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John MacCormick

John MacDonald MacCormick (20 November 1904 – 13 October 1961) was a Scottish lawyer, Scottish nationalist politician and advocate of Home Rule in Scotland.

Early life
MacCormick was born in Pollokshields, Glasgow, in 1904. His father was Donald MacCormick, a sea captain who was from the Isle of Mull. His mother was the first district nurse in the Western Isles. MacCormick was educated at Woodside School, and studied law at the University of Glasgow (1923–1928). He became involved in politics while at university, and joined the Glasgow University Labour Club and the Independent Labour Party in 1923. In September 1927 MacCormick left the ILP and formed the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association (GUSNA), which was designed to promote Scottish culture and nationalism and self-government. The association was sufficiently neutral to act as the honest broker between the various nationalist organisations which would merge to form the National Party of Scotland (NPS) in April 1928. MacCormick was a talented speaker and organiser, and served as the national secretary of the NPS. MacCormick was often known by his nickname "King John", which he said came from a heckle during a debate he was participating in when upon a question from the floor whether a devolved Scotland would retain the monarchy, or would be a republic, someone interjected and said: "no, it will be a kingdom and John MacCormick will be our king."

The failure of the NPS to make an electoral breakthrough led him to question current tactics and he concluded that the party's fundamentalist wing was frightening away potential support because of its support for republicanism and independence. In consequence, MacCormick initiated a campaign to redefine the policy of the NPS, to make it more moderate and to tone down demands for independence. He first stood for Parliament as an NPS candidate at the 1929 general election, when he came third in Glasgow Camlachie, with 1,646 votes. He also stood at Inverness at the 1931 general election.

SNP
In 1932, MacCormick began to make overtures to the right-wing Scottish Party, believing that, as the Scottish Party included a number of members of the Scottish 'establishment', their conversion to the cause of home rule would enhance the credibility of the nationalists. To secure an accommodation, MacCormick purged the NPS of radical elements, and moved the policy of the NPS towards that of the Scottish Party. His endeavours paid dividends, and in 1934 the two parties merged to form the Scottish National Party (SNP). MacCormick himself was not a dogmatic politician, and described himself as a radical, by which he meant a form of centrist liberal. His response to the failure of the SNP to make an electoral impact in the mid-1930s was to search for alternative strategies. He considered the basic problem to be that, although many people in Scotland favoured home rule, they were not, on the whole, willing to put the issue above conventional party loyalties. The solution, MacCormick argued, was to make the other parties take home rule seriously, and to demonstrate widespread support for the cause. In 1939 he launched the idea of a Scottish national convention, which would bring together all sections of Scottish society and all shades of Scottish political opinion in favour of home rule. He had made contact with both the Labour and Liberal parties, and although the first meeting, scheduled for September 1939, was cancelled because of the outbreak of World War II, MacCormick pushed negotiations throughout the war.

As a leading figure in the SNP, MacCormick came under increasing attack from the rank and file members for his failure to maintain party structure and organisation. He considered that his preferred strategy of co-operation with other organisations meant that there was little need for the SNP to function as a mainstream political party. He endeavoured to present an acceptable face of Scottish nationalism, and did much to reverse the party's official anti-conscription policy following the outbreak of the Second World War. MacCormick stood as an SNP candidate for Inverness at the 1935 general election and at the 1937 Glasgow Hillhead by-election.

He resigned from the party in 1942 following his failure to persuade the party to adopt a devolutionist stance rather than supporting all out Scottish independence and due to the victory of Douglas Young over his favoured candidate, William Power, for the leadership of the SNP. Along with a number of dissatisfied delegates to that year's SNP conference, he established the Scottish Convention to campaign for home rule for Scotland and later formed the Scottish Covenant Association.

Scottish Convention, Scottish Covenant and later years
MacCormick took the decision to join the Liberal Party as he viewed them as being the party most closely allied to his devolutionist ambitions for Scotland. He stood as the Liberal candidate for Inverness at the 1945 general election.

The Scottish Convention succeeded in 1947 in setting up an assembly along the lines planned in 1939. In 1951, MacCormick formed the Scottish Covenant Association, a non-partisan political organisation which campaigned to secure the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly. This covenant was hugely successful in securing support from across the political spectrum, as well as in capturing the Scottish public's imagination (over 2 million signed a petition demanding the convocation of an Assembly). In 1948, he stood as an independent candidate at the Paisley by-election, with what he erroneously believed to be Liberal and Conservative support, and lost. His failure discredited claims as to the popularity of home rule, and further served to reinforce notions that the Scottish Convention was an anti-Labour organisation. MacCormick's failure left the SNP with a monopoly of the cause of home rule.

MacCormick was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow in October 1950. He served as Rector until 1953. He was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by the university in 1951. This association with GUSNA also saw the formation of a political friendship with a then young law student at Glasgow University, Ian Hamilton, who had run his campaign to be elected rector. MacCormick was involved, along with Hamilton, in the removal of the Stone of Destiny from Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1950 and its return to Arbroath Abbey. He also mounted a legal challenge, MacCormick v. Lord Advocate, over the right of Queen Elizabeth using the title Queen Elizabeth II, on grounds that there had been no previous Scottish Queen Elizabeth.

In 1955 MacCormick had a book detailing his activities in the home rule movement published, entitled The Flag in the Wind. His last attempt to enter parliament came at the 1959 General Election, when he stood for the Liberal Party at Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles, again finishing second.

In the film Stone of Destiny MacCormick is played by Robert Carlyle.

Personal life
MacCormick married Margaret Isobel Miller in 1939, with whom he had two sons and two daughters. Their elder son, Iain (1939–2014), served as SNP Member of Parliament for Argyll from 1974 till 1979 (and was a founder member of the Social Democratic Party. Their second son, Neil (1941–2009) was regius professor of Public Law and Vice-Principal of the University of Edinburgh, and served as an SNP Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2004. He was also the uncle of the journalist and broadcaster Donald MacCormick.

MacCormick died on 13 October 1961. His funeral was held in the chapel of the University of Glasgow.

title: John MacCormick


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Eurovision Young Dancers 2003

The Eurovision Young Dancers 2003 was the tenth edition of the Eurovision Young Dancers, held at the Stadsschouwburg Theatre in Amsterdam, Netherlands between 29 June and 4 July 2003. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Nederlandse Programma Stichting (NPS), dancers from ten countries participated in the televised final. A total of seventeen countries took part in the competition therefore a semi-final was held a few days before at the same venue. and made their début while,  and  decided not to participate.

The semi-final took place on 2 July 2003. Each country could send one or two dancers, male or female, not older than 20. All countries except the host (Netherlands) had to take part in the semi-final.

The non-qualified countries were Armenia,, , , , and. Kristina Oom and Sebastian Michanek of Sweden won the contemporary dance prize, with Jerlin Ndudi of Ukraine winning the classical dance prize. Monika Hejduková and Viktor Konvalinka of Czech Republic won the 'Youth Jury Choice' award.

Location
Stadsschouwburg Theatre in Amsterdam, Netherlands was the host venue for the 2003 edition of the Eurovision Young Dancers. The building is in the neo-Renaissance style dating back to 1894, and is the former home of the National Ballet and Opera.

Format
The format consists of dancers who are non-professional and between the ages of 16–21, competing in a performance of dance routines of their choice, which they have prepared in advance of the competition. All of the acts then take part in a choreographed group dance during 'Young Dancers Week'.

Jury members of a professional aspect and representing the elements of ballet, contemporary, and modern dancing styles, score each of the competing individual and group dance routines. The overall winner upon completion of the final dances is chosen by the professional jury members. All participants received a medal, designed by Dutch artist Dinie Besems.

There was no interval act this year, with footage of previous contest winners and an offstage interview with Agnès Letestu, winner of the contemporary dance prize in, broadcast instead.

Preliminary round
A total of seventeen countries took part in the preliminary round of the 2003 contest, of which ten qualified to the televised grand final. The following countries failed to qualify.

Final
There were 2 prizes given this year: one for contemporary dance (awarded to ) and one for classical ballet dance (awarded to ). A special "young jury" award was given as well by a group of young viewers that were in the audience, this went to contemporary runner-up.

Jury members
The jury members consisted of the following:

 * – Vladimir Vasiliev
 * – Susanne Linke
 * – Paola Cantalupo
 * – Derrick Brown
 * – Liz Imperio

Broadcasting
26 national broadcasters in 23 countries transmitted the 2003 event. Albania, Croatia, Germany, Iceland, Puerto Rico, and Serbia and Montenegro all broadcast the contest in addition to the competing countries.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eurovision Young Dancers 2003


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Talk:South China Sea Islands

Untitled
Good article summarizing the legal/historical claims of countries over the Spratly Islands (and Paracel Islands), especially from the point of view of Vietnam and the Philippines: —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Seav (talk • contribs).

title: Talk:South China Sea Islands


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Talk:Spratly Islands

Context map?
Can someone please provide a 'context' map? 95% of readers don't want to know the relative positions of Northeast Cay and West York Island, they want to know where in the hell these islands are! Herdrick Feb 17 2005

"An 1838 Unified Dai Nam map" is not from 1838
I don't know when exactly this map was made but it must be after 1843 because Thanh Hoá 清化 is on the map. Before 1843 it's called Thanh Hoa 清華 (source official Nguyễn dynasty history: Đại Nam thực lục Vol 32). --KomradeRice (talk) 18:48, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanh Hoá (清化) is on a newer map in 1882 which means that the previous map in 1838 issued by the Nguyễn Dynasty is correct PhamHoangThạch (talk) 02:15, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Need better sources
I haven't followed this topic for ages so maybe just out of date. However in regards to the current paragraph in the article.

Majority of hostile acts in the territory have come from China, as reported by multiple verified international news and independent media.[119][120] Chinese aggression have increased rapidly in the last few decades, forcing multiple countries to pushback, both diplomatically and militarily. Various fishing boats have been harassed by Chinese warships, of which those boats were from nationals of Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Taiwan, Brunei, Vietnam, and the Philippines, all of which have made push-backs against China's aggressive territorial acts.

I read the sources and cannot find anything suggesting that Chinese warships have harrassed boats (around disputed Spratley) from from nationals of (Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Taiwan, Brunei.) If there is sources for that info, be great if you could add it in.

