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Yonge–Dundas Square

Yonge–Dundas Square, or Dundas Square is a public square at the southeast corner of the intersection of Yonge Street and Dundas Street East in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Designed by Brown and Storey Architects, the square was conceived in 1997 as part of revitalizing the intersection. Since its completion in 2002, the square has hosted many public events, performances and art displays, establishing itself as a prominent landmark in Toronto and one of the city's prime tourist attractions. Central to the Downtown Yonge entertainment and shopping district, the square is owned by the city and is the first public square in Canada to be maintained through a public–private partnership. The intersection is one of the busiest in Canada, with over 100,000 people crossing the city's first pedestrian scramble daily.

Surrounding the square are other major landmarks, including the Toronto Eaton Centre, Ed Mirvish Theatre, and the Citytv building. The square is accessible from the Toronto subway at Dundas station and is connected to Path, Toronto's underground pedestrian walkway. The square is continuously illuminated by large billboard screens and corporate logos, which has led to comparison of the square with Times Square in New York City, Shibuya Crossing in Tokyo, and Piccadilly Circus in London.

History
In 1998, as part of its Yonge Street Regeneration Project, Toronto City Council approved the expropriation and demolition of the buildings on the site and the construction of Yonge–Dundas Square. The square is a joint project of the city, residents, the McGill Granby Association, the Downtown Yonge Business, and Resident Association, and the Downtown Yonge Business Improvement Area, an association of local businesses. This effort was conceived and spearheaded by Arron Barberian of Barberian's Steak House, Robert Sniderman of the Senator Restaurant and Councillor Kyle Rae. Ron Soskolne was retained in 1995 to head up the planning of the regeneration project, and went on to become the chair of the Board of Management for the first decade of the square's operation. Designed by Brown + Storey Architects, the square was intended as a new public space in Toronto, somewhat akin to Nathan Phillips Square, designed by Viljo Revell for New City Hall.

In 1999, the square's design received the Award of Excellence for significant building in the design stage by the Canadian Architect magazine, in recognition of it being an outstanding example of contemporary architecture. The next year, Architecture magazine commended the square as a new form of urban space with great presence ... pushes the limits of invention and originality.

Unlike Nathan Phillips Square, however, Yonge–Dundas Square is operated by a separate Board of Management. The site is owned by the City and administered by a Board of Management. The board of management for Yonge–Dundas Square was established in 2001, and is the first public–private partnership in Canada to operate a public square. In 2006, the square's Wi-Fi hotspot, set up by Wireless Toronto, was voted the best in the city.

Some claim that the intersection is the busiest in Canada, with over 56 million people passing through annually. The square's development is cited as modeling New York's Times Square, Tokyo's Shibuya district, and London's Piccadilly Circus. To manage the volume of pedestrians, a pedestrian scramble was installed in August 2008. The square frequently serves as a venue for public events connected to the city's cultural festivals, including NXNE, the Toronto International Film Festival, Luminato, Nuit blanche and Pride Week. On June 29, 2014, the square hosted the official closing ceremonies of WorldPride.

The square is property of the City of Toronto and is regulated by Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 636: Public Squares. These regulations govern activities in the square and the use of the property. As of April 2014, smoking is prohibited on the entire property of the square.

In the wake of the George Floyd race protests and social unrest, controversy arose over the namesake of Dundas Street, Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who voted to delay the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade. Dundas argued that a vote for immediate abolition of the slave trade would be unlikely to pass, and instead added an amendment to an anti-slavery bill in the UK parliament calling instead for its "gradual abolishment" in 1792. Toronto City Council voted in 2021 to rename Dundas Street and other civic assets named after Dundas - such as Yonge–Dundas Square. A new name was to be chosen by April 2022; however, it took until December 2023 for City Council to approve the new name of Sankofa Square, after a Ghanaian term referring to the act of reflecting on and reclaiming teachings from the past, appropriated from the Akan people, who were historically involved in slave trading. Citing costs, Toronto ultimately decided to keep Dundas' name for the street but to rename the Yonge–Dundas Square, and the Dundas and Dundas West subway stations.

Design
The site is bordered on the north by Dundas Street, on the east by Victoria Street, and on the west by Yonge Street, and on the south by a street named Dundas Square. Dundas Street; an east–west street extended east through Downtown Toronto from near its original eastern terminus near Ossington Avenue by connecting several pre-existing streets: From the west, Agnes Street met Yonge Street at a T-intersection at the present Dundas Street intersection, while from the east, Wilton Street terminated at Yonge approximately 100 metres to the south. In the early 20th century, Dundas was extended east from the Agnes/Yonge Streets intersection to meet with Wilton Street at Victoria Street, by building a link east and southeast to interline with Wilton; creating the present Dundas Street. The cut off section of Wilton from Yonge to Victoria was renamed Dundas Square.

The square is on a slight incline, which architects Brown and Storey have said was intended to evoke a theatrical stage. It is made with modular raised square textured 35.125 by granite slabs (each slab costing approximately $1,500: $1,000 materials plus $500 labour), features a diagonally running zinc canopy along the northern hypotenuse of the "square", a movable plinth which serves as a stage for concerts and other performances, a row of lighted fountains set directly into the pavement, a row of small trees along the southern edge, a transparent canopy over the plinth, and a new entrance to Dundas subway station below. A series of low, circular stone planters was added to the western side of the square in the summer of 2005.

The square is not square-shaped, but an irregular pentagon. This angled northeastern side of the square is known as the hypotenuse, which features a structure supported by 11 round concrete pillars. This creates an industrial urban aesthetic, which, being to the north, casts no shadows on the rest of the space. The other three sides are square (i.e., at right angles to one another and to Yonge and Dundas Streets). As well, Dundas Square (the street) forms the square's southern boundary, running between Yonge and Victoria Streets.

Features
The surface of Yonge–Dundas Square is not level; it is sloped upward away from Yonge Street to allow enough height to provide clearance for the Toronto Parking Authority garage entrance. The architects planned the slope of the surface to make it interesting and to accommodate the necessary clearances for what lies underneath. Level P1 houses the washrooms and changerooms, a green room for stage performers, and various utilities rooms, custodial and supply closets, and the water treatment plant and pump rooms for the fountains.

At the southeast and southwest corners of Yonge–Dundas Square are drinking water fountains. The water fountain on the southwest corner (nearest to Yonge Street) is known for its large, cool stream of water that flows down the fountain to drains in the ground. The stream produced by the other fountain is warmer and flows less copiously. On the other hand, the fountain nearest Yonge street is also near a protrusion in the ground that has become a popular seat.

Fountains
The centrepiece of the square is the array of fountains designed by Dan Euser of Waterarchitecture. Two rows of ten fountains are spread out across the square's main walkway so that visitors have the opportunity to walk through or around the fountains. Unlike many other city fountains, the Dundas Square fountains were meant for waterplay and include a sophisticated filtration system that (according to both of the architects) keeps the water at or above "pool quality" water. According to Euser, the water is treated to maintain health standards for waterplay. According to facility administrator Christine MacLean, the granite that was chosen for the entire space has non-slip properties for the safety of those running through or playing in the fountains. Each of the 10 water fountains consists of a stainless steel grille with 30 ground nozzles (arranged in three rows of 10) under it.

The entire rock surface is of a very dark (almost black) colour and effectively absorbs sunlight, thus creating a warm surface on which to rest. The water runs under the dark rock slabs and is thus heated by them, so that the fountain water is solar heated. Three curved lighting masts along the south edge of the square, made of hollow structural steel, have a high-gloss white finish that contrasts with the rough non-slip texture of the black granite, and each support six mercury vapour arc lamps that create evening light that comes from approximately the same directions as natural sunlight does during the day (i.e., from various southerly directions). The fountains comprise a dynamic art installation and water sculpture in which the 600 water jets are programmed to vary, dynamically, over time. The fountains usually operate 24 hours a day. Other than the aquatic play area in front of the Ontario Science Centre (the centrepiece of Teluscape), Dundas Square is Toronto's only 24-hour waterplay area, open all day and night except during special events, maintenance, and other exceptions. The fountains usually run from around mid-April to the end of October, making this one of two aquatic play areas in Toronto that opens very early in the season and closes very late in the season.

