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Diamond Bessie

Diamond Bessie (1854 - January 21, 1877) was the popular name given to Bessie Moore, née Annie Stone (although other sources give her birth name as Annie Moore), a prostitute whose murder in the woods outside Jefferson, Texas, propelled her to the level of local legend. She was killed by a single gunshot wound to the head, allegedly by her husband, Abraham Rothschild (no relation to the banking family).

Early life
Bessie was born in 1854 in Syracuse, New York, to a shoe dealer. At 15, she left home and took up with a man named Moore. She was described as an extraordinary beauty with black hair and brilliant grey eyes.

After this affair ended, she entered into prostitution (though she kept Moore's name). By all accounts, she adapted to the life quickly, and her numerous male admirers showered her with gifts of diamond jewelry. Moore plied her trade in brothels, firstly in the Mansion of Joy brothel in Cincinnati, Ohio. She later worked at brothels in New Orleans, Louisiana and finally Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Association with Abraham Rothschild
Abraham (or Abe) Rothschild (born 1853 in Cincinnati, Ohio) was the son of Meyer Rothschild, a Cincinnati jeweler. He was not a member of the prominent European Rothschild banking family. He was handsome and a capable businessman, and for a time he worked as a traveling salesman for his father's prosperous jewelry business. His future looked bright, but his attraction to fast living and women soon led to alcoholism, and he became an embarrassment to his family, frequenting saloons and brothels. He met Bessie Moore in a Hot Springs brothel in 1876. From this time until her death, they were together.

Moore pressured Rothschild to marry her, and according to various accounts, she may have claimed she was pregnant (an autopsy later showed that she was not) and threatened to reveal this scandalous fact to Rothschild's father. Whatever the motive, Moore and Rothschild's relationship was known to be tumultuous, marred by alcoholism and physical abuse. Rothschild is said to have forced Moore to prostitute herself numerous times during their travels together.

On their way from Chicago to Texas in January 1877, they stopped in Danville, Illinois where they married at the Aetna Hotel. A reporter with the Danville News talked to the couple and published an article about them on January 11, 1877. Later, the Cincinnati Enquirer learned of the nuptials and published the news item from Danville on March 3, 1877: "The following from the Danville News may be accepted as conclusive evidence of the marriage of Abe Rothschild to Bessie Moore. She was as pretty as a picture. Her auburn hair, French twist, contrasted handsomely with her large blue eyes. Her lovely complexion and graceful form would have tired the heart of an Italian sculptor... They arrived as by appointment in the city yesterday afternoon and drove to the Aetna House, where matters were arranged and the date, day, and hour settled... Justice McMahan officiating, the nuptials were tied at the Aetna House. A reporter offered the congratulations of the News to the happy pair last night, and found them in room 52 making preparations for a journey into the Land of Morpheus, but they intended to change cars at 1:10 this morning and go South via E.T.H. & C. Bon voyage Mr. and Mrs. A. Rothschild."

On January 17, 1877, the couple registered as husband and wife at the Capitol Hotel in Marshall, Texas, about 18 miles south of Jefferson. After two days, they traveled to Jefferson by train. Jefferson was, at this time, one of the largest and busiest river ports west of the Mississippi River. The exact nature of Rothschild's business in Jefferson is not known, nor at what point his plan to murder Moore might have been hatched.

The couple registered at the Brooks House in Jefferson as "A. Munroe and wife". Their fine clothes and, of course, Moore's diamonds, made an immediate impression on the townsfolk. Rothschild is said to have first addressed his wife as "Bessie" during this trip, and the locals adapted this into "Diamond Bessie".

Death
On the morning of January 21, Rothschild bought a picnic lunch from Henrique's Restaurant, and the couple crossed the bridge at Cypress Bayou, walking away from town along the Marshall road. The last person to see them together was Frank Malloy, who noticed them in the restaurant before 11:00 am; Malloy took special note of Moore's massive diamond rings. About three hours later, Rothschild was seen crossing the bridge back into Jefferson alone.

When questioned about his wife's whereabouts at the Brooks House, Rothschild claimed she had stayed across the Bayou to visit friends. The following morning, he took breakfast alone at the hotel, where he was seen wearing Moore's rings. On the morning of Tuesday, January 23, he boarded a train to Cincinnati with his and Moore's luggage.

Bessie Moore's body was discovered in the woods along the Marshall road on the afternoon of February 5 by Sarah King, an African American woman out collecting firewood. She had been shot in the head. The remnants of a picnic lunch were still scattered about. Her body was fully clothed, and had no jewelry. The townsfolk held a collection and raised $150 to pay for Moore's burial.

Arrest and trials
In Cincinnati, Rothschild began drinking more heavily and was reportedly becoming quite paranoid, believing himself to be followed everywhere. He tried to shoot himself outside a saloon in late February, but only succeeded in putting out his right eye. After a few days in the hospital, he was arrested and jailed, awaiting extradition to Texas for the murder of "Diamond Bessie Moore".

With Rothschild's real identity known, the case quickly became a cause celebre. The public fascination with the murder of a beautiful young woman at the hands of a wealthy scion of society held a lurid appeal comparable to the contemporary murder trials of O. J. Simpson or the Menéndez brothers. It was Texas' first big murder case, called by Texas governor Richard B. Hubbard, "a crime unparalleled in the record of blood."

Though Rothschild was the black sheep of his family, their fear of devastating scandal evidently prompted them to rally to his side and hire him a formidable defense team. Rothschild had no fewer than 10 high-priced attorneys. They immediately secured a change of venue, as feelings toward Rothschild in Jefferson were so hostile, any possible jury pool was hopelessly tainted. The townspeople were known to have contributed money to reimburse Sheriff John Vines for his trip to Cincinnati to arrest Rothschild.

The case finally went to trial in December 1878 in Marshall. While in jail in Marshall, Rothschild's cellmate was Jim Currie, a railroad employee who had shot two actors, killing one; the survivor was actor Maurice Barrymore.

After a 3 week long trial Rothschild was convicted — the jury foreman reportedly drew a noose on the wall during deliberations with the slogan, "That's my verdict!" — but the conviction was overturned on appeal. There was widespread opinion that Rothschild's wealth and Moore being a prostitute influenced the appellate court.

After much legal wrangling, Rothschild went to trial again on December 22, 1880, this time in Jefferson. Rothschild did not testify in his own defense, and his lawyers managed to plant doubts in the jury members. Rothschild, to the dismay of many, was acquitted, and rejoined his family in Cincinnati.

After the acquittal, Rothschild returned to Cincinnati and continued a life of crime. Rothschild's later exploits include posing as a wealthy businessman in several southern towns to acquire large quantities of jewelry on credit, and then quickly leaving town before being discovered.

Diamond Bessie Moore became a figure of folklore. Every May since 1955, Jefferson during its annual Pilgrimage Festival, produces a play titled The Diamond Bessie Murder Trial, derived from court transcripts, is performed. Diamond Bessie's grave in Jefferson's Oakwood Cemetery is a popular tourist attraction; unmarked for years, it bears a tombstone, installed one 1930s night by a retired foundry worker, E B McDonald: "I placed it there one night because it did not seem right for Diamond Bessie to sleep in an unmarked grave." Note the date on the tombstone he put is incorrect as she was last seen alive on January 21, 1877, and found dead on February 5, 1877. The Jessie Wise Allen Garden Club later erected an ornate iron fence around the plot.

title: Diamond Bessie


text:
Toto Cutugno

Salvatore "Toto" Cutugno (7 July 1943 – 22 August 2023) was an Italian pop singer-songwriter, musician, and television presenter. He was best known for his worldwide hit song, "L'Italiano", released on his 1983 album of the same title. Cutugno also won the Eurovision Song Contest 1990 held in Zagreb, SFR Yugoslavia, with the song "Insieme: 1992", for which he wrote both the lyrics and music. He has been described as "one of the most popular singers in Italy and a symbol of Italian melody abroad", as well as "one of the most popular Italian performers on a global scale" and "one of the most successful Italian songwriters of all time", selling over 100 million records worldwide.

