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Talk:Kangxi Emperor

Early comments
Dates of reign do not math those of the Qing Dynasty article. olivier 11:48, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Even dates in the same article don't match up. When did the reign start?  1661 or 1662? – Robocoder ( t|c ) 18:21, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Abstrakt has explained to me that era years span the lunar year. Thanks. – Robocoder ( t|c ) 21:13, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

He wan't the second emperor. The Qing Dynasty was declared in Mukden in 1636. In 1644 Fulin re-declared the establishment of the dynasty, but it was just the pronouncement of taking over China from the Ming Dynasty. And Nurhaci was the virtual founder of the dynasty. So the Kangxi Emperor is counted as the fourth. – Nanshu 01:57, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I am afraid you are wrong here, Nanshu. In 1644 Shunzhi's regents including Dorgon and others had officially declared the Existense of the Great Qing Empire with jurisdiction across China, thus declaring Shunzhi the First Emperor of the actual Dynasty. Previous emperors (Nurhaci and Hong Taiji) were not usually referred to as Qing Empire Emperors but instead "The Manchuo Emperor", hence they are only counted as the founders of the dynastic line of rulers but not Emperors of the Qing Empire itself. Colipon 22:19, 16 Aug 2003 (UTC)

What do you mean by "actual Dynasty"? The Qing Dynasty was NOT just a Chinese empire, but a pluralistic empire. Again, the Qing Dynasty was established outside China (the Great Wall) in 1636 by recommendation of the Manchus, Mongols and Chinese. The reason of the declaration was that the son of Lingdan Khan, last grand-Khan of the Mongols, dedicated to Hong Taiji what was said to be the seal of the Yuan Emperors. This meant the succession of the Yuan Dynasty. So Hong Taiji became Emperor, changed the dynasty's name to Daicing, named himself "gosin onco hūwaliyasun enduringge han" in Manchu, "Aɤuda örüsiyegči nayiramdaɤu boɤda qaɤan" in Mongolian, and 寬恩仁聖皇帝 in Chinese, and made the era name "wesihun erdemungge" in Manchu, "Degedü Erdemtü" in Mongolian, and 崇德 in Chinese (I forget Mongolian counterparts). Thus, the declaration in 1644 merely meant the succession of China, one of the empire's subject territories, from the Ming Dynasty. – Nanshu 00:56, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC) – modified Nanshu 06:58, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hmmm... makes me wonder. But I have learned from many publications and internet articles that state Kangxi is the second empeoror of the Dynasty, and not one say he is the fourth. Although there is no doubt that Kangxi is the fourth in the line of succession of rulers. Maybe I should do a bit more researching and I trust my own knowledge too much. – Colipon 20:43, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Missing in the article is his relation with Christian missionaries in China. -wshun 03:38, 19 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * I corrected that. NickDupree (talk) 19:03, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Uh... didn't Kangxi have 4 Empresses during his lifetime? Colipon 04:52, 27 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Improvement
This article desperately needs some improvement. Missing are the details on the struggle for power with Oboi and Banburshan, revolt of the three feudatories and retaking Taiwan. [[User:Colipon|Colipon – (Talk)]] 16:47, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I added details of the 1717 Dsungar invasion. Zagrebmukerjee, 11:46, 5 June 2005

 * Can somebody please change the chinese characters to simplified chinese and not traditional?

Ethnicity of Kangxi's mother
Some Chinese claim that the Kangxi Emperor's mother was Chinese. Her family was considerably sinicized when it pledged allegiance to Nurhaci, yet it was of Jurchen origin. According to Jakūn gūsai Manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe/Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu 八旗滿洲氏族通譜, it was descended from Darhan Tumet, who is identified as Tong Dalahao 佟答刺哈 in Chinese sources. Some of his descandants lived in Kaiyuan and then Fushun. In 1619 when Nurhaci conquered Fushun, Tung Yang Jeng (佟養正) and his relative Tung Yang Sing (佟養性) were submitted. Tung Tulai was Tung Yang Jeng's second son and the father of the empress. See Volume 20: Tunggiya ba-i Tunggiya/佟佳地方佟佳氏.

I don't know which came first Tong or Tunggiya, but it is an indisputable fact that Tunggiya was a major Manchu clan that prospered in various places of Manchuria, mainly in Maca. Also, Ming Chinese believed the Tong clan was Jurchen. In 1627 a man named Tong Bunian (佟卜年), who lived in Liaoyang, was executed by Chinese on suspicion of kinship with Nurhaci and Tung Yang Sing. – Nanshu 06:58, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Now, that's a very interesting comment. The only thing I would ask is this: are you really sure of your sources? A lot of wrong things are being written about these subjects, including in serious Chinese sources, so I tend to be very suspicious about anything related to Manchu subjects. Only a handful of people are really knowledgeable about Manchu language and history in the world, so it's easy to make mistakes or misunderstandings. If you are are absolutely sure of your sources, then I understand that the original clan name of Kangxi's maternal family was Tumet, which was later sinicized into Tong (佟), and then again later "re-manchufied" into Tunggiya. For the records, Manchu clan names ending in -giya are always "manchufied" versions of Chinese family names, and the practice started precisely with the mother of Kangxi. I found that information in many serious Chinese sources. Now, it is possible that the Chinese family name Tong itself was Manchu in the first place, if your sources are right, which makes the matter very complex indeed, and is another proof of the interpenetration between Chinese and Manchu elites, far away from the simplistic idea of a completely foreign people invading and conquering China. So if you're certain about it, I suggest you write in the article the evolution from Tumet to Tong to Tunggiya. Don't forget to correct the Shunzhi article too. Hardouin 13:49, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I understand your concerns. Actually, Jakūn gūsai Manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe was compiled as late as the Yongzheng period. And unlike, say, Tang-dynasty records, we can access very early Manchu documents and later ones so that we can analyze how they rewrote history. But forerunners have already compared the book with Ming-dynasty archives and determined that the description on the Tunggiya clan was reliable. The following is based on a paper by Mitamura Taisuke. See: Mitamura Taisuke 三田村泰助, Shinchō zenshi no kenkyū 清朝前史の研究, 1965. He discussed this topic at Chapters One and Two.

 * According to the book, the Tunggiya clan distributed or originally lived at the following regions: Maca, Yargu, Giyaha and Tunggiya. They formed the same mukūn. Among the clan members, we can find notable figures who were "undoubtedly" Jurchen/Manchu. Baduri of the Maca branch was onf of ten jarguci (judge) of Nurhaci. Hūlahū of the Yargu branch followed Nurhaci from the very early stage and his son Kūrgan (= Darhan hiya) was adopted by Nurhaci. However, it seems that this major clan was not considered to be a honorable family by the Manchus. So Tung Tulai would have had little incentive to assosiate purposely the Tung family to this clan.

 * It is clear that Tung Yang Jeng and his relatives had used the family name Tung before Nurhaci rose into power. So how far can we trace back the Tung/Tunggiya clan? The only complete genealogy Jakūn gūsai Manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe records is of the Maca branch. Its ultimate ancestor was Bahū Teksin and he was the common ancestor of the whole clan. Bahū Teksin had seven sons: Tun Tumet, Dargan Tumet, Yan Tumet, Yangguri Tumet, Tan Tumet, Eheli Tumet and Gargan Tumet (Note that Tumet are part of their given names). The Maca branch was descendants of Eheli Tumet and Dargan (Darhan) Tumet was the ancestor of the Tunggiya branch. As I said above, Darhan Tumet was identified as 佟答刺哈 by Naito Konan. And what is more, 佟答刺哈 can be found at the section of 佟國臣 of 三萬衛選薄. It says, "佟國臣 is Jurchen. According to it, his ancestor (始祖) 滿只 submitted (to the Ming) at the sixteenth year of Hongwu (1383), and (高祖) 答刺哈 joined the Ming military at the last year of Hongwu." In addition, 國臣's son 應詔 was at the ninth age in 1600. 應詔 and Baduri's father shared the generation. We can conclude that the ancestor of the Tunggiya clan really existed and that the surname Tung was used from the early Ming period.

 * Now I support the theory that Tunggiya originated in the Chinese surname Tong too. But I don't know why you think "the practice started precisely with the mother of Kangxi." Actually, the practice can date back to the Jurchen Jin Dynasty. 金史/金國語解/姓氏 says "完顏，漢姓曰王" and "古里甲曰汪". the surname 括兒牙 (kor-ya) appears at Joseon's 御龍飛天歌. 完顏 corresponds to the Manchu clan name wanggiya and 古里甲=括兒牙 to Gūwalgiya. Thus 完顏 = 王家. The meaning of *kor is not clear but Mitamura guesses that it means gate or house in Jurchen. So it is possible that the clan name Tunggiya was domestically used from very remote times. – Nanshu 07:50, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * What a perplexing discussion. There are recorded facts that make this all clear. Tong （仝，童， 佟） does not have anything to do with Tumet. It was used by affiliates of the Jurchen Gioro lineage in Chinese-speaking areas since the time of Tao Zongyi's Zhogeng lu, where it is recorded. It was used by both Nurgaci and Surgaci, and probably by Mengke Temur. It is not originally a Chinese name. The Tonggiya valley took its name from the Gioro settlements in the times of Fanca, and, yes, Tonggiya is Chinese – 佟家， the settlement of the Tongs (who were Jurchen). It was also not a lineage name, but a marker of political affiliation (which partly coincided with lineage affiliations). I have written this all out twice, once in an article in 1983 and again in A Translucent Mirror, which Nanshu has evidently read. There are some old disproved ideas about this, but these facts are not currently in dispute among those who have researched it. I would like to be able to direct my students to Wikipedia, but if you can't get this right (and a lot of other stuff appearing in WP regarding the Qing), I won't be able to. I mean, you have a page on Xiao Kang Zhang that says she was "Han Chinese"! Researchers have not thought that for thirty years. – pkcrossley 18:27, 28 Jul 2010 (UTC)

Sacred Edict
Could something be added on the [http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/mon/kang-hi.htm Sacred Edict? Filiocht 09:45, Jan 28, 2005 (UTC)

Age of succession
The english part says that kangxi become emperor at the age of 7, but some other languages says 8.

