text:
Talk:Samizdat

Old talk
Please see Talk:Censorship for a suggestion of a possible article on Government suppression of literature. -- Sam

It is assumed that Bulgakov's novel was 'forbidden literature', but that may not necessarily be so. Every publication had to go through the official channels, but a novel or poem for which official publication was not sought, was not forbidden by the censors. It was not allowed by implication, but it canNOT be assumed that all self-published, Samizdat, material was submitted to and forbidden by the censors. It can be compared to today, where only one in a 1000 books written has a chance to be picked up by a publisher and those authors who do not bother to get into that queue, but self-publish instead, are not the authors of rejects. I am very much convinced that just as many of the samizdat authors did not not seek publishing approval for their work as today's authors self-publish because commercial publishing houses take on only miniscule portions of work written. 144.139.61.9 04:50, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

To comment on ''A rough translation would be something along the lines of "Passing on" or "Giving it amongst yourselves". '':

I feel that this is quite wrong. Judging from slavic etymology, Samizdat would be quite directly traslated as "self-released" or "self-published" in a sense that self refers to sole, him/her-self and individual. Or to quote from American Heritage Dictionary: "Russian : sam, self; + izdatel'stvo, publishing house (from izdat', to publish,...)" -- Luka

 * Sounds like a good argument to me, particularly since 'self-published' is listed as the original translation. Can anyone who speaks Russian corroborate?  Luka, would you like to edit the article to remove the incorrect statements?  --Saforrest 22:16, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds true to me, although I'm not a native speaker of Russian. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 00:05, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

Samizdat as meme
Mikkalai removed category:Memetics as "irrelevant", but I don't see how that is so. A samizdat publication is all about propagating ideas from person to person in a "viral" manner like a chain letter on steroids. I'm putting it back, please elabourate here if anyone wants to remove it again. Bryan 15:54, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

I am removing the memetics category from this article since you learn no more about the article's contents from the category and v.v. Since so many things may be memes we should try to keep the category closely defined in order to remain useful. Hope you're okay with that. The link to meme would be enough I suggest. Facius 11:20, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

RE: Organizations and people who predicted the collapse of the USSR
I added Samizdat to   because of this reference, which talks about organizations and people who predicted the Soviet Union would collapse:

Various essays published in samizdat in the early 1970s were on similar lines, some quite specifically predicting the end of the Soviet empire.

p. 188

Signed:Travb 14:41, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

My late father Dr. Walter Gurski was CEO of an Osram company in Plauen, Saxony, in the Soviet Zone of Germany. From War's end to 1948 the factory operated under newly introduced communist rules and since 1948 he was adamant: 'Their system will go bankrupt, it must, no other way'. He was a physicist and mathematician, not an economist. 121.209.49.104 (talk) 05:07, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Related discussion
Please see Talk:Underground_press.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 00:11, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps a mention of this use would fit in the similar phenomena section. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/31/books/31sali.html?em Carnydog (talk) 21:21, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Good link to Samizdat history and sources (Russian). Biophys (talk) 05:46, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Beyond historic samizdat
The current and growing self-publishing scene is quite similar to the samizdat scene of the late Soviet Union.

In the Soviet Union they wanted to disseminate what they thought and wanted. Samizdat works bypassed the censors and government owned publishers but were not all calling for the Soviets to abdicate. I remember reading that some were just to generate improvements, were full of aggessive humour, or came from the mentality 'I am not one to ask permission'. But some of it, of course, was opposing the system.

Today the publishing industry has really narrow parameters for the authors they publish (young, academics, been on TV, famous or infamous in one way or the other), so writers who are over 40, who haven't had the good fortune of a university education, and haven't been on TV, find their works rejected. I remember reading that someone's book was rejected with the argument that he was not famous or an academic, so they could not publish his book. They did not even want to know what the book was about. Those who are aware of these parameters, don't even bother to apply and bypass the publishing industry through self-publication.

Whether the writer is 'silenced' by the censor or the selection criteria of the publishing business comes out the same.

Samizdat was and is outside the mainstream, uncensored, mostly the true work of that individual.

In the Soviet Union, samizdat was handwritten, typed, or later photocopied; in today's computerized world, samizdat is typeset and available on the internet.

'Self-published' can often sound as if it had not been good enough for a publishing house, when the criteria mentioned above are actually the decisive factors, apart from the fact that a lot more is written, than can find a home in a publishinh house.

I think, the word samizdat should be used in English for the whole self-publishing scene. 121.209.49.104 (talk) 05:42, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia talk pages are not for general discussion of the topic of the referenced page. KenThomas (talk) 21:52, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

WikiLeaks references
The WikiLeaks reference seems inappropriate, intended to advertize WikiLeaks. I'm going to edit it to standard English, then delete it,  then remove the flag I added to this page. KenThomas (talk) 21:56, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * This meme has been reinserted; it is not clear to me that it is appropriate.  I am deleting pending further discussion. KenThomas (talk) 03:39, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Meme continues to be re-inserted by anon IPs. Deleting and will request page protection if insertion continues without discussion.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by KenThomas (talk • contribs) 04:49, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

 * This KenThomas is blatantly anti-samizdat. Where will the censorship stop? GTFO PLS

\2602:63:C3E6:4400:DCF:952D:5F31:937C (talk) 13:58, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

POC||GTFO
What kind of clarification (above the references on Openwall Project) are you looking for? A google search for "Rabbi Manul Laphroaig" might help: Rabbi Manul Laphroaig. Or the file page on commons, I certainly didn't know if that's the title or the photographer (it's the title):. Or the flickr album: POC!!GTFO. Or the first line on Solar Designer: "Alexander Peslyak (born 1977), better known as Solar Designer, is a security specialist from Russia. – Be..anyone 💩  12:54, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I think a the very least it should be made clear what a "samizdat license" is. – Nkrita (talk) 13:05, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Already answered in the intro of this article here: "Samizdat: I write it myself, edit it myself, censor it myself, publish it myself, distribute it myself, and spend jail time for it myself." The hacking articles in the journal are not necessarily main-stream en-US legal, it is (or pretends to be) underground hacking culture; hard to judge the relevance (apart from "I like it", obviously). – Be..anyone 💩  13:10, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * The Bukovsky quote references the subject of the article, namely the "key form of dissident activity across the Soviet bloc in which individuals reproduced censored and underground publications by hand". It does not make clear what these people mean by "samizdat license". Is it a form of open source licensing that can be seen as a continuation of this practice? I can find no description of it. – Nkrita (talk) 13:29, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

 * While looking this up I discovered that the Jargon File has a concise entry for "less-than-official" dissemination of documentation with explicit parallels to samizdat (link). If the point is to show that there is a similar phenomenon in hacker and computer culture, this might be a clearer example. – Nkrita (talk) 14:08, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * The relevance of the jargon dictionary and ESR is clear, and it contains the term. If you feel that's better, okay. Reference + quote added, tweak it as you see fit (with or without POC!!GTFO, of course I can't tell if Solar Designer is one of the authors, or if his Openwall Project just happens to host a copy. ;-)
 * – Be..anyone 💩  15:43, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I have tried to make the wording in the article as precise as possible for now. I think it kind of works. If the journal appears in the article because of the term "samizdat license", it would be helpful to find some information as to what a samizdat license is supposed to be (rather than guess it). If the journal is here because it represents a "similar phenomenon" regardless of the term, then it would be best to explain it that way, using more examples and preferably bolstering it with other sources. – Nkrita (talk) 17:42, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * In #11, page 1: "Это самиздат. Denn was man Schwarz auf Weiß besitzt, kann man getrost nach Hause tragen. 0, $0 USD, £0, 0 RSD, 0 SEK, $50 CAD. pocorgtfo11.pdf. March 17, 2016."
 * In #8, page 1: "Это самиздат; yet, do thy worst old Time! 0, $0 USD, £0, $50 CAD. pocorgtfo08.pdf" (oldest I have in my download folder). Both below a blurb like that: "Funded by Single Malt as Midnight Oil and the Tract Association of PoC k GTFO and Friends, to be Freely Distributed to all Good Readers, and to be Freely Copied by all Good Bookleggers." – Be..anyone 💩  19:11, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

"Techniques" is incorrect - the stubborn myth of the soviet typewriter
The first two sentences of the "Techniques" section is unequivocally false :

"All Soviet-produced typewriters and printing devices were officially registered, with their typographic samples collected right at the factory and stored in the government directory. Because every typewriter has micro features which are individual as much as human fingerprints, it allowed the KGB investigators to promptly identify the device which was used to type or print the text in question, and apprehend its user."

