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Souvlaki

Souvlaki (σουβλάκι, souvláki, ; plural: σουβλάκια, souvlákia) is a Greek fast food consisting of small pieces of meat and sometimes vegetables grilled on a skewer. It is usually eaten straight off the skewer while still hot. It can be served with or inside a rolled pita, typically with lemon, sauces, vegetables such as sliced tomato and onion, and fried potatoes as a side. The meat usually used in Greece and Cyprus is pork.

Etymology
The word souvlaki is a diminutive of the Medieval Greek souvla (σούβλα meaning "skewer") itself borrowed from Latin subula. "Souvlaki" is the common term in Macedonia and other regions of northern Greece, while in southern Greece and around Athens it is commonly known as kalamaki (καλαμάκι meaning "small reed").

History

In Greek culture, the practice of cooking food on spits or skewers dates to the Bronze Age. Excavations in Santorini, Greece, unearthed sets of stone cooking supports used by the natives of the island before the Thera eruption of the 17th century BC; souvlaki was "a popular delicacy in Santorini back in 2000 BC." In the stone cooking supports, there are pairs of indentations that were likely used for holding skewers and the line of holes in the base allowed the coals to be supplied with air.

In Mycenaean Greece, "souvlaki trays" were discovered in Gla, Mycenae, and Pylos. The "souvlaki trays" (or portable grills) used by the Mycenaean Greeks were rectangular ceramic pans that sat underneath skewers of meat. It is not clear whether these trays would have been placed directly over a fire or if the pans would have held hot coals like a portable barbecue pit. Spit supports appear to "continue in use into the Early Iron Age at Nichoria." In Greek literature, Homer in the Iliad (1.465) mentions pieces of meat roasted on spits (ὀβελός); this is also mentioned in the works of Aristophanes, Xenophon, Aristotle, and others. In Classical Greece, a small spit or skewer was known as ὀβελίσκος (obeliskos), and Aristophanes mentions such skewers being used to roast thrushes.

In the Byzantine Empire, the Greek author of the Prodromic Poems (4.231) mentions "the hot meat shops" of Constantinople providing clients with spit-roasting meat slices similar to souvlaki known as psenasis souglitarea.

Modern-day souvlaki was described by Gustave Flaubert, a French traveler, who observed Greeks "grilling pieces of meat on a bamboo stick" during his visit to the Boeotian countryside of southern Central Greece in 1850. However, modern-day souvlaki was not widely distributed in Greece until after World War II. Souvlaki skewers served as fast food started to be sold widely in the 1960s, after being introduced by vendors from Boeotia. The first known use of the word souvlaki in English was in 1942.

Kalamaki
Kalamaki (καλαμάκι meaning "small reed") is a synonym for souvlaki proper in Athens where the word souvlaki is used colloquially for any kind of pita wraps. Kalamaki can also be accompanied with vegetables such as tomato, peppers, and onions, and a sauce, with lemon wedges. There are some places in Greece where kalamaki is not connected in any way to souvlaki such as Thessaloniki; in these regions, souvlaki refers to the dish that in Athens is called kalamaki.

Souvlaki-merida
Merída (μερίδα) means portion in Greek. While souvlaki is eaten plain as a fast food, it is also served as a full plate, served with fried potatoes, vegetables, sauce, and quartered pita bread. Usually it consists of the ingredients of a souvlaki-pita (see below) laid out on a plate. Lamb is mostly used, but others can be used, such as ox.

Souvlaki pita
Souvlaki-pita consists of grilled souvlaki meat folded in a lightly grilled pita along with sliced tomatoes and onions, and tzatziki sauce, and fried potatoes on the side – though increasingly they may be added to the folded pita. This variation is prominent at outlets run by Melbourne's Greek-Australian community.

In some areas, when chicken is used instead of pork, tzatziki and onions are replaced with a special yellow mustard sauce and lettuce. Other garnishes and sauces include ktipiti, Russian salad, and melitzanosalata.

Corfu
In Corfu, a special tomato sauce is added to souvlaki, plainly called "red sauce" (κόκκινη σάλτσα).

Cyprus
In Cyprus, souvlaki can refer both to the small chunks of meat on a skewer, and to the dish. It is made with a large pita that has a pocket-style opening. Into this is placed the meat (traditionally lamb or pork, more recently sheftalia or chicken), which in Cypriot souvlaki is cut into slightly larger chunks. Tomatoes, cucumbers and shredded white cabbage are the usual salad additions. Onion, parsley, and pickled green chili peppers are common accompaniments, as are yogurt and tzatziki. Cut lemons are always included with souvlaki, as they are with all grilled meats in Cyprus. Lettuce is not traditional and is seldom used in souvlaki outside of tourist resorts.

title: Souvlaki


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Duel (1971 film)

Duel is a 1971 American road action-thriller television film directed by Steven Spielberg. It centers on a traveling salesman (Dennis Weaver) driving his car through rural California to meet a client. However, he finds himself chased and terrorized by the mostly unseen driver of a semi-truck. The screenplay by Richard Matheson adapts his own short story of the same name, published in the April 1971 issue of Playboy, and based on an encounter on November 22, 1963, when a trucker dangerously cut him off on a California freeway.

Produced by Universal Television, Duel originally aired as a part of the ABC Movie of the Week series on November 13, 1971. It later received an international theatrical release by Universal Pictures in an extended version featuring scenes shot after the film's original TV broadcast. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with Spielberg's direction being singled out for praise. It has since been recognized as an influential cult classic and one of the greatest films ever made for television.

Plot
David Mann, a middle-aged salesman from Los Angeles driving on a business trip in a Plymouth Valiant sedan, encounters a dilapidated old rusty Peterbilt 281 tanker truck driving slowly in the Mojave Desert. Mann passes the truck but it speeds up, roars past him, then resumes driving slowly. When Mann overtakes and passes it again, the truck blasts its horn. Mann pulls into a gas station and the truck parks next to him, with Mann only able to see the boots of the driver walking on the other side. Mann phones his wife, who is upset with him after an argument the previous night. The station attendant tells Mann he needs a new radiator hose, but Mann scoffs, believing that the attendant is trying to sell him an unnecessary replacement part.

Back on the road, the truck catches up and passes Mann, then blocks his path each time he attempts to pass it. After taunting Mann this way for a while, the driver waves him past, causing Mann to nearly collide head-on with an oncoming car. Mann finally passes the truck using an unpaved turnout next to the highway, then glances at his rear window and waves. The truck briefly slows, but then begins tailgating Mann's car at increasingly high speed. The underpowered Plymouth is barely able to stay ahead of the truck. Mann swerves his car off the road, loses control, and slams sideways into a fence across from a rural diner as the truck continues down the road.

Mann enters the restaurant to compose himself. Upon returning from the restroom, he sees the truck parked outside. He studies the patrons, identifies one who is wearing boots similar to the truck driver, and confronts him. The confused and offended patron attacks Mann and leaves in a different truck. The tanker truck leaves moments later, indicating that its driver never entered the diner.

After resuming his drive, Mann is flagged down by the driver of a school bus whose engine has overheated. In the process of pushing the bus with his car, the front bumper gets caught underneath the bus's rear bumper. The truck appears in a tunnel down the road, causing Mann to panic. He and the bus driver free his car, and Mann flees as the truck arrives and helps push the school bus full of children onto the road.

Mann stops at a railroad crossing and waits for a Southern Pacific freight train to pass through. The truck appears from behind and pushes Mann's car towards the oncoming train. Mann stands on the brake and shifts into reverse. As soon as the train passes, Mann floors the accelerator, crosses the tracks and runs off the road. The truck continues down the road, and Mann slowly follows.

In an attempt to create more distance between himself and the truck, Mann drives at a very leisurely pace, as other motorists pass him. Once again, he encounters the truck, which has pulled off to the side of the road, waiting for him. The truck pulls out in front of him and starts antagonizing him again.

Mann stops at a gas station with a roadside animal attraction, consisting primarily of rattlesnakes. He calls the police from a telephone booth at the station. During the call, however, the truck drives through the booth, destroying it. Mann narrowly escapes, and is chased around the animal attraction by the truck. He is able to get into his car and speed away. Around a corner, he pulls off the road, hiding behind an embankment as the truck drives past.

After a long wait, Mann heads off again, but the truck is waiting for him down the road. Mann attempts to speed past, but the truck moves across the road, blocking him. He seeks help from an elderly couple in a car, but they leave when the truck backs up towards them at high speed. Determined to fight back, Mann speeds past the truck, which once again begins pursuing him. Mann swerves towards what appears to be a police car, only to realize that the vehicle belongs to a pest control company. Mann continues up a mountain road, aware that the truck will be unable to match his speed on a grade. Suddenly, the radiator hose on Mann's car breaks, causing the strained engine to overheat and begin to fail. Losing speed, he just manages to reach the summit. He then coasts downhill in neutral, with the truck following. Mann spins out and slams sideways into a cliff wall. He is able to restart his car and barely escapes being crushed by the truck.

Mann drives up a dirt road to the edge of a canyon with the truck in pursuit. He turns his car to face the oncoming truck; jamming the accelerator down with his briefcase, Mann steers his car toward the oncoming truck, jumping free at the last moment. The truck hits the car, which bursts into flames, obscuring the truck driver's view. Pushing the burning car over the cliff, the driver blasts the horn one last time as the truck crashes into the canyon. Blood is seen dripping inside the truck's cab as Mann rejoices in his victory. Exhausted from his ordeal, Mann then sits down at the cliff's edge and tosses pebbles down on the wreckage as the sun sets on the horizon.

Cast

 * Dennis Weaver as David Mann
 * Dale Van Sickel served as Weaver's stunt driver.
 * Carey Loftin as Truck Driver
 * Jacqueline Scott as Mrs. Mann
 * Eddie Firestone as Café Owner
 * Lou Frizzell as Bus Driver
 * Eugene Dynarski as Man in Café
 * Lucille Benson as Lady at Snakerama
 * Tim Herbert as Gas Station Attendant
 * Charles Seel as Old Man
 * Shirley O'Hara as Waitress
 * Amy Douglass as Old Woman in Car
 * Alexander Lockwood as Old Man in Car
 * Sweet Dick Whittington as Radio Interviewer

Development
Richard Matheson adapted the script from his own short story, which was originally published in the March 1971 issue of Playboy magazine. Matheson got the inspiration for the story when he was tailgated by a trucker while on his way home from a golfing match, on the then two-lane Highway 126 in Fillmore, California, with friend Jerry Sohl on November 22, 1963, the same day as the John F. Kennedy assassination. After a series of unsuccessful attempts to pitch the idea as an episode for various television series, he decided to write it as a short story instead. In preparation for writing the story, he drove from his home to Ventura and recorded everything he saw on a tape recorder.

