text:
Sai Kung District

Sai Kung District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. The district comprises the southern half of the Sai Kung Peninsula, the Clear Water Bay Peninsula in the New Territories and a strip of land to the east of Kowloon. Areas in the district include Sai Kung Town, Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark, Tseung Kwan O and over 70 islands of different sizes. The administrative centre had been located in Sai Kung Town until the Sai Kung District Office was relocated to Tseung Kwan O recently. The district's population is concentrated in Tseung Kwan O, as of 2011. In 2011, the district was the third youngest district, with a median age of 39.3. Known as the "back garden of Hong Kong", Sai Kung has been able to retain its natural scenery. Many traditional customs and cultures are still retained in the rural villages.

History
The modern geopolitical entity of Sai Kung District was formed after World War II. Settlements existed in the area prior to the signing of the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, which ceded the area to the colony of Hong Kong from the Qing Empire in 1898. Those ceded areas are now collectively known as the New Territories and New Kowloon.

According to Professor David Faure (historian), unlike other villages of the New Territories, villages in Sai Kung did not form any yeuk, a kind of inter-village alliances in the 19th century in the Qing dynasty.

Under the colonial rule, villages in Sai Kung were grouped under Tung Yeuk (also known as Tung Hoi Yeuk; ) in 1898.

Soon after, the district office of New Territories was established. The New Territories was divided into Northern and Southern District (both not the same as the modern day districts of HK) and New Kowloon in the 1920s. The area around the modern day Sai Kung Town was under the District Office North until 1947, which the area was under the administration of the Southern District (not the same as modern day Southern District) from 1947. The Southern District was under further reform since 1957.

After the end of World War II (the author did not state the exact year, however), the New Territories was divided into 8 sub-divisions, one of which was named after Sai Kung. Such sub-divisions was soon abolished. The North and South District Office were merged to form New Territories Administration, a department of the executive branch of the government, in 1948–1952, which has 3 sub-divisions: Tai Po (covers some of the area of the former Northern District), Yuen Long and Southern District. Sai Kung was under the aforementioned Southern District. Tsuen Wan District Officer was established in 1959 and craved out from the Southern District. The Southern District at that time only administrated the modern-day Sai Kung District and Islands District. A branch office of the Southern District was also established in Mui Wo in 1957, which now belongs to Lantau Island of the Islands District. It was reported that circa the early 1960s, the Southern District was further split into Sai Kung District and Islands District, but merged back in 1963.

By 1969, the New Territories Administration had 7 district offices, of which one was named after Sai Kung.

In 1977, the Hong Kong Governor announced to establish District Advisory Boards to invite locals to become advisors. Although Sai Kung locals, as well as other rural villages of the New Territories, already established their chambers and voting representatives to Heung Yee Kuk, an advisory body to the colonial government, as early as the 1930s.

The Sai Kung District and its District Council (at that time known as District Board) were formally formed in 1982. (Established in 1981, first election in 1982) A year before, the New Territories Administration was merged with its Kowloon and Hong Kong Island counterpart, the Home Affairs Department to form the City and New Territories Administration (it was renamed the Home Affairs Department again in 1993), although the Administration had transferred some functions to the Lands Department in 1982. Since 1985, the district officers of the Hong Kong Districts no longer chaired their respective districts councils. In a larger scale of history, due to the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984, which would hand over the whole colony to the People's Republic of China, the colonial government had made several political reforms on local politics.

A water route from the northern Sai Kung Peninsula to Tai Po existed at least since the Qing dynasty. For this historical and other reasons, the northern portion of the Sai Kung Peninsula belongs to the Tai Po District, but not part of Sai Kung District.

Sai Kung was a local industrial centre before the 1900s. For example, in Sheung Yu, villagers produced mortar and fertiliser from their own lime kiln. Villages also scattered on the islands of Port Shelter, Rocky Harbour, on the Sai Kung Peninsula, on the Clear Water Bay Peninsula as well as other land areas of the District. A temple located on High Island (known in Chinese as Leung Shuen Wan), dates back to 1741.

Sai Kung market town was expanded into the local town centre of the district after the 1950s. However, the District's population are now concentrated around the Tseung Kwan O New Town, partially built on reclaimed land in Junk Bay (or known as its Chinese name Tseung Kwan O) in the 1980s.

Population and settlement
Sai Kung District covers approximately 130 km2 land area as of 2018, It had a population of 461,864 in 2016 by-census, most of it in Tseung Kwan O (398,479). Sai Kung Central election constituency, which roughly has the same boundary as Sai Kung Town planning zone, has a population of 9,623 in the same by-census. Tseung Kwan O is a new town and has multiple constituencies. However, all Tseung Kwan O constituencies are belongs to Tseung Kwan O Outline Zoning Plan in term of town planning administration.

Sai Kung Town

Sai Kung Town is a former fishing village and market township. The designation of the country park areas during the 1970s was a huge boost to the local tourist industry. Sai Kung town underwent significant expansion during the 1970s when the High Island Reservoir and associated water scheme required some villagers and fishermen to be rehoused in Sai Kung. This provided a core of government-funded new development, both housing and commercial, in the town centre. This was followed by the Tui Min Hoi (literal translation 'over the harbour') development under the government's market town programme.

Tseung Kwan O
In addition to Sai Kung, Tseung Kwan O, a booming new town, is also part of Sai Kung District. Tseung Kwan O connects Sai Kung Peninsula with the Kowloon urban area.

Junk Bay was once a natural bay area in Sai Kung, quite near the seafood village of Lei Yue Mun. There once was an iron and steel factory, and the area around Hang Hau Village was known for its shipyards. In 1997, the Hong Kong Government started a major development project in this area, developing it into the seventh Hong Kong new town. Reclamation has since covered the whole bay area and it is now able to accommodate around 380,000 inhabitants, accounting for 95% of the district's total population. This new town was renamed Tseung Kwan O, its present name.

Tseung Kwan O now includes several high-rise residential estates and an industrial estate. The MTR metro system was extended to Tseung Kwan O, facilitating access to Sai Kung District.

Geography
In contrast to the densely populated areas of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, Sai Kung District's heartland is a coastal area characterised by its scenery, small villages and seascapes. The area is known for its pristine beaches and quiet living. Sai Kung remains only partly urbanised and is known as the "last back garden" of Hong Kong.

Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region, Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark
Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region lies in Sharp Island, High Island, the Ninepin Group and the Ung Kong Group (Wang Chau, Basalt Island and Bluff Island), where volcanic rocks, intrusive rocks and world-unique acidic hexagonal volcanic columnar rock joints created by Hong Kong's last large-scale volcanic activity some 16.5 million to 14 million years ago crop out. With a host of volcanic rock coastal landforms, they form a comprehensive showcase of diverse and complex volcanic activities that explain Sai Kung's geological past.

Sai Kung East Country Park
Sai Kung East Country Park occupies a vast area of east Sai Kung Peninsula. With the High Island Reservoir, High Island, Tai Long Wan, Pak Tam Au, Chek Keng, Sheung Yiu, Wong Shek Pier and the surrounding countryside, the 4,494 hectare protected area consists of the largest number of bays and coves among all country parks in Hong Kong. Part of the Geopark is also located there.

Sai Kung West Country Park
Sai Kung East Country Park, including the Sai Kung West Country Park (Wan Tsai Extension), occupies a vast area of west Sai Kung Peninsula. Old preserved villages, such as Pak Sha O, Yung Shue O and Lai Chi Chong are the places of interest.

Clear Water Bay Country Park
Clear Water Bay Country Park occupies the rugged terrain around High Junk Peak in the eastern and the western part of the Clear Water Bay Peninsula. High Junk Peak, one of the Three Sharp Peaks of Hong Kong, is a top attraction in the country park.

Beaches
Sai Kung has some of the cleanest beaches in Hong Kong, including:

 * Clear Water Bay First Beach
 * Clear Water Bay Second Beach
 * Long Ke Wan
 * Silverstrand Beach
 * Tai Long Wan

Islands

On summer nights, many people hire small boats known as kaitos or sampan, some to catch cuttlefish which is a popular pastime for local residents, others for leisurely trips through the island-dotted inland sea of Port Shelter. Islands in the area include:

 * Kau Sai Chau
 * Kiu Tsui Chau (Sharp Island)
 * Leung Shuen Wan Chau (High Island)
 * Pak Sha Chau (White Sand Island)
 * Yeung Chau (Sheep Island)
 * Yim Tin Tsai (Little Salt Field)

The large island of Kau Sai Chau is the location for a public golf course developed and run by the Hong Kong Jockey Club.

Local and tourist attractions

There are numerous cultural sites, heritage sites and country parks in the Sai Kung peninsula, such as:

 * Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark (香港聯合國教科文組織世界地質公園)
 * Sheung Yiu Folk Museum, located in a former Hakka village
 * Memorial Monuments for Sai Kung Martyrs During World War II
 * Sai Kung Outdoor Recreation Centre
 * Lions Nature Education Centre
 * Sai Kung East Country Park
 * Sai Kung West Country Park
 * Clear Water Bay Country Park
 * Che Kung Temple at Ho Chung
 * Tin Hau Temple, Joss House Bay (, or )
 * Jin Island (or Tiu Chung Chau, )
 * Leung Shuen Wan Tin Hau Temple
 * High Island Reservoir
 * Jockey Club Kau Sai Chau Public Golf Course
 * Yim Tin Tsai Village and St. Joseph's Chapel

The town centre of Sai Kung has a high concentration of seafood restaurants which attract many tourists.

In addition, there are golf courses and nature trails. There is a golf driving range center in Ho Chung.