To reduce costs, only the middle channel (the middle 10 nozzles of each fountain) can be animated, but the outer two channels can still be globally controlled. The outer two channels are often used to set a background (pedestal) level while the middle channel animates, typically for eight-second intervals. The directionality imposed by the middle channel's sequencer encourages bathers to run west rather than east. Moreover, the sequencer makes the bathing experience optimal for joggers who run west at exactly 20 km/h.

Architects Brown and Storey, fountain creator Dan Euser, the firm that initiated the bidding, former Councillor Kyle Rae, and the management of Dundas Square have all confirmed that waterplay was one of the intended uses of the space. The fountains are intended to appeal to children and adults, and there is evidence that has been realized.

Because many people drink from the ground spray nozzles (some people even fill up water bottles from the ground sprays), and since waterplay is one of the intended uses, the water is tested daily, between 9 a.m. and 10 a.m., by the Toronto health department. The water is treated with bromine, which many bathers prefer to chlorine. There are three separate water treatment facilities, one for each group of ten westmost nozzles in each grille (200 nozzles total), another for the middle row of ten in each grille, and a third for all of the eastmost nozzles. The water that runs into the grilles travels west, under the raised floor of the Dundas Square slabs, to the treatment facility under the west end of the waterplay area.

Surrounding buildings
Yonge–Dundas Square is located within Downtown Yonge Business Improvement Area (BIA). Other projects in the area include the redevelopment of the Eaton Centre, the construction of a new retail and cinema complex to the north in 2007, called 10 Dundas East (formerly Toronto Life Square and before that known as Metropolis), and the opening of 33 Dundas Street East to the southeast (on the corner of Victoria and Dundas), which used to be the home of Olympic Spirit Toronto. On October 22, 2007, Rogers Media announced that it would buy this building as a new home for its Citytv and Omni Television stations. This new studio space is now operational.

A "media tower" – a scaffold for billboards, operated by Branded Cities – has been constructed on the northwest corner of Yonge and Dundas. It is advertised as the tallest media tower in the world. Another large media tower, complete with a video screen, is a major feature of the Rogers Media building on the southeast corner of Dundas Square; the video screen usually shows the CITY-TV broadcast. The building that was home to the Hard Rock Cafe (now a Shoppers Drug Mart) on the southwest corner of the square originally features a series of billboards, but these were replaced by a large video screen in 2017. The introduction of the imposing media tower, screens, and brightly illuminated advertising billboards has been too great a sacrifice for some area residents, who feel a loss of the neighbourhood's identity and character (see "Controversy", below). The redevelopment of the Eaton Centre and the building at Victoria and Dundas were completed in 2004. Toronto Life Square, formerly known as the Metropolis development, began in January 1999 after the City of Toronto expropriated a number of properties, and a phased opening began in 2007. It was renamed "10 Dundas East" after Toronto Life magazine's parent company, St. Joseph Communications, sued to have the magazine's name removed from the building. In 2019, an existing smaller screen and two billboards were replaced by a massive curved video display on the corner of the building facing Yonge and Dundas.

Criticism
Criticism ranges from suggestions that the city has missed an opportunity for more green space within the downtown core (or that they have missed an opportunity for what some critics consider more interesting architectural elements) to questions of what the true intent behind the ostensibly public square is. The Toronto Public Space Committee and organizers of Toronto iterations of the Reclaim The Streets phenomenon often point to the square as an example of what they consider a negative trend in urban planning. The square is surrounded on all sides by gigantic commercial billboards in a redevelopment scheme modeled on New York City's Times Square or London's Piccadilly Circus. Many have pointed to the square as a prime example of the creeping privatization of public space. Those making this point have been bolstered by the fact that the square's board is populated by local businesses and residents. The board of management for the square is an ABC organization of the City of Toronto. While there are permit fees for commercial events, community groups can use the square for free under the square's community use policy. All events are charged back for staffing and equipment use.

title: Yonge–Dundas Square


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Saint Peter's University

Saint Peter's University is a private Jesuit university in Jersey City, New Jersey. Founded as Saint Peter's College in 1872 by the Society of Jesus, the university offers over 60 undergraduate and graduate programs to more than 2,000 undergraduate and 1,359 graduate students. Its mascot is the peacock and its sports teams play in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, of which it is a founding member.

The university is located on a 30 acre campus just south of Journal Square, which is 2 mi west of Manhattan.

Alumni of the university include a Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient, winner of the Pulitzer Prize, a U.S. Senator and members of the U.S. House of Representatives, federal judges, academics, physicians, and CEOs.

History
The college was chartered in 1872 as a liberal arts college for men and enrolled its first students in 1878 at Warren Street, in Jersey City, on the present site of its former high school section, St. Peter's Preparatory School. In September 1918, the college was closed, along with several other Jesuit colleges and high schools, because of declining enrollment in the face of World War I and because the Jesuits concentrated personnel at other colleges on the East Coast. Although the war ended only two months after its closing, and despite clamoring from alumni, it took until 1930 to re-open the college. The college was temporarily located on Newark Avenue, before moving in 1936 to its current location on Hudson (now Kennedy) Boulevard, between Montgomery Street and Glenwood Avenue.

The college was integrated in 1936, when the college admitted its first black student. The college granted an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree to Martin Luther King Jr., in 1965, and was the first Jesuit school to do so.

The college became co-educational in 1966, though women had been admitted to the school's evening program in 1930, and a group of 35 women had been admitted due to low enrollment during World War II.

The college has made an effort to reach out into the New Jersey suburbs, with a former satellite campus in St. Michael's Villa at Englewood Cliffs opened in 1975 (closed in 2018) and an extension at South Amboy's Cardinal McCarrick High School opened in 2003 but closed when high school closed in 2015.

In 1975, the college constructed the Yanitelli Recreational Life Center, a sports complex. Beginning with the 1983 acquisition of its first residence hall, the college has converted four apartment buildings to dormitory use, and constructed three new dormitories Whelan Hall (1994), Millennium Hall (1999) and Panepinto Hall (2022).

2000-present
In 2000, Gannon Hall, the science building, completed an $8.2 million renovation.

In 2004, the long-awaited pedestrian bridge over Kennedy Boulevard linked the East Campus and the West Campus.

In 2006, the college began a $50 million capital campaign for a new student center.

On December 24, 2006, college president James N. Loughran was found dead in his home. On May 10, 2007, the board of trustees appointed Eugene J. Cornacchia the 22nd President of Saint Peter's College. Cornacchia is the first layperson to serve as president of the 135-year-old Catholic, Jesuit institution.

In 2008, Saint Peter's was awarded a $2 million grant from the U.S. Department of Defense to create the Center for Microplasma Science and Technology. This grant allowed the college to expand upon its 20 years of studying microplasma as part of its research on water purifiers in conjunction with United Water. Saint Peter's graduates U.S. Senator Robert Menendez and U.S. Representative Albio Sires helped secure the $2 million grant.

On the day after his narrow defeat in the 2008 New Hampshire Presidential primary election, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama held a rally at the college's Yanitelli Center.

In March 2011, it was announced that the college would take over Saint Aeden's Church at McGinley Square from the Archdiocese of Newark.

In March 2012, the college was granted the university designation by the New Jersey State Secretary for Higher Education and would thus change its name. On August 14, 2012, Saint Peter's announced the official change on its website, becoming Saint Peter's University.

In 2013, the new Mac Mahon Student Center was completed. It houses offices for many of Saint Peter's administrative branches, as well as numerous student led organizations such as the Student Government Association.

In 2014, the university opened a center for undocumented students, providing them a safe space and mentoring, a resource library, legal support, and advice for them and their families about deportation defense and immigration issues.

In 2019, the university named its business school for former congressman, lawyer, and businessman Frank J. Guarini who had gifted the university $10 million.

