changed his mind and ran for reelection in 2016. This time, his running mate was former 4th district Councilor and city social services head Dr. Honey Lacuna. Estrada won in a tight race over former Mayor Alfredo Lim by around 2,000 votes, while Lacuna was elected vice mayor as well. Estrada best described his accomplishments as Mayor of Manila as having been able to provide the basic needs of Manileños “from womb to tomb.” He boasted of comprehensive public services from free hospital and medical care services to all residents of Manila starting from mothers giving birth, free books, uniforms, and health snacks for public school students, all the way to free burial and cremation.

Estrada has also shown support for the controversial Manila Bay reclamation, with the fourth reclamation project approved on June 7, 2017. Estrada, however, was widely criticized for a publicity stunt at a clean-up drive in Manila Bay on July 21, 2017. On September 28, 2018, Estrada settled the city's ₱200 million tax liabilities, left unpaid by former mayors Lito Atienza and Alfredo Lim, to the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

After serving two consecutive terms as mayor, Estrada intended to run for a third term in 2019, competing against former Manila vice mayor Isko Moreno Domagoso and former Manila mayor Alfredo Lim; Estrada chose former 5th District Representative Amado Bagatsing as his running mate for vice mayor. Estrada lost to Domagoso, who beat him by more than 100,000 votes in a landslide victory. Estrada conceded defeat on the evening of May 13 and stepped down on June 30.

Electoral history
San Juan mayoralty elections Senatorial election, 1987: Vice Presidential election, 1992: Presidential election, 1998: Presidential election, 2010: Manila Mayoralty Elections 2013 Manila Mayoralty Elections 2016 Manila Mayoralty Elections 2019
 * Estrada won every mayoralty election in San Juan from 1969 to 1984.
 * Joseph Estrada (GAD) – 10,029,978 (14th, 24 candidates with the highest number of votes win the 24 seats in the Senate)
 * Joseph Estrada (PMP) – 6,739,738 (33.00%)
 * Marcelo Fernan (LDP) – 4,438,494 (21.74%)
 * Emilio Osmeña (Lakas-NUCD) – 3,362,467 (16.47%)
 * Ramon Magsaysay, Jr. (PRP) – 2,900,556 (14.20%)
 * Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. (PDP–Laban) – 2,023,289 (9.91%)
 * Vicente Magsaysay (KBL) – 699,895 (3.43%)
 * Eva Estrada-Kalaw (Nacionalista) – 255,730 (1.25%)
 * Joseph Estrada (LAMMP) – 10,722,295 (39.86%)
 * Jose de Venecia (Lakas-NUCD-UMDP) – 4,268,483 (15.87%)
 * Raul Roco (Aksyon Demokratiko) – 3,720,212 (13.83%)
 * Emilio Osmeña (PROMDI) – 3,347,631 (12.44%)
 * Alfredo Lim (Liberal) – 2,344,362 (8.71%)
 * Renato de Villa (Reporma-LM) – 1,308,352 (4.86%)
 * Miriam Defensor Santiago (PRP) – 797,206 (2.96%)
 * Juan Ponce Enrile (Independent) – 343,139 (1.28%)
 * Santiago Dumlao (Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago) – 32,212 (0.12%)
 * Manuel Morato (Partido Bansang Marangal) – 18,644 (0.07%)
 * Benigno Aquino III (Liberal) – 15,208,678 (42.08%)
 * Joseph Estrada (PMP) – 9,487,837 (26.25%)
 * Manny Villar (Nacionalista) – 5,573,835 (15.42%)
 * Gilbert Teodoro (Lakas Kampi CMD) – 4,095,839 (11.33%)
 * Eddie Villanueva (Bangon Pilipinas) – 1,125,878 (3.12%)
 * Richard Gordon (Bagumbayan-VNP) – 501,727 (1.39%)
 * Nicanor Perlas (independent) – 54,575 (0.15%)
 * Jamby Madrigal (independent) – 46,489 (0.13%)
 * John Carlos de los Reyes (Ang Kapatiran) – 44,244 (0.12%)
 * Joseph Estrada (PMP) – 349,770
 * Alfredo Lim (LP) – 307,525
 * Joseph Estrada (PMP) – 283,149
 * Alfredo Lim (LP) – 280,464
 * Amado Bagatsing (KABAKA) – 167,829
 * Isko Domagoso Moreno (Asenso Manileño) – 357,925
 * Joseph Estrada (PMP) – 210,605
 * Alfredo Lim (PDP–Laban) – 138,923

