text:
Puppy mill

A puppy mill, also known as a puppy farm, is a commercial dog breeding facility characterized by quick breeding and poor conditions. Although no standardized legal definition for "puppy mill" exists, a definition was established in Avenson v. Zegart in 1984 as "a dog breeding operation in which the health of the mill’s dogs is disregarded to maintain a low overhead and maximize profits". They are cited as being a result of increased demand for household pets, especially after World War II. The Veterinary Medical Association of the Humane Society of the United States defines the main characteristics of a puppy mill as "emphasis on quantity over quality, indiscriminate breeding, continuous confinement, lack of human contact and environmental enrichment, poor husbandry, and minimal to no veterinary care."

There are an estimated 10,000 licensed and unlicensed puppy mills in the United States, in total selling more than 2,000,000 puppies annually.

The term "mill" is also applied to operations involving other animals bred for profit, including cats. For-profit breeding on a smaller scale may be referred to as backyard breeding, although this term may also refer to unplanned or non-commercial breeding. Like "mill", it has negative connotations.

The United States Department of Agriculture oversees regulations pertaining to the commercial dog industry. The regulations are similar to those in the livestock industry.

Puppy mills have been found to negatively affect dogs' mental health as many develop psychological scars, phobias, fears and compulsive behaviors.

Differences in breeding conditions
The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club both state that responsible breeders should raise their animals with the intent to produce healthy dogs and to ensure that all animals are provided with responsible homes and socialization. However, there is no way to enforce these wishes or records being kept to prove this is the case. The socialization period in a puppy occurs between the ages of 4 weeks and up to 14 weeks of age. This period is crucial for adult development as almost all adult abilities are learned during this stage. With puppy mills essentially skipping the process of socialization, the result is often social problems when the puppy matures to adulthood.

Females in puppy mills are sometimes bred every time they are in heat, regardless of whether they have physically recovered from the last litter. Once a breeding female can no longer be bred, whether from pure exhaustion or from age, the female is usually killed. Puppies are also often weaned from their mothers well before the recommended 8–10 weeks of age.

Conditions in puppy mills
The ASPCA states that some puppy mills can have up to 1,000 dogs under one roof. Because of the high volume of animals, the mill runner will often resort to housing them in wire cages. This results in the animals having poor locomotion. Keeping dogs in wire kennels can lead to injury and damage to the dogs' paws and legs. It's also fairly common for these kennels to be stacked on top of each other in columns. The conditions in these mills are so unsanitary that the animals are often coated in their own urine and feces, causing mats in their fur. Due to unsanitary conditions, puppies from mills will often have internal parasites, affecting their health. Puppy mills are often unheated and this increases the number of deaths due to cold among the dogs used for breeding. Conversely, the mills can also be too hot in warmer weather leading to hyperthermia.

Other common conditions in mills include malnutrition and untreated injuries.

Due to the frequently poor breeding conditions in puppy mills, puppies bred there often suffer from health and/or social problems. Puppy mill dogs are usually housed in a small, wire cages similar to rabbit hutches and chicken coops. Puppies raised in these cramped environments shared by many other dogs become poorly socialized to other dogs and to humans. Dogs are then transported over long distances in poor conditions, sometimes resulting in animal stress and death. As the surviving mill dogs grow older, they are more prone to developing respiratory ailments and pneumonia, as well as hereditary defects such as hip dysplasia. In addition, mill dogs are more prone to having problems with their temperament due to lack of socialization, enrichment, and positive human contact. Puppies from mills are usually sold as purebred dogs in an attempt to attract the higher prices associated with purebreds. However, due to the indiscriminate breeding practices of puppy mills, the dog may not actually be a purebred puppy. A high population of puppies from mills are inbred due to uncontrolled breeding. The vast majority of puppy mill animals are sold to pet stores by "dealers" or "brokers". Some puppies are sold by dealers masquerading as authentic breeders.

Puppy mills in the US often start with hundreds of female dogs which serve their entire lives in the establishment. The females are bred until they can no longer conceive puppies, and are often euthanized after that. The estimated number of puppies per breeding female per year is 9.4. In most puppy mills, the dogs live in cages that are only 6 in larger than the dog on all sides, which is the minimum legal size allowed. Two million puppies are bred in mills each year and almost 1.2 million dogs are euthanized in shelters every year. The conditions in puppy mills are considered inhumane because all of the dogs are in a small, dirty area which is confined with disease and bacteria. Because of the poor living conditions, dogs are often sick and malnourished. Food is often found crawling with bugs and feces is almost everywhere. Health issues that are prevalent in puppy mills consist of giardia, mange, heartworm, respiratory infections, and much more.

History
Puppy mills originated in the post-World War II era. Midwestern farmers, suffering crop failures, turned to puppy farming as an alternative crop. An increasing demand for household pets resulted in the development of the "commercial puppy business".

Conditions in puppy mills were well known to be poor. As a result, organizations such as the Humane Society of the United States began to investigate breeding kennels, leading to the passage of the Animal Welfare Act of August 24, 1966.

United States
According to the Humane Society of the United States, only about 3,000 of the 10,000 puppy mills in the United States are closely monitored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This presents the possibility of significant noncompliance with federal law by owners and operators of mill operations. Puppy mills do not only affect the dogs that live in and come from them; purchases from pet stores and breeders lessen the number of adoptions from shelters, where three to four million dogs are euthanized every year.

A high concentration of both puppy mills and breeders has been reported in the states of Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri.

Pennsylvania, and in particular, Lancaster County, has been labeled the "Puppy Mill Capital of the East" due to its high volume of puppy mills.

Missouri has been labeled the "Puppy Mill Capital of the U.S." by animal welfare and consumer protection groups. A study by the Better Business Bureau concluded that the southwest corner of Missouri is the hub of the nation's puppy mill industry, and termed it the "national hot spot of the puppy industry." The state of Missouri has around 1,600 puppy mills as of 2018

Australia
Dog breeding is regulated by individual Australian states. There is no available data on the prevalence of puppy farms.

In 2010 the RSPCA Australia identified 12 puppy farms in the state of Queensland and estimated a similar prevalence in other Australian states.

Hobby breeders

The term "puppy mill" has been widely used by animal rights groups in protests against breeders who have substandard breeding conditions. Critics in the breeder community claim that emotional rhetoric, sensationalism and pictures of dirty kennels are used to justify additional legislation or additional restrictive licensing that travels well beyond the initial goal of removing dogs from truly deplorable conditions, or that attempts to legislate puppy mills would put them out of business. They argue the laws requiring additional costs in updating and maintaining their facility and licensing would be detrimental to the dogs in their care. They cite existing lemon laws for puppies as sufficient protection for both dogs and prospective buyers.

United States
In the United States, some elements of the dog breeding industry are regulated by the Animal Welfare Act of August 24, 1966.

In recent years, state legislatures have passed new laws aimed at eliminating the worst abuses at puppy mills. New laws include limits on the number of breeding females, requirements that facilities be licensed and inspected, and requirements that dogs be given proper veterinary care. Louisiana, Pennsylvania and Virginia passed puppy mill laws in 2008, and 10 states passed laws in 2009 to crack down on abusive puppy mills.

In 2010, Missouri voters passed Proposition B, the "Puppy Mill Cruelty Prevention Act", which establishes minimum standards of humane care and limits breeders to 50 intact dogs.

A compromise, dubbed the Missouri Solution, was signed by Missouri Governor Jay Nixon.

Gov. Jay Nixon, Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster, Missouri Director of Agriculture Jon Hagler and Humane Society of Missouri President Kathy Warnick in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch state that "key provisions of a compromise dog breeding law passed in April will protect animals without putting dog breeders out of business."

It retained some of the provisions of Proposition B, and made available some state funding for inspections. Humane Society of Missouri President Kathy Warnick reacted favorably, seeing a step in the right direction for animal welfare.

The Missouri Senate has a current bill SB 161 that "modifies provisions relating to agriculture." Section 273.327, under the Animal Care Facilities Act states how there will be fees for dog facilities every year. On the same bill section 273.347, it states that breeders can receive penalties for animal care violations up to $1,000 and receive a class C misdemeanor.

Australia
Sydney Lord Mayor Clover Moore has responded to the problem of puppy mills in Australia by proposing the Animals Regulation of Sale Bill. It would ban the sale of dogs through pet shops, the internet or newspapers. The aim is to crack down on impulse purchases and shut down unregistered backyard breeders. These breeders should no longer easily profit from the sale of the dogs and the number of unwanted and abandoned animals could drop.

Also recently there were a few bold initiatives to fight against puppy mills. Namely RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) strategy. Oscar's law (The organization's name originates from the story of a dog called Oscar, who was rescued from a puppy factory in central Victoria). and Victorian Labor Party Efforts that restrict the number of dogs per breeding facility and require that pet shop owners keep records of every dog sold.

United Kingdom
In 1996, Britain passed the Breeding and Sale of Dogs Act which requires annual veterinary inspections for anyone breeding five or more litters in one year. Breeding females are restricted to one litter per year and four per lifetime.

Breeders who choose to be members of the UK Kennel Club are required to register purebred puppies for sale with that organization and must certify the conditions under which the puppies were raised. Breeders who sell puppies by misrepresenting these standards may be liable to prosecution under the Sale of Goods Act 1979.

Members of the UK public frequently buy puppies and kittens without knowing the conditions under which the animals were reared, the Blue Cross estimates from 40,000 to 80,000 puppies are sold that way per year. To prevent this a new law is planned banning the sale of puppies and kittens below the age of 6 months in England except by licensed breeders and rehoming centres. Paula Boyden, of the Dogs Trust, approves of the ban but advised, "potential loopholes" needed to be addressed. She maintains rehoming organisations need regulation.

