text:
Piccolo (Dragon Ball)

Piccolo (ピッコロ) is a fictional character in the Japanese Dragon Ball media franchise created by Akira Toriyama. He made his appearance in chapter #161 "Son Goku Wins!!", published in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on February 9, 1988, as the reincarnation of the evil King Piccolo, who was positioned as a demonic antagonist of the series. However, it is later revealed that he is in fact a member of an extraterrestrial humanoid species called Namekians from an exoplanet called Namek, those able to create the series' eponymous wish-granting Dragon Balls. After losing to Son Goku in the World Martial Arts Tournament, Piccolo teams up with him and his friends in order to defeat newer, more dangerous and powerful threats, such as Vegeta, Frieza, Cell, Majin Buu, Beerus, Zamasu, Jiren, Broly, and Moro. He also trains Goku's eldest son, Gohan, and the two form a very strong bond.

Piccolo is one of the most popular and recognizable characters from the Dragon Ball franchise. The character has been consistently well received by fans and video game publications, with high placements in multiple "top" character lists and popularity polls. The character has also inspired Naruto manga author Masashi Kishimoto, as well as an Internet meme which became popular in Japan in 2013.

Creation and development
Piccolo, more specifically his parent King Piccolo, was created by Toriyama as he wanted to have a villain who would be a true "bad guy." Prior to his creation, nearly all the previous villains in the series were considered too likable. His editor, Kazuhiko Torishima, stated he introduced Toriyama to evil historical figures for inspiration. King Piccolo was created after he told the author how Roman Emperor Nero enjoyed watching people suffer. However, the Shenlong Times issue #2, a bonus pamphlet given to some buyers of the Daizenshuu 2: Story Guide guidebook, says that the character was modeled after Torishima himself. After creating King Piccolo, Toriyama noted that it was one of the most interesting parts of the series and that he became one of his favorite characters. Although Piccolo's transformation from a villain to a hero was considered by Toriyama to be cliché, he still felt excited when drawing him, noting that despite having a scary face, he still looks appealing.

Piccolo is initially assumed to, like his parent, be a member of the, however, midway through the series it is learned that they are actually members of the alien race called. Toriyama stated that he never thought of making Piccolo an alien until Kami was introduced. But afterwards he did try to make it consistent, such as by drawing the Namekian architecture similar to the throne King Piccolo had.

For the film Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero, Toriyama said that he wanted the plot to focus on the dynamic between Gohan and Piccolo due to how their close relationship motivates the former even more than his father, Goku, in order to be determined to fight. Orange Piccolo (オレンジ・ピッコロ), which Toriyama considers Piccolo's first transformation, was made orange and extremely muscled to distinguish him from Piccolo's regular form. The buffed body was done since, unlike other characters, Piccolo does not have hair to change in a transformation. Toriyama wondered that while he should have been more over-the-top with Piccolo, he is glad he finally gave him a chance to make him as strong as Goku. Toriyama said that, while Piccolo is a stoic character, he wanted to make him act different in the movie.

Voice actors
In the original Japanese version of the anime and all other media, Piccolo is voiced by Toshio Furukawa, with the only exception being his initial newborn child form which was voiced by Hiromi Tsuru. Furukawa, who up to that point had mostly played happy lighter-voiced characters, said he got the role because he stated in interviews at the time that he wanted to play a villain. He said it was difficult to constantly perform with a low voice because his normal lighter voice would break through if he broke concentration. When asked if Takeshi Aono's work as King Piccolo influenced his portrayal of Piccolo, Furukawa replied that because King Piccolo was impulsive, he initially played his own role as an energetic person around eighteen-years-old and later imagined him as close to thirty-years old in Dragon Ball Z. Furukawa, as well as Gohan's voice actress Masako Nozawa, said the episodes where Piccolo trains Gohan left an impression on them. He said the fans really enjoyed those episodes as well. Furukawa also cited Piccolo making a pun for King Kai as memorable because it was so out of character for him. By the time he reprised the voice in Dragon Ball Super, Piccolo had become Furukawa's favorite character of all his roles.

In English, several different voice actors have voiced Piccolo, including Scott McNeil in episodes 1-53 (1-67 unedited) in Funimation Entertainment's initial dub of Dragon Ball Z in association with Saban Entertainment and Ocean Productions as well as Geneon's dub of the first three Dragon Ball Z films, and episodes 108-291 of Westwood Media's dub of the franchise (in association with Ocean Productions); by Ethan Cole in Chinook Animation's dub of Dragon Ball GT (produced in association with Blue Water Studios); by British-born French actor Paul Bandey in the infamous English dubs of the movies released exclusively in the UK and the Netherlands by AB Groupe (wherein the character was referred to as "Big Green"), by David Gasman (who also voiced Goku in this dub) in the European dub of Dead Zone (there called In Pursuit of Garlic), vocal grunts by Ed Marcus in The History of Trunks (or Gohan and Trunks) and consistently by Christopher Sabat in Funimation's in-house dub of all Dragon Ball media. Ray Chase voices Piccolo in the Toonami Asia broadcast of Dragon Ball Super produced by Bang Zoom! Entertainment.

Abilities
Piccolo has shown many unique abilities throughout the series. Due to his Namekian physiology, Piccolo can expand his arms, move fast enough to not be seen, regenerate lost limbs of his body so long as his head is still intact, and possesses superhuman hearing and strength. Piccolo's allows him to become gigantic to the point where he is capable of reaching mountain-like heights. He also has the ability to conjure objects such as garments and a blade, including his cape and turban outfit. Among Piccolo's known psionic skills, he is able to communicate telepathically with select individuals. Thus, this enables him to read minds and mentally contact others nearby. In one instance, he alerts Goten and Trunks of Buu's proximity to the dimension where the two were training.

Like many other characters in Dragon Ball, Piccolo has the ability of flight through the technique called Bukū-jutsu (舞空術). He also possesses an attack called the, which is fired with one hand being supported by the other. One of Piccolo's most powerful attacks is the an attack that is expelled from Piccolo's index and middle fingers. Unlike most energy-based attacks in Dragon Ball, the potent Makankōsappō pierces its targets like a drill rather than enveloping them or exploding on contact. Another attack of Piccolo's is the, which involves firing off many orbs of energy that float around the opponent. Piccolo then squeezes his hand to make all the orbs converge onto the opponent, exploding on contact. The is another of his signature attacks, being one that he teaches to his pupil Gohan. Another move Piccolo is seen to have is the which is conjured by putting his hands on his chest, gathering energy and then releasing it outwards. One of Piccolo's less frequently used techniques is the ability to fire energy rays from his eyes, which he first uses against Krillin's energy attack during their match in the 23rd Tenkaichi Budōkai, then later against Goku in the finals, and again when he trains Gohan. It is also revealed that he is capable of performing the, and invented by Master Mutaito to seal his evil parent in a rice cooker, and can reverse this technique, using it against his good counterpart.

Piccolo can also perform a type of fusion, which he does with Nail on planet Namek to confront Frieza and with Kami to confront the Androids, each time greatly increasing his power; the first time enough to clash toe-to-toe with Frieza's second form, and in the latter, he becomes much more powerful than an unmastered Super Saiyan. And in this form, has been known as a Super Namekian and able to fight on par with Android 17.

Dragon Ball
Introduced as the offspring and reincarnate of King Piccolo, Piccolo Jr. plans to continue his parents' mission of world domination and avenge his death at the hands of Goku. Piccolo enters the 23rd Tenkaichi Budōkai under the alias. Piccolo defeats both Krillin, who gives up, and Kami, by reversing the Evil Containment Wave and sealing Kami in the container intended for Piccolo. He then fights Goku in the final round, who tricks Piccolo into enlarging himself so he can retrieve Kami, from there causing many of Piccolo's techniques to backfire on him. Though crippling both Goku's arms and legs, Piccolo is defeated when Goku headbutts him out of the ring, though recovers thanks to receiving a Senzu bean from Goku, who he promises to defeat as he departs.

Dragon Ball Z
Five years later, Piccolo teams up with Goku to defeat his older brother Raditz. Piccolo is able to defeat Raditz, but at the cost of Goku's life, as Piccolo's move Makankōsappō cuts through both Saiyans. Piccolo's subsequent conversation with the dying Raditz, in which he reveals that the Dragon Balls can resurrect, is broadcast. Piccolo remains amazed with the powers from Gohan and trains him in preparation to fight against the two Saiyans who will invade Earth. As the year goes by, Piccolo starts to change as he spends time training Gohan, slowly beginning to bond with him. When the Saiyans arrive a year later, Piccolo discovers his heritage from the planet Namek. In the fight against Nappa, Piccolo sacrifices himself to protect Gohan from the attack, resulting in the deaths of both himself and Kami. After the Saiyans are defeated, Gohan and the survivors travel to Piccolo's homeworld, Namek, to revive those who died against the Saiyans with the Namekian Dragon Balls. In the meantime, Piccolo trains in the afterlife with King Kai. Piccolo is resurrected on planet Namek to help Goku and others defeat the evil Frieza. He takes this time to merge with the beaten Namekian called Nail, giving Piccolo a power increase. The power increase allows him to go head-to-head with Frieza's second transformation. However, the plan fails as Frieza reveals the full extent of his powers. In Frieza's following fight with Goku, who tries charging a Genki-Dama to defeat him, Piccolo assists him alongside Gohan and Krillin. Once Frieza emerges from the impact of the Genki-Dama unscathed, Piccolo is severely injured by Frieza with a shot to the chest. Piccolo is later teleported off the planet to safety on Earth and, after regaining consciousness, declines to return to a new version of Namek as he wishes to protect Gohan and become stronger while remaining on Earth.

After Frieza's death, Piccolo trains with Goku and Gohan for three years to prepare for a battle against two powerful Androids created by the Red Ribbon Army's Doctor Gero to kill Goku. Though he manages to best Gero in battle, he is unable to prevent him from activating the other Androids. After being defeated by Android 17, Piccolo seeks to unite with Kami, and gain another massive increase in power. Piccolo becomes aware of a more dangerous threat named Cell, who seeks to absorb #17 and #18. After Cell escapes, Piccolo once again battles the Androids, except this time he battles #17 one on one. After a somewhat even match, Cell arrives on the battle scene; Cell needs to absorb the Androids to complete his power. While trying to prevent this, Piccolo is nearly killed by Cell, surviving the encounter thanks to his regenerative abilities and following some training in the Room of Spirit and Time, he is forced to participate in a tournament created by Cell called the Cell Games, where he fights one of the seven Cell Juniors that are created by Cell, who are later destroyed by Gohan.

Seven years later, Piccolo is poised to fight the Supreme Kai at the 25th Tenkaichi Budōkai, forfeiting the match after finding himself reluctant to fight and journeying with him to confront Babidi, being turned into stone by Dabura. After being freed upon Dabura's death, he attempts to kill Babidi. Piccolo discovers Babidi survived. Babidi later demands Piccolo be brought forward or humans will die in the meantime. Piccolo then acts as a trainer to Goten and Trunks and their fused form Gotenks. Piccolo trains the boys in fighting the evil creature Majin Buu, who finds them and the other heroes. After more unsuccessful attempts to kill Buu, he is later absorbed by Buu along with Gotenks and Gohan and dies when Buu destroy Earth He is then revived through the Dragon Balls and aids Goku's Genki-Dama attack, which Goku uses to defeat Buu once and for all.

Dragon Ball Super
In Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods, Piccolo combats Beerus alongside Android 18 and Tien Shinhan, only to be bested; and, in Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F', Piccolo narrowly escapes death once Frieza destroys the Earth. After the events of the latter two films, Piccolo is resurrected after being killed by Frieza in the Dragon Ball Super retelling of Resurrection 'F' and agrees to train Gohan again. Piccolo then accepts a request to participate in a tournament against Universe 6 fighters, where his loss to Frost is retracted after cheating on Frost's part is discovered, though he still declines being allowed to fight more as Vegeta wants to takes his place. After this, Piccolo reunites with Trunks and teaches him a technique to defeat his enemy. In the final arc of the anime, Piccolo participates into a fighting tournament after training Gohan once again.

After these events, in Dragon Ball Super: Broly, Piccolo, standing by an unknown location, telepathically senses Goku having trouble fighting the titular character, and after he and Vegeta transport themselves to Piccolo via Shunkan Idō, later assists them into performing the Fusion technique successfully after two failed, hilarious attempts. The newly-christened Gogeta then leaves to stop Broly.

Shortly after during the Moro arc, Piccolo joins the Z fighters in their fight against Moro and his henchmen when they arrive to Earth. During the battle with Moro, Piccolo is critically wounded, but is able to recover with a senzu bean. At the end of the battle Piccolo is one of the many heroes that lends his power to Goku, enabling him to defeat Moro once and for all.

Years later in Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero, Piccolo, after training Pan and visiting Gohan, is ambushed by android Gamma 2, and is defeated, evading death and detection afterwards. He then discovers the resurrected Red Ribbon Army and its ulterior motives while disguised. Through a wish from the Dragon Balls, Shenlong unlocks Piccolo's potential, taking on an empowered state similar to that of his pupil's form, and has Pan play along with a plan to sabotage the army's ploy and put Gohan back to fighting spirit. He then ascends to his first true transformation as a "little extra" from the dragon, referred to as "Orange Piccolo" (オレンジ・ピッコロ). He battles the monstrous Cell Max giant-to-giant, but is severely outmatched and injured, causing Gohan to awaken his power through fury. He then restrains the monster for Gohan to pierce his forehead with a Makankōsappō.

Shortly after the events of Super Hero, Goku arrives back to earth with Gohan, Goten, Trunks, and Vegeta. Goku and Piccolo briefly discuss the new form Piccolo achieved before they pick up Pan from school.

In other media
Piccolo appears in nine non-canonical Dragon Ball Z films; in the first movie, Piccolo aids in stopping Garlic Jr.'s plot after having been attacked by his minions, wanting revenge; in the second, Piccolo is brainwashed by Dr. Wheelo and made to combat the others until Gohan frees him by destroying the machinery associated with his brainwashing; in the third, Piccolo comes to save Gohan from Turles and succeeds by taking a blast for him; in the fourth, Piccolo combats Lord Slug and discovers that Namekians are weak to whistling, allowing for his defeat; in the fifth, Piccolo is able to defeat most of Cooler's squadron, only to be defeated by Cooler himself; in the sixth, Piccolo fights Cooler's minions on Namek and saves the others after they are captured; in the seventh, Piccolo saves Gohan from being attacked by Android 13 and battles the android in both his forms; in the eighth, Piccolo travels to New Planet Vegeta and fights Broly, giving his energy to Goku which leads to the foe's defeat; in the ninth, Piccolo comes to help the others fight Bojack and his crew.

In filler episodes of Dragon Ball Z, during the Saiyan arc, Piccolo strands Gohan on an island, losing his location in the process, and appears to Gohan after he turns down returning home, taking him back to his training. After the Namek arc, Piccolo appears to help Gohan and Krillin when they are attacked by their friends who are under the effects of the Black Water Mist. In battling the group, Piccolo seemingly falls victim and appears on Kami's Lookout, where Gohan and Krillin travel to stop Garlic Jr., to halt the pair. After appearing to infect Krillin too and he and Piccolo overwhelm Gohan, Piccolo reveals to Gohan that he had been pretending the entire time and battles Garlic Jr. until his defeat. Piccolo and Goku are later made to get driver's licenses by Chi-Chi. Following the Buu arc, Piccolo attends a gathering. Piccolo has appeared in other Dragon Ball animations barring the series and films; in Dragon Ball Z Side Story: Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans, Piccolo defeats Lord Slug and Hatchiyak and in Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!!, Piccolo prevents Aka's Wahaha no Ha from destroying Satan Hotel.

In the anime-only sequel Dragon Ball GT, Piccolo arrives to recover Goten after Baby ceases possessing him and moves to Gohan. Piccolo confronts the Baby-possessed Gohan and is injured. After Baby is defeated, Piccolo sacrifices himself to put the Black Star Dragon Balls to rest and bring peace to the world. He goes to Heaven but then requests to be sent to Hell in order to free Goku when he is imprisoned there. He can be seen putting Hell in order and protecting the rulers there. Goku later stops in Hell to see Piccolo. He tells Piccolo that he will be leaving and that they are glad they met and teamed up. Goku also tells Piccolo that he had become a good friend and promised to get him out of Hell someday. They shake hands and Goku leaves while Piccolo stays behind.

Piccolo has made multiple appearances in music. "I Lo~ve Mr. Piccolo" appears on the 1990 album Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection III: Space Dancing, Gohan singing about his admiration for Piccolo and wondering what his species is. In the 1991 album Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection 8: Character Special 2, the song "The Feeling of Whistling Piccolo Edit" features Piccolo complaining and begging for a whistler to stop exploiting his weakness before he departs. Piccolo is also mentioned in the song "Goku" by Soulja Boy, who brags about feeling like Piccolo and multiple other Dragon Ball characters, and in the song "Break Bread" by Bryson Tiller, with the verse "Got green like Piccolo".

In the 2006 Dragon Ball and One Piece crossover manga Cross Epoch, Piccolo appears as a swordsman alongside Roronoa Zoro. In the 2013 special Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special (ドリーム9 トリコ&ワンピース&ドラゴンボールZ 超コラボスペシャル!), Piccolo cheers on Goku in his match against Monkey D. Luffy and Toriko. In an episode of Mad parodying the film Moneyball, Piccolo and other Dragon Ball characters are drafted by Billy Beane into the Oakland A baseball team.

Video games
Piccolo has been in many Dragon Ball-related video games such as Super Butōden, the Budokai and Budokai Tenkaichi series of games, as well as Dragon Ball Z: Infinite World and Dragon Ball Z: Burst Limit. In several games, Piccolo has exclusive forms such as Majin or fusions with Maima, Tsumuri, Dende, Dr. Mashirito, and King Piccolo, which drastically increase his power.

Piccolo appears in multiple story modes in the 2006 game Dragon Ball Z: Supersonic Warriors 2. In Gohan's story, Piccolo is turned evil by a blast from Babidi and becomes the leader of Buu and Dabura. After fighting Gohan, he flees and absorbs Buu, increasing his power. Piccolo then announces via television his intent to take over the world, and partners with Cell and Frieza before being defeated by Gohan.

In the 2011 game Dragon Ball Z: Ultimate Tenkaichi, Piccolo is defeated by Baby, encountering and battling the player while training, causing the player's Super Saiyan transformation and their subsequent overpowering of him. After he is defeated, Piccolo resolves to train the player.

In the 2015 game Dragon Ball: Xenoverse, Piccolo appears as a mentor. Within the story mode, Piccolo fights the player while under the control of Demigra, and in the final battle against Demigra, Piccolo gives the player his energy.

In the 2016 game Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2, Piccolo and Android 16 are defeated by Villainous Mode Imperfect Cell, allowing him to absorb #17 and #18 at the same time. The player then comes to assist Piccolo in his fight against Cell.

In the 2018 game Dragon Ball FighterZ, Piccolo is found unconscious by Goku and Krillin, and agrees to help them fight off clones and discover their origins upon waking up. Piccolo joins the two in finding Gohan and Vegeta, and uses his Makankōsappō to participate in destroying Android 21.

He is a playable character in some crossover games such as Jump Super Stars, Jump Ultimate Stars, and Jump Force.

Cultural impact
The character has influenced Naruto manga author Masashi Kishimoto; in order to give Sasuke Uchiha a central role in the film Boruto: Naruto the Movie, Kishimoto made him the teacher of the protagonist Boruto Uzumaki as his father, Naruto Uzumaki, was busy. This was inspired by how Piccolo starts training Gohan when Goku dies in Dragon Ball. The dynamic between game characters Sonic the Hedgehog and Tails from Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was based on Piccolo and Gohan's dyanmic too.

Piccolo's attack Special Beam Cannon / Makankōsappō became a meme which started with Japanese schoolgirls photographing themselves apparently using, and being affected by, this attack in 2013. According to gaming blog Kotaku, the trend took off after photos were posted on Japan's largest bulletin board 2channel, with photographs typically showing one person striking the ground or making a mystical gesture while others around them are photographically captured in mid-air. The meme is also called "Hadouken-ing" after the Street Fighter move of the same name, which is done in a similar fashion.

Reception
Piccolo is a popular character in the series. He placed fifth in both the 1993 and 1995 Dragon Ball character popularity polls voted on by Weekly Shōnen Jump readers. In 2004, fans of the series voted him the fifth most popular character for a poll in the book Dragon Ball Forever. Piccolo has appeared in various Anime Grand Prix polls, taking high places in the category "best male character" in 1990, 1991 and 1992 polls.

Piccolo's character has received praise and criticism by publications for various media. DVDTalk enjoyed Piccolo's malicious characterization which, in retrospect, makes a major contrast with his more mature portrayal from Dragon Ball Z. During a review of the Dragon Ball anime, Chris Beveridge from Mania Entertainment noted Piccolo to be able to perform a large number of abilities in contrast to other characters such as Goku, making the fight between both of them unbalanced. However, he found the said battle to be very entertaining despite it lasting several episodes. Tim Jones from THEM Anime Reviews found Piccolo's differences from Dragon Ball to Dragon Ball Z as one of the reasons the former show is recommendable to viewers over the later anime. While reviewing the fourth Dragon Ball Z film, Anime News Network writer Allen Drivers found Piccolo's initial scenes peacefully enough to entertain viewers. In a later film, John Sinnott from DVD Talk criticized Piccolo's involvement saying he appears "from out of no where" in order to fight alongside his friends giving the film little reasoning. Chris Homer from The Fandom Post believed Piccolo's sacrifice in Dragon Ball GT "was a genuine touching moment" for fans of Dragon Ball Z, but also viewed the death as relying "too much on previous ideas" in order for it to get sorted. Beveridge praised Piccolo's growth in Dragon Ball Z as one of the most important parts of the series, noting how he decides to train Gohan to fight Vegeta.

Although Katherine Luther from About.com noted Piccolo to be one of the strongest warriors from his planet, she mentioned he has several weaknesses that make him weaker than other characters from the series, with his most notable one being his affection for Gohan. Sam Leach from Anime News Network noted that some fans of the series tend to joke that Piccolo is a better paternal figure to Gohan than his actual father, Goku, and felt that Dragon Ball Super emphasized it more when Piccolo started training him again. Piccolo's return in Super Hero earned similar comments from Polygon due to how he continues his role as Gohan's guardian and takes a more civilized way of living to stay close to him and train. As a result of these events in the movie, Polygon claimed that he was the best father in the entire franchise and that Gohan honors him during the film, most notably in the climax. Anime News Network praised Piccolo's characterization from Super Hero as he comes across as a more appealing character. IGN also enjoyed the handling of Piccolo and his dynamic with Gohan as the duo are as entertaining as the previous protagonist they are replacing, Goku and Vegeta, and praise Piccolo's patnernal figure to Gohan as he works to make his disciple stronger and was also found charming. However, the fact that the new androids are able to rival Piccolo and Gohan so easily came across as forced and at the same time as common in the franchise due to how power levels are often exaggerated. Piccolo's relationship with Pan as he trains her well as his new Orange power up were praised by HobbyConsolas with the latter being linked with Western superheroes. In regards to the film's presentation, GameSpot claimed that Piccolo and Gohan are the best CGI designed characters contrasting with poor models used for Goku and Vegeta and also found charming the awkward way Piccolo interacts with the rest of the characters such as when he uses a cellphone in a strange position and noted that the film made him more attached with the rest of the cast.

title: Piccolo (Dragon Ball)


text:
Great Balls of Fire

"Great Balls of Fire" is a 1957 popular song recorded by American rock and roll musician Jerry Lee Lewis on Sun Records and featured in the 1957 movie Jamboree. It was written by Otis Blackwell and Jack Hammer. The Jerry Lee Lewis 1957 recording was ranked as the 96th greatest song ever by Rolling Stone. It is written in AABA form. It sold one million copies in its first 10 days of release in the United States making it one of the best-selling singles in the United States at that time.

Background and Composition
"Great Balls of Fire" is best known for Jerry Lee Lewis's original, which was recorded in the Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, on October 8, 1957, using three personnel: Lewis (piano/vocals), Sidney Stokes (bass), and a session drummer, Larry Linn, instead of the usual Sun backups Jimmy Van Eaton (drums) and Roland Janes (guitar). Lewis was quoted in the book JLL: His Own Story by Rick Bragg, (pg 133), as saying "I knew Sidney Stokes but I didn't know him that well either, and I don't know what happened to them people. That's the last time I ever seen 'em.  That's strange isn't it?" It was released as a 45rpm single on Sun 281 in November 1957. It reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop charts, No. 3 on the R&B charts, and No. 1 on the country charts. It also reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart, and appeared on the New Zealand Singles Chart and the Dutch Top 40.

The song was featured in a performance by Jerry Lee Lewis and his band in the 1957 Warner Brothers rock and roll film Jamboree, which also featured Carl Perkins, Fats Domino, Buddy Knox, and Dick Clark. The recording was released in the UK on London Records.

The tune opens up side 2 of Lewis's 1964 album Live at the Star Club, Hamburg.

Legacy

 * The song was performed by Levi Kreis in the 2010 musical Million Dollar Quartet, portraying Jerry Lee Lewis.
 * The title of the 1989 biopic, Great Balls of Fire! about Lewis, played by Dennis Quaid, is derived from the song title.
 * In 2017, WWE held a professional wrestling event titled Great Balls of Fire, referencing the song. Jerry Lawler's personal attorney, who also represents Jerry Lee Lewis, informed him that the singer had actually trademarked the phrase, prompting Lawler to inform them of this. He stated that he "put him in touch with the WWE people, gave him a name. Apparently he called them and got everything worked out. Not only are they using the name, they are using Jerry Lee's song."
 * Ric Flair revealed he started using his iconic "Wooo!" catchphrase in 1974 after he heard Jerry Lee Lewis sing the lyric, “Goodness gracious, great balls of fire, woo!”
 * Cree Summer, at age 17, sang the song as the opening and closing for Madballs’ Escape from Orb.
 * Dolly Parton sang it at the grand opening of FireChaser Express.

In 1998, the 1957 recording of "Great Balls of Fire" by Jerry Lee Lewis on Sun Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Top Gun franchise
In the 1986 film Top Gun, LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw (portrayed by Anthony Edwards) plays the song in a bar with his family and Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (Tom Cruise). The song is available on the Top Gun soundtrack special edition released in 1999. The song is performed again in the sequel, the 2022 film Top Gun: Maverick by Goose's son LT Bradley "Rooster" Bradshaw (portrayed by Miles Teller). Teller's performance is included on that film's soundtrack Top Gun: Maverick (Music from the Motion Picture), on which it is labeled as a live performance. Paramount Pictures later released the extended scene of Teller's performance as Rooster on YouTube on June 16, 2022.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Great Balls of Fire


text:
Talk:Oh My Goddess!

Storing extra references
There is a new template that can be used for storing extra references.

The references I put inside may be useful after the article has been cleaned up. – allen四names 08:41, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

 * This has been deleted per Templates for discussion/Log/2010 May 26 but hidden works for this. delldot   ∇.  02:07, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Corrected capitalization. – allen四names 02:58, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Mania.com review: Series 2 part 1 Series 2 part 2 Series part 3 --KrebMarkt 15:12, 13 June 2010 (UTC)
 * ActiveAnime: manga new ed. #16 manga #26

-- Lucia Black (talk) 23:36, 15 March 2014 (UTC)
 * EX overview (archive): Mini-Goddess

OVA 2
I've found an episode labelled "OVA 2: Together Forever", dated 2011. It is about 28 minutes in running length, so does not seem to be the same as the one mentioned in the article. Is the information here correct? or is the OVA being confused with the OAD? (Which seems likely due to the length given.) CFLeon (talk) 07:34, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Ah! My Goddess OAD Series
There's some confusion regarding the new OAD anime series. These are new anime productions that are bundled with the manga of the same title on a limited run basis. "Together Forever" is the first OAD episode. There is a second episode that has been released that is identified as "Hunters and Hunters". Currently, only two OAD episodes have been released.68.62.28.213 (talk) 16:47, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Oh My Goddess!. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080531010635/http://www.kodanclub.com:80/cgi-local/comic.cgi?id=009-00002-01-023 to http://www.kodanclub.com/cgi-local/comic.cgi?id=009-00002-01-023

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:29, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Oh My Goddess!. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20060325092102/http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php to http://www.animeondvd.com/specials/primers/yuaprimer.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:02, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

I don't think Oh My Goddess! is a harem series and it should not be described as such in the infobox.
I'll admit that I should've posted this discussion before I made the change but I stand by what I said in the reasoning box when I made the edit. I am a knowledgeable fan of the series; I'm the admin and main editor of the [https://ohmygoddess.fandom.com/wiki/Oh_My_Goddess Oh My Goddess! wiki] on Fandom, and I've both read and watched the series in it's many forms, so can I say from an authoritative standpoint that Oh My Goddess! is not a harem series. A "harem" is a genre where one character (usually male) is the target of attraction from three or more people (not two, as that would be a "love triangle" story) at the same time and is usually surrounded by women. With a scare few exceptions (as in literally one-chapter stories), there is only one character, Belldandy, who ever truly attempts to be with Keiichi Morisato, and certainly the series proves that it isn't harem with the manga's final arc, which literally revolves around the challenges of Belldandy and Keiichi undergo as they attempt to get married.

I furthermore dispute the validity of the three sources provided. Not only are they very old (2007-2009), they only offer a surface-level examination of the series (if any) and only state that it is a harem series without actually proving it. These sources seem to believe that simply having a man surrounded by women makes that series a harem, but I don't agree with that at all. Is The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya a harem anime simply because the main protagonist Kyon is surrounded by three female characters (Haruhi, Asahina, and Nagato)? No, because that would just be an asinine, surface-level observation. Oh My Goddess! is the same way. If the people behind these sources actually read the manga or watched the anime, they would know that that series is simply not a harem.

Thus, I believe that the mention of "harem" should be removed from the infobox as it's simply not accurate. DishonorableKnight (talk) 07:50, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't know why the fact that the sources are old should be a reason to not consider them reliable or valid, and I don't get how they should "prove" that it is a harem series, then Viz Media has to explain why Dragon Ball is an "action-adventure-fantasy-comedy-fighting series" to have them cited in the article? should we apply the same logic in every work of fiction? I'm sorry, but the fact that you're a fan or edit the wiki of the series doesn't mean anything for this site purposes. Genres are based on what reliable sources say and these three sources calling it a harem series (there are probably many more) are considered as such per WP:A&M/ORS. Now, if there are reliable sources (not personal blogs, forum discussions and such) disputing this, arguing why it should NOT be considered a harem series, then we would have something to discuss here. Xexerss (talk) 08:13, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The fact that these sources are old is very relevant, because the manga ended years later in 2014, meaning that these sources do not take into account the series' ending where Keiichi and Belldandy get married in a very non-harem fashion.
 * You're telling me that the sources don't need to "prove" that Oh My Goddess! is a harem series, but you're asking me to provide sources that prove that it isn't one? That Dragon Ball example is an apples-to-oranges comparison: we all know that Dragon Ball (that is, the original series and not Z) is an martial arts, action-comedy series; no one will dispute that. There are only two real authoritative sources to come to my mind: Kosuke Fujishima, who has never referred to the series as a harem, and Dark Horse Comics, the company who translated and published the manga in the western market, which has also never referred to the series as a harem.
 * John Oppliger's source is literally coming from his personal blog. His whole argument that it he doesn't "believe that it’s necessary for any or all of the supporting cast to have a romantic interest in the protagonist. It’s only necessary that they surround the protagonist." Sorry but that's just asinine. I mentioned The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, but how about an ever better example: Neon Genesis Evangelion, where series protagonist Shinji Ikari interacts with multiple female characters (namely Asuka, Rei, Misato, and Ritsuko among others). Based on Oppliger's definition, Evangelion would be considered just as much of a harem series as Oh My Goddess! but both you and I know that isn't correct. You know what is a harem series, though? Neon Genesis Evangelion: Shinji Ikari Raising Project, a game and manga series where Shinji Ikari has the opportunity to have romantic relationships with several characters.
 * Show me to where people call Oppliger an "expert", because he isn't one to me. The same goes for Carlos Santos and Jason Thompson, both of whom declare that Oh My Goddess! is a harem series without any proof. None of these three people were involved in the official licensing and distribution of the series by Dark Horse, who again have never stated that Oh My Goddess! is a harem series. With regards to Oh My Goddess! specifically, these people are not experts or reliable sources of information any more than you or I am. DishonorableKnight (talk) 17:34, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * You want to talk about reliable sources, then let's take a look at Wikipedia's own definition of "harem" which describes the genre as "focused on polygynous or polyandrous relationships, where a protagonist is surrounded by three or more androphilic/gynephilic suitors, love interests and/or sexual partners". That definition does not suit Oh My Goddess! in which Keiichi Morisato has only one love interest, Belldandy. DishonorableKnight (talk) 17:54, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I checked all the sources cited in the harem article and none of them seem to support the definition in lead, so it seems pure original research (Wikipedia itself is not a reliable source by the way). Also, most of these sources are self-published blogs and user-generated websites, that's why the article has the 'more citations needed' tag. I don't know how relevant is whether the author or the English publisher have called it a harem series or not, since "Wikipedia articles should be based mainly on reliable secondary sources" (note that I'm not saying that citing primary sources is wrong). As you said, the citations are from 2007–2009, when the series was past half the story (around volume 34 or 35), so what? Is that not enough to define a genre? Should only the last chapters be considered to call the series...something?
 * About the reliability of the authors and websites cited in the article, in WP:A&M/ORS you can find the discussions for each one, where the consensus was that they are indeed reliable. My point is, these authors consider the series a harem; you don't, and that's fine, you can disagree, but to discredit them, you've just giving your opinion and not something by a reputable writer (a published article, post, etc.,) that can support you stance of why it should not be considered a harem series. I'm not saying that their opinions are absolute because they are considered reliable, but I don't think either that simply saying that at least three reviewers are in the wrong because you think differently will be enough.
 * Ok, you can mention Haruhi, Evangelion or whatever series you want that could fit Oppliger's definition of the term, but, as far as I know, there are no reliable sources that have ever called them harem series. The sources cited in the article are expressly calling Oh My Goddess! a harem series, that's the difference here. My example of Dragon Ball was silly, I know, but I don't get why they should justify the genre or how are they supposed to "prove" it. Xexerss (talk) 19:23, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * "As you said, the citations are from 2007–2009, when the series was past half the story (around volume 34 or 35), so what? Is that not enough to define a genre? Should only the last chapters be considered to call the series...something?"
 * The point I'm trying to make is that Oh My Goddess! isn't a harem series in volume 1, nor in volumes 35-36 (around the time the sources were published), and especially not in volume 48. Oh My Goddess! has consistently never been a harem series. From our discussion thus far, I assume you've never read or watched Oh My Goddess! (otherwise I don't think this discussion would've lasted as far as it has), so you may find it hard to understand exactly how blatantly incorrect the three sources are, but take it from someone who knows the series inside and out. In no fashion does Oh My Goddess! fit the basic definition of a "harem", that is, a series where one character is the target of affection from three or more other characters. That is not an opinion that can be disputed, that is a fact.
 * Just because someone is an "expert" doesn't mean they can just say something based solely off conjecture and don't have to cite any additional sources or appeal to logic to prove their case. It's not true for anime/manga, and it's not true for any other field worthy of academic discourse. Experts can make a mistake just a layman can, and this situation proves that to be true.
 * Look, you want a source that proves that Oh My Goddess! isn't a harem series? Take a look at this page off of Dark Horse Digital's website for the first volume of the manga. Notice how there's a "genre" label that specifies two main genres for Oh My Goddess! those being "humor", and "fantasy". Notice how "harem" is absent. We can talk about the opinions of the experts, but at the end of the day, those experts are secondary sources, while the Dark Horse website is a primary source, and that takes precedence when discussing this matter specifically. Let me say it again, the official western licenser for Oh My Goddess! does not consider the series to be "harem". And "harem" is a common and well-defined genre these days isn't it? It's not a situation of Dark Horse simply not using the term to describe series that could fit the label, it's really that they just don't think it fits. This is the only "source" proving my point that you're going to get, because it's ultimately the only one that really matters.
 * "Ok, you can mention Haruhi, Evangelion or whatever series you want that could fit Oppliger's definition of the term, but, as far as I know, there are no reliable sources that have ever called them harem series."
 * I think you completely missed the point I was trying to make. Those other series meet the criteria for a "harem" series just as OMG! does based off of Oppliger's own definition, but they aren't called that just because no source has ever said so. So you wonder if that definition is... I don't know, arbitrary? DishonorableKnight (talk) 04:23, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * How is the fact that a publisher doesn't use a particular tag for a series supposed to be an argument to confirm that it is not something? Where does it say that primary sources/the publisher take precedence over secondary sources when discussing genres? As far as the discussion is, your argument to refute these authors is your supposed "authoritative standpoint" as a fan of the series, but again, to effects of this site, that's pointless. "In no fashion does Oh My Goddess! fit the basic definition of a "harem"", you said it, "basic definition", because there's more than one form to define the genre, as Oppliger's comment implies. It is not a strict term that always must meet specific conditions, and that's why other authors call it a harem without necessarily being wrong. You're giving your definition, or at least the idea that you've got about what the harem genre is, that, or what the poorly sourced harem article defines. I don't find none of your arguments convincing because they're based on absolutely nothing. You're not giving anything concrete to prove that they're wrong, no sources to back up why OMG! is not a harem, just a source that doesn't label it as a harem, and therefore should not be considered a harem... "And "harem" is a common and well-defined genre these days", well there's already an opinion from someone considered an expert in the field that doesn't agree with your definition of the term, and from others that also consider it as such. Don't assume that everyone has the same concept of the genre as yours, even if you consider it something carved in stone. So that's it, the views of three writers cited in the article against your word. Xexerss (talk) 05:19, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * "I think you completely missed the point I was trying to make. Those other series meet the criteria for a "harem" series just as OMG! does based off of Oppliger's own definition, but they aren't called that just because no source has ever said so."
 * What I'm trying to say is that Oppliger's comment to argue why he considers it as a harem should apply just to THIS particular article (because he's talking precisely about the series) and not extrapolate it to other articles, because THAT would be a personal interpretation. It doesn't matter if Evangelion or whatever series could fall under Oppliger's definition and should be considered a harem under this reasoning. If someone thinks that Evangelion should be included as a harem, then they should provide a source from reputable authors stating that it is a harem and not rely on Oppliger's definition. Now, how many authors would seriously consider it as one? probably none, and in that case I think that there's nothing to discuss. Xexerss (talk) 06:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that the definition given by John Oppliger from AnimeNation to consider it a harem is reasonable (no idea if you actually checked the source). 1) "I don’t believe that it’s necessary for any or all of the supporting cast to have a romantic interest in the protagonist. It’s only necessary that they surround the protagonist." 2) "The series needs only to either concentrate focus on one protagonist or have a distinctly skewed gender ratio." Regarding Haruhi, I haven't watched it, so I could be wrong here, but apparently the series focuses on more than just one male protagonist and the female characters don't drastically outnumber the male ones, so based on Oppliger's comment, it shouldn't classify as a harem. Also, I've never seen a reliable source calling it a harem, unlike OMG!. You could disagree with Oppliger's statement and the other reviewers cited in the article, but they are considered experts in the field, so their opinions (for the site's purposes) have more weight than your "authoritative" definition of the term. If you want to refute them, you will need something more concrete than your own word. Xexerss (talk) 13:59, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi. I've been watching this talk from afar and made this account specifically to chime in. First off, I do agree that merely because a source is old, does not mean it is no longer invalid. Many sources are still only used because sometimes they have been cross-referenced rigorously and verified, and are still to believed even up to 100 years later. So I believe Xexerss is correct here.
 * However, the semantics of using "experts" is dubious at best. What claim do these writers have?
 * Let's take the only expert that's actually been published in a literary publication: Jason Thompson. He says this in the cited source, "Manga: The Complete Guide": " One of the classic otaku manga, Oh My Goddess! started out as a neutered Lum⋆Urusei Yatsura and then fathered an entire genre of "shy guy living platonically with beautiful girls" manga, aka "harem manga" (such as No Need for Tenchi!)."
 * Any manga and anime fan worth their salt who has read/watched Urusei Yatsura knows that not only is the only similarity between UY and OMG is the magical girlfriend aspect (which is an actual genre that has been appropriately attached to OMG in fandom/series analyses), but that Ataru, the "Keiichi" in this situation...is perceived by all of the women in the series as disgusting and lecherous. He hunts AFTER the women and they all beat him, reject him or outright try to kill him. The only woman who wants him is Lum.
 * Saying that OMG is like a neutered UY is like saying that Ghost in the Shell is a neutered Bubblegum Crisis.
 * Yet Urusei Yatsura has NEVER been classified as a harem...because it isn't! The Wikipedia page on it clearly demonstrates, and proves, the point: just because a series has a bunch of women in it, don't mean it's a harem.
 * So by the fact that Thompson doesn't seem to have watched the correct series to compare to OMG, he is a false expert.
 * By the way, has anyone actually read the book? Because curiously, the Internet Archive has it, and well, it's quite funny how Thompson classifies. I will provide the (cleaned-up) screenshot, but below is the transcription:
 * "Aa! Megamisama!, "Aa! Great Goddess!" (ああっ女神様っ) . Kosuke Fujishima . Dark Horse (1994-ongoing) . Kodansha . (Afternoon, 1988-ongoing) . 34+ volumes (ongoing) . Shо̄nen, Romantic Comedy, Science Fiction, Fantasy . Unrated/13+ (infrequent partial nudity, occasional sexual situations)"
 * Screenshot: https://imgur.com/a/HeudvU9
 * Book: https://archive.org/details/mangacompletegui0000thom_l3e2/page/n13/mode/2up
 * By the way part two: OMG is a seinen, not a shounen. it was published in Afternoon, a seinen magazine. So another strike against the expert Thompson.
 * In fact, it's quite horrendous that someone quoted the extremely wrong paragraph about OMG as a harem, and not the section where...the harem classification is nowhere to be found. I find it funny, mind you, but I would have gotten a wallop in my university days.
 * Now let's take the oft-mentioned John Oppliger. He does not source anything to back up his claim of what makes "Oh My Goddess!" a harem anime. In fact, something that should have been mentioned since the beginning, is that he himself starts his answer with "my personal and subjective answer" to the question of whether this series is harem or not. I'm sorry, but I believe in high school and university classes, especially ones related to research (or specifically, university library classes that every student has to take), it is quite emphasized that when taking things into consideration for analysis, we must disregard that which may be personal and subjective and instead look at cold, hard facts.
 * Dark Horse Comics, the American licensor for the series, has decided to list this series as "Fantasy, Manga, Humor." (https://digital.darkhorse.com/books/a48b550bc11643c9ac8380c19aed4e5f/oh-my-goddess-volume-1-tpb)
 * Meahwile, Seven Seas, the American licensor for the "True Tenchi Muyo!" novels, has classified these novels as "classics, harem, science fiction, light novels." (https://sevenseasentertainment.com/series/true-tenchi-muyo-light-novel/)
 * The facts then say that we must not classify OMG as harem.
 * In fact, I would wager that Oppliger is not an expert, given that one other blog post blames the female population for why certain anime didn't sell well and not backing it up -- while trying to be very wishy-washy and say that no, it's not really the women who didn't buy it. In fact, he says and I quote: "(I think the shoujo status of the Rayearth anime remains debatable.)" Last I checked, not only was Rayearth published in Nakayoshi (a shoujo magazine), but its audience was primarily shoujo-based; in other words, women and girls. Any evidence of this can be seen in its merchandising and marketing. Exceptions exist of course --I believe the recent release of the Mashin as figures, at long last, are trying to attract the *usually* male-dominated audience of mecha fans--but they are few and far between.
 * No marketing and merchandising for OMG!, in the meantime, proves that it is a harem series.
 * (Here is the blog post in question: https://web.archive.org/web/20151121214501/https://www.animenation.net/blog/2014/02/07/ask-john-did-girls-cause-americas-anime-bust/)
 * I would not be considering Oppliger an expert, and that's only based on the basic fact that he does not source for his opinion.
 * The other "expert", Carlo Santos, claims OMG as "[...]In a series better known for harem comedy and epic magical combat[...]", but where is his claim? In fact, he likely doesn't need to claim because this is a *review.* Many reviews can be correct...while many of them can also be incorrect. A review does not equal significant literary analysis, unless it has been peer-reviewed and cross-referenced for some sort of literary publication.
 * And to boot, Santos reviews OMG again for its omnibus: https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/right-turn-only/2006-05-02 I note the absence of the word "harem" anywhere. In fact, in the oldest dated review of his, from 2005, nowhere is the word "harem" mentioned nor is it put forward as a possible hook for readers: https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/oh-my-goddess-gn-21
 * It is possible Santos believes that OMG is a harem and had no need to mention it previously. After all, if the series is "better known for harem comedy," then there was no need to repeat it. But he doesn't even work for Dark Horse Comics. Are you telling me he knows more than the people who have worked on the manga in English for 20+ years? They are more experts than you and I, by that metric.
 * In fact, if we must use reviews as metrics for "experts," then this review for the OVA dub is also an expert: https://web.archive.org/web/20121104081337/http://www.ex.org/2.7/20-anime_amgdub.html Notice the lack of the word "harem." Then this person must be correct as well.
 * I acknowledge that this is a bit long in the tooth but that's why I placed Thompson first, because I knew that there was a good chance that someone's eyes may glaze over after his paragraph. I will know if you have read the entire thing, and to that, you have my thanks.
 * I would urge anyone reading this to consider taking a library-oriented class in school or university. It will greatly help you in research and in fact-checking. Especially if you have edited multiple wikipedia pages and have perhaps put those pages at risk of spreading misinformation :) Buggymun (talk) 08:43, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * By the way part three: I completely forgot but:
 * https://www.library.rochester.edu/research/primary-secondary-sources
 * https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/primarysecondary
 * Feel free to read these and refresh your memory on how primary and secondary sources work. I hope they are useful! Buggymun (talk) 08:54, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * To be honest, you lost me when you declared that Jason Thompson is a "false expert", and then followed that up by saying the same about John Oppliger. Ultimately, Wikipedia has to follow the sources - what we have are some sources that say that Oh My Goddess is a type of harem (albeit an early harem, and a much tamer one than many), and some sources which don't say that it is a harem, but equally don't say that it is not. I'm open to finding a method of covering this in the body rather than the infobox, but I'm not seeing much of a case for deleting it out of hand. - Bilby (talk) 11:21, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey there, thanks for replying. Thank you as well for linking the entries to these respective authors, but I had already read them beforehand when considering my reply. Just because they have worked in the industry in some shape or form, does not mean they're infallible. As proven above, Thompson himself made mistakes when classifying OMG and explaining what the series is about.
 * In fact, when looking at the Wiki entry for the book: "While Thompson is listed as the book's author, a group of twenty-four other writers helped craft some of the entries, brought in when Thompson "started to stress from all the workload". Thompson then read and corrected the entries if he felt they were inaccurate." Two of the sources cited include his own book and an interview with him. Carl Gustav Horn, editor of the OMG manga, is stated as having been one of the writers who helped Thompson and I would like to truly know if Horn helped with the OMG part and if so, why did Thompson include erroneous information?
 * That said, I can attest to your disagreement with my usage of "false expert" for him. I was only using it in the manner that has been debated on who's an expert and who's not only based on spurious claims. This is why I noted that Thompson is the only published author, as usually that is more valid than a random blog or review.
 * As for Oppliger, again, I point to my findings. You may feel free to disagree but again, it's perfectly alright for claimed experts to be wrong once in a while. Nobody's perfect.
 * Now unfortunately I have to take claim with your statement: "Ultimately, Wikipedia has to follow the sources."
 * Yet what has been happening in this entire talk has been to diminish the important of two primary sources: the author himself and the American publisher's genre listing. I'd add the Japanese publisher in there too, but I'll stick to the ones where we can understand the lingua franca. Why is one person insistent on only using three sources and disregarding everything else, when -- as you yourself pointed out--we have a variety of sources all conflicting with each other. Were that the original discussion, then of course I believe that can be hashed out -- but the crux of the matter here has been that again, primary sources, something that Wikipedia ALSO depends on...are just not valid because apparently someone said so.
 * That is primarily why I spoke up in the first place, as well as to provide some sources for why the original three sources aren't exactly to be trusted either. We need to be as clear as possible. Buggymun (talk) 12:53, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * "Why is one person insistent on only using three sources and disregarding everything else"; I'm not "disregarding everything else", but the user that started this discussion has not given any compelling reason to argue why the series should not be labeled as a harem, apart from a self-proclaimed "authoritative standpoint" as a fan and an apparent absolute and undisputed definition of the harem genre. About the reliability of these authors, I think that it's getting off topic. I'm not totally against the idea of removing the genre from the infobox, but the only arguments I've read to state that it is not a harem is that there are sources that don't call it a harem, I mean, not sources discussing why it should not be considered a harem, but simply sources that are not using the word to refer to it as such, and that's the reasoning I don't agree with. Xexerss (talk) 13:23, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * "Why is one person insistent on only using three sources and disregarding everything else'; I'm not 'disregarding everything else', but the user that started this discussion has not given any compelling reason to argue why the series should not be labeled as a harem, apart from a self-proclaimed 'authoritative standpoint' as a fan and an apparent absolute and undisputed definition of the harem genre"
 * Dude, we've told you again and again the most obvious reason why this series is not a harem. Dark Horse Comics is the official publisher of the series in the western market. As the licenser, they have the most authority in describing the basic of facts about the series, including genre, and they do not consider the series to be a harem. If they did, they would have certainly mentioned it on their website, just like how Seven Seas went out of their way to describe True Tenchi Muyo! as a harem series. Now, are you seriously telling me that when it comes to such a basic question, you are going to trust a secondary source more than a primary source? I don't think that's really how Wikipedia works. Secondary sources are not perfect and doesn't mean that the person who authored them can be considered reliable sources of information by defaulTake it from Wikipedia's own page about primary and secondary sources (a page which is not filled with any errors).
 * Primary sources:
 * "'Primary' is not, and should not be, a bit of jargon used by Wikipedians to mean 'bad' or 'unreliable' or 'unusable'. While some primary sources are not fully independent, they can be authoritative, high-quality, accurate, fact-checked, expert-approved, subject to editorial control, and published by a reputable publisher."
 * "However, primary sources may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person—with access to the source but without specialist knowledge—will be able to verify are directly supported by the source."
 * Secondary sources:
 * "Secondary' is not, and should not be, a bit of jargon used by Wikipedians to mean 'good' or 'reliable' or 'usable'. Secondary does not mean that the source is independent, authoritative, high-quality, accurate, fact-checked, expert-approved, subject to editorial control, or published by a reputable publisher. Secondary sources can be unreliable, biased, self-serving and self-published.'"
 * There you have it. We have a primary source (Dark Horse Comics) which happens to be a reputable publisher, which makes a straightforward, descriptive statement which answers a very basic question about Oh My Goddess! (identifying the genres); this is the most appropriate scenario imaginable where a primary source should be used instead of a secondary source. And it just so happens that this primary source explicitly does not state that Oh My Goddess is a harem.
 * "About the reliability of these authors, I think that it's getting off topic."
 * Excuse me? That is a very important fact to bring up because it calls into question their entire credibility as secondary sources. Buggymun has already demonstrated that Thompson has made egregious errors about trying to compare Oh My Goddess! to Urusei Yatsura, his book's own description of Oh My Goddess! doesn't include the lable "harem" when listing the genres, and he didn't even author the entirety of the book that was published with his name on it; Opplinger literally only bases his definition off his own personal opinion without any outside sources (is that what experts do?), and Santos reviews volumes of the mange released by Dark Horse, none of which have any mention of "harem" in its description on the cover (again, primary sources!), and he is incosistent with his use of the term "harem" in his published works (why does Wikipedia cherry pick the one review he does of the manga where he mentions "harem" and accepts that as fact, yet ignores the many other reviews which don't?). I won't be so bold as to call these people hacks or charlatans, but it's clear that they're out of their depth when discussing Oh My Goddess! specifically and shouldn't be considered experts. They are no more experts than a random person who writes blogs or reviews for free as a hobby. DishonorableKnight (talk) 18:04, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Again, when did they specifically say that it is NOT a harem series? One thing is that they have never referred to it as such and other thing is that they have directly stated that it is not. I could find more citations calling it a harem series and you will continue disagreeing because YOU just don't consider it a harem series. You can disagree with these people and say they're wrong all you want, but you have yet to come with a compelling argument to back up why it is not a harem series. I'm saying that their reliability here is off topic, because the consensus is that they are reliable, and if you think that they're not, then discuss it on WP:A&M/ORS, not here. I insist, I'm not trying to diminish primary sources, but the simple fact that Dark Horse are not tagging it as a harem on their website doesn't automatically imply that they're confirming that it is not, and that's the issue with your reasoning. Your sole argument is basically saying that Love Hina and Rosario + Vampire, for example, should not be considered harem series because Kodansha USA and Viz Media, respectively, don't tag them as harem on their websites. Then, according to your logic, is it enough that the publisher doesn't use a particular tag for a series to know what it is not? Also, how many harem series have Dark Horse ever published? As far as I know, publishers use these tags on their websites to help their customers to find series based on that particular tag. If they have published one or two series that could be considered harem, why should they have the tag if customers will not find much variation with it? Seven Seas publish several harem titles, so I get why they have the tag. Regarding the reviewers, are they supposed to refer to a series by a particular genre and use it every time that they're making a review? And if they don't, should it be assumed that they no longer consider that it belongs to said genre, and therefore, what they said previously is no longer valid? I'd like to know where all these interesting rules are pointed out on the site. Xexerss (talk) 19:12, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * not important of, but importance of. I'd edit it but I have no clue how to do so on here. My apologies.
 * Buggymun (talk) 12:56, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * > Yet what has been happening in this entire talk has been to diminish the important of two primary sources: the author himself and the American publisher's genre listing.
 * I'm good with that. Can you link to where they said it was not a harem? That would help things. - Bilby (talk) 13:38, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, in the post where you said I "lost you," I had already linked to Dark Horse's site where they indicate the relevant genres: https://digital.darkhorse.com/books/a48b550bc11643c9ac8380c19aed4e5f/oh-my-goddess-volume-1-tpb
 * For Fujishima himself, see no other than his interview with Animerica here: https://archive.org/details/anime-interviews-the-first-five-years-of-animerica-anime-manga-monthly-1992-97/page/70/mode/2up Since the source is old (1994) and we have established that the age of the source shouldn't matter, I believe this is a valid reference. By now, OMG has had enough chapters to properly prove its genre selections.
 * The entire interview is worth your time, but I'll transcribe the part that is most relevant:
 * "The saga of a young man who becomes the consort of an honest-to-goodness goddess, Oh My Goddess! can be seen in some ways as the natural offshoot of one of the most popular of the now well-established "magical girlfriend" genre, Rumiko Takahashi's Urusei Yatsura."
 * In case you do not know what Animerica was: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animerica Buggymun (talk) 00:10, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you, but unfortunately that is not what we need. What I was hoping for was a source that argues that it is not a harem, rather than a source that doesn't mention harems. - Bilby (talk) 00:41, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Sir, you asked and I quote "Can you link to where they said it was not a harem?"
 * Now I don't know about you, and I do apologize for my rudeness upfront, but I speak four languages including English, and I believe that if someone doesn't say "this is part of this thing," it usually means it's not. If DH doesn't list harem as a genre, then they don't think it is. If Fujishima has not mentioned harem in an English or Japanese interview, then there's a good chance it's not. He's been interviewed countless times, including in a Japanese artbook called Collections. If you can read Japanese and can find me where he says it's part of the harem genre, then hey, I'd love to see it.
 * Otherwise, you are trying to move a goalpost that doesn't need to be moved because you need a kindergarten level of reading comprehension.
 * Once more, I apologize for my rudeness but you must recognize how silly this is starting to look? Buggymun (talk) 00:51, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but what kind of logic is that? Citing secondary sources (that per consensus were established as reliable) calling the series X are invalid, but a primary source that is not even discussing whether X is accurate or not, but simply not mentioning X should automatically imply that X is incorrect? Seriously, I really need to know what part of the policies and guidelines of Wikipedia points this out. Xexerss (talk) 01:07, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's my problem:
 * We have multiple reliable sources which describe Oh My Goddess as being in the harem genre.
 * We have multiple reliable sources which do not mention harems.
 * We have no reliable sources that argue that it is not a harem.
 * So we can't counter the first set, as we have nothing that says that they are inaccurate in their description. The most we can say is that not all sources define it as a harem - which is true - but that doesn't solve the issue that some sources do. I wish we had something that specifically said it was not a harem, (and I have been looking for such a source), as that would mean it would be easy to justify moving this aspect into the body and addressing it there, but without that source I'm not seeing a really strong argument beyond personal preference. - Bilby (talk) 01:30, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I concur. From what I'm seeing, the arguments to deny that it is a harem come from a supposed inherent knowledge and stance that every anime fan should have, which apparently for some have more weight than the word of any reputable author. That, and the omission of a key word in some sources, which magically proves that it doesn't apply to the series. With this kind of argument, I don't know how are we supposed to reach a consensus here. Xexerss (talk) 02:08, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I found something interesting on the "Notes for this volume" in the third volume of the manga (Dark Horse edition, ISBN-13: 978-1-59307-539-2, page 187): "Oh My Goddess! is often called a classic example of a "harem" anime, where a bunch of cute girls are fighting over a non-threatening male—Negima carries this to its absurd extremes, with thirty-one older women in rivalry over a ten-year old boy—but in OMG! they're not so much fighting over him as fighting through him." So there it is, DH themselves, while stating that the series does not fit the conventional definition of harem, they're not necessarily denying the harem label. So what now then? Is this not enough either to conclude that calling it a harem would not be, at the very least, inaccurate? Xexerss (talk) 10:40, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Additionally, Jason Yadao, columnist from Honolulu Star-Bulletin, wrote the following in his book, The Rough Guide to Manga: "From these beginnings, Kōsuke Fujishima has crafted a romantic comedy that has run for more than twenty years as one of the archetypes of harem manga." Now, to be honest, I don't know if there are previous discussion regarding the reliability of the book, but it has been mentioned by sources considered reliable per WP:CMC/REF, like The Comics Journal, and Paul Gravett's website . This may not be enough, but I don't know if there are particular reasons to doubt the reliability of the author. Xexerss (talk) 11:50, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oh My Goddess!


text:
Talk:Elaine Chao

Press allegations
Opportunistic, with accusations of fraud, nepotism, graft, corruption, militarism and elite evil.

https://www.salon.com/2019/06/12/mitch-mcconnell-and-elaine-chaos-empire-of-corruption-is-this-what-normal-looks-like-joe-biden/

https://www.citizensforethics.org/legal-action/lawsuits/elaine-chao-dot-investigations/

https://www.nationofchange.org/2019/05/29/the-road-to-tyranny-is-paved-with-corrupt-intentions-transportation-secretary-chao-still-profiting-from-asphalt-construction-giant/

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.188.230 (talk) 01:35, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

 * WP:TPG: The purpose of an article's talk page is to provide space for editors to discuss changes to its associated article or WikiProject. Article talk pages should not be used by editors as platforms for their personal views on a subject. When talk pages in other namespaces and userspaces are used for discussion and communication between users, discussion should be directed solely toward the improvement of the encyclopedia.  General Ization Talk  01:42, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

Suggested change to article:

During her tenure as Transportation Secretary in the Trump administration, the Transportation Department's inspector general found numerous instances where Chao used her office to promote her family's shipping business.[3] This is a crime i.e fraud or theft, that was not referred, investigated or prosecuted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.58.188.106 (talk) 17:37, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

Still working for Kroger?
Chao is listed in Morningstar as being a Director for Kroger, but, no compensation is shown (https://www.morningstar.com/stocks/xnys/kr/executive; click the "Board of Directors" tab); it doesn't even list her age! The Yahoo Finance website indicates that she received over 4,000 shares of stock at $0.00 (current valuation at $50/share: $200,000+). So, is she still "working" there, and, if so, what is she doing? Skaizun (talk) 01:58, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

"coco" chao?
who or what does coco reference? coco chanel? coco austin? coconut or cocoa?

even as an insult, i don't get it! 2601:19C:527F:A660:25DC:F4F6:BF2F:5781 (talk) 08:00, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

To add to article
To add to this article: what was revealed in the transcript of the January 6 Committee's interview with Chao, which was released in December 2022. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 20:33, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

BLP issue
This edit presents some difficulties with respect to Wikipedia's Biographies of Living Persons (BLP) policy. The edit deleted the material indicated below by strikethrough: In early October 2022, Donald Trump posted on his social media in a criticism of Mitch McConnell, "He has a DEATH WISH. Must immediately seek help and advise from his China loving wife, Coco Chow!" Trump used the racist nickname again in a November 13, 2022 post criticizing McConnell, saying "everyone despises [McConnell] and his otherwise lovely wife, Coco Chow!" Via spokesperson Steven Cheung, Trump denied the racism charge.

The edit summary is as follows: "Adds nothing significant about Chao. The article already states what Trump did. The denial may tell us something about Trump or his spokesman, but those would belong elsewhere." The BLP policy says the following:

This policy applies to any living person mentioned in a BLP, whether or not that person is the subject of the article, and to material about living persons in other articles and on other pages, including talk pages....If an allegation or incident is noteworthy, relevant, and well documented, it belongs in the article—even if it is negative and the subject dislikes all mention of it....If the subject has denied such allegations, their denial(s) should be reported too.

Here we have an allegation against a living person (Trump), and the BLP policy fully applies to it even though he is not the main subject of this article. So, the denial should be reported too. Alternatively, we could remove the allegation (by changing “racist nickname” to “nickname”) because, as the quoted edit summary said, it adds nothing significant about Chao. Personally, I find it annoying and childish whenever someone makes fun of someone else's name, whether or not it rises to the level of racism. In any event, even putting aside the BLP policy, the very brief sentence that has been deleted seems informative and interesting, especially in combination with its footnote which is directly related to Ms. Chao and mentions her repeatedly. Anythingyouwant (talk) 02:54, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I removed the allegation to conform this article to WP:BLP, in lieu of including the denial (my edit summary referred to this talk page). Anythingyouwant (talk) 05:28, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Another editor has now reinserted the allegation without the denial, and without talk page discussion. WP:BLP is unequivocal about this, and it does not matter how many reliable sources include the denial. However, in this instance, tons of reliable sources do include the denial. Here is a sampling: Even if we decide to say that reliable sources characterize the denial as false, still the denial should be included, unless we remove the allegation.  Anythingyouwant (talk) 13:32, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/01/25/trump-elaine-chao-asian-americans-mcconnell/
 * https://www.salon.com/2023/01/26/former-transportation-secretary-elaine-chao-has-had-enough-of-his/
 * https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/elaine-chao-issues-rare-rebuke-174256157.html
 * https://www.newsweek.com/everything-trump-has-said-about-elaine-chao-she-finally-fires-back-1776666
 * User:SPECIFICO, can we talk? Anythingyouwant (talk) 13:55, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I have rewritten the material and reinserted with additional footnotes: "Via spokesperson Steven Cheung, Trump denied that his racist attack on Chao was racist." Anythingyouwant (talk) 18:38, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The source does not claim that the staffer was conveying any statement from Trump. It is Cheung's statement. SPECIFICO talk 19:27, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Which source do you mean? There are three sources now following the denial, in this BLP: WaPo, Newsweek, and Politico.  (Lots more sources are available too.) Anythingyouwant (talk) 19:56, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Remove your edit until you can provide what the source verifies. SPECIFICO talk 19:58, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I have. Whenever an RS says that the spokesperson of a public figure says X, then X is attributable to the public figure. You haven’t even said which source you’re dissatisfied with.  Have you looked at all three of them? Anythingyouwant (talk) 20:01, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Thread started at the Original Research Noticeboard, here. Anythingyouwant (talk) 21:02, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elaine Chao


text:
Korean War order of battle

This is the Korean War order of battle. Subsidiary commands are listed on sub-pages. Where no date is shown for a command, assume it present at the start of the war, on June 25, 1950.

Republic of Korea Armed Forces (prior to June 25, 1950)

 * Flag of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces.svg Republic of Korea Armed Forces
 * ROKA Capital Mechanized Infantry Division Insignia.svg Capital Guard Command, Seoul & Ongjin
 * 3rd Infantry Regiment
 * 8th Infantry Regiment
 * 17th Infantry Regiment
 * 18th Infantry Regiment
 * 1st Cavalry Regiment
 * ROKA 1st Infantry Division Insignia.svg 1st Infantry Division, Kaesong
 * 11th Infantry Regiment
 * 12th Infantry Regiment
 * 13th Infantry Regiment
 * 2division.png 2nd Infantry Division, Daejeon
 * 5th Infantry Regiment
 * 16th Infantry Regiment
 * 25th Infantry Regiment
 * ROKA 3rd Infantry Division Insignia.svg 3rd Infantry Division, Daegu
 * 22nd Infantry Regiment
 * 23rd Infantry Regiment
 * ROKA 5th Infantry Division Insignia.svg 5th Infantry Division, Gwangju
 * 15th Infantry Regiment
 * 20th Infantry Regiment
 * ROK 6th Infantry Division.svg 6th Infantry Division, Chuncheon & Wonju
 * 2nd Infantry Regiment
 * 7th Infantry Regiment
 * 19th Infantry Regiment
 * 7사단.svg 7th Infantry Division, Dongducheon
 * 1st Infantry Regiment
 * 3rd Infantry Regiment
 * 9th Infantry Regiment
 * 8th Infantry Division (South Korea).svg 8th Infantry Division, Gangneung & Jumunjin
 * 10th Infantry Regiment
 * 21st Infantry Regiment
 * ROKA 9th Infantry Division Insignia.svg 9th Infantry Division, Seoul (from October 1950)
 * 28th Infantry Regiment
 * 29th Infantry Regiment
 * 30th Infantry Regiment

United Nations Ground Forces

 * General Headquarters United Nations Command (Korea) (UNC) — Formally activated 10 July 1950, before then allied forces were formally under American operational control.
 * US Army Forces Far East
 * Eighth United States Army CSIB.svg Eighth Army - Combination of ROK infantry divisions and UN forces
 * U.S. I Corps CSIB.svg I Corps
 * US IX Corps SSI.png IX Corps
 * US X Corps SSI.png X Corps: September 15, 1950 to December 24, 1950.
 * United States ground forces (with attached UN units)
 * 2nd-infantry-division-united-states-army-shoulder-indian-army.png 2nd Infantry Division
 * French Battalion
 * Dutch Battalion (from early 1951)
 * 3rd Infantry Division SSI (1918-2015).svg 3rd Infantry Division
 * 65th Infantry Regiment (from September 1950)
 * Belgian Battalion (from February 1951)
 * Luxembourg Platoon (from February 1951)
 * Greek Battalion
 * 7th Infantry Division SSI (1973-2015).svg 7th Infantry Division
 * Colombian Battalion
 * Ethiopian "Kagnew" Battalion
 * 24 Infantry Division SSI.svg 24th Infantry Division
 * 25th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia.png 25th Infantry Division
 * Turkish Brigade
 * 10th Philippine Battalion Combat Team
 * 40th Infantry Division CSIB.svg 40th Infantry Division
 * 45th Infantry insignia (thunderbird).svg 45th Infantry Division
 * 1st Cavalry Division Patch.svg 1st Cavalry Division
 * Thai Battalion
 * 187INF DUI.png 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment
 * 5INF DUI.png 5th Infantry Regiment
 * United Nations divisions under overall US command:
 * British 27th Infantry Brigade Post War.svg 27th British Commonwealth Brigade (from August 1950-July 1951)
 * British 28th Infantry Brigade (from April–June 1951)
 * 29th Infantry Brigade Formation Patch.svg British 29th Infantry Brigade (from November 1950-July 1951)
 * SSI of the 1st Commonwealth Division.svg 1st Commonwealth Division (from July 1951)
 * Canadian 25th Brigade
 * Australian Battalions
 * New Zealand Artillery Regiment
 * US Marine Corps
 * First Marine Division insignia.png 1st Marine Division
 * Provisional Marine Brigade 1950
 * USMC - 1MAW.png 1st Marine Aircraft Wing
 * Coat of arms of the Republic of Korea Army.svg Republic of Korea Army
 * ROK I Corps
 * ROK II Corps

United Nations Naval Forces

 * Naval Region Japan.png Naval Forces Far East
 * 7th Fleet Logo.png United States Seventh Fleet (from June 27, 1950)
 * Task Force 90
 * Task Force 95 (from September 12, 1950)
 * Task Force 96
 * British Far East Fleet (from June 28, 1950)

United Nations Air Forces

 * US Far East Air Forces
 * 31st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (Photographic) (from June 29-November 15, 1950)
 * 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium, Photographic) (from November 15, 1950)
 * Fifth Air Force - Emblem.png Fifth Air Force
 * Far East Air Forces Bomber Command
 * Twentieth Air Force - Emblem.png Twentieth Air Force

Other

 * Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital (Svenska Röda Korset-sjukhuset)
 * Parachute Regiment Insignia (India).svg Indian Army 60th Parachute Field Ambulance
 * Danish Red Cross Hospital Ship
 * Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (NORMASH)
 * Italian 68th Red Cross Hospital (L’Ospedale N. 68 della Croce Rossa Italiana)

North Korean forces

 * Emblem of the Korean People's Army.svg Korean People's Army
 * 1st NKPA Division
 * 2nd NKPA Division
 * 3rd NKPA Division
 * 4th NKPA Division
 * 5th NKPA Division
 * 6th NKPA Division
 * 12th NKPA Division
 * 10th NKPA Division
 * 13th NKPA Division
 * 15th NKPA Division
 * 105th Armoured Brigade
 * 206th Mechanized Infantry Brigade

Notes:
 * NKPA infantry divisions 1 through 7 were regular force infantry divisions used in the attack on South Korea, while the 10th, 13th, and 15th were reserve units used for security.

Chinese forces
People's Volunteers Army November 23, 1950
 * XIII Army Group - General Deng Hua
 * 38th Army - General Liang Xingchu
 * 112th Division (334th, 335th, 336th Regts)
 * 113th Division (337th, 338th, 339th Regts)
 * 114th Division (340th, 341st, 342d Regts)
 * 39th Army - General Wu Xinquan
 * 115th Division (343d, 344th, 345th Regts)
 * 116th Division (346th, 347th, 348th Regts)
 * 117th Division (349th, 350th, 351st Regts)
 * 40th Army - General Wen Yucheng
 * 118th Division (352d, 353d, 354th Regts)
 * 119th Division (355th, 356th, 357th Regts)
 * 120th Division (358th, 359th, 360th Regts)
 * 42nd Army - General Wu Ruilin
 * 124th Division (370th, 371st, 372d Regts)
 * 125th Division (373d, 374th, 375th Regts)
 * 126th Division (376th, 377th, 378th Regts)
 * 50th Army - General Zeng Zesheng
 * 148th Division (442d, 443d, 444th Regts)
 * 149th Division (445th, 446th, 447th Regts)
 * 150th Division (448th, 449th, 450th Regts)
 * 66th Army - General Xiao Xinhuai
 * 196th Division (586th, 587th, 588th Regts)
 * 197th Division (589th, 590th, 591st Regts)
 * 198th Division (592d, 593d, 594th Regts)
 * 1st Motorised Artillery Division (25th, 26th, 27th Regts)
 * 2nd Motorised Artillery Division (28th, 29th, 30th Regts)
 * 8th Motorised Artillery Division (31st, 44th, 45th Regts)
 * IX Army Group - General Song Shi-Lun
 * 20th Army - General Zhang Yixiang
 * 58th Division (172d, 173d, 174th Regts)
 * 59th Division (175th, 176th, 177th Regts)
 * 60th Division (178th, 179th, 180th Regts)
 * 89th Division (265th, 266th, 267th Regts)
 * 26th Army - General Zhang Renchu
 * 76th Division (226th, 227th, 228th Regts)
 * 77th Division (229th, 230th, 231st Regts)
 * 78th Division (232d, 233d, 234th, Regts)
 * 88th Division (262d, 263d, 264th Regts)
 * 27th Army - General Peng Deqing
 * 79th Division (235th, 236th, 237th Regts)
 * 80th Division (238th, 239th, 240th Regts)
 * 81st Division (241st, 242nd, 243d Regts)
 * 90th Div (268th, 269th, 270th Regts)
 * III Army Group - General Chen Geng
 * 12th Army - General Zeng Shaoshan
 * 15th Army - General Qin Jiwei
 * 60th Army - General Wei Jie
 * 179th Division
 * 180th Division
 * 181st Division
 * XIX Army Group - General Yang Dezhi
 * 63rd Army - General Fu Congbi
 * 64th Army - General Zeng Siyu
 * 65th Army - General Xiao Yingtang

Soviet Union

 * 64th Fighter Aviation Corps

Other

 * Foreign Medical Continents
 * Bulgarian Red Cross
 * Czechoslovak Field Hospital (from 1952)

title: Korean War order of battle


text:
John Jamieson

John Jamieson DD (3 March 1759 – 12 July 1838) was a Scottish minister of religion, lexicographer, philologist and antiquary. His most important work is the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language.

Life
He was born in Glasgow in March 1759 the son of Rev John Jamieson, minister of the Associate Congregation on Duke Street. He was educated at Glasgow Grammar School.

He studied at the University of Glasgow 1768 to 1771, and subsequently attended classes in Divinity at the University of Edinburgh, 1775–6. After six years' theological study, Jamieson was licensed to preach in 1781 and became pastor of the Secessionist (Anti-burgher) congregation in Forfar, Angus. He was 23 years old at the time and was ordained on 23 August 1780 and the following August being involved in a "romantic, moonlit marriage".

In 1788 he was asked to replace Rev Adam Gib at the Anti-burgher church in Nicolson Street, Edinburgh, but did not accept this until its next vacancy, being inducted on 30 May 1797. The union of the Burgher and Anti-Burgher "New Licht" churches to form the United Secession Church in 1820 was largely due to his exertions.

He retired from the ministry in 1830, spending the rest of his life in Edinburgh. In the 1830s he is listed as living at 4 George Square on the south side of the city.

Jamieson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1803. His proposers were James Bonar, Alexander Fraser Tytler, and William Moodie. He was also a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1816.

In 1827 he was elected a member of the Bannatyne Club.

He retired due to ill health in 1830 and died at home, 4 George Square, Edinburgh on 12 July 1838 and is buried in St Cuthbert's churchyard. He was buried with his son Robert (who pre-deceased him) in a large and elaborate grave in the southern section. His inscription is on the rear of the monument.

Works
Jamieson's major work, the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language appeared in 2 vols. in 1808. A meeting the Danish scholar Grim Thorkelin had suggested this work, and, working with Thomas Ruddiman's glossary to Gavin Douglas's version of the Aeneid, Jamieson completed the work almost alone. He prepared an abridgment in 1818 (reissued in 1846 with a memoir by John Johnstone), and aided by numerous others, he added two supplementary volumes in 1825. The work drew on folklore and provincialisms. The introductory antiquarian dissertation supported a theory on the Pictish influence on the Scots language. A revised edition by John Longmuir and David Donaldson was issued in 1879–87. These volumes remained the standard reference work for the Scots language until the publication of the Scottish National Dictionary in 1931.

Jamieson's other works included:
 * Socinianism Unmasked, 1786.
 * The Sorrows of Slavery, 1789, a pamphlet on the African slave trade
 * Sermons on the Heart, 2 vols., 1791. Around the same time as The Sorrows of Slavery.
 * Congal and Fenella, a Metrical Tale, 1791.
 * Vindication of the Doctrine of Scripture, in reply to Joseph Priestley's History of Early Opinions, 2 vols., 1795.
 * A Poem on Eternity, 1798.
 * Remarks on Rowland Hill's Journal, 1799.
 * The Use of Sacred History, 1802, vol.1, vol.2
 * Important Trial in the Court of Conscience, 1806.
 * Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, 2 vols 1808.
 * A Treatise on the Ancient Culdees of Iona also retitled A History of the Culdees, 1811, published, through Walter Scott's support, by Ballantyne.
 * Hermes Scythicus, 1814, expounding affinities between the Gothic and the classical tongues.
 * Supplement to the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, 2 vols 1825.
 * Views of the Royal Palaces of Scotland (1828) published posthumously

Jamieson wrote on other themes: rhetoric, cremation, and the royal palaces of Scotland, besides publishing occasional sermons. In 1820 he issued edited versions of John Barbour's Bruce and Blind Harry's Wallace. Posthumous was Dissertations on the Reality of the Spirit's Influence (1844).

Family
In 1781, Jamieson married Charlotte Watson (died 1837), daughter of Robert Watson, Esq., of Easter Rhind, Perthshire, and had seventeen children, of whom only two daughters and one son survived. His son, Robert Jameson (died 1834) advocate, became a distinguished member of the Faculty of Advocates. His daughter Margaret Robina married Donald Mackenzie of the 21st Fusiliers and was mother of Donald Mackenzie, Lord Mackenzie.

title: John Jamieson