text:
Talk:Heisei era

Old talk
---Huh?--- Isn't the date off by one? According to the current table, 1998 is ten years after 1989, which doesn't sound right... 24.8.186.11

---

Regarding the sentence "The name was introduced by Akihito"

According to my recollection, the name was introduced by Keizo Obuchi. At the time, he held a Cabinet post. Might have been Chief Cabinet Secretary. Before he became Prime Minister.

Contributors to Modern Japan (Article merged; Some merged with  Post-Occupation Japan as well)

 * 20:16 4 Jul 2003 . . Emperorbma (Redirect Heisei)
 * M 20:10 4 Jul 2003 . . Emperorbma
 * 20:10 4 Jul 2003 . . Emperorbma (Moved some information to Post-Occupation Japan)
 * 19:48 4 Jul 2003 . . Emperorbma (Modify Nav)
 * M 04:39 2 Jul 2003 . . Emperorbma (Move Treaty to Occupation of Japan.)
 * M 22:06 1 Jul 2003 . . Emperorbma (From 1952...)
 * 22:00 1 Jul 2003 . . Emperorbma (I think this will work more nicely.)
 * M 11:36 27 Jun 2003 . . GCarty
 * M 11:30 27 Jun 2003 . . GCarty (wikify)
 * M 11:27 27 Jun 2003 . . Youssefsan (Kobe)
 * 11:26 27 Jun 2003 . . Youssefsan (Hirohito)
 * 11:24 27 Jun 2003 . . Youssefsan (Kobe and Sarin)
 * M 11:13 27 Jun 2003 . . Youssefsan
 * 11:12 27 Jun 2003 . . Youssefsan (some facts... my English is broken, any help welcome)
 * M 00:25 19 Jun 2003 . . Emperorbma
 * 16:41 18 Jun 2003 . . Emperorbma (Create a stub.)

Emperorbma

From 65.4.251.55 on 22:40, 2 Jun 2004: If anyone knows a good English translation of Heisei, then please post it on this site by clicking on "Edit."

 * I wrote where it is taken from but I don't believe "Heisei" could or should be translated. It's a name of era and it must be read and used as is.  Adding a translation is like writing what "George W. Bush" would mean in other languages, clearly unnecessary and confusing.Revth 01:47, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know if it's appropriate to translate-- but it's true that the character(kanji)s for "Heisei" may EVOKE a meaning when a Japanese sees them. That is, something like "peace completed". --165.76.150.252 5 July 2005 16:54 (UTC)

 * Era names certainly have meanings, and therefore they certainly can be translated (as an etymological note, not to replace the transliteration), and the fact that they have meanings are precisely the reason why eras are given names. This name is not even strictly Japanese (by which I mean something that is meaningless in other CJK languages), though it is not a common compound. For example, when I lived in Hong Kong, I lived on a street with this name; unfortunately I never bothered to figure out what the name means :-(

 * I can only guess about the intended meaning. However, I think the proposed meaning of "peace completed" is quite unlikely. If I were to guess, I would say "peace and prosperity", "stability and prosperity", or the like would be more likely.

 * Perhaps asking some old people might be a fruitful way to find this out…—Wing 06:00, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The article has an explanation of the term. It doesn't quite qualify as a translation, but it might be as close as possible. Fg2 07:13, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I noticed it after I posted my comment. The ja version also has an explanation (with less info but otherwise almost identical, though apparently slightly different). I do think it qualifies as a translation.—Wing 08:09, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Future Japanese dates
The native Japanese calendar is dated by the ruling emperor, and formally we don't know who will be a ruler in, say, 2001, therefore the Japanese (name of the) date is formally unknown.

The question is: how japanese handle future dates, e.g., year 3127, which is very unlikely to be in heisei era?

The question arose because an anon editor user:59.112.168.151 edits the year artilces (2024, etc.) and changes "Japanese calendar" date from "Heisei NN" to "unknown" and othere editors revert him. `'mikka (t) 15:17, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The Japanese use the western system of counting years about as often as they do the system based on emperors. If Japanese had to refer to a future year, they would simply use the western year. There is no system of referring to future years using the traditional calendar.-Jefu 15:31, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you refer to the reputable source that says this? the idea is to resolve the issue once an for all. `'mikka (t) 15:45, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I just checked the page you are referring to. I think including the Japanese calendar for future years is rather silly and would be in favor of just deleting it altogether. If people insist on including it I agree that it should say "unknown" or preferrably "undetermined". What a silly thing to fight about though.-Jefu 15:37, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

The result of this discussion must be posted in Template talk:Year in other calendars as a "micropolicy" about this template. And also explained in articles "Japanese calendar" and "Heisei". `'mikka (t) 15:49, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

I think it's fine to refer to fairly near future years as "Heisei XX" as it's safe to assume the current emperor would still be alive then. If we get too far into the future, though, I think it should be left blank. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e  15:53, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I apopogize but I would like to emphasize that it is unimportant what you or me think. I am repeatinig the question: who knows (and can provide a reference) how the issue has been handled by Japanese? How did they handle it 600 years ago (or whenever) when they didn't yse European calendar? `'mikka (t) 15:58, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The Japanese use Western dates for referring to the future. It would be really difficult to find a reference about that, though. Just going by what I've seen used in Japanese newspapers and magazines. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e  02:44, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I can guarantee you that if I walk less than 30 seconds from my office, I will find something referring to "heisei 19" or "heisei 20", usually about completion dates for construction projects, etc. You can't just say "The Japanese use western dates for referring to the future" as a correct blanket statement.  --awh (Talk) 03:17, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, you are right, I can google a small number of this usage even in Latin alphabet: like, "Wagakuni Setaisu no Shorai Suikei, Heisei 2-nen - Heisei 22-nen". Still, the question remains, are there any particular rules, especially, like I said, can one write "Heisei 247" with straight face? `'mikka (t) 04:09, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it is irrelevant to place Japanese years for future years. I am in favor of deleting them alltogether.-- Kungfu Adam ( talk ) 17:08, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think anyone will object since the "traditional" way of counting years based on the reigning emperor is impossible to extrapolate out into the future. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e  02:44, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually a very good question, and although everyone here admits far future dates in traditional Japanese style are rediculous, it's pretty hard to find a rule or even a guideline to stop stubborn editors from making rediculous edits. I've used google to get some somewhat useful information:
 * 平成１７年 - 15,100,000 hits
 * 平成１８年 - 17,100,000
 * 平成１９年 - 2,170,000
 * 平成２０年 - 733,000
 * 平成２１年 - 442,000
 * 平成２２年 - 496,000
 * 平成３０年 - 76,100
 * 平成３０年 - 76,100

 * And the same search using Westernized dates:
 * ２００５年 - 200,000,000 hits
 * ２００６年 - 293,000,000
 * ２００７年 - 12,700,000
 * ２００８年 - 9,970,000
 * ２００９年 - 3,920,000
 * ２０１０年 - 9,770,000
 * ２０１８年 - 810,000
 * I think those are good enough figures to disallow using the traditional system for future dates in Japanese. I would also like to point out that all dates are in Western form on the Japanese wiki, excepting discussions directly related to the emperors and the traditional system. freshofftheufo  ΓΛĿЌ  10:43, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that your figure-finding actually disproved your point -- the ratio (Heisei:Western) is actually *higher* for future dates. --awh (Talk) 09:15, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Uhm.. 2018 for western results in 810,000 hits, heisei30 results in 76,100 the ratio is significatnly in favour of westernized dates all the way along. How does that disprove his point? His point was there wasn't much support for using traditional names in the future. --Crossmr 06:13, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Uhm.. 2018 for western results in 810,000 hits, heisei30 results in 76,100 the ratio is significatnly in favour of westernized dates all the way along. How does that disprove his point? His point was there wasn't much support for using traditional names in the future. --Crossmr 06:13, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmmm... No, you have to compare the 2005 ratio (15,100,000:200,000,000) with the 2018 ratio (76,100:810,000).  You can see that it's actually *more* common to refer to 2018 (a future date) by the traditional style than it is to refer to 2005 (a past date). --awh (Talk) 03:42, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you have used a biased estimator, awh, when you argue that "it's actually *more* common to refer to 2018 (a future date) by the traditional style." Although I understand your argument for looking at the ratios, becuase 平成３０年 is a multiple of 5, making it relatively more likely than ２０１８年 to be a rough estimate of when a future even might occur.  For example, the ratio of 2017年:平成29年  is 225,000:6,850, or 33:1.

Alright, I think that I have figured it out: Here are my reasons, which summarizes and backs up with some hard data many arguments already made:
 * Use Western dates for future years, not the traditional system!
 * 1) freshofftheufo  says that all dates are in Western form on the Japanese wiki, excepting discussions directly related to the emperors and the traditional system.  Why should we do any differently?  There is no reason.
 * 2) The ratio of Google hits for ２００６年 : 平成１８年 is 293,000,000:17,100,000 (around 17:1, meaning that for the year 2006, there is only about one use of the traditional system for every 17 uses of Western dates). This means that, in absolute terms, the western date system is more common by a large margin(at least in the Google database).  But what about relative frequency? (which I view as nearly irrelevant), ask awh and others...
 * 3) Relatively speaking, the western system becomes MUCH more common as we move further and further into the future. Here are some Google results:
 * 2017年:平成29年 =  225,000:6,85  =  33:1.
 * 2068年:平成80年 =  10,300:16  =  644:1
 * 2114年:平成126年 =  3,030:0  =  infinity:0 (I am not sure if this is really and technically mathematically true.)
 * 2203年:平成215年 =  2,750:0  =  infinity:0 (I am not sure if this is really and technically mathematically true.)
 * Note: The dates I chose are kind of random because using dates which are multiples of 5 (i.e. 2100, 2250年, 平成100年, 平成200年 etc.) tends to give biased results because these dates are used more commonly as long-term estimates than dates which are not multiples of 5. Because the systems are 1988 units off, a date which is a multiple of 5 in the western system produces a date which is not a multiple of 5 in the traditional system, and vice versa.  This fact invalidates awh's argument above, in which he uses 平成３０年 as an example.  I even gave the traditional system the benefit of the doubt by using 平成215 as a datum point, but it was not able to muster any hits.