Early life
Toto Cutugno was born on 7 July 1943 in Tendola, a borough of Fosdinovo, Lunigiana, Tuscany, to a Sicilian sea marshal father from Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto and a housewife mother from Tuscany. Shortly after his birth the family moved to the nearby city of La Spezia, Liguria.

Career
Cutugno began his musical career as a drummer, and at 19 he founded his first band, Toto e i Tati. He later formed the disco band Albatros together with Lino Losito and Mario Limongelli. He also started a career as a songwriter, contributing some of French-American singer Joe Dassin most well-known songs such as "L'été indien", "Et si tu n'existais pas", and "Le Jardin du Luxembourg" (written with Vito Pallavicini). He also co-wrote Dalida's "Monday Tuesday... Laissez moi danser " ("Voglio l'anima" in its Italian version), which achieved Platinum record status shortly after being released, as well as songs for Johnny Hallyday, Mireille Mathieu, Ornella Vanoni, Domenico Modugno, Claude François, Gigliola Cinquetti, Gérard Lenorman, Michel Sardou, Hervé Vilard, and Paul Mauriat.

In 1976, Albatros participated for the first time in the Sanremo Music Festival finishing in third place with the song "Volo AZ 504". Following another chart success with the song "Santamaria de Portugal", in 1978 Cutugno left Albatros to concentrate on his solo career. The same year he had his first solo hit with "Donna donna mia", the opening song of the Mike Bongiorno's RAI TV show Scommettiamo?. In 1979, he wrote Adriano Celentano's number one hit "Soli".

In 1980, Cutugno returned to the Sanremo Music Festival and won the competition with the song "Solo noi" ("Only us"). However, Cutugno's affiliation with the festival is mostly remembered for "L'Italiano" ("The Italian"), a song he presented in 1983. Originally intended for Adriano Celentano – who declined to sing it because, despite liking the song, he did not feel comfortable singing the refrain sono un italiano vero ("I am a true Italian") – "L'Italiano"'s recapitulation of some of Italy's most popular social traits made the song very popular with Italian expats. Although the song finished only fifth in Sanremo, it went on to become Cutugno's biggest international hit. Cutugno would finish second in six more editions of the Sanremo festival: in 1984 with the song "Serenata" ("Serenade"); in 1987 with "Figli" ("Children"); in 1988 with "Emozioni" ("Emotions"); in 1989 with the song "Le mamme" ("Mothers"); in 1990 with the song "Gli amori" ("Loves", but entitled "Good Love Gone Bad" in Ray Charles's version); and in 2005 with Annalisa Minetti with the song "Come noi nessuno al mondo" ("No one else in the world like us"); a record which would lead him to be nicknamed "the eternal second" (l'eterno secondo). Cutugno shares the record for the highest number of participations in the festival – 15, namely in 1976, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1997, 2005, 2008, and 2010; one of only five artists, the others being Al Bano, Anna Oxa, Milva and Peppino di Capri. In 2013, Cutugno was awarded a lifetime career award at the Sanremo Festival.

As a songwriter, during the 1980s Cutugno composed hit songs for numerous artists, notably Miguel Bosé (the Festivalbar winning song "Super Superman"), Adriano Celentano ("Il tempo se ne va"), Luis Miguel ("Ragazzi di oggi"), Fausto Leali ("Io amo"), Peppino di Capri ("Il sognatore"), Ricchi e Poveri ("Canzone d'amore"), Fiordaliso ("Per noi" and "Se non avessi te"). Starting from 1987, when he co-hosted with Lino Banfi the Sunday television show Domenica in, Cutugno also had a successful career as a television presenter.

In 1990, at the refusal of Sanremo winners Pooh, Cutugno, who had placed second, was invited to represent Italy at the Eurovision Song Contest in Zagreb. He went on to win the contest with his own original composition "Insieme: 1992" ("Together: 1992"), a ballad which celebrated European political integration and the establishment of the European Union. Aged 46 years, 302 days, Cutugno became the oldest winner of the contest to date, surpassing the record set by André Claveau in 1958. Cutugno's record stood until 2000, when the Olsen Brothers won the contest. Along with Gigliola Cinquetti, Italy's earlier Eurovision winner, he presented the 1991 contest, which was staged in Rome as a result of his victory. Italy would only win again with Måneskin in 2021.

In 2014, he was the main subject of a Facebook page, La stessa foto di Toto Cutugno ogni giorno (lit. "The same photo of Toto Cutugno every day"), which in a short time became an internet phenomenon, attracting thousands of likes, sharings and comments; the case eventually became the subject of a study of the Institute for Advanced Study in Pavia. In 2016, he returned to collaborate with Adriano Celentano, co-writing the song "Ti lascio amore" for the Mina–Celentano album Le migliori.

Outside of Italy, Cutugno often toured in the United States, regularly performing in New York City and Atlantic City; he also toured Australia three times, represented by Italo-Australian impresario Duane Zigliotto. Countries where he was very popular include Germany, Spain, Romania, Turkey and Russia, where in 2013 he performed "L'Italiano" accompanied by the Red Army Choir. In March 2019, a group of politicians from the Ukrainian Parliament tried to stop Cutugno from performing in Kyiv, demanding through an open letter to the head of the country's security services, Vasyl Hrytsak, to ban the singer from entering Ukrainian territory, labelling him as "a Russian war supporter in Ukraine" – probably because of his success in Russia and his relationship with the Red Army Choir. Two days before, fellow Italian singer Al Bano had been blacklisted on the Ukrainian website Myrotvorets. Cutugno rejected the accusations, describing himself as apolitical and highlighting how he had refused to perform in Crimea following its 2014 Russian occupation. Despite the controversy, the concert was eventually held in Kyiv on 23 March. The same year, Cutugno had his last significant television role as one of the coaches in the musical show. In August of that same year, he made one of his last live performances, as a guest in Jovanotti's Jova Beach Tour.

Personal life and death
When he was five, Cutugno witnessed the death of his seven-year-old sister Anna, who choked on a gnocchi. His other siblings included Roberto and Rosanna (the first child to receive heart surgery in Italy, in Turin).

Cutugno was married to Carla from 1971 until his death. In 1990, he had a son from an extramarital relationship.

In 2007, Cutugno was diagnosed with prostate cancer with metastases reaching his kidneys, undergoing surgery and having his right kidney removed. He regarded his colleague Al Bano as the one who helped him to discover the cancer in time and who assisted him in the situation.

Cutugno died from prostate cancer at the San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, on 22 August 2023, aged 80.

