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Entrada Sandstone

The Entrada Sandstone is a formation in the San Rafael Group found in  the U.S. states of Wyoming, Colorado, northwest New Mexico, northeast Arizona, and southeast Utah. Part of the Colorado Plateau, this formation was deposited during the Jurassic Period sometime between 180 and 140 million years ago in various environments, including tidal mudflats, beaches, and sand dunes. The Middle Jurassic San Rafael Group was dominantly deposited as ergs (sand seas) in a desert environment around the shallow Sundance Sea.

Description
At its type section at Entrada Point, located in the northern part the San Rafael Swell in Emery County, Utah, the Entrada consists of red silty sandstone and lesser interbedded mudstone and is a slope-forming formation. This part of the Entrada is sometimes described as the "earthy facies". Here the Entrada is overlain by the Curtis Formation, and overlies the Carmel Formation. To the south and east, the Entrada transitions to cliff-forming red or white crossbedded sandstone, sometimes called the "slickrock facies". This is actually more typical of the Entrada as a whole, and a principal reference section including both facies was designated by Peterson in 1988 at Pine Creek, 5 km north of Escalante, Utah, in the Kaiparowits Basin.

At the reference section in the Kaiparowitz Basin, the Entrada is 314 m thick and is divided into three informal members. The lower member is 113 m of orange-red silty sandstone, with occasional beds of red mudstone, corresponding to the earthy facies. The middle member is 132 m of red to green mudstone interbedded with red to white sandstone. The upper member is 69 m of crossbedded white sandstone. The white color is attributed to bleaching by organic-rich fluids from overlying beds. The formation rests on the Carmel Formation and is overlain by the Morrison Formation.

In the Curtis Mountains region of northeastern Arizona, the Entrada is overlain by the Wanakah Formation.

In the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico, the Entrada consists of upper and lower sandy members and a medial silty member, the Rehoboth Member. The Curtis Formation is sometimes absent and the Entrada then overlies Chinle Formation. It is overlain by the Todilto Formation. Southeast of Fort Defiance, Arizona, the lower sandy beds are assigned to the Iyanbito Member. Total thickness is up to 37 m.

In the Slick Rock, Colorado area, the Entrada is divided into a "middle sandstone", the Rehoboth Member, and the Slick Rock Member, in ascending order.

The Entrada has been dated to the early to middle Callovian stage of the latest Middle Jurassic.

History of investigation
The Entrada Sandstone was named as one of the four formations of the San Rafael Group by James Gilluly and Reeside in 1928. Gregory and Moore worked out the geographic extent of the formation and gave an overview of it in 1931. The extent was revised several times afterwards (most recently in 1992 by Condon). It was divided into the Gunsight Butte, Cannonville, and Escalante members by Thompson and Stokes in 1970. The principal reference for the formation was written in 1988 by Peterson.

Members
Entrada members are (in alphabetical order):
 * Cannonville Member (UT)
 * Cow Springs Member (AZ); equivalent to the upper member at the reference section in southern Utah
 * Dewey Bridge Member (CO, UT) - named after the type locality at Dewey Bridge. This brick-red layer has a blocky look to it. Now assigned to the Carmel Formation.
 * Escalante Member (UT)
 * Henrieville Member (UT); abandoned by Peterson in 1988.
 * Exeter Member (NM)
 * Gunsight Butte Member (UT)
 * Iyanbito Member (NM)
 * Moab Member (CO, UT) or Moab Tongue (CO, UT) - named after the type locality of Moab, Utah. The whitish sands from inland dunes make up this "cap rock" layer, as seen atop Delicate Arch and Broken Arch in Arches National Park.
 * Red Mesa Member (AZ, NM, UT)
 * Slick Rock Member (CO, UT) - named for the type locality at Slick Rock, Colorado; rounded beach sands were cemented together to create this uniform layer.

Places found
Entrada Sandstone is found in these geologic locations:

Geologic province:
 * Anadarko Basin
 * Black Mesa Basin
 * Great Basin province
 * Green River Basin
 * Las Vegas-Raton Basin
 * Paradox Basin
 * Piceance Basin
 * Plateau Sedimentary Province
 * San Juan Basin
 * Sierra Grande Uplift

Found in these parklands (incomplete list):
 * Arches National Park
 * Capitol Reef National Park
 * Goblin Valley State Park
 * Kodachrome Basin State Park

Spatial distribution:
 * spatial distribution of Entrada Sandstone in Macrostrat

title: Entrada Sandstone


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USS Columbia

USS Columbia may refer to:

 * USS Columbia, a 44-gun frigate under construction, was burned in 1814 to prevent her capture by the British
 * USS Columbia (1836) was a 50-gun sailing frigate launched in 1836 and in occasional service until 1861, when she was burned to avoid capture by the Confederates
 * USS Columbia (1862) was a captured Confederate screw steamer that ran aground in 1863
 * USS Columbia (1864) was an ironclad, also captured from the Confederates in 1865 and in use until June of that year.
 * USS Columbia (C-12), later CA-16, was a protected cruiser in service from 1894 to 1921. At the end of its career it was renamed USS Old Columbia.
 * USS Columbia (AG-9) was originally the Great Northern, a troop transport, renamed in 1921 and used until 1922
 * USS Columbia (CL-56) was a light cruiser launched 17 December 1941 and active throughout the rest of World War II
 * USS Columbia (AOT-182), a transport oiler, was returned to her owner on 1 May 1984
 * USS Columbia (SSN-771) is a Los Angeles-class submarine commissioned in 1995 and currently in active service

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Columbia


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ZSNES

ZSNES is a free software Super Nintendo Entertainment System emulator written mostly in x86 assembly with official ports for Linux, DOS, Windows, and unofficial ports for Xbox and macOS.

Background
Development of ZSNES began on 3 July 1997 and the first version was released on 14 October 1997, for DOS. Since then, official ports have been made for Windows and Linux. The emulator became free software under the GPL-2.0-or-later license on 2 April 2001. Despite an announcement by adventure_of_link in 2009 stating that "ZSNES is NOT dead, it's still in development", made on the ZSNES board after the departure of its original developers zsKnight and _Demo_, development has slowed dramatically since its last version (1.51 released on 24 January 2007). Much of the development efforts concentrated on increasing the emulator's portability, by rewriting assembly code in C and C++, including a new GUI using Qt.

ZSNES is notable in that it was early in being able to emulate several of the SNES enhancement chips at some level. Until version 1.50, ZSNES featured netplay via TCP/IP or UDP.

An early ZSNES feature of interest were "ZMV movies". This feature enabled players to record their play session inputs and then output those to a ZMV file, in such a way that another user with a copy of ZSNES, a matching ROM file, and the ZMV file, should be able to "watch" the other person's gameplay. This long preceded mass availability of gameplay videos online, being an early form of sharing this type of content.

Because ZSNES is largely written in low-level assembly language for x86 processors, the idea of porting ZSNES to devices using RISC architectures such as ARM is highly unfeasible. Commercial gaming consoles did not typically use x86 processors (with the original Xbox being the most well-known exception) prior to the eighth generation, with the 2013 releases of the Xbox One and PlayStation 4.

Development history
The first public release of ZSNES was version 0.150, on October 14, 1997. It incorporated the entire 65816 instruction set from the SNES's modified WDC 65C816 microprocessor, as well as SRAM support and partial Mode 7 implementation. It also already offered save states to a .ZST file as an additional feature. This initial version missed certain DSP features.

Version 0.600 from September 9, 1998, was the first to feature developer Pharos (as a coding assistant), and was a milestone release due to the implementation a of new 16-bit graphics engine, as well as featuring an entirely new GUI with more functions available than before. Shortly afterwards, version 0.700 from October 27, 1998, was the first to compile with C code.

Starting from version 0.900c/a from July 4, 1999, an important feature for the time was added, which was native ZIP compression support, which allowed users to save space in the then expensive hard disks. Also, work intensified on improving support of the SA-1 chip.

Version 1.000 from September 1, 2000, marks ZSNES's first official Windows release, and the next several versions of the emulator focused on improving the quality of this port. In April 2, 2001, the software's source code was released and the team was joined by coder Teuf.

Release 1.30b from June 16, 2001, can be considered a landmark in Super Nintendo emulation, as it added initial support to Star Ocean and its S-DD1 compression chip. This title pushed the limits of the system's hardware, boasting voice clips and enhanced graphics, and was tricky to even get running on an emulator.

After zsKnight's departure for personal reasons in July 2001, the project made a release in homage to him and his family, version 1.337, from September 30, 2001. The emulator continued being updated until July of 2002, but releases halted, and it was more than two years until a new public release was out.

When version 1.40 eventually released on December 25, 2004, it marked a turning point for the project, with new contributors and significant overhauls to the emulator's ageing systems. Developers Nach and pagefault particularly focused on removing several of the infamous hacks that were part of ZSNES's code base, implementing proper code that tricky games relied on. In tandem with that, extensive work was carried out to better support special chips.

