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Stephen Ward

Stephen Thomas Ward (19 October 1912 – 3 August 1963) was an English osteopath and artist who was one of the central figures in the 1963 Profumo affair, a British political scandal which brought about the resignation of John Profumo, the Secretary of State for War, and contributed to the defeat of the Conservative government a year later.

Outline of events
In 1945, Ward began practising osteopathy in London, and rapidly became quite prominent and fashionable, with many distinguished clients. In his spare time he also studied at the Slade School and developed a talent for sketching portraits which provided a profitable sideline. His practice and his art brought considerable social success, and he made many important friends. Among these was Lord Astor, at whose country house, Cliveden, in the summer of 1961, Ward introduced Profumo to a 19-year-old showgirl and night-club model, Christine Keeler. Profumo, who was married to the actress Valerie Hobson, embarked on a brief affair with Keeler. Most of their assignations took place in Ward's home in Wimpole Mews.

Ward's friendship with the Soviet military attaché Yevgeny Ivanov, known by MI5 to be an intelligence officer, drew him to the attention of British intelligence, who sought to use him in an attempt to secure Ivanov's defection. The matter became complicated when, through Ward, Ivanov met Keeler, raising the possibility of a Profumo–Keeler–Ivanov triangle. Profumo ended his relationship with Keeler, which remained largely unsuspected until early in 1963, when the disintegration of Keeler's private life brought matters to public and press attention. Profumo denied any impropriety in a statement to the House of Commons but a few weeks later admitted his affair. He resigned from his ministerial office, parliamentary seat and membership in the Privy Council. Amid a range of rumours of widespread sex scandals in government and high society, the police began to investigate Ward. In June 1963, he was charged with prostitution offences and committed for trial.

In the trial, in July 1963, Ward was abandoned by his society friends and exposed to the contempt and hostility of the prosecuting counsel and judge. Despite the relative paucity of evidence and the dismissal of most of the charges against him, he was convicted on two counts of living off the earnings of prostitution. Before the verdict was announced, Ward took an overdose of sleeping pills and died three days later. In 2014, the trial verdict was put under review by the Criminal Cases Review Commission, but in 2017, the commission decided not to refer the case to the Court of Appeal because the original transcript of the judge's summing up could not be found.

Early life
Born in Lemsford, Hertfordshire, Stephen Ward was the second son of Arthur Evelyn Ward, Vicar of Lemsford, and Eileen Esmée, the daughter of Thomas Mercer Cliffe Vigors. The Ward family had a military and clerical background; the Vigors family were of Anglo-Irish stock. The explorer Wilfred Thesiger was a cousin; his father, Wilfred Gilbert Thesiger, son of Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, married Eileen's elder sister, Kathleen. Stephen's siblings were John (b. 1911), Raymond (b. 1916), and twins Bridget and Eileen (b. 1925). In 1920, the family moved to Twickenham, where Arthur Ward served as the vicar of Holy Trinity Church, then in 1922 to Torquay in Devon, when he became the vicar of St. Matthias. Arthur Ward later became a Canon of Rochester Cathedral, and, in 1934, a Prebendary of Exeter Cathedral.

Education
Ward was educated at Canford School, in the village of Canford Magna (near the market town of Wimborne Minster) in Dorset, as a boarder, where he was punished for an assault on a fellow pupil after refusing to name the real culprit. This experience left a longstanding mark. Somewhat lazy and a regular underachiever, Ward had few realistic career choices when he left Canford in 1929.

Life and career
Ward moved to London, where he worked for a few months as a carpet salesman in Houndsditch before an uncle found him a job in Hamburg as a translator in the German branch of Shell Oil. After a year, he left the Hamburg job for Paris and registered for a course at the Sorbonne, while eking out a living as a tour guide. In 1932, he returned briefly to Torquay, before moving again to London where he worked as a tea salesman.

In 1934, he was persuaded by his mother to seek qualification as an osteopath, by studying at the Kirksville College of Osteopathy and Surgery in the United States. He spent four years there, completing a course that qualified him as a general medical practitioner in the US.

Ward was greatly impressed by the United States. He later commented: "I loved America and Americans, a warm-hearted, open and dynamic people. Their kindness and hospitality made me feel ashamed of the standoffish way the British treat people."

Second World War
On his return from the United States, Ward set up as an osteopath in Torquay. When war broke out in September 1939, he volunteered for service in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) but was rejected because his American qualifications were not recognised. In 1941, he was conscripted as a private into the Royal Armoured Corps, based at Bovington. His osteopathic skills became known, and, for much of his time at Bovington, he was relieved from general duties and permitted to practise his profession. This arrangement offended the RAMC, and, after an inquiry, Ward's activities were stopped. However, in view of his evident talents, he was recommended for a commission in the RAMC within the new category of "stretcher-bearer". On 19 June 1943, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the non-medical section of the RAMC.

In March 1944, Ward was posted to India. The army still found it difficult to accommodate him, and he spent much time canvassing for the proper recognition of osteopathy while being officially assigned to non-medical duties. However, he found opportunities to practise his skills; among those whom he treated was Mahatma Gandhi, who impressed Ward: "Although much of his policy was opposed to that of my own country. I knew that when I was with him I was in the presence of greatness, and my encounter with him was certainly the most important meeting of my life". Following a nervous collapse that led to a period in a psychiatric hospital, Ward returned to England in October 1945 and was discharged from the army "on grounds of disability".

Society osteopath
After the Second World War, Ward worked for the Osteopathic Association Clinic in Dorset Square, London. While there, he had opportunities to treat well-known public figures, the first of whom was the American ambassador, W. Averell Harriman. Later, Ward treated Winston Churchill's son-in-law Duncan Sandys, who recommended Ward to Churchill himself.

Ward now had sufficient status and recommendations to set up his own private practice, in Cavendish Square just off Harley Street. He soon attracted a clientele from the worlds of politics, society, and show business, and his social life became absorbed into this milieu. Ward's polished manners and conversational skills assured him social success. He befriended the cartoonist and socialite Arthur Ferrier, whose parties Ward attended regularly and where he mixed with, among others, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, later the Duke of Edinburgh but then a junior officer in the Royal Navy. Ward's own parties were noted for their social mix: "a barrister, a barrow-boy, a writer, a motor salesman, a peer, and always, for some reason, a steady stream of pretty girls".

Ward enjoyed the company of beautiful women, but his relationships were often platonic. His preference was for the type he called "alley-cats", city girls he could impress and dominate. He generally enjoyed discussing and watching sexual activity rather than participating, a factor which may have contributed to the failure of his marriage, on 27 July 1949, to an actress, Patricia Mary Baines, who came from a prosperous middle-class background.

Throughout the 1950s Ward's practice grew. Among his new patients was Lord Astor, who became a close friend and who helped Ward to cement his place in London society. In return, Ward introduced the shy Astor to his own world of nightclubs, parties, and girls. In 1956, for a nominal rent, Astor gave Ward the use of a riverside cottage in the grounds of his Astor family estate at Cliveden, in Buckinghamshire. Many of Ward's assorted friends from all walks of life joined him for weekends at the cottage, where from time to time they would be joined by Astor and his guests from the main house. Sometimes Ward and his party would mingle with the gatherings at the main house.

In his spare time, Ward had attended art classes at the Slade school, and subsequently developed a profitable sideline in portrait sketches. In 1960, he was commissioned by The Illustrated London News to provide a series of portraits of national and international figures. These included members of the royal family, among them Prince Philip and Princess Margaret.

Ward hoped to visit the Soviet Union to draw portraits of Soviet leaders; to help him, one of his patients, the Daily Telegraph editor Sir Colin Coote, arranged an introduction to Yevgeny Ivanov, listed as a naval attaché at the Soviet Embassy. British Intelligence (MI5) knew from the Soviet double agent Oleg Penkovsky that Ivanov was an intelligence officer in the Soviet GRU.

Ward and Ivanov became firm friends. Ivanov frequently visited Ward at Wimpole Mews and sometimes joined Ward's weekend parties at the Cliveden cottage.

MI5 considered Ivanov a possible defector and sought Ward's help to this end, allocating him to a case officer known as "Woods". Ward was later used by the British Foreign Office as a backchannel, through Ivanov, to the Soviet Union, and was involved in unofficial diplomacy at the time of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.

Profumo affair
In 1959, Ward met Christine Keeler, a 17-year-old showgirl who was working at Murray's Cabaret Club in Beak Street, Soho. She agreed to move in with him, although their relationship was not sexual, merely platonic. She stayed with him, on and off, for the next several years and often spent time at the riverside cottage. During the weekend of 8–9 July 1961, Keeler was among several guests at the cottage with Ward. At the main house, among a large gathering from the worlds of politics and the arts, was John Profumo, the Secretary of State for War, and his wife, the actress Valerie Hobson.