 * That's probably because the old Chinese way of telling age (虚岁) is one year difference than the typical western way of telling age. The old way makes the child one at the moment of birth. Colipon+(T) 17:29, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Kangxi was born Xuanye

How can he be 8 in February 1661 if he was born in May 1654? That makes him either 6 or 7, depending on the system. Yeah987654321, 18:33, 14 December 2008

No. Born in May 1654, in Febrauary 1661 (3-3o of the First Chinese Month) he is 8 by the Chinese way. When he was born, he was 1; a new year come, he grow one older; therefore in 1661, he is 1661-1654+1=8. In Chinese sytem, if a child born in the last day of a year, in the next day he is age 2.--刻意(Kèyì) 01:57, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Posthumous name
Can someone please mark the tones on the transcription of his posthumous name? – Blackfield 22:39, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Kangxi fourth emperor
I changed Kangxi from being third emperor to fourth of the Qing, as there were three emperors before him (Nurhachi, Hung Taiji, and Shunzhi). The reason I write this comment is because I am recently learning about the Qing Dynasty, and do not know if there is perhaps a technicality that might make this emperor in fact, the third of the Qing Dynasty. If there is such a technicality, it would be interesting to add it in the information if someone could. One more thing, I just remembered that it was actually Hung Taiji who renamed the Dynasty from Jin to Qing, so he could be third emperor. However, in history, Nurhachi is usually referred to as the first Qing emperor since the reason why Hung Taiji changed the name was just to avoid internal disputes, which is written in the wiki of Hung Taiji. I believe he should be named fourth emperor as nothing really changed but the name when Hung Taiji was in power. Feel free to change if you would like to however.

Vandalized
This page has been vandalized. Just letting everyone know.

Contradiction
Actually two contradictions. One is minor, the other is not. Between ". In 1690, the Dzungar and the Manchu Empire clashed at the battle of Ulaan Butun in Inner Mongolia, during which the Qing army was severely mauled by Galdan." and (from the article about Galdan) "The Qing deceived him to arrive near Beijing saying that they needed a treaty, but ambushed him at Ulaan Budan, where Galdan's troops were seriously defeated by the Khalkha troops supported by the Qing army". Avihu (talk) 18:01, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Major restructuring and questions
I have restructured this article and improved the wording in a lot of places. I hope I haven't lost any facts or misconstrued anything that I found ambiguous.

Some questions: AWhiteC (talk) 16:22, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Why was this emperor born on two dates (4 May 1654 in intro, 12 May 1654 in Kangxi Emperor)? I would have thought this was difficult even for an emperor to do!
 * What are references "Mantienne", "Manteigne" and "Les Missions Etrangeres"? They are mentioned in Kangxi Emperor but not given in full anywhere.
 * Should this article now be rated as B-Class on the project's quality scale? (See top of this page.)
 * Why is this article marked "contains original research"? Is it because of the section on Kangxi Emperor?
 * The section on Kangxi Emperor is too long for this article. Could it go in a (new?) subsidiary article? It overlaps a lot of detail on the same subject in Yongzheng Emperor.

 * I have subsequently added a section called 'Personality and achievements' using material out of S. E. Finer's History of government. AWhiteC (talk) 00:38, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

What's happening with the referencing system? Things look a little odd at the moment. There's "notes," which have references in there, then only one "reference," and then only Spence in the sources. Is there an ideal way this should fit together? I will add some info from the Spence text later. – Asdfg12345 22:30, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi. Thanks for the input. As I see it, the notes/references are in transition from notes-only format to notes+references format, if you see what I mean. I admit to being responsible for starting this change. Feel free to either continue the change-over or revert it as you see fit. As for sources; as I understand it, these are works that are not explicitly referenced in the text, so a separate section is needed. Let me know what you think. AWhiteC (talk) 12:19, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

kangxi emperor in popular culture
"prisoner of five boulders" is a feature film based on episodes in the emperor kangxi's life. specifically, it details his (alleged) search for his father. the film was apparently produced in mainland china and features an actor known as "wang ju" as the emperor. an actor called "yang dezhi" also appeared in the film. i'd be interested in getting more information about this picture. (i've seen it, but my copy doesn't include a credit sequence.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.19.236.170 (talk) 13:36, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

Infobox too long
Surely there are far too many "Issue" listed in the infobox? It is pushing all the pictures down on the page. Can the issue not be listed in the text instead? Cannot we have "Issue - See text"? Any other suggestions for shortening the infobox would be welcome. "Creating overly long templates with a number of irrelevant fields is not recommended." (MoS (infoboxes)) AWhiteC (talk) 00:45, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

National treasury
I have reinstated this section because it is important. It may lack citations and have other inadequacies, but surely all that means that it should be provided with citations etc, rather than be deleted altogether. AWhiteC (talk) 22:36, 16 April 2011 (UTC)
 * That's not the only problem. I don't dispute that it's important, nor do I even dispute its factual accuracy. But it needs to be fit into the greater context of the article, cleaned-up, and give its due weight. It's inappropriate to just slap on a section without discussing its relevance in the greater context. The citation is a problem, which merely adds to my case for deleting the section. Colipon+ (Talk) 00:00, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Have renamed and tweaked the section. I don't have a reference for the data, so can't provide a citation. Having renamed the section, it now needs more content; there's more to an economy than the state treasury! AWhiteC (talk) 21:48, 20 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You just changed the title of the section - it's not much of a substantive change and still looks like a slap-on section. If you're going to put something like that on there please explain in at least one paragraph what significance it has and make an effort to tie it to the rest of the article. Otherwise I am sure other editors would concur with me for deleting that section. Colipon+ (Talk) 14:44, 21 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I actually added a citation to the National treasury part. But I don't know whether it will be enough to validate it. Maybe someone can still help us to work on this section.:)--Tiffa966 (talk) 02:49, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Offspring of emperor
I have reverted edits made by Xuansit as they seem wrong. The names of two offspring of the emperor had been changed. The resulting names don't look right as Chinese words, so I am doubtful if this is valid. If you have any comments on this, please put them below. AWhiteC (talk) 17:18, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * They looked just fine as Chinese words to me, and doing a quick look-up over at mandarintools.com shows that "禶" is in fact zan3, and "禕" is yi1. siafu (talk) 18:38, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

Sacred Edicts
Rund Van, Thanks for adding the section "Sacred Edicts of the Kangxi Emperor". Could you please add in some text at the top of that section to explain what it is all about. Also, are you sure it belongs in a separate section? It seems to consist of s list of sources, so perhaps it should go in the "Sources" section? AWhiteC (talk) 18:40, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * They were edicts issued by the Kangxi emperor and later expanded by his son Yongzheng. Nothing to explain further. They aren't used as sources so they shouldn't go into the source section.22:33, 13 February 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rund Van (talk • contribs)

 * I don't get this! It's usual to give information and then provide citations to sources. You seem to have provided citations without the information they relate to. Also, it isn't clear to me why there are seven of them. Sorry to ask questions, but it just seems unusual. In what sense are the edicts considered sacred? AWhiteC (talk) 22:57, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I removed the irrelevant text. Rund Van habitually adds huge amounts of mostly irrelevant content to various articles.  --Zanhe (talk) 04:54, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Kangxi's extermination of the Manchu Hoifan (Hoifa) and Ula tribes after they rebelled against the Qing
Page 36

http://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ&q=N.N.+Krotkov+mentions+in+his+memoirs+that+in+the+thirty+fifth+year+of+the+Emperor+Kangxi's+reign+(1697)+the+Manchu+tribe+Hoifan+(Hoifa)+rebelled+against+the+Qing+authorities+and+was+exterminated+by+the+regular+forces,+and+in+the+forty-first+year+of+the+Emperor+Kangxi's+rule+(1703)+the+Manchu+tribe+Ula+ceased+to+exist+(Krotkov+,+191+1-1912:1+17-37).+The+rebellions+of+the+tribes+Hoifan+and+Ula+took+place+at+the+time+when+the+Sibe's+resettlement+had+been+proceeding,+and+the+coincidence&dq=N.N.+Krotkov+mentions+in+his+memoirs+that+in+the+thirty+fifth+year+of+the+Emperor+Kangxi's+reign+(1697)+the+Manchu+tribe+Hoifan+(Hoifa)+rebelled+against+the+Qing+authorities+and+was+exterminated+by+the+regular+forces,+and+in+the+forty-first+year+of+the+Emperor+Kangxi's+rule+(1703)+the+Manchu+tribe+Ula+ceased+to+exist+(Krotkov+,+191+1-1912:1+17-37).+The+rebellions+of+the+tribes+Hoifan+and+Ula+took+place+at+the+time+when+the+Sibe's+resettlement+had+been+proceeding,+and+the+coincidence&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dlpoU_3EG-7isATt24EY&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA

http://books.google.com/books?ei=dlpoU_3EG-7isATt24EY&id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ&dq=N.N.+Krotkov+mentions+in+his+memoirs+that+in+the+thirty+fifth+year+of+the+Emperor+Kangxi%27s+reign+%281697%29+the+Manchu+tribe+Hoifan+%28Hoifa%29+rebelled+against+the+Qing+authorities+and+was+exterminated+by+the+regular+forces%2C+and+in+the+forty-first+year+of+the+Emperor+Kangxi%27s+rule+%281703%29+the+Manchu+tribe+Ula+ceased+to+exist+%28Krotkov+%2C+191+1-1912%3A1+17-37%29.+The+rebellions+of+the+tribes+Hoifan+and+Ula+took+place+at+the+time+when+the+Sibe%27s+resettlement+had+been+proceeding%2C+and+the+coincidence&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=ceased+exist+rebellions