In 2021, the university opened and dedicated the renovated Yanitelli Center, now named Run Baby Run Arena, with a victory over fellow Jersey City school, New Jersey City University, 90–66 in an exhibition game. The renovation was secured through a $5 million lead gift from alumni and former basketball player Thomas P. Mac Mahon. Mac Mahon, a 1968 graduate of Saint Peter's, and a member of the Saint Peter's University Board of Trustees, decided to honor his former 1967–68 teammates by naming the renovated space the "Run Baby Run Arena" after that team's nickname for its high-scoring offense.

The following year, the university opened a new six-story residence hall named Panepinto Hall in honor of alumnus Joseph A. Panepinto on the university's East Campus. In the fall of 2018, Panepinto made a $10 million gift to Saint Peter’s, which at the time was the largest single gift in the university’s history.

Academics
The university includes the following schools and college: The university also has an honors program and a School of Professional Studies for adult-learners providing education in certain concentrations such as in business, education, criminal justice, computer science, and others, allowing enrollment in periodic full-time, part-time, and on-line classes.
 * Caulfield School of Education
 * College of Arts and Sciences
 * Frank J. Guarini School of Business
 * School of Nursing

The university offers more than 50 areas of study including STEM, business, education, nursing, and humanities and social science liberal arts, with an undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio of 13:1, and over 90% of the faculty holding a doctoral or terminal degree.

Undergraduate admissions
In 2023, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university undergraduate admissions as selective with the university regarding an applicant's high school GPA a very important admission factor. High school class rank, as available, as well as letters of recommendation, are considered important. Applicants must submit either SAT or ACT scores or submit a test-optional essay. Of admitted applicants, 23% submitted SAT scores and 3% submitted ACT scores. Of those submitting, the middle 50% SAT scores were between 960 and 1150 and the middle 50% ACT scores were between 17 and 28, with 25% of applicants submitting scores achieving scores above, and 25% scoring below, those ranges. The average admitted student had a high school GPA of 3.31, with applicants required to have completed college preparatory high school coursework.

Rankings
In 2023, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university tied for #58 out of 181 Regional Universities North, #6 in Best Value Schools, and #11 in Top Performers on Social Mobility.

Athletics
Competing in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC), the university fields 16 athletic teams. All of the sports teams are now known as the Peacocks. Until recently, the women's teams were known as the Peahens; Saint Peter's is the only NCAA Division I institution with this mascot. The baseball, softball, and soccer teams play at Joseph J. Jaroschak Field, in Lincoln Park. All other teams play at the Victor R. Yanitelli, S.J. Recreational Life Center, located on campus. The school also uses the Jersey City Armory for some events. On June 14, 2007, it was announced that the football team would be disbanded.

Basketball has long been the most popular sport at the university. Under head coach Don Kennedy, the men's team gained national attention by defeating heavily favored and nationally ranked Duke University in the 1968 NIT quarterfinals, en route to a fourth-place finish.

Saint Peter's has won the MAAC men's basketball championship and the accompanying automatic bid to the NCAA tournament five times (1991, 1995, 2011, 2022, and 2024). They have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) 12 times (1957, 1958, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1987, and 1989). The women's basketball team has won seven MAAC championships and automatic bids to the NCAA tournament (1982, 1992, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2000, and 2002); it also won the MAAC championship in 1983 and 1984, years when the MAAC champion did not receive an automatic NCAA tournament berth. In 2017, Saint Peter's won the CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT) championship by defeating Texas A&M-Corpus Christi in the tournament final. It was Saint Peter's first national title in school history. In 2022, the men's basketball team earned national recognition after receiving a No. 15 seed in the NCAA tournament and upsetting the No. 2 seed Kentucky Wildcats; it was only the tenth occurrence of a No. 15 seed defeating a No. 2 seed in NCAA Tournament history. They then defeated the No. 7 seed Murray State Racers, becoming just the third No. 15 seed to reach the Sweet 16. After this they upset the No. 3 seed Purdue Boilermakers to become the first No. 15 seed to reach the Elite 8.

In 2004 and 2005, Keydren "Kee-Kee" Clark led the nation in points scored per game, becoming just the eighth player to repeat as NCAA Division I scoring champion. On March 4, 2006, Clark became only the seventh NCAA player to score more than 3,000 points in his career; on the next day, he passed Hersey Hawkins to become the sixth-leading scorer of all time. At the time of his final game on March 6, 2006, Clark held the NCAA all-time record for 3-point shots, with 435. A second fourth-year student and a forward on the basketball team, George Jefferson, died on June 21, 2005, due to a previously undiagnosed heart condition. In 2011, Saint Peter's won the MAAC tournament to make the Peacocks' first March Madness appearance since 1995.

The Peacocks were the MAAC Men's Golf Champions in 2014, 2015, and 2017.

The Peacocks were the MAAC Men's Soccer Champions in 2003 and 2010. The team were finalists in 2006 and 2007.

The women's bowling team won its first championship title in 2009.

The Peacocks were the MAAC Women's Indoor Track and Field Champions in 2011, 2012, and 2013. They were Outdoor champions in 2011 and 2012.

Peacock mascot
Saint Peter's University is the only NCAA Division I institution whose mascot is the peacock. This choice was made for several reasons. Primarily, the land on which Saint Peter's now stands was once owned by a man named Michiel Reyniersz Pauw, whose last name means "peacock" in Dutch. His extensive holdings included most of Hudson County and were part of the Pavonia, New Netherland settlement.

In pagan mythology, the peacock is considered to be a symbol of rebirth, much like the phoenix. For Saint Peter's, it is a reference to the closing and reopening of the college in the early 20th century.

At one point in the 1960s, live peacocks roamed the campus. Many institutions within the college derive their name from the peacock:
 * The school newspaper had been titled the Pauw Wow until April 2021, when it was renamed as the St. Peter's Tribune; Pauw's name was removed because of his involvement in "cruelty and oppression against Indigenous and African peoples".
 * The literary magazine is titled the Pavan.
 * The school's yearbook is titled the Peacock Pie.
 * The drama society calls itself Argus Eyes, in reference to Argus "Panoptes", who, according to Greek mythology, had his 100 eyes preserved by Hera in the tail of the peacock.
 * One of the major dining facilities is named the Pavonia Room.
 * The O'Toole Library café is named Pavo Perk.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni include:

 * In the fields of arts and entertainment, Saint Peter's graduates include: Will Durant, 1968 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and the 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient; Ken Jennings, 1979 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical recipient; Mary Ann McGuigan, 1997 National Book Award finalist; and Angela Shapiro-Mathes, President of Fox Television Studios and TLC.
 * In the field of business, Saint Peter's graduates include: Lawrence R. Codey, President & COO of Public Service Electric & Gas; Thomas P. Mac Mahon, President & CEO, LabCorp; William J. Marino, President & CEO, Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey; James Meister, President & CEO of Kings Super Markets; and Anthony P. Terracciano, Chairman of Sallie Mae.
 * In the field of government, Saint Peter's graduates include: Robert Menendez, United States Senator from New Jersey; Mark McNulty, a Delaware Secretary of Transportation, Robert J. Morris, anti-communist activist and chief counsel to the United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security from 1951 to 1953; Thomas F. X. Smith, 38th Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey; Joseph Patrick Tumulty, Chief of Staff to President Woodrow Wilson; and United States Representatives Daniel J. Griffin, James A. Hamill, Edward J. Hart, Charles F. X. O'Brien, and Albio Sires.
 * In the field of law, Saint Peter's graduates include: Thomas Francis Meaney and Peter G. Sheridan, Judges for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey; Reginald Stanton '56, Judge of the New Jersey Superior Court and Saint Peter's first and only Rhodes Scholar; Chester J. Straub, Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Joseph R. Quinn, Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court.
 * In the field of sports, Saint Peter's graduates include: Keydren Clark, Two-time NCAA basketball scoring champion and seventh all-time leading scorer in NCAA history; Bob Hurley, Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame basketball coach at St. Anthony High School in Jersey City, New Jersey; Richard Rinaldi, NBA player for the Baltimore Bullets and New York Nets, who, as a senior, averaged 28.6 ppg for the Peacocks; and MLB relief pitchers Frank Brooks and Víctor Santos.
 * Other notable Saint Peter's graduates include: George J. Borjas, the Robert W. Scrivner Professor of Economics and Social Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School; Nicholas J. Cifarelli, physician known for starting the first Bioethics Advisory Committee in the United States; John Henning, award-winning TV and radio news reporter in Boston, Massachusetts; and Joseph McGinn, pioneer of minimally invasive cardiac bypass surgery and medical director of The Heart Institute of New York, and historian Will Durant, co-author with wife Ariel Durant of The Story of Civilization.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saint Peter's University


text:
1515 in art

Events from the year 1515 in art.

