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Jan Guillou

Jan Oskar Sverre Lucien Henri Guillou (, ; born 17 January 1944) is a French-Swedish author and journalist. Guillou's fame in Sweden was established during his time as an investigative journalist, most notably in 1973 when he and co-reporter Peter Bratt exposed a secret and illegal intelligence organization in Sweden, Informationsbyrån (IB). He is still active within journalism as a column writer for the Swedish evening tabloid Aftonbladet. Among his books are a series of spy fiction novels about a spy named Carl Hamilton, and a trilogy(+) of historical fiction novels about a Knight Templar, Arn Magnusson. He is the owner of one of the largest publishing companies in Sweden, Piratförlaget (Pirate Publishing), together with his wife, publisher Ann-Marie Skarp, and Liza Marklund.

Life and career
Guillou was born in Södertälje, Stockholm County, Sweden. His Breton-Swedish father, Charles Guillou (1922–2020), came to Sweden in 1941 as the son of a member of the French Resistance and head of the offices of Free France in Stockholm, and later became a journalist for the French nationwide daily newspaper L'Équipe. His mother, Marianne (née Botolfsen; 1922–2013), was of Norwegian descent. Guillou acquired French citizenship at birth and became a Swedish citizen in 1975. When Guillou's paternal grandfather was offered a position at the French embassy in Helsinki, Finland, his father decided to move with him and settled there. Guillou grew up with his mother and her new husband in Saltsjöbaden and Näsbypark outside of Stockholm.

Education
Guillou studied at Vasa Real in Stockholm but was expelled from the school because of his bad behaviour; including physical abuse, theft and blackmail. He then went on to study for two years at the Solbacka boarding school in Södermanland. Guillou has described his upbringing, with the continuous physical abuse from his sadistic stepfather and the harsh treatment at the Solbacka school, in the semi-autobiographical novel Ondskan (1981). According to the Swedish tabloid newspaper Expressen, his mother, his sister, his teachers and his friends from the Solbacka school have contested his account and called the book a hoax.

He finished his studentexamen (upper-secondary final examination) from the boarding school Viggbyholmsskolan, located in Viggbyholm, in 1964. Guillou then attended Stockholm University from 1964 to 1966.

Family
Guillou first lived together with author and translator Marina Stagh, with whom he has two children, Dan (born 1970) and Ann-Linn (born 1972) Guillou. His daughter Ann-Linn, a journalist and feminist commentator, lives in a civil union with Sandra Andersson, daughter of film director Roy Andersson.

He is now married to publisher Ann-Marie Skarp (born 1952), the daughter of colonel Åke Skarp and Märta (née Kugelberg). He has an apartment in the Östermalm district of Stockholm, where he has lived for most of his adult life. He also has a country residence in Flybo, Östhammar Municipality, northern Roslagen, where he lives when he writes his books.

Employment
Guillou started his career as a journalist writing for the magazine FIB aktuellt from 1966 to 1967. He later co-founded the Folket i Bild/Kulturfront magazine, at which he worked from 1972 until 1977. He currently writes a column for Aftonbladet and also comments occasionally in other news outlets on current events usually taking the left-wing and the Anti-American side, particularly the conflicts in the Middle East and miscellaneous domestic issues, including the United States' War on Terrorism, Israeli policy towards the Palestinians, the Swedish Security Service, Swedish courtroom procedures and public inquiries.

Guillou has served as the host of several television programmes: Magazinet (1981–1984), Rekordmagazinet (last years together with Göran Skytte) and Grabbarna på Fagerhult (together with Pär Lorentzon and Leif G. W. Persson), all shown on Sveriges Television.

He co-authored the crime/drama television series Talismanen (TV4, 2003). In the series, Guillou and co-author Henning Mankell both play the roles of themselves. Guillou also authored and narrated the history documentary series Arns rike (TV4, 2004) and Häxornas tid (TV4, 2005).

He was awarded the Lenin Award (Sweden) in 2014, and at the prize ceremony Cecilia Cervin said this about him: "You have remained “cheeky”, or refractory as Jan Myrdal usually calls it, i.e., disobedient, defiant, resilient, through a long writing life. You have achieved a lot with it and that is why we pay tribute to you today."

The IB affair
In 1973, Folket i Bild/Kulturfront, a left-wing magazine, published a series of articles written by Guillou and Peter Bratt, revealing a Swedish secret intelligence agency called Informationsbyrån ("The Information Bureau" or IB for short). The articles, based on information initially furnished by former IB employee Håkan Isacson, described the IB as a secret organization that gathered information on Swedish communists and others deemed to be "security risks". The organization operated outside of the framework of the defense and ordinary intelligence, and was invisible in terms of state budget allocations. The articles in Folket i Bild/Kulturfront accused the IB staff of being engaged in alleged murder, break-ins, wiretapping against foreign embassies in Sweden and spying abroad.

The exposure of the IB in the magazine, which included headshots with names and social security numbers of some of the alleged staff published under the headline "Spies", led to a major domestic political scandal known as the "IB affair" (IB-affären). The activities ascribed to this secret outfit and its alleged ties to the Swedish Social Democratic Party were denied by Prime Minister Olof Palme, Defense Minister Sven Andersson and the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces, General Stig Synnergren. However, later investigations by various journalists and by a public commissions, as well as autobiographies by the persons involved, have confirmed some of the activities described by Bratt and Guillou. In 2002, the public commission published a 3,000-page report where research about the IB affair was included.

Guillou, Peter Bratt and Håkan Isacson were all arrested, tried in camera (behind closed doors) and convicted of espionage. According to Bratt, the verdict required some stretching of established judicial practice on the part of the court since none of them were accused of having acted in collusion with a foreign power. After one appeal Guillou's sentence was reduced from one year to 10 months. Guillou and Bratt served part of their sentence in solitary cells. Guillou was kept first at Långholmen Prison in central Stockholm and later at Österåker Prison north of the capital.

The CIA affair
In 1976, two employees of Sveriges Radio contacted Guillou at Folket i Bild/Kulturfront with a story of a colleague that had been recruited by a CIA officer in Stockholm. They had earlier been turned down by a major newspaper, and now asked the journalist that had exposed IB if he could publish the story. The three worked out a scenario where the CIA recruiter could be legally accused of espionage, and instructed the recruit to collect evidence thereof. Unbelievably enough, the CIA officer agreed to give his spy written instructions of what information to retrieve, so the informal counter-intelligence group had only to stockpile these, take photographs of the two spies meeting, and discuss how much they needed before the final exposure would be made.

The recruited spy was at a later meeting instructed to go to Angola with orders to get information about both military and political conditions. The legally experienced within the group advised their double agent not to agree, but he went anyway. Afterwards, the group assembled to write a false report about the conditions in the civil war-ridden country. Before the three could finalize the entire story for publishing, the spy went to Angola a second time, now with additional tasks on his instruction sheet.

After the spy had returned to Sweden, Guillou in advance placed the article in a major newspaper and with a television news editor. He also contacted the Foreign Department in order to prevent official denials, and discuss the repercussions of the espionage exposure. The published article was a true 'scoop', and the CIA spy handler was ordered to leave Sweden together with a colleague. The spy himself avoided prosecution thanks to the article's portrayal of him as a rather heroic journalist, exposing foreign illegal operations to the public. Afterwards, both he and Guillou were interrogated by the Swedish Security Service, but for assumed political reasons, no criminal charges were made.

Swedish tabloid accusation
During a five-year period starting in 1967, Guillou had a series of meetings with KGB representatives. In October 2009, the Swedish news tabloid Expressen told this story under the headline "Guillou secret agent for Soviet Union". The Swedish security service Säpo at the time knew of the contacts from Guillou's colleague Arne Lemberg, who suspected the activities could be illegal.

According to Guillou, his intention was to expose the KGB espionage journalistically through a scoop based on the activities he was being exposed to and the discussions he had with his KGB contact Jevgenij Gergel. One of the journalists who wrote the articles later commented that he believed Guillou's explanation, "I do not doubt one word of what he has said".

Guillou received payment from KGB for written reports on Swedish politics, and Expressen points to this fact when defending its choice to refer to Guillou as a secret agent. Former KGB Colonel and defector Sergey Tretyakov characterised Guillou as a "classic agent". "Because he accepted money and, worst of all, signed receipts, there's no question about it. The handling of him could be a textbook example at the KGB school in Moscow". Espionage prosecutor Tomas Lindstrand wrote to PON that "Agent and spy are not synonymous ideas .... an agent does not have to commit acts of espionage. An agent can perform assignments for his handler without crossing the line to what is prosecutable."

Säpo at the time was skeptical towards Lemberg's report and commented that it found nothing illegal in a newspaper man writing an article based on public information and delivering it to Jevgenij Gergel.

The public Ombudsman of the Swedish Press, Yrsa Stenius, later concluded that Expressen presentation of facts had been an example of irresponsible journalism. According to her, Expressen had not backed up its frontpage assertion, that "Jan Guillou [was a] Secret Soviet Agent", despite the fact that this had caused "massive" damage to Guillou's reputation. Stenius's conclusion caused controversy, and a number of newspaper leader writers demanded that she resign her post.

On 1 June 2010, the Swedish Press Council [PON] acquitted Expressen of wrongdoing. Expressen denies having claimed that Guillou was guilty of the crime of "espionage", and PON agrees. The frontpage and headline assertions ("Guillou Secret Soviet Agent", "Confesses KGB mission", "Recruited by chief of espionage") according to PON "do not have well defined meanings". PON was also satisfied that the factual details of the story were fully covered in the text of the articles which also included Guillou's own account of the events.

