text:
Salve, Oh Patria

"¡Salve, Oh Patria!" ("Hail, Oh Fatherland!") is the national anthem of Ecuador. The lyrics were written in 1865 by poet Juan León Mera, under request of the Ecuadorian Senate; the music was composed by Antonio Neumane. However, it was not officially adopted by the Congress until September 29, 1948.

The anthem consists of a chorus and six verses, of which only the second verse and the chorus (before and after the verse) are actually sung. The verses are marked by a strong anti-Spanish sentiment and narrate the failed 1809 uprising against Bonapartist Spain and the 1820–1822 Ecuadorian War of Independence.

History
From 1830 to 1832, José Joaquín de Olmedo wrote a national anthem (chorus and four verses) as an homage to the nascent Ecuadorian state. This composition, suggested by General Juan José Flores, was not set to music and did not gain popularity. In 1833, a hymn titled "Canción Ecuatoriana" ("Ecuadorian Song"), of six verses, was published in the Gaceta del Gobierno del Ecuador No. 125 of December 28. A composition date of 1830 was given, but most historians do not consider this definitive, because it was by an anonymous author. In 1838, a Canción Nacional (National Song), of a chorus and six verses, appeared included in the pamphlet Poesías by General Flores, which was published by the Government Press. In a later editions, there were changes to the third verse. Even so, for historians, it is the second Canción Nacional that is known.

In 1865, the Argentine musician Juan José Allende, in collaboration with the Ecuadorian Army, presented to the National Congress a musical project for the lyrics by José Joaquín de Olmedo, but it was not well received. In November of this year, at the express request of the president of the Senate, Nicolás Espinosa, the Ambateño poet Juan León Mera Martínez, who was then the secretary of the Senate, wrote and submitted the lyrics of the National Anthem. These lyrics were then sent, with Congressional approval, to Guayaquil, so that Antonio Neumane would set them to music. This is the hymn that would later be officialized as the definitive national anthem.

On January 16, 1866, the complete version of the lyrics by Juan León Mera were published in the Quiteño weekly El Sud Americano. In 1870, the national anthem premiered in the Plaza Grande (Plaza de la Independencia facing the Palacio de Gobierno), performed by the 2nd Battalion and the Compañía Lírica de Pablo Ferreti, directed by Antonio Neumane. The music was in the key of C flat major. The current introduction of 16 measures was composed by Domingo Brescia and Enrique Marconi in 1901. Today, the hymn is performed in the key of E major from 2001 onward.

In 1913, the Guayaquileño writer and diplomat Víctor Manuel Rendón submitted a new hymn with lyrics adapted from the music of Antonio Neumane, but ultimately the Legislature rejected the proposal.

On September 29, 1948, the National Congress declared Juan León Mera's verses an official anthem.

Lyrics
As a full performance can last up to three minutes, in many instances only a sub-90 second rendition of the chorus is performed at public events like soccer games.

title: Salve, Oh Patria


text:
Chief minister

A chief minister is an elected or appointed head of government of – in most instances – a sub-national entity, for instance an administrative subdivision or federal constituent entity. Examples include a state (and sometimes a union territory) in India; a territory of Australia; a province of Sri Lanka or Pakistan; a federal province in Nepal; an autonomous region of Philippines; or a British Overseas Territory that has attained self-governance. It is also used as the English version of the title given to the heads of governments of the Malay states without a monarchy.

The title is also used in the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man (since 1986), in Guernsey (since 2004), and in Jersey (since 2005).

In 2018 Sierra Leone, a presidential republic, created the role of an appointed chief minister, which is similar to a prime minister in a semi-presidential system. Before that, only Milton Margai had the same position between 1954 and 1958.

Meaning and role
The title has a similar construction and role as a first minister or minister-president but usually with a lower rank. The role has context within the Westminster system of government where a constitutional head of state (usually sub-national) is advised by ministers who usually head executive government departments (ministries). A chief minister is understood to be "first among equals". They would be the chief adviser to the nominal head of their state, the chair of cabinet and leader of the main governing political party in the legislature.

Chief ministers around the world

 * Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory
 * Chief Minister of the Northern Territory of Australia
 * Chief Minister of Burma
 * Chief Minister of Guernsey
 * Chief Minister of Gibraltar
 * Chief Minister (India)
 * Chief Minister of Jersey
 * Chief Minister of the Isle of Man
 * Chief Minister of Montserrat
 * Chief Ministers in Malaysia
 * Chief minister (Nepal)
 * Chief Minister (Pakistan)
 * Chief Minister of Bangsamoro of the Philippines
 * Chief Minister of Saint Helena
 * Chief Minister of Sierra Leone
 * Chief Minister of Singapore
 * Chief Ministers in Sri Lanka
 * Chief Minister of Mandalay Region
 * List of chief ministers of Galmudug (Somalia)

Informal chief ministers

 * Chief minister of France
 * English chief ministers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chief minister


text:
Richeza of Poland, Queen of Sweden

Richeza of Poland (Ryksa Bolesławówna, Rikissa; 12 April 1116 – after 25 December 1156), a member of the House of Piast, was twice Queen of Sweden and once Princess of Minsk through her three marriages.

Richeza was the daughter of Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke of Poland, by his second wife, Salomea of Berg. Tradition describes her as unusually beautiful.

First marriage
The Polish ruler Bolesław III Wrymouth entered in an alliance with King Niels of Denmark against Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania (now in northwestern Poland and northeastern Germany). In order to seal this alliance, a marriage was arranged between Bolesław III's daughter Richeza< with Niels' eldest son, Crown Prince Magnus the Strong. The wedding took place in Ribe around 1127 and was celebrated with pomp and circumstances. Richeza bore her husband two sons: Knud in 1129 and Niels in 1130.

As one of the heirs of his maternal grandfather King Inge I, Magnus claimed Sweden. He was recognized King of Götaland or parts thereof by the Geats (Götar) in c. 1129 after the death of his mother's cousin King Inge II. Then Richeza became Queen consort of Sweden. However, Magnus' rule was not accepted by the Svear, another tribe to the north of the Geats, who vetoed him and elected Ragnvald Knaphövde as the new King. According to the chronicler Saxo Grammaticus, Ragnvald was murdered by supporters of Magnus, who then won the realm ("imperium") as King of Sweden. However, there soon appeared another contender for the throne, Sverker I, who had his power base in Östergötland.

Richeza and her husband had their base in Denmark rather than Sweden. Alarmed by the popularity and Imperial support of his cousin Knud Lavard, Duke of Schleswig, both Magnus and his father King Niels acted against Knud, who was murdered by Magnus on 7 January 1131. Knud's half-brother Erik rebelled against Niels and Magnus, but was defeated and took refuge in Norway, where he convinced the local nobility and the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III to launch a retaliatory expedition against Niels. Meanwhile, Sverker I finally made the Swedes abandon Magnus in c. 1132, when he was busy with the civil war in Denmark; he then unified the country under his rule. Niels was defeated in the Battle of Fotevik (4 June 1134), and also lost his son Magnus who was slain during the battle. Niels escaped to Schleswig, where he was killed by the citizens (25 June 1134). Now a widow, Richeza returned to Poland, apparently leaving her two sons behind in Denmark.

Second marriage
Once in Poland, Duke Bolesław III arranged a new marriage for his daughter. On 18 June 1136, Richeza married a member of the Rurikid dynasty, Volodar Glebovich, Prince of Minsk and Grodno,  who at that time was in exile in the Polish court. The union was made in order to seal the alliance of Minsk and Poland against Denmark and the powerful Monomakh Kievan dynasty. During this marriage, Richeza gave birth to three children: two sons, Vladimir (later Prince of Minsk) and Vasilko (Prince of Logoysk or Lahojsk), and a daughter, Sophia, born ca. 1139/40.

Around 1145, the political advantages of the Polish-Minsk union began to disappear after the Monomach dynasty lost its hegemony among the Rurikid ruling branches. Likely this was the cause of the dissolution of the marriage of Richeza and Volodar. Richeza returned again to Poland, this time with her daughter Sophia, but left her two sons behind with her former husband. Volodar never remarried and died around 1186. She moved to Denmark when her son Knud or Canute V was enthroned in 1146.

Third marriage
In c. 1148, Queen Ulvhild Håkansdotter, Sverker I's wife and Richeza's old stepmother-in-law, died. Soon afterwards, the widowed King married Richeza, who arrived in Sweden with her daughter Sophia. The King likely married her with support from Richeza's first husband's allies in Götaland. The union produced one son, Bulizlaus or Burislev, who was named after his Polish maternal grandfather. The chronicles assign Sune Sik Sverkersson as the youngest son of Sverker I, possibly born by Richeza.

In 1150, Richeza's oldest son Knud V, King of Jutland, took refuge in Sweden after he was expelled from Denmark by Sweyn III Grathe, King of Zealand. In this way, the marriage with Sverker I give Richeza the opportunity to help her son, and some historians assume that she partially married the Swedish King for this reason. One year later (1151), Knud asked for the help of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Hartwig I, Archbishop of Bremen, but was defeated by Sweyn III's forces. Only after the mediation of the King of the Germans Frederick Barbarossa during the Imperial Diet in Merseburg was there made a settlement between both parties: Knud V renounced his claim and was compensated by lands in Zealand, while Sweyn III was made king of Denmark. After this decision, both Knud V and Valdemar Knudsson (son of Knud Lavard, the enemy of his own father Magnus) rebelled against Sweyn III, who was expelled in 1154: Knud V and Valdemar became co-rulers of Denmark.

In 1156 Knud V married Helena, daughter of King Sverker I and his first wife Ulvhild; in consequence, Richeza became the step-mother-in-law of her own son. On Christmas Day of that year, Sverker I was murdered by a servant. When Knud V heard about the deed, he went to Sweden in order to console Richeza, but also to bring his half-sister Sophia of Minsk to Denmark to be married to Valdemar, to whom she had been betrothed since 1154. The marriage took place in 1157. On 9 August of that year, King Knud V was killed during a meeting with Valdemar I and Sweyn III. In 1158 Richeza's second son Niels, probably a monk in Esrom Abbey, also died.

Death and aftermath
Richeza is known to have survived Sverker I's death, although the facts of her later life and her date of death are unknown: a legend says that she remarried the stable master who took part in the assassination of Sverker I.

Burislev, Richeza's son by Sverker I, is sometimes identified with Burislev, a rival claimant to the Swedish throne against Canute I after 1167. He acted in concert with another pretender Kol, but was defeated and eliminated, according to a much later source in 1169. He is believed either to have been slain by Canute I's men or to have fled to Denmark or Poland some time before 1173. However, medieval Swedish genealogies say that the claimants Kol and Burislev were in fact sons of John, a son of Sverker and Ulvhild. If so, the younger Burislev was given the prestigious name after his grandfather's second marriage without actually being related to Bolesław III. The only thing we know about Richeza's son Burislev is that his goods were inherited by his uterine sister Sophia of Minsk.

Richeza's daughter Sophia of Minsk, Queen of Denmark by her first marriage to Valdemar I, give Richeza her only known legitimate grandchildren: the later kings Knud VI and Valdemar II of Denmark; Sophie (Countess of Orlamünde); Margareta and Maria, nuns at Roskilde; Ingeborg (the later repudiated Queen of France); Helena (Duchess of Brunswick-Luneburg) and Richeza, named after her grandmother and who, like her, became Queen of Sweden.

title: Richeza of Poland, Queen of Sweden


text:
Brookhaven, New York

Brookhaven, formally the Town of Brookhaven, is a large suburban town in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York. With a population of 488,497 as of 2022, it is the second most populous town in the United States and in New York (after Hempstead, in the adjacent Nassau County) and the third most populous community in the state.

The first settlement in what is now Brookhaven was known as Setauket. Founded as a group of agricultural hamlets in the mid-17th century, Brookhaven first expanded as a major center of shipbuilding in the 19th century. Its proximity to New York City facilitated the establishment of resort communities, followed by a post-war population boom. In the 2020 census record, Brookhaven contained 485,773 people.

The township is home to two renowned research centers, Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Laboratory. Combined these two research centers are approximately 50% of the Town's top ten employer's employee count. Tourism is also a major part of the local economy. The largest traditional downtowns are located in Port Jefferson, a regional transportation hub for the Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferry, and Patchogue. The area has long been serviced by the Long Island Rail Road.

Origins and etymology
The first known inhabitants were Algonquian-speaking Native Americans, of the Setauket and Unkechaug tribes. The first English settlers arrived around 1640, and in 1655, several purchased Brookhaven's land from its tribal inhabitants. The latter founding year was recognized in 1976, when the Brookhaven Town Bicentennial Commission proposed setting the date on the seal to 1655 in line with this first deed of settlement of the town of Brookhaven at Setauket on April 14, 1655. Considering this founding year of 1655, Brookhaven is the fifth English township on Long Island following Southampton, Southold, Huntington, and East Hampton. The first English settlement was named "Setauket" after the Native American tribe. The names "Brookhaven" and "Setauket" were initially used interchangeably to describe the village or the town. The verbal division between the smaller hamlet of Setauket and township of Brookhaven was not set until well into the 19th century. A point of confusion is the existence of the hamlet named Brookhaven, which was in fact named for the township in 1879. Other names used in the settlement's first decades were "Ashford", after Ashford, Kent, in England, and "Cromwell Bay", for English Protestant leader Oliver Cromwell.

The original purchase from the native Setalcott tribe that took place in 1655 encompassed the land making up present-day Setauket, Stony Brook, and Port Jefferson. A second purchase was made by Richard Woodhull in 1664 expanded this tract eastward along the North Shore to additionally include all lands from the Old Mans area (Mount Sinai and Miller Place) to Wading River. Richard Woodhull was the direct heir of Eustace de Vesci, a British noble who was a signator of the Magna Charta. Another land purchase in the same year expanded Brookhaven to the South Shore of Long Island.

Brookhaven was integrated into the Province of New York following that colony's establishment in 1664, and in 1666 Governor Richard Nicolls granted a patent for the town which confirmed title to the lands purchased. Governor Thomas Dongan issued a patent in 1686 which granted powers to the town and established a representative form of government. The town seal was authorized at this time. The central element of the town seal, the letter “D”, was designated to the Town of Brookhaven as its official cattle earmark by the Duke's Laws of 1665. Although no records exist dating to the town seal's original design plan, it is generally thought that the seal's olive branch signified peace and the whaling tools signified the most lucrative business in the Town of Brookhaven at the time. The current seal is a redesign, retaining the original elements, but adding the Town of Brookhaven and its 1655 date of settlement.

Colonial era
Early English settlers farmed, fished, and hunted whales. Brookhaven was largely agrarian, with each hamlet being limited to a handful of families yet containing miles of land. This economy was supplemented in coastal sections with fishing. A major commercial center did not exist in Brookhaven until the early 19th century.

Brookhaven was founded primarily by English colonists that partook in the settlement of Southold, and was likewise under the jurisdiction of the theocratic New Haven Colony in the modern state of Connecticut. Brookhaven was transferred to the more secular Hartford-led Connecticut Colony in 1662. Following the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664, the new English colony of New York laid claim to Long Island and brought Brookhaven into its jurisdiction.

American Revolutionary War
During the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Brookhaven and the rest of Long Island were captured by British forces, and many residents sided with the British as loyalists to the English crown. Nevertheless, Brookhaven had multiple episodes of celebrated American activity during the war. This included the actions of the Culper Spy Ring, a spy network working for George Washington that largely consisted of Brookhaveners working in occupied territory. Another episode was Benjamin Tallmadge's successful raid from across Long Island to the British stronghold at the Manor St. George, wherein his raiding party rowed from Connecticut to Cedar Beach and marched across Long Island, culminating in the Battle of Fort St. George and burning of the defensive structure. A more minor skirmish occurred within the settlement of Setauket, where the British had repurposed the local Protestant church as a fortress. Gunshots were fired and some bullet holes remain within the walls of the adjacent Caroline Church.

Development
In the mid-19th century, several communities in Brookhaven prospered as shipbuilding ports. The most successful of those were the villages of Port Jefferson and Patchogue, which remain the township's most bustling traditional downtowns. Whaling and cordwood industries also developed in Brookhaven.

Railroads reached Brookhaven in the mid-19th century, beginning in 1843 with trains reaching inland to Ronkonkoma. The earliest equivalent to the North Shore's present-day Port Jefferson Branch began operation in 1873. The Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferry has been operating between Port Jefferson and Bridgeport, Connecticut, since 1888 and was partly founded by legendary circus-master P.T. Barnum.

From the end of the late 19th century until the middle of the 20th, many communities along the North Shore and South Shore became successful resort towns. These hosted many urban residents from nearby New York City, including numerous celebrities of the era, during the summer months. Meanwhile, many rural sections across Brookhaven served as campgrounds for youth clubs.

During the Gilded Age, Brookhaven underwent some of the same changes that affected Long Island's Gold Coast. Waterfront areas along the North Shore, including Belle Terre and Old Field, transformed from small fishing communities into fashionable and exclusive enclaves of the moneyed elite.

A variety of notable research occurred in Brookhaven around the turn of the 20th century. Inventor Nikola Tesla had a research center in Shoreham, which featured the large Wardenclyffe Tower. As of 2016, this site was being renovated as the Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe. Guglielmo Marconi opened one of the world's largest radio facilities, known as RCA's Radio Central, in Rocky Point.

Modern history
In the post-war era, Brookhaven experienced a massive population boom. This was partly due to its proximity to New York City along the Long Island Rail Road and the highway system of Robert Moses. The township's most internationally renowned institutions, Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Lab, both date to the years following World War II.

During the mid-century, a number of major transformations were conducted by philanthropist Ward Melville in the "Three Village" area (The Setaukets, Stony Brook, and Old Field). Melville, an Old Field resident and owner of what later became CVS Corporation, used his fortune to transform Northwestern Brookhaven to his vision of an idealized New England–style region. To this end, he ordered the construction in 1939 of the Stony Brook Village Center, a picturesque commercial center set on village green in Stony Brook, with clapboard buildings designed to look as if they had colonial origins. In 1962, Ward Melville donated 400 acres of land for the relocation of now-named Stony Brook University from Oyster Bay.

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) sits on the site of Camp Upton, a United States Army installation that was used as a training ground in World War I and World War II by thousands of soldiers including composer Irving Berlin. In 1946 ownership of the grounds was transferred for use by the new national laboratory, which began operating the following year. Brookhaven researchers have since made such diverse contributions as patenting Maglev, designing one of the first video games, detecting the first solar neutrinos, designing pollutant-eating bacteria, creating the first PET scan, and various contributions to particle physics. The laboratory contains the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the National Synchrotron Light Source. Noted physicist and Nobel laureate I.I. Rabi was instrumental in the national laboratory's establishment.

Geography
Brookhaven is located centrally on the geographic Long Island and extends from the North Shore to the South Shore. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 532.0 sqmi, of which 259.6 sqmi is land and 272.4 sqmi (51.20%) is water. It is the largest town in New York in terms of total area, excluding water. However, there are four towns in the state with more land area: Arietta in Hamilton County, Long Lake in Hamilton County, Ohio in Herkimer County and Webb in Herkimer County.

Brookhaven is bounded by Long Island Sound to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the south, Riverhead to the northeast, Southampton to the southeast, Smithtown to the northwest, and Islip to the southwest.

A large part of Fire Island (accessible by a bridge at Smith Point) and the Great South Bay are in the town.

Bald Hill, a large hill in the hamlet of Farmingville, marks where the glacier which formed Long Island stopped. At the top of Bald Hill is a Vietnam veterans memorial. Telescope Hill, to the west of Bald Hill Cultural Park, is slightly taller at 334 ft above sea level and the highest point in the town.

Physical features

 * Outer Barrier
 * Fire Island
 * Great South Bay
 * Patchogue Bay
 * Bellport Bay
 * Narrow Bay
 * Moriches Bay

Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 485,773 people residing in the town. The population density was 1,873.4 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 83.0% White (including 72.0% Non-Hispanic Whites), 6.1% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 4.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 15.6% of the population.

Economy
According to Brookhaven's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the town are:

Attractions

 * Baseball Heaven in Yaphank
 * Cupsogue Beach County Park
 * Fire Island National Seashore in Cherry Grove, Fire Island Pines, and Davis Park
 * Manor St. George in Shirley
 * Old Field Point Light in Old Field
 * Smith Haven Mall in Lake Grove
 * Smith Point County Park in Shirley/Mastic Beach
 * Southaven County Park in South Haven
 * Splish Splash water park in Calverton
 * Stony Brook Village Center in Stony Brook
 * Watch Hill
 * Wertheim National Wildlife Refuge
 * William Floyd House in Mastic Beach

Government and politics
Patchogue was the town seat of Brookhaven until 1986, when it moved to Medford and then its current location near Bald Hill in Farmingville.

Brookhaven is led by a town supervisor and a six-member town council, which are all four-year term elected positions. Council members have been elected by district since a referendum in 2002.

Prior to 2002, the local Republican Party for the Town of Brookhaven nearly controlled the entirety of the town board for several decades, except for a four-year period in the mid-1970s when Democrats held a majority under Supervisor John Randolph.

This one-party domination, and a series of scandals, led to a tarnished reputation of local politics and accorded the nickname "Crookhaven".

After the referendum was passed In 2002, Steve Fiore-Rosenfield became the first Democrat to be elected since the 1970s in 2003.

In 2005, Brian X. Foley, a Democratic county legislator, won the town supervisor race. Constance Kepert and Carol Bissonette were also elected to the town board. With the re-election of Fiore-Rosenfield the Democrats gained control of the Brookhaven town board for the first time since the 1970s.

In 2007, councilwoman Carol Bissonette chose not to pursue re-election, but to instead run for the open receiver of taxes seat. Her district, the sixth, was won by Republican Keith Romaine, returning the town to a 4-3 majority on the town board. The new majority opted to elect councilman Tim Mazzei as majority leader.

In 2008, Brian X. Foley was elected to the New York state senate. As per New York state law his seat was declared vacant, a special election was held on March 31, 2009, to replace him. Democrat Mark Lesko. defeated Majority Leader Mazzei to become Supervisor. In August 2012, Lesko chose to step down and join a tech company on Long Island. A special election was held on November 6, 2012, which was won by Republican county legislator Edward P. Romaine, who had previously served as county clerk. With Romaine's victory and the subsequent victories of Daniel Losquadro in 2013 for the special election of highway superintendent, and Independence party member Donna Lent to town clerk, the Republican party and its endorsed allies won all townwide seats for the first time since former supervisor John Jay LaValle.

Villages (incorporated)
Brookhaven has eight villages:
 * Belle Terre
 * Bellport
 * Lake Grove
 * Old Field
 * Patchogue
 * Poquott
 * Port Jefferson
 * Shoreham

Hamlets (unincorporated)
Brookhaven includes all or part of approximately 50 hamlets. One of those hamlets is also named Brookhaven.

 * Blue Point
 * Brookhaven
 * Calverton (mostly in Town of Riverhead)
 * Center Moriches
 * Centereach
 * Cherry Grove
 * Coram
 * Davis Park
 * East Moriches
 * East Patchogue
 * East Setauket
 * East Shoreham
 * Eastport (partially, with Town of Southampton)
 * Farmingville
 * Fire Island Pines
 * Gordon Heights
 * Hagerman (Part of East Patchogue CDP)
 * Holbrook (mostly in Town of Islip)
 * Holtsville (small part in Town of Islip)
 * Lake Ronkonkoma (small parts in Towns of Islip and Smithtown)
 * Manorville (small part in Town of Riverhead)
 * Mastic
 * Mastic Beach*
 * Medford
 * Middle Island
 * Miller Place
 * Moriches
 * Mount Sinai
 * North Bellport
 * North Patchogue
 * Ocean Bay Park
 * Port Jefferson Station
 * Point O'Woods
 * Ridge
 * Rocky Point
 * Ronkonkoma (partially within the Town of Islip)
 * Selden
 * Setauket
 * Shirley
 * Sound Beach
 * South Haven
 * Stony Brook
 * Strongs Neck
 * Upton
 * Wading River (mostly in Town of Riverhead)
 * Water Island
 * West Manor
 * Yaphank

* - Mastic Beach, previously an incorporated village which was dissolved on December 31, 2017

Other communities

 * Bayberry Dunes
 * Bellview Beach
 * Canaan Lake
 * Coram Hill
 * Crystal Brook
 * East Yaphank
 * Hallock Landing
 * Old Mastic
 * Poospatuck Reservation
 * Rocky Point Landing
 * Patchogue Highlands
 * Siegfried Park
 * South Manor
 * South Medford
 * South Setauket
 * South Yaphank
 * Squassux Landing
 * Smith Point
 * Wading River Landing
 * West Yaphank
 * Woodhull Landing
 * East Selden (Selden)

Education
Brookhaven is the home of Stony Brook University, which moved to Stony Brook from its original Oyster Bay campus in 1962; the university has since become the town's largest employer. The town is home to the first and largest campus of Suffolk County Community College, located in Selden. The town is also home to The Stony Brook School, a Christian college prep and boarding school in Stony Brook. The St. Joseph's University's Long Island Campus is located in Patchogue.

Brookhaven Public Schools over-sees the 11 School Districts, 15 High Schools and 63,500 Students within the town.

Major roads
Notable Roads.
 * [[Image:I-495.svg|30px]] Interstate 495
 * NY-25A.svg New York State Route 25A
 * NY-25.svg New York State Route 25
 * NY-24.svg New York State Route 24
 * NY-27.svg New York State Route 27
 * NY-112.svg New York State Route 112
 * NY-347.svg New York State Route 347
 * Suffolk County 16.svg County Route 16
 * Suffolk County 80.svg Suffolk County 85.svg Montauk Highway, including County Route 85 and County Route 80
 * Suffolk County 97.svg County Route 97
 * Suffolk County 83.svg County Route 83
 * Suffolk County 46.svg County Route 46
 * Suffolk County 51.svg County Route 51
 * Suffolk County 111.svg County Route 111

Bus service
The Town of Brookhaven is served primarily by Suffolk County Transit. It also operates a Para-Transit Bus line. The Village of Patchogue operates its own local Bus Service.

Railroad lines
Long Island Rail Road has three lines running through the Town of Brookhaven. The Main Line includes Ronkonkoma station, which not only serves as a major transportation hub, but is also located on the Islip-Brookhaven Town Line. It also contains the Medford and Yaphank stations. The Montauk Branch, located on the South Shore of Long Island, includes the Patchogue, Bellport, and Mastic–Shirley stations, with the Center Moriches station having operated until 1998. On the North Shore of the town, the Port Jefferson Branch contains two stations as it enters from the Town of Smithtown, Stony Brook station along the northern edge of SUNY at Stony Brook, and Port Jefferson station along Main Street where the line terminates.

Ferries
The primary ferry within the Town of Brookhaven is the Bridgeport-Port Jefferson Ferry, which takes vehicles and passengers across the Long Island Sound to and from Port Jefferson to Bridgeport, Connecticut. On the Great South Bay, passenger ferries take vacationers to and from Fire Island. The ferry terminals in Patchogue lead to the communities of Davis Park, and Watch Hill Visitor's Center, on the western edge of the Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune Wilderness Area. Bellport also has a ferry leading to Bellport Beach on Fire Island.

From Fire Island itself, communities have ferries from Fire Island Pines and Cherry Grove, both of which are popular vacation spots for LGBT tourists as well as the Sailors Haven Visitor's Center, which is located within the Sunken Forest Visitor's Center. All three ferries lead to Sayville in the Town of Islip. Ocean Bay Park is the westernmost community in the Town of Brookhaven, and ferries from there lead to Bay Shore.

Airports
The Town of Brookhaven contains no Commercial Airports. The adjacent Town of Islip contains Long Island MacArthur Airport which serves Brookhaven Residents, three Minor Reliever Airports are within Brookhaven, all of which are in the southern shore communities. The first one is the Brookhaven Calabro Airport in Shirley. East of this is the Spadaro Airport and Lufker Airport both of which are in East Moriches, and both of which share a taxiway. Coram Airport was operational until 1984.

Notable people

 * Tapping Reeve

title: Brookhaven, New York


text:
National Anthem of El Salvador

The "Himno Nacional de El Salvador" ("National Anthem of El Salvador") is the national anthem of El Salvador. The lyrics were written by General Juan José Cañas in 1856, with music composed by the Italian Juan Aberle in 1879. It was adopted on 15 September 1879 and officially approved on 11 December 1953.

The composition has been likened to "William Tell Overture" by critics.

1866 anthem

In 1866, at the initiative of doctor Francisco Dueñas, who at the time was President of the Republic, the first national anthem of El Salvador was created by Cuban doctor Tomás M. Muñoz, who wrote the lyrics, and Salvadoran musician Rafael Orozco, who composed the music. This national anthem was legally adopted through Executive Agreement of 8 October 1866, being published in the state newspaper El Constitucional No. 31, Volume 2, of 11 October 1866, to be officially released on 24 January 1867.

This anthem was sung until the overthrow of President Dueñas through a coup d'état in 1871.

1879 anthem
Later, in 1879, at the initiative of then president Rafael Zaldívar, the current National Anthem of El Salvador would be created by Cañas and Aberle as authors of its lyrics and music, respectively.

Through the Executive Agreement of 3 June 1891, published in the Official Gazette No. 128, Volume 30, of 3 June 1891, and General Carlos Ezeta being then president, it was legally adopted, at the initiative of Ezeta, as a new national anthem known under the official name of "El Salvador Libre", which was dedicated to the Salvadoran Armed Forces. The composition of the lyrics and music of this national anthem, which was previously officially released on 2 May 1891, was the responsibility of Italian artist Césare Georgi Vélez.

General Ezeta was overthrown in a coup d'état executed in 1894, and after his fall, the national anthem made by Cañas and Aberle was sung again in 1879, although it lacked official recognition. This situation was resolved by Legislative Decree No. 1231, of 13 November 1953, published in the Official Gazette No. 226, Volume 161, of 11 December 1953, through which the Legislative Assembly, at the request of the, officially recognised as the national anthem of El Salvador the anthem written and composed by Cañas and Aberle, respectively, and solemnly premiered on 15 September 1879 in the esplanade of the old National Palace of El Salvador, whose civic ceremony was attended by members of the presidential cabinet of that time.

"Immediately, and in the spacious patio of the Palace, sung by all the youth of the Colleges and schools of this Capital was the beautiful patriotic anthem composed by Mr. Juan J. Cañas and Mr. Juan Aberle, both artists of notable merit, the first of the lyrics of the anthem, and the second of the music.

Said hymn composed for 15 September was premiered with the accompaniment of the military band and deserved general approval."

Regulation
All radio and television stations must air the national anthem in accordance to the law and should be played during "Startup" and "Closedown" of every stations.

Lyrics

The National Anthem of El Salvador is made up of a chorus and three stanzas, although the last two have not been sung for many years, as a full performance can take more than four minutes to complete. However, this custom would only obtain official recognition through Legislative Decree No. 342, of 7 October 1992, published in the Official Gazette No. 223, Volume 317, of 3 December 1992, through the which the Legislative Assembly decided to reform Article 15 of the National Symbols Law, where it was established that the execution of the national anthem must begin with the chorus and end with the first verse. However, it has become very common to only sing the chorus, which is repeated, since it is the strongest musical part of the national anthem.

In Nawat
On 1 September 2009, during the inauguration of Civic Month in Suchitoto, Cuscatlán, the National Anthem was performed in Nawat by the Doctor Mario Calvo Marroquín School Centre Choir from Izalco, Sonsonate. The name of the national anthem in Nawat is Takwikalis Tutal, meaning "Song to Our Land".

title: National Anthem of El Salvador


text:
Empress Lü

Lü Zhi (241–18 August 180 BC), courtesy name E'xu (娥姁) and commonly known as Empress Lü  and formally Empress Gao of Han, was the empress consort of Gaozu, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty. They had two known children, Liu Ying (later Emperor Hui of Han) and Princess Yuan of Lu. Lü was the first woman to assume the title Empress of China and paramount power. After Gaozu's death, she was honoured as empress dowager and regent during the short reigns of Emperor Hui and his successors Emperor Qianshao of Han and Liu Hong (Emperor Houshao).

She played a role in the rise and foundation of her husband, Emperor Gaozu, and his dynasty, and in some of the laws and customs laid down by him. Empress Lü, even in the absence of her husband from the capital, killed two prominent generals who played an important role in Gaozu's rise to power, namely Han Xin and Peng Yue, as a lesson for the aristocracy and other generals. In June 195 BC, with the death of Gaozu, Empress Lü became, as the widow of the late emperor and mother of the new emperor, Empress Dowager (皇太后, Huángtàihòu), and assumed a leadership role in her son's administration. Less than a year after Emperor Hui's accession to the throne, in 194 BC, Lü had one of the late Emperor Gaozu's consorts whom she deeply hated, Concubine Qi, put to death in a cruel manner. She also had Concubine Qi's son Liu Ruyi poisoned to death. Emperor Hui was shocked by his mother's cruelty and fell sick for a year, and thereafter no longer became involved in state affairs, and gave more power to his mother. As a result, Empress Dowager Lü held the court, listened to the government, spoke on behalf of the emperor, and did everything (臨朝聽政制, "linchao ting zhengzhi"). With the untimely death of her 22-year-old son, Emperor Hui, Empress Dowager Lü subsequently proclaimed his two young sons emperor (known historically as Emperor Qianshao and Emperor Houshao respectively). She gained more power than ever before, and these two young emperors had no legitimacy as emperors in history; the history of this 8-year period is considered and recognized as the reign of Empress Dowager Lü. She dominated the political scene for 15 years until her death in August 180 BC, and is often depicted as the first woman to have ruled China. While four women are noted as having been politically active before her—Fu Hao, Yi Jiang, Lady Nanzi, and Queen Dowager Xuan—Lü was the perhaps first woman to have ruled over united China.

Family background and marriage to Liu Bang
Lü Zhi was born in Shanfu County (單父; present-day Shan County, Shandong) during the late Qin dynasty. Her courtesy name was Exu. To flee from enemies, her father Lü Wen (呂文) brought their family to Pei County, settled there, and became a close friend of the county magistrate. Many influential men in town came to visit Lü Wen. Xiao He, then an assistant of the magistrate, was in charge of the seating arrangement and collection of gifts from guests at a banquet in Lü Wen's house, and he announced, "Those who do not offer more than 1,000 coins in gifts shall be seated outside the hall." Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu of Han), then a minor patrol officer (亭長), went there bringing a single cent and said, "I offer 10,000 coins." Lü Wen saw Liu Bang and was so impressed with him on first sight, that he immediately stood up and welcomed Liu into the hall to sit beside him. Xiao He told Lü Wen that Liu Bang was not serious, but Liu ignored him and chatted with Lü. Lü Wen said, "I used to predict fortunes for many people but I've never seen someone so exceptional like you before." Lü Wen then offered his daughter Lü Zhi's hand in marriage to Liu Bang and they were wed. Lü Zhi bore Liu Bang a daughter (later Princess Yuan of Lu) and a son, Liu Ying (later Emperor Hui of Han).

Liu Bang later participated in the rebellion against the Qin dynasty under the insurgent Chu kingdom, nominally-ruled by King Huai II. Lü Zhi and her two children remained with her father and family for most of the time during this period.

Life during the Chu–Han Contention
In early 206 BC, after the fall of the Qin dynasty, Xiang Yu divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms. Liu Bang was named "King of Han" and given the lands in the remote Bashu region (in present-day Sichuan) as his domain. However, Liu Bang's family, including Lü Zhi and her children, remained in Pei County, which was a territory of Xiang Yu's kingdom of Western Chu.

Later that year, Liu Bang attacked and seized the Three Qins (three kingdoms covering the Guanzhong region) directly north of his own fief. Guanzhong was rightfully Liu Bang's, according to an earlier promise by Emperor Yi of Chu (previously known as King Huai II of Chu) to appoint whoever conquered Guanzhong first (during the rebellion against the Qin dynasty) as king of that area. This marked the beginning of a four-year power struggle for supremacy over China between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, from 206 BC to 202 BC, known as the Chu–Han Contention. Xiang Yu initially took no action against Liu Bang's family. In the eighth lunar month, Liu Bang sent his followers, Wang Xi (王吸) and Xue Ou (薛歐), to meet Wang Ling (王陵) in Nanyang and fetch his family. However Xiang Yu mobilised troops to Yangxia (陽夏) and prevented the Han forces from advancing.

In the summer of 205 BC, Liu Bang took advantage of the situation when Xiang Yu was occupied with suppressing rebellions in the Qi kingdom to attack and capture Western Chu's capital of Pengcheng. Xiang Yu immediately withdrew from Qi and launched a counterattack, defeating Liu Bang's forces at Suishui (睢水). Lü Zhi and Liu Bang's family were captured by Chu forces and held hostage. During this period of time, Lü Zhi started an illicit affair with Shen Yiji (審食其), one of Liu Bang's followers, who was also held captive together with her.

In the autumn of 203 BC, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu came to a temporary reconciliation, known as the Treaty of Hong Canal, which divided China into west and east under their Han and Western Chu domains respectively. As part of their agreement, Xiang Yu released Lü Zhi and Liu Bang's family and returned them to Liu. Lü Zhi was given the title of "Queen Consort of Han" (漢王妃). Liu Bang later renounced the truce and attacked Xiang Yu, eventually defeating the latter at the Battle of Gaixia in 202 BC and unifying China under his rule. Liu Bang proclaimed himself Emperor of China and established the Han dynasty. He instated Lü Zhi as his empress and their son Liu Ying as crown prince.

As empress and paramount authority

Even after Emperor Gaozu (Liu Bang)'s victory over Xiang Yu, there were still unstable areas in the empire, requiring the new government to launch military campaigns to pacify these regions thereafter. Gaozu placed Empress Lü Zhi and the crown prince Liu Ying (Lü Zhi's son) in charge of the capital Chang'an and making key decisions in court, assisted by the chancellor Xiao He and other ministers. During this time, Lü Zhi proved herself to be a competent administrator in domestic affairs, and she quickly established strong working relationships with many of Gaozu's officials, who admired her for her capability and feared her for her ruthlessness. After the war ended and Emperor Gaozu returned, she remained in power and she was always influential in many of the country's affairs.

Roles in the deaths of Han Xin and Peng Yue
Lü Zhi is known for her roles in the deaths of Han Xin and Peng Yue, two of Emperor Gaozu's subjects who contributed greatly to the founding of the Han dynasty, of whose military capabilities both she and her husband had been apprehensive.

In 196 BC, Gaozu left the capital Chang'an to suppress a revolt in Julu started by Chen Xi, the Marquis of Yangxia. A year before, Chen Xi met Han Xin before departing from Chang'an for Julu, and it was alleged that Han Xin was involved in the rebellion. Lü Zhi became wary of Han Xin, and after consulting the chancellor Xiao He, she had Xiao summon Han to meet her in Changle Palace. There, the empress had Han Xin taken by surprise, captured, and subsequently executed in a torturous manner. Lü Zhi also ordered Han Xin's family and relatives to be put to death as well.

When Gaozu was putting down Chen Xi's revolt, he requested reinforcements from Peng Yue but the latter claimed that he was ill and sent his subordinates to assist Gaozu instead. After Chen Xi's rebellion was quelled, Gaozu heard rumours that Peng Yue was plotting against him too, and he had Peng arrested and stripped off his titles. Peng was demoted to the status of a commoner and exiled to the remote Qingyi County (青衣縣; in present-day Ya'an, Sichuan). During his journey to Qingyi, Peng Yue encountered Lü Zhi, who wanted to have him killed. He pleaded with her to spare his life and let him return to his hometown in Changyi (昌邑; present-day Jinxiang County, Shandong), and the empress pretended to agree. Peng Yue was brought to Luoyang, where he was subsequently executed on false charges of treason. Lü Zhi ordered Peng Yue's body to be mutilated and had Peng's clan exterminated as well.

Dispute over the succession
In his late years, Emperor Gaozu started favouring one of his younger consorts, Concubine Qi, who bore him a son, Liu Ruyi, who was instated as Prince of Zhao in 198 BC, displacing Lü Zhi's son-in-law Zhang Ao (Princess Yuan of Lu's husband). Gaozu had the intention of replacing Liu Ying with Liu Ruyi as crown prince, reasoning that the former was too "soft-hearted and weak" and that the latter resembled him more. Since Lü Zhi had strong rapport with many ministers, they generally opposed Gaozu's decision but the emperor seemed bent on deposing Liu Ying. Lü Zhi became worried and she approached Zhang Liang for help, and the latter analysed that Gaozu was changing the succession on grounds of favouritism. Zhang Liang invited the "Four Whiteheads of Mount Shang", a group of four reclusive wise men, to persuade Gaozu to change his decision. The four men promised to assist Liu Ying in future if he became emperor, and Gaozu was pleased to see that Liu Ying had their support. Gaozu told Concubine Qi, "I wanted to replace (the crown prince). Now I see that he has the support of those four men; he is fully fledged and difficult to unseat. Empress Lü is really in charge!" This marked the end of the dispute over the succession and affirmed Liu Ying's role as crown prince.

As empress dowager and Regent
In June 195 BC, Emperor Gaozu died and was succeeded by Liu Ying, who became historically known as Emperor Hui of Han. Lü Zhi was honoured by Emperor Hui as empress dowager. She exerted more influence during the reign of her son than she had when she was empress, and she became the powerful and effective lead figure in his administration.

Roles in the deaths of Concubine Qi and Liu Ruyi
Lü Zhi did not harm most of Gaozu's other consorts and treated them according to the rules and customs of the imperial family. For example, consorts who bore male children that were instated as princes were granted the title of "Princess Dowager" (王太妃) in their respective sons' principalities. One exception was Concubine Qi, whom Lü Zhi greatly resented because of the dispute over the succession between Liu Ruyi (Qi's son) and Liu Ying. Liu Ruyi, the Prince of Zhao, was away in his principality, so Lü Zhi targeted Concubine Qi. She had Qi stripped of her position, treated like a convict (head shaved, in stocks, dressed in prison garb), and forced to do hard labour in the form of milling rice.

Lü Zhi then summoned Liu Ruyi, who was around the age of 12 then, to Chang'an, intending to kill him together with his mother. However Zhou Chang (周昌), the chancellor in Liu Ruyi's principality, whom Lü Zhi respected because of his stern opposition to Emperor Gaozu's proposal to make Liu Ruyi crown prince, temporarily protected Liu Ruyi from harm by responding to Lü Zhi's order that, "The Prince of Zhao is ill and unfit for travelling over long distances." Lü Zhi then ordered Zhou Chang to come to the capital, had him detained, and then summoned Liu Ruyi again. Emperor Hui tried to save Liu Ruyi by intercepting his half-brother before the latter entered Chang'an, and kept Liu Ruyi by his side most of the time. Lü Zhi refrained from carrying out her plans for several months because she feared that she might harm Emperor Hui as well.

One morning in the winter of 195-194 BC, Emperor Hui went for a hunting trip and did not bring Liu Ruyi with him because the latter refused to get out of bed. Lü Zhi's chance arrived, so she sent an assassin to force poisoned wine down Liu Ruyi's throat. The young prince was dead by the time Emperor Hui returned. Lü Zhi then had Concubine Qi killed in an inhumane manner: she had Qi's limbs chopped off, eyes gouged out, ears sliced off, nose sliced off, tongue cut out, forced her to drink a potion that made her mute, and had her thrown into a latrine. She called Qi a "human swine" (人彘). Several days later, Emperor Hui was taken to view the "human swine" and was shocked to learn that it was Concubine Qi. He cried loudly and became ill for a long time. He requested to see his mother and said, "This is something done not by a human. As the empress dowager's son, I'll never be able to rule the empire." From then on, Emperor Hui indulged himself in carnal pleasures and ignored state affairs, leaving all of them to his mother, and this caused power to fall completely into her hands.

Treatment of Emperor Gaozu's other sons
Around the winter of 195-194 BC, Liu Fei, the Prince of Qi, Emperor Gaozu's eldest son born to Lady Cao (曹氏), visited Chang'an and he and Emperor Hui attended a banquet hosted by the empress dowager. Emperor Hui honoured Liu Fei as an older half-brother and treated the latter respectfully. Lü Zhi felt offended and secretly instructed her servants to pour a cup of poisoned wine for Liu Fei, and then toasted him. Just as Liu Fei was about to drink the wine, Emperor Hui realised his mother's intention and grabbed Liu Fei's cup as if he would drink from it. Lü Zhi immediately jumped up and knocked the cup out of Emperor Hui's hand. Liu Fei then offered to give up an entire commandery from his principality to Lü Zhi's daughter, Princess Yuan of Lu. Lü Zhi accepted the offer and allowed him to leave.

Lü Zhi also played a role in the death of another of Gaozu's sons, Liu You, the Prince of Zhao. Liu You married Lü Zhi's niece but was caught having an affair with another woman, so Lü Zhi's niece reported to her aunt that Liu You was plotting a rebellion. Lü Zhi summoned Liu You to Chang'an and had him imprisoned and deprived of food. Liu You was afraid of committing suicide and eventually starved to death, in February 181 BC.

Lü Zhi then transferred another of Gaozu's sons, Liu Hui, the Prince of Liang, to Zhao, and forced him to marry a daughter of Lü Chan. The Lü clan grabbed the authority of Zhao and oversaw Liu Hui, thus making Liu Hui feel restricted. Princess Lü had a favored concubine of Liu Hui poisoned to death. Liu Hui was distressed and committed suicide in fear in July 181 BC.

For the matters above, Lü Zhi was criticized for "having murdered three princes of Zhao".

Marriage proposal from Modu
In 192 BC, Lü Zhi received a marriage proposal from the Xiongnu chanyu Modu, who wrote as follows in a letter meant to intimidate and mock her:

I'm a lonesome ruler born in marshes and raised in plains populated by livestock. I've visited your border numerous times and wanted to tour China. Your Majesty is now alone and living in solitude. Since both of us are not happy and have nothing to entertain ourselves, I'm willing to use what I possess to exchange for what you lack.

Lü Zhi was infuriated at the rude proposition, and in a heated court session, her generals advised her to rally an army and exterminate the Xiongnu immediately. As she was about to declare war, an outspoken attendant named Ji Bu pointed out that the Xiongnu army was much more powerful than the Chinese. At Ji Bu's words, the court immediately fell into a fearful silence. Rethinking her plans, Lü Zhi rejected Modu's proposition humbly, as follows:

Your Lordship does not forget our land and writes a letter to us, we fear. I retreat to preserve myself. I'm old and frail, I'm losing hair and teeth, and I struggle to maintain balance when I move. Your Lordship has heard wrongly, you shouldn't defile yourself. Our people did not offend you, and should be pardoned. We've two imperial carriages and eight fine steeds, which we graciously offer to Your Lordship.

However, she continued implementing the heqin policy of marrying Han princesses to Xiongnu chieftains and paying tribute to the Xiongnu in exchange for peace between both sides.

Emperor Hui's marriage to Empress Zhang Yan
In 191 BC, at Lü Zhi's insistence, Emperor Hui married his niece Zhang Yan (Princess Yuan of Lu's daughter) and made her empress. They did not have any children. It was alleged that Lü Zhi told Zhang Yan to adopt eight boys and have their mothers killed. There is uncertainty whether these children were Emperor Hui's; the traditional view is that they were not, while modern historians believe that they were born to his concubines.

As empress dowager: grandmother and an acting emperor
Emperor Hui died in 188 BC and was succeeded by Emperor Qianshao, one of the children Empress Zhang adopted. Empress Dowager Lü closely monitored and controlled the imperial court and kept the whole army firmly in her hands, thus maintaining power more strongly than before. His death and the succession of an immature child left power completely and solely in the hands of Empress Dowager Lü, and as a regent, legitimized her as the first female absolute ruler in Chinese history to do so exclusively. Lü Zhi's position as regent was first recorded in the official history of Ban Gu in the Book of Han: "'Emperor Hui died and the prince was established as emperor, the Empress Dowager presiding over court and issuing edicts, and gave a general imperial pardon.'" As grandmother of the infant emperor, Lü Zhi retained her title as Empress Dowager and never claimed the title as Grand Empress Dowager. As a result, she played the role of an emperor and de facto filled the empty throne. She addressed herself as Zhen, a first-person pronoun reserved for use by the emperor after the Qin dynasty. Officials addressed her as Bixia, Imperial Majesty, an honorific used when addressing the emperor directly, not Dianxia, Imperial Highness , an honorific used when addressing the empress or empress dowager directly. The edicts (敕, chi) she issued were referred to as Sheng Zhe (聖制), which were the personal orders of the emperor. Conventional historians do not consider Emperor Qianshao a true sovereign, so he is usually omitted from the list of emperors of the Han dynasty.

Emperor Gaozu had previously decreed that no non-imperial clan members could become princes (not including the vassal kings), a rule that Lü Zhi herself had a hand in creating. In spite of this, Lü Zhi attempted to install some of her kinsmen as princes. The Right Chancellor Wang Ling (王陵) opposed her decision but the Left Chancellor Chen Ping and general Zhou Bo accepted this move. When Wang Ling rebuked Chen Ping and Zhou Bo in private for going against Emperor Gaozu's law, they rationalized that their compliance with the empress dowager's wishes was necessary to protect the empire and the Liu clan. Lü Zhi promoted Wang Ling to the position of Grand Tutor (太傅) but the latter claimed that he was ill and declined, so she ordered him to return to his marquisate (Wang Ling held the title of Marquis of Anguo). Lü Zhi then appointed Chen Ping as Right Chancellor and her illicit lover Shen Yiji (審食其) as Left Chancellor.

Lü Zhi then proceeded to make her kin nobles. Her first step was to install her maternal grandson Zhang Yan (張偃; Princess Yuan of Lu's son, Empress Zhang Yan's brother) as the Prince of Lu. Over the next few years she instated several of her nephews and grandnephews as princes and marquises. In an unprecedented move, in 184 BC, Lü Zhi also granted her younger sister Lü Xu (呂須) the title of Marquise of Lingguang, in a separate fief from that of the latter's husband Fan Kuai.

Around 184 BC, Emperor Qianshao discovered that he was not Empress Dowager Zhang Yan's son, and his birth mother was executed by the empress dowager. He remarked that when he grew up he would make Empress Dowager Zhang pay for his mother's death. When Lü Zhi heard about this, she had the young emperor secretly confined in the palace and publicly announced that the emperor was seriously ill and unable to meet anyone. After some time, she told the imperial court that Emperor Qianshao was still sick and suffered from psychosis, and was thus incapable of ruling. She then proposed that the emperor be replaced. The court complied with her wish, and Emperor Qianshao was deposed and put to death. He was succeeded by his brother, Liu Yi (劉義), who was renamed to Liu Hong (劉弘), and was also historically known as Emperor Houshao of Han. Like his predecessor Emperor Qianshao, Liu Hong is generally not regarded as a real monarch, so he is also not included in the list of emperors of the Han dynasty.

Death
Lü Zhi died of illness at the age of 61 in 180 BC and was interred in Emperor Gaozu's tomb in Changling (長陵). Near the end of Wang Mang's Xin dynasty (AD 9 – AD 23), Lü Zhi's body was desecrated by Chimei rebels when they raided Gaozu's tomb. Emperor Guangwu, who restored the Han dynasty in AD 25, posthumously replaced Lü Zhi as "Empress Gao" in Gaozu's temple with another of Gaozu's concubines, Consort Bo. Lü Zhi was enshrined in a separate temple instead.

In the aftermath of Lü Zhi's death, her clan members were overthrown from their positions of power and massacred, in an event historically known as the Lü Clan Disturbance. The masterminds of this coup d'état included ministers who previously served Emperor Gaozu, including Chen Ping, Zhou Bo, and Guan Ying. Liu Heng, a son of Gaozu and Consort Bo, was installed on the throne as Emperor Wen of Han.

Family

 * Father: Lü Wen (呂文), sometimes referred to as Lü Gong (呂公). In 187 BC, he was granted the posthumous title of "Prince Xuan of Lü" (呂宣王).
 * Husband: Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han.
 * Children:
 * Liu Ying, Emperor Hui of Han.
 * Princess Yuan of Lu (魯元公主), personal name unknown.
 * Siblings and their descendants:
 * Lü Changxu (呂長姁), older sister.
 * Lü Ping (呂平), Lü Changxu's son, Marquis of Fuliu (扶柳侯).
 * Lü Ze (呂澤), older brother, posthumously known as "Prince Daowu of Lü" (呂悼武王).
 * Lü Tai (呂台), Lü Ze's son, instated as Prince Su of Lü (呂肅王) in 186 BC.
 * Lü Jia (呂嘉), Lü Tai's son, Prince of Lü (呂王).
 * Lü Tong (呂通), Lü Tai's son, instated as Prince of Yan (燕王) in 181 BC.
 * Lü Pi (呂庀), Lü Tai's son, Marquis of Dongping (東平侯).
 * Lü Chan (呂產), Lü Ze's son, instated as Prince of Liang (梁王) in 181 BC.
 * Lü Shizhi (呂釋之), older brother, posthumously known as "Prince Zhao of Zhao" (趙昭王).
 * Lü Ze (呂則), Lü Shizhi's son, Marquis of Jiancheng (建成侯).
 * Lü Zhong (呂種), Lü Shizhi's son, Marquis of Buqi (不其侯).
 * Lü Lu (呂祿), Lü Shizhi's son, instated as Prince of Zhao in 181 BC.
 * Lü Xu (呂嬃), younger sister, Fan Kuai's wife, instated as Marquise of Linguang (臨光侯) in 184 BC

In popular culture

 * Portrayed as by Joe Chen in The Beauty of the Emperor series
 * Portrayed by Qin Lan in the 2012 television series King's War
 * The character of Jia Matiza in Ken Liu's The Dandelion Dynasty is based on Empress Lü.

title: Empress Lü


text:
Talk:Joseph Wheeler

Untitled
The text I just deleted was apparently lifted from http://www.civilwarhome.com/fightingwheeler.htm (those formatting problems are a dead giveaway). - Hephaestos 02:38 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Wheeler's highest rank
There is no evidence that Wheeler ever held the rank of Lieutenant General. For a discussion of this, see my page at http://www.alia.org.au/~kwebb/wheeler.htm

It's also wrong to say that he rose rapidly to his highest rank. For the time, such a rise was not unusual.

 * You are correct. Hal Jespersen 01:43, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

William M. Lowe and Wheeler's contested election
In writing a stub for Congressman William M. Lowe, I stumbled upon the story of the hotly contested congressional election of 1880, in which Joseph Wheeler's election was successfully challenged by Lowe his opponent. (See story in the Decatur Daily, December 10, 2000, "Gen. Joe Wheeler was entangled in recount.") It seems like this ought to be mentioned in Wheeler's article, but I don't see an easy way to work it in without sullying a perfectly good paragraph about "[healing] the breach between the North and the South," which I believe Wheeler did. Any thoughts? —LonelyPilgrim 16:55, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Las Guasimas
This article said that Wheeler led US troops "to victory at Las Guasimas," while the Las Guasimas article claims the battle was an "indecisive Spanish victory." To bring this article into line, I am removing reference to the outcome of Las Guasimas in the text of this article. --Cjs56 15:17, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Nickname
"Fighting Joe" is Hooker. The proper nickname, as evidenced by shows his nickname as "War Child, so I'm editing it. My username is Executor Tassadar, I'm just too busy to log in just now.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.78.194.204 (talk) 14:38, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

CW expansion
Just finished adding to the Civil War section and the infobox. I found a cite for reaching Lt. General and called it "possibly" with a footnote explaining it, and I left his CSA rank maj. gen. in the infobox. I will add to his post-1865 life and activities when I have more time, but more info is needed for his battles throughout the CW. Kresock (talk) 00:55, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Entered West Point Military Academy "from"?
The current biography states: "and being appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point from the state of New York, Wheeler always considered himself a Georgian and Southerner.[citation needed]". I placed "New York" (replacing "Georgia") in the article, because I found a roll call source that indicated NY for Joseph Wheeler, Jr. However, there is at least one obituary (Atlanta Journal, 26 Jan 1906) that says Wheeler entered the Academy "in 1855 from Alabama" (note that the Wikipedia biography says 1854, not 1855). Clearly there is confusion, and grim little to support the idea that Wheeler "always considered himself a Georgian". Could we get more research-oriented eyeballs on this? - Swiss Mister in NY (talk) 03:17, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

 * New York is correct. He was appointed by Congressman John Wheeler of New York City (no relation). According to this biography, Wheeler lived in the city with his sister in the 1850s and worked as a clerk at a mercantile firm. Billmckern (talk) 09:24, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph Wheeler


text:
Talk:Abortion debate

DIscussion of Morgentaler decision in Canada
Hi, I think that the discussion of the Morgentaler decision by the Supreme Court of Canada is not accurate, because it gives an over-broad, inaccurate, description of the decision. I would suggest re-wording the passage as follows:
 * First and most important, there is no majority judgment. The Court split 5-2 to allow the appeal and hold that the provisions were unconstitutional, but there was no majority on reasons.  The majority judges split 2-2-1 on the reason for striking down the abortion provision.  It is therefore not appropriate to attribute reasons to the "the Court" - which in Canada, means a unanimous court.
 * Second, neither of the two quotations in the passage are accurate. The reference to ' the state has an interest in protecting the fetus "at some point" ' is only found in the judgment of Wilson J., and she is summarising the decision in Roe v Wade, not adopting that as a principle in Canadian law (see p. 169 of the Morgentaler decision).  Nor does the phrase "the right to security of the person of a pregnant woman was infringed more than was required to achieve the objective of protecting the fetus, and the means were not reasonable." occur anywhere in the decision.  It may be somebody's summary of the decision, but it is not backed up by a reference, leading to the conclusion that it is a statement by the Court, which is misleading.
 * Third, the Court did not "remove abortion from the Criminal Code". Only Parliament can amend the Code.  The Court found that the provision was unconstitutional and therefore inoperative.
 * With R v. Morgentaler, a 5–2 majority of the Supreme Court of Canada held that the abortion provisions of the Criminal Code were unconsitutional. The majority of the Court held that the abortion provisions infringed the rights of pregnant women, contary to the security of the person clause of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and could not be justified.
 * Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 02:30, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

Reconsidering fetal pain
I suggest the article should include some of the following studies in the discussion on whether fetal pain is possible before the third trimester of pregnancy or not:

- Derbyshire, Stuart WG; Bockmann, John C. (2020-01-01). "Reconsidering fetal pain". Journal of Medical Ethics. 46 (1): 3–6. . . . - Pierucci, Robin (2020-08). «Fetal Pain: The Science Behind Why It Is the Medical Standard of Care». The Linacre Quarterly. 87 (3): 311-316. . . . . - Bellieni, Carlo V. (2021-05). «Analgesia for fetal pain during prenatal surgery: 10 years of progress». Pediatric Research 89 (7): 1612-1618. ..

I will wait for any response.--Potatín5 (talk) 08:07, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The articles are fascinating, but I am not sure if they meet WP:MEDRS. (This is outside my area of expertise). If they don't, we can't include them. I will note that one of the sources is already in Prenatal perception. Scorpions13256 (talk) 17:12, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Saying what people think
I’ve said it before, and I’ll say it again. The point of WikiPedia is not to say what people think. LeetToTheBeatMakeItRoar (talk) 13:39, 19 September 2022 (UTC)
 * No. No such consensus was ever formed. I have no idea how you arrived at your conclusion.
 * Wikipedia summarizes for the reader the significant things found in the literature about a topic. Sometimes the literature includes what people think, especially prominent people. Binksternet (talk) 15:23, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

Contradiction
One part of this article says that abortion bans do not reduce abortion rates, but another part says that restricting access to abortion increases the population. 2600:1700:5A80:2BE0:8892:8B90:FFCE:F69 (talk) 14:08, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

Pro life groups claim about fetal pain
Elementary simplicity: The article is titled Abortion Debate, the section is titled Fetal Pain and the addition is from Taylor & Francis publishing along with other pro life websites claiming that the fetal pain equates to torture. It's a claim that they use in their debate while there is evidence that supports both sides of the debate. Foorgood (talk) 23:57, 26 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The website sources you attempted to add calling abortion "torture" were WP:PRIMARY advocacy, which are not on their own sufficient for establishing notability or WP:DUE weight. Subsequently, you attempted to source the same claim to a WP:SECONDARY source (yes, published by Taylor & Francis). In the abstract that might be fine, but if one examines the source in question one finds that the mention of "torture" is actually a passing reference to a single billboard campaign in Chile, i.e. not at all sufficient to support the claim you're seeking to add. Generalrelative (talk) 00:20, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Here is another source of a Vatican representative at the UN equating abortion to torture: https://www.sacbee.com/news/nation-world/article2598162.html. What are your requirements, general?Foorgood (talk) 00:37, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The requirements for inclusion are detailed in WP policy, e.g. WP:RS and WP:NPOV. The Sacramento Bee source may be promising (I couldn't read the article because of a paywall but I'll WP:AGF if you're able to read it). Notability is typically established if multiple reliable independent sources cover a topic, and in the case of an official Vatican position that should be easy to find. If on the other hand this was just an off-the-cuff remark from a Vatican representative, that is hardly encyclopedic. See also WP:10YEARTEST. Generalrelative (talk) 00:53, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Here is another source, there are many: https://c-fam.org/friday_fax/vatican-tells-u-n-abortion-is-a-form-of-torture/Foorgood (talk) 01:41, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Can you locate any other news sources besides the Sacramento Bee? The website of an advocacy organization is not typically considered a great source for reporting. Further, do you really think that this statement passes the WP:10YEARTEST? Generalrelative (talk) 01:51, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Yup here's an Italian news site https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2014/05/06/news/over-3000-paedophile-priests-punished-since-2004-vatican-informs-un-anti-torture-committee-1.35751619 and they are almost 9 years old so they're fine.Foorgood (talk) 02:45, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * We need evidence that foetal pain occurs, not that anti-abortionists CLAIM it does. HiLo48 (talk) 02:53, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * HiLo48: That would be true for the main article on abortion, but this article is about the debate, so mentioning unscientific claims is fine so long as they are regarded as significant enough to be reported on substantively by multiple reliable secondary sources. Generalrelative (talk) 03:02, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Claims are acceptable as long as the claimant is noted in the text. For instance this article has numerous references to the Guttmacher Institute which is an advocacy organisation, that doesn't mean that nothing they say can be included, simply that it must be attributed. JSory (talk) 16:40, 1 May 2023 (UTC)
 * they are almost 9 years old so they're fine. I'm confused as to what you're arguing here. On first glance this just appears to be reporting from almost 9 years ago, which of course doesn't in and of itself speak to WP:10YEARTEST. If we're talking about an event that occurred long ago and hasn't continued to draw comment that's pretty solid evidence that it does not pass the test. I see that the publication did update the article in 2019 but can't see how. Can you give me some more context? Generalrelative (talk) 03:00, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Two sources (Sac Bee and Italian news) which report on the same news event: ONE PERSON (the Vatican representative at UN) calling abortion torture is very WP:UNDUE considering that he is not stating the Vatican's "official" belief, which would otherwise be reported more widely. --- Avatar317 (talk) 00:36, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

Cites at the bottom of the article not actually used to cite anything
I've removed these "pseudo-citations", since they were not actually used as reference citations anywhere in the article. Presumably they could be (either for claims made in the article or for new material later): — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  00:17, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * - This is a large textbook with contributions from many other authors; some are cited separately.
 * - This is a large textbook with contributions from many other authors; some are cited separately.
 * - This is a large textbook with contributions from many other authors; some are cited separately.
 * - This is a large textbook with contributions from many other authors; some are cited separately.

 * Even many strong liberals, such as Christopher Hitchens, did not feel that abortion should be legal in all cases. He appeared to be a moderate or agnostic in this area, somewhat in the same manner that he in a manner uncharacteristic of most liberal-leaning or socialist-leaning people, supported the intervention for purposes of regime change in Iraq. 199.242.176.66 (talk) 18:59, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Readding link
I'd like to readd a link again which User:Mr Serjeant Buzfuz removed after it was in that section for years as a comprehensive useful resource next to links that are nearly the same but of lower quality.

He wrote internet survey page really fits. Strikes me as an animated blog which seems like he only took a quick glance at it. This is afaik the largest argument map on the subject and very useful to readers. For example, nearly all arguments made in this debate can be found somewhere in that debate along with their potential respective Pros and Cons and relevant sources, all in unique structured format. This is a helpful resource and more useful than most of the other links in that section which are partly dead and which aren't nearly as comprehensive or useful like the few unscrutinizable/ed Pros and Cons of ProCon.org or the page with just 4 paragraphs on Religion and abortion which is already covered by the article itself. Moreover, https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Should_abortion_be_legal%3F is included in these links which is nearly the same except being fairly unstructured, noninteractive, and far less comprehensive. I'd like to readd and most people don't even look at, let alone click the external links anyway. Prototyperspective (talk) 12:05, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abortion debate


text:
Talk:Brethren

Untitled
Is it appropriate to include the text of the "Brethren Card" here? Is it available for Fair Use? RickK 03:02 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Except in gnostic groups (which the Brethren are most emphatically not), a statement of faith is intended by virtue of its purpose to be public information, and redistribution is permitted (even, encouraged). I know that this is the view of the FGBC and CGBCI groups (and if it is wanted I can easily lay my hands on a statement of faith from either of those groups). Barring any objection from the Church of the Brethren, which seems very unlikely, I wouldn't worry about it. Additionally, I am almost sure that the included Brethren Card predates modern copyright law. --jonadab

I think it would be good to make this a more generic article about the various Brethren denominations, and merge most of the specific information on the history & beliefs of Alexander Mack and his followers into the Schwarzenau Brethren topic. I will do that in a few days if no one objects. Please give me any opinions you might have on this. Thanks. Rlvaughn 06:38, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Seeing comments neither pro nor con, I have rearranged this article as mentioned above. I am moving the "Brethren Card" info to the Schwarzenau Brethren topic. - Rlvaughn 20:46, 1 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this was a good idea, and in fact I think it would be good to go further. This article could usefully be a short general index article about the tradition of churches called 'Brethren', with slightly less information here about the Schwarzenau Brethren, and slightly more on the principal other churches such as Moravian Brethren, Plymouth Brethren, etc. Myopic Bookworm 23:49, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

The Brethren
The article The Brethren is about a book by John Grisham. It has one link from this article, about a US group founded in 1966. I have created The Brethren (disambiguation) to separate the Grisham book from another book and from The Brethren (cult). Perhaps an article should be created about the 1966 group as well, by someone with knowledge about the group. I'm not sure what the article should be named, though, as The Brethren is alrady taken. But if someone creates the article, please add a link to it at The Brethren (disambiguation). (Entheta 11:50, 10 May 2006 (UTC))

External link cleanup
The external link section is becoming excessive for this article. There are dupiclates of preferable internal links, blogs, forums and other items specifically discouraged by WP:EL. I think the easiest would be to remove the whole section and start fresh, evaluating additions against MOS:L and WP:EL for possible inclusion. Other thoughts? JonHarder 00:38, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Paragraph removed
The following paragraph, added here, is not sourced and could not be confirmed by me. Please restore if it turns out to be correct.
 * The Brethren, a Central U.S. group founded in 1966 as an iconoclastic response to the Vietnam War and to question the burgeoning feminist movement. Members are now active from coast to coast and in Canada.  All members are college educated.  Most marry, have children, and pursue lives which express fundamental gender differences, as researched by Simon Baron-Cohen.

Maybe this is a really convoluted, misleading and false reference to The Brethren (cult); in any event, Baron-Cohen does not seem to be involved at all. AxelBoldt 00:05, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, Baron-Cohen (Simon, not Sacha!) is a pretty reliable source, and founding in 1966 is not 1971; don't rule out follow-up research. But the 2-edit IP contributor, the accompanying URL (presently an ad for an alarmist book), and a careful reading of the Baron-Cohen sentence ( reserached researched diffs, not group?) are discouraging. --Jerzy•t 23:49, 3 & 01:41, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

What a mess!
I did an edit that fixed some of the fundamental affronts to WP's purpose and style, but it needs more serious work. Much of that work is related to the clear differences among the kinds of pages in the main namespace: I'm aware of these needs: (BTW, while coverage should not be mathematically proportional mathematically proportional to notability, significantly more coverage requires significantly more notability, and membership of denominations is an important contributing factor to notability. So such a table on the talk page summarizing membership estimates could also make it easier at least to motivate editors to work on the most important parts of this topic jumble of topics.) --Jerzy•t 23:49, 3 & 02:27, 4 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) Rdrs provide navigation where multiple names apply to the same topic;
 * 2) Dabs provide navigation where separate topics share the same name;
 * 3) each Article deals with a single topic, e.g.,
 * 4) facts that are part of a single network of cause and effect, or
 * 5) phenomena that are dealt with by methods more similar among them than the methods for dealing with phenomena left outside the scope of the article.
 * 1) The 6 entries under "Other" are apparently related to the others only by being Protestant and using the word "brethren". They should move to Brethren (disambiguation) (unless Brethren becomes the Dab).
 * 2) The 2 entries under "Fundamental Bible Churches", until shown otherwise, are equally unrelated, and deserve the same. (If they have a common history, they at most should perhaps share a common heading in the same Dab. If they do belong together, then either
 * 3) "fundamental" is PoV, or
 * 4) it should be lk'd to Fundamentalism in which case that article may need a slight enhancement about earlier moves twd its early-20th-century heyday, or
 * 5) it should be lk'd to some article related to another historical focus on fundamentals.)
 * 6) Those plans help one focus on the biggest two problems:
 * 7) It's at least burdensome to reach a point where one can form a reasonable opinion about whether there is a contradiction between "The following [Anabaptist and/or Pietist] Brethren bodies are not related historically to the Schwarzenau groups descended from Alexander Mack." (the article and  "The  [ Schwarzenau] Brethren movement began as a melding of Pietist and Anabaptist ideas." (Ch of B'n)
 * 8) In either case, it's important to settle whether these two separately treated groups of denominations should be treated in one article (or article section), in two, or even in three (of which . My treatment of this is obnoxiously abstract -- bcz i have no grasp of the facts, just glimmers of the shape of the histories, which make it obvious the current treatment in Brethren is disastrous. (In the "three" case, two would focus on events in denominations of one group or the other, that insignificantly affected the other, and the third would be describe Interaction between Schwarzenau and Anabaptist/Pietist Brethren histories or /). A variation on that approach, if there are multiple periods of interaction, would be a single chronology covering both, divided into periods of isolation from each other, chronologically intermingled with periods of intense interaction. Each period of interaction would be an article or section; each period of isolation would be a pair of articles or sections, one on each group's history during the period of isolation. And of course you'd end up having to tweak that, e.g. backing up: "while the XYZ was taking place, QRS had begun", where one of XYZ and QRS affected only one of the two denominations and one affected both.)
 * 9) Once all that reaches at least a working approach, a decision will be needed about what topic should be covered by Brethren. FWIW, i'll be surprised unless the answer is "a dab" : either . A table on the talk page summarizing membership estimates is probably necessary to support any other claim -- -- even tho fertility in spawning significant offshoots also enters in. Actually, now that i think about it, could it be that this whole existing article is a product of a claim that coverage of the Schwarzenau Brethren is the overwhelmingly most notable sense of "Brethren", and counterclaims that that shortchanged the others? If so, 3.1 and 3.2 above may be crucial to have clarified, even more urgently on this page than in the articles.

Removed "See also"
A "see also" section, outside a Dab, is often a warning sign. In this case, we deserve for each lk an explanation on talk of why (I'm really not saying this just for the pleasure of the sarcasm, tho this pushes the limits of any obligation to be careful against deleting useful material.) These are the removed lks: --Jerzy•t 23:49, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) the following lks are necessary to an understanding of each of the denominations discussed here, and
 * 2) those lks can't be embedded (ever heard of the wiki concept?) in sentences on this page or pages about the individual denominations.
 * Christian anarchism
 * Peace church
 * Simple living

 * "A "see also" section, outside a Dab, is often a warning sign"

 * What? A see also section is perfectly normal. They're for links that should be added to the body of the article in future, or links that can't be included in said body but are still related. Richard001 (talk) 09:23, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

These links aren't appropriate for a disambiguation page; they are more fitting attached to a particular denomination page, or a grouping like Schwarzenau Brethren that is historically or theologically related, not a collection like this related only by having similar names. I support Jerzy. Sondra.kinsey (talk) 03:40, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

Cleanup
I've been watching this article for a while and believe it needs a major cleanup. The material is quite confusing as it stands. Because "Brethren" can refer to numerous groups which are historically and doctrinally unrelated, I think that Brethren would best be a disambiguation page, with detail contained in separate specific articles. Tonicthebrown (talk) 03:11, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

An explanation of my recent revision: Prior to my revisions this article gave undue weight to the German Brethren. Unnecessary historical detail was given, that belongs in the main articles for these groups (see WP:CFORK). The third section "Other Brethren groups" was very disorganised and inaccurate. For example Anabaptist and Pietist bodies were grouped together even though these are historically unrelated (anabaptism was a 16th century movement, pietism was a 17th and 18th century movement). "Fundamental Bible Churches" is a strange and inaccurate characterisation of the Plymouth Brethren and the Social Brethren (which are unrelated).

My revision cleaned up all these issues. It grouped the bodies according to historical associations. Because "Brethren" refers to numerous disparate groups, it was not appropriate to weight the article disproportionately in favour of one single group. Please do not revert my work without providing adequate justification. Tonicthebrown (talk) 13:00, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Clean-up and dab I think that you are largely correct and I have no problem with your idea of cleaning up this page to make it a more reasonable disambiguation. My only issues are: 1.) there are still incoming links to this page and 2.) It has valuable material that needs to be incorporated into German Baptist or Schwarzenau Brethren rather than simply being deleted. I am reverting only for those purposes and once someone incorporates any relevant material into those articles and gets rid of incoming links to this page, I will happily support your attempt to make this a proper disambiguation page. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 22:35, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Thank you Justin, I will merge some of that material into appropriate articles as suggested so that it is not lost. Tonicthebrown (talk) 08:31, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Ok, material relevant to the German Brethren has been merged to the appropriate article, and links relevant to Plymouth Brethren have been moved there. This article has now been replaced with a disambiguation page. I will have a look at the incoming links. Tonicthebrown (talk) 10:11, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

The Brethren - Loyalist Tory Uprising of North Carolina
Re: https://time.com/6101251/the-brethren-loyalist-tory-uprising/?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-en-GB

I came here to find out more but haven't identified a relevant page.

94.126.214.30 (talk) 05:57, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brethren


text:
Talk:Australian states and territories

There is more content at States and territories of Australia. RickK 03:10 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Australian states and territories