text:
Glossary of group theory

A group is a set together with an associative operation that admits an identity element and such that there exists an inverse for every element.

Throughout this glossary, we use $e$ to denote the identity element of a group.

A
abelian group: A group $(G, •)$ is abelian if $•$ is commutative, i.e. $g • h = h • g$ for all $g, h ∈ G$. Likewise, a group is nonabelian if this relation fails to hold for any pair $g, h ∈ G$. ascendant subgroup: A $H$ of a group $G$ is ascendant if there is an ascending starting from $H$ and ending at $G$, such that every term in the series is a  of its successor. The series may be infinite. If the series is finite, then the subgroup is. automorphism: An automorphism of a group is an of the group to itself.

C
center of a group: The center of a group $G$, denoted $Z(G)$, is the set of those group elements that commute with all elements of $G$, that is, the set of all $h ∈ G$ such that $hg = gh$ for all $g ∈ G$. $Z(G)$ is always a of $G$. A group $G$ is if and only if $Z(G) = G$. centerless group: A group $G$ is centerless if its $Z(G)$ is. central subgroup: A of a group is a central subgroup of that group if it lies inside the. centralizer: For a subset $S$ of a group $G$, the centralizer of $S$ in $G$, denoted $C_{G}(S)$, is the subgroup of $G$ defined by
 * $\mathrm{C}_G(S)=\{ g \in G \mid gs=sg \text{ for all } s \in S\}.$

characteristic subgroup: A of a group is a characteristic subgroup of that group if it is mapped to itself by every of the parent group. characteristically simple group: A group is said to be characteristically simple if it has no proper nontrivial. class function: A class function on a group $G$ is a function that it is constant on the of $G$. class number: The class number of a group is the number of its. commutator: The commutator of two elements $g$ and $h$ of a group $G$ is the element $[g, h] = g^{−1}h^{−1}gh$. Some authors define the commutator as $[g, h] = ghg^{−1}h^{−1}$ instead. The commutator of two elements $g$ and $h$ is equal to the group's identity if and only if $g$ and $h$ commutate, that is, if and only if $gh = hg$. commutator subgroup: The commutator subgroup or derived subgroup of a group is the subgroup generated by all the of the group. composition series: A composition series of a group $G$ is a subnormal series of finite length
 * $1 = H_0\triangleleft H_1\triangleleft \cdots \triangleleft H_n = G,$

with strict inclusions, such that each $H_{i}$ is a maximal strict of $H_{i+1}$. Equivalently, a composition series is a subnormal series such that each $H_{i+1} / H_{i}$ is. The factor groups are called composition factors. conjugacy-closed subgroup: A of a group is said to be conjugacy-closed if any two elements of the subgroup that are in the group are also conjugate in the subgroup. conjugacy class: The conjugacy classes of a group $G$ are those subsets of $G$ containing group elements that are with each other. conjugate elements: Two elements $x$ and $y$ of a group $G$ are conjugate if there exists an element $g ∈ G$ such that $g^{−1}xg = y$. The element $g^{−1}xg$, denoted $x^{g}$, is called the conjugate of $x$ by $g$. Some authors define the conjugate of $x$ by $g$ as $gxg^{−1}$. This is often denoted $^{g}x$. Conjugacy is an equivalence relation. Its equivalence classes are called conjugacy classes. conjugate subgroups: Two subgroups $H_{1}$ and $H_{2}$ of a group $G$ are conjugate subgroups if there is a $g ∈ G$ such that $gH_{1}g^{−1} = H_{2}$. contranormal subgroup: A of a group $G$ is a contranormal subgroup of $G$ if its is $G$ itself. cyclic group: A cyclic group is a group that is generated by a single element, that is, a group such that there is an element $g$ in the group such that every other element of the group may be obtained by repeatedly applying the group operation to $g$ or its inverse.

D
derived subgroup: Synonym for. direct product: The direct product of two groups $G$ and $H$, denoted $G × H$, is the cartesian product of the underlying sets of $G$ and $H$, equipped with a component-wise defined binary operation $(g_{1}, h_{1}) · (g_{2}, h_{2}) = (g_{1} ⋅ g_{2}, h_{1} ⋅ h_{2})$. With this operation, $G × H$ itself forms a group.

E
exponent of a group: The exponent of a group $G$ is the smallest positive integer $n$ such that $g^{n} = e$ for all $g ∈ G$. It is the least common multiple of the of all elements in the group. If no such positive integer exists, the exponent of the group is said to be infinite.

F
factor group: Synonym for. FC-group: A group is an FC-group if every of its elements has finite cardinality. finite group: A finite group is a group of finite, that is, a group with a finite number of elements. finitely generated group: A group $G$ is finitely generated if there is a finite, that is, if there is a finite set $S$ of elements of $G$ such that every element of $G$ can be written as the combination of finitely many elements of $S$ and of inverses of elements of $S$.

G
generating set: A generating set of a group $G$ is a subset $S$ of $G$ such that every element of $G$ can be expressed as a combination (under the group operation) of finitely many elements of $S$ and inverses of elements of $S$. Given a subset $S$ of $G$. We denote by $⟨S⟩$ the smallest subgroup of $G$ containing $S$. $⟨S⟩$ is called the subgroup of $G$ generated by $S$. group automorphism: See. group homomorphism: See. group isomorphism: See.

H
homomorphism: Given two groups $(G, •)$ and $(H, ·)$, a homomorphism from $G$ to $H$ is a function $h : G → H$ such that for all $a$ and $b$ in $G$, $h(a • b) = h(a) · h(b)$.

I
index of a subgroup: The index of a $H$ of a group $G$, denoted $|G : H|$ or $[G : H]$ or $(G : H)$, is the number of cosets of $H$ in $G$. For a $N$ of a group $G$, the index of $N$ in $G$ is equal to the  of the  $G / N$. For a subgroup $H$ of a finite group $G$, the index of $H$ in $G$ is equal to the quotient of the orders of $G$ and $H$. isomorphism: Given two groups $(G, •)$ and $(H, ·)$, an isomorphism between $G$ and $H$ is a bijective from $G$ to $H$, that is, a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. Two groups are isomorphic if there exists a group isomorphism mapping from one to the other. Isomorphic groups can be thought of as essentially the same, only with different labels on the individual elements.

L
lattice of subgroups: The lattice of subgroups of a group is the lattice defined by its, partially ordered by set inclusion. locally cyclic group: A group is locally cyclic if every subgroup is. Every cyclic group is locally cyclic, and every locally cyclic group is cyclic. Every locally cyclic group is. Every, every and every  image of a locally cyclic group is locally cyclic.

N
no small subgroup: A topological group has no small subgroup if there exists a neighborhood of the identity element that does not contain any nontrivial subgroup. normal closure: The normal closure of a subset $S$ of a group $G$ is the intersection of all of $G$ that contain $S$. normal core: The normal core of a $H$ of a group $G$ is the largest of $G$ that is contained in $H$. normal series: A normal series of a group $G$ is a sequence of of $G$ such that each element of the sequence is a normal subgroup of the next element:
 * $1 = A_0\triangleleft A_1\triangleleft \cdots \triangleleft A_n = G$

with
 * $A_i\triangleleft G$.

normal subgroup: A $N$ of a group $G$ is normal in $G$ (denoted $N ◅ G$ if the of an element $n$ of $N$ by an element $g$ of $G$ is always in $N$, that is, if for all $g ∈ G$ and $n ∈ N$, $gng−1 ∈ N$. A normal subgroup $N$ of a group $G$ can be used to construct the  $G / N$. normalizer: For a subset $S$ of a group $G$, the normalizer of $S$ in $G$, denoted $N_{G}(S)$, is the subgroup of $G$ defined by
 * $\mathrm{N}_G(S)=\{ g \in G \mid gS=Sg \}.$

O
orbit: Consider a group $G$ acting on a set $X$. The orbit of an element $x$ in $X$ is the set of elements in $X$ to which $x$ can be moved by the elements of $G$. The orbit of $x$ is denoted by $G ⋅ x$ order of a group: The order of a group $(G, •)$ is the cardinality (i.e. number of elements) of $G$. A group with finite order is called a finite group. order of a group element: The order of an element $g$ of a group $G$ is the smallest positive integer $n$ such that $g^{n} = e$. If no such integer exists, then the order of $g$ is said to be infinite. The order of a finite group is divisible by the order of every element.

P
perfect core: The perfect core of a group is its largest subgroup. perfect group: A perfect group is a group that is equal to its own. periodic group: A group is periodic if every group element has finite. Every finite group is periodic. permutation group: A permutation group is a group whose elements are permutations of a given set $M$ (the bijective functions from set $M$ to itself) and whose group operation is the composition of those permutations. The group consisting of all permutations of a set $M$ is the symmetric group of $M$. p-group: If $p$ is a prime number, then a $p$-group is one in which the order of every element is a power of $p$. A finite group is a $p$-group if and only if the of the group is a power of $p$. p-subgroup: A that is also a. The study of $p$-subgroups is the central object of the Sylow theorems.

Q
quotient group: Given a group $p$ and a $G$ of $N$, the quotient group is the set $G$ of left cosets $G / N$ together with the operation $\{aN : a ∈ G\}$. The relationship between normal subgroups, homomorphisms, and factor groups is summed up in the fundamental theorem on homomorphisms.

R
real element: An element $aN • bN = abN$ of a group $g$ is called a real element of $G$ if it belongs to the same as its inverse, that is, if there is a $G$ in $h$ with $G$, where $g^{h} = g^{−1}$ is defined as $g^{h}$. An element of a group $h^{−1}gh$ is real if and only if for all representations of $G$ the trace of the corresponding matrix is a real number.

S
serial subgroup: A $G$ of a group $H$ is a serial subgroup of $G$ if there is a chain $G$ of subgroups of $C$ from $G$ to $H$ such that for each pair of consecutive subgroups $G$ and $X$ in $Y$, $C$ is a of $X$. If the chain is finite, then $Y$ is a of $H$. simple group: A simple group is a whose only are the trivial group and the group itself. subgroup: A subgroup of a group $G$ is a subset $G$ of the elements of $H$ that itself forms a group when equipped with the restriction of the group operation of $G$ to $G$. A subset $H × H$ of a group $H$ is a subgroup of $G$ if and only if it is nonempty and closed under products and inverses, that is, if and only if for every $G$ and $a$ in $b$, $H$ and $ab$ are also in $a^{−1}$. subgroup series: A subgroup series of a group $H$ is a sequence of of $G$ such that each element in the series is a subgroup of the next element:
 * $1 = A_0 \leq A_1 \leq \cdots \leq A_n = G.$

subnormal subgroup: A $G$ of a group $H$ is a subnormal subgroup of $G$ if there is a finite chain of subgroups of the group, each one in the next, beginning at $G$ and ending at $H$. symmetric group: Given a set $G$, the symmetric group of $M$ is the set of all permutations of $M$ (the set all bijective functions from $M$ to $M$) with the composition of the permutations as group operation. The symmetric group of a finite set of size $M$ is denoted $n$. (The symmetric groups of any two sets of the same size are isomorphic.)

T
torsion group: Synonym for. transitively normal subgroup: A of a group is said to be transitively normal in the group if every of the subgroup is also normal in the whole group. trivial group: A trivial group is a group consisting of a single element, namely the identity element of the group. All such groups are isomorphic, and one often speaks of the trivial group.

Basic definitions
Both subgroups and normal subgroups of a given group form a complete lattice under inclusion of subsets; this property and some related results are described by the lattice theorem.

Kernel of a group homomorphism. It is the preimage of the identity in the codomain of a group homomorphism. Every normal subgroup is the kernel of a group homomorphism and vice versa.

Direct product, direct sum, and semidirect product of groups. These are ways of combining groups to construct new groups; please refer to the corresponding links for explanation.

Types of groups
Finitely generated group. If there exists a finite set $S_{n}$ such that $S$, then $⟨S⟩ = G$ is said to be finitely generated. If $G$ can be taken to have just one element, $S$ is a cyclic group of finite order, an infinite cyclic group, or possibly a group $G$ with just one element.

Simple group. Simple groups are those groups having only $\{e\}$ and themselves as normal subgroups. The name is misleading because a simple group can in fact be very complex. An example is the monster group, whose order is about 1054. Every finite group is built up from simple groups via group extensions, so the study of finite simple groups is central to the study of all finite groups. The finite simple groups are known and classified.

The structure of any finite abelian group is relatively simple; every finite abelian group is the direct sum of cyclic p-groups. This can be extended to a complete classification of all finitely generated abelian groups, that is all abelian groups that are generated by a finite set.

The situation is much more complicated for the non-abelian groups.

Free group. Given any set $e$, one can define a group as the smallest group containing the free semigroup of $A$. The group consists of the finite strings (words) that can be composed by elements from $A$, together with other elements that are necessary to form a group. Multiplication of strings is defined by concatenation, for instance $A$.

Every group $(abb) • (bca) = abbbca$ is basically a factor group of a free group generated by $(G, •)$. Refer to Presentation of a group for more explanation. One can then ask algorithmic questions about these presentations, such as: The general case of this is the word problem, and several of these questions are in fact unsolvable by any general algorithm.
 * Do these two presentations specify isomorphic groups?; or
 * Does this presentation specify the trivial group?

General linear group, denoted by $G$, is the group of $GL(n, F)$-by-$n$ invertible matrices, where the elements of the matrices are taken from a field $n$ such as the real numbers or the complex numbers.

Group representation (not to be confused with the presentation of a group). A group representation is a homomorphism from a group to a general linear group. One basically tries to "represent" a given abstract group as a concrete group of invertible matrices, which is much easier to study.

title: Glossary of group theory


text:
Talk:Glossary of group theory

It says, "Order of an element of a group. Suppose x∈G and there exists a positive integer m such that xm = e, then the smallest possible m is called the order of x. The order of a finite group is divisible by the order of every element."

What is e? Is e∈G true? dave 21:07, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

e is the identity element of the group. So yes, e∈G is true.

Glossary Symbology
I am working on a Sudoku maths page, and will be working through (as in referencing, using) the Group theory articles. I would like to incorporate the symbololgy (denoting symbols) from the other articles in the/this glossary. If no one objects, I will do so. Principally I don't like duplicating info, which creates an update sync. headache, but here I think it's appropriate. --LarryLACa 17:02, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

2007-02-1 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 15:26, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Notation
Would it be appropriate for this page to explain the notation it uses, or at least link each first instance of a notation to page where that notation is explained? I am thinking in particular of the notation of S within pointy parentheses, with which I am not familiar, and which I don't know how to type here without adding strikethroughs. I am sure I could find it, but I think it would make sense for the page to do that work for the reader (in terms of explaining the notation, not the strikethroughs, obviously). 69.205.34.127 (talk) 03:30, 2 February 2008 (UTC)pj.deBarros@gmail.com

Question on notation
Is there somewhere that the notation used here:
 * A group (G, •)

is described in more detail? I think it might relate to the page Structure (mathematical logic), but I'm not sure.

In particular, I'd like to know what such notation is intended to capture about the object of interest. It seems odd for it to capture only part of the story, with extra concerns tacked on ad hoc, such as requirements for associativity, inverse and so on.

This seems to be behind the later comment:
 * In universal algebra, groups are generally treated as algebraic structures of the form (G, •, e, −1),

(though the referenced universal algebra page doesn't mention this notation). At any rate, this notation captures more of the features of the object, but still not all. Very haphazard seeming.

So I'd like to understand more about what conventions this notation is based on, and that info might be useful to present in this article. Gwideman (talk) 20:18, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Semigroups and symmetric groups not defined
The term semigroup isn't defined but it is used in the article. What is the point of an article defining some basic terms in group theory if it relies on a prior understanding of terms like semigroup. This defeats the purpose of the article!

Note that this article is now linked to under "basic notions" in the group theory side bar that is on group theory articles. Yet this article will remain anything but "basic" if terms like the above send the reader on an endless link chase through articles that presuppose the basic understanding that they sought in the first place. Ross Fraser (talk) 00:16, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

How is this a glossary?
I don't see how the page glossary of group theory can be called a glossary. It doesn't conform to the definition at glossary, nor to the one at Manual of Style/Glossaries. In its current form it is largely redundant with group (mathematics). — Tobias Bergemann (talk) 10:15, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

Restored after discussion
Glossary of group theory had been moved to Group theory terminology in 2015, and that article was then AfD'd (Articles for deletion/Group theory terminology) and turned into a redirect to Group theory. After discussion at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 June 17, the article has now been restored/moved back to Glossary of group theory, and I now have restored the last revision (from 2008) that actually looked like some glossary. However, more work is necessary. If you can, please help. – Tea2min (talk) 06:26, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Glossary of group theory


text:
Minocycline

Minocycline, sold under the brand name Minocin among others, is a tetracycline antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections such as some occurring in certain forms of pneumonia. It is generally (but not always) less preferred than the tetracycline doxycycline. Minocycline is also used for the treatment of acne and rheumatoid arthritis. It is taken by mouth or applied to the skin.

Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, allergic reactions, and kidney problems. Serious side effects may include anaphylaxis, a lupus-like syndrome, and easy sunburning. Use in the later part of pregnancy may harm the baby and safety during breastfeeding is unclear. It works by decreasing a bacterium's ability to make protein thus stopping its growth.

Minocycline was patented in 1961 and came into commercial use in 1971. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 229th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.

Acne
Minocycline is indicated to treat inflammatory lesions of non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris in people nine years of age and older.

Minocycline and doxycycline are frequently used for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Both of these closely related antibiotics have similar levels of efficacy, although doxycycline has a slightly lower risk of adverse side effects. Historically, minocycline has been an effective treatment for acne vulgaris. However, acne that is caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a growing problem in many countries. In Europe and North America, a number of people with acne no longer respond well to treatment with tetracycline family antibiotics because their acne symptoms are caused by bacteria (primarily Cutibacterium acnes) that are resistant to these antibiotics. In order to reduce resistance rates as well as increase the effectiveness of treatment, oral antibiotics should be generally combined with topical acne creams such as benzoyl peroxide or a retinoid (tretinoin, adapalene, etc.).

Infections
Minocycline is also used for other skin infections such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Although minocycline's broader spectrum of activity, compared with other members of the group, includes activity against Neisseria meningitidis, its use for prophylaxis is no longer recommended because of side effects (dizziness and vertigo).

It may be used to treat certain strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection and a disease caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter spp.

A list of uses includes:

 * Amoebic dysentery
 * Anthrax
 * Bubonic plague
 * Cholera
 * Ehrlichiosis
 * Gonorrhea (when penicillin cannot be given)
 * Gougerot-Carteaud syndrome (confluent and reticulated papillomatosis)
 * Hidradenitis suppurativa
 * For use as an adjuvant to HAART
 * Leprosy
 * Periodontal disease
 * Perioral dermatitis
 * Respiratory infections such as pneumonia
 * Rocky Mountain spotted fever
 * Rosacea
 * Syphilis (when penicillin cannot be given)
 * Urinary tract infections, rectal infections, and infections of the cervix caused by certain microbes

Other
Both minocycline and doxycycline have shown effectiveness in asthma due to immune-suppressing effects. Minocycline and doxycycline have modest effectiveness in treating rheumatoid arthritis. However, the 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis does not include minocycline. Recent research indicate that centrally infused minocycline attenuates brain microglial activation, neuroinflammation and sympathetic activation during pulmonary hypertension.

Contraindications
The drug is contraindicated in people with known hypersensitivity to tetracycline antibiotics, as there is complete cross sensitivity in this group. It is also contraindicated in people with severe liver impairment and after the 16th week of pregnancy.

Side effects
Minocycline may cause upset stomach, diarrhea, dizziness, unsteadiness, drowsiness, mouth sores, migraines, and vomiting. It increases sensitivity to sunlight, and may affect the quality of sleep and rarely causes sleep disorders. It has also been linked to cases of lupus. Prolonged use of minocycline can lead to blue-gray staining of skin, fingernails, and  scar tissue. This staining is not permanent, but can take a very long time for the skin color to return to normal; however, a muddy brown skin color in sun-exposed areas is usually permanent. Permanent blue discoloration of gums or teeth discoloration may also occur. Rare but serious side effects include fever, yellowing of the eyes or skin, stomach pain, sore throat, vision changes, and mental changes, including depersonalization.

Occasionally, minocycline therapy may result in autoimmune disorders such as drug-related lupus and autoimmune hepatitis, which usually occurs in men who also developed minocycline-induced lupus; however, women are more likely to develop minocycline-induced lupus. Significant or complete recovery occurs in most people who develop minocycline-induced autoimmune problems within a period of a few weeks to a year of cessation of minocycline therapy. Autoimmune problems emerge during chronic therapy, but can sometimes occur after only short courses of a couple of weeks of therapy. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome can occur during the first few weeks of therapy with minocycline.

Minocycline, but not other tetracyclines, can cause vestibular disturbances with dizziness, ataxia, vertigo, and tinnitus. These effects are thought to be related to minocycline's greater penetration into the central nervous system. Vestibular side effects are much more common in women than in men, occurring in 50 to 70% of women receiving minocycline. As a result of the frequency of this bothersome side effect, minocycline is rarely used in female patients. Minocycline's vestibular side effects typically resolve after discontinuation of the drug.

Symptoms of an allergic reaction include rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, and trouble breathing. Minocycline has also been reported to very rarely cause idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri), a side effect also more common in female patients, potentially leading to permanent vision damage if not recognized early and treated.

Contrary to most other tetracycline antibiotics (doxycycline excluded), minocycline may be used in those with kidney disease, but may aggravate systemic lupus erythematosus. It may also trigger or unmask autoimmune hepatitis.

Minocycline can cause the rare condition of secondary intracranial hypertension, which has initial symptoms of headache, visual disturbances, dizziness, vomiting, and confusion. Brain swelling and rheumatoid arthritis are rare side effects of minocycline in some people.

Minocycline, like most tetracyclines, becomes dangerous past its expiration date. While most prescription drugs lose potency after their expiration dates, tetracyclines are known to become toxic over time. Expired tetracyclines can cause serious damage to the kidney due to the formation of a degradation product, anhydro-4-epitetracycline. Minocycline's absorption is impaired if taken at the same time of day as calcium or iron supplements. Unlike some of the other tetracycline group antibiotics, it can be taken with calcium-rich foods such as milk, although this does reduce the absorption slightly.

Minocycline, like other tetracyclines, is associated with esophageal irritation and ulceration if insufficient fluids are taken with the drug before sleep.

A 2007 study suggested that minocycline harms amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Patients on minocycline declined more rapidly than those on placebo. The mechanism of this side effect is unknown, although a hypothesis is that the drug exacerbated an autoimmune component of the primary disease. The effect does not seem to be dose-dependent because the patients on high doses did not do worse than those on the low doses.

The use of minocycline in acne vulgaris has been associated with skin and gut dysbiosis (see antibiotic misuse).

Interactions
The combination of minocycline with dairy, antacids, calcium and magnesium supplements, iron products, laxatives containing magnesium, or bile acid sequestrants may decrease minocycline's effectiveness by forming chelates. Combining it with isotretinoin, acitretin or other retinoids can increase the risk for intracranial hypertension. Minocycline significantly reduces concentrations of the anti-HIV drug atazanavir in the body.

Pharmacokinetics
Minocycline is quickly and nearly completely absorbed from the upper part of the small intestine. Taking it together with food, including milk, has no relevant influence on resorption. It reaches highest blood plasma concentrations after one to two hours and has a plasma protein binding of 70–75%. The substance penetrates into almost all tissues; very high concentrations are found in the gallbladder and liver. It crosses the blood–brain barrier better than doxycycline and other tetracyclines, reaching therapeutically relevant concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and also in inflamed meninges.

Minocycline is inactivated by metabolization in the liver to about 50%. The rest is predominantly excreted into the gut (in part via the gallbladder, in part directly from blood vessels) and eliminated via the feces. About 10–15% are eliminated via the kidneys. The biological half-life is 14–22 (11–26 ) hours in healthy people, up to 30 hours in those with kidney failure, and significantly longer in those with liver disease.

Chemistry
The drug is used in form of minocycline hydrochloride dihydrate, which is sparingly soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. Minocycline reacts acidic in aqueous solution.

History
Minocycline was patented in 1961 and came into commercial use in 1971. A topical foam for treatment of acne was approved in 2019.

Brand names

 * Minomycin
 * Minostad (in Europe, for the treatment of acne)
 * Akamin
 * Minocin
 * Minoderm
 * Cyclimycin
 * Arestin (1-mg doses administered locally into periodontal pockets, after scaling and root planing, for treatment of periodontal disease.)
 * Aknemin
 * Solodyn (extended-release, for the treatment of acne)
 * Dynacin
 * Sebomin
 * Mino-Tabs
 * Acnamino
 * Minopen (in Japan)
 * Maracyn 2 (for treatment of bacterial infections in aquarium fish and amphibians)
 * Quatrocin (in Syria)
 * Minox (in Ireland)
 * Minoz (in India and Romania)
 * Divaine (in India)
 * Vinocyclin 100 (100-mg dose approved for treatment of acne in Vietnam)
 * Dentomycin (2% minocylcine gel for use in periodontal pockets)
 * Amzeeq (4% foam, approved for treatment of acne United States)
 * Zilxi (1.5% foam, approved for treatment of rosacea in the United States)
 * Cleeravue-M

It is available as a generic medication.

Research
Early research has found a tentative benefit from minocycline in schizophrenia, with several trials underway. A 2014 meta-analysis found minocycline may reduce negative and total symptom scores and was well tolerated.

Research is examining the possible neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of minocycline against the progression of a group of neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. As mentioned above, minocycline harms ALS patients.

Minocycline is also known to indirectly inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase.

A trial found no difference between minocycline and placebo in people with Alzheimers' disease. Minocycline also has been used as a "last-ditch" treatment for toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Minocycline is somewhat neuroprotective in mouse models of Huntington's disease.

A 2007 study reported the impact of the antibiotic minocycline on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes and serum immune molecules in 40 MS patients over 24 months of open-label minocycline treatment. Despite a moderately high pretreatment relapse rate in the patient group prior to treatment (1.3/year pre-enrollment; 1.2/year during a three-month baseline period), no relapses occurred between months 6 and 24 on minocycline. Also, despite significant MRI disease-activity pretreatment (19/40 scans had gadolinium-enhancing activity during a three-month run-in), the only patient with gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI at 12 and 24 months was on half-dose minocycline. Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), which at high levels might antagonize the proinflammatory IL-12 receptor, were elevated over 18 months of treatment, as were levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was decreased by treatment. Clinical and MRI outcomes in this study were supported by systemic immunological changes and call for further investigation of minocycline in MS.

Minocycline has been studied for treatment-resistant depression. According to a systematic review based on four clinical trials, "There is no significant difference with minocycline compared to placebo for depression not responding to first-line antidepressant therapy."

In ongoing research and trial, minocycline demonstrated efficacy and seems a promising neuroprotective agent in acute stroke patients, especially in AIS subgroup. Further RCTs are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of minocycline among ICH patients.

Several preclinical studies (in vitro cell cultures and animal models) suggest that minocycline may have otoprotective benefits. Animal models indicate it could potentially reduce noise-induced and blast-induced hearing loss, possibly by protecting hair cells and mitigating inflammation. In vitro and animal studies also show minocycline may help decrease ototoxicity from certain drugs like gentamicin, neomycin, and cisplatin.

Some early studies suggest that minocycline may be beneficial as an add-on treatment for moderate-to-severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) when used with an SSRI.

Data from cellular and animal models

 * PARP1 inhibition Ki = 13.8 nM
 * Neuroprotection IC50 = 10 nM
 * Microglia full inhibition = 20 nM
 * Suppression of the mouse's locomotor activity = 0.5 mg/kg

title: Minocycline


text:
Red-necked wallaby

The red-necked wallaby or Bennett's wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus) is a medium-sized macropod marsupial (wallaby), common in the more temperate and fertile parts of eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Red-necked wallabies have been introduced to several other countries, including New Zealand, the United Kingdom (in England and Scotland), Ireland, the Isle of Man, France and Germany.

Description
Red-necked wallabies are distinguished by their black nose and paws, white stripe on the upper lip, and grizzled medium grey coat with a reddish wash across the shoulders. They can weigh 13.8 to 18.6 kg and attain a head-body length of 90 cm, although males are generally bigger than females. Red-necked wallabies are very similar in appearance to the black-striped wallaby (Notamacropus dorsalis), the only difference being that red-necked wallabies are larger, lack a black stripe down the back, and have softer fur. Red-necked wallabies may live up to nine years.

Distribution and habitat
Red-necked wallabies are found in coastal scrub and sclerophyll forest throughout coastal and highland eastern Australia, from Bundaberg, Queensland to the South Australian border; in Tasmania and on many of the Bass Strait islands. It is unclear which of the Tasmanian islands have native populations as opposed to introduced ones.

In Tasmania and coastal Queensland, their numbers have expanded over the past 30 years because of a reduction in hunting pressure and the partial clearing of forest to result in a mosaic of pastures where wallabies can feed at night, alongside bushland where they can shelter by day. For not altogether clear reasons, they are less common in Victoria.

Behaviour

Red-necked wallabies are mainly solitary but will gather together when there is an abundance of resources such as food, water or shelter. When they do gather in groups, they have a social hierarchy similar to other wallaby species. A recent study has demonstrated that wallabies, as other social or gregarious mammals, are able to manage conflict via reconciliation, involving the post-conflict reunion, after a fight, of former opponents, which engage in affinitive contacts. Red-necked wallabies are mainly nocturnal. They spend most of the daytime resting.

A female's estrus lasts 33 days. During courting, the female first licks the male's neck. The male will then rub his cheek against the female's. Then the male and female will fight briefly, standing upright like two males. After that they finally mate. A couple will stay together for one day before separating. A female bears one offspring at a time; the young stay in the pouch for about 280 days, whereafter females and their offspring stay together for only a month. However, females may stay in the home range of their mothers for life, while males leave at the age of two. Also, red-necked wallabies engage in alloparental care, in which one individual may adopt the child of another. This is a common behavior seen in many other animal species like wolves, elephants, humans, and fathead minnows.

Diet
Red-necked wallabies diets consists of grasses, roots, tree leaves, and weeds.

Subspecies
There are two or three subspecies:
 * N. r. banksianus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) – red-necked wallaby [Australian mainland]
 * N. r. rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817) sensu lato – Bennett's wallaby, which is sometimes replaced by:
 * N. r. fruticus (Ogilby, 1838) [Tasmania]
 * N. r. rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817) sensu stricto [Bass Strait, King Island]

The Tasmanian subspecies, Notamacropus rufogriseus rufogriseus, usually known as Bennett's wallaby, is smaller (as island subspecies or species often are), has longer, darker and shaggier fur, and breeds in the late summer, mostly between February and April. They have adapted to living in proximity to humans and can be found grazing on lawns in the fringes of Hobart and other urban areas.

The mainland Australian subspecies, Notamacropus rufogriseus banksianus, usually known as the red-necked wallaby, breeds all year round. Captive animals maintain their breeding schedules; Tasmanian females that become pregnant out of their normal season delay birth until summer, which can be anywhere up to 8 months later.

Introductions to other countries

There are significant introduced populations in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand's South Island. In 1870, several Bennett's wallabies were transported from Tasmania to Christchurch, New Zealand. Two females and one male from this stock were later released at Te Waimate, the property of Waimate's first European settler Michael Studholme. The year 1874 saw them freed in the Hunters Hills, where over the years their population has dramatically increased. Bennett's wallabies are now resident on approximately 350,000 ha of terrain in the Hunters Hills, including the Two Thumb Range, the Kirkliston Range and the Grampians. They have been declared an animal pest in the Canterbury Region and land occupiers must contain the wallabies within specified areas. Bennett's wallaby is now widely regarded as a symbol of Waimate.

There are also small colonies in England in the Peak District (extirpated), Derbyshire (extirpated), and the Ashdown Forest in East Sussex (population unknown). These were established ca. 1900. There are also other sightings frequently spotted in West Sussex and Hampshire and recently YouTuber 'Wildlife With Cookie' found a population in an unknown part of England not associated with the previous mentioned locations. One of this small population was a mother carrying a joey, confirming that breeding was still occurring in the UK. He also went on to locate wallabies with albinism in Kenilworth, Warwickshire.

There is a small colony of red-necked wallabies on the island of Inchconnachan, Loch Lomond in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. This was founded in 1975 with two pairs taken from the Whipsnade Zoo, and had risen to 26 individuals by 1993.

There is a significant group of escaped red-necked wallabies living wild across the Isle of Man, which are the descendants of numerous escapes from a wildlife park on the island in the 1960s and 1970s. A 2017 study by estimated their number in the vicinity of the wildlife park to be 83 individuals, including a very small number of Parma wallabies. A 2023 study by the Manx Wildlife Trust using drone and thermal technology resulted in the first accurate count of the red-necked wallabies in the Ballaugh Curragh Area of Special Scientific Interest and Ramsar site. Two nocturnal surveys, carried out across 400 hectares of the Ballaugh Curragh over two consecutive nights, gave an average number of 568 wallabies with a density of 140 per km². As the survey site included surrounding agricultural land, it is thought the density would be higher when the wallabies retreat into the wet woodland during the day. Wallabies are now widely reported across the northern half of the Isle of Man. Along with concerns about inbreeding leading to a high prevalence of blindness and neurological disorders, there is concern that they are having a detrimental impact on the native ecology of the island, therefore the Isle of Man Government has classed them as an invasive, non-native species via listing on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife Act 1990.

The Baring family, who owned Lambay Island off the eastern coast of Ireland, introduced red-necked wallabies to the island in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1980s, the red-necked wallaby population at the Dublin Zoo was growing out of control. Unable to find another zoo to take them, and unwilling to euthanize them, zoo director Peter Wilson donated seven individuals to the Barings. The animals have thrived since then and the current population is estimated to be between 30 and 50.

In France, in the southern part of the Forest of Rambouillet, 50 km west from Paris, there is a wild group of around 50–100 Bennett's wallabies. This population has been present since the 1970s, when some individuals escaped from the zoological park of Émancé after a storm.

In Germany, a wild population originating from zoo escapees exists in the federated state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

In October 2014, three captive Bennett's wallabies escaped into the wild in northern Austria and one of them roamed the area for three months before being recaptured, surprisingly surviving the harsh winter there. The case attracted media attention, as it humorously defeated the popular slogan "There are no kangaroos in Austria."

title: Red-necked wallaby


text:
Mike Rossman

Mike Rossman (born Michael Albert DePiano on July 1, 1955) is an American former professional boxer who was the WBA light heavyweight champion of the world. He is of both Italian and Jewish descent, which led to his monikers "The Kosher Butcher" and "The Jewish Bomber".

Life and career
Rossman was born in Turnersville, New Jersey, as Michael Albert DePiano. Rossman is his mother's maiden name, which he uses rather than that of his father. Rossman's father was Italian, and his mother Jewish. He is Jewish, and boxed with a Star of David on his shorts. He began boxing at 14 and turned pro on August 10, 1973.

Rossman fought Víctor Galíndez for the light heavyweight championship of the world on the undercard of an Ali–Spinks rematch in September 1978. Many thought Galindez would defeat him, but Rossman opened up cuts over Galindez's eyes and continued fighting until near the end of the 13th round, when the referee stopped the fight, and Rossman became world champion. Rossman made one successful defense before his hometown Philadelphia fans in December of the same year, stopping Italian challenger Aldo Traversaro in the fifth round after opening a wound on Aldo's forehead with a left hook.

Later, after losing the title back to Galindez in 1979 (see below), his career declined as he lost several matches; he never again fought a title match. He fought into the early 1980s, and perhaps the biggest name he faced in post-championship status was the upstart Dwight Braxton (today known as Dwight Muhammad Qawi), who defeated him in seven rounds in May 1981.

Rossman vs. Galindez championship rematch
In February 1979, Rossman participated in what is sometimes considered one of professional boxing's most embarrassing moments (at least in modern times). At a scheduled rematch between Rossman and Galindez, Rossman was left waiting in the ring as Galindez failed to appear: A dispute about the judges of the match between the WBA and the Nevada Athletic Commission prevented the fight from being for the title, so Galindez camp refused to fight. After immediate attempts to remedy the situation failed, the fight was suspended, and rescheduled two months later in April 1979.

With Rossman perhaps still fretting about boxing politics, Galindez was focused on regaining the title, and was able to defeat Rossman. Rossman apparently broke his right hand during the bout, severely limiting his boxing ability. The pain became worse over the course of the fight, and unbearable to a point where Rossman told his father-manager after the ninth round that he could not continue. Galindez was thus able to reclaim the championship.

Miscellaneous

 * Rossman has a tattoo of the Star of David on the calf of his right leg.
 * Rossman now lives in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
 * Rossman was inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.

title: Mike Rossman


text:
Earl of Oxford

Earl of Oxford is a dormant title in the Peerage of England, first created for Aubrey de Vere by the Empress Matilda in 1141. His family was to hold the title for more than five and a half centuries, until the death of the 20th Earl in 1703. The de Veres were also hereditary holders of the office of Master Chamberlain of England from 1133 until the death of the 18th Earl in 1625. Their primary seat was Hedingham Castle in Essex, but they held lands in southern England and the Midlands, particularly in eastern England. The actual earldom was called "Oxenford" until at least the end of the 17th century. Medieval sources thus refer to "my lord of Oxenford" when speaking of the earl.

Earls of Oxford (1141)
Soon after his father's death in 1141, Aubrey III de Vere was recruited by Empress Matilda. Aubrey's brother-in-law, Geoffrey de Mandeville first earl of Essex, apparently negotiated the offer of the earldom of Cambridge, with a secondary offer of one of four counties if Cambridgeshire was claimed by her kinsman. Aubrey held no land in Oxfordshire at the time, but his eldest son Aubrey IV was to marry an heiress with manors in that county. Aubrey IV was supposedly an ally of King John, while his brother Robert, the 3rd Earl was one of the 25 barons of Magna Carta. His descendant, another Robert, the 9th Earl, was a favourite of King Richard II who created him Duke of Ireland. John the 13th Earl was a Lancastrian during the War of the Roses and Henry Tudor's commander at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. The 17th Earl has become the most famous of the line because of his emergence as a popular alternative candidate as the actual author of the works of William Shakespeare (see Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship). The 17th Earl was a ward and later son-in-law of Lord Burghley, Queen Elizabeth I's Secretary of State. On the death of the 20th Earl, without identifiable heirs male, the title became dormant.

The Earls of Oxford held no subsidiary titles, and so their heirs apparent were styled by invented courtesy titles: initially Lord Vere, and later Viscount Bolebec (sometimes spelt Viscount Bulbeck).

The principal Oxford coat of arms or shield was quarterly gules and or (red and yellow) with an argent (white) five-pointed star called a mullet or molet in the first canton. By De Vere family tradition this molet is said to refer to a reappearance of the Star of Bethlehem which showed itself to an earlier De Vere while on a Crusade and thus led him to victory. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the family livery worn by their retainers was orange/tawney decorated with a white molet. A later badge associated with the De Veres is a blue boar. A later shield variation of the De Vere white molet has a smaller blue molet located within the white one but this may be a simple cadency mark – in heraldry the molet is also used in any family to indicate the third son of a title holder. The third son bears his father's arms differenced with a molet.

A confusion between the De Vere white molet and Edward IV's sunburst and white rose is said to have led to the friendly fire incident between Neville's men and De Vere's men at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. Fighting in fog, the Nevilles (former Yorkists) fired on their De Vere (staunch Lancastrian) allies and thus brought about the collapse of the Lancastrian centre and right. Both contingents began to rout crying "treachery".

List of title holders

 * Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, (c. 1115–1194)
 * Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford (c. 1164–1214)
 * Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford (c. 1173–1221)
 * Hugh de Vere, 4th Earl of Oxford (c. 1208–1263)
 * Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford (1240–1296) (forfeit 1265, restored soon after)
 * Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford (1257–1331)
 * John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford (1312–1360)
 * Thomas de Vere, 8th Earl of Oxford (1337–1371)
 * Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford (1362–1392) (forfeit 1388)
 * Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford (1340–1400) (restored 1393)
 * Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford (1385–1417)
 * John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (1408–1462)
 * John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford (1442–1513) (forfeit 1475, restored 1485)
 * John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford (1499–1526)
 * John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford (1482–1540)
 * John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford (1516–1562)
 * Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (1550–1604)
 * Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford (1593–1625)
 * Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford (1575–1632)
 * Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford (1627–1703) (dormant 1703)

Family tree

Earls of Oxford and Earl Mortimer (1711)
The title Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer was created in the Peerage of Great Britain for Robert Harley in 1711. It became extinct in 1853.

Earls of Oxford and Asquith (1925)
After the extinction of the earls of Oxford and earls Mortimer, former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith was keen to choose "Earl of Oxford" for his own title. As an earldom was then traditional for former prime ministers, and Asquith had a number of connections with the city of Oxford, it seemed a logical choice and had the king's support. The proposal greatly offended the descendants of the earls, however, and, in the face of their opposition, another title had to be chosen – "Earl of Oxford and Asquith". For information on this creation, see Earl of Oxford and Asquith.

title: Earl of Oxford


text:
Talk:Rupert Murdoch

Semi-protected edit request on 16 May 2023
I suggest adding to the Hard Copy reference list: Tiffen, Rodney (2014). Rupert Murdoch: A Reassessment. UNSW Press JeffATcoodabeens (talk) 10:20, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Callme mirela 🍁 12:16, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The book referenced is by a leading Australian media academic, I think it would enhance the reading list JeffATcoodabeens (talk) 01:39, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 August 2023
Remove 'de facto' from 'de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia'207.96.32.81 (talk) 17:26, 19 August 2023 (UTC) From https://saudileaks.org/en/king-salmans-illness-raises-concerns-and-speculations/ he is considered de facto not is. 207.96.32.81 (talk) 17:26, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ M.Bitton (talk) 18:47, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Reference to Show 'Succession'
When Murdoch is listed as an inspiration for the character Logan Roy in Succession, Logan is listed as 'the protagonist' of the show, despite him being the major antagonist throughout all four seasons. Discipula Dianae (talk) 03:42, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * This comment was reverted as off-topic discussion. ("Not a forum" was the reason given.) I am restoring it because it is not off-topic, but rather discussion of the article, which currently says "Murdoch was part of the inspiration for Logan Roy, the protagonist of TV show Succession, who is portrayed by Brian Cox." The in-line citation does not actually say anything about a "protagonist" (link) . SilverLocust 💬 23:23, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 December 2023
Request to add. 223.25.74.34 (talk) 04:05, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. don't see any mention of this in the article, would need something to support that first Cannolis (talk) 04:19, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2007/12/the-murdochs-and-the-middle-east/ 223.25.74.34 (talk) 04:35, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch#cite_ref-155 223.25.74.34 (talk) 04:40, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Blogs and Wikipedia are not reliable sources.  Spintendo  23:08, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rupert Murdoch


text:
Tom Five

Thomas Neil Guay (born October 11, 1965), more commonly known by his stage name Tom Five (or Tom 5), is an American guitarist who joined heavy metal band White Zombie while studying art at Parsons School of Design which he attended from 1985 to 1989. Guay is more widely known as Tom Five, reportedly because his style "sounded like five guitarists playing at once". He played guitar for the metal band Angel Rot from 1988 to 2003, releasing the album Unlistenable Hymns of Indulgent Damage in 1999. He was also performed in the band Sonic Medusa and in the Black Sabbath tribute band Rat Salad. He currently plays guitar for the Los Angeles band Triple T.

With White Zombie

 * Psycho-Head Blowout (1987)
 * Soul-Crusher (1987)

With Angel Rot

 * Unlistenable Hymns of Indulgent Damage (1999)

title: Tom Five


text:
Modest Mouse

Modest Mouse is an American rock band formed in 1993 in Issaquah, Washington, and currently based in Portland, Oregon. The founding members were lead singer/guitarist Isaac Brock, drummer Jeremiah Green and bassist Eric Judy. They achieved critical acclaim for their albums The Lonesome Crowded West (1997) and The Moon & Antarctica (2000) and found mainstream success with the release of Good News for People Who Love Bad News (2004) and its singles "Float On" and "Ocean Breathes Salty".

From their 1996 debut album This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About onwards, the band's lineup mostly centered on Brock and Green, undergoing multiple changes. As of 2024, Brock is the only original member of the band, Green having died in December 2022. Judy performed on every Modest Mouse album until his departure in 2012. Guitarist Johnny Marr (formerly of the Smiths) joined the band in 2006, shortly following percussionist Joe Plummer (formerly of the Black Heart Procession) and multi-instrumentalist Tom Peloso, to work on the album We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank (2007). Guitarist Jim Fairchild joined the band in 2009. The band's sixth album, Strangers to Ourselves, was released in 2015 and their seventh, The Golden Casket, in 2021.

Formation and early years: 1992–1999
When Isaac Brock was a teenager, he was employed at a local family video store just outside Seattle, where he met bassist Eric Judy. Brock and Judy later discovered drummer Jeremiah Green, who also resided near Seattle, at a heavy metal show, at which point they decided to make music together. Brock says he made a point of the band being from Issaquah to avoid association with the music scenes of Seattle or Olympia and to keep with the band's suburban lyrical themes. In 1994, at Calvin Johnson's Dub Narcotic Studios, Modest Mouse recorded its first EP, Blue Cadet-3, Do You Connect?, which was released by K Records. This was followed by a single, "Broke", recorded by Steve Wold (a.k.a. bluesman Seasick Steve) under Sub Pop records at Moon Studios in Olympia, Washington. During this time, Modest Mouse also recorded what would have been its first album, Sad Sappy Sucker, but constant delays caused the album to be shelved and forgotten. It was not until 2001 that it was officially released. Before the band made its way into the pop music world in 2004, many of Modest Mouse's tours included stops at DIY/punk venues such as Speak in Tongues in Cleveland, Ohio, where they continued to play even after becoming popular enough to fill larger venues.

After moving to Up Records, Modest Mouse released two full-length albums and other recordings including the 1996 LP This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About. Steve Wold also recorded and produced this album (and at the time was assisting in the recordings as well, but was not officially part of the band) along with the next offering, Interstate 8. The 1997 album, The Lonesome Crowded West (also recorded at Moon Studios, by Scott Swayze) served as the band's breakthrough. The Lonesome Crowded West gained the band a cult following, and is now popularly considered to be one of the defining albums of mid-1990s indie rock. During this time, Nick Kraft became involved with the task of refining the band's sound. Prior to its release, the band had recorded the EP The Fruit That Ate Itself. In 2000, Up Records released a singles and rarities collection entitled Building Nothing Out of Something that included the entirety of Interstate 8 except for the songs "Edit the Sad Parts" and "Buttons to Push the Buttons".

The Moon & Antarctica: 2000–2002
In 2000, Modest Mouse released The Moon & Antarctica, its first album on Epic Records. The album, produced by Califone's Brian Deck during five months of sessions in Chicago, was met with critical acclaim, including a 9.8/10 score from online music magazine Pitchfork Media, despite concerns about releasing material on a major label. The album would later receive further acclaim.

The band licensed "Gravity Rides Everything" for a Nissan Quest minivan advertisement, a move that Brock has publicly acknowledged as blatantly commercial but necessary to achieve financial stability. Regarding the commercial, Brock stated, "People who don't have to make their living playing music can bitch about my principles while they spend their parents' money or wash dishes for some asshole."

In 2001, Modest Mouse released the EP Everywhere and His Nasty Parlour Tricks, a collection of unused songs from the recording sessions of The Moon & Antarctica. In 2002, the band joined Cake, De La Soul, The Flaming Lips, The Hackensaw Boys and Kinky on the Unlimited Sunshine Tour.

Good News for People Who Love Bad News and We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank: 2003–2009
In March 2003, Green left the band after suffering a nervous breakdown; official reports stated he was leaving to work with his side project, Vells. The same year, he and Judy appeared on Adam Forkner's first solo album, VVRSSNN. Drummer Benjamin Weikel joined the band, replacing Green, along with Murder City Devils guitarist Dann Gallucci, who had previously played with Modest Mouse. Prior to starting the band's writing and recording process, Brock was devastated by the loss of "a couple of the most important people in my life", he said. Following these events, the band released their fourth album, Good News for People Who Love Bad News, on April 6, 2004. The following August, the album was certified Platinum, having two hits with "Float On" and "Ocean Breathes Salty" (both of which they performed on Saturday Night Live on November 13, 2004). The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album that year, and "Float On" was nominated for Best Rock Song. Green rejoined the band in May 2004, while Weikel returned to drumming exclusively for the Helio Sequence. The public radio program Marketplace used "Float On" as bumper music, which helped propel the group to a broader audience.

In 2006, Johnny Marr (formerly of the Smiths) joined the band after Gallucci quit amicably. Modest Mouse released their next album, We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank, on March 20, 2007 after its original release date of December 19, 2006 was delayed. The album also included bonus track and single "King Rat", which actor Heath Ledger had known about before the track was released; the band was formally introduced to the actor while on their 2007 tour in Australia. Ledger proposed an outline for a music video to the group, and with his film collective, the Masses, immediately began working on it once he had the band's approval. Upon Ledger's death in January 2008, the video went unfinished.

We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank was the first Modest Mouse album to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 charts and had the hit single "Dashboard", as well as "Missed the Boat" and "We've Got Everything". Modest Mouse released singles for the songs "Satellite Skin", "Autumn Beds" and "Perpetual Motion Machine" in limited edition—a total of 4,000 copies each—vinyl 7 inches, featuring artwork by art director and illustrator Joshua Marc Levy, J. Alex Stamos, and Natasha Wheat.

The band began a North American tour in June 2008. They returned to Florida, with three shows in Miami, Orlando and St. Augustine, for the first time since they were cut off stage early during the November 2006 Bang Music Festival show. Modest Mouse finished its tour supporting We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank after two years of promoting the record.

Marr left Modest Mouse to join the Cribs, and was replaced with Jim Fairchild, beginning with the tour of No One's First and You're Next, which was released on August 4, 2009, composed of unreleased tracks from the recording sessions of Good News for People Who Love Bad News and We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank.

Touring, lineup changes, and re-releases: 2010–2014
In 2010, The Moon & Antarctica was re-released on vinyl as part of Record Store Day.

On July 4, 2010 the band headlined the second day of the 80/35 Music Festival in Des Moines, Iowa, and the first day of the End of the Road Festival in Dorset, England, on September 10, 2010. At the end of August 2010, Modest Mouse played on the main stage at the Leeds and Reading festivals.

On May 29, Modest Mouse played two new songs during their headline of the Sasquatch festival. The songs were called "Poison the Well" and "Lampshades on Fire". They then contributed a cover of the Buddy Holly song "That'll Be the Day" to the compilation Rave On Buddy Holly, which was released on June 28, 2011. Modest Mouse played at Splendour in the Grass in Woodford, Queensland on July 29, 2011, and at The Warfield in San Francisco on January 25, 2012.

In 2012, Modest Mouse underwent a significant lineup change, which included the departure of founding bassist Eric Judy and percussionist Joe Plummer, replaced by Russell Higbee (formerly of Man Man) and Davey Brozowski, respectively. The lineup also included the additions of multi-instrumentalist and vocalist Lisa Molinaro, and percussionist Ben Massarella, the latter of whom previously played percussion on The Moon & Antarctica.

In June of that same year, Pitchfork.tv released a 45-minute documentary on The Lonesome Crowded West, which included archival footage taken during live performances and original recording/mix sessions.

Modest Mouse played a Saturday afternoon set at the inaugural Firefly Music Festival in July 2012. Modest Mouse was one of the main acts in the Good Vibes Festival held in Sepang, Malaysia on August 17, 2013. The lineup featured other internationally renowned bands such as Smashing Pumpkins, Ash, and Japandroids. In April 2013, Modest Mouse performed at Coachella Music Festival in Indio, California. They also performed at the 2014 Hangout Music Festival in Gulf Shores, Alabama, in May 2014. They later performed as a headliner at Shaky Knees music festival in Atlanta, Georgia on May 10, 2014, and also headlined Sunday May 25 at Boston Calling in Massachusetts. Modest Mouse then performed at Hudson Valley Music Project in Saugerties, NY in July, 2014. The band's final performance of 2014 took place in Inglewood, California during the annual KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas.

In the fall of 2014 Modest Mouse re-released their first two albums, This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About and The Lonesome Crowded West, on CD and vinyl through Isaac Brock's Glacial Pace record label.

Strangers to Ourselves, The Golden Casket and Jeremiah Green's death: 2015–2022
Eight years after the release of We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank, Modest Mouse released Strangers to Ourselves on March 17, 2015. On December 15, 2014, they released the lead single "Lampshades on Fire" which debuted on Twin Cities public radio station 89.3 The Current. On December 16, 2014, Modest Mouse made Strangers to Ourselves available for pre-order for CD and LP formats on the Glacial Pace website and on the iTunes store.

In 2015, Brock described the follow-up album to Strangers to Ourselves as being like a part two to the latter album that they would try to release as soon as legally possible. The follow-up album has also been said to feature at least one song with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic.

Throughout 2019, the band released three standalone singles; "Poison the Well" on March 29, "I'm Still Here" on April 18, and "Ice Cream Party" on November 15.

Modest Mouse released their seventh studio album, The Golden Casket, on June 25, 2021. The album's first single, "We Are Between", was released on May 5, followed by its second single, “Leave a Light On”, released on May 24. Writing for the Wall Street Journal, music critic Mark Richardson gave a mixed review of the album. Richardson described the tracks on the first half of the album as "sound[ing] like busy arrangements in search of a song", and noted that "Mr. Brock's ear for hooks just barely rescues the tracks from the seriously overstuffed production." Richardson noted that the back half of the album contained the biggest highlights, which he described as "quite good". Richardson was particularly fond of the album's stripped-down finale, "Back to the Middle", which he noted "hints at what should be [the band's] next change-up: Keep it simple. If the songs are strong and the performances are there, guitar, bass and drums will be more than enough.

In an interview in 2022, celebrating 15 years of We Were Dead before The Ship Even Sank, Isaac Brock and Johnny Marr revealed that they were writing songs together again, the first of which is called "Rivers of Rivers". The writing took place in a "pen pal" kind of way, with Brock saying that there were more songs to be developed in 2022 together "once the world tilts back on its axis".

In July 2022 the band was mixing a nine-song companion EP to The Golden Casket, with Marr confirmed to appear on one of the tracks.

In the midst of a tour celebrating the 25th anniversary of The Lonesome Crowded West, drummer and founding member Jeremiah Green took an unannounced leave of absence. Days after his Stage IV cancer diagnosis was revealed to the public, Green died on December 31, 2022.

Good News–era reunion and future: 2023–present
The band is co-headlining a North American tour with the Pixies in the Summer of 2024.

In April 2024, Brock announced that he was planning on reuniting the band's 2004 line-up which recorded Good News for People Who Love Bad News for a tour in celebration of the record.

Current members
Main instruments listed only

Discography
Studio albums
 * This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About (1996)
 * The Lonesome Crowded West (1997)
 * The Moon & Antarctica (2000)
 * Good News for People Who Love Bad News (2004)
 * We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank (2007)
 * Strangers to Ourselves (2015)
 * The Golden Casket (2021)

title: Modest Mouse


text:
Ellington Airport (Texas)

Ellington Airport is a public and military use airport in Harris County, Texas, United States. It is owned by the City of Houston's department of aviation, Houston Airport System and located 15 nmi southeast of downtown Houston. Formerly known as Ellington Field, then Ellington Air Force Base, then again as Ellington Field it is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation reliever airport. The airport does not have scheduled commercial passenger service. However, Continental Airlines used to operate daily regional services between Ellington and Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport between 1990 and 2004. On 17 October 2018, the City of Houston approved Phase 1 of the Houston Spaceport project on the Ellington Airport site.

History
Established by the Army Air Service on 21 May 1917, Ellington Field was one of the initial World War I Army Air Service installations when aviation was in its infancy. It is named for 1st Lt. Eric Ellington, a U.S. Army aviator who was killed in a plane crash in San Diego, California in 1913. Originally created as a training facility, Ellington Airport is currently used by military, commercial, NASA aircraft and general aviation sectors. Ellington Airport is one of the few airfields built for World War I training purposes still in operation today.

For additional history related to Ellington's status as a military airfield, see Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base.

The City of Houston annexed Ellington Field in the late 1960s.

In January 2009, a name change from Ellington Field to Ellington Airport was approved by the Houston City Council. In August 2011, the city announced that the facility would be renamed Ellington International Airport. However, as of May 2013, it is still listed as Ellington Airport by the Federal Aviation Administration and the Houston Airport System.

In April 2014, Sierra Nevada Corporation signed an agreement with Houston Airport System officials to explore development of Ellington as a commercial spaceport. The ultimate goal of the agreement is to use Ellington as a landing site for the company's Dream Chaser spaceplane. A feasibility study found it would cost US$48 million to $122 million to equip Ellington for landing and launching small space vehicles on a regular basis. With federal approval in June 2015, Ellington Airport was granted a Launch Site License from the Federal Aviation Administration that established the airport as the 10th commercial spaceport in the United States. On 17 October 2018, the city council approved Phase 1 funding of $18.8 million for improvements to streets, water, wastewater, electrical power distribution facilities and communications facilities on the site.

In September 2017, the Lone Star Flight Museum moved from Galveston's Scholes International Airport at Galveston to Ellington, a move that had been in the works since the aftermath of Hurricane Ike in 2008. The Museum built a brand new facility at Ellington to house its airworthy and static aircraft, as well as its Texas Aviation Hall of Fame. The facility is complete with training centers and administrative space, allowing the Museum to operate solely from Ellington.

Groundbreaking on Phase 1 was held in 2019 to include providing streets, water, wastewater, electrical power distribution facilities, and fiber optic and communications facilities necessary to attract future development.

Overview

Ellington Airport consists of three active runways (a 9001 ft ILS CAT I runway, an 8001 ft runway, and a 4609 ft runway). The airport supports the operations of the United States military, NASA and a variety of general aviation tenants. The field is a base for NASA's administrative, cargo transport and high-altitude aircraft, which also includes NASA's fleet of T-38 Talon jets bailed to the agency from USAF, Gulfstream Shuttle Training Aircraft, and a former USN C-9 nicknamed the "Weightless Wonder VI" which replaced the former USAF NKC-135 aircraft known as the Vomit Comet, a zero-g trainer. The only three WB-57F aircraft (used for atmospheric research and reconnaissance) still flying in the world today are housed at Ellington.

The Texas Air National Guard, Texas Army National Guard and the U.S. Coast Guard also maintain a presence at the base. The Coast Guard facility known as Coast Guard Air Station Houston operates 3 Eurocopter MH-65C "Dolphin" Short-Range Recovery (SRR) helicopters for search and rescue (SAR) and port security roles. Several flight schools reside at the airfield. Ellington Field is also home to the largest flying club in Texas and the annual "Wings Over Houston" airshow.

Ellington Field once had scheduled commercial air service: Continental Express flights between Ellington Airport and George Bush Intercontinental Airport in north Houston ended in 2004. Prior to the cessation of commercial air service, the route flown between Bush Intercontinental and Ellington Field was the shortest fixed-wing route flown in the United States at only 25 nmi. Flight times were as short as six minutes, depending on direction of departure. To this day, Ellington Field serves as a reliever airport for both Bush Intercontinental and the William P. Hobby Airport, and handles diverted aircraft from those two airports during bad weather events and peak traffic times. A terminal aerodrome forecast is produced for the airfield 365 days a year at 20Z, 04Z, and 12Z by the 26th Operational Weather Squadron, a USAF weather squadron.

Facilities and aircraft
Ellington Field covers an area of 2362 acre at an elevation of 32 ft above mean sea level.

It has three runways with concrete surfaces:

 * Runway 4/22 is 8001 x
 * Runway 17R/35L is 9001 x
 * Runway 17L/35R is 4609 x

For the 12-month period ending 31 December 2022, the airport had 115,958 aircraft operations, an average of 317 per day: 74% general aviation, 15% military, 9% air taxi, and 2% scheduled commercial. At that time there were 95 aircraft based at this airport: 32 single-engine, 30 jet, 8 multi-engine, and 25military.

The Lone Star Flight Museum, which was located at Scholes from 1985 until 2017, maintains a fleet of airworthy warbirds including: North American B-25 Mitchell Bomber, Douglas A24 Banshee (Decorated as an SBD-5 Dauntless), Vought F4U Corsair, General Motors (Eastern Aircraft) TBM Avenger, Grumman F6F Hellcat, General Motors FM-2 Wildcat, North American AT-6 Texan, Beech AT-11 Kansan, Cessna AT-17 Bobcat, Stinson L-5, Douglas DC-3, and Stearman PT-17.

The Air National Guard maintains ARFF equipment for use mainly on military aircraft, however they also respond to private emergencies.

title: Ellington Airport (Texas)


text:
Kāwanatanga

Kāwanatanga is a word in the Māori language of New Zealand, derived from the English word "governor". Kāwanatanga was first used in the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand, 1835. Kāwanatanga reappeared in 1840 in Article 1 of the Treaty of Waitangi, where the Māori text "te Kawanatanga katoa" corresponds to the English text "all the rights and powers of Sovereignty".

Origin and etymology
The first part of the word, Kāwana, is a transliteration into Māori of the English word governor. The suffix -tanga is very similar in meaning and use to the English suffix -ship, for example rangatiratanga (chieftainship) and kīngitanga (kingship). So a literal translation of the word would be governorship. This word had little meaning to the chiefs signing the treaty, since the concept of being governed by an overseeing authority was alien to Māori. What understanding Māori may have had of the term was derived principally from the Bible and in particular Herod's Governorship. At the time the Bible was one of few long printed texts in Māori enjoying wide distribution.

Judith Binney has suggested that the chiefs may have assumed the term referred to the governor, William Hobson, and understood it as referring to his governorship rather than understanding that they were ceding "governance".

Historians Ranginui Walker and Ruth Ross have suggested that the word mana may have been a more appropriate meaning, and note that if mana had been used instead of kāwanatanga, the treaty may never have been signed by Māori.

Use in the Treaty of Waitangi
The meaning attached to this word, and in particular how it relates to rangatiratanga is important to discussion of the Treaty of Waitangi. This treaty is still important in contemporary New Zealand, and remains the topic of controversy and political debate. Māori constitutional lawyer Moana Jackson has stated that, because the New Zealand Government (identified as "Kawanatanga" in the Treaty text) is the body politic enforcing the Treaty and making settlements, "Kawanatanga" is the actual party to the Treaty, not the Crown.

title: Kāwanatanga


text:
North Atlantic (disambiguation)

The North Atlantic is the portion of the Atlantic Ocean which lies north of the Equator.

North Atlantic may also refer to:

 * North Atlantic Refining, an oil company based in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
 * North Atlantic Books, a publisher located in Berkeley, California

title: North Atlantic (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Speech synthesis

Microsoft Sam glitch
Does anyone know why when you have MS Sam read "soi" or "soy" it makes a really odd airy sound? There are other errors but I can't remember —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.156.28.128 (talk) 11:30, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Older comments
I think perhaps the different synthesis techniques are long enough to warrant their own pages Nohat 05:20 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Could somebody extend on 'Formant synthesis', both on the technical side and terminology, is any system using filting technics on basic waves + noise considered 'formant' synthesis? is it a specific technique, or just the general term of synthesising phenomenons?

Trillium Sound Research Inc (now defunct) offered unlimited vocabulary articulatory speech synthesis on the NeXT computer in 1994, so it is not accurate to say that articulatory speech synthesis is only of academic interest and not far enough advanced for commercial application. It was NeXT Computer that failed, not the synthesis, which was rated the best synthesis available at the time. That software is now the basis of the GnuSpeech project -- a port of the original NeXT software to Linux. It is under a GPL. The basis is an acoustic tube model, so it is low level articulatory synthesis with the necessary databases for varying the tube cross-sections, using the Fant/Carre research on formant sensitivity analysis and control regions. Provision is made for adding the higher level parameters such as tongue height, jaw opening, etc, but this extension is still undeveloped, and would rely on deriving relationships between these higher-level parameters and the low-level tube cross-section parameters. Other ports are possible/likely.

use in Weatheradio
Not sure where to put it, but the National Weather Service in the U.S. uses it on all Weatheradio stations now. The new voice sounds excellent, and i think uses a hybrid of patched voice and true synthesis. The Weather Channel also may use this for their Vocal Local announcements during the local forecast (but not on their Weatherscan channel). –radiojon 02:47, 2004 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * The NWS "Tom" and "Donna" AKA "Mara" voices are the SpeechWorks Speechify (now merged with Realspeak) American English voices "Tom" and "Mara" (no longer available), which use a purely concatenative system. Nohat 06:57, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Request for references
Hi, I am working to encourage implementation of the goals of the Verifiability policy. Part of that is to make sure articles cite their sources. This is particularly important for featured articles, since they are a prominent part of Wikipedia. The Fact and Reference Check Project has more information. If some of the external links are reliable sources and were used as references, they can be placed in a References section too. See the cite sources link for how to format them. Thank you, and please leave me a message when a few references have been added to the article. - Taxman 19:43, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Early Voices Described as "Robotic" Seems Circular
Primitive speech synthesis devices sound robotic. A robotic voice is produced by a primitive speech synthesis device. This is circular. The popular idea of what a robot's voice sounds like comes from early attempts at speech synthesis. Film and television makers must have imitated what had been produced by early efforts at synthesis when creating robotic characters. Would be more accurate I think to say that the idea of a robotic voice came from efforts to produce speech synthesis. Saying that early speech synthesizers were robotic gets it backwards.

 * I'm not sure it's quite so simple as that. Interestingly, there has only ever been one speech synthesis system that spoke in a monotone (and not very popular or often-used one at that)—yet, the most common feature of "robotic" voices when imitated by humans is a monotone. Clearly this notion of what a robot sounds like was not based on listening to actual synthesized speech. It is more likely that the idea of "robotic" voices came from what people imagined a synthetic voice would sound like, rather than what actual synthetic voices sounded like.
 * Regardless of all this, to the contemporary reader, the idea of the voice sounding "robotic" is probably a fairly safe if perhaps preposterous in the literal sense base point to explain what old speech synthesis systems sounded like. Nohat 06:50, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Open source software
Are there any open source speech synthesis projects? It would be great to summarize how the best few are doing or note the lack if there are none. — Hippietrail 17:36, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I used a freeware character mode app.for OS/2 thatdid text to speech back in 1997. Jimj wpg (talk) 05:13, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Possible copyvio
A possible copyvio concern has arisen in the Feature Article review. User:Marskell wrote "I believe the Concatenative Synthesis section may be a text dump from here". This is a serious concern that should be addressed inmediately/ Joelito (talk) 19:30, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

External links cleanup
External links section was getting filled with lots of links to similar websites. WP is not a directory of links WP:NOT:
 * "Wikipedia articles are not mere collections of external links or internet directories. There is nothing wrong with adding one or more useful content-relevant links to an article; however, excessive lists can dwarf articles and detract from the purpose of Wikipedia"

I went ahead and removed most of the external links and added DMOZ category for speech synthesis (per WP recommendation). If you feel that any of the deleted links contribute substantially more than the others, please feel free to leave a comment here and we all can discuss. Thanks! Calltech 18:43, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MS Sam.ogg
Image:MS Sam.ogg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 13:25, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

How on earth could this be copyrighted? It's a voice saying a sentence. You can't copyright arbitrary audio from text-to-speech synthesizer. You can only copyright a specific recording. 99.14.103.236 (talk) 03:42, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Text to speech based on Festival in Unix
www.wordtosound.com installed on a unix box. type any text (english only) and output as downloadable file wav or mp3. Voice is british accent and kind of croaky, but understandable. More clear in the wave format. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.85.110.110 (talk) 21:04, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Suggest that Heterogeneous Relation Graph (HRG) and Delta should be described here
These comprise an important phase of most modern TTS systems and should be discussed here. I don't currently have the time to add this section, but if no one else gets around to it, I'll come back and write up a few things when I'm less busy. Twikir (talk) 04:08, 15 April 2009 (UTC)Twikir

Craptalker
There's a program online that might count as a speech synthesizer. It's called "CrapTalker". Should it be added to the links?

http://www.computerpranks.com/software/default.cfm?ItemID=1690

Sohzq (talk) 13:47, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Text-to-speech voices
Can a new section and article be made comparing the Text-to-speech voices ? Besides the conventional microsoft Sam and microsoft Anna, some other voices might exist ?

Also, does a voice like the [Monster, Alien, or Amplifier Halloween voice changer exist ? These voices were featured in Fun with Dick & Jane; (see here and here) may be somewhat harder to make understand dough, but could still be used in some applications —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.176.6.252 (talk) 11:55, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Overview of text processing figure
Shouldn't the first block of the linguistic analysis component be "Phrasing" rather than "Phasing"? Broloks (talk) 16:55, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

A new alternatve front end?
The current front end to his technology seems to be soley text processing. But a recently reported study here demonstrated a method of reconstructing words based on the brain waves of patients simply thinking of those words, by monitoring the superior temporal gyrus of their brains. The 2012 study by Pasley et. al., reported in the journal PLoS Biology, used fMRI to track blood flow in the brains of 15 patients who were undergoing surgery for epilepsy or tumours, while playing audio of a number of different speakers reciting words and sentences. With the aid of a computer model, when patients were presented with words to think about, the team was able to guess which word the participants had chosen. Potential therapeutic implications have been suggested. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:03, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Robotics project attention needed
Chaosdruid (talk) 11:39, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Refs - large amounts of text have no refs
 * Content - are all topics covered?
 * MoS compliance
 * Reassess

Needs more examples
Not to state the obvious, here, but this article needs more examples (i.e., sound files) of what kind of results the different types of speech synthesis can give. Right now the article has only two examples, neither tied to a specific section, and only one of which gives enough information to tell how it was generated. - dcljr (talk) 08:13, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

kurzweil reading machine
According to a source already cited in the article, Klatt, D. (1987) "Review of Text-to-Speech Conversion for English" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82(3):737-93, The Kurzweil Reading Machine is the first commercial text-to-speech synthesis system. That is on p. 770 Klatt has a diagram with a box for "Kurzweil Reading Machine, 1976" and under it it says "first commercial system". Do other sources disagree, or where is the best place to put this in the article? Silas Ropac (talk) 16:38, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

NeoSpeech & Natural Voices
After a quick short research looking for the most natural speech synthesis voices I found these two. I appreciate both but NeoSpeech seems more natural. --TudorTulok (talk) 14:33, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * AT&T Natural Voices® Text-to-Speech Demo
 * NeoSpeech

CFD-01?
> Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there

Is this applied "computational fluid dynamics" by any other name? Are the taking a computer-tomography headshot and a full dental panoramic shot of a person, turn those into a 3D model of the human vocal tract, which is then used as a virtual wind tunnel in a CFD software suite? If yes, the article could include a link. 82.131.151.104 (talk) 21:48, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I think that Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is not suitable for the articulatory synthesis, because CFD requires huge computational power for the simulation of turbulence typically seen on the fricative and plosive. Instead of it, more simplified physical models called distributed element model — such as the waveguide synthesis once used on Daisy Bell demo, or its variant, the Tube Resonance Model (TRM) used on Gnuspeech — seem to be practical. For details, see article "Articulatory synthesis". --Clusternote (talk) 08:43, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

Ride of the Vocaloids.
> This article says: Speech Synthesis is the artificial production of human speech

Is song synthesis a sub-field of speech synthesis or considered something completely different? If they are considered different, where is the boundary between them? (cue Richard Wagner's sprechgesang or the priestly intonations made during the catholic / orthodox christian holy liturgy). The current article doesn't discuss this dichtomy properly. 82.131.151.104 (talk) 22:16, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

 * The is an interdisciplinary field between the sound synthesis (focused on the harmonic structure), and the speech synthesis (focused on the language model and acoustic model).  And in my eyes, a clear definition of boundaries between them, seem hard to find due to the several reasons:
 * The researchers and developers of singing synthesis are very few, and they seem not have any conflicts of interest with the neighbor fields, so they and their neighbors might not feel the needs to clarify the boundaries for protecting each interests.
 * For the researchers and developers, probably it is an obvious thing that the singing synthesis is a customized version of speech synthesis which is optimized suitable for the song (for example, the clearness of fundamental frequency for playing melody, the harmonicity of spectral content for playing harmony, and possibly the smoothness and the delimitation between the pronunciations, as seen on Vocaloid.
 * In a view point of signal processing, speech synthesis and sound synthesis are similar in dealing with audio signals. However, in a view point of cognitive science (a science about how human brain recognizes the various media), the recognition processes of the speech and the music take the different routes on a human brain. (see Language processing in the brain, Cognitive neuroscience of music)  And a combination of these, the song's recognition process is probably described with coexistence of above two routes, and the additional interference between them. This interference, sometime called synergy, may be a main difficulty for defining the boundaries.
 * In my opinion, the singing synthesis should be described on a new dedicated article, to avoid the inappropriate narrowing of its potential caused by the thoughtless definition of boundaries. --Clusternote (talk) 02:45, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
 * P.S. I found a song by the Voder (an early speech synthesizer) circa 1939, as listened on a video. Its melody seems played with a pitch controller on the Voder. The inventors of vocoder & voder considered the musical application as the future plan, and Werner Meyer-Eppler in Germany wrote a paper in 1948 on his own perspectives. The separation of elemental technologies (speech synthesis, vocoder as musical application, and singing synthesis) may have occurred after that. --Clusternote (talk) 04:52, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

1234567890
Everybody, User:Wtshymanski, User:1989, please stop removing the "1,234,567,890 times (unintelligible noise)". These are literally heard in the clip. Largoplazo (talk) 16:30, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

DeepMind's WaveNet
I stumbled across a 'recent' paper published by Google DeepMind that supposedly introduced a new way of voice synthesis. I'm not too well-read on this area, but it appears to utilize a method that isn't mentioned in this wikipedia article, and improves significantly on the 'natural-ness' side. Toyuyn (talk) 10:28, 14 April 2017 (UTC)

Early history
In fiction, robots often speak in a monotonous voice stripped of all prosodic elements. This was especially common when I was a child, let's say around 1990. Of course even then, speech synthesis had progressed much further than that. But have there been historical speech robots, like the computers in the Bell Lab, that talked like that? Or is the monotonous robot voice just a common trope in fiction? Steinbach (talk) 21:06, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Speak & Spell
I am missing the reference to an early toy from TI, named "Speak & Spell", that used speech synthesis in hardware. TI developed an integrated circuit to do the trick. In the 70s, microprocessors did not have the necessary power (and memory) to simply play pre-recorded PCM sounds as speech. Speech was synthesized with conventional, analog synthesis modules like in the musical instruments (cf. synthesizer). This could be done with much less computing power and memory.

And I think that Stephen Hawking's voice sounded just like Speak & Spell, so maybe it used this TI integrated circuit. 134.247.251.245 (talk) 14:21, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
 * It's mentioned in passing in the section History/Electronic Devices. The book "Hawking Incorporated" by Hlne Mialet says Hawking's voice synthesizer was made by a company called Speech Plus in 1986. --Wtshymanski (talk) 00:02, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Digital recordings are not 'synthesis'
The article would be improved by making it clearer at the outset what 'synthesis' is, as opposed to playing back digital recordings. E.g. see this -excellent- article: Speech synthesizers Early electronic speech -- e.g. the Speak and Spell ... as well as several 'speaking' cars -- 'spoke' by 'playing back' complete words from a list of recorded words. That is speech 'reproduction', not production. True synthesis was a much harder problem to solve ... especially if a natural, not 'wooden', sound is desired. The synthesis of spoken words from a page of text is more difficult still. Twang (talk) 02:20, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Apple VoiceOver is not a speech synthesiser
In the Apple section, it says: "The Apple iOS operating system used on the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch uses VoiceOver speech synthesis for accessibility." This is incorrect as VoiceOver is a screen reader, not a speech synthesiser. One of the synths included with iOS is actually Nuance's Vocalizer.

I've not been able to find many sources to back this up, though. The best I can find is from this article from Tech.pinions.

Would this be good enough?

KaraLG84 (talk) 00:02, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

Edit notice
Can we get a consensus to put an edit notice here on this talk page to hopefully help quell the WP:NOTFORUM and vandalism problem happening here quite a bit? There was a similar edit notice implemented at Talk:SCP Foundation (which also gets a lot of NOTFORUM comments) recently and it can be seen at Template:Editnotices/Page/Talk:SCP Foundation. wizzito |  say hello!  19:59, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Apparently the source of these comments appears to be some kind of Indonesian meme regarding a feature on WhatsApp that seems to involve text-to-speech ringtones. (ex. https://widyawicara.com/article/read/ubah-nada-dering-whatsapp-dengan-text-to-speech) The Indonesian version of this article has been affected by the same vandalism. wizzito  |  say hello!  00:01, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA22 - Sect 200 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by Jessssy (talk) 02:18, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

XSAMPA and the like
For the section "Text-to-phoneme challenges," I believe adding information about X-SAMPA, ARPAsing, or other ways of editing/using phonemes may help this portion of the article out, and would provide some sources into it. I don't have enough knowledge on the subject myself to efficiently and effectively research and edit it myself, but I thought I'd toss my two cents in. ↻ dialupnetwork Connect? 17:48, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speech synthesis