Political views
During the 1960s and early 1970s, Guillou was associated with the Maoist Clarté association. He was also a member of the Communist Party of Sweden (formerly known as the Communist League Marxists-Leninists), a minor Maoist party active mainly during the 1970s, for six months until he was expelled for refusing to pay the monthly member fee while he was living abroad. Today, he no longer considers himself a communist or a Maoist, but describes himself as socialist with a position on the political spectrum "to the left of the Left Party" (a Swedish party formerly known as "The Left Party, the Communists").

On the Middle East
Guillou is known for his support of the Palestinian people, and he has over the years consistently criticized Israel. In 1976, he wrote, "Zionism is in its foundation racist because the state of Israel is built upon an apartheid system, exactly like South Africa". He has repeatedly taken the stance that Israel is an "apartheid state". In an article published in Svenska Dagbladet in 1977, Guillou wrote, "I'm an optimist, I believe that Israel will cease to exist prior to Armageddon".

The book Irak – det nya Arabien (Iraq – The New Arabia), written by Guillou and his then-wife Marina Stagh, was published in 1977. In the book, which deals with Iraq under the Baath Party before Saddam Hussein's presidency, it is argued that the "European idea of Iraq as a particularly violent country" is simply "a blend of political propaganda and racist fantasies" (p. 91). Guillou and Stagh did the research for the book in 1975 and they assert that, at this time, "the Baath regime is clearly popular and among the most stable in the Arab World" (pp. 168–169), the freedom of the press enjoyed in Iraq was more extensive than in most other countries in the world (p. 239) and it would come as no surprise to the authors if "well before the year 2000, Iraq will have surpassed European countries in living standards" (p. 174).

The conditions at the Abu Ghraib prison, which Guillou claims to have visited as the first Western journalist, are described as excellent and even "better than Swedish prisons" (pp. 249–250). The book was published two years before Saddam Hussein became President of Iraq in 1979. In his 2009 autobiography, Ordets makt och vanmakt (The Power and Powerlessness of the Word), Guillou states that quotes such as the ones cited could be considered true back then. He does however also write that Saddam Hussein, who at the time of publishing was the vice-president under President Ahmed Hassan Al Bakr, was the actual leader of Iraq.

On the United States
Immediately following the September 11 attacks, Guillou caused controversy when he walked out of the Göteborg Book Fair in the midst of the three minutes of silence observed throughout Europe to honour the victims of the attacks. In an article in Aftonbladet, Guillou argued that the event was an act of hypocrisy, stating that "the U.S. is the great mass murderer of our time. The wars against Vietnam and its nearby countries alone claimed four million lives. Without a minute of silence in Sweden". He also criticised those who said that the attacks were "an attack on us all" by stating that the attacks were only "an attack on U.S. imperialism".

He labeled the media's reaction to the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot and the measures taken to avoid havoc at the airports unnecessary since the suspects had already been caught. He argued that the media coverage was sensationalist and driven by profit considerations, and that the British government used the occasion to give an impression of success in the War on Terrorism. Pointing out that no explosives had been found, he wrote in a column headlined "Don't believe anything written about al-Qaida" that the reactions had resulted in a victimization of the Muslim community.

When the film Evil (2003), an adaption of Guillou's autobiographical novel from 1981, was nominated for an Academy Award in 2003 Guillou was still listed as a terrorist by the US government, because of the IB affair, but managed to get a visa for attending the Academy Award ceremony. However, the film’s director Mikael Håfström had given Guillou's ticket to his own wife and Guillou was not able to attend the ceremony.

On other issues
Ever since the IB affair and the resulting prison sentence for espionage in 1973, Guillou has been a strong critic of the Swedish Security Service. According to Guillou, the Security Service has listed him as a terrorist, which has led to problems with security officials when visiting other countries.

In recent years, Guillou has repeatedly criticised some people and groups within the Swedish radical feminist movement. However, he rejects being called an "antifeminist".

Guillou has also attracted controversy over his views on the history of homosexuality. He has said that "homosexuality is more of a vogue phenomenon than something you're born into. It's something that has come and gone through history" and that "homosexuality didn't exist in the 17th century".

Early novels
Guillou's first novel Om kriget kommer (If the War Comes) was published in 1971. It's a political spy novel told in the form of a pseudo-documentary about how Sweden in the early 1970s launches a military invasion of South Africa and Rhodesia to overthrow the white apartheid regimes. The main character is the Swedish military spy Karl Aronovitch who prepares the invasion together with African politicians and guerillas.

His second novel, Det stora avslöjandet (The Big Disclosure), was written in prison (see the IB affair) and was published in 1974. The book is intended as a comedy and is a semi-autobiographical novel about a young journalist writing for men's magazines in Stockholm in the early 1970s. The author's alter ego created for the novel is named Erik Ponti, a character that would return in several of his later novels.

His third novel, Ondskan (The Evil), was published in 1981, and is heavily autobiographical in depicting the author's teenage experience of an abusive step-father and a sadistic upperclass boarding school. As in his previous novel, the character Erik Ponti functions as his fictional alter ego. The movie adaption Evil in 2003 was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 76th Academy Awards and won three Swedish Guldbagge Awards including Best Film.

Hamilton
In 1986 Guillou published Coq Rouge, the first novel about his fictional Swedish military spy Carl Hamilton. The idea to write a Swedish spy novel had first come to him in prison in 1974 (see the IB affair), but the writing was put on hold until the mid 80's when he was inspired to the plot of the novel when encountering the Norwegian security police in Oslo (an encounter that is featured in the novel where it happens to his alter ego Erik Ponti). The novel became a bestseller and nine more novels about Hamilton followed, with the series ending with its tenth title in 1995.

The main character Carl Hamilton is a Swedish navy officer with Navy SEAL and FBI training, having been secretly recruited by Sweden's military intelligence while doing compulsory military service. The plot follows Hamilton's career as a field operator for Sweden's security police and military intelligence agency, with various missions of investigating murder, infiltrating terrorist groups, rescuing hostages in foreign countries and committing assassinations, with a heavy focus on the world of politics and journalism. Partly because of Hamilton's radical leftist background he receives the codename Coq Rouge, which was used as the title for the original series.

Guillou stated that the tenth novel, En medborgare höjd över varje misstanke (1995), was the last book of the series and that it was impossible for Hamilton to return. However, when he was working on the novel Madame Terror ten years later, he realised that he needed Hamilton to make the plot work. After Hamilton had made his return, he also appears in the novel Men inte om det gäller din dotter.

The Carl Hamilton who appears in the movies and TV series made between 1989 and 1998 (Stellan Skarsgård, Peter Haber, Stefan Sauk and Peter Stormare) is based on the novels, with minor changes.
 * Film and TV adaptations based on Hamilton
 * Codename Coq Rouge, portrayed by Stellan Skarsgård (1989)
 * Förhöret, portrayed by Stellan Skarsgård (television film 1989) (English translation: The Interrogation)
 * The Democratic Terrorist (TV series), with Humberto López y Guerra (1989)
 * Enemy's Enemy, portrayed by Peter Haber (television miniseries 1990)
 * The Democratic Terrorist (film), portrayed by Stellan Skarsgård (1992)
 * Vendetta, portrayed by Stefan Sauk (movie 1995, extended television miniseries 1996)
 * Tribunal, portrayed by Stefan Sauk (television film, 1995)
 * Hamilton, portrayed by Peter Stormare (movie 1998, extended television miniseries 2001)
 * Hamilton – I nationens intresse, portrayed by Mikael Persbrandt (2012)
 * Hamilton – Men inte om det gäller din dotter, portrayed by Mikael Persbrandt (2012)
 * Agent Hamilton portrayed by Jakob Oftebro (2020)

The Carl Hamilton who appears in the movies Hamilton – I nationens intresse (2011) and Hamilton – Men inte om det gäller din dotter (2012), played by Mikael Persbrandt, is only loosely based on the character from the novel and does not follow the original story line or setting, and is mostly a new character moved into the 2010s.

The Carl Hamilton who appears in the TV series Hamilton (2020), played by Jakob Oftebro, is entirely different from the original story, both younger and moved to the 2020s.

Crusades trilogy
After finishing the Hamilton series in 1995, Guillou began writing a medieval trilogy about the Crusades. The intent was to depict the increasing modern day tensions between the Western world and the Arab world, by telling about the previous Holy War between Christianity and Islam. The main character of the trilogy is Arn Magnusson, a fictional Swedish nobleman in the 12th century who is forced to become a Knight Templar in Palestine during the Crusades. Arn becomes a witness as well as a catalyst to many important historical events, both in his homeland of Västra Götaland and in the Holy Land. Apart from depicting the Crusades, the novels also depict the early formation of Sweden.

The Crusades Trilogy consists of the following novels:
 * The Road to Jerusalem, original Swedish title Vägen till Jerusalem (1998)
 * The Knight Templar, original Swedish title Tempelriddaren (1999), ISBN 0-7528-4650-7
 * The Kingdom at the End of the Road, original Swedish title Riket vid vägens slut (2000)

As a follow-up to the trilogy Guillou also wrote a fourth medieval novel entitled The Heritage of Arn, original Swedish title Arvet efter Arn (2001) about Birger Jarl, a mighty ruler during the formation of Sweden and supposed founder of Stockholm. In Guillou's fictional universe, Birger Jarl is the grandson of Arn Magnusson.

