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Kingston, Wisconsin

Kingston is a village in Green Lake County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 326 at the 2010 census. The village is located within the Town of Kingston. The unincorporated community of Dalton, Wisconsin is near Kingston.

The village is named for Kingston, Ontario.

Geography
Kingston is located at 43.69333°N, -89.12833°W (43.693508, -89.128563).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.54 sqmi, of which, 1.32 sqmi of it is land and 0.22 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 326 people, 139 households, and 88 families living in the village. The population density was 247.0 PD/sqmi. There were 148 housing units at an average density of 112.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.5% White, 0.3% African American, and 1.2% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 139 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.92.

The median age in the village was 39.8 years. 23.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.6% were from 25 to 44; 27.6% were from 45 to 64; and 15.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.7% male and 46.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 288 people, 123 households, and 83 families living in the village. The population density was 212.7 people per square mile (82.4/km2). There were 133 housing units at an average density of 98.2 per square mile (38.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.61% White and 1.39% Native American. 0.35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 123 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $48,125. Males had a median income of $31,786 versus $22,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,770. About 2.8% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Ira W. Parker, Wisconsin State Representative and banker, was born in Kingston.
 * John Muir, famed conservationist, spoke about passing through Kingston when his family moved from Scotland to the USA, as recounted in the book “The Wilderness World of John Muir” (Edited by Edwin Way Teale).

title: Kingston, Wisconsin


text:
Gratiot (town), Wisconsin

Gratiot is a town in Lafayette County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 550 at the 2010 census, down from 653 at the 2000 census. The village of Gratiot is located within the town. The unincorporated community of Riverside and part of the unincorporated community of Dunbarton are also in the town.

Geography
Gratiot is in southern Lafayette County, bordered to the south by Jo Daviess County, Illinois. The village of Gratiot is in the north-central part of the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 140.9 sqkm, all of it recorded as land. The Pecatonica River flows through the northeast part of the town.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 653 people, 237 households, and 179 families residing in the town. The population density was 12.0 people per square mile (4.6/km$2$). There were 258 housing units at an average density of 4.8 per square mile (1.8/km$2$). The racial makeup of the town was 99.85% White and 0.15% Black or African American. 0.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 237 households, out of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.4% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $46,583, and the median income for a family was $53,750. Males had a median income of $29,167 versus $24,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,987. About 7.2% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gratiot (town), Wisconsin


text:
Plymouth, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin

Plymouth is a town in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin. The population was 3,115 at the time of the 2000 census. It is included in the Sheboygan, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The City of Plymouth is located within the town, but is politically independent. The unincorporated community of New Paris is also located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 31.5 square miles (81.6 km2), of which, 31.5 square miles (81.5 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (0.10%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,115 people, 1,092 households, and 885 families residing in the town. The population density was 99.0 people per square mile (38.2/km2). There were 1,178 housing units at an average density of 37.4 per square mile (14.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.07% White, 0.42% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races. 0.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,092 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.3% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 16.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $61,038, and the median income for a family was $63,750. Males had a median income of $40,913 versus $27,316 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,275. About 1.0% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * La Fayette Eastman, Wisconsin state representative
 * Henry Krumrey, Wisconsin state representative
 * Charles A. Laack, Wisconsin state representative
 * Henry Ott, Wisconsin state representative

title: Plymouth, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin


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Sharon, Walworth County, Wisconsin

 * There is another Town of Sharon in Portage County.

Sharon is a town in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 861 at the 2020 census. The Village of Sharon is located within the town. The unincorporated community of Allen's Grove is also located partially in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.6 square miles (92.1 km2), of which, 35.5 square miles (92.1 km2) of it is land and 0.03% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 912 people, 333 households, and 274 families residing in the town. The population density was 25.7 people per square mile (9.9/km2). There were 352 housing units at an average density of 9.9 per square mile (3.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.46% White, 0.11% Asian, 0.55% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. 2.19% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 333 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.7% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $51,635, and the median income for a family was $56,250. Males had a median income of $35,500 versus $26,700 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,023. About 6.3% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.

title: Sharon, Walworth County, Wisconsin


text:
Sharon, Wisconsin

Sharon is a village in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,586 at the 2020 census. The village is within the Town of Sharon.

History
The village is named after Sharon Springs, New York.

Geography
Sharon is located at 42.50222°N, -88.72944°W (42.502412, -88.729681).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.66 sqmi, all of it land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,605 people, 594 households, and 406 families living in the village. The population density was 966.9 PD/sqmi. There were 714 housing units at an average density of 430.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 86.7% White, 0.2% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 10.5% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.5% of the population.

There were 594 households, of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.6% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.24.

The median age in the village was 35.3 years. 28.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.1% were from 45 to 64; and 8.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.8% male and 49.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,549 people, 565 households, and 402 families living in the village. The population density was 1,699.3 people per square mile (657.2/km2). There were 602 housing units at an average density of 660.4 per square mile (255.4/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 93.35% White, 0.58% Black or African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 3.62% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. 7.30% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 565 households, out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.3% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.3% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $39,330, and the median income for a family was $45,500. Males had a median income of $34,097 versus $23,438 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,779. About 9.5% of families and 10.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 18.3% of those age 65 or over.

Culture
Since 1997, the Sharon Main Street Association has organized an annual "Model A Day", a gathering of Model A collectors and enthusiasts. This event draws over 300 cars each year. Sharon is one of the greatest (by percentage) Polish-American communities in the U.S.

Notable people

 * William P. Allen, Wisconsin State Representative, lived in Sharon.
 * John W. Brownson, New York politician, moved in Sharon.
 * John Brownson, Wisconsin State Representative, lived in Sharon.
 * Travis Frederick, NFL Player, lived in Sharon.
 * Walter Samuel Goodland, Governor of Wisconsin, was born in Sharon.
 * Martha Nessler Hayden, painter
 * Scott M. Ladd, Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court, was born in Sharon.
 * Frank Mentzer, An American fantasy author and game designer best known for his work on early materials for Dungeons & Dragons, currently lives in Sharon.
 * George Perring, MLB player, was born in Sharon.
 * George Sykes or Sikes, former Representative and retired farmer, moved here with his wife from the Town of Sharon, and died here
 * Charles W. Woodford, Illinois Treasurer, was born in Sharon.
 * Riley S. Young, Speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly, in Sharon.

title: Sharon, Wisconsin


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Antipater (disambiguation)

Several notable persons of the ancient world were named Antipater, Antipatros (from Αντιπάτερ, Αντίπατρος, literally meaning "like the father"):

Hellenistic leaders

 * Antipater (c. 397–319 BC), Macedonian general
 * Antipater II of Macedon, king of Macedon from 297 to 294 BC
 * Antipater Etesias (died 279 BC), king of Macedon
 * Antipater of Derbe

Herodians

 * Antipater the Idumaean (died 43 BC), father of Herod the Great
 * Antipater (son of Herod I) (46–4 BC), son of Herod the Great
 * Antipater, son of Salome, Herod the Great's sister
 * Antipater, son of Salampsio, Herod the Great's daughter, and Phasael ben Phasael

Philosophers

 * Antipater of Cyrene (c. 4th century BC), philosopher of the Cyrenaic school
 * Antipater of Tarsus (died 130 BC), Stoic philosopher
 * Antipater of Tyre (died 45 BC), Stoic philosopher

Writers

 * Antipater (writer), wrote on the subject of dreams
 * Antipater of Acanthus, Greek grammarian of uncertain date
 * Antipater of Bostra, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, fl. 460. His chief work was Antirrhesis, a reply to Pamphilus's Apology for Origen
 * Antipater of Sidon (2nd century BC), best known for his list of the Seven Wonders of the World
 * Antipater of Thessalonica (1st century BC), poet
 * Antipater (1st century BC physician)
 * Antipater (2nd century physician)
 * Antipater (astrologer), who wrote a work upon genethialogia
 * Aelius Antipater, writer and governor (Severan era)
 * Lucius Coelius Antipater, annalist, 2nd century BC

Others

 * Antipater of Phlya, leading Athenian statesman under Augustus
 * Antipater son of Epigonus, Greek Prince from Asia Minor who was the son of Epigonos of Telmessos
 * Antipater, celebrated silver-chaser (Naturalis Historia, xxxiii. 55)

title: Antipater (disambiguation)


text:
Hemel Hempstead

Hemel Hempstead is a town in the Dacorum district in Hertfordshire, England. It is located 24 mi north-west of London; nearby towns include Watford, St Albans and Berkhamsted. The population at the 2021 census was 95,961.

Hemel Hempstead has existed since at least the 8th century and was granted its town charter by Henry VIII in 1539. However, it has expanded and developed in recent decades after being designated as a new town after the end of the Second World War.

Origin of the name
The settlement was called Henamsted or Hean-Hempsted in Anglo-Saxon times and Hemel-Amstede by the time of William the Conqueror. The name is referred to in the Domesday Book as Hamelamestede, but in later centuries it became Hamelhamsted, and, possibly, Hemlamstede. In Old English, -stead or -stede simply meant "place" (reflected in German Stadt and Dutch stede or stad, meaning "city" or "town"), such as the site of a building or pasture, as in clearing in the woods. This suffix is used in the names of other English places, such as Hamstead and Berkhamsted.