Only the approx 3 given sources describe a Chinese fishing boat ramming a Filipino fishing boat, and also a Chinese coast guard ramming a Vietnamese fishing boat. (2 incidents total) That doesn't strike me as China mostly ramming or sinking 'most' or 'many' other ships on a daily basis like previous edit was implying.

The paragraph just seems like original research (OR) which is frowned upon. As the given sources doesn't really say all that info in the paragraph. So either add in better sources or that paragragh needs to be fixed to reflect the information in sources more faithfully. Destinyseeker89 (talk) 02:52, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

 * There are tons of local news about Chinese warship/fishing boat harass Vietnam, Malaysia & Filipino fishing boat every day/week/month which never really make it into international news because it never be "that bad" to be talked about.
 * And there are videos of Chinese's giant ship using water canon basically hosing down to the small fishing boat with normal citizen on it. Those vids dated back to 2014 and still update more and more on Youtube until now.
 * So I think maybe the writer isn't lack of "better source", just China have to much power over the media and you with your ignorance combination here 2001:EE0:4141:1283:C5F1:81F4:5D00:9541 (talk) 16:15, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The response is to a comment which was previously stricken, and I can't find the para at issue in the current article version. Also, the respondent is apparently unaware of WP:V. I've stricken the response. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 19:14, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 March 2022
Addition to the "Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues" subsection:

In 2022, Vietnam demanded that Taiwan cease conducting its military drills at the Spratly Islands. 118.158.161.49 (talk) 03:20, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

Done. Thanks.--TZubiri (talk) 11:56, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

Hoang Sa and Truong Sa belongs to Vietnam, Trash article of China
The article distorts history baselessly and misdirects public opinion, Why did their feudal China not control and exercise sovereignty over Hoang Sa and Truong Sa, but they still have fabricated maps created by they created??? Vietnam has all the legal and historical evidence to prove that the 9-dash line and 2 archipelagos belong to Vietnam, China in the Qing Dynasty only had its southern pole Hainan Island, And why is China's sovereignty legal? rate??? They invaded Vietnam 1974 in Hoang Sa, and 1988 in Changsha and there is no reason for them to stop expanding outside, Stupid author only knows Get money from China to create bullshit PhamHoangThạch (talk) 01:51, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spratly Islands


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Project Plowshare

Project Plowshare was the overall United States program for the development of techniques to use nuclear explosives for peaceful construction purposes. The program was organized in June 1957 as part of the worldwide Atoms for Peace efforts. As part of the program, 35 nuclear warheads were detonated in 27 separate tests. A similar program was carried out in the Soviet Union under the name Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy.

Successful demonstrations of non-combat uses for nuclear explosives include rock blasting, stimulation of tight gas, chemical element manufacture, unlocking some of the mysteries of the R-process of stellar nucleosynthesis and probing the composition of the Earth's deep crust, creating reflection seismology vibroseis data which has helped geologists and follow-on mining company prospecting.

The project's uncharacteristically large and atmospherically vented Sedan nuclear test also led geologists to determine that Barringer crater was formed as a result of a meteor impact and not from a volcanic eruption, as had earlier been assumed. This became the first crater on Earth definitely proven to be from an impact event.

Negative impacts from Project Plowshare's tests generated significant public opposition, which eventually led to the program's termination in 1977. These consequences included tritiated water (projected to increase by CER Geonuclear Corporation to a level of 2% of the then-maximum level for drinking water) and the deposition of fallout from radioactive material being injected into the atmosphere before underground testing was mandated by treaty.

Rationale
By exploiting the peaceful uses of the "friendly atom" in medical applications, earth removal, and later in nuclear power plants, the nuclear industry and government sought to allay public fears about nuclear technology and promote the acceptance of nuclear weapons. At the peak of the Atomic Age, the United States Federal government initiated Project Plowshare, involving "peaceful nuclear explosions". The United States Atomic Energy Commission chairman at the time, Lewis Strauss, announced that the Plowshares project was intended to "highlight the peaceful applications of nuclear explosive devices and thereby create a climate of world opinion that is more favorable to weapons development and tests". These tests were to demonstrate that atomic bombs can be used for peaceful purposes, that the atomic sword could be beaten into a plowshare.

Proposals

Proposed uses for nuclear explosives under Project Plowshare included widening the Panama Canal, constructing a new sea-level waterway through Nicaragua nicknamed the Pan-Atomic Canal, cutting paths through mountainous areas for highways, and connecting inland river systems. Other proposals involved blasting caverns for water, natural gas, and petroleum storage. Serious consideration was also given to using these explosives for various mining operations. One proposal suggested using nuclear blasts to connect underground aquifers in Arizona. Another plan involved surface blasting on the western slope of California's Sacramento Valley for a water transport project.

One of the first serious cratering proposals that came close to being carried out was Project Chariot, which would have used several hydrogen bombs to create an artificial harbor at Cape Thompson, Alaska. It was never carried out due to concerns for the native populations and the fact that there was little potential use for the harbor to justify its risk and expense.

Project Carryall, proposed in 1963 by the Atomic Energy Commission, the California Division of Highways (now Caltrans), and the Santa Fe Railway, would have used 22 nuclear explosions to excavate a massive roadcut through the Bristol Mountains in the Mojave Desert, to accommodate construction of Interstate 40 and a new rail line.

A project proposed in a 1963 memorandum by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory would have used 520 2-megaton nuclear explosions to excavate a canal through the Negev Desert in Israel at an estimated cost of $575 million ($5 billion in 2021), to serve as an alternative route to the Suez Canal.

At the end of the program, a major objective was to develop nuclear explosives, and blast techniques, for stimulating the flow of natural gas in "tight" underground reservoir formations. In the 1960s, a proposal was suggested for a modified in situ shale oil extraction process which involved creation of a rubble chimney (a zone in the oil shale formation created by breaking the rock into fragments) using a nuclear explosive. However, this approach was abandoned for a number of technical reasons.

Plowshare testing
The first Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) blast was Project Gnome, conducted on December 10, 1961, in a salt bed 24 mi southeast of Carlsbad, in southeast New Mexico. The explosion released 3.1 kilotons (13 TJ) of energy yield at a depth of 361 m which resulted in the formation of a 170 ft diameter, 80 ft high cavity. The test had many objectives, the most public of which involved the generation of steam which could then be used to generate electricity. Another objective was the production of useful radioisotopes and their recovery. Yet another experiment involved neutron time-of-flight physics, and a fourth experiment involved geophysical studies based upon the timed seismic source. Only the last objective was considered a complete success. The blast unintentionally vented radioactive steam while the press watched. The partly developed Project Coach detonation experiment that was to follow adjacent to the Gnome test was then canceled.

A number of proof-of-concept cratering blasts were conducted; including the Buggy shot of five 1-kiloton devices for a channel/trench in Area 30 and the largest being 104 kiloton (435 terajoule) on July 6, 1962, at the north end of Yucca Flats, within the Atomic Energy Commission's Nevada Test Site (NTS) in southern Nevada. The shot, "Sedan", displaced more than 12 e6ST of soil and resulted in a radioactive cloud that rose to an altitude of 12000 ft. The radioactive dust plume headed northeast and then east towards the Mississippi River.

Over the next 11 years, 26 more nuclear explosion tests were conducted under the United States PNE program. The radioactive blast debris from 839 U.S. underground nuclear test explosions remain buried in-place and have been judged impractical to remove by the DOE's Nevada Site Office. Funding quietly ended in 1997, and costs for the program have been estimated at more than (US) $770 million.

Natural gas stimulation experiment
Three nuclear explosion experiments were intended to stimulate the flow of natural gas from "tight" formation gas fields. Industrial participants included El Paso Natural Gas Company for the Gasbuggy test near Farmington, New Mexico; CER Geonuclear Corporation and Austral Oil Company for the Rulison test; and CER Geonuclear Corporation for the Rio Blanco test.

The final PNE blast took place on May 17, 1973, under Fawn Creek, 76.4 km north of Grand Junction, Colorado. Three 30-kiloton detonations took place simultaneously at depths of 1758 ,. If it had been successful, plans called for the use of hundreds of specialized nuclear explosives in the western Rockies gas fields. The previous two tests had indicated that the produced natural gas would be too radioactive for safe use; the Rio Blanco test found that the three blast cavities had not connected as hoped, and the resulting gas still contained unacceptable levels of radionuclides.

By 1974, approximately $82 million had been invested in the nuclear gas stimulation technology program. It was estimated that even after 25 years of production of all the natural gas deemed recoverable, only 15 to 40% of the investment would be recouped. Also, the concept that stove burners in California might soon emit trace amounts of blast radionuclides into family homes did not sit well with the general public. The contaminated gas was never channeled into commercial supply lines.

The situation remained so for the next three decades, but a resurgence in Colorado Western slope natural gas drilling has brought resource development closer and closer to the original underground detonations. By mid-2009, 84 drilling permits had been issued within a 3 mi radius, with 11 permits within 1 mi mile of the site.

Impacts, opposition and economics
Operation Plowshare "started with great expectations and high hopes". Planners believed that the projects could be completed safely, but there was less confidence that they could be completed more economically than conventional methods. Moreover, there was insufficient public and Congressional support for the projects. Projects Chariot and Coach were two examples where technical problems and environmental concerns prompted further feasibility studies which took several years, and each project was eventually canceled.

Citizen groups voiced concerns and opposition to some of the Plowshare tests. There were concerns that the blast effects from the Schooner explosion could dry up active wells or trigger an earthquake. There was opposition to both Rulison and Rio Blanco tests because of possible radioactive gas flaring operations and other environmental hazards. In a 1973 article, Time used the term "Project Dubious" to describe Operation Plowshare.

There were negative impacts from several of Project Plowshare’s 27 nuclear explosions, primarily those conducted in the project's infancy and those that were very high in explosive yield.

On Project Gnome and the Sedan test: "Project Gnome vented radioactive steam over the very press gallery that was called to confirm its safety. The next blast, a 104-kiloton detonation at Yucca Flat, Nevada, displaced 12 million tons of soil and resulted in a radioactive dust cloud that rose 12000 ft and plumed toward the Mississippi River. Other consequences – blighted land, relocated communities, tritium-contaminated water, radioactivity, and fallout from debris being hurled high into the atmosphere – were ignored and downplayed until the program was terminated in 1977, due in large part to public opposition."

