text:
OCS

OCS or Ocs may refer to:

Places

 * Öcs, a village in Veszprém county, Hungary
 * Outer Continental Shelf, a maritime federal land zone beyond the jurisdiction of the United States

Music

 * Ocean Colour Scene, an English rock group
 * Thee Oh Sees, an American experimental rock band

Psychiatry and medicine

 * Obsessive-compulsive syndrome or obsessive-compulsive disorder, a psychiatric anxiety disorder
 * Ontario Cannabis Store
 * Oral corticosteroid

Science and technology

 * Open Collaboration Services, for integration of web services and communities into desktop and mobile applications, an open and vendor-independent API
 * Office of the Chief Scientist (Australia), a part of Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research
 * Original Chip Set, used in the earliest Commodore Amiga computers
 * Carbonyl sulfide, a chemical compound with the formula OCS
 * Microsoft Office Communications Server, a software product
 * OCS Inventory (Open Computer and Software Inventory), an application which inventories IT assets
 * Online charging system, a system allowing providers of communication services to charge customers based on service usage
 * Overhead contact system, a system which provides electric power to trains

Schools and alumni associations

 * Officer candidate school, a training establishment in many countries where military officers are trained
 * Oklahoma Christian School
 * Old Cliftonian Society, the society for the alumni of Clifton College, Bristol, England
 * Opelika City Schools, a school district headquartered in Opelika, Alabama, United States
 * Senator O'Connor College School in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Other uses

 * Corisco International Airport, IATA airport code "OCS"
 * Federation of Old Cornwall Societies or sometimes OCS, a Cornish history charity
 * OCS (TV network), defunct French TV network
 * Old Church Slavonic, a Slavic language which developed in the 9th century
 * Office of Community Services, a US Federal Government agency
 * On course side, a term meaning that a sailboat has crossed the start line of a race early
 * Operational Combat Series, a game series from The Gamers and Multi-Man Publishing

title: OCS


text:
Counting

Counting is the process of determining the number of elements of a finite set of objects; that is, determining the size of a set. The traditional way of counting consists of continually increasing a (mental or spoken) counter by a 1|unit for every element of the set, in some order, while marking (or displacing) those elements to avoid visiting the same element more than once, until no unmarked elements are left; if the counter was set to one after the first object, the value after visiting the final object gives the desired number of elements. The related term enumeration refers to uniquely identifying the elements of a finite (combinatorial) set or infinite set by assigning a number to each element.

Counting sometimes involves numbers other than one; for example, when counting money, counting out change, "counting by twos" (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...), or "counting by fives" (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...).

There is archaeological evidence suggesting that humans have been counting for at least 50,000 years. Counting was primarily used by ancient cultures to keep track of social and economic data such as the number of group members, prey animals, property, or debts (that is, accountancy). Notched bones were also found in the Border Caves in South Africa, which may suggest that the concept of counting was known to humans as far back as 44,000 BCE. The development of counting led to the development of mathematical notation, numeral systems, and writing.

Forms of counting

Verbal counting involves speaking sequential numbers aloud or mentally to track progress. Generally such counting is done with base 10 numbers: "1, 2, 3, 4", etc. Verbal counting is often used for objects that are currently present rather than for counting things over time, since following an interruption counting must resume from where it was left off, a number that has to be recorded or remembered.

Counting a small set of objects, especially over time, can be accomplished efficiently with tally marks: making a mark for each number and then counting all of the marks when done tallying. Tallying is base 1 counting.

Finger counting is convenient and common for small numbers. Children count on fingers to facilitate tallying and for performing simple mathematical operations. Older finger counting methods used the four fingers and the three bones in each finger (phalanges) to count to twelve. Other hand-gesture systems are also in use, for example the Chinese system by which one can count to 10 using only gestures of one hand. With finger binary it is possible to keep a finger count up to 1023 = 210 − 1.

Various devices can also be used to facilitate counting, such as tally counters and abacuses.

Inclusive counting
Inclusive/exclusive counting are terms used for counting intervals. For inclusive counting the starting point is one; for exclusive counting the starting point is zero. Inclusive counting is usually encountered when dealing with time in Roman calendars and the Romance languages. In the ancient Roman calendar, the nones (meaning "nine") is 8 days before the ides; more generally, dates are specified as inclusively counted days up to the next named day. In the Christian liturgical calendar, Quinquagesima (meaning 50) is 49 days before Easter Sunday. When counting "inclusively", the Sunday (the start day) will be day 1 and therefore the following Sunday will be the eighth day. For example, the French phrase for "fortnight" is quinzaine (15 [days]), and similar words are present in Greek (δεκαπενθήμερο, dekapenthímero), Spanish (quincena) and Portuguese (quinzena). In contrast, the English word "fortnight" itself derives from "a fourteen-night", as the archaic "sennight" does from "a seven-night"; the English words are not examples of inclusive counting. In exclusive counting languages such as English, when counting eight days "from Sunday", Monday will be day 1, Tuesday day 2, and the following Monday will be the eighth day. For many years it was a standard practice in English law for the phrase "from a date" to mean "beginning on the day after that date": this practice is now deprecated because of the high risk of misunderstanding.

Similar counting is involved in East Asian age reckoning, in which newborns are considered to be 1 at birth.

Musical terminology also uses inclusive counting of intervals between notes of the standard scale: going up one note is a second interval, going up two notes is a third interval, etc., and going up seven notes is an octave.

Education and development
Learning to count is an important educational/developmental milestone in most cultures of the world. Learning to count is a child's very first step into mathematics, and constitutes the most fundamental idea of that discipline. However, some cultures in Amazonia and the Australian Outback do not count, and their languages do not have number words.

Many children at just 2 years of age have some skill in reciting the count list (that is, saying "one, two, three, ..."). They can also answer questions of ordinality for small numbers, for example, "What comes after three?". They can even be skilled at pointing to each object in a set and reciting the words one after another. This leads many parents and educators to the conclusion that the child knows how to use counting to determine the size of a set. Research suggests that it takes about a year after learning these skills for a child to understand what they mean and why the procedures are performed. In the meantime, children learn how to name cardinalities that they can subitize.