On the Saturday evening, Ward's and Astor's parties mingled at the Cliveden swimming pool, which Ward and his guests had permission to use. Ward introduced Keeler to Profumo, who was greatly attracted to her and promised to keep in touch. Ward later reported to MI5 that Profumo and Ivanov had met, and that Profumo had shown considerable interest in Keeler. This information was an unwelcome complication in MI5's plans to use her in a honeytrap operation against Ivanov which might secure his defection.

Keeler and Profumo embarked on a brief affair; some suggest that it ended after a few weeks, while others believe that it continued, with decreasing fervour, until December 1961. Keeler and Profumo usually met at Ward's house in Wimpole Mews. Profumo did not pay Keeler for her time, apart from a few small presents and once, a sum of £20 (equivalent to £455 in 2020) as a gift for her mother. On 9 August 1961, Profumo was warned by Sir Norman Brook, the Cabinet Secretary, of the dangers of mixing with Ward's group, since MI5 were at this stage unsure of Ward's dependability. That same day, Profumo wrote Keeler a letter, beginning "Darling...", cancelling an assignation they had made for the following day. Some commentators have assumed that this letter ended the association; Keeler insists that the affair ended later, after her persistent refusals to stop living with Ward.

The press and public remained largely ignorant of the Keeler-Profumo liaison until early in 1963, when Keeler became a focus of newspaper attention as the "missing witness" in a case involving one of her former lovers, Johnny Edgecombe. At that point Keeler began talking indiscriminately and attempted to sell her story to newspapers. None at this stage dared print it, but rumours of the affair were widespread, and there was much speculation. A few days after the trial, on 21 March, the satirical magazine Private Eye printed the most detailed summary so far of the rumours, with the main characters lightly disguised: "Mr James Montesi", "Miss Gaye Funloving", "Dr Spook", and "Vladimir Bolokhov".

In a statement to the House of Commons on 22 March 1963, Profumo denied any impropriety with Keeler. Ward, who knew the truth, at first supported Profumo; however, when he found himself the target of an aggressive police investigation and facing prostitution charges, he revealed his knowledge to Profumo's political masters and to the press.

Profumo found the burden of sustaining his lie too much, confessed his guilt, and resigned from government and parliament. Two days after the resignation, amid growing rumours of widespread sex scandals in government and high society, Ward was arrested and charged with several counts of living off the earnings of prostitution and of procuring.

Trial and death
Ward's committal proceedings began on 28 June, at Marylebone magistrates' court, where the Crown's evidence was fully reported in the press. Ward was committed for trial at the Old Bailey but was released on bail pending trial. In his account of the trial, which began on 22 July, Richard Davenport-Hines describes it as an act of political revenge: "The exorcism of scandal in high places required the façade of [Ward's] conviction on vice charges". While living with Ward, Keeler and her fellow-model Mandy Rice-Davies had made small contributions to household expenses, and had repaid money lent to them by Ward. The thrust of the prosecution's case, in which Keeler and Rice-Davies were their principal witnesses, was that these payments indicated that Ward was living off their earnings from prostitution. Ward's approximate income, from his practice and from his portraiture, had been around £5,500 a year, a substantial sum at that time.

The prosecution case looked weak but Ward's perceived image had been tarnished in the committal proceeding. None of his well-known friends offered to speak on his behalf and MI5 did not reveal the uses they had made of Ward as a channel of communication to the Soviets. The prosecuting counsel, Mervyn Griffith-Jones, portrayed Ward as representing "the very depths of lechery and depravity", while the judge, Sir Archie Marshall, adopted a similarly hostile attitude. Ward was represented by James Burge.

Towards the end of the trial, information relating to another case, in which Keeler had been a leading witness, was revealed by the Court of Appeal. This indicated that Keeler's evidence in that earlier case had been false. Marshall did not reveal the salient fact to the Ward trial jury that the reliability of the prosecution's chief witness had been compromised and invited the jury to disregard the appeal court's decision.

On 30 July, Marshall began his summary in a speech which was so damning that Ward despaired. That evening, after writing numerous letters to friends and to the authorities, Ward took an overdose of sleeping tablets and was taken to hospital. The next day, Marshall completed his summary and the jury found Ward guilty in absentia on the charges of living off the earnings of prostitution, while acquitting him of several other counts. Sentencing was postponed until Ward was fit to appear but he died on 3 August.

On 9 August, a coroner's jury ruled Ward's death as suicide by barbiturate poisoning. According to reports, Ward left several notes, one of which read, "I'm sorry to disappoint the vulture [...] I feel the day is lost. The ritual sacrifice is demanded and I cannot face it". On the day of the inquest, after a private memorial service at the chapel in St Stephen's Hospital, Ward's remains were cremated at Mortlake Crematorium.

In their accounts of the security aspects of the Profumo affair, Anthony Summers and Stephen Dorril provide extra information concerning Ward's last hours, his movements and his visitors. They also quote from an interview with "a former MI6 operative", who asserted that Ward had been murdered by an agent working on behalf of MI6. The main motive for the killing was Ward's ability to embarrass the government and the royal family. The method, apparently, was to encourage Ward to continue to take barbiturates until a fatal dose had been ingested. The reporter Tom Mangold, one of the last to see Ward alive, dismisses the murder theory, while allowing that there are unexplained circumstances relating to Ward's death.

Aftermath
The government appointed Lord Denning, the Master of the Rolls, to investigate the various rumours that had emanated from and around the Profumo affair. Denning's report, published on 26 September 1963, concluded that there had been no security leaks nor evidence to link members of the government with associated scandals. He laid most of the blame for the affair on Ward, an "utterly immoral" man whose diplomatic activities were "misconceived and misdirected".

The Profumo affair had damaged Harold Macmillan's government; Macmillan resigned as prime minister in October 1963, citing health reasons. His successor was Lord Home who renounced his peerage and served as Sir Alec Douglas-Home. In the October 1964 general election, the Conservative government was narrowly defeated by the Labour Party and Harold Wilson became prime minister.

Ward's role on behalf of MI5 was confirmed in 1982, when the Sunday Times located his former contact, "Woods". Keeler, in one of several accounts of her life, denounced Ward as a Soviet spy, and a traitor ranking alongside Philby, Burgess and Maclean but without evidence.

Many commentators share Davenport-Hines's view that Ward was a scapegoat and that his trial was an "historical injustice" and while not in his text, the emotive term show trial appears as a chapter heading. The human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson, who has written a book on the trial, Stephen Ward was Innocent, OK, has campaigned for the case to be reopened on several grounds, including the premature scheduling of the trial, lack of evidence to support the main charges and various misdirections by the trial judge in his summation. Above all, the judge failed to disclose Keeler's perjury at an earlier trial, which made her a tainted witness. In January 2014, the case, which has been described as "a gross miscarriage of justice", came under consideration by the Criminal Cases Review Commission but in 2017, the commission decided not to refer the case to the Court of Appeal, one factor being the unavailability of a full transcript of the trial. The transcript of Marshall's summing up, lodged at the National Archives, has been closed until the year 2046.

In popular culture
During a late 1963 episode of That Was the Week That Was, Ward's name was included on a list of those who had died during the outgoing year, among Édith Piaf, Jean Cocteau and John F. Kennedy. Referred to as a "black sheep", Ward's name was paired with that of Guy Burgess. In the film Scandal (1989), about the Profumo affair, Ward is played by John Hurt. In Andrew Lloyd Webber's Stephen Ward the Musical, which opened in the West End at the Aldwych Theatre on 19 December 2013 and closed in 2014, Ward was portrayed by Alexander Hanson. According to Geoffrey Robertson, the script of the musical is "remarkably faithful to the facts". Ward appeared in the second season of the Netflix drama series The Crown in 2017, played by Richard Lintern. In the 2019 BBC television drama series The Trial of Christine Keeler, Ward was played by James Norton.

title: Stephen Ward


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User:Tomwhite

Hello. When you create a new page, could you highlight the title word or title phrase at its first appearance, like this? Thanks. Michael Hardy 19:31 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Welcome. It is good to see someone writing management articles. We need more people with business experience and knowlege doing articles. My experience of Wikipedia is that there are a lot of mathematicians, programmers and physical scientists, but few arts or business contributors. Feel free to contribute to, or edit, any of the articles that I'm working on. mydogategodshat 05:40, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tomwhite


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Jollibee

Jollibee is a Filipino chain of fast food restaurants owned by Jollibee Foods Corporation (JFC) which serves as its flagship brand. , there were over 1,500 Jollibee outlets worldwide, with restaurants in Southeast Asia, East Asia (Hong Kong and Macau), the Middle East, North America, and Europe (including Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom).

