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Suure-Jaani

Suure-Jaani is a town in the northern part of the county of Viljandimaa in Põhja-Sakala rural municipality, 25 kilometres north of the town of Viljandi. Until 2017, Suure-Jaani was the administrative centre of Suure-Jaani rural municipality.

History

The oldest archaeological findings from the area date back to the 6th millennium B.C. At the end of the 12th century A.D., the Lehola hill fort of ancient Estonians was built at a location (now known as Lõhavere) approximately two kilometres north-east of the present town border. The hill fort was the centre of the northernmost district (Estonian: kihelkond) in the historical Estonian county of Sakala and also one of the centres of Estonians' fight against the conquest of German Sword Brethren in the 13th century, including in the Battle of Lehola. Not much except the hill remains of it but the place (known in Estonian also as Lembitu linnamägi) is still visited as a tourist attraction. 2/3 of the hill-fort have been excavated archaeologically.

The locality of Suure-Jaani was initially called Wallola (or "Valle"), first recorded in 1423(?). The town began to develop around the (now Lutheran) Church of Great Saint John the Evangelist (Groß Sankt Johannis in German), built before the year 1300. There is a Lutheran cemetery near the church. The church was severely damaged during the Livonian War (1558–1582) and the Great Northern War (1700–1721), particularly the latter (the church was burnt down in 1703 and the restoration was completed only in 1767). The present name, "Suure-Jaani" (literally meaning "Great John's"), which came into widespread use for the locality only in the 1880s, when it developed into a village in its own right, is an Estonian derivative from the German name of the church. Until then, the name "Suure-Jaani" was used only for the church as well as its immediate surroundings (the church estate), while other areas of the present town were separate villages: Valula (or Wallola; the southern part of the present town of Suure-Jaani), Nuutre (the eastern part) and Päraküla (or Perraküla; the north-western part; one part of the traditional Päraküla still being a separate village nowadays).

During centuries, Suure-Jaani was one of the centres of Suure-Jaani parish (which was in 1629–1721 administratively a part of Swedish Livonia, in 1721–1918 a part of the Governorate of Livonia and as from 1918 a part of the Republic of Estonia) and, since the end of the 19th century, also the cultural and commercial centre of the parish region.

In 1906–1908, Sts. Peter and Paul Orthodox Church was built at the village of Valula (now Suure-Jaani). The Orthodox congregation had already been established in the nearby village of Olustvere in 1847. In 1911, an Orthodox cemetery was established at Valula (now Suure-Jaani), replacing the former Orthodox cemetery, which was located in the village of Reegoldi near Olustvere. As from 1989 Sts. Peter and Paul Church was not used for services for a couple of decades but is being restored since 2018 and is being used, since the late 2010s, for Orthodox religious services again.

In 1924, Suure-Jaani was granted the rights of a town (Estonian: alev) and in 1938, it was granted city rights.

In 1950–1959, Suure-Jaani was the capital of Suure-Jaani District (of the Estonian SSR). The 1950s also marked the all-time peak number (approximately 1700) in the population of the town. During the administrative reform in 1960, Suure-Jaani District was dissolved and became part of the larger Viljandi District (now the county of Viljandimaa).

In 2005, a new Suure-Jaani rural municipality was formed by the town of Suure-Jaani (which had been a separate urban municipality until then), the former separate Suure-Jaani rural municipality and Olustvere and Vastemõisa rural municipalities. Therefore, the town is not a separate municipality any more but retains its city rights.

On 21 October 2017, Suure-Jaani rural municipality united with the city of Võhma and the Kõo and Kõpu rural municipalities to form the new Põhja-Sakala rural municipality.

Geography
Suure-Jaani is situated in Sakala Upland, offering picturesque views with its park, two artificial lakes and church in the centre of the town.

Transport
Due to its small size, Suure-Jaani has no urban transport. The town has a bus stop for intercity lines. The nearest railway station is at Olustvere (5 km). The nearest towns are Võhma (12 km), Viljandi (25 km), Põltsamaa (28 km) and Vändra (32 km). The distance of Suure-Jaani from Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is 143 km.

Culture
During the Estonian national awakening period in the 19th century, Suure-Jaani parish was one of the regional centres of educational, cultural and social life (largely as a result of the efforts of schoolmaster and musician Joosep Kapp and also e.g. as the parish of origin of the first Estonian professional painter Johann Köler, who both actively contributed to the development and promotion of Estonian culture).

Presently, Suure-Jaani hosts the Suure-Jaani Music Festival, an annual summer festival of classical music started in 1998, dedicated to the Kapp family of composers. Suure-Jaani is also the place of establishment of the International Artur Kapp Society, a non-profit foundation for promoting the works and life of composer Artur Kapp and other composers related to Suure-Jaani, such as Mart Saar.

Places of interest

 * Church of Great Saint John the Evangelist
 * Home museum of the Kapp family of composers and musicians
 * Monument of the Estonian War of Independence (depicting Lembitu of Lehola)
 * Lehola hill fort (Lembitu linnamägi) of ancient Estonians at Lõhavere (nearby, in Põhja-Sakala rural municipality)
 * Home museum of composer Mart Saar at Hüpassaare (in Põhja-Sakala rural municipality)
 * Home museum of painter Johann Köler at Lubjassaare farm (Ivaski village in Põhja-Sakala rural municipality)
 * Soomaa National Park (20–30 km south-west of Suure-Jaani)

Notable people

 * Ado Johanson (1874–1932), agronomist and agricultural figure
 * Aleksander Kapp (1874–1940), church figure and politician
 * Artur Kapp (1878–1952), composer
 * Joosep Kapp (1833–1894), developer of Estonian education and culture
 * Villem Kapp (1913–1964), composer
 * Tõnis Kint (1896–1991), politician, Estonian Prime Minister and President in exile in 1970–1990
 * Albert Kivikas (1898–1978), writer
 * Johann Köler (1826–1899), painter
 * Paul Kondas (1900–1985), painter
 * Felix Moor (1903–1955), the first Estonian radio reporter
 * Mart Saar (1882–1963), composer
 * Herman Simm (born 1947), convicted traitor
 * Helen Tobias-Duesberg (1919–2010), composer
 * Roman Toi (1916–2018), conductor and composer
 * Priit Toobal (born 1983), politician

title: Suure-Jaani


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Talk:Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki

Feel free to add references, links and your thoughts on this subject, email me at mailto:wilmer.t@comhem.se.

(Wilmer Thomas) 2003 June 18th, Göteborg

Discussion on Beowulf equalling Rolf Krake
Question: Do you have any opinions on the alignments of the Beowulf poem and the charcter of Rolf Krake, known from Snorre's Edda and Saxo's Gesta Danoru (amongst others)? I have read the old english texts (in a few different versions, I should say, e.g. ('Beowulf in hypertext') and ('Beowulf on Steorarume') as found online, and I am struck by the similarities for which I have not yet found any "official" comments regarding this mentioned similarities of the two characters, Beowulf and Rolf Krake. - I see an alignment of Beo, in Beowulf, as of beorh (mountain, huge rock etc.), and Wulf, as being the basic name, with the Beo-prefix added as a "nickname" of a sort.  This corresponds, in my opinion, to the nickname of Rolf; Krake, perhaps in the same adversed way that the Robin Hood companion John is called Little John, although he is supposedly of great statutes and build. As is Rolf Krake, wether the term "krake" means a small being (crow) or some huge built tree or rock, both explanations which I have found to be mentioned as an explanation of the name Rolf Krake. (Accidentally, "krake" in swedish is a synonym for poorly built and weak.) - I see the description of fighting, and loosing, to a fire-throwing dragon, and the loss of great fortunes in a funeral pyre, in Beowulf to be an adequate description of how a person is burned to death within his house, in a huge fire. This corresponds, in my opinion, very much to the story of how Rolf Krake is burnt to death over a matter of taxes and fortunes. - The companion of Beowulf, Wiglaf, is most similar to Rolf Krakes companion Vögg, or Wig, who revenges the death of Rolf Krake by killing the brother-in-law Hjorvard who has killed Rolf. - The description of Beowulf people as Weder Geats, to me has a very interesting association with a known name on the swedish (of today) west coast; where the island of 'Hallands Väderö', in the meaning of county Halland, Weather-island, very well might indicate some former region in Geatland - Götaland, Gothland; the Wedera Geats This, then becomes a very adequate situation given the orientation of geography, naming Hrothogars people (both) West and South-Danes, wheras Beowulf is called (both) East, and at a time, North Danes. An explanation of this, naturally, would be that the Geatland/Gothland territory at times have been incorporated in either Swiorice, or Denum - the Svea kingdom, or the Dane kingdom - whereas the people of West, East and South Gothland originally and basically consider themselves to be 'geats', or goths, or 'götar'. 2003 June 20th, Göteborg

Discussion on Beowulf equalling Bodvar Bjarke, herdman of Rolf Krake
Question: Do you have any opinions on the alignments of the Beowulf poem and the character of Bodvar Bjarke, herdman of Rolf Krake and known from Snorre's Edda and Saxo's Gesta Danorum (amongst others)? Bodvar Bjarke is known from a separat story, Bjarkamal, relating his life and deeds.

- In the Rolf Krake saga, the story of how Bodvar Bjarke (sonson of Norwegian king Ring) came to Rolf's court in Leire includes an episode where Bodvar fights and kills a monsterous beast that for two years have come raiding both men and cattle, exactly around christmas.

- I see an alignment here for the story of Beowulf, who comes to the court of Hrothogar to defeat the monster Grendel, that have been raidng the country for twelve years.

Kenning
Could we call that "Bee-Wolf" etimology a kenning? If so, please write it in the article.