Studio albums

 * Come ieri, come oggi, come sempre (1978)
 * Voglio l'anima (1979)
 * Innamorata, innamorato, innamorati (1980)
 * La mia musica (1982)
 * L'Italiano (1983)
 * Per amore o per gioco (1985)
 * Azzurra malinconia (1986)
 * Mediterraneo (1987)
 * Toto Cutugno (1990)
 * Insieme: 1992 (1990)
 * Non è facile essere uomini (1991)
 * Voglio andare a vivere in campagna (1995)
 * Canzoni nascoste (1997)
 * Il treno va (2002)
 * Cantando (2004)
 * Come noi nessuno al mondo (2005)
 * Un falco chiuso in gabbia (2008)

With Albatros

 * Albatros (1976)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Toto Cutugno


text:
Talk:Hannes Alfvén

Untitled
I moved this page because Hannes Alfven is the more common name (1,870 matches on google) compared to his full name Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (205 matches on google). Also, special characters should be avoided. --Jiang 12:02 9 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Swede notwithstanding, the practice of putting an acute accent over the letter 'e' is today restricted to Icelandic and the very similar Faroese. I am no scholar of medieval Swedish, but I opine that Dr. H. O. G. Alfvén was of Icelandic derivation. (Moved by me from article. up◦land 15:38, 13 August 2005 (UTC))

 * I moved your comment from the article, where it doesn't belong. To answer your question: No, it is very common in Swedish personal names and has nothing to do with the Icelandic language or Icelandic origins. It is rather to be seen as a result of French influence. up◦land 15:38, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Added the accuracy tag because there seems to be alot of plasma cosmology nonsense here and the overall tone is inappropriate for an article. Needs looking at by a physicist. --Deglr6328 04:09, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I took all the plasma material from Alfvén's books. I can provide a quote for every statement. Can you indicate which statements you are unhappy with? Some of the references at the bottom of the page link through to online articles with more information. --Iantresman 08:43, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've made some changes. My only complaints now are the sentences:

 * "He is also known for developing plasma cosmology, a non-standard alternative to the big bang. Among physicists today, there is a lack of awareness of Alfvén's contributions to fields of physics where his ideas are routinely used without recognition."

 * This seems POV and I'd like to see some support of this assertion.

 * and

 * "In 1963, Alfvén first predicted the large scale filamentary structure of the universe. This discovery perplexed astrophysicists untill 1991."

 * This statement needs much more expanding. What exactly is trying to be said here? That Alfven's idea of plasma cosmology is correct because fillamentation in the universe's structure is observed and this is due to same mechanisms as is seen for instance, in the aurora? If so, I think that is grossly deceptive and incorrect. The fillamentary structure, as I understand it (and I am certainly not an astrophysicist) is due instead to the effects of initial clumping after the big bang, gravity and the universe's expansion.--Deglr6328 21:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't write these, but the sentences do look lax. But I see where they are coming from. I'll have a go at re-writing them. --Iantresman 22:34, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't understand the significance of the year 1991 and the filamentary nature of the universe. What happened then?--Deglr6328 06:58, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Me neither, so I've removed the date. I suspect that there was some kind of discovered or paper published, but since it is not specified, it is pretty meanlingess. --Iantresman 08:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's cited here, Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995). I'm putting it back in. Sincerely, JDR 23:55, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * ...and it doesn't explain why astronomers stopping being perplexed in 1991. Did they all have a revelation, read one of Alfvén's books, discover something? I'm going to remove it until we can qualify the statement.

 * the line should read "This discovery perplexed astrophysicists in 1991" ... aka., the observations at the time were not understood ... but it was already explained by Alfvén.
 * It is from a valid biography states this. add to it, but don't remove it. Sincerel,y JDR 16:20, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand that the biography is valid, I know Tony Peratt quite well. I'm questioning the significance of the date 1991. I though maybe the large-scale structure of the universe was discovered in 1991, but I have references going back to 1987, and I don't have any evidence that the astronomers were perplexed. I think we need a reference to the date that large scale filamentary structure was discovered, and an indication of some kind of surprise. --Iantresman 16:47, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

What does this sentence mean? "He did not in any circumstance benefit without volition the acceptance generally afforded senior scientists in scientific journals." Was it machine-translated from Swedish or something? -- DM 3 October 2005

 * What does the sentence mean? Alfven did not recieve the non-partial preference concerning his theories as many other senior scientists. Sincerely, JDR 00:08, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've removed this sentence too as I also can't figure out what it means. --Iantresman 08:49, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

This article needs to be extensively reviewed - there are many unsourced statements (eg, Alfven's lack of acceptance by the broader scientific community) that need citations. Also a lack of neutrality. Irregulargalaxies 03:02, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've modified some of these, and provided citatations.

Plasma cosmology
The article was riddled with suggestions that plasma cosmology somehow receives an imprimatur from Alfvén. It's convenient for these people to choose a dead man to be their leader, but it isn't factual. Alfvén developed the Alfvén-Klein model and ambiplasma. He also believed that plasma played a large role in the universe and wasn't understood well by astrophysicists. However, he did not endorse the work of Perrat and Lerner which represent the current codex of plasma cosmology. Nevertheless, upon coming here I found that almost every section mentioned plasma cosmology as though it were the crowning acheivement of this man's life. POV to say the least! --ScienceApologist 12:34, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Just a reminder that it is better to place a tag into text you are not sure of, to give editors time to source a statement. Without a statement, there appears to be nothing to source. --Iantresman 16:28, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll remember that for text I'm not sure of. --ScienceApologist 22:19, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Afvén & the broader community
Irregulargalaxies, above, asked for a source for "Alfven's lack of acceptance by the broader scientific community". The citation from Stephen G. Bush noted:
 * "... most of the scientific community refuses to follow it or to give Alfvén credit for his achievements although many of his basic concepts are now accepted" (ref: Stephen G. Brush, "Alfvén's Programme in Solar System Physics". IEEE Trans. Plasma Science, Vol. 20 No. 6, Dec 1992)

Why have you removed it... and described it as a "better explanation"? --Iantresman 23:18, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, what may or may not have been true in 1992 is definitely not true today. Alfvén's contributions to plasma processes are now part of standard disucssions in the plasma astrophysics "canon". Plasmas are studied in reference to most high-energy astrophysics processes along with shocks and special relativity. Out-of-date sources should not be used in such a way. --ScienceApologist 12:17, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * In a historical context, up to 1992, it is accurate. So Alfvén's contribution today is accepted, despite what happened just 15 years ago. --Iantresman 13:04, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It is accurate for this person's opinion. However, in 1992 there were people studying Alfvén waves and MHD, so he obviously wasn't totally ignored. Again, this isn't the most reliable of sources. --ScienceApologist 13:47, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No one is saying he was totally ignored. And just because people were studying Alfvén waves and MHD, does not mean that other aspects of Alfvéns were not ignored, as decribed by Brush in a peer reviewed journal. --Iantresman 14:05, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, Brush's opinion is mentioned in this journal. However, it is not indicative of what was going on in the entire community. it is the opinion of one individual. --ScienceApologist 21:20, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm pleased to see that you've noted how "scientific community" is an inappropriate term here, and in many other places. Certainly most members of the scientific community do not write papers on the same subject as Alfvén, and do not referee his papers. But Bush's conclusion is more than just a single unsubstantiated opinion out of the blue, and gives many examples in his paper. So the question is, how do we represent the contents of the paper, and Brush's conclusion/opinion, fairly? --Iantresman 21:46, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it would be better to cite Alfvén's Nobel speech as our primary exposition. This will give the reader an indication of how he viewed himself with respect to the wider community. I just don't think that Brush's paper belongs in Alfvén's biography. --ScienceApologist 12:04, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought that biographies, contain information from reliable sources, and Brush's paper fits in every way. He's one of the few commentators on Alfvén, he's peer reviewed, a "Distinguished University Professor" in the " History of Science". What possible objection can you have? --Iantresman 12:27, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