One theory suggests that a previous name for the settlement became corrupted to something similar to Hempstead, and that Hemel originated as a way of specifying Hemel Hempstead, as opposed to nearby Berkhamsted. Hemel is reflected in the German Himmel and Dutch Hemel, both of which mean 'heaven' or 'sky', so it could be that Hemel Hempstead was in a less-forested area open to the sky, while Berkhamsted (which could mean 'birch', reflected in the Dutch berk) was in a forest of birch trees.

Another suggestion is that Hemel came from Haemele, the name of the district in the 8th century, and was most likely either the name of the landowner or meant "broken country".

The town is now known to locals as Hemel. However, before the Second World War locals called it Hempstead. Emigrants from Hemel Hempstead, led by John Carman, settled in the American colonies in the early 17th century and founded the town of Hempstead, New York in 1644.

Early history
The first recorded mention of the town is the grant of land at Hamaele by Offa, King of Essex, to the Saxon Bishop of London in 705 CE. Hemel Hempstead on its present site is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a vill, Hamelhamstede, with about 100 inhabitants. The parish church of St Mary's was built in 1140, and is recognised as one of the finest Norman parish churches in the county. The church features an unusual 200 ft spire, added in the 12th century, one of Europe's tallest.

After the Norman conquest, Robert, Count of Mortain, the elder half-brother of William the Conqueror, was granted lands associated with Berkhamsted Castle which included Hemel Hempstead. The estates passed through several hands over the next few centuries including Thomas Becket in 1162. Hemel Hempstead was in the Domesday hundred of Danais (Daneys, i.e. Danish), which by 1200 had been combined with the hundred of Tring to form the hundred of Dacorum. This maintained its court into the 19th century. In 1290, King John's grandson, the Earl of Cornwall, gave the manor to the religious order of the Bonhommes when he endowed the monastery at Ashridge.

The town remained part of the monastery's estates until the Reformation and break-up of Ashridge in 1539. In the same year, the town was granted a royal charter by Henry VIII to become a bailiwick with the right to hold a Thursday market and a fair on Corpus Christi Day. The first bailiff of Hemel Hempstead was William Stephyns (29 December 1539). Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn are reputed to have stayed in the town at this time.

In 1953, a collection of unusually fine medieval wall paintings dating from between 1470 and 1500 were discovered in a cottage in Piccotts End, a village on the outskirts of Hemel Hempstead. This same building had been converted into the first cottage hospital providing free medical services by Sir Astley Cooper in 1827.

In 1581, a group of local people acquired lands – now referred to as Boxmoor – from the Earl of Leicester to prevent their enclosure. These were transferred to trustees in 1594. These have been used for public grazing and they are administered by the Box Moor Trust.

Remains of Roman villa farming settlements have been found at Boxmoor and Gadebridge which span the entire period of Roman Britain. A well-preserved Roman burial mound is located in Adeyfield. A major Romano-Celtic temple complex was unearthed at Wood Lane End in Maylands in 1966.

18th to mid-20th century
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Hemel Hempstead was an agricultural market town. Wealthy landowners built a few large country houses in the locality, including The Bury, built in 1790, and Gadebridge House, erected by the noted surgeon and anatomist Sir Astley Cooper in 1811.

As the Industrial Revolution gained momentum, commercial travel between the Midlands and London increased greatly. Hemel Hempstead was located on a direct route between these areas of industry and commerce and this made it a natural waypoint for trade and travel between the two. Initially the Sparrows Herne Turnpike Road was opened in 1762.

In 1793, construction began on the Grand Junction Canal, a major project to provide a freight waterway between the Midlands and the Port of London. In 1798, the canal from the Thames reached Two Waters, just south of Hemel Hempstead, and opened fully in 1805.

Hemel's position on the commercial transport network was established further in 1837 when the route of the new London and Birmingham Railway reached the town. The line's construction had been delayed for several years by vigorous lobbying by a number of powerful local landowners, including Sir Astley Cooper of Gadebridge House, who were all keen to protect their estates from invasion by the "iron horse". Their campaign was successful and the main line was routed along the River Bulbourne instead of the River Gade, skirting around the edge of Hemel Hempstead. As a result, the railway station serving Hemel Hempstead was built one mile outside the town centre at Boxmoor; Boxmoor and Hemel Hempstead railway station (today's Hemel Hempstead railway station) opened in 1837. The railways continued to expand and in 1877 a new route opened connecting Boxmoor to the Midland Railway at Harpenden. The Harpenden to Hemel Hempstead branch railway — affectionately known as the Nickey Line — crossed the town centre on a long, curved viaduct, eventually serving three local stations in the town at Heath Park Halt, Hemel Hempsted (Midland) and Godwin's Halt. A new Hemel Hempstead Hospital was established at the bottom of Hillfield Road in 1832.

Despite the incursion of various forms of transport, Hemel remained principally an agricultural market town throughout the 19th century. In the last decades of that century development of houses and villas for London commuters began. Hemel steadily expanded, but only became a borough, with its headquarters at the old town hall on 13 July 1898.

During the Second World War ninety high explosive bombs were dropped on the town by the Luftwaffe. The most notorious incident was on 10 May 1942 when a stick of bombs demolished houses at Nash Mills killing eight people. The nearby John Dickinson & Co. factories which were used to produce munitions, were the target.

New town
After the Second World War, in 1946, the government designated Hemel Hempstead as the site of one of its proposed new towns designed to house the population displaced by the London Blitz, since slums and bombsites were being cleared in London. On 4 February 1947, the Government purchased 5910 acre of land and began work on the "New Town". The first new residents moved in during April 1949, and the town continued its planned expansion through to the end of the 1980s. Hemel grew to its present population with new developments enveloping the original town on all sides. The original part of Hemel is still known as the "Old Town".

Hemel Hempstead was announced as candidate No 3 for a New Town in July 1946, in accordance with the government's "policy for the decentralisation of persons and industry from London". Initially there was much resistance and hostility to the plan from locals, especially when it was revealed that any development would be carried out not by the local council but by a newly appointed government body, the Hemel Hempstead Development Corporation (later amalgamated with similar bodies to form the Commission for New Towns). However, following a public inquiry the following year, the town got the go-ahead. Hemel officially became a New Town on 4 February 1947.

The initial plans for the New Town were drawn up by architect Geoffrey Jellicoe. His view of Hemel Hempstead, he said, was "not a city in a garden, but a city in a park." However, the plans were not well received by most locals. Revised, and less radical plans were drawn up, and the first developments proceeded despite local protests in July 1948. The first area to be developed was Adeyfield. At this time the plans for a revolutionary double roundabout at Moor End were first put forward, but in fact it was not until 1973 that the roundabout was opened as it was originally designed. (It was quickly christened 'The Magic Roundabout' by locals, echoing the name of the children's TV show.) The first houses erected as part of the New Town plan were in Longlands, Adeyfield, and went up in the spring of 1949. The first new residents moved into their new houses in February 1950.

At this time, work started on building new factories and industrial areas, to avoid the town becoming a dormitory town. The first factory was erected in 1950 in Maylands Avenue. As building progressed with continuing local opposition, the town was becoming increasingly popular with those moving in from areas of north London. By the end of 1951, there was a waiting list of about 10,000 wishing to move to Hemel. The neighbourhoods of Bennett's End, Chaulden and Warner's End were started. The Queen paid a visit shortly after her accession in 1952, and laid a foundation stone for a new church in Adeyfield – one of her first public engagements as Queen. The shopping square she visited is named Queen's Square, and the nearby area has street names commemorating the then-recent conquest of Everest, such as Hillary and Tenzing Roads. This conquest is also celebrated in the name of a pub in Warners End – the "Top of the World".

The redevelopment of the town centre was started in 1952, with a new centre based on Marlowes south of the old town. This was alongside a green area called the Water Gardens, designed by Jellicoe, formed by ponding back the River Gade. The old centre of the High Street was to remain largely undeveloped, though the market square closed and was replaced by a much larger one in the new centre. The former private estate of Gadebridge was opened up as a public park. New schools and roads were built to serve the expanding new neighbourhoods. New housing technology such as prefabrication started to be used from the mid-'50s, and house building rates increased dramatically. Highfield was the next neighbourhood to be constructed. The M1 motorway opened to the east in 1959, and a new road connecting it to the town was opened.

By 1962, the redevelopment of the new town as originally envisaged was largely complete, though further expansion plans were then put forward. The nearby United States Air Force base of Bovingdon, which had served as the town's 'de facto' airport, reverted to RAF use at this time, continuing as an active military airfield until 1971. A campus of West Herts College, the library, new police station and the Pavilion (theatre and music venue) were all built during the 1960s. The town seemed to attract its fair share of celebrity openings, with shops and businesses opened by Frankie Vaughan, Benny Hill, Terry-Thomas, and the new cinema was opened by Hollywood star Lauren Bacall. The last of the originally-planned neighbourhoods, Grovehill, began construction in 1967. However, further neighbourhoods of Woodhall Farm and Fields End were later built as part of the extended plans.

Like other first-generation new towns, Hemel is divided into residential neighbourhoods, each with their own "village centre" with shops, pubs and services. Each neighbourhood is designed around a few major feeder roads with many smaller cul-de-sacs and crescents, intended to minimise traffic and noise nuisance. In keeping with the optimism of the early post-war years, much of the town features modernist architecture with many unusual and experimental designs for housing. Not all of these have stood the test of time. A significant issue was how to choose names for all the new roads. Many areas of the new town used themes e.g. fields, birds, rivers, poets, explorers, leaders, etc.

