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Cleveland Hopkins International Airport

Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is a city-owned international airport in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, and is the primary airport serving Greater Cleveland and Northeast Ohio. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state, as well as in the top fifty largest airports in the U.S. by passenger numbers. Located in Cleveland's Hopkins neighborhood 9 mi southwest of Downtown Cleveland, it is adjacent to the Glenn Research Center, one of NASA's ten major field centers.

The airport has been at the forefront of several innovations that are now commonplace. It was the first airport with an air traffic control tower and a two-level design separating arrivals from departures. It was also the first airport in North America to be directly connected with a rail transit line.

Cleveland was a hub for United Airlines from the post–World War II era until the mid-1980s. After United moved out, Continental Airlines moved in, making it the dominant carrier at the airport in the 1990s and 2000s. After United and Continental merged in 2010, United closed the Cleveland hub, though it still has a flight attendant base, pilot base, and maintenance facilities at the airport and is its largest carrier by passenger count.

When United stopped using Cleveland as a hub, it closed Concourse D, but the airline kept paying to lease the facility. However, United's hub closure created an opening for low-cost carriers to enter the market, which had previously had among highest average fares in the country. Within a few years after United closed the hub, passenger traffic rebounded to where it was before the closure.

Cleveland Hopkins offers non-stop passenger service to 43 destinations. Cleveland Hopkins is operated by the Cleveland Department of Port Control, which also operates Burke Lakefront Airport located downtown.

History
Cleveland Hopkins is of particular importance to the history of commercial air travel due to a number of first-in-the-world innovations that would eventually become the global standard. Founded on July 1, 1925, it was one of the first municipality-owned facilities of its kind in the United States. It was the site of the first air traffic control tower, the first ground-to-air radio control system, and the first airfield lighting system, all in 1930; and it was the first U.S. airport to be directly connected to a local or regional rail transit system, in 1968.

It was also the first airport to employ a two-level terminal design separating arrivals from departures. The airport was named after its founder, former city manager William R. Hopkins, on his 82nd birthday in 1951.

First closure of United hub, establishment of Continental hub
United Airlines established its easternmost domestic hub in Cleveland after World War II, which it maintained until the mid-1980s, when it closed its Cleveland hub and moved capacity to a new hub at Washington–Dulles. Following the closure of the United hub, Continental Airlines (which at the time was a separate carrier and lacked a Midwest hub) responded by adding capacity to Cleveland, as did USAir, which was the dominant carrier at the airport from 1987 until the early 1990s. While USAir soon reduced its schedule from Cleveland, Continental substantially increased its hub capacity, becoming the airport's largest tenant and eventually accounting for upwards of 60 percent of passenger traffic. Continental and the airport both made substantial operational and capital investments in the airport's infrastructure. In 1992, the airport completed a $50 million renovation of Concourse C, which housed all of Continental's flights. The renovation included the installation of a continuous skylight, a Continental President's Club lounge, and a new Baggage Claim area. In 1999, the airport completed an $80 million expansion that included the construction of the new Concourse D (now closed), which was built to accommodate Continental Express and Continental Connection flights.

In June 1999, Continental Airlines launched flights to London's Gatwick Airport aboard a Boeing 757-200. This was Cleveland's first scheduled transatlantic service. The carrier suspended the link after the September 11 attacks and resumed it in April 2002. The following year, Continental made the route seasonal.

Continental began flying into London's Heathrow Airport instead of Gatwick in May 2009; Heathrow offered more connecting flights. The airline discontinued the service four months later, citing the recession and an inability to obtain affordable seasonal slots at Heathrow. The company was also about to join the Star Alliance, to which United Airlines belonged. Consequently, London-bound passengers would be able to transit through United's Chicago hub instead of Cleveland. The cancellation of the route left the city without a direct link to Europe until 2018.

Continental–United merger, second closure of United hub
In 2010, Continental and United Airlines announced that they would merge operations. The merger prompted concerns that a post-merger United would reduce or close its hub in Cleveland and instead route passengers through the new United's Chicago-O'Hare and Washington-Dulles hubs. On November 10, 2010, Continental CEO Jeff Smisek stated in a speech in Cleveland that "Cleveland needs to earn its hub status every day" and added that overall profitability would be the determining factor in whether the new United kept or closed the Cleveland hub.

United continued to reduce its capacity in Cleveland following the merger, which already had been substantially reduced in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. On February 1, 2014, United announced that the airline would shut down its Cleveland hub, stating as justification that the airline's hub at Cleveland "hasn't been profitable for over a decade." By June 5, 2014, United had effectively terminated its hub operation at the airport, reducing its daily departures by more than 60%. United also closed Concourse D and consolidated all of its remaining operations in Concourse C, although it is required to continue to pay the airport $1,112,482 a month in rent for the facility until 2027.

Post-hub history
The airport initially experienced a sharp decline in passenger counts following the closure of United's hub in 2014. Several other airlines, however, increased their service to Cleveland in subsequent years. Frontier Airlines significantly increased its service to the airport and declared Cleveland a focus city. New routes connected Cleveland with destinations as far as Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In November 2023, Frontier Airlines announced it would make Cleveland a crew base in March 2024, employing up to 110 pilots, 250 flight attendants, and 50 aircraft maintenance personnel.

Other low-cost airlines such as Spirit Airlines and Allegiant Air began new service to the airport as well, and existing airlines such as American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines also increased their number of daily flights and destinations. As a result, by 2017, the airport's passenger count exceeded levels achieved during the last full year that United maintained a hub in Cleveland.

Despite the closure of its hub, as of 2017 United still maintained roughly 1,200 employees in Greater Cleveland, including a flight attendant and pilot base as well as maintenance facilities. United also remains the largest carrier at Hopkins. Regional airline CommuteAir, which flies exclusively on behalf of United Express, is headquartered in nearby North Olmsted.

Icelandair and Wow Air inaugurated flights to Reykjavík in May 2018. Wow Air employed Airbus A321s on the route, while Icelandair used a Boeing 737 MAX. Wow Air left Cleveland in October 2018 amid financial troubles. Icelandair decided to make its service seasonal, with the first season ending in October. In March 2019, however, the carrier announced it would not be returning. The Boeing 737 MAX had been grounded, and some analysts said Icelandair might have been unsatisfied with the route's performance.

In 2021, the airport received $32.5 million from the Federal Aviation Administration to provide economic relief funds for costs related to operations, personnel, cleaning, sanitization, janitorial services, debt service payments, and combating the spread of pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In May 2023, Aer Lingus launched flights between Cleveland and Dublin on Airbus A321LR aircraft. It is currently the only nonstop transatlantic flight between Europe and Cleveland.

In 2023, Cleveland was one of the areas where United Airlines pilots picketed in pursuit of a better contract.

Terminal
Cleveland Hopkins consists of one two-level passenger terminal, which was completed in 1978, and renovated in 2016. There are four concourses, three of which are currently in use.
 * Concourse A houses Frontier, Spirit, charters, and all international arrivals. Delta Air Lines also uses it for overflow parking and sports charters. It also houses the airport's Federal Inspection Services (FIS) customs and border protection facility.  Originally known as "North Concourse", it was opened in 1957 and rebuilt in 1978–79. Allegiant Air used this Concourse until January 2022 when it terminated all flights to Cleveland Hopkins.
 * Concourse B houses Delta and Southwest. Originally the “West Concourse”, it was built in 1954 as the first extension pier to the airport, and was rebuilt and expanded from 1982 to 1983.
 * Concourse C houses Air Canada Express, Alaska, American, JetBlue and all United services, except for international arrivals which are handled in Concourse A. Originally known as "South Concourse", it opened in 1969 and was renovated in 1992.
 * Concourse D has been vacant since 2014, when United closed its gates and consolidated all operations to Concourse C. Built in 1999, it is a separate terminal connected to Concourse C by an underground walkway. Although capable of handling larger jets such as the Boeing 737, it exclusively handled smaller regional aircraft during its operation. Concourse D contains 12 jet bridge gates and 24 ramp loading positions.

In 2022, the airport began discussions for a $2 billion renovation. The airport wanted to expand security and check-in counters, add an improved checked baggage inspection system, expand gate waiting areas, and add 8 new gates to be able to accept additional flights. Concourses A and C will be renovated, concourse B would be rebuilt, and a new concourse would be built to replace Concourse D.

Runways
Cleveland Hopkins covers an area of 1,717 acre and has three runways:
 * 06R/24L: 9,953 x 150 ft concrete
 * 06L/24R: 9,000 x 150 ft concrete
 * 10/28: 6,018 x 150 ft asphalt/concrete

Other facilities
Cleveland Hopkins is home to both crew and maintenance bases for United Airlines.

The airport is also home to one of five kitchens operated by airline catering company Chelsea Food Services, a subsidiary of United Airlines.

Cleveland Airmall, a unit of Fraport USA, manages the retail and dining locations at the airport. Tenants include Johnston & Murphy, Great Lakes Brewing Company, Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Museum Store, Bar Symon, and Sunglass Hut.

A former Sheraton Hotel also occupies the airport grounds immediately east of the terminal. Built in 1959, it has 243 rooms and was a popular layover point for passengers and crews during the airport’s hub days with United and Continental. The hotel closed in June 2022 after its ownership group defaulted on its loans. The airport subsequently acquired the building and intends to demolish it in order to add more parking spaces.

The airport has two lounges: a United Club in Concourse C and The Club CLE near the entrance to Concourse B in the Main Terminal.

Ground transportation
The airport is connected to the Cleveland Rapid Transit system with the Red Line Rapid Transit station beneath the terminal. The airport has a dedicated taxi service of 110 vehicles. In 2023, the airport received $3.2 million in federal funding to renovate, among other terminal facilities, the public transportation tunnel to the airport. This will include modernizing wall surfaces, replacing the tunnel ceiling and waterproof membrane in the tunnel tramway, structural repairs, and installation of a new drainage system.