The War on Terror
In 2004 Guillou returned to contemporary crime novels meant to depict the world of Western politics and law in the wake of 9/11 and the War on terror, mainly focusing on the new character Eva Johnsén-Tanguy, a high ranking police officer who comes to work within the Swedish security service. She is introduced in Tjuvarnas marknad ("Market of Thieves") in 2004, and her story continues in Fienden inom oss ("The Enemy Within Us") in 2007 and Men inte om det gäller din dotter ("But Not If It Concerns Your Daughter") in 2008, a novel which also saw the return of Carl Hamilton.

The Great Century
In 2011 Guillou published the first part of a new series meant to depict the 20th century, from 1901 to 2001. In his own words the project is to be his last, and also his biggest and his best, telling the story of humanity's greatest, bloodiest and most cruel century. The series follows the family Lauritzen, starting in the late 19th century when three brothers from a poor fishing village in Norway are sent to Dresden in Germany to become engineers. The series then continue with their descendants through the 20th century, and each novel is meant to cover one decade. The plot includes ambitious engineering projects in Scandinavia and Africa, colonialism, communities of artists, underground resistance and espionage during the world wars, the nuclear threat, the impact of American culture on Sweden, the leftist movement in the '60s and '70s, Vietnam protests, economy and politics and law. The first three novels are mainly set in Norway, Germany, Eastern Africa and Britain, while the setting moves to Sweden with the fourth novel.

 * Brobyggarna ("The Bridge Builders") (2011)
 * Dandy (2012)
 * Mellan rött och svart ("Between Red and Black") (2013)
 * Att inte vilja se ("Not Wanting to See") (2014)
 * Blå stjärnan ("The Blue Star") (2015)
 * Äkta amerikanska jeans ("Real American Jeans") (2016)
 * 1968 (2017)
 * De som dödar drömmar sover aldrig ("Those Who Kill Dreams Never Sleep") (2018)
 * Den andra dödssynden ("The Second Deadly Sin") (2019)
 * Slutet på historien ("The End of the Story") (2020)

Awards and honours

 * 1984 – Stora Journalistpriset ("Great Journalist Award"), for his writings in the Keith Cederholm-case
 * 1984 – Aftonbladets TV-pris ("Aftonbladet TV Award"), in the category "Male Television Person of the Year"
 * 1988 – Bästa svenska kriminalroman ("Best Swedish Crime Novel") from the Swedish Academy of Crime Writers, for I nationens intresse
 * 1990 – Prix France Culture ("France Culture Award") from France Culture, for Ondskan (awarded as best novel translated into French)
 * 1998 – Årets författare ("Author of the Year") from the Swedish Union of Local Government Officers
 * 2000 – Årets bok ("Book of the Year") from Månadens Bok, for Riket vid vägens slut
 * 2014 – The Lenin Award

Guillou was also chairman of the Swedish Publicists' Association (Publicistklubben) from 2000 to 2004.

title: Jan Guillou


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Scottish church

The Scottish church may refer to:

 * Church of Scotland
 * Scottish Episcopal Church
 * Roman Catholic Church in Scotland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Scottish church


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Walmer

Walmer is a town in the district of Dover, Kent, in England. Located on the coast, the parish of Walmer is 6 mile south-east of Sandwich, Kent. The town's coastline and castle are popular amongst tourists. It has a population of 6,693 (2001), increasing to 8,178 at the 2011 Census.

Walmer is closely associated with its adjoining neighbour, the town of Deal - sharing many amenities and services and benefiting from Deal's High Street shopping area.

Walmer railway station is on the Kent Coast Line.

Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar reputedly landed on the beach here in 55 BC and 54 BC. It is only one possible landing place, proposed judging from the distances given in his account of the landings in his Gallic Wars. In the 19th century it was thought that he had landed by Deal Castle – hence a house there with SPQR emblazoned on its gate – but in 1907 the landing point has been proposed to be half a mile further south, beyond the lifeboat station, and marked by a concrete memorial. However, new archaeological excavations performed since 2015 suggest instead that the landing occurred in Pegwell Bay, in Thanet, much further north along the coast.

Medieval
The coastal confederation of Cinque Ports during its mediæval period consisted of a confederation of 42 towns and villages in all. This includes Walmer, as a 'Limb' of Sandwich, Kent.

Walmer Castle
Walmer Castle and its formal gardens are an attraction for visitors. The official residence of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports since the 18th Century, the building is now an English Heritage property. Famous Lords Warden have included Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Sir Winston Churchill, William Pitt the Younger (whose niece Lady Hester Stanhope first created the gardens), and the Duke of Wellington (of the Battle of Waterloo fame). Wellington lived there for 23 years and the castle houses not only a collection of Wellington memorabilia but also the room in which he died.

The Castle was built in 1540 as one of three on this part of the Kent coast by orders of Henry VIII. The others were nearby at Deal (southern Deal) and Sandown (north Deal) - the Deal one survives, the Sandown one has been lost to coastal erosion.

Walmer Aerodrome
The flat grassy plateau at Hawkshill Freedown on the southern edge of Walmer parish, adjacent to Walmer Castle, was requisitioned in April 1917 by the War Office for use as an aerodrome to increase capability for the defence of shipping in the English Channel. Wing Captain C. L. Lambe, Officer Commanding Royal Naval Air Service Dover and Dunkirk posted six pilots from different squadrons who had been involved in intense fighting on the Western Front to Walmer. These pilots were: Once operational the airmen were kept busy fighting German bomber offensives with many victories recorded. Pilots from the Royal Flying Corps were also stationed at the Aerodrome as the RNAS and RFC often flew together on operations over the Western Front.
 * Flight Lieutenant Theo Vernon who became Flight Commander
 * Flight Sub Lieutenant Arthur.R. Brown
 * Flight Sub Lieutenant J.A. Shaw
 * Flight Lieutenant Stanley Kemball
 * Flight Sub Lieutenant William Lusby
 * Flight Sub Lieutenant Harry Chisam.

September 1917 saw the first death of an Officer who had been stationed at Walmer - Squadron Commander T. C. Vernon of 9 Naval Squadron. He had been the Commanding Officer of the Walmer Defence Flight until July 1917.

In November 1917, 3 Naval Squadron was relocated to Walmer from the Western Front. 4 Naval Squadron arrived 2 January 1918 to take over, then in March 1918, it became the home station of 8 Naval Squadron which was absorbed into the Royal Air Force on its creation on 1 April 1918. After a few weeks of reduced activity on base a new Fighter Defence Flight was established in May 1918 with a primary mission to engage enemy fighters originating from Belgium and by 20 October 1918, the Belgium Coast was completely re-occupied by Allied Forces.

On 31 August 1918, Major Ronald Graham a WW1 ace took command of the newly formed No.233 Squadron RAF this incorporated the Fighter Defence Flight of Camels at RAF Walmer which was then under the command of Captain W. M. Alexander, another Flight (491)at Dover (Guston Road) and the Seaplane flight (407) Dover, Marine Parade. Flight 491 flying DH9s moved to RAF Walmer in January 1919 and in March 1919 the Squadron moved its headquarters to RAF Walmer. 233 Squadron RAF was disbanded in May 1919 but service records show it took a few months for all planes and pilots to leave.

Walmer remained on the emergency landing list of aerodromes.

RAF Walmer (also known as Hawkshill Down) was reopened during the Second World War as a strategic location for the defence of the UK. It was not used operationally for aircraft, but for some of the most important radar tracking and jamming systems used in the Second World War.

In 1941 Chain Home Low was installed at Walmer by the Army to increase the coverage of coastal radar systems in the South East. During 1942 an outstation of No. 80 (Signals) Wing RAF was opened which operated under the control of Bomber Command. In December 1942 A.M.E. type 9000 radar (Oboe) became fully operational which allowed precision bombing using Mosquito aircraft of 109 Squadron RAF. The Oboe system at Walmer worked jointly with a sister station in Norfolk, RAF Trimingham. They were known as cat and mouse stations. Target-finding aircraft controlled by Walmer were used extensively during the Battle of the Ruhr in March 1943. Oboe was one of the most precise navigational systems employed by any Air Force in the Second World War. Large numbers of personnel were based at Walmer during this period including many from the WAAF (Women's Auxiliary Air Force). In October 1943 a detachment from 2752 Squadron RAF Regiment (anti-aircraft) was deployed to Walmer followed by the full squadron in June 1944. Servicemen from both 2852 and 2844 Squadrons RAF Regiments were recorded as serving at Walmer. From December 1943 until October 1944 Walmer was the site for the second station for an RAF jammer system (Grocer) which was used against German Air Force airborne interception radar (Lichtenstein). The transmitters and monitor were placed strategically at Walmer and further south at Kingsdown so as to not interfere with the work of Oboe. Twin Browning machine guns were used for the defence of the site throughout this period.

From June 1942 until 31 December 1944 Walmer was also used by M Balloon unit of the RAF for propaganda flights with the HQ at a house in St Clare Road (now Generals Meadow) which was used during the First World War as a military hospital. During February 1944 over 5,000,000 leaflets were dropped over Germany and France by 2,478 balloons released from Walmer.

In 1945 RAF Walmer/Hawkshill Down was closed and it returned to agricultural use.

On 12 August 2017 a new commemorative stand was placed on the Freedown on a site looking out over the English Channel. The stand was unveiled by the current Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports Admiral of the Fleet The Lord Boyce KG GCB OBE DL at a service led by the Vicar of Walmer and supported by the Chaplain of the Fleet and the Deputy Chaplain in Chief of the RAF. The new stand lists sixteen officers stationed at Walmer during the First World War and who lost their lives on active service. It also gives the history of the site during two World Wars.

