text:
Barrington, Rhode Island

Barrington is a suburban, residential town in Bristol County, Rhode Island, United States, approximately 7 mi southeast of Providence. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 17,153.

Barrington was founded by Congregationalist separatists from Swansea, Massachusetts, and incorporated in 1717. It was ceded from Massachusetts to Rhode Island and merged into Warren in 1747, and in 1770 made into a separate town by the Rhode Island legislature. It was a sparsely developed, agricultural community until the arrival of brickmaking companies in the 1850s, which employed large numbers of French-Canadians and Italians. The construction of a railroad to Providence in 1855 further contributed to suburban development, attracting residents of neighboring urban areas and contributing to the development of manufacturing industries. The post–World War II baby boom increased suburbanization trends, resulting in a large population increase.

Historical sites provide examples of architectural and suburban development during various stages of the town's history, including the Allen-West House, Barrington Civic Center Historic District, and O'Bannon Mill. Nine sites in Barrington are listed under the National Register of Historic Places.

History
Barrington was originally occupied by the Wampanoag Indians, whose territory spread from Narragansett Bay to Cape Cod. But epidemics largely eliminated their coastal settlements, and their main settlement was roughly Bristol, Barrington, and Warren, Rhode Island at the time of the Pilgrims' arrival in 1620. The Narragansetts called the area Sowams. In 1653, investors from Plymouth Colony bought "Sowams and Parts Adjacent" from the Wampanoags, corresponding to Barrington and parts of Bristol, Warren, and Swansea, Massachusetts. Some areas in Barrington draw their name from the initial proprietors of this land, such as Prince's Hill, named for Thomas Prince.

Religious differences between settlers of Sowams and the neighboring Wannamoissett and Rehoboth prompted the incorporation of Swansea in 1667. Plymouth created Bristol County in 1685 to improve administration of western lands, which was followed by a merger of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies orchestrated by the British government. Baptist residents petitioned for separation from Swansea in 1711, and Barrington was incorporated as an independent town in 1717. Barrington likely received its name from Barrington, Somerset, the origin of several settlers. Barrington was ceded to Rhode Island in 1747 and made a part of Warren. In 1770, the Rhode Island legislature made Barrington a separate town.

Townhood
Agriculture provided the basis for Barrington's economy in the early decades. Farmers typically cultivated grains, especially corn, rye, oats, and barley. Many farmers planted fruit trees and some developed large orchards, as apple cider was an important commodity for trade. Farming significantly affected the landscape, separating large grassland fields with fencing and stone walls.

Religion continued to influence Barrington politics. The new Congregational Society was formally declared the town's religion, following Massachusetts custom. Taxes supported the Congregational minister until 1797, and he was employed by the town meeting. Baptists and other religious groups were given the option to support their own meetings in 1728. In 1737, discussions about relocating the Congregational church proved divisive between the southern and northern portions of Barrington. The southern area was the historical center of town where the Congregational church and original Sowams settlers had been. But rapid population increases shifted influence northward, where abundant marshland and fertile soil allowed farmers to establish large, successful farms. Ultimately, the church relocated to the north, using a lot provided by Joshua Bicknell along County Road. The north continued to develop due to a combination of commercial establishments (mainly taverns and inns) and farmhouses near the relocated church.

Industrial production and suburbanization
In 1847, Nathaniel Potter founded Nayatt Brick Company, which used Brickyard Pond's extensive clay deposits. The company was reincorporated as the Narragansett Brick Company in 1864, and the New England Steam Brick Corporation was founded in 1890 as a competitor. Brick production resulted in road-building, visits from seafaring vessels, and other such economic activity. These companies' original employees were mainly of French-Canadian descent, but Italians immigrated to the U.S. as a result of economic depression in the 1880s. A few hundred came to Barrington and worked at the brickyard, and their descendants make up a significant portion of the town population. Barrington's population grew from 850 in 1850 to 3,697 in 1920, mirroring overall trends in Rhode Island. Clay deposits began to deplete in 1900, and brickmaking operations ceased by 1930.

The construction of a railroad between Bristol and Providence in 1855 allowed residents to commute to Providence, resulting in an increasingly suburban milieu. The railroad led to the creation of several manufacturing industries in West Barrington, such as O'Bannon Mill and Rhode Island Laceworks (which provided commercial firefighting services for the town). New public facilities were also constructed during this period, such as a high school, town hall, and library. Developments catered to wealthy residents of urban areas who came to Barrington in the summer for its location near the shore, such as the Barrington Yacht Club and Rhode Island Country Club.

Modern era
Manufacturing establishments continued to operate in West Barrington throughout the 20th century. Throughout the 1930s, the Neweth Rubber Company produced retread tires, but its building burned down in the 1940s and was not rebuilt. Rhode Island Laceworks continued to operate until 1990, when its owners deemed profits insufficient. The 1938 New England hurricane caused considerable damage to homes along the shoreline and pleasure craft, and railroad service was discontinued shortly afterward.

Trends continued towards suburbanization, spurred by the availability of the automobile and the later post–World War II baby boom. Commercial establishments on County Road further reduced the need for outside travel and significantly altered the existing town landscape. Barrington Shopping Center was constructed in 1948 and included a supermarket, pharmacy, and bank; two smaller shopping centers were constructed afterward. Six schools comprise Barrington's modern education system, constructed throughout the 1950s. Town services grew with the establishment of a police force in 1934 and a fire department in 1953. Rapid population growth led the town to adopt a council-manager charter in 1960. New churches also opened, accommodating Roman Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian citizens. In the 1980s, the East Bay Bike Path was constructed along the former railroad lines connecting Providence to Bristol. In the 1990s, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) sued the town for its Christmas display, which featured a crèche. The town removed the display, and someone placed a privately owned scene on the road neighboring the town hall. Similarly, a lawsuit filed in 1996 by the ACLU regarding the town's decision to plow church parking lots for free was not contested. Barrington was the sole "dry" town in Rhode Island until 2011, when the town council approved two liquor stores.

Demographics
As of the 2010 United States Census, Barrington had a population of 16,310. It is a predominantly white community at 94.7 percent of residents. There were 6,011 households; 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.7% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. Of all households, 18.8% were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.14. The population was spread out, with 28.2% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.

According to 2017 United States Census estimates, the median income for a household in the town was $117,408, and the median income for a family was $139,591. Males had a median income of $93,125 versus $76,534 for females. The per capita income for the town was $59,515. About 1.7% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. Barrington's $117,408 median household income ranks it as the wealthiest town in the state.

