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Great Comet of 1811

The Great Comet of 1811, formally designated C/1811 F1, is a comet that was visible to the naked eye for around 260 days, the longest recorded period of visibility until the appearance of Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997. In October 1811, at its brightest, and when it was 1.2 AU from Earth, it displayed an apparent magnitude of 0, with an easily visible coma.

Discovery
The comet was discovered on March 25, 1811, by Honoré Flaugergues at 2.7 AU from the Sun in the now-defunct constellation of Argo Navis. After being obscured for several days by moonlight, it was also found by Jean-Louis Pons on April 11, while Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach was able to confirm Flaugergues' discovery the same night.

The first provisional orbit was computed in June by Johann Karl Burckhardt. Based on these calculations, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers made a prediction that the comet would go on to become extremely bright later that year.

Observations
From May to August, the comet's position made it difficult to spot because of its low altitude and the evening twilight. Both Flaugergues and Olbers were able to recover it in Leo Minor during August, Olbers noting a small but distinct tail, consisting of two rays forming a parabola, when viewing through a comet seeker. In August, the comet was first sighted in the United Kingdom by James Veitch of Inchbonny. By September, in Ursa Major, it was becoming a conspicuous object in the evening sky as it approached perihelion: William Herschel noted that a tail 25° long had developed by October 6.

By January 1812, the comet's brightness had faded. Several astronomers continued to obtain telescopic observations for some months, the last being Vincent Wisniewski at Novocherkassk, who noted it as barely reaching an apparent magnitude of 11 by August 12.

The Great Comet of 1811 was thought to have had an exceptionally large coma, perhaps reaching over 1 million miles across—fifty percent larger than the Sun. The comet's nucleus was later estimated at 30–40 km in diameter. In many ways the comet was quite similar to Comet Hale–Bopp: it became spectacular without passing particularly close to either the Earth or the Sun, but had an extremely large and active nucleus.

Astronomers also found the comet a memorable sight. William Henry Smyth, comparing his recollections of the Great Comet of 1811 to the spectacular Donati's Comet, stated that "as a mere sight-object, the branched tail was of greater interest, the nucleus with its 'head-veil' was more distinct, and its circumpolarity was a fortunate incident for gazers".

The comet was apparently visible during the New Madrid earthquakes in December 1811. A report on the first steamship to descend the Ohio River as it approached the confluence with the Mississippi River states, "December 18, 1811.—The anniversary of this day the people of Cairo [Illinois] and its vicinity should never forget. It was the coming of the first steamboat to where Cairo now is—the New Orleans, Capt. Roosevelt, Commanding. It was the severest day of the great throes of the New Madrid earthquake; at the same time, a fiery comet was rushing athwart the horizon".

Return
Before perihelion passage on September 12, 1811, the comet had an orbital period of about 2742 years. Computing the barycentric orbital period of the comet after perihelion passage when it is outside the planetary region (using an epoch of 2200) shows an orbital period of about 2974 years, which would give a return year of around 4785.

Allusions in culture
The Great Comet of 1811 seems to have had a particular impact on non-astronomers. The artists John Linnell and William Blake both witnessed it, the former producing several sketches and the latter possibly incorporating it in his famous panel The Ghost of a Flea.

The English travel writer, novelist, and political economist Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) makes an odd reference to not seeing the comet in her Autobiography: "When the great comet of 1811 was attracting all eyes...[n]ight after night, the whole family of us went up to the long windows at the top of my father's warehouse; and the exclamations on all hands about the comet perfectly exasperated me,—because I could not see it!... Such is the fact; and philosophers may make of it what they may,—remembering that I was then nine years old, and with remarkably good eyes."

In China, some leaders of the Eight Trigram Sect took the comet to be "auspicious blessing for their enterprise" to overthrow the Qing dynasty. They launched their uprising in 1813.

At the midpoint of War and Peace, Tolstoy describes the character of Pierre observing this "enormous and brilliant comet [...] which was said to portend all kinds of woes and the end of the world". The comet was popularly thought to have portended Napoleon's invasion of Russia (even being referred to as "Napoleon's Comet") and the War of 1812, among other events. In the musical Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812, Pierre witnesses the comet. When asked why the comet made it into the title of the show, the composer Dave Malloy responded "for cosmic epicness."

The year 1811 turned out to be particularly fine for wine production, and merchants marketed "Comet Wine" at high prices for many years afterwards. The film Year of the Comet, a 1992 romantic comedy adventure film, is based on this premise and tells the story of the pursuit of a contemporarily discovered bottle of wine from the year of the Great Comet, bottled for Napoleon. The film stars Penelope Ann Miller, Tim Daly and French film actor Louis Jourdan (his last film before retiring).

The Great Comet is mentioned in Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz; and in Les Misérables by Victor Hugo.

The comet also acted as a divine source of revival for a dying hero in the Thomas Hardy novel Two on a Tower.

The Shawnee military leader Tecumseh, whose name was translated as "shooting star", claimed the appearance of the comet as a favorable omen during his mostly unsuccessful efforts that year to bring southern tribes into his pan-Native American alliance.

title: Great Comet of 1811


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Talk:Jack Hodgins

Untitled
The (copyrighted) biography of Jack Hodgins was originally submitted by a student as their assignment (see Wikipedia:University project: University of Vienna, winter term 2002/03). It has now been replaced by a stub so that the page can be saved from deletion. --KF 11:05, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jack Hodgins


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User talk:Wiseman~enwiki

Hello there Wiseman welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump or my talk page.

I would like to remind you that wikipedia is an encyclopedia and suggest you to reconsider entries like Lyydia Irene Brummer and related. Ask yourself: are they relevant for a general audience?

Cheers, Muriel Gottrop

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wiseman. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wiseman~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:25, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:33, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wiseman~enwiki


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Talk:RPM Package Manager

Naming
According to rpm.org, the name is "RPM Package Manager". For more discussion, see: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ARed_Hat_Package_Manager --Tero 20030806t1415 EET

Porting
Which other OSes has rpm been ported to? BL 14:07, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

"I added a link to the page at RPM.org that lists the various operating systems to which it has been ported. Better this way than to have to continually update it whenever a new port is made. Avalyn 10:05, 6 May 2005 (UTC)"

MD5
Use of the (now seriously broken) MD5 algorithm is listed as an advantage. Is this still true (in which case it should surely be listed as a disadvantage!), or has RPM transitioned to a more secure method already (in which case that should be mentioned in the article)? --62.173.111.114 12:26, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Since rpm-4.1, rpm metadata content (like the MD5 file digest) usually comes from a signed header.

So the issue of whether MD5 is "broken" or not is moot, one has to break the digital signature on the header in order to change the file MD5 digest, and that requires breaking DSA or RSA, not MD5.

No. Since MD5 is broken, it means that the code could be   modified in such a way as to produce the same MD5 value. It is   certainly not a moot point. 209.82.16.66 (talk) 23:50, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Furthermore, rpm-4.4.6 permits replacing the file MD5 with any modern digest up to and including SHA-512.

