text:
Potometer

A potometer (from Greek ποτό = drunken, and μέτρο = measure), sometimes known as transpirometer', is a device used for measuring the rate of water uptake of a leafy shoot which is almost equal to the water lost through transpiration. The causes of water uptake are photosynthesis and transpiration.

The rate of transpiration can be estimated in two ways:
 * 1) Indirectly - by measuring the distance the water level drops in the graduated tube over a measured length of time. It is assumed that this is due to the cutting taking in water which in turn is necessary to replace an equal volume of water lost by transpiration.
 * 2)  Directly - by measuring the reduction in mass of the potometer over a period of time. Here it is assumed that any loss in mass is due to transpiration.

There are two main types of potometers: the bubble potometer (as detailed below), and the mass potometer. The mass potometer consists of a plant with its root submerged in a beaker. This beaker is then placed on a digital balance; readings can be made to determine the amount of water lost by the plant.

Design
Potometers come in a variety of designs, but all follow the same basic principle.
 * A length of capillary tube. A bubble is introduced to the capillary; as water is taken up by the plant, the bubble moves. By marking regular gradations on the tube, it is possible to measure water uptake.
 *  A reservoir. Typically a funnel with a tap; turning the tap on the reservoir resets the bubble. Some designs use a syringe instead.
 * A tube for holding the shoot. The shoot must be held in contact with the water; additionally, the surface of the water should not be exposed to the air. Otherwise, evaporation will interfere with measurements.  A rubber bung greased with petroleum jelly suffices.

Preparation

 * Cut a leafy shoot for a plant and plunge its base into water. This prevents the xylem from taking up any air. Wetting the leaves themselves will alter the rate of transpiration.
 * Immerse the whole of the potometer into the sink. Move it about until all the air bubbles come out.
 * Recut the shoot's stem underwater. Put it into the bung; grease the bung with plenty of petroleum jelly  if it doesn't stay and then put the bung into the potometer.
 * Make sure the tap is closed, then lift the whole assembly out of the water.
 * Leave the end of the capillary tube out of the water until an air bubble forms, then put the end into a beaker of water.

Types of potometers

 * Farmer's potometer(used to measure the intake of water by plants)
 * Garreau's potometer(Demonstrate the unequal transpiration from the two surfaces of a dorsiventral leaf)
 * Ganong's potometer(used to measure the intake of water by plants)
 * Darwin's potometer(Demonstrate the suction force created due to transpiration)

Use
measuring the rate of water uptake of a leafy shoot which is almost equal to the water lost through transpiration..

Precautions
When a twig is cut from a plant, it should be immediately put under water (only the cut portion). Then, a small part is cut under water. This prevents entry of air into the xylem vessels.

The conditions of the potometer, other than the alteration that is being tested, should not be changed during a test, as outside conditions (such as temperature) determine water uptake.

Everything must be completely watertight so that no leakage occurs.

Limitations
A potometer measures rate of water uptake, which is distinct from transpiration itself. This is because not all of the water that is taken by the plant is used for transpiration (water taken might be used for photosynthesis or by the cells to maintain turgidity). To measure transpiration rate directly, rather than the rate of water uptake, utilize a scientific instrument which quantifies water transfer at the leaves. However, in general the water retained by the plant is so minute that it can be neglected.

title: Potometer


text:
8th Annual Grammy Awards

The 8th Annual Grammy Awards were held March 15, 1966, at Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville and New York. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1965. Roger Miller topped off the Grammys by winning 5 awards, whereas Herb Alpert and Frank Sinatra each won 4 awards.

Award winners

 * Record of the Year
 * Jerry Moss (producer) & Herb Alpert (producer and artist) for "A Taste of Honey" performed by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass
 * Album of the Year
 * Sonny Burke (producer) & Frank Sinatra for September of My Years
 * Song of the Year
 * Johnny Mandel & Paul Francis Webster (songwriters) for "The Shadow of Your Smile" (Love Theme From The Sandpiper) performed by Tony Bennett
 * Best New Artist
 * Tom Jones

Children's

 * Best Recording for Children
 * Marvin Miller for Dr. Seuss Presents "Fox in Socks" and "Green Eggs and Ham"

Classical

 * Best Classical Performance - Orchestra
 * Leopold Stokowski (conductor) & the American Symphony Orchestra for Ives: Symphony No. 4
 * Best Classical Vocal Soloist Performance
 * Erich Leinsdorf (conductor), Leontyne Price & the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Strauss: Salome (Dance of the Seven Veils, Interlude, Final Scene)/The Egyptian Helen (Awakening Scene)
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Karl Böhm (conductor), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Evelyn Lear, Fritz Wunderlich & the German Opera Orchestra & Chorus for Berg: Wozzeck
 * Best Classical Choral Performance (other than opera)
 * Robert Shaw (conductor), the Robert Shaw Chorale & the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra for Stravinsky: Symphony of Psalms/Poulenc: Gloria
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with orchestra)
 * Erich Leinsdorf (conductor), Arthur Rubinstein & the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 4 in G
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (without orchestra)
 * Vladimir Horowitz for Horowitz at Carnegie Hall - An Historic Return
 * Best Classical Chamber Music Performance - Instrumental or Vocal
 * The Juilliard String Quartet for Bartók: The Six String Quartets
 * Best Composition by a Contemporary Classical Composer
 * Charles Ives (composer) for Ives: Symphony No. 4 conducted by Leopold Stokowski
 * Album of the Year - Classical
 * Thomas Frost (producer) & Vladimir Horowitz for Horowitz at Carnegie Hall - An Historic Return
 * Most Promising New Classical Recording Artist
 * Peter Serkin

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Performance
 * Bill Cosby for Why Is There Air?

Composing and arranging

 * Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Show
 * Johnny Mandel (composer) for The Sandpiper performed by the Robert Armbruster Orchestra
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Herb Alpert (arranger) for "A Taste of Honey" performed by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass
 * Best Arrangement Accompanying a Vocalist or Instrumentalist
 * Gordon Jenkins (arranger) for "It Was a Very Good Year" performed by Frank Sinatra

Country

 * Best Country & Western Vocal Performance - Female
 * Jody Miller for "Queen of the House"
 * Best Country and Western Vocal Performance, Male
 * Roger Miller for "King of the Road"
 * Best Country & Western Single
 * Roger Miller for "King of the Road"
 * Best Country & Western Album
 * Roger Miller for The Return of Roger Miller
 * Best New Country & Western Artist
 * The Statler Brothers

Folk

 * Best Folk Recording
 * Harry Belafonte & Miriam Makeba for An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba

Gospel

 * Best Gospel or Other Religious Recording (Musical)
 * Anita Kerr & George Beverly Shea for Southland Favorites

Jazz

 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Small Group or Soloist With Small Group
 * Ramsey Lewis for "The "In" Crowd" performed by the Ramsey Lewis Trio
 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group or Soloist with Large Group
 * Duke Ellington for Ellington '66
 * Best Original Jazz Composition
 * Lalo Schifrin (composer) for Jazz Suite on the Mass Texts performed by Paul Horn

Musical show

 * Best Score from an Original Cast Show Album
 * Alan J. Lerner, Burton Lane (composers), & the original cast (Barbara Harris, John Cullum, Tito Vandis, Byron Webster & William Daniels) for On a Clear Day

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Cover, Graphic Arts
 * George Estes (art director) & James Alexander (graphic artist) for Bartók: Concerto No. 2 for Violin/Stravinsky: Concerto for Violin performed by Joseph Silverstein & conducted by Erich Leinsdorf
 * Best Album Cover, Photography
 * Robert M. Jones (art director) & Ken Whitmore (photographer) for Jazz Suite on the Mass Texts performed by Paul Horn
 * Best Album Notes
 * Stan Cornyn (notes writer) for September of My Years performed by Frank Sinatra

Pop

 * Best Vocal Performance, Female
 * Barbra Streisand for My Name Is Barbra
 * Best Vocal Performance, Male
 * Frank Sinatra for "It Was a Very Good Year"
 * Best Performance by a Vocal Group
 * The Anita Kerr Singers for "We Dig Mancini"
 * Best Performance by a Chorus
 * Ward Swingle for Anyone for Mozart? performed by the Swingle Singers
 * Best Instrumental Performance
 * Herb Alpert for "A Taste of Honey" performed by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass
 * Best Contemporary (R&R) Vocal Performance - Female
 * Petula Clark for "I Know a Place"
 * Best Contemporary (R&R) Vocal Performance - Male
 * Roger Miller for "King of the Road"
 * Best Contemporary (R&R) Performance - Group (Vocal or Instrumental)
 * The Statler Brothers for "Flowers on the Wall"
 * Best Contemporary (R&R) Single
 * Roger Miller for "King of the Road"

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Recording - Non-Classical
 * Larry Levine (engineer) for "A Taste of Honey" performed by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass
 * Best Engineered Recording, Classical
 * Fred Plaut (engineer) & Vladimir Horowitz for Horowitz at Carnegie Hall - An Historic Return

R&B

 * Best Rhythm & Blues Recording
 * James Brown for "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word or Drama Recording
 * Goddard Lieberson (producer) for John F. Kennedy - As We Remember Him

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 8th Annual Grammy Awards


text:
9th Annual Grammy Awards

The 9th Annual Grammy Awards were held on March 2, 1967, at Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville and New York. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1966. The 9th Grammy Awards is notable for not presenting the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. Frank Sinatra won 5 awards.

