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Gillett, Wisconsin

Gillett is a city in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,386 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is adjacent to the Town of Gillett.

History
A post office called Gillett has been in operation since 1871. The city was named for Rodney Stephen Gillett (1833–1906), a pioneer settler.

Geography
Gillett is located at 44.88975°N, -88.30642°W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.37 sqmi, of which, 1.36 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,386 people, 592 households, and 352 families living in the city. The population density was 1019.1 PD/sqmi. There were 656 housing units at an average density of 482.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.0% White, 0.1% African American, 3.4% Native American, 4.3% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.

There were 592 households, of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.5% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.86.

The median age in the city was 41.1 years. 23.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 26.1% were from 45 to 64; and 18% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.4% male and 52.6% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 1,256 people, 515 households and 329 families living in the city. The population density was 923.9 per square mile (356.6/km2). There were 546 housing units at an average density of 401.6 per square mile (155.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.58% White, 0.40% Black or African American, 1.19% Native American, 1.04% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 0.88% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 515 households, of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.9% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.1% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.02.

Age distribution was 26.9% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.0 males.

The median household income was $36,667, and the median family income was $41,364. Males had a median income of $30,481 versus $19,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,737. About 7.6% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.8% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Gillett School District operates public schools, including Gillett Elementary School, Gillett Middle School, and Gillett High School.

Tourism
For over a decade, Gillett has billed itself as the "ATV Capital of the World". Gillett Sno & ATV Riders maintain over 15 miles of trail within the city itself and the towns of Maple Valley and Underhill.

title: Gillett, Wisconsin


text:
Muscle relaxant

A muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It may be used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasms, pain, and hyperreflexia. The term "muscle relaxant" is used to refer to two major therapeutic groups: neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics. Neuromuscular blockers act by interfering with transmission at the neuromuscular end plate and have no central nervous system (CNS) activity. They are often used during surgical procedures and in intensive care and emergency medicine to cause temporary paralysis. Spasmolytics, also known as "centrally acting" muscle relaxant, are used to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms and to reduce spasticity in a variety of neurological conditions. While both neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics are often grouped together as muscle relaxant, the term is commonly used to refer to spasmolytics only.

History
The earliest known use of muscle relaxant drugs was by natives of the Amazon Basin in South America who used poison-tipped arrows that produced death by skeletal muscle paralysis. This was first documented in the 16th century, when European explorers encountered it. This poison, known today as curare, led to some of the earliest scientific studies in pharmacology. Its active ingredient, tubocurarine, as well as many synthetic derivatives, played a significant role in scientific experiments to determine the function of acetylcholine in neuromuscular transmission. By 1943, neuromuscular blocking drugs became established as muscle relaxants in the practice of anesthesia and surgery.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of carisoprodol in 1959, metaxalone in August 1962, and cyclobenzaprine in August 1977.

Other skeletal muscle relaxants of that type used around the world come from a number of drug categories and other drugs used primarily for this indication include orphenadrine (anticholinergic), chlorzoxazone, tizanidine (clonidine relative), diazepam, tetrazepam and other benzodiazepines, mephenoxalone, methocarbamol, dantrolene, baclofen. Drugs once but no longer or very rarely used to relax skeletal muscles include meprobamate, barbiturates, methaqualone, glutethimide and the like; some subcategories of opioids have muscle relaxant properties, and some are marketed in combination drugs with skeletal and/or smooth muscle relaxants such as whole opium products, some ketobemidone, piritramide and fentanyl preparations and Equagesic.

Neuromuscular blockers

Muscle relaxation and paralysis can theoretically occur by interrupting function at several sites, including the central nervous system, myelinated somatic nerves, unmyelinated motor nerve terminals, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the motor end plate, and the muscle membrane or contractile apparatus. Most neuromuscular blockers function by blocking transmission at the end plate of the neuromuscular junction. Normally, a nerve impulse arrives at the motor nerve terminal, initiating an influx of calcium ions, which causes the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine. Acetylcholine then diffuses across the synaptic cleft. It may be hydrolysed by acetylcholine esterase (AchE) or bind to the nicotinic receptors located on the motor end plate. The binding of two acetylcholine molecules results in a conformational change in the receptor that opens the sodium-potassium channel of the nicotinic receptor. This allows and  ions to enter the cell and  ions to leave the cell, causing a depolarization of the end plate, resulting in muscle contraction. Following depolarization, the acetylcholine molecules are then removed from the end plate region and enzymatically hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase.

Normal end plate function can be blocked by two mechanisms. Nondepolarizing agents, such as tubocurarine, block the agonist, acetylcholine, from binding to nicotinic receptors and activating them, thereby preventing depolarization. Alternatively, depolarizing agents, such as succinylcholine, are nicotinic receptor agonists which mimic Ach, block muscle contraction by depolarizing to such an extent that it desensitizes the receptor and it can no longer initiate an action potential and cause muscle contraction. Both of these classes of neuromuscular blocking drugs are structurally similar to acetylcholine, the endogenous ligand, in many cases containing two acetylcholine molecules linked end-to-end by a rigid carbon ring system, as in pancuronium (a nondepolarizing agent).

Spasmolytics
The generation of the neuronal signals in motor neurons that cause muscle contractions is dependent on the balance of synaptic excitation and inhibition the motor neuron receives. Spasmolytic agents generally work by either enhancing the level of inhibition or reducing the level of excitation. Inhibition is enhanced by mimicking or enhancing the actions of endogenous inhibitory substances, such as GABA.

Terminology
Because they may act at the level of the cortex, brain stem, or spinal cord, or all three areas, they have traditionally been referred to as "centrally acting" muscle relaxants. However, it is now known not every agent in this class has CNS activity (e.g., dantrolene), so this name is inaccurate.

Most sources still use the term "centrally acting muscle relaxant". According to MeSH, dantrolene is usually classified as a centrally acting muscle relaxant. The World Health Organization, in its ATC, uses the term "centrally acting agents", but adds a distinct category of "directly acting agents", for dantrolene. Use of this terminology dates back to at least 1973.

The term "spasmolytic" is also considered a synonym for antispasmodic.

Clinical use
Spasmolytics such as carisoprodol, cyclobenzaprine, metaxalone, and methocarbamol are commonly prescribed for low back pain or neck pain, fibromyalgia, tension headaches and myofascial pain syndrome. However, they are not recommended as first-line agents; in acute low back pain, they are not more effective than paracetamol or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and in fibromyalgia they are not more effective than antidepressants. Nevertheless, some (low-quality) evidence suggests muscle relaxants can add benefit to treatment with NSAIDs. In general, no high-quality evidence supports their use. No drug has been shown to be better than another, and all of them have adverse effects, particularly dizziness and drowsiness. Concerns about possible abuse and interaction with other drugs, especially if increased sedation is a risk, further limit their use. A muscle relaxant is chosen based on its adverse-effect profile, tolerability, and cost.

Muscle relaxants (according to one study) were not advised for orthopedic conditions, but rather for neurological conditions such as spasticity in cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis. Dantrolene, although thought of primarily as a peripherally acting agent, is associated with CNS effects, whereas baclofen activity is strictly associated with the CNS.

Muscle relaxants are thought to be useful in painful disorders based on the theory that pain induces spasm and spasm causes pain. However, considerable evidence contradicts this theory.

In general, muscle relaxants are not approved by FDA for long-term use. However, rheumatologists often prescribe cyclobenzaprine nightly on a daily basis to increase stage 4 sleep. By increasing this sleep stage, patients feel more refreshed in the morning. Improving sleep is also beneficial for patients who have fibromyalgia.

Muscle relaxants such as tizanidine are prescribed in the treatment of tension headaches.

Diazepam and carisoprodol are not recommended for older adults, pregnant women, or people who have depression or for those with a history of drug or alcohol addiction.

Mechanism
Because of the enhancement of inhibition in the CNS, most spasmolytic agents have the side effects of sedation and drowsiness and may cause dependence with long-term use. Several of these agents also have abuse potential, and their prescription is strictly controlled.

The benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, interact with the GABAA receptor in the central nervous system. While it can be used in patients with muscle spasm of almost any origin, it produces sedation in most individuals at the doses required to reduce muscle tone.