Rental car operations are located at a consolidated rental car facility off the airport property. Shuttle services are provided between the airport and the facility.

Basic Aircraft Statistics
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 91,615 aircraft operations, an average of 251 per day. This was 79% commercial, 14% air taxi, 7% general aviation, and <1% military. For the same time period, 43 aircraft were based at the airport: 37 jets, 4 military aircraft, and 2 multi-engine airplanes.

Accidents and incidents

 * On May 24, 1938, United Air Lines Flight 9, a Douglas DC-3 flying from Newark to Chicago via Cleveland crashed on approach to Cleveland killing all seven passengers and three crew members on board.
 * On August 27, 1971, a Chicago & Southern Airlines Volpar Turboliner with 2 occupants on board suffered a loss of power on the no.1 engine shortly after takeoff, it stalled and crashed killing 1 crew member of the 2 on board.
 * On December 18, 1978, an Allegheny Commuter DeHavilland Heron (operated by Fischer Brothers Aviation) was landing at Cleveland from Mansfield Lahm Airport when a ground controller cleared a snow plow to cross the runway at the same time the aircraft was landing, resulting in a collision. The flight had a crew of 2 pilots and 15 passengers. There were no fatalities nor serious injuries. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
 * On January 4, 1985, an armed 42-year-old Cleveland woman named Oranette Mays hijacked Pan Am flight 558, a Boeing 727 scheduled to fly from Cleveland to New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport. During the boarding process for the flight in Cleveland, Mays shot her way onto the plane, shooting and injuring a USAir employee who tried to stop her in the process. Mays then commandeered the plane, took 7 hostages (including an 8-month-old baby), and demanded to be taken to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After a 6-hour stand-off, a SWAT team made up of Cleveland police and FBI agents stormed the plane. Mays and an officer were shot before police were able to arrest Mays.
 * On February 17, 1991, Ryan International Airlines Flight 590, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 cargo flight bound for Indianapolis International Airport stalled and crashed after takeoff from CLE due to wing contamination. While the DC-9 was on the ground for 35 minutes, there was no de-icing service on the aircraft and blowing snow accumulated on the wings, causing a stall and loss of control on takeoff. Both occupants were killed.
 * On December 15, 1992, a Mohican Air Service Volpar Turboliner II on a ferry flight crashed after its initial climb, the sole occupant was killed. Improper installation of the elevator during recent maintenance on the aircraft was the probable cause.
 * On January 6, 2003, a Continental Express Embraer ERJ 145LR overran the runway upon landing from Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, CT. The airplane continued beyond the departure end, on the extended runway centerline, and struck the ILS runway 6 localizer antenna. It came to rest with the nose about 600 ft beyond the end of the runway. The nose landing gear had collapsed rearward and deformed the forward pressure bulkhead.
 * On November 29, 2004, an Embraer EMB-135BJ sustained substantial damage during a ground collision with a parked airplane while taxiing after landing at the Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport. While exiting taxiway "J" with the co-pilot steering the airplane from the left seat, the airplane entered a ramp area where scheduled maintenance was to be performed. However, another EMB-135BJ had been parked perpendicular to the ramp entrance, with its nose wheel approximately 30 feet from the front of a hangar, and with its tail approximately 45 feet from the edge of the ramp pavement. According to written statements provided by the flight crew, per their standard operating procedures, they waited at the ramp entrance for a marshaller to assist them in parking. When one did not arrive, they decided to pass behind the parked airplane slowly, but while the pilot attempted to verbally direct the co-pilot and observe the position of the right wingtip, the airplane's right winglet collided with the parked airplane. The probable cause of the incident was found to be the pilot in command's improper decision to continue taxi without a ground marshaller, and her misjudged clearance from a parked airplane, which resulted in a ground collision during taxi.
 * On February 18, 2007, Delta Connection Flight 6448, an Embraer E 170 operated by Shuttle America with 4 crew members and 71 passengers aboard, landed at CLE in snowy weather & gusty winds. Despite the use of full reverse and braking, the aircraft didn't slow down, left the runway and partially went through a fence 150 feet from the end of the runway. There were no fatalities. Even though the aircraft was substantially damaged, it was repaired and put back into service.
 * On July 26, 2016, a flight attendant on an Embraer E170 inbound to Cleveland Hopkins was injured after an inadvertent encounter with turbulence. The aircraft landed safely.
 * On November 23, 2022, an area man broke onto airport property, drove onto a runway, and destroyed radar equipment at the airport.

Ground Transportation Center
In May 2015, the airport moved the pick-up and drop off location for most shuttles to the former limo lot, requiring most passengers to take two escalators underneath the former shuttle parking in the arrivals lane at the airport. Originally meant to be a temporary fix, the airport made the Ground Transportation Center a permanent fixture in May 2017. This angered many travelers, who complained on various social media platforms, as well as local media outlets, garnering negative publicity for the airport's plans. In March 2019, the pick ups and drop offs location for most of the shuttles (except for limo shuttles) have moved to the north end of the baggage claim level.

Parking
In May 2013, the airport demolished its aging, 2,600-space Long Term Garage, replacing it with a 1,000 space surface lot for $24M. This in turn created a parking shortage, and daily lot closings when parking lots would become full. The airport's Twitter account became a daily update of parking closures at the airport. The airport converted the Short Term Garage to a so-called Smart Garage, and valet parking garage. The airport eliminated its free half-hour courtesy parking perk, and began to charge $3 for a half-hour.

title: Cleveland Hopkins International Airport


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User talk:Pkroll

Greetings anyone bored enough to read this. I'm new to this WikiWiki thing, and may not check back as often as would be optimal. You'll want to use the "E-Mail this user" to get in contact w/me most reliably.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Pkroll


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University Athletic Association

The University Athletic Association (UAA) is an intercollegiate athletic conference that competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III. Member schools are highly selective universities located in Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The eight members are Brandeis University, Carnegie Mellon University, Case Western Reserve University, Emory University, New York University, The University of Chicago, University of Rochester, and Washington University in St. Louis.

Academics
All UAA member schools are private, and ranked in the top 50 of national research universities by U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges Rankings. Historically, the division was colloquially called the "egghead eight", or "nerdy nine" when Johns Hopkins was a member. This stems both from the academic strength of the member schools, and the fact that the conference prioritizes academic achievement over athletic prowess. The UAA was the only NCAA conference to have all of its member institutions affiliated with the Association of American Universities, a collection of 65 Ph.D.-granting research institutions, with 63 in the United States and two in Canada, from 2011, when Nebraska joined the previously all-AAU Big Ten, until 2019 when Dartmouth became the last Ivy League institution to join the AAU.

Chronological timeline

 * 1986 - In 1986, the University Athletic Association (UAA) was founded. Charter members included Carnegie Mellon University, Case Western Reserve University, Emory University, Johns Hopkins University, New York University, The University of Chicago, the University of Rochester, and Washington University in St. Louis, effective beginning the 1986-87 academic year.
 * 1987 - Brandeis University joined the UAA, effective in the 1987-88 academic year.
 * 2001 - Johns Hopkins left the UAA to fully align all its sports into the Centennial Conference, effective after the 2000-01 academic year.
 * 2018 - The UAA dropped football as a sponsored sport, due to its members joining on other athletic conferences for that sport as affiliates or associates, effective after the 2017 fall season (2017-18 academic year).

Current members
The UAA currently has eight full members, all are private schools:

 * Notes:

Former member
The UAA had one former full member, which was also a private school:

 * Notes:

Sports
The UAA sanctions competition in the following sports:

title: University Athletic Association


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MBS International Airport

MBS International Airport, located in Freeland, Michigan, is a commercial and general aviation airport serving the nearby cities of Midland, Bay City, and Saginaw. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility.

MBS was formerly named Tri-City Airport or Freeland Tri-City Airport, reflecting the “Tri-Cities” nickname of the region. The airport was renamed MBS International Airport in 1994 (representative of its IATA airport code) to prevent confusion with other airports named "Tri-City Airport" across the United States. While owned by three municipalities, the IATA and FAA city name associated with the airport is Saginaw, i.e. the control tower is known to pilots as "Saginaw Tower".

The commercial airport is a special municipal body owned by Bay County and the cities of Midland and Saginaw. The airport's name is an initialism formed from the names of these three communities and it is governed by a nine-member commission made up of three members from each of them.

In October 2012, MBS opened a new $55 million six-gate terminal to replace the old three-gate terminal, which was built in 1965. The construction on this project was completed nearly a year ahead of schedule.

The old terminal, which sat empty since October 2012, was demolished in 2017.

MBS International Airport enjoyed a robust 2018 with passenger numbers up 13 percent, and the airport was poised to embark on a major rehabilitation of its main runway to ring in the New Year.

In 2022, a credential authentication technology (CAT) unit was installed at MBS' TSA checkpoint. Passengers insert their ID into the machine themselves, reducing a touchpoint during the security process.

The airport is a sponsor of the Great Lakes Loons, a minor league baseball team affiliated with the Los Angeles Dodgers.

History
During World War II, the federal government bought land and began construction of the Tri-City Airport to be used for various air training projects. Helping maintain the field were German prisoners of war, who lived in barracks at the facility. After the war, the airport was turned over to the local governments. Civilian control of the airport resumed in the mid-1940s.

The current terminal on the north side of the air field opened on October 31, 2012. The 75000 sqft terminal, which replaced an older terminal on the west side of the air field, was designed by RS&H and cost $55 million. The Airport Commission approved plans for the construction of the state-of-the-art passenger terminal in 2006, with construction beginning in 2008. Airport officials hope the terminal will bring more airlines and more competition to MBS.