In popular culture
Since the beginning of his political career, Estrada has been the butt of many jokes, called "ERAP Jokes", in the Philippines. The majority of the jokes about him center around his limited English vocabulary, while others focus on his corruption scandals. During his presidential campaign in 1998, Estrada authorized the distribution of the joke compilation book ERAPtion: How to Speak English Without Really Trial.

Personal life
Estrada is the first president to have previously worked in the entertainment industry as a popular artist, and the first to sport any sort of facial hair during his term, specifically his trademark acting mustaches and wristbands.

Marriage and family
Estrada is married to former First Lady-turned-senator Dr. Luisa "Loi" Pimentel, whom he met while she was working at the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) in Mandaluyong, and has three children with her:

 * Jinggoy Estrada, mayor of San Juan (1992–2001); senator (2004–2016; 2022–present) (married to Precy Vitug)
 * Jackie Ejercito (formerly married to Beaver Lopez)
 * Jude Estrada (married to Maria Rowena Ocampo)

Extramarital affairs
Estrada also has eight children from several extramarital relationships. Two with Peachy Osorio. Joseph Victor "JV" Ejercito; Mayor of San Juan (2001–2010), Representative of San Juan (2010–2013) and Senator (2013–2019; 2022–present) with former San Juan Mayor Guia Gomez. One with a former air hostess who is known only as Larena. Three including actor Jake Ejercito with Laarni Enriquez. One with Joy Melendrez.

Other relatives
Several of Ejercito's relatives became prominent figures in politics and show business.
 * Jorge Ejercito ("George Estregan"), brother; actor
 * E.R. Ejercito ("George Estregan Jr."), son of George Estregan and nephew; actor, Mayor of Pagsanjan, Laguna (2001–2010) and Governor of Laguna (2010–2014)
 * Gary Ejercito ("Gary Estrada"), nephew; actor, and board member of Quezon province
 * Gherome Ejercito, nephew; basketball player

National Honors

 * Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png: Order of the Knights of Rizal – Knight Grand Cross of Rizal.
 * 1975 Metro Manila Film Festival Best Actor for Diligin mo ng Hamog ang Uhaw na Lupa
 * 1962 FAMAS Best Actor for Markang Rehas
 * 1964 FAMAS Best Actor for Geron Busabos
 * 1965 FAMAS Best Actor for Ito ang Maynila
 * 1966 FAMAS Best Actor for Sapang Palay
 * 1969 FAMAS Best Actor for Galo Gimbal
 * 1971 Outstanding Mayor and foremost Nationalist by the Inter-Provincial Information Service
 * 1972 One of the Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) in Public Administration by the Philippine Jaycees
 * 1981 FAMAS Best Actor for Hoy, Tukso Layuan mo Ako
 * 1981 FAMAS Hall of Fame
 * 2007 Most Outstanding Citizen of San Juan
 * 2014 GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards Government Service Award

Honorary Doctorates

 * Doctor of Humanities, Honoris Causa by the University of Pangasinan (1990)
 * Doctor of Humanities, Honoris Causa by Bicol University (April 1997)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joseph Estrada


text:
Crash (computing)

In computing, a crash, or system crash, occurs when a computer program such as a software application or an operating system stops functioning properly and exits. On some operating systems or individual applications, a crash reporting service will report the crash and any details relating to it (or give the user the option to do so), usually to the developer(s) of the application. If the program is a critical part of the operating system, the entire system may crash or hang, often resulting in a kernel panic or fatal system error.

