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Talk:Olympus Mons

Second largest? Second tallest?
The intro describes Olympus Mons as second to Earth's Tamu Massif and Vesta's Rheasilvia in size and height, but both of those articles give figures that they are smaller than Olympus Mons. Craig Butz (talk) 17:45, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Also, is it right to compare a moun

Untitled
Height of Olympus Mons is given in this article as 27 km, but was given as 25 km in the Mars (planet) article. I have adjusted to make both articles read the same.  BUT there is no mention of how these different heights are calculated.  As there is no "[[sea level" on Mars, as there is no sea of free water, what height datum is used?  On Mars is the height above mean surface level used or is the height based on elevation above surrounding landscape?  I understand Olympus Mons sits in a depression 2 km below mean surface level - this would account for the 2 km discrepancy between the articles. -- kiwiinapanic 09:18 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * According to the Mars Team Online the measurement of elevation is from the mean. Just as you suspected. I would go with that until somebody has a more authoritative answer.

 * http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/mars/ask/terrain-geo/Lowest_Elevation_on_Mars.txt

 * mirwin

 * Anyone have any idea what height Everest would be if calculated from Earth's land-surface mean? It might make a more accurate comparison for the relative size of the features? --Malcohol 13:55, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

My copy of The New Atlas of the Universe lists the height as 25 km above surface level. --Dante Alighieri 10:06 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Average surface level or local surface level? ;) -- Oliver P. 10:18 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Hehe, I forgot to type that in. Mean. --Dante Alighieri 20:01 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

So - how big is Olympus Mons?! I found a variety of answers:

The bit about Olympus standing "in a two-kilometre-deep depression" is wrong - see the - though it makes a difference if you measure the "height from the base" on the east or west side. --wwoods 08:14, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

First ascent
In the style of the Million pool, in which participants attempt to name the day on which the English Wikipedia reaches one million articles, I suggest we all place bets on the timing of the first ascent of Olympus Mons, so that future generations of Wikipedians will be able to laugh at our comically inaccurate predictions. The competition closes to new entries on the day the first manned mission reaches Mars. Nearest person wins eternal fame and a Mars Bar. — Trilobite (Talk) 06:53, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * 3 September 2048 — Current plans are to return to the Moon around 2018; plans to go to Mars will start after 2020. Now given NASA's current track record, we can expect some serious delays.  However, with the current rate of technological achievement and the possibility for a technological singularity within the next...oh...century, I think humans will ascend Olympus Mons around 2050 or so.  Thus, Trilobite might have a pretty good estimate.  Another reason for this is because private endeavors will likely pave the wave for such a feat.  Let's compare technology from 1995 to 2005.  We went from basically no commercialization of space, to a relatively flourishing industry.  We have SpaceX, Virgin Galactic, etc.  Youthful startups, but with some serious goals of suborbital and orbital fligths.  I think the industry will begin booming and with an increase in public support for space exploration brought on partly by the Vision for Space Exploration and mostly by private interests, we may see man ascend Olympus Mons somewhere around this timeframe.  Seems to be early estimates, but I am using that exponential technology curve (which leads up to the theoretical technological singularity).  I do not think we should use current paces for determining such things.  I would bet that the aforementioned will happen (as far as private endeavors arousing public support).  Just my thoughts.  --Marsbound2024 04:50, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 29 May 2053 — Trilobite (Talk) 06:53, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 19 October 2067 bob rulz 11:54, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * July 16, 2069. A Chinese astronaut, trying to do Neil Armstrong one better. Marskell (talk) 12:43, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 5 April 2071 I call dibs. Me and my spunky grandkids will achieve the first ascent on my 70th birthday (or as soon as feasible).
 * 9 July 2078 — same day Wikipedia reaches 5 million articles :) Worldtraveller 12:46, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 17 March 2087 — the day I would supposedly turn 100. I doubt I'll be alive then so if by some weird chance I win, give the Mars Bar to my pal Ashleigh. 青い(Aoi) 05:10, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 22 May 2087 is my guess! The QBasicJedi 08:12, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 21st August, 2147 — . We need more time to accomplish such a feat. While it is clear that the rate of technological development is increasing, the track record of humans attempting to predict development in this field is dubious. Think of "2001: A Space Odyssey." It was not out of the question to Americans in the 60s that we would be traveling to the outer solar system 14 years ago. As we know, this never happened and will likely not happen for a very, very long time. (Unless a FTL drive is invented! Hey, a girl can dream.) Now think of all of the additional challenges presented by a summit attempt. Enough oxygen would have to be brought along to provide for the team for what we can only assume would be at least a month long journey - and not only supplemental oxygen as on Everest and K2 and other 8000 meter peaks, but all of the necessary air. The climb would also be far more arduous than treks of similar lengths on Earth, and the likelihood that the party would have to turn back because of injury is extraordinarily high. In addition, the party would have to move constantly because of resource issues, while in contrast climbers on Earth's tallest peaks can remain on the mountain in one place for several weeks waiting for the perfect conditions for a summit attempt or at least recuperating. It is likely that there will be several failed summit attempts before the first successful one. Let us also not ignore the fact that the first many years of human settlement on Mars will likely be characterized by repeated mishaps, low morale, and low populations. So, even if a substantial settlement is established on Mars within the next few decades, it will be a long time before any Martians say, "Hey, let's climb a huge f****** mountain!" Massachusettsan (talk) 11:22, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Never — The human race will be replace by cybrogs, robots, ect, thus it's unlike "man" will ever ascend Olympus (i'm serious), perhaps some form of human successor or transhuman being will climb it though, if i'm wrong it will at least make a good laugh.--BerserkerBen 03:34, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

For the moment, I'm not putting in a guess. However, I feel I might add that it is highly unlikely that NASA will have the first manned mission to Mars be on Olympus Mons. SkepticBanner (talk) 14:55, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

WHY IS THERE A CLIMBING SECTION IN THIS PAGE? can someone delete the section about the aliens and humans that climbed the mountain... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.179.122.177 (talk) 16:46, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Atmosphere of Mars and Olympus
According to charts like these at Olympus mon's peak the atmospheric pressure is 1/60 average Martian surface pressure and that high altitude cloud cover is still possible, thus Olympus mons is still within the Martian atmosphere. Despite the Martian average atmospheric pressure being .006th our’s, the much lower gravity at mars allows it’s atmosphere to extend much higher. --BerserkerBen 03:34, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I slightly adjusted your paragraph, in amongst other changes I made to the article like sectioning and moving some paragraphs around. Didn't change the sense of it, just slightly adjusted the wording and did some copyediting. Worldtraveller 10:21, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Exosquad
Look, entries for Venus, Neptune, and many of the other planets all have sections for their appearence in science fiction and films. It is not unreasonable that the exosquad entry be in this article. I have shortened it to a mere sentence. Please stop editing it out.

Geographical coordinate link doesn't work
It says Error:Out of range

Yaohua2000 09:44, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Was not the user you reverted correct, that by definition longitude can't be in excess of 180? Marskell 12:20, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * See the last paragraph in Timekeeping_on_Mars for details about geographical coordinate used on Mars. — Yaohua2000 12:28, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * should the coordinate link to Google Mars?Liaocyed Feb, 2007]

Tallest in Solar System?
Since we havent observed any mountains outside the solar system wouldnt it be just as accurate to describe it as the largest known mountain or largest in the known universe or something like that?

 * It would, although this would be a little misleading. Olympus Mons is almost certainly the tallest mountain in the Solar System (whose planets have been quite well explored) but it is almost certainly not the largest in the Universe (where we have only yet been able to detect the mere presence of planets in just a few nearby stars in our own Galaxy, despite the fact that there are likely many billions of stars in our Galaxy alone with planets). To call it the largest in the known Universe might imply that some scientists believe it might actually be the largest mountain in the Universe. It's a bit like referring to the tallest skyscraper on Earth as "the largest in the known Universe" - even if that turned out to be true (who knows if aliens build skyscrapers anyway?) it's overly broad. I'll the "largest in the known Universe" bit from the article. Dr.croft 21:21, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

In Fiction
World Traveller, I recall you opposed the In Fiction section of this article when I initially added it some months ago, but you relented and it's done nothing but grow since then with further additions from other users, which is an indication this is an area of interest. I don't think outright deleting it was appropriate. As I noted before, virtually every article on a major body of space (all the planets, basicly) has a section on its presense in Fiction. As perhaps the single most notable feature of any solar object, Olympus Mons also should be deserving of this acknowledgement. As the various entries show, Olympus Mons is a popular setting in various fictions.