The "advantage" comes from verifying a digest while installing, and verifying the signature (if present) on the header (where the file digest tag resides) whenever desired, not just when the package is installed. This is a (at least) reasonably secure persistent verification mechanism when used correctly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by N3npq (talk • contribs) 19:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Redundancy
Isn't the "Package Manager" in "RPM Package Manager" redundant? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.206.36.126 (talk • contribs) 07:48, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * That's the idea of recursive initialisms. Chris Cunningham 14:15, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Update
Can someone with the expert knowledge please update the description for rpm naming format for the release naming convention. The description is lacking for the .rf and .at, they seem to indicate packagers but i'm not certain enough make an update to the article. Thank you.

. .rf. . .at. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.91.249.230 (talk • contribs) 23:14, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * There are many release naming conventions that are currently deployed. No one scheme is dominant or accepted sufficiently widely that it needs documenting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by N3npq (talk • contribs) 19:02, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Recursive abbreviation
RPM is not a "recursive acronym". It is a "recursive abbreviation". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.84.67.230 (talk • contribs) 15:09, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * To be precise, it's a recursive initialism. I've edited the article appropriately. Chris Cunningham 14:15, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Not sure where this came from. RPM means Red Hat Package Manager. That's not recursive at all. Deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.37.252.50 (talk) 17:56, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * No it doesn't. Oh, and please get an account, and sign your posts. EdC (talk) 13:13, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not recursive. It would be if it stood for "RPM is a Package Manager."  When people say "RPM Package Manager" the "Package Manager" part is redundant, because the last 2 letters already say that it's a package manager.  It's kind of like how people say "CIA Agent." Central Intelligence Agency Agent? KenFehling (talk) 10:14, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Fist: It IS an Acronym.

Second: RPM means RPM Package Manager This is the actual officical name reffering to http://rpm.org as well as http://rpm5.org. Note the first sentence on each page of each site.

Third: it is recursiv for fakt (Recursive acronym). Just read it again: RPM Package Manager

Here is a historical source:

http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/RPM-HOWTO/

Copyright © 1999 by Red Hat, Inc. 1. Introduction RPM is the RPM Package Manager.

The italic letters are part of the quote. Well, and it is from 1999, Copyright Red Hat.

--Anniyka (talk) 13:19, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

types of RPM's
I don't mean to bother anyone, but shouldn't it be prudent to make seperate sections for the existing types of RPM's:
 * Normal RPMs
 * Source RPMs
 * Delta RPMs

Any ideas? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.60.98.178 (talk • contribs) 19:57, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Binary (not "normal") and source RPM's have a handful of explicit differences, the most important of which is that binary *.rpm's have ptr's to the source rpm from which they were built, and *.src.rpm payloads do not specify any hierarchical directory structure.

Patch RPM's were an an interesting patch from SuSE that is largely historical. The idea behind patch RPM's was a delivery mechanism for partial packages that would be merged, rather than installed, with whatever content had previously been installed. The changes to the rpm install state machine, and the difficulty of creating patch packages (i.e. patches for all possible released software need to be produced) have made the idea of patch packages unworkable outside of a narrow vendor-specific distribution context.

SuSE today prefers Delta RPM's instead of Patch RPM's afaik.

There are also ""Repackaged RPM's" that can be produced before erasing the older package when upgrading to a newer package. Repackaged RPM's are a best effort (i.e. content on the file system may have been modified or deleted) attempt to recreate the original package from what had been installed on the file system.

Well, I fixed something that was inaccurate as I can understand, i.e. that RPMs have sources, only SRPMs have source.

Sebelk 17:26, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Please review and delete the external link to "Who Maintains RPM?"
(apologies for being a wikipaedia idiot, I don't know the correct way to make this request)

While overall the RPM page is quite objective and sufficiently complete, I am personally concerned by the external link to "Who Maintains RPM?" since it mentions me by name. I have gone to great lengths to preserve my privacy and anonymity (most of RPM was written by me) Much of the content about RPM has been supplied by me, e.g. to "The Red Hat RPM Guide" by Eric Foster-Johnson, and to LSB only under conditions of "anonymous contribution".

However, as the subject of the published article, I'm clearly biased. I will leave it to someone else to make the call whether an external link to "Who Maintains RPM?" is relevant or not. I am personally threatened by an ongoing and organized campaign (there is a slander of me at kuro5hin published in May 2006, and these people have appeared multiple times on mailing lists with aggresssive and hostile attacks that are coupled to my name) that has continued over several years that is ultimately based on a bugzilla report #119185 from the year 2004.

Meanwhile, I'll be happy to supply any information regarding RPM that you want (as long as my name is "anonymous")

Jeff Johnson

Alien
Shouldn't this article mention alien? Debian-based distros use alien to install rpms. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ItsProgrammable (talk • contribs) 21:57, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Disadvantages
Someone has removed this section. If they have a valid reason and read this, could they explain why? I feel that this section should remain, any one else agree? 87.102.23.39 05:24, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

I also agree, why remove it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ryhajlo (talk • contribs) 21:23, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

When was first released
When was first released rpm package Manager?. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 89.22.70.236 (talk) 16:26, 28 December 2006 (UTC).
 * I am missing a version history as well.--85.180.234.215 (talk) 21:42, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

On Portal:Free software, RPM is currently the selected article
(2007-01-23) Just to let you know. The purpose of selecting an article is both to point readers to the article and to highlight it to potential contributors. It will remain on the portal for a week or so. The previous selected article was Advanced Packaging Tool. Gronky 14:50, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The selected article has moved on and is now GIMP. Gronky 14:19, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Supported Linux distributions??
Just a minor niggle, but the section titled "Supported Linux distributions" seems to imply that RPM would have to explicitly support a distribution. I believe the intent of the section is something more like "Linux Distributions with RPM support". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.146.232.2 (talk) 17:22, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

--69.134.24.120 (talk) 17:50, 1 September 2008 (UTC)== Controversy section ==

I've tried cleaning up the controversy section slightly. Aside from the added reference to the LWN article http://lwn.net/Articles/196523/, one might want to link to the rpm.org FAQ entry at http://wiki.rpm.org/Docs/RpmOrgFAQ#head-bfc9aeacc86d4eec06dc6f559f4881d7428ca24b. This seems to paint a slightly more balanced picture: rpm.org acknowledges that rpm development languished after Jeff Johnson left Redhat, and that the rpm5.org fork actually started before Redhat launched rpm.org. The FAQ page is an immutable wiki page, so should be suitable as a reference.