Version v1.50 from December 22, 2006, was another major overhaul, which according to the developers: "ZSNES is a program with over 200,000 lines of source code, and in this release, over 25% of that has been modified; also, around 15% of the assembly has been ported to C." This was the final major release of the emulator, being followed by the minor 1.51, and winding down thereafter.

Reception
ZSNES was generally well-regarded in its heyday, with British game magazine Retro Gamer in 2005 calling the emulator "very impressive" and praising the "incredible toaster mode".

However, with the more recent development of more accurate SNES emulators such as Snes9x and higan as computers have gradually become more powerful, retrospective reviews have criticized ZSNES not only for its relatively low accuracy, but also because its former popularity has led several fan-made translations and modifications to be designed with specific workarounds for the emulator's inaccuracies, which often makes them unplayable both on real hardware and in the newer emulators that have superseded ZSNES. Some of these other emulators even include a mode which is explicitly designed to replicate the quirks of ZSNES, allowing the ZSNES-focused mods to become playable again.

In 2015 an exploit that allowed a specially crafted SNES ROM to gain control of the host system, and thus be able to execute malicious code, was discovered in version 1.51; a partially fixed preview build was released shortly afterwards.

title: ZSNES


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Amy

Amy is an English feminine given name, the English version of the French Aimée, which means beloved. It was used as a diminutive of the Latin name Amata, a name derived from the passive participle of amare, “to love”. The name has been in use in the Anglosphere since the Middle Ages. It was among the 50 most popular names for girls in England between 1538 and 1700. It was popularized in the 19th century in the Anglosphere by a character in Sir Walter Scott's 1821 novel Kenilworth, which was based on the story of Amy Robsart. Enslaved Black women in the United States prior to the American Civil War were more likely to bear the name than white American women because slave masters often chose their names from literary sources. The name declined in use after 1880 but was revived due to the hit song Once in Love with Amy from the 1948 Broadway musical Where's Charley?. The name peaked in usage in the United States between 1973 and 1976, when it was among the five most popular names for American girls. It remained among the top 250 names for American girls in the early 2020s.

A–E

 * Amy Acker (born 1976), American actress
 * Amy Vera Ackman, also known as Mother Giovanni (1886–1966), Australian hospital administrator
 * Amy Adams (born 1974), American actress
 * Amy Alcott (born 1956), American Hall of Fame golfer
 * Amy Archer-Gilligan (1873–1962), American serial killer
 * Amy Beach (1867–1944), American composer and pianist
 * Amy Wroe Bechtel (born 1972), American woman who has been missing since 1997
 * Amy Birnbaum (born 1975), American voice actress
 * Amy Braverman, American statistician
 * Amy Brenneman (born 1964), American actress
 * Amy Bruckner (born 1991), American actress and singer
 * Amy Callaghan (born 1992), British politician
 * Amy Carmichael (1867–1951), British missionary to India
 * Amy Castle (born 1990), American actress and internet personality
 * Amy Cimorelli (born 1995), American singer
 * Amy Carter (born 1967), American political activist
 * Amy Chan (born 1962), Hong Kong actress and Cantopop singer
 * Amy Chan (badminton) (born 1961), player from Hong Kong
 * Amy Cheng, Singaporean actress
 * Amy Cheung (artist), conceptual artist
 * Amy Cheung (writer) (born 1967), Hong Kong writer
 * Amy Childs (born 1990), English reality TV star
 * Amy Chow (born 1978), American retired gymnast
 * Amy Chua (born 1962), Chinese-American law professor and writer
 * Amy Connolly, American physicist
 * Amy Cotton (born 1980), Canadian judoka
 * Amy Coney Barrett (born 1972), American Supreme Court Associate Justice
 * Amy Dalby (1888–1969), British actress
 * Amy Davidson (born 1979), American actress
 * Amy Diamond (born 1992), Swedish singer
 * Amy Dumas (born 1975), American singer, retired WWE professional wrestler

F–R

 * Amy Fan (born 1971), Hong Kong-based actress
 * Amy Fisher (born 1974), American criminal and cause célèbre
 * Amy Flagg (1893–1965), British historian and photographer.
 * Amy Garnett (born 1976), English rugby player
 * Amy Goodman (born 1957), American journalist
 * Amy Grant (born 1960), American Christian contemporary pop singer
 * Amy Hargreaves (born 1970), American actress
 * Amy Harvey (born 2002), Japanese singer and model from the girl group XG
 * Amy Heidemann, (born 1986), American rapper and singer known professionally as Qveen Herby
 * Amy Beth Hayes (born 1982), British actress
 * Amy Faye Hayes (born 1973), American ring announcer and model
 * Amy Harris, Australian ballet dancer
 * Amy Heckerling (born 1954), American film director
 * Amy Hempel (born 1951) American writer and journalist
 * Amy Hennig (born 1964), video game director and script writer
 * Amy Hill (born 1953), American actress
 * Amy Holland (born 1953), American pop rock singer
 * Amy Hastings (born 1976), track and field athlete
 * Amy Irving (born 1953), American actress
 * Amy Jackson (born 1992), English actress
 * Amy Jackson (born 1987), Australian footballer
 * Amy Johnson (1903–1941), English aviator
 * Amy Jo Johnson (born 1970), American actress, singer-songwriter and musician
 * Amy Klobuchar (born 1960), a United States senator from Minnesota
 * Amy Knight (born 1946), American historian
 * Amy Kremenek, American academic administrator
 * Amy Kuhn, American politician
 * Amy Kwok (born 1967), former Miss Hong Kong winner and actress based in Hong Kong
 * Amy Lee (born 1981), American singer-songwriter, pianist and lead singer of Evanescence
 * Amy Lee (saxophonist), American musician
 * Amy Lindsay, American actress
 * Amy Locane (born 1971), American actress
 * Amy Lowell (1874–1925), American poet
 * Amy Malek (c. 1979/1980), American scholar, and sociocultural anthropologist
 * Amy McDonald (Scottish footballer) (born 1985), Scottish football player and coach
 * Amy Macdonald (born 1987), British singer-songwriter
 * Amy MacDonald, American author
 * Amy Mainzer (born 1974), American astronomer
 * Amy Malbeuf, Canadian-Métis visual artist, educator, and cultural tattoo practitioner
 * Amy Meisak (born 1993), Scottish model and beauty pageant titleholder
 * Amy Millan (born 1973), Canadian singer-songwriter
 * Amy Miller (born 1980), Canadian filmmaker
 * Amy Ndiaye, Senegalese politician
 * Amy Neighbors (born 1975), American politician
 * Amy Nuttall (born 1982), British actress and singer
 * Amy O'Neill (born 1971), American actress/performer.
 * Amy Palmer (born 1975), American hammer thrower
 * Amy Parkinson (1855–1938), Canadian poet
 * Amy Parmenter (born 1997), Australian netball player
 * Amy Pemberton (born 1988), British actress
 * Amy Phillips (born 1978), British Comedian and impressionist
 * Amy Poehler (born 1971), American comedian and actress
 * Amy Purdy (born 1979), American Paralympic Snowboarder and TV Personality
 * Amy Ray (born 1964), American singer-songwriter, half of the Indigo Girls duo
 * Amy Redford (born 1970), American actress, daughter of Robert Redford
 * Amy Richardson (1973–2023), American bodybuilder
 * Amy Robach (born 1973), American television journalist
 * Amy Rodriguez (born 1987), American soccer player
 * Amy Ryan (born 1968), American actress

S–Z

 * Amy Sanderson (1876–1931), Scottish suffragette
 * Amy Satterthwaite (born 1986), New Zealand cricketer
 * Amy Sayer (born 2001), Australian footballer
 * Amy Schumer (born 1981), American comedian and actress
 * Amy Schwartz (athlete) (born 1969), former American professional tennis player and amateur golfer
 * Amy Schwartz (author) (1954 – 2023), American author and illustrator of children's books
 * Amy Schwartz Moretti (born 1975), American violinist
 * Amy Sedaris (born 1961), American actress, author, and comedian
 * Amy Seimetz (born 1981), American actress, writer, producer, director, and editor
 * Amy Segerstedt (1835–1928), Swedish teacher, folk teacher, philanthropist
 * Amy Sky (born 1960), Canadian singer-songwriter, record producer, theatre actress, and television host
 * Amy Sloan (born 1978), Canadian actress
 * Amy Soranno (born 1993/1994), Canadian animal rights activist
 * Amy Smart (born 1976), American actress and fashion model
 * Amy Spain (1848–1865), American slave
 * Amy Spanger (born 1971), American actress
 * Amy Spangler (born 1949), American activist
 * Amy Spurway (born 1976), Canadian author
 * Amy Stanley, Canadian actress who was a cast member on the Canadian sketch comedy TV series You Can't Do That on Television
 * Amy Steel (born 1960), American actress
 * Amy Studt (born 1986), British singer-songwriter
 * Amy Summers (born 1963), American state representative from West Virginia
 * Amy Tan (born 1952), American writer
 * Amy Tinkler (born 1999), British gymnast
 * Amy Tong (born 1977), American judoka
 * Amy Veness (1876–1960), British actress
 * Amy Vermeulen (born 1983), Canadian football (soccer) forward
 * Amy Walker (born 1982), American actress and singer
 * Amy Wallace (1955-2013), American writer
 * Amy Robbins Ware (1877–1929), American author, world court worker, volunteer Red Cross nurse
 * Amy Wax (born 1953), American law professor
 * Amy Weber (born 1970), American model, singer, actress, and former WWE professional wrestler
 * Amy Welborn (born 1960), an American author
 * Amy Willerton (1992), English television presenter, model and beauty pageant titleholder
 * Amy Williams (born 1982), British Olympic Skeleton champion
 * Amy Winehouse (1983–2011), British singer-songwriter
 * Amy Winfrey, American animator
 * Amy Witting (born 1918–2001), Australian writer
 * Amy Wong (producer), Hong Kong television drama producer
 * Amy Wing-Hann Wong, Canadian visual artist
 * Amy Wright (born 1950), American actress
 * Amy Wyss (born 1970/1971), Swiss-American billionaire businesswoman and philanthropist.
 * Amy Yasbeck (born 1962), American actress
 * Amy Zegart (born 1967), American writer and academic
 * Amy Zongo (born 1980), French athlete