Award winners

 * Record of the Year
 * Jimmy Bowen (producer) & Frank Sinatra for "Strangers in the Night"
 * Album of the Year
 * Sonny Burke (producer) & Frank Sinatra for A Man and His Music
 * Song of the Year
 * John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) for "Michelle" performed by The Beatles

Children's

 * Best Recording for Children
 * Marvin Miller for Dr. Seuss Presents - "If I Ran the Zoo" and "Sleep Book"

Classical

 * Best Classical Performance - Orchestra
 * Erich Leinsdorf (conductor) & the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Mahler: Symphony No. 6 in A Minor
 * Best Classical Vocal Soloist Performance (with or without orchestra)
 * Francesco Molinari-Pradelli (conductor), Leontyne Price & the RCA Italiana Opera Orchestra for Prima Donna (Works of Barber, Purcell, etc.)
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Georg Solti (conductor), Régine Crespin, Hans Hotter, James King, Christa Ludwig, Birgit Nilsson, & the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for Wagner: Die Walkure
 * Best Classical Choral Performance (other than opera)
 * Robert Shaw (conductor) & the Robert Shaw Orchestra & Chorale for Handel: Messiah
 * George Bragg (conductor), Gregg Smith (choir director), the Gregg Smith Singers, the Ithaca College Concert Choir, the Texas Boys Choir & the Columbia Chamber Orchestra for Ives: Music for Chorus
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra)
 * Julian Bream for Baroque Guitar (Works of Bach, Sanz, Weiss, etc.)
 * Best Chamber Music Performance - Instrumental or Vocal
 * Boston Symphony Chamber Players for Boston Symphony Chamber Players - Works of Mozart, Brahms, Beethoven, Fine, Copland, Carter, Piston
 * Album of the Year - Classical
 * Howard Scott (producer), Morton Gould (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Ives: Symphony No. 1 in D Minor

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Performance
 * Bill Cosby for Wonderfulness

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Theme
 * Neal Hefti (composer) for "Batman Theme"
 * Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Show
 * Maurice Jarre (composer) for Doctor Zhivago
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Herb Alpert (arranger) for "What Now My Love" performed by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass
 * Best Arrangement Accompanying a Vocalist or Instrumentalist
 * Ernie Freeman (arranger) for "Strangers in the Night" performed by Frank Sinatra

Country

 * Best Country & Western Vocal Performance - Female
 * Jeannie Seely for "Don't Touch Me"
 * Best Country and Western Vocal Performance, Male
 * David Houston for "Almost Persuaded"
 * Best Country & Western Recording
 * David Houston for "Almost Persuaded"
 * Best Country & Western Song
 * Billy Sherrill & Glenn Sutton (songwriters) for "Almost Persuaded" performed by David Houston

Folk

 * Best Folk Recording
 * Cortelia Clark for Blues in the Street

Gospel

 * Best Sacred Recording (Musical)
 * Porter Wagoner & the Blackwood Brothers for Grand Old Gospel

Jazz

 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Group or Soloist with Group
 * Wes Montgomery for "Goin' Out of My Head"
 * Best Original Jazz Composition
 * Duke Ellington for "In the Beginning God"

Musical show

 * Best Score From an Original Cast Show Album
 * Jerry Herman (composer) & the original cast (Angela Lansbury, Bea Arthur, Jane Connell, Charles Braswell, Jerry Lanning & Frankie Michaels) for Mame

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Cover, Graphic Arts
 * Klaus Voormann (graphic artist) for Revolver performed by The Beatles
 * Best Album Cover, Photography
 * Robert M. Jones (art director) & Les Leverette (photographer) for Confessions of a Broken Man performed by Porter Wagoner
 * Best Album Notes
 * Stan Cornyn (notes writer) for Sinatra at the Sands performed by Frank Sinatra

Pop

 * Best Vocal Performance, Female
 * Eydie Gorme for "If He Walked Into My Life"
 * Best Vocal Performance, Male
 * Frank Sinatra for "Strangers in the Night"
 * Best Performance by a Vocal Group
 * Anita Kerr for "A Man and a Woman" performed by the Anita Kerr Singers
 * Best Performance by a Chorus
 * Ray Conniff (choir director) for "Somewhere My Love (Lara's Theme From Dr. Zhivago)" performed by the Ray Conniff Singers
 * Best Instrumental Performance (Other Than Jazz)
 * Herb Alpert for "What Now My Love" performed by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass
 * Best Contemporary (R&R) Solo Vocal Performance - Male or Female
 * Paul McCartney for "Eleanor Rigby"
 * Best Contemporary (R&R) Group Performance, Vocal or Instrumental
 * The Mamas & the Papas for "Monday, Monday"
 * Best Contemporary (R&R) Recording
 * New Vaudeville Band for "Winchester Cathedral"

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Recording - Non-Classical
 * Eddie Brackett & Lee Herschberg (engineers) for "Strangers in the Night" performed by Frank Sinatra
 * Best Engineered Recording - Classical
 * Anthony Salvatore (engineer), Erich Leinsdorf (conductor), the Pro Musica Chorus & the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Wagner: Lohengrin

R&B

 * Best R&B Solo Vocal Performance, Male or Female
 * Ray Charles for "Crying Time"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Group Performance, Vocal or Instrumental
 * Ramsey Lewis for "Hold It Right There"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Recording
 * Ray Charles for "Crying Time"

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word, Documentary or Drama Recording
 * Edward R. Murrow for Edward R. Murrow – A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I The War Years

title: 9th Annual Grammy Awards


text:
Ningbo

Ningbo is a sub-provincial city in northeast Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. It comprises six urban districts, two satellite county-level cities, and two rural counties, including several islands in Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea. Ningbo is the southern economic center of the Yangtze Delta megalopolis. The port of Ningbo–Zhoushan, spread across several locations, is the world's busiest port by cargo tonnage and world's third-busiest container port since 2010.

Ningbo is the core city and center of the Ningbo Metropolitan Area. To the north, Hangzhou Bay separates Ningbo from Shanghai; to the east lies Zhoushan in the East China Sea; on the west and south, Ningbo borders Shaoxing and Taizhou respectively. As of the 2020 Chinese national census, the entire administrated area of Ningbo City had a population of 9.4 million (9,404,283).

Ningbo is one of the 15 sub-provincial cities in China, and is one of the five separate state-planning cities in China (the other four being Dalian, Qingdao, Xiamen, and Shenzhen), with the municipality possessing a separate state-planning status in many economic departments, rather than being governed by Zhejiang Province. Therefore, Ningbo has provincial-level autonomy in making economic and financial policies.

In 2022, the GDP of Ningbo was CNY 1570,43 billion (US$233.479 billion), and it was ranked 12th among 293 cities in China. Moreover, Ningbo is among the wealthiest cities in China; it ranked 8th in terms of average yearly disposable income in the year of 2020. As of 2020, Ningbo has global headquarters and registered offices of over 100 listed companies, and many regional business headquarters. In 2021, Ningbo featured the seventh most listed companies of all cities in China. Furthermore, Ningbo was among the top 10 Chinese cities in the Urban Business Environment Report released by the Chinese state media China Central Television (CCTV) in 2019.

As a city with rich culture and a long history dating back to the Jingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BC and the Hemudu culture in 4800 BC, Ningbo was awarded "City of Culture in East Asia" by the governments of China, Japan, and Korea in 2016. From 1842, Ningbo was one of the first five treaty ports opened up to the West. Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index.

Etymology
The first character in the city's name ning ( or 寧) means "serene", while its second character bo translates to "wave". The city is abbreviated "" for the eponymous "Yong Hill" (甬山), a prominent coastal hill near the city, and the Yong River that flows through Ningbo city.

Formerly known as Mingzhou (明州; Míngzhōu), Ningbo boasts a rich historical background. The name Mingzhou is derived from the characters "" (Míng), which symbolizes the presence of two lakes within the city walls: the Sun Lake (日湖) and the Moon Lake (月湖). This nomenclature traces its roots back to the Tang dynasty in 636 AD, reflecting the enduring history of Ningbo. While the original Sun Lake dried up during the 19th century, the Ningbo government embarked on its restoration in 2002, transforming it into one of the city's prominent parks. This restoration not only honors the city's historical roots but also contributes to the contemporary allure of Ningbo as a city that seamlessly blends its past and present.

History
Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating to the Jingtou Mountain Culture in 6300 BC and Hemudu culture in 4800 BC. Ningbo was known as a trade city on the Silk Road at least two thousand years ago, and later as a major port for foreign trade.

Ancient to Sui dynasty
As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the Jingtou Mountain site in Yuyao. These relics date back to 6300 BC, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the Hemudu culture (5000–4500 BC), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.

Before the Han dynasty, the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the Xia dynasty, the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the Spring and Autumn period, the area where Ningbo belonged was the Yue State. At that time, the Yue King Goujian built Juzhang City in the present-day Cicheng Town, which became the earliest city in Ningbo. In the latter half of the Warring States period, the area of Ningbo became the jurisdiction of Chu State. In 221 BC, Qin unified the six states and the Ningbo area was delegated to Kuaiji Commandery, with three counties of Yin, Yin, and Juzhang (some studies assert there were four counties of Yin, Yin, Juzhang, and Yuyao). In the early years of the Western Han dynasty, Kuaiji Commandery belonged to the Kingdom of Jing and Wu. After the Seven Kingdoms was settled, Kuaiji Commandery was restored. In 589 AD (Sui Kai Huang nine years), the counties were merged under the Wu kingdom.