The original short story was given to Spielberg by his secretary Nona Tyson, who told him that it was being made into a Movie of the Week for ABC with producer George Eckstein, and she suggested he apply to be the director; she told Spielberg to read the story, which he liked. Duel was Spielberg's second feature-length directing effort, after "L.A. 2017", a 1971 episode of the NBC television series The Name of the Game. Spielberg showed Eckstein a rough cut of "Murder by the Book", an episode of Columbo directed by Spielberg that had not yet aired (it aired on September 15, 1971, two months before the release of Duel).

Much of the movie was filmed in and around the communities of Canyon Country, Agua Dulce, and Acton, California. In particular, sequences were filmed on the Sierra Highway, Agua Dulce Canyon Road, Soledad Canyon Road, and Angeles Forest Highway. Spielberg insisted on shooting outside, contrary to the request of unit production manager, Wallace Worsley, who felt that the film could not be shot efficiently on the budget and time provided. As a compromise, he allowed Spielberg to start the filming on location for the first three days to see if it really could be done on an efficient level. To help with plotting, he made an overhead map to help plot out the camera shots. Many of the landmarks from Duel still exist today, including the tunnel, the railroad crossing, and Chuck's Café, where Mann stops for a break. The café building is still on Sierra Highway, but has housed a French restaurant called 'Le Chêne' since 1986. The cliffs where the truck crashes at the end are Mystery Mesa, off Vasquez Canyon Road.

Production of the television film was overseen by ABC's director of movies of the week Lillian Gallo. Filming was completed in thirteen days—three longer than the schedule—which left ten days for editing prior to broadcast.

Spielberg lobbied for Dennis Weaver to star in the movie because he admired Weaver's work in Orson Welles' Touch of Evil. Weaver repeats one of his lines from Touch of Evil in Duel, telling the truck driver in the café that he has "another thing coming".

Interviewed by Weaver for the Archive of American Television, Spielberg said, "You know, I watch that movie at least twice a year to remember what I did".

Truck as antagonist
Matheson's script made it clear that the truck driver would be unseen aside from the few shots of his arms and boots that were necessary to the plot. Specifically, the driver's arms are shown twice, motioning Mann ahead, and his leather boots are shown in the gas station scene near the beginning of the film. His motives are never revealed. In a DVD documentary feature, Spielberg observes that fear of the unknown is perhaps the greatest fear of all, and Duel plays heavily to that fear; the effect of not seeing the driver makes the real antagonist of the film the truck itself.

Vehicles
The car driven by Mann is a red Plymouth Valiant. Four cars were used in production. One of those cars was an older 1969 model with a 318 V-8 engine. That was modified to look like a 1970 model. It had PLYMOUTH spelled out across the hood (though the brand name was covered with aluminum foil for the movie), as well as a trunk lid treatment characteristic of the 1970 model. This older modified 1969 car was a stunt car that was used to go down the cliff in the final scene of the film. An actual 1970 model and a 1971 model that both had a 225 Slant Six were also used. The last car was a 1972 model that also had a 225 Slant Six that was used to shoot the additional scenes for theatrical release in April 1972 and was later seen in "Never Give a Trucker an Even Break", the seventh episode of the Universal television series The Incredible Hulk.

Spielberg did not care what kind of car was used in the film, as long as it was red, which would allow the vehicle to stand out from the landscape in the wide shots of the desert highway.

In what he called an "audition", Spielberg viewed a number of trucks. He selected the 1955 Peterbilt 281 over the contemporary, flat-nosed, "cab-over" style of trucks. The long hood of the older Peterbilt, its split windshield, and its round headlights give it more of a "face", adding to its menacing personality. Additionally, Spielberg said that the multiple license plates on the front bumper of the Peterbilt subtly suggest that the truck driver is a serial killer, having "run down other drivers in other states". For each shot, several people were tasked to make the truck progressively uglier, adding oil, grease, fake dead insects and other blemishes.

The truck was manufactured as a single axle, with a Rockwell TK-570 tag-along axle behind it. It had a 260 HP (194 kW) CAT 1673B turbocharged engine with an RTO-913 13-speed transmission, making it capable of hauling loads over 30 tons (30 ST t) and reaching top speeds of 61–65 mph although the truck was made to appear that it was going faster than it actually was on the big screen. A single truck was used for the original filming, so the shots of it falling off the cliff and being destroyed had to be completed in one take.

A backup truck—a 1960 Peterbilt 281—was built up for the original filming when the Cat Engine in the original 1955 Peterbilt 281 had begun giving the film production problems during rehearsals. On the last day of filming the backup truck was taken off of the film production, leaving them with only one truck at the time to film the final scene of the film. This truck is the only truck from the film known to survive today. The 1960 Peterbilt 281 had originally featured a 262 Cummins Engine with a 5 X 3 Transmission at the time filming had taken place, but has since been repowered with a small cam NTC-350 Cummins Engine with a 5 X 3 Transmission and has since had a live tandem put underneath the truck. Another truck was purchased to shoot the additional scenes for theatrical release in April 1972; this truck was a 1962 Peterbilt 351 with also a 260 HP (194 kW) CAT 1673B turbocharged engine that was capable of reaching top speeds of 61–65 mph (98–100 km/h) with also an RTO-913 13-speed transmission that is verified to be long gone today. KW Mudflaps were also visible on this truck at the time of filming.

Stock footage of both vehicles was used years later in "Never Give a Trucker an Even Break", the seventh episode of the Universal television series The Incredible Hulk, along with a small amount of new footage of a new truck that was a 1964 Peterbilt 351 that had featured a 262 Cummins Engine with a 5 X 4 Transmission. This displeased Spielberg, but Universal owned the Duel footage, and could use it as it saw fit.

Use of sound
Mann has very little dialogue in the movie, and the truck driver has none. As Spielberg stated in a behind-the-scenes documentary, he instead wanted to let the vehicles and setting "speak" for themselves. The film was shot on a tight schedule, based on a short story, and needed to fit within the 75   minutes allotted by ABC; therefore, Spielberg focused on the visuals and menacing audio.

One break from the silences and heavy roar of the vehicles occurs after the initial chase scene, in Chuck's Café. Mann uses the restroom to collect himself and recover from his crash, and the audience is introduced to his inner thoughts. This diegetic use of sound was explained by Spielberg as Mann wanting to "physicalize" and "emote" his feelings, thus giving the audience an intimate relationship with Mann.

The use of sound and silence was a technique used by Spielberg to "keep the audience in suspense" throughout the entirety of the film, which he said was inspired by the work of Alfred Hitchcock. According to Spielberg, "sound has to fit like a glove... it makes everything scarier". As an example, towards the end of the film, Mann is awakened from sleep by noise similar to that of the truck, creating in the audience the expectation of a major turning point in the movie. The sound is revealed to actually be a passing train.

Along with the natural sounds in the film, Spielberg also incorporated a minimal score.

Music
The film's original score was composed by Billy Goldenberg, who had previously written music for productions directed by Spielberg, including his segment of the Night Gallery pilot and the Columbo episode "Murder by the Book", as well as scoring "L.A. 2017" with Robert Prince.

Spielberg and Duel producer George Eckstein told Goldenberg that because of the short production schedule, he would have to write the music during filming. He visited the production on location at Soledad Canyon to help get an idea of what would be required. Spielberg had Goldenberg ride in the tanker truck driven by stunt driver Loftin on several occasions. The experience terrified the composer at first, but he would eventually get used to it.

Goldenberg composed the score in about a week, for strings, harp, keyboards and heavy use of percussion instruments, with Moog synthesizer effects, but eschewing brass and woodwinds. He then worked with the music editors to "pick from all the pieces [they] had and cut it together" with the sound effects and dialogue. Much of his score ultimately was not used.

In 2015 Intrada Records released a limited edition album featuring the complete score, plus four radio source music tracks composed by Goldenberg.

Release
Duel was initially shown on American television as an installment of the ABC Movie of the Week. It was the 18th highest-rated television movie of the year, with a Nielsen rating of 20.9, and an audience share of 33%.

Theatrical version
Following Duel's successful broadcast, Universal decided to release the film theatrically. At 74 minutes, however, it was not long enough for this purpose, so Universal had Spielberg spend two days filming several new scenes to expand it to 90 minutes. A longer opening sequence was added with the car backing out of a garage and driving through Los Angeles, and out into the desert. Additional scenes shot to lengthen the movie included Mann's telephone conversation with his wife in the laundromat, the encounter with the broken-down school bus, and the confrontation at the railroad crossing. Some voice over dialogue from the television version was re-written and re-recorded, changing the "tone" of some scenes, and some alternate takes were used as well. Mild expletives were also added to the script, to make the film sound less like a television production.

The full-length film was released in Europe and Australia, and had a limited release in the United States. Duel's success enabled Spielberg to establish himself as a movie director.

Home video
The theatrical version of Duel has been issued on various formats in the US by MCA and its successor Universal, with many other countries having similar releases. It was released on LaserDisc twice; first on MCA's DiscoVision in 1979, and by MCA/Universal Home Video in 1993. It was also released on VHS twice; in 1982 on the MCA Videocassette Inc label, and again in 1990 by MCA/Universal.

Duel was first released on DVD by Universal on August 17, 2004, as a full frame collector's edition. Before that, Duel was originally scheduled for a widescreen collector's edition DVD on May 21, 2002, but was delayed and ultimately unreleased.

The film was released on Blu-ray on October 14, 2014, as part of the eight-film box set Steven Spielberg Director's Collection. It also had a standalone Blu-ray release on May 5, 2015.

A newly scanned 4k release by Universal, including the original TV version, was released on November 17, 2023.

Critical response
Duel received positive reviews and is considered one of the greatest television movies ever made. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Duel has a score of 89% based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8 out of 10. The site's consensus is that "Duel makes brilliant use of its simple premise, serving up rock-solid genre thrills while heralding the arrival of a generational talent behind the lens". In TV (The Book), co-written by television critics Matt Zoller Seitz and Alan Sepinwall, Seitz named Duel as the greatest American television movie of all time, writing, "Almost fifty years after its initial broadcast, this stripped-down, subtly mythic action thriller retains a good deal of its power". A scene made Bravo's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments.