However, I'm not sure what to replace it with. I'm curious if anyone has any ideas of how to clean this article up.

ChilledTonic (talk) 18:12, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Added a citation. I suppose would've been even easier for KGB because of lack of competition / higher manufacturing tolerances. --PaulT2022 (talk) 03:25, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Some explanations
"Our troubles are untranslatable, it is an untranslatable play on words. <...> As writers teach us, life and language go hand in hand. I would even say it's the same. And the untranslatable play on words here is an untranslatable play on deeds. <...> We have learned to understand such things that words have nothing to do with it at all!" (Soviet, Russian and Ukrainian writer-satirist Mikhail Zhvanetsky, 1986). Abbreviations (sometimes ugly and monstrous) were very popular in USSR. And therefore in USSR were popular abbreviated publisher names according to their specialization or geographical location: Politizdat (literally: "Politpub"), Stroyizdat ("Buildpub"), Voenizdat ("Militpub"), Lenizdat (from LENingrad), Rostovizdat (from ROSTOV-on-Don), Gidrometeoizdat ("Hydrometeopub"), Rosagropromizdat ("Rusagrarindustpub"), etc. There were few such publishers, but their books were everywhere. The name Samizdat (my literally translation: "Myselfpub") parodies this naming model. Also, in it I see irony over Soviet realities: a designation that sounds official, but under which you will find things that you cannot find in the official Soviet print. 178.187.94.129 (talk) 16:28, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * All this is good, but in order to add any if this to the article, you must provide reliable sources that say so. - Altenmann >talk 18:25, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I know. I just wanted, as a native speaker and a resident of the designated territory, to leave data for someone's search of reliable sources for refine of the article. That's why I wrote here, and did not edit the article. 178.187.94.129 (talk) 19:09, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samizdat


text:
Talk:Variety store

Proposed merge of Variety stores around the world into Variety store
Variety store mostly focuses on the US, so adding content for other countries would be fine. No need for two articles about this Joseph2302 (talk) 21:16, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

Dime store
"Dime store" was not in the list of names for these kinds of stores, but look at https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=five+and+dime%2Cdime+store%2C+dollar+store&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3, and you will see it is more common than five and dime. Kdammers (talk) 16:07, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

By region
I just removed an entry for Denmark listing a full-price supermarket as a 'dollar store'. Føtex isn't even a discount store. People more knowledgable about other regions/countries should look into other entries. If this egregious an entry found a way into the list, I suspect there are other entries that need to be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Teral (talk • contribs) 07:38, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Variety store


text:
USS Juneau (CL-52)

USS Juneau (CL-52) was a United States Navy Atlanta-class cruiser light cruiser torpedoed and sunk at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 13 November 1942. In total, 687 officers and sailors, including the five Sullivan brothers, were killed in action as a result of her sinking. Only 10 survivors were rescued after eight days in the water. To honor the five Sullivan brothers and Juneau, the U.S. Navy has since commissioned two ships named USS The Sullivans and two ships named USS Juneau. On 17 March 2018, Paul Allen's research crew on board RV Petrel located the wreck of Juneau at a depth of about 4200 m off the Solomon Islands.

Construction and commissioning

Juneau was laid down by Federal Shipbuilding Company at Kearny, New Jersey, on 27 May 1940. She was launched on 25 October 1941, sponsored by Mrs. Harry I. Lucas, wife of the mayor of the city of Juneau, Alaska, and commissioned on 14 February 1942, with Captain Lyman K. Swenson in command.

Service history

After a hurried shakedown cruise along the Atlantic coast in the spring of 1942, Juneau assumed blockade patrol in early May off the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe to prevent the escape of Vichy French naval units. She returned to New York to complete alterations and operated in the North Atlantic and Caribbean from 1 June to 12 August on patrol and escort duties. The cruiser departed for the Pacific theater on 22 August.

Pacific theater
After stopping briefly at the Tonga Islands and New Caledonia, she rendezvoused on 10 September with Task Force 18 (TF 18) under the command of Rear Admiral Leigh Noyes, flying his flag on USS Wasp (CV-7). The following day, TF 17, which included USS Hornet (CV-8), combined with Admiral Noyes' unit to form TF 61, whose mission was to ferry fighter aircraft to Guadalcanal. On 15 September, Wasp took three torpedo hits from the Japanese submarine JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-19, and, with fires raging out of control, was sunk at 21:00 by USS Lansdowne (DD-486). Juneau and screen destroyers rescued 1,910 survivors of Wasp and returned them to Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, on 16 September. The next day, the fast cruiser rejoined TF 17. Operating with the Hornet group, she supported three actions that repelled enemy thrusts at Guadalcanal: the Buin-Faisi-Tonolai Raid; the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands; and the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal (Third Savo).

Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands

The ship's first major action was the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October. On 24 October, USS Hornet (CV-8)'s task force had combined with USS Enterprise (CV-6)'s group to reform TF 61 under the command of Rear Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid. This force positioned itself north of the Santa Cruz Islands to intercept enemy units that might attempt to close Guadalcanal. Meanwhile, on Guadalcanal, the Japanese achieved a breakthrough during the Battle for Henderson Field on the night of 25 October. That success evidently was a signal for Japanese ships to approach the island.

Early on the morning of 26 October, U.S. carrier planes spotted the Japanese force and immediately attacked it, damaging two carriers (CVL JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuihō and CV JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shōkaku), one heavy cruiser (CA JAPANESE CRUISER Chikuma) and two destroyers, but while American aircraft were locating and engaging the enemy, American ships were also under fire. Shortly after 10:00, some 27 enemy aircraft attacked Hornet. Though Juneau and other screen ships threw up an effective anti-aircraft (AA) barrage which shot down about 20 of the attackers, Hornet was badly damaged and sank the next day. Just before noon, Juneau left Hornet's escort for the beleaguered Enterprise group several miles away. Juneau helped repel four Japanese attacks that lost 18 planes.

That evening, the American forces retired to the southeast. Although the battle had been costly, it had, combined with the Marine victory on Guadalcanal, turned back the attempted Japanese parry in the Solomons. Furthermore, the damaging of two Japanese carriers sharply reduced their air power in the subsequent battle of Guadalcanal.

Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
On 8 November, Juneau departed Nouméa, New Caledonia, as a unit of TF 67 under the command of Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner to escort reinforcements to Guadalcanal. The force arrived there early morning on 12 November, and Juneau took up her station in the protective screen around the transports and cargo vessels. Unloading proceeded unmolested until 14:05, when 30 Japanese planes attacked the alerted United States group. The AA fire was effective, and Juneau alone accounted for six enemy torpedo bombers shot down. The few remaining Japanese planes were, in turn, attacked by American fighters; only one bomber escaped. Later in the day, an American attack group of cruisers and destroyers cleared Guadalcanal on reports that a large enemy surface force was headed for the island. At 01:48 on 13 November, Rear Admiral Daniel J. Callaghan's relatively small landing support group engaged the enemy. The Japanese force consisted of two battleships, one light cruiser, and nine destroyers.