Fictional characters

 * Amy, a character from Barney and the Backyard Gang.
 * Amy, a character from Canadian teen drama series The Next Step.
 * Amy, a character from Total Drama: Pahkitew Island.
 * Amy, a character in the film Would You Rather.
 * Amy the Amethyst Fairy, a character from the Rainbow Magic book franchise.
 * Amy Alden, the main character and 13-year-old daughter of Aliane and Tom Alden in the film Fly Away Home.
 * Amy Amanda Allen, reporter in The A-Team
 * Amy Anderson, the civilian name of Sailor Mercury in the English dub of the popular anime, Sailor Moon.
 * Amy Anderson and Amy Winter in the animated TV series Louds
 * Amy Antsler, one of the main characters in the film Booksmart.
 * Amy Barlow, character in soap opera Coronation Street.
 * Amy Barnes, character in soap opera Hollyoaks.
 * Amy Bendix, a character in The Punisher.
 * Amy Bradshaw, the main character in D.E.B.S..
 * Amy Cahill, one of the main characters of The 39 Clues series.
 * Amy Dorrit, the main character in the novel Little Dorrit, also in a television serialisation of the novel.
 * Amy Duncan, the main character in the TV show Good Luck Charlie
 * Amy Elliott Dunne, the main character in Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn
 * Amy Enker, titular character of Australian film Amy.
 * Amy Farrah Fowler, a character in the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory.
 * Amy Fleming Borden, the main character in the TV series Heartland.
 * Amy Gardner, lobbyist and the First Lady's Chief of Staff in The West Wing.
 * Amy Gillis, a character in American TV series Clarence.
 * Amy Gray, a judge in the television series Judging Amy.
 * Amy Greene, Rachel Greene's younger sister in the TV series Friends.
 * Amy Grimes, a character in the film Cyberbully.
 * Patricia "Fat Amy" Hobart, a character from the Pitch Perfect film series.
 * Amy Juergens, the main character in the teen show The Secret Life of the American Teenager.
 * Amy Limietta, from the Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha series.
 * Amy MacDougall, Robert Barone's girlfriend on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond.
 * Amy Madden / Havoc, main character in the Disney series The Villains of Valley View.
 * Amy Madison, in the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
 * Amy March, from the novel Little Women by Louisa May Alcott.
 * Amy Matthews, Cory Matthews' mother in the TV series Boy Meets World.
 * Amy Medford, the title character of Amy (1981 film), a Walt Disney Pictures live-action film.
 * Amy Minoru, the older sister of Nico Minoru in the TV series Runaways.
 * Amelia "Amy" Pond, companion of the Doctor in the TV series Doctor Who.
 * Amy Pond, a character in the TV series Supernatural.
 * Amy Raudenfeld, a main character in the TV series Faking It.
 * Amy Rose, a character from the video game franchise Sonic the Hedgehog.
 * Amy Santiago, a main character in the TV series Brooklyn Nine-Nine.
 * Amy Sorel, a playable female character in the Soul series of fighting games.
 * Amy Sosa, a main character in the NBC sitcom Superstore.
 * Amy Squirrel, a main character in the film Bad Teacher.
 * Amy Sutton, a character in the Sweet Valley High series.
 * Amy Szalinski, a character from the Honey, I Shrunk the Kids franchise.
 * Amy Warnicker, a character in the film Footloose.
 * Amy Wong, a character in the animated TV series Futurama
 * Amy Yuuzuki, a main character in the TV series Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger.
 * Amy, a playable character in Dead or Alive Xtreme Venus Vacation
 * Fischl von Luftschloss Narfidort, real name Amy, a playable character in Genshin Impact

title: Amy


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USS Columbia (1836)

The first USS Columbia of the United States Navy to be commissioned was a three-masted, wooden-hulled sailing frigate, built at the Washington Navy Yard and carrying 54 guns (an earlier Columbia was destroyed during the burning of Washington in 1814 whilst it was still under construction). Her keel was laid in 1825, but as was typical of much Navy construction during this period, she was not launched until much later, on 9 March 1836.

On her first cruise, from May 1838 – June 1840 with Lieutenant George A. Magruder in command, Columbia rounded the Cape of Good Hope to become flagship of Commodore George C. Read in the East India Squadron. She returned to the United States by way of Cape Horn, becoming one of the first U.S. naval ships to circumnavigate the globe. She participated in the 1838 Second Sumatran Expedition in response to a Maylay attack on an American merchant vessel.

Columbia served as flagship of the Home Squadron from January–May 1842; cruised on Brazil Squadron from July 1842 – February 1844 and in the Mediterranean Squadron from May–December 1844. She returned to the Brazil Squadron as flagship from November 1845 – October 1847, and was placed in ordinary at Norfolk Navy Yard upon her return home. Except for a cruise as flagship of the Home Squadron from January 1853 – March 1855, she remained at Norfolk until the outbreak of the American Civil War. Columbia was scuttled and burned by Union forces to avoid her capture by Confederates upon the surrender of Norfolk Navy Yard on 21 April 1861. Following the close of the war she was raised and sold at Norfolk on 10 October 1867.

title: USS Columbia (1836)


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Bathin

Bathin (also Bathym, Mathim, or Marthim) is a demon described in demonological grimoires.

Variations
He is ranked as a duke in the Lesser Key of Solomon (as the eighteenth spirit) and Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (as the tenth spirit), where he is described as a serpent-tailed and muscular man riding a pale horse, who knows the properties of plants and stones, transports people across countries, and rules 30 legions of demons. He also appears in the Livre des Esperitz, as "Machin," without the horse but ruling 37 legions of demons. The German edition of The Grimoire of Pope Honorius describes Bathin (again by the name Machin) as teaching about and providing foreign plants and rocks. In the Grand Grimoire, he (as Bathsin or Bathim) is listed as a subordinate of Fleurety. According to Rudd, Bathin is opposed by the Shemhamphorasch angel Caliel.

title: Bathin


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Toy gun

Toy guns are toys which imitate real guns, but are designed for recreational sport or casual play by children. From hand-carved wooden replicas to factory-produced pop guns and cap guns, toy guns come in all sizes, prices and materials such as wood, metal, plastic or any combination thereof. Many newer toy guns are brightly colored and oddly shaped to prevent them from being mistaken for real firearms.

Types
Wooden guns are made to resemble real guns. Often handmade, these toys may or may not have metal parts and are made with various levels of detail.

Suction cup dart toy pistols are made to resemble real pistols, used to fire one suction cup dart.

Rubber band guns, are toy guns used to fire one or more rubber bands (or "elastic bands"). Rubber band guns are often used in live-action games such as Assassins, in which they are common and popular toy weapons. They are also common in offices and classrooms. Rubber band guns have been popular toys that date back to the invention of rubber bands, which were patented in England on March 17, 1845, by Stephen Perry.

Cap guns, cap pistol, or cap rifle are toy guns that creates a loud sound simulating a gunshot and a puff of smoke when a small percussion cap is exploded. Cap guns were originally made of cast iron, but after World War II were made of zinc alloy, and most newer models are made of plastic.

Model guns are Japanese full-size toy guns that highly replicate the appearance, design, and operation of the real ones but cannot shoot any projectile. It comes as either ignition models (a very sophisticated type of cap guns) or non-ignition dummy models. Both are subject to the strict Japanese Gun Control Law for identification and to prevent possible modification.

Prop guns are toy guns that have to look like real guns. They are commonly used in movies, TV shows, and other theatrical performances.

Spud guns are small toy guns used to fire a fragment of potato. To operate, one punctures the surface of a potato with the gun's hollow tip and pries out a small pellet which fits snugly in the muzzle. Squeezing the trigger causes a small build-up of air pressure inside the toy which propels the projectile. The devices are usually short-range and low-powered.