A wooden memorial had been placed on the site of the airfield in 1920 under the direction of the Countess of Beauchamp, wife of the then Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. The location of the memorial has been changed a number of times, with the last site being on private land. There is very little of the original remaining.

In 2019, the VintageAirRally tried to organise the landing, at Walmer of the only De Havilland 9 still flying in the world. The DH9 was the last plane to fly out in 1919 and it was probably piloted by Harry Chisam, whose service records show he was stationed at Walmer in June 1919. Due to the height of trees now surrounding the area this was found to be impossible.

The Walmer Brewery 1816–1978
It is believed that Upper Walmer was home to a brewery from Tudor times and possibly earlier. In 1816 a small brewery on the Dover Road just south of the old Walmer Village was acquired by Edmund Thompson who then operated it as Thompson & Sons. In 1867 John Matthews bought the business and greatly expanded and modernised it, although he retained the Thompson Brewery name.

The development of maltings, bottling plants, brew house, stables and blacksmith's eventually made it an important local employer. Further houses were bought in Dover Road for use as offices and to house staff, and a long terrace of brick cottages was built in Belmont to house more workers.

During the 1950s, the brewery became part of the Charrington's company and its role was reduced to a bottling and distribution plant. It eventually closed in 1972 and was demolished in 1978 to make way for a housing development called Downlands. An old bell, once housed in the belfry at the brewery, was re-sited at The Thompson Bell, the last remaining public house in the village.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 7,434.

Churches

 * Blessed Mary of Walmer (The Old Church) - (Church of England)
 * St Saviour's Church, Walmer - (Church of England)
 * St Mary's Church, Walmer - (Church of England)

People from Walmer
People born in Walmer include: People who died in Walmer include:
 * Dornford Yates
 * John Hassall (illustrator)
 * Roy Stevens, cricketer
 * Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
 * Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister

title: Walmer


text:
Talk:Robert McCloskey

Scott Island
The Scott Island that Robert McCloskey spent time on is not the Scott Island that is linked to.
 * Boy, I'll say it's not ... - DavidWBrooks 18:26 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * (Almost ten years later) I added some explanation of Scott Island with two somewhat-useful wikilinks and a reference to 'scott island, deer isle' at Google Maps. Google shows that S.I. is about 1000'/300m off the SW coast of Little Deer Isle; about the same distance long from tip to tip, W to E; about half that distance across in most directions, for it has points/peninsulas at W and E ends.
 * Do we sometimes formally use Google Maps as a source?
 * Roughly, it seems to be the bright red dot closest to the shore of Little Deer Isle in File:Penobscot Bay - map 01.gif.
 * --P64 (talk) 21:14, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

Disambig needed
Robert J. McCloskey - US Ambassador to Cyprus ~ender 2008-03-30 14:21:PM MST

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Henry Reed
Last hour I partly uncluttered the list of books and improved the coverage of the Henry Reed books, now divided between sections 5.2 and 7 (Notes). That includes some hidden comments.

At Henry Reed (fictional character) and its Talk this hour I learned more and made some visible improvement in that article. The crucial point here is that McCloskey illustrated only the first four volumes. We have some explanation (see the other lead paragraph) from a source (cited there) that is probably deprecated --eligible only for External link status in good articles.

That source (Sieruta 2009) provides more information that seems to be reliable --unofficially, but not WP:RELIABLE-- and will be interesting for you all to read :-(

Perhaps better sources are available on some of those points, for use here if/when this article develops. (I downgraded it from B to C-class Children's lit but that will not be permanent, i imagine.) --P64 (talk) 21:14, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

Which Birthday?
This article currently lists McCloskey's birthday as 9/15/14. However, his New York Times obituary lists his birthday as 9/14/14, not 9/15/14. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/01/arts/robert-mccloskey-88-of-make-way-for-ducklings-is-dead.html

This newspaper gives the same date, 9/14/14. http://www.journal-news.com/news/news/city-prepares-for-mccloskey-centennial/nZ33M/

The museum in his hometown gives the date currently listed, 9/15/14. http://www.hamiltonheritagehall.org/McCloskey_Museum/Bio_of_McCloskey.html

I'm inclined to believe that 9/15 is the correct date, but I thought that the discrepancy should be noted here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.167.127.11 (talk) 17:25, 16 September 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Robert McCloskey


text:
Talk:Transputer

ST20
It's not strictly true to say that the ST20 is no longer built - the cores (c1 and c2) are still being used in devices, like the STi5514, STi5517 etc. They are due to be replaced in new chips, but the old ones will continue being made for quite some time yet. :)

arafel2 10:40 30 Jun 2004 (GMT)

The ST20 was actually a complete redesign. Started in June 1992 and with first silicon in 1994 it combined a lot of features from the T4 series and T9000 transputers. Interrupts and a debug controller were added specifically to support SOC systems and traps and other instructions were added to support operating systems. Two main versions were made. The C4 core was a superscalar design with a Tomosulu style architecture (see patent US5745725 for details) but turned out to be too big for the SOC market at the time. A cut down version (C2) was made shortly after and a minimal form of the T9 instruction grouping technology was added to get back some of the performance.

The word "Transputer"
message I left on User talk:220.130.0.100: Are you sure that Transputer stands for transmitter computer, not transistor computer? I could only find 2 pages on Google supporting that, one Polish and one Hungarian.. all the English pages say transistor computer. —Stormie 06:29, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Transputer was definitely a combination of 'transitor' and 'computer'. The idea was that the transputer would be sold in a cheap package with just power and link connections and would cost $5. Then you could have a board full of transputers instead of a board full of transistors.

--Robert.Simpson 09:32, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I worked in an experimental project at NASA Johnson Space Center in the early days of the Transputer. My recollection was that it was from Transister and Computer, with the idea that computers would be use like transistors. Unfortunately, I no longer have any written documentation. The article in its current form matches my recall to the extent I can recall details. I left the project in 1988 and later heard from former coworkers that the project moved from working models to all simulation.

192.30.100.251 (talk) 22:26, 18 February 2014 (UTC)Dennis Taylor dennist1 at tampabay dot RR dot com.

Ownership of Inmos
The article states "This was too much for INMOS, who didn't have the funding needed to continue development. The company was sold ....".

As I remember press reports at the time, INMOS Limited was owned (wholly? mostly?) by the UK Government, (possibly through the National Enterprise Board?) so it was not the people at Inmos who sold the company.

Songwriter 17:55 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Inmos was sold by the government to Thorn EMI in 1984. Having bought it, they didn't really know what to do with the company but kept it going with just enough investment. They sold it to SGS-Thomson (later STMicroelectronics) in around 1989. ST were quite supportive of the T9 development but their focus was on the high volume consumers market, not high end so the T9 was the end of the 'real' transputer development.

Move this page?
According to the first sentence the all-lowercase "transputer" was the official written form. Shouldn't we therefore move the page to INMOS transputer instead of it being at INMOS Transputer? -- stillnotelf   has a talk page  05:10, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Request: style correction
In section "Comparison with modern technology" two sentences in a row begin with "Nevertheless", and it looks awkward. Since I'm not a native English speaker, I don't think I'm qualified to tinker with that, so it would be nice if a native speaker takes a look at it and change one "nevertheless" to something else if necessary. --Arny 04:06, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The first "nevertheless" made no sense in context anyway, so it's gone now. -- stillnotelf   has a talk page  05:11, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Information and Question
Added something about speed up problems with transputers. Question: HOWTO include T800 block diagram. Have I made an error uploading to wiki commons ? w:de:Benutzer:Lehrig Lehrig 05:23, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Clock multiplication
The article correctly states that the external clock was multiplied up (inside the chip). My recollection is that this was a pioneering idea later used on other processors (e.g. the Intel series including the Pentium) to overcome the problem of having a high-speed clock on a circuit board. Today's multi-GHz clock rates would not be possible without this technique. If I am correct it would be good for the article to include discussion of this historic point.Sangwine 11:13, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Stack Caching
The article states in a couple of places that the register stack cached the in-memory stack. This may or may not be technically correct, depending on what you mean by caching. On modern CPUs caching means that access to recently accessed memory locations is speeded up transparently to the machine code. This is not the case on the transputers - you must explicitly load values from the memory stack onto the register stack, and explicitly save values from the register stack onto the memory stack. It is true that the register stack was volatile - you didn't know what was on it after certain instructions had finished, and had to reload from the memory stack; in that sense the register stack is a cache. I think this point needs to be clarified in the article in prder to avoid confusing readers not familiar with transputer assembly language. --70.18.247.112 19:28, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

The article states (as of 19th March 2007) "For additional speed the T9000 cached the top 32 locations on the stack, instead of three as in earlier versions." This is wrong; the three deep register stack does not cache memory. The T9000 had a cache which could hold the first few (32???? - I need to check the documentation) locations of the workspace. This was implemented as registers and was fundamental to the way in which the T9000 worked. Roger 21:21, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Alice
We could maybe add some reference to the Alice Graph Reduction machine from Imperial College, London, which was a LISP supercomputer that could evaluate multiple parts of the graph in parallel. It represents all that was wonderful and tragic about the transputer. On the one hand, it could do fancy stuff in parallel. On the other, by the time it was finished, Sun workstations could outrun it. Some references to Alice-related publications come up on the web, but mostly to documents behind the ACM paywall.