History
In 1975, Tony Tan Caktiong and his family opened a Magnolia ice cream parlor in Cubao, Quezon City. The outlet later began offering hot meals and sandwiches. When the food items became more popular than ice cream, the family decided to convert the ice cream parlor into a fast food restaurant, which became the first Jollibee outlet in 1978. Management consultant Manuel C. Lumba advised the family on the change in strategy. Jollibee was initially named "Jolibe", but changed its name to "Jollibee".

Jollibee Foods Corporation (JFC) was incorporated in January 1978. By the end of that year, there were seven Jollibee branches in Metro Manila. The first franchised outlet of Jollibee opened in Santa Cruz, Manila in 1979.

Jollibee experienced rapid growth. The chain was able to withstand the entry of McDonald's into the Philippines in 1981 by focusing on the specific tastes of the Filipino market. The first provincial Jollibee outlet opened in Mabalacat.

The first overseas Jollibee opened in Singapore in 1985 at the Katong Shopping Centre; that location closed only a year later (since returned in 2013 ). In the same year, Jollibee opened branches in the Middle East and Guam. Jollibee continued to expand and set up outlets both within the country and abroad.

Jollibee would expand to North America with its first United States location in Daly City, California.

Jollibee first entered Europe in 2018 with the opening of a branch in Milan, Italy.

Products

Jollibee offers American-influenced fast food items and casual Filipino fare. Among the establishment's best sellers are the Yumburger, the house hamburger first introduced during their early days of operation; the Chickenjoy, a fried chicken meal, introduced in the 1980s, with regular and spicy versions; and Jolly Spaghetti, a sweet Filipino spaghetti that includes a beef sauce with pieces of hot dog and ham. In 1995, Jollibee introduced the Burger Steak to its menu. At its international locations, Jollibee also offers localized products, such as chili chicken in Vietnam and nasi lemak in Brunei. Jollibee serves Coca-Cola products in Luzon and Visayas and Pepsi products in Mindanao and its overseas markets.

Chickenjoy
The Chickenjoy is a crispy fried chicken meal. The meal can be ordered with several sides, including rice and gravy, fries, buttered corn, and spaghetti.

Yumburger
The Yumburger (also spelled as Yum Burger, or Yum!), one of the first products sold by Jollibee, is a hamburger containing a beef patty topped with mayonnaise. In The Daily Telegraph, Michael Deacon described the Yumburger as "a slim, floppy, somewhat damp hamburger slathered with a strangely sweet mayo" in his three-star review of a Jollibee location in London.

In 2017, Jollibee introduced the Aloha Yumburger. That same year, an advertising video on YouTube about the Yumburger went viral in the Philippines. A 2019 Yumburger commercial about love on Father's Day was the subject of memes. Merchandise depicting the Yumburger was released in 2018 as a collectible toy set with the Jolly Kiddie Meal.

Ownership and management
Jollibee is owned by the Jollibee Foods Corporation, which is based in Pasig, Philippines. JFC has operated as a franchisor since 1979. JFC also owns other fast food brands in the Philippines, including Chowking, Greenwich Pizza, Red Ribbon Bakeshop, and Mang Inasal, and it operates Burger King franchises.

Branch locations

Jollibee started with five branches in 1978. , Jollibee operated over 1,300 stores, with 1,150 in the Philippines and 234 in foreign markets. Jollibee has locations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, North America, Europe, and Oceania. Outside of the Philippines, Vietnam and the United States are the biggest markets for Jollibee; with 158 outlets in the former as of 2023 and 100 outlets in the North America (plus Canada) as of 2024.

Countries and territories with previous presence of Jollibee outlets include Taiwan, mainland China, Indonesia, Northern Mariana Islands and Papua New Guinea.

Customer base
Outside of the Philippines, Jollibee's customer base varies by region. In the Middle East, Jollibee's primary market are overseas Filipino workers, while in Vietnam it is the local population. Vietnam has the most franchises outside of the Philippines, with over 100 locations.

Mascots
Introduced in 1980, Jollibee is a large anthropomorphic bee mascot dressed in a red blazer, shirt, and chef's hat. Jollibee's design is based on Mickey Mouse. The mascot was designed to epitomize Filipino optimism. Tony Tan, Jollibee's founder, has compared the mascot's character to the Filipino working class, stating that the bee "hops around and produces sweet things for life, and is happy even though it is busy". Jollibee developed additional mascots, some of which were featured in Jollitown, a children's show aired in the Philippines.

Television series
On April 13, 2008, Jollibee premiered Jollitown, a children's television show. The premiere was timed to coincide with Jollibee's 30th anniversary. The show featured several characters, including Jollibee, Yum the scientist, Twirlie the star performer, Hetty the cheerleader, and Popo the gym coach. The show aired aired Sundays at 9:30 a.m. on GMA Network. On July 17, 2011, Jollitown moved to ABS-CBN for its fourth and fifth seasons, airing Sundays at 9:00 a.m. On July 20, 2013, the show moved back to GMA Network for its sixth season until it ended on October 12.

Web advertising
In November 2018, the 23 original Kwentong Jollibee videos on its YouTube channel reached a total of 64 million views. After nearly two years the total views had risen to 405 million, with 567,000 subscribers, in July 2020.

title: Jollibee


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Kelly Preston

Kelly Kamalelehua Smith (October 13, 1962 – July 12, 2020), known professionally as Kelly Preston, was an American actress. She appeared in more than 60 television and film productions, including Mischief (1985), Twins (1988), Jerry Maguire (1996), and For Love of the Game (1999). She married John Travolta in 1991, and collaborated with him on the comedy film The Experts (1989) and the biographical film Gotti (2018). She also starred in the films SpaceCamp (1986), The Cat in the Hat (2003), What a Girl Wants (2003), Sky High (2005), and Old Dogs (2009).

Early life
Kelly Kamalelehua Smith (the middle name "Kamalelehua" means "garden of lehuas" in Hawaiian) was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. Her mother, Linda, was an administrator of a mental health center. Her father, who worked for an agricultural firm, drowned when she was four years old. Her mother subsequently married Peter Palzis, a personnel director. He adopted her, and she used his name at the start of her acting career. She also had a younger half-brother, Chris Palzis.

As a child, she lived in Iraq, and also Australia, where she attended Pembroke School, Adelaide. She then attended Punahou School in Honolulu, graduating in 1980, and studied drama and theater at the University of Southern California.

Career
While living in Australia, she was discovered at age 16 by a fashion photographer who helped her get work in commercials and other small parts. He arranged her first film audition for the role of Emmeline in The Blue Lagoon (1980), which she lost to the younger Brooke Shields. At that time she changed her last name to Preston.

Her first prominent film roles came in 1985—first as Marilyn McCauley in the romantic teen flick comedy Mischief; then as the beautiful but shallow Deborah Ann Fimple in another teen romantic comedy, Secret Admirer. Her other roles included SpaceCamp (1986), Twins (1988) with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito, Avery Bishop in Jerry Maguire (1996) with Tom Cruise, Jane Aubrey in For Love of the Game with Kevin Costner and Kate Newell, and in Holy Man (1998) with Eddie Murphy and Jeff Goldblum. In 1997, she starred in Nothing to Lose, which co-starred Tim Robbins and Martin Lawrence. She also starred in the movie Jack Frost (1998).

She played the girlfriend of her husband John Travolta's character Terl in the film Battlefield Earth, for which she received "Worst Supporting Actress" at the 21st Golden Raspberry Awards. She appeared as the protagonist's flying, superhero mother in the film Sky High (2005). In 2004, she was in the Maroon 5 music video "She Will Be Loved", which featured a love triangle and romantic scenes between her and Maroon 5 front man Adam Levine. She appeared in the crime thriller Death Sentence (2007), in which she played Helen Hume, the wife of Kevin Bacon's character Nick. In 2008, she was cast in a television pilot called Suburban Shootout, and had a short term recurring role in Medium.

She starred in the Lifetime television film The Tenth Circle (2008), directed by Peter Markle. It was shot in Nova Scotia and featured Ron Eldard, Britt Robertson, Michael Riley, Jamie Johnston and Geordie Brown.

She was a spokeswoman for Neutrogena, appearing in its print and television ads.

Her final red carpet appearance came at the New York City premiere of her husband's motion picture Gotti in 2018.

Her final film role was in the comedy-drama Off the Rails, which was released in late July 2021 in the UK.

Personal life
Preston was married to actor Kevin Gage from 1985 until their divorce in 1987. She also had a relationship with George Clooney in the late 1980s.

Preston was briefly engaged to Charlie Sheen in 1990, but ended the relationship shortly after an accidental gun discharge left shrapnel in her body. In a 2011 interview with TMZ, Preston said that Sheen did not shoot her.

Preston met John Travolta in 1987 while filming The Experts. They married in 1991, traveling to Paris on an Air France Concorde for a wedding ceremony at the Hotel de Crillon (on the Place de la Concorde) on September 5, 1991. However, a second ceremony was required because the first, performed by a French Scientology minister (both Preston and Travolta were Scientologists), was considered invalid. The second ceremony took place on September 12, 1991, in Daytona Beach, Florida. Preston and Travolta had three children: son Jett, daughter Ella Bleu, and a second son, Benjamin. Preston remained a Scientologist until her death.

Death of Jett Travolta
Preston's son Jett Travolta was described as suffering from Kawasaki disease as an infant and had a history of seizures. In 2003, Preston appeared on The Montel Williams Show to promote L. Ron Hubbard's Purification Rundown, which she credited with helping her son.

On January 2, 2009, Jett Travolta died at the age of 16 while the family was vacationing in the Bahamas. His death was attributed to a seizure.

On January 23, 2009, three people were arrested in the Bahamas in connection with a multimillion-dollar extortion plot against Travolta and Preston concerning the circumstances of their son's death. One of the men, Obie Wilchcombe, a member of the Bahamian Parliament and former Bahamian Minister of Tourism, was described as a "close friend" of Travolta and Preston. Two others allegedly involved were an EMT named Tarino Lightbourne and a Bahamian senator named Pleasant Bridgewater. Bridgewater was charged with abetment to extort and conspiracy to extort and resigned from the Senate as a result of the allegations. Travolta and Preston confirmed longstanding speculations when they testified that their son had autism and suffered regular seizures. The first trial ended in a mistrial.

After a second jury had been selected, the Travoltas elected to drop the case and all charges against the defendants were dismissed.

Death
On July 12, 2020, Preston died at the age of 57 at her home in Clearwater, Florida, two years after she had been diagnosed with breast cancer. Her diagnosis was not widely publicized. Preston had been receiving treatment at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston; she had also been treated at other medical centers. Her death was announced in an Instagram post under an account belonging to John Travolta and Ella Bleu.

title: Kelly Preston


text:
Talk:Stephen Ward

Comments
http://www.britishpathe.com/video/osteopath-artist  appears to show him doing a portrait of Terry Thomas.92.7.149.94 (talk) 21:05, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
The material that an anonymous user added to this and the Mandy Rice-Davies articles is not, of course, lost for ever, but exists in earlier versions of the page. I have removed it because it was POV and written in a --shall we say, unsuitable? -- style. However, it may contain some useful information, if anyone wants to go back and weed it out. Deb 19:34 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Trial and instructions. A defendant may give instructions to counsel during the jury's deliberations, if the jury returns to ask the judge a question.

Full details of the legal "irregularities" are in Geoffrey Robertson "Stephen Ward was innocent, OK?" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.148.74.151 (talk) 13:46, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

Plagiarism
The sixth paragraph of this entry is plagiarized from an article on the Profumo scandal in BBC's Case Closed file.  --Dithyramb 03:59, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The sixth paragraph reads as follows: "Ward was greatly impressed by the United States. He later commented: "I loved America and Americans, a warm-hearted, open and dynamic people. Their kindness and hospitality made me feel ashamed of the standoffish way the British treat people."

This same quote appears in the Knightley/Kennedy book mentioned elsewhere in this discussion. I'm not sure how you plagiarize a quote. I mean, the quote if it is one is a fact, so how do you steal it? I thought you plagiarized intellectual property. Unless you took a grouping of facts, how could you be stealing intellectual property? Ed Brooks keyman2@att.net —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.210.209.207 (talk) 01:54, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Dead links
The FBI pdf files at http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/bowtie.htm for Operaton Bowtie will not download. I have tried several times in the last two months. They are either not being made avaialble or there is something technically wrong. Any ideas?

Malangthon 17:44, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I can get them fine. Totnesmartin 23:09, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

I recently bought a nude sketch by Stephen Ward at auction, and I have a photograph of it which could be loaded into the "Associations with beautiful girls" web page.

How do I load it?

Brian W London

brianw@DELETEbulldogTHIShomeTEXT.com

If one might inquire, a nude sketch of whom? We know Ward associated with all sorts of high class people. That was what made him interesting--vicarious fame. Most of the sketches he did of these folks were taken out of circulation by agents of their subjects, after Ward's death. So if one survived, it could be worth quite a bit. Ed Brooks keyman2@att.net  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.210.171.142 (talk) 01:47, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Ruth Ellis link
This site says Ward was linked to Ellis. How about we mention it? Malick78 (talk) 14:20, 3 February 2008 (UTC) Charlton1 (talk) 13:22, 19 February 2008 (UTC)Have added details of Ward's visits to Thursday Club and about his friendship with Ruth Ellis

Have added a paragraph about Stephen Ward's connection with the actress Diana Dors during the filming of the 1951 comedy Lady Godiva Rides Again. The meeting was detailed in Diana Dors' 1981 autobiography Dors by Diana.Ruth Ellis also had a walk on part as described in Ruth Ellis, My Sister's Secret life. Charlton1 (talk) 20:39, 16 December 2008 (UTC) 213.122.40.156 (talk) 21:05, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Missouri
"He was educated at Highgate School in London and qualified to practice as an osteopath in Missouri." I.e., in the USA (and for that matter in a state not, as far as I know, noted for its close ties to England.) Can anyone clarify the details of his training/"qualification"/certification/licensing/whatever as an osteopath? (Cite, please.) -- 201.37.230.43 (talk) 06:38, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

In the U. S. the only difference between an osteopathic physician and a medical doctor is the title. Apparently the British authorities who refused to honor Ward's credentials did not realize this. 70.233.136.52 (talk) 15:42, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

4-year course at Kirksville College, in which he also had to qualify in conventional medicine in order to practise osteopathy in USA. (See 'Honeytrap' by Anthony Summers)81.129.67.104 (talk) 18:05, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

"being run by"??
"It is claimed that Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in the UK (in 1955), was being run by Stephen Ward ..." Sorry, what does "being run by" mean? Can this please be rephrased to be more comprehensible? -- 201.37.230.43 (talk) 06:43, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Yes, clarification would be especially helpful, as both meanings of 'run' could be identified with Ward. The prosecution at his trial smeared him as a pimp. And Ruth Ellis's sister has claimed that he was working for MI5, and could have been running Ruth as a spy, as he apparently ran Christine Keeler, in an attempt to find out atomic secrets from Profumo.81.129.67.104 (talk) 17:29, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

He WAS working for MI5, or at the very least he sincerely and objectively believed he was. The questions directed at him, that he fantasized spy work and the like, are just more of the same--he  was being used by the system and the aristocrats, and when they didn't  need his services anymore, they threw him to the wolves. See the Knightly/Kennedy book, cited elsewhere in this discussion. Ed Brooks keyman@att.net  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.99.128.153 (talk) 02:54, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

His own memoirs
While he was in Brixton Prison, Ward smuggled out some brief memoirs that he never lived to complete. If these are obtainable, it might be good to provide the link. 81.129.67.104 (talk) 18:17, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Look at the Knightley/Kennedy book. These are discussed. I believe some survived, but some were purchased or burglarized by high-level individuals who feared exposure. At least this was generally the case. Ed Brooks keyman@att.net —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.210.213.76 (talk) 03:15, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Alternative theories over death
At the time of my posting this comment there are no references for this section. They smack of conspiracy theory but if they are true they then lack the credibility of any source. Given that it is a highly sensitive matter both politically and personally for any relatives of Ward who may have read it, the article needs some sort of qualifying staement at its commencement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.74.145.23 (talk) 07:10, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I removed this entire section recently as being completely unsourced and I think it mentioned a few living persons in, arguably, unflattering contexts. --Demiurge1000 (talk) 13:40, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

I don't understand. Scholars and biographers mention persons in whatever context they believe is appropriate. Unflattering references to persons, living or dead, are certainly permitted. If authors were prohibited from making "unflattering" judgements on their subjects, the world of the intellect not to mention free speech and a robust discussion of matters of interest, would suffer a serious blow. Remember, TRUTH is always a defence to a slander/libel accusation. Ed Brooks keyman2@att.net —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.210.213.76 (talk) 03:07, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

"As is often the case..."
I have moved the following from the article until it can be improved:

 * As is often the case, there is a story behind this story—it being the framing of Stephen Ward through a combination of police and judicial corruption. Many of those who were involved with the trial looked on it as a depressing revelation of the death of the traditional high standards of fair-play for which British justice had been known.  Source: An Affair of State, Phillip Knightley and Caroline Kennedy. Atheneum, New York, 1987.

As a potential BLP violation (OK, he's dead, but we need to be accurate), this needs to be cited very precisely, including exact quotes and page numbers from the claimed source. When this is done, it can be restored. -- Filmfluff (talk) 06:09, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

If you want to be accurate, spend the many hours needed to read the Knightley/Kennedy book, check its many citations as far as you feel you need to, and decide for yourself. I did. Ed B

The Wiki encyclopedia is a very helpful source--but the self-important "editors" who gloat over removing the writing of persons who know more than they do are a pain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.210.171.142 (talk) 01:56, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

I wrote the "As is often the case ...." bit. I am not getting credit, and am not getting paid. How can an anonymous "editor" be allowed to erase my piece, and be heard to demand that I pull out and incorporate citations from the Knightley/Kennedy book. I have referred to the book, and this editor or anyone else can check into it if they question what I have written. Please do not say that this comment is not "signed:-- my name is Ed Brooks, and I can be contacted at keyman2@att.net. Also please do not admonish me not to use my email address. Why not? What is there to be afraid of? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.210.123.50 (talk) 01:55, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Owner of 4 Stephen Wards
I own 4 Wards, all purchased at the "Private auction" days before his death. I am looking to find someone who might be an "expert" that can help me identify an"unidentified young man" in one of them. I know he is of importance because his name was cut out of one of the corners. Personally, I believe he's either Royal, or possibly a lesser nobility, but because of his importance socially or within the Royal Family, his name was "erased" and "Unidentified Young Man" was put on the lot identifier. Any help in this matter would be greatly appreciated.

Scarletm (talk) 10:00, 18 May 2011 (UTC)ScarletM

Spying and attempted murder
In Christine Keeler's book 'Secrets and Lies' (which is listed in the article on her as a source) she says very explicitly that Ward :

1. Was a spy who was actively searching for secrets about nuclear warheads to pass to the Russians (page 82).

2. Tried to murder Christine Keeler during a motorboat escapade (page 91).

My questions are : Is Keeler's book a reliable source? If so, why are these shocking revelations about Ward not in the article?

A consensus about adding this information is needed, I think. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.94.252.170 (talk) 19:24, 28 December 2015 (UTC) 79.94.252.170 (talk) 19:27, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

Artworks
Four of Ward's works were featured in edition 10 of Series 43 of BBC One's Antiques Roadshow in March 2021: (from about 41:30). The sketches were of John Profumo, his wife Valerie Hobson, Yevgeny Ivanov, Mandy Rice-Davies and Christine Keeler. Expert Rupert Maas valued the group at £2,000 - £3,000. Ward was described by Maas as being "no mean artist".Martinevans123 (talk) 21:40, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stephen Ward


text:
Smaro Kamboureli

Smaro Kamboureli is a Canadian poet and scholar who currently is a professor of English at the University of Toronto, where she also sits as the Avie Bennett Chair in Canadian Literature. She previously taught English and was the Director of the TransCanada Institute at the University of Guelph.

Kamboureli was awarded a Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) in Critical Studies in Canadian Literature in 2005. Before joining the University of Guelph, she taught for many years at the University of Victoria where she was Director of the English graduate program and the first Associate Dean—Research.

Her publications include in the second person (Longspoon 1985), On the Edge of Genre: The Contemporary Canadian Long Poem (1991), Making a Difference: Canadian Multicultural Literature (1996), and a new edition of it, Making a Difference: Multicultural Literatures in English Canada (2006). Her book, Scandalous Bodies: Diasporic Literature in English Canada (2000), which won the Gabrielle Roy Prize for Canadian Criticism, has just gone out of print, but is available on the TransCanada Institute's web site.

On the board of NeWest Press (Edmonton) since 1981, she is the founder and editor of The Writer as Critic series, which includes, among others, Douglas Barbour's Lyric/Anti-lyric: Essays on Contemporary Poetry, Frank Davey's Canadian Literary Power, Daphne Marlatt's Readings from the Labyrinth, Fred Wah's Faking It: Poetics and Hybridity, Phyllis Webb's Nothing But Brush Strokes, and, most recently, Di Brandt's So This Is the World & Here I Am in It. She has also reissued, with corrections, Roy Kiyooka's Transcanada Letters and edited his posthumous Pacific Rim Letters, with an afterword and a chronology of his life. In collaboration with Roy Miki, she organized "TransCanada: Literature, Institutions, Citizenship" (Vancouver, June 2005), a conference intended to spearhead a critical look at the institutional structures that inform the making and study of CanLit, as well as collaborative projects to be sponsored by the TransCanada Institute. Trans.Can.Lit: Resituating the Study of Canadian Literature, a collection of essays presented at the conference, and edited by Kamboureli and Roy Miki, will appear in 2007 (Wilfrid Laurier University Press).

title: Smaro Kamboureli


text:
National Endowment for the Arts

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence. It was created in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government by an act of the U.S. Congress, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 (20 U.S.C. 951). It is a sub-agency of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, along with the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, as well as the Special Tony Award in 2016. In 1985, the NEA won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Film Institute in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of historic films. In 2016 and again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series category.

History and purpose
The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B. Johnson under the general auspices of the Great Society. According to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its own sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists."

The NEA is "dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".

Governance
The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a four-year term and subject to congressional confirmation. The NEA's advisory committee, the National Council on the Arts, advises the chairman on policies and programs, as well as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative. This body consists of 14 individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and knowledge in the arts, in addition to six ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting capacity.

Budget and grants
Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than $5 billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5 million as a result of pressure from conservative groups, including the American Family Association, who criticized the agency for using tax dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve, Andres Serrano,  Robert Mapplethorpe, and the performance artists known as the "NEA Four". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million. In FY 2010, the NEA's budget reached mid-1990s levels with a $167.5 million budget but fell again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 million. On March 11, 2024, President Joe Biden released the President's Budget for FY 2025, with $210.1 million budgeted for the NEA.

Grantmaking
The NEA provides grants in the categories of arts projects, national initiatives, and partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects for artist communities, arts education, dance, design, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary art forms), theater, and visual arts. The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose and poetry.

The NEA offers partnerships for state, regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA's primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards three Lifetime Honors: NEA National Heritage Fellowships to master folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to opera in the United States. The NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President.

Relative scope of funding
Artist William Powhida has noted that "in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christie's in New York." He further commented: "If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA budget in two nights."

Lifetime honors
The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime achievement awards. The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American's folk and traditional arts. The National Medal of Arts is awarded by the President of the United States and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the arts in the United States.

1981 attempts to abolish
Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period. Reagan's first director of the Office of Management and Budget, David A. Stockman, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "good [departments] to simply bring to a halt because they went too far, and they would be easy to defeat." Another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget. However, these plans were abandoned when the President's special task force on the arts and humanities, which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of past assistance," concluding that continued federal support was important. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the department's budget decreased from $158.8 million in 1981 to $143.5 million, by 1989 it was $169.1 million, the highest it had ever been.

1989 objections
In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association held a press conference attacking what he called "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ, a photo of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the artist as his own urine. Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D'Amato began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks. Republican representative Dick Armey, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to attack a planned exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Art that was to receive NEA support.

On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did not want to "adversely affect the NEA's congressional appropriations." The Washington Project for the Arts later hosted the Mapplethorpe show. The cancellation was highly criticized and in September 1989, the Director of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy by removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead found itself in the center of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the board of trustees and the director, have inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which we deeply regret. Our course in the future will be to support art, artists and freedom of expression."

Democratic representative Pat Williams, chairman of the House subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with Republican Tom Coleman to formulate a compromise bill to save the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to expand access to the arts in rural and inner city areas, leave the obscenity determination to the courts, and altered the composition of the review panels to increase diversity of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of interest. After fierce debate, the language embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law.

Though this controversy inspired congressional debate about appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.

1990 performance artists vetoed
Conservative media continued to attack individual artists whose NEA-supported work was deemed controversial. The "NEA Four", Karen Finley, Tim Miller, John Fleck, and Holly Hughes, were performance artists whose proposed grants from the United States government's National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were vetoed by John Frohnmayer in June 1990. Grants were overtly vetoed on the basis of subject matter after the artists had successfully passed through a peer review process. The artists won their case in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant money in question, though the case would make its way to the United States Supreme Court in National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley. The case centered on subsection (d)(1) of which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that artistic excellence and artistic merit are the criteria by which applications are judged. The court ruled in, that Section 954(d)(1) is facially valid, as it neither inherently interferes with First Amendment rights nor violates constitutional vagueness principles.

1995–1997 congressional attacks
The 1994 midterm elections cleared the way for House Speaker Newt Gingrich to lead a renewed attack on the NEA. Gingrich had called for the NEA to be eliminated along with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists, others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist. However, despite massive budget cutbacks and the end of grants to individual artists, Gingrich ultimately failed in his push to eliminate the endowment.

Proposed defunding
The budget outline submitted by then-president Donald Trump on March 16, 2017, to Congress would have eliminated all funding for the program. Congress approved a budget that retained NEA funding. The White House budget proposed for fiscal year 2018 again called for elimination of funding, but Congress retained the funding for another year.

Chairpersons

 * 1965–1969 Roger L. Stevens, appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
 * 1969–1977 Nancy Hanks, appointed by Richard M. Nixon
 * 1977–1981 Livingston L. Biddle, Jr., appointed by Jimmy Carter
 * 1981–1989 Frank Hodsoll, appointed by Ronald Reagan
 * 1989–1992 John Frohnmayer, appointed by George H. W. Bush
 * 1993–1997 Jane Alexander, appointed by Bill Clinton
 * 1998–2001 Bill Ivey, appointed by Bill Clinton
 * 2002 Michael P. Hammond, appointed by George W. Bush
 * 2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Acting Chairman, appointed by George W. Bush
 * 2003–2009 Dana Gioia, appointed by George W. Bush
 * 2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Acting Chairman, appointed by Barack Obama
 * 2009–2012 Rocco Landesman, appointed by Barack Obama
 * 2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Acting Chairman
 * 2014–2018 R. Jane Chu, appointed by Barack Obama
 * 2019–2021 Mary Anne Carter, appointed by Donald Trump
 * 2021– Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed by Joe Biden.

Nancy Hanks (1969–77)
Nancy Hanks, the second chairman, was appointed by President Richard Nixon, continuing her service under Gerald Ford. During her eight-year tenure, the NEA's funding increased from $8 million to $114 million.

According to Elaine A. King:
 * Nancy Hanks perhaps was able to accomplish her mission because she functioned as a benevolent art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red-tape. From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' administration, the Arts Endowment functioned like a fine piece of oiled machinery. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby system.  Although she had not had direct administrative experience in the federal government, some people were skeptical at the beginning of her term.  Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to direct this complex cultural office. Richard Nixon's early endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several ways. The budget for the Arts Endowment not only increased but more federal funding became available for numerous programs within the agency.

title: National Endowment for the Arts


text:
West Zealand County

West Zealand County (Vestsjællands Amt) is a former county (Danish: amt) in the west-central part of the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in eastern Denmark. The county was formed on 1 April 1970, comprising a few former counties. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region Sjælland (i.e. Region Zealand).

The county was responsible for public hospitals, upper secondary schools and schools for Higher Preparatory Examination, public transport and social welfare for the disabled.

The County Hall was located in the town of Sorø, and became the seat of the new region. Sorø is by no means the biggest city in West Zealand, but it has great historical value. It is famed for the Sorø Academy (Danish, Sorø Akademi), an educational institution built in 1140 together with the church where Queen Margaret I of Denmark was buried (later moved to Roskilde Domkirke, Roskilde).

Many people who live in West Zealand commute to the greater metropolitan area of Copenhagen for work.

title: West Zealand County


text:
Welwyn Wilton Katz

Welwyn Wilton Katz (born June 7, 1948) is a Canadian children's author who has lived in Kitchener and Toronto, Ontario. In 1994 she was awarded the Vicky Metcalf Award. She currently lives in London, Ontario.

She gave an interview.

Works

 * The Prophecy of Tau Ridoo - 1982
 * Witchery Hill - 1984
 * Sun God, Moon Witch - 1986
 * False Face - 1987 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
 * The Third Magic - 1988 (winner of the 1988 Governor General's Award for Children's Literature)
 * Whale Singer - 1990 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
 * Come Like Shadows - 1993
 * Time Ghost (1995, Margaret K. McElderry) ISBN 0-689-80027-4
 * Out of the Dark - 1995 (nominated for a Governor General's Award) which was also used by A & J for Lit Circles in Carnduff Education Complex in Grade 6. It was on the year of 2010. The school is located in Carnduff, Saskatchewan, Canada.
 * Beowulf - 1999

title: Welwyn Wilton Katz


text: Talk:Great Seal of the United States

title: Talk:Great Seal of the United States


text:
Ringsted

Ringsted is a city located centrally in the Danish island of Zealand. It is the seat of a municipality of the same name.

Ringsted is situated approximately 60 km from Copenhagen.

History
Ringsted was the site of Sjællands Landsting (lit. Zealand's county thing) during the Middle Ages, which in 1584 moved to St. Bendt's church and became known as Sjællandsfar Landsting. In 1805 it moved to Copenhagen and was renamed Østre Landsret, and is still active under this name.

In 1131, Canute Lavard was killed in Haraldsted forest, leading to outbreaks of civil war.

The church was consecrated in 1170. In front of the church is the spacious town square leading to the shopping streets with shops and boutiques.

The town arms goes back to 1421. There has been much discussion about what it portrays. The traditional answer is at the top the hand of God and under that Virgin Mary with Jesus surrounded by three figures that worship her. The city officially interprets the three figures as Saint Canute Lavard, King Eric Plovpenning, and Saint Benedict of Nursia.

Tourism

 * Danish Tramway Museum of Skjoldenæsholm, near Jystrup.
 * St. Bendt's Church — a Romanesque, former Benedictine, abbey church containing numerous tombs of medieval Danish royalty.

Ringsted features two shopping centers named RingStedet and Ringsted Outlet Center. Ringsted Outlet Center consists of 48 flagship outlets and 2 restaurants. Ringsted also has a wide selection of cafes and restaurants, as well as two local breweries (Dagmarbryggeriet in Ringsted town and Det lille Bryggeri in Bringstrup).

During the summer months, a mobile tourist office is opened in the town square.

Ringsted was previously home to Santa World, a tourist attraction featuring hundreds of animatronic Christmas elves, which later became Fantasy World.

Transportation
Ringsted is one of Denmark's busiest transit cities. The city is located in the very middle of the island of Zealand, connecting both the southern parts of Zealand as well as Funen and Jutland with the Copenhagen metropolitan area.

Rail
Ringsted is served by Ringsted railway station, which is located in the centre of the town, on the southern edge of the historic town centre, and immediately adjacent to the Ringsted bus station. It is an important railway junction, located where the Copenhagen–Fredericia, Copenhagen–Ringsted and South Line railway lines meet. The station offers frequent direct InterCity services to Copenhagen, Odense, Aarhus, Aalborg, and Esbjerg as well as regional train services to Næstved and Elsinore.

Notable people

 * Jørgen Roed (1808–1888) a portrait and genre painter of the Golden Age of Danish Painting
 * P. C. Skovgaard (1817–1875) a Danish national romantic landscape painter
 * Frederik Vermehren (1823–1910) a genre and portrait painter in the realist style
 * Sophus Schandorph (1836–1901) a poet and novelist, with the Modern Break-through
 * Edith von Bonsdorff (1890–1968) a Danish-Finnish ballet dancer and choreographer
 * Jette Baagøe (born 1946) the director of the Danish Museum of Hunting and Forestry
 * Poul Ruders (born 1949) a Danish organist and composer
 * Werner Knudsen (born 1953) a computer scientist, composer and author
 * Michael Poulsen (born 1975) Danish vocalist and guitarist.

Sport

 * Fritz Tarp (1899–1958) a Danish football player, with 250 caps with B.93 and 44 caps for Denmark, 26 as captain
 * Omar Hermansen (1913–1998) a Danish boxer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics
 * Helle Sørensen (born 1963) a former cyclist, competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics
 * Trine Hansen (born 1973) a retired female rower, team bronze medallist at the 1996 Summer Olympics
 * Ulrich Vinzents (born 1976) a Danish retired footballer, over 450 team caps
 * Henrik Hansen (born 1977) a Danish cricketer
 * Anders Oechsler (born 1979) a retired Danish handball player
 * Kristian Pedersen (born 1994) a Danish footballer who plays for Swansea City A.F.C.

title: Ringsted


text:
Talk:Vote pairing

Untitled
Isn't this illegal (although very difficult to enforce, this law) in some jurisdictions and shouldn't that be mentioned? --Daniel C. Boyer 19:54 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I was wondering if any theoretical or other mathematical studies have been conducted re. possible connections between vote swapping behavior and improbably close election results.

moved article to "vote pairing," updated with info on manipulation, IRV, the 2000 legal debate
updated article to reflect history on how terminology changed from "vote swapping" to "vote pairing," added info on whether it can be used to manipulate elections, info on IRV, info on 2000 election and legal debate over votepairing, with sources. The last may arouse some political disputes.