Tang and Song dynasty

Since the Tang dynasty, Ningbo has been an important commercial port. Arab traders lived in Ningbo during the Song dynasty when it was known as Mingzhou or Siming, since the ocean-going trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time. It was a well known center of ocean-going commerce with the foreign world. These merchants did not intermingle with native Chinese, instead practicing their own customs and religion and inhabiting ghettos. They did not try to proselytize Islam to the Chinese. There was also a large Jewish community in Ningbo, as evidenced by the fact that, after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng in 1642, a replacement was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Jews at Ningbo.

Ming dynasty
The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a long time under the name of Liampó. This was the usual spelling used, e.g. in the standard Portuguese history, João de Barros's Décadas da Ásia, although Barros explained that Liampó was a Portuguese "corruption" of the more correct Nimpó. The spelling Liampó is also attested to in the Peregrination (Peregrinação) by Fernão Mendes Pinto, a (so-called) autobiography written in Portuguese during the 16th century. For the mid-16th-century Portuguese, the nearby promontory, which they called the cape of Liampó after the nearby "illustrious city", was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia. The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522. By 1542, the Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo (or, more likely, on nearby small islands such as Shuangyu). Portuguese activities from their Ningbo base included pillaging and attacking multiple Chinese port cities around Ningbo for plunder and spoil. They also enslaved people during their raids. The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548.

Qing dynasty
Ningbo was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842 at the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and China. During the war, British forces briefly took possession of the walled city of Ningbo after storming the fortified town of Zhenhai at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. The British subsequently repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in the Battle of Ningpo on 10 March 1842. In 1861, the forces of the Taiping Kingdom took the city relatively unopposed as the defending garrison and all Ningbo residents fled except for the Jews and Persians; they held the town for six months. In March 1885, during the Sino-French War, Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defenses.

Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production, and western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry.

During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "The Ningpo Massacre" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.

During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a Presbyterian Church in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church. The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank. Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A., was appointed as a missionary to China by the Church of England Missionary Society, and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the Ningbo dialect.

World War II
During WWII in 1940, between 80% and 90% of Ningbo's population fled Ningbo, leaving only the elderly behind before the Japanese bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague. According to Daniel Barenblatt, imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo was recorded on film in 1940.

“It has been said of the Ningbo fishermen that, 'no people in the world apparently made so great an advance in the art of fishing; and for centuries past no people have made so little further progress.'”

Geography

Ningbo ranges in latitude from 28° 51' to 30° 33' N and in longitude from 120° 55' to 122° 16' E, bounded on the east by the East China Sea and Zhoushan Archipelago; on the north by Hangzhou Bay, across which it faces Jiaxing and Shanghai; on the west by Shaoxing; and on the south by Taizhou. Its land area is 9816 km2, while its oceanic territory amounts to 9758 km2; there is a total 1562 km of coastline, including 788 km of mainland coastline and 774 km of island coastline that together accounting for one-third of the entire provincial coastline. There are 531 islands accounting for 524 km2 under the city's administration.

Ningbo's city proper is sandwiched between the ocean and low-lying mountains to the southwest, with coastal plain and valleys in between. Important peninsulas include the Chuanshan Peninsula (穿山半岛), located in Beilun District and containing mainland Zhejiang's easternmost point, and the Xiangshan Peninsula (象山半岛) in Xiangshan County. The Siming Mountains (四明山) run north from Mount Tiantai and within Ningbo City, traversing Yuyao City, Haishu District, and Fenghua District, and reaching a height of 979 m.

Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, large areas have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.

Climate
Ningbo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with four distinctive seasons, characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and dry winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is 17.15 °C, with monthly daily averages ranging from 5.3 °C in January to 28.8 °C in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −8.8 °C on 12 January 1955 to 42.1 °C on 8 August 2013. The city receives an average annual rainfall of 1430 mm and is affected by the plum rains of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. From August to October, Ningbo experiences the effects of typhoons, and is affected by an average 1.8 storms annually, though the city is not often struck directly by these systems. A 2012 OECD study lists Ningbo among the top 20 cities worldwide most at risk of flooding due to anthropogenic climate change.

Ningbo is among the cities in China which are implementing sponge city strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Administrative structure and divisions
 Local officers of Ningbo

 * The Secretary of Party in Ningbo is Peng Jiaxue, who is first-in-charge of the city.
 * The Mayor of Ningbo is Qiu Dongyao, who is second-in command of the city, and the Vice Secretary of Party in Ningbo.

 Administrative divisions of Ningbo

The sub-provincial city of Ningbo is as whole an urban group with one central group, one northern group, and one southern group.

It has direct jurisdiction over the following:

 * Six districts (central group): Haishu District, Yinzhou District, Jiangbei District, Beilun District, Zhenhai District, Fenghua District
 * Two county-level cities (northern group): Yuyao, Cixi
 * Two counties (southern group): Xiangshan, Ninghai

 * Defunct: Jiangdong District

Economy
Ningbo is an important port city located 220 km south of Shanghai. The city's export industry dates back to the 7th century. Today, Ningbo is a major exporter of electrical products, textiles, food, and industrial tools. The city's private sector is especially well-developed, contributing 80 percent of total GDP in 2013.

Historically, Ningbo was somewhat geographically isolated from other major cities. In 2007 the Hangzhou Bay Bridge was built, cutting highway transit time between Ningbo and Shanghai from four hours to two and a half. The city now serves as the economic center for the southern Yangtze River Delta and has been ranked among the most competitive cities in China.

In 2009 Ningbo's economic activity reached US$60.8 billion, down 10.4 percent from 2008. The exports totaled US$38.65 billion, down 16.6 percent from the previous year. In addition, Ningbo imported US$22.16 billion of goods, up 3.1 percent from the previous year.

Ningbo's economy grew 9.26 percent in 2013 to 712.89 billion yuan (US$115.12 billion). In 2009, the city's per capita output was US$10,833, about three times the national average.

Foreign investment
With several important development zones established in or around Ningbo, the city has received considerable foreign investment. Over 60 domestic and foreign-invested financial institutions have established operations in the city, which has also attracted more than 10,000 foreigners. The municipal government offers preferential policies designed to encourage investment in international trade, new strategic industries, manufacturing, information services, and creative industries.

Ningbo Economic & Technological Development Zone
Located in the north-east of Ningbo, behind Beilun Port, NETD is 27 km away from the city center. With more than 20 years of great effort, NETD has already formed the general framework for large scale construction and development, and established the perfect investment environment. It is situated close to the Ningbo Port and Ningbo Lishe International Airport. Major Investors include ExxonMobil, Dupont and Dow Chemical.

Ningbo Daxie Development Zone
The Ningbo Daxie Development Zone was approved in 1993 and covers an area of 5.92 km2. Over more than ten years of development and construction, industrial and logistical foundations have been established in the zone for the transshipment of energy, liquid chemicals and containers.

Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Ningbo National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1999 and was upgraded to a national level zone in January 2007. It is 10 km from Ningbo International Airport and 18 km away from Ningbo Port. The zone serves as the important technical innovation base of Yangtze River Delta. Industries encouraged include chemicals production and processing, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, raw material processing, Research and Development.

Ningbo Free Trade Zone
Ningbo Free Trade Zone is one of the 15 free trade zones authorized by the State Council of China and is the only free trade zone in Zhejiang Province. It was established by State Council in 1992, covering the area of 2.3 km2. It lies in the middle of the coastline of mainland China, at the south of Yangtze River Delta. In 2008, its industrial output value was RMB 53.33 billion and grew at 19.8 percent as compared to 2007.

Nordic Industrial Park
The Nordic Industrial Park Co. Ltd. (NIP) is one of the first wholly foreign-owned industrial parks in China located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. NIP is managed and operated by a Scandinavian management team.

Ningbo Advertising Park
The Ningbo Advertising Park is a national level pilot park located in the Ningbo Southern Business District. The financial incentives have attracted over 300 relevant firms to establish operations.

Ningbo port

Unlike other Chinese cities, Ningbo has the same authority as provincial governments for economic administration and is the largest port in the world in terms of annual cargo throughput. In contrast to Shanghai, the port is deep-water and capable of handling 300,000 ton vessels. The port is located mainly in Beilun district and Zhenhai district.

In 2006 Ningbo Port started its expansion towards the neighboring island city of Zhoushan to build an even larger port with higher capacity to compete with neighboring ports in the region, such as Shanghai's Yangshan Deep-Water Port. Statistics in 2010 showed that total cargo throughput was 627,000,000 tonnes and container throughput 13,144,000 TEUs. In 2021, total cargo throughput was 1,224,050,000 tonnes, including 31,080,000 TEUs. Ningbo proper saw 623,400,000 tonnes and 29,370,000 TEUs, while Zhoushan saw 600,650,000 tonnes and 1,710 000,TEUs. Thus, with bulk container breakdowns, hugely improved logistics, and massive chemical and foodstuff, processing developments, Ningbo is outcompeting Shanghai for the preeminent Chinese east coast port.

Ningbo is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south, via Singapore towards the southern tip of India, via Mombasa to the Mediterranean, and from there via Athens to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and Eastern Europe.

Tourism

Due to its long history and economic prosperity, Ningbo is a city with very rich tourist resources. The following is a list of the main tourist attractions authorized by the Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television and Tourism in each subdivision of Ningbo city.