Water guns are a type of toy gun that uses a variety of methods to spray jets of water. Many early small water guns used the same trigger based pumping mechanism used for spray bottles. In this type of device, the trigger actuates a positive displacement pump shaft. With the aid of two check valves, often using small balls, fluid is drawn into the pump from a reservoir, then forced out the nozzle upon squeezing the trigger. The simplicity of the spraying mechanism allowed these toys to be manufactured cheaply and allowed the majority of the body to be used as the reservoir. The primary limitation of this design is the volume of water that can be effectively moved per pump. Increasing pump volume would require more user effort to push the fluid out, making larger designs impractical. However, this technology remains widely used today both in spray bottles as well as small water guns that can be found in a wide variety of shapes and colors.

Pop guns (also written as popgun or pop-gun) is a toy gun that was made by American inventor Edward Lewis and uses air pressure to fire a small tethered or untethered projectile (such as cork or foam) out of a barrel, most often via piston action though sometimes via spring pressure. Other variants do not launch the obstruction, but simply create a loud noise. This mechanism consists of a hollow cylindrical barrel which is sealed at one end with the projectile and at the other with a long-handled plunger. In this type, the plunger is rapidly forced down the barrel, building up internal air pressure until the projectile is forced out with the "pop" sound that lends the toy its name.

Ray guns are a science fiction particle-beam weapon that fires what is usually destructive energy. They have various alternate names: ray gun, death ray, beam gun, blaster, laser gun, laser pistol, phaser, zap gun, etc. In most stories, when activated, a raygun emits a ray, typically visible, usually lethal if it hits a human target, often destructive if it hits mechanical objects, with properties and other effects unspecified or varying. Toy ray guns often have a mechanical component that sparks, light-up and make a sound effect.

Tracer guns, sometimes known as a disc gun, is a kind of toy gun made of durable plastic. The toy shoots lightweight plastic discs roughly the size of a penny. The discs used as ammunition for these guns are often sold with the label "Jet Discs." The firing mechanism is a spring, The magazine holds 20 "discs." The range is about 10 feet, and even then, accuracy is far from dependable. The trigger requires some force. The firing sound is loud, low, and distinctive. Oftentimes the trigger will become loose and will take multiple attempts to shoot.

Foam dart blasters are toy guns that fire foam darts, discs, or foam balls. The term "Nerf blaster", referring to blasters made by Hasbro, is often used as a blanket term for any foam dart blaster, regardless of whether or not it has the Nerf brand name. Foam dart blasters are manufactured in multiple forms, including pistols, rifles, and light machine guns. The first Nerf blasters emerged in the late 1980s with the release of the Nerf Blast-a-Ball and the Arrowstorm.

Airsoft guns are replica toy guns used in airsoft sports. They are essentially a special type of very low-power smoothbore air guns designed to shoot non-metallic spherical projectiles often colloquially (and incorrectly) referred to as "BBs", which are typically made of (but not limited to) plastic or biodegradable resin materials. Airsoft gun powerplants are designed to have low muzzle energy ratings (generally less than 1.5 J) and the polymer pellets have significantly less penetrative and stopping powers than conventional air guns, and are generally quite safe for competitive sporting and recreational purposes if proper protective gear is worn. MilSim is a major element of appeal for airsoft guns, and airsoft games rely heavily on an honor system, where a player has the ethical obligation to call himself out of play when hit.

Gel blasters are replica toy guns similar in design to airsoft guns but much less powerful, and shoot superabsorbent polymer (most commonly sodium polyacrylate) water beads (often sold commercially as garden moisture retainers) which are hydrated into 6 - 8 mm-diameter projectiles colloquially called gel beads or gel balls. Gel blasters are invented as a replacement toy for regions with airsoft-unfriendly laws (e.g. China, Australia, Malaysia and Vietnam), and are often played in CQB-style shooting skirmishes similar to paintball, but follows an airsoft-like honor-based gameplay umpiring system.

Paintball gun, paint gun, or marker gun, is the main piece of paintball equipment in the sport of paintball. Markers use an expanding gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or compressed air, to propel paintballs through the barrel and quickly strike a target. The term "marker" is derived from its original use as a means for forestry personnel to mark trees and ranchers to mark wandering cattle.

Light guns are pointing devices for computers and a control device for arcade and video games, typically shaped to resemble a pistol. Modern screen-based light guns work by building an optical sensor into the gun, which receives its input from the light emitted by on-screen target(s). The first device of this type, the light pen, was used on the MIT Whirlwind computer. Modern starting pistols in athletics use similar devices that emit a sound and flash a light.

Laser tag gun is a tag game played with toy guns which fire infrared beams. Infrared-sensitive targets are commonly worn by each player and are sometimes integrated within the arena in which the game is played. Since its birth in 1979, with the release of the Star Trek Electronic Phasers toy manufactured by the South Bend Electronics brand of Milton Bradley, laser tag has evolved into both indoor and outdoor styles of play, and may include simulations of combat, role play-style games, or competitive sporting events including tactical configurations and precise game goals. Laser tag is popular with a wide range of ages. When compared to paintball, laser tag is painless because it uses no physical projectiles, and indoor versions may be considered less physically demanding because most indoor venues prohibit running or roughhousing.

Dummy guns have been historically used by police and military organizations for training purposes. During World War II, Parris Manufacturing Company provided over 2 million accurate copies of the M1903 Springfield rifles, the MK 1 USN Dummy Training Rifle to the U.S. armed forces. After the war they continued to manufacture and sell their replicas as toy guns. As well as smaller sized models for children that featured a working bolt with a dummy bullet, leather sling, the clicker action, and a smaller rubber bayonet similar to the M1 bayonet.

Today, the United States military, calls these dummy training guns "rubber ducks" or "blue guns", usually resembling an M16 type rifle. Trainees are issued rubber ducks before they have been properly trained to use actual rifles, in order to become familiar with the care, responsible handling, and added weight of an M16 during various activities, such as bayonet drills, water survival, and marches. They are also used to train soldiers in various ceremonial practices that differ when soldiers are armed. For example, standing at attention requires a different stance and set of movements when the soldier has a rifle in-hand.

Popularity and proliferation
Children have always had small imitations of things from the adult world and toy guns are no exception. From a hand-carved wooden replica to factory-produced pop guns and cap guns, toy guns came in all sizes, prices and materials from wood, to metal, to plastic or any combination thereof.

With the influence of Hollywood and comic strips, tie-ins could make an ordinary toy gun a major bestseller. In the 1930s Daisy Outdoor Products came out with a Buck Rogers Rocket Pistol (1933), Disintegrator Pistol (1934), and Liquid Helium Pistol (1935) that sold in record numbers.

Mattel had used television advertising to sell their "burp gun" on The Mickey Mouse Club in the mid-1950s to great effect. In 1959 Mattel sponsored their own television show Matty's Funday Funnies with their trademark little boy "Matty" showing cartoons and advertising their products. Mattel toys came out with Dick Tracy weapons in 1960 that were state of the art. Not only could the "Dick Tracy Crimestoppers" have a realistic snubnosed revolver in a shoulder holster, but Mattel also boosted junior law enforcement firepower with a Dick Tracy cap firing tommy gun that fired a burst of 6 caps automatically when the M-1 Thompson-style bolt was pulled back. One commercial featured Billy Mumy demonstrating the weapons to his father prior to watching Dick Tracy on TV. Mattel also came up with a "Dick Tracy Water Jet Gun" that was a miniature replica of a police pump action shotgun that fired caps when one pulled the trigger and squirted water when one pumped the slide. When the Dick Tracy craze faded the same two weapons were reissued in military camouflage as Green Beret "Guerrilla Fighter" weapons. (see United States Army Special Forces in popular culture). Mattel later issued the same tommy gun in its original colours as a Planet of the Apes tie-in complete with ape mask.

In the mid-1960s, Multiple Toymakers/Multiple Plastics Corporation (MPC) came out with James Bond's attaché case from From Russia with Love. Topper Toys replied with a copy called "Secret Sam" that featured a toy gun that fired plastic bullets through the attaché case and had a working camera that outsold 007's kit. MPC toys replied with a "B.A.R.K" - "Bond Assault and Raider Kit" an attaché case that opened up to display a firing mortar and a rocket shooting pistol. MPC also provided a "Bond-O-Matic" water pistol. Bond's television competition The Man From U.N.C.L.E. had their pistol with attachments that turned it into a rifle made by both the Ideal Toy Company in the US and the Lone Star Toys company in the United Kingdom. Mattel came out with a series of "Zero-M" secret-agent weapons such as a camera turning into a pistol and a radio turning into a rifle demonstrated by a juvenile Agent Zero M played by Kurt Russell.

Perhaps the ultimate toy weapon was the 1964 Topper Toys Johnny Seven OMA (One Man Army) where an exciting television commercial showed one little boy using each of the seven weapons of the gun to wipe out a neighborhood full of children armed only with ordinary toy guns. Though an amazing seller, the Captain Kangaroo television program refused to air the advertisement. The proliferation of toy weapons was satirized in the "Our Man in Toyland" episode of Get Smart.

In the 1970s, the Star Wars media franchise provided new laser blaster and lightsabers produced by Kenner Toys.