Also moved article from "vote swapping" to "vote pairing." Both phrases are in the article, so people doing a search on either phrase will still get referred to this article as well as to the original "vote swapping" reference which will then forward to this article. "vote swapping" was the term through the 2000 election, but this changed to "vote pairing." Even voteswap.com now just directly forwards to votepair.org, which has an explanation in their FAQ of why they changed the term: http://votepair.org/faq.php#saying Snowden666 18:06, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Article needs some bias adjustment
The article implies, in the 2nd and 3rd to last paragraphs of "The issue of legality..." section that the 9th circut found vote swapping to be legal. It did not make that finding. Also, on remand, the District Court dismissed the case again in favor of the State (and against the vote swap site). The case is on appeal again to the 9th. There should be no implication of legality at this point from that case line.

corrected typos and grammar and noted that 9th Circuit decision is on appeal.
As noted above Wekes feels the article is biased, and so noted that the 9th Circuit decision is on appeal. I agree the article states that the 9th Circuit decision vindicates the legality of vote pairing, and the article directly states that. It sounded like Wekes would perhaps like the article to say that the 9th Circuit did not vindicate the legality of vote pairing? However, I personally don't see how that's accurate. Snowden666 16:05, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

added IRV section back in
in Oct, '06, IRV, approval voting, and proportional representation sections were removed because that editor felt they were unrelated to the article topic. Today, I added the section on IRV back in; however, I added it back in at the end, I shortened the section on approval voting so that it's less editorially oriented, and I left out the proportional representation paragraph. To me, it seems IRV is very related, because, as the section points out, advocates of vote pairing tend to also advocate IRV. Also IRV makes officially moot the unofficial strategy of vote pairing. It addresses within the formal structure of an election what vote pairing addresses outside of that formal structure. Voters only resort to vote pairing when they don't have IRV. Snowden666 23:58, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Vunerability to Sabotauge......
This section is very confusing for someone to read and should be either simplified, edited, separated so information is not crowded into large paragraphs or completely rewritten. TJ 15/05/08 1513 GMT

Nader trader
During the U.S. 2000 presidential campaign, liberals like me referred to this practice as being a "Nader trader." (Some others called such a person a "Nader traitor.") Perhaps we should mention this term (or "Nader trading"), or have a re-direct from it? 128.255.110.152 (talk) 07:48, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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should this article be merged?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_(parliamentary_convention) is the other article. Mang (talk) 20:02, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vote pairing


text:
Terentianus

Terentianus, surnamed Maurus (a native of Mauretania), was a Latin grammarian and writer on prosody who flourished probably at the end of the 2nd century AD.

His references to Septimius Serenus and Alphius Avitus, who belonged to the school of "new poets" (poetae neoterici or novelli) of the reign of Hadrian and later, seem to show that he was a near contemporary of those writers. He was the author of a treatise (incomplete) in four books (written in a variety of metres), on letters, syllables, feet and metres, of which considerable use was made by later writers on similar subjects. The most important part of it is that which deals with metres, based on the work of Caesius Bassus, the friend of Persius.

By some authorities Terentianus has been identified with the prefect of Syene mentioned in Martial (i. 86), which would make his date about a century earlier; others, again, who placed Petronius at the end of the 3rd century (a date no longer held), assigned Terentianus to the same period, from his frequent references to that author.

title: Terentianus


text:
Lionel Kearns

Lionel John Kearns (born February 16, 1937) is a writer, educator, philosopher and polyartist, known for his innovative literary forms, and his contributions to the field of digital poetics. He is recognized as an early and significant poet in the history of Canadian avant-garde literature.

Early life and education
Kearns was born in Nelson, British Columbia, Canada. His parents were Dorothy Welch and Charles Francis Kearns, WW I aviator, short story writer, and conservationist. During WW II the family moved to the town of MacLeod, Alberta (now called Fort Macleod), where his father was a flying instructor in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP). After the war the family returned to Nelson, where Kearns spent the next ten years as an active student, athlete (baseball & hockey), and musician (bagpipes and saxophone). This period of his life was also marked by frequent trips with his father on foot and horseback through the natural wilderness of south-east British Columbia. These early activities and experiences are frequent subjects of Kearns' literary works.

In 1955 Kearns moved to Vancouver and enrolled at the University of British Columbia (UBC), where he began his language and media studies, and associated with a group of young writers that included George Bowering, Frank Davey and Fred Wah. Kearns was one of the originators of the influential poetry magazine, Tish. Over the nine years that he was a student, graduate student, and instructor at UBC, his principal mentors were Earle Birney, Warren Tallman, and Ronald Baker, who introduced him to the works of Marshall McLuhan and Noam Chomsky.

In 1964, after graduating with an M.A. in Literature and Creative Writing from UBC, Kearns won a Commonwealth Scholarship to study Linguistics at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at London University. In England, he was an active participant in the British Poetry Revival, and came under the influence of Bob Cobbing, Dom Sylvester Houédard and various members of the Concrete Poetry movement. He also spent six weeks as a production assistant on the set of Peter Watkins' controversial BBC film, The War Game (1966), which dealt with nuclear war, and its devastating effects on life and civil order in Britain.

Career
In 1966, after a year of field work on the island of Trinidad, Kearns returned to Canada to take a position in the English Department at the newly established Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, where he taught for the next twenty years, with the exception of 1982-83, when he was the Writer in Residence  at Concordia University in Montreal.

Kearns' early publications were mostly based in print. His books, such as By the Light of the Silvery McLune: Media Parables, Poems, Signs, Gestures, and Other Assaults on the Interface (1969), and Convergences (1984), reflected his focus on language and his novel approaches to literary presentation. In later years, he embraced newly developing technologies and applications, which allowed him to combine graphics, hyperlinked text, audio, and video. His work, which blurred the line between traditional forms and digital media, made him a pioneer in the widening field of electronic literature. He is a key figure in the evolution of poetry in the digital age.

Kearns first published book, Songs of Circumstance (1963) presented a study of variable meter in oral poetry, focusing on breath groups that exist in emotionally textured speech. The book proposed a new type of page notation for poems, called "Stacked Verse", which featured a vertical line called a "stress axis" running through the prominent syllable of each "stacked-foot" of an utterance. Kearns used a set of his own poems to illustrate the system. Although he eventually abandoned this notation as impractical, given the constraints of typesetting at that time, "Stacked-Verse" was discussed in a variety of literary publications, drawing international attention to his early work. In 1964, the American Beat writer, Jack Kerouac, wrote, "Lionel Kearns is brilliant, that's mah opinion!"

In 1965, while studying generative linguistics at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London University, Kearns produced his best known and most durable work, The Birth of God  mandala, now called Birth of God / uniVers , or BoG/uVr. Consisting of a zero made of ones encircling a one made of zeros, it is a simple algorithm that generates any number of distinct physical iterations. BoG/uVr, with its binary display of 1s and 0s, has been credited as the icon that announced in the Digital Age. It stands today as one of the earliest examples of digital art.

At Simon Fraser University, where he taught between 1966 and 1986, a period before the arrival of the Internet and the World Wide Web, Kearns set up electronic seminars for his students, using computer bulletin boards and available terminals connected to the university's single primitive mainframe computer, which he also used to write, edit, and format his widely discussed work, Convergences, a book-length meditation on a 1778 incident at Nootka Sound, when Captain Cook and the crew members of his two ships mingled for an unprecedented month of historical social interaction. Convergences, with its unique page layout and extra-linear structure, has been described as hardcopy-hypertext, a unique post-modern glimpse of the colonial process, and Kearns' most important work.

After retiring from Simon Fraser University in 1986, Kearns taught a pre-internet online graduate course entitled, "The Cybernetics of Poetry", for ConnectEd, the distance education facility of the New School for Social Research in New York City. In 1988 he became the first Writer-in-Electronic Residence, helping Trevor Owen establish the WIER project, an on-line creative writing program for school students that flourished across Canada for more than twenty years. When Apple's HyperCard application became available, Kearns used it to construct interactive poems, later transposing them into Flash documents that ran on the Web. Kearns displayed his digital creations, including a colorful updated version of Convergences, on his own website, which is available on the Wayback Machine internet archive.

