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Hyderabad, Sindh

Hyderabad is a city and the capital of Hyderabad Division in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the second-largest city in Sindh, and the fifth largest in Pakistan.

Founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro of the Kalhora Dynasty, Hyderabad served as a provincial capital until the British transferred the capital to Bombay Presidency in 1840. It is about 150 km inland of Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, to which it is connected by a direct railway and M-9 motorway.

Toponymy
The city was named in honour of Ali, the fourth caliph and cousin of Muhammad. Hyderabad's name translates literally as "Lion City"—from haydar, meaning "lion", and ābād, which is a suffix indicating a settlement. "Lion" references Ali's valour in battle, so he is often referred to as Ali Haydar, roughly meaning "Ali the Lionheart", by South Asian Muslims.

Founding
The River Indus was changing course around 1757, resulting in periodic floods of the then capital of the Kalhora dynasty, Khudabad. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro decided to shift the capital away from Khudabad, and founded Hyderabad in 1768 over a limestone ridge on the eastern bank of the Indus River known as Ganjo Takkar, or "Bald Hill." The small hill is traditionally believed to have been the location of the ancient settlement of Neroon Kot, a town which had fallen to the armies of Muhammad Bin Qasim in 711 CE. When the foundations were laid, the city came to be known by the nickname Heart of the Mehran.

Devotees of Imam Ali advised Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro to name the city in honour of their Imam. The Shah of Iran later gifted the city a stone which purportedly bears the imprint of Ali's feet. The stone was placed in the Qadamgah Maula Ali, which then became a place of pilgrimage.

Kalhora
In 1768, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro ordered a fort to be built on one of the three hills of Hyderabad to house and defend his people. The fort was built using baked clay bricks, earning it the name Pacco Qillo, meaning Strong Fort in Sindhi. The fort was completed in 1769, and is spread over 36 acres. Mian Ghulam Shah also built the "Shah Makki Fort", commonly known as Kacha Qila, to fortify the tomb of the Sufi saint Shah Makki.

Hyderabad remained the Kalhora capital during the period in which Sindh was united under their rule. Attracted by the security of the city, Hyderabad began to attract artisans and traders from throughout Sindh, thereby resulting in the decline of other rival trading centres such as Khudabad. A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including Sonaras, Amils and Bhaibands. Those groups retained the term "Khudabadi" in the names of their communities as a marker of origin.

Mian Ghulam Shah died in 1772, and was succeeded by his son, Sarfraz Khan Kalhoro. In 1774, Sarfraz Khan built a "New" Khudabad north of Hala in memory of the old Kalhoro capital, and attempted to shift his capital there. The attempt failed, and Hyderabad continued to prosper while New Khudabad was abandoned by 1814. A formal plan for the city was laid out by Sarfraz Khan in 1782.

Talpur
Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur captured the city of Khudabad from the Kalhoros in 1773, and made the city his capital. He then captured Hyderabad in 1775, and shifted his capital there in 1789 after Khudabad once again flooded. Renovation and reconstruction of the city's fort began in 1789, and lasted for 3 years. Celebrations were held in 1792 to mark his formal entry in the Pacco Qillo fort, which he made his residence and held court.

Talpur rule maintained Hyderabad's security, and the city continued to attract migrants from throughout Sindh, turning the city into a major regional center. Lohana Hindus from Afghanistan migrated to the city and set up ship as metalworkers. The city's goldsmiths, silversmiths, and leather tanners began to export their Hyderabadi wares abroad. The city's textile industry boomed with the arrival of Susi and Khes cotton cloth and handicrafts from towns in rural Sindh. The city's became renowned for its calligraphers and bookbinders, while its carpet dealers traded carpets from nearby Thatta.

Henry Pottinger traveled up the Indus River in the early 1830s on behalf of the British. He claimed to have seen 341 ships over the course of 19 days at Hyderabad, indicating its importance as a major trading center by this time. Hyderabad's goods were mostly exported to markets in Khorasan, India, Turkestan, and Kashmir - though some Hyderabadi wares were displayed at The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London.

In order to use the Indus River for commercial navigation to Punjab, the British signed a treaty with the rulers of Hyderabad and Khairpur that guaranteed the British free passage along the Indus and through Sindh. Mir Murad Ali was pressured into accepting an 1838 treaty which resulted in the stationing of a British Resident in the city. The British also signed a treaty of "eternal friendship" with the Talpur rulers of Hyderabad in the early 19th century, who promised not to allow the French to set up residency in Sindh. In 1839, they were pressured into forcing another treaty that guaranteed the British trade and security privileges.

British
The British defeated the city's Talpur rulers at the Battle of Hyderabad on 24 March 1843. The provincial capital was then transferred to Bombay Presidency by the British general Sir Charles Napier. Being the last stronghold in Sindh, the conquered city was the final step in the British Conquest of Sindh. Following the success of the British, several of the city's Talpur Mirs rulers were exiled and died in Calcutta. Their bodies were eventually brought back to Hyderabad, and were buried in the Tombs of the Talpur Mirs located at the northern edge of the Ganjo Hill.

Hyderabad's prosperity did not initially decline after the shifting of Sindh's capital to Bombay Presidency. Merchants there forged links with the commercial community in Hyderabad, and began exporting Hyderabadi wares to distant markets. Following Sindhi's assimilation into the Bombay Presidency in 1847, the city emerged as hub for a style of handicrafts known as Sindwork that was peddled in Bombay, and prized by its European residents for its perceived authenticity of style. The work was then shipped from Bombay to Egypt in order to be sold as souvenirs to tourists there. Hyderabadi traders also spread east towards Singapore and Japan as well. Unable to fulfill demand for its products, Hyderabad's traders began to import crafts from Kashmir, Varanasi, China, and Japan to ease demand. Sindwork handicrafts thus placed Hyderabad at the center of a new trading network that was almost entirely dominated by Hindus from the city's mercantile Bhaiband segment of the Lohana caste, although the artisans themselves were primarily Muslim.

The city's jail was built in 1851, and the Municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853. In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the Indian mutiny raged across the South Asia, the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. Though the city did not witness major fighting, the British demolished the large round tower that once stood outside of Pacco Qillo, deeming it a potential risk to their rule were it to fall into the hands of rebels.

Hyderabad's Rani Bagh ("Queen's Garden") was established as Das Gardens in 1861, and was re-christened in honour of Queen Victoria. British-style schools were introduced in Hyderabad by the 1860s, while the St Joseph Missionary School was established in 1868. Further European schools were opened, while Hyderabad's Hindu and Muslim elite established schools for their respective communities throughout the British colonial period. A hospital, psychiatric institution, and quarters for officials were built in 1871. By 1872, 43,088 people lived in the city. The city by 1873 had 20 kilometres of metalled roads that were lit at night by kerosene lamps. The newly built urban quarters of Saddar and Soldier Bazaar further expanded the city.

The British built a rail network throughout the western part of South Asia in the 1880s, and purchased the private Scinde Railway to connect the province to Kabul trade routes. The rail network would later be called the North-Western State Railway. The Kotri Bridge was completed in 1900 to traverse the Indus, and link Hyderabad to Karachi. Hyderabad's economy grew as a result of improved transportation. The city increasingly developed into a consumer market under British rule, and the city's exports began to decline, though increased transit trade allowed the city's economy to continue growing.

In 1901, 69,378 people lived in the city. Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers, while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest religious minority. The city ranked seventh in the Bombay Presidency in terms of population. By 1907, the Gazetteer of Sindh claimed that 5,000 Hyderabadi merchants were to be found dispersed throughout the world. The city's Navalrai Clock Tower was built in 1914. Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore remarked in the early 20th century that Hyderabad was the "most fashionable" city in all of India.

Modern
The City of Hyderabad served as the capital of Sindh province between 1947 and 1955. The Partition of India resulted in the large-scale exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though like much of Sindh, Hyderabad did not experience the widespread rioting that occurred in Punjab and Bengal. In all, less than 500 Hindu were killed in Sindh between 1947 and 1948 as Sindhi Muslims largely resisted calls to turn against their Hindu neighbours. Hindus did not flee Hyderabad en masse until riots erupted in Karachi on 6 January 1948, which sowed fear in Sindhi Hindus despite the fact that the riots were local and regarded Sikh refugees from Punjab seeking refuge in Karachi.

The Hindus who departed had played a major role in the city's economy, and formed the majority of the Hyderabad's population. The vacuum left by the departure of much of the city's Hindu population was quickly filled by newly arrived refugees from India, known as Muhajirs. By 1951, 66% of the city was made up of Muhajirs. Though Hyderabad became a majority Urdu-speaking city in the 1940s, the arrival of Pashtuns and Punjabis from northern Pakistan further diversified the city's ethnic composition over the next few decades.

Animosity between Urdu and Sindhi speakers first arose in 1967, it intensified under the Pakistan People's Party government in the 1970s, which were widely perceived by Muhajirs to be a pro-Sindhi administration. Violence erupted between Urdu and Sindhi speakers during riots in 1971 when the provincial government wished to impose Sindhi-language requirements on Urdu speakers, and again in 1972 in reaction to the 1972 Sindhi Language Bill.

The Khuda-ki-Basti Incremental Development Scheme was launched in Hyderabad 1981 as a way to provide housing to low-income residents by forming local cooperatives pool funds to gradually provide increased services that would in turn be managed by community members. Success of the project resulted in the programme being launched in Karachi as well.

The late 1980s saw turbulent ethnic rioting between Sindhis and Muhajirs. On 30 September 1988, militants from the Sindh Progressive Party drove into Muhajir dominated areas in the city, and opened indiscriminate fire in busy crossroads. The so-called "Hyderabad Massacre" resulted in the deaths of over 60 people in a single day, and more than 250 deaths in total. In a backlash, more than 60 Sindhi speaking people were gunned down in Karachi. The city began to divide itself ethnically, and the Muhajir population migrated en masse from Qasimabad and the interior of Sindh into Latifabad. Similarly, Sindhis moved to Qasimabad from Hyderabad and Latifabad. Further ethnic disturbances occurred in May 1990, including a police-led siege of the Pacco Qillo fortress in the center of Hyderabad, in which Muhajir activists claim 150 were killed. 2 bombings on trains in Hyderabad killed 10 people in 2000.

Much of Hyderabad's public spaces have been encroached upon by illegally-constructed homes and businesses. Much of the city's historic structures are badly neglected, with little preservation being undertaken by the provincial administration.

Population
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, including the cantonment area, is home to 1,733,622 people as per the 2017 Census of Pakistan. The city gained 565,799 residents since the 1998 Census, representing an increase of 48.5% - the lowest growth rate of the ten largest Pakistani cities. The city has 903,327 males, 830,038 females and 257 Transgender people. Hyderabad has a literacy rate of 71.72% for people over 10 years of age: 74.51% for males and 68.66% for females.

Ethnicity
Hyderabad was a majority Sindhi Hindu city prior to 1948, when many migrated to India and elsewhere after the independence of Pakistan 1947. Hindus who departed had played a major role in the city's economy, and formed the majority of the Hyderabad's population. The vacuum left by the departure of much of the city's Hindu population was quickly filled by the newly arrived Urdu speaking Muslim refugees from India, known as Muhajirs.

Following the arrival of Muhajirs, Hyderabad became a majority Urdu-speaking city, with Muhajirs making up 66% of the city's population. The arrival of Pashtuns and Punjabis from northern Pakistan further diversified the city's ethnic composition over the next few decades. At the time of the 2017 census, 52.57% of the population spoke Urdu, 31.88% Sindhi, 5.25% Punjabi, 3.76% Pashto, and 1.29% Saraiki as their first language. Most Punjabis and Pashtuns are distinct and separately living near the railway station and its vicinity. The city therefore has cosmopolitan atmosphere with multiethnic and multicultural communities.

Religion
Hyderabad is noteworthy in Sindh and Pakistan generally for its comparative tolerance towards religious and ethnic minorities. The spread of Islamist militancy and extremism has been stymied in large parts of Sindh by vibrant civil society, and Sindh's progressive politics.

The city has a long association with Sufism. In the 18th Century Syeds from Multan migrated and settled in the city's Tando Jahania neighbourhood, making it a sacred place for Muslims. The Syeds came from Uch Sharif, via Jahanian Sharif, 42 km from Multan Sharif. They were mostly descendants of Hazrat Syedna Jahaniyan Jahangasht رضي الله عنه- a Sufi Saint who is very popular in Sindh and Punjab. Hyderabad is near some of Sindh's most important Sufi shrines, being situated 49 km from the joint Muslim-Hindu Shrine at Odero Lal Sharif, 59.3 km from the Shrine of Hazrat Syedna Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai رضي الله عنه, 146 km from the Shrine of Hazrat Syedna Lal Shahbaz Qalandar رضي الله عنه.

Hindus once formed the majority in Hyderabad prior to 1948, and today account for the largest religious minority in Hyderabad - forming 5% of the total population of the city. Hyderabad's Amil Hindus clan of the Lohana caste had been employed previously the Talpur Mirs for their Persian language proficiency and skills in bureaucracy - this role continued under the British as the Amils were recruited into colonial administration. The Amils formed the Amil Colony, which was where some of Hyderabad's finest colonial architecture was found. The Bhaiband clan, also of the Lohana caste, dominated commerce in the city.

While Christians account for 1% of the total population, Hyderabad is the seat of a diocese of the Church of Pakistan and has five churches and a cathedral.

Location
Located at 25.367 °N latitude and 68.367 °E longitude with an elevation of 13 m, Hyderabad is located on the east bank of the Indus River and is roughly 150 km away from Karachi, the provincial capital. Two of Pakistan's largest highways, the Indus Highway and the National Highway join at Hyderabad. Several towns surrounding the city include Kotri at 6.7 km, Jamshoro at 8.1 km, Hattri at 5.0 km and Husri at 7.5 km.

Climate
Hyderabad has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), with warm conditions year-round. The city is famous for its winds which moderate the otherwise hot climate. As a result, Hyderabadi homes traditionally feature "wind-catching" towers that funnel breezes down into living quarters in order to alleviate heat.

The period from mid-April to late June (before the onset of the monsoon) is the hottest of the year, with highs peaking in May at 41.4 °C. During this time, winds that blow usually bring along clouds of dust, and people prefer staying indoors in the daytime, while the breeze that flows at night is more pleasant. Winters are warm, with highs around 25 °C, though lows can often drop below 10 °C at night. The highest temperature of 50 °C was recorded on 25 May 2018, while the lowest temperature of 1 °C was recorded on 8 February 2012.

In recent years, Hyderabad has seen great downpours. In February 2003, Hyderabad received 105 mm of rain in 12 hours, leaving many dead. The years of 2006 and 2007 saw close contenders to this record rain with death tolls estimated in the hundreds. The highest single-day rain total of 259.7 mm was recorded on 12 September 1962, while the wettest month was September 1962, at 346 mm.

Topography
The city was initially founded on a limestone ridge on the eastern bank of the Indus River known as Ganjo Takkar, or "Bald Hill." The limestone outcropping provided several scenic vistas in the city, as well as inclined routes. The most famous incline, the Tilak Incline, is named after the early 20th century independence activist Lokmanya Tilak.

Economy
The industrial sector contributes 25% to the GDP of Pakistan, with a major concentration of industry in an arc stretching from Karachi to Hyderabad. 75% of Sindh's industry is located in the Karachi-Hyderabad region. The Sindh Industrial Trading Estate, home to 439 industrial units, was established on the outskirts of Hyderabad in 1950 which prospered with until the urban violence of the 1980s. Much of the city's industrial base was weakened by ethnic violence in urban Sindh in the 1980s, although poor infrastructure and supply of electricity has also hampered growth.

Hyderabad is an important commercial centre where industries includes: textiles, sugar, cement, manufacturing of mirror, soap, ice, paper, pottery, plastics, tanneries, hosiery mills and film. There are hide tanneries and sawmills. Handicraft industries, including silver and gold work, lacquer ware, ornamented silks, and embroidered leather saddles, are also well established.

Hyderabad produces almost all of the ornamental glass bangles in Pakistan, as well as layered glass inlay for jewelry. The glass industry employs an estimated 300,000-350,000 people in manufacturing units centered on the Churi Parah neighbourhood. The industry frequently uses recycled glass as material for its bangles.

Hyderabad is surrounded by fertile alluvial plains, and is a major commercial centre for the agricultural produce of the surrounding area, including millet, rice, wheat, cotton, and fruit.

Local architecture
Hyderabad's local architectural patterns reflect the region's harsh climate and local customs. Walls of most traditional-style buildings were made of mud bricks, which helped keep the structure cool in summer and warm in winter. Hyderabad is famed for its heat-relieving winds, and so homes also featured wind-catchers that directed cool breezes into each homes' living quarters.

Residential structures in Hyderabad's Old City, and in Hirabad typically have a small inward facing courtyard that afforded privacy from the city's streets. Walls facing the street are typically plain, though the home may display an elaborate entryway. Inner courtyards and doorways of more elaborate homes would be decorated with jharoka balconies, floral motifs, ornamented ceilings, and decorative arches. Most residential homes, however, were utilitarian in design.

Homes built during the British colonial period contain introduced architectural elements like balconies and decorative columns as part of an elaborate outward-facing façade. Such examples can be found in the Saddar neighbourhood of Hyderabad. Large decorated windows were featured as part of Hyderabad's colonial style in order to ventilate the building. Tall and multi-sectional windows with stained glass windows became a hallmark of Hyderabad's colonial-era architecture. Homes of wealthy residents, especially among the city's Bhaiband community, the presence of windows was a marker of status, and allowed wealthy Hindus to practice the custom of purdah. Balconies were sometimes affixed to the front of a building, and were typically made of wood or cast-iron. Such homes would also sometimes have painted facades.

Civil administration
Before the government of Abubaker Nizamani, the District Hyderabad included the present-day District of Badin. The current mayor of Hyderabad is Kashif Shoro, The longest-serving mayor of Hyderabad was Jamil Ahmed, who served from 1962 to 1971.

In 2005/2006, General Pervaiz Musharraf again divided it into four more districts Matiyari, Tando Allahyar, Tando Mohammad Khan and Hyderabad. Hyderabad district was subdivided into five talukas

 * 1) Hyderabad City Taluka
 * 2) Hyderabad Taluka (rural)
 * 3) Tando Jam
 * 4) Latifabad
 * 5) Qasimabad

Judiciary
Court of District & Sessions Judge Hyderabad was established in 1899 under the subordination of Judicial Commissioner of Sindh.

Hyderabad Metro Bus
Peoples Bus Service, formally known as the Sindh Intra-District Peoples Bus Service Project is a public bus service by the Government of Sindh operating in Karachi, Hyderabad and Larkana.[1]

Road
The M-9 motorway is a six-lane motorway that connects Hyderabad to Karachi, 136 kilometers away. The city will also be connected to Sukkur by the M-6 motorway, being built as part of the wider China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. From Sukkur, motorways will continue onward to Multan, Lahore, Islamabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar. It is connected to the oldest and longest N5 Route from Karachi (Sea) to Torkham 1819 km long.

Rail
Hyderabad Junction railway station serves as the city's main rail station. Passenger services are provided exclusively by Pakistan Railways. The city's station is serviced by the Allama Iqbal Express to Sialkot, the Badin Express, and the Khyber Mail to Peshawar. Hyderabad has trains to Nawabshah, Badin, Tando Adam Junction, Karachi, and points in northern Pakistan.

Air
Hyderabad Airport is situated at the east of the city Hyderabad near Gulistan e Sarmast which is an area of Latifabad but it is no longer served by commercial air traffic. The last services were suspended in 2013. Passengers must now instead rely entirely on Karachi's Jinnah International Airport.

Education
75% of males and 65% of females over the age of 10 were literate in Hyderabad District in 2010, a region which includes rural areas around the city. In 2010–2011, 2.96 Billion Rupees were spent on public education in Hyderabad District, and number which increased to 3.99 Billion Rupees in 2011–2012. 26% of children in Hyderabad District were enrolled in paid private schools in 2010.

The University of Sindh was founded in Karachi in 1947, before moving to Hyderabad in 1951. The Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences was founded in nearby Jamshoro in 1951.

The Public School Hyderabad was founded in 1961, one of the oldest school in Hyderabad which is located at the autobahn road. The first boarding school in Hyderabad started by Mr. Niaz Hussain Tunio, After his death local government has manage all the Administration of the school, After that since 2018 IBA Sukkur management is assign to manage all the Administration.

Sports
The Niaz Stadium of Hyderabad, with a seating capacity of 15,000 is home to the Hyderabad cricket team since 1961. It is known for Pakistani bowler Jalal-ud-Din's hat-trick, which was the first ever hat-trick taken by a bowler in a one-day match in 1982. Hyderabad also has a hockey stadium. Hyderabad has also Sport Club name "Sindh Sports Board Hyderabad Club" which is a platform to boost sports activity.

Landmarks

 * Pacco Qillo
 * Tombs of Talpur Mirs
 * Rani Bagh Zoological & Botanical Garden
 * Sindh Museum
 * Hyderabad Cantonment
 * Niaz Cricket Stadium
 * Kacha Qilla
 * Hyderabad Junction railway station
 * Hyderabad Airport
 * Ganju Takar Mountain Range
 * Gulistan-e-Zeal Pak Colony

Literature
As tradition goes, Sindh had always been a hub for Sufi poets. With a foothold on strong educational foundations, the city of Hyderabad was made into a refuge for thriving literary advocates. Of the few, Mirza Kalich Beg received education from the Government High School, Hyderabad and carried the banner of Sindhi literature across borders. Modern novelists, writers, columnists and researchers like Musharraf Ali Farooqi, Ghulam Mustafa Khan and Qabil Ajmeri also hail from Hyderabad.

Hyderabad has served many Sindhi literary campaigns throughout the history of Pakistan as is evident from the daily newspapers and periodicals that are published in the city. A few worth mention dailies are the Kawish, Ibrat, and Daily Sindh.

Radio and television
With the inauguration of a new broadcasting house at Karachi in 1950, it was possible to lay the foundations for the Hyderabad radio station in 1951. The initial broadcast was made capable using 1 kW medium-wave transmitter. With the first successful transmissions on the FM 100 bandwidth in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad in October 1998, the Government decided on opening transmissions to other cities where Radio Pakistan had found success. This made available the FM 101 bandwidth transmissions to Hyderabad and other cities in Sindh.

A relief from the regular broadcasts in other cities, entertainment content on the Hyderabad radio gave birth to many a star whose names became an attribute to Hyderabad's richer media content. Among them were actor Shafi Mohammad, a young man who had recently finished his postgraduate degree from the University of Sindh. Such fresh and young talent became a trademark to entertainment in Hyderabad.

Pakistan Television had only had half-a-decade broadcast success from 1963 to 1969 that people in the radio entertainment business felt destined to make a mark on the television circuits. Prominent radio personalities from the Hyderabad radio station like Shafi Muhammad Shah and Mohammad Ali left the airwaves to hone their acting skills on the television. Television shows and content enriched with the inclusion of Hyderabadi names however PTV never opened a television station in Hyderabad.

While the year 2005 saw new FM regular stations set up at Gawadar, Mianwali, Sargodha, Kohat, Bannu and Mithi, private radio channels began airing in and around Hyderabad. Of late, stations like Sachal FM 105 and some others have gained popularity. But the unavailability of an up-to-date news and current affairs platform renders the services of such stations of not much value to the masses but nonetheless appealing to youngsters.

As the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (abbreviated as PEMRA) gave licenses to private radio channels, so were television channels owned privately given a right to broadcast from the year 2002, and Daily Kawish, a prominent Sindhi newspaper published from Hyderabad opened a one-of-its-kind private Sindhi channel Kawish Television Network. Many followed in its path namely Sindh TV, Dhoom TV and Kashish TV premiering Sindhi content.

Notable people

 * Maulana Muhammad Saeed Jadoon (1964-2022) Religious, political, social personality, Principal Jamia Arabia QowwatulIslam Garebabad, Caliph Hazrat Maulana Pir Abdul Qudoos Naqshbandi, Former President Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamat District Hyderabad Sindh
 * Hoshu Sheedi, General of Talpur Mirs' Army, who fought against British in the Battles of Miani and last Battle of Dubbo.
 * Jivatram Kripalani (1886–1982), Indian politician and Indian independence activist.
 * Mirza Kalich Beg (1853–1929), civil servant and author
 * K. R. Malkani (1921–2003), Indian politician. Lieutenant-Governor of Pondicherry (2002–03)
 * Allama Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi (1886–1968), philosopher and scholar
 * Sadhu Vaswani (1879–1966), Hindu spiritualist. Founder of the Sadhu Vaswani Mission.
 * Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch (1917–2011), linguist and author
 * Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo (born 1915), scholar and translator
 * Rizwan Ahmed, Secretary to Government of Pakistan
 * Ghulam Mustafa Khan (born 1912), researcher, and linguist
 * Syed Qamar Zaman Shah (born 1933), the nephew and son-in-law of Late Syed Miran Mohammad Shah. Senator during the early 1970s.
 * Syed Miran Mohammad Shah, former speaker of Sindh legislative Assembly, Minister in the Sindh Government, former Ambassador of Pakistan to Spain.
 * Qabil Ajmeri (1931–1962), recognised as a "senior" poet of Urdu
 * Usman Ajmeri (1944–2019), recognised as a Most Senior Journalist in Hyderabad and was the Bureau Chief of Daily Nawaiwaqt newspaper until his death. He was the founder member of Hyderabad Press club. Held strong influence among politicians and industrialists. His last resting place is Tando Yousuf graveyard.

title: Hyderabad, Sindh


text:
Robert W. Bussard

Robert W. Bussard (August 11, 1928 – October 6, 2007) was an American physicist who worked primarily in nuclear fusion energy research. He was the recipient of the Schreiber-Spence Achievement Award for STAIF-2004. He was also a fellow of the International Academy of Astronautics and held a Ph.D. from Princeton University.

Kiwi (Rover-A)
In June 1955 Bussard moved to Los Alamos and joined the Nuclear Propulsion Division's Project Rover designing nuclear thermal rocket engines. Bussard and R.D. DeLauer wrote two important monographs on nuclear propulsion, Nuclear Rocket Propulsion and Fundamentals of Nuclear Flight.

Bussard ramjet
In 1960, Bussard conceived of the Bussard ramjet, an interstellar space drive powered by hydrogen fusion using hydrogen collected with a magnetic field from the interstellar gas. Due to the presence of high-energy particles throughout space, much of the interstellar hydrogen exists in an ionized state (H II regions) that can be manipulated by magnetic or electric fields. Bussard proposed to "scoop" up ionized hydrogen and funnel it into a fusion reactor, using the exhaust from the reactor as a rocket engine.

It appears the energy gain in the reactor must be extremely high for the ramjet to work at all; any hydrogen picked up by the scoop must be sped up to the same speed as the ship in order to provide thrust, and the energy required to do so increases with the ship's speed. Hydrogen itself does not fuse very well (unlike deuterium, which is rare in the interstellar medium), and so cannot be used directly to produce energy, a fact which accounts for the billion-year scale of stellar lifetimes. This problem was solved, in principle, according to Bussard by use of the stellar CNO cycle in which carbon is used as a catalyst to burn hydrogen via the strong nuclear reaction.

In science fiction
Bussard Ramjets are common plot devices in science fiction.

Larry Niven uses them in his Known Space setting to propel interstellar flight. Following a standard hi-tech faster/cheaper/better learning curve, he started with robot probes during the early stages of interstellar colonization and eventually plotted them as affordable to wealthy individuals relocating their families off a too-crowded Earth (in "The Ethics of Madness"). Niven also employed Bussard Ramjets as the propulsion / stabilizing engine of the Ringworld (four novels), which were also set in Known Space.

In the Star Trek universe, a variation called the Bussard Hydrogen Collector or Bussard Ramscoop appears as part of the matter/antimatter propulsion system that allows Starfleet ships to travel faster than the speed of light. The ramscoops attach to the front of the warp nacelles, and when the ship's internal supply of deuterium runs low, they collect interstellar hydrogen and convert it to deuterium and anti-deuterium for use as the primary fuel in a starship's warp drive.

Atomic Energy Commission
In the early 1970s Bussard became Assistant Director under Director Robert Hirsch at the Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction Division of what was then known as the Atomic Energy Commission. They founded the mainline fusion program for the United States: the Tokamak. In June 1995, Bussard claimed in a letter to all fusion laboratories, as well as to key members of the US Congress, that he and the other founders of the program supported the Tokamak not out of conviction that it was the best technical approach but rather as a vehicle for generating political support, thereby allowing them to pursue "all the hopeful new things the mainline labs would not try".

In a 1998 Analog magazine article, fellow fusion researcher Tom Ligon described an easily built demonstration fusor system along with some of Bussard's ideas for fusion reactors and incredibly powerful spacecraft propulsion systems, with which spacecraft could swiftly move throughout the solar system.

The Polywell
Bussard worked on a promising new type of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusor, called the Polywell, that has a magnetically shielded grid (MaGrid). He founded Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation, Inc. (EMC2) in 1985 to validate his theory, and tested several (15) experimental devices from 1994 through 2006. The U.S. Navy contract funding that supported the work expired while experiments were still small. However, the final tests of the last device, WB-6, reputedly solved the last remaining physics problem just as the funding expired and the EMC2 labs had to be shut down.

Further funding was eventually found, the work continued and the WB-7 prototype was constructed and tested, and the research is ongoing.

Appeal for funding
During 2006 and 2007, Bussard sought the large-scale funding necessary to design and construct a full-scale Polywell fusion power plant. His fusor design is feasible enough, he asserted, to render unnecessary the construction of larger and larger test models still too small to achieve break-even. Also, the scaling of power with size goes as the seventh power of the machine radius, while the gain scales as the fifth power, so there is little incentive to build half-scale systems; one might as well build the real thing.

On March 29, 2006, Bussard claimed on the fusor.net internet forum that EMC² had developed an inertial electrostatic confinement fusion process that was 100,000 times more efficient than previous designs, but that the US Navy budget line item that supported the work was zero-funded in FY2006.

Bussard provided more details of his breakthrough and the circumstances surrounding the end of his Navy funding in a letter to the James Randi Educational Foundation internet forum on June 23.

From October 2, 2006, to October 6, 2006, Bussard presented an informal overview of the previous decade of his work at the 57th International Astronautical Congress. This was the first publication of this work in 11 years, as the U.S. Navy had put an embargo on publications of the research, in 1994.

Bussard presented further details of his IEC fusion research at a Google Tech Talk on November 9, 2006, of which a video was widely circulated.

Bussard presented more of his thoughts on the potential world impact of fusion power at a Yahoo! Tech Talk on April 10, 2007. (The video is only available internally for Yahoo employees.) He also spoke on the internet talk radio show The Space Show, Broadcast 709, on May 7, 2007.

He founded a non-profit organization to solicit tax-deductible donations to restart the work in 2007, EMC2 Fusion Development Corporation.

Quotes
"Thus, we have the ability to do away with oil (and other fossil fuels) but it will take 4–6 years and ca. $100–200M to build the full-scale plant and demonstrate it."

"Somebody will build it; and when it's built, it will work; and when it works people will begin to use it, and it will begin to displace all other forms of energy."

Death
Bussard died from multiple myeloma on October 6, 2007, at age 79.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert W. Bussard


text:
Lucy Clifford

Lucy Clifford (2 August 1846 – 21 April 1929), better known as Mrs. W. K. Clifford, was an English novelist, playwright and journalist.

Biography
Lucy Clifford was born Lucy Lane in London, the daughter of John Lane of Barbados. She married the mathematician and philosopher William Kingdon Clifford in 1875.

After his death in 1879, she earned a prominent place in English literary life as a novelist, and later as a dramatist. Her best-known story, Mrs. Keith's Crime (1885), centres on euthanasia. It was followed by several other volumes, such as Aunt Anne (1892). She also wrote The Last Touches and Other Stories (1892) and Mere Stories (1896), and several plays between 1898 and 1925. She is perhaps most often remembered as the author of The Anyhow Stories, Moral and Otherwise (1882), a collection of stories she had written for her own children. The best known of these stories is "The New Mother".

Lucy Clifford also wrote cinematic adaptations of her short stories and plays. At least two films were produced from these: The Likeness of the Night (1922), directed by Percy Nash, and Eve's Lover (1925), directed by Roy Del Ruth.

Her wide circle of literary friends included Henry James. She had two children. Her daughter Ethel Clifford (died 1959), later Lady Dilke as the wife of Sir Fisher Wentworth Dilke, 4th Baronet (1877–1944), was a published poet. Lucy Clifford died in 1929, and was buried alongside her husband on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery, London.

In 2004, Gowan Dawson described Lucy's efforts to uphold the reputation of Clifford after his death:
 * Clifford's disconsolate widow and two young daughters had been left totally unprovided for, and, notwithstanding a subsequent Testimonial Fund and Civil List pension, it was necessary for Lucy Clifford, who now owned the copyright of her late husband's works, to maximise the potential sales of his posthumous publications, not only by keeping Clifford in the public eye, but by ensuring that it was a generally positive (and thus marketable) portrayal of him that was presented.

title: Lucy Clifford


text:
BBY

BBY may stand for:

 * BBY Limited, an Australian stockbroking and corporate advisory firm
 * Back Bay (MBTA station) (station code: BBY), Boston, USA
 * Bambari Airport, Central African Republic (IATA code: BBY)
 * "Before the Battle of Yavin", a system of measuring dates in Star Wars
 * Best Buy (NYSE: BBY), American multinational retailer
 * Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, a city
 * Menchum language of Cameroon (ISO 639:bby)

title: BBY


text:
Talk:Jay-Z

New image?
The current infobox image was taken in 2011. Since the appearance of the rapper has changed during the past decade (having long hair), it is reasonable to update the infobox image to a more recent one. Windywendi (talk) 02:38, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

 * He looks almost the same with either (long or short hair/bald). Jay is recognizable is not his hair. Its probably his face shape. So I think we shouldn't change the picture. Not to mention the fact that he has barely aged since then, and also the hassle of finding a copyright free picture from recently. Rateb4isik (talk) 19:38, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

Sad State of Affairs
I think it is very sad that articles of important and crucial figures in the Hip Hop community are not rated highly enough. I think we should have a renewed push to rewrite articles of importance to the culture, especially this page. I am currently making my first effort with the Benny The Butcher Page, and am astounded that there isn't even a page dedicated to 'The Plugs I Met'. hopefully we can get together, all interested,and make a concerted effort. Thanks TheArtsConnoisseur (talk) 16:11, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

Jay-Z is named an average rapper
Tupac Shakur is the greatest rapper of all time 97.77.234.50 (talk) 18:34, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

r kelly description in the lead
A. it is WP:SYNTH to include R Kelley's convictions in the biography of Jay-Z, b. it is irrelevant to the album as he was not convicted at the time, and c. we have a wikilink that takes you to an article that details R. Kelley's criminal convictions.  nableezy  - 18:43, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

 * It is his identifier. He is a convicted sex trafficker with crimes predating decades. Hence he was a sex trafficker at the time the albums were recorded. In the edit history of this article, you tried to establish a new precedent to remove an identifier for this one particular individual, stating that identifiers of other individuals has no relevance to Jay-Z, especially if they have their own articles with all their relevant details. When that same precedent was used to removed identifiers for other individuals you reverted. The is a clear violation of WP:OWN. Moreover, solely removing an identifier for a controversial collaborator of Jay-Z is a violation of WP:NPOV. All identifiers, for everyone including R Kelly, have now been reinstated. Thanks. Instantwatym (talk) 14:06, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Ive brought this up to the BLP noticeboard. WP:BLPN  nableezy  - 15:48, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I've responded there. Thanks. Instantwatym (talk) 16:04, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Stop edit warring about this. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 14:31, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

Plagiarism lawsuit
Decoded (memoir) details the filing of a 2012 lawsuit alleging plagiarism of the book Decoded. Surely that matter is long resolved by now. Does anyone have any reference to how it was settled/dismissed? -- Finlay McWalter··–·Talk 13:01, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

"Big Pimping" nigga Jiggabroni
"Big Pimping" Jiggabroni 70.22.246.110 (talk) 05:05, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jay-Z


text:
Oronhyatekha

Oronhyatekha (10 August 1841 – 3 March 1907), ("Burning Sky" or "Burning Cloud" in the Mohawk language, also carried the baptismal name Peter Martin), was a Mohawk physician, scholar, and a unique figure in the history of British colonialism. He was the first known aboriginal scholar at Oxford University; a successful CEO of a multinational financial institution; a native statesman; an athlete of international standing; and an outspoken champion of the rights of women, children, and minorities. He was once thought to be the first Native M.D. in Canada, having gotten his degree in 1866 from Toronto School of Medicine, but Peter Edmund Jones (Ojibwa), from New Credit, has been documented as having graduated a few months before Oronhyatekha. The fact that Oronhyatekha achieved these results during the Victorian era, when racism and pressure for First Nations peoples to assimilate were commonplace, has made him a figure approaching legend in some aboriginal circles.

Biography
Born 10 August 1841 on the Six Nations of the Grand River near Brantford, Ontario, he was the sixth son of Peter Martin and Lydia Loft (from Tyendinaga), and one of up to eighteen children. He first attended the Mohawk Institute residential school, where he was taught the shoemaker trade. He attended the Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy in Wilbraham, Massachusetts. After graduating, he taught for a year among the Indians and then entered Kenyon College in Ohio for three years.

Oronhyatekha was selected at the age of twenty by the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy (consisting of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora Nations) to give the welcoming address to the Prince of Wales during his visit to Canada and the US. Legend has it that Prince Edward was sufficiently impressed that he urged the young Oronhyatekha to attend the University of Oxford, which he had attended. Correspondence between Oronhyatekha and the Prince's physician, Henry Acland, suggests that this was really Acland's idea. Acland taught at Oxford and became Oronhyatekha's mentor and friend for the rest of their lives. Oronhyatekha matriculated at St Edmund Hall, Oxford in May 1862, and was befriended by Outram Marshall, who took him under his wing. However, he returned to the Six Nations Reserve shortly afterwards, in June of that year, to clear his name of charges made by missionary Abraham Nelles, who worked there.

After returning to Canada, Martin married Ellen Hill, or Karakwineh (meaning "moving sun"). He also enrolled in the Toronto School of Medicine in 1863. He graduated with his B.M. in 1865 and his M.D. in 1866. In 1866, he also served in the Queen's Own Rifles during the Battle of Ridgeway, one of the armed conflicts of the Fenian Raids from the US of that year.

After graduation, he practiced at Frankford, Stratford, Napanee, Buffalo, New York, and London, Ontario. As his medical practice grew, he also became a figure of increasing importance in Victorian Canada. In 1871, he became a member of the Canadian National Rifle Team which competed at Wimbledon. In 1874, he was elected the President of the Grand Council of Indian Chiefs, a provincial organization largely made up of Anishinabe and Iroquoian communities in southwestern Ontario.

In 1878, while living in London, Oronhyatekha applied to become a member of the Independent Order of Foresters, a fraternal and financial institution. The Foresters' statutes explicitly limited its membership to white men and Orangemen, but Oronhyatekha was an Orangeman. By 1881 he had become Supreme Chief Ranger of Foresters, the organisation's international CEO, a position that he held for a record 26 years. In 1889, he moved to Toronto, where the IOF headquarters had relocated. During his tenure as SCR, Oronhyatekha transformed the order into one of the wealthiest fraternal financial institutions in the Victorian world; today, it counts more than one-million members in North America and the European Union. Oronhyatekha was an active Orangeman and served as County Grand Master of Middlesex Country Orange Lodge.

While heading the Foresters, he built one of the first North American museums created by a Native individual. It was housed in the Foresters' Temple, which once stood at the corner of Bay and Richmond in Toronto, until shortly after his death. It contained natural history artifacts, items from Canadian Native groups, and from cultures around the world. The artifacts were transferred to the Royal Ontario Museum in 1911. For its time, the Temple was the tallest office building in the British empire and incorporated the latest technology, such as electric elevators and lights, both of which were powered by an electrical plant in the basement; a chilled drinking water system; and extensive fireproofing. The Temple also featured many amenities for its staff, including its own newsstand, cafe and dining room, smoking room, meeting rooms, and bicycle storage.

Oronhyatekha also belonged to the International Order of Good Templars, several branches of the Masonic Order, the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Knights of the Maccabees, and the Orange Order. He was the Worshipful Master of Richardson Masonic Lodge in Stouffville, Ontario in 1894.

In the 1890s, he purchased an island from his wife's family across from Deseronto, which he renamed as Foresters' Island. Here, he built a second family home, an IOF meeting and dining hall, a bandstand, the Isle Hotel and cottages for guests, and a wharf at which boats from the mainland could dock. While the hotel seems to have been open for all guests, not just IOF members, Martin hosted huge IOF gatherings each summer to celebrate its anniversaries.

Oronhyatekha was most proud of an orphanage he established in 1904 on the Bay of Quinte, Ontario. It opened for operations in 1906, and Oronhyatekha described it as his life's crowning achievement. But he died the next year, and the orphanage was sold in 1908.

He and Ellen had six children together, only two of whom survived to adulthood. Three of his children died very early. One son, Henry, drowned at the age of 10 during the sinking of the Victoria on the Thames River in London, Ontario, on Victoria Day of 1881. His eldest child, Catherine, married Percy John Johnson, an Australian. His son Acland Martin, who also became a medical doctor, married twice. Neither had any children. Acland died young, a few months after his father.

Legacy and honors
Oronhyatekha has been commemorated in several ways:
 * A plaque was erected by the Toronto Historical Board in Allan Gardens in Cabbagetown, where he had lived in Toronto. His house at 209 Carlton is listed in the Cabbagetown heritage inventory and is part of the Cabbagetown Heritage District. A nearby lane has been named Dr. O Lane.
 * His former home in London, Ontario, at 172 Central (formerly Litchfield) Avenue, is under consideration for local designation. The Temple building, which would have easily qualified for historic status, was demolished in the 1970s.
 * A sculpture of Oronhyatekha by Walter Seymour Allward was moved to the IOF new headquarters at 789 Don Mills Road.
 * Parks Canada designated Oronhyatekha as a national historic person in 2001, erecting a plaque at Tyendinaga.
 * In 2002, the Royal Ontario Museum and the Woodland Cultural Centre curated an exhibit called Mohawk Ideals, Victorian Values: Oronhyatekha M.D.. It featured his museum collection, once displayed at the IOF Temple building.
 * His biography was co-authored by Keith Jamieson and Michelle Hamilton for Dundurn Press.
 * A collection of photos of Oronhyatekha has been started on Facebook.

title: Oronhyatekha


text:
Bertelsmann Music Group

Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) was a division of a German media company Bertelsmann before its completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Sony Corporation of America on 1 October 2008.

Although it was established in 1987, the music company was formed as RCA/Ariola International in 1985 as a joint venture to combine the music label activities of RCA's RCA Records division and Bertelsmann's Ariola Records and its associated labels which include Arista Records. It consisted of the BMG Music Publishing company, the world's third largest music publisher and the world's largest independent music publisher and (since August 2004) the 50% share of the joint venture with Sony Music, which established the German American Sony BMG from 2004 to 2008.

History
In 1994, BMG acquired Italian publisher Casa Ricordi, which had been founded in 1808.

In March 1998, BMG sold its video game publisher BMG Interactive to Take-Two Interactive, with Bertelsmann taking a 16 percent stake in Take-Two. BMG Interactive published the Grand Theft Auto video game series.

The joint venture between Sony and Bertelsmann to merge both companies' music divisions was set up in August 2004. It reduced the Big Five record companies to the Big Four record companies. At that time, the company had a 21.5% share in the global music market. Sony Music and BMG remained separate in Japan, although BMG Music Japan was wholly owned by Sony BMG.

On 27 March 2006, the New York Times reported that Bertelsmann was looking to raise money by leveraging some of its media assets and that executives from both companies were in talks about possibly altering the current venture. In 2008, Bertelsmann sold its 50% share of Sony BMG to Sony Corporation of America for a total of $1.5 billion and the company was renamed back to Sony Music Entertainment Inc.

While officially withdrawing from the business of recorded music, Bertelsmann continued its strong presence in other areas of the music industry by establishing BMG Rights Management, which specializes in music rights management and by representing artists and authors. It is mainly active in European markets. The basis of the company was formed through BMG's decision to withhold selected European music catalogues from the former Sony BMG joint venture and the BMG Publishing businesses.

Also kept separate from the acquisition by Sony Corporation of America was Sony BMG's wholly owned and operated BMG Japan. Sony Music Japan remained independent from the Sony BMG joint venture, therefore BMG and Sony labelling were kept separate in Japan under the venture. During Sony BMG's buyout, BMG Japan was instead picked up by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It briefly continued to operate as a distinct entity until a reorganization in early 2009 folded the company into Sony Music Japan.

Subsidiaries
Now part of Sony Music Entertainment after the buyout of Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG.

 * Ariola Records
 * RCA Music Group
 * RCA Records
 * RCA Red Seal
 * RCA Victor Group
 * The Windham Hill Group
 * Bluebird Records
 * Arista Records
 * J Records
 * Full Surface Records
 * US Records
 * Arista Nashville
 * RCA Nashville
 * BNA Records
 * BMG Kidz
 * Zomba Music Group
 * Battery Records
 * Epidemic Records
 * LaFace Records
 * Jive Records
 * Music for Nations Records
 * Multitone Records
 * Pinnacle Records
 * Scotti Brothers Records
 * Silvertone Records
 * Verity Records
 * Volcano Entertainment
 * Zoo Entertainment
 * X-Cell Records

BMG Music Publishing
BMG Music Publishing (formerly known as RCA Music Publishing), which was not part of the Sony BMG merger, was a business of the Bertelsmann Music Group until it was sold to Universal Music Group for €1.63 billion in 2007. Universal then folded the company into Universal Music Publishing Group, and the BMG name was retired. The company had been headquartered at 245 Fifth Avenue in New York, and had 36 offices in 25 countries.

Artists
BMG Music Publishing controlled over one million copyrights. Writers/artists signed to the company included: Elvis Presley, Ann Wilson, Todd Terry, Julieta Venegas, Anastacia, Kylie Minogue, Jaguares, Diana Yukawa, Kent, Alcazar, Elia Alberghini, Gloria Trevi, Angélica María, Dido, Lee Ryan, Ai Uemura, Julieta Venegas, the Troubadours, Powderfinger, Nelly, Rammstein, Milli Vanilli, Modern Talking, Slayer, Shania Twain, Nikki Webster, Ville Valo, Christina Aguilera, Kelly Clarkson, Coldplay, Yellowcard, Hum, Rob Dougan, the All-American Rejects, Clannad, Iron Maiden, Maroon 5, Mayra Verónica, Backyard Babies, Hipster Daddy-O and the Handgrenades, Soda Stereo, Gustavo Cerati, Keane, HARD-Fi, Horace Andy, the Cure, the Killer Barbies, Joss Stone, Tom Jobim, Vinícius de Moraes, Elvis Costello, Paul Weller, Sara Evans, Sneaker Pimps, Take That (1991–1996), Five, Westlife, D-Pryde, Louis Tomlinson, Luke Friend and Mikolas Josef.

Through Zomba Music Publishing, BMG controlled the rights to Linkin Park, Britney Spears, Iron Maiden, 30 Seconds to Mars, R. Kelly, Justin Timberlake, Michael Jackson, Bowling for Soup, Daft Punk, Katatonia, Ne-Yo, Anthrax, Mudvayne, and Poison. These artists' European rights are currently controlled by Concord Music Publishing, through Imagem.

The company's songwriters wrote chart-topping hits for Mariah Carey, the Black Eyed Peas, Kenny Chesney, The Game, Mario, Rascal Flatts, Milli Vanilli, No Doubt, Thomas Anders, Jessica Simpson and 50 Cent as well as legends like Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra and Roselyn Sánchez.

BMG Music Publishing was the global leader in classical music and was number one in contemporary Christian music.

Catalogues owned
Through international sub-publishing deals, BMG Music Publishing represented the catalogues of Famous Music Publishing, Walt Disney, Roadrunner Records, Leiber & Stoller, Fremantle Media, Pete Waterman, and Malaco Records in various territories.

BMG Music Publishing acquired Complete Music in 2006.

Brentwood-Benson Music Publishing was BMG Music Publishing's Christian publisher and owned over 60,000 copyrights. Like with other assets of BMG Music Publishing acquired by Universal Music, it was renamed to Universal Music Brentwood-Benson. It is nowadays managed by Capitol CMG Publishing, Universal Music's christian publishing operations under Capitol Christian Music Group.

BMG Rights Management
After Sony bought out Bertelsmann's share in Sony BMG, Bertelsmann was allowed to keep the rights to several recordings from the former joint venture and rights to BMG trademark. These songs served as the foundation to BMG Rights Management. The company was originally founded with capital support of KKR, and later became a wholly owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann. It now serves as a division within Bertelsmann and as a replacement to the defunct Bertelsmann Music Group.

CD price fixing
Between 1995 and 2000, music companies were found to have used illegal marketing agreements such as minimum advertised pricing to artificially inflate prices of compact discs in order to end price wars by discounters such as Best Buy and Target in the early 1990s.

A settlement in 2002 included the music publishers and distributors; Sony Music, Warner Music, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music and Universal Music. In restitution for price fixing they agreed to pay a $67.4 million fine and distribute $75.7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups but admitted no wrongdoing. It is estimated customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million and up to $5 per album.

title: Bertelsmann Music Group


text:
Leo Kottke

Leo Kottke (born September 11, 1945) is an American acoustic guitarist. He is known for a fingerpicking style that draws on blues, jazz, and folk music, and for syncopated, polyphonic melodies. He has overcome a series of personal obstacles, including partial loss of hearing and a nearly career-ending bout with tendon damage in his right hand, to emerge as a widely recognized master of his instrument. He resides in the Minneapolis area with his family.

Focusing primarily on instrumental composition and playing, Kottke also sings sporadically, in an unconventional yet expressive baritone described by himself as sounding like "geese farts on a muggy day". In concert, Kottke intersperses humorous and often bizarre monologues with vocal and instrumental selections from throughout his career, played solo on six and twelve string guitars.

Early life and career
Born in Athens, Georgia, Kottke moved with his parents so frequently that he was raised in twelve different states. As a youth living in Muskogee, Oklahoma, he was influenced by folk and delta blues music, notably that of Mississippi John Hurt. Kottke learned to play trombone and violin before trying the guitar and developing his own unconventional picking style.

A mishap with a firecracker permanently damaged the hearing in his left ear, a condition that would be exacerbated by exposure to loud noise during firing practice while he served in the United States Navy Reserve, when the hearing in his other ear was also damaged.

Kottke attended the University of Missouri for two semesters, where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. He left Mizzou after his second semester. After being discharged from the Naval Reserve because of his partial loss of hearing, Kottke attended St. Cloud State College (now St. Cloud State University), in Minnesota, but left before completing his studies, choosing instead to hitchhike around the country, busking for a living, before finally settling in the Twin Cities. He arrived at the Scholar Coffeehouse in the Cedar-Riverside area of Minneapolis in the autumn of 1966 and soon was a regular performer. There, he recorded his debut album, 12-String Blues, which was released on the independent Oblivion record label in 1969. He recorded 6- and 12-String Guitar (also known as the "Armadillo album", after the animal pictured on its cover) for John Fahey's Takoma Records later the same year. It remains one of the works most closely associated with Kottke and has been re-released many times on various record labels. Fahey's agent Denny Bruce signed Kottke to Capitol Records, and in 1971 Capitol released Kottke's first major label record, Mudlark.

In the early 1970s, he recorded with vocals and backing musicians on albums. In 1972, he released Greenhouse and, in 1973, the live My Feet Are Smiling and Ice Water. Kottke closed out his contract with Capitol with his seventh album, Chewing Pine, in 1975. By then, he had gained an international following largely due to his performances at folk festivals. With his 1976 eponymous release, he moved to Chrysalis Records.

Injury and new playing style
In the early 1980s, Kottke began to suffer from painful tendinitis and related nerve damage caused by his vigorous and aggressive picking style (particularly on the 12-string guitar). As a result, he changed his picking style to a classical style, using the flesh of his fingertips and increasingly small amounts of fingernail rather than fingerpicks, and changing the positioning of the right hand to place less stress on the tendons. A flat pick is often used in conjunction with his fingers, a style called hybrid-picking. He has studied more classical and jazz-oriented compositional and playing techniques.

He took a long break from recording and performing and simultaneously moved from his relationship with major labels to the smaller Private Music label. Private Music was considered a new-age music label in the Windham Hill style, and Kottke often found his music categorized as such during this period. After the reflective A Shout Toward Noon, in 1986, he took a brief break from recording before returning with Regards from Chuck Pink in 1988.

Later career
Kottke released an album annually from 1989 to 1991: My Father's Face, followed by That's What and then Great Big Boy, which featured guest appearances by Lyle Lovett and Margo Timmins. Two years later, he returned with Peculiaroso, produced by Rickie Lee Jones. The solo album One Guitar, No Vocals was released in 1999. In 2004, Kottke released another solo album, Try and Stop Me (2004).

In 2002, Kottke and Mike Gordon (the bassist from the band Phish, which was on an extended hiatus) collaborated on Clone, an album featuring instrumental work and vocals from both musicians. A second album from the pair, Sixty Six Steps, followed in 2005. The duo toured in support of both albums. In August 2020, Kottke and Gordon announced a new collaborative album, Noon, released that month on Megaplum/ATO Records. It was their first collaboration since Sixty Six Steps and Kottke's first studio album since 2005.

Kottke received an honorary Doctorate in Music Performance from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee on May 18, 2008, where he gave the commencement address.

Tunings
Kottke's guitars are often tuned unconventionally; early in his career he heavily used open tuning, while in recent years he has used more traditional settings but often tunes his guitars as many as two full steps below standard tuning.

Orchestral works, re-recordings, and other collaborations
In 1976, Kottke collaborated with arranger Jack Nitzsche on the release Leo Kottke, which featured Kottke backed by a small orchestral section on a number of tracks. In the later part of his career, he has begun reworking and re-recording tunes he wrote and recorded in the early 1970s. For example, 1999's One Guitar No Vocals offered a new instrumental version of 1974's "Morning Is the Long Way Home", with the countermelody opened up from behind the vocal line, stripped of its original trippy lyrics.

Kottke combined previously recorded tunes into new compositions, notably the mini-suite "Bigger Situation", also released on One Guitar No Vocals. In 1990, he and composer Stephen Paulus created Ice Fields, a work for amplified acoustic guitar and orchestra in a concerto format. Ice Fields featured five movements, each based on an existing Kottke composition, with orchestral backing and interlude sections. It was premiered by Paulus's Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and has been performed occasionally since but has not been released on record, partly because of the high cost of producing a recording with a full orchestra.

Videography

 * 1) Home & Away (1988), Wienerworld
 * 2) Home & Away Revisited (2006), Mvd Visual

title: Leo Kottke


text:
Talk:State of Palestine

Picture in the "Art, Music, and Clothing" Section
Under the 'Art, music, and clothing' Section there is a picture of 'Palestinian children in their traditional dress'. The picture itself was taken in London (on Oct. 9th 2023), and it is not clear this has anything to do with 'traditional Palestinian clothing'. The picture does contain a political message which is irrelevant to the information discussed in the section, and in addition contains a short manifesto in text when opened "There are more than two million people living there, and this brutal form of collective punishment is clearly a war crime which threatens the lives of all of them...". I suggest deleting this picture or finding a more suitable image which is relevant to the information discussed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by an unspecified IP address

Revert
This revert edit wars in the term "Proclaimed capital" in the infobox. The infoboxes for Israel and Palestine in this respect should be identical (as are their leads) as neither claim is recognized and whether Israel occupies Jerusalem has absolutely nothing whatever to do with it. Selfstudier (talk) 20:37, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 3 July 2024
In the "Capital" section of the Infobox, instead of saying "Jerusalem" say "East Jerusalem" as the Palestinian Liberation Organisation claims only East Jerusalem as its capital not the whole of Jerusalem. Zakary2012 (talk) 05:15, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. GrayStorm(Complaints Dept.|My Contribs.) 05:40, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Largest city - needs to be fixed
The infobox says the largest city in the country is Gaza City, but it is actually East Jerusalem, with 595,000 inhabitants according to the article on it, so that needs to be corrected in the infobox. 2A00:A041:3B9A:AC00:88A6:4340:9DD0:6D05 (talk) 14:58, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * where in the article does it say that? Slatersteven (talk) 15:07, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Lede
WP:LEDE is a summary of the body and is not supposed to have any details in it. The burden to achieve consensus is on the inserter of the material per WP:ONUS, not on its remover. Makeandtoss (talk) 07:59, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I have reverted your revert while we discuss. Please explain your revert further, for example, the restoration of In 1917, Britain called for a Jewish nation to be created, which is actually false. Selfstudier (talk) 10:14, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/conflict-Palestine
 * it says "In 1917, in order to win Jewish support for Britain's First World War effort, the British Balfour Declaration promised the establishment of a Jewish national home in Ottoman-controlled Palestine."
 * National Army Museum is the British Army's central museum.
 * How is this false? Its already in the reference Astropulse (talk) 18:27, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Jewish national home is not equal to a Jewish nation. That you are not aware of this and all the arguments around it, is disturbing. Selfstudier (talk) 18:35, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I see. right now, i think the flow of information is not great and it was severely shortened by @Makeandtoss People should have some more context Astropulse (talk) 21:47, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

@Selfstudiercan you confirm your reasoning behind recent revert and why you like the current version instead of version july 12 before changes by Makeandtoss Astropulse (talk) 15:13, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

 * See my comment above. Selfstudier (talk) 15:19, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 20 July 2024
Please change For other uses of Palestine, see Palestine to For other uses of Palestine, see Palestine (disambiguation) @PadFoot2008. It currently has a link that links to the article itself after the recent moves. AG202 (talk) 15:25, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

Done. Selfstudier (talk) 15:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:State of Palestine


text:
Aby

Aby or ABY may refer to:

Places

 * Aby, Ivory Coast
 * Aby Lagoon, a lagoon in Ivory Coast
 * Abyy or Aby, Sakha Republic, Russia
 * Aby Lowland
 * Aby, Lincolnshire, a village in England, UK
 * Åby, Norrköping Municipality, Sweden
 * Åby, Växjö Municipality, Sweden

Transport

 * Ashburys railway station's station code
 * Southwest Georgia Regional Airport's IATA airport code

Other uses

 * Aby (film), a 2017 Malayalam-language Indian film
 * Aby (name), a given name and surname, including a list of people with the name
 * Abyssinian cat, or Abys, a shorthair cat breed
 * Aneme Wake language's ISO 639-3 code
 * ABY, a system of measuring fictional dates in Star Wars relative to the Battle of Yavin

title: Aby


text:
Talk:Israel/Archive 1

See also: Talk:Jerusalem/capital, where discussion of Jerusalem being Israel's capital has been moved.

 * coupled with improved prospects for the Middle East peace process, are creating a climate for stronger GDP growth in the year 2000.

CIA was dead wrong here (that's not their first time, see their Poland entry). Somebody should fix this sentence asap. --Taw

Last changes about scope and territory by JJ seem to restate once again already mentioned facts. Could anybody else please express his opinion. Maybe the "Territory" section should state more clearly that a dispute exists between Israel and Syria, Israel and Palestinians. Now it's a salad. Iorsh

 * (in which it's very existence was threatened)

Excised. This is hardly an NPOV comment; looks more as though it's in there to be provocative.

I am removing the following claim, from the entry. The claim states "It was born by major ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians from their homes in the mid 20th-century." First off, many people would say that this is untrue. There is much historical evidence, including public admission by a huge number of Arab leaders, that the exodus of Arabs from the British Mandate of Palestine was due to the Arab themselves, who publicly called for all Arabs to leave Israel, so that the Arab armies could come in and destroy the State of Israel. Secondly, this polemical comment doesn't mention that Arab states did the same thing of their Jewish citizens, attacking them, killing them, and driving them out by the tens of thousands. Even the PLO and the Palestinian Authority have now signed agreements that any future peace accords must take into account the huge number of Jewish refugees. RK

Finally, even assuming that the claim is partially true, this is a complex issue that needs to be discussed in a calm and neutral point of view (NPOV) fashion. You are merely inserting a biased anti-Israeli polemic into an article which has nothing at all to do with that particular topic. This is inappropriate behaviour in the Wikipedia community. You need to read up more on the entries on NPOV, and you absolutely must read the already extant articles on this issue: You appear totally unaware that your claims and related isues are already are discussed in great detail, both in Wikipedia entries on Israel, Palestine, and in their associated Talk pages. There is no need to start a flame war by starting the entire thing all over again in yet another article. This topic already is discussed in more than place. If you must, work on this topic in those appropriate and already-existing articles. RK

actually-you people are the POV junkies. Yes, the statement was POV but rather than NPOV it, you all decided to delete it... DUH'

"It was born by major ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians from their homes in the mid 20th-century." should become "Some argue that it was a result of major ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians from their homes in the mid 20th-century"

and yes...Israel is committing genocide. Lir 22:24 Nov 19, 2002 (UTC)

Sorry Lir, but your rant against the Jewish state isn't going to win you any friends. It just demonstrates that you are unqualified to work on an article that make you epxlode in anti-Semitic rage. In any case, this topic already is discussed in many articles. When you and your peers keep trying to add this exact same topic to yet more articles, it becomes clear that you are just trying to stir up hatred against those in Israel, and against those who support its right to exist. That's an evil thing to do. Literally. RK

 * Way harsh, dude. You wanta lighten up a bit? Before you throw the flaming brand of "evil" on Lir's bonfire -- turning her into modern Joan of Arc martyr, why don't you explain slowly and carefully. Not all people who disagree with your POV are raging anti-Semites. That's no way to treat a lady. --Ed Poor

Deleted by RK:

 * It was born by major ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians from their homes in the mid 20th-century.

It would be better to say that certain people consider that Israel was born, etc. --Ed Poor

indeed, as noted above:

Some argue that it was a result of major ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians from their homes in the mid 20th-century.

As for exploding into anti-Semitic rage-I would like to let you know that I am Jewish and those who practice our form of Judaism view Israel as an anti-Jewish state, a non-Jewish state, and nationalist Zionist Israelism is nothing but a twisted form of fascism. We feel that Israel is conducting genocide against Palestine, and anyone who doesn't explode into anti-Israel rage at such genocide is probably a racist. Of course we wish to maintain NPOV and merely state that Some people say that Israel is doing these things -- but off the record, Israel is evil and war crimes are bad. Does, "Thou shalt not kill" mean anything to you? Lir 23:19 Nov 19, 2002 (UTC)

 * (A) I doubt you are Jewish. I suspect you are lying. (B) Even if you were Jewish, that is no excuse for anti-Semitism and lies. Being a Jew does not give you some kind of divine license to hurl hateful speech. Take your anti-Semitic rants elsewhere, because we won't let your NPOV violate the academic integrity of this encyclopedia project. Go away, troll. You lose. RK

 * 1) The genocide article explains that international treaties have added to the original meaning of genocide -- extending it to include "crimes" other than murder. Perhaps your battle is with the UN rather than with Lir. She didn't say "mass-murderers" anywhere I can see (if she does, I will change my tune -- rapidly and decisively).
 * 2) "An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind." So please hesitate before fighting "hateful speech" with your own spiteful rage. A little courtesy, even when apparently unmerited, will get you more of what you want than name-calling. Try it for a week, and see. :-) --Ed Poor 14:53 Nov 20, 2002 (UTC)

 * Danny, Ed, I shall agree with you, and do it your way. Seriously. My only exception will be today's comment made at someone who claimed that the Holocaust didn't really happen, and that it was only an alleged event. My BS detector went off, bells ringing, at that one. But other than that specific charge, I will defer to the positions that both of you have stated. RK

Just to make myself clear, I do not object to Wikipedia entries discussing the charges of ethnic cleansing (and the like) in regards to the formation of the State of Israel, or to any other countries to that matter. Nor do I object to Arab, UN, or Israeli points of view being equally represented. What I do object to is this particular anti-Israeli polemic repeatedly being placed into this article, especially in an out-of-context fashion that violates NPOV. Why should the same issue be repeated in four different entries? This is already discussed in detail in the entries on Israel, Palestine, and in their associated Talk pages. RK

 * born by major ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians from their homes in the mid 20th-century.

I don't understand what "born by" means. Does this refer to Israel's economic success, or to its being created by confiscated lands, or what? Rather than delete this puzzling remark, let's discuss it. --Ed Poor

 * Some critics (mostly in the Arab world) say Israel was "born by major ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians from their homes in the mid 20th-century." (author unknown)

This is better covered in the History of Israel article and in the extensive series of article on the Arab-Israeli conflict.

An Arabic translation of "State of Israel" is needed. The Geography, Demographics and other sections need to be expanded. --Jiang

Perhaps we need to turn this article ("Israel") into a disambiguation page. The new content could read: RK 21:25 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * This is a disambiguation page.
 * State of Israel - This article discusses the modern State of Israel.
 * Jacob - This article discusses the Biblical patriarch Jacob, also known as Israel.
 * History of ancient Israel and Judah - This article discusses the history of ancient Israel and Judah.
 * Kingdom of Israel
 * Israelites - This article concerns the twelve tribes of Israel as described in the Bible, and modern historical debates about the origins of the Israelites.

Just make sure all the links to this page are fixed and I won't complain. --mav

 * There are a lot of pages that link here. I sugest we keep the article on the State of Israel here and put a link to Israel (disambiguation) at the top of the page. - Efghij

title: Talk:Israel/Archive 1


text:
Arthur Kellermann

Arthur L. Kellermann (born 1954) is an American physician and epidemiologist. Until his resignation in November 2022, he served as a professor of emergency medicine at the VCU School of Medicine, senior vice president of health sciences for Virginia Commonwealth University, and CEO of the VCU Health System. He was formerly professor and dean of the F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Kellerman served as director of the RAND Institute of Health and founded the department of emergency medicine at Emory University and the Center for Injury Control at Rollins School of Public Health. His writings include 200 publications on various aspects of emergency cardiac care, health services research, injury prevention and the role of emergency departments in providing health care to the poor. Kellermann is known for his research on the epidemiology of firearm-related injuries and deaths, which he interpreted not as random, unavoidable acts but as preventable public-health priorities. Kellermann and his research have been strongly disputed by gun rights organizations, in particular by the National Rifle Association of America, although Kellermann's findings have been supported by a large body of peer-reviewed research finding that increasing gun ownership is associated with increased rates of homicide and violence.

Education
Kellermann received a Bachelor of Science with distinction in biology from Rhodes College (1976), an M.D. from the Emory University School of Medicine (1980), and an M.P.H. from the University of Washington School of Public Health (1985).

Career
Kellermann was a professor of emergency medicine and public health at Emory School of Medicine from 1999 to 2010. He co-chaired the institute's Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance, which produced six reports on "America's uninsured crisis: Consequences for health and health care" from 2001 to 2004. At Emory, Kellermann served as the associate dean for health policy (2007-2010), the first chair of the Department of Emergency Medicine (1999-2007), and the director of the Emory Center for Injury Control at the Rollins School of Public Health (1993-2006). In 2007, Kellermann received John G. Wiegenstein Leadership Award by the American College of Emergency Physicians.

From 2006 to 2007 he was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Policy Fellow and joined the staff of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. In 2007 he was presented with the John G. Wiegenstein Leadership Award by the American College of Emergency Physicians.

Kellermann was chair in policy analysis at the RAND Corporation (2010-2013) and vice president and director at RAND Health (2011-2012). He co-chaired the Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, of which he is an elected member. Kellermann holds career achievement awards for excellence in science from the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and the Injury Control and Emergency Health Services Section of the American Public Health Association. Kellermann is a fellow of the American College of Emergency Physicians and an elected member of the US National Academy of Sciences in the Institute of Medicine.

In a recent article published in Health Affairs, he advocated a number of changes to the military health system, including using medically trained enlisted members such as medics and corpsmen as "primary care technicians" in the stateside care system. He argued that their skills are currently under-utilized while not deployed, and that increasing the number of primary care providers would improve health outcomes and reduce costs.

Research
Kellermann's work includes more than 200 scientific and lay publications on various aspects of advanced cardiac life support, health services research, injury prevention and the role of emergency departments in providing health care to the poor. Kellermann is known for his research on the epidemiology of firearm-related injuries and deaths in the US. In a 1995 interview, Kellermann said he saw firearm injuries not as random, unavoidable acts but as preventable public health priority. Kellermann's studies, which indicate an increased risk of mortality associated with gun ownership, have been disputed by gun rights organizations, in particular by the National Rifle Association; although Kellermann's findings have been supported by a large body of peer-reviewed research finding that increasing gun ownership is associated with increased rates of homicide and violence.

Kellermann published several high-profile studies on the topic of gun-related injuries. In 1986, he coauthored a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine finding that for every self-defense homicide via firearm, there were 43 suicides, criminal homicides, or accidental gunshot deaths. He coauthored additional studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine identifying firearm ownership as a risk factor for both homicide and suicide in the home. Gary Kleck, in a paper, argued that most of the homicides in the 1993 study were not committed with the same gun kept in the household the decedent lived in. Kellermann responded that the mechanism behind the observed effect needed not result from the same gun kept in the household, but by the decedents having used these guns in failed self-defense.

Kellermann has published extensively in the areas of emergency medicine and public health, including studies of emergency cardiac care, use of diagnostic technologies in the emergency department, and on the use of progesterone as a treatment for traumatic brain injury. He has also published research on the role of emergency departments in providing health care to the poor, the role of insurance, and the situation of the uninsured. In recent years, he has written about domestic preparedness to respond to different forms of terrorism. Kellermann was instrumental in the planning and implementation of the American Heart Association's "Racing the Clock to Restart Atlanta's Hearts" initiative. He also played a role in the Institute of Medicine’s three-volume report on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States.

title: Arthur Kellermann


text:
Manson

Manson is a surname of Scottish origin. It is an Anglicised version of the Scandinavian name Magnusson, meaning son of Magnus, and a Sept of Clan Gunn. It is particularly common in the far northeast of Scotland in the county of Caithness and in Orkney and Shetland. It is also relatively common in southwest Scotland, in the country of Ayrshire.

Notable people with the surname include:

 * Amy Manson (born 1985), Scottish actor
 * Andra Manson (born 1984), American high jumper
 * Andy Manson, British luthier and custom guitar-maker
 * Britney Manson (born 1994 or 1995), Russian-Estonian model and influencer
 * Bruce Manson (born 1956), American tennis player
 * Charles Manson (1934–2017), adopted surname of cult leader from the United States
 * Charlotte Manson (1917–1996), American actress
 * Charly Manson (born 1975), Mexican professional wrestler
 * David Manson (militiaman) (1753–1836), American Revolutionary War aide to General George Washington
 * David Manson (producer) (born 1952), American film and television producer, screenwriter, and director
 * David Ames Manson (1841–1929), merchant and political figure in Quebec
 * Grace Manson (1893–1967), American psychologist
 * Héléna Manson (1898–1994), French film actress
 * James Manson (Australian footballer) (born 1966), Australian rules footballer
 * Jim Manson (Australian footballer) (died 2010), Australia footballer and father of James Manson
 * Josh Manson (born 1991), American ice hockey player
 * Mahlon Dickerson Manson (1820–1895), American military officer, Union General during the Civil War
 * Marilyn Manson (born 1969), stage name of Brian Hugh Warner, American musician and artist
 * Marilyn Manson (band), the band of the same name
 * Mark Manson (born 1984), American self-help writer and blogger
 * Michael Manson (1857–1932), Scottish-born farmer and political figure in British Columbia, Canada
 * Michael Manson (judge), judge of the Federal Court of Canada
 * Pat Manson (born 1967), American pole vaulter
 * Patrick Manson (1844–1922), Scottish physician, pioneer in the field of tropical medicine
 * Robert Manson (1866 or 1867–1932), Canadian politician
 * Shirley Manson (born 1966), Scottish musician and actress
 * Stephen Manson (born 1986), Scottish footballer
 * Thomas Walter Manson (1893–1958), English biblical scholar
 * William Manson (1867–1953), Scottish-born accountant, notary public, and MLA for Alberni and Skeena in British Columbia, Canada
 * William Manson (theologian) (1882–1958), British theologian
 * William J. Manson (1872–1948), Scottish-born magistrate and MLA for Dewdney in British Columbia, Canada

Fictional characters

 * Samantha Manson, one of the main characters of Danny Phantom

title: Manson


text:
Sid Luckman

Sidney Luckman (November 21, 1916 – July 5, 1998) was an American football quarterback who played for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) from 1939 through 1950. During his 12 seasons with the Bears, he led them to four NFL championships in 1940, 1941, 1943, and 1946.

Sportswriter Ira Berkow wrote that Luckman was "the first great T-formation quarterback", and he is considered the greatest long-range passer of his time. He was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player in 1943. Luckman was also a 3× NFL All-Star (1940–1942), 5× First-team All-Pro (1941–1944, 1947), 2× Second-team All-Pro (1940, 1946), 3× NFL passing yards leader (1943, 1945, and 1946), 3× NFL passing touchdowns leader (1943, 1945, and 1946), 3× NFL passer rating leader (1941, 1943, and 1946), named to the NFL 1940s All-Decade team, had his No. 42 retired by the Bears, and tied the NFL record of 7 touchdown passes in a game. To date, Luckman still holds the all-time NFL record for touchdown percentage, at 7.9 percent.

Luckman was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965, and in 1988 he was declared a joint winner of the Walter Camp Distinguished American Award. Following his retirement from playing, Luckman continued his association with football by tutoring college coaches, focusing on the passing aspect of the game.

Early life
Luckman was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish immigrants from Germany, Meyer and Ethel Druckman Luckman. His father sparked his interest in football at age eight, by giving him a football to play with. He and his parents lived first in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and then in a residence near Prospect Park in Flatbush, in Brooklyn, and it was here as a youngster that Sid first started throwing a football.

He played both baseball and football for Erasmus Hall High School, with his football skills impressing recruiters from about 40 colleges. Playing quarterback, he led the Erasmus Hall High School football team to two all-city championships.

Luckman chose Columbia University after meeting Lions coach Lou Little during a Columbia/Navy game at the university's Baker Field athletic facility. Luckman was not admitted to Columbia College; instead, he attended the New College for the Education of Teachers, an undergraduate school which was within Teachers College at Columbia. He competed on the football team from 1936 until the New College closed in 1939, at which point he transferred to Columbia College. Coach Little had a problem getting good high school athletes because of the entrance requirements at Columbia, and Columbia didn't have any physical education undergraduate program so when New College was started, Lou Little was happy because they had a P. E. Department. In fact, the 1936 varsity football squad had five other New College students; Hubert Schulze, Edward Stanzyk, Oscar Bonom, Harry Ream, and Antoni Mareski.

At Columbia, Luckman was a member of the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Keen to remain in Columbia to stay close to his family, he took on jobs such as dishwashing, babysitting, and messenger delivery around the campus. At Columbia, as a part of the football team, he completed 180 of 376 passes for 2,413 yards and 20 touchdowns and finished third in the 1938 Heisman Trophy voting, behind Davey O'Brien and Marshall Goldberg.

Draft
Hearing of Sid Luckman's exploits as a single-wing tailback at Columbia University, Chicago Bears owner and coach George Halas believed Luckman had the ability to become an effective T-formation quarterback, and traveled to New York to watch him play. Halas then convinced the Pittsburgh Pirates (later the Steelers) to draft Luckman second overall and then trade him to the Bears, because he was interested in using Luckman's skills to help him restructure the offensive side of the game. However, despite his successes at Columbia University, Luckman initially declined any further interest in pro football, instead preferring to work for his father-in-law's trucking company. Halas went to work on convincing him otherwise. After gaining an invitation to Luckman's tiny apartment for a dinner which Luckman's wife Estelle prepared, Halas produced a contract for $5,500 ($0 today), which Luckman immediately signed. At that time both at the college and pro levels, offenses were a drab scrum of running the ball with only occasional passes. In what was then the predominant single-wing formation, the quarterback was primarily a blocking back and rarely touched the ball. Most passing was done by the tailback, and then usually only on third down with long yardage to go. Halas and his coaches, primarily Clark Shaughnessy, invented a rather complex scheme building on the traditional T-formation, but needed the right quarterback to run it properly.

Upon starting with Halas, Luckman mastered an offense that revolutionized football and became the basis of most modern professional offenses. Eventually, Luckman tutored college coaches across the Big Ten, Notre Dame and West Point in the intricacies of the passing game.

T-formation
In 1940, during his second season with the Bears, Luckman took over the offense and led the Bears to the title game against Sammy Baugh and the Washington Redskins. The Redskins had beaten the Bears, 7–3, during the regular season. Using the "man-in-motion" innovation to great advantage, the Bears destroyed the Redskins, 73–0, in a game stated to be "the most one-sided game in the history of the sport". Luckman passed only six times, with four completions and 102 yards in the rout.

From 1940 to 1946, the Bears displayed their dominance in the game, playing in five NFL championship games, winning four, and posted a 54–17–3 regular-season record. In 1942, the Bears posted a perfect 11–0 record and outscored their opponents, 376–84, however, they lost the championship game to the Redskins. Although the T-formation had been used many years before Luckman joined the Chicago Bears, he was central to Chicago's successful use of this style of play because of his game-sense and versatility. Perfecting Halas' complex offensive scheme of fakes, men in motion, and quick-hitting runs, Luckman added the dimension of accurate downfield throwing. He was instrumental in his team's record-setting 73–0 win over the Washington Redskins in the 1940 NFL championship game. Sportscaster Jimmy Cannon once said in reference to Luckman's years at Columbia, "You had to be there to realize how great Sid was." Luckman later became a sought-after tutor and instructor for universities wishing to install the T-formation as an offense.

Service with the Merchant Marine
In 1943, as soon as the season had ended, Luckman volunteered as an ensign with the U. S. Merchant Marine. He was stationed stateside and while he could not practice with the team, he did receive permission to play for the Bears on game days during the following seasons. He returned again to the Bears, as a full-time occupation, in 1946 and led them to a fifth NFL championship.

Numbers and accomplishments
During his career, Luckman completed 51.8% of his passes for 14,686 yards and 137 touchdowns with 132 interceptions. He averaged 8.4 yards per attempt, second all-time only to Otto Graham (9.0), and also has a career touchdown rate (percentage of pass attempts that result in touchdowns) of 7.9 percent.

In 1943, Luckman completed 110 of 202 passes for 2194 yards and 28 touchdowns. His 13.9% touchdown rate that year is the best ever in a single-season, while his 10.9 yards per attempt is second all-time. During one game that year, Luckman threw for 443 yards and seven touchdowns, still tied for the most passing touchdowns in one game; it was also the first 400-yard passing game in NFL history. His 28 touchdown passes in 1943 (in only 10 games) was a record that lasted until 1959, a 12-game season.

Luckman led the NFL in yards per attempt an NFL record seven times, including a record five consecutive years from 1939 to 1943, and led the NFL in passing yards three times. Luckman was a five-time All-NFL selection, was named the National Football League's Most Valuable Player Award in 1943, and led the "Monsters of the Midway" to championships in 1940, 1941, 1943, and 1946. Despite the fact that his career ended in 1950, Luckman still holds the record for touchdowns in single game with 7, and owns several Bears' passing records, including:
 * Intercepted: career (132), season (31 in 1947)
 * Yds/Pass Att: career (8.42), season (10.86 in 1943)

Later years
Upon retiring as a player, Luckman remained with the Bears as a vice president. In 1954, he became the team's quarterbacks coach on a part-time basis, a position he held through the 1960s.

After departing the NFL, he went to work for Cel-U-Craft, a Chicago-based manufacturer of cellophane products, eventually becoming its president. The company was a part of the Rapid American Corporation of which he also obtained shares. In 1969, Rapid American was the subject of an Internal Revenue Service investigation over the payment of these shares and dividends, a case that Luckman and his wife appealed.

Luckman's wife, Estelle Morgolin, died of cancer in 1981, and he underwent a triple heart bypass operation the following year. Luckman eventually retired to Aventura, Florida, where he died on July 5, 1998, at the age of 81. He was survived by a son, Bob, and two daughters, Gale and Ellen.

List of honors

 * 1) Joe F. Carr Trophy – National Football League Most Valuable Player in 1943.
 * 2) College Football Hall of Fame in 1960.
 * 3) Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965.
 * 4) International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1979.
 * 5) Walter Camp Distinguished American of the Year Award in 1988.
 * 6) Columbia University Athletics Hall of Fame in 2006.

title: Sid Luckman