In recent years, the government has invested heavily in Sai Kung, with improvements being made to the town seafront, such as the Waterfront Park. An attractive mix of small boutique-style shops has sprung up as well, due to a sizeable expat population and increasing numbers of local visitors, selling everything from secondhand books to cat-themed accessories, and alternative lifestyle stores that offer items like surfboards, candles, incense, seashells, etc.

Transport

The MTR system's Tseung Kwan O line currently has five stations in Tseung Kwan O New Town. The new town is also served by a comprehensive bus network that connects it to Kowloon via several main roads including Tseung Kwan O Tunnel and Po Lam Road.

Hang Hau Road and Ying Yip Road link Tseung Kwan O with Sai Kung Town and Clear Water Bay. The nearest MTR station to Sai Kung Town is Hang Hau.

Some isolated parts of Sai Kung Peninsula have no road access and can only be reached on foot or by boat. Where a destination is accessible by public transport, it is usually served via a network of bus routes, public light buses (i.e. minibuses) and taxis.

Education
The education in the Sai Kung District is administrated by the Education Bureau and not administrated by Sai Kung District Office. The latter is a division of Home Affairs Department instead. The Education Bureau has its own zoning scheme. For example, Primary One Admission School Net no.95, covers the whole Sai Kung District, as well as Sai Kung North which is part of Tai Po District.

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, one of the eight publicly funded tertiary institutions in Hong Kong, is located in Clear Water Bay Road, Sai Kung District.

The Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education has Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Lee Wai Lee) in Tiu Keng Leng, Tseung Kwan O. The Hong Kong Design Institute is next to the IVE Tiu Keng Leng campus.

Miscellaneous

 * The northern half of Sai Kung Peninsula belongs to nearby Tai Po District, and not Sai Kung District. This is because communities in the northern half of Sai Kung Peninsula used to be more connected to Tai Po via kai-to sea transport before roads were built leading into this area in the 20th century.
 * Coincidentally, the Chinese characters "西貢" for Sai Kung are also the Vietnamese Chu nom characters for the name Saigon (now called Ho Chi Minh City), a major city in Vietnam. However, there is also a street called Saigon Street (西貢街) named after the Vietnamese city, not Sai Kung.

Media
Sai Kung District is served by Sai Kung Magazine, a free-distribution English language monthly magazine and the community website Saikung.com. The magazine covers the areas of Sai Kung Town, Clear Water Bay, Pak Sha Wan and Ma On Shan.

title: Sai Kung District


text:
North District, Hong Kong

North District is the northernmost district of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is located in the northeastern part of the New Territories. The new town of Fanling–Sheung Shui is within this district. It had a population of 298,657 in 2001. The district has the second lowest population density in Hong Kong.

It borders with Shenzhen city with the Sham Chun River. Most major access points to Mainland China from Hong Kong lie in this district. The North District is about 168 km2 in area.

Demographics
According to statistics, 70% of the district population lives in the public estates in the Fanling–Sheung Shui New Town. 40,000 villagers living around the two town centres and the main rural towns (Sha Tau Kok and Ta Kwu Ling) account for most residents in the district.

Islands of the district

 * A Chau
 * Ap Chau Mei Pak Tun Pai
 * Ap Chau Pak Tun Pai
 * Ap Chau (, Robinson Island)
 * Ap Lo Chun
 * Ap Tan Pai
 * Ap Tau Pai
 * Chap Mo Chau
 * Cheung Shek Tsui
 * Fu Wong Chau
 * Fun Chau
 * Hung Pai
 * Kat O Chau (, Crooked Island)
 * Ko Pai
 * Kok Tai Pai
 * Lan Shuen Pei
 * Lo Chi Pai
 * Ngo Mei Chau (, Crescent Island)
 * Pak Ka Chau
 * Pak Sha Chau (, Round Island)
 * Pat Ka Chau
 * Sai Ap Chau
 * Sha Pai
 * Shau Kei Pai
 * Sheung Pai
 * Shui Cham Tsui Pai
 * Siu Nim Chau
 * Ta Ho Pai
 * Tai Nim Chau
 * Tsing Chau (, Table Island)
 * Wong Nai Chau
 * Wong Nai Chau
 * Wong Wan Chau (, Double Island)
 * Wu Chau
 * Wu Pai
 * Wu Yeung Chau Pai
 * Yan Chau
 * Yeung Chau

Miscellaneous
The northern end of the Wilson Trail hiking path is located in the North District. The trail ends at Nam Chung.

Transport
North District is served by the East Rail line, Fanling Highway, San Tin Highway and Sha Tau Kok Road.

MTR Stations

 * Fanling station
 * Sheung Shui station
 * Lo Wu station (terminus of East Rail line)

Border crossings

 * Sha Tau Kok (road)
 * Man Kam To (road)
 * Lo Wu (train)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: North District, Hong Kong


text:
Talk:Adrian Edmondson

Images
Are images okay on bio pages? -- sugarfish 05:26 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * They should be, with proper attestation. Fire Star 05:51, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Link in info box
It doesn't seem right to me to have the link to the web site in the info box. It is already listed in the external list section. Info boxes should only link to original websites. I am not saying it is a bad website - far from infact - but it doesn't belong there since it makes it seems as if it is his official website which it isn't. MartinDK 19:24, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Birthplace
There was no "West Yorkshire" in 1957! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 90.241.153.68 (talk) 15:50, 15 February 2007 (UTC).
 * ✅ changed to West Riding of Yorkshire. Jim Michael (talk) 21:12, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bottom001.jpg
Image:Bottom001.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BetacommandBot (talk) 04:44, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Pepperami?
Is it Edmondson who voices the various Pepperami ads, or just someone who sounds like him? 86.3.150.116 (talk) 10:45, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Right on both counts. It is both him and someone who sounds like him, ie him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.102.116.250 (talk) 15:23, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Vyvian dumb?
For a start, this is very non-encyclopoedic language. It's also untrue. From somewhere in the second series Vyvyan offers this critique of the two main characters in The Good Life: "They're nothing but a couple of reactionary stereotypes, confirming the myth that everyone in England is a lovable middle-class eccentric". This is a **** sight more intelligent than anything anybody else ever says in the series. If you think Vyvyan is dumb you either a) haven't watched the series or b) have very high standards.

When Ade plays opposite Rik M he always makes the RM character look stupid, with the possible exception of the Dangerous Brothers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.102.116.250 (talk) 15:23, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Difficulty in working with Mayall
The passage about Edmondson going off working with Mayall on Bottom was a bit unclear. I deleted a line about one of them stopping drinking as it was ambiguous as to which it was, but if anyone can find a reference and word it clearly it should go back in Rankersbo (talk) 16:19, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Charity work?
Some of his other charity work for Comic Relief and others might be worth a mention? e.g. his triumphant performances on Comic Relief Does Fame Academy? Nodrog75 (talk) 09:20, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Contentious unsourced content
Some of the content can be sourced to The Daily Mirror 1 December 2004, "Ade: It's Time for Rick and I to Split",  Barbara Davies. Of course the Mirror is hardly the newspaper of record, but there's the info FWIW. Rich Farmbrough, 02:16, 16 January 2012 (UTC).

adrians displeasure with his wiki article
https://web.archive.org/web/20130930065527/http://www.adrianedmondson.co.uk/the-occasional-blog/2012/01/nerdy-wikipedia-bastards [repointed to Wayback machine 10:10, 28 June 2024 (UTC)] wow. perhaps letting adrian write about himself because HE IS HIMSELF! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.239.176.141 (talk) 13:02, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

Wish I could have a long career playing the same role over and over and over just changing the names. Not even his character. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.75.6.121 (talk) 14:32, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Ade at Sea
Article is only one sentence long and unsourced, the information would fit into Edmondson's article Knope7 (talk) 02:42, 17 March 2016 (UTC)
 * maybe that page will grow as ppl get to see it and react to it. he has lots of pages for shows, it's not much yet, but ... --Dave Rave (talk) 20:37, 17 March 2016 (UTC)
 * According to that article, the show ran for 6 episodes and new episodes have not been produced in nearly 2 years. If someone wants to improve it now, they are certainly welcome to, I just don't see that as being particularly likely. Even if the page turns into a redirect, it can still be returned to being its own article if someone wants to put in the required work. Knope7 (talk) 01:41, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

 * My suggestion is that that the Ade at Sea page is deleted. Aberdeen01 (talk) 22:14, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree with Knope7. Redirect and merge into this article.Rayman60 (talk) 14:06, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

Wikipedia comments
In an interview with the Daily Mail Ade Edmondson talks about his experiences attempting to edit his own Wikipedia article—presumably using the account. It does't quite bear out what he says—I can't find any evidence of a block! Betty Logan (talk) 03:11, 17 September 2023 (UTC)
 * This has made the news again, in a slightly better source. Not sure if anything needs to be done given the one inaccuracy cited has apparently been fixed, but noting for posterity.-- Laun chba ller 11:57, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 22 September 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover)  The Night Watch     (talk)   19:12, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

Ade Edmondson → Adrian Edmonson – Post-1980 sources more often use "Adrian". It's also how he's credited on screen in recent TV work like Rain Dogs, and is the name on the cover of his upcoming autobiography. Belbury (talk) 09:16, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

 * ...Did you make a typo in this request...? Edmondson/Edmonsen? Mountaincirque talk 13:04, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * "Edmonson" apparently! Yes, I meant to retain the current "Edmondson" surname. Can I edit the template above or will that upset the bots? Belbury (talk) 13:06, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support move to Adrian Edmondson per nom. All the references in the article refer to him as "Adrian" - indeed, it appears that he's only credited as "Ade" for Ade in Britain and Ade at Sea, neither of which has its own article. Tevildo (talk) 11:01, 23 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Adrian Edmondson per nom. It's been his common name for many years and wasn't that uncommon even when he was young. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:06, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adrian Edmondson


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Elasticity (physics)

In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size after removal. This is in contrast to plasticity, in which the object fails to do so and instead remains in its deformed state.

