text:
Talk:List of common carrier freight railroads in the United States

Untitled
Why are some RR's bolded and others are not? --Jiang

 * Just to confuse people. ;-)
 * Actually, it's for railroads that are currently operating, but I had forgotten to put that in until you mentioned it. --rj

Would it be clearer to say that UP is the oldest railroad continuously operating under its current name? Predecessors of CSX (the B&O) and CP (D&H) are clearly older, so these railroads could claim to be older companies. -- MHS

 * UP is not the oldest railroad continuously operating under its current name. That honor falls to the Long Island Rail Road, founded a good 20 years earlier.

 * The UP is the oldest Class 1 railroad, however, and the oldest to still be independent (LIRR is owned by the New York MTA). --Morven 18:21, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I think the LIRR does make enough revenue to fall into Class I status, but Class I only applies to freight companies. The LIRR was Class I back in 1978, but its freight operations are now the New York and Atlantic Railway. As for the oldest railroad, see oldest railroad in North America. --SPUI (talk) 21:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Moved this page to the new title List of North American Railroads to follow Wikipedia convention to call lists 'List of ...' and because it's not United States railroads since we list Canadian too. --—Morven 23:00, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Moved to List of United States railroads as this is the intent of the page. All railroads listed operate in the United States. All linked pages refer to the United States. Any purely Canadian roads should be removed but I didn't see any. Rmhermen 23:22, Jan 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, the wording about the Canadian/Mexican railroads listed made it rather unclear. Fixed for clarity. —Morven 00:57, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Division into existing/historical
I am of the opinion that railroad names in active use should be considered "Existing" even if owned by another entity. I'm thinking in particular about the Long Island Rail Road, which although owned by the New York MTA still operates under its own unique name. I've placed it back in the existing category.

By this I do not include names that only exist in that locomotives/cars still carry the reporting marks. I'm talking about actually operating under the subsidiary name. E.g. the use by NS of the "PRR" reporting mark, or the CSX use of "NYC", don't count as those railroads still actually operating. —Morven 22:26, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)

Maintenance issues
Would it be easier to have former railroads be a link to a category? It would have the same results but be easier to maintain. -User:SPUI
 * That would depend on what we think this page should be. As it is, this page can be used as a list of articles that still need to be written.  slambo 23:53, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Eh, there are so many that it doesn't seem like they'll all be listed anyway unless an approach of going from the other end (like I'm doing for Florida by looking in the state laws) is taken. --SPUI 00:03, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Isolated railroads
Is this supposed to be a list of common carriers, or should railroads like the ones in Walt Disney World be added? Something should also be added about subway systems etc not being included; not sure what exactly. --SPUI 00:03, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Adding short lines
I've added all the lines from. Canadian and Mexican ones are now moved to their own pages. --SPUI 00:17, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

By the way, are the EJ&E and FEC really Class 1? They're both in the ASLRRA - I can see the FEC, but the EJ&E? I guess it's a high traffic area, so it's possible.--SPUI 02:21, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * calls the FEC Class 1. --SPUI 05:47, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * As I stated elsewhere (User talk:Slambo and Template talk:US class 1), EJ&E was listed as a Class 1 railroad in the April 1984 edition of the Official Railway Equipment Register, and it is on that authority that EJ&E is listed here as a Class 1 railroad. This refrence also listed FEC as a Class 1 railroad.  The Class 1 designation is about the railroad's revenues, not the length of it's track.  slambo 11:30, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, for anyone reading this, I think we've come to a consensus that the EJ&E and FEC are now class 2. --SPUI 00:17, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Up to E in

Compact TOC
Unfortunately, with the two alphabetized sections, the compact TOC template already fails it, since the first links should be #a2, #b2, etc. Once the current list is populated, a compacttoc should be able to go there, and for the fallen flags, a handmade one. Alternately, it may be time for an article split into current and former. --SPUI 12:07, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, I was thinking along those lines too as I put the TOC back in. I'd be more in favor of an article split so we don't have to hand-maintain a TOC.  May I suggest that the active railroad companies be kept under the current article and the fallen flags move to List of defunct United States railroads?  slambo 13:59, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)

Short Line Railway pages
Actually, I've been wanting to contribute to this page for about a week now, but I've been wondering about protocol regarding linking to homepages for railways that are under the control of larger firms. Should I just numbered-link to the page in question as per Omnitrax possessions, or is there another protocol I need to follow? I look forward to seeing a link by each of those names up there. Orethrius 03:15, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been linking to the page on the holding company's website. --SPUI (talk) 13:13, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Defunct Railroads
Maybe it's just me, but I find the use of the heading "defunct railroads" in the state-by-state listings to be misleading, since many of those railroads are still operating (as a component of a larger, merged railroad). It seems appropriate to me to change the term "defunct railroads" to "fallen flag railroads" (or something), and then maybe add new headings for "abandoned railroads." Does anyone have any opinions on this before I tackle the change? Pitamakan 19:37, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Classification
Someone please add text explaining, or link to an article explaining, the classification scheme in this list. I'd like to add a railroad to the list but don't know where to put it. --Una Smith (talk) 20:22, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Conrail's reporting marks?
The CR reporting mark went to Norfolk Southern, and I can't find any evidence that CSAO is an actual mark. Does it have a reporting mark, and if not, what's on its rolling stock? --NE2 07:47, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Big 4 Railroad
big 4 is Cleveland Cincinnati Chicago and St Louis, and has a page under that name here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Cincinnati,_Chicago_and_St._Louis_Railway 24.107.3.217 (talk) 16:04, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Ruhrjung/bragpage

Pages I (have) consider(ed) to improve:
Agrarian Party & Agrarianism (redirect from Agrarian), Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance, Alien, Anti-Arabism & Anti-Islamism, Aryan race, Assimilation (sociology), Atlantic Charter, Auslandsdeutsche, Austria-Hungary, Autocracy, Baltic region, Baltic Sea countries & Balticum, Baltic Republics, Baltic state, Bastion, Bund Deutscher Mädel, Cabinet, Central Europe, Citadel, City-state, Civil War in Finland, Commander-in-Chief, Concentration camp, Dag Hammarskjöld, Danish nation, Denmark-Norway, Erich Ludendorff, Erkki Tuomioja, Eastern Front (WWII), Estonian Liberation War, Ethnic Finn / Ethnic Finns, Ethnic German (German, Germans), Ethnic Swede / Ethnic Swedes / Swede / Swedes, European Theatre of World War II, European Union, Fennoman, Finland's declaration of independence, Finland's Senate (Senate of Finland), Finnicize, Finnish, Finnish Civil War, Finnish War, Finns, First war of Schleswig, Foreign policy doctrine, Fourteen Points, Free city, Germania by Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Germanic peoples, Government in exile, Grand Duchy of Finland, Grand Duke of Finland, Grammatical mood (Modus), Grammatical tense (Tempus), Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, History of Denmark, History of Finland, History of the European Union, History of Parliamentarism, History of Schleswig-Holstein, Holstein, Holy Roman Empire (of German nation), indigenous minority (Indigenous people), Irredentism, Jean-Marie Le Pen, Johann Gottfried Herder, Joseph Goebbels, Jutland Peninsula, Jutland, Kalmar Union, Karelia (Karelia (disambiguation), East Karelia, Karelian Isthmus, Republic of Karelia, Karelo-Finnish SSR, Karelians, Karelian language), Karl-August Fagerholm, Lake Inari, Lake Onega, Lands of Denmark, Lapua Movement, Lauenburg, The letter of the eight, Mainland Finland, Master race, Melodic accent, Mikkeli, Militarism, Military alliance, Moscow Peace Treaty (1940), Mother tongue (First language), Motherland & Fatherland, Muslims in Europe, Napoleonic Wars, Nation, Nation building, Nationalism, Nationality, Neutral country (Belligerent, Non-belligerent), Neutralist, Nickel deposits of Finland, North Germanic language, Northern Crusades, Nuremberg Laws (Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany), Occupation of Denmark, Ombudsman, Operation Alphabet, Oskari Tokoi, Otto von Bismarck, Pakkoruotsi (Mandatory Swedish), Parliamentary system, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Personal union, Petsamo, Phony War, Political liberalism, Politics of Denmark, Populism, Populism and nationalism, Porkkala, Preemptive war & Preventive war, Prestige (sociology), Prince Oscar of Sweden, Prussian people, Qualified majority, Regency, Resident, Reich & Rike, River Svir, River Vuoksi, Rolf Witting, Russification of Finland, Paris Charter, Saimaa, Satellite state, Scandinavia, Scandinavian Monetary Union, Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, Second war of Schleswig, Siege of Leningrad, Slash and burn, Social conservatism & Conservatism (Political conservatism & Conservative), Social Democratic Party of Finland, Socio-economic, Sortavala, Southern Schleswig, Statsrådsdiktamen by Gustaf V, Standard language, Suffrage, Sweden-Finland, Sweden Finns, Swedish iron ore (WWII), Swedish language, Swedish neutrality during World War II, Swedish nobility, Taipale, Thorvald Stauning, Totenkopf Unit, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of Kiel, Treaty of Rapallo, 1922, Treaty of Stolbova, Treaty of Tartu, Treaty of Versailles, Triple Alliance (1882), Universal suffrage, Varangian, Viena expedition, Vilnius group, Vilnius letter, Volk, Volksdeutsche, Vyborg, Wall Street Crash (Black Thursday), Walther Rathenau, War reparation (redirect from reparation), Weapons of mass destruction, Western culture (Western, Western society /Western world /Western countries, Western Europe, Western Hemisphere, Western canon), White Guard (Finland), Wilhelmstrasse, Winter War (on foreign opinion, and foreign support), Women's suffrage, Völkerwanderung, Österland