Title	Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar Volume 7 of Handbook of Oriental Studies Volume 7 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic and Central Asian Studies Volume 7 of Handbook of oriental studies : Sect. 8, Central Asia / Handbuch der Orientalistik / 8 Volume 7 of Handbuch der Orientalistik. Achte Abteilung, Handbook of Uralic studies Volume 7 of Handbuch der Orientalistik: Achte Abteilung, Central Asia Handbuch der Orientalistik: Zentralasien Editor	Liliya M. Gorelova Publisher	Brill Academic Pub, 2002 Original from	the University of Virginia Digitized	Oct 17, 2007 ISBN 9004123075, 9789004123076 Length	600 pages Subjects	History › Europe › General

Rajmaan (talk) 03:54, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

China
{{Hidden |header=Show/hide proposed new section on identification of Qing with China |content= https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf

7 8 9 12 14

{{Quote box |quote = The Hongtong River [now called the Songhua River, in northern Manchuria], which flows from the Changbai Mountains,. . . belongs entirely to China (shu Zhongguo). To the northwest of the Yalu River is part of China (shu Zhongguo); the land to the southeast of the Tumen River belongs to China (shu Zhongguo) |source = Kangxi's edict in 1710 on the Qing-Korean border concerning lands in the Manchu homeland, (Jiang Liangqi, 1980: 349). JIANG LIANGQI (1980) Donghua lu (The Donghua annals). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju., translated by Gang Zhao. }}

{{Quote box |quote = The land lying to the south of stony Xing’an Mountain. . . belongs to China (shu Zhongguo). . . . In order to preserve good relations with China (yu Zhongguo hehao) Russia will bring about no new disputes |source = 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, Chinese version. (Da Qing Shengzu Renhuangdi shilu, 1964: 143.16a-16b), Da Qing Shengzu Renhuangdi shilu [The veritable record of the Kangxi emperor] (1964) 6 vols. Taipei: Huawen shuju., translated by Gang Zhao. }}

{{Quote box |quote = The official Songgotu,. . . sent by the order of the great emperor of China to settle the boundary with Russia, met with the Russian missions at Nerchinsk” (Dulim- bai gurun i enduringge huwangdi hesei jecen be toktobume takuraha amban . . . Songgotu . . . Oros gurun i . . . amba elcin . . . Nibcoo bade uhei acafi) |source = 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, Manchu version. (SDRK, 7), Sbornik dogovorov Rossii s Kitaem, 1689-1881 gg. [The collection of Russian diplomatic treaties with China: 1689-1881] (1889) St. Petersburg: Izd. Ministerstva inostrannykh die. }}

{{Quote box |quote = The Western countries all. . . comply with the procedures established by Our Great China |source = Manchu language official correspondence sent to Russia in 1686. (QD, 64), from Gugong bowuyuan Ming Qing dang’an bu [Department of the Ming and Qing Archives in the National Palace Museum] [eds.] (1979a) Qingdai Zhong-E guanxi dang’an shiliao xuanbian (Collected archives on the Chinese relationship with Russia during the Qing dynasty). Bei- jing: Zhonghua shuju. Cited as QD.. }}

{{Quote box |quote = After we report this matter to the emperor of Our Great China, we will return |source = Manchu language official correspondence sent to Russia in 1693. (QD, 144), from Gugong bowuyuan Ming Qing dang’an bu [Department of the Ming and Qing Archives in the National Palace Museum] [eds.] (1979a) Qingdai Zhong-E guanxi dang’an shiliao xuanbian (Collected archives on the Chinese relationship with Russia during the Qing dynasty). Bei- jing: Zhonghua shuju. Cited as QD. }}

{{Quote box |quote = Our China has no such place (wo Zhongguo bing wu ruci difang)....Our China has [similar weapons]” (wo Zhongguo huoyou) |source = Edict by Kangxi to a Qing delegation dispatched to Russia. (Tulisen, 1964: 376). from TULISEN (1964) Yiyulu (A record of foreign regions). Trans. and annotated by Imanishi Shunju. Tenri: Tenri daigaku Oyasato kenkyujo. }}

The Qing Emperors since Shunzhi had identified China and the Qing as the same, and in treaties and diplomatic papers the Qing called itself "China".

Kangxi era Manchu language documents relating to Russian affairs would refer to the Qing Emperor as the wise khan of China "Dulimbai gurun i enduringge han", and the Qing as China (Dulimbai Gurun), the wise emperor of China (Dulimbai gurun i enduringge hūwangdi) was also used to refer to the Qing Emperor.

During Yongzheng and Kangxi's reigns, China (Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu) was used as the name of the Qing state in official Manchu language documents, identifying Qing and China as the same entity, with "Dulimbai Gurun" appearing in 160 official diplomatic papers between Qing and Russia. The term "China" was redefined to be a multi-ethnic entity which non-Han peoples and their lands by Yongzheng and the other Manchu Emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong.

China was referred to as including Outer Mongolia in the text of the 1720s treaties demarcating the Russian-Qing border, signed in the aftermath of Kangxi's absorption ot Outer Mongolia into the Qing after his campaigns against Galdan,

At the Russian-Qing border, the Mongols were referred to as "Chinese people" in both the Chinese and Manchu language versions of the Treaty of Nerchinsk which Kangxi signed with Russia in 1689, Chinese people was rendered as "Dulimbai gurun i niyalma" in Manchu, and "Zhongguo zhi ren" in Chinese, and "Chinese" was also conceived of as multi-ethnic by Kangxi when he said that if China faced a that from the west, the Manchus and Mongols would be "firm" in opposition to the threat.

China and Qing were noticeably and increasingly equated with each other during Qianlong's reign, with Qianlong and the Qing government writing poems and documents using both Zhongguo- the Chinese name for China Dulimbai Gurun- the Manchu name for China. Compared to the rule of previous Qing Emperors like Yongzheng and Kangxi, the use of China to refer to the Qing then increased under Qianlong, when scholars examined documents on Sino-Russian relations.

The term "our China" (wo Zhongguo) was used to stress China's association with themselves by the Qing Emperors, with it being used in Kangxi in 1712, used again in 1729, and used by Qianlong in 1750.

Treaty of Nerchinsk

https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/尼布楚條約_(漢文界碑)

http://zh.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=尼布楚條約_%28漢文界碑%29&variant=zh-hant

Nerchinsk Treaty］ 「...將流入黑龍江之額爾古納河為界. 河之南岸、屬於中國. 河之北岸、屬於鄂羅斯. 」 "Argun river will be set as the border (between the two countries). The land from the south of the river belongs to China; the land from the north of the river belongs to Russia."

「將流入黑龍江之額爾古納河為界，河之南岸屬於中國（Qing），河之北岸屬於鄂羅斯」

Later romantic stories
I took the liberty of cutting:
 * According to some accounts, Shunzhi gave up the throne to Kangxi and became a monk. Several alternative explanations are given for this: one is that it was due to the death of his favorite concubine; another is that he was under the influence of a Buddhist monk. The story goes that Shunzhi did indeed become a monk, but the empress dowager ordered the deletion of the incident from official history records, and replacement with the claim that he died from smallpox.

I couldn't find this material in the source: but someone might be able to cast it in a different form in a new later section. ch (talk) 05:31, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

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Discussion of date of birth at WikiProject China
There is a discussion about the Kangxi Emperor's date of birth which was started at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject China. Please comment there if interested. Adumbrativus (talk) 05:02, 29 July 2021 (UTC)

To add to article
To add to this article: the Kangxi Emperor's cause of death. In the Wikipedia article for the book Treason by the Book, it states that the Kangxi Emperor and his brothers may have been murdered, but this information is not mentioned in the current version of this article. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 05:13, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the suggestion. However, I think the article for Treason by the Book is unclear/incorrect on this detail. I don't have a copy of the book with me, but was able to find an excerpt, which details the accusations as "the emperor [Yongzheng] has murdered several of his brothers, both older and younger; he has plotted against his parents..." The rumors of plotting are already mentioned in this article, so I don't think it needs a change. If anything, the article on the book probably needs editing, but I'm not willing to do it without having a full copy to do a better check. If you have the book and can find a quote for the murder allegation, please let me know.--Shmarrighan (talk) 22:16, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

Attempt to ban foot binding?
The foot binding page refers to an unsuccessful attempt by Kangxi to end foot binding. It would be interesting to see some corroboration on this article. So many different motivations could be behind it. Jyg (talk) 08:10, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Interesting, I found |another article claiming that Kangxi attempted to restore the practice after his Shunshi (sic) predecessor banned it. The Wikipedia article for Shunzhi Emperor says nothing about it, or much about women at all. Jyg (talk) 08:18, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Guidelines for Families
Couldn't Emperor Kangxi's "Guidelines for Families" (《庭訓格言》) count as a cultural achievement? Apisite (talk) 07:36, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kangxi Emperor


text:
Baghdad Battery

The Baghdad Battery is the name given to a set of three artifacts which were found together: a ceramic pot, a tube of copper, and a rod of iron. It was discovered in present-day Khujut Rabu, Iraq in 1936, close to the metropolis of Ctesiphon, the capital of the Parthian (150 BC – 223 AD) and Sasanian (224–650 AD) empires, and it is believed to date from either of these periods.

Its origin and purpose remain unclear. It was hypothesized by Wilhelm König, at the time director of the National Museum of Iraq, that the object functioned as a galvanic cell, possibly used for electroplating, or some kind of electrotherapy, but there is no electroplated object known from this period, and the claims are universally rejected by archaeologists. An alternative explanation is that it functioned as a storage vessel for sacred scrolls.

Ten similar clay vessels had been found earlier. Four were found in 1930 in Seleucia dating to the Sassanid period. Three were sealed with bitumen and contained a bronze cylinder, again sealed, with a pressed-in papyrus wrapper containing decomposed fiber rolls. They had been staked out with up to four metal rods made of bronze and iron sunk into the ground and their cult meaning and use are inferred. Six other clay vessles were found nearby. Some had bronze wrappers with badly decomposed cellulose fibers. Others had iron nails or lead plates.

The artifact disappeared in 2003 during the US-led invasion of Iraq.

Physical description and dating
The artifacts consist of a terracotta pot approximately 140 mm tall, with a 38 mm mouth, containing a cylinder made of a rolled copper sheet, which houses a single iron rod. At the top, the iron rod is isolated from the copper by bitumen, with plugs or stoppers, and both rod and cylinder fit snugly inside the opening of the jar. The copper cylinder is not watertight, so if the jar were filled with a liquid, this would surround the iron rod as well. The artifact had been exposed to the weather and had suffered corrosion.

Austrian archeologist Wilhelm König thought the objects might date to the Parthian period, between 250 BC and AD 224. However, according to St John Simpson of the Near Eastern department of the British Museum, their original excavation and context were not well-recorded, and evidence for this date range is very weak. Furthermore, the style of the pottery is Sasanian (224–640).

Albert Al-Haik noted original reports from the 1936 dig at Khuyut Rabbou'a giving the location as an area northeast of Baghdad, "some two miles off the Baghdad eastern bund." W. B. Hafford gives context to the discovery of the artifacts in his reaction video to Milo Rossi's video on the subject.

Comparable finds
Similar vessels, which can be distinguished primarily by their contents, had previously been found and examined more closely:

Four sealed clay vessels were excavated at Seleucia in 1930 under the archaeological direction of Leroy Waterman, University of Michigan. Three of these finds, dated to the late Sassanid period (5th to 6th centuries AD), were sealed with bitumen. These vessels contained a bronze cylinder, again sealed, with a pressed-in papyrus wrapper. Although writing could not be found on any of these largely decomposed fiber rolls, on the other hand these clay containers had been staked out with up to four metal rods made of bronze and iron sunk into the ground, their cult meaning and use are inferred. The fourth jar, also sealed, contained broken glass.

In 1931, a German-American excavation expedition led by Ernst Kühnel found six more clay vessels in the immediately neighboring Ctesiphon, including three sealed find objects, each with one, three and ten wrapped and sealed bronze rolls. Inside these bronze wraps were already badly decomposed cellulose fibers. Another clay vessel contained three sealed bronze cylinders. In the other two vessels, which were also sealed, there were plates of originally pure lead coated with lead carbonate in a find specimen; in the other ten heavily corroded iron nails, on which traces of a wrapped organic fiber material could be detected. Although a round coil of metal foil and paper is reminiscent of the construction-typical feature of an electrolytic capacitor constructed, for example, with soaked paper, there is no immediately tangible electrophysical functional basis for this or the finds excavated at Seleucia due to the obviously missing counter-electrode.

Theories concerning operation
Its origin and purpose remain unclear. Wilhelm König was an assistant at the Iraq Museum in the 1930s. He had observed a number of very fine silver objects from ancient Iraq, plated with very thin layers of gold, and speculated that they were electroplated. In 1938 he authored a paper offering the hypothesis that they may have formed a galvanic cell, perhaps used for electroplating gold onto silver objects. This interpretation is rejected by archeologists and scientists.

Corrosion of the metal and tests both indicate that an acidic agent such as wine or vinegar was present in the jar. This led to speculation that the liquid was used as an acidic electrolyte solution to generate an electric current from the difference between the electrode potentials of the copper and iron electrodes.

Supporting experiments
After the Second World War, Willard Gray demonstrated current production by a reconstruction of the inferred battery design when filled with grape juice. W. Jansen experimented with benzoquinone (some beetles produce quinones) and vinegar in a cell and got satisfactory performance.

In 1978, Arne Eggebrecht, a past director of the Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim reportedly reproduced the electroplating of gold onto a small statue. There are no (direct) written or photographic records of this experiment. In an article from the BBC, Dr Bettina Schmitz, a researcher based at the same museum, said, "There does not exist any written documentation of the experiments which took place here in 1978... The experiments weren't even documented by photos, which really is a pity...I have searched through the archives of this museum and I talked to everyone involved in 1978 with no results."

Lack of electrical connections
Though the iron rod did project outside of the asphalt plug, the copper tube did not, making it impossible to connect a wire to this to complete a circuit.

Electroplating hypothesis
König himself seems to have been mistaken on the nature of the objects he thought were electroplated. They were apparently fire-gilded (with mercury). Paul Craddock of the British Museum said "The examples we see from this region and era are conventional gold plating and mercury gilding. There's never been any irrefutable evidence to support the electroplating theory".

David A. Scott, senior scientist at the Getty Conservation Institute and head of its Museum Research Laboratory, writes: "There is a natural tendency for writers dealing with chemical technology to envisage these unique ancient objects of two thousand years ago as electroplating accessories (Foley 1977), but this is clearly untenable, for there is absolutely no evidence for electroplating in this region at the time".

Paul T. Keyser of the University of Alberta noted that Eggebrecht used a more efficient, modern electrolyte, and that using only vinegar, or other electrolytes available at the time assumed, the battery would be very feeble, and for that and other reasons concludes that even if this was in fact a battery, it could not have been used for electroplating. However, Keyser still supported the battery theory, but believed it was used for some kind of mild electrotherapy such as pain relief, possibly through electroacupuncture.

Bitumen as an insulator
A bitumen seal, being thermoplastic, would be extremely inconvenient for a galvanic cell, which would require frequent topping up of the electrolyte for extended use.

Alternative hypothesis
The artifacts are similar to other objects believed to be storage vessels for sacred scrolls from nearby Seleucia on the Tigris. The object was looted along with thousands of other artifacts from the National Museum during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

In March 2012, Professor Elizabeth Stone of Stony Brook University, an expert on Iraqi archaeology, returning from the first archaeological expedition in Iraq after 20 years, stated that she does not know a single archaeologist who believed that these were batteries.

MythBusters TV program
The Discovery Channel program  MythBusters built replicas of the jars to see if it was possible for them to have been used for electroplating or electrostimulation. On MythBusters' 29th episode (23 March 2005), ten hand-made terracotta jars were fitted to act as batteries. Lemon juice was chosen as the electrolyte to activate the electrochemical reaction between the copper and iron. Connected in series, the battery produced 4 volts of electricity. When linked in series, the cells had sufficient power to electroplate a small token and to deliver current to acupuncture type needles for therapeutic purposes, but not enough to deliver an electric shock to MythBusters co-host Adam Savage who was instead pranked by co-hosts who hooked him up to a 10,000 volt cattle fence shock generator. Archaeologist Ken Feder commented on the show noting that no archaeological evidence has been found either for connections between the jars (which would have been necessary to produce the required voltage) or for their use for electroplating.

title: Baghdad Battery


text:
Darby and Joan

Darby and Joan is a proverbial phrase for a married couple content to share a quiet life of mutual devotion.

Usage
The Nuttall Encyclopædia defined the phrase as "a married couple celebrated for their mutual attachment", the Random House Dictionary as "a happily married couple who lead a placid, uneventful life." The Reader's Encyclopedia mentions the "loving, old-fashioned and virtuous" qualities of Darby and Joan.

Appearances as a poetic conceit
John Darby and his wife Joan were first mentioned in print in a poem published in The Gentleman's Magazine by Henry Woodfall (c. 1686–1747) in 1735, original title ''The Joys of Love never forgot. A Song''. Woodfall had been apprentice to Darby, a printer in Bartholomew Close in the Little Britain area of London, who died in 1730. The poem was issued again as a broadsheet in 1748. One stanza of this poem reads:

The apparent popularity of this poem led to another titled "Darby and Joan" by St. John Honeywood (1763–1798):

Lord Byron referred to the old couple in a letter addressed to Francis Hodgson on 8 December 1811:

"Master William Harness and I have recommenced a most fiery correspondence; I like him as Euripides liked Agatho, or Darby admired Joan, as much for the past as the present."

Frederic Weatherly mentioned the couple in the Victorian era. His poem "Darby and Joan" concludes with the following:

They appear also in We Have Loved of Yore from Robert Louis Stevenson's Songs of Travel and Other Verses, published in 1896:

Appearances in popular music
Woodfall's poem was set to music, as a ballad, by the time of the appearance in 1805 of James Plumptre's Collection of Songs, where it was #152 in the first volume.

Oscar Hammerstein II and Jerome Kern's 1937 ballad "The Folks Who Live On the Hill" mentions Darby and Joan:

The phrase was used satirically by Noël Coward in the song "Bronxville Darby and Joan" from his musical Sail Away (1961). The refrain begins, "We're a dear old couple and we hate one another."

A relatively modern music reference to "Darby and Joan" is found in the 1969 pop release of the same name, written and performed by Lyn "Twinkle" Ripley, an English singer-songwriter.

Another even newer reference is in the 2018 song "Darby and Joan" by Australian band The Babe Rainbow.

Appearances in prose
Oliver Goldsmith refers to Darby and Joan in his 1773 play, She Stoops to Conquer or, The Mistakes of a Night. A Comedy in a conversation between married couple, Hardcastle and Mrs. Hardcastle In Act I, Scene I. Mrs. Hardcastle says, "You may be a Darby, but I'll be no Joan, I promise you."