Reviewing the movie's theatrical release in 1983, Janet Maslin wrote that Spielberg "made his mark with a film about a diabolical truck, a subject that would seem to have only limited possibilities. In fact, Mr. Spielberg's 1971 television film Duel took advantage of the very narrowness of its premise, building excitement from the most minimal ingredients and the simplest of situations. The theatrical version of Duel at the Manhattan Twin theater may contain a few extra close-ups of its leading man's nose, but otherwise it works as well on the wide screen as it did on the small one. Even without benefit of hindsight, Duel looks like the work of an unusually talented young director... The vehicles are the real stars of Duel, and whenever the chase is interrupted by the relatively primitive people on hand (at a truck stop and, in one particularly odd sequence, at a gas station run by a woman who keeps pet snakes, spiders and lizards), the film loses its momentum and becomes somewhat clumsy. The ending is abrupt, too, but the main impression left by Duel is one of talent and energy. Mr. Spielberg seemed, with this film, to be headed for bigger and better things. Sure enough, he was."

Leonard Maltin writes that "This TV movie put Spielberg on the map, and rightly so; a superb suspense film." He rates it as "Above average", his highest rating for a TV film. David Thomson writes: "The ordinariness of the Dennis Weaver character and the monstrous malignance of the truck confront one another with a narrative assurance that never needs to remind us of the element of fable. The ending is unsatisfactory, partly because the rest of the film is so momentous, but also because sheer skill needed more philosophy for a fitting resolution." In his overview of the horror genre, Danse Macabre (1981), Stephen King writes that "Duel is a gripping, almost painfully suspenseful rocket ride of a movie; perhaps not Spielberg's best work—that must almost certainly wait for the eighties and nineties—but surely one of the half-dozen best movies ever made for TV." In an appendix, King lists it as one of the best horror films from 1950 to 1980, with an asterisk denoting it as a personal favorite. King and his son Joe Hill paid homage to Duel in their novella Throttle (2009).

William Thomas writes: "Tapping into the hidden terrors on the open road, this originally made for TV opus is consummate storytelling in pictures. Like most early efforts, it overflows with a delight in the potential of movies, but matches it with directorial proficiency and unflagging excitement to match... Despite a clever use of sound effects - the truck's primal groaning contrasting with Mann's whiny engine - Duel achieves the frantic energy and striking simplicity of silent film: ironically, considering its small screen origins, it is pure cinema." Scott Tobias sees the film as a precursor of things to come: "It takes less than a minute of watching Duel, Steven Spielberg’s feature-length debut, to realize you’re in the hands of a master director." Specifically, he sees it as a precursor to Jaws: "Now 50 years and countless awards, accolades and box-office dollars later, Duel feels like the proto-Jaws, an early statement of principles on how to build suspense and terror through patience, simplified action and delayed gratification. If you want to 'play the audience like a violin', as Alfred Hitchcock once phrased it to François Truffaut, you can’t be slashing away at the strings all the time. As an exercise – and it is scarcely (if elegantly) more than that – Duel is proof positive that a truck menacing a car on the California highway is all the story necessary for a film to exist. Provided it has the right director, of course."

Interpretations of Duel often focus on the symbolism of Mann and the truck. Some critics follow Spielberg's own interpretation of the story as an indictment of the mechanization of life, both by literal machines and by social regimentation. The theme of gender performativity in Mann's quest to prove his manhood is another interpretation several observers have suggested.

Over the years, Duel has developed a strong following and a reputation as a cult film.

Accolades
Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival Emmy
 * Awards
 * Grand Prize: 1973
 * Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Editing: 1972

Golden Globe Emmy Saturn Award
 * Nominations
 * Best Movie Made for TV: 1972
 * Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Entertainment Programming – For a Special or Feature Length Program Made for Television: 1972
 * Best DVD Classic Film Release: 2003

The Devil on Wheels
In 2015, a Kickstarter campaign began to finance a documentary about the making of Duel. The film would be called The Devil on Wheels—a literal translation of the title under which Duel was released in Spain and be directed by Enric Folch. The project was said to have the approval of NBC and DreamWorks. The website for The Devil on Wheels also collects information about Duel.

As of February 2023, The Devil on Wheels was listed as being in post-production.

Spinoff sequel
In 2005, 34 years after the original film, Duel was followed by a spinoff sequel, Throttle. Featuring a scene with Tom Gillen as David Mann (previously portrayed by Dennis Weaver), driving a red Plymouth Valiant that was fixed from the wreckage.

In film

 * The dinosaur roar that is heard in the original mono sound mix as the truck goes over the cliff is also heard in Spielberg's Jaws (1975) as the shark's carcass sinks into the ocean. Spielberg has said that he feels there is a "kinship" between Duel and Jaws, as they are both about "these leviathans targeting everyman." He has also said that inserting the sound effect into Jaws was "my way of thanking Duel for giving me a career." The sound effect originated in the 1957 B movie The Land Unknown.
 * The anime film Lupin III: The Mystery of Mamo (1978) parodies Duel in a chase scene in which Lupin and his colleagues, driving a red Austin Cooper, are pursued by a giant Kenworth W900 dispatched by the film's villain, Mamo.
 * The Snakerama gas station also appears in Spielberg's comedy movie 1941 (1979). Benson reprises her role as its proprietor.
 * The horror anthology film Nightmares (1983) features a segment very similar to Duel, though with overt supernatural elements.
 * Breakdown (1997) contains many visual and thematic nods to the movie.
 * Fire Down Below (1997) contains a scene directly inspired by Duel, in which Steven Seagal's character is chased and nearly run off the road before luring a pursuing truck off of a cliff.
 * Jeepers Creepers (2001) contains a beat up rusty old cargo truck (a 1941 Chevrolet COE) driven by a supernatural serial killer who uses it to chase down the protagonists and haul the corpses of his victims. Originally a flatbed truck, it was converted to a covered truck for the film. Due to the age of the truck, it broke down several times during filming.
 * Joy Ride (2001) is heavily influenced by Duel and contains many direct references.
 * Monster Man (2003), starring Eric Jungmann, features a large truck terrorizing the occupants of a red car, though, unlike in Duel, the driver's face is shown.
 * The truck from Duel is seen in the film Torque (2004) causing a biker to wipe out shortly after a red four-door Valiant drives past.
 * Throttle (2005), a spinoff sequel to Duel that features a Dennis Weaver lookalike (portrayed by Tom Gillen), driving a fixed red Plymouth Valiant.
 * Wrecker (2015), starring Drea Whitburn and Anna Hutchison, is almost a shot-for-shot remake of Duel.
 * Overtake (2017), a Malayalam film is inspired from this Duel with many changes in story.

In television

 * The special Tiny Toons' Night Ghoulery, on which Spielberg was an executive producer, includes a segment titled "Fuel" which parodies the film, starring Calamity Coyote and Little Beeper.
 * In the Red Dwarf Series 8 episode "Only the Good...", Arnold Rimmer claims that a scar on the right side of his neck resulted from a friend attacking him with the case of a video of Duel, rather than an actual duel.
 * The film is parodied in the climax of "The Secret of the Ghost Rig", the third episode of Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated.
 * The opening scene of the Transformers: Prime episode "Nemesis Prime" pays homage to Duel
 * The Bob's Burgers Season 4 episode "Christmas in the Car" includes numerous references to Duel, as Bob is terrorized by a candy-cane shaped truck.
 * Svengoolie aired Duel on November 5, 2016, and, responding to numerous viewer requests, again on February 18, 2023.
 * A Pinky and the Brain segment from the Spielberg-produced 2020 Animaniacs reboot includes a parody of Duel. The titular characters, in a car, are chased by a truck that eventually drives off a cliff. Pinky alludes to the fact that the driver was never seen. Shortly afterwards, E.T. is revealed to be the driver.
 * In Unofficial Sentai Akibaranger the first episode, “Pain is Power” the ending of the episode was reminiscing the ending of the film. The trio were expecting to fight the giant monster, only it never happened. AkibaYellow is seen throwing rocks down in the canyon below.

In print

 * In Stardust Crusaders, the third story arc of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, the titles of the chapters of the "Wheel of Fortune" story reference Duel. In the story, the protagonists must deal with an assassin controlling a car resembling a Valiant.
 * In 2009, Stephen King and Joe Hill wrote a story titled "Throttle" that was a homage to Matheson's "Duel". IDW Publishing adapted "Duel" and "Throttle" into a four-issue comic series, Road Rage, with each of the two stories spanning two issues. Road Rage #1 was published on February 15, 2012.

In music

 * Steve Hackett's song "Duel" from the album Till We Have Faces was inspired by the film.
 * Kentucky-based band Nine Pound Hammer used a still of the truck pushing the Valiant over the cliff for the cover of their album Smokin' Taters!
 * The Swervedriver song "Duel", from their album Mezcal Head, took its title from the film.
 * In David Lee Roth's 1994 video for the song "She's My Machine", Duel's truck appears several times as a green tanker.
 * Guano Apes video for the song "No Speech" was inspired by the film.
 * The animated video for "John Postal" by They Might Be Giants, from the album The Escape Team, reimagines Duel, substituting a postal truck for the tanker.

Other

 * In the video game Grand Theft Auto V, the player can encounter a "Duke O' Death" car parked in the desert. If the player takes the car and drives off, the drivers of two large trucks will block the road and then attack the player.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Duel (1971 film)


text:
Cheng Maoyun

Cheng Maoyun (25 August 1900 – 31 July 1957) was a Chinese composer and a professor at National Central University and Hangzhou Societal University (杭州社會大學). He composed the National Anthem of the Republic of China.

Early life and education
He was born in Xinjian (新建), Jiangxi to a family of officials. He studied music in Jiangxi Provincial Higher Normal School (江西省立高等师范学校 Jiāngxī shěnglì gāoděng shīfàn xuéxiào), and the Ueno Music Academy (上野音樂學院) in Tokyo. He majored in violin, then music theory, and composition.

Career
In 1928, his submission of the melody of "Three Principles of the People" was chosen. In 1947, he travelled to Taiwan for the first time, where Hsiao Er-hua (蕭而化 Xiāo Érhuà), head of the College of Music in the Taiwan Provincial Normal University, offered Cheng Maoyun a position, but he refused. He never returned to Taiwan again. He had a stroke in 1951 in Xi'an, and he died of a second stroke on July 31, 1957.

The official university song of the National Central University is also composed by Cheng.