The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice changes size and shape when forces are applied (energy is added to the system). When forces are removed, the lattice goes back to the original lower energy state. For rubbers and other polymers, elasticity is caused by the stretching of polymer chains when forces are applied.

Hooke's law states that the force required to deform elastic objects should be directly proportional to the distance of deformation, regardless of how large that distance becomes. This is known as perfect elasticity, in which a given object will return to its original shape no matter how strongly it is deformed. This is an ideal concept only; most materials which possess elasticity in practice remain purely elastic only up to very small deformations, after which plastic (permanent) deformation occurs.

In engineering, the elasticity of a material is quantified by the elastic modulus such as the Young's modulus, bulk modulus or shear modulus which measure the amount of stress needed to achieve a unit of strain; a higher modulus indicates that the material is harder to deform. The SI unit of this modulus is the pascal (Pa). The material's elastic limit or yield strength is the maximum stress that can arise before the onset of plastic deformation. Its SI unit is also the pascal (Pa).

Overview
When an elastic material is deformed due to an external force, it experiences internal resistance to the deformation and restores it to its original state if the external force is no longer applied. There are various elastic moduli, such as Young's modulus, the shear modulus, and the bulk modulus, all of which are measures of the inherent elastic properties of a material as a resistance to deformation under an applied load. The various moduli apply to different kinds of deformation. For instance, Young's modulus applies to extension/compression of a body, whereas the shear modulus applies to its shear. Young's modulus and shear modulus are only for solids, whereas the bulk modulus is for solids, liquids, and gases.

The elasticity of materials is described by a stress–strain curve, which shows the relation between stress (the average restorative internal force per unit area) and strain (the relative deformation). The curve is generally nonlinear, but it can (by use of a Taylor series) be approximated as linear for sufficiently small deformations (in which higher-order terms are negligible). If the material is isotropic, the linearized stress–strain relationship is called Hooke's law, which is often presumed to apply up to the elastic limit for most metals or crystalline materials whereas nonlinear elasticity is generally required to model large deformations of rubbery materials even in the elastic range. For even higher stresses, materials exhibit plastic behavior, that is, they deform irreversibly and do not return to their original shape after stress is no longer applied. For rubber-like materials such as elastomers, the slope of the stress–strain curve increases with stress, meaning that rubbers progressively become more difficult to stretch, while for most metals, the gradient decreases at very high stresses, meaning that they progressively become easier to stretch. Elasticity is not exhibited only by solids; non-Newtonian fluids, such as viscoelastic fluids, will also exhibit elasticity in certain conditions quantified by the Deborah number. In response to a small, rapidly applied and removed strain, these fluids may deform and then return to their original shape. Under larger strains, or strains applied for longer periods of time, these fluids may start to flow like a viscous liquid.

Because the elasticity of a material is described in terms of a stress–strain relation, it is essential that the terms stress and strain be defined without ambiguity. Typically, two types of relation are considered. The first type deals with materials that are elastic only for small strains. The second deals with materials that are not limited to small strains. Clearly, the second type of relation is more general in the sense that it must include the first type as a special case.

For small strains, the measure of stress that is used is the Cauchy stress while the measure of strain that is used is the infinitesimal strain tensor; the resulting (predicted) material behavior is termed linear elasticity, which (for isotropic media) is called the generalized Hooke's law. Cauchy elastic materials and hypoelastic materials are models that extend Hooke's law to allow for the possibility of large rotations, large distortions, and intrinsic or induced anisotropy.

For more general situations, any of a number of stress measures can be used, and it is generally desired (but not required) that the elastic stress–strain relation be phrased in terms of a finite strain measure that is work conjugate to the selected stress measure, i.e., the time integral of the inner product of the stress measure with the rate of the strain measure should be equal to the change in internal energy for any adiabatic process that remains below the elastic limit.

International System
The SI unit for elasticity and the elastic modulus is the pascal (Pa). This unit is defined as force per unit area, generally a measurement of pressure, which in mechanics corresponds to stress. The pascal and therefore elasticity have the dimension L−1⋅M⋅T−2.

For most commonly used engineering materials, the elastic modulus is on the scale of gigapascals (GPa, 109 Pa).

Linear elasticity
As noted above, for small deformations, most elastic materials such as springs exhibit linear elasticity and can be described by a linear relation between the stress and strain. This relationship is known as Hooke's law. A geometry-dependent version of the idea was first formulated by Robert Hooke in 1675 as a Latin anagram, "ceiiinosssttuv". He published the answer in 1678: "Ut tensio, sic vis" meaning "As the extension, so the force", a linear relationship commonly referred to as Hooke's law. This law can be stated as a relationship between tensile force $F$ and corresponding extension displacement $$x$$,
 * $$F=k x,$$

where $k$ is a constant known as the rate or spring constant. It can also be stated as a relationship between stress $$\sigma$$ and strain $$\varepsilon$$:
 * $$\sigma = E\varepsilon,$$

where $E$ is known as the Young's modulus.

Although the general proportionality constant between stress and strain in three dimensions is a 4th-order tensor called stiffness, systems that exhibit symmetry, such as a one-dimensional rod, can often be reduced to applications of Hooke's law.

Finite elasticity
The elastic behavior of objects that undergo finite deformations has been described using a number of models, such as Cauchy elastic material models, Hypoelastic material models, and Hyperelastic material models. The deformation gradient (F) is the primary deformation measure used in finite strain theory.

Cauchy elastic materials
A material is said to be Cauchy-elastic if the Cauchy stress tensor σ is a function of the deformation gradient F alone:
 * $$\ \boldsymbol{\sigma} = \mathcal{G}(\boldsymbol{F}) $$

It is generally incorrect to state that Cauchy stress is a function of merely a strain tensor, as such a model lacks crucial information about material rotation needed to produce correct results for an anisotropic medium subjected to vertical extension in comparison to the same extension applied horizontally and then subjected to a 90-degree rotation; both these deformations have the same spatial strain tensors yet must produce different values of the Cauchy stress tensor.

Even though the stress in a Cauchy-elastic material depends only on the state of deformation, the work done by stresses might depend on the path of deformation. Therefore, Cauchy elasticity includes non-conservative "non-hyperelastic" models (in which work of deformation is path dependent) as well as conservative "hyperelastic material" models (for which stress can be derived from a scalar "elastic potential" function).

Hypoelastic materials
A hypoelastic material can be rigorously defined as one that is modeled using a constitutive equation satisfying the following two criteria:

\dot{\boldsymbol{\sigma}} = G(\boldsymbol{\sigma},\boldsymbol{L}) \,, $$ in which $$\dot{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}$$ is the material rate of the Cauchy stress tensor, and $$\boldsymbol{L}$$ is the spatial velocity gradient tensor.
 * 1) The Cauchy stress $$\boldsymbol{\sigma}$$ at time $$t$$ depends only on the order in which the body has occupied its past configurations, but not on the time rate at which these past configurations were traversed. As a special case, this criterion includes a Cauchy elastic material, for which the current stress depends only on the current configuration rather than the history of past configurations.
 * 2) There is a tensor-valued function $$G$$ such that $$

If only these two original criteria are used to define hypoelasticity, then hyperelasticity would be included as a special case, which prompts some constitutive modelers to append a third criterion that specifically requires a hypoelastic model to not be hyperelastic (i.e., hypoelasticity implies that stress is not derivable from an energy potential). If this third criterion is adopted, it follows that a hypoelastic material might admit nonconservative adiabatic loading paths that start and end with the same deformation gradient but do not start and end at the same internal energy.

Note that the second criterion requires only that the function $$G$$ exists. As detailed in the main hypoelastic material article, specific formulations of hypoelastic models typically employ so-called objective rates so that the $$G$$ function exists only implicitly and is typically needed explicitly only for numerical stress updates performed via direct integration of the actual (not objective) stress rate.

Hyperelastic materials
Hyperelastic materials (also called Green elastic materials) are conservative models that are derived from a strain energy density function (W). A model is hyperelastic if and only if it is possible to express the Cauchy stress tensor as a function of the deformation gradient via a relationship of the form

\boldsymbol{\sigma} = \cfrac{1}{J}~ \cfrac{\partial W}{\partial \boldsymbol{F}}\boldsymbol{F}^\textsf{T} \quad \text{where} \quad J := \det\boldsymbol{F} \,. $$

This formulation takes the energy potential (W) as a function of the deformation gradient ($$\boldsymbol{F}$$). By also requiring satisfaction of material objectivity, the energy potential may be alternatively regarded as a function of the Cauchy-Green deformation tensor ($$\boldsymbol{C} := \boldsymbol{F}^\textsf{T}\boldsymbol{F}$$), in which case the hyperelastic model may be written alternatively as

\boldsymbol{\sigma} = \cfrac{2}{J}~ \boldsymbol{F}\cfrac{\partial W}{\partial \boldsymbol{C}}\boldsymbol{F}^\textsf{T} \quad \text{where} \quad J := \det\boldsymbol{F} \,. $$

Applications
Linear elasticity is used widely in the design and analysis of structures such as beams, plates and shells, and sandwich composites. This theory is also the basis of much of fracture mechanics.

Hyperelasticity is primarily used to determine the response of elastomer-based objects such as gaskets and of biological materials such as soft tissues and cell membranes.

