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Xeon

Xeon is a brand of x86 microprocessors designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the non-consumer workstation, server, and embedded markets. It was introduced in June 1998. Xeon processors are based on the same architecture as regular desktop-grade CPUs, but have advanced features such as support for error correction code (ECC) memory, higher core counts, more PCI Express lanes, support for larger amounts of RAM, larger cache memory and extra provision for enterprise-grade reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) features responsible for handling hardware exceptions through the Machine Check Architecture (MCA). They are often capable of safely continuing execution where a normal processor cannot due to these extra RAS features, depending on the type and severity of the machine-check exception (MCE). Some also support multi-socket systems with two, four, or eight sockets through use of the Ultra Path Interconnect (UPI) bus, which replaced the older QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) bus.

Branding
The Xeon brand has been maintained over several generations of IA-32 and x86-64 processors. The P6-based models added the Xeon moniker to the end of the name of their corresponding desktop processor, but all models since 2001 used the name Xeon on its own. The Xeon CPUs generally have more cache and cores than their desktop counterparts in addition to multiprocessing capabilities.

Xeon Scalable
The Xeon Scalable brand for high-performance server was introduced in May 2017 with the Skylake-based Xeon Platinum 8100 series. Xeon Scalable processors range from dual socket to 8 socket support. Within the Xeon Scalable brand, there exists the hierarchy of Xeon Bronze, Silver, Gold and Platinum.

In April 2024, Intel announced at its Vision event that the Xeon Scalable brand would be retired, beginning with 6th generation Xeon processors codenamed Sierra Forest and Granite Rapids that will now be referred to as "Xeon 6" processors. This change brings greater emphasis on processor generation numbers.

Xeon D
Xeon D is targeted towards microserver and edge computing markets with lower power consumption and integrated I/O blocks such as network interface controllers. This allows Xeon D processors to function as SoCs that do not require a separate southbridge PCH. It was announced in 2014 and the first Xeon D processors were released in March 2015. Xeon D processors come in an soldered BGA package rather than in a socketable form factor. Xeon D was introduced to compete with emerging ARM hyperscale server solutions that offered greater multi-threaded performance and power effiency.

Xeon W
Xeon W branding is used for Xeon workstation processors. It was first introduced in August 2017 with the release of the Skylake-based Xeon W-2100 series workstation processors. With Sapphire Rapids-WS workstation processors that launched in March 2023, Intel introduced tiers within Xeon W. Xeon w3, w5, w7 and w9 was designed to emulate the Core i3, i5, i7 and i9 branding that Intel had been using for its desktop processors.

Overview
Some shortcomings that make Xeon processors unsuitable for most consumer-grade desktop PCs include lower clock rates at the same price point (since servers run more tasks in parallel than desktops, core counts are more important than clock rates), and, usually, the lack of an integrated graphics processing unit (GPU). Processor models prior to Sapphire Rapids-WS lack support for overclocking (with the exception of Xeon W-3175X). Despite such disadvantages, Xeon processors have always had popularity among some desktop users (video editors and other power users), mainly due to higher core count potential, and higher performance to price ratio vs. the Core i7 in terms of total computing power of all cores. Since most Intel Xeon CPUs lack an integrated GPU, systems built with those processors require a discrete graphics card or a separate GPU if computer monitor output is desired.

Intel Xeon is a distinct product line from the similarly named Intel Xeon Phi. The first-generation Xeon Phi is a completely different type of device more comparable to a graphics card; it is designed for a PCI Express slot and is meant to be used as a multi-core coprocessor, like the Nvidia Tesla. In the second generation, Xeon Phi evolved into a main processor more similar to the Xeon. It conforms to the same socket as a Xeon processor and is x86-compatible; however, as compared to Xeon, the design point of the Xeon Phi emphasizes more cores with higher memory bandwidth.

Pentium II Xeon
The first Xeon-branded processor was the Pentium II Xeon (code-named "Drake"). It was released in 1998, replacing the Pentium Pro in Intel's high-end server lineup. The Pentium II Xeon was a "Deschutes" Pentium II (and shared the same product code: 80523) with a full-speed 512 kB (1 kB = 1024 B), 1 MB (1 MB = 1024 kB = 10242 B), or 2 MB L2 cache. The L2 cache was implemented with custom 512 kB SRAMs developed by Intel. The number of SRAMs depended on the amount of cache. A 512 kB configuration required one SRAM, a 1 MB configuration: two SRAMs, and a 2 MB configuration: four SRAMs on both sides of the PCB. Each SRAM was a 12.90 mm by 17.23 mm (222.21 mm$2$) die fabricated in a 0.35 μm four-layer metal CMOS process and packaged in a cavity-down wire-bonded land grid array (LGA). The additional cache required a larger module and thus the Pentium II Xeon used a larger slot, Slot 2. It was supported by the i440GX dual-processor workstation chipset and the i450NX quad- or octo-processor server chipset.

Pentium III Xeon
In 1999, the Pentium II Xeon was replaced by the Pentium III Xeon. Reflecting the incremental changes from the Pentium II "Deschutes" core to the Pentium III "Katmai" core, the first Pentium III Xeon, named "Tanner", was just like its predecessor except for the addition of Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) and a few cache controller improvements. The product codes for Tanner mirrored that of Katmai; 80525.

The second version, named "Cascades", was based on the Pentium III "Coppermine" core. The "Cascades" Xeon used a 133 MT/s front side bus and relatively small 256 kB on-die L2 cache resulting in almost the same capabilities as the Slot 1 Coppermine processors, which were capable of dual-processor operation but not quad-processor or octa-processor operation.

To improve this situation, Intel released another version, officially also named "Cascades", but often referred to as "Cascades 2 MB". That came in two variants: with 1 MB or 2 MB of L2 cache. Its bus speed was fixed at 100 MT/s, though in practice the cache was able to offset this. The product code for Cascades mirrored that of Coppermine; 80526.

Foster
In mid-2001, the Xeon brand was introduced ("Pentium" was dropped from the name). The initial variant that used the new NetBurst microarchitecture, "Foster", was slightly different from the desktop Pentium 4 ("Willamette"). It was a decent chip for workstations, but for server applications it was almost always outperformed by the older Cascades cores with a 2 MB L2 cache and AMD's Athlon MP. Combined with the need to use expensive Rambus Dynamic RAM, the Foster's sales were somewhat unimpressive.

At most two Foster processors could be accommodated in a symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) system built with a mainstream chipset, so a second version (Foster MP) was introduced with 512 KB or 1 MB L3 cache and the Jackson Hyper-Threading capacity. This improved performance slightly, but not enough to lift it out of third place. It was also priced much higher than the dual-processor (DP) versions. The Foster shared the 80528 product code with Willamette.

Prestonia
In 2002 Intel released a 130 nm version of Xeon branded CPU, codenamed "Prestonia". It supported Intel's new Hyper-Threading technology and had a 512 kB L2 cache. This was based on the "Northwood" Pentium 4 core. A new server chipset, E7500 (which allowed the use of dual-channel DDR SDRAM), was released to support this processor in servers, and soon the bus speed was boosted to 533 MT/s (accompanied by a new socket and two new chipsets: the E7501 for servers and the E7505 for workstations). The Prestonia performed much better than its predecessor and noticeably better than Athlon MP. The support of new features in the E75xx series also gave it a key advantage over the Pentium III Xeon and Athlon MP branded CPUs (both stuck with rather old chipsets), and it quickly became the top-selling server/workstation processor.

Gallatin
Subsequent to the Prestonia was the "Gallatin", which had an L3 cache of 1 MB or 2 MB. Its Xeon MP version, which succeeded Foster MP, was popular in servers. Later experience with the 130 nm process allowed Intel to create the Xeon MP branded Gallatin with 4 MB cache. The Xeon branded Prestonia and Gallatin were designated 80532, like Northwood.

Nocona and Irwindale
Due to a lack of success with Intel's Itanium and Itanium 2 processors, AMD was able to introduce x86-64, a 64-bit extension to the x86 architecture. Intel followed suit by including Intel 64 (formerly EM64T; it is almost identical to AMD64) in the 90 nm version of the Pentium 4 ("Prescott"), and a Xeon version codenamed "Nocona" with 1 MB L2 cache was released in 2004. Released with it were the E7525 (workstation), E7520 and E7320 (both server) chipsets, which added support for PCI Express 1.0a, DDR2 and Serial ATA 1.0a. The Xeon was noticeably slower than AMD's Opteron, although it could be faster in situations where Hyper-Threading came into play.

A slightly updated core called "Irwindale" was released in early 2005, with 2 MB L2 cache and the ability to have its clock speed reduced during low processor demand. Although it was a bit more competitive than the Nocona had been, independent tests showed that AMD's Opteron still outperformed Irwindale. Both of these Prescott-derived Xeons have the product code 80546.

Cranford and Potomac
64-bit Xeon MPs were introduced in April 2005. The cheaper "Cranford" was an MP version of Nocona, while the more expensive "Potomac" was a Cranford with 8 MB of L3 cache. Like Nocona and Irwindale, they also have product code 80546.

"Paxville DP"
The first dual-core CPU branded Xeon, codenamed Paxville DP, product code 80551, was released by Intel on October 10, 2005. Paxville DP had NetBurst microarchitecture, and was a dual-core equivalent of the single-core Irwindale (related to the Pentium D branded "Smithfield") with 4 MB of L2 cache (2 MB per core). The only Paxville DP model released ran at 2.8 GHz, featured an 800 MT/s front side bus, and was produced using a 90 nm process.

7000-series "Paxville MP"
An MP-capable version of Paxville, codenamed Paxville MP, product code 80560, was released on November 1, 2005. There are two versions: one with 2 MB of L2 cache (1 MB per core), and one with 4 MB of L2 (2 MB per core). Paxville MP, called the dual-core Xeon 7000-series, was produced using a 90 nm process. Paxville MP clock ranges between 2.67 GHz and 3.0 GHz (model numbers 7020–7041), with some models having a 667 MT/s FSB, and others having an 800 MT/s FSB.

7100-series "Tulsa"
Released on August 29, 2006, the 7100 series, codenamed Tulsa (product code 80550), is an improved version of Paxville MP, built on a 65 nm process, with 2 MB of L2 cache (1 MB per core) and up to 16 MB of L3 cache. It uses Socket 604. Tulsa was released in two lines: the N-line uses a 667 MT/s FSB, and the M-line uses an 800 MT/s FSB. The N-line ranges from 2.5 GHz to 3.5 GHz (model numbers 7110N-7150N), and the M-line ranges from 2.6 GHz to 3.4 GHz (model numbers 7110M-7140M). L3 cache ranges from 4 MB to 16 MB across the models.