Lucy's Law, which came into effect in April 2020, is intended to prevent puppy (and kitten) farming by banning third-party sales such as in pet shops.

Legal cases
Chelsea Vancleve v. Chien Et Chat, Inc. stated, "In 2014, the Animal Legal Defense Fund filed a lawsuit against Barkworks, a Southern California pet store chain with six locations." Barkworks tricked many puppy buyers into purchasing sick puppies. They were also making illegal breeder licenses, "fabricating breeding certificates and lying about providing veterinary care" The Animal Defense Fund made a complaint in 2015 that could have turned into a class action. The court prevented the case from going any further as a class action but in 2018, the parties agreed on a settlement. "Barkworks had taken down the misleading in-store signs and closed four of its six retail stores, and the California legislature had passed a law banning the sale of dogs from commercial breeders."

The Humane Society of the United States sued the USDA on March 21, 2018, "for failing to release information in the Animal Welfare Act records we requested under the Freedom of Information. The following day, Congress urged the USDA to restore the records as part of a report accompanying the agency's 2018 spending bill. As of April 20, 2018, USDA had still not restored the records."

The ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty) filed a lawsuit in 2021 against the USDA "for abandoning its responsibility to enforce the Animal Welfare Act (AWA)" which was put in place on August 24, 1966 to regulate the humane treatment of commercially bred dogs." The AWA requires the USDA to inspect facilities to ensure they meet the minimum requirements of care in which violators would be face penalties such as fines and license revocation. The lawsuit claims that the USDA purposefully has chosen to ignore violations which then go unreported and unpunished which has resulted in not a single penalty filed against a commercial dog dealer since 2017 despite overwhelming evidence of cruelty. It was also claimed the USDA did not act even with reported violations on record. As of 2024, the USDA has only issued four recored punishments to commercial dog dealers out of over 1,000 violations. These commercial dog dealers were still allowed to continue operating.

title: Puppy mill


text:
Sabbath (disambiguation)

Sabbath is a regular (usually weekly) time of rest, worship or special activity, observed by several religions and traditions.

Sabbath may also refer to:

Religion

 * Shabbat in Judaism
 * Sabbath in Christianity
 * Jumu'ah in Islam

Art and entertainment

 * The Witches' Sabbath or The Sabbath (1988), a drama film
 * Sabbath (Doctor Who), a Doctor Who villain
 * Mickey Sabbath, a character in Sabbath's Theater by Philip Roth

Other

 * Witches' Sabbath

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sabbath (disambiguation)


text:
Political system

In political science, a political system means the type of political organization that can be recognized, observed or otherwise declared by a state.

It defines the process for making official government decisions. It usually comprizes the governmental legal and economic system, social and cultural system, and other state and government specific systems. However, this is a very simplified view of a much more complex system of categories involving the questions of who should have authority and what the government influence on its people and economy should be.

The main types of political systems recognized are democracies, totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes with a variety of hybrid regimes. Modern classification system also include monarchies as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three.

Definition
According to David Easton, "A political system can be designated as the interactions through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society". Political system refers broadly to the process by which laws are made and public resources allocated in a society, and to the relationships among those involved in making these decisions.

Social political science
The sociological interest in political systems is figuring out who holds power within the relationship between the government and its people and how the government’s power is used. According to Yale professor Juan José Linz there a three main types of political systems today: democracies, totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes (with hybrid regimes). Another modern classification system includes monarchies as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three. Scholars generally refer to a dictatorship as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism.

Sociological and socioanthropological classification
Social anthropologists generally recognize four kinds of political systems, two of which are uncentralized and two of which are centralized.
 * Uncentralized systems
 * Band society
 * Small family group, no larger than an extended family or clan; it has been defined as consisting of no more than 30 to 50 individuals.
 * A band can cease to exist if only a small group walks out.
 * Tribe
 * Generally larger, consisting of many families. Tribes have more social institutions, such as a chief or elders.
 * More permanent than bands. Many tribes are sub-divided into bands.
 * Centralized governments
 * Chiefdom
 * More complex than a tribe or a band society, and less complex than a state or a civilization
 * Characterized by pervasive inequality and centralization of authority.
 * A single lineage/family of the elite class becomes the ruling elite of the chiefdom
 * Complex chiefdoms have two or even three tiers of political hierarchy.
 * "An autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief"
 * Sovereign state
 * A sovereign state is a state with a permanent population, a defined territory, a government and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states.
 * Supranational political systems
 * Supranational political systems are created by independent nations to reach a common goal or gain strength from forming an alliance.
 * Empires
 * Empires are widespread states consisting of people of different ethnicities under a single rule. Empires - such as the Romans, or British - often made considerable progress in ways of political structures, creating and building city infrastructures, and maintaining civility within the diverse communities. Because of the intricate organization of the empires, they were often able to hold a large majority of power on a universal level.
 * Leagues
 * Leagues are international organizations composed of states coming together for a single common purpose. In this way, leagues are different from empires, as they only seek to fulfill a single goal. Often leagues are formed on the brink of a military or economic downfall. Meetings and hearings are conducted in a neutral location with representatives of all involved nations present.

title: Political system


text:
Rate of return pricing

Rate of return pricing or target-return pricing is a method by which a company will set the price of its product based on their desired returns on said product. The concept of rate return pricing is very similar to return on investment, but in this circumstance the company can manipulate its prices to achieve the desired goal. This method is used primarily by companies that either have a lot of capital or have a monopoly on the market and when an investor requests a specific return on their investment. In a competitive market rate of return pricing can be a poor market strategy as its focus at the final profit margins and does not account for supply and demand factors. If a competitor is able to set a lower price, it could decrease demand for the product resulting in a lower sales then forecasted and failing to reach the desired profit margin.

Formula
The formula is: Target-return pricing = unit cost + [(desired return on investment * invested capital) / expected unit sales]

Use
Rate of return pricing enables firms to better assess the profitability of a product or service. It enables the cost of invested capital to be accounted when the setting price per unit and can be used to forecast the end monetary return of an exercise. It also helps the company in reaching certain profit goals' while maintaining liquidity. Additionally, if market conditions are stable, forecasts for returns will be extremely accurate as a certain target is being used in pricing achievements are solely dependent on sales.

title: Rate of return pricing


text:
Talk:Kamakura shogunate

Untitled
Never mind: Blanked Emperorbma 05:50 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I oppose listing Prince Morinaga and Prince Narinaga as Kamakura shoguns. They were appointed by their father Emperor Go-Daigo after the Kamakura shogunate was overthrown. --Nanshu 00:52, 4 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I suppose you are right or I really have no idea, just I reflected text I found in OpenHistory. -- Taku 02:14, Nov 4, 2003 (UTC)

I'm japanese, but I've never heard of "the Hidatori family" nof the "civil war" in Shikoku in those days.I believe the sentences below are historically false or not so well-known as to be written in the history of Kamakura shogunate. So I comment-outed them in the article.--Miya 11:36, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * A member of the Hidatori family, who died in 1332, left a large part of Shikoku in a state of civil war. Ashikaga Takauji brought this war to end. This was the last successful campaign of the Kamakura Shogunate.

The source may be a sort of game: see this site : http://p218.ezboard.com/fkamiganigogyounarutorpgfrm65.showMessage?topicID=115.topic

Hidatori (ひだとり) is unlike a Japanese name. But there is a fictional character named Hidetora (ひでとら) in the film 乱 (Ran (film)) by Akira Kurosawa. --Miya 12:05, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal with Kamakura period
Please discuss at Talk:Kamakura period. Steipe (talk) 18:38, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

fixed/corrected/rewrote Mongol Invasion section
It was somewhat erroneous, and had no citations. Hopefully this will clear up the problems with the text. This was perhaps the most important event under the Kamakura shogunate. HammerFilmFan (talk) 04:26, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Tokugawa shogunate which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:45, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

Old page history
Some old page history that used to be at the title "Kamakura shogunate" is now at Talk:Kamakura shogunate/Old history. Graham 87 09:13, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

Help
I have source which I want to use on this article, but I don't know that how to use it here.

My source is : "...warriors had come to exercise a domi- nant share of the total volume of local government, but even after two hundred years they remained politically immature. The most exalted warriors were still only middle-level figures in hierarchies dominated by courtiers and religious institutions in and near the capital. The bakufu's founding in the 1180s thus represented an initial breakthrough to power on the part of elite fighting men" Warrior Rule in Japan, page 1. Cambridge University Press. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shahanshah5 (talk • contribs) 09:38, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

Seeming duplication, or two similar events?
While digging around on other matters, I came to this page. The subsection "Mongol Invasions" seems to describe either two separate but identical events (a third of a Mongol invasion force wiped out when re-embarking in a typhoon) or one event in two different paragraphs separated by another. I don't have the subject matter knowledge to say which it is but some clarification from someone who does know would be appreciated. If it is indeed describing two different typhoons this should be made clear. If the same one, perhaps the first paragraph in the section should be less summary and more introductory. 98.167.238.72 (talk) 04:26, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kamakura shogunate


text:
The American President

The American President is a 1995 American political romantic comedy-drama film directed and produced by Rob Reiner and written by Aaron Sorkin. The film stars Michael Douglas as President Andrew Shepherd, a widower who pursues a relationship with environmental lobbyist Sydney Ellen Wade (Annette Bening) – who has just moved to Washington, D.C. – while at the same time attempting to win the passage of a crime control bill during a re-election year. Martin Sheen, Michael J. Fox and Richard Dreyfuss star in supporting roles.