Baclofen is considered to be at least as effective as diazepam in reducing spasticity, and causes much less sedation. It acts as a GABA agonist at GABAB receptors in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in hyperpolarization of neurons expressing this receptor, most likely due to increased potassium ion conductance. Baclofen also inhibits neural function presynaptically, by reducing calcium ion influx, and thereby reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in both the brain and spinal cord. It may also reduce pain in patients by inhibiting the release of substance P in the spinal cord, as well.

Clonidine and other imidazoline compounds have also been shown to reduce muscle spasms by their central nervous system activity. Tizanidine is perhaps the most thoroughly studied clonidine analog, and is an agonist at α2-adrenergic receptors, but reduces spasticity at doses that result in significantly less hypotension than clonidine. Neurophysiologic studies show that it depresses excitatory feedback from muscles that would normally increase muscle tone, therefore minimizing spasticity. Furthermore, several clinical trials indicate that tizanidine has a similar efficacy to other spasmolytic agents, such as diazepam and baclofen, with a different spectrum of adverse effects.

The hydantoin derivative dantrolene is a spasmolytic agent with a unique mechanism of action outside of the CNS. It reduces skeletal muscle strength by inhibiting the excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. In normal muscle contraction, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the ryanodine receptor channel, which causes the tension-generating interaction of actin and myosin. Dantrolene interferes with the release of calcium by binding to the ryanodine receptor and blocking the endogenous ligand ryanodine by competitive inhibition. Muscle that contracts more rapidly is more sensitive to dantrolene than muscle that contracts slowly, although cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are depressed only slightly, most likely because the release of calcium by their sarcoplasmic reticulum involves a slightly different process. Major adverse effects of dantrolene include general muscle weakness, sedation, and occasionally hepatitis.

Other common spasmolytic agents include: methocarbamol, carisoprodol, chlorzoxazone, cyclobenzaprine, gabapentin, metaxalone, and orphenadrine.

Thiocolchicoside is a muscle relaxant with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and an unknown mechanism of action. It acts as a competitive antagonist at GABAA and glycine receptors with similar potencies, as well as at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, albeit to a much lesser extent. It has powerful proconvulsant activity and should not be used in seizure-prone individuals.

Side effects
Patients most commonly report sedation as the main adverse effect of muscle relaxants. Usually, people become less alert when they are under the effects of these drugs. People are normally advised not to drive vehicles or operate heavy machinery while under muscle relaxants' effects.

Cyclobenzaprine produces confusion and lethargy, as well as anticholinergic side effects. When taken in excess or in combination with other substances, it may also be toxic. While the body adjusts to this medication, it is possible for patients to experience dry mouth, fatigue, lightheadedness, constipation or blurred vision. Some serious but unlikely side effects may be experienced, including mental or mood changes, possible confusion and hallucinations, and difficulty urinating. In a very few cases, very serious but rare side effects may be experienced: irregular heartbeat, yellowing of eyes or skin, fainting, abdominal pain including stomach ache, nausea or vomiting, lack of appetite, seizures, dark urine or loss of coordination.

Patients taking carisoprodol for a prolonged time have reported dependence, withdrawal and abuse, although most of these cases were reported by patients with addiction history. These effects were also reported by patients who took it in combination with other drugs with abuse potential, and in fewer cases, reports of carisoprodol-associated abuse appeared when used without other drugs with abuse potential.

Common side effects eventually caused by metaxalone include dizziness, headache, drowsiness, nausea, irritability, nervousness, upset stomach and vomiting. Severe side effects may be experienced when consuming metaxalone, such as severe allergic reactions (rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing, tightness in the chest, swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue), chills, fever, and sore throat, may require medical attention. Other severe side effects include unusual or severe tiredness or weakness, as well as yellowing of the skin or the eyes. When baclofen is administered intrathecally, it may cause CNS depression accompanied with cardiovascular collapse and respiratory failure. Tizanidine may lower blood pressure. This effect can be controlled by administering a low dose at the beginning and increasing it gradually.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Muscle relaxant


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Lena, Wisconsin

Lena is a village in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 564 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area. The village is located within the Town of Lena.

History
Originally known as Maple Valley, Lena owes its location to the railroads. The first white family at the site that became Lena was the French-Swiss immigrant Étienne Clement Roserens together with his French-Canadian wife Vitaline née Tessier, who established a homestead in October 1872. Their daughter Anna Rosera Hendricks was the first white child born in the settlement. Rosera Street in Lena is named after the family. Other early white settlers in this vicinity arrived in the late 1870s and consisted primarily of French Canadian immigrants. One French Canadian immigrant was Sam Roy, also known as Sam King. King homesteaded land in 1872 and donated land for the first schoolhouse. As was common in other areas populated by French-Canadians during this era, most of the Maple Valley residents engaged in small-scale logging, concentrating their work and their homes along Jones Creek, a tributary of the Little River. By 1879 the community had become large enough to support a post office and, since the name "Maple Valley" had already been assigned to another Wisconsin post office, the recommendation of a new name fell to Oconto Postmaster George R. Hall. Hall submitted the first name of his future wife (Helena "Lena" Louisa McCartney) to the federal postmaster, and the choice was approved. Lena was incorporated as a village in 1921.

Geography
Lena is located at 44.95028°N, -88.05083°W (44.950453, -88.051066).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.03 sqmi, all of it land.

Churches
The first church in Lena was the Seventh Day Adventist church, built in 1880. A Catholic church was built in 1882, and a Methodist church in 1888. A Lutheran church was built in the early 20th century.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 564 people, 251 households, and 143 families residing in the village. The population density was 547.6 PD/sqmi. There were 275 housing units at an average density of 267.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.6% White, 1.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 251 households, of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.0% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.0% were non-families. 39.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 3.00.

The median age in the village was 37.8 years. 23.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.4% male and 49.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 510 people, 216 households, and 139 families residing in the village. The population density was 576.8 people per square mile (223.8/km2). There were 221 housing units at an average density of 249.9 per square mile (97.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.22% White, 0.20% Black or African American, 0.20% from other races, and 0.39% from two or more races. 0.98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 216 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $34,750. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $21,591 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,262. About 11.7% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.4% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Lloyd R. Baumgart, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Wayland Becker, football player
 * Ron Klimko, music educator and composer
 * Carl Schoenebeck, Wisconsin State Representative

title: Lena, Wisconsin


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Lena (town), Wisconsin

Lena is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 769 at the 2000 census. The Village of Lena is adjacent to the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.4 square miles (86.5 km2), all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 769 people, 289 households, and 219 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.0 people per square mile (8.9/km2). There were 303 housing units at an average density of 9.1 per square mile (3.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.22% White, 0.26% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 0.13% from two or more races. 0.39% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 289 households, out of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.3% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.2% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $45,556, and the median income for a family was $52,083. Males had a median income of $33,571 versus $25,729 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,649. About 7.1% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.2% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.

title: Lena (town), Wisconsin


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User talk:172/Talk bloc 5

172 youre not really going are you, most of what you've written has been of excelent quality, we need more people with historical expertise around here. G-Man 11th apr 2003

I've just been able to access my talk page - this server is doing my nut tonight. Safari times out after 60 seconds so I end up trying and trying and trying. . . Anyway I left a long message on Mav's page explaining why I think he was unfair to you.

But please, do not underestimate the respect so many people have for you here. G-Man above pretty much speaks for a lot of people. I can understand how offended you must be by what Mav said. But don't overestimate the impact of the w-list. When I came here first, I was bombarded with messages calling for your banning. I didn't know anything about you and it coloured by attitude initially. Especially when I did not have the practical knowledge to know who was right or wrong on the New Imperialism page. (My God, for about 7 minutes 33 seconds I actually thought Vera Cruz must be a nice person!) But as soon as I came to work with you, I immediately realised just how good you are, the sort of quality you bring to wiki and I immediately dismissed the stuff on the w-list as nonsense. How many people here have read your stuff, have dealt with you, have on occasion 'sparred' with you? Most of them respect Mav enormously but they know as I do that occasionally he is simply wrong, as we all are on occasion. No-one here is infallible (though at least 10 think they are!!!). People here know your work and when faced with the quality of your work as against an intemperate attack by Mav, they are simply going to conclude either (a) Mav has had an off day, bless him, or (b) 172 has been in a rough edit war. What they are not going to say is "I know all my experiences with 172 have been positive and I admire his work, but if Mav criticises him then 172 must be a gobshite who shouldn't be on wiki."