Factors affecting elasticity
In a given isotropic solid, with known theoretical elasticity for the bulk material in terms of Young's modulus,the effective elasticity will be governed by porosity. Generally a more porous material will exhibit lower stiffness. More specifically, the fraction of pores, their distribution at different sizes and the nature of the fluid with which they are filled give rise to different elastic behaviours in solids.

For isotropic materials containing cracks, the presence of fractures affects the Young and the shear moduli perpendicular to the planes of the cracks, which decrease (Young's modulus faster than the shear modulus) as the fracture density increases, indicating that the presence of cracks makes bodies brittler. Microscopically, the stress–strain relationship of materials is in general governed by the Helmholtz free energy, a thermodynamic quantity. Molecules settle in the configuration which minimizes the free energy, subject to constraints derived from their structure, and, depending on whether the energy or the entropy term dominates the free energy, materials can broadly be classified as energy-elastic and entropy-elastic. As such, microscopic factors affecting the free energy, such as the equilibrium distance between molecules, can affect the elasticity of materials: for instance, in inorganic materials, as the equilibrium distance between molecules at 0 K increases, the bulk modulus decreases. The effect of temperature on elasticity is difficult to isolate, because there are numerous factors affecting it. For instance, the bulk modulus of a material is dependent on the form of its lattice, its behavior under expansion, as well as the vibrations of the molecules, all of which are dependent on temperature.

title: Elasticity (physics)


text:
George Lincoln Rockwell

George Lincoln Rockwell (March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was an American fascist activist and exhibitionist. Rockwell founded the American Nazi Party in 1959 and became the self-styled Führer of Neo-Nazism in the United States.

His beliefs, strategies, and writings have continued to influence many white supremacists and Neo-Nazis. Born in Bloomington, Illinois, Rockwell briefly studied philosophy at Brown University before dropping out to join the Navy. He trained as a pilot and served in World War II and the Korean War in non-combat roles, achieving the rank of Commander. Rockwell's politics grew more radical and vocal in the 1950s, and he was honorably discharged due to his views in 1960.

In politics, he regularly praised Adolf Hitler, referring to him as the "White Savior of the twentieth century". He denied the Holocaust and believed that Martin Luther King Jr. was a tool for Jewish communists desiring to rule the white community. He blamed the civil rights movement on Jews, and viewed most of them as traitors. He viewed black people as a primitive, lethargic race who desired only simple pleasures and a life of irresponsibility, and supported the resettlement of all African Americans in a new African state to be funded by the U.S. government. As a supporter of racial segregation and white separatism, he agreed with and quoted many leaders of the Black separatism movement such as Elijah Muhammad and early Malcolm X. In his later years, Rockwell became increasingly aligned with other Neo-Nazi groups, leading the World Union of National Socialists.

On August 25, 1967, Rockwell was shot and killed in Arlington by John Patler, a former party member expelled by Rockwell for alleged "Bolshevik leanings".

Early life
Rockwell was born in Bloomington, Illinois, the first of three children of George Lovejoy Rockwell and Claire (Schade) Rockwell. His father was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was of English and Scottish ancestry. His mother was the daughter of Augustus Schade, a German immigrant, and Corrine Boudreau, who was of Acadian French ancestry. Both parents were vaudeville comedians and actors. His parents divorced when Rockwell was six years old, and he divided his youth between his mother in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and his father in Boothbay Harbor, Maine.

Rockwell attended Atlantic City High School in Atlantic City, and applied to Harvard University when he was 17 years old. However, he was denied admission. One year later, his father enrolled him at Hebron Academy in Hebron, Maine.

In August 1938, Rockwell enrolled at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, as a philosophy major. In his sophomore year, Rockwell dropped out of Brown University and accepted a commission in the United States Navy.

Military service
Rockwell appreciated the order and discipline of the Navy, and attended flight schools in Massachusetts and Florida in 1940. When he completed his training, he served in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Pacific War in World War II. He served aboard the USS Omaha, USS Pastores, USS Wasp and USS Mobile, primarily in support, photo reconnaissance, transport and training functions. Though he never actually flew in combat, he was considered a good pilot and an efficient officer.

On April 24, 1943, Rockwell married Judith Aultman, whom he had met while attending Brown University. Aultman was a student at Pembroke College, which was the coordinate women's college of the university. The couple had three daughters: Bonnie, Nancy, and Phoebe Jean. Rockwell did not get along with his in-laws; he blamed them for not raising Judith to be "docile and compliant", his image of the perfect wife. His marriage was marred with violent arguments and on at least one occasion, he struck his wife.

After the war ended, Rockwell worked as a sign painter out of a small shop on land owned by his father in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. In 1946, he entered the commercial art program at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York. He and his wife Judith moved to New York City so he could study at Pratt. He did well at Pratt, winning the $1,000 first prize for an advertisement he did for the American Cancer Society. However, he left Pratt before finishing his final year, and moved to Maine to found his own advertising agency.

In 1950, Rockwell was recalled to duty as a lieutenant commander at the beginning of the Korean War. He moved to San Diego with his wife and three children, where he trained pilots in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps.

Privately, during his time in San Diego, Rockwell became an advocate of Adolf Hitler and a supporter of Nazism. He was influenced by Senator Joseph McCarthy's stance against communism, carmaker Henry Ford's hatred of Jews, and aviator Charles Lindbergh's stance on race. Rockwell supported General Douglas MacArthur's candidacy for president of the United States. He adopted the corncob pipe, following MacArthur's example. In 1951, he read the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and Hitler's manifesto Mein Kampf.

In November 1952, Rockwell was transferred to Iceland, where he became a Grumman F8F Bearcat pilot and attained the rank of commander. Because families were not permitted to be with American service personnel stationed there, his wife and children stayed with her mother in Barrington, Rhode Island. His wife filed for divorce the following year. Rockwell attended a diplomatic party in Reykjavík where he met Margrét Þóra Hallgrímsson, the niece of Iceland's ambassador to the United States; they were married on October 3, 1953, by Þóra's uncle, the Bishop of Iceland. They spent their honeymoon in Berchtesgaden, Germany, where Hitler once owned the Berghof mountain retreat in the Bavarian Alps. They made a "pilgrimage" to Hitler's Adlerhorst. Together they had three children: Hallgrímur, Margrét, and Evelyn Bentína. In 1957, Hallgrímsson's father went to the U.S. to take his daughter back to Iceland because he had learned that Rockwell was "one of the most active racists in the United States." She subsequently divorced Rockwell and remarried in 1963.

In September 1955 in Washington, D.C., he launched U.S. Lady, a magazine for United States servicemen's wives. The magazine incorporated Rockwell's political causes: his opposition to both racial integration and communism. The publication had financial problems and he sold the magazine. However, he still aspired to pursue a career in publishing.

Early political activities
After his move to Washington, D.C., in 1955, he gradually became radicalised until, in the words of his biographer, he was "on the farthest fringe of the right wing." In 1957–1958, Rockwell had a series of dreams that ended with him meeting Hitler.

In 1958, Rockwell met Harold Noel Arrowsmith Jr., a wealthy heir and antisemite who provided Rockwell with a house and printing equipment. They formed the National Committee to Free America from Jewish Domination.

On July 29, 1958, Rockwell demonstrated in front of the White House in an anti-war protest against President Dwight D. Eisenhower's decision to send peacekeeping troops to the Middle East, known as Operation Blue Bat. Rockwell and his supporters specifically protested what they supposed was Jewish control of the government. In October 1958, following the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing, Rockwell's home was raided by the police.

Rockwell gained notoriety after Drew Pearson wrote an article describing how Rockwell and his followers dressed in uniforms, armed themselves with guns, and paraded at his home in Arlington County, Virginia.

American Nazi Party
In March 1959, Rockwell founded the World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists (WUFENS), a name selected to denote opposition to state ownership of property. In December 1959, the organization was renamed the American Nazi Party (later the National Socialist White People's Party, NSWPP), and its headquarters was relocated to 928 North Randolph Street in Arlington, which also became Rockwell's home.

In 1959, he published an Animal Farm-type parody, the long-form poem and children's book The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens.

In 1960, as a result of his political activities, the Navy discharged Rockwell one year short of retirement because he was regarded as "not deployable" due to his political views. The proceedings to dismiss him were an extremely public affair. Even though he received an honorable discharge, Rockwell claimed he "had basically been thrown out of the Navy", for which he blamed the Jews. In order to attract media attention, Rockwell held a rally on April 3, 1960, on the National Mall, where he addressed the crowd with a two-hour speech. A second rally was planned for Union Square in New York City. Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. refused to grant him a permit to speak, and he appealed that decision to the New York Supreme Court. When Rockwell emerged in the courthouse rotunda, he was surrounded by a crowd of television reporters. One of the reporters, Reese Schonfeld, interviewed Rockwell, and after Rockwell made antisemitic comments, a melee broke out, requiring a police convoy to escort Rockwell from the courthouse. Rockwell, with the aid of the American Civil Liberties Union, eventually won a permit, but it was long after the date of the planned event. Another rally was set for July 4, 1960, again on the National Mall. Rockwell and his men were confronted by a mob and a riot ensued. The police arrested Rockwell and eight party members. Rockwell demanded a trial, and instead, was committed to a psychiatric hospital for thirty days. In less than two weeks, he was released and found mentally competent to stand trial. He published a pamphlet inspired by this experience titled How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum.