A reference to Darby and Joan appears in The Memoirs of Harriette Wilson (1825), the well-known courtesan whom the Duke of Wellington famously told to "publish and be damned!" Speaking of her tempestuous love–hate relationship with the "little sugar baker" Richard Meyler, she writes wryly:

"Why really, Meyler, this plan of free as air, which you know you proposed, is so decidedly to my taste that I cannot sufficiently express to you my obligation. I began to wish, with you, that there was no such thing as constancy in the world, particularly when I recollect how very Darby and Joan-like we lived together in London."

Herman Melville references Darby and Joan in describing the couple Samoa and Annatoo in Chapter 23 of Mardi (1849):

"Very often this husband and wife were no Darby and Joan. Their married life was one long campaign, whereof the truces were only by night."

Darby and Joan appear in William Makepeace Thackeray's The History of Henry Esmond (1852), when the beautiful, spoiled Beatrix taunts Esmond for his seemingly hopeless infatuation with her:

"You have not enough money to keep a cat decently after you have your man his wages, and your landlady her bill. Do you think I'm going to live in a lodging, and turn the mutton at a string whilst your honour nurses the baby? Fiddlestick, and why did you not get this nonsense knocked out of your head when you were in the wars? You are come back more dismal and dreary than ever. You and mamma are fit for each other. You might be Darby and Joan, and play cribbage to the end of your lives."

They appear in Anthony Trollope's novel Phineas Finn (Chapter 51, "Troubles at Loughlinter"), published in 1869:

"He was disposed to think that the whirlwind had hitherto been too predominant, and had said so very plainly with a good deal of marital authority. This autumn and winter were to be devoted to the cultivation of proper relations between him and his wife. 'Does that mean Darby and Joan?' his wife had asked him, when the proposition was made to her."

and there are also several references in Trollope's subsequent The Prime Minister (1876), when Lady Glencora, Duchess of Omnium, bridles at her husband's requests that she put an end to the string of lavish parties she has been throwing to celebrate his selection as the country's leader. She dreads his demand that they adopt what she dismissively describes as a "Darby & Joan" existence.

Other references include Henry James's "The Bostonians" (1885–1886):

"Mrs. Luna said, with her sociable manner, 'There is nothing I like so much, of a winter's night, as a cosy tête-à-tête by the fire. It's quite like Darby and Joan; what a pity the kettle has ceased singing!'"

and The Golden Bowl (1904):

"Their very silence might have been the mark of something grave – their silence eked out for her by his giving her his arm and their then crawling up their steps quite mildly and unitedly together, like some old Darby and Joan who have had a disappointment."

Jerome K. Jerome, in his play The Passing of the Third Floor Back: An Idle Fancy In a Prologue, A Play, and An Epilogue (1908) has a character (Mrs. de Hooley) refer ironically to an argumentative couple (Major and Mrs. Tomkins) as "Darby and Joan."

Wallace Stevens also refers to "young Darby and young Joan" in his essay "Imagination as Value", from his 1951 book of essays, The Necessary Angel.

Ruth Rendell's The Best Man to Die (1981) has this reference:

"My father called my mother darling once or twice and there was a kind of Darby and Joan air about them;"

Alan Ayckbourn refers to "Darby and Joan Hepplewick" in his 1982 play Intimate Exchanges.

Albert Camus' translator Stuart Gilbert said "they weren't one of those exemplary married couples of the Darby-and-Joan pattern" on page 70 of The Plague (Vintage 1991 edition). Camus did not use the phrase himself in 'La Peste' (1947: 57): "Ce n'etait même pas un de ces ménages qui offrent au monde l'exemple d'un bonheur exemplaire..."

Louisa May Alcott's "Moods" Chapter 14:"Why not, if you can bear our quiet life, for we are a Darby and Joan already, though we do not look so to-night, I acknowledge."

Darby and Joan clubs
These were set up by the Women's Voluntary Service (WVS) after World War II. The WVS had done sterling work during the Blitz, and wanted to develop what they could offer to older people. They set up day centres called "Darby and Joan clubs", "where people could meet in pleasant surroundings for a friendly chat and a cup of tea and perhaps a quiet game of cards or half an hour with the wireless [i.e. radio]"; some of these clubs also offered a hot mid-day meal.

title: Darby and Joan


text:
Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife

Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife (Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise Duff; 17 May 1891 – 26 February 1959), born Lady Alexandra Duff and known as Princess Arthur of Connaught after her marriage, was the eldest surviving grandchild of Edward VII and also the first cousin of George VI. Alexandra and her younger sister, Maud, had the distinction of being the only female-line descendants of a British sovereign officially granted both the title of Princess and the style of Highness.

Lineage and early life
Alexandra's father was Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife. Having succeeded his father as the 6th Earl Fife, he was elevated to Duke of Fife and Marquess of Macduff in the Peerage of the United Kingdom on his marriage in 1889 to Princess Louise of Wales, the eldest daughter of the future Edward VII. Princess Louise accordingly became the Duchess of Fife, and succeeded as the head of many Scottish Feudal Baronies, including MacDuff, named for James Duff, 2nd Earl Fife.

Alexandra was born at East Sheen Lodge, Richmond on 17 May 1891. After ten years of marriage and the birth in 1893 of Alexandra's younger sister Maud, no more children would be born to Alexandra's parents and the dukedom and marquessate of Fife were headed toward extinction since only a male heir could inherit those titles. On 24 April 1900, Queen Victoria granted Alexander Duff a second dukedom of Fife, along with the earldom of Macduff, stipulating by special remainder that these two titles would jointly devolve, in default of sons born to him and the Queen's granddaughter, upon their daughters in order of seniority of birth, and upon their respective agnatic male descendants in the same order. After her father's death in 1912, therefore, she inherited the Dukedom of Fife in her own right.

As a female-line granddaughter of the British monarch, Alexandra was not entitled to the title of "Princess", nor to the style of Her Royal Highness. Instead she was styled Lady Alexandra Duff, as the daughter of a duke, even though she was born fifth in the line of succession to the British throne. Alexandra and her sister were unique among British princesses in that they were descended from both King William IV (through his mistress, Dorothea Jordan), and William IV's niece, Queen Victoria, who succeeded him because he left no legitimate issue.

She was baptised at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace on 29 June 1891 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edward White Benson. Her godparents were Queen Victoria and the Prince and Princess of Wales.

Princess Alexandra
On 9 November 1905, King Edward VII declared his eldest daughter Princess Royal. He further ordered Garter King of Arms to gazette Lady Alexandra Duff and her sister Lady Maud Duff with the style and attribute of Highness and the style of Princess prefixed to their respective Christian names, with precedence immediately after all members of the British royal family bearing the style of Royal Highness. From that point, Her Highness Princess Alexandra held her title and rank, not from her ducal father, but from the decree issued by will of the sovereign (her maternal grandfather).

Around 1910, Alexandra became secretly engaged to her first cousin once removed, Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark, a son of King George I of the Hellenes, the brother of her maternal grandmother Queen Alexandra. The engagement was terminated when their disapproving parents learned of the liaison.

Marriage and issue

On 15 October 1913, Princess Alexandra married her first cousin, once removed, Prince Arthur of Connaught at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, London.

The bride's attendants were:
 * Princess Maud, the bride's sister.
 * Princess Mary of the United Kingdom, the bride's maternal first cousin and daughter of King George V.
 * Princess Mary of Teck and Princess Helena of Teck, daughters of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Teck (brother of Queen Mary).
 * Princess May of Teck, the bride's maternal second cousin and daughter of Prince Alexander of Teck (brother of Queen Mary) and Princess Alice of Albany.

Prince Arthur of Connaught was the only son of the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, third son of Queen Victoria and thus a younger brother of her maternal grandfather, King Edward VII. As such, Arthur and Alexandra were first cousins once removed.

After their marriage, Alexandra was referred to as HRH Princess Arthur of Connaught, in accordance with the tradition that a wife normally shares the title and style of her husband.

With her husband, Alexandra also carried out royal engagements on behalf of her uncle, King George V, and later for her cousin, King George VI. She also served as a Counsellor of State between 1937 and 1944.

The couple's only child, their son Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, was born on 9 August 1914.

Nursing career
World War I gave to Princess Arthur an opportunity to embrace her vocation of nursing in which she subsequently made a successful career. In 1915 she joined the staff of St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, as a full-time nurse and worked in this capacity until the armistice. After the war she continued her training at St. Mary's, becoming a state registered nurse in 1919. She was awarded a first prize for a paper on eclampsia. Princess Arthur also practised at Queen Charlotte's Hospital, specialising in gynaecology, where she received a certificate of merit. Throughout these years Princess Arthur increasingly impressed her superiors by her technical skill and practical efficiency.

When her husband was appointed governor-general of the Union of South Africa, Princess Arthur ably seconded him and shared his popularity. Her tact and friendliness made her many friends among the South Africans, who also greatly admired the interest which she displayed in hospitals, child welfare, and maternity work throughout the Union. To these subjects she brought her personal knowledge and experience, which enabled her to make effective and valuable suggestions.

On her return to London in 1923, Princess Arthur resumed her nursing career at University College Hospital, where she was known as Nurse Marjorie, and subsequently at Charing Cross Hospital. At this time she specialised in surgery, proving herself a competent theatre sister capable of performing minor operations herself and of instructing juniors. Her services to the nursing profession were recognized in July 1925, when she was awarded the badge of the Royal Red Cross by George V.

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 afforded Princess Arthur further scope for her nursing abilities. She refused the offer of a post as matron of a hospital in the country, preferring to become sister-in-charge of the casualty clearing station of the Second British General Hospital set up to treat the troops retreating from Dunkirk. Shortly thereafter, she opened the Fife Nursing Home in Bentinck Street which she personally equipped, financed, and administered as matron for ten years.

On 26 April 1943 her only child, Alastair, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, died unexpectedly (and in ill-defined circumstances) whilst staying at Rideau Hall in Ottawa with his relative the Governor-General of Canada, the Earl of Athlone.