Unwritten articles I've stumbled over (ought to be written, maybe?)
Act on Åland Self-Government, Alternative movement, Campaign against Norway, Caretaker cabinet, Civil Rights Movement, Colonial era, Ethnic Dane / Ethnic Danish, Edwin Linkomies, Estate of the Peasantry, European culture, Grand Duchy of Finland, History of Skåne, Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, House Law, Juho Heikki Vennola, Lapua, Legitimacy (Political legitimacy), Multi-lingual education, Protest party, Sestra (river) /Rajajoki, Social liberal / Social Liberal / Social Liberalism, State of War, Stör (river in Holstein), Sweden and the Winter War, Toivo Mikael Kivimäki,

Articles I'm curious to follow (despite not being particularly knowledgeable)
Anti-American sentiment, American exceptionalism, Armenian quote, Asian values, Augusto Pinochet, Battle of Tali-Ihantala, Constitution of Sweden, Diet of Finland, Estonian Liberation War, Finnish Karelia, Finnish war-children, First Battle of Narvik, Second Battle of Narvik, Germanic Christianity, Germanic tribe, Great Patriotic War (Eastern Front (WWII)), Ingria, Ingrian Finns, Izhorian, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Korela Fortress, Lappeenranta, Livonia, Livonian language, Livonians / Livonian people, Län, Meänkieli language, Narva (river), Northern Wars, Novgorod, Nyen, Otto Ville Kuusinen, Petrozavodsk, Pia Kjærsgaard (Pia Kjaersgaard), Porajärvi, Priozersk, Proto-Finno-Ugric, Repola, Riksdag of the Estates, Risto Ryti, Sortavala, Supremacism, Ting, Torne Valley, Unilateralism, White Sea, Zelenogorsk

Articles in whose editing I have felt engaged
ABC weapons, Aa River, Åland crisis, Allies, Anschluss, Anti-Comintern Pact, Aunus expedition & Viena expedition, Axis Powers, Baltic countries, Baltic Sea, Battle of Hemmingstedt, Allied campaign in Norway, Christianization, Civil War in Finland, Co-belligerence, Country, Democracy, Demographics of Sweden, Dialect, Dithmarschen, Duke, Earl, Elena Lappin, ethnicity, Feudalism, Finlandization, Finland's language strife, Finnic, Frederick I of Denmark, Free State, Fürst, Germany, Grand Duchy, Grand duke, Hero City, Highest averages method, Jarl, John of Denmark, Karelia, Lake Ladoga, Land, Leiðangr, Margrave, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Monarchy, Moscow Peace Treaty (1940) Nation, Nationality, Neutral country, North Germanic language, Ole Wøhlers Olsen, Operation Alphabet, Operation Barbarossa, Operation Weserübung, Paasikivi-Kekkonen Line, Paris Peace Treaty, Peter II of Yugoslavia, Phony War, Prince, Principality, Puppet government, Realm, Realpolitik, Referendum, Sainte-Laguë method, Same-sex marriage, Scandinavia, Status quo, Swedish nobility, Toinen kotimainen kieli, Town (& City), Treaty of Fredrikshamn, Tripartite Pact, United Baltic Duchy, Väinö I of Finland (Friedrich Karl von Hessen, List of Finnish rulers), Valaam Monastery, Variety (linguistics), Vistula, Zarah Leander, Universum Film AG, Western, World War II, Åland, Å, Ä, Ö.

...and in the mess on nobles and princely: Title of nobility, Ranks of nobility and peerage, Royal and noble styles, Royal and Noble, Nobility, Peerage, Graf and Noble.

Articles I wish I had been wise enoough to stay away from
Continuation War, Eastern Germany, Expulsion of Germans after World War II, Gdansk, Oder-Neisse line, Polish Corridor, Pomerania, Poznan, Silesia, Szczecin, Teschen, Wroclaw

title: User:Ruhrjung/bragpage


text:
User talk:Phoebe

Disclaimer (2016 version): I make comments on behalf of myself as a volunteer, not on behalf of the WMF, MIT or other entities.

But if you are looking for me, leave a message here, or feel free to email me you can also find me at: meta * other wikis * irc:brassratgirl ''The tinfoil protects me from *government* conspiracies. You need more than a hat to protect against rogue Wikimedians!'' Thomas Dalton Talk page archives:
 * 2003-2004 -- in which I am welcomed to Wikipedia and asked to work on marine bio articles
 * to the end of 2005 -- in which I return as a lapsed Wikipedian after a year+ of absence, and get invited to some meetups
 * 2006 (a busy year) -- in which I organize Wikimania II: the Prodigal Son of Wikimania; and do some other stuff
 * 2007 (a busier year) -- in which I go to Wikimania:Taiwan, and lots of other in-person events
 * 2008 (an amazing year) -- in which I work on San Francisco-area meetups, the Signpost, and a few contentious articles; and publish a book, "How Wikipedia Works"
 * 2009 (an active year) -- in which I work on the Signpost quite a bit, give some talks, and recover from writing HWW
 * 2010 (an unprecedented year) -- in which I muck around with the 'post, run WikiSym, and get elected to the board
 * 2011 (a distracted year) -- in which I edit very little but do a lot of outreach. And worry about the board
 * 2012 (a year abides) -- in which SF meetups come into their own, we bring down Wikipedia for SOPA, and I finish up my board term
 * 2013 (a year of deja vu?) -- in which I edit a lot, do outreach, get involved in some wikiprojects and and am reelected by the community to the board after a year break
 * 2014 (a year of work) -- in which I do work at various UC campuses, debate superprotect, do board work and more.
 * 2015 (a year of change) -- in which I work on classes, my second board term wraps up, and I move cross-country, which leads to a whole new set of meetups!
 * 2016 (a year of new coasts) -- ''in which I spend the whole year in Boston, help run WikiConference in San Diego, do a bunch of editing training, and for the first time ever (!) skip Wikimania
 * 2017 (a year of carrying on) -- in which I don't skip Wikimania. What else happened? who knows?
 * 2018 (a year of editathons and wikidata) -- in which I run a bunch of edit-a-thons in Boston and MIT, and get more involved in Wikicite!
 * 2019 (a year of facto post and content questions) -- in which I run a women's health editathon, and end the year with a message from one of my favorite people on my favorite author
 * 2020 (a year of world-changing developments) -- ''in which I don't work on covid articles, but do work on George Floyd-related articles]]
 * 2021 (a year of lighter editing and climate change) -- in which there is more movement on the climate change wikiproject, and I run some virtual editathons
 * 2022 (a year of virtual Wikimania and not much conversation) -- back to work in person in the real world, I spend time on virtual conferences, and see little activity on the talk page

Inventation to Boston-Gathering, celebrating Wikipedias 22th Birthday
Afers several years of distancing, I wan to invite you tomorrow (Jan 17th at 6pm) to the Boston-gathering at MIT.

Details can be found at Meetup/Boston/Wikipedia_22th_Anniversary_Celebration

I hope I see you there — Johannes  Kalliauer  - contrib. 19:19, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 54
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 54, November – December 2022
 * New collections:
 * British Newspaper Archive
 * Findmypast
 * University of Michigan Press
 * ACLS
 * Duke University Press
 * 1Lib1Ref 2023
 * Spotlight: EDS Refine Results

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --14:14, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
Hi! I need to check a quote from a book to which you may be able to have relatively easy access: Gerovitch, Slava (2002). From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 9780262572255

According to the article Cybernetics in the Soviet Union, it's on page 288: "tactical uses of cyberspeak overshadowed the original reformist goals that aspired the first Soviet cyberneticians."

Is that the actual text? English is not my native language, but I find this usage of "aspire" a bit odd in a professionally edited book published in the U.S. I'd expect "inspired", or maybe "goals to which the first Soviet cyberneticians aspired". But if that's the actual printed quote, then I guess that's what Wikipedia should have. Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 08:04, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I found it myself! :) Here's the full quote: "By the early 1970s, the cybernetics movement had changed completely in character. It no longer challenged the orthodoxy; instead, tactical uses of cyberspeak overshadowed the original reformist goals that aspired the first Soviet cyberneticians."
 * As an English speaker, what would you say: is it an acceptable usage of "aspired", or is it indeed weird? Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 08:46, 10 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey ! I think it's weird. Typo for inspired I guess? Or I'd reorder the sentence: "the first Soviet cyberneticians aspired to" -- phoebe / (talk to me) 16:27, 13 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks! :) Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 17:33, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 55
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 55, January – February 2023
 * New bundle partners:
 * Newspapers.com
 * Fold3
 * 1Lib1Ref January report
 * Spotlight: EDS SmartText Searching

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:45, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 56
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 56, March – April 2023
 * New partner:
 * Perlego
 * Library access tips and tricks
 * Spotlight: EveryBookItsReader

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --10:03, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 57
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 57, May – June 2023
 * Suggestion improvements
 * Favorite collections tips
 * Spotlight: Promoting Nigerian Books and Authors

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:22, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:28, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 58
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 58, July – August 2023
 * New partners - De Standaard and Duncker & Humblot
 * Tech tip: Filters
 * Wikimania presentation

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --14:27, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 59
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 59, September – October 2023
 * Spotlight: Introducing a repository of anti-disinformation projects
 * Tech tip: Library access methods

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --16:15, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:20, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

Writing women into STEM
Thanks, Phoebe, for your involvement in this initiative and in the follow-up work. A really impressive set of articles from talented new contributors. I hope you will try to encourage them to continue improving the coverage of women on Wikipedia. I have invited some of them to join us on Wikiproject Women in Red where we will be able to offer further assistance. Happy editing!--Ipigott (talk) 12:28, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 60
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 60, November – December 2023
 * Three new partners
 * Google Scholar integration
 * How to track partner suggestions

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --13:36, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 61
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 61, January – February 2024

 * Bristol University Press and British Online Archives now available
 * 1Lib1Ref results

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --16:32, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 62
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 62, March – April 2024

 * IEEE and Haaretz now available
 * Let's Connect Clinics about The Wikipedia Library
 * Spotlight and Wikipedia Library tips

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:02, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 63
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 63, May – June 2024
 Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:15, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * One new partner
 * 1Lib1Ref
 * Spotlight: References check

title: User talk:Phoebe


text:
USS Ault

USS Ault (DD-698) was an Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer in the United States Navy. She was named for Commander William B. Ault, air group commander aboard USS Lexington (CV-2). Commander Ault was declared missing in action on 8 May 1942 after leading an air attack in the Battle of the Coral Sea and was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his action in the battle.