I don't think Brush's paper fits in every way. In particular I don't think he speaks for the wider community, but only himself in his portrayal. --ScienceApologist 14:04, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No offense intended, but what you THINK, is by definition irrelevant by Wikipedia standards. Opinion does not belong in an article, whereas 'peer-reviewed' materials (articles looked at and approved for print by more than JUST the original author) DO belong in Wikipedia articles. Please SA, I know you and Ian have had differences over time. But let's try not to POV push too much. I can say this from a little bit of perspective/introspection over the last few months. I know you've pushed for "notable" sources yourself, so, please don't source only your opinion to influence articles where peer-reviewed materials have been provided by those familiar with the subject. Thanks. Again, no umbrage intended. Just a nudge toward more neutrality and less POV-pushing on all sides. Mgmirkin 06:22, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * But he was talking about whether or not the opinion in the paper should be included, at least that's how I read it, not whether or not his personal opinion (if any!) should be included. You can't include every bit of peer-reviewed material in existence in a Wikipedia article. Not all peer-reviewed materials belong in Wikipedia. Peer review may be an important condition for inclusion but it alone is not sufficient for inclusion. mike4ty4 08:32, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I might also point to the following article: http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1504/150412.pdf (by Falthammar & Dessler, both published and notable/respectable scientists in their own right; feel free to look them up on the Astrophysical Data System if you need a list of their various papers/abstracts.) that covers many similar points to the other biographies and post-mortem reviews of his life, works, general acceptance and verification of many aspects of his work. Being from the Proceedings of the APS (Americal Philosophical Society), one can assume that it is of sufficiently high quality to be notable (I believe I added it before, but it seems to have disappeared for reasons unknown, though I may have been thinking of another article, but I'm pretty sure I'd have added it to the Alfven article as opposed to any it's less relevant to; I hope that won't happen again without a REASON for removal noted on the talk page). And joins a number of other notable sources on the above subjects. Many of the sources tend to say much the same thing. So, in that regard, Brush's work is no better or worse than the rest and probably DOES, in fact, represent his understanding of the general community's stance on Alfven? Also, as Ian's note above and link to the university's page on Brush, it appears that he is more than qualified to assess, and in fact does on a regular basis assess the merit of works, and their general acceptance or lack there of by various disciplines / fields of research. So, I tend to agree with Ian's assessment / argument. Regardless of any association (agreements/disagreements) we may have outside of Wikipedia (don't go there), in this instance I generally find that Ian's arguments have been sound and the sources are notable. But others may feel free to disagree if they must... Mgmirkin 06:22, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Alfven's Cosmological model, edits.
I've edited the stub section slightly for consistency, to more actively use the active voice ("Alfven said X, Y, Z" rather than "'blah, blah, blah', as said by Alfven") so we know who said what without ambiguity. Made some minor ordering changes so it transitions more logically from his belief that the BB was a scientific myth created from equations on the blackboard to his proposal of an alternative that he believed to be based upon sound known physical phenomena as seen and verified in the lab. Hope this is a sensible revision? Mgmirkin 06:51, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Predictions?
I note that several biographies (including this one http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1504/150412.pdf) have noted SPECIFIC predictions made by Alfven, and later confirmed or refuted. The above article (written by scientists apparently familiar with his work and qualified to assess it) notes that many if not most of his predictions were in fact validated once actually studied in situ when technology to do so was available. I suggest that his major predictions should be listed somewhere in the article and either "confirmed" or "refuted" if sufficient notable sources (in addition to he one above) can be cited that themselves (as a whole and in rough agreement) make said determination (yea or nay). IE, double layers have been confirmed, galactic (Abstract and full text) scale magnetic fields have been confirmed, etc., etc. A few have perhaps been confirmed but not attributed as predicted by Alfven. Mgmirkin 07:08, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. And there is much biographical information available for corroboration. For example, see:
 * Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995) (obituary), in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 37, p.259 (1996) (Abstract and Full text)
 * In memoriam: Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995) in Astrophysics and Space Science, v. 234, p. 173-175. by Fälthammar, Carl-Gunne (Abstract and full text)
 * Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven. 30 May 1908-2 April 1995, by R. S. Pease, S. Lindqvist in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 44, Nov., 1998 (Nov., 1998), pp. 2-19 (Full text, PDF)
 * Stephen G. Brush, "Alfvén's Programme in Solar System Physics". IEEE Trans. Plasma Science, Vol. 20 No. 6, Dec 199 (Abstract)

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title: Talk:Hannes Alfvén


text:
Henry Bradley

Henry Bradley, FBA (3 December 1845 – 23 May 1923) was a British philologist and lexicographer who succeeded James Murray as senior editor of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED).

Early life
Bradley had humble beginnings as a farmer's son in Nottinghamshire, but by adolescence, he was already steeped in several languages of Classical learning, and he is supposed to have learned Russian in only 14 days. Simon Winchester records that some of Bradley's childhood notebooks, discovered by a friend, contained ...lists of words peculiar to the Pentateuch or Isaiah, Hebrew singletons, the form of the verb to be in Algerine, Arabic, bardic and cuneiform lettering, Arabisms and Chaldaisms in the New Testament, with vocabularies that imply he was reading Homer, Virgil, Sallust and the Hebrew Old Testament at the same time. In another group the notes pass from the life of Antar ben Toofail by 'Admar' (apparently of the age of Haroun Arrashid) to the rules of Latin verse, Hakluyt and Hebrew accents, whereupon follow notes on Sir William Hamilton and Dugald Stewart and a translation of parts of Aeschylus' Prometheus...

For a long time, he was employed as a correspondence clerk for a cutlery firm in Sheffield. The first public outlet for his erudition was as a columnist in the Academy, a weekly literary magazine run by J. S. Cotton in London.

Oxford English Dictionary
Bradley came to James Murray's attention in February 1884 when he reviewed the first fascicle of the OED, A–Ant, in the Academy. Bradley's review praised the clear format and simple design of the dictionary and its economy in using quotations, but it also challenged Murray's etymology, and this caused quite a stir. At the time, Bradley was an unknown freelance writer with no official academic credentials, yet his essay, showing a close knowledge of several languages, contained criticism that none of Murray's colleagues had been able to provide. Anemone could not correctly be rendered as "daughter of the wind," for example, because the Greek suffix was not "exclusively patronymic," and alpaca was not Arabic in origin, as Murray had written, but more likely Spanish.

Bradley's triumph was that both his praise and his criticism were fair and well-tempered; he was admiring without being sycophantic and corrective without being hostile. Recognizing that he had found a worthy peer who could prove invaluable in creating the Dictionary, Murray hired Bradley, first as an assistant editor, then as joint senior editor.

He has been overshadowed by James Murray, and it must be conceded that Bradley was a slower, less durable worker, frequently ill. However, he remains a noteworthy linguistic scholar, largely self-taught.

Other work and honours
After starting work on the OED, Bradley began to get the recognition he deserved, receiving honorary degrees from Oxford and Heidelberg and becoming a fellow of Magdalen College and the British Academy. He also served as President of London's Philological Society and helped found the Society for Pure English (SPE), along with Henry Watson Fowler and others.

Henry Bradley contributed to the Dictionary of National Biography and the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He is the author, for example, for the article on Caedmon, the first English Christian poet.

Bradley's most interesting book is The Making of English, the culmination of a philological life. It assesses change in English and the reasons for its borrowings from other tongues down through history, all without resorting to the obscure sets of symbols so unhappily relied on by specialised linguistics. In his Author's Preface, Bradley addresses the book "to educated readers unversed in philology," and he succeeds in popularising his speciality and making it readable rather than resorting to jargon, which he considered an affront to plain English.

Death and reputation
It was for the SPE that Bradley wrote his last piece, an introduction to "Tract No. XIV: On the Terms Briton, British, Britisher". He wrote the first three paragraphs, suffered a stroke, and died two days later. The piece was finished by Robert Bridges and published along with Fowler's "Preposition at End" and a brief obituary.

Simon Winchester's The Meaning of Everything is the history of the OED which treats Bradley in most depth.