Government
Barrington is a part of the 32nd District in the Rhode Island Senate, represented by Democrat Pamela Lauria. The town is in Rhode Island's 1st congressional district, represented by Democrat Gabe Amo. It is a Democratic stronghold in presidential elections, as the majority of residents have not voted for a Republican presidential nominee since 1988, when the town backed George H. W. Bush.

During the 2016 Republican presidential preference primaries, Barrington was the only town in Rhode Island to be won by former Governor John Kasich of Ohio. He received 700 votes (44.87%), ahead of Donald J. Trump, who got 687 votes (44.04%).

The town is run by a town council.

Public schools
Barrington Public Schools consists of four elementary schools, Barrington Middle School, and Barrington High School.

Private schools
Private schools in Barrington include Barrington Christian Academy, St. Luke's, and St. Andrew's School.

Two Christian colleges occupied the Belton Court estate throughout the 20th and early 21st century. Barrington College was founded in 1900 and merged with Gordon College in 1985.

Barrington Public Library
Barrington established a library in 1806 when the pastor of the Barrington Congregational Church served as a librarian to the Barrington Library Society. After 20 years of the members paying a $1 fee, the town decided to help build up the library; starting in 1880 the library grew with books and materials. In 1984 the library moved next door. Since then, it has added a children's room, space for meetings, and renovations to keep up with technology and patrons' needs.

Historical locations and points of interest
Nine residential and commercial developments from the town's early suburbanization are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, a record of important historical sites in American history.

The Allen-West House, among Barrington's oldest houses, stands on grounds farmed from the 17th to 20th century. A rare, well-preserved example of a vernacular house plan, it exemplifies architecture from Barrington's agricultural era. Alfred Drowne Road Historic District and Jennys Lane Historic District are historical subdivisions that developed during the late 1800s and early 1900s, having attracted residents from neighboring urban communities. Rhode Island Country Club was constructed by Donald Ross in 1911, and since 1999 has hosted the CVS Charity Classic annually.

The Barrington Civic Center Historic District in central Barrington includes Prince's Hill Cemetery, Barrington Town Hall, and the Leander R. Peck School, the last now housing the library and town senior center. Barrington Town Hall, described by the architects as "medieval", was originally used as the town's seat of government, library, and school; with the construction of Leander R. Peck School in 1917, the school moved and the library took its space. The T-shaped Elizabethan-Revival Peck School, which features a stairway to access its main entrance, was repurposed as the Barrington Public Library in the 1970s.

Nayatt Point Lighthouse, adjoined with its corresponding dwelling, served to guide vessels along the Providence River, marking the narrow passage between Nayatt and Conimicut Point. St. Matthew's Episcopal Church, founded by an Episcopal mission in the 1880s, mixes Queen Anne and Gothic Revival-style architecture. Belton Court, built for Frederick Peck, a businessman and Rhode Island politician, was the site of two colleges before being auctioned to a Massachusetts investor who intends to repurpose it as elderly housing. O'Bannon Mill, among the first mills to mass-produce imitation leather, went through three purchasers before being converted into elderly apartment housing in the 1990s.

Geography
Barrington is on the eastern side of Narragansett Bay, in Bristol County, Rhode Island, the third smallest county in the United States. Situated 7 mi southeast of Providence, it consists of two peninsulas divided by the Barrington and Warren rivers. The shoreline of the western peninsula, Phebe's Neck or Popanomscut, is marked by many coves and indentations, making a sharp bend at Nayatt Point. Rumstick Neck, around one and a half miles east of Nayatt, forms the southern end of Phebe's Neck. Northeast of Phebe's Neck lies the second peninsula, New Meadow Neck, which is bordered by Hundred Acre Cove and the Palmer River. According to the United States Census Bureau, Barrington has an area of 15.4 sqmi, being composed of 8.2 sqmi land and 7.2 sqmi water.

Barrington lies on a low, mostly flat plain bordering the sea. This plain, composed mostly of layers of clay, gravel, sand, and silt soils, was formed by a melting glacier towards the end of the last ice age. Bedrock underlying the soil is largely composed of shales, sandstone, and conglomerate rock, with some outcrops of quartz. A few extremes in elevation, such as Nayatt Point, Primrose and Prince's Hill, rise to heights of fifty feet.

Freshwater bodies in Barrington include artificial ponds originally used for brickmaking and some minor streams. Clay deposited by the glacier near Brickyard Pond is exposed to tidewater at Mouscochuck Creek, which was used as a canal for brickmaking operations. Two other artificial ponds, Echo Lake and Volpe Pond, exist along this area; a third, Prince's Pond, drains into the Barrington River in the northeast.

Notable people

 * David Angell, television sitcom producer (Frasier); multiple Emmy Award winner; lived in West Barrington; died during the September 11 attacks
 * Nicholas Bianco, boss of the Patriarca crime family; lived in Barrington
 * Thomas W. Bicknell, educator and historian; born in Barrington
 * Ken Block, founder of the Moderate Party of Rhode Island, lives in Barrington
 * Matt Borges, Ohio Republican Party Chairman from 2013 to 2017, born and raised in Barrington
 * Bob Burnett, folk singer, banker and member of the folk band The Highwaymen, served as bank vice president in Barrington
 * Christopher Denise, illustrator of children's books (The Great Redwall Feast, A Redwall Winter's Tale), lived in Barrington
 * Thomas Francis Doran, Roman Catholic bishop, born in Barrington
 * Brad Faxon, golfer with the PGA Tour; lived in Barrington
 * Henry Giroux, academic and cultural critic; taught high-school social studies in Barrington
 * Spalding Gray, actor, screenwriter and playwright (Swimming to Cambodia); raised in Barrington
 * Michael S. Harper, Poet Laureate of Rhode Island (1988-1993); lived in Barrington
 * Robert J. Healey, political activist, lived in Barrington
 * Brian Howe, actor, lived in Barrington
 * Carolyn Huntoon, NASA scientist, first woman director of the Johnson Space Center, resides in Barrington
 * Linda Laubenstein, HIV/AIDS researcher, raised in Barrington
 * Phil Madeira, Nashville musician and songwriter, raised in Barrington
 * Shanna Moakler, model and actress; first runner-up at Miss USA 1995; alumna of Barrington High School
 * Janet Moreau, 1952 Olympic champion runner in the 4 × 100 meters lived in Barrington
 * Sean Spicer, former White House Press Secretary, was raised in Barrington
 * Edward F. Welch, Jr., rear admiral of the United States Navy, born in Barrington
 * C. D. Wright, poet, lived in Barrington

title: Barrington, Rhode Island


text:
North Providence, Rhode Island

North Providence is a town in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 34,114 at the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Town of North Providence has a total area of 5.8 sqmi, of which, 5.7 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi is water. Since North Providence is officially incorporated as a town, it maintains the distinction as the smallest town in the smallest state. Although nearby Central Falls, at 1.29 square miles is geographically smaller than North Providence, Central Falls is incorporated as a city.