Air Force One landed at the airport twice during the 2004 United States presidential election for nearby rallies in support of George W. Bush. It landed again on September 10, 2020 for a campaign speech by then President Donald Trump,  and most recently on March 14, 2024 for a campaign visit by President Joe Biden. Air Force One also visited the airport in 1974 when then President Richard M. Nixon made a speech at the airport and arrived to give endorsement to James Sparling, a Congressional candidate. Air Force Two also made an appearance in 1992 when Vice President Dan Quayle spoke from a hangar the day before the 1992 presidential election.

Facilities and aircraft
MBS International Airport covers 3200 acre and has two runways:
 * Runway 5/23: 8002 x, surface: asphalt
 * Runway 14/32: 6400 x, surface: asphalt

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2017, the airport had 20,358 aircraft operations, an average of 77 per day. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 13,500 aircraft operations per day, or 37/day. This 2021 figure includes 67% general aviation, 25% air taxi, 8% commercial, and 1% military.

In December 2017, there were 23 aircraft based at this airport: 11 jet, 7 multi-engine and 5 single-engine airplanes, and 1 helicopter. In 2021, there were 19 aircraft based at the field: 8 jet aircraft, 6 multi-engine and 4 single-engine airplanes, and 1 helicopter.

The airport has an FBO operated by AvFlight. Besides fuel, it offers general maintenance, oxygen, courtesy and rental cars, conference rooms, crew lounges, snooze rooms, and showers.

Former airline service

The 1980s and 1990s saw a lot of growth at MBS. During this time, airline service expanded and many airlines began serving MBS.
 * Air Canada (Operated by Air Ontario) served MBS with its only International destination, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
 * Allegiant Air began service to MBS in late 2011 with weekly MD-80 service to Orlando-Sanford though service was discontinued after less than a year. Allegiant Air began operating from Flint a few years later which is now an operating base for the airline.
 * American Eagle Airlines operated Shorts 360 turboprop aircraft to Chicago O'Hare, as well as Lansing, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Traverse City. American left MBS in the late 1980s.
 * Chicago Express Airlines, the now-defunct ATA Airlines carrier, served MBS in the early 1990s with daily service to Chicago Midway Airport using the Jetstream 31 turboprop aircraft.
 * Delta Connection carrier Comair briefly linked MBS with its hub in Cincinnati using Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia, a 30-seat turboprop in the mid-1990s. Comair left MBS and later started service in Flint in 2001. Delta Connection returned to MBS in 2010 after their merger with Northwest Airlines.
 * Continental Airlines provided mainline service in the 1980s to its hub in Cleveland using McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and Boeing 737 aircraft. Mainline service was downgraded to Continental Express service in the late 1980s using Beechcraft 1900 turboprop aircraft.  Service to Flint and Chicago Midway also existed in 1992.  The airline left MBS in the mid-1990s and returned in 2002. Service was dropped to Cleveland again in 2003.
 * Republic Airlines began service to MBS in the 1960s linking MBS with Detroit using the DC-9 aircraft. During this time, Republic Express provided turboprop service to Flint, Grand Rapids, and Traverse City. Republic merged with Northwest Airlines in the 1980s, which became a major player at MBS. In their 20+ years at MBS, Northwest served Detroit and Minneapolis/St. Paul with a fleet of McDonnell Douglas DC-9 series aircraft along with the Boeing 727 and Airbus A319 & A320. Northwest Airlink, Northwest's regional brand, linked MBS to Flint, Lansing and Alpena throughout the 1980s with turboprop aircraft and eventually supported mainline Northwest with CRJ service to Detroit and Minneapolis. In 2008, Northwest operated a once daily nonstop to New York's LaGuardia Airport in New York City using a CRJ-200 regional jet.  Northwest Airlines subsequently merged with Delta Air Lines in 2010. Delta Connection, Delta's regional brand, still serves MBS today with flights to Detroit.
 * Skyway Airlines (The Midwest Express Connection) served MBS in the 1990s with service to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, using the Beechcraft 1900 turboprop aircraft. Skyway also tried service to Toronto, Flint, and Grand Rapids in the late 1990s. The airline pulled out in the late 1990s.
 * United Airlines provided MBS with mainline service since commercial service was started. In the 1980s and 1990s, United linked MBS with Chicago using Boeing 737 and 727 aircraft. Service to Denver, Colorado, also existed in the 1980s. Mainline United left MBS in the 2001, and was replaced with United Express, which still serves MBS with service to Chicago's O'Hare International Airport using mostly 50-seat aircraft.
 * US Airways began service to MBS in 1996, operating Fokker 100 and Boeing 737 aircraft to its former hub in Pittsburgh. Mainline service ended soon after, and US Airways Express assumed the Pittsburgh flights using the Beech 1900 and Saab 340 aircraft.  US Airways suspended service to MBS just two days after entering Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in late 2002. At the time it was the only city for US Airways to drop. Eventually, US Airways also left Flint, Lansing, Kalamazoo, and Grand Rapids, leaving Detroit as the only Michigan destination served by US Airways.

Current operations
SkyWest Airlines runs ground services for United Express. United Express flies to Chicago O’Hare using mostly CRJ-200 aircraft. The CRJ-200 aircraft (flights operated by Air Wisconsin) features 4 Economy Plus seats and 46 Economy seats.

DAL Global Services operates ground handling duties for Delta Connection at MBS, which features both CRJ7 and CRJ9 aircraft. CRJ7 aircraft have 9 First Class, 16 Delta Comfort+, and 44 Main Cabin seats. CRJ9 aircraft have 12 First Class, 20 Delta Comfort+, and 38 Main Cabin seats. Flights are operated by Endeavor Air and occasionally SkyWest.

Accidents and incidents

 * On April 6, 1958, Vickers Viscount N7437, operating Capital Airlines Flight 67, stalled and crashed on approach. All 47 on board were killed. The cause was attributed to ice accretion on the horizontal stabilizer.
 * On August 16, 1987, a Northwest Airlines MD-80, Northwest Airlines Flight 255, originated at MBS. After departing MBS, the flight dropped off and picked up passengers at Detroit Metropolitan Airport before crashing on takeoff en route to Phoenix, Arizona, killing 148 passengers and six crew members. There was only one survivor.
 * On May 30, 2016, a Cessna 170 was substantially damaged on landing at MBS International. The pilot reported that after a long straight-in final approach, as he reduced power for the landing flare, the airplane dropped "flat" and bounced hard on the runway. The pilot further reported that he added power to cushion the touchdown after the bounce, but the right main landing gear had collapsed after the initial impact. Subsequently, the airplane veered off the runway to the left and nosed over. The probable cause was found to be the pilot's exceedance of the critical angle of attack during the landing flare, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall, hard landing, right main landing gear collapse, runway excursion, and nose over.
 * On September 8, 2023, emergency crews first learned of issues on a twin engine Cessna 310 around 1 p.m. The airplane could not return to MBS, where it took off, for an unknown reason. The plane flew toward Harry Browne Airport in Saginaw and then to the Tuscola Area Airport in Caro airport, before making an emergency landing at Flint's Bishop International Airport.
 * On September 21, 2023, a single-engine propeller aircraft was having issues with its landing gear. Upon landing on the runway, the landing gear collapsed. There were three passengers on board the plane, but no injuries were reported and the aircraft was announced to be stable.
 * On April 20, 2024, a Cirrus SR22T single-engine propeller aircraft was in route from Bellaire to Pontiac when the pilot reported that they were experiencing mechanical issues. The flight diverted to MBS International Airport, where emergency crews responded and reported that the aircraft had landed safe.

Transportation
Rental car services are provided by Hertz Rent A Car, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Avis Car Rental, National Car Rental, and Budget Rent a Car. Various taxi and limousine services are available to passengers as well.

Expansion
In July 2019, the FAA announced that MBS airport would receive $4.65 million for taxiway construction. This included $1.3 million in entitlement funding and $3.3 million in discretionary funding. The project added a second connection in and out of the terminal ramp, and was projected to improve efficiency.

In July 2023, the MBS Airport Commission announced that Jacksonville-based RS&H would serve as construction administrator for a major runway rehabilitation project. The Runway 14/32 project was expected to take just three months to complete, at a price point of $530,000.

title: MBS International Airport


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Sawfish (window manager)

Sawfish is a window manager for the X Window System. It aims to manage windows in the most flexible and attractive manner possible. It is able to match a window by multiple criteria such as application, size or role, and based on this, can change the window's position, appearance, or behavior. This allows for highly customized window handling such as web browser windows opening full-screen without borders on a secondary monitor, a default terminal emulator window displaying full-screen at the desktop level, and all dialog box windows under a certain size opening on the lower right corner of the main monitor while larger ones are centered.

Sawfish uses a Lisp-like scripting language, rep, for all of its code and configuration, making it particularly easy to customize, or program many kinds of behavior, responding to window creation, deletion, or any other changes. There is a GUI configuration utility for users who do not wish to edit configuration files directly.

History
Sawfish was first called Sawmill. The name was changed because another software program had the same name. It was the standard window manager of the GNOME desktop environment until it was replaced by Metacity in Gnome 2.2.

The development had stopped, but the community restarted it in 2007.

title: Sawfish (window manager)


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Rockapella

Rockapella is an American a cappella musical group formed in 1986 in New York City. The group's name is a portmanteau of "rock" and "a cappella". Rockapella sings original vocal music and a cappella versions of other songs. Over time, their sound has evolved from high-energy pop and world music style toward a sound more influenced by R&B. Rockapella found their enduring success in Japan early in their career. They are most successful for their role as a house band and comedy troupe on the PBS children's geography game show Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?.

In addition to three compilation albums in Japan, Rockapella has released 19 albums in the US and Japan. Since the band's vocal percussionist was hired, the line "All sounds provided by the voices and appendages of Rockapella" has been printed on each of their CDs.

