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List of religious sites

This article provides an incomplete list and broad overview of significant religious sites and places of spiritual importance throughout the world. Sites are listed alphabetically by religion.

Abrahamic religions
Abrahamic religions are monotheistic faiths emphasizing and tracing their common origin to Abraham or recognizing a spiritual tradition identified with him. They constitute one of three major divisions in comparative religion, along with Indian religions (Dharmic) and East Asian religions (Taoic).

The three major Abrahamic faiths (in chronological order) are Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Some strict definitions of what constitutes an Abrahamic religion include only these three faiths. However, there are many other religions incorporating Abrahamic doctrine, theology, genealogy and history into their own belief systems.

Baháʼí Faith and Bábism
The Baháʼí Faith is a monotheistic religion founded by Baháʼu'lláh in 19th century Persia, and consider their religion to progress from or succeed Bábism or the Bábi Faith (Persian: بابی ها Bábí há) founded by the Báb earlier in the century – emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind.

Located in Bahji, near Acre, Israel the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh is the most holy place for Baháʼís and their Qiblih, or direction of prayer. It contains the remains of Bahá'u'lláh and is near the spot where he died in the Mansion of Bahji. Baháʼís regard Acre (He.: עַכּוֹ Akko; Ar.: عكّا ʻAkkā) itself as their holy city, mostly due to the fact that it serves as the location of Bahá'u'lláh and his family's many affairs. Within Acre, Baháʼí sites include the House of 'Abbúd, the House of 'Abdu'lláh Páshá, the Garden of Ridván and the Prison cell of Bahá'u'lláh – where Bahá'u'lláh was incarcerated.

The second holiest site in the Baháʼí Faith – which is also revered by the few remaining Azalis (post-Baháʼí/Bábi split followers of Bábism, who number just several thousand worldwide) – is the Shrine of the Báb, located on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel. The Báb's Shrine contains within its walls the temporary Shrine of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.

The BWC also contains the Monument Gardens – wherein can be found the graves of some of Bahá'u'lláh's family – as well as a house in which 'Abdu'l-Bahá lived, and the resting place of Rúhíyyih Khánum (8 August 1910 – 19 January 2000; born Mary Sutherland Maxwell; the wife of Shoghi Effendi).

Bahá'u'lláh decreed pilgrimage in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas to two places: the House of Bahá'u'lláh in Baghdad, Iraq and the House of the Báb in Shiraz, Iran. While these major pilgrimages were later replaced (at least in terms of religious significance) by 'Abdu'l-Bahá, many Baháʼís still flocked to Bahá'u'lláh's home for pilgrimage until the house was confiscated by Muslim authorities hostile to the Baháʼí Faith in 1922. It has yet to be returned to the Baháʼí community. The House of the Báb was completely destroyed by Iranian Muslims during a state-sponsored persecution of Baháʼís. A road and mosque were built over the house and a telephone pole now marks the spot where the Báb proclaimed his prophethood. The city of Baghdad also includes the Garden of Ridván, which shares the same name as – though is distinct from – the Garden of Ridván in Acre.

Christianity
Located in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, the Edicule, also known as the Tomb of Christ, within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the most holy site for many mainstream denominations within Christianity. The area of the Church is regarded as the site, according to their understanding, where Jesus Christ suffered, was crucified, died, buried and resurrected from the dead along a temporal pathway known as the Via Dolorosa (from the Latin; lit. "way of sorrows"). The first eight Stations of the Cross can be followed along the route leading up to the Church, inside of which are the final five Stations.

The Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, Roman Catholic Church, and Armenian Apostolic Church form the custodians of the Holy Sepulchre and collectively control the most holy pilgrimages within the church along with the Coptic, Syriac, and Ethiopian Orthodox churches who also hold some chapels. Within the walls of the church are the many traditional locations for the events associated with the Passion and death of Jesus: The Stone of Unction (the anointing place of Christ's body), the Prison of Christ (where Jesus was held, incarcerated, before his Passion), a treasure room which holds relics including fragments of the True Cross, and of course Calvary or Golgotha (where Christ was crucified) and the Sepulchre itself – to name a few.

Many Protestant and nontrinitarian denominations regard the nearby Garden Tomb to be the actual crucifixion and resurrection site of Jesus. Still others have claimed that Jesus's tomb is in Japan, or is really located outside of East Jerusalem.

Other holy sites and shrines of pilgrimage exist in the Holy Land. In Jerusalem the Garden of Gethsemane, the Mount Zion Cenacle of the Last Supper and the Mount of Olives, as well as the Church of the Ascension prove spiritually important. Outside Jerusalem are pilgrimage places including the Sea of Galilee, as well as locations in Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Capernaum:

 * Bethlehem: The location of the Church of the Nativity in Manger Square, where Jesus was born.
 * Capernaum: The town, bordering the Sea of Galilee, is cited in the Gospel of Luke where it was reported to have been the home of the apostles Simon Peter, Andrew, James and John, as well as the tax collector Matthew. In the Gospel of Matthew the town was reported to have been the home of Jesus. According to Luke, Jesus taught in the synagogue in Capernaum on Sabbath. Jesus then healed a man who had the spirit of an unclean devil and healed a fever in Simon Peter's mother-in-law. According to Luke, it is also the place where a Roman Centurion asked Jesus to heal his servant. Capernaum is also mentioned in the Gospel of Mark, in which it is the location of the famous healing of the paralytic lowered through the roof to reach Jesus. According to several Gospels, Jesus selected this town as the center of his public ministry in the Galilee after he left the small mountainous hamlet of Nazareth. Capernaum has no obvious advantages over any other city in the area, so he probably chose it because it was the home of his first disciples, Simon (Peter) and Andrew.
 * Nazareth: The location of the Church of the Annunciation (in the Catholic tradition marks the site where the Archangel Gabriel announced the future birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary ), St. Gabriel's Church (an Orthodox alternative site for the Annunciation), the Synagogue Church (The Melkite Greek Catholic Church lays claim to this site, which is traditionally that of the synagogue where Jesus preached ), the Church of St. Joseph's Carpentry (occupies the traditional location for the workshop of Saint Joseph); the Mensa Christi Church (run by the Franciscan religious order, commemorates the traditional location where Jesus dined with the Apostles after his Resurrection), the Basilica of Jesus the Adolescent (run by the Salesian religious order, occupies a hill overlooking the city), the Church of Christ (an Anglican church in Nazareth), and the Church of Our Lady of the Fright (marking the spot where Mary saw Jesus being taken to a cliff by the congregation of the synagogue and felt fear on his account). The "Jesus Trail" pilgrimage route connects many of the religious sites in Nazareth on a 60 km walking trail which ends in Capernaum.

Other important locations identified with the life of Jesus include areas around the Sea of Galilee – for instance Cana and the Church of the Multiplication in Tabgha – as well as the Mount of Temptation (in the Judean desert), Mount Tabor, Jacob's Well, Bethany and Bethabara (on the Jordan River). The town of Sepphoris is where the Virgin Mary spent her childhood.

Still other revered places may exist within or outside the Holy Land, involving localities associated with the lives of the Twelve Apostles, the Church Fathers, the relatives and ancestors of Jesus, saints, or other figures or events featured in both the Old Testament (sharing religious significance with Judaism or other Abrahamic faiths) and New Testament. The reverence held for these sites may vary depending on denomination.

Catholic Church
Catholics, like many other Christians, regards the Sepulchre in Jerusalem to be the holiest of places. It also places emphasis on Nazareth, Bethlehem, Capernaum, and other parts of the Holy Land as sacred since apostolic times, and notes as places of special sanctity the sanctuaries built on the tombs of the Apostles.

Mainstream Catholicism as a whole is represented by the Holy See (, "holy chair") of the Vatican City state (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano), a walled enclave within Rome, Italy. Inside the Vatican the largest church in history, St. Peter's Basilica (L.: Basilica Sancti Petri), is the location of the Papal office and the living quarters of the Pope (in the Apostolic Palace), as well as Vatican Hill – atop which are Saint Peter's tomb and place of crucifixion, his throne, and his baldachin. Outside St. Peter's Square are many more churches throughout the Vatican and outlying Rome. One important landmark is the Sistine Chapel (L.: Sacellum Sixtinum; I.: Cappella Sistina), in which the Papal conclave takes place.

Rome is the place from which Catholics believe the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church was formally founded and begun by Saint Peter (whom they consider to be the "Prince of the Apostles") as the appointed successor and first vicar of Christ. Thus while the Holy Sepulchre is still the most sanctified of places for Catholics, the Vatican is an extremely sacred place to the faithful (those of the Latin Church, as well as the Churches sui iuris) as the seat of their supreme authority on Earth. Important papal territories include the four major basilicas (L.: Basilica maior, pl. -es; excluding St. Peter's) – namely the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (the ecumenical Catholic mother church), St. Peter's Basilica, the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (containing the tomb of Paul the Apostle), and the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.

Other locations of reverence for ardent Catholics include Marian shrines, particularly the localities of Fátima and Lourdes, where miracles or apparitions attributed to the Virgin Mary took place.

Eastern Christianity
Orthodox or Eastern Christians, like many other Christians, regard the Sepulchre in Jerusalem to be the holiest of places. They place emphasis on Nazareth, Bethlehem, Capernaum and other parts of the Holy Land as sacred since apostolic times, and note as places of special sanctity the sanctuaries built on the tombs of the apostles and other saints. There are many shrines with the relics of Christian saints and martyrs which are sacred pilgrimage sites for Orthodox Christians as well.

Historically, four of the five major episcopal sees of the Roman Empire (the Pentarchy) represent the modern patriarchal centers of the majority of Orthodox churches. These are, namely, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem – excluding Rome.

Among the Orthodox, there are many monasteries and convents which are held in high honor and sacred veneration.

Eastern Orthodox Church
If the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is taken to be one of the most prominent leaders in the Eastern Orthodox Communion, then St. George's Cathedral in Istanbul – the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarch – may perhaps be one of the most important religious sites for Eastern Orthodox Christians.