Because of bad weather and confused communications, the battle occurred in near-pitch darkness and at almost point-blank range, as the ships of the two sides became intermingled. During the melee, Juneau was struck on the port side by a torpedo launched by JAPANESE DESTROYER Amatsukaze, causing a severe list, and necessitating withdrawal. Before noon on 13 November, Juneau, along with two other cruisers damaged in the battle—USS Helena (CL-50) and USS San Francisco (CA-38)—headed toward Espiritu Santo for repairs. Juneau was steaming on one screw, keeping station 800 yd (730 m) off the starboard quarter of the likewise severely damaged San Francisco. She was down 12 ft by the bow, but able to maintain 13 kn (15 mph, 24 km/h).

A few minutes after 11:00, two torpedoes were launched from JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-26. These were intended for San Francisco, but both passed ahead of her. One struck Juneau in the same place that had been hit during the battle. There was a great explosion; Juneau broke in two and disappeared in just 20 seconds. Fearing more attacks from I-26, and wrongly assuming from the massive explosion that there were no survivors, Helena and San Francisco departed without attempting to rescue any survivors. In fact, more than 100 sailors had survived the sinking of Juneau. They were left to fend for themselves in the open ocean for eight days before rescue aircraft belatedly arrived. While awaiting rescue, all but 10 died from the elements and shark attacks. Among those lost were the five Sullivan brothers. Two of the brothers apparently survived the sinking only to die in the water; two presumably went down with the ship. Some reports indicate the fifth brother also survived the sinking, but disappeared during the first night when he left a raft and got into the water. On 20 November 1942, USS Ballard (AVD-10) recovered two of the ten survivors. Five more in a raft were rescued by a PBY Seaplane 5 mi away. Three others, including a badly wounded officer, made it to San Cristobal (now Makira) Island, about 55 mi away from the sinking. One of the survivors recovered by Ballard said he had been with one of the Sullivan brothers for several days after the sinking.

Wreck
The wreck of Juneau was located on 17 March 2018 by Paul Allen's research crew on board RV Petrel. The cruiser rests 4200 m below the surface off the Solomon Islands in several large pieces.

Awards
Juneau received four battle stars for her service in World War II.

Legacy
In November 2013, Building 77 at the former federal shipyard in Kearny, New Jersey was renamed the USS Juneau Memorial Center, and now houses Hudson County's Office of Emergency Management.

title: USS Juneau (CL-52)


text:
Talk:Fritz Sauckel

Untitled
Generbevollmächtigter sounds like a misspelling of Generalbevollmächtigter. Someone who knows where to look could check this fact.

Later Contoversy Over Sauckel's Sentence
While Justice Jackson described Sauckel as 'the greatest and cruellest Slaver since the Pharoahs of Egypt' in his closing speech, there has since been some debate over whether Sauckel deserved his sentence. Sauckel, deeply implicated as a leading Nazi, certainly deserved punishment for his involvement, but there exist questions over whether his actions merited the death sentence. Airey Neave covers this controversy in depth. For example (taken once again from Neave's book Nuremberg):
 * "Sauckel was given wide powers to carry out the mobilisation of German and foreign workers, including prisoners of war, in the Reich and in occupied territories. He was appointed by Hitler personally and promised to work with 'fanatical devotion'. He carried out his task to the letter. in 1945, he seems to have been genuinely surprised to discover the war was lost and that he was considered a criminal.
 * Does Sauckel deserve the title of 'the greatest Slaver of all time?' Speer was a much stronger candidate and Goering, too, as the boss of the German Four Year Plan. Sauckel was a simple man who believed that the German armed forces had to be supplied to win the war. He therefore assumed that the task given him by Hitler had the highest purpose. Sauckel did not waver in this illusion till he died on the gallows. Early in the trial, he told Gilbert, the psychologist, 'About the misuse of foreign workers. I am not really responsible for that. I was like a seamen's agency - if I supply hands for a ship, I am not responsible for any cruelty that may be exercised aboard ship without my knowledge'." (p. 135)

Neave continues:
 * "Hitler never cared about anyone, even his own soldiers, whose suffering he ignored. But Sauckel, ingenuous though he was, wanted to be human. His own records produced at Nuremberg bear this out. He intended that foreign workers should have the same treatment as ordinary Germans. Unfortunately, he had no authority over the ghastly conditions in many labour camps." (p.136)
 * "I am glad I did not witness his death. Sauckel did not deserve to hang. He was a stupid but genuine man, who never read a book. He accepted Nazi doctrines without question and believed that his actions were justified by moral principles. In this terrible self-delusion, the thousands who died in the transports and camps were forgotten. But not at Nuremberg. There in the courtroom, their sad ghosts overwhelmed him and he bowed his head. Sauckel said to Dr Gilbert on receiving the indictment, 'The abyss between the ideal of a social community which I imagined as a former seaman and worker, and the terrible happenings in the concentration camps has shaken me deeply'
 * Sauckel and many others fell into that abyss, still believers in the myth of a chivalrous Germany." (p.137)

On the subject of the verdict, Neave later writes:
 * "Albert Speer, who in my opinion, was the real architect of the slave labour programme got twenty years imprisonment. His unattractive working-class lieutenant Sauckel went to the gallows on the night of Goering's suicide.
 * It is true that Speer made a favourable impression on the judges though whether Professor Smith is right to accuse them of 'class bias' and 'social prejudice' is doubtful. I found that they were convinced of Speer's sincere repentance but this did not prevent Biddle and Nikitchenko from recommending that he be sentenced to death. His twenty year sentence was a compromise. (p.312)

 * "What has most troubled me is the comparison with the fate meted out to the wrteched Sauckel. Why should Sauckel, who procured foreign workers for Speer as Armaments Minister, be the more guilty? I was struck by the contemptuous attitude of many at Nuremberg to the proletarian Sauckel. The judges dealt with his case in record time and unanimously sentenced him to death. After hearing this, he said, pathetically, 'I have never been cruel myself'.
 * Sauckel had certainly operated the slave labour programme with ruthless efficiency, but who was in charge of policy? Albert Speer. The judges deliberated over his case for a long time and to the last were deadlocked about the sentence. Then on September 11th by a majority of three to one, Nikitchenko dissenting, they agreed on a sentence of twenty years." (p.313)

Sauckel certainly deserved to pay a price for his part in the Nazi forced labour programme, stupid and ingenuous though he was. However, it is also appropriate to note that the criticism of the judges by Professor Bradley Smith that Neave cites in his book (Smith's accusation of 'class bias') is probably wide of the mark too, not least because one might reasonably expect Nikitchenko and Volchkov (the Russian judges at Nuremberg) to exhibit, if anything, 'class bias' in reverse of that criticised by Professor Smith. One might expect them to have been particularly suspicious of Albert Speer, and indeed Nikitchenko appeared, by Neave's account, to be thus suspicious of him. It would be interesting to see if any later deliberations have shed more light on this issue - any takers? Calilasseia 14:32, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Under the terms of the Indictment, the one person in the dock who got a death sentence who should not have was Julius Streicher. Also under the terms of the Indictment, the one person who was not senteced to death who should have was Albert Speer. Why Speer got his twenty years while Streicher got death was simply how they presented themselves to the court. Streicher was a loathsome and unrepentant Nazi. He was also a private publisher uninvolved in the war effort, either in the planning or executing of a plan to wage aggressive war. Speer was an urbane, educated and charming man who told the International Military Tribunal how he had tried to kill Hitler, had disobeyed his orders to lay waste to Germany, how evil Nazism was, and how sorry he was to have been a part of it. He was also the head slavemaster, who directly or indirectly sanctioned any means necessary to increase production. The fact that Sauckel, the labor minister, was hung while his boss (Speer) got a relatively light sentence was one of the great mis-justices of the IMT. 58.169.75.206 13:14, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Neave covers this - as I have outlined above. I've also mentioned that both Chief Justice Biddle and Chief Justice Nikitchenko were in favour of Speer being sentenced to death (again cited above). Indeed the case remains a contentious issue for students of international law.