To summarize my summary, then:
 * 1) The Japanese wiki supposedly uses Western dates.  So should we.
 * 2) Western dates are far more common in absolute terms (for past, present, near-future, and far-future dates).
 * 3) Western dates are far more common in relative terms, especially for far-future dates.

I am not even sure how relevant this debate is to the English Wikipedia, and I have some SERIOUS doubts about its importance but I just spent a lot of time and thought trying (successfully, I think) to find an objective solution. I don't know much about Japanese culture nor the language and have no vested interest in the outcome of this question; although my lack of knowledge made my search for a solution more difficult, I don't think my argument is any less valid.

-- D a v e R u n g e r (t)⁄(c) 04:55, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Haha, I'd like to see the current emperor live for another 200 years! freshofftheufo  ΓΛĿЌ  09:59, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

平成 vs 平成時代
I have removed the 時代 from the Japanese at the beginning of the article. 平成時代 is more properly the equivalent of "Heisei era" or "Heisei period". --RJCraig 05:13, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Table of Years
Hello, can somebody please change the page that the infobox on the right side is not rendered over the last few entries in the table at the bottom of the page anymore? Thanks 87.162.110.162 (talk) 18:45, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Negative and pessimistic.
This page doesn't depict the innovations and inventions created during the Heisei period, like the QR-code, DVD & Blu-Ray (with foreigh coorperation), Gemini (the Android) and many others. There are meny well-sourced places for this information this article only looks at the economic faillures and make the entire Heisei period look like one long epic FAIL!!! while the Japanese have made many innovations wothy of mention. --82.134.154.25 (talk) 19:09, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

I agree with this comment! I've never submitted a comment to a Talk page before, usually I just add or subtract commas and fix typos when I see them, but I was/am bothered by the complete absence of even one positive event in this "history". I really wish I could contribute more than a complaint here, but my usual resource for that kind of information is (you saw this coming, didn't you?) Wikipedia, of course. Didn't the Emperor win some recognition for contributions to science in the field of Marine Biology or Oceanography? Maybe some information about his heir, since this is partly about succession? I'll see what I can find, but I'm just a kimono aficionado and not much of a resource for this article. Kkved (talk) 22:16, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

Posthumously renamed?
In the opening para it says "Hirohito was posthumously renamed "Emperor Shōwa" on 31 January." That's surely incorrect because Hirohito was always referred to during his life as Showa Tenno" when he wasn't being referred to simply as "tenno heika" and was never referred to as "Hirohito" by anyone other than gaijin. Unless I can find some evidence for this posthumous stuff, I'm going to delete it. --gilgongo (talk) 18:28, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Heisei is intended to mean "peace everywhere"
Is there a source for this claim. (No doubt it has been "copied everywhere" by now) --87.173.208.171 (talk) 13:17, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Naruhito's accession
To clarify, Naruhito's reign is scheduled to begin on April 30, 2019, while his own era will begin on May 1, 2019. GoodDay (talk) 16:47, 2 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The former half is not correct. Unlike the previous case in 1989, the succession to the Imperial Throne is scheduled to take place when April 30, 2019 turns May 1; Emperor Akihito is expected to be in his reign until April 30. You can find, in some articles by Japanese major news media, descriptions in English that Crown Prince Naruhito ascends the throne on May 1 (Examples: #1, #2). --Dumpty-Humpty (talk) 19:33, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

Emperor's posthumous name
I renewed the redirect message for the article Akihito. It sounds very impolite to say at public places what a person is to be posthumously called, regardless of the person's social status. Japan formally has no universal rule of how an emperor is called after passing away. --Dumpty-Humpty (talk) 19:44, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Reiwa period which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:20, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 7 December 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Mdaniels5757 (talk • contribs) 01:12, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

– To conform to the article names of the Meiji, Taishō, and Shōwa eras' respective English Wikipedia articles. ArguaBILL (talk) 07:10, 6 December 2022 (UTC) This is a contested technical request (permalink). – robertsky (talk) 18:21, 7 December 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Heisei → Heisei era
 * Reiwa → Reiwa era
 * @ArguaBILL: It has been a few years, but this page ended up here as part of this discussion: Talk:Reiwa period. -2pou (talk) 07:25, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I understand. ArguaBILL (talk) 07:31, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Since this has been discussed before, such a change is controversial. Would you like to move this to full discussion or cancel this request? Steel1943  (talk) 08:11, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I would like to engage in a discussion about this. ArguaBILL (talk) 18:15, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Also note that the Taishō era is only in this format because of a previous RM/TR request filed by the same user. Tol  (talk | contribs) @ 21:31, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support for Consistency. Suggest to move the current Reiwa era as well. Shwcz (talk) 18:41, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * This shouldn't come as a surprise, but I wholeheartedly agree. ArguaBILL (talk) 18:50, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @ArguaBILL would you want to add Reiwa into the request as well then? – robertsky (talk) 01:49, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes. ArguaBILL (talk) 06:26, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. The proposed change makes the title more WP:CONSISTENT with other eras of post-Restoration Japan, and provides additional clarity about the article topic. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 21:07, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support for consistency. J I P  | Talk 11:45, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:19, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heisei era


text: Talk:1973 oil crisis

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:1973 oil crisis


text:
Triangle Metro Zoo

Triangle Metro Zoo (originally Zoo Fauna) was a privately owned and operated 40 acre zoo that was open from 1998 until 2006. It was located in Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States.

History
The zoo originated from Larry Seibel's long experience in breeding exotic animals, and was opened in 1998. It was situated in a heavily forested area astride a small stream. Its name derives from the area of North Carolina in which the zoo was located, which is called "the Triangle" because it comprises the three larger cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill.

Shortly after the zoo opened in 1998, the barn containing the gift shop and restrooms burned down, and was never rebuilt. The owner cited lack of facilities at the zoo due to this fire, which prevented him from putting up a permanent sign on Capital Boulevard, as one of many factors that led to the lack of funds for the zoo and its eventual closure.

Seibel closed the zoo in February 2006, citing money and personal problems, as well as encroaching development that would require him to fence the entire property. After the zoo closed, the Bengal tiger Raja, who Seibel and staff had rescued from neglectful owners, was moved to the Carnivore Preservation Trust in Pittsboro, North Carolina after having first been quarantined at the North Carolina Zoo. Other animals were transferred to various private collections and zoos.

Animals
The zoo was home to some 500 animals representing 85 species. Mammals at the zoo included a Bengal tiger, blackbuck, Himalayan moon bears, camels, capybara, caracals, coati, donkeys, fallow deer, red kangaroos, lemurs, lions, llama, scimitar oryx, muntjac, sloths, servals, and zebras. Birds at the zoo included chickens, sarus cranes, red-crowned cranes, blue-and-gold macaws, scarlet macaws, military macaws, doves, emu, ostriches, pheasants, pigeons, toucans. Reptiles at the zoo included leopard geckos, bearded dragons, and various species of skinks and snakes.

title: Triangle Metro Zoo


text:
Zorglub

Zorglub is a fictional character in the Belgian comic strip Spirou et Fantasio, created by Greg and André Franquin, and first appeared in the serialised story Z comme Zorglub in Spirou magazine in 1959, later published in the diptych albums "Z comme Zorglub" (1961) and "L'ombre du Z" (1962). Zorglub's character was initially that of a sinister megalomaniac, mad scientist, but also a clumsy and bungling one who later reformed and became a friend and ally to the protagonists.

Prior history
He was a student in Brussels during his youth and became friends with the Count of Champignac and Miss Flanner. After a failed experiment to attract the moon maxed out all the university's money, he not only became the laughing stock of the campus but was expelled as well.

First meeting and evolution
He reappears with the intent of starting an experiment on the moon, but he wants the association of his friend the Count, willingly or not. He has reformed entire villages into bases for his army made from hypnotized policemen, the zorglhommes. With them he manages to steal several military secrets and technology, including the zorglumobile. As the album progresses, he repents and starts dismantling his bases.

After dismantling all but one of his bases he is again sent on the evil path by Zantafio. When Zantafio betrays him by showing that all that he desires is power, Zorglub is shot and becomes catatonic. After the ordeal he reverts to the mental state of a child but with the help of the Count, Spirou and Fantasio he is cured and rehabilitated.

Overall
An impressive arch-villain, his initial appearance is that of a visionary evil genius, but the comical aspects of the character soon come through. Although possessing a great deal of advanced machinery, his only true invention (as he admits) is the "zorglonde" (zorglwave, a mind-control radio wave).

He boasts that he could, if he wanted to, take over the world, but considers it too petty for a man of his genius. His real aim is to be recognized as the greatest scientist of all time, but being eccentric, schizophrenic and with a big ego, he has a tendency to make foolish mistakes which lead to his downfall. He later rehabilitates, but his ego is never "shot down" which makes him an easy target to manipulate as evidenced in the album Tora Torapa.

In the latest album La Face cachée du Z, Zorglub has built a space base on the other side of the Moon... but that forced him to bow before investors and build them a lunapark. That makes him so mad he finally decides to be a villain again, this time in space, and (supposedly) far from humans.

Zorglub also had his own series of spinoff albums with his daughter, written and drawn by José Luis Munuera.

Machinery and manpower
His major invention is the "Zorglonde" which he uses to bring others under his spell. Depending on the wave level, the zorglonde can be used to temporarily hypnotise whole populations, prevent outsiders from approaching Zorglub's bases or having an entire army under his control. Zorglub uses the zorglonde to steal inventions developed by others which he then claims as his own. He also turns police officers from all over the world into his soldiers, known as Zorglhommes (Zorgl-men), who operate his worldwide secret bases. Zorglub designed a special language to talk with his zorglhommes in order to maintain the secrecy of his plans. It's just normal speech spelled backwards: "Gnol evil Bulgroz!" translates as "Long live Zorglub!"

In Le réveil du Z (1986), Spirou and Fantasio travel through time and meet Zorglub's son, who has followed into his father's footsteps and conquered the world of the future. Zorglub junior looks exactly like his father, but he suffers from dwarfism. This however adds some irony, as he still refers to himself as The Great Zorglub.