Built by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Kearny, New Jersey Ault was laid down 15 November 1943, launched 26 March 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Margaret Ault, Commander Ault's widow. Ault was commissioned 31 May 1944, Commander Joseph C. Wylie in command.

World War II
After fitting out, the destroyer departed New York on 10 July 1944 for shakedown training in the Caribbean. She returned to New York for post-shakedown availability and to complete preparations for the long cruise to join the action in the Pacific. Acting as an escort for the cruiser USS Wilkes-Barre (CL-103), Ault sailed on 6 September for Trinidad. Detached from escort duty upon her arrival, she transited the Panama Canal and proceeded independently via San Diego to Pearl Harbor where she arrived on 29 September.

After three months of intensive training in Hawaiian waters, the warship got underway on 18 December and headed west to join Vice Admiral John S. McCain's Fast Carrier Task Force. After a refueling stop at Eniwetok on Christmas Day, Ault entered Ulithi Lagoon on 28 December 1944 and, along with her sister ships of Destroyer Squadron 62 (DesRon 62), reported to Rear Admiral Gerald F. Bogan for duty in the escort screen of Task Group 38.2 (TG 38.2).

When Ault reached the forward area, Leyte was in American hands; but the Philippines were still the focus of the aircraft carrier's operations, and they were directed to strike targets on Luzon and Formosa early in January 1945. Ault sortied on 30 December 1944 with TG 38.2 screening that task group. After the strike on Formosa on 9 January, the destroyer in company with USS Waldron (DD-699), USS Charles S. Sperry (DD-697), and USS John W. Weeks (DD-701), swept Bashi Channel ahead of Task Force 38 (TF 38), while proceeding into the South China Sea. Heavy weather as well as the proximity of the enemy created a tense atmosphere in which the carriers continued to mount strikes against the Cam Ranh Bay area, Hong Kong, Hainan, Swatow, and the Formosa Strait. Returning to the Pacific through the Balintang Channel on the night of 20 January, the task force launched final strikes against Formosa and Okinawa before returning to Ulithi on 25 January.

Shortly before the assault on Iwo Jima, TF 38 was reorganized as TF 58 under Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher. Ault was assigned to Rear Admiral Forrest Sherman's USS Essex (CV-9) Task Group 58.3, which launched diversionary strikes against Formosa, Luzon, and the Japanese mainland on 16 and 17 February. The carriers provided air cover for the operations on Iwo Jima on 19 February and raided the Tokyo area on the 25th and Okinawa on 1 March before retiring to Ulithi on 4 March.

The destroyer returned to the action with TG 58.3 on 14 March for operations to neutralize Japanese air power during the forthcoming Okinawa campaign. In response to strikes against Kyūshū and Honshū, the Japanese retaliated with air strikes against the task group; and, on 20 March, Ault splashed her first two enemy planes. On 23 and 24 March, the task group launched preinvasion strikes against Okinawa; and, on 27 March, Ault assisted the ships of DesRon 62 and four cruisers in shore bombardment of Minami Daito Shima. The warship's next two months were enlivened by days and nights of continuous general quarters. Kamikaze attacks on 6 and 7 April damaged USS Haynsworth (DD-700) and USS Hancock (CV-19). On 11 April, a suicide plane that missed Essex came perilously close to Ault; but her gunners splashed the plane close aboard her starboard quarter. USS Kidd (DD-661) was badly hit that day. Ault again participated in the bombardment of Minami Daito Shima on 10 May, then rejoined the task force to assist in repelling heavy enemy air attack. While screening USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) on the morning of 11 May, Ault splashed one kamikaze, but two others hit the carrier. After rescuing 29 men from the stricken ship, the destroyer escorted her to the replenishment group and rejoined the action on the 13th. During attacks on 13 and 14 May, she succeeded in splashing three more planes. On 1 June, Ault put into San Pedro Bay, Leyte, after 80 days at sea.

Task Force 58 was redesignated TF 38; and, on 1 July, Ault sortied for strikes against the Japanese home islands. On 18 and 19 July, the ship joined with Cruiser Division 18 and other destroyers in an antishipping sweep of Sagami Wan and a bombardment of Nojima Saki. The following day, she rejoined the task group and continued to support the carriers until Japan capitulated on 15 August.

Ault operated off the coast of Honshū on patrol until 2 September when she entered Tokyo Bay and anchored near USS Missouri (BB-63) during the formal surrender ceremony on board that battleship. The destroyer soon resumed patrol with the task group out of Tokyo and continued that duty until 30 October, when she steamed for Sasebo, Japan, to perform more carrier and escort duties. On 31 December 1945, the destroyer departed Japan, bound for the United States, and arrived at San Francisco on 20 January 1946. After a short respite, she was underway again and headed via the Panama Canal for Boston. Following brief stops along the east coast, the vessel entered the Boston Navy Yard on 26 April 1946 for a well-deserved overhaul.

1947–50
The yard work was completed on 15 March 1947, and Ault steamed to Charleston, South Carolina, her base for local operations and training exercises until 12 July, when she sailed for New Orleans and two years there as a Naval Reserve training ship. During her operations in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, she visited such ports as Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba; Kingston, Jamaica; Coco Solo, Canal Zone; Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Veracruz, Mexico; and Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. During this period, she also performed planeguard duties for carriers operating out of Pensacola, Florida, and underwent an overhaul in Charleston from 24 February to 11 May 1948.

On 21 August 1949, after a month of intensive training in Guantanamo Bay, Ault put into Norfolk to fit out for her first Mediterranean cruise. From 6 to 16 September, the warship steamed across the Atlantic to join 6th Fleet tactical exercises and maneuvers, including a simulated assault on Cyprus. Her ports of call included Aranci Bay, Sardinia; Cannes, France; Argostoli and Piraeus, Greece; and Famagusta, Cyprus. Ault departed Gibraltar on 16 November; headed for the British Isles; and put into Plymouth, England, on 19 November. Prior to leaving Europe, she called at Antwerp, Belgium; Rouen, France; the Isle of Portland, England; and Leith, Scotland. She moored in Norfolk on 26 January 1950 and prepared for inactivation. She was placed out of commission, in reserve, on 31 May and was towed to the Charleston Naval Shipyard for berthing in the Inactive Reserve Fleet.

1950–53
However, her respite was brief. With the outbreak of the Korean War, the Navy needed more active destroyers. On 15 November 1950, Ault was recommissioned at Charleston under the command of Comdr. Harry Marvin-Smith. She steamed to her home port, Norfolk, for the Christmas holidays and to Guantanamo Bay for refresher training in March. After a post-shakedown overhaul in Charleston, the ship returned to her home port, sortied with her sister ships of DesRon 22, and carried out antisubmarine warfare exercises in Cuban waters. She returned to Norfolk on 13 August for upkeep.

Ault sailed for the Mediterranean on 3 September for another tour with the 6th Fleet and stopped for liberty calls in ports in Sicily, Italy, France, Greece, and Portugal. On 30 January 1952, she departed Gibraltar in Destroyer Division 222 (DesDiv 222) and steamed via Bermuda to Norfolk where she arrived on 10 February.

The warship's activities during the first few months of 1952 consisted of training exercises in the Virginia Capes, Caribbean operations, and an upkeep period in Charleston. On 4 June, she embarked midshipmen for a training cruise that took them to Torbay, England; Le Havre, France; and Guantanamo Bay. Upon her arrival back at Norfolk on 4 August, Ault conducted local type training into the new year.

During February 1953, the ship participated in drills in the Caribbean while operating out of St. Thomas and St. Croix, Virgin Islands. On 11 March, she commenced an overhaul in the Charleston Naval Shipyard. Upon completion of the yard work, she steamed back via her home port to Guantanamo Bay where she arrived on 31 July for refresher training. Following two months training and one month loading supplies, Ault departed Norfolk on 2 November with DesDiv 222 for an around-the-world cruise. After transiting the Panama Canal and stopping at San Diego, Pearl Harbor, and Midway, she arrived at Yokosuka, Japan, on 6 December and reported for duty with the 7th Fleet.

On 20 December 1953, Ault collided with USS Haynsworth (DD-700) during antisubmarine warfare (ASW) exercises in the Sea of Japan. The former's bow was torn off at frame eight. There was one casualty, Eugene Merril Whittington, who died of head injuries sustained during the collision. The damaged destroyer was towed to Yokosuka for repairs by USS Grapple (ARS-7).

1954–66
On 14 March 1954, Ault once again got underway for training and a subsequent voyage westward through the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, across the Atlantic Ocean, to arrive home at Norfolk on 4 June. She operated with various warships along the way and made port calls at Hong Kong, Singapore; Colombo, Ceylon; Port Said, Egypt; Athens; Naples; Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Barcelona, Spain; and Gibraltar. For the remainder of 1954, she operated along the east coast.

For the first six months of 1955, the destroyer conducted Caribbean exercises and local operations, including plane guard duty off Jacksonville, Florida, with carrier USS Lake Champlain (CV-39). She entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 1 July for a three-month overhaul which was followed by one month of refresher training at Guantanamo Bay. The warship returned to her home port on 26 November and commenced type training and local operations along the east coast.