Haishu District

 * Moon Lake Park (Yuehu Park): A reservoir excavated in the Tang dynasty (636 AD) at the center of Haishu District. The park includes the lake itself, some small islands on the lake, and many ancient Chinese architectures and historical sites, such as:
 * Tianyi Pavilion (Tianyi Ge or Tianyi Chamber): One of Ningbo's most popular and famous tourist attractions. Built in 1516 AD, it is the oldest library existent in Asia and is one of the 3 oldest private libraries in the world. The collection dates back to the 11th century and includes woodblock and handwritten copies of the Confucian classics, rare local histories, and lists of the candidates successful in imperial examinations. The currently Tianyi Pavilion refers to the whole museum complex that includes:
 * The historical library-related buildings
 * The ancient Chinese mansion of the library's first owner, Fan Qing, built during the Ming dynasty (1516 AD)
 * A traditional Chinese Garden as part of Fan's mansion
 * An ancient private theater of Chinese plays as part of Fan's mansion
 * A small Mahjong (麻将) museum, since Ningbo is regarded one of the birthplace of Mahjong
 * The Yuehu Mosque (Moon Lake Mosque): A historical monument built in 1003 AD in the Song dynasty.
 * Buddhist Jushi Lin: A 700-year-old Buddhist lodge located on the beautiful Liutingzhou (an island of the Moon Lake), the lake scenery, and cultural landscape of the area.
 * Shuize Stele: A stone stele used to measure water level in Pingqiao River near the Moon Lake, built in 1242 AD during the South Song dynasty. A protective pavilion for the stele was built during the Qing dynasty.
 * He Mijian Ci (贺秘监祠): A cultural relic protection built in honor of the Chinese poet He Zhizhang (賀知章, 659 AD – 744 AD) during the Tang dynasty who called himself the "Siming Crazy Guest", where "Siming" is the name of a mountain in Ningbo. The building was completed during the Song dynasty (1144 AD) and repaired during the Qing dynasty (1865 AD).
 * Ancient Korean Embassy: Built during the Northern Song dynasty to welcome the Korean envoys and business groups. Destroyed by war in 1130 AD, the site was announced as a cultural relics protection unit in 1984. It is now a showroom for the history of relations between Ningbo and Korea.
 * Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao Temple: A Ningbo-born novelist Qu You wrote a fiction called Peony Dengji (牡丹灯记, Janpanese: Botan Dōrō also known as 怪談牡丹灯籠 Tales of the Peony Lantern) (in the collection of Jiandeng Xinhua). It describes a love story between ghost and a man during Fang Guozhen period. The story took place at the Moon Lake. Japanese scholar Koyama Issei identified many of the locations, including Central Lake Temple, Central Lake East Bridge, Zhenming Ridge, and Xuanmiao temple, that would fit geographically and architecturally of the places mentioned in the story. The story was adapted as one of three Kaidan tales in Japan.
 * Drum Tower Complex (Haishu Tower): The only remaining ruin of an old city gate tower constructed during the Tang dynasty. At the top, there is a six-meter high Romanesque bell tower added in the Republic period. Around the base of the tower is a commercial area where all the buildings are reconstructed in the traditional style.
 * Chenghuang Temple (Ningbo County Temple): An ancient temple of the City God at commercial center in downtown Ningbo.
 * Tianfeng Pagoda: This national cultural relics protection site is a typical Song-style loft-style brick-wood structure tower unique to Jiangnan. This hexagonal building is a landmark and the tallest ancient structure in the city. It appears as a seven-story tower with another seven stories underground, and is renowned for its long history, architectural value, and ancient artifacts. The tower was first built in 695 AD during the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD).
 * Tianyi Square: Located in the bustling old downtown of Ningbo City with the nationwide famous shopping complex, named after the Tianyi Ge (Chamber), the oldest private library in Asia.
 * Nantang Old Street: An old commercial street by the river with many folk-custom shops, souvenir stores, and small restaurants. Previously, Nantang Street was a place for local fairs and flea markets. In 2013, the street was renovated to become a tourist site.
 * Liangzhu Cultural Park: A theme park dedicated to the story of the Butterfly Lovers, one of the four folklores in China. The Butterfly Lovers is reputed as the oriental version of Romeo and Juliet.
 * Baiyun Manor: An ancient academy where Huang Zongxi (黄宗羲) gave lectures. Huang, whose style name is Taichong, was a distinguished thinker, writer, and historian of the late Ming and early Qing periods.
 * Tashan Weir: An ancient dam erected during the Tang dynasty.
 * Ningbo Wulongtan Scenic Scenic Resort: Also called Five-dragon Pools Scenic Resort, it is one of the Ten New Sceneries in Ningbo, and a National AAAA rated scenic area.

Yinzhou District

 * Ningbo Museum (Yinzhou Museum, or Ningbo Historic Museum): A museum focused on Ningbo area history and traditional customs, considered the masterwork of Wang Shu, the first Chinese citizen to win the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2012. The Ningbo Museum is also the main filming location for the 2023 TV series adaptation of sci-fi author Liu Cixin's novel of the same name, Three Bodies.
 * Romon U-Park: One of the largest urban indoor theme parks in the world.
 * Ningbo Eastern New Town: A newly developed area of Ningbo City, with a well-designed CBD (including two 400m skyscrapers and other headquarters of many listed company and government offices), several museums, galleries, and shopping centers, including:
 * Ningbo Urban Planning Exhibition Center
 * Ningbo Hankyu Commercial Complex: Opened in 2021, it is the first overseas outlet of Hankyu, the famous Japanese department store.
 * Ningbo New Library
 * Yinzhou Park and Ningbo Southern CBD
 * Dongqian Lake: The largest natural freshwater lake in Zhejiang Province. The earliest historical record of the lake dates back to the West Jin dynasty, and there are several natural sceneries and historical attractions around the lake:
 * Little Putuo: An island on the lake with several temples built during the Song dynasty by a prime minister called Shihao.
 * Yuefei Temple: A temple built during the Song dynasty in memory of Yuefei.
 * Taogong Island: The place where Fanli and Xishi once lived according to folklore.
 * Southern Song Dynasty Rock Carving Park: won the "National Cultural Relics Conservation Best Project Award" awarded by the China National Architecture Research Association and the China Cultural Relics Conservation Foundation
 * Fuquan Mountain: a mountain with a Chinese tea theme park
 * Ningbo Hanling Old Street: an ancient street with a history thousands of years. It was once called Hanling City. The 'city' here means bazaar.
 * Qita Temple: A Zen Buddhist temple complex first consecrated during the Tang dynasty in the downtown area of Ningbo city.
 * Tianhou Temple: A former temple of Mazu as the "Empress of Heaven" once used by Fujianese merchants as their guild hall (Qing'an Huiguan). In the 19th century, it was accounted by S. Wells Williams as the most beautiful place in Ningbo and by John Thomson as one of the most beautiful temples in China, but that structure was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War. It has been reconstructed with many of its original works of art, however, to form the East Zhejiang Maritime Affairs and Folk Customs Museum.
 * Temple of King Ashoka: a Buddhist temple first established during the Western Jin dynasty (282 AD).
 * Tiantong Temple: One of the "Five Chan Buddhism Temples". Tiantong Temple is the cradle of the Sōtō school (曹洞宗, Sōtō-shū) of Japanese Buddhism.
 * Ningbo Ocean World: An aquarium with an ocean theater
 * Ningbo Youngor Zoo
 * Ningbo Sakura Park (Zhongxing Sakura Park): A sakura park built to commemorate the friendship city between Ningbo City and Nagaoka City, Japan

Jiangbei District

 * Sanjiangkou: The place where the Yong River, Yaojiang River, and Fenghua River meet, and the heart of old Ningbo city where the borders of 3 urban districts of Ningbo city meet.
 * Old Bund (Old Waitan): A waterfront area and protected historical district in the center of Ningbo, built earlier than the Bund of Shanghai, with lots of early 19th century architectures, stores and restaurants.
 * Baoguo Temple: The oldest intact wooden structure in eastern China. It is in the first batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Sites in China. Currently, it is the Baoguo Temple Ancient Architecture Museum, and has become a teaching and research base for many top architectural universities.
 * Ningbo Museum of Art
 * Ningbo Museum of Garden (宁波园林博物馆)
 * Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ningbo
 * Cicheng Ancient Town: A very well-maintained ancient Chinese ancient walled city built in the 8th century, including ancient-time schools, courts, temples, houses, commercial areas. In December 2009, the ancient buildings in Cicheng received the honorary award of the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation by UNESCO.
 * Yaojiang Park

Zhenhai District

 * Jiulong Lake
 * Zhaobao Mountain
 * The Seventeen Houses of Zheng's: The seventeen Houses of Zheng exemplify the classical style of residences during the Ming and Qing dynasties in the south part of Yangtze River Basin.
 * Ningbo Bang Museum and Culture Park : Displays exhibits related to the Ningbo Gang (Ningbo Merchants Group), and the development history of the business gang. It was one of the ten largest commercial groups during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and became the biggest commercial regional group of China in the late Qing dynasty.
 * Yugang Bao's Old House

Beilun District

 * Port Museum of China

Fenghua District

 * Xuedou Temple

Xiangshan County

 * Yushan Islands
 * Nantian Island
 * Xiangshan Global Studios

Ninghai County

 * The Zhedong Grand Canyon
 * Nanxi Hot Spring
 * Qiantong Old Town

Yuyao City (County)

 * Hemudu Culture Relics Site and Museum: The relic site and museum of a Neolithic culture that flourished just south of Hangzhou Bay.