Most crashes are the result of a software bug. Typical causes include accessing invalid memory addresses, incorrect address values in the program counter, buffer overflow, overwriting a portion of the affected program code due to an earlier bug, executing invalid machine instructions (an illegal or unauthorized opcode), or triggering an unhandled exception. The original software bug that started this chain of events is typically considered to be the cause of the crash, which is discovered through the process of debugging. The original bug can be far removed from the code that actually triggered the crash.

In early personal computers, attempting to write data to hardware addresses outside the system's main memory could cause hardware damage. Some crashes are exploitable and let a malicious program or hacker execute arbitrary code, allowing the replication of viruses or the acquisition of data which would normally be inaccessible.

Application crashes

An application typically crashes when it performs an operation that is not allowed by the operating system. The operating system then triggers an exception or signal in the application. Unix applications traditionally responded to the signal by dumping core. Most Windows and Unix GUI applications respond by displaying a dialogue box (such as the one shown to the right) with the option to attach a debugger if one is installed. Some applications attempt to recover from the error and continue running instead of exiting.

An application can also contain code to crash after detecting a severe error.

Typical errors that result in application crashes include:
 * attempting to read or write memory that is not allocated for reading or writing by that application (e.g., segmentation fault, x86-specific general protection fault)
 * attempting to execute privileged or invalid instructions
 * attempting to perform I/O operations on hardware devices to which it does not have permission to access
 * passing invalid arguments to system calls
 * attempting to access other system resources to which the application does not have permission to access
 * attempting to execute machine instructions with bad arguments (depending on CPU architecture): divide by zero, operations on denormal number or NaN (not a number) values, memory access to unaligned addresses, etc.

Crash to desktop
A "crash to desktop" is said to occur when a program (commonly a video game) unexpectedly quits, abruptly taking the user back to the desktop. Usually, the term is applied only to crashes where no error is displayed, hence all the user sees as a result of the crash is the desktop. Many times there is no apparent action that causes a crash to desktop. During normal function, the program may freeze for a shorter period of time, and then close by itself. Also during normal function, the program may become a black screen and repeatedly play the last few seconds of sound (depending on the size of the audio buffer) that was being played before it crashes to desktop. Other times it may appear to be triggered by a certain action, such as loading an area.

Crash to desktop bugs are considered particularly problematic for users. Since they frequently display no error message, it can be very difficult to track down the source of the problem, especially if the times they occur and the actions taking place right before the crash do not appear to have any pattern or common ground. One way to track down the source of the problem for games is to run them in windowed-mode. Windows Vista has a feature that can help track down the cause of a CTD problem when it occurs on any program. Windows XP included a similar feature as well.

Some computer programs, such as StepMania and BBC's Bamzooki, also crash to desktop if in full-screen, but display the error in a separate window when the user has returned to the desktop.

Web server crashes
The software running the web server behind a website may crash, rendering it inaccessible entirely or providing only an error message instead of normal content.

For example: if a site is using an SQL database (such as MySQL) for a script (such as PHP) and that SQL database server crashes, then PHP will display a connection error.

Operating system crashes
An operating system crash commonly occurs when a hardware exception occurs that cannot be handled. Operating system crashes can also occur when internal sanity-checking logic within the operating system detects that the operating system has lost its internal self-consistency.

Modern multi-tasking operating systems, such as Linux, and macOS, usually remain unharmed when an application program crashes.

Some operating systems, e.g., z/OS, have facilities for Reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) and the OS can recover from the crash of a critical component, whether due to hardware failure, e.g., uncorrectable ECC error, or to software failure, e.g., a reference to an unassigned page.

Abnormal end
An Abnormal end or ABEND is an abnormal termination of software, or a program crash. Errors or crashes on the Novell NetWare network operating system are usually called ABENDs. Communities of NetWare administrators sprung up around the Internet, such as abend.org.