The Town of North Providence is bordered by Providence to the south, Johnston to the west, Smithfield and Lincoln to the north and Pawtucket to the east. Within the town, there are multiple neighborhoods and villages, such as Allendale, Centredale, Fruit Hill, Greystone, Louisquisset, Lymansville, Marieville, Woodville and Geneva. Additionally, the town is home to three large recreational parks, including Captain Stephen Olney Park, Governor John Notte Memorial Park and Peter Randall State Park. Notable bodies of water in the town include Canada Pond, Wenscott Reservoir and the Woonasquatucket River. the town has a total of seven elementary schools, two middle schools and one high school.

History
Settled shortly after the arrival of Roger Williams in 1636, North Providence was incorporated as a town in 1765. The originally incorporated town area included sections of the present-day cities of Providence and Pawtucket. Early colonial settlers in North Providence built stone-ender houses, such as the Joseph Smith House (1705) at 109 Smithfield Road, which is now listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1793, the first fully mechanized cotton-spinning mill in the United States, Slater Mill, was founded by Samuel Slater on the banks of the Blackstone River in North Providence. In 1874, the eastern section of North Providence where Slater Mill is located became Pawtucket, resulting in a large population decrease.

From its incorporation, North Providence was governed by a Town Council with a Town Clerk and a Town Treasurer. In 1974, the residents of North Providence elected their first mayor, Salvatore Mancini, who served the town in this capacity for 20 years. Since the installation of the first town mayor, North Providence has had four mayors who were elected by town residents and one mayor who was elected by the Town Council when the incumbent mayor at the time, A. Ralph Mollis, was appointed to the position of Secretary of State of Rhode Island. Below is a list of mayors who have served North Providence:

 * Salvatore Mancini (1974–1994)
 * G. Richard Fossa (1994–1996)
 * A. Ralph Mollis (1996–2007)
 * John Sisto (2007–2007)
 * Charles Lombardi (2007–present)

From at least 1921–1971, the Centredale Manor area of North Providence was contaminated by textile, chemical, and drum recycling industries that discarded toxic liquids and wastes into the surrounding soil and river (EPA 1999). In 2000, the United States Environmental Protection Agency declared a 9 acre area including parts of Centredale Manor and Brook Village, both affordable housing units for senior citizens, a superfund site. The agency documented high levels of toxic chemicals like dioxin, VOCs, and PCBs in fish as well as soil from the area. Because of this the area has been fenced off from the community with warning signs against eating contaminated fish, and is undergoing evaluation for clean-up.

On May 4, 2010, three members of the North Providence Town Council were arrested by the FBI and charged in Federal Court with taking a $25,000 bribe so that a developer could build a supermarket in their town. After the arrests, Councilman Mansuet J. Giusti would become the new Town Council President and lead the remaining members out of difficult times to regain the trust of the public.

Parks
The town has two major parks, Governor John A. Notte Memorial Park and Capt. Stephen Olney Memorial Park, both have various sports fields, playgrounds; Gov. Notte Park has a freshwater beach and campground.

In 2015, Camp Meehan opened at Gov. Notte Park. Mayor Lombardi championed the sale of the land to the town of North Providence after it was to be built over by condominium housing. The Mayor allowed the land to be beautified using grant funds which were awarded to the town. Camp Meehan includes a newly renovated, modern building overlooking the Wenscott Reservoir which can house 250 guests for weddings and other such events. The Camp Meehan Hall held its first event in 2016.

Events
North Providence has always been filled with lively events. Currently there are a few major annual events:
 * Mayor Lombardi's Fishing Derby is held each year at Governor Notte Park and receives wide turnouts from towns over.
 * The Memorial Day Parade Celebration is a large event which includes town wide events, a large parade route leads to Gov. Notte Park where a festival is held.
 * Independence Day celebrations are usually held at Gov. Notte Park as well, a fireworks display is a crowning part of this celebration.
 * Pumpkins in the Park is also held at Halloween time, and like most events uses Notte Park as its setting. Residents are encouraged to see pumpkins put on display by the towns Youth Commission.
 * The town also lights a Christmas tree on the front lawn of the town hall each year. It is a joyous occasion which includes refreshments, games, and music by Stephen Morrison and the North Providence High School Band, which provides entertainment for many of the towns events.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 32,523 people, 14,209 households, and 8,368 families residing in the town. The population density was 5,720.2 PD/sqmi. There were 14,867 housing units at an average density of 2,623.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 91.98% White, 2.65% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.85% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.58% from other races, and 1.76% from two or more races. 3.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 14,351 households, out of which 22.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.5% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.5% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 18.3% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,897, and the median income for a family was $52,795. Males had a median income of $34,352 versus $27,553 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,284. About 5.6% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Part of Rhode Island College is in North Providence.

Notable people

 * John Cafferty, leader of John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band
 * Ernie DiGregorio, former NBA player
 * Jim Gilchrist, founder of the controversial Minuteman Project
 * Al Gomes, record producer, music industry strategist, historian, and songwriter
 * Danielle Lacourse, Miss Rhode Island USA 2007; first runner-up at Miss USA 2007
 * Joseph Olney, American privateer during American Revolution
 * Chris Sparling, screenwriter and director
 * Zellio Toppazzini, NHL – AHL hockey player; Rhode Island Reds Player of the Century; Providence College head coach
 * Cody Wild, former AHL hockey player

Friendship cities

 * Jardar, Artsakh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: North Providence, Rhode Island


text:
Talk:Absinthe

Absinthe in Prince Edward Island, Canada section
This article states that Deep Roots absinthe is not available from provincial liquor stores, but it has since been stocked by them. See https://liquorpei.com/products/deep-roots-absinthe/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.215.105.65 (talk) 05:06, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

Citation Error
The first website cited in the tab Health affects under the number 84 is not a credible website or author. 24.240.72.156 (talk) 23:56, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Those numbers change. Can you cite the source of your concern.  GenQuest  "scribble" 02:50, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