5000-series "Dempsey"
On May 23, 2006, Intel released the dual-core CPU (Xeon branded 5000 series) codenamed Dempsey (product code 80555). Released as the Dual-Core Xeon 5000-series, Dempsey is a NetBurst microarchitecture processor produced using a 65 nm process, and is virtually identical to Intel's "Presler" Pentium Extreme Edition, except for the addition of SMP support, which lets Dempsey operate in dual-processor systems. Dempsey ranges between 2.50 GHz and 3.73 GHz (model numbers 5020–5080). Some models have a 667 MT/s FSB, and others have a 1066 MT/s FSB. Dempsey has 4 MB of L2 cache (2 MB per core). A Medium Voltage model, at 3.2 GHz and 1066 MT/s FSB (model number 5063), has also been released. Dempsey also introduces a new interface for Xeon processors: LGA 771, also known as Socket J. Dempsey was the first Xeon core in a long time to be somewhat competitive with its Opteron-based counterparts, although it could not claim a decisive lead in any performance metric – that would have to wait for its successor, the Woodcrest.

LV (ULV), "Sossaman"
On March 14, 2006, Intel released a dual-core processor codenamed Sossaman and branded as Xeon LV (low-voltage). Subsequently, an ULV (ultra-low-voltage) version was released. The Sossaman was a low-/ultra-low-power and double-processor capable CPU (like AMD Quad FX), based on the "Yonah" processor, for ultradense non-consumer environment (i.e., targeted at the blade-server and embedded markets), and was rated at a thermal design power (TDP) of 31 W (LV: 1.66 GHz, 2 GHz and 2.16 GHz) and 15 W (ULV: 1.66 GHz). As such, it supported most of the same features as earlier Xeons: Virtualization Technology, 667 MT/s front side bus, and dual-core processing, but did not support 64-bit operations, so it could not run 64-bit server software, such as Microsoft Exchange Server 2007, and therefore was limited to 16 GB of memory. A planned successor, codenamed "Merom MP" was to be a drop-in upgrade to enable Sossaman-based servers to upgrade to 64-bit capability. However, this was abandoned in favor of low-voltage versions of the Woodcrest LV processor leaving the Sossaman at a dead-end with no upgrade path.

3000-series "Conroe"
The 3000 series, codenamed Conroe (product code 80557) dual-core Xeon (branded) CPU, released at the end of September 2006, was the first Xeon for single-CPU operation and is designd for entry-level uniprocessor servers. The same processor is branded as Core 2 Duo or as Pentium Dual-Core and Celeron, with varying features disabled. They use LGA 775 (Socket T), operate on a 1066 MT/s front-side bus, support Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology and Intel Virtualization Technology but do not support hyper-threading. Conroe processors with a number ending in "5" have a 1333 MT/s FSB.

 * Models marked with an asterisk (*) are not present in Intel's Ark database.

3100-series "Wolfdale"
The 3100 series, codenamed Wolfdale (product code 80570) dual-core Xeon (branded) CPU, was just a rebranded version of the Intel's mainstream Core 2 Duo E7000/E8000 and Pentium Dual-Core E5000 processors, featuring the same 45 nm process and 6 MB of L2 cache. Unlike most Xeon processors, they only support single-CPU operation. They use LGA 775 (Socket T), operate on a 1333 MT/s front-side bus, support Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology and Intel Virtualization Technology but do not support Hyper-Threading.

5100-series "Woodcrest"
On June 26, 2006, Intel released the dual-core CPU (Xeon branded 5100 series) codenamed Woodcrest (product code 80556); it was the first Intel Core/Merom microarchitecture processor to be launched on the market. It is a dual-processor server and workstation version of the Core 2 processor. Intel claimed that it provides an 80% boost in performance, while reducing power consumption by 20% relative to the 5000 series Dempsey.

Most models have a 1333MT/s FSB, except for the 5110 and 5120, which have a 1066MT/s FSB. The fastest processor (5160) operates at 3.0GHz. All Woodcrest processors use the LGA 771 (Socket J) socket and all except two models have a TDP of 65W. The 5160 has a TDP of 80W and the 5148LV (2.33GHz) has a TDP of 40W. The previous generation Xeons had a TDP of 130W. All models support Intel 64 (Intel's x86-64 implementation), the XD bit, and Virtualization Technology, with the Demand-based switching power management option only on Dual-Core Xeon 5140 or above. Woodcrest has 4 MB of shared L2 cache.

5200-series "Wolfdale-DP"
On November 11, 2007, Intel released the dual-core CPU (Xeon branded 5200 series) codenamed Wolfdale-DP (product code 80573). It is built on a 45 nm process like the desktop Core 2 Duo and Xeon Wolfdale, featuring Intel 64 (Intel's x86-64 implementation), the XD bit, and Virtualization Technology. It is unclear whether the Demand-based switching power management is available on the L5238. Wolfdale has 6 MB of shared L2 cache.

7200-series "Tigerton"
The 7200 series, codenamed Tigerton (product code 80564) is an MP-capable processor, similar to the 7300 series, but, in contrast, there is a single dual-core die.

3200-series "Kentsfield "
Intel released rebranded versions of its quad-core (2×2) Core 2 Quad processor as the Xeon 3200-series (product code 80562) on January 7, 2007. The 2 × 2 "quad-core" (dual-die dual-core ) comprised two separate dual-core die next to each other in one CPU package. The models are the X3210, X3220 and X3230, running at 2.13 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 2.66 GHz, respectively. Like the 3000-series, these models only support single-CPU operation and operate on a 1066 MT/s front-side bus. It is targeted at the "blade" market. The X3220 is also branded and sold as Core2 Quad Q6600, the X3230 as Q6700.

3300-series "Yorkfield"
Intel released relabeled versions of its quad-core Core 2 Quad Yorkfield Q9300, Q9400, Q9x50 and QX9770 processors as the Xeon 3300-series (product code 80569). This processor comprises two separate dual-core dies next to each other in one CPU package and manufactured in a 45 nm process. The models are the X3320, X3330, X3350, X3360, X3370 and X3380, being rebadged Q9300, Q9400, Q9450, Q9550, Q9650, QX9770, running at 2.50 GHz, 2.66 GHz, 2.66 GHz, 2.83 GHz, 3.0 GHz, and 3.16 GHz, respectively. The L2 cache is a unified 6 MB per die (except for the X3320 and X3330 with a smaller 3 MB L2 cache per die), and a front-side bus of 1333 MHz. All models feature Intel 64 (Intel's x86-64 implementation), the XD bit, and Virtualization Technology, as well as Demand-based switching.

The Yorkfield-CL (product code 80584) variant of these processors are X3323, X3353 and X3363. They have a reduced TDP of 80W and are made for single-CPU LGA 771 systems instead of LGA 775, which is used in all other Yorkfield processors. In all other respects, they are identical to their Yorkfield counterparts.

5300-series "Clovertown"
A quad-core (2×2) successor of the Woodcrest for DP segment, consisting of two dual-core Woodcrest chips in one package similarly to the dual-core Pentium D branded CPUs (two single-core chips) or the quad-core Kentsfield. All Clovertowns use the LGA 771 package. The Clovertown has been usually implemented with two Woodcrest dies on a multi-chip module, with 8 MB of L2 cache (4 MB per die). Like Woodcrest, lower models use a 1066 MT/s FSB, and higher models use a 1333 MT/s FSB. Intel released Clovertown, product code 80563, on November 14, 2006 with models E5310, E5320, E5335, E5345, and X5355, ranging from 1.6 GHz to 2.66 GHz. All models support MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation), Intel VT. The E and X designations are borrowed from Intel's Core 2 model numbering scheme; an ending of -0 implies a 1066 MT/s FSB, and an ending of -5 implies a 1333 MT/s FSB. All models have a TDP of 80 W with the exception of the X5355, which has a TDP of 120 W, and the X5365, which has a TDP of 150 W. A low-voltage version of Clovertown with a TDP of 50 W has a model numbers L5310, L5320 and L5335 (1.6 GHz, 1.86 GHz and 2.0 GHz respectively). The 3.0 GHz X5365 arrived in July 2007, and became available in the Apple Mac Pro on April 4, 2007. The X5365 performs up to around 38 GFLOPS in the LINPACK benchmark.

5400-series "Harpertown"
On November 11, 2007 Intel presented Yorkfield-based Xeons – called Harpertown (product code 80574) – to the public. This family consists of dual die quad-core CPUs manufactured on a 45 nm process and featuring 1066 MHz, 1333 MHz, 1600 MHz front-side buses, with TDP rated from 40 W to 150 W depending on the model. These processors fit in the LGA 771 package. All models feature Intel 64 (Intel's x86-64 implementation), the XD bit, and Virtualization Technology. All except the E5405 and L5408 also feature Demand-based switching. The supplementary character in front of the model-number represents the thermal rating: an L depicts a TDP of 40 W or 50 W, an E depicts 80 W whereas an X is 120 W TDP or above. The speed of 3.00 GHz comes as four models, two models with 80 W TDP two other models with 120 W TDP with 1333 MHz or 1600 MHz front-side bus respectively. The fastest Harpertown is the X5492 whose TDP of 150 W is higher than those of the Prescott-based Xeon DP but having twice as many cores. (The X5482 is also sold under the name "Core 2 Extreme QX9775" for use in the Intel Skulltrail system.)

Intel 1.6 GT/s front-side bus Xeon processors will drop into the Intel 5400 (Seaburg) chipset whereas several mainboards featuring the Intel 5000/5200-chipset are enabled to run the processors with a 1333 MHz front-side bus speed. Seaburg features support for dual PCIe 2.0 x16 slots and up to 128 GB of memory.

7300-series "Tigerton QC"
The 7300 series, codenamed Tigerton QC (product code 80565) is a four-socket (packaged in Socket 604) and more capable quad-core processor, consisting of two dual core Core 2 architecture silicon chips on a single ceramic module, similar to Intel's Xeon 5300 series Clovertown processor modules.

The 7300 series uses Intel's Caneland (Clarksboro) platform.