The American President grossed $107.9 million on a budget of $62 million, and was praised by critics for its performances (especially of Douglas and Bening), musical score, story, and screenplay. The film earned composer Marc Shaiman a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score. The film was nominated for six Golden Globes: Best Picture - Comedy/Musical, Best Director, Best Actor in a Comedy/Musical for Douglas, Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical for Bening, and Best Screenplay. The American Film Institute ranked The American President No. 75 on its list of America's Greatest Love Stories.

Plot
Popular Democratic President Andrew Shepherd prepares to run for re-election. The president and his staff, led by Chief of Staff and best friend AJ MacInerney, attempt to consolidate the administration's 63% approval rating by passing a moderate crime control bill.

However, support for the bill in both parties is tepid: conservatives reject it, and liberals think it is too weak. If passed, however, Shepherd's re-election is presumed to be guaranteed. Shepherd resolves to announce the bill, and have the Congressional support to pass it, by his State of the Union Address.

When the widowed President's cousin, Judith, is sick and unable to act as hostess at a state dinner for the French president, Shepherd realizes his staff's public portrayal of him as lonely widower is true. Soon after, Shepherd meets and is attracted to Sydney Ellen Wade, a lawyer employed by an environmental lobbying firm that is working to pass legislation to substantially reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

During a meeting, Shepherd strikes a deal with Wade: if she can secure 24 votes for the environmental bill before his State of the Union Address, he will deliver the last 10 votes. MacInerney believes Wade will fail to obtain enough votes, thus releasing Shepherd from responsibility if the bill fails to pass.

Shepherd and Wade begin seeing each other and fall in love. Presidential hopeful Senator Bob Rumson steps up his attacks, focusing on Wade's activist past and maligning Shepherd's ethics and family values. The President's refusal to refute Rumson's aspersions lowers his approval ratings and erodes crucial political support that threatens the crime bill.

Wade is dejected after her failed meeting with three Michigan congressmen to discuss the environmental bill. When she tells Shepherd about the meeting, she inadvertently mentions that the congressmen want to defeat both the President's crime bill and Wade's environmental bill.

Shepherd and A.J. are conflicted about how they obtained this sensitive information. However, they are unable to ignore the opportunity to pass the crime bill, even if it means the president going back on his deal with Wade.

Eventually, Wade secures enough votes for the environmental bill while Shepherd is three short. He can only obtain them by shelving the environmental bill to solidify the three Michigan congressmen's votes for the crime bill –  which he agrees to do.

Wade's firm fires her for failing to achieve their objectives and for seemingly jeopardizing her political reputation. She goes to see Shepherd to end their relationship and says she has a job opportunity in Hartford, Connecticut. While he defends the crime bill as his top priority, she criticizes it as weakly worded with little chance of preventing crime.

Prior to the State of the Union Address, Shepherd makes a surprise appearance in the White House press room and rebukes Rumson's attacks on his values and character, as well as his relentless innuendos that Wade prostituted herself for political favors. He declares he will send the controversial environmental bill to Congress with a massive 20% cut in fossil fuels – far more than the 10% originally proposed. Furthermore, he is withdrawing the crime bill for a stronger one with significant gun control measures.

Shepherd's passion galvanizes the press and his staff. Shepherd and Wade reconcile, then she walks him to the doors of the House chamber where he enters to thunderous applause as he is about to deliver the State of the Union Address.

Production
Originally, actor Robert Redford approached a number of screenwriters with the single-line premise, "the president elopes". Sorkin, on the basis of his treatment, was selected by Redford to write the screenplay with Redford attached to star. Emma Thompson turned down the role of Sydney Wade. When Rob Reiner was brought aboard to direct, Redford dropped out. At the time, in October 1994, with cameras set to roll on November 30 of that year, Redford's publicist attributed his decision to his desire "to do a love story, but (Reiner) wanted to do something that was ultimately about politics". Other sources suggested that Redford and Reiner "didn't get along,...It was a personality thing."

In later interviews, writer Aaron Sorkin told TV Guide he wrote the screenplay while high on crack cocaine while he was living at the Four Seasons Hotel in Los Angeles, which is why it took him three years to complete it.

An extensive White House set, of both the East and West Wings, was built on the Castle Rock Entertainment lot in Culver City. The set's Oval Office was later reused for the films Nixon and Independence Day.

Lawsuit
William Richert sued the Writers Guild of America over not being credited on the screenplay of the film. Richert claimed Sorkin's screenplay was a thinly veiled plagiarism of Richert's 1981 screenplay The President Elopes. After Guild arbitration, Sorkin was awarded full credit on The American President. Richert also claimed that the television series The West Wing was derived from part of the same screenplay.

Release
The American President grossed $60.1 million in the United States, and $47.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $107.9 million.

The film grossed $10 million in its opening weekend (finishing third), $9.7 million in its second weekend, and $5.3 million in its third (finishing sixth both times).

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "A charming romantic comedy with political bite, Rob Reiner's The American President features strong lead performances and some poignant observations of politics and media in the 1990s." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

It received praise and "Two Thumbs Up" from Siskel and Ebert who were surprised by how good the film was considering Rob Reiner's previous film, North, was both of their selections for the worst movie of the year. Ebert said after detesting North he was very happy and pleased to give Reiner's next film a unanimously positive review. Siskel praised Douglas and Bening for their performances.

Influence on The West Wing
The screenplay for the film inspired many aspects of Sorkin's later television drama The West Wing. The two productions follow the staff of a largely idealized White House, and like many of Sorkin's projects, share ideologies.

The film's influence can be seen most clearly in early episodes of the series; some dialogue in the two are nearly identical. Sorkin has been known to say that much of the first season was actually taken from material he edited out of the first draft of The American President script.

One of the issues touched on in the film and developed in the series relates to gun control bills, developed in "Five Votes Down". While the bill is ultimately withdrawn by President Shepherd because it is ineffectual, on the series President Bartlet and his staff work hard to pass their bill even though it is badly flawed (and end up doubly unhappy when VP John Hoynes, whom the President and senior staff are feuding with, clinches the bill for them by persuading an influential southern Democrat to support it).

More significant is the issue of a "proportional response" to military attacks on American assets abroad. In The American President, Andrew Shepherd finds himself in the Situation Room having to order such an attack against Libya's intelligence headquarters after they bombed a missile defense system called "C-STAD" (Capricorn Surface-to-Air Defense) which had been positioned by the U.S. in Israel. He muses for a single line "Someday, someone's gonna have to explain to me the virtue of a proportional response", before giving the order. In "A Proportional Response", President Bartlet finds himself in similar circumstances (Syrian intelligence shot down a U.S. plane in Jordan and killed numerous Americans, including a young Naval officer who the President had decided would be his personal physician) and, seated in the White House Situation Room with his own National Security Council asks: "What is the virtue of a proportional response?" In both cases, the President chooses a military response that is relatively measured, but in the movie President Shepherd never considers a "disproportionate" response while President Bartlet plans such an action to destroy a large civilian airport in Syria; he eventually gives the green light for a strike similar to the one used in the movie.

The Global Defense Council, the fictional environmental lobby where Sydney Wade worked, is also featured in the West Wing episode called "The Drop-In", and is often referred to in other episodes.

In The American President, Sydney Ellen Wade is ultimately fired from her lobbyist position because the president has brokered a deal that causes her legislative effort to fail. Similarly, in the final episode of the third season of The West Wing, Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman uses the same tactic and ends up getting Amy Gardner fired from her position at the Women's Leadership Conference. Josh and Amy are dating when this takes place, just as the main characters are here. However, on the TV series it is Amy who tries to scuttle a bill (welfare reform) and Josh refuses to accept the demands of three Republican Congressmen because they amount to blackmail.

The American President includes mention of a Governor Stackhouse, while there is a Minnesota senator Howard Stackhouse (George Coe) in the two West Wing episodes "The Stackhouse Filibuster" and "The Red Mass". In the same way, the French President attending a state dinner in The American President seems to be the same President d'Astier that is often referred to in the West Wing.

Several actors from The American President reappear in The West Wing, including Martin Sheen (whose character in The American President, A.J., is at one point accused by Shepherd of lacking the courage to run for office himself) as President Josiah Bartlet, Anna Deavere Smith as National Security Advisor Dr. Nancy McNally, Joshua Malina as White House Communications Director Will Bailey, Nina Siemaszko as Ellie Bartlet, Ron Canada as Under Secretary of State Theodore Barrow, and Thom Barry as Congressman Mark Richardson.

Portrayals of the president as idealistic but indecisive are also similar. In The American President, Shepherd has to be convinced by his staff to stand up to his Republican opponent and pursue gun control and environmental legislation decisively. In The West Wing, Bartlet is sometimes referred to as “Uncle Fluffy” when endorsing moderate views that are more conciliatory and less resolute (for example, in the episodes “Let Bartlet Be Bartlet” and “The Two Bartlets”). More generally, both presidents are former university professors (history in the movie, economics in the show) with no military experience and a low tolerance for political expediency.

Other legacy
The concept for the television show Spin City was set in motion after the writers had seen Michael J. Fox in The American President playing one of the President's political aides. They wanted him to play a similar character for television.

In January 2012, while criticizing then-leader of the opposition (and future Prime Minister) Tony Abbott in a speech at the National Press Club in Canberra, Australian Federal Minister (and another future Prime Minister) Anthony Albanese plagiarised several lines from The American President.