Mythology of absinthe
It's wild that the mythology of the alleged psychoactive and harmful effects of absinthe still persists and was pervasive throughout the 20th century despite zero evidence. I think the cultural influence should say a bit more about this odd reputation. Viriditas (talk) 00:43, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Absinthe is a cocktail of terpenoid bearing plants proportioned according to flavor and physical effect. I will explain to the uneducated layperson: All terpenoids are hallucinogenic. The hallucinogenic dosage is interchangeable, so that one may combine multiple different terpenoids. BUT those terpenoids with a strong physical effect are always dosed according to the physical effect, so that by the time you had as much of the physical effect as you could handle, from lemon balm for example, you would need hundreds of times more to notice the hallucinogenic effects. THC is for example a terpenoid but because of its physical effects one could not get enough in one's system to notice any hallucinogenic qualities.
 * So lemon balm couldn't produce the hallucinogenic effects by itself, so the other herbs are added, proportioned according to flavor. Made correctly, absinthe tastes good and by the time you have as strong of physical effects from the lemon balm as what you can handle, you'll notice the hallucinogenic dose of terpenoids in your system and be able to "See" the effects.
 * Terpenoids are hallucinogenic because they contain phenol, as made obvious in the other name for terpenoids: Phenylpropanoids. Phenylpropanoid is the compositional naming convention name, and terpenoid is the structural naming convention name. Terpenoids break down in the bloodstream and release phenol. This phenol is now across the blood brain barrier. Phenol is a messenger chemical, it stores chemical data.
 * If a messenger chemical gets passed the blood brain barrier, it would produce hallucinogenic effects (in high enough doses). Tryptophan is derived from phenol. Every life form that makes tryptamine first makes phenol then uses the phenol to make first tryptophan then the tryptamine. Since phenol has more chemical data than tryptophan, it would have stronger hallucinogenic effects.
 * The best comparison of the hallucinogenic effects of terpenoids is to say that if serotonin could cross the blood brain barrier it would be hallucinogenic and phenol only has a little more data in it, so terpenoids can show you what the hallucinogenic effects of tryptophan would be like if it could cross the blood brain barrier.
 * So as for "Alleged" psychoactive effects, please know what you are talking about before you talk. You should have experimented with real absinthe that was made correctly, and you would have experienced the powerful euphoria of lemon balm and the mild hallucinogenic effects of the terpenoids cocktail.
 * Real recipe of absinthe as obtained from one of the books cited on the wiki absinthe page (not concentrated) (per gallon): 1 ounce of Angelica root, 1 ounce of lemon balm, quarter ounce of anise, eighth ounce of nutmeg, eighth ounce of mugwort. Without the mugwort, the drink will be too rich to drink. The bitter balances it. And yes it's mugwort, not wormwood. Don't argue with me until you've had this drink. It tastes good, it has powerful euphoria, and hallucinogenic effects. 65.75.232.102 (talk) 13:52, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

real Absinthe
Hello. Absinthe is made with Angelica root and Lemon balm. The Mugwort is used as a bitter to balance the flavor. The anise is only used in a small amount and used to improve the overall flavor, but the amount of anise is not distinguishable as anise due to the small amounts.

However wiki wants people to donate money while getting articles like this wrong. There is a book cited on the absinthe page that tells you the recipe but the wiki article ignorantly says it's "Anise flavored" beverage.

There is anise in root beer, but it doesn't taste like anise. Just how the anise in absinthe isn't enough to make it taste like anise.

Unless you can correct your article so that the description is in line with the books you cite, no one could financially support the wiki.

If you tell people the truth about absinthe I will donate lots of money.

There are other problems, though. Such as the article on dalmations says they are from dalmatia when one of the books cited on the dalmation page says they are from Egypt, bred to run with horses.

WIki doesn't deserve to keep running when the pages say a bunch of nonsense in comparison to the book they are citing. How is that possible? To list a book as a reference on the bottom of the page, but to give false information on the page?

Wiki would fail fact checkers. The irony is the books you cite say one thing but the page says another.

I hope wiki is taken off the internet because of the false information and lies they spread. 65.75.232.102 (talk) 13:33, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Absinthe


text:
Colby (town), Wisconsin

Colby is a town in Clark County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 874 at the 2010 census.

Geography
The town is located along the eastern border of Clark County, adjoining Marathon County. It is bordered to the east by the city of Colby and to the northeast by the city of Abbotsford.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Colby has a total area of 87.5 sqkm, of which 0.05 sqkm, or 0.06%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 908 people, 276 households, and 231 families residing in the town. The population density was 26.9 people per square mile (10.4/km2). There were 281 housing units at an average density of 8.3 per square mile (3.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.14% White, 0.44% Black or African American, 0.55% Native American, 0.55% Asian, 0.77% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. 0.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 276 households, out of which 46.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.6% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.3% were non-families. 14.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.63.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 36.3% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,310, and the median income for a family was $43,333. Males had a median income of $27,250 versus $22,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,591. About 9.7% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.0% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.

title: Colby (town), Wisconsin


text:
Loyal (town), Wisconsin

Loyal is a town in Clark County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 787 at the 2000 census. The City of Loyal is located within the town. The unincorporated community of Spokeville is also located partially in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.7 square miles (90.0 km2), all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 787 people, 215 households, and 187 families residing in the town. The population density was 22.7 people per square mile (8.7/km2). There were 225 housing units at an average density of 6.5 per square mile (2.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.49% White, 0.13% Black or African American and 0.38% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.13% of the population.

There were 215 households, out of which 43.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.7% wKarinaere married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.6% were non-families. 10.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.66 and the average family size was 3.94.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 38.0% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $45,417, and the median income for a family was $46,667. Males had a median income of $23,828 versus $21,397 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,023. About 11.7% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Loyal (town), Wisconsin


text:
David Chalmers

David John Chalmers is an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist specializing in the areas of the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He is a professor of philosophy and neural science at New York University, as well as co-director of NYU's Center for Mind, Brain and Consciousness (along with Ned Block). In 2006, he was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. In 2013, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

Chalmers is best known for formulating the hard problem of consciousness, and for popularizing the philosophical zombie thought experiment.

Chalmers and David Bourget co-founded PhilPapers; a database of journal articles for philosophers.

Early life and education
David Chalmers was born in Sydney, New South Wales, and subsequently grew up in Adelaide, South Australia, where he attended Unley High School.

As a child, he experienced synesthesia. He began coding and playing computer games at the age of 10 on a PDP-10 at a medical center. He also performed exceptionally in mathematics, and secured a bronze medal in the International Mathematical Olympiad. When Chalmers was 13, he read Douglas Hofstadter's 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach, which awakened an interest in philosophy.