Personal life
His wife and son are also musicians. Zhang Yongzhen (张咏真), Cheng's wife, is a piano professor at the Xi'an Music Academy. His son, Zhang Jiannan (张坚男; born 1945), is a composer.

title: Cheng Maoyun


text:
Talk:Cheng Maoyun

Untitled
Re: the mentioning of Cheng's son on this article.

The son is surnamed Zhang (张), unlike the father (程), but that is what (in simplified Chinese) says. --Menchi 12:00 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cheng Maoyun


text:
Ian Banks

Ian Banks may refer to:

 * Iain Banks (1954–2013), Scottish writer
 * Ian Banks (One Tree Hill), fictional character on the American television series One Tree Hill
 * Ian Banks (footballer) (born 1961), former footballer and current manager of A.F.C. Emley

title: Ian Banks


text:
Talk:Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester

Comment by Deb
Just as a matter of interest, what is the source of the evidence for the breast cancer theory? Deb 12:38 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * According to Elizabeth the Queen, by Alison Weir, a Professor Iain Aird suggested in in 1956. The only primary evidence given in that book is that Alvaro de Quadra, a Bishop and a Spanish ambassador, wrote in April 1559 of her having "a malady of the breast". She implies that other sources confirm some kind of illness, and doesn't give details as to why breast cancer in particular was the conclusion. Onebyone 01:03, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * In the fictional book (based on the true story) of "The Virgin's Lover", by Philippa Gregory, it states that rumours were spread of Lady Amy Dudley being sick with breast cancer. Scotteh 13:37, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * And it claimed that Elizabeth's party was most likely involved in her death, or suicide, however it is well known that we can't always trust Gregory's works historically; they are part fiction...Sweetlife31 (talk) 06:49, 25 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, as I recall it, they started in the book that Amy's "heart was breaking". It was implied she might be poisoned, but I don't remember any mention of anything relating to breast cancer. And Philippa Gregory's work is not to be taken that seriously--she's well-known for her, er, "creative" changes to history.68.79.11.47 16:41, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Are we sure we're not seeing a portrait of his son -- the mapmaker? Sparky 03:33, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Could be. Both his sons were also called Robert, weren't they, so it would be an easy mistake to make. Onebyone 01:05, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

At its start, this article suggests that Dudley and Elizabeth met in the Tower of London. Later it states that they were friends from childhood. This inconsistency should be addressed.
 * They were friends from childhood. Scotteh 13:37, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, because Dudley was a bit low-born, it is probably more likely that Elizabeth and he became friends later on (probably around the time he sold some of his estates and gave the money to her). Kings generally didn't allow their heirs (even if Elizabeth was considered a bastard) to socialize with the descendants of traitors when the traitor had only been one's grandfather....68.79.11.47 16:50, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

But the Dudleys -- Leicester's father -- were not out of favor in the latter part of Henry's reign, which is when it is believed that Robert and Elizabeth first met, along with the other royal children. --Hiraeth 01:41, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Governor of the Netherlands
Was Leicester really the last governor before the German occupation?--Anglius 03:02, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the infobox, since the two positions were completely separate - one being an English governor for a short period during the 1580's, and the second one being the WWII German occupation governor. The Netherlands didn't have governor's in between then.

Arun 03:15, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

The page still implies Seyss-Inquart as a "successor" to Leicester. This is at best spurious. As above, there was no subsequent English governor of the Netherlands. 24.69.20.94 04:31, 8 January 2007 (UTC)Steve Allen]

Baaah
Being as how we're not mindreaders who lived with Elizabeth I (or I hope we aren't), how can we truly say she wished to marry him? She may have flirted with him a lot, but it isn't as if she said, "I wish I could have married Robert." I think we should change the first sentence, and I will do so if this isn't replied to soon.68.79.11.47 16:41, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Who the heck are you? Anyway, I second your statement. Scotteh 13:39, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Birthdate
I changed his birthdate from June 24 1532 to September 7 1533. In Elizabeth Jenkin's Elizabeth and Leicester she adresses the issue and cites several sources that state Robert and Elizabeth were born on the same day. Since I could only find one mention of the June 24 birthday and no comtemporary sources on it, the September 7 date seems much more likely.

Leicester's date of birth is highly debatable. Contemporaries believed that he was born on the same day as Elizabeth, but this may have just been a fanciful rumour. June 24 the previous year is a recent calculation that seems more probable - especially since the earl was supposed to be older than her. It's a very debatable topic, and nobody can be sure, but don't you think it would be too much of a coincidence that they were born on the same day? I think the date should be kept as June 24, but the article needs to mention the question of his birthdate somewhere. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BRCScriptor (talk • contribs) 12:06, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Death of Amy Robsart
There seems to be some confusion about the demise of Robert Dudley's first wife, Amy Robsart. Paragraph two in the intro states "He is said to have poisoned his first wife Amy Robsart.." while the first paragraph in "Relationship With Elizabeth" says "She had previously suffered from breast cancer, but she was ultimately killed by falling down a flight of stairs in her house." --72.68.227.212 (talk) 18:24, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Arthur Dudley
I was thinking we should add that it has been suggested he had a son with Elizabeth I. There is some very good evidence to suggest it. Im saying he definatley did or anything, but i think we should mention it somewhere in the article. Any thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chloe2kaii7 (talk • contribs) 09:44, 18 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Rewriting this article, I have given sources where putative children of Elizabeth and Leicester figure, in a footnote. I couldn´t include all cases, as there are innumerable, but the 1587 case is Arthur Dudley. I have my personal opinion about who he probably was, but cannot mention this in the article, as this would amount to "original research".
 * Buchraeumer (talk) 15:06, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Practically New Article
I just would like to tell everybody, that since about 4 February 2009, I have practically rewritten this article, since it seemed to me in great need of amendment (there was also box asking for it). I have added lots of facts, dates, as well as some aspects (although within the framework of the old article as regards thematic scope. I have only made one new subdivision: Politics). However, I want to stress, that I have not taken away any quotations! In all cases, I could identify the original source from which the quote came. I have also given some references to facts mentioned in the original article, as there was no single reference (i.e.footnote) given in it. I have also put further quotations in the article, along with all the footnotes in there so far. Buchraeumer (talk) 12:08, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * This article really needed a thorough rewrite with citations. Thanks for taking it on. - PKM (talk) 16:57, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your encouraging response!
 * I have now made a further heading
 * "Youth", and added facts about Dudley´s
 * education, youth, politics, the Kenilworth Festival, theatre, university, etc. in order to give a more rounded picture.
 * Buchraeumer (talk) 07:48, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I have still expanded the article and made a new heading "Leycester´s commonwealth" as this book was immensely important for Leicester´s long-term reputation.
 * Buchraeumer (talk) 12:03, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
The article is substantial and has good pictures and references but has problems with an unencyclopedic subjective tone (the tone of Wikipedia articles should be impartial, see Neutral point of view) and many peacock terms. Hekerui (talk) 23:48, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for assessing the article. I wonder, however, why articles like Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and especially, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley got B-class. The latter used to be a most partial, unreferenced eulogy lifted entirely from the 1911 EB, containing hardly any factual information. There were mainly unreferenced attacks on other people. Regarding "peacock terms", they are well referenced, and they are not many (and one can hardly dispute that Leicester was "one of the most important" statesmen of Elizabeth's government, notwithstanding the 1911 EB!). I cannot see why the tone should be "subjective": I mentioned different opinions, e.g. regarding Amy Dudley's death. Anyway, I personally will not change anything in the tone of the article, as I struggled very much with it already (the tone I found here was really unencyclopaedic!), other than perhaps adding new aspects. Buchraeumer (talk) 11:50, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * These two articles were not correctly assessed. If you have more questions, feel free to contact me on my talkpage. Hekerui (talk) 12:09, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * It is subjective due to the choice of words, as for example in: "The couple paid dearly over the years ...", instances of "obviously", "The reputation of Leicester has suffered immensely under the influence of a libel commonly called Leycester's Commonwealth ..." etc. Hekerui (talk) 12:36, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Please, Hekerui, I didn't mean my comments today here so much directed to you (and I didn't mean to be rude). I meant rather the occasional passers-by. That's why I still have to clarify some points regarding "tone": That Leicester's reputation was very, very strongly influenced (negatively) by Leycesters Commonwealth over the centuries is surely "established academic opinion"; even Conyers Read acknowledged that, and he found it necessary to write about Leicester's death that "Indeed, England was well rid of him" in his standard biography of Cecil (so much for professorial neutrality). I tried not to use the word "obvious", but it can be useful for nuances: "her obv.ly very intimate relationship" was meant in the literal sense: obvious to the contemporaries. If one writes that she had a "very intimate relationship", then this is biased (although, according to scores of contemp. sources, true) and so forth... Buchraeumer (talk) 18:09, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I didn't take offense. You gave an explanation, problem is, when you have to explain, the language is not clear and should be worked over. Hekerui (talk) 18:17, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Help for "Academic Offices" welcome!
Robert Dudley was also Vicechancellor of Cambridge University from 1563 till 1588. This is not in the box, but I am afraid, I don't know how to put it in there. Also, I don't know the preceding holder of that office, neither the successor. So, if somebody wants to find out, please help! Thank you. Buchraeumer (talk) 22:20, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge does not include Leicester, and from that list it seems to be an annual appointment. Perhaps your source is confusing Cambridge with Oxford? - PKM (talk) 02:44, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I confused it myself, sorry! He was High Steward of Cambridge University from 1563-1588, not Vice-Chancellor! also has it. Really embarrassing, but I didn't mention any Cambridge honorifics in the article, so no great damage, I hope. As regards the Offices box, I would like to point out that he was also Baron of Denbigh from 1564, along with being Earl of Leicester. The dating of the office of "Lord Steward of the Royal Household" is problematic, as historians don't really know when he got it. Dating ranges from c.1570 till 1587! I've given sources where this is discussed in a footnote. For the purposes of this box here, I don't know what to do. Perhaps simply nothing. Buchraeumer (talk) 14:13, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, I don't have anything immediately at hand on predecessors/successors for those offices, and I'd say just leave them out for now. :-) - PKM (talk) 02:53, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Excellent Article
Very detailed, fun to read....why isnt this a featured article? 77.250.25.165 (talk) 17:52, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Because these things take time; I suspect it will be before too long. Buchraeumer: I'm impressed by the bibliography, but I notice you haven't included Simon Adams' entry on Dudley in the new Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The on-line version of this is a pay service, and you might not have access, but I thought I'd mention it anyway. Lampman (talk) 19:24, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It's free if your local library subscribes. Log in from home using your library card. --Doris Kami (talk) 01:43, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