Counting in mathematics
In mathematics, the essence of counting a set and finding a result n, is that it establishes a one-to-one correspondence (or bijection) of the subject set with the subset of positive integers {1, 2, ..., n}. A fundamental fact, which can be proved by mathematical induction, is that no bijection can exist between {1, 2, ..., n} and {1, 2, ..., m} unless n = m; this fact (together with the fact that two bijections can be composed to give another bijection) ensures that counting the same set in different ways can never result in different numbers (unless an error is made). This is the fundamental mathematical theorem that gives counting its purpose; however you count a (finite) set, the answer is the same. In a broader context, the theorem is an example of a theorem in the mathematical field of (finite) combinatorics—hence (finite) combinatorics is sometimes referred to as "the mathematics of counting."

Many sets that arise in mathematics do not allow a bijection to be established with {1, 2, ..., n} for any natural number n; these are called infinite sets, while those sets for which such a bijection does exist (for some n) are called finite sets. Infinite sets cannot be counted in the usual sense; for one thing, the mathematical theorems which underlie this usual sense for finite sets are false for infinite sets. Furthermore, different definitions of the concepts in terms of which these theorems are stated, while equivalent for finite sets, are inequivalent in the context of infinite sets.

The notion of counting may be extended to them in the sense of establishing (the existence of) a bijection with some well-understood set. For instance, if a set can be brought into bijection with the set of all natural numbers, then it is called "countably infinite." This kind of counting differs in a fundamental way from counting of finite sets, in that adding new elements to a set does not necessarily increase its size, because the possibility of a bijection with the original set is not excluded. For instance, the set of all integers (including negative numbers) can be brought into bijection with the set of natural numbers, and even seemingly much larger sets like that of all finite sequences of rational numbers are still (only) countably infinite. Nevertheless, there are sets, such as the set of real numbers, that can be shown to be "too large" to admit a bijection with the natural numbers, and these sets are called "uncountable." Sets for which there exists a bijection between them are said to have the same cardinality, and in the most general sense counting a set can be taken to mean determining its cardinality. Beyond the cardinalities given by each of the natural numbers, there is an infinite hierarchy of infinite cardinalities, although only very few such cardinalities occur in ordinary mathematics (that is, outside set theory that explicitly studies possible cardinalities).

Counting, mostly of finite sets, has various applications in mathematics. One important principle is that if two sets X and Y have the same finite number of elements, and a function f: X → Y is known to be injective, then it is also surjective, and vice versa. A related fact is known as the pigeonhole principle, which states that if two sets X and Y have finite numbers of elements n and m with n > m, then any map f: X → Y is not injective (so there exist two distinct elements of X that f sends to the same element of Y); this follows from the former principle, since if f were injective, then so would its restriction to a strict subset S of X with m elements, which restriction would then be surjective, contradicting the fact that for x in X outside S, f(x) cannot be in the image of the restriction. Similar counting arguments can prove the existence of certain objects without explicitly providing an example. In the case of infinite sets this can even apply in situations where it is impossible to give an example.

The domain of enumerative combinatorics deals with computing the number of elements of finite sets, without actually counting them; the latter usually being impossible because infinite families of finite sets are considered at once, such as the set of permutations of {1, 2, ..., n} for any natural number n.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Counting


text:
Cooked

Cooked may refer to:

 * Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation, a book by Michael Pollan
 * Cooked, a 2005 TV pilot starring comedian Dane Cook

title: Cooked


text:
Harry Ramsden's

Harry Ramsden's is a fast food restaurant chain based in the United Kingdom which offers fish and chips and assorted themed dishes. Founded by restaurant entrepreneur Harry Ramsden in Guiseley, West Yorkshire in 1928, the business has 35 owned and franchised outlets throughout the UK and Ireland.

While earlier restaurant chains existed in the UK, such as Samuel Isaacs' chain of 22 fish and chip restaurants, the first of which opened in 1896, Harry Ramsden's website claims their business, formed in 1928, to be "Britain's longest-established restaurant chain".

Early history

The business was started by Harry Ramsden (10 February 1888 – 1963) in 1928 in a wooden hut in White Cross, Guiseley, West Yorkshire, northern England. Three years later he moved into a new premises, complete with fitted carpets, oak panelled walls, and chandeliers. The original hut was demolished in 2012, as result of its poor condition and asbestos content. The adjacent main restaurant, which replaced it, once held the Guinness World Record for the largest fish and chip shop in the world, seating 250 people, serving nearly a million customers a year. Harry Corbett of Sooty fame was a nephew of Harry Ramsden and played the piano in his uncle's original restaurant.

In 1954, the business was sold to Harry Ramsden's long term business partner Eddie Stokes for the (then) large sum of £37,500, and subsequently in 1965 to Essex-based Associated Fisheries.

Expansion
In 1988, the company, which still comprised the original Guiseley fish and chips premises, was bought by Merryweathers, led by Chairmen John Barnes and Richard Richardson. Barnes and Richardson led the transition of the business from a single restaurant in Yorkshire to an international chain.

In 1989, following a decision by their bank to withdraw funding, the management floated the company on the London Stock Exchange. The public offer was over-subscribed by two and a half times. The next ten years saw rapid expansion throughout the UK and worldwide through company-owned and franchised restaurants. Locations outside the UK included Hong Kong, Australia, Epcot and Saudi Arabia.

A franchise deal with Granada motorway services to develop kiosk-style units ultimately led to Granada Ltd buying Harry Ramsden's for £20 million in October 1999. When acquired by Granada, Harry Ramsden's comprised four company-owned restaurants, twenty-five franchises and sixteen Henry Higgins units. Granada expanded Harry Ramsden's into motorway locations. Some franchise territories infringed onto motorways so Granada bought the franchises back. In 2000, Compass merged with Granada. Under Compass, the business was expanded into motorway service station kiosks, contract catering locations such as schools, Post Office canteens, Little Chef, Butlins, and Haven Holidays. The last Harry ramsdens on the motorway network, at Gretna Green, closed in August 2022.

Also in 1999, the company began operating a quick-service kiosk in Walt Disney World's Epcot in the United Kingdom pavilion. Branded and operated by Harry Ramsden's the restaurant was added to provide a traditional fish and chips in time for the park's Millennium celebration. The branding remained until a renovation in 2006 when its name became Yorkshire County Fish Shop, a nod to the original UK restaurant. Despite the name change the location was still sponsored and operated by Harry Ramsden's until 2010.

SSP ownership and future
By April 2006, Compass had spun off its motorway service stations to Moto bought by Macquarie Bank of Sydney, Australia. Its specialist airports and railways division SSP was sold for GB£1,822 million to EQT AB of Sweden (who also own Findus). Harry Ramsden's was sold with the SSP business.

Under the early years of SSP ownership, the business had to compete with other SSP brands for investment.

In 2008, SSP recruited industry turnaround specialist Chris Sullivan as Managing Director. During 2009, Sullivan led a radical revision of the food on offer improving quality, reducing wait times and removing menu items which were more pub-restaurant than chip shop. The strategy delivered a marked improvement in sales in the food court and seaside restaurant business of Harry Ramsden's, prompting parent company SSP to market the business for sale.

On 19 January 2010, SSP sold Harry Ramsden's to Boparan Ventures Limited. BVL is the private investment vehicle of Ranjit Boparan.

BVL planned to open another 100 units in the next five years and create 600 new jobs.

On 29 November 2011, it was announced that the original Harry Ramsden's restaurant in Guiseley, Leeds, would close amid statements from the owners that it was losing money and that any refurbishment to make it profitable would not be viable. The restaurant closed on Monday 19 December 2011. In February 2012, it was announced that the Guiseley restaurant had been sold to the Wetherby Whaler group. It reopened on 22 May 2012 under the Wetherby Whaler name.

BVL are continuing to invest in the Harry Ramsden's brand, with their Bournemouth branch briefly holding the title for World's Largest Fish and Chip Restaurant, seating 417 across its restaurant, cafe and terrace before being surpassed in 2017.

During August 2019, Boparan Ventures Limited sold Harry Ramsden's to rival Deep Blue Restaurants, for an undisclosed sum.

The move saw Reigate-based Deep Blue acquire the Harry Ramsden’s 34-strong estate – including 15 standalone restaurants, plus a combination of franchises in the UK and in Malaysia.

Undercover Boss
In 2010, the chain was the focus of an episode of the Channel 4 television series Undercover Boss. The then-CEO of the company, Marija Simovic, posed as a new starter in a variety of locations – Swindon, Merry Hill Shopping Centre, Blackpool, Southampton and Great Yarmouth – to try to understand why the company was struggling. At the end of the programme, Simovic promised big changes in a bid to turn around the company's fortunes, along with promoting a number of employees who had impressed her. Simovic left the company in 2011.

Licensing
The Harry Ramsden's brand is licensed to Princes Group for tinned mushy peas and to Birds Eye for frozen fish.

title: Harry Ramsden's


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Talk:Lake Erie

Pronounced
Is it pronounced eerie or airy? -- Tim Starling 13:32 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It's "eerie"...or at least, I have never heard it pronounced any other way. Adam Bishop 13:46 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Do you think that's article-worthy? I certainly wouldn't have known it otherwise. -- Tim Starling 13:54 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I guess so...how do you put pronunciations in though? With the SAMPA symbols? Adam Bishop 14:00 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

eerie Pizza Puzzle

I fixed the pronunciation. If you said it as it was written before, it would sound like "Ih-uh-reee". I'm pretty sure it sounds right, now. --132.161.137.1 (talk) 20:47, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

 * If it's "eerie", this should be, not . Lfh (talk) 17:02, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

It was the last of the Great Lakes discovered by the French explorers, who had followed rivers from Lake Erie into Lake Huron. This doesn't seem right. And should we mention lampreys as well as zevra mussels? Wetman 06:08, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

dimensions
I was hoping to find the SIZE of the lake here, how about adding width & length as well as depth... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.62.20.252 (talk • contribs)

Where the page gives the surface area of the lake in acres, it is wrong. It is far more than 470,000 acres. By comparison, the Allegheny National Forest is about a half-million acres, so if the figure of 470,000 were correct, Erie should be smaller than the ANF, but anyone can look at a map and see that is not so. This erroneous information is sourced; however, the source is probably listing only the acres of the lake claimed by the state of Pennsylvania. Whoever sourced that was not a careful researcher. Earlier in the article, the size of the lake is given as 9,940 square miles. Since a square mile is 640 acres, the correct acreage is 6,361,600.

Traffic
Erie carries more ship traffic than other Great Lake, & has more shipwrecks on the bottom as a consequence. Trekphiler 00:26, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
I noticed some vandalism on the top bit. I'm not sure who to edit this, so I'm just trying to get soemone who does and show it to them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.161.30.45 (talk • contribs)

Comment by User:74.108.87.45
This is all fake!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.108.87.45 (talk • contribs)

Renomination?
I think this article could be put up for renomination as a featured article. The reasons for its failing nomination have taken care of over the course of the year after it failed. Dtbohrer 16:33, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Shoreline
Can someone update it? I deleted the previous information as it was copied by mistake from Lake Superior. Chagai (talk) 05:58, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Earthquakes
ur right the lake doesnt cuz earthquakes just the salt mines and lake floor and everything associated with the lake causes the quakes

ill be more specific when i add it back in —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cedarpointohio2 (talk • contribs) 03:52, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Many of the reference links are dead
The links to the EPA and Michigan DNR are dead. When I found the DNR link it was dataless and promotional. Why is there a big article about lake michigan coho in there? Aren't there any Lake Erie specific history of fishing articles? There are also several links to secondary literature sources that are interesting but derived. There should be much better links for lake effect snow available. Avram Primack (talk) 15:28, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

geology
thanks for moving my paragraphs into this, its better then "prehistoric". Each of the lakes have a name, lake warren, before that lake wayne, lake maumee, lake lundy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jsinger123 (talk • contribs) 08:53, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Good article on Great Lakes levels
[http://detnews.com/article/20101108/METRO/11080360/Low-Great-Lakes-levels-prompt-new-call-for-action#ixzz14jknHuGQ Lynch, Jim, November 08. 2010 Low Great Lakes levels prompt new call for action: U.S., Canada look at options to slow flow out of Lake Huron] Detroit News. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 23:47, 8 November 2010 (UTC) Stan

Revamp -- seeking ideas for improvement
This article is on the list of Wikiproject United States -- as a focus for attention. If people following this article have ideas about improvement, or sources, or angles to study, please write about them. How could this be a better article? What is omitted that should be covered? Please share your thoughts and we'll use your comments during the revamp, thanks. --Tomwsulcer (talk) 02:40, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * A tentative draft of the revamp is (removed; revamp => article). If interested, please have a look-over; I appreciate comments and suggestions.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 02:09, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This was one of the articles selected by Wikiproject United States for an upgrade. I waited about a day after posting the revamp, and heeded suggestions from a Wikiproject Canada contributor. This new version -- I kept previous information almost entirely (occasionally I copyedited it but preserved it as much as I could). Previous stuff may be in different locations (comparing versions may obscure this -- but it's usually there.) I pretty much kept the original outline. I added pictures. But I'm probably pretty much done with this article for a bit so please feel free to improve it further.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 16:11, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Ok, looking good. Some observations -it'd be nice to give this one a shove over the GA line...Casliber (talk · contribs) 12:30, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I think the Islands section would be better as a concise paragraph talking about total number, largest ones, characteristics, in fact the material from the Lake Erie Islands article, which I believe should be converted to a list and the list from here placed there.

 * ✅.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 22:03, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Critter scientfic names are in italics. Also good for most folks to read teh common names

 * ✅ mostly (possibly some critters still there, hiding in the article). That snakehead fish -- would love to get a picture of that mouth, with teeth, looking wonderfully kissable.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 22:03, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * In general, you wanna avoid being too colloquial in articles - e.g. It's for it is, They're for they are etc. (unabbreviated better)

 * ✅ mostly. It's --> It is; they're --> they are--Tomwsulcer (talk) 22:03, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Need to have the photo of the chick with the bikini in the infobox just kidding. Maybe it is time to set up a proper Peer Review for this page, 'specially if it has some momentum happening. However I dislike having two places rather than one to discuss things. I will ask some folks to chuck in a few comments and consider this an informal peer review...Casliber (talk · contribs) 02:34, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The Lake environment has alot of subsections making for somewhat choppy reading. I'd think about combining a few. Also the order is a little odd - eg Eutrophication comes after The infamous dead zone, which seems odd as the former segues naturally into the latter. I'd switch and combine into one section. I'd combine all the animals into a fauna section too.

 * ✅ somewhat. Moved eutrophication so it flows into infamous dead zone. Still need to combine subsections somehow; not sure which ones. Still need to combine animals in fauna.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 22:03, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I'd place the info on Lake Erie Monster into some sorto of folklore section. Maybe with other local legends and (?) any indian symbolism (??)

 * ✅.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 22:03, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The other annoying thing about writing these big articles is trying to avoid repetition - I noticed this when trying to find out what wild hyacinth was, and found there were two sets of similar passages on Pelee Island. So, the trick is here to try and reduce repetition - so maybe moving all the ecological info to the first mention, and focussing on tourism aspects in second...and also finding what "wild hyacinth" should link to. Ditto yellow horse gentian nevermind that one, made a stub at Triosteum angustifolium...and the snakes.

 * Agree fully. When I did the revamp, I didn't want to remove any of the original material in deference to prior contributors, and I kept the original structure. But as a result the article has become somewhat unwieldy, and repetitious in points, and needs better organization, so I encourage people to take charge and improve it along these lines. I'm working on other projects at the moment so I may not be able to give lots of time to this, but I encourage people interested to improve it. Unfortunately some of the uploaded pictures (from Flickr) keep getting deleted (wrong license possibly? I have trouble understanding this stuff), but that's that I suppose.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 12:36, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I am sure there will be loads of perfectly good free images to use for this article. Yeah, we are all juggling stuff (check my contribs too....) Casliber (talk · contribs) 13:30, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Port section needs updating, references improvements scheduled to start in 2010.

 * Propose combining sections 5.4-5.7 into a Transportation category. 5.8 on border crossing could potentially also be included. Russty11 (talk) 15:53, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

Similar Topic/Hello
Hello, my name is Austin Gaines. I am a freshman at Clemson Universtiy and am doing a wikipedia page on a similar topic, a lake in SC called Lake Keowee. Are there any tips you can give me about what information I can put on my page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lionel555 (talk • contribs) 19:52, 4 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Hello, Wikipedia has a learning curve -- it takes a bit of time to learn its procedures & customs. If you don't know what you're doing and try to float a new article, it may get deleted. General suggestion from me to you is work on current articles, watch what happens, and get feedback. If you need help, write me on my talk page.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 20:36, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Fathoms?
What is with all the archaic units? Maybe hands and cubits would also be interesting?41.74.219.64 (talk) 08:59, 3 August 2013 (UTC) baden
 * Hmmm. Can't fathom what is with that without the discussion getting too deep.-Tomwsulcer (talk) 12:02, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

Tourist hype and quotefarmism
I've removed a bit of excessive use of quotes from news sources which were simply promotional in tone - for example: although it can get "pretty darned cold on those piers" just isn't good wording for an encyclopedia. Another bit removed was a short section entitled: Towns along the lake which consisted solely of:
 * A New York Times reporter, biking through the region in 1997, found the Ontario town of Port Stanley to be the "prettiest of the port towns" with a lively "holiday air" but no "ticky-tacky commercialism".

as I see that as purely promotional especially under the heading of tourism. Another longish quote was under the section Windy conditions
 * The notion that bird and bat migration may be hurt by the wind turbines has been used to argue against the wind turbines: a reporter in The Globe and Mail wrote "Given the tendency of turbines to make mincemeat of things airborne, it doesn’t require great imagination to figure out what would happen."[61] There were descriptions of wind turbines built in a farm near the lake shore:
 * They loom like gigantic aliens invading the farmers’ fields. There are 66 of these creatures, each about as tall as a 25-storey building with a face comprised of three enormous whiskers rotating 11 to 20 times per minute. Standing amidst the wind turbines of Erie Shore Wind Farm, one feels like a doomed character in a sci-fi movie caught in the deathly still moment just before disaster strikes.
 * —reporter Rebecca Field Jager in the Weekend Post, 2010[64]

which came of as rather a bit of pov pushing and could better be rewritten in encyclopediac tone. Those were but two examples. Vsmith (talk) 20:59, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

(copied from talk page)

 * I realize you're having a good time chopping this article to bits, but please realize that I and others worked hard to make it interesting, well-referenced, and informative, and what had been a highly readable and accurate article is, in my view, rapidly becoming a sterile piece of junk. My sense is you're deleting the best material, those great quotes which make the whole story come to life. Please remember Lake Erie is not simply about water and geology but about many other aspects to it too.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 20:19, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Template:Quotefarm comes to mind. Quite a bit of what I've removed was simply tourist hype - including many of the excess quotes. Seems this is an encyclopedia and not a tourist brochure. And how wasalthough it can get "pretty darned cold on those piers" good encyclopedia language? (- just to list one minor item as an example). Vsmith (talk) 20:33, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I have trouble seeing how anybody could see this article as a tourist brochure; cited quotes are a legitimate way of conveying information. My concern is that you're butchering a well-referenced and interesting article and turning it into a dry slab of boring prose. The words "pretty darned cold on those piers" is what somebody said, and said in a way which is highly informative and readable; it is much more descriptive than simply saying the lake was just cold. The article used to have terrific descriptions of wind turbines that could make "mincemeat of things airborne" that looked like "giant aliens invading farmers' fields". Now, they're just turbines. Snore. There was a photo showing beach erosion; now there's none. You chopped it. There was a terrific photo of the snakehead fish that could "bite your entire hand off" and that could move across land "gulping air". You chopped that. There was colorful stuff about difficulties with crossing the lake, dealing with passport issues; chopped. The quote about the walleye limit was chopped. Fish that looks ugly but tastes great -- similarly interesting stuff. The excellent story about the ice fishermen being stranded on a large chunk of ice -- this is great stuff, interesting, referenced, important for ice fishermen to know lest it happen to them again. The quote about the diving community considering Lake Erie to be "world class" -- divers would like to know this stuff. You took out the turtle-crossing sign. The Put-in-Bay crowds with "red bucket hats" -- why did you take that out? The quote from the NYTimes reporter about a pretty town in Ontario you removed. Seems like the BEST STUFF you've been chopping willy nilly, chopping with their references too, and leaving in pretty much all the boring stuff which we have to keep in, as if you deliberately would not like people to learn about and read about Lake Erie.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 21:07, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

 * a photo showing beach erosion: hmm, was that the one of the girl in a bikini and a guy lying on a rock in the background: this one? Where is the erosion? Vsmith (talk) 21:28, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Maybe that image could be canned, but the rest of your deletions leaves me scratching my head.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 22:16, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

No map?
The article's lack of a modern map indicating the lake's geographical features (islands, bays, etc.) and surrounding cities is a curious omission. For that matter, there is not such a map accompanying any of the main articles for the five Great Lakes. Starling2001 (talk) 19:00, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Lake Erie. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120223023415/http://www.buffalonews.com:80/business/local-business/article736169.ece to http://www.buffalonews.com/business/local-business/article736169.ece
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Proposed merge with Jet Express Ferry
There are some sources out there, but probably not enough to justify the subject having its own article. Adam9007 (talk) 22:14, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Seems someone was working on getting some more sources. As it's a company, I would agree with note on the other talk page to not delete it. There should be a link on this page under Ferries, however. Russty11 (talk) 13:15, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

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Lake's Bill of Rights per Toledo
https://www.toledoblade.com/local/politics/2019/02/26/Lake-Erie-Bill-of-Rights-gets-approval-from-Toledo-voters/stories/20190226159 Worth a mention? Mapsax (talk) 16:11, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

Tide at Lake Erie?
Is there a (very? (small?)) tide at Lake Erie? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.186.194.122 (talk) 10:55, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

Erie Canal?
Very surprised not to see a word about the Erie Canal in the history section. First high-speed connection between the East coast and the Prairies. Valetude (talk) 23:27, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

F to C
Centigrades are not correct in this article. Anything below 32F is negative in centigrades. This article translates two <32F degrees to positive (not freezing) centigrades: "18 °F (10 °C) to 23 °F (13 °C)" 18F is -7.7C and 23F is -5C. 208.191.221.220 (talk) 18:19, 24 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It's a range of temperature, not a conversion of temperature. So a change of weather where the temperatures declines between 18 and 23 degrees Farenheit or 10 to 13 degrees Celsius results in lake effect snow. Llammakey (talk) 18:54, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Erie


text:
CMF

CMF, a three letter abbreviation, may stand for:

Entertainment

 * Campus MovieFest, the world's largest student film festival
 * Chern Medal Foundation, an organization that bestows the Chern Medal Award in mathematics

Military

 * Central Mediterranean Forces, the British component of the Mediterranean theatre of World War II
 * Citizen Military Forces (1943–1980), became Australian Army Reserve

Religion

 * Christian Missionary Fellowship International (CMF International, formerly CMF), a non-denominational Christian missionary
 * Claretians, Roman Catholic religious order, 'CMF' is used as a post nominal

Science and technology

 * CMF (chemotherapy), a chemotherapy regimen commonly used in treating breast cancer
 * Centre of mass frame in mechanics
 * Chaikin Money Flow, a technical stock chart indicator
 * Color matching fields or functions, a triplet of spectral sensitivity curves in color vision modeling. See CIE 1931 color space
 * Common Monomial Factor, the factored form of a polynomial, also known as the greatest common divisor of two polynomials
 * Composite metal foam, a type of metal foam formed from hollow beads of one metal within a solid matrix of another
 * Content management framework for customizing management of media content
 * Cranio-maxillofacial surgery, involves the correction of congenital and acquired conditions of the head and face.
 * Creative Music File, an AdLib/MIDI hybrid music format developed by Creative Labs
 * Critical Manufacturing, a spin-off company of Critical Software
 * Cymomotive force, a measurement of radiated power or signal strength from an antenna
 * 5-Chloromethylfurfural, an organochlorine compound obtained from fructose
 * Renault–Nissan Common Module Family, a modular automobile platform developed by Renault–Nissan Alliance
 * Crash Modification Factor, a way of predicting the change in safety for roadway design changes

Society and law

 * California Medical Facility, a male-only state prison in California
 * Canada Media Fund, a not-for-profit public-private partnership which financially supports the creation of Canadian television and new media
 * Certificate of Management Fundamentals, a professional certification from the Commonwealth of Kentucky
 * Chambéry Airport (IATA: CMF), in Savoie, France
 * Christian Medical Fellowship, an evangelical, interdenominational organisation that links together Christian doctors and medical students in the UK
 * Citizens Military Forces, historic reserve units of the Australian Army
 * Combined Maritime Forces, a multi-national naval force
 * Country Music Foundation, a non-profit, educational organisation, operating The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum

Other

 * Chaikin Money Flow
 * City Music Foundation, a music charity in the City of London, England
 * Collectible Minifigure, individually sold collectible Lego figures
 * Color, Material and Finishes, in CMF design

title: CMF


text:
Martha Griffiths

Martha Wright Griffiths (January 29, 1912 – April 22, 2003) was an American lawyer and judge before being elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1954. Griffiths was the first woman to serve on the House Committee on Ways and Means and the first woman elected to the United States Congress from Michigan as a member of the Democratic Party. She was "instrumental" in including the prohibition of sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1982, Griffiths was also the first woman elected lieutenant governor of Michigan, as Matilda Dodge Wilson had been appointed the first female lieutenant governor of Michigan in 1939.

Life and career
Martha Edna Wright was born in Pierce City, Missouri. She attended public schools and went on to graduate with a B.A. from the University of Missouri in 1934. She chose to continue her education by studying law and graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1940. She married Hicks George Griffiths (July 9, 1940 – March 4, 1996), a lawyer and a judge as well as chairman of the Michigan Democratic Party from 1949 to 1950.

She worked as a lawyer in private practice, then in the legal department of the American Automobile Insurance Co. in Detroit from 1941 to 1942 and then as the Ordnance District contract negotiator from 1942 to 1946. She was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives, serving from 1949 to 1953 for the Wayne County 1st district. In 1953, she was appointed as recorder and judge of the Recorder's Court in Detroit and sat as judge from 1953 to 1954, the first woman to do so.

In 1954, Griffiths was elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 17th congressional district to the 84th Congress and was subsequently re-elected to the nine following Congresses, serving from January 3, 1955, to December 31, 1974, in the U.S. House. She sat as a delegate at the Democratic National Convention in 1956 as well as in 1968. She was not a candidate for re-election to the 94th Congress in 1974.

Equal Rights Amendment
During her time in Congress, Griffiths sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment, one of 33 proposed amendments to pass in Congress and be sent to the states for ratification, and among the six that were not ratified.

The Guardian described her as "the mother of the Equal Rights Amendment", adding:

The weapons she deployed during her 10-term congressional career included implacable determination, a lawyer's grasp of procedural niceties, and a tongue like a blacksmith's rasp.

Quote
"I don't know really that I have so much perseverance as I do a sense of indignity at the fact that women are not justly treated. I have the same sort of feeling for Blacks, Latinos and the Asiatics. If we are America, then we ought to be what we say we are. We ought to be the land of the free and the brave. What people sought in this land was justice."

"Some of that I get from my father. I adored my father. My father thought that girls were smarter than boys, which was unusual in my day and age."

Post-Congressional career as lieutenant governor
After her congressional service, Griffiths returned to the practice of law and then served as the 59th lieutenant governor of Michigan from 1983 to 1991 on the ticket of Governor James Blanchard. She was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1983 and to the National Women's Hall of Fame a decade later in 1993. She retired to her home in Armada, Michigan, where she lived until her death in 2003 at age 91.

Martha Griffiths was a member of the American Association of University Women. The AAUW of Michigan named its "Martha Griffiths Equity Award" in her honor.

title: Martha Griffiths


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/List of mathematics articles (G–I)


text:
Talk:Senate Subway

Moved by 212 by cut-and-paste, for revision history see Congressional Subway. 212, next time please use the Move function. - Patrick 14:04 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Just after I did it I thought that! ²¹² 14:20 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Senate Subway


text:
Common whipping

The common whipping is the simplest type of whipping knot, a series of knots intended to stop a rope from unravelling. As it can slip off the rope easily, the common whipping should not be used for rope ends that will be handled. This whipping knot is also called 'wolf' whipping in some parts of the world. The 'Hangman's knot' is a variation of this whipping knot.

The benefit of a common whipping is that no tools are necessary and the rope does not need to be unlaid. The problem is that it will slide off the end of the rope with little provocation. Other whippings avoid this by interleaving the whipping with the strands of the rope and creating friction with the strands to avoid slipping.

Normally a natural fibre rope is whipped with twine. The size of the rope dictates the size of the twine. Any twine can be used, but tarred two strand hemp (marline) is preferred. Artificial-fibre ropes should have their ends fused by heat rather than whipped to prevent unravelling.

"Common, plain or ordinary whipping is tied by laying a loop along the rope and then making a series of turns over it. The working end is finally stuck through this loop and the end hauled back out of sight. Both ends are then trimmed short."

- The Ashley Book of Knots

title: Common whipping


text:
Officer candidate school

An officer candidate school (OCS) is a military school which trains civilians and enlisted personnel in order for them to gain a commission as officers in the armed forces of a country. How OCS is run differs between countries and services. Typically, officer candidates have already attained post-secondary education, and sometimes a bachelor's degree, and undergo a short duration of training (not more than a year) which focuses primarily on military skills and leadership. This is in contrast with a military academy which includes academic instruction leading to a bachelor's degree.

Australia
Officer Cadet School of Australia – Portsea (OCS Portsea) commenced training officers for the Australian Army in 1951 and continued through to the end of 1985. Since OCS Portsea's closure in 1985, all Australian Army Officer training has been conducted at the Royal Military College, Duntroon in Canberra. During the Vietnam War, the Officer Training Unit, Scheyville was used to train and commission National Servicemen as 2nd Lieutenants between 1965 and 1972.

France
In France training for officers is at: École polytechnique, École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale, École navale, École de l'air, École militaire interarmes, École militaire supérieure d'administration et de management and École de santé des armées.

Germany
In Germany training for officers is at:
 * Offizierschule des Heeres in Dresden
 * Offizierschule der Luftwaffe at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base in Fürstenfeldbruck near Munich
 * Mürwik Naval School in Flensburg

Myanmar
In Myanmar, the primary officer training school is Officers Training School, Bahtoo.

Philippines
In the Philippines, the Armed Forces of the Philippines Officer Candidate School was originally formed out from the defunct School for Reserve Commission or SRC that was established in the 1930s pursuant to the provisions of then Philippine Commonwealth Act Number 1, otherwise known as "The National Defense Act of the Philippines". This was created in preparation for the defense of the Philippines, establishing a 10-year program of training for Filipino Servicemen and Civilian Volunteers (Reserve), and forming the Philippine Army as the main ground forces of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. A transfiguration took place with some military personnel from the Philippine Constabulary being transferred to form the nucleus of the Philippine Army. However, the 10-year program was incomplete by the time World War II broke out in the Pacific and ROSS training was subsequently stopped. Nevertheless, many of its trainees were called to active duty to serve throughout the war mainly with the U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).

The need for commissioned officers after the U.S. liberation of the Philippines in the 1940s prompted the establishment of the School for Reserve Commission, which later became the Officer Candidate School. Early training was held at Camp Tinio, Bangad, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Nichols Air Base in Pasay and Fort Bonifacio in Metro Manila. Some graduates of these classes were sent to conflicts in both Korea and Vietnam. Later, the OCS training location was moved to Camp Capinpin, Tanay, Rizal from where 27 classes graduated between 1987 and 2005. Officer candidates with the rank of Probationary Second Lieutenant and Probationary Ensign have to undergo and pass the 12-month Officer Candidate Course before they can be commissioned as Regular and Reserve Officers in the Philippine Army, the Philippine Constabulary, the Philippine Air Force, the Philippine Navy and the Technical Service (Medical Administrative Corps and Women's Auxiliary Corps). In 1993, OCS started accepting two foreign officer candidates from the Royal Brunei Armed Forces who joined the Officer Candidate Course "Balikatan" Class 12-94. In 1994, five female OCs belonging to AFPOCS "Balikatan" Class 12-94 graduated to become the first female officers of the AFP and were not included anymore as Women's Auxiliary Corps officers. Some Filipino officer candidates were also sent to train in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and the United Kingdom. Today, each of the three armed services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) – Army, Air Force and Navy – run their own officer training in separate locations such as Philippine Air Force Aviation OCS in Fernando Air Base, Lipa City; Philippine Army OCS in Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac; and Philippine Navy OCS in San Antonio, Zambales.

Singapore
In Singapore, Officer Cadet School (OCS) is a school within SAFTI Military Institute, which serves as the main center for training officers of all ranks. OCS is a quad-service institution which trains officers of the Army, Air Force, Digital and Intelligence Service, and Navy. Unlike other countries, OCS is the only route to a commission in the SAF. Even selected cadets who hold scholarships to train in friendly service academies must complete two thirds of OCS and receive their commission before undergoing further training overseas.

OCS in Singapore lasts approximately 38 weeks. The first term consists of military knowledge applicable to all services, including military history and military law. Subsequently, Officer Cadets are streamed into their services based on aptitude and personal preference, and receive training specific to their service.

South Korea
In South Korea, Officer Candidate School (학사사관) were modeled on OCS programs of the United States Armed Forces. Qualified persons may earn a commission by passing rigorous basic combat training lasting 3 to 4 months.

The Republic of Korea Army has the highest number of officer candidates each year. All applicants must hold bachelor's degree, unless they are currently non-commissioned officers in active duty, or hold specialized certifications or licenses, such as doctors and attorneys. Most applicants will take a written exam, physical tests, and several interviews for consideration. Admitted applicants are ordered enlistment in the Army Cadet Military School in Goesan. At graduation, candidates earn a commission with the rank of Second Lieutenant.

The Republic of Korea Navy and the Republic of Korea Marine Corps have maintained the most rigorous candidate school program in South Korea. Both ROKN and ROKMC officer candidates earn commissions together at Republic of Korea Naval Academy in Changwon, while their training programs are distinct. ROKMC candidates will be sent to Marine Corps School in Pohang, while ROKN candidates remain in Changwon. Petty officers in active duty who have earned the bachelor's degree may also apply to the OCS program.

The Republic of Korea Air Force's Officer Training School (OTS) is a popular and competitive officer training program in South Korea. ROKAF OTS trains the majority of its candidates for air defense forces and military police. While OTS also trains pilots, the majority of ROKAF pilots come from the Air Force Academy or ROKAF ROTC programs.

United Kingdom
Initial officer training (IOT) for commissioned officers in the British Armed Forces is undertaken at one of three military academies in the United Kingdom, specific to service branch.

For the British Army, IOT is undertaken at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMA Sandhurst, or RMAS), commonly known merely as Sandhurst, located in the town of Camberley, near the village of Sandhurst, Berkshire, England, about 55 km south-west of London. The stated aim of RMAS is to be "the national centre of excellence for leadership". All British Army officers, including late-entry officers who were previously Warrant Officers, as well as many other men and women from overseas militaries, are trained at Sandhurst. Standard duration of training for regular officers at Sandhurst lasts 44 weeks.

For the Royal Navy (RN), its IOT is undertaken at the Britannia Royal Naval College (Britannia RNC, or BRNC), also known as HMS Dartmouth (a stone frigate), at Dartmouth in Devon, whilst IOT for the Royal Marines (RM) is carried out at the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines (CTCRM). For Royal Air Force (RAF) IOT, that is undertaken the Royal Air Force College Cranwell (RAFC Cranwell, or RAFC), located within the RAF Cranwell airbase. In a similar vein to Sandhurst, Dartmouth and Cranwell also train future officers of many different foreign and Commonwealth militaries. The Royal Navy commissioning course at Dartmouth is 30 weeks, whilst the Royal Marines course lasts 15 months and is split between CTCRM and BRNC. Royal Air Force officer cadets undergo a 24 week course at RAFC.

Once graduated and commissioned, officers of all services may undertake further specialist post-graduate training appropriate to their military profession, such as flying training, engineering, logistics; and these will invariably multi-service training establishments. One example being Amport House, where military chaplains for all service branches receive their military theology training until it closed in 2020; it has since been relocated to the Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre at Shirivenham.

United States
In the United States Armed Forces, Officer Candidate School (OCS) or the equivalent is a training program for college graduates and non-commissioned officers, soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen and coast guardsmen to earn commissions as officers. The courses generally last from six to seventeen weeks and include classroom instruction in military subjects, physical training, and leadership.

People may earn a commission in the United States Armed Forces through OCS or OTS, by staff appointment, through Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), or through one of the five federal service academies.