In 1974, the government abolished the Borough of Hemel Hempstead and the town was incorporated into Dacorum District, along with Tring and Berkhamsted. The first chairman of that council was chairman John Johnson (1913–1977). In the 1980s, Dacorum District Council successfully lobbied to be recognised as the successor for the Royal Charter establishing the Borough of Hemel Hempstead and thus regained the Mayor and its Aldermen and became Dacorum Borough.

Geography
Hemel Hempstead grew up in a shallow chalkland valley at the confluence of the rivers Gade and Bulbourne, 27 mi northwest of central London. The New Town expansion took place up the valley sides and onto the plateau above the original Old Town.

To the north and west lie mixed farm and woodland with scattered villages, part of the Chiltern Hills. To the west lies Berkhamsted. The River Bulbourne flows along the south-western edge of the town through Boxmoor. To the south lie Watford and the beginnings of the Greater London conurbation. To the east lies St Albans, a cathedral city and also like Hemel Hempstead, is part of the London commuter belt. Possibly the best view of Hemel Hempstead in its physical setting is from the top of Roughdown Common, a chalk hill to the south of the town, at.

New town
The grand design for Hemel Hempstead new town saw each new district centred around a parade or square of shops called a neighbourhood centre. Other districts existed before the new town as suburbs, villages and industrial centres, and were incorporated into the town.

 * Adeyfield – Located on a hill to the east of the Old Town, this was the first of the New Town districts to be started. The first four families of Hemel Hempstead's new town moved into their homes in Adeyfield on Wednesday, 8 February 1950.
 * Apsley – a 19th-century mill town a mile south of Old Hemel which grew up around the paper making industry – notably the John Dickinson & Co. mills. Now a suburb of Hemel with many warehouse outlets set in retail parks, a large office facility for Hertfordshire County Council and a large Sainsbury's supermarket.
 * Bennetts End – Located on the rising ground to the south east and another original district of the new town. Construction began in 1951 and by autumn 1952, 300 houses were occupied.
 * Boxmoor – A mostly Victorian era developed district to the southwest which grew up because it was near the LMS station and trains to London.
 * Chaulden – an early new town district, west of the town, commenced in 1953 with its own neighbourhood shopping centre.
 * Corner Hall – an estate adjacent to the Plough Roundabout frequently thought to be part of Apsley. Bounded by Lawn Lane and St Albans Hill.
 * Cupid Green – an industrial area estate north east of the town and home to its recycling centre.
 * Felden – Felden is a partly rural area south west of Hemel Hempstead that has many wealthy detached houses. It is home to the national headquarters of the Boys' Brigade.
 * Gadebridge – A later 1960s development located north west of the old town around the Rossgate shopping parade.
 * Grovehill – a housing estate towards the northern edge of Hemel Hempstead. It was developed as part of the second wave of development of the New Town commencing in 1967 and completed in stages by the early 1980s. Within the estate is Henry Wells Square, containing local shops, an off licence and a pub. The estate also contains Grovehill Community Centre, and Grovehill Playing Fields, home to many football pitches, a baseball ground and changing facilities. Grovehill also incorporates various churches, a doctor's surgery and a dental surgery as well as several schools including The Astley Cooper School.
 * Highfield – a district of the original new town located north of the old town.
 * Leverstock Green – A village $2 1/2$ miles east of the old town which pre-existed the new town and which has now been subsumed into it, although retaining its original village centre. It was once a popular place for actors and artists to live.
 * Maylands – The industrial zone of the new town from its inception, located to the east. It was originally called the Maylands factory estate but was rebranded as the Maylands Business Park in 2013.
 * Nash Mills – a historic name for a district beside the River Gade downstream and southeast of the town which had water mills since at least the 11th century. It is now a mix of industrial use and housing from the 19th century through to small modern developments.
 * Warner's End – an original new town residential district on chalk upland to the west of Hemel Hempstead where work commenced in 1953.
 * Woodhall Farm – A housing estate on the north eastern edge of town towards Redbourn. Woodhall Farm was built in the mid to late 1970s on the former Brocks Fireworks site with a mix of private and housing association stock. Built by Fairview Estates it has property ranging from four-bedroom detached houses down to one bedroom low-rise flats. The area has a shopping centre. It also has two infant schools and middle schools and a doctor's surgery.

Jarman Park
Jarman Park, the central location for leisure in the town, was previously agricultural land, which later becomes fields named after former town councilor and mayor, Henry Jarman, who oversaw the development of the New Town. The developments were built on land originally donated to the town for recreational purposes. Replacement open space was created to the east of the town, near Leverstock Green, Longdean Park and Nash Mills.

The first phase of recreational facilities, which opened in 1978, was the Loco Motion Skate Park. Subsequently, it became a dry ski slope with a small nursery slope next to it. Both areas were removed to make way for the Snow Centre which opened in 2009. A Tesco superstore was built in 1994 along with a petrol station, which was later expanded into a Tesco Extra. It was the first to be built with natural light let in. The Jarman Leisure Centre complex opened on 25 August 1995, originally managed by The Rank Organisation until 2007 and currently managed by the Tesco Pension Fund. The current 17-screen Cineworld is its flagship attraction. In addition to the cinema, there is an ice rink, several restaurants and a gym.

When it was opened as Leisure World at a cost of £22 million, the cinema originally featured eight screens and was operated by Odeon Cinemas, and later by Empire Cinemas until 2016. The complex also included the upstairs Toddlerworld play area, the Aquasplash water park, Hotshots, which was a 30-lane ten pin bowling facility with a bar, Jarman Park Bowls Club, which was an upstairs bowls facility with seven rinks, restaurants, a large arcade in the middle of the building, snooker and pool tables, a discothèque called Visage (subsequently Lava), a nightclub and a themed bar.

In December 2011, plans were submitted by the then landlords Capital & Regional to redevelop the site. It proposed a collection of family-friendly cafes and restaurants, with Aquasplash closing down.

The cinema continued to operate while the ice rink went under refurbishment. The cinema was expanded from eight screens to 17 with one large 281 IMAX auditorium.

A nearby athletics track, opened in 1996, is managed by the sports group Sportspace, with a small adjacent children's play park. The track is used by local schools for sports days.

The most recent facility, which opened in July 2011, is an extreme sports centre called the XC, which contains a skate park, caving, climbing walls, high ropes, a café and counselling rooms for young people. It is co-run by Youth Connexions and Sportspace.

Apsley Mills
The former John Dickinson & Co. mills site, straddling the canal at Apsley, was redeveloped with two retail parks, a Sainsbury's supermarket, three low-rise office blocks, housing, a mooring basin and a Holiday Inn Express hotel, as well as an additional office block. Some buildings have been retained for their historic interest and to provide a home for the Apsley Paper Museum.

The now disused mill site at Nash Mills was also redeveloped to build housing and community facilities. It retains some historic buildings.

Marlowes and the Old Town
An indoor shopping mall was developed adjacent to the south end of the Marlowes retail area in 1990. In 2005, the Riverside development, designed by Bernard Engle Architects, was opened, effectively extending the main shopping precinct towards the Plough Roundabout. The new centre includes several outlets for national retailers, including Starbucks and Waterstones. These two developments have moved the 'centre of gravity' of the retail centre away from the north end of Marlowes, which has become an area for secondary outlets. Further extensive redevelopment of the northern end of Marlowes was given the green light in 2007 and has since been completed.

In late 2014, the council began to improve the appearance of the original new-town's centre. The Old Town was refurbished with new paving, signage and landscaping. The old council buildings and library were closed and replaced with a new development named The Forum, which opened in early 2017. This area is now home to Dacorum Borough Council, the new library, Hertfordshire Police's Safer Neighbourhood Team, the Hertfordshire Registration and Citizenship Service, Dacorum Community Trust, Mediation Dacorum, Relate and the Citizen's Advice Bureau. Several hundred new homes have been built alongside this new development and a riverside walk/cycle way established. The abandoned market square is set to be more leisure facilities.

The Jellicoe Water Gardens have been restored, clearing up the overgrown trees, introducing a new play area and an area for picnics and gardening, as well as a community centre for volunteers, learning organisations and schools, and the Friends of the Jellicoe Water Gardens. There is also a new terrace for the flower garden.

The pedestrianised high street has been redeveloped, with a new play area and equipment around the street, such as giant coloured balls, slides, a tightrope and trampolines. A sculpture showcasing the work of Geoffrey Jellicoe has been installed on top of a new pillar.

Isle of Man-based residential developer Dandara redeveloped the old Kodak headquarters into a block of flats, with a new footbridge to the Riverside shopping precinct.

Maylands
Since the 2005 Buncefield fire, the former Maylands Avenue factory estate, which was badly affected by the fire, has been rebranded as Maylands Business Park. A 40-tonne sculpture by Jose Zavala, called Phoenix Gateway, has been placed on the first roundabout off the M1 to symbolise its renewal. A number of businesses have since located into the Maylands area, including Costa Coffee, Lok'nStore and McDonald's.

East Hemel
St Albans District council plans to meet its new homes building target by building on land to the east of Hemel Hempstead near the M1 motorway. This would comprise 2,500 new homes. The land is within St Albans planning jurisdiction but the developmemt would have a major impact on Hemel services and consequently proven controversial.

West Hemel
Land to the west of Chaulden and Warners End has been removed from the Green Belt designation and is due for development with 900 new homes.