As for Streicher, his death sentence wasn't merely the by-product of him being a 'loathsome and unrepentant Nazi', but because he was, as cited in the British prosecution team's case, responsible for the psychological preparation of the German people to accept the Final Solution. There is also ample evidence (produced in the court) that he abused his power while touring German prisons to beat inmates for sadistic sexual gratification. Neave covers one particularly egregious example in his book. As for him being a 'private pubisher uninvolved in the war effort', this view is somewhat at variance with the fact that even before Hitler became Chancellor, the Nazi Party exercised considerable effort to protect Streicher and his newspaper, Der Stŭrmer, from penalties under German libel laws, and once Hitler came to power, Der Stŭrmer was not only protected from libel writs by numerous persons, but was virtually the only newspaper that was made available to be read freely in German towns and cities in specially erected glass cases. While Neave was correct in saying that "Politically he was small beer", he was also correct in then saying immediately afterwards "it was his anti-Jewish propaganda that made him feared". Do not forget that he did hold political office within the nazi Party - he was Gauleiter of Thuringia - and thus, even without his other activities, came under the eye of the International Military Tribunal with respect to the judgement that the higher echelons of the Corps of Political Leaders (the top executive of the Nazi Party's political apparatus, including the Gauleiters) constituted a 'criminal organisation'. Admittedly, this is another contentious issue for students of international law, but that judgement was not challenged except of course by the Nazis themselves. All of this is of course on record, and the Neave book is, if a somewhat individual source of information, nonetheless highly illuminating. Calilasseia

Flag
I noticed that the Nazi flag has been added to the infobox without any surrounding text. I'm not interested in working on this article myself but, if you are, please consult WP:FLAG for guidelines on proper style. – SJL 05:43, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Controversy About His Execution
He was certainly an war criminal, but the fact that his superior was sentenced to 20 years, and he got the death penalty seems today controversial, from any point of view. I ask someone please to add a chapter to the controversy about his execution.85.244.52.171 (talk) 18:44, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

It is said that urbane and articulate Speer was able to avoid the hangman while his cruder colleagues could not. Be that as it may, Sauckel seems to have left behind the evidence needed for his conviction. See, e.g., Mazower, Hitler's Empire (2008) pp. 298-303 ("Sauckel's Drives").

Professor Telford Taylor's book The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials (1992) explores some of the political choices of defendants and the outcomes of the trials.

Andygx (talk) 15:42, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Factual Errors in this article
1. Sauckel was not a subordinate of Albert Speer, his was a direct appointment of Hitler's. This is noted in Joachim Fest's "Speer the final verdict" whereby Fest notes Kehrl, Krisenmanager, p. 342 and also highlights the fact that Sauckel's independence allowed him to compete with Speer and ignore his requests.

2. Speer did not choose Sauckel for the position, as noted in "Speer the final verdict", Speer's advice was that Karl Hanke should be choosen, this was overuled by Boorman and Hitler (Fest, p. 147)

3. Sauckel's crimes resulted in large part from the kidnapping of citizens in occupied Europe and the East, hardly the same treatment that German citizens would receive (Fest, p. 148) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.237.2.249 (talk) 12:25, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Right to call Speer Sauckel's superior?
I thought this issue was rather vague, as the Nazi hierarchy wasn't so clearly defined.Mtsmallwood (talk) 05:40, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

VERY IMPORTANT: Photo of hanged person
It seems like each article dealing with Nazis executed by hanging has a similar photo of the hanged person. Such photos are unnecessary and certainly disturbing.

I suggest either the removal of all of these photographs or at a minimum a warning in any article that shows such images.

I expect to hear back on this soon -- I feel strongly enough about this to begin removal of such photos.--Jrm2007 (talk) 03:36, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
 * This photo documents an objective historical fact. It demonstrates not only that the subject of the article was executed, but also that the Allied Powers insisted that the body of the subject be photographed after the execution to remove any doubt that the subject has been executed.  It should remain in the article.  Your objection is subjective based on your own sense of what is disturbing.Mtsmallwood (talk) 03:53, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I believe most people would find graphic pictures of people hanged to be disturbing. My objection however, would be on the grounds that it's not very encyclopaedic. Encyclopedia Britannica and Encyclopedia Americana had access to the photos of these executed men for over half a century and never included them.  Also, just where does Wikipedia draw the line?  I would hope the autopsy pictures of John F. Kennedy wouldn't be posted.TL36 (talk) 03:59, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

England used captured Germans as laborers during the war - any Englishmen hanged for this? 159.105.81.7 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 15:56, 21 July 2011 (UTC).

 * SO many things wrong with that viewpoint - from the humane treatment of German POW's to international treaties about the use of POW's for labor. HammerFilmFan (talk) 00:13, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

--The Allied powers did not make extensive use of forced labour - unlike Germany. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.227.218.187 (talk) 21:24, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

I believe other entries document the historical fact that the Russians used Germans as forced labor/slave labor until 1955. True? 66.162.249.170 (talk) 04:39, 3 November 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:23, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Gauleiter Fritz Sauckel.jpg

title: Talk:Fritz Sauckel


text:
Talk:Julia set

Needs a definition of "regular"
The article uses the term "regular" in several places, with no link nor internal explanation.

Also, should "perturbation" really link to "Perturbation theory?" I think the term here is being used loosely, and Perturbation theory is about using slight changes to solve specific problems. Same word, but not a useful link.

Thomaso (talk) 15:31, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

The GIF of Julia sets does not display well

The preview of the GIF on the right cannot display. Could it be a problem with my browser?

Thanks, --Shiyu Ji (talk) 02:22, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

Huge video file
The Julia_circling.ogg video is very pretty but is 70MB. Is this really a suitable size to have on the wiki infrastructure? 79.75.125.119 (talk) 03:51, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Example Julia set renders aren’t Julia sets
A Julia set is defined as boundary of the set of points such that $$\lim_{n\to\infty} z_n = f(z_{n-1}) \ne \infty$$. Notably, $$f(x)$$ is a rational function, i.e. the result of the division of two polynomials $$P(x)$$ and $$Q(x)$$, where a polynomial “is an expression consisting of variables (or indeterminates) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents” (qtd. from Polynomial).

Unfortunately, about half of the pictures in the Examples of Julia sets section aren’t actually Julia sets (such as $$e^z$$, $$e^{z^3}$$, $$\sqrt{\sinh z^2}$$), and none of them are non-polynomial rational functions. B637275 (talk) 20:58, 17 May 2017 (UTC)
 * 1) Is there a name for something like a Julia set where $$f(x)$$ is a non-rational function? If so, we should move these images there.
 * 2) These images should be removed from the Julia set page — they’re confusing, incorrect, and unnecessary.

Update: I have removed the images from the gallery. If anyone has a problem with this — and frankly, this should be pretty uncontroversial — please raise it here.