Transputers for computer graphics
In the late 1980s, a company called "YARC" produced T800-based co-processor boards for PCs. Each board had 4 T800s with 4 megs of RAM per transputer, and the system had a secondary bus to link the cards together, allowing up to a 16 transputer network. I used a few of these systems with a software called "Digital Arts", which was an implementation of Pixar's Renderman. A scene to be rendered would be chopped up into 32 x 32 pixel "buckets" and the geometry, lighting and textures needed for each would be sent to a transputer, which would send the rendered pixels back to the framebuffer. K8 fan 01:17, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

The term "Transputer"
As noted above the term "transputer" was meant to refer to the processor as a transistor like system component of a computer. It was also the intention that the term transputer not be a trademark belonging to INMOS but a public domain term for this purpose. It did in fact find its way into dictionaries with this definition as I recall. --Steven Zenith 21:56, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Commercial Failure
It should be noted that the transputer was not a commercial failure, and my edit reflects this. The transputer certainly did not take over the world of computing in the way it was expected to at the end of the 1980s - but commercial failure? Far from it. Rather than being thrust into the mass-market limelight, taking over the world of server and high-performance computing as well as dominating developments in systems control, industrial and personal robotics, the transputer instead found itself forming the backbone of certain embedded product ranges from its ultimate commercial purchaser, ST Microelectronics.

"Commercial Failures" are unavoidably subjective. If you were expecting a $10bn company to emerge, anything less would be considered a commercial failure. If you were expecting a cool toy for hobbyists and academics to play with, an eventual $200m sale would have seemed like a resounding success.

It seems a full history given by those involved is missing from this article. --JonathanMayUK (talk) 15:04, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Atari wasn't the only one.
Atari seems to have only had a single workstation that was designed around this idea. I remember (and documented in the link following) that there were quite a few transputer boards that were designed to be dropped into any Amiga home computer. See http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/prototypes/transputer.html  This link even talks about an Amiga transputer that became the Atari one.

Is that worth mentioning since it seemed like a move to bring transputers into the mainstream?

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Another commercial use
The T425 was extensively used by broadcast equipment company Quantel, where I worked. It was used on a CPU per board basis, with CPU programmes in C++ and using the links for inter-board communications. The largest system, Clipbox, if stretched to its limit, which it never was, would have had over 100 transputers in ot.

Particularly of note was the Dylan 20 disk RAID, run by a single transputer, but ganged 4 wide using links for coordinated control.

Since I programmed these systems I don’t think I should be the one to put it on the page. But if anybody else feels it appropriate, please contact me, alec@aleccawley.com

Quantel also tried to use the T9000, but were defeated by the fact that the float to integer convert instruction was faulty, and the soft implementation was so slow it removed all the advantages of the T9000.

Alec (talk) 19:06, 13 June 2020 (UTC) Alec Cawley alec@aleccawley.com

"PREQUAL" is not really important
This stamp on top of the IC probably means that the device was an engineering sample and not production qualified. It really doesn't mean anything important, in the context of this web page.

Big in Japan?
I wonder if this article could add a link to the wiki article on the japanese national research initiative for "5th generation computing"? After all, both of those mid-late 1980s projects, the transputers and the japanese 5th gen. effort, concerned a vision of massive parallelism as the future of computing (and both of them failed, possibly for the same or similar reasons). 94.21.237.24 (talk) 12:35, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transputer


text:
User talk:Omeomi

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ZuluPad
This is an automated message from CorenSearchBot. I have performed a web search with the contents of ZuluPad, and it appears to include a substantial copy of http://www.gersic.com/projects.php?id=19. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences.

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ZuluPad
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 * I removed it from Personal wiki because the article does not exist. The same concept of notability extends to adding it there. Also, the last time you recreated the page, it was a copy and paste from another website, at least in part. Do not do this ever again. It is copyright violation, and adding material from websites that are not licensed under the GFDL is unacceptable. Van Tucky Vote in my weird poll! 16:44, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Again, don't add entries in a list of personal wikis with articles for applications that don't have an article. If it's worth mentioning, then it should have an article. Van Tucky Vote in my weird poll! 16:53, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Cool it. I need no rant or lecture from you, and no harm has been done to anyone. It's just a website, calm down. Van Tucky 18:18, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * notability guidelines do not directly limit the content of articles. 98.203.237.75 (talk) 05:45, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Good point. Thank you. --Omeomi (talk) 01:03, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Your recent edits
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Suspected sock puppets/Omeomi
I have closed this case. You have nothing to worry about. Shalom (Hello • Peace) 04:44, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Omeomi


text: Talk:Germantown, Philadelphia

title: Talk:Germantown, Philadelphia


text:
Dean Cogan

Dean Anthony Cogan (1826–1872) was a nineteenth-century Roman Catholic Irish priest (awarded the religious title of dean), born in Slane, who wrote a history of the Diocese of Meath in Ireland. Published in two volumes in 1862 and 1867, Cogan's The Diocese of Meath was an important history of Christianity in Ireland.

Anthony Cogan was born in 1826, one of five sons and three daughters of baker Thomas Coogan and his wife Ann Sillary, his mother converted from the Church of Ireland to Catholicism to marry. Cogan trained for the priesthood in St. Finian's Seminary in Navan.

Cogan's work, which included a humanitarian dimension, led to the naming of a housing estate in his memory: 'Dean Cogan Place', located in Navan, where he had served as a curate.

A plaque unveiled in 2003 adorns the wall of his birthplace on Main Street, Slane.

title: Dean Cogan


text:
List of cities in Nevada

Nevada is a state located in the Western United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, it is the 32nd most populous state, with inhabitants, but the 7th largest by land area spanning 109781.18 sqmi. Nevada is divided into 17 counties and contains 19 municipalities. Nevada's municipalities cover only 1.0% of the state's land mass but are home to 56.7% of its population.

Municipalities in the state are legally described as cities, except for the state capital Carson City, which has no legal description but is considered an independent city as it is not located in any county. To incorporate, a petition for incorporation can be made to the board of county commissioners, who consider numerous geographic, demographic, and economic factors. Cities are categorized by population for the purpose of determining the number of wards and council election structure as well as the number of city clerks: cities with 50,000 or more inhabitants are in population category one, cities with 5,000 or more but fewer than 50,000 inhabitants are in population category two, and cities having fewer than 5,000 inhabitants are in population category three. Cities are responsible for providing local services such as fire and police protection, road maintenance, water distribution, and sewer maintenance.

The largest municipality by population in Nevada is Las Vegas with 641,903 residents, and the smallest is Caliente with 990 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Boulder City, which spans 208.52 mi2, while Lovelock is the smallest at 0.85 mi2. The first place in Nevada to incorporate was Carson City, on March 1, 1875, and the most recent place was Fernley, on July 1, 2001.

title: List of cities in Nevada


text:
Réjean Ducharme

Réjean Ducharme (August 12, 1941 – August 21, 2017) was a Québécois novelist and playwright who resided in Montreal. He was known for his reclusive personality and did not appear at any public functions since his first successful book was published in 1966. A common theme of his early work was the rejection of the adult world by children.

 (Swallowed), Ducharme's first novel, was short-listed for the 1966 Prix Goncourt, even though the author was only 24 years old and unknown. That same year, the book won the 1966 Governor General's Award for Poetry or Drama (Poésie et théâtre). L'Avalée des avalés later won the 2005 French version of Canada Reads, where it was defended by actress Sophie Cadieux.

In the 1992 movie Léolo, the main character spends much of his time reading and thinking about L'Avalée des avalés.

In 2017, Ducharme died of natural causes at age 76 in Montreal.

In summer 2021, the city's Sud-Ouest borough renamed its library the Bibliothèque Réjean-Ducharme in his honour.

title: Réjean Ducharme


text:
User talk:Minkle

Hello there Minkle, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. MB 18:23 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Minkle


text:
National Highway (Australia)

The National Highway (part of the National Land Transport Network) is a system of roads connecting all mainland states and territories of Australia, and is the major network of highways and motorways connecting Australia's capital cities and major regional centres.

Legislation
National funding for roads began in the 1920s, with the federal government contributing to major roads managed by the state and territory governments. However, the Federal Government did not completely fund any roads until 1974, when the Whitlam government introduced the National Roads Act 1974. Under the act, the states were still responsible for road construction and maintenance, but were fully compensated for money spent on approved projects.

In 1977, the 1974 Act was replaced by the State Grants (Roads) Act 1977, which contained similar provisions for the definition of "National Highways".

In 1988, the National Highway became redefined under the Australian Land Transport Development (ALTD) Act 1988, which had various amendments up to 2003. The 1988 Act was largely concerned with funding road development in cooperation with the state governments. The federal transport minister defined the components of the National Highway, and also a category of "Road of National Importance" (RONI), with federal funding implications. Section 10.5 of the Act required the state road authorities to place frequent, prominent, signs on the National Highways and RONI projects funded by the federal government.

In 2005, the National Highway became the National Land Transport Network, under the AusLink (National Land Transport) Act 2005. The criteria for inclusion in the network was similar to the previous legislation, but expanded to include connections to major commercial centres, and inter-modal facilities. All of the roads included in National Land Transport Network as of 2005 were formally defined by regulation in October 2005. The Minister for Transport may alter the list of roads included in the network. Three amendments to the scheduled list of roads have been made, in February 2007, September 2008 and February 2009. The third variation, published in February 2009, is current as of September 2012.