You are a damn good historian and a superb contributor here. I cannot think of one other person who has made me stop and think about issues in a new light as you have. The very fact that I was involved in that edit war on Communist state is evidence of that. Communism ain't my baby, academically. But you made me think about the issues, made me realise the importance of what was at stake and the importance to push for proper professional encyclopædic standards, not high school scribbing. Wiki needs professional historians, from both left and right, to help guide it and make it a quality outfit. Your work on the Irish potato famine impressed me (and many others) enormously. In trying to push for proper standards in the Communist state debate, we were sharp with people, perhaps too sharp, but you and I know the importance of academic quality in an encyclopædic entry. To be honest, your praise of my work on the Irish Houses of Parliament meant a hell of a lot to me, because I knew it was coming from someone who knows history and can give a professional academic judgment.

So please, 172, do not leave. I need you. Wiki needs you. Mav is a bit worked up at the moment and has said things I suspect he wishes he didn't. But do not think that you have to leave because everyone will believe what Mav said. Those many many people who have worked with you, admired your work and been challenged by it would be horrified if the numbers 172 disappeared from their screen. Wiki has to be built on quality. You are one of those who brings that quality, that depth of analysis to it. Don't abandon wiki to the high school essay writers (many of whom do a good job - one or two a great job). It needs professional historians with a proper academic training. And you are one of those at the top of the class in that area. lol. ÉÍREman

Lord knows I've been wrong enough and in very public ways so that people should not think I am infallible. But my opinion in this case has not changed ; I think you are a good contributor but would not make a good Admin. I may be wrong but that is my assessment. --mav 02:09 May 12, 2003 (UTC)

Since I'm perfecting my Wikiquette, I won't name any names, but one of the users at question for poorly written POV essays probably graduated from high school before many Wikipedians were born! So far a retiree has caused more trouble than any high school student!

Heh heh. I've had an idea. Re your comments on my talk page about America's flat rate internet access (*envy*, though I have moved to a different service supplier who is offering me 120 hours a month for €30 - a fraction of what those bastards at Eircom (or should it be called 'Eircon'?) are charging) you used three words that should shock the Freds of this world. Think of it. That 'arch-communist, dictator-loving' 172 said GOD BLESS AMERICA. Should I ring George W. Bush and tell him the news? *grin* ÉÍREman 02:48 May 12, 2003 (UTC)

- I'll tell Fred until you get that new provider! You should take a break until you get off Eirco[n]! That's awful, epecially considering how strong the dollar is against the euro! If it would help, you could email me some postings along with instructions at sokolov47@yahoo.com and I could post them, if that would be a pratical means of spending less time online. 172

172, as per Jimbo's approval, you are a sysop now. Please only use your power for good, and only delete pages that are listed on Votes for deletion with no objections, or that are clear junk ("ajskdfmaksdmf" and stuff like that). If you delete a page that you consider junk, please paste some of the content into the deletion reason, like so: "junk page - content was: 'HELLO...'". See Administrators for further info. --Eloquence 15:59 May 12, 2003 (UTC)

Congrats on becoming a sysop. I am glad to see that you are going to remain on wiki. :-) Actually it may be I that will be leaving wiki, temporarily. My computer has been playing around of late. I have been checking with apple and they think there may be a problem with the harddrive so my computer will have to go in for repairs and be gone for five working days. AAAAAGH! How can I live without my wiki for five days, SEVEN when you consider the weekend. Then it should be back just in time for me to head off down the country to attend my sister's wedding. So it could be ten days before I get back to wiki! TEN WHOLE DAYS. What a frightening thought! Oh well. Needs must. (But can wiki survive without me, I want to know??? :-) ) But it won't be until tomorrow at the earliest so I still have my a night left to do my wiki-ing. lol and great to see you raised to the sysop level! :-) ÉÍREman 19:36 May 12, 2003 (UTC)

 * Here's an idea: Take a vacation to the Continent (is that what you Islanders call it these days?) and bring your spiffy new digital camera with you. Great Britain is a short hop away and train fares are cheap there, no? Even a road trip around Ireland should be fun. --mav

Trying to fix a database hiccup the previous version, when I attempt to read it, reads:

 * The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named "Communist state,oldid=905713".

 * This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted.

 * If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL.

Since Tannin's edit had been marked "self revert", I simply reverted to the last edit by The Cunctator. Reasonable? Martin

 * I am guilty as charged, Your Worship. Take me away. It woz me wot dun it. Tannin

Hey, I do not have much special knowledge about the industrial revolution -- and I don't have much free time for new research, so I couldn't commit to working on a specific section. But I agree with you that it needs work and appreciate your contacting me. My own knowledge is really limited to some old debates over primitive accumulation, and perhaps some time in the next week or two I could add a section on that... Slrubenstein

I've been busy so I regret not jumping to endorse James Duffy much earlier. In fact, I was under the misapprehension that he was a sysop already until yesterday.

I'm very disappointed and embarrassed for Wikipedia that there would be any opposition to his nomination. There is absolutely no gray area to debate; if he isn't an ideal candidate then nobody is.

It's almost surreal that there would be any opposition. Not to be condescending, but I can't resist a university analogy. While those opposing him on the mailing list are great contributors, many of the contributors to whom he has supposedly been "rude" would be in the same position as college students opposing tenure for a professor who teaches courses that they wouldn't have the prerequisites to be able to take in the first place. While I don't have any specific non-banned contributors in mind (well, maybe in mind, but I'd never state it), I can recall that many who have sparred with him probably wouldn't be qualified to take a course that he'd be capable of offering.

However, I do admit that I actually admire the egalitarianism of Wikipeida. It places non-specialists and specialists on an equal footing, leaving the door open for more suggestive and accessible ways of explaining concepts and a multi-disciplinary approach. However, in the end proper encyclopedic standards must be met. And nobody is more qualified than James Duffy to ensure the quality of articles in his field and well beyond his scopes of expertise. He is a professional historian and researcher, excellent writer, and his dedication to the project is exceptionally commendable.

While his talents as a researcher are well known, I'd like to use this opportunity to comment on another key exceptional talent of his that has too often gone unnoticed. His articles are beautifully written, often suitable for Britannica when he has completed them, such as Irish Houses of Parliament. Not only has he exemplified and demanded precise use of language and terminology mastered by a professional historian of top caliber, bringing a staunch dedication to proper academic standards, his contributions have always been remarkably clear and accessible to the non-specialists. And I certainly fall under the category of lay reader since his core areas are far beyond my scopes of expertise.

His articles are well-beyond readable, but a sheer pleasure to read. They're well-organized, well-laid out, and attractive. In fact, he got into a dispute with Zoe, another dedicated and competent user, over the need for images to give articles a professional, attractive, and accessible presentation.

I even enjoy simply reading his comments on my talk page, the talk pages of any user, and on talk pages for articles. He has the prodigious talent of communicating the most serious points in a very authoritative manner, presenting a thorough, but succinct, level of detail, in a manner that is also very readable and often entertaining. Even When he's attempting to explain formal terminology on a talk page, I'm often entertained or even laughing out loud.

Aside from being an excellent historian, his commitment is noteworthy. He's a perfectionist dedicated to finishing articles in a state far surpassing the dry, dense text of many encyclopedias. In contrast, I'm guilty of writing that could often force a specialist to read a sentence twice. Moreover, I'm often guilty of not finishing articles (I keep a list on my user page; they will be finished before I find away to escape this addiction!). James Duffy, however, is not. Even in stub articles, his work is immaculately written, bringing up all the key points expected in an article of any given size. He deserves praise for dedicating hours of independent research for this site, taking photos, and quite a deal of money (the Irish don't enjoy the flat rate unlimited internet access of we Americans).

I'd like to utilize this opportunity to personally thank him on behalf of myself for writing so many illuminating articles that I've enjoyed. While I could come up with many outstanding examples, I'd recommend that everyone on the mailing list read these articles to get a sense of what I'm saying, and moreover for pleasure.

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Tiara

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Houses_of_Parliament

Responding to some inane charges on the mailing list, I can attest to the fact that he is never rude when a stern reprimand in undeserved, but simply strict when it comes to quality. His presence simply raises standards. He can be abrupt because in real life I'm sure that he never has to deal with the kinds of trolls found haunting Wiki who'd like to make this site a forum for their narcissism or political agendas. James Duffy has only confronted users who mistake either of those two (narcissism or ideological pigheadedness) or a combination of both for expertise. Coming from a professional environment, the insistence by many users to misuse technical terms and throw out improperly placed emotive terms must certainly be maddening. Actually, the vast majority of professional academics whom I know of James Duffy's caliber would be far less tolerant of the work that James Duffy has criticized in the past, which often wouldn't even suffice as high school-level work.