If you are truly vehemently opposed to the section, then a compromise would be a seperate article. Most of the planetary bodies have seperate articles for their presense in Fiction, because they are usually quite large entries (Mars, especially). Olympus Mons' In Fiction section is not even half as large as any of the planet's In Fiction entries, but a seperate article could be created. However, I do not think it's necessary to seperate. Elijya 15:03, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Titan's recently got big enough that it was removed to a separate article. I agree that the information should not be deleted, and would support either leaving it here for now or going ahead and moving it to a separate article.--Curtis Clark 15:48, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * What I think is that 'in fiction' or 'in popular culture' sections can be good, but very rarely are. What is always bad is a list of programs in which a topic has appeared - these tell the reader nothing at all about the subject of the article.  What's far far better is explaining the impact something has had on popular culture.  A model example is in The Scream.  I don't think that the 'xx in fiction' sections that exist for a lot of planets at the moment are worthwhile at all - they pander to science fiction enthusiasts and detract from the authoritativeness of the articles, in my opinion.  They're also never prose, always lists, and lists should be avoided unless they are absolutely necessary because 'brilliant prose' is always the aim.  When I rewrote Mercury recently I took out the 'in fiction' section before the FAC nomination and no-one complained at all.
 * Mars generally would warrant a popular culture section, due to the extremely deeply held belief that it was inhabited, things like the face, canals, war of the worlds, etc etc. These things have widely influenced the public's interest in Mars.  But it should be descriptive, and not just a list.  Olympus Mons specifically I do not think deserves the same treatment.  I can't think of any fiction or appearance in popular culture that can genuinely be said to have influenced general public understanding of it.  A line in the article to say the mountain has been a popular setting for sci-fi would more than suffice - if it can be cited from a reputable source.  Worldtraveller 21:24, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Mercury's In Fiction section was given its own page, so obviously there were interested parties who wished to save the information. The fact that YOU don't think an article or section is "worthwhile" does not end the discussion, as wikipedia is a community. And that community has repeatedly decided In Fiction articles or sections are worthy of being placed here. Elijya 01:02, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I've nothing against "In fiction" lists despite they're hardly encyclopedic. However, I'm not entirely convinced that every surface feature etc. needs own section. In my option, fiction sections in Mars surface feature articles should be merged into the main Mars in fiction article. Even better, that article could be splitted into a real prosaic encyclopedic article and the simple list could be moved into a list page.--JyriL talk 10:53, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Olympus Mons is arguably not just any surface feature. But I like the idea of combining with the Mars in fiction article, as a subsection. This article could then link to the subsection.--Curtis Clark 13:54, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * A sub-section on the Mars In Fiction page would work. Elijya 17:40, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Questioning the results
I have some issues with the following factoids given in the text:

The atmospheric pressure at the top is about 2% that of average Martian surface pressure if one were to stand on the highest point of its summit, the slope of the volcano would extend all the way to the horizon
 * The martian scale height is 10-11 km, so I would expect the pressure at the top would be e(-25/(10 to 11)) = 8-11% that at the surface.
 * The distance to the horizon is equal to sqrt( 2Rh + h2 ), where R = 3,402 km and h = 25 km. This gives a result of 413km, which is larger than the radius (275km) of the mountain.

Are there some references to back up these assertions? Thanks! :-) — RJH (talk) 22:23, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Verfication tag
It seems like the following data points are seen as questionable: height and diameter, horizon and the atmospheric data. If we could get citations for these data points, preferably from NASA or another space agency, that would be great. K e rowyn Leave a note 22:48, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've bracketted the atmospheric pressure to 30 to 50 Pascal, using the Nasa MGS data at stanford.edu, but assuming 27 km summit height. The stanford data does not have a datapoint right on the summit so I looked at several datapoints in the vicinity and elsewhere on the planet, and read off the pressure from the MGS graph, after subtracting the surface elevation from 27km. Some of the sigma errors are around 5% and my own reading method probably introduces another 5% error, but I noticed the seasonal/diurnal variation was even greater. I also saw that when the pressure is 50 Pa at Mons' 27 km, it is around 65 Pa on Mons caldera floor at 24 km. The 27 km comes from the quest.nasa links (although the German article has 26.4km but no online source). Mons' diameter depends on how it is measured, the tnni.net source gives it 624 km. I removed the mention of Mons sitting in a 2 km depression (also seen in the French article) as it looks more of a shelf next to an even deeper depression of 4 km to the west.

 * NASA states "the 0-km line is defined at the 6.1 mbar level in the atmosphere", but the same NASA source mentions Hellas is at 4 km below the reference level, while at the same time the Nasa MGS Radio Science data clearly shows Hellas depths hovering around 7km below the "standard martian reference surface (geoid)", so something's wrong somewhere. Is the geoid 3km above the 0-km line? Lastly, I have made similar corrections to Hellas Planitia and Pavonis Mons, but added a verify tag on Hellas.-22:02, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

How far can you see from Olympus Mons?
Hello, I don't understand why it is written in the article that from the top of Olympus Mons, you can only see as far as 3 km, when the article cited as reference 4 [Martian Volcanoes on HST Images]... explains that:

"Second, if this same person stood at the top of Olympus Mons (88704 ft) we would find that he or she could see a lot further to the horizon, some 265 miles away, if nothing was in the way"

P.S. Even from the the base of the volcano you could see the first 50 miles of the volcano!!

This is a serious mistake.... huge as the biggest mountain in the Solar system.

 * Yes, I seem to have oversimplified (I've attempted an improvement). While it is true that ref 4 is poorly written it is infact correct (as far as it goes) when one understands the text in bold:

 * Second, if this same person stood at the top of Olympus Mons (88704 ft) we would find that he or she could see a lot further to the horizon, some 265 miles away, if nothing was in the way

 * However, something is in the way - Olympus Mons itself. Because Olympus Mons has shallow slope angles (around 6 degrees) and due to its extent, apart from the scarps at the caldera and the 20 degree collapsed slope to the north, there seem to be few places where one can see far. I tried some Back-of-the-envelope calculations to guesstimate where the furthest views would be:
 * rim of the caldera - the floor 80 km away at the opposite end
 * top of the southeast scarp about 5 km elevation - 180 km looking southeast
 * top of the northwest scarp about 8 km elevation - 235 km looking northwest at the aureole deposits
 * top of the northwest scarp about 8 km elevation - 230 km possibly looking upslope towards the summit (depends on precise profile measurements that I am too lazy to look for)

 * Profiles estimated from SPREADING OF THE OLYMPUS MONS VOLCANIC EDIFICE, MARS. P. J. McGovern. See the penultimate figure in http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/sci/mola/data1/mola_press.html for a nice profile (measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter of Mars Global Surveyor) of the northwest scarp - I guessed the furthest view is at 22.5 degrees north. My improvememt attempt is probably original research and likely to be inaccurate. -Wikianon 17:07, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, this explanation has been extremely useful, even if the numbers on the furthest view from the escarpment of the volcano are just guesstimates (I've always imagined there is a good view from there). But I still have something on my mind... Is it possible that from somewhere on top of the volcano, one could see (even if it is something like an thin line) maybe maybe..just a little bit of the Tharsis bulge or Lycus Sulci or something else? (I know it is impossible to see the slope of the volcano.. but i still have this strange image in my head of a thin line of something at the very furthest horizon). Or more specifically... is the average slope of the volcano enough to counter the effect of the curvature of the surface of the planet... allowing that some point way beyond be visible from the top?

--193.231.140.68 23:57, 27 October 2006 (UTC)Mihai

 * The Tharsis bulge is on the other side of the planet (separation 170 degrees). No you can't see it from Olympus Mons!

The 'citation required' tags are maddening sometimes. For example: Olympus Mons is a big as Arizona, but a statement that you can only see it properly from space is regarded as 'needing citation'. Surely a moment's thought would suggest the statement is obviously true? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.46.64.159 (talk) 14:06, 19 March 2007 (UTC).

Photograph
Is the leading image of Olympus Mons in the article the best that we can do? It's a bit of a sideways glance at the mountain. An overhead view of the entire mountain (or the caldera) might be better. Or am I just wanting something that we don't have? Cheers, --Plumbago 12:02, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

A full-profile pic (taken from an orbiting spacecraft off above the horizon, one imagines) would be a good addition to this article. Anyone know where/if one is? --Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 17:08, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Coordinates
Please note that the coordinates in this article need fixing as:

mars is a bar, not a planet, tit

ps: i love jesus

I took out the geohack link (replaced with non hotlinked coordinates), as it seems useless. All the resources on geohack are for Earth, not Mars. The point gets plotted in the middle of the North Pacific. I've looked at articles for a few other features on the moon and Mars, and didn't see any coordinates hotlinked. If there is a good resource for Martian/Lunar maps, hotlinked coordinates would be a nice feature, but I don't know where to link to. 192.104.39.2 (talk) 16:09, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * geotag is (now?) pointing properly to mars. Removing geodata-check tag. Gregbaker (talk) 04:54, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

Nix olympica
Nix Olympica ("Snows of Olympus"). Nix meaning snow, I gather? Which language would that be in?Stefansquintet (talk) 18:30, 19 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, it was latin of course :) That's Percival Lowell who first named it thinking there was snow there on that hill on Mars. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stefansquintet (talk • contribs) 18:33, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Editing this article
I'm currently working on Geology of Mars and Volcanism on Mars articles. If no one minds, I'd like to do some relatively minor edits on this article to make it a little more consistent with mine.Schaffman (talk) 12:33, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

located on the planet Mars at approximately 18°24′N 226°00′E
If no one objects, I recommend placing location information in a second paragraph in the intro block before TOC. This keeps the more detailed info separate from the general.Schaffman (talk) 11:42, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

Olympus Mons was formed during Mars' Amazonian epoch
Actually it's beleived to have begun in Hesperian times, but its bulk is probably Amazonian. No sense quibbling here, though. BTW: Amazonian is a period, not an epoch; there's a difference.Schaffman (talk) 12:46, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

The central edifice stands 27 kilometres (17 mi) high above the mean surface level of Mars[3][4]
The references are outdated and based on pre-MOLA estimates. The actual elevation (Plescia, 2004) is 21 km.Schaffman (talk) 13:39, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Actually, the volcano is 21 km above datum (zero elevation). The mean surface level can (and probably is) different. This needs to be fixed. Dang, I just want to make a few changes and all these other quibbling things pop up. Schaffman (talk) 13:07, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

with six overlapping pit craters
They are six nested calderas. To me, pit crater implies something else. I think we should use dimensions and terminolgy given by Carr (2006), p. 51. Schaffman (talk) 14:34, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

outer edge consists of an escarpment up to 6 km (4 miles) tall
The escarpment is actually up to 8 km high because the plains along the base are 2 km below datum (elevation -2 km) in places (Carr, 2006).Schaffman (talk) 15:10, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

...its shallow slope (2.5 degrees on the central dome, 5 degrees in the outer region)
I'm not sure this is strictly true. Why not just say "average slope is less than 5 degrees."? Schaffman (talk) 16:08, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The new language is odd: ...shallow slopes (5° or less, on average)... says to me that the average is known not to be more than 5°, but is not known to be less; how can that be? —Tamfang (talk) 19:18, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

You're right. Let's just say the average slope is 5 degrees. I have a reference. Schaffman (talk) 20:21, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