Also of particular importance to the Eastern Orthodox Church and particularly the Greek Orthodox Church is the peninsular Mount Athos, where the most masses in the world are celebrated daily in the Byzantine Rite. Mount Athos arguably comprises the largest community of Christian monastics, ascetics, and mystics (specifically hesychasts) in the world. It is home to twenty Eastern Orthodox monasteries under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch.

Oriental Orthodox churches
Oriental Orthodoxy is the faith of those Eastern Christian churches that recognize only three ecumenical councils – the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the First Council of Ephesus. They rejected the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon (c. 451). Hence, these Oriental Orthodox Churches are also called Old Oriental Churches, Miaphysite Churches, or the Non-Chalcedonian Churches. These churches are generally not in communion with any of the multifarious Eastern Orthodox Churches but they are in dialogue for a return to unity.

Despite the potentially confusing nomenclature (Oriental meaning Eastern), Oriental Orthodox churches are distinct from those that are collectively referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Oriental Orthodox communion comprises five basic groups: Coptic Orthodox, Ethiopian Orthodox, Eritrean Orthodox, Syriac Orthodox, and Armenian Apostolic churches. These churches, while being in communion with one another, are hierarchically independent.

The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church or Indian Orthodox church is technically autonomous, but still shares some ties with the Syriac Orthodox church.

This being the case, each of the six communal churches has their own spiritual headquarters which act as the episcopal sees of their respective Popes or Patriarchs:
 * Armenian Apostolic — Etchmiadzin Cathedral (Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin), Vagharshapat, Armenia
 * Coptic Orthodox — St. Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Abbassia in Cairo, Egypt (formerly St. Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Alexandria, Egypt)
 * Eritrean Orthodox — Asmara, Eritrea
 * Ethiopian Orthodox — Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (see also Rastafari movement)
 * Indian Orthodox — Kottayam, India
 * Syriac Orthodox (includes the Malankara Church and other Saint Thomas Christians) — Bab Tuma borough, Damascus, Syria (formerly Antioch; temporarily stationed in Homs, Mardin, et al.)
 * The Syriac Patriarch himself resides in Dayro d-Mor Ephrem, a monastery near Damascus

Latter-day Saints

Latter-day Saints regard with reverence such places as the Garden Tomb and the Garden of Gethsemane in Jerusalem, due their connections with the life and ministry of Jesus. Additionally, the most holy place for members of the mainstream LDS Church are the numerous temples around the world, particularly the "celestial room" located inside each temple. The purpose of these ordinance rooms is to act as a symbolic representation of the presence of God himself. Additionally, a room inside the Salt Lake Temple, designated as the Holy of Holies, is considered highly sacred due its primary function as a private meditation room for the church's president.

Mormon homes are also treated as sacred areas due to the church's emphasis on the sacredness of family union and family-based ceremonies performed in LDS temples. On this subject, the Bible Dictionary in the LDS edition of the Bible states: "A temple is literally a house of the Lord, a holy sanctuary in which sacred ceremonies and ordinances of the gospel are performed by and for the living and also in behalf of the dead. A place where the Lord may come, it is the most holy of any place of worship on the earth. Only the home can compare with the temple in sacredness."

Once a Mormon family starts dwelling in a home, a special prayer is given by the head of the family (or a close member of the church) asking for the residence to be a shelter against temptation, and dedicating the place to God as long as the family inhabits it.

Other venerated sites for Latter-day Saints include historical locations throughout the United States, due to their particular connection to Mormon history and theology. Examples include the Sacred Grove (Palmyra, New York), Cumorah, the Kirtland Temple (Kirtland, Ohio) and Adam-ondi-Ahman (Daviess County, Missouri). However, no mandatory ceremonies are performed in such places.

Other LDS movement sects
Mormon breakaway sects, sub-sects and fundamentalist groups sometimes hold the belief that their particular church alone can claim true authority and succession from Joseph Smith, and that other LDS denominations are therefore incorrect or heretical. Thus many sites throughout the United States represent the spiritual headquarters' of these churches: For example, the YFZ Ranch in Eldorado, Texas at one time represented the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (FLDS) and the Apostolic United Brethren (AUB) base themselves in Bluffdale, Utah.

Rastafari movement
Ethiopia is of considerable importance as the setting of the life and death of Haile Selassie. Many Rastas consider Ethiopia the Promised Land. The city of Shashamane is particularly significant. In the capital of Addis Ababa, Haile Selassie is buried in the Holy Trinity Cathedral (often called Kidist Selassie, from the Amharic), which is also a significant religious site for Ethiopian Orthodox Christians (see also Oriental Orthodox churches), as it doubles as the seat of the primate of their church.

Druze
Druze is a religion with between 800,000 and a million followers. Most Druzis regard Nabi Shu'ayb, or Tomb of Jethro, near Tiberias in Israel is the most important religious site for the Druze. They have held religious festivals there for centuries and it has been a place of annual.

The primary sanctuary of the Druze is at Khalwat al-Bayada, which is the central sanctuary, and theological school of the Druze, located in Lebanon. Located near Hasbaya, the khalwat is the location where Ad-Darazi is supposed to have settled and taught from during the first Druze call. The Kalwaat provides around forty hermitages for Al-ʻuqqāl (the initiated) at various times of the year.

Islam
The Kaaba, a cuboid structure located within the Masjid al-Haram (Sacred Mosque) in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is the holiest site of Islam. According to Islamic tradition, it was rebuilt by Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Ismail (Ishmael). The Islamic prophet Muhammad laid the Black Stone in one of the corners of the building. Many millions of Muslims visit Mecca and the surrounding areas each year during a pilgrimage known as the Hajj – the fifth and final pillar of Islam –, during which they circumambulate the Kaaba as part of the ritual. Other significant areas within or surrounding Mecca include areas in which the Hajj takes place, including the Well of Zamzam, Mina and its bridge, Muzdalifah and Mount Arafat. The second holiest place for Muslims is the Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina, which is where Muhammad is buried, under the Green Dome. Caliphs Umar and Abu Bakr are also said to be buried in the Masjid al-Nabawi.

The third holiest site in Islam is the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in Jerusalem, which includes Jami Al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock. Its holiness derives from its being the site from which Muhammad ascended to heaven in the Isra and Mi'raj, and also for having been the first qibla (the direction towards which Muslims face when praying).

The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria, is claimed by some to be the fourth holiest site in Islam, and many Muslims believe it to be the place where Jesus will return.

The city of Hebron, in Palestine, is traditionally considered – along with Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem – one of the "four holy cities" in Islam, due to the presence in the city of the Cave of the Patriarchs, the holy site where Abraham is said to be buried.

Mount Sinai, in Egypt, is another holy place for Muslims.

Other sites in the Arabian Hejaz are associated with Muhammad: near Mecca, on the mountain of Jabal al-Nour, the cave Hira is the place of Muhammad's first revelation.

Shia
Among Shias, the Imam Ali Shrine and Imam Husayn Shrine also hold high significance.

Nation of Islam
Mosque Maryam is the international headquarters of the Nation of Islam.

Five Percent Nation
Five Percenters regard the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City as a place of spiritual importance, referring to the neighborhood as "Mecca". They also refer to the Brooklyn borough of New York as "Medina".

Five Percenters hold a special annual event known as Show and Prove every June at the Harriet Tubman Elementary School in Harlem.

Ahmadiyya
Some individuals in the Ahmadiyya Muslim community regard Roza Bal in Srinagar, Kashmir, to be the authentic grave of Jesus.

Judaism
The Kodesh Hakodashim, Judaism's Holy of Holies, was the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle in the time of Moses as described in the Torah; the term now refers to the area on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem where this sanctuary was located within the Temple in Jerusalem. Its location is often, but controversially, identified as being inaccessible, within the footprint of the Islamic Dome of the Rock, while some Jewish authors claim the Holy of Holies was actually located either to the north or to the east of the Islamic shrine.

Historically, the area of the Holy of Holies, which sat within the Jewish Temple, could be entered by the Jewish High Priest and only once a year, on Yom Kippur. Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism continue to regard the location as retaining some or all of its sanctity despite the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. Entry into sanctified areas has been prohibited in recent times by powerful elements within traditional Judaism, and as a result many religious authorities prohibit or restrict entry into all areas of the Temple Mount by observant Jews.

Today, Jews recognize the Jewish Quarter of the city, wherein the Mount is located, to be a location of profound spiritual importance. Within the area a stone artifact known as the Western Wall is paramount as the last standing remains of the temple. Along the wall, notable features include the Western Stone and Wilson's Arch. Beneath it a tunnel runs closer toward what was the original Kodesh Hakodashim, ending approximately 150 ft. inward at a place called Warren's Gate.

The Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron is said to be the second holiest site in Judaism.

Other significant sites include a number of synagogue within the Jewish quarter of Old Jerusalem, namely the Hurva, Belz, Tiferet Yisrael and the Four Sephardic synagogues.

The Beit El Synagogue is of special importance to students of Kaballah.

The Biblical Mount Sinai is believed to be the place where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God – although there is considerable debate as to the location of the mountain. (Scholarly opinion places it at either the mountain historically known as "Sinai" or Mount Seir.)

Samaritanism
Samaritanism is an Abrahamic religion whose followers, like the Jews, claim descent from the Israelites. The Samaritan ethnoreligious group (Hebrew: שומרונים Shomronim, Arabic: السامريون as-Sāmariyyūn) mostly resides in the areas of present-day Israel and Palestine and claim to be the successors of the Israelite Northern Kingdom of Samaria. Samaritans consider Mount Gerizim (Samaritan Hebrew: Ar-garízim, Arabic: جبل جرزيم Jabal Jarizīm, T.H.: הַר גְּרִזִּים Har Gərizzîm, S.H.: הַר גְּרִיזִּים Har Gərizzim; also romanized as Jirziem), a mountain in the immediately know vicinity of Nablus, in the West Bank, the holiest place on Earth. Mount Gerizim therefore has to Samaritans a role comparable to that the Temple Mount of Jerusalem has to Judaism.

Buddhism

Lumbini is a Buddhist pilgrimage site in the Rupandehi District of Nepal. It is the place where, according to Buddhist tradition, Queen Maya gave birth to Siddhartha Gautama in 563 BCE. Lumbini is one of many magnets for pilgrimage that sprang up in places pivotal to the life of the Buddha.