Elizabeth's fury
I'd would really regret to produce an edit war over this! But please, Doooglas, understand that the text in the lead of an article is not normally footnoted, as far as (uncontroversial) facts that are treated further down in the text are concerned. In the article section "Governor-General of the United Provinces" your issue is treated. The whole issue of his title in the Netherlands is a perfect example of Elizabeth's difficult character. I suppose the only thing that was uncontroversial about the entire episode was her boundless fury over Leicester's acceptance of the title Governor-General, although, it is true (but seldom mentioned), that the same title was earmarked for him in the Treaty of Nonsuch. Elizabeth's righteous indignation is mentioned in every summary or biography, so we cannot exclude it here in the lead! Buchraeumer (talk) 14:15, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, no edit war! Having looked into it in the section you refer to, it's clear that Elizabeth approved the position of Governor General for Leicester as part of the Treaty of Nonsuch. Indeed, the section says that it was later issues of sovereignty that angered her as opposed to his acceptance of the post. There is no cited evidence that "accepting the post of Governor-General of the United Provinces" "infuriated his Queen". If, however, there is citable evidence that you can add showing the act of accepting the post, that she herself offered, directly angered the Queen, then I'm happy with your revert. Doooglas (talk) 15:45, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the key sentence here is (italics): "It was clear that the Earl of Leicester would go to the Netherlands and "be their chief as heretofore was treated of", as he phrased it in August 1585.[214] He was alluding to the recently signed Treaty of Nonsuch, in which his position and authority as "governor-general" for the Netherlands had only been vaguely defined.[215]" The Dutch would not accept less than Governor-General at Nonsuch, and, typically with Elizabeth, the actual meaning of the title was kept deliberately vague. But it was also the title which infuriated her. As regards Elizabeth (but not the Dutch), the treaty was old paper when Leicester went to the Netherlands in December 1585; Elizabeth's own instructions did only see him as Lieutenant-General and were (as it appears) in contradiction to the treaty which she had signed some three months earlier. It's a bit as it was later with the execution of Mary Queen of Scots: Elizabeth was in a dilemma, couldn't make up her mind, signed the death warrant and lastly blamed everyone else. Interestingly, in both cases, Elizabeth's fury was sparked principally because she was concerned about her international reputation. Buchraeumer (talk) 17:52, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I hate to be pedantic but you have not cited evidence that "it was also the title which infuriated her". The facts remain that she signed the Treaty referencing the title (however ill-defined) and so the evidence is that the acceptance of the title did not infuriate her. You should really revert back to my more neutral edit or clarify that it was the subsequent level of sovereignty desired by the Dutch that infuriated her. Doooglas (talk) 10:44, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I quote from Elizabeth I of England on 10 December 2007, 16:24, the date the article was kept as a WP:FA (undeservedly, if you ask me): "He enraged Elizabeth by accepting from the Dutch States General the post of Governor-General, which Elizabeth saw as a Dutch ploy to embroil her further in her affairs." The footnote gives: Haigh, Christopher. Elizabeth I. Harlow (UK): Longman, (1988) 1998 edition. ISBN 0582437547. p. 137. (Incidentally, I did not copy the sentence in this Dudley article here from the Elizabeth article). Buchraeumer (talk) 11:49, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Fair enough! Thanks for that and apologies. It just appeared a bit subjective - given that the treaty was only signed shortly before... and there was no citation. Perhaps you could add that? Doooglas (talk) 23:19, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Language
The language is still unencyclopedic and the GA class questionable imo. Just one example picked at random: "His wife's and his father's shadows haunted his prospects." (I first thought this was an assertion about ghosts on some of his property, but this is merely flowery unencyclopedic language.) Hekerui (talk) 18:28, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Disagree. English allows and is enriched by succinct and accurate figures of speech. Otherwise, what would you do, a sociologic and psychiatric analysis of just what is meant by that figure? How would we obtain any data on that? The meaning is just as clear as it can be. I wouldn't consider it flowery. This article is a work of art, among the best I have seen. That is not because it is flowery and literary but because it is a good mirror of the moving biographic details. I have to confess, as I read it, "mes yeux pleuvent." Works of art make you laugh and weep, and I've done both on this. It's been rated good, it is good, it gives us something to shoot for in the other articles, let's leave it. One more thing, and I hope I can say this without being too insulting. If you interpreted this as an assertion of belief in ghosts, I think you would benefit by longer study of English and English culture. It's a subtle point, no doubt; figures of speech generally are.Dave (talk) 19:50, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * QED. Hekerui (talk) 23:25, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * QED, hey? Actually, I'm a bit confused by your use of "flowery." I looked at that passage rather carefully and I definitely did not see anything that might relate to botanical reproductive organs; no petals, no sepals, or any carpels. Are any of those words Linnaean coded names? Were the Dudleys a clan of secret botanists using their own cipher? Was Robert known for his magnificent anthers as well as his eyes, or what? Should we put on a tag asking for the expansion of the botanical aspects, to be filled in by you? You must know what you mean since you used the word. Well, enough of this reductio. Fare thee merry old well. We still use "ye" round heeyuh, disguised as written y'. Thee (du) is gone, however. We got the Dutch ja (yeah), so at least we have that in common. Excuse, me, I'm still getting choked up by Bess having to go on without Eyes. I'm a great fan of Lady Jane as well.Dave (talk) 05:29, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

 * however this is bad English: "on suspicion to be involved". It should read "on suspicion of being involved."

4.249.63.202 (talk) 23:08, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Northern Rebellion
The article makes absolutely no reference to Leicesters role in crushing the Northern Rebellion of 1569-70. This really ought to be included, since I gather from my limited reading that he was the leader of the queens army. Spidergareth (talk) 12:29, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The leaders of the Queen's army were Robert Dudley's brother-in-law Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon and his brother Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick. Leicester himself was part of the London-based government during the rebellion, he was not in the field. Buchraeumer (talk) 12:42, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Succession boxes
Though the article itself if amazing, I find the number of succession boxes at the bottom of this article to be excessive. Many of them are, in fact, useless, since Leicester's predecessors and successors are not named. We see only a big, black "Vacant" instead of those names. The succession box for his peerage title also seems unneccessary. If he was neither preceded nor succeeded by anyone, do we really need a succession box? Surtsicna (talk) 17:42, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

 * This strikes me as an overly narrow interpretation of "succession". Just because someone was not immediately succeeded in a peerage title does not mean they did not hold the title or that the title was not, theoretically, hereditary. We've seen many such titles dissolved and recreated over the years, some of them several times. I would support inclusion of these, regardless of succession. If there was no immediate successor (or predecessor), then that information too is important to readers. Wilhelm Meis (☎ Diskuss | ✍ Beiträge) 17:01, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * If there was any kind of a predecessor or a successor at any point (such as after a vacany, abeyancy, or forfeiture), the box would make perfect sense. In this case, the box lists none. Does it make any sense to have a succession box if there is no succession to illustrate? Surtsicna (talk) 18:55, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I don't know what you understand under a vacancy, but Leicester's nephew, Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, was the next holder of the title; it was a new creation, but of course he got this particular earldom in consideration of the family relationship. Buchraeumer (talk) 22:48, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * To reiterate my point, "no immediate successor" is a valid answer, and that information may be just as valuable to a reader as any other entry that could exist. So in my opinion, yes, it does make sense to have a succession box for hereditary titles and political offices even if there wasn't any successor. Wilhelm Meis (☎ Diskuss | ✍ Beiträge) 22:57, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * To reiterate my own point, it does make sense to have a succession box when there is no successor if there is a predecessor. If there is neither predecessor nor successor, then there is no succession, obviously. If there is no succession, a succession box is a meaningless waste of space. The succession box, as it stands now, gives the reader no clue about Leicester's nephew. How does that nephew's existence make the box useful if the box does not mention the nephew? Whether the box should, in fact, mention him is another matter. Surtsicna (talk) 23:17, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I frankly don't understand your removal of the Denbigh title, with this edit summary: "This, at least, is against common practice. The two titles were held at the same time and were passed on in an identical manner (i.e. not at all). Thus, there is no need for the lesser one (nor for the greater one, but that's another point)." Perhaps you could explain? Buchraeumer (talk) 22:58, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I meant Surtsicna's edit (edit conflict). Buchraeumer (talk) 22:59, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I totally agree with Wilhelm Meis. Buchraeumer (talk) 23:00, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Subsidiary titles are not included in succession boxes unless the way they passed from person to person differs from the way the main title passed. See, for example: John Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough; David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley; John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer; Bertrand Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, etc. That is the standard practice. Surtsicna (talk) 23:17, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Wording?
Just skimming through this article i've seen a couple sentences that kind of make sense, but are awkward to read like "She giving him reason to hope, he was a suitor for the Queen's hand for many years." I feel like this should be "For many years he was a suitor for the hand of the Queen, who had given him reason to hope." Also: "The craft of the courtier Robert learnt at the courts of Henry VIII and Edward VI." Again, it's a bit weird. Maybe change to "Robert learnt the craft of the courtier at the courts of Henry VIII and Edward VI." These sentences (and I'm sure there may be more) are just a bit confusing to read and at first I didn't think they made sense. I hope this helps. Otherwise, magnificent article! I'm researching Leicester's early life for something I'm writing and it's among the best info I can find on the web. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BRCScriptor (talk • contribs) 12:18, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Gallery
I am a little surprised at the pulling of the gallery I posted yesterday. The Dudley monuments at Warwick represent a widow's valedictory statement. As such I don't understand how they can be said to "toally break up" a biographical article, especially when placed between a section on the man's death and a section on later assessmanents of him. I think the choice of themes in the inscription and the decorations are highly significant and refelect or comment on many of the points made in the article. For example, I find the inscription's insistence on his pedigree and his father's achievements, to the extent of overloading the syntax, highly significant. I think there is a much greater emphasis on his role in the Netherlands - not an entirely successful venture - than we might expect. I think the rapacious attitude to heraldry, taking in emblems of even the remotest relevance, is noteworthy. There is also the simple fact that Lettice Knollys chose to be buried and memorialised here, although she had 3 husbands, and that she chose to be portrayed - very convincingly and surely from life - at the age she did, when she lived to be 90.