Historical
Historically, the area was agricultural and was noted for its rich cereal production. The agricultural journalist William Cobbett noted of Hemel Hempstead in 1822 that "..the land along here is very fine: a red tenacious flinty loam upon a bed of chalk at a yard or two beneath, which, in my opinion, is the very best corn land that we have in England." By the 18th century the grain market in Hemel was one of the largest in the country. In 1797 there were 11 watermills working in the vicinity of the town.

The chalk on which Hemel is largely built has had commercial value and has been mined and exploited to improve farmland and for building from the 18th century. In the Highbarns area, now residential, there was a collapse in 2007 of a section of old chalk workings and geological studies have been undertaken to show the extent of these workings.

In the 19th century, Hemel Hempstead was a noted brickmaking, paper manufacturing and straw-plaiting centre. In later 19th and early 20th centuries, Hemel was also a noted watercress growing area, supplying 1/16 of the country's national demand – following development of the New Town, the watercress growing moved to nearby Berkhamsted and Tring. The cress beds were redeveloped as the modern-day Water Gardens.

Joseph Cranstone's engineering company was founded in 1798, and was responsible for much of the early street lighting in the town as well as it first gasworks. It became the Hemel Hempstead Engineering Company and stayed in business until the Second World War. In 1867 Cranstone's son built a steam powered coach which he drove to London, but which was destroyed in a crash on the return journey. A local Boxmoor pub commemorates the event. In 1803 the first automatic papermaking machinery was developed in Hemel by the Fourdrinier brothers at Frogmore. Paper making expanded in the vicinity in the early 19th century and grew into the huge John Dickinson & Co. mills in the 20th.

A traditional employer in the area was also Brock's, manufacturer of fireworks. The factory was a significant employer since well before the Second World War, and remained in production until the mid-1970s. The present-day neighbourhood of Woodhall Farm was subsequently built on the site.

From 1967 to 1983, it was home to one of the most remarkable newspaper experiments of recent times, when the Thomson Organisation launched the Hemel Hempstead Evening Post-Echo. This comprised two evening papers – the Evening Echo and the Evening Post – and was based at a modern headquarters in Mark Road which had previously been used as a hot water bottle factory. The dual operation was conceived by Lord Thomson of Fleet to take on the Northcliffe and Beaverbrook domination of the London evening paper market and tap into what he saw as a major source of consumer advertising.

The papers were remarkable not only for technological innovation but also journalistic excellence. Both the Evening Echo and Evening Post won design awards during the late 1960s and early 1970s, but it was the Evening Echo that took the major writing honours, with John Marquis being voted Provincial Journalist of the Year in 1974 and Melanie Phillips being named Young Journalist of the Year in 1975.

Many outstanding journalists worked on both papers during their heyday, with several going on to be editors and leading Fleet Street figures. Unfortunately, the operation fell victim to the freesheet revolution of the 1980s, the titles closing in 1983 with the loss of 470 jobs.

Significant historic local firms include:

 * Addressograph, address labels and labelling systems
 * Apple's UK operations were originally based in Hemel, though they moved to much larger premises in Uxbridge in the late 1980s.
 * BP
 * Brocks Fireworks, firework manufacturer
 * Crosfield Electronics – digital imaging systems, now part of FFEI Ltd.
 * Hemel Hempstead Evening Post-Echo, then part of Thomson Regional Newspapers and one of the few nightly regional newspapers
 * John Dickinson & Co., paper manufacturing
 * Kodak
 * Lucas Aerospace – moved (as TRW Aeronautical Systems) to Pitstone in 2002.
 * Parker Hannifin

Present day

Hemel Hempstead has a mixture of heavy and light engineering companies and has attracted a significant number of information technology and telecommunications sector companies helped by its proximity to London and the UK motorway network. However, (and again in common with many new towns) it has a much narrower business base than established centres, particularly Watford and St Albans.

Significant firms with a local presence include:

 * Apricot Computers (formerly ACT)
 * Amazon.com has a distribution warehouse on the Maylands Business Park
 * Aquascutum, clothing manufacturer
 * Atlas Copco, UK head office of Swedish industrial company
 * AXIA, web based clothing retailer
 * ASOS.com, Customer Care department of UK's largest online fashion retailer
 * Blackhawk Network Holdings, gift card and payment company
 * Bourne Leisure
 * BP Oil, petroleum
 * BSI Product Services
 * British Telecom, telecommunications
 * BSI (British Standards Institution) materials testing
 * Britvic, producer of soft drinks
 * DBD Distribution Ltd, kitchen appliances
 * DuPont, petrochemicals
 * Epson, consumer electronics
 * Friedheim International Ltd, supplier of finishing, converting and packaging machinery
 * Henkel, UK and Ireland headquarters of the German chemical and consumer goods company
 * Aon Hewitt, human resources (personnel) out-sourcing and benefits administration consulting arm of Aon
 * Kent Brushes (G B Kent & Sons Ltd), established in 1777 & has been manufacturing brushes in Apsley for most of that time.
 * Kodak, photography – (formerly in central Hemel, now located on 3Com Campus)
 * NEXT, clothing (distribution centre)
 * Northgate Information Solutions, specialist software for human resources
 * Royal Mail, Home Counties North Delivery Office
 * Screwfix, trade tools, accessories and hardware products
 * Sopra Steria computers, IT services
 * Thermo Fisher Scientific Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry business
 * Unisys, computers
 * Xerox Office Supplies, document supplies, paper development
 * UTC Aerospace Systems, Aerospace equipment
 * Vitabiotics, corporate office of the UK's largest nutraceutical company

Transport

In 1798, the construction of the Grand Junction Canal reached Hemel Hempstead. Now part of the Grand Union Canal, it is a popular route for narrowboat pleasure craft and is maintained by the Canal & River Trust.

Hemel Hempstead railway station is located 1 mi south of the town centre in Boxmoor. It is on the West Coast Main Line and there are frequent services between London Euston and the Midlands, operated by London Northwestern Railway, with additional direct services to South Croydon via the West London Line operated by Southern.

A railway station previously existed in the town centre, known as the Midland railway station, on the former Nickey Line to Harpenden. This station closed to passenger services in 1947, along with the line, and it was demolished in 1969.

Hemel Hempstead bus station is situated in Waterhouse Street. In 2013, Dacorum Council announced that the bus station would be demolished and replaced with a new bus interchange next to the Marlowes Shopping Centre on Bridge Street. The project was completed in September 2014.

In the 1990s, the A41 dual carriageway was built with a link to the town across the upland chalk plateau. Hemel Hempstead is linked to the M1 motorway to the east and the M25 motorway to the south.

Sport
Hemel Hempstead Town Football Club dates back to 1885 and now play in the National League South. Nicknamed The Tudors, they play at Vauxhall Road in the Adeyfield area of the town; this was the site of the former sports club for the employees of Brocks Fireworks. There are also many amateur sides throughout the town.

In rugby league, Hemel Stags, founded in 1981, were admitted to the third tier RFL League 1 in the 2013 season however in 2019 the club was purchased by a Canadian consortium and relocated to Ottawa being readmitted to the league for the 2021 season under the name Ottawa Aces.

Camelot Rugby Club is a rugby union club founded in 1919 and play in London 2 North West, a seventh tier league in the English rugby union league system. The club's home ground is at Chaulden Lane, Chaulden.

Hemel Storm are a basketball team that compete in the second tier National Basketball League (England) Division 1. They play their home games at Sportspace.

Herts Baseball Club has been based in Grovehill since 1997. It has two purpose-built baseball diamonds, with permanent fencing. Herts is one of the biggest clubs in the country and has won national titles at both adult and junior level.

Hemel Hempstead Town Cricket Club, founded in 1850, has a pitch and practice facilities at Heath Park, near the town centre. The Boxmoor Cricket Club, founded in 1857, have a ground nearby on Blackbirds Moor. At Leverstock Green, there is the eponymously named Leverstock Green Cricket Club.

Hemel Hempstead has an indoor snow centre, a real snow indoor sports venue which, opened in April 2009, and offers a range of indoor snow based sports and activities.

Dacorum & Tring Athletic Club is based at Jarman Park. Hemel Hempstead Bowls Club has its greens at Gadebridge Park.

Gadebridge Park also has an outdoor skatepark that was designed and supplied by local extreme sports fanatics ‘Hemel Skates’ after earning £65,000 through fundraising.

Leverstock Green Tennis Club provides courts and coaching for members and other courts are available in public parks. There are private indoor facilities at Hemel Indoor Tennis Centre at Abbot's Hill School, Nash Mills.

The local authority (Dacorum Borough Council) provides the infrastructure for several of the sports mentioned above. In addition, there is a sports centre at Boxmoor and shared public facilities at a number of secondary schools, provided via Sportspace. These provide multi-purpose courts (badminton, basketball, etc.), gymnasia and swimming pools. There are also private, 'members only' gymnasia.

There are two 18-hole golf courses just outside the south western edge of the town. One is in the grounds of Shendish Manor and the other, Little Hay is off Box Lane, on Box Moor Trust land. There was also a 9-hole course (Boxmoor) also located on Box Lane. This closed in July 2011, and is now a nature reserve being part of the Boxmoor Trust estate.

Wildcards Roller Hockey Club was established in 1996 and is a non-profit making organisation run by volunteers to enable people to play Inline Hockey in Hertfordshire.