On 1 May 1956, Ault sailed for the Mediterranean where she participated in Kiel Week ceremonies in Kiel, Germany; 6th Fleet exercises; and a month and one-half in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The cruise ended with her arrival in Norfolk on 17 September.

On 28 January 1957, Ault got underway again with DesRon 22 for a five-month tour of duty overseas. The destroyer exercised with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean and called at ports in Italy, Greece, Turkey, Lebanon, and Sicily before returning to Norfolk in June. After three months of local operations along the east coast, Ault sortied with USS Essex (CV-9) on 3 September to join other destroyers in North Atlantic and Arctic waters for Operation Strikeback. Upon completion of the exercise, she put into Cherbourg, France, on 30 September for a short leave period before heading home. She moored in Norfolk on 21 October and resumed local operations. On 19 November she entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. After a four-month overhaul, refresher training, and upkeep, the destroyer got underway on 17 June 1958 for hunter-killer operations in the Atlantic with USS Leyte (CV-32). On 2 September, she steamed in company with DesDiv 222 to the Mediterranean for another six-month deployment before resuming local operations out of Norfolk in March 1959.

In June, the ship entered the Great Lakes for Operation Inland Seas, a celebration honoring the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Later in the year, she assisted the Fleet Sonar School in Key West, Florida, and participated in Atlantic coast exercises.

With the beginning of 1960, Ault was again deployed to the Mediterranean. On 9 March 1960, the destroyer, in company with John W. Weeks, transited the Bosporus and the two became the first U.S. warships to enter the Black Sea since 1945.

Her Black Sea entry was, in part, a secret radio probing mission, for which she was fitted with radio eavesdropping gear manned by civilian technicians. As they entered the Black Sea, Ault and John W. Weeks were followed by a Russian trawler, but all three ships soon stopped when John W. Weeks faked a breakdown by hosting a breakdown flag. The ships sat for some time while Ault was building superheat in her boilers; suddenly, Ault got underway at maximum speed toward Russia, leaving the trawler far behind. The trip's mission was kept secret from the crew until she started moving, at which point the captain announced they were heading to Russia. He also indicated there were American fighters circling just outside the Black Sea, and if they got into trouble, the planes could go supersonic and assist in minutes. The ship headed north, approaching Russia, and then turned around to rejoin the Weeks and depart the Black Sea.

She returned to Norfolk in September and commenced overhaul in December. Ault emerged from the shipyard in March 1961, sailed to Guantanamo Bay for refresher training, and then resumed normal operations. She returned to the Mediterranean in August to participate in NATO Exercises Checkmate I and Checkmate II, and Operation Greenstone. She also took part in Operation Royal Flush V with the British Navy prior to her steaming back to the United States.

In June 1962, Ault entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for a Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) overhaul. Designed to extend the life of the destroyer by eight years, the overhaul enabled her to meet the challenge of newer and faster enemy submarines. Ault's 40 mm and 20 mm gun mounts were removed, and her 01 level afterdeck was converted to a helicopter flight deck to facilitate the use of drone antisubmarine helicopters (DASH), one of the Navy's newest weapon systems which enabled the destroyer to reach out farther in search of submarine targets.

After completion of the overhaul in February 1963, Ault devoted the rest of the year to improving her readiness and the skill of her crew through various exercises and training cruises. Following a midshipmen cruise during the summer, the ship proceeded to Norfolk to take on DASH and to continue training. Ault was the first destroyer to carry the drones to Europe, when she sortied for the Mediterranean in February 1964 with DesDiv 142. Following participation in NATO exercises and visits at the usual ports in the Mediterranean, the destroyer returned to the United States and a new home port, Naval Station Mayport, Florida. She spent the remainder of the year operating in the Key West area. In January 1965, she participated in Operation Springboard in the Caribbean which was highlighted by several gunnery exercises and the firing of hundreds of rounds of ammunition in shore bombardment exercises at Culebra Island. The warship also trained in Hunter-Killer operations in March and was on station in the western Atlantic for the Gemini 3 space shot.

On 17 March, Ault steered a familiar course toward the Mediterranean. Besides a full three-month schedule of drills, the ship made port calls in Marseille, Golfe-Juan, Livorno, Naples, and Palma before returning to Norfolk to spend the last four months of 1965 in the local operating areas training, requalifying in gunfire support, and going to sea for hurricane evasion. As a result of her intensive training, Ault won the DesRon 14 Battle Efficiency award, as well as Battle "E" awards for both the operations and weapons departments.

Ault participated in Operation "Springboard" in January and February 1966, conducting ASW operations, shore bombardment, a full power run, and various gunnery exercises. She returned to Mayport only to head out to sea again for plane guard duty with USS Intrepid (CVA-11). Upon her return to her home port, the destroyer underwent a preoverhaul availability and then entered the Charleston Naval Shipyard on 12 April for major work which ended on 14 September.

Vietnam War
She arrived back in Mayport on 7 October 1966 and devoted the last quarter of the year to training at Guantanamo Bay in preparation for a lengthy deployment to Vietnam.

In company with DesDiv 161, Ault departed Mayport on 7 February 1967, transited the Panama Canal on 12 February, and stopped at Pearl Harbor, Midway, and Yokosuka before joining the 7th Fleet on 11 March. After a short period of ASW drills with USS Spinax (SS-489) near Subic Bay, she steamed with USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) to station in the Gulf of Tonkin for plane guard duties. On 16 April, the destroyer was assigned to Task Unit 77.1.1 for Operation Sea Dragon, offensive surface operations against waterborne logistic craft and coastal defense sites in North Vietnam. As part of this unit, she joined USS Collett (DD-730), USS Boston (CAG-1), and HMAS Hobart (D 39) in conducting sweeps from Cap Lay north to Thanh Hóa.

The warship was relieved on 30 April and returned to Subic Bay for upkeep. On 7 May, she got underway to the III and IV Corps areas of South Vietnam to provide gunfire support. For the next three weeks, Ault responded to requests for shore bombardment during the day, and for harassment, interdiction, and illumination fire during the night. As the only destroyer available in both Corps areas, she was responsible for the coast from the mouth of the Mekong in the IV Corps area to Vũng Tàu and Hàm Tân in the III Corps area.

From 28 May to 2 June, Ault provided gunfire support in the I Corps area; then proceeded to Kaohsiung, Taiwan, for upkeep alongside USS Delta (AR-9) and then a week of rest and relaxation in Sasebo. On 19 June, the ship returned to the I Corps area of South Vietnam and, in the next three weeks, fired over 6,000 rounds of 5-inch ammunition at targets in the Quảng Ngãi and Chu Lai areas. After a six-day port visit to Hong Kong and five days of upkeep in Subic Bay, she once again operated in Operation Seadragon, came under heavy fire from coastal defense batteries north of Đồng Hới, but suffered no casualties or damage. On 1 August 1967, Ault completed her Vietnam tour and began her voyage home. She stopped at Kaohsiung, Yokosuka, Midway, Pearl Harbor, San Francisco, and Acapulco, and even made a side trip south of the equator to convert "Pollywogs" into "Shellbacks". The destroyer transited the Panama Canal on 7 September, arrived in Mayport on 11 September, and devoted the remainder of 1967 and the first six weeks of 1968 to leave and upkeep.

1968–74
From 12 to 23 February, Ault participated in Operation Springboard 1968 in the San Juan operating area. On 4 March, she participated in another Caribbean exercise, Operation Rugby-Match, a major fleet exercise which simulated a realistic air, surface, and subsurface threat environment. On 27 April, Ault sailed with USS Bigelow (DD-942) for the Mediterranean and four months of continuous 6th Fleet operations. She returned to Mayport on 27 September, underwent upkeep, and performed three weeks of planeguard duties in December for USS Shangri-La (CV-38). As a reward for her high degree of readiness and training, Ault was again awarded the Battle "E".

For the first quarter of 1969, the destroyer spent most of her time in port at Mayport. She made cruises to the Caribbean in May, June, and July for training and returned to her home port to prepare for her last overseas deployment. Ault sailed for the North Atlantic on 2 September 1969 to participate in the NATO exercise, Operation Peacekeeper. However, her orders were modified on 24 September, and she steamed to the Mediterranean to relieve USS Zellars (DD-777). She remained with the 6th Fleet for a three-month cruise highlighted by her participationin Operation Emery Cloth, a British ASW exercise in which Ault was the sole representative of the United States Navy. On 4 December, the warship returned home and prepared for Naval Reserve duty. She was designated a Naval Reserve training ship on 1 January 1970, and steamed to Galveston, Texas, on 12 January. There, she relieved USS Haynsworth (DD-700) as training ship for Houston area naval reservists.

Ault spent the next three years making training cruises in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. On 1 May 1973, she departed Galveston for her last cruise, a voyage to NAVSTA Mayport for inactivation. The destroyer was decommissioned on 16 July 1973, ending a career of 29 years service. Struck from the Navy List on 1 September 1973, Ault was sold to the Boston Metals Company, Baltimore, Maryland, and subsequently scrapped.

Awards
Ault earned five battle stars for her service in World War II and an additional two for her service off Vietnam.

title: USS Ault


text:
Haller Lake, Seattle

Haller Lake is a small lake and neighborhood in north central Seattle, Washington, named for Theodore N. Haller, who platted the neighborhood in 1905. His father, Granville O. Haller, was one of Seattle's early settlers, an army officer who amassed a large estate in the region.

The lake was formed as a result of a block of ice left behind by a retreating glacier. When the ice melted, a depression was left in the ground that was then filled with water.

The Lushootseed-language name for the lake is, which means "calmed down a little." The lake was a hunting ground and a refuge for the Shilshole people during slave raids from the northern peoples like the Tlingit and Haida. Early Europeans called it Welch Lake after it was claimed in the 1880s by a British immigrant named John Welch.

