text:
Talk:Samantha Fox

Which Sam Fox?
She certainly used to appear in "men's magazines" - not sure whether or not this was prior to her appearance in the Sun.

 * I don't claim to be an expert on the subject, but you might be confusing the British Sam Fox who was a page 3 girl with the American Sam Fox  who has appeared in "men's magazines", both were active at the same time.  It seems the two are quite frequently mixed up.  -- Popsracer 11:54, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm not confusing the two, the British Sam Fox was definitely in men's magazines around '85-'86. I was under the impression that she didn't pose for page three until '86 though, for which I stand duly corrected.  :) - Hephaestos 12:03, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I give you: Mayfair, Volume 20, No 4 - April 1985, and possibly also Penthouse Mar 1985 Vol 20 No 3 -- Karada

 * Hmm. She would presumably have been 18 in the Mayfair pictures: perhaps the publishers were concerned about U.S. pornography laws, and waited until they felt that they were safe...

We have to mention The Brit Awards in this. Mintguy 11:59, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Sui generis - you expect Sun readers to know latin (or at least be bothered to click on the link). Mintguy 13:00, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * The use in the article is possibly a fine example of British humor and understatement but it is slightly unclear at what end of the extremes her performance was.
 * What exactly is the meaning of it in this article? I clicked on the link and it didn't explain anything. --Robotech_Master 22:26, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

The difference is obvious. The Brit is brutally ugly 2A00:23C6:BA13:4801:2D02:FC39:26F3:5EB3 (talk) 14:49, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

Disambiguation question
I'm a bit surprised that no one has thought to distinguish these two ladies, seeing how their fans are well aware that there are 2 women with this name.

So how should we handle this confusion over similar names? Move this content to Samantha Karen Fox, create an article under Stasia Therese Angela Micula for the American Samantha Fox, star of stage & screen, & create a disambig to fill this namespace? Or leave the content here & just offer a link to Stasia Therese Angela Micula (her birth name, according to IMDB) for those looking for the American Samantha Fox? -- llywrch 23:30, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

The image
Surely there's a better, non-topless image of SF that can be used in this article, which is, I remind everyone, supposed to be encyclopaedic (I'm removing the bit about her "alleged" measurements too). Exploding Boy 01:12, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

"During her modelling career, her measurements were reported as 195cm tall, 991cm/568cm/729cm 36-23-31" (B/W/H)"
 * Are you guys sure about those measurements? 991 cms is almost 10 metres, ie about 30 feet. 212.171.197.7 23:21, 12 February 2006 (UTC)Vince In Milan
 * Everyone knows that the camera adds 9 meters to your height, surely? -- Jalabi99 04:57, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Her measurements should probably be included along with her height, as she was a topless model and therefore such stats are relevant. The 36, I believe, was a 36DD. (!)

 * I have changed the image to an album cover. Candice 18:29, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

The second photo here appears to violate Wikipedia policy against nudity in articles. PatGallacher 10:01, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * No it's not. There is no such policy. WP:ISNOT --Haham hanuka 12:11, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you please provide a link to the "Wikipedia policy against nudity in articles"? Dubidub 19:48, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Indecent image
The image on this article appears to be a topless photo of a 16 year old - under British law (sexual offences bill 2003) this may count as child pornography. Can anyone confirm the legality of this?

I have had a look at the Sexual Offences Act 2003. By my reading this photo in the Sun was not illegal when it was published, but it is now. Wikipedia is governed by Florida law, which makes it easier to publish some matters which might be illegal in Britain, but under this Act Britain claims far-reaching extraterritorial powers. In Florida the normal age of consent is 18, so this image could be illegal there. We should err on the side of caution in the absence of a formal lawyer's opinion. PatGallacher
 * I think we should keep it in the absence of legal threat. I see no harm. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 10:53, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It's child pornography. Why do you think images of this nature should be on wikipedia?
 * Whether it's child pornography or not is a matter of definition, depending on where you live... — Nightst a  llion  (?) 13:02, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

This is not child porn, no matter the age. This is not a pornographic photos. --Haham hanuka 19:56, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * That, too, though I'm sure that depends on your jurisdiction, as well; I wouldn't consider it pornography, softcore or erotic art at best. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 11:13, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

I personally think it should be left until there is a legal threat. Its not at all pornographic, and was legal at the time it was taken... Are thoes laws retroactive, or is it like a cat where if it didn't need a seatbelt the year it was built it doesn't ever.

This article needs help
This article is very badly written, can't someone rescue it? And what is with the Canadian bent? Hardly relevant to an article on someone who was an icon in Britain at the height of her fame.
 * I agree, it's a terrible terrible article, some parts clearly written by people who don't speak English well, and amazingly, the Italian page has a lot more information than this one! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.48.111.69 (talk) 01:53, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Height
I really don't think that her height, i.e. 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) tall  is so important that it belongs in th first sentence. I'm not sure where it belongs at all. RJFJR 03:50, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Hawkwind
Someone has to mention that Sam Fox appeared wirh Hawkwind in er... 2000 for a reuninn Gimme Shelter thingy. I even saw her singing "I've got two silver machines" and wobble her assets. The rudeness don't quite work I know.

You gotta include the Hawkwind connection though - it's too weird to ignore!

Last published photos
The section on modelling career contains the following sentence:

"In 1996, aged 30, she appeared in the October issue of Playboy magazine. These were her final published nude photos."

It also then has this paragraph at the end:

"Samantha Fox was, in a online vote held by the British Newspaper the Daily Star, voted by its readers, as 'The best page 3 pin up ever' in September 2008. As a result of the poll win, she appeared topless for the first time in 12 years in the Daily Star although on page 5, not page 3."

Presumably if this last sentence is correct then the line about the 1996 playboy photos being her final published nude photos is incorrect. extraordinary (talk) 15:36, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Category
anybody knows why is she in "lesbian musicians" and not in "bisexual musicians"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.117.94.130 (talk) 23:37, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * because she is a lesbian and not bisexual " 'I wouldn't say I'm bi because I'm in a gay relationship and I love her and I want to be with her forever. So to say I'm bisexual... it's too shallow. Maybe when I was younger I thought I was bisexual, but then I think I was just confused.' feb 2003 interview with guardian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.199.115 (talk • contribs) 17:15, November 27, 2009

 * And said interview can be found here. Tabercil (talk) 23:46, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

 * She sounds like she's bisexual but only identifies as "Lesbian" because of Lesbian Inc. and having a lesbian partner, since historically and politically there are A LOT of lesbian women who are full of hatred and bigotry towards bisexual women and want to erase and pretend that every woman who has a sexual attraction or sleeps with women is "lesbian" and that women can only be "lesbian" or heterosexual. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.162.251.171 (talk) 02:58, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Speaking (writing?) as someone who used to identify as bisexual and now identifies as lesbian, I think it is quite wrong to assume she only identifies as lesbian due to some kind of pressure from other lesbian women. All we can do as far as someone's sexual orientation is take their word for it, and she says she identifies as lesbian, case closed. I do believe there are bisexual people of both sexes and have no wish to erase their identity, but just because a woman has slept with men in her life doesn't make her bisexual. 88.104.130.240 (talk) 10:33, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

OTRS ticket
OTRS ticket 2010102410002951 is related to this article and the reason I've semi-protected it due to vandalism. If you have any questions, please let me know on my talk page. Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry (talk) 12:18, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Song Little Girl?
Can anyone confirm if Hugh Laurie's amusing song "Little Girl" - played during his time with Stephen Fry is actually inspired from Samantha Fox. It seems likely. 22:19, 28 March 2011 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.169.97.130 (talk)

Porn?
Where is the article about her appearing in a porn flick? Jeesh I can remember it right now. I think that I have it at home. It was her, not the older Samatha Fox of the same name.99.6.4.126 (talk) 02:13, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Official Facebook
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Samantha-Fox-Official/102058873211496 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marke1967 (talk • contribs) 18:35, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Civil partnership
It talks about her plans for one years back but is there any newer info regarding when/if they had their ceremony?MaybeMaybeMaybe (talk) 20:38, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

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David Cassidy case
We are not here to empower women? We are however here to give a balanced and fair account of cases, which may include mentioning that women can sometimes fight back against sexual assault. Ms. Fox has gone public about these issues, so I don't think BLP issues arise. PatGallacher (talk) 18:48, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * It's about the undue amount of emphasis on her fighting back. If we're going to say that, then we might as well talk about her allegations that he was grinding up against her and stuck his tongue in her mouth. It's all unnecessary detail when the main point is that she was assaulted. Primefac (talk) 18:57, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I think a brief mention can be made of the fact that Fox fought back. That's the fuller picture, and says something about her character. It doesn't have to be detailed or explicit - just something like "In December 2017, after the death of singer David Cassidy, Fox stated that Cassidy had sexually assaulted her on a video shoot when she was nineteen years old. Fox stated that she defended herself and "told him where to go"." PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 20:09, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

I am aware that Cassidy is now unable to answer the allegations against him, but as they have been widely publicised I think they are encyclopedic. Anyone who disagrees should discuss this instead of edit warring. PatGallacher (talk) 19:40, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