This usage derives from the ABEND macro on IBM OS/360, ..., z/OS operating systems. Usually capitalized, but may appear as "abend". Some common ABEND codes are System ABEND 0C7 (data exception) and System ABEND 0CB (division by zero). Abends can be "soft" (allowing automatic recovery) or "hard" (terminating the activity). The term is jocularly claimed to be derived from the German word "Abend" meaning "evening".

Security and privacy implications of crashes
Depending on the application, the crash may contain the user's sensitive and private information. Moreover, many software bugs which cause crashes are also exploitable for arbitrary code execution and other types of privilege escalation. For example, a stack buffer overflow can overwrite the return address of a subroutine with an invalid value, which will cause, e.g., a segmentation fault, when the subroutine returns. However, if an exploit overwrites the return address with a valid value, the code in that address will be executed.

Crash reproduction
When crashes are collected in the field using a crash reporter, the next step for developers is to be able to reproduce them locally. For this, several techniques exist: STAR uses symbolic execution, EvoCrash performs evolutionary search.

title: Crash (computing)


text:
Bus error

In computing, a bus error is a fault raised by hardware, notifying an operating system (OS) that a process is trying to access memory that the CPU cannot physically address: an invalid address for the address bus, hence the name. In modern use on most architectures these are much rarer than segmentation faults, which occur primarily due to memory access violations: problems in the logical address or permissions.

On POSIX-compliant platforms, bus errors usually result in the SIGBUS signal being sent to the process that caused the error. SIGBUS can also be caused by any general device fault that the computer detects, though a bus error rarely means that the computer hardware is physically broken—it is normally caused by a bug in software. Bus errors may also be raised for certain other paging errors; see below.

Causes
There are at least three main causes of bus errors:

Non-existent address
Software instructs the CPU to read or write a specific physical memory address. Accordingly, the CPU sets this physical address on its address bus and requests all other hardware connected to the CPU to respond with the results, if they answer for this specific address. If no other hardware responds, the CPU raises an exception, stating that the requested physical address is unrecognized by the whole computer system. Note that this only covers physical memory addresses. Trying to access an undefined virtual memory address is generally considered to be a segmentation fault rather than a bus error, though if the MMU is separate, the processor cannot tell the difference.

Unaligned access
Most CPUs are byte-addressable, where each unique memory address refers to an 8-bit byte. Most CPUs can access individual bytes from each memory address, but they generally cannot access larger units (16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits and so on) without these units being "aligned" to a specific boundary (the x86 platform being a notable exception).

For example, if multi-byte accesses must be 16 bit-aligned, addresses (given in bytes) at 0, 2, 4, 6, and so on would be considered aligned and therefore accessible, while addresses 1, 3, 5, and so on would be considered unaligned. Similarly, if multi-byte accesses must be 32-bit aligned, addresses 0, 4, 8, 12, and so on would be considered aligned and therefore accessible, and all addresses in between would be considered unaligned. Attempting to access a unit larger than a byte at an unaligned address can cause a bus error.

Some systems may have a hybrid of these depending on the architecture being used. For example, for hardware based on the IBM System/360 mainframe, including the IBM System z, Fujitsu B8000, RCA Spectra, and UNIVAC Series 90, instructions must be on a 16-bit boundary, that is, execution addresses must start on an even byte. Attempts to branch to an odd address results in a specification exception. Data, however, may be retrieved from any address in memory, and may be one byte or longer depending on the instruction.

CPUs generally access data at the full width of their data bus at all times. To address bytes, they access memory at the full width of their data bus, then mask and shift to address the individual byte. Systems tolerate this inefficient algorithm, as it is an essential feature for most software, especially string processing. Unlike bytes, larger units can span two aligned addresses and would thus require more than one fetch on the data bus. It is possible for CPUs to support this, but this functionality is rarely required directly at the machine code level, thus CPU designers normally avoid implementing it and instead issue bus errors for unaligned memory access.