Events

 * Giovanni Antonio da Brescia's engraving of the Belvedere Torso attracts the interest of connoisseurs and artists outside Rome.

Works

 * Giovanni Bellini – Naked Young Woman in Front of the Mirror
 * Cima da Conegliano – Virgin and Child with Saints and Donors (Cleveland Museum of Art)
 * Piero di Cosimo – The Myth of Prometheus (series)
 * Lucas Cranach the Elder – The Massacre of the Innocents (approximate date)
 * Gerard David – Virgin and Child with Four Angels (approximate completion date)
 * Albrecht Dürer
 * "Arch of Honor" (printed 1517/18)
 * The Rhinoceros (woodcut)
 * Innocenzo di Pietro Francucci da Imola – The Virgin and Child with Saints Sebastian, Roch, Cosmas and Damian
 * Jan Gossaert – The Adoration of the Kings
 * Matthias Grünewald – Isenheim Altarpiece (Unterlinden Museum, Colmar, Alsace)
 * Leonardo da Vinci – Bacchus
 * Jacopo Pontormo – Pharaoh with his Butler and Baker
 * Raphael
 * Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (probable date)
 * Portrait of Bindo Altoviti
 * La velata
 * Titian (some dates approximate)
 * Noli me tangere
 * Salome
 * Tarquin and Lucretia (attributed)
 * Vanity
 * Violante
 * Woman with a Mirror
 * Young Woman in a Black Dress

Births

 * October 4 - Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter and wood-engraver (died 1586)
 * probable
 * Jean Bullant, French sculptor and architect (died 1578)
 * Nicolas Denisot, French Renaissance poet and painter (died 1559)
 * Willem Key, Flemish painter (died 1568)
 * (born 1515/1520) Lambert Sustris, Dutch painter (died 1584)

Deaths

 * November 5 – Mariotto Albertinelli, Italian Renaissance painter (born 1474)
 * date unknown - Pietro Lombardo, Italian Renaissance sculptor and architect (born 1435)
 * probable
 * Giulio Campagnola, Italian engraver and painter, inventor of the stipple technique in engraving (born 1482)
 * Vincenzo Foppa, Italian painter (born 1430)

title: 1515 in art


text:
Katharevousa

Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα,, literally "purifying [language]") is a conservative form of the Modern Greek language conceived in the late 18th century as both a literary language and a compromise between Ancient Greek and the contemporary vernacular, Demotic Greek. Originally, it was widely used for both literary and official purposes, though sparingly in daily language. In the 20th century, it was increasingly adopted for official and formal purposes, until minister of education Georgios Rallis made Demotic Greek the official language of Greece in 1976, and in 1982 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou abolished the polytonic system of writing for both Demotic and Katharevousa.

Katharevousa was conceived by the intellectual and revolutionary leader Adamantios Korais (1748–1833). A graduate of the University of Montpellier, Korais spent most of his life as an expatriate in Paris. As a classical scholar credited with both laying the foundations of Modern Greek literature and a major figure in the Greek Enlightenment, he was repelled by the Byzantine and subsequent influence on Greek society, and was a fierce critic of the clergy and their alleged subservience to the Ottoman Empire. He held that education was a prerequisite to Greek liberation.

Part of Katharevousa's purpose was to serve as a compromise solution for the struggle between the "archaists" demanding full reversion to archaic Greek, and the "modernists".

History
Although Katharevousa was introduced relatively recently, the concept of a conservative literary version of Greek had been present since the times of Koine Greek. There had always existed a tendency towards a state of diglossia between the Attic literary language and the constantly developing spoken Koine, which eventually evolved into Demotic Greek. Medieval Greek texts and documents of the Byzantine Empire were almost always written in conservative literary Greek. Examples of texts written in vernacular Greek prior to the 13th century are very rare. It can be argued that the establishment of Katharevousa was an official declaration and standardization of the conservative form of Greek, which had already existed in one way or another. The first known use of the term Katharevousa is in a work by the Greek polymath Nikephoros Theotokis, in 1796.

Katharevousa was widely used in public documents and whatever was conceived as work of formal activity by Greek scholars. The name Katharevousa implies a pure form of Greek as it might hypothetically have evolved from ancient Greek without external influences, while in its modern connotation the word has come to mean "formal language". In later years, Katharevousa was used for official and formal purposes (such as politics, letters, official documents, and newscasting), while Demotic Greek (δημοτική, dimotikí) or popular Greek, was the daily language. This created a diglossic situation whereby most of the Greek population was excluded from the public sphere and advancement in education unless they conformed to Katharevousa.

In 1976, Demotic was made the official language, and in 1982 Andreas Papandreou abolished the polytonic system of writing; by the end of the 20th century full Katharevousa in its earlier form had become obsolete. Much of the vocabulary of Katharevousa and its grammatical and syntactical rules have influenced the Demotic language, so that the project's emphasis has made an observable contribution to the language as it is used today. Modern Greek might be argued to be a combination of the original Demotic and the traditional Katharevousa as stressed in the 19th century, also with institutional input from Koine Greek. Among Katharevousa's later contributions are the promotion of classically based compounds to describe items and concepts that did not exist in earlier times, such as "newspaper", "police", "automobile", "aeroplane" and "television", rather than borrowing new words directly from other languages.

Etymology
Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα) means 'cleansing, purifying', the feminine present participle of the verb katharévo (καθαρεύω, ). (The term is thus cognate with English catharsis.)

Present-day use
The Church of Greece and other churches of the Greek Orthodox tradition still use Katharevousa in official communications.

Text sample
This is a text sample of Katharevousa from the Great Greek Encyclopedia, published in 1930. The text relates to Adamantios Korais's relations with the Greek Church. It is rendered in Demotic and translated into English.

 * English translation: His expatriation from Greece was a cause for many unjust judgments as regards situations and people, and mainly for his behaviour towards the clergy, which was discussed above. If he had lived in Greece and been in contact with the clergy and known closely not only its turpitude but also its virtues, not only would he have contributed greatly to correcting some of the problems within the Church, but also would not have listened to all that he listened to due to his exaggerated sentiments against the clergy.

title: Katharevousa


text:
Talk:Disapproval voting

Text from January 2003
Pardon my mention of the French wikipedia mess, but it's appropriate as they seem to be disapproving of a rather lot of people, although perhaps without much voting.

I have deleted this non-article. It was, in fact, a disjoint list of ways in which disapproval could be registered in voting systems.

 * Some of which are formalized, e.g. representative recall, executive veto, and of course the various ways to do it in tactical voting.

This is not an article.

 * Then fix it, or add a note that these various ways of indicating some disapproval aren't studied enough and are more part of pop culture. But don't deny that the topic exists, nor that they aren't popular (e.g. reality game show implementations).

The only references to "disapproval voting" I could find were to a system of voting functionally equivalent to approval voting whereby instead of voting for candidates, you cross unacceptable candidates off the list.

 * Then you didn't look very hard. And no the two systems are only somewhat "functionally equivalent" because there are very significant and well-known psychological differences between approval and disapproval actions.  They are not symmetrical, and thus the two must be discussed in different ways.