Intel claims the 7300 series Xeons offer more than twice the performance per watt as Intel's previous generation 7100 series. The 7300 series' Caneland chipset provides a point to point interface allowing the full front side bus bandwidth per processor.

The 7xxx series is aimed at the large server market, supporting configurations of up to 32 CPUs per host.

7400-series "Dunnington"
Dunnington – the last CPU of the Penryn generation and Intel's first multi-core (above two) die – features a single-die six- (or hexa-) core design with three unified 3 MB L2 caches (resembling three merged 45 nm dual-core Wolfdale-3M dies), and 96 kB L1 cache (Data) and 16 MB of L3 cache. It features a 1.07 GT/s FSB, fits into the Tigerton's mPGA604 socket, and is compatible with both the Intel Caneland and IBM X4 chipsets. These processors support DDR2-1066 (533 MHz), and have a maximum TDP below 130 W. They are intended for blades and other stacked computer systems. Availability was scheduled for the second half of 2008. It was followed shortly by the Nehalem microarchitecture. Total transistor count is 1.9 billion.

Announced on September 15, 2008.

3400-series "Lynnfield"
Xeon 3400-series processors based on Lynnfield are designed for entry-level servers compared to Bloomfield, which is designed for uniprocessor workstations. Like Bloomfield, they are quad-core single-package processors based on the Nehalem microarchitecture, but were introduced almost a year later, in September 2009. The same processors are marketed for mid-range to high-end desktops systems as Core i5 and Core i7. They have two integrated memory channels as well as PCI Express and Direct Media Interface (DMI) links, but no QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) interface.

3400-series "Clarkdale"
At low end of the 3400-series is not a Lynnfield but a Clarkdale processor, which is also used in the Core i3-500 and Core i5-600 processors as well as the Celeron G1000 and G6000 Pentium series. A single model was released in March 2010, the Xeon L3406. Compared to all other Clarkdale-based products, this one does not support integrated graphics, but has a much lower thermal design power of just 30 W. Compared to the Lynnfield-based Xeon 3400 models, it only offers two cores.

W3500-series "Bloomfield"
Bloomfield (or Nehalem-E) is the codename for the successor to the Xeon 3300 series, is based on the Nehalem microarchitecture and uses the same 45 nm manufacturing methods as Intel's Penryn. The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture is the high-end desktop Core i7, which was released in November 2008. This is the server version for single CPU systems. This is a single-socket Intel Xeon processor designed for uniprocessor workstations.

The performance improvements over the previous Xeon 3300 series are based mainly on:
 * Integrated memory controller supporting three memory channels of DDR3 UDIMM (Unbuffered) or RDIMM (Registered)
 * A new point-to-point processor interconnect QuickPath, replacing the legacy front side bus
 * Simultaneous multithreading by multiple cores and hyper-threading (2× per core).
 * Turbo Boost, an overclocking technology that allows the CPU to run at a clock speed higher than the base speed as needed

5500-series "Gainestown"
Gainestown or Nehalem-EP (Efficient Performance), the successor to Wolfdale-DP, and Harpertown, is based on the Nehalem microarchitecture and uses the same 45 nm manufacturing methods. The first processor released with the Nehalem microarchitecture is the high-end desktop Core i7, which was released in November 2008. Server processors of the Xeon 55xx range were first supplied to testers in December 2008.

The performance improvements over Wolfdale-DP and Harpertown processors are based mainly on:
 * Monolithic design for quad-core models
 * Integrated memory controller supporting three memory channels of DDR3 memory with ECC support.
 * A new point-to-point processor interconnect QuickPath, replacing the legacy front side bus. Gainestown has two QuickPath interfaces.
 * Hyper-threading (2× per core, starting from 5518), that was already present in NetBurst-based processors
 * Turbo Boost, an overclocking technology that allows the CPU to run at a clock speed higher than the base speed as needed

C3500/C5500-series "Jasper Forest"
Jasper Forest is a Nehalem-based embedded processor with PCI Express connections on-die, core counts from 1 to 4 cores and power envelopes from 23 to 85 watts.

The uni-processor version without QPI comes as LC35xx and EC35xx, while the dual-processor version is sold as LC55xx and EC55xx and uses QPI for communication between the processors. Both versions use a DMI link to communicate with the 3420 that is also used in the 3400-series Lynfield Xeon processors, but use an LGA 1366 package that is otherwise used for processors with QPI but no DMI or PCI Express links. The CPUID code of both Lynnfield and Jasper forest is 106Ex, i.e., family 6, model 30.

The Celeron P1053 belongs into the same family as the LC35xx series, but lacks some RAS features that are present in the Xeon version.

W3600/5600-series "Gulftown" & "Westmere-EP"
Gulftown and Westmere-EP, six-core 32 nm architecture Westmere-based processors, are the basis for the Xeon 36xx and 56xx series and the Core i7-980X. It launched in the first quarter of 2010. The 36xx-series follows the 35xx-series Bloomfield uni-processor model while the 56xx-series follows the 55xx-series Gainestown dual-processor model and both are socket compatible to their predecessors.

6500/7500-series "Beckton"
Beckton or Nehalem-EX (Expandable server market) is a Nehalem-based processor with up to eight cores and uses buffering inside the chipset to support up to 16 standard DDR3 DIMMs per CPU socket without requiring the use of FB-DIMMs. Unlike all previous Xeon MP processors, Nehalem-EX uses the new LGA 1567 (Socket LS) package, replacing the Socket 604 used in the previous models, up to Xeon 7400 "Dunnington". The 75xx models have four QuickPath interfaces, so it can be used in up-to eight-socket configurations, while the 65xx models are only for up to two sockets. Designed by the Digital Enterprise Group (DEG) Santa Clara and Hudson Design Teams, Beckton is manufactured on the P1266 (45 nm) technology. Its launch in March 2010 coincided with that of its direct competitor, AMD's Opteron 6xxx "Magny-Cours".

Most models limit the number of cores and QPI links as well as the L3 cache size in order to get a broader range of products out of the single chip design.

E7-x8xx-series "Westmere-EX"
Westmere-EX is the follow-on to Beckton/Nehalem-EX and the first Intel processor to have ten CPU cores. The microarchitecture is the same as in the six-core Gulftown/Westmere-EP processor, but it uses the LGA 1567 package like Beckton to support up to eight sockets.

Starting with Westmere-EX, the naming scheme has changed once again, with "E7-xxxx" now signifying the high-end line of Xeon processors using a package that supports larger than two-CPU configurations, formerly the 7xxx series. Similarly, the 3xxx uniprocessor and 5xxx dual-processor series turned into E3-xxxx and E5-xxxx, respectively, for later processors.

E3-12xx-series "Sandy Bridge"
The Xeon E3-12xx line of processors, introduced in April 2011, uses the Sandy Bridge chips that are also the base for the Core i3/i5/i7-2xxx and Celeron/Pentium Gxxx products using the same LGA 1155 socket, but with a different set of features disabled. Notably, the Xeon variants include support for ECC memory, VT-d and trusted execution that are not present on the consumer models, while only some Xeon E3 enable the integrated GPU that is present on Sandy Bridge. Like its Xeon 3400-series predecessors, the Xeon E3 only supports operation with a single CPU socket and is targeted at entry-level workstations and servers. The CPUID of this processor is 0206A7h, the product code is 80623.

E3-12xx v2-series "Ivy Bridge"
Xeon E3-12xx v2 is a minor update of the Sandy Bridge-based E3-12xx, using the 22 nm shrink, and providing slightly better performance while remaining backwards compatible. They were released in May 2012 and mirror the desktop Core i3/i5/i7-3xxx parts.

E5-14xx/24xx series "Sandy Bridge-EN" and E5-16xx/26xx/46xx-series "Sandy Bridge-EP"
The Xeon E5-16xx processors follow the previous Xeon 3500/3600-series products as the high-end single-socket platform, using the LGA 2011 package introduced with this processor. They share the Sandy Bridge-E platform with the single-socket Core i7-38xx and i7-39xx processors. The CPU chips have no integrated GPU but eight CPU cores, some of which are disabled in the entry-level products. The Xeon E5-26xx line has the same features but also enables multi-socket operation like the earlier Xeon 5000-series and Xeon 7000-series processors.

E5-14xx v2/24xx v2 series "Ivy Bridge-EN" and E5-16xx v2/26xx v2/46xx v2 series "Ivy Bridge-EP"
The Xeon E5 v2 line was an update, released in September 2013 to replace the original Xeon E5 processors with a variant based on the Ivy Bridge shrink. The maximum number of CPU cores was raised to 12 per processor module and the total L3 cache was upped to 30 MB. The consumer version of the Xeon E5-16xx v2 processor is the Core i7-48xx and 49xx.

E7-28xx v2/48xx v2/88xx v2 series "Ivy Bridge-EX"
The Xeon E7 v2 line was an update, released in February 2014 to replace the original Xeon E7 processors with a variant based on the Ivy Bridge shrink. There was no Sandy Bridge version of these processors but rather a Westmere version.

E3-12xx v3 series "Haswell-WS"
Introduced in May 2013, Xeon E3-12xx v3 is the first Xeon series based on the Haswell microarchitecture. It uses the new LGA 1150 socket, which was introduced with the desktop Core i5/i7 Haswell processors, incompatible with the LGA 1155 that was used in Xeon E3 and E3 v2. As before, the main difference between the desktop and server versions is added support for ECC memory in the Xeon-branded parts. The main benefit of the new microarchitecture is better power efficiency.

E5-16xx/26xx v3 series "Haswell-EP"

Introduced in September 2014, Xeon E5-16xx v3 and Xeon E5-26xx v3 series use the new LGA 2011-v3 socket, which is incompatible with the LGA 2011 socket used by earlier Xeon E5 and E5 v2 generations based on Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge microarchitectures. Some of the main benefits of this generation, compared to the previous one, are improved power efficiency, higher core counts, and bigger last level caches (LLCs). Following the already used nomenclature, Xeon E5-26xx v3 series allows dual-socket operation.

One of the new features of this generation is that Xeon E5 v3 models with more than 10 cores support cluster on die (COD) operation mode, allowing CPU's multiple columns of cores and LLC slices to be logically divided into what is presented as two non-uniform memory access (NUMA) CPUs to the operating system. By keeping data and instructions local to the "partition" of CPU which is processing them, thus decreasing the LLC access latency, COD brings performance improvements to NUMA-aware operating systems and applications.