Appearances

 * 15. Z comme Zorglub (Franquin)
 * 16. L'ombre du Z (Franquin)
 * 19. Panade à Champignac (Franquin)
 * 20. Le faiseur d'or (Fournier)
 * 23. Tora Torapa (Fournier)
 * 37. Le réveil du Z (Tome & Janry)
 * 50. Aux sources du Z (Jean-David Yann Morvan and José-Luis Munuera)

title: Zorglub


text:
Talk:List of highest-grossing films

Spider-Man rerelease
The page should probably make note of the original trilogy rerelease for Columbia’s 100th anniversary. The other live action films are also having upcoming rereleases. 66.99.15.163 (talk) 14:16, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ Betty Logan (talk) 22:14, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * In the $3,7 million gross "The Amazing Spider-Man" is included, is not only the Raimi films--Luke Stark 96 (talk) 22:23, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Indeed, the source now shows that. I believe it's one film per week. 98.228.137.44 (talk) 22:42, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, one film per week, 8 movies in total--Luke Stark 96 (talk) 23:24, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The entry in the section should be changed, given those facts. 98.228.137.44 (talk) 06:17, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅--Luke Stark 96 (talk) 11:43, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't know if this would be too much hassle, but The Numbers have posted the gross of each individual film released as it says in the schedule from the link above, and it does corespond with each daily gross from BOM's "Columbia 100th Anniversary Series", so with that I would suggest the new grosses be added to each individual film, especially now that they are re-releasing the Tom Holland trilogy and that would have to be updated in the MCU tab also. DCF94 (talk) 20:53, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed, that would probably be better. 98.228.137.44 (talk) 12:54, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you have the link for The Numbers data, please? Betty Logan (talk) 21:56, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It's on each individual film's Numbers page, but I'm not saying we should use the links from The Numbers, cause the BOM "Columbia 100" page shows how every week there's a high bump in the earnings that correlates with the release dates from the article above and with The Numbers' own posts, that's why I brought that up. But if you think we should use a more explicit source, then we can use the links from The Numbers. DCF94 (talk) 13:43, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

Under Highest-grossing franchises and film series section
This bit should be removed

"If ancillary income from merchandise is included, then Star Wars is the most lucrative property; it holds the Guinness world record for the "most successful film merchandising franchise" and was valued at £19.51 billion (about $31 billion) in 2012"

We simply don't know the merch numbers for the Marvel Cinematic Universe (it's its own brand) because at this point it probably surpassed Star Wars. Timur9008 (talk) 08:38, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * User:Betty Logan what do you think? Timur9008 (talk) 16:50, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I have no objections to removing it. It is out of date and isn't all that relevant to the topic of the article. Betty Logan (talk) 20:14, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree, ✅--Luke Stark 96 (talk) 22:10, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * If we get up-to-date figures at some point in the future, I think we should add it back. The second paragraph of the article's body points out that theatrical revenue is only part of the story, after all. TompaDompa (talk) 22:14, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't have a problem with that. I'm almost certain I was the editor who added that information in the first place when I overhauled this article back in 2011/12 or whenever it was, because I felt it was helpful to have some further context there, that there were other forms of revenue. It's just that it wasn't really telling us anything factual at this point. Betty Logan (talk) 11:56, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

inflation expansion
Could we expand the inflation chart to a top 15?

Fanoflionking3 (talk) 09:59, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I disagree, 15 is a "weird" number, the top 10 is perfect for this table--Luke Stark 96 (talk) 10:37, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Regardless of the merit of the proposal the numbers are slightly out anyway. I have been tracking the top 15 here in the hope of expanding the table eventually. My plan was to do it when we had a enough data for a top 20. As Luke Stark says, a top 15 is a rather arbitrary number, although I don't have strong feelings either way. At the moment though we can't go beyond The Exorcist, so we have to wait for films to enter above (most likely the Avatar sequels, because there doesn't seem to be anything else on the horizon with the capability of cracking $2 billion). Betty Logan (talk) 14:12, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 June 2024
Avengers: Endgame = 2 799 439 100 $ Goldo Shilba (talk) 17:46, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 18:32, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of highest-grossing films


text:
Rufus King

Rufus King (March 24, 1755 – April 29, 1827) was an American Founding Father, lawyer, politician, and diplomat. He was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress and the Philadelphia Convention and was one of the signers of the United States Constitution in 1787. After formation of the new Congress, he represented New York in the United States Senate. He emerged as a leading member of the Federalist Party and was the party's last presidential nominee during the 1816 presidential election.

The son of a prosperous Massachusetts merchant, King studied law before he volunteered for the militia during the American Revolutionary War. He won election to the Massachusetts General Court in 1783 and to the Congress of the Confederation the following year. At the 1787 Philadelphia Convention, he emerged as a leading nationalist and called for increased powers for the federal government. After the convention, King returned to Massachusetts, where he used his influence to help ratify the Constitution. At the urging of Alexander Hamilton, he then abandoned his law practice and moved to New York City.

He won election to represent New York in the United States Senate in 1789 and remained in office until 1796. That year, he accepted President George Washington's appointment to the position of Minister to Great Britain. Though King aligned with Hamilton's Federalist Party, the Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson retained King's services after Jefferson's victory in the 1800 presidential election. King served as the Federalist vice-presidential candidate in the 1804 and 1808 elections and ran on an unsuccessful ticket with Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina. Though most Federalists supported the Democratic-Republican DeWitt Clinton in the 1812 presidential election, King, without the support of his party, won the few votes of the Federalists who were unwilling to support Clinton's candidacy. In 1813, King returned to the Senate and remained in office until 1825.

King, the de facto Federalist nominee for president in 1816, lost in a landslide to James Monroe. The Federalist Party became defunct at the national level after 1816, and King was the last presidential nominee whom the party fielded. Nonetheless, King was able to remain in the Senate until 1825, which made him the last Federalist senator because of a split in the New York Democratic-Republican Party. King then accepted President John Quincy Adams's appointment to serve another term as ambassador to Great Britain, but ill health forced King to retire from public life, and he died in 1827. King had five children who lived to adulthood, and he has had numerous notable descendants.

Early life
King was born on March 24, 1755, in Scarborough, which was then part of Massachusetts but is now in Maine. He was a son of Isabella (Bragdon) and Richard King, a prosperous farmer, merchant, lumberman, and sea captain who had settled at Dunstan Landing in Scarborough, near Portland, Maine, and had made a modest fortune by the time Rufus was born. His financial success aroused the jealousy of his neighbors, and when the unpopular Stamp Act 1765 was imposed, a mob ransacked his house and destroyed most of the furniture. Nobody was punished, and the next year, the mob burned down his barn. John Adams once referred to that moment in discussing limitations of the "mob" for the Constitutional Convention and wrote a letter to his wife, Abigail, in which he described the scene:

"I am engaged in a famous Cause: The Cause of King, of Scarborough vs. a Mob, that broke into his House, and rifled his Papers, and terrifyed him, his Wife, Children and Servants in the Night. The Terror, and Distress, the Distraction and Horror of this Family cannot be described by Words or painted upon Canvass. It is enough to move a Statue, to melt an Heart of Stone, to read the Story...."

Richard King was a Loyalist during the American Revolutionary War, but all his sons became Patriots.

Education and early career
King attended Dummer Academy (now The Governor's Academy) at the age of twelve in South Byfield, Massachusetts. Later, he attended Harvard College, where he graduated in 1777. He began to read law under Theophilus Parsons, but his studies were interrupted in 1778, when King volunteered for militia duty during the American Revolutionary War. Appointed a major, he served as an aide to General John Sullivan during the Battle of Rhode Island. After the campaign, King returned to his apprenticeship under Parsons. He was admitted to the bar in 1780 and began a legal practice in Newburyport, Massachusetts.

Constitutional Convention
King was first elected to the Massachusetts General Court in 1783 and returned there yearly until 1785. Massachusetts sent him to the Confederation Congress from 1784 to 1787. He was one of the youngest men at the conference.

In 1787, King was sent to the Constitutional Convention, which was held in Philadelphia. Despite his youthful stature, King held a significant position at the convention since "he numbered among the most capable orators." Along with James Madison, "he became a leading figure in the nationalist causes." Furthermore, he attended every session. King's major involvements included serving on the Committee on Postponed Matters and the Committee of Style and Arrangement.

Although when he came to the convention, he was still unconvinced that major changes should be made in the Articles of Confederation, his views underwent a startling transformation over the debates. He worked with Chairman William Samuel Johnson, James Madison, Gouverneur Morris, and Alexander Hamilton on the Committee of Style and Arrangement to prepare a final draft of the U.S. Constitution. King was one of the most prominent delegates namely because of playing "a major role in the laborious crafting of the fundamental governing character." The Constitution was signed on September 17 but needed to be ratified by the states. After signing the Constitution, he returned home. He went to work to get the Constitution ratified and unsuccessfully positioned himself to be named to the U.S. Senate. The ratification passed by the narrow margin of 187–168. With the ratification passed, Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the constitution in early February 1788.

King was indirectly responsible for the passing of this ratification because his "learned, informative, and persuasive speeches" convinced a "popular, vain merchant and prince-turned-politicians to abandon his anti-federalism and approve the new organic law."

Later career
After his early political experiences during the Constitutional Convention, King decided to switch his vocational calling by "[abandoning] his law practice [in 1788], [and] moved from the Bay State to Gotham, and entered the New York political forum." At Hamilton's urging, King moved to New York City and was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1789. Shortly afterwards, he was elected as Senator from New York and was re-elected in 1795. King declined an appointment as Secretary of State to succeed Edmund Randolph. In 1795, King helped Hamilton defend the controversial Jay Treaty by writing pieces for New York newspapers under the pseudonym "Camillus." Of the 38 installments in the series, King wrote eight numbers 23–30, 34, and 35, in which he discussed the treaty's maritime and commercial aspects. He was re-elected in 1795 but resigned on May 23, 1796, after he had been appointed U.S. Minister by George Washington to Great Britain. John Skey Eustace was angry at King, when he was ordered to leave the country and published an offensive pamphlet. Even though King was an outspoken Federalist politically, President Thomas Jefferson, upon his elevation to the presidency, refused to recall him. In 1803, King voluntarily relinquished his position.