This should be added to the approval voting page. DanKeshet 04:12 Jan 23, 2003 (UTC)

 * You didn't do that either. Are you trying to censor discussion of this topic? (this and other inline responses from 142)

Responses below, because I don't like inline mode for comments.

What I was saying is that the non-article that was here was not about a particular thing called "disapproval voting", it was about registering disapproval in voting systems and other decision-making processes.

 * Much of it is about that, yes, and that section is now clearly marked. But there are also 'arguments for formal disapproval' and the many examples of 'popular use' of systems that are in fact formal disapproval systems, as on the game shows.  All the article now lacks is an example like the others.

Whether the methods of registering disapproval are formal or informal makes no difference to their germanity in an article about disapproval voting.

 * ?!?? Voting systems are necessarily and only about formalizing things that were previously informal, e.g. replacing street warfare with elections.  If there is lots of informal disapproval going on, and if it's interfering with other signals, those are arguments that disapproval itself is becoming formalized.  If you like, make this two articles, one that is a straightforward presentation of the 'exclusion voting' systems as used on the game shows, and another that discusses 'choice versus disapproval' in voting itself.  But one article on all these things seems quite adequate.

You say that I must not have looked very hard to not find no other uses of the term "disapproval voting", so I ask you: please help me by pointing me to one or more reproducible references to somebody referring to something else as "disapproval voting". I will not re-write the page to say that the topic needs to be discussed more; that's an editorial comment that does not belong in wikipedia.

 * The page now says that the topic is there in pop culture and is part of the dialogue about, and rationale for use of, other voting systems. It lists three examples of disapproval which don't have approval equivalents.

Regarding the system of crossing out names: yes, there are psychological differences between this and voting for candidates in approval voting. That's why I said they're functionally equivalent rather than "the same".

 * That observation is preserved.

Mathematically equivalent perhaps would've been a better choice of words.

 * No, the mathematics one would have to apply to the choices of a negative versus positive choice are different. See Dembo/Freeman "Seeing Tomorrow", 1998.  Simply using the same equations inverted is just not correct... it is more correct to say that disapproval voting is mathematically equivalent not to approval voting, but to runoff voting, with only the least popular candidate knocked off, or mandatory preference voting (Australian), where ranking someone last constitutes disapproving of them relative to others, and only one candidate is knocked off per round.

As to why I haven't included this bit about this system and it's uses, it's because I haven't found anything more than passing references.

 * What other name would you assign to the reality game show systems of voting?

I'm embarrassed to add that random factoid in an article without at least knowing which countries use(d) it when and for which offices.

 * Why must a 'country' use it for an 'office'? A voting system can exist without being applied at the federal level for selecting people for office.  Most voting systems are about measures to be taken, not people to trust... there is already a great bias towards representative democracy in the voting system entries - giving short shift to more direct means of making decisions.

If you know this information, please add it. DanKeshet 21:01 Jan 31, 2003 (UTC)

 * most uses of disapproval are for representative recall (of incumbents) and ratification veto (of appointed officials presented for office by executives). For measures, there are the executive veto or line-item veto, which are not about choosing candidates at all.

--- There is now a separate article on formal disapproval which is mostly a disambiguator - for formal protest (like diplomatic letters), abstention frmo voting (sometimes called an election boycott), and recall measures.

The section on 'expressions of disapproval in other voting systems' might reasonably be moved to that article.

The intro, on psychological differences, and the 'popular use', would have to be retained and an example provided, plus some of hte comments noted as above.

This artificial idea that a 'voting system' must be about selecting officers in a representative democratic structure, has to be vetted from existing articles - a voting system is a means of expressing some tolerances or preferences or both, and it can be used by electors, representatives within a legislature, executives, citizens after an election, etc. - it is not simply a construct of use in 'elect a dictator' type pseudo-democracies.

Text from August 2003
It appears that this article doesn't fit someone's PhD thesis or idea of politics. The legitimate issue is that representative recall may be formal disapproval, but it may not be disapproval voting as such.

If it isn't, then, this is not an aspect of an electoral system but it is still a voting system. A serious problem with the current voting systems articles that it confuses an electoral and a voting system. That needs fixing.

A voting system is just a way to make a collective choice. Clearly there is such a thing as disapproval voting in this sense, since there are reality game shows out there doing it literally every day on TV. So this exists.

It's dodgier whether the kind of protest vote or abstention or refusal to ratify constitutes disapproval voting without a disapproval style of ballot. That issue can be discussed and disputed without censoring the voting system itself.

Moved from W:vfud

 * disapproval voting clearly exists, as anyone who's seen "Survivor" knows - the article had five links to it that all seemed valid, so it has been temporarily restored so it can be reviewed by more neutral parties. It seems to have become a target of User:DanKeshet because it doesn't fit his thesis that choosing a voting system is like choosing a social welfare function, and because it is not used for elections, but in reality game shows.  A new short article on formal disapproval was also added.  The deletion of both of these seems to have been wholly politically motivated, or because they don't fit an idiosyncratic thesis.  Also list of voting systems is a mess, and should not be used as a watchlist.  All told, this is quite bad management of pages.

 * Careful ascribing motivations. The deletion management redesign is to deal with the serious notification problems that exist in the present system.  Avoid restoring articles that have not been approved here, although, in this case I agree there's a valid article there, although some of it's content may go somewhere else.  User:DanKeshet has done an otherwise good job of the voting systems pages, and very often such people do so due to some motivation such as you ascribe, but, if the process is followed, it's hardly only his fault.  EofT

"more than two" vs. "two or more"
In the sentence "[t]rue disapproval voting would require more than two choices or representatives, and would ask voters to disavow one or more," wouldn't it make more sense to say "two or more"?

Of course, in a recall vote there are typically two choices: recall and don't recall. But surely a vote to recall one of two people still counts as proper disapproval voting? That is to say, surely it is not necessary to have three choices for it to be a true disapproval vote?

--cpcallen 16:35, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)

Adding non-confidence voting here?
George Hara 23:54, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hi,

I would like to add a section here for non-confidence voting. Here is the text (any objections?):

--

A particular case of the disproval voting is the non-confidence voting.

The non-confidence voting is normally used after an "in favor" qualified majority vote, not instead nor mixed. Basically, the non-confidence voting first allows representative democracy to function as usual, then, if a second body of decision (this could be the people which act as in a direct democracy) decides to revoke the representatives' decisions, it can do so with a vote of non-confidence (which can be toward the representatives or toward the decisions of the representatives).

In the case of the state, this means that the representative democracy can function normally (without delays or interference), but can still be controlled by direct democracy. Today, this happens only on a small scale: parliament - president - government.

The premise on which the non-confidence voting is based is that it is better to have no rules than have any bad rules, at least until a new attempt to impose the rule.

Non-confidence voting is a call for non-action, that is, it can be applied only when there is no necessity for an outcome of the voting process (meaning, things can be just as they were before the vote – without the rule). Therefore, it can't be applied when it is necessary to take action, like choosing a candidate in elections.

--

One more thing... I don't understand this paragraph from "Arguments for and against": "Support in this ratification vote of less than 67-80% is taken as a strong disapproval - and most likely ends the rise of that individual at his current level. In any such structure, formal disapproval voting may lead to less honest outcomes, if the peer pressure not to be seen to formally disapprove of anyone is extreme." The second sentence, I think, refers to being seen by other to vote against (though the vote is secret!), but the first sentence beats me.

Not Sure
I'm not 100% on what disapproval voting is after reading the article. Here is the type of system I am thinking of in my head:

There are 5 candidates on the ballot: Bob, Tim, Joe, Steve, and Ellen. Voter is told to vote against as many candidates as desired. The votes are then counted, with the following results: Bob has 10 votes against him, Tim has 12 votes against him, Joe has 23 votes against him, Steve has 19 votes against him, and Ellen has 7 votes against her. The result is Ellen, who has the least votes against her, wins the election.