E7-48xx/88xx v3 series "Haswell-EX"
Introduced in May 2015, Xeon E7-48xx v3 and Xeon E7-88xx v3 series provide higher core counts, higher per-core performance and improved reliability features, compared to the previous Xeon E7 v2 generation. Following the usual SKU nomenclature, Xeon E7-48xx v3 and E7-88xx v3 series allow multi-socket operation, supporting up to quad- and eight-socket configurations, respectively. These processors use the LGA 2011 (R1) socket.

Xeon E7-48xx v3 and E7-88xx v3 series contain a quad-channel integrated memory controller (IMC), supporting both DDR3 and DDR4 LRDIMM or RDIMM memory modules through the use of Jordan Creek (DDR3) or Jordan Creek 2 (DDR4) memory buffer chips. Both versions of the memory buffer chip connect to the processor using version 2.0 of the Intel Scalable Memory Interconnect (SMI) interface, while supporting lockstep memory layouts for improved reliability. Up to four memory buffer chips can be connected to a processor, with up to six DIMM slots supported per each memory buffer chip.

Xeon E7-48xx v3 and E7-88xx v3 series also contain functional bug-free support for Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX), which was disabled via a microcode update in August 2014 for Haswell-E, Haswell-WS (E3-12xx v3) and Haswell-EP (E5-16xx/26xx v3) models, due to a bug that was discovered in the TSX implementation.

E3-12xx v4 series "Broadwell-H"
Introduced in June 2015, Xeon E3-12xx v4 is the first Xeon series based on the Broadwell microarchitecture. It uses LGA 1150 socket, which was introduced with the desktop Core i5/i7 Haswell processors. As before, the main difference between the desktop and server versions is added support for ECC memory in the Xeon-branded parts. The main benefit of the new microarchitecture is the new lithography process, which results in better power efficiency.

E3-12xx v5 series "Skylake-S"
Introduced in October 2015, Xeon E3-12xx v5 is the first Xeon series based on the Skylake microarchitecture. It uses new LGA 1151 socket, which was introduced with the desktop Core i5/i7 Skylake processors. Although it uses the same socket as consumer processors, it is limited to the C200 server chipset series and will not work with consumer chipsets like Z170. As before, the main difference between the desktop and server versions is added support for ECC memory in the Xeon-branded parts.

E3-12xx v6 series
Introduced in January 2017, Xeon E3-12xx v6 is the first Xeon series based on the Kaby Lake microarchitecture. It uses the same LGA 1151 socket, which was introduced with the desktop Core i5/i7 Kaby Lake processors. As before, the main difference between the desktop and server versions is added support for ECC memory and improved energy efficiency in the Xeon-branded parts.

Variants

 * Server: Cascade Lake-SP (Scalable Performance; meaning multi physical processors configuration), Cascade Lake-AP (Advanced Performance)
 * Workstation: Cascade Lake-W
 * Enthusiast: Cascade Lake-X

Cooper Lake-based Xeon
The 3rd generation Xeon SP processors for 4S and 8S.

Ice Lake-based Xeon
The 3rd generation Xeon SP processors for WS, 1S and 2S.

Sapphire Rapids-based Xeon
Introduced in 2023, the 4th generation Xeon Scalable processors (Sapphire Rapids-SP and Sapphire Rapids-HBM) and Xeon W-2400 and W-3400 series (Sapphire Rapids-WS) provide large performance enhancements over the prior generation.

CPU

 * Up to 60 Golden Cove CPU cores per package
 * AVX512-FP16
 * TSX Suspend Load Address Tracking
 * Advanced Matrix Extensions (AMX)
 * Trust Domain Extensions (TDX), a collection of technologies to help deploy hardware-isolated virtual machines (VMs) called trust domains (TDs)
 * In-Field Scan (IFS), a technology that allows for testing the processor for potential hardware faults without taking it completely offline
 * Data Streaming Accelerator (DSA), allows for speeding up data copy and transformation between different kinds of storage
 * QuickAssist Technology (QAT), allows for improved performance of compression and encryption tasks
 * Dynamic Load Balancer (DLB), allows for offloading tasks of load balancing, packet prioritization and queue management
 * In-Memory Analytics Accelerator (IAA), allows accelerating in-memory databases and big data analytics

Not all accelerators are available in all processor models. Some accelerators are available under the Intel On Demand program, also known as Software Defined Silicon (SDSi), where a license is required to activate a given accelerator that is physically present in the processor. The license can be obtained as a one-time purchase or as a paid subscription. Activating the license requires support in the operating system. A driver with the necessary support was added in Linux kernel version 6.2.

I/O

 * PCI Express 5.0
 * Direct Media Interface 4.0
 * 8-channel DDR5 memory support up to DDR5-4800, up to 2 DIMMs per channel
 * On-package High Bandwidth Memory 2e memory as L4 cache on Xeon Max models
 * Compute Express Link 1.1

Supercomputers
By 2013 Xeon processors were ubiquitous in supercomputers—more than 80% of the TOP500 machines in 2013 used them. For the fastest machines, much of the performance comes from compute accelerators; Intel's entry into that market was the Xeon Phi, the first machines using it appeared in June 2012 and by June 2013 it was used in the fastest computer in the world.

 * The first Xeon-based machines in the top-10 appeared in November 2002, two clusters at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and at NOAA.
 * The first Xeon-based machine to be in the first place of the TOP500 was the Chinese Tianhe-IA in November 2010, which used a mixed Xeon-Nvidia GPU configuration; it was overtaken by the Japanese K computer in 2012, but the Tianhe-2 system using 12-core Xeon E5-2692 processors and Xeon Phi cards occupied the first place in both TOP500 lists of 2013.
 * The SuperMUC system, using eight-core Xeon E5-2680 processors but no accelerator cards, managed fourth place in June 2012 and had dropped to tenth by November 2013
 * Xeon processor-based systems are among the top 20 fastest systems by memory bandwidth as measured by the STREAM benchmark.
 * An Intel Xeon virtual SMP system using ScaleMP's Versatile SMP (vSMP) architecture with 128 cores and 1 TiB RAM. This system aggregates 16 Stoakley platform (Seaburg chipset) systems with total of 32 Harpertown processors.

title: Xeon


text:
M.U.L.E.

M.U.L.E. is a multiplayer video game written for Atari 8-bit computers by Ozark Softscape. Designer Danielle Bunten Berry (credited as Dan Bunten) takes advantage of the four joystick ports of the Atari 400 and 800 to allow four-player simultaneous play. Published in 1983, M.U.L.E. was one of the first five games from new company Electronic Arts, alongside Axis Assassin, Archon: The Light and the Dark, Worms?, and Hard Hat Mack. It is primarily a turn-based strategy game, but incorporates real-time elements where players compete directly as well as aspects that simulate economics.

The game was ported to the Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System, and IBM PC compatibles (as a self-booting disk). Japanese versions exist for the PC-88, Sharp X1, and MSX2 computers. Like the subsequent Atari 8-bit models, none of these systems allow four players with separate joysticks. The Commodore 64 version lets four players share joysticks, with two players using the keyboard during action portions.

Gameplay

Set on the fictional planet Irata (Atari backward), the game is an exercise in supply and demand economics involving competition among four players, with computer opponents automatically filling in for any missing players. Players choose the race of their colonist, which has advantages and disadvantages that can be paired to their respective strategies. To win, players not only compete against each other to amass the largest amount of wealth, but must also cooperate for the survival of the colony.

Central to the game is the acquisition and use of Multiple Use Labor Elements, or M.U.L.E.s, to develop and harvest resources from the player's real estate. Depending on how it is outfitted, a M.U.L.E. can be configured to harvest Energy, Food, Smithore (from which M.U.L.E.s are constructed), and Crystite (a valuable mineral available only at the "Tournament" level). Players must balance supply and demand of these elements, buying what they need and selling what they don't. Players may exploit or create shortages by refusing to sell to other players or to the "store", which raises the price of the resource on the following turns. Scheming between players is encouraged by allowing collusion, which initiates a mode allowing a private transaction. Crystite is the one commodity that is not influenced by supply and demand considerations, being deemed to be sold off-world, so the strategy with this resource is somewhat different; a player may attempt to maximize production without fear of having too much supply for the demand.

Each resource is required to do certain things on each turn. For instance, if a player is short on Food, there is less time to take one's turn. If a player is short on Energy, some land plots won't produce any output, while a shortage of Smithore raises the price of M.U.L.E.s and prevents the store from manufacturing new M.U.L.E.s.

Players must deal with periodic random events such as runaway M.U.L.E.s, sunspot activity, theft by space pirates, and meteorites, with potentially destructive and beneficial effects. Favorable random events almost never happen to the player currently in first place, while unfavorable events never happen to the player in last place. Similarly, when two players want to buy a resource at the same price, the player in the losing position automatically wins. Players also can hunt the mountain wampus for a cash reward.

Development
According to Jim Rushing (one of the four original partners in Ozark Softscape), M.U.L.E. was initially called Planet Pioneers during development. It was intended to be similar to Cartels & Cutthroats, with more graphics, better playability, and a focus on multiplayer. The real-time auction element came largely from lead designer Danielle Bunten's Wheeler Dealers. The board game Monopoly was used as a model for the game because of its encouragement of social interaction and for several of the game's elements: the acquisition and development of land as a primary task, a production advantage for grouped plots, different species (à la the different player tokens), and random events similar to "Chance" cards. Additional game features such as claim jumping, loans, and crystite depletion were discarded for adding complexity without enhancing gameplay.

The setting was inspired by Robert A. Heinlein's Time Enough for Love, wherein galactic colonization is in the style of the American Old West: A few pioneers with drive and primitive tools. The M.U.L.E. itself is based on the idea of the genetically modified animal in Heinlein's novel and given the appearance of a Star Wars Imperial Walker. Another Heinlein novel, The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, provided the decision to not have any government or external authority. In the game's original designs, land was sold by auction, but this caused a feedback loop in which the wealthiest player had the most land and thus made the most money; thus, the developers created the "land authority" that gives each player a free plot of land each turn.

Ozark Softscape developed the game for Atari 8-bit computers first because of its policy of developing for the most advanced computers then porting them to other platforms, removing or altering features such as sprites as necessary. Bunten stated that Ozark did not port the game to the Apple II because "M.U.L.E. can't be done for an Apple". The IBM PC port of M.U.L.E was developed by K-Byte Software, an affiliate of Electronic Arts, and published by IBM.