In April 2013, New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd drew a sharp contrast between President Obama's unsuccessful effort to secure passage of expanded background-check legislation in the Senate, on one hand, and the all-out vote-gathering effort in The American President. The President responded to the column at the 2013 White House Correspondents' Dinner, noting the criticism and posing a series of rhetorical questions to Michael Douglas, who he said was in the audience, including, "Could it be that you were an actor in an Aaron Sorkin liberal fantasy?"

In the 2016 Presidential election candidate Ted Cruz paraphrased a portion of The American President when fellow candidate Donald Trump insulted Cruz's wife. Cruz stated, "...and if Donald wants to get into a character fight, he’s better off sticking with me because Heidi is way out of his league,” referencing the speech President Shepherd made about Rumson's attacks on Sydney Ellen Wade.

The film is recognized by the American Film Institute as #75 in its 2002 list of 100 Years...100 Passions.

title: The American President


text:
Knuth's up-arrow notation

In mathematics, Knuth's up-arrow notation is a method of notation for very large integers, introduced by Donald Knuth in 1976.

In his 1947 paper, R. L. Goodstein introduced the specific sequence of operations that are now called hyperoperations. Goodstein also suggested the Greek names tetration, pentation, etc., for the extended operations beyond exponentiation. The sequence starts with a unary operation (the successor function with n = 0), and continues with the binary operations of addition (n = 1), multiplication (n = 2), exponentiation (n = 3), tetration (n = 4), pentation (n = 5), etc. Various notations have been used to represent hyperoperations. One such notation is $$H_n(a,b)$$. Knuth's up-arrow notation $$\uparrow$$ is another. For example: 2 \uparrow\uparrow\uparrow 4 = H_5(2,4) = 2 \uparrow\uparrow (2 \uparrow\uparrow (2 \uparrow\uparrow 2 ))\\ &= 2 \uparrow\uparrow (2 \uparrow\uparrow (2 \uparrow 2 ))\\ &= 2 \uparrow\uparrow (2 \uparrow\uparrow 4 )\\ &= \underbrace{2 \uparrow (2 \uparrow (2 \uparrow\dots ))} \; = \; \underbrace{ \; 2^{2^{\cdots^2}}}\\ & \;\;\;\;\; 2 \uparrow\uparrow 4 \mbox{ copies of } 2 \;\;\;\;\; \mbox{65,536 2s}\\ \end{align}$$ The general definition of the up-arrow notation is as follows (for $$a \ge 0, n \ge 1, b \ge 0$$): $$a\uparrow^nb = H_{n+2}(a,b) = a[n+2]b.$$ Here, $$\uparrow^n$$ stands for n arrows, so for example $$2 \uparrow\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow 3 = 2\uparrow^4 3.$$ The square brackets are another notation for hyperoperations.
 * the single arrow $$\uparrow$$ represents exponentiation (iterated multiplication) $$2 \uparrow 4 = H_3(2,4) = 2\times(2\times(2\times 2)) = 2^4 = 16$$
 * the double arrow $$\uparrow\uparrow$$ represents tetration (iterated exponentiation) $$ 2 \uparrow\uparrow 4 = H_4(2,4) = 2 \uparrow (2 \uparrow (2 \uparrow 2))= 2^{2^{2^{2}}} = 2^{16} = 65,536$$
 * the triple arrow $$\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow$$ represents pentation (iterated tetration) $$\begin{align}

Introduction
The hyperoperations naturally extend the arithmetic operations of addition and multiplication as follows. Addition by a natural number is defined as iterated incrementation:

\begin{matrix} H_1(a,b) = a+b = & a+\underbrace{1+1+\dots+1} \\ & b\mbox{ copies of }1 \end{matrix} $$ Multiplication by a natural number is defined as iterated addition:

\begin{matrix} H_2(a,b) = a\times b = & \underbrace{a+a+\dots+a} \\ & b\mbox{ copies of }a \end{matrix} $$

For example,

\begin{matrix} 4\times 3 & = & \underbrace{4+4+4} & = & 12\\ & & 3\mbox{ copies of }4 \end{matrix} $$

Exponentiation for a natural power $$b$$ is defined as iterated multiplication, which Knuth denoted by a single up-arrow:

\begin{matrix} a\uparrow b = H_3(a,b) = a^b = & \underbrace{a\times a\times\dots\times a}\\ & b\mbox{ copies of }a \end{matrix} $$

For example,

\begin{matrix} 4\uparrow 3= 4^3 = & \underbrace{4\times 4\times 4} & = & 64\\ & 3\mbox{ copies of }4 \end{matrix} $$

Tetration is defined as iterated exponentiation, which Knuth denoted by a “double arrow”:

\begin{matrix} a\uparrow\uparrow b = H_4(a,b) = & \underbrace{a^{a^{{}^{.\,^{.\,^{.\,^a}}}}}} & = & \underbrace{a\uparrow (a\uparrow(\dots\uparrow a))} \\     & b\mbox{ copies of }a & & b\mbox{ copies of }a \end{matrix} $$

For example,

\begin{matrix} 4\uparrow\uparrow 3 = & \underbrace{4^{4^4}} & = & \underbrace{4\uparrow (4\uparrow 4)} & = & 4^{256} & \approx & 1.34078079\times 10^{154}& \\     & 3\mbox{ copies of }4 & &3\mbox{ copies of }4 \end{matrix} $$

Expressions are evaluated from right to left, as the operators are defined to be right-associative.

According to this definition,
 * $$3\uparrow\uparrow 2=3^3=27 $$
 * $$3\uparrow\uparrow 3=3^{3^3}=3^{27}=7,625,597,484,987 $$
 * $$3\uparrow\uparrow 4=3^{3^{3^3}}=3^{3^{27}}=3^{7625597484987}\approx 1.2580143\times 10^{3638334640024}

$$
 * $$3\uparrow\uparrow 5=3^{3^{3^{3^3}}}=3^{3^{3^{27}}}=3^{3^{7625597484987}}\approx 3^{1.2580143\times 10^{3638334640024}} $$
 * etc.

This already leads to some fairly large numbers, but the hyperoperator sequence does not stop here.

Pentation, defined as iterated tetration, is represented by the “triple arrow”:

\begin{matrix} a\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow b = H_5(a,b) = & \underbrace{a_{}\uparrow\uparrow (a\uparrow\uparrow(\dots\uparrow\uparrow a))}\\ & b\mbox{ copies of }a \end{matrix} $$ Hexation, defined as iterated pentation, is represented by the “quadruple arrow”:

\begin{matrix} a\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow b = H_6(a,b) = & \underbrace{a_{}\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow (a\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow(\dots\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow a))}\\ & b\mbox{ copies of }a \end{matrix} $$

and so on. The general rule is that an $$n$$-arrow operator expands into a right-associative series of ($$n - 1$$)-arrow operators. Symbolically,

\begin{matrix} a\ \underbrace{\uparrow_{}\uparrow\!\!\dots\!\!\uparrow}_{n}\ b=   \underbrace{a\ \underbrace{\uparrow\!\!\dots\!\!\uparrow}_{n-1} \ (a\ \underbrace{\uparrow_{}\!\!\dots\!\!\uparrow}_{n-1}   \ (\dots \ \underbrace{\uparrow_{}\!\!\dots\!\!\uparrow}_{n-1} \ a))}_{b\text{ copies of }a} \end{matrix} $$

Examples:

 * $$3\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow2 = 3\uparrow\uparrow3 = 3^{3^3} = 3^{27}=7,625,597,484,987$$

\begin{matrix} 3\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow3 = 3\uparrow\uparrow(3\uparrow\uparrow3) = 3\uparrow\uparrow(3\uparrow3\uparrow3) = & \underbrace{3_{}\uparrow 3\uparrow\dots\uparrow 3} \\ & 3\uparrow3\uparrow3\mbox{ copies of }3 \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} = & \underbrace{3_{}\uparrow 3\uparrow\dots\uparrow 3} \\ & \mbox{7,625,597,484,987 copies of 3} \end{matrix} \begin{matrix} = & \underbrace{3^{3^{3^{3^{\cdot^{\cdot^{\cdot^{\cdot^{3}}}}}}}}} \\ & \mbox{7,625,597,484,987 copies of 3} \end{matrix} $$

Notation
In expressions such as $$a^b$$, the notation for exponentiation is usually to write the exponent $$b$$ as a superscript to the base number $$a$$. But many environments — such as programming languages and plain-text e-mail — do not support superscript typesetting. People have adopted the linear notation $$a \uparrow b$$ for such environments; the up-arrow suggests 'raising to the power of'. If the character set does not contain an up arrow, the caret (^) is used instead.

The superscript notation $$a^b$$ doesn't lend itself well to generalization, which explains why Knuth chose to work from the inline notation $$a \uparrow b$$ instead.

$$a \uparrow^n b$$ is a shorter alternative notation for n uparrows. Thus $$a \uparrow^4 b = a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow b$$.

Writing out up-arrow notation in terms of powers
Attempting to write $$a \uparrow \uparrow b$$ using the familiar superscript notation gives a power tower.

 * For example: $$a \uparrow \uparrow 4 = a \uparrow (a \uparrow (a \uparrow a)) = a^{a^{a^a}}$$

If b is a variable (or is too large), the power tower might be written using dots and a note indicating the height of the tower.

 * $$a \uparrow \uparrow b = \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{b}$$

Continuing with this notation, $$a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow b$$ could be written with a stack of such power towers, each describing the size of the one above it.