The lake is located between N. 128th Street to the north, N. 122nd Street to the south, Densmore Avenue N. to the west, and Corliss Avenue N. to the east. It covers 15 acre; its volume is 247 acre.ft and its maximum depth is 36 ft. Its shoreline is private except for two public access points, the Meridian Avenue N. right-of-way on the north shore and the N. 125th Street right-of-way on the west, which features a small park. Haller Lake has a drainage area of about 280 acre; it discharges water through an outlet control structure on the west side of the lake that drains to Lake Union.

The boundaries of the neighborhood are N. 145th Street to the north, beyond which is the city of Shoreline; N. Northgate Way to the south, beyond which is Licton Springs; State Route 99 (Aurora Avenue) to the west, beyond which is Bitter Lake; and Interstate 5 to the east, beyond which is Jackson Park.

Within the neighborhood are Northacres Park, a large, forested public park east of the lake on 1st Avenue N.E.; Ingraham High School, north of the lake on N. 130th Street; Lakeside School, alma mater of Microsoft founders Bill Gates and Paul Allen, actor Adam West, and former Washington Governor Booth Gardner, in the northeast corner of the neighborhood; and Northwest Hospital & Medical Center, which occupies a 33 acre campus southwest of the lake on N. 115th Street.

The Haller Lake Community Club, just northwest of the lake at 12579 Densmore Avenue N., was formed in 1922 as the Haller Lake Improvement Club. It features a Wurlitzer theatre pipe organ installed in 1969.

title: Haller Lake, Seattle


text:
B&O

B&O may refer to:

 * Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
 * Bang & Olufsen, an electronics company
 * Bullets and Octane, a band
 * Business and occupation tax

title: B&O


text:
Yorkville, Manhattan

Yorkville is a neighborhood on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City, United States. Its southern boundary is East 79th Street, its northern East 96th Street, its western Third Avenue, and its eastern the East River. Yorkville is one of the most densely populated city subdivisions in the world.

Yorkville is part of Manhattan Community District 8, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10028, 10075, and 10128. It is patrolled by the 19th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

Early history
Pre-colonization, Yorkville was an undeveloped area of forests and streams. In August 1776, George Washington stationed half of his Continental Army in Manhattan and the other half in Brooklyn. Many troops in the Yorkville area on Manhattan's Upper East Side were in defensive positions along the East River to protect a possible retreat off Long Island, and to inflict damage on invading land and sea British forces. Following their August 27 defeat in the Battle of Long Island, the Continentals implemented an orderly pivoting retreat in the Yorkville area, leading the enemy to entice the Continentals to fight by piping "Fly Away", about a fox running away from hounds. The Continentals' disciplined northerly retreat led to the successful Battle of Harlem Heights in September 1776.

In 1815, the Upper East Side was a farmland and market garden district. The Boston Post Road traversed the Upper East Side, locally called the Eastern Post Road; milepost 6 was near the northeast corner of Third Avenue and 81st Street. From 1833 to 1837 the New York and Harlem Railroad, one of the earliest railway systems in the United States, was extended through the Upper East Side along Fourth Avenue (later renamed Park Avenue). A hamlet grew near the 86th Street station, becoming the Yorkville neighborhood as gradual yet steady commercial development occurred. The current street grid was laid-out between 1839 and 1844 as part of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, so the Eastern Post Road was abandoned. The community had been referred to as Yorkville before 1867.

By 1850, a significant proportion of the inhabitants of the area were the Germans and Irish that helped build the Croton Aqueduct. The area was included in the 19th administrative district, whose boundaries were 40th and 86th Street. In 1858, horsecars began running on Second and Third Avenues. After the American Civil War, mansions replaced slums in Yorkville. On December 30, 1878, the IRT Third Avenue Line opened, followed by the IRT Second Avenue Line in August 1879.

Ethnic settlement
For much of the 19th and into the 20th centuries, Yorkville was a mostly German enclave of middle- to working-class families. Over time, many people of Czech, Slovak, Irish, French Canadian, Polish, Hungarian, and Lebanese descent moved in. The neighborhood became more affluent.

From 1880, Yorkville became a destination for German-born immigrants. However, by the 1900s, many German residents moved to Yorkville and other neighborhoods from "Kleindeutschland" (Little Germany) on the Lower East Side after the General Slocum disaster on June 15, 1904. The ship caught fire in the East River just off the shores of Yorkville, leading family members to move closer to the site of the incident. Most of the passengers on the ship were German. In addition, the general trend towards moving to the suburbs reduced the German population in Manhattan; by 1930, most German New Yorkers lived in Queens.

On 86th Street, in the central portion of Yorkville, there were many German shops, restaurants and bakeries. Yorkville became the melting pot of populations arriving from various regions of the Prussian-dominated German Empire and its colonies, where many cultures spoke German. In the 1930s, the neighborhood was the home base of Fritz Julius Kuhn's German American Bund, the most notorious pro-Nazi group in 1930s United States, which led to spontaneous protests by other residents. Yorkville was a haven for refugees from Nazi Germany in the 1940s, and from refugees from communist regimes in the 1950s and 1960s. The neighborhood is the site of the annual Steuben Parade, a large German-American celebration.

The largest non-German group were the Irish, who mostly lived in an area bounded by 81st and 85th Streets, and Lexington and Fifth Avenues. They attended mass at such churches as St. Ignatius Loyola on 84th Street and Park Avenue, Our Lady of Good Counsel (90th Street) and the Church of St. Joseph (87th Street). There were many Irish bars including Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant. Until the late 1990s, New York's St. Patrick's Day Parade ended at 86th Street and Third Avenue, the historical center of Yorkville. In addition, Jews also lived on Second Avenue.

79th Street was a hub for the Austro-Hungarian populace. Popular restaurants included the Viennese Lantern, Tokay, Hungarian Gardens, Robert Heller's Cafe Abbazia at 2nd Avenue, Budapest and the Debrecen. There were also a number of butcher stores and businesses that imported goods from Hungary. Churches included St. Stephen Catholic Church and the Hungarian Reformed Church on East 82nd Street. In addition, Czechs, Poles and Slovaks lived from 65th to 73rd Street. Besides Ruc, a Czech restaurant off Second Avenue, Praha on Second Avenue, and Varsata on East 75th, there were sokol halls on 67th and 71st Streets. There were other Czech and Slovak businesses, such as Czech butcher shops, poultry and grocery stores, and shops that sold imported goods such as Bohemian books, leather products and crystal.

Recent history

Around the late 1920s, Yorkville's ethnic diversity was beginning to wane. In 1926, the New York Times wrote of Yorkville's changing ethnic makeup:

"Yorkville, for well-nigh two decades known to connoisseurs of east side life as the exclusive domain of Czechoslovaks, Hungarians and Germans, is slowly giving up its strongly accentuated Central European character and gradually merging into a state of colorless impersonality…"

In 1928, a one-block section of Sutton Place north of 59th Street, and all of Avenue A north of that point, was renamed York Avenue to honor U.S. Army Sergeant Alvin York, who received the Medal of Honor for attacking a German machine gun nest during World War I's Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

In March 1936, the German American Bund established its headquarters on East 85th Street in Yorkville. This pro-Nazi anti-Semitic organization organized parades, rallies and summer camps for children and families and worked to keep America out of the war, to the benefit of Germany. Their 1939 rally in Madison Square Garden drew more than 10,000 Nazis and sympathizers. They were forced to disband after Germany declared war on the United States in December 1941.

The dismantling of the Third Avenue El in 1955 led to the demolition of many mansions. This led to the acceleration of the exodus of Yorkville residents. Over the years, this trend continued. Thus, in the 1980s, a building for members of the German gymnastic society Turners, at the intersection of 86th Street and Lexington Avenue, was demolished. Cafe Mozart, on 86th Street between Second and Third Avenues, was also demolished. In their place were built high-rise residential complexes.

By the turn of the 21st century, East 82nd Street was co-named St. Stephen of Hungary Way. The area from East 79th to 83rd Streets, spanning approximately four blocks east-west, is colloquially known as Little Hungary.

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Yorkville was 77,942, an increase of 1,174 (1.5%) from the 76,768 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 319.14 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 244.2 PD/acre.

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 76.0% (59,233) white, 3.7% (2,858) African American, 0.1% (51) Native American, 9.3% (7,226) Asian, 0.0% (25) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (216) from other races, and 1.9% (1,466) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.8% (6,867) of the population.

The racial composition of Yorkville changed moderately from 2000 to 2010. The most significant changes were the increase in the Asian population by 41% (2,117), the increase in the Hispanic / Latino population by 18% (1,024), and the decrease in the white population by 4% (2,201). The Black population increased by 2% (64) and remained small, as did the population of all other races, which increased by 11% (170).

The median income for a household in Yorkville is almost twice the average for the city, at $85,724.

Police and crime
Yorkville is patrolled by the 19th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 153 East 67th Street. The 19th Precinct ranked 14th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. The 19th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.2% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 2 murders, 12 rapes, 229 robberies, 173 felony assaults, 278 burglaries, 1,724 grand larcenies, and 192 grand larcenies auto in 2022.

Fire safety

Yorkville is served by two New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:

 * Engine Company 44 – 221 East 75th Street
 * Engine Company 22/Ladder Company 13/Battalion 10 – 159 East 85th Street

Post offices and ZIP Codes
Yorkville is located in three primary ZIP Codes. From south to north, they are 10075 (between 76th and 80th Streets), 10028 (between 80th and 86th Streets), and 10128 (north of 86th Street). In addition, 500 East 77th Street in Yorkville has its own ZIP Code, 10162. The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Yorkville:

 * Cherokee Station – 1483 York Avenue
 * Gracie Station – 229 East 85th Street
 * Yorkville Station – 1617 Third Avenue

Schools and higher education
The New York City Department of Education operates several public schools in the area.