Toy gun control

Toy guns can cause harm like many objects not under proper supervision. Unlike most other toys though, much of the danger of these toys is related to mistaking a toy gun for a real gun or vice versa. For example:

 * a robber or other criminals might threaten people with a toy gun.
 * people might call the police, flee, panic, or attempt to overpower someone carrying a toy gun.
 * police officers and armed citizens might mistake someone carrying a toy gun for a killer carrying a real gun, and shoot them.
 * a child might play with and fire a real gun confusing it for a toy gun.

United States
Toy guns were temporarily removed from the Sears Roebuck 1968 Christmas catalog after the April assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and the June assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. However, they returned to the Sears catalog the following year.

Beginning in the 1970s, American gun control advocates called for federal government to regulate and/or ban the manufacture and sale of toy guns. These calls were countered by toy industry groups, who preferred to set their own standards. In 1973, the newly formed U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission received petitions and letters from consumers, asking the commission to institute mandatory safety standards for the design of toy weapons. These calls for action were repeated in 1975. However, the trade association representing the toy weapon manufacturers also contacted the CPSC, asking them to delay until the industry developed their own set of voluntary standards. The voluntary guidelines that were published over the next few years emphasized the use of warning labels on packaging and instructions, rather than mandating safety standards for the design of projectile toys. The Consumer Product Safety Commission rejected further petitions to regulate toy weapon manufacture in 1981 and 1985. In 1992, the Department of Commerce prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipping of toy guns unless they have an orange tip or are entirely brightly colored. The regulation does not prohibit end-users from modifying the toys.

In March 2018, Walmart (the largest single retailer in the United States) announced that they would stop selling certain types of toy guns. “We are also removing items from our website resembling assault-style rifles, including nonlethal airsoft guns and toys,” the company said in a statement.

Laws
In the United States, federal law and regulations indicate that all toy guns transported or imported into the country must have a 6mm-wide blaze orange tip or a blaze orange stripe 1-inch (2.54 centimeters) thick on both sides of the barrel. However, this is not required by federal law for airsoft and paintball. Part 272 of Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations on foreign commerce and trade (15 CFR 272) states that "no person shall manufacture, enter into commerce, ship, transport, or receive any toy, look-alike, or imitation firearm" without approved markings; these may include an orange tip, orange barrel plug, brightly colored (safety orange) exterior of the whole toy, or transparent construction.

New York City, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and parts of Michigan have completely banned airsoft guns.. In New York City, as of 2003, the sale of replica toy guns was punishable with one year's jail term plus $1,000. Chicago goes even further with their mandates. It is considered a crime to wield a look-alike or replica gun (e.g., toy gun, airsoft gun) in public. If a toy gun or replica gun is used to commit a crime in Chicago, then that person is treated as though they had actually used a real firearm. However, state laws relating to the regulation of toy, look-alike, or imitation firearms, or purporting to ban the sale or manufacture of bb guns, paintball guns, or airsoft guns are preempted by federal law.

United Kingdom
There is a controversy as to whether or not toy guns are appropriate for children to play with. Some people believe they can encourage violence. In 2007, the British Department for Children, Schools and Families (which existed between 2007 and 2010) has advised young boys be encouraged to play with toy guns, as it will encourage them to learn and foster their development. However, the National Union of Teachers in England has criticised this advice, arguing that toy guns "symbolise aggression" and that encouraging boys to play with them fosters gender stereotypes.

Pakistan
In 2016, Shafeeq Gigyani, who is a peace activist in Pakistan, started a campaign against toy guns.

title: Toy gun


text:
Beal, Northumberland

Beal is a village in Northumberland, in England. It is situated a short distance inland from the North Sea coast, and lies on the link road between the A1 and Lindisfarne. The East Coast Main Line runs to the west of the village but the station was closed in the 1960s. The station site has been landscaped and includes a Peckett 0-4-0ST steam locomotive and an ex-North Eastern Railway cast metal warning sign.

History
The place-name Beal derives from the Old English 'beo-hyll', which means 'bee hill'.

Governance
Beal is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

Economy
The area is largely agricultural in outlook.

There is a pub at Beal situated on the main road called The Lindisfarne Inn. It re-opened after being refurbished and was renamed having previously been named The Plough.

The Barn at Beal is a visitor centre with various wild birds and looks at the link between farming and the local environment.

There is a small caravan site located at Brock Mill farmhouse and there are a number of bed-and-breakfast outlets.

Transport
The following bus services operate to Beal (October 2011) - the A1 minibus link from Newcastle operated by Holy Island minibuses and 477 from Berwick upon Tweed by Perrymans Buses.

The South East Northumberland Rail Users Group would like to see the station re-opened for local and tourist (for Lindisfarne) traffic.

title: Beal, Northumberland


text:
Beale

Beale is an English surname. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its relative frequency was highest in Dorset (6.3 times the British average), followed by Huntingdonshire, Hampshire, Sussex, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Warwickshire, Kent and Surrey.

The name Beale may refer to:

People

 * Anthony Beale (born 1967), American politician, alderman in Chicago
 * Bernard Charles Beale (1830–1910), New Zealand doctor and politician
 * Calvin Beale (1923–2008), American demographer
 * Charles Lewis Beale (1824–1900), member of U.S. House of Representatives from New York
 * Daniel Beale (1759–1842), Scottish merchant, brother of Thomas Beale
 * Dorothea Beale (1831–1906), English teacher, founder of St. Hilda's College, Oxford
 * Edith Bouvier Beale (1917–2002), American socialite, first cousin of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and Lee Radziwill
 * Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1822–1893), American frontiersman and diplomat
 * Fleur Beale (born 1945), New Zealand teenage fiction writer best known for her novel I am not Esther
 * Francis Beale (writer) ( fl. 1656), English author
 * Francis Beale (MP) (born 1577), English politician
 * Geoffrey Beale (1913–2009), British geneticist
 * Gerard Beale (born 1990), New Zealand rugby league player
 * Gregory Beale (born 1949), Reformed Christian theologian and seminary professor
 * Helen Purdy Beale (1893–1976), US virologist
 * Howard Beale (politician) (1898–1983), Australian politician and Ambassador to the United States
 * Howard K. Beale (1899–1959), American historian and author
 * Inga Beale (born 1963), CEO of Lloyd's of London
 * Jack Beale (1917–2006), Australian politician
 * Jake Beale, Canadian actor
 * James Beale (1835–1883), also known as Africanus Horton, Sierra Leonean writer and folklorist
 * James Thomas Beale (born 1947), American mathematician
 * John Elmes Beale (1847–1928), English politician, three times Mayor of Bournemouth and founder of its largest department store, Beales
 * John Beale (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Joseph Beale (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Julian Beale (1934–2021), Australian politician
 * Kurtley Beale (born 1989), Australian rugby union player
 * Lionel Smith Beale (1828–1906), British medical doctor and professor at King's College London
 * Margaret Beale (1886–1969), British marine artist
 * Maria Taylor Beale (1849–1929), American author
 * Martin Beale (1928–1985), British pioneer of mathematical programming
 * Mary Beale (1633–1699), English portrait painter
 * Michael Beale, several people
 * Octavius Beale (1850–1930), Irish piano manufacturer and philanthropist
 * Percival Beale, Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1949 to 1955
 * Phelan Beale (1881–1956), American attorney and sportsman
 * Phelan Beale Jr. (1920–1993), American journalist and law expert
 * Philippa Beale (born 1946), British artist
 * Richard Beale (1920–2017), British actor
 * Richard L. T. Beale (1819–1893), American lawyer, Congressman from Virginia, and brigadier general in Confederate States Army
 * Sara Sun Beale (born 1949), American law professor
 * Simon Russell Beale (born 1961), British actor
 * Sophia Beale (1837–1920), English artist
 * Theodore Beale (born c.1968) American writer
 * Thomas Beale (c. 1775 – 1841), Scottish naturalist and opium speculator, brother of Daniel Beale
 * Thomas Chaye Beale (19th century), Scottish merchant, cousin of Daniel and Thomas Beale
 * Thomas Willert Beale (1828–1894), English writer, also wrote under the pseudonym Walter Maynard
 * William Beale (1784–1854), British composer

As given name
 * Beale M. Schmucker (1827–1888), American Lutheran leader and liturgical scholar

Characters

 * Howard Beale, played by Peter Finch in the film Network
 * Livia Beale, played by Moon Bloodgood in the TV series Journeyman
 * Chloe Beale, played by Brittany Snow in the film Pitch Perfect
 * Eric Beale, played by Barrett Foa in the TV series NCIS:LA
 * Stacy Beale, played by Andrea Savage in the TV series Tulsa King

EastEnders

 * Beale family
 * Albert Beale
 * Bobby Beale (EastEnders)
 * Cindy Beale
 * Elizabeth Beale
 * Harry Beale
 * Ian Beale
 * Jane Beale
 * Kathy Beale
 * Kenny Beale
 * Laura Beale
 * Lou Beale
 * Louie Beale
 * Lucy Beale
 * Melanie Beale
 * Pete Beale
 * Peter Beale
 * Ronnie Beale
 * Steven Beale

title: Beale


text:
Talk:Mausoleum of Genghis Khan

Ordus and Darkhad
I thought I asked this a few weeks ago, but well, here it goes: Is the Ordus the ancestors of the Darkhad? If not, what happened to the Ordus? I think some readers may notice this break in lineage of the protectors. --Menchi 05:45 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

My explanation "Those who served to the mausolem was called the Ordus (lit. palaces) and the title of their leader was Jinong." may be misleading. The Ordus Mongols contain normal pastoral people who belong to the league while the Darkhad professionaly served to the eight white palaces. For more information, see: http://www.mongols.com/cerem-fn.htm --Nanshu 01:49 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Ran, please explain what you disagree with. --Nanshu 02:15, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll be back in a day or so. -- ran 03:59, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * First of all, like you has said about yourself so many times, I disagree with the removal of information. That last revert you did removed the cenotaph link, the explanation of what a cenotaph is, what it contains, and what it doesn't. It also removed the links to the precise events that caused difficulties to the Mongols (and replaced it with the highly vague and POV-suspect "tyrannies of Chinese warlords and bandits.") If I remember right you also removed information about the Cultural Revolution and the Red Guards.