Paging errors
FreeBSD, Linux and Solaris can signal a bus error when virtual memory pages cannot be paged in, e.g. because it has disappeared (e.g. accessing a memory-mapped file or executing a binary image which has been truncated while the program was running), or because a just-created memory-mapped file cannot be physically allocated, because the disk is full.

Non-present segment (x86)
On x86 there exists an older memory management mechanism known as segmentation. If the application loads a segment register with the selector of a non-present segment (which under POSIX-compliant OSes can only be done with assembly language), the exception is generated. Some OSes used that for swapping, but under Linux this generates SIGBUS.

Example
This is an example of unaligned memory access, written in the C programming language with AT&T assembly syntax.

Compiling and running the example on a POSIX compliant OS on x86 demonstrates the error: The GDB debugger shows that the immediate value 0x2a is being stored at the location stored in the EAX register, using X86 assembly language. This is an example of register indirect addressing.

Printing the low order bits of the address shows that it is not aligned to a word boundary ("dword" using x86 terminology).

title: Bus error


text:
Abigail Williams

Abigail Williams (born c. 1681, date of death unknown) was an 11- or 12-year-old girl who, along with nine-year-old Betty Parris, was among the first of the children to falsely accuse their neighbors of witchcraft in 1692; these accusations eventually led to the Salem witch trials.

Salem Trials
In early 1692, Abigail Williams was living with her relative, Betty Parris's father, the village pastor Samuel Parris, along with his two slaves Tituba and John Indian.

Tituba was part of a group of three women—with Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne—who were the first to be arrested, on February 29, 1692, under the accusation that their specters (ghosts) were afflicting the young girls in Parris' household. The three women were questioned separately but were aware of each other and, in a classic prisoner's dilemma, they were turned against each other. Sarah Good was the first interrogated and held to her innocence. Judge John Hathorne directed all "the children ... to look upon her and see if this were the person that hurt them ... and they all did look upon her" and claimed her specter tormented them. "Sarah Good ... why do you thus torment these poor children?" Hathorne asked. "What do I know, you bring others here and now you charge me with it," Sarah Good responded. Next Hathorne interrogated Sarah Osbourne, who claimed not to know Sarah Good or her full name. But Hathorne told her, "Sarah Good said that it was you that hurt the children." According to the transcript, this distorts what Sarah Good had said, as she had only vaguely referred to the others without naming them, in a way that was only intended to deflect blame from herself. Tituba was interrogated last and was the only of the three women to offer a full and elaborate confession against herself and pointing the finger of blame at the other two women: "Sarah Good and Osbourne would have me hurt the children." According to an investigation by Robert Calef that began soon after the trials, Tituba later recanted her confession as forced and claimed abuse from the slaveowner Parris:

"'The account she [Tituba] since gives of it is that her master [Parris] did beat her and otherwise abuse her, to make her confess and accuse, such as he [Parris] called her 'sister-witches' and that whatever she said by way of confessing or accusing others, was the effect of such usage.'"

Further accusations against many others emerged from the Parris household (and others) and eventually led to the imprisonment of hundreds and the deaths of more than 20 in 1692. Sarah Osborne died in prison in May and Sarah Good was executed on July 19 along with four other women. Members of Parris household all managed to survive the entire episode including Tituba, who was released from jail a year later, when the slaveowner Parris paid her prison fees and sold her.

Later life
After the Salem witch trials, Williams disappeared from records circa 1696. Her fate is unknown.

The Crucible
In Arthur Miller's 1953 play, The Crucible, a fictionalized story of the Salem witch trials, Abigail Williams is the name of a character whose age in the play is raised a full five or six years, to age 17, and she is motivated by a desire to be in a relationship with John Proctor, a married farmer with whom she had previously had an affair. In the historical record, there is no evidence of John Proctor and Abigail Williams ever meeting before the trials had started. She was portrayed by Winona Ryder in the 1996 film adaptation of the play.