The City University of New York has its administrative offices in Yorkville. In addition Fordham Graduate Housing is located on East 81st Street between York and East End Avenues.

The Lycée Français de New York is located on East 75th Street between York and East End Avenues. Further north, East Side Middle School is located on 91st Street between First and Second Avenues. The Trevor Day School is located four blocks north, on 95th Street between First and Second Avenues.

Libraries
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches near Yorkville. The Yorkville branch is located at 222 East 79th Street. The branch, a Carnegie library, opened in 1902 and was renovated in 1986–1987. The three-story space is listed on the New York State Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places. The Webster branch is located at 1465 York Avenue. The branch was founded in 1893 as the Webster Free Library, and the current Carnegie library structure opened in 1906.

Transportation
The New York City Subway's 86th Street and 96th Street stations, served by the Second Avenue Subway, serve much of Yorkville. Meanwhile, Western Yorkville is served by 77th Street, 86th Street and 96th Street stations on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, one block west of Yorkville's western boundary at 3rd Avenue. The bus routes of the New York City Bus also operate in Yorkville.

Formerly, Eastern Yorkville was very far from any subway connections, and had among the farthest walks in Manhattan to any subway stations. From 2007 to 2017, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority built the Second Avenue Subway's 86th Street and 96th Street stations, leading to increased residential construction and real estate prices in advance of the opening of the new subway line.

Yorkville is served by NYC Ferry's Soundview and Astoria routes, which stop at 90th Street. The service started operating on August 15, 2018.

Prominent locations

 * Carl Schurz Park is a park on the far east side of Yorkville, adjacent to the East River.
 * Gracie Mansion is the official home of the mayor of New York City.
 * The Manhattan Chamber of Commerce was founded in Yorkville c. 1920, founded by 11 local businessmen.
 * The Municipal Asphalt Plant was constructed in 1941. Asphalt Green, a fitness center, opened in the building in 1984.
 * The 91st Street Marine Transfer Station is a controversial waste transfer plant next to Asphalt Green, on York Avenue. The waste facility was supported by New York City mayors Bill de Blasio and Michael Bloomberg. The waste facility has been criticized by some area residents.
 * On 86th Street and 3rd Avenue, the first Papaya King opened in 1932 and closed in 2023.
 * 92nd Street Y is a cultural and community center.
 * 225 East 86th Street is a condominium in the area.
 * Ruppert Yorkville Towers were built as an urban renewal project on the site of the old Jacob Ruppert Brewing Co., which closed in the 1960s. It is a two-building complex stretching from 90th to 92nd Streets, between Second and Third Avenue.

Notable residents
Residents of Yorkville have included:

 * Bob Cousy (born 1928), professional basketball player
 * James Cagney (1899–1986), actor, grew up in the neighborhood.
 * The Culkin family, several of whom are prominent actors, including Macaulay, Kieran, and Rory. The family lived in a small apartment on East 94th St. and attended Mass at the nearby St. Joseph Church during the 1980s.
 * Julia Fox (born 1990), artist, model, and actress, moved to Yorkville to live with her father at age 6
 * Lou Gehrig (1903–1941), Major League Baseball player, was born at 309 East 94th Street.
 * August 'Gus' Gennerich (1887–1936), bodyguard to Franklin D. Roosevelt.
 * Ignatz Theodor Griebl (born 1899 - Unknown.), German-American physician and a recruiter for the German spy network in New York City.
 * Norma Kamali (born 1945), fashion designer, grew up and went to school in Yorkville
 * Helmut Krone (1925–1996), art director who was considered to be a pioneer of modern advertising.
 * Bert Lahr (1895–1967), actor best known for playing the role of the Cowardly Lion in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz
 * Janet Malcolm (1934-2021), Journalist and nonfiction writer, discusses growing up in the Czech émigré community of Yorkville in the 1940s in Still Pictures: On Photography and Memory (2023).
 * The Marx Brothers, comedians, lived at 179 East 93rd Street.
 * Henry Miller (1891–1980), author, was born in Yorkville.
 * John P. Morrissey (1885–1966), electrical engineer and politician who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature.
 * U.S. President Barack Obama (born 1961), lived in the early 1980s at 339 East 94th Street, before and after his graduation from Columbia University.
 * Martin J. Scott (1865–1954), Jesuit author, a priest at St. Ignatius Loyola Church from 1902 to 1915
 * Georgette Seabrooke (1916–2011), muralist, artist, illustrator, art therapist, non-profit chief executive and educator, who is best known for her 1936 mural, Recreation in Harlem at Harlem Hospital Center.
 * Robert F. Wagner (1877–1953), U.S. Senator, after whom the middle school at 220 East 76th Street is named.
 * Multiple mayors have lived at Gracie Mansion.

In popular culture

 * In the novels The Godfather Returns and The Godfather's Revenge by Mark Winegardner, Michael Corleone's penthouse is in Yorkville.
 * The children's book series by Bernard Waber starring Lyle the Crocodile started in 1962 with The House on East 88th Street, and is set in Yorkville.
 * In the sitcom How I Met Your Mother, Barney Stinson's apartment is located in Yorkville.

title: Yorkville, Manhattan


text:
Bowden cable

A Bowden cable is a type of flexible cable used to transmit mechanical force or energy by the movement of an inner cable relative to a hollow outer cable housing. The housing is generally of composite construction, consisting of an inner lining, a longitudinally incompressible layer such as a helical winding or a sheath of steel wire, and a protective outer covering.

The linear movement of the inner cable may be used to transmit pull force, or both push and pull forces. Many light aircraft use a push/pull Bowden cable for the throttle control, and here it is normal for the inner element to be a solid wire, rather than a multi-strand cable. Usually, provision is made for adjusting the cable tension using an inline hollow bolt (often called a "barrel adjuster"), which lengthens or shortens the cable housing relative to a fixed anchor point. Lengthening the housing (turning the barrel adjuster out) tightens the cable; shortening the housing (turning the barrel adjuster in) loosens the cable.

History
The origin and invention of the Bowden cable are open to some dispute, confusion and myth. The invention of the Bowden cable has been popularly attributed to Sir Frank Bowden, one time owner of the Raleigh Bicycle Company who, circa 1902, was reputed to have started replacing the rigid rods used for brakes with a flexible wound cable but no evidence for this exists.

The Bowden mechanism was invented by Irishman Ernest Monnington Bowden (1860 to April 3, 1904 ) of 35 Bedford Place, London, W.C. The first patent was granted in 1896 (English Patent 25,325 and U.S. Pat. No. 609,570), and the invention was reported in the Automotor Journal of 1897 where Bowden's address was given as 9 Fopstone Rd, Earls Court. The two Bowdens are not known to be closely related. The principal element of this was a flexible tube (made from hard wound wire and fixed at each end) containing a length of fine wire rope that could slide within the tube, directly transmitting pulling, pushing or turning movements on the wire rope from one end to the other without the need of pulleys or flexible joints. The cable was particularly intended for use in conjunction with bicycle brakes. The Bowden Brake was launched amidst a flurry of enthusiasm in the cycle press in 1896. It consisted of a stirrup, pulled up by the cable from a handlebar mounted lever, with rubber pads acting against the rear wheel rim. At this date bicycles were fixed-wheel (no freewheel), additional braking being offered by a 'plunger' brake pressing on the front tyre. The Bowden offered extra braking power still, and was novel enough to appeal to riders who scorned the plunger arrangement, which was heavy and potentially damaging to the (expensive) pneumatic tyre. The problem for Bowden was his failure to develop effective distribution networks and the brake was often incorrectly, or inappropriately fitted, resulting in a good number of complaints being aired in the press. Its most effective application was on those machines fitted with Westwood pattern steel rims which offered flat contact surfaces for the brake pads.

The potential of the Bowden cable and associated brake was not to be fully realised until the freewheel sprocket became a standard feature of bicycles, over the period 1899-1901, and increasing numbers of applications were found for it, such as gear change mechanisms. Importantly in 1903, Hendee developed the twist-grip throttle using a similar cable for his 'Indian' motorcycles. Its lightness and flexibility recommended it to further automotive use such as clutch and speedometer drive cables.

It is reported that "on 12th January 1900 E. M. Bowden granted a licence to The Raleigh Cycle Company of Nottingham", whose directors were Frank Bowden and Edward Harlow. At this signing they became members of 'E. M. Bowden's Patent Syndicate Limited'. The syndicate included, among others, R. H. Lea & Graham I. Francis of Lea & Francis Ltd, and William Riley of the Riley Cycle Company. The Raleigh company were soon offering the Bowden Brake as an accessory, and were quick to incorporate the cable into handlebar mounted Sturmey-Archer (in which they had a major interest) gear changes. Undoubtedly this is why E. Bowden and F. Bowden are sometimes confused today.

Early Bowden cable, from the 1890s and first years of the twentieth century, is characterised by the outer tube being wound from round wire and being uncovered. At the ends they are usually fitted with a brass collar marked 'BOWDEN PATENT', (this legend is also stamped into other components of the original brake). More modern versions have their outer tube wound from square section wire. From c. 1902 the cable was usually covered in a waterproofed fabric sheath; in the early post-war period this was replaced by plastic.