King then returned to elected politics, for a long time with little success, but he later returned to the Senate. In April 1804, King ran unsuccessfully for the Senate from New York. Later that year and again in 1808, King and another signer of the Constitution, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, were candidates for vice president and president, respectively, fronting a Federalist Party in decline. Accordingly, they had no realistic chance against the Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson, and they received only 27.2% of the popular vote and lost by 45.6%, marking the highest recess in presidential election history. In 1808, both candidates were nominated again and lost against James Madison, gaining 32.4% of the popular vote.

In September 1812, the unpopular War of 1812 against Great Britain helped the opposing Federalists to regain their reputation, King led an effort at the Federalist Party caucus to nominate a ticket for the presidential election that year, but the effort failed, as the Democratic-Republican DeWitt Clinton had the best chances to defeat his fellow party member Madison, which made the Federalists field no candidate. However, some sought to make King the nominee to have a candidate under the Federalist banner on the ballot, and though little came of it, he finished third in the popular vote, with approximately 2% of the total. Shortly thereafter, King celebrated his first success after ten years by being elected to his "second tenure on Senate" in 1813.

In April 1816, he ran for governor of New York but lost to Daniel D. Tompkins. In the fall of that year, he became the informal presidential nominee for the Federalist Party, as it did not meet for any convention. He received only 30.9% of the popular vote and lost again, this time to James Monroe, whose running mate, coincidentally, was Tompkins. King was the last presidential candidate by the Federalists before their collapse.

When he ran for re-election to the Senate in 1819, he ran as a Federalist even though the party was already disbanding and had only a small minority in the New York State Legislature. However, because of the split of the Democratic-Republicans, no successor was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1819, and the seat remained vacant until January 1820. Trying to attract the former Federalist voters to their side at the next gubernatorial election in April 1820, both factions of the Democratic-Republican Party supported King, who served another term in the U.S. Senate until March 3, 1825. The Federalist Party had already ceased to exist on the federal stage. During King's second tenure in the Senate, he continued his career as an opponent of slavery, which he denounced as anathema to the principles underlying the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. In what is considered the greatest speech of his career, he spoke against admitting Missouri as a slave state in 1820.

Diplomat

King played a major diplomatic role as minister to the Court of St James's from 1796 to 1803 and again from 1825 to 1826. Although he was a leading Federalist, Thomas Jefferson kept him in office until King asked to be relieved. Some prominent accomplishments that King had from his time as a national diplomat include a term of friendly relations with Great Britain and the United States, at least until it became hostile in 1805. With that in mind, he successfully reached a compromise on the passing of the Jay Treaty and was an avid supporter of it.

King was outspoken against potential Irish immigration to the United States in the wake of the Irish Rebellion of 1798. In a September 13, 1798, letter to the Duke of Portland, King said of potential Irish refugees, "I certainly do not think they will be a desirable acquisition to any Nation, but in none would they be likely to prove more mischievous than in mine, where from the sameness of language and similarity of Laws and Institutions they have greater opportunities of propagating their principles than in any other Country." Also, while in Britain, King was in close personal contact with the South American revolutionary Francisco de Miranda and facilitated Miranda's trip to the United States in search of support for his failed 1806 expedition to Venezuela.

Soon after his second term in the Senate ended, King was appointed minister to Great Britain again, this time by U.S. President John Quincy Adams. However, he was forced to return home a few months later because of his failing health. He then retired from public life. Adams initially offered the role to New York Governor DeWitt Clinton.

Anti-slavery activity
Though King had been a slaveholder as a young man, he became a prominent opponent of slavery. King had a long history of opposition to the expansion of slavery and the slave trade. That stand was a product of moral conviction, which coincided with the political realities of New England Federalists. While in Congress, he successfully added provisions to the 1787 Northwest Ordinance that barred the extension of slavery into the Northwest Territory. However, he also said he was willing "to suffer the continuance of slaves until they can be gradually emancipated in states already overrun with them." He referred to slavery as a "nefarious institution." In 1817, he supported Senate action to abolish the domestic slave trade, and in 1819, he spoke strongly for the anti-slavery amendment to the Missouri statehood bill. In 1819, his arguments were political, economic, and humanitarian. The extension of slavery would adversely affect the security of the principles of freedom and liberty. After the Missouri Compromise, he continued to support gradual emancipation in various ways. In 1821, he fought against attempts to include a discriminatory clause in New York's Constitution that aimed to restrict suffrage on racial grounds, arguing that such a restriction was unconstitutional.

Library
At the time of his death in 1827, King had a library of roughly 2,200 titles in 3,500 volumes. In addition, King had roughly 200 bound volumes containing thousands of pamphlets. King's son John Alsop King inherited the library and kept it in Jamaica, Queens, until his death in 1867. The books then went to John's son, Dr. Charles Ray King, of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. They remained in Pennsylvania until they were donated to the New-York Historical Society in 1906, where most of them currently reside. Some books have extensive marginalia. In addition, six commonplace books survive in his papers at the New York Historical Society.

Other accomplishments
In his lifetime, King was an avid supporter of Alexander Hamilton and his fiscal programs and became a director of the Hamilton-sponsored First Bank of the United States. Among other prominent things that occurred in his life, King was first elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1805 and was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814. Contrary to his previous position on the national bank of the United States, King found himself denying the reopening of a Second Bank of the United States in 1816. In 1822, he was admitted as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati.

Family
Many of King's family were also involved in politics, and he had numerous prominent descendants. His brother William King was the first governor of Maine and a prominent merchant, and his other brother, Cyrus King, was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.

His wife, Mary Alsop, was born in New York on October 17, 1769, and died in Jamaica, New York, on June 5, 1819. She was the only daughter of John Alsop, a wealthy merchant and a delegate for New York to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776. She was a great-niece of Governor John Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She married King in New York City on March 30, 1786. Mary King was a lady of remarkable beauty, gentle and gracious manners, and well cultivated mind, and adorned the high station, both in England and at home, that her husband's official positions and their own social relations entitled them to occupy. A King family member once wrote to their wife of her beauty and personality: "Tell Betsy King [Rufus's half-sister] her sister is a beauty. She is vastly the best looking woman I have seen since I have been in this city.... She is a good hearted woman, and, I think, possesses all that Benevolence and kind, friendly disposition, that never fail to find respectable admirers." Her "remarkable beauty" and "well cultivated manner" seemed to help the Kings in the type of lifestyle in which they lived, one in which the Kings found themselves in "fashionable circles and entertained frequently... (potentially helped by how "[Mrs. King] was widely admired in New York society; her retiring nature set her apart."). The Kings had seven children, of which five managed to live to adulthood. On June 5, 1819, Mrs. King died. "She was buried in the old churchyard of Grace Church." Rufus King remarked on her death regarding his wife, "The example of her life is worthy of the imitation of us all."

Rufus King died on April 29, 1827, and his funeral was held at his New York home in Jamaica, Queens. He is buried in the Grace Church Cemetery, in Jamaica, Queens. The home that King purchased in 1805 and expanded thereafter and some of his farm make up King Park in Queens. The home, called King Manor, is now a museum open to the public. The Rufus King School, also known as P.S. 26, in Fresh Meadows, New York, was named after King, as was the Rufus King Hall on the City University of New York Queens College campus and King Street in Madison, Wisconsin.

Descendants and relatives
Rufus King's descendants and relatives number in the thousands today. Some of his notable descendants include the following:
 * Dr. C. Loring Brace IV was a noted biological anthropologist.
 * Gerald Warner Brace (1901–1978) was an American writer, educator, sailor, and boat builder.
 * Charles Loring Brace (1826–1890) was a philanthropist and was most renowned for founding the Children's Aid Society.
 * Wolcott Gibbs was an American editor, humorist, theater critic, playwright, and author of short stories.
 * Archibald Gracie III was a career United States Army officer, businessman, and a graduate of West Point. He is well known for being a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War and for his death during the Siege of Petersburg.
 * Archibald Gracie IV was an American writer, amateur historian, real estate investor, and survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic.
 * Fleet Admiral William Frederick Halsey Jr., United States Navy
 * Isabella Beecher Hooker (1822–1907) was a leader in the women's suffrage movement and an author.
 * Charles King (academic) was an American academic, politician, and newspaper editor and the ninth president of Columbia College (now Columbia University).
 * Charles King was a United States soldier and a distinguished writer.
 * James G. King was an American businessman and Whig Party politician who represented New Jersey's 5th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives. His daughter, Frederika Gore King, married Bancroft Davis.
 * John Alsop King was an American politician who served as governor (1857–1859) of New York.
 * Rufus King was a newspaper editor, educator, U.S. diplomat, and Union brigadier general during the American Civil War.
 * Rufus King Jr. was an artillery officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a Medal of Honor recipient.
 * Rufus Gunn King III was the chief judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
 * Alice Duer Miller was an American writer and poet.
 * Halsey Minor is a technology entrepreneur who founded CNET in 1993.
 * Mary Alsop King Waddington was an American author.

title: Rufus King


text:
Tekserve

Tekserve was an American consumer electronics and information technology consulting business based in the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New York City. Founded in 1987 as a side business by Macintosh-using engineers designing computer-controlled institutional electronics, Tekserve grew from a small back-office Macintosh repair shop to become the largest single-location Apple Specialist and Premium Service Provider in the United States.

The store announced its closure on August 15, 2016, and the location subsequently became home to the Poster House museum.

History
Tekserve founders David Lerner and Dick Demenus met at the New York City public FM radio station WBAI in 1970, and with engineer Mike Edl set up shop together late in the decade under the name Current Designs Corporation. Their business was electronic engineering and industrial design. They manufactured the indestructible music listening stations to be found at the Lincoln Center branch of the New York Public Library, and early models of the audio listening tours now found in many art museums.

Tekserve was formed as a "sister company under the same roof" dedicated to servicing Macintosh computers and became Apple-authorized for repair in 1993. Tekserve occupied four locations on the same side of the same block in Chelsea: a 3000 ft loft at 115 West 23rd Street; another loft at 163 West 23rd Street (the "Traffic Building"); a larger space on the fourth floor of 155 West 23rd Street, and later expansions to the third floor. In June 2002, the company moved to a 25000 sqft storefront location at 119 West 23rd Street, occupying the entire first floor of the Printing Arts Building (which extends through to 24th street). The first three locations were notable for their eccentric decor, including an antique ten-cent Coke machine, and a porch swing.