If someone feels up to it, I think the article would benefit from a short note on the differing versions in the intro. 78.52.194.212 (talk) 09:30, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry for talking to myself. I just found Jeff Johnson's request to not link to the LWN article above. I'm unsure what should be done here -- if you read about the fork and want to find out what it's about, you'll inevitably find the LWN article and also the controversial bug report in the end. I'm not sure there's any benefit to making everybody do the research on his own. Maybe somebody could rewrite the section to be less blunt (Johnson left Redhat instead of terminated) and balance the controversy with the fact that the parties involved seem to be on good terms (witness the rpm.org FAQ)? I don't feel up to the task. 78.52.194.212 (talk) 09:42, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Another good reference for a rewrite: http://trainofthoughts.org/blog/2008/01/06/rpm5-vs-rpm/. 78.52.194.212 (talk) 09:50, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The section was less blunt up until 4 days ago when someone, apparently with an IP address registered to Red Hat, edited the page to read that Jeff had been "fired", and deleting other content from the section with no explanation in the edit summary or here on Talk. I reverted this edit a few hours later, noting the potential conflict of interest.
 * Today, someone with an IP address in Raleigh, NC (home town of Red Hat) re-did the previous edits, again deleting links to rpm5.org and oldrpm.org, but this time claiming that Jeff had been "terminated", which sounds pretty harsh even for Red Hat. Could all this courageously anonymous mudslinging possibly have anything to do with Jeff and the rpm5 team releasing the new RPM 5.0.0 stable on 5 Jan, the day before the allegations starting being posted here?
 * Thanks for re-writing that last part. Red Hat people, give the personal attacks a rest, please. Technobadger (talk) 10:55, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I've arrived on this article like probably many people looking for information about RPM. But after reading and rereading the controversy section, and this relevant discussion, I still find the section very hard to understand. Which is the "official" RPM page, and which is the fork? Thanks! --Vlad|-> 17:21, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * They're essentially competing versions at the moment, so which one is "official" depends on who you ask. :-) You're right though: the controversy section is badly worded, following the recent skirmish. I'll give it a re-write. Technobadger (talk) 18:10, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Again I ask:
Please remove my name everywhere on this page. I am tired of a controversy I did not create and want my private life back.

The current page has a link to the "RPM 4 project home page" http://rpm.org/ contrasted to "Jeff Johnson's RPM Package Manager Hone Page" http://www.rpm5.org/.

One does not have to got too much farther than http://rpm5.org/team.php to see many people, not just me, working on RPM 5. Your link is factually incorrect.

(aside) It is not very hard to see that the intent of the word spinning is to imply that me and me alone is responsible for RPM 5.0. Again, factually incorrect.

Finally, rpm5.org is not my home page, also factually incorrect.

By continuing to associate "Jeff Johnson" with RPM in WikiPaedia, the connection to Bugzilla #119185 and the kur5hin slander (which claimed that I bathe less often than once a month and find Jewesses "hot") keeps going on and on and on and on. Stop it now please.

Signed: Jeff Johnson . —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.134.24.120 (talk) 17:30, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Advantages, Disadvantages
Most of this section applies to using distributions using the rpm format, not to the rpm format itself. It is not a good introduction to the format itself, and if at all it should be moved way down the page. The advantage and disadvantes list and paragraph look biased regarding formatting and content.

Some advantages are outdated, or very biased. There are more .deb based distributions, and it clearly is very popular too. RPM packages do not conform to LSB automagically, if their content does not. Signing and verification isn't that special and other formats do it too. Most of the listed disadvantages are not a RPM format issue either, but of sloppy distribution maintainers.

IMHO this should be removed completely.

149.148.161.72 (talk) 13:05, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Tidy up
I have been through the article and attempted to tidy it up. Hopefully the result has better structure and consistency; it also happens to be somewhat shorter (a good thing in this context) by the removal of some oft-repeated information. More work is probably needed, but it's a start, at least. Feline Hymnic (talk) 16:22, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Examples of use
It would be nice if there were some examples of using rpm (or pointers to such examples) 128.16.7.220 (talk) 12:31, 2 December 2012 (UTC) Bill 2 Dec 2012

What would be better is explaining to the novice that RPM is really the base package management. It can be used directly to install subsystems, or a startup installation, but most distros use a higher level software manager such as Yast or Synaptics.203.219.70.190 (talk) 02:35, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

Red Hat Linux
I replaced Red Hat Linux for Red Hat Enterprise Linux, sine Red Hat Linux exists no more. It was replaced for Fedora Core and afterwards Fedora. One of the reasons was to avoid misunderstanding between Red Hat Linux and Red Hat Enterprise Linux, that's why even nowadays it's important to say RHEL or Red Hat Enterprise Linux when you're meaning it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.61.157.237 (talk • contribs) 01:18, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on RPM Package Manager. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://arklinux.org/?q=node/53#rpm

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title: Talk:RPM Package Manager


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Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) was a militant organization active between 1975 and the 1990s whose stated goal was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the Armenian genocide in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland." ASALA itself and other sources   described it as a guerilla and armed organization. Some sources, including the United States Department of State, as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan listed it as a terrorist organization.

The principal goal of ASALA was to establish a United Armenia that would include the formerly Armenian-inhabited six vilayets of the Ottoman Empire (Western Armenia) and Soviet Armenia. The group sought to claim the area (called Wilsonian Armenia) that was promised to the Armenians by American President Woodrow Wilson in the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, following the Armenian genocide, during which Ottoman Turks murdered 1.5 million Armenians, which Turkey openly denies.

ASALA attacks and assassinations resulted in the deaths of 46 people and 299 injured, mostly individuals serving the Turkish government. The organization has also claimed responsibility for more than 50 bomb attacks. Suffering from internal schisms, the group was relatively inactive in the 1990s, although in 1991 it claimed an unsuccessful attack on the Turkish ambassador to Hungary. ASALA's last and most recent attack took place in Brussels in 1997, where a group of militants claiming to be ASALA bombed the Turkish Embassy in the city. The organization has not engaged in militant activity since then. The group's mottos were "The armed struggle and right political line are the way to Armenia" and "Viva the revolutionary solidarity of oppressed people!"

Origins and history
The presence of Armenians in eastern Anatolia, often called Western Armenia, is documented since the ninth century BCE, almost two millennium ago to the Turkish presence in the area. In 1915 and 1916, the ruling Committee of Union and Progress of the Ottoman Empire systematically deported and exterminated its Armenian population, killing around 1.5 million Armenians. The survivors of the death marches found refuge in other countries in Western Asia, as well as in Western Europe and North America; forces of the Turkish nationalist movement killed or expelled surviving Armenians that tried to return home. The Republic of Turkey denied that any crime had been committed against the Armenian people, actively campaigning against any and all attempts to publicise the events and bring about recognition in the West. It blamed Armenians for instigating the violence and falsely claimed that Armenians had massacred thousands of Turks, prompting the commencement of their deportations.

In 1965, Armenians around the world publicly marked the 50th anniversary and began to campaign for world recognition. As peaceful marches and demonstrations failed to move an intransigent Turkey, the younger generation of Armenians, resentful at the denial by Turkey and the failure by their parents' generation to effect change, sought new approaches to bringing about recognition and reparations.

In 1973, two Turkish diplomats were assassinated in Los Angeles by Kourken Yanigian, an elderly man who survived the Armenian genocide. This event might have been forgotten had it not initiated a chain of events which turned it, and its perpetrator, into a symbol representing the end of the conspiracy of silence which since 1915 had surrounded the Armenian Genocide. ASALA was founded in 1975 (thought to correspond to the 60th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide) in Beirut, Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War by Hagop Hagopian (Harutiun Tagushian) and Kevork Ajemian, a prominent contemporary writer, with the help of sympathetic Palestinians. Another major figure in the establishment of ASALA was Hagop Darakjian, who was a driving force in the earlier operations of the group. Darakjian headed the group for a period of time between 1976 and 1977 when Hagopian was unable to lead due to injuries sustained from his involvement with the Palestinians. At the beginning, ASALA bore the name of "The Prisoner Kurken Yanikian Group". Consisting primarily of Lebanese-born Armenians of the Diaspora (whose parents and/or grandparents were survivors of the genocide), the organization followed a theoretical model based on leftist ideology. ASALA was critical of its political predecessors and Diasporan parties, accusing them of failing to deal with the problems of the Armenian people. The apex of the group's structure was the General Command of the People of Armenia (VAN).

