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Jeremiah M. Rusk

Jeremiah McLain Rusk (June 17, 1830 – November 21, 1893) was an American Republican politician. He was the second United States secretary of agriculture (1889–1893) and the 15th governor of Wisconsin (1882–1889), and served three terms in the United States House of Representatives (1871–1877), representing northwest Wisconsin. He also served as a Union Army officer during the American Civil War, served one term in the Wisconsin State Assembly (1862), and was the last Bank Comptroller of Wisconsin (1866–1870) before the office was abolished.

Biography
Rusk was born in Malta, Ohio, the younger brother of Allen Rusk. He was a member of the Republican Party. He began as a planter, then turned to innkeeping and finally to banking before the American Civil War.

Rusk started his service with the Union Army during Civil War as major of the 25th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment on August 14, 1862. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on September 16, 1863. He took command of the regiment on July 22, 1864, when Colonel Milton Montgomery was wounded and captured at Decatur, Georgia during the Battle of Atlanta. He continued in command after Montgomery was exchanged because Montgomery was given command of the brigade to which the 25th Wisconsin Infantry was assigned. Rusk was wounded at Salkehatchie River, Georgia on January 20, 1865. Rusk was mustered out of the volunteers on June 7, 1865. He received an appointment as brevet colonel to rank from March 13, 1865. On February 24, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Rusk for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on April 10, 1866.

After the Civil War, he became a congressman in the United States House of Representatives. He was elected to the Forty-second United States Congress as the representative of Wisconsin's 6th congressional district serving from March 4, 1871, to March 3, 1873. For the Forty-third Congress he redistricted and was elected as representative of Wisconsin's newly created 7th District. He was reelected to the Forty-fourth Congress as well serving from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1877. While in congress, he was chairman of Committee on Invalid Pensions (Forty-third congress). After his terms in congress he ran as a Republican for Governor of Wisconsin, an election he won. His most noted act during his governorship was when he sent the National Guard into Milwaukee to keep the peace during the May Day Labor Strikes of 1886. The strikers had shut down every business in the city except the North Chicago Rolling Mills in Bay View. The guardsmen's orders were that, if the strikers were to enter the Mills, they should shoot to kill. But when the captain received the order it had a different meaning: he ordered his men to pick out a man and shoot to kill when the order was given. This led to the Bay View Tragedy, in which a number of workers were killed; Governor Rusk took most of the blame.

In 1889, after the end of his third term as governor, he accepted the new cabinet position of secretary of agriculture in the Benjamin Harrison administration. He lived, died and was buried in Viroqua, Wisconsin. Rusk County, Wisconsin was named after Rusk. It was originally Gates County but changed its name in 1905.

Personal life and legacy
Jeremiah McLain Rusk was the youngest of seven children born to Daniel Rusk and his wife Jane ( Faulkner). Rusk's elder brother Allen Rusk also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and in the Union Army during the Civil War.

Jeremiah McLain Rusk married twice. His first wife was Mary Martin, who he married in 1849. They had two children together before her death in 1856. Later that year, Rusk married Elizabeth Marie "Berthe" Johnson, with whom he had four more children, though one died young. His second wife survived him.

His eldest son was Lycurgus James Rusk, was a lawyer and worked as private secretary to his father; he also went on to serve in the Wisconsin State Assembly and was a prominent member of the Wisconsin bar.

The house he bought and lived in while Governor of Wisconsin, now known as the Old Executive Mansion, was used by the state as the official residence of the Governor for several decades and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

title: Jeremiah M. Rusk


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Talk:Pearl S. Buck

Yet More about "Good Earth"
I'm replacing the highly patronizing use of Buck's first name 'Pearl' in this article (except where contextually appropriate) with the impersonal neutral last name 'Buck'. Why? Who contributed all this information? - chances are (high) that they were no one with whom Buck was personally acquainted. Having said that, I appreciate the potential confusion in the text with Pearl Buck's husband's name John. L. Buck; use of which being truncated to 'Buck' (a minor problem of text confusion). However, the more important issue here is the use of any persons' first name (family/first cultural conventions aside) which carries the immediate underlying implication of intimacy, OR, it is by default, extremely patronising. ALL Wikipedia articles/contributors should bear this in mind for future (and current) contributions. Cheers, Karl Gillies —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sleetacon (talk • contribs) 01:33, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

More about "Good Earth
It pains me to see how little about the book is written in her Wikipedia entry. Its like a Salinger entry without a mention of "Catcher in the Rye". It's a HUGE part of why she's famous in the first place. I'd do it myself but I wouldn't even know where to start. Someone please add this. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jenny Ice Cream (talk • contribs) 09:20, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

I concur with this comment. How strange to have an article about Pearl Buck that only mentions The Good Earth in the Bibliography. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lafong (talk • contribs) 04:53, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Well the book has its own article, so most of that will naturally reside there.--Kmhkmh (talk) 09:40, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

Let's split off "Home"
The long and detailed description of her house (Green Hills) seems like it ought to be on its own web page, linked from here. If there are no objections, I will move it. Dark Formal 20:35, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

The first paragraph doesn't make sense
"The family was sent to Zhenjiang, China in 1892 when Pearl was 3 months old. She was raised in California and learned the Chinese language and customs from a teacher named Mr. Kung. She was taught English as a second language by her mother and tutor. She was encouraged to write things at an early age.

In 1910, she left for America to attend Randolph-Macon Woman's College [1], "

How was she raised in California if she was in China from 3 months until 18 years? Furthermore, to say that she "was taught English as a second language from her mother..." defies logic. Is that supposed to mean Kung taught her Chinese before she learned to speak English? -by the mighty anonymouse —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.82.9.41 (talk) 14:04, 9 April 2007 (UTC).

Move?
Why isn't it ("Pearl S. Buck") at Pearl Buck (currently empty)? I dictionaried it and she is the only famous Buck (note that's a surname here). --Menchi 23:35 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * "Pearl S. Buck" is the name she's generally known by. RickK 00:32 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Do you think we can redirect "Pearl Buck" here? Or make that a disambiguation page? If so, disambiguate from whom? --Menchi 00:37 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, I can't think of anyone else who would be called by that name, so my vote would be for a redirect, but if somebody can come up with somebody else who uses that name, then it should be a disambiguation page. See how firmly I take a stand? :) RickK 01:31 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, very firmly. But you do relect on the tremendous flexibility of WP. I have just made the redirect, but it can easily be changed later shall Pearl T. Buck be borned a decade from now and be famous 30 years from now.
 * Thank you for your input.
 * --Menchi 01:38 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-

Adoption
Were the adopted children Chinese? -- Error 00:45, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * They were mostly of mixed ancestry. She wrote in "Essay of Myself" that most were born of Asian mothers and mostly American fathers. --QueenStupid 21:48, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

There were 6 adopted children. The first 4 adopted children were White and the last 2 were mixed White and Asian. I took a tour of Pearl Buck's house (Green Hills Farm) in Dublin, PA, where I saw pictures of the children and also asked the tour guide about their ancestry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.43.32.85 (talk) 14:38, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Error on where she lived in China
The article states that Pearl Buck lived in Zhejiang, while she actually lived in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, China.

Water Margin aka All Men Are Brothers
I'd be grateful to anyone who can add a few sentences about her adaptation of the classical Chinese story The Water Margin

Chinese tutor Mr. Kong or Mr. Kung?
Everywhere else I have seen Mr. Kung including here http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/Buck/biography.html

Weird Sentence?
"In her Lifetime original series, Pearl S. Buck would write over 100.5 works of literature" huh?? --216.165.11.242 04:23, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

another "weird" sentence in the Legacy section: "It was her efforts to foster Chinese women's liberation through her writing, and to serve as a translator that both empowered and silenced many women's voices and experiences in the process." What is being said? Empowered and Silenced? Doesn't make sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bluff city dweller (talk • contribs) 16:51, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Divorce
I'm curious as to why she divorced her husband. I read this in an "about the author" from The Good Earth and thought there might be more info in the article here. 67.76.228.3 21:16, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Biography
Are articles for biographies of Buck really necessary? Just wondering, since I just fixed a link for one, thus creating a red link calling for an article. QueenStupid 21:51, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

I am confused by the "Biographies" section too. Both the books listed there are by Pearl Buck, not biographies of her. So they should be in the "Bibliography" section. For actual biographies you should just have a wikified ISBN. Dark Formal 22:41, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I am no expert to be sure - but my grandfather did know Buck in China so . . .... so i think that these are biographies that Buck wrote - one, i think of her father or perhaps both parents.  The Exile is her dad and the Angel is her Mom - but please check it out.  Carptrash 22:50, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * From target: http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/pearlbuc.htm and from looking at a list of her works in one of her books at the library, I know now that they are written by her. The library didn't have those books, so I don't know if they are biographies. Anyway, I will change the section header to be under "Bibliography." Also, should this "Bibliography" be changed to "Selected Works" or something to that effect? QueenStupid 00:42, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I have both those books around here somewhere [maybe in the PILE], but checked with Carpwoman - and they are biographies of her parents written by her. I'll think about the section headers a bit. Carptrash 14:48, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Undeserving?
While the Nobel prizes for literature are known for the writers ignored (Henry James, Mark Twain etc), it is hard to imagine there is a prize less deserved than Pearl Bucks. Her books include some that are simply unreadable (Imperial Woman--cheesy melodrama) and some that add nothing to the sum of hunman knowledge (Portrait of a marriage). The cruel irony is that she received a Nobel Prize for her American-centric maunderings about China while one of the great writers of the 20th Century, the Chinese master Lu Xun, vanished from Western view.
 * I haven't read all of her novels, but I think 'cruel irony' is a little harsh on the award and on her. I thought Imperial Woman was a pretty insightful book. I felt pity and anger for Tsu Hsi when I read it, as opposed to the extremely negative view most of my Chinese relatives have of her. I think this is a popular view of the last empress, and Pearl S. Buck, with that knowledge, really showed her readers a more sympathetic picture. I know she was no historian, but her works brought Asian culture to light in the Western world. Lu Xun's work sounds very interesting, and I thank you for letting us know about him. I'm definitely going to find some of his work. QueenStupid 20:21, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Comments like "unreadable," "cheesy melodrama," and "maunderings" are hardly NPoV and, to those who know the work, are quite simply inaccurate. Buck's books, aside from being excellent storytelling, made many non-Asians far more interested in China than they would otherwise have been.  Her influence was vast and the Nobel was appropriate.   Athaenara   talk  11:09, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I dont agree at all. The dispute should be mentioned. Her Nobel Prize was regretted enough for the commitee to create a "lex buck" (which has the purpose to prevent another misstake like her by limiting the prize to people that already have been on the short list before) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 2007 134.105.82.221 (talk • contribs) 10:35, 11 October
 * Can you give a source for that information? If verifiable, it would be worth mentioning in a neutral way. --Foggy Morning 23:19, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

This comment about the poverty and cheesy nature of much of Buck's writing seem appropriate and well stated. Apart from a certain childish romanticism, Imperial Woman is turgid nonsense. The point about Lu Xun is well put--an extraordinary writer with one of the greates ranges of any writer in the 20th century. Novelist, historian, literary historian, journalist of great power. His newspaper essays are just extraordinary and offer a powerful sense of China at one of the most turbulent and fraught times in modern history. Once you read Lu Xun, Pearl Buck becomes unendurable.

All the unsigned comments above are cowardly as well as inappropriate. If you have an axe to grind with PSB's writing, source what supports your argument and edit the article... otherwise go haunt a literature blog. Buster (talk) 04:04, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Well a few concluding remarks regarding the comments above: --Kmhkmh (talk) 23:27, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The unknown critic is correct in pointing out that Nobel Prize for Buck was heavily critized and resulted indeed in the so called Lex Buck (now you have to be shortlisted twice before the Nobel Prize can be awarded to you)
 * He is also correct in pointing out that many critics consider(ed) Buck's writing as shallow or uninteresting for the most.
 * He's not quite correcting calling her cheesy, undeserving or unreadable, because that's not quite in line with the facts. Many of her books were bestsellers, so they were obviously readable to many. Her work was enormously influential for the western perception of China.
 * Though there might be other authors providing a more realistic picture of life in China in the first half of the 20th century, she's still provided a relatively realistic picture compared to most other writers at the time.
 * While some criticism of her work might be fair or at least arguable, there was plenty of criticism which is rather questionable in retrospective, since it was heavily biased by chauvinistic and ideological attitudes of the time.
 * Since the 90s there has been somewhat of a mostly positive reevaluation of PSB's work by literature scholars, critics and authors, which dismisses much of her past critics for the reasons stated above. Her work has experienced a reappraisal or rediscovery in the West and in China alike. Interestingly enough some Chinese scholars even consider her a "chinese" writer of sorts.
 * Lastly all the personal opinions that WP-editors might have of PSB are largely irrelevant. The only thing that matters here, is a somewhat fair representation of what reputable sources say about PSB. In that regard you can easily verify the points i've stated above if you google for recent publication on PSB.

Buck's humanitarianism and her organization coming "under fire"...
Pearl S. Buck International has consistently received "A" ratings from charity watchdog groups, and PSBI receives particularly good marks for its child sponsorship programs, which are judged to be extremely efficient. Examples include:

The Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance

The American Institute of Philanthropy (As a Top-Rated Charity)

"Best in America" at Independent Charities of America

The statements about "Pearl S. Buck International coming under fire" run counter to the public perception and those of the nonprofit watchdog community, which is based on audited financial statements and significant oversight.

While an article was written alledging management misconduct at Pearl S. Buck International in 2004, it was considered poorly sourced (the primary source was a fired employee) and did not result in any penalties for the organization. Furthermore, the wiki post suggests that it is inappropriate to "redirect" donations to pay for staff salaries (which is not true).

The article about mismanagement at PSBI is misleading and contradicts the confirmed standing of her organization within the charitable and philanthropic community. Considering also that there is no source listed for this citation, and that its claims have not been verified in any official way, I argue that it misrepresents her humanitarian contribution. I suggest that it be stricken.

--ChrisLeyda 19:59, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

I almost deleted...
I almost deleted the Chinese and Pinyan spellings of her name. It would seem obtuse if every English Language Wikipedia article had the Chinese (and/or other foreign language) representations of people's names in them, as Wikipedia is not a language study guide. However, after reading the article, and seeing that she spent significant time in China, and wrote about her experiences, it seems contextually appropriate. Perhaps it would belong in another section of the article, however, other than the intro, as the intro gives no clues as to why we are reading Chinese language representations of an American;s name. I will leave it up to the regular contributors to the article to decide if and how to do that. Jerry 15:39, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

The Chinese name and pinyin are appropriate because she is still known in China. cwh 19:22, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

The Illustrator of her works is entirely relevant
The Illustrator of her works is entirely relevant. It is factual, and referenced with the NY Times article. Undid JNW's deletion of this important aspect. Maxwell illustrated works for Pearl S. Buck for nearly 10 years. --Rocketsquirrel (talk) 20:59, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Illustrators, plural
Factual, but not integral, unless your references make it clear that Maxwell maintained a special or exclusive relationship with Buck, which might be worth mention, i.e., 'Maxwell was the only artist to illustrate Buck's work for a ten year period, at the author's insistence'. Currently, the passage makes it appear as if Maxwell was the only artist who illustrated Buck's works, which was not the case. If this is a valid heading, what you have contributed thus far is a start---other prominent artists who illustrated her works included Dean Cornwell, Martha Sawyers, Benton Clark, Gustaf Tenggren, Kurt Werth, Charles Hargens, Esther Brock Bird, and William A. Smith. The purpose of an encyclopedia is not to promote particular individuals, and thus far that is the appearance here. JNW (talk) 02:57, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Then add them
I intentionally put the title "illustrators" on the section, knowing that there were more illustrators than just Maxwell, to avoid POV. If you have references for Cornwell, Sawyers, Clark, Tenggren, et. al., they should be added. Currently, the passage makes it appear as if Maxwell was the only artist who illustrated Buck's works... untrue. It says he illustrated The Exile and Fighting Angel. How can one infer otherwise? Maxwell illustrated more works for Buck, including "China Sky" and serialized magazine editions of The Exile and Fighting Angel in Collier's and Woman's Home Companion magazines. But I am still working on suitable referencing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rocketsquirrel (talk • contribs) 14:02, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your invitation to add others. In the interest of fleshing out a heading you created in a biography on Pearl Buck, you might want to research other illustrators as well. JNW (talk) 17:38, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Illustrators section
Personally, I have to wonder about the relevance of such a section in what is essentially a biography of the subject. I know that the author does not necessarily generally select those who illustrate their books, so unless there is some clear evidence that the author chose the artists, or knew them in a significant way personally, I'm far from sure that the section really should be in this article. Now, if the works are significant enough to be mentioned in the biography of the illustrator, that would be a separate thing entirely. And certainly such content would be welcome included in the content relating to the individual book itself. But the essence of such an article like this is the subject of the article herself, not her books per se, so unless the illustrator made a significant, recognized contribution to the artist's life or work, I am far from sure that such content should be in this article about the author herself. John Carter (talk) 23:19, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * To me the current placement is awkward and give it some undue weight. I would rephrase and move it under each of the two books in the bibliography section; if and when the books have their own articles they can be sent there. If there is more to the story/connection then possibly explore what that is as it may merit inclusion or prominent placement. Benjiboi 23:27, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the section should be removed entirely. It is not relavent to Pearl S. Buck. This is a biographical article, not a holding place for trivia and pet interests. Kaldari (talk) 23:36, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree to a point, remove the section and add the info in the bibliography section instead, the whole article needs expanding so, to me, removing information is not the answer. Every article is an organic process with sections growing unevenly. If consensus is that it simply has no place in the bio then maybe document on the talk for future editors. Benjiboi 00:41, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * How are the illustrators of an author's body of work "trivia?" Decide how it should best be sectioned, sure, but to trivialize the relationship between literature, art and illustration and excise these facts from an organic encyclopedia seems a bit extreme. --Rocketsquirrel (talk) 12:41, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Again, it's a biography of Pearl Buck, not an entry to include those who worked with her in the fields of art or literature, from which hundreds of people would be included. An encyclopedic biography covers the essentials of a figure's life. To use it otherwise suggests an agenda. 69.37.21.94 (talk) 13:59, 29 November 2007 (UTC) Forgot to sign in. JNW (talk) 14:00, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. If the illustrators figured prominently in the author's life, then they could reasonably be included in the biography where appropriate. However, the illustrators of an author's work tend in general not to be particularly relevant to the author's life, which is the subject of this article. This is not saying that the illustrator's wouldn't deserve reasonable coverage in articles about the works themselves, but the policy of WP:Undue weight makes it very questionable whether such information belongs in an article about the life of the author. John Carter (talk) 14:25, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Immature writing style of article
I find I'm unable to get much past the first one or two paragraphs of this article because it reads like a fourth-grade essay. Aside from grammar/syntax/punctuation errors (of which there are, sadly, a not insignificant number), the style itself is simplistic to the point of being almost nonsensical. Examples (all from first paragraph, which, I guess, is an example all by itself):

She was raised in China and learned the customs from a teacher named Mr. Kung.

Buck learned ALL the Chinese "customs" from one person? Did "Mr. Kung" have a bigger name? Or did his close friends just call him "Mr."?

She was encouraged to write things at an early age.

By whom? What, exactly, are "things"? And how does this encouragement differ from that provided to most children (of literate families) during their early-education careers?

“The streets [of China] were alive with rumors- many … based on fact- of brutality to missionaries …”

What's with the punctuation here? Not to mention: Huh?

If no one objects, I'd like to clean up this article in a relatively massive way. I'll check back in about a week, and will begin editing then.

Sugarbat (talk) 18:44, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed and made some small changes to wording. Still far from a great article in particular the odd Historic site reference that seems detached. Is this her homestead? If so should it not move slightly up the page?--Vagon (talk) 22:36, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

"With no irony, she has been described in China as a Chinese writer." Shouldn't this sentence just be, "She has been described in China as a Chinese writer"? I don't understand why the "with no irony" part is there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.209.39 (talk) 22:42, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The 'irony' thing was fixed. In future, please feel free to make changes yourself. — Zujine |talk 15:22, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

PSB A Missionary?
When she returned to China until she resigned from the mission board in 1932, she was a missionary, but it hardly seems right that the missionary signboard take up all the space at the side of the page when she was actually so critical. ch (talk) 04:29, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Made some minor changes, which I hope are agreeable. --Zujine (talk) 15:12, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

PSB banned from Nixon's China Trip
A story on NPR, today, recounts how Chairman Mao's wife banned PSB from Nixon's China Trip by maligning her as an enemy of the Chinese state during China's Cultural Revolution. This should be worked into the article.

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125682489 Buster (talk) 03:52, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Excellent, thanks for the tip. I will work it in. — Zujine |talk 06:51, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

The Big Wave - the movie
No mention to the movie "The Big Wave (1961)"? Based on the book with the same title, with the production described in the book "A Bridge for Passing" (1961). Or all the other movies?

The Big Wave (1961) - IMDb

--Cesarakg (talk) 22:51, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * That's a great find, please add links—or I will ;-) The novels that were made into films have pages of their own, and the films could be mentioned there as well. LittleBen (talk) 02:46, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

 * You do that. Please. :) I'm not confident in my english writing skills --Cesarakg (talk) 00:27, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

Newly-discovered novel
I'm in a bit of a hurry, so don't want to spend time figuring out all the formatting for references. There is a recently-discovered novel by Pearl S. Buck, which is due to be published in October this year. I've added that to the article. The source is here. I'll add the reference to the article later, if nobody else gets there first. Girlwithgreeneyes (talk) 10:21, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Pearl Buck & Nazi Adolf Eichmann
Re: Pearl Buck

I believe a very important item in her bio is missing. Under her "Humanitarian" paragraph, there should be mention about the time when Pearl Buck advocated for Israel to spare the life of Adolf Eichmann after he was sentenced to death by hanging as a Nazi War Criminal.

This is not a small thing. It's not to judge her either way, but at that time in history, it was a very big issue. Ms. Buck was very famous and it was contentious that she was making a plea for his life. And since this was a segment in her life which was highlighted, I believe it should be incorporated in her Wiki page.

(As I'm studying Eichmann more in depth now, I ran across this issue and saw that it was not mentioned on Buck's Wiki page. Whether it was a good thing or not, it matters not.  As I already mentioned, this is not a judgment issue; it's just a part of history.  Buck did involve herself into a part of this contentious historical period, and it should be incorporated into her bio.  Regarding human rights, was she known to be anti-capital punishment?  I suppose I'm suggesting that anyone who is an expert on Pearl Buck might know the reason(s) she petitioned Israel to not hang Eichmann (what was her particular interest in this one case, etc.)

As I'm not an editor (nor an expert on Pearl Buck's life), I thought I'd bring it forward to be discussed among editors on her Wiki page.

Here is sentence in Wikipedia on that subject on Eichmann's Wiki page:

"Eichmann immediately petitioned Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi for clemency. Prominent persons such as Hugo Bergmann, Pearl Buck, Martin Buber, and Ernst Simon spoke up on his behalf."

Thank you, C.S. Palmer — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.241.99.178 (talk) 01:39, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Seven years on, still no mention of her motives in making the appeal. The story makes no sense without it. Valetude (talk) 22:11, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Seven years is not true. The request was for making a mention in the Humanitarian section, and in 2018. As for motives, someone who has access to the book Eichmann : his life and crimes, pp. 319–20, can try finding out. Jay (talk) 11:03, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

Sixties Scoop
Here's why I cut the paragraph on Buck's role in Sixties Scoop. This would be relevant information, though a little too long and out of proportion, but 1) WP:Verify requires reliable source, which a television report is generally not and 2) I cannot find even this cited source or any other which mentions Buck or her role with Google searches "Tim Fontaine, Aboriginal Peoples Television Network - APTN, Tim Fontaine, 2012 Pearl Buck" or "Find Link" 3) Less important, but the article Sixties Scoop does not mention her.

If anyone can find such a source, please restore a shorter version. ch (talk) 04:03, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

Pearl S Buck Page - Keeping Edits
Made edits according to suggestions received, i.e., Shortened AND Provided Citation. I had originally provided documentary television series now I have provided source of information as National Archives of Canada, file name and number. So these edits are good now?

Last week I was informed by some that are employed to 'safeguard' the legacy of Pearl S Buck (and their investment in a musical production on her life) that they do not want this information published; I hope that is not the reason the information is being taken down beginning last week. 4.35.92.19 (talk) 11:45, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm a visiting administrator. You added the citation incorrectly (use tags). I don't see any file number in what you wrote.  I also did not manage to find a mention of that file in 10 minutes searching on the Canadian archives web site.  Can you show us how to verify that the file exists?  Can you provide quotations from the file in support of your text?  Is the information in testimony given to the commission or in conclusions written by the commission?  So far you are quite a bit short of satisfying wikipedia policy on verifiability. You would actually be better off citing a summary from a newspaper report; can you do that? Zerotalk 15:01, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks to for your dedication to a good cause and your perseverance. Your edit was indeed more in proportion, but the problem is with the sourcing. Wikipedia's policies may seem obstructive, but over the years I have come to understand the reasons behind them. This piece of information about Buck's participation is significant. I have no problem with the information and as far as I can tell, neither do the other editors. But on the other hand, Wikipedia cannot allow either favorable or unfavorable information without documentation that can be checked. Generally the policy is to refer to a WP:Secondary source, that is, to a source that is not just one person's testimony. I appreciate that this is burdensome, but would you want Wikipedia to allow just any information to be added to an article about you or one of your organizations?

 * By the way, in looking for a reliable source, I spent much more than the ten minutes the visiting administrator did (administrators don't have as much time). If we can find a reliable source, I will be glad to help put it into good Wikipedia form.ch (talk) 16:31, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I added some material on the 1960s from Peter Conn's detailed biography and put the Sixties Scoop into another sentence with a "citation needed" tag. Is this OK?ch (talk) 17:20, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I found one source published by New York University Press Briggs & Marre. This discusses Welcome House and Sixties Scoop, but does not mention any connection between the two and also does not mention Buck's personal participation.
 * My search also found a blog, USA Placed Victims, whose posts show that there is a misunderstanding of how Wikipedia works. I hope that we can restore good faith communication! ch (talk) 17:41, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, it seems there is an organised campaign to insert this material, but nobody yet has given any indication that they have examined the sources, or indeed evidence that the sources exist. I will protect this article against editing if this continues. Zerotalk 13:02, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks, you may well be right about an organized campaign, but I think we should make clear that you and I are not "organized" (well, maybe I should speak only for myself as one of the least organized people I know) and that we are not gatekeepers or protectors of PSB. I have done research on Buck and am familiar with her work, but I am not now nor have I ever been connected to Welcome House, to any musical about Buck, or to anyone connected with them. To be clear, the editors who have removed questionable material are only following Wikipedia policy that is applied to all material and we are interested only in fairness.

BOTTOM LINE: There is no problem adding a proportionate description of Buck's organizational or personal participation Sixties Scoop if it can be reliably sourced! ch (talk) 18:15, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, I entirely agree. Personally I know nothing at all about the subject and have no axe to grind except to enforce the rules of Wikipedia. If a source satisfying WP:RS can be identified, a correct summary of the source is welcome here. I strongly suggest that people search newspaper archives. There are quite a few, many online, that would have covered this information if it is public knowledge.  In particular, if an official enquiry verified it, that will certainly have been covered in the press.  On the other hand, if it arises from claims to an enquiry that the enquiry did not accept, it must be presented as someone's claim or not at all (depending on the prominence of the accusation), not as a fact. Zerotalk 01:45, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Welcome House specialised in getting Asian children adopted, at a time when the great majority of adopting parents were white and wanted white babies (and this was the so-called "Baby scoop era" in which large numbers of illegitimate children of all races were taken for adoption). It would be astounding if the House did not assist Canadian and US authorities who had Native American children who required adoption. It's difficult to see how WH, let alone Buck personally, is supposed to be blamed for assisting legitimate social service agencies to find adopting families for the children in their care. If some of those children were taken from their parents for reasons that would no longer be considered legitimate, that's hardly the responsibiliy of the agency that looks for families to take them in. At most this deserves one sentence if a proper citation can be found. Paul B (talk) 15:49, 2 June 2015 (UTC)
 * p.s., I came here because I saw that a case regarding this issue that has been opened at Dispute resolution noticeboard. I should add that I've looked for sources myself but have so far found nothing. I don't doubt the truth of the basic claim - that WH facilitated adoptions from Canada, but that does not seem to be identified as a significant issue in the, admittedly fairly small, literature on the topic. Paul B (talk) 16:38, 2 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm rather astonished to see dispute resolution request for this and personally given what I've seen so far I'm beginning to doubt the "good faith". Other from the IP posting on my talk page that's copied here, the user showed no inclination to engage on the article's talk page despite several explicit requests by other editors, instead he might have tried to get his content into the article by assuming 3 identities.--Kmhkmh (talk) 17:41, 2 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Not strictly relevant to this talk page, but there are many wildly exaggerated and unsupported statements about adoption in Canada that have been added to several pages (Baby Scoop Era: In Canadian maternity "homes" and hospitals, up to 100% of newborns were stolen from their legal mothers during the birthing process and trafficked for adoption purposes. These newborns were stolen under an illegal secret Health and Welfare protocol. In addition to being exploited for their reproduction, these young women were subjected to multiple abuses, including sex abuse, forced unpaid labour, and physical and mental torture. ). I suspect that a pressure group have realised that by latching blame onto someone respected and (moderately) famous like Buck will help to publicise their cause, however tenuous the connection. Paul B (talk) 18:31, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

Pearl S Buck - Canada Scoops Victims Placed In USA By Pearl S Buck's Welcome House Adoption Agency
There needs to be a section that describes the unique and essential role that Pearl S Buck and her Welcome House Adoption Agency played in the transiting and placement of victims of Canada Scoops in USA. Every time that information, and it is well and thoroughly cited, has been added to the Pearl S Buck Wikipedia page it has been deleted for no reason other than that the information - if it's not considered within the context of the time that the 'transiting' of the Scoop Victim children occurred - contradicts the descriptions of her work that are more easily perceived as honourable.

Descriptions of her participation and that of her Welcome House Adoption Agency in placement of Canada Scoops Victims in USA is contained in National Archives of Canada, Truth & Reconciliation Commission - Canada Victim Statement Files, were included in an academic documentary published and distributed by Aboriginal People Television Network, both of which were then thoroughly verified as being supported by evidence by United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). WV NYC (talk) 21:52, 4 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment, please understand that you are wrong to say that "well and thoroughly cited" information has been has been deleted "for no reason other than that the information ... contradicts the descriptions of her work that are more easily perceived as honourable."
 * Here's why:
 * 1) The information is not "well and thoroughly cited." As explained in the policy WP:RELIABLE SOURCE, which you really need to read, neither a television program nor a government document qualify, even if there were a reference which allowed others to see them.
 * 2) The information was NOT removed because it contradicted her image. It is absolutely irrelevant whether or not her work can be perceived as honorable. As both I and have sincerely said, we would be happy to have the information added if it can be properly documented, and in any case, if information is documented, neither my view nor Zero's would matter. ch (talk) 05:22, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

What Hogwash, Or 'White Wash' Is More Like It
You are now saying that if Pearl S Buck's participation via her Welcome House Adoption Agency in the 60's Scoops, a.k.a., Sixties Scoops, a.k.a., Canada Scoops, in particular her role and that of Welcome House's in the transit, actually let's call it like it is, human trafficking of Canada Scoops victims to USA had been verified it would have then been announced in the media;

However, And Of Course, While It Is True That The Media Does Cover These Events, It Is Also Not Necessarily True That If An Event Is Taking Place It's Going To Be Covered By The Media, i.e., Media does not cover all events. In fact it's because media doesn't cover all events that information-resources like Wikipedia became valuable, maintain their value.

And, in my own line of work, I have been paid very well to keep negative information regarding my clients actions out of the media. Keeping negative news about people, companies, countries out of the media is an industry. Not part of my industry but something that we are offered by other service providers are Wikipedia Placement Services. On average the charges are anywhere from $4-10k/month for 'Wikipedia Content and Editorial Experts' who then monitor and make sure that the information about clients that appear on Wikipedia complement the clients' public image goals. So as far as validating an event according to if it did/didn't get media coverage, media coverage is a near worthless indicator. You know that though. I mean if I know that, you certainly know that.

Never mind that this 'information about Pearl S Buck and her Welcome House Adoption Agency has been explained in the media, and most thoroughly via Aboriginal People's Television Network (APTN) documentary which I have provided adequate and accurate citations for and which Wikipedia has then deleted. APTN is a highly regarded academic style media outlet managed and staffed by many well regarded North American Indian scholars.

What's more, while you are expressing that it has to be covered by media to qualify for placement on Wikipedia and when it is shown to have been you then express it has to be covered by certain ilk of media which via your subsequent deletions we are going to guess the media who did cover it are not a part of, you then contest the validity of the statement that 'Pearl S Buck and her Welcome House adoption agency were involved in placing victims of Canada Scoops in USA.' You do so saying that even documentation provided on Pearl S Buck Welcome House adoption agency own letterhead, evidence that supports the information provided by National Archives of Canada and APTN, is not sufficient. I mean if their own words on their own letterhead isn't sufficient for Wikipedia, what will be?

The people entering information on behalf of Pearl S Buck page have even gone so far at one point as to say that while Pearl S Buck and her Welcome House adoption agency were involved in Canada Scoops from the USA side, it wasn't her fault, she wasn't in control of her own business, i.e., they place blame for Pearl S Buck Welcome House adoption agency role in brokering/transiting/trafficking Canada Scoops Victims to USA on that of some Arthur Murray School dance instructor. Now THAT is something that, especially because of how well that story would fit into a musical (Pearl: The Musical, set to premiere at New York City's Lincoln Center, August 2015) AND because nobody has ever heard that allegation before, needs more citation, right? 4.35.92.19 (talk) 10:39, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Pearl Buck was in her 70s when these events took place. I've no idea how "hands on" she was at Welcome House at the time - post-1960. Why are you so keen to "blame" her personally? What purpose does that serve? Is it somehow worse if Buck was responsible for decisions rather than Harris? Why? I suggest that if you want to develop content related to this issue then the best approach would be to create a separate article on Welcome House or perhaps Pearl S. Buck International, which is the name the charity now uses . But you still need independent reliable sources. So far all you have mentioned is a TV documentary, which does not seem to be readily accessible. Is there any mainstream academic literature on the role of Welcome House or discussion in the press of any relevant findings of the "Truth and Reconciliation" commission?
 * BTW, I have no particular interest in Buck. I read The Good Earth ages ago, mainly because I fell in love with Luise Rainer when I saw the film on TV as a teenager. I wasn't overwhelmed by the book. If this article is to be faulted, I'd suggest that it's because it does not discuss the extent to which she is often said to be the least worthy winner of the Nobel Prize from a purely literary point of view.
 * If you think there is bias here, then I think the best place to leave a message would be at WP:NPOVN, which is a noticeboard for discussing issues of neutrality. Paul B (talk) 12:40, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I've added a subsection on Harris (there seems to be some incidental repetitiousness, so maybe a copy edit is in order, but I'm too tired). Again, I could find nothing significant about Canada (well nothing at all actually) in the sources, which seem to be about scandals in the South Korean press and in US papers about Harris's alleged sexuality and financial mismanagement. The main issue seems to be Buck's absurd idolisation of him (he's described by one irreverant source as "her Liberace"). Paul B (talk) 19:24, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Friends: I suggest that we do not need to respond to charges such as those at the head of this section and above. At least four editors have given clear and patient explanations to no avail. There is in fact now a sentence in the article on the charges. Unless new material or new sources are presented, there is no point in wasting our time repeating our explanations or responding to the same charges. While it is clear that we have followed the policy Do Not Bite The Newcomers (even if they bite us), the article Internet troll may or may not be relevant.ch (talk) 22:10, 15 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I completely agree.--Kmhkmh (talk) 00:40, 16 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Of course, but that does not mean that we should not take the opportunity to see whether the article can be improved in certain areas, and whether it has, or had, a rather too reverential attitude to its subject. Paul B (talk) 09:48, 16 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, indeed, the article is in fact stublike in the later portions, which a shame, since Peter Conn's biography supplies a lot of material from a well-informed and sympathetic but critical view. I only meant to suggest that we not be distracted.ch (talk) 18:38, 16 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes the current distraction aside there are a lot of things that could be improved and there is not Peter Conn's but variety of "newer" books and articles on her from the 1990s (which are somewhat coincide with her reevaluation), some of them are already mentioned in the further reading section. There is also often more critical or negative scholarly material on her from 1930 to 1970 included the criticism of her nobel award and the infamous "lex buck". In fact there is probably enough material to write a longer section on the history of her popular and scholarly reception, which changed over time. Currently we don't even mention movies based on her novels or stories in the legacy section, there at least 6 major international or Hollywood one, that I'm aware of.--Kmhkmh (talk) 22:55, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Request protection
Since they IP doesn't seem to get it, it might be time to involve an admin for semiprotcting this side and/or admonish the IP and its related fresh accounts.--Kmhkmh (talk) 13:26, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I think it is time for ANI, yes, but it is not just an IP. There are two other accounts associated with this individual (User:WV NYC and User:USS SF NYC). And this is not the only article affected. Paul B (talk) 13:38, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

 * It is semi-protected for one month, but it won't help much. Zerotalk 13:39, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I blocked WV NYC for one week and will block any apparently related accounts making the same edits. This has gone on long enough. Zerotalk 11:48, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

Pearl S Buck "Under Fire" - Canada Scoops Victims Placed In USA By Pearl S Buck Welcome House Foundation
It's a shame that, when it comes to the role that Pearl S Buck and her Welcome House Adoption Agency played in Canada Scoops/60's Scoops in USA, that what started out in 2012 as a really good, cooperative-compassionate relationship with the people at Pearl S Buck International - Welcome House Foundation is now becoming tainted by these denials within the Wikipedia page of Pearl S Buck, i.e., the attempts to minimize her role in bringing Canada Scoops victims to USA and the simultaneous scapegoating/making a former Arthur Murray dance school instructor, Theodore Harris, culpable is misleading and leaves a question mark over the validity of the entire page.

If there is any value placed on accuracy and full-context then Pearl S Buck's role has to be admitted. It can even be admitted along with a description of the context of the times during which it happened, i.e., most of these victims are relieved to have been taken out of the poverty marked by severe malnutrition that they were being raised in and which never would have provided them with the opportunities that they were given in USA by the smart placement decisions made by Pearl S Buck Welcome House adoption agency, and which allowed several of them to achieve real material and reputation success, millionaire status, national championship titles, etc.

This page needs a fresh crop of Wikipedia administrators working on it, certainly not all but a good portion aren't well intentioned, aren't informed, aren't capable of doing a good job on the Pearl S Buck page, they are doing more harm than good.4.35.92.19 (talk) 11:31, 25 June 2015 (UTC)

This Page Is More A Public Relations Fact Sheet Than A Periodical Like Reference
this Pearl S Buck Page is more public relations tool than periodical reference. Why is that? In particular Pearl S Buck's unique and integral role in the transiting of Canada Scoops Victims-Children to USA via her Pearl S Buck Welcome House Adoption Agency. After editing and allowing this information to stand for several months it was deleted by Wikipedia administrators with China ISPS (china investors funding the Pearl: The Musical premiering at Lincoln Center in NYC In August 2015, i.e., the promoters were very disturbed to have their US production team be upset upon learning of Pearl Buck's involvement in Canada Scoops). Now after realizing that denying what is well cited isn't a smart strategy they are allowing references to Pearl S Buck's involvement to be published on Wikipedia but only if another person is stated as being responsible for her involvement. it's a ridiculous manipulation of the US involvement in Canada Scoops that was initiated with the 'China ISPs' 64.134.240.40 (talk) 12:31, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
 * There is not a true sentence in this paragraph, except (perhaps) "Why is that?": Wikipedia is not a "periodical reference," Buck had no role in transiting, "Wikipedia administrators" did not delete "this information" (I did, and I am an "editor" not an administrator"), I do not have a "China ISP" (whatever that is), there is no way of telling from an IP whether anyone is an investor in "Pearl: The Musical," and.... what!? ... "China ISPs" initiated the Canada Scoops? ch (talk) 23:14, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The next edit after he added the text was by an editor with a Chinese name . Needless to say, the edit was not a deletion. It was a simply a minor change in another part of the article. As CWH says, the deletion was much later Paul B (talk) 04:20, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

Ridiculous use of "needs cites" tag
I have recently seen the widespread misuse of a template by tag-happy editors on many writers' pages, including this one. I'm talking about the use of the "refimprove section" tag on bibliographies or lists of writings. What kind of citation is needed? A third party writing attesting to the fact that someone else saw the book? What is ridiculous about the indiscriminate use of this tag is that Wikipedia by and large is never cite-checked rigorously for anything. No one carefully goes through a page and looks up the cite to ensure it says what it is supposed to and then attests to having done so. This is what a real scholarly reference work does. In fact, just having a supposed source is treated like a talisman here. Slapping a source on something makes the statement supposedly supported non-removable. I don't even go into the question of the evaluation of reliability, etc., of the source. Yet the "needs cite" tage is slapped on things in a ridiculous and haphazard way because no one goes through an article with a view to its overall balance, accuracy, sourcing, etc. The most obviously unsupported statements (whether true or not) can go unsupported and yet a "needs cites" tag can be slapped on a bibliography. The tag says unsupported facts can be deleted. This one was added a year-and-a-half ago and no cites have been provided. Is it time to remove the Selected Bibliography? AnthroMimus (talk) 15:52, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree that there's some overzealos and often mindless tagging, that is at best not particularly helpful and at worst simply nonsensical. Imho such tagging is actually deteriorating the quality as it irritates readers, sometimes annoys other editors and clogs maintenance queues.
 * I can only suggest to fight back. At least I've been removing such obviously questionable or nonsensical tags, whenever I've come across them.--Kmhkmh (talk) 22:51, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
 * P.S. I suspect some of that tagging is due to the in appropriate use of tools, probably scanning sections or paragraphs for footnotes and suggesting a tag whenever it doesn't mind sufficiently many.--Kmhkmh (talk) 22:53, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pearl S. Buck


text:
Talk:List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies

Staverton and Fairford
I've added Staverton and Fairford because I've been to airshows at both, so I'm fairly confident there are airfields there. Any ideas about what to do about the huge number of WW II airfields that eventually became defunct? From my own knowledge, in Worcestershire there's Honeybourne (A Wellington bomber base in WW II, now an industrial estate), Perdiswell (now a sports centre), Throckmorton (a former training base in WW II, a Vulcan Bomber base up to the 70s, in the UK news recently as a possible site for an asylum seekers camp), Defford (used in WWII for test flights of the radar systems being developed down the road at Malvern, now has an interesting set of radar & satellite dishes and an interferometer link with Jodrell Bank observatory): in Gloucestershire there was Moreton-in-the-Marsh (now the national firefighters training college), and Stoke Prior (formerly a glider base, now an industrial estate). This is not an exhausive list, even for this small area... Malcolm Farmer 23:38 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Bold / Non-bold
Just curious, I was adding Dundee Airport and I noticed some airports are in bold and others not. What is the pattern for this? --Colin Angus Mackay 10:53, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Just to answer my own question. A little investigation found this "(IATA coded airports in bold)" in the history comments. --Colin Angus Mackay 20:07, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

RAF
Should the RAF bases be named "RAF Benson" etc ?

Updates
I found this list very confusing and so must have the general reader. As an example there is an article on "Benbecula Airport" but the list had the link pointing to "Benbecula". I've fixed those so now they point to the airport even if that means having a red link. At the same time rather than sort by airport name, which can be done by looking through the category, I have done as other lists of airports and sorted by community served. For references I have used in order of preference the Governments Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), World Aero Data: United Kingdom, FallingRain.com: Airports in the United Kingdom, The Airport Guide: United Kingdom, A-Z World Airports Online: United Kingdom, official sites and Airports in the United Kingdom. The AIP is the reason that you get the odd airport names such as "Londonderry/Eglinton Airport" for the "City of Derry Airport". Governments in several countries appear to have different names than the one used by the airport operator. I think it may be an ICAO reason. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 06:34, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Town
The town entries look a bit daft for military airfields ! should we remove them MilborneOne 13:16, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * See question below. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 18:01, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Organisation
Could this list be organised by county or something? It's a bit useless as it is. --88.110.189.21 20:00, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Support other comments made, it is very difficult to find an airport as the town is not the first thing you think of (and most of them are not relevant (military, small and manufacturer's airfields) - can we just change this to alphabetic order - any comments from watchers. MilborneOne 12:06, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If it's in alphabetical order by airport then the list is unnecessary. All you would need is a redirect to Category:Airports in the United Kingdom as it's already in that order. There are several "List of airport in Country" on Wikipedia and they are usually by town name. Sometimes they are also sorted by region and this would probably work well for this list as, England, Northen Ireland, Scotland and Wales (it could be broken up to four seperate lists to reduce size). I would really oppose removing any just because they are small, etc. The list is supposed to be complete not a partial list. In answer to the question below this was not intended to be a finished list but the links to the WAD, etc were to provide an easy source for completing the missing airports. For an idea of what else could be included look at List of airports in British Columbia as an example. And while I did create that one, I got the idea of sorting by town from other airport lists on Wikipedia. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 18:01, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The current listing is a big improvement, but the England section is still too long. Subdividing based on the Regions of England would be good. --88.110.227.30 19:06, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Might be a good idea but even people in England wouldnt know which regions was were!!.MilborneOne 19:38, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

World Aero Data
Should the links to World Aero Data be on the article page and not on this list ? MilborneOne 12:14, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * See above question. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 18:01, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Italics
What is the significance of putting some airport/airfield names in italics? There seems to be no consistency. I suspect a tidy up is needed. --Cheesy Mike 10:02, 16 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Two days later no answer so using WP:Bold I removed the italics from every airport name. The table looks much better now. --Cheesy Mike (talk) 11:07, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry I missed this until now. If you look at the third sentence of the article it says "Airports in italics are listed in the UK Aeronautical Information Publication." It shows at glace which airports are certified/registered with the UK Government. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 15:02, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Town (2)
I wonder if this could be changed to Associated town as many aiports are not located within the boundaries of the places they are named after? MRSC • Talk 00:29, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Take a look at List of airports in France. Would something like that be a good idea? Have a column for location, serves, ICAO, IATA, airport name. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 05:16, 12 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This would work well, split by region. MRSC • Talk 21:28, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I've made a start at Talk:List of airports in the United Kingdom/Regions. It would still need the towns fixing though. CambridgeBayWeather Have a gorilla 00:51, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Look a lot better divided into regions, not sure what to do about towns, if changed to associated towns it may not be possible to agree what they are. Suggest leaving the list broken down by regions and just change the town to county. If the reader cant work out where it is then he can just use the airport/airfield/aerodrome link to find out more, also solve the problem of mil airfields that are not really associated with towns. MilborneOne (talk) 19:25, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Tfda 70.27.175.213 (talk) 01:04, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

I did another by counties at Talk:List of airports in the United Kingdom/Counties. The airports for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have also been updated. For both the counties and town lists I have moved the London airports into the correct region/county. So Southend Airport, for example, is listed under "East of England" "Southend-on-Sea" in the first list and "East of England" "Essex" in the second. CambridgeBayWeather Have a gorilla 00:33, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes I like the counties version. MilborneOne (talk) 11:52, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Do they look correct? East Midlands Aiport puzzled me. The airport article and the Castle Donington article both seem to indicate that it's in Leicestershire but the contact page says Derby. Just realised that some of them may not be completely correct. I used the town name from the airport article to give the county but I must have used the town served in some cases rather than the location which might give a different county. Some others that I wasn't sure of include "Isle of Wight", "Bristol" and "Belfast Metropolitan Area". CambridgeBayWeather Have a gorilla 12:46, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * East Midlands Airport is in Leicestershire - the nearest big city is Derby which is not! one reason not to use associated towns! I will check some of the others for you. MilborneOne (talk) 12:58, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * That's the only one where I didn't use the associated town but the official site. Very odd though. Google Earth clearly shows that Castle Donington is within the boarders of Leicestershire but both the tag on Google Earth and the airport site say "Castle Donington, Derby." Ah well. Thanks for checking. The ones that might be wrong would be those close to county borders. I just noticed that Biggin Hill was missing and I also tagged the airports normally associated with London. CambridgeBayWeather Have a gorilla 13:31, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

The regions version is better. The other list looks odd because of the amount of repetition in the first column. MRSC • Talk 21:43, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Query - Old Warden EGTH
Has EGTH been assigned to Old Warden ?

Nothing on NATS/AIS

EGTH was Hatfield. Basys (talk) 20:58, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * CAA Frequency Document of April 2008 has Shuttleworth/Old Warden as EGTH so it has been re-allocated. MilborneOne (talk) 19:54, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Sorting
As the runway length column has text in some entries e.g. "600 x 18" it makes the column sortable rather annoyingly alphabetically rather than numerically, e.g. 9 would come before 8000, and 10,xxx comes last after 1xxx. WatcherZero (talk) 18:16, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The lengths should be in metres anyway as that's what the source would have. something lame from CBW 00:54, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Crown dependencies
The three crown dependencies aren't part of the UK. Should the title of this list be changed to correctly and accurately reflect its scope? 119.236.250.27 (talk) 15:09, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I would not have changed the article's name, but just put in some reference to the specialties. Meerwind7 (talk) 18:24, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

Manston
Any reason why Manston in Kent is not included? https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.3405664,1.3473099,2022m/data=!3m1!1e3

Shanemcc (talk) 09:28, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Probably because it has closed and had its operating licence removed. MilborneOne (talk) 11:48, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Completeness of lists / defunct airfields & aerodromes
There is mention that this list is meant to be complete, "even if there are redlinks", so I trust it's OK if I add some more operating Northern Irish airfields. Now, the situation is less clear re. defunct aerodromes, dozens are missing across the territory, incl. NI, though they are sometimes included in lists of this type. Is it part of the article's definition that only currently operating airfields are included? SeoR (talk) 01:14, 16 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
William D. Hoard

William Dempster Hoard (October 10, 1836 – November 22, 1918) was an American politician, newspaper publisher, and agriculture advocate who served as the 16th governor of Wisconsin from 1889 to 1891.

Called the "father of modern dairying", Hoard's advocacy for scientific agriculture and the expansion of dairy farming has been credited with changing Wisconsin's agricultural economy. His promotion of the use of silos and alfalfa for cattle feed, testing for bovine tuberculosis, and single-use cattle herds in his magazine Hoard's Dairyman led to those practices becoming commonplace throughout the United States. His work with the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association led to the exporting of Wisconsin dairy products to the East Coast and those products earning national renown.

As editor of his newspaper the Jefferson County Union, Hoard was one of the first county news editors to expand his coverage through the use of local correspondents and to include a strongly voiced editorial page in a small newspaper, which he used to advocate for improved farming practices and dairy farming.

As governor of Wisconsin, Hoard established the Dairy and Food Commission—one of the first food inspection agencies in the United States—and passed a controversial, short-lived compulsory education law that required all students in the state be taught in English as part of the Americanization process for immigrants.

Early life and education
William D. Hoard was born on October 10, 1836, in Munnsville, New York, to William Bradford Hoard and Sarah Katherine White Hoard. He was the eldest of four children. His father was a blacksmith and itinerant Methodist minister who preached to the Oneida people. Hoard was educated in a log schoolhouse that was built by his grandfather Enos, who also maintained a library. The library and encouragement from Hoard's mother led to a passion for reading. At age 16, Hoard left school to work as a farmhand for Waterman Simons, a neighboring dairy farmer from whom Hoard learned how to make cheese and butter. While working as a farmhand, Hoard witnessed the depletion of New York soil by the growing of wheat and other crops that led to the adoption of dairy farming in the state.

In 1857, Hoard moved to Oak Grove, Wisconsin, where he studied to become a Methodist minister until conflict with church leadership led him to abandon that path. For the next three years, Hoard found employment chopping wood and giving singing lessons. In 1860, he married Agnes Elizabeth Bragg and moved in with her parents in Lake Mills, Wisconsin.

After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Hoard—an admirer of Abraham Lincoln—enlisted in the Union Army. He was assigned to the 4th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment as a fife player and participated in the Capture of New Orleans. Hoard became ill while pursuing Confederate soldiers and was discharged. He returned to his parents' farm in New York; after fully recovering, he re-enlisted in the Union Army and was assigned to Battery A of the 1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, serving until the end of the war in 1865. After the war, Hoard moved to Columbus, Wisconsin, and attempted to grow hops. The price of the crop collapsed and Hoard gave up hop farming.

Jefferson County Union and Hoard's Dairyman
In 1870, Hoard founded a weekly newspaper named the Jefferson County Union in Lake Mills. Against trends of the time, Hoard expanded his paper's coverage to include surrounding areas. According to biographer George William Rankin, Hoard's use of local correspondents to expand his newspaper's reach was among the first by a county newspaper in the United States. Early editions of the Union were printed under contract with the Watertown Republican, for which Hoard had written prior to founding his own newspaper. Hoard moved the Union to Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, in 1873 and by 1883, he had constructed a new building that included a printing press.

Hoard also worked as editor of the Union; he included an editorial page in the paper, another rarity for small newspapers of the time. He used editorial columns to write about a variety of topics, most prominently the promotion of scientific agricultural practices. Readers received these editorials with skepticism due to Hoard's lack of experience in Wisconsin agriculture, and referred to him as a theorist and a "book farmer". Hoard continued to write agriculture columns and after encouragement from his son Arthur and Ed E. Coe, publisher of the Whitewater Register, Hoard founded Hoard's Dairyman in 1885 as a folio supplement to the Union.

The Dairyman was initially financially supported by its parent newspaper but by 1889, it had become a separate magazine that focused primarily on dairy farming. As was commonplace with dairy trade publications at the time, Hoard mixed reporting and advertising in Hoard's Dairyman, juxtaposing advertisements with articles promoting the advertised technique or technology.

In the Dairyman, Hoard advocated for agricultural practices that became commonplace in Wisconsin and beyond, including regular testing of herds for bovine tuberculosis, the growth and use of alfalfa as cattle feed, the use of particular breeds of cattle for milking or meat, the use of the Babcock test to test the butterfat content of milk, and the adoption of silos to store cattle feed. By 1924, Hoard's Dairyman had readers in Japan, Australia, and England. It is considered the first agriculture publication to have a nationwide readership in the United States.

Trade associations and lobbying
Hoard founded the Jefferson County Dairymen's Association in 1871. Realizing the county-level group was too small to effectively advocate for dairying on a large scale, the following year, he founded the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association with Chester Hazen, Walter S. Greene, Stephen and A.D. Favill, H.C. Drake, and H.F. Dousman to improve and promote Wisconsin's dairy products. The following year, Hoard traveled to Chicago to barter with rail lines to secure better prices and refrigerated railcars for the transport of cheese from Wisconsin to the U.S. East Coast. His efforts were a success; the Star Union Line took a refrigerated car to Watertown to transport cheese out of the state.

Through the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association, Hoard and other founders successfully lobbied for the passage of agriculture-related laws and regulations, including legislation to ban filled cheese, and the establishment of farmers institutes and the College of Agriculture at the University of Wisconsin. At the University, the group campaigned for the establishment of the first dairy school in the U.S., which taught students to make butter and cheese. The group also campaigned for the showing of Wisconsin dairy products in Philadelphia and Chicago, increasing the reputation of Wisconsin dairy products. Hoard also helped found the Northwest Dairymen's Association and the Farmers National Congress.

Hoard opposed the sale of adulterated dairy products, and advocated against the sale of oleomargarine, which became popular in the late 1800s. Oleomargarine, which is made by emulsifying lard with milk and water, was often dyed yellow to give it the appearance of butter and was sold as such. The cost of producing oleomargarine was much lower than that of producing butter, and dairy farmers viewed it as a threat to their livelihoods. In 1894, Hoard founded the National Dairy Union and campaigned for an additional tax to be placed on the sale of dyed oleomargarine, which he viewed as a fraudulent product. Hoard often testified before Congress about the fraudulent nature of oleomargarine between 1898 and 1902, and helped secure the passage of the Oleomargarine Act of 1902, which added an additional 10-cent tax on the sale of colored oleomargarine and briefly caused a decline in its production.

Early career
Hoard was educated in politics as a child; in 1870, he was appointed as a deputy U.S. Marshal, and was assigned to be a census taker in Lake Mills and the surrounding area. While taking the census, Hoard met a family of German immigrants who could not speak English and had been tricked out of a large sum of money by English-speaking confidence tricksters. The experience influenced Hoard's opinions on education when he became governor. In 1872, Hoard was named the sergeant-at-arms for the Wisconsin Senate.

16th Governor of Wisconsin
By 1888, Hoard had become a popular speaker, lecturing on agricultural topics throughout the state. He was nominated as the Republican candidate for governor in an anonymous article in the Milwaukee Sentinel that year and received strong support from farmers throughout the state. He was elected as the 16th Governor of Wisconsin in the 1888 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, defeating Democratic candidate James Morgan. Hoard served a single, two-year term as governor. His administration saw the creation of one of the first food inspection agencies in the United States and the passage of a controversial compulsory education law that mandated schools to educate their pupils in English.

As Governor, Hoard established the Dairy and Food Commission to oversee dairy production in the state and enforce bans on skimmed cheese, a type of cheese that quickly spoils due to its reduced butterfat content, as well as other adulterated dairy products. The Commission was the first government agency in the U.S. to regulate food quality.

Bennett Law
The first legislation Hoard signed was the Bennett Law, which was passed in April 1889 and mandated children in the state aged 7 to 14 to attend school in their district of residence for at least 12 weeks per year and receive instruction in English. The latter provision was added by Hoard, who advocated for the Americanization of immigrants in the state and viewed the English only movement as an important step in the process.

By 1890, approximately 70% of the Wisconsin population was an immigrant or had at least one immigrant parent; many of that group had German ancestry. German Lutherans and German Catholics in Wisconsin, who combined American patriotism with a strong ethnic pride and affection for speaking German language in the United States, felt the law attacked the independence of their church communities and parochial schools, many of which primarily taught their courses in German, from control by the State. Hoard, on the other hand, felt church communities focused more on growing their congregations through these schools than on fostering American citizenship.

In March 1890, the three Catholic bishops of Wisconsin published a manifesto opposing the law and three months later, the Wisconsin, Missouri, and Evangelical synods similarly denounced it. German-language publications throughout the state advocated for the law's repeal, and called for Catholics and Lutherans to campaign for the law's repeal after the election of 1890. Scandinavian immigrants in the state supported the repeal of the law based on its clause requiring students be taught in their district of residence; Scandinavian communities had fewer parochial schools than their German counterparts and were convinced by opponents of the law that it would prevent their children attending their parochial schools. The Bennett Law became the primary issue of the contest, though economic pressures attributed to the McKinley Tariff also played a significant role. Hoard defended the law but previously Republican-supporting German voters turned against the party in 1890. Democrats won a supermajority in the Wisconsin Legislature and eight of nine available seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. Hoard was defeated by George Wilbur Peck for the governorship. The Bennett Law was repealed in February 1891, the first act of the new legislature. Historian Louise Phelps Kellogg noted the law's purpose of increasing English literacy in immigrant communities was still achieved. Ironically, parochial schools sought to prove the legislation was not needed by introducing more English-language instruction in their classrooms.

Legacy

Hoard is often credited with changing the agricultural economy of Wisconsin from the growth of wheat to the raising of dairy cattle and production of dairy products. The Los Angeles Times called Hoard "the father of modern dairying". His advocacy for agricultural practices such as single-use herds for dairying, and the use of silage and alfalfa as cattle feed led to those practices becoming commonplace throughout the United States. In 1915, he was named Wisconsin's "Most Distinguished Citizen" in 1915 by a committee assembled by Wisconsin governor Emanuel L. Philipp.

In 1907, Hoard was added to the University of Wisconsin's Board of Regents and helped transport a dairy herd to the campus in Madison and to arrange the construction of the Livestock Pavilion. Hoard was honored with a statue by Gutzon Borglum, which was placed on Henry Mall in front of the College of Agriculture at the University of Wisconsin campus in 1922.

The Hoard's Dairyman Farm is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is considered the most famous dairy farm in the world.

Personal life
Hoard married Agnes Elizabeth Bragg in 1860. The couple had three children; Halbert Louis, Arthur Ralph, and Frank Ward. Hoard died on November 22, 1918, and was buried in Fort Atkinson.

title: William D. Hoard


text:
Hankyu Kyoto Main Line

The Hankyu Kyoto Main Line (阪急京都本線) is a railway line in Japan operated by the private railway operator Hankyu Railway. It connects Osaka-umeda Station in Osaka and Kyoto-kawaramachi Station in Kyoto.

Definition
The Kyoto Main Line is often called the Kyoto Line (京都線) for short, and in a broader sense its two branch lines, the Senri Line and the Arashiyama Line, are included to the Kyoto Line by historical, geographical and structural reasons. The other two sections of Hankyu, the Kobe Line and the Takarazuka Line are called the Shinpōsen (神宝線) as a whole.

Officially, the Kyoto Main Line is from Jūsō to Kyoto-kawaramachi, however, all trains run beyond Jūsō to Osaka-umeda terminal, using the eastern tracks of the section exclusively. Hankyu treats the Kyoto Main Line in the same way as the passengers do, i.e. as the line between Osaka-umeda and Kyoto-kawaramachi (except for special circumstances such as governmental procedures).

History
The Kyoto Main Line was constructed in the following phases:
 * 1 April 1, 1921: Jūsō – Awaji (by Kita-Osaka Electric Railway)
 * 16 January 1928: Awaji – Takatsuki-machi (present-day Takatsuki-shi) (by Shin-Keihan Railway)
 * 1 November 1928: Takatsuki-machi – Kyoto-Saiin (present-day Saiin) (by Shin-Keihan Railway)
 * 31 March 1931: Saiin – Keihan-Kyoto (present-day Ōmiya) (by Keihan Electric Railway)
 * 18 February 1959: The additional double tracks of the Takarazuka Main Line between Umeda (present-day Osaka-umeda) and Jūso now used exclusively by the Kyoto Main Line
 * 17 June 1963: Ōmiya – Kawaramachi (now Kyoto-kawaramachi)

Prior to the merger of Hankyu Railway (then Hanshin Kyūkō Railway) and Keihan Electric Railway in 1943, the line and its branches were owned by the latter and called the Shin-Keihan (New Keihan) Line. In the breakup of the merger in 1949, the line was not ceded to Keihan and became a competitor of the Keihan Main Line.

Construction has been in progress since 2012 to elevate a 3.3 km section of track from Sōzenji Station to Kami-Shinjō Station including the junction with the Senri Line at Awaji Station. Originally projected for a 2020 completion, various delays have pushed back the start of operations on the new tracks to 2031.

Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013.

Proposed connecting line
A loop line from Juso to Awaji via Shin-Osaka Station, to provide a direct connection to the Shinkansen has been proposed, but is not currently scheduled for construction.

Regular operations
As of the December 2022 timetable, trains are classified as follows:

Local (普通)

 * Local trains stop at all stations on the Kyoto and Senri lines. During the day they operate between Osaka Umeda or Tengachaya and Takatsuki-shi or Kita Senri. During early mornings, rush hours, and late nights, some services are extended to Kyoto-Kawaramachi and other short turn services are operated as well.

Semi-Express (準急)

 * All day except early morning and late nights between Osaka-Umeda and Kyoto-Kawaramachi. Additional services operate through to Tengachaya during weekday rush hours and weekends. Limited stops between Osaka-Umeda and Takatsuki-shi, then all stops to Kyoto-Kawaramachi.

Express (急行)

 * Late nights from Osaka-Umeda to Kyoto-Kawaramachi and weekday early mornings towards Osaka-Umeda.

Semi-Limited Express (準特急)

Commuter Limited Express (通勤特急)
 * Early mornings and evenings and weekday rush hours, both directions.

 * Weekday morning rush hours only, both directions. Car number 5 is for women only.

Limited Express (特急)

 * Operates during the daytime when other express and limited express services are not running.

Rapid Limited Express (快速特急)

 * Weekends only, using special 6 car trains.

Extra services

 * Rapid Limited Express (快速特急)
 * Osaka-umeda - Arashiyama: "Sagano (さがの)"
 * Kyoto-kawaramachi - Arashiyama: "Ogura (おぐら)"
 * Direct Limited Express (直通特急) - Through services to Arashiyama Line, Osaka Metro Sakaisuji Line, Takarazuka Main Line and the Kobe Main Line.
 * Kosoku Kobe - Arashiyama: "Atago (あたご)"
 * Takarazuka - Arashiyama (via the Imazu Line): "Togetsu (とげつ)"
 * Tengachaya - Arashiyama: "Hozu (ほづ)" (seasonal service)
 * On the Kyoto Main Line, these extra limited express stop at the same stations as the regular Rapid Limited Express.

Stations
Legends:

 * ● : Trains stop.
 * | : Trains pass.

Local trains stop at all stations.

No trains stop at Nakatsu which is served by Local trains on the Kobe Main Line and the Takarazuka Main Line, because of the absence of any platforms on this line. Thus, in operation, Nakatsu Station is not listed on the Kyoto Line.

The starting point of the distances (km) shown is Jūsō Station, which is officially the starting point of the Kyoto Main Line.

Rolling stock

 * 1300 series EMU (from 30 March 2014)
 * 3300 series EMU
 * 5300 series EMU
 * 7000 series EMU (Kyō-Train Garaku)
 * 7300 series EMU
 * 8300 series EMU
 * 9300 series EMU
 * Osaka Municipal Subway 66 series EMU (Awaji - Takatsuki-shi)

Former

 * 1300 series EMU (1957)
 * 2000 series EMU (Temporary)
 * 2300 series EMU
 * 2800 series EMU
 * 5100 series EMU (Temporary)
 * 6300 series EMU (Kyō-Train)
 * Osaka Municipal Subway 60 series EMU (Awaji - Takatsuki-shi)

title: Hankyu Kyoto Main Line


text:
Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)

Hortus Botanicus is a botanical garden in the Plantage district of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It is one of the world's oldest botanical gardens.

History
Amsterdam City Council founded the Hortus Botanicus (initially named the Hortus Medicus) in 1638 to serve as a herbal garden for doctors and apothecaries, as botanical extracts were the primary treatments for illnesses during this time period. Physicians and pharmacists received their training and took exams here.

The garden's initial collection was amassed during the 17th century through plants and seeds brought back by traders from the Dutch East India Company for use as medicines and potential commercial possibilities. A single coffee plant in Hortus' collection served as the parent for the entire coffee culture in Central and South America.

Likewise, two small potted oil palms that were brought back from Mauritius had produced seeds which were propagated throughout all of Southeast Asia, becoming a major source of revenue in the Dutch East Indies and present-day Indonesia.

In 1646, Johannes Snippendaal was appointed director of the garden. During his tenure, he determined that the collection comprised 796 plant species, most of which were medicinal plants. Many of these plants are still grown at the Hortus Botanicus in its Snippendaal Garden, which is commonly referred to as 'the 17th century pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam’.

The hexagonal pavilion dates back to the late 1600s. The entrance gate was built in the early 1700s. The Orangery dates from 1875, and the Palm House and Hugo de Vries Laboratory - both created in Amsterdam School expressionist architecture - date from 1912 and 1915.

