text:
Whizzer (comics)

Whizzer is the name of several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first character debuted during the Golden Age in USA Comics #1 (Aug. 1941), and was reintroduced in Giant-Size Avengers #1 (Aug. 1974). A second villainous version debuts during the Silver Age in The Avengers #69 (Oct. 1969), and a second heroic version debuting in The Avengers #85 (Feb. 1971).

The Whizzer appeared in the second season of the Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Jessica Jones, portrayed by Jay Klaitz.

Publication history
The first character named the Whizzer first appeared during the Golden Age of comics, and later appeared briefly during the Silver Age.

The second, villainous version appears in the final panel of The Avengers #69 (Oct. 1969), the first chapter of a three-issue storyline by writer Roy Thomas and penciller Sal Buscema. The story arc introduced the supervillain team the Squadron Sinister, whose four members were loosely based on heroes in DC Comics' Justice League of America, with the Whizzer based on the Flash.

Silver Age
The Squadron Sinister are created by the cosmic entity the Grandmaster to battle the Avengers, who are the champions of the time-traveling Kang. The Whizzer, James Sanders, battles Avenger Goliath, but the fight is interrupted by the Black Knight. The Avengers eventually defeat the Squadron, who are abandoned by the Grandmaster. The Squadron reappear in the title The Defenders, reunited by the alien Nebulon. The villains receive greater power in exchange for the planet Earth, and create a giant laser cannon in the Arctic to melt the polar ice caps, thereby covering the entirety of the Earth's surface in water. The Defenders prevent the scheme and defeat the villains (and Nebulon); Namor the Sub-Mariner humiliates the Whizzer.

Afterward the Whizzer and his two remaining teammates are teleported off world by Nebulon, returning with an energy-draining weapon. The Squadron Sinister plan to threaten the Earth again but are defeated once more by the Defenders and the Avenger Yellowjacket. The character has another brief encounter with several members of the Avengers, who seek a way to separate the Power Prism of Doctor Spectrum from fellow Avenger the Wasp. The Whizzer disassociates himself from the Squadron Sinister and adopts a new costume and alias, Speed Demon.

Bronze Age
Roy Thomas and penciller John Buscema created an alternate-universe team of heroes called the Squadron Supreme, who debut in Avengers #85 (Feb. 1971). After an initial skirmish with four Avengers, the teams unite to stop a common threat. The characters including the Whizzer, whose name is Stanley Stewart, were identical in name and appearance to the Squadron Sinister, which caused confusion in Marvel's production department, as the covers of The Avengers #85 and #141 (Nov. 1975) "cover-blurbed" appearances by the Squadron Sinister, when in fact it was the Squadron Supreme that appeared in both issues.

As a result of exposure to the mutagenic effects of a fogbank of unknown nature, Stanley Stewart possesses superhuman speed, stamina, and reflexes. When moving at subsonic speed, the Stewart Whizzer can create cyclones (by running in circles); run up walls and across water. The character has limited immunity to the effects of friction (Stewart wears goggles to protect his eyes), although still generates normal fatigue poisons. As a result, Stewart must consume large amounts of calories and rest after using his superhuman speed powers extensively.

The heroic Whizzer and the Squadron Supreme have another series of skirmishes with the Avengers engineered by the group the Serpent Cartel, but eventually team together and prevent the use of the artifact the Serpent Crown. The character and his teammates briefly feature in the title Thor, when the evil version of Hyperion attacks the Earth-712 version and then Thunder God Thor. The Squadron are mind-controlled by the entities the Over-Mind and Null the Living Darkness, but are freed by the Defenders and aid the heroes in defeating the villains.

The character features with the Squadron Supreme in a self-titled 12-issue miniseries (Sept. 1985 – Aug. 1986) by writer Mark Gruenwald. The series also explains why there are the Squadrons Sinister and Supreme are similar: the Grandmaster creates the Squadron Sinister modelled on the already-existing Squadron Supreme of the Earth-712 universe. Gruenwald, Ryan, and inker Al Williamson created a graphic-novel sequel which maroons the team in the mainstream Marvel universe. The Whizzer and teammates encounter the hero Quasar, and relocate to the government facility Project Pegasus. After another encounter with the Overmind and a visit to the laboratory world of the Stranger; the Whizzer participates in a "speedster" race organized by Elder of the Universe the Runner attempts (with the Squadron) to return to their universe and with fellow members Hyperion and Doctor Spectrum battle the entity Deathurge.

The entire Squadron Supreme appear in a two-part story with the Avengers that finally returns them to their home universe, where they disband for a time. The Whizzer rejoins his teammates to aid the interdimensional team the Exiles.

Modern Age
The mature-audience Marvel MAX imprint showcases the adventures of the Earth-31916 version of the Whizzer, the Atlanta Blur. Also named Stanley Stewart, the character is a young African-American man who develops super-speed as a result of exposure to an alien retrovirus. He initially hides his ability, with the "Atlanta Blur" regarded as an urban legend, but when Hyperion is publicly revealed Stewart also goes public, becoming a celebrity with numerous endorsements. As the Blur, he reluctantly fights crime at the request of Nighthawk.

Squadron Supreme of America
A variation of the Stanley Stewart version of Blur appears as a member of the Squadron Supreme of America. This version is a simulacrum created by Mephisto and programmed by the Power Elite. Stanley was programmed to forcefully watch endless loops to keep up his brain speed while watching numerous S.H.I.E.L.D. files and unscrupulous videos. In his personal time, he works as a computer programmer at an office building in Washington DC.

In the team's first mission, Whizzer and the Squadron Supreme of America fought Namor and the Defenders of the Deep, when they targeted a Roxxon oil platform off the coast of Alaska.

Soon after, the Squadron Supreme visited another oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The Squadron Supreme then made short work of Namor and the Defenders of the Deep.

During the War of the Realms storyline, Stanley was working at his desk until he and the other members of the Squadron Supreme of America were summoned to Washington D.C., where Phil Coulson brought them up to speed with Malekith the Accursed's invasion. Blur and the Squadron Supreme of America fight an army of Rock Trolls and Frost Giants. After the Squadron Supreme caused the Frost Giants to retreat, Phil Coulson sends them to Ohio, which has become a battleground.

Blur was with the Squadron Supreme when they attempted to apprehend Black Panther, after he infiltrated the Pentagon to confront Phil Coulson.

Powers and abilities
Each of the Whizzers possess superhuman speed.

In other media

 * The Robert Frank incarnation of the Whizzer appears in the Spider-Man five-part episode "Six Forgotten Warriors", voiced by Walker Edmiston.
 * The Robert Frank incarnation of the Whizzer appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy", voiced by Robert Patrick.
 * The James Sanders incarnation of Speed Demon appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Jason Spisak.
 * An original incarnation of the Whizzer named Robert Coleman appears in the second season of Jessica Jones, portrayed by Jay Klaitz. This version is heavily based on Robert Frank and got his powers after the biotech clinic IGH experimented on him. Introduced in the episode "AKA Start at the Beginning", Coleman comes to Jessica Jones twice, claiming to have abilities and that someone is after him. When he returns a third time, Jones witnesses him using his powers as he rushes outside and is killed by falling construction debris. In the episode "AKA Freak Accident", Jones investigates his apartment and finds a video log of Coleman trying to get in touch with Trish Walker.

title: Whizzer (comics)


text:
External beam radiotherapy

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is a form of radiotherapy that utilizes a high-energy collimated beam of ionizing radiation, from a source outside the body, to target and kill cancer cells. A radiotherapy beam is composed of particles which travel in a consistent direction; each radiotherapy beam consists of one type of particle intended for use in treatment, though most beams contain some contamination by other particle types.

Radiotherapy beams are classified by the particle they are intended to deliver, such as photons (as x-rays or gamma rays), electrons, and heavy ions; x-rays and electron beams are by far the most widely used sources for external beam radiotherapy. Orthovoltage ("superficial") X-rays are used for treating skin cancer and superficial structures. Megavoltage X-rays are used to treat deep-seated tumors (e.g. bladder, bowel, prostate, lung, or brain), whereas megavoltage electron beams are typically used to treat superficial lesions extending to a depth of approximately 5 cm. A small number of centers operate experimental and pilot programs employing beams of heavier particles, particularly protons, owing to the rapid decrease in absorbed dose beneath the depth of the target.

Teletherapy is the most common form of radiotherapy (radiation therapy). The patient sits or lies on a couch and an external source of ionizing radiation is pointed at a particular part of the body. In contrast to brachytherapy (sealed source radiotherapy) and unsealed source radiotherapy, in which the radiation source is inside the body, external beam radiotherapy directs the radiation at the tumor from outside the body.

X-rays and gamma rays
Conventionally, the energy of diagnostic and therapeutic gamma- and X-rays is on the order of kiloelectronvolts (keV) or megaelectronvolts (MeV), and the energy of therapeutic electrons is on the order of megaelectronvolts. The beam is made up of a spectrum of energies: the maximum energy is approximately equal to the beam's maximum electric potential within a linear accelerator times the electron charge. For instance, a 1 megavolt beam will produce photons with a maximum energy around 1 MeV. In practice, the mean X-ray energy is about one-third of the maximum energy. Beam quality and hardness may be improved by X-ray filters, which improves the homogeneity of the X-ray spectrum.

Medically useful X-rays are produced when electrons are accelerated to energies at which either the photoelectric effect predominates (for diagnostic use, since the photoelectric effect offers comparatively excellent contrast with effective atomic number Z) or Compton scattering and pair production predominate (at energies above approximately 200 keV for the former and 1 MeV for the latter), for therapeutic X-ray beams. Some examples of X-ray energies used in medicine are:
 * Very low-energy superficial X-rays – 35 to 60 keV (mammography, which prioritizes soft-tissue contrast, uses very low-energy kV X-rays)
 * Superficial radiotherapy X-rays – 60 to 150 keV
 * Diagnostic X-rays – 20 to 150 keV (mammography to CT); this is the range of photon energies at which the photoelectric effect, which gives maximal soft-tissue contrast, predominates.
 * Orthovoltage X-rays – 200 to 500 keV
 * Supervoltage X-rays – 500 to 1000 keV
 * Megavoltage X-rays – 1 to 25 MeV (in practice, nominal energies above 15 MeV are unusual in clinical practice).

Megavoltage X-rays are by far most common in radiotherapy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. Superficial and orthovoltage X-rays have application for the treatment of cancers at or close to the skin surface. Typically, higher-energy megavoltage X-rays are chosen when it is desirable to maximize "skin-sparing" (since the relative dose to the skin is lower for such high-energy beams).

Medically useful photon beams can also be derived from a radioactive source such as iridium-192, caesium-137, or cobalt-60. (Radium-226 has also been used as such a source in the past, though has been replaced in this capacity by less harmful radioisotopes.) Such photon beams, derived from radioactive decay, are approximately monochromatic, in contrast to the continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum from a linac. These decays include the emission of gamma rays, whose energy is isotope-specific and ranges between 300 keV and 1.5 MeV.

Superficial radiation therapy machines produce low energy x-rays in the same energy range as diagnostic x-ray machines, 20–150 keV, to treat skin conditions. Orthovoltage X-ray machines produce higher energy x-rays in the range 200–500 keV. Radiation from orthovoltage x-ray machines has been called "deep" due to its greater penetrating ability, allowing it to treat tumors at depths unreachable by lower-energy "superficial" radiation. Orthovoltage units have essentially the same design as diagnostic X-ray machines and are generally limited to photon energies less than 600 keV. X-rays with energies on the order of 1 MeV are generated in Linear accelerators ("linacs"). The first use of a linac for medical radiotherapy was in 1953. Commercially available medical linacs produce X-rays and electrons with an energy range from 4 MeV up to around 25 MeV. The X-rays themselves are produced by the rapid deceleration of electrons in a target material, typically a tungsten alloy, which produces an X-ray spectrum via bremsstrahlung radiation. The shape and intensity of the beam produced by a linac may be modified or collimated by a variety of means. Thus, conventional, conformal, intensity-modulated, tomographic, and stereotactic radiotherapy are all provided using specially-modified linear accelerators.

Cobalt units use radiation from cobalt-60, which emits two gamma rays at energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, a dichromatic beam with an average energy of 1.25 MeV. The role of the cobalt unit has largely been replaced by the linear accelerator, which can generate higher energy radiation. Nonetheless, cobalt treatment still retains some applications, such as the Gamma Knife, since the machinery is relatively reliable and simple to maintain compared to the modern linear accelerator.

Sources and properties of X-rays
Bremsstrahlung X-rays are produced by bombarding energetic cathode rays (electrons) onto a target made of a material with high atomic number, such as tungsten. The target acts as a sort of transducer, converting part of the electrons' kinetic energy into energetic photons. Kilovoltage X-rays are typically produced using an X-ray tube, in which electrons travel through a vacuum from a hot cathode to a cold anode, which also acts as the target. However, it is impractical to produce megavoltage X-rays using this method; instead, a linear accelerator is most commonly used to produce X-rays of such energy. X-ray emission is more forward-directed at megavoltage energies and more laterally-directed at kilovoltage energies. Consequently, kilovoltage X-rays tend to be produced using a reflection-type target, in which the radiation is emitted back from the target's surface, while megavoltage X-rays tend to be produced with a transmission target in which the X-rays are emitted on the side opposite that of electron incidence. Reflection type targets exhibit the heel effect and can use a rotating anode to aid in heat dissipation.

Compton scattering is the dominant interaction between a megavoltage beam and the patient, while the photoelectric effect dominates at keV energies. Additionally, Compton scattering is much less dependent on atomic number than the photoelectric effect; while kilovoltage beams enhance the distinction between muscle and bone in medical imaging, megavoltage beams suppress that distinction to the advantage of teletherapy. Pair production and photoneutron production increase at higher energies, only becoming significant at energies on the order of 1 MeV.

X-ray energy in the keV range is described by the electrical voltage used to produce it. For instance, a 100 kVp beam is produced by a 100 kV voltage applied to an X-ray tube and will have a maximum photon energy of 100 keV. However, the beam's spectrum can be affected by other factors as well, such as the voltage waveform and external X-ray filtration. These factors are reflected in the beam's half-value layer (HVL), measured in-air under conditions of "good geometry". A typical superficial X-ray energy might be 100 kVp per 3 mmAl – "100 kilovolts applied to the X-ray tube with a measured half-value layer of 3 millimeters of aluminum". The half-value layer for orthovoltage beams is more typically measured using copper; a typical orthovoltage energy is 250 kVp per 2 mmCu. For X-rays in the MeV range, an actual voltage of the same magnitude is not used in production of the beam. A 6 MV beam contains photons of no more than 1 MeV, rather than 6 MeV; the energy of such a beam is instead generally characterized by measuring the ratio of the beam's intensity at varying depths in a medium.

Kilovoltage beams do not exhibit a build-up effect and thus deposit their maximum dose at the surface, i.e. d$max$ = 0 or D$0$ = 100%. Conversely, megavoltage beams do exhibit the buildup effect deposit; they deposit their maximum dose at some depth below the surface, i.e. d$max$ > 0. The depth of dose maximum is governed by the range of the electrons liberated upstream during Compton scattering. At depths beyond d$max$, the dose profile of all X-ray beams decreases roughly exponentially with depth. Though actual values of d$max$ are influenced by various factors, the following are representative benchmark values.

Electrons
X-rays are generated by bombarding a high atomic number material with electrons. If the target is removed (and the beam current decreased). a high energy electron beam is obtained. Electron beams are useful for treating superficial lesions, because the maximum dose deposition occurs near the surface and thereafter decreases rapidly with depth, sparing underlying tissue. Electron beams usually have nominal energies in the range of 4–20 MeV, corresponding to a treatment range of approximately 1–5 cm (in water-equivalent tissue). Energies above 18 MeV are rarely used. Although the X-ray target is removed in electron mode, the beam must be fanned out by sets of thin scattering foils in order to achieve flat and symmetric dose profiles in the treated tissue.

Many linear accelerators can produce both electrons and x-rays.

Hadron therapy
Hadron therapy involves the therapeutic use of protons, neutrons, and heavier ions (fully ionized atomic nuclei). Of these, proton therapy is by far the most common, though still rare compared to other forms of external beam radiotherapy, since it requires large and expensive equipment. The gantry (the part that rotates around the patient) is a multi-story structure, and a proton therapy system can cost (as of 2009) up to US$150 million.

Multi-leaf collimator
Modern linear accelerators are equipped with multileaf collimators (MLCs), which can move within the radiation field as the linac gantry rotates, and block the field as necessary according to the gantry position. This technology allows radiotherapy treatment planners great flexibility in shielding organs-at-risk (OARSs), while ensuring that the prescribed dose is delivered to the target organs. A typical multi-leaf collimator consists of two sets of 40 to 160 leaves, each around 5–10 mm thick and several centimetres long in the other two dimensions. Each leaf in the MLC is aligned parallel to the radiation field and can be moved independently to block part of the field, adapting it to the shape of the tumor (by adjusting the position of the leaves), thus minimizing the amount of healthy tissue subject to radiation exposure. On older linacs without MLCs, this must be accomplished manually using several hand-crafted blocks.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy
Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is an advanced radiotherapy technique used to minimize the amount of normal tissue being irradiated in the treatment field. In some systems, this intensity modulation is achieved by moving the leaves in the MLC during the course of treatment, thereby delivering a radiation field with a non-uniform (i.e., modulated) intensity. Using IMRT, radiation oncologists are able to split the radiation beam into many beamlets and vary the intensity of each beamlet, and doctors are often able to further limit the amount of radiation received by healthy tissue near the tumor. Doctors have found that this sometimes allows them to safely give a higher dose of radiation to the tumor, potentially increasing the chance of successful treatment.

Volumetric modulated arc therapy
Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is an extension of IMRT characterized by a linear accelerator rotating around the patient. This means that rather than radiation entering the patient at only a small number of fixed angles, it can enter at many angles. This can be beneficial for some treatment sites in which the target volume is surrounded by a number, allowing directed treatment without exposing nearby organs to heightened radiation levels.

Flattening filter free
The intensity of the X-rays produced in a megavoltage linac is much higher in the centre of the beam compared to the edges. To offset this central peak, a flattening filter is used. A flattening filter is cone-shaped so as to compensate for the forward bias in the momentum of incident electrons (and is typically made from a metal such as tungsten); after an X-ray beam passes through the flattening filter, it has a more uniform profile. This simplifies treatment planning, though significantly reduces the intensity of the beam. With greater computing power and more efficient treatment planning algorithms, the need for simpler treatment planning techniques – such as "forward planning", in which the planner directly instructs the linac on how to deliver the prescribed treatment – is reduced. This has led to increased interest in flattening filter free (FFF) treatments.

FFF treatments have been found to have an increased maximum dose rate, allowing reduced treatment times and a reduction in the effect of patient motion on the delivery of the treatment. This makes FFF an area of particular interest in stereotactic treatments. For instance, in treatment of breast cancer, the reduced treatment time may reduce patient movement and breast treatments where there is the potential to reduce breathing motion.

Image-guided radiation therapy
Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) augments radiotherapy with imaging to increase the accuracy and precision of target localization, thereby reducing the amount of healthy tissue in the treatment field. To allow patients to benefit from sophisticated treatment techniques as IMRT or hadron therapy, patient alignment accuracies with an error margin of at most 0.5 mm are desirable. Therefore, methods such as stereoscopic digital kilovoltage imaging-based patient position verification (PPVS), and alignment estimation based on in-situ cone-beam computed tomography (CT), enrich the range of modern IGRT approaches.

General references

 * Radiotherapy physics in practice, edited by JR Williams and DI Thwaites, Oxford University Press UK (2nd edition 2000), ISBN 0-19-262878-X
 * Linear Particle Accelerator (Linac) Animation by Ionactive
 * http://www.myradiotherapy.com
 * Superficial radiation therapy
 * National Institute of Radiological Science (Japan)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: External beam radiotherapy


text:
Klopstock (surname)

Klopstock is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (1724–1803), German poet
 * Margareta "Meta" Klopstock, born Moller (1728–1758), a German writer, wife of Friedrich Gottlieb

Klopstock

title: Klopstock (surname)


text:
Jonny Greenwood

Jonathan Richard Guy Greenwood (born 5 November 1971) is an English musician. He is the lead guitarist and keyboardist of the rock band Radiohead, and has composed numerous film scores. He has been named one of the greatest guitarists by numerous publications, including Rolling Stone.

Along with his elder brother, Colin, Greenwood attended Abingdon School in Abingdon near Oxford, where he formed Radiohead. Their debut single, "Creep" (1992), was distinguished by Greenwood's aggressive guitar work. Radiohead have achieved acclaim and sold more than 30 million albums. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Radiohead in 2019.

Greenwood is a multi-instrumentalist and a prominent player of the ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument. He uses electronic techniques such as programming, sampling and looping, and writes music software used by Radiohead. He described his role as an arranger, helping transform Thom Yorke's demos into finished songs. Radiohead albums feature Greenwood's string and brass arrangements, and he has composed for orchestras including the London Contemporary Orchestra and the BBC Concert Orchestra. In 2021, Greenwood debuted a new band, the Smile, with Yorke and the drummer Tom Skinner.

Greenwood's first solo work, the soundtrack for the film Bodysong, was released in 2003. In 2007, he scored There Will Be Blood, the first of several collaborations with the director Paul Thomas Anderson. In 2018, he was nominated for an Academy Award for his score for Anderson's Phantom Thread. He was nominated again for his score for The Power of the Dog (2021), directed by Jane Campion. Greenwood also scored the Lynne Ramsay films We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011) and You Were Never Really Here (2017). He has collaborated with Middle Eastern musicians including the Israeli songwriters Shye Ben Tzur and Dudu Tassa.

Early life
Jonny Greenwood was born on 5 November 1971 in Oxford, England. His brother, the Radiohead bassist Colin Greenwood, is two years older. Their father served in the British Army as a bomb disposal expert. The Greenwood family has historical ties to the Communist Party of Great Britain and the socialist Fabian Society.

When he was a child, Greenwood's family would listen to a small number of cassettes in their car, including Mozart's horn concertos, the musicals Flower Drum Song and My Fair Lady, and cover versions of Simon & Garfunkel songs. When the cassettes were not playing, Greenwood would listen to the noise of the engine and try to recall every detail of the music. He credited his older siblings with exposing him to rock bands such as the Beat and New Order. The first gig Greenwood attended was the Fall on their 1988 Frenz Experiment tour, which he found "overwhelming".

The Greenwood brothers attended the independent boys' school Abingdon. The Abingdon director of music, Michael Stinton, recalled Jonny as a "charming student" and "committed musician" who would spend as much time in the music department as possible. Greenwood's first instrument was a recorder given to him at age four or five. He played baroque music in recorder groups as a teenager, and continued to play into adulthood. He played the viola in the Thames Vale youth orchestra, which he described as a formative experience: "I'd been in school orchestras and never seen the point. But in Thames Vale I was suddenly with all these 18-year-olds who could actually play in tune. I remember thinking: 'Ah, that's what an orchestra is supposed to sound like! Greenwood also spent time programming, experimenting with BASIC and simple machine code to make computer games. According to Greenwood, "The closer I got to the bare bones of the computer, the more exciting I found it."

On a Friday
At Abingdon, the Greenwood brothers formed a band, On a Friday, with the singer Thom Yorke, the guitarist Ed O'Brien and the drummer Philip Selway. Jonny, the youngest, was two school years below Yorke and Colin and the last to join. He was previously in another band, Illiterate Hands, with Matt Hawksworth, Simon Newton, Ben Kendrick, Nigel Powell and Yorke's brother, Andy.

Greenwood initially played harmonica and keyboards for On a Friday. As they had fired their previous keyboardist for playing too loudly, Greenwood spent his first months playing with his keyboard turned off. No one in the band realised, and Yorke told him he added an "interesting texture". According to Greenwood, "I'd go home in the evening and work out how to actually play chords, and cautiously, over the next few months, I would start turning this keyboard up." He eventually became the lead guitarist.

Although the other members of On a Friday had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend university, they continued to rehearse on weekends and holidays. Greenwood studied music at A Level, including chorale harmonisation.

1991–1992: Pablo Honey
In 1991, the members of On a Friday regrouped in Oxford, sharing a house on the corner of Magdalen Road and Ridgefield Road. Greenwood enrolled at Oxford Brookes University to study psychology and music. He left after his first term after On a Friday signed a record contract deal with EMI. They changed their name to Radiohead and released their first album, Pablo Honey, in 1993.

Radiohead found early success with their debut single, "Creep". According to Rolling Stone, "It was Greenwood's gnashing noise blasts that marked Radiohead as more than just another mopey band ... An early indicator of his crucial role in pushing his band forward." Greenwood also played harmonica on Blind Mr. Jones's 1992 single "Crazy Jazz".

1995–1999: The Bends and OK Computer
Radiohead's second album, The Bends (1995), brought them significant critical attention. Greenwood said it had been a "turning point" for Radiohead: "It started appearing in people's [best of] polls for the end of the year. That's when it started to feel like we made the right choice about being a band." On tour, Greenwood damaged his hearing and wore protective ear shields for some performances. Radiohead's third album, OK Computer (1997), achieved acclaim, showcasing Greenwood's lead guitar work on songs such as "Paranoid Android". For "Climbing up the Walls", Greenwood wrote a part for 16 stringed instruments playing quarter tones apart, inspired by the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki.

For the soundtrack of the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine, Greenwood, Yorke, Andy Mackay of Roxy Music and Bernard Butler of Suede formed a band, the Venus in Furs, and covered three Roxy Music songs. Greenwood played harmonica on "Platform Blues" and "Billie" on Pavement's final album, Terror Twilight (1999).

2000–2003: Kid A, Amnesiac and Hail to the Thief
Radiohead's albums Kid A (2000) and Amnesiac (2001) marked a dramatic change in sound, incorporating influences from electronica, classical music, jazz and krautrock. Greenwood employed a modular synthesiser to build the drum machine rhythm of "Idioteque", and played ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument similar to a theremin, on several tracks.

For "How to Disappear Completely", Greenwood composed a string section by multitracking his ondes Martenot playing. According to Radiohead's producer, Nigel Godrich, when the string players saw Greenwood's score "they all just sort of burst into giggles, because they couldn't do what he'd written, because it was impossible—or impossible for them, anyway". The orchestra leader, John Lubbock, encouraged the musicians to experiment and work with Greenwood's "naive" ideas. Greenwood also arranged strings for the Amnesiac songs "Pyramid Song" and "Dollars and Cents".

Greenwood played guitar on Bryan Ferry's 2002 album Frantic. For Radiohead's sixth album, Hail to the Thief (2003), Greenwood began using the music programming language Max to sample and manipulate the band's playing. After having used effects pedals heavily on previous albums, he challenged himself to create interesting guitar parts without effects.

2003–2006: Bodysong and first orchestral work
In 2003, Greenwood released his first solo work, the soundtrack for the documentary film Bodysong. It incorporates guitar, jazz, and classical music. In 2004, Greenwood and Yorke contributed to the Band Aid 20 single "Do They Know It's Christmas?", produced by Godrich.

Greenwood's first work for orchestra, Smear, was premiered by the London Sinfonietta in March 2004. In 2005, Greenwood curated a concert as part of the Ether festival in London at with the London Sinfonietta. It featured a new version of Smear, the new work Piano for Children, and performances of pieces by classical modernist composers. With the orchestra, Greenwood also performed two Radiohead songs with Yorke: "Where Bluebirds Fly" and "Weird Fishes / Arpeggi".

In May 2004, Greenwood was appointed composer-in-residence to the BBC Concert Orchestra. Radiohead's co-manager, Bryce Edge, said Greenwood would use the residency to learn how orchestras work. For the BBC, Greenwood wrote "Popcorn Superhet Receiver" (2005), inspired by radio static and the elaborate, dissonant tone clusters of Penderecki's Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima (1960). He wrote the piece by recording individual tones on viola, then manipulating and overdubbing them in Pro Tools. For "Popcorn Supherhet Receiver", Greenwood was named Composer of the Year by BBC Radio 3.

For the 2005 film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Greenwood and the Radiohead drummer, Philip Selway, appeared as the wizard rock band Weird Sisters alongside Jarvis Cocker, Steve Mackey, Steven Claydon and Jason Buckle. They recorded three songs for the soundtrack and appeared in the film.

2007–2010: There Will Be Blood and In Rainbows
Greenwood composed the score for the 2007 film There Will Be Blood, directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. The soundtrack won an award at the Critics' Choice Awards and the Best Film Score award in the Evening Standard British Film Awards for 2007. As it contains excerpts from "Popcorn Superhet Receiver", it was ineligible for an Academy Award. Rolling Stone named There Will Be Blood the best film of the decade and described the score as "a sonic explosion that reinvented what film music could be". In 2016, the film composer Hans Zimmer said the score was the one that had most "stood out to him" in the past decade, describing it as "recklessly, crazily beautiful".

Greenwood curated a compilation album of reggae tracks, Jonny Greenwood Is the Controller, released by Trojan Records in March 2007. It features mostly 70s roots and dub tracks from artists including Lee "Scratch" Perry, Joe Gibbs and Linval Thompson. The title references Thompson's track "Dread Are the Controller".

Radiohead released their seventh album, In Rainbows, in October 2007, in a landmark use of the pay-what-you-want model for music sales. Greenwood said Radiohead were responding to the culture of downloading free music, which he likened to the legend of King Canute: "You can't pretend the flood isn't happening." Greenwood wrote the title music for Adam Buxton's 2008 sketch show Meebox, and contributed to the 2009 album Basof Mitraglim Le'Hakol by the Israeli rock musician Dudu Tasaa.

2010–2013: Norwegian Wood and The King of Limbs
In February 2010, Greenwood debuted a new composition, "Doghouse", at the BBC's Maida Vale Studios. He wrote it in hotels and dressing rooms while on tour with Radiohead. He expanded "Doghouse" into the score for the Japanese film Norwegian Wood, released later that year. Greenwood played guitar on Bryan Ferry's 2010 album Olympia.

Radiohead's recorded their eighth album, The King of Limbs (2011), using sampler software written by Greenwood. By 2011, Radiohead had sold more than 30 million albums. That year, Greenwood scored We Need to Talk About Kevin, directed by Lynne Ramsay, using instruments including a wire-strung harp. With Yorke, he also collaborated with the rapper MF Doom on the track "Retarded Fren".

In 2012, Greenwood composed the score for Anderson's film The Master. That March, Greenwood and the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki, one of Greenwood's greatest influences, released an album comprising Penderecki's 1960s compositions Polymorphia and Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima, Greenwood's "Popcorn Superhet Receiver", and a new work by Greenwood, "48 Responses to Polymorphia".

In the same year, Greenwood accepted a three-month residency with the Australian Chamber Orchestra in Sydney and composed a new piece, "Water". Greenwood, Yorke, and other artists contributed music to The UK Gold, a 2013 documentary about tax avoidance in the UK. The soundtrack was released free in February 2015 through the online audio platform SoundCloud.

2014–2016: Inherent Vice, Junun and A Moon Shaped Pool
Greenwood composed the soundtrack for the Anderson film Inherent Vice (2014). It features a new version of an unreleased Radiohead song, "Spooks", performed by Greenwood and two members of Supergrass.

In 2014, Greenwood performed with the London Contemporary Orchestra, performing selections from his soundtracks alongside new compositions. In the same year, Greenwood performed with the Israeli composer Shye Ben Tzur and his band. Greenwood described Ben Tzur's music as "quite celebratory, more like gospel music than anything—except that it's all done to a backing of Indian harmoniums and percussion". He said he would play a "supportive" rather than "solistic" role.

In 2015, Greenwood, Ben Tzur and Godrich recorded an album, Junun, with Indian musicians at Mehrangarh Fort in Rajasthan, India. Greenwood insisted they hire only musicians from Rajasthan and only use string instruments native to the region. Ben Tzur wrote the songs, with Greenwood contributing guitar, bass, keyboards, ondes Martenot and programming. Whereas western music is based on harmonies and chord progressions, Greenwood used North Indian ragas. Greenwood and Godrich said they wanted to avoid the "obsession" with high fidelity in recording world music, and instead hoped to capture the "dirt" and "roughness" of music in India. The recording is the subject of a 2015 documentary, Junun, by Paul Thomas Anderson.

Greenwood contributed string orchestration to Frank Ocean's 2016 albums Endless and Blonde. Radiohead's ninth album, A Moon Shaped Pool, was released in May 2016, featuring strings and choral vocals arranged by Greenwood and performed by the London Contemporary Orchestra. With Ben Tzur and the Indian ensemble, Greenwood supported Radiohead's 2018 Moon Shaped Pool tour under the name Junun.

2017–2020: Phantom Thread and The Power of the Dog
Greenwood wrote the score for Anderson's 2017 film Phantom Thread. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and earned Greenwood his sixth Ivor Novello award. In the same year, he reunited with Ramsay to score her film You Were Never Really Here. At the 2019 BBC Proms in London, Greenwood debuted his composition "Horror Vacui" for solo violin and 68 string instruments.

Radiohead were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2019. Greenwood did not attend the event. In the year before Radiohead became eligible for nomination, he told Rolling Stone: "I don't care. Maybe it's a cultural thing that I really don't understand ... It's quite a self-regarding profession anyway. And anything that heightens that just makes me feel even more uncomfortable."

In September 2019, Greenwood launched a record label, Octatonic Records, to release contemporary classical music by soloists and small groups he had met as a film composer. In 2021, he expressed uncertainty about releasing further Octatonic records, as the two records they had released "seemed to not really connect with anybody". However, in 2024, Greenwood said he planned to revive Octatonic with a release from the cellist Oliver Coates.

For the soundtrack for The Power of the Dog (2021), Greenwood played the cello in the style of a banjo and recorded a piece for player piano controlled with the software Max. The soundtrack earned Greenwood his second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Score. For his soundtrack to Spencer (2021), Greenwood combined Baroque and jazz music, juxtaposing the "rigid" and "colourful" styles. He also contributed cues to Anderson's 2021 film Licorice Pizza.

2021–present: the Smile and Jarak Qaribak
In 2021, Greenwood debuted a new band, the Smile, with Yorke and the jazz drummer Tom Skinner. Greenwood said the project was a way for him and Yorke to work together during the COVID-19 lockdowns. Pitchfork attributed the Smile to Greenwood's frustration with Radiohead's slow working pace and his desire to release records that are "90 percent as good [that] come out twice as often". The Smile made their surprise debut in a performance streamed by Glastonbury Festival on 22 May, with Greenwood playing guitar and bass.

The Guardian critic Alexis Petridis said the Smile "sound like a simultaneously more skeletal and knottier version of Radiohead", exploring more progressive rock influences with unusual time signatures, complex riffs and "hard-driving" motorik psychedelia. In May 2022, the Smile released their debut album, A Light for Attracting Attention, and began an international tour. They released their second album, Wall of Eyes, in January 2024, and began a European tour in March. Greenwood and Yorke contributed music to the sixth series of the television drama Peaky Blinders, broadcast in 2022.

On 9 June 2023, Greenwood and the Israeli musician Dudu Tassa released Jarak Qaribak, an album of Middle Eastern love songs. It was produced by Greenwood and Tasaa and mixed by Godrich, and features several Middle Eastern musicians. Greenwood said he and Tassa had "tried to imagine what Kraftwerk would have done if they'd been in Cairo in the 1970s". He denied any intent to make a political point with the album, and said: "I do understand that as soon as you do anything in that part of the world it becomes political ... possibly especially if it's artistic." Greenwood composed and conducted strings for the Pretenders song "I Think About You Daily", released in the same month.

In May 2024, a drone-based composition by Greenwood for church organ, "X Years of Reverb" — where X is substituted for the age of the building in which it is performed — premiered at the Norfolk and Norwich Festival. The composition is eight hours long and was performed by the organists James McVinnie and Eliza McCarthy playing in shifts using stopwatches. Greenwood composed it after becoming involved in charities to repair churches damaged by an earthquake near his home in Marche, Italy.

On May 25, Greenwood joined protests in Israel calling for new elections and for hostages held by Hamas in Gaza to be released. The next day, he and Tassa performed songs from Jarak Garibak in Tel Aviv. The performance was criticised by pro-Palestine activists; the Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel called for "peaceful, creative pressure on his band Radiohead to convincingly distance itself from this blatant complicity in the crime of crimes, or face grassroots measures". On June 4, Greenwood responded to the criticism and wrote in a statement that Israeli artists should not be silenced. He described the project as a group of Middle Eastern musicians "working together across borders", and made no mention of Israel's war efforts.

In July, the Smile canceled their upcoming European tour after Greenwood was temporarily hospitalised with a serious infection. In a statement, the Smile said Greenwood had been receiving emergency treatment in an intensive care unit, but was now "out of danger".

Guitar
Greenwood is Radiohead's lead guitarist. He is known for his aggressive playing style. Guitar.com wrote that Greenwood's playing on Radiohead's debut album, Pablo Honey, was an "exhilarating melange of tremolo-picked soundscapes, chunky octaves, screaming high-register runs and killswitch antics". In the 1990s, Greenwood developed repetitive stress injury, necessitating a brace on his right arm, which he likened to "taping up your fingers before a boxing match".

Greenwood said he dislikes the reputation of guitars as something to be "admired or worshipped", and instead sees them as a tool like a typewriter or a vacuum cleaner. He said he disliked guitar solos: "There's nothing worse than hearing someone cautiously going up and down the scales of their guitar. You can hear them thinking about what the next note should be, and then out it comes. It's more interesting to write something that doesn't outstay its welcome."

For most Radiohead songs, Greenwood uses a Fender Telecaster Plus, a model of Telecaster that uses Lace Sensor pickups. According to Far Out, Greenwood used the Telecaster's "power and instability" to produce a "punchy" sound that helped set Radiohead apart in the 1990s. On softer tracks, such as "Subterranean Homesick Alien" and "Let Down" from OK Computer and "You And Whose Army?" from Amnesiac, Greenwood plays a Fender Starcaster. He sometimes plays with a violin bow. Greenwood plays a Gibson Les Paul for solo performances and his work with the Smile. For bass, he plays a Fender Precision Bass, using an aggressive picking style.

Greenwood often uses effect pedals, such as the Marshall ShredMaster distortion pedal used on many 1990s Radiohead songs. For the "My Iron Lung" riff, he uses a DigiTech Whammy pedal to pitch-shift his guitar by one octave, creating a "glitchy, lo-fi" sound. On "Identikit" and several Smile songs, Greenwood uses a delay effect to create "angular" synchronised repeats. His main amplifiers are a Vox AC30 and a Fender 85.

In 2010, NME named Greenwood one of the greatest living guitarists. He was voted the seventh-greatest guitarist of all time in a 2010 poll of more than 30,000 BBC 6 Music listeners. In 2008, Guitar World named Greenwood's guitar solo in "Paranoid Android" the 34th-greatest. In 2010, the Rolling Stone journalist David Fricke named Greenwood the 48th-greatest guitarist, and in 2012 Spin ranked him the 29th. In its 2023 list of the greatest guitarists, Rolling Stone ranked Greenwood and O'Brien joint 43rd, writing: "Even as he blossomed into a noted neo-classical composer, Greenwood always made sure to throw in at least one brain-scrambling banger of a guitar part per album."

Ondes Martenot
Greenwood is a prominent player of the ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument played by moving a ring along a wire, creating sounds similar to a theremin. He first used it on Radiohead's 2000 album Kid A, and it appears in Radiohead songs including "The National Anthem", "How to Disappear Completely" and "Where I End and You Begin".

Greenwood became interested in the ondes Martenot at the age of 15 after hearing Olivier Messiaen's Turangalîla Symphony. He said he was partly attracted to the instrument as he cannot sing: "I've always wanted to be able to play an instrument that was like singing, and there's nothing closer." As production of the ondes Martenot ceased in 1988, Greenwood had a replica created to take on tour with Radiohead in 2001 for fear of damaging his original model.

Other instruments
Greenwood plays instruments including piano, viola, cello, glockenspiel, harmonica, recorder, organ, banjo and harp. He said he enjoyed "struggling with instruments I can't really play", and that he enjoyed playing glockenspiel with Radiohead as much as he did guitar.

Greenwood created the rhythm for "Idioteque" (from Kid A) with a modular synthesiser and sampled the song's four-chord synthesiser phrase from "mild und leise", a computer music piece by Paul Lansky. He uses a Kaoss Pad to manipulate Yorke's vocals during performances of the Kid A song "Everything in its Right Place". In 2014, Greenwood wrote of his fascination with Indian instruments, particularly the tanpura, which he felt created uniquely complex "walls" of sounds.

Greenwood uses a "home-made sound machine" comprising small hammers striking objects including yoghurt cartons, tubs, bells, and tambourines. He has used found sounds, using a television and a transistor radio on "Climbing Up the Walls" (from OK Computer) and "The National Anthem" (from Kid A).

Software
At the suggestion of Radiohead's producer, Nigel Godrich, Greenwood began using the music programming language Max. He found it liberating to abandon existing notions of audio effects and create his own from scratch, thinking "in terms of sound and maths". Examples of Greenwood's use of Max include the processed piano on the Moon Shaped Pool track "Glass Eyes" and his signature "stutter" guitar effect used on tracks such as the 2003 single "Go to Sleep". He used Max to write sampling software used to create Radiohead's eighth album, The King of Limbs.

Songwriting
Greenwood's major writing contributions to Radiohead include "Just" (which Yorke described as "a competition by me and Jonny to get as many chords as possible into a song"); "My Iron Lung", co-written with Yorke, from The Bends (1995); "The Tourist" and the "rain down" bridge of "Paranoid Android" from OK Computer (1997); the vocal melody of "Kid A" from Kid A (2000); and the guitar melody of "A Wolf At The Door" from Hail To The Thief (2003), whose "sweet" quality inspired Yorke to sing the song's "angry" lyrics.

The New York Times described Greenwood as "the guy who can take an abstract Thom Yorke notion and master the tools required to execute it in the real world". In 2016, Greenwood described his role in Radiohead as an arranger, and said: "It's not really about can I do my guitar part now, it's more ... What will serve this song best? How do we not mess up this really good song? ... How do we make it better than [Thom] just playing it by himself, which is already usually quite great."

For his film soundtracks, Greenwood attempts to keep the instrumentation contemporary to the period of the story. For example, he recorded the Norwegian Wood soundtrack using a 1960s Japanese nylon-strung guitar with home recording equipment from the period, attempting to create a recording that one of the characters might have made. Many of Greenwood's compositions are microtonal. He often uses modes of limited transposition, particularly the octatonic scale, saying: "I like to know what I can't do and then work inside that."

Greenwood has used unusual notation for his scores to convey complexities such as microtonality or improvisation. His piece "X Years of Reverb" requires organists to play to stopwatches. For "48 Responses to Polymorphia", he placed an oak leaf on a stave and wrote a part using the veins.

Influences
Greenwood admires the alternative rock bands Pavement, the Pixies and Sonic Youth. Greenwood said the guitarist that had most influenced him was John McGeoch of Magazine, whose songwriting "informs so much of what [Radiohead] do". He declined an offer to fill in for McGeoch, who died in 2004, during Magazine's 2009 reunion tour. According to the Radiohead collaborator Adam Buxton, Jonny was "overwhelmed" and too shy to accept the role.

Greenwood first heard Olivier Messiaen's Turangalîla Symphony at the age of 15 and became "round-the-bend-obsessed with it". Messiaen was Greenwood's "first connection" to classical music, and remains an influence; he said: "He was still alive when I was 15, and for whatever reason I felt I could equate him with my other favourite bands—there was no big posthumous reputation to put me off. So I'm still very fond of writing things in the same modes of limited transposition that he used."

Greenwood is an admirer of the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki, and cited a concert of Penderecki's music in the early 90s as a "conversion experience". He is also a fan of the composers György Ligeti, Henri Dutilleux and Steve Reich. He has performed Reich's 1987 guitar composition Electric Counterpoint and recorded a version for Reich's 2014 album Radio Rewrite. Greenwood cited the jazz musician Alice Coltrane as an influence.

Greenwood was exposed to Middle Eastern music through his wife's family. He said he particularly admired the textures and complexity of the rhythms in songs such as those by Abdel Halim Hafez, which he tried to emulate. He also said he enjoyed their rhythmic ambiguity, when it is difficult to tell where the first beat in a bar is.

Personal life
Greenwood is married to the Israeli visual artist Sharona Katan, whom he met in 1993 when Radiohead performed in Israel. Her work (credited as Shin Katan) appears on the covers of Junun and several of Greenwood's soundtracks. Katan said she considers their family Jewish: "Our kids are raised as Jews, we have a mezuzah in our house, we sometimes have Shabbos dinners, we celebrate Jewish holidays. The kids don't eat pork. It's important to me to keep this stuff." Greenwood's nephew served in the Israeli Defense Forces and was killed in the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.

Greenwood and his family live in Oxford and Marche, Italy. In February 2021, Greenwood appeared on the BBC Radio 4 program Saturday Live; his selected "Inheritance Tracks" were "Sweetheart Contract" by Magazine and "Brotherhood of Man" by Oscar Peterson and Clark Terry. Greenwood is red–green colour blind. In April 2023, Greenwood began selling olive oil produced on his farm in Italy from Radiohead's online shop.

Appearances

 * 1992 – Blind Mr. Jones, "Crazy Jazz" – harmonica
 * 1999 – Pavement, Terror Twilight – harmonica on "Platform Blues" and "Billie"
 * 2002 – Bryan Ferry, Frantic – guitar
 * 2006 – Thom Yorke, The Eraser – piano on title track
 * 2009 – Dudu Tassa – Basof Mitraglim Le'Hakol
 * 2010 – Bryan Ferry, Olympia – guitar
 * 2011 – We Need to Talk About Kevin – score
 * 2014 – Steve Reich, Radio Rewrite – "Electric Counterpoint"
 * 2016 – Frank Ocean, Endless – string arrangement
 * 2016 – Frank Ocean, Blonde – string arrangement
 * 2021 – Licorice Pizza (Official Motion Picture Soundtrack) – "Licorice Pizza"
 * 2023 – The Pretenders, Relentless – string arrangement for "I Think About You Daily"
 * 2024 – Dudu Tassa & The Kuwaitis, Dudu Tassa & The Kuwaitis (2024 Reissue) – "Eshrab Kasak Withana (Live)"

Concert works

 * 2004 – smear for two ondes Martenots and chamber ensemble of nine players
 * 2004 – Piano for Children for piano and orchestra (withdrawn)
 * 2005 – Popcorn Superhet Receiver for string orchestra
 * 2007 – There Will Be Blood live film version
 * 2010 – Doghouse for string trio and orchestra
 * 2011 – Suite from 'Noruwei no Mori' (Norwegian Wood) for orchestra
 * 2011 – 48 Responses to Polymorphia for 48 solo strings, all doubling optional pacay bean shakers
 * 2012 – Suite from 'There Will Be Blood' for string orchestra
 * 2014 – Setting Up Arrows for string ensemble of 7 players
 * 2014 – Water for two flutes, upright piano, chamber organ, two tanpura & string orchestra
 * 2015 – 88 (No 1) for solo piano
 * 2018 – Three Miniatures from 'Water' for violin, piano, 2 tampuras, and cello/bass drone
 * 2019 – Horror vacui for solo violin and 68 strings
 * 2024 – X Years of Reverb for organ

title: Jonny Greenwood


text:
User talk:Issa

Disambiguation link notification for November 18
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Lulu (app), you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page The Telegraph. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 10:54, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

"Solutions"
Hi, you may want to have a look at WP:SOLUTIONS. The article Base22 uses quite a lot of buzzwords. – Thjarkur (talk) 22:15, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

Unspecified source/license for File:Base22-Logo-1.png
Thanks for uploading File:Base22-Logo-1.png. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. Even if you created the image yourself, you still need to release it so Wikipedia can use it. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time after the next seven days. If you made this image yourself, you can use copyright tags like (to release all rights),  (to require that you be credited), or any tag here - just go to the image, click edit, and add one of those. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * File copyright tags

This is an automated notice by MifterBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. NOTE: Once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. --MifterBot (Talk • Contribs • Owner) 22:46, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Base22

A tag has been placed on Base22, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. – Thjarkur (talk) 22:52, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

 * From the sources provided, it also doesn't appear that the company fulfills Wikipedia's general notability guidelines, as most sources are PR pieces. – Thjarkur (talk) 22:54, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Alexandra Chong

The article Alexandra Chong has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Does not have a neutral point of view"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

''' This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. ''' Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:00, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Issa


text:
Chattahoochee River

The Chattahoochee River is a river in the Southern United States. It forms the southern half of the Alabama and Georgia border, as well as a portion of the Florida and Georgia border. It is a tributary of the Apalachicola River, a relatively short river formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers and emptying from Florida into Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. The Chattahoochee River is about 430 mi long. The Chattahoochee, Flint, and Apalachicola rivers together make up the Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin (ACF River Basin). The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACF's drainage basin.

Course

The source of the Chattahoochee River is located in Jacks Gap at the southeastern foot of Jacks Knob, in the very southeastern corner of Union County, in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains, a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains. The headwaters of the river flow south from ridges that form the Tennessee Valley Divide. The Appalachian Trail crosses the river's uppermost headwaters. The Chattahoochee's source and upper course lie within Chattahoochee National Forest.

From its source in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Chattahoochee River flows southwesterly to Atlanta and through its suburbs. It eventually turns due-south to form the southern half of the Georgia/Alabama state line. Flowing through a series of reservoirs and artificial lakes, it flows by Columbus, the second-largest city in Georgia, and the Fort Moore Army base. At Columbus, it crosses the Fall Line of the eastern United States.

From Lake Oliver to Fort Moore, the Chattahoochee Riverwalk provides cycling, rollerblading, and walking along 15 mi of the river's banks. Farther south, it merges with the Flint River and other tributaries at Lake Seminole near Bainbridge, to form the Apalachicola River that flows into the Florida Panhandle. The Chattahoochee River ends in the city of Chattahoochee, FL. From there, the same river is then named Apalachicola River, which ends (106 miles away) in the city of Apalachicola, FL (meaning both rivers end in the city named after them). Although the same river, this portion was given a different name by separated settlers in different regions during the colonial times.

Etymology
The name Chattahoochee is thought to come from a Muskogee word meaning "rocks-marked" (or "painted"), from chato ("rock") plus huchi ("marked"). This possibly refers to the many colorful granite outcroppings along the northeast-to-southwest segment of the river. Much of that segment of the river runs through the Brevard fault zone.

Geologic history
The current course of the Chattahoochee River has a geologic history that extends back in time at least 100 million years. A Late Cretaceous system of paleovalleys incised into the Coastal Plain unconformity in the vicinity of Columbus, Georgia is infilled with fluvial sands and gravels of the lower Tuscaloosa Formation. Younger rocks of the overlying Eutaw Formation record an estuarine environment in approximately the same location, suggesting a persistent paleodrainage system in the vicinity of the modern Chattahoochee for at least 10-20 million years during the Late Cretaceous. North of the Fall Line, in the Piedmont of Georgia and Alabama, the course of the Chattahoochee River cuts across prominent, resistant rock layers, including the Hollis Quartzite of the Pine Mountain belt, and must have established its current course prior to uplift of those units. At the mouth of the Chattahoochee-Flint-Apalachicola River system, in the Apalachicola River delta, the geologic history of the delta can be traced at least as far back as the Miocene.

Early history
The vicinity of the Chattahoochee River was inhabited in prehistoric times by indigenous peoples since at least 1000 BC. The Kolomoki Mounds, now protected in the Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park near present-day Blakely in Early County, southwest Georgia, were built between 350 AD and 650 AD and constitute the largest mound complex in the state.

American Civil War
The Chattahoochee River was of considerable strategic importance during the Atlanta Campaign by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman of the American Civil War.

Between the tributaries of Proctor Creek and Nickajack Creek on the Cobb and Fulton county lines in metropolitan Atlanta, are nine remaining fortifications nicknamed "Shoupades" that were part of a defensive line occupied by the Confederate Army in early July 1864. Designed by Confederate Brigadier General Francis A. Shoup, the line became known as Johnston's River Line after Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

A month prior to the Battle of Atlanta, Shoup talked with Johnston on June 18, 1864, about building fortifications. Johnston agreed, and Shoup supervised the building of 36 small elevated earth and wooden triangular fortifications, arranged in a sawtooth pattern to maximize the crossfire of defenders. Sherman tried to avoid the Shoupade defenses by crossing the river to the northeast. The nine remaining Shoupades consist of the earthworks portion of the original earth and wooden structures; they are endangered by land development in the area.

Two of the last battles of the war, West Point and Columbus took place at strategically important crossings of the Chattahoochee.

Recent history
Since the nineteenth century, early improvements and alterations to the river were for the purposes of navigation. The river was important for carrying trade and passengers and was a major transportation route.

In the twentieth century, the United States Congress passed legislation in 1944 and 1945 to improve navigation for commercial traffic on the river, as well as to establish hydroelectric power and recreational facilities on a series of lakes to be created by building dams and establishing reservoirs. Creating the manmade, 46,000-acre Walter F. George Lake also known as Lake Eufaula, in Eufaula, Alabama, required evacuating numerous communities, including the historically majority-Native American settlement of Oketeyeconne, Georgia. The lakes were complete in 1963, covering over numerous historic and prehistoric sites of settlement.

Beginning in the late twentieth century, the nonprofit organization called "Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper" has advocated for the preservation of the environment and ecology of the northern part of the river, especially the part traversing Metropolitan Atlanta.

In 2010, a campaign to create a whitewater river course was launched in the portion of the Chattahoochee River that runs through Columbus, Georgia. Between 2010 and 2013, construction took place on the river, the Eagle and Phenix and City Mills Dams were breached and a 2.5 mile Whitewater Course was formed in Uptown, Columbus. The project returned the river to its natural path across the Fall Line, as well as creating the longest urban whitewater course in the world.

Modifications
Several large manmade reservoirs, including Lanier, Lake Eufaula, West Point, and George W. Andrews, lakes are controlled by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The dams and reservoirs were developed following legislation by Congress of the mid-1940s for flood control, domestic and industrial water, hydroelectricity, recreation, and improved navigation for river barges. Most of the lakes were completed by 1963. Numerous historic and prehistoric sites were covered over by the lakes during the flooding of the reservoirs, including Oketeyconne, Georgia.

The Georgia Power Company also owns a small series of dams along the middle portion of the river (the Columbus area) between West Point Lake and Lake Walter F. George. Several smaller and older lakes and dams also provide these services on a much smaller and more localized scale, including Bull Sluice Lake, which is held by the Morgan Falls Dam. This dam was built by the Georgia Railway and Power Company in 1902 to provide electric power for the Atlanta trolley system, which has long since been replaced by other forms of transportation.

River borders
At various points, the Chattahoochee serves as the boundary between several counties and cities, as well as forming the lower half of the boundary between Alabama and Georgia.

Within Georgia, it divides:

 * Habersham County and White County
 * Forsyth County and Hall County
 * Forsyth County and Gwinnett County
 * Fulton County and Gwinnett County
 * Sandy Springs and Roswell
 * Cobb County and Fulton County
 * Douglas County and Fulton County
 * Carroll County and Fulton County
 * Carroll County and Coweta County
 * Columbus, Georgia and Phenix City, Alabama
 * Georgetown, Georgia and Eufaula, Alabama

Atlanta
Atlanta is built upon the crest of a large ridge, rather than in the floodplain of the river. This has contributed to the preservation of much of the natural scenic beauty of the section that runs through metropolitan Atlanta. North of the metropolis, the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area protects other portions of the riverbanks in a region that is spread across several disconnected areas.

The river traverses much of Atlanta's hilly topography of the northern suburbs. Wealthy suburban communities in northern metro Atlanta that abut the river include: Vinings, Buckhead, Sandy Springs, East Cobb, Roswell, Dunwoody, Peachtree Corners, Duluth, Johns Creek, and Berkeley Lake.

Since three states have needs related to the river, there has been increasing controversy since the late twentieth century related to competing development among the regions and the implications for the river. The enormous growth of metropolitan Atlanta has increased its water withdrawals from the river. This has effects downstream. For example, the oysters in the Apalachicola Bay of Florida depend on the brackish water mixture of river and ocean water, and the alternating freshwater and saltwater flows that the river and the tides provide. The amount of flow in the Chattahoochee has also been decreased by interbasin water transfers, where water is withdrawn from the Chattahoochee, but discharged as treated sewage water into another river, such as the Oconee River, which flow to the Atlantic Seaboard via the Altamaha River.

Interest groups and the state of Florida have asked the U.S. Congress to intervene to reduce the priority given to put navigation of the lower Chattahoochee, south of Columbus, by river barge. This requirement causes large water withdrawals, which environmental supporters consider a waste of water needed to support habitats, especially during droughts. The navigation issue has aggravated the fight between Georgia, Florida, and Alabama over rights to the river water. A lawsuit has been filed in the case to reduce priorities given to navigation. The lawsuit is now in court, and may take years to resolve.

Flooding
The most recent major flooding of the Chattahoochee River took place in November 2009. This was caused by torrential rains from Tropical Storm Ida as it tore through the Georgia Piedmont. Downstream from Roswell, the Chattahoochee River remained in moderate flood stage. Streams affected by the September 2009 floods included the following:
 * Chattahoochee River
 * Vickery Creek
 * Johns Creek
 * Sweetwater Creek
 * Nancy Creek
 * Peachtree Creek
 * Oconee River
 * James Creek

The second most recent major flood along the river occurred during the 2009 Georgia floods, with 28.10 ft of water recorded at Vinings at the northwestern Atlanta city limit. The flood was over 5 ft higher than the previous flood recorded in September 2004, as a result of Hurricane Fred. Numerous tributaries also swelled far over and beyond their banks. These were the highest water levels seen since 1990, and the second-highest ever since the large Buford Dam was built upstream. The National Weather Service in Peachtree City estimated that this was a 500-year flood event.

Gauges
The main stream gauges are located:

 * at Helen (near downtown)
 * near Cornelia (6 miles or 10 km northwest of)
 * near Buford (4 miles or 6 km northwest of) immediately down from Buford Dam
 * near Norcross (5 miles or 8 km north of) on Medlock Bridge Road
 * near Roswell (4 miles or 6 km southeast of) just off old Riverside Road
 * below Morgan Falls Dam TW
 * at Vinings (3 miles or 5 km southwest of) and Atlanta on Pace's Ferry Road bridge
 * near Campbellton (1 mile or 2 km northwest of) and Fairburn on Georgia 92 bridge
 * at Whitesburg (2 miles or 3 km southeast of) at Main Street (Georgia 16) bridge
 * at Franklin at Main Street (U.S. 27) bridge in downtown
 * at West Point (1 mile or 2 km "northeast", actually north, of the center of town)
 * at Columbus on 14th Street N (U.S. 280) bridge to Phenix City, Alabama
 * at Walter F. George Dam (USACE) in Fort Gaines
 * at George W. Andrews Lake & dam (USACE) south of Columbia, Alabama then in November 2009 it flooded Vinings again.

Water-level forecasts are regularly issued only at Vinings and Atlanta. Forecasts are issued only during high water at Norcross, Whitesburg, West Point, and the Lake Walter F. George and Andrews Dams. All other locations have observations only.

Tributaries

Tributary creeks, streams, and rivers, as well as lakes, along with the county they are in:

 * Dukes Creek (White)
 * Smith Creek (White)
 * Chickamauga Creek (White)
 * Blue Creek (White)
 * White Creek (White)
 * Mossy Creek (White)
 * Amys Creek (Habersham)
 * Soque River (Habersham)
 * Mud Creek (Habersham and Hall)
 * Hagen Creek (Hall)
 * Flat Creek (White and Hall)
 * Helen gauge (HDCG1)
 * Big Creek (Hall)
 * Lake Lanier and Buford Dam (Dawson, Forsyth, Gwinnett, Hall, and Lumpkin)
 * Chestatee River (Dawson/Hall border, Forsyth/Hall border, and Lumpkin)
 * Six Mile Creek (Forsyth)
 * James Creek (Forsyth)
 * Johns Creek (Forsyth and north Fulton, city of Johns Creek, Georgia)
 * Bald Ridge Creek (Forsyth)
 * Audry Mill Creek (North Fulton)
 * Crooked Creek (DeKalb)
 * Young Deer Creek (Forsyth)
 * Four Mile Creek (Forsyth)
 * Dick Creek (Forsyth)
 * Level Creek (Gwinnett)
 * Haw Creek (Forsyth)
 * Two Mile Creek (Forsyth)
 * Shoal Creek (Gwinnett and Hall)
 * Suwanee Creek (Gwinnett)
 * Brushy Creek (Gwinnett)
 * Richland Creek (Gwinnett)
 * Rogers Creek (Gwinnett)
 * Norcross gauge (NCRG1)
 * Mavern Creek (north Fulton)
 * Old Mill Creek (north Fulton)
 * Vickery Creek (Forsyth, north Fulton)
 * ''Roswell gauge (RWLG1)
 * Willeo Creek (Cobb/Fulton border)
 * Bull Sluice Lake and Morgan Falls Dam
 * Ball Mill Creek (DeKalb and Fulton)
 * Beech Creek (Fulton)
 * Summerbrook Creek (Fulton)
 * Mountain Health Creek (Fulton)
 * Arrowhead Creek (Cobb)
 * Mulberry Creek (Cobb)
 * Nancy Creek (DeKalb and Fulton)
 * Nannyberry Creek (Cobb)
 * Nickajack Creek (Cobb)
 * Owl Creek (Cobb)
 * Rottenwood Creek (Cobb)
 * Sope Creek (Cobb)
 * Trout Lily Creek (Cobb)
 * Vinings gauge at Pace's Ferry (VING1)
 * Peachtree Creek (Fulton)
 * Proctor Creek (Fulton)
 * Cabin Creek (Fulton)
 * Camp Creek (Fulton)
 * Charlie's Trapping Creek (Fulton)
 * Crooked Creek (Fulton and Gwinnett)
 * Dog River (Douglas)
 * Hewlett Creek (Fulton)
 * Long Island Creek (Fulton)
 * Marsh Creek (Fulton)
 * Whitewater Creek (Troup)
 * Sandy Creek (Fulton)
 * Sweetwater Creek (Cobb, Douglas, and Paulding)
 * Pea Creek (south Fulton)
 * Pine Creek (south Fulton)
 * Deep Creek (south Fulton)
 * Mill Branch (south Fulton)
 * Brock Branch (south Fulton)
 * Browns Lake (south Fulton)
 * Anneewakee Creek (Douglas)
 * Basket Creek (Douglas)
 * Bear Creek (Douglas)
 * Bear Creek (south Fulton)
 * Tuggle Creek (south Fulton)
 * White Oak Creek (south Fulton)
 * Turkey Creek (south Fulton)
 * Gilberts Branch (Douglas)
 * Hurricane Creek (Carroll and Douglas)
 * Wolf Creek (Carroll)
 * Acorn Creek (Carroll)
 * Snake Creek (Carroll)
 * Wahoo Creek (Coweta)
 * Whitesburg gauge (WHTG1)
 * Mulberry Creek (Harris and Talbot)
 * Pataula Creek (Clay, Quitman, Randolph, and Stewart)
 * Bull Creek (Muscogee)
 * Upatoi Creek (Chattahoochee/Muscogee border and Marion/Talbot border)
 * Moores Creek (Langdale, AL)
 * West Point gauge (WTPG1)
 * West Point Lake (Chambers, AL, Heard, GA, and Troup, GA)
 * Lake Harding (Harris, GA and Lee, AL)
 * Goat Rock Lake (Harris, GA and Lee, AL)
 * Lake Oliver (Lee, AL, Russell, AL, and Muscogee, GA)
 * Columbus gauge (CMUG1)
 * Walter F. George Lake (Barbour, Henry, Houston, and Russell, AL and Clay, Quitman, and Stewart, GA)
 * Omussee Creek (Houston, AL)
 * Lake Seminole (Jackson, FL, Decatur, GA, and Seminole, GA)

Note that the above list is incomplete, and that each item is not in the exact order in which it joins the Chattahoochee. (For confluences now inundated by lakes, it may be impossible to determine from current maps exactly where they were.)

Popular culture
The beauty of the Chattahoochee River is commemorated in the poem "The Song of the Chattahoochee" (1877), by the noted Georgian poet Sidney Lanier. Lake Lanier on the Chattahoochee is named for him.

Country music artist Alan Jackson released his song "Chattahoochee" in 1993 as a single off his album A Lot About Livin' (And a Little 'bout Love) (the name of the album being the last line of the aforementioned song's chorus). "Chattahoochee" received Country Music Association awards for Single of the Year and Song of the Year.

Composer Juan María Solare wrote a piano piece called Chattahoochee River, technically a slow blues with a central faster section.

title: Chattahoochee River


text:
Talk:Atticus of Constantinople

Redirects
These pages are being wrongly redirected. They should redirect from common name to patriarchial name, to keep a chain of patriarchs that can be followed by users, as is the form with monarchs, popes, etc. We have already decided that cardinals must have their title included. So should patriarchs. FearÉIREANN 07:52 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Proposed Rename
to Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople, as Constantinple was only raised to Patriarchate at Chalcedon in 451. --InfernoXV 18:31, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atticus of Constantinople