...but one could see the far side of the caldera, 80 kilometers away.
I doubt you could see the opposite rim. Even if you're just talking about seeing the floor of the caldera 80 km away, it's still a confusing comment. If we even need to address this topic at all, I'd recommend just saying that from the surrounding plains, one could see the basal escapment of the volcano. A 5-mile high cliff is pretty impressive in itself ! Schaffman (talk) 15:52, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

The surrounding scarp, however, has long views of the surrounding terrain...
Why is this paragraph necessary?Schaffman (talk) 16:29, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

An occasional misconception is that the summit of Olympus Mons is above the Martian atmosphere.
An occasional misconception by whom? I'd delete this statement. Schaffman (talk) 16:25, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

The atmospheric pressure at the top varies between 5 and 8% of the average Martian surface pressure
I calculate 12% using a scale height of 10 km. This would make the average pressure at the top of Oympus Mons about 0.72 mbar (72 pa), if the zero elevation pressure is taken as 6 mbar.Schaffman (talk) 17:15, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

carbon dioxide-ice cloud cover is still possible at the peak of Olympus Mons, though water-ice clouds are not.
I'd like to see a recent reference for this. According to my reference (Zurek et al., 1992 in Mars; Kieffer et al. Eds.) this statement is false. The Viking infrared imaging spectrometer (IRIS) and the Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM) showed that the orographic clouds over Tharsis are composed of micron-sized water-ice particles (p. 860). Schaffman (talk) 20:15, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Photo of Scarp
This photo is of the scarp face of a normal fault on the flank of the volcano, not the basal escarpment. Because of the potential for confusion I recommend deleting it. Schaffman (talk) 18:31, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

[Aureole has] gigantic ridges and blocks extending 1,000 km (621 mi) from the summit that show evidence of development and resurfacing connected with glacial activity.
Actually I think the evidence for glacial activity is closer to the mountain, on the northwest side at the base of the escarpment. The way this is written now sounds like the aureole itself is a glacial landform, which it is not commonly thought to be (to my knowledge).Schaffman (talk) 18:54, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Volcanic Spreading
A topic of recent research on Olympus Mons is the role of "volcanic speading" in creating its unique morphology. See http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090203175343.htm. The subject also has astrobiological implications, so I'd like to briefly introduce it in this article. Schaffman (talk) 11:59, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

Finished geology discussion except for edits and adding references here and there. Schaffman (talk) 17:04, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Tallest known volcano
Surely it's the tallest known volcano in the Universe, not just the Solar System. 82.46.49.194 (talk) 09:24, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

 * We don't know what volcanoes the Sirian overlords may know elsewhere ... —Tamfang (talk) 01:31, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

craters and collapse

 * The summit of the mountain has six nested calderas (collapse craters)

This was recently changed to collapsed craters, which I think is less correct: a caldera is a crater created when a magma chamber collapses, not a crater (formed in some unspecified way) which has itself collapsed. —Tamfang (talk) 08:01, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

Problems with the article
There are a couple of problems with this article that I'm not sure how to fix.

First, the lead says that Olympus Mons became the tallest mountain on any world after the discovery of Rheasilvia Mons. That doesn't make sense. How did discovering a shorter mountain make Olympus Mons suddenly the tallest?

Second, the info box says Olympus Mons was discovered by Mariner 9, but the lead says it was known much earlier.

Suggestions? Rick Norwood (talk) 13:58, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Re Rheasilvia and Olympus, this has just been garbled through multiple minor edits I think. It's an ongoing problem across a number of articles, as received wisdom has it that Olympus is biggest, and what with Rheasilvia being on Vesta not a true planet, the whole thing has just got pretty confusing. I'll reword this. Re the discovery date, I don't know for sure, but I think you can tell something is "there" using telescopes from the abedo, but it was Mariner 9 that actually clarified that it was a volcano. I'll leave this one to someone who actually knows, though. (If no-one does, I can probably track this down in a reference, but it will take a while!) DanHobley (talk) 14:36, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * From looking around, named Nix Olympica (Snows of Olympus) by Giovanni Schiaparelli in 1879. Named, not discovered. Could find any ealier mentions, from a quick scan of google books. Re Mariner 9 in the infobox, is identified a better word. Ceoil (talk) 00:28, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Re: Description. The article mentions the soil composition as measured by rovers that roamed and climbed Olympus Mons. Which rovers? When? I am unaware of any rover missions anywhere near Olympus Mons. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.129.132.48 (talk) 12:53, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Right, there were no rovers on Olympus Mons. This was introduced in this Dec 15, 2015 edit. The numbers seem to come from this 1997 source, inserted in the same edit. But the source attributes them to the Viking landers, not to "rovers that roamed and climbed Olympus Mons". Quite some misunderstanding... --Oefe (talk) 22:43, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

Hi all- I'm just reading this article before giving a Mars show and I'm brushing up on my mars knowledge. I noticed that the last section about possible impact origin seems to have been written by one individual. Scientific merit aside, it appears to be an angry rant trying to discredit the volcanic theory above, not a discussion about the merits of each theory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.58.102.13 (talk) 18:38, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

Height comparison
″It stands almost three times as tall as Mount Everest's height above sea level." IMHO, "nearly 22 km" isn't really "almost three times" 8848 m. Nearly 22000 m isn't even 2.5 times 8840 m (22120 m), so one can hardly round up to 3. Hence, I think it would be more correct to say "almost 2.5 times as high".--91.89.231.229 (talk) 15:58, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Informational post only without really arguing your point either way: The source of that statement is here. They are using a figure of 26 km "above the surrounding plains" and so 26,000m / 8,848 m = 2.94 or approx 3 times as high. -- Racer X11 Talk to me Stalk me  16:35, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

Atmospheric pressure
"The typical atmospheric pressure at the top of Olympus Mons is 72 pascal, about 12% of the average Martian surface pressure of 600 pascal." But the accompanying comparison table states 0.03kPa i.e. 30Pa, less than half this figure. Accompanying cite states "Standard Pressure Profiles measured by MGS Radio Science team at 27 km (17 mi) range from approx 30 to 50 pascals". Which is correct? --114.77.41.5 (talk) 23:35, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

Impact origin hypothesis
Hi all- I'm just reading this article before giving a Mars show and I'm brushing up on my mars knowledge. I noticed that the last section about possible impact origin seems to have been written by one individual. Scientific merit aside, it appears to be an angry rant trying to discredit the volcanic theory above, not a discussion about the merits of each theory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.58.102.13 (talk) 18:38, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

 * This section of the Wikipedia article on Olympus Mons is based on a hypothesis described by William B. Hamilton in his paper Terrestrial planets fractionated synchronously with accretion, but Earth progressed through subsequent internally dynamic stages whereas Venus and Mars have been inert for more than 4 billion years in Foulger, G.R., Lustrino, M., and King, S.D., eds., (2015) The Interdisciplinary Earth: A Volume in Honor of Don L. Anderson, Geological Society of America Special Paper 514 and American Geophysical Union Special Publication 71, doi:10.1130/2015.2514(09), http://www.mantleplumes.org/DLABook/Hamilton2015.pdf.

 * Hamilton's paper is only a year old and probably too recent for the geological community to have reacted to its ideas and assess whether or not the scientific consensus should shift towards it or not. Wikipedia follows and reports the scientific consensus. Wikipedia does not lead or direct scientific thought. Wikipedia is not a scientific newspaper or a scientific hypothesis soapbox. My Google searches show only a few copies of this paper on the web, and no other papers which cite this paper. Does this, therefore, suggest that this bolide hypothesis is still a "fringe theory" (WP:FRINGE) and that the several paragraphs in the current version of Wikipedia's article on Olympus Mons give undue weight (WP:UNDUE) to this hypothesis? I believe it does.

 * Also, I get the impression that all paragraphs in this section of the Wikipedia article, except the first paragraph, could perhaps be original research (WP:ORIGINAL), using two or three primary sources (WP:PRIMARY), hung onto Hamilton's hypothesis.

 * I suggest that the first paragraph should be kept because it concisely states that an alternative, bolide, hypothesis has been proposed, but I suggest that the rest of this section should be deleted. GeoWriter (talk) 15:14, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

I have removed all the text from this section of the article, except the first paragraph. GeoWriter (talk) 14:01, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Section was expanded again by who seems to edit only on Hamilton and related articles.  Possible COI?  I've tagged section as giving this view undue weight for exactly reasons above. Ravensfire ( talk ) 19:03, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

 * In the truncated one-paragraph version, the Impact Origin section lacked content; 2nd & 3rd paragraphs needed to briefly describe evidence (from H15 paper). It is a heterodox theory worth evaluating substantively from evidence. About which I would welcome discussion (I've read the paper but am not WBH).
 * The H15 paper in an edited volume has 1 citation per Google Scholar, but extends work on terrestrial planets' evolution in other recent papers accumulating 200+ citations. Google finds it available on the Mantleplumes.org website, and possibly several other locations apart from the GSA book's own page.IChiloe (talk) 18:24, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

I have removed this entire section. It is a fringe idea not supported in the scientific literature and not taken seriously (if it is even known about) by the scientific community-see all presented work on martian volcanism at the recent Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. The sole source (several paragraphs from Hamilton's 2015 book chapter "Terrestrial planets fractionated synchronously with accretion, but Earth progressed through subsequent internally dynamic stages whereas Venus and Mars have been inert for more than 4 billion years") argues that ALL martian volcanoes are impact-generated, so it would belong on Volcanology of Mars if it wasn't such a fringe idea. Hamilton argues that Alba, Arsia, Pavonis, and Ascraeus are all formed from bolides, based on no evidence other than his personal objection to mantle plumes on Earth. Hamilton continues to argue that other features identified as lava flows in the southern highlands are in fact "mud volcanoes", also with no evidence other than his personal opinion. The only source (Hamilton 2015) is cited by two articles (as per Google Scholar), neither of which is related to martian volcanism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ammorgan2 (talk • contribs) 17:22, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

Olympus Mons is not high because of the absence of plate tectonics
The following excerpt is extremely confusing:

The extraordinary size of Olympus Mons is likely because Mars lacks mobile tectonic plates. Unlike on Earth, the crust of Mars remains fixed over a stationary hotspot, and a volcano can continue to discharge lava until it reaches an enormous height.[16]

The height is limited because of gravity and plasticity of rocks. The higher a volcano/mountain, the higher the pressure at its base. When this pressure reaches the plasticity limit of the rock involved, the volcano cannot go further up. Gravity on Mars is about 2.6 times smaller than on Earth, which explains why the highest volcano is about 2.6 times higher than the highest volcano/mountain on Earth.