 * Your edit is too detailed for the introduction, and can be found at explanation below.
 * Remember that difficulties started during the declining Qing Dynasty. To treat a long-lasting event in short, statements become abstract. --Nanshu 03:38, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If it's too detailed for the introduction, then move it somewhere, instead of deleting it outright like you did.
 * Done. --Nanshu 06:38, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * In any case, why is clarifying that the mausoleum is a cenotaph, and explaining its contents, too "detailed"? That would be the key of this article, wouldn't it, to explain what the Mausoleum is? -- ran 09:44, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Too detailed for the introduction, not the article. --Nanshu 06:38, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Second of all, the places with POV. The entire article seems to be written with the underlying view that the Mausoleum is a tool for the oppression of the Mongol people. First, the definition paragraph uses the construction "it is neither _(A)_ nor _(B)_ but _(C)_ constructed by the PRC." Immediately it seems that A and B are what the reader might normally expect under "unoppressive" or "free" situations, and C is some sort of jarring, invasive, foreign intrusion. This "neither _ nor _ but _" structure would be great in an editorial or essay where you're trying to bring across a point in an elegant way, but it's highly unusual for a definition paragraph on Wikipedia, which is supposed to be NPOV.

 * That's a malicious distortion. A and B are what uncertain readers would guess when they hear the name "Mausoleum of Genghis Khan," and C is the actual condition. Naturally they would assume that the great khan was buried there or that the mausoleum is a traditional mausoleum of the Mongols. I just clarify what it is in the first paragraph. I don't give any value judgment and I leave it for readers. --Nanshu 03:38, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * At least the current version is an improvement. -- ran 09:44, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Another thing: "The new mausoleum, the topic of this article, was constructed by the PRC from 1954 to 1956 in defiance of Mongolian opinions." Mongolian opinions? The mausoleum was constructed by the Inner Mongolian government, no matter how "collaborationist" you might think it to be. Are they "Mongol" in opinion, and if they are indeed also a part of "Mongolian opinion", how were they "defied"? And again, the underlying impression that the old mausoleums are right (because they are "traditionally Mongol"), and the new one is wrong (because it is "evil, evil Chinese"). You may think that way and I respect that; but that does not belong on Wikipedia.

 * If they were not the whole Mongols, they were Ordos Mongols, or those who directly commited to the traditional mausoleums. Whatever you think (evil or right, I don't care!), we should note that it was a top-down order and not a desire of the Mongols. And the Ordos did not welcome the intervention by the communist regime. --Nanshu 03:38, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Then explain those things! (Actually the current version already does, so I guess this point is solved.) -- ran 09:44, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * One more thing: "The mausoleum submits to the Chinese ideology of Zhonghua minzu. " I've changed "submits" to something along the lines of "according to". But frankly the entire sentence strikes me as odd. How does a building "submit to", or "be built according to", an ideology? Is it something in the architecture? Or the rituals? Do the rituals now begin with a declaration that "Genghis Khan was Chinese Chinese Chinese, so there!"? Perhaps there's something behind this I don't know about, if so please explain exactly how "zhonghua minzu" is reflected in the mausoleum.

 * The mausoleums of Chinggis Khan has the potential to be a symbol of Mongol nationalism, and actually Jamtsarano tried to make it so. It was undesiable for the Chinese. So they deprived the Mongols of the mausoleums and put the new mausoleum under their control. That's all. --Nanshu 03:38, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * So why wouldn't moveable mausoleums be "under their control"? How would a building serve any "ideology"? You haven't answered my question. -- ran 09:44, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Sigh. It would not be easy for the settled people to keep movable mausoleums under control. And what you mean by a building's serving a n ideology? For example does a Buddhist temple serve Buddhism in your view?--Nanshu 06:38, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Also: the use of the word "submits" in the above sentence. It makes it seem that the entire concept of "zhonghua minzu" is inherently sinocentric and/or Han chauvinistic, and all that Mongols or Uyghurs or Tibetans or Manchus can do is to "submit to it". Admittedly, the PRC government is autocratic and hence all of its policies are autocratic in implementation; but the inherent concept of zhonghua minzu is no more "oppressive" or demanding of "submission" than, say, the concept of a common "American people" transcending ethnic boundaries, or even Taiwan's "New Taiwanese" concept that encompasses aborigines, Minnan, Hakka, and Mainlanders. Now if a Mainlander wrote that the DPP's "New Taiwanese" ideology is in reality "Minnan chauvinism" demanding "submission" from Mainlanders, I might cheer him on in his views, but such a view would not belong on NPOV Wikipedia! So why would a Mongol structure that adheres to zhonghua minzu necessarily submit to it? That's why I've changed that word. -- ran 09:31, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * What? Leaving irrelevant stuffs, I don't see what you want to say. Did you "find" something negative on "submit"? --Nanshu 03:38, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I did. Submission is, by definition, an act where someone or something acknowledges inferiority or some lack of powerlessness. That's why we don't usually say "submitting to democracy" (though we CAN say "submitting to a tyranny of the majority). Similarly, "submitting to the zhonghua minzu ideology" is an inherently POV statement — it asserts that the zhonghua minzu ideology requires submission. -- ran 09:44, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * No. To yield or surrender (oneself) to the will or authority of another. Obviously, that ideology did not come from the Mongols but from outside. The natural condition of being the symbol of the Mongols were altered by the will of another. "submit" fits this situation. I don't give any value judgment and I leave it for readers. --Nanshu 06:38, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * "build" isn't appropriate. I don't mean an one-time action but the constant situation. --Nanshu 06:38, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It seems that you fight an illusion, or imaginative production. You are gifted with reading ability that let you "know" what the speaker doesn't intend. It's not my business. --Nanshu 03:38, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Then your problem is even more serious than I thought. You have proven yourself capable of inserting POV into your writing without even "intending" it. Congratulations. -- ran 09:44, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * If your impression is neutral. --Nanshu 06:38, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

BTW, would you cite your sources? It's not easy to access to Chinese books in Japan, but maybe you have something interesting. --Nanshu 03:38, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Sources? That's a weak attempt to try and poison my well. Unfortunately I'm here to take slant out, not insert new "information". Sorry. -- ran 09:44, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's bad. --Nanshu 06:38, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Nanshu, please see lead section. "The Mausoleum is not the burial place of the khan. It was not the traditional Mongol mausoleum" does not explain enough. Readers will immediately ask what 'does the Mausoleum contain.

"but since the Chinese seized power at the end of the dynasty, the Ordus had suffered from massive Chinese immigrants that destroyed their economic base, and Chinese warlords and bandits that thrown them into chaos. " You make the POV claim that Manchurians are not Chinese. "Chinese immigrants" (again implying that only Han are Chinese) cannot be "massive". Saying immigration destroys the "economic base" of the Ordus begs the question - how? The rest is just plain ungrammatical.

 * The claim that Manchus are not Chinese is POV? Really? Now I use "Han Chinese".
 * Quite simple. Chinese peasants turned the steppe into farmland (and then desert). That destroys pastoral economy. --Nanshu 02:22, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

"It moved historic relics to the new mausoleum, and forcibly abolished the traditional portable mausoleums." This sentence is not clear on what "it" refers to. Do not restore it.