Bodh Gaya, in the state of Bihar in India, is considered by many adherents of Buddhism to be their most holy site. Gautama, who achieved Enlightenment some time around 528 BCE, became the Buddha and founded Buddhism. The Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment while sitting under a peepal tree, called the Bodhi tree, located in Bodhgaya. At this site of his purported enlightenment the Mahabodhi temple now stands. Every year, many Buddhists make pilgrimages from all over the world to visit and meditate at the temple.

The Buddha is said to have identified four sites most worthy of pilgrimage for Buddhists, saying that they would produce a feeling of spiritual urgency. These are:
 * Lumbini, Nepal, where Queen Maya gave birth to Prince Siddhartha Gautama.
 * Bodh Gaya, India, the most important religious site and place of pilgrimage, the Mahabodhi Temple houses what is believed to be the Bodhi Tree where the Buddha realized enlightenment and Buddhahood.
 * Sarnath, India, the deer park where the Buddha first taught the Dhamma after realizing enlightenment.
 * Kushinagar, India, where the Buddha attained Parinirvana after his death.

In the later commentarial tradition, four more sites were added to make Eight Great Places, places where a miraculous event is reported to have occurred:
 * Sravasti: Place of the Twin Miracle, showing his supernatural abilities in performance of miracles. Sravasti is also the place where Buddha spent the largest amount of time, being a major city in ancient India.
 * Rajgir: Place of the subduing of Nalagiri, the angry elephant, through friendliness. Rajgir was another major city of ancient India.
 * Sankassa: Place of the descending to earth from Tusita heaven (after a stay of 3 months teaching his mother the Abhidhamma).
 * Vaishali: Place of receiving an offering of honey from a monkey. Vaishali was the capital of the Vajjian Republic of ancient India.

There are various other locations in India and Nepal associated with the Buddha, and there are holy sites located throughout Asia for each Buddhist tradition, for instance in Afghanistan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, South Korea and Thailand. Lhasa in Tibet contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang temple and Norbulingka palaces.

Shugendō

Shugendō is a small, syncretic, highly esoteric and ascetic sect or sub-sect of Buddhism (mostly related to, and often considered a distinct branch of the Tendai and Shingon schools) combining elements of Zen, Taoism, Koshintō, Japanese folk animism and shamanism. The faith is traditionally believed to have been founded by the śramaṇa and mystic-sorcerer En no Gyōja in the 7th or 8th century. In the same manner as the religion of Shintō, Shugendō is largely relegated to Japan.

The lay practitioners and monks of Shugendō, called Shugenja or yamabushi respectively, venerate mountains as both spiritual areas and, along with nature as a whole, "natural maṇḍalas".

Adherents of Shugendō consider the collective Three Mountains of Dewa (consisting of Mount Haguro, Mount Gassan, and Mount Yudono), located in the remote Dewa Province of Japan, to be their most sacred of places. The three mountains are also sacred in Shintō.

Hinduism
The Indian cities of Varanasi, Ayodhya, Tirumala, Srirangam, Mathura, Haridwar, Kanchipuram, Ujjain, Puri and Dwarka are some of the more famous pilgrim cities in Hinduism. Of these, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, is considered the holiest ancient site and it is considered by many to be the most sacred place of pilgrimage for Hindus, irrespective of denomination.

Shaivas in South India, especially Tamil Nadu, consider Chidambaram as their holiest site. Vaishnavas of the region regard Srirangam as their holiest city and refer to it as the earthly abode of Vishnu, Vaikuntha.

The "garbhagriha" (literally womb-house or womb-chamber), the shrine inside a temple complex where the main deity is installed in an area that is in a separate building by itself inside the complex, is the most sacred site within the temple complex.

The garbhagriha usually contains the murti (idol or icon), the primary focus of prayer. In temples with a spire or vimana, this chamber is placed directly underneath it, and the two them form a main vertical axis of the temple. These together may be understood to represent the axis of the world through Mount Meru. The garbhagriha is usually also on the main horizontal axis of the temple which generally is an east–west axis. In those temples where there is also a cross-axis, the garbha griha is generally at their intersection. The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple is a Hindu temple in the hill town of Tirumala, near Tirupati in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh.

The Tirumala Hill is 853m above sea level and is about 10.33 square miles (27 km2) in area. It comprises seven peaks, representing the seven heads of Shesha, thus earning the name Seshachalam. The seven peaks are called Seshadri, Neeladri, Garudadri, Anjanadri, Vrushabhadri, Narayanadri, and Venkatadri. The temple is on Venkatadri (also known as Venkatachala or Venkata Hill), the seventh peak, and is also known as the "Temple of Seven Hills". The presiding deity of the temple is Venkateswara, a form of the Hindu god Vishnu. Venkateswara is known by other names: Balaji, Govinda, and Srinivasa. The temple lies on the southern banks of Sri Swami Pushkarini, a holy water tank. The temple complex comprises a traditional temple building, with a number of modern queue and pilgrim lodging sites.

It is most-visited place of worship in the world. The temple is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims daily (30 to 40 million people annually on average), while on special occasions and festivals, like the annual brahmotsavam, the number of pilgrims shoots up to 500,000.

There are yearly pilgrimage gatherings such as Kumbh Mela Pilgrimage(3-year or 12), Shabarimala Pilgrimage,  Kottiyoor Vysakha Pilgrimage where in thousands of people gather in a certain period of a year for pilgrimage.

Jainism
The Palitana temples on Mount Shatrunjaya, located by the city of Palitana, in Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India are considered one of the holiest places for Jains. Jains believes that a visit to this group of temples is essential once in a lifetime to achieve nirvana or salvation, although many Jains frequent it many times in their lifestyle.

Shikharji or Śrī Sammed Śikharjī (श्री सम्मेद शिखरजी), also known as the Parasnath Hill, located in Giridih district in Jharkhand, India, is a major Jain pilgrimage destination and is one of the most sacred place for Jains in the world. According to Jain belief, twenty of the twenty-four Tirthankaras (teachers of the Jains) attained Moksha (Nirvana) from this place. Parasnath Hill, with a height of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft)), is the highest mountain in the state of Jharkhand. The number of Tirthankars who attained nirvana at Shri Sammet Shikharji is 20. For each of them there is a shrine on the hill.

The hill is also known as Parasnath, a name derived from Parshva, the 23rd Tirthankara who attained Nirvana there. The present temple is not very old, although the idol in the main temple is ancient. The Sanskrit inscriptions at the foot of the images indicate that they were installed in the temple in 1678 AD.

Archaeologists believe some of the existing temple edifices on Parasnath Hill date from 1765 AD although the place is of greater antiquity. It is certain that the present edifices replace older edifices, which were demolished. Jain temples are often pulled down and re-built.

Sikhism
Harmandir Sahib, or Darbar Sahib (also known as the Golden Temple), is culturally the most important shrine in Sikhism, considered the spiritual and cultural centre of Sikhs. Located in Amritsar, Punjab, India. It is one of the oldest Sikh gurdwaras. It is located in the city of Amritsar, India, which was established by Guru Ram Das, the fourth guru of the Sikhs and the city was also built around the shrine, known as "Guru Di Nagri" meaning city of the Sikh Guru. It is made from white marble to keep the ground cool and pleasant. It was later laid with real gold which was provided by the emperor of Sikh Empire, Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Another significant place is the village of Nankana Sahib in Pakistan, the birthplace of Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism. Each of Nankana Sahib's gurdwaras are associated with different events in Guru Nanak Dev's life. The town remains an important site of pilgrimage for Sikhs worldwide. Punjab province of Pakistan is also the location of many important religious and historical sites for Sikhs, including the place of martyrdom of fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev. Many other important Sikh Shrines are located in the Punjab state of India as well as other parts in India.

The Panj Takht are the five gurudwaras which are revered as the seats of power in Sikhism. They are all located in India - the Akal Takht Sahib in Amritsar, Punjab; the Keshgarh Sahib in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab; the Damdama Sahib in Bathinda, Punjab; the Takht Sri Patna Sahib in Patna, Bihar and the Hazur Sahib Nanded in Nanded, Maharashtra.

Confucianism

Confucianism is often regarded as either a religion, philosophy or quasi-religious system of beliefs based upon the teachings of the ancient Chinese sage Confucius. Confucius's philosophy stresses a firm sense of ethical and political order and how to achieve these ends in order to benefit society.

While Confucianism is no longer as organized of an ideology as it once was, it still continues as a quasi-religious tradition and temples of Confucius exist throughout China. The most important is the Temple of Confucius in Confucius's hometown of Qufu. Other sites include the Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu, Shandong Province of China.

Shinto
Ise Shrine is the formal home of Amaterasu ōmikami, the primary deity of Shinto and traditionally believed to be a direct ancestor of the Japanese Imperial Family. It is located in the city of Ise in Mie prefecture, Japan. Access is strictly limited, with the public allowed to see merely the thatched roofs of the central structures, hidden behind three tall wooden fences. The Ise Shrine is purportedly the home of the Sacred Mirror.

Taoism
Four sacred mountains of Taoism：

Wudang Mountains, in Shiyan, Hubei Province of China;

Mount Qingcheng, in Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province;

Mount Longhu, in Yingtan, Jiangxi Province;

Mount Qiyun, in Huangshan, Anhui Province.

Tenrikyo
Followers of Tenrikyo believe that creation of the world occurred at a point called the Jiba, in Tenri City, Nara Prefecture, Japan. A pillar called the Kanrodai is erected on the exact point of the Jiba, and a set of worship halls have been constructed around it. A sacred dance is performed around the Kanrodai during the monthly worship services, and the daily prayers of Tenrikyo practitioners are performed while facing the direction of the Jiba. As it is considered that humans were originally created at the Jiba, the greeting "welcome home" (okaeri nasai in Japanese) is commonly used by believers to greet visitors.

The Church Of World Messianity

Followers of the Church of World Messianity believe that the physical world transformation in a paradise in Earth will began in the "sacred ground" places that the church builded in order to be the prototype of Heaven in Earth, there are actually 5 of these sacred grounds in the world, 3 in Japan, in the cities of Atami, Hakone and Kyoto, one in Thailand, in the city of saraburi, and one in Brazil, in the city of São Paulo.