Cixi City (County)

 * Dapeng Mountain

Notable people
Many well known Chinese came from Ningbo or have Ningbo as their ancestral home.

 * People in mainland China
 * Zhang Jianhong, freelance writer, playwright, poet, and democracy activist
 * Pan Tianshou, an artist in Chinese painting
 * Zhou Xinfang, an artist in Peking opera
 * Yu Lina, a violinist
 * Sha Menghai, a master calligrapher
 * Pang Lijuan, an educator and politician
 * Tu Youyou, a scientist awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Sang Lan, an advocate for improved conditions for the disabled in China
 * Shen Yueyue, a senior politician
 * Shi Xiaolin, a politician

 * People in Hong Kong
 * Run Run Shaw
 * Tung Chee Hwa
 * Tung Chao Yung
 * Chen Din Hwa
 * Stephen Chow
 * Sammo Hung
 * Yue-Kong Pao

 * People in Taiwan
 * Chiang Kai-shek, former President of the Republic of China, political and military leader of 20th century China
 * Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's son
 * Morris Chang

 * People overseas
 * Shien Biau Woo
 * Yo Yo Ma
 * Kin Yamei

Bridge
The Hangzhou Bay Bridge, a combination cable-stayed bridge and causeway across Hangzhou Bay, opened to the public on 1 May 2008. This bridge connects the municipalities of Shanghai and Ningbo and is considered the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world. It is the world's second-longest bridge, after the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in Louisiana, United States.

The Jintang Bridge, a four-lane sea crossing bridge linking Jintang Island of Zhoushan and Zhenhai district, is a 27 km long opened on December 26, 2009.

The Xiangshan Harbor Bridge opened to traffic on December 29, 2012, connecting Ningbo with Xiangshan. The 47 km long project includes 22 km as the main body of the bridge and an 8 kilometer long tunnel.

Sea port
The port of Ningbo is the world's busiest port. It was ranked number 1 in total Cargo Volume (1.22 billion tonnes in 2021 ) and number 3 in total container traffic (31.1 million TEUs in 2021) since 2019.

Airport
Ningbo Lishe International Airport connects Ningbo by air to the rest of China, with regularly scheduled domestic and international flights.

Railway
Three railway lines intersect in Ningbo: the Xiaoshan–Ningbo Railway (Xiaoyong Line), which runs west to Hangzhou; the Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou (Yongtaiwen) Railway, which runs south to Wenzhou; and the Hangzhou–Ningbo High-Speed Railway, which runs parallel to the Xiaoyong Line providing high-speed railway service.

With the booming economy in the region, the Xiaoyong Railway, a conventional railway built in the 1950s, could not meet the demand for railway travel between Zhejiang's two largest cities, so construction of a new high-speed railway line between Hangzhou and Ningbo started in 2009. The new railway line was finished in 2013 and reduced travel time between Ningbo and Hangzhou to 50 minutes.

The Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway is a high-speed railway that opened in September 2009. It connects Ningbo with cities along the coast to the south to Fujian Province. High-speed trains on this line operate at speeds of up to 250 km/h.

Ningbo re-opened the Ningbo railway station after three years of construction on 28 December 2013. With a construction area of more than 120,000 m2, it is one of the largest railway stations in China.

Expressway
Seven expressways connect Ningbo with its surrounding cities:
 * The Hangyong expressway, built in the 1990s, connects Hangzhou and Ningbo, and is now part of Hangzhou Bay ring expressway (G92 11 ).
 * The Yongtaiwen expressway (G15), opened in 2000, connects Ningbo with Taizhou and Wenzhou.
 * The Yongjin expressway (G15 12 ) connects Ningbo and Jinhua.
 * The Huyong expressway (G15) connects Ningbo and Shanghai via the Hangzhou Bay bridge.
 * The Yongzhou expressway (G92 11 ) via Jintang Bridge.
 * The G1504 Ningbo Ring Expressway
 * The G1523 Ningbo–Dongguan Expressway

Rapid rail transit and subway
Ningbo has multiple metro lines in service, under construction, and under authorized planning: Since the Metro lines above mainly serve the six urban districts of Ningbo, the Ningbo government announced several future plans to build further rapid transit to connect the six urban districts with the county-level cities and counties.

Military
Ningbo serves as the headquarters of the East Sea Fleet of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy.

Language
Ningbo speech is a dialect of Wu Chinese that has preserved many aspects of ancient Chinese phonology. Its original wording mode can be found in classical reference books. After the unequal treaty port opening, western culture gradually permeated Ningbo. Thus, the prefix " yang", meaning ocean or Western, before the nouns of imported goods is a special language phenomenon of Ningbo dialect.

Food
Ningbo is known for Ningbo Tangyuan, small stuffed buns which are boiled. The stuffing is usually ground sesame mixed with sugar or pork fat. The stuffing is then wrapped with sticky rice powder. Ningbo is even more well known throughout China for its seafood. Seafood markets are abundant, carrying extensive varieties of fish, shellfish, snails, jellyfish and other invertebrates, and sea vegetables in all stages of preparation from "still swimming," to cleaned and ready to cook, to fully cooked.

Education
At the end of 2020, there were 1,896 schools of all levels and types in the city, with a total of 1,418,000 students. Among them, there are 15 colleges and universities in Ningbo with 177,000 full-time students; 86 regular high schools with 93,000 students; 35 vocational schools with 69,000 students; 230 junior high schools with 217,000 students; and 427 primary schools with 517,000 students. There were also 838 full-time private primary and secondary schools (including kindergartens) in the city, with 258,000 students, accounting for 21.7% of the city's full-time primary and secondary school students. In the compulsory education section, there were 288,000 children of migrant workers who went to schools in Ningbo.

Ningbo is one of the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index.

In the whole year of 2020, the city attracted 1,372 more workers with doctoral degrees, for a total of 9,265; 67,000 highly skilled talents, for a total of 551,000; 35 post-doctoral research stations, for a total of 224; and 166,000 graduates, a year-on-year increase of 20.5%. There are 10 offices, totaling 100. Throughout the year, 327,000 skilled personnel were trained in the city.

Higher-Educational institutions
Ningbo has 15 universities and colleges as of May 2021, as well as many research institutions that offer graduate degree programs. The following is a list of current universities and colleges in Ningbo. As of 2020, many famous universities and research institutions have an operating campus or institutes in Ningbo, most of them offering graduate degree programs. Compared to the other 14 sub-provincial cities in China, Ningbo has the fewest higher-educational institutions.

Secondary and primary education
Compulsory education is from the ages 6 to 15. Students are catered to in a variety of state and private schools. Studying for the Gaokao (高考), a cumulative test taken at the end of high school, is optional. At the end of 2020, there were 86 regular high schools with 93,000 students in Ningbo; 35 vocational schools with 69,000 students; 230 junior high schools with 21.7 students; and 427 primary schools with 517,000 students. There were also 838 full-time private primary and secondary schools (including kindergartens) in the city, with 258,000 students, accounting for 21.7% of the city's full-time primary and secondary school students. In the compulsory education section, there were 288,000 children of migrant workers who went to schools in Ningbo.

International education
Several schools are permitted to operate foreign educational programs as an alternative to the Chinese National curriculum and to accept international students.

Access International Academy Ningbo (AIAN) and Ningbo Zhicheng School International (NZSI) both offer the American AERO (American Education Reaches Out) curriculum with the College Board Advanced Placement examinations. Ningbo International School (NBIS) delivers the Cambridge International Primary and Secondary Curricula leading to iGCSE Examinations and A-Levels. Huamao Multicultural Education Academy is an IB World School and offers an international curriculum through the IB Primary Years Program for students ages 3–12 and the IB Diploma Program for students ages 16–19.

Twin towns – sister cities
Ningbo is twinned with:

title: Ningbo


text:
Talk:Brookwood Cemetery

Largest?
"By 1854 it was the largest cemetery in the world" Is it still the largest? Theresa knott 08:50 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * I can't find any reference to it ever having been the largest - that seems to be the A'ali Burial Mounds in Bahrain. Anyone? Nathaniel Cross 23 Jun 2003
 * The "Brookwood Cemetery Society" homepage and literature says it "was the largest in the world" - Lsmithgo 00:04, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Brookwood Cemetery is very hard to define as it is a cemetery which contains a number of individual cemeteries. The total surface area is between 450 and 2.000 acres (depending on definition and which period in time). The problem with the A'ali burial mounds is that a lot of buildings (not being part of the "cemetery") have been built around them, forming A'ali village. Brookwood is probably the largest cemetery in the world, in the regular sense of the word. It is difficult to say what the largest burial ground is. Arlington National Cemetery, a military cemetery, at around 625 acres, could be considered larger, but this depends on definition. Strictly speaking, if you look at area, Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg, Germany is the biggest civilian cemetery, as it is nearly a 1.000 acres in surface area. If you look at the number buried (although not necessarily a cemetery), the area around Najaf in Iraq is probably the largest, with more than five million reputed to have been buried there. It is where Shiites want to be buried because it is seen as the holiest ground in the world. In the Western World, the Nazi extermination camps were probably the largest in number of deaths. Auschwitz (strictly speaking Auschwitz II-Birkenau) is reputed to have been the place where between 1.1 and 3 million found their death. -- JHvW  (talk)   14:03, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Southern Cemetery, Manchester page claim it to be the biggest. Can someone settle this? We seem to have contradictory information on the articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pawlit (talk • contribs) 22:30, 17 November 2013 (UTC)
 * This is not exactly true. It is claimed that Southern Cemetery in Manchester is the second largest is in the United Kingdom. As it is very hard to find exact details about the surface area or number of interments this might be correct. London City Cemetery and Crematorium seems to be a strong contender for second spot. IMHO Brookwood is much larger in total surface area. Why is ranking so important? JHvW 19:47, 15 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Southern Cemetery's original claim was that it was the largest municipal cemetery in the UK, having been laid out and opened by the Manchester City Council. However this distinction was lost when Brookwood Cemetery was bought by Woking Council in 2014.Cloptonson (talk) 10:53, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