Reception
M.U.L.E. only sold 30,000 copies but was lauded by reviewers.

Computer Gaming World described it as a "fascinating and very enjoyable game which comes to its very best point with four human players". Minor criticisms included too-weak computer opponents and the lack of a save feature. Praising the "human engineering" that created the Atari 8-bit version's user interface, the magazine called it "All in all, a superior game". Softline called M.U.L.E. "what computer games should be like. It's a game, and it's a learning experience. It's also stimulating, fun, frustrating, thought provoking, fun, addictive, and fun". The magazine praised it as offering "valuable lessons" on economic topics, noting that "Most of them are learned the hard way", and concluded that "The game feels good" and "virtually flawless" because of the human-computer and human-human competition.

John J. Anderson wrote in Creative Computing, "I should also mention that there is no shooting to be found anywhere in the game. How positively refreshing ... Mule belongs on every Atari software shelf in the world: in every home and every school, near every Atari."

Scott Mace of InfoWorld called M.U.L.E. unusual in the ease with which it allows multiplayer interaction through a single game computer console. He wrote that it would have "incredible lasting power, just like the best of the board games" and stated "I learned more about the economics of the marketplace from M.U.L.E. than I ever did in college". Leo Laporte of Hi-Res also said that he learned more economics from the game than during college. He predicted that M.U.L.E. "may revitalize the [video game] industry. It ought to make them rich anyway", praised its theme as "most captivating musical come-on I've ever heard", and concluded "If you ask me, M.U.L.E. is the perfect game."

Reporting in BYTE that his children loved it, Jerry Pournelle described M.U.L.E. as "a cross between Hammurabi, Diplomacy, and an arcade game, with lots of strategic decisions—provided that you're skillful enough with a joystick to implement what you've decided to do". Another reviewer wrote in the magazine that "it is impossible to adequately describe all the interaction and economically realistic subtleties of M.U.L.E.", concluding that it was "an intriguing way to illustrate some of the triumphs and perils of free enterprise". Orson Scott Card in Compute! in 1983 gave M.U.L.E. and two other EA games, Archon: The Light and the Dark and Worms?, complimentary reviews, writing that "they are original; they do what they set out to do very, very well; they allow the player to take part in the creativity; they do things that only computers can do". The magazine listed the game in May 1988 as one of "Our Favorite Games", stating that it "requires a sense of strategy as well as proficiency at joystick maneuvers".

Steven A. List reviewed M.U.L.E. in Space Gamer No. 70. He commented that "M.U.L.E. is simply a great game, a tour de force in programming and design, good family entertainment, educational and exciting. If you don't have a computer and disk drive, it may be worth the investment just to be able to play this." The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984 gave the game an overall A rating, stating that it "combines some of the best features of Monopoly with economic simulation games like [Hammurabi]" while teaching "valuable lessons in economies in a fun way". The book noted that "when several people play, the game becomes involved and interactive". Two of Zzap!64's reviewers stated in 1985 that M.U.L.E. was "an excellent trading game" and "recommended for both novice and skilled", while the third complained that he "found little [excitement] ... nothing to keep me interested".

In 1984 M.U.L.E. was awarded "1984 Best Multi-Player Video Game/Computer Game" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards where judges described it as "a unique blend of boardgame strategy and computer-game pacing" and noted that "since its release, 'M.U.L.E.' has gained an intense cult following". Softline readers named the game the third most-popular Atari program of 1983. With a score of 7.44 out of 10, in 1988 M.U.L.E. was among the first members of the Computer Gaming World Hall of Fame, honoring those games rated highly over time by readers. In 1992 and 1994 surveys of science fiction games the magazine gave the title five of five stars, calling it "An all-time computer classic, this was one of the only games ever devised that was playable and entertaining for four humans. Economics made fun! ... it still holds up well over all these years and, by itself, provides justification for holding onto the 8-bit Atari". In 1996, the magazine named M.U.L.E. as #3 on its Best Games of All Time list. In 2004, M.U.L.E. was inducted into GameSpot's list of the greatest games of all time. It was named #5 of the "Ten Greatest PC Games Ever" by PC World in 2009. M.U.L.E. was listed as the 19th most important video game of all time by 1UP.com. Chris Crawford said of the game that considering the platform the team had to deal with, M.U.L.E. was "the greatest game design ever done."

Legacy
Shigeru Miyamoto cited M.U.L.E. as an influence on the Pikmin series. Will Wright dedicated his game The Sims to the memory of Bunten. The M.U.L.E. theme song was included in Wright's later game, Spore, as an Easter egg in the space stage.

A 2007 remix of the theme song by 8 Bit Weapon is used in the video game Roblox.

An ability in StarCraft II allows Terran players to deploy temporary robotic workers called M.U.L.E.s.

A board game adaptation, M.U.L.E. The Board Game, was released in 2015.

Unofficial clones are Subtrade, Traders, and Space HoRSE.

Enhanced versions
In 2005, a netplay component was integrated into the Atari800WinPlus emulator enabling the original game to be played over the Internet.

Computer Gaming World printed in April 1994 that EA "was working on a videogame version of the game, but the design was terminated because of creative differences between the publisher and the designer". The magazine reported a rumor in May 1994 that a "Genesis version has been completed, but EA is debating over its release", and then in August 1994 that Bunten had decided against remaking the game because EA "wanted me to put in guns and bombs". An editorial asked the company to "give us M.U.L.E. with Smithore and Crystite as its creator intended". Bunten was working on an Internet version of M.U.L.E. until her death in 1998.

An online, licensed remake called Planet M.U.L.E. was released in 2009. The game is free for download for major platforms. Comma 8 Studios later acquired the mobile M.U.L.E. license and released M.U.L.E. Returns for iOS in November 2013.

The source code to M.U.L.E., believed lost, was revealed in 2020 to be in the possession of Julian Eggebrecht. In the 1980s he had pitched an enhanced 16-bit version of the game. EA accepted the idea and sent him two discs with the source code of the original.

Another officially licensed version called M.U.L.E. Online was released via the itch.io platform on May 30, 2023. This version faithfully recreates the Atari 8-bit version of the game with both local and online multiplayer included and enhanced keyboard, mouse, and gamepad controls. It is available for Windows, macOS and Linux.

World records
According to Twin Galaxies, the following records are recognized:

 * Nintendo Entertainment System - Jason P. Kelly - 68,273
 * Commodore 64 - John J. Sato - 57,879

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: M.U.L.E.


text:
Questionnaire construction

Questionnaire construction refers to the design of a questionnaire to gather statistically useful information about a given topic. When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires can provide valuable data about any given subject.

Questionnaires
Questionnaires are frequently used in quantitative marketing research and social research. They are a valuable method of collecting a wide range of information from a large number of individuals, often referred to as respondents.

What is often referred to as "adequate questionnaire construction" is critical to the success of a survey. Inappropriate questions, incorrect ordering of questions, incorrect scaling, or a bad questionnaire format can make the survey results valueless, as they may not accurately reflect the views and opinions of the participants.

Different methods can be useful for checking a questionnaire and making sure it is accurately capturing the intended information. Initial advice may include:
 * consulting subject-matter experts
 * using questionnaire construction guidelines to inform drafts, such as the Tailored Design Method, or those produced by National Statistical Organisations.

Empirical tests also provide insight into the quality of the questionnaire. This can be done by:
 * conducting cognitive interviewing. By asking a sample of potential-respondents about their interpretation of the questions and use of the questionnaire, a researcher can
 * carrying out a small pretest of the questionnaire, using a small subset of target respondents. Results can inform a researcher of errors such as missing questions, or logical and procedural errors.
 * estimating the measurement quality of the questions. This can be done for instance using test-retest, quasi-simplex, or mutlitrait-multimethod models.
 * predicting the measurement quality of the question. This can be done using the software Survey Quality Predictor (SQP).

Test items
In the realm of psychological testing and questionnaires, an individual task or question is referred to as a test Item or item. These items serve as fundamental components within questionnaire and psychological tests, often tied to a specific latent psychological construct (see operationalization). Each item produces a value, typically a raw score, which can be aggregated across all items to generate a composite score for the measured trait.

Test items generally encompass three primary components:

 * 1) Item stem: This represents the question, statement, or task presented.
 * 2) Answer format: The manner in which the respondent provides an answer, including options for multiple-choice questions.
 * 3) Evaluation criteria: The criteria used to assess and score the response.

The degree of standardization varies, ranging from strictly prescribed questions with predetermined answers to open-ended questions with subjective evaluation criteria.

Responses to test items serve as indicators in the realm of social sciences.

Types of questions
Questions, or items, may be:
 * Closed-ended questions – Respondents' answers are limited to a fixed set of responses.
 * Yes/no questions – The respondent answers with a "yes" or a "no".
 * Multiple choice – The respondent has several option from which to choose.
 * Scaled questions – Responses are graded on a continuum (e.g.: rate the appearance of the product on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the most preferred appearance). Examples of types of scales include the Likert scale, semantic differential scale, and rank-order scale. (See scale for further information)
 * Matrix questions – Identical response categories are assigned to multiple questions. The questions are placed one under the other, forming a matrix with response categories along the top and a list of questions down the side. This is an efficient use of page space and the respondents' time.
 * Open-ended questions – No options or predefined categories are suggested. The respondent supplies their own answer without being constrained by a fixed set of possible responses. Examples include:
 * Completely unstructured – For example, "What is your opinion on questionnaires?"
 * Word association – Words are presented and the respondent mentions the first word that comes to mind.
 * Sentence completion – Respondents complete an incomplete sentence. For example, "The most important consideration in my decision to buy a new house is..."
 * Story completion – Respondents complete an incomplete story.
 * Picture completion – Respondents fill-in an empty speech balloon.
 * Thematic apperception test – Respondents explain a picture or create a story about what they think is happening in the picture.
 * Contingency question – A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question. This avoids asking questions of people that do not apply to them (for example, asking men if they have ever been pregnant).