Early years (1986–1990)
The founding members of Rockapella consisted of Brown University alumni Sean Altman, Elliott Kerman, Steve Keyes, and David Stix. They had each been in an a cappella group at Brown called High Jinks, but not all at the same time. Having been in High Jinks the longest, Altman was the only connection between the other three members; when they found each other in New York City following their graduation, they decided to form Rockapella. The band began performing on New York City street corners in 1986 with a hat at their feet and a song repertoire that consisted of a mix of barbershop arrangements and a cappella renditions of classic doo wop pieces that evolved to focus less on oldies and barbershop and more on contemporary rock music. Passers-by began to drop business cards into the hat, and these street corner performances led to private party and club performances around NYC.

Stix left the group in 1987 to pursue his artistic career and was replaced by Charlie Evett. That same year, a dinner party performance for television personality Kathie Lee Gifford led to Rockapella's 1988 appearance on the WABC-TV show The Morning Show, Regis Philbin and Gifford's NYC morning talk show before it went national. Their performance of Altman's signature arrangement of the calypso novelty standard "Zombie Jamboree" caught the eye of producer Gerard Brown. He invited Rockapella to perform on the PBS "Great Performances" TV special Spike Lee & Company – Do It A Cappella, which would put them into the national spotlight. However, Evett left the group to continue a career in software design in 1988 before the special's taping, and Barry Carl was hired to take his place.

Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991–1996)
With a PBS special and numerous morning talk show appearances under their collective belt, Rockapella was noticed by the producers of an up-and-coming children's geography game show Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?. Shortly before the show's premiere, Keyes had decided to leave Rockapella to launch his legal career, but was still part of the band when they auditioned and were hired to write and perform the show's theme song as well as appearing as the comic relief house band. Keyes was replaced by Scott Leonard, who had just returned from a career as the lead singer in a Tokyo Disneyland electronic rock band. Between Leonard joining the band and the start of their television break, Rockapella began to pick up fame, starring in a Whoopi Goldberg HBO comedy special Chez Whoopi, a Taco Bell commercial, and opened for acts such as Chuck Berry, Styx, Billy Joel, and their a cappella idols The Persuasions, who the group had met on the Do It A Cappella special. They also performed on Jay Leno's first New Year's Eve episode of The Tonight Show in 1992.

Rockapella first appeared on the half-hour game show in 1991 and later continued to appear daily for five seasons, catapulting the band's four members into mid-level television celebrity status and making the Rockapella-performed theme song (which was penned by Altman and his childhood friend, David Yazbek) as one of the best known television themes in history. Jeff Thacher joined Rockapella as the band's permanent vocal percussionist in 1993, although he only appeared on Carmen Sandiego during its fifth and final season two years later. While Rockapella was seen daily in homes across America, Leonard used his connections to the Japanese music market to acquire a recording contract with ForLife Records. The group released seven albums of original and cover material under this label in Japan during their run on Carmen Sandiego and for two years after that, being the first to bring contemporary a cappella music to Japan.

Post-Carmen Sandiego years (1997–present)
Following the end of Carmen Sandiego in 1996, Altman left Rockapella to pursue his solo career the following year, and was replaced by Kevin Wright. They did two Folger's coffee commercials between 1998 and 2001 and a PBS special of their December 9, 2000, concert. In 2002, Carl was replaced by George Baldi III. In 2003, the group started their now annual "A Rockapella Holiday" tour, and in 2004, they released a live album, as well as re-released all of their previous North American albums on the independent label Shakariki Records. That same year, Kerman, the group's baritone and the last remaining founding member of the group, left and was replaced by John K. Brown, a second tenor. Rockapella began joining the Boston Pops on stage in the eastern US in 2006, creating a concert experience that shows both the orchestra's and Rockapella's talents separately and together in a manner never done before: a cappella with instrumentation. In August 2009, Wright announced he would be leaving the group at the end of the year to spend more time with his family; his last performance with the band was on December 22 of that same year, and was replaced by Steven Dorian.

The project to make "Bang", the title track off their newest album, the first track in Rock Band to feature full, four-instrument gameplay based on no live or synthesized instruments began in the summer of 2010, and was released for purchase on January 30, 2011 through the RBN. At the beginning of 2011, the band's cover of "It's A Small World" from their album Comfort & Joy, was featured in a TV commercial for the animated film Gnomeo and Juliet. On November 16, 2011, Rockapella released a new holiday album, A Rockapella Holiday.

In 2022, Jose Rosario left the group and was replaced by Manny Houston. Bryant Vance left the group at that time as well, allowing George Baldi III to return. By mid-2023, Baldi left the group once again and was replaced by Armand Hutton.

Personnel

 * Current members
 * Scott Leonard - High Tenor (1991–present)
 * Jeff Thacher - Vocal Percussion (1993–present)
 * Calvin Jones - Tenor (2013–present)
 * Armand Hutton - Bass (2023–present)
 * Manny Houston - Tenor (2022–present)

 * Supporting musicians
 * John K. Brown – Tenor (2014–present; substitute for Calvin Jones & Mitchell Rains)
 * Ryan Chappelle - Bass (2016–present)
 * Steven Dorian - Tenor (2016–present)
 * Christopher Rossi – Tenor (2013–15); substitute for Steven Dorian, now Mitchell Rains)
 * George Baldi III - Bass (2002-2014, 2022-2023; substitute for Armand Hutton)

 * Former members
 * Sean Altman - Tenor (1986-1997; founding member)
 * Elliott Kerman - Baritone (1986-2004; founding member)
 * Steve Keyes - High Tenor (1986-1991; founding member)
 * David Stix - Bass (1986-1987; founding member)
 * Charlie Evett - Bass (1987-1988)
 * Barry Carl - Bass (1988-2002)
 * Kevin Wright - Tenor (1997-2009)
 * John K. Brown - Tenor (2004-2013)
 * Bryant Vance - Bass (2016-2022)
 * Ryan Chappelle - Bass (2014–2016)
 * Steven Dorian - Tenor (2009–2016)
 * Mitchell Rains - Tenor (2016-2019)
 * Jose Rosario - Tenor (2019–2022)
 * George Baldi III - Bass (2002-2014, 2022-2023)

 * Former supporting musicians
 * Kenny X – Vocal percussion (1992; touring)
 * David Yazbek – Vocal percussion (1992; session)
 * Nathan Herron – Tenor (2014–???; substitute for Steven Dorian)
 * Rolin E. Alexis – Bass (2014–???; substitute for George Baldi III and Ryan Chappelle)

US albums
All albums from Don't Tell Me You Do through Comfort & Joy were re-released in the US by Shakariki Records in 2004.

Songs used in commercials

 * Gnomeo and Juliet - feature film trailer
 * Folgers coffee
 * NBC The Today Show promos for the earliest version of the program's "Where in the World is Matt Lauer?" segment. The song was re-recorded later in different styles by other musicians.
 * Mounds/Almond Joy
 * Doritos
 * Mazola
 * Kent Super Lights - Japan-only
 * Showtime - (Became "We Got A Happy Holiday" song from Japan-only album "Bash")
 * HBO
 * Taco Bell
 * Bacardi
 * Budweiser
 * AFLAC insurance
 * ProScan televisions
 * Arby's
 * Ozone Ford - Long Island, NY dealership (now defunct)
 * Tools To Help You Choose (an infomercial about the TV Ratings System) feat. Bob Keeshan (aka Captain Kangaroo)
 * BuiltBar Health Bars
 * The Big Con, a 2021 video game

Filmography

 * WPIX's 40th Anniversary (1988, guest appearance)
 * Comic Strip Live (1989, guest appearance)
 * Spike Lee & Co. Do It A Capella (1990, guest appearance)
 * Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991-1995, house band and comedy troupe)
 * Chez Whoopi (1991, guest appearance)
 * Zappa's Universe (1991, guest appearance)
 * The Tonight Show (1992, guest appearance)
 * The Biggest Little Ticket (1993, guest appearance)
 * The 1996 Orange Bowl Parade
 * Joe's Apartment (1996, were the voices of The Roach Chorus)
 * Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1997, were the voices of The Five Little Piggies in the special, "Mother Goose: A Rapping and Rhyming Special")
 * Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular (1998, guest appearance)
 * Where in the Universe Is Carmen Sandiego? (1999)
 * The 1999 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade
 * So You Think You Can Dance Canada (2011, guest appearance)

title: Rockapella


text:
User:Wesley Ellis

TIME IS AN ABSTRACT CONCEPT APPLIED ARBITRARILY.

When I was a young school boy I was introduced to the confusion of time with the birthday of our first President of these United States. Old style was 11 February 1731. The New style and current rekoning is 22 February 1732. As a six year old boy that Fall of 1957 this was indeed a confusing time.

I knew that the world existed before I was born but was unsure of its rekoning. the "Big Bang" that started our Universe was I am told some fourteen billion years ago. Leap years included I suspect.

It was several years later in my scholastic endeavors that I learned to understand history. And herstory. Our story too. We as a nation are just teenagers in the realm of things.

And just whose New Year is the correct rekoning? Just a few here for "show and tell"; This is now 2002, or is it really the Hebrew Rosh hashanah 5962? Or TET 4700, the Year of the Horse? Maybe the year 2626 in Buddha(nese)? In November the Islam Ramadan for year or Hegira 1381 begins.

It was in 1752 that time was changed here. One night you would go to bed on the second of October and wake up the next day on the thirteenth and only have sleep eight to ten hours! 1752 would be the last year that would begin on the Vernal equinox in March. 1752 would be the first to end on December 31 and 1753 would be the first to begin on January 1.

Why? Our seasons were getting out of synchronization with the SUN. And so the Gregorian of 1582 was to replace the faulty Julian calendar used since the times of the Bible and Jesus.

Adjustments so we could live a better life. And the concept of Standard Time and DayLight Savings Time was introduced by Benj. Franklin to conserve the young nations supply of coal oil (energy).

Today we accept this for the sake and safety of school children and so the first Sunday of April we leap ahead one hour and then on the last Sunday in October we fall back one hour. It is the Law. Except for those whom are out of synchronization.

In 1883 the railroads introduced Time Zones to keep their trains on schedule. the world accepted these twenty-four hour increments as a practical solution to every fifteen degrees of longtitude.

All the major religions say these are the "end times" but I do not know. So will wait and see. Will I get to see the day Friday 21 December 2012 when the calendar of TONATIUH ends? My computer has WordPerfect which has a calendar that goes to April 19, 65493. Microsoft uses a calendar that begins January 1, 1980 and goes to December 31, 2099 unless you are using EXCEL spreadsheet which only goes to December 31, 2078. And Lotus 1-2-3 uses a calendar that reckons from Midnite on Sunday 31 December 1899 to 2099. Quattro Pro starts from Saturday 1 March 1800 through to Thursday 31 December 2099. Macintosh "Apple" uses a reckoning of January 2, 1904 to December 31, 2099. And I had a DOS program that uses a time reference of Saturday 1 January 1583 to Friday 31 December 9999.

In Washington, District of Columbia is a atomic clock that uses the element number fifty-five CESIUM that has a vibration rate of sixty million times a second. Global Position Satellites use it for reference. Accuracy has become very important.

And by the way do you know what time it is? Here in PDX at midnite it is 10PM in Honolulu. Standard time. No Day Light Savings in Hawaii needed, thankyou. And in Welington New Zealand it is only 8PM. But it is the next day there or twenty hours ahead of our clock in PDX. Oh well.

Semper Fidelis, Wesley Ellis Portland Oregon July 2003

title: User:Wesley Ellis


text:
Talk:Commonwealth

Dictionary external link
Why is there a dictionary link? I haven never seen any other article with such an external link. --Menchi 02:13 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Nobody commented for months, so I removed the following:

 * LIST OF DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS OF COMMONWEALTH

 * --Menchi 01:28, 24 Sep 2003 (UTC)

-

Puerto Rico and Northern Marianas
For description of Puerto Rico and Northern Marianas go to CIA factbook :https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2006.html -- 23 sep georg

Corrections
It seems that everybody has a warped view of what a republic is. I have corrected it and those external links show that even these people don't have a clue to what they are talking about. That is why good and correct definitions are needed. I refer all to the Classical definition of republic and get some true knowledge.WHEELER 18:31, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Mr. 172 You want to do Battle? I reverted your edits.WHEELER 15:10, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * And I've reverted them again. We could avoid battle if you simply bought a dictionary and looked up the word "democracy", but whatever.

 * Encouraging reverting wars, whether jokingly or not, is decidedly un-encyclopædic and against Wikipedia policies. And WHEELER, you should not assume that your edits will be accepted by all, or that your understanding is the sole authority.--Cyberjunkie 08:16, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

just amazing!
"When Britain and France nearly married": BBC. and all after the english treachery against the french during the Suez Canal building... god saves the providence and dieu et mon droit. a section would worth it. Cliché Online 13:23, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

disambiguation
perhaps a disambig page should be created with "commonwealth" so people don't have to trawl through the article to find which Commonwealth they want. Thedreamdied 13:31, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Reine de l'Australie
Elizabeth II became the first monarch to be titled "Queen of Australia" when she ascended to the throne, it was in the 1970s that "Queen of the United Kingdom" and "Defender of the Faith" were removed from her full Australian title. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.28.240.20 (talk • contribs).
 * Actually, no, she was not known properly as the "Queen of Australia" until legislation enacted by the Commenwealth Parliament created the title in 1973.--cj | talk 11:10, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Panama example removed
I've removed the example on Chiriquí Province, which appears to just reflect one person's personal dissatisfaction with the Panamanian national government.--Pharos 00:34, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Calque?
Is commonwealth a calque on republic? I don't think so. Calque says "a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation". Commonwealth, or commonweal, is clearly not a literal translation of "public affairs". If anyone says its a calque, can we see a reference, please? William M. Connolley (talk) 21:08, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

it is nice that you posed a question at last publicly. please do not change article until you find answer not just your impressions. --77.115.17.5 (talk) 22:07, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

hey buddy, you did not check it. what you mean by "refer"? --77.113.28.117 (talk) 22:59, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You're discourseur. You've been indef blocked for sokpuppetry, and it doesn't look like you've learnt anything William M. Connolley (talk) 23:30, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Commonwealth of Australia
I refer to this passage about Australia's government system- "It is largely based on the British Westminster System, adopting many of its practices and precedents, but with a similar structure — House of Representatives, and Senate — to the U.S. Congress." I think the latter part somewhat over-states American influence on Australia's government system. Beyond the labels for the (all-elected) upper and lower houses, Australia's parliament functions in pretty much the same way as Britain's and probably Canada's. The founding fathers of Australia's constitution thought it a bit silly to have a house of Lords when Australia has none, and a house of Commons when all are commoners (Not sure why Canada does, tho'). If Australia has some similarities with America in its government structure, it is primarily due to both countries sharing the same cultural origin (despite 1776 etc.). DanBrodman (talk) 11:44, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

 * While Australia definitely uses the Westminster style of government in not having a separate executive and legislature, there are more similarities to the US than just the names of the legislatures. From Australian Senate:
 * "From a comparative governmental perspective, the Australian Senate exhibits distinctive characteristics. Unlike upper houses in other Westminster system governments, the Senate is not a vestigial body with limited legislative power. Rather it was intended to play, and does play, an active role in legislation. Rather than being modelled after the House of Lords, as the Canadian Senate was, the Australian Senate was in part modelled after the United States Senate, by giving equal representation to each state. The Constitution intended to give less populous states added voice in a Federal legislature, while also providing for the revising role of an upper house in the Westminster system."
 * There are other areas of Australia's COnstitution that are modeled after that of the US, such as a similar federal-state relationship, which is somewhat different than that of Canada. So no, it's more than just a shared cultural history: The Australians had 110 years of the US system's existance to draw on and adapt to suit its own needs, and indeed did. - BilCat (talk) 14:39, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Also, see House of Commons for why "Commons" is not a reference to "commoners". - BilCat (talk) 04:35, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Dan Brodman gets shut down -I am inclined to agree with Bill. ```LikeAmoFo —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.161.71.12 (talk) 00:55, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Oldest Mention
Does somebody know the oldest mention of common weal? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.12.30.190 (talk) 00:10, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Venetian Commonweath
Sometimes historians mention use the term Venetian Commonwealth for the Adriatic lands under the rule of the Republic of Venice.--Deguef (talk) 12:20, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Commonwealth. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150715000750/http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/helen_irving%2C9939.html to http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/helen_irving%2C9939.html
 * Added tag to http://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml%3A
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/mariana to http://www.gov.mp/

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Meaning and eytmology
The writing:
 * "Commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good."

..has the problem of claiming the term belongs to something called "traditional English." Wikipedia uses the Common English language, not traditional English language. Perhaps the writer confuses language with culture. The term "commonwealth" is something largely co-oped by the British, and the term itself conforms to its kind of terminology. For example, calling a monarchy state a "commonwealth" has the problem of emphasizing wealth and not liberty or something philosophical. So its British jargon. Continuing:
 * "Historically it has sometimes been synonymous with "republic"."

The proper thing to do here is to reference the dictionaries directly, and start from there. In its current use, where the "commonwealth" is a monarchy, there is a complete difference from the idea of a republic.-Inowen (talk) 07:03, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

 * I disagree with your interpretation of the first sentence. It does not identify "commonwealth" as a term belonging to a "traditional English" language; it identifies it as a traditional term belonging to the English language. You rightly say that Wikipedia does not use "traditional English", but neither does it use "Common English" as you claim—there is no language or dialect that I have ever heard of that goes by either name, and Wikipedia just uses plain English of various dialects. Also your opinion that the term "commonwealth" is co-opted by the British seems baseless, and appears to partly rely on a misunderstanding of "wealth" as having its usual modern meaning ("material riches"), not the sense "weal, well-being" that is intended (as the article already states).

 * I agree that the claims in the lead need better referencing, although it is not always necessary for the lead itself to carry these references if it merely summarises well-sourced information from later in the article (MOS:LEADCITE). -- Perey (talk) 17:20, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 12 January 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move as I imagine no one will be surprised to see. Red  Slash  02:07, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

– The term "Commonwealth" has no primary topic, the nearest claimant being Commonwealth of Nations. Readers would be best served by moving the disambiguation page to the base name. Certes (talk) 00:41, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Commonwealth → Commonwealth (term)
 * Commonwealth (disambiguation) → Commonwealth