The first sentence of the excerpt is OK, though, and the reference given [16] is not wrong, but it simply says:

Mars does not have plate tectonics, which causes the magma to build a volcano in one location making Olympus Mons so large.

In summary: "so large" is OK; "so high" is wrong. 130.79.10.22 (talk) 09:10, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Nice spot. DanHobley (talk) 09:29, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Olympus Mons is not the largest volcano in the Solar System
User:Venezia Friulano this is mostly directed at you, since you recently erased the part of the intro that clarified this point.

Olympus Mons is the tallest known volcano in the solar system, and it'll probably keep that title. However, if "largest" is judged by either area or volume, it is not the largest nor even close to the largest known volcano in the solar system. The largest by either of those metrics is Alba Mons, which is 2700 km wide at its widest, compared to Olympus at about 600 km. Pele and Tvashtar on Io, Leviathan on Triton, and Theia on Venus are all also distinctly larger than Olympus. This is not an exhaustive list, but you should have no trouble verifying that all of these are significantly larger than Olympus Mons.

The older version of the intro explained this in detail. I would like to revert to that version. Destrucules (talk) 03:30, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi! I have made the changes because both NASA and ESA (European Space Agency) establish that Olympus Mons "is the largest volcano in the solar system", at least discovered so far. I think they are two sources reliable enough, or at least particularly better than theoretical estimates from still fairly unknown places.

 * "[...] the planet is known to host numerous massive and imposing volcanic structures, including the famous Olympus Mons – the largest volcano ever discovered in the Solar System."

 * "The largest of the volcanoes in the Tharsis Montes region, as well as all known volcanoes in the solar system, is Olympus Mons."

 * Also, I think the previous version spent too much on size comparisons, to be honest. User:Venezia Friulano (talk) 03:30, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

 * We don't include duff info just because a semi-popular source says something; WP:RS doesn't work that way round William M. Connolley (talk) 15:31, 24 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Also, I don't think the extensive comparisons belong in the lede but should probably be introduced in some separate subsection William M. Connolley (talk) 15:36, 24 September 2021 (UTC)
 * There are many reliable sources that claim that Olympus Mons is the largest volcano in the Solar System. I don't see any problem:
 * User:Venezia Friulano (talk) 18:47, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

 * What you're missing is the ambiguity in the word "largest"; it isn't useful to anyone to replicate that ambiguity William M. Connolley (talk) 21:27, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't see it as ambiguous particularly considering that many reliable sources use that term, and there is scientific consensus that Olympus Mons is the largest volcano in the solar system.

 * By largest, in mega structures such as mountains or volcanoes, it is always understood by volume. Mauna Loa is officially the largest volcano in the world (not counting the hypothetical volcano Tamu Massif) because it has the most volume of all. Volume is the measure and the reference in scientific terms for calculating the size of a geological structure. User:Venezia Friulano (talk) 12:16, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

It is telling that you are using articles and not scientific sources. That Olympus Mons is the "largest" volcano in the solar system is a popular misconception, not the scientific consensus. In scientific publications, Olympus Mons is referred to as the tallest mountain on Mars and as one of the largest, but it is not referred to as the largest volcano on Mars, let alone in the greater solar system. Here are some examples:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.020

https://doi.org/10.1038/309432a0

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.11.003

It is very easy to verify that in terms of area, Olympus Mons is not close to being the largest volcano in the solar system. That is already a degree of ambiguity that needs to be addressed. Volume estimates are much harder to come by for a variety of reasons, but Alba Mons appears to be more voluminous than Olympus.

As much as we might wish otherwise, misconceptions about science have existed for centuries and will continue to exist long into the future. Even scientists are not always immune from repeating popular misconceptions. In these cases, it is not sufficient to trust short articles aimed at inspiring the public. It is necessary to find publications from scientists working closely and directly with the relevant material. In this case it is very clear that these publications contradict what is expressed in those popular articles. Destrucules (talk) 19:07, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Well, if there are conflicting sources, equally(?) reliable, we'll need to reflect exactly that in the article. --Zac67 (talk) 19:22, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Destrucules, I understand what you mean in your last paragraph, but those "popular" articles are actually articles that are the result of calculations made by NASA, ESA and astronomical studies in Universities. Your first source calls it "Tallest shield volcano on Mars", your second source is from 1984, too old to take into account in such a matter... and the third source mentions it as "tallest volcano in the Solar System". Your sources dont contradict anything of the previous sources. In addition, your sources are only abstracts, they dont differ in practice at all in format.

 * Probably the most legitimate sources of scientific information on this particular matter textually affirm that it is the largest and tallest volcano in the Solar System. Using other sources where they say another smaller adjective doesnt expressly contradict anything. User:Venezia Friulano (talk) 10:28, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

 * In addition, there are also scientific sources where the same thing is stated literally: User:Venezia Friulano (talk) 10:42, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

Distance of horizon
The article currently says "Similarly, an observer near the summit would be unaware of standing on a very high mountain, as the slope of the volcano would extend far beyond the horizon, a mere 3 kilometers away." and references this source. Unless I'm missing something, that website does not say this: the 3 kilometres is for the view from the base ("First, if we were 6 feet tall and stood at the base of Olympus Mons we would then be able to see the horizon some 2.19 miles away"), and the figure from the summit is the much more respectable 265 miles = 426 km ("if this same person stood at the top of Olympus Mons (88704 ft) we would find that he or she could see a lot further to the horizon, some 265 miles away, if nothing was in the way"). 82.18.206.157 (talk) 10:15, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olympus Mons


text:
Constanța

Constanța (, ;   ; Custantsa; Кюстенджа, or Констанца; Dobrujan Tatar: Köstencĭ; Κωνστάντζα, or Κωνστάντια; Köstence), historically known as Tomis or Tomi (Τόμις or Τόμοι), is a port city in the Dobruja historical region of Romania. As the country's fourth largest city and principal port on the Black Sea coast, Constanța is the capital of Constanța County. It is also the oldest continuously inhabited city in the region, founded around 600 BC, and among the oldest in Europe.

As of the 2021 census, Constanța has a population of 263,688. The Constanța metropolitan area includes 14 localities within 30 km of the city. It is one of the largest metropolitan areas in Romania. Ethnic Romanians became a majority in the city in the early 20th century. The city still has small Tatar and Greek communities, which were substantial in previous centuries, as well as Turkish and Romani residents, among others. Constanța has a rich multicultural heritage, owing to the fact that, throughout history, it has been part of different cultures, including Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian and Ottoman. Following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Constanța became part of Romania, and the city, which at the time had a population of just over 5.000 inhabitants, increased exponentially throughout the 20th century.

The Port of Constanța has an area of 39.26 km2 and a length of about 30 km. It is the largest port on the Black Sea, and one of the largest ports in Europe.

Ancient history
Tomis was founded in the 6th century BC as a Greek colony as were nearby the colonies of Histria, Orgame and Kallatis in the same era. The site had the advantage of a fine harbour, the Carasu valley offering an inland shortcut from the sea to the Danube, and fertile land nearby. The peninsula on which it was sited has high cliffs protecting Tomis from cold winds and from attack.

Most of the ancient city is covered by the modern day Constanta, making archaeology difficult.

In the 5th century BC it was under the influence of the Delian League, passing in this period from oligarchy to democracy.

The war for the emporion of Tomis took place in the middle of the 3rd century BC.

In 29 BC the Romans captured the region from the Odrysian kingdom and annexed it as far as the Danube.

It was a member, perhaps the capital, of the Hexapolis alliance of Greek cities with Histria, Callatis, Dionysupolis, Odessos and Mesambria.

In AD 8, the Roman poet Ovid (43 BC–17 AD) was banished to Tomis by Emperor Augustus for the last eight years of his life. He lamented his Tomisian exile in his poems Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto. Tomis was "by his account a town located in a war-stricken cultural wasteland on the remotest margins of the empire".

A number of inscriptions found in and around the city show that Constanța stands over the site of Tomis. Some of these finds are now preserved in the British Museum in London.

The city was afterwards included in the Province of Moesia and, from the time of Diocletian, in Scythia Minor of which it was the capital.

In 269 the city was attacked by the Goths who succeeded in destroying only suburbs outside the walls.

The city lay at the seaward end of the Great Wall of Trajan. Tomis was later called Constantiana, possibly in honour of Constantia, the half-sister of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great or his son Constantius II, a name mentioned for the town by Procopius of Caesarea. In 395, Tomis was assigned to the Eastern Roman Empire.

Middle ages
During Maurice's Balkan campaigns, Tomis was besieged by the Avars in the winter of 597/598. It was conquered at the Battle of Ongal by the First Bulgarian Empire in 680. It stayed under Bulgarian rule until the Byzantines under John I Tzimiskes retook it in the Rus-Byzantine War of 970-971. Tomis was then seized by the Second Bulgarian Empire during the Uprising of Asen and Peter in 1186.

By the 14th century Italian nautical maps used the name Constanza.

After almost 200 years as part of Bulgaria, and becoming subsequently an independent principality of Dobrotitsa/Dobrotici and of Wallachia under Mircea I of Wallachia, Constanța fell under Ottoman rule around 1419.

Recent history

A railroad linking Constanța to Cernavodă was laid in 1860. In spite of damage done by railway contractors considerable remains of ancient walls, pillars, etc came to light. What is thought to have been a port building was excavated, and revealed the substantial remains of one of the longest mosaic pavements in the world.