Now does anyone even need to address the charges of "historical revisionism" by Fred Bauder? This charge is so absurd that I'm going to merely state that I'm both dumbfounded and amused. To address this charge and explain how asinine it is would simply be degrading. I doubt that in his entire professional career he has ever been labeled as such in the context in which I'm sure that Fred's using it.

There have been slightly more credible fears, notably from Mav, however, that he'd abuse his position in heat of argument coming. However, those fearing "abuse" have nothing to fear. He's actually quite open to diverging perspectives, never failing to grasp the alternative perspectives that underlie diverging interpretations. I've worked often and he has never squabbled with another contributor for nothing more than dedication to quality and standards. He has never challenged my work because he might have fundamentally disagreed with the perspective that I was trying to add to an article, like the Mugabe article, which I sought to balance since it was unambiguously one-sided.

James Duffy would make an excellent administrator who would set an example that all Wikipedians, including myself, should strive to reach. The opposing his nomination simply mistake his authoritative expertise in research, high standards, and altruistic dedication to the project for irritability, failing to realize that he is only challenging them to improve the quality of their contributions.

Thank you Abe, for what you have written. I am deeply deeply touched by it. To get such praise from a fellow professional historian means an enormous amount to me. For once I am speechless. Thank you so much for your kind words, which genuinely moved me. lol ÉÍREman 00:41 May 15, 2003 (UTC)

Thank you for the nice reply, but I was just stating the obvious. The links that I added say more than I could anyway. 172

Mav has already forwarded your endorsement, Abe, and added his own to it, so no need for me to re-send it. I emailed you the other day myself, but it seems that you are having difficulty with mail right now. If you would like to outline the problems you are having with your email service, well, I'm a hardware man and no software expert, but perhaps I might be able to spot the difficulty and help you get it back up and working. It would be no trouble: either I can spot the problem promptly and tell you how to fix it, or else I won't know what it is and we are no further backward. Cheers -- Tannin

No problem, Abe. Unless I got it mixed up, the really silly and offensive stuff was Fred's, same as usual, and that what Cunc had to say was a great deal milder. You know, I do take a sympathetic view to communisim—at least I try to. I think that's part of my job as a historian: to take a sympathetic view wherever the facts allow it. Equally, I try to take a sympathetic view of capitalism, of the environmental movement, of the anti-environmental movement, and so on. The way I look at it, you can't write good history unless you try to get inside the minds of the people you are writing about. Let me try my hand at an example:

When the European settlers first arrived in Australia, there were essentially two sorts, often regarded as the "innocent" convicts (persucuted by the English establishment and sent to a place that was, in time-to-get-there terms, as far away from home as we are from Mars); and the "evil" soldiers sent to keep them in prison and guard them.

Sympathy for the convicts is to be found everywhere: it's not hard to see the injustice of a starving man being exiled to a strange and hostile land with no hope of returning to his home and family for stealing a handkerchief or a few bread rolls. And fair enough.

But a good historian should also be sympathetic to the soldiers. They too were victims of circumstance, most of them joined the army because it was the only thing they could do to feed themselves. They did not volunteer to go to Australia, they were sent, without the option, and they hads not even stolen so much as a handkerchief.

Or consider the Aboriginal population. They had their land stolen, their culture destroyed, and roughly 90% of them died within a few short decades: mostly from European diseases like measles, chicken pox, and cholera. Some were murdered, some starved to death because they no longer had access to their land, but most died out of sight of and completely unknown to the Europeans who, both unknowing and uncaring, killed them. Sympathy for their ways of viewing things and their culture is entirely appropriate.

But equally we must remember, if we are to tell the tragedy of Australian history properly and fairly, that the European colonists themselves were driven by their own agendas, they had their own settle-or-starve imperative, they had no way of knowing how wonderful a people they were destroying, nor even in most cases that they were destroying an entire people. They did incalculable harm. On a per-head-of-population basis they killed more Aboriginies than Stalin killed Ukranians or Hitler killed Jews. But - and here is the key question - would you or I have done any better in their shoes? What would I have done if I had nothing but a rifle, a bag of flour, and an axe, and a family to feed? Which would I have judged more important? Those strange black-skinned creatures that my education and culture did not even equip me to recognise as fully human? Or my own wife and children? In all likelihood, If chance had placed me in that situation - or you, or any of us here - I should have committed those same dreadful crimes.

I do not need to judge "good" men and "bad" men: the facts speak for themselves. I don't have to say "Hitler was evil": if I have written my history so badly that the reader cannot see this for herself, then it's time I gave it up and tried my hand at writing chemistry or colouring books.

I don't think you can write good history without being sympathetic. Hell, I try to find a way to take a sympathetic view of Hitler. I have not managed to do so, and I probably never will, but as an honest historian it is my duty to try my best.

Is this to ignore the crimes of history? Hell no! It is to, so far as possible, understand them. For if we cannot understand them we are doomed to repeat them over and over until we do. Tannin

Regarding your response, Abe, quite so. Forgive me, I did not mean to write a lecture! The topic of "how do we write history" came up (at least by impliction), I had half an hour to fill in before my Thursday night cricket match, and I was just thinking aloud, I'm afraid. Tannin

- You wrote: "It stemmed from reading his letter charging that I invited my Communist comrades to the Industrial Revolution page." I have never called you a Communist. I wrote: (on Talk:Communist state)
 * Stan's mention of what he perceived to be a pro-communist bias (by omission) isn't "silly". 172 has asserted that "the near-elimination of poverty and the doubling of life expectancy...were undoubtedly witnessed in the two largest Communist states, China and the Soviet Union." (Talk:Communist government). (I don't understand why, if he believes it was undoubtedly witnessed, that he doesn't want it included in Wikipedia.) I guess Mervyn Matthews must be a right-wing nutjob and UNDP China a waste of everyone's time and money.

Did I misinterpret what you said? I still don't understand why if you believe that to be true you wouldn't include in Wikipedia, as long as you have some references. If what I wrote implies that I think you're a Communist, then I apologize. You might want to look at what you've said about me and the tone you've taken.

On another topic: I do honestly believe that factionalization is a dangerous thing, and the invitation of particular people to edit an entry is something that could in the future become a large problem if it becomes a standard of behavior. It's interesting to try to think of ways for that not to be an issue. Actually, I think I know the answer (atomization), but I doubt I could convince enough other people that it's a crucial concept. --The Cunctator

Thank you for that specific and reasoned response. It's too bad you didn't do that earlier. To keep this brief, I'll just say two things:
 * 1) That information should be in Wikipedia
 * 2) Some of the statements there are open to debate. For example, there are plenty of experts on Soviet/Communist history who believe that the militarism is an inherent characteristic of the state structure. Also, your definition of poverty is not exactly the one that everyone else uses, etc. Thus--you should have put your reasoning into the article to edit/critique Fred's contributions, and worked with him and everyone else to come to a common understanding. --The Cunctator

-- What? I wrote that response to explain why these "characteristics" are sweeping generalizations. I wrote all this to explain why it wouldn't belong in the article just as Fred's content wouldn't belong in the article. You're misunderstanding the point once again. 172

--- I'm going to be away from my computer for about three weeks, continuing this sustained period of activity. I look forward to a blitz of new articles within a month!