Works

 * The story of the Goths, from the earliest times to the end of the Gothic dominion in Spain (1887)
 * Oxford English Dictionary (1888–1923): E, F–G, L, M, S–Sh, St, and part of W
 * The Making of English (1904)
 * Collected Papers of Henry Bradley (1928) contains his shorter works, with a memoir by Robert Bridges
 * Collected Papers of Henry Bradley (1928) contains his shorter works, with a memoir by Robert Bridges

title: Henry Bradley


text:
William Craigie

Sir William Alexander Craigie (13 August 1867 – 2 September 1957) was a philologist and a lexicographer.

A graduate of the University of St Andrews, he was the third editor of the Oxford English Dictionary and co-editor (with C. T. Onions) of the 1933 supplement. From 1916 to 1925 he was also Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford. Among the students he tutored, was the one who would succeed him in the Anglo-Saxon chair, J. R. R. Tolkien. He married Jessie Kinmond Hutchen of Dundee (born 1864–65; died 1947) daughter of William.

In 1925, Craigie accepted a professorship in English literature from the University of Chicago, with plans to edit a new American English dictionary, based on the Oxford model. He also lectured on lexicography at Chicago, while working on the Dictionary of American English and the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue, a project he pioneered. Many twentieth-century American lexicographers studied under Craigie as a part of his lectureship, including Clarence Barnhart, Jess Stein, Woodford A. Heflin, Robert Ramsey, Louise Pound, and Allen Walker Read. Cragie retired to Watlington, England in 1936. He was elected an International member of the American Philosophical Society in 1942.

Craigie was also fluent in Icelandic and an expert in the field of rímur (rhyming epic poems). He made many valuable contributions in that field. His interest was awakened by a winter of study in Copenhagen, then the centre of Norse philology. He compiled the complete Oxford edition of Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales, with previously untranslated tales being supplied by his wife. He befriended many of the great Norse philologists of the time and came across séra Einar Guðmundsson's seventeenth-century Skotlands rímur, dealing with the Gowrie Conspiracy. He continued research in that field until the end of his life.

title: William Craigie


text:
User:Grin/hu

This is a page which is linked from Hungarian editors, active or not.

Guys and Gals, see http://hu.wikipedia.org/ now! :)

Check What links here to see the people.

 * (Comment: You are free to add yourself here, if you are Hungarian, and if you speak Hungarian at least to the level of understanding. If you add yourself, please either write some words about yourself in your user page or here. You are forbidden to edit or delete anything, including your entry. --grin ✎ 10:35, 7 January 2006 (UTC))

Martians
Az igazi magyarok.
 * User:InFairness (fél magyar)
 * User:Chexum
 * User:Grin
 * User:Prometheus
 * User:DarkOne
 * User:Sandor Kunyik (invalid)
 * User:Vaganyik
 * User:PeterFoldiak (changed name)
 * User:Novum
 * User:Granicz
 * User:Uhlmannerik
 * User:Marcika
 * User:Gnomon Kelemen
 * User:Arnyek
 * user:Alensha
 * User:Gubbubu
 * User:kgyt
 * user:UED77 (by request :))
 * User:HorsemansWiki

Earthlings
Hamisítványok :-)
 * User:Szabi - (hungarian living in austria)
 * User:Unkamunka - (austrian, irish, french, ...)
 * user:Arpad - ?
 * User:Trebor1990 - USA, but seems to be interested in hu linguistics

I think the people on this list should be included (or notified of the option of being included), along with these people, into the new Category:Wikipedians in Hungary, in accordance with the Wikipedians project. -- Adam78 00:30, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Grin/hu


text:
List of fish families

This is a list of fish families sorted alphabetically by scientific name. There are 525 families in the list.

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

A
Ab-Am - An-Ap - Ar-Au

Ab-Am

 * Abyssocottidae
 * Acanthuridae
 * Acestrorhynchidae
 * Achiridae
 * Achiropsettidae
 * Acipenseridae
 * Acropomatidae
 * Adrianichthyidae
 * Agonidae
 * Akysidae
 * Albulidae
 * Alepisauridae
 * Alepocephalidae
 * Alestiidae
 * Alopiidae
 * Amarsipidae
 * Ambassidae
 * Amblycipitidae
 * Amblyopsidae
 * Amiidae
 * Ammodytidae
 * Amphiliidae

An-Ap

 * Anabantidae
 * Anablepidae
 * Anacanthobatidae
 * Anarhichadidae
 * Anguillidae
 * Anomalopidae
 * Anoplogastridae
 * Anoplopomatidae
 * Anostomidae
 * Anotopteridae
 * Antennariidae
 * Aphaniidae
 * Aphredoderidae
 * Aphyonidae
 * Apistidae
 * Aploactinidae
 * Aplocheilidae
 * Aplodactylidae
 * Apogonidae
 * Apteronotidae

Ar-Au

 * Aracanidae
 * Arapaimidae
 * Argentinidae
 * Ariidae
 * Ariommatidae
 * Arripidae
 * Artedidraconidae
 * Aspredinidae
 * Astroblepidae
 * Ateleopodidae
 * Atherinidae
 * Atherinopsidae
 * Auchenipteridae
 * Aulopidae
 * Aulorhynchidae
 * Aulostomidae

B

 * Bagridae
 * Balistidae
 * Balitoridae
 * Banjosidae
 * Barbourisiidae
 * Bathyclupeidae
 * Bathydraconidae
 * Bathylagidae
 * Bathylutichthyidae
 * Bathymasteridae
 * Batrachoididae
 * Bedotiidae
 * Belonidae

 * Bembridae
 * Berycidae
 * Blenniidae
 * Bothidae
 * Bovichtidae
 * Brachaeluridae
 * Brachionichthyidae
 * Bramidae
 * Bregmacerotidae
 * Bythitidae

C
Ca - Ce - Ch - Ci-Cu - Cy

Ca

 * Caesionidae
 * Callanthiidae
 * Callichthyidae
 * Callionymidae
 * Callorhinchidae
 * Caproidae
 * Caracanthidae
 * Carangidae
 * Carapidae
 * Carcharhinidae
 * Caristiidae
 * Catostomidae
 * Caulophrynidae

Ce

 * Centracanthidae
 * Centrarchidae
 * Centriscidae
 * Centrogenyidae
 * Centrolophidae
 * Centrophoridae
 * Centrophrynidae
 * Centropomidae
 * Cepolidae
 * Ceratiidae
 * Ceratodontidae
 * Cetomimidae
 * Cetopsidae
 * Cetorhinidae

Ch

 * Chacidae
 * Chaenopsidae
 * Chaetodontidae
 * Champsodontidae
 * Chanidae
 * Channichthyidae
 * Channidae
 * Characidae
 * Chaudhuriidae
 * Chaunacidae
 * Cheilodactylidae
 * Chiasmodontidae
 * Chilodontidae
 * Chimaeridae
 * Chirocentridae
 * Chironemidae
 * Chlamydoselachidae
 * Chlopsidae
 * Chlorophthalmidae

Ci-Cu

 * Cichlidae
 * Cirrhitidae
 * Citharidae
 * Citharinidae
 * Clariidae
 * Clinidae
 * Clupeidae
 * Cobitidae
 * Coiidae
 * Colocongridae
 * Comephoridae
 * Congiopodidae
 * Congridae
 * Coryphaenidae
 * Cottidae
 * Cottocomephoridae
 * Cranoglanididae
 * Creediidae
 * Crenuchidae
 * Cryptacanthodidae
 * Ctenoluciidae
 * Curimatidae

Cy

 * Cyclopteridae
 * Cyematidae
 * Cynodontidae
 * Cynoglossidae
 * Cyprinidae
 * Cyprinodontidae

D

 * Dactylopteridae
 * Dactyloscopidae
 * Dalatiidae
 * Dasyatidae
 * Dentatherinidae
 * Denticipitidae
 * Derichthyidae
 * Diceratiidae
 * Dichistiidae
 * Dinolestidae
 * Dinopercidae
 * Diodontidae
 * Diplomystidae
 * Diretmidae
 * Doradidae
 * Draconettidae
 * Drepaneidae
 * Dussumieriidae