In 1878, after the Romanian War of Independence, Constanța and the rest of Northern Dobruja were ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Romania. The city became Romania's main seaport and the transit point for much of Romania's exports. The Constanța Casino, a historic monument and a symbol of the modern city, was the first building constructed on the shore of the Black Sea after Dobruja came under Romanian administration, with the cornerstone being laid in 1880.

On 22 October 1916 (during World War I), the Central Powers (German, Turkish and Bulgarian troops) occupied Constanța. According to the Treaty of Bucharest of May 1918, article X.b. (a treaty never ratified by Romania), Constanța remained under the joint control of the Central Powers. The city came afterwards under Bulgarian rule after a protocol regarding the transfer of the jointly administered zone in Northern Dobruja to Bulgaria had been signed in Berlin on 24 September 1918, by Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. The agreement was short-lived: five days later, on 29 September, Bulgaria capitulated after the successful offensive on the Macedonian front (see the Armistice of Salonica), and the Allied troops liberated the city in 1918.

In the interwar years, the city became Romania's main commercial hub, so that by the 1930s over half of its exports were exiting via the port. During World War II, when Romania joined the Axis powers, Constanța was a major target for the Allied bombers. While the town was left relatively unscathed, the port suffered extensive damage, recovering only in the early 1950s.

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the blockading of the Ukrainian Black Sea ports led to renewed interest in the port of Constanta as one possible outlet for transporting grain to the rest of the world.

Geography
Constanța is the administrative center of the county with the same name and the largest city in the Southeastern development region of Romania. The city is located on the Black Sea coast, with a beach length of 13 km. Mamaia, a district of Constanța, is the largest and most modern resort on the Romanian coast. Mineral springs in the surrounding area and beachgoing attract many visitors in summer.

Ovid's Square
The Emperor Augustus exiled the Roman poet Ovid to what was then Tomis in 8 AD. In 1887 the sculptor Ettore Ferrari designed a statue of the poet which gave its name to this square in the old town. In 1916, during the occupation of Dobruja by the Central Powers, it was taken down by Bulgarian troops, but was later reinstated by the Germans. There is an exact replica of the statue in Sulmona, Ovid's hometown in Italy.

The statue stands in front of the National History and Archaeology Museum which is housed in the old City Hall and contains a large collection of ancient art..

Archaeology Park (Parcul Arheologic)
In the heart of Constanța, the park displays dozens of vestiges of the city's past including columns, amphorae, capitals, fragments of 3rd and 4th-century buildings, and a 6th-century tower.

Roman Mosaics (Edificiul Roman cu Mozaic)
A vast complex of late Roman buildings on three levels once linked the upper town to the harbor and marked its commercial center. Today, only about a third of the original structures remain in Ovid's Square, including more than 9150 sqft of colourful, if poorly maintained, mosaics. Archaeological traces point to the existence of workshops, warehouses and shops in the area. Remains of the Roman public baths can be seen nearby. Roman aqueducts once brought water 6 mi to the town.

Genoese Lighthouse (Farul Genovez)
Soaring 26 ft, the Genoese Lighthouse was built in 1860 by the Danubius and Black Sea Company to honor Genoese merchants who established a flourishing sea trade community here in the 13th century.

Casino (Cazinoul)
Commissioned by King Carol I in 1910 and designed by architects Daniel Renard and Petre Antonescu right on the seashore, the derelict Constanța Casino features sumptuous Art Nouveau architecture. Once a huge attraction for European tourists, the casino lost its customers after the collapse of Communism. In 2021 renovation of the building finally began.

The Constanța Aquarium is nearby.

House with Lions (Casa cu Lei)
Blending pre-Romanesque and Genoese architectural styles, this late 19th century building features four columns adorned with imposing sculptured lions. During the 1930s, its elegant salons hosted the Constanța Masonic Lodge.

National Opera and Ballet Theater Oleg Danovski
Built in 1957 to host theatre productions and operas, the state-funded Dobrogean Musical Theater hosted a multitude of shows written by some of Romania's most prolific composers and playwrights. In 1978, master choreographer Oleg Danovski formed the Classical and Contemporary Ballet Ensemble, revitalising the theater's significance. After Danovski's death in 1996, the shows slowed down, and in 2004 the theater was closed by the Culture Department of the City Council.

Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul
Constructed in neo-Byzantine style between 1883 and 1885, the church was severely damaged during World War II and was restored in 1951. The interior murals combine neo-Byzantine style with purely Romanian elements best observed in the iconostasis and pews, chandeliers and candlesticks (bronze and brass alloy), all designed by Ion Mincu and manufactured in Paris.

Grand Mosque of Constanța (Marea Moschee din Constanța)
Built in 1910 by King Carol I, the Grand Mosque of Constanța (originally the Carol I Mosque) is the seat of the Mufti, the spiritual leader of the 55,000 Muslims (Turks and Tatars by origin) who live along the coast of the Dobrogea region. The building combines Neo-Byzantine and Romanian architectural elements, making it one of the most distinctive mosques in the area. The highlight of the interior is a large Turkish carpet, a gift from Sultan Abdülhamid II; woven at the Hereke factory in Turkey, it is one of the largest carpets in Europe, weighing 1,080 pounds. The 164 ft minaret (tower) provides views of the old part of town and the harbor. Five times a day, the muezzin climbs 140 steps to the top to call the faithful to prayer.

Hünkar Mosque (Geamia Hunchiar)
Completed in 1869, the Hünkar Mosque was commissioned by Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz for Turks who were forced to leave Crimea after the Crimean War (1853–56) and settled in Constanța. It was restored in 1945 and 1992.

Fantasio Theatre (Teatrul Fantasio)
Originally called the Tranulis Theater after its benefactor, this theater was built in 1927 by Demostene Tranulis, a local philanthropist of Greek origin. A fine building featuring elements of neoclassical architecture, it's in the heart of the new city on Ferdinand Boulevard.

Romanian Navy Museum (Muzeul marinei române)
The largest institution of its kind in Romania, this museum showcases the development of the country's military and civil navy. The idea for the museum was outlined in 1919, but it only opened on 3 August 1969 during the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu. The collections include models of ships, knots, anchors and navy uniforms. It has also a special collection dedicated to figures who were important to the history of the Romanian navy.

Natural Sciences Museum Complex (Complexul Muzeal de Științe ale Naturii)
The zoo-like complex consists of a dolphinarium, exotic birds exhibition, and a micro-Delta. There's a planetarium next door.

Climate
Constanța has a humid subtropical climate(Cfa in Köppen climate classification). Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny, with a July and August average of 23 °C. Most summer days see a gentle breeze refreshing the daytime temperatures. Nights are warm and somewhat muggy because of the heat stored by the sea.

Autumn starts in mid or late September with warm and sunny days. September can be warmer than June, owing to the warmth accumulated by the Black Sea during the summer. The first frost occurs on average in mid November.

Winter is milder than other cities in southern Romania. Snow is not abundant but the weather can be very windy and unpleasant. Winter arrives much later than inland and December weather is often mild with high temperatures reaching 8 °C – 12 °C. The average January temperature is 1 °C. Winter storms, which occur when the sea becomes particularly treacherous, are a common occurrence between December and March.

Spring arrives early but it is quite cool. Often in April and May the Black Sea coast is one of the coolest places in Romania found at an altitude lower than 500 m.

Four of the warmest seven years from 1889 to 2008 have occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008). As of September 2009, the winter and the summer of 2007 were respectively the warmest and the second warmest in recorded history with monthly averages for January (+6.5 °C) and June (+23.0 °C) breaking all-time records. Overall, 2007 was the warmest year since 1889 when weather recording began.

Demographics
, 263,688 inhabitants live within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census.

After Bucharest, the capital city, Romania has a number of major cities that are roughly equal in size: Constanța, Iași, Cluj-Napoca, and Timișoara.

The metropolitan area of Constanța has a permanent population of 425,916 inhabitants (2011), i.e. 61% of the total population of the county, and a minimum average of 120,000 per day, tourists or seasonal workers, transient people during the high tourist season.

Economy
As of 1878, Constanța was defined as a "poor Turkish fishing village." As of 1920, it was called "flourishing", and was known for exporting oil and cereals.

Constanța is one of Romania's main industrial, commercial and tourist centers. During the first half of 2008, some 3,144 new companies were established in Constanța and its neighbouring localities, a number surpassed only in Bucharest and Cluj County. The Port of Constanța is the largest on the Black Sea and the fourth largest in Europe. The city also boasts a comparably large shipyard.

Tourism has been an increasingly important economic activity in recent years. Although Constanța has been promoted as a seaside resort since the time of Carol I of Romania, the development of naval industry has had a detrimental effect on the city's beaches. However a massive rehabilitation of the beaches was undertaken in 2020 with EU funds that has resulted in new hectares of beach both in downtown Constanta and Mamaia. Due to its proximity to other major tourist destinations, Constanța receives a significant number of visitors every year, who discover and visit the city's monuments and attractions, as well as the increasingly popular festival Neversea. Also, Constanța is a centre of commerce and education, both of which significantly contribute to the local economy.

Transport
The opening, in 1895, of the railway to Bucharest, which crosses the Danube River at the bridge at Cernavodă, brought Constanța considerable transit trade in grain and petroleum, which are largely exported; coal and coke head the list of imports, followed by machinery, iron goods, cotton and woollen fabrics.

The A2 motorway provides a rapid road link between Constanța and Bucharest, while the A4 motorway acts as the city's outer traffic ring, diverting heavy traffic to and from the Port of Constanța and to Mangalia.

The Port of Constanța includes the North Port and the South Port, and is the fourth largest in Europe. It is protected by breakwaters, with a lighthouse at the entrance. The port is sheltered from the northerly winds, but southerly winds can prove dangerous at times. The Black Sea squadron of the Romanian fleet is stationed here. A large canal (the Danube-Black Sea Canal) connects the Danube River to the Black Sea at Constanța.