 * $$a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow 4 = a \uparrow \uparrow (a \uparrow \uparrow (a \uparrow \uparrow a)) =

\underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{a} }}$$

Again, if b is a variable or is too large, the stack might be written using dots and a note indicating its height.

 * $$a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow b =

\left. \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{\vdots}_{a} }} \right\} b$$

Furthermore, $$a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow b$$ might be written using several columns of such stacks of power towers, each column describing the number of power towers in the stack to its left:

 * $$a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow 4 = a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow (a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow (a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow a)) =

\left.\left.\left. \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{\vdots}_{a} }} \right\} \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{\vdots}_{a} }} \right\} \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{\vdots}_{a} }} \right\} a$$

And more generally:

 * $$a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow b =

\underbrace{ \left.\left.\left. \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{\vdots}_{a} }} \right\} \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{a^{a^{.^{.^{.{a}}}}}}_{ \underbrace{\vdots}_{a} }} \right\} \cdots \right\} a }_{b}$$

This might be carried out indefinitely to represent $$a \uparrow^n b$$ as iterated exponentiation of iterated exponentiation for any a, n and b (although it clearly becomes rather cumbersome).

Using tetration
The Rudy Rucker notation $$^{b}a$$ for tetration allows us to make these diagrams slightly simpler while still employing a geometric representation (we could call these tetration towers).

 * $$ a \uparrow \uparrow b = { }^{b}a$$

 * $$ a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow b = \underbrace{^{^{^{^{^{a}.}.}.}a}a}_{b}$$

 * $$ a \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow b =

\left. \underbrace{^{^{^{^{^{a}.}.}.}a}a}_{ \underbrace{^{^{^{^{^{a}.}.}.}a}a}_{ \underbrace{\vdots}_{a} }} \right\} b$$

Finally, as an example, the fourth Ackermann number $$4 \uparrow^4 4$$ could be represented as:
 * $$\underbrace{^{^{^{^{^{4}.}.}.}4}4}_{ \underbrace{^{^{^{^{^{4}.}.}.}4}4}_{ \underbrace{^{^{^{^{^{4}.}.}.}4}4}_{4} }} =

\underbrace{^{^{^{^{^{4}.}.}.}4}4}_{ \underbrace{^{^{^{^{^{4}.}.}.}4}4}_{ ^{^{^{4}4}4}4 }}$$

Generalizations
Some numbers are so large that multiple arrows of Knuth's up-arrow notation become too cumbersome; then an n-arrow operator $$\uparrow^n$$ is useful (and also for descriptions with a variable number of arrows), or equivalently, hyper operators.

Some numbers are so large that even that notation is not sufficient. The Conway chained arrow notation can then be used: a chain of three elements is equivalent with the other notations, but a chain of four or more is even more powerful.

\begin{matrix} a\uparrow^n b & = & a [n+2] b & = & a\to b\to n \\ \mbox{(Knuth)} & & \mbox{(hyperoperation)} & & \mbox{(Conway)} \end{matrix} $$ $$6\uparrow\uparrow4$$ = $$\underbrace{6^{6^{.^{.^{.^{6}}}}}}_{4}$$, Since $$6\uparrow\uparrow4$$ = $$6^{6^{6^{6}}}$$ = $$6^{6^{46,656}}$$, Thus the result comes out with $$\underbrace{6^{6^{.^{.^{.^{6}}}}}}_{4}$$

$$10\uparrow(3\times10\uparrow(3\times10\uparrow15)+3)$$ = $$\underbrace{100000...000}_{ \underbrace{300000...003}_{\underbrace{300000...000}_{15} }}$$ or $$10^{3\times10^{3\times10^{15}}+3}$$ (Petillion)

Even faster-growing functions can be categorized using an ordinal analysis called the fast-growing hierarchy. The fast-growing hierarchy uses successive function iteration and diagonalization to systematically create faster-growing functions from some base function $$f(x)$$. For the standard fast-growing hierarchy using $$f_0(x) = x+1$$, $$f_2(x)$$ already exhibits exponential growth, $$f_3(x)$$ is comparable to tetrational growth and is upper-bounded by a function involving the first four hyperoperators;. Then, $$f_\omega(x)$$ is comparable to the Ackermann function, $$f_{\omega + 1}(x)$$ is already beyond the reach of indexed arrows but can be used to approximate Graham's number, and $$f_{\omega^2}(x)$$ is comparable to arbitrarily-long Conway chained arrow notation.

These functions are all computable. Even faster computable functions, such as the Goodstein sequence and the TREE sequence require the usage of large ordinals, may occur in certain combinatorical and proof-theoretic contexts. There exist functions which grow uncomputably fast, such as the Busy Beaver, whose very nature will be completely out of reach from any up-arrow, or even any ordinal-based analysis.

Definition
Without reference to hyperoperation the up-arrow operators can be formally defined by

a\uparrow^n b=  \begin{cases} a^b, & \text{if }n=1; \\ 1, & \text{if }n>1\text{ and }b=0; \\ a\uparrow^{n-1}(a\uparrow^{n}(b-1)), & \text{otherwise } \end{cases} $$ for all integers $$a, b, n$$ with $$a \ge 0, n \ge 1, b \ge 0$$.

This definition uses exponentiation $$(a\uparrow^1 b = a\uparrow b = a^b)$$ as the base case, and tetration $$(a\uparrow^2 b = a\uparrow\uparrow b)$$ as repeated exponentiation. This is equivalent to the hyperoperation sequence except it omits the three more basic operations of succession, addition and multiplication.

One can alternatively choose multiplication $$(a\uparrow^0 b = a \times b)$$ as the base case and iterate from there. Then exponentiation becomes repeated multiplication. The formal definition would be

a\uparrow^n b=  \begin{cases} a\times b, & \text{if }n=0; \\ 1, & \text{if }n>0\text{ and }b=0; \\ a\uparrow^{n-1}(a\uparrow^{n}(b-1)), & \text{otherwise } \end{cases} $$ for all integers $$a, b, n$$ with $$a \ge 0, n \ge 0, b \ge 0$$.

Note, however, that Knuth did not define the "nil-arrow" ($$\uparrow^0$$). One could extend the notation to negative indices (n ≥ -2) in such a way as to agree with the entire hyperoperation sequence, except for the lag in the indexing:
 * $$H_n(a, b) = a [n] b = a \uparrow^{n-2}b\text{ for } n \ge 0.$$

The up-arrow operation is a right-associative operation, that is, $$a \uparrow b \uparrow c$$ is understood to be $$a \uparrow (b \uparrow c)$$, instead of $$(a \uparrow b) \uparrow c$$. If ambiguity is not an issue parentheses are sometimes dropped.

Computing 0↑n b
Computing $$0\uparrow^n b = H_{n+2}(0,b) = 0[n+2]b$$ results in
 * 0, when n = 0
 * 1, when n = 1 and b = 0
 * 0, when n = 1 and b > 0
 * 1, when n > 1 and b is even (including 0)
 * 0, when n > 1 and b is odd

Computing 2↑n b
Computing $$2\uparrow^n b$$ can be restated in terms of an infinite table. We place the numbers $$2^b$$ in the top row, and fill the left column with values 2. To determine a number in the table, take the number immediately to the left, then look up the required number in the previous row, at the position given by the number just taken.

The table is the same as that of the Ackermann function, except for a shift in $$n$$ and $$b$$, and an addition of 3 to all values.

Computing 3↑n b
We place the numbers $$3^b$$ in the top row, and fill the left column with values 3. To determine a number in the table, take the number immediately to the left, then look up the required number in the previous row, at the position given by the number just taken.

Computing 4↑n b
We place the numbers $$4^b$$ in the top row, and fill the left column with values 4. To determine a number in the table, take the number immediately to the left, then look up the required number in the previous row, at the position given by the number just taken.

Computing 10↑n b
We place the numbers $$10^b$$ in the top row, and fill the left column with values 10. To determine a number in the table, take the number immediately to the left, then look up the required number in the previous row, at the position given by the number just taken.

For 2 ≤ b ≤ 9 the numerical order of the numbers $$10\uparrow^n b$$ is the lexicographical order with n as the most significant number, so for the numbers of these 8 columns the numerical order is simply line-by-line. The same applies for the numbers in the 97 columns with 3 ≤ b ≤ 99, and if we start from n = 1 even for 3 ≤ b ≤ 9,999,999,999.

title: Knuth's up-arrow notation


text: Talk:Harbin

title: Talk:Harbin


text:
John Ashbery

John Lawrence Ashbery (July 28, 1927 – September 3, 2017) was an American poet and art critic.

Ashbery is considered the most influential American poet of his time. Oxford University literary critic John Bayley wrote that Ashbery "sounded, in poetry, the standard tones of the age." Langdon Hammer, chair of the English Department at Yale University, wrote in 2008, "No figure looms so large in American poetry over the past 50 years as John Ashbery" and "No American poet has had a larger, more diverse vocabulary, not Whitman, not Pound." Stephanie Burt, a poet and Harvard professor of English, has compared Ashbery to T. S. Eliot, calling Ashbery "the last figure whom half the English-language poets alive thought a great model, and the other half thought incomprehensible".

Ashbery published more than 20 volumes of poetry. Among other awards, he received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award for his collection Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1975). In 2007, he became the first living poet to be anthologized by the Library of America. Renowned for its postmodern complexity and opacity, his work still proves controversial. Ashbery said he wished his work to be accessible to as many people as possible, not a private dialogue with himself. He also joked that some critics still view him as "a harebrained, homegrown surrealist whose poetry defies even the rules and logic of Surrealism." He reflected: "I’m not very good at explaining my work. . . I'm unable to do so because I feel that my poetry is the explanation. The explanation of what? Of my thought, whatever that is. As I see it, my thought is both poetry and the attempt to explain that poetry; the two cannot be disentangled."