--- Please take a look at History of China. A new user has destroyed much of your brilliant prose and has reverted attempts to copyedit and fix his less than competent prose. --mav 05:53 8 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Thanks mate for the msg. I may be disappearing too for a while. My lecturing contract is up (or rather was up as of last Friday). because of government cutbacks the post has along with a number of others being abolished so I am currently between jobs. Heigh-ho! lol. FearÉIREANN 06:42 8 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I'm back. I hope to start working on the Industrial Revolution article soon. 172

Thanks for the offer on History of Africa, but I am trying to reduce dramatically my wikiparticipation. JHK will soon cease to exist here as anything but a memory ;-) JHK

Hello there 172, where have you been?. Nice to see you back again G-Man 17:25 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:172/Talk bloc 5


text:
Oconto (town), Wisconsin

Oconto is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,251 at the 2000 census. The City of Oconto is located partially within the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.7 square miles (95.0 km2), of which, 36.3 square miles (94.0 km2) of it is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) of it (1.06%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,251 people, 454 households, and 365 families residing in the town. The population density was 34.5 people per square mile (13.3/km2). There were 491 housing units at an average density of 13.5 per square mile (5.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.00% White, 0.24% Black or African American, 0.88% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.56% from other races, and 1.60% from two or more races. 1.60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 454 households, out of which 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.7% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.4% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $45,721, and the median income for a family was $48,472. Males had a median income of $35,132 versus $21,048 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,373. About 2.7% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Samuel P. Walsh, educator and politician

title: Oconto (town), Wisconsin


text:
Oconto, Wisconsin

Oconto is a city and county seat of Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 4,609 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is located partially within the town of Oconto.

History
Oconto is home to Copper Culture State Park, which has remains dated to around 5000-6000 B.C. It is a burial ground of the Copper Culture Indians. This burial ground is considered to be the oldest cemetery in Wisconsin and one of the oldest in the nation. Their descendants include the Menominee, who have lived here for thousands of years.

The first Europeans to come to the area were the French, who considered it to be part of New France. The French Jesuit, Roman Catholic priest, and missionary, Father Claude-Jean Allouez said the first Mass in Oconto on December 3, 1669. The Menominee living here began participating in the fur trade network and converting to Christianity. This area was included in the land ceded by the Menominee to the United States government in the 1836 Treaty of the Cedars. In this treaty, the Menominee ceded over four million acres of land after years of negotiations about how to accommodate the Oneida, Stockbridge-Munsee, and Brothertown peoples who were being removed from New York to Wisconsin.

Following the treaty, the land became officially available for American settlement, although soldiers and lumberers had already been here for some time. The same year the Treaty of the Cedars was signed, George Lurwick bought a home and sawmill along the Oconto River, becoming the town's first private land owner now that the land had been sold to the United States.

The city of Oconto was incorporated in 1869. The city took its name from the nearby Oconto River. The name Okāqtow is a Menominee name meaning "the place of the pike", one of several pike-related place-names in the area.

The first Christian Science church in the world was erected in 1886 in Oconto and still stands at the corner of Main Street and Chicago Street. The land was donated by Henry (1837–1904) and Victoria Sargent (1848–1930).

In 1891, the city hosted minor league baseball when the Oconto Log Drivers became charter members of the Wisconsin State League. The league began play on May 14, 1891 and the Log Drivers did not return after the first league season.

In the summer of 1952, during a two-day period, an estimated 175,000,000 leopard frogs emerged from nearby marshes and enveloped the town. The water level of Lake Michigan rose in the spring, flooding the wetlands. The frogs laid their eggs, and when the lake level receded with the heat of summer, most of the eggs would die. However, in 1952, Lake Michigan remained high, and a huge number of frog eggs grew into live amphibians.

Geography
Oconto is located at 44.88333°N, -87.86667°W (44.8877, -87.8704).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.14 sqmi, of which, 6.79 sqmi is land and 0.35 sqmi is water.

Oconto is located at the mouth of the Oconto River, which feeds into Lake Michigan.

Demographics
The table with historical census data indicates that the population has remained relatively flat throughout the 20th century.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, the population was 4,609. The population density was 679.3 PD/sqmi. There were 2,175 housing units at an average density of 320.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.8% White, 2.1% Native American, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 3.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,513 people, 1,872 households, and 1,172 families residing in the city. The population density was 657.9 PD/sqmi. There were 2,094 housing units at an average density of 305.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.4% White, 0.7% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.4% of the population.

There were 1,872 households, of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.4% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 39.6 years. 23.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 27.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,708 people, 1,870 households, and 1,221 families residing in the city. The population density was 683.7 people per square mile (263.8/km2). There were 2,040 housing units at an average density of 296.2 per square mile (114.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.79% White, 0.02% Black or African American, 0.85% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. 0.79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,870 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,589, and the median income for a family was $43,676. Males had a median income of $27,455 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,717. About 5.2% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education

The following schools are located in Oconto:

 * Oconto Elementary School
 * Oconto Literacy Charter School
 * Oconto Middle School
 * Oconto High School

Major highways

 * Northbound travels to Marinette. South it continues toward Green Bay.
 * connects with Oconto Falls and Gillett southbound.

Airport
J. Douglas Bake Memorial Airport (KOCQ) serves the city and surrounding communities.

Notable businesses

 * Cruisers yachts, a builder of luxury pleasure yachts

Notable people

 * George E. Ansorge, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Lewis S. Bailey, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Alexander Brazeau, Wisconsin State Representative
 * John B. Chase, Wisconsin State Senator
 * David Guy Classon, U.S. Representative
 * Pahl Davis, NFL player
 * Thomas A. Delaney, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Jake Dickert, head football coach, Washington State University
 * Tony Dollinger, NFL player
 * Hermina Franks, AAGPBL ballplayer
 * Ernst Funke, Wisconsin State Representative
 * George Clay Ginty, Union Army general
 * Charles Hall, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Fay Holderness, actress
 * Richard W. Hubbell, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Reuben La Fave, Wisconsin State Senator
 * Marty Larsen, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Frank J. Lingelbach, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Red Mack, NFL player
 * Bob McDougal, NFL player
 * Jab Murray, NFL player
 * Alvin O'Konski, U.S. Representative
 * Louis P. Pahl, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Edward Scofield, Governor of Wisconsin
 * Landy Scott, champion race car driver
 * Warren R. Smith, Wisconsin State Treasurer
 * William T. Sullivan, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Deral Teteak, football player
 * Blaine Walsh, sports announcer
 * Arthur J. Whitcomb, Wisconsin State Representative and lawyer
 * William Henry Young, Wisconsin State Representative
 * John E. Youngs, Wisconsin State Representative

title: Oconto, Wisconsin


text:
Oconto Falls (town), Wisconsin

Oconto Falls is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,139 at the 2000 census. The City of Oconto Falls is located within the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.8 square miles (84.9 km2), of which, 32.2 square miles (83.5 km2) of it is land and 0.5 square miles (1.4 km2) of it (1.62%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,139 people, 434 households, and 329 families residing in the town. The population density was 35.3 people per square mile (13.6/km2). There were 484 housing units at an average density of 15.0 per square mile (5.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.30% White, 0.09% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, and 0.44% from two or more races. 0.18% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 434 households, out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $49,531, and the median income for a family was $53,304. Males had a median income of $36,797 versus $24,524 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,654. About 4.2% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over.

title: Oconto Falls (town), Wisconsin


text:
Oconto Falls, Wisconsin

Oconto Falls is a city in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,957 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
The city was named for the original waterfalls on the Oconto River. According to Menominee storytelling, Manabozho threw a falls across the Oconto River "to protect the Menominee and to keep the sturgeon from getting to the Chippewa".

John and Almira Volk are considered the first European settlers of Oconto Falls, having moved to the region in 1846. Most early settlers were of German, Polish, and French descent. The Volk family established a sawmill along the river, and the lumber industry became the main source of employment.

A post office called Oconto Falls has been in operation since 1871, the same year the Peshtigo Fire destroyed a majority of buildings in the village. Later, a Methodist congregation were the first to build a church in 1889. The first bridge across the river was built in 1896, and in 1902, the falls was dammed to create a power source.

Shortly thereafter, Oconto Falls incorporated as a village on July 3, 1903. Anton Gustin, of Austrian heritage, came to the village and established a new pulp mill in 1908. It was constructed using his improved sulphate pulping process, which made Oconto Falls the location of the first commercial production of kraft paper in the United States. The village became a city in 1919.

Geography
Oconto Falls is located at 44.87472°N, -88.14278°W (44.874989, -88.1429).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.95 sqmi, of which, 2.73 sqmi is land and 0.22 sqmi is water.

The city is separated by east and west sides by the Oconto River.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,891 people, 1,251 households, and 753 families living in the city. The population density was 1059.0 PD/sqmi. There were 1,333 housing units at an average density of 488.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.9% White, 0.1% African American, 1.5% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 1,251 households, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.8% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.81.