Possible contribution by Larkin
An unpublished typescript exists in the archives of the National Motor Museum, written by the son of one of Bowden's employees that attempts to claim the invention of the cable for his father to the point of suggesting that it was never applied to bicycles before 1902. Although this is easily disproved by reference to 'Cycling' or the other UK cycle press through 1896–97, it serves to remind one of the attempts made to rewrite cycle history through priority claims. British National Archives In this narrative a flexible cable brake for cycles was separately 'invented' by George Frederick Larkin, a skilled automobile and motorcycle engineer, who patented his design in 1902. He was subsequently recruited by, and worked for E.M. Bowden until 1917 as General Works Manager. "'George Larkin is known for his invention of the flexible cable brake for cycles, which was patented in 1902. The original patent for a similar invention known as the 'Bowden mechanism' was granted to Ernest Monnington Bowden in 1896. The following year E.M. Bowden's Patents Syndicate Ltd. was formed to market the device but initially the project was a failure because all the company could offer was a flimsy mechanism capable of transmitting comparatively enormous power. The Bowden Mechanism was not developed in connection with a cycle brake as there is no record of the cable having been associated with the cycle industry until 1902, when George Larkin's invention was patented.'"

"'During Larkin's employment with Bassett Motor Syndicate his duties included the assembly of motor cars and motor cycles, and a major difficulty was the assembly of the braking systems which at that time comprised steel rods, not easily adaptable to the contour of the chassis. He designed a flexible cable brake and approached S.J. Withers, Patent Agent, to have the design patented. Withers noticed the similarity of Larkin's idea to the Bowden Mechanism and introduced him to the Bowden Syndicate, who agreed to manufacture and market the invention with the proviso that it should be patented jointly in the names of the inventor and themselves. Within a few months, Larkin, then aged 23, was engaged as Motor Department Manager with E.M. Bowden's Patents Syndicate, and he was appointed General Works Manager on 1 May 1904.'"

Housing
The original, standard Bowden cable housing consists of a close-wound helix of round or square steel wire. This makes a flexible housing but causes the length to change as the housing flexes. Because on the inside of the bend the turns of a close-wound helix can't get any closer together, the bending causes the turns to separate on the outside of the bend, and so at the centerline of the housing, there must also be an increase of length with increasing bend.

In order to support indexed shifting, Shimano developed a type of housing that does not change length as it is flexed. This housing has several wire strands running in a multiple helix, with a pitch short enough such that bends in the cable are shared by all strands, but long enough so that the housing's flexibility comes by bending the individual strands rather than by twisting them. A consequence of a long winding pitch in a support helix is that it approaches the case of parallel strands where the wires are bound only by the plastic jacket. Housings with a long helix cannot withstand the high compression that is associated with high cable tensions, and on overload tend to fail by the buckling of the housing strands. For this reason, helical support for brake cables is close wound, while housings with a longer helix are used for less critical applications. Longitudinally arranged support wires are used in applications such as bicycle gear-shifting.

A third type of housing consists of short hollow rigid aluminum or carbon fiber cylinders slid over a flexible liner. Claimed benefits over steel wire housing include less weight, tighter curves, and less compression under load.

Inner wire
Inner wire ropes for push applications have an additional winding that runs in the opposite direction to the wind of the actual inner wire. The wind may be like that of a spring or a wind with a flat strip; these are called spring wrap and spiral wrap respectively.

Some applications such as lawn mower throttles, automobile manual chokes, and some bicycle shifting systems require significant pushing ability and so use a cable with a solid inner wire. These cables are usually less flexible than ones with stranded inner wires.

Ends
One end of the inner cable may have a small shaped piece of metal, known (from the pear-shaped soldered terminations used in some cases) as a nipple (as can be seen in the BMX rear brake detangler picture) that fits into a shifter or brake lever mechanism. The other end is often clamped (as can be seen in the rear derailleur picture) to the part of the brake or shifter that needs to be moved, or as is most common with motorcycle control cables, fitted with another nipple.

Traditionally, in bicycles, shifter cables are anchored on the shifter with a small cylindrical nipple, concentric with the cable. Bicycle brake nipples however, vary between mountain bikes (MTB), with straight handlebars, and road bikes, with drop-handlebars. MTB bikes use a barrel-shaped (cylindrical) nipple to anchor the brake cable at the brake lever, while road bikes have a pear-shaped nipple. Some replacement brake cables for bicycles come with both styles, one on each end. The unneeded end is cut off and discarded upon installation.

In bicycle applications, for both brakes and gear-shifting, the outer dimension of the cap or ferrule that terminates a housing, is selected to make a loose fit within the barrel-adjuster's end. In this way the barrel will slip on the ferrule as it is turned during adjustments. If the ferrule were to be jammed into the barrel end, then the cable would twist during fruitless attempts at adjustment.

Nipples are also available separately from the cable, for purposes of repair or custom cable construction. They are fitted to the cable by soldering. Where free rotation of nipples, relative to the cable axis is required, the cable end may be finished with a brass ferrule or "trumpet" soldered to the cable. The barrel nipple will be a sliding fit over the brass ferrule, and can thus rotate, to ensure alignment of the nipples at each end of the cable, and avoidance of twisting of the inner cable. Applying heat to the inner cable for soldering may weaken the steel, and although soft soldering is less strong than silver solder, a lower temperature is required to form the joint, and there is less likelihood of the inner cable being damaged as a result. Silver soldering may require additional heat treatment of the wire to preserve the temper of it in order to prevent it from becoming too soft or too brittle

Nipples that clamp to the cable by means of a screw also are available for emergency repair purposes, or where removal is required for maintenance.

A small ferrule, also called a 'crimp', (seen in the rear derailleur picture) may be crimped on to prevent cable ends from fraying.

Other methods to prevent fraying include soft or silver soldering the wire ends, or ideally by flash cutting the wires.

If the inner wire is solid, as in automotive and lawnmower throttle and choke applications, it may simply have a bend at one or both ends to engage what ever it pushes or pulls.

Donuts
Small rubber tori, called donuts, can be threaded onto a bare run of the inner cable to prevent it from striking the bicycle frame causing rattles or abrasion.

Common practice
The indexed shifting of a bicycle derailleur needs to be exact. A typical 7-speed shifter changes the cable length by either 2.9 mm (Shimano 2:1) or 4.5 mm (SRAM 1:1) for each shift, and any length errors accumulate with the number of shifts. To this end, the housing needs to behave as if it were a solid tube, so it, and its end-pieces have to be compressionless. Currently, the most commonly used compressionless housing for gear shifting has longitudinally spaced steel wires. The flat-cut ends of such housing are tight-terminated with end caps or ferrules, and the ends caps are sized to fit either into a fixture on the frame, or as a loose fitting in the end of a barrel adjuster.

Housings for bicycle brakes need not be quite so compressionless, but need to be stronger, and items currently sold for this purpose use a close-wound spiral support wire. One end of a brake housing is tight-terminated in an end cap or ferrule that makes a loose fit within a barrel adjuster, and the other in any of a variety of fittings that includes end caps, or parts to effect a smooth change of direction. In any case, at the point where the cable emerges for attachment to the brake arms, is fitted a nipple. In view of the wide array of cable constructions on offer, confusion as to the best housing can easily result. In general, a housing sold for one purpose should not be used for any other, and in any case the advice of the manufacturer should be followed. In particular, longitudinally reinforced housings should not be used for bicycle brakes, since they are weaker than the spirally wound housings.

Housings for bicycles are made in two main diameters; most often 4 mm diameter is used for gear-shifting and 5 mm for brakes. Both shifting and brake housings are manufactured in both sizes. However, some care is needed in changing cables, since, for example, the 4 mm barrel adjuster end of an existing shifter is probably made only for that housing size.

Although the individual parts for cable assembly can be acquired, ready-made cables for both brakes and shifting are available. These usually consist of an inner wire within a length of housing, and depending on their purpose, with one or more end caps fitted. However, because of the wide range of fittings in use, it is probable that these universal cables' caps, although suiting many situations, will not suit every purpose, as their name wrongly implies. The shortening of housings requires the use of a special hand tool, designed to make a square cut without closing the cable entry. The same tool is used to cut the internal steel cable. To avoid unraveling of the cable's wires during installation, manufacturers weld or crimp the ends.

Housings for cables have habitually been made only in black, though some colored housings can also be found.

Maintenance
Bowden cables can cease to function smoothly, particularly if water or contaminants get into the housing. Modern lined and stainless steel cables are less prone to these problems; unlined housings should be lubricated with a light machine oil. In cold climates Bowden cable mechanisms are prone to malfunction due to water freezing. Cables also wear through use over a long time, and can be damaged through kinking or raveling. A common failure occurs on bicycles at the point where the housing enters a barrel adjuster; loose housing ends tend to fray the housing, making adjustments uncertain. Fraying due to fatigue is most likely if the cable passes over a pulley, which on bicycles is often below the recommended diameter, or where the cable is bent repeatedly where it attaches to the brake lever or caliper. A cable passing around a sharp bend tend to furrow the inner cable sleeve, leading to contact with the outer housing and rub fraying. A frayed cable can suddenly break when force is applied strongly, e.g. during emergency braking.

The specifications for cables and housings rarely give any details other than dimensions and the purpose of the products. The specific resistance to compression or bending is never quoted, so there is much rhetorical evidence and comment as to the performance and durability of products, but little available science for the consumer's use. A particularly severe quality test for housings is at or near the hinge of a folding bicycle where a sharp bend is made repeatedly. The radius of curvature of cables on a folded bicycle can be as low as 1.5 inches, (4 cm); therefore it is advisable to shift to the gear with the lowest cable pressure before folding, to minimize any adverse effects on housings or derailleurs. This gear is usually the one with the highest index number on the gear shifter.

There is some controversy surrounding the existence of the phenomenon known as "cable stretch". Newly installed cables can seem to elongate, requiring readjustment. While it is generally agreed that inner wires actually stretch very little - if at all - housings and linings may compress slightly, and all parts may generally "settle in". Lightweight assemblies such as those used on bicycles are more susceptible to this phenomenon.