On January 15, 1961, Rockwell and a fellow Nazi Party member attempted to picket the local premiere of the film Exodus at the Saxon Theatre in Downtown Boston on Tremont Street while staying at the Hotel Touraine. After Boston Mayor John F. Collins declined to deny Rockwell the right to picket, members of the local Jewish community organized a counterdemonstration of 2,000 protestors in response on the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets on the day of the premiere, which forced police to converge on the theater and force Rockwell into a police cruiser that took him to Logan International Airport where Rockwell was then boarded onto a flight to Washington, D.C. In early 1962, Rockwell planned a rally to celebrate Hitler's birthday on April 20. In the summer, he attended a camp organized by British Neo-Nazi Colin Jordan in Gloucestershire where they organized the World Union of National Socialists. In September, he awarded one of his members a medal for punching Martin Luther King Jr. in the face.

In the 1964 United States presidential election, Rockwell ran as a write-in candidate, receiving 212 votes. He ran as an independent in the 1965 Virginia gubernatorial election, receiving 5,730 votes, or 1.02% of the total, finishing last among the four candidates. In the summer of 1966, Rockwell led a counter-demonstration against King's attempt to bring an end to de facto segregation in the white Chicago suburb of Cicero, Illinois. He believed that King was a tool for Jewish Communists who wanted to integrate America. Rockwell believed that integration was a Jewish plot to rule the white community. Rockwell led the American Nazi Party in assisting the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations during the civil rights movement, in attempts to counter the Freedom Riders and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. But he soon came to believe that the Klan was stuck in the past and ineffective in helping him wage a modern racial struggle.

In 1966, after hearing the slogan "Black Power" during a debate with Black Panther Party leader Stokely Carmichael, Rockwell altered the phrase and started a call for "White Power". In the spring of 1966, the party began publication of several pamphlets and books, including National Socialist World edited by William Luther Pierce, writings by Rockwell, the periodical Stormtrooper Magazine (originally National Socalist Bulletin), and a propaganda comic book, Here Comes Whiteman!, where the title superhero character battles enemies modeled after racist stereotypes. In November 1966, the American Civil Liberties Union once again represented Rockwell, defending his right to stage marches or parades in Jewish neighborhoods during Jewish holidays.

Offices
The two-story farm house Rockwell established as his "Stormtrooper Barracks" was located at 6150 Wilson Boulevard in the Dominion Hills Historic District. It was there that the interview with Alex Haley for Playboy occurred. The house has since been razed, and the property has been incorporated into Upton Hill Regional Park. A small pavilion with picnic tables marks the house's former location.

The site of the party headquarters, 928 North Randolph Street in Ballston, Virginia, is now a hotel and office building. After Rockwell's death, his successor, Matthias Koehl, relocated the headquarters to 2507 North Franklin Road in Clarendon, Arlington, Virginia. The small building, often misidentified today as Rockwell's former headquarters, is now a coffee shop called Sweet Science Coffee, formerly The Java Shack. Koehl moved the headquarters to New Berlin, Wisconsin, in the mid-1980s.

Record label
In the 1960s, Rockwell attempted to draw attention to his cause by starting a record label, named Hatenanny Records. The name was based on the word "hootenanny", a term given to folk music performances. The label released several singles promoting racist and white supremacist beliefs by such bands as Odis Cochran and the Three Bigots and the Coon Hunters. These songs were sold mostly through mail order and at party rallies.

Hate bus
When the Freedom Riders drove their campaign for the desegregation of bus stations in the Deep South, Rockwell secured a Volkswagen van and decorated it with slogans supporting white supremacy, dubbing it the "Hate Bus" and driving it to speaking engagements and party rallies. On May 24, 1961, Rockwell and nine others were arrested on charges of disturbing the peace in New Orleans after trying to picket the movie Exodus. They went on a hunger strike in jail. Rockwell was only able to raise enough bond money for himself so he could be released five days later. In June 1961, all ten men were found guilty, receiving sentences ranging from 30 to 60 days and fines ranging from $50 to $100. Once more, Rockwell paid his bond, but left his followers in jail. In 1962, the convictions were overturned on appeal. Several years later, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Louisiana's statute on "breach of the peace" was unconstitutional. Ironically, the ruling mainly benefited black civil rights activists.

Black separatism
Rockwell worked with Black separatist leaders who shared his goal of racial segregation, such as Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X. In January 1962, Rockwell wrote to his followers that Elijah Muhammad: "has gathered millions of the dirty, immoral, drunken, filthy-mouthed, lazy and repulsive people sneeringly called 'niggers' and inspired them to the point where they are clean, sober, honest, hard working, dignified, dedicated and admirable human beings in spite of their color ... Muhammad knows that mixing is a Jewish fraud and leads only to aggravation of the problems that it is supposed to solve ... I have talked to the Muslim leaders and am certain that a workable plan for separation of the races could be effected to the satisfaction of all concerned—except the Communist-Jew agitators." He also said of Elijah Muhammad "I am fully in concert with their program, and I have the highest respect for Elijah Muhammad." He referred to Muhammad as "The Black People's Hitler" and donated $20 (worth about $204 in 2022) to the Nation of Islam at their "Freedom Rally" event on June 25, 1961, at Uline Arena in Washington where he and ten ANP members attended a speech by Malcolm X. Rockwell gave a speech to a crowd of 12,000 at a Black Muslim event in the International Amphitheater in Chicago, with Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X, on February 25, 1962.

Inspired by Black Muslims' use of religion to mobilize people, Rockwell sought to collaborate with Christian Identity groups. On June 10, 1964, he met and formed an alliance with Identity minister Wesley A. Swift. Rockwell used religious imagery, depicting himself as a Christ-like martyr who was fighting against the Jews. Nazis found a welcome home in Swift's church and church members found a political outlet in the American Nazi Party.

Holocaust denial
Rockwell was a Holocaust denier. In an April 1966 interview for Playboy conducted by journalist Alex Haley, Rockwell stated, "I don't believe for one minute that any 6,000,000 Jews were exterminated by Hitler. It never happened." When asked in a 1965 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation if the Holocaust were true, Rockwell replied by claiming he had "incontrovertible documentary proof that that's not true."

Assassination and trial
On August 25, 1967, Rockwell was shot and killed while leaving a laundromat in Arlington, Virginia, only a few yards from where he lived. John Patler, who had been expelled by Rockwell from his party in March 1967 for repeated attempts to inject Marxist ideas into party publications, was convicted of the murder in December 1967, and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He spent eight years in prison, and later another six years following a parole violation. Hearing of his son's death, Rockwell's 78-year-old father said: "I am not surprised at all. I've expected it for quite some time."

Matthias Koehl, the second in command at NSWPP, moved to establish control over Rockwell's body and the assets of the NSWPP, which at the time had some 300 active members and 3,000 financial supporters. Rockwell's parents wanted a private burial in Maine, but declined to fight with the Nazis. On August 27, an NSWPP spokesman reported that federal officials had approved a military burial at Culpeper National Cemetery, Rockwell being an honorably discharged veteran. The cemetery specified that no Nazi insignia could be displayed, and when the 50 mourners violated these conditions, the entrance to the cemetery was blocked in a five-hour standoff, during which the hearse, which had been stopped on railroad tracks near the cemetery, was nearly struck by an approaching train. The next day, Rockwell's body was secretly cremated.

Legacy
Rockwell was a source of inspiration for David Duke, who openly espoused neo-Nazi sentiments when he was young. As a student in high school, when he learned that Rockwell was murdered, Duke reportedly said "The greatest American who ever lived has been shot down and killed." Richard B. Spencer is another admirer of Rockwell.

Matthew Heimbach said that Rockwell was "one of the most gifted orators of the 20th century", and Rockwell's writings and speeches were "the things that worked to bring me to National Socialism".

Two of Rockwell's associates, Matthias Koehl and William Luther Pierce, formed their own organizations. Koehl, who was Rockwell's successor, renamed the National Socialist White Peoples Party (NSWPP) the New Order in 1983 and shortly thereafter, he relocated its national headquarters to Wisconsin. Pierce founded the National Alliance and he also wrote the racist dystopian novel The Turner Diaries. Several other neo-Nazi groups were formed in the years since Rockwell's death, some of them were formed by his followers and other groups were formed by newer generations of white supremacists. Some of them are currently defunct.

In popular culture
In the lyrics to the Bob Dylan song "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", the narrator parodies Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson as being Communists, and he also claims that the only "true American" is George Lincoln Rockwell. Quoting the lyrics: "I know for a fact that he hates Commies, 'cause he picketed the movie Exodus."

For its 1972 album Not Insane or Anything You Want To, The Firesign Theatre created a fictional presidential candidate, George Papoon, running on the equally fictional ticket, the Natural Surrealist Light Peoples Party, the name taken as an apparent parody of Rockwell's own group, the National Socialist White Peoples Party.

Marlon Brando portrayed Rockwell in the television miniseries Roots: The Next Generations and he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his performance.

In the third season of the post-World War II alternate history television show The Man in the High Castle, David Furr portrayed Rockwell as the Reichsmarschall of North America. Nazi-ruled New York City's main airport was named Lincoln Rockwell Airport.

In the 2021 British drama series Ridley Road, Rockwell is portrayed by actor Stephen Hogan.

Publications

 * How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum (1960)
 * In Hoc Signo Vinces (1960)
 * Rockwell Report (1961)
 * This Time the World (1961)
 * White Self-Hate: Master-Stroke of the Enemy (1962)
 * White Power (1967)

Albums

 * Nazi Rockwell: A Portrait in Sound (1973, posthumous)
 * Speech at Brown University, 1966 (1966)
 * Speech in the Armory, Lynchburg, Virginia, August 20, 1963 (1963)

title: George Lincoln Rockwell


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Jean Turner

Jean McGivern Turner (born 23 December 1939) is a Scottish medical doctor and former Independent politician. She was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Strathkelvin and Bearsden constituency from 2003 until 2007.