B637275 (talk) 23:11, 18 May 2017 (UTC)

As stated in the Generalizations section (which needs expansion and references), the definition of Julia sets can be applied to maps besides rational functions. I'm not aware of any special name for Julia sets of non-rational functions; I've only seen them called "Julia sets". Popular fractal software ignores the mathematical restrictions and allows rendering of any function, treating points that are bounded under iteration as members of the "filled Julia set", which is likely where these pictures came from. Since this article is about mathematical Julia sets, not fractal software, I don't disagree with removing the images. But perhaps they would be appropriate when the Generalizations section is expanded.

Rick Sidwell (talk) 17:41, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

Non-standard formal definitions
The definitions used on this page are quite strange. Here are the definitions I am familiar with:

(1) J(f) is simply the set of points where iterating f from the given point stays bounded.

(1b) I learned today that the standard definition limits f to be a rational polynomial. That seems to be true, but also a widely discarded restriction, depending on the context.

(2) I had never heard of a Fatou set before visiting this article, but upon a little web searching, it is a kind of Julia set, not the complement of a Julia set.

Lexspoon (talk) 12:46, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I am not sure how to deal with all the misapprehensions here, but to take the last point: the usage "Fatou set" to denote the complement of the Julia set has become standard in recent decades. Admittedly, it isn't quite as ancient. Writing in 1990, Beardon says
 * Although the use of the term "Julia set" is standard, the use of "Fatou set" was suggested as late as 1984 (in ). It seems appropriate, but the reader should be aware of the common alternatives, namely the stable set, and the set of normality.

 * Chris Thompson (talk) 11:37, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

Mistakes in the definition of the Fatou set
Currently, there are mistakes in the definition of the Fatou set in the section "Formal definition". First, number of Fatou domains can be infinite. Second, the Julia set of a rational map can coincide with the whole Riemann sphere, in which case there are no Fatou domains (and so their union is not dense in the plane). Also, the definition presented is not formal at all and leaves lots of space for interpretations. I think, this section should be rewritten carefully. I might do it later. Artem149598 (talk) 12:32, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

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Pseudocode examples
The current pseudocode examples are wrong and do not produce graphical representations of Julia sets.

I hereby propose to improve the first example with the following changes:

 * 1) Before the loop set x = x0 and y = y0
 * 2) Explain the meaning of x and y (real and imaginary part)
 * 3) Set the loop to:

 * Where cx and cy are the real and imaginary part of c.

In the second example I propose the following changes:

 * 1) Before the loop set x = x0 and y = y0 and do variable renaming analogous to above
 * 2) Set y = (x*x + y*y) ^ (n / 2) * sin(n * atan2(y, x)) + cy
 * 3) Set xtmp = (x*x + y*y) ^ (n / 2) * cos(n * atan2(y, x)) + cx
 * 4) Remove type specifier float
 * 5) Remove semicolons

Reasons

 * 1) Without renaming the variables in Example 1 the code would not work.
 * 2) Without changing c to cx, cy the code would not work.
 * 3) Variables with zero-index indicates start values and should not be changed.
 * 4) Type specifers must not occur inconsistently in pseudocode and in this case the type specifier is unnecessary.
 * 5) Semicolons should not occur inconsistently.

 Daknuett (talk) 18:36, 30 December 2017 (UTC) Daniel

This pseudocode sometimes does not plot the entire Julia set when c is large. This is because there is a mistake in the section "Quadratic polynomials". Contrary to what is said there, points in the filled Julia set do not always have modulus <= 2. (As a specific example, if c = -6, then z = 3 is a fixed point of z^2 + c [because 3^2 - 6 = 3], so 3 is in the filled Julia set.) I have corrected the error in "Quadratic polynomials" and the pseudocode. This unfortunately makes things a bit more complicated, but I think it is important for the article to be correct. DaveWitteMorris (talk) 17:21, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Contradictory definitions
In section "Examples", the Julia set of $$f(z)=z^2$$ is described as unit circle, but evalutaing $$J(f_c) = \left\{z \in \mathbb C : \forall n \in \mathbb N, |f_c^n(z)| \le 2 \right\}$$ as found under "Quadratic polynomials", we would obtain the closed unit disk.--Hagman (talk) 13:40, 25 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The disk is the filled Julia set, not the Julia set. I fixed the error in "Quadratic polynomials". DaveWitteMorris (talk) 02:36, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julia set


text:
Vance Hartke

Rupert Vance Hartke (May 31, 1919 – July 27, 2003) was an American politician who served as a Democratic United States Senator from Indiana from 1959 until 1977. Hartke won election to the Senate after serving as the mayor of Evansville, Indiana. In the Senate, he supported the Great Society and became a prominent opponent of the Vietnam War. Hartke ran for president in the 1972 Democratic primaries but withdrew after the first set of primaries. He left the Senate after being defeated in his 1976 re-election campaign by Richard Lugar.

Early life, education, military service
Hartke was born on May 31, 1919, in Stendal, Indiana, the son of Ida Mary (Egbert), an organist, and Hugo Leonard Hartke, a teacher. His paternal grandparents were German, as were all of his maternal great-grandparents. He attended public schools in Stendal. He graduated from Evansville College (now the University of Evansville) in 1940, and from 1942 until 1946 Hartke served in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard, rising from seaman to lieutenant. Hartke graduated from the Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 1948.

Legal and political career
After joining the Indiana State Bar in 1948, Hartke began practicing law in Evansville. He also worked as deputy prosecuting attorney of Vanderburgh County (1950–1951) and Mayor of Evansville (1956–1958) and integrated the city swimming pools before being elected to the United States Senate in 1958 and reelected in 1964 and 1970 (1959–1977).

Senate service and later life
In the Senate, Hartke was best known for his opposition to the Vietnam War and his chairmanship of the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee. Hartke had a fallout with President Lyndon Johnson when he became one of the first opponents of the Vietnam War.

Hartke was elected to the Senate in 1958 at age 39, defeating Republican Governor Harold Handley. He became known as a hard-working, liberal Democrat with a strong relationship with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson. In his first term, Hartke was a member of the Finance and Commerce committees. During his first term, Hartke lobbied for programs like Medicare and Medicaid, and supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Hartke was re-elected over state Senator Russell Bontrager in 1964, becoming only the third Indiana Democrat, after Benjamin Franklin Shively in 1914 and Frederick Van Nuys in 1938, to be popularly elected to a second term in the Senate. He helped create student loan programs and new veterans benefits during his second term. He helped to establish Amtrak as chairman of the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation.

After his sister, Ruth E. Hartke, was killed in a head-on crash in Ohio (2 Sep 1964) while working his campaign, Hartke used his chairmanship of Commerce Transportation Subcommittee to make automakers equip cars with seat belts and other safety equipment. He also was instrumental in creating the International Executive Service Corps, an organization, modeled after the Peace Corps that sent retired U.S. businessmen to poor countries to help turn small businesses into larger ones.

Hartke was credited with important roles in the passage of measures that created or supported student loan programs, veterans' benefits and the Head Start Program. He also developed an organization modeled on the Peace Corps that helped small overseas businesses. Senator Hartke introduced a bill to create the George Washington Peace Academy and a Department of Peace. The concept became known as the first cornerstone for the campaign that led to the creation of the U.S. Institute of Peace.

Hartke was praised for winning passage of a measure making kidney dialysis more widely available. A statement entered into the Congressional Record in honor of his 80th birthday credited the measure with saving 500,000 lives.