Is that disapproval voting? Or is that something else? Doregasm 08:58, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

This specific case is isomorphic to Approval Voting.Jack Rudd (talk) 02:29, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Approval Voting ("Give yes to ones you want, the one with most yes, wins the election") is different from disapproval voting ("Give no to ones you dont want, the one with least no, wins the election").
 * On disaproval voting, not giving a vote to someone because you are lazy to check the entire ballot or because you didnt saw someone there and etc... means you want them. You must make sure you vote on every single person you dont want or you will be actually "wanting them".201.79.59.44 (talk) 11:46, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

"Against all" voting in Russia
Apparently this was eliminated from the Russian election system in 2006. (Russian legislative election, 2007). Or not? Kope (talk) 07:33, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

NPOV?
"This negative view of politics itself is very commonly associated with libertarianism."

This seems like a POV assertion. If this statement is meant to convey something NPOV, I think it needs careful revision. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.166.128.21 (talk) 22:27, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

I wouldn't say that's a serious problem, since libertarians are generally negative about government/politics but this sentence implying seeing things the way the writer thinks is some sort of "failure" is both POV and not very clear "some fail to see voting as a positive and voluntary choice of a desirable outcome. To these, the electoral and legal systems are in general about reducing the losses, not pursuing the possible gains, in political cooperation with each other." 142.165.167.119 (talk) 21:35, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

 * It's a weird thing to say in context, because it's consistently the Major Parties' members and fans who complain when fringe voters, by voting for their most favored outcome, fail to prevent election of the worst of the two Major Party candidates! —Tamfang (talk) 04:04, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disapproval voting


text:
Thomas Edison State University

Thomas Edison State University (TESU) is a public university in Trenton, New Jersey. The university is one of New Jersey's 11 senior public institutions of higher education. Thomas Edison State University offers degrees at the undergraduate and graduate level.

History
Thomas Edison State College was approved by the New Jersey Board of Education in December 1971, and established on July 1, 1972. In 2015, the college was awarded university status. The school is named in honor of Thomas Alva Edison, the inventor who lived in New Jersey for the bulk of his adult life and gained encyclopedic knowledge of many subject areas through self-directed learning.

Campus
Thomas Edison State University moved into downtown Trenton in September 1979, at a time when other institutions were leaving cities. The 7-year-old university, which had spent three years at the Forrestal Center outside of Princeton, needed room for growth. At the same time, the state was looking for an appropriate tenant for the landmark Kelsey Building located adjacent to New Jersey's State House complex and the State House historic district, while the city sought to preserve the building's historic use as a school. Behind the Kelsey Building and the adjoining five restored mid-19th-century brick Townhouses is Petty's Run, which flows to the Delaware River. In the early 1730s, Petty's Run powered a plating mill, and by midcentury drove a steel furnace.

Built in 1911 by A. Henry Cooper Kelsey, the Kelsey Building is one of the architectural landmarks of the city. It housed three other schools before serving as the headquarters for Thomas Edison State University. The architecture of the Kelsey Building is modeled after a Florentine palace, the Palazzo Strozzi. The main structure was designed in 1910 by world-renowned architect Cass Gilbert (designer of New York City's Woolworth Building). In 2011, the Kelsey Building celebrated its 100th anniversary.

The university's campus has grown over the years and currently includes the Kelsey Building, the Townhouse Complex, the Center for Learning and Technology, and Kuser Mansion, all on West State Street. The Academic Center and Canal Banks Building are located on West Hanover Street.

Thomas Edison State University has been active in restoring several historic buildings of downtown Trenton, preserving the essence of the city's past and stimulating economic development. In 2013, TESU announced the completion of a new nursing simulation lab (funded by Bristol Myers Squibb). In 2016, the university celebrated the opening of the 34,360-square-foot Nursing Education Center at the site of the former Glen Cairn Arms apartment complex at West State and Calhoun streets.

Artwork on campus

TESU houses a number of pieces of art including a N. C. Wyeth painting titled Reception to Washington on April 21, 1789, at Trenton on his way to New York to Assume the Duties of the Presidency of the United States, the Quantum Ring sculpture, a bronze map of Trenton, and plaques in tribute to Thomas Edison, along with two collections. Inside the Kelsey Building, a lavishly decorated room was built as a special tribute to Prudence Townsend Kelsey. The Prudence Townsend Kelsey Memorial Room is a permanent exhibit space for the porcelain and art she and her husband, Henry Cooper Kelsey, collected on their annual trips to Europe." Paintings, porcelains and bronzes on display in the Memorial Room. The majority of the collections consists of souvenirs and mementos purchased by the Kelsey's on their annual trips abroad. Some of the items housed in the room include an asparagus shaped porcelain vial, a jewel Demitasse cup and saucer by Coalport, charms, vases and several pieces of porcelain and crystal from Austria, England, Germany, France and Ireland.

The Bradshaw Collection by George A. Bradshaw is displayed in the Kelsey Building's Prudence Hall. The university often hosts tours of these collections which are also viewable by appointment. In addition to being displayed at Thomas Edison State University, Bradshaw's etchings are in the permanent collections of the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, the Vanderpoel Gallery in Chicago, Newark Museum, the University of Nebraska and many private collections.

In 2019, Wells Fargo donated the painting by Wyeth portraying George Washington's reception at Trenton to TESU, the largest gift ever given to the university.

Academics
Thomas Edison State University offers associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees in more than 100 areas of study. The university also offers undergraduate, graduate and noncredit certificates. Academic programs at the institution are housed in five schools:

 * Heavin School of Arts and Sciences
 * School of Applied Science and Technology
 * School of Business and Management
 * W. Cary Edwards School of Nursing and Health Professions
 * John S. Watson School of Public Service

Accreditation
The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE); it has been accredited by MSCHE or its predecessor organization since 1977. Several programs are also accredited:

 * The W. Cary Edwards School of Nursing programs at Thomas Edison State University are approved by the New Jersey Board of Nursing, the Accrediting Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) and the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE).

 * The school's Master of Arts in Educational Leadership Program is accredited by The Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC). The TEAC is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA).

 * The Thomas Edison State University bachelor's degree programs in Electronic Systems Engineering Technology and Nuclear Energy Engineering Technology are accredited by the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission of ABET. The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) is a specialized accrediting agency recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA).
 * Thomas Edison State University's associate degree program and undergraduate certificate in Polysomnography is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).
 * The School of Business and Management's Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, Master of Business Administration, Master of Science in Management and Master of Science in Human Resources Management degree programs are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).

Student media
Invention is the magazine of Thomas Edison State University. It keeps alumni, supporters, students and friends informed of news from the university, including new programs and services, special events and alumni profiles and updates.

Reviews and achievements
In 2013, The New York Times called Thomas Edison State University the "college that paved the way for flexibility."

In 2011, Thomas Edison State University was selected by the National University Technology Network (NUTN) to receive its Distance Education Innovation Award for the development of the FlashTrack course delivery system, which delivers entire courses to students via a flash drive and does not require a constant internet connection.

In 2013, TESU graduates had among the highest pass rate on the exam for certified public accountants in New Jersey, in the national accounting-boards report and the school was named a top school for military students and veterans. It was also announced by U.S. Senator Robert Menendez that Thomas Edison State University received a $320,000 grant from the Department of Commerce's Economic Development Administration to create a regional Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy for 19 densely populated municipalities in North and Central New Jersey.