In popular culture
In John Neal's 1828 novel Rachel Dyer, Abigail Williams appears as the character Bridget Pope. Neal links the origin of the witch hysteria to her sexual development, and her bewitched behavior stems from sexual frustration that is calmed too late when she is reunited with her love interest, Robert Eveleth, after the trials have already begun.

Abigail Williams is an American black metal band formed in 2004.

Abigail appears in the 2010 film The Sorcerer's Apprentice as a minor antagonist. In the film, she was confirmed to be a witch who had both framed and set up others to take the fall for her witchcraft to divert attention from herself, which resulted in the Salem Witch Trials. Her actions and crimes against humanity, coupled with her conspiracy with Horvath to release Morgana, catch the attention of Balthazar Blake, who seals her into the Grimhold so she can do no more harm. She is later released by Horvath to kidnap the main protagonist Dave's love interest, Becky Barnes, only for the former Merlinean to fatally drain her of her magic once she completes the deed.

The 2013 play, Wonders of the Invisible World (originally titled A Discourse on the Wonders of the Invisible World) by Liz Duffy Adams tells the fictional story of Abigail William's return to New England ten years after the witch trials.

Abigail is revealed as the antagonist of the 2014 video game Murdered: Soul Suspect. In the story, flashbacks reveal that she was hanged for her part in the witch trials. Over the centuries, she has existed as a ghost, using her supernatural powers to kill those she believes are witches. In the game's climax, she is seized by demons and dragged to Hell.

Fate/Grand Order, a 2015 online free-to-play role-playing mobile game, has a character under the "Foreigner" class based on both Abigail Williams and Yog-Sothoth. She plays a central role in the plot of the last Pseudo-Singularity chapter, Salem, which takes place during an alternate version of the Salem witch trials.

The 2020 video game Little Hope includes a spin-off of Abigail's history and the Salem witch trials as one of the three timelines.

Abigail is the central character in the play Abigail/1702: A Twice Told Tale, by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa. It premiered at the South Camden Theater Company, Waterfront South Theatre, in Camden, New Jersey, in February 2020.

Convulsive ergotism
In 1976, Linnda R. Caporael put forward the hypothesis that ergot-tainted rye may have been the source of accusations of bewitchment that spurred the Salem witch trials. Caporael argued that many of its convulsive symptoms were all symptoms reported in the Salem witchcraft records. This theory has been refuted by both toxicologists and historians of the Salem witch trials, in part because of the difference in the ages of the core group of accusers, which would have been younger, per prior ergotism epidemics, and would have affected males and females roughly equally. The ergotism theory is critiqued for failing to explain the differences in affliction rates between males and females and that no records suggest the allegedly affected experienced all symptoms to ergotism or had long-term health effects. Additionally, most historical outbreaks of ergotism would affect entire families or communities who shared a similar diet. At the severity of supposed symptoms experienced by accusers, the levels of ergot would have been high enough to cause symptoms in adults in the community.

title: Abigail Williams


text:
Betty Parris

Elizabeth "Betty" Parris (November 28, 1682 – March 21, 1760) was one of the young girls who accused other people of being witches during the Salem witch trials. The accusations made by Parris and her cousin Abigail Williams caused the direct death of 20 Salem residents: 19 were hanged, while another, Giles Corey, was pressed to death.

Early life
Parris was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 28, 1682. Her father, Samuel Parris, was a well-known minister in the Salem Church. Her mother, Elizabeth Parris, died a few years after the witch trials. Her older brother Thomas Parris was born in 1681, and her younger sister Susanna Parris was born in 1687. Others living in the Parris household included Betty's orphaned cousin, Abigail Williams, and Tituba, a slave from Barbados.

Her father was appointed the Minister of Salem Church in 1688 following a community effort to find a new minister. His family, including his wife Elizabeth, son Thomas, daughters Betty and Susannah, Abigail Williams, and Tituba all moved from Boston to join Parris in Salem. By contract, Parris and his family were granted to live in the ministry house and owned the land around it. The house accommodated the whole Parris family including Abigail, Tituba, and another slave by the name of John.