 * You made a WP:BOLD edit and it has been reverted. Now per WP:BRD, it is incumbent upon you to try to reach consensus with other editors before reinserting it. The report has not, in fact, been "widely reported" — a story that appeared in a notorious WP:TABLOID, the Daily Star, has been re-reported by other outlets. Neither The Guardian, The Miami Herald nor Bang Showbiz did any original reporting or vetting of her claim ... they all just say, "She told the Daily Star this." A sleazy tabloid that pays people to say anything is not WP:RS in any way, shape or form. A newspaper, the "first draft of history," might report it, but an encyclopedia has higher standards. And one of those standards is we don't blindly run anything a non-WP:RS tabloid has to say.--Tenebrae (talk) 15:35, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Don't think so, if you read the Guardian report properly, it conducted an interview with her themselves, it did not just report what the Daily Star said. PatGallacher (talk) 15:52, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I read it properly. The first paragraph of The Guardian story here links to a Guardian story here that says, "She told the Daily Star" this story. Then she just repeats the tabloid claim. If you look at newspapers like The New York Times, they seek out people to whom the accuser told the allegation at the time it occurred. --Tenebrae (talk) 15:57, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I also note you have begun edit-warring. Per WP:BRD, you need a consensus on the talk page before reinserting a removed edit. --Tenebrae (talk) 15:59, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

If you actually read the main Guardian article properly, it doesn't just repeat the Daily Star's claims, it mostly consists of an interview the Guardian conducted itself through Amy Fleming. Dangerous waters this, that we should only take allegations of sexual assault seriously if they were made at the time. It sometimes takes two sides to conduct an edit war. PatGallacher (talk) 16:07, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

 * No, WP:BRD is pretty clear and unambiguous. Also, 3RR does not apply to editor who are removing WP:BLP vios, which a personal-life claim ultimately traced to a non-WP:RS tabloid is. I don't think we'll find too many admins who would support including a BLP claim like this without talk-page consensus.

 * I addressed your point that The Guardian spoke with Fox. If you read my post more carefully, you'll see I say, "she just repeats the tabloid claim." In any event, if other editors agree with you and there's a consensus for including this allegation, then fine. But right now, there is no consensus. --Tenebrae (talk) 16:20, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi, yes the Guardian article is an interview of sorts, this is a link it's basically an advertising interview for her recent biography with the Gardian are selling on their website.link here It's a very long article as well, in which there is only a single minor mention about this allegation. "the day she worked with her childhood idol David Cassidy, who died earlier this month, which she says culminated in being sexually assaulted by him", the article/interview is not about the allegation it is about her book. I don't support this inclusion, it's unproven , uninvestigated and it's a shame she waited 32 years and until he had just died and chose to use it in promotional interviews for her book release, otherwise we would have had his responses and police investigations to report and now we have nothing of value, not even in Fox's life story, I am sure so many other incidents in her personal life are of much more importance than this minor incident, as is seen by the real lack of widespread reporting, lets get back to discussion about inclusion in three months and see if it's still being reported.  Govindaharihari (talk) 16:38, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The Guardian article is an interview; I don't think we can judge it as "an interview of sorts". There is not just a single minor mention of the Cassidy allegation - it's in the title of the article ("Samantha Fox on fame at 16, stalkers and David Cassidy: 'I kneed him and told him where to go'"), and there is a longish paragraph about it, set within the context of several paragraphs about unwanted or OTT attentions from men. The Daily Star connection is a red herring, as The Guardian article makes direct reference to the allegation that Fox makes in her book. And seeing as Fox's book was published within about 20 days of Cassidy's death, it seems rather unlikely that publishing the Cassidy allegation is a reaction to his death - it seems to me more likely that the book was coming out anyway, and Cassidy just happened to die shortly before. If that's the case, I'm sure Fox's publisher's legal team would have done some checking. Having said all that, I'm not committed to keeping this allegation in the article, and I take Govindaharihari's point that it isn't necessarily a big incident in Fox's life story. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 17:44, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Infobox photo
Is it alright if we replace the photo in the infobox with this - File:Samantha Fox (10546153413).jpg (seen to the right) - which is more recent and clearer? It is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic and therefore is free to share and remix. The reason why I ask is there is a note on the editing page about replacing the infobox photo, so I thought I'd check here first. Helper201 (talk) 14:00, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

Marc Mysterio
Why were mentions of his revitalizing her music career and two cuts on greatest hits album plus it's debut on Spotify removed? What kind of kurwa trolls run this 🥺 94.254.227.31 (talk) 14:37, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

Lihaa
Lihaa jemmaa Ja 93.106.165.215 (talk) 02:55, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

Celebrity Masterchef
Appearing on Celebrity Masterchef BBC1 2023 Percy2345 (talk) 19:40, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

Christianity
The article should mention her involvement with born again Christianity. I think it might have been short term but it may be worth mentioning in the article ans as a category even if it's only as a "former Christians" one if she's moved away from it.

https://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Samantha_Fox_The_Page_Three_girls_Christian_conversion/40205/p1/

"After months of speculation Sam Fox chose the 1994 Greenbelt festival to proclaim her new found faith in Jesus. In the hours before her performance I watched with mild amusement the arrival of the assembled scribes of Fleet Street as they struggled to understand the concept of Greenbelt"

See also here https://www.nickiswift.com/245405/whatever-happened-to-samantha-fox/ 2A00:23EE:2728:34A8:78D0:2AFF:FEB8:5DD7 (talk) 20:45, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samantha Fox


text:
Gallic acid

Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid with the formula C6H2(OH)3CO2H. It is classified as a phenolic acid. It is found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants. It is a white solid, although samples are typically brown owing to partial oxidation. Salts and esters of gallic acid are termed "gallates".

Its name is derived from oak galls, which were historically used to prepare tannic acid. Despite the name, gallic acid does not contain gallium.

Isolation and derivatives
Gallic acid is easily freed from gallotannins by acidic or alkaline hydrolysis. When heated with concentrated sulfuric acid, gallic acid converts to rufigallol. Hydrolyzable tannins break down on hydrolysis to give gallic acid and glucose or ellagic acid and glucose, known as gallotannins and ellagitannins, respectively.

Biosynthesis
Gallic acid is formed from 3-dehydroshikimate by the action of the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase to produce 3,5-didehydroshikimate. This latter compound aromatizes.

Oxidation and oxidative coupling
Alkaline solutions of gallic acid are readily oxidized by air. The oxidation is catalyzed by the enzyme gallate dioxygenase, an enzyme found in Pseudomonas putida.

Oxidative coupling of gallic acid with arsenic acid, permanganate, persulfate, or iodine yields ellagic acid, as does reaction of methyl gallate with iron(III) chloride. Gallic acid forms intermolecular esters (depsides) such as digallic and cyclic ether-esters (depsidones).

Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation of gallic acid gives the cyclohexane derivative hexahydrogallic acid.

Decarboxylation
Heating gallic acid gives pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene). This conversion is catalyzed by gallate decarboxylase.

Esterification
Many esters of gallic acid are known, both synthetic and natural. Gallate 1-beta-glucosyltransferase catalyzes the glycosylation (attachment of glucose) of gallic acid.

Historical context and uses
Gallic acid is an important component of iron gall ink, the standard European writing and drawing ink from the 12th to 19th centuries, with a history extending to the Roman empire and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) describes the use of gallic acid as a means of detecting an adulteration of verdigris and writes that it was used to produce dyes. Galls (also known as oak apples) from oak trees were crushed and mixed with water, producing tannic acid. It could then be mixed with green vitriol (ferrous sulfate)—obtained by allowing sulfate-saturated water from a spring or mine drainage to evaporate—and gum arabic from acacia trees; this combination of ingredients produced the ink.

Gallic acid was one of the substances used by Angelo Mai (1782–1854), among other early investigators of palimpsests, to clear the top layer of text off and reveal hidden manuscripts underneath. Mai was the first to employ it, but did so "with a heavy hand", often rendering manuscripts too damaged for subsequent study by other researchers.

Gallic acid was first studied by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1786. In 1818, French chemist and pharmacist Henri Braconnot (1780–1855) devised a simpler method of purifying gallic acid from galls; gallic acid was also studied by the French chemist Théophile-Jules Pelouze (1807–1867), among others.

When mixed with acetic acid, gallic acid had uses in early types of photography, like the calotype to make the silver more sensitive to light; it was also used in developing photographs.

Occurrence
Gallic acid is found in a number of land plants, such as the parasitic plant Cynomorium coccineum, the aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum, and the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Gallic acid is also found in various oak species, Caesalpinia mimosoides, and in the stem bark of Boswellia dalzielii, among others. Many foodstuffs contain various amounts of gallic acid, especially fruits (including strawberries, grapes, bananas), as well as teas, cloves, and vinegars. Carob fruit is a rich source of gallic acid (24–165 mg per 100 g).

Esters
Also known as galloylated esters:
 * Methyl gallate
 * Ethyl gallate, a food additive with E number E313
 * Propyl gallate, or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol
 * Octyl gallate, the ester of octanol and gallic acid
 * Dodecyl gallate, or lauryl gallate, the ester of dodecanol and gallic acid
 * Epicatechin gallate, a flavan-3-ol, a type of flavonoid, present in green tea
 * Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), also known as epigallocatechin 3-gallate, the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid, and a type of catechin
 * Gallocatechin gallate (GCG), the ester of gallocatechin and gallic acid and a type of flavan-3ol
 * Theaflavin-3-gallate, a theaflavin derivative

Gallate esters are antioxidants useful in food preservation, with propyl gallate being the most commonly used. Their use in human health is scantly supported by evidence.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gallic acid


text:
Yankee-class submarine

The Yankee class, Soviet designations Project 667A Navaga (navaga) and Project 667AU Nalim (burbot) for the basic Yankee-I, were a family of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines built in the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy. In total, 34 units were built: 24 in Severodvinsk for the Northern Fleet and the remaining 10 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur for the Pacific Fleet. Two Northern Fleet units were later transferred to the Pacific.