Life
Ashbery was born in Rochester, New York, the son of Helen (née Lawrence), a biology teacher, and Chester Frederick Ashbery, a farmer. He was raised on a farm near Lake Ontario; his brother died when they were children. Ashbery was educated at Deerfield Academy, an all-boys school, where he read such poets as W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas and began writing poetry. Two of his poems were published in Poetry magazine by a classmate who had submitted them under his own name, without Ashbery's knowledge or permission. Ashbery also published a piece of short fiction and a handful of poems—including a sonnet about his frustrated love for a fellow student—in the school newspaper, the Deerfield Scroll. His first ambition was to be a painter: from the age of 11 until he was 15, Ashbery took weekly classes at the art museum in Rochester.

Ashbery graduated in 1949 with an A.B., cum laude, from Harvard College, where he was a member of the Harvard Advocate, the university's literary magazine, and the Signet Society. He wrote his senior thesis on the poetry of W. H. Auden. At Harvard he befriended fellow writers Kenneth Koch, Barbara Epstein, V. R. Lang, Frank O'Hara and Edward Gorey, and was a classmate of Robert Creeley, Robert Bly and Peter Davison. Ashbery went on to study briefly at New York University before receiving an M.A. from Columbia University in 1951.

After working as a copywriter in New York from 1951 to 1955, from the mid-1950s, when he received a Fulbright Fellowship, through 1965, Ashbery lived in France. He was an editor of the 12 issues of Art and Literature (1964–67) and the New Poetry issue of Harry Mathews' Locus Solus (# 3/4; 1962). To make ends meet he translated French murder mysteries, served as the art editor for the European edition of the New York Herald Tribune and was an art critic for Art International (1960–65) and a Paris correspondent for ARTnews (1963–66), when Thomas Hess took over as editor. During this period he lived with the French poet Pierre Martory, whose books Every Question but One (1990), The Landscape is behind the Door (1994) and The Landscapist he translated (2008), as he did Arthur Rimbaud (Illuminations), Max Jacob (The Dice Cup), Pierre Reverdy (Haunted House), and many titles by Raymond Roussel. After returning to the United States, he continued his career as an art critic for New York and Newsweek magazines while also serving on the editorial board of ARTnews until 1972. Several years later, he began a stint as an editor at Partisan Review, serving from 1976 to 1980.

During the fall of 1963, Ashbery became acquainted with Andy Warhol at a scheduled poetry reading at the Literary Theatre in New York. He had previously written favorable reviews of Warhol's art. That same year he reviewed Warhol's Flowers exhibition at Galerie Ileana Sonnabend in Paris, describing Warhol's visit to Paris as "the biggest transatlantic fuss since Oscar Wilde brought culture to Buffalo in the nineties". Ashbery returned to New York near the end of 1965 and was welcomed with a large party at the Factory. He became close friends with poet Gerard Malanga, Warhol's assistant, on whom he had an important influence as a poet. In 1967 his poem Europe was used as the central text in Eric Salzman's Foxes and Hedgehogs as part of the New Image of Sound series at Hunter College, conducted by Dennis Russell Davies. When the poet sent Salzman Three Madrigals in 1968, the composer featured them in the seminal Nude Paper Sermon, released by Nonesuch Records in 1989.

In the early 1970s, Ashbery began teaching at Brooklyn College, where his students included poet John Yau. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1983. In the 1980s, he moved to Bard College, where he was the Charles P. Stevenson, Jr., Professor of Languages and Literature, until 2008, when he retired but continued to win awards, present readings, and work with graduate and undergraduates at many other institutions. He was the poet laureate of New York State from 2001 to 2003, and also served for many years as a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets. He served on the contributing editorial board of the literary journal Conjunctions. In 2008 Ashbery was named the first poet laureate of MtvU, a division of MTV broadcast to U.S. college campuses, with excerpts from his poems featured in 18 promotional spots and the works in their entirety on the broadcaster's website. Ashbery was a Millet Writing Fellow at Wesleyan University in 2010, and participated in Wesleyan's Distinguished Writers Series. He was a founding member of The Raymond Roussel Society, with Miquel Barceló, Joan Bofill-Amargós, Michel Butor, Thor Halvorssen and Hermes Salceda.

Ashbery lived in New York City and Hudson, New York, with his husband, David Kermani. He died of natural causes on September 3, 2017, at his home in Hudson, at the age of 90.

Work
Ashbery's long list of awards began with the Yale Younger Poets Prize in 1956. The selection, by W. H. Auden, of Ashbery's first collection, Some Trees, later caused some controversy. The volume was screened out in the contest's early stages and was given to Auden by Chester Kallman after Auden had decided not to award the prize that year because of the poor quality of the volumes he received. Ashbery's early work shows the influence of Auden, along with Wallace Stevens, Boris Pasternak, and many of the French surrealists (his translations from French literature are numerous), though he claimed in a 1956 letter to "hate all modern French poetry, except for Raymond Roussel" and to like his own "wildly inaccurate translations of some of the 20th-century ones, but not the originals".

In the late 1950s, John Bernard Myers, co-owner of the Tibor de Nagy Gallery, categorized Ashbery's avant-garde poetry and that of Kenneth Koch, Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Barbara Guest, Kenward Elmslie and others as a "New York School", despite their very different styles. In 1953 Myers launched the magazine Semi-Colon, in which New York School poets appeared amid an eclectic mix of authors, such as Auden, James Ingram Merill and Saul Bellow.

Ashbery published some work in the avant-garde little magazine Nomad at the beginning of the 1960s. He then wrote two collections while in France, the highly controversial The Tennis Court Oath (1962) and Rivers and Mountains (1966), before returning to New York to write The Double Dream of Spring, published in 1970.

Increasing critical recognition in the 1970s transformed Ashbery from an obscure avant-garde experimentalist into one of America's most important poets (though still one of its most controversial). After the publication of Three Poems (1973) came Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror, for which he was awarded the three major American poetry awards: the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. The collection's title poem is considered one of the masterpieces of late 20th century American poetic literature. His subsequent collection, the more difficult Houseboat Days (1977), reinforced Ashbery's reputation, as did 1979's As We Know, which contains the long, double-columned poem "Litany". In 1988, his "Bridge Poem" was installed, using metal letters, on the 375-foot-wide Irene Hixon Whitney Bridge in Minneapolis; the poet was selected by the bridge's architect, artist Siah Armajani, and commissioned by the Walker Art Center. By the 1980s and 1990s, Ashbery had become a central figure in American and more broadly English-language poetry, as his number of imitators attested.

Ashbery's works are characterized by a free-flowing, often disjunctive syntax; extensive linguistic play, often infused with considerable humor; and a prosaic, sometimes disarmingly flat or parodic tone. The play of the human mind is the subject of a great many of his poems. He once said that his goal was "to produce a poem that the critic cannot even talk about". Formally, the earliest poems show the influence of conventional poetic practice, yet by The Tennis Court Oath a much more revolutionary engagement with form appears. Ashbery returned to something approaching a reconciliation between tradition and innovation with many of the poems in The Double Dream of Spring, though his Three Poems are written in long blocks of prose. Although he never again approached the radical experimentation of The Tennis Court Oath poems or "The Skaters" and "Into the Dusk-Charged Air" from his collection Rivers and Mountains, syntactic and semantic experimentation, linguistic expressiveness, deft, often abrupt shifts of register, and insistent wit remained consistent elements of his work.

Ashbery's art criticism has been collected in the 1989 volume Reported Sightings, Art Chronicles 1957–1987, edited by the poet David Bergman. He wrote one novel, A Nest of Ninnies, with fellow poet James Schuyler, and in his 20s and 30s penned several plays, three of which have been collected in Three Plays (1978). Ashbery's Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University were published as Other Traditions in 2000. A larger collection of his prose writings, Selected Prose, appeared in 2005. In 2008, his Collected Poems 1956–1987 was published as part of the Library of America series. This made Ashbery the first living poet to have his work published by the LOA.