I am pleased to see that there are literate and vigilant people looking after this page, although clearly I have offended by contributing to what is no ordinary wikipedia page but personal property. Rest assured I shall stay away from now on. Sjwells53 (talk) 10:48, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

One person or two?
Under Love affairs and remarriage, it says:

"An official investigation conducted by Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland and Leicester's brother-in-law, did not find any indications of foul play but "a disease appropriate to this country ... whereof ... died many""

Was Henry Sidney Leicester's brother-in-law, or were Henry Sidney and Leicester's brother-in-law two different people? It's difficult to tell because the rest of the article was poorly punctuated.

Thanks. Inglok (talk) 11:08, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Sir Henry Sidney was his brother-in-law. Buchraeumer (talk) 11:31, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Inglok (talk) 12:47, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Syntax
The comma in "Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester" and similar cases is part of the name. Some writers omit it altogether ("Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester" etc.). Wouldn't this be the better altenative, instead of treating this part of the name as an independent part of the sentence? Buchraeumer (talk) 11:35, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid you are mistaken. Robert Dudley is the name and Earl of Leicester is the title. They do not together make one name and are not treated as such. One is treated as the appositive of the other. If there is to be a comma separating them, there must also be another punctuation mark afterwards – a comma, full stop or dash, for example. To separate such a title with commas is far more common than not to, and it makes it easier for the reader to make sense of the text. I recommend against leaving out the commas altogether. Inglok (talk) 12:44, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Name confusion in text
For a non-expert (on English names and titles of nobility) it is rather confusing in the text of this article that the names Dudley and Leicester are used intermittently for one and the same man. Sort of like using Charles and Wales back and forth in an article about the Queen's eldest son. Can something be done about that? Seems to me we could pick one of the names and stick to it throughout the text. Am I wrong? --SergeWoodzing (talk) 16:41, 29 June 2014 (UTC)
 * see WP:SURNAME. It's not like Charles and Wales because Robert Dudley is probably best known as Leicester, especially in non-specialist and international literature, as well as in older texts. Charles as a royal is another case altogether. Importantly, Leicester was not an earl all the time of his life, so he can't be called Leicester throughout the article, and he is increasingly called Dudley also as earl in the literature (but, as I said, by far not consistently). Most non-experts on English/European history who would read this article are probably perfectly aware who is who, and if they aren't they should notice when they look at the article title. Buchraeumer (talk) 17:49, 29 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not that easily confused, nor am I usually imperfectly aware, but reading your reply as if you think everything is perfect in this regard, I'll try to simplify what I'm trying to say as briefly as possible, as far as the principle of the thing goes. Do you feel a paragraph like this, for example, would be a good idea?
 * Dudley died in 1588. After various negotiations with family and government Leicester was buried at Westminster.
 * ? --SergeWoodzing (talk) 18:52, 29 June 2014 (UTC)
 * For the principle: Buchraeumer (talk) 19:23, 29 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Nothing in there answers my principle question, which is not about correct name formats (of which I long have been quite aware and you reminded me quite well above) but about alternating between two different names within just a few sentences in the same bio. Would be lovely if you'd give me your opinion on that, please. If you feel there is not one instance of that in this article, I stand corrected, but how about the principle. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 20:38, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

There seems be two different people: and
 * Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (1532/3 – 1588). Died without issue (son died before him).
 * Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (1563-1626). His nephew.

Wikipedia only has one page for them both. – Talk about confusing (talk) 02:09, 3 March 2019 (UTC)


text:
Huntingdon

Huntingdon is a market town in the Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, England. The town was given its town charter by King John in 1205. It was the county town of the historic county of Huntingdonshire. Oliver Cromwell was born there in 1599 and became one of its Members of Parliament (MP) in 1628. The former Conservative Prime Minister (1990–1997) John Major served as its MP from 1979 until his retirement in 2001.

History
During the Roman Empire, in 274, a massive coin hoard dating to the reign of Tetricus I and Roman Emperor Aurelian was hidden in the grounds of the town. Consisting of 9,724 Roman coins, and discovered in 2018, the Muddy Hoard is considered to date the largest treasure trove of Cambridgeshire.

Huntingdon was founded by the Anglo-Saxons and Danes. It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 921, where it appears as Huntandun. It appears as Huntedun in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name means "The huntsman's hill" or possibly "Hunta's hill".

Huntingdon seems to have been a staging post for Danish raids outside East Anglia until 917, when the Danes moved to Tempsford, now in Bedfordshire, before they were crushed by Edward the Elder. It prospered successively as a bridging point of the River Great Ouse, a market town, and in the 18th and 19th centuries a coaching centre, notably at the George Hotel. The town has a well-preserved medieval bridge that used to serve as the main route of Ermine Street over the river. The bridge only ceased to be the sole crossing point to Godmanchester in 1975, with the building of what is now the A1307 (formerly A14) bypass.

The town's valuable trading position was secured by Huntingdon Castle, of which only the earthworks of the motte survive. The site is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and home to a beacon used to mark the 400th anniversary of the Spanish Armada.

In 1746, the nurserymen Wood and Ingram of nearby Brampton developed an elm-tree cultivar, Ulmus × hollandica 'Vegeta', which they named the Huntingdon Elm after the town.

Original documents on Huntingdon's history, including the borough charter of 1205, are held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies at the County Record Office, Huntingdon.

Parts of Huntingdon, including the centre, were struck by an F1/T3 tornado on 23 November 1981, during a record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day. The centre suffered moderate damage.

Between the railway station and the old hospital building, stands a replica cannon installed in the 1990s to replace one from the Crimean War, scrapped for the war effort in the Second World War. However, it faces in the opposite direction from the original. St Mary's Street drill hall was built in the late 19th century.

George Hotel
The George Hotel on the corner of High Street and George Street was once a posting house. It was named after Saint George of England in 1574 and bought some 25 years later by Henry Cromwell, grandfather of Oliver Cromwell. Charles I made the George his headquarters in 1645. Later the highwayman Dick Turpin is said to have been a customer when it was a coaching inn on the Great North Road. A theatre was built to the rear of the George in about 1799. The Lincoln company of actors managed by Thomas Shaftoe Robertson and later Fanny Robertson performed here in race weeks. Two wings of the inn burnt down in the mid-19th century, but two were saved, including one with a balcony overlooking the yard. Since 1959, the courtyard and balcony have been used for Shakespeare performances by a company run by the Shakespeare at the George Trust. Until 2024 when the Green King company who run the George Hotel decided it was not in their best interest to continue Shakespeare at the George, ending its 65-year run.

Government
Huntingdon has a town council with 19 councillors elected every four years. Two of them serve also as mayor and deputy mayor. Meetings are normally held once a month at Huntingdon Town Hall.

Huntingdonshire District Council has three wards: Huntingdon North, Huntingdon East and Huntingdon West. The three wards each have two councillors. The main offices of Huntingdonshire District Council are in Huntingdon itself.

The third tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council providing county-wide services such as roads, education, social services, libraries and heritage protection. Huntingdon is one of 60 electoral divisions, represented by two county councillors.

The fourth tier of local government is Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority, which is headed by a mayor. The Authority's website states that the Mayor of Cambridgeshire & Peterborough is Dr Nik Johnson.

Huntingdon lies in the parliamentary constituency of the same name (formerly Huntingdonshire). Ben Obese-Jecty MP (Conservative) was elected to this seat in the House of Commons in 2024, replacing Jonathan Djanogly.

Geography
The town lies on the north bank of the River Great Ouse opposite Godmanchester and close to the market town of St Ives to the east and the village of Brampton to the west. Huntingdon incorporates the village of Hartford to the east and the developing areas of Oxmoor, Stukeley Meadows and Hinchingbrooke to the north and west.

Between Godmanchester, Huntingdon and Brampton lies Portholme Meadow, England's largest. Its 257 acre contain many rare species of grass, flowers and dragonfly. It is the only known British habitat of the marsh dandelion. It acts as a natural reservoir for water in times of flood, enabling the river to run off slowly, so helping to preclude flooding in nearby towns. It has also served as a horse racecourse and once was a centre for aviation.

Business
Huntingdon is home to many local businesses, including Huntingdon Racecourse. Hinchingbrooke Business Park also contains offices and warehouses.

Climate
The nearest weather station for long-term data is at RAF Wyton, 3 mi north-east of the town centre. More recently Monks Wood, 5 mi to the north-west, has also provided data.

Like most of Britain, Huntingdon has a temperate, maritime climate free of temperature extremes, with rainfall spread fairly evenly over the year. The absolute maximum recorded at Wyton was 35.4 C in August 1990; the temperature at Monks Wood rose in July 2006 to 35.1 C. The mean annual warmest day is 29.7 C, and on 16 days a year will rise to 25.1 C or above.

Typically 43.2 nights of the year report an air frost. The absolute minimum at Wyton was -16.1 C in January 1982. The mean for the annual coldest night of the year is -7.7 C.

With annual rainfall at under 550 mm a year, the Huntingdon area is among the driest in the UK—103.4 days on average record at least 1 mm of rain. All averages mentioned refer to the period 1971–2000.

Population
Between 1801 and 1901, the current area of Huntingdon consisted of four parishes: Huntingdon All Saints, Huntingdon St Benedict, Huntingdon St John and Huntingdon St Mary. The populations of these were counted in the ten-year UK census and ranged in the period between 2,368 in 1801 and 4,735 in 1891. (The census was omitted in 1941.)

All population census figures are taken from the report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight. For the censuses of 1961 and 1971, Huntingdon was combined with Godmanchester.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 2765 acre. The population density in that year was 5,493.1 PD/sqmi.

Culture and community
The former Literary and Scientific Institute is now Commemoration Hall.

Following the 2013 closure of RAF Brampton, once home to Headquarters RAF Support Command, there are now two operational RAF stations within 4 mi of the town: RAF Wyton, once a major flying station but now a facility of the Defence Equipment and Support arm of the MOD and RAF Alconbury currently occupied by the United States Air Force.

Part of the medieval infirmary hall of St Johns in the market place became Huntingdon Grammar School. It was attended by Cromwell and by the diarist Samuel Pepys. The building is now the Cromwell Museum, run by Cambridgeshire County Council.

Legends
Hinchingbrooke House, once a convent, is said to be haunted. The bridge over the Alconbury Brook named Nun's Bridge is said also to be haunted, by one of the nuns who once lived at the convent. She is said often to be accompanied by another ghost that resembles a nurse. The myth goes that the nun had a monk lover who caused them to be murdered.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East and ITV Anglia. Television signals are received from the Sandy Heath TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cambridgeshire, Heart East,Greatest Hits Radio East, Star Radio and HCR FM, a community based station that broadcast from the town.