Early life and education
Turner was born in Glagow on 23 December 1939. She attended Hillhead High School before going on to study medicine at the University of Aberdeen, graduating with an MBChB in 1965.

Medical career
After qualifying as a doctor, she worked as an anaesthetist registrar at the Southern General Hospital, then for 25 years as a general practitioner in the Springburn area in Glasgow.

In August 2007, she was appointed as chief executive of the Scotland Patients Association.

Political career
In 2001, a range of services at Stobhill Hospital were under threat and a "Save Stobhill" campaign had emerged. In March 2001 the constituency MSP for Strathkelvin and Bearsden, Sam Galbraith announced his resignation for health reasons, triggering a in the Strathkelvin and Bearsden Holyrood by-election of 2001. By April 44,000 had signed a petition. At the age of 61, having recently retired as a general practitioner, Turner entered the by-election as the independent "Save Stobhill" candidate. In that race, she finished second with 7,572 votes or 18%. She also campaigned against Labour's treatment of the NHS.

In October 2002, she confirmed that she would stand as candidate at the elections the following year. In the 2003 Scottish parliamentary elections, she stood again in Strathkelvin and Bearsden on the same platform she used in 2001. This time, Turner won the seat with 10,988 votes or 31%. She finished ahead of Labour's Brian Fitzpatrick, who was previously head of policy in Donald Dewar's policy unit.

She sat on the Health Committee during her time as a MSP.

In February 2007, Turner announced she would stand for re-election at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, but lost her seat to the Labour candidate, David Whitton.

title: Jean Turner


text:
Jacob Johan Anckarström

Jacob Johan Anckarström (11 May 1762 – 27 April 1792) was a Swedish military officer who is known as the assassin of King Gustav III of Sweden. He was convicted and executed for regicide.

Life
He was the son of Jacob Johan Anckarström the Elder and Hedvig Ulrika Drufva. He married Gustaviana Elisabet Löwen (1764-1844) in 1783, and had two daughters and two sons: Gustafva Eleonora Löwenström (1785-1860), Carolina Lovisa, Johan Jacob and Carl David.

Anckarström served as a page at court and then as a captain in King Gustav III's regiment between 1778 and 1783. During travels to Gotland, he was accused of slandering the king and fled to Stockholm, where he spent the winter; he was subsequently arrested, brought back, and tried in Gotland. Although he was acquitted due to lack of evidence, he later maintained in his confession that this incident sparked his fire of hatred towards the king, fuelled by the contemporary revolutionary movement in Europe. Beginning in 1788 the Swedish nobles were starting to become violently opposed to the king, who, through the aid of the other estates in Parliament, had wrested most of their power from them and was now ruling the nation as an absolute ruler. This dislike was increased by a war against Russia and his implementation of the Union and Security Act of 1789 which stripped the nobles of nearly all of their power and privileges, as well as by the king's desire to interfere in favor of Louis XVIII in the ongoing French Revolution. Anckarström, a man of strong passions and known to have a violent temper, decided the only path forward was the assassination of the king and communicated his intention to other disaffected nobles, including the Counts Claes Horn and Adolf Ribbing.

An early attempt to kill the king at a masquerade ball ended in failure.

The murder
On 16 March 1792, Gustav III had returned to Stockholm, after spending the day at Haga Palace outside the city, to dine and visit a masquerade ball at the Royal Opera. During dinner, the king received an anonymous letter (written by the colonel of the Life Guards, Carl Pontus Lilliehorn) that contained a threat to his life, but as the king had received numerous threatening letters in the past, he chose to ignore the warning.

After dining, the king with Baron Hans Henrik von Essen at his right arm went around the theatre once and then into the foyer where they met Captain Carl Fredrik Pollet. The king, von Essen and Pollet continued through a corridor towards the stage where several dancers and masked men filled the space. Due to the crowd, Pollet receded behind the king, who then leaned back to talk to Pollet.

Anckarström stood at the entrance to the corridor and edged himself behind the king, took out a pistol from his left inner pocket and either he or Count Ribbing, who was next to him, pulled the trigger. Because of the king leaning back at that exact moment the shot went in at an angle left of the third lumbar vertebrae towards the left hip region. The shot consisted of two bullets, furniture tacks and bits of lead clippings; Anckarström later confessed that the composition of the shot was intended to be as lethal as possible.

The king twitched and said “aee” without falling. Anckarström then lost courage; he had thought that the king would fall directly. Bewildered, Anckarström dropped the pistol and knife on the floor, took a few steps and shouted fire. He quickly went towards the entrance, but the guards had already closed the doors. Despondent, he hid his second pistol and mixed in with the crowd. His intention had been to shoot himself with the second pistol. Witnesses told the court that Anckarström had been agitated and asked if the king was badly wounded. All guests at the masquerade were forced to give their names before leaving.

In the 19th Century the history of the assassination was embellished upon, embellishments that still are taken as facts today. Most notably is the tale of how one of the conspirators (often cited as Claes Fredrik Horn) taps the king on the shoulder and saying “bonsoir, beau masque” (Good evening, beautiful masque) to point out Anckarström's target. The other embellishment would be that the king was shot at a certain point in a counter dance, “Plaisir de Grönsö”. The conductor, so the legend goes, marked the sound of the shot in his notes and the music stopped. But the court records show that few people noticed the shot and the music continued playing for some time afterwards.

Anckarström's pistols, legend aside, were brought to several gunsmiths the next morning and one who had repaired them for Anckarström recognized them and identified him as their owner. Anckarström was arrested the same morning and immediately confessed to the murder, although he denied a conspiracy until he was informed that Horn and Ribbing had been arrested and confessed in full.

Anckarström was jailed in a prison not far from the Royal Palace in Stockholm. Today the former prison is an underground restaurant named after the viceroy Sten Sture.

Curiously, the murder had been predicted to the king four years earlier, when he paid an anonymous visit to the celebrated medium of the Gustavian era, Ulrica Arfvidsson. She was often employed by his brother, Duke Charles, and was said to have a large net of informers all over town; she was never suspected to be involved, but she was questioned about the murder. In 1791, Charlotta Roos also predicted misfortune to King Gustav III, something he reportedly referred to on his death bed after the assassination.

Execution
Gustav III died of his wounds on 29 March and on 16 April Anckarström was sentenced. He was stripped of his estates and nobility privileges. He was sentenced to be cast in irons for three days and publicly flogged, his right hand to be cut off, his head removed, and his corpse quartered. The execution took place on 27 April 1792. He endured his sufferings with the greatest fortitude, and seemed to rejoice in having rid his country of a tyrant. His principal accomplices Ribbing and Horn were stripped of titles and estates and expelled from the country.

Aftermath
In the same year, the Anckarström family changed its surname to Löwenström and donated funds for a hospital as a gift of appeasement. This resulted in the Löwenström Hospital, or Löwenströmska lasarettet in Upplands Väsby north of Stockholm. Living descendants of Anckarström include Ulf Adelsohn, and solo sailor Sven Yrvind.

Operas
Anckarström is a character in Daniel Auber's opera Gustave III and Giuseppe Verdi's Un ballo in maschera (A Masked Ball). In the operas, his motivation is changed to jealousy over his wife Amelia, with whom Gustav is portrayed as being in love. He is actually portrayed as being Gustav's close friend before he switches allegiances. Gustav pardons him with his last breath. In the censored version of the Verdi libretto, set in Colonial-era Boston, he is called Renato (Rene).

title: Jacob Johan Anckarström


text:
User talk:H0171728

Greetings! If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 05:43 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
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See also: User:H0119907

title: User talk:H0171728


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects

The School and university projects page collects information about Wikipedia projects for school and university classes, including an archive of many past class projects.

Lists of current classes (and other programs) using Wikipedia can be found at dashboard.wikiedu.org and outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org, as well as below at current projects.

Interested in using Wikipedia assignments in your course? Try these resources:
 * Student assignments, a page of advice and best practices for running Wikipedia assignments
 * Training, a set of training modules for students, educators and others involved with Wikipedia editing assignments
 * Education program, a portal for U.S. and Canada classrooms to receive more organized support. If you're not from the U.S. and Canada, no worries! Feel free to check out the students assignments page and to ask for help at the education noticeboard.

Want to report a problem or ask for help related to a class editing project?
 * Post to the education noticeboard (WP:ENB).

Current projects

 * Data is not easily available for previous projects using the course page system that launched in January 2013 and was removed in 2018. For details, see the discussion of retrieving data from the archived database tables.

Please add new projects at the bottom of this section, and indicate when the projects will end. When a project is completed, archive the information relating to it in one of the subpages listed below at "Past projects". If you need help with this, leave a message on the talk page.