Jarman Park had a ten pin bowling alley, ice skating, and a swimming pool with slides until they closed at the end of 2013. The only 2 facilities left in Jarman Park are the XC an extreme sport centre with indoor skate boarding, rock climbing, bowls and potholing facilities. Close to Jarman Park is the Snow Centre, the UK's largest indoor ski slope.

Hemel Hempstead has several swimming clubs the most notable of which is Hemel Hempstead Swimming Club, the town also has FIFOLITS Swimming club and also boasts a swimming squad Dacorum Borough Swimming Squad which brings together the best swimmers in the borough.

Competitive cycling events such as the Tour of Britain and The Women's Tour often include Hemel as a stage.

Schools

There are seven state maintained secondary schools in the town:
 * Adeyfield Academy – a member of the ATLAS Multi Academy Trust
 * The Astley Cooper School – a member of the East Dacorum Co-operative Learning Trust
 * Laureate Academy – a member of Future Academies, a multi-academy trust. Formerly known as the Cavendish School until 2019.
 * Hemel Hempstead School – a member of Scholars' Education Trust, a multi-academy trust.
 * John F. Kennedy Catholic School – a member of the All Saints Catholic Academy Trust.
 * Longdean School – a standalone academy trust specialising in maths and computing.

There are also three independent (fee-paying) schools in, or adjacent, to the town: In addition there is a West Herts College Campus based in the town centre.
 * Abbot's Hill School – a day and boarding school for girls
 * Lockers Park School – a day and boarding school for boys aged 5–13
 * Westbrook Hay School – a co-educational school for children aged 3–13

In 2006, the local education authority judged that there were too many primary school places in the town and published proposals to reduce them. The options involved school amalgamations and closures. A list of schools taking children of primary age is at primary schools in Dacorum.

Political representation
Hemel Hempstead returns its own MP at Westminster as the Hemel Hempstead parliamentary constituency.

In the 20 general elections since the new town was created, a Conservative MP has been returned 17 times and a Labour MP three times. The current MP is Sir Mike Penning, who was elected in the 2005 General Election and most recently re-elected in 2019. He has announced plans to stand down at the next election, due in 2024.

Governance
Hemel Hempstead has two tiers of local government, at district and county level: Dacorum Borough Council and Hertfordshire County Council. There is no parish or town council in Hemel Hempstead, which has been an unparished area since 1974.

Historically, the parish of Hemel Hempstead was in the hundred of Dacorum. On 29 December 1539, Henry VIII granted the town a charter of incorporation under the title "the Bailiff and Inhabitants", making the town a bailiwick, which was given the right to hold a market, a fair and a court of piepowders.

In 1835 Hemel Hempstead became the centre of a poor law union, and a workhouse was built on Redbourn Road.

The town's status in having a bailiff and corporation was relatively unusual. It was sometimes described as a borough, but it was not counted as a borough for the purposes of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, nor the Municipal Corporations Act 1883. As such, the old corporation did not become a municipal borough, and it did not assume the powers and responsibilities which were gradually given to municipal boroughs after 1835. Instead, local government functions passed to the board of guardians of the poor law union, which also became a rural sanitary district in 1872. The Local Government Act 1894 converted rural sanitary districts into rural districts and established elected parish councils. From December 1894, Hemel Hempstead therefore found itself governed by the Hemel Hempstead Rural District Council, Hemel Hempstead Parish Council, and the still-operating but largely powerless bailiff and corporation. One consequence of the town's anomalous status was that it had the last operating court of piepowders in England, with the final session held on 2 December 1897.

The town petitioned Queen Victoria to allow it to become a municipal borough, and a borough charter was granted on 8 June 1898. The old corporation and parish council were both dissolved, replaced by a new municipal borough council. The borough also became independent from the Hemel Hempstead Rural District. The first mayor of the borough was Sir Astley Paston Paston-Cooper of Gadebridge House.

For most of its existence, Hemel Hempstead Borough Council was based at the Town Hall on High Street, which had been built in 1851 for the old corporation. A new Town Hall was built for the borough council in 1966 on Marlowes, between the old town and the new town centre.

Hemel Hempstead Municipal Borough was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, becoming part of the district of Dacorum (named after the ancient hundred which covered a similar area) on 1 April 1974. No successor parish was created for the town, and so it became an unparished area. Dacorum District Council used the 1966 Hemel Hempstead Town Hall on Marlowes as its headquarters, renaming it Dacorum Civic Centre. In recognition of Hemel Hempstead's former borough status, Dacorum district was awarded borough status on 10 October 1984.

Twinned towns
Hemel Hempstead, as part of the Borough of Dacorum, is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Neu-Isenburg, Germany

Notable features
Hemel is famous for its "Magic Roundabout" (officially called the "Plough Roundabout" from a former adjacent public house), an interchange at the end of the town centre (Moor End), where traffic from six routes meet. Traffic is able to circulate in both directions around what appears to be a main central roundabout (which it used to be), with the normal rules applying at each of the six mini-roundabouts encircling this central reservation. It was the first such circulation system in Britain.

Hemel claims to have the first purpose-built, free-standing multi-storey car park in Britain.

The new town centre is laid out alongside landscaped gardens and water features formed from the River Gade known as the Watergardens designed by G. A. Jellicoe. The Watergardens is home to many ducks, which have been known to cause major delays on the surrounding roads. The main shopping street, Marlowes, was pedestrianised in the early 1990s.

Hemel also was home of one of the first community-based television stations, West Herts TV, which later became Channel 10.

For many years, the lower end of Marlowes featured a distinctive office building built as a bridge-like structure straddling the main road. This building was erected on the site of an earlier railway viaduct carrying the Hemel to Harpenden railway, known as the Nickey Line. When the new town was constructed, this part of the railway was no longer in use and the viaduct was demolished. The Nickey Line is now used as a leisure route by walkers. The office building, occupied by BP, was designed to create a similar skyline and effect to the viaduct. In the early 1980s, it was discovered that the building was subsiding dangerously. As a result, it was vacated and demolished. Adjacent to the BP buildings was a unique, double-helix public car park. The lower end of Marlowes was redeveloped into the Riverside shopping complex, which opened on 27 October 2005.

A few metres away, overlooking the 'Magic Roundabout', is Hemel's tallest structure, the 20-storey Kodak building. This originally consisted of 18 office floors, two plantroom floors and a basement. It also had a two-storey annex containing a restaurant, cinema and gym. Built as the Kodak Company's UK HQ, the tower was vacated by the company in 2005, though it was temporarily reoccupied in 2006 after the Buncefield explosion destroyed Kodak's other Hemel offices. It has since been converted into flats.

The Heathrow Airport holding area known as the Bovingdon stack lies just west of the town. At peak times on a clear day, several circling aircraft can be seen in the sky at any one time.

The national headquarters of the Boys' Brigade is located at Felden Lodge, near Hemel.

The Dacorum Heritage Trust, a local history advocacy group, has proposals to convert the 18th-century house at The Bury into a museum and art gallery to display a collection of archaeological and historical artefacts from the surrounding area. The project is currently awaiting necessary funding and planning permission to proceed.

Public art
The new town centre contains several sculptures by notable artists from the 1950s, including a 1955 stone mural by sculptor Alfred Gerrard entitled Stages in the Development of Man. There is also the Rock & Rollers sculpture created by the French artist Hubert Yencess, which originally stood outside Bank Court but has been moved to the water gardens, and a fountain called Water Play.

The mosaic tiled map of the Hemel Hempstead district was designed by the artist Rowland Emett and is located on the side of the tiered car park in the Marlowes. Erected in 1960, it is grade-2 listed building.

A concrete and glass rainbow sculpture, Residents' Rainbow, by Californian artist Colin Lambert, was installed in the Marlowes in 1993. The ceramic rainbow tiling was replaced with a glass mosaic by artist Gary Drostle in 2010. Nearby is a 3D map of 1940s Hemel. In 2008, an abstract stone sculpture by Timothy Shutter, entitled A Point for Reflection, was unveiled outside the Riverside Shopping Centre.

A series of 33-feet-high blue steel arches, called the Phoenix Gateway, is located on the roundabout closest to the Hemel Hempstead junction of the M1 motorway. The concept behind the installation was to help regenerate the town after the Buncefield fire with a striking piece of commercial art. It was funded by the East of England Development Agency.

Notable events
In December 2005, there was a series of explosions and fires at Buncefield oil depot. This was widely reported as the largest explosion in peacetime Europe by many media organisations, although verification of the claim is scant.