The median age in the city was 38.1 years. 24.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.8% were from 25 to 44; 23.9% were from 45 to 64; and 17.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,843 people, 1,166 households, and 719 families living in the city. The population density was 1,056.5 people per square mile (408.1/km2). There were 1,231 housing units at an average density of 457.4 per square mile (176.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.21% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 0.49% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. 0.42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,166 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,884, and the median income for a family was $41,107. Males had a median income of $32,386 versus $22,616 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,170. About 5.9% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education

 * Oconto Falls School District
 * Oconto Falls High School
 * Oconto Falls Elementary School
 * Washington Middle School
 * Abrams Elementary School
 * St. Anthony Catholic School
 * Jefferson Elementary School (closed 1996, demolished 2006)
 * Spruce Charter School (closed 2012)

Notable people

 * Rusty Lemorande - director, screenwriter and actor

title: Oconto Falls, Wisconsin


text:
Black Creek, Wisconsin

Black Creek is a village in north-central Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,357 at the 2020 census. The village is located within the Town of Black Creek, but is governed independently. Origins of the community trace back to 1862 when it was settled by American Civil War veteran, Thomas J. Burdick and his son, Abraham. Initially, the village had been referred to as Middleburg, due to its geographical proximity to Green Bay, Shawano, and Appleton. However, the name was later changed to "Black Creek" to reflect the dark-colored creek along the outskirts of the community with village incorporation in 1904. Today, Black Creek hosts a variety of community events including the annual Family Daze celebration.

History

In the Menominee language, Black Creek is known as Enāēnohnyah, "Little Walks Plainly", which is a man's name. The territory where Black Creek is today was originally occupied by several different Native American nations. The Menominee ceded the territory in the 1836 Treaty of the Cedars, while the Ho-Chunk were pressured into selling their land and illegally removed from the area before the eight year grace period guaranteed in their 1837 treaty.

The village of Black Creek was then settled by American Civil War veteran, Thomas J. Burdick and his son, Abraham L. Burdick, in 1862. The community had been known as Middleburg, due to its geographical proximity to the larger communities of Green Bay, Shawano, and Appleton. With village incorporation in 1904, the settlement was renamed "Black Creek" to reflect the dark-colored creek along the northern edge of the community. Black Creek's first village president was, politician and businessman, Charles J. Hagen.

In 1869, the country's first organized baseball team was formed in Black Creek by L.J. Cook. Thus, the village is known as the birthplace of Wisconsin baseball. At the time, the team played at the village's North Park. It was a part of the Dairyland League before the team disbanded in the mid-1990s. Black Creek's major rivalries were with the Navarino Rangers and the Nichols Nitros. To commemorate the village's baseball history, a "Grudge Match" softball game is played annually.

After the arrival of the Green Bay and Lake Pepin Railroad in 1871, the small lumbering settlement soon developed into a trade and shipping center for local farm and dairy products with the establishment of Black Creek Creamery in 1894 and Borden's Condensery in 1917.

The village library was formed in 1901. The following year, 1902, a large fire destroyed part of the community, leading to the construction of the village fire department in 1904. In 1910, telephone service was made available to residents, with electricity making its debut in 1915. A north-south route of the Soo Line Railroad was constructed through the community in 1917.

The Black Creek area was formerly the nation's leader in sauerkraut production. Thus, the village has supported multiple sauerkraut production facilities since the late 1880s until Frank Pure Food Company and Wolf River Kraut ceased operations in the village during the mid-1990s.

Location

Black Creek is located at 44.47444°N, -88.45°W (44.474517, −88.450125). The northeastern Wisconsin community is situated at the intersection of WIS-47 and WIS-54, about 20 miles (40 km) west of Green Bay and 15 miles (24 km) north of the Fox Cities. It is in the Central Plains and Eastern Ridges and Lowlands regions of Wisconsin.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.04 sqmi, of which, 1.03 sqmi of it is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

Climate
Black Creek has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Like other cities with this type of climate, there are four distinct seasons, often with severe or extreme variation between them in terms of temperature and precipitation. The village experiences warm, humid, frequently hot summers and long, cold and snowy winters. The variance in temperature and precipitation between months is severe and often extreme.

Temperature
Monthly mean temperatures range from 15 °F in January to 70 °F in July. In July, the warmest month, the average high temperature is 81 °F. There are 8 days of 90 F+ highs, 163 days where the high remains at or below freezing annually. From December to February, even during thaws, the temperature rarely reaches 50 F. Extremes have ranged from −31 F to 99 F.

Precipitation
The wettest month in Black Creek is June when nearly 4 inches (101.6 mm) of precipitation falls, mostly in the form of rainfall from thunderstorms. The driest month in Black Creek is January when the majority of precipitation falls as low moisture-content snow due to cold, dry air. On average, 1 inch (25.4 mm) of precipitation falls in January.

Severe weather

There have been five tornadoes in the Black Creek area, ranging in intensity from F0 to F3. An F3 tornado touched down four miles from the WIS 54/WIS 47 intersection on June 26, 1969, and traveled northeast past Seymour, causing one injury. On December 1, 1970, an F3 tornado touched down in Hortonville, traveled northeast and stopped 2.5 miles from the center of Black Creek. On May 30, 1980, an F1 tornado touched down 1.5 miles from the center of the village and traveled eastward across the village. A F2 tornado touched down in Stephensville on May 6, 1982, 10 miles from the center of Black Creek, and traveled northeast, stopping just outside the village limits. The most recent tornado, rated F0, touched down briefly just north of Black Creek on June 13, 2005.

In the summer of 2010, Black Creek experienced two major flooding events. The first occurred on the morning of July 19 when 4 in of rain fell in 20 minutes and the second during the evening of August 20 when the community received another 6 in. Other flooding events in the past only affected the Canadian National Railway underpass.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 1,357 people residing in the village. The population density was 1357 PD/sqmi with 545 housing units. The racial makeup of the village was 92% White, 1.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,316 people, 513 households, and 354 families residing in the village. The population density was 1277.7 PD/sqmi. There were 540 housing units at an average density of 524.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.0% White, 1.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.

There were 513 households, of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.0% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age in the village was 32.2 years. 29.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.5% were from 25 to 44; 22.2% were from 45 to 64; and 9.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,192 people, 485 households, and 335 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,145.5 people per square mile (442.5/km2). There were 513 housing units at an average density of 493.0 per square mile (190.5/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.73% White, 1.01% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. 1.09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 485 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,946, and the median income for a family was $49,896. Males had a median income of $32,128 versus $25,286 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,226. About 5.2% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
As of 2010, the largest private-sector employers in the village were:

Main Street revitalization efforts
In the summer of 2011, the "Open for Business" Campaign was begun by the village and area business association in an effort to attract new businesses. The goal is to revitalize the community and the downtown area. The campaign is encouraging structural face-lifts and the growth of new specialty shops to help attract tourists traveling through to the Northwoods.

Capstone project
Towards the end of 2013, the Black Creek Business Association partnered with a UW–Madison student to conduct a community needs assessment. A survey of residents showed that what most wanted was a sense of community, with an atmosphere of a small town and an emphasis on "mom & pop shops." Residents expressed an interest in an increase in food choices, the addition of flower planters and trees, making village streets more biker friendly, more parking areas, and slowing traffic on Main Street.

Additionally, a desire from residents to restore and preserve historic buildings is present throughout the study. It was suggested that the community utilize an empty lot adjacent to the state trail for a new community center that would host indoor and outdoor events. In addition to this, a new Veterans park, extended trail systems, and the addition of decorative lighting would be added to the downtown area. Together, with a UW-Extension consultant, the board devised an eight-step plan for recruiting new businesses.

Major events

 * Semiannual Village-Wide Rummage Sale
 * Annual Family Daze Festival - formerly "Homecoming"
 * Antique vehicle show, parade, craft fair, & Softball Grudge Match
 * Annual Altrusa Polkafest
 * Annual 3K Bobcat Glow Run
 * Annual 5K Run for the Timbers
 * Annual Community Christmas Festival

Black Creek also supports a Citizen of the Year Award and banquet in recognition of residents actively involved within the community.

Veterans memorial
In May 2013, Black Creek Advancement Association and Duhm-Masch American Legion Post 332 announced they would create a veterans memorial in Black Creek. The memorial was officially dedicated August 2017.

National Register of Historic Places

The George Peters House, located at 305 North Maple Street in Black Creek, 44.47694°N, -88.44972°W, is on the National Register of Historic Places and the Wisconsin State Register of Historic Places.

It is in an area of Black Creek where buildings range from 100 to 180 years old.

The historic Hotel Arlington is located just down the street from this residence, located across the street is the Black Creek Founders Memorial next to the Newton Blackmour State Trail.

Also located in this area is the historic Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church (named Evangelische Lutheran Immanuel's Kirche) and the downtown business district.

Recreation
Three village parks are officially open from April 1 to October 15 (weather permitting).

 * Lake (Bartmann) Park is 11 acres (40,468 m2) and includes a swimming hole, playground, pavilions, horseshoe pits, and a disc golf course.
 * North Park, six acres (20,234 m2), offers a baseball diamond.
 * South (Sebald) Park is nine acres (28,327 m2) and includes two baseball diamonds, batting cage, playground, pavilion, restrooms, water fight barrel, and a seasonal ice skating rink.

Tri-Rivers Nature Area
The community is also within the far eastern portion of the Tri-Rivers Nature Area of Outagamie County, a region with a high concentration of public land and nature preserves. Two environmental nature preserves in the vicinity of Black Creek offer hiking and wildlife viewing opportunities.

 * Fallen Timbers Environmental Education Center, a 456-acre (1,845,366 m2) nature lab, preserves woodlands, meadows, ponds, and prairies. There are also 8.5 miles (13.68 km) of hiking and cross-country skiing trails
 * Mack State Wildlife Area, 1,350-acres (5,463,256 m2), preserves woodlands, marshlands, meadows, and swampland. It also offers birding opportunities for migrating Canada Geese, Sandhill Cranes, Great Blue Herons, and Tundra Swans.

Newton Blackmour State Trail
The Newton Blackmour State Trail, part of the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, runs through the community along the former Green Bay & Western railbed. The trail extends 24 miles (38.62 km) from Seymour to New London. It is used for snowmobiles, snowshoeing, and cross-country skiing in winter and hiking, biking and horseback riding during summer. The name, "Newton Blackmour," is derived from the four incorporated communities along the trail.

Sports
Black Creek Youth Sports Organization serves as the village's youth baseball league. The organization hosts tee ball (ages 5–6); machine pitch (ages 7–8); Little League (ages 9–12); and softball (ages 9–12). Teams are sponsored by local businesses. Softball and Little League teams play against other area communities, while tee ball and machine pitch teams play against other Black Creek teams.

Snowmobiling is a major winter activity in the Black Creek area when conditions permit. The village is within county snowmobile trail zones one, two, and seven and is crisscrossed by numerous trail routes.

The community is also served by the Black Creek Sportsman's Club which hosts trap shooting events during the week.

Government
The village of Black Creek is governed by a board of six elected representative trustees and a president. Village staff includes a treasurer/clerk, deputy clerk, librarian, police chief, fire chief, custodian, WWTP operator, building inspector, municipal justice, assessor, and an attorney.

The elected board is responsible for establishing the tax rate, approving the budget, setting village policies, and establishing the strategic direction of the village. The president is responsible for making appointments to boards and commissions and for chairing the village board meetings. Committees consist of Finance, Courts and Public Safety, Buildings and Grounds, Insurance and Personnel, Planning Commission, Board of Review, Streets, Utility, Ordinance, and Zoning Board of Appeals.

The Black Creek Joint Municipal Court has jurisdiction over the villages of Black Creek, Bear Creek, and Nichols municipal code.

Law enforcement is provided by the Black Creek Police Department, which has one full-time police chief and six part-time officers. Fire protection and rescue is provided by volunteers of the Black Creek Fire and Rescue Department, which has 46 firefighters, 9 EMTs, and 10 first responders.

Black Creek is in Wisconsin State Senate District 2, represented by Robert Cowles - R, Wisconsin State Assembly District 5, represented by Jim Steineke - R, and U.S. Congressional District 8, represented by Mike Gallagher - R.

Embezzlement investigation
In July 2019, charges were filed against the former Black Creek Rescue Service treasurer, Kathleen Pasch. The charges detail 11 counts of forgery and one count of theft in excess of 100,000 dollars against the organization.

Pasch allegedly forged numerous checks in the name of the village police chief, Lowell James. According to the criminal complaint, she also made numerous ATM withdrawals under the organization in excess of 130,000 dollars to fund a gambling habit from 2015 to 2018.

Education
The village has one public school, Black Creek Elementary & Middle School, which has been a part of the Seymour Community School District since 1963. The village school serves grades pre-K through 8th.

Black Creek's original schoolhouse was constructed in 1874 and condemned in 1900. A replacement two-story school, built along present-day State Street (WIS 54), was used until 1954. Because of lack of space, the school system also rented the former community auditorium, along Maple Street, for various school functions from 1937 to 1957.

Today's village school was constructed in 1954. After a major building expansion in 1957, the one-room schoolhouses in the surrounding vicinity closed, and the students transferred to the grade school, doubling the enrollment. Kindergarten, art, music, and physical education programs were also added that year. Since then, the school has expanded in 1969, 1987, and 2008.

Seymour Community High School serves as the village and surrounding area high school.

The Black Creek Village Public Library is a member of the Outagamie Waupaca Library System (OWLS).

Media
In 1875, Black Creek published its first newspaper, the Black Creek Journal, which was discontinued in 1880. The Black Creek Times Press was first issued in 1904 and discontinued in 1928.

Today, Black Creek is served by the Advertiser Community News~Times Press, based in Seymour, the Appleton Post-Crescent, and the Green Bay Press-Gazette.

The village is also served by Fox 11 WLUK-TV, NBC 26 WGBA-TV, CBS 5 WFRV-TV, and ABC 2 WBAY-TV. Numerous AM and FM radio stations throughout the surrounding area serve the community as well.

Highways and Rail
Black Creek has an average of 10,100 vehicles passing through daily, and 3.7 million per year. Approximately 8,200 vehicles pass through Black Creek's downtown area on average, and about 6,100 vehicles drive through the Wisconsin Highway 47 / Wisconsin Highway 54 intersection throughout the day. Burdick Street has about 740 vehicles traveling on it daily.

Airports near Black Creek
Major airports near Black Creek include Austin Straubel International Airport in the village of Ashwaubenon and Appleton International Airport, in the town of Greenville. The privately owned Shiocton Airport is also located nearby.

Utilities
Water services are provided by the village. Electricity and natural gas lines for the community are maintained by WE Energies. Biweekly recycling pickup is performed by Outagamie County Solid Waste Department while the village provides weekly garbage collection.

Health care
ThedaCare Physicians serves Black Creek as the local clinic. Other health resources in the village include a chiropractor, a dentist, and an optometrist. Nearby hospitals include ThedaCare Medical Center-New London, ThedaCare Regional Medical Center-Appleton, and St. Elizabeth Hospital in Appleton.

Notable people

 * John Miller Baer, U.S. Congressman for North Dakota
 * Charles J. Hagen, Wisconsin State Assemblyman and businessman
 * Kenneth E. Priebe, Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * W. C. Zumach, Wisconsin State Senator and American Socialist

title: Black Creek, Wisconsin


text:
Black Creek (town), Wisconsin

Black Creek is a town in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,251 at the 2020 census. The Village of Black Creek (governed separately) and the unincorporated community of Binghamton are located in the town. The unincorporated community of Five Corners is also located partially in the town. The town is served by the Black Creek Police Department and the Black Creek Fire Rescue. The BCPD consists of 6 part time officers and 1 full time chief.

History
In November 1861, petitioners requested a new town, Black Creek, be established and separated from the existing town of Center. The Outagamie county board approved and made this final in March 1862; officers were elected in April.

Geography
The town of Black Creek is located at 44.45889°N, -88.43972°W(44.458889, −88.439722). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.8 square miles (90 km2), all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,259 people, 487 households, and 469 families residing in the town. The population density was 36.9 people per square mile (14.0/km2). There were 487 housing units at an average density of 14.10 per square mile (5.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.00% White, ???% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.2% African American, 0.6% from other races, and 2.04% from two or more races. 0.39% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 469 occupied households, out of which 11.59% had children under the age of 18 living with them.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.98% under the age of 18, 76% were over the age of 18, 4.28% from 20 to 24, 8.74% from 25 to 34, 24.78% from 35 to 49, 22.56% from 50 to 64, and 12.71% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 108.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $53,472, and the median income for a family was $59,196. Males had a median income of $37,188 versus $25,096 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,481. About 5.9% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Students in the Town of Black Creek are served by the school in the Village of Black Creek, Black Creek Elementary & Middle School, which is part of the Seymour Community School District. Part of the town is also served by the Shiocton School District.

Recreation

 * Fallen Timbers Environmental Center
 * Newton Blackmour State Trail
 * The Meadows Trails
 * Town Hall Park

title: Black Creek (town), Wisconsin


text:
Kaukauna (town), Wisconsin

Kaukauna is a town in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,238 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated community of Sniderville is located partially in the town.

History
The Town of Kaukauna, originally named Kaukaulan (though other sources have more rarely referred to it in its earliest days as Grand Kaukalan or [Grand] Cacalin) organized as a town on April 7, 1842. At the time of its formation, it was wholly a part of Brown County; Outagamie County would not be formed until 1851. The town originally comprised all of future Outagamie County, and parts of Brown County around Wrightstown.

As settlers arrived, the Towns of Grand Chute and Lansing were split off from Kaukauna in 1849. The 1849 split left Kaukauna to administer its present-day Town area, all of the area comprising the Town of Vandenbroek, and portions of the present-day Town of Buchanan. The portion which went to the Town of Buchanan was portioned off in 1858. In 1885, the adjacent City of Kaukauna was removed from the town when it incorporated. The last major change was the Town of Vandenbroek divided off in 1902 into a new township, giving the Town of Kaukauna its rough size as it exists today. On February 28, 2002, further parts of the town were annexed by Wrightstown, Wisconsin.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2021 the town had a total area of 18.1 square miles (46.8 km2). 17.8 square miles (46.0 km2) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km2) of it (1.66%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2021, there were 17.170 people, 10.652 households, and 14.898 families residing in the town. The population density was 213.8 people per square mile (176.7/km2). There were 4.524 housing units at an average density of 30.1 persons/km2 (21.3 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 97.55% White, 0.09% African American, 1.93% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.35% from two or more races. 0.53% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 370 households, out of which 44.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.9% were married couples living together, 4.3% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 15.9% were non-families. 12.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.32.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $61,696, and the median income for a family was $63,625. Males had a median income of $41,010 versus $26,111 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,881. 1.7% of the population and 1.0% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 2.7% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.

Notable people

 * Anton M. Miller, Wisconsin farmer and politician, lived in the town
 * William M. Rohan, Wisconsin farmer and politician, was chairman and treasurer of the town

title: Kaukauna (town), Wisconsin


text:
Kaukauna, Wisconsin

Kaukauna is a city in Outagamie and Calumet counties, Wisconsin, United States. It is situated on the Fox River, approximately 100 mi north of Milwaukee. The population was 17,089 at the 2020 census. It is a part of the Appleton, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Kaukauna is a Native American word and in various languages means "portage", "long portage", "place where pickerel are caught", and "place of pike". This area was traditionally home to the Ho-Chunk and Menominee peoples. The first Europeans in the area were the French. The first Catholic missionary in the area, Fr. Claude Allouez, commented on the "apple trees and vine stalks in abundance" that he found the people of Kaukauna cultivating. Kaukauna became an outpost of trade in Green Bay and saw much intermarriage between French and Menominee people, leading to a Métis culture which produced local leaders such as Augustin Grignon.

The first recorded land deed in Wisconsin was assigned to Dominique Ducharme in 1793. He obtained 1281 acre from the Menominee Indians for two barrels of rum and other gifts. These acres are the original site of the town of Kaukauna. The property was purchased by Charles A. Grignon (and recorded Dec. 18, 1828), who built a mansion on the river on Kaukauna's north side. The home, which bears Grignon's name, is operated as a museum by the Outagamie County Historical Society.

In 1836, following years of negotiations about how to accommodate the Oneida, Stockbridge-Munsee, and Brothertown peoples who were removed from New York, the Menominee ceded over four million acres of land to the United States in the Treaty of the Cedars. Grignon of Kaukauna was one of the signatories of the treaty.

Prior to 1880, and shortly afterwards, Kaukauna was known as "The Lion on the Fox". This nickname was changed to "The Electric City" upon the completion of the hydroelectric plant. When the city was incorporated in 1885, it was separated from the adjacent rural parts of the town.

Geography
Kaukauna is located in southeastern Outagamie County, with a small portion extending south into Calumet County along State Highway 55 (Friendship Drive). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.06 sqmi, of which 7.66 sqmi is land and 0.40 sqmi is water.

The city is divided into the North Side and South Side by the Fox River, which is spanned by four bridges.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 15,462 people, 6,270 households, and 4,090 families living in the city. The population density was 2018.5 PD/sqmi. There were 6,596 housing units at an average density of 861.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.5% White, 0.7% African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.

There were 6,270 households, of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.8% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.01.

The median age in the city was 34.6 years. 25.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.5% were from 25 to 44; 24.2% were from 45 to 64; and 12.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,983 people, 4,971 households, and 3,365 families living in the city. The population density was 2,092.5 people per square mile (808.5/km2). There were 5,142 housing units at an average density of 320.2 persons/km2 (828.8 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 95.48% White, 0.27% African American, 0.75% Native American, 2.22% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. 0.79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 4,971 households, out of which 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 8.7% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 32.3% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $43,980, and the median income for a family was $50,187. Males had a median income of $38,880 versus $22,830 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,748. 4.8% of the population and 2.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 4.6% are under the age of 18 and 10.4% are 65 or older.

Transportation
Kaukauna is located at the intersections of several major roads. Interstate 41, which forms the backbone of the Fox Cities' transit network, runs along the northern edge of the city and intersects Wisconsin Highway 55, Wisconsin Highway 96, and two county roads that serve as major thoroughfares in the city. US 10 is just to the south of Kaukauna, and Wisconsin Highway 441 is just to the west. Kaukauna is a member of Valley Transit, which provides bus service. Kaukauna is served by Appleton International Airport for airport service.

Economy
The city has diverse industrial and manufacturing businesses, including the Oscar Thilmany Paper Mill, constructed in 1883. The name dropped off the mill when it was purchased by HammerMill in 1969, which was in turn bought by International Paper in 1986.

In 2005, New York-based equity firm Kohlberg & Company bought the mill, changed the name back to Thilmany, and created a company of the same name. It is now owned by KPS Capital Partners, and was renamed Expera Specialty Solutions in 2013. In 2018, it was sold to Ahlstrom-Munksjo. Kaukauna cheese, once made in the city, is now manufactured by the Bel/Kaukauna corporation in the neighboring village of Little Chute.

Education
Kaukauna is served by the Kaukauna Area School District, whose enrollment totals almost 4,000 students between kindergarten and 12th grade. There are four public elementary schools, one middle school, and Kaukauna High School. Two parochial schools for children through the eighth grade exist in Kaukauna St. Ignatius Catholic school and Trinity Lutheran School.

National Register of Historic Places
Locations in Kaukauna that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
 * Capt. Matthew J. Meade House
 * Charles A. Grignon House
 * Charles W. Stribley House
 * Fargo's Furniture Store
 * Former United States Post Office
 * Frank St. Andrews House
 * Free Public Library of Kaukauna
 * Holy Cross Church
 * Julius J. Martens Company Building
 * Kaukauna Locks Historic District
 * Klein Dairy Farmhouse
 * Kuehn Blacksmith Shop-Hardware Store
 * Lindauer and Rupert Block
 * Merritt Black House
 * Nicolet Public School
 * Norman Brokaw House
 * St. Mary's Catholic Church

Notable people

 * Thomas Armstrong, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Steve Badger, professional poker player
 * Annastasia Batikis, baseball player
 * Mark Belling, conservative talk-show host
 * Thomas Cane, Chief Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
 * Eugene DeBruin, American pilot, MIA in the Vietnam War
 * William J. Gantter, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Augustin Grignon, fur trader and businessman
 * Norbert Hayes, NFL player
 * Ric Killian, North Carolina politician
 * Jordan McCabe, Athlete & Internet Personality
 * Lee Meyerhofer, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Gordon Myse, Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
 * Arnold C. Otto, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Peter Philipps, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Gary J. Schmidt, Wisconsin State Representative
 * Red Smith, NFL and MLB player
 * William N. Vander Loop, Wisconsin State Representative
 * David Viaene, NFL player

title: Kaukauna, Wisconsin