The Yankee-class were subject to a wide variety of modifications; these ships have a different designation to the original model.

Design
The Yankee-class nuclear submarines were the first class of Soviet ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) to have thermonuclear firepower comparable with that of their American and British Polaris submarine counterparts. The Yankee class were quieter in the ocean than were their Hotel-class submarine predecessors, and had better streamlining that improved their underwater performance. The Yankee class were actually quite similar to the Polaris submarines of the U.S. Navy and the Royal Navy. These boats were all armed with 16 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) with multiple nuclear warheads as nuclear deterrents during the Cold War, and their ballistic missiles had ranges from 1500 - 2500 nmi.

General characteristics (Yankee I)

 * Length: 128 m
 * Beam: 11.7 m
 * Draught: 9 m
 * Surface displacement: 7,760 tonnes
 * Full (Diving) displacement: 11,500 tonnes
 * Speed: 28 kn
 * Power plant: 2 VM-4 reactors
 * Hull: Low magnetic steel
 * Crew: 114
 * Compartments: 10
 * Armament:
 * 4 21 in torpedo tubes for 14 Type 53 torpedoes or mines.
 * 2 16 in torpedo tubes for 4 Type 40 torpedoes
 * 16 SS-N-6 liquid-fueled ballistic missiles

Operational history
The Yankee-class SSBNs served in the Soviet Navy in three oceans: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean beginning in the 1960s. During the 1970s about three Yankee-class were continually on patrol in a so-called "patrol box" in the Atlantic Ocean just east of Bermuda and off the US Pacific coast. This forward deployment of the SSBNs was seen to balance the presence of American, British, and French nuclear weapons kept in Western Europe and on warships (including nuclear submarines) in the surrounding Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Atlantic.

The lead boat K-137 Leninets received its honorific name on 11 April 1970, two and one half years after being commissioned.

One Yankee-class submarine, SOVIET SUBMARINE K-219, was lost on 6 October 1986 after an explosion and fire on board. This boat had been at sea near Bermuda, and she sank from loss of buoyancy because of flooding. Four of her sailors died before rescue ships arrived. The events surrounding the loss of this boat has continued to be controversial.

At least one other boat in this class was involved in a collision with a U.S. Navy nuclear submarine.

Because of their increasing age, and as negotiated in the SALT I, START I and START II treaties that reduce nuclear armaments of the United States and the Soviet Union, all boats of Yankee class were disarmed, decommissioned and sent to the nuclear ship scrapyards.

Variants
There were eight different versions of the Yankee-class submarines:

In addition, Soviet/Russian classification includes the Delta-class submarines within the same family of Project 667; Deltas being Project 667B onwards.

Popular culture
In Tom Clancy's 1986 techno-thriller Red Storm Rising, the entire Yankee-class of SSBNs are proposed to be taken out of service and scrapped by the Soviet Union as part of the Maskirovka I, in part to have the United States to do likewise with its own first-generation George Washington class, Ethan Allen class and Lafayette class SSBNs, and allay NATO misgivings of the USSR's intentions.

title: Yankee-class submarine


text:
Talk:Continuous wave

Untitled
This creates an interesting situation: CW is a redirect for Morse code. And yet, there is certainly a distinction between Morse code, which can be transmitted by means other than CW, and "Continuous wave". But, in the real world, Morse code has only been used, to any significant extent, by way of CW for many years. So the two have really come to be somewhat synonymous. I'd be inclined to merge the two under Morse code with an explanation of the problem. Most of what I have to say about CW, I'd be inclined to say in the Morse code article, probably because that's where most of it already is. Bill 11:56, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Well, CW was a redirect for Morse until a few minutes ago. Bill 11:58, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

It would be better instead to link other uses of continuous wave to support the distinction. Waveguy 01:40, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)

The only use of CW I know of is to send Morse code by way of radio. Historically, Morse code has been used in media other than CW, but this is addressed in the Morse code article. Unlike most forms of radio transmission, CW in unmodulated. That is, it is a pure carrier in which no intelligence has been encoded. -- Bill 12:36, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * This has been here for years but it's not correct; on-off keying is a form of modulation by definition! And, pedantically, you might say ICW for "Interrupted continuous wave" but anyone who uses the term "CW" understands that; a continous wave is a mathematical fiction, anyway.  --Wtshymanski 02:09, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Feld-Hellschreiber is also a CW mode. It uses (in its basic form) on off keying to represent characters, though anti-aliasing can be done by changing the level of the carrier... Jdos2 18:58, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

This article should point out that the phrase "continuous wave" and its abbreviation "CW", are mainly used in the context of amateur radio as a misnomer for Morse code. Originally the phrase "continuous wave" was used to mean "not spark", i.e. not periodically damped. Now the original meaning of the phrase has been lost, and "continuous wave" has come to mean Morse code. In my opinion, any modern amateur radio mode could be called "continuous wave", because the wave is not periodically damped. Again in my opinion, the leading paragraph of the article, the one that defines continuous wave as an electromagnetic wave of continuous amplitude and frequency that is assumed to be switched, is merely attempting to cover up the misnomer. Unfortunately I have no sources to back me up at this time. Apparently neither does the article's original author. Rclocher3 22:51, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This isn't the Académie française, Wikipedia doesn't dictate what *should* be the usage, just records the way terms are actually used. When talking about "CW", radio people mean "ICW" sending Morse (or other forms of radio teletype) - and laser people mean a laser that runs as long as it's switched on. Context is critical in English, which is why machine translations so often fail. I think the article is reasonably honest in the way it uses the terms. --Wtshymanski 01:27, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

In the early days, transmission was by Spark, which could be directly received on a simple AM receiver as a buzzing sound. Later when Continuous Wave (CW) arrived, a Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO) was needed to make the CW audible. In many early sets (particularly Military) the BFO knob was simply labelled CW. Hence today's confusion.119.18.11.19 (talk) 10:40, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 09:46, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Large bandwidth explanation
The article states "if the carrier wave is turned on or off abruptly, the bandwidth will be large" but there is no explanation why this is the case. There is a formula to calculate the amount of bandwidth but no reason given as to why this act should increase the bandwidth at all. Would it be possible to add a reason for this statement? -- Malvineous (talk) 06:38, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Just how deep do we want to get in this article? We could point at bandwidth and channel capacity and the Shannon–Hartley theorem but these go considerably beyond the scope of keying a carrier on and off. --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:21, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure you need to invoke the Shannon-Hartley theorem here. This is analog bandwidth, and the relation between bandwidth and the sharpness of the on-off transitions comes directly from the Fourier transform. A signal with sharp transitions has a Fourier spectrum that spans a wider range of frequencies than a similar signal that has more gradual transitions.--Srleffler (talk) 03:23, 8 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm all for a simpler explanation. By all means link to pages that explain the detail, but I think a short explanation would be helpful to quickly summarise the reason without having to slog through formulae.  I'm thinking something like "...the bandwidth will be large due to the initial spike, which momentarily appears as a different frequency."  This is probably inaccurate so hopefully someone else can correct it and place it on the page.  It does however make me wonder why this is the case.  Presumably if the carrier was switched on at the zero crossover point, you'd never get a partial waveform and the bandwidth would be no larger than during transmission? -- Malvineous (talk) 11:22, 12 May 2012 (UTC)
 * We could do it that way. Something like It can be shown (by the Fourier transform) that any abrupt change in a signal produces high-frequency components. The appearance of these components during keying of a carrier momentarily increases the occupied bandwidth of the signal. These cannot be entirely eliminated but careful transmitter design limits the effect. or something like that. --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:02, 12 May 2012 (UTC)
 * As concrete examples, we could produce a time-graph of a sine wave truncated at a non-zero point to show the sharp transition that would occur, then maybe another one showing it decaying smoothly to zero to show click suppression. This could make talk of fourier more understandable. --Nigelj (talk) 18:02, 12 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I think both these suggestions would make the concept a lot easier to understand. You've got my vote!  Thanks. -- Malvineous (talk) 23:31, 12 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I think the explanation should be simple, or we should not provide one here. We should not get off-topic with a detailed or complicated explanation. I am not sure whether this can be explained simply and correctly. Malvineous's explanation is not correct, and it doesn't matter if you switch on at a zero crossover point. A fast turn-on produces a large bandwidth regardless.--Srleffler (talk) 02:18, 13 May 2012 (UTC)
 * But can you provide a simple explanation why? Saying it produces a large bandwidth "regardless" doesn't really make it any clearer.  I still can't glean from the article the difference between a "fast turn-on" and a full cycle out of many at the carrier frequency.  To me, a 1MHz signal has a million "fast turn-ons" every second, so I don't understand why the first one is any different to the other 999,999. -- Malvineous (talk) 08:33, 13 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Technically, it's to do with the sharpness of any discontinuity in the waveform. I was wrong above to emphasise 'a sine wave truncated at a non-zero point' without explaining better. Fourier analysis is about finding the series of sine waves that, if added together, would create the waveform we are looking at. If the waveform has a sharp, angular feature, then it would take a lot of higher-frequency partial sine-waves added up correctly to (re-)create it. The less sine-wave-like the feature, the more other frequencies will be necessary. The almost-right-angle corner where a zero-crossing point instantly becomes flat would instantaneously require infinite bandwidth. A truncated partial-rise suddenly dropped to zero would also require infinite bandwidth, but with even more energy in many of the higher frequencies. Truncating a sine-wave power graph that is already dropping to zero would put less energy into the extreme frequencies. Now, no one truncates a 1 MHz carrier with a sharp corner, or the resulting 'click' would occupy a bandwidth that is very large compared to 1 MHz. In fact, the clicks that irritate other users on a CW band are probably no wider than a few hundred hertz, up to perhaps 1 kHz in extreme cases. The real time-domain graph of this happening would look like the 1 MHz transmitted wave decaying gently down to zero over about 1 ms, or 1,000 cycles, or more. If the click bandwidth was reduced to ± 10 Hz, then the decay would have to take about 0.1 s, or 100,000 cycles of the carrier wave - each a little smaller than the last. (I say ± because this is equivalent to a double-side-band modulation and the same click information is repeated above and below the carrier in the frequency domain.) Thinking this through, I don't think the graphs I proposed above would be much use - the realistic ones would just look like a tapering grey blur, and any showing a sine wave with an angle in it would actually be quite unhelpful. (P.S. some people may be muddling this zero-crossing business with the way mains power is sometimes switched to avoid contact burn in large power installations. This is a completely different application, and yes, those large contactors (switching 50 or 60 Hz) do produce considerable HF noise that needs to be further suppressed.) --Nigelj (talk) 09:06, 13 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you so very much for this last paragraph, Nigelj! I was frustrated about WHY this happened until I read your breakdown of the wave transforming with higher frequency to "ramp up" to the prescribed frequency. This totally blew my mind and I appreciate it very much. As someone who came to this page to get a handle on how exactly a radio creates and fools with waveforms to transmit information (i.e. a new ham), this was perfect. If there were some way to put this simplified explanation (or something very similar) into the part about spark-gap RF interference, the knowledge-gap (haha) would be filled. Again, thanks a million for your unpretentious and simple answer to a rather complex question. 66.91.204.11 (talk) 13:36, 16 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your kind comments. I would be happy to put a tidied up version of the above into article-space (hopefully with refs too, if I can find them). The trouble is that I don't think the best place is this article on CW communication. I don't really know where it should be, as I don't know of many other articles in this area. there's Fourier analysis - linked above - but that's a rather abstract and mathematical place for these practical points. Equally, this is rather technical for this more general piece. Suggestions welcome. --Nigelj (talk) 14:18, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