Awards and honors

 * 1956: Yale Younger Poets Prize, for Some Trees (1956) awarded by W.H. Auden
 * 1962: Ingram Merrill Foundation Fellowship
 * 1972: Ingram Merrill Foundation Fellowship
 * 1976: National Book Award for Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1975).
 * 1976: National Book Critics Circle Award for Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1975).
 * 1976: Pulitzer Prize in Poetry for Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1975).
 * 1984: Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize for A Wave (1984)
 * 1984: Bollingen Prize in Poetry for A Wave (1984)
 * 1985: MacArthur Fellows Program Fellowship
 * 1987: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 1995: Robert Frost Medal
 * 2002: Bestowed the rank of Officier de la Légion d'honneur by the Republic of France.
 * 2005: finalist for National Book Award for Where Shall I Wander (2005)
 * 2008: Robert Creeley Award
 * 2008: America Award for a lifetime contribution to international writing
 * 2011 National Humanities Medal
 * 2011: Inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame
 * 2011: National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters
 * 2017: The Raymond Roussel Society Medal

Collections

 * Turandot and other poems (1953)
 * Some Trees (1956), winner of the 1955 Yale Series of Younger Poets
 * The Tennis Court Oath (1962)
 * Rivers and Mountains (1966)
 * The Double Dream of Spring (1970)
 * Three Poems (1972)
 * The Vermont Notebook (1975), illustrated prose poems
 * Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror (1975), awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award
 * Houseboat Days (1977)
 * As We Know (1979)
 * Shadow Train (1981)
 * A Wave (1984), awarded the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize and the Bollingen Prize
 * April Galleons (1987)
 * Flow Chart (1991), book-length poem
 * Hotel Lautréamont (1992)
 * And the Stars Were Shining (1994)
 * Can You Hear, Bird? (1995)
 * The Mooring of Starting Out: The First Five Books of Poetry (1997)
 * Wakefulness (1998)
 * Girls on the Run (1999), a book-length poem inspired by the work of Henry Darger
 * Your Name Here (2000)
 * As Umbrellas Follow Rain (2001)
 * Chinese Whispers (2002)
 * Where Shall I Wander (2005) (finalist for the National Book Award)
 * Notes from the Air: Selected Later Poems (2007) (winner of the 2008 International Griffin Poetry Prize)
 * A Worldly Country (2007)
 * Planisphere (2009)
 * Collected Poems 1956–87 (Carcanet Press) (2010), ed. Mark Ford
 * Quick Question (2012)
 * Breezeway (2015)
 * Commotion of the Birds (2016)
 * They Knew What They Wanted: Collages and Poems (2018)
 * Parallel Movement of the Hands: Five Unfinished Longer Works (2021)

Prose, plays and translations

 * A Nest of Ninnies (1969), with James Schuyler. (Carcanet Press 1987, Paladin Books 1990)
 * Three Plays (1978). Carcanet Press (1988).
 * The Ice Storm (1987), (32-page pamphlet)
 * Reported Sightings: Art Chronicles, 1957–1987 (1989) (Alfred A. Knopf), ed. David Bergman, Art Criticism and Commentary
 * Other Traditions(2001)Subjects and Series | Harvard University Press
 * 100 Multiple-Choice Questions (2000) (reprint of 1970 experimental pamphlet)
 * Selected Prose 1953–2003 (2005)
 * Martory, Pierre The Landscapist Ashbery (Tr.) Carcanet Press (2008)
 * Rimbaud, Arthur Illuminations Ashbery (Tr.) W. W. Norton & Company (2011)
 * Collected French Translations: Poetry, edited by Rosanne Wasserman and Eugene Richie (2014)
 * Collected French Translations: Prose, edited by Rosanne Wasserman and Eugene Richie (2014)
 * Collected French Translations: Prose, edited by Rosanne Wasserman and Eugene Richie (2014)

title: John Ashbery


text:
Yolande

Yolande or Yolanda may refer to:

Royalty and nobility

 * Yolande of Aragon (disambiguation), several people
 * Yolande de Montferrat (c.1274–1317), Byzantine Empress consort
 * Yolande de Courtenay (c.1200–1233), wife of Andrew II of Hungary
 * Yolanda of Jerusalem, erroneous name of Isabella II of Jerusalem (1212–1228), queen of Jerusalem
 * Yolanda of Vianden (1231–1283), daughter of Count Henry I of Vianden, Luxembourg; prioress of Marienthal from 1258
 * Yolande de Dreux, Queen of Scotland (1263–1330)
 * Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine (1428–1483)
 * Yolande of Valois (1434–1478), Duchess of Savoy
 * Yolande de Polastron (1749-1793) Duchess of Polignac and favourite of Marie Antoinette

Other people

 * Yolande E. Chan, Jamaican-Canadian information systems professor
 * Yolande Dalpé (born 1948), Canadian mycologist
 * Yolande Grisé (born 1944), Canadian historian and writer
 * Yolande Mabika (born 1987), Congolese-born Brazilian judoka

Fictional

 * Yolande (Greyhawk), an elven queen in the World of Greyhawk setting of Dungeons & Dragons
 * Yolande Perraudin, a school nurse in the French animated television series Code Lyoko
 * Yolande Trueman, a character in the British soap opera EastEnders

title: Yolande


text:
Yolanda

Yolanda or Yolonda may refer to:
 * Yolanda (name), a given name derived from the Greek Iolanthe

Places

 * Yolanda, California
 * Yolanda Shrine, monument located at Barangay Anibong, Tacloban, Leyte

Film

 * Yolanda (film), a 1924 film starring Marion Davies
 * Yolanda and the Thief, a 1945 musical-comedy film
 * Yolanda (1952 film)
 * Yolanda "Honey Bunny", in the 1994 film Pulp Fiction

Music

 * Yolanda Be Cool, an Australian band

Songs

 * "Yolanda", by Bobby Blue Bland
 * "Yolanda", by Pablo Milanés
 * "Yolanda Hayes", by Fountains of Wayne
 * "Yolanda, You Learn", by Lyle Mays and Pat Metheny

Other uses

 * Tropical Storm Yolanda, tropical cyclones named Yolanda
 * Yolanda, a synonym of the orchid genus Brachionidium
 * Yolanda (ship), a Cypriot cargo ship
 * Yolanda, the Black Corsair's Daughter, 1905 adventure novel by Italian novelist Emilio Salgari
 * Yolanda, a platforming video game for the Amiga

title: Yolanda


text:
VNV Nation

VNV Nation is an Irish electronic music group led by Ronan Harris in the roles of singer, songwriter and producer, with live members being keyboardists Mike Wimer and David Gerlach and percussionist Chris Roberts. The acronym in the group's name stands for "Victory Not Vengeance".

Prelude and formation
Ronan Harris was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, where he was exposed to electronic music via radio, from which he developed an interest in bands such as Kraftwerk, DAF and the Human League. In 1983, he joined a band named Die Fabrik, whose punk-inspired noise and synth style was not well received in Dublin. By 1989, Harris had moved to London and began composing music under the name Nation, a 1984-inspired, electronic orchestral music project. Harris relocated to Toronto, Canada, in 1990, but his music output stagnated until 1994 when he revived Nation, modified by his newfound motto: "Victory Not Vengeance" to become VNV Nation.

Early years: Advance and Follow (1995) and Praise the Fallen (1998)
The group's first release, Advance and Follow, came out in 1995. Advance And Follow featured industrial electronic beats heavily influenced by middle-era EBM acts such as Nitzer Ebb and Front 242, along a mixture of danceable synthesizer melodies, and elements of orchestral music. Although it was the band's first full-length release, Harris regards Advance and Follow more as a set of demos than a proper album. In 2001, it was re-released as Advance and Follow 2.0, with updated production, re-recorded vocals, and five bonus tracks, which include two Front 242 covers.

Their next release, Praise the Fallen in 1998, continued largely in this vein, and they began to enjoy a larger degree of commercial success.

During that time, Harris also wrote for the online magazine Side-Line, of which he was the webmaster until 1999.

Empires (1999)
Empires, released in 1999, was their breakthrough album, gaining them widespread commercial success and topping the German DAC charts for seven weeks. Empires expanded on the band's bombastic, melodic synthesizer lines and incorporated tighter song structures. Furthermore, the harsher 'sheet metal instrumentals' of Praise the Fallen were largely gone, and the music as a whole was far more complex with multiple-layered arpeggios and pads. The album was composed using a mix of analog and digital synthesizers, and an Ensoniq ASR-10 sampler. Notable analog synthesizers used on the album included the ARP 2600, which was used for most of the sounds on the tracks "Firstlight," "Arclight," and "Standing," the SCI Pro One, and an Oberheim OB-1. Digital synthesizers used were the Roland JP-8000, Access Virus (used almost exclusively on the track "Darkangel"), Korg Trinity, the EMU Proteus 2000 and the Roland JV-1080.

Futureperfect (2002)
Their 2002 album, Futureperfect, while retaining many industrial elements represented a departure in many ways, largely away from EBM and towards trance and synthpop. Some neoclassical instrumental pieces were included in the album. Around this time Ronan Harris and Apoptygma Berzerk's Stefan Groth were credited with coining the term "futurepop" to describe their sound. This shift caused their mainstream popularity to increase still further, but alienated some of their fans who preferred their earlier harsher and darker sound. Notably, the album was produced using only software synthesizers instead of hardware synthesizers. It was the first VNV Nation album made entirely with software synthesizers.

The band embarked on a highly successful world tour in support of Futureperfect from 2001 to 2003. Their concerts in Berlin, Washington, D.C., and the M'era Luna Festival were recorded and edited together for release as the Pastperfect DVD. At this time VNV Nation consisted of Ronan Harris and drummer Mark Jackson.

Matter + Form (2005)
Their 2005 album, Matter + Form, expanded on the soundscape established with Futureperfect. Notable for this harder-edged sound was the first single "Chrome". Also of note is the lack of effects applied to the vocals, a departure from previous albums, which allows Harris' voice more space in the mix. There were also several songs with a softer and more pensive theme. Some songs even had a slight "rock" feeling to them, mostly from how drum sequences and bass lines were arranged, the most obvious example being the final song, "Perpetual". The assortment of instruments used in the production was much larger than on previous albums. While mostly composed using software synthesizers, several different analogue modular synthesizers were used, along with an array of vintage effects. This album was also the first time the band used an outside producer. Both Matter + Form and "Chrome" peaked at #1 on the DAC Albums and Singles charts, respectively.

Judgement (2007)
VNV Nation's next studio album was Judgement, released on 4 April 2007. Containing ten tracks, it continued the evolution of the VNV Nation sound. While written and recorded in VNV Nation's own studio, located in the now defunct Soundfactory Studios in Hamburg, the album production took advantage of the main studio's facilities through the use of its collection of vintage microphones and effects, and mixing the album on the studio's ADT console.