E

 * Echeneidae
 * Echinorhinidae
 * Elassomatidae
 * Electrophoridae
 * Eleginopidae
 * Eleotridae
 * Elopidae
 * Embiotocidae
 * Emmelichthyidae
 * Engraulidae
 * Enoplosidae
 * Ephippidae
 * Epigonidae
 * Erethistidae
 * Ereuniidae
 * Erythrinidae
 * Esocidae
 * Euclichthyidae
 * Eurypharyngidae
 * Evermannellidae
 * Exocoetidae

F

 * Fistulariidae
 * Fundulidae

G

 * Gadidae
 * Galaxiidae
 * Gasteropelecidae
 * Gasterosteidae
 * Gastromyzontidae
 * Gempylidae
 * Geotriidae
 * Gerreidae
 * Gibberichthyidae
 * Gigantactinidae
 * Giganturidae
 * Ginglymostomatidae
 * Glaucosomatidae
 * Gnathanacanthidae
 * Gobiesocidae
 * Gobiidae
 * Gonorynchidae
 * Gonostomatidae
 * Goodeidae
 * Grammatidae
 * Grammicolepididae
 * Gymnarchidae
 * Gymnotidae
 * Gymnuridae
 * Gyrinocheilidae

H

 * Haemulidae
 * Halosauridae
 * Harpagiferidae
 * Helogeneidae
 * Helostomatidae
 * Hemigaleidae
 * Hemiodontidae
 * Hemiramphidae
 * Hemiscylliidae
 * Hemitripteridae
 * Hepsetidae
 * Heptapteridae
 * Heterenchelyidae
 * Heterodontidae
 * Heteropneustidae
 * Hexagrammidae
 * Hexanchidae
 * Hexatrygonidae
 * Himantolophidae
 * Hiodontidae
 * Hispidoberycidae
 * Holocentridae
 * Hoplichthyidae
 * Hypopomidae
 * Hypoptychidae

I

 * Icosteidae
 * Ictaluridae
 * Indostomidae
 * Inermiidae
 * Ipnopidae
 * Istiophoridae

K

 * Kneriidae
 * Kraemeriidae
 * Kuhliidae
 * Kurtidae
 * Kyphosidae

L
La-Li - Lo-Lu

La-Li

 * Labridae
 * Labrisomidae
 * Lactariidae
 * Lamnidae
 * Lampridae
 * Latimeriidae
 * Latridae
 * Lebiasinidae
 * Leiognathidae
 * Lepidogalaxiidae
 * Lepidosirenidae
 * Lepisosteidae
 * Leptobramidae
 * Leptochariidae
 * Leptochilichthyidae
 * Leptoscopidae
 * Lethrinidae
 * Linophrynidae
 * Liparidae

Lo-Lu

 * Lobotidae
 * Lophichthyidae
 * Lophiidae
 * Lophotidae
 * Loricariidae
 * Lotidae
 * Luciocephalidae
 * Lutjanidae
 * Luvaridae

M
Ma-Mi - Mo-My

Ma-Mi

 * Macrouridae
 * Malacanthidae
 * Malapteruridae
 * Mastacembelidae
 * Megachasmidae
 * Megalomycteridae
 * Megalopidae
 * Melamphaidae
 * Melanocetidae
 * Melanonidae
 * Melanotaeniidae
 * Menidae
 * Merlucciidae
 * Microdesmidae
 * Microstomatidae
 * Mirapinnidae
 * Mitsukurinidae

Mo-My

 * Mochokidae
 * Molidae
 * Monacanthidae
 * Monocentridae
 * Monodactylidae
 * Monognathidae
 * Moridae
 * Moringuidae
 * Mormyridae
 * Moronidae
 * Mugilidae
 * Mullidae
 * Muraenesocidae
 * Muraenidae
 * Muraenolepididae
 * Myctophidae
 * Myliobatidae
 * Myrocongridae
 * Myxinidae

N

 * Nandidae
 * Narcinidae
 * Nematistiidae
 * Nematogenyidae
 * Nemichthyidae
 * Nemipteridae
 * Neoceratiidae
 * Neoscopelidae
 * Neosebastidae
 * Nettastomatidae
 * Nomeidae
 * Normanichthyidae
 * Notacanthidae
 * Notocheiridae
 * Notograptidae
 * Notopteridae
 * Notosudidae
 * Nototheniidae

O

 * Odacidae
 * Odontaspididae
 * Odontobutidae
 * Ogcocephalidae
 * Olyridae
 * Omosudidae
 * Oneirodidae
 * Ophichthidae
 * Ophidiidae
 * Opisthoproctidae
 * Opistognathidae
 * Oplegnathidae
 * Orectolobidae
 * Oreosomatidae
 * Osmeridae
 * Osphronemidae
 * Osteoglossidae
 * Ostraciidae
 * Ostracoberycidae
 * Oxynotidae

P
Pa-Pe - Ph-Pl - Po-Pr - Ps-Pt

Pa-Pe

 * Pangasiidae
 * Pantodontidae
 * Parabembridae
 * Parabrotulidae
 * Parakysidae moved to Akysidae
 * Paralepididae
 * Paralichthyidae
 * Parascorpididae
 * Parascylliidae
 * Paraulopidae
 * Parazenidae
 * Parodontidae
 * Pataecidae
 * Pegasidae
 * Pempheridae
 * Pentacerotidae
 * Percichthyidae
 * Percidae
 * Perciliidae
 * Percophidae
 * Percopsidae
 * Peristediidae
 * Petromyzontidae

Ph-Pl

 * Phallostethidae
 * Pholidae
 * Pholidichthyidae
 * Phosichthyidae
 * Phractolaemidae
 * Phycidae
 * Pimelodidae
 * Pinguipedidae
 * Platycephalidae
 * Platytroctidae
 * Plecoglossidae
 * Plectrogenidae
 * Plesiobatidae
 * Plesiopidae
 * Pleuronectidae
 * Plotosidae

Po-Pr

 * Poeciliidae
 * Polycentridae
 * Polymixiidae
 * Polynemidae
 * Polyodontidae
 * Polyprionidae
 * Polypteridae
 * Pomacanthidae
 * Pomacentridae
 * Pomatomidae
 * Potamotrygonidae
 * Priacanthidae
 * Pristidae
 * Pristiophoridae
 * Prochilodontidae
 * Profundulidae
 * Proscylliidae
 * Protopteridae

Ps-Pt

 * Psettodidae
 * Pseudaphritidae
 * Pseudocarchariidae
 * Pseudochromidae
 * Pseudomugilidae
 * Pseudopimelodidae
 * Pseudotriakidae
 * Pseudotrichonotidae
 * Psilorhynchidae
 * Psychrolutidae
 * Ptereleotridae
 * Ptilichthyidae

R

 * Rachycentridae
 * Radiicephalidae
 * Rajidae
 * Regalecidae
 * Retropinnidae
 * Rhamphichthyidae
 * Rhamphocottidae
 * Rhincodontidae
 * Rhinobatidae
 * Rhinochimaeridae
 * Rhyacichthyidae
 * Rivulidae
 * Rondeletiidae

S
Sa-Sc - Se-St - Su-Sy

Sa-Sc

 * Saccopharyngidae
 * Salangidae
 * Salmonidae
 * Samaridae
 * Scaridae
 * Scatophagidae
 * Schilbeidae
 * Schindleriidae
 * Sciaenidae
 * Scoloplacidae
 * Scomberesocidae
 * Scombridae
 * Scombrolabracidae
 * Scombropidae
 * Scopelarchidae
 * Scophthalmidae
 * Scorpaenidae
 * Scyliorhinidae
 * Scytalinidae