The Hunts Post is the town's local weekly newspaper.

Education
The local primary schools are Hartford Junior School, Huntingdon Primary School, Thongsley Fields Primary School, St John's Primary School, Stukeley Meadows Primary School and Cromwell Academy Primary School. Spring Common School is a special-needs school. Secondary schools include St Peter's School and Hinchingbrooke School. Further education colleges include Huntingdonshire Regional College, Hinchingbrooke School sixth-form college and St Peter's sixth form.

Railway

Huntingdon railway station is sited on the East Coast Main Line. Services that stop here are operated by Govia Thameslink Railway, on the Thameslink and Great Northern routes.

Great Northern services operate between Peterborough and London Kings Cross station; trains take just over an hour to reach the capital. Thameslink services run between Peterborough and Horsham, in West Sussex, via St Pancras and Blackfriars.

Buses
Bus services are operated primarily by Stagecoach East and Whippet. Routes serve the town, including Hinchingbrooke Hospital, and connect Huntingdon with Peterborough, St Neots, Ramsey, St Ives and Cambridge.

Air
Luton and Stansted airports are located within 40 mi of the town.

Religious sites
There are four Church of England churches in Huntingdon; once there were more, which together with those in the adjacent villages Great and Little Stukeley are members of the Huntingdon Team Ministry in the Diocese of Ely. The four are All Saints' (next to the Market Square), St Mary's (opposite Pathfinder House), St Barnabas (on the Oxmoor estate) and All Saints', Hartford.

Huntingdon Methodist Church is in the High Street. Medway Christian Fellowship is based on Medway Road.

Sport
The highest-ranking football club, Huntingdon Town, plays in the United Counties League. Huntingdon United RGE plays in the Cambridgeshire League.

Notable residents
Names are in birth order. Data are from the subject's Wikipedia article except where referenced.

Arts and entertainment

 * Henry Compton (Charles Mackenzie, 1805–1877), actor, born in Huntingdon
 * George Mackley (1900–1983), wood engraver, born in Huntingdon
 * Terry Reid, (born 1949), rock vocalist and guitarist, born in Huntingdon
 * The Charlottes (formed 1988), indie rock band formed in Huntingdon.
 * Ceara O'Neill (born 1990), actor and musician, born in Huntingdon
 * Himesh Patel (born 1990), actor, born in Huntingdon

Literature

 * Henry of Huntingdon (c. 1088–1157), historian (Historia Anglorum) and Archdeacon of Huntingdon.
 * Samuel Pepys (1633–1703), diarist, attended Huntingdon Grammar School in about 1644.
 * Basil Montagu (1770–1851), jurist, barrister, writer and philanthropist, and illegitimate son of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich and Martha Ray
 * Robert Carruthers (1799–1878), local historian (History of Huntingdon) and journalist

Religion

 * Christina of Markyate (c. 1096–98 – c. 1155), anchoress and prioress, was born in Huntingdon.
 * John Swanel Inskip (1816–1884), American minister and evangelist, was born in Huntingdon.

Politics

 * David, Earl of Huntingdon (c. 1144–1219), Scottish prince, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Richard Patrick (died 1566), MP for Huntingdon in 1559
 * Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), Lord Protector, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (1625–1672), English Civil War general and Restoration politician, attended Huntingdon Grammar School.
 * Richard Cromwell (1626–1712), Lord Protector (1658–59), was born in Huntingdon.
 * Henry Cromwell (1628–1674), Lord Deputy of Ireland and chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Charlie Elphicke (born 1971), Conservative member of Parliament for Dover 2010–19 and sex offender, was born in Huntingdon.

Science and engineering

 * Michael Foster (1836–1907), physiologist and academic, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Robert William Edis (1839–1927), architect and writer on decoration, was born in Huntingdon and educated at Huntingdon Grammar School.
 * Walter Samuel Millard (1864–1952), naturalist and conservationist, was born in Huntingdon.

Sports

 * Walter Yarnold (1893–1978), first-class cricketer, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Josh Gifford, (1941–2012), National Hunt jockey and trainer, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Oliver Gavin (born 1972), racing car driver, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Charlotte Edwards (born 1979), international women's cricketer, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Darren Bent (born 1984), footballer, was raised in Huntingdon.
 * Harriet Lee (born 1991), Paralympic swimmer, was born in Huntingdon.
 * James Sykes (born 1992), first-class cricketer, was born in Huntingdon.
 * James Kettleborough (born 1992), first-class cricketer, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Alex Martin (born 1992), first-class cricketer, was born in Huntingdon.
 * Todd Kane (born 1993), footballer, was born in Huntingdon.
 * George Furbank (born 1996), England international professional rugby union player was born in Huntingdon

Twin towns

 * 🇫🇷 Salon de Provence, France
 * 🇭🇺 Szentendre, Hungary
 * 🇩🇪 Wertheim am Main, Germany
 * 🇮🇹 Gubbio, Italy

Source:

Freedom of the Town
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Town of Huntingdon.

Individuals

 * Gordon Peacock: 7 May 2022
 * Derek Bristow: 7 May 2022

Military Units

 * RAF Wyton: 17 September 1955
 * RAF Brampton: 1995
 * The Royal Anglian Regiment: 21 January 2010
 * The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment: 23 November 2017
 * The 501st Combat Support Wing, USAF: 21 September 2018

title: Huntingdon


text:
Jacqueline Lichtenberg

Jacqueline Lichtenberg (born March 25, 1942, Flushing, Queens, New York) is an American science fiction author.

Many of her early novels are set in the Sime~Gen Universe, which she first described in a short story in 1969. Writing the series satisfied her preference for "'Intimacy'—the kind of relationship between the character and other characters, between the character and the universe, or between the character and him/herself, that brings trust into life" over "Action," a genre she "seriously dislike[s]." Her other writings have dealt with fantasy and occult subjects, including articles on Buffy the Vampire Slayer. She has written a monthly review column on science fiction, under the title "Science Fiction", for The Monthly Aspectarian. Under the pen name 'Daniel R. Kerns', she has published two novels, Hero and Border Dispute.

Many of her works have been written in collaboration with Jean Lorrah, with whom Lichtenberg has a business partnership. A Star Trek fan, she has been actively involved in the Trekkie fan movement. In particular, she wrote the first Kraith Star Trek fan fiction. She is one of the Friends of Darkover and her early writing has been mentored by Marion Zimmer Bradley.

Lichtenberg has a chemistry degree from the University of California, Berkeley.

In an interview that aired on November 5, 2021, Lichtenberg shared that in sixth-grade she could barely read, so when she contracted the measles her mom introduced her to the teenage science-fiction novel Battle on Mercury by Lester del Rey. At first Lichtenberg had to use the dictionary to read Battle on Mercury, but quickly became an avid science fiction reader. In the 1950s the latest stories were published in science fiction magazines Lichtenberg checked out at the local library, but she was incensed by the poor illustrations that did not match the text in the stories. Lichtenberg inadvertently ended up publishing her first science fiction critique as a letter to the editor of the magazine stating they needed to improve the illustrations, thus setting the stage for her future career as a writer of this genre.

Sime~Gen Universe
Lichtenberg's Sime~Gen series involves a distant future where human beings have evolved into two races, with a predator-prey relationship. New York Times critic Gerald Jonas described Sime~Gen collection as combining "qualities of both porn and the soaps ... because they deal obsessively with the physical union between the two races". The physical union between Sime and Gen, which is not actually sexual, provides the Sime with a life-giving substance known as selyn, produced only within a Gen's body.

The Sime~Gen series began with Lichtenberg's Operation High Time, a short story published in 1969. It followed with her first novel in 1974, House of Zeor. As Lichtenberg continued work on the Sime~Gen series in the 1970s, science fiction writers Marion Zimmer Bradley and Hal Clement provided encouragement and mentoring, teaching her more of the "craft and trade of writing". She also became involved with writing partner Jean Lorrah, who co-authored First Channel (1980) with Lichtenberg.

In the 1970s, dedicated fans of this series created the fanzine A Companion in Zeor, first published in June 1978 by Karen MacLeod.

Sime~Gen Universe series

 * House of Zeor (1974)
 * Unto Zeor Forever (1978)
 * First Channel (1980) – with Jean Lorrah
 * Mahogany Trinrose (1981)
 * Channel's Destiny (1982) – with Jean Lorrah
 * Rensime (1984)
 * Ambrov Keon (1986) – written by Jean Lorrah
 * Zelerod's Doom (1986) – with Jean Lorrah
 * The Unity Trilogy (2003) – compendium of House of Zeor, Ambrov Keon (written by Jean Lorrah), and Zelerod's Doom.
 * To Kiss or To Kill (unpublished) – compendium of To Kiss or To Kill (novel written by Jean Lorrah), Best of Fools (novelette written by Jean Lorrah), and Personal Recognizance (novella written by Jacqueline Lichtenberg) - this anthology was scheduled to be published in 2005 by Meisha Merlin, but the publisher folded before publication
 * Personal Recognizance/The Story Untold and Other Sime~Gem Stories (2011) an omnibus containing Personal Recognizance (novel written by Jacqueline Lichtenberg), Best of Fools (novelette by Jean Lorrah), "The Story Untold" (short story by Jean Lorrah), and "Reflection of a Dream" (short story by Jean Lorrah)
 * The Farris Channel (2011)

Lifewave series

 * Molt Brother (1982)
 * City of a Million Legends (1985)

Dushau trilogy

 * Dushau (1985)
 * Farfetch (1985)
 * Outreach (1986)

Dreamers series

 * Those of My Blood (1988)
 * Dreamspy (1989)

As by Daniel R. Kerns

 * Hero (1993)
 * Border Dispute (1994)