On 25 April 2007, at the sold-out show at The Metro in Chicago, Harris stated that the rumours about Judgement being the last album were false and that more was to come and that Judgement was just the beginning.

At the alternative electronic music festival Infest in Bradford on 26 August 2007, just after the murder of Sophie Lancaster, Harris dedicated the song "Illusion" to her and contacted the family soon afterwards to offer his condolences.

Reformation 1 (2009)
Two years after Judgement, the box set Reformation 1 was released in Europe on 24 April 2009. Its US release was on 12 May.

Of Faith, Power and Glory (2009)
The next album, Of Faith, Power and Glory was mentioned on the band's MySpace blog. Harris confirmed to Side-Line that they were aiming for late April to release the album, which would be titled Of Faith, Power and Glory, or as Harris described it: "The 3 things that people desire and which can make you or destroy you!"

Due to the release of "Reformation 1" in mid-April, the release of the album was postponed; it appeared in the US on CD and in the iTunes Store on 23 June 2009, and in Europe on 19 June 2009.

Crossing the Divide and Automatic (2010–2011)
A remix collection called Crossing The Divide was planned for release on 8 June 2010, but was delayed until May 2012. The update on the official website cited unforeseen circumstances and personal matters for the delay. On 14 May 2012, the EP was announced on the band's Facebook page and made available for free via SoundCloud. There were also plans for a number of extended and enhanced re-releases of previous albums in 2010; however these plans did not materialize.

On 16 September 2011, VNV Nation's eighth studio album Automatic, was released for most of Europe, with the physical CD released on 25 October 2011 in the United States.

Gothic meets Klassik, Transnational, and Resonance (2012–15)
In November 2012, VNV Nation, Blutengel and Staubkind performed at the Gothic meets Klassik festival in Leipzig. On the 10th, they played a standard electronic set, and on the 11th, they performed with Ronan Harris on vocals accompanied by a full symphony orchestra for the first time. The show was recorded for release, but a problem with the recording equipment rendered the audio unusable. As a result, Ronan began to work with the arranger on an album of VNV Nation songs scored for orchestra, which would include the tracks performed at Gothic Meets Klassik as well as additional songs. Ronan also performed a selection of VNV Nation songs with a classical pianist on the 2013 Gothic Cruise.

The new album Transnational was released on 11 October (EU), 15 October (NA), and elsewhere on 19 November, preceded by a promotional tour beginning on 2 October 2013.

The orchestral album Resonance: Music For Orchestra Vol. 1 was released on 15 May 2015. It consists of tracks selected from their back catalogue reimagined for orchestra. It was recorded in the Babelsberg Studios outside Berlin at the end of February 2015, the same studios where scores for films such as The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and Part 2 were recorded. The songs "Nova (Largo)" and "Teleconnect, Part 2" were recorded with a piano and string trio ensemble. The album was too long for a single vinyl record, and was released as a limited edition 6 x 10" vinyl box set in addition to standard CD digipack and digital formats. Resonance reached #7 on the official German Album Charts the week of 22 May 2015, and respectively #3 on the US Billboard Classical Crossover Album Charts and #4 on the US Billboard Classical Music Charts for 30 May 2015.

Noire (2018)
On 16 November 2017, it was announced that Mark Jackson, who had participated as live drummer at concerts since the mid-1990s, had left VNV Nation.

Their tenth studio album, Noire, was released on 12 October 2018 as a digital album in all markets, and as a physical CD in non-American markets via Anachron Records. In the American market, the physical CD was distributed by Metropolis Records, with an expected release date of 9 November 2018.

Electric Sun (2023)
On 26 April 2022, VNV Nation announced that its eleventh studio album, Electric Sun, would arrive in April 2023 to coincide with a February 2023 European Tour, which started in Denmark on 23 February 2023 and ended in Glasgow on 28 May 2023.

On 28 April 2023, VNV Nation released its eleventh studio album, Electric Sun, on LP, CD, and digitally. It was preceded by the singles "Before the Rain" and "Wait," which was accompanied by VNV Nation's second ever music video.

Electric Sun received positive reviews. Music blog Synthpop Fanatic, called it a "phenomenal and contemplative release on par with VNV’s best."

A limited time special gold vinyl edition of “Resonance: Music for Orchestra Vol. 1” was announced on 12 June 2023, with a release date of 29 July 2023.

On 13 June 2023, a September and October 2023 US and CAN Tour was officially announced, starting in Tampa, Florida on 22 September 2023 and ending in 22 October 2023 in Houston, Texas. Future Mexico dates were also teased.

Due to several cancellations throughout the 2023 US leg, a 2024 leg was announced and made up the final dates of the Electric Sun Tour.

Discography

 * Advance and Follow (1995)
 * Praise the Fallen (1998)
 * Empires (1999)
 * Futureperfect (2002)
 * Matter + Form (2005)
 * Judgement (2007)
 * Of Faith, Power and Glory (2009)
 * Automatic (2011)
 * Transnational (2013)
 * Resonance: Music For Orchestra Vol. 1 (2015)
 * Noire (2018)
 * Electric Sun (2023)
 * Construct // Destruct (2025)

title: VNV Nation


text:
Talk:Saint Sava

Is Saint Sava Formally a Saint of the Roman Catholic Church?
It is understood that there are Catholics who venerated Saint Sava. But is there an official source in the Roman Catholic Church that confirm formally? whether he is revered as a Roman or an Oriental Saint? Because I did not find, and I wanted to put this as a reference. Aquinasthomes1 (talk) 09:26, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Sveti Sava day in Romania
instituirea zilei sveti sava ca sarbatoare a minoritatii sarbe din romania basilica.ro

no bias — קיין אומוויסנדיק פּרעפֿערענצן — keyn umvisndik preferentsn talk contribs 08:49, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint Sava


text:
Talk:Gaia philosophy/Archive 2

Those were some phenomenal revisions just made by 142.177.85.77. (presumably one of our members who spent so long typing that s/he got logged out :) Great work! Hopefully, we can reach an agreement on what to call the new article. Gaia theory in biology sounds pretty good, but perhaps it would be better to use a more general title such as Modern Gaia theory, as I have suggested at Talk:Gaia Theory. Anyway, awesome work, 142.177.85.77, whoever you are! (who was that masked man?) -- Wapcaplet 21:14 4 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Gaia theory (biology) is now ready to be attacked by the biologists, who will hopefully now leave this one alone. I do not log in and am not a "member" of anything.  I saw a suggestion I agreed with and decided to just implement it, it, before there was anything drastic done in the wrong direction.

 * It is wrong to call the general stuff "modern" since it goes back as far as the Goddess Gaia herself and Johannes Kepler, and is still current. There are for instance many real physicists and theologians working together on cosmology problems put forth by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.  The real division is between those who want to build simulations and publish in biology journals, and those who accept that the thing is just "too big to model" at least with "our tiny brains".  This tiny brain is done with this for now.  I do think places to intervene in a system should mention Donella Meadows as another important voices in the evolution of the general Gaia theory.  The "greening of biology" is maybe similar to other projects or fields where ethics are presumed to guide experiment or limit knowledge.  Someone should go through all the comments above and perhaps do a more general survey of current work derived from Teilhard de Chardin which would probably include Lee Smolin's.  His stuff shows that physics can be seen as "part of biology".

-

Lee Smolin's discussions are not only not a Gaia theory, they don't even work as a metaphor or analogy. I think that contribution was made by someone unfamiliar with physics. Smolin's view, which is shared by many physicists, is that as a black hole forms, a small amount of space-time is pinched off from the rest of our observable universe. Within the black hole, this small amont of space-time might then undergo inflation (see the works of physicist Alan Guth). This could possibly create an entire new universe, cut off from our own. It has nothing to do in any way with Gaia like theories. RK 12:29 15 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Removed from main body of article:
 * This concept of a species-wide choice to behave in one way or another means that Gaia theory cannot be contained strictly by the scientific method which does not allow for such choice, and is more of a social science concept to the degree that this choice is explored and accepted. This article is about the general public view. For the stricter view from ecology and biology see Gaia theory in biology which is only briefly explained in context below, to and only to explain why theories in different fields have similar names.

 * The above removed text is no longer needed; these ideas were repeated over and over again in this article, and in others. The article needed a lot of editing to make it readable. RK 12:29 15 Jun 2003 (UTC)

The following was removed from article, as it just contains one contributors POV and opinions. It is very far from what should appear in an impartial encyclopedia.
 * What seems undisputable is that universes contain stars, solar systems, and maybe biosphere, and that those biospheres contain organisms, and that some of those look up at stars, but all of them may be made out of some kind of tissue or cell material, and may thus prefer to think of a universe as also made that way.

The following was removed from article, as it has nothing to do with Gaia theory. Rather, this POV essay is about how non-humans might perceive things differently from humans. And bringing in the anthropic principle is really quite bizarre. It is clear that some people are using this encyclopedia entry as a junk-baskter to ramble on about any topic they find of interest, which they then tangentially try to connect to Gaia theory.

 * There are planet-specific regularities in human cognition of our biosphere and universe. Without a way to consult with non-humans it is difficult to say exactly what they are, but, it is clear that if we grew up on a darker or louder or heavier or more oxygen-poor planet we would have stronger vision or weaker hearing or stronger legs or stronger lungs, and that this would affect our evolution and thus our view of our planet and universe in some unclear way.  The Anthropic Principle in physics is an exploration of the ways in which our history as humans constrains what we see and care about in the universe:  Eugene Wigner, Stephen Hawking and other physicists were prominent in raising these issues as part of the problem of cosmology.

title: Talk:Gaia philosophy/Archive 2