New religious movements
This section of the article contains a list of religious sites significant to new religious movements besides Rastafari and Tenrikyo, which are listed above in their relevant sections.

Modern Druidry
Stonehenge is a site of religious significance in Neo-Druidism as Druids perform pilgrimage there. The first modern Druids to perform ceremonies at this site were the Ancient Order of Druids.

Roman Traditionalism

 * Temple of Jupiter (Templum Iovis), Torre Gaia, Rome

 * Aedes of Apollo Pithian Hyperborean (Templum Apollinis Pithi Hyperborei), Rome

 * Aedes Roma Pietatis, Torre Gaia, Rome

 * Aedes Minerva, Torre Gaia, Rome

 * Aedes Martis, Torre Gaia, Rome

 * Temple of Aegeria (Templum Aegeria), Torre Gaia, Rome

 * Temple of Venus Verticordia (Templum Veneris Verticordiae), Torre Gaia, Rome

 * Temple of Neptune (Templum Neptuni), Torre Gaia, Rome

 * Temple of Mercury (Templum Mercurii), Torre Gaia, Rome

 * Aedes Martis, Appia Antica, Rome

 * Temple of Apollo (Templum Apollinis), Ardea

Sicily

 * Temple of Apollo (Templum Apollinis), Palermo

 * Temple of Neptune (Temple Neptuni), Palermo

 * Temple of Ceres (Templum Cereris), Enna, Leonforte

 * Temple of Herakles (Templum Herculis), Enna, Leonforte

Apulia

 * Temple of Apollo (Templum Apollinis), Taranto

Veneto

 * Temple of Minerva Medica (Templum Minervae Medicae), Pordenone

Thelema
Thelemites do not normally carry out pilgrimages, but a certain number of adherents of Thelema regard Egypt, and Cairo and Giza in particular, to be important. Notable destinations for Thelemites traveling to or in Egypt include the King's Chamber in the Pyramid of Khufu, which is part of the Giza Necropolis in Giza, the Egyptian Museum in the Cairo district of Boulaq, and Downtown Cairo.

Other notable sites of historical or spiritual significance to many Thelemites are the now derelict Abbey of Thelema in the Sicilian city of Cefalu, Italy, and Boleskine House near Loch Ness in Scotland.

Zoroastrianism
Udvada is a town in Gujarat, India renowned for its Zoroastrian Atash Behram. This place of worship is the oldest still-functioning example of its kind, and has established Udvada as a pilgrimage center for Zoroastrians the world over.

title: List of religious sites


text:
Talk:Dynamic theory of gravity

Cleanup
This article was terribly disorganized, so I have cleaned it up and tried to make it read more gracefully and to make it more WP:NPOV. One important disclaimer: I am worried about the provenance of the alleged 1937 press statement by Tesla. I took the original authors at their word, but the only source I can find for this statement is a website which I would consider extremely cranky. Unless someone can produce a scan of a notarized photocopy of a contemporary newspaper from the vault, I thing we must regard the quotations from this statement as unverified (but plausible). Hence the occurrence of allegedly in the current version (hopefully not too distracting). ---CH 09:15, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

I hope it will be largely acceptable to everyone; should anyone wish to object to anything I wrote, I hope they will take it here, so that I can attempt to rewrite the article in the same style as the current version.

The talk page was getting rather bloated, so I archived the earlier discussions, which I understand to have been closed. ---CH 09:15, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The press statement seems to mesh with, for what it's worth. It would indeed be good to have some verifiable sources. - mako 09:58, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

I'd be very cautious about uncritically accepting something found at one of these crank websites (google this one to see what I mean) without authentication from a mainstream source. Writers at these cites are very prone to making wild assertions claiming special knowledge of secret governemnt work and so forth. An alleged reprint of a press release seems innocuous enough... but I'd still urge great caution in using anything you can find only at such sites.---CH 05:02, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * That NYT article does indeed exist; I just checked through ProQuest. The full press release is another matter. - mako 07:35, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Precision?
To be fair, these arguments are not easy nor without error

could somebody give comments on that ? It is supposed to mean that the original arguments of Einstein had some errors or that there are true errors when asserting that free bodies have a geodesic motion ? thx! LeYaYa

 * "without error" seems to be misleading, and probably wrong, so I've removed it William M. Connolley 12:24, 22 February 2006 (UTC).

 * Hi, 72.144.71.99, I liked most of your tweaks, but WMC is right; you misunderstood what I meant there. When I find time to write decent articles on EIH and related background, you'll see more clearly why I wrote these arguments are not easy but added they are regarded as essentially correct.  ---CH 05:11, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Factual Error
"feel anticipates Ernest Rutherford's plum-pudding model of the atom"

Rutherford's model of the atom superseeded the "plum pudding model" where the +ve and -ve charge were evenly spread out in the atom, with the current model of electrons orbiting a nucleus. Have edited page accordingly.

Also "'infinitesimal world, with molecules and their atoms spinning and moving in orbits, in much the same manner as celestial bodies carrying with them static charges', which some feel anticipates Ernest Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom"

I do not believe this refers to a model of the atom but of atomic interaction... just a thought, im not going to edit "some" people's opinion without feedback

Wow that was a v fast edit thanq --AjP 09:15, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Yet another error
The page stated that Tesla felt energy could not be obtained from nuclear fission. This amounts to a widespread but nonetheless completely incorrect misinterpretation of nuclear reactions. The mass-energy relationship E=mc2 is NOT necessary to explain nuclear reactions. In the absence of SR, one could still say that nuclear fission occurs, but that the rest mass of the products would not be different.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.184.88.44 (talk • contribs)

 * Just to be clear: the misconception was Tesla's. ---CH 19:56, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Speculation and Guesswork
It is a pity that Tesla's notes are lost, as he tended to bring a fresh look and originality to the discussion, rather than simply regurgitating the current dogma. Having achieved the 'impossible' of an AC electric motor, and together with Westinghouse, proposed AC distribution networks when most of his contemporaries were wasting their time with highly impractical DC systems, his opinion ought to carry some weight.

Such an intellect should not be dismissed lightly. Even if quite wrong, I'm sure he would have brought some original speculation to what has become a highly dogmatic, practically stagnant, area of debate.

At worst he may have sinned against the great god relativity, but then so did Einstein fall by the wayside in refusing to accept the quantum mechanics doctrine. Yet Einstein was granted absolution by the scientific establishment.

Perhaps it was in his character that he needed to be out of step with his contemporaries, so that he refused to accept the current wisdom as a matter of pure obstinacy, who knows?

The argument that he was wrong because general relativity is 'right' has absolutely no place in science. We have no way of knowing what experiments he proposed to disprove general relativity, or what their outcome might be.

This article needs to restrict itself to the facts. Gordon Vigurs 10:20, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Good idea. Shall we replace it with the simple statement that "nothing of any significance is known of teslas theory"? William M. Connolley 21:38, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

No. I think the article should be deleted, and what little factual information is here should be included in an entry on Nikola Tesla. At least it will then be in the context of all the other bizarre ideas he had towards the end of his career. Gordon Vigurs

It appears Nicolai Tesla is a red link. Is this crackpot nonsense the sole entry in Wikipedia which purports to describe his work? Gordon Vigurs 09:31, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed it is. But Nikola Tesla isn't William M. Connolley 09:48, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks - excuse my spelling. The article is well worth a look! Gordon Vigurs 21:38, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

PRODIGAL GENIUS
The Life of Nikola Tesla by John J. O'Neill (1944) Complete On-Line Volume http://rastko.org.yu/istorija/tesla/oniell-tesla.html

Fourth Part SELF-MADE SUPERMAN http://rastko.org.yu/istorija/tesla/oniell-tesla.html#_Toc496780563

134.193.94.173 19:38, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

New edits (sigh)
Anon, with edit comment ''There's lots of good information in the PESwiki article. Despite the sites controversial nature. It's been cleared of any dubious statements.'', added

 * The Dynamic Theory of Gravity is a unified field theory developed by Nikola Tesla in the late 1930s. The theory explains the relation between gravitation and electromagnetic force by unifying all the fundamental forces and particle responses into a single theoretical framework.

amongst other stuff. Now... is this statement, as claimed, clear of any dubiousness? Certainly not. The assertion that it *is* anything is dubious: DTOG has no known content at all. Ditto for the unification. Any statement about the theory must be qualified by "and we have no details about it at all" or similar. And

 * There is still a halo of mystery around his death - even the exact date is not certain. It is speculated that his death may have been caused by too much "pressure" by agents in order to extract and obtain the secret documents regarding this theory.

is just total speculation with no source whatsoever William M. Connolley 10:49, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * We know what the theory was about from his announcements, though we don't know the details. There's no reason not to mention that the theory was meant to unify all fundamental forces and explain the connection between gravity and electromagnetism. 72.144.71.66

 * No, we don't. We know what he asserted it is about. You appear to believe him. I don't. I the absence of any detail, all we know is that he wanted such a theory to exist William M. Connolley 11:06, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * We know that was the intent of the theory and thus we can say thats what the theory is about. 72.144.71.66 11:09, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No, because ot say the theory *is* about strongly implies that it was properly worked out and coherent. And there is no evidence for either William M. Connolley 11:27, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Then replace the word "is". We already mention its not worked out. We don't know if it was coherent. What's the big deal? 72.144.71.66 11:40, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If you replace "is" with... "might have been"? "is speculated to have been"? then you might as well stick with the current text: The dynamic theory of gravity was an alleged unified field theory which, late in life, the distinguished inventor Nikola Tesla claimed to have constructed. According to a 1937 press statement by Tesla, he had succeeded in unifying gravity and electromagnetism. Since Tesla never published his own theory, and since no notes describing it in detail seem to be extant, it is impossible to say much with certainty about it. Even the claims allegedly made by Tesla himself before his death, as described below, appear difficult to verify. Tesla's apparently unverifiable claims concerning his own work cannot be said to constitute a contribution to theoretical physics, but they nonetheless remain of absorbing interest to a minority. What do you think is wrong with that text? William M. Connolley 11:51, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Revert. Whatever you feel is strange from PESwiki, remove. (sigh). That was right in the edit comment. 72.144.71.66 10:52, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * And I still don't see how a few questionable parts like that would merit removing the entire article. 72.144.71.66 10:57, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If the article is to only contain verifiable content, then little will remain. Certainly, DTOG *is*, unqualified, cannot remain William M. Connolley 11:06, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * So apparently your solution is to scrap the entire article, regardless of how others approach it? 72.144.71.66 11:09, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Why are you repeating this nonsense? Try to be constructive William M. Connolley 11:27, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't be. You locked the page. 72.144.71.66 11:40, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

None of the added material appears to meet verifiability requirements, anyway. - mako 08:18, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Oops...