Uses

 * Sustain pedal linkage on Wurlitzer electric pianos
 * Bicycle brakes and gear shift cables
 * Photographic shutter release cables
 * Automotive clutch, throttle/cruise control, emergency brake, and various latch release cables
 * Aircraft engine controls including throttle or power control, propeller pitch or RPM, fuel mixture, carburetor heat, and cowl flaps
 * Motorcycle throttle, clutch and (now rarely) brake cables
 * Control surfaces on small aircraft
 * Remote hi-hats in drum kits
 * Operate terminal device hook on prosthetic arms
 * Lawn mower throttle and dead man's switch
 * Interlocking in electrical switchgear
 * Trigger activation for remotely located machine guns on French 1930s era Char B1 bis tanks, and for the DISA tripod used with the Madsen machine gun.
 * Many 3-D printers of the type that extrude plastic filament use a "Bowden extruder" to feed the filament through a tube, typically PTFE ('Teflon') to minimize friction, to the 'hot-end' where it is melted and deposited through a nozzle. This has the advantage of shifting the mass of the extruder's mechanism and stepper motor from the moving hot-end to a fixed mount on the printer's frame, allowing greater printing speed and accuracy.
 * Flexible drive shafts for 'Dremel'-type rotary multi-tools, die grinder attachments for bench grinders, and the like
 * Bowden cables are sometimes used in flush toilets to connect the flush to the flapper.

title: Bowden cable


text:
The First Stone

The First Stone: Some questions about sex and power is a controversial non-fiction book by Helen Garner about a 1992 sexual harassment scandal at Ormond College, one of the residential colleges of the University of Melbourne, which the author had attended in the 1960s. It was first published in Australia in 1995 and later published in the United States in 1997.

The book revolves around Garner's attempts to interview the two young women at the centre of a sexual assault scandal but who declined to meet her. This sets off a narrative exploring the politics, sexual and otherwise, of the college as well as Garner's personal feelings about the original events and the people she meets in the course of her research. Aside from the events and the harassment itself, Garner explores themes of sexism, masculinity, feminism, gender wars, fraternalism in colleges, "Old Boys" and the establishment, and power balances in both educational settings and personal relationships.

A national bestseller, the book was condemned by some Australian feminists for a variety of reasons. The journalist Virginia Trioli published Generation F: Sex, Power & the Young Feminist in 1996 and a collection of essays critical of The First Stone was published under the title bodyjamming (1997) by Jenna Mead, an Ormond College councillor who acted as an emissary for the two women complainants. Garner gave her first detailed response to the critics in a speech at The Sydney Institute entitled "The fate of The First Stone" (1995). Despite its controversy, it was critically acclaimed, has been discussed widely academically and sold over 100,000 copies.

Background
Ormond College, a residential campus of the University of Melbourne, was embroiled in controversy in 1992 after an incident of sexual harassment was disclosed to the press. It involved two students and an Ormond Master. Their names were protected in the book under pseudonyms–Olivia Mayer and Kirsten Campbell (Elizabeth Rosen and Nicole Stewart in The First Stone). Mayer and Campbell accused the college's master, Alan Gregory, (Colin Shepard in the book), of indecently groping them at an end of year party that followed a valedictory dinner. Shortly after the party, which was held in October 1991, Mayer and Campbell took their allegations to the police and the allegations progressed to the Melbourne Magistrates' Court. Gregory was found guilty at the Magistrate's Court, which was later overturned on appeal at the Victorian County Court. Gregory subsequently resigned from his position as Ormond Master in 1993.

Garner's involvement
Garner had been a student at the University of Melbourne in the 1960s, was familiar with its environment and had read about the case in the Melbourne newspaper The Age. Immediately struck by what Garner perceived to be a "punitive" and "priggish" response to the incident by the complainants, and her own ties to feminism, she called her female friends to discuss their angles. Garner's friends' agreement with her own positioning–that by seeking punitive punishment and enforcement of the law to what she saw as a "hapless social blunder"–ignited the desire to delve deeper into the case and publish a book as a response to the incident. The trajectory of the book shows the development of Garner's stance: she initially, as the book begins, had intentions to interview the two women to gain more "complex sense" of the allegations, as well as to understand why the girls went to the police. Their initial reluctance to talk to Garner, which eventually turns into flat-out refusal after a sympathetic letter to The Master written by Garner is circulated throughout the university and in Melbourne publications, drives her stance to be less objective and cements her views of the women as the book progresses.

By the book's conclusion, Garner had tried a number of times to contact the women, their legal representatives and intermediaries, and friends to no avail. She interviewed Alan Gregory, the accused, in his office. Later she visits the family home to speak to Gregory's wife, who discussed the damage the accusations had done to their family. Garner accessed transcripts, media publications, and had ties to women who knew the complainants, as well as employing her own experiences as "evidence" (a device that was of particular scrutiny from the books critics). She concludes the book by highlighting the difference between real sexual violence and assault towards women, compared to what she perceived as a mostly trivial, boorish incident at Ormond. Furthermore, she discusses feminism in general, the power balances between the accused and the women, who she refers to as "powerful anima figures", but speculated that they were also unaware, or unwilling, to exert their power to the Master on the night of the event, in favour of seeking a more law-based approach later on.

Release
The First Stone was first published in Australia on 1 April 1995 by Picador, followed by the United States on 14 August 1997 by Bloomsbury Publishing.

A 25th anniversary edition with a foreword by Leigh Sales was released in Australia by Picador on 28 January 2020. It also contains an afterword by Bernadette Brennan, as well as a reprint of David Leser's original 1995 Good Weekend interview with Garner, and her own 1995 address "The Fate of The First Stone".

Reception and controversy
The First Stone was controversial for a number of reasons. As the students involved refused to be interviewed by Helen Garner, the point of view of the accused master of the college was instead used in isolation and the narrator was therefore criticised as being biased towards his point of view. Elements of the story became fictionalised–for example, the tutor who advised the students was split into nine separate characters giving the appearance of a "feminist conspiracy" at work. She also failed to mention that Gregory is alleged to have assaulted 5 women, three of whom dropped their complaints. Additionally, the book was also criticised for its view that feminism had become weakened and claim that the appropriate response to being groped was "a slap in the face" rather than a police complaint.

Writing for The New Yorker, writer Janet Malcolm gave a mixed review of The First Stone. She called the book's narrative "remarkable", but also "vertiginously turbulent", and went onto criticise the approach Garner took towards the young women. In her review, Malcolm references a quote from the book, in which Garner fantasises about a "less destructive response" to the incident in which she confronts the Master, and tells him "this time I'm prepared to let it pass". Malcolm wrote that "this is not good enough. This is closing ranks with the abuser. Sexual harassment isn't sexual abuse–exactly. It lies on the border between a crime and a mistake. [But] it is a minor offence with major associations".

In The New York Times, Tamar Lewin wrote: "The feminist debate over the politics of victimization has raged in this country [the US] for years; Ms. Garner's book brings Australian feminists squarely into the fray", though she lamented on Garner's personal investigation adding very little to the facts of the incident.

James Wood, also writing for The New Yorker, wrote in a 2016 article that The First Stone "still seems a brilliantly prescient book – in its complexity, in the tense torque of its self-argument, and in its very vulnerability and stunned intolerance".

title: The First Stone


text:
PCH

PCH may refer to:

Places

 * Pacific Coast Highway (California), segments of California State Route 1
 * Palacios Airport (IATA code PCH) in Gracias a Dios Department, Honduras
 * Parchim (district) (vehicle registration code: PCH), a former district in Germany
 * Portcullis House, a parliamentary building in London

Organizations

 * Packet Clearing House, the intergovernmental treaty organization responsible for critical communications infrastructure
 * PCH International, an Irish custom design manufacturing company
 * Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
 * Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
 * Publishers Clearing House, an American bulk mail periodical, mass media, and sweepstakes company

Science and technology

 * .pch, a file extension for precompiled headers
 * Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, a human disease characterized by the sudden presence of hemoglobin in the urine
 * Platform Controller Hub, an Intel chipset component
 * Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, a group of neurodegenerative disorders
 * Phase-coherent holography, a type of holography
 * Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, a human disease affecting the blood vessels of the lungs
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Patrol craft hydrofoil (PCH)

Music

 * "PCH", a song by Sublime with Rome from Yours Truly
 * "PCH", a song by Canadian rock band Theory of a Deadman from Wake Up Call (2017)
 * "PCH", a song by Tokyo Police Club from the EP Melon Collie and the Infinite Radness: Part One
 * ”PCH”, a song by Jaden Smith and Willow Smith from the mix tape CTV2
 * "PCH", a song by ZZ Top from Antenna (1994)

Other uses

 * PCH Games (formerly Candystand.com), a casual game portal owned by Publishers Clearing House
 * Pacific Coast Hellway, a podcast from Los Angeles, US

title: PCH


text:
Dirk Hoogendam

Dirk Hoogendam, a.k.a. Dieter Hohendamm, alias The Boxer (18 May 1922, Vlaardingen – 8 August 2003 in Ringgau, Germany), was a Dutch war criminal.

Hoogendam joined the Waffen-SS in 1940, later transferring to a Dutch police unit under German command. In 1944 he was involved in tracking down Jews and suspected resistance fighters in the Dutch province of Drenthe. According to eyewitnesses, he severely mistreated prisoners, some of whom died. Arrested after the war, in 1946 he escaped custody and fled to Germany. He was tried in absentia and sentenced to death, which was later commuted to life imprisonment.

In 2001, when he was 78, the Dutch paper De Telegraaf discovered that he was living in Ringgau, Germany, under the name of Dieter Hohendamm. Just before his death, the Netherlands asked the German government to prosecute Hoogendam, together with five other war criminals living in Germany. He however died of heart failure on 8 August 2003 at his home in Ringgau before a final decision whether to prosecute had been made.

title: Dirk Hoogendam