Murderers commemorated
Minor factoid that might be included in an expanded article is the inclusion of executed murderers on the memorials:
 * "L/27572 Private August Sangret, Royal Canadian Infantry Corps, is commemorated on the Brookwood Memorial. His entry can be found on Panel 23, Column 3. Other executed criminals present on the Brookwood Memorial are Ernest James Kemp and Theodore Schurch." --Gaius Cornelius 16:52, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a mention of Edith Thompson, who was reputed to have conspired to murder her husband Percy, she was found guilty of adultery. She was executed in HMP Holloway by hanging on January 9, 1923. She was interred in the prison until her remains and the remains of three others (Styllou Christofi, Amelia Sach and Annie Walters) were reinterred in Brookwood in 1971, until 1993 the grave was unmarked. In 1993 a memorial was placed, the memorial is clearly marked Edith Thompson and is in plot 117 . -- JHvW  (talk)   16:09, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

 * BTW, Schurch was not hanged for murder but treachery in having deserted while a POW and later spied for Germany and Fascist Italy. There is also listed on the memorial another Canadian soldier who was executed for the 1945 murder of a woman in Bridgend, Wales, the crime of which took place in proximity of time and place to the German POW mass escape from Island Farm camp but his name escapes my memory of the story.Cloptonson (talk) 11:40, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

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500 acres
The figure of 500 acres probably came from page 4 of the brochure of the London Necropolis Company (LNC), reproduced in but on p. 29 of the same book we find that the LNC purchased over 2,000 acres of Surrey heathland ... about 400 acres, south of the L&SWR's main line, was set aside as the initial site of the London Necropolis. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 15:54, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I see, thanks for that. Both the cemetery website and the Woking BC source I provided say 220 acres. While it's not exactly clear whether that includes the CWGC site as well, the latter source does state that a lot of untouched cemetery land was sold off in the 1960s. Even now, there are many plots that are anything but crowded.--ThunderingTyphoons! (talk) 17:42, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brookwood Cemetery


text:
10th Annual Grammy Awards

The 10th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 29, 1968, at Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville and New York. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1967.

Award winners

 * Record of the Year
 * Johnny Rivers & Marc Gordon (producers) & The 5th Dimension for "Up, Up and Away"
 * Album of the Year
 * The Beatles & George Martin (producer) for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
 * Song of the Year
 * Jimmy L. Webb (songwriter) for "Up, Up and Away" performed by The 5th Dimension
 * Best New Artist
 * Bobbie Gentry

Children's

 * Best Recording for Children
 * Boris Karloff for Dr. Seuss: How the Grinch Stole Christmas

Classical

 * Best Classical Performance - Orchestra
 * Igor Stravinsky (conductor) & the Columbia Symphony Orchestra for Stravinsky: Firebird and Petrouchka Suites
 * Best Classical Vocal Soloist Performance
 * Francesco Molinari-Pradelli (conductor), Leontyne Price, & the RCA Italiana Opera Orchestra for Prima Donna, Volume 2
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Thomas Z. Shepard (producer), Pierre Boulez (conductor), Walter Berry, Ingeborg Lasser, Isabel Strauss, Fritz Uhl & the Paris National Opera Orchestra & Chorus for Berg: Wozzeck
 * Best Classical Choral Performance (other than opera)
 * Leonard Bernstein (conductor) & the London Symphony Orchestra & Choir for Mahler: Symphony No. 8 in E Flat Major (Symphony of a Thousand)
 * Eugene Ormandy (conductor), Robert Page (choir director), the Temple University Choir & the Philadelphia Orchestra for Orff: Catulli Carmina
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra)
 * Vladimir Horowitz for Horowitz in Concert (Haydn, Schumann, Scriabin, Debussy, Mozart, Chopin)
 * Best Chamber Music Performance
 * Ravi Shankar & Yehudi Menuhin for West Meets East
 * Album of the Year, Classical
 * John McClure (producer), Leonard Bernstein (conductor), various artists & the London Symphony Orchestra for Mahler: Symphony No. 8 (Symphony of a Thousand)
 * Thomas Z. Shepard (producer), Pierre Boulez (conductor), Walter Berry, Ingeborg Lasser, Isabel Strauss, Fritz Uhl, Choeur Nationale de Paris & the Orchestra of Paris National Opera for Berg: Wozzeck

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Performance
 * Bill Cosby for Revenge

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Theme
 * Lalo Schifrin (composer) for "Mission: Impossible"
 * Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Show
 * Lalo Schifrin (composer) for Mission: Impossible
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Burt Bacharach (arranger) for Alfie
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)/Best Background Arrangement
 * Jimmie Haskell (arranger) for "Ode to Billie Joe" performed by Bobbie Gentry

Country

 * Best Country & Western Solo Vocal Performance, Female
 * Tammy Wynette for "I Don't Wanna Play House"
 * Best Country & Western Solo Vocal Performance, Male
 * Glen Campbell for "Gentle on My Mind"
 * Best Country & Western Performance Duet, Trio or Group (Vocal or Instrumental)
 * Johnny Cash & June Carter for "Jackson"
 * Best Country & Western Recording
 * Al De Lory (producer) & Glen Campbell for "Gentle on My Mind"
 * Best Country & Western Song
 * John Hartford (songwriter) for "Gentle on My Mind" performed by Glen Campbell

Folk

 * Best Folk Performance
 * John Hartford for Gentle On My Mind

Gospel

 * Best Gospel Performance
 * Porter Wagoner & The Blackwood Brothers for More Grand Old Gospel
 * Best Sacred Performance
 * Elvis Presley for How Great Thou Art

Jazz

 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Small Group or Soloist With Small Group
 * Cannonball Adderley for Mercy, Mercy, Mercy performed by the Cannonball Adderley Quintet
 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Large Group or Soloist with Large Group
 * Duke Ellington for "Far East Suite"

Musical show

 * Best Score From an Original Cast Show Album
 * Fred Ebb, John Kander (composers), Goddard Lieberson (producer) & the original cast (Joel Grey, Jill Haworth, Lotte Lenya, Jack Gilford & Bert Convy) for Cabaret

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Cover, Graphic Arts
 * Jann Haworth & Peter Blake (art directors) for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band performed by The Beatles
 * Best Album Cover, Photography
 * Robert Cato & John Berg (art directors) & Roland Scherman (photographer) for Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits performed by Bob Dylan
 * Best Album Notes
 * John D. Loudermilk (notes writer) for Suburban Attitudes in Country Verse performed by John D. Loudermilk

Pop

 * Best Vocal Performance, Female
 * Bobbie Gentry for "Ode to Billie Joe"
 * Best Vocal Performance, Male
 * Glen Campbell for "By the Time I Get to Phoenix"
 * Best Performance by a Vocal Group
 * The 5th Dimension for "Up, Up and Away"
 * Best Performance by a Chorus
 * Johnny Mann for "Up, Up and Away" performed by the Johnny Mann Singers
 * Best Instrumental Performance
 * Chet Atkins for Chet Atkins Picks the Best
 * Best Contemporary Female Solo Vocal Performance
 * Bobbie Gentry for "Ode to Billie Joe"
 * Best Contemporary Male Solo Vocal Performance
 * Glen Campbell for "By the Time I Get to Phoenix"
 * Best Contemporary Group Performance (Vocal or Instrumental)
 * The 5th Dimension for "Up, Up and Away"
 * Best Contemporary Single
 * Johnny Rivers & Marc Gordon (producers) & The 5th Dimension for "Up, Up and Away"
 * Best Contemporary Album
 * George Martin (producer) & The Beatles for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Recording - Non-Classical
 * Geoff E. Emerick (engineer) for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band performed by The Beatles
 * Best Engineered Recording, Classical
 * Edward T. Graham (engineer) & the Philadelphia Brass Ensemble for The Glorious Sound of Brass

R&B

 * Best R&B Solo Vocal Performance, Female
 * Aretha Franklin for "Respect"
 * Best R&B Solo Vocal Performance, Male
 * Lou Rawls for "Dead End Street"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Group Performance, Vocal or Instrumental
 * Sam & Dave for "Soul Man"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Recording
 * Aretha Franklin for "Respect"

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word, Documentary or Drama Recording
 * Everett M. Dirksen for Gallant Men

title: 10th Annual Grammy Awards


text:
11th Annual Grammy Awards

The 11th Annual Grammy Awards were held on March 12, 1969. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1968.