Chalmers received his undergraduate degree in pure mathematics from the University of Adelaide. After graduating Chalmers spent six months reading philosophy books while hitchhiking across Europe, before continuing his studies at the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar but eventually withdrew from the course.

In 1993, Chalmers received his PhD in philosophy and cognitive science from Indiana University Bloomington under Douglas Hofstadter, writing a doctoral thesis entitled Toward a Theory of Consciousness. He was a postdoctoral fellow in the Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology program directed by Andy Clark at Washington University in St. Louis from 1993 to 1995.

Career
In 1994, Chalmers presented a lecture at the inaugural Toward a Science of Consciousness conference. According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, this "lecture established Chalmers as a thinker to be reckoned with and goosed a nascent field into greater prominence." He went on to coorganize the conference (renamed "The Science of Consciousness") for some years with Stuart Hameroff, but stepped away when he felt it became too divergent from mainstream science. Chalmers is a founding member of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness and one of its past presidents.

Having established his reputation, Chalmers received his first professorship at UC Santa Cruz, from August 1995 to December 1998. In 1996 he published the widely cited book The Conscious Mind. Chalmers was subsequently appointed Professor of Philosophy (1999–2004) and then Director of the Center for Consciousness Studies (2002–2004) at the University of Arizona, sponsor of the conference that had brought him to prominence. In 2004, Chalmers returned to Australia, encouraged by an ARC Federation Fellowship, becoming professor of philosophy and director of the Center for Consciousness at the Australian National University. Chalmers accepted a part-time professorship at the philosophy department of New York University in 2009, becoming a full-time professor in 2014.

In 2013, Chalmers was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is an editor on topics in the philosophy of mind for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. In May 2018, it was announced that he would serve on the jury for the Berggruen Prize.

In 2023, Chalmers won a bet—made in 1998, for a case of wine—with neuroscientist Christof Koch that the neural underpinnings for consciousness would not be resolved by the year 2023, while Koch had bet that they would.

Philosophy of mind

Chalmers is best known for formulating what he calls the "hard problem of consciousness," in both his 1995 paper "Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness" and his 1996 book The Conscious Mind. He makes a distinction between "easy" problems of consciousness, such as explaining object discrimination or verbal reports, and the single hard problem, which could be stated "why does the feeling which accompanies awareness of sensory information exist at all?" The essential difference between the (cognitive) easy problems and the (phenomenal) hard problem is that the former are at least theoretically answerable via the dominant strategy in the philosophy of mind: physicalism. Chalmers argues for an "explanatory gap" from the objective to the subjective, and criticizes physicalist explanations of mental experience, making him a dualist. Chalmers characterizes his view as "naturalistic dualism": naturalistic because he believes mental states supervene "naturally" on physical systems (such as brains); dualist because he believes mental states are ontologically distinct from and not reducible to physical systems. He has also characterized his view by more traditional formulations such as property dualism.

In support of this, Chalmers is famous for his commitment to the logical (though, not natural) possibility of philosophical zombies. These zombies are complete physical duplicates of human beings, lacking only qualitative experience. Chalmers argues that since such zombies are conceivable to us, they must therefore be logically possible. Since they are logically possible, then qualia and sentience are not fully explained by physical properties alone; the facts about them are further facts. Instead, Chalmers argues that consciousness is a fundamental property ontologically autonomous of any known (or even possible) physical properties, and that there may be lawlike rules which he terms "psychophysical laws" that determine which physical systems are associated with which types of qualia. He further speculates that all information-bearing systems may be conscious, leading him to entertain the possibility of conscious thermostats and a qualified panpsychism he calls panprotopsychism. Chalmers maintains a formal agnosticism on the issue, even conceding that the viability of panpsychism places him at odds with the majority of his contemporaries. According to Chalmers, his arguments are similar to a line of thought that goes back to Leibniz's 1714 "mill" argument; the first substantial use of philosophical "zombie" terminology may be Robert Kirk's 1974 "Zombies vs. Materialists".

After the publication of Chalmers's landmark paper, more than twenty papers in response were published in the Journal of Consciousness Studies. These papers (by Daniel Dennett, Colin McGinn, Francisco Varela, Francis Crick, and Roger Penrose, among others) were collected and published in the book Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem. John Searle critiqued Chalmers's views in The New York Review of Books.

With Andy Clark, Chalmers has written "The Extended Mind", an article about the borders of the mind.

Philosophy of language
Chalmers has published works on the "theory of reference" concerning how words secure their referents. He, together with others such as Frank Jackson, proposes a kind of theory called two dimensionalism arguing against Saul Kripke. Before Kripke delivered the famous lecture series Naming and Necessity in 1970, the descriptivism advocated by Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell was the orthodoxy. Descriptivism suggests that a name is indeed an abbreviation of a description, which is a set of properties or, as later modified by John Searle, a disjunction of properties. This name secures its reference by a process of properties fitting: whichever object fits the description most, then it is the referent of the name. Therefore, the description is seen as the connotation, or, in Fregean terms, the sense of the name, and it is via this sense by which the denotation of the name is determined.

However, as Kripke argued in Naming and Necessity, a name does not secure its reference via any process of description fitting. Rather, a name determines its reference via a historical-causal link tracing back to the process of naming. And thus, Kripke thinks that a name does not have a sense, or, at least, does not have a sense which is rich enough to play the reference-determining role. Moreover, a name, in Kripke's view, is a rigid designator, which refers to the same object in all possible worlds. Following this line of thought, Kripke suggests that any scientific identity statement such as "Water is H2O" is also a necessary statement, i.e. true in all possible worlds. Kripke thinks that this is a phenomenon that the descriptivist cannot explain.

And, as also proposed by Hilary Putnam and Kripke himself, Kripke's view on names can also be applied to the reference of natural kind terms. The kind of theory of reference that is advocated by Kripke and Putnam is called the direct reference theory.

However, Chalmers disagrees with Kripke, and all the direct reference theorists in general. He thinks that there are two kinds of intension of a natural kind term, a stance which is now called two dimensionalism. For example, the words,

 * "Water is H2O"

are taken to express two distinct propositions, often referred to as a primary intension and a secondary intension, which together compose its meaning.

The primary intension of a word or sentence is its sense, i.e., is the idea or method by which we find its referent. The primary intension of "water" might be a description, such as watery stuff. The thing picked out by the primary intension of "water" could have been otherwise. For example, on some other world where the inhabitants take "water" to mean watery stuff, but where the chemical make-up of watery stuff is not H2O, it is not the case that water is H2O for that world.