Watch this http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5rKTagEsro

Notice how for the first few cycles of the driving pendulum, ALL the other pendulums start swinging the same small amount. Energy from the initial swing is transferred to every other pendulum regardless of its resonant frequency. It is only after several swings that the different resonant lengths become significant - only the pendulum with the same frequency as the driver swings in step, each swing of the driver reinforce the next swing of its partner - the other pendulums don't build up be cause they are not in step, but neither are they completely stationary.. This is frequency selection - it isn't a 100% like people think. Rather than the other pendulums NOT picking up any movement, resonance means the resonant one builds up. And this takes several swings. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.244.93.215 (talk) 10:43, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Continuous wave


text:
1943 Governor General's Awards

The 1943 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were the eighth rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1943 and were presented in 1944. There were no cash prizes.

As every year from 1942 to 1948, there two awards for non-fiction, and four awards in the three established categories, which recognized English-language works only.

Winners

 * Fiction: Thomas H. Raddall, The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek
 * Poetry or drama: A. J. M. Smith, News of the Phoenix
 * Non-fiction: John Daniel Robins, The Incomplete Anglers
 * Non-fiction: E. K. Brown, On Canadian Poetry

title: 1943 Governor General's Awards


text:
1944 Governor General's Awards

The 1944 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were the ninth rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1944 and were presented in 1945. There were no cash prizes.

As every year from 1942 to 1948, there two awards for non-fiction, and four awards in the three established categories, which recognized English-language works only.

Winners

 * Fiction: Gwethalyn Graham, Earth and High Heaven
 * Poetry or drama: Dorothy Livesay, Day and Night
 * Non-fiction: Dorothy Duncan, Partner in Three Worlds
 * Non-fiction: Edgar McInnis, The War: Fourth Year

title: 1944 Governor General's Awards


text:
Naval base

A naval base, navy base, or military port is a military base, where warships and naval ships are docked when they have no mission at sea or need to restock. Ships may also undergo repairs. Some naval bases are temporary homes to aircraft that usually stay on ships but are undergoing maintenance while the ship is in port.

In the United States, the United States Department of the Navy's General Order No. 135 issued in 1911 as a formal guide to naval terminology described a naval station as "any establishment for building, manufacturing, docking, repair, supply, or training under control of the Navy. It may also include several establishments". A naval base, by contrast, was "a point from which naval operations may be conducted".

In most countries, naval bases are expressly named and identified as such.

One peculiarity of the Royal Navy and certain other navies which closely follow British naval traditions is the concept of the stone frigate: a naval base on land that is named like a ship. Certain facilities were often initially housed on hulks as a cost-saving measure and were later moved to land but kept their traditional names.

title: Naval base


text:
Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019)

Henri Philippe Pierre Marie d'Orléans (14 June 1933 – 21 January 2019) was the Orléanist pretender to the defunct French throne as Henry VII. He used the title count of Paris.

He was head of the House of Orléans as senior in male-line descent from King Louis-Philippe, who reigned from 1830 to 1848. Henri was a retired military officer as well as an author and painter.

Early life
He was the first son of Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999), and his wife Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza, and was born in Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, Belgium, a law in 1886 having permanently exiled from France the heads of its formerly reigning dynasties and their eldest sons.

Despite the ban, while living in Belgium Henri occasionally accompanied his mother on brief visits to France and, later, to his mother's relatives in Brazil. In August 1940 as World War II escalated, the family relocated to property they owned in Larache in the French protectorate of Morocco. While his father sought to play a role in the French resistance, Henri, in 1940 a child of 7, remained at Larache with his mother, siblings, grandmother and father's sisters' families during the Nazi occupation of France, sharing a small desert home that lacked electricity. Advised by Henri Giraud's Moroccan command that the Orléans had become unwelcome in the protectorate following the assassination of Vichy regime collaborater François Darlan by the monarchist Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle, the family relocated to Pamplona in Spain until 1947, when they took up residence at the Quinta do Anjinho, an estate near Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera. During that year, President Vincent Auriol allowed Henri and his brother François to visit France, and in 1948 he was allowed to enroll in a lycée in Bordeaux.

The law of exile was abrogated in 1950, allowing Henri to repatriate with his parents. Later that year, his parents purchased an estate near Paris, the Manoir du Cœur-Volant in Louveciennes, which became Henri's first home in France.

Henri studied at the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), obtaining his bac in 1957, and on 30 June of that year, his father conferred upon him, as the heir apparent of his house, the title of "Count of Clermont", by which he was generally known during his father's lifetime.

Career
From October 1959 to April 1962, Henri worked at the Secretariat-General for National Defence and Security as a member of the French Foreign Legion. Transferred from there to a garrison in Germany, he took up a new assignment as military instructor at Bonifacio in Corsica, where his wife and children joined him early in 1963.

Returning to civilian life in 1967, Henri and his family briefly occupied the Blanche Neige pavilion on the grounds of his father's Cœur-Volant estate before renting an apartment of their own in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. In the early 1970s Clermont managed public relations for the Geneva office of a Swiss investment firm while dwelling in Corly.

Henri wrote several books, including:
 * À mes fils (1989)
 * Adresse au futur chef d'État (1994)
 * Désolé, Altesse, c’est mon jour de sortie (1994)
 * La France survivra-t-elle à l'an 2000 (1997)
 * Le passeur de miroir (2000)
 * La France à bout de bras (2002)
 * L'histoire en héritage (2003)
 * La Royauté de l'Homme (2016)

Henri was also a painter and launched his own brand of perfume. His political career included unsuccessfully contesting the 2004 European elections for the Alliance Royale, a monarchist party.

Marriages and children
Henri met Duchess Marie Therese of Württemberg (born 1934), like himself a descendant of King Louis-Philippe, at a ball given by the Thurn and Taxis family in Munich. They were married on 5 July 1957 at the Royal Chapel of Dreux, on which occasion President Charles de Gaulle publicly offered congratulations, calling the wedding a great national event and observing that the dynasty and couple's future were bound to the hopes of France. Five children were born from this union:
 * 1) Princess Marie d'Orléans (born 3 January 1959 in Boulogne-sur-Seine) married civilly in Dreux, on 22 July 1989, and religiously in Friedrichshafen, on 29 July 1989, to Prince Gundakar of Liechtenstein (born on 1 April 1949 in Vienna), and has issue:
 * 2) Princess Léopoldine of Liechtenstein (born 27 June 1990, Vienna)
 * 3) Princess Marie Immaculata of Liechtenstein (born 15 December 1991, Vienna)
 * 4) Prince Johann Wenzel of Liechtenstein (born 17 March 1993, Vienna)
 * 5) Princess Margarete of Liechtenstein (born 10 January 1995, Vienna)
 * 6) Prince Gabriel of Liechtenstein (born 6 May 1998, Vienna)
 * 7) Prince François, Count of Clermont (7 February 1961 in Boulogne-sur-Seine – 30 December 2017)
 * 8) Princess Blanche d'Orléans (born 10 September 1963 in Ravensburg).
 * 9) Prince Jean, Count of Paris (born 19 May 1965, Boulogne-sur-Seine), married civilly in Paris on 19 March 2009 with Maria Philomena Magdalena Juliana Johanna de Tornos y Steinhart, and religiously at the Senlis Cathedral on 2 May 2009. The couple has six children:
 * 10) Prince Gaston of Orléans (born 19 November 2009, Paris)
 * 11) Princess Antoinette d'Orléans (born 28 January 2012, Vienna)
 * 12) Princess Louise-Marguerite d'Orléans (born 30 July 2014, Poissy)
 * 13) Prince Joseph d'Orléans (born 2 June 2016)
 * 14) Princess Jacinthe d'Orléans (born 9 October 2018)
 * 15) Prince Alphonse d'Orléans (born 31 December 2023)
 * 16) Prince Eudes, Duke of Angoulême, (born 18 March 1968, Paris), married civilly in Dreux on 19 June 1999, and religiously in Antrain on 10 July 1999, to Marie-Liesse de Rohan-Chabot (born on 29 June 1969 in Paris), with whom he has two children.
 * 17) Princess Thérèse d'Orléans (born 23 April 2001, Cannes)
 * 18) Prince Pierre d'Orléans (born 6 August 2003, Cannes).