In 2014, Tekserve birthed a business-to-business enterprise, T2 Computing, based on core competencies and experiences, which continues to operate. T2 became part of Axispoint in 2017, the latter acquiring the right to the Tekserve brand name.

On June 29, 2016, the New York Times reported the retail store and service center would close, while certain elements of the business remained open. It ultimately closed a few weeks before the end of its lease due to changes in shopping habits, the presence of multiple Apple stores and increased rent.

In popular culture

 * Several television series, including Law & Order and Sex and the City, have utilized Tekserve's facilities as a shooting location.
 * In Sex and the City episode 408, "My Motherboard, Myself," Aasif Mandvi was featured as a Tekserve employee attempting to recover data from Carrie Bradshaw's portable computer at the smaller 155 West 23rd Street location.
 * LaserWriter II, a novel by Tamara Shopsin, is about a 19-year-old girl who gets a job at Tekserve. The book introduces many different employees and offers a semi-fictional peek into the daily life of a printer technician at Tekserve.
 * American Pickers visited the store shortly before closing and purchased some items from the owner's personal collection. Other pieces from the store's Mac Museum ultimately ended up in a museum in Kiev, Ukraine operated by MacPaw.

title: Tekserve


text:
The Method of Mechanical Theorems

The Method of Mechanical Theorems (Περὶ μηχανικῶν θεωρημάτων πρὸς Ἐρατοσθένη ἔφοδος), also referred to as The Method, is one of the major surviving works of the ancient Greek polymath Archimedes. The Method takes the form of a letter from Archimedes to Eratosthenes, the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria, and contains the first attested explicit use of indivisibles (indivisibles are geometric versions of infinitesimals). The work was originally thought to be lost, but in 1906 was rediscovered in the celebrated Archimedes Palimpsest. The palimpsest includes Archimedes' account of the "mechanical method", so called because it relies on the center of weights of figures (centroid) and the law of the lever, which were demonstrated by Archimedes in On the Equilibrium of Planes.

Archimedes did not admit the method of indivisibles as part of rigorous mathematics, and therefore did not publish his method in the formal treatises that contain the results. In these treatises, he proves the same theorems by exhaustion, finding rigorous upper and lower bounds which both converge to the answer required. Nevertheless, the mechanical method was what he used to discover the relations for which he later gave rigorous proofs.

Area of a parabola
Archimedes' idea is to use the law of the lever to determine the areas of figures from the known center of mass of other figures. The simplest example in modern language is the area of the parabola. A modern approach would be to find this area by calculating the integral

$$ \int_0^1 x^2 \, dx = \frac{1}{3},$$

which is an elementary result in integral calculus. Instead, the Archimedian method mechanically balances the parabola (the curved region being integrated above) with a certain triangle that is made of the same material. The parabola is the region in the $$(x,y)$$ plane between the $$x$$-axis and the curve $$y=x^2$$ as $$x$$ varies from 0 to 1. The triangle is the region in the same plane between the $$x$$-axis and the line $$y=x$$, also as $$x$$ varies from 0 to 1.

Slice the parabola and triangle into vertical slices, one for each value of $$x$$. Imagine that the $$x$$-axis is a lever, with a fulcrum at $$x=0$$. The law of the lever states that two objects on opposite sides of the fulcrum will balance if each has the same torque, where an object's torque equals its weight times its distance to the fulcrum. For each value of $$x$$, the slice of the triangle at position $$x$$ has a mass equal to its height $$x$$, and is at a distance $$x$$ from the fulcrum; so it would balance the corresponding slice of the parabola, of height $$x^2$$, if the latter were moved to $$x=-1$$, at a distance of 1 on the other side of the fulcrum.

Since each pair of slices balances, moving the whole parabola to $$x=-1$$ would balance the whole triangle. This means that if the original uncut parabola is hung by a hook from the point $$x=-1$$ (so that the whole mass of the parabola is attached to that point), it will balance the triangle sitting between $$x=0$$ and $$x=1$$.

The center of mass of a triangle can be easily found by the following method, also due to Archimedes. If a median line is drawn from any one of the vertices of a triangle to the opposite edge $$E$$, the triangle will balance on the median, considered as a fulcrum. The reason is that if the triangle is divided into infinitesimal line segments parallel to $$E$$, each segment has equal length on opposite sides of the median, so balance follows by symmetry. This argument can be easily made rigorous by exhaustion by using little rectangles instead of infinitesimal lines, and this is what Archimedes does in On the Equilibrium of Planes.

So the center of mass of a triangle must be at the intersection point of the medians. For the triangle in question, one median is the line $$y=x/2$$, while a second median is the line $$y=1-x$$. Solving these equations, we see that the intersection of these two medians is above the point $$x=2/3$$, so that the total effect of the triangle on the lever is as if the total mass of the triangle were pushing down on (or hanging from) this point. The total torque exerted by the triangle is its area, 1/2, times the distance 2/3 of its center of mass from the fulcrum at $$x=0$$. This torque of 1/3 balances the parabola, which is at a distance 1 from the fulcrum. Hence, the area of the parabola must be 1/3 to give it the opposite torque.

This type of method can be used to find the area of an arbitrary section of a parabola, and similar arguments can be used to find the integral of any power of $$x$$, although higher powers become complicated without algebra. Archimedes only went as far as the integral of $$x^3$$, which he used to find the center of mass of a hemisphere, and in other work, the center of mass of a parabola.

First proposition in the palimpsest
Consider the parabola in the figure to the right. Pick two points on the parabola and call them A and B.

Suppose the line segment AC is parallel to the axis of symmetry of the parabola. Further suppose that the line segment BC lies on a line that is tangent to the parabola at B. The first proposition states:

 * The area of the triangle ABC is exactly three times the area bounded by the parabola and the secant line AB.

 * Proof:

Let D be the midpoint of AC. Construct a line segment JB through D, where the distance from J to D is equal to the distance from B to D. We will think of the segment JB as a "lever" with D as its fulcrum. As Archimedes had previously shown, the center of mass of the triangle is at the point I on the "lever" where DI :DB = 1:3. Therefore, it suffices to show that if the whole weight of the interior of the triangle rests at I, and the whole weight of the section of the parabola at J, the lever is in equilibrium.

Consider an infinitely small cross-section of the triangle given by the segment HE, where the point H lies on BC, the point E lies on AB, and HE is parallel to the axis of symmetry of the parabola. Call the intersection of HE and the parabola F and the intersection of HE and the lever G. If the weight of all such segments HE rest at the points G where they intersect the lever, then they exert the same torque on the lever as does the whole weight of the triangle resting at I. Thus, we wish to show that if the weight of the cross-section HE rests at G and the weight of the cross-section EF of the section of the parabola rests at J, then the lever is in equilibrium. In other words, it suffices to show that EF :GD = EH :JD. But that is a routine consequence of the equation of the parabola. Q.E.D.

Volume of a sphere
Again, to illuminate the mechanical method, it is convenient to use a little bit of coordinate geometry. If a sphere of radius 1 is placed with its center at x = 1, the vertical cross sectional radius $$\rho_S$$ at any x between 0 and 2 is given by the following formula: $$\rho_S(x) = \sqrt{x(2-x)}.$$

The mass of this cross section, for purposes of balancing on a lever, is proportional to the area:

$$ \pi \rho_S(x)^2 = 2\pi x - \pi x^2.$$

Archimedes then considered rotating the triangular region between y = 0 and y = x and x = 2 on the x-y plane around the x-axis, to form a cone. The cross section of this cone is a circle of radius $$\rho_C$$

$$\rho_C(x) = x $$

and the area of this cross section is

$$\pi \rho_C^2 = \pi x^2. $$

So if slices of the cone and the sphere both are to be weighed together, the combined cross-sectional area is:

$$ M(x) = 2\pi x. $$

If the two slices are placed together at distance 1 from the fulcrum, their total weight would be exactly balanced by a circle of area $$2\pi$$ at a distance x from the fulcrum on the other side. This means that the cone and the sphere together, if all their material were moved to x = 1, would balance a cylinder of base radius 1 and length 2 on the other side.

As x ranges from 0 to 2, the cylinder will have a center of gravity a distance 1 from the fulcrum, so all the weight of the cylinder can be considered to be at position 1. The condition of balance ensures that the volume of the cone plus the volume of the sphere is equal to the volume of the cylinder.

The volume of the cylinder is the cross section area, $$2\pi$$ times the height, which is 2, or $$4\pi$$. Archimedes could also find the volume of the cone using the mechanical method, since, in modern terms, the integral involved is exactly the same as the one for area of the parabola. The volume of the cone is 1/3 its base area times the height. The base of the cone is a circle of radius 2, with area $$4\pi$$, while the height is 2, so the area is $$8\pi/3$$. Subtracting the volume of the cone from the volume of the cylinder gives the volume of the sphere:

$$ V_S = 4\pi - {8\over 3}\pi = {4\over 3}\pi.$$

The dependence of the volume of the sphere on the radius is obvious from scaling, although that also was not trivial to make rigorous back then. The method then gives the familiar formula for the volume of a sphere. By scaling the dimensions linearly Archimedes easily extended the volume result to spheroids.

Archimedes argument is nearly identical to the argument above, but his cylinder had a bigger radius, so that the cone and the cylinder hung at a greater distance from the fulcrum. He considered this argument to be his greatest achievement, requesting that the accompanying figure of the balanced sphere, cone, and cylinder be engraved upon his tombstone.

Surface area of a sphere
To find the surface area of the sphere, Archimedes argued that just as the area of the circle could be thought of as infinitely many infinitesimal right triangles going around the circumference (see Measurement of the Circle), the volume of the sphere could be thought of as divided into many cones with height equal to the radius and base on the surface. The cones all have the same height, so their volume is 1/3 the base area times the height.

Archimedes states that the total volume of the sphere is equal to the volume of a cone whose base has the same surface area as the sphere and whose height is the radius. There are no details given for the argument, but the obvious reason is that the cone can be divided into infinitesimal cones by splitting the base area up, and then each cone makes a contribution according to its base area, just the same as in the sphere.