The city is served by Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport.

Constanța's public transport system is run by CT Bus (formerly Regia Autonomă de Transport în Comun Constanța - RATC), and consists of 19 year-round bus lines, and two seasonal lines, including a sightseeing double decker open top bus line.

In the early 2000s, the city bought 130 new MAZ buses to replace the aging fleet of DAC buses. There is also a fleet of double decker Volvo buses that run in the summer, providing access to and from the resort of Mamaia. As of October 2013, the cost of a return ticket is 3 lei.

Trams were active until the late 2000s when they were decommissioned in favour of long-wheelbase buses. Two trolley bus lines were active until the early 2010s – now also decommissioned and replaced by buses.

At the end of March 2014, all public buses were upgraded with Wi-Fi for free use by all passengers. Speeds fall into the 3G HSDPA mobile range. Also, as an upgrade to the ticketing system, since the same time, tickets and per day all bus lines subscriptions can be bought via SMS, accepted by all national operators.

In July 2018 Constanța municipality signed an €18 million-contract to acquire new buses manufactured by the Turkish company Anadolu Isuzu.

In 2019 Constanta's new Mercedes-Benz minibusses entered service.

In October 2022 Constanta's new BYD electric buses entered service with CT Bus.

Constanța is one of the main focuses of the Rail-2-Sea project which aims to connect it to the Polish Baltic Sea port of Gdańsk with a 3,663 km long railway line passing through Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland.

Suburbs

 * Abator
 * Anadalchioi
 * Badea Cârțan
 * Boreal
 * Casa de Cultură
 * Centru
 * C.E.T.
 * Coiciu
 * Compozitorilor
 * Dacia
 * Energia
 * Faleză Nord
 * Faleză Sud (Poarta 6)
 * Far
 * Gară
 * Groapă
 * Halta Traian
 * I.C.I.L.
 * I.C. Brătianu (Filimon Sîrbu between 1948 and 1990)
 * Inel I
 * Inel II
 * Km. 4 (Billa)
 * Km. 4–5
 * Km. 5
 * Medeea
 * Mamaia
 * Palas
 * Peninsulă
 * Pescărie
 * Piața Chiliei
 * Piața Griviței
 * Port
 * Tăbăcărie
 * Tomis I
 * Tomis II
 * Tomis III
 * Tomis IV
 * Tomis Nord
 * Trocadero
 * Unirii
 * Victoria
 * Viile Noi
 * Zona Industrială

List of mayors (1990–present)
The current mayor of Constanța is Vergil Chițac (National Liberal Party).

The mayors elected since the 1989 revolution have been the following:

City Council
The Constanța Municipal Council is made up of 27 councilors, with the following party composition:

Sports
Constanța is home to several football clubs, with FCV Farul Constanța playing in the Romanian first division. There are two rugby teams in Constanța: RC Farul Constanța, who play in Divizia Națională BRD, and Constructorul Cleopatra Constanța, who play in Divizia A. One of the top Romanian handball clubs, HCD Constanța, is also based in the city. Olympic champion gymnasts Camelia Voinea, Nicoleta Daniela Sofronie, Simona Amânar and Cătălina Ponor were born in Constanța. Răzvan Florea, swimmer who won bronze medal at 2004 Summer Olympics was also born in Constanța. Former World number 1 in tennis Simona Halep is also a native of the city.

Constanța and Mamaia, the neighboring summer holiday resort, are home to the Constanța-Mamaia ETU Triathlon European Cup that was held there in 2014 and 2015 and is also planned to take place in 2016.

Twin towns – sister cities
Constanța is twinned with:

 * 🇪🇬 Alexandria, Egypt
 * 🇫🇷 Brest, France
 * 🇵🇪 Callao, Peru
 * 🇨🇴 Cartagena, Colombia
 * 🇺🇸 Fort Lauderdale, United States
 * 🇨🇺 Havana, Cuba
 * 🇹🇷 Istanbul, Turkey
 * 🇹🇷 İzmir, Turkey
 * 🇮🇩 Makassar, Indonesia
 * 🇺🇸 Mobile, United States
 * 🇷🇺 Novorossiysk, Russia
 * 🇺🇦 Odesa, Ukraine
 * Rotterdam, Netherlands
 * 🇷🇺 Saint Petersburg, Russia
 * 🇧🇷 Santos, Brazil
 * 🇨🇳 Shanghai, China
 * 🇹🇷 Silivri, Turkey
 * 🇮🇹 Sulmona, Italy
 * 🇹🇷 Tepebaşı, Turkey
 * 🇬🇷 Thessaloniki, Greece
 * 🇮🇹 Trapani, Italy
 * 🇫🇮 Turku, Finland
 * 🇯🇵 Yokohama, Japan

Consulates

 * 🇷🇺 Consulate General of Russia
 * 🇹🇷 Consulate General of Turkey
 * 🇦🇱 Honorary Consulate of Albania
 * 🇦🇹 Honorary Consulate of Austria
 * 🇨🇾 Honorary Consulate of Cyprus
 * 🇪🇪 Honorary Consulate of Estonia
 * 🇫🇮 Honorary Consulate of Finland
 * 🇫🇷 Honorary Consulate of France
 * 🇮🇹 Honorary Consulate of Italy
 * 🇰🇿 Honorary Consulate of Kazakhstan
 * 🇱🇧 Honorary Consulate of Lebanon
 * 🇳🇱 Honorary Consulate of the Netherlands
 * 🇲🇰 Honorary Consulate of North Macedonia
 * 🇳🇴 Honorary Consulate of Norway
 * 🇸🇾 Honorary Consulate of Syria

Education

 * High schools
 * Carol I Economic College
 * Mircea cel Bătrân National College
 * Constantin Bratescu National College
 * Pontica Technical College of Constanta
 * Mihai Eminescu National College
 * Lucian Blaga High School
 * Electrotechnics and Telecommunication High School
 * George Călinescu High School
 * Ovidius High School
 * Decebal High School (Constanța)
 * Traian High School (Constanța)
 * International Computer Science High School of Constanța
 * "Nicolae Rotaru" Sports High School
 * Orthodox Theological Seminary
 * National College of Arts "Queen Marie"
 * Tomis Technical College
 * Universities
 * Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy
 * Constanța Maritime University
 * Ovidius University
 * Andrei Șaguna University
 * Tomis University
 * Dimitrie Cantemir University
 * International Schools
 * Cambridge School of Constanța(CSC)

Studies

 * Livia Buzoianu and Maria Barbulescu, "Tomis," in Dimitrios V. Grammenos and Elias K. Petropoulos (eds),  Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea, Vol. 1 (Oxford, Archaeopress, 2001) (BAR International Series; 1675 (1–2)), 287–336.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Constanța


text:
Talk:Forteana

Article may needs merging with Charles Fort, because it mostly contains the Fort bio and leaves a mere diction definition. --Menchi 09:50 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Even though I've just expanded on the subject a bit, I agree that this should probably be merged with Charles Fort. --Stoatbringer 20:15 8 Sep 2004

title: Talk:Forteana


text:
Whiteout

Whiteout (including variants white out or white-out) may refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Whiteout (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
 * Whiteout (Marvel Comics), a comic book supervillain

Films

 * Whiteout (2009 film), based on the comic book
 * Whiteout (2000 film), a Japanese film directed by Setsurou Wakamatsu

Albums

 * White Out (album), a 2000 album by American band Verbow
 * Whiteout (album), a 2000 album by rock band Boss Hog
 * Whiteout (EP), a 2012 song and eponymous EP by Dawn Richard

Songs

 * "White Out", a 2014 song by Amy Lee featuring Dave Eggar from the album Aftermath
 * "Whiteout", a song by Killing Joke on the 1994 album Pandemonium

Groups

 * White Out (band), an American experimental rock group
 * Whiteout (band), a Scottish rock group

Literature

 * Whiteout (Judge Dredd novel), a 2005 novel by James Swallow
 * Whiteout (Follett novel), a 2004 novel by Ken Follett
 * Whiteout (Oni Press), a 1998 comic book limited series by Greg Rucka
 * Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press, a history book by Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair

Sports

 * White Out (Penn State), a college football tradition at Penn State during its home games against Michigan and Ohio State, where all spectators come dressed in white
 * Winnipeg White Out, a hockey tradition started by fans of the Winnipeg Jets

Other uses

 * Whiteout (weather)
 * Whiteout Peak, a mountain in Alaska
 * Whitey (drugs) or white-out; paleness as a result of drug-related nausea
 * White Out, a flavor of Mountain Dew soda
 * Wite-Out, a brand of correction fluid

title: Whiteout


text:
Femtometre

The femtometre (American spelling femtometer), symbol fm,  (derived from the Danish and Norwegian word femten 'fifteen', μέτρον) is  a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equal to 10−15 metres, which means a quadrillionth of one metre. This distance is sometimes called a fermi and was so named in honour of Italian naturalized to American physicist Enrico Fermi, as it is a typical length-scale of nuclear physics.

Definition and equivalents
1000000 zeptometres = 1 femtometre = 1 fermi = 0.000001 nanometre = $1 m$

$6.188$ femtometres = 1 millimetre.

For example, the charge radius of a proton is approximately 0.841 femtometres while the radius of a gold nucleus is approximately 8.45 femtometres.

1 barn = 100 fm2

History
The femtometre was adopted by the 11th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures, and added to the SI in 1964, using the Danish word for "15" and the similarity in spelling with fermi.