 * The Officer Candidate School of the United States Army is a 12-week-long program held at Fort Moore, Georgia for both prior service and non-prior service candidates. The Army is the only U.S. branch in which those with no prior military service must first attend Basic Combat Training. There are also Army National Guard Officer Candidate Schools that allow an Army National Guard soldier to train within the "one weekend a month, two weeks a year" training program; this is called "Traditional", as it is the original method for the Army National Guard, and takes 18 months to complete. In addition, Army National Guard soldiers have the option to attend the federal course or to attend a 7-day-per-week accelerated eight-week program in conjunction with other states. Both federal and state programs are accredited by the U.S. Army Infantry School. Upon completion of either OCS programs, graduates are commissioned as Second Lieutenants (2LT) and then attend the rest of their Basic Officer Leadership courses. In 2006, the officer commissioning programs changed, making the entire process, "Basic Officer Leadership Course", occurring in two phases (BOLC-A and BOLC-B). Phase A is the original commissioning source (OCS, ROTC, USMA, Direct). BOLC B is the Officer Basic Course which trains the new officers into their Basic Branch skills and includes three weeks of basic soldiering skills.
 * The Officer Candidates School of the United States Marine Corps is at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. All Marine officers are initially trained at OCS, with the exception of those who come from the United States Naval Academy. Entrance to OCS is obtained through the Platoon Leaders Class and Officer Candidates Course programs. Candidates who enter the Platoon Leaders Class attend either two six-week sessions or one ten-week session during college. Those who enter the Officer Candidates Course attend one ten-week session after graduation from college. Naval ROTC midshipmen in the Marine Option also attend for one six-week session prior to commissioning. Graduates are commissioned as Second Lieutenants (2ndLt) in the U.S. Marine Corps. Regardless of commissioning source, all Marine Corps officers attend The Basic School (TBS) prior to beginning training for their Military Occupational Specialty (MOS).
 * The Officer Candidate School of the United States Navy is a 13 week course located at Naval Station Newport, Rhode Island. It has been based there since the fall of 2007 after relocating from NAS Pensacola, Florida. In the 1990s, OCS had departed Newport to combine with Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS) at Naval Air Station Pensacola. On its return, it brought the tradition of USMC drill instructors (a la An Officer and a Gentleman) from NAS Pensacola. Upon completion, graduates are commissioned in the rank of ensign (ENS) in the U.S. Navy.
 * The Officer Training School of the United States Air Force is located at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. There are three programs offered at OTS. The first is Basic Officer Training (BOT), for those seeking a commission to the active duty USAF. It is a 9-week-long program consisting of two parts. In the first part, officer trainees learn military skills, USAF history, and other classroom and skill courses needed for serving in the Air Force. In the second part, they are given ranks from Officer Trainee O-1 (2d Lt) to Officer Trainee O-6 (Col), and learn how to be a leader, including the opportunity to lead other Officer Trainees. Graduates are commissioned as Second Lieutenants (2d Lt) in the U.S. Air Force. The second program is Commissioned Officer Training (COT), a five-week introductory program to the USAF for those who have been directly commissioned in the USAF, primarily as chaplains, doctors, and lawyers. Trainees in COT range in rank from O-1 to O-5 and will report directly to their respective units after training. The third program is the Academy of Military Science (AMS), a detachment of the Air National Guard Readiness Center that is embedded at OTS. AMS is a six-week program designed to train and commission officer candidates to fulfill USAF and Air National Guard (ANG) requirements. The AMS program covers the same subject areas as BOT and COT, but also provides education in ANG heritage and the role of the "Citizen Airman". The majority of AMS students are prior-enlisted and many may also have civilian careers. Once AMS candidates successfully complete all OTS graduation requirements, they receive the oath of office and receive state and federal commissions as second lieutenants in the ANG with both state and federal responsibilities.
 * The Officer Candidate School of the United States Coast Guard is at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, where it has been located since August 1998. Prior to August 1998, Coast Guard OCS was located at the Coast Guard Reserve Training Center (RESTRACEN) in Yorktown, Virginia. OCS is a 17-week-long program, the longest of the 5 military services. Graduates are commissioned in the rank of ensign (ENS) in the U.S. Coast Guard and may report to Coast Guard cutters, sectors, or directly to flight training.
 * Officer Candidate Schools are also maintained by the active State Defense Forces of the United States by direction of their respective state military departments and by the state's National Guard Adjutant General. Similar to their state's National Guard counterparts who take a dual federal and state military commission, military officers who are commissioned through a SDF Officer Candidate School take a sole military commission to the state that they support, recognized by their state's military code and . In states with full integration of state military resources (SDF and National Guard counterparts) the curriculum is often similar, with the National Guard curriculum taking on additional requirements to meet federal recognition (referred to as FEDREC ). For example, California maintains both Officer Candidate Schools at Camp San Luis Obispo, with the State Guard OCS being 11-12 months and the National Guard OCS being 16-18 months, both celebrate a joint graduation.
 * During WWII, the U.S. Army Signal Corps ran an Officer Candidate School located in the war zone labeled as the South West Pacific Area (SWPA), at Camp Columbia, Brisbane, Australia. From photographs taken by the U.S. Army, it is apparent that this course was integrated with the U.S. Army's Signal Corps OCS program at Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey. Contemporary records indicate that the course was branch immaterial – perhaps the first branch immaterial course in the Army. Unfortunately, there is little information about the particulars of how SWPA OCS was operated, such as its length, subject matter content, training routine, etc. In particular, its years of operation and other reliable statistical information are not readily available.

title: Officer candidate school


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Talk:Spice Girls

Part II: Shouldn't Michelle Stephenson be listed under Former Members?
I asked this before but it got archived with no responses.

Indeed, the other five are well-known as the Spice Girls. But the fact that Stephenson advanced out of the auditions, was a member of Touch, performed live, and recorded/lived with the group for under a year means that she was, technically, a former member. Touch and Spice Girls are different names, but they both fall under the same umbrella.

Other examples on Wiki, of members that are listed as former yet the band name was different: Faith No More (Mike Morris/Wade Worthington in Faith No Man), Our Lady Peace (Paul Martin/Jim Newell in As If), Sevendust (Lee Banks in Rumblefish), Cypress Hill (Mellow Man Ace in DVX), The Offspring (Jim Benton/Marcus Parrish/Doug Thompson in Manic Subsidal), Insane Clown Posse (Kid Villain/D-Lyrical in Inner City Posse), Godsmack (Lee Richards in The Scam), All Saints (Simone Rainford in All Saints 1.9.7.5), New Kids on the Block (Mark Wahlberg/Jamie Kelly in Nynuk), Beastie Boys (Jeremy Shatan in The Young Aborigines). Xanarki (talk) 02:04, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

Most commercially successful British pop act since the Beatles? Not exactly.
The most commercially successful British pop act since the Beatles? That seems like a large claim when their album sales are dwarfed by the Rolling Stones who have sold over 250 million albums so far in their career (vs the Spice Girls' ~100m), hold the all-time most top-10 albums (38) in the US, and currently hold two of the top 10 best-selling tours of all time (in 2007 they held 4).

I will give it to the Spice Girls that they are perhaps among the top successful British artists but they are definitely not at the top unless the category is drawn in such a way so as to exclude the Stones yet still include British artists, but that argument would sort of fall a bit flat as it is a comparison to the Beatles and the Stones are probably the closest comparison to the Beatles out there historically...and they're both British. There is a reason that the Stones are considered the highest-grossing live music act (as of 2022) by both Billboard and Pollstar.

As per the above, I am going to go ahead and modify that phrasing to list them as among but not the. The SandDoctor Talk 03:39, 14 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I think that you are missing the point on chronology. The Rolling Stones were founded in 1962. They were contemporaries and competitors to The Beatles (1960-1970), not successors or members of a new generation of musicians. Dimadick (talk) 08:26, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spice Girls