You are invited to add the template Educational assignment to the talk pages of articles which are created or significantly changed due to an assignment. The template looks like this:

University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany – Translation (Ongoing – SINCE 2006)
This is a short project that has been repeated every semester since summer 2006 in the context of a few translation classes (German to English). These classes are exclusively for students in the English Department; most of them are teacher trainees. During each project period of two to three weeks students work on selecting, translating, proofreading and editing texts. Learning how wiki software and Wikipedia work is also a part of what we do. We'd love to coordinate this work with other groups. –OberMegaTrans (talk) 21:42, 5 May 2009 (UTC)--AnTransit (talk) 11:07, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (Fall 2007–present)
An assignment was created by Davida Scharf, Director of Reference and Instruction at NJIT's Van Houten Library and tested in both online and face-to-face junior-level technical communication classes taught by Prof. Carol Johnson in the Fall of 2007 and Prof. James Lipuma in 2008 and currently. Students are asked to create a new article or revise an existing one on Wikipedia. They are asked to consider the audience they are addressing, as well as the context, as expressed in branching in and out and categorization,  We developed a rubric for assessing student work. Contact us for details. See our presentation at the Merlot Conference in San Jose, California, August 2009. This project is ongoing. In 2010 we were invited to the Wikimedia Foundation for discussions that launched the Outreach Program to Higher Education. Our work was featured in a brochure of case studies in 2012. In Spring 2011, Prof. Theresa Hunt piloted a literature-based Wikipedia assignment in a freshman composition course. In Fall 2012 the librarians in collaboration with several faculty members in various disciplines utilized an assignment that requires students to trace information in a Wikipedia article of their choosing back to the sources cited in order to verify the accuracy and quality of the information and source. In some cases students are editing and improving the entries.

School of Law, Singapore Management University: Constitutional and Administrative Law Wikipedia Project (ongoing; started January 2010)
This project, which started in January 2010 and has been repeated each year since, is managed by Assistant Professor Jack Tsen-Ta Lee of the School of Law, Singapore Management University. Participants of the project are LL.B. and J.D. students. They are required to collaborate with the members of the groups to which they have been assigned to prepare a Wikipedia article or part of one. The aims of the project are to encourage students to internalize the material covered in the course, as well as to contribute towards producing a body of accurate information about Singapore constitutional and administrative law that is freely available on the Internet. The project page is at "School and university projects/SMU Constitutional and Administrative Law Wikipedia Project".

BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo,Norway (Fall 2006–present)
Prof. Espen Andersen (Espen) regularly assigns Wikipedia writing as one of several graded assignments for various graduate level classes in Technology Strategy, eBusiness or IT Management (MBA/EMBA/M.Sc.), 3–4 classes per year of 25–60 students. Details of the assignments can be found here for GRA6821 and here for GRA6834. The intent is to teach the students how to behave and contribute in a crowdsourcing environment – and, of course, to make Wikipedia better! The students can contribute in any language version of Wikipedia they choose (most use the Norwegian or English one), but will create a user page listing their contributions, and write a reflection paper towards the end of the course. The idea is that the students do the editing throughout the course, gaining experience as they go. For the more experienced Wikipedians – should there be a problem (copyright violations, non-encyclopedic material, etc.) please address the individual contributor, and escalate to Espen Andersen if undesirable behavior is continued. (These are graduate students of business and problems seldom arise, but once in a while someone misunderstands and pulls a fast one.) Espen Andersen's contact details can be found at his contact web page.

St. Charles Community College, Cottleville, Missouri (Summer 2011 – present)
There are over 1000 psychology-related stubs in WP:PSYCH. Even new psychology students will be capable of improving these articles to a collegiate level. Introduction to Psychology is an introductory overview of the field of psychology. It is an examination of behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic and biological viewpoints in psychology. The course includes learning principles and applications, motivation, emotions, stress, psychobiology, personality, abnormal behaviors and approaches to therapy. Contact Professor Harden for more information.

University of Hull – Scarborough Campus (UK) – School of Arts & New Media (ongoing)
Students at the School of Arts & New Media explore the concept of open content and the read/write web while learning about specific aspects of either Digital Performance, Machinima or Cyberpsychology. They do this by creating and/or editing Wikipedia entries about some of the key projects and established areas of interest in their area of study. The coordinating tutor for this work is Toni Sant who has worked with students in the same department, on contributions to existing Wikipedia entries as well as new ones, since 2010. See details of current session.

Universitat Jaume I – Faculty of Humanity and Social Sciences – Universitat Jaume I – E-translating Project
Third-year students from the Universitat Jaume I (Castellón, Spain) translate selected articles from the Spanish to the English Wikipedia language version in teams. The texts selected are pre-assessed for lexicon and terminology with the aid of [http://www.ugr.es/~inped/ada/evalSECBACH.php?ada=d3cd335015ddbd74e6dc8aed99013a61&lng=spanish ADA. ADELEX ANALYSER]. The objective (and reward for both students and teachers/facilitators) is for students to see their translations published on Wikipedia article. Students will assess each other's translations and suggest corrections. A parallel project at the University Jaume I, in which second-year students translate Wikipedia articles from English into Spanish, can be found at "Aprendices de traducción con la Wikipedia".

University of Kent – Attitudes and Social Cognition (Spring 2012 – present)
Students in the final year module SP612: Attitudes and Social Cognition led by Mario Weick submit an annotated Wikipedia entry as part of their course assignments. The project supports the APS Wikipedia Initiative. A list of contributions can be found here:

Georgia Institute of Technology – Introductory Neuroscience (Spring 2007–present)
Professor Steve Potter's Introductory Neuroscience class at the Georgia Institute of Technology in the USA (BMED/BIOL 4752) has been adding and fixing up Wikipedia articles related to neuroscience since 2007. Each student chooses a neuro topic of his or her choice that is a stub or non-existent on Wikipedia, and becomes an expert in that topic across the semester. To do that, students read papers and books, interview other experts, and practice Wikipedia mechanics. These Georgia Tech seniors have contributed hundreds of neuro-related articles to Wikipedia. More info can be found at: User:Professorpotter/GeorgiaTech-IntroNeuro and at Prof. Potter's Teaching Page

University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia – Research Methods (Ongoing)
This semester-long project, running since 2010, provides third year Arts students with an opportunity to undertake research into the lives and histories of Australian subjects. Using traditional documentary research methods the students build a knowledge base to underpin a high quality Wikipedia article on people and organisations whose archives are held in the collecting library of the University of Queensland. I choose the subjects of research and the students work in groups of 4 or 5 in close consultation with me to develop the content for the article. After some weeks of research the students begin working in a sandbox to build the article. It is transferred to the mainspace two or three weeks out from the end of semester and the Wikimedia Australia members were asked to comment on their work. Learning how to work within wiki software and understanding the place of Wikipedia in contemporary knowledge sharing are essential aspects of this project. The students take great pride in their work and the University is happy with the results as well. –Kerry K Kerry K 10:30, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

Imperial College London Science Communication for Life Sciences (2012–present)
Students create and edit articles on a variety of biological and biochemical topics for a final-year module in Science Communication. This has run each spring term since 2012. See User:Polypompholyx for past and current contributions.

University of Padua, Italy, Educational Technology (from 2009–present)
Students in the Educational Technology classes create and modify articles in the Italian Wikipedia about learning, training and other topics related to e-learning and Web 2.0. They learn to use Wikipedia as contributors, improving their digital competences on selecting and evaluating reliability of informations. Contact prof. Corrado Petrucco of the Departement of Education. User:Conradpd

University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2015, Spring
ENGL 151H 'Rhetoric as Argument' This is a first-year honors English composition course that engages students in the study of written argument: developing an informed and committed stance on a topic, and using writing to share this stance with particular audiences for particular purposes. There are 13 students in the current session, working on a variety of topics and pages, from Adam Kotsko's book Awkwardness to plant cognition. After writing a rhetorical analysis of a mentor text, students enter a related conversation on Wikipedia. The course is taught by Daniel Clausen. --Daclausen (talk) 20:52, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

John Bapst Memorial High School, Bangor, Maine, AP Biology (2012 – Present)
This project is a series of annual end of the year May/June final exam assignments for an AP Biology course. Students identify a biology or medical topic of interest which is missing important illustrating diagrams and create and upload diagrams that illustrate important concepts in Biology. T In this assignment: students demonstrate their understanding of designing and communicating concepts through a scientific model, learn about the collaborative nature of Wikipedia, practice peer review techniques, learn the basics of captioning, graphic design, and develop a deep understanding of their chosen concept. The current project and links to the past year's projects can be found here: WikiProject AP Biology Bapst 2015.

The College of Idaho (Winter Session 2010, 2012, 2017, May Session 2021, Winter Session 2024)
Students in Professor Steven S. Maughan's history course, The Terror: Language, Radicalism, and Violence in the French Revolution, 1789–1799, will work to critique and improve biographical entries on notable French Revolutionary figures. Each will create their own Wikipedia login ID, will become familiar with Wikipedia as a community and as a knowledge resource, and will refine and expand a biographical entry drawing on high-quality scholarly sources.

The assignments, based on templates provided for past Wikipedia course projects, will be completed by the end of Jan. 2024.

=== University of Extremadura, School of Technology, Cáceres, Spain, Discrete and numerical mathematics (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020) === This is an educational and learning project in the context of the course 'Further Mathematics' that is common both to the Bachelor Degree in Computer Software Engineering and to the Bachelor Degree in Computing and Computer Engineering, taught at the School of Technology (Escuela Politécnica, EPCC) of the University of Extremadura. Its main aim is to work on discrete and numerical mathematics topics on the English Wikipedia, 1st, individually: (a) contributing to existing articles (expanding and improving articles; performing critical analysis of existing articles (on their talk pages); adding theoretical and practical applications and cases of use, specially in the field of Science, Technology and Society; adding examples and case studies; adding notes, references, bibliography, inner links, external links and multimedia content (photos, illustrations, videos); making conceptual and style corrections; improving an article to try and get it to be highlighted; translating articles from other wikipedias, expanding them) and (b) creating new articles, and 2nd, in teams: selecting an existing article being qualified as a 'stub' (short article) or creating a new article and trying to get it to be a good or even a featured article. It has been launched on February 2017 — by the way, we wish to thank the Research Group of Applied Telematics Engineering and Advanced Communications (GÍTACA) that help us with the non-Wikipedia IT support during the academic year 2016–2017 —. To date, this educational and learning project has had four editions (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020). There is an equivalent project for contributing to the Spanish Wikipedia from the same starting date to present. Coordination: Juan Miguel León Rojas.