Multi-item scales
Within social science research and practice, questionnaires are most frequently used to collect quantitative data using multi-item scales with the following characteristics:
 * Multiple statements or questions (minimum ≥3; usually ≥5) are presented for each variable being examined.
 * Each statement or question has an accompanying set of equidistant response-points (usually 5-7).
 * Each response point has an accompanying verbal anchor (e.g., “strongly agree”) ascending from left to right.
 * Verbal anchors should be balanced to reflect equal intervals between response-points.
 * Collectively, a set of response-points and accompanying verbal anchors are referred to as a rating scale. One very frequently-used rating scale is a Likert scale.
 * Usually, for clarity and efficiency, a single set of anchors is presented for multiple rating scales in a questionnaire.
 * Collectively, a statement or question with an accompanying rating scale is referred to as an item.
 * When multiple items measure the same variable in a reliable and valid way, they are collectively referred to as a multi-item scale, or a psychometric scale.
 * The following types of reliability and validity should be established for a multi-item scale: internal reliability, test-retest reliability (if the variable is expected to be stable over time), content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity.
 * Factor analysis is used in the scale development process.
 * Questionnaires used to collect quantitative data usually comprise several multi-item scales, together with an introductory and concluding section.

Pretesting
Pretesting is testing and evaluating whether a questionnaire causes problems that could affect data quality and data collection for interviewers or survey respondents.

Pretesting methods can be quantitative or qualitative, and can be conducted in a laboratory setting or in the field.

A multiple-method approach helps to triangulate results. For example, cognitive interviews, usability testing, behavior coding, and/or vignettes can be combined for pretesting.
 * Cognitive interviewing examines the respondent's thought process as they answer the questions or afterwards. The interviewer directs the respondent to think aloud or administer verbal probes. It can also be conducted online without an interviewer.
 * Usability testing focuses on how people interact with the survey, such as navigating the survey, entering survey responses, and finding help information.
 * Vignettes are short descriptions of hypothetical situations that are presented to research participants to examine their survey-relevant decisions.
 * Behavioral coding (or behavior coding) monitors the interviewer and respondent' verbal interactions in live or recorded interviews, or from transcripts. Questions are identified as needing repair when certain behaviors are coded frequently, such as respondents asking for clarifications.
 * Expert review is conducted by an individual expert or a panel of experts in questionnaire design to identify potential problems and solutions.
 * Experimental comparisons test the impact of the revised items by comparing it with the original items.
 * Statistical modeling applies methods such as latent class analysis and item response theory.

Questionnaire construction issues
Before constructing a questionnaire survey, it is advisable to consider how the results of the research will be used. If the results won't influence the decision-making process, budgets won't allow implementing the findings, or the cost of research outweighs its usefulness, then there is little purpose in conducting the research.

The research objective(s) and frame-of-reference should be defined beforehand, including the questionnaire's context of time, budget, manpower, intrusion and privacy. The types of questions (e.g.: closed, multiple-choice, open) should fit the data analysis techniques available and the goals of the survey.

The manner (random or not) and location (sampling frame) for selecting respondents will determine whether the findings will be representative of the larger population.

The level of measurement – known as the scale, index, or typology – will determine what can be concluded from the data. A yes/no question will only reveal how many of the sample group answered yes or no, lacking the resolution to determine an average response. The nature of the expected responses should be defined and retained for interpretation.

A common method is to "research backwards" in building a questionnaire by first determining the information sought (i.e., Brand A is more/less preferred by x% of the sample vs. Brand B, and y% vs. Brand C), then being certain to ask all the needed questions to obtain the metrics for the report. Unneeded questions should be avoided, as they are an expense to the researcher and an unwelcome imposition on the respondents. All questions should contribute to the objective(s) of the research.

Topics should fit the respondents' frame of reference, as their background may affect their interpretation of the questions. Respondents should have enough information or expertise to answer the questions truthfully. Writing style should be conversational, yet concise and accurate and appropriate to the target audience and subject matter. The wording should be kept simple, without technical or specialized vocabulary. Ambiguous words, equivocal sentence structures and negatives may cause misunderstanding, possibly invalidating questionnaire results. Double negatives should be reworded as positives.

If a survey question actually contains more than one issue, the researcher will not know which one the respondent is answering. Care should be taken to ask one question at a time.

Questions and prepared responses (for multiple-choice) should be neutral as to intended outcome. A biased question or questionnaire encourages respondents to answer one way rather than another. Even questions without bias may leave respondents with expectations. The order or grouping of questions is also relevant; early questions may bias later questions. Loaded questions evoke emotional responses and may skew results.

The list of prepared responses should be collectively exhaustive; one solution is to use a final write-in category for "other ________". The possible responses should also be mutually exclusive, without overlap. Respondents should not find themselves in more than one category, for example in both the "married" category and the "single" category (in such a case there may be need for separate questions on marital status and living situation).

Many people will not answer personal or intimate questions. For this reason, questions about age, income, marital status, etc. are generally placed at the end of the survey. This way, even if the respondent refuses to answer these questions, he/she will have already answered the research questions.

Visual presentation of the questions on the page (or computer screen) and use of white space, colors, pictures, charts, or other graphics may affect respondent's interest – or distract from the questions. There are four primary design elements: words (meaning), numbers (sequencing), symbols (e.g. arrow), and graphics (e.g. text boxes). In translated questionnaires, the design elements also take into account the writing practice (e.g. Spanish words are lengthier and require more space on the page or on the computer screen) and text orientation (e.g. Arabic is read from right to left) to prevent data missingness.

Questionnaires can be administered by research staff, by volunteers or self-administered by the respondents. Clear, detailed instructions are needed in either case, matching the needs of each audience

Methods of collection
There are a number of channels, or modes, that can be used to administer a questionnaire. Each has strengths and weaknesses, and therefore a researcher will generally need to tailor their questionnaire to the modes they will be using. For example, a questionnaire designed to be filled-out on paper may not operate in the same way when administered by telephone. These mode effects may be substantial enough that they threaten the validity of the research.

Using multiple modes can improve access to the population of interest when some members have different access, or have particular preferences.

Question wording
The way that a question is phrased can have a large impact on how a research participant will answer the question. Thus, survey researchers must be conscious of their wording when writing survey questions. It is important for researchers to keep in mind that different individuals, cultures, and subcultures can interpret certain words and phrases differently from one another.

There are two different types of questions that survey researchers use when writing a questionnaire: free-response questions and closed questions. Free-response questions are open-ended, whereas closed questions are usually multiple-choice. Free-response questions are beneficial because they allow the responder greater flexibility, but they are also very difficult to record and score, requiring extensive coding. Contrastingly, closed questions can be scored and coded more easily, but they diminish expressivity and spontaneity of the responder.

In general, the vocabulary of a question should be very simple and direct, and preferably under twenty words. Each question should be edited for readability and should avoid leading or loaded questions. If multiple questions are being used to measure one construct, some of the questions should be worded in the opposite direction to evade response bias.

A respondent's answer to an open-ended question can be coded into a response scale afterwards, or analysed using more qualitative methods.

Question sequence
Questions should flow logically, from the general to the specific, from least to most sensitive, from factual and behavioral matters to attitudes and opinions. When semi-automated, they should flow from unaided to aided questions. The researcher should ensure that the answer to a question is not influenced by previous questions.

According to the three-stage theory (also called the sandwich theory), questions should be asked in three stages:
 * 1) screening and rapport questions
 * 2) product-specific questions
 * 3) demographic types of questions

title: Questionnaire construction


text:
Renin–angiotensin system

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS), or renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance.

When renal blood flow is reduced, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys convert the precursor prorenin (already present in the blood) into renin and secrete it directly into the circulation. Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen, released by the liver, to a decapeptide called angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II (an octapeptide) by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, predominantly those of the lungs. Angiotensin II has a short life of about 1 to 2 minutes. Then, it is rapidly degraded into a heptapeptide called angiotensin III by angiotensinases which are present in red blood cells and vascular beds in many tissues.

Angiotensin III increases blood pressure and stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex; it has 100% adrenocortical stimulating activity and 40% vasopressor activity of angiotensin II.

Angiotensin IV also has adrenocortical and vasopressor activities

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium which in consequence causes the reabsorption of water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance). This increases the volume of extracellular fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.

If the RAS is abnormally active, blood pressure will be too high. There are several types of drugs which includes ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and renin inhibitors that interrupt different steps in this system to improve blood pressure. These drugs are one of the primary ways to control high blood pressure, heart failure, kidney failure, and harmful effects of diabetes.

Activation
The system can be activated when there is a loss of blood volume or a drop in blood pressure (such as in hemorrhage or dehydration). This loss of pressure is interpreted by baroreceptors in the carotid sinus. It can also be activated by a decrease in the filtrate sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration or a decreased filtrate flow rate that will stimulate the macula densa to signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin.

 * 1) If the perfusion of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney's macula densa decreases, then the juxtaglomerular cells (granular cells, modified pericytes in the glomerular capillary) release the enzyme renin.
 * 2) Renin cleaves a decapeptide from angiotensinogen, a globular protein. The decapeptide is known as angiotensin I.
 * 3) Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide, angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is thought to be found mainly in endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the body, within the lungs and the epithelial cells of the kidneys. One study in 1992 found ACE in all blood vessel endothelial cells.
 * 4) Angiotensin II is the major bioactive product of the renin–angiotensin system, binding to receptors on intraglomerular mesangial cells, causing these cells to contract along with the blood vessels surrounding them; and to receptors on the zona glomerulosa cells, causing the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex. Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine, autocrine/paracrine, and intracrine hormone.

Cardiovascular effects

Angiotensin I may have some minor activity, but angiotensin II is the major bio-active product. Angiotensin II has a variety of effects on the body:
 * Throughout the body, angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor of arterioles.
 * In the kidneys, angiotensin II constricts glomerular arterioles, having a greater effect on efferent arterioles than afferent. As with most other capillary beds in the body, the constriction of afferent arterioles increases the arteriolar resistance, raising systemic arterial blood pressure and decreasing the blood flow. However, the kidneys must continue to filter enough blood despite this drop in blood flow, necessitating mechanisms to keep glomerular blood pressure up. To do this, angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles, which forces blood to build up in the glomerulus, increasing glomerular pressure. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is thus maintained, and blood filtration can continue despite lowered overall kidney blood flow. Because the filtration fraction, which is the ratio of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to the renal plasma flow (RPF), has increased, there is less plasma fluid in the downstream peritubular capillaries. This in turn leads to a decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased oncotic pressure (due to unfiltered plasma proteins) in the peritubular capillaries. The effect of decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased oncotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries will facilitate increased reabsorption of tubular fluid.
 * Angiotensin II decreases medullary blood flow through the vasa recta. This decreases the washout of NaCl and urea in the kidney medullary space. Thus, higher concentrations of NaCl and urea in the medulla facilitate increased absorption of tubular fluid. Furthermore, increased reabsorption of fluid into the medulla will increase passive reabsorption of sodium along the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.
 * Angiotensin II stimulates / exchangers located on the apical membranes (faces the tubular lumen) of cells in the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in addition to channels in the collecting ducts. This will ultimately lead to increased sodium reabsorption.
 * Angiotensin II stimulates the hypertrophy of renal tubule cells, leading to further sodium reabsorption.
 * In the adrenal cortex, angiotensin II acts to cause the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the tubules (e.g., the distal convoluted tubules and the cortical collecting ducts) in the kidneys, causing them to reabsorb more sodium and water from the urine. This increases blood volume and, therefore, increases blood pressure. In exchange for the reabsorbing of sodium to blood, potassium is secreted into the tubules, becomes part of urine and is excreted.
 * Angiotensin II causes the release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin – ADH is made in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. As its name suggests, it also exhibits vaso-constrictive properties, but its main course of action is to stimulate reabsorption of water in the kidneys. ADH also acts on the central nervous system to increase an individual's appetite for salt, and to stimulate the sensation of thirst.