In 1984, Henri and Marie-Thérèse were divorced. On 31 October 1984 Henri entered a civil marriage with Micaëla Anna María Cousiño y Quiñones de León (1938–2022), daughter of Luis Cousiño y Sebire and his wife Antonia Maria Quiñones de Léon y Bañuelos, 4th Marquesa de San Carlos, and who had previously been divorced from Jean-Robert Bœuf. For remarrying without consent, Henri's father initially declared him disinherited, substituting the non-dynastic title Comte de Mortain for his son's Clermont countship (the latter once held in appanage by a son of Louis IX of France, who became ancestor of the Bourbon-Orléans line). Henri, though, refused all mail addressed to him as "Mortain". On 27 February 1984 Marie-Thérèse, the former Countess of Clermont, was granted the title Duchess of Montpensier by her father-in-law.

On 11 February 1989 Henri was informed, by a hand-delivered letter written by his former wife, of the engagement of their eldest child Marie, to Prince Gundakar of Liechtenstein, a cousin of the ruler of that principality, the wedding date being set for 29 July 1989. Although Henri acknowledged, in a 12 May 1989 Point de Vue interview, that it had been three years since he had seen Marie, he and his second wife, Micaëla Cousiño, had been welcomed for the first time to the home of his mother, the Countess of Paris, that day: Henri further acknowledged to the press that, Marie having written to invite him to her wedding, he looked forward to conducting her to the altar, rumours to the contrary notwithstanding. At the engagement party held the next day at the Palais Pallavicini, the Vienna home of the fiancé's parents, photographs were taken, and would later be published, showing Henri speaking cordially with his daughter, sons, former wife and future son-in-law.

However, it was on this occasion that Henri learned that he would not be escorting Marie to her bridegroom during the wedding. Meanwhile, Marie-Thérèse had sent out invitations to the wedding in her name alone, omitting not only mention of Marie's father, but also of her grandfather, Monseigneur the Count of Paris who, until then, had largely sided with the Duchess of Montpensier in family matters and had consented to his granddaughter's choice of a spouse. This prompted father and son to join in calling for a familial boycott of the nuptials. Henri and his father refused to attend the wedding but Marie proceeded to marry civilly at Dreux's city hall on 22 July 1989, and religiously at the castle of her mother's brother in Germany, on 29 July 1989. All but two of Henri's eight siblings also boycotted the ceremonies, but his sister Diane (wife of Montpensier's brother) hosted, and Henri's mother, Madame the Countess of Paris, was a guest at the religious wedding.

Tensions lessened after several years, and on 7 March 1991 Henri's father reinstated him as heir apparent and Count of Clermont, simultaneously giving Micaëla the title "Princesse de Joinville".

In 1980, Henri joined the Grand Orient de France where he became Grand Master of the regular Masonic Lodge "Lys de France" No 1297. In 2001, he left Freemasonry to become the head of the House d'Orléans. In the first half of the 2000s, he covered also the charge of Great Official of the Grande Loge de Marque de France.

Head of house
Until he succeeded his father as royal claimant, Henri and his second wife occupied an apartment in Paris. On 19 June 1999, Henri's father died and he became the new head of the House of Orléans. He took the traditional title, Count of Paris, adding an ancient one, Duke of France, not borne by his Orléans or Bourbon forebears, but used a thousand years ago by his ancestors, before Hugh Capet took the title of king. His wife assumed the title "Duchess of France", deferring to the continued use of "Countess of Paris" by Henri's widowed mother until her death on 5 July 2003, whereupon Micaela assumed that title.

After his father's death, Henri annulled his father's decision to deprive his brothers Michel (Count of Évreux) and Thibaut (the late Count of La Marche) of their succession rights because Michel married a noblewoman without permission and because Thibaut married a commoner. He also bestowed titles upon the sons of his brother Prince Jacques, Duke of Orléans: Prince Charles-Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres (born 1972), and Prince Foulques d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale and Count of Eu (born 1974).

Henri recognised his disabled eldest son François as his dynastic heir-apparent, with the title Count of Clermont, declaring that François would exercise his prerogatives as head of the dynasty under the "regency" of his younger brother Prince Jean, Duke of Vendôme. However, with François' death on 30 December 2017, Vendôme became the Orléanist heir-apparent.

In 2009, Henri obtained an annulment of his marriage to Marie-Thérèse of Württemberg from the Holy See. He remarried his second wife, Micaëla Cousiño, in the Catholic Church in September of that year.

As Count of Paris, Henri took part in some European royal events attending, for instance, the 2011 marriage of Albert II of Monaco.

Legal cases
Prior to succeeding his father as royal claimant, Henri launched an unsuccessful court case (1987–1989) in which he challenged the right of his rival cousin Louis-Alphonse, Duke of Anjou, to use the undifferenced royal arms of France and the Anjou title. The French courts dismissed the case on the grounds that Henri failed to prove that he had demonstrated a right to the hereditaments in questions, noting also that the court lacked jurisdiction in a dispute over dynastic claims of France's former royal family.

After his father's death, a court-appointed lawyer searched through the late count's effects on behalf of his nine living children, to reclaim what remained of the family's dissipated fortune. Jewels, art-work, and an exceptional medieval illustrated manuscript were found. These were auctioned off, raising approximately US$14 million.

In 2000 bailiffs pursued Henri for US$143,000 back rent after he fled the Villa Boileau, a 17th-century Paris house he had occupied.

Honours

 * France:
 * Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (30 April 2008)
 * Cross for Military Valour (8 May 1959)
 * Combatant Cross
 * North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal
 * Protector of the Orléans Obedience of the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem (12 September 2014, resign at Easter 2012)
 * Montenegro, House of Montenegro: Grand-Cross with Gold Star of the Order of Prince Danilo I (3 December 2005)
 * Two Sicilies House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Calabrian Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
 * House of Württemberg : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown

title: Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019)


text:
Gescom

Gescom is an electronic music project based in the UK with close ties to the electronic duo Autechre.

Stylistically, the music of Gescom is closer to electronic dance music, acid techno, and industrial music than Autechre's, with the exception of a few conceptual remixes (and Minidisc, see below). Notable releases include Key Nell, Minidisc, and ISS:SA.

Members
Sean Booth of Autechre describes Gescom as an umbrella project involving 20 or 30 people. However, since most of their releases are anonymous, the exact roster of the project is not widely known.

 * Autechre's debut album, Incunabula, has the motto "Gescom 'pleasure is our business'" printed on the spine of the packaging, and thanks to "Darrell Fitton 4 Gescom" in the liner notes.
 * Autechre's remix EP Basscad has the motto "Gescom 'pleasure is our business'" printed on the inside spine of the CD, and "Autechre Music Systems from Gescom Transcendental" in the liner notes.
 * The Gescom EP credits "conspirators" as Sean Booth and Rob Brown (Autechre), Darrell Fitton (alias Bola), Rob Hall (from Skam Records), and Daniel 72 (a musician and designer near Manchester).
 * The Gescom 2 EP credits its "conspirators" as Sean Booth and Rob Brown (Autechre), and Andy Maddocks (from Skam Records).
 * The Key Nell EP just says, "Conceived & secreted by Gescom."
 * The Keynell remixes EP just says, "Conceived & secreted by Gescom. Additional nurturing & care from Autechre."
 * The This EP credits remixes to "Ae" (Autechre), and Velocity Kendall.
 * The That EP credits remixes to Tara, Pharoid with Time Chamber, Gescom, and DC Duo's.

Discography
All are EPs, except for Minidisc and A1-D1.
 * (1994) Gescom E.P. (sometimes Gescom EP1 or Gescom 1)
 * (1994) Gescom 2 (sometimes Gescom EP2 or C & D)
 * (1995) The Sounds of Machines Our Parents Used
 * (1995) Key Nell
 * (1996) Motor
 * (1996) Keynell (Autechre remixes)
 * (1998) This
 * (1998) That
 * (1998) Minidisc (sometimes Mini Disc) (album released on MD, later on CD)
 * (2003) ISS:SA
 * (2007) A1-D1 (released as two 12" EPs and one CD album)
 * (2011) Skull Snap

title: Gescom


text:
Command–query separation

Command-query separation (CQS) is a principle of imperative computer programming. It was devised by Bertrand Meyer as part of his pioneering work on the Eiffel programming language.