Let the surface of the sphere be S. The volume of the cone with base area S and height r is $$Sr/3$$, which must equal the volume of the sphere: $$4\pi r^3/3$$. Therefore, the surface area of the sphere must be $$ 4\pi r^2$$, or "four times its largest circle". Archimedes proves this rigorously in On the Sphere and Cylinder.

Curvilinear shapes with rational volumes
One of the remarkable things about the Method is that Archimedes finds two shapes defined by sections of cylinders, whose volume does not involve $$\pi$$, despite the shapes having curvilinear boundaries. This is a central point of the investigation—certain curvilinear shapes could be rectified by ruler and compass, so that there are nontrivial rational relations between the volumes defined by the intersections of geometrical solids.

Archimedes emphasizes this in the beginning of the treatise, and invites the reader to try to reproduce the results by some other method. Unlike the other examples, the volume of these shapes is not rigorously computed in any of his other works. From fragments in the palimpsest, it appears that Archimedes did inscribe and circumscribe shapes to prove rigorous bounds for the volume, although the details have not been preserved.

The two shapes he considers are the intersection of two cylinders at right angles (the bicylinder), which is the region of (x, y, z) obeying: $$ x^2 + y^2 <1, \quad y^2 + z^2 <1,$$ and the circular prism, which is the region obeying: $$ x^2 + y^2<1, \quad 0<z<y.$$ Both problems have a slicing which produces an easy integral for the mechanical method. For the circular prism, cut up the x-axis into slices. The region in the y-z plane at any x is the interior of a right triangle of side length $$\sqrt{1-x^2}$$ whose area is $${1\over 2} (1-x^2)$$, so that the total volume is: $$\displaystyle\int_{-1}^1 {1\over 2} (1-x^2) \, dx $$ which can be easily rectified using the mechanical method. Adding to each triangular section a section of a triangular pyramid with area $$x^2/2$$ balances a prism whose cross section is constant.

For the intersection of two cylinders, the slicing is lost in the manuscript, but it can be reconstructed in an obvious way in parallel to the rest of the document: if the x-z plane is the slice direction, the equations for the cylinder give that $$x^2 < 1-y^2$$ while $$z^2 < 1-y^2$$, which defines a region which is a square in the x-z plane of side length $$2\sqrt{1-y^2}$$, so that the total volume is: $$\displaystyle\int_{-1}^1 4(1-y^2) \, dy. $$ And this is the same integral as for the previous example. Jan Hogendijk argues that, besides the volume of the bicylinder, Archimedes knew its surface area, which is also rational.

Other propositions in the palimpsest
A series of propositions of geometry are proved in the palimpsest by similar arguments. One theorem is that the location of a center of mass of a hemisphere is located 5/8 of the way from the pole to the center of the sphere. This problem is notable, because it is evaluating a cubic integral.

title: The Method of Mechanical Theorems


text:
Southern Hemisphere

The Southern Hemisphere is the half (hemisphere) of Earth that is south of the Equator. It contains all or parts of five continents (the whole of Antarctica, the whole of Australia, about 90% of South America, about one-third of Africa, and some islands off the continental mainland of Asia) and four oceans (the whole Southern Ocean, the majority of the Indian Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean, and the South Pacific Ocean), as well as New Zealand and most of the Pacific Islands in Oceania. Its surface is 80.9% water, compared with 60.7% water in the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains 32.7% of Earth's land.

Owing to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane, summer is from December to February (inclusive) and winter is from June to August (inclusive). September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox. The South Pole is in the centre of the southern hemispherical region.

Characteristics
Southern Hemisphere climates tend to be slightly milder than those at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic. This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land; water heats up and cools down more slowly than land. The differences are also attributed to oceanic heat transfer and differing extents of greenhouse trapping.

In the Southern Hemisphere, the Sun passes from east to west through the north, although north of the Tropic of Capricorn the mean Sun can be directly overhead or due south at midday. The Sun follows a right-to-left trajectory through the northern sky unlike the left-to-right motion of the Sun when seen from the Northern Hemisphere as it passes through the southern sky. Sun-cast shadows turn anticlockwise throughout the day and sundials have the hours increasing in the anticlockwise direction. During solar eclipses viewed from a point to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the Moon moves from left to right on the disc of the Sun (see, for example, photos with timings of the solar eclipse of November 13, 2012), while viewed from a point to the north of the Tropic of Cancer (i.e., in the Northern Hemisphere), the Moon moves from right to left during solar eclipses.

The Coriolis effect causes cyclones and tropical storms to spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, as opposed to anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.

The southern temperate zone, a subsection of the Southern Hemisphere, is nearly all oceanic.

The Sagittarius constellation that includes the galactic centre is a southern constellation as well as both Magellanic Clouds. This, combined with clearer skies, makes for excellent viewing of the night sky from the Southern Hemisphere with brighter and more numerous stars.

Forests in the Southern Hemisphere have special features which set them apart from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Both Chile and Australia share, for example, unique beech species or Nothofagus, and New Zealand has members of the closely related genera Lophozonia and Fuscospora. The eucalyptus is native to Australia but is now also planted in Southern Africa and Latin America for pulp production, and increasingly, biofuel uses.

One of the most notable animals to be found almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere is the penguin. A species is found around Isabela Island on the Galápagos archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, which straddles the equator. However, most of Isabela and the rest of the archipelago is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and it is deemed by the International Hydrographic Organization as being wholly within the South Pacific Ocean, rather than the North Pacific.

Demographics and human geography

More than 850 million people live in the Southern Hemisphere, representing around 10–12% of the total global human population. Of those 850 million people, more than 215 million live in Brazil, the largest country by land area in the Southern Hemisphere, while more than 150 million live in Java, the most populous island in the world. The most populous country in the Southern Hemisphere is Indonesia, with 275 million people (roughly 30 million of whom live north of the Equator on the northern portions of the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Sulawesi, as well as most of North Maluku, while the rest of the population lives in the Southern Hemisphere). Portuguese is the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere, with over 230 million speakers in six countries – mostly in Brazil, but also in Angola, Mozambique, East Timor, and small parts of Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe that lie south of the Equator.

Among the largest metropolitan areas in the Southern Hemisphere are Jakarta (34 million people), São Paulo (22 million), Kinshasa-Brazzaville (19 million), Buenos Aires (16 million), Rio de Janeiro (12 million), Johannesburg, Lima (11 million each), Surabaya (10 million), Bandung (9 million), Luanda (8 million), Dar es Salaam, Santiago (7 million each), Belo Horizonte, Semarang (6 million each), Sydney, Melbourne and Cape Town (5 million each). Important financial and commercial centres in the Southern Hemisphere include São Paulo, where the B3 (stock exchange) is headquartered, along with Sydney, home to the Australian Securities Exchange, Jakarta, the seat of the Indonesia Stock Exchange, Johannesburg, home to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, and Buenos Aires, headquarters of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the oldest stock market in the Southern Hemisphere.

Common tourist destinations in the Southern Hemisphere include Bali, Buenos Aires, Cape Town, Easter Island, Lima, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney and Tahiti. According to a 2017 report, the most popular Southern Hemisphere "bucket list" destinations among Australians were Antarctica, New Zealand, the Galápagos Islands, South Africa and Peru.

Quito, Ecuador is the closest major city to the equatorial line on the planet, and Ushuaia, Argentina claims the title of world's southernmost city. Cape Town, Christchurch, Hobart, Punta Arenas and Ushuaia are officially acknowledged as the five international Antarctic gateway cities that serve as primary entry points for travel to the Antarctic region.

Among the most developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere is Australia, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$63,487 and a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.946, the tenth-highest in the world as of the 2024 report. New Zealand is also well developed, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$48,072 and an HDI of 0.939, putting it at number 16 in the world in 2024. The least developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere cluster in Africa and Oceania, with Mozambique and Burundi at the lowest ends of the HDI, at 0.461 (number 183 in the world) and 0.420 (number 187 in the world), respectively. The nominal GDPs per capita of these two countries do not go above US$650, a tiny fraction of the incomes enjoyed by Australians and New Zealanders.

The Southern Hemisphere has long been secondary in the global distribution of demographic, economic and political power, as it has less land than the Northern Hemisphere. In recent times, however, countries such as Australia have made greater efforts to economically engage with those from their hemisphere. Before the Age of Discovery, the Southern Hemisphere was largely cut off from the cultural constructs of the Western and Eastern worlds. Some view both the West and the East as being Northern Hemisphere-centric concepts.

The most widespread religions in the modern Southern Hemisphere are Christianity, prevalent in South America, Africa, Oceania, and East Timor, followed by Islam in East Africa and Indonesia, and Hinduism, which is mostly concentrated on/around the islands of Bali, Mauritius, and Fiji.

The oldest continuously inhabited city in the Southern Hemisphere is Bogor, in western Java, which was founded in 669. Ancient texts from the Hindu kingdoms prevalent in the area definitively record 669 CE as the year when Bogor was founded. However, some evidence shows that Zanzibar, an ancient port with around 200,000 inhabitants off the coast of Tanzania, may be older than Bogor. A Greco-Roman text written between 1 and 100 CE, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, mentioned the island of Menuthias (Ancient Greek: Μενουθιάς) as a trading port on the east African coast, which is probably the small Tanzanian island of Unguja on which Zanzibar is located. The oldest monumental civilizations in the Southern Hemisphere are the Norte Chico civilization and Casma–Sechin culture from the northern coast of Peru. These civilizations built cities, pyramids, and plazas in the coastal river valleys of northern Peru with some ruins dating back to 3600 BCE. Easter Island, located about 3,500 kilometres from Chile and French Polynesia, is considered to be the most remote place on Earth to have been permanently inhabited by humans before the Age of Discovery. It was settled by a Polynesian group known as the Rapa Nui. Areas of the Southern Hemisphere that had no contact with humans before the Age of Discovery include Christmas Island and Mauritius (in the Indian Ocean), the Galápagos Islands, Juan Fernández Islands and Lord Howe Island (in the South Pacific), the Falkland Islands and Tristan da Cunha (in the South Atlantic) and the continent of Antarctica.