This article is very very bad!
If you are not a scholar of physics, this article dosen´t explain anything. It does not explain the theory nor how it has been criticized. Sorry, I love you all, more than anyone, you who are working on wikipedia!! But it is also my duty to say when something is wrong, even if I can´t improve it myself. 82.181.229.8 11:02, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The article, hopefully, points out that the theory has no known content. What more is there to say? William M. Connolley 11:18, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed, the only purpose of this article is to answer the question, "What was Tesla'a dynamic theory of gravity?", which is linked from the Tesla article. It seems to say about as much as can be said, under the circumstances.  We could add that it has the earmarks of a crackpot theory, but that would probably violate the NPOV policy. — DAGwyn 22:02, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Shorten?
Moved from my talk page, in response to my edit comment that there is little fact to it:

 * Well then let it be short or better, merge it with Nikola Tesla. Still, its not encyclopedic for someone to be analyzing whether the theory knew what it was talking about or even existed. A simple "Tesla claimed to make theory blah. It was supppose to do blah. [Present quotes from articles]. Nothing more is known. Done." would do fine. Horvat Den 21:46, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

But I feel reluctant to do this. The Tesla quotes are arguably of some use; the total-lack-of-content ditto William M. Connolley 22:38, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The quotes are fine. What's messy is how the article looks like its giving people a modern physics lecture. Horvat Den 22:56, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Its trying to give some modern perspective on the theory, which seems useful William M. Connolley 23:04, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

The statement "Tesla's murky description of his unified field theory could perhaps have been described as fringe science in 1937. Today it could only be described as not even wrong." seems to me like slander, and should be removed. You cannot say it is not even wrong, when the actual theory of Tesla is not known 85.165.249.35 23:24, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You can't slander dead people William M. Connolley 13:04, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Relativity
"This statement appears to reflect misconceptions concerning Albert Einstein's theory of gravitation: General relativity does give a self-consistent description of the motion of celestial bodies. "

Back then perhaps this held truth, but right now it is not true. General relativity is not sufficient for describing all motions of all celestial bodies. Inventions like black holes, dark matter and such are weaknesses in relativity, making the mentioned quote of Tesla in which he expresses to be afraid that this mathematical theory might separate itself from observed and proven reality a rather smart one. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cosmology

DON'T DELETE IT! TOO MUCH OF TESLA'S HISTORY IS ALREADY LOST!!
Regardless of how many people can agree/disagree about tesla's history he did form a DTOG, and that is worth respecting. You are talking about a man who had a photographic memory and could work with objects in his mind at a very high level. DTOG needs to stay at an article because it is part of tesla's history. The article already specifies that it is an "alleged" theory, and that is discredit enough.

Don't let the government wipe his history out, that seems to be the common trend of this man's incredible work.

Oh you're just worrying too much. His history won't be wipe out, it is just the begining. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.11.142.236 (talk) 03:53, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

We are proud to have a small part of a greater history.
An intellect who explored the unknown realms of science. Who worked for the greater good of the society. Although history does not know much of him, the little it does, is invaluable and precious.

I am just a small part of this large community but I hope my thoughts resonate with others. I am proud to have this little piece about the man, the myth, the legend,Nikola Tesla.

I strongely urge all the members, please do not delete this magnificent article.

Thanks

Sudeep944 (talk) 05:39, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dynamic theory of gravity


text:
Talk:Otto Schily

Untitled
Please don't edit "more than 70 years of age", it will be correct in 9 days. :-) djmutex 21:30 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Otto Schily


text:
User:Strange Glue

Glue that is strange.

title: User:Strange Glue


text:
Talk:Lake monster

Pseudoscience, Edit Wars, and Total Lack of References
This article lacks a single reliable reference. What does exist seems to simply be outright pseudoscience from cryptozoology corners on the level of flat Earth theory. This isn't good. Either this article needs to be completely rewritten from scratch with academic sources in hand—think from folkloristics—or it needs to be deleted or redirected where the topic is actually handled with appropriate sourcing. However, it's not likely that this article can be rewritten without simple being a repeat of sea monster. This article was tagged for these issues, yet it was edit-warred away by. :bloodofox: (talk) 21:16, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Ignoring the accusations... If you'd like to rewrite the article from scratch, that sounds like a great idea, and a perfect use of a draft in your user space. We can replace the article when you're done as long as it's agreeable to everyone here. If you'd like to delete the article, WP:AfD is for that, so I'd suggest going there. You're complaining about the sources. Do you have some we've excluded? It would be great to incorporate any you're aware of.  — Jess · Δ♥ 21:25, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Actually, that's not an accusation—it's a fact. You've removed the tags and you need to restore them. Next, I suggest you stop making up rules as you go along. Article are rewritten from scratch all the time and nobody needs to ask anyone permission to edit an article.

 * Finally, there's a Wikipedia policy about restoring material that has been deleted due to having no sources—WP:PROVEIT. The Wikipedia policy explicitly requires users who restore deleted unsourced material to restore the material only with reliable sources. Since you are this individual —got any sources, Jess? :bloodofox: (talk) 21:29, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I didn't restore any material. You're getting me confused with other editors.  — Jess · Δ♥ 21:32, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * You're right, actually—you're the user who removed the tags notifying other editors that this discussion is ongoing and who refuses to restore them. :bloodofox: (talk) 21:36, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

We have room in Wikipedia for all sorts of pseudoscience topics, if they are notable and provided that they should be handled according to the guidelines at Fringe theories. I don't think there can be any reasonable dispute that the topic of lake monsters is notable: for starters, a search at Google Scholar produces more than 500 potential sources. The current text of this article seems to contain little more than some basic background material, none of it making any particularly contentious claims (as far as I can see) or asserting in Wikipedia's voice that any lake monster actually exists. The article does identify a few sources, albeit not in the most desired footnote form. It also has a short list of other, bluelinked articles about some particularly well-known examples like Nessie and the Lagarfljót Worm. Under our basic editing policy, this article looks to me like a typical candidate for improvement, not deletion. --Arxiloxos (talk) 22:05, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * The notability of the article is not on trial nor has anyone attempted to delete the article itself. The problem is the content and why it simply shouldn't handled along with sea monsters the article. Then there's all the usual cryptozoology infestation problems. When handling pseudoscience, especially cryptozoology, Wikipedia has long had a problem with slipping into the emic voice rather than sticking to the etic. In other words, we need scholarly secondary sources handling cryptozoology as a topic, especially considering its completely fringe nature.

 * Frequently cryptozoology is also very much overrepresented on our folklore articles (which is not okay via WP:UNDUE, WP:PSEUDOSCIENCE) and apparently often mistaken for folkloristics by Wikipedia users (inappropriate usage of the cryptozoology-specific term cryptid implies as much). This doesn't happen so much on our zoology and biology articles, apparently because they're far better watched (or Wikipedia users have a better familiarity with these topics).

 * Cryptozoology is ruling the roost here at the moment and not a single reliable source is provided. This is akin to flat Earth proponents dominating a zoology article. We need secondary, reliable sources from scholars covering cryptozoology activity on the topic (which certainly exist), not pseudoscientific claims. The folklore record is massive on this topic and this article could certainly be rewritten with that in mind. The folklore record and its assessment (by folklorists!) should certainly make up the vast bulk of the article, with the cryptozoology stuff restricted to its own section. :bloodofox: (talk) 22:28, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Okay, so you've said scholarly sources covering cryptozoology activity on this topic exist. That's awesome. Can you list a few? I'd love to see them incorporated. I'm not sure I agree about the folklore vs cryptozoology bit, but I'd have to see the sources first to make up my mind about their respective weight. I'm not sure which pseudoscientific claims you're talking about in the article. Can you give me an example?  — Jess · Δ♥ 22:38, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Jess, first—restore the tags already instead of doing everything you can to spark an edit war. Next, I guess you're still not following the discussion at cryptozoology talk page. Academics frequently study pseudoscience as a phenomenon. As a courtesy, here's one such recent articles for you (from Problematic Wildlife, 2015, Springer).

 * The sheer volume of analysis of folklore, ancient and contemporary, by academics on the topic of beings (or "monsters") dwelling in (or strongly associated with) lakes (and other bodies of water) is absolutely massive. From Grendel in Beowulf to the contemporary Nessie to any of the many thousands of beings associated with lakes in Europe alone, folklorists and other specialists have produced vast (even overwhelming) amounts of text on these topics that this article could easily cover. Cryptozoology is a very recent and extremely fringe aspect of this topic. Right now cryptozoology dominates this article. :bloodofox: (talk) 22:51, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * nor has anyone attempted to delete the article itself Remind me about the time you wanted to redirect the article without any discussion. clpo13(talk) 23:43, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I'll gladly remind you that article deletion and producing a redirect are two different processes on Wikipedia. Meanwhile, I'll thank you to actually look an article over before you decide to edit war. This sad little article has been plastered with "citation needed" tags for piles of unreferenced material since *2009*. Someone with knowledge of the topic happens to come by and do something about it and what do they get? A plethora of edit warriors deciding that—whatever the article may say, no need to bother looking at it—it's time to revert. Not constructive and not conducive to improving Wikipedia. :bloodofox: (talk) 23:49, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * When it comes to redirecting an existing article, it's the same concept as deleting (blanking). You made a bold edit and were challenged. I don't know why it took multiple reverts by different editors to get you to start a talk page discussion. clpo13(talk) 23:53, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Probably for the same reason you decided to simply revert rather than discuss—without even bothering looking at the article, no less, judging by your citation comments. If you want to contribute, go ahead. If you're here out of spite, that's not very useful to the project. :bloodofox: (talk) 00:04, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
 * WP:CON. Have you read this yet? clpo13(talk) 00:07, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Indeed I have—and its many versions over the years. Unfortunately, for this process to work, it's expected for the editors to be familiar with the article in question. Now, this article has been sitting in its current state—more or less—since about 2008. You can call the kettle black all day about the reversion process or you can contribute to the article. Your choice. :bloodofox: (talk) 00:11, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oh, we're talking about contributing to the article now? Your first edit to this was to unilaterally redirect it. Is that your idea of fixing an article? clpo13(talk) 00:14, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Actually, yeah. Many article require clean up. I've directed you to WP:PROVEIT a few times now—it clearly states that unreferenced material is to be removed and the individual that restores it needs to reference it. That individual is you. :bloodofox: (talk) 00:16, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I must be hallucinating then because I see one inline citation and seven general references. Now, if this is about unreliable sources, then that's one thing. But you're saying it's unsourced? clpo13(talk) 00:19, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm not sure what physical process you're experiencing, but if this is a "source" to you, then we've got problems. Otherwise the only "source" int he article is a reference to some mysterious "Bengt Sjögren (1980)", which is not provided. :bloodofox: (talk) 00:24, 5 March 2016 (UTC)