Se-St

 * Sebastidae
 * Serranidae
 * Serrasalmidae
 * Serrivomeridae
 * Setarchidae
 * Siganidae
 * Sillaginidae
 * Siluridae
 * Sisoridae
 * Soleidae
 * Solenostomidae
 * Sparidae
 * Sphyraenidae
 * Sphyrnidae
 * Squalidae
 * Squatinidae
 * Stegostomatidae
 * Stephanoberycidae
 * Sternoptychidae
 * Sternopygidae
 * Stichaeidae
 * Stomiidae
 * Stromateidae
 * Stylephoridae

Su-Sy

 * Sundasalangidae
 * Symphysanodontidae
 * Synanceiidae
 * Synaphobranchidae
 * Synbranchidae
 * Syngnathidae
 * Synodontidae

T

 * Telmatherinidae
 * Terapontidae
 * Tetrabrachiidae
 * Tetragonuridae
 * Tetraodontidae
 * Tetrarogidae
 * Thaumatichthyidae
 * Torpedinidae
 * Toxotidae
 * Trachichthyidae
 * Trachinidae
 * Trachipteridae
 * Triacanthidae
 * Triacanthodidae
 * Triakidae
 * Trichiuridae
 * Trichodontidae
 * Trichomycteridae
 * Trichonotidae
 * Triglidae
 * Triodontidae
 * Tripterygiidae

U

 * Umbridae
 * Uranoscopidae
 * Urolophidae

V

 * Valenciidae
 * Veliferidae

X

 * Xenisthmidae
 * Xiphiidae

Z

 * Zanclidae
 * Zaniolepididae
 * Zaproridae
 * Zeidae
 * Zenionidae
 * Zoarcidae

title: List of fish families


text:
Henry Spira

Henry Spira (19 June 1927 – 12 September 1998) was an American activist for socialism and animal rights, who is regarded by some as one of the most effective animal advocates of the 20th century.

Working with Animal Rights International, a group he founded in 1974, Spira is particularly remembered for his successful campaign in 1976 against animal testing at the American Museum of Natural History, where cats were being experimented on for sex research, and for his full-page advertisement in 1980 in The New York Times that featured a rabbit with sticking plaster over the eyes, and the caption, "How many rabbits does Revlon blind for beauty's sake?"

Early life
Spira was born in Antwerp, Belgium, to Maurice Spira and Margit Spitzer Spira. Maurice and his father had worked in the diamond trade; his mother's father, in Hungary, had risen to become chief rabbi of Hamburg. The family was comfortable financially; Henry had a nanny and was educated at a French-speaking lycée. When he was 10, his father went to Panama, and the rest of the family moved to Germany to live with Margit's family. Spira joined a Jewish youth group and began to learn Hebrew.

His father sent for them in 1938; he had opened a store selling cheap clothes and jewellery, mostly to sailors, and Germany was an increasingly unsafe place for Jews. Henry was sent to a Roman Catholic school run by nuns, where lessons were conducted in Spanish, until his father ran out of money and could no longer afford the fees. He spent the next year working in his father's store.

New York and Hashomer Hatzair
When he was thirteen, in December 1940, the family set sail for New York via Havana on the SS Copiapo. His father worked in the diamond industry there, and they rented an apartment on West 104th Street. Henry was sent to public school. He continued to study Hebrew – paying for lessons himself with vacation jobs – had his Bar Mitzvah ceremony, and wore a kippah.

In 1943, while at Stuyvesant High School, he became involved with Hashomer Hatzair, a left-wing, non-religious, Zionist group that helped to prepare young Jews to live on kibbutzim in Palestine. There were summer camps, where they hiked, were taught how to farm, and learned about gender equality. Australian philosopher Peter Singer writes that the anti-materialism and independence of mind that Spira learned from his time with Hashomer Hatzair – where he went by his Hebrew name, Noah – stayed with him for the rest of his life. Spira decided to leave home when he was sixteen, taking lodgings and an afternoon job in a machine shop, and attending school in the mornings.

Merchant navy and army life
In 1944, Spira became a supporter of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). He and fellow activist John Black recruited New York City high school students to the SWP. He became a merchant seaman in 1945, joining other Trotskyists who were active in the National Maritime Union (NMU). When communist and left-leaning union members and leaders were purged from the NMU during the McCarthy era, he was blacklisted as a security risk; in March 1952, he was told that his presence on an American merchant vessel was "inimical to the security of the U.S. government." He later told Peter Singer, "I just figured it was part of the game: Fight the system and they get even with you."

He was drafted into the U.S. Army, serving in Berlin from 1953 to 1954, where he was assigned to speak to several hundred troops each week about news and current affairs. After two years in the Army, he worked at the General Motors (GM) factory in Linden, New Jersey on the assembly line. While working at GM, Spira said that he observed the power that individuals could exercise when they acted independently of an organization.

Journalism and human rights activism
During the 1950s and 1960s, Spira wrote for the SWP's newspaper, The Militant, and other leftist and alternative publications, often under the name Henry Gitano. He covered a United Auto Workers strike in New Castle, Indiana, during 1955, in which striking workers were injured and martial law was declared. He also wrote extensively about the civil rights movement in Montgomery, Alabama, and Tallahassee, Florida, in 1956, during the bus boycott; and about the larger fight against segregation and for voting rights through the 1960s. He was known for talking directly to people involved in struggles and relaying their stories, and for building bridges between the labor and civil rights movements.

Between 1958 and 1959, The Militant published a series of articles he wrote about the FBI abuses of power under the leadership of J. Edgar Hoover. Singer suggests that the broader impact of the series beyond the narrow readership of the socialist newspaper taught Spira a lesson: that "careful research can often turn up internal contradictions in what a large organization says and does."

Spira traveled to Cuba in 1958 shortly after Fidel Castro and his followers ousted Fulgencio Batista, writing about the changes he was witnessing, which "reflected the exhilarating early days of the revolution, before American hostility had pushed Castro into the arms of the Soviet Union and led him to repress opposition." Spira was the first American journalist to travel to Cuba and interview Castro after the revolution. His writing led the SWP and other leftists to form the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, which worked to inform Americans about Cuba and prevent a U.S. invasion. Two weeks before the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Spira warned of preparations involving CIA coordination with Cuban exiles." Spira was also involved in the Committee for NMU Democracy in the early 1960s, during a time when dissidents faced beatings and threats of violence by supporters of union president Joseph Curran. Spira wrote exposés of the ways in which Curran was "ripping off" union members, inspiring dissidents and rank-and-file workers within the NMU and in other trade unions."

In 1958, he graduated as a mature student from Brooklyn College in New York, and in 1966 began teaching English literature in a Manhattan public high school.

Animal rights activism

Spira told The New York Times that he first became interested in animal rights in 1973 while looking after Nina, a friend's cat: "I began to wonder about the appropriateness of cuddling one animal while sticking a knife and fork into another."

Around the same time, he read a column by Irwin Silber in The Guardian, a left-wing newspaper in New York (now closed) about an article on 5 April 1973 by the Australian philosopher Peter Singer in The New York Review of Books. Singer's article was a review of Animals, Men and Morals (1971) by three Oxford philosophers, John Harris and Roslind and Stanley Godlovitch. Singer declared the book a manifesto for "animal liberation," thereby coining the phrase.

Spira got hold of Singer's article and felt inspired: "Singer described a universe of more than 4 billion animals being killed each year in the USA alone. Their suffering is intense, widespread, expanding, systematic and socially sanctioned. And the victims are unable to organize in defence of their own interests. I felt that animal liberation was the logical extension of what my life was all about – identifying with the powerless and the vulnerable, the victims, dominated and oppressed."