Later life and death
In 1949 the rheumatoid arthritis, from which Princess Arthur had suffered for many years, rendered her bedbound and so necessitated the closing of her nursing home. She retired to her London home at 64 Avenue Road, St John's Wood, London where she wrote for private circulation two autobiographical fragments in a vivid and entertaining style: A Nurse's Story (1955) and Egypt and Khartoum (1956), in which she gave a graphic account of the shipwreck of SS Delhi which ran aground in fog and heavy seas in 1911 – Princess Arthur, her sister and mother nearly died and her father, Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife, subsequently died as a result of his injuries a few weeks later. She was engaged on a further volume on big-game hunting in South Africa when she died at home on 26 February 1959.

At her request she was cremated, and her ashes laid in St Ninian's Chapel, Braemar, on the Mar Lodge estate alongside her parents' and son's. Her will was sealed in London after her death in 1959. Her estate was valued at £86,217 (or £1.4 million in 2022 when adjusted for inflation).

Titles and styles
Despite the fact that Alexandra and her sister were not daughters of a royal duke, they were sometimes unofficially referred to with the territorial designation of Fife but in official documents, until their marriages, they were always styled Her Highness Princess Alexandra or Maud, without the territorial designation "of Fife".
 * 17 May 1891 – 9 November 1905: Lady Alexandra Duff
 * 9 November 1905 – 29 January 1912: Her Highness Princess Alexandra
 * 29 January 1912 – 15 October 1913: Her Highness Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife
 * 15 October 1913 – 26 February 1959: Her Royal Highness Princess Arthur of Connaught, Duchess of Fife

Honours

 * Royal Red Cross
 * Dame Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem (elevated from Dame of Justice)
 * Royal Family Order of King Edward VII
 * Royal Family Order of King George V

Honorary military appointments

 * Colonel-in-chief, Royal Army Pay Corps

References and notes

 * Ronald Allison and Sarah Riddell, eds., The Royal Encyclopedia (London: Macmillan, 1991); ISBN 0-333-53810-2
 * Marlene A. Eilers, Queen Victoria's Descendants (New York: Atlantic International Publishing, 1987); ISBN 91-630-5964-9
 * Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Families: the Complete Genealogy, rev. ed. (London: Pimlico, 1996); ISBN 0-7126-4286-2

title: Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife


text:
Talk:Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld

committed?
"Bernhard joined the NSDAP, the SA and a special branch of the SS called the " Reiter SS" ( SS on horseback). The Prince was not a nazi, these memberships made life easier for an ambitious young man." Can one say someone joined the Nazi party and then say that they weren't a nazi? Maybe better to say not a commited nazi?

There seemed to be no conviction involved. I would like to see some discussion of why he joined, though. Note he gave it all up when going to work for Farben, just as the regime was rising and had consolidated its rule. That is, he left that side when it was (seemingly) winning.

Hello all, I agree with Robert. Some of the contributors clearly have a 'hate on' for the prince. Save the editorials for your blog.

Also, this entry should not be titled Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld rather Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. Individuals with title are being categorized according to their most recent honorific, and that should be the case here. The man died a Prince of the Netherlands and that is how he should be categorized.

Adriaan // Canada

 * WP standards for naming deceased consorts is to use their birthnames. Bernhard fits under that category. Charles 16:36, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks Charles, that doesn't seem to be the case. If so, why is Queen Victoria referenced as Victoria of the United Kingdom rather than her birthname of Princess Victoria of Kent?

 * Adriaan

 * Adriaan,
 * Victoria was a queen-regnant, rather than a queen-consort. Queens-regnant (aka, queens in their own right) are named on Wikipedia the same as kings are. Queen Victoria's husband, however, was HSH Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha right before their marriage. Since he was the consort to a reigning queen (as Bernhard was), Albert is titled Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on Wikipedia. Charles 16:53, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

My fellow Wikepedians, there is a lot of nonsense to be found both on this page and in the article! Prince Bernhard was a larger than life figure and some aspects of his life were enigmatic but Wikipedia is not meant to slander people! I will try and correct a few mistakes one of these days. Robert Prummel// The Netherlands

Tell us: was he ever a member of the NSDAP?

And yes i am a republican, but i met the prince and i liked the man a lot!

Note for PMelvilleAustin
Hello PMelvilleAustin, Whatever you replaced a series of apostrophes with displayed as '?'s, so I changed them back. What were you were trying to do? -- Viajero 13:18, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Bernhard was a member of the NSDAP, SA and the SS. Anyone knowledgeable willing to make mention of that in the text? -- Dissident (Talk) 21:35, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The membership of the "Reiter SS" ( not the propper regular SS of Auschwitz fame) should be mentioned. Berhard was not a liberal, cristian-democrat or social-Democrat,he was an aristocrat. it seems fair to conclude that he swam with the flow. This did not make him a Nazi. He was above these things.He was ambitious and did what everybody else did to have a flourishing career in a nasty dictatorship. I will include them in the article.

Robert Prummel 19:59, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

'''SO WHAT MAKES A PERSON A NAZI? (shemyaza)''' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.1.227.98 (talk) 08:25, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

"Berhard was not a liberal, cristian-democrat or social-Democrat,he was an aristocrat. it seems fair to conclude that he swam with the flow. This did not make him a Nazi. He was above these things.He was ambitious and did what everybody else did to have a flourishing career in a nasty dictatorship."

'''So by your definition an aristocrat is above the rules that apply to other people? The man was NOT a shameless gold digger and opportunist, but somebody who "did what everybody else did to have a flourishing career in a nasty dictatorship"? Not EVERYBODY did that, mind you. At least not in Germany. Too many did that, but some did NOT, so not EVERYBODY did it.'''

'''Kerr-ist!!! I have never seen anything quite THAT despicable anywhere at Wikipedia. And that means a lot.'''

-- 84.180.227.122 (talk) 20:22, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

--- Page appears to be hijacked as of 9:52pm Wednesday (GMT-5)

---

What a complicated man -- amoral and selfish. It appears that Prince Bernhard, except for his WWII service and the World Wildlife Fund, was on the wrong side of some of the biggest action in the 20th Century. Thanks for the article. 2 Dec 2004 1:07am CST (US)
 * Why do you say that? He did truely great things founding the WWF, organizing Bilderberg, serving as commander of the Dutch armed forces and coordinator of the Dutch resistance in World War II. Helping the Dutch economy greatly with all his business missions. Of course there were also a lot of wrongs, his affairs with other women, maybe have had nazi sympathies way before WW2 (although this is seriously doubted by most critics, they usually think he did it just because that was the 'expected' thing to do at that time in his position / still a wrong though), taking bribes from lockheed (although not for personal gains, the dutch royal family is one of the richest families in the netherlands) and saying some stupid and insensitive things. But they are all 'scandals', errors of misjudgement and human mistakes, it caused hardly any serious wrong for his people or the world, while he did bring a lot of serious and lasting good. --62.251.90.73 23:44, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * he only played the part of leader of the resistance, in reality he played both sides of the fence until he would see who was going to win. After the war with his charm he managed to fool an entire nation. His role in the failure of 'Market Garden' is still not explained (enabling of double-spy Chris Lindemans). And as for him only doing 'Nazi stuff' because he would have been 'expected to do so', explain why he joined several Nazi organizations, some of which he would not have been required to join. And what was discussed between him and Hitler when they met to discuss his marriage? Too many people seem to think that socalled royalty (both hereditary titles and married into titles are all worthless, but that aside) cannot do anything wrong, which is a crazy idea, of course they can. --Marcel1975 00:03:14, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

And what was discussed between him and Hitler when they met to discuss his marriage?

Klinkenberg gives the exact words in "Bernhard,een politieke biografie" Haarlem 1986. The source is above suspicion: It is "Hitlers Tischgespraeche" ( hitlers conversations at the dinnertable)' an exact account of his rambling.Hitler called Bernhard " A complete idiot,shivering before me like a lapdog". Robert Prummel 20:08, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

source...
In this artikle someone says: ''However, he outraged the Dutch when he declared that he felt sorry for the German General Blaskowitz, later charged with war crimes, who was responsible for the Nazi surrender in the Netherlands. Such matters, plus a much more regal attitude than the unpretentious Princess Juliana, prevented the Prince from becoming genuinely liked by the Dutch, but he won some respect for his hard work in helping to reinvigorate the economy of the Netherlands in post-war years''.

I never heard about this incident. Can any one give a source.. thanks.--212.45.53.118 07:44, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I dont think he was trained in Germany as a fighter pilot...in the second half of the thirties he was living in The Netherlands. Bernhard didnt get his 'wings' until in England

Dear User:212.45.53.118,

Without a citation the remarks about Blaskowitz should be deleted.

Robert Prummel 19:48, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Letter to Hitler rumor
I think the rumor that Bernhard sent a letter to Hitler is just a not notable rumor. Such a rumor does not even deserve to be treated and debunked. Are there any sources for this rumor? Andries 01:07, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Dear Andries, The rumor exists and as false rumors go we will never get rid of it! It can not be proven that the Prince wrote this letter. It is highly unlikely that he did. It is out of character. But the rumor will allways persevere... The source? Igor Cornelissen in " Vrij Nederland" 19/4 1980. Tomass Ross wrote a novel about this non-existing letter called " Om Wille van de troon" (For the sake of the Throne) Amsterdam 2002. On 7/2 2004 Prince Bernhard refuted the allegations in a letter to the editor in the newspaper " De Volkskrant". J.G. Kikkert ( Bernhard: "That joke of an historian") wrote about the stadholderletter in his book " De prins in Londen". Soesterberg 2004. Kikkert calls the rumor " bizarre" and concludes that there has never been a letter by Bernhard.

People will never agree about Bernhard, maybe in the future the archives will tell us more, for the moment it is our duty to be fair and concise.