 * Pageviews: |Commonwealth|Commonwealth_of_Independent_States|Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines|Commonwealth_of_England|Commonwealth_(disambiguation)|Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)|Commonwealth_(U.S._state). Incoming links from main namespace: Commonwealth of Nations 9306, Commonwealth of Independent States 4145, Commonwealth (U.S. state) 1771, Commonwealth (U.S. insular area) 1659, Commonwealth of England 1248, Commonwealth of the Philippines 1137, Commonwealth 184. Commonwealth did have 750 incoming links until recently but three quarters needed correction and most referred to the Commonwealth.  Google search results are mainly for the Commonwealth of Nations; other providers are more balanced but do not suggest that commonwealth as a concept is a primary topic. Certes (talk) 00:41, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I should spell out the argument more clearly. Page views show that the general concept of commonwealth fails two criteria of WP:PRIMARYTOPIC: it is neither much more likely than any other single topic nor more likely than all the other topics combined to be the topic sought.  (I see no clear evidence either way as to whether it has substantially greater enduring notability and educational value).  Per WP:QUALIFIER: If the article is not about the primary topic for the ambiguous name, the title must be disambiguated.  Per WP:DABNAME: The title of a disambiguation page is the ambiguous term itself, provided there is no primary topic for that term. Certes (talk) 10:32, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose The main article seems like a WP:BROADCONCEPT to me. Is there any reason that isn't sufficient? No argument has been made.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 01:04, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Zcxvbnm. Deus et lex (talk) 06:07, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. Based on what Certes said about bad incoming links, which unquestionably degrade the encyclopedia. Until he thought to check, there were 750 incoming links, and three-quarters of them were wrong. That is beyond ridiculous.
 * The |Commonwealth_of_Nations pageview analysis for 2020 clearly shows that the broad topic is not WP:PTOPIC by any criterion - Commonwealth of Nations got 8.5 times as many views as Commonwealth. Narky Blert (talk) 20:16, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * WP:SOFIXIT then. WP:SURMOUNTABLE applies to this argument.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 16:57, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I have "fixed it" by editing over 500 articles with incorrect wikilinks this week. However, more will appear, and sitting at my computer 24/7 watching for them  is not the optimal solution.  This RM aims to address the root cause of the problem.  Certes (talk) 17:08, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 * SOFIXIT? Those were the bad links which had been added since Certes' last check in 2018. Are you willing to monitor this page to fix the bad bluelinks to it created at the rate of 1 every 2 days? Narky Blert (talk) 19:24, 14 January 2021 (UTC)
 * They may be incorrect links, but seem harmless. Pointing to the definition of a Commonwealth is not what I'd call something to be concerned about - at worst, someone expects a link to a specific Commonwealth and just gets the general definition. It's definitely not on the level of meaning one person but pointing to another, for example.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 03:12, 20 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the improvement is minor: a reader who clicks on Canada is a Commonwealth country learns that Canada is in some commonwealth or other and doesn't have to dig too deeply to work out that Commonwealth of Nations was intended. However, the main point is not the bad links but what our readers seek when they type in "Commonwealth".  The evidence suggests that it is not usually the general concept of commonwealth described in this article. Certes (talk) 12:57, 20 January 2021 (UTC)
 * "Incorrect" is a synonym of "wrong". Narky Blert (talk) 19:18, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Support – term as primarytopic is seldom sensible. Not a dictionary. Dicklyon (talk) 03:50, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment - is there a better word than "term" for the other uses of "Commonwealth"? That would at least set aside some of my concerns about this proposal. Deus et lex (talk) 23:06, 14 January 2021 (UTC)
 * A good question. Alternatives include (concept), (government) and (community), but we should pick one which could not describe the Commonwealth of Nations or other alternative meanings. Certes (talk) 00:29, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * "Community", or "government" (in that order) sound like the most accurate ones. If the consensus is to move the page then I'd be comfortable moving to either of these. Deus et lex (talk) 01:55, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I prefer "community". The term "anarchist commonwealth" exists 1 2, and anarchism is the antithesis of government. Narky Blert (talk) 06:33, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Support this is not the primary topic for Wikipedia. Incorrect incoming links do harm the encyclopedia, so it's better to disambiguate. (t · c)  buidhe  18:36, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I think it's better to leave the primary as the broad concept article. Rreagan007 (talk) 20:24, 19 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:BROADCONCEPT. Rather than having disambiguation pages at these titles linking to existing articles on these entities by nation, each should contain an article describing in general terms what the concept is, and how the different examples of this concept relate to each other. WP:DAB's section on broad concept articles comes before the section on primary topics for a good reason; broad concept articles do a much better job of helping readers find more about the topic than disambiguation pages. None of the supporters have argued for why a broad concept article is inappropriate in this case, and that's because there is no argument to be made. Iffy★Chat -- 16:12, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Australia
Following on from the discussion above, many of the remaining links to refer to the Commonwealth of Australia. A typical phrase is The Australian Federal Police enforce the laws of the Commonwealth. Is this page the best destination for that link? If not, where should it lead, and through what redirect if appropriate? (I'll inform WikiProject Australia.) Certes (talk) 10:16, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * The "Commonwealth" (abbreviated "Cth") is a shorthand reference to the Australian Government (which is officially the "Commonwealth of Australia"), perhaps that is the best place to redirect these links? Deus et lex (talk) 22:57, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Depends on context, I guess? How many such remaining links are there? Gryllida (talk) 02:45, 17 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Most but not all of these. That's about a quarter of the remaining links to Commonwealth.  I may have missed a few phrases like Queenslanders obey state and Commonwealth laws (fictional example).  Certes (talk) 12:19, 17 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi . As a "new" Australian (of several decades), I don't think of "the Commonwealth" as the government, and its usage in Australian articles baffled me at first. It is also a tad confusing that "Commonwealth of Australia" links to Australia, but Commonwealth Government links to Australian Government. It's quite possible that I have linked to the wrong one in the past, but think I usually link to Australian Government these days. Hopefully someone with more experience in government or law can provide some guidance here. Or do we need to DAB the Commonwealth article? Laterthanyouthink (talk) 06:31, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you; I hadn't noticed . That's also, but Australia seems to be its primary topic.  The RM above discusses the case for and against making the Commonwealth article a dab. Certes (talk) 11:32, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

 * , see also the mention by above. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 13:23, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I think "community" is the right sense of meaning for "The Commonwealth" (of Australia). The Commonwealth Government is the government of the Commonwealth, not a synonym for it. The Commonwealth transcends the state (former colony) interests - a member of the Australian Public Service is a Commonwealth public servant rather than in a state's public service nor a servant purely of the government. I suspect the word comes from the time when the new states still thought of themselves as six essentially independent countries, and federation was breaking down the trade barriers. I suspect that most of these uses should go through the Commonwealth of Australia redirect to the Nation, rather than to Commonwealth Government. --Scott Davis Talk 13:17, 27 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. On that basis there may be nothing to do, but I think the question was worth asking.  It becomes less urgent now that "Commonwealth" isn't to be a dab. Certes (talk) 13:57, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

Thank you, ! I can't believe that I didn't know this - probably because I'd never got around to looking it up, although it had always confused me (and I still think of the old British Commonwealth as its primary use). I will keep this in mind in the future. When I have time (having got myself way behind through getting bogged down in ships recently!), I'll have a look at those links. I would think that the AFP example mentioned above though, should be enforcing the laws of the Australian Government? And a quick glance at the list suggests that most of the Australian ones are incorrectly linked to this article. I'm thinking maybe making it a DAB would help to solve this problem, ? Laterthanyouthink (talk) 07:34, 28 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I proposed a dab in the previous section but no consensus was found. Certes (talk) 12:12, 28 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Oh yes, sorry - I came to it too late, was too focussed on other things, and came straight to this section, . I would have supported it, in light of recent discussion and findings... Any chance of reopening the discussion? I'll try to go back and help fix the incorrect links sometime soon. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 12:22, 28 January 2021 (UTC)
 * It's not normal to reopen such discussions unless new evidence has come to light or the close was improper, neither of which applies here. I think we now have to live with the burden of checking regularly for new bad links and  them as they arrive.  Certes (talk) 14:48, 28 January 2021 (UTC)
 * FYI, I have just worked through the remaining incorrect incoming links - at least 25 to either Australia or Australian Government, and I think 4 or 5 to the Commonwealth of Nations (or British Commonwealth, in the case an historical mention). I also added Australian Government to the Cth disambiguation page. That leaves 17 incoming links - less than half when I started, and presumably a fraction of what it was before (and way fewer than there are links to the Commonwealth Government redirect). I really think this supports the case for having a DAB page, so I'm going to tag a few people from the above discussion. Why leave something here that's going to require continuous cleaning up, unnecessarily? , , , , , , - I realise that it's not normal to reopen, but I think this reduced number of pertinent links does suggest new information, and seeing that it's the Australian editors who are most affected, perhaps their opinions should hold a bit more weight? Laterthanyouthink (talk) 07:25, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I would also have liked to see the dab at the base name. As well as the links you mention, I fixed about 500 to Commonwealth of Nations, which was the meaning of 75% of Commonwealth's incoming links and has 48% of the pageviews (compared with 5% for the topic currently at the base name).  However, my proposal was out!voted and I'm not optimistic about it being revived.  For the few RMs which continue beyond a close, the next stage is normally a move review to discuss and evaluate a contested close.  However, I don't see any issues with the closing statement.  Although I still find the arguments to move slightly stronger than those against, Oppose won 4:3 numerically, which can fairly be summarised as "no consensus".  Certes (talk) 12:21, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * p.s. What about "Commonwealth (concept)" as the name of this article? Laterthanyouthink (talk) 07:47, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * (concept) was one of the qualifiers I suggested above, but I agree with others that (community) would be better. Certes (talk) 12:21, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

 * When people search or link "Commonwealth", it's more likely that they're looking for a specific commonwealth than the term "commonwealth". Therefore, dab is the correct option to get readers what they are looking for. (t · c)  buidhe  07:27, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * When editors create bad links to PTOPICs, the encyclopedia is damaged. There is too much emphasis on saving readers one click at the expense of linking to the wrong article. There is a whole WikiProject (WP:BPAT) dedicated to finding and fixing such links. The fixing part is easy, the finding part is not. Narky Blert (talk) 07:38, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks,, and . Having discussed on the closer's talk page, I will be coming back to this again in the future. I think the article could do with some improvement first, as the current uses of the term are far removed from its origins and I think an argument could be made for its ambiguity as well as applying wp:commonsense here... Laterthanyouthink (talk) 02:28, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commonwealth


text:
Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

The Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC) is an intercollegiate athletic conference that competes in the NCAA's Division III. In women's gymnastics, it competes alongside Division I and II members, as the NCAA sponsors a single championship event open to members of all NCAA divisions. As the name implies, member teams are located in the state of Wisconsin, although there are three associate members from Minnesota and one from Illinois. All full members are part of the University of Wisconsin System.

History
In 1913, representatives from Wisconsin's eight normal schools—Superior Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Superior), River Falls State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin-River Falls), Stevens Point Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point), La Crosse State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse), Oshkosh State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh), Whitewater Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater), Milwaukee State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee) and Platteville Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Platteville)—met in Madison to organize the Inter-Normal Athletic Conference of Wisconsin. The Stout Institute (now the University of Wisconsin–Stout) joined in 1914, followed by Eau Claire State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire) in 1917.

The conference evolved with the growing educational mission of its member schools. It changed its name to the Wisconsin State Teachers College Conference in 1926, and the Wisconsin State College Conference in 1951. Finally, in 1964, it became the Wisconsin State University Conference.

In 1971, the member schools of the WSUC joined with the University of Wisconsin–Madison, University of Wisconsin–Parkside and Carthage College to form the Wisconsin Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. By 1975, UW–Milwaukee, Carroll College, the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay and Marquette University had also joined. With the dissolution of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women in 1982, the member schools joined their male counterparts in either the NCAA or NAIA. By 1993, the non-NCAA Division III members had all dropped out, resulting in the WWIAC having the same membership as the WSUC. Under the circumstances, a merger was inevitable. In 1996, Gary Karner was named commissioner of both the WSUC and the WWIAC. The two conferences formally merged in 1997 to form the current WIAC.

Effective with the 2001–02 academic year, Lawrence University joined the conference in the sport of wrestling. Three Minnesota schools, Gustavus Adolphus College, Hamline University and Winona State University, became members of the conference in the sport of women's gymnastics during the 2004–05 academic year. In 2009–10, the conference added men’s soccer as a sponsored sport with the announcement of Michigan school Finlandia University as an affiliate member. Lawrence discontinued its affiliation with the WIAC in wrestling.

The conference remained unusually stable over the years; the only changes in full membership being the departures of UW–Milwaukee in 1964 and UW–Superior in 2015.

Centennial celebration
The ninth-oldest conference in the nation, the WIAC celebrated its centennial year during the 2012–13 academic year. Additionally, the WIAC is the most successful NCAA Division III conference in history, boasting NCAA National Championships in 15 different sports. At the beginning of the 2011–12 academic year, the conference had claimed a nation-leading 92 NCAA National Championships.

To celebrate its centennial, the conference named All-Time Teams in each sport that is currently or was previously recognized as a "championship" sport within the conference. Furthermore, the WIAC commissioned a commemorative work of art, created by Tim Cortes, and has also created a two-year calendar in celebration of its centennial.

The celebration was headlined by its Centennial Banquet held on August 4, 2012, at the Alliant Energy Center in Madison, Wisconsin. Among the honorees at the event were the All-Time Team members and the inaugural class to the WIAC Hall of Fame.

Chronological timeline

 * 1913 – The WIAC was founded as the Inter-Normal Athletic Conference of Wisconsin (INACW). Charter members included La Crosse State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse), Milwaukee State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee), Oshkosh State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh), Platteville Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Platteville), River Falls State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–River Falls), Stevens Point Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point), Superior Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Superior) Whitewater Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater), effective beginning the 1913–14 academic year.
 * 1914 – Stout Institute (now the University of Wisconsin–Stout) joined the INACW, effective in the 1914–15 academic year.
 * 1917 – Eau Claire State Normal School (now the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire) joined the INACW, effective in the 1917–18 academic year.
 * 1926 – The INACW has been rebranded as the Wisconsin State Teachers College Conference, effective in the 1926–27 academic year.
 * 1951 – The WSTCC has been rebranded as the Wisconsin State College Conference, effective in the 1951–52 academic year.
 * 1964 – Wisconsin–Milwaukee left the WSTCC, effective after the 1963–64 academic year.
 * 1964 – The WSCC has been rebranded as the Wisconsin State University Conference, effective in the 1964–65 academic year.
 * 1997 – The WSUC was merged with the Wisconsin Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WWIAC, a women's athletic conference) and was rebranded as the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC), effective in the 1997–98 academic year.
 * 2001 – Lawrence University joined the WIAC as an affiliate member for wrestling, effective in the 2001–02 academic year.
 * 2004 – Gustavus Adolphus College, Hamline University and Winona State University joined the WIAC as associate members for gymnastics, effective in the 2004–05 academic year.
 * 2009 – Lawrence left the WIAC as an affiliate member for wrestling, effective after the 2008–09 academic year.
 * 2009 – Finlandia University joined the WIAC as an affiliate member for men's soccer, effective the 2009 fall season (2009–10 academic year).
 * 2015 – Wisconsin–Superior left the WIAC to join the Upper Midwest Athletic Conference (UMAC), effective after the 2014–15 academic year; while remaining in the conference as an affiliate member for men's & women's ice hockey, effective beginning the 2015–16 academic year.
 * 2016 – Finlandia left the WIAC as an affiliate member for men's soccer, effective after the 2015 fall season (2015–16 academic year).
 * 2017 – Illinois Institute of Technology (Illinois Tech or IIT) joined the WIAC as an affiliate member for baseball, effective in the 2018 spring season (2017–18 academic year).
 * 2018 – Illinois Tech (IIT) left the WIAC as an affiliate member for baseball, effective after the 2018 spring season (2017–18 academic year).
 * 2018 – Finlandia re–joined back to the WIAC as an affiliate member (this time for baseball), effective in the 2019 spring season (2018–19 academic year).
 * 2019 – Northland College joined the WIAC as an affiliate member for men's and women's ice hockey, effective in the 2019–20 academic year.
 * 2023 – Finlandia closed at the end of the 2022-23 academic year and thus, left the WIAC as an affiliate member for baseball, effective after the 2023 spring season.

Current members
The WIAC currently has eight full members, all are public schools:

 * Notes:

Affiliate members
The WIAC currently has five affiliate members, all but two are private schools:

 * Notes:

Future affiliate members
The WIAC currently has one future affiliate member, a private schools:

 * Notes:

Former members
The WIAC had two former full members, both were public schools:

 * Notes:

Former affiliate members
The WIAC had three former affiliate members, all were private schools:

 * Notes:

Sports
Member institutions field men's and women's teams in cross country, basketball, ice hockey, track and field, and swimming and diving. Men's teams are fielded for baseball, football, and wrestling. Women's teams are fielded for golf, gymnastics, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball. The WIAC is the only NCAA Division III all-sports conference that does not sponsor men's soccer.

NCAA Division III national championships
Listed below are the NCAA Division III team national championships won by WIAC members. UW–Oshkosh: 1985, 1994
 * Baseball

UW–Whitewater: 2005, 2014

UW–Whitewater: 1984, 1989, 2012, 2014
 * Men's basketball

UW–Platteville: 1991, 1995, 1998, 1999

UW–Stevens Point: 2004, 2005, 2010, 2015

UW–Oshkosh: 2019

UW–Stevens Point: 1987, 2002
 * Women's Basketball

UW–Oshkosh: 1996

UW–Oshkosh: 1988, 1989, 1990, 2002
 * Men's Cross Country

UW–La Crosse: 1996, 2001, 2005

UW–Eau Claire: 2015 UW–La Crosse: 1983
 * Women's Cross Country

UW–Oshkosh: 1987, 1988, 1991, 1996

UW–Eau Claire: 2009

UW–La Crosse: 1992, 1995
 * Football

UW–Whitewater: 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014

UW–Eau Claire: 2001
 * Men's Golf

UW–River Falls: 1988, 1994
 * Men's Ice Hockey

UW–Stevens Point: 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 2016, 2019

UW–Superior: 2002

UW–Eau Claire: 2013

UW–Stevens Point: 1998
 * Softball

UW–Eau Claire: 2008

UW–La Crosse: 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2023
 * Men's Indoor Track & Field

UW–Oshkosh: 2009

UW–Eau Claire: 2015, 2016 UW–La Crosse: 1988, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017
 * Men's Outdoor Track & Field

UW–Oshkosh: 2009

UW–Oshkosh: 1994–96, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014 UW–La Crosse: 2015, 2023
 * Women's Indoor Track & Field

UW–La Crosse: 1983, 1984, 2015, 2023
 * Women's Outdoor Track & Field

UW–Oshkosh: 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2011

UW–River Falls: 2008

UW–Whitewater: 2002, 2005
 * Women's Volleyball

UW–Eau Claire: 2021

Non-NCAA national championships
Many members of the WIAC have also won national championships from organizations other than the NCAA, including: NAIA, AIAW, NGCA, and National Collegiate Gymnastics Association (NCGA).

UW–Eau Claire
Women's Cross Country: 1984^

Men's Ice Hockey: 1984^

Women's Swimming and Diving: 1983^, 1987^, 1988^

UW–La Crosse
Women's Basketball: 1981^^

Men's Bowling: 1967^, 1968^, 1969^

Football: 1985^

Men's Gymnastics: 1975^, 1976^, 1977^

Women's Gymnastics: 1986*, 1988*, 1995*, 1997*, 1999*, 2001*, 2002*, 2003*, 2004*, 2005*, 2006*, 2008*, 2009*, 2010*, 2011*, 2015*, 2016*

Women's Outdoor Track and Field: 1982^^

UW–Oshkosh
Men's Gymnastics: 1973^, 1974^, 1978^, 1979^, 1980^ (and NCAA Div. II), 1981^ (and NCAA Div. II), 1982^ (and NCAA Div. II), 1983^

Women's Gymnastics: 1980^^, 1986^, 1989*, 2007*, 2022*, 2023*

UW–River Falls
Men's Ice Hockey: 1983^

UW–Stout
Men's Gymnastics: 1984^

UW–Whitewater
Women's Golf: 1985%

Women's Gymnastics: 2012*, 2013*, 2014*, 2017*, 2018*

UW–Superior (former member)
Men's Ice Hockey: 1976^

Marquette University (former member)
Women's Cross Country: 1982^

UW–Green Bay (former member)
Women's Swimming and Diving: 1984^

UW–Parkside (former member)
Women's Cross Country: 1980^

^ National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)

^^ Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW)

* National Collegiate Gymnastics Association (NCGA)