The secondary intension of "water" is whatever thing "water" happens to pick out in this world, whatever that world happens to be. So if we assign "water" the primary intension watery stuff then the secondary intension of "water" is H2O, since H2O is watery stuff in this world. The secondary intension of "water" in our world is H2O, and is H2O in every world because unlike watery stuff it is impossible for H2O to be other than H2O. When considered according to its secondary intension, water means H2O in every world. Via this secondary intension, Chalmers proposes a way simultaneously to explain the necessity of the identity statement and to preserve the role of intension/sense in determining the reference.

Philosophy of verbal disputes
In some more recent work, Chalmers has concentrated on verbal disputes. He argues that a dispute is best characterized as "verbal" when it concerns some sentence S which contains a term T such that (i) the parties to the dispute disagree over the meaning of T, and (ii) the dispute arises solely because of this disagreement. In the same work, Chalmers proposes certain procedures for the resolution of verbal disputes. One of these he calls the "elimination method", which involves eliminating the contentious term and observing whether any dispute remains.

Technology and virtual reality
Chalmers addressed the issue of virtual and non-virtual worlds in his 2022 book Reality+. While Chalmers recognises that virtual reality is not the same as non-virtual reality, he does not consider virtual reality to be an illusion, but rather a "genuine reality" in its own right. Chalmers sees virtual reality as potentially offering as meaningful a life as non-virtual reality, and argues that we could already be inhabitants of a simulation without knowing it.

Chalmers proposes that computers are forming a form of "exo-cortex", where a part of human cognition is 'outsourced' to corporations such as Apple and Google.

Media
Chalmers was featured in the 2012 documentary film entitled The Singularity by filmmaker Doug Wolens, which focuses on the theory proposed by techno-futurist Ray Kurzweil, of that "point in time when computer intelligence exceeds human intelligence." He was a featured philosopher in the Daily Nous series on GPT-3, which he described as "one of the most interesting and important AI systems ever produced."

Personal life
Chalmers was the lead singer of the Zombie Blues band, which performed at the music festival Qualia Fest in 2012 in New York.

Regarding religion, Chalmers said in 2011: "I have no religious views myself and no spiritual views, except watered-down humanistic, spiritual views. And consciousness is just a fact of life. It's a natural fact of life".

title: David Chalmers


text:
Sun Prairie, Wisconsin

Sun Prairie is a city in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. A suburb of Madison, it is part of the Madison metropolitan area. The city's population was 35,967 at the 2020 census, the second-most populous in Dane County.

History
President Martin Van Buren commissioned a party of 45 men, including Augustus A. Bird, to build a capital for the Territory of Wisconsin in Madison. The group left Milwaukee on May 26, 1837, and traveled for days in the rain. On June 9, the group emerged at the edge of the prairie and with the sun shining for the first time in days, carved the words "Sun Prairie" into a tree. Charles Bird returned to the area two years later and became the first settler.

The Town of Sun Prairie was created on February 2, 1846. The village of Sun Prairie, which grew from that town, was incorporated in an act of the Wisconsin legislature on March 6, 1868.

On March 17, 1958, the Village Board ordered a referendum election on whether Sun Prairie should incorporate as a city of the fourth class after receiving a petition signed by over 100 electors. In the referendum election on May 6, 1958, 295 voted for incorporating as a city and 284 voted against. On May 15, 1958, the Wisconsin Secretary of State filed the certificate of incorporation of the city of Sun Prairie. On July 10, 2018, a gas explosion leveled a downtown city block, destroying a bar and a pizza restaurant, as well as damaging the historic old city hall building and multiple other nearby buildings. Bar owner and Fire Captain Cory Barr was injured in the explosion and died as a result soon after. Many citizens and businesses around Sun Prairie offered their support to the Barr family and the affected businesses through fundraising campaigns. This tragic event was the origin of the tagline "Sun Prairie Strong", a slogan which signifies the city's strength as it comes together as a community.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.25 sqmi, of which, 12.23 sqmi is land and 0.02 sqmi is water. The city of Sun Prairie includes land that once was part of the towns of Bristol, Burke, Sun Prairie, and Windsor. On January 5, 2007, the city of Sun Prairie, city of Madison, village of DeForest, and town of Burke entered into a cooperative plan under which all remaining land in the town of Burke has been designated for attachment into the cities and village.

Geology
The Yahara River Valley encompasses part of the city of Sun Prairie. This area contains deep glacial deposits created by the Wisconsin Glaciation. The eastern part of Dane County, known as the drumlin and marsh physiographic area, includes most of Sun Prairie. The deposits found in this area include general glacial deposits and marsh deposits, and consist of many small drumlins interspersed with shallow glacial deposits having poorly defined drainage.

The general soils associations in the Sun Prairie area include the Dodge-St. Charles-McHenry, Plano-Ringwood-Griswold, and Batavia-Houghton-Dresden Associations. The Dodge-St. Charles-McHenry soils are found in the eastern, southern, and central portions of Sun Prairie. This association has a varied landscape, which is mostly sloping, with some areas on benches and in depressions. The Dodge, St. Charles and McHenry soils are well drained to moderately well drained. The Sable soils in this association are nearly level and poorly drained. Most of the soils in this association have moderate permeability and a high available water capacity. Most also have slight to moderate limitations for urban uses and farming.

Cityscape
The landscape of the city consists mostly of gently rolling hills and plains. The elevation of the city averages about 984 ft above mean sea level.

Sun Prairie has developed a number of traditional neighborhood developments (TND). Often referred to as "new urbanism", these neighborhoods focus on the pedestrian and the appearance of city streets. While these developments have sought to address the problems and concerns associated with conventional suburban development and urban sprawl, many occupy former farmland and undeveloped rural lands. The city's planners addressed the criticisms that they were "attempting to recreate "pretend" neighborhoods" by noting that the aim of the TND was to borrow those design ideas and features effective in older neighborhoods and adapting them to current needs.

Climate
In the Köppen climate classification, Sun Prairie is in the warm summer humid continental climate zone (Dfa). Summers tend to be hot and humid. The warmest month of the year is July, with an average maximum temperature of 82.1 F and the coldest month of the year is January, with an average minimum temperature of 9.3 F. Temperature variations between night and day tend to be moderate during summer with an average difference of 21 F-change, and fairly limited during winter with an average difference of 16 F-change.

The annual average precipitation at Sun Prairie is 32.95 in. Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, and the wettest month of the year is August with an average rainfall of 4.33 in.