Under AusLink a program that operated between July 2004 and 2009, the AusLink National Network had additional links, both road and rail. The Federal Government encouraged funding from state, territory and local governments and public–private partnerships to upgrade the network and requires state government funding contributions on parts of the network, especially for new links. For example, the Pacific Highway and the Calder Highway are part of the National Network, yet new projects are being funded 50/50 by federal and state governments. State contributions (generally 20%) are required on some sections of the old network near major cities.

Roads and routes
The various superseded Acts defined National Highways as roads, or a series of connected roads, that were the primary connection between two State or Territory capital cities, as well as between Brisbane and Cairns, and between Hobart and Burnie. The Melbourne-Devonport ferry route is sometimes described colloquially as the 'sea highway', providing a link from Tasmania to the rest of the country by road.

The 16000 km of roads included in the original National Highway system had large variations in road quality. Some sections were no more than dirt tracks, whilst others were four lane dual carriageways. While undefined km was sealed, there was also 3807 km worth of gravel roads. The National Highway was gradually improved, with the sealed proportion increased from 73 per cent in the early 1970s to 88 per cent by 1981. The sealing works were completed in 1989.

Since 2005, National Highways were no longer defined in federal legislation. However, the routes were marked with a National Highway route marker up until 2013. These markers have "NATIONAL" printed in the upper portion of the shield, above the highway's number. The shield, text and number are coloured yellow while the background is dark green – the national colours of Australia. In 2014, the route makers retained the national colours, although the word "NATIONAL" was removed in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, and parts of both Queensland and Victoria.

National Highway numbering originates from the earlier national route network. Many of the routes that are now National Highways with the signature green and gold shields, continue beyond the official National Highway as the black and white shielded national routes. Certain stretches of the National Highways have "A" and "M" tag on their shields; particularly those in Victoria and South Australia. They have completely revised their route numbering, basing it on the British M, A, B, C classifications. These states have retained the original National Highway numbering and shield decal, having added the appropriate M and A classification.

List of roads on the National Land Transport Network

 * Sydney to Melbourne – Hume Motorway/Hume Highway/Hume Freeway
 * Sydney to Brisbane – the Pacific Motorway (Sydney–Newcastle), New England and Cunningham Highways route and the Pacific Highway route
 * Brisbane to Cairns – Bruce Highway
 * Brisbane to Darwin – Warrego, Landsborough, Barkly and Stuart Highways
 * Brisbane to Melbourne – Warrego, Gore, Newell and Goulburn Valley Highways and Hume Freeway
 * Melbourne to Adelaide – Western Freeway, Western Highway, Dukes Highway and South Eastern Freeway
 * Adelaide to Darwin – Port Wakefield Road, Augusta Highway and Stuart Highway
 * Adelaide to Sydney – Sturt and Hume Highway/Hume Motorway
 * Adelaide to Perth – Port Wakefield Road, Augusta Highway, Eyre, Coolgardie-Esperance (part) and Great Eastern Highways
 * Perth to Darwin – Great Northern, Victoria and Stuart Highways
 * Sydney to Canberra – Hume Motorway/Hume Highway and Federal Highway
 * Melbourne to Canberra – Hume Freeway/Hume Highway and Barton Highway
 * Hobart to Burnie including the link from Launceston to Bell Bay – Brooker, Midlands and the Bass Highway
 * Townsville to Mount Isa – Flinders Highway
 * Melbourne to Sale – Princes Highway
 * Perth to Bunbury – South Western Highway
 * Melbourne to Mildura – Calder Highway
 * Sydney to Dubbo – Great Western and Mitchell Highways
 * Sydney to Wollongong – Princes Motorway and Princes Highway
 * Melbourne to Geelong – Princes Highway
 * some urban links in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide, connecting the long distance links to each other and to ports and airports.

Former National Highway routes
The following roads were part of the original National Highway network. Most are still signposted with National Highway route markers. In 2013, New South Wales introduced a new alphanumeric route numbering system, which no longer includes national highways.

History of changes to Australia's National Highway network
Australia's National Highway Network has had a number of changes since the National Roads Act 1974 was originally established in 1974. The 1974 Act empowered the Federal Minister for Transport to declare as a National Highway, any existing or proposed road in a State, which (in the Minister's opinion), was the main route between two State capitals; a State capital and Canberra; a State capital and Darwin; Brisbane and Cairns; Hobart and Burnie; or any other road which, in the Minister's opinion, was important enough to be a National Highway.

Subsequent replacement legislation in 1977, 1988, and 2005, along with other intervening amendments, contained similar provisions. Notably, important roads to near-metropolitan locations such as Geelong, Bunbury and Wollongong were added in 2005, although not within the original concept of interstate National Highways.

Original routes included in 1974
The original components of the National Highway were officially declared on 20 September 1974, as "links" and terminated at the edge of each capital city. The parts of the routes within the major urban areas were not defined as National Highways, and the Sturt and Newell highway routes were not included in the original 1974 network. In June 1995, as a condition of federal funding, the National Highway route in New South Wales was required to remove existing tolling on the former F3 and former F6 inter-urban freeways, even though the former F6 did not become part of a National Highway until 2005.

The Sydney to Adelaide route via the Hume and Sturt highways, and the Melbourne to Brisbane route via the Newell Highway, were added as links of the National Highway network in November 1992 under the 1988 Act, however the decision to use the route from Goondiwindi to Brisbane via the Gore Highway and Toowoomba, rather than the Cunningham Highway (via Warwick), was not finalized until October 1993. These were the only two major routes added to the National Highway network between 1974 and 2005. In addition, the urban ends of intercity routes, and some link roads and ring roads joining national routes, were explicitly added to the National Highway network for the first time.

As sections of existing highways were upgraded or replaced by nearby parallel routes of a new higher standard, the "National Highway" designation was usually moved onto the new part of the route. The principal route between Sydney and Newcastle was shifted from the old Pacific Highway onto the new Sydney-Newcastle freeway in nine separate stages between 1966 and 1999 as the freeway was progressively implemented. Similar changes were made as the Hume Highway was re-developed.

Routes included in the National Land Transport Network for the first time under the 2005 legislation
Appendix 1 of the 'Auslink (National Land Transport) Bill' of 2004, listed the routes which were proposed to be included in 'The Auslink National Network'. The listing included here distinguished between the components of the "former National Highway system", and the additional routes to be added to the Auslink National Network after the implementation of the new Act, which occurred in 2005. All of the existing routes of the National Highway prior to 2005 were included in the new network. The routes added with the inception of the 2005 Act (as described in Appendix 1 referenced above, some of the descriptions are somewhat ambiguous but clarified in the ensuing regulations) are:
 * the Pacific Highway route between Newcastle and Brisbane
 * the route between Townsville and Mt Isa
 * the route from Sydney (or Eastern Creek) to Dubbo via the M4, Great Western and Mitchell highway
 * the Calder Highway route from Melbourne to Mildura via Bendigo
 * the Southern Freeway and Princes Highway route from Sydney to Wollongong
 * the Princes Freeway from Melbourne to Geelong
 * the Monash Freeway, Princes Freeway and Princes Highway to Taralgon and Sale
 * the route between Perth and Bunbury
 * the route from Launceston to Bell Bay
 * some additional urban connecting routes linking ports and airports and linking the national routes, and forming urban growth corridors, a complete definition of the network as of 2005 is included in the schedule of the 2005 Act

Changes to the National Land Transport Network made in 2007
 * The route description for the Cumberland Highway ( Pennant Hills Road ), between the junctions with the M2 motorway and the F3 Sydney-Newcastle Freeway, was altered. Almost all of the original Cumberland Highway route from Prestons to Wahroonga, established in the 2005 network, was deleted due to the opening of the M7 motorway.

Changes to the National Land Transport Network made in 2008
 * The route description of the national route consisting of part of the Princes Freeway and Princes Highway between Melbourne and Waurn Ponds (west of Geelong), was altered.
 * The proposed Townsville Port Access Road was added.
 * The proposed Tiger Brennan Drive extension in suburban Darwin was added.

Changes to the National Land Transport Network made in 2009
 * The portion of the M4 Western Motorway in Sydney, between Eastern Creek and Strathfield was added.
 * The part of the Princes Freeway, and Princes Highway, west of Melbourne which is included in the National network, was extended from Waurn Ponds to Colac.
 * A section of the Great Eastern Highway and the Great Eastern Highway Bypass in suburban Perth was added.
 * Alteration to the definition of the South Road route in Adelaide and addition of the access road to Adelaide Airport.
 * The Townsville Ring Road was added
 * The Karratha–Dampier Road and part of the North West Coastal Highway was added.
 * The Bunbury Port Access Road and part of the Bunbury Outer Ring Road were added.
 * Part of the Hobart–Burnie route was altered.