Notable people
Notable people associated with the town in order of birth date:
 * Richard Field (1561–1616), a theologian associated with the founding of the Anglican Church, was born in Hemel Hempstead.
 * Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626) was Lord of the Manor of Gorhambury, which included Hemel Hempstead from 1601.
 * Robert Snooks (c. 1761 – 1802), England's last highwayman to be executed and buried at the scene of his crime, lies here.
 * Sir Astley Cooper (1768–1841), English surgeon and anatomist. Lived at Gadebridge House, the grounds of which are now a public park.
 * Lefevre James Cranstone (1822–1893), an artist known for his landscape paintings of Antebellum America, was born here.
 * John Dickinson (1782–1869), inventor and founder of the paper mills at Apsley, Nash Mills and Croxley Green, which became John Dickinson & Co., built and lived at Abbots Wood, Nash Mills.
 * Sir Arthur Evans, (1851–1941) archaeologist, was born at the "Red House", Nash Mills.
 * William John Locke (1863–1930), novelist, dramatist and playwright, best known for his short stories, lived at Corner Hall in the 1900s.
 * Lyn Harding (1867–1952), actor and film star, lived at a house called Logandene in Tile Kiln Lane, Leverstock Green, Hemel Hempstead.
 * Prince Maurice of Battenberg (1891–1914), grandson of Queen Victoria, was a pupil at Lockers Park School.
 * Loben Edward Harold Maund (1892–1957), a rear admiral of the Royal Navy and captain of HMS Ark Royal at the time of her sinking in November 1941.
 * Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979), admiral, statesman and an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was a pupil at Lockers Park School. The combined Corner Hall boys' and girls' school was named Mountbatten after him, and he visited the school for the opening. The school was located on what is now the Jarman Park site.
 * Guy Burgess, (1911–1963), Russian spy, was a pupil at Lockers Park School.
 * Ashley George Old, (1913–2001), an artist, spent many months in Hemel Hempstead in 1959 recording the changes as the New Town evolved.
 * Salem Hanna Khamis (1919–2005), a Palestinian economic statistician for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation who helped formalise the Geary-Khamis method of computing purchasing power parity of currencies. In later life he lived in Hemel Hempstead and died there.
 * Roger Moore, (1927–2017) actor, famous for his roles as The Saint and James Bond, lived in Tile Kiln Close, Leverstock Green, Hemel Hempstead in the 1960s.
 * Christopher Trace (1933–1992), first presenter of BBC TV's Blue Peter children's programme, lived for a time in Blacksmiths Row, Leverstock Green.
 * Michael Bradshaw (1933–2001), Anglo-Canadian actor who grew up in Boxmoor from 1938 until the mid-1950s
 * James Purves (born 1937), cricketer
 * Bill Morris, Baron Morris of Handsworth (born 1938), former leader of the TGWU, lived in Hemel Hempstead and still lives within the Borough of Dacorum.
 * Malcolm Phipps (born 1942), author, poet and 9th dan international karate Instructor, lives in Hemel Hempstead.
 * Les Ebdon (born 1943), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bedfordshire from 2003 to 2012, attended The Hemel Hempstead School.
 * Paul Boateng, (born 1951) Britain's first black Cabinet minister and ambassador to South Africa, attended Apsley Grammar School (now part of Longdean School). He first stood for Parliament in Hemel Hempstead's constituency.
 * Rob Burns (born 1953), musician, grew up in the town and attended Blessed Cuthbert Mayne School, St. Albert the Great and The Hemel Hempstead School.
 * Dale Sanders (born 1953), Professor of Biology from 1992 to 2010 at the University of York, attended The Hemel Hempstead School.
 * Dave Vanian (born 1956) (real name David Lett), the lead singer of the Damned, was born and lived in Chaulden.
 * Magenta Devine (1957–2019), TV presenter, born Kim Taylor, was born in Hemel Hempstead.
 * Ian Lygo (born c. 1958), civil servant who made 75 successful appearances on the UK game show 100% in late 1998.
 * Dougie Brimson (born 1959), author and screenwriter, was born and lives in Hemel Hempstead.
 * Matt Dickinson, film-maker, attended The Hemel Hempstead School.
 * Pallab Ghosh, journalist, attended The Hemel Hempstead School.
 * Chris Pig (born 1965), internationally respected master printmaker, lived in Hemel Hempstead and attended Longdean School.
 * Claire Skinner (born 1965), actor, was born and raised in Hemel Hempstead.
 * Steven Wilson, (born 1967), musician, singer, songwriter and record producer who lived in Hemel from the age of six.
 * Richard Grayson (academic) (born 1969), professor and historian, was born in Hemel Hempstead and attended The Hemel Hempstead School.
 * Caroline, Lady Dalmeny was born and raised in Hemel Hempstead.
 * Luke Donald, (born 1977) golfer, was born in Hemel Hempstead.
 * Anthony Davidson, (born 1979) Formula One driver, was born in Hemel.
 * Tommy W. Smith, (born 1980), a footballer who played for Brentford in the Football League Championship, was born in Hemel Hempstead and attended The Hemel Hempstead School.
 * Jack Smith (footballer, born 1983), was born in Hemel Hempstead and attended The Hemel Hempstead School.
 * Ronnie Henry, (born 1984), footballer, was born in Hemel Hempstead and attended The Hemel Hempstead School.
 * Frank Carter (born 1984), musician and tattoo artist who was the vocalist for Gallows, Pure Love and Frank Carter & the Rattlesnakes.
 * Talulah Riley (born 1985), actor and ex-wife of Elon Musk.
 * Chris Eagles (born 1985), footballer for Blackpool in the Football League Championship, is from Hemel Hempstead.
 * Max Whitlock (born 1993), member of Britain's gymnastics team at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and double gold medallist at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
 * Cauley Woodrow (born 1994), English footballer playing for Luton Town.
 * Harry Winks (born 1996), English footballer playing for Leicester City.
 * Sheyi Ojo (born 1997), English footballer playing for Cardiff City.

Film and television production

 * Quatermass 2 used Hemel Hempstead, which was at the time under development, for the fictional new town of Winerton Flats.
 * Softly Softly, an offshoot from Z Cars, used Shendish House as the headquarters.
 * Pie in the Sky (BBC police drama) was filmed in Hemel. At one point, the site for the restaurant was a florists but is now a shop selling dolls' houses. A nearby restaurant changed its name to Pie in the Sky for a short time while the series was popular. The current shopfront and surrounding properties were also featured in the Midsomer Murders episode "The Sword of Guillaume".
 * Birthday Girl (2001 film starring Nicole Kidman and Ben Chaplin) features Hemel Hempstead prominently in scenes showing the main character going to and from his place of work (a fictional bank somewhere in Bank Court). However, scenes showing the parking garage and the side streets were filmed in nearby St Albans.
 * A film version of the TV series Till Death Us Do Part was filmed in part around the town.
 * Episode three of the four-part detective series Endeavour (TV series), first broadcast in February 2019, features Hemel Hempstead old town high street at the end of the episode.
 * David Walliams' Christmas programme Mr Stink was filmed in Hemel, with much of Gadebridge Park being used.
 * After Life is a British black comedy-drama web television series created, executive produced, directed by and starring Ricky Gervais. It premiered on 8 March 2019 on Netflix. Several scenes were filmed in Hemel Hempstead Old Town, including the exterior shots of the offices of the Tambury Gazette, a fictional local newspaper.

The Pavilion
The Pavilion was a 1960s structure sited on the Marlowes just in front of the library. It was an entertainments venue that hosted emerging and internationally famous acts between the 1960s and 1990s. The venue was closed and the building demolished in 2002. According to local media reports, Dacorum Borough Council decided it was "becoming increasingly unsuitable to meet the leisure needs of the local community". A 'memorial service' was held on the tenth anniversary of its closure. The Forum, Hemel Hempstead's new council, library and voluntary services hub built on the former Pavilion site opened its doors to the public on Monday 16 January 2013.

Hemel Hempstead Theatre Company
Originally known as The Hemel Hempstead Operatic and Dramatic Society, the Hemel Hempstead Theatre Company (HHTC) has operated since 1925. Over the years the company has performed in a number of locations, including the Luxor Cinemas in the Marlowes and St. John's Hall at 72 St. John's Road, which had been built in 1930 as extension of the nearby St. John's Church. The first-ever theatrical performance at St. John's Hall was given by the Theatre Company in April 1932. HHTC purchased the St. John's Hall building in 1997 and renamed it the Boxmoor Playhouse. Holding up to 200 seats, the Playhouse is the largest theatre in Hemel Hempstead. Each year the Company stages a variety of productions, including plays, musicals and pantomimes. Due to the flexibility of the space, the company also holds social events such as quiz nights, creative workshops and cabaret evenings.

Local media
Hemel Hempstead is within the BBC London and ITV London region. Television signals are received from the Crystal Palace TV transmitter and the local relay transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Three Counties Radio on 92.1 FM, Heart Hertfordshire on 96.6 FM and Radio Dacorum, a community-based radio station.

The Hemel Hempstead Gazette, Hemel Today and Herald Express are the town's local newspapers.

title: Hemel Hempstead


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Restoration (Mormonism)

In Mormonism, the restoration refers to a return of the authentic priesthood power, spiritual gifts, ordinances, living prophets and revelation of the primitive Church of Christ after a long period of apostasy. While in some contexts the term may also refer to the early history of Mormonism, in other contexts the term is used in a way to include the time that has elapsed from the church's earliest beginnings until the present day. Especially in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) "the restoration" is often used also as a term to encompass the corpus of religious messages from its general leaders down to the present.

The restoration is associated with a number of events that occurred which are understood to have been necessary to re-establish the early Christian church found in the New Testament, and to prepare the earth for the Second Coming of Jesus. In particular, Latter Day Saints believe that angels appeared to Joseph Smith and others and bestowed various priesthood authorities on them.

Apostasy
According to the LDS Church, the Great Apostasy in Christianity began not long after the ascension of Jesus Christ. It was marked with the corruption of Christian doctrine by Greek and other philosophies, with followers dividing into different ideological groups, and the martyrdom of the apostles which led to a loss of priesthood authority to administer the church and its ordinances.