Hugo de Vries became the director of the Hortus Botanicus between 1885 and 1918, bringing international attention to the garden. The garden's governing board directed the construction of the Palm House and laboratory in order to keep the professor there.

In 1987, the garden almost went bankrupt when the University of Amsterdam suddenly stopped paying its expenses, but a community of individual supporters prevented its closure. The Hortus Botanicus is now supported by the Amsterdam City Council.

Attractions
Hortus Botanicus is a popular attraction for both Dutch and international visitors. The collection is famous for its trees and plants, some of which are endangered. Well-known plants and trees can be found here, like the Persian ironwood tree.

Recent additions to Hortus include a large hothouse, which incorporates three different tropical climates. There are also two halls in the garden, which are used for conferences and ceremonies, and a café.

title: Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)


text:
Danny Lopez (boxer)

Danny Lopez (born July 6, 1952) is an American former professional boxer who was the WBC featherweight champion of the world from November 1976 to February 1980. His nickname was Little Red.

Known for his tremendous punching power, in 2003 The Ring magazine rated Lopez at number 26 on their list of "100 Greatest Punchers". In 2010, Lopez was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

Background
Lopez self-identified as being of Native American, Mexican, and European-American heritage. He had been moved from one foster home to another, and coming off the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation in Fort Duchesne, Utah, he finally found a home in Southern California. He claimed that his father was a Mission Indian from Northern California, that his maternal grandmother was three-quarters Ute, and that his maternal grandfather was part Irish. He is also the brother of welterweight contender Ernie Lopez. He is married to Bonnie Lopez and has three sons, Bronson, Jeremy, and Dylan.

Pro career
Lopez began boxing professionally on May 27, 1971, knocking out Steve Flajole in one round at Los Angeles. He won his first 21 fights in a row by knockout, in one of the longest knockout win streaks ever. During that streak, all but one of his fights were in Los Angeles, a fact which could be credited for his popularity in the area. The only one of those 21 fights to be held outside Los Angeles took place in Honolulu, where he beat Ushiwakamaru Harada by knockout in three.

On January 17, 1974, Genzo Kurosawa became the first person to go the distance with Lopez, Lopez winning by a ten-round decision. His next fight, a month later, in Mexicali, Mexico, was his first fight abroad. He beat Memo Rodriguez by a knockout in nine rounds.

People in Los Angeles were eager to see Lopez and another up-and-coming Los Angeleno, Bobby Chacon, square off inside a ring. The fight took place on May 24, and Lopez was knocked out in the ninth round in a thrilling fight. In his next fight of note, he lost once again by a knockout in round nine, this time to Shig Furuyama.

After losing to Octavio Gómez to begin 1975, Lopez went on a roll, beginning with a knockout of Chucho Castillo in two rounds. Two more wins, and he was faced with Rubén Olivares, whom he beat by a knockout in seven rounds, after recovering from a first round knockdown himself.

In 1976, he beat Sean O'Grady by knockout in four, Gómez by knockout in three and Art Hafey by knockout in seven. Finally ranked number one by the WBC, he travelled to Ghana to challenge world Featherweight champion David Kotei in front of an estimated crowd of more than 100,000 Kotei partisans. Lopez became world champion by outpointing Kotei over 15 rounds on November 6. Due to all communication systems having been cut down in Ghana, Lopez could not get his message through to his family; they only learned he was World Champion when they picked him up at the airport one week later.

Lopez won three fights in 1977, retaining the title once, against José Torres by a knockout in round seven.

He and Kotei had a rematch on February 15 of 1978, as part of the undercard where Leon Spinks dethroned Muhammad Ali of the world Heavyweight title. Lopez knocked Kotei out in round six of their rematch, and then he retained the title against Jose DePaula by knockout in round six, and Juan Malvares (on the undercard where Ali regained the title from Spinks) by knockout in two, after recovering from a first round knockdown himself. On October 21, he had a fight with Fel Clemente, against whom he retained the world title with a four-round disqualification in Italy.

By the end of 1978, there was much talk of a "super-fight" against world Jr. Featherweight champion Wilfredo Gómez, but the bout never materialized.

His fight on March 10 of 1979 against Spain's Roberto Castañón in Salt Lake City, not only marked the first time he defended his world title in his home-state, but the first time he fought in his home-state as a professional period. He retained the crown with a two-round knockout. On June 17, 1979, at San Antonio, Lopez defeated Mike Ayala with a thrilling 15th-round knockout and retained his WBC Featherweight title for the seventh time; the exciting bout would be recognized by Ring Magazine as its Fight of the Year for 1979. Lopez went on to defend the title once more that year, knocking out Jose Caba in three rounds.

Lopez's reign as world champion came to an end on February 2, 1980, at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Phoenix. He met Salvador Sánchez that day, and he lost by knockout in round 13 in a one-sided affair. A rematch was fought on June 21, in Las Vegas, and that time around, Lopez was knocked out in the 14th round. He announced his retirement after that fight.

In 1985, he talked about a comeback, but decided to delay until 1992, when he was 40 years old. He lost that bout via TKO.

His record was 42 wins and 6 losses, with 39 wins by knockout.

In June 2010, Lopez and 12 other boxing personalities were inducted in the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

Life After Boxing
After his final bout, Lopez was the object of various dedications and was active on the autograph signing circuit. He returned to live in Utah full-time, then moved to Los Angeles, where he worked as a construction worker. Today he lives in Chino Hills, California.

Honors

 * Inducted into the California Boxing Hall of Fame – 2005
 * Inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame – 2010

title: Danny Lopez (boxer)


text:
Kyoto-kawaramachi Station

Kyoto-kawaramachi Station (京都河原町駅) is the northern terminal station of the Hankyu Kyoto Main Line of Hankyu in Kyoto City, Japan.

Layout
The station has an island platform serving three tracks underground.

History
This station opened as Kawaramachi Station on June 17, 1963; it was renamed to Kyoto-kawaramachi Station on October 1, 2019.

Before the opening of Kawaramachi Station and Karasuma Station, the Hankyu Kyoto Main Line terminated at Ōmiya Station.

Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013 with this station being designated as station number HK-86.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015 (April 2015 to March 2016), approximately 27,320,000 passengers used this station annually. For historical data, see the table below.

Surrounding area
The area around the station (Shijō Kawaramachi) is one of the commercial centers of Kyoto. The real estate around the station is the most valuable in Kyoto. The Kawaramachi and Shijo streets cross over the underground station. Gion-Shijo Station on the Keihan Main Line is located beyond the Kamo River.

The station is attached underground to department stores such as Takashimaya, which has a food market on its basement floor. The station also connects underground to Karasuma Station.

title: Kyoto-kawaramachi Station


text:
Jūsō Station

Jūsō Station (十三駅) is a railway station in Jūsō, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Hankyu Railway. The six-track trunk line from Umeda Station diverges into the three double tracks of the Hankyu Kobe Line, the Hankyu Kyoto Line and the Hankyu Takarazuka Line at this station. The area surrounding the station is an extensive shopping and entertainment district.

Station layout
This station has two island platforms and two side platforms serving six tracks on the ground level, enabling to change trains from the Kobe Line for Umeda to the Takarazuka Line for Takarazuka and Minoo on one island platform between Tracks 2 and 3, and from the Takarazuka Line for Umeda to the Kyoto Line for Kyoto (Kawaramachi, Arashiyama) and Kita-Senri on another island platform between Tracks 4 and 5. The platforms are connected by two transfer concourses, one elevated and one underground. The east gate connects directly to platform 6 while the west gate connects directly to platform 1. Several shops and restaurants serving transferring passengers are located inside the station.

There is a returning track in the south of the station between the Kobe Line and the Takarazuka Line. The track is used for the trains for the Kobe Line and the Takarazuka Line running to and from Shojaku Workshop for maintenance, and for seasonal trains running between Kobe or Takarazuka and Arashiyama via the Kobe Line and the Kyoto Line.

History
The station opened on 10 March 1910, as a stop on the Minoo-Arima Railway (today's Takarazuka Line). The Kobe Line was added in 1920. In 1921, the North Osaka Electric Railway began service between Juso and Senriyama; this line was acquired by the Keihan Electric Railway and was extended from Awaji Station to both Kyoto and central Osaka. Keihan and Hankyu merged in 1943, bringing all of Juso's lines under common ownership. While Keihan was again spun off as a separate company in 1949, Hankyu retained the Juso-Kyoto and Senriyama lines. Juso served as the terminal of the Kyoto Main Line until 1959, when the line was extended to Umeda.

Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on 21 December 2013 with this station being designated as station number HK-03.

title: Jūsō Station


text:
The Tragically Hip (EP)

The Tragically Hip is the first release from Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip. The EP was produced by Ken Greer of Red Rider and consists of 7 songs (8 on CD).

Release and reception
The Hip's EP was released in the Kingston area in late 1987 and nationally in January 1988. In early 1988 the Hip went on their first cross-Canada tour lasting 5 weeks. In Dec 1988 they signed a long-term contract with MCA. A live version of "Highway Girl" was released in 1991 as a B-side to "Twist My Arm", in which Gord Downie tells the story of a suicide pact between a man and his girlfriend. It was a hit on Canadian radio, allowing the song to chart considerably higher than in its original form. The story contains some lines which would later recur as lyrics in the band's 1992 single "Locked in the Trunk of a Car"; it ends with Downie exclaiming "Get Mr. Ry Cooder to deliver my eulogy", which would also recur in "At the Hundredth Meridian". The album version was also the only song from this EP to be included in the Yer Favourites fan-picked compilation of 2005.

The Tragically Hip

 * Gord Downie – lead vocals
 * Rob Baker – lead guitar
 * Paul Langlois – rhythm guitar
 * Gord Sinclair – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Johnny Fay – drums

title: The Tragically Hip (EP)