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Landscape ecology

Landscape ecology is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizational levels of research and policy. Landscape ecology can be described as the science of "landscape diversity" as the synergetic result of biodiversity and geodiversity.

As a highly interdisciplinary field in systems science, landscape ecology integrates biophysical and analytical approaches with humanistic and holistic perspectives across the natural sciences and social sciences. Landscapes are spatially heterogeneous geographic areas characterized by diverse interacting patches or ecosystems, ranging from relatively natural terrestrial and aquatic systems such as forests, grasslands, and lakes to human-dominated environments including agricultural and urban settings.

The most salient characteristics of landscape ecology are its emphasis on the relationship among pattern, process and scales, and its focus on broad-scale ecological and environmental issues. These necessitate the coupling between biophysical and socioeconomic sciences. Key research topics in landscape ecology include ecological flows in landscape mosaics, land use and land cover change, scaling, relating landscape pattern analysis with ecological processes, and landscape conservation and sustainability. Landscape ecology also studies the role of human impacts on landscape diversity in the development and spreading of new human pathogens that could trigger epidemics.

Terminology
The German term Landschaftsökologie – thus landscape ecology – was coined by German geographer Carl Troll in 1939. He developed this terminology and many early concepts of landscape ecology as part of his early work, which consisted of applying aerial photograph interpretation to studies of interactions between environment and vegetation.

Explanation
Heterogeneity is the measure of how parts of a landscape differ from one another. Landscape ecology looks at how this spatial structure affects organism abundance at the landscape level, as well as the behavior and functioning of the landscape as a whole. This includes studying the influence of pattern, or the internal order of a landscape, on process, or the continuous operation of functions of organisms. Landscape ecology also includes geomorphology as applied to the design and architecture of landscapes. Geomorphology is the study of how geological formations are responsible for the structure of a landscape.

Evolution of theory
One central landscape ecology theory originated from MacArthur & Wilson's The Theory of Island Biogeography. This work considered the biodiversity on islands as the result of competing forces of colonization from a mainland stock and stochastic extinction. The concepts of island biogeography were generalized from physical islands to abstract patches of habitat by Levins' metapopulation model (which can be applied e.g. to forest islands in the agricultural landscape ). This generalization spurred the growth of landscape ecology by providing conservation biologists a new tool to assess how habitat fragmentation affects population viability. Recent growth of landscape ecology owes much to the development of geographic information systems (GIS) and the availability of large-extent habitat data (e.g. remotely sensed datasets).

Development as a discipline
Landscape ecology developed in Europe from historical planning on human-dominated landscapes. Concepts from general ecology theory were integrated in North America. While general ecology theory and its sub-disciplines focused on the study of more homogenous, discrete community units organized in a hierarchical structure (typically as ecosystems, populations, species, and communities), landscape ecology built upon heterogeneity in space and time. It frequently included human-caused landscape changes in theory and application of concepts.

By 1980, landscape ecology was a discrete, established discipline. It was marked by the organization of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE) in 1982. Landmark book publications defined the scope and goals of the discipline, including Naveh and Lieberman and Forman and Godron. Forman wrote that although study of "the ecology of spatial configuration at the human scale" was barely a decade old, there was strong potential for theory development and application of the conceptual framework.

Today, theory and application of landscape ecology continues to develop through a need for innovative applications in a changing landscape and environment. Landscape ecology relies on advanced technologies such as remote sensing, GIS, and models. There has been associated development of powerful quantitative methods to examine the interactions of patterns and processes. An example would be determining the amount of carbon present in the soil based on landform over a landscape, derived from GIS maps, vegetation types, and rainfall data for a region. Remote sensing work has been used to extend landscape ecology to the field of predictive vegetation mapping, for instance by Janet Franklin.

Definitions/conceptions of landscape ecology
Nowadays, at least six different conceptions of landscape ecology can be identified: one group tending toward the more disciplinary concept of ecology (subdiscipline of biology; in conceptions 2, 3, and 4) and another group—characterized by the interdisciplinary study of relations between human societies and their environment—inclined toward the integrated view of geography (in conceptions 1, 5, and 6):
 * 1) Interdisciplinary analysis of subjectively defined landscape units (e.g. Neef School  ):  Landscapes are defined in terms of uniformity in land use. Landscape ecology explores the landscape's natural potential in terms of functional utility for human societies. To analyse this potential, it is necessary to draw on several natural sciences.
 * 2) Topological ecology at the landscape scale 'Landscape' is defined as a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems (woods, meadows, marshes, villages, etc.) that is repeated in similar form throughout.  It is explicitly stated that landscapes are areas at a kilometres wide human scale of perception, modification, etc.  Landscape ecology describes and explains the landscapes' characteristic patterns of ecosystems and investigates the flux of energy, mineral nutrients, and species among their component ecosystems, providing important knowledge for addressing land-use issues.
 * 3) Organism-centered, multi-scale topological ecology (e.g. John A. Wiens  ):  Explicitly rejecting views expounded by Troll, Zonneveld, Naveh, Forman & Godron, etc., landscape and landscape ecology are defined independently of human perceptions, interests, and modifications of nature. 'Landscape' is defined – regardless of scale – as the 'template' on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes.  Not humans, but rather the respective species being studied is the point of reference for what constitutes a landscape.
 * 4) Topological ecology at the landscape level of biological organisation (e.g. Urban et al. ):  On the basis of ecological hierarchy theory, it is presupposed that nature is working at multiple scales and has different levels of organisation which are part of a rate-structured, nested hierarchy. Specifically, it is claimed that, above the ecosystem level, a landscape level exists which is generated and identifiable by high interaction intensity between ecosystems, a specific interaction frequency and, typically, a corresponding spatial scale. Landscape ecology is defined as ecology that focuses on the influence exerted by spatial and temporal patterns on the organisation of, and interaction among, functionally integrated multispecies ecosystems.
 * 5) Analysis of social-ecological systems using the natural and social sciences and humanities (e.g. Leser; Naveh;  Zonneveld ):  Landscape ecology is defined as an interdisciplinary super-science that explores the relationship between human societies and their specific environment, making use of not only various natural sciences, but also social sciences and humanities. This conception is grounded in the assumption that social systems are linked to their specific ambient ecological system in such a way that both systems together form a co-evolutionary, self-organising unity called 'landscape'. Societies' cultural, social and economic dimensions are regarded as an integral part of the global ecological hierarchy, and landscapes are claimed to be the manifest systems of the 'total human ecosystem' (Naveh) which encompasses both the physical ('geospheric') and mental ('noospheric') spheres.
 * 6) Ecology guided by cultural meanings of lifeworldly landscapes (frequently pursued in practice but not defined, but see, e.g., Hard; Trepl ):  Landscape ecology is defined as ecology that is guided by an external aim, namely, to maintain and develop lifeworldly landscapes. It provides the ecological knowledge necessary to achieve these goals. It investigates how to sustain and develop those populations and ecosystems which (i) are the material 'vehicles' of lifeworldly, aesthetic and symbolic landscapes and, at the same time, (ii) meet societies' functional requirements, including provisioning, regulating, and supporting ecosystem services. Thus landscape ecology is concerned mainly with the populations and ecosystems which have resulted from traditional, regionally specific forms of land use.

Relationship to ecological theory
Some research programmes of landscape ecology theory, namely those standing in the European tradition, may be slightly outside of the "classical and preferred domain of scientific disciplines" because of the large, heterogeneous areas of study. However, general ecology theory is central to landscape ecology theory in many aspects. Landscape ecology consists of four main principles: the development and dynamics of spatial heterogeneity, interactions and exchanges across heterogeneous landscapes, influences of spatial heterogeneity on biotic and abiotic processes, and the management of spatial heterogeneity. The main difference from traditional ecological studies, which frequently assume that systems are spatially homogenous, is the consideration of spatial patterns.

Important terms
Landscape ecology not only created new terms, but also incorporated existing ecological terms in new ways. Many of the terms used in landscape ecology are as interconnected and interrelated as the discipline itself.

Landscape
Certainly, 'landscape' is a central concept in landscape ecology. It is, however, defined in quite different ways. For example: Carl Troll conceives of landscape not as a mental construct but as an objectively given 'organic entity', a harmonic individuum of space. Ernst Neef defines landscapes as sections within the uninterrupted earth-wide interconnection of geofactors which are defined as such on the basis of their uniformity in terms of a specific land use, and are thus defined in an anthropocentric and relativistic way. According to Richard Forman and Michel Godron, a landscape is a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout, whereby they list woods, meadows, marshes and villages as examples of a landscape's ecosystems, and state that a landscape is an area at least a few kilometres wide. John A. Wiens opposes the traditional view expounded by Carl Troll, Isaak S. Zonneveld, Zev Naveh, Richard T. T. Forman/Michel Godron and others that landscapes are arenas in which humans interact with their environments on a kilometre-wide scale; instead, he defines 'landscape'—regardless of scale—as "the template on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes". Some define 'landscape' as an area containing two or more ecosystems in close proximity.

Scale and heterogeneity (incorporating composition, structure, and function)
A main concept in landscape ecology is scale. Scale represents the real world as translated onto a map, relating distance on a map image and the corresponding distance on earth. Scale is also the spatial or temporal measure of an object or a process, or amount of spatial resolution. Components of scale include composition, structure, and function, which are all important ecological concepts. Applied to landscape ecology, composition refers to the number of patch types (see below) represented on a landscape and their relative abundance. For example, the amount of forest or wetland, the length of forest edge, or the density of roads can be aspects of landscape composition. Structure is determined by the composition, the configuration, and the proportion of different patches across the landscape, while function refers to how each element in the landscape interacts based on its life cycle events. Pattern is the term for the contents and internal order of a heterogeneous area of land.

A landscape with structure and pattern implies that it has spatial heterogeneity, or the uneven distribution of objects across the landscape. Heterogeneity is a key element of landscape ecology that separates this discipline from other branches of ecology. Landscape heterogeneity is able to quantify with agent-based methods as well.

Patch and mosaic
Patch, a term fundamental to landscape ecology, is defined as a relatively homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings. Patches are the basic unit of the landscape that change and fluctuate, a process called patch dynamics. Patches have a definite shape and spatial configuration, and can be described compositionally by internal variables such as number of trees, number of tree species, height of trees, or other similar measurements.

Matrix is the "background ecological system" of a landscape with a high degree of connectivity. Connectivity is the measure of how connected or spatially continuous a corridor, network, or matrix is. For example, a forested landscape (matrix) with fewer gaps in forest cover (open patches) will have higher connectivity. Corridors have important functions as strips of a particular type of landscape differing from adjacent land on both sides. A network is an interconnected system of corridors while mosaic describes the pattern of patches, corridors, and matrix that form a landscape in its entirety.

Boundary and edge
Landscape patches have a boundary between them which can be defined or fuzzy. The zone composed of the edges of adjacent ecosystems is the boundary. Edge means the portion of an ecosystem near its perimeter, where influences of the adjacent patches can cause an environmental difference between the interior of the patch and its edge. This edge effect includes a distinctive species composition or abundance. For example, when a landscape is a mosaic of perceptibly different types, such as a forest adjacent to a grassland, the edge is the location where the two types adjoin. In a continuous landscape, such as a forest giving way to open woodland, the exact edge location is fuzzy and is sometimes determined by a local gradient exceeding a threshold, such as the point where the tree cover falls below thirty-five percent.

Ecotones, ecoclines, and ecotopes
A type of boundary is the ecotone, or the transitional zone between two communities. Ecotones can arise naturally, such as a lakeshore, or can be human-created, such as a cleared agricultural field from a forest. The ecotonal community retains characteristics of each bordering community and often contains species not found in the adjacent communities. Classic examples of ecotones include fencerows, forest to marshlands transitions, forest to grassland transitions, or land-water interfaces such as riparian zones in forests. Characteristics of ecotones include vegetational sharpness, physiognomic change, occurrence of a spatial community mosaic, many exotic species, ecotonal species, spatial mass effect, and species richness higher or lower than either side of the ecotone.

An ecocline is another type of landscape boundary, but it is a gradual and continuous change in environmental conditions of an ecosystem or community. Ecoclines help explain the distribution and diversity of organisms within a landscape because certain organisms survive better under certain conditions, which change along the ecocline. They contain heterogeneous communities which are considered more environmentally stable than those of ecotones. An ecotope is a spatial term representing the smallest ecologically distinct unit in mapping and classification of landscapes. Relatively homogeneous, they are spatially explicit landscape units used to stratify landscapes into ecologically distinct features. They are useful for the measurement and mapping of landscape structure, function, and change over time, and to examine the effects of disturbance and fragmentation.

Disturbance and fragmentation
Disturbance is an event that significantly alters the pattern of variation in the structure or function of a system. Fragmentation is the breaking up of a habitat, ecosystem, or land-use type into smaller parcels. Disturbance is generally considered a natural process. Fragmentation causes land transformation, an important process in landscapes as development occurs.

An important consequence of repeated, random clearing (whether by natural disturbance or human activity) is that contiguous cover can break down into isolated patches. This happens when the area cleared exceeds a critical level, which means that landscapes exhibit two phases: connected and disconnected.

Theory
Landscape ecology theory stresses the role of human impacts on landscape structures and functions. It also proposes ways for restoring degraded landscapes. Landscape ecology explicitly includes humans as entities that cause functional changes on the landscape. Landscape ecology theory includes the landscape stability principle, which emphasizes the importance of landscape structural heterogeneity in developing resistance to disturbances, recovery from disturbances, and promoting total system stability. This principle is a major contribution to general ecological theories which highlight the importance of relationships among the various components of the landscape.

Integrity of landscape components helps maintain resistance to external threats, including development and land transformation by human activity. Analysis of land use change has included a strongly geographical approach which has led to the acceptance of the idea of multifunctional properties of landscapes. There are still calls for a more unified theory of landscape ecology due to differences in professional opinion among ecologists and its interdisciplinary approach (Bastian 2001).

An important related theory is hierarchy theory, which refers to how systems of discrete functional elements operate when linked at two or more scales. For example, a forested landscape might be hierarchically composed of drainage basins, which in turn are composed of local ecosystems, which are in turn composed of individual trees and gaps. Recent theoretical developments in landscape ecology have emphasized the relationship between pattern and process, as well as the effect that changes in spatial scale has on the potential to extrapolate information across scales. Several studies suggest that the landscape has critical thresholds at which ecological processes will show dramatic changes, such as the complete transformation of a landscape by an invasive species due to small changes in temperature characteristics which favor the invasive's habitat requirements.

Research directions
Developments in landscape ecology illustrate the important relationships between spatial patterns and ecological processes. These developments incorporate quantitative methods that link spatial patterns and ecological processes at broad spatial and temporal scales. This linkage of time, space, and environmental change can assist managers in applying plans to solve environmental problems. The increased attention in recent years on spatial dynamics has highlighted the need for new quantitative methods that can analyze patterns, determine the importance of spatially explicit processes, and develop reliable models. Multivariate analysis techniques are frequently used to examine landscape level vegetation patterns. Studies use statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), or detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), for classifying vegetation. Gradient analysis is another way to determine the vegetation structure across a landscape or to help delineate critical wetland habitat for conservation or mitigation purposes (Choesin and Boerner 2002).

Climate change is another major component in structuring current research in landscape ecology. Ecotones, as a basic unit in landscape studies, may have significance for management under climate change scenarios, since change effects are likely to be seen at ecotones first because of the unstable nature of a fringe habitat. Research in northern regions has examined landscape ecological processes, such as the accumulation of snow, melting, freeze-thaw action, percolation, soil moisture variation, and temperature regimes through long-term measurements in Norway. The study analyzes gradients across space and time between ecosystems of the central high mountains to determine relationships between distribution patterns of animals in their environment. Looking at where animals live, and how vegetation shifts over time, may provide insight into changes in snow and ice over long periods of time across the landscape as a whole.

Other landscape-scale studies maintain that human impact is likely the main determinant of landscape pattern over much of the globe. Landscapes may become substitutes for biodiversity measures because plant and animal composition differs between samples taken from sites within different landscape categories. Taxa, or different species, can "leak" from one habitat into another, which has implications for landscape ecology. As human land use practices expand and continue to increase the proportion of edges in landscapes, the effects of this leakage across edges on assemblage integrity may become more significant in conservation. This is because taxa may be conserved across landscape levels, if not at local levels.

Land change modeling
Land change modeling is an application of landscape ecology designed to predict future changes in land use. Land change models are used in urban planning, geography, GIS, and other disciplines to gain a clear understanding of the course of a landscape. In recent years, much of the Earth's land cover has changed rapidly, whether from deforestation or the expansion of urban areas.

Relationship to other disciplines
Landscape ecology has been incorporated into a variety of ecological subdisciplines. For example, it is closely linked to land change science, the interdisciplinary of land use and land cover change and their effects on surrounding ecology. Another recent development has been the more explicit consideration of spatial concepts and principles applied to the study of lakes, streams, and wetlands in the field of landscape limnology. Seascape ecology is a marine and coastal application of landscape ecology. In addition, landscape ecology has important links to application-oriented disciplines such as agriculture and forestry. In agriculture, landscape ecology has introduced new options for the management of environmental threats brought about by the intensification of agricultural practices. Agriculture has always been a strong human impact on ecosystems.

In forestry, from structuring stands for fuelwood and timber to ordering stands across landscapes to enhance aesthetics, consumer needs have affected conservation and use of forested landscapes. Landscape forestry provides methods, concepts, and analytic procedures for landscape forestry. Landscape ecology has been cited as a contributor to the development of fisheries biology as a distinct biological science discipline, and is frequently incorporated in study design for wetland delineation in hydrology. It has helped shape integrated landscape management. Lastly, landscape ecology has been very influential for progressing sustainability science and sustainable development planning. For example, a recent study assessed sustainable urbanization across Europe using evaluation indices, country-landscapes, and landscape ecology tools and methods.

Landscape ecology has also been combined with population genetics to form the field of landscape genetics, which addresses how landscape features influence the population structure and gene flow of plant and animal populations across space and time and on how the quality of intervening landscape, known as "matrix", influences spatial variation. After the term was coined in 2003, the field of landscape genetics had expanded to over 655 studies by 2010, and continues to grow today. As genetic data has become more readily accessible, it is increasingly being used by ecologists to answer novel evolutionary and ecological questions, many with regard to how landscapes effect evolutionary processes, especially in human-modified landscapes, which are experiencing biodiversity loss.

title: Landscape ecology


text: Talk:Recreational vehicle

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Recreational vehicle


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Modus operandi

A modus operandi (often shortened to M.O. or MO) is an individual’s habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations, but also generally. It is a Latin phrase, approximately translated as mode (or manner) of operating.

Term
The term is often used in police work when discussing crime and addressing the methods employed by criminals. It is also used in criminal profiling, where it can help in finding clues to the offender's psychology. It largely consists of examining the actions used by the individuals to execute the crime, prevent its detection and facilitate escape. A suspect's modus operandi can assist in their identification, apprehension, or repression, and can also be used to determine links between crimes.

In business, modus operandi is used to describe a firm's preferred means of executing business and interacting with other firms.

Plural
The plural is modi operandi. The word operandi is a gerund in the genitive case, "of operating"; gerunds can never be pluralised in Latin, as opposed to gerundives. When a noun with an attribute in the genitive is pluralised, only the head noun normally changes, just as in English with "of": "a fact of life, two facts of life" (unlike, for instance, les modes opératoires in French).

title: Modus operandi


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Talk:Langston University

First Article!
This is my first original article for wikipedia. Dave Walker

Current demographics of student body
What percentage of currently enrolled students are African-American? The reason why I ask is that I know a caucasian girl who goes to school there. Maybe it is 50/50 these days - I don't know. Thanks in advance to anybody who knows and can put it in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.148.130.125 (talk) 08:03, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * The most recent data available from the Department of Education has Black or African American enrollment at 84% and White enrollment at 10%: http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Langston+University&s=all&id=207209#enrolmt. If you think that it would be useful information for this article, please feel free to add it!  ElKevbo (talk) 12:59, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

School Images
2C2KPhotos (talk) 02:49, 23 August 2020 (UTC) https://www.flickr.com/photos/2cheap2keep/42852465384/in/album-72157699343886085/   2C2KPhotos (talk) 02:49, 23 August 2020 (UTC) https://www.flickr.com/photos/2cheap2keep/42852461524/in/album-72157699343886085/    2C2KPhotos (talk) 02:49, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

3O Regional Accreditation
Should the term "regional accreditation" be used to describe the Higher Learning Commission's accreditation of Langston? The Department of Education (DOE) no longer uses that term, preferring institutional accreditor. Other organizations still use the term including the Council on Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) who chooses accreditors, the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) who accredits Langston and the school itself.

19:56, 17 January 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dustinmacdonald (talk • contribs)
 * Please feel free to re-add it to WP:3O when a thorough discussion has taken place, and you still cannot find agreement. Femke (talk) 20:06, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

 * You do not own this article and you are not entitled to enforce your own opinion by edit warring. You made your original edit and that's fine; another editor has objected and reverted your edit so now you discuss it.
 * As stated in one of my edit summaries, I don't know why some websites are using outdated terminology. This is a relatively new change in some very longstanding language so I suspect that the organizations are just late or complacent in making this update. But the decision by the Department of Education is crystal clear on this issue and they are, of course, the highest authority on this topic (the primary value of institutional accreditation is access to federal funding, including financial aid). ElKevbo (talk) 23:59, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Citation needed. DOE is not the highest authority on the subject of accreditation. The authority on accreditation, CHEA, the accreditor, HLC, and the school themselves all the use the terminology. You don't seem to be able to cite any sources that demonstrate that the terminology has changed outside of DOE because the truth is that it hasn't. The RA/NA distinction is irrelevant to DOE's administration of financial aid. It's not irrelevant to the accreditor or the school. --Dustinmacdonald (talk) 03:43, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Do you not understand that CHEA only exists and plays a role because the Department of Education (typically abbreviated as as "USDE" or "ED;" "DOE" is used to refer to the Department of Energy) needs someone to accredit the accreditors? And that the primary role of accreditation in the second half of the twentieth century and the twenty-first century is to provide access to federal financial aid? The Secretary of Education is the final arbiter of whether an accreditor is recognized; see what has been playing out with ACICS over the past several years for a good example. This is a somewhat technical and obscure part of U.S. higher education that isn't familiar to most people who aren't themselves deep into this so I understand if this isn't all very clear and easy to understand. It's also complicated by the fact that many people who work in higher education, including those who work in accreditation or for accreditors, oppose this change; I suspect that some may be dragging their feet on making any changes to their vocabulary because they hope that the Biden administration will undo this change that was made by the Trump administration. ElKevbo (talk) 04:08, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Langston University


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Talk:Rum Rebellion

Untitled
Early versions of this article seem to be taken from http://www.eurekatimes.net/1808-rum_rebellion.htm but wihout acknowledgement :-( --A Y  Arktos 01:55, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Rum Rebellion Musical performance recording
Ive got a live recording I made in Sydney by an Australian Bush/Punk/Folk/Rock band Skew-Whiff in a Rocks hotel back in the 80's. Sometime I might dig it out of storage and describe it here. What are the laws on sound bites and lyrics? how small does it have to be to be fit for purpose intended. There is almost zero google presence (they were popular in 1985) but i have a card with logo and possibly some video as well. moza 05:32, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I did a bit more hunting, it turns out the name is Skewiff and theres a pic at http://www.kmc.nsw.gov.au/images/Picture_0541.jpg article about them playin at Australia Day 2006 here and about Alex Cronin here and a contact for the past performance at bushdance@scog.asn.au 'Now in its 13th year, this year’s Mardi Gras BushDance will feature live band Skewiff'. So whatever, maybe they are available to contribute something to this article. 'Dave Kennedy's band ‘Skewiff’' performed, webpage

here or pdf here. enjoy.moza 12:36, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

-- Hi all,

I have restructed the article to make it easier to grasp. This was the facts of Bligh's appointment, the conflict with Macarthur, the overthrow and Maquaries appointment are first. All the details about events in Bligh's governorship (perhaps should be in Bligh's article in a Governor of NSW section?) and the causes underlying the rebellion come later.

Dewatf 09:05, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

200th anniversary coming up
--Matilda talk 00:15, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * With anniversary coming up - there are a few articles in the press appearing eg
 * http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/coup-paved-the-way/2008/01/22/1200764260583.html

revising content and references
Hi, reading this it's apparent that while recent works by Dufffy et al are being included some very old and outdated references are being cited, especially from the 1920s. Also, no mention is made of the derivation of the term 'rum rebellion'. I havent got time to start changes but flagging that I think these are necessary. (Scott E Hill (talk) 02:08, 21 April 2010 (UTC))

Causes
I'm removed the sentence: "'However, imprisoning people and threatening to do the same to the court when they failed to rule in favor of said authority was extremely legally problematic, and the rulings in the subsequent trials clearly prove that the contemporary British legal authorities disagreed with the assessment that MacArthur's complaints were unreasonable based on the clemency granted and their explicit characterization of his behavior in office.'" Apart from being expressed obscurely, it had no verification and appeared to be a mere statement of the contributor's opinion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sir rupert orangepeel (talk • contribs) 23:13, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rum Rebellion


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Crossings (game)

Crossings is a two-player abstract strategy board game invented by Robert Abbott. The rules were published in Sid Sackson's A Gamut of Games. Crossings was the precursor to Epaminondas, which uses a larger board and expanded rules.

Equipment

 * 1 8x8 gameboard
 * 32 stones (16 of each color)

Setup
This is the starting position of Crossings.

Object

 * Cross one stone to the opponent's end of the gameboard.

Turns

 * Play alternates with each player making one movement on a turn.
 * Red takes the first turn.

Movement
A group is a series of one or more same-colored stones adjacent to one another in a line. (diagonal, horizontal, or vertical) A stone may belong to one or more groups.

 * A player may move a single stone, an entire group, or a subgroup.
 * A group consisting of a single stone may move one space diagonally or orthogonally into an empty square.
 * A group must move along the line which defines it. It may move a number of spaces equal to the number of pieces in that group.
 * When part of a group is moved (a subgroup), it must move along the line which defines it. It may move a number of spaces equal to the number of pieces in the subgroup.
 * When a subgroup is moved it must involve one of the end stones.
 * Pieces may not move onto an occupied square.

Capturing an enemy stone

 * If the first stone in a moving group encounters a single enemy stone, the group's movement stops there, and the enemy stone is captured.
 * If the first stone in a moving group encounters an end stone of an opponent's group, it can capture that stone if the opponent's group is smaller. The turn ends.
 * If it cannot capture the end stone because the opponent's group is the same size or larger, it is not allowed to move on to that square.

End of the game

 * A player potentially wins the game if they get a stone on the home row, or row farthest from their side. If their opponent cannot get a stone of their own onto the first player's home row in their next move, the first player wins. Otherwise, those stones are "locked"; they cannot be moved or captured. The next attempt at crossing, as this is called, will determine the winner (unless it, too, is immediately followed by a counter-crossing, and so on.)
 * The game is a draw if no player can complete the objective. Draws are rare.

title: Crossings (game)


text:
Commoner (disambiguation)

A commoner is a person who is not a member of the nobility or priesthood.

Commoner(s) may also refer to:

Status or membership

 * Commoner (academia), a term used at some universities for a student not receiving a scholarship or exhibition
 * Commoner, a person who is not a member of the British nobility
 * Commoner, a person who shares rights over common land
 * Commoner, a member of the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation
 * Commoner, one of the estates of the realm
 * Commoner, a member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom

People with the name

 * Barry Commoner (1917–2012), American biologist and politician

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Commoner (Dungeons & Dragons), one of the base non-player character categories
 * The Commoner, a newspaper published in Nebraska from 1901 to 1923, owned and published by William Jennings Bryan

title: Commoner (disambiguation)


text:
Royalty

Royalty may refer to:

 * Any individual monarch, such as a king, queen, emperor, empress, prince, princess, etc.
 * Royal family, the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, and sometimes his or her extended family
 * Royalty payment for use of such things as intellectual property, music, or natural resources

Music

 * The Royalty (band), a 2005–2013 American rock band
 * Royalty Records, a Canadian record label

Albums

 * Royalty (Chris Brown album), 2015
 * Royalty (EP), by EarthGang, 2018
 * Royalty (mixtape), by Childish Gambino (Donald Glover), 2012
 * The Royalty (album), by the Royal Royal, 2012
 * The Royalty: La Realeza, by R.K.M & Ken-Y, 2008

Songs

 * "Royalty" (Down with Webster song), 2012
 * "Royalty" (XXXTentacion song), 2019
 * "Royalty", by Conor Maynard, 2015
 * "Royalty", by Nas from The Lost Tapes 2, 2019

Theatres

 * Royalty Theatre, a demolished theatre in Soho, London, England
 * Royalty Theatre, Glasgow, a demolished theatre in Scotland
 * Peacock Theatre, previously the Royalty Theatre, a West End theatre in London

Other uses

 * Royalty (grape), a variety of grape
 * Royalty, Texas, US
 * Royalty Magazine, a British monthly
 * The Royalty (TV series), a 1957 British series

title: Royalty


text:
Talk:Cantopop

Four Kings sentence
The grammar of this sentence is so bad that i can't figure out what to change it to:
 * Successful crossing over alternative music elements by Sandy Lam, Shirley Kwan, Faye Wong, Sammi Cheng, Kelly Chen were also important to the era.

No doubt someone who understands the subject can parse this ambiguous part:
 * Successful crossing over alternative music elements

e.g.:
 * Does "crossing over" form a unit that everything else relates to? If so, supply a synonym, and tell your colleagues here whether it relates to the adjective and noun "crossover".
 * Does this involve elements of alternative music, or music elements that are alternatives to something unstated?
 * Is this about the success of the 5 people named at some task?
 * Why "were" rather than "was"? It can't be bcz all 5 people were important, since they clearly make up the compound object of the preposition by, and are not eligible to be the subject of the sentence whose verb almost certainly has to be "were". Is it the elements that were important? Or should the verb be "was" after all (and if so, which is the core noun that is the subject of the sentence, which pretty much all the rest of the first 6 words have to be there to modify, specify, or describe?

--Jerzy•t 13:37, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

"Jacky Cheung has recorded his first jazz album Private corner.Private corner is also the first jazz album of Cantopop."

I hope you understand that this statement is misleading, although I am a Leon Lai Fans, I would like you to know that Andy Lau realised a single (with Kenny G) "His Women" n years ago and to accredit it to Jacky Cheung is not right. Don't get confuse by advertising.

My wing hk (talk) 08:28, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

Mainland
There doesn't seem to be much information about Cantopop on the mainland, and though I can find several articles about Cantophone mainland bands they're not named "Cantopop" directly so I'm not sure if I can add them or not on the virtue of being Cantophone. Sincerely, --86.81.201.94 (talk) 19:09, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

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Would Mainland Chinese bands from Guangdong who perform in Cantonese count as Cantopop? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.52.236.31 (talk) 05:04, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

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Merger proposal
Formal request has been received to merge the article Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong) into Cantopop; dated: May 2018. Proposer's Rationale: That article is relatively short with a lot of unneeded info and there is a section in the Cantopop article that already talks about the four members. Discuss here. Richard3120 (talk) 19:13, 31 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose: When this article talks about the Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong), thay call it the Four Heavenly Kings Era. This means their notability within Cantopop is very high, and so they deserve a stand-alone article. The current article also has information that cannot really be imported into this article, such as the Acting collaborations section. The rest of the article can be improved, and a good place to start would be to copy the information in the Cantopop article into their stndalone article. Emass100 (talk) 21:03, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cantopop


text:
Arsacid dynasty (disambiguation)

The Arsacid dynasty was an Iranian royal dynasty that ruled Parthia, in modern-day Iran, from 247 BC to 224 AD.

Arsacid dynasty may also refer to:
 * Arsacid dynasty of Armenia (54–428), Armenia
 * Arsacid dynasty of Iberia (c. 189–284), Georgian Iberia
 * Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania (1st–5th century), Caucasian Albania

title: Arsacid dynasty (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Sirius Black

Middle Name
Sirius is never listed as having a middle name, let alone one that states his middle name is Orion, by anything I have ever seen on the internet. I am changing it; if you dispute this please include a citation next time this information is listed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.181.236.50 (talk • contribs) 08:09, 22 June 2007

Its confirmed in Deathly Hallows (his nameplate on his bedroom door). Don't have the book next to me, but will re-edit with a page number later.Yankee.doodle.666 08:34, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Citation needed under 'Escape'
The citation for the fact that Dementors cannot sense dog thoughts as well as human thoughts is on page 372 of 'The Prisoner of Azkaban. Thus, I will be removing the citation tag. t.z0n3

Recent continuous vandalism
It seems to be the same vandalism, over and over again. I noticed at for the first while, the IP addresses were similar, save for the last few numbers. I'm wondering if this is coming from an internet cafe or school computers? I hardly think its random, because the edits are the same. Disinclination 16:19, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Some people have very weird imaginations. Michaelsanders 16:31, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * or simply dont know much about internet :) 62.194.170.62 03:42, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Ted Tonks
Regarding a recent change and reversion: Ted Tonks was originally listed as a muggle-born wizard. An anon changed this to muggle. Reaves then reverted it (with a masterful summary: 'rvv'). He has, I suspect, done the user a bit of a disservice.

In OotP, Ted Tonks is referred to by Tonks as Muggle-born. On the Black Family Tree, however, he is referred to as Muggle Ted Tonks. Now, the obvious answer would be, "The Blacks consider Muggle-borns and Muggles to be the same", which would nicely allow us to keep both statements. However, that is OR. So, we have a choice.

Do we take the published canon statement as the fact, and ignore the more recent semi-canon data (and list Ted as Muggle-born)? Or do we take the more recent data as more representative of what Rowling thinks now, and ignore the OotP statement as no longer being what she thinks (i.e. list him as a Muggle)? Michaelsanders 02:06, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * If you have a lame comment about me, put it on my talk page, not here. (You don't want to get blocked again do you?) It's common usage to use "rvv", meaning revert vandalism.  Maybe if you were more familiar with using edit summaries, you'd be able to comprehend.  There's even a handy list of common abbreviations I use on my Userpage.  John Reaves 02:16, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * In regards to the real issue here, I don't think it'd hurt to just delete the any reference to his blood or status since the issue is disputed and he's fairly minor. John Reaves 02:16, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I hope you'll apologise to the user you accused of vandalism then: apparently, the rules are strict about that sort of thing. Michaelsanders 02:23, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * And the Tonks issue has to be decided. We can't just ignore it. Michaelsanders 02:24, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

No reason, he removed content without an indication as to why. Maybe he should have inserted a personal attack as the summary, those seem clear things up nicely. Don't you think?
 * Anyway, it seems pretty trivial to me. John Reaves 02:28, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Nonetheless, you accused another editor of vandalism without good cause - it was a content issue, rather than an incidence of vandalism. You should probably apologise. And the issue is hardly top importance, but it does need to be settled. Michaelsanders 02:50, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * See test1a test2del test2a to prove yourself wrong. I see that being blocked has made you into a more righteous person; you thanked me and you are actually suggesting apologizing.  How about that?  I think it should be settled at a more relevant page, like wherever Ted Tonks is listed.  John Reaves 03:02, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Clearly muggle-born, it's stated in Deathly Hallows. Diana Prallon 19:50, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the update, Diana (and for avoiding the passive-aggressive nonsense above). Could you cite a page number here,s o others can confirm it? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  19:55, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Quote from Ted Tonks: "Refused to register as a Muggle-born on principle, see, so I knew it was a matter of time, knew I'd have to leave in the end" (HP7 295). Tsunomaru 00:59, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite
Proposed rewrite text beginnings are here. Proposed replacement
 * Is this a work in progress? Half the article is missing. John Reaves (talk) 18:06, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is. I put it up so that work could begin now - there's a lot still to do (half the article needs to be integrated into the other half). Michaelsanders 18:08, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Did you delete the last names to prevent redundancy? John Reaves (talk) 18:13, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * If you mean the first mention of the Black Sisters, then yes: it's made clear that they are Blacks by birth (and I even made it more explicit), and their marriages are mentioned later. Michaelsanders 18:36, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm looking over the proposed rewrite, and I'll be working on it soon. PNW Raven 00:52, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Should the proposed text replace the article now, or should it wait until you have finished checking it over? Michaelsanders 17:13, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Give me a little more time (I'm almost finished). PNW Raven 17:30, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Just a question in the rewrite; where is it mentioned (in the books) that Sirius stopped trusting Remus? Disinclination 18:44, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

POA, P.273: ''"Wouldn't Sirius have told you they'd changed the plan?" ''"Not if he thought I was the spy, Peter," said Lupin. "I assume that's why you didn't tell me, Sirius?"... ''"Forgive me, Remus," said Black. "Not at all...and will you, in turn, forgive me for believing you were the spy?" Michaelsanders 18:52, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd presume Remus was referring to thinking Black was the spy following the November Massacres. Though it's possible that he was referring to before that. Michaelsanders 18:55, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

I think it's ready to be posted. PNW Raven 13:37, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Right then, I'll do that now. Michaelsanders 14:32, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It's done: thanks for your work, Raven. Great job! Michaelsanders 14:39, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You're welcome!PNW Raven 18:06, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Has anybody considered nominating this article for GA status. It pretty good now.  Also, when your done with the sandbox, you should tag it for deletion. John Reaves (talk) 22:38, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Well, I think it's good enough to be nominated, although I'm still doing some "tweaking" to it. Just minor changes to sentence syntax, not overall content, which although long, I found interesting.PNW Raven 18:58, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As a GA reviewer I would fail this - external links need conversion to references, and a final prose copyedit by a non editor of HP articles would be a good idea. RHB Talk - Edits 00:07, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Ga failed
Insufficently cited and referenced, but the main thing is that most of the article concerns itself not with the real world but with the fictional one of Harry Potter. Per WP:FICT this is not on. Some of the material in the article would appear to be OR and there are a few peacock terms floating around. Moreschi Deletion! 10:31, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Sirius's bike
"It is possible that Hagrid allowed it to roam the Forbidden Forest, as he does some of his pets; alternately, it might have fallen into the possession of Arthur Weasley who has an obsession with enchanting Muggle artifacts and once owned a similarly capable car."

Removed this and the warning since its just taking up space. Since it has never been approached where it may be, anything else is really OR. Disinclination 06:22, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Hagrid is clearly shown riding Sirius's motorbike in DH, but I can still find no reference to where it could be/has been. Guess it's just one of life's great un-answered mysteries, although it is safe to say that it has been in Hagrids possesion since the Potters deaths Loopywelshemz 21:07, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

His bike is in the Weasley's tool shed, it was put there after the escape in the first part of Deathly Hallows. Mr. Weasley was talking to Harry and saying how he was really happy to have it, so he could finally figure out how brakes work. It is hidden from Mrs. Weasley due to her well known dislike of her husbands tinkering with Muggle artifacts.

Fandom section
Alot of it really seems to be OR. We can't give an accurate reference for anything. Most common relationships (just a note, RemusxSirius is the largest pairing for both on FF.N), whether or not people lament him dying, etc. I really think it should be removed. Disinclination 21:59, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Yo creo que en la sección fandom deberia haver una referencia a siriusxRemus ya que es una de las parejas más famosas. Lovegacha022 (talk) 20:02, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

Error
In books and movies comparison the 4th point is " The films do not mention or reveal anything about Sirius being an Animagus." I don't think that's true. In the 3rd movie, Sirius does turn into a dog in the Shrieking Shack scene and earlier as well.

You're right, it isn't true. In the third movie, in the Shrieking Shack, Ron points at Sirius and very distinctly says, "Harry's it's him! He's an Animagus." Xprivate eyex 11:45, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Main Picture
Would it be possible to change the picture in the infobox to one of just sirius instead of a poster picture. --munkee_madness  talk 18:50, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Did you have a candidate image in mind? Please understand that we are highly restricted from uploading copyrighted images you found somewhere - per the Non-free content policy, in particular images of actors and characters.  Movie Posters are often allowed, but studio shots and screen shots are often not allowed without strong justification.  Unfortunately, to illustrate how a character "looks" is not one of the permissible uses of a copyrighted image owned by the Studio (Warner Bros).  Anyway get us a link to the image you had in mind for posting and we'll see if it can be allowed.  --T-dot ( Talk/ contribs ) 19:04, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I suggest using a picture already in the article, such as Image:Sirius black hppoa.jpg. I don't believe the poster belongs in the article at all, seeing as how it is not expressly mentioned.  María ( críticame ) 19:36, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Dispute/Debate section
I removed this section. It was unreferenced and total speculation. If someone has a valid reason, with references, for it being there, please put it back in. Ccrashh 17:18, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

WP:OR
On a similar note, I also removed the "Book Versus Film Portrayal" and "In fandom" sections as speculative WP:OR; if reliable sources for these assertions can be found, it may be re-added. Until then, neither sections add to the encyclopedic content of this article. María ( críticame ) 19:47, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Dates
Why are there solid dates listed in this article? Rowling has specifically kept timelines ambiguous. Putting in that things happen IN 1979 or 1981 is misleading and probably incorrect, anyway. This should be removed.
 * Is there an interview where she said that she was keeping the dates non-specific? I think I had heard that she was keeping it vague as well, but cannot recall where. If people are extrapolating form publication dates, then that's OR, and will be removed. I will wait a few days and then purge the dates as such. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  19:58, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

The timeline has been confirmed in the text, most notably with the dates on James and Lily Potters Tombs (Deathly Hallows). They place Harrys birth in 1980. All other dates can be extrapolated from textual evidence based this knowledge.125.238.127.11 22:57, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Calling Harry "James"
As far as I know, it occurs in the film only. Can someone site where in the book this happens? (I'm looking at p.803 in Order of the Phoenix) Claw789 23:56, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree. I'm editing it out, unless someone can either site the reference that neither of us can see, or make a good case for it staying in (with a qualifier that it is in the movie only)Yankee.doodle.666 08:39, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I edited it back in; it happened in the film, and is notable in that it happened in one medium, and not another. Movies of this caliber and production scale don't make these sorts of mistakes that aren't edited out during post-production, so it wasn't a mistake. Maybe we need to address some of the differences between occurrences in the movie and the book. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  16:38, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

If you're going to do that, it needs to be pointed out that it is a change in the movie only. The movie is an adaptation, not the source material.Yankee.doodle.666 22:09, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Edit it out of this article and add it here Differences between book and film versions of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix if its not there already, haven't looked. ϲнʌɴɗɩєʀ 22:19, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's not a good idea, as the crufty differences article is on the slate for deletion. I would be a lot more compfortable if more than one person were able to confirm with absolute assuredness that it did not appear in the book. I seem to recall something similar happening, but I am not sure if it occured in PoA, GoF or OthP. It shouldn't leave the article until we know for sure. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  22:26, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Thanks, that article is exactly where it needs to be. It absolutely did not happen in the books. The 'similar mention' may be Molly and Hermiones comments that Sirius may be unconsciously treating Harry like James, but this is the other characters opinions only. I am looking at the book right now. It should be out unless cited.Yankee.doodle.666 22:24, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * If its okay with you, I would prefer to have a few more people weigh in before making that determination. I will change it back until we can confirm it with a number of others.
 * And as for the article being "axactly where it needs to be", thats a state for all of us to determine, not just yourself. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  23:03, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Fine. When you have a citation for it, put it in.Yankee.doodle.666 23:15, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Will do. When we have the cite, I will put it in myself, unless someone beats me to the punch (wily minxes! :)) - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  23:18, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Arcayne, Yankee is right about the James comment. It can't be cited because its not in the book. Incorrect information shouldn't be left in just because it can't be cited. The sentence should be removed, especially as the entire article is written based on the primary medium (the book), not the secondary source (the movies).Snuffulufagus 23:53, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I would disagree with your assignment of elevating the books over the films. Granted the books were published first, but that doesn't alter the nature of the article; otherwise, we wouldn't have a picture of Gary Oldman in the picturebox of the article - it would be the illustration, or nothing at all. Both the film and the books have equal weight.
 * As well, I propose a moratorium on the subject until this Saturday. this gives other folks (myself included) time to verify that the statement didn't appear in the book. Our recollections do not count, as they are primary sources of citation, but they can help to build consensus. I find it very difficult to believe such a departure in characterization would occur. Let's wait until Saturday, and see. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  00:00, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree on the moratorium, but the comment should be left out until then. It is uncited, and as the movies are based on the books, not the other way around, the article should be also. The reference in the movie is "Nice one, James!" However, the comment in the book is simply "...'Nice one!' Sirius shouted, forcing Harry's head down..."Now I want you to get out of -... Harry, take Neville and run!', dashing to meet Bellatrix." (UK childrens edition, pg 708). This is followed on page 710 by "...Harry saw Sirius duck Bellatrix's jet of red light: he was laughting at her. 'Come on, you can do better than that!' he yelled, his voice echoing around the cavernous room.. The second jet of light hit him squarely in the chest..." At no point does the named James appear, either in the dialogue or the narrative of the chapter. Snuffulufagus 00:11, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I see your point. However, as it would appear that the comment appears in the movies and not the books, it becomes noteworthy simply through that. As it meets the criteria for noteworthiness, it should remain. Let me see if I cannot tweak the statements in question so as to make them more palatable. We could always bring this to the attention of the WikiProject Harry Potter group, and get their input... - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  00:15, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You can put it in the film article in that case, the books weight more than the films. Because the character is from the books and not the films... (I dont know if it there) It would be just as wrong (imo) to say in Cho Chang that she was the one who betrayed the DA. just because that was how the film shows it like that. Or for example the description of Hogwarts and the Hogwarts grounds are not the same in the books and the films... So you would probably choose the describe it after the book in its article here... right? ϲнʌɴɗɩєʀ  00:26, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Agreed, but it seems appropriate now that it has been qualified as occurring only in the movie in the article text Snuffulufagus 01:57, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

If its going to be in, then yes it needs to be qualified as being exclusively included in the movie. I do think that it is somewhat in character, as in the book Sirius' ability to distinguish between Harry and James is sometimes called into question by other characters (Hermione and Molly especially), which I assume is why it was included in the movie.Snuffulufagus 00:22, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I did that with this edit. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  00:33, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Perfect.::Applause::Snuffulufagus 01:55, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * (Taking a perfunctory bow) We aim to please. :) = Arcayne   (cast a spell)  02:10, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Fatal Flaws
I noticed that comment needed a citation, and there is proof in the series. It was stated twice that Sirius' behavior lef to his downfall, once by Dumbledore (HP5) and a second time by Hermione (HP7).

Would this, in itself, however, constitute Sirius being labelled a tragic hero? Realisation of the flaw and destruction (rather than death) of the character are usually required. The flaws described contributed to, but did not directly cause his death, and neither was Sirius himself destroyed, merely killed in combat with his dignity intact. Also, there is no evidence that Sirius thought his behaviour to have been wrong. For example, "unhesitating self sacrifice" can hardly be considered a character flaw.
 * Now, take a moment and think about what you said there. While I think your reasoning is solid, you are making evaluations as to the characterizations of others. We don;t get to make those connections - we cite others (reliably sourced folks) who do. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  16:40, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Name etymology
I think that the older version of Sirius' etymology. The parts with Sirius dealing with astronomy I find important, because most of the black family names deal with astronomy. Also the part with the Orion constellation. CSLoomis 03:26, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Okay, its good that you think its important., Now, find citable references wherein book reviewers or Rowling or someone reliable, notable and citable has spoken out about this subject. We cannot include much in the way of inforamtion without it. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  07:26, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

The Veil
Is it ever explained what the veil is? I never really heard anything about it. 141.157.123.97 17:24, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Color, color everywhere
I am noticing a lot of html coloring occurring in the name box for the character. Is there some sort of standard that is being applied, or is this some amusing coloring event? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  23:47, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

She strikes him with a killing curse
As with the 'James' reference disputed above, this only occurs in the movie. In the book, Bellatrix strikes Sirius with an unknown spell. Harry does not immediately understand that Sirius is dead, implying that the veil and not the curse killed him (Harry expects Sirius to reappear and continue fighting). This sentence needs to be amended to reflect his death in the primary material, not secondary sources.Snuffulufagus 02:31, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * To begin with, your interchangeable usage of of 'material' and 'sources' is kind of confusing. WP considers primary sources ('I saw this', or 'I thought this') and secondary sources ('he saw this' and 'he thought this', esp as a sourced, cited item) very differnt items. I think you meant to say the original material and the adapted material.
 * Now that that's out of the way, I think that both the primary and adapted material are equal in citability and therefore appropriate for use, so long as differences between the two are identified as to their source. Fans of the books rebelled at the weak writing of JKR as to the death of Sirius, and she had to deal with that fallout by specifically stating in more than one interview that he was, in fact, dead as a doornail. The elitist preference regarding the printed material is inappropriate, as JKR has signed off on every signle adaptation to the film.
 * Note in the article the differences between both, and be done with it, I say. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  18:37, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

You misunderstand me. I don't care what the original format is. If it was the movie, then fine. However, the movie is, as you say, an adaption. It (as did the other four) made significant changes to many characters and plots in the interest of time and amalgamation. If the article is on Sirius Black, it should primarily be on the Sirius Black developed by the person who created the character. If differences are to be written as differences then fine, but at no point should the article be written in a style that suggests that the movie is the original material. Its not, thus the basic article should be written based on the original material, with notes on differences in the movie. Whether fans feel (rightly or wrongly) that the writing was weak is completely irrelevant.Snuffulufagus 10:06, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

I disagree. The article should reflect equally the material from the books and the films. Initially state the material from the books, and then the films. Both are noteworthy (esp. differences), both are reliable (written and/or endorsed by JKR), and both have extensie outside commentary that doesn't require editors and fans to supply their own OR. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  18:04, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Needing citation
I was about to remove this section from the article completely, as it has been uncited for quite some time, despite the cn tags. However, I am going to bring it here instead, and allow for the statements therein to be cited. Once they are, they can be re-added to the article. Not before then.

 * Sirius is a tragic hero: a well-liked character (by both author and readers), who causes his own downfall through his fatal flaws – in the case of Sirius, his recklessness, his fanatical obsessions, and his unhesitating self-sacrifice being the most important.

- Arcayne   (cast a spell)  18:37, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

The section is just character analysis, and while I haven't studied Wiki's exact rules, this doesn't seem like the place for it.Snuffulufagus 10:10, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Studying the exact rules isn't a waste of time, and it can only help your future edits (which aren't really bad, imho). It cannot be in the article, as it is something called synthesis. More on that can be found at WP:OR and WP:RS. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  18:09, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

In any case, I think we both agree on its removal :) Snuffulufagus 06:22, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

As for tragic hero, http://iheartbacon1376.tripod.com/id12.html one readers opinion. heres one from mugglenet. http://fanfiction.mugglenet.com/viewstory.php?action=printable&textsize=0&sid=33385&chapter=1 there are things everywhere saying hes a tragic hero. -- Gen. S.T. Shrink  *Get to the bunker*  02:18, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Come on, Storyteller - you know full well that fan speculation and opinion get zero rhythm here in Wikipedia. Cite a reliable news article, or JKR calling him that, and you got the makings of a citation. Without it, the connotation cannot return, as it is fan-inspired, speculative cruft. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  05:10, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Hear hear! faithless   (speak)  05:17, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

The prank
The article now reads that the prank, in which Sirius told Snape how to enter the tunner to the Shrieking Shack and almost got him killed, took place "late in their Hogwarts years." However, reading the Chapter The Prince's tale in DH, it can be derived that the prank actually took place much earlier. The exact year does not become clear completely, but it can be said with certainty that it must have been early in or before their fifth year: Harry witnesses Snape and Lily walking across the castle courtyard arguing as she mentions James saving Snape from "whatever's down [the tunnel]." However, Lily would no longer call Snape her friend after he called her a mudblood at the end of fifth year (after the OWLs, Snape's worst memory in OOTP), calling his friends Death Eaters and him as much as one. (Also, the memory in which Lily mentions James saving Snape is seen before the memory of the OWLs; I'm not sure if the memories in a pensieve are always displayed chronologically, but it could count as another indication.) It would also explain why Sirius, James and Peter weren't with Remus at the time of the prank, as they hadn't managed becoming animagi until somewhere in their fifth year. However, all of this being said, the HP-lexicon mentions Sirius being 16 at the time of the prank, meaning that it would have been in sixth year. If anyone could confirm this age from somewhere in the books, the article might be left the way it is. Otherwise, I think changing might be in place. Dabih 21:07, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * What is this "HP lexicon" you speak of, and where is the citation for it? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  00:55, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The HP-lexicon is http://hp-lexicon.org, an extensive website that even the filmmakes use for their information (said in an inverview with David Yates, I believe). The quote is on Lupin's page, but I have no idea where it's from in the books. Dabih 06:37, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

There's no need for a change. Its still possible that 16 is right, as we don't have a birth date for Sirius (he could have been born late in the year, meaning he would turn 16 soon after 5th year started). In any case, there is no definitive primary evidence of Sirius' age at the time, and all direct references in the books indicate that it was in the later portion of his Hogwarts career (so to speak). As the lexicon is only a fan site (albeit a rather detailed one), anything on it has no weight in a wiki discussion. Besides, they're nowhere near finished their post-DH update anyway ;).Snuffulufagus 06:17, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * And I wish them godspeed with it. However, unless someone citable mentions facts from it in relation to Sirius Black, we cannot use it. More's the pity. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  06:26, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I was thinking the dates over again later at night after posting this (who needs sleep anyway, right?) and came to the same conclusion about Sirius's birthdate - early fifth year might be very plausible indeed. However, it remains that no date or age was specified in the books, so it might as well have been third year for all we know (which is was why I was wondering where the 16 year came from in the first place). Dabih 06:37, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

I've just checked in Prisoner of Azkaban, and it actually explicitly states that Sirius was sixteen. "Snape took a step towards Dumbledore. 'Sirius Black showed he was capable of murder at the age of sixteen', he breathed. 'You haven't forgotten that he once tried to kill me?'" (UK kids ed pg286) So based on the evidence in the books, we know that Sirius was sixteen but in fifth year. Whether it needs to be stated explicitly in the article is another matter.Snuffulufagus 05:21, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I must've overlooked that part. I remember in an interview J.K. Rowling once stated that Sirius was 22 when he was sent to Azkaban, while the Potters must've been 21 at the time, so it makes sense. Dabih 11:36, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Name etymology
This edit was just removed fromt he article,and rightfully so, as it has no citations whatsoever. I have repiared that section to here, with the idea that some industrious sould will find the citations necessary to allow the section to rejoin the article. Without it, it cannot.

 * As with many Rowling characters, Sirius's name partly reveals his nature. "Sirius Black" is a pun on his ability to transform into a giant black dog (Sirius being the "Dog Star"), which is often confused with the Grim, which in the Harry Potter series brings death with its presence. Black hounds also appear on the Black family crest.

- Arcayne   (cast a spell)  19:34, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:HarryPotterGOFPoster-SiriusBlackWanted.jpeg
Image:HarryPotterGOFPoster-SiriusBlackWanted.jpeg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 22:53, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

family tree!
i just wanted to post my views about the family tree.in the family tree its written male and female longbottom.well isnt it supposed to be frank longbottom and alice longbottom.their son neville longbottom who marries hannah abbot.hope my suggestion is right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shadow dweller28 (talk • contribs) 15:35, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The male and female Longbottom you mentioned are brother and sister, not husband and wife. We don't know who they are. faithless   (speak)  00:19, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

We can be 100% cartain that they're not Neville's grandparents- Neville's grandmother's name is Augusta, whereas on the tree Harfang married Callidora Black and their kids, as stated above, are the anonymous Longbottom siblings. Rowling is too smart for a slip-up as such. --Maurice45 (talk) 19:54, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 July 2021 (2)
2601:248:4E00:43D0:B8B8:BBDC:8B:81E5 (talk) 17:48, 2 July 2021 (UTC) Change the last appearance to Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix2601:248:4E00:43D0:B8B8:BBDC:8B:81E5 (talk) 17:48, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * ❌ While he dies in Order of the Phoenix, the character still appears in Deathly Hallows. —El Millo (talk) 17:51, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

infobox fix
in infobox, please move "House:Gryffyndor" to the in-universe section. I had trouble finding this info because I looked in the wrong part of the box. 2602:24A:DE47:BA60:8FCB:EA4E:7FBD:4814 (talk) 08:13, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅  -ink&fables  «talk»  08:28, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * User:-ink&fables, thanks. Could you do the same for Remus Lupin and maybe others?  Perhaps there is some way to find all these infoboxes in one go, but I don't know offhand what it would be. 2601:648:8202:350:0:0:0:2B99 (talk) 05:23, 17 July 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ I made requested changes on all the Harry Potter characters' articles per WP:BOLD, because I do agree with you.
 * There is no way to make such changes in one go for all the pages, because infobox used is which are used on all the fictional character related articles and not only for Harry Potter characters. You can find more information about the infobox on its page. If you are a regular editor on wikipedia I would suggest you to make an account and you can get rights to edit protected pages like these. Thank you.  -ink&fables   «talk»  16:33, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 July 2021
Change to last appearance to Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003) 2601:248:4E00:43D0:5CDF:6E81:9FCD:FFEF (talk) 13:32, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
 * ❌, the character appears, though dead, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. —El Millo (talk) 18:42, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

I am proof of Sirius Black.
He is my grandpa my name is Arrissa Black he lives in Indiana but originally lived in england 50.106.91.66 (talk) 14:00, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Relationships.
He only dated Remus John Lupin, thank you. (REMUS AND NYMPHADORA DID NOT GET MARRIED, THAT'S JKR'S PROPOGANDA) 90.131.46.240 (talk) 20:36, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sirius Black


text:
Talk:Scott Raynor

morons
take a look at this you godamn idiots http://www.absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=32568 this has all the TRUE info you need and not some false made up bullshit you'll see on blink's website  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antoccc (talk • contribs) 00:13, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Blink Greatest Hits
should he be credited with the drums when travis barker re-recorded the songs for the CD RE: yes, since he wrote the part along with the others. 24.17.48.11 (talk) 16:03, 19 August 2011 (UTC)

Sic
t really necessary to include the "whom" and [sic] in his q75.146.219.186|75.146.219.186]] (talk) 14:03, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

well the quote is whom, you can't change a quote, that is why it is a quote...and the sic is just to show it wasn't a typing error, that it is, in fact, grammatically incorrect from the quote...

Bio
His bio greatly contradicts many of the other pages related to Blink-182, such as the bands page. Most other sources say that Mark and Tom had been playing before they brought on Scott, but this page disagrees. Perhaps sources for either of them could be added? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.195.209.17 (talk) 04:05, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

Does he really work in a KFC now? Sounds dodgy. And delicious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fishtastico (talk • contribs) 00:06, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

They recently did an interview on there YouTube page where Tom says he met Scott while in a new school after he'd been kicked out of his old one when Scott came over for a Battle of the Bands, and that Mark's Sister told Tom that her Brother played bass and was moving to where they lived. Tom and Scott played together for awhile and then Mark joined. And Tom thought of there name while Skateboarding. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjVMaY1zgXQ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.69.56.11 (talk) 04:31, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

I dont understand the last entry on the page at all. Not only is it grammatically incorrect in numerous ways, it's just incomprehensive. Is it a quote... is it a drunken comment? There's no reference. If no one replies to this or deletes it themselves, I'll go ahead and delete this garbage-spam entry tomorrow. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.56.223.203 (talk) 08:27, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scott Raynor


text:
Battleship (game)

Battleship (also known as Battleships) is a strategy type guessing game for two players. It is played on ruled grids (paper or board) on which each player's fleet of warships are marked. The locations of the fleets are concealed from the other player. Players alternate turns calling "shots" at the other player's ships, and the objective of the game is to destroy the opposing player's fleet.

Battleship is known worldwide as a pencil and paper game which dates from World War I. It was published by various companies as a pad-and-pencil game in the 1930s and was released as a plastic board game by Milton Bradley in 1967. The game has spawned electronic versions, video games, smart device apps and a film.

History
The game of Battleship is thought to have its origins in the French game L'Attaque played during World War I, although parallels have also been drawn to E. I. Horsman's 1890 game Basilinda, and the game is said to have been played by Russian officers before World War I. The first commercial version of the game was Salvo, published in 1931 in the United States by the Starex company. Other versions of the game were printed in the 1930s and 1940s, including the Strathmore Company's Combat: The Battleship Game, Milton Bradley's Broadsides: A Game of Naval Strategy and Maurice L. Freedman's Warfare Naval Combat. Strategy Games Co. produced a version called Wings which pictured planes flying over the Los Angeles Coliseum. All of these early editions of the game consisted of pre-printed pads of paper.

In 1967 Milton Bradley introduced a version of the game that used plastic boards and pegs. Conceived by Ed Hutchins, play was on pegboards using miniature plastic ships. In 1977, Milton Bradley also released a computerized Electronic Battleship, a pioneering microprocessor-based toy, capable of generating various sounds. Electronic Battleship was designed by Dennis Wyman and Bing McCoy. It was followed in 1989 by Electronic Talking Battleship. In 2008, an updated version of Battleship was released, using hexagonal tiles. In the updated version, each player's board contains several islands on which "captured man" figurines can be placed. Ships may be placed only around the islands, and only in the player's half of the board. When the movie Battleship was released, the board game reverted to the original 1967 style. The 2008 updated version is still available as Battleship Islands.

Battleship was one of the earliest games to be produced as a computer game, with a version being released for the Z80 Compucolor in 1979. Many computer editions of the game have been produced since. In Clubhouse Games for the Nintendo DS, Battleship is known as Grid Attack. It is played on a 7×7 grid, and includes slight variations, such as four-player gameplay, and various ship sizes and shapes. Versions of Battleship appear as applications on numerous social networking services.

Battleship was also part of Hasbro Family Game Night for the PlayStation 2 and Wii, as well as the Xbox 360 (Xbox Live Arcade). These alter the rules, including the size of the grid (8×12 in the NES version, 8×8 in the Game Boy version), size of ships (it is common to feature a submarine that takes up a single square) and special shot missiles for each ship. For example, in the NES version, the cruiser has a five-shot missile which strikes five squares in an X pattern on the grid in one turn. Submarine-tracking sonar and aerial reconnaissance to spot ships are also features.

A minigame version of Battleship was used in the third season of The Hub's Family Game Night, which uses a 5×5 grid and the first team to sink three ships wins the game.

In 2012, the military science fiction action movie Battleship was released, which was inspired by the Milton Bradley board game, which this adaptation is an alien invasion-theme movie. A version of Battleship based on the movie was released in which one side had alien ship playing pieces.

In 1973 a spin-off version was released under the name Sub Search. Employing a three-dimensional play area, battleships drop depth charges on submarines hidden on a multi-level board.

In one episode of the Amazon Prime Video show The Grand Tour, presenters Richard Hammond and James May played a game of Battleship with two cranes (colored red and green) and 20 REVAi vehicles as missiles. The ships ranged from cars to campervans. May won the game after sinking all of Hammond's ships.

Description
The game is played on four grids, two for each player. The grids are typically square – usually 10×10 – and the individual squares in the grid are identified by letter and number. On one grid the player arranges ships and records the shots by the opponent. On the other grid, the player records their own shots.

Before play begins, each player secretly arranges their ships on their primary grid. Each ship occupies a number of consecutive squares on the grid, arranged either horizontally or vertically. The number of squares for each ship is determined by the type of ship. The ships cannot overlap (i.e., only one ship can occupy any given square in the grid). The types and numbers of ships allowed are the same for each player. These may vary depending on the rules. The ships should be hidden from players sight and it's not allowed to see each other's pieces. The game is a discovery game which players need to discover their opponents ship positions.

The 1990 Milton Bradley version of the rules specify the following ships:

In 2002, Hasbro renamed the Cruiser to Destroyer, taking three squares, and introduced a new two-square ship called the Patrol Boat.

After the ships have been positioned, the game proceeds in a series of rounds. In each round, each player takes a turn to announce a target square in the opponent's grid which is to be shot at. The opponent announces whether or not the square is occupied by a ship. If it is a "hit", the player who is hit marks this on their own "ocean" or grid (with a red peg in the pegboard version), and announces what ship was hit. The attacking player marks the hit or miss on their own "tracking" or "target" grid with a pencil marking in the paper version of the game, or the appropriate color peg in the pegboard version (red for "hit", white for "miss"), in order to build up a picture of the opponent's fleet.

When all of the squares of a ship have been hit, the ship's owner announces the sinking of the Carrier, Submarine, Cruiser/Destroyer/Patrol Boat, or the titular Battleship. If all of a player's ships have been sunk, the game is over and their opponent wins.

Variations
In the 1931 Salvo edition of the game, players target a specified number of squares at one time, and all of the squares are attacked simultaneously. A player may initially target five (one for each unsunk ship) squares per turn, and the amount of shots decreases when one of the player's ships are lost. In other variants of this mechanic, the number of shots allowed to fire each turn may either be fixed at five for the whole game, be equal to the number of unsunk ships belonging to the player, or be equal to the size of the player's largest undamaged ship. The opponent may either call the result of each shot in turn or simply announce the hits or misses. E.g.: "two hits and three misses", leaving their opponent to work out the consequences of the salvo. In the modern Milton Bradley rules for Battleship, Salvo is listed as a variation "for more experienced players", with the number of shots being equal to the number of ships that the firing player has remaining.

One variant of Battleship allows players to decline to announce that a ship has been sunk, requiring their opponent to take further shots in order to confirm that an area is clear. Another variant of the rule allows a player to move one of their ships to a new, uncalled location every fourth or fifth move.

A variant popular in the United Kingdom is for each player to also have five mines. These occupy one square each and are placed on the board in the same manner as the ships. When a player's guess hits a mine on an opponent's board it destroys anything in that square and the eight immediately surrounding squares on the board of the player making the guess.

Reviews

 * Family Games: The 100 Best

title: Battleship (game)


text:
Toño Bicicleta

Francisco Antonio García López (July 19, 1943 – November 29, 1995), also known as Toño Bicicleta (literally, "Tony Bicycle" in English), was a Puerto Rican criminal who gained notoriety for escaping from prison several times. García López managed to become part of Puerto Rican folklore and the object of constant references in popular culture. His escapes became legendary in Puerto Rico.

Biography
There are conflicting versions as to García López's birthplace. The police file states that he was born in Yauco, Puerto Rico, but journalist and writer Alexis Morales Cales who specialized in the criminal's life, believes he was born in Maricao, specifically in the Indiera Alta barrio. Others still believe he was born in Lares.

García's parents were Esteban García Medina and Antonia López Vargas. There are conflicting stories regarding how he came to be known as Toño Bicicleta: one, because he was said to get around on an old bicycle, and the other, because he stole a bike in his youth.

García's first wife was called Antonia Rivera. They had three children together: Francisco Antonio, María Milagros, and Carmen Dolores.

Criminal history
According to the police investigation, in 1968 Antonio García murdered his then wife, Gloria Soto, with a machete. For this crime, García was sentenced to 185 years in prison. However, he managed to escape two years later.

In 1974, García was again captured by a civilian in a farm in the Guaraguao barrio of Bayamón. He was incarcerated in the prison of Sabana Hoyos in Arecibo, until 1981 when he escaped again. In 1984, he broke in the house of Gilberto Pérez Valentín, mayor of the town of Maricao. According to Pérez, García stole some silver coins, food, a machete, a flashlight, and a Smith & Wesson .45 caliber gun.

García's numerous escapes helped him become part of the local lore. Allegedly, during his escapes he would continue committing rapes and kidnappings. Some of the women that were allegedly kidnapped by García during the 1970s were Luz Celenia Caraballo and Aurea Esther Camacho. In 1981, García kidnapped Olga Iris Despiau Cabán from her home in Arecibo. According to Despiau, García threatened to kill her father with a knife if she didn't comply. She remained with the fugitive until 1984, when he abandoned her during a raid. Some time later, García kidnapped her a second time until her family managed to rescue her. He also tried to kidnap Luz Delia Soler during the late 1980s. Some people claim that due to his notoriety he was used as some sort of scapegoat both by authorities and civilians to several crimes on the island.

In 1987, García killed his stepfather, Antonio Caraballo Gonzales, and then tried to burn the body. After that, his mother Antonia Garcia was able to flee from the crime scene. Then he killed his uncle, Pablo López Vargas, in Maricao. On January 31, 1988, García killed Luis Rodríguez and kidnapped his 14-year-old girlfriend, Dahiana Pérez Lebrón. The girl stayed with the criminal for eight years during which he raped her and forced her to sleep with her feet chained. Dahiana was with him at the moment of his last showdown with authorities in 1995.

Death and burial
In the morning of November 29, 1995, García was allegedly working in a coffee plantation in the Castañer ward of Lares, Puerto Rico. Police arrived at 7:20 am and Officer Luis Rosa Merced of the Puerto Rico Police Department shot the notorious criminal in the genitals. According to the police report, García resisted the arrest and tried to attack Rosa with a machete. As he threw himself to the ground, he shot García, fatally injuring him. According to Dahiana Pérez, García did not die immediately, but was kicked and mocked by the officers while he bled to death.

At the time of his death, García was described as being 5 feet 2 inches and weighing 130 pounds. His funeral was held at Irizarry Funeral Home in Lares, and his body was buried in that town's cemetery. Despite the fact that he was a criminal, assassin and rapist, and some welcomed his death, thousands of people attended his funeral. He had become a kind of legend because of his constant appearance, during a 14-year period, in El Vocero, Puerto Rico's popular newspaper, at the time.

References in popular culture

 * In 1978, French writer Georges Londreix, who had been living in Puerto Rico during the 1970s and was the director of the local chapter of the Alliance Francaise, edited Tonio Bicicleta, a novel about García López written in French. It was subsequently translated to Spanish.
 * In the early 1970s, Tony Croatto, then paired with his sister Nelly, had a minor pop music hit in Puerto Rico titled "La Bicicleta de Toño" ("Toño's Bicycle").
 * In the early 1990s, local rock band La Mancha del Jardín released a song titled "Toño Bicicleta".
 * In the early 1990s, local rock band Puya mentioned Toño Bicicleta in their song "El Chupacabra".
 * A different song named "Toño Bicicleta" was recorded by Spanish-Puerto Rican thrash metal band Juerguistas y Borrachos.
 * In the late 1990s, a local film titled La Noche Que Se Apareció Toño Bicicleta (The Night that Toño Bicicleta Appeared) was released.
 * In 2007, the Calle 13 song "La Crema" on the album Residente o Visitante makes reference to Toño Bicicleta as part of a laundry list of Puerto Rican culture and lore.
 * A diss track towards Tego Calderón called "Wasa Wasa" by Puerto Rican rapper Temperamento, makes reference to Toño Bicicleta on the following verse "Aguanta esa boca tienes los cachetes llenos de coca, tu si que eres feca, eres tan horrible que ni Toño te prestaba la Bicicleta".
 * In the song "Dale Pal Piso" of Watussi Ft. Jowell & Randy and Ñengo Flow, It refers to "Toño Bicicleta".

title: Toño Bicicleta