Overview
In 1692, the Salem witch trials broke out after several girls claimed to be targeted by a 'devilish hand'. After several months, over 150 men, women, and children were charged with witchcraft and sorcery. The Trials were diminishing around September 1692 when the public began to resist the idea of witchcraft. Eventually, the Massachusetts General Court granted freedom to all those accused of sorcery and apologized to their families for the hardships created by the Salem witch trials.

Betty Parris' role
Shortly after Samuel Parris' affairs with the church in 1692, his daughter Elizabeth (Betty) Parris and niece Abigail Williams seemed to go missing for short periods of time. "... Along with other New England youth, Elizabeth and Abigail had been led away with little Sorceries" (105). Elizabeth, Abigail, and the girls attempted fortune-telling methods during their missing periods in hopes of discovering future husbands and social statuses. They used an object called a "Venus glass", which allowed them to observe the shape of an egg white as it floated in a glass of water. In the water, the egg white would resemble a shape or symbol depicting their futures. In one instance, a girl found a coffin shape inside her glass and became quite frightened after the incident according to John Hale's A Modest Enquiry Into the Nature of Witchcraft.

Betty's other friends were also beginning to show similar symptoms of bewitching. Griggs found it difficult to key in on an exact cure and noticed the victims were only children. This enabled other villagers to believe that this event was indeed brought on by witchcraft. A neighbor, Mary Sibley, recommended a witch's cake to reveal the names of the witches. She instructed Tituba to bake a rye cake with the victim's urine and feed the cake to a dog. Dogs were believed to support witches and their supernatural powers by following the witches' requests. Without alleviation of the illness, Betty eventually named Tituba as one of the 'Evil Hands'. Linder suggests Elizabeth and Abigail wrote their story before making any accusations allowing their scenario to be more realistic. In the meantime, Tituba underwent questioning, and other victims, such as Ann Putnam Jr. and Elizabeth Hubbard, began to name their culprits as well. Other specified witches including Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good were questioned. All three would likely have had few if any advocates on their behalf due to their low social status in Salem. During their trials, Tituba confessed as well as turning in the other two women.

Later that year in March, Elizabeth dreamed about a "Black Man" who she presumed was the Devil. He wanted her to join his forces and be "ruled by him." However, Betty's family found this extremely terrifying and sent her off to live with another family, the Sewalls, hoping she could get away from witchcraft. In the Sewall household, Betty did experience some symptoms but ultimately regained full health.

Later life
In 1693, the Salem witch trials ended. Betty Parris never retracted her accusations or made any acknowledgements.

In 1710, aged 27, she married Benjamin Baron, a yeoman, trader, cordwainer, and shoemaker. Her father still cared for her and her siblings. Parris provided her with "household stuff" to better furnish her home with Benjamin. He bought her silver, money, and plates as well as pictures and décor to hang on the walls. She and Baron had four children: Thomas, Elizabeth, Catherine, and Susanna. Betty survived her husband by six years, dying on March 21, 1760, in Concord, Massachusetts, aged 77.

In fiction and popular culture
Betty Parris appears as Samuel Parris' daughter in John Neal's historical novel, Rachel Dyer (1828).

Arthur Miller's 1952 play The Crucible is loosely based on actual events that Betty/Elizabeth Parris and other contributing characters faced during the actual Salem Witch Trials in the 1600s. Some aspects of the play are accurate in comparison to the real event while others are not. According to all reliable sources,   Elizabeth had two siblings, and in The Crucible she has none. She is a supporting character as a 10-year-old girl who falls under a strange illness, which leads to dissembling a bunch of young women's behavior and, soon, many accusations of witchcraft against other citizens of Salem.

In the 2020 video game Death end re;Quest 2, there are two characters named Betty Paris and Elizabeth Paris. Though they are not accused of witchcraft in the game, their names may be a reference to the characters in the play since the game has themes that are inspired by Christianity.

title: Betty Parris