It states that every method should either be a command that performs an action, or a query that returns data to the caller, but not both. In other words, asking a question should not change the answer. More formally, methods should return a value only if they are referentially transparent and hence possess no side effects.

Connection with design by contract
Command-query separation is particularly well suited to a design by contract (DbC) methodology, in which the design of a program is expressed as assertions embedded in the source code, describing the state of the program at certain critical times. In DbC, assertions are considered design annotations—not program logic—and as such, their execution should not affect the program state. CQS is beneficial to DbC because any value-returning method (any query) can be called by any assertion without fear of modifying program state.

In theoretical terms, this establishes a measure of sanity, whereby one can reason about a program's state without simultaneously modifying that state. In practical terms, CQS allows all assertion checks to be bypassed in a working system to improve its performance without inadvertently modifying its behaviour. CQS may also prevent the occurrence of certain kinds of heisenbugs.

Broader impact on software engineering
Even beyond the connection with design by contract, CQS is considered by its adherents to have a simplifying effect on a program, making its states (via queries) and state changes (via commands) more comprehensible.

CQS is well-suited to the object-oriented methodology, but can also be applied outside of object-oriented programming. Since the separation of side effects and return values is not inherently object-oriented, CQS can be profitably applied to any programming paradigm that requires reasoning about side effects.

Command Query Responsibility Segregation
Command query responsibility segregation (CQRS) generalises CQS to services, at the architectures level: it applies the CQS principle by using separate Query and Command interfaces and usually data models to retrieve and modify data, respectively.

Other architectural patterns

 * As we move away from a single representation that we interact with via CRUD, we can easily move to a task-based UI.
 * CQRS fits well with event-based programming models. It's common to see a CQRS system split into separate services communicating with Event Collaboration. This allows these services to easily take advantage of Event Driven Architecture.
 * Having separate models raises questions about how hard it is to keep those models consistent, which raises the likelihood of using eventual consistency.
 * For many domains, much of the logic required is needed when you're updating, so it may make sense to use Eager Read Derivation to simplify your query-side models.
 * If the write model generates events for all updates, you can structure read models as Event Posters, allowing them to be Memory Images and thus avoiding a lot of database interactions.
 * CQRS is suited to complex domains, the kind that also benefits from Domain-Driven Design.

Limitations
CQS can introduce complexities for implementing reentrant and multithreaded software correctly. This usually occurs when a non-thread-safe pattern is used to implement the command-query separation.

Here is a simple example that does not follow CQS, but is useful for multi-threaded software because it solves the complexity of locking for all other parts of the program, but by doing so it doesn't follow CQS because the function both mutates state and returns it:

Here is a CQS-compliant version. Note that it is safely usable only in single-threaded applications. In a multithreaded program, there is a race condition in the caller, between where  and   would be called:

Even in single-threaded programs, it is sometimes arguably significantly more convenient to have a method that is a combined query and command. Martin Fowler cites the  method of a stack as an example.

title: Command–query separation


text:
Volkswagen Jetta

The Volkswagen Jetta is a compact car/small family car manufactured and marketed by Volkswagen since 1979. Positioned to fill a sedan niche above the firm's Golf hatchback, it has been marketed over seven generations, variously as the Atlantic, Vento, Bora, City Jetta, Jetta City, GLI, Jetta, Clasico, and Sagitar (in China).

The Jetta has been offered in two- and four-door saloon / sedan, and five-door wagon / estate versions – all as four- or five-seaters. Since the original version in 1980, the car has grown in size and power with each generation. By mid-2011, almost 10 million Jettas have been produced and sold all over the world. As of April 2014, Volkswagen marketed over 14 million, becoming its top selling model.

Nameplate etymology
Numerous sources note that the Jetta nameplate derives from the Atlantic 'jet stream' during a period when Volkswagen named its vehicles after prominent winds and currents (e.g., the Volkswagen Passat (after the German word for trade wind), Volkswagen Bora (after bora), and Volkswagen Scirocco (after sirocco).

A 2013 report by former VW advertising copywriter Bertel Schmitt, said that — after consulting VW sources including Dr. Carl Hahn, former Volkswagen of America Chief and W.P. Schmidt, former sales chief at Volkswagen — no evidence suggested Volkswagen employed a naming theme for its front-drive, water-cooled vehicles; nor was there evidence the names derived from a theme; nor that a naming system "was ever announced, either officially or confidentially."

First generation (A1, Type 16; 1979)

Although the Golf reached considerable success in the North American markets, Volkswagen observed the hatchback body style lacked some of the appeal to those who preferred the traditional three-box configuration. The styling of the 1970 AMC Gremlin was controversial for truncating the Hornet sedan, but Volkswagen stylists reversed the process by essentially grafting a new trunk onto the tail of the Golf to produce a larger Jetta saloon. The Jetta became the best-selling European car in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The car was also popular in Europe, including the United Kingdom, Germany, and Turkey.

The Jetta was introduced to the world at the 1979 Frankfurt Auto Show. Production of the first generation began in August 1979 at the Wolfsburg plant.

In Mexico, the Mark 1 was known as the "Volkswagen Atlantic".

The car was available as a two-door sedan (replacing the aging rear-engined, rear-wheel drive Volkswagen Beetle 2-door sedan in the United States and Canada) and four-door sedan body styles, both of which shared a traditional three-box design. Like the Volkswagen Golf Mk1, its angular styling was penned at ItalDesign, by Giorgetto Giugiaro. Styling differences could be found depending on the market. In most of the world, the car was available with composite headlamps, while in the US, it was only available with rectangular sealed beam lamps due to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108 (FMVSS 108). The suspension setup was identical to the Golf and consisted of a MacPherson strut setup in front and a twist-beam rear suspension. It shared its 2,400 mm (94.5 in) wheelbase with its hatchback counterpart, although overall length was up by 380 millimetres (15 in). The capacity of the luggage compartment was 377 litres (13.3 ft3), making the Jetta reasonably practical. To distinguish the car from the Golf, interiors were made more upscale in all markets. This included velour seating and color coordinated sill to sill carpeting.

Engine choices varied considerably depending on the local market. Most were based on 827 engines of the era. Choices in petrol engines ranged from a 1.1 litre four-cylinder engine producing 37 kW, to a 1.8-litre I4 which made 82 kW and 150 Nm of torque. Some cars were equipped with carburetors, while others were fuel-injected using K or KE Jetronic supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH. Diesel engine choices included a 1.6-litre making 37 kW and a turbocharged version of the same engine which produced 51 kW and 130 Nm of torque.

Volkswagen briefly considered producing the Jetta in a plant located in Sterling Heights, Michigan in the US. However, due to declining sales in North America, the decision was postponed and abandoned in 1982. The site was subsequently sold to Chrysler in 1983 and was in operation. This generation was also produced in SFR Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, under the joint venture Tvornica Automobila Sarajevo (TAS) for the Balkan area.

Second generation (A2, Typ 20E/1G; 1984)

The Mark 2 series is the longest-running Jetta so far. Introduced to Europe in early 1984 and to North America in 1985, the second generation Jetta proved to be a sales success for Volkswagen. The car secured the title of best-selling European car in North America, Farmer's Journal COTY 1991, and outsold the similar Golf by two-to-one in that market. Based on the all-new second-generation Golf platform, the car was larger, heavier, and could seat five people instead of four as in the Mark 1. Exterior dimensions increased in all directions. Overall length was up by 100 mm, the wheelbase grew 66 mm, and the width went up 53 mm. The suspension setup was basically unchanged from the first generation, although refined slightly, for example by the inclusion of a separate subframe for mounting the front control arms to help noise isolation, as well as improved rubber mountings for all components. Aerodynamics improved considerably, with a drag coefficient of 0.36. With a 470-litre (16.6 ft3) luggage compartment, the trunk had grown nearly as large as some full-sized American sedans. Interior room was also increased 14%, which changed the EPA class from sub-compact to compact.

Cars built in Germany were assembled in a brand new (at the time) plant at Wolfsburg in Assembly Hall 54. The plant was heavily robotised in an effort to make build quality more consistent. New innovations on the second generation included an optional trip computer (referred to as the MFA, German Multi-Funktions-Anzeige), as well as silicone dampened engine and transmission mounts to reduce noise, vibration, and harshness levels. In 1988, a more advanced fully electronic fuel injection system became available. This arrangement is known as the Digifant engine management system.

Like the Mark 1, the second generation was offered as a two-door or four-door sedan. External changes throughout the series' run were few: the front-quarter windows were eliminated in 1988 (along with a grille and door trim change), and larger body-colored bumpers and lower side skirts were added from 1990.

In 2007, Volkswagen of America held a contest to find the diesel-powered Volkswagen with the highest distance traveled on the original engine. The winning car was a 1986 Jetta Turbodiesel found in Blue Rock, Ohio which had 562000 mi. A local dealer verified the odometer reading. Notable on this particular car was that it also had the original muffler despite being located in an area subject to road salt in the winter.

Third generation (A3, Typ 1H; 1992)

For the third generation, the Jetta name was discontinued, and it was officially renamed the Volkswagen Vento in European countries, following the precedent of naming cars after winds, debuted in 1992. The Jetta 3 debuted in North America in 1993 after production delays and quality problems at the Volkswagen plant in Puebla, Mexico. The name "Vento" means "wind" in both Portuguese and Italian. It went on sale in most of Europe in the first quarter of the year, though it did not arrive on the British market until September 1992.

Because of the success of the second generation in North America, Volkswagen decided to keep the Jetta nameplate. However, in Europe the car was given its new name to appeal to a younger market.