Alumni
The university has more than 60,000 alumni worldwide.
 * Peter Baldacchino, prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, who has served as the bishop of the Diocese of Las Cruces in New Mexico since 2019.
 * Arthur C. Brooks, Harvard University professor, economist, and president of the American Enterprise Institute
 * Mike Davis, head coach of the Detroit Mercy Titans men's basketball team
 * Walter E. Fountain, United States Army Major General, Assistant Adjutant General of the Oklahoma Army National Guard
 * Gary Heavin, founder and CEO of Curves International
 * Steven L. Herman, South Asia bureau chief and a radio/TV correspondent for Voice of America
 * Daniel Knudsen, director and actor
 * Tom Luna, former Idaho Superintendent of Public Instruction
 * Raj Mukherji, attorney and businessman serving as a Senator representing New Jersey's 32nd District
 * Michael D. Reynolds, astronomer, former faculty member at Florida State College at Jacksonville
 * Alex Riley, attorney serving as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from the 134th District
 * Kristina Sisco, director and actress
 * Bonnie Watson Coleman, Congresswoman and former Majority Leader of the New Jersey General Assembly
 * Isaac Wright Jr., lawyer

Faculty

 * Cynthia Baum, clinical psychologist and academic administrator
 * Penelope Schott, poet and professor

title: Thomas Edison State University


text:
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Champernowne continued fraction
Just took a look at and compared it with the sequence given here. The last term is different, and I think the error is in the image. The term just seems too regular to me: it's basically something like this:
 * 0004 0012 0020 0024 0024 0024
 * 0028 0036 0044 0048 0048 0048
 * 0052 0060 0068 0072 0072 0072

and so on... Sabbut (talk) 13:54, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, I was talking about the last term in the image the one that starts with 4001200200024... The site I linked to in my last post has a different number, which starts with 444573353780089..., so obviously one of them must be wrong. I suspect it is the image that is incorrect because if you separate its digits in groups of four (0004 0012 0020 0024 etc) there seems to be a pattern, whereas the number given in the site seems just as random as any other "big number" in the sequence. Sabbut (talk) 08:25, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

A centralised discussion which may interest you
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The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

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title: User talk:Jonathan Chang


text:
Igor Gouzenko

Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko (Ігор Сергійович Гузенко; January 26, 1919 – June 25, 1982) was a cipher clerk for the Soviet embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario, and a lieutenant of the Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU). He defected on September 5, 1945, three days after the end of World War II, with 109 documents on the USSR's espionage activities in the West. In response, Canada's Prime Minister, Mackenzie King, called a royal commission to investigate espionage in Canada.

Gouzenko exposed Soviet intelligence's efforts to steal nuclear secrets as well as the technique of planting sleeper agents. The "Gouzenko Affair" is often credited as a triggering event of the Cold War, with historian Jack Granatstein stating it was "the beginning of the Cold War for public opinion" and journalist Robert Fulford writing he was "absolutely certain the Cold War began in Ottawa". Granville Hicks described Gouzenko's actions as having "awakened the people of North America to the magnitude and the danger of Soviet espionage".

Background
Gouzenko was born on January 26, 1919, in the village of Rogachev near Dmitrov, Moscow Governorate (now Moscow Oblast), 100 kilometres north-west of Moscow. He was of Ukrainian heritage, the youngest of four children.

His older brother (also Igor, Gouzenko is named in memory of him), born in 1917, died at age 1 from malnutrition. His father fought in the Russian Civil War on the side of the Bolsheviks, dying early of typhoid. His mother was a school mathematics teacher. Faced with the prospect of her second child dying of starvation, Gouzenko's mother decided to place him in the care of her mother, Ekaterina A. Filkova, in the village of Semion, Ryazan Oblast, Russia, where he lived for seven years. Later his mother took Igor to her relatives in Rostov-on-Don, and she got a job in the village of Verkhne-Spasskoe, after which she moved to Moscow, and after some time, she took all the children. Igor Gouzenko entered the fifth grade in the school named after Maxim Gorky near the Automotive Factory No. 2 Zavod Imeni Stalina.

Gouzenko spent a lot of time in the Lenin Library, where he prepared for admission to the university and then entered the Moscow Architectural Institute. While at the institute he met his future wife Svetlana (Anna) Gouseva in the Lenin Library; the couple married soon after meeting.

Due to his high academic performance, he was sent to the Military Engineering Academy named after V.V. Kuybyshev, where he was trained for a year as a cipher clerk, graduating with the rank of lieutenant. At the start of World War II he was drafted into the Red Army. He served in the central apparatus of the GRU (April, 1942 — summer of 1943). His position gave him knowledge of Soviet espionage activities in the West. Gouzenko worked under the leadership of Colonel Nikolai Zabotin.

Defection
In June 1943 Gouzenko arrived in Ottawa, Canada, to work at the Soviet Embassy, his first overseas mission. In October, his pregnant wife joined him.

Gouzenko's family was given the uncommon opportunity to live outside the embassy compound where most of the staff's families lived. Gouzenko was allowed to live in an apartment in the city with Canadian families. In September 1944, Gouzenko learned that he and his family were being recalled to the Soviet Union. His supervisor, Zabotin, asked for a reprieve. Unwilling to return to the Soviet Union, due to being dissatisfied with the quality of life and the policies of the Soviet Union, he decided to defect. As an example of the freedoms Gouzenko recalls in his testimony, he mentions the elections in Canada in 1945, whereas in the USSR, according to him, there were no free elections and one had to choose from a single candidate. On September 5, 1945, three days after the end of World War II, the 26-year-old Gouzenko walked out of the embassy carrying a briefcase with Soviet code books and decryption materials, a total of 109 documents.

In a later statement, Gouzenko described how he first wanted to go to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) because he knew that there were no Soviet military agents there, but he was not sure that there were no NKVD agents. He then went to the Ottawa Journal, but when he reached the editor-in-chief, he hesitated to make a statement. When he returned later, the editor-in-chief was no longer at work, and the paper's night editor did not venture to take responsibility, and suggested he go to the Department of Justice but nobody was on duty when he arrived there.

The next morning, September 6, he returned with his wife and child to the Department of Justice and asked to see the minister; after waiting several hours, he was denied an appointment. Then he returned to the newspaper and spoke with reporter Elizabeth Fraser, who advised him to contact the naturalization bureau. Later that day, Gouzenko applied for Canadian citizenship.

By noon that day, Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King was informed of the incident, which later led him to convene a Royal Commission to investigate espionage in Canada. Terrified that the Soviets had discovered his duplicity, Gouzenko went back to his apartment at 511 Somerset Street West and hid with his family in the apartment across the hall for the night. Shortly before midnight, four men from the Soviet Embassy (Pavlov, Rogov, Angelov and Farafontov) broke into an apartment on Somerset Street looking for Gouzenko and his documents. The Ottawa Police quickly arrived, followed by the RCMP and officials from the Canadian Department of External Affairs.

The following day, September 7, Gouzenko was able to find contacts in the RCMP who were willing to examine the documents he had removed from the Soviet embassy. Gouzenko was transported by the RCMP to the secret World War II "Camp X", comfortably distant from Ottawa. While there, Gouzenko was interviewed by investigators from Britain's internal security service, MI5 (rather than MI6, as Canada was within the British Commonwealth) and by investigators from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Although the RCMP expressed interest in Gouzenko, Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King initially wanted nothing to do with him. Even with Gouzenko in hiding and under RCMP protection, King reportedly pushed for a diplomatic solution to avoid upsetting the Soviet Union, still a wartime ally and ostensible friend. Documents reveal that King, then 70 and weary from six years of war leadership, was aghast when Norman Robertson, his undersecretary for external affairs, and his assistant, H.H. Wrong, informed him on the morning of September 6, 1945, that a "terrible thing" had happened. Gouzenko and his wife Svetlana, they told him, had appeared at the office of Justice Minister Louis St. Laurent with documents unmasking Soviet perfidy on Canadian soil. "It was like a bomb on top of everything else", King wrote. King's diaries assembled after his death were missing a single volume for November 10 to December 31, 1945, according to Library and Archives Canada. Robertson told the Prime Minister that Gouzenko was threatening suicide, but King was adamant that his government not get involved, even if Gouzenko was apprehended by Soviet authorities. Robertson ignored King's wishes and authorized the granting of asylum to Gouzenko and his family, on the basis that their lives were in danger.

Ramifications of the defection
In February 1946, news spread that a network of Canadian spies under control of the Soviet Union had been passing classified information to the Soviet government. Much of the information taken then is public knowledge now, and the Canadian government was less concerned with the information stolen, but more of the potential of real secrets coming into the hands of future enemies.

Canada played an important part in the early research with nuclear bomb technology, being part of the wartime Manhattan Project along with the US and UK. That kind of vital information could be dangerous to Canadian interests in the hands of other nations.

