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Sand cat

The sand cat (Felis margarita) is a small wild cat that inhabits sandy and stony deserts far from water sources. With its sandy to light grey fur, it is well camouflaged in a desert environment. Its head-and-body length ranges from 39 - 52 cm with a 23-31 cm long tail. Its 5-7 cm short ears are set low on the sides of the head, aiding detection of prey moving underground. The long hair covering the soles of its paws insulates its pads against the extreme temperatures found in deserts.

The first sand cat known to scientists was discovered in the Algerian Sahara and described in 1858. To date, it has been recorded in several disjunct locations in Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Niger, Chad, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East. In Central Asia, it was first recorded in the Karakum Desert in 1925. The large gap between these two regions of its global range was partially closed in 1948, when a sand cat skin was found in an oasis of the Rub' al Khali in Oman. It is discontinuously distributed in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East. In the early 1970s, sand cats were caught in southwestern Pakistan and exported to zoos worldwide. Due to its wide distribution and large population, it is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

The sand cat usually rests in underground dens during the day and hunts at night. It moves 5.4 km on average at night in search of small rodents and birds. It also kills and consumes venomous snakes. In spring, the female gives birth to two to three kittens, which become sexually mature around the age of one year. The sand cat's ecological requirements are still poorly understood, as only a few in-depth studies targeting wild sand cat populations have been conducted.

Taxonomy
Felis margarita was the scientific name proposed by Victor Loche in 1858 who first described a sand cat specimen found in the area of "Négonça" in the northern Algerian Sahara. This holotype specimen appears to have been lost. The species was named after the French General Jean Auguste Margueritte.

In the 20th century, the following zoological specimens of sand cats were described:
 * Eremaelurus thinobius was proposed as a species by Sergey Ognev in 1926. The specimen had been collected in the eastern Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. In 1938, Reginald Innes Pocock also considered it a species, but subordinated it to the genus Felis using the scientific name Felis thinobius. Later he considered it a sand cat subspecies, which to date is widely recognised.
 * F. m. meinertzhageni proposed by Pocock in 1938 was a sand cat skin from the Algerian Sahara.
 * F. m. aïrensis proposed by Pocock in 1938 was a female specimen collected in the Aïr Mountains in 1937.
 * F. m. scheffeli proposed by German zoologist Helmut Hemmer in 1974 was described on the basis of seven sand cats that had been captured alive in Pakistan's Nushki desert.
 * F. m. harrisoni proposed by Hemmer, Grubb and Groves in 1976 was described on the basis of a skin and skull of an adult male sand cat captured in 1967 in Umm al Samim, Oman.

In 1974, F. m. margarita, F. m. thinobia and F. m. scheffeli were temporarily recognized as valid taxa. At the time, it was considered possible that sand cats eventually recorded in Afghanistan and Iran might constitute distinct subspecies. In 2005, F. m. margarita, F. m. thinobia, F. m. scheffeli and F. m. harrisoni were recognised as valid taxa by W. Chris Wozencraft, who considered F. m. meinertzhageni and F. m. aïrensis synonyms of the nominate subspecies F. m. margarita. The Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group reviewed the existing information and in 2017 recognized only two subspecies based on morphological differences, namely:
 * Felis margarita margarita, also called the Saharan sand cat, occurs in North Africa. It is smaller in size with brighter, more yellow fur, with more pronounced markings and 2–6 rings on the tail.
 * Felis margarita thinobia, also called the Turkestan sand cat, Arabian sand cat, and Pakistan sand cat, it occurs in West and Central Asia. It is larger in size with less pronounced markings, a darker, more greyish coat, and only 2–3 rings on the tail.

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of 47 individuals from across the sand cat's range showed that their haplotypes differed only by one to three base pair mutations. This low degree of genetic differentiation between the African and Asian sand cats indicates that the Sinai Peninsula may have been a barrier to gene flow.

Phylogeny
Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear DNA in tissue samples from all Felidae species revealed that the evolutionary radiation of the Felidae began in Asia in the Miocene around. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of all Felidae species indicates a radiation at around. The sand cat is part of an evolutionary lineage that is estimated to have genetically diverged from the common ancestor of the Felis species around, based on analysis of their nuclear DNA. Analysis of their mitochondrial DNA indicates a genetic divergence of the Felis species at around. Both models agree that the jungle cat (F. chaus) was the first Felis species that diverged, followed by the black-footed cat (F. nigripes) and then the sand cat. It migrated into Africa, possibly during Pleistocene glaciation events. Migration was likely facilitated by extended periods of low sea levels between continents.

A fossil jaw and other skeletal remains of a sand cat were excavated in a Late Pleistocene cave in El Harhoura located near Temara in Morocco.

Characteristics
The sand cat's fur is of a pale, sandy, isabelline colour, but much lighter on the lower part of the head, around the nose, throat, and on the belly. A faint reddish line runs from the outer corner of each eye across the cheeks. There are dark brown to blackish bars on the limbs, and the tail has a black tip with two or three dark rings alternating with buff bands. Markings vary between individuals: some have neither spots nor stripes, some are faintly spotted, some have both spots and stripes. Its head is sandy brown. The large, greenish-yellow eyes are ringed with white, and the nose is blackish. Its whiskers are white and up to 8 cm long. Its ears are tawny at the base and tipped with black. Its outer ear is similar to that of a domestic cat, but its ear canal is about twice the size. The magnitude of acoustic input-admittance is about five times higher than of a domestic cat. Additionally, hearing sensitivity of the sand cat is about 8 decibels greater than that of the domestic cat.

In Central Asia, the sand cat's winter coat is very long and thick, with hairs reaching up to 2 in in length. Its claws on the forelimbs are short and very sharp, and claws on the hind feet are small and blunt. The undersides of its paws are protected from extreme temperatures by a thick covering of fur. The long hairs growing between its toes create a cushion of fur over the foot pads, helping to insulate them while moving over hot sand. This feature makes the cat's tracks obscure and difficult to identify and follow.

The sand cat is characterized by a flat, wide head, short legs, and a relatively long tail of 23-31 cm. It stands 24-36 cm at the shoulder and weighs 1.5 - 3.4 kg. The head-and-body length ranges from 39 - 52 cm. The 5-7 cm long ears are set low, giving a broad, flat appearance to the head.

Its skull is arched in lateral outline with wide zygomatic arches. The pinnae of the ears are triangular, and the ear canal is very wide, giving the cat an enhanced sense of hearing. The auditory bullae and the passages from the external ears to the ear drums are greatly enlarged compared to other small wild cats; the inner parts of the ears are protected from foreign objects by long, closely spaced white hairs. It has a bite force at the canine tip of 155.4 Newton and a bite force quotient at the canine tip of 136.7.

Distribution and habitat
The sand cat inhabits both sandy and stony deserts. It is widely but not contiguously distributed in the deserts of North Africa and Southwest and Central Asia. It prefers flat or undulating terrain with sparse vegetation of grasses or small bushes; it avoids bare and shifting sand dunes, where little prey is available.

In the Western Sahara, sand cats were sighted and photographed in the Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab region several times between 2005 and 2016. Sand cat kittens that had been hiding beneath a tuft of Panicum turgidum grass were sighted and photographed in the area in April 2017. In Algeria, one individual was recorded near a salt cedar mound in the Ahaggar Mountains in 2008. No confirmed records are known in Mauritania, Tunisia and Libya. In Mali's Lake Faguibine area, one individual was shortly sighted by night in 2011. In the Ténéré Desert, sand cats were observed in the 1980s and between 2008 and 2015. Sightings in Egypt's rocky Western and Eastern Deserts date to the mid 1980s. In the Sinai peninsula, sand cats were sighted in the mid 1990s.

On the Arabian Peninsula, a sand cat skin was discovered by Wilfred Thesiger in 1948 in an oasis of the Rub' al Khali desert. In Saudi Arabia's Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area, sand cats were captured and encountered trapped in wire mesh fence surrounding the adjacent Saja Umm Ar-Rimth Natural Reserve in the country's Najd region. In the Tabuk Region, two sand cats were killed by hunters in 2013 and 2016; and one individual was captured by a local farmer in 2014 and kept in a cage. Sand cats were also observed in 2014–2015 in three localities in the Turaif area in northern Saudi Arabia. In 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid on the western edge of the Rub' al Khali, sand cats use gravel valley and sand dune habitats in the cool season from October to April; in the hot season from May to September, they mainly use sand dune habitat. In Al Ain Region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, a sand cat was sighted in a gravel plain between dunes in 2003. Several sand cats were recorded in a protected area in Al Dhafra, Abu Dhabi between April and December 2015, after an absence of sightings for ten years. In Oman's Dhofar Governorate, it was recorded at several locations between 2021 and 2022.

In southern Israel, four sand cats were radio-collared and tracked over a few months in the late 1980s in the Arabah Valley, which lies mostly in Jordan. The monitored sand cats frequently roamed in military camps of the Israeli army and crossed the international border. Since 2002, the sand cat is considered locally extinct in Israel, as it has not been recorded since the turn of the century. In Jordan, a sand cat was sighted for the first time in 1997 during a survey in a desert area in the eastern part of the country. In Syria, sand cats were sighted and photographed by a camera-trap in a protected area near Palmyra in 2000 and 2001. In western Iraq, sand cats inhabit desert areas in the Najaf, Muthanna and Al Anbar Governorates. In Iran, it occurs in arid flat plains and sandy desert of Abbas'abad Wildlife Reserve, Kavir National Park and Petergan Rural District. Between March 2014 and July 2016, sand cats were also observed at elevations of 900-1100 m in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, foremost in black saxaul dominated habitat. In central Iran, sand cats were observed foremost in sand dunes and sabulous areas during surveys in 2014–2016.

In Pakistan, the first sand cat was detected in 1966 near the Lora River in Balochistan. In the late 1960s, sand cats were also encountered in the Chagai Hills, an extremely arid area comprising rolling sand dunes and stony plains at an elevation of about 1200 m.

In Central Asia, the sand cat was known to occur up to the late 1960s in the Karakum Desert from the Ustyurt Plateau in the northwest to the Kopet Dag Mountains in the south, and from the Kyzylkum Desert to the Syr Darya River and the northern border to Afghanistan. Adult sand cats with kittens were photographed in the southern Kyzylkum Desert in spring 2013 and 2014.

Behaviour and ecology
The sand cat is solitary, except during the mating season and when a female has kittens. It makes loud, high-pitched and short rasping sounds, especially when seeking a mate. Its vocalizations are similar to those of the domestic cat. It communicates by urine spraying and using scent and scratch marks. It buries its feces and covers it with sand.

Its way of moving is distinct: with its belly close to the ground, it moves at a fast run punctuated with occasional leaps. It is capable of sudden bursts of speed and can sprint at speeds of 30-40 km per hour. Four radio-collared sand cats in Israel moved long distances of 5-10 km in a single night. They were generally active throughout the night, hunting and travelling an average distance of 5.4 km. They retired below ground at dawn and stayed in the burrow during the day. During the survey period, they used several burrows in their home ranges.

Burrows are about 1.5 m deep and dug in slightly slanting ground with usually only a single entrance, though burrows with two or three entrances have also been observed. These burrows were either abandoned by foxes or porcupines, or dug by gerbils or other rodents. In winter, sand cats stay in the sun during the day, but during the hot season, they are crepuscular and nocturnal.

A male sand cat in Israel had a home range of 16 km2. In Morocco, a male sand cat travelled 14.1 km in 30 hours. A female sand cat moved in an area of 13.4 km2 during six days, and two males had home ranges of 21.8 and 35.3 km2. In 2018, several sand cats were observed resting in brown-necked raven nests built in umbrella thorn acacia trees in the Moroccan Sahara.

Hunting and diet
In the Ténéré, a desert region in south central Sahara, sand cats were observed preying foremost on small rodents, and the young of cape hare (Lepus capensis), but also hunting greater hoopoe lark (Alaemon alaudipes), desert monitor (Varanus griseus), sandfish (Scincus scincus) and venomous Cerastes vipers. If they caught more than they could eat, they buried the remains for later consumption. They satisfied their moisture requirements from their prey but drank water if it was available. The Toubou people have reported incidents of sand cats coming to their camps at night and drinking fresh camel milk.

In Israel, remains of Egyptian spiny-tailed lizards (Uromastyx aegyptia) were found near burrows used by sand cats. They were observed preying on jirds (Meriones), Cairo spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus), desert lark (Ammomanes deserti) and small reptiles. In central Iran, remains of Blanford's jerboa (Jaculus blanfordi) and Balochistan gerbil (Gerbillus nanus) were the most frequent prey species found around dens of sand cats.

Sand cats were collected in eastern Karakum Desert in the late 1950s. Their feces and stomachs contained remains of tolai hare (Lepus tolai), small rodents, birds, small reptiles and invertebrates. In March 2018, a sand cat was recorded feeding on a MacQueen's bustard (Chlamydotis macqueenii) in the Kyzylkum Desert.

Reproduction and life cycle
Oestrus in female sand cats lasts from five to six days, during which they frequently call and scent mark. After a gestation of 59 to 66 days, they give birth to a litter of two to three kittens. The kittens weigh 39 to 80 g at birth, and have spotted pale yellow or reddish fur. They grow relatively rapidly, reaching three quarters of the adult size within five months, are fully independent by the end of their first year and reach sexual maturity soon after the first year. In some areas, sand cats give birth to two litters per year.

Of 228 sand cats born in zoos globally by 2007, only 61% of the kittens lived to day 30. They died primarily due to maternal neglect by first-time mothers. Otherwise, they can live up to 13 years in captivity. The life expectancy of wild sand cats has not been documented.

The generation length of the sand cat is about 4 years and 9 months.

Threats
Habitat degradation and loss of sand dunes due to human activities are considered major threats to sand cat populations in Western Asia, where uncontrolled hunting and persecution of predators using poisoned baits are common practices. The sand cat's small-mammal prey-base depends on having adequate vegetation, which may experience large fluctuations due to drought or declines due to desertification and loss of natural vegetation. Fencing of protected areas threatens the sand cat in Saudi Arabia, where several individuals were found stuck in fences. In Iran, vulnerable arid ecosystems are being rapidly degraded by human settlement and activity, especially livestock grazing. In Uzbekistan, drifting sand areas are increasing, as local people uproot shrubs for use as firewood and as a substrate for silk worm (Bombyx mori) cocoons.

In the Sahara, sand cats have been killed in traps laid out by inhabitants of oases targeting foxes and golden jackals (Canis aureus) or in retaliation for killing poultry. Several cases of sand cats having been killed by domestic dogs (C. familiaris) were reported in Israel and Iran. In Israel, the sand cat was thought to be threatened by predation from caracals (Caracal caracal) and wolves (Canis lupus).

Sand cats have also been caught for the pet trade in the United Arab Emirates and in Iraq. In Baghdad, two sand cats were presented to a local nursery in 2012 that had been sold as pets; they died a week later. In 2014 and 2015, four sand cats were trapped alive by local truffle collectors and offered for sale in a wildlife market in Baghdad; their fate is unknown.

Sand cats may be at risk of transfer of diseases from domestic and feral cats encroaching on desert areas. In Saudi Arabia, one of 17 wild-caught sand cats was tested positive for feline leukaemia virus.

Conservation
Felis margarita is listed on CITES Appendix II. Hunting is prohibited in Algeria, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Mauritania, Niger, Pakistan, and Tunisia. No legal protection exists in Egypt, Mali, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Previously having been classified as near threatened, it has been downlisted to least concern in 2016, as the estimated size of the global population exceeds the threshold for a threatened category; the extent of decline of the global population is unknown.

The Jerusalem Biblical Zoo started a sand cat reintroduction project in Israel's Arabah Desert. Several captive-born individuals from the zoo's population were kept in an acclimatization enclosure, but did not survive subsequent release into the wild.

In captivity
Since the mid 1960s, sand cats were captured in Pakistan for trade and export to Europe until the Pakistani government ceased issuing permits in 1974. Captive sand cats are highly sensitive to respiratory diseases and infection of the upper respiratory tract. This is the main cause of death in adults. The most common disease is infectious rhinotracheitis. With sand cats being very susceptible to respiratory infections, they have to be kept in very arid enclosures, where humidity and temperature do not fluctuate.

The captive population kept in the European Endangered Species Programme is offspring of 18 founders that originated almost exclusively on the Arabian Peninsula. Until December 2009, the global captive population comprised 200 individuals in 45 institutions, including 23 European zoos with 102 individuals. The captive population within the Species Survival Plan for sand cat is based on eight founders.

In 2010, two sand cat kittens were born at the Al Ain Zoo after the first procedure of in vitro fertilisation and transfer of frozen-thawed embryos into the oviducts of ovulating females. In July 2012, four sand cat kittens were born at the Ramat Gan Zoo as part of the European Endangered Species Programme.

title: Sand cat


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Granada, Nicaragua

Granada is a city in western Nicaragua and the capital of the Granada Department. With an estimated population of 105,862 (2022), it is Nicaragua's ninth most populous city. Granada is historically one of Nicaragua's most important cities, economically and politically. It has a rich colonial heritage, seen in its architecture and structure.

Granada had a thriving Indigenous population. In 1524, the city was renamed Granada, by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, ostensibly the first European city in mainland America. Unlike other cities that claim the same distinction, the city of Granada was not only the settlement of the conquest, but also a city registered in official records of the Crown of Aragon, and the Kingdom of Castile in Spain.

Granada is also known as La Gran Sultana, in the reflection of its Moorish and Andalusian appearance, unlike its sister city and historical rival León, which displays Castilian trends.

History
The settlement of Granada was established by Spanish conquistador Hernández de Córdoba, who named it after the city of the same name in Spain. This was done in honor of the city's capture by the forces of King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I from the Emirate of Granada, which completed the reconquista. During the colonial era, Granada was a sister city to the settlement of Antigua Guatemala, maintained a flourishing level of commerce with ports in the Atlantic Ocean via Lake Cocibolca and the San Juan River, and was subject to attacks from English, French and Dutch pirates who unsuccessfully attempted to take control of the settlement by sailing up the San Juan River.

For many years Granada disputed with León its hegemony as the major city of Nicaragua. The city of Granada was favored by the Conservatives, while Léon was favored by the Liberals. For many years there was conflict that at times became quite violent between the cities' families and political factions. In the mid-19th century a compromise site was agreed on and the capital was finally established at Managua between both cities. As of 1850, Granada had a population of approximately 10,000.

On 29 May 1834, Cándido Flores, head of the military forces of Granada, revolted against the Government in León led by José Núñez, demanding the reform of the federal Constitution. After being defeated in Managua he could not organize a resistance in Granada, so he left the city to a disorganized mob that committed lootings and robberies, especially in the houses of foreigners.

Granada was also the site where American filibuster William Walker took up residence and attempted to take control of Central America and create independent colonies with economies based on slavery. One of Walker's generals, Charles Frederick Henningsen, set the city ablaze before escaping, destroying much of the colonial-era architecture and inscribed the words "Here was Granada" on the ruins before he left.

Granada avoided much of the tumult of the Sandinista Era in the 1970–80s.

Geography

Granada is located along the coast of the Lake Nicaragua (a.k.a. Lake Cocibolca), the world's twentieth largest lake.

Granada is the capital city of the Department of Granada, which borders Boaco and Managua to the north, Masaya and Carazo to the east and Rivas to the south. Within the same department, the River Tipitapa which connects the Lake of Managua and Nicaragua passes through it in the north. It also has three volcanic lagoons; Manares, Genirzaro, and the famous Apoyo. Apoyo, which is shared with the Department of Masaya, is the largest volcanic lagoon in Nicaragua.

Granada is a very warm city all year round, with very similar temperatures to Managua. This is due to similarities in geography with its close proximity to a lake and surrounded by high hills. Rainfall in Granada is approximately between 1,100-2,100 mm annually, with an annual average temperature reported to be 25.7 °C.

The vegetation around Granada is a reflection of its climatology. Dry and humid forests skirt the Mombacho volcano. The volcano is also home to a wide array of fauna (See Wildlife of Nicaragua). The lake is also home to many creatures, both marine and freshwater creatures. It is the only freshwater lake in the world where sharks live (Nicaragua shark). Fishing in the lake is quite good, and fishermen, both commercial and recreational, regularly catch guapote and mojarras, as well as sardines. Nicaragua has recently banned fishing of the Nicaragua shark and sawfish because of population decline.

Other important cities and towns within the Granada district include Malacatoya, El Paso, El Guayabo, Diria, Macatepe, El Guanacaste, Nandaime and Diriomo, known nationally as the last city of witches. Mombacho volcano is the highest point (1,345 m) within Granada; the now dormant volcano blew most of its cone into the lake, forming the 365 Islets of Granada, from where the volcano provides an amazing view. It is also possible on a clear day to see Ometepe and Zapatera Islands. The later island is the second largest island in Lake Nicaragua, and also harbors an inactive volcano. The largest is Ometepe Island, also located in Lake Nicaragua. It is a national treasure, known as the home of pre-Columbian statues and idols, which were found on the island during the Spanish conquest, and now exhibited in the Convento San Francisco Museum, as well as in other museums and parks located on Ometepe Island.

Granada has many beaches on Lake Nicaragua which are very popular around Semana Santa ("Holy Week").

Economy and tourism
Granada has long been a center of commerce, including timber, gold and silver. Granada's economy continues to grow as it is becoming a hub for tourism. Though Granada remains Nicaragua's sixth largest city, it is widely known for preserving some of the finest colonial-era architecture in the country.

A real estate boom had been underway for several years, with many European and Americans purchasing and renovating the area's homes for retirement or holiday homes and several foreign realtors establishing offices, but that boom slowed in 2007. The prior escalation of real estate prices in Granada and other parts of Southwestern Nicaragua has led to a shift of investor attention toward Northern Nicaragua and the cities of Matagalpa, Leon, Corinto and the surrounding beaches of Leon and Corinto.

Museums have opened, and new hotels and restaurants are proliferating at a fast rate.

Granada, though now highly dependent on tourism, also has fertile agricultural land within the municipality. Major production of organic coffee and cacao, cattle, plantains and bananas occurs within its boundaries.

Gastronomy
Granada's restaurants have received international recognition by newspapers like the New York Times. In the city of Granada, there are many restaurants including Pita Pita, Garden Café & La Hacienda. In recent years, the city of Granada's evolving culinary scene mixes local and international flavors, as well as supporting farm-to-table sustainability of local growers and producers. Granada's economy continues to grow in big part because it is fast becoming a tourist attraction for its colonial architecture, as well as its ecological beauty and now as a food destination.

Infrastructure
Most of Granada's streets are narrow, as the city evolved centuries before the advent of motorized vehicles. Therefore, today, many streets allow only one-way traffic, offering a challenge to visitors traveling by car.

Following many years of neglect, primarily due to the economic collapse of the nation in the 1980s, most of Granada's buildings and infrastructure began to deteriorate. Roads and public utilities fell into disrepair.

In the decades that followed, however, the city government directed funds towards recognition and restoration of many of Granada's historic structures. The Spanish government has provided financial cooperation for the refurbishment of the city. One such project is transforming Calle La Calzada into a pedestrian street.

Relevant historical architecture, streets and attractions

 * San Francisco Church and Museum
 * Xalteva Church
 * Plazuela de los Leones
 * Plaza de la Independencia
 * Central Park
 * Our Lady of the Assumption Cathedral
 * Guadalupe Church
 * Calle La Calzada
 * Calle Atravesada
 * La Merced Church
 * Fortin de San Pablo
 * Fuerte La Pólvora
 * Episcopal Palace
 * Alcaldía Municipal
 * San Antonio College
 * Diocesan College
 * Old Social Club
 * Old Railway Station

Culture
Granada, like most of the Nicaraguan Pacific, is populated primarily by a Spanish-speaking majority of Mestizos. Residing here also are people from the United States, Canada, Spain, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Austria, the Netherlands, and France.

Until recently, Nicaragua was experiencing a booming tourist economy. This, in turn, attracted foreigners to Granada seeking colonial homes for purchase, adding a growing number of Europeans and Americans to the city's population. Real estate prices had increased following the foreign interest and subsequent investments. However, with the 2018 civil conflict, the US Department of State issued a travel advisory, citing "civil unrest, crime, limited healthcare availability, and arbitrary enforcement of laws." In 2020, it issued a Level 4, "Do Not Travel" advisory due to COVID 19.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Granada is twinned with:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Granada, Nicaragua


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Tommy Kramer

Thomas Francis Kramer (born March 7, 1955) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1977 to 1990. He played college football for the Rice Owls and was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round (27th overall) of the 1977 NFL Draft after being named MVP of the 1977 Senior Bowl. He was inducted with the 2012 class into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Early years
Kramer played his high school football at Robert E. Lee High School in San Antonio. He guided the Volunteers to a state title in 1971 and then to the state semi-finals in 1972. The state championship game in 1971 was the first high school game played in the new Texas Stadium (Dallas Cowboys) in Irving, Texas. Kramer guided the Lee Volunteers to a 28–27 victory which has been hailed by some as the best high school game ever played in Texas. Kramer's high school teammates included Pat Rockett (played major league baseball for the Atlanta Braves), and Richard Osborne (played for the NFL's Philadelphia Eagles).

The Volunteers went 27–1–1 during Kramer's two years on the varsity, beating Wichita Falls High School 28–27 for the Class 4A state title in 1971 and losing to Baytown Sterling 21–20 in the 1972 state semifinals. Guided by head coach John Ferrara, the 1971 team finished 14–0–1 – a 7–7 tie with rival Churchill kept the Volunteers from being perfect – and the 1972 squad went 13–1. In an era when most Texas high school football teams churned out yardage with ground-oriented offenses such as the wishbone or the veer, Lee achieved success by throwing the ball.

Kramer passed for 2,588 yards as a senior, then a state record, and completed 149 of 294 passes for 28 touchdowns. In two seasons, he completed 327 of 597 attempts for 5,489 yards and 54 TDs. Surrounded by sure-handed receivers including Osborne, Rockett, and Gary Haack, Kramer was a master at picking apart defenses with his deft passing. Kramer started all but one game as a varsity player, going 26–1–1. He made his debut in the 1971 season opener, replacing starter Bruce Trimmier and rallying Lee to a 7–3 victory over Alamo Heights on a rainy night. It is here that he acquired the nickname "Two-Minute Tommy", which stuck on for the rest of his football career.

College career
After a stellar career at Lee, Kramer became another in the long list of San Antonio products to play college football at Rice University.

Kramer led the Owls in passing for four straight years and his career and season marks were the standard at Rice for over 30 years until they were shattered by Chase Clement, another San Antonio signal caller. Kramer left Rice with school records in single-season passing yards, career passing yards (6,197); season total offense (3,272), career total offense (6,336), season touchdown passes (21), career touchdown passes (37), season total touchdowns (25) and career total touchdowns (48). He was the 1976 George Martin Award winner as Rice's MVP in 1976 and was elected to the Rice Athletic Hall of Fame in 1984.

Kramer played in the Senior Bowl and the Blue-Gray Game in 1976 and was named MVP of the Senior Bowl. He also received the Fort Worth Kiwanis Sportsmanship Award in 1976.

In 2012, Kramer was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Professional career
Kramer appeared in five games of his rookie season in 1977, with one start and four mop-up roles as the heir apparent to Fran Tarkenton, although when Tarkenton was hurt late in the season, Bob Lee would be the starter for four of the last five games. In the 12th game of the year, Minnesota trailed the San Francisco 49ers 24-7 in the fourth quarter, and Kramer was brought in to replace Lee. He went 9-of-13 for 188 yards and three touchdowns to win 28-27. The following week, he made his first ever start against the Oakland Raiders. He went 16-of-34 for 177 yards with a touchdown and three interceptions in the 35-13 loss. The following year, Kramer would end up in mop-up duty as Tarkenton started each game for his final season. For the 1979 season, Kramer would become fully installed as the starter.

He earned the nickname "Two-Minute Tommy" for his reputation with comebacks, as he would lead the Vikings to nineteen comebacks (and one in the playoffs), with fifteen in the fourth quarter, with 1980 and 1985 having four from Kramer in each year. However, Kramer would be plagued by injuries in his eleven seasons spent with the Vikings, since he started 109 of a possible 152 games for the team over his tenure, and he started each game of a season just twice (1979 and 1982), beset by knee and shoulder injuries to go alongside concussions. Kramer had knee and shoulder injuries, multiple concussions and a 1987 preseason spine injury that he said “basically pretty much ended my career.”

The 1980 season proved a pivotal moment for him and the Vikings. Kramer would go 8-7 as a starter while leading the Vikings back to the postseason for the first time since 1978. He threw 3,397 yards with 23 touchdowns to 24 interceptions while having a 55.7 completion percentage. Kramer saved his best for near-last in the season. Facing the Cleveland Browns in the penultimate game of the regular season, he would take part of an iconic moment for the Vikings, as he threw a game-winning Hail Mary pass with six seconds left. They had trailed 23-9 in the fourth quarter, but Kramer threw three touchdowns in the quarter, including two to Ahmad Rashad late. On the final play of the game, Rashad was clustered in a group of Browns defenders but managed to catch the ball and carry himself into the end zone. The play, known as Miracle at the Met, clinched a division title for the Vikings. Kramer had his best game to that point, throwing 38-of-49 for 456 yards with four touchdowns. He is still the only quarterback for the Vikings to throw for over 450 yards in a game. In the postseason that year, he faced off against the Philadelphia Eagles. Although they led 14-7 at halftime, a series of turnovers led to a 31-16 loss, and Kramer threw 19-of-39 for 209 yards with one touchdown and five interceptions.

In 1982, Kramer led the Vikings to the postseason with a strike-shortened 5-4 record. Facing the Atlanta Falcons in Minnesota, the Falcons led in the fourth quarter 21-16 before Kramer led them to a comeback to pull off a 30-24 win. He threw 20-of-34 passes for 253 yards with two touchdowns and one interception to lead the Vikings to the second round of the playoffs. Facing the Washington Redskins the following week, Kramer could not quite generate magic, as Washington won 21-7 on their way to the Super Bowl. Kramer threw 18-of-39 for 252 yards.

Kramer enjoyed his last flash of brilliance in 1986. He went 7-6 in his thirteen starts while throwing for 3,000 yards with 24 touchdowns to ten interceptions while leading the league in passer rating with 92.6. Kramer had his highlight day on September 28, 1986, as he torched the Green Bay Packers, even though his overall record against the Packers was 6-9, for six touchdown passes (with four in the first quarter) on a 16-of-25 day for 241 yards. He was named to the Pro Bowl for the first and only time. It was the last season which featured Kramer as the primary starter for the Vikings (starting thirteen games). In 1987, Kramer would split time with Wade Wilson (who had been on the team since 1981), with Kramer starting five games and Wilson starting seven, with Kramer noting a preseason injury to his spine as the injury that hastened his end of career. Kramer threw four touchdowns to three interceptions in his 81 passes for six game appearances. Kramer was the starting quarterback when the Vikings sneaked into the playoffs at 8-7, although he was taken out after a few drives for Wilson. Kramer (who was hurt on the first play of the game) was 5-of-9 on 50 yards as the Vikings rolled to a 44-10 win over the New Orleans Saints with Wilson at the helm. From there, the Vikings went to the NFC Championship Game with Wilson starting the next two games. For 1988, he made six starts with appearances in four other games. While going 4-2, he threw for 1,264 yards with five touchdowns to nine interceptions on 173 total pass attempts. For 1989, he closed out his Vikings career with appearances in eight games and four starts while throwing 906 yards and seven touchdowns and interceptions. His final appearance in a Vikings uniform was mop-up duty late in a playoff loss to San Francisco. He went 9-of-19 for 110 yards and an interception in the 41-13 loss. He was released after the season.

Kramer was signed by the New Orleans Saints in 1990. He appeared in only one game for the Saints (against the Vikings) and retired after the 1990 season.

Personal life
After retirement in 1990, Kramer spent the next thirty years in Texas before returning to Minnesota after his third divorce in 2020.

title: Tommy Kramer


text:
User talk:Jitse Niesen

Unless requested otherwise, I will reply on this page, under your post. Sometimes, especially when we haven't met before, I copy my answer to your talk page. -- Jitse Niesen

Runge Kutta
Why delete my effort for more browser compatibilty, the look is the same i have parse errors on firefox and opera browser on linux ubuntu. These are resolved now. I do not understand what you're motives are of deleting my wiki effort? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.129.75.52 (talk) 12:28, 7 February 2014 (UTC)

MSU Interview
Dear Jitse Niesen,

My name is Jonathan Obar user:Jaobar, I'm a professor in the College of Communication Arts and Sciences at Michigan State University and a Teaching Fellow with the Wikimedia Foundation's Education Program. This semester I've been running a little experiment at MSU, a class where we teach students about becoming Wikipedia administrators. Not a lot is known about your community, and our students (who are fascinated by wiki-culture by the way!) want to learn how you do what you do, and why you do it. A while back I proposed this idea (the class) to the communityHERE, where it was met mainly with positive feedback. Anyhow, I'd like my students to speak with a few administrators to get a sense of admin experiences, training, motivations, likes, dislikes, etc. We were wondering if you'd be interested in speaking with one of our students.

So a few things about the interviews:
 * Interviews will last between 15 and 30 minutes.
 * Interviews can be conducted over skype (preferred), IRC or email. (You choose the form of communication based upon your comfort level, time, etc.)
 * All interviews will be completely anonymous, meaning that you (real name and/or pseudonym) will never be identified in any of our materials, unless you give the interviewer permission to do so.
 * All interviews will be completely voluntary. You are under no obligation to say yes to an interview, and can say no and stop or leave the interview at any time.
 * The entire interview process is being overseen by MSU's institutional review board (ethics review). This means that all questions have been approved by the university and all students have been trained how to conduct interviews ethically and properly.

Bottom line is that we really need your help, and would really appreciate the opportunity to speak with you. If interested, please send me an email at obar@msu.edu (to maintain anonymity) and I will add your name to my offline contact list. If you feel comfortable doing so, you can post your nameHERE instead.

If you have questions or concerns at any time, feel free to email me at obar@msu.edu. I will be more than happy to speak with you.

Thanks in advance for your help. We have a lot to learn from you.

Sincerely,

Jonathan Obar --Jaobar (talk) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chlopeck (talk • contribs) 23:03, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Why did your bot delete my merge request?
See this diff.KlappCK (talk) 19:21, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry that your work got deleted. As it says at the top of Pages needing attention/Mathematics, the lists are maintained by the bot and the part between the <!--jngoim:merge--> markers is periodically overwritten. You are welcome to add your text outside the markers if you want; the bot should preserve that. Additionally, there was a problem with the bot which meant that it did not list any pages at all; that is now fixed. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 22:30, 23 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Silly bot! I'll give it a shot.KlappCK (talk) 04:16, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics is probably a better place to put your proposal on if you are interested in getting feedback. That talk page is watched by many active editors who are working on the maths pages on Wikipedia. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 09:39, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Invitation to events in June and July: bot, script, template, and Gadget makers wanted
I invite you to the yearly Berlin hackathon, 1-3 June. Registration is now open. If you need financial assistance or help with visa or hotel, then please register by May 1st and mention it in the registration form.

This is the premier event for the MediaWiki and Wikimedia technical community. We'll be hacking, designing, teaching, and socialising, primarily talking about ResourceLoader and Gadgets (extending functionality with JavaScript), the switch to Lua for templates, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Labs.

We want to bring 100-150 people together, including lots of people who have not attended such events before. User scripts, gadgets, API use, Toolserver, Wikimedia Labs, mobile, structured data, templates -- if you are into any of these things, we want you to come!

I also thought you might want to know about other upcoming events where you can learn more about MediaWiki customization and development, how to best use the web API for bots, and various upcoming features and changes. We'd love to have power users, bot maintainers and writers, and template makers at these events so we can all learn from each other and chat about what needs doing.

Check out the the developers' days preceding Wikimania in July in Washington, DC and our other events.

Best wishes! - Sumana Harihareswara, Wikimedia Foundation's Volunteer Development Coordinator. Please reply on my talk page, here or at mediawiki.org. Sumana Harihareswara, Wikimedia Foundation Volunteer Development Coordinator 00:13, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

predictor corrector method
Thanks for the update to Predictor%E2%80%93corrector_method. At the time I added the euler trapezoidal example, there wasn't much in the article before and I had no references to cite, just writing it based on memory from decades ago. You might want to restore or add some comment about the corrector method being based on trapezoidal method, which is linear and not as accurate as a higher order method. For example, Runge Kutta 4 will usually be more accurate than 1 euler and multiple (3 or more) trapezoidal corrector steps. Rcgldr (talk) 19:30, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Talk:Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
You may be interested in Talk:Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. Yaris678 (talk) 14:19, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

Second-Order Interpolation
I agree with the move from 2nd Order Interpolation to Second-Order Interpolation. But I noticed you also added that it could be called biquadratic interpolation, as a 2nd degree version of bicubic interpolation? Second-Order interpolation is a different method altogether. Notice that in bicubic interpolation you use information about the http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/science/07first.html?ref=sciencehttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/science/07first.html?ref=sciencewhich is not the case in second-order interpolation. So in summary I don't believe this method had been discovered before, so let's discuss what should be done with the page.Bpthurston (talk) 22:42, 2 August 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bpthurston (talk • contribs) 22:40, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

dead bot
Hello. Just in case you didn't get my email: Your bot has been in hibernation for a few days, and the "current activities" page is not getting updated. Michael Hardy (talk) 23:50, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Korfball
It is highly possible you forgot about an edit you made to Talk:Korfball in 2006. I was doing some research on something else, and ran across a relevant cite, which I just added to the Talk page so I'll leave it to you to see if there's anything to be done.-- SPhilbrick (Talk)  18:58, 27 October 2012 (UTC

MMP
time to update the Moscow MATH. PAPYRUS .. http://www.academia.edu/617613/Egyptian_Fractions_Unit_Fractions_Hekats_and_Wages_-_an_Update

1

Tridiagonal matrix similar to Hermitian matrix
Dear Jitse Niesen,

I found that in the article Tridiagonal matrix you added condition for the matrix to be similar to Hermitian matrix: ak,k+1 ak+1,k ≥ 0. I found references only for strict inequality. Could you please give the reference(s) on non-strict condition?--Krystofer (talk) 14:44, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Dear Krystofer, I'm afraid my text was not very clear: with the non-strict condition, the matrix is not necessarily similar to Hermitian, but it still has real eigenvalues (think of the matrix [1 1;0 1]). I added a reference and tried to clarify the text. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 15:43, 14 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much, Jitse, for clarification and the reference. --Krystofer (talk) 20:38, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Expanding/Adapting Jitse bot
Hello Jitse! I've been looking around for a bot to update clean-up listings and I finally found yours. Many WikiProjects previously used User:WolterBot but the supporting user has left, the bot died and the code has left with him. A slow ToolServer fix has been around, but it doesn't compare to the excellent output of your bot.

I checked out the code, but it didn't appear to be commented. I also noticed the bot has several functions, so I thought it might be easier to ask you how to extend the code to include updated clean-up listings for other projects. I'm familiar with python and could certainly work on the code, and/or learn to create a new bot. Thanks! Scientific29 (talk) 12:42, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Hello. I'm quite willing to help you with understanding the code. It is indeed not commented and it has grown over time in a mess that I'm not particularly proud but it (mostly) does its job. One difference with WolterBot (if I remember correctly) is that WolterBot uses a category to find which pages belong to a particular WikiProject, but my bot uses the output of another bot, User:Mathbot, which writes a list with all maths pages.
 * At the moment, I'm running the bot on a computer at a university where I used to work, but I'm quite keen to move it to the ToolServer (or whatever it supposed to take its place). As you may have noticed, my Wikipedia activity has dropped considerably, so this may give me the impetus to do some work.
 * How shall we continue? Can you tell me in a bit more detail what you want to do? -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 15:53, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Articles_for_deletion/Vedic_mathematics_(book)
Please participate in the debate. Solomon7968 (talk) 12:05, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

rpim
http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~jitse/wikipedia/rpim.php seems to have stopped working — indeed http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~jitse now gets a 404. Is there any replacement, for instance via your leeds address? —David Eppstein (talk) 06:52, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

 * No. I intend to transition it to the toolserver, but probably won't have time for it this week. I removed the link from the WikiProject Mathematics for now and will put it back when I get it working again. Thanks for letting me know; I hadn't noticed. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 08:13, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

 * It's back. Jitse Niesen (talk) 18:04, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Matrix splitting
Thank you for removing the technical and improve banners. I was tempted to remove them myself but I did not want to get into an edit war with the editor who put them there. I believe that many mathematics articles are necessary technical and that the Matrix splitting article was quite clear and no more difficult for the average reader than many other articles about advanced mathematical topics, but that editor maintained that an article should not be technically difficult to understand just because "other stuff exists." I suppose that some situations like this are a "judgment call."

I am currently in the process of adding more material to the example to explain how the Gauss-Seidel method and the Successive over-relaxation method can be created by using a matrix splitting.

All the best! — Anita5192 (talk) 20:59, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Learning Entropy
Was that a !vote delete or just a comment? Dougweller (talk) 12:54, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Victor Borisov
Dear Jitse, I understood your point. The problem is Victor was neither a rock star nor a man of high administrative position at the Saint Petersburg University. Just a man who always told what he thought and thus sometimes not very comfortable to deal with. As you may see from the list of his achievements, he actually retired from the University many years ago and, I am afraid, is quite forgotten by the administration. I asked some people "in position" to post something official, but I am not sure I will succeed, especially due to the fact that since 1999 I leave in Lisbon. I may ask Marina, Victor's daughter, to scan his death certificate, but I am not very comfortable to publish it in the net. Are there some alternatives? Yours, Andrei Utkin, Victor's co-author Outkine (talk) 14:35, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

Request for comment
Hello there, a proposal regarding pre-adminship review has been raised at Village pump by. Your comments here is very much appreciated. Many thanks. Jim Carter through MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:47, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

Broken link at Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Mathematics has a link to http://tools.wmflabs.org/jitse-bot/rpim, but it seems to be broken. I would like to find random articles in a general category like mathematics. How does your random function work? Could it be used for any subject? Thanks! RC711 (talk) 03:45, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for June 19
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Matrix polynomial, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Minimal polynomial (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 08:52, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

Random math page generator not working again
Hi Jitse, I just tried this link and again got the no web service error message. When this was last fixed I started to use it again and realized how useful I found this tool. Thanks for making it available and hopefully getting it running again. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 19:21, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I just tried the link at WikiProject Mathematics which points to http://tools.wmflabs.org/jitse-bot/rpim.py and it works for me. Perhaps it was just a temporary glitch? Or perhaps you clicked another link somewhere which has not been updated to point to the correct URL? -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 20:53, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

Temporary glitch. It worked fine for me just now. Thanks. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 21:55, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

Fields Medal page
Hello there,I'm that user who's been the victim of editing the Fields Medal page(i.e.I got blocked with charge of Vandalism.).I've got three question:1)When the current protected status of that page ends,Does the page current contents remain in place or they are replaced with the old version? 2)I've prepared a new and somehow comprehensive table about Fields medalists.I posted this table on the discussion section of the Fields Medal page,and I request for comments about this(If You come there and see my that table I will be really glad,and don't forget to put your comment about it down there!;-)),but so far,just one person did so.Is it normal? 3)Should I submit a request for edit to replace the new table with current one?Or should I wait for reaching a consensus?Thank You. Rezameyqani (talk) 07:50, 19 August 2014 (UTC)Rezameyqani (talk) 08:26, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

Next meetups in North England
Hello. Would you be interested in attending one of the next wikimeets in the north of England? They will take place in: If you can make them, please sign up on the relevant wikimeet page!
 * Leeds on 12th April 2015
 * Manchester on 26th April 2015
 * Liverpool on 24th May 2015

If you want to receive future notifications about these wikimeets, then please add your name to the notification list (or remove it if you're already on the list and you don't want to receive future notifications!)

Thanks. Mike Peel (talk) 21:36, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

Inactivity
Since you are inactive, you should no longer be an administrator. GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 01:38, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in more than one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three-year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three-year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. MadmanBot (talk) 00:30, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Random maths article
It looks like http://tools.wmflabs.org/jitse-bot/rpim.py and the random maths article tool has gone away. I've removed the like to it from WP:WPM, if you have to reappear and get the bot working I can be restored.--Salix alba (talk): 17:58, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in more than one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three-year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three-year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. MadmanBot (talk) 01:30, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

Edit wars
Two pages I've been somewhat following are under edit wars: Alaska Thunderfuck 5000 and Katya Zamolodchikova. I believe this is happening because a reality TV show they were both on just ended. Is there any way you can help? Aleccat (talk) 15:09, 16 October 2016 (UTC)

Notification of imminent suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in more than one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next several days. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three-year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three-year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. — xaosflux  Talk 03:43, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

Suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in more than one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions have been removed pending your return. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised, that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions, and that you have not been inactive for a three-year period of time). If you remain inactive for a three-year period of time, including the present year you have been inactive, you will need to request reinstatement at WP:RFA. This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. — xaosflux  Talk 02:45, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

 * That is fine, thanks for letting me know. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 09:40, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

Proportion
Hi, ! As a mathematician, could you chime in Talk:Proportion. Thanks. Mikus (talk) 17:39, 26 April 2018 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Leeds Cycling Campaign logo.jpg
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title: User talk:Jitse Niesen


text:
Talk:List of multi-level marketing companies

Correction needed.
This is hard to address, since in violation of WP:VERIFY, this article presents essentially no sources, instead—contrary to WP:VER and other guidelines—relies on wikilinks to refer readers to sources of the factual basis of the list's entries.

In this case—and understand I am no fan of, nor do I have a relationship with the following—the entry for company Amway should have made clear, at least parenthetically, based on the sources and statements at that main article that Amway's MLM arm was (1) apparently limited to channels operating in the UK and Australia, and (2) an arm that has ceased to function even there.

That is to say, if we are relying on the main article to inform the content of this list, there needs to be
 * move of relevant citations from the main article into this list, and
 * maintenance of information here via regular cross-checking of the list entries against the main articles, looking to more recent sources and update relevant to the status of individual entries.

The best, boldest, and most compliant edit of this list, with regard to WP:OR and WP:VER, would be to hide (using left angle bracket exclamation point-- markup) all entries unsupported by a verifiable source. That is what our policies and guidelines expect. (Because I no longer am registered, this will have to fall to someone who would not be accused of vandalism for making the appropriate edit.) 98.206.14.11 (talk) 00:41, 4 June 2024 (UTC)


text:
Three's Company

Three's Company is an American television sitcom that aired for eight seasons on ABC from March 15, 1977, to September 18, 1984. It is based on the British sitcom Man About the House created by Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer.

The story revolves around three single roommates: Jack Tripper, Janet Wood, and Chrissy Snow, who all platonically live together in a Santa Monica, California, apartment complex owned by Stanley and Helen Roper. The show, a farce, chronicles the escapades and hijinks of the trio's constant misunderstandings, social lives, and financial struggles. A top 10 hit from 1977 to 1983, the series has remained popular in syndication and through DVD releases. The show also spawned similar spin-offs to those that Man About the House had: The Ropers and Three's a Crowd, based upon George and Mildred and Robin's Nest, respectively.

Synopsis
Florist Janet Wood (Joyce DeWitt) and secretary Chrissy Snow (Suzanne Somers) live in Santa Monica, sharing a multi-bedroom apartment with their roommate Eleanor. When Eleanor decides to move out, culinary school student Jack Tripper (John Ritter) crashes her going-away party at the apartment and is found by Janet and Chrissy the next morning, passed out in the bathtub. Needing someone to cover Eleanor's share of the rent, the women offer to let Jack move in with them and he quickly accepts so that he can have a place to stay other than the local YMCA.

However, overbearing landlord Stanley Roper (Norman Fell) refuses to allow unmarried men and women to live together in his apartment. He allows Jack to move in only after Janet tells him that Jack is homosexual. Although Stanley's wife Helen (Audra Lindley) quickly figures out that Jack is straight, she trusts him with the girls and keeps the secret from Stanley, who tolerates Jack, but mocks him. Frequently siding with the three roommates instead of her husband, Helen's bond with them grows through the couple's departure, leading into the spin-off The Ropers.

Jack continues the charade when new building manager Ralph Furley takes over the apartment complex because Mr. Furley insists that his hard-nosed brother Bart (the building's new owner) would also never tolerate such living situations. Jack eventually meets a love interest, Vicky Bradford, which leads into Three's a Crowd.

After Norman Fell and Audra Lindley left the series in 1979 for their own sitcom, The Ropers, Don Knotts joined the cast as the roommates' new building manager, Ralph Furley. Following Suzanne Somers' departure in 1980, Jenilee Harrison joined the cast as Chrissy's first cousin, Cindy Snow, who was soon replaced by Priscilla Barnes as Terri Alden.

Cast and characters

 * John Ritter as Jack Tripper
 * Joyce DeWitt as Janet Wood
 * Suzanne Somers as Christmas "Chrissy" Snow (seasons 1–5)
 * Norman Fell as Stanley Roper (seasons 1–3; season 5, guest star)
 * Audra Lindley as Helen Roper (seasons 1–3; season 5, guest star)
 * Richard Kline as Larry Dallas (seasons 1–3, recurring; seasons 4–8, main)
 * Don Knotts as Ralph Furley (seasons 4–8)
 * Ann Wedgeworth as Lana Shields (season 4)
 * Jenilee Harrison as Cindy Snow (seasons 5–6)
 * Priscilla Barnes as Terri Alden (seasons 6–8)

Development
Famed Broadway writer Peter Stone tried to Americanize the British sitcom Man About the House. He originally set the series in New York, and he envisioned the male roommate as a successful, yet underpaid, chef in a fancy French restaurant, while the two female roommates were an executive secretary and a high-fashion model. When ABC's Fred Silverman read the script, he felt that middle America would not like the concept, and he decided to pass on the script. Silverman asked Larry Gelbart, creator and producer of M*A*S*H, for help with the series. At first, Gelbart wanted nothing to do with the show, feeling that its relatively simple premise made it substandard in comparison to M*A*S*H.

Ultimately, as a favor to Silverman, Gelbart developed a pilot episode with the help of his son-in-law, who named the series Three's Company. Gelbart's adaptation closely followed the British series. Gelbart named the male roommate David Bell, an aspiring filmmaker looking for a place to live and who just happened to be a great cook. The two female roommates were portrayed by Valerie Curtin who played Jenny, an employee of the DMV, and Susanne Zenor, who played Samantha, an aspiring actress. In Gelbart's version, the series took place in an apartment building called the Hacienda Palms in North Hollywood, California. It was produced by Don Taffner and Ted Bergmann.

Silverman liked Gelbart's version, and ABC ordered a pilot, which was taped in early 1976. The format of the show just barely made it on to the fall 1976 ABC lineup, but the network later removed it for what network executives felt were more promising series. While ABC was considering how to re-shoot the pilot, CBS expressed an interest in the show. CBS made a firm commitment to producers Taffner and Bergmann to air the show with the Gelbart cast as a mid-season replacement in February 1977. At the last minute, ABC decided that it wanted the show after all, and made a firm commitment to air the show at mid-season with a new cast.

For help in remolding the show, producers hired Don Nicholl, Michael Ross, and Bernie West, the writers who adapted the British series Till Death Us Do Part into All in the Family. Their revised version of the pilot followed the British series even more closely. The male roommate changed from filmmaker David Bell to Jack Tripp, a cooking student, similar to his British counterpart chef Robin Tripp. Aspiring actress Samantha became secretary Chrissy, portrayed by Denise Galik. Galik was dismissed a couple of days before the pilot taped, and Susan Lanier replaced her. The other female roommate, DMV employee Jenny became Janet Wood, a florist, portrayed by Joyce DeWitt. They also moved the setting of the show from North Hollywood to the beachside in Santa Monica.

Nicholl, Ross, and West went on to conceive the show as an all out farce, building the show's plot line heavily on the many misunderstandings encountered by each of the characters. This pilot was actually a remake of the second episode of the British series, titled "And Mother Makes Four". The new concept was generally well liked, with the exception of Lanier's portrayal of Chrissy.

Despite the doubts about Lanier's portrayal as Chrissy, Silverman put the show on the network lineup, scheduled to air in March 1977. Meanwhile, he ordered a search for another actress to portray Chrissy. The day before production of the series began, Silverman desperately watched the audition tapes again, fast-forwarding through them quickly. Suddenly, he noticed Suzanne Somers's audition, which he hadn't seen previously. Silverman recognized Somers from her appearance on The Tonight Show, watched her audition and decided she was ideal for the part. No one on the production staff could give Silverman a straight answer why Somers had originally been rejected. Producers contacted her immediately, and she was on the set the next day.

At the last minute before the pilot taped, the producers considered whether to recast Ritter. Although test audiences liked Ritter, the producers felt Ritter's foolish and clumsy portrayal of Jack made his character seem somewhat effeminate. Earlier in the casting process, actors such as Barry Van Dyke and future television director Michael Lembeck were considered for the role. Silverman was confident in Ritter, and he advocated that he remain on the show.

With Somers, Ritter, and DeWitt set in their roles, the third version of the pilot hastily went into production in January 1977. ABC accepted this version, and five additional episodes were filmed for the show's spring debut.

Filming
Three's Company was recorded at two locations: the first, seventh, and eighth seasons were taped at Metromedia Square and ABC Television Center, while the second through sixth seasons were taped in Studio 31 at CBS Television City. The cast would receive the script on Monday, rehearse from Tuesday to Thursday, and then shoot on Friday. Each episode was shot two consecutive times using different audiences using a three multicamera setup.

The taping was done in sequence, and there were rarely any retakes because the producers were strict. Priscilla Barnes once said, "Our bosses were very, very controlling. If my hair was too blonde, I'd get called up in the office."

The scenes in the opening credits with the trio frolicking on a boardwalk and riding bumper-cars were shot at the Santa Monica Pier, prior to the construction of the adjacent larger amusement park.

Producers shot a new opening sequence when Priscilla Barnes joined the show, featuring the new threesome and the other cast members riding a zoo tram and observing various animals around the park. These sequences were filmed at the Los Angeles Zoo in Griffith Park. During this sequence, a baby boy in overalls who approaches Janet while feeding the goats at the zoo was portrayed by Jason Ritter, John Ritter's oldest son. The exterior shots of the apartment building were filmed at 2912 4th Street in Santa Monica.

Of all the new sitcoms that premiered on ABC for the 1976–77 television season, only Three's Company and the summer premiere of What's Happening!! returned for a second season.

Cast changes
Three's Company had many cast changes over its run. The first of these changes took place in the spring of 1979 with the relocation of the Ropers to their own television series, which revolved around Helen and Stanley and their neighbors in a townhouse community after Stanley had sold the apartment building; it lasted for one and a half seasons. Man About the House had similarly spun off the Ropers for the series George and Mildred.

Three changes took place in the fall of 1979, at the beginning of the fourth season. The first was the addition of Lana, an older woman who chased Jack. She kept pursuing him but he was unappreciative of her advances. Since Ann Wedgeworth disliked her diminishing role in the series, producers dropped Lana from the show with no explanation before mid-season. The second addition that fall was the new building manager, Ralph Furley (played by Don Knotts), whose brother Bart bought the building from the Ropers. Mr. Furley pursued Lana unsuccessfully, as she unsuccessfully pursued Jack. Unlike Lana, Mr. Furley remained until the end of the series. Third, Larry Dallas, previously in a recurring role, was upgraded to a full cast member.

Season five (1980–1981) marked the beginning of contract re-negotiations and sparked friction on the set. Somers demanded a substantial increase in salary, from $30,000 to $150,000 per episode (equivalent to $–$ in ), plus 10% of the show's profits. John Ritter, as the show's top-billed actor, was making $50,000 per episode at the time. When Somers' demands were not met, Somers went on a strike of sorts. Executives believed that a complete loss of Somers could damage the program's popularity, so a compromise was reached. Somers, who was still under contract, continued to appear in the series, but only in the one-minute closing tag scene of a handful of episodes. Somers' scenes were taped on separate days from the show's regular taping; she did not appear on set with any of the show's other cast members. According to Somers, an off-hiatus contract with CBS as well as tension between her and producer Michael Ross led to her being fired, and her dismissal was on the personal level as she states that Ted Harbert confirms this. According to the story within the show, her character had returned to her hometown of Fresno to care for her ailing mother, and was only seen when she telephoned her former roommates and they recounted that week's adventures to her. This arrangement continued for one season. Somers' contract was not renewed and Chrissy's place in the apartment was taken by her clumsy cousin Cindy Snow (Jenilee Harrison).

Another replacement, Terri Alden (played by Priscilla Barnes), a clever, sometimes sassy nurse, joined the cast in the sixth season (1981–82). In the script, Cindy was to move to college to fulfill her dream of becoming a veterinarian and would continue to visit throughout the sixth season.

The show ended with the departure of all cast members except Ritter. Janet gets married and starts a new life, and Terri moves to Hawaii. Ritter moved on to the spin-off Three's a Crowd (syndicated as Three's Company, Too in the Three's Company syndication package), itself based upon the Man About the House spin-off, Robin's Nest.

After three decades of not speaking to each other, Suzanne Somers and Joyce DeWitt finally reconciled and reunited for Somers' web series Breaking Through, which aired February 2, 2012. Previously, Somers reconciled with Ritter just days before his death from aortic dissection on September 11, 2003. They had even discussed her making a cameo appearance on Ritter's new show, 8 Simple Rules.

Music
The theme song was composed by Joe Raposo (known for composing for the children's television shows Sesame Street and The Electric Company), and sung by Ray Charles (not to be confused with the blind R&B musician of the same name) and Julia Rinker.

Themes
Humor in the show was based on farce, often relying on innuendo and misunderstanding, as well as physical comedy to punctuate the hare-brained schemes the characters would invariably conjure up to get themselves out of situations and dilemmas. Running jokes were frequently based on Jack's (supposed) sexual orientation, Mr. Roper's lack of sexual desire, and Chrissy's blonde moments. Conflict in the show came from the dysfunctional marriage of the Ropers, Janet's intolerance for a roommate romance, and later on, Jack's friendship with Larry and Larry's abuse thereof. Of all the characters, only Jack, Janet, and Larry appeared in all eight seasons of the series. Jack is the only character to appear in every episode; Janet appears in all but one episode (season 3's "Stanley's Hotline").

Home media
Anchor Bay Entertainment has released all eight seasons of Three's Company on DVD in Region 1. These are the original, unedited and uncut network television broadcast versions and not the edited versions which have been seen in syndication since the Fall of 1982. Some episodes include commentary as a bonus feature. Also, the season 2 set includes the first of the two unaired pilots as a bonus feature, while the season 3 set contains the other.

Anchor Bay released a complete series set on August 19, 2014. The set was subsequently re-released on February 13, 2018, this time by Lionsgate Home Entertainment.

On December 22, 2023, Visual Entertainment Inc. released the Official 40th Anniversary Collection of the series that also includes spinoffs The Ropers and Three's a Crowd.

Syndication
ABC aired back-to-back repeats of Three's Company during daytime from June 15 to September 11, 1981 at 11:00 a.m. EST/10:00 CST. The show has been in syndication since 1982 on local stations such as WNEW-TV (Now WNYW) in New York City and the sales on the project realized more than $150million, of which Thames took 12.5% ($19million). It debuted on cable in 1992 on TBS and ran through 1999. Nick at Nite bought the show in 2000 and have a seven-year term with other Viacom networks such as TV Land and TNN. In 2007, Viacom renewed its contract for reruns of the show for another six years.

In March 2001, after being notified by a viewer, Nick at Nite quickly edited an episode ("The Charming Stranger") where John Ritter's scrotum skin was briefly visible through the bottom of a pair of blue boxer shorts. The most famous quip about this issue was uttered by Ritter himself, who told the New York Observer when they asked him about the controversy: "I've requested that Nickelodeon air both versions, edited and unedited, because sometimes you feel like a nut, and sometimes you don't" (quoting an advertising jingle for Almond Joy and Mounds candy bars). The incident was also brought-up during a "Celebrity Secrets" comedy bit on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in the late 1990s, in which a nervous-acting Ritter jokingly says, "Somebody asked me if I did that on purpose..." After taking a nervous sip of water, he responds, "You bet I did!"

Since 2010, the show has aired on Antenna TV, where its spin-offs also air. Because the spin-offs cannot be stripped due to a lack of episodes, they are aired at the same time with the show. In Canada, DejaView (a Shaw Media property) re-airs the show.

In 2020, Pluto TV added the show to their channel lineup. and also made its IFC debut on November 27, 2020.

Reception
Three's Company premiered in the spring, in the middle of the 1976–77 season. In the 1960s and 1970s, midseason television programs were often cancelled after their original six-episode run in the spring. Network observers did not believe that Three's Company would go anywhere after its first six episodes. They were proven wrong when it raked in record ratings, breaking barriers at the time as the highest-rated midseason show ever broadcast on network television. ABC gladly renewed the show for a formal television season, giving it a permanent primetime spot during the 1977–78 television season.

Ratings continued to climb throughout the years. The first episode, "A Man About the House", reached No. 28 for the week. The first episode to hit the No. 1 spot was February 14, 1978, when "Will the Real Jack Tripper..." was aired. The most-watched episode aired on March 13, 1979. It was titled "An Anniversary Surprise", and it centered around Stanley Roper selling the apartment, and the Ropers moving out. Immediately after the episode was the series premiere of the spinoff, The Ropers.

TV movie
In May 2003, NBC aired a two-hour television movie entitled Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Three's Company, a docudrama featuring actors portraying Ritter, Dewitt, Somers and other actors on the series. The movie covered the entire run of the series, from the pilots to the final episode, but the contract negotiations and subsequent departure of Somers provided much of the drama. Dewitt co-produced and narrated the movie. Ritter and Somers both had some input, but neither appeared in the project.

Film adaptation
In 2016, New Line Cinema began negotiations to obtain the film rights to Three's Company with Abby Kohn and Marc Silverstein penning the screenplay. Robert Cort and Don Taffner, Jr. would produce the film and planned to have it set in the 1970s.

title: Three's Company


text:
Talk:SWAT

External links modified
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Uvalde School Shooting
Should there be a discussion of the details coming out about the Uvalde School shooting? Apparently 40% of the local budget was spent on the local police and SWAT force. The local SWAT team, despite training specifically at local schools did not intervene in the shooting. Local police even inhibited Federal SWAT units from responding. Overall it appears to be a situation like the Columbine High School massacre 23 years ago where the SWAT team and their tactics failed respond in a timely manner.

Suspect that I am not alone in seeing this as a watershed event that for the first time really brought to attention the question the actual public safety value of these SWAT teams bring, as seemingly are unable to actually respond when needed. So recommend that this gets added to the page. 98.45.199.13 (talk) 03:54, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

Section about the special tactics missing
There is a section on the weapons used by SWAT teams, but no section about the special tactics used. For example something about the lift technique that is shown in the article (see picture to the right) would be nice. Greetings, --Qaswed (talk) 08:47, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

Removing mention of Iraqi prison break
While interesting, the relevance of the riot is not clearly apparent considering that this is an article exclusively about United States law enforcement. It was not handled by US police but rather local security so unless we are expanding the scope of the article to include gendarmerie in general it seems harmless to remove it for consistency reasons. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JSory (talk • contribs) 09:43, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

Removed the section on 10/1/2022 GreenBeret1439 (talk) 23:48, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

SWAT
What does the federal swat do? 2601:203:C100:E9D0:95BD:BB61:EF97:5B9B (talk) 04:45, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

Rename page
As there are other nations with units called SWAT, perhaps rename this SWAT (United States)?

GreenBeret1439 (talk) 23:49, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 October 2022
In "Popular Culture," add video game "Ready or Not" to the list of video games, with hyperlink to the Wikipedia page, "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_or_Not_(video_game)" GuyScience (talk) 00:36, 25 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Done. -- Mvqr (talk) 13:56, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

I need help with my home it’s so hard the math is 4 - 2 2A02:C7C:6AC5:4400:1970:72B5:C5EC:320 (talk) 21:50, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:SWAT


text:
Talk:Sleep disorder

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2019 and 6 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): PatDillard. Peer reviewers: Hphilli2, Vidaphan12, JazzyBen1234, Andrianicole1. 20:47, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 8 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Popadock15. Peer reviewers: Asherm4802, Jtc7. 20:47, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

Sleep Medicine
There is a missuse of the word plethora which implies too many. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.191.89.173 (talk) 10:24, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Sleepwalking
There is enough information and enough of interest about the phenomenon sleepwalking to have a separate article (IMO). --Daniel C. Boyer 19:28 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Why is sleepwalking the only sleep disorder that redirects to here? --Miguel 19:24, 17 August 2003

 * Okay, made sleepwalking a seperate article. I don't know why it redirected to here originally.  The article is rather stubbish, so feel free to expand. —Frecklefoot 14:35, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)

REM deprivation
Deleted reference to REM sleep in the first sentence. It simply is not true. In fact, REM deprivation is a common side effect of antidepressant use (some attribute their effects to REM deprivation). REM deprivation may affect memory negatively...but so does sleep fragmentation and total sleep deprivation. --MrSandman 19:25, 23 September 2005

Insomnia
Okay, I'm thoroughly confused here. In the common sleep disorders list, Insomnia is like the third one down... but in the Insomnia page, it states: "Many believe that insomnia is a sleep disorder, but it is not. It is a symptom, as insomniacs typically complain of being unable to close their eyes or 'rest their mind' for more than a few minutes at a time. As opposed to being a sleep disorder, insomnia is most often caused by sleep disorders, though they are not the only causes."

Which is true? Is Insomnia a sleeping disorder, or is it not?

--70.95.59.46 07:30, 26 February 2006

 * Of course insomnia is a sleep disorder. JFW | T@lk  10:03, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Primary insomnia is a sleep disorder. "Insomnia" is also used to describe difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep due to a whole host of (other) causes.  --Hordaland (talk) 15:53, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This article should be changed to reflect that then, either that or the Insomnia article should be changed. This is indeed confusing and should not need resolving via the discussions page  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Uberangryghost (talk • contribs) 08:01, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Depends on what context it is used. Insomnia is a symptom. For example you could have insomnia the night before exams or insomnia after taking too much caffeine or after breaking up with a girlfriend etc. However, chronic insomnia is a sleep disorder. If it is chronic it is a disorder. If it is transient it is a symptom.-- Literature geek |  T@1k?  18:17, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Can't Sleep
In summertime I find my self up til 2AM trying to sleep, sume times 3, once 4. Now I can but it takes a while. --Realg187 17:06, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Sudden infant death = parasomnia
Maybe its worth mentioning SIDs as a "sleep disorder". But is it really classified as a parasomnia? "characterized by partial arousals during sleep" - given that it's sudden and fatal, SIDs couldn't involve multiple arousals. This just seems silly. --Sourcejedi 14:26, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

u are not currently logged in. Editing this way will cause your IP address to be recorded publicly in this page's edit history. If you create an account, you can conceal your IP address and be provided with many other benefits. Messages sent to your IP can be viewed on yo —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.1.53.7 (talk) 11:20, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

I also don't believe that SIDs is a parasomnia - in fact I don't think half of these things in this list are parasomnias.

Sleep medicine in USA
I have changed this section to "history" (as it is essentially historical) but it should be expanded to include specific developments in other countries. I need to find out the UK situation, but to my knowledge it is vastly underdeveloped in this country. JFW | T@lk  10:03, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I changed it back. I ain't done with it yet. Hope to make it eventually worldwide and current, then move the section to Sleep medicine. (And my OR shows that it varies widely from place to place in UK.  Some districts happily send patients to London, some don't!) --Hordaland (talk) 15:57, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

more than less
I think that I counted six "more" and one "less" but only two "than". Shouldn't "möre" and "less" be always comparative ? Jclerman (talk) 14:57, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Always? Often implied, as in "For more information, see ..."  But I fixed a couple, both mine and others'.---Hordaland (talk) 17:43, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Automatism (medicine)
Automatism (medicine) should be mentioned somewhere on this page to open a path there.76.97.245.5 (talk) 08:15, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Awake but unable to move
There is a disorder, I believe, were the sleeper wakes and is fully conscious but is not yet able to move. Any one know what this one is? Should it be added? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.232.250.50 (talk) 10:11, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * That is called sleep paralysis. It is relatively common.  It can be, but doesn't have to be, a symptom of a disorder.  I experience it a few times a year, and I've found it interesting, not scary.  Some people find it scary.  It is already mentioned in the article.  --Hordaland (talk) 10:26, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Types
There needs to be improvements to the formatting of types rather than a series of bullet points. It is difficult to follow and the structure is extremely distracting. I completely agree with the above statement. It is kind of disjointed and although it allows for a comprehensive view of all of the different types there are, it allows for no elaboration in regards to each specific one and their specific treatments, diagnoses, etc. I think it would be a good idea for each different type of disorder to have its own section, that way it will allow for much more elaboration for each specific one, as a broad characterization of "treatment" is pretty much useless as each disorder is so unique. Hannahsandy (talk) 15:13, 8 March 2016 (UTC)HannahSandy For example, a Cochrane article talks about treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea but it would be too specific to put under the general header of "Treatment" Hannahsandy (talk) 15:25, 8 March 2016 (UTC)HannahSandy Reference

 * HannahSandy, you wrote "I completely agree with the above statement." What statement?  The sections above are from 2010 and earlier.
 * IMO there's no need (and no space) for "much more elaboration" in this article. Elaboration is found at (most of) the many linked articles.  There are a lot of blue links!  --Hordaland (talk) 07:23, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

________________________

I would recommend adding a brief mention of the fact that there are varying classification systems for sleep disorders, and talk about the various features of each, including how the diagnoses were formulated (a panel of general mental health experts, a panel of sleep experts, systematic reviews?) In particular, I would mention the DSM 5 classifications and compare them to the ICSD-3 classifications, as these seem to be the fore running classification systems in sleep research that I've come across, though there are many others. It would be useful to have visual representations (a table, especially) comparing and contrasting the differing systems, as it would allow for a quick and balanced comparison. Ogjuarez (talk) 04:32, 8 March 2016 (UTC) References
 * That sounds like a good idea, Ogjuarez. I hope you will be working on it. :) --Hordaland (talk) 07:23, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

Propose moving "Types" under a new section called "Classification of disorders" for two reasons: (1) The intro sections talks about "broad classification", and (2) "Types doesn't belong under a section called "Common disorders" because some of the ones given in the Types is kind of rare - not all disorders are common. Pkon99 (talk) 05:11, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

Treatment
There is no mention of specific medicinal treatments and their effectiveness. A possible addition would be a study on melatonin, which would fit under a subheading under treatment for "Specific medicinal treatments." The link is here

I am trying to include information about Melatonin but I'm not sure whether I should include it under Treatments (where hypnosis is) or under medicine? It's more like a sleep vitamin... Any advice? Hannahsandy (talk) 14:00, 8 March 2016 (UTC)HannahSandy Reference

 * Melatonin is a hormone and not at all a vitamin; it is produced in our brains at specific times of day/night. It happens to be available OTC in the US (& Canada) because the US FDA considers it a "food supplement", which is ridiculous.  In most or all other countries it is considered a drug and requires a prescription if it is available at all.  --Hordaland (talk) 06:27, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

Treatment
There is no mention of how treatments are performed to reach an ideal amount of sleep for each age. A chart with this information would fit under a subheading under treatment for "Recommended amount of sleep." The like is here http://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/how_much_sleep.htm (2013) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Tlharris1000 (talk) 01:58, 29 November 2015 (UTC)Thomas Harrison

It is important that evidence based treatments are also presented relative to certain age groups. While the general description covers treatment more generally with a focus on adults, I would suggest adding specific treatment information relevant to children and adolescents. The following article is a Clinical Practice Guideline published in 2011. CPG's can be described as ‘systematically developed recommendations for helping professionals and patients to make decisions about the most appropriate healthcare and select the most appropriate diagnostic or therapeutic options when dealing with a health problem or specific clinical condition.' This particular CPG relates specifically to the diagnoses, assessment, and treatment (among other factors) of childhood and adolescent sleep problems; I would recommend either making a separate page for pediatric and adolescent sleep disorders, or incorporating them throughout this page. REFERENCE  Ogjuarez (talk) 04:27, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Diagnosis
A diagnosis section should be added. Moreover, there needs to be clarification of whether age plays a factor in diagnoses. For example, uresis, which is common in children, is not common in adults. Actual sleep disorders, then, are different based on age. A possible meta-analysis on healthy sleep over time is sourced here. REFERENCE

Comorbidities
I'd like to suggest Comorbidities as a separate and distinct section, as well as distinct subheadings that clarify whether the Comorbidities apply to adult or child and adolescent populations. The following study is a review of medical comorbities in children with sleep disorders from 2012, which would get one section started, though more citations would be necessary. Reference Ogjuarez (talk) 04:40, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Epidemiology Section
I suggest adding an Epidemiology section to this article to describe the prevalence of various sleep disorders based on different populations. My sandbox has what I'm planning on adding to the article. So far, there are subsections on youth and young adults, insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, sleep paralysis, and restless leg syndrome. I have been sticking to meta-analyses/systematic reviews and found the best quality of information on the previously listed topics. Let me know if there are more possibilities for me to add. CarsWiski (talk) 17:58, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology Capstone
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Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA23 - Sect 202 - Thu
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Wiki Education assignment: Recent Developments in Biotechnology
Hello, I'm student from Uskudar university. I edit this article (sleep disorder) as an assignment for my course. I already completed Wikipedia training modules to be a proficient Wikipedia editing. I would appreciate any support.

best wishes, Shabnam Rezaee Shabnam rezaee (talk) 05:56, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sleep disorder