The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and Western Asia. Their first acknowledged killing was the assassination of the Turkish diplomat, Daniş Tunalıgil, in Vienna on October 22, 1975. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. ASALA's eight-point manifesto was published in 1981. ASALA, trained in the Beirut camps of the Palestine Liberation Organization, is the best known of the guerrilla groups responsible for assassinations of at least 36 Turkish diplomats. Since 1975, a couple of dozen Turkish diplomats or members of their families had been targeted in a couple of dozens of attacks, with the outcome that the Armenian vengeance, as well as the background to the Armenian struggle, have made it to the world press. These notable acts, while carried out by a small group, were successful in conveying the Armenian Genocide to the forefront of international awareness.

Political objectives
The main two political goals of ASALA were to get Turkey to recognize its culpability for the Armenian Genocide in 1915 and to establish a United Armenia, which would unite nearby regions formerly under Armenian control or with large Armenian populations. Additionally, ASALA stated in a Cypriot newspaper in 1983 that it supported the Soviet Union and aimed to garner support from other Soviet republics toward the cause of eliminating Turkish colonialism. These goals helped shape the following political objectives:

 * 1) Force an end to Turkish colonialism by using revolutionary violence
 * 2) Attack institutions and representatives of Turkey and of countries supporting Turkey
 * 3) Affirm scientific socialism as the main ideology of Armenia

Historian Fatma Müge Göçek describes the stated aims of ASALA as "righteous" but the means sought for these aims, i.e. the "wilful murder [of] innocent people" as not righteous, and thus argues that it was a terrorist organisation.

The U.S. Department of State, under President Ronald Reagan — as well as the militants themselves — attributed ASALA's deeds to Turkey's open denial of the Armenian genocide.

Attacks
According to the MIPT website, there had been 84 incidents involving ASALA leaving 46 dead and 299 injured, including the following:

On October 22, 1975, Turkish Ambassador in Austria, Danis Tunaligil was assassinated by three members of ASALA. Two days later, the Turkish Ambassador in France, Ismail Erez and his chauffeur were killed. Both ASALA and JCAG claimed responsibility.

The first two ASALA militants, arrested on October 3, 1980, were Alex Yenikomshian and Suzy Mahserejian, who were wounded after the accidental explosion of a bomb in a hotel in Geneva.

During the 1981 Turkish consulate attack in Paris (Van operation) ASALA militants held 56 hostages for fifteen hours; it became the first operation of its kind. Militants demanded release of political prisoners in Turkey including two Armenian clergymen, 5 Turks and 5 Kurds. Coverage of the takeover received one of the highest television ratings in France in 1981. Among those who supported the militants during the trial were Henri Verneuil, Mélinée Manouchian, the widow of the French resistance hero, Missak Manouchian, and singer Liz Sarian.

One of the most known attacks of ASALA was Esenboga airport attack on August 7, 1982, in Ankara, when its members targeted non-diplomat civilians for the first time. Two militants opened fire in a crowded passenger waiting room. One of the shooters took more than 20 hostages while the second was apprehended by police. Altogether, nine people died and 82 were injured. The arrested militant Levon Ekmekjian condemned the attack in its aftermath and appealed to other members of ASALA to stop the violence.

On August 10, 1982, Artin Penik a Turk of Armenian descent, set himself on fire in protest of this attack.

On July 15, 1983, ASALA carried out an attack at the Orly Airport near Paris, in which 8 people were killed and 55 were injured, most of them not being Turks. The attack resulted in a split in ASALA, between those individuals who carried it out, and those who believed the attack to be counterproductive. The split resulted in emergence of two groups, the ASALA-Militant led by Hagopian and the 'Revolutionary Movement' (ASALA-Mouvement Révolutionnaire) led by Monte Melkonian. While Melkonian's faction insisted on attacks strictly against Turkish officials and the Turkish government, Hagopian's group disregarded the losses of unintended victims and regularly executed dissenting members.

Afterwards, French forces promptly arrested those involved. Moreover, this attack eliminated the suspected secret agreement that the French government made with ASALA, in which the government would allow ASALA to use France as a base of operations in exchange for refraining from launching attacks on French soil. Belief in this suspected agreement was further bolstered after "Interior Minister Gaston Defferre called ASALA's cause "just", and four Armenians arrested for taking hostages at the Turkish Embassy in September 1981 were given light sentences." France was free of ASALA attacks after this concession until the government arrested suspected bomber Vicken Tcharkutian. ASALA only agreed to temporarily halt its attacks once more when France did not extradite Tcharkutian to the United States.

ASALA interacted and negotiated with a number of other European governments during its peak in order to make political or organizational gains. ASALA stopped its attacks in Switzerland on two occasions in order to expedite the release of certain Armenian prisoners, as well as after a Swiss judge disagreed with the Turkish government's refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide and other abuses of the Armenian people. Additionally, ASALA negotiated with the Italian government in 1979 in exchange for a halt in attacks provided that Italy close its Armenian emigration offices. When Italy agreed to ASALA's request, it saw no further attacks from the group.

ASALA's last attack, on 19 December 1991, targeted the bulletproof limousine carrying the Turkish Ambassador to Budapest. The ambassador was not injured in the attack, which was claimed by ASALA in Paris. Since this attack, the militant organization is considered not active thus USA or UK do not include ASALA in their list of foreign terrorist organizations anymore.

Reactions
Continuous attacks by ASALA prompted Turkey to accuse Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Lebanon, and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding ASALA. Although they publicly distanced themselves from ASALA, Turkey's Armenian community came under attack by Turkish nationalists in reaction to the group's actions. This became apparent after the assassination of Ahmet Benler on October 12, 1979, by Armenian militants in the Hague. The reaction to the attack led to the bombing of the church of the Armenian Apostolic Patriarchate in Istanbul on October 19 in retaliation. In 1980, the Turkish government arrested Armenian priest Fr. Manuel Yergatian at the Istanbul airport for the alleged possession of maps that indicated Armenian territory within modern-day Turkey and was sentenced to 14 years in prison for possible ties with ASALA. Amnesty International adopted him as a prisoner of conscience, concluding that the evidence against him was baseless. According to Tessa Hofmann, Turkish officials frequently used the accusation of collaboration with ASALA and foreign Armenian circles to incriminate extreme left-wing Turkish opposition groups. Israel used the attacks of ASALA against Turkey as a diplomatic tool to heal rifts in relations between Israel and Turkey; Israeli diplomats condemned terrorist acts such as the killing of Ekurt Akbay, the administrative attaché of the Turkish embassy in Lisbon, in June 1982 and appealed to the Turkish government by emphasising Israel's and Turkey's shared history of being targeted by terrorist organisations to foster cooperation between the two nations.

In April 2000 the opening ceremony of "In Memory of killed ASALA commandos" monument took place at Armenian military pantheon Yerablur with participation of Greek anti-fascist resistance leader Manolis Glezos and other special guests.

Counteroffensive
After the ASALA attack against the Esenboğa International Airport in August 1982 the then President of Turkey Kenan Evren issued a decree for the elimination of ASALA. The task was given to the National Intelligence Organization's Foreign Operations Department. Evren's own daughter, a member of the MİT, ran the operation together with Foreign Intelligence Department chief Metin (Mete) Günyol, and Istanbul region director Nuri Gündeş.

Levon Ekmekjian was captured and placed in Ankara's Mamak Prison. He was told that he had to choose between confessing and being executed. After being promised that his comrades would not be harmed, he revealed how ASALA worked to a team led by MİT's Presidential Liaison and Evren's son-in-law, Erkan Gürvit. He was tried by Ankara martial law command military court, and sentenced to death. His appeal of the sentence was declined, and he was hanged on 29 January 1983.

In the early spring of 1983 two teams were sent to France and Lebanon. Günyol tapped contract killer Abdullah Çatlı, who had just finished serving a prison sentence in Switzerland for drug trafficking, to lead the French contingent. Günyol says he did not reveal his identity to Çatlı, who referred to him as "Colonel", thinking Günyol used to be a soldier. A second French unit was assembled under MİT operative Sabah Ketene. The Lebanese contingent, consisting only of MİT operatives and members of the "Special Warfare Department" (special forces), was led by MİT officer Hiram Abas.

The bomb that Çatlı's team had planted in Ara Toranyan's car on 22 March 1983 did not explode. A follow-up attempt also failed. Toranyan said they had planted the bomb in the wrong car. Likewise, Henri Papazyan's car bomb on 1 May 1984 did not explode. Çatlı claimed credit for killing Hagop Hagopian, however he was in a French prison (again, on narcotics charges) at the time of the attack. Papazyan is now believed to have been killed as a result of infighting. The second French team (led by Ketene) did carry out some attacks (which Çatlı also claimed credit for), such as the 1984 Alfortville monument and Salle Pleyel concert room attacks. It is unknown whether the Lebanese contingent did anything at all.

Recognition as a terrorist organization and investigations
The militant organization is referred to as a terrorist organization in some instances. The United States Department of State classified ASALA militant group as a terrorist organization in their 1989 report archived by National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism. ASALA militant group is described as a Marxist-Leninist Armenian terrorist group formed in 1975.

The European Parliament named the New Armenian Resistance Group, a secular terrorist group active in Belgium during 70s and 80s, as a key ally to ASALA.

In January 1984, the CIA labeled members of the ASALA militant organization as terrorists, deeming ASALA a continuing international threat. The Terrorism Analysis Branch of the CIA reported that ASALA posed a growing threat to various U.S. policy interests. It noted that some West European nations were accused of reaching accommodations with ASALA, allowing the militants freedom to target Turkish interests in exchange for promises not to attack their own citizens. A previous report from September 29, 1983, also highlighted Armenian terrorists, specifically mentioning ASALA, as a growing international threat.

The majority of the investigations in the Western countries where the attacks took place were inconclusive and the cases remained unresolved. Australian government told the media that they reopened their investigation into the 1980 assassination of two Turkish diplomats made by ASALA. $AUS 1 million reward was offered by the Australian government for the capture of the perpetrators of the assassination on the occasion of 39th anniversary of the 1980 assassinations.

Linkages
ASALA had ties to Palestinian liberation groups such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a Marxist militant group in which ASALA founder Hagop Hagopian was rumored to have been a member in his youth. Through his involvement with Palestinian groups, Hagopian earned the nickname "Mujahed," meaning "Warrior." Hagopian's sympathetic connection with Palestinian liberation/separatist movements bolstered ASALA's goals and helped pave the way for ASALA's eventual training with another Palestinian rebel group, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

Possible linkages
ASALA was rumored to have interacted with other leftist/Marxist militant organizations in Europe and Eurasia, including the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) in Kurdistan, the Italian Red Brigades, and the Spanish Basque terrorist separatist group called ETA. In addition to having potential connections to leftist groups, ASALA also had ties to another Armenian organization, the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide (JCAG), who, while a right-wing nationalist group that often competed with ASALA, had similar political goals regarding wanting Turkey to acknowledge its role in the Armenian Genocide and wanting the establishment of an Armenian homeland.

Differences with the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
Because ASALA shared similar political goals with the right-wing militant group the Justice Commandos for the Armenian Genocide (also known as the Armenian Revolutionary Army), the groups are often compared or confused; however, ASALA sets itself apart from JCAG because of its Marxist/leftist ideology. ASALA often aligned itself with the Soviet Union, while JCAG's nationalist goals were more focused on establishing an independent Armenian state. Whereas JCAG wanted a free and independent Armenia separate from the Soviet Union, ASALA considered the Soviet Union a "friendly country;" because of this, ASALA was content with remaining a part of the USSR so long as the other parts of the Armenian homeland could be united within the entity of the Armenian S.S.R.

In addition to having different ideologies, ASALA and JCAG also carried out their attacks in different styles. ASALA was much more prone to using explosives in its attacks rather than firearms as JCAG favored. ASALA used explosives in 146 of 186 incidents/attacks compared to using firearms in only 33 attacks. By comparison, JCAG used explosives in 23 of its 47 attacks and used firearms in 26 of its 47 attacks.

Dissolution
With the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 the group lost much of its organization and support. Previously sympathetic Palestinian organizations, including the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), withdrew their support and passed materials to the French intelligence services in 1983, detailing ASALA operatives. One of the group's last attacks, on 19 December 1991, targeted the bullet-proof limousine carrying the Turkish Ambassador to Budapest. The ambassador was not injured in the attack, which was claimed by ASALA in Paris.

ASALA's founder Hagop Hagopian was assassinated on a sidewalk in an affluent neighborhood in Athens, Greece on April 28, 1988. He was shot several times while he was walking with two women at 4:30 in the morning. Veteran member Hagop Tarakchian died of cancer in 1980. Assassinations of former members of ASALA-RM continued in Armenia into the late 1990s.

According to Turkish National Intelligence Organization official Nuri Gündeş, ASALA was dissolved after the assassination of Hagopian. According to Turkish sources, another reason is that financial backing was withdrawn by the Armenian diaspora after the 1983 Orly Airport attack.

Although ASALA attacks all but stopped in the late 1980s as a result of the group's fragmentation and lack of support after the 1983 Orly attack, ASALA is said to have continued in a lesser capacity into the 1990s, even after the group suffered further disorganization after Hagopian's assassination in 1988. In addition to the ASALA-claimed 1991 attack on the Turkish ambassador in Budapest, ASALA members last attack is claimed to have been in Brussels in 1997 (although ASALA hasn't claimed responsibility) where bombers attacking under the name Gourgen Yanikian bombed the Turkish embassy in Brussels.

Publications
Since the 1970s the ASALA Information Branch published books, booklets, posters and other promotional materials. Hayasdan ('Armenia') was the official multi-lingual organ of ASALA published in 1980–1987 and 1991–1997. The first issue was published in October 1980 and contained 40 pages. The place of publication and names of contributors are not known. It was published monthly, sometimes with united volumes. The main language was Armenian. From 1983 to 1987 it had separate issues in Arabic, English, French and Turkish. The journal published editorials, official announcements of ASALA, and articles on political and military issues. Hayasdan was distributed free of charge in Armenian communities.

The journal's mottos were "The armed struggle and right political line are the way to Armenia" and "Viva the revolutionary solidarity of oppressed people!" It had sister publications including left-wing Hayasdan Gaydzer (London) and Hayasdan – Hay Baykar (Paris) which used "Hayasdan" in their titles since 1980. Both were published by the Popular Movements which worked towards mobilising support among Armenians for a political movement focused on ASALA.

In culture

 * Armenian poet Silva Kaputikyan wrote a poem "It's raining my sonny" dedicated to the memory of Levon Ekmekjian, an ASALA member, one of two organizers of the Esenboğa International Airport attack in 1983.
 * Spanish journalist, assistant director of the Pueblo newspaper, José Antonio Gurriarán was accidentally injured during an ASALA October 3 group attack in 1980. Then Gurriarán was interested what the group's purposes were; he found and interviewed ASALA members. In 1982 his book, La Bomba was published, dedicated to the Armenian cause and Armenian militants' struggle.


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Yum (software)

The Yellowdog Updater Modified (YUM) is a free and open-source command-line package-management utility for computers running the Linux operating system using the RPM Package Manager. Though YUM has a command-line interface, several other tools provide graphical user interfaces to YUM functionality.

YUM allows for automatic updates and package and dependency management on RPM-based distributions. Like the Advanced Package Tool (APT) from Debian, YUM works with software repositories (collections of packages), which can be accessed locally or over a network connection.

Under the hood, YUM depends on RPM, which is a packaging standard for digital distribution of software, which automatically uses hashes and digital signatures to verify the authorship and integrity of said software; unlike some app stores, which serve a similar function, neither YUM nor RPM provide built-in support for proprietary restrictions on copying of packages by end-users. YUM is implemented as libraries in the Python programming language, with a small set of programs that provide a command-line interface. GUI-based wrappers such as YUM Extender (yumex) also exist, and has been adopted for Fedora Linux until version 22.

A rewrite of YUM named DNF replaced YUM as the default package manager in Fedora 22 (in 2015). This was required due to Fedora's transition from Python 2 to Python 3, which isn't supported by YUM. DNF also improves on YUM in several ways - improved performance, better resolution of dependency conflicts, and easier integration with other software applications. From RHEL 8, yum is an alias for DNF.

History
The original package manager, Yellowdog UPdater (YUP) was developed in 1999-2001 by Dan Burcaw, Bryan Stillwell, Stephen Edie, and Troy Bengegerdes at Terra Soft Solutions (under the leadership of then CEO Goutham Krishna) as a back-end engine for a graphical installer of Yellow Dog Linux.

As a full rewrite of YUP, YUM evolved primarily to update and manage Red Hat Linux systems used at the Duke University Department of Physics by Seth Vidal and Michael Stenner. Vidal continued to contribute to YUM until his death in a Durham, North Carolina bicycle accident on 8 July 2013.

In 2003 Robert G. Brown at Duke published documentation for YUM. Subsequent adopters included Fedora, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, CentOS, and many other RPM-based Linux distributions, including Yellow Dog Linux itself, where YUM replaced the original YUP utility — last updated on SourceForge in 2001. By 2005, it was estimated to be in use on over half of the Linux market, and by 2007 YUM was considered the "tool of choice" for RPM-based Linux distributions.

YUM aimed to address both the perceived deficiencies in the old APT-RPM, and restrictions of the Red Hat up2date package management tool. YUM superseded up2date in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and later. Some authors refer to YUM as the Yellowdog Update Manager, or suggest that "Your Update Manager" would be more appropriate. A basic knowledge of YUM is often included as a requirement for Linux system-administrator certification. The GNU General Public License of YUM allows the free and open-source software to be freely distributed and modified without any royalty, if other terms of the license are honored.

While yum was originally created for Linux, it has been ported to a number of other operating systems including AIX, IBM i, and ArcaOS.

Operations
can perform operations such as:

 * installing packages
 * deleting packages
 * updating existing installed packages
 * listing available packages
 * listing installed packages

Extensions
The 2.x versions of YUM feature an additional interface for programming extensions in Python that allows the behavior of YUM to be altered. Certain plug-ins are installed by default. A commonly installed package, contains commands which use the YUM API, and many plugins.

Graphical user interfaces, known as "front-ends", allow easier use of YUM. PackageKit and Yum Extender (yumex) are two examples. Yum Extender was deprecated for a while when Fedora migrated to DNF, but it was rewritten in Python 3 and Gtk 3 and has been in progress for development. This brand-new Yum Extender is available for Fedora 34 or newer.

Metadata
Information about packages (as opposed to the packages themselves) is known as metadata. These metadata are combined with information in each package to determine (and resolve, if possible) dependencies among the packages. The hope is to avoid a situation known as dependency hell. A separate tool,, sets up YUM software repositories, generating the necessary metadata in a standard XML format (and the SQLite metadata if given the -d option). The  tool (formerly known as Yam) can help in the creation and maintenance of repositories.

YUM's XML repository, built with input from many other developers, quickly became the standard for RPM-based repositories. Besides the distributions that use YUM directly, SUSE Linux 10.1 added support for YUM repositories in YaST, and the Open Build Service repositories use the YUM XML repository format metadata.

YUM automatically synchronizes the remote meta data to the local client, with other tools opting to synchronize only when requested by the user. Having automatic synchronization means that YUM cannot fail due to the user failing to run a command at the correct interval.

title: Yum (software)


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Yum

Yum may refer to:

People

 * Ren (surname), romanized as Yum or Yam in Cantonese
 * Yum Dong-kyun (born in 1950), South Korean boxer
 * Yum Jung-ah (born in 1972), South Korean actress

Other uses

 * Quechan language, (ISO 639 language code "yum")
 * Yugoslav dinar, former currency (between 1994 and 2003) with the ISO 4217 code "YUM"
 * Yum! Brands, a corporation that operates Taco Bell, KFC, and Pizza Hut
 * Yuma International Airport (IATA code YUM), in Yuma, Arizona
 * yum (software), an open-source command-line package-management tool for Linux operating systems
 * "Yum", a song by Slowthai from the 2023 album Ugly

title: Yum


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Talk:August 6

Francis I
I'm brand new to Wikipedia, not brave enough to edit a page, but... The first link on the August 6 day in history links to the wrong Francis I. Yes, he was Francis I in his own domain, but he was Francis II as far as the Holy Roman Empire was concerned. The linked Francis I died in 1765 on his way back from the opera in Innspruck. If he waited until August 6, 1806 to abdicate as the last Holy Roman Emperor, then the HRE was moribund indeed.

Link suggestions
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the August_6 article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 00:54, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

2001
The way the event is worded for the daily posting is an NPOV violation. The briefing showed that there was a possibility that al-Qaeda may attack and what strategies they may employ, not that an attack was imminent. --Kitch 02:47, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

The 60th anniversary of the Hiroshima bombing is not notable
I've removed this entry three times:
 * 2005 - Hiroshima marks the 60th anniversary atomic bombing of the city.

How, exactly, is this notable? Unless something which was itself notable happened at an observation of this anniversary, then listing this anniversary — or any other Nth anniversary — serves no purpose but to clutter up the page.

Arguing "well, this is the sixtieth anniversary, and the sixtieth anniversary is significant, so therefore we should list it" fails. After all, this event has been commemorated annually starting in 1946; there is no listing for the tenth, twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth, or fiftieth anniversaries; and the actual, original, and highly notable event is listed on this very page.