Urban components of the national land transport (road) network
In Sydney, only a subset of the network of motorways and major roads in the Sydney metropolitan area are part of the current National Land Transport (Roads) Network, the rest are not part of the national network and therefore the Federal Government does not contribute funding on the same basis. The following roads in and around Sydney are currently part of the designated National Land Transport Network
 * Hume Highway from Melbourne to the junction of the M7 and M5 at Prestons, continuing on the M5 South Western Motorway to General Holmes Drive (near Kyeemagh) and then Foreshore Road to its junction with Botany Road.
 * Cumberland Highway (Pennant Hills Road), between the junction with the M2 Hills Motorway at Carlingford, and the junction at the commencement of the Pacific Motorway at Wahroonga. Note: The 2005 network included a route comprising a small part of the old Hume Highway from Prestons to Liverpool, the Cumberland Highway from Liverpool to Northmead, part of James Ruse Drive, and Pennant Hills Road from North Parramatta to the Pacific Motorway junction at Wahroonga. Almost all of this route, except the connection between the M2 and Pacific motorways at the northern end, was removed from the national network in 2007, due to the opening of the M7/M2 route as an alternative.
 * Pacific Motorway, north from Wahroonga.
 * The whole of the Westlink M7 motorway, from its junction with the M5 at Prestons, to Seven Hills, and then the part of the M2 Hills Motorway from Seven Hills to the junction of the Cumberland Highway (Pennant Hills Road) at Carlingford.
 * King Georges Road, from its connection to the Princes Highway at Blakehurst, thence Wiley Avenue, thence Roberts Road to its intersection with the Hume Highway at Greenacre (Chullora).
 * The Princes Highway from its intersection with King Georges Road at Blakehurst, the Princes Motorway to its intersection with the Northern Distributor at Gwynneville (Wollongong).
 * The M4 Western Motorway, between Strathfield and Emu Plains, continuing onto the Great Western Highway towards Dubbo. The portion of the M4 between Eastern Creek and Strathfield was only added in 2009.

National highway route numbering
In addition to the network of federally funded National Highways defined in 1974, there was also a system of "national routes". This scheme, which predated the National Highways in 1953, was a plan to coordinate State road authorities to allocate consistent highway numbers to major highways which traversed more than one State, for the convenience of travellers. The most notable example is "Highway 1", which follows the periphery of the continent, and only parts of which form part of the former National Highway and current National Land Transport (Roads) Network.

title: National Highway (Australia)


text:
IRCAM

IRCAM (French: Ircam, Institut de recherche et coordination acoustique/musique, English: Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics/Music) is a French institute dedicated to the research of music and sound, especially in the fields of avant garde and electro-acoustical art music. It is situated next to, and is organisationally linked with, the Centre Pompidou in Paris. The extension of the building was designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers. Much of the institute is located underground, beneath the fountain to the east of the buildings.

A centre for musical research
Several concepts for electronic music and audio processing have emerged at IRCAM. John Chowning pioneered work on FM synthesis at IRCAM, and Miller Puckette originally wrote Max at IRCAM in the mid-1980s, which would become the real-time audio processing graphical programming environment Max/MSP. Max/MSP has subsequently become a widely used tool in electroacoustic music. Many of the techniques associated with spectralism, such as analyses based on fast Fourier transforms, were made practical by technological contributions at IRCAM. For instance, researchers at IRCAM have developed a special microphone capable of isolating each of the cello's four strings for separate amplification or electronic treatment. Along with tools for sound synthesis and analysis, IRCAM has played an instrumental role in developing programs for visualization of musical form with the creation of OpenMusic, a Lisp-based visual programming language.

IRCAM provides classes to train composers in music technology. Composers who do not have programming experience to create the technology end of a piece for ensemble and electronics are provided with an assistant who helps them to realise technically intensive parts of the piece. The assistant will follow the conceptual advice of a composer with no technology experience to realize a computer part, or will help a composer who can program in Max/MSP to make their "patch" more efficient and elegant. Tristan Murail's Désintégrations is an example of a piece realized in this program by a composer with significant technological skill, whereas Harrison Birtwistle's The Mask of Orpheus required an active and creative role for the technology assistants, such as Barry Anderson and Ian Dearden.

A cultural centre for musical modernism
Apart from electroacoustic programmes, IRCAM has programmes in contemporary classical music. It has disseminated music of post World War II modernist musicians such as that of Luciano Berio or Pierre Boulez, as well as younger performers and composers. Musical spectralism such as that of Tristan Murail, has also received support from IRCAM. Murail taught at IRCAM for a time. Kaija Saariaho, whose work has been influenced by spectralism, has also been supported by IRCAM.

IRCAM has also helped to develop various performance models. A resident ensemble of IRCAM, Ensemble InterContemporain, specialised in contemporary classical music, where each performer could be called upon to perform solo literature or ensemble literature. The Ensemble InterContemporain has been a model for many large ensembles in Europe, for example the Ensemble Modern and Klangforum Wien. Many classical contemporary pieces have been written for the chamber orchestra section of Ensemble InterContemporain.

There are regular concerts at IRCAM.

History
In 1970 President Georges Pompidou asked Pierre Boulez to found an institution for research in music. In 1973 the section of the building underneath Place Igor-Stravinsky was finished, and IRCAM opened in 1977. From the outset, Boulez was in charge of the institute. The initial administrators included Luciano Berio, Vinko Globokar, Jean-Claude Risset, and Max Mathews. 1990 Ircam established the Cursus Program for young Composers, a training in Computer Music and Composition. In 1992 Boulez, who then became honorary director, was succeeded by Laurent Bayle. In 2002 the philosopher Bernard Stiegler became the new head of the institute. On 1 January 2006, Stiegler became Director of Cultural Development at the Centre Pompidou and was replaced by.

The creation of IRCAM coincided with the rise of the debates about modernism and postmodernism in culture and the arts.

Its multimedia library was established in 1996. It is one of the first music hybrid libraries to have been created with close to 1000 hours of recorded music and over 2,000 scientific articles available online, in addition to its physical collections of sheet music and books on music and related domains.

Several international conferences have been held at IRCAM:
 * ICMC, the yearly International Computer Music Conference, in 1984
 * ISMIR 2002, the 3rd international conference on music information retrieval, in October 2002
 * NIME-06, the 6th International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, in June 2006
 * Acanthes, a yearly summer festival and series of composition workshops started in 2012

Research and development teams

 * Instrumental acoustics
 * Room acoustics
 * Music therapy
 * Musical perception and cognition
 * Analysis/synthesis
 * Music representations
 * Free software and software engineering
 * Sound design
 * Online services

Software developed at IRCAM
Some software is being developed at IRCAM, such as OpenMusic, AudioSculpt, OMax, Spat, Modalys, Antescofo and Orchidée.

Orchidée is developed as a tool to aid in orchestral composition in which musical scores using traditional instruments are generated by imitating a target input sound. It is used in Jonathan Harvey's 2008 piece, "Speakings", a composition based on emulating speech patterns and inflections. Orchidée is capable of computing the complex combinatorial possibilities of an orchestra based on musical attributes such as dynamics and instruments, perceptual attributes such as brightness, and timbre models.

IRCAM software is distributed via a subscription-based Forum. As of 2011, IRCAM Forum has 534 members including individual artists and art institutions around the world. IRCAM Forum members gather yearly at IRCAM for workshops regarding new technologies developed at IRCAM and elsewhere. IRCAM has also created a music file format,.

There are also partnerships with companies such as Cycling 74 (Max/MSP) and Flux:: (IRCAM Tools) for the development of proprietary software.