Award winners

 * Record of the Year
 * Paul Simon & Roy Halee (producers) & Simon & Garfunkel for "Mrs. Robinson"
 * Album of the Year
 * Al De Lory (producer) & Glen Campbell for By the Time I Get to Phoenix
 * Song of the Year
 * Bobby Russell (songwriter) for "Little Green Apples" performed by Roger Miller / O.C. Smith
 * Best New Artist
 * José Feliciano

Classical

 * Best Classical Performance - Orchestra
 * Pierre Boulez (conductor) & the New Philharmonia Orchestra for Boulez Conducts Debussy (La Mer; Prelude A L'Apres-Midi D'Un Faune; Jeux)
 * Best Vocal Soloist Performance
 * Carlo Felice Cillario (conductor), Montserrat Caballé & the RCA Italiana Opera Orchestra & Chorus for Rossini: Rarities
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Richard Mohr (producer), Erich Leinsdorf (conductor), Ezio Flagello, Sherrill Milnes, Leontyne Price, Judith Raskin, George Shirley, Tatiana Troyanos & the New Philharmonia Orchestra for Mozart: Cosi Fan Tutte
 * Best Choral Performance (other than opera)
 * Vittorio Negri (conductor), George Bragg, Gregg Smith, (choir directors), E. Power Biggs, the Edward Tarr Ensemble, the Gregg Smith Singers & the Texas Boys Choir for The Glory of Gabrieli
 * Best Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra)
 * Vladimir Horowitz for Horowitz on Television (Chopin, Scriabin, Scarlatti, Horowitz)
 * Best Chamber Music Performance
 * Vittorio Negri (conductor), E. Power Biggs & the Edward Tarr Ensemble for Glory of Gabrieli Vol. II - Canzonas for Brass, Winds, Strings and Organ

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Performance
 * Bill Cosby for To Russell, My Brother, Whom I Slept With

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Theme
 * Mason Williams (composer) for "Classical Gas"
 * Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special
 * Dave Grusin & Paul Simon (composers) for The Graduate performed by Simon & Garfunkel
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Mike Post (arranger) for "Classical Gas" performed by Mason Williams
 * Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
 * Jimmy L. Webb (arranger) for "MacArthur Park" performed by Richard Harris

Country

 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Female
 * Jeannie C. Riley for "Harper Valley PTA"
 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Male
 * Johnny Cash for "Folsom Prison Blues"
 * Best Country Performance, Duo or Group - Vocal or Instrumental
 * Flatt & Scruggs for "Foggy Mountain Breakdown"
 * Best Country Song
 * Bobby Russell (songwriter) for "Little Green Apples" performed by Roger Miller / O.C. Smith

Folk

 * Best Folk Performance
 * Judy Collins for "Both Sides Now"

Gospel

 * Best Gospel Performance
 * The Happy Goodman Family for The Happy Gospel of the Happy Goodmans
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance
 * Dottie Rambo for "The Soul of Me"
 * Best Sacred Performance
 * Jake Hess for "Beautiful Isle of Somewhere"

Jazz

 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Small Group or Soloist with Small Group
 * Bill Evans for Bill Evans at the Montreux Jazz Festival performed by the Bill Evans Trio
 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group or Soloist with Large Group
 * Duke Ellington for "And His Mother Called Him Bill"

Musical show

 * Best Score From an Original Cast Show Album
 * Galt MacDermot, Gerome Ragni, James Rado (composers), Andy Wiswell (producer) the original cast (Ronnie Dyson, Gerome Ragni, Steve Curry, Lamont Washington, Diane Keaton, Melba Moore & James Rado) for Hair.

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Cover
 * John Berg, Richard Mantell (art directors), Horn Grinner Studios (photographer) for Underground performed by Thelonious Monk
 * Best Album Notes
 * Johnny Cash (notes writer) for Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison performed by Johnny Cash

Pop

 * Best Contemporary-Pop Vocal Performance, Female
 * Dionne Warwick for "Do You Know the Way to San Jose?"
 * Best Contemporary-Pop Vocal Performance, Male
 * Jose Feliciano for "Light My Fire"
 * Best Contemporary-Pop Performance - Vocal Duo or Group
 * Simon & Garfunkel for "Mrs. Robinson"
 * Best Contemporary Pop Performance, Chorus
 * Alan Copeland (choir director) for "Mission Impossible/Norwegian Wood Medley" performed by the Alan Copeland Singers
 * Best Pop Instrumental Performance
 * Mason Williams for "Classical Gas"

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical
 * Hugh Davies & Joe Polito (engineers) for "Wichita Lineman" performed by Glen Campbell
 * Best Engineered Recording, Classical
 * Gordon Parry (engineer), Georg Solti (conductor) & the London Symphony Orchestra for Mahler: Symphony No. 9 in D

R&B

 * Best R&B Performance, Female
 * Aretha Franklin for "Chain of Fools"
 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male
 * Otis Redding for "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" (posthumously)
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Performance by a Duo or Group, Vocal or Instrumental
 * The Temptations for "Cloud Nine"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Song
 * Otis Redding & Steve Cropper (songwriters) for "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" performed by Otis Redding

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word Recording
 * Rod McKuen for Lonesome Cities

title: 11th Annual Grammy Awards


text:
Talk:London Necropolis Company

comments
Actually not sure if it was set up at Brookwood - though there is a Brookwood village nearby. The cemetery is about 4 miles west of Woking, and Brookwood village is also west of Woking, and North of Guildford. This needs to be checked. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.137.39.195 (talk) 08:53, 20 June 2003 (UTC)

This is correct, it is called "Brookwood Cemetery" today and is adjacent to Brookwood Station. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.71.50.40 (talk) 15:16, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Isn't this it? http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10324706&wwwflag=2&imagepos=11 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.35.107.44 (talk) 16:26, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

It's near Brookwood, it takes nearly a minute to pass on the Bournemouth to Waterloo train!! Britmax (talk) 13:01, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Credit where credit is due? And show it?
A fascinating article, probably a bit too detailed for a truly encyclopaedic WP contribution, but ticks all the right WP style and format boxes. Good example for anybody writing a WP (historical) article and justly given Featured Article status.

But, I wonder, I just wonder: in a 99,000 bytes article (say, 25 pages normal text in word) there are some 320 cites to only two books from one author. There are ten cites to one page from Clarke 2004 alone. Credit where credit is due: if WP used the Harvard style of citations, the name Clarke would be mentioned 320 times in the body of the text. As WP prefers the numbered Vancouver style, Clarke is only mentioned twice (in the bibliography). To address this imbalance gently I will add the source (and mention Clarke’s name) in two of the illustrations, which are based on maps from the two Clarke books. It creates inconsistencies in the citation style but that’s in my view a small price to pay for making the originator of most of the material in this splendid WP article slightly more visible.Sleuth21 (talk) 11:37, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

Vanity Publication?
This article has been created essentially by only one editor and is a ‘featured article’. Typically, Wikipedia articles / should be the result of collective efforts, but this article was put on WP 'in one go' (on 10 June 2011) and there are only few subsequent 'collective' edits. As mentioned above, this article complies (on a very high standard) with WP style editing policies but is much too detailed to qualify as an 'encyclopedic' contribution. It also violates the spirit of copyright restrictions and ‘close paraphrasing’ rules. Some of the main editor’s paraphrasing falsifies careful scholarly statements in the two main sources (by John Clarke). This article (and similar other ones) seems to use WP as a vanity press publisher. I have placed a corresponding general comment on the vanity press site. Sleuth21 (talk) 15:01, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * See comments on the author's talk page and the vanity press talk page--DavidCane (talk) 22:52, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Legal issues
I have started a discussion about the mysterious "legal issues" surrounding this article at Administrators' noticeboard (update: archived). Please keep discussion there. Thryduulf (talk) 15:25, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

What exactly is going on here?
I've read all the related discussions and things are even less clear to me. Some people are talking about the images and how they might possibly be violations under UK law because they were taken on private property or something? But only if someone actually presents a lawsuit? But then there are several others explaining that there's no way such a lawsuit would hold up under what the law actually covers.

If the issue is the copyright of images, then shouldn't we just remove said images from the article?