 * Clarified. --Nanshu 02:22, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

A Mausoleum cannot be "under" an ideology; it was constructed according to one. Again, the wording is inferior and should not be used. There's no need to specify "in this ideology" a second time - it's already implied. Cheers, Jiang 08:42, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * This looks better. --Nanshu 02:22, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Mausoleum Found
To those who are working on this article, there is news that the actual burial site of Ghengis Khan (dubbed his mausoleum) has now been found by archeologists. Perhaps someone would like to add any new information? I've added it to the current events for October 6, 2004 TimothyPilgrim 16:57, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

Darkhad
I've changed the meaning of Darkhad. Darkhan has little to do with being sacred. In the modern understanding it means something like craftsman. Yaan 12:31, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Problem with Prince De Nang
"In 1949 Prince Demchugdongrub, founder of Mengjiang, met the mausoleums in Bayankhota of Alashan. This symbolic event deeply impressed the prince and his subjects." Something is wrong here, but it is unsourced so I don't know what. By 1949 Mengjiang was I believe dead (I think his last try was a year or two before) in the event that he was still fighting in 1949 he didn't really have many subjects and regardless more information is needed to contextualise what is going on here for the uninitiated. Threadnecromancer (talk) 19:54, 4 January 2015 (UTC)Threadnecromancer

ENGVAR
This edit established the usage of the page as British English. Kindly maintain it consistently, pending a new consensus to the contrary. — Llywelyn II   14:05, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

Sources for future article expansion
More at Su's dissertation. Inter alia, he says that the mausoleum is located in "Horoo Sumu" in "Ejen-horoo Banner".

More at but the Chinglish is too powerful to understand what it's really saying about the horses at the mausoleum. There's probably a comprehensible Chinese version of the article somewhere... Similar problems concerning the Genghis Khan rituals and Ordos-style weddings on pages that seem to have been translated for the Miss World competition by local authorities.
 * here and
 * here

from China Daily for the Inner Mongolian government are pretty bland but include some of the official designations for the site's cultural heritage. — Llywelyn II   21:44, 31 January 2018 (UTC)
 * These pages here

Statue
Most of the cites claim the statue is 5 m, but Man says it's 4 m. He also says that it's marble, which is possible but probably needs further verification; our page previously said that it was white jade, which seems implausible. Most monumental Chinese statues are just concrete or plaster. — Llywelyn II   00:52, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

Prince De in 1949

 * In 1949, Prince Demchugdongrub, founder of Mengjiang, met the mausoleums in Bayankhota in the Alxa League. This symbolic event deeply impressed the prince and his subjects.

Well, to start off, that second bit is just ridiculous. That phrasing is ing and pushing that has no business in the article even if there were a source; what was the symbolism? and what was its importance? Second, the Japanese "founded" Mengjiang and it's not really anything to be praised about. Third, as far as the sourced timeline goes, the relics don't seem to have been anywhere near the Alxa League. Is this just wrong? talking about a separate group of relics? or accurate, and the timeline at the IATS seminar is missing a section during the collapse of the Nationalists in '49? — Llywelyn II   10:45, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

1937 Buddhist pogrom

 * [The permanent structure was] destroyed in 1937 as part of a purge against Mongolian Buddhism.

The paper from the IATS seminar states the Darkhad destroyed the structure themselves at the suggestion of the Panchen Lama. Was the article wrong before? or mistaken and talking about a different structure somewhere else? — Llywelyn II   11:13, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

All those "citation needed"
It would be better to remove the unsourced content than having the article filled with those ugly "citation needed" tags, or better to provide sources to support the content. Also, tourist websites should be avoided in Wikipedia. It is better to support the content with academic works.--Aethelwolf Emsworth (talk) 16:31, 13 June 2018 (UTC)

Other temples of Genghis Khan
Searching information in Chinese, it appears that other "Temples of Genghis Khan" have been built everywhere in Inner Mongolia and northeast China over the last decade, for instance this in Jilin. If they are administered by the Darkhad priestly clan they are to be considered satellites of the central Lord Genghis Khan's Enclosure (Mausoleum of Genghis Khan).--Aethelwolf Emsworth (talk) 17:11, 13 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mausoleum of Genghis Khan


text:
Beall

Beall is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Bob Beall (born 1948), American baseball player
 * Daryl Beall (born 1946), American politician
 * George Beall (1729–1807), landowner whose partial holdings were ceded to establish Georgetown in Washington, D.C.
 * George Beall (attorney) (1937–2017), prosecutor who brought down U.S. Vice President Spiro Agnew
 * James Andrew Beall (1866–1929), American politician, represented Texas in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1903 to 1915
 * James Glenn Beall (1894–1971), U.S. Senator from Maryland
 * Jeffrey Beall, American librarian
 * Jim Beall (California politician) (born 1952), American politician
 * Jo Beall (born 1952), British academic specialising in development studies and economic development
 * John Glenn Beall Jr. (1927–2006), U.S. Senator from Maryland
 * John Yates Beall (1835–1865), Confederate privateer and spy
 * Johnny Beall (1882–1926), American baseball player
 * Lester Beall (1903–1969), American graphic designer
 * Lloyd J. Beall (1808–1887), American military officer and paymaster of U.S. Army, Commandant of the Confederate States Marine Corps
 * Martha Beall Mitchell (1918–1976), American wife of John Mitchell, U.S. Attorney General under President Richard Nixon
 * Mary Stevens Beall (1854–1917), American historian, writer, librarian
 * Rezin Beall (1723–1809), general from Maryland during the American Revolutionary War
 * Reasin Beall (1769–1843), Ohio congressman and militia general during the War of 1812
 * Robert Beall (1836–1892) sculptor of fonts, pulpits and reredoses
 * Samuel Beall (1807–1868), American politician, second Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin
 * Walter Beall (1899–1959), American baseball player
 * William Beall (1825–1883), brigadier general in the Confederate States Army
 * William C. Beall (1911-1994) Pulitzer Prize winning photographer

title: Beall


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Twistor theory

In theoretical physics, twistor theory was proposed by Roger Penrose in 1967 as a possible path to quantum gravity and has evolved into a widely studied branch of theoretical and mathematical physics. Penrose's idea was that twistor space should be the basic arena for physics from which space-time itself should emerge. It has led to powerful mathematical tools that have applications to differential and integral geometry, nonlinear differential equations and representation theory, and in physics to general relativity, quantum field theory, and the theory of scattering amplitudes.

Twistor theory arose in the context of the rapidly expanding mathematical developments in Einstein's theory of general relativity in the late 1950s and in the 1960s and carries a number of influences from that period. In particular, Roger Penrose has credited Ivor Robinson as an important early influence in the development of twistor theory, through his construction of so-called Robinson congruences.

Overview
Projective twistor space $$\mathbb{PT}$$ is projective 3-space $$\mathbb{CP}^3$$, the simplest 3-dimensional compact algebraic variety. It has a physical interpretation as the space of massless particles with spin. It is the projectivisation of a 4-dimensional complex vector space, non-projective twistor space $$\mathbb{T}$$, with a Hermitian form of signature (2, 2) and a holomorphic volume form. This can be most naturally understood as the space of chiral (Weyl) spinors for the conformal group $$SO(4,2)/\mathbb{Z}_2$$ of Minkowski space; it is the fundamental representation of the spin group $$SU(2,2)$$ of the conformal group. This definition can be extended to arbitrary dimensions except that beyond dimension four, one defines projective twistor space to be the space of projective pure spinors for the conformal group.

In its original form, twistor theory encodes physical fields on Minkowski space in terms of complex analytic objects on twistor space via the Penrose transform. This is especially natural for massless fields of arbitrary spin. In the first instance these are obtained via contour integral formulae in terms of free holomorphic functions on regions in twistor space. The holomorphic twistor functions that give rise to solutions to the massless field equations can be more deeply understood as Čech representatives of analytic cohomology classes on regions in $$\mathbb{PT}$$. These correspondences have been extended to certain nonlinear fields, including self-dual gravity in Penrose's nonlinear graviton construction and self-dual Yang–Mills fields in the so-called Ward construction; the former gives rise to deformations of the underlying complex structure of regions in $$\mathbb{PT}$$, and the latter to certain holomorphic vector bundles over regions in $$\mathbb{PT}$$. These constructions have had wide applications, including inter alia the theory of integrable systems.

The self-duality condition is a major limitation for incorporating the full nonlinearities of physical theories, although it does suffice for Yang–Mills–Higgs monopoles and instantons (see ADHM construction). An early attempt to overcome this restriction was the introduction of ambitwistors by Isenberg, Yasskin and Green, and their superspace extension, super-ambitwistors, by Edward Witten. Ambitwistor space is the space of complexified light rays or massless particles and can be regarded as a complexification or cotangent bundle of the original twistor description. By extending the ambitwistor correspondence to suitably defined formal neighborhoods, Isenberg, Yasskin and Green showed the equivalence between the vanishing of the curvature along such extended null lines and the full Yang–Mills field equations. Witten showed that a further extension, within the framework of super Yang–Mills theory, including fermionic and scalar fields, gave rise, in the case of N = 1 or 2 supersymmetry, to the constraint equations, while for N = 3 (or 4), the vanishing condition for supercurvature along super null lines (super ambitwistors) implied the full set of field equations, including those for the fermionic fields. This was subsequently shown to give a equivalence between the null curvature constraint equations and the supersymmetric Yang-Mills field equations. Through dimensional reduction, it may also be deduced from the analogous super-ambitwistor correspondence for 10-dimensional, N = 1 super-Yang–Mills theory.