Notable works composed at IRCAM

 * Hanspeter Kyburz: ΟΥΤΙΣ, music theatre for ensemble and electronics (2000–12)
 * Georges Aperghis: Machinations, musical spectacle for four women and computer (2000)
 * Clarence Barlow: Çogluotobüsisletmesi, versions for piano (1978), magnetic tape (1980), and piano with tape (1980)
 * George Benjamin: Antara for ensemble and electronics (1986–87)
 * Luciano Berio: Chemins ex V, for clarinet and 4C computer (1980)
 * Luciano Berio: Orfeo II, opera for voice, orchestras, and tapes (1984)
 * Luciano Berio: La Voix des voies, spectacle-exposition for tape and diaporama (1977)
 * Harrison Birtwistle: The Mask of Orpheus (1986)
 * Pierre Boulez: Anthèmes II, for violin and electronics (1997)
 * Pierre Boulez: Dialogue de l'ombre double, for clarinet and tape (1985); version for bassoon and electronics (1995)
 * Pierre Boulez: ...explosante-fixe..., version for two flutes, MIDI-flute, electronics, and orchestra (1993)
 * Pierre Boulez: Répons, for six soloists, chamber ensemble, electronic sounds, and live electronics (1981–84)
 * John Cage: Roaratorio, an Irish Circus on Finnegans Wake (1980)
 * Unsuk Chin: Double Bind? for violin and electronics (2006)
 * John Chowning: Stria, for magnetic tape (1977)
 * Chaya Czernowin: "Hidden", for string quartet and electronics (2014)
 * Edison Denisov: Sur la Nappe d'un étang glacé, for nine instruments and tape (1991)
 * Luis de Pablo: Tornasol (1980–81)
 * Michel Decoust: Interphone, for soprano and tape (1977)
 * Jacob Druckman: Animus IV (1977)
 * Pascal Dusapin: To Be Sung, chamber opera in 43 numbers (1992–93)
 * Karlheinz Essl: Entsagung (1993) for ensemble and electronics
 * Lorenzo Ferrero: Ombres (1984) for ensemble and live electronics
 * Luca Francesconi: Etymo (1994)
 * Rolf Gehlhaar: Pas à pas, for tape and spatialization equipment (1981)
 * Gérard Grisey: Les Chants de l'Amour, for twelve mixed voices and magnétic tape (1982–84)
 * Georg Friedrich Haas: Les temps tiraillés, for 2 violins, bassoon, and electronics (2008)
 * Jonathan Harvey: Advaya, for cello and electronics (1994)
 * Jonathan Harvey: Bhakti (1982)
 * Jonathan Harvey: Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco, for concrete sounds treated by computer (1980)
 * Jonathan Harvey: Ritual Melodies, for magnetic tape (1990)
 * Jonathan Harvey: String Quartet No. 4 with live electronics (2003)
 * Jonathan Harvey: Speakings, for orchestra and live electronics (2008)
 * York Höller: Antiphon, for string quartet and tape (1977)
 * York Höller: Arcus (1978)
 * York Höller: The Master and Margarita, opera in two acts after the novel by Mikhail Bulgakov (1989)
 * York Höller: Résonance (1982)
 * Panayiotis Kokoras: Morphallaxis (2008) for ensemble and electronics
 * Barbara Kolb: Millefoglie (1985)
 * Philippe Leroux: M for ensemble and electronics
 * Michaël Lévinas: Rebonds (1993)
 * Magnus Lindberg: Joy for orchestra and electronics
 * Magnus Lindberg: Related Rocks for two pianos, two percussionists, and electronics (1997)
 * Magnus Lindberg: Ur (1986)
 * Luca Lombardi: Hasta que caigan las puertas del odio, for choir (1977)
 * Tod Machover: Soft Morning, City!, for soprano, contrabass and tape (1980)
 * Tod Machover: VALIS, opera for six voices, 4X computer, and images (1986–87/1988)
 * Mesías Maiguashca: Fmélodies, for ensemble and tape (1982)
 * Philippe Manoury: Jupiter for flute and live electronics
 * Philippe Manoury: Pluton for piano and live electronics
 * Philippe Manoury: En Echo for soprano voice and live electronics
 * Yan Maresz: Sul Segno, for harp, guitar, cymbalon, contrabass and electronic equipment (2004)
 * Tristan Murail: L'Esprit des dunes, for chamber ensemble (1993–1994)
 * Emmanuel Nunes: Lichtung I (1988/1991)
 * Emmanuel Nunes: Lichtung II, for chamber ensemble and electronics (1996)
 * Michael Obst: Kristallwelt, for Ensemble and Electronics (1983)
 * Robert H.P. Platz: Pièce noire, for thirteen musicians and tape (1990)
 * Henri Pousseur: Liège à Paris (1977)
 * Horațiu Rădulescu: Incandescent Serene, for contrabass and tape (1982)
 * Roger Reynolds: The Angel of Death, for solo piano, chamber orchestra, and six-channel computer-processed sound (2001)
 * Roger Reynolds: Archipelago, for orchestra and magnetic tape (1983)
 * Terry Riley: Salome Dances for Peace, for string quartet (1986)
 * Jean-Claude Risset: Inharmonique, for soprano and tape (1977)
 * Jean-Claude Risset: Mirages, for six musicians and tape (1978)
 * Jean-Claude Risset: Songes (1979)
 * Manuel Rocha Iturbide: Transiciones de Fase, for brass quartet and electronics (1994)
 * Frederic Rzewski: Instrumental Studies (1977)
 * Kaija Saariaho: Lonh, for soprano and electronics (1995–96)
 * Kaija Saariaho: NoaNoa, for flute and electronics (1992)
 * Karlheinz Stockhausen: Kathinkas Gesang als Luzifers Requiem, version for flute and 6-channel tape (1985)
 * Marco Stroppa: In cielo, in terra, in mare, radiophonic opera on texts by Adolfo Moriconi (1992)
 * Jukka Tiensuu: Nemo for ensemble (1992)
 * Alejandro Viñao: Epitafios, for mixed choir and electronics (1999)
 * David Wessel: Antony (1977)
 * David Wessel: Contacts Turbulents, for saxophone and electronics (1986)
 * Trevor Wishart: VOX-5, an electroacoustic piece based around extended vocal techniques (1986)
 * James Wood: Mountain Language, for alphorn, cow bells, MIDI keyboard and electronics (1998)
 * Iannis Xenakis: Psappha, electronic version (1976/1996)
 * Frank Zappa: Perfect Stranger (1984)
 * Hans Zender: Lo Shu III, for flute and twenty-four instrumentalists (1979)

Affiliations
IRCAM is part of a consortium with Stanford's Center for Computer Research and Acoustics (CCRMA) and the Center for New Music and Audio Technologies (CNMAT) in Berkeley, California.

title: IRCAM


text:
IRR

IRR or Irr may refer to:

Finance

 * Implied repo rate, in the futures market
 * Internal rate of return, a profitability metric
 * Iranian rial, currency of Iran by ISO 4217 code
 * Interest rate risk, financial risk from fluctuating interest rates

Organisations

 * Incident Response Regiment (Australia), an emergency response agency
 * Institute of Race Relations, a policy institute
 * Institute for Religious Research, an apologetics organization
 * Iraqi Republic Railways, a transportation operator
 * South African Institute of Race Relations, a think tank

Science and technology

 * Image rejection ratio, a radio metric
 * Interrupt Request Register, a register used for managing interrupts in programmable interrupt controllers
 * Internet Routing Registry, a network routing database
 * Irregular galaxy, a galaxy that does not have a distinct regular shape

Other

 * Incidence rate ratio, a statistic derived from a Poisson regression model
 * Individual Ready Reserve, a personnel status of the United States Military
 * Infusion-related reaction or infusion reaction, a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by some diseases and drugs
 * Inner Ring Road (disambiguation)
 * Inter-rater reliability

title: IRR


text:
The Diocese of Meath

The Diocese of Meath is a nineteenth-century publication on the history of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Meath from medieval to nineteenth century times, written by one of the Diocese's priests, Dean Cogan, a priest in Navan, the then Diocesan capital.

Published in two volumes in 1862 and 1867, it was an important history of Christianity in Ireland, because Cogan made use of three sources of information:

 * folklore and memories of people alive in Meath the 1850s and 1860s (covering the period from the Penal Laws to the Great Famine (1845–49)) which were recorded in great detail.
 * access to the Meath diocese's archives; when the Roman Catholic Bishop of Meath moved from his former seat in Navan to the new cathedral in Mullingar in the early twentieth century (the diocesan seminary, St. Finians, also moved from Navan to Mullingar) the diocesan archives were lost in the process. How the priceless records, many of them by Cogan in his research in the 1860s, were lost remains a mystery;
 * access to papers relating to the church in Meath in the Irish Public Records Office. The Irish Public Records Office was destroyed by the Irish Republican Army in 1922, in effect destroying one thousand years of records, including most of the records from that source quoted by Cogan.

As a result, Cogan's book details parish histories, information on derelict churches, information on old burial sites where those who died in the Famine were buried, names of priests, details of the Penal Law, and information on the re-appearance of a Roman Catholic clerical structure following the reformation from sources that are no longer available to historians.

title: The Diocese of Meath


text:
NPV

NPV may refer to:

In economics:
 * Net present value, an economic standard method for evaluating competing long-term projects in capital budgeting

In politics:
 * National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, an initiative in the United States to elect the presidential candidate with the most votes nationwide

In medicine and science:

 * Negative predictive value, in biostatistics, the proportion of patients with negative test results who are correctly diagnosed
 * Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus, a virus that infects butterflies and moths
 * Negative Phase Velocity, an electromagnetic property induced by some exotic optical materials
 * Negative pressure ventilator, a type of mechanical ventilator that stimulates an ill person's breathing by periodically applying negative air pressure to their body to expand and contract the chest cavity.

Other uses:
 * De Nederlandse Padvinders (Netherlands Pathfinders), a precursor to Scouting Nederland, the national scouting organisation of the Netherlands

title: NPV


text:
User talk:Toph99

License tagging for File:Wolgadeutscheflag.jpg
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title: User talk:Toph99


text:
User talk:Jbadger

Hello there Jbadger, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. MB 18:44 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

York Steak House
Hi there. I've added the "prod" template to the article York Steak House, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the article (also see What Wikipedia is not and Importance). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree, discuss the issues raised at Talk:York Steak House. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached.. There seeems to have been little activity since you created it, but if you feel it is notable, feel free to override me by removing the prod template. Martinp 16:55, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of York Steak House
An article that you have been involved in editing, York Steak House, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/York Steak House. Thank you. --BJBot (talk) 14:39, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jbadger


text:
User talk:JapanVisitor

Hello there JapanVisitor, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. MB 18:44 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:JapanVisitor


text:
User:Guaka

I started editing Wikipedia in 2003 and I was quite active until around 2007. In 2019 I'm starting to work on Wikipedia again, especially on African languages as part of FiFi Africa. Note that FiFi is a commercial project. We hire people in Africa to work on our own website in several languages, including Swahili. All content in African languages is available under the CC-BY-SA license which is compatible with Wikipedia. As part of our hiring process we let some people translate useful parts into African languages.

Please let me know if I'm doing something that was OK a decade ago but not so much these days.

I studied mathematics, sonology and artificial intelligence and I'm a hobby linguist.

Wikipedia
Around 2004 I started Wikipedia in Limburgish, my father tongue, and I helped to grow it to over 1000 articles. These days it's quite active, with thousands of articles.

In 2005 I started Wikipedias in Bambara and Peul. I've contributed extensively to Wikipedias in English and Dutch from 2003 until about 2005.

In 2005 and 2006 I presented at Wikimania, which made it to the New York Times (note that I used OpenOffice, not MS Word).

I've also started Hitchwiki a little bit later, Trashwiki in 2008.

FiFi Africa
Since I left Mali I always want to get back to working on Wikipedia in African languages, I just didn't really know how. Over the years I've done a lot of different things and in 2019 I figured out how to get to Ikigai: build FiFi, a finance portal in many different languages, including African languages and as a side effect grow Wikipedia in African languages. As a concrete start we are improving articles about Ebola in Swahili and other languages that are currently relevant.

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title: User:Guaka