Project Plowshare shows how something intended to improve national security can unwittingly do the opposite if it fails to fully consider the social, political, and environmental consequences. It also “underscores that public resentment and opposition can stop projects in their tracks”.

The social scientist Benjamin Sovacool contends that the main problem with oil and gas stimulation, which many considered the most promising economic use of nuclear detonations, was that the produced oil and gas was radioactive, which caused consumers to reject it and this was ultimately the program's downfall. Oil and gas are sometimes naturally radioactive to begin with, however, and the industry is set up to deal with oil and gas that contain radioactive contaminants. Historian Dr. Michael Payne notes that it was primarily changing public opinion, in response to events such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, that drove the protests, court cases and general hostility that ended the oil and gas stimulation efforts. Furthermore, as the years went by without further development and production of nuclear weapons slowed, interest in peaceful applications waned in the 1950s–60s. Cheaper, non-nuclear stimulation techniques suitable for most US gas fields were developed in the following years.

As a point of comparison, the most successful and profitable nuclear stimulation effort that did not result in customer product contamination issues was the 1976 Project Neva on the Sredne-Botuobinsk gas field in the Soviet Union, made possible by multiple cleaner stimulation explosives, favorable rock strata and the possible creation of an underground contaminant storage cavity. The Soviet Union retains the record for the cleanest/lowest fission-fraction nuclear devices so far demonstrated.

The public records for devices that produced the highest proportion of their yield via fusion-only reactions, and therefore created orders of magnitude smaller amounts of long-lived fission products as a result, are the USSR's Peaceful nuclear explosions of the 1970s, with the three detonations that excavated part of Pechora–Kama Canal, being cited as 98% fusion each in the Taiga test's three 15-kiloton explosive yield devices, that is, a total fission fraction of 0.3 kilotons in a 15 kt device. In comparison, the next three high fusion-yielding devices were all much too high in total explosive yield for oil and gas stimulation: the 50-megaton Tsar Bomba achieved a yield 97% derived from fusion, while in the US, the 9.3-megaton Hardtack Poplar test is reported as 95.2%, and the 4.5-megaton Redwing Navajo test as 95% derived from fusion.

Nuclear tests
The U.S. conducted 27 PNE shots in conjunction with other, weapons-related, test series. A report by the Federation of American Scientists includes yields slightly different from those presented below.

Non-nuclear tests
In addition to the nuclear tests, Plowshare executed a number of non-nuclear test projects in an attempt to learn more about how the nuclear explosives could best be used. Several of these projects led to practical utility as well as to furthering knowledge about large explosives. These projects included:

Proposed nuclear projects
A number of projects were proposed and some planning accomplished, but were not followed through on. A list of these is given here:

title: Project Plowshare


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Talk:Penal colony

Untitled
Wohee! The quality of this article is low as can be. Ever heard of penal colonies called Japan and Australia? 75.139.214.136 (talk) 01:05, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Disambiguation: "Penal Colony" is also a band: http://www.myspace.com/penalcolony
 * The band does not have a page on Wikipedia and therefore does not merit a notice at the top of the page, or I would have put one. Arawn 00:22, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Lead section
The first paragraph of this article is rather cluttered with parentheses and long-winded sentences. Perhaps the biggest offender is the following line:

landless younger sons (who go "out into the wide world to seek their fortunes"), ne'er-do-wells and embarrassing eccentric uncles (remittance men)

I found this particularly difficult to look at. Can we replace the first line with maybe a famous example of such adventure seekers? In addition, I find the phrase "ne'er-do-wells" to be somewhat archaic. I don't know what a remittance man is, but maybe we should replace "embarrassing eccentric uncles" with "remittance men", and link it to a new article. --Misfit 12:21 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I added some explanation. - Patrick 13:12 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Indentured servitude as punishment?
I'm not saying this isn't true, but while I remember hearing about indentured servants in American history, I always thought that they CHOSE to come to the colonies; it was my understanding that these people became indentured servants as a way of paying for the trip. Does anyone know for sure?

If it is true, could someone post a link to more information about this? Thanks.

--- Some chose, some had authorities or sentencing judges choose for them. See for example http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/kerr/indenture.htm

Daniel Defoe gave, I believe, a fictional account of criminal servitude in Virginia in Moll Flanders.

I imagine that criminal transportation becomes a taboo subject for patriotic North Americans (compare Australians, who know of the practice too well to hide it). I recall an estimate that by 1776, approximately 75% of the population of the 13 colonies could claim an indentured ancestor of one sort or another. 219.88.205.91 11:41, 17 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Edits by Fastifex
Fastifex has repeatedly added material to this page that has been removed by other editors (see, , ). A link to search IMDB for "penal colony" is completely pointless; and what on Earth has a list of statesmen in Ecuador got to do with penal colonies?

He also keeps adding "slave-type" to penal labor in the paragraph about Russian penal colonies. As I commented last time that I removed this, if he wants to discuss penal labor as being slave-type, he should do so on penal labor.

This time around I spotted and removed the following phrase after "Norfolk Island":
 * which became the flogging hell meant to deter even the most hardened criminals- see cat o' nine tails)

This is yet another example of Fastifex adding unrelated BDSM content to articles (see for example the history of "wooden spoon"). — Hex    (❝ ?!  ❞)   14:17, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Disguised vandalism
Someone somewhere inserted a mention that all of the prisoners at the colony in Ghana died of priapism. This is obviously a joke - someone in a 'penal' colony dying of an engorged penis? Har har. Doesn't belong on Wiki. I also removed some parts that made no sense and added a citation tag for the bit about Irish prisoners. Someone who cares more than me can do the research and add the appropriate footnote. Wtbe7560 14:36, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe this person got a bit confused, and thought we were talking about penile colonies? ... :~} CleanUpAisle7 (talk) 09:46, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

More "In fiction" movies
No Escape (Escape from Absolom) 1994

Escape from New York 1981

Escape from LA 1996

89.138.221.2 (talk) 17:50, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

There is also Earth_2_(TV_series)

--206.162.157.3 (talk) 21:53, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

I've added Botony Bay by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall to the books section. Ayliana (talk) 20:37, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Is there a reason No Escape, Escape from New York, and Escape from L.A. are not listed? The plots of these films revolve around a penal colony. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.75.83.78 (talk) 02:27, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

Criticism to Generalities Section
I'm new to contributing to Wikipeida but under generalities appear the following:

"In fact, some people (especially the poor, following a similar social logic as could see them domestically 'employed' in a poorhouse) were sentenced for trivial or dubious offenses to generate cheap labor."

Which perhaps should appear as :

Some people who might be employed in a 'poorhouse' anyways, were sentenced for trivial or dubious offenses to generate cheap labor.

I took out the 'In fact', since its needless in my opinion, Wikipedia is facts! And the parenthesis which I believe in most cases show poor writing skills.

Also does anyone believe that this claim deserves a citation? I would like to see something to at least show me that this might have happened. Maybe it should appear:

Although debatable, some people who might be employed in a 'poorhouse' anyways, were sentenced for trivial or dubious offenses to generate cheap labor.

Let me know if I'm on the right track here!

Jdrumstik (talk) 03:33, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Definitely needs a citation or something! The article is basically claiming that people were sent to penal colonies for no reason but to provide cheap labour. Surely this statement has to be backed up. Personally, I'm not sure this sentence is accurate, and I thought it was worded in an emotive way.

And what is this "social logic" regarding the poor? => "In fact, some people (especially the poor, following a similar social logic as could see them domestically 'employed' in a poorhouse) were sentenced for trivial or dubious offenses to generate cheap labor."

Sebastian —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.163.186.4 (talk) 00:35, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

Penal Colonies
What U S Colony was founded as a home for British Prisoners?76.192.0.213 (talk) 21:41, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

No specific US territory was used specifically as a penal colony. Convicts were transported to all 13 colonies and sold in auction, much like the slaves from africa. Ayliana (talk) 20:36, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

I understand that Maryland at least was a destination for transported prisoners in the early days of colonisationHmcst1 (talk) 08:18, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

Two strange links under "Non-fiction"
See my edit: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penal_colony&diff=558354761&oldid=558194322

I tried to fix. Not sure it's good enough.. but better? Don't know what happened there before or how to fix it further (or why there is a "?" when they seem to be the same). comp.arch (talk) 22:22, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

"Non-fiction"
The section header "Non-fiction" is misleading. It causes the reader to think that all the actually existing penal colonies listed before it are fictional. J I P | Talk 06:03, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

Distinction needed
You need to distinguish between a penal colony and a prison within a colony or foreign possession. There is a claim here that Guantanamo Bay is a penal colony. I have to say that is a huge stretch. The bulk of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base is not the prison within it, any more than Indiana is not Terre Haute. It needs an external citation otherwise it is merely an opinion of the editor. Do I need to cite WP:NOR. I will remove it if not supported.Hmcst1 (talk) 08:25, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

I'm asking for a citation on the nugget about the Falkland Islands under Argentine rule because the Falkland Islands page has no mention of a penal colony Hmcst1 (talk) 20:29, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

Fiction
The "In fiction" section is over-sized in relation to the rest of the article, and adds little other than "here's an unsourced list where a fictional penal colony is mentioned, no matter how trivially". It needs drastically cut back, to better examples where a penal colony plays a significant role in the plot, and needs cites to sources. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 17:46, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

Scotland an independent nation
Scotland is still an independent Kingdom during the height of penal transportation to the new world in the 1600's, the Battle of Dunbar is an example of Scottish prisoners of war not a people in rebellion of the English parliament being used as penal transportation.

Both nations have separate parliaments and differing forms of Protestantism although they may share a monarch from the Scottish house of Stewart the parliaments acted independently of each other.

Therefore Scotland cannot 'rebel' against England because England and the English parliament does have legal jurisdiction over Scotland nor do they have military control.

British or Britain cannot be used as a term for penal transportation pre-1707 in the Kingdom of England as the Kingdom of Great Britain does not exist and if it appears in articles they are inaccurate terms.

Therefore with regards to Scottish penal transportation prisoner of war is a more accurate term than rebel.