According to Canadian Security Intelligence Service director Reid Morden, Gouzenko's defection "ushered in the modern era of Canadian security intelligence".

The evidence provided by Gouzenko led to the arrest of a number of suspects, including Agatha Chapman, whose apartment at 282 Somerset Street West was a favourite evening rendezvous. Among those convicted were Fred Rose, who was the only Communist Member of Parliament in the Canadian House of Commons; Sam Carr, the Communist Party's national organizer; and scientist Raymond Boyer.

Chapman was later acquitted; the judge in her case announced that "No case has been made out and, as far as this trial is concerned, the accused is dismissed."

A Royal Commission of Inquiry to investigate espionage, headed by Justices Robert Taschereau and Roy Kellock, was conducted into the Gouzenko Affair and his evidence of a Soviet spy ring in Canada. It also alerted other countries around the world, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, that Soviet agents had almost certainly infiltrated their nations as well.

Gouzenko provided many vital leads which assisted greatly with ongoing espionage investigations in Britain and North America. The documents he handed over exposed numerous Canadians who were spying for the Soviet Union. A clerk at External Affairs, a Canadian Army captain, and a radar engineer working at the National Research Council were arrested for espionage. A spy ring of up to 20 people passing information to the Soviets led by Fred Rose was also exposed. In the United Kingdom, British nuclear scientist Alan Nunn May was arrested in March 1946 after being implicated in Gouzenko's documents. In the United States the FBI tracked down a Soviet spy, Ignacy Witczak, at the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles.

Gouzenko's mother died in the NKVD prison at Lubyanka under investigation. Gouzenko always assumed that his sister Irina, who worked as an architect, also died as a result of his defection. However, according to 1956 records, she married and lived in Chelyabinsk. His brother, Vsevolod, who Igor believed had been lost in the war, was also in this city. Svetlana Gouzenko's father, mother, and sister each received five years in prison. The sister's daughter, Tatiana, was sent to an orphanage.

Life in Canada
Gouzenko and his family were given another identity by the Canadian government out of fear of Soviet reprisals. Gouzenko, as assigned by the Canadian government, lived the rest of his life under the assumed name of George Brown. Little is known about his life afterwards, but it is understood that he and his wife settled down to a middle-class existence in the Mississauga suburb of Port Credit. They raised eight children together. His children thought the language their parents spoke at home was Czech and supported Czechoslovakia in hockey games. They eventually learned the truth about their family's history from their parents at the age of 16–18. He was, however, involved in a defamation case against Maclean's for a libellous article written about him. The case was heard by the Supreme Court of Canada.

Gouzenko remained in the public eye, writing two books, This Was My Choice, a non-fiction account of his defection, and the novel The Fall of a Titan, which won a Governor General's Award in 1954. In 1955 professor Eugene Hudson Long and writer Gerald Warner Brace nominated the novel for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gouzenko also painted and sold paintings. Gouzenko also appeared on television to promote his books and air grievances with the RCMP, always with a hood over his head.

Death
Gouzenko died of a heart attack in 1982 in Mississauga. Svetlana died in September 2001, and she was buried next to him. His grave was unmarked until 2002 when family members erected a headstone.

In 2002 federal Heritage Minister Sheila Copps designated "The Gouzenko Affair (1945–46)" an event of national historic significance. In June 2003, the city of Ottawa and in April 2004, the Canadian federal government put up memorial plaques in Dundonald Park commemorating the Soviet defector. It was from this park that Ottawa police and RCMP agents monitored Gouzenko's apartment across Somerset Street the night men from the Soviet embassy came looking for Gouzenko. The story of the process of lobbying the two levels of government to unveil the historic plaques is told in the book Remembering Gouzenko: The Struggle to Honour a Cold War Hero by Andrew Kavchak (2019).

Film
The story of the Gouzenko Affair was made into the film The Iron Curtain in 1948, directed by William Wellman, with screenplay by Milton Krims, and starring Dana Andrews and Gene Tierney as Igor and Anna Gouzenko, produced by Twentieth Century Fox. The film's release was accompanied by criticism from the USSR. On February 21, 1948, the propaganda newspaper Culture and Life published a critical article by Ilya Ehrenburg.

Another film version of the Gouzenko Affair was made as Operation Manhunt in 1954, directed by Jack Alexander, with screenplay by Paul Monash, and starring Harry Townes and Irja Jensen, released by United Artists.

Theatre
Theatre Passe Muraille in Toronto produced Head in a Bag, a Cold War Comedy in December 1992. The play was written and directed by Baņuta Rubess, who also played Gouzenko. "Rubess, effectively abetted by Oliver Dennis's fumbling performance in the lead role, portrays Gouzenko as a hapless bungler who barely succeeds in rifling the telltale documents," Toronto Star theatre critic Vit Wagner wrote in a review of the production.

Books

 * "The Defection of Igor Gouzenko: Report of the Canadian Royal Commission" (Intelligence Series, Vol. 3, No. 6), Aegean Park, 1996. ISBN 0-89412-096-4.
 * Amy Knight, How the Cold War Began: The Igor Gouzenko Affair and the Hunt for Soviet Spies, Carroll & Graf, 2006. ISBN 0-7867-1816-1.
 * J.L. Black & Martin Rudner, eds., The Gouzenko Affair, Penumbra Press, 2006. ISBN 1-894131-91-6.
 * Sawatsky, John, Gouzenko: the untold story, Gage Publishing Ltd., 1984. ISBN 0-7715-9812-2.
 * Granatstein, J.L. & Stafford, David, Spy Wars, Key Porter Books Ltd., 1990. ISBN 1-55013-258-X.
 * Stevenson, William, Intrepid's Last Case
 * Gouzenko, Igor, This was My Choice, Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 1948.
 * Sawatsky, John, Men in the Shadows, Totem Books,1983. ISBN 0-00-216821-9.
 * Pickersgill, J.W. & Forster, O.F., eds., The Mackenzie King Record. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1970, Volume III.
 * Clément, Dominique, Canada's Rights Revolution, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008.
 * Kavchak, Andrew, Remembering Gouzenko: The Struggle to Honour a Cold War Hero, 2019.
 * Whitaker, Reginald (1994). Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945–1957. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7950-3.

title: Igor Gouzenko


text:
The Initial Friend

Rilo Kiley, also known as The Initial Friend EP, is the first release by Los Angeles–based rock band Rilo Kiley. It was initially released independently in 1999 under the title Rilo Kiley. It was subsequently re-pressed in 2000 and again in 2001, under the name The Initial Friend EP with an alternate track-listing and cover. All three releases commonly sell on eBay for between $250–400 and are fairly rare.

The recording sessions for the EP were funded by comedian and actor Dave Foley, who was an early fan of the band and had attended their first concert in January 1998.

"Frug," which references the 1960s dance of the same name, and "85" were included in the soundtrack to the Christina Ricci film Desert Blue, which led to the band's heightened popularity and eventual signing to a record label. "Frug" was also the band's first music video.

"Frug" was later included as the final song on the band's B-sides and rarities compilation, Rkives.

The EP was reissued 2 October 2020 on the Little Record Company label on streaming services and originally due on vinyl as well. The vinyl was finally released 20 November 2020 because of production delays and was sold-out during pre-order before the release date.

Track listing
All songs written by Jenny Lewis and Blake Sennett.

title: The Initial Friend


text:
User talk:Erik Moore

Hello Erik, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and style guide pages are also useful. There is a sandbox which you can use to experiment in. If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. Angela

Thanks Angela, when I have a minute or two it is fun to add items. A while ago I had added to the article on the Pittsburgh, PA accent and a couple days later a friend referred me to my own comments. Pretty nifty!

U.S. Southern Wikipedians' notice board
Hey! I've created this new notice board specifically for articles related to people from the U.S. South. If you are interested in contributing, leave a message on the page and add articles you feel need to be reviewed, contributed to, or started. Mike H 20:57, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erik Moore