 * The only mention of lake monsters I see is on page 585, and it's a passing mention. I'm not sure how to incorporate that into this article. Any suggestions? Maybe something I missed?  — Jess · Δ♥ 23:44, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Nah, since you're apparently solely here to troll, I'm not particularly interested in teaching you how Google Books or JSTOR works. Just about any academic survey of cryptozoology mentions its fixation on lake monsters. Restore the tags and I'll take that you're acting in good faith a little more seriously. :bloodofox: (talk) 23:49, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Okay, well I can't think of any way to incorporate the source you proposed into this article, so I guess I'm opposed to using it for now. If you think of something or find another source, let me know.  — Jess · Δ♥ 23:53, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Lol, this guy. Refusing to reinstate tags out of spite, despite ongoing discussion on the talk page, and inevitably rejecting any source provided. Not how to build an article but definitely how to concern troll on Wikipedia. :bloodofox: (talk) 23:56, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Calling someone a troll can be considered a personal attack. clpo13(talk) 00:10, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Any number of things can be considered a personal attack, yet this isn't an "attack" but a behavioral concern. When such behavior is suspected, it's entirely appropriate. Tag removal when discussion is ongoing is exactly such behavior. :bloodofox: (talk) 00:12, 5 March 2016 (UTC)

Long-Tagged Section Removed
I've just removed a lot of long-tagged items, much of it in emic voice for cryptozoology, a pseudoscience (WP:UNDUE, WP:PSEUDOSCIENCE). I've left some of the more reliable stuff behind but the quote and its source are still pretty dubious. Article needs to be rewritten from scratch with reliable secondary sources from researchers working in related fields (most notably folkloristics, as this is folklore). :bloodofox: (talk) 02:55, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

Move to New Article, Aquatic monster
In an effort to improve this article with reliable, secondary sources I'm running into an issue. Reliable sources are blurry about a distinction between lake and sea. This excellent source, for example, refers to the Loch Ness Monster as a "sea monster". What seems to be happening with our lake monster and sea monster is a distinction based on salinity, something that is really an artificial distinction given the record and not something I'm seeing in secondary sources discussing this.

Now, we're clearly not going to have an article for every blurry term for a body of water in the English language (I doubt fjord monster is coming any time soon), so why isn't the topic of aquatic monsters handled in one place? Under aquatic monster, we can also discuss entities that appear in the folklore record as dwelling in, say, rivers. If no one objects, I'll create the new article in time and move what's usable form here over to there. :bloodofox: (talk) 03:51, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

This isn't a terrible idea, especially since there is no article yet for river monster. Biologically, the distinction should probably be between freshwater versus saltwater monsters, but then there should be brackish monsters too. However, such biological distinctions don't really correspond with the fact that the majority of monsters are the products of myth and folklore. It is a bit like trying to classify whether pegacorns are land-dwelling or air-dwelling. Seafaring myth and culture though is fairly distinct from the culture of those who spend most of their time on lakes and rivers instead, so I think it is good to keep them separate. If anything, the subject of river monsters can probably be merged with lake monsters, until there is enough material to create a separate article. Nicole Sharp (talk) 08:22, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

Rewrite research in progress
This article need some work, well a lot of it. I'm going to see what I can do while keeping the concerns noted above in mind. Please direct further comments, suggestions, concerns, etc.. here or to my talk page. Cheers. Rap Chart Mike (talk) 17:18, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Rewrite up. I'd like to think its an improvement on the sourcing. Rap Chart Mike (talk) 15:50, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * While the article needs a rewrite, I'm afraid you've introduced a number of problems into the article:
 * Equal time for pseudoscience: Cryptozoology is plainly a pseudoscience and Wikipedia has strict policies and guideliness on how pseudoscience is to be represented in article spaces (importantly, WP:PSCI and WP:UNDUE, see also WP:FRINGE). The cryptozoology stuff is extreme fringe and needs to go. For perspective, currently the article reads like a geology article written by a flat earther or a medical article composed by a germ theory denialists.
 * Poor sourcing: There's no shortage of peer-reviewed works or items published by an academic press on this topic composed by folklorists (academics active in folklore studies) over the past few hundred years. In turn, there's no reason to turn to blog posts and no reason to turn to Gizmodo articles on "paranormal investigators" (another pseudoscience).
 * With these things in mind, I'm afraid this isn't an improvement, and the article continues to need a rewrite from scratch. :bloodofox: (talk) 16:17, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't understand where you're interpreting this as giving any weight to fringe theories. It's clearly stated several times that lake monsters are myths, stories, legends, etc... The blog posting you refer is written by a geologist that is considered notable enough to have her own page here and the paranormal investigator is Joe Nickell, a man that has made his career out of debunking paranormal claims and is a research fellow for the committee for skeptical inquiry. SO maybe clarify what you're thinking here?Rap Chart Mike (talk) 16:35, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * For one, the article starts with "In folklore and cryptozoology,", which is on par with saying "In geology and flat earth theory" or "In physical cosmology and in young earth creationism". Wikipedia does not provide equal time for pseudoscience. The geologist you're talking about has no background in folklore studies and the same goes for the "paranormal researcher". These are not authorities on this topic. Why is it you're avoiding folklorists on an article about folklore? Google Books, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and a huge variety of other easily accessible sources provide a plethora of first-rate sources on this topic. :bloodofox: (talk) 16:41, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * On specific lake monsters and legends there certainly is a ton of quality information and its well cited in many of the articles on the various specific monsters. As faras lake monsters in general? Not so much out there. I'm trying to avoid a lot of overlap because its not needed here. Rap Chart Mike (talk) 16:53, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * If you're encountering problems with sourcing, it might be because this is a overly specific. There's an artificial division going on here regarding bodies of water, evidently based on salinity (see Talk:Lake_monster). Aquatic monster or just moving all of these to water monster would solve this problem. Reliable sources like Watts's Encyclopedia of American Folklore handle these topics in this way. :bloodofox: (talk) 16:58, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * That said, there are many, many reliable sources to draw from on this topic. For example, one of the first Google Books hits I get is Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature: A Handbook, which contains a few articles (for example, "Water Spirits, Motif 420" by D. L. Ashliman) on this very topic from folklorists. :bloodofox: (talk) 17:05, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I figured that the merging discussion was dead as the last and only post on it here was from November of 2016. They probably should be merged given the non-specific nature of the topic.Rap Chart Mike (talk) 17:29, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Although, I think a merge would result in the elimination of information rather than spreading information on distinct topics.Rap Chart Mike (talk) 17:42, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

Not sure I'm understanding Bloodofox, if you think more folklore should be added then add it. The mention of pseudoscience in the lede is unwarranted, as the term folklore is already used. Possibly the term Cryptozoology could be used to explain further? I'm not following your comment about having both is like adding flat-earth and geology.Sgerbic (talk) 17:32, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Like flat earth theory, young earth creationism, and germ theory denialism, cryptozoology is a pseudoscience, and therefore bound by WP:PSCI (WP:PSEUDOSCIENCE). :bloodofox: (talk) 17:44, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I initially had the term cryptozoology in there and removed it because I thought that was the word perceived as giving undue weight to pseudoscience. I think the further concern might be the term paranormal investigator in some of the references not being clear that the investigators are skeptically inclined and are not looking for these things because they actually think they are out there. Not real sure what the issues here are and if you'd like to be specific (or even just change the page) that would be helpful. Rap Chart Mike (talk) 17:50, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

lake monsters in fiction
Can we add a list of films and books featuring lake monsters? The only works that I know of are Lake Placid, Return to Mayberry, and Harry Potter. Nicole Sharp (talk) 08:10, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I considered that but could only find the ones you mention. I'm unopposed if you choose to make the addition. Rap Chart Mike (talk) 12:08, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake monster


text:
Armin Shimerman

Armin Shimerman (born November 5, 1949) is an American actor known for his role as Quark in the Star Trek franchise, appearing as the character in all seven seasons of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993–1999). He also had a recurring role as Principal Snyder in the first three seasons of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–1999), and voiced General Skarr and other characters in the animated series The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (2001–2007), Doctor Nefarious in the Ratchet & Clank video game series, and Andrew Ryan in the BioShock video game series.

Early life
Shimerman was born into a Jewish family in Lakewood, New Jersey, on November 5, 1949, the son of accountant Susan and house painter Herbert Shimerman. When he was 15, he moved with his family to Los Angeles, where his mother enrolled him in a drama group in an effort to expand his social circle. He attended Santa Monica High School and was active in drama. As a senior, he played leading roles in school productions of Hamlet, The Crucible, and The Skin of Our Teeth before graduating in 1967. After graduating from UCLA, he was selected to apprentice at the Old Globe Theater in San Diego. He began pursuing a career in theater and eventually moved to New York City, where he was a member of the Impossible Ragtime Theater. Returning to Los Angeles, he took roles in two CBS series to launch his television acting career.