Faithfully yours,

Robert Prummel 19:45, 26 June 2006 (UTC)19:45, 26 June 2006 (UTC) Groningen

Graf von Biesterfeld
I am making a small edit. When born, Bernhard bore the title of Count of Biesterfeld, rather than Lippe-Biesterfeld. The Biesterfeld branch of the House of Lippe, formerly known as the Counts of Lippe-Biesterfeld, succeeded to the Princely throne on the extinction of the main, Detmold, line on 25 October 1905. They became Princes and discarded the suffix of Biesterfeld at that point. Bernhard, as a morganatic scion of this House -His mother being a mere Baroness and a divorcee at that- was not entitled to the Princely title or the succession. Bernhard's uncle, the reigning Prince Leopold IV made Bernhard and his brother full Princes with the right of succession on 24th of February 1916. His mother, known as Countess of Biesterfeld up to that point, also became a Princess. Bernhard's father had died by then. They however kept the suffix Biesterfeld, discarded by the other members of the family. Perhaps a slight snub to mark their distinction from the non-morganatic members of the House. Also note the distinction in German between "Prinz / Graf zur Lippe-Biesterfeld and "Graf von Biesterfeld. In German it is also "Fürst / Prinz zur Lippe, rather than von Lippe. Both are usually translated into English as "of" and in Dutch as "van". "Zur" means "of the".--Gerard von Hebel 19:44, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Bernhard was born Bernhard Graf zur Lippe-Biesterfeld. The suffix was kept and at the point that dynasts of any other lines became extinct, the remaining head of a line would drop the differencing name, along with the descendents of his line. With no suffix, the title can be said as "of the Lippe". It is absurd (but technically correct) to say "of the Lippe-Biesterfeld" in English. Charles 01:50, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Now Bernhard is known to the world as Prince Bernhard, Prince Bernhard of Lipe -Biesterfeld an Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. The period as a count is of little importance. Lets stick to " Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld". This is in compliance with Wiki policy.

Robert Prummel 19:17, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

a clear sign of his allegiance..,
I wrote:"The Dutch armed forces wear their medals in a manner that is copied from the Prussian Army. The Prince's deliberate disobedience of the regulations was not widely noticed but it is a clear sign of his allegiance".

Source: H.G.Meijer, author of " Het Vliegerskruis" Amsterdam 1997. Henny Meijer, a fellow member of the "Dutch Society for the study of Orders of Knighthood" met Prince Bernhard to interview him and photograph his medals. In the conversation Bernhard made the remark about his dislike of the regular Prussian style that medals are worn. Mr. Meijer in turn told me. Indeed, the exentric manner in wich H.R.H. wore his medals has been photographed and published thousands of times.

Enough proof?

Robert Prummel 20:44, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

reigning king of the Netherlands ?
THE ARTICLE STATES::Outside the Netherlands a great deal was written over the Hofmans affair. On 13 June 1956 an article appeared in the German magazine Der Spiegel with the title Zwischen Königin und Rasputin, literally meaning Between queen and Rasputin, which, as the title already indicates painted a less than flattering picture of Hofmans. Later on, Bernhard admitted that he personally provided the information for the article. It is thought that by doing this he hoped to have Hofmans removed from the court. In addition, various sources have reported that Prince Bernhard tried to get Queen Juliana admitted to a mental institution during this period, in which case he would have ascended to become reigning king of the Netherlands [citation needed]."

MY COMMENT: On 31/1 1956 crown-princess Beatrix had celebrated her 18th. birthday. No regent was necessary. Rumours about this crises abound but it is not documented. It does however show us that the monarchy was in deep crises. I PROPOSE TO DELETE THE LAST SENTENCE.

Robert Prummel 20:57, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

A cleanup?
There are a few entries that still need a citation. I propose to skip these unproven entries today. There has been ample time to prove that these entries are facts. We will have to face the fact that some people hate the Prince and the rumours about him will allways persist. The Princes' life was a bit " shady", who knows what we will find out next? Robert Prummel 13:39, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

complete idiot?
I'm trying to find out more about the source for Hitler's "complete idiot" comment but don't come up with anything when I search for "Hitlers Tischgespraeche." Is this a book Klinkenberg is quoting within his own book?

G.G Kikkert also quites this comment, citing Klinkenberg and an "American publication after the war". Not Wiki-standard.

The book certainly exists: see

http://www.amazon.de/Tischgespr%C3%A4che-F%C3%BChrerhauptquartier-Entstehung-Struktur-Nationalsozialismus/dp/354907185X

Allas! I don't have it. Robert Prummel (talk) 04:37, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Unconstitutional
There should be a cite on the claim that the erasure of "honourary" was unconsitutional. --Daniel C. Boyer 16:42, 26 February 2007 (UTC) Why? Any errasure in a royal decree is unconstitutional. But a respectable cite is "Harry van Wijnen, "De Prins Gemaal, Amsterdam 1992, page 66. Robert Prummel (talk) 04:17, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

veto power
is it true he was descended from the last roman empire and that he had veto power of any pope? He is a descendant of the merovingian dynasty? This pos was made by User:24.57.210.130 on 15:57, 18 November 2007
 * No, persons can be descendants of other persons only, not states or empires. I am not aware of any Bernhard's veto power regarding the popes, why do you think he could have one? He may or may not be a descendant of the Merovignian dynasty, but no proven descent from Merovignians currently exists for him nor for anyone other. Regards, Pavel --80.95.254.1 (talk) 13:55, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a plot from a "book" by Dan Brown... to ridiculous for words.... There are no known merovignians alive, they dissapeared or became extinct more than a 1000 years ago. And no-one has a right to veto the outcome of a conclave. Exept, maybe, God, but he can't be bothered. Robert Prummel (talk) 04:30, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Actualy, catholic monarchs did have right to veto a candidate and they exercised it through their cardinals. The right was abolished by Pius X. 88.146.47.202 (talk) 21:01, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Toto
I have taken out the following:
 * Prince Bernhard got from his father a slaveboy - toyboy nigger pet called Toto Hamisi around 1917.
 * “Toto was taken as a child from Tanganyika ( Tanzania) by the father of the Prince, Leopold Vorst Zur Lippe, to his castle in Reckenwalde / Woynowo. This was around 1917.
 * Toto was given as a present to Prince Bernard and his brother Aswin as a servant and child play. Toto stayed seven years at the castle and was for many years a remarkable appearance who was very successful by the village girls. But when he became sexually mature he became annoying and they sent him to London, where he started to teach Swahili”.

 * This intriguing sentences are literally translations of the authorized biography by Prince Bernhard, written in 1934 by Prof. Dr Georg Freiherr Von Eppstein. No one heared about Toto ever since. Dutch documentary maker rob muntz has started the search for Toto. Have you got info? Contact: robmuntz@planet.nl

as it seems to be better left here at the discussion page. Pavel --80.95.254.1 (talk) 13:55, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

I have changed a line
"... proof of Prince Bernhard's German SS participation" now reads "providing proof of Prince Bernhard's Reiter SS membership". The prince was not active in the SS and it was not the "real" SS. The SS had lots of organisations, some organised drivers for the Nazi-party. As a student Bernhard had to participate in the NSDAP or quit University. He chose the Kraftfhrer (or was it the Reiter?) SS. He was a member but, in his own words, not an active member, he did not therefore "participate".

SOURCE:

Some sources give "Reiter SS", some "Motor SS"..... difficult.

Robert Prummel (talk) 04:12, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Reiter SS was only formally SS and in other ways very independent. Source: Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death's Head (New York: Penguin Books, 1971). This is a respected standard work about the SS. I read it somewhere in the German version of the book and I will edit as soon as I have found the exact wording and location. 213.46.11.187 (talk) 07:18, 11 June 2016 (UTC)

Removed Some Junk
This article has some examples of Wikipedia Policy:RidingDick that I removed or changed. The early section that said he was a member of NSDAP and SA seem to be trying to cover for him, a bit. For the lazy researcher, you see some alphabet soup and you'll miss entirely that he was associated with the Nazi Party. Note that wikipedia has an article on NAZI PARTY, not merely "NSDAP." That's euphemistic and needed to be clarified. The SA link now goes directly to the proper article, rather than the disambiguation page for "SA."

I also cut some pole-riding comments near the Post WWII area. "The popular and regal, well-connected Prince..." I'm not making that up. I left it as "the popular Prince."--Shink X (talk) 19:53, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

If Bernhard was a member of the Nazi Party, that is interesting. We must bear in mind that some countries (e.g. Austria) were not "invaded" so much as they were merely annexed into the German Reich, oftentimes with the overwhelming support of the local population. John Paul Parks (talk) 13:40, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Dutch Royal Family Website
The claim is made that the Dutch Royal Family Website is wrong without giving a source. How on earth can anyone claim an official website is wrong without giving a source? I propose this sentence is deleted or the a source is given.

131.174.40.18 (talk) 16:26, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Relationship Between Abdication and Lockheed Scandal
The statement indicating that Queen Juliana's "abdication was tacitly understood to be directly related to her husband's conduct" seems tenuous. The scandal was known in 1976 or earlier, but Juliana did not abdicate until 1980. At that point, she was about 71-years old, and her decision to renounce the throne was widely reported as merely being imitative of her mother's abdication in 1948. I note that Queen Beatrix is about 71-years old now, so it will be interesting to see if she abdicates anytime soon. John Paul Parks (talk) 13:37, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Removal of uncited material and a question about Peron
I removed the following paragraph A contribution like this, if included at all, should be relably cited.

 * Though generally not reported in the Dutch press, growing strain arose between Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard during this time. The jet-setting Bernard used his many absences from the country to carry on affairs, while throwing lavish parties at the various Dutch embassies.