Philosophy
Kearns has claimed that the purpose of poetry is to stimulate consciousness, waking us up to the fact that we are still here, alive, and free to act. The poet's job is to trick language into truth. Beneath the humor, irony, and sense of wonder that rises to the surface in much of his work, there lurks a layer of serious intellectual interrogation and philosophical statement. The fact that many of his digital works have now disappeared as a result of media obsolescence, parallels his acceptance of the transience of experience and the mutability of life. Presence and absence, like life and death or 1 and 0, are the interdependent binary opposites that straddle Being. Kearns’ major concerns remain: time, language, intelligence, and existence.

Publications
Songs of Circumstance. Tish Press, 1963.

Listen George. Imago Press, 1965.

The Birth of God. Tlalloc 10, back cover, 1965.

Pointing. Ryerson Press, 1967.

By the Light of the Silvery McLune: Media Parables, Poems, Signs, Gestures, and Other Assaults on the Interface. Daylight Press, 1969.

The Birth of God (cine-poem), with Gordon Payne, 1973.

About Time. Caledonia Press, 1974.

Poems for a Manitoulin Canada Day. Blueointment Press, 1976.

Negotiating a New Canadian Constitution (cine-poem), with Gordon Payne. National Film Board of Canada, 1974.

Practicing Up to be Human. Coach House Press, 1978.

Ignoring the Bomb: New and Selected Poems. Oolichan Press, 1982.

Convergences. Coach House Press, 1984.

A Few Words Will Do. Talonbooks, 2007.

Electropoeta: la leyenda de Silvery McLune: Poemas de Lionel Kearns. Translation by Javier Raya. Publicado por Centro de Cultura Digital. Mexico. 2015. [interactive ePub format] https://editorial.centroculturadigital.mx/libro/electropoeta#

Reviews
•	Robert Creeley. "More on Kearns." A Quick Graph: Collected Notes and Essays. Ed. Donald Allen. Four Seasons Foundation, 1970, pp. 269-70.

•	George Bowering. "Metaphysic in Time: The Poetry of Lionel Kearns." A Way With Words. Oberon Press, 1983, pp. 101-120.

•	Lianne Moyse. "Dialoguing the Monologue of History and Lyric: Lionel Kearns' Convergences." Open Letter. 7th series no.4 (Summer 1989), pp.15-27.

•	Manina Jones."Log Entries: Exploring Discursive Space in Lionel Kearns's Convergences." Beyond Tish. NeWest, 1991, pp.222-234.

•	Grant Williams. "Reading Against Consumption: Metafiction in Lionel Kearns' Convergences." Canadian Poetry (Spring 91) pp.40-53.

•	Jim Andrews. "On Lionel Kearns." Vispo. 2004. www.vispo.com/kearns

•	Jessica Langston. "Then and Now Converging: Lionel Kearns's Complicated Nation". Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littérature canadienne, Volume 35, numéro 1, 2010, pp. 40-55.

title: Lionel Kearns


text:
Bowie Baysox

The Bowie Baysox are a Minor League Baseball team located in Bowie, Maryland. They are the Double-A affiliate of the Baltimore Orioles, and play in the Eastern League. Their home ballpark is Prince George's Stadium.

History
From 1989 to 1992, the Orioles' Double-A affiliate was located in Hagerstown, Maryland and called the Suns. When Major League Baseball added two teams in 1993, bids were offered for two new Triple-A franchises, and the Maryland Baseball Limited Partnership (which owned the Suns and also the Advanced-A Frederick Keys) got into the running to put one of the new franchises in central Maryland. Although their bid fell short, the idea of having a team in Bowie was so well-received that the MBLP decided to move the Double-A team across the state from Hagerstown. The Suns, meanwhile, were dropped to Low-A status.

A contest was held among the community to choose a new name for the team, and over 3,500 suggestions poured in. "Baysox" was chosen over the other finalists, which were "BayBirds" and "Nationals" (the latter was chosen for the nearby Washington major-league team when it moved to the area in 2005). The "Bay" references are to the Chesapeake Bay, which lies less than 20 miles to the east of Bowie.

A complex land deal hindered completion of the stadium, and in their inaugural season in 1993, the Baysox were forced to find an alternate site to play their home games. Eventually, a deal was reached that gave them Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, which had been vacated a year earlier when the Orioles moved into Camden Yards. A harsh winter prevented the new stadium from being completed in time for the beginning of the 1994 season, and the Baysox played 31 games that year at four other ballparks, including the University of Maryland and the Naval Academy. Finally, the Baysox moved into their permanent home on June 16, 1994.

After two losing seasons, the Baysox made it back to the playoffs in 1997, and were also named the top double-A franchise in America, in part because of their tremendous attendance figures despite their proximity to the Baltimore major-league market. Also in 1997 (June 28), the team introduced "Louie", its green furry mascot with pink hair and long snout, but unknown species. It is believed his design is modeled off of Chessie (sea monster) due to the team's name referencing the Chesapeake Bay. He continues to serve as mayor of "Louieville, Maryland", a play on the real city of Louisville, Kentucky, and also a rhyme to the team's home of Bowie.

The Baysox hosted the Double-A All-Star Game on July 12, 2000, bringing players from not only the Eastern League, but also the Southern and Texas leagues to Bowie. During that season, the Baysox also got a new owner, as the Maryland Baseball Partnership sold the team (along with the Frederick Keys and Delmarva Shorebirds) to the Comcast cable network.

The Baysox were again sold in October 2006 by Comcast Spectacor to Maryland Baseball Holding, LLC. A group headed by Ken Young, who is president of Ovations Food Service and also the owner of the Norfolk Tides, the Triple-A affiliate of the Baltimore Orioles and the Albuquerque Isotopes, the Triple-A affiliate of the Florida Marlins.

The Baysox went six straight seasons (1998–2003) without posting a winning record. In 2005, the team was in contention for the last playoff spot at the end of the season, but lost four straight games to Altoona on the final weekend to just miss the postseason once again. They won their first regular-season division championship in 2008, but lost to the Akron Aeros 3-1 in the Division Series.

The Baysox captured its first Eastern League Championship in 2015 with a 3–2 series victory over the Reading Fightin Phils. Its 79–63 regular season finish earned the ballclub its second-ever division title by five games over Altoona. The 3–1 Divisional Series win over the Curve sent Bowie to its first championship series in six attempts. One of the team's stars was Trey Mancini, who hit .359 for the season but fell 29 plate appearances short of the 384 needed to qualify for the league batting title due to his having been promoted to the team in June.

After a 19–35 start, the 2019 Baysox won 11 of 14 matches to conclude the first half in fourth place at 30–38. The momentum propelled them to a 46–26 record and the EL Western Division second-half title. Buck Britton was rewarded for the turnaround by being named EL Manager of the Year. The Baysox won the Western Division over the Harrisburg Senators but lost the Championship Series to the Trenton Thunder, with both postseason series finishing 3–1.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Baysox were organized into the Double-A Northeast.

In 2021, The Baysox finished second in the Double-A Northeast League with a 73–47 record. This qualified them for the Double-A Northeast finals against the Akron RubberDucks. It was the third time Bowie has qualified for the playoffs in their history, and the third time since 2015. They lost the best-of-five series versus Akron, 3–0. Grayson Rodriguez was selected as the 2021 Double-A Northeast Pitcher of the Year and Adley Rutschman as the league's Top MLB Prospect.

The Baysox were purchased from Maryland Baseball Holding, LLC by Attain Sports and Entertainment in January 2022. In 2022, the Double-A Northeast became known as the Eastern League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

Media
, Baysox games are streamed audio only on their Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube accounts. Adam Pohl and Paul Fritschner share broadcasting duties. Pohl has been with the team since 2014, while Fritschner joined in 2021.

Previously, Baysox games were carried live by radio station WNAV. In 2019, 40 games were broadcast live on the radio, and all games were streamed live on the station's website.

Promotions
On "Office Space night", fans, for a $1 fee, are able to live out the famous Office Space moment by destroying office equipment with a baseball bat.

On July 9, 2010, the fourth annual Autism Awareness Night took place at Prince George's Stadium. Fans that bought the Autism Awareness ticket had $3 of their ticket price donated to an autism charity of their choosing. Fans also took part in "Bowie's Largest Pillow Fight", which took place on the field following the game.

In 2016, the Baysox had a David Bowie night where the team temporarily renamed itself from the Bowie (booh-ie) Baysox to the Bowie (bowh-wy) Baysox. The jerseys were designed to look like similar outfits that he wore with his Ziggy Stardust persona. The team also played his songs during the game. They have events many nights, including fireworks.

One of the most popular promotions is Star Wars night. Characters such as Chewbacca and R2-D2 are available to meet and take pictures with, and a fireworks show set to music from the series follows the game.

The Baysox also hosts an annual Navy Night, with the plebes from the United States Naval Academy attending the game. After the game, a postgame fireworks show takes place set to patriotic music.

title: Bowie Baysox