Here's a source from the BBC clearly explaining that Scotland has been an independent nation from when it unified in the 1000's up to 1707, whereby the Kingdom of Great Britain comes into existence and a parliament of Great Britain also comes into existence.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/scotland_united/

Wiki Education assignment: ARCN 211 Material Histories of Labor
— Assignment last updated by Cuttera24 (talk) 15:45, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

Russia
On today's main page, in the section on Alexei Navalny, it listed "penal colony" instead of prison, gulag, or other term. I found it odd that this page then didn't have a section on Russian prisons. I'm wondering if we should add more of that content here, or if the editors of the main page should have chosen a more appropriate term. — Zujine |talk 17:21, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penal colony


text:
Talk:Aladdin Deck Enhancer

Untitled
I think I can make this article a bit clearer, but I need to understand some things first. I understood the gist of the article to be that a proposed new version of the Nintendo Entertainment System would actually contain the games inside of the system, and that the cartridges would merely unlock what was stored inside. Is this the case? --Misfit 12:30 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

No you misunderstand a bit. It was a non-licensed product made by other company. Basically, many cartridges contained some of the same parts aside from the game program itself. This product contained those parts, at least the ones used by this company. So basically instead of paying for certain chips etc. every time you buy a game, you'd pay for them this once, and buy other cartridges that contained nothing but the software code, allowing game titles to have lower prices. It was a cartridge that took cartridges. As the article says, all of these games were released as cartridges that work in a regular Nintendo console without the add-on. It wasn't very popular because on top of non-licensed games being carried by very few retailers, this company's games weren't well known or reviewed, so no one bought an add on just to buy the handful of games by them a little cheaper each. Several other companies either released or planned to release similar products for their own lines of non-licensed games. But I ramble - to answer your question simply, it had nothing to do with redesigning the system, it was a cartridge that took other cartridges to make games cheaper by not including redundant parts in every copy of the game, but just for one little-known company's games. There were no contained games to unlock, just cheaper cartridges (if you could find them) that contained only the game code and none of the other hardware found in game carts. If that was too much and still confuses you I'll try again heh. Though the article has been changed a lot in the over 4 years since you posted so maybe this was unnecessary! --Hastor 11:54, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

images
I added the images of each cover art that also had the instructions, and cartridge shown, I've heard these boxes were never sealed, and this is the only contents of each box, the instructions are in a brochure style and the cartridge being in the image show how it differs from other versions of the game that where released for NES and such. The table format seemed to be the only way I could find where the text didn't shift around very much, and the images are linked to the ==table of contents # information and allowed me to like the photo image directly, with the licensing information so it wasn't 7 more images on one subject but rather on sub-subjects to the Aladdin Deck Enhancer. It could still use some additional references but I feel that the instructions are a valid reference at telling how it works. (Floppydog66 (talk) 16:42, 6 December 2007 (UTC))

Baseball Pro's
I don't have an image to upload right now because I'm moving, but I replaced each instance of Baseball Pros with Baseball Pro's. It's on the four-in-one sports cart. The title is actually incorrectly punctuated on the box and cart, and on the title screen as well. Not really important but sort of funny and I thought it might be nice to include. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.123.142.42 (talk) 04:17, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Jawesome, good job. In the future when that sort of thing comes up, the thing to do is add (sic) after it so people understand that's actually how it was originally spelled. 'Kipedia probably has a special way to type that so it becomes a link to the article on (sic) but I don't know it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.186.125 (talk) 02:38, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aladdin Deck Enhancer


text:
Sulu Sea

The Sulu Sea (Dagat Sulu; Tausug: Dagat sin Sūg; Laut Sulu) is a body of water in the southwestern area of the Philippines, separated from the South China Sea in the northwest by Palawan and from the Celebes Sea in the southeast by the Sulu Archipelago. Borneo is found to the southwest and Visayas to the northeast.

The Sulu Sea contains a number of islands. The Cuyo Islands and the Cagayan Islands are part of the province of Palawan whereas Mapun and the Turtle Islands are part of the province of Tawi-Tawi. Sulu Sea is also where the Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, one of the World Heritage Sites is located.

Panay Gulf is an extension of the Sulu Sea. Straits out of the Sulu Sea include the Iloilo Strait, the Guimaras Strait, and the Basilan Strait.

Geography
The sea's surface area is 260,000 sqkm. The Pacific Ocean flows into Sulu Sea in northern Mindanao and between Sangihe talaud Archipelago, North Sulawesi.

Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Sulu Sea as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows:

It extends about 490 miles from north to south and 375 miles from east to west. Waves can stretch across 25 km to 35 km. The sea is 4400 m deep but on its southern end Sulu Archipelago raises the sea floor to 100 m. "On the Northwest. From Tanjong Sempang Mangayau, the North point of Borneo, along the Eastern limit of South China Sea to Cape Calavite, the Northwest point of Mindoro.

On the Northeast. The Southwest coast of Mindoro to Buruncan Point, its Southern extreme, thence a line through Semirara and Caluya Islands to Nasog Point (11.88333°N, 121.88333°W) the Northwestern extreme of Panay, along the West and Southeast coast of that island to Tagubanhan Island (11.13333°N, 123.11667°W), thence a line to the Northern extreme of Negros and down the West coast to Siaton Point, its Southern extreme, thence across to Tagolo Point (8.73333°N, 123.36667°W), Mindanao.

On the Southeast. From Tagolo Point, down the West coast of Mindanao to the Southwest extremity thence to the North coast of Basilan Island (6.75°N, 122.06667°W), through this island to its Southern extremity, thence a line to Bitinan Island (6.06667°N, 121.45°W) off the Eastern end of Jolo Island, through Jolo to a point in long. 121°04'E on its South coast, thence through Tapul and Lugus Islands and along the North coast of Tawi Tawi Island to Bongao Island off its Western end (5.01667°N, 119.75°W), and from thence to Tanjong Labian, the Northeastern extreme of Borneo.

On the Southwest. The North coast of Borneo between Tanjong Labian and Tanjong Sempang Mangayau."

In popular culture
The Star Trek character Hikaru Sulu is named after the Sulu Sea. According to Sulu actor George Takei, "[Gene] Roddenberry's vision for Sulu was to represent all of Asia, being named for the Sulu Sea instead of using a country-specific name".

title: Sulu Sea


text:
Princess Tutu

Princess Tutu (プリンセスチュチュ) is a Japanese anime television series created by Ikuko Itoh and directed by Junichi Sato and Shogo Koumoto. Inspired by ballet and fairy tales, particularly The Ugly Duckling and Swan Lake, its story follows a duck who is transformed into the mythical ballerina Princess Tutu in order to save the shattered heart of a storybook prince come to life.

The series aired from August 2002 to May 2003, with 26 episodes across two seasons, and was also adapted into a two-volume manga series. Both the manga and anime series were licensed for distribution in North America by ADV Films in 2004, then by AEsir Holdings; Sentai Filmworks distributed the Blu-ray release of the anime series, as the latter two are parts of Section23 Films.

Plot
There was once a writer named Drosselmeyer, who had the power to make his stories come to life. However, he died before he could finish his final tale, The Prince and the Raven, leaving its titular characters locked in an eternal battle. After many years, the Raven managed to escape into the real world, and the Prince, Siegfried, pursued him. To seal away the Raven's evil, he shattered his heart with his sword, causing him to lose his memories and emotions.

Drosselmeyer, having used his power to write himself as part of the tale to preserve his consciousness, laments that the story has come to a standstill and wants it to become a never-ending tragedy. He finds a way to restart the flow of the story in the form of a duck who has fallen in love with Mytho, the empty remainder of Siegfried. He gives her a magical pendant that can transform her, first into a human girl, then into the ballerina Princess Tutu, another character in the story. As Tutu, Duck is tasked with finding the scattered shards of Mytho's heart and returning them to him.

However, not everyone wants Mytho to get his heart back. Rue, the Raven's daughter reborn as a human, has also fallen in love with him, and fears that he may not return her feelings if he has a heart. Her desire to prevent him from regaining his emotions awakens her ability to transform into Princess Kraehe, Tutu's evil counterpart. Fakir, a boy who found and cared for Mytho after he escaped the story, also tries to stop Tutu, fearing that the story progressing means the Raven will return and Mytho will have to risk his life fighting it again.

As well, Duck learns that part of Princess Tutu's story is that she can never confess her love to Mytho, or else she will turn into a speck of light and vanish. However, after it becomes clear that Mytho wants his heart to be restored, she persists despite Fakir and Kraehe's interference.

Eventually, Fakir accepts Mytho's choice and decides to help Tutu, even discovering her true identity as a duck and befriending her. As he learns he is a descendant of Drosselmeyer and inherited his power to make what he writes a reality, Rue learns she is not the Raven's daughter, but a human child he kidnapped to serve him.

After most of Mytho's heart is returned to him, the seal imprisoning the Raven begins to break. Finally able to feel love again, Mytho realizes he loves Rue as the Raven kidnaps her. Duck discovers that her pendant is the final shard, meaning she must give up her ability to become human to return it. She eventually finds the courage to do so, and becomes a duck again.

Mytho and the Raven battle once more, but Mytho is outmatched and considers shattering his heart to seal it away again. Duck begins dancing to show him he must not give up. As she does, Fakir writes a story about how she never stops, no matter how many times the Raven's minions attack her. Together, they create hope, which gives Mytho the strength he needs to rescue Rue and defeat the Raven. Mytho asks Rue to be his princess and they return to his kingdom inside the story. Duck and Fakir remain together, although the narrator implies that Fakir is writing a new story. With nothing left to do, Drosselmeyer departs in search of another story.

Anime
Princess Tutu was conceptualized by Ikuko Itoh, who also designed the characters, and directed by Junichi Sato and Shogo Koumoto, with Michiko Yokote handling series composition and Kaoru Wada composing the music. It was produced by Hal Film Maker and TUTU, a production committee consisting of King Records, IMAGICA Imageworks, Dentsu, Marvelous Entertainment and Memory-Tech. The series originally aired in two seasons, from August 16, 2002 to May 23, 2003. The first season, "Kapitel des Eies" ("Chapter of the Egg"), consisted of 13 half-hour episodes. The second season, "Kapitel des Junges" ("Chapter of the Fledgling") in R2 DVDs, and "Kapital des Kükens" ("Chapter of the Chick") in R1 DVDs, was aired as 25 quarter-hour episodes and one half-hour episode; to conform to the format of the time slot, each episode was halved. These were brought back together in the DVD release as 13 complete episodes.