Please stop putting this listing back. It is not necessary here. - jredmond 07:44, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well said. The event is already listed in 1945, where it should be. we don't need to mark anniversaries here. Kingturtle 09:49, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Is this addition needed? It's minor, But it's weird how it doesn't talk about something that happened on August 6th. 72.10.110.107 (talk) 16:58, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Are these notable?
1914 – Denis Patrick Dowd Jr. enlists in the French Foreign Legion, becoming the first American to fight in World War I.

1923 – Henry Sullivan swims the English Channel.

Neither event is noted anywhere else and the gentlemen mentioned do not have entries.Patrick lovell (talk) 08:24, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Removed as unsupported. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 10:54, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Graff Diamonds robbery
This event occured on this day. I'm putting this note here for the record as it appears there is some unspoken standard for what is and isn't allowed on this poxy useless page, and somehow it fails it. MickMacNee (talk) 20:45, 22 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It was a domestic event and hence not eligible for inclusion on a Day article. It should be on 2009 in the United Kingdom. Jim Michael (talk) 01:50, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

Peaceful Riots
IMO this sentence: "A peaceful march in protest of the death of Mark Duggan in Tottenham, London ends in a riot," doesn't make much sense. How can a march be peaceful if it ends in a riot? GoldenRing (talk) 12:29, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

holidays and observances - Feast of the transfiguration
has a wiki page Feast of the Transfiguration and external sources https://www.britannica.com/topic/Feast-of-the-Transfiguration, https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/the-transfiguration-555, https://www.goarch.org/transfiguration 142.163.194.58 (talk) 14:09, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * so put it in? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.163.194.58 (talk) 18:44, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

'No article' removal
My recent addition of  was was reverted with the edit summary "no article for the individual therefore can't be included in deaths". It seems ludicrous if the criteria for inclusion do indeed preclude people who are the subject of articles about their case, murder, execution or death, with their name in the article title. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 15:11, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * People who are famous for only one event aren't normally considered notable in themselves. You could of course include the event in the Date article for one of the key dates. I would suggest either 2 or 3 August if you feel it's notable enough - though of course there have been many similar cases. Deb (talk) 17:10, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Having been a Wikipedia editor for nigh on two decades, I'm quite comfortable in my understanding of the notability policy. However, that wasn't my point; and neither was to ask you to expand on your edit summary; but rather to ask for other editors' opinions as to whether you are correct, and if so whether that policy is justified. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 13:09, 9 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It's because I know you've been here a long time that I was offering the explanation. We don't need to debate individual cases, but you're welcome to seek a change to Days of the year which would allow the inclusion of such individuals. Deb (talk) 13:53, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

Grace "Spice" Hamilton
Grace "Spice" Hamilton birthday August 6, 1982 186.96.210.104 (talk) 17:41, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * And? Deb (talk) 20:14, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:August 6


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Anselm Feuerbach

Anselm Feuerbach (12 September 1829 – 4 January 1880) was a German painter. He was the leading neoclassical painter of the German 19th-century school.

Early life
Feuerbach was born at Speyer, the son of the archaeologist Joseph Anselm Feuerbach and the grandson of the legal scholar Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach. The house of his birth is now a small museum.

Between 1845 and 1848 he attended the Düsseldorf Academy, where he was taught by Johann Wilhelm Schirmer, Wilhelm von Schadow, and Carl Sohn. He went on to the Munich Academy, but in 1850, along with a number of other dissatisfied students, he moved to the academy at Antwerp, where he studied under Gustav Wappers. Feuerbach moved to Paris in 1851, where he was a pupil of Thomas Couture until 1854. It was in Paris that he produced his first masterpiece, Hafiz at the Fountain (1852).

In 1854, funded by Grand Duke Friedrich of Baden he visited Venice, where he fell under the spell of the greatest school of colourists, several of his works demonstrating a close study of the Italian masters. From there he continued to Florence and then to Rome. He remained in Rome until 1873, making brief visits back to Germany. In 1861 he met Anna Risi (known as "Nanna"), who sat as his model for the next four years. In 1866 she was succeeded as his principal model by Lucia Brunacci, an innkeeper's wife who posed for his pictures of Medea. In 1862 Feuerbach met Count Adolf Friedrich von Schack, who commissioned copies of Italian old masters from him. The count introduced him to Arnold Böcklin and Hans von Marées. The three artists became known as the Deutschrömer ("German Romans") because of their preference for Italian over German art. Between 1869 and 1874 he painted two versions of Plato's Symposium.

In 1873 Feuerbach moved to Vienna, having been appointed professor of history painting at the Academy. Among his students were Ludwig Deutsch, Rudolf Ernst and Jean Discart. Later, Feuerbach developed a disagreement with architect Theophil Hansen over his ceiling mural The Fall of the Titans, painted for the Great Hall of the new academy building on the Ringstrasse. While in Vienna he came to know Johannes Brahms. After Feuerbach's death, Brahms composed Nänie, a piece for chorus and orchestra, in his memory.

Last years
In 1877 Feuerbach resigned from his post at the Vienna Academy and moved to Venice, where he died in 1880.

Following his death, his step-mother Henriette, to whom he had always been close, and who had always done much to promote his career, wrote a book entitled Ein Vermächtnis ("A Testament" or "A Legacy"), including his letters and autobiographical notes. It proved enormously successful and greatly enhanced his posthumous reputation.

According to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: "He was steeped in classic knowledge, and his figure compositions have the statuesque dignity and simplicity of Greek art. He was the first to realize the danger arising from contempt of technique, that mastery of craftsmanship was needed to express even the loftiest ideas, and that an ill-drawn coloured cartoon can never be the supreme achievement in art."

His works are housed at leading public galleries in Germany. Stuttgart has the second version of Iphigenia; Karlsruhe, the Dante at Ravenna; Munich, the Medea; and Berlin, The Concert, his last important painting. Other major works include The Battle of the Amazons, Pietà, The Symposium of Plato, Orpheus and Eurydice and Ariosto in the Park of Ferrara.

title: Anselm Feuerbach


text:
User talk:Pizza Puzzle/New Imperialism (temp) talk

See also: Talk:New Imperialism

This is promising, isn't it? This is exactly what I meant when I warned that he's been dying to turn a coherent article into a jumbled, incoherent mess for months. He's just copying my text, removing basically everything that isn't a topic sentence, and adding a heading under every topic sentence. He doesn't know what the hell he's doing, failing to explain what the hell each of these trends had to do with New Imperialism. 172

If there is something that you don't understand 172, feel free to ask a question. I am sure I can help you understand what these topics have to do with the period in question. Pizza Puzzle

- Okay. Why are you copying my topic sentences, deleting everything else, putting headings under almost every topic sentence, and assuming that any non-expert is going to know what all these headings have to do with High Imperialism?