The fermi is named after the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), one of the founders of nuclear physics. The term was coined by Robert Hofstadter in a 1956 paper published in Reviews of Modern Physics entitled "Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure". The term is widely used by nuclear and particle physicists. When Hofstadter was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics, it subsequently appeared in the text of his 1961 Nobel Lecture, "The electron-scattering method and its application to the structure of nuclei and nucleons" (December 11, 1961).

title: Femtometre


text:
PSR B1620−26 b

PSR B1620-26 b is an exoplanet located approximately 12,400 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Scorpius. It bears the unofficial nicknames "Methuselah" and "the Genesis planet" (named after the Biblical character Methuselah, who, according to the Bible, lived to be the oldest person) due to its extreme age. The planet is in a circumbinary orbit around the two stars of PSR B1620-26 (which are a pulsar (PSR B1620-26 A) and a white dwarf (WD B1620-26)) and is the first circumbinary planet ever confirmed. It is also the first planet found in a globular cluster. The planet is one of the oldest known extrasolar planets, believed to be about 12.7 billion years old.

Mass, orbit, and age
PSR B1620-26 b has a mass of 2.627 times that of Jupiter, and orbits at a distance of 23 AU (3.4 billion km), a little larger than the distance between Uranus and the Sun. Each orbit of the planet takes about 100 years.

The triple system is just outside the core of the globular cluster Messier 4. The age of the cluster has been estimated to be about 12.7 billion years, and because all stars in a cluster form at about the same time, and planets form together with their host stars, it is likely that PSR B1620-26 b is also about 12.7 billion years old. This is much older than any other known planet discovered to date, and nearly three times as old as Earth.

Host stars
PSR B1620-26 b orbits a pair of stars. The primary star, PSR B1620-26, is a pulsar, a neutron star spinning at 100 revolutions per second, with a mass of 1.34, a likely radius of around 20 kilometers (0.00003 ) and a likely temperature less than or equal to 300,000 K. The second is a white dwarf with a mass of 0.34, a likely radius of around 0.01 , and a likely temperature less than or equal to 25,200 K. These stars orbit each other at a distance of 1 AU about once every six months. The age of the system is 12.7 to 13 billion years old, making this one of the oldest binary stars known. In comparison, the Sun has an age of 4.6 billion years.

The binary system's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 24. It is far too dim to be seen with the naked eye.

Evolutionary history
The origin of this pulsar planet is still uncertain, but it probably did not form where it is found today. Because of the decreased gravitational force when the core of star collapses to a neutron star and ejects most of its mass in a supernova explosion, it is unlikely that a planet could remain in orbit after such an event. It is more likely that the planet formed in orbit around the star that has now evolved into the white dwarf, and that the star and planet were only later captured into orbit around the neutron star.

Stellar encounters are not very common in the disk of the Milky Way, where the Sun is, but in the dense core of globular clusters they occur frequently. At some point during the 10 billion years, the neutron star is thought to have encountered and captured the host star of the planet into a tight orbit, probably losing a previous companion star in the process. About half a billion years ago, the newly captured star began to expand into a red giant (see stellar evolution).

Typical pulsar periods for young pulsars are of the order of one second, and they increase with time; the very short periods exhibited by so-called millisecond pulsars are due to the transfer of material from a binary companion. The pulse period of PSR B1620-26 is a few milliseconds, providing strong evidence for matter transfer. It is believed that as the pulsar's red giant companion expanded, it filled and then exceeded its Roche lobe, so that its surface layers started being transferred onto the neutron star.

The infalling matter produced complex and spectacular effects. The infalling matter 'spun up' the neutron star, due to the transfer of angular momentum, and for a few hundred million years, the stars formed a low-mass X-ray binary, as the infalling matter was heated to temperatures high enough to glow in X-rays.

Mass transfer came to an end when the surface layers of the mass-losing star were depleted, and the core slowly shrunk to a white dwarf. Now the stars peacefully orbit around each other. The long-term prospects for PSR B1620-26 b are poor, though. The triple system, which is much more massive than a typical isolated star in M4, is slowly drifting down into the core of the cluster, where the density of stars is very high. In a billion years or so, the triple will probably have another close encounter with a nearby star. The most common outcome of such encounters is that the lightest companion is ejected from the multiple star system. If this happens, PSR B1620-26 b will most likely be ejected completely from M4, and will spend the rest of its existence wandering alone in interstellar space as an interstellar planet.

Detection and discovery
Like nearly all extrasolar planets discovered prior to 2008, PSR B1620-26 b was originally detected through the Doppler shifts its orbit induces on radiation from the star it orbits (in this case, changes in the apparent pulsation period of the pulsar). In the early 1990s, a group of astronomers led by Donald Backer, who were studying what they thought was a binary pulsar, determined that a third object was needed to explain the observed Doppler shifts. Within a few years, the gravitational effects of the planet on the orbit of the pulsar and white dwarf had been measured, giving an estimate of the mass of the third object that was too small for it to be a star. The conclusion that the third object was a planet was announced by Stephen Thorsett and his collaborators in 1993.

The study of the planetary orbit allowed the mass of the white dwarf star to be estimated as well, and theories of the formation of the planet suggested that the white dwarf should be young and hot. On July 10, 2003, the detection of the white dwarf and confirmation of its predicted properties were announced by a team led by Steinn Sigurdsson, using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. It was at a NASA press briefing that the name Methuselah was introduced, capturing press attention around the world.

Name
While the designation PSR B1620-26 b is not used in any scientific papers, the planet is listed in the SIMBAD database as PSR B1620-26 b. Some popular sources use the designation PSR B1620-26 c to refer to the planet, as it was described as the third member of a triple system (composed of the planet and two stars). This designation doesn't appear in the SIMBAD database, and more modern naming conventions use a separated lettering system where lower-case letters to refer to planets and upper-case letters to designate stars (e.g. Gliese 667 Cc is the 'c' planet orbiting Gliese 667C, which is the 'C' star of a triple system), making PSR B1620-26 b the designation for a planet orbiting both stars of the PSR B1620-26 system. Neither usage is employed in the scientific literature with respect to the PSR B1620-26 planet.

Though not officially recognized, the name "Methuselah" is commonly used for the planet in popular articles. This name is usually used as the informal name to show the similarities to the planets of the Solar System, while the "letter name" is used astronomically. Methuselah is the only planet to have received a biblical name or nickname, although three other extrasolar planets have been unofficial mythological nicknames (just like in the Solar System), those planets being Dimidium, originally dubbed "Bellerophon"; Gliese 581 g, sometimes called "Zarmina," or even more rarely "Zarmina's World" or "Zarmina's Planet"; and HD 209458 b, occasionally referred to as "Osiris."

title: PSR B1620−26 b


text:
John Strype

John Strype (1 November 1643 – 11 December 1737) was an English clergyman, historian and biographer from London. He became a merchant when settling in Petticoat Lane. In his twenties, he became perpetual curate of Theydon Bois, Essex and later became curate of Leyton; this allowed him direct correspondence with several highly notable ecclesiastical figures of his time. He wrote extensively in his later years.

Life
Born in Houndsditch, London, he was the son of John Strype (or van Stryp) and cousin to sailor and writer Robert Knox. A member of a Huguenot family who, in order to escape religious persecution within Brabant, had settled in East London. Located in what has now become known as Strype Street in Petticoat Lane, he was a merchant and silk throwster. The younger John was educated at St Paul's School, and on 5 July 1662 entered Jesus College, Cambridge; he went on from there to St Catharine's Hall, where he graduated B.A. in 1665 and M.A. in 1669. On 14 July 1669 Strype became perpetual curate of Theydon Bois, and a few months afterwards curate and lecturer of Leyton in the same county. He was never instituted or inducted to the living of St Mary's Church, Leyton, but in 1674 he was licensed by the Bishop of London to preach and expound the word of God, and to perform the office of priest and curate while it was vacant, and until his death he received the profits of it. In 1711 he obtained from Archbishop Thomas Tenison the sinecure of West Tarring, Sussex, and he discharged the duties of lecturer at Hackney from 1689 until 1724. In Hackney, he spent his last years with a married granddaughter, the wife of a surgeon, Thomas Harris, dying there at the age of 94. He was buried in the church at Leyton.

Works
Through his friendship with Sir William Hicks, Strype obtained access to the papers of Sir Michael Hicks, secretary to Lord Burghley, from which he made extensive transcripts; he also carried on an extensive correspondence with Archbishop William Wake and Bishops Gilbert Burnet, Francis Atterbury and Nicholson. The materials he obtained were used in his historical and biographical works, which relate chiefly to the period of the Protestant Reformation. Most of his original materials have been preserved, and are included among the Lansdowne manuscripts in the British Library. His publications consist historical reference material of considerable value, and are convenient books of reference.

Strype's major works are: His Historical and Biographical Works were reprinted in 59 vols. at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, between 1812 (Cranmer) and 1824 (Annals). A general index by Robert French Laurence in 2 vols. was added in 1828. Strype also published, besides a number of single sermons, an edition of John Lightfoot's Works (1684); and in 1700 Some genuine Remains of John Lightfoot ... with a large preface concerning the author.
 * the Memorials of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1694 (ed. for the EccI. Hist. Soc., in 3 vols., Oxford, 1848–1854; and in 2 vols. with notes by PE Barnes, London, 1853)
 * Life of the learned Sir Thomas Smith (1698)
 * Life and Acts of John Aylmer, Lord Bishop of London (1701)
 * Life of the learned Sir John Cheke, with his Treatise on Superstition (1705)
 * Annals of the Reformation in England (4 volumes: vol. I 1709–1725; vol. II 1725; vol. III 1728; vol. IV 1731, 2nd ed. 1735, 3rd ed. 1736–1738)
 * Life and Acts of Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury (1710)
 * Life and Acts of Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury (1711)
 * Life and Acts of John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury (1718)
 * A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster (1720), an updated edition of the original A Survey of London by John Stow (1598, 2nd edition 1603)
 * Ecclesiastical Memorials (5 vols., 1721; 3 vols., 1733).