These effects directly act together to increase blood pressure and are opposed by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

Local renin–angiotensin systems
Locally expressed renin–angiotensin systems have been found in a number of tissues, including the kidneys, adrenal glands, the heart, vasculature and nervous system, and have a variety of functions, including local cardiovascular regulation, in association or independently of the systemic renin–angiotensin system, as well as non-cardiovascular functions. Outside the kidneys, renin is predominantly picked up from the circulation but may be secreted locally in some tissues; its precursor prorenin is highly expressed in tissues and more than half of circulating prorenin is of extrarenal origin, but its physiological role besides serving as precursor to renin is still unclear. Outside the liver, angiotensinogen is picked up from the circulation or expressed locally in some tissues; with renin they form angiotensin I, and locally expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme, chymase or other enzymes can transform it into angiotensin II. This process can be intracellular or interstitial.

In the adrenal glands, it is likely involved in the paracrine regulation of aldosterone secretion; in the heart and vasculature, it may be involved in remodeling or vascular tone; and in the brain, where it is largely independent of the circulatory RAS, it may be involved in local blood pressure regulation. In addition, both the central and peripheral nervous systems can use angiotensin for sympathetic neurotransmission. Other places of expression include the reproductive system, the skin and digestive organs. Medications aimed at the systemic system may affect the expression of those local systems, beneficially or adversely.

Fetal renin–angiotensin system
In the fetus, the renin–angiotensin system is predominantly a sodium-losing system, as angiotensin II has little or no effect on aldosterone levels. Renin levels are high in the fetus, while angiotensin II levels are significantly lower; this is due to the limited pulmonary blood flow, preventing ACE (found predominantly in the pulmonary circulation) from having its maximum effect.

Clinical significance

 * ACE inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are often used to reduce the formation of the more potent angiotensin II. Captopril is an example of an ACE inhibitor. ACE cleaves a number of other peptides, and in this capacity is an important regulator of the kinin–kallikrein system, as such blocking ACE can lead to side effects.
 * Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, can be used to prevent angiotensin II from acting on its receptors.
 * Direct renin inhibitors can also be used for hypertension. The drugs that inhibit renin are aliskiren and the investigational remikiren.
 * Vaccines against angiotensin II, for example CYT006-AngQb, have been investigated.

title: Renin–angiotensin system


text:
Seven Oaks

Seven Oaks or Sevenoaks may refer to:

Canada
 * Seven Oaks (electoral district), in Winnipeg, 1956–89
 * Seven Oaks General Hospital, Winnipeg
 * Seven Oaks School Division
 * Seven Oaks House Museum
 * Seven Oaks Sportsplex
 * Battle of Seven Oaks (1816)
 * Morningside, Toronto, alternate name for the neighbourhood

United States (by state)
 * Seven Oaks Dam, California
 * Seven Oaks Reservoir, California
 * Seven Oaks (Dahlonega, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Georgia
 * Seven Oaks (Sac City, Iowa), listed on the NRHP
 * Seven Oaks, Maryland
 * Seven Oaks Estate, Palisades, New York, listed on the NRHP
 * Seven Oaks (Asheville, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP
 * Seven Oaks, Bluffton, South Carolina
 * Seven Oaks, South Carolina
 * Seven Oaks, Texas
 * Seven Oaks Farm and Black's Tavern, Greenwood, Virginia, listed on the NRHP

United Kingdom
 * Sevenoaks, a Commuter town in Kent, England
 * Sevenoaks (district)
 * Sevenoaks (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Sevenoaks railway station
 * Sevenoaks Preparatory School
 * Sevenoaks School
 * Sevenoaks Town F.C.
 * Sevenoaks Wildlife Reserve
 * Sevenoaks Weald, a village in Kent

title: Seven Oaks


text:
Wikipedia:Village pump/July 2003 archive 3

Found a huge source of public domain information that hasn't been wikified

http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html

 * I always thought some country stuff came fr. there. Maybe not. Macau obviously isn't...yet. --Menchi 20:06 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Moved from Talk:Main Page
hello elefantfriends I LIKE to create a peace wiki if you like to help ? mailto:Ernstgruber1@gmx.at thanks ernest.

 * Elephant friends?
 * See Technical FAQ.
 * --Menchi 20:06 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Empty page
How can and why would a person make an entirely empty page on WP? (Not as a result of deletion, but "addition") I mean, zero character whatsoever! I discovered this anomaly. --Menchi

I am pretty sure it was a noob visiting a dead link, saw there was nothing there, and to exit the page they clicked "save". The software shoulnd't create the page if there is not text. CGS 23:31 10 Jul 2003 (UTC).

 * It probably contained only whitespace. The software rejects zero length articles, and then after that it strips trailing whitespace, and it doesn't check the length again before save. -- Tim Starling 01:13 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, that's a simple problem to fix. If you point me to a link to that piece of code, I would be more than happy (an interested) in fixing it.  MB 14:05 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Go for your life: . It's in editForm. -- Tim Starling 06:19 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I've discovered that Wikipedia is inconsistant on how it disambiguates plays. Some musical plays are given the form play (musical), but some have play (play). RickK 02:48 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * There's a similar problem with films. Some are film (movie) and some are film (film). - Efghij 00:46 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-- Vote for Deletion

Gentlefolk, I hope I am no longer a complete newbie here, but I still have lots of questions.

I note that the entry for Red Dawn is something like a review of the movie, and not a very good one at that. I propose we eliminate it.

However I have no idea how to get to the Votes for Deletion page, nor do I have a clear understanding of how it works.

Little help? Now, with three tildies … PaulinSaudi

 * It's at Votes for deletion. (Also a link to it on recent changes.) كسيپ Cyp 10:11 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Please make it four tildes, Paulin, to include date (like RickK & Cyp above). It's just one more press. --Menchi 10:14 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Four? OK, done. Now, with four tildies … PaulinSaudi

Sorry, Paulin, don't think you have. :) Do it like this: ~ four times. Sorry I got it mixed myself.Dieter Simon 20:49 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Lemme try this again... Now, with four tildies * PaulinSaudi 12:37 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I would like to add comments in the wiki source to explain why something is included which is only relevant when a page is being edited. You can use HTML comments as long as they are on a new line, but that breaks lists. Is there a wiki markup for "This is a comment, do not display it?" -- SGBailey 12:43 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I'd be quite surprised if such a thing existed; it's quite redundant. Just put the comment at the beginning of the list. -Smack 15:58 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I've now done that to List of people by name: St -- SGBailey 23:21 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I would like to annotate a list- ideally using different bullet shapes. This can be done in HTML, but * always produces the same bullet. Any way of making a wiki bulleted list use alternate images as bullets? (The reason is I want to mark the two letter english words which are valid in Scrabble and then scrap the scrabble list page. -- SGBailey 12:43 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I just manually type in the different bullet: ·．．‧ . --Menchi 20:06 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't see three different bullets, I see three empty square boxes. And anyway, this wouldn't change the LIST bullet, just add another character to the text - which might well be a good solution to this problem. -- SGBailey 23:38 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * How about these alternatives: · ? ¨ ° · * ? --Menchi 23:46 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I'm surprised to see the Two letter words acceptable in Scrabble page. Clearly the page creator is unaware of two things.
 * 1) There 3 different standards for acceptable scrabble words OSPD and OSW, and the combined one which I forget the name of for the moment.
 * 2) There are hundreds of websites with a list of these words and it's not hard to locate one. Mintguy 12:52 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hey folks, I think I may have found some weird bug? Either that or somebody is making oddly consistent typos. Go to Wikipedia talk:User page and observe that the moved dates have a "0" before their "2003". Why? I remember fixing this on some other page without comment, but this is getting ridiculous. --Nelson 16:21 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Odd... Doesn't seem to be any point writing 02003, because in 7997 years we (probably) won't be using that date system, anyway... كسيپ Cyp 17:20 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * They were written deliberately by user:Ellmist. Sie presumably agrees with the Long Now Foundation that we should use five figure dates to avoid the Y10K problem. Martin

 * This would just exacerbate the Y100K problem. ;) The LNF promotes 5-digit zero-padded years as a gimmick: you're supposed to think about long time periods and expand your mind. Which is fine as it goes, but the correct solution is to use arbitrary-length numbers. After all, we don't write that Charlemagne was born in 0814... --Brion 00:53 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, we don't because he was born in 0742. djmutex 13:44 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Why, all of a sudden, is my floating quickbar appearing halfway down the page, on certain pages? Mintguy 20:10 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Which pages, in which browser? Does reloading change it? Shift+reload? Ctrl+reload? Cmd+reload? Clearing your cache? Restarting your browser? Using a different browser? Which versions? Which operating system? --Brion 20:55 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok. Win 2000 Pro, IE6. It happens when I edit a page. Like this one now. The floating quickbar has decided to place itself below "Main Page | About Wikipedia | Recent changes" giving me a big blank area to the right of it. Hitting refresh isn't changing anything, and I'm not caching or using a proxy so shift-refresh etc.. has no effect. Mintguy 21:04 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't have a Windows box to test on at the moment, but I suspect the problem is this:
 * Two attempts at installing an onLoad event handler. I'll see if I can get it to merge them into one...
 * Okay, should be installed. Let me know if that fixes it. --Brion 21:41 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Nope. sozMintguy 21:45 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm getting a runtime error, when I double click on the page (using the special "edit this page javascript"). The error is as follows "Line 17:  Error: 'document.editform.wpTextbox1.form1' is not an object.
 * Line 17 is as follows:
 *
 * I'm guessing this is being caused by the recent change you made to the onload script. MB 01:33 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Er, oops. :) Fixed. --Brion 01:47 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It seems to be fixed now. Mintguy 07:41 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Spelling announcement

Today, I expunged the encyclopedia of any and all links to Czar, changing them instead to say Tsar. I consider the former spelling to be incorrect, for reasons that are explained in the article (not contributed by me, mind you), and I'm going to do my bit to kill it once and for all. So, I just thought I'd make that clear, so that the people who write things like czar can come forth and settle this once and for all. Sheesh, I sound like I'm attempting a coup d'etat. -Smack 06:34 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Newbie reporting in, having just contemplated general policies, NPOV policy, and couple of articles I didn't like.