His opposition to the Vietnam War was not popular in Indiana. In 1970, after a very bitter and tight race against Republican Congressman Richard L. Roudebush and a ballot recount, Hartke won a third term by 4,200 votes. In 1972, Hartke was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination against fellow Senators Edmund Muskie and George McGovern. Four years later, after narrowly surviving a primary challenge by freshman Eighth District Congressman Philip Hayes, Hartke was defeated for reelection by Indianapolis Mayor Richard Lugar in a landslide. Until the election of Joe Donnelly in 2012, Hartke was the most recent Indiana Democrat, aside from a member of the Bayh family, to have won and served in the Senate.

In 1994, Hartke pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor election fraud charge in southeastern Indiana's Dearborn County. At the previous November's general election, a Kentucky-based casino firm had employed him as a consultant to support them during a casino-legalization referendum.

Hartke wrote three books — The American Crisis in Vietnam, You and Your Senator and Inside the New Frontier , the last co-authored with John M. Redding.

Personal life and death
Hartke and his wife, Martha, had seven children. Their daughter, Anita Hartke, was the 2008 Democratic candidate for the United States House of Representatives from the 7th congressional district of Virginia. She lost to the Republican incumbent, Eric Cantor.

Hartke died at a hospital in Fairfax, Virginia on July 27, 2003, aged 84.

Posthumous award
In 2009 the JFK Club of Vanderburgh County awarded the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Posthumous Award to Senator Vance Hartke. To carry forward the legacy and principles of President John F. Kennedy by supporting legislation and government officials or candidates that promote social justice and equality, in order to build a better community and society for all.

title: Vance Hartke


text:
Gotland

Gotland (, ; Gutland in Gutnish), also historically spelled Gottland or Gothland, is Sweden's largest island. It is also a province/county (Swedish län), municipality, and diocese. The province includes the islands of Fårö and Gotska Sandön to the north, as well as the Karlsö Islands (Lilla and Stora) to the west. The population is 61,001, of which about 23,600 live in Visby, the main town. Outside Visby, there are minor settlements and a mainly rural population. The island of Gotland and the other areas of the province of Gotland make up less than one percent of Sweden's total land area. The county formed by the archipelago is the second smallest by area and is the least populated in Sweden. In spite of the small size due to its narrow width, the driving distance between the furthermost points of the populated islands is about 170 km.

Gotland is a fully integrated part of Sweden with no particular autonomy, unlike several other offshore island groups in Europe. Historically, there was a linguistic difference between the archipelago and the mainland with Gutnish being the native language. In recent centuries, Swedish took over almost entirely and the island is virtually monolingually Swedish in modern times. The archipelago is a very popular domestic tourist destination for mainland Swedes, with the population rising to very high numbers during summers. Some of the reasons are the sunny climate and the extensive shoreline bordering mild waters. During summer, Visby hosts the political event Almedalen Week, followed by the Medieval Week, further boosting visitor numbers. In winter, Gotland usually remains surrounded by ice-free water and has mild weather.

Gotland has been inhabited since approximately 7200 BC. The island's main sources of income are agriculture, food processing, tourism, information technology services, design, and some heavy industry such as concrete production from locally mined limestone. From a military standpoint, it occupies a strategic location at the center of the Baltic Sea.

Etymology
The name of Gotland is closely related to that of the Geats and Goths.

Prehistoric time to Viking Age
The island was the home of the Gutes, and sites such as the Ajvide Settlement show that it has been occupied since prehistory. A DNA study conducted on the 5,000-year-old skeletal remains of three Middle Neolithic seal hunters from Gotland showed that they were related to modern-day Finns, while a farmer from Gökhem parish in Västergötland on the mainland was found to be more closely related to modern-day Mediterraneans. This is consistent with the spread of agricultural peoples from the Middle East at about that time.

Gutasaga contains legends of how the island was settled by Þieluar and populated by his descendants. It also tells that a third of the population had to emigrate and settle in southern Europe, a tradition associated with the migration of the Goths, whose name has the same origin as Gutes, the native name of the people of the island. It later tells that the Gutes voluntarily submitted to the king of Sweden and asserts that the submission was based on mutual agreement, and notes the duties and obligations of the Swedish King and Bishop in relationship to Gotland. According to some historians, it is therefore an effort not only to write down the history of Gotland, but also to assert Gotland's independence from Sweden.

It gives Awair Strabain as the name of the man who arranged the mutually beneficial agreement with the king of Sweden; the event would have taken place before the end of the ninth century, when Wulfstan of Hedeby reported that the island was subject to the Swedes:

"Then, after the land of the Burgundians, we had on our left the lands that have been called from the earliest times Blekingey, and Meore, and Eowland, and Gotland, all which territory is subject to the Sweons; and Weonodland was all the way on our right, as far as Weissel-mouth."

The number of Arab dirhams discovered on the island of Gotland alone is astoundingly high. In the various hoards located around the island, there are more of these silver coins than at any other site in Western Eurasia. The total sum is almost as great as the number that has been unearthed in the entire Muslim world. These coins moved north through trade between Rus merchants and the Abbasid Caliphate, along the Silver-Fur Road, and the money made by Scandinavian merchants would help northern Europe, especially Viking Scandinavia and the Carolingian Empire, as major commercial centers for the next several centuries.

The Berezan' Runestone, discovered in 1905 in Ukraine, was made by a Varangian (Viking) trader named Grani in memory of his business partner Karl. It is assumed that they were from Gotland.

Notable archaeological findings
The Mästermyr chest, an important artefact from the Viking Age, was found in Gotland.

On 16July 1999, the world's largest Viking silver treasure, the Spillings Hoard, was found in a field at Spillings farm northwest of Slite. The silver treasure was divided into two parts weighing a total of 67 kg (27 kg and 40 kg) and consisted mostly of coins, about 14,000, from foreign countries, mostly Islamic. It also contained about 20 kg of bronze objects along with numerous everyday objects such as nails, glass beads, parts of tools, pottery, iron bands and clasps. The treasure was found by using a metal detector, and the finders fee, given to the farmer who owned the land, was over 2 million kronor (about US$308,000). The treasure was found almost by accident while filming a news report for TV4 about illegal treasure hunting on Gotland.

Middle Ages
Early on, Gotland became a commercial center, with the town of Visby the most important Hanseatic city in the Baltic Sea. In late medieval times, the island had twenty district courts (tings), each represented by its elected judge at the island-ting, called landsting. New laws were decided at the landsting, which also took other decisions regarding the island as a whole.

The city of Visby and rest of the island were governed separately, and a civil war caused by conflicts between the German merchants in Visby and the peasants they traded with in the countryside had to be put down by King Magnus III of Sweden in 1288. In 1361, Valdemar Atterdag of Denmark invaded the island. About 1,500 Gotlandic farmers were killed by the Danish invaders after massing for the Battle of Mästerby. The Victual Brothers occupied the island in 1394 to set up a stronghold as a headquarters of their own in Visby. At last, Gotland became a fief of the Teutonic Knights, awarded to them on the condition that they expel the piratical Victual Brothers from their fortified sanctuary. An invading army of Teutonic Knights conquered the island in 1398, destroying Visby and driving the Victual Brothers from Gotland. In 1409, Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guaranteed peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

The authority of the landsting was successively eroded after the island was occupied by the Teutonic Order, then sold to Eric of Pomerania and after 1449 ruled by Danish governors. In late medieval times, the ting consisted of twelve representatives for the farmers, free-holders or tenants.

Early modern period
Since the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645, the island has remained under Swedish rule.

On 19 September 1806, Gustav IV Adolf offered the sovereignty of Gotland to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, who had been expelled from Malta in 1798, but the Order rejected the offer since it would have meant renouncing their claim to Malta. The Order never regained its territory, and eventually it reestablished itself in Rome as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. On 22 April 1808, during the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, a Russian army landed on the southeastern shores of Gotland near Grötlingbo. Under command of Nikolai Andreevich Bodisko 1,800 Russians took the city of Visby without any combat or engagement, and occupied the island. A Swedish naval force rescue expedition was sent from Karlskrona under the command of admiral Rudolf Cederström with 2,000 men; the island was liberated and the Russians capitulated. Russian forces left the island on 18 May 1808.

Administration
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes today, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Gotland, however, due to its insular position, the administrative county (län), Gotland County, and the municipality (kommun), Region Gotland, both cover the same territory as the province. Furthermore, the diocese of Visby is also congruent with the province. Gotland is traditionally divided into 92 sockens. On 1January 2016, they were all reconstituted into Districts, administrative areas with the same borders as the former sockens.

Heraldry
Gotland was granted its arms in about 1560. The coat of arms is represented with a ducal coronet. Blazon: "Azure a ram statant Argent armed Or holding on a cross-staff of the same a banner Gules bordered and with five tails of the third." The county was granted the same coat of arms in 1936. The municipality, created in 1971, uses the same picture, but with other tinctures.

Geography
Gotland is Sweden's largest island, and it is the largest island fully encompassed by the Baltic Sea (with Denmark's Zealand at the Baltic's edge). With its total area of 3183.7 km2 the island of Gotland and the other areas of the province of Gotland make up 0.8% of Sweden's total land area. The province includes the small islands of Fårö and Gotska Sandön to the north, as well as the Karlsö Islands, (Lilla and Stora) to the west, which are even smaller. The island of Gotland has an area of 2994 km2, whereas the province has 3183.7 km2 [3151 km2 of land excluding the lakes and rivers]. The population is 61,001 as of December 2021. As of 2016, approximately 23,600 people (about 40% of residents) lived in Visby, which is the seat of the municipality and the capital of the county.

Gotland is located about 90 km east of the Swedish mainland and about 130 km from the Baltic states, Latvia being the nearest. Gotland is the name of the main island, but the adjacent islands are generally considered part of Gotland and the Gotlandic culture:
 * Furillen
 * Fårö
 * Gotska Sandön, a National park of Sweden
 * The Karlsö Islands (Stora Karlsö and Lilla Karlsö)
 * Laus holmar
 * Ytterholmen
 * Östergarnsholm

There are several shallow lakes located near the shores of the island. The biggest is Lake Bästeträsk, located near Fleringe in the northern part of Gotland. The Hoburg Shoal bird reserve is situated on the southern tip of the island. The highest point of the island is Lojsta Hed which stands 82 m above sea level. The average height of the island is 29 meters.

Settlements besides Visby include:

 * Burgsvik
 * Fårösund
 * Hemse
 * Klintehamn
 * Roma
 * Slite
 * Tofta
 * Vibble

Of these, Hemse is the largest settlement in southern Gotland and along with Roma the two largest inland villages. Burgsvik is the southernmost locality and Fårösund the northernmost. The island of Fårö is permanently settled, but with only a few hundred year-round residents and lacks a permanent fixed link to the main island. Residents are depending on an around the clock, free of charge, car ferry for transportation over a strait roughly 1.3 km wide, taking about eight minutes. Fårö may get connected to the main island with a bridge in the future, but the project has had plenty of delays related to funding. At the closest point, the two islands are separated by less than 500 m, although that is at a distance from road connections.

Slite is the largest settlement on Gotland's sparsely populated east coast.

Climate
Gotland has a semi-continental variety of a marine climate (Cfb). This results in larger seasonal differences than typical of marine climates in spite of it being surrounded by the Baltic Sea for large distances in all directions. This is due to strong continental winds travelling over the sea from surrounding great landmasses. Seasonal temperature variation is smaller in more isolated places on the island such as Hoburgen or Östergarnsholm, having warmer autumn and winter, but are cooler during spring and summer days. Seasonal lag being exceptionally strong in the weather station Östergarnsholm. As an example, December is warmer than March with temperature lows being similar to April. August is typically the warmest month, an unusual occurrence in Swedish sites. In capital Visby, July and August temperatures tend to be quite even.

Since winters usually remain just above freezing and brackish water remaining liquid longer than freshwater, the sea remains ice-free all year round, except during rare extreme cold waves. The last time the whole passage from the mainland to Gotland froze was in 1987 when icebreakers were used to maintain passenger and goods traffic to the island.

Geology
Gotland is made up of a sequence of sedimentary rocks of a Silurian age, dipping to the south-east. The main Silurian succession of limestones and shales comprises thirteen units spanning 200 to 500 m of stratigraphic thickness, being thickest in the south, and overlies a 75 to 125 m thick Ordovician sequence.

It was deposited in a shallow, hot, and salty sea on the edge of an equatorial continent. The water depth never exceeded 175 to 200 m, and became shallower over time as bioherm detritus and terrestrial sediments filled the basin. Reef growth started in the Llandovery Epoch, when the sea was 50 to 100 m, and reefs continued to dominate the sedimentary record. Some sandstones are present in the youngest rocks towards the south of the island, which represent sand bars deposited very close to the shoreline.

The lime rocks have been weathered into characteristic karstic rock formations known as rauks. Fossils, mainly of crinoids, rugose corals and brachiopods, are abundant throughout the island; palæo-sea-stacks are preserved in places.

Economy
The island's main sources of income are agriculture along with food processing, tourism, IT solutions, design and some heavy industry such as concrete production from locally mined limestone. Most of Gotland's economy is based on small scale production. In 2012, there were over 7,500 registered companies on Gotland. 1,500 of these had more than one employee. Gotland has the world's northernmost established vineyard and winery, located in Hablingbo.

Military
Gotland occupies a strategic location in the Baltic sea from a defence viewpoint. In March 2015, the Swedish government decided to begin reestablishing a permanent military presence on Gotland, starting with an initial 150 troop garrison, consisting primarily of elements from the Swedish Army. It has been reported that the bulk of this initial garrison will make up a new motorised rifle battalion, alternatively referred to in other reports as a "modular-structured rapid response Army battalion". A later report claimed that plans were at an advanced stage for a support helicopter squadron and an Air Force "fast response Gripen jet squadron" to also be based on the island to support the new garrison and further reinforce the defences. Prior to the disbandment of the original garrison, there had been a continuous Swedish military presence on Gotland in one form or another, for nearly 200 years.

After the standing down of the original garrison, a battalion of the Swedish Home Guard is based on Gotland for emergencies as part of the Eastern Military Region (MR E). The unit, 32:a Gotlandsbataljonen (the 32nd Gotland battalion), acts as a reserve component of the Swedish Amphibious Corps. Among the residual war reserve stocks reported to be still in storage on Gotland in March 2015, were 14 tanks (Stridsvagn 122s) at the Tofta skjutfält (the Tofta firing range), but without any crews or dedicated maintenance personnel assigned to them.

Gotland currently has no local air defence capability. Despite its importance as a naval base in the past,, there are no naval units based on Gotland. The Tofta firing range itself (also known as the Tofta Tank firing range), is a military training ground which is located 8 km south of Visby. Another less common name for the range is the Toftasjön firing range. Tracing its origins back to 1898, the range extended over 2700 acre. It was a major training and storage facility for the Gotland garrison during its existence, and was still occasionally used for training by various elements of the Armed Forces since the garrison was shut down in 2005. However, from the second half of 2014 onwards, there has been a marked increase in the use of the range, especially by armored units (mostly company sized), as tensions in Northeastern Europe have escalated. At least one of the buildings on the range, the former tank repair shop, is currently owned by a private company (Peab), with the military renting back the top floor for its own use. When not used by the military, a number of cultural and sports events have been held at the range, one of the most notable being the Gotland Grand National, the world's largest enduro race. As of 2018, Gotland has received a lot more attention military-wise and has seen a much larger spending on the military. As of 2018, the Gotland Regiment has been re-raised and is the first time since World War II that a new regiment has been established in Sweden.

Tourism
The first modern day tourists came to Gotland during the 19th century and were known as "bathers". Gotland became very popular with socialites at the time through Princess Eugenie who lived in Västerhejde, in the west part of the island from the 1860s.

When a new law ensuring two weeks vacation for all employees in Sweden was passed in 1938, camping became a popular pastime among the Swedes, and in 1955, Gotland was visited by 80,000 people. In the 1970s mostly young people were attracted to Gotland. Since 2010 the island has become a more versatile vacation spot visited by people from all over the world, in all manner of ways.

In 2001, it was the fifth largest tourist destination in Sweden based on the total number of guest nights. Gotland is usually the part of Sweden which receives the most hours of sunlight during a year with Visby statistically the location with the most sunshine in Sweden. In 2007 approximately 750,000 people visited Gotland.

In 1996, for the first time, ferries between Gotland and mainland Sweden carried more than 1 million passengers in a year. In 2007, the number of passengers exceeded 1.5 million. In 2012, the ferries had 1,590,271 passengers and the airlines 327,255 passengers. Even during the COVID-19 pandemic tourism did not change much as Swedes chose to visit the island instead of travelling abroad.

Cruise ships and new pier
The main port of call on Gotland is Visby. The city is visited by a number of cruise ships every year. About 40 cruise lines frequent the Baltic sea with Visby as one of their destinations. In 2005, 147 ships docked at Visby, in 2010 the number was 69. In 2014, 62 ships are scheduled to visit Visby. The decrease in visiting ships is due to the fact that the modern cruise ships are too large to enter Visby harbor. Ships must anchor a fair distance from shore whereupon passengers are shuttled to shore in small boats, which is not possible during bad weather. In 2007, the first proposition for building a new pier at Visby harbor, large enough to serve the modern cruise ships, was made. In 2011, the matter of the new pier was discussed in the Riksdag and in 2012 research and planning for the pier began. In January 2014, a letter of intent for building a new cruise pier in Visby harbor was signed by Region Gotland and Copenhagen Malmö Port (CMP). The pier was finished in 2018. The estimated cost is 250 million crowns (about US$38.52 million).

Culture
A number of stones with grooves exist on Gotland. Archaeologists interpret these grooves as traces of an unknown industrial process in the High Middle Ages. There are approximately 3,700 grinding grooves, of which about 750 occur in the solid limestone outcrop and the rest in other rock formations. The latter often consist of hard rocks such as granite or gneiss, but also soft rocks such as sandstone occur. Grinding grooves are also found in Skåne, in southern Sweden and in Finland. Astronomer Göran Henriksson dates a number of these grinding grooves to the Stone Age, from c. 3300 BC to c. 2000 BC, based on astronomical alignments, although his methodology has been heavily criticized.

The Medieval town of Visby has been entered as a site of the UNESCO World heritage programme. An impressive feature of Visby is the fortress wall that surrounds the old city, dating from the 13th century.

Many of the residents still speak Gutnish (Gutamål), the autochthonous language on the islands. But most of them now speak Gotlandic (gotländska), a Gutnish-influenced Swedish dialect. In the 13th century, a work containing the laws of the island, called "the Gotlandic law" (Gutalagen), was published in Old Gutnish, as well as the Gutasaga.

Gotland is noted for its 94 Medieval churches, most of which are restored and in active use. These churches exhibit two major styles of architecture: Romanesque and Gothic. The older churches were constructed in the Romanesque style from 1150 to 1250. The newer churches were constructed in the Gothic architectural style that prevailed from about 1250–1400. The oldest painting inside one of the churches on Gotland stretches as far back in time as the 12th century.

Traditional games of skill like Kubb, Pärk, and Varpa are played on Gotland. They are part of what has become called "Gutniska Lekar", and are performed preferably on the Midsummer's Eve celebration on the island, but also throughout the summer months. The games have widespread renown; some of them are played by people as far away as in the United States.

The knotwork design subsequently named the "Valknut" has the most attested historic instances on picture stones in Gotland, which include being on both the Stora Hammars I and the Tängelgårda stones. Gotland also has a rich heritage of folklore, including myths about the bysen, Di sma undar jordi, Hoburgsgubben and the Martebo lights.

Gotland gives its name to the traditional farmhouse ale Gotlandsdricka, a turbid beer with much in common with Finnish sahti, and related beers from the Baltic states.

Notable people
There are a number of notable people born or living on Gotland, or in other major ways associated with the island.

Events

 * Gotland competes in the biennial Island Games, which it hosted in 1999 and 2017.
 * Round Gotland Race-sailing event ("ÅF Offshore Race") starting at Stockholm, around the island of Gotland and back.
 * Gotland Grand National (GGN) is an annual enduro race on Gotland. GGN is a part of the Swedish enduroklassikern (enduro classics, Ränneslättsloppet, Stångebroslaget and Gotland Grand National). GNN is the world's largest enduro race.
 * Stånga Games are annual games for Gotlandic sports. The games are held during five days each summer in Stånga. The games are unofficially called "the Gotland Olympic Games". Some of the sports at the Stånga Games are pärk, varpa and caber toss.

Organizations
In 2012, there were 171 registered sports organizations on Gotland.

Gotland has two senior women's sport teams playing in the first tiers: basketball team Visby Ladies Basket Club (in Basketligan dam) and floorball team Endre IF (in the Swedish Super League). Visby Ladies won the Swedish Championship in 2005.

Football in the province is administered by Gotlands Fotbollförbund. The leading football club is FC Gute, playing in the fourth-tier league Division 2.

Visby/Roma HK is a hockey club located in Visby, currently playing in group East of Hockeyettan.

In popular culture
The Long Ships, or Red Orm (original title: Röde Orm), a best-selling Swedish novel written by Frans G. Bengtsson, contains a vivid description of Gotland in the Viking Age. A section of the book is devoted to a Viking ship setting out to Russia, stopping on its way at Gotland and engaging a pilot from the island who plays an important part in their voyage. Gotlanders of the Viking era are depicted as city people, more sophisticated and cosmopolitan than other Scandinavians of their time, and proud of their knowledge and skills.

Naomi Mitchison, in her autobiographic book "You may well ask", relates an experience during a walking tour in Sweden: "Over in Gotland I walked again, further than I would have if I had realized that the milestones were in old Swedish miles, so that my disappointing three-mile walk along the cold sea edge under the strange ancient fortifications was really fifteen English miles [24 km]".

The crime novels of Mari Jungstedt, featuring Detective Superintendent Anders Knutas, are set on Gotland.

In the Battlefield Vietnam video game modification Invasion Gotland, the Soviet Union invades Gotland in 1977.

For the 1989 Studio Ghibli film, Kiki's Delivery Service, by Hayao Miyazaki, he and other illustrators spent time in Gotland in preparation for animation.

Astronomy

A number of asteroids in the main-belt are named after places on Gotland or Gotlanders, such as 10795 Babben, 3250 Martebo and 7545 Smaklösa. Most of them have been named by Swedish astronomer Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist, a summer resident on Gotland. All the Gotlandic names are vividly described in NASA's JPL Small-Body Database in connection to each asteroid.

title: Gotland


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Oelandia

Oelandia is an extinct genus of basal molluscs of the family helcionellid from the Middle Cambrian of Sweden, China and North America. It has a small, upwards-pointing anterior snorkel with a closed end. It bears pronounced concentric ribbing around its strongly coiled exogastric shell.

title: Oelandia