Online versions

 * Memorials of the Most Reverend Father in God, Thomas Cranmer, Sometime Lord Archbishop of Canterbury by John Strype (Oxford University Press, 1812): Volume I, Volume II
 * The Life of the Learned Sir Thomas Smith, Kt.D.C.L. by John Strype (Clarendon Press, 1820)
 * Historical Collection of the Life and Acts of John Aylmer by John Strype (1821 ed.)
 * The Life of the Learned Sir John Cheke, Kt. by John Strype (1821 ed.)
 * The Life and Acts of Edmund Grindal by John Strype (1821 ed.)
 * The Life and Acts of Matthew Parker by John Strype (1821 ed.): Volume I, Volume II, Volume III
 * The Life and Acts of John Whitgift, D.D. by John Strype (1822 ed.): Volume I,Volume II, Volume III
 * Ecclesiastical Memorials, Relating Chiefly to Religion, and the Reformation of It, and the Emergencies of the Church of England, Under King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, and Queen Mary I by John Strype (Clarendon Press, 1822): Vol. I, Pt. I, Vol. I, Pt. II, Vol. II, Pt. I, Vol. II, Pt. II, Vol. III, Pt. I, Vol. III, Pt. II
 * Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and Other Various Occurrences in the Church of England, During Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign by John Strype (1824 ed.): Vol. I, Pt. I, Vol. I, Pt. II, Vol. II, Pt. I, Vol. II., Pt. II, Vol. III, Pt. I, Vol. III, Pt. II, Vol. IV

title: John Strype


text:
Gore

Gore may refer to:

Australia

 * Gore, Queensland
 * Gore Creek (New South Wales)
 * Gore Island (Queensland)

Canada

 * Gore, Nova Scotia, a rural community
 * Gore, Quebec, a township municipality
 * Gore Bay, Ontario, a township on Manitoulin Island

United Kingdom

 * Gore Hundred, a historic subdivision of Middlesex
 * Kensington Gore, a street in Kensington, West London
 * Gore House, on Kensington Gore
 * Gore Water, a tributary of the River Esk, Lothian, which gives its name to Gorebridge

United States

 * Gore, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Gore, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Gore, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Gore, Oklahoma, a town
 * Gore, Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Gore Canyon, Colorado
 * Gore Creek (Colorado)
 * Gore Mountain (New York)
 * Gore Mountain (Vermont)
 * Gore Range, Colorado
 * Goretown, South Carolina, an unincorporated community
 * Junction City, Kentucky, formerly known as Gore
 * "The Gore", southeast Indiana, a nickname for part of the former Northwest Territory ceded from Ohio to Indiana in 1803, originally Dearborn County
 * Gore Township, Michigan

Elsewhere

 * Gorë, a former municipality in Korçë County, Albania
 * Goré, Chad, a town
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Goré, Chad
 * Gore District, Upper Canada, an historical district of Upper Canada, now the province of Ontario, Canada
 * Gore District, New Zealand, a district in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand
 * Gore, New Zealand, a town
 * Gore, Ethiopia, a town
 * Gore Island (Baja California), Mexico

People

 * Gore (given name), including a list of notable people with the given name
 * Gore (surname), including a list of notable people with the surname
 * Al Gore (born 1948), American politician and environmentalist
 * Gore, family name of the Earls of Arran in the Peerage of Ireland
 * Gore baronets, in the Baronetage of Ireland
 * Gregor Gore Verbinski (born 1964), American film director, screenwriter, producer and musician
 * Gore Vidal (1925–2012), American writer

Fictional places

 * Gore, a mythical place mentioned in the Arthurian legend, ruled by King Urien and probably based on the historical kingdom of Rheged
 * The Gore, a fictional place in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings

Music

 * Gore (band), a Dutch rock band formed in 1985
 * Gore (Deftones album), 2016, or the title track
 * Gore (Lous and the Yakuza album), 2020
 * "Gore", a song by Trippie Redd from his 2018 album Life's a Trip

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * General Gore (character), fictional character in the film Friend of the World by Brian Patrick Butler
 * Gore (film), a cancelled biographical film about Gore Vidal
 * Gore: Ultimate Soldier, a 2002 first-person shooter video game
 * The Unseen (novel), a horror-mystery novel by Joseph Citro, also known as The Gore
 * Splatter film, a horror genre also known as "gore film"
 * Gore, colloquial term for recordings of graphic violence

Textiles

 * Gore (fabrics), a triangular piece of cloth used in dress making or hat making
 * Gore-Tex, a fabric made by W. L. Gore and Associates
 * W. L. Gore and Associates, maker of Gore-Tex fabrics and other industrial products

Other uses

 * Gore (heraldry), a roughly triangular charge upon a shield in a coat of arms
 * Gore (road), a narrow, triangular area of land often found at road merges and diverges
 * Gore (segment), an (often triangular) sector of a curved surface as used to make globes and balloons
 * Gore (surveying), a narrow usually triangular strip of land
 * HMS Gore, a British frigate which served in the Royal Navy from 1943 to 1946
 * Striking spear, or The Gore, a wrestling attack move used by Rhyno

title: Gore


text:
Tadanobu Asano

Tadanobu Satō (佐藤 忠信), better known by his stage name Tadanobu Asano (浅野 忠信), is a Japanese actor, director, and musician, who has had an extensive career working in both Japanese and international cinema. He has been nominated for five Japan Academy Film Prizes, twice for Best Actor and three times for Best Supporting Actor, and winner of its Most Popular Performer award.

Among his best-known roles are in Hirokazu Kore-eda's Maboroshi no Hikari (1995) and Distance (2001), Hyozo Tashiro in Gohatto (1999), Kakihara in Ichi the Killer (2001), Hattori Genosuke in Zatoichi (2003), Kenji in Last Life in the Universe (also 2003), and Temujin in Mongol (2007). He has also appeared in Hollywood films, notably as Hogun in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Lord Kira Yoshinaka in 47 Ronin (2013), the Interpreter in Martin Scorsese's Silence (2016), Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi in Midway (2019), and Raiden in Mortal Kombat (2021), based on the fighting video game of the same name. He gained additional recognition in 2024 for his portrayal of Lord Kashigi Yabushige on the American television series Shōgun, based on the James Clavell novel.

Asano has worked with some of the most prominent and acclaimed directors in Japanese cinema, including Hirokazu Kore-eda, Takeshi Kitano, Nagisa Ōshima, Takashi Miike, Nobuhiko Obayashi and Kiyoshi Kurosawa, along with international directors like Martin Scorsese, Kenneth Branagh, Wong Kar-wai, Roland Emmerich, Pen-ek Ratanaruang and Sergei Bodrov. Among other accolades, he has twice won the Best Actor Award at the Yokohama Film Festival, the Upstream Prize for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival, and the Best Actor Award at the Moscow International Film Festival.

Early life
Asano was born in the Honmoku area of Yokohama, to artist Yukihisa Satō (佐藤 幸久) and mother Junko (順子). Through his mother, Asano is of one-quarter American ancestry. His maternal grandfather was Willard Overing, a U.S. citizen of Norwegian descent, whom Asano never met. Asano has an older brother, Kujun Satō, born in 1971, who is a musician and a partner in Anore Inc. (now Adonis A), a talent agency Asano and their father Yukihisa Satō founded.

Career
Asano's father, an actors' agent, suggested he take on his first acting role in the TV show Kinpachi Sensei at the age of 16. His film debut was in the 1990 Swimming Upstream (Bataashi Kingyo), though his first major critical success was in Shunji Iwai's Fried Dragon Fish (1993). His first critical success internationally was Hirokazu Kore-eda's Maboroshi no Hikari (1995), in which he played a man who inexplicably throws himself in front of a train, widowing his wife and orphaning his infant son. He also worked with Kore-eda in the pseudo-documentary Distance in 2001. His best known works internationally are the samurai films Gohatto (aka Taboo, 1999) and Zatoichi (2003), as well as the critically acclaimed Bright Future.

Asano acted in Katsuhito Ishii's 2003 film The Taste of Tea, which premiered at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. He appeared as the lead actor in Last Life in the Universe (2003) by Thai director Pen-Ek Ratanaruang and starred in Ratanaruang's 2006 follow-up film, Invisible Waves. In 2007, he starred as the young Genghis Khan in Sergei Bodrov's Oscar-nominated film Mongol. In Villon's Wife (2009), he played the part of an alcoholic writer, stating that, since he doesn't drink alcohol, he based his performance on people he knows. In 2011, he starred in the Marvel Studios film Thor as the Asgardian warrior Hogun, a member of the Warriors Three and companion to Thor. He reprised the role in 2013's Thor: The Dark World and 2017's Thor: Ragnarok.

Asano appeared in the 2021 Mortal Kombat reboot as Raiden. In September 2021, Asano was announced as part of the cast of the FX limited series Shōgun, adapted from the James Clavell novel.

In addition to his acting career, Asano directed commercial TV spots for his then-wife, Chara. He formed the band MACH-1.67 with director Sogo Ishii in 1996 and has also played in the bands Peace Pill and Safari. He is an artist and a model, most notably for Japanese fashion designers Jun Takahashi and Takeo Kikuchi, for whom he filmed a series of commercial spots directed by Wong Kar-wai, including the short film wkw/tk/1996@7'55"hk.net.

Asano and his father left the actors' agency Anore Inc. (now Adonis A) in 2022. After leaving the agency, he continued to give it his support.

Personal life
Asano met J-pop singer Chara on the set of Iwai's Picnic (1994). They were married in March 1995 while Chara was pregnant with their first child, a daughter named Sumire, who was born on July 4 that same year. In 1999, they had a son named Himi. In July 2009, Chara announced on her website that the couple was divorcing. She received custody of both their children.

In August 2022, Asano announced through his Twitter and Instagram accounts that he had married model and actress Kurumi Nakata who is eighteen years younger than him (b. 1991). The two had reportedly been in a relationship for over six years.

Awards
Asano won the Most Popular Performer award at the 1997 Japanese Academy Awards for Acri and was nominated in the Best Supporting Actor category in 2004 for his performance in Zatôichi. He also received the Upstream Prize for Best Actor at the 2003 Venice Film Festival for his role in Last Life in the Universe. In 2014, he won the award for Best Actor at the 36th Moscow International Film Festival for his role in My Man.

title: Tadanobu Asano