To begin with, NPOV looked a little dubious and certainly contrary to my inclinations, till I read the arguments against it in its Talk page; they convinced me of its rightness.

Now then, I'm looking at a couple of pages that have been defaced (need I be polite about this?) by people who came and posted junk and went away: History of Physics and History of Europe. On the one hand, we are urged to edit boldly and not be afraid to replace large chunks of text. On the other, NPOV requires us not to just delete what the other guy "knows" and replace it with what we "know".

In one case (Europe) I have followed what's almost a policy of malicious compliance with NPOV by leaving in most of the stuff but balancing it with an alternate view. The result, alas, is something that's less coherent than if the old text were merely reverted, and disproportionately long; and I don't think it's especially useful to the reader who walks into the article cold.

This very small sampling has made me wonder: I know that everyone has a right to enter material and sign it or not; but should anonymous one-shot propagandists (when not actual vandals) have their material treated with some minimal respect, as if their material were attempts at honest contributions?

Having asked in that way, I assume that the answer has to be Yes; anything else would be even worse. But I still wonder. Dandrake 07:00 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I still wonder those same things, Dandrake, and I've been here quite a while now. But in the end, the Wiki Way is (if I may misquote Disralei): "The worst possible way to create an encyclopedia - except for all the other ways to create an encyclopedia." Welcome aboard, by the way. Tannin

 * The views of individual contributors on a subject (e.g. Europe) shouldn't count for much. We're supposed to report on human knowledge in general. As a rough guide, the proportion of material in an article devoted to a particular view should be comparable with the proportion of discourse in the real world devoted to that view. So if someone is adding a lot of stuff relating to a minority point of view, you should feel free to cut it down a bit - perhaps moving it to an article specifically on the subject of that point of view. For example, theories of a flat Earth are taken seriously by almost nobody these days, so the idea should only be mentioned in passing (if at all) at Earth. But the theories can be discussed at length at Flat Earth. I hope that helps. -- Oliver P. 07:56 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-

Copyright & modification
See Image talk:Soviet Union, Khrushchev (1).jpg. --Menchi 20:30 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-

Unequal page load speed
Is it just me or are some articles getting to be more equal than others? I have now for several days had the experience that some pages tend to appear to load for ever, but if you stop it loading and choose another, it will load in nanoseconds. That I recall, I had this with Annie Lennox (which had just been edited) but later (half hour) was able to get to it fine. There were many more, but not any can name off the bat. But now the same phenomenon hit me with MacOs/(Do you know what, I forgot what goes here) Anyways it was an "article" just created, and containing a full whopping 5 bytes. (check the deletion archive for what the precise name was, I think). I was loading it simultaneusly with another page which i had time to check the history of, decide delete-worthy and delete. And still it would not load! 5 bytes for chrissakes! Respectfully. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 21:53 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * For me, when one slows, all slows. But yes, some long pages do take longer to load, but not to the extreme you describe. --Menchi 21:56 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I've had the same problem as Cimon and it seems unrelated to page size. Sometimes a huge page like requested articles loads faster than something relatively small. Angela

Maybe it was mozilla that was the culprit. I changed into Links and it seems to work at lightspeed. From Now on I will only use Mozilla if I need to cut and paste. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 23:12 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Scratch that interpretation. I just had the exact same phenomenon with Links. (I was trying to load the article on Wikipedia power structure, so I could have inserted Please do not bite the newcomers but it balked, and when I chose another page (I think it was the one on guidelines. I inserted the "dont bite newcomers" there) it loaded without complaint. Coming back after editing it, the powestructure article still wouldn't load nicely! Can some developer please take a look and see what is going on. I have a hard time believing this is something to do with my ISP-provider. It seems to me this would be something in your end. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 14:47 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Response times will vary widely depending on general system load. It has nothing to do with your browser or ISP and little to do with the page you happen to be looking at (unless you're editing it, which will cause varying amounts of load depending on the number of incoming and outgoing links that have to be rechecked). --Brion 22:06 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Redirected page watchlisted
The Lines of Action talk page is currently a redirect, which is bad becuase when the real talk page changes it doesn't show up in my watch list. Is there an automated way to undo a redirect, and suck the contents back into the proper page? Thanks. --Fritzlein 01:51 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Do you see the "(Redirected from Talk:Lines of Action )" at the top? Ctrl+F if you can't. Then, click on the link, and stop watch there. --Menchi 05:53 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * You can use the "Move this page" link in the sidebar to rename pages; I've just renamed the Lines of Action talk page to Talk:Lines of Action, which should fix the problem. —Paul A 06:03 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Long quotation markup
Have we a special Wiki markup, like, for quotes over three sentences? Like in Islamic banking?

 * You're almost right.  is the HTML markup for longish quotes. There's no wiki-markup for this that I'm aware of, though. Using blockquote is fine though. -- Wapcaplet 12:56 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Stealing tables
I have just found some very nice tables on the web with lots of info. Is it ok to add them to the pages i'm working on or is that like "quoting to much" - copyright infringement? --BL

 * I remember seeing a US court rule against copyrighting list/directory of data. Remember having came across it twice, here. --Menchi 07:12 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * So the Americans thinks its OK to copy tables? --BL

 * Probably not a good idea. It may depend on what's in the tables. IANAL; information itself cannot really be copyrighted, but the presentation of that information (such as in a table form) can receive copyright protection. If you're planning on just using some of the information from another source, that's probably okay; if you're thinking of copying the whole table wholesale, that might not be a good idea, unless the original source has declared it public-domain or GFDL. -- Wapcaplet 12:56 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

On the recent changes page, "Exchequer" is listed as a requested article...but there is an article under Chancellor of the Exchequer. Shouldn't Exchequer just redirect there? Adam Bishop 19:57 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * A "Chancellor of the Exchequer" is a minister in charge of the Treasury, and the "Exchequer" is its accounting department, responsible for funds coming in and going out in Britain. I don't think it is one and the same thing. --Dieter Simon 21:00 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

--

this really escape me. I moved Wikicide to Wikicide since in any case, this has *nothing* to do in the encyclopedia space. Article was moved, but in the encyc space, it still appears to be there, as an article, not as a redirect. If one edit that encyc article (or its talk page), one can see the redirect though. What is this ? User:anthere

 * Probably a caching problem. I think there's a bug in the move page code, this seems to happen all the time. Try reloading with shift- or ctrl- reload, several times. -- Tim Starling 01:57 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * did not work. But, after I emptied my cache in my prefs, it did. Yup, must be a bug. Thanks ant

...and that's why no-one has updated Special:Lonelypages. Sorry for that brief loss of service, everyone. And I didn't even manage to get the job done. -- Tim Starling 02:39 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Who, what, why? MB 04:01 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * -- Tim Starling 04:10 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I disagree with your claim that the special pages are "useless." In particular, Special:Shortpages and Special:Wantedpages are very useful in helping to improve the wikipedia.  These both have been disabled, with Short pages last updated May 13th, and Wanted Pages last updated June 15th.  You are right in saying they are useless, b/c when not updated on a regular basis, they are useless.  I purpose that someone (maybe Timwi since he offered) create a script to update these pages on off peak hours (There is a page somewhere with in depth site statistics).  MB 14:30 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Shutting the wiki down for a half hour every day during the period when only 2/3 as many people visit Wikipedia as during peak hours isn't very appetizing. While these features would be useful, I submit that they are much less useful than the site being up and running. That's why someone who wants them badly should rewrite the functions to be efficient so they will actually get enabled again. --Brion 22:06 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, but since the database is backed up daily anyway, wouldn't it be pretty easy to generate the specialpages from a copy of the backup on a different machine? Mkweise 22:24 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Are you volunteering to donate a third machine which can hold a replicated database and deal with slow things like these index regenerations, searches, and sysops' manual queries? (Backups are weekly, not daily. However a live replicated database could be easier to work with.) --Brion 22:46 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Not quite...I was thinking of downloading a backup and a bunch of scripts to run overnight, then posting the updated specialpages the next morning. Mkweise 23:19 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

US Counties: Request for comments
We need some opinions on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. Counties/mockups. In making maps of all the U.S. counties, we wanted to keep all the states at the same width, but it led to some problems of some states getting too big. A reduced-size version has problems of its own. Suggestions are welcome! -- Wapcaplet 13:11 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

GFDL notice inconsistency
I have noticed that when I look at this older version of the Palestine, there is no GFDL notice at the bottom of the page. This may be (although I doubt it) a way for someone to bypass the GFDL when releasing thier own version. MB 18:41 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I found this interesting site today while searching for GFDL infringing sites. MB 19:19 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Regarding the User:Rambot municipality entries
I came upon an interesting disambiguation suffix in one of these entries, namely Plymouth (CDP), Massachusetts, as opposed to Plymouth (town), Massachusetts. A search on AcronymFinder revealed that this most likely stands for Census-designated place. This poses some interesting questions. First of all, would it be good to rename all of the CDP entries to be titled explicitly Census-designated place? Second, would anyone be willing to research and create a stub at Census-designated place? -Smack 19:35 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Just did this, mostly quoting http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/cenind3.html --till we *) 21:04 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

--

Mistakes in Summary
On a recent edit, I made a stupid mistake in the Summary. Is there any way to correct it? -- User:Tb

 * Nope. I've done this many times myself. --mav

 * I'm just happy that you do it at all. Summary really helps, even if it's just 1 or 2 words. But don't worry about mistakes in summary. We just don't want people to lie using the summary, like saying "Typo" in summary, but deleted an entire paragraph. --Menchi 23:59 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)