Styling was penned by a design team led by Herbert Schafer, and again the car became more aerodynamic than the previous generation. Although visually similar to the Mark 2, there were many refinements underneath. The two-door model was dropped, aerodynamics were improved, with the car now having a drag coefficient of 0.32. This included a new structure which now met worldwide crash standards. Suspensions were an evolutionary rather than revolutionary refinement of the setup on previous editions, and mainly consisted of a wider track, and even maintaining backwards compatibility with older models. In addition, the car became more environmentally friendly with the use of recycled plastics, CFC-free air conditioning systems, and paint that did not contain heavy metals.

This generation of the car is widely credited for keeping Volkswagen from pulling out of the North American market. At the time of its introduction in 1993, Volkswagen of America's sales hit a low not seen since the 1950s. The division sold only 43,902 cars in that year. Sales began slowly due to the aforementioned issues at the Puebla plant. However, sales rebounded dramatically in the following years, mostly based on the strength of the Jetta, which continued to be the best-selling Volkswagen in the USA.

Fourth generation (A4, Typ 1J; 1999)

Production of the fourth generation car began in July 1999. Carrying on the wind nomenclature, the car was known as the Volkswagen Bora in much of the world. Bora is a winter wind which blows intermittently over the coast of the Adriatic Sea, as well as in parts of Greece, Russia, Turkey, and in the Sliven region of Bulgaria. In North America and South Africa, the Jetta moniker was again kept on due to the continued popularity of the car in those markets.

The Mk4 debuted shortly after its larger sibling, the Passat, with which it shared many styling cues. The rounded shape and arched roofline served as the new Volkswagen styling trademark, abandoning traditional sharp creases for more curved corners. A distinguishing feature of the Mk4 is its Whiptenna, a trademark for the antenna on the rear end of the roof, which claims to incur less drag than traditional antennas due to its short length and leeward position. For the first time, the rear passenger doors differed from those of a 5-door Golf. The car was also offered as an estate/wagon (whose rear doors are also non-interchangeable with the others). New on this generation was some advanced options such as rain sensor-controlled windshield wipers and automatic climate control. However, these were expensive extras and many buyers did not specify them on their cars; as a result, the used market has many sparsely equipped models.

Although slightly shorter overall than the Mark 3, the fourth generation saw the wheelbase extended slightly. Some powertrain options were carried over. Nevertheless, two new internal combustion engines were offered, the 1.8-litre turbo 4-cylinder (often referred to as the 1.8 20vT), and the VR6. The suspension setup remained much as before. However, it was softened considerably in most models to give a comfortable ride, which was met with some criticism as it was still quite hard in comparison with rivals such as vehicles offered from French carmakers.

Fifth generation (A5, Typ 1K5; 2005)

The fifth-generation debuted at the Los Angeles Auto Show on 5 January 2005. After the New Beetle, it was the second Volkswagen product to make its world debut at a U.S. auto show. The Mark 5 sedan went on sale in the USA prior to any other country, reflecting the importance of the car in that market for Volkswagen.

The fifth generation is marketed as the Jetta in most markets; as Bora in Mexico and Colombia; Vento in Argentina and Chile; and as the Sagitar in China. The Mark 5 is 170 mm longer, 30 mm wider, and has a 70 mm longer wheelbase than the previous iteration. Interior room has increased from 2.46 cubic metres (87 cu ft) to 2.58 cubic metres (91 cu ft). In particular, rear legroom was increased by 65 mm over the fourth generation. Luggage compartment volume is up to 453 litres (16 cu ft). One major change is the introduction of the first multi-link independent rear suspension in a Jetta. The design of the rear suspension has a strong resemblance to the one found in the Ford Focus. Volkswagen reportedly hired engineers from Ford who designed the suspension on the Focus.

Styling included a new chrome front grille, first seen on the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 R32, which has spread to other models. Some critics appreciated the new styling, whilst others dismissed it as just as bland as the 4th generation.

It is manufactured in the largest volumes in Mexico. VW spent US$800 million to upgrade its Puebla facilities for this model's production. This included a US$290 million new engine production line for the 5-cylinder power plant, a US$50 million investment in the press shop, as well as a US$200 million purchase of 460 robots, which increased automation by 80%. Final A5 assembly also took place also in China and South Africa for those markets. Like initial production of the second generation in China, the Asian and African plants build the car from a complete knock down (CKD) kit shipped from the factory in Puebla. Local assembly in Kaluga, Russia, started in early 2008. Production also began in India in 2008 at the Škoda factory in Aurangabad.

Sixth generation (A6, Typ 5C6; 2010)

The sixth-generation Volkswagen Jetta, known as the NCS (New Compact Sedan) during its development, was announced in the North American market on 16 June 2010. The A6 Jetta marked the departure from being a sedan derivative of the Golf, opting for a dedicated bodywork. It is partly based on the PQ35 platform shared with the Golf Mk6. The new model was larger and less expensive to manufacture than the previous generation making the vehicle more competitive against mainstream rivals in the compact car segment as part of Volkswagen's goal of reaching sales of 800,000 units in the North American market by 2018. The sixth generation Volkswagen Jetta was primarily designed by Volkswagen Mexico under the supervision of Volkswagen Germany.

Volkswagen's target of increasing its North American sales removed the Jetta from the premium compact car market. This forced many cost-cutting measures to be made for the North American models, which included a lower quality trim material for the interior and the replacement of leather with leatherette as an optional seating upholstery. Leather was still available on Canadian-spec models. The North American version also lost the multi-link rear suspension of the previous generation. The turbo hybrid version was unveiled in January 2012 at the North American International Auto Show, and was discontinued in 2016.

Seventh generation (A7; 2018)

The seventh-generation 2018 (2019 in United States) Volkswagen Jetta debuted at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan, on 14 January 2018, after Volkswagen released an exterior design sketch in December 2017. The Jetta is based on Volkswagen's MQB platform, which underpins other Volkswagen vehicles including the Volkswagen Golf and the Volkswagen Atlas.

The Mk7 is larger than its predecessor, offers more interior room and has the latest generation of Volkswagen's infotainment systems, including integration of Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. Its ten-color customizable ambient interior lighting includes lighting across the dashboard and instrument panel, front and rear doors, footwells, and the gauge "rings" of a newly available fully digital instrument cluster display, marketed as the "Digital Cockpit".

As with its predecessors, production of the all-new 2019 Jetta will continue at Volkswagen's Puebla, Mexico Assembly Plant. The all-new Jetta will reach Volkswagen dealerships in the U.S. in the second quarter of 2018. A GLI model with a multi-link rear suspension is expected to come as a 2020 model. However, this new seventh-generation Jetta will not be sold in the European market. The MK7 was recently launched in Korea, where it has become one of the top selling imported models.

The Chinese-spec long-wheelbase Volkswagen Sagitar was launched on January 19, 2019 both in Beijing and Shanghai; it is about 50 mm longer than the U.S.-spec model, and is equipped with independent suspension. This is an attempt to occupy the more upscale market than the Volkswagen Lavida built by SAIC-VW, which share similar looks. Production continues in the FAW-VW Chengdu plant.

In 2022, the facelifted Volkswagen Jetta was revealed in Chicago. Bearing an updated look and design, the new C-segment sedan also gains added kit and a new engine. The 1.5 litre turbo four-cylinder replaces the long-serving 1.4 TSI. As for the GLI, it retains the EA888 2.0 litre four-cylinder turbo from the Golf GTI.

Alternative-propulsion cars
In 2001, at the 18th International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition in Berlin, Volkswagen released two environmentally friendly cars: the Bora HyMotion and the Bora Electric.

The Bora HyMotion was a hydrogen powered Mark 4 with a 75 kW fuel cell that could accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 12.5 seconds. With a 49-litre tank of cryogenically stored hydrogen, it had a range of 350 km (220 mi). Top speed was 140 km/h.

In 2002, Volkswagen, along with Paul Scherrer Institute released another hydrogen-powered car called the Bora Hy.Power. The car was powered by hydrogen compressed to a pressure of 320 bar (4600 psi). It had ratings very similar to the HyMotion; with a 75 kW power source. A special feature of the car was a 60-kilowatt supercapacitor which could boost power when needed and also recover energy when coasting.

Volkswagen had considered producing a mild hybrid version of the fifth-generation mainly for the North American market but never produced it. In 2013 Volkswagen produced a turbocharged full hybrid sixth generation offering for the North American market.

Biofuels
Volkswagen released a Jetta MultiFuel in 1991, at first to the governments of the state of California and New York, and then for limited retail sale in those states to the public. They are an early example of an E85 vehicle, burning a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. These Jettas can still be found on U.S. roads.

Volkswagen also released a Bora TDI which was powered by SunFuel, a synthetic fuel developed in partnership with Royal Dutch Shell. The company also displayed Bora TDI powered by SunDiesel that Volkswagen also developed with DaimlerChrysler along with Choren Industries.

Use of the two most popular blends of biodiesel that are mostly biodiesel, B80 and B100, is not recommended in 2009 and 2010 US TDI engines.

In Brazil, until 2015, the Jetta was sold with the 2.0 L flex-fuel (marketed as "Total Flex") engine in Trendline and Comfortline trims. It could run on either E100 or Petrol. From 2016 model year onwards, the 2.0 L flex-fuel was replaced by the 1.4 L TSI turbocharged engine from EA211 family, that runs exclusively on petrol.