Short fiction

 * "Operation High Time" (1969)
 * "Recompense" (1976) – Galileo, #2, December
 * "The Channel's Exemption" (1977) – Galileo, #4, July
 * "The Vanillamint Tapestry" (1978) – In Laurance, Alice, ed. Cassandra Rising. An anthology of original science fiction stories by women. Doubleday. (ISBN 0-385-12857-6)
 * "The Answer" (1980) – with Jean Lorrah, In Bradley, Marion Zimmer, ed., The Keeper's Price, and Other Stories.
 * "Science is Magic Spelled Backwards" (1982) – collected in Hecate's Cauldron, DAW ISBN 978-0-87997-705-4
 * "Event At Holiday Rock" (1982) – collected in Speculations, Houghton Mifflin ISBN 978-0-395-32065-5
 * "Through the Moon Gate" (1988) – Tales of the Witchworld, No. 2
 * "False Prophecy" (1989) – Tarot Tales, ISBN 978-0-7126-2471-8
 * "Aventura" (1989) – Marion Zimmer Bradley's Fantasy Magazine, No. 6; and The Best of Marion Zimmer Bradley's Fantasy Magazine (1994) ISBN 978-0-446-60140-5
 * "A Mother's Curse" (1992) – Midnight Zoo, 1992 ed.
 * "Vampire's Fast" (1994) – serialized in Galaxy Science Fiction
 * "True Death" (1995) – sequel to "Vampire's Fast," in Galaxy Science Fiction
 * "Vampire's Friend" (2002) – sequel to "True Death"; collected in Heaven and Hell: An Anthology of Whimsical Stories, Speculation Press ISBN 978-0-9671979-8-2
 * "True Hospitality" (2006) – collected in Through the Moon Gate and Other Tales of Vampirism (2011) ISBN 978-1-4344-1233-1
 * "Best of Fools" – with by Jean Lorrah
 * "Ruella and the Stone" (2006)

Non-fiction

 * Star Trek Lives! (1975) – with Sondra Marshak and Joan Winston
 * The Biblical Tarot: Never Cross A Palm With Silver (1997)

title: Jacqueline Lichtenberg


text:
Talk:Richard III of England

Richard's achievements during his short reign
The article is being reassessed here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Richard_III_of_England/GA4#GA_Reassessment and it has been pointed out that the "King of England" section only addresses Richard of Gloucester's rise to the throne and the opposition he later met, but fails to point out what he actually did during his reign. I think this is a valid point, especially because some interesting things can be said about his achievements during his reign, despite having a single parliamentary session, like perfecting the system of bail, starting to issue laws in English instead of Latin to make sure the common people could understand them, lowering taxes on imported books, which ultimately led to a wider distribution of knowledge, etc. Would anyone like to help out setting up a subsection like "Achievements" or "Reforms"? There certainly is plenty of literature out there to reference. Isananni (talk) 17:47, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi. I am not an editor of Wikipedia or formally a Richard III scholar. I study human remains from archaeological sites though and forensic biohistory, though and have been interested in the case since his remains were found. I just wanted to comment that this page seems to be the product of a surprisingly strong Ricardian revisionism, which is to say an attempt to rehabilitate Richard III legacy. As is noted by Richard Toon and Laurie Stone, and their book chapter Ga
 * Game of Thrones: Richard III and the Creation of heritage HAll of the recent attempts to rehabilitate Richard the thirds legacy and dismiss previous centuries criticisms of Richard as "Tudor propaganda" ignore the fact The primary sources that we have now are the same by enlarge as those that were available earlier. There really is no cogent argument that earlier depiction of him are incorrect. Thank you., eritage 2601:845:C100:7560:E340:B713:1756:D741 (talk) 23:15, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Game of Thrones: Richard III and the Creation of heritage HAll of the recent attempts to rehabilitate Richard the thirds legacy and dismiss previous centuries criticisms of Richard as "Tudor propaganda" ignore the fact The primary sources that we have now are the same by enlarge as those that were available earlier. There really is no cogent argument that earlier depiction of him are incorrect. Thank you., eritage 2601:845:C100:7560:E340:B713:1756:D741 (talk) 23:15, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

Vandalism
Page has been vandalised. Does anyone have the correct dates/a cached page to restore it? Can this page be protected somehow? It's hardly an evolving topic 146.198.57.231 (talk) 06:51, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * View history. Which edits are you referring to? — Moops  ⋠ T ⋡ 06:53, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * @Moops I can still see the article image as some misogynistic YouTuber Radical Larry 1 (talk) 07:05, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * @146.198.57.231 bumping this (If needed) whoever did this will 100% just do it again if it isn't locked Radical Larry 1 (talk) 07:03, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I see. I just reverted and warned, but yes. Good to protect this if its been persistent. TY — Moops  ⋠ T ⋡ 07:07, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

We do not know who Richard lll's father was.
DNA had proved his mother is his mother but it does not prove his father. 2600:4040:2525:B300:BDCC:926F:923B:6F50 (talk) 23:24, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

 * When a married woman conceives a child, that child is presumed a child of the husband unless otherwise proved; apart from that, there were no doubts raised of Richard’s being the duke of York’s son; apparently his colouring and build were the same as the duke’s. 79.51.184.168 (talk) 06:53, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

 * This is a late reply but there isn't much reason to doubt the father of Richard III. False paternity events are uncommon, about 1 to 2% of every birth. Statistically speaking it is more likely to have occurred some time in the ancestry of the current Duke of Beaufort simply because more generations have passed. Foxhound03 (talk) 14:48, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Richard's grandfather on the York side was commonly held not to be really the duke of York's child, but the product of his mother's adultery. This, if true, wouldn't affect Richard's claim to the throne, however, because that came of his father's Mortimer inheritance through his mother. 93.36.216.248 (talk) 15:21, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Edward I of England which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:46, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard III of England


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Methuen Treaty

The Methuen Treaty was a military and commercial treaty between England and Portugal that was signed in 1703 as part of the War of the Spanish Succession.

The treaty stipulated that no tax higher than the tax charged for an equal amount of French wines could be charged for Portuguese wines (but see below) exported to England, and that English textiles would be admitted to Portugal at all times, regardless of the geopolitical situation in each of the two nations (to ensure England would still accept Portuguese wine in periods when not at war with France).

The Methuen Treaty has been the subject of diverse interpretations. Detractors, including Luís da Cunha, argued that the influx of English woollens led to the decline of the Portuguese wool industry. Additionally, emphasis on wine production, while bringing prosperity to certain regions, left Portugal heavily reliant on England as its primary wine buyer. Critics contended that the focus on wine came at the expense of other agricultural sectors and redirected the nation away from its path towards industrialization.

In defense of the treaty, it's been asserted that Portugal lacked the necessary resources for substantial manufacturing endeavors, and its industries were already grappling with stagnation. Furthermore, some believed that the treaty did not confine Portugal's trade; instead, it played a pivotal role in augmenting the overall prosperity of the nation through increased commerce and stronger ties with England.

Background

At the start of the War of Spanish Succession Portugal was allied with France. As part of this treaty, the French had guaranteed the Portuguese naval protection. In 1702, the English navy sailed close to Lisbon on the way to and from Cadiz, proving to the Portuguese that the French could not keep their promise. They soon began negotiations with the Grand Alliance about switching sides.

There were actually two Methuen Treaties. Both were negotiated for England in Lisbon by John Methuen (c. 1650–1706), who served as a member of Parliament, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Privy Counsellor, envoy and then ambassador extraordinary to Portugal. The first, signed in May, was a military alliance that cemented allegiances in the War of Spanish Succession, and was a 4-party treaty negotiated by Karl Ernst, Graf von Waldstein for the emperor, Francisco van Schonenberg (AKA Jacob Abraham Belmonte, c.q. Francesco Belmonte) for the United Provinces, and King Pedro II for Portugal, with Methuen's son Sir Paul Methuen (1672–1757) aiding him. The second one, the more well-known trade treaty, was a 2-party treaty signed on 27 December for England by Methuen and for Portugal by Manuel Teles da Silva, 3rd Marquis of Alegrete (1682–1736).

The early years of the War of Spanish Succession, in Flanders, had been rather fruitless. The Tory Party in England was concerned about the cost of the war, and felt that naval warfare was a much cheaper option, with greater potential for success. Portugal offered the advantage of deep-water ports near the Mediterranean which could be used to counter the French Naval base at Toulon.

Treaty
There were three major elements to the Methuen Treaties. The first was the establishment of the war aims of the Grand Alliance. Secondly, the agreement meant that Spain would become a new theatre of war. Finally, it regulated the establishment of trade relations, especially between England and Portugal.

Until 1703 the Grand Alliance had never established any formal war aims. The Methuen Treaties changed this as it confirmed that the alliance would try to secure the entire Spanish Empire for Charles of Austria, the Habsburg claimant to the Spanish thrones.

The first treaty also established the numbers of troops the various countries would provide to fight the campaign in Spain. The Portuguese also insisted that Archduke Charles would come to Portugal to lead the forces in order to ensure full allied commitment to the war in Spain.

The second treaty, signed on 27 December 1703 (popularly known as the "Port Wine Treaty") helped to establish trading relations between England and Portugal. The terms of it allowed English woollen cloth to be admitted into Portugal free of duty; in return, Portuguese wines imported into England would be subject to a third less duty than wines imported from France. This was particularly important in helping the development of the port industry. As England was at war with France, it became increasingly difficult to acquire wine, and so port started to become a popular replacement.

Ireland 1780s
The Kingdom of Ireland imported Portuguese wine at the low Methuen tariffs, but was banned under the Navigation Acts from exporting. In 1779, Ireland was granted "free trade", but Portugal imposed higher tariffs on Irish textile imports than on English ones, arguing it was outside the terms of the Methuen treaty. This was a tactic in Portugal's broader attempt to make Britain renegotiate the Methuen treaty. As the dispute dragged on, Ireland imposed higher tariffs on Portuguese goods, and the Irish Volunteers' 1782 Dungannon resolutions included calls for a boycott of its wines. The 1786 Eden Agreement between Britain and France caused Portugal to relent in 1787 and allow Ireland low tariffs.

title: Methuen Treaty


text:
Pawn

Pawn most often refers to:
 * Pawn (chess), the weakest and most numerous chess piece in the game
 * Pawnbroker or pawnshop, a business that provides loans by taking personal property as collateral

Pawn may also refer to:

Places

 * Pawn, Oregon, an historic forest community
 * Pawn River, Burma
 * Noatak Airport, International Civil Aviation Organization code PAWN

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Pawn (2013 film), an American film
 * The Pawn (film), a 1978 French film
 * Pawn (2020 film), a South Korean film
 * The Pawn, a 1980s text adventure
 * "Pawns", a song on the 2017 Paloma Faith album The Architect

Other uses

 * Pawnship, debt bondage slavery
 * Pawn, another name for a pledge in certain jurisdictions

People with the surname

 * Doris Pawn (1894–1988), an American actress of the silent film era

title: Pawn