North American release
In 2004, ADV Films announced that they had licensed the anime series for distribution in North America. ADV Films produced English adaptations for all episodes and, beginning in 2005, the series was periodically released as single DVD "volumes" that each contained several episodes. In 2007, the series was released as a complete DVD collection of all 26 episodes. In 2011, AEsir Holdings announced the licensing of the series and the release of a complete DVD collection of all 26 episodes distributed by Section23 Films.

In 2018, as AEsir Holdings and Sentai Filmworks are parts of Section23 Films, the latter released a complete Blu-ray collection of all 26 episodes on December 11, 2018. Steelbook release was made on December 21, 2021. Anime Network formerly offered all 26 episodes of the series, English dubbed only, from their internet streaming site for North America. After the service was shut down, the series was moved to Hidive. Hulu and Amazon Prime Instant Video both have the English dub available for streaming.

Manga
A manga adaptation of the anime series was published in Japan by Akita Shoten in the manga magazine Champion Red from August 19, 2002 to May 19, 2003. The manga was written by Mizuo Shinonome and series creator Ikuko Itoh and illustrated by Shinonome. Two tankōbon volumes of the manga were published in 2003. It was translated to English and published in North America by ADV Manga in 2004 and 2005.

Volume list
The English version of the manga uses the untranslated Japanese name "Ahiru" rather than the translated "Duck" used in the English version of the anime.

Reception
English-language reviews of Princess Tutu, both before the official localization and after, have generally been very positive. Reviewers have stated that although Princess Tutu is a magical girl series, it is more of a "fairy tale set to ballet with a few magical girl elements mixed in," and its use of dance in lieu of violence to solve conflicts carries "surprisingly effective emotional appeal."

 * The first DVD volume included episodes 1 through 5. Theron Martin reviewed this volume for Anime News Network and awarded grades from "C+" (art) to "A" (music).
 * The second DVD volume included episodes 6 through 9. Zac Bertschy reviewed this volume for Anime News Network and awarded grades from "B+" (story) to "A" (most everything else).
 * The fourth DVD volume included episodes 14 through 18. Theron Martin reviewed this volume and awarded grades from "B" (animation) to "A+" (music).
 * The sixth DVD volume included episodes 23 through 26. Theron Martin reviewed this volume and awarded grades from "B+" (animation & art) to "A+" (music).
 * The 2011 Complete Collection (DVD) release was reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of A−.

title: Princess Tutu


text:
Joel Shepherd

Joel Shepherd (born 1974 in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian science fiction author. He moved to Perth, Western Australia with his family when he was seven, where he later studied film and television arts at Curtin University. He now lives in Adelaide.

He is the son of Kate Shepherd, owner/operator of Austral Ed, a small Australian educational book supplier to Asia. He helps his mother in this business and has traveled widely as a result.

His first unpublished manuscript was shortlisted for the George Turner Prize in 1998 and the manuscript for Crossover was shortlisted in 1999.

His first novel Crossover was shortlisted for the science fiction division of the 2001 Aurealis Awards, that recognise the achievements of Australian science fiction, fantasy and horror writers.

His first series follows the adventures of Cassandra Kresnov, an artificially created super-soldier who becomes disillusioned with the policies and actions of her country, the League. She defects to the city of Tanusha, on the planet of Callay in the Federation, the League's rival nation, and attempts to live as a civilian software expert.

His second series follows the adventures of Sasha, a rebellious Lenayin princess with a talent for sword-fighting who gets embroiled in a widespread religious crusade spanning most of the region.

His third series follows the crew of a battle carrier spaceship called Phoenix and falls into the space opera genre. It is self-published.

Cassandra Kresnov

 * Crossover (2001) ISBN 0-7322-6799-4
 * Breakaway (2003) ISBN 0-7322-7596-2
 * Killswitch (2004) ISBN 0-7322-7597-0
 * 23 Years on Fire (2013) ISBN 1-6161-4809-8
 * Operation Shield (2014) ISBN 978-1616148959
 * Originator (2015) ISBN 978-1616149932

A Trial of Blood and Steel

 * Sasha (2007), ISBN 0-7336-2141-4
 * Petrodor (2008), ISBN 0-7336-2255-0
 * Tracato (2009), ISBN 0-7336-2418-9
 * Haven (2010), ISBN 0-7336-2420-0

The Spiral Wars

 * "Renegade" (2015), ASIN B0138YJ3WA
 * "Drysine Legacy" (2015), ASIN B019H7KFEW
 * "Kantovan Vault" (2016), ASIN B01LWZJOMJ
 * "Defiance" (2017), ASIN B073PCBKJ2
 * "Croma Venture" (2018), ISBN 1727769279
 * "Rando Splicer" (2019), ASIN B07X8C4TG8
 * "Qalea Drop" (2020), ASIN B08ML8FBS4
 * "Ceephay Queen" (2022), ASIN B09WV5XP2Q
 * "Homecoming" (forthcoming June 2024), ASIN B0CV3DR43P

The Dead Realm

 * Angelina (May 2023), ASIN B0C5HS1D3L
 * Evil Empire (Dec 2023), ASIN B0CJ9KM7JT

title: Joel Shepherd


text:
Talk:Staphylococcus aureus

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ncloekman.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:08, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Thisaccountisforclass.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:08, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Biofilm
I want to add more information on s. aureus biofilm since it is related to many s. aureus infections and antibiotic resistance. I am changing the biofilm section under "Role in diseases" to medical implant infections and moving the biofilm section to "Virulence factors".

Thisaccountisforclass (talk) 15:57, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

Virulence
Could someone write something about its virulence as well? It's beta-haemolytic, however I'm not too sure what agent caused it.

In 1997, physicians were alarmed to encounter staph strains that resist even vancomycin,  Was that really 1997? IMO more likely 2002 or so. 141.83.15.155 13:13 27 Jun 2003 (UTC).

It was in 1997. Read the literature.

What can I say? Whatever kills the S.U. at source in hospitals is good. Notable is that infections start in hospitals.Revise the disinfection processes instead.

--203.15.122.35 04:03, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) "Notable is that infections start in hospitals." While that once was true, it is a false statement in current times. I almost died with misdiagnosed MRSA last year, and I had not been in a hospital. Neither had the half dozen people I know who've had it in the last 2 years. Today's common strain is passed through schools, gyms, and is picked up by many who are not in hospitals/clinics. ````

History
Could someone provide the history of the exploration of this bacteria? When was it found? What role did people think it had? Etc.

Orthomolecular
Recently, 203.61.130.245 and 203.61.124.91 have been inserting large amounts of very poor edits into this article. I feel the surest way to balance is reverting the whole lot, which is what I did.

There are many problems with the material. For one thing, the editor seems never to have heard about wikilinks. Furthermore, he/she does not state that all material inserted is from the POV of orthomolecular medicine, which may sound deceptively scientific but is considered quackery (or worse) by mainstream practicioners. If anyone disagrees, I'll retrieve the old version and hammer it into something sensible, but at the moment I feel nothing of note can be salvaged. JFW | T@lk  15:44, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Reply
Apparently our estimated editor has left not time to complete the edit. Nor has he heard about the role of phenol's  bactericidal  properties (antiseptic), which are widely used in industry for disinfectation. Phenol much less referred to the academic papers on the properties of phenols on bacterial cultures. The reason for the addition on Phenolic_compounds was that Golden Staph specifically has developed high resistance to traditional antibiotic treatments and new line antibiotics such as Vancomycin. Alternative treatments would be useful to sufferers of Golden Staph after all alternatives have been exhausted.

I suppose it holds no credit? Much less when contained within Wiki's 'quality articles'(!?)

Can this be termed 'quack' or 'orthomolecular'?

I think items deemed POV should have been flagged for further editing rather than mere deletion without advice.

I think more editing needed. Please reply --203.61.128.108 12:51, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Firstly, I hope you are not advocating the adminstration of phenol to combat Staphylococcal infections. It may not be known as carcinogenic (while benzene is), but it is still poison. It may kill the patient before the Staphylococcus does.

where is your source please?

 * Secondly, please do not use articles as a notepad. Some users (including myself) prepare articles on an application like Notepad, then brush it up and finally insert it in the wiki. It may actually stop getting your work reverted.
 * Your edits will also have a greater chance of survival if you do the following: (1) Indicate that what you propose is not commonly done in healthcare setting. (2) Provide references from peer-reviewed journals (internet links are second-best). (3) Tolerate that others modify what you write.
 * Please do not construe this as suppression of your POV. This is an encyclopedia, however, and edits should reflect that reality. JFW | T@lk  15:04, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I mixed up your work here with your contributions to arthritis, which were indeed from an orthomolecular slant. I'm still not sure what you're trying to say about phenol in Staph infections. JFW | T@lk

Followed on to reply
Phenols are meant to be used as a hospital antiseptic/disinfectant to prevent the spread of G.S. given that infections are often acquired in those said places in high numbers and by extension, gyms and similar locations. I do not think there was an indication as to actual dosaging of patients with phenols to treat G.S. infections. Perhaps, the writing lent itself to misconstruction. Simply preventing the spread of Golden Staph in hospital settings and or medical equipment can greatly improve the chances of non-infection and thus bring death rates down.

A look at hospitals' sanitary proceduresand  disinfectantsis in order I think and probably an interesting future article.

Points taken on the notepad recommendation. Thanks. --203.61.124.92 15:14, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

MRSA, can we have a discussion
Both this article and the MRSA article seem to suggest that MRSA is more virulent than MSSA. I'm really not sure if this is correct. The only real difference between the two is the antibiotic susceptibility. The only reason why MRSA should be more virulent is because it proceeds unchecked while non-MRSA antibiotics are administered.

Is there anyone who has different experience? I think we should go for some source material. JFW | T@lk  03:02, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Spread in San Francisco 15-01-2008

The University of California has published a study about the rapid spread of Staphylococcus aureus out hospitals, in San Francisco.You can find the article at [New York Times]

Here is Rozgonyi 2007 study (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17686137) which found no quantifiable difference in virulence between MRSA and MSSA. However, the study points out that the strains compared are often different. I'd be very interested in any other evidence, particularly to back up the commonly made assertion that CA-MRSA is more virulent still. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.97.20.211 (talk) 12:23, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

MRSA/ORSA more virulent?
The following may be of interest (the links are inefficient, but they do the job):
 * Natural history of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in soldiers.
 * Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus more virulent than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus? A comparative cohort study of British patients with nosocomial infection and bacteremia.
 * Nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: is it any worse than nosocomial methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia?
 * Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis.
 * Comparison of the virulence of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus.

One of the problems with answering a question such as this is that the main drug effective against MRSA (vancomycin) is probably inferior to beta-lactam antibiotics. Randomized controlled trials in this area are difficult. It will be interesting to see the results after a broader experience with linezolid. Polacrilex 03:27, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Polacrilex, you're a star. That didn't take you long! JFW | T@lk  03:51, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nowadays nearly 100% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from human source are resistant to penicillin, so I think that the data of 20% of penicillin resistant is wrong

MRSA definition
The article, as it curently reads, suggests that staph strains resistant to flucloxacillin and its b-lactimase group are termed MRSA just because labs happen to perform the b-lactimase resistance test with the methicillin member of the group. However, my understanding was they are termed MRSA only because they are resistant to methicillin and with no regard for what else the strain may or not be sensitive too. I have occassionally seen microbiology sensitivity reports for staph aureus infections indicating a MRSA strain and with appropriate sensitivites still including flucloxacillin (with which the patients were treated). Of course I accept that most staph strains resistant to methicillin (thus MRSA's) are normally resistant to flucloxacillin too, and so this is then not normally an appropriate drug to start treatment with. David Ruben Talk 20:53, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Possible error/confusing statement
By 1950, 40% of hospital S. aureus isolates were penicillin reisistant; and by 1950, this had risen to 80%.

Note both quoted years are 1950. If this is correct, perhaps it could be reworded? The present wording suggests an error (in my opinion).

From the cited source, [1], http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no2/chambers.htm:

Examination of more than 2,000 blood culture isolates of S. aureus... for 1957 to 1966... confirmed a high prevalence of penicillin resistance (85% to 90%) for hospital isolates of S. aureus.

I hope this is of some assistance. Apologies if the article's current statement is correct & considered satisfactory.

Thanks,

Claynoik 14:32, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Reply to Error
Yes there is an error: By 1950, 40% of hospital S. aureus isolates were penicillin reisistant; and by 1950, this had risen to 80%.

This line should read: By 1947, 39% of hospital S. aureus isolates were penicillin reisistant; and by 1971, this had risen to 90%.

When I report data these are the numbers I often use when I talk about resistance.

-MAJ - UMBC, Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

Golden Staph
I've reverted the introductory sentence to "sometimes known as golden staph" versus the "more commonly known as" sentence; a PudMed search gives ~50,000 hits on "Staphylococcus aureus" and three (yes, 3) hits on "golden staph". -- MarcoTolo 21:21, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Bacteria properties
Hi there,

I'm an engineering trying to find some facts about bacteria. Does anyone know where can I find information about physical properties of bacteria like size, volume, density, radius, etc?

Thanks for the help,

Jose —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Josegc (talk • contribs) 00:17, 11 February 2007 (UTC).

Check out ATCC's website. -Kammie (Kammie_C@hotmail.com) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.212.202.162 (talk) 20:58, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Question
So then my question is...what causes you to get this virus? I have a peritoneal catheter in my abdomen and just this last ten or so months (out of six years) have I been getting this bug over and over again at my exit site. Could it be caused by exposed mould growing in a bathroom? Where would I find proof of this sort of thing? Thanks muchly...

---204.112.157.98 18:14, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, Staphylococcus aureus isn't a virus (or a mould for that matter), but rather a species of bacteria. S. aureus is, however, an extremely common environmental pathogen and frequently associated with indwelling medical devices (catheters, prosthetic valves, artificial joints, etc). A significant fraction of individuals are S. aureus carriers (up to a third, in some studies), and thus one of your friends/family members/health care providers (or even you) may have been the source of the infection. Since Wikipedia can't give direct medical advice, I suggest you continue to work with your doctor concerning specific treatment options. -- MarcoTolo 00:29, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Remove/Move a line:
Can I transmit MRSA through sexual contact of any kind? I was told by a Doctor at University of Louisville Hospital that I could not, but now I am reading studies that say yes...74.130.186.241 (talk) 00:22, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

"Staph infections lead to rapid weight loss and muscle depletion. Even after fully cured, it will still take months to recuperate fully."

This line is listed under the subheading Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. I believe if this line is informative, it should be moved to Role in disease, but I'm also not sure that it's accurate. I'm new to this wiki thing, I apologize if I overstep myself...> 74.131.51.97 17:18, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Above line removed —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.253.52.2 (talk) 14:49, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Remove/Move a line:
Also, look for whiteheaded pimple like lumps where you shave or near any sores. this is a sign of staph. see a dermtologist if you think you have it- i am currently suffering from a particuarly violent strand. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wiltingflower (talk • contribs) 12:06, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

New relevant research
I don't feel qualified to modify the article, but there is some new research that should be included regarding treatment of the bacteria. Some researchers have show that anti-cholesterol medicine can be used against it.

It is described here: New Strategy Cracks Staph Bacterium's "Golden Armor," Making It Vulnerable To Treatment

The abstract of the paper in Science can be found here: A Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor Blocks Staphylococcus aureus Virulence —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kristjan Wager (talk • contribs) 07:28, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Role of pigment in virulence
Is the citation of this article footnoted #9? If so, it ought to be after the first sentence of text. As it is now, the text only appears to have a citation for the last line. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.204.15.239 (talk) 19:25, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
I'm currently doing a re-write of what is essentially a total mess (I have not uploaded it yet, though). I will be organising it into sub-sections on antibiotic class. As such, since an awful lot of what is currently in that section is either irrelevant or simply reiterating what has already been said, there will be substantial pruning. Help would be greatly appreciated, especially in the form of content, since I have currently only covered beta-lactams and glycopeptides (the classes I know most about myself). Synthetase (talk) 10:04, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

20-30 % are "staph carriers"?
I would have thought that S.aureus is the most representative member of the skin flora. I'm deleting it because it's on the very first paragraph and I have a strong feeling that this is inaccurate. Somebody who knows better, please do the needful.

This article sucks very bad. Nothing is mentioned of the role of s.aureus as skin flora and reeks of someone's OCD induced regurgitation. Rabidphage (talk) 00:27, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I have restored the statistic because it is correct, although I went with the 20% figure since that's what's stated in the reference. Another member of Staphylococcus, S. epidermidis, is probably a more representative member of the skin flora. NighthawkJ (talk) 22:34, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Further information on Role in disease loops back
Under the section Role in disease, it points to Staphylococcal infection as further information. However, the section Coagulase-positive points back to Staphylococcus aureus as further information. It may be possible to merge the two sections together, or to expand on them. --ZhongHan (Email) 06:46, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Unfortunate EM replaced
The infobox had a 50,000x SEM of freeze dried Staph, which was hard to interpret, and consisted of a lot of fracture/crack lines that were artifact, and had nothing to do with the organism. Not much else was shown. Commons has far superior false-color SEMs at 20,000 x and 50,000 x showing the typical clustering, and I think the 20,000 x looks better for this (and best coincides with the Gram stain view through the light microscope). The higher mag shows no more detail on individual cells, and shows less info at the next scale up. So I just went ahead and replaced the bad freeze-dry image. Did I miss something? S B Harris 18:34, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

My son
I recently sent my sons stool in for a sample for other tests... it came back that he had staphylocossus aureus. My son is not even 2 yrs old yet he has had none of the symptoms other than the common cold.. im just wondering how it was contracted.. Their also tellin me theirs no treatment in kids ( only in adults) so they put him on zyrtec for the common cold... Please i need some input here im clue-less Hopefully someone has had a similiar case and can help me understand this a little bit better... even tho i dont wish it on no one even though i dont know how serious it is.. but for a 2 year old surely their gotta be something we can do or symptoms to look for.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.28.220.251 (talk) 21:31, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Why did they culture your son's stool if he only had common cold symptoms?? You should be asking these questions of your doctor, not us. S. aureus in the stool (as a main growth) is only a concern for people with severe diarrhea who might have pseudomembranous entercolitis. Click HERE. S B Harris 22:45, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Scientific classification
Someone changed the order and class of this bacterium. I checked here and it was correct before (i.e. Bacilli; Bacillales). Reverted. Lesion ( talk ) 13:46, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
There has been a lot of discussion about the role of antibiotics in the healthcare world, and the overuse of them as a "one solution for all." Although it might be easy to critique other's usage of antibiotics, I like to propose this hypothetical situation. If you had a new born child that had a minor bacterial infection, and knew that antibiotics would easily relieve symptoms, would you opt to give your child antibiotics and add to the rapidly growing "overuse" of antibiotics or would you risk withholding them from your child attempting to slow down MRSA mutation?

Thoughts on these sources: Ali Grema, H; aHmed Geidam, Y (2015). "Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Review Article". Journal of Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 1: 2309–2331. doi:10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.2.79.98ISSN. Davis, Julian; Davis, Dorothy (2010). "Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance". American Association of Microbiology. 74: 417–433. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00016-10. Wang, Xing; Li, Xia; Liu, Wei; Huang, Weichun; Fu, Qihua; Li, Min (2016-01-01). "Molecular Characteristic and Virulence Gene Profiles of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Pediatric Patients in Shanghai, China". Infectious Diseases: 1818. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01818. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ncloekman (talk • contribs) 22:16, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

Notes: - gram positive bacteria - Cell morphology is spherical and clustered - Aerobic respiration - pathogenic/ part of human micro flora - symptoms of infection can vary from mild skin infection and food poisoning to pneumonia - growing problem in today's world health care is Methicillin-resistant Sphylococcus aureus; over use of antibiotics - Staph first identified by Sir Alexander Ogston (1880) - Catalase positive meaning that when interacting with H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) it will produce the catalase enzyme - Coagulase positive Thoughts to add...[edit | edit source] Peer review article: Staphylococcus aureus isolate from pediatric patients in Shanghai, China Introduction: - CA: Community Associated; HA: Hospital Associated; LA: Livestock Associated - S. aureus one of most prevalent pathogens (symptoms can range from mild and soft tissue infections) to sepsis and pneumonia - MRSA first discovered in the UK in 1961 -1990 CA-MRSA (most have the SCCmec type IV or V) - SCCmec: Staph chromosomal cassette mec) - Do not have multiple antibiotic profiles except for B-lactams - MRSA ST 398 isolates from pigs -> pig farmers -> general population - ST 59-IV and ST59-V are the most common - Higher prevalence rate in younger children because of low immunity Ncloekman (talk) 00:01, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Treatment section: for patients where penicillin & cephalosporins are contraindicated
Hi,

This is an excellent article and I thank those who continue to contribute their expertise to improve the content.

At the moment the treatment section only covers penicillin based treatments and a mention of the triple antibiotic ointment for skin lesions. I believe there’s a need and important place to include treatment for patients where penicillin & cephalosporins are contraindicated, such as Clindamycin ( or perhaps doxycycline (not sure on that one yet).

Any feedback or assistance would be greatly appreciated.

Cheers, Dr.khatmando (talk) 07:19, 16 July 2018 (UTC)

MLSB
Its really hard to find something about this type of resistance. This article says its a resistance common under G+ cocci, while this article only talks about it referring to Staphylococci. Where should the redirect go to? And if you are able to write a paragraph about it in the article I would be really thankfull :) --2A01:112F:742:C00:50C3:4B5A:1321:DB91 (talk) 21:31, 22 January 2019 (UTC)

why does the Page use °F instead of following WPs manual of style?
English does not mean its America- specific, this p rticle is about a bacterium that is ubiquitous. The WP style manual explicitly states: USE SI UNITS, other only in artcles about things specific to the USA or England. WP isnt Ameripedia. So when I fully cured my food poisoning and nobody fixed it, I'll change this to have the english page of Staphylococcus aureus  comply with the Manual of style, unless there is a good reason wby it should be ignored?

edit: to be precise a SI derived unit. I don't think you'll find any papers from American scholars who use°F for anything related to microbiology. also again, the US is the only place using that system, so its also complicating the reading for the rest of the english speaking world.

188.97.91.19 (talk) 18:27, 1 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for highlighting that - ✅ — soupvector (talk) 19:11, 1 September 2019 (UTC)

Greek translation
In the main article it says: Greek σταφυλόκοκκος, "grape-cluster berry".

That implies that "grape-cluster" translates as "σταφυλο-" and "berry" translates as "κόκκος". This is incorrect. In ancient Greek (where the term comes from) the feminine noun "σταφυλή" (sta-phy-LEE) translates as -simply- "grape" and the masculine noun "κόκκος" (CO-ccus) translates as "granule".

Therefore staphylococcus literally means "grape-granules". E.g. the bacteria when seen under a microscope appear as granules clustered together like grapes. However "grape-cluster" is a redundancy in itself because in the Greek language grapes -by definition- are expected to be clustered together.

Not a big deal, but I thought I'd mention the difference, in case you want to improve the article. Thank you! [XwpisONOMA(at)gMail(dot)com] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xwpis ONOMA (talk • contribs) 22:24, 13 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi Xwpis ONOMA do you have some sort of source for this? I can add if you have some source. I do not speak Greek so I can not really verify it myself.Garnhami (talk) 22:33, 13 December 2019 (UTC)

Hi, I understand and accept your point, the first source is myself, I am Greek and I speak the language fluently and I am also well versed in ancient Greek as well. But if my word is not enough (I understand) then any good Ancient Greek - English dictionary should suffice. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xwpis ONOMA (talk • contribs) 00:57, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

Contagious? From one person to another?
I’m concerned about being around other people can I give them this I’m actually quite upset about getting it from surgery 2601:183:C800:7C60:5116:E0D4:FD81:36F7 (talk) 19:48, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Staphylococcus aureus


text:
Ian Hamilton (footballer, born 1950)

Ian Michael Hamilton (31 October 1950 – May 2024) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He made more than 300 appearances in the Football League playing for Chelsea, Southend United, Aston Villa and Sheffield United, and more than 100 in the North American Soccer League for the Minnesota Kicks and the San Jose Earthquakes. He was nicknamed "Chico" after the jazz drummer Chico Hamilton.

Career
Hamilton joined Chelsea as a junior and became the Stamford Bridge club's youngest ever player and goalscorer at 16 years, 138 days when he scored against Tottenham Hotspur on his debut, on 18 March 1967, a feat which earned comparisons with another famous Chelsea striker who also scored on his debut against Spurs – Jimmy Greaves. Thereafter he played only four more first-team games for Chelsea, spending the 1968–69 season with Southend United before moving to Aston Villa in 1968.

At Villa he carved out a long career as a midfielder, helping the club win the Third Division title in 1972, and playing in two League Cup finals – they lost in 1971 and won in 1975. After two seasons with Sheffield United, Hamilton became one of many British footballers who ended their careers in the North American Soccer League, where he played for Minnesota Kicks and San Jose Earthquakes.

After he finished his professional career, he spent 17 years as boys' soccer coach at Thomas Worthington High School, in Worthington, Ohio, returning after a seven-year gap to coach girls' soccer.

Death
Hamilton died in May 2024, at the age of 73.

title: Ian Hamilton (footballer, born 1950)


text:
Ebersberg (district)

Landkreis (district) Ebersberg is located in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Erding, Mühldorf, Rosenheim and Munich.

History
The most important event in the district's history was the battle of Hohenlinden on December 3, 1800, which was a part of the Napoleonic Wars.

Geography
The district includes rural areas east of the city of Munich. Despite being in the vicinity of Munich, urbanisation is low. In the north there is a contiguous forest area of 80 km², serving as a recreation area for the population of the Bavarian capital. The forest consists of three separate unincorporated areas, Anzinger Forst, Ebersberger Forst, and Eglhartinger Forst.

Coat of arms
The arms display both parts of the word "Ebersberg": a boar (German "Eber") standing on a mountain (German "Berg"). These two symbols are part of the arms of the city of Ebersberg as well. In addition the district's arms include a fir, symbolising the forests of the region.

Towns and municipalities
Unincorporated Areas
 * 1) Anzinger Forst
 * 2) Ebersberger Forst
 * 3) Eglhartinger Forst

title: Ebersberg (district)


text:
George Elliott Clarke

George Elliott Clarke, (born February 12, 1960) is a Canadian poet, playwright and literary critic who served as the Poet Laureate of Toronto from 2012 to 2015, and as the 2016–2017 Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate. His work is known for its use of a wide range of literary and artistic traditions (both "high" and "low"), as well as its physicality and political substance. Clarke is also known for chronicling the experience and history of the Black Canadian communities of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, creating a cultural geography that he has coined "Africadia."

Life
Clarke was born to William and Geraldine Clarke in Windsor, Nova Scotia, near the Black Loyalist community of Three Mile Plains, and grew up in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He graduated from Queen Elizabeth High School in 1978.

He earned a BA honours degree in English from the University of Waterloo (1984), an MA degree in English from Dalhousie University (1989) and a PhD degree in English from Queen's University (1993). He has received honorary degrees from Dalhousie University (LL.D.), the University of New Brunswick (Litt.D.), the University of Alberta (Litt.D.), the University of Waterloo (Litt.D.), and Saint Mary's University (Litt.D). He taught English and Canadian Studies at Duke University from 1994 to 1999 and was appointed the Seagrams Visiting Chair in Canadian Studies at McGill University for the academic year 1998–1999.

In 1999, he became professor of English at the University of Toronto, where, in 2003, he was appointed the inaugural E J Pratt Professor of Canadian Literature. Clarke has also served as a Noted Scholar at the University of British Columbia (2002), as a visiting scholar at Mount Allison University (2005), and as the William Lyon Mackenzie King Visiting Professor in Canadian Studies at Harvard University (2013–14); and, outside of the academic sphere, as a researcher for the Ontario Provincial Parliament (1982–83), editor of the Imprint (University of Waterloo, 1984–85) and The Rap (Halifax, 1985–87), social worker for the Black United Front of Nova Scotia (1985–86), parliamentary aide to Howard McCurdy (1987–91), and newspaper columnist for the Halifax Daily News (1988–89).

Clarke is active in poetry circles throughout Canada, the US, the Caribbean, and Europe. He is also a founding member of the music collective Afro-Métis Nation, which put out its first album, Constitution, in May 2019. The group derives its name from the artists' mixed Africadian and Mi'kmaq descent. Clarke has described the group's sound as "a mash-up of southern-fried blues and saltwater spirituals, with Nashville guitars, Mi’kmaw-and-“African” drums, Highland bagpipes and Acadien fiddles."

Writing career
Clarke has published his own works, including seventeen collections of poetry, two novels, and four works of drama and opera, in addition to collecting and promoting stories of African-Canadian writers and poets in anthologies and studies such as Border Lines (1995), Eyeing the North Star (1997), Odysseys Home (2002), Fire on the Water (2002), Directions Home (2012) and Locating Home (2017). His artistic influences stretch from Shakespeare to Miles Davis, from Ezra Pound to Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Malcolm X. His poetic and academic careers overlap in their particular emphasis on the perspectives of the African descendants in Canada and Nova Scotia, especially the African-American slaves’ descendants who settled on the East coast of Nova Scotia, whom he calls "Africadian." He writes that it is a word that he "minted from 'Africa' and 'Acadia' (the old name for Nova Scotia and New Brunswick), to denote the Black populations of the Maritimes and especially of Nova Scotia."

Some of his poetry has also been set to music by the a cappella gospel quartet Four the Moment.

He views "Africadian" literature as "literal and liberal—I canonize songs and sonnets, histories and homilies." Clarke has stated that he found further writing inspiration in the 1970s and his "individualist poetic scored with implicit social commentary" came from the "Gang of Seven" intellectuals, "poet-politicos: jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, troubadour-bard Bob Dylan, libertine lyricist Irving Layton, guerrilla leader and poet Mao Zedong, reactionary modernist Ezra Pound, Black Power orator Malcolm X and the Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau." Clarke found "as a whole, the group's blunt talk, suave styles, acerbic independence, raunchy macho, feisty lyricism, singing heroic and a scarf-and-beret chivalry quite, well, liberating." His poetry and scholarship address and challenge historic encounters with racism, segregated areas, discrimination, hatred, forced relocation and a loss of a sense of identity and belonging experienced by the Black populations of Canada.

In his anthology Fire On The Water, Clarke uses a biblical timeline stretching from Genesis to Psalms and Proverbs to Revelation to present Black writings and authors born within a specific period. These names reflect the Africadians’ and other Black peoples’ forebears and the first singers' own preferences for singing "the Lord’s song in this strange land." In his book These Are the Words, a collaboration with Canadian poet John B. Lee, Clarke translates one of the nine books of the Bible's apocrypha into English vernacular.

In his 2007 play Trudeau: Long March, Shining Path, Clarke describes Pierre Trudeau as "the Shakespearean character: a figure about whom it is almost impossible to say anything definitive because he is encompassed by so many contradictions, but that’s what makes him interesting." In presenting a multicultural Trudeau on the international stage, Clarke seeks to capture the human dimensions, the personality of Trudeau, rather than his politics, so as to emphasize the dialogues among key characters and "show the people as people, not just exponents of ideas." In 2012 Clarke was given substantial critical recognition in a volume devoted to the body of his writing, Africadian Atlantic: Essays on George Elliott Clarke, edited by Joseph Pivato.

In his 2016 and 2017 collections of poems, the names of which, Canticles I (MXXVI) and Canticles I (MMXVII), are a reference to Ezra Pound's The Cantos and The Song of Solomon, Clarke puts famous thinkers, explorers and rulers of the 17th, 18th and 20th centuries into a dialogue on slavery and heritage. Together, these collections make up the first part of a projected three-part epic. Canticles II: MMXIX was released in 2019.

In his time as Poet Laureate of Toronto, Clarke created the Poets' Corner at City Hall, and worked with the Toronto Public Library to create the Toronto Poetry Map, an electronic map of the city that marks all sites referenced in Canadian poetry and presents the relevant lines to the viewer. He also founded the East End Poetry Festival. Clarke is also the first Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate to have his poems recited in the Houses and recorded in Hansard.

Family
Clarke is a great-nephew of the late Canadian opera singer Portia White, politician Bill White and labour union leader Jack White. A seventh-generation African Canadian, Clarke is descended from African-American refugees from the War of 1812 who escaped enslavement in America and were relocated to Nova Scotia. He is the great-grandson of William Andrew White, an American-born Baptist preacher and missionary, army chaplain, and radio pioneer, who was one of the very few black officers in the British army worldwide during World War I. Clarke also has Mi'kmaq Indigenous ancestry.

Awards and merits
In 1998 Clarke won the Portia White Prize for Artistic Achievement. In 2001, he won the Governor General's Award for poetry for his book Execution Poems, as well as the National Magazine Gold Medal for Poetry. He has also won the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Achievement Award (2004), the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Fellowship Prize (2005-2008), the Dartmouth Book Award for Fiction (2006), and the Eric Hoffer Book Award for Poetry (2009).

Clarke was appointed to the Order of Nova Scotia in 2006, and to the Order of Canada, at the rank of Officer, in 2008.

On January 16, 2008 Clarke was made an honorary Fellow of the Haliburton Literary Society, the oldest literary society in North America, at the University of King's College, Halifax; and in 2009 he was a co-recipient of the William P. Hubbard Award for Race Relations from the City of Toronto for his outstanding achievements and commitment in making a distinct difference in racial relations in Toronto. Clarke was chosen expressly for "his local and national leadership role in creating an understanding and awareness of African and black culture and excellence in his contribution to redefining culture."

In November 2012, Clarke became Toronto's fourth Poet Laureate.

In January 2016, Clarke became Canada's seventh Parliamentary Poet Laureate. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/nahanni-fontaine-george-elliott-clarke-poems-1.5415924

In 2018, thanks to a gift from Ms. Rebecca Gardiner, the George Elliott Clarke Scholarship Fund was established at Duke University.

His 2021 book ''J'Accuse! (Poem versus Silence)'' was shortlisted for the 2022 ReLit Award for poetry.

In 2022, Clarke was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal for his significant service to the province of Nova Scotia in the field of the Arts.

Poetry

 * 1983: Saltwater Spirituals and Deeper Blues, Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield. ISBN 0-919001-12-2
 * 1990: Whylah Falls, Vancouver: Polestar, ISBN 0-919591-57-4 (revised edition, 2000, ISBN 1-896095-50-X)
 * 1994: Lush Dreams, Blue Exile: Fugitive Poems 1978–1993. Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield. ISBN 0-919001-83-1
 * 1999: Gold Indigoes. Durham: Carolina Wren, ISBN 0-932112-40-4
 * 2001: Execution Poems: The Black Acadian Tragedy of George and Rue. Wolfville, Nova Scotia: Gaspereau Press, ISBN 1-894031-48-2
 * 2001: Blue. Vancouver: Polestar, ISBN 1-55192-414-5
 * 2001: Blue II, A Trestle Chapbook in Running With Scissors, Montréal: Cumulus Press, ISBN 0-9683529-4-4
 * 2005: Illuminated Verses. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, ISBN 1-55130-280-2
 * 2006: Black. Vancouver: Polestar, ISBN 1-55192-903-1
 * 2008: Blues and Bliss: The Poetry of George Elliott Clarke. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, ISBN 1554580609
 * 2009: I & I. Fredericton: Goose Lane, ISBN 978-0-86492-513-8
 * 2011: Red. Gaspereau Press, ISBN 9781554470983
 * 2013: Lasso the Wind: Aurélia’s Verses and Other Poems. Illus. Susan Tooke. Nimbus Books, ISBN 1771080507
 * 2013: Illicit Sonnets. Eyewear Publishing, ISBN 978-1908998064
 * 2014: Traverse. Exile Editions, ISBN 1550963953
 * 2015: Extra Illicit Sonnets. Exile Editions, ISBN 1550964984
 * 2016: Gold. Gaspereau Press, ISBN 9781554471577
 * 2016: Canticles I (MMXVI). Guernica Editions, ISBN 9781550719123
 * 2017: Canticles I (MMXVII). Guernica Editions, ISBN 9781771831901
 * 2017: The Merchant of Venice (Retried). Kentville, Nova Scotia: Gaspereau Press.
 * 2018: These Are the Words. Collaboration with John B. Lee. Hidden Book Press, ISBN 978-1-927725-55-9
 * 2019: Portia White: A Portrait in Words. Nimbus Publishing, ISBN 1771086971
 * 2021: J'Accuse! (Poem versus Silence)

Plays

 * 1999: Whylah Falls: The Play. Toronto: Playwrights Canada, ISBN 0-88754-565-3
 * 1999: Beatrice Chancy. Vancouver: Polestar, ISBN 1-896095-94-1
 * 2003: Québécité. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Gaspereau Press, ISBN 1-894031-74-1
 * 2007: Trudeau: Long March, Shining Path. Kentville, Nova Scotia: Gaspereau Press, ISBN 1-55447-037-4

Novels

 * 2005: George and Rue. Toronto: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-225539-1 / ISBN 0-00-648569-3
 * 2016: The Motorcyclist. Toronto: HarperCollins

Memoir
 Written Anthologies
 * 2021: Where Beauty Survived

 * 2023: Whiteout: How Canada Cancels Blackness Nova Scotia, Véhicule Press, ISBN 9781550656077

Anthologies edited

 * 1991: Fire on the Water: An Anthology of Black Nova Scotian Writing, Volume One. Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield, ISBN 0-919001-67-X
 * 1992: Fire on the Water: An Anthology of Black Nova Scotian Writing, Volume Two. Lawrencetown Beach, Nova Scotia: Pottersfield, ISBN 0-919001-71-8
 * 1995: Border Lines: Contemporary Poems in English. Edited by J.A. Wainwright, George Elliot Clarke and others. Mississauga, Ont.: Copp Clark, 1995. ISBN 0773053425
 * 1997: Eyeing the North Star: Directions in African-Canadian Literature. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1997 ISBN 0-7710-2125-9
 * 2018: Locating Home: The First African-Canadian Novel and Verse Collections. Tightrope Books, 2018. ISBN 1988040213

Criticism

 * 2002: Odysseys Home: Mapping African-Canadian Literature. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-8191-6
 * 2011: Directions Home: Approaches to African-Canadian Literature. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-9425-4

Awards

 * 1979: Honourable Mention, Atlantic Writing Competition (Adult Poetry), Writers' Federation of Nova Scotia
 * 1981: First Prize, Atlantic Writing Competition (Adult Poetry), Writers' Federation of Nova Scotia
 * 1983: Second Prize, Bliss Carman Poetry Award, Banff Centre
 * 1991: Archibald Lampman Award for Poetry, Ottawa Independent Writers
 * 1998: Portia White Prize, Nova Scotia Arts Council
 * 1998: Bellagio Center Fellow, Rockefeller Foundation, New York City
 * 1999: Alumni Achievement Award, University of Waterloo
 * 2002: Governor General's Award for Poetry, for Execution Poems
 * National Magazine Gold Award for Poetry
 * 2004: Martin Luther King Jr. Achievement Award, Black Theatre Workshop
 * 2006: Pierre Elliott Trudeau Fellowship Prize, Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation
 * 2006: Dartmouth Book Award for Fiction
 * 2006: Frontieras Poesis Premuil [Prize], Poesis Magazine, International Poetry Festival, Satu Mare, Romania
 * 2006: Order of Nova Scotia
 * 2007: Longlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award, for George and Rue
 * 2008: Officer of the Order of Canada
 * 2009: Shortlisted, Dartmouth Book Award for Fiction
 * 2010: Shortlisted, Acorn-Plantos Award for People's Poetry
 * 2012: Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Acadia University
 * 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
 * 2012: Excellence in the Arts Award (Canadian Civil Liberties Association)
 * 2012: Appointed by the Toronto City Council to the post of Poet Laureate of Toronto
 * 2016: Appointed by The Parliament of Canada to the post of Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate
 * 2017: Lifetime Achievement Award, Dalhousie University Alumni Association
 * 2017: Trailblazers Award: National Black Canadians Summit, Federation of Black Canadians & Michaëlle Jean Foundation
 * 2017: Elected, Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society

title: George Elliott Clarke