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Keira Knightley

Keira Christina Knightley (born 26 March 1985) is an English actress. Known for her work in independent films and blockbusters, particularly period dramas, she has received numerous accolades, including nominations for two Academy Awards, two BAFTAs, three Golden Globes, and a Laurence Olivier Award. In 2018, she was appointed an OBE at Buckingham Palace for services to drama and charity.

Born in London to actors Will Knightley and Sharman Macdonald, Knightley obtained an agent at age six and initially worked in commercials and television films. Following a minor role as Sabé in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999), her breakthrough came when she played a tomboy footballer in Bend It Like Beckham (2002) and co-starred in Love Actually (2003). She went on to achieve global recognition for playing Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series (2003–2007, 2017).

For her portrayal of Elizabeth Bennet in Pride & Prejudice (2005), Knightley was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She starred in several more period films over the next few years, including Atonement (2007), The Duchess (2008), A Dangerous Method (2011), and Anna Karenina (2012). She then forayed into contemporary pieces, with headline parts in Seeking a Friend for the End of the World (2012), Begin Again (2013), and Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014). Knightley returned to historical films playing Joan Clarke in The Imitation Game (2014), earning a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She later starred as the title character in Colette (2018) and journalist Loretta McLaughlin in Boston Strangler (2023).

On stage, Knightley has appeared in two West End productions: The Misanthrope in 2009, which earned her an Olivier Award nomination, and The Children's Hour in 2011. She also starred as the titular heroine in the 2015 Broadway production of Thérèse Raquin. Knightley is known for her outspoken stance on social issues and has worked extensively with Amnesty International, Oxfam, and Comic Relief. She is married to musician James Righton, with whom she has two daughters.

Early life and education
Keira Christina Knightley was born on 26 March 1985 in the London suburb of Teddington, to stage actors Will Knightley and Sharman Macdonald. She was meant to be named "Kiera", the anglicised form of "Kira", after the Soviet figure skater Kira Ivanova, whom her father admired; however, Macdonald misspelt the name when she registered her daughter's birth certificate, writing the e before the i. Her father is English and her mother is of Scottish and Welsh descent. Knightley has an older brother, Caleb. Macdonald worked as a playwright after her acting career came to an end. Knightley's parents encountered substantial financial difficulties following the birth of her brother; her father, a "middling" actor, agreed to a second child only if her mother sold a script first. However, her parents' varying degrees of success did not deter Knightley's curiosity about the profession. Macdonald introduced her own children to theatre and ballet very early. This inspired Knightley's interest in acting.

Knightley attended Teddington School. She was diagnosed with dyslexia at age six, but by the time she was eleven, with her parents' support, she says, "they deemed me to have got over it sufficiently". She is still a slow reader and cannot read out loud. Knightley has said she was "single-minded about acting". At age three, she requested to obtain an agent like her parents and secured one at six. This led to her taking a number of small parts in television dramas. She acted in a number of local amateur productions, which included After Juliet, written by her mother, and United States, written by her drama teacher. Knightley began studying her A-Levels at Esher College, but left after a year to pursue an acting career. Her mother's friends encouraged her to go to drama school, which she declined for financial and professional reasons.

1993–2002: Career beginnings and breakthrough

After obtaining an agent at age six, Knightley began working in commercials and small television roles. Her first onscreen appearance was in the 1993 Screen One television episode titled "Royal Celebration". She then played Natasha Jordan, a young girl whose mother is involved in an extramarital affair, in the romantic drama A Village Affair (1995). After appearing in a spate of television films through the mid-to-late 1990s, including Innocent Lies (1995), The Treasure Seekers (1996), Coming Home (1998), and Oliver Twist (1999), Knightley landed the role of Sabé, Padmé Amidala's handmaiden and decoy, in the 1999 science fiction blockbuster Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. Her dialogue was dubbed over by Natalie Portman, who played Padmé. Knightley was cast in the role because of her close resemblance to Portman; even the two actresses' mothers had difficulty telling their daughters apart when they were in full make-up.

In her first major role, the 2001 Walt Disney Productions television film Princess of Thieves, Knightley played the daughter of Robin Hood. In preparation for the part, she trained for several weeks in archery, fencing, and riding. Concurrently, she appeared in The Hole, a thriller that received a direct-to-video release in the US. The film's director Nick Hamm described her as "a young version of Julie Christie". Knightley also took on the role of Lara Antipova in the 2002 miniseries adaptation of Doctor Zhivago, to positive reviews and high ratings. In the same year, Knightley starred as a pregnant drug addict in Gillies MacKinnon's drama film Pure. Co-starring Molly Parker and Harry Eden, the film had its world premiere at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival. In a retrospect review for AboutFilm.com, Carlo Cavagna noted Knightley's screen presence and wrote that "[although Knightley] doesn't have half of Parker's ability [...] she has spunk and grit [and] shines brightly in Pure".

Knightley landed a breakthrough role when she starred in Gurinder Chadha's sports comedy film Bend It Like Beckham, which was a box office hit in the U.K and U.S. Knightley portrayed Jules, a tomboy football player struggling against social norms who convinces her friend to pursue the sport. The film surprised critics who were laudatory of its "charming" and "inspiring" nature, social context and the cast's performances. Knightley and her co-star Parminder Nagra attracted international attention for their performances; critic James Berardinelli, who was largely laudatory of the film and the "energetic and likable" cast, noted that Knightley and Nagra brought "a lot of spirit to their instantly likable characters". To prepare for their roles, they underwent three months of extensive football training under the English football coach Simon Clifford. Knightley was initially sceptical of the project: in an interview with Tracy Smith she said, "I remember telling friends I was doing this girls' soccer movie [...] And nobody thought that it was gonna be any good."

2003–2007: Pirates of the Caribbean and worldwide recognition
Knightley portrayed the role of Elizabeth Swann, in the 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. The film, based on the Disney theme park attraction, revolves around infamous buccaneer Jack Sparrow and blacksmith Will Turner rescuing Swann, in possession of a cursed golden medallion, from 18th-century pirates. The producers Jerry Bruckheimer and Gore Verbinski cast Knightley for her "indescribable quality [...] reminiscent of motion picture stars from Hollywood's heyday." Knightley underestimated the stunt work required and believed she would primarily be sitting in carriages; at one point during filming, she stood for two days on a plank and rejected a stunt double's offer to jump off the platform for the scene. Despite boasting the names of stars like Johnny Depp and Orlando Bloom and a $135 million budget, Pirates was expected to fail at the box office. Knightley herself was not optimistic about its prospects. The film opened at number one on the box office, and became one of the highest-grossing releases of the year, with worldwide revenues of $654 million. Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times likened Knightley's "strident and confident" physical assurance to that of Nicole Kidman, while Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club branded her and Bloom as appealing leads.

Also in 2003, Knightley appeared in Richard Curtis's Christmas-themed romantic comedy Love Actually, featuring an ensemble cast, which included her childhood idol Emma Thompson. Knightley played Juliet, a woman whose fiancée's best man is secretly in love with her. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticised the waste of Knightley's talent in a "nothing" role, while Megan Conner of The Guardian remarked that the film turned Knightley into a household name. Love Actually has been referred to as a modern-day Christmas classic. Knightley believes the film's trajectory to be "extraordinary", given that its popularity resurfaced a few years after the film's release. Knightley's only release of 2004 was the historical film King Arthur, where she played Guinevere, a warrior queen and the wife of the titular character. The part required her to learn boxing, archery, and riding. The critic A. O. Scott praised Knightley for "throw[ing] herself bodily into every scene". Although the film received unfavourable reviews, Knightley's stature as a performer grew; she was voted by the readers of Hello magazine as the industry's most promising teen star, and featured in Time magazine's article, which stated that she seemed dedicated to develop herself as a serious actor rather than a film star.

Knightley appeared in three films in 2005, the first of which was the psychological thriller The Jacket, co-starring Adrien Brody. In a mixed review for Empire, Kim Newman wrote that the role was unlike the ones she had previously taken up : "getting out of period gear and talking American, tries to broaden her range and is arguably well-cast". Knightley next played the titular character in Tony Scott's French-American action film Domino, based on the life of Domino Harvey. The film's release was delayed on several occasions and, on its eventual release in November, it received negative reviews and performed poorly at the box office.

Knightley's most successful release of the year was Pride & Prejudice, a period drama based on Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice. The director Joe Wright cast Knightley for her tomboyish nature combined with a "lively mind" and sense of humour. Knightley, who had admired the book from a young age, said of her character, "The beauty of Elizabeth is that every woman who ever reads the book seems to recognise herself, with all her faults and imperfections." On release, the film became a huge commercial success, with total collections of around US$120million worldwide, and received positive reviews from critics. Writing for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw labelled her performance of "beauty, delicacy, spirit and wit; in her growing lustre and confidence" and Derek Elley of Variety found her "luminous strength" to be reminiscent of a young Audrey Hepburn. Knightley earned "Best Actress in a Leading Role" nominations at the Golden Globes and the Academy Awards for her performance at age 20, becoming the third-youngest nominee for the latter. Knightley's consecutive successes came with increased media scrutiny, and she later admitted to experiencing struggles with her mental health during this period.

Knightley was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, among other artists in 2006. In 2004, the second and third films of the Pirates of the Caribbean series were conceived, with screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio developing a story arc that would span both sequels, in which Knightley reprised her role as Elizabeth Swann. The plot of the films see Swann buck convention to seek adventure and become fierce pirate and fighter to match the skills of Sparrow and her love interest, Turner. The sequel installments allowed Knightley to study sword-fighting, which she had sought to do since the first film. Filming for the projects took place in 2005; Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest released in July 2006, with the worldwide collections of $1.066 billion, becoming the biggest financial hit of Knightley's career. The third installment in the series, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, was released in May, the following year. A. O Scott termed her performance "a vision of imperial British pluckiness, with an intriguing dash of romantic recklessness that surfaces toward the end". On November 2006, it was reported that Knightley didn't want to participate in any further sequels. By 2010, both Knightley and Orlando Bloom had repeatedly been quoted in saying they wanted to move on.

Knightley's continued association with period dramas yielded varying results, as seen with two of her 2007 releases, François Girard's Silk, and Joe Wright's Atonement, the feature film adaptations of the novels by Alessandro Baricco and Ian McEwan respectively. The former project failed at the box office, while the latter became a critical and commercial success. Knightley played Cecilia Tallis, the elder of the two Tallis sisters, who struggles with a wartime romance with her love interest, played by James McAvoy. She admitted that the pacing on the smaller, more intimate film was an adjustment compared to the Pirates franchise. In preparing for the film, Knightley studied the novel as well as the "naturalism" of the performance as seen in films from the 1930s and 1940s, such as In Which We Serve (1942) and Brief Encounter (1945). She admired the multi-layered and "fascinating" nature of her character's behaviour. Knightley's performance won the Empire Award for Best Actress, and earned her nominations for the BAFTA and the Golden Globes awards, also in the leading actress categories. The critic Richard Roeper, who thought the lead duo were "superb" in their respective roles, was puzzled by their failure to receive Academy Award nominations. The green dress worn by Knightley during the film's climactic scene garnered substantive press attention, and was subsequently regarded as one of the greatest costumes in film history.

2008–2013: Independent films and stage work
Knightley appeared alongside Sienna Miller, Cillian Murphy, and Matthew Rhys in John Maybury's 2008 wartime drama The Edge of Love. The film had her play the role of Vera Phillips, a childhood friend of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas and his wife Caitlin Macnamara. Knightley wrote the script with her mother, Sharman Macdonald, with Macnamara in mind. After Knightley signed on, her character's role was increased with the film focusing on her romance with a British soldier. Knightley connected to Vera's quietness, and described her as "tragic and beautiful". She based her performance on Marlene Dietrich, and was to mime to her prerecorded voice, before being told by Maybury to sing live. Knightley initially felt embarrassed to do so, saying she "[shook] like a leaf" but eventually went through with the plan. Upon release, the film became a moderate critical and commercial success. Knightley's performance and singing abilities were praised;The Independent noted that Knightley "gives Vera an independence and complexity that's aeons ahead", while the Los Angeles Times wrote "the film belongs to the women, with Knightley going from strength to strength (and showing she can sing!)".

Knightley then starred as the 18th-century English aristocrat Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire in Saul Dibb's period drama The Duchess (2008), based on the best-selling biographical novel, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire by Amanda Foreman. The film tells the story of Georgiana's rise in society as a sociopolitical tastemaker after her marriage disintegrates. The script Knightley was sent was covered in "huge white ostrich feathers" and a gold ribbon. Gabrielle Tana, the film's producer, stated Knightley "brought an instinctive understanding" of such aspects of Georgiana's life as a celebrity from her own experiences. Knightley was attracted to her character's strength and status as a political influence and fashion prowess, while being inwardly vulnerable and isolated. Simon Crooke of Empire described her performance as "an enigmatic, free-spirited turn and a role she'll be remembered for, probably her best role to date in a film not directed by Joe Wright." The following year, she was nominated for a British Independent Film Award for Best Actress. A film adaptation of William Shakespeare's tragedy King Lear set to star Knightley and Anthony Hopkins was cancelled due to recession.

Knightley made her West End debut with Martin Crimp's version of Molière's comedy The Misanthrope. Starring Knightley, Damian Lewis, Tara Fitzgerald, and Dominic Rowan, the play was staged at the Comedy Theatre in December 2009. She portrayed Jennifer, a shallow, amorous, and vulnerable American film star who is courted by an analytical and veracious playwright. Knightley chose the role as she felt that "if I don't do theatre right now, I think I'm going to start being too terrified to do it" and described the production as an "extraordinary and incredibly fulfilling" experience, she was sceptical of her performance. Paul Taylor of The Independent remarked that Knightley was "not only strikingly convincing, but, at times, rather thrilling in its satiric aplomb". However, The Guardian's Michael Billington noted that due to the nature of the role, "one could say that she is not unduly stretched". In recognition of her theatre debut, Knightley was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and an Evening Standard Award.

Knightley began the new decade with three films; she remarked that her work during this period helped her "empathise with people or with situations that I don't necessarily find it easy to empathise with". Two of the productions, Massy Tadjedin's romantic drama Last Night and William Monahan's crime noir film London Boulevard opened to mixed responses from critics and rank among the lowest-grossing films in Knightley's career. Knightley's other release, Never Let Me Go, an adaptation of Kazuo Ishiguro's novel of the same name fared better at the box office and received positive reviews. Knightley described the script as unique, one that made the reader think. Co-starring Andrew Garfield and Carey Mulligan, Knightley played Ruth, one of three graduates of an autocratic boarding school that discovers their fates in a dystopia. She appeared in a video installation by artist Stuart Pearson Wright titled Maze.

Knightley starred in a 2011 revival of The Children's Hour by Lillian Hellman at the Comedy Theatre in London. She portrayed Karen Wright, an engaged schoolteacher accused of lesbianism in 1934. Ben Brantley of The New York Times commented that her performance showed an "intensity" and "credible fierceness" within the outdated material. Knightley's sole film release of 2011 was David Cronenberg's historical drama A Dangerous Method, co-starring Viggo Mortensen, Michael Fassbender, and Vincent Cassel. Based on writer Christopher Hampton's 2002 stage play The Talking Cure and set on the eve of World War I, the film depicts the turbulent relationships between fledgling psychiatrist Carl Jung, his mentor Sigmund Freud and Sabina Spielrein. Knightley portrayed Spielrein, the troubled but beautiful young psychoanalyst who comes between Jung and Freud. Knightley spent four months reading and discussing her character's behaviour with psychologists to prepare for the role. She appreciated the depth and variety of her character arc, which she viewed as rare for female roles. The film premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival to a positive reception, while Knightley earned generally favourable reviews by critics, with Andrew O'Hehir of Salon hailing her as "the real star of this film".

Knightley co-starred with Steve Carell in the 2012 comedy-drama Seeking a Friend for the End of the World, which was critically panned." Later that year, she reunited with director Joe Wright to film their third production, Anna Karenina, in which she starred as the title character. She deemed this collaboration the most important of her career. Knightley viewed that her character's complex "moral culpability" was in question, but attracted compassion. Knightley received positive reviews for her performance, prompting early Oscar buzz. Batsy Sharky of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Knightley "puts hearts and anguish on the line in trying to bring an emotional reality". The 2013 Toronto International Film Festival saw the premiere of Knightley's first musical film Begin Again with Mark Ruffalo. Directed by John Carney, the film had its theatrical release in 2014. The Guardian found Knightley and Ruffalo to be "nicely natural as the increasingly idealistic musos". Carney later repeatedly criticised Knightley's performance in the film, saying she was not convincing enough in portraying a singer-songwriter and derogatorily referred to her as a "model". He later apologised to her via Twitter for his comments. Knightley later remarked that music "never sinks in" for her, and she is more interested in books and drama. Later that year, she appeared in Karl Lagerfeld's short period film Once Upon a Time...

2014–present: Biographical and political roles
In July 2014, Knightley stated that she had reached the end of the first stage of her career, and wished to depart from "neurotic" roles. 2014 began for Knightley with the spy thriller Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit, the fifth instalment in the film series, alongside Chris Pine. She portrayed Dr. Cathy Muller, Ryan's eventual wife. Knightley sought to do a lighter film than her previous work, looked forward to working with director Kenneth Branagh. The film received mixed critical reviews nonetheless strong box-office response. Knightley's next film Laggies, premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival. A romantic comedy also starring Chloë Grace Moretz and Sam Rockwell, the film follows the life of Megan, played by Knightley, a 28-year-old overeducated underachiever going through a quarter-life crisis. Knightley empathised with her character's delayed maturity and appreciated the film's telling from a female perspective. Laggies opened to mostly positive reviews from critics, with Knightley's performance praised by critics. Inkoo Kaang of TheWrap referred to her as a "loose-limbed revelation" and lauded her "delightfully uncouth" performance.

The film was followed by her appearance in Morten Tyldum's historical drama The Imitation Game, a film based on the life of British mathematician Alan Turing, played by Benedict Cumberbatch. Knightley portrayed cryptanalyst and numismatist Joan Clarke, who decrypted German intelligence codes for the British government during World War II with Turing. Knightley researched interviews with Clarke, and sought to keep her "upper-class quality", drawing on the depth of her emotions and protectiveness of Turing from the script. The Imitation Game became a critical and commercial success grossing over $233.6 million. For her performance, Knightley received her second Academy Award and BAFTA Award nominations, and third Golden Globe Award nomination, all for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Conversely, Lady Jean Forde, who worked with Clarke and Turing, felt Knightley was "nothing like" Clarke and was "too beautiful" to play her. Knightley's sole release in 2015 was as part of the ensemble cast in the biographical disaster film Everest. The film was based on the 1996 Mount Everest disaster with Knightley portraying mountaineer Rob Hall's wife. Everest opened to generally positive reviews from critics. Variety wrote that Knightley gave a "deeply felt performance" as a woman "haunted by the possibility" of losing her spouse. In October 2015, Knightley made her Broadway debut playing the title role in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of Émile Zola's Thérèse Raquin at Studio 54. Knightley took the role after turning down the project twice, as she thought herself incapable of playing the part. She found interest in her character's "caged" circumstance, as well as her dark, active role in the play, as she sought to depart from passive supporting roles. Of her performance, Alexandra Villarreal of The Huffington Post wrote: "She fumes, and rages, and withdraws, and you can watch her psychological evolution from stifled wife to impassioned mistress to haunted murderer".

In 2016, it emerged that Knightley was set to star in a feature biopic about 18th-century Russian empress Catherine the Great, directed by Barbra Streisand, which has not come to fruition. Knightley appeared in the ensemble drama Collateral Beauty (2016), alongside Will Smith, Edward Norton, Kate Winslet, and Helen Mirren. The film was critically panned, and earned the cast a Razzie nomination. Despite previously stating on a number of occasions that she would never return to the Pirates of the Caribbean series since 2006, Knightley reprised the role of Elizabeth Swann with a cameo appearance in 2017's Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, after test audiences repeatedly inquired about her character.

Knightley starred in the biographical drama Colette as the titular French author. The film sees Colette's social ascent in belle époque society through her provocative novels, but she is exploited by her husband, who plagiarises her work. Knightley believed the film connected strongly to modern-day feminism, and depicted cultural change in gender politics. To prepare for the part, Knightley read Colette's novels, among them The Vagabond and Chéri, and initially planned to visit her birthplace of Burgundy, France. She found the author "inspiring", and admired her imperfections as well as her courage. The film, released at the Sundance Film Festival, was critically successful, with Knightley's performance receiving acclaim. Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised her vibrance and "expressive physicality", and Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian wrote that the film saw Knightley in "top form: luminous, clever, sexy and sympathetic." Knightley was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama and charity.

The same year, she played the Sugar Plum Fairy in Disney's adaptation of The Nutcracker, titled The Nutcracker and the Four Realms, which was critically panned. In 2019, Knightley co-starred in The Aftermath, a film adaptation of the novel by Rhidian Brook, alongside Alexander Skarsgård. Knightley played Rachel, a "cold and complex" British army wife traumatised by her son's death by a German bomb. The film sees her and her husband move to Germany while dealing with grief. The film received mixed reviews. The Boston Globe's Ty Burr credited Knightley for adding "conviction, grace, heart, and nerve" to the film, while Katie Walsh of the Los Angeles Times felt Knightley and Skarsgård were too reserved. Knightley portrayed whistleblower Katharine Gun in Official Secrets (2019), which was premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on 28 January 2019 to positive reviews. Knightley believed the film's depiction of Iraq War and government accountability connected with modern politics. Writing for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw praised Knightley's "focused, plausible and sympathetic performance". Gun also expressed her contentment with the film.

Knightley's first role of the decade was feminist activist Sally Alexander in Misbehaviour (2020), a film about the crowning of the first black contestant at the 1970 Miss World competition. The film discusses the nuances of intersectionality in second wave feminism; Knightley was drawn to the political aspects of the project. Misbehaviour was received positively, with Variety's Guy Lodge dubbing Knightley "likable as ever" but admitted she portrays "the least intriguing figure". Knightley was due to produce and star in The Essex Serpent, an Apple TV+ adaptation of Sarah Perry's novel, but dropped out over concerns about access to childcare during the lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic. She starred in the 2021 holiday comedy Silent Night. Knightley voiced the lead role in the dramatic animated film Charlotte, a true story about a young artist during the Holocaust.

Knightley took a year off work to spend time with family. In 2023, she portrayed reporter Loretta McLaughlin in the crime drama film Boston Strangler based on the infamous true story of Boston Strangler murders.

Public image

Off-screen, Geoffrey Macnab of The Independent describes Knightley as "sensible and self-deprecating" and Elizabeth Day of Harper's Bazaar says of Knightley's persona: "She is extremely nice, swears more than you might think and – yes – ... effortlessly beautiful". Writing for The New York Times, Jesse McKinley stated that Knightley is "known for her ability to sparkle and charm in several accents", while her Thérèse Raquin co-star, Judith Light, praised her "down-to-earth demeanor, intelligence and sense of humor".

Knightley has been described as "famously open with media", though she has asserted the contrary. During the 2000s, Knightley faced an "extraordinary amount of vitriol" from the press. The Guardian wrote that "if she is not too pretty to be worthy of her success, she is too posh, too thin. If there is a more valid reason why [...] they often struggle to articulate it." Despite multiple successful films and award nominations, the criticism affected her, and Knightley felt that she "didn't know [her] trade." Media scrutiny decreased as her career progressed, and she spaces out her public appearances to maintain attention on her films. Beginning in the 2010s, Knightley regained confidence in her abilities, and by the release of Colette (2018), she felt she had learned her craft and mentally occupied a "good place where I feel pretty confident about what I can do".

Several publications have described Knightley as one of the finest actresses of her generation. Knightley has been widely recognised for her extensive repertoire of period dramas throughout her career. She identifies with "break[ing] out of that image of femininity" and appreciates period films' "overt cage" to demonstrate such. Writer Anne Helen Petersen states that the varying personalities of her historical roles are united in the "larger idea" Knightley represents: "that of women ostensibly performing a version of proper womanhood — all while quietly negotiating, or cracking under, the weight of doing so." She has criticised contemporary-set films, finding their depiction of sexual violence against women excessive. Knightley is reputed for her signature "strong female lead" roles, and she has been compared to actresses Katharine Hepburn, Greta Garbo, Audrey Hepburn, and Nicole Kidman.

In a 2004 BBC poll, she was named among the most influential people in British culture. Knightley has often been ascribed to the "English rose" archetype. Knightley has been included several times on FHM's "100 Sexiest Women in the World" list, making her first appearance in 2004 and topping the list in 2006; she was included in every subsequent issue until 2009. She was part of the American editions of the list from 2004 to 2006, and was also placed ninth on the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2006.

Advocacy and philanthropy
Knightley received media attention for her perspectives on feminism, voiced in an interview with Harper's Bazaar UK published in the February 2014 edition. She explained that women face greater hurdles in the film industry compared to their male counterparts, and also revealed that she was perplexed by the use of "feminist" in a derogatory sense. Knightley posed topless for the September 2014 cover of Interview magazine, on condition that the image not be digitally altered, to draw attention to how "women's bodies are a battleground and photography is partly to blame." For International Women's Day 2014, Knightley was one of the artist signatories of Amnesty International's letter to British Prime Minister David Cameron, in which the organisation campaigned for women's rights in Afghanistan. After the birth of her first daughter, she penned an essay about childbirth, entitled "The Weaker Sex", featured in the collection Feminists Don't Wear Pink and Other Lies. Knightley does not shoot nude scenes for her films, unless directed by a female filmmaker.

Knightley is the face of an Amnesty International campaign to support human rights, marking the sixtieth anniversary of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 2004, she travelled to Ethiopia alongside Richard Curtis, Sanjeev Bhaskar and Julian Metcalfe on behalf of the Comic Relief charity. She posed for photos for WaterAid in 2005 and also for the American Library Association's "Read" campaign (a promotional poster of Pride & Prejudice). The dress she wore to the 2006 Academy Awards was donated to the charity Oxfam, where it raised £4,300. In April 2009, Knightley appeared in a video to raise awareness of domestic abuse entitled Cut shot for Women's Aid. The video created controversy, with some sources calling it too graphic, while other groups support the video for showing a realistic depiction of domestic violence. In November 2010, Knightley became patron of the SMA Trust, a British charity that funds medical research into the disease spinal muscular atrophy. In July 2014 Knightley travelled to South Sudan on behalf of Oxfam to meet refugees of the South Sudanese Civil War and raise awareness of the conflict.

In May 2016, Knightley signed a letter imploring Britain to vote "remain" in the UK EU referendum. The letter was also signed by John le Carré, Benedict Cumberbatch and Danny Boyle among others. Later, she appeared in a video aimed at encouraging younger people to vote in the referendum. On 12 September 2016, Knightley, along with Cate Blanchett, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Peter Capaldi, Douglas Booth, Neil Gaiman, Jesse Eisenberg, Juliet Stevenson, Kit Harington and Stanley Tucci, appeared in a video from the United Nations' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness of the global refugee crisis. The video, titled "What They Took With Them", has the actors reading a poem, written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees, and is part of UNHCR's #WithRefugees campaign, of which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter, integrating job opportunities, and education. In September 2016, Knightley co-hosted A Night to Remember, part of the Green Carpet Challenge, a charity event highlighting sustainability within the fashion industry.

In September 2017, Knightley traded stocks on behalf of the spinal muscular atrophy charity SMA Trust as part of the BGC Charity Day, which was set up to commemorate the stockbrokers who were killed during the September 11 attacks. In April 2020, Knightley participated in a World Health Day livestream to raise money for charity during the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, she and other celebrities designed a range of pin badges for the #PinYourThanks campaign, dedicated to thanking essential workers. All profits went to NHS Charities Together and Volunteering Matters. In October 2020, she backed Made By Dyslexia, a global campaign to help teachers address "dyslexic strengths". It has trained a quarter of a million teachers and started an online program. Knightley participated in a skit entitled 2020 The Movie, commemorating Red Nose Day 2021.

Fashion endorsements
Knightley was the celebrity face for the luxury goods brands Asprey and Shiatzy Chen as well as Lux haircare products in Japanese television commercials. In April 2006, she was confirmed as the new celebrity face of Chanel's perfume Coco Mademoiselle, though the first photo from the campaign was not released until May 2007. Knightley has appeared in television commercials for Chanel directed by Joe Wright since 2007, and has endorsed Chanel Fine Jewellery's collection Coco Crush. In 2008, Knightley was the highest-earning British Hollywood star according to the Forbes Celebrity 100 list and was named amongst the most bankable actors in 2009.

Personal life
Knightley dated actors Del Synnott, Jamie Dornan (2003–2005), and Rupert Friend (2005–2010). She began a relationship with musician James Righton in February 2011. They married on 4 May 2013 in Mazan, France. They have two daughters together, born in 2015 and 2019. The family resides in Canonbury, Islington, London. Knightley advocates for equal paternity leave and has spoken about the expense of childcare in England. She remarked in 2016 on "how lucky I've been to be able to afford really good childcare, otherwise it would be at least four years out of my career." She has no social media profiles in an effort to preserve her family's privacy.

Knightley won a libel case against the British tabloid Daily Mail in 2007 after it had falsely claimed that she had an eating disorder. Awarded £3,000 in damages, she added to the sum and donated £6,000 to Beat, a charity for those with mental illness and eating disorders.

In February 2010, a 41-year-old man was charged with harassment after trying to contact Knightley on several occasions outside London's Comedy Theatre, where she was performing in The Misanthrope. The subsequent trial folded after she was unavailable to testify in court. Another man was sentenced to eight weeks in prison after harassing Knightley outside her home and stalking her in December 2016.

Knightley took a break from working in 2006, suggesting that she wanted to take some time off acting to travel and focus on her personal life. In 2018, Knightley revealed that she had a mental breakdown at age 22 and had been later diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), since she struggled to adjust to her sudden rise to stardom. She recounted how she did not leave her home for three months up until early 2008, and needed to have hypnotherapy to prevent panic attacks so she could be able to attend that year's BAFTA Awards, where she was nominated for her performance in Atonement.

Acting credits and awards

According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, Knightley's most critically successful films are Bend It Like Beckham (2002), Love Actually, (2003), Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), Pride & Prejudice (2005), Atonement (2007), The Duchess (2008), Never Let Me Go (2010), A Dangerous Method (2011), The Imitation Game (2014), Everest (2015), Colette (2018), Official Secrets (2019), and Misbehaviour (2020). Her television appearances include Oliver Twist (1999), Princess of Thieves (2001), and Doctor Zhivago (2002). On stage, Knightley has starred in The Misanthrope and The Children's Hour at the Harold Pinter Theatre, as well as in Thérèse Raquin at the Roundabout Theatre Company.

Knightley has received two Academy Award nominations: Best Actress for Pride & Prejudice (2005) and Best Supporting Actress for The Imitation Game (2014). She has been nominated at the Golden Globe Awards for the Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama, Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture categories, for her performances in Pride & Prejudice (2005), Atonement (2007), and The Imitation Game (2014), respectively. Knightley has twice been nominated at the British Academy Film Awards: Best Actress in a Leading Role for Atonement (2007), and Best Actress in a Supporting Role for The Imitation Game (2014). She also received nomination for a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Play for The Misanthrope. She won the Empire Award for Best Actress for her performance in Atonement (2007) after five nominations.

title: Keira Knightley


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Hector-Louis Langevin

Sir Hector-Louis Langevin, (August 25, 1826 – June 11, 1906) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and one of the Fathers of Confederation.

Early life and education
Langevin was born in Quebec City in 1826. He studied law and was called to the bar in 1850.

Political career
In 1856, he was elected to the municipal council of Quebec City, he was mayor from 1858 to 1861. In 1857, he was elected Member of Parliament for Dorchester in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada as a member of the Conservative Party. He held various positions in Cabinet, including Solicitor General (1864–66), Postmaster General (1866–67), Secretary of State for Canada (1867–69), Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs (1868–69), Minister of Public Works (1869–73) and acting Minister of Militia and Defence (1873). Langevin also attended all three conferences leading to Confederation. He left politics in 1873 due to his role in the Pacific Scandal.

In 1871 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the provincial electoral district of Québec-Centre. At the time, dual mandates were still allowed. He served one term, until 1874.

In 1876, he was re-elected in the riding of Charlevoix. His opponent contested the election and it was declared invalid, but he won the subsequent by-election in 1877. He was defeated in Rimouski in 1878 but elected by acclamation in the riding of Trois-Rivières in the same year. Langevin became Minister of Public Works again in 1879. He lobbied behind the scenes against the hanging of Louis Riel in 1885 and was one of the few Conservatives Members of Parliament to survive the resulting backlash in the province of Quebec in 1887.

He was promised the post of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec by the new Conservative Prime Minister John Abbott if he resigned as Minister of Public Works. Langevin stepped down in 1891 but Abbott appointed Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau instead. That year, Langevin was implicated with Thomas McGreevy in what became known as the "McGreevy-Langevin scandal" over kickbacks to McGreevy associated with federal contracts granted to him by the department of public works overseen by Langevin. He retired to the backbenches and then left politics in 1896.

Outside politics he was previously a newspaper editor.

View on Indigenous Canadians
In 1883 he stated in Parliament "In order to educate the (‘Indian’) children properly we must separate them from their families. Some people may say that this is hard but if we want to civilize them we must do that." "The fact is that if you wish to educate the children you must separate them from their parents during the time they are being taught. If you leave them in the family they may know how to read and write, but they will remain savages, whereas by separating them in the way proposed, they acquire the habits and tastes…of civilized people."

Posthumous recognition
The Langevin Block office building on Parliament Hill and the Langevin Bridge in Calgary were formerly named in his honour. Langevin's group of honours insignia was sold at auction in Ottawa on May 18, 2010 for $8000.00

On January 23, 2017, Calgary City Council voted to rename the Langevin Bridge to the Reconciliation Bridge. In June 2017 it was announced the Langevin Block would be renamed to the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building due to Langevin's involvement in the Canadian Indian residential school system. in June 2021 a Calgary Board of Education public school was renamed Riverside School, after being Langevin school from 1936 until 2021.

Personal life
His brother, Jean Langevin was a Roman Catholic bishop.

Archives
There is a Hector-Louis Langevin fonds at Library and Archives Canada and a family Hector Langevin fonds at Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hector-Louis Langevin


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Responsibility assumption

In existential psychotherapy, responsibility assumption is the doctrine, practiced by therapists such as Irvin D. Yalom where an individual taking responsibility for the events and circumstances in their lives is seen as a necessary basis for their making any genuine change.

From the therapist's viewpoint, the goal is to identify these events and circumstances, always operating, in Yalom's words, "within the frame of reference that the patient has created his[/her] own distress". Then the therapist must "find ways to communicate this insight to the patient".

The problem that Yalom seeks to address is that of seemingly passive patients, with therapists shouldering the entire burden of the therapy because they think that that is what they must do. A "sluggish" patient can be "galvaniz[ed] into action" by asking the simple question: "Why do you come?". Other techniques including scenarios where other people assume responsibility, and drawing a parallel between those scenarios and the patient's own.

In detail, techniques involve:

 * Highlighting ways in which the client avoids responsibility, such as by using "cannot" for situations where "will not" is the case, and generates defences against the assumption of responsibility. This also involves confronting a client with the client's own behaviours.  A client that, for example, complains of loneliness is reminded of this—"Is it any wonder that you are lonely?"—whenever the client belittles other people.
 * Highlighting responsibility avoidance even in the therapist-client relationship itself, by observing any transfer of responsibility from the client to the therapist ("Tell me what to do!") and behaviours of the client towards the therapist that reflect responsibility avoidance in the client's life.
 * Encouraging the assumption of responsibility for how the client deals with adverse external circumstances, such as serious illness and the client assuming responsibility for behaviour towards doctors.
 * Encouraging the conversion of guilt about lack of self-actualization into assuming more responsibility for that lack.
 * Confronting low affect, and encouraging the client to have desires and wishes for change, which become the seeds for a will to change, the mere wish to change being the first step towards that.
 * Ungluing decision making processes stuck through fear, encouraging empowerment and the exercise of choice.

Assumption of responsibility does not by itself motivate behavioural change. It must be accompanied by a will to change.

title: Responsibility assumption


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Three-valued logic

In logic, a three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which there are three truth values indicating true, false, and some third value. This is contrasted with the more commonly known bivalent logics (such as classical sentential or Boolean logic) which provide only for true and false.

Emil Leon Post is credited with first introducing additional logical truth degrees in his 1921 theory of elementary propositions. The conceptual form and basic ideas of three-valued logic were initially published by Jan Łukasiewicz and Clarence Irving Lewis. These were then re-formulated by Grigore Constantin Moisil in an axiomatic algebraic form, and also extended to n-valued logics in 1945.

Pre-discovery
Around 1910, Charles Sanders Peirce defined a many-valued logic system. He never published it. In fact, he did not even number the three pages of notes where he defined his three-valued operators. Peirce soundly rejected the idea all propositions must be either true or false; boundary-propositions, he writes, are "at the limit between P and not P." However, as confident as he was that "Triadic Logic is universally true," he also jotted down that "All this is mighty close to nonsense." Only in 1966, when Max Fisch and Atwell Turquette began publishing what they rediscovered in his unpublished manuscripts, did Peirce's triadic ideas become widely known.

Representation of values
As with bivalent logic, truth values in ternary logic may be represented numerically using various representations of the ternary numeral system. A few of the more common examples are:
 * in balanced ternary, each digit has one of 3 values: −1, 0, or +1; these values may also be simplified to −, 0, +, respectively;
 * in the redundant binary representation, each digit can have a value of −1, 0, 0/1 (the value 0/1 has two different representations);
 * in the ternary numeral system, each digit is a trit (trinary digit) having a value of: 0, 1, or 2;
 * in the skew binary number system, only the least-significant non-zero digit can have a value of 2, and the remaining digits have a value of 0 or 1;
 * 1 for true, 2 for false, and 0 for unknown, unknowable/undecidable, irrelevant, or both;
 * 0 for false, 1 for true, and a third non-integer "maybe" symbol such as ?, #, ½, or xy.

Inside a ternary computer, ternary values are represented by ternary signals.

This article mainly illustrates a system of ternary propositional logic using the truth values {false, unknown, true}, and extends conventional Boolean connectives to a trivalent context.

Logics
Boolean logic allows 22 = 4 unary operators; the addition of a third value in ternary logic leads to a total of 33 = 27 distinct operators on a single input value. (This may be made clear by considering all possible truth tables for an arbitrary unary operator. Given 2 possible values TF of the single Boolean input, there are four different patterns of output TT, TF, FT, FF resulting from the following unary operators acting on each value: always T, Identity, NOT, always F.  Given three possible values of a ternary variable, each times three possible results of a unary operation, there are 27 different output patterns: TTT, TTU, TTF, TUT, TUU, TUF, TFT, TFU, TFF, UTT, UTU, UTF, UUT, UUU, UUF, UFT, UFU, UFF, FTT, FTU, FTF, FUT, FUU, FUF, FFT, FFU, and FFF.)  Similarly, where Boolean logic has 22×2 = 16 distinct binary operators (operators with 2 inputs) possible, ternary logic has 33×3 = 19,683 such operators. Where the nontrival Boolean operators can be named (AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, XNOR (equivalence), and 4 variants of implication or inequality), with six trivial operators considering 0 or 1 inputs only, it is unreasonable to attempt to name all but a small fraction of the possible ternary operators. Just as in bivalent logic, where not all operators are given names and subsets of functionally complete operators are used, there may be functionally complete sets of ternary-valued operators.

Kleene and Priest logics
Below is a set of truth tables showing the logic operations for Stephen Cole Kleene's "strong logic of indeterminacy" and Graham Priest's "logic of paradox".

In these truth tables, the unknown state can be thought of as neither true nor false in Kleene logic, or thought of as both true and false in Priest logic. The difference lies in the definition of tautologies. Where Kleene logic's only designated truth value is T, Priest logic's designated truth values are both T and U. In Kleene logic, the knowledge of whether any particular unknown state secretly represents true or false at any moment in time is not available. However, certain logical operations can yield an unambiguous result, even if they involve an unknown operand. For example, because true OR true equals true, and true OR false also equals true, then true OR unknown equals true as well. In this example, because either bivalent state could be underlying the unknown state, and either state also yields the same result, true results in all three cases.

If numeric values, e.g. balanced ternary values, are assigned to false, unknown and true such that false is less than unknown and unknown is less than true, then A AND B AND C... = MIN(A, B, C ...) and A OR B OR C ... = MAX(A, B, C...).

Material implication for Kleene logic can be defined as:

$$ A \rightarrow B \ \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \ \mbox{OR} ( \ \mbox{NOT}(A), \ B ) $$, and its truth table is which differs from that for Łukasiewicz logic (described below).

Kleene logic has no tautologies (valid formulas) because whenever all of the atomic components of a well-formed formula are assigned the value Unknown, the formula itself must also have the value Unknown. (And the only designated truth value for Kleene logic is True.) However, the lack of valid formulas does not mean that it lacks valid arguments and/or inference rules. An argument is semantically valid in Kleene logic if, whenever (for any interpretation/model) all of its premises are True, the conclusion must also be True. (The Logic of Paradox (LP) has the same truth tables as Kleene logic, but it has two designated truth values instead of one; these are: True and Both (the analogue of Unknown), so that LP does have tautologies but it has fewer valid inference rules).

Łukasiewicz logic
The Łukasiewicz Ł3 has the same tables for AND, OR, and NOT as the Kleene logic given above, but differs in its definition of implication in that "unknown implies unknown" is true. This section follows the presentation from Malinowski's chapter of the Handbook of the History of Logic, vol 8.

Material implication for Łukasiewicz logic truth table is

In fact, using Łukasiewicz's implication and negation, the other usual connectives may be derived as:

It is also possible to derive a few other useful unary operators (first derived by Tarski in 1921):

They have the following truth tables: M is read as "it is not false that..." or in the (unsuccessful) Tarski–Łukasiewicz attempt to axiomatize modal logic using a three-valued logic, "it is possible that..." L is read "it is true that..." or "it is necessary that..." Finally I is read "it is unknown that..." or "it is contingent that..."

In Łukasiewicz's Ł3 the designated value is True, meaning that only a proposition having this value everywhere is considered a tautology. For example, $A ∨ B = (A → B) → B$ and $A ∧ B = ¬(¬A ∨ ¬ B)$ are tautologies in Ł3 and also in classical logic. Not all tautologies of classical logic lift to Ł3 "as is". For example, the law of excluded middle, $A ⇔ B = (A → B) ∧ (B → A)$, and the law of non-contradiction, $MA = ¬A → A$ are not tautologies in Ł3. However, using the operator $LA = ¬M¬A$ defined above, it is possible to state tautologies that are their analogues:
 * $IA = MA ∧ ¬LA$ (law of excluded fourth)
 * $MA$ (extended contradiction principle).

RM3 logic
The truth table for the material implication of R-mingle 3 (RM3) is

A defining characteristic of RM3 is the lack of the axiom of Weakening: which, by adjointness, is equivalent to the projection from the product: RM3 is a non-cartesian symmetric monoidal closed category; the product, which is left-adjoint to the implication, lacks valid projections, and has $LA$ as the monoid identity. This logic is equivalent to an "ideal" paraconsistent logic which also obeys the contrapositive.

HT logic
The logic of here and there (HT, also referred as Smetanov logic SmT or as Gödel G3 logic), introduced by Heyting in 1930 as a model for studying intuitionistic logic, is a three-valued intermediate logic where the third truth value NF (not false) has the semantics of a proposition that can be intuitionistically proven to not be false, but does not have an intuitionistic proof of correctness.

It may be defined either by appending one of the two equivalent axioms (¬q → p) → (((p → q) → p) → p) or equivalently p∨(¬q)∨(p → q) to the axioms of intuitionistic logic, or by explicit truth tables for its operations. In particular, conjunction and disjunction are the same as for Kleene's and Łukasiewicz's logic, while the negation is different.

HT logic is the unique coatom in the lattice of intermediate logics. In this sense it may be viewed as the "second strongest" intermediate logic after classical logic.

Bochvar logic
This logic is also known as a weak form of Kleene's three-valued logic.

Ternary Post logic

 * not(a) = (a + 1) mod 3, or
 * not(a) = (a + 1) mod (n), where (n) is the value of a logic

Modular algebras
Some 3VL modulars arithmetics have been introduced more recently, motivated by circuit problems rather than philosophical issues:
 * Cohn algebra
 * Pradhan algebra
 * Dubrova and Muzio algebra

SQL
The database structural query language SQL implements ternary logic as a means of handling comparisons with NULL field content. NULL was originally intended to be used as a sentinel value in SQL to represent missing data in a database, i.e. the assumption that an actual value exists, but that the value is not currently recorded in the database. SQL uses a common fragment of the Kleene K3 logic, restricted to AND, OR, and NOT tables.

In SQL, the intermediate value is intended to be interpreted as UNKNOWN. Explicit comparisons with NULL, including that of another NULL yields UNKNOWN. However this choice of semantics is abandoned for some set operations, e.g. UNION or INTERSECT, where NULLs are treated as equal with each other. Critics assert that this inconsistency deprives SQL of intuitive semantics in its treatment of NULLs. The SQL standard defines an optional feature called F571, which adds some unary operators, among which is  corresponding to the Łukasiewicz I in this article. The addition of  to the other operators of SQL's three-valued logic makes the SQL three-valued logic functionally complete, meaning its logical operators can express (in combination) any conceivable three-valued logical function.

title: Three-valued logic


text:
Talk:Robert Simpson (composer)

Untitled
What is there to discuss about a page that doesn't exist? Place and dates of birth and death for an extremely important modern composer, and nothing more? Is this supposed to be some kind of joke?

 * Well, whoever you are, I hope you see that now the page also has some information on Simpson's Symphonies and books. Hopefully someone else will flesh out the biographical portion of the article. Dmetric

 * Now that the members.aol.com page is gone, though, I hope the other pages have enough to shoulder the weight or that other sources can be found to bear the weight- page does need sources, I think. Schissel | Sound the Note! 08:54, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Symphony 9
Was supposed to be premiered by Handley, but I gather that it was not. Does anyone know? Schissel-nonLop! 22:19, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you referring to the occasion when Todd Handley blew his nose before coming onstage - and started a massive nosebleed that wouldn't stop? As I recall Simpson telling this story (round about 1991), a doctor who was in the audience went up and couldn't staunch the bleeding, and Todd was taken off to hospital. Simpson himself was in the hall, and when his wife asked him 'If they ask you to conduct it, will you?', he said 'No!'. In the event, though, with an entire concert hall full of people who'd come to listen, he did agree to do it - on condition that the BBC didn't go through with the live broadcast or recording (I forget which) that they were all set up to do. He borrowed some item of clothing (I don't remember whether it was a jacket or a pair of trousers, or both) from someone in the orchestra, and conducted what, by his own admission, was a very safe and fanatically careful performance (Simpson, telling this story, demonstrated a big and heavy and slow beat with both hands): he knew that if he or they got lost anywhere, there'd be no chance of a recovery.

 * But as far as I can remember (I'm away from all my Simpson tapes and papers at the moment), this wasn't at the premiere: was it the 'first broadcast performance', or something like that...? There was a slightly different disaster that affected the Tenth Symphony some years later; I believe *that* was at the premiere...  Perhaps our friend 'Cenedi' will respond: he's a very knowledgeable bod, IMHE.

 * All best,

 * Pfistermeister.

I'd be interested in clarification. And hope - this is tangential, though - to submit at least a stub for Vernon Handley if I can, whose recording of the Rubbra string concertos I rate too, e.g. ...; I think there's call for one, on encyclopaedic and other grounds... Schissel-nonLop! 00:03, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Simpson (composer)


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Setun

Setun (Сетунь) was a computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University. It was built under the leadership of Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov. It was the most modern ternary computer, using the balanced ternary numeral system and three-valued ternary logic instead of the two-valued binary logic prevalent in other computers.

Overview
The computer was built to fulfill the needs of Moscow State University. It was manufactured at the Kazan Mathematical plant. Fifty computers were built from 1959 until 1965, when production was halted. The characteristic operating memory consisted of 81 words of memory, each word composed of 18 trits (ternary digits) with additional 1944 words on magnetic drum (total of about 7 KB). Between 1965 and 1970, a regular binary computer was used at Moscow State University to replace it. Although this replacement binary computer performed equally well, it was 2.5 times the cost of the Setun.

In 1970, a new ternary computer architecture, the Setun-70, was developed. Edsger W. Dijkstra's ideas of structured programming were implemented in the hardware of this computer. The short instructions set was developed and implemented by Nikolay Brusentsov independently from RISC architecture principles.

The Setun-70 hardware architecture was transformed into the Dialogue System of Structured Programming (DSSP). DSSP emulates the "Setun 70" architecture on binary computers, thus it fulfills the advantages of structured programming. DSSP programming language has similar syntax to the Forth programming language but has a different sequence of base instructions, especially conditional jump instructions. DSSP was developed by Nikolay Brusentsov and doctoral students in the 1980s at Moscow State University. A 32-bit version was implemented in 1989.

title: Setun


text:
User:Nohat

 * I have been a Wikipedia contributor since June 17, 2003.
 * I have been an Administrator since April 22, 2004.
 * I am a former member of the Arbitration committee. I was on the committee from its founding in January 2004 until I resigned in September 2005.
 * I created a previous version of the logo and many international variants: See meta:Logo and meta:Wikipedia in other languages

See my website at nohat.net

Barnstars

I dunno if I'm "offically" allowed to give these or not, but whatever the case... I hereby give you this shiny rotating barnstar and the equally-shiny Graphic Designer's Barnstar for your part in creating the way-cool Wikipedia logo :-) multima 01:54, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Note to users seeking logos
I am happy to make a logo for your new Wikipedia or fix a logo that has an error or a changed word. If you want me to make a new logo or a new version of a logo, please indicate the contents of the logo on meta:Wikipedia in other languages and leave me a note on my talk page

My cats

Force & Balthazar

Legal mumbo-jumbo
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Nohat


text:
Haruspex

In the religion of ancient Rome, a haruspex was a person trained to practise a form of divination called haruspicy, the inspection of the entrails of sacrificed animals, especially the livers of sacrificed sheep and poultry. Various ancient cultures of the Near East, such as the Babylonians, also read omens specifically from the liver, a practice also known by the Greek term hepatoscopy (also hepatomancy).

The Roman concept is directly derived from Etruscan religion, as one of the three branches of the disciplina Etrusca. Such methods continued to be used well into the Middle Ages, especially among Christian apostates and pagans.

The Latin terms haruspex and haruspicina are from an archaic word, hīra = "entrails, intestines" (cognate with hernia = "protruding viscera" and hira = "empty gut"; PIE *ǵʰer-) and from the root spec- = "to watch, observe". The Greek ἡπατοσκοπία hēpatoskōpia is from hēpar = "liver" and ''skop- = "to examine".

Ancient Near East
"The spread of hepatoscopy is one of the clearest examples of cultural contact in the orientalizing period. It must have been a case of East-West understanding on a relatively high, technical level. The mobility of migrant charismatics is the natural prerequisite for this diffusion, the international role of sought-after specialists, who were, as far as their art was concerned, nevertheless bound to their father-teachers. We cannot expect to find many archaeologically identifiable traces of such people, other than some exceptional instances."

The Babylonians were famous for hepatoscopy. This practice is mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel 21:21:

"For the king of Babylon standeth at the parting of the way, at the head of the two ways, to use divination; he shaketh the arrows to and fro, he inquireth of the teraphim, he looketh in the liver."

One Babylonian clay model of a sheep's liver, dated between 1900 and 1600 BC, is conserved in the British Museum.

The Assyro-Babylonian tradition was also adopted in Hittite religion. At least thirty-six liver-models have been excavated at Hattusa. Of these, the majority are inscribed in Akkadian, but a few examples also have inscriptions in the native Hittite language, indicating the adoption of haruspicy as part of the native, vernacular cult.

Ancient Italy
Roman haruspicy was a form of communication with the gods. Rather than strictly predicting future events, this form of Roman divination allowed humans to discern the attitudes of the gods and react in a way that would maintain harmony between the human and divine worlds (pax deorum). Before taking important actions, especially in battle, Romans conducted animal sacrifices to discover the will of the gods according to the information gathered through reading the animals' entrails. The entrails (most importantly the liver, but also the lungs and heart) contained a large number of signs that indicated the gods' approval or disapproval. These signs could be interpreted according to the appearance of the organs, for example, if the liver was "smooth, shiny and full" or "rough and shrunken". The Etruscans looked for the caput iocineris, or "head of the liver". It was considered a bad omen if this part was missing from the animal's liver. The haruspex would then study the flat visceral side of the liver after examining the caput iocineris.

Haruspicy in Ancient Italy originated with the Etruscans. Textual evidence for Etruscan divination comes from an Etruscan inscription: the priest Laris Pulenas' (250–200 BCE) epitaph mentions a book he wrote on haruspicy. A collection of sacred texts called the Etrusca disciplina, written in Etruscan, were essentially guides on different forms of divination, including haruspicy and augury. In addition, a number of archeological artifacts depict Etruscan haruspicy. These include a bronze mirror with an image of a haruspex dressed in Etruscan priest's clothing, holding a liver while a crowd gathers near him. Another significant artifact relating to haruspicy in Ancient Italy is the Piacenza Liver. This bronze model of a sheep's liver was found by chance by a farmer in 1877. Names of gods are etched into the surface and organized into different sections. Artifacts depicting haruspicy exist from the ancient Roman world as well, such as stone relief carvings located in Trajan's Forum.

title: Haruspex


text:
Talk:Dulles International Airport

Miscellaneous comments
Note: Larry, The John F. Kennedy airport is in New York. -- mike dill

Please to do not delete San Antonio from United's mainline service section. United mainline still has non-stop service to San Antonio. Flight 953 departs 0819 utilizing an A319. Shakbok (talk) 15:39, 2 May 2012 (UTC)shakbok

I have discovered that all AeroSur flights to and from Bolivia make a scheduled stop at Tocumen International Airport; Panama City, Panama. Thus I have updated AeroSur's destination section to include Panama City. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shakbok (talk • contribs) 17:32, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

We should update the map which shows the destinations from Dulles to include new routes. NOTE: It looks like it's calling IAD->Beijing a "Direct" route, when isn't it a non-stop route? Pretty sure the new United flight is non-stop to Beijing.

Hey -- The location mentioned in the article is 'Dulles' -- This is not a name of an area -- Businesses in Sterling use 'Dulles' as a city address instead of 'Sterling' as it is better known -- The United States Postal Service has agreed to deliver mail addressed as 'Dulles' to the 20166 zip code area of Sterling.

Hey guys, I merged the one I made and this one into this thread.

If I am wrong about which terminal each airline occupies, feel free to slap my hand :(

The layout description was confusing on the map.

Needs ground trans info like Washington Flyer and Metrobus 5--Jason McHuff 07:44, 12 September 2005 (UTC) -- This has been added on June 6, 2006, in both the body of the text and in the external links area.

needs to update the introduction since Independence Air went out of business (dec?).

There are a lot of flights that need to be added to this list, delta, northwest, united, continental, and American all have flights and purposed flights missing on this list

The current Concourse G according to the MWAA Dulles website is a temporary structure that will be torn down once United Express completes its transition back to Concourse A.
 * I've gone ahead and added a note about this -- MutantMonkey 21:01, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't get it... UAX moved from A to G but then moved back to A once Independence went bankrupt? What had they originally planned to do if Indy had stayed and G was temporary? -newkai t-c 22:33, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Curved design
I think there should be more information and pictures of the curved architecture of IAD. FL a RN (talk) 03:20, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

D2
I am going to write an article on the Dulles Development Program (D2) Please let me know of any changes you think i should make (or spelling errors...) Nweinthal 05:08, 23 November 2006 (UTC)NW

 * From both me and Nweinthal, thanks for the picture on the D2 sectionPlanes&Mustangs510

On that map it says that there is service to panama city but I cant find which airline it is.
 * It's Lloyd Aereo Boliviano, I'll add it in the text as well. Kmusser 13:37, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

IAD-HKG on UA
Please stop adding Hong Kong as a destination for United Airlines. UA does NOT fly IAD-HKG so it is not worth mentioning. Bucs2004 05:22, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

strangely-worded sentence
Check out this sentence: In 1958, the former unincorporated community of Willard was torn down to make room for Dulles, and countless roads, homes, stores, and schools were demolished to make room for runways, concourses and other features.

This seems very derogatory and confrontational, seeming to insinuate that lives were shattered by the construction of the airport- indeed, "countless" lives. I would propose either revising, moving and revising, or striking altogether this sentence, as its position near the top of the page gives it more justification and significance than I believe is due. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Uvulabob27 (talk • contribs)

 * Concur. It reminds me of the debate at Logan Airport regarding East Boston residents being displaced to construct the airport, where residents say they were living there before the airport was built (in 1920?). I agree to the options of either revision or total removal. Neo16287 17:35, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I concur as well and have removed the sentence. There is no reason for it to be in a paragraph about the current location of the airport--it's simply not relevant there.  It is relevant in the history section, where there was already a mention.  I've condensed the two sentences about Willard into one sentence in the history section. SaveThePoint (talk) 18:30, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Independence
Three years after its demise, perhaps we should take the information about Independence Air out of the overview section, maybe to a new heading... P&M510 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.66.69.180 (talk) 01:56, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

pronunciation?
How is Dulles pronounced? Shouldn't someone who knows for certain add that to the article?

I'm just a casual user, and I came to this article specifically to find how the name is pronounced; unlike many, many other articles, that information is not found here.

Just a suggestion and a request... thanks.

12.202.102.35 (talk) 22:16, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't think of it as being particularly difficult to pronounce. Isn't it just "Dull - ess"? NcSchu ( Talk ) 22:28, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know. That's why I asked and felt it important enough to ask. It could be "Dull-ess", or it could be pronounced "Dool-ess", or "Doo-lay", or who knows how many other ways. For what it's worth, I agree with you and "think" it is "Dull-ess"... but shouldn't we all know for certain? 12.202.102.35 (talk) 14:40, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I've been to Dulles many times, and it is pronounced like NcSchu said: Dull-ess. --Sha721

—Preceding comment was added at 02:28, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * As an employee of the airport, it is pronounced: DUHL-ESS Rootbear75 (talk) 10:42, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with Rootbear75, and I am a resident of Northern Virginia, and I have always heard DUHL-ESS as the method of pronunciation. Mathpianist93 (talk) 22:05, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Kind of weird --- PLEASE READ
Hi. If you look at Air Peru, it says that they fly operated by Primaris Airlines between Miami, Washington Dulles, and Lima. Someone deleted it off all three pages:
 * Washington Dulles International Airport [supposed to be in Concourse H]
 * Miami International Airport
 * Jorge Chavez International Airport

Anybody know why??? Sha721 (talk) 18:59, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Having searched for Air Peru, the first result coming up is the WP page. The URL provided only shows a "page under construction", and there are no records of such an airline existing. The airline appears to be a hoax. It would not be the first time, and it definitely will not be the last. Neo16287 (talk) 19:27, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Dublin route
For the moment, Aer Lingus are only cutting the Winter schedule. Although it was said that there was "no absolute guarantee" that they will operate the summer schedule next year, for the moment it is operational as it hasn't been cut. Therefore a "seasonal" tag is the best indication. FF3000 (talk) 21:58, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
 * It appears that IAD-DUB will not be returning for Summer 2010. Therefore the last flight is on October 12, 2009. It will fly to MAD on March 28, 2010 instead. 74.183.173.237 (talk) 02:15, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Beijing route
Whoever changed the Beijing route designation to seasonal, how do you know so? In March, my father flew IAD-PEK non-stop both ways, so how can the route now be only seasonal? I am not sure whether March is part of the peak tourist season in Beijing... Mathpianist93 (talk) 22:32, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * According to UA timetables, The route is suspended for the winter season. It ends October 25, 2009 and then resumes in March 2010. Until that time, IAD-PEK will operate via NRT instead. 74.183.173.237 (talk) 02:11, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Too bad this route is not doing as well as expected. We have a large Chinese population, as well as gov't traffic, here. Mathpianist93 (talk) 01:06, 27 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The is mainly due to the US economic recession and UA's cut of international capacity. Snoozlepet (talk) 05:02, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

IAD-RSW on UA
Please stop adding Fort Myers as a destination for United. Check scheds and there are no nonstop IAD-RSW on UA mainline nor Express at all. Only nonstop flight to RSW is from ORD and that is on UA Express. 74.183.173.237 (talk) 02:16, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Listing of destinations
I am going to consolidate the airlines/destinations into ONE table, as has been done for JFK and EWR. Mathpianist93 (talk) 23:55, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Discussed at WP:AIRPORTS. Snoozlepet (talk) 00:28, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

Irish Airline Aer Lingus
The unsourced comment about Irish Airline Aer Lingus doesn't appear to be notable enough to appear in the lede. There's no appropriate section to move that into, at present. Tedickey (talk) 00:35, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Also, users continue to put Dublin as a Aer Lingus destination from IAD. Aer Lingus only flies nonstop from IAD to MAD. Dublin is served via codeshare partner JetBlue Airways and it stops in New York-JFK. Nonstop flights from IAD to DUB ceased in October 2009. Snoozlepet (talk) 19:46, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

PEK seasonality
This time, I am going to have to think you are incorrect question you, Snoozlepet. Checked the schedules right after your edit, and there is no mention of a NRT route under the PEK section of the official UA timetable. The only change to the route so far this year seems to be a slight re-timing. Furthermore, under the "plane type", there is only 777. Of course, this could all change by then. And Snoozlepet, winter doesn't really begin in Beijing until late November (and snow is like gold there); and here, in Washington, I will have to say mid-December at the earliest. --HXL 何献龙 01:55, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * INCORRECT! I am gonna have to disagree with you. Per UA schedules....the flight is seasonal!! There is NO IAD-PEK nonstop flights during the winter...so it is seasonal. and PEK-IAD makes a stop in NRT. Snoozlepet (talk) 20:47, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * can you not yell? it's not proportional to a light "I am going to have think you are incorrect". --HXL 何献龙 20:57, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I ask that you remove a similar section from July/August 2009. then I did not know of the word "timetable" so it was more in my error to ask the question. Bear in mind that this username is the successor of that original poster's SN, ok? --HXL 何献龙 22:10, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

 * and sorry for my original error. I tend to rely on timetables a little too heavily, and did not bother go booking. I suggest this, if UA is going to make IAD-PEK go seasonal non-stop every year (I agree that an intermediate at a hub/focus shouldn't be listed), WP just ought to leave that route marked as seasonal and not simply change it come every April, ok? not only is this less work for you and other editors but it also does not leave the false impression of year-round profitability on this flight. --HXL 何献龙 22:10, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

A380 not coming to IAD, or is it?
I've been searching left and right for information confirming this and can't find any:

"In the summer of 2011 Air France will start using the Airbus A380 on their Paris Charles de Gaulle airport to Washington Dulles International Airport service.[14]"

So from what I gather it is little more than conjecture. While my French skills are very limited, the source for this statement does not mention anywhere service to Washington, it only seems to mention Montreal.

I also checked the timetables for AF in the next coming months and see no service with anything other than a 772.

I think it should be removed until confirmed with no doubt. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.86.44.155 (talk) 16:20, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Does this article suffice as confirmation? Its the washington business jounral; gives date as June 6. http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2010/12/03/dulles-gets-first-a380-service.html Scjiwillbe (talk) 21:01, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Then that article would be a much better source than the french one, assuming it is accurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.86.44.155 (talk) 03:12, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Move This page from the Fairfax County portal to the Loudoun County Portal
Just an observation, the entirety of the airport's land lies within Loudoun County, VA not within Fairfax County, VA. Shouldn't it therefore be within the Loudoun County portal rather than the Fairfax County portal? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.178.207.183 (talk) 17:16, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Actually, Dulles straddles the county line of Fairfax and Loudoun Counties. While most of the airport is located in Loudoun County, Runway 1R/19L is mostly in Fairfax County. In addition, most of the southern areas of the airport's land (which is where the new ATCT is located) is in Fairfax County. There is actually a sign on one of the service roads (Willard Road) that says "Entering Fairfax County." In addition, Rt 267, the Access Highway are all within Fairfax County. I'm OK with putting the airport in both portals. You can clearly see this by looking at an official map of Fairfax County, located http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/maps/images/maps/handouts/pdf07/SchoolAdministrationAreas.pdf. --Scjiwillbe (talk) 16:17, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Citation Needed Headline
Do we still need the "citation/verification" headline that has been at the top of this article since 2009? The article as over 60 references and I feel is pretty well cited. Is it time to remove that tag? Thoughts?--Scjiwillbe (talk) 03:49, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Looks like someone already removed it. Sam.gov (talk) 21:40, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

January, 2012, fatality
Worth mentioning? - http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/dr-gridlock/post/southwest-employees-dies-after-accident-at-dulles/2012/01/27/gIQAweOYVQ_blog.html?hpid=z3 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.62.137.154 (talk) 17:34, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

Saudi Arabian's Seasonal Flight to Medina
I have been doing some research and cannot find any indication that Saudi Arabian has scheduled seasonal flights to Medina. I as well cannot find any proof that this flight is a seasonal charter service. Can someone verfiy otherwise? shakbok

Avianca Service to La Paz via Bogota
Please be advised Avianca's 5 of 7 weekly flights to Bogota have continuing service to La Paz, Bolivia. Shakbok (talk) 11:50, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

United: IAD - BKK service.
For the last few months I have observed on MWAA's fight schedule relative to direct one-stop service from IAD to BKK. Today I went to the United's home page and was able to find flights with one-stop service through NRT without an aircraft change. Therefore I am going to add BKK to United's list of destinations. http://www.united.com/ (Type in the destinations on the left.  The first flight indicates direct one-stop service.)

http://www.mwaa.com/file/MWAA_August_2012.pdf (page 72 and 75)

Shakbok (talk) 17:26, 24 July 2012 (UTC)shakbok
 * Narita is a United hub and there is a 100% that it is not the same plane and we have already had this discussion in the past with this and DL NRT flights. If you also look at the flight status of Flight 803's (the NRT-BKK segment) "Where is this aircraft coming from?", you will see that that the aircraft number is not the same as IAD-NRT. Snoozlepet (talk) 22:59, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I let Shakbok's edit stand earlier because it was indeed the same flight number and aircraft type, and I checked one day and the plane did indeed go direct--it doesn't have to be every day, just once a week would be enough to be a regular service in some much smaller markets. HOWEVER, now I see that this same flight number deal does not last beyond August 27/28. Therefore it suffers from the same problem as DL's NRT operation--TIMETABLE DIRECT--which changes every few months. I recall that I did not get a consensus to treat foreign hubs treated as the same as domestic hubs (which is an almost automatic exclusion), so NRT being a hub is not enough to warrant exclusion. However, "timetable direct" is a cause for exclusion. Those of us having been around long enough to see the NW/DL merger and the plane painting/upgrading process had concluded that we are not going to chase after flight numbers and aircraft types every few months and add or delete destinations or begin/end tags for these operational changes. If you don't see qualifying directs through the end of the schedule, exclude it. HkCaGu (talk) 04:13, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

confusion between largest and other superlatives}
readers will be confused by the switch in mid-sentence from largest (a measure of area) and number of passengers (usually not measured in acres) TEDickey (talk) 21:11, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

According to the first source, Dulles's area is 13,000 acres (though the 3rd gives a lower figure), while BWI is 3,600 TEDickey (talk) 22:25, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

These numbers do not add up. The source noted says "preliminary". Other sources indicate IAD has more passenger count between 2010 and 2011 than BWI. Besides, airport size is dictated by land mass. Shakbok (talk) 16:50, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

In 48-hours, if there are no more comments and /or suggestions, I will rewrtie the language or most likely get rid of it all together. We should find the FINAL numbers as opposed to "Preliminary" as stated in the source.. Any thoughts until then? Shakbok (talk) 14:44, 12 September 2012 (UTC)shakbok

?Segregation of United Domestic and United International Flights?
Since ALL mainline United flights depart and arrive at C and D Concourses, is it neccessary to create two tables for international and domestic flights? What if United Express had international service to non-precleared destinations. Creating two tables to stay consistent could become confusing. Shakbok (talk) 01:56, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
 * It's been reverted. Longstanding WP:AIRPORT practices are based on terminals/concourses, not the types of destinations. HkCaGu (talk) 02:14, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
 * No, since all domestic and int'l UA mainline flights use concourses c and d, it is pointless to seperate them. The only time we seperate domestic and international destinations is when a concourse or terminal is used exclusively for international flights only. Also, please note that some domestic flights will depart from a international concourse/terminal during off-peak taffic hours. Snoozlepet (talk) 21:45, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

File:Washington Dulles International Airport at Dusk.jpg to appear as POTD
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Washington Dulles International Airport at Dusk.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on June 7, 2013. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2013-06-07. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 23:20, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

IAD Size.
Good Morning... I changed the wording for IAD being the "largest" in the Washington DC metro since it is by size and traffic numbers within Washington DC MSA. If one clicks on Washington Metro portal to the right of the disputed terminology, they are forwarded to the Washington DC MSA page; not Washington /Baltimore CSA. If I am incorrect, please explain so I understand. Shakbok (talk) 13:34, 2 August 2013 (UTC)shakbok

 * Most people don't make that distinction, when familiar with the area will find the presentation misleading - Google maps says that BWI to Washington is 32 miles, Dulles is 27. That's to city-center. People in Maryland generally use BWI (depending on particular flights of course). TEDickey (talk) 19:38, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

Discussions such as this are inappropriate for user-talkpages, since that does not help to improve the topic TEDickey (talk) 20:55, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

mislabeled picture
Picture was renamed by an occasional editor who made an unverifiable assertion, ignoring topic's page, the linked topic which provides description - also see http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_rpt_055.pdf TEDickey (talk) 19:25, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

IAD Destination Map
IAD has service to MAD via United. Spain needs to be shaded in. Shakbok (talk) 08:24, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

IAD Passenger Count Per 2014
Please stop editing IAD's 2014 passenger stat. Per Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA), traffic was down 1.7% from 2013 statistics. Please read for yourself: http://www.mwaa.com/7736.htm Shakbok (talk) 17:54, 26 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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History incomplete
There are references to "temporary" concourses C and D, but no explanation. Doing some further research it seems concourses C and D were originally intended to be temporary (and the airport still considers them as such) but they are now 25 years old and the replacement isn't even given a date yet. Also, Concourses A and B were built in the 2000's? Were there also 'temporary' A and B concourses? Or was C and D given its designation after A and B were built? Rehcsif (talk) 03:24, 29 July 2017 (UTC)

There are also no references to the airport's name change. For decades it was the John Foster Dulles International Airport; after the federal government leased it to the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, the signage began referring to the "Washington Dulles International Airport." I can, however, find no reference to Congress's authorization of a name change; apparently the airport is the John Foster Dulles International Airport d/b/a Washington Dulles International Airport. In any case the history section should describe the name change. (Some wag asked: Who was Washington Dulles?  Was he the last, and least, of the Dulles Brothers?)C. Cerf (talk) 21:48, 3 March 2019 (UTC)

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dulles — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.234.127.149 (talk) 04:40, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

United Mainline Service to SAT
I see UA's mainline service to SAT is listed under "Seasonal". What part of the year is there mainline service?

Shakbok (talk) 15:42, 16 January 2019 (UTC)shakbok

Requested move 14 May 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: page moved (non-admin closure)  ~SS49~   {talk}  11:29, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Washington Dulles International Airport → Dulles International Airport – Per WP:COMMONNAME, the airport is generally referred to as simply "Dulles International Airport", omitting the Washington in front. This is evident as it is used as the airport's official branding as well as references to the facility on its own webpage are shown as just "Dulles International Airport". ɴᴋᴏɴ21 ❯❯❯  talk  05:28, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Tentative support: Google search for "Dulles International Airport" excluding any within-article references to "Washington Dulles International Airport" returns 1,420 results vs 95 results for "Washington Dulles International Airport" on WTOP online; my first result for the latter is even an artifact of the tagline being "Washington" and the first word in the body proper being "Dulles". WaPo similarly turns up 7,820 results vs 913 results, and their Meteorology / Climatology blog Capital Weather Gang also seems to favor omitting the preceding "Washington". Caradhras Aiguo ( leave language ) 07:01, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. Clear common name. -- Necrothesp (talk) 22:41, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Without looking into the pros and cons of this move - I seriously do wonder if there was enough (opportunity for) discussion above to gauge that there was any consensus here. To my view in general people land there is much real and potential confusion between Dallas and Dulles and the new title does not really help this confusion.

"Airport Dulles" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Airport Dulles. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 18 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. ɴᴋᴏɴ21 ❯❯❯  talk  18:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Parking
Add new section for IAD parking options … Dulles short term, Dulles long term, third parties… 108.51.133.235 (talk) 13:04, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dulles International Airport