Then there are other people talking about copyright/possible plagiarism issues with the text and I don't know what the heck that is about besides the fact that the article is based on only a few books. If there are concerns of text plagiarism, then that is something that needs to be addressed. If there isn't such an issue, then what the heck are the "legal concerns" over this article in the first place? Silver seren C 23:29, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * It's in the hands of WMF Legal. They'll advise, eventually, on what should or shouldn't be done. :) · Salvidrim!  ·  ✉  23:33, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The request that was made, by the principal author of the article, was that even though the article has reached FA status, that it not be run on the mainpage at this time. He has made the Wikimedia Foundation legal department and me aware of the nature of his concerns. I perceive them and hence his request to keep the article off the mainpage as legitimate, and the Office is presumably going to take a look at the issue.
 * In the meantime, there has been a rash of unhelpful speculation in various places about the subject, all of which is unhelpful, and some of which is defamatory of a contributor. Further discussion at this moment is not going to help the situation. Newyorkbrad (talk) 23:38, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I have less of an issue with the mainpage thing and more on what exactly are the legal issues. Because comments from the author (and by yourself) boiled down to "this is potentially a lawsuit, but only if people become aware of the article, which is why we don't want it to be on the main page". And that is a rather concerning viewpoint. If there is something that is a legal issue here, then we need to fix it. And, again, if it is merely about the images, can't we just remove them for now? Silver  seren C 23:44, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * This article has had about five edits all year. There is nothing going on here that can't wait a couple more days. Newyorkbrad (talk) 23:48, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * If you say so. If it is such a seriously direct problem that the article being on the front page might result in a lawsuit, it seems to me that it is indeed an issue that needs to be dealt with swiftly, as that lawsuit can still come about at any time regardless. Silver  seren C 23:54, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I admittedly don't have much faith in WMF Legal, considering some past actions they've taken, such as with the Choose Your Own Adventure article. Silver  seren C 23:46, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * That's a gratuitously unhelpful comment. Newyorkbrad (talk) 23:48, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, well, i'm sorry that I don't agree with Wikipedia bowing to someone that wants an article's history to only be their version of events. And anyone who saw what WMF people were saying on the CYOA talk page knew that that's what was going on. Silver  seren C 23:54, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't get why people are making a big deal over this. While I don't know what concerns the primary author has, it's easy to find that there are concerns over the images. These are mentioned in our very own Talk:Brookwood Cemetery and it's also easy to find discussions on the issue externally, e.g.  . It seems clear based on these there would be at least 4 concerns here. One would be the risk to the WMF, my knowledge of the law is limited but it is enough to know that it's generally fairly unwise to conclude there's no risk from a lawsuit unless you have very good legal advice and I think it's clear as much as the WMF may like it otherwise that being located in the US doesn't mean they can just ignore the risk of lawsuits in other countries, it's also clear, and unsurprising, that the WMF doesn't necessarily want to get involved to a lawsuit even if they think they will win. There's also the risk to those who uploaded or contributed photographs here or elsewhere that we're using. Finally there is an obvious risk to anyone who reuses the content and while we're not responsible for them, it does we run the risk of bringing undue attention to the matter if the article appears as TFA, as it seems clear that the company involved has been monitoring this to some extent and have been pursing it even if not in court yet (that I read). Finally the legal issues aside, there's also the stated concern of relatives over photographs of graves being published and while I don't see any photos of obvious concern in this article, I'm not sure about other articles or elsewhere in wikipedia or commons. So yes, let's wait until WMF legal says something, and go from there. It's not like we're desperately running out of FAs and since the person who did most of the work is on board, there's no reason to be desperate to TFA it. And if you don't trust WMF legal, that's up to you, as the ones the foundation trusts, it's irrelevant when it comes to legal issues concerning wikipedia. Nil Einne (talk) 14:51, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi All! Legal has reviewed this issue and has not asked that the article be placed under protection for any legal reason, but will defer to any community decision to protect such an article based on community policy and practices. However, we want to remind editors to use caution when editing as editors and administrators may be responsible legally for any content and posting of articles per the Terms of Use and legal policies. Michelle Paulson, Legal Counsel —Preceding undated comment added 17:45, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

I am aware of the issue that were of concern to Iridescent. They provide a reasonable basis for his suggestion that this article (which as it happens he wrote in the first place) not be run on the main page at this time. However, they do not require that article remain protected from editing, nor warrant its being deleted, revised, or de-featured.

The administrator who protected the article has said on his talkpage that he would not object to the article's being unprotected by an administrator with the relevant background. Accordingly, I am lifting the protection. Anyone with concerns is of course free not to edit the article, which has had relatively few editors in any event. Newyorkbrad (talk) 01:51, 26 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Oof, you beat me to it! I was just reading MPaulson's comments when I got the notification you had unprotected the page. I was about to do the same, so of course I fully agree with the action. :) · Salvidrim!  ·  ✉  01:56, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

Problem with caption
Is that really an accurate translation of the motto? My Latin is weak but at the very least it should reflect the order of the two clauses; also, I would prefer "health" for "salis" rather than just "good". Mangoe (talk) 17:24, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I’m no whiz either but it does seem a loose translation. AFAICT mortuis and vivis are in the dative, so my literal reading would be “For the dead, rest; for the living, health.“ Providing somewhere to R.I.P. while eliminating a biohazard.—Odysseus 1 4 7  9  06:15, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

Room for additional information - effect of new cemeteries
More than once this article mentions that Brookwood Cemetery's take up (and with it that of the London Necropolis Railway) was less than expected by its founders. There is room here for discussing, with citations, what I believe to be the most important factors, which must have caused a significant decline:

 * The introduction of municipal cemeteries by the London boroughs.
 * The foundation of crematoria within London eg Golders Green that ended Woking's monopoly on cremation in the metropolitan region.

Cloptonson (talk) 11:50, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:London Necropolis Company


text:
12th Annual Grammy Awards

The 12th Annual Grammy Awards were held on March 11, 1970. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1969.

Award winners

 * Record of the Year
 * Bones Howe (producer) & The 5th Dimension for "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In"
 * Album of the Year
 * James William Guercio (producer) & Blood, Sweat & Tears for Blood, Sweat & Tears
 * Song of the Year
 * Joe South for "Games People Play"
 * Best New Artist
 * Crosby, Stills & Nash

Children's

 * Best Recording for Children
 * Peter, Paul and Mary for Peter, Paul and Mommy

Classical

 * Best Classical Performance, Orchestra
 * Pierre Boulez (conductor) & the Cleveland Orchestra for Boulez Conducts Debussy, Vol. 2 "Images Pour Orchestre"
 * Best Vocal Soloist Performance, Classical
 * Thomas Schippers (conductor), Leontyne Price & the New Philharmonia for Barber: Two Scenes From "Antony and Cleopatra"/Knoxville, Summer of 1915
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Otto Gerdes (producer), Herbert von Karajan (conductor), Helga Dernesch, Thomas Stolze, Jess Thomas & the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra for Wagner: Siegfried
 * Best Choral Performance, Classical (other than opera)
 * Luciano Berio (conductor), Ward Swingle (choir director), the Swingle Singers & the New York Philharmonic for Berio: Sinfonia
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra)
 * Wendy Carlos for Switched-On Bach
 * Best Chamber Music Performance
 * The Chicago Brass Ensemble, Cleveland Brass Ensemble & Philadelphia Brass Ensemble for Gabrieli: Antiphonal Music of Gabrieli
 * Album of the Year, Classical
 * Rachel Elkind (producer) & Wendy Carlos for Switched-On Bach

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Recording
 * Bill Cosby for Bill Cosby, aka Sports.

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Theme
 * John Barry (composer) for Midnight Cowboy
 * Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special
 * Burt Bacharach (composer) for Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Henry Mancini (arranger) for "Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet"
 * Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
 * Fred Lipsius (arranger) for "Spinning Wheel" performed by Blood, Sweat & Tears

Country

 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Female
 * Tammy Wynette for Stand By Your Man
 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Male
 * Johnny Cash for A Boy Named Sue
 * Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group
 * Waylon Jennings & the Kimberlys for MacArthur Park
 * Best Country Instrumental Performance
 * The Nashville Brass & Danny Davis for The Nashville Brass Featuring Danny Davis Play More Nashville Sounds
 * Best Country Song
 * Shel Silverstein (songwriter) for A Boy Named Sue performed by Johnny Cash

Folk

 * Best Folk Performance
 * Joni Mitchell for Clouds

Gospel

 * Best Gospel Performance
 * Porter Wagoner & the Blackwood Brothers for In Gospel Country
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance
 * Edwin Hawkins for Oh Happy Day performed by the Edwin Hawkins Singers
 * Best Sacred Performance (Non-Classical)
 * Jake Hess for Ain't That Beautiful Singing

Jazz

 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Small Group or Soloist With Small Group
 * Wes Montgomery for Willow Weep for Me
 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Large Group or Soloist With Large Group
 * Quincy Jones for Walking in Space

Musical show

 * Best Score From an Original Cast Show Album
 * Burt Bacharach, Hal David (composers), Henry Jerome, Phil Ramone (producers) & the original cast (Jerry Orbach, Jill O'Hara, Edward Winter, Donna McKecknie, A .L. Hines, Marian Mercer & Paul Reed) for Promises, Promises

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Cover
 * David Stahlberg & Evelyn J. Kelbish (graphic artists) for America the Beautiful performed by Gary McFarland
 * Best Album Notes
 * Johnny Cash (notes writer) for Nashville Skyline performed by Bob Dylan

Pop

 * Best Contemporary Vocal Performance, Female
 * Peggy Lee for "Is That All There Is?"
 * Best Contemporary Vocal Performance, Male
 * Harry Nilsson for "Everybody's Talkin'"
 * Best Contemporary Vocal Performance by a Group
 * The 5th Dimension for "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In"
 * Best Contemporary Performance by a Chorus
 * Percy Faith for "Love Theme From "Romeo and Juliet" performed by the Percy Faith Orchestra & Chorus
 * Best Contemporary Instrumental Performance
 * Blood, Sweat & Tears for "Variations on a Theme by Eric Satie"
 * Best Contemporary Song
 * Joe South for "Games People Play"

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical
 * Geoff E. Emerick & Phil McDonald (engineers) for Abbey Road performed by The Beatles
 * Best Engineered Recording, Classical
 * Wendy Carlos (engineer & artist) for Switched-On Bach

R&B

 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female
 * Aretha Franklin for "Share Your Love With Me"
 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male
 * Joe Simon for "The Chokin' Kind"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Performance by a Duo or Group, Vocal or Instrumental
 * Isley Brothers for "It's Your Thing"
 * Best R&B Instrumental Performance
 * King Curtis for "Games People Play"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Song
 * Richard Spencer (songwriter) for "Color Him Father" performed by The Winstons

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word Recording
 * Art Linkletter & Diane Linkletter for We Love You Call Collect

title: 12th Annual Grammy Awards