Also - the "close friendship" with the Perons is cited by, which merely states (in a single line) that he visited them. Should the contribution go? Wikipeterproject (talk) 18:21, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

 * In fact, I decided to remove the whole contribution about the perons. The claim of friendship is not supported and the claim of unclear business negotiations on behalf of peron was completely wrong.  The cited article from Time talks about Bernhard working for a Dutch government agency to win a contract in Argentina.  The contribution I removed is:

 * Prince Bernard was a very close friend of president Juan Perón and his wife Eva from Argentina, even making a visit to them in Buenos Aires on 4 April 1951 . He is believed to have helped them in some business negotiations which were not very clear .    Wikipeterproject (talk) 18:31, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * And did the Prince own an estancia in Argentina, as purported by Gerrard Williams in "Grey Wolf"? 182.239.119.26 (talk) 21:34, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Interview AFTER death?
I am confused by this passage: "In an interview published after his death, on 14 December 2004, Prince Bernhard admitted that..." After whose death? I think this must have been trucated from something else along the way. 96.224.14.105 (talk) 02:07, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

well it does say published, so that sounds logical. --KARL RAN (talk) 12:48, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

How many children?
The second paragraph of the lede says "numerous illegitimate children," the previous paragraph having said he had six children (four of them legitimate). Which is correct? Biblioteqa (talk) 18:07, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Took this out chaps!
Just cut this little lot out - "(he was a member of the NSDAP and the SS, a convicted bribe-taker and fathered numerous illegitimate children, only one of which he supported or recognized)" - no sources at all chaps? Bad show. Quintessential British Gentleman (talk) 18:48, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

Removed a bit
"For assisting specific individuals" in the lede section. It's a very strange claim - we all assist specific individuals unless we are curmudgeonly hermits - but it's also been unsourced for three years. (It's not even good English; after all, what the heck is a non-specific individual?) The rest of the sentence seems to be supported by the sources later in the article, but that? Has no relation to anything. --NellieBly (talk) 22:34, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

What was Prince Bernhard's birth name?
As of Aug. 11 2016 the article's first paragraph lists his name as:

Prince Bernhard Leopold Frederik Everhard Julius Coert Karel Godfried Pieter of Lippe-Biesterfeld

and his birth name as:

Bernhard Friedrich Eberhard Leopold Julius Kurt Carl Gottfried Peter Graf von Biesterfeld

but the Early Life section of the article has:

"Bernhard was born Bernhard Leopold Friedrich Eberhard Julius Kurt Karl Gottfried Peter Graf von Biesterfeld"

What's the correct spelling and ordering of his names? Xelkman (talk) 03:45, 12 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Xelkman, as far as I know, the sequence of the first names on his birth certificate were changed (perhaps not quite legally) in the very first days of his life, to, retrospectively, honour his Uncle Leopold. Which made the whole thing a big mess. His title was changed from "Graf von Biesterfeld" or Count of Biesterfeld, to "Prinz zur Lippe-Biesterfeld" or Prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld, when he was five years old. His first names were again changed when they were translated from German into Dutch, when he became a Dutch citizen in 1937. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 15:13, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

Scouting?
Wilson links him to Boy Scouting, in passing; was he involved?--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 04:09, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:37, 19 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Prins Bernhard decorates K.A. van der Hucht 7731699 500 500 6UWC.jpg

The War Admiralty,
in paragraph Second World War: The wording "War Admirality" is totally strange to me! The "Admirality" is the correct wording for the higher staff of the Royal Navy and not "War Admirality"! 80.151.9.187 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 15:27, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

Bernard member of NSDAP
Recently there is evidence that Bernard was a member of the NSDAP nazi movement. The file is now published by the Royal family. Feel free to verify that and adjust his WIKI to be clear on this man's personality and history. 2A02:A445:71DB:1:590B:62D:6165:2CEB (talk) 01:18, 6 October 2023 (UTC)


text:
Philippe Vandevelde

Philippe Vandevelde, working under the pseudonym Tome (24 February 1957 – 5 October 2019 ), was a Belgian comics writer. He was known for collaborations with Janry on Spirou et Fantasio and Le Petit Spirou, and with Luc Warnant and later Bruno Gazzotti on Soda. He also collaborated with Ralph Meyer on Berceuse assassine, and with Marc Hardy on Feux. Earlier in his career he was an assistant-artist for Dupa.

Biography
Vandevelde was born in Brussels. An operation left him blind for a short while at the age of eight. His first experiences of comics were the Adventures of Tintin story King Ottokar's Sceptre and Corentin read aloud to him. Under the pseudonyms "Phil" and "Tom", he published his first illustrations and comics for the school magazine Buck (made by Thierry Groensteen) from 1972 to 1974. His first comic was a medieval parody Estrel, le troubadour.

Tome began his professional comics career in the studio of Dupa, the author of Cubitus, where he met Janry who would become a long-time collaborator. After assisting Turk and De Groot on series such as Léonard and Clifton, they began working at the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Spirou in 1979, their first assignment being the games page Jeureka.

In 1980 they began work on their first Spirou et Fantasio adventure, the iconic forty-year-old series of Spirou. Previously created by a succession of authors including the famous André Franquin, Tome and Janry were given the task in alternation with another creative team of Nic and Cauvin. Eventually assuming sole responsibility of the series, Tome and Janry continued creating stories until 1998, completing 14 albums, in addition to creating Le Petit Spirou, a series about Spirou's youth, for which they made 14 albums since 1990.

Awards

 * 1992: Humour Award and Youth Award (9–12 years) at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France
 * 2000: nominated for Best German-language Comic for Children and Young People at the Max & Moritz Prizes, Germany
 * - nominated for the Best Scenario Award and the Youth Award (9–12 years) at the Angoulême International Comics Festival

 * 2002: nominated for Best International Writer at the Max & Moritz Prizes

title: Philippe Vandevelde


text:
Jean-Richard Geurts

Jean-Richard Geurts, better known under his pseudonym Janry (born 2 October 1957), is a Belgian comics artist. With Tome he created Le Petit Spirou and made several Spirou et Fantasio albums.

Early life
Born in Jadotville (now Likasi) in the Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo), he moved to Brussels, Belgium with his parents when he was ten years old, and went to school in Jodoigne. His main hobby at the time was drawing, especially planes and other technological items.

Career
In 1974, he took a comics course where he learned to draw figures, and where he met Vandevelde, of the same age and also studying in Jodoigne, although at a different college. They became friends, and attended the same Art Academy in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert studying the making of comics. There they met Stéphane De Becker, and the three together made comics, sharing the roles of author, artists, and colourist, but later they all would more or less specialize, with Janry mainly functioning as the artist.

After his studies, Janry began a professional career by becoming the assistant of Francis for the series Ford T, and later assisted Dupa for Cubitus. During this period, he also collaborated with Greg and with Turk and Bob de Groot.

Together with Tome, he started working for Spirou magazine, where they created the games page Eureka!, signing as J.R. and PH. They later changed their pseudonyms to Tome (for Philippe Vandevelde, who used Tom from a very early age) and Janry (from Jean-Richard). This was intended as a pun on Tom and Jerry.

In 1981, they started working with the adventures of Spirou et Fantasio. This is the title series of Spirou magazine, in continuous production since 1938 by a succession of authors, most famously André Franquin. The last of those, Jean-Claude Fournier, had left the series at the end of the 1970s, and the magazine was looking for a solution to get the series back in production. Three teams started making stories, but after a few years only Tome and Janry remained. For them, it was a childhood dream, and they showed their first two pilot pages to Franquin to get some advice. They continued making stories until 1998, when after 14 albums they ended their run.

However, in 1988, they began the project Le Petit Spirou, a spin-off telling stories from Spirou's youth, predominantly in the 1 page format. Since then, they have published 12 albums of this series. After a few years, the series reached a circulation of 500,000 copies for each new album, thus becoming more successful than the original series.

Janry now functions as artist, and Tome as author of the stories, with Stéphane De Becker as colourist.

Awards

 * 1992: Youth Prize (9-12 years) and Humour Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France, both for Le Petit Spirou

title: Jean-Richard Geurts


text:
Tome

A tome or codex is a large book, especially one volume of a multi-volume scholarly work.

Tome may also refer to:

Places

 * Tome, Miyagi, city in Japan (formerly Tome District)
 * Tome, New Mexico, an unincorporated community and census-designated place in New Mexico
 * Tome-Adelino, New Mexico, a former census-designated place in New Mexico

People

 * Töme (born 1997), Canadian singer
 * Gianfranco Labarthe Tome (born 1984), Peruvian footballer
 * Jacob Tome (1810–1898), American philanthropist, founder of the Tome School
 * Maria Tomé, São Toméan politician
 * Norman Tome (born 1973), Australian football player
 * Philippe Tome, pseudonym used by writer Philippe Vandevelde
 * Tome H. Walters Jr., American Air Force General
 * Tomé (Angolan footballer) (born 1998)
 * Tomé (Portuguese footballer) (born 1986)

Games

 * The Linux Game Tome, games website
 * Makai Kingdom: Chronicles of the Sacred Tome, video game
 * ToME (Tales of Middle Earth), video game
 * Tales of Maj'Eyal (ToME 4), a Roguelike computer game
 * one of several rulebooks for Dungeons & Dragons:
 * Tome of Magic, handbook of rules and guidelines for Dungeons & Dragons
 * Tome of Battle: The Book of Nine Swords, rule supplement for Dungeons & Dragons
 * Tome and Blood, optional rulebook for Dungeons & Dragons

Other

 * Tome's spiny rat, Central-American spiny rat
 * Tome School, prep school in North East, Maryland
 * TV Tome, United States website for television information
 * Tome Sculptures, album by band Agathodaimon
 * Tome cheese, French cheese produced in the Alpine region
 * TOME: Terrain of Magical Expertise, an animated web series by Chris Niosi

title: Tome