In 1974, he founded Animal Rights International (ARI) in an effort to put pressure on companies that used animals. He is credited with the idea of "reintegrative shaming", which involves encouraging opponents to change by working with them – often privately – rather than by vilifying them in public. Sociologist Lyle Munro writes that Spira went to great lengths to avoid using publicity to shame companies, using it only as a last resort.

In 1976, he led the ARI's campaign against vivisection on cats that the American Museum of Natural History had been conducting for 20 years, intended to research the impact of certain types of mutilation on the sex lives of cats. The museum halted the research in 1977, and Spira's campaign was hailed as the first ever to succeed in stopping animal experiments.

Another well-known campaign targeted cosmetics giant Revlon's use of the Draize test, which involves dripping substances into animals' eyes, usually rabbits, to determine whether they are toxic. On 15 April 1980, Spira and the ARI took out a full-page ad in the New York Times, with the header, How many rabbits does Revlon blind for beauty's sake? Within a year, Revlon had donated $750,000 to a fund to investigate alternatives to animal testing, followed by substantial donations from Avon, Bristol Meyers, Estée Lauder, Max Factor, Chanel, and Mary Kay Cosmetics, donations that led to the creation of the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing.

Other campaigns targeted the face branding of cattle, the poultry industry, and fast food giant KFC, with an ad that combined a KFC bucket and a toilet. Spira took a photograph of a primate who had been imprisoned for months in a Bethesda Naval Hospital chair to the Black Star Wire Service, which sent the picture around the world. It was shown to Indira Gandhi, India's PM, who cancelled monkey exports to the United States, because the photograph suggested the U.S. Navy was violating a treaty with India that forbade military research on animals.

Nevertheless, Spira was an advocate of gradual change, negotiating with McDonald's, for example, for better conditions in the slaughterhouses of its suppliers. He proved especially adept at leveraging the power of the larger animal welfare organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States, to advance his campaigns.

In 1982, he quit teaching to become a full-time animal rights activist.

Death
Spira died of esophageal cancer in 1998, at the age of 71.

title: Henry Spira


text:
Captain Jack's Stronghold

Captain Jack's Stronghold was a holdout of the Modoc people that is located between Tulelake and Canby, California. The stronghold, which is now part of Lava Beds National Monument, is named for Native American chief Kintpuash who was also known as Captain Jack. During the Modoc War in 1873, Captain Jack along with 53 Modoc warriors, and numerous women and children in a band of 160, managed to hold out against the United States Army which outnumbered them by as much as 10 to 1 for several months.

The Modoc retreated to this area because it was part of their traditional territory where they had hunted and lived before the start of the California genocide, when agents of the United States government assisted by private citizens began the systematic killing of thousands of indigenous peoples of California in the mid 19th century. Many of the brutal acts carried out against native populations were encouraged, tolerated, and perpetuated by state authorities and militias.

History
After the Battle of Lost River in November 1872, Captain Jack's band settled into the area around stronghold for several months. The Modoc used the lava beds as a defensive stronghold because of the rough terrain, rocks that could be used in fortification, and irregular pathways to evade pursuers.

On January 17, 1873 a combined U.S. Army command of 225 soldiers supported by 104 Oregon and California volunteers were defeated by 51 Modoc warriors at the First Battle of the Stronghold. A total of 35 Whites were killed and many wounded while the Modoc suffered no deaths or serious injuries. The Second Battle of the Stronghold took place on April 15–17. After getting additional reinforcements, the US force captured the stronghold's spring as well as cutting off access to Tule Lake. The attack resulted in the death of one officer and six enlisted men while thirteen soldiers were wounded. Reportedly the only Modoc casualty was a boy who was killed when a cannonball he tried to open with an axe, exploded and several Modoc women who died from sickness. After being cut off from their only water sources, the Modoc escaped on April 17. They used a crevice that had been left unguarded while US troops were moved from one position to another in preparation for the final assault on the stronghold. Over the next few weeks, most of the band were caught. The last group, which was made up of Captain Jack, John Schonchin, Black Jim, and Boston Charley, were finally captured on June 1, 1873. After being convicted of murdering General Edward Canby and Reverend Eleazer Thomas at a peace parley in April 1873, Captain Jack and the three others were hanged on October 3, 1873, at Fort Klamath. Canby would be the only US general to be killed in the Indian Wars.

Historic site
On June 1. 1932, Captain Jack's Stronghold was designated "California Historical Landmark #9".

title: Captain Jack's Stronghold


text:
Stations around Shepherd's Bush

Shepherd's Bush is an area of west London, England, which has been served by a number of London Underground and commuter rail stations over the past 150 years, many of which have had similar names. The names Shepherd's Bush, Wood Lane and White City have each been used by several separate stations around the Shepherd's Bush district, following a number of station renamings and closures.

Former stations
The first Shepherd's Bush station was opened in 1864 by the Metropolitan Railway and Great Western Railway (GWR) on the Hammersmith & City Railway (now part of the Hammersmith & City line), adjacent to Shepherd's Bush Market. It was closed in 1914 and replaced by two new stations: one to the north, also called Shepherd's Bush (now named Shepherd's Bush Market), and one to the south named.

A station called opened on the West London Railway in 1869. This was on the GWR Middle Circle route that ran from Paddington through Shepherd's Bush to. In about 1905 this route became a branch of the Metropolitan Railway, terminating at Kensington (Addison Road) (now Kensington Olympia). It was also served by London & North Western Railway Outer Circle trains from Broad Street to Mansion House, but by 1914 this became an Earl's Court to Willesden Junction shuttle. Uxbridge Road station was located at the eastern end of Shepherd's Bush Green, close to the start of Holland Park Avenue. It closed in 1940.

The London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) opened its Shepherd's Bush station in 1869 on a loop line that connected the West London Line to the Hammersmith & City line and the L&SWR's tracks to (now the District line). The station was located on the west side of Shepherd's Bush Road (A219) at the junction with Sulgrave Road. It closed in 1916.

The Central London Railway (CLR) opened its subterranean Shepherd's Bush station in 1900, with its entrance overlooking Shepherd's Bush Green, next to the MR's Uxbridge Road station.

The Franco-British Exhibition and the 1908 Summer Olympics brought about the development of the exhibition and events area known as the White City, and two new Underground stations opened to serve these major international events, both named Wood Lane: the CLR Wood Lane station was a sub-surface station located on the eponymous lane, while the Wood Lane Metropolitan station was situated on a viaduct on its Hammersmith branch nearby. The CLR station closed in 1947 and lay derelict until 2008 when it was demolished to make way for the White City bus station. The Metropolitan station was renamed White City in 1947 and finally closed in 1959.

Current stations
In 2008 the arrangement of Shepherd's Bush stations changed when two new stations were opened, Shepherd's Bush on the West London Line (close to the location of the former Uxbridge Road Metropolitan line station) and station on the Hammersmith & City line (situated near the former Wood Lane/White City Metropolitan line station). Today, two stations bear the name Shepherd's Bush: station, on the Central line, and the West London Line Shepherd's Bush station. The two present-day Shepherd's Bush stations are in close proximity and form an interchange between London Underground and National Rail.

With the addition of another station bearing the name Shepherd's Bush, it was decided to rename the Shepherd's Bush station on the Hammersmith & City line (the old 1914 Metropolitan line Shepherd's Bush station) to Shepherd's Bush Market to avoid confusion with the Overground and Central line stations.

None of the 1908 White City exhibition stations now survive and all the stations in the Wood Lane area are newer constructions: the present Central line White City Underground station (opened in 1947 to replace the former Wood Lane station) and the 2008 Wood Lane Hammersmith & City line station.

title: Stations around Shepherd's Bush