Continents or submerged continents

 * Africa : About one-third of the continent, from south of Mogadishu in Somalia in the east to south of Libreville in Gabon in the west. From the Equator (Latitude: 0°) to Cape Agulhas (Latitude: 34°50′S).
 * Antarctica
 * The entire continent and its associated islands are within the Southern Hemisphere. From Prime Head, at the northern tip of the Trinity Peninsula (Latitude: 63°12′48″S) to the South Pole (Latitude: 90° S).

 * Asia
 * The entire continental mainland is within the Northern Hemisphere, only the southern portion of Maritime Southeast Asia, including East Timor and most of Indonesia, plus the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in the Indian Ocean. From the Equator (Latitude: 0°) to Pamana Island, Indonesia (Latitude: 11°00'S).

 * Australia
 * The entire continent and most of its associated islands are within the Southern Hemisphere. From the Equator (Latitude: 0°) to Bishop and Clerk Islets, Tasmania, Australia (Latitude: 55°03′ S).

 * South America
 * Most of the continent, from south of the Amazon River mouth in Brazil in the east to north of Quito in Ecuador in the west. From the Equator (Latitude: 0°) to Águila Islet, Diego Ramírez Islands, Chile (Latitude: 56°32′16″S), or, if the South Sandwich Islands are included as part of South America, Cook Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Latitude: 59°29′20″S).

 * Zealandia
 * The entire submerged continent, including New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and other associated low-lying islands above sea level, is within the Southern Hemisphere. From Belep, New Caledonia, France (Latitude: 19°45′00″S) to Jacquemart Island (Latitude: 52°37′S).

Mainland countries or territories

 * Africa
 * Entirely — Angola · Botswana · Burundi · Eswatini · Lesotho · Malawi · Mozambique · Namibia · Rwanda · South Africa · Tanzania · Zambia · Zimbabwe
 * Mostly — Democratic Republic of the Congo · Gabon · Republic of the Congo
 * Partly — Equatorial Guinea · Kenya · Somalia · Uganda

 * Asia
 * The entire continental mainland is wholly within the Northern Hemisphere. Only the southern portion of Maritime Southeast Asia, plus the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in the Indian Ocean are in the Southern Hemisphere.

 * Americas
 * Entirely — Argentina · Bolivia · Chile · Paraguay · Peru · Uruguay
 * Mostly — Brazil · Ecuador
 * Partly — Colombia

 * Antarctica
 * Entirely — Antarctica (Antarctic Treaty signatories)

 * Australia
 * Entirely — Australia

Atlantic Ocean
Entirely —
 * Annobón (Equatorial Guinea)
 * Bouvet Island (Norway)
 * Falkland Islands / Islas Malvinas (Administered by the United Kingdom / Claimed by Argentina)
 * Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
 * Ascension Island
 * Saint Helena
 * Tristan da Cunha
 * Gough Island
 * South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Administered by the United Kingdom / Claimed by Argentina)
 * Snake Island, Brazil

Partly —
 * São Tomé and Príncipe (most of Rolas Island)

Indian Ocean
Entirely —
 * Ashmore and Cartier Islands (Australia)
 * British Indian Ocean Territory (Administered by the United Kingdom / Claimed by Mauritius)
 * Australian Indian Ocean Territories (Australia)
 * Christmas Island
 * Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 * Comoros
 * East Timor
 * French Southern Territories (France)
 * Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Australia)
 * Java and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
 * Madagascar
 * Mauritius
 * Mayotte (France)
 * Prince Edward Islands (South Africa)
 * Réunion (France)
 * Seychelles

Partly —
 * Maldives
 * Sumatra, Indonesia

Pacific Ocean
Entirely —
 * American Samoa (United States)
 * Cook Islands (New Zealand)
 * Coral Sea Islands (Australia)
 * Desventuradas Islands (Insular Chile)
 * Easter Island (Insular Chile)
 * Salas and Gómez Island
 * Fiji
 * Rotuma
 * French Polynesia (France)
 * Tahiti
 * Jarvis Island (United States)
 * Juan Fernández Islands (Insular Chile)
 * Alejandro Selkirk Island
 * Robinson Crusoe Island
 * Santa Clara Island
 * Most of the Galápagos Islands
 * Bartolomé Island
 * Daphne Island
 * Española Island
 * Fernandina Island
 * Floreana Island
 * Guy Fawkes Island
 * James Island
 * Jervis Island
 * Nameless Island
 * North Seymour Island
 * Pinzón Island
 * Santa Cruz Island
 * Santa Fe Island
 * San Cristóbal Island
 * South Plaza Island
 * Nauru
 * New Caledonia (France)
 * New Zealand
 * Niue (New Zealand)
 * Norfolk Island (Australia)
 * Papua New Guinea
 * Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands (United Kingdom)
 * Samoa
 * Solomon Islands
 * Tasmania, Australia
 * Macquarie Island
 * Tokelau (New Zealand)
 * Tonga
 * Tuvalu
 * Vanuatu
 * Wallis and Futuna (France)

Mostly —
 * Isabela Island, Galápagos Islands
 * Kiribati
 * Sulawesi and Western New Guinea (Indonesia)

Partly —
 * Kalimantan, Indonesia
 * Maluku Islands, Indonesia

Southern Ocean
Entirely —
 * Antarctic islands
 * Balleny Islands (Antarctic Treaty signatories / Claimed by New Zealand)
 * Peter I Island (Antarctic Treaty signatories / Claimed by Norway)
 * South Orkney Islands (Antarctic Treaty signatories / Claimed by Argentina and the United Kingdom)
 * South Shetland Islands (Antarctic Treaty signatories / Claimed by Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom)

title: Southern Hemisphere


text:
User:Anthere/Archives/Gaia

I give up. I am not letting Anthere cut our article into three, with almost EXACTLY THE SAME CONTENT, and then confuse readers with his own unqiue bizarrely lower-case and upper-case titled names. If he has some sort of lower-case, upper-case obsession, let him get help offline. RK

Okay you two, calm down. Maybe you guys need to both take a break and do something offline for a while. These articles are not worth having a brain hemmorhage over :) -- Wapcaplet 23:52 4 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Anthere and RK, please consider reading Staying cool when the editing gets hot. -- Wapcaplet 23:57 4 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * The anger is all one way. I am letting Anthere add what he likes. So are you.  But Anthere is trying to delete everything I write.  He has no right to claim ownership over this article.  He now is claiming that everything I writ is POV and false...but tellingly, he can't provide a single example of what he disputes.  Hmm, why not? I am willing to discuss the issue...but he refuses to.  He won't say a single word about the content of any article; he just keeps doing mass-reversions. We can't discuss the issue if he refuses to explain his mass-deletions. That is vandalism. RK

 * See RK. You started yesterday willing to have one article. While we discussing renaming, you chose to massively and unilateraly change everything, all the while pretending there was a consensus over this, when there was none. You got your unique article. I see no pb with you editing. But you made massive changes all at once. Some are perfectly ok; some are not at all. When there are so many changes, I can't find my way. As you mentionned it so nicely, I don't read well english, yes ? You don't even leave me time to edit the article or to explain quietly what is wrong. You just keep insulting me on comments, while I do not. You say I am a vandal. Fine. Ask sysops to ban me. No problem. I let the article that way, because it is too late anyway. But I refuse to work with somebody insulting me and saying I am unable to understand english, who pretend I create 5 identical articles when this is pure crap, claiming I own the article, when I hardly ever edited it. Stop pretending you let me edit it, while you revert each time with further liars and insults. Be happy, do it your way. ant

I'm getting it from both sides. In all honesty I have no interest in trying to mediate the war you guys have going on. I just think you should both take a break and come back later. You're both calling each other vandals, neither of you seem to think there is anything to discuss... I don't want to participate in the accusations and criticism. Relax, watch TV, go have a cup of tea, come back when you're not so emotionally involved. -- Wapcaplet 00:25 5 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Uh, I explicitly stated exactly what I intend to do, and why. I also invited discussion by putting this idea on this discussion page. Not a single person objected. Even you now say that you don't actually object, because you say that you can't understand the paragraph I wrote.  Not my fault.  In any case, how is explaining one's views, and inviting discussion, "anti-Wiki"?  Get a grip!  And I have no idea what you mean by "scattering" all the miscellaneous points.  I do know that your grasp of English is not as good as you claim; in English, the phrase "Gaia theory" refers almost exclusively to biology. Your claims to the contrary are simply false, and you can't make them true with argument by repetition. Do what you will on French-Wiki, but stop harassing me on English-Wiki, and stop grosslty misrepresenting all my beliefs on the Wiki-En list. I really do not deserve such dishonest tactics. RK 02:56 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah ? Since you refuse any further clarification of your intent, I will wait for your move. From what I understood, you can probably expect a reversion. But if you think reversion is more constructive than word-discussion, there is no problem with me. This is the only way you permit view exchange between you and I; So if that can help me understand exactly what you mean, it is good :-) For the record, Toby agrees that Gaia theory is not only about science. Everything I agree with, I will keep, everything I don't, I will revert. That is the way we discuss, which do not need much words. Why not. Rules are set. Your move. Anthere

 * I repeatedly have clarified my intent. How many times do you want me to do this again? I have written about this many times on the Wiki-English list, and here as well. Your claims to the contrary are totally dishonest. Again, disagreeing with me is one thing, but flat-out lying about my point of view, and about what I have written, is not ok. If you cannot cooperate with others, leave this project. This is a group effort, ok? RK 14:07 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

The article claims "Buckminster Fuller is generally credited with making the idea respectable in Western scientific circles in the 20th century."

Really? I have never read a statement link this from any scientist. Please clarify, and provide sources. RK 15:26 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * who are you talking to RK ?