 * Absolutely, this would explain why Beowulf and Bodvar Bjarke are equivalents. There is nothing odd in having two names for the same character in different stories. We see the same in Niebelunglied (Siegfried) and the Volsunga saga (Sigurd). Kennings were a literary technique that would not have confused a contemporary audience. Bodvar Bjarke means "battle bear" and "bee-wolf" should have been a transparent kenning for this probably very famous "bear". Wiglaf

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki


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User:Rijen

Most of the work that I want to do on Wikipedia is copyediting. I would certainly like to write some articles, and I'll do that from time to time… when I have the time (and patience).

Anyway, I am currently a student in university where I am creeping toward a Bachelor of Arts degree with majors in General Psychology and English, perhaps with a focus on Literature.

Yessum!

My interests are somewhat varied, but I'll only list those topics on which I have some knowledge. Naturally, I have an interest in Psychology, especially Personality theories, and I also enjoy classic literature. Other interests are Philosophy, the outdoors, writing and copyediting, the internet… I'll probably discover more as I roam the Wiki.

title: User:Rijen


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UCSC

UCSC may refer to:

 * University of California, Santa Cruz, a public university in Santa Cruz, California
 * Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, a private Catholic university based in Milan, Italy
 * University of Colombo School of Computing, a college affiliated with the University of Colombo in Sri Lanka
 * University City Science Center, an urban research park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Catholic University of the Holy Conception, a private catholic university in Chile

title: UCSC


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Tanichthys

Tanichthys is a genus of freshwater fish in the carp family (Cyprinidae) of order Cypriniformes. They are native to rivers and streams in China and Vietnam. Until recently, the type species, T. albonubes, was the only one known. In 2001, however, Freyhof and Herder described a new and very similar species, T. micagemmae, from the Ben Hai River in Vietnam and V. H. Nguyen & S. V. Ngô described a third species from Vietnam.

The name Tanichthys comes from the name of the Chinese Boy Scout leader, Tan Kam Fei, who discovered the first specimen.

Species

 * Tanichthys albiventris F. Li, T. Y. Liao, J. Bohlen, Z. X. Shen, L. J. Zhao & S. Li, 2022
 * Tanichthys albonubes S. Y. Lin, 1932 (White cloud mountain minnow)
 * Tanichthys flavianalis F. Li, T. Y. Liao, J. Bohlen, Z. X. Shen, L. J. Zhao & S. Li, 2022
 * Tanichthys kuehnei Bohlen, Dvorák, Ha & Šlechtová, 2019 (Lemon white cloud)
 * Tanichthys micagemmae Freyhof & Herder, 2001 (Vietnamese cardinal minnow)
 * Tanichthys thacbaensis V. H. Nguyễn & S. V. Ngô, 2001

title: Tanichthys


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The Tragically Hip

The Tragically Hip, often referred to simply as the Hip, were a Canadian rock band formed in Kingston, Ontario in 1984, consisting of vocalist Gord Downie, guitarist Paul Langlois, guitarist Rob Baker (known as Bobby Baker until 1994), bassist Gord Sinclair, and drummer Johnny Fay. They released 13 studio albums, one live album, one EP, and over 50 singles over a 33-year career. Nine of their albums have reached No. 1 on the Canadian charts. They have received numerous Canadian music awards, including 17 Juno Awards. Between 1996 and 2016, the Tragically Hip were the best-selling Canadian band in Canada and the fourth best-selling Canadian artist overall in Canada.

Following Downie's diagnosis with terminal brain cancer in 2015, the band undertook a tour of Canada in support of their thirteenth album, Man Machine Poem. The tour's final concert, which would ultimately be the band's last show, was held at the Rogers K-Rock Centre in Kingston on August 20, 2016, and broadcast globally by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as a cross-platform television, radio and internet streaming special.

After Downie died on October 17, 2017, the band announced in July 2018 that they would no longer perform under the name. The surviving members have, however, continued to pursue other musical projects, and have begun releasing compilation albums of previously unreleased songs from the band's archives.

Formation
The Tragically Hip formed in 1984 in Kingston, Ontario. Gord Sinclair and Rob Baker were students at Kingston Collegiate and had performed together at the KCVI Variety Show as the Rodents. Baker and Sinclair joined with Downie and Fay in 1984 and began playing gigs around Kingston with some memorable stints at Clark Hall Pub and Alfie's, student bars on Queen's University campus. Guitarist Paul Langlois joined in 1986; saxophonist Davis Manning left that same year. They took their name from a skit in the Michael Nesmith movie Elephant Parts.

1987-1991
By the mid-1980s, they performed in small music venues across Ontario until being seen by then-MCA Vice President Bruce Dickinson at the Horseshoe Tavern in Toronto. They were then signed to a long-term record deal with MCA, and recorded the EP The Tragically Hip, released in 1987. The album produced two singles, "Small Town Bring-Down" and "Highway Girl". They followed up with 1989's Up to Here. This album produced four singles, "Blow at High Dough", "New Orleans Is Sinking", "Boots or Hearts", and "38 Years Old". All four of these songs found extensive rotation on modern rock radio play lists in Canada.

Road Apples followed in 1991, producing three singles ("Little Bones", "Twist My Arm", and "Three Pistols") and reaching No. 1 on Canadian record charts. During the Road Apples tour, Downie became recognized for ranting and telling fictional stories during songs such as "Highway Girl" and "New Orleans Is Sinking". Road Apples was planned to be a double album but was rejected by Universal. The 2008 Universal Studios fire resulted in the destruction of the masters for the second album. The six unreleased songs were rediscovered in another collection in 2020. In 2021 they were released as an EP titled Saskadelphia, which had been the working title for Road Apples.

The sound on these first two full-length albums is sometimes characterized as "blues-tinged", although there is definite acoustic punctuation throughout both discs. Although the band failed to achieve significant international success with these first two albums, their sales and dominance of modern rock radio in Canada gave them license to subsequently explore their sound.

1992–1997
The band released another album, Fully Completely in 1992, which produced the singles "Locked in the Trunk of a Car", "Courage", and "At the Hundredth Meridian" and three others. The sound on this album displayed less of a blues influence than previous albums. The Hip created and headlined the first Another Roadside Attraction tour at this time, both to act as a vehicle for their touring, and to promote other Canadian acts (as well as non-Canadians Ziggy Marley and Pere Ubu).

Many songs from Day For Night were first performed prior to their release during the 1993 Another Roadside Attraction Tour. "Nautical Disaster" was played frequently in the middle of "New Orleans Is Sinking", an early version of "Thugs" was tested, and Downie sang lyrics from many other Day For Night songs, such as "Grace, Too", "Scared", and "Emergency", during this tour.

Day for Night was then released in 1994, producing six singles, including "Nautical Disaster" and "Grace, Too". Trouble at the Henhouse followed in 1996, producing five singles starting with "Ahead by a Century", which reached number one on the RPM Canadian singles chart on 24 June and became their most successful single in their home country. "Butts Wigglin", the fifth single from Henhouse, also appeared on the soundtrack to the Kids in the Hall movie Kids in the Hall: Brain Candy. The live album Live Between Us was recorded on the subsequent tour at Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan.

The band developed a unique sound and ethos, leaving behind its earlier blues influence. Downie's vocal style changed while the band experimented with song structures and chord progressions. Songs explored the themes of Canadian geography and history, water and land, all motifs that became heavily associated with the Hip. While Fully Completely began an exploration of deeper themes, many critics consider Day for Night to be the Hip's artistry most fully realized. The sound here is typically called "enigmatic" and "dark", while critic MacKenzie Wilson praises "the poignancy of Downie's minimalism."

On the follow-up tour for this album, the band made its only appearance on Saturday Night Live, on March 25, 1995, thanks in large part to the finagling of fellow Canadian and Kingston-area resident Dan Aykroyd, who appeared on the show just to introduce them. Aykroyd, who is a fan of the band, had personally lobbied SNL showrunner Lorne Michaels to book them as a musical guest.

In July 1996, the Hip headlined Edenfest. The three-day concert took place at Mosport Park, in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada, just a few months after the LP Trouble at the Henhouse was released. The concert sold over 70,000 tickets total and was attended by an estimated 20,000 additional people who gained access to the concert site after the outside security broke down.

1998–2003
In 1998, the band released their sixth full-length album, Phantom Power, which produced five singles. It won the 1999 Juno Awards for Best Rock Album and Best Album Design. A single from the album, "Bobcaygeon", won the Juno Award for Single of the Year in 2000. The album has been certified platinum three times over in Canada.

In February 1999, the Hip played the first concert at the brand new Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. In July 1999, the band was part of the lineup for the Woodstock '99 festival in Rome, New York. On the second day of three, they were the first band to take the stage. They were followed by Kid Rock.

Their next album, Music @ Work, was released in 2000. It won the 2001 Juno Award for Best Rock Album. The album featured back-up vocals from Julie Doiron on a number of tracks, and reached No. 1 on the Canadian Billboard Charts.

In 2002, In Violet Light, recorded by Hugh Padgham and Terry Manning at Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas was released, along with three singles from the album. It became certified platinum in Canada. Later that year, the Hip made a cameo appearance in the Paul Gross film Men with Brooms, playing a curling team from their hometown of Kingston. Three of their songs appear in the film, and they backed Sarah Harmer on a fourth, the soundtrack's lead single, "Silver Roads".

On October 10, 2002, the Tragically Hip performed two songs, "It's a Good Life If You Don't Weaken" and "Poets", as part of a command performance for Queen Elizabeth II. In 2003, the band recorded a cover of "Black Day in July", a song about the 1967 12th Street Riot in Detroit, on Beautiful: A Tribute to Gordon Lightfoot.

2004–2008
In Between Evolution was released in 2004 in the No. 1 position in Canada. It has since sold over 100,000 copies.

At the 92nd Grey Cup held November 21, 2004, the band provided the halftime entertainment in front of a packed house at Frank Clair Stadium in Ottawa.

In 2004, in episode 15 ("Rock On"), season 2 of Canadian comedy TV series Corner Gas, the Tragically Hip gave a cameo appearance as an unnamed local band rehearsing in Brent's garage. They play a rough version of the song It Can't Be Nashville Every Night from their In Between Evolution album until interrupted and asked to leave by Brent, Wanda, and Hank. As they disappointedly go, Wanda demands that Gord Sinclair and Rob Baker leave behind their amplifiers.

In October 2005, several radio stations temporarily stopped playing "New Orleans Is Sinking", out of sensitivity to the victims of Hurricane Katrina, which had devastated the city in early September of that year. However, it received considerable pirate radio and relief site play and gained some notoriety and praise in New Orleans due to its attitudinal proximity to the city's culture.

On November 1, 2005, the Hip released a double CD, double DVD box set, Hipeponymous, including all of their singles and music videos to date, a backstage documentary called "Macroscopic", an animated Hip-scored short film entitled "The Right Whale", two brand new songs ("No Threat" and "The New Maybe"), a full-length concert from November 2004 That Night in Toronto, and a 2-CD greatest hits collection Yer Favourites (selected on-line by 150,000 fans). On November 8, 2005, Yer Favourites and That Night in Toronto were released individually.

In 2006, another studio album, entitled World Container, was released, being notably produced by Bob Rock. It produced four singles, and reached the No. 1 spot on the Canadian rock music charts. The band toured concert dates in major Canadian cities, and then as an opening act for the Who on several US dates. A tour of Eastern Canada, Europe, and select cities in the United States occurred late in the year.

On February 23, 2008, the Hip returned to their hometown of Kingston, Ontario, where they were the first live act to perform at the new K-Rock Centre.

2009–2015
In 2009, the band again worked with producer Bob Rock, and We Are the Same was released in North America on April 7, 2009. It produced three singles. To promote We Are the Same, the band invited The Hour's George Stroumboulopoulos for a live interview at The Bathouse Recording Studio in Bath, Ontario (where most of the album was recorded), and they played seven new songs as well as unique versions of five other songs. The interview and performance were broadcast live in more than eighty theatres across Canada.

On January 22, 2010, the band performed "Fiddler's Green" at the "Canada for Haiti" telethon to aid earthquake victims in that country. This was broadcast nationally on all three of Canada's main networks (CBC, Global, and CTV).

Single "At Transformation" was released in May 2012 ahead of the band's twelfth studio album, Now for Plan A. A second single, "Streets Ahead" came out in August that year, and the album followed in October.

The Tragically Hip re-entered their studio in July 2014 to begin work on a new album. The following October, Fully Completely was re-released as a remastered deluxe edition, including two bonus tracks, a vinyl edition and a recording of a live show. To celebrate and promote the re-release, the band toured Canada and the United States from January to October 2015.

2016–2017: Downie's diagnosis, summer tour, and death
In December 2015, Downie was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer. The band announced his diagnosis on May 24, 2016. The band also announced that, despite his condition, they would tour that summer.

The Hip's thirteenth album, Man Machine Poem, was released on June 17, 2016. The album featured songs such as "In a World Possessed by the Human Mind", "In Sarnia", and "Machine".

The final concert of the Man Machine Poem tour was held at the Rogers K-Rock Centre in the band's hometown of Kingston on August 20, 2016. The concert was aired by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as a live cross-platform broadcast on CBC Television, CBC Radio One, CBC Radio 2, CBC Music, and YouTube. The concert featured 30 songs and three encore sets, with the band finishing with a performance of "Ahead by a Century". The CBC's broadcast and live streaming of the concert, uninterrupted by advertisements, was watched by 11.7 million people (roughly one-third of the Canadian population).

On October 13, 2016, Downie gave an interview, his first since his cancer diagnosis, to the CBC's Peter Mansbridge, in which he reported experiencing memory loss. Downie also told Mansbridge that he was working with the Tragically Hip on new studio material, and that the band have up to four albums worth of unreleased material in the vaults.

Downie released his fifth solo album, Secret Path on October 18, 2016. The album is a concept album about Chanie Wenjack, a First Nations boy who escaped from a Canadian Indian residential school in 1966 and died while attempting to make the 600 km walk back to his home.

On December 22, 2016, Downie was selected as The Canadian Press' Canadian Newsmaker of the Year and was the first entertainer ever selected for the title.

On June 15, 2017, all five members of the Tragically Hip were announced as recipients of the Order of Canada by Governor General of Canada David Johnston. Downie received his honour on June 19; the other four members of the band were invested on November 17.

The band and the tour are the subjects of Jennifer Baichwal and Nicholas de Pencier's documentary film Long Time Running, which premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. It was slated to have its television premiere in November 2017 on CTV, but following Downie's death the network moved the broadcast up to October 20.

Gord Downie died on October 17, 2017. His death was widely mourned throughout Canada. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, who is a fan of the Tragically Hip, released a tribute statement on his official website the morning after Downie's death. Later in the day, he held a press conference at Parliament Hill at which he eulogized Downie as "Our buddy Gord, who loved this country with everything he had—and not just loved it in a nebulous, 'Oh, I love Canada' way. He loved every hidden corner, every story, every aspect of this country that he celebrated his whole life."

Following Downie's death, many of the band's albums climbed the Billboard Canadian Albums chart, which is compiled by Neilsen Music. In the week ending October 19, 2017 (the day following the announcement of Downie's death), Yer Favourites rose to No. 2 in the chart, with another 10 albums moving to the Top 200. Streaming also increased 700 percent, and many of the Tragically Hip's top hits remained on the Spotify Canadian Viral 50 as of October 23, 2017.

2018–present: Activity following Downie's death
Before his death, Downie indicated in interviews that the band had unreleased material that may still be issued as one or more new albums; when accepting Downie's posthumous awards at the Juno Awards of 2018, his brothers Patrick and Mike also stated that more unreleased music is likely to be issued in the future.

A National Celebration, a concert film of the Tragically Hip's final concert, was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 8, 2017.

In July 2018, guitarist Rob Baker told Entertainment Tonight Canada that the Tragically Hip were no longer active as a touring or recording entity following Downie's death. He stated "When I say The Tragically Hip doesn't exist as a performing unit anymore because a key member is gone, I think [fans] understand that. We wouldn't be The Hip without Gord [...] The Hip has played their last note." Baker also revealed that Downie had encouraged the group to audition replacement vocalists, but the other members did not seriously consider the idea. With the legalization of marijuana in Canada, the remaining band members became investment partners in Newstrike, a cannabis company which has named several of its products after Tragically Hip songs.

In a July 2018 interview with the Toronto Sun, Baker confirmed that at least three albums' worth of unreleased material was recorded with Downie before his death, but stated that the band had yet to decide how it would be released.

On October 11, 2018, six days before the first anniversary of Downie's death, Fay and Baker joined Choir! Choir! Choir! at Yonge-Dundas Square for a live performance of the Tragically Hip's "Grace, Too".

On October 17, 2018, one year after Downie's death, a previously unreleased studio recording of the song "Wait So Long" was played on CIKR-FM, a radio station in the band's hometown of Kingston.

The Tragically Hip was among hundreds of artists whose material was reported to have been destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire but it later emerged that the band's master tapes had been transferred back to Canada in 2001, and had escaped the fire.

On September 14, 2019, Langlois, Sinclair and Baker performed a set at Rockin' the Big House, a benefit concert on the grounds of the former Kingston Penitentiary, with guest vocalists Hugh Dillon and Tom Cochrane.

In January 2020, Sinclair announced that his own debut album as a solo artist, Taxi Dancers, would be released on February 28.

In June 2020, the band and manager Jake Gold announced that they were undertaking an "archaeological dig" to select music and memorabilia from the band's archives for future release.

In early 2021, Rob Baker released a new album with his side band project, Stripper's Union.

The band released Saskadelphia, an EP comprising five previously unreleased and recently found Road Apples outtakes and a live track (as the original version has yet to be found). Road Apples was planned to be a double album, but was rejected by the label. Many songs were presumed to be destroyed in the Universal fire in 2008, but the masters were found and transferred to new recordings in 2019. Saskadelphia was released on May 21, 2021.

At the Juno Awards of 2021, the surviving members of the Tragically Hip performed their 2002 single "It's a Good Life If You Don't Weaken" with Feist on lead vocals, which marked the band's first televised performance since Downie's death. In a promotional interview on CBC Radio's Q before the ceremony, the band stated that they agreed to perform specifically because Feist had been proposed as the vocalist, with Langlois stating that "OK, so that's not going to be some guy trying to sing like Gord or some guy trying not to sing like Gord. It was a 'no' until Feist came up." The band also received the Juno Humanitarian Award at the ceremony for their history of philanthropic work in Canada.

On June 24, 2022, the band released Live at the Roxy, a live recording of their May 3, 1991 concert at the Roxy Theatre in West Hollywood, California. In September 2022, the surviving members again reunited to perform at the Buffy Sainte-Marie tribute show Buffy Sainte-Marie: Starwalker, supporting singer-songwriter William Prince on Sainte-Marie's "Now That the Buffalo's Gone".

Legacy and influence
The Tragically Hip's music is extremely popular in their native Canada, and Downie's songwriting has been praised for frequently touching upon uniquely Canadian subjects not otherwise covered by mainstream rock groups. In The National Post, Dave Kaufman wrote "Although Downie sings of Canada, his songs are by no means patriotic, or no more than in the way that we're all influenced by where we're from. The band have never been so obvious as to drape themselves in a Canadian flag, but instead, they evoke that shared experience of what it's meant for many of us to grow up in Canada." The band was a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism and worked with them on radio PSAs. After Downie's death in 2017, Simon Vozick-Levinson of The New York Times wrote, "The place of honor that Mr. Downie occupies in Canada's national imagination has no parallel in the United States. Imagine Bruce Springsteen, Bob Dylan and Michael Stipe combined into one sensitive, oblique poet-philosopher, and you’re getting close."

According to Nielsen BDS, the Tragically Hip were the fourth best-selling Canadian musical artist in Canada between 1996 and 2016. In that same period of time, "Ahead by a Century" was listed as the 67th most played song on Canadian radio across all formats, while 18 of their songs appeared in a list of the Top 150 most played songs on Canadian rock radio. Reflecting on the band's popularity in Canada, Rachel Sklar of Vox wrote, "There is a generation of Canadians who, if they went to university, they saw the Hip."

Despite their high popularity in Canada, the group was never able to cross over into the American rock music scene apart from a small, devoted fan-base centered in border cities like Buffalo, New York. The band notched four entries on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks singles chart in the US; their highest-charting song on the chart being "Courage (for Hugh MacLennan)", which reached No. 16 in 1993. Downie once complained that the band's lack of crossover to the American rock music market had been overexamined, stating "[Interviewers] always ask us about our success or lack of success in the States, which I find absurd. While that is a story of the band, there are so many other stories." Comedian Rick Mercer remarked that much of the band's American fanbase was composed of Canadians living in the United States, and recalled an experience seeing them perform at The Fillmore in San Francisco where the venue was filled with Canadian fans; he wrote, "This was the curse of being the Hip, they would go to the Fillmore, a famous venue, and they would sell out in five minutes. But no Americans could get in. By the time they were like, 'What's this happening in this sold-out show with this insane band,' you couldn't get in because every Canadian filled up the space."

Numerous tribute and cover bands to the Tragically Hip have performed across Canada both before and after the band's dissolution. The band's music also provides the score for a full-length contemporary ballet, Jean Grand-Maitre's All of Us.

The band were named as an influence by several Canadian musicians and bands across multiple genres, including Dallas Green, k-os, and Kevin Drew.

Members

 * Gord Downie – lead vocals, occasional guitar (1984–2017; deceased)
 * Rob Baker – lead guitar (1984–2017)
 * Gord Sinclair – bass, backing vocals (1984–2017)
 * Johnny Fay – drums, percussion (1984–2017)
 * Davis Manning – saxophone (1984–1986)
 * Paul Langlois – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1986–2017)

Awards and honours
SOCAN Awards
 * 1997: National Achievement Award

Canada's Walk of Fame:
 * 2002: Inducted in Toronto, Ontario

Canadian Music Hall of Fame:
 * 2005: Inducted at the Juno Awards in Winnipeg, Manitoba

Royal Conservatory of Music:
 * 2006: Presented with an honorary fellowship May 24 at the Windsor Arms Hotel in Toronto, Ontario

Governor General's Performing Arts Awards:
 * 2008: Presented the National Arts Centre Award in Ottawa, Ontario

Juno Awards
 * 1990: Most Promising Group of the Year
 * 1991: Canadian Entertainer of the Year
 * 1993: Canadian Entertainer of the Year
 * 1995: Entertainer of the Year
 * 1995: Group of the Year
 * 1997: Group of the Year
 * 1997: Album of the Year (Trouble at the Henhouse),
 * 1997: North Star Rock Album of the Year (Trouble at the Henhouse)
 * 1999: Best Rock Album (Phantom Power)
 * 1999: Best Album Design (Phantom Power)
 * 2000: Best Single ("Bobcaygeon")
 * 2001: Best Rock Album (Music at Work)
 * 2006: CD/DVD Artwork Design of the Year (Hipeponymous)
 * 2006: Music DVD of the Year (Hipeponymous)
 * 2017: Rock Album of the Year (Man Machine Poem)
 * 2017: Group of the Year
 * 2021: Juno Humanitarian Award

Order of Canada Homages:
 * 2017: Appointed to the Order of Canada
 * In 2012, the city of Kingston, Ontario renamed a prominent portion of Barrack Street, in front of the K-Rock Centre, to "The Tragically Hip Way".
 * In 2013, the Tragically Hip were one of four bands—alongside Rush, the Guess Who, and Beau Dommage—honoured by Canada Post in a series of postage stamps.
 * On January 1, 2017, CBC Radio 2's The Strombo Show aired a special episode titled The Hip 30, which consisted of Canadian musicians performing live covers of the band's songs and sharing their thoughts on the band's impact on Canadian culture. Participating artists included Blue Rodeo, Sarah Harmer, Barenaked Ladies, Donovan Woods, Stars, Arkells and Rheostatics. The episode was already planned as a tribute to the band's 30th anniversary before Downie's cancer diagnosis was announced; several times during the show, host George Stroumboulopoulos reaffirmed that "this is not a eulogy; this is a celebration."
 * On January 28, 2017, the Kingston Frontenacs of the Ontario Hockey League played against the Mississauga Steelheads in a special theme night game, in which the Frontenacs wore specially designed Tragically Hip sweaters. The band participated in the pregame show, in which the band members were presented with their own sweaters.
 * On February 2, 2017, the City of Kingston unveiled a commemorative stone in Springer Market Square with Rob Baker and Paul Langlois, recognizing the last concert of the Man Machine Poem tour. Lyrics "Everybody was in it from miles around..." from Blow at High Dough were selected in an online poll with over 11,000 votes cast.
 * On May 2, 2018, Alberta Ballet premiered All of Us, a full-length contemporary ballet featuring the music of the Tragically Hip. Discussions about the project began in early 2016 and had the support of all five band members. The ballet has since been performed in Calgary and Edmonton where Rob Baker attended in both cities on behalf of the band. In 2019 will tour to multiple Canadian cities.
 * At the figure skating exhibition gala concluding the 2018 Winter Olympics, Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir performed a tribute routine set to the Hip's "Long Time Running".

Discography

 * The Tragically Hip (EP) (MCA, 1987)
 * Up to Here (MCA, 1989)
 * Road Apples (MCA, 1991)
 * Fully Completely (MCA, 1992)
 * Day for Night (MCA, 1994)
 * Trouble at the Henhouse (MCA, 1996)
 * Phantom Power (Universal, 1998)
 * Music @ Work (Universal, 2000)
 * In Violet Light (Universal, 2002)
 * In Between Evolution (Universal, 2004)
 * World Container (Universal, 2006)
 * We Are the Same (Universal, 2009)
 * Now for Plan A (Universal, 2012)
 * Man Machine Poem (Universal, 2016)
 * Saskadelphia (EP) (Universal, 2021)

title: The Tragically Hip


text:
National Command Authority (United States)

The National Command Authority (NCA) is a term that was formerly used by the Department of Defense of the United States to refer to the ultimate source of lawful military orders.

The NCA was first alluded to in a 1960 Department of Defense document. It included at least the president of the United States as commander-in-chief and the secretary of defense. The term has no statutory or constitutional basis and was replaced in 2002 in favor of explicitly referring to the president and/or the secretary of defense.

The term also refers to communications with the commanding officers of the Unified Combatant Commands to put U.S. forces into action.

Authorization of a nuclear or strategic attack
Only the president can direct the use of nuclear weapons by U.S. Armed Forces, through plans like OPLAN 8010-12. The president has unilateral authority as commander-in-chief to order that nuclear weapons be used for any reason at any time.


text:
Lembitu

Lembitu (Estonian also: Lembit, died 21 September 1217) was an ancient Estonian senior (elder) from Sakala County and military leader in the struggle against German crusaders at the beginning of the 13th century. He is the only Estonian pre-Crusade ruler, about whom some biographical information is known (he is mentioned only in the Livonian Chronicle of Henry).

Lembitu, also referred to in Latin as Lambite, Lembito or Lembitus, was first mentioned in chronicles in 1211. Troops led by Lembitu destroyed a troop of missionaries in the historical Estonian county of Sakala (Sackalia) and made a raid as far as Pskov, then a town of the Novgorod Republic. In 1215, Lembitu's Lehola (Leal) stronghold (situated near the present town of Suure-Jaani) was taken by Germans and Lembitu was taken prisoner. He was released in 1217.

Lembitu attempted to unite the Estonians in order to withstand the German conquest. He managed to assemble an army of 6,000 Estonian men from different counties, but was killed in the following Battle of St. Matthew's Day in September 1217.

Title and degree of power
The only written biographical information about Lembit comes from the Livonian Chronicle of Henry, where he is described as "senior" ("elder") and " "princeps ac senior perfidus Lembitus" ("perfidious prince and elder Lembitu"). In another place the chronicle speaks of " Lambito et Meme, seniores de Sackale " (Lembuto and Meme, elders of Sakala), i.e., Lembitu was not the only elder of the county, thus precluding some interpretations of Lembitu's title as "king of Sakala" or "the elder of Sakala". Modern archaeological evidence suggests that at the time Sakala was probably a kingdom in its own right.

title: Lembitu


text:
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) may refer to:
 * START I, signed on July 31, 1991
 * START II, signed January 3, 1993
 * START III, never signed
 * New START, signed on April 8, 2010

title: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty


text:
Smoker

Smoker is a noun derived from smoke and may have the following specialized meanings:
 * Someone who smokes tobacco or cannabis, cigarette substitutes, or various other drugs
 * Smoking (cooking), smoker, an apparatus for smoking (cooking technique)
 * Bee smoker, a tool used in beekeeping
 * Räuchermann, a German figurine used for burning incense
 * A stag film

People

 * Smoker (surname)

Fictional characters

 * Smoker (One Piece), a character from the manga and anime One Piece
 * A smoker, or copper-burner, one of the types of allomancer in Brandon Sanderson's fantasy Mistborn series
 * Smoker, a special infected in the 2008 game Left 4 Dead
 * The antagonists in the 1995 film Waterworld

Other uses

 * Smokers (Footlights), performances by Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club, typically late-night shows presenting a collection of sketches and comedy songs
 * Smoking concert
 * The Smokers (film), a 2000 film directed and written by Kat Slater
 * The Smokers (painting), a 1630s painting by Adriaen Brouwer
 * Black smoker, a type of hydrothermal vent
 * White smoker, a type of hydrothermal vent
 * Smoker parrot, colloquial name for the regent parrot
 * "The Smoker," a short story by David Schickler
 * Smoker or smoking car, a car on a passenger train, in which smoking is permitted, just as a sleeper or sleeping car is where passengers can sleep
 * In baseball, another term for fastball.

title: Smoker


text:
Grain elevator

A grain elevator is a facility designed to stockpile or store grain. In the grain trade, the term "grain elevator" also describes a tower containing a bucket elevator or a pneumatic conveyor, which scoops up grain from a lower level and deposits it in a silo or other storage facility.

In most cases, the term "grain elevator" also describes the entire elevator complex, including receiving and testing offices, weighbridges, and storage facilities. It may also mean organizations that operate or control several individual elevators, in different locations. In Australia, the term describes only the lifting mechanism.

Before the advent of the grain elevator, grain was usually handled in bags rather than in bulk (large quantities of loose grain). Dart's Elevator was a major innovation. It was invented by Joseph Dart, a merchant, and Robert Dunbar, an engineer, in 1842 and 1843, in Buffalo, New York. Using the steam-powered flour mills of Oliver Evans as their model, they invented the marine leg, which scooped loose grain out of the hulls of ships and elevated it to the top of a marine tower.

Early grain elevators and bins were often built of framed or cribbed wood, and were prone to fire. In 1899 Frank H. Peavey "The Elevator King' along with Charles F. Haglin, invented the modern grain elevator. The first Peavey-Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator still stands today in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. The Peavey invented elevator was the first cylindrical concrete grain elevator in the world and is now widely used across Canada and the US.

Grain elevator bins, tanks, and silos are now usually made of steel or reinforced concrete. Bucket elevators are used to lift grain to a distributor or consignor, from which it falls through spouts and/or conveyors and into one or more bins, silos, or tanks in a facility. When desired, silos, bins, and tanks are emptied by gravity flow, sweep augers, and conveyors. As grain is emptied from bins, tanks, and silos, it is conveyed, blended, and weighted into trucks, railroad cars, or barges for shipment.

Usage and definitions
In Australian English, the term "grain elevator" is reserved for elevator towers, while a receival and storage building or complex is distinguished by the formal term "receival point" or as a "wheat bin" or "silo". Large-scale grain receival, storage, and logistics operations are known in Australia as bulk handling.

In Canada, the term "grain elevator" is used to refer to a place where farmers sell grain into the global grain distribution system, and/or a place where the grain is moved into rail cars or ocean-going ships for transport. Specifically, several types of grain elevators are defined under Canadian law, in the Canadian Grain Act, section 2.
 * Primary elevators (called "country elevators" before 1971) receive grain directly from producers for storage, forwarding, or both.
 * Process elevators (called "mill elevators" before 1971) receive and store grain for direct manufacture or processing into other products.
 * Terminal elevators receive grain on or after official inspection and weighing and clean, store, and treat grain before moving it forward.
 * Transfer elevators (including "Eastern elevators" from the pre-1971 classification) transfer grain that has been officially inspected and weighed at another elevator. In the Eastern Division, transfer elevators also receive, clean, and store eastern or foreign grain.

History
Both necessity and the prospect of making money gave birth to the steam-powered grain elevator in Buffalo, New York, in 1843. Due to the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, Buffalo enjoyed a unique position in American geography. It stood at the intersection of two great all-water routes; one extended from New York Harbor, up the Hudson River to Albany, and beyond it, the Port of Buffalo; the other comprised the Great Lakes, which could theoretically take boaters in any direction they wished to go (north to Canada, west to Michigan or Wisconsin, south to Toledo and Cleveland, or east to the Atlantic Ocean). All through the 1830s, Buffalo benefited tremendously from its position. In particular, it was the recipient of most of the increasing quantities of grain (mostly wheat) that was being grown on farms in Ohio and Indiana, and shipped on Lake Erie for trans-shipment to the Erie Canal. If Buffalo had not been there, or when things got backed up there, that grain would have been loaded onto boats at Cincinnati and shipped down the Mississippi River to New Orleans.

By 1842, Buffalo's port facilities clearly had become antiquated. They still relied upon techniques that had been in use since the European Middle Ages; work teams of stevedores use block and tackles and their own backs to unload or load each sack of grain that had been stored ashore or in the boat's hull. Several days, sometimes even a week, were needed to serve a single grain-laden boat. Grain shipments were going down the Mississippi River, not over the Great Lakes/Erie Canal system.

A merchant named Joseph Dart Jr., is generally credited as being the one who adapted Oliver Evans' grain elevator (originally a manufacturing device) for use in a commercial framework (the trans-shipment of grain in bulk from lakers to canal boats), but the actual design and construction of the world's first steam-powered "grain storage and transfer warehouse" was executed by an engineer named Robert Dunbar. Thanks to the historic Dart's Elevator (operational on 1 June 1843), which worked almost seven times faster than its nonmechanized predecessors, Buffalo was able to keep pace with—and thus further stimulate—the rapid growth of American agricultural production in the 1840s and 1850s, but especially after the Civil War, with the coming of the railroads.

The world's second and third grain elevators were built in Toledo, Ohio, and Brooklyn, New York, in 1847. These fledgling American cities were connected through an emerging international grain trade of unprecedented proportions. Grain shipments from farms in Ohio were loaded onto ships by elevators at Toledo; these ships were unloaded by elevators at Buffalo that shipped their grain to canal boats (and, later, rail cars), which were unloaded by elevators in Brooklyn, where the grain was either distributed to East Coast flour mills or loaded for further shipment to England, the Netherlands, or Germany. This eastern flow of grain, though, was matched by an equally important flow of people and capital in the opposite direction, that is, from east to west. Because of the money to be made in grain production, and of course, because of the existence of an all-water route to get there, increasing numbers of immigrants in Brooklyn came to Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois to become farmers. More farmers meant more prairies turned into farmlands, which in turn meant increased grain production, which of course meant that more grain elevators would have to be built in places such as Toledo, Buffalo, and Brooklyn (and Cleveland, Chicago, and Duluth). Through this loop of productivity set in motion by the invention of the grain elevator, the United States became a major international producer of wheat, corn, and oats.

In the early 20th century, concern arose about monopolistic practices in the grain elevator industry, leading to testimony before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1906. This led to several grain elevators being burned down in Nebraska, allegedly in protest.

Today, grain elevators are a common sight in the grain-growing areas of the world, such as the North American prairies. Larger terminal elevators are found at distribution centers, such as Chicago and Thunder Bay, Ontario, where grain is sent for processing, or loaded aboard trains or ships to go further afield.

Buffalo, New York, the world's largest grain port from the 1850s until the first half of the 20th century, once had the United States' largest capacity for the storage of grain in over 30 concrete grain elevators located along the inner and outer harbors. While several are still in productive use, many of those that remain are presently idle. In a nascent trend, some of the city's inactive capacity has recently come back online, with an ethanol plant started in 2007 using one of the previously mothballed elevators to store corn. In the early 20th century, Buffalo's grain elevators inspired modernist architects such as Le Corbusier, who exclaimed, "The first fruits of the new age!" when he first saw them. Buffalo's grain elevators have been documented for the Historic American Engineering Record and added to the National Register of Historic Places. Currently, Enid, Oklahoma, holds the title of most grain storage capacity in the United States.

In farming communities, each town had one or more small grain elevators that served the local growers. The classic grain elevator was constructed with wooden cribbing and had nine or more larger square or rectangular bins arranged in 3 × 3 or 3 × 4 or 4 × 4 or more patterns. Wooden-cribbed elevators usually had a driveway with truck scale and office on one side, a rail line on the other side, and additional grain-storage annex bins on either side.

In more recent times with improved transportation, centralized and much larger elevators serve many farms. Some of them are quite large. Two elevators in Kansas (one in Hutchinson and one in Wichita) are half a mile long. The loss of the grain elevators from small towns is often considered a great change in their identity, and efforts to preserve them as heritage structures are made. At the same time, many larger grain farms have their own grain-handling facilities for storage and loading onto trucks.

Elevator operators buy grain from farmers, either for cash or at a contracted price, and then sell futures contracts for the same quantity of grain, usually each day. They profit through the narrowing "basis", that is, the difference between the local cash price, and the futures price, that occurs at certain times of the year.

Before economical truck transportation was available, grain elevator operators sometimes used their purchasing power to control prices. This was especially easy, since farmers often had only one elevator within a reasonable distance of their farms. This led some governments to take over the administration of grain elevators. An example of this is the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. For the same reason, many elevators were purchased by cooperatives.

A recent problem with grain elevators is the need to provide separate storage for ordinary and genetically modified grain to reduce the risk of accidental mixing of the two.

In the past, grain elevators sometimes experienced silo explosions. Fine powder from the millions of grains passing through the facility would accumulate and mix with the oxygen in the air. A spark could spread from one floating particle to the other, creating a chain reaction that would destroy the entire structure. (This dispersed-fuel explosion is the mechanism behind fuel-air bombs.) To prevent this, elevators have very rigorous rules against smoking or any other open flame. Many elevators also have various devices installed to maximize ventilation, safeguards against overheating in belt conveyors, legs, bearings, and explosion-proof electrical devices such as electric motors, switches, and lighting.

Grain elevators in small Canadian communities often had the name of the community painted on two sides of the elevator in large block letters, with the name of the elevator operator emblazoned on the other two sides. This made identification of the community easier for rail operators (and incidentally, for lost drivers and pilots). The old community name often remained on an elevator long after the town had either disappeared or been amalgamated into another community; the grain elevator at Ellerslie, Alberta, remained marked with its old community name until it was demolished, which took place more than 20 years after the village had been annexed by Edmonton.

One of the major historical trends in the grain trade has been the closure of many smaller elevators, and the consolidation the grain trade to fewer places and among fewer companies. For example, in 1961, 1,642 "country elevators" (the smallest type) were in Alberta, holding 3452240 t of grain. By 2010. only 79 "primary elevators" (as they are now known) remained, holding 1613960 t.

In 2017, the United States had 25 e9USbu of storage capacity, a growth of 25% in the previous decade.

Elevator Alley
The city of Buffalo is not only the birthplace of the modern grain elevator, but also has the world's largest number of extant examples. A number of the city's historic elevators are clustered along "Elevator Alley", a narrow stretch of the Buffalo River immediately adjacent to the harbor. The alley runs under Ohio Street and along Childs Street in the city's First Ward neighborhood.

Elevator row
In Canada, the term "elevator row" refers to a row of four or more wood-crib prairie grain elevators.

In the early pioneer days of Western Canada's prairie towns, when a good farming spot was settled, many people wanted to make money by building their own grain elevators. This brought in droves of private grain companies. Towns boasted dozens of elevator companies, which all stood in a row along the railway tracks. If a town were lucky enough to have two railways, it was to be known as the next Montreal. Many elevator rows had two or more elevators of the same company. Small towns bragged of their large elevator rows in promotional pamphlets to attract settlers. With so much competition in the 1920s, consolidation began almost immediately, and many small companies were merged or absorbed into larger companies.

In the mid-1990s, with the cost of grain so low, many private elevator companies once again had to merge, this time causing thousands of "prairie sentinels" to be torn down. Because so many grain elevators have been torn down, Canada has only two surviving elevator rows; one located in Inglis, Manitoba, and the other in Warner, Alberta. The Inglis Grain Elevators National Historic Site has been protected as a National Historic Sites of Canada. The Warner elevator row is, as of 2019, not designated a historic site, and is still in use as commercial grain elevators.

Australia

 * ABB Grain was founded as a mutual company, the Australian Barley Board, in 1939, by barley growers in South Australia and Victoria; after demutualization, it was acquired by Viterra (see below) in 2009; Australian Bulk Alliance, a joint venture between ABB and Sumitomo, operates facilities in some areas.
 * CBH Group, a co-operative company, was established by grain growers in Western Australia, in 1933.
 * GrainCorp was established by the government of New South Wales in 1917, as Government Grain Elevator, and was privatized in 1992.

Canada
All companies operating elevators in Canada are licensed by the Canadian Grain Commission.

 * Agricore United was taken over by Saskatchewan Wheat Pool in 2007.
 * Alberta Farmers' Co-operative Elevator Company merged into United Grain Growers in 1917.
 * Alberta Pacific Grain Company was taken over by Federal Grain Co. in 1967.
 * Alberta Wheat Pool merged with Manitoba Pool Elevators in 1997.
 * Cargill was established in 1865 by W.W. Cargill.
 * Federal Grain was sold to the three provincial wheat pools in 1972.
 * Grain Growers' Grain Company merged into United Grain Growers in 1917.
 * Lake of the Woods Milling Company
 * Manitoba Pool Elevators merged with Alberta Wheat Pool in 1997.
 * Parrish & Heimbecker was established in 1909 by the two families of William Parrish and Norman G. Heimbecker.
 * Paterson Grain was established in 1908 as the N. M. Paterson Co.
 * Richardson International was established in 1857 by James Richardson; it is also known as Richardson Pioneer.
 * Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company was taken over by the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool in 1926.
 * Saskatchewan Wheat Pool took over Agricore United in 2007 to form Viterra.
 * United Grain Growers was taken over by Agricore United in 2001.
 * Viterra was established after the take-over of Agricore United by the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool.

Sweden

 * In Sweden, the vast majority of grain elevators belong to the Lantmännen co-operative movement, owned by grain-growing farmers.

United States

 * ADM Milling
 * Cargill
 * General Mills
 * Monarch Engineering Co. (builder)
 * Montana Elevator Co.
 * Perdue Agribusiness
 * Scoular
 * Smithfield Grain
 * Southern States Cooperative
 * Tyson
 * United Grain Growers

Denmark

 * FM Bulk Handling - Fjordvejs

Notable grain elevators
This is a list of grain elevators that are either in the process of becoming heritage sites or museums, or have been preserved for future generations.

Alberta

 * Acadia Valley – Prairie Elevator Museum, former Alberta Wheat Pool converted into a tea house and museum
 * Alberta Central Railroad Museum – former Alberta Wheat Pool, second-oldest standing grain elevator in Alberta, moved from Hobbema
 * Castor – former Alberta Pacific, restored into a museum
 * Big Valley – Alberta Wheat Pool used as a museum complete with a train station and roundhouse
 * Edmonton – Ritchie Mill, former flour mill converted into restaurants, law offices, and condominiums
 * Heritage Acres Farm Museum – restored United Grain Growers elevator moved from Brocket
 * Heritage Park Historical Village, former Security Elevator Co. Ltd. moved from Shonts
 * Leduc – former Alberta Wheat Pool saved from demolition now a museum
 * Mayerthorpe – 1966 Federal Grain Co., now an interpretive center
 * Meeting Creek – a refurbished Alberta Wheat Pool, Pacific Grain elevator and CN train station
 * Nanton – Canadian Grain Elevator Discovery Centre, three elevators saved from demolition and preserved to educate visitors about the town's, and Alberta's, agricultural history
 * Radway – Krause Milling Co. restored into a museum
 * Scandia – Scandia Eastern Irrigation District Museum, 1920s Alberta Wheat Pool and stockyard now a museum
 * South Peace Centennial Museum, United Grain Growers moved from Albright
 * Spruce Grove – Spruce Grove Grain Elevator Museum, former Alberta Wheat Pool, now a museum
 * St. Albert – St. Albert Grain Elevator Park, a 1906 Alberta Grain Co. and 1929 Alberta Wheat Pool Elevators now restored as a historic park
 * Stettler – a 1920 Parrish and Heimbecker grain elevator, feed mill, and coal shed, last to stand in Alberta, now protected and restored as a museum
 * Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village – former Home Grain Co. moved from Bellis

British Columbia

 * Creston – former Alberta Wheat Pool (1936) and United Grain Growers (1937) elevators on the edge of the downtown core in the Creston Valley. The two buildings were purchased by the Columbia Basin Trust in 2018. The wheat pool elevator was extensively refurbished and now includes an art gallery. The UGG elevator is beyond feasible conservation efforts however, and CBT has begun to deconstruct it in 2024, with care taken to re-purpose as much of the building materials as possible, including valuable first-growth timbers and historic equipment.

Manitoba

 * Inglis – Inglis Grain Elevators National Historic Site, last surviving elevator row in Manitoba with a total of four elevators. Now designated and protected as a National Historic Site of Canada
 * Niverville – Western Canada's first grain elevator, erected by William Hespeler in 1879

Quebec

 * Silo No. 5, Montreal – This grain elevator was completed in four stages from 1906 to 1959 and was abandoned in 1994. With the demolition of Silo No. 1 and Silo No. 2, Silo No. 5 is now, along with the Old Port's conveyor pier tower, the last vestige of Old Montreal's 20th-century harbour panorama.

Saskatchewan

 * Sukanen Ship Pioneer Village and Museum – former Victoria – McCabe moved from Mawer
 * North Battleford Western Development Museum, former Saskatchewan Wheat Pool moved from Keatley

South Africa

 * Port of Cape Town – once the tallest building in Cape Town, now restored to become the Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa

Switzerland

 * Swissmill Tower in upper Limmat Valley in the Canton of Zürich – 118 m high, rebuilt by April 2016.

United Kingdom
The Manchester Ship Canal grain elevator was completed in 1898. It had a capacity of 40,000 tons and its automatic conveying and spouting system could distribute grain into 226 bins.

Maryland

 * Baltimore and Ohio Locust Point Grain Terminal Elevator, one of the largest grain terminal elevators to be constructed in the early 20th century, with a capacity of 3.8 e9USbu in Baltimore, Maryland

New York

 * American Grain Complex, built between 1905 and 1931
 * Cargill Pool Elevator, previously named the Saskatchewan Cooperative Elevator was built in 1925 offered a total holding capacity of 2.1 e6USbu in 135 bins
 * Concrete-Central Elevator, Buffalo, New York – The largest transfer elevator in the world at the time of its completion in 1917
 * Great Northern Elevator, built in 1897 by the Great Northern Railroad; demolished September 2022-May 2023.
 * Wollenberg Grain and Seed Elevator – wooden "country style" elevator formerly located in Buffalo, New York; destroyed by fire in October 2006

Illinois

 * Armour's Warehouse – constructed in 1861–62 on the north bank of the Illinois-Michigan Canal in Seneca, Illinois

Iowa

 * Historic Ely Elevator - Also known as the Woitishek/King/Krob elevator and feed mill. Constructed in 1900 in Ely, Iowa, and was in continuous use for 121 years.

Minnesota

 * Ceresota Building was a receiving and public grain elevator built by the Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company in 1908 in Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator, St. Louis Park, Minnesota, built in 1899–1900
 * Saint Paul Municipal Grain Terminal, in St. Paul, Minnesota, on the NRHP

North Dakota

 * North Dakota Mill and Elevator, largest flour mill in the United States, located in Grand Forks, North Dakota

Oklahoma

 * Ingersoll Tile Elevator, elevator constructed of hollow red clay tiles, located in Ingersoll, Oklahoma

Pennsylvania

 * Reading Company Grain Elevator, export elevator in Philadelphia converted into offices

South Dakota

 * Zip Feed Tower, tallest occupiable structure in South Dakota from its construction in 1956–1957 until its demolition in December 2005

Virginia

 * Sewell's Point grain elevator, export elevator built by the city of Norfolk in 1922 to help the port of Norfolk better compete with other East Coast ports by providing a publicly owned facility to store and load grain at reasonable rates. It was sold to the Norfolk and Western railroad in 1929, and leased from N&W by Continental grain in 1952. The elevator originally held 750,000 USbu but was later expanded to 3500000 USbu. The elevator was taken over by Cargill in the late 1980s and abandoned around the turn of the 21st century. The elevator was demolished by Norfolk Southern in 2008.
 * Southern States silos, a grain elevator in Richmond, Virginia originally built in the 1940s by Cargill, and currently leased by Perdue Farms is the tallest structure south of the James River in the city of Richmond. The elevator was the site of the 3rd RVA Street Art Festival.

Wisconsin

 * Chase Grain Elevator, tile grain elevator built in 1922. Sun Prairie, Wisconsin Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. It is the last remaining tile elevator in Wisconsin.

Wyoming

 * Sheridan Flouring Mills, Inc., an industrial complex in Sheridan, Wyoming

Elevator explosions
Given a large enough suspension of combustible flour or grain dust in the air, a significant explosion can occur. The 1878 explosion of the Washburn "A" Mill in Minneapolis, Minnesota, killed 18, leveled two nearby mills, damaged many others, and caused a destructive fire that gutted much of the nearby milling district. (The Washburn "A" mill was later rebuilt and continued to be used until 1965.) Another example occurred in 1998, when the DeBruce grain elevator in Wichita, Kansas, exploded and killed seven people. An explosion on October 29, 2011, at the Bartlett Grain Company in Atchison, Kansas, killed six people. Two more men received severe burns, but the remaining four were not hurt.

Almost any finely divided organic substance becomes an explosive material when dispersed as an air suspension; hence, a very fine flour is dangerously explosive in air suspension. This poses a significant risk when milling grain to produce flour, so mills go to great lengths to remove sources of sparks. These measures include carefully sifting the grain before it is milled or ground to remove stones, which could strike sparks from the millstones, and the use of magnets to remove metallic debris able to strike sparks.

The earliest recorded flour explosion took place in an Italian mill in 1785, but many have occurred since. These two references give numbers of recorded flour and dust explosions in the United States in 1994: and 1997 In the ten-year period up to and including 1997, there were 129 explosions.

Media
Canadian Prairie grain elevators were the subjects of the National Film Board of Canada documentaries Grain Elevator and Death of a Skyline.

During the sixth season of the History Channel series Ax Men, one of the featured crews takes on the job of dismantling the Globe Elevator in Wisconsin. This structure was the largest grain-storage facility in the world when it was built in the 1880s.

title: Grain elevator


text:
Talk:2003 in sports

Untitled
I removed DW's content. I disagree with the policy that we do so, but I'm in a conformist mood today. Martin 22:52 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't see the tlak page before reverting. Why do we have to lose a lot of good content just because a contributor has been banned? If this is the policy then I suppose my revert should be re-reverted. Lisiate 22:57 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

From Votes for deletion
 * 2003 in sports.
 * Jtdirl wishes to delete the history of this article.
 * Martin opposes, as history-only deletions of articles:
 * are a possible violation of the GFDL
 * are dishonest - we should cite our sources for text, just as for images
 * are disrespectful to the people who have edited the page
 * make it harder to peer review recent edits to the page
 * make it harder for people to evaluate the reliability of the page
 * are not authorised on our policy on permanent deletion of pages.

title: Talk:2003 in sports


text:
Talk:Collateral damage

1
What's the logic behind putting list of war crimes as links here ? Taw

Alternative Etymology
I do not whole heartedly swallow the assertion that this term, "Collateral Damage" began and always existed as a euphemism or doublespeak. The section discussing etymology says that "the adjective 'collateral' doesn't seem to have been used as a synonym for "unintentional" or "accidental" earlier." However, in a criminology class I once heard the explanation of the term having originated in hostage negotiation, where "collateral" referred to the hostages or kidnap victims that were being "held as collateral" by the perpetrators hoping to collect a ransom or otherwise strike a deal. "Collateral" in this meaning can be easily extended to include goods, landmarks, property or otherwise material things that could be held "hostage" in addition to people. "Collateral damage" in this sort of situation refers to "damage to anything being held as collateral, which occurs during the course of attempting to resolve the situation."

For instance, during a bank heist, should any hostages be shot, killed, or maimed in the course of a rescue attempt or by bank robbers intent on making a point, those losses would be considered "damage to the collateral" or "collateral damage." If the perpetrators were to detonate explosives in the vault, damage to the integrity of the vault or to the contents of the vault would also be grouped under "collateral damage."

As such, the military extension of this term follows as meaning unintentional damage to anything or anyone that an intervening army would rather survive unscathed, which is not a party to either side of the conflict. This applies to lives and treasure. In essence, it tries to acknowledge a sense of care for the wellbeing of indigenous, non-combatant inhabitants and innocents, as well as their property, while also recognizing the difference between this "damage to the collateral" which is trying to be protected and "casualties" incurred upon military personnel and property.

In this sense, I do not believe the term is entirely cynical, euphemistic, or loaded with double talk, but rather a very exact, yet concise, description of the unfortunate phenomenon of accidentally causing harm to or letting harm fall to someone or something that an armed force is trying to protect or save.

The merge suggestion
Did someone throw that merge suggestion in as an act of vandalism? If the terms are at all related, then a link in this article to the other might be called for. (I.E. if that's where the term comes from)

The example of "skilled workers in war factories" is a poor one, as that has always been defined by advocates of strategic warfare as a militarily-significant target in which no "disinformation" bones need be thrown to a public. The case that the term is mostly just a euphemism has not been made at all. It is not denied by any rational person that innocent civilians are killed and property destroyed in war--it's the intention behind the death and destruction that consitutes war crimes. Buckboard 09:51, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

I think article needs quite a bit of work doing it. It is of little use to say in the article that 'collateral damage' is a euphemistic term and then only in the discussion acknowledge that its etymology was euphemistic, rather than current usage. The term is frequently used in academic discourse and has taken on a much deeper meaning: referring to incidental damage to civilian infrastructure and to civilian casualties in conflict, within the boundaries of the CIL principles of proportionality and necessity. Some mention should also be made of its pejorative use.

In response to the other question on this page the concept of collateral damage is really only relevant to the 20th century, with the 1899 Hague Convention starting the process of delegitimising the targeting of civilians.

Lastly, the 'list' of examples is insubstantial and incorrect - for example, the US government response to the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade was that the Embassy was near to a munitions factory, and that their information did not show that the Chinese Embassy was so close.

Question
Is the concept of Collateral Damage, limited to the "US Military"  euphemism or term for the unintended killing of civilians and destroying their property, or is the concept as old as War, itself? Dr. Dan 04:02, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The term is a recent US military euphemism, but the concept is of course as old as war itself. Thomas Blomberg 17:23, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Revert on 18 Mar 2007
Some extensive, opinionated, and unsourced additions were made by an anonymous editor at IP address 160.136.109.109. A claim about the Geneva Conventions seemed particularly dubious or deprived of context. I reverted the changes, but would welcome discussion here if the reverts are considered unjustified. -- Rob C (Alarob) 17:13, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Popularity of the term
Something should be added to the article relating to the fact that, while the term may date back to Vietnam, its use by the general public -- and in pop culture (film, TV) -- did occur until it became one of the buzzwords of the 1991 Gulf War. 68.146.47.196 16:02, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Meaning of "collateral"
Being a former latinist, "collateral" sounds like "on both sides" to me (co- is a prefix for things made in common, while "lateral" means side). I was very surprised at the definition given here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.150.192.237 (talk) 21:48, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Obscure word?
Is collateral really an obscure word? I've always thought that the word was fairly common.124.171.154.12 (talk) 08:51, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

"Examples"
I noticed someone made sure to note that Timothy McVeigh used this term in an interview which took place before his execution. I'd like to thank the person who told us this. Had they not included such useful information, I might have thought McVeigh's interview took place after his execution. >< 66.169.156.178 (talk) 01:06, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

Lead "The phrase has frequently been used by U.S.-led NATO armies"
The phrase in the lead "has frequently been used by U.S.-led NATO armies" carries an implied anti American and NATO bias, that only "U.S.-led NATO armies" are careless enough to cause "collateral damage". Also: -- PBS (talk) 03:34, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Why "U.S.-led NATO armies" what about the invasion of Iraq which was not a NATO affair?
 * Why "U.S.-led NATO" it begs the questions so what non US lead NATO armies are there and why do the not use the term?
 * What about all the other armies in the world is it that they don't use the phrase or that they don't recognise that they cause collateral damage by whatever name they use.

removed part of "The U.S. military's approach ..."
I removed a major part of "The U.S. military's approach ..." as almost identical copy of the original source - which is not free to use. Diff is []. It was - probably on an erronous assumption - included by an IP-contributor. Please make sure to phrase that information in your own words, if you wish to re-insert it. GermanJoe (talk) 15:00, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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US only?
The term is not used by UK forces/spokespeople, nor is 'friendly fire', for which UK has its own term. Indeed, 'Collateral damage' is widely looked on as a fairly repellant euphemism in the UK for 'civilian deaths'. Pincrete (talk) 20:23, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

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Propaganda term
When the Russians bombed Ukraine they called it a war crime, but when the Americans bombed Iraq they used this term. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzuBI6pORAc&t=96s 123.26.190.5 (talk) 23:54, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Collateral damage


text: Talk:Lembitu

title: Talk:Lembitu


text:
Battle of Morgarten

The Battle of Morgarten took place on 15 November 1315, when troops of Schwyz, supported by their allies of Uri and Unterwalden, ambushed an Austrian army under the command of Leopold I, Duke of Austria on the shores of Lake Ägeri, in the territory of Schwyz.

After a brief close-quarters battle, the Austrian army was routed, with numerous slain or drowned. The Swiss victory consolidated the League of the Three Forest Cantons, which formed the core of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

Background
Toward the end of the 13th century the House of Habsburg coveted the area around the Gotthard Pass, as it offered the shortest passage to Italy. However, the Confederates of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, which had formalized the Swiss Confederacy in 1291, held imperial freedom letters from former Habsburg emperors granting them local autonomy within the empire. In 1314 tensions between the Habsburgs and Confederates heightened when Duke Louis IV of Bavaria (who would become Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor) and Frederick the Handsome, a Habsburg prince, each claimed the crown of the Holy Roman Emperor.

The Confederates supported Louis IV because they feared the Habsburgs would annex their lands (which they had tried to do in the late 13th century). War broke out after the Confederates of Schwyz raided the Habsburg-protected Einsiedeln Abbey. The conflict with Einsiedeln erupted after settlers moved from Schwyz into unused parts of the territories claimed by Einsiedeln. The settlers cleared the primal forest and established farms or pastures. This led the abbot of Einsiedeln to complain with the bishop at Constance, who moved to excommunicate Schwyz. In revenge for this, men of Schwyz under the leadership of Werner Stauffacher raided Einsiedeln abbey on the night of 6 January 1314. They plundered the monastery, desecrated the abbey church, and took several monks as hostages. The abbot managed to escape to Pfäffikon, from where he alerted the bishop. The bishop now extended excommunication to Uri and Unterwalden as well as Schwyz.

Battle
Frederick's brother, Habsburg duke Leopold of Austria, led a large army to crush the rebellious Confederates. Johannes von Winterthur's chronicle of the battle puts the Habsburg forces at 20,000, although that number is likely an exaggeration. A 19th century account by Rudolf Hanhart states that there were 9,000 men in the Habsburg army, while historian Hans Delbrück stated in 1907 that the Habsburg army consisted of only 2,000–3,000 men and that these were mainly well-trained and -equipped knights. Delbrück's estimate is accepted by Kelly DeVries.

The Confederates of Schwyz were supported by the Confederates of Uri and Unterwalden. The size of the Confederate force is unknown, with estimates ranging from 1,500 to around 3,000-4,000. Regardless of numerical considerations, the main contrast between the two forces was that a well-equipped and trained medieval army was meeting an improvised militia of farmers and herdsmen.

According to the 15th-century Swiss chronicles, Leopold upon reaching Ägeri debated with his nobles how to best invade Schwyz, with several possible routes under consideration. After the decision was taken to take the direct approach, marching to Sattel from the north, Leopold is said to have asked his fool, one Cuoni von Stocken, for his opinion. The fool expressed misgivings, quipping that "you have all deliberated on how to reach that land, but none of you deliberated how you will get out again".

In order to hide his intentions to attack from the north, Leopold sent a number of smaller detachments in order to create diversions. One such attack was sent to Arth, attacking from the northwest, one from Entlebuch attacking Unterwalden from the north, one from Lucerne attacking Schwyz from the west across Lake Lucerne, and one under the command of count Otto von Strassberg was sent across Brünig Pass to Obwalden. When news of the Habsburg defeat at Morgarten reached von Strassberg, he decided to turn back. He was reportedly injured on the retreat and died from his wounds soon after.

According to Konrad Justinger's chronicle, written c. 1430, the people of Schwyz were warned by their neighbours, the lords of Hünenberg. The warning is said to have been delivered by the means of arrows fletched with parchment, with the message written on the fletching, "beware near Morgarten" (hütend üch am morgarten), thus indicating the route chosen by Leopold for entering Schwyz.

Upon receiving this warning, the men of Schwyz, with the support of 600 men of Uri and Unterwalden, hurried to Sattel to intercept the enemy. Between Lake Ägerisee and Sattel, where a small path led between a steep slope and a swamp, they prepared an ambush. The marching army would have been stretched out in a column of some 2 km along the path when the vanguard encountered a roadblock near Schafstetten. The Confederates attacked the column, frightening the horses by throwing rocks from above and engaging the mounted knights with halberds.

About 1,500 men were said to have been killed in the attack; according to Johannes von Winterthur (writing ca. 1340), this number does not include those drowned in the lake. According to Karl von Elgger, the Confederates, unfamiliar with the customs of battles between knights, brutally butchered retreating troops and everyone unable to flee. He records that some infantry preferred to drown themselves in the lake rather than face the brutality of the Swiss.

The earliest mentions of the battle, in chronicles of the 14th century, identify it as having taken place in the land of Schwyz, or Schwyz and Uri (Peter of Zittau has Sweicz et Uherach). The name of Morgarten is recorded by Konrad Justinger in the context of the written warning attached to arrows. The toponym Morgarten originally refers to an alpine pasture near 47.1083°N, 8.6581°W (now Chli Morgarten). The name translates to "pig corral", "enclosure for swine". The entire passage between Lake Ägeri and Sattel is now known as Morgarten, but this is in reference to the battle.

Use of halberds
There is some evidence to suggest that the attack at Morgarten involved the first recorded use of halberds against knights, the weapon that would become iconic of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

Matthias of Neuenburg writing in Latin around 1350 uses the term jesa to describe a type of polearm used by the Confederates; this has been interpreted as referencing an early form of the halberd. Konrad Justinger, writing in German in c. 1430, cites the use of halberds explicitly: "the Swiss held in their hands certain most terrible murder weapons, known in the vernacular as helnbarten, by means of which even the best armed opponents were cut apart as with a razor blade, and hacked to pieces: this was no 'battle', but, for the reasons mentioned, so to speak a mere butchering of the men of duke Leopold by those mountain dwellers, as with a herd led to slaughter".

In the assessment of John Guilmartin, writing for Encyclopædia Britannica (2015, s.v. "Military technology", section "The infantry revolution, c. 1200–1500"): "'[An] important and enduring discovery was made by the Swiss [at this battle. They] learned that an unarmoured man with a seven-foot (200-cm) halberd could dispatch an armoured man-at-arms. Displaying striking adaptability, they replaced some of their halberds with the pike, an 18-foot [5.5-meter] spear with a small piercing head. No longer outreached by the knight's lance, and displaying far greater cohesion than any knightly army, the Swiss soon showed that they could defeat armoured men-at-arms, mounted or dismounted, given anything like even numbers. With the creation of the pike square tactical formation, the Swiss provided the model for the modern infantry regiment.'"

Aftermath

Within a month of the battle, in December 1315, the Confederates renewed the oath of alliance made in 1291, initiating a period of growth within the Confederacy. In March 1316 Emperor Louis IV confirmed the rights and privileges of the Forest Cantons. However, Leopold prepared another attack against the Confederacy. In response, Schwyz attacked some of the Habsburg lands and Unterwalden marched into the Bernese Oberland. Neither side was able to prevail against the other, and in 1318 the isolated Forest Cantons negotiated a ten-month truce with the Habsburgs, which was extended several times. By 1323 the Forest Cantons had made alliances with Bern, and Schwyz had signed an alliance with Glarus for protection from the Habsburgs. Within 40 years cities including Lucerne, Zug and Zürich had also joined the Confederacy. The Confederate victory gave them virtual autonomy and, for a time, a peace with the Habsburgs that lasted until the Battle of Sempach in 1386.

Commemoration
As the first military success of the Confederacy, Morgarten became an important staple of Swiss patriotism in the early modern period. Records of formal commemorations of the battle go back to the 14th century; Johannes von Winterthur in the 1340s records the decision of Schwyz to hold a yearly commemoration. The existence of a chapel at the site of the battle is recorded in 1501. Writing in 1530, Joachim Vadian suggests that the first such chapel may have been built immediately after the battle, with the proceeds from the spoils. The modern chapel dates to 1604. In 1891, in the context of the 600-years anniversary of the Confederacy, plans were made to erect a new memorial at the site of battle. There was some dispute as to the appropriate location (not least because the "battle" was an attack on a marching column stretched out for some 2 kilometres), with both the cantons of Schwyz and of Zug claiming the site of the battle. A monument was eventually inaugurated in 1908 at the southern shore of Lake Ägeri, in the village of Hauptsee, in the canton of Zug. On this occasion, the village was renamed to "Morgarten" (part of Oberägeri municipality). The authorities of Schwyz refused to acknowledge a site of the battle outside of their territory and did not send any official representation to the monument's inauguration ceremony.

Since 1912, a yearly target shooting event has been held on the day of the battle in the vicinity of the monument, the Morgartenschiessen. The competition is over the distance of 300m. In addition, a pistol competition over a distance of 50m was introduced in 1957, taking place in the territory of Schwyz, near the battle chapel.

A large celebration for the 600-year anniversary of the battle was organised in 1915, held in two locations at the chapel and the monument. In the context of the 650-year anniversary in 1965, efforts were made to preserve the site of the battle. Money was raised for the canton of Schwyz to buy up private land in the area. Felicia Hemans's poem Song of The Battle of Morgarten was published in The Edinburgh Magazine in 1822.

title: Battle of Morgarten