% National Golf Coaches Association (NGCA)


text:
Talk:Twin

Quaternary mention?
I not only didn't see any mention of non-communal "quaternary marriages" mentioned in this article, I couldn't find a single mention anywhere on wikipedia. Could quaternary marriages be mentioned or even have its own article? I learned about it earlier today in the letter section of Popular Science and this was basically the only worthwhile web reference I could find outside of discussion about group marriages:

Types and Zygosity section
I removed table added in 2016 by Gatorgirl7563. It contained no information not already found in article. Tables should help the reader correlate related facts, however out of 77 cells, 66 were "X" (which was not defined). 2 columns were completely "X", so served no purpose. I am assuming that Gatorgirl7563 thought that it would be expanded and clarified by other editors over time, but at only 14% filled in, took up a lot of space without adding clarification to the article. There were previous discussions on talk page to remove or improve. If someone wanted to create a comprehensive table that correlates all aspects of the different types of twinning, I would support that, but it should add information to the article by showing how their attributes compare and contrast. • Bobsd • (talk) 17:13, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Twin


text:
Talk:Preston Manning

Untitled
What kind of official website is that? He's no a politician anymore, so why would he have an official site? Is that some sort of celebrity promotional page? Because it doesn't look like those low-quality supporter site at all. And the website offers no fineprints whatsover as to who and why maintains it. --Menchi 02:24 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

prestonmanning.ca

 * prestonmanning.ca (Canada)
 * Registrant: Preston Manning o/a REFORM PARTY OF CANADA
 * Description: Web Site for Preston Manning former Leader of the Opposition

It was a Reform Party domain, but has stayed with Manning. Samaritan 01:02, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Liberals "leftist"?
Well, one could argue that they are, but it's certainly POV.

The info on Stockwell Day was errord, HE STILL IS A MP!

Canada & Alberta?
Leader of both, the Reform party of Canada & the Reform party of Alberta concurrently 1989-2000? If that's the case he could have become Prime Minister of Canada (in the former case) & Premier of Alberta (in the latter case), had his party won either election. Is this legal? under the Canadian Constitution? If not perhaps the succession boxes are in error? GoodDay 19:58, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

AFD
I speedy closed the AFD on this article as a bad faith nom... as such I'm not going to put the box on the talk page indicating that this was up for AFD...Balloonman 09:20, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Media Section?
I just added: It was during this period, when Manning lived in the Stornoway residence, that he was featured in a skit on the Canadian TV show, Royal Canadian Air Farce on December 31, 1997. and he also hosted a radio series, as mentioned in the article in 2007. Do you think this warrants a Media Section? (Particularly as the skit may be chosen as this weeks viewer choice flashback.)

File:PrestonManning.jpg Nominated for Deletion

 * I just happened to see the image of Manning on  the article page and thought it was a very poor picture of him. Too  bad it  wasn't replaced with one that resembles the man. Ottawahitech (talk) 12:55, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100523131800/http://www.manningcentre.ca/content/who-we-are to http://www.manningcentre.ca/content/who-we-are
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070311080505/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=60e92459-cd4d-4157-a933-45fc97989e89&k=45060&p=1 to http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=60e92459-cd4d-4157-a933-45fc97989e89&k=45060&p=1
 * Added tag to http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=5131
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100524022552/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/aboutus/whoweare/staff/seniorfellows.htm to http://www.fraserinstitute.org/aboutus/whoweare/staff/seniorfellows.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100504153232/http://www.cwf.ca/V2/main/ to http://www.cwf.ca/V2/main/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050502001833/http://www.ecwpress.com/books/likelike.htm to http://www.ecwpress.com/books/likelike.htm

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:06, 21 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Preston Manning and Andrew Scheer in 2019.jpg

Should include mention of his new activities in 2022-2023
NCI Chair Preston Manning launches the Call for Commissioners, inviting Canadians to suggest individuals they trust to preside over the public inquiry into Canada's COVID-19 measures.

Website: https://nationalcitizensinquiry.ca/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hvalborg (talk • contribs) 23:07, 18 May 2023 (UTC) NCI YT Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@citizensinquiry NCI Twitter account: https://twitter.com/Inquiry_Canada NCI Rumble account: https://rumble.com/user/NationalCitizensInquiryCA NCI Facebook account: https://www.facebook.com/NationalCitizensInquiry Hvalborg (talk) 21:29, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Preston Manning


text:
Westville, Nova Scotia

Westville is a town in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located immediately west of Stellarton and about four kilometres southwest of New Glasgow, the major town in the area.

History
Originally called Acadian Village, the name Westville was chosen because the community was west of the Albion Mines (now Stellarton).

Westville has a long history of coal mining dating back to 1864 when coal was first discovered. The opening of the Acadia Mine followed in 1866. Westville, along with Stellarton, was once home to a thriving coal mining industry. At its peak, during World War I, Westville boasted three underground workings; the Black Diamond, the Acadia, and the Drummond. Westville was the site of the Drummond Mine explosion on May 13, 1873.

The last underground mine, the Drummond pit, closed in the 1970s. Extensive open-pit mining on the Drummond and Acadia sites was carried out throughout the 1980s and 1990s, by Pioneer Coal Limited of Antigonish, Nova Scotia.

In the early 1900s Westville also boasted the largest natural ice skating rink east of Montreal. Today the miner's monument at Acadia Park honoring those touched by the town's mining disasters, and a community centre is all that remains of its proud coal mining heritage. The war memorial was sculpted by the renowned Emanuel Hahn.

Like many coal towns Westville was a hotbed of sports. Baseball was very popular among the miners. One of the Westville baseball teams was crowned Maritime champion in 1927 and the legendary Babe Ruth visited the town in 1936 and hit a ball over the centre field fence. The town also sponsored championship cricket, lacrosse, football and hockey teams.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Westville had a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of. With a land area of 14.24 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Amenities
While mainly a bedroom community, Westville's Main Street features banks, shops, restaurants and other amenities. A Nova Scotia highway rest stop was opened at the end of Cowan Street off exit 21 of Highway 104, part of the Trans-Canada Highway.

One of the largest Canada Day celebrations in Atlantic Canada takes place in Westville. The five-day event includes a county fair, street parade, and annual guest bands from around the world. The year 2007 marked the 100th anniversary of Westville's Canada Day celebrations.

Notable residents

 * Kris MacFarlane, the drummer of Great Big Sea
 * Russell MacEwan, lawyer, Member of Parliament and judge

title: Westville, Nova Scotia


text:
Central States Football League

The Central States Football League (CSFL) was a college athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA. Member institutions were located in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas and Arizona and competed only in football. The conference was established in 2000 and its charter members included Haskell Indian Nations University, Langston University, Northwestern Oklahoma State University, Southwestern Assemblies of God University, and Peru State College. In 2017, the Sooner Athletic Conference, which served as the primary conference for the majority of the CSFL's membership decided to sponsor football beginning in 2018. As a result the conference's membership shifted to that conference.

Members
The Central States Football League did not compete in the 2012 season.

Earlier members

 * Haskell Indian Nations — dropped football in 2015.

Membership timeline
undefined undefined

title: Central States Football League


text:
Dakota Athletic Conference

The Dakota Athletic Conference (DAC) was a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). As the name implies, member teams were located in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota. The conference folded after the 2011–12 academic year.

History
The Dakota Athletic Conference was formed from a merger between the North Dakota College Athletic Conference (NDCAC) and the South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference (SDIC), effective the 2000-01 academic year. Ten schools were a part of the conference in its history, consisting of the following:

 * Formerly from the NDCAC: Dickinson State University, Jamestown College, the University of Mary, Mayville State University, Minot State University and Valley City State University
 * Formerly from the SDIC: Black Hills State University, Dakota State University, Si Tanka University-Huron and South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

The DAC was one of the only NAIA conferences to have a television contract; America One owned the broadcast rights to the conference, although most of the games were only carried through the network's subscription service, B2 Networks.

Chronological timeline

 * 2000 - The Dakota Athletic Conference (DAC) was founded due to a merger of the North Dakota College Athletic Conference (NDCAC) and the South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference (SDIC). Charter members included Dickinson State University, Jamestown College, the University of Mary, Mayville State University, Minot State University and Valley City State University from the NDCAC, and Black Hills State University, Dakota State University, Si Tanka University-Huron and South Dakota School of Mines and Technology from the SDIC, effective the 2000-01 academic year.
 * 2005 - Si Tanka-Huron left the DAC after the school was declared to close, effective after the 2004-05 academic year.
 * 2006 - Mary left the DAC to join the Division II ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a member of the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference (NSIC), effective after the 2005-06 academic year.
 * 2011 - On July 1, 2011 Dakota State announced they were leaving the DAC to become an NAIA Independent . Additionally, member schools Black Hills State, Minot State and South Dakota Mines also left the DAC while in the process of transitioning to NCAA Division II as NCAA D-II Independents: (Black Hills State would later join the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC) and Minot State would later join the NSIC during the 2012-13 academic year, while South Dakota Mines would later the RMAC during the 2014-15 academic year), all effective after the 2010-11 academic year.
 * 2012 - The DAC would cease operations as an athletic conference, effective after the 2011-12 academic year; as many schools left to join their respective new home primary conferences: Dickinson State left for the Frontier Conference while Jamestown, Mayville State and Valley City State became NAIA independent schools (though they would eventually join the North Star Athletic Association (NSAA); Jamestown, Mayville State and Valley City State as part of the charter members during the 2013-14 season alongside former DAC conference member and NAIA Independent Dakota State; and Dickinson State during the 2014-15 season coming from the Frontier).

Final members
The DAC ended with four full members, only one was a private school:

Former members
The DAC had six former full members, only two were private schools:

 * Notes:

Sports
Member schools fielded men's and women's teams in cross country, basketball, track and field and golf. Men's-only sports were baseball, football and wrestling, while soccer, softball and volleyball were only offered for women.

title: Dakota Athletic Conference


text: Wikipedia:Raincloud

title: Wikipedia:Raincloud