Television
Shimerman is known for his work as the Ferengi bar owner Quark in the long-running television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, though his involvement with the Star Trek franchise began with appearances as other Ferengi characters in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes "The Last Outpost" and "Peak Performance". As the character Quark, Shimerman became one of Star Trek's most widely known characters, and he appeared several times on the cover of TV Guide, either with other actors or alone as part of a collector's series. He says that his favorite episode of Deep Space Nine is "Little Green Men" as it was the only episode where he is shown captaining a ship.

Along with Patrick Stewart, Marina Sirtis, Jonathan Frakes, and John de Lancie, he is one of only a few actors to play the same character on four or more different Star Trek series. He played Quark in Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, and Star Trek: Lower Decks. He reprised the role of Quark in the 1998 film Star Trek: Insurrection, but only in deleted scenes.

In addition to Star Trek, Shimerman has had roles as Pascal on Beauty and the Beast and as Principal Snyder in 19 episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. He has also starred as Anteaus in Stargate SG-1 as one of the Nox, an evil wizard in Charmed, appeared as Stan the caddy in an episode of Seinfeld and as Dr. Patemkin on Leverage.

Shimerman has appeared in the first 7 episodes as Judge Brian Hooper in the third season of Boston Legal, joining fellow Star Trek actors William Shatner, René Auberjonois, and Ethan Phillips. His character even shared a scene with Auberjonois, with the strife between the two characters reminiscent of the conflict between Shimerman's Quark and Auberjonois's Odo.

He made an appearance as "The Terror" in the first The Tick live-action series.

He appeared in the series Numb3rs episode "Provenance" as Patrick Holden. He had a small cameo in the episode "Posse Comitatus" of The West Wing as Richard the III and another in the film as an Old Man in the subway in What the Bleep Do We Know!?.

He has made appearances in various television series such as Babes as Mr. Ian Anderson, Married... with Children as Mr. Lovejoy, Warehouse 13 as Charlie Martin, Tremors as Cecil Carr, The Young and the Restless as Judge Graham Roberts, Castle as Benjamin Donnelly, Bad Samaritans as the Judge, and Red Bird as Max.

Voice work
He has voiced several video game villains, including Toad and Zealot (as well as the 5th Male Prisoner) in X-Men Legends and X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse respectively, Andrew Ryan in the BioShock series, Razputin's father in Psychonauts, and General Skarr from Evil Con Carne and The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy. He then lent his voice talent to BioWare for their games Jade Empire (as Emperor Sun Hai, Abbot Song and the Innkeeper) and Mass Effect (as the original Salarian Councilor and Fai Dan). He also voiced Dr. Emil Narud, Mohandar and Dr. Emil Narud in its Human Form in the 2010 RTS video game StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty and the 2013 expansion StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm respectively.

He also voiced the role of Quark in various Deep Space Nine video games such as Harbinger and the Fallen and reprised the role in the 2018 expansion Star Trek Online: Victory is Life.

He also voiced Ben Robbins and the Shopkeeper in the first 2 episodes of Rocket Power from 1999 to 2000.

In 2008, he voiced the character of Wilmer in an audio dramatization of The Maltese Falcon that also featured actors Michael Madsen, Sandra Oh, and Edward Herrmann. In addition, he also voiced the character of Mr. Phillips in Focus on the Family Radio Theatre's production of Anne of Green Gables. He also voiced Raanu along with the Villager and a Village Leader in the straight-to-DVD animated film Bionicle: The Legend Reborn. He also voices Green Goblin in the action role-playing video game Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2.

In 2011, he provided additional voices for the MMORPG Star Wars: The Old Republic.

In 2012, he also voiced Che Garcia Hansson and Old Joseph Cajiais for the MMORPG The Secret World.

His best known voice work is that of Doctor Nefarious in the Ratchet & Clank franchise, a role for which he received much praise.

He reprised his roles as Dr. Nefarious and Andrew Ryan and also voiced a Vox Populi enemy in the crossover fighting game PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale.

Deep Space Nine
Shimerman co-authored a Star Trek: Deep Space Nine novel, The 34th Rule, with David R. George III, published January 1, 1999. It focuses on his character Quark, who loses his bar and is imprisoned as a result of a diplomatic crisis between the Bajoran and Ferengi governments. The novel is an allegory for the internment of Japanese Americans during the Second World War.

The Merchant Prince series
Shimerman has co-written a series of books in which he provides a science fictional basis for the life of Dr. John Dee. The first novel in the series, The Merchant Prince, was co-written with Irish author Michael Scott, known for his Nicholas Flamel series. Published in 2000, it features the historical figure John Dee being placed in suspended animation in 1575 by an alien race known as the Roc and awakening in 2099. The cover features Shimerman in Elizabethan garb. Shimerman commented: "John Dee really did exist. We're pretty sure he was a member of Queen Elizabeth's secret service, which put it in his purview to kill if he needed to. The Elizabethan period was a much more perilous time; you had to be quick with a dagger and nefarious in order to survive". Shimerman thought there were aspects of both himself and his Star Trek: Deep Space Nine character, Quark, in the novel's interpretation of John Dee. Shimerman commented: "There are aspects of Quark similar to Dr. Dee, and undoubtedly there are aspects of Dr. Dee similar to Armin Shimerman, which would make him seem like Quark as well".

The other novels in the series are Outrageous Fortune (2002), co-written with Chelsea Quinn Yarbro, known for her historical horror novels, and Capital Offense (2003).

In late 2020, Shimerman's new book, Illyria: Betrayal of Angels, was released by publisher Jumpmaster Press. Betrayal of Angels is the first book in Shimerman's trilogy about John Dee.

Teaching
Shimerman has been teaching Shakespeare for years, and as an adjunct professor for the University of Southern California. He also serves as Shakespeare scholar for productions in and around the Los Angeles area.

Personal life
Shimerman married actress Kitty Swink in May 1981.

Soundtrack performances

 * Cop Rock (1990) - (performer: "He's Guilty") - Episode: "Pilot"
 * Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1998) - (performer: "Slug-o-Cola" - uncredited) - Episode: "Profit and Lace"
 * What We Left Behind: Star Trek DS9 (2019) - (performer: "What We Left Behind")
 * Ratchet and Clank: Rift Apart (2021) - (performer: "Join Me at the Top")

Writer work

 * Evil Con Carne (2004) - (story - segment "Hector, King of the Britons") - Episode: "Jealousy, Jealous Do/Hector, King of the Britons"

Audio work

 * The 34th Rule (2000) - Narrator, Quark
 * Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Legends of the Ferengi (2001) - Narrator, Quark
 * Incident at Vichy (2002) - First Detective, Prof. Hoffman
 * Magic Time (2005) - Narration
 * Twelve Angry Men (2006) - Juror #4
 * The War of the Worlds (2007) - Announcer, Others
 * The Maltese Falcon (2008) - Wilmer
 * Adventures in Odyssey (2009) - Prince George
 * The Mark of Zorro (2011) - Tavern Landlord
 * Die, Snow White! Die, Damn You!: A Very Grimm Tale (2012) - The Magic Mirror
 * Wild Cards IV: Aces Abroad (2016) - Narration
 * Magic Time: an Audio Play (2017) - Sam Lungo

Broadway work

 * Threepenny Opera (1976-1977) - Mr. Charles Filch, Ed, Ensemble
 * Saint Joan (1977-1978) - Baudricourt's Steward, Page to Warwick, Thomas de Courcelles, The English Soldier, Ensemble
 * I Remember Mama (1979) - Mr. Thorkelson
 * The Play That Goes Wrong (2022) - Dennis Tyde, Perkins

title: Armin Shimerman


text:
Party of Democratic Kampuchea

The Party of Democratic Kampuchea was a political party in Cambodia, formed as a continuation of the Communist Party of Kampuchea in December 1981. In the mid-1980s, it publicly claimed that its ideology was "a new form of democratic socialism", having ostensibly renounced Marxism–Leninism.

According to the party, the CPK's dissolution and the PDK's formation were prompted by the need for broader unity against Vietnam, a unity that an explicit communist line would hamper. The National Army of Democratic Kampuchea was the armed wing of the party, while the Patriotic and Democratic Front of the Great National Union of Kampuchea was a mass organization controlled by it.

The party's General Secretary at the time was Pol Pot. The party led the deposed Democratic Kampuchea government. Its followers were generally called Khmer Rouge.

At the time of the formation of the PDK, the Khmer Rouge forces had been pushed back by the Vietnamese-backed KPRP government to an area near the Thai border. The PDK began cooperating with other anti-Vietnamese factions and formed the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea in 1982.

Although Pol Pot relinquished party leadership to Khieu Samphan in 1985, he continued to wield considerable influence over the movement.

Ahead of the 1992/1993 elections, the PDK was largely succeeded by the Cambodian National Unity Party (CNUP), which publicly stated its wish to participate in the elections but eventually did not register and vowed to sabotage the election. Subsequently, UNTAC decided not to conduct elections in areas under PDK control. At the time it was estimated that approximately six percent of the population in Cambodia lived in areas under PDK control.