Flooding
The city of Sun Prairie encounters occasional flooding because of the presence of hydric soils, spring melting and its proximity to the Koshkonong Creek. This condition is compounded by storm water runoff from development and urbanization in the upper reaches of the watershed. Many residents of the city believe that the problems with flooding are worsening, becoming more frequent over the last 14 years.

A flood on April 11, 2008, caused by heavy overnight rains that outpaced the city's storm drain system and leaked into the sewer system, resulted in flooding in residential basements. The city suffered considerably from the June 2008 Midwest floods.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 29,364 people, 11,636 households, and 7,641 families residing in the city. The population density was 2401.0 PD/sqmi. There were 12,413 housing units at an average density of 1015.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 85.4% White, 6.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.7% Asian, 1.4% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.3% of the population.There were 11,636 households, of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.3% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.08.

The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 32.8% were from 25 to 44; 22.9% were from 45 to 64; and 8.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 20,369 people, 7,881 households, and 5,437 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,133.7 people per square mile (823.5/km2). There were 8,198 housing units at an average density of 858.8 per square mile (331.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.68% White, 3.10% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 1.34% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.98% from other races, and 1.58% from two or more races. 2.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 7,881 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.5% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 33.7% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $51,345, and the median income for a family was $61,197. Males had a median income of $40,510 versus $28,786 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,277. About 3.8% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

Law and government
Sun Prairie has a mayor–council form of government. The mayor is elected at large every odd-numbered year. Paul Esser was elected mayor on April 7, 2015, when he defeated challenger Bill Clausius.

The city council consists of eight alderpersons, who along with the mayor, make up the common council. There are four aldermanic districts, with two alderpersons per district, each serving for two-year terms over alternating years. The council manages the city's budget and financial operations as well as determines the salaries of all officers and employees of the city.

Sun Prairie has a full-time city administrator, who is responsible for the administration of the city government in accordance with the policies established by the common council. Other city officers consist of assistant administrator, city clerk, treasurer, assessor, municipal judge, police chief and fire chief.

Representative Melissa Ratcliff and Senator Melissa Agard represent the city of Sun Prairie in the Wisconsin State Legislature. At the federal level, the city is represented by Ron Johnson (R) and Tammy Baldwin (D) in the U.S. Senate and Mark Pocan (D) in the House of Representatives.

Media
The Sun Prairie Media Center (a department of the city) has had at least two local public-access television cable TV stations, KSUN (originally KSUN-12) and KIDS-4, for over 30 years. In 2023, the Media Center split KSUN into 2 stations, KSUN Now and KSUN Life. KSUN Now is primarily used for government programming, while KSUN Life is used for community programming. High school sports games are the exception to this, airing on either channel depending on circumstance. KIDS-4's programming content, camera, sound, lighting, editing, writing, and direction are produced by 30 to 40 children selected each year. Historically, these children have ranged in age from nine to fourteen, but in 2000, the first high school-aged crew was introduced.

In July 2015, WLSP-LP (103.5), also run by the Sun Prairie Media Center, came to the air as a community radio station.

The city is served by two local newspapers: the Sun Prairie Star (formerly the Star Countryman), and the Hometown Advertiser. Also available is the Wisconsin State Journal, a Madison regional newspaper.

Radio and television is available over the air and on cable/satellite from Madison.

Fire department
Sun Prairie has a combination fire department that serves both the city and town of Sun Prairie, as well as the towns of Burke and Bristol. The department, which began in 1891, consists of 45 members who maintain external jobs, 14 career staff and 8 limited-term employment positions. The fire department has 12 fire apparatus vehicles, and two vintage vehicles, a 1927 Stoughton fire engine refurbished by a past fire department chief and a second 1927 Stoughton fire engine that was Sun Prairie's first motorized fire truck.

Emergency medical services
Sun Prairie maintains its own emergency medical service, which is a charter member of Dane County's Mutual Aid Box Alarm System (MABAS). Responding to over 3,200 calls in 2020, the department addresses medical and rescue calls in the city of Sun Prairie, village of Marshall, and the towns of Bristol, Medina, Sun Prairie and York. in a district covering 147 sqmi with a population of nearly 50,000.

The EMS was founded in October 1977 as an extension of the local police department. The city's rapid growth affected ambulance response times negatively, and the 1980s saw the hiring of a full-time EMS director. In the 1980s and 1990s, most of the service was slowly replaced by full-time EMTs. In the 1990s, the service made a transition from EMT-basic personnel to that of intravenous technician levels and paramedic level.

Sun Prairie EMS transports to all Madison hospitals and to Columbus Community Hospital in Columbus. In 2009 St. Mary's Hospital of Madison opened a free-standing emergency room facility in Sun Prairie.

Utilities
Sun Prairie Utilities, a municipal not-for-profit, locally-owned municipal electric and water utility was founded in 1910. SPU is a member of Wisconsin Public Power, Inc (WPPI), from whom it purchases electricity. Natural gas is supplied to the city by WE-Energies, headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Sun Prairie's water is supplied from six wells pumped into the system or stored in the three water towers, which maintain a storage capacity of 2.85 e6USgal. The city owns and operates it own waste water treatment facility.

Sun Prairie Public Library
The Sun Prairie Public Library's service area includes the city of Sun Prairie, the Town of Sun Prairie, the Town of Bristol, and other area communities. It is part of the South Central Library System. Services include youth programming, adult programming, reference, database, technical services, and circulation.

Sun Prairie Family Aquatic Center
The Sun Prairie Family Aquatic Center (FAC) is a municipal swimming pool that serves the Sun Prairie area. Opened on May 30, 1992, it replaced the previous municipal pool that opened in 1958 in Angell Park. The Family Aquatic Center has an 18-foot drop slide, two diving boards, eight competition lanes, and a 210-foot water slide. There are play structures and sand volleyball courts inside the pool compound. The Sun Prairie Piranhas, the city's youth swim team, practice at the Family Aquatic Center. They are a member of the Tri-County Swimming Conference.

Economy
QBE Insurance has American operations in Sun Prairie. Other significant employers include the Sun Prairie School District, American Family Insurance, Colony Brands, and Frontier Communications. Many residents commute to jobs in Madison.

Education
The Sun Prairie Area School District administers local public education. The system, which as of the 2018-19 school year enrolled 8,500 students, consists of 9 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, 2 high schools, and an alternative learning high school.

There are two parochial schools in Sun Prairie. Founded in 1892, Sacred Hearts School is a Catholic school serving children of pre-kindergarten through 8th grade. Peace Evangelical Lutheran School is a Pre-K through 8th grade school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Calvary Baptist, which had an enrollment of 25 students, closed effective June 30, 2008.