The University of British Columbia, Department of Linguistics (2013, 2014, 2017)
Students in Professor Rose-Marie Déchaine's syntax course work to develop and improve entries related to syntax. Each student creates their own Wikipedia login ID, and becomes familiar with Wikipedia norms. Working individually or in groups, students contribute content to currently existing stubs or articles, with the goal of: (i) adding examples and reviewing the literature; (ii) adding notes, references, bibliography, inner links, external links and multimedia content (phrase-structure tress); (iii) editing for consistency of style; (iv) improving the overall quality of the article. Students develop the ability to communicate technical concepts about linguistics as the scientific study of language, learn about the collaborative nature of Wikipedia, and acquire a deeper understanding of foundational concepts. To date, this educational and learning project has had three iterations (2013, 2014, 2017).

University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing (2017)
Students in N313 Obesity and Society, and N355 Self-care in Chronic Illness learn about the health-literacy impact of Wikipedia and identify articles to improve as small-group projects on related topics such as Food deserts and Spirituality

Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India, Centre for Learning Futures (2018)
This is a project where about 500 students work in groups of five to create approximately 100 articles in their sandboxes. The contributors are all students of the Academic Reading and Writing Course offered by the Centre for Learning Futures, Ahmedabad University, in the Winter Semester of 2018. The articles under this project are mostly about issues, places, persons and events pertaining to the local history of the city of Ahmedabad, India, or related areas. A smaller number of these articles are also about general topics pertaining to India. While most groups make their articles in their respective sandboxes, a select few will be recommended to submit theirs to the Wikipedia review process. More details and links to articles here: School_and_university_projects/CLeF111_Academic_Reading_and_Writing

Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna
School and university projects/IIT SSSUP polo Valdera

University of Florence, Italy, Political sciences Erasmus class (2019)
15 Erasmus students (from China, France, Italy, Germany, Spain)are working in groups in order to create Wikipedia articles in the field of European institutions history. More details:.

University of Colombo, Department of English (2019)
Students in ENG3144/3163 Sociolinguistics learn about linguistic variation in Sri Lankan languages and identify articles to improve individually by including information found through sources such as published material and journal articles. Kpdoe (talk) 05:38, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

Saint-Louis University, Brussels, Marie Haps Faculty of Translation and Interpreting
In the spirit of WikiProject Intertranswiki/French, Translation students create or expand articles in English by translating (parts of) articles from the French-language Wikipedia. This project has run from February to May each year since 2016. MHAN2016 (talk) 18:03, 18 May 2019 (UTC) Removing date to fix existing link. --MHAN2016 (talk) 10:19, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

University of Minnesota, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences (2020)
My geomorphology class will be assigned a final project in which they identify gaps in geomorphology-related knowledge on Wikipedia and, with guidance from instructors, learn how to build well-referenced and accessible articles. Students will also develop and contribute key figures. Andy Wickert (talk) 17:00, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

University of South Florida, History of Libraries class (Ongoing)
Students in the University of South Florida's LIS6110 History of Libraries class participate in a week-long Edit-a-Thon each semester with the intention of correcting and expanding upon articles pertaining to libraries, library history, and relevant library figures and events. In the process, students learn about the Wikipedia editing process and gain an appreciation for the collaborative Wikipedia community.

School of Advanced Studies, University of Tyumen, Russia, Science and Technology Class (2021-2022)
Students, who take Prof. Ayla Arslan's courses “Science and Technology” and “The Unit of Life” in the School of Advanced Studies (University of Tyumen, Siberia, Russia) during the second quarter of the 2021-2022 academic year participate in a four-week Wikipedia editing assignment. The Wikipedia assignment of the Science and Technology course is a part of the pilot study related to collaborative service learning project of Dr. Ayla Arslan and Dr. Marko Turk since 2021. The assignment, as designed by Ayla Arslan, included the academic writing and/or translation of selected articles of English Wikipedia and generation of a new Wikipedia article in the language of the student's mother tongue (e.g. Russian or any other language depending on the mother tongue of the student) with following aims: (i) acquiring information literacy and digital literacy by writing or editing the digital content of a selected Wikipedia article in English or Russian (or any other language depending on the mother tongue of the student such as Indonesian); (ii) practicing academic writing and language translation skills; (iii) learning and critically thinking about the knowledge related to selected course topic. (iv) developing awareness for public service for diversity, equity and inclusion for digital spheres (language diversity, crowdsourcing, open source, democratization of knowledge). The assignment was designed for students to acquire 21st century skills, such as information literacy. Out of 47 students, 24 students, who were signed up for the assignment, were divided into six groups and instructed according to a four-week plan during which students had special consultation with the course professor on a weekly basis (about 3 hours per week of the instructors’ office hours “Professor in the Box” and about 20-30 minutes for each student groups).

Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey 2022-2023
Wikipedia editing project has been assigned to students as a part of the postgraduate course 'MLC501 Recent Developments in Biotechnology' which takes place in the fall semester 2022- 2023 at the Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences. Course Coordinator: Dr. Ayla Arslan

Past projects
2003–2008 · 2009 · 2010 · 2011 · 2012 · 2013 · 2014


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Talk:David Strickland

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I can't list this on Votes for Deletion without truncating that page, as it is now over 40K. Perhaps someone else will put it there. -- Someone else 05:50 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Delirium, for putting it on Vfd. -- Someone else 06:12 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:51, 13 March 2020 (UTC)
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Public Service Association

The Public Service Association (Te Pūkenga Here Tikanga Mahi), or PSA, is a democratic trade union with over workers in the New Zealand public sector.

The stated aims of the PSA are to provide support for public and not-for-profit community services, support worker voices and participation though unions, ensure workplaces are free from discrimination, and advance the Te Tiriti o Waitangi principles of partnership, protection and participation, as they relate to the working lives of the union's members.

The PSA is affiliated with the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions and Public Services International but is forbidden, by its own rules, from affiliating with political parties or organisations.

History
The New Zealand Public Service Association officially dates from 31 October 1913.

Public servants were poorly paid and were often forced to take pay cuts when the economy stalled. In 1931, for example, all public servant salaries were cut by 10%. It was only loans from the Public Service Investment Society, set up by the PSA in 1928, that prevented many of them from falling into loan sharks. An overcrowded Wellington department was described by the PSA as "a compromise between a hot-house and a tin shed erected by amateur carpenters". With a change of government in 1936, a five-day working week for public servants was introduced.

In 1950, its membership was nearly 30,000. A major focus of the 1950s was discrimination against women. The PSA also passed the Government Service Equal Pay Act. In 1979, in response to a notice of strike action by electricity workers, the government introduced the Public Service Association Withdrawal of Recognition Bill. The bill would have given the government the power to seize all the assets of the union and vest them in the public trustee. In the face of mass protests and a PSA offer to submit the dispute to mediation, the government backed down and withdrew the bill. In 1987, the government introduced the State Sector Bill. PSA members held massive protest meetings and a national strike in 1988.

In the early 1990s, the Employment Contracts Act removed unions as legal entities, with restricted rights.

In the late 1990s, the PSA worked with the Government and State Services Commission to reassess and rebuild the public service. It developed the Partnership for Quality.

In 2000, the first Quality for Partnership Agreement was signed by the PSA and the government. Though the current government has chosen not to enter into a formal partnership with the PSA. In 2006, the union negotiated national pay rates for occupational groups in the health sector.

In 2010, the union negotiated a collective employment agreement for its 6,000 local government members in Auckland when eight councils and a large number of council-controlled organisations were amalgamated into a single Auckland council.

Workplaces and sectors
Each PSA member in a workplace pays a membership subscription fee. Those fees provide the vast majority of the union's income.

Workplaces are grouped into five sectors:
 * Public Service (Rātonga mahi ā te Kāwanatanga)
 * District Health Boards (Pōari Hauora ā Rohe)
 * State Sector (Rāngai Tūmatanui)
 * Local Government (Kāwanatanga-ā-Rohe)
 * Community Public Services (Rātonga Mahi ā Hāpori)

Groups
Members may also belong to national groups, and the following groups are represented on the union's committees:
 * Te Rūnanga o Ngā Toa Āwhina: for those who identify as Māori
 * Pasefika Network: for those who identify as Pacific Island people
 * PSA Youth: for those who are aged 35 and under

Meetings and committees
Each workplace has an annual meeting. The delegates form a workplace committee and then elect a convenor. Delegate committees have positions for Te Rūnanga o Ngā Toa Āwhina and Pasefika Network.

Having consulted their members, the delegates in a sector elect their peers to the sector committee. The delegates on each sector committee elect two co-convenors, at least one of whom must be a woman, and the committee includes delegates from Te Rūnanga o Ngā Toa Āwhina, Pasefika Network and PSA Youth.

Every two years, a national delegates' congress is held. The current president, Benedict Ferguson, was elected in 2020.

In between congresses, the executive board sets and oversees the implementation of policy. The board includes the president and leaders of Te Rūnanga o Ngā Toa Āwhina, Pasefika Network and PSA Youth.

Books

 * No Easy Victory: Towards equal pay for women in the government service, 1890–1960 by Margaret Corner
 * White-collar Radical:Dan Long and the rise of the white-collar unions by Mark Derby

title: Public Service Association


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User talk:Antifascism.org

Greetings! If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Please note that articles must be written from a Neutral point of view. Have fun! --Jiang 05:57 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Antifascism.org! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:15, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Alan Campbell (pastor) -

title: User talk:Antifascism.org