The PDK was declared illegal in July 1994, after which its activities continued under the Cambodian National Unity Party and the self-proclaimed Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia.

title: Party of Democratic Kampuchea


text:
Huygens

Huygens (also Huijgens, Huigens, Huijgen/Huygen, or Huigen) is a Dutch patronymic surname, meaning "son of Hugo". Most references to "Huygens" are to the polymath Christiaan Huygens. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Jan Huygen (1563–1611), Dutch voyager and historian
 * Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687), Dutch poet, diplomat, scholar and composer
 * Constantijn Huygens, Jr. (1628–1697), Dutch statesman, soldier, and telescope maker, son of Constantijn Huygens
 * Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695), Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer, son of Constantijn Huygens
 * Lodewijck Huygens (1631–1699), Dutch diplomat, the third son of Constantijn Huygens
 * Cornélie Huygens (1848–1902), Dutch writer, social democrat and feminist
 * Léon Huygens (1876–1918), Belgian painter
 * Jan Huijgen (1888–1964), Dutch speedwalker
 * Christiaan Huijgens (1897–1963), Dutch long-distance runner
 * Wil Huygen (1922–2009), Dutch children's and fantasy writer, e.g. of Gnomes

Named after Constantijn Sr

 * Constantijn Huygens Prize, Dutch literary award
 * Huygens Institute for Dutch History

Named after Christiaan Huygens
Astronomy: Physics: Mathematics and games: Microscopes:
 * Cassini–Huygens, mission to Saturn and Titan
 * Huygens (spacecraft), the probe of above mission which landed on Saturn's moon Titan in 2005
 * 2801 Huygens, an asteroid
 * Huygens (crater), a Martian crater
 * Mons Huygens, a mountain of Earth's Moon
 * Huygens Gap, main gap in the rings of Saturn
 * Huygens' principle regarding wave propagation
 * Huygens law regarding pendulums
 * Huygens–Steiner theorem regarding moment of inertia
 * Huygens' tritone, a musical interval
 * Huygens lemniscate, a figure eight curve
 * Huygens eyepiece, first compound eye piece
 * Huygens Software, a microscope image processing package

title: Huygens


text:
Santiam River

The Santiam River is a tributary of the Willamette River, about 12 mi long, in western Oregon in the United States. Through its two principal tributaries, the North Santiam and the South Santiam rivers, it drains a large area of the Cascade Range at the eastern side of the Willamette Valley east of Salem and Corvallis.

Watershed
The main course of the river is short, formed in the Willamette Valley by the confluence of the North and South Santiam rivers on the border between Linn and Marion counties approximately 8 mi northeast of Albany. It flows generally west-northwest in a slow meandering course to join the Willamette from the east approximately 8 mi north of Albany.

Both the North and South Santiam rise in high Cascades in eastern Linn County. The Middle Santiam River joins the South Santiam where the South Santiam is impounded to form Foster Lake. The North Santiam is impounded to form the 400 ft deep Detroit Lake in the Cascades. The Santiam is a major source of water supply for Salem.

History
The land surrounding Santiam river is the historic homeland of the Santiam band of the Kalapuya. Chief Alaquema (aka Joe Hutchins) of the Santiam negotiated with U.S. representative John Gain at the Santiam Treaty Council in 1851 before the forced removal of the Santiam and other Kalapuya tribes to the Grande Ronde reservation. After days of arguing, Alaquema told Gain, "We understand fully what you mean and that it may be better for us, but our minds are made up." He pointed to the land between the fork of the river on a map and said, "We wish to reserve this piece of land. We do not wish to leave this. We would rather be shot on it than removed." This treaty was however never ratified and in 1856 the Santiam were later forced to leave the fork in the Santiam River they had fought to preserve.

The Great Willamette Flood of 1861, which crested on December 2, destroyed many structures and animals on prairies near its confluence with the Willamette River and south of Knox Butte.

Fire district
Santiam River Zone is staffed by the Santiam Type 2 initial attack hand crew and two engines based out of the Detroit Ranger District. Additionally the Willamette National Forest has fire crews on the Mckenzie and Middle Fork Ranger Districts.

title: Santiam River


text:
Talk:HTTP 404

HTTP Status Codes
The following is original research, and thus should not be used directly to edit the article, but it may lead to someone finding a citation to a reliable source that confirms it.

The article says:

" Soft 404s can occur as a result of configuration errors when using certain HTTP server software, for example with the Apache software, when an Error Document 404 (specified in a .htaccess file) is specified as an absolute path (e.g. http://example.com/error.html) rather than a relative path (/error.html). "

I just tested this on Apache 2.2.20, and found that when I put " ErrorDocument 404 http:/www.example.com/ " in the .htaccess file, it serves up the file with a 302 redirect status code, not a 200. (" ErrorDocument 404 / " serves up the document with a 404 status code. ) --Guy Macon (talk) 19:47, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 19 December 2011
124.180.130.159 (talk) 05:54, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Padlock-silver-slash2.svg Not done: is not required for edits to semi-protected, unprotected pages, or pending changes protected pages. mabdul 12:27, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 13 January 2012
120.56.241.134 (talk) 15:20, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
 * No request made-- Jac 16888 Talk 15:25, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

Edit request, 3rd Feb 2012
"Google Chrome includes similar functionality, where the 404 is replaced with alternative suggestions generated by Google algorithms, if the page is under 512 bytes in size."

That bug was fixed in Feb 2011: http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=36558

Perhaps email mmenke (see bug) if you need further information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.69.28.170 (talk) 19:55, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Missing historical information
This Article is missing the information on where the name 404 historically comes from. Please ad it.

404 was the name of the first server room. so whenever there was a problem people had to go there.

http://www.room404.com/page.php?pg=homepage — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.78.152.79 (talk) 11:13, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

If you are going to add anything about the above, it should be noted that that story is an urban myth and the 404 code is based on a logical system of status codes and has nothing to do with any room in CERN or anywhere else. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.229.237.17 (talk) 22:35, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
 * How does User:60.229.237.17 know about this origin? Is there a source for this? BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 15:57, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

Page name
If the WP protocol is to be followed, shouldn't the page name be 404 error? — The redirect page "404 error" is near the top (currently #6) on the page stats list: and HTTP 404 doesn't even make the top 1000 list. ~Regards, ~E : 74.60.29.141 (talk) 06:58, 17 March 2013 (UTC)
 * You might have a good point. Currently, 404 error is #59 and HTTP 404 is #822. That shows that more users are using the redirect than accessing the article directly by an order of magnitude. I also get more Google Books hits for "404 error" (~6k) than for "http 404" (~2k), but even these are edged out by hits for "404 not found" (~8k). Does anyone have any other thoughts on the most appropriate title for this article? Wilhelm Meis (☎ Diskuss | ✍ Beiträge) 04:02, 9 November 2013 (UTC)
 * We might also look into HTTP 403, which I would suggest moving to 403 Forbidden. Wilhelm Meis (☎ Diskuss | ✍ Beiträge) 04:15, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

Github
Github returns fake 404 errors for pages that are hidden from the public. This can be paradoxical if someone creates a private fork of a public project and then does a pull request. The existence of the private fork, and its commit hashes, will be visible to the public, but any attempt to access it will result in 404.

When it becomes verifiable, we'll know to add it to the article. Meneth (talk) 13:12, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
 * It's not a particularly notable subject, and sounds more like a (possibly deliberate) mistake in the way the system handles erroneous requests. If memory serves, the correct error would be a 401. drewmunn talk 13:42, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

"optional, mandatory, or disallowed ... message"
At the beginning of the Overview paragraph...

"... numeric response code and an optional, mandatory, or disallowed (based upon the status code) message"

This says the message is one of (i) optional, (ii) mandatory, or (iii) disallowed.

I don't think this is what was intended. It doesn't make sense. This is what happens with amateur contributors and editors who don't have a good grasp of the English language. I would have corrected it but it's not possible to discern from the sentence what was actually intended.

On a secondary point of style, the parenthetical clause should be removed from the middle of the sentence and placed at the end, following a comma and without the parentheses.
 * Anybody can edit. Also anybody can sign messages with four fildes (~). BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 15:59, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

Slang section?
I feel that the slang section does not belong as a subsection of the IIS section. Lythronaxargestes (talk) 19:16, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

Minimum Chrome error page size for replacement
According to https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=36558 and https://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome?revision=75887&view=revision Chrome will only replace 404 pages which have 0 bytes of size (this may mean "Custom error pages" needs to be updated).

80.194.75.37 (talk) 10:51, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on HTTP 404. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140902081543/http://notfound.org/notfound to http://notfound.org/notfound

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:08, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 December 2018
there are many dead links we should add new and genuine links. Thakur ajad (talk) 13:39, 21 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 14:06, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:404 which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:16, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

Business 102.88.70.35 (talk) 23:11, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 April 2024
Identifying 404 Error Pages There are several possible ways to identify 404 (Page Not Found) error pages on a website:
 * Browser Indication: When you try to access a non-existent page on a website, most modern browsers will display a “404 Not Found” error message in the browser window.
 * HTTP Status Code: The server responds with an HTTP status code of 404 when a requested page or resource is not found. You can check the status code in your browser’s developer tools (usually by opening the Network tab and inspecting the response headers).
 * Server Log Files: Web servers typically log all incoming requests, including those that result in 404 errors. You can analyze the server log files (e.g., Apache’s access.log or Nginx’s access.log) to identify 404 errors and the requested URLs that caused them.
 * Web Crawling/Scanning Tools: Various web crawling and scanning tools, such as Screaming Frog SEO Spider, can be used to crawl a website and identify 404 error pages. These tools will report the URLs that returned a 404 status code.
 * Google Search Console: If you have your website registered with Google Search Console, you can check the “Crawl Errors” report, which lists the URLs on your site that returned 404 errors when crawled by Google’s bots.
 * Site Search: Some websites have a built-in search functionality. Attempting to search for a non-existent page or term can sometimes trigger a 404 error page.
 * Broken Link Checkers: There are online tools and browser extensions (e.g., Broken Link Checker for Chrome, Ahref Broken Link Checker) that can scan a website or specific page for broken links, which often result in 404 errors.

Reference [Https://whitebunnie.com/how-to-fix-404-error-for-better-user-experience-and-seo/ https://whitebunnie.com/how-to-fix-404-error-for-better-user-experience-and-seo/] Theadamroot (talk) 11:49, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: not appropriate for an encyclopedia. HansVonStuttgart (talk) 12:08, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:HTTP 404


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Upton, New York

Upton is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located on Eastern Long Island in the town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is the home of the Brookhaven National Laboratory and a National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Forecast Office (WFO) on the grounds of the national lab. This NWS WFO is code "OKX", and serves the New York metropolitan area.

The town is so named because it was the site of the U.S. Army's Camp Upton, which was active from 1917 until 1920, and again from 1940 until 1946. During World War II, the camp was rebuilt primarily as an induction center for draftees. The Army was later to use the site as a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital for returning wounded.

The 32 megawatt (MW) Long Island Solar Farm (LISF), located in Upton, is the largest photovoltaic array in the eastern United States. The LISF is made up of 164,312 solar panels which provide enough electricity for roughly 4,500 households. The project will cause the abatement of more than 30,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year. It earned the Best Photovoltaic Project of Year Award from the New York Solar Energy Industries Association.

title: Upton, New York