Points of interest
Six sites in Sun Prairie are listed in the National Register of Historic Places: the Sun Prairie Downtown Historic District (which includes the Old City Hall), Dr. Charles G. Crosse House, the Chase Grain Elevator, Fuhremann Canning Company Factory, the Adam and Mary Smith House, and the Sun Prairie Water Tower. The Crosse House was built in 1864 by a locally prominent physician and city leader. The Fuhremann Canning Company Factory, in use from 1900 to 1974, now is used as a restaurant space for The Nitty Gritty Restaurant. The Adam and Mary Smith House was constructed in 1879 by Adam Smith, who had come to Wisconsin to do shingle work on the Wisconsin State Capitol. The Sun Prairie Water Tower, located at the junction of Columbus, Church and Cliff Streets, was designed by Frank Stegerwald and constructed in 1912 of stone, metal, and wood.

Other points of interest include:
 * The National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame at Angell Park Speedway
 * The Youth Baseball Complex, home to baseball and softball programs, including Sun Prairie's Little League program
 * Sun Prairie Historical Library and Museum
 * The Sun Prairie Firemans Park in the Prairie, a community-built park completed in 2007
 * The Prairie Athletic Club has a water park called Dolphins Cove
 * Sun Prairie Golf Course
 * Sun Prairie Family Aquatic Center

Transportation
"1990 Census data indicates that most Sun Prairie residents drive their own vehicles to work (79.4%). A fair number of residents use carpooling as their primary transportation to work (13.4%). Other methods of transportation remain a minor factor."

Interstate highways

 * runs concurrently with I-90 from Illinois to Portage. In Madison, they are joined by I-94 until Portage. This overlap occurs in the area immediately between the metropolitan city of Madison and Sun Prairie.
 * runs east–west through the western, central and southern portions of the state, and is located to the west of Sun Prairie. A total of 187 mi of Interstate 90 lie in Wisconsin; the Madison exit (designated 135B) leads to US 151 North and Sun Prairie.
 * as it occurs in Wisconsin runs east–west through the western, central and southeastern portions of the state. The junction of I-90 and i-94 occurs roughly six miles to the southwest of Sun Prairie heading eastward toward Milwaukee at what is commonly known as the "Badger Interchange" where the three interstates (I-39, I-90 and I-94) meet at the eastern terminus of WIS 30.

U.S. routes

 * US 151.svg U.S. Route 151 (normally called U.S. Highway 151, 151 or US-151) is a freeway in Sun Prairie that runs northeast–southwest across the eastern to southwest portions of the state. Sun Prairie is divided lengthwise by US-151, southwest to northeast, having four different access points: Windsor Street, Reiner Road/Grand Ave., Main Street and Bristol Street.

Wisconsin state routes

 * WIS 19.svg Wisconsin Highway 19 (often called Highway 19, STH 19 or WIS 19) is a state highway which passes around the north side of Madison and crosses US-151 as it passes through Sun Prairie. It serves as a local connector route that links via various interchanges the communities of Sun Prairie, Watertown and Waunakee. The roadway follows two-lane surface road for the entire length with the exception of urban multilane arterials.

Prior to 1947, WIS 19 followed the current route of US-18 between Bridgeport and Madison. The route then passed through downtown Madison and followed then WIS 31 (part of the current US-151) to Sun Prairie. East of Sun Prairie the route followed its present-day alignment to Watertown. The route then followed present-day WIS 16 to Waukesha and east from there along present-day WIS 59 into Milwaukee. When the U.S. Highway system was implemented, WIS 19's western terminus was relocated to Madison. The portion between Madison and Sun Prairie remained despite the debut of US-151 as did the eastern portion that became concurrent with US-16. In 1947, the eastern terminus was moved to Watertown, the section along US-151 was removed, and the portion between Mazomanie and Sun Prairie was implemented.

The part of WIS 19 roughly from those interstates west to WIS 113 had at one time been on the corridor of a planned beltline route around the north side of Madison. The current status of the parkway is uncertain.

County routes
Sun Prairie is bordered by the following county roads:
 * C (also named N. Grand Avenue) runs north–south and borders Sun Prairie to the west and is crossed by interchange by US-151.
 * N (also named N. Bristol Street) runs north–south and bisects a third of the city to the west and is crossed by interchange by US-151.
 * VV (also named Twin Lane Road) runs north–south and borders the city to the east and is crossed by interchange by US-151.
 * Vinburn Road, which borders the city to the north, runs west toward DeForest and east toward Columbus.

Bus service
Sun Prairie contracts with the City of Madison Metro Transit to provide two local service bus routes in Sun Prairie, and additional service into Madison. In 2024, Madison is planned to begin regional bus rapid transit service from Sun Prairie through Madison.

Airports
Dane County Regional Airport, also known as MSN Truax Field, is a commercial airport located 10 mi southwest of Sun Prairie. Dane County Regional Airport has three runways and in 2006 served over 1.6 million passengers. Airlines serving the airport include AmericanConnection, American Eagle, Delta, Delta Connection, Frontier Airlines, United, United Express, and Sun Country Airlines.

Railroads
Although Sun Prairie has tracks for freight trains to the south of the city, the only passenger train to serve the area is Amtrak's Empire Builder, which operates in the Midwestern and Northwestern United States. The route runs from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest, arriving in nearby Columbus (CBS). The ridership on the train has increased slowly, averaging 16,850 per year traveling to and from Columbus, despite the population growth in Sun Prairie. Travel time to and from Chicago is slightly under three hours.

Local events
Sun Prairie's Jimmy the Groundhog is the local favorite on Groundhog Day in February. The United States Congressional Record described the city as the "Groundhog Capital of the World" in 1955. During the city's Groundhog Day celebration on February 2, 2015, Jimmy bit Mayor Jonathan Freund's ear. The next day, Freund issued a proclamation that pardoned and absolved Jimmy "of any perceived wrongdoing and charges" under the city's ordinances. Two weeks later, Freund came in last of three candidates in the city's mayoral primary election. Following the biting incident, the United States Department of Agriculture and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources declared that capturing wild animals for exhibit was against the law. Sun Prairie's next Groundhog Day celebration on February 2, 2016, featured a caged groundhog purchased for $1,200.

In mid-June, the city holds a local Taste of the Arts fair, in conjunction with the Georgia O'Keeffe Celebration. Artwork is exhibited and instructional classes for arts and crafts are held. A