ANTHERE AND RK --

Quit it. I will protect the page and let the mailing list know -- if someone else wants to unprotect it, fine, but you two are behaving like children. I find it particularly appalling that, instead of asking for sysops to freeze the page till tempers fade, I am seeing requests for bans. JHK

 * Anthere may not speak English well enough to let things go. Check out her recent posts about on me on the Wiki-En mailing list. She has posted a list of totally false claims about me; she is repeatedly attacks positions I do not hold and beliefs I do not have. I have clarified my views many time, yet she ignores all of my letters. The problem is her, and her alone. She needs help; please talk to her, and see if you can get her to re-read my letters. It just is pathetic to see her enraged, attacking all sorts of things I never actually said. She still acts as if disambiguation is censorship, which is just silly, if not pathetic. Doesn't this bother you somewhat? RK 18:29 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I read your emails, and they seemed disingenuous and untrustworthy. Koyaanis Qatsi 18:31 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

No, RK, it doesn't. Or at least, it doesn't bother me as much as the fact that you BOTH are obsessive about this and are creating a truly unpleasant atmosphere. It also bothers me that, although Anthere agreed to a freeze (and it doesn't matter which verson is frozen to most of us -- I'm certainly not going to pick a version -- just refer people to the edit war page), you haven't shown any kind of willingness to back off. Not down, just off. As for the rest, to quote Paul Drye, "Pot. Kettle. Black." I'm protecting the page. JHK

 * KQ, I find it bizarre that you accuse me of lying about my own beliefs and positions? Why would I do such a thing?  Listen, instead of creating more flame wars by posting ad homenin personal attacks, why not be helpful, and write about the specific issues that this dispute is about, ok?  For instance, the need for us to use standard Wikipedia disambiguation technqiues.  Please try and be mature. RK 18:39 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * That's not what I said. I was talking about your summary of the events, which struck me as disingenuous.  I was not commenting about your beliefs, or your motivations, nor am I interested in them.  Koyaanis Qatsi 18:41 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * JHK, as for your "pot, kettle, black" remark, I find that rather childish. There are some serious issues that need to be resolved here, and this childish insult is not helping. For days now I have been pleading for people to address specific issues, yet all I get are personal attacks, ad homenin remarks, and a series of lies about me by Anthere. And to top it off, a few people on Wiki-En are accusing me of lying about my own beliefs!  That's just ignorant, and I find your refusal to discuss the actual points of dispute telling. RK 18:39 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * RK -- If you read my posts to the list, you'd know that I don't give a rat's ass about the content OR your arguments. I have NO INTEREST in this, and so am objective by default.  I just want the unpleasantness to stop, and in that you cannot say that  you are not party to its propogation.  Now you appear to be trying to turn this into something personal between you and KQ and you and me.  Not playing.  JHK

Anthere and I are not disputing the correctness of any part of the content. The dispute is about which content should be in which articles. Anthere is refusing to allow anyone to use standard Wikipedia disambiguation techniques; she is jamming every single idea into the same entry. She also is unfamiliar with how most English speakers use this phrase. Finally, Anthere has finally admitted what may be the root cause of her issues: She has stated that previous attempts at disambiguation were "censorship". For some reason, she believes that if all content is not jammed into this one entry, then this information is being censored, or deleted. That's not true at all, of course. I have repeatedly told her that I am not trying to delete or censor this information, but she nonetheless imagines that I am secretly planning on doing this. That is quite unfortunate.

For some reason my fellow Wikipedias keep missing the main point: standard Wikipedia protocol for disambiguation. In the past, this has prevented flame wars. Why is it not being allowed here? Let's change the Gaia article to a disambiguation page (proposal follows) RK 19:23 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

- -

RK, you just can't remove this page. Gaia Theory was originally proposed as The Gaia Hypothesis by James Lovelock in 1972. Please check your references. It was found in Gaia: a new look at life on earth. It just is not the same thing that the Gaia theory proposed later. Anthere

 * Wrong. Read the discussion. You are refuting a claim I am not making. RK 01:51 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Why is RK intent on suppressing Lovelock's ideas? Pizza Puzzle
 * He's not, as you'll see if you read his comments and the article. Vicki Rosenzweig 02:42 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * He is making confusion between the original work (which he called hypothesis, was supported by the simulation, and is related to homeostasis, and is a lot about chemistry) and the work later done, usually refered to as Theory (which is more from a biological perspective, and is about homeorhesis). The hypothesis is very well known, and is known under *this* term precisely. As such, it deserves an article on itself, not to be hidden. User:anthere

 * Anthere, please stop repeating this incorrect claim. English speakers do not refer to Lovelock's original idea as the "Gia hypothesis", and then refer to later science work on this topic as the "Gaia theory". English speakers do not use this odd terminology. Ever.'  When English speakers refer to this topic, they refer to Lovelock's original idea, and later work on it by other scientists with the same name.  Sometimes English speakers use the phrase "gaia hypothesis" to refer to this...both Lovelock's original idea and later ideas. Sometimes English speakers use the phrase "gaia theory " to refer to this...both Lovelock's original idea and later ideas.  But they do not use the word "theory" to refer to non-Lovelock ideas, and "hypothesis" to refer solely to Lovelock' ideas.  Why do you keep insisting on this incorrect terminology?  Its not even a big point anyway. RK 20:09 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-

I guess I can't. I see too many "Do you speak English" and "you are just trolling" and I just can't read anything RK writes or edits. Pizza Puzzle

I think that till the topic is resolved (that is when every editor allowed to edit wikipedia agrees on a solution), this article stays here as it is. Besides, I made some edits yesterday to that article. I think they are worth keeping, not just to be replaced by a redirect. User:Anthere

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title: User:Anthere/Archives/Gaia


text:
Charles Radcliffe

Charles Radcliffe (7 December 1941 – 10 July 2021) was an English cultural critic, political activist and theorist known for his association with the Situationist movement.

Life
A member of the direct-action wing of the peace movement of the early 1960s, he became a regular contributor to the anarchist press in Britain and in 1966 launched Heatwave, a radical magazine produced in London. It lasted for just two issues, but was cited in the Situationist tract On the Poverty of Student Life as an example of one of the "profoundly revolutionary tendencies in the critique of all aspects of the prevailing way of life." Its treatment of popular culture has since been hailed as path-breaking: the critic Jon Savage has said that one piece by Radcliffe "laid the foundation for the next 20 years of sub-cultural theory."

Heatwave was closely associated with Rebel Worker, a short-lived but influential magazine published in Chicago by Franklin Rosemont, Penelope Rosemont, and Bernard Marszalek, to which Radcliffe was a contributor. They were members of the Industrial Workers of the World with links to the Surrealist movement in France, the British libertarian socialist group Solidarity and the Situationist International.

Radcliffe became a member of the English section of the S.I. in December 1966, alongside Chris Gray (situationist), Donald Nicholson-Smith and T. J. Clark. He resigned in November 1967, and Gray, Nicholson-Smith and Clark were expelled shortly thereafter.

Between early 1970 and summer 1972 Radcliffe was involved with the magazine Friends, sharing a flat with its editor, Alan Marcuson.

Radcliffe is a descendant of Moll Davis.

title: Charles Radcliffe


text:
Thomas Newton Jr.

Thomas Newton Jr. (November 21, 1768 –August 5, 1847) was an American politician. He was born in Norfolk, Virginia.

Biography
Newton was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1796 to 1799. He served as a Democratic-Republican in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1801, to March 9, 1830, losing his seat when George Loyall contested his election. Newton regained his seat at the next election and served a final term from March 4, 1831, to March 3, 1833. In the bitterly contested 1824 presidential election, Newton was the only Virginia representative to support the Adams-Clay coalition. In 1804, Newton was one of the impeachment managers appointed by the House to prosecute the case for conviction on the articles of impeachment adopted against Judge John Pickering in his impeachment trial.

Newton's son John was a Union general during the Civil War and chief engineer of the US Army in the 1880s.

Electoral history

 * 1823; Newton was re-elected unopposed.
 * 1825; Newton was re-elected unopposed.
 * 1827; Newton was re-elected with 64.28% of the vote, defeating Independent George Loyall.
 * 1829; Newton was re-elected with 50.35% of the vote, but the election was invalidated and Loyall was seated.
 * 1831; Newton was re-elected with 51.01% of the vote, defeating Jacksonian Loyall.

title: Thomas Newton Jr.


text:
Benjamin Franklin Cummings Institute of Technology

Benjamin Franklin Cummings Institute of Technology (Franklin Cummings Tech) is a private college of engineering and industrial technologies in Boston, Massachusetts. It was established in 1908 with funds bequeathed in Benjamin Franklin's will.

History
Benjamin Franklin Cummings Institute of Technology owes its existence to the vision of Benjamin Franklin. In a codicil to his will, dated 1789, Franklin established a 200-year plan for £1,000 (about $4,400 at the time, or about $112,000 in 2010 dollars) that he gave to the city of Boston, where he was born. For the first hundred years, the money was to serve as principal for loans to young workmen; at the end of that period, the fund's managers would divide the money, using approximately three-fourths for public works and maintaining the rest as a loan fund.

When the hundred-year interval had passed, Boston decided to use the money to establish a technical school. Aided by an additional gift from industrialist Andrew Carnegie and land donated by the city, the institute opened its doors in 1908. A series of murals on campus were painted by Charles Mills.

In 2019, the institute announced plans to sell its three-building 1908 campus and look for a 30% larger facility. In September 2019, the institute announced a move to a new campus located on seven-tenths of an acre in the Dudley Square section of Roxbury (now renamed Nubian Square) to be closer to the neighborhoods where many of its students lived. The new 85000 sqft building is expected to open in the autumn of 2024.

In September 2020, the Boston Globe leaked that the institute was planning for a possible merger with the Wentworth Institute of Technology. The merger deal faced opposition among community members and city officials based on how the merger would affect Benjamin Franklin's ability to continue to serve low-income minority students, as well as the secretive nature of the merger negotiations themselves. In November 2020, the college's board of trustees voted to keep Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology independent and to discontinue any merger talks.

In February 2022, the college announced it received a $12.5 million gift from the Cummings Foundation to advance its work in creating technical career pathways for students typically underrepresented in post-secondary education. In recognition of the transformational nature of the commitment—nearly equivalent to the school's annual operating budget—the college was renamed Benjamin Franklin Cummings Institute of Technology.

Academics
, the college served approximately 870 students (61% in traditional programs and 39% through strategic partnerships and continuing education programs), with a 9:1 student-to-faculty ratio, and offered programs of study awarding certificates, associate degrees, and bachelor's degrees.

The college is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE).