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Stored procedure

A stored procedure (also termed prc, proc, storp, sproc, StoPro, StoredProc, StoreProc, sp, or SP) is a subroutine available to applications that access a relational database management system (RDBMS). Such procedures are stored in the database data dictionary.

Uses for stored procedures include data-validation (integrated into the database) or access-control mechanisms. Furthermore, stored procedures can consolidate and centralize logic that was originally implemented in applications. To save time and memory, extensive or complex processing that requires execution of several SQL statements can be saved into stored procedures, and all applications call the procedures. One can use nested stored procedures by executing one stored procedure from within another.

Stored procedures may return result sets, i.e., the results of a  statement. Such result sets can be processed using cursors, by other stored procedures, by associating a result-set locator, or by applications. Stored procedures may also contain declared variables for processing data and cursors that allow it to loop through multiple rows in a table. Stored-procedure flow-control statements typically include,  ,  ,  , and   statements, and more. Stored procedures can receive variables, return results or modify variables and return them, depending on how and where the variable is declared.

Implementation
Stored procedures are similar to user-defined functions (UDFs). The major difference is that UDFs can be used like any other expression within SQL statements, whereas stored procedures must be invoked using the  statement.

CALL procedure(...) or EXECUTE procedure(...)

The exact and correct implementation of stored procedures varies from one database system to the other. Most major database vendors support them in some form. Depending on the database system, stored procedures can be implemented in a variety of programming languages, for example SQL, Java, C, or C++. Stored procedures written in non-SQL languages may or may not execute SQL statements themselves.

The increasing adoption of stored procedures led to the introduction of procedural elements to the SQL language in the SQL:1999 and SQL:2003 standards in the part SQL/PSM. That made SQL an imperative programming language. Most database systems offer proprietary and vendor-specific extensions, exceeding SQL/PSM. A standard specification for Java stored procedures exists as well as SQL/JRT.

Comparison with static SQL

 * Overhead: Because stored procedure statements are stored directly in the database, they may remove all or part of the compiling overhead that is typically needed when software applications send inline (dynamic) SQL queries to a database. (However, most database systems implement statement caches and other methods to avoid repetitively compiling dynamic SQL statements.) Also, while they avoid some pre-compiled SQL, statements add to the complexity of creating an optimal execution plan because not all arguments of the SQL statement are supplied at compile time. Depending on the specific database implementation and configuration, mixed performance results will be seen from stored procedures versus generic queries or user defined functions.

 * Avoiding network traffic: A major advantage of stored procedures is that they can run directly within the database engine. In a production system, this typically means that the procedures run entirely on a specialized database server with direct access to the data. The benefit is that it saves network costs, which stands out when a series of SQL statements are involved.

 * Encapsulating business logic: Stored procedures allow programmers to embed business logic as an API in the database, which can simplify data management and reduce the need to encode the logic elsewhere in client programs. This can result in a lesser likelihood of data corruption by faulty client programs. The database system can ensure data integrity and consistency with the help of stored procedures.

 * Delegating access-rights: In many systems, stored procedures can be granted access rights to the database that users who execute those procedures do not directly have.

 * Some protection from SQL injection attacks: Stored procedures can be used to protect against injection attacks. Stored procedure parameters will be treated as data even if an attacker inserts SQL commands. Also, some DBMS will check the parameter's type. However, a stored procedure that in turn generates dynamic SQL using the input is still vulnerable to SQL injections unless proper precautions are taken.

Other uses
In some systems, stored procedures can be used to control transaction management; in others, stored procedures run inside a transaction such that transactions are effectively transparent to them. Stored procedures can also be invoked from a database trigger or a condition handler. For example, a stored procedure may be triggered by an insert on a specific table, or update of a specific field in a table, and the code inside the stored procedure would be executed. Writing stored procedures as condition handlers also allows database administrators to track errors in the system with greater detail by using stored procedures to catch the errors and record some audit information in the database or an external resource like a file.

Comparison with functions

 * A function is a subprogram written to perform certain computations.
 * A scalar function returns only one value (or NULL), whereas a table function returns a (relational) table comprising zero or more rows, each row with one or more columns.
 * Functions must return a value (using the  keyword), but for stored procedures this is not mandatory.
 * Stored procedures can use  keyword but with no value being passed.
 * Functions could be used in  statements, provided they do no data manipulation. However, procedures cannot be included in   statements.
 * A stored procedure can return multiple values using the  parameter, or return no value.
 * A stored procedure saves the query compiling time.
 * A stored procedure is a database object.
 * A stored procedure is a material object.

Comparison with prepared statements
Prepared statements take an ordinary statement or query and parameterize it so that different literal values can be used at a later time. Like stored procedures, they are stored on the server for efficiency and provide some protection from SQL injection attacks. Although simpler and more declarative, prepared statements are not ordinarily written to use procedural logic and cannot operate on variables. Because of their simple interface and client-side implementations, prepared statements are more widely reusable between DBMS.

Comparison with smart contracts
Smart contract is a term applied to executable code stored on a blockchain as opposed to an RDBMS. Despite the execution result consensus mechanisms of public blockchain networks differing in principle from traditional private or federated databases, they perform ostensibly the same function as stored procedures, albeit usually with a sense of value transaction.

Disadvantages

 * Stored procedure languages are often vendor-specific. Changing database vendors usually requires rewriting existing stored procedures.
 * Changes to stored procedures are harder to keep track of within a version control system than other code. Changes must be reproduced as scripts to be stored in the project history to be included, and differences in procedures can be harder to merge and track correctly.
 * Errors in stored procedures cannot be caught as part of a compilation or build step in an application IDE - the same is true if a stored procedure went missing or was accidentally deleted.
 * Stored procedure languages from different vendors have different levels of sophistication.
 * Tool support for writing and debugging stored procedures is often not as good as for other programming languages, but this differs between vendors and languages.
 * For example, both PL/SQL and T-SQL have dedicated IDEs and debuggers. PL/PgSQL can be debugged from various IDEs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stored procedure


text:
Tin Foil Phoenix

Tin Foil Phoenix was a Canadian post-grunge band from Winnipeg. The band was formed by Michael Allen Zirk and Steven Kray, core members of a previous incarnation called Sonic Bloom. Guitarist Fish joined soon thereafter. Bassist Paul Robinson joined the band in 1999 and two years later, they added another guitarist, Phil Cholosky.

In 2001, they released Hurry, an independent seven-song EP. Its first single, Neopolitan, got a great amount of airplay on Canadian radio. The song soon caught the music industry's attention and the band was signed to 604 Records/Universal in August 2002. The deal guaranteed the release of their debut album in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

In February 2002, the name of the band changed from Sonic Bloom to Tin Foil Phoenix because of legal concerns over the name expressed by their international label affiliate, Roadrunner Records.

Their first full-length album, Living In The Shadow Of The Bat, was released on September 14, 2004, by 604/Universal. They have a new single called 'Have A Nice Day' on their MySpace and their second album Age Of Vipers is set for release on 20 May. The lead single of Age Of Vipers is called "Hurry Home".

Final Lineup

 * Michael Allen Zirk - vocals (d. 2022)
 * Fish - guitar
 * Phil Cholosky - guitar
 * Yves Gagnon - bass
 * Lyle Geisbrecht - Percussion.

Former

 * Paul Robinson - bass
 * Steven Kray - Percussion

Albums

 * Hurry (EP, 2001) - released as Sonic Bloom
 * Living In The Shadow Of The Bat (2004)
 * Age of Vipers (2007)

Singles

 * "Neopolitan" (2002, re-released 2004)
 * "Ms Genova" (2005)
 * "Have A Nice Day" (2007) (online only)
 * "Hurry Home" (2007)
 * "Not How The West Was Won" (2007)
 * "Man Of Constant Sorrow" (2008)
 * "I Am An Aeroplane" (2016)

In media

 * Their hit song Ms. Genova is featured in the new IPod Nano's music trivia.
 * The song "The Stuff" was included on the game soundtrack of 2K Sports' NHL 2K10.

title: Tin Foil Phoenix


text:
Talk:Santorini

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Speculation on an Exodus connection
I don't have a copy, but you do get discussion of the eruption and its possible links to the Exodus story in Ian Wilson's 1985 book "The Exodus Enigma".91.111.29.190 (talk) 22:30, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

General
--- Years back I came across some poems from Egypt contemporary to Thera errupthion. They spoke of dust falling cows and crops dieing, mothers eating dead babies. Anyone have anything on this? Wblakesx 19:58, 12 April 2007 (UTC)Wblakesx

Removed some of the pictures because they were low-res, because they were joined with each other as one image and replaced them with high resolution images. I also added a picture with Linear A that I had taken in the museum of Fira in Santorini as a sample from the Minoic period. This image is also used in the Linear A article. Also, I would like to strongly encourage contributors not to "watermark" their images with their username. The beauty of Wikipedia is "selfless contribution". Portum 01:13, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Alas, the Landsat photo has been replaced by a new (very nice, but different) Image:Santorini.jpg  retaining its former caption. At the image page, the old image is retrievable. Can someone fix this? I'm hopeless. --Wetman 01:21, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

--- I added a picture of thira but i hope the resample of the big one is still viewable, if this one is not good i have bunch of them that you can choose on http://www.chmouel.com/geeklog/gallery/gallery_individual.php/greece/ --Chmouel Boudjnah

---

This portion removed from this article:

Geologists have no exact absolute dates for the explosion. Their carbon-14 or radiocarbon method offers 5513, 5568, 5589, 5700, 5730, or 5770 years for the half life of the carbon-14 isotope. (Prof. Norman Hammond of Rutgers University claimed in his Ancient Mayan Civilization, 1982:114) that the radiocarbon dates require radical changes.)

I believe this kind of material belongs in an article on radioactive dating, not here. Dwmyers 20:40, 25 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I removed this text:
 * Archaeological evidence indicates that the (then) dome-shaped island was inhabited by the Minoans prior to 3200 BC when the Cretans invaded (but the Minoans were the Cretans of the time of the eruption); at this time it was known as Stroggili or Strongyle (meaning 'round'). A pre-Greek (linguistically) Minoan culture was followed by a "Mycenaean" Greek-speaking culture. Injecting separate "Cretans" into the chronology is inaccurate and confusing. The name Strongyle: is it Greek? It can't refer to pre-explosion Thera. Wetman 08:30, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Thera definitively etymologized as:  literally "Fear" (But therapeutic?) I shifted this new note here for discussion. Is not Thera/Thira actually non-Greek? Wetman 20:51, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

The island was not dome shaped for thousands of years before the Minoan eruption. My reference is Fire in the Sea: The Santorini Volcano: Natural History and the Legend of Atlantis, Walter L. Friedrich, translated by Alexander R. McBirney, Cambridge University Press 1999. Friedrich is a professor of geology at a Danish university, and indeed much of the book is about the geology. Strongyle is Greek for "round", and was apparently used in the 19th Century and although the book says that the ancient Greeks called it Calliste (="most beautiful"), it suggests that Strongyle may have been passed down from ancient times (although IHMO he doesn't present good evidence of this).--Jll 16:19, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

What the Minoans called it is speculation as no one has decoded their written language - see the Wikipedia article and the web generally on Linear A. The book also says that the earliest mention of the name Thera is in verse 10 of the fourth Pythian Ode by a Greek called Pindar (522-441 BC) talking about an island that the Argonauts discover, and that the same ode mentions Calliste in verse 258.--Jll 16:19, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thera and the Exodus?
The following text is a little bit chariot-of-the-gods: There have been suggestions that the eruption of Thera coincides with the Exodus of the Hebrew people from Egypt, possibly affecting the tides of the Red Sea to allow for their crossing. There have not been such suggestions from geologists, I'd be willing to bet. Would it be a great pity if this text disappeared? Any supporters of the Thera-parted-the-Red-Sea suggestions? --Wetman 10:02, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I did hear this theory from another source (probably Discovery Channel or something like that). There's also a theory that says the erruption might have caused the "pillar of cloud by day" and the "pillar of fire by night" the Bible talks about (see Exodus 13).

Current version of this is still unsourced ("some") and not to the standards of the rest of this artticle: ''Some have speculated that the Santorini eruption and resulting tsunami resulted in the ten plagues of the Hebrew Exodus, with the Theran tsunami possibly affecting the Red Sea to allow for the Hebrews' crossing. A significant time span is required between the ash-fall and the tsunami to correspond to events in the Exodus account. This would indicate a delay between the eruption and the collapse of the volcano that would be nearly impossible to document, and which has no currently known geological precedent." --Wetman 05:48, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This theory has been advanced by A.G. Galanopoulos (as seen in Mavor's Voyage to Atlantis) and again stated in Charles Pellegrino's Unearthing Atlantis. I have no idea who first came up with the idea (meaning if someone credible thought of it before Galanopoulos.  It's obvious that Pellegrino's book came later).  -- Pryaltonian 07:04, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In regards to the Biblical connection between Thera and the Exodus, there is a very informative documentary by Jewish Canadian filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici called "The Exodus Decoded" which aired on the Discovery Channel. The film was produced by James Cameron and highlights the effects the Thera eruption could have caused on Ancient Egypt using scientific and archeological evidence.  The film maker uses similar evidence to date the Exodus and the Thera eruption to 1500 B.C.E. As far as the parting of the Red Sea goes, the actual Hebrew translation is to the "Reed Sea", a much smaller salt/sweet water lake at the edge of the Nile Delta.  The documentary also links a proposed "earthquake storm," which may have resulted from the Thera eruption, to the Biblical 'ten plagues'.    Dryley 11:32, 29 August 2006

I tried to be as neutral as I could and add the new archeological evidence surrounding Exodus/Santorini connection. However, given the contention around the evidence, I think it was better to reference the documentary and its "proposals" rather than present them as facts like the documentary did. If anyone has a problem with the changes, please make edits and do not blank it completely. Thank you.--Cryogenesis 15:34, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

A few additional comments: Connecting Thera eruption with Exodus in the detailed way proposed does sound fantastical. If we disconnect the Bible from the discussions we have a few points of interest that could connect the Thera eruption with Egypt.
 * Mt.St.Helens caused $1 billion damage in 1980. Greek GDP in 1980 was $50 billion. Thera was approximately 120 times larger, so we might easily imagine the economic effect on trade-based economies of Eastern Aegean as likely to be totally catastrophic, with no World Bank to step in either. Imagine a recession 10+ times worse than recent world recession, as well as literally complete destruction of trading infrastructure, so no end in sight either.
 * Mt.St.Helens eruption was preceded by significant earthquake activity and took many days to erupt. It seems likely that evacuation of many people was possible.
 * The Hyksos arrived in Egypt almost exactly at the same time the Thera/Minoan civilisation was destroyed.
 * The location of their invasion is exactly where we'd expect a horde of starving, displaced migrants from Thera to go to
 * The first Hyksos king's name was Sakir-Har, which could be translated as "Merchant/Richman/Paymaster from the mountain" - the mountain could easily be Thera

We may not be able to link Hyksos directly to the people of Thera, though it seems clear that the widespread disruption at that time would cause a huge economic collapse of trading-based nations and cause survivors to migrate to food-surplus-producing regions or die. Whether that was a literal armed invasion or just simply hundreds of starving boat people is difficult to say. Too many people not enough resources causes war. War means Warlords would certainly emerge from such disruption.

Maybe the migrants were from Thera, maybe not. But it seems likely that *all* close members of the trading economy of which Thera was a part would be effected, those peoples also had the means to travel by sea and to go to places where food was even remotely possible. Many displaced people of similar but different races/languages, coupled with destroyed economies makes for confused histories and dark ages.

Egyptians would clearly seek to remove such invaders as soon as possible afterwards, causing further migrations. One of those is likely to be the source of the Exodus story.

The aftermath of the Thera eruption seems likely to have been many years of strange weather events and associated famines. The likelihood of extended eruption events over many years is reasonable, at least. We don't really need literal descriptions of Biblical events, but it doesn't seem impossible. 88.110.191.21 (talk) 10:55, 3 June 2010 (UTC)Simon

Added the panoramic pic at the top, the detailed map and also removed a picture of a 'cat in santorini' and replaced it with a sunset picture of the island. A picture of a cat is not relevant to the topic of santorini. --Andruzzo

Modified the image which erroneously said it was the streets of Fira when it is actually the town of Oia --Andruzzo

Switched around the two panoramic pics. The pic of the ISLAND from the ferry is a better picture of the actual ISLAND, instead of a view outwards, which is what the second panoramic pic is. It's a nice picture that should be later on with other scenic shots.

Maps and "infringement"
Note at User talk:RadRafe: You recently removed maps "until the infringement issue is resolved". Since there is no mention of such an issue at the Talk:Santorini page, would you post a sentence or so with a hyperlink to discussion of infringement? Thank you. (Copy to Talk:Santorini) --Wetman 8 July 2005 16:10 (UTC)

VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index)
The VEI has been claimed by F. McCoy to be as high as 7. McCoy's claims, however, have not been published in the peer-reviewed literature. This has been discussed recently by many people on e-mail, where it has been pointed out that Keenan (reference cited in the article) presented evidence that the VEI has previously been overestimated (because it included the ash from Crete--this is also discussed in the article). Daphne A 05:03, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

On the program Lost Cities on the History Channel, one commentator (I forget his name or field of expertise) said that the Thera eruption was 10 times greater than Krakatoa in 1883. Krakatoa is listed as a VEI 6 (VEI). A statement was also made in this program indicating the belief that Thera was the largest eruption in recorded history, presumably this would mean surpassing Tambora but not prehistoric supereruptions. I believe this new position was based on the amount of ejected material now on the sea bed around Santorini. --Tokalon73 02:48, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * VEI is defined logarithmically: a VEI of 7 is ten times bigger than a VEI of 6. Thus the "10 times greater than Krakatoa" claim implies a VEI of 7.  This is McCoy's claim again.  McCoy keeps making this claim to reporters, but he has yet to get anything published in the peer-reviewed literature.  As for surpassing Tambora, there is no way; Tambora's magma crater is huge!  If someone said that, they were unlikley to know what they were talking about.  —Daphne A 19:38, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

I read many scientific papers about volcanism and Santorini to prepare my own papers. Most if not all consider that Santorini eruption of 1650 BC was a VEI 6 not a VEI 7. It was equivalent to 600 MT of TNT or 1.7 time the explosion of St.Helens in 1980, and was equivalent to 30 times the explosion of Tunguska in 1908 or 27000 to 40000 times the bomb of Hiroshima. The amount of ejecta was estimated between 40-60 km3 and to 61 km3 in 2006 by researchers from Un.Rhodes Island. -- luxorion — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:7E8:C0ED:AD01:AD3F:EC24:831C:F4E7 (talk) 18:24, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

1645 BC?
Looking through past edits, it seems clear that whenever someone edits the page to say that the 1645 BC date is "under debate," someone always changes it to "proven incorrect." What is the general consensus? Hammer seems adamant that 1645 BC is correct but Manning on his site accepts the debunking of 1645 BC. I still don't fully understand why Keenan considers aeolian differentiation a non-issue in differences between the Greenland ash and Theran ash; I'd be grateful to have someone explain this to me. Also, does anyone know where in time are the other ash layers in the ice caps that could be Thera candidates? --Pryaltonian 07:04, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Keenan [2003] treats aeolian differentian in his paragraphs 32-34: Regarding aeolian differentiation, this would not seem to affect trace constituent abundances per se, and there is no obvious mechanism by which it would substantially affect major constituent abundances, especially for glass. ... Indeed, using the same reasoning [as Hammer], the Greenlandic tephra could be argued to match any (non-Arctic) eruption.

 * Also, N.J.G. Pearce et al. [Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2004] demonstrate that the ash from Greenland is much more similar to Aniakchak than to Thera. (Pearce et al. actually claim that the ash is from Aniakchak, but Keenan has a piece on his web site (www.informath.org/G^304aS.pdf) showing how Pearce et al. made errors in their statistics.)
 * Daphne A 11:21, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

split?
the part on the eruption needs its own article, Thera eruption, otherwise it is drowning out the discussion of what is after all an inhabited island with lots of history besides the eruption. dab (ᛏ) 17:43, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Merger proposed
I wanted to add info about the Biblical stories connection under the "eruption" section then noticed the link to the separate eruption article. It seems to me everythign after the brief intro paragraph under eruption is duplicating the second article. WOuldn't it be more concise to cover all eruption details in the eruption article, if there is going to be such a split? --Tokalon73 16:24, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The eruption article is the main article for the eruption. The Santorini article contains a short section that summarizes the eruption article.  So there shouldn't be a merger; having things partially duplicated like this is common.  Info about the biblical stories should be more appropriate for the eruption article.  —Daphne A 22:49, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd second that. The subsection here should provide a concise summary of information at Thera eruption that directly relates to Santorini. --Wetman 22:28, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Akrotiri -- Atlantis Connection
Recent excavations as detailed on a History Channel Lost Cities episode indicate this Santorini (Thera) as a major center of the Minoan civilization. Evidence also strongly points towards Akrotiri as the inspiration of Plato's Atlantis due to similarities of the Minoan city to his description (circular layout of island, ring of water around inner island in caldera, hot and cold running water, advanced architecture, etcetera. However, there is no mention of this island on the Minoan article and the Atlantis article needs to be updated.  I therefore suggest a larger inclusion of the newer Akrotiri information on the Minoan and Atlantis articles by someone qualified and willing to do the research. -Mackson 2:05, 04 September 2006

I was able to obtain a copy of the History Channel show "Lost Worlds: Atlantis" that delves into Atlantis specifically (the other Santorini documentary was about the Exodus), and shows the similarities between Plato's description of Atlantis and the excavations at Santorini. Again, it is presented by archeoligists and other scientists. Here are some facts and conclusions from the documentary:
 * Sir Arthur Evans arrives on Crete in 1900 and began digging at a hilltop settlement called Knossos. The Minoans, as Evans labeled them, might be the Atlanteans mentioned by Plato.
 * Minoans had an engineering excellence that would not be seen again for centuries. Evans unearthed a magnificent stone throne, which was at the heart of a 4,000 year old palace complex as big as four football fields. This palace had four floors, ten times as many rooms (1,300+) as the White House in Washington DC., and connected by miles of passageways. During the time of the Minoans, on the mainland, was architecture of 3 or 4 roomed mud/brick structures at best. There was no grand architecture elsewhere at that time period.
 * The advanced Minoan plumbing system (hot and cold running water, and drainage/waste disposal) predates the Greek/Roman empire's plumbing system by over 1,000 years. This matches Plato's description of a palace where water was plentifal and "collected from the surrounding hills its supply was plentiful".
 * Plato describes the palace of Atlantis as "an acropolis sitting atop a great hill." This matches the palace at Knossus. The entire hilltop was flattened, and terraces were carved so the palace could be built on multiple levels.
 * The large foundation blocks of the palace walls were constructed of crystalline stone called gypsum, quarried locally and cut into blocks with bronze saws. In the Atlantis myth, the external walls of the palace were said to "shine like silver" - which is how a gypsum wall would have appeared as it glistened in the sun.
 * The palace engineers were masters at controlling the path of air and light through the depths of the palace quarters. They devised systems that appear advanced even today. Internal rooms were devided using "peer and door partitioning", controlling the flow of air. A huge, four-story spiraling staircase was at the heart of the complex, forming a vast "light well" that reflected light into every room of the palace.
 * Since violent quakes were common in the area, the palace engineers devised anti-seismic techniques to butress the walls with wooden frames.
 * Minoan civilization disappeared suddenly, at the height of its wealth and power.
 * Around 1500 BC, the island of Crete was hit by a series of massive Tsunami's (at least ten) that came from the direction of the island of Thera (now called Santorini, about 100 miles from Crete).
 * Santorini is the site of massive caldera. Archologists discovered there used to be an island at the center of it. It was swallowed up by a terrible volcanic eruption. Evidence has proved this to be a massive mega-volcano eruption, one of the biggest in recorded history.
 * Plato described quarries on the island of Atlantis where rocks of white, black, and red were extracted from the hills and used to contruct a great island city. The description matches the rocks found in Santorini.
 * The island-city was described as being laid out in a series of concentric circles of land and water. Each one connected to the ocean by an immense canal 100 feet deep. Docks for a huge number of ships, and a causeway for unloading cargo of said ships, was also described.
 * The entire island of Santorini is covered by volcanic deposits that fell during a single volcanic eruption. This layer of pumice and debris is over 100 feet deep. Underneath it, archeologists uncovered homes.
 * In 1966 at Akroteri, archeologist James Maber Jr. uncovered an ancient city. The town remained substantially intact, like Pompeii, covered as it was in ash.
 * At Akroteri, there are 2 and 3 multi-story buildings. It had the earliest form of town planning (structured assembly of interconecting roads and paths) ever discovered. Again, with fresh hot/cold running water and toilets in each house, leading out to a sewer system. Many such sites have now been unearthed.
 * A fresco at Akroteri was unearthed that reveals what the island landscape looked like 3,500 years ago. It shows a huge city on the central island of the caldera, as theorized by scientists.
 * The final clue is Plato's reference to Egypt as the source of the Atlantis myth, via Solon. It is speculated survivors of the Minoan volcanic disaster asked Egypt for help, as it was the only other civilization near their technology level. Also, it has been uncovered that the Egyptions called Atlantis "Kepchu", their name for the people of Crete.
 * The scientists Dr. J. Alexander MacGuuvry (archeologist), Dr. Colin F. MacDonald (archeologist), Professor Floyd McCoy (vulcanologist), professor Clairy Palyvou (architect), and Dr. Garassimos Papadopoulos (seismologist) are featured prominently in the documentary.

--Cryogenesis 19:53, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

I tried to summon the above rough information into a set of coherent paragraphs, but feel free to clean it up if its not as coherent as we would like. I also cited scientific sources in the Sources section. This work is legitimate science, NOT like those crazy Atlantis connections about aliens, superhuman races, and silly theories. The Atlantis myth as told by Solon to Plato, from its Egyptian source, is turning out to be a re-told and re-worked myth that described a real place and event.--Cryogenesis 16:57, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I would not trust a History Channel show. They are the same company as the Discovery Channel which tried to link Atlantis to the Yamaguni Monument, which is ridiculous since Plato never heard of Japan and the Yamaguni was only discovered in the 1980s.  Same for the Pellegrino book.  Pellegrino needs to offer evidence that Plato in the 400s BCE had detailed information about the Minoans of the 1400s BCE other than the myths about Minos, Daedalus, the Minotaur, Theseus, Ariadne and so on, or about Thera of the same period.  Everything associated with Atlantis and Thera or the Minoans should be phrased more like so-and-so has suggested unless it's a peer-reviewed archaeological work.

4.249.63.240 (talk) 21:54, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Linkspam
The person who keeps putting those links on is coming from various anonymous addresses, so you couldn't block them directly. I wonder, though--is it possible to put a block on a url so links no longer work to it from WP? I dunno.

It's worth checking the contributions list of the anonymous spammer--I've removed linkspam from another article as a result. Nareek 12:42, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

P.S. It might be worth having the article semi-protected so that anonymous editors can't edit. Nareek 12:43, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think semi-protection is premature, nor is it yet appropriate (since it will block off some good contributors to the article). I've requested, on meta, that go2santorini.com be entirely blacklisted, so that it cannot be added at all across Wikipedia.  We'll see if folks there take that up.  --Nlu (talk) 15:27, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I wasn't sure you could do that--that would definitely be a better option. Nareek 16:29, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Disputed paragraph
User:Hasbro has inserted this in the section entitled "Greek, Byzantine and Ottoman Santorini".

"The History Channel has a feature called 'Exodus Decoded', which says that Santorini provides insights to the Book of Exodus. It explains how the Ten Plagues of Egypt were actually caused by the Earthquake and consequential eruption of Santorini's Volcano."

It's hard for me to see how it has any bearing whatsoever on that section. It might be vaguely appropriate in the previous section, which actually talks about the eruption, and which actually mentions (in the previous sentence, in case Hasbro didn't notice) the Exodus connection. The Ten Plagues thing isn't mentioned, and might perhaps deserve a mention there if a verifiable reliable source could be cited -- note that "I saw it on a TV show" doesn't fit the bill.

Anyone else have any thoughts? Hasbro insists it remain. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 21:00, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

If you want to move it to the other section, be my guest. Hasbro 21:09, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Most of it's already in the other section. We don't have any verifiable reliable sources for the "Ten Plagues" thing. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 22:15, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not like we are making the claim--The History Channel is. Hasbro 10:02, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The way it's written, it endorses the claim. And what does it have to do with the subtopic that it's placed under? Nareek 12:23, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I was able to obtain a copy of the History Channel show in question. The evidence was very convincing, as presented by archeoligists and other scientists. See my other references in the previous section on Atlantis.

 * That stuff might be real useful for Atlantis, but there are of course serious competing theories (which is why the primary mention of the Santorini connection needs to be there, not here.) A brief mention of it here should suffice -- something like "Santorini has been posited to be the location of Atlantis." Side question to onlookers -- how do we WP:CITE things like that TV show? A--jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 20:03, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The competing theories do not have any real archeological evidence. With Santorini, all the ducks are lining up in a row. The "smoking gun", as it were, is the Egyptian connection. The Egyptians are the original source of the Atlantis myth. The name "Atlantis" was made up by the Greeks. The Egyptian name for Atlantis was "Kepchu," which is ALSO what the Egyptians called the people of Crete. You can't get much more verification than that, even if there was no other evidence -- which there is now aplenty.--Cryogenesis 15:47, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Shrug. I don't really care; I was only looking at the one section I was commenting on in the first place, which has nothing to do with Atlantis. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 16:05, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Understood. I am interested in both topics and was commenting on both. I do not have all the facts and references for the Exodus connection from the History Channel archeological series, but if and when I do, I will break it down and reference it here. Then, perhaps, we can add something about it that is more neutral in tone, and backed up by facts and not speculation.--Cryogenesis 17:00, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I culled this text from the History Channel site: "After six years of unprecedented research, host Simcha Jacobovici and a team of renowned archeologists, Egyptologists, geologists, and theologians shed revelatory new light on the Exodus and the era's ruling Egyptian Dynasty. Their new theory pushes events hundreds of years earlier than previously thought, allowing age-old stories to sparkle with new perspectives and startling historical import. Using elaborate, state-of-the-art CGI, "The Exodus Decoded" offers a stunning virtual account of stories like the birth of Moses, the ten plagues, and the parting of the Red Sea, revealing once and for all the difference between acts of Nature and the hand of God. Executive Produced by James Cameron (who appears on camera) and Simcha Jacobovici (who also hosts), the viewer follows Jacobovici to Egypt, Greece and Israel, on an investigative archaeological journey that pieces together a puzzle of tantalizing clues."
 * http://store.aetv.com/html/product/index.jhtml?id=76731
 * This is also important: http://TheExodusDecoded.com

I tried to be as neutral as I could and add the new archeological evidence surrounding Exodus/Santorini connection. However, given the contention around the "evidence", I think it was better to reference the documentary and its "proposals" rather than present them as facts like the documentary did. If anyone has a problem with the changes, please make edits and do not blank it completely. Thank you.--Cryogenesis 15:35, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Connections between Minoan Advances and Santorini

 * Is the connection of Sir Arthur's expedition on Crete relevent for this article on Santorini? I think that a brief mention of Minoan culture in it's connections to what we know of the ancient history of Santorini is important, but the specifics of an expedition on a nearby island and the conjectors made from that should be removed. 69.163.33.37 15:49, 23 October 2006 (UTC) Matt

Santorini from the air photo
"Clockwise from the center"? Where do you look after the center? 12 o'clock? 1 o'clock? I'm not familiar with the islands enough to know. Also, what are we supposed to be looking at? Cities? Islands? --Eddylyons 21:21, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree this image could use some inline captions and arrows or somesuch. -- Beland 06:31, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I have tried to clarify the caption, hopefully it should be clearer now Fitzgabbro (talk) 23:39, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

many eruptions
this page focuses too much on the single big eruption of 1500 bc and of claims concerning atlantis. i visited this island a couple of years ago and i remember a map of the shape of the island over the years, which showed that the island has been repeatedly reshaped by major eruptions every 200 years or so. Benwing 08:59, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You may have a point concerning Atlantis, but there's no comparison between the many minor eruptions that built up the island and the single major one that destroyed it. The minor eruptions make it like every other volcano on the planet; the major one makes it unique, at least as far as human history goes.  The article should certainly mention that Santorini had been created through a long series of eruptions and continues to erupt to the present day, but the point of this article is and should be the single eruption that created a miles-wide crater. Nareek 12:50, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Query on population figure
I don't know the source of the stated population figure, but I don't think it's very meaningful without qualification. Many of the Greek islands, including Santorini, are virtually deserted in winter, but crowded with tourists and temporary workers in the tourism sector during the summer. Which state does this figure represent? Rodparkes 09:03, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Need for correction
The "Ancient volcanic eruption" section contins this text: "New archaeological discoveries by a team of international scientists in 2006 have revealed that the Santorini event [...] expelled 61 cubic kilometres of magma and rock into Earth's atmosphere compared to previous estimates of only 39 cubic kilometres in 1991." Further down, the "Thera hypotheses" section (Development of the Atlantis connection) reads: "the most powerful eruption in recorded history, ejecting approximately 30 cu km (7 cu mi) of magma, up to 36 km (23 mi) high". I have not been able to confirm the 'new archaeological discories', so if anyone can, please correct accordingly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xxaris (talk • contribs) 12:08, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

GA delisted
In order to uphold the quality of Good articles, all articles listed as Good articles are being reviewed against the GA criteria as part of the GA project quality task force. Unfortunately, as of September 19, 2007, this article fails to satisfy the criteria, as detailed below. For that reason, the article has been delisted from WP:GA. However, if improvements are made bringing the article up to standards, the article may be nominated at WP:GAC. If you feel this decision has been made in error, you may seek remediation at WP:GA/R.

 * Every statement that is challenged or likely to be challenged needs an inline citation.
 * References should state the author, publisher, publishing date and access date, if known.

Regards, Epbr123 19:02, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Circumstances of annexation by Greece
What were the circumstances of the annexation by Greece? Was it a territorial advance during the First Balkan War or some sort of peacetime treaty? -- Beland 06:33, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Sootopolis City in Pokemon and wrong picture caption
I don't know if this would be a random fact or something, but a city in Pokemon Ruby and Sapphire is based on Santorini, which is pretty awesome. It is called Sootopolis City in the game.

Also, a picture's caption is entirely wrong. "Houses built on the edge of the caldera" does not describe the soccer player's picture above it. HaLoGuY007 (talk) 02:16, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Image should be fixed now. You might need to refresh the page a couple of time to clear the previous image from the cache. But it's back to the correct image. El Greco(talk) 02:31, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Cool HaLoGuY007 (talk) 23:14, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Thera hypothese
We already have a Minoan Eruption article which is much better than this. This bit is pretty rubbish. Exodus Decoded may have been good TV but terrible archaeology, and try telling a Minoan expert that "Minoan civilization disappeared suddenly, at the height of its wealth and power". It didn't. Earlier the article says, correctly, "may have led indirectly to the collapse of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete". All this section either needs removing or rewriting, at the moment the Exodus Decoded stuff is clearly POV, for instance.--Doug Weller (talk) 18:58, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

The Incident
It might be worth mentioning that on BBC News recently, there was an article about a man who decapitated his girlfriend in Santorini and walked around the streets with her head. The gruesome event shocked the villagers. No joke, you can find the story online at BBC News: Europe.(Myscrnnm (talk) 21:31, 3 August 2008 (UTC))

 * I found this: Unfree (talk) 18:41, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

What happened to the day image?
The evening image is not of the same quality. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.161.69.75 (talk) 14:02, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Troy
Is it worth mentioning that David Gemmell wrote about the Thera eruption in his book Troy: Fall of Kings? Three major characters are priestesses there, and the eruption kills the bad guys. It causes a wave which sinks Odysseus's ship, referenced in the Odyssey, and causes chaos in Egypt, which is blamed on the rogue prince Moses. It is the pivotal event at the end of the series; should we put it down as 'in popular culture'? Fuzzibloke (talk) 16:29, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Nomenclature/paragraph/notation
I spoke to a man who works on Santorini today and I found out that Thira/Thera is generally used to indicate the major island in Santorini. Saying that Thira and Thera are substitutes for Santorini is probably not correct since Santorini is a collection of islands. "Municipality of Thira" is not proper because the capital city of the entire archipelago is Fira and therefore spelled as Φηρά (phi and not theta).

The first paragraph of the "Ancient and Medieval Santorini" is not well-written and therefore quite confusing. I suggest a revision of it.

I don't understand the meaning of "4.169-165" (regarding Herodotus).

ICE77 (talk) 20:41, 26 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Thira/Thera/Santorini is the name of the main island, and by extension the entire group of islands is called Santorini (it's in some extent the same case as in Hawaii, which name is the same both for the archipel and for the main island). Thera/Thira is the antic name, Santorini was the modern name until the island was rebaptized from its ancient name (the name "Santorini" has no official status as far as I know), but people continued to use the name Santorini. Fira can be also called Thera/Thira, because in every(?) greek island the capital city bears also the name of the entire island.--Phso2 (talk) 17:18, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Santorini is not the name of the main island of the archipelago: the man who works here explained this to me and this article starts by defining Santorini as a collection of islands. Either the local man I spoke to is wrong or this article has a wrong definition. The fact Hawaii is one of the islands in the state of Hawaii is just a concidence (the name of the main island has been extended to the rest of the archipelago or viceversa, I don't know what is the case). I don't know if Santorini is an official name but it's widely used all over the main island in the archipelago. At the airport I read Santorini in Greek. Fira is marked as Thira/Θηρά in Google Maps. This is not correct since all I see as I travel on the main island is Fira/Φηρά. The fact itself that theta and phi are two different letters should be enough to prove this point. Not all main islands in Greece bear the names of the major/capital cities on the islands. Iraklion and Crete are one of many examples.

ICE77 (talk) 08:20, 29 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Are you sure that "this man who works here" is well informed? You didn't mention who he is.  Did you read the wikipedia article in Greek? (if no, it says Santorini is the name of the main island). It's no wonder the name Santorini can be used for the main island or the group of island, since the other islands are of very little importance. In Google map they use Θηρα/Thira for the name of the capital (it's one of the possibilities, Fira can be called Thira because it's the capital of the island), but they use "Ormos Firon" (with Φ) as the name of the port (since it's "the port of Fira"). In fact, both of the names (Fira/Thira) are "correct",  it's the same with the numerous "Chora" on islands. Iraklion and Crete are not a good example: the city was rebaptized (from an antic name) early XXth century, but for centuries before, the name of both the island and the capital was Candia/Candie. The problems of the names of greek cities is often complicated because of the many langages that were used in the country's history (in some case there can be a "purist greek name" and a "popular greek name", in addition to the "middle-age-but-still-used-name")--Phso2 (talk) 11:35, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

The man I spoke to is Greek, lives on Thira and manages a business and he happens to be working in the field of tourism so he is well-informed. His name is not important. I respect his privacy and I am not here to invent things but to provide constructive comments on what I read and what I saw. I did not read this article in Greek because I am not able to do that yet (if the article in Greek says that Santorini is the name of the main island then it is in contrast with what the English version of the same article says since Santorini is defined as an archipelago there). Once again, all I saw on the main island was Φηρά/Fira for the capital of Thira (Θηρα/Thira does not appear anywhere, at least on street signs). Iraklion and Crete are indeed a good current example. Going back in time proving your point is useless. I am talking about now. Besides, the old names were Candia for the island and Χάνδαξ/Chandax or Χάνδακας/Chandakas for the city (not the same).

ICE77 (talk) 20:20, 3 July 2009 (UTC)
 * It's evident that I didn't ask you the name of this man or personnal details, I just asked how reliable he was (since he's a greek living there, he's indeed more reliable than a english musician working there for the season, for example...); I don't accuse you to invent things either. I just try to explain why there are such ambiguities in the names of greek islands cities. Now for the present discussion:

 * the article in english states Santorin is an archipel: I would say "Santorin (aka Thera) is an island that forms a archipel with other smaller islands". Look at this old map, it says "Santorin island (ancient Thera)". Why does this man say that Santorin is NOT the name of the main island? I don't know. Anyway, the one who wrote the greek article (saying Thera/Santorini are alternate names) is also greek.
 * on the island, street signs show Fira because it would make no sense to call it "Thira" in street signs, but look at the municipal districts in the municipality of Thira there, it says that "Thira (district)" is a municipal district of the "municipality of Thira", whose seat is Fira, small town of "the homonymous municipal district"(=Thira). This show how this locality can have different names, according to the way one thinks (as the capital city, as a locality among others, on street signs or on a map...) For other exemple: on Naxos (island) roads signs, "Naxos (city)" is written as "Chora" in greek, but Naxos (city) bears also the name "Naxos", not just Chora.
 * for the Cretan example, I don't understand what you want to prove ("Going back in time proving your point is useless. I am talking about now.")??? The fact is, that most of the islands capital cities can be called by the name of the island, you won't find many examples against that. Besides, for Candia/Candie being used for the city AND the island, just have a look there or there or there or read an ancient book)--Phso2 (talk) 22:10, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Notable smallness
"... a notably small presence of hornblende." What makes the smallness of the presence notable? Unfree (talk) 18:03, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Saint Irene
There seem to be several Saint Irenes. Which one did the Venetians name Santorini for, specifically? Lily20 (talk) 19:53, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Atlantis theories
I think the two sections on Atlantis and Exodus speculation should be reduced to a single sentence with a link to the Atlantis page. They are given far too much prominence here for an article that is supposed to be about Santorini, not Atlantis. And giving so much space to the Exodus stuff here gives the page an eccentric, amateurish feel. Strawberryjampot (talk) 04:53, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

 * A very good idea. Dougweller (talk) 07:30, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Archaeologists have proved beyond any doubt that as far as Thera is concerned that Atlantis is more than just a theory. I have added a reference that confirms what is already known. "Has the real Atlantis finally been found … under a modern holiday paradise?" by Bettany Hughes DailyMail.co.uk, Mail Online, 31 May 2010 Nipsonanomhmata (talk) 16:33, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Re, four issues: This is all so blindingly obvious … Fut.Perf. ☼ 16:35, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) The Atlantis hypothesis is already treated much more appropriately in its own section, further down.
 * 2) It has nothing to do with the "naming" section. (Nobody has claimed the island was actually called "Atlantis" at some point.)
 * 3) A link to a tabloid newspaper is not a reliable source for claims about prehistory or archaeology.
 * 4) Much less is it a reliable source for stating as an undisputed fact that there is "compelling evidence", for what is in effect little more than a piece of WP:FRINGE speculation.

 * If you took any trouble whatsoever of actually reading the reference you would know that the article talks about a television documentary that looked in to all the current evidence in detail. The reference is: "Has the real Atlantis finally been found … under a modern holiday paradise?" by Bettany Hughes DailyMail.co.uk, Mail Online, 31 May 2010.
 * The naming information is for completeness.
 * It has everything to do with the "naming" section. Yes, the archaeologists claim that Thera was Atlantis (as per quoted documentary). I have watched the whole documentary and I'm not making this up.
 * It doesn't actually make a difference if the article is printed in a tabloid newspaper in this case. Since the information is provided by the television documentary which is discussed in the article.
 * The television documentary is a reliable source since the research was provided by the leading archaeologists on Thera and not by theory-driven quacks.
 * So, it is not "blindingly obvious" as you have suggested. Nor is it WP:FRINGE speculation. Nipsonanomhmata (talk) 16:46, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Oh dear. Now he's changed it to "Archaeologists have shown compelling evidence, in the documentary called "Atlantis, The Evidence" that suggests that Thera is Plato's Atlantis." . Will this never end? The only thing they present "compelling evidence" for is that there was an amazing early civilization, and that there was a big volcano eruption. Neither finding is remotely new, and we are already covering all of it. The connection with Atlantis is still nothing but suggestive speculation, and nowhere presented as anything other than that in the actual piece you cite. And a TV documentary mirrored in a tabloid is still not a reliable source. Go read some peer-reviewed specialized archaeology journals. Fut.Perf. ☼ 17:07, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The documentary that is referenced in the article was written by a presenter of the documentary who interviewed the archaeologists that have been excavating there. I had also added a BBC TV reference concerning the documentary. I would just like to point out that you appear to enjoy arguing with me because you do it so regularly (and it doesn't appear to matter where I edit). Do you not agree that the BBC TV reference of the documentary is at least a worthwhile reference. Two other documentaries were cited in the article. Is there anything wrong with citing another documentary concerning the subject. I have watched all of these Santorini documentaries and the documentary that I have introduced today is the best one yet. Nipsonanomhmata (talk) 18:05, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Add it as another source for the current text, fine. Continue to add it to say 'compelling evidence', absolutely not. And I don't see anything new in the Daily Mail article - what is new since the 2007 program in terms of excavations? Dougweller (talk) 18:41, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Article Should be Thera, not Santorini
The title of this article should be Thera, not Santorini. Thera is the legal and officially recognized name of the island, and Santorini continues only colloquially, and not in every nation or culture at that. Is the Wiki entry on Istanbul called Constantinople? Is the St. Petersburg entry entitled Leningrad? Do we have articles on Rhodesia? French Inchochina? Saigon? The use of Santorini as the "real name" on wiki and Thera as the "also known as" is an example of ethnocentric bias and should be stopped. TheCormac (talk) 18:26, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Even if there is no official status for the name Santorini, the use is a bit more than only colloquial, it's used for instance as the "main" name on the airport webpage, largely used on the municipal website, and it's the title of the Greek WP page. There is no ethnocentric bia there, since "Thera" is nothing but the reviving of the Ancient Greek name against the vernacular name "Santorini" backing from centuries ago.--Phso2 (talk) 22:11, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with TheCormac on this issue. Nipsonanomhmata (talk) 16:28, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * No. Place-names may be different in different languages. A name in another language (an "exonym") is proper usage. Even within one country, names differ between languages: a man of Brussels will call his home town Bruxelles when he speaks French and Brussel when he speaks Flemish. The folk of Switzerland have at least three names for every town and for their own country:  no one form is any more "correct" and there is no "True Name"; they are all correct in the relevant language.

 * Closer to (my) home, the British capital is named "London" in English but Llundain in Welsh, Lunnainn in Scottish Gaelic and Londain in Irish Gaelic, and all are correct. When writing in French, London must be called Londres. We do not call Rome Roma, nor Venice Venezia, nor Athens Athena, nor Geneva Genève (or Genf). We do not insist that Edimbourg be Edinburgh.

 * It is not discourteous when writing in English to use the name used in English. There are those who think that the choice of name raises a socio-political point but this is to pick fights when there are none. When I call a certain Rhineland city Cologne instead the German Köln I am not implying that it ought to be handed over to the French; it is simply the city's name in English.  Anglesey is a mainly Welsh-speaking island, but it is still "Anglesey" in English and were it to become entirely English-speaking, it would still be Môn in Welsh, just as London is Llundain in Welsh notwithstanding that Welsh has not been its language for 15 centuries.

 * Local languages need support, but forcing a language's usages into inappropriate places may generate hostility.

 * Wikipedia is not vehicle for propaganda and it is not a mechanism for changing existing usage nor eliminating variety. Hogweard (talk) 09:27, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Jealous? 2601:8C0:700:3600:C807:20BB:7F2:F96B (talk) 18:58, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

There seems to be a lack of consistency over the names of some of these Greek islands. Zakynthos is preferred to Zante (Xante) for example: On that basis Thera (Thira) should be preferred to Santorini which seems to be a tourist name used by travel companies. As for Paxos the aricle is very confused indeed settling on the plural Paxi.--Dorkinglad (talk) 14:37, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

Vulcanic Titanic
There was a major cruise ship that sank in the caldera a few years ago. Cruise-lining gets too little mention in the current Santorini article. 91.82.36.49 (talk) 12:35, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

Cable Car
Have a look to the website of santorini cable car. Who writes some words about it?--Ohrnwuzler (talk) 21:02, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Needs an update in light of recent observations...
http://www.nature.com/news/researchers-monitor-volcanic-activity-at-santorini-1.11043

2012 magma uplift
Currently, August 2012, the island in the centre of the Santorini caldera, has risen about 15cm in the last 18 months. Speculated at a rising bolus of magma. Suma rongi (talk) 08:31, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

The consequences of the eruption
When a vulcano with about 6 miles in diameter erupts in the see, what happens? Well, a huge Tsunami will start, buring every city within the Mediterranean see. So that's what the bible wrote about: (Mi)Noah. Makes all sense now...by the way I searched for this place for many years, it's unbelievable that we don't learn about this catastrophe in schools! --178.197.236.244 (talk) 14:42, 20 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The Bible tells of a flood created by 40 straight days of rain. Your conclusion doesn't make any sense and it makes me doubt you actually read Genesis.--Atlan (talk) 19:44, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Map showing Santorini's relative location, or not
In the right-most column, underneath the Municipality of Thera coat of arms (labeled only as "Seal"), there's a thumbnail image that shows the location of Santorini in the Aegean Sea. (The Aegaean Sea is unlabeled.) The tiny thumbnail includes a red dot labeled "Santorini / Thera."

When I click on the thumbnail, it opens to a big map of Greece, "File:Greece_location_map.svg."

Problem is that the red dot and its label are not being displayed on the big map, on my old XP laptop. So when I click on the thumbnail in the Santorini article, I'm getting a big map of Greece that doesn't show where Santorini is. If the problem only occurs on old XP laptops, then I'll accept it's a non-issue. Thanks, Nei1 (talk) 00:50, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Date
"Minoan Eruption" etc. doesn't really give a date or timeline on the eruption. It could give est. 1500 BCE with some minor discussion as to dating. I do know there are sources out there suggesting a more precise date, right or wrong. - madman101 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.251.111.154 (talk) 19:06, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Santorini


text:
School prayer

School prayer, in the context of religious liberty, is state-sanctioned or mandatory prayer by students in public schools. Depending on the country and the type of school, state-sponsored prayer may be required, permitted, or prohibited. The United Kingdom requires daily worship by law, but does not enforce it. Countries which prohibit or limit school prayer often differ in their reasons for doing so. In the United States, school prayer cannot be required of students in accordance with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. This is generally rigorously applied in public schools; the Establishment Clause does not prevent prayer in private schools that have no public funding. In Canada, school-sponsored prayer is disallowed under the concept of freedom of conscience as outlined in the Canadian Charter on Rights & Fundamental Freedoms. School-sponsored prayer is disallowed in France as a byproduct of its status as a secular nation.

Indonesia
School prayers are a longstanding tradition in Indonesian schools. There is no specific law mandating school prayers in Indonesia. Before a religious education lesson, students pray according to their respective religions. On 10 December 2014, Minister of Education and Culture Anies Baswedan proposed to regulate the contents of school prayers before and after school. He denied rumours that he wanted to ban school prayers.

United Kingdom
In England and Wales, the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 states that all pupils in state schools must take part in a daily act of collective worship, unless their parents request that they be excused from attending. A religion required is not, anymore, stated with in the legislative document provided by His Majesty's Government and drafted by the Office of the Parliamentary Counsel, the document furthermore declares that if a parent of a child within the school decides not to receive further religious education, they will be exempt from it hencewith. Despite this statutory requirement for schools to hold a daily act of collective worship, most do not. Ofsted's 2002-03 annual report, for example, stated that 80% of secondary schools were not providing daily worship for all pupils.

==== School Standards and Framework Act 1998; c. 31; Part II; Chapter VI; Religious Worship; Section 70 ====

70         Requirements relating to collective worship
(1)  Subject to section 71, each pupil in attendance at a community, foundation or voluntary school shall on each school day take part in an act of

collective worship.

(2)  Subject to section 71, in relation to any community, foundation or voluntary school—

(a)  the [F1local authority] and the governing body shall exercise their functions with a view to securing, and

(b)  the head teacher shall secure,

that subsection (1) is complied with.

(3)  Schedule 20 makes further provision with respect to the collective worship required by this section,

including provision relating to—

(a)  the arrangements which are to be made in connection with such worship, and

(b)  the nature of such worship.

The Department of Education in England states that all schools must maintain religious prayer in schools in order to reflect the beliefs and traditions of the country, which were conventionally of the Christian faith (as of mid-2010's there has been a demographic increase in the number of schools of Islamic or Muslim nature). However, a recent BBC radio study shows that 64% of children (out of 500) do not attend or participate in daily acts of worship or prayer. Regarding public opinion in the United Kingdom for mandated school prayer, the numbers are relatively similar. In fact, a 2011 survey conducted by BBC found that 60% of parents (out of the 1,743 questioned) believed that the legislation that requires group worship should not be enforced at all. Although parents do retain the right to officially keep their children from taking part in daily worship, there are critics who claim the legislation should be changed or discarded completely in order to allow for religious freedom and cater to the wants of parents, children, and staff.

British Columbia
Prior to 1944, in British Columbia, the Public Schools Act (1872) permitted the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening or closing school. In 1944, the government of British Columbia amended the Public Schools Act to provide for compulsory Bible reading at the opening of the school day, to be followed by a compulsory recitation of the Lord’s Prayer. This amendment appeared as section 167 of the Public Schools Act, and read as follows:

"167. All public schools shall be opened by the reading, without explanation or comment, of a passage of Scripture to be selected from readings prescribed or approved by the Council of Public Instruction. The reading of the passage of Scripture shall be followed by the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer, but otherwise the schools shall be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles. The highest morality shall be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed shall be taught. 1948, c.42, s.167"

The compulsory nature of the Bible reading and prayer recitation was slightly modified by regulations drawn up by the Council of Public Instruction. These regulations provided that either a teacher or student who has conscientious ground for objecting to the religious observances may be excused from them. The procedure to be followed in such cases was outlined in the regulations, which follow in full:"Division (15)—Scripture Readings (Section 167)" "15.01 Where a teacher sends a written notice to the Board of School Trustees or official trustee by whom he is employed that he has conscientious objections to conducting the. ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer (as provided by Section 167 of the Public Schools Act), he shall be excused from such duty, and in such case it shall be the duty of the Board of School Trustees or official trustee concerned to arrange with the Principal to have the ceremony conducted by some other teacher in the school, or by a school trustee, or, where neither of these alternatives is possible, by one of the senior pupils of the school or by some other suitable person other than an ordained member of a religious sect or denomination."

"15.02 Where the parent or guardian of any pupil attending a public school sends a written notice to the teacher of the pupil stating that for conscientious reasons he does not wish the pupil to attend the ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer at the opening of school, the teacher shall excuse the pupil from attendance at such ceremony and at his discretion may assign the pupil some other useful employment at school during that period, but the pupil so excused shall not be deprived of any other benefits of the school by reason of his non-attendance at the ceremony."

In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent. Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act (1872). Sixteen years later in 1996, based on precedent that would be established in Ontario (1989), required recitation of the Lord’s Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Ontario
The challenges to Christian opening and closing exercises occurred mainly in Ontario with the crucial case being fought in The Ontario Court of Appeal in 1988.

"Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education (Director) The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening exercises in public schools offended the Charter s. 2(a). 1988. (1988), 65 O.R. (2d) 641, 29 O.A.C. 23 (C.A.). Education regulations did not require the use of the Lord's Prayer and there was an exemption provision. The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the regulation infringed religious freedom because schools could use only the Lord's Prayer rather than a more inclusive approach. It was argued that the exemption provision effectively stigmatized children and coerced them into a religious observance which was offensive to them."

The Ontario Court of Appeal was persuaded by the argument that the need to seek exemption from Christian exercises is itself a form of religious discrimination. The judges described as insensitive the position of the respondents that it was beneficial for the minority children to confront the fact of their difference from the majority.

Russow v. British Columbia
In 1989, Joan Russow challenged, in the British Columbia Supreme Court, the Public Schools Act's requirement that in British Columbia all public schools were to be opened with the Lord’s Prayer and a Bible reading. The argument was similar to the Zylberberg case and the result was the same: The offending words in the Public Schools Act were removed as being inconsistent with freedom of conscience and religion guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Further following the Zylberberg case to strike down use of the Lord’s Prayer in schools, the British Columbia Supreme Court incorporated the Ontario Court of Appeal's decision in Zylberberg in its entirety.

From 1871 to 1989, observance of school prayer had declined.

With the unfavorable court decision, the requirement for Christian morning exercises was replaced with the following clauses found in the School Act (1996) in British Columbia. "Conduct:" "76 (1) All schools and Provincial schools must be conducted on strictly secular and nonsectarian principles." "(2) The highest morality must be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed is to be – taught in a school or Provincial school."

France
As a secular state (laïcité), France has no school prayers in secular state-run institutions. Instead, public servants are advised to keep their religious faith private, and may be censured if they display it too openly. The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools goes beyond restricting prayer in schools and bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols by pupils in public primary and secondary schools. However, teachers in private religious schools have been paid by the government.

India
Being a secular state, religious instructions are prohibited by Article 26 of the Indian Constitution in schools administered by the state and hence school sponsored prayers are not allowed. However, Indian law also allows Islamic and other minority religious private schools to receive partial financial support from the states' and the central government of India to offer religious indoctrination if the school agrees that the student has an option to opt out from religious indoctrination if he or she so asks, and that the school will not discriminate any student based on religion, race, or other protected status grounds.

Arguments for and against school prayer
The issue of school prayer remains contentious even where courts as diverse as those in Canada, the United States, Russia, and Poland attempt to strike a balance between religious and secular activity in state-sponsored arenas. Some arguments have held that religion in schools is both an effective sociomoral tool as well as a valuable means to psychological stability. On the opposing side, others have argued that prayer has no place in a classroom where impressionable students are continually subject to influence by the majority. The latter view holds that, to the extent that a public school itself promotes the majority religion, the state is guilty of coercive interference in the lives of the individual.

title: School prayer


text:
Icicle

An icicle is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes.

Formation and dynamics
Icicles can form during bright, sunny, but subfreezing weather, when ice or snow melted by sunlight or some other heat source (such as a poorly insulated building), refreezes as it drips off under exposed conditions. Over time continued water runoff will cause the icicle to grow. Another set of conditions is during ice storms, when rain falling in air slightly below freezing slowly accumulates as numerous small icicles hanging from twigs, leaves, wires, etc. Thirdly, icicles can form wherever water seeps out of or drips off vertical surfaces such as road cuts or cliffs. Under some conditions these can slowly form the "frozen waterfalls" favored by ice climbers.

Icicles form on surfaces which might have a smooth and straight, or irregular shape, which in turn influences the shape of an icicle. Another influence is melting water, which might flow toward the icicle in a straight line or which might flow from several directions. Impurities in the water can lead to ripples on the surface of the icicles.

Icicles elongate by the growth of ice as a tube into the pendant drop. The wall of this ice tube is about 0.1 mm and the width 5 mm. As a result of this growth process, the interior of a growing icicle is liquid water. The growth of an icicle both in length and in width can be calculated and is a complicated function of air temperature, wind speed, and the water flux into the icicle. The growth rate in length typically varies with time, and can in ideal conditions be more than 1 cm per minute.

Given the right conditions, icicles may also form in caves (in which case they are also known as ice stalactites). They can also form within salty water (brine) sinking from sea ice. These so-called brinicles can kill sea urchins and starfish, which was observed by BBC film crews near Mount Erebus, Antarctica.

Dangers
Icicles can pose personal and structural dangers. Icicles that hang from an object may fall and cause injury and/or damage to whoever or whatever is below them. In addition, ice deposits can be heavy. If enough icicles form on an object, such as a wire, beam, or pole, the weight of the ice can severely damage the structural integrity of the object and may cause the object to break. This can also happen with roofs, where failure can damage nearby parked vehicles or the contents and occupants of the structure. Icicles on roofs can also be associated with ice dams, which can cause water damage as the water penetrates below the shingles.

The story of an English youth killed by a falling icicle in 1776 has often been recounted.

Large icicles that form on cliffs near highways have been known to fall and damage motor vehicles.

In 2010, five people were killed and 150 injured by icicles in Saint Petersburg, Russia after heavy snow that also caused apartment block roofs to collapse, as well as creating water damage to private homes and to the National Library of Russia.

title: Icicle


text:
Gotha (district)

Gotha (German: Landkreis Gotha) is a Kreis (district) in western central Thuringia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis, Sömmerda, the Kreis-free city Erfurt, Ilm-Kreis, Schmalkalden-Meiningen and the Wartburgkreis.

Geography
Gotha borders the Thuringian Basin in the north and east, with a low point of about 200 meters (656 feet) in the northern part of the district. Fahner Heights, a muschelkalk ridge with a height of 413 meters (1,355 feet), is located in the extreme north, between the municipalities of Tonna and Bienstädt.

The land rises to about 900 meters (2,953 feet) in the Thuringian Forest, which covers the south-western area of the district. The Rennsteig hiking trail follows a ridge line through the forest. The highest point in the district is Großer Inselsberg at 916.5 m (3,007 ft), on the border with Schmalkalden-Meiningen. The southern area of the district also has 3 dams: the Ohra Dam near the village of Luisenthal, as well as the Tambach-Dietharz Dam and the Schmalwasser Dam, both in the catchment area of the Apfelstädt, near the town of Tambach-Dietharz.

On the southeastern boundary of the district, between Ohrdruf and Mühlberg, is the muschelkalk Ohrdrufer Plateau which sits at an average of about 450 meters (1,436 ft). Since 1906, 49.5 km2 of this plateau has been used as military proving ground.

Aside from the areas covered by the Thuringian forest and other small wooded ridges, the district is largely used for agriculture.

Administrative
In 1640, Gotha was partitioned from the Saxon Duchy of Saxe-Weimar to form the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha in the Holy Roman Empire. After acquiring additional territory from nearby dutchies, Saxe-Gotha was itself partitioned into seven dutchies in 1680, with the Gotha territory continuing in Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. The duchy's ruling family line went extinct in 1825 with the death of Frederick IV, and the territory was divided again, this time into Saxe-Hildburghausen and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. With the abolishment of the Monarchy of Germany following the November Revolution, the territory of Coburg was merged into Bavaria, and Gotha became part of Thuringia.

The Weimar district of Gotha was formed on October 1, 1922, from the largest parts of the cities and surrounding district offices of Gotha, Ohrdruf, and Waltershausen. The city of Gotha was made the district capital. This merged district extended south to Oberhof.

During the Nazi regime, municipal self-government ended abruptly in 1933. After the Second World War, both the US and later Soviet military government reinstated the administrative structures from the Weimar period, with some municipal additions and removals happening in 1946. In 1949, Gotha was integrated into East Germany, undergoing further territorial changes in 1950 and during the administrative reform of 1952.

In May 1990, the first free municipal elections since 1946 took place in Thuringia, with Thuringia being re-established as a free state later in October of that year. Local government was officially granted power by Thuringia in 1993, in the form of district councils and district administrators. The most recent territorial change for the district was in 1994, where it gained several towns from surrounding former East German districts.

In 2009, the Nesse-Apfelstädt-Gemeinden Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") was disbanded.

Population

 * Data Source: Thuringian State Office for Statistics

Partnerships
Since 1990 the district has a partnership with the district Main-Kinzig in Hessen, Germany.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows Friedenstein Castle in the top, the largest Baroque building located in the city of Gotha. The wavy line below symbolizes the Leina canal, which was built 1366 to 1369 from Schönau to Gotha, to bring water into the city. The star at the bottom was the symbol of the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.

The coat of arms was granted 28 June 1991.

title: Gotha (district)


text:
Alcoholate

Originally, an alcoholate was the crystalline form of a salt in which alcohol took the place of water of crystallization, such as [SnCl3(OC2H5)·C2H5OH]2 and C8H6N4O5·CH3OH. However this denomination should not be used anymore for the ending -ate often occurs in names for anions.

The second meaning of the word is that of a tincture, or alcoholic extract of plant material.

The third, and more usual meaning of the word is as a synonym for alkoxide— is the conjugate base of an alcohol.

title: Alcoholate


text:
Rusticle

A rusticle is a formation of rust similar to an icicle or stalactite in appearance that occurs deep underwater when iron-loving bacteria attack and oxidize wrought iron and steel. They may be familiar from underwater photographs of shipwrecks, such as the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck. They have also been found in the #3 turret, 8-inch gun turret on the stern remains in place of the USS Indianapolis. Rusticles are created by microbial organisms that consume iron.

The word rusticle is a portmanteau of the words rust and icicle and was coined by Robert Ballard, who first observed them on the wreck of the Titanic in 1986. Rusticles on the Titanic were first investigated in 1996 by Roy Cullimore, based at the University of Regina in Canada. A previously unknown species of bacteria living inside the Titanic's rusticles called Halomonas titanicae was discovered in 2010 by Henrietta Mann.

Rusticles can form on any submerged steel object and have been seen on other subsea structures such as mooring chains and subsea equipment. They form more rapidly in warmer climates and can form in water with little to no dissolved oxygen.

Composition
The rusticle consists of up to 35% iron compounds including iron oxides, iron carbonates, and iron hydroxides. Rusticles are found in a tube shapes of iron oxides which are vertical to one another. Rusticles are found to grow at approximately 1 cm a year and are most often found in areas of sunken hulls underwater.

The remainder of the structure is a complex community of symbiotic or mutualistic microbes including bacteria Halomonas titanicae and fungi that use the rusting metal as a source of food, causing microbial corrosion and collectively producing the mineral compounds that form the rusticle as waste products.

Rusticles have been found to most often be composed of iron, calcium, chloride, magnesium, silica, sodium, and sulfate while there are other chemical compositions of rusticles but in much smaller quantities.

Structure
Structurally, rusticles contain channels which allow water to flow through, and they seem to build up in a ring structure similar to the growth rings of a tree. They are very delicate and can easily disintegrate into fine powder on even the slightest touch.

Colours
The outer surface of a rusticle is smooth red in appearance from the iron(III) oxide, while the core is bright orange due to the presence of crystals of goethite. There are several morphologies of the rusticle, some of which are conical, cylindrical, and rusticle on the seafloor.

title: Rusticle


text:
Iron oxide

Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen. Several iron oxides are recognized. Often they are non-stoichiometric. Oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust.

Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes. They are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin. Iron oxides are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes. Colors commonly available are in the "earthy" end of the yellow/orange/red/brown/black range. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E172.

Stoichiometries

Iron oxides feature as ferrous (Fe(II)) or ferric (Fe(III)) or both. They adopt octahedral or tetrahedral coordination geometry. Only a few oxides are significant at the earth's surface, particularly wüstite, magnetite, and hematite.

 * Oxides of FeII
 * FeO: iron(II) oxide, wüstite
 * Mixed oxides of FeII and FeIII
 * Fe3O4: Iron(II,III) oxide, magnetite
 * Fe4O5
 * Fe5O6
 * Fe5O7
 * Fe25O32
 * Fe13O19
 * Oxides of FeIII
 * Fe2O3: iron(III) oxide
 * α-Fe2O3: alpha phase, hematite
 * β-Fe2O3: beta phase
 * γ-Fe2O3: gamma phase, maghemite
 * ε-Fe2O3: epsilon phase

Oxide-hydroxides

 * goethite (α-FeOOH),
 * akaganéite (β-FeOOH),
 * lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH),
 * feroxyhyte (δ-FeOOH),
 * ferrihydrite (Fe5HO8 · 4 H2O approx., or 5 Fe2O3 · 9 H2O, better recast as FeOOH · 0.4 H2O)
 * high-pressure pyrite-structured FeOOH. Once dehydration is triggered, this phase may form FeO2Hx (0 < x < 1).
 * green rust (Fe$$Fe$$OH3x + y − z (A−)z where A− is Cl− or 0.5 SO4(2-))

Reactions
In blast furnaces and related factories, iron oxides are converted to the metal. Typical reducing agents are various forms of carbon. A representative reaction starts with ferric oxide:
 * 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C  ->  4 Fe  +  3 CO2

In nature
Iron is stored in many organisms in the form of ferritin, which is a ferrous oxide encased in a solubilizing protein sheath.

Species of bacteria, including Shewanella oneidensis, Geobacter sulfurreducens and Geobacter metallireducens, use iron oxides as terminal electron acceptors.

Uses
Almost all iron ores are oxides, so in that sense these materials are important precursors to iron metal and its many alloys.

Iron oxides are important pigments, coming in a variety of colors (black, red, yellow). Among their many advantages, they are inexpensive, strongly colored, and nontoxic.

Magnetite is a component of magnetic recording tapes.

title: Iron oxide