Twistorial formulae for interactions beyond the self-dual sector also arose in Witten's twistor string theory, which is a quantum theory of holomorphic maps of a Riemann surface into twistor space. This gave rise to the remarkably compact RSV (Roiban, Spradlin and Volovich) formulae for tree-level S-matrices of Yang–Mills theories, but its gravity degrees of freedom gave rise to a version of conformal supergravity limiting its applicability; conformal gravity is an unphysical theory containing ghosts, but its interactions are combined with those of Yang–Mills theory in loop amplitudes calculated via twistor string theory.

Despite its shortcomings, twistor string theory led to rapid developments in the study of scattering amplitudes. One was the so-called MHV formalism loosely based on disconnected strings, but was given a more basic foundation in terms of a twistor action for full Yang–Mills theory in twistor space. Another key development was the introduction of BCFW recursion. This has a natural formulation in twistor space that in turn led to remarkable formulations of scattering amplitudes in terms of Grassmann integral formulae  and polytopes. These ideas have evolved more recently into the positive Grassmannian and amplituhedron.

Twistor string theory was extended first by generalising the RSV Yang–Mills amplitude formula, and then by finding the underlying string theory. The extension to gravity was given by Cachazo & Skinner, and formulated as a twistor string theory for maximal supergravity by David Skinner. Analogous formulae were then found in all dimensions by Cachazo, He and Yuan for Yang–Mills theory and gravity and subsequently for a variety of other theories. They were then understood as string theories in ambitwistor space by Mason and Skinner in a general framework that includes the original twistor string and extends to give a number of new models and formulae. As string theories they have the same critical dimensions as conventional string theory; for example the type II supersymmetric versions are critical in ten dimensions and are equivalent to the full field theory of type II supergravities in ten dimensions (this is distinct from conventional string theories that also have a further infinite hierarchy of massive higher spin states that provide an ultraviolet completion). They extend to give formulae for loop amplitudes and can be defined on curved backgrounds.

The twistor correspondence
Denote Minkowski space by $$M$$, with coordinates $$x^a = (t, x, y, z)$$ and Lorentzian metric $$\eta_{ab}$$ signature $$(1, 3)$$. Introduce 2-component spinor indices $$A = 0, 1;\; A' = 0', 1',$$ and set

 * $$x^{AA'} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} t - z & x + iy \\ x - iy & t + z \end{pmatrix}.$$

Non-projective twistor space $$\mathbb{T}$$ is a four-dimensional complex vector space with coordinates denoted by $$Z^{\alpha} = \left(\omega^{A},\, \pi_{A'}\right)$$ where $$\omega^A$$ and $$\pi_{A'}$$ are two constant Weyl spinors. The hermitian form can be expressed by defining a complex conjugation from $$\mathbb{T}$$ to its dual $$\mathbb{T}^*$$ by $$\bar Z_\alpha = \left(\bar\pi_A,\, \bar \omega^{A'}\right)$$ so that the Hermitian form can be expressed as

 * $$Z^\alpha \bar Z_\alpha = \omega^{A}\bar\pi_{A} + \bar\omega^{A'}\pi_{A'}.$$

This together with the holomorphic volume form, $$\varepsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta} Z^\alpha dZ^\beta \wedge dZ^\gamma \wedge dZ^\delta$$ is invariant under the group SU(2,2), a quadruple cover of the conformal group C(1,3) of compactified Minkowski spacetime.

Points in Minkowski space are related to subspaces of twistor space through the incidence relation

 * $$\omega^{A} = ix^{AA'}\pi_{A'}.$$

The incidence relation is preserved under an overall re-scaling of the twistor, so usually one works in projective twistor space $$\mathbb{PT},$$ which is isomorphic as a complex manifold to $$\mathbb{CP}^3$$. A point $$x\in M$$ thereby determines a line $$\mathbb{CP}^1$$ in $$\mathbb{PT}$$ parametrised by $$\pi_{A'}.$$ A twistor $$Z^\alpha$$ is easiest understood in space-time for complex values of the coordinates where it defines a totally null two-plane that is self-dual. Take $$x$$ to be real, then if $$Z^\alpha \bar Z_\alpha$$ vanishes, then $$x$$ lies on a light ray, whereas if $$Z^\alpha \bar Z_\alpha$$ is non-vanishing, there are no solutions, and indeed then $$Z^{\alpha}$$ corresponds to a massless particle with spin that are not localised in real space-time.

Supertwistors
Supertwistors are a supersymmetric extension of twistors introduced by Alan Ferber in 1978. Non-projective twistor space is extended by fermionic coordinates where $$\mathcal{N}$$ is the number of supersymmetries so that a twistor is now given by $$\left(\omega^A,\, \pi_{A'},\, \eta^i\right), i = 1, \ldots, \mathcal{N}$$ with $$\eta^i$$ anticommuting. The super conformal group $$SU(2,2|\mathcal{N})$$ naturally acts on this space and a supersymmetric version of the Penrose transform takes cohomology classes on supertwistor space to massless supersymmetric multiplets on super Minkowski space. The $$\mathcal{N} = 4$$ case provides the target for Penrose's original twistor string and the $$\mathcal{N} = 8$$ case is that for Skinner's supergravity generalisation.

Higher dimensional generalization of the Klein correspondence
A higher dimensional generalization of the Klein correspondence underlying twistor theory, applicable to isotropic subspaces of conformally compactified (complexified) Minkowski space and its super-space extensions, was developed by J. Harnad and S. Shnider.

Hyperkähler manifolds
Hyperkähler manifolds of dimension $$4k$$ also admit a twistor correspondence with a twistor space of complex dimension $$2k+1$$.

Palatial twistor theory
The nonlinear graviton construction encodes only anti-self-dual, i.e., left-handed fields. A first step towards the problem of modifying twistor space so as to encode a general gravitational field is the encoding of right-handed fields. Infinitesimally, these are encoded in twistor functions or cohomology classes of homogeneity −6. The task of using such twistor functions in a fully nonlinear way so as to obtain a right-handed nonlinear graviton has been referred to as the (gravitational) googly problem. (The word "googly" is a term used in the game of cricket for a ball bowled with right-handed helicity using the apparent action that would normally give rise to left-handed helicity.) The most recent proposal in this direction by Penrose in 2015 was based on noncommutative geometry on twistor space and referred to as palatial twistor theory. The theory is named after Buckingham Palace, where Michael Atiyah suggested to Penrose the use of a type of "noncommutative algebra", an important component of the theory. (The underlying twistor structure in palatial twistor theory was modeled not on the twistor space but on the non-commutative holomorphic twistor quantum algebra.)

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Talk:Hypertonic

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Wouldn't a higher concentration of solutes cause water to flow out of the cytoplasm, rather than out of the (rest of the) cell? This would agree with the statement that the concentration in the cytoplasm becomes high enough to impair its function. - Molinari 05:51 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * No, a higher concentration of solutes in the cytoplasm will cause water to flow into the cytoplasm, since osmosis causes water to move toward the higher concentration of solutes in order to balance it out. I have corrected the statement. AndyZ 20:33, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought Molinari meant: "Wouldn't a higher concentration of solutes (outside the cell) cause water to flow out of the cytoplasm", which is correct. But nevermind, since the article is also correct.203.218.234.235 16:05, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The article only talks about an environment being hypertonic, leaving open the question of whether a cell can be hypertonic. If not perhaps that should be mentioned; if it can, a brief explanation of that would be helpful.  I think the article is a little confusing in its phrasing.  Not sure exactly how to go about fixing it though.  User: Kengwen 00:04 26 Oct 2006 (PDT)

 * Hi, I thought this segment might need some corrections: "A solution which has a higher concentration of solutes than that in a cell is said to be hypotonic. This solution has more solute particles and, therefore, relatively less water than the cell contents." I think the first sentence should read hypertonic, unless I've misunderstood it... Darielab

Disambiguation necessary
Hypertonic can also refer to a muscle that is over-excited. Perhaps we need a disambiguation page for hypertonic (biology) and hypertonic (physiology), or maybe they are related? Rhetth 15:00, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Tonicity - Osmolarity ? !
Tonicity and osmolarity are not exactly the same thing. "Osmolarity is defined on the basis of an ideal osmometer - one in which the osmotic membrane allows water to pass but completely prevents the solute from passing." "In contrast, tonicity is defined in terms of the response of cells or tissues immersed in a solution. A solution is considered to be isotonic with a given cell or tissue immersed in it shrinks nor swells..." Osmolarity refers to solutions in compartments divided by a semipermeable membrane, while tonicity refers to cells or tissues and their behaviour (shrinking or swelling) in a solution. Myrmeleon formicarius 22:59, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite?
The article is horribly confusing, so I added the tag. I think it needs to be rewritten because it is an important concept. As an example, the intro section defines "hypertonic" twice, which seems redundant: "In biology, a hypertonic cell environment has a higher concentration of solutes than inside the animal or plant cell." and "A solution which has a higher concentration of solutes than that in a cell is said to be hypertonic." I can try to rewrite it when I have some time... --Kshieh 21:41, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:36, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hypertonic