 * All submissions to the wiki are released under the GNUFDL - i am free to copy your topic sentences at will
 * I am not deleting everything else, I am deleting repetive statements, POV statements, and offtopic comments.
 * Headings are not being placed under every topic sentence, they are being placed above each paragraph which happens to start a new subtopic
 * What heading in particular are you having trouble understanding? Pizza Puzzle

What is "templol" supposed to mean? --Eloquence

It seems to be a debate between an expertise and an amateur. One wants to be as precise and complete as possible, while the other wants to be concise and brief. It is a question in style and they don't even seems to argue on the subject itself!!! PP can keep working on a concise version and many laymen may like to read it, while 172 should continue to improve the main article which is what an expert is supposed to do. I don't understand why such a great hostility happens in the first place. Wshun

I don't think an "expert" would read New Imperialism, it gave me a headache and I strongly doubt that anyone (including 172) has bothered to sit down and read that whole thing. Pizza Puzzle

--- Does anyone want to take bets on when Lir/Vera Cruz/Dietary Fiber/Susan Mason/Adam/etc gets banned again? I say around the first few days of August.172

 * As ever, if you have any evidence that Pizza Puzzle is Lir, you're welcome to present it to Jimmy. Martin

 * Evidence? Adam's laughing at your gullibility right now. Take a look at the history of New Imperialism. You're smart, isn't it obvious that Pizza Puzzle is Vera Cruz? 172 13:05 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Compile specific evidence, include dates, put it on a single page, and link to it. Currently you're making 99 accusations for every 1 piece of cited evidence. If you reverse those proportions you might be more convincing. Martin 13:43 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Id like an explanation what is wrong with this temp page. Its obvious his criticism of this page is based off his unfounded paranoid hate. Camembert wanted to edit New Imperialism and he said, "Its not worth the trouble" after 172 told him to stop foaming at the mouth. Why is this sysop allowed to go around attacking anyone who disagrees with him? Pizza Puzzle

This version has far too many headlines. A telltale sign that Lir has been spending too much time on a page..—Eloquence 14:30 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * hehe. Take a look at my comments above: "He's just copying text, removing basically everything that isn't a topic sentence, and adding a heading under every topic sentence." 172 14:35 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Graculus overwrote the temp page with a bunch of stuff from New Imperialism. Im not sure what he was doing. I reverted it and tried to move it to another temp page -- but its so big I cant. Pizza Puzzle


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ISO 3166-2:AT

ISO 3166-2:AT is the entry for Austria in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Austria, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 9 states.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is AT, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Austria. The second part is a digit (1–9).

Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).

Click on the button in the header to sort each column.

Notes

Changes
The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:

title: ISO 3166-2:AT


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Marianne Lamont Horinko

Marianne Lamont Horinko (born May 10, 1961) served as Acting Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from July 14, 2003 to November 5, 2003 during the first term of President George W. Bush. Prior to this appointment Horinko was Assistant Administrator for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) at EPA, having been confirmed by the U.S. Senate on October 1, 2001. She continued on as Assistant Administrator until June 1, 2004.

Horinko, an author and speaker on environmental cleanup policy, is currently the President of the Horinko Group, an environmental consulting firm focused on sustainability. She made an unsuccessful bid for a Virginia state Senate seat in late 2009.

Education
Horinko graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park with a Bachelor of Science in analytical chemistry in 1982 and from Georgetown University Law Center with a J.D. in 1986.

Career and civic service
Horinko was an attorney at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, involved in the areas of pesticides and hazardous waste counseling, Clean Water Act and Superfund litigation, and environmental audits in connection with business transactions. She was responsible for both the Superfund Settlements Project and the Information Network for Superfund Settlements, a policy group of over 120 companies, law firms, and other organizations headquartered in ML&B's Washington office.

During the George H. W. Bush Administration, Horinko was Attorney Advisor to Don Clay, EPA's Assistant Administrator for Solid Waste and Emergency Response. In that capacity she was responsible for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulatory issues and Superfund reauthorization. Clay was a career EPA employee who was elevated to the assistant administrator position by William K. Reilly.

After EPA, Horinko was president of Clay Associates, Inc., a national environmental policy consulting firm. She was responsible for launching the RCRA Policy Forum, a membership organization composed of federal and state governments, environmental groups, Capitol Hill staff, and industries interested in furthering constructive dialogue to improve the nation's waste programs. Through July, 1998, Don Clay was serving as president of Don Clay Associates Inc., "a Washington, D.C.-based public policy consulting firm devoted to solid and hazardous waste regulation and environmental cleanup issues." At that time, he took the position of director of regulatory affairs with Koch Industries, one of the companies DCA had been advising, to be based in Washington.

Back at EPA during her tenure as Assistant Administrator, Horinko refocused the goals of her office around five major priorities: Homeland Security/Emergency Response; One Cleanup Program; Land Revitalization; Energy Recovery, Recycling & Waste Minimization; a Retail Environmental Initiative (the Resource Conservation Challenge) and Workforce Development. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, she spent her first few months at EPA in the role of assisting in environmental cleanup activities at Ground Zero in lower Manhattan, the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the anthrax attack at the Hart Senate Office Building.

In 2003, as national program manager, Horinko oversaw EPA's response to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. The Brownfields program was signed into law by President Bush in 2002. Under her leadership, the budget for the Brownfields program was doubled.

In mid-May, 2004, in the leadup to the 2004 election, Horinko was questioned in the media relative to an EPA rule about industrial laundry and toxic waste, on the one hand, and gifts to the Bush campaign, particularly by Cintas Corporation founder and Bush Pioneer fundraiser Richard T. Farmer, on the other. Cintas, headquartered in the greater Cincinnati area in the electoral-battleground state of Ohio, was then the biggest company in the industrial laundry business. "In a summary of the rule, the EPA said it would improve 'clarity and consistency' of regulation, 'provide regulatory relief, and save affected facilities over $30 million'" by allowing industrial shop towels to be washed in water that would then go into municipal waste-water treatment systems. At the time, "3 billion of the [towels were being used to] sop up more than 100,000 tons of hazardous solvents such as benzene, xylene, toluene and methyl ethyl ketone" per year. Horinko "said Farmer's campaign contributions had nothing to do with the agency's decision," and Farmer likewise denied he had lobbied EPA directly or contributed to the campaign for the purpose of affecting the EPA ruling. However, Farmer said in the report that he did complain about the rule to Ohio Republican Sen. George V. Voinovich and Rep. Rob Portman, a fellow Bush Pioneer and chairman of Bush's campaign in Ohio. And, "[a]bout the same time in 2002 that Farmer was making his calls and the trade groups were contacting members of Congress, he made a major contribution. On March 19, 2002, Farmer gave $250,000 to the National Republican Congressional Committee." On June 1, Horinko left the agency.

Horinko made a bid for the Republican nomination for the Virginia state Senate seat, 37th District, Fairfax County, Sully District, to replace then-Attorney General-Elect Ken Cuccinelli (R) in a special election. Steve Hunt, who won the nomination and whom Horinko then endorsed, ultimately lost a close race in early January, 2010, to David W. Marsden (D-Fairfax), a result which "def[ied] recent voting trends that saw several Northern Virginia Republicans win big in November."

Horinko is currently president of the Horinko Group, a Washington-based environmental consulting firm.

Personal life
Horinko has two children and lives in Chantilly, Virginia. She resumed use of her maiden name, Marianne Maccini, in 2012. She is active in the lectors ministry at St. Timothy Parish in Chantilly, serves as food coordinator for the Chantilly High School Choral Boosters, and serves as President of the Chantilly High School PTSA.

title: Marianne Lamont Horinko