Electric vehicle
In the early 1980s, Volkswagen released a limited production electric Jetta called the Jetta CityStromer. It featured a 24.8 hp (18.5 kW) powertrain (later 37.5 hp (28 kW)), with a range of 190 km (250 km in the later version).

The second concept vehicle was called the Bora Electric. It had a power rating that varied according to the operating conditions. The Bora Electric could accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 10 seconds with a range of 160 km. It was powered by a Lithium-ion battery. It was noted that its chance of success was limited in the marketplace given the high cost of the electric drive system.

Awards and recognition
In November 2008 the VW Jetta TDI (clean diesel) won the 2009 Green Car of the Year awarded by Green Car Journal. As a result of the Volkswagen emissions scandal the award was rescinded.

Motorsport
From 2008 through 2010, Volkswagen and the Sports Car Club of America hosted the Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup, using factory prepared 2009 Jetta TDIs.

For the 2010 SCCA World Challenge season, Irish Mike's Racing is campaigning GLIs in the touring car class. Todd Buras won rounds 1 and 2 at the Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and round 10 at Virginia International Raceway while Chip Herr won round 4 at Mosport.

Recalls
On 30 September 2011, Volkswagen of America announced a recall involving 2009–2012 Jetta and Jetta Sportwagen models with the 2.0L TDI engine; this recall pointed to a resonance condition with the number 2 fuel injector line and the fuel injector pulses, causing small cracks in the line which could leak.

Volkswagen emissions violations recall
In September 2015, it was discovered that some Volkswagen TDIs had exceeded the United States legal emissions limits. These emissions violations, which would later be referred to as Volkswagen's "emissionsgate" or "dieselgate", affected the 2.0 L TDI diesel engines (the engines from 2008 that would later be in the Volkswagen TDIs in North America).

Use in China
Many versions and derivations of Jetta has been built and produced in China by FAW-Volkswagen (FAW-VW) and SAIC-VW, and the Jetta name itself has been used by FAW-VW as a new automotive brand starting in 2019.

The Volkswagen Jetta nameplate was produced from 1991 to 2019 by FAW-VW. It initially started as a rebadged version of the Mk2 Jetta, using the A2 platform. Later versions followed a different development path from the global Jetta, retaining the A2 platform until 2013, when it switched to the A05+ platform. In 2019, the Jetta nameplate was discontinued and spun off as a new brand called Jetta. The Jetta VA3 is the spiritual successor, as it is a sedan using the same A05+ platform.

The Volkswagen Bora (China) is produced by FAW-VW since 2001. It initially started as a rebadged version of the Mk4 Jetta (at the time named Bora in most markets). Later versions followed a different development path from the global Jetta, retaining the A4 (PQ34) platform until 2018, when it switched to the MQB A1 platform, similar to the global Mk7 Jetta.

The Volkswagen Sagitar (China) is produced by FAW-VW since 2006. It largely follows the design of the global Jetta, using the A5 (PQ35) platform from Mk5 to Mk6. For the Mk7 version, the Sagitar is still similar to the global Jetta (using the MQB A1 platform) except with a longer wheelbase of 2731mm.

The Volkswagen Lavida (China) is produced by SAIC-VW since 2008. It was based on a heavily modified FAW-VW first generation Bora (which itself was a rebadged Mk4 Jetta). In 2018, it also switched to the MQB A1 platform, similar to the 2018 Bora and global Mk7 Jetta.

Currently, the Bora and Lavida are considered to be similarly positioned as C segment cars, and the Sagitar is positioned slightly above them due to the longer wheelbase, while the Jetta VA3 is considered to be one segment below.

Jetta A2 (1991–2013)
The first known Jetta was the A2 model that was used as a passenger car and a taxicab.

The A2 was then given a facelift in April 1997 where it was known as the Jetta King. Available engines were a 1.6 litre petrol engine called the EA113 for civilian cars and a 1.9 litre diesel engine only available for taxi models. A 4-speed manual gearbox was standard, which could be replaced by a 5-speed manual gearbox, and then a 4-speed automatic gearbox was made available from November 1998. For 2002, the Jetta King was facelifted with a new exterior. Trim levels consisted of the AT, ATF, Avantgarde, CDX, CiF, CiX, CT, GDF, GiF, GT, GTI, GTX and Meeresbrise. This model was also converted into a 2-door pickup truck in limited numbers.

The A2 was facelifted again in March 2010 with the same engines used by its predecessor; it was known as the Jetta Pioneer. This version of the Jetta was not offered in different trim levels and was a single model for the Chinese market. A2-based Jetta production ended in March 2013 where it was replaced by an independent model using the Volkswagen Group A05+ platform.

According to website Carsalesbase.com, FAW Volkswagen's Jetta A2 model sold over 2.4 million cars.

Bora A4 (2001–present)
The second known Jetta was the A4 model sold under the Bora name which commenced production in December 2001. It was given a facelift in 2006 and was available with the 1.6 and 1.8 litre EA113 petrol engine and a 1.9 litre diesel engine. A 5-speed manual was available alongside a 4-speed automatic transmission. A hatchback version was known as the Bora HS and was a badged Volkswagen Golf Mk4. Production for the first generation Bora ended in 2006 while the Bora HS ended production in 2008.

The Bora was facelifted in 2007 with two new engines, a 1.4 litre turbo and a 1.6, under the EA111 name. A 5-speed and 6-speed manual was standard alongside a 7-speed dual-clutch automatic gearbox. Production ended in 2015.

The third generation Bora commenced production in 2015 for the 2016 model year with a new exterior and interior. 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 litre engines were standard paired to 5- and 6-speed manual and a 7-speed dual-clutch automatic gearbox. This generation is still available as of May 2019 as the Bora Classic with three trim levels.

The fourth generation Bora was produced since April 2018 and used Volkswagen's MQB platform. 1.4 and 1.5 litre engines were standard paired to a 6-speed manual and 7-speed dual-clutch automatic gearbox.

According to website Carsalesbase.com, FAW Volkswagen's Bora model sold over 2.6 million cars as of 2019.

Sagitar (2006–present)
The third known Jetta example was known as the Sagitar and has been produced since April 2006. The Sagitar name was used for the fifth, sixth and seventh generation Jetta as FAW-Volkswagen already used the Jetta name on one of its models.

For the Mk1 Sagitar, a 1.6 litre engine was standard alongside a 1.8 litre turbo and 2 litre engine. The 2.0 litre was removed in 2009 to make way for a 1.4-litre turbocharged engine. Available gearboxes were a 5-speed manual, 6-speed automatic, and 7-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission.

The Mk2 Sagitar entered the market in March 2012. The Sagitar was available with the 1.4 litre turbo and 1.6 litre engine paired with a 5-speed manual gearbox for both engines, a 6-speed automatic gearbox for 1.6 models, and a 7-speed dual-clutch automatic for 1.4 models. 1.8 TSI models were available for 2014 followed by the 2.0 litre TSI for 2016 and 1.2 TSI for 2017 and 2018. The 2.0 litre TSI engine and 6-speed DSG combination are standard on Sagitar GLi models while the 1.4 litre turbo with the 7-speed dual-clutch gearbox is available on Sagitar R-Line models. The Mk2 Sagitar ended production in September 2019.

Its successor, the Mk3 Sagitar was launched in January 2019. A 1.4 and 1.5 litre EA211 engine was standard paired to a 5 speed manual and 6-speed automatic gearbox.

According to Carsalesbase.com, the Sagitar has had 2.8 million units sold in China as of 2019.

New Jetta/Jetta VA3 (2013–present)
The Volkswagen New Jetta was introduced in March 2013 replacing the Chinese built A2 model and is a China-built exclusive. The New Jetta was paired with two new Volkswagen engines under the codename EA211 with displacements of 1.4 litres and 1.6 litres respectively. The EA211 firstly made its debut in the fifth generation Volkswagen Santana in 2012. For horsepower ratings, the 1.4 litre unit produced 66 kilowatts (88 horsepower), while the latter produced 81 kilowatts (108 horsepower). Transmission options consist of a 5 speed manual or a 6 speed automatic. Trim levels were known as Avantgarde (时尚), Comfortline (舒适) and Luxury (豪华) and pricing in 2013 ranged between 82,800 yuan and 119,300 yuan ($12,820 to $18,470 US - February 2021 exchange rate).

The New Jetta was given a facelift in 2017 with a new front and rear design and a brand new 1.5 litre engine producing 82 kilowatts (110 horsepower). A 7 speed dual clutch gearbox comes standard for the 230TSI model. To differentiate this version with 2013 type, the selling name was branded as "New Jetta 2017" (in Chinese: “新捷达2017款”). Production for the New Jetta ended in March 2020. According to Carsalesbase.com, the new Jetta model achieved 1.9 million units sold.

A new car marque was launched in China in February 2019 known as Jetta and one of the models, the Jetta VA3 is a facelifted and rebadged New Jetta. According to pictures found on Chinese car website Autohome, the Jetta VA3 was to be powered by two engines, a 1.4 litre turbo and the 1.5 litre naturally aspirated EA211 four cylinder engine. The VA3 was officially listed in September 2019 and the 1.5 litre EA211 is available paired to a 5 speed manual and 6 speed automatic gearbox. Pricing ranges between 65,800 and 92,800 yuan with 4 trim levels (10,185 and US$13,365 - February 2021 exchange rate). According to Carsalesbase.com, the Jetta VA3 model sold 12,384 cars in 2019 and 42,376 in 2020.

title: Volkswagen Jetta