With all priesthood authorities either martyred, taken from the earth, or teaching impure doctrines, there was a break in apostolic succession, and what remained was a mere fragment of the church established by Jesus. The Christian believers who survived the persecutions took it upon themselves to speak for God, interpret, amend or add to his doctrines and ordinances, and carry out his work without proper authority and divine direction from God. During this time, important doctrines and rites were lost or corrupted. Latter-day Saints specifically reject the early ecumenical councils for what they see as misguided human attempts to decide matters of doctrine without divine assistance, substituting debate and politics for divine revelation.

Latter-day Saints have said that various Old Testament and New Testament scriptures, including teachings of Christ himself, prophesy of this "falling away" or "apostasy." Thus, Latter-day Saints refer to the "restitution of all things" mentioned in and claim that a restoration of all the original and primary doctrines and rites of Christianity was necessary. Adherents believe that important historical events such as the Protestant Reformation and the establishment of the United States Constitution, which explicitly allows for freedom of religion in its First Amendment, were necessary antecedents to the restoration.

Scholars today view the Latter Day Saint movement as emerging from the spiritual fervor of the restorationism movements spawned by the Second Great Awakening.

Restoration of the Gospel
Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement who was responsible for organizing the Church of Christ, originally prayed about which church to join. In a vision in 1820 near Palmyra, New York, two personages (God the Father and Jesus Christ) instructed him not to join any churches, for "all their creeds were an abomination." Smith described another vision in 1823 as being visited in his bedroom by an "angel Moroni", who told him of a record of an ancient people written in an ancient language on golden plates. After repeated visits by this angel in successive years, Smith described receiving and translating this ancient record and publishing the translation as the Book of Mormon. The Book of Mormon provided many teachings about the atonement of Christ that were not as clear in the Bible, as also teachings about the House of Israel and the baptismal covenant. When Smith prayed in May 1829 about the need for baptism, he and Oliver Cowdery were visited by the resurrected John the Baptist, who by the laying on of hands gave them priesthood authority to baptize.

Coinciding with the restoration of the priesthood, Mormons believe that Smith received many revelations, visions, and visitations of heavenly messengers to instruct him in order to enable him to fulfill his responsibilities in propounding doctrine and re-establishing ordinances and temple covenants. These instructions came to Smith often in response to specific questions he asked in prayer. The majority of this history is recorded in one of the standard works, the Doctrine and Covenants. Additional details and background of the church in Smith's era is presented in the church's seven volume History of the Church.

In regard to the restoration of priesthood authority, Smith dictated the following passage found in Doctrine and Covenants 128:20–21:

And again, what do we hear?...The voice of Peter, James, and John in the wilderness between Harmony, Susquehanna county, and Colesville, Broome county, on the Susquehanna river, declaring themselves as possessing the keys of the kingdom, and of the dispensation of the fulness of times! And again, the voice of God in the chamber of old Father Whitmer, in Fayette, Seneca county, and at sundry times, and in divers places through all the travels and tribulations of this Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints! And the voice of Michael, the archangel; the voice of Gabriel, and of Raphael, and of divers angels, from Michael or Adam down to the present time, all declaring their dispensation, their rights, their keys, their honors, their majesty and glory, and the power of their priesthood; giving line upon line, precept upon precept; here a little, and there a little; giving us consolation by holding forth that which is to come, confirming our hope!

In reflecting upon the responsibilities of teaching the constant revelations he received, Smith stated:

It is my meditation all the day, and more than my meat and drink, to know how I shall make the Saints of God comprehend the visions that roll like an overflowing surge before my mind.

Personages who appeared to Joseph Smith
As part of the process of the restoration, Joseph Smith stated that a number of personages appeared to him to deliver messages, priesthood authority, or other instruction from God. These personages appeared either as resurrected beings or as translated beings. According to H. Donl Peterson, the following 50 personages appeared to Smith:

Significance and impact of the Restoration
According to the LDS Church, all priesthood keys necessary to administer Jesus' church were given to Joseph Smith, who re-organized that church, which will continue in perpetuity. Hence, members refer to their church as "The Church of Jesus Christ." The term "Latter-day Saints" refers to the fact that members of early Christianity were originally called "saints", and the church reestablished by Smith is believed to be Christ's church in the last days prior to the second coming of Jesus. Members of the church do not use the term to indicate they are better than others in any way, but rather that they are striving to follow Jesus Christ in their personal daily walks of life.

Members of the church believe that the restored church of Jesus Christ is the "only true and living church upon the face of the Earth" because of the divine authority restored through Joseph Smith. They believe that the church is the restoration of Jesus' original church, has the authentic priesthood authority, and all doctrines and ordinances of the gospel, fulfilling many of the prophecies of Daniel, Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Malachi in the Old Testament and also the prophesies of Peter, Jesus, and John the Revelator in the New Testament.

Members of the LDS Church maintain that other religions have a portion of the truth, mingled with inaccuracies. They also maintain that many other religions advance many good causes and do much good among the people insofar as they are led by the light of Christ, "which lighteth every man that cometh into the world" (John 1:9). The Church of Jesus Christ maintains an international humanitarian program and strives to "do good unto all men" (Galatians 6:10). The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ, which faithful members of the Church believe is one of the keystones of their religion, and are encouraged to read it along with the Bible, teaches that "all men are alike unto God" and that "When ye are in the service of your fellow beings ye are only in the service of your God (Mosiah 2:17)".

Missionaries of the LDS Church challenge all people everywhere to read the book for themselves, and pray to God to know if it is true. They believe that the validity of the Book of Mormon is interconnected with the validity of the church: if the Book of Mormon is true, then the church is true, and all people everywhere should seek this knowledge for themselves (Moroni 10:3-5). Members of the church believe that after one gains a knowledge of the truthfulness of the Book of Mormon, one should be baptized a member of the church to follow the example that Jesus Christ has sent.

title: Restoration (Mormonism)


text:
Talk:Canada Day

Criticism section
Should we include a "Criticism" section regarding how some people (namely aboriginal people and others) view the holiday? – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 19:08, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Not based on that one piece. There are likely better sources, but if there isn't an anti-colonization article, there should be one, and it could have a section on both Canada Day and Independence Day, as there is a lot on both topics in general works. A short section and then point to the main article. Walter Görlitz (talk) 19:39, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Some criticism is already in the article, namely the sentence about banality and ignorance. Maybe we could combine that with this (or similar stuff). – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 22:49, 10 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Sure, but we must take care not to have it be WP:UNDUE. Walter Görlitz (talk) 22:57, 10 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Alrightey then, fair enough. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 23:02, 10 May 2019 (UTC)

July 1/2
Is it really necessary to say July 2 in the infobox if it falls on a Sunday? It has nothing to do with the actual date of Canada Day, only the observed holiday that people get off work. This is written in prose too. I find it completely unnecessary. Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 15:19, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * As long as the article is clear that Canada Day is always July 1 I think it is fair to mention in the prose that the associated holiday is on July 2 if July 1 is a Sunday but not in the infobox as people can fail to distinguish between an actual anniversary and any public holiday that goes with it. Probably wouldn't hurt to mention it in Public holidays in Canada either. Nthep (talk) 15:32, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment from the payroll clerk: normally yes, fixed-date holidays are legally on the fixed date no matter what, but which day is treated as a paid holiday varies depending on whether or not it's a regular work day for you. Canada Day is the exception: according to the law Canada Day is July 1, unless July 1 is a Sunday, then Canada Day is legally July 2. So yes, this is worth mentioning in the infobox and in the article, as saying that it is always July 1 is actually a factual error. (See ) Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 17:35, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The article mentions that the stat is observed on July 2 if July 1 falls on the other day, but the celebrations are never observed on July 2. It's not worth mentioning in the infobox. If a non-Canadian reader were to come to a Canadian city on July 2 hoping to participate in celebrations, they would not find any public ones. People may hold private barbecues or picnics, but no city would hold celebrations. Walter Görlitz (talk) 07:08, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

Inclusion of O Canada as a wikilink?
Pinging and. I'm interested if I can have input from other editors to see if some sort of consensus can be established about whether or not the O Canada should be included in the see also section as a wikilink. Clovermoss (talk) 17:14, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Lol I literally just replied on my talk where I sorta sided with you on it. Leventio (talk) 17:16, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Okay. Well, I'll add it for now. If anyone disagrees, there's this section to talk about it. Clovermoss (talk) 18:08, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canada Day


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Antipater

Antipater (c. 400 BC  – 319 BC) was a Macedonian general and statesman under the successive kingships of Philip II of Macedon and his son, Alexander the Great. In the wake of the collapse of the Argead house, his son Cassander would eventually come to rule Macedonia as a king in his own right.

In 320 BC, Antipater was elected regent of all of Alexander the Great's Empire but died the following year. In a perplexing turn of events, he chose an infantry officer named Polyperchon as his successor instead of his son Cassander, and a two-year-long power struggle (the Second War of the Diadochi) ensued.

Career under Philip and Alexander
Nothing is known of his early career until 342 BC, when he was appointed by Philip to govern Macedon as his regent while the former left for three years of hard and successful campaigning against Thracian and Scythian tribes, which extended Macedonian rule as far as the Hellespont. In 342 BC, when the Athenians tried to assume control of the Euboean towns and expel the pro-Macedonian rulers, he sent Macedonian troops to stop them. In the autumn of the same year, Antipater went to Delphi, as Philip's representative in the Amphictyonic League, a religious organization to which Macedon had been admitted in 346 BC.

After the triumphal Macedonian victory at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, Antipater was sent as ambassador to Athens (337–336 BC) to negotiate a peace treaty and return the bones of the Athenians who had fallen in the battle.

He started as a great friend to both the young Alexander and the boy's mother, Olympias, and aided Alexander in the struggle to secure his succession after Philip's death, in 336 BC.

He joined Parmenion in advising Alexander the Great not to set out on his Asiatic expedition until he had provided by marriage for the succession to the throne. On the king's departure in 334 BC, he was left regent in Macedonia and made "general (strategos) of Europe", positions he held until 323 BC. The European front was to prove initially quite agitated, and Antipater also had to send reinforcements to the king, as he did while the king was at Gordium in the winter of 334–333 BC.

The Persian fleet under Memnon of Rhodes and Pharnabazus was apparently a considerable danger for Antipater, bringing war in the Aegean Sea and threatening war in Europe. Luckily for the regent, Memnon died during the siege of Mytilene on the isle of Lesbos and the remaining fleet dispersed in 333 BC, after Alexander's victory at the Battle of Issus.

More dangerous enemies were nearer home; tribes in Thrace rebelled in 332 BC, led by Memnon of Thrace, the Macedonian governor of the region, followed shortly by the revolt of Agis III, king of Sparta.

The Spartans, who were not members of the League of Corinth and had not participated in Alexander's expedition, saw in the Asian campaign the long-awaited chance to take back control over the Peloponnese after the disastrous defeats at the Battle of Leuctra and Battle of Mantinea. The Persians generously funded Sparta's ambitions, making possible the formation of an army 20,000 strong. After assuming virtual control of Crete, Agis tried to build an anti-Macedonian front. While Athens remained neutral, the Achaeans, Arcadians and Elis became his allies, with the important exception of Megalopolis, the staunchly anti-Spartan capital of Arcadia. In 331 BC Agis started to besiege the city with his entire army, forcing Antipater to act.

So as not to have two enemies simultaneously, Antipater pardoned Memnon and even let him keep his office in Thrace, while great sums of money were sent to him by Alexander. This helped to create, with Thessalian help and many mercenaries, a force double that of Agis, which Antipater in person led south in 330 BC to confront the Spartans. In the spring of that year, the two armies clashed near Megalopolis. Agis fell with many of his best soldiers, but not without inflicting heavy losses on the Macedonians.

Utterly defeated, the Spartans sued for peace; the latter's answer was to negotiate directly with the League of Corinth, but the Spartan emissaries preferred to treat directly with Alexander, who imposed on Sparta's allies a penalty of 120 talents and the entrance of Sparta in the league.

Alexander appears to have been quite jealous of Antipater's victory; according to Plutarch, the king wrote in a letter to his viceroy: "It seems, my friends that while we have been conquering Darius here, there has been a battle of mice in Arcadia".

Antipater was disliked for supporting oligarchs and tyrants in Greece, but he also worked with the League of Corinth, built by Philip. In addition, his previously close relationship with the ambitious Olympias greatly deteriorated. Whether from jealousy or from the necessity of guarding against the evil consequences of the dissension between Olympias and Antipater, in 324 BC, Alexander ordered the latter to lead fresh troops into Asia, while Craterus, in charge of discharged veterans returning home, was appointed to take over the regency in Macedon. When Alexander suddenly died in Babylon in 323 BC however, Antipater was able to forestall the transfer of power.

Some later historians, such as Justin in his Historia Philippicae et Totius Mundi Origines et Terrae Situs blamed Antipater for the death of Alexander, accusing him of murdering him through poison. However, this view is disputed by most historians and Alexander is believed to have died of natural causes.

Role in The Lamian and First Diadochi Wars
The new regent, Perdiccas, left Antipater in control of Greece. Antipater faced wars with Athens, Aetolia, and Thessaly that made up the Lamian War, in which southern Greeks attempted to re-assert their political autonomy.

At the onset of this struggle, the southern Greeks held an apparently decisive numerical advantage, fielding an army of some 25000 troops. Antipater's levies numbered a meager 13000; drawn from a manpower pool that had been severely diminished by the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Furthermore, the southern Greek coalition was led by a talented general and one-time mercenary named Leosthenes, who had fought under Alexander and had seen first-hand the functions of the Macedonian war machine.

An initial engagement with this coalition around the historic pass of Thermopylae saw Antipater's Thessalian cavalry defect to the opposing side. Already outnumbered and now without a cavalry contingent, Antipater fought a token battle but was ultimately defeated and forced to retreat north to the Thessalian city of Lamia. Behind its stout defenses he endured a siege. By some unknown means he began desperately passing correspondence to would-be allies through the Athenian siege lines. In 322 BC he was relieved when Leonnatus, the satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, responded to his call for aid and arrived in southern Thessaly with a force to break the investment.

Although Leonnatus fell in the ensuing battle, the Athenian coalition had been forced to use the entirety of its dwindling army (many of the Aetolian and Thessalian contingents having left the siege to tend to the harvest) to face him. Leonnatus' infantry retreated into rough country where the Aetolian and Thessalian cavalry could not pursue them, and survived the debacle largely unscathed.

This turn of events allowed Antipater to slip out of the walls of Lamia before striking north for Macedonia, where he awaited the arrival of further reinforcements from Asia. Along the way he assumed control of Leonnatus' infantry corps, absorbing them into the remnants of his initial army.

Craterus, another decorated general, had also received Antipater's call for aid and arrived at Pella with a force of 16000 discharged veterans who had marched and fought under Alexander. The two generals made common cause, and to cement this new alliance Antipater married his daughter Phila to Craterus.

The two then led a massive, combined force south to fight a final, decisive battle against the southern Greeks. Antipater defeated them at the Battle of Crannon in 322 BC, with Craterus' help, and broke up the coalition. At a peace treaty in the ruined city of Thebes, Antipater negotiated with an Athenian delegation led by Phocion and Demades. Here he imposed a rule of oligarchy upon Athens and demanded the surrender of Demosthenes and Hypereides (the foremost instigators of the revolt), the former committing suicide to escape capture, while the latter was imprisoned before having his tongue ripped from his mouth in a brutal execution. Later in the same year Antipater and Craterus were engaged in a mopping-up campaign against recalcitrant pockets of Aetolian resurgence when they received the news from Antigonus in Asia Minor that Perdiccas contemplated making himself outright ruler of the empire. Antipater and Craterus accordingly concluded peace with the Aetolians (much to the chagrin of future of Macedonian rulers) and went to war against Perdiccas, allying themselves with Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Antipater married another of his daughters (Eurydike) to Ptolemy to strengthen this new alliance. Together with Craterus and his son Cassander, he then crossed over into Asia at the head of a considerable force in 321 BC. While in Phrygia, this army was divided in two; one under Craterus marching east into Cappadocia to face Eumenes, while the later under Antipater struck south to fight Perdiccas. While still in Syria, Antipater received two letters that drastically changed the power dynamic of the successor struggle at that point; firstly that Perdiccas had been murdered by his own soldiers in Egypt, and secondly that in one of the greatest upsets of the Hellenistic age, Craterus had fallen in battle against Eumenes (Diodorus xviii. 25–39).

Regent of the Empire
In the Partition of Triparadisus (321 BC), Antipater participated in a new division of Alexander's great kingdom. He appointed himself supreme regent of all Alexander's empire and was left in Greece as guardian of Alexander's son Alexander IV and his disabled brother Philip III.

Having quelled a mutiny of his troops and commissioned Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes and the other partisans of Perdiccas, Antipater returned to Macedonia, arriving there in 320 BC (Justin xiii. 6). Soon after, he was seized by an illness which terminated his active career.

Death and struggle for succession
Antipater died of old age in 319 BC, at the age of 81. By his side was his son Cassander, who later became king of Macedonia.

Controversially, Antipater did not appoint Cassander to succeed him as regent, citing as the reason for his decision Cassander's relative youth (at the time of Antipater's passing, Cassander was 36). Over Cassander, Antipater chose the aged officer Polyperchon as regent.

Cassander became indignant at this, believing that he'd earned the right to become regent by virtue of his loyalty and experience. Thus he appealed to general Antigonus to assist him in battling Polyperchon for the position.

In 317 BC, after two years of war with Polyperchon, Cassander emerged victorious. Cassander would go on to rule Macedonia for nineteen years, first as regent and later as king, ultimately founding the Antipatrid dynasty.

Family
Antipater was one of the sons of a Macedonian nobleman called Iollas or Iolaus and his family were distant collateral relatives to the Argead dynasty. Antipater was originally from the Macedonian city of Paliura; had a brother called Cassander; was the paternal uncle of Cassander's child Antigone and was the maternal great uncle of Berenice I of Egypt.

Antipater had ten children from various unknown wives. His daughters were:
 * Phila, wife of Balacrus, Craterus and Demetrius I of Macedon.
 * Eurydice, wife of Ptolemy I Soter. Her son Meleager would rule Macedonia for two months in 279 BC.
 * Nicaea, wife of Perdiccas and Lysimachus.

His sons were:
 * Iollas
 * Cassander, King of Macedonia
 * Pleistarchus, a general and governor in his brother's service.
 * Phillip, also a military commander under his brother.
 * Nicanor
 * Alexarchus
 * Perilaus

Literary works
Antipater was a student of Aristotle. Aristotle named him as executor-in-charge of his will, when he died in 322 BC. According to Suidas, Antipater left a compilation of letters in 2 books and a history, called The Illyrian Deeds of Perdikkas (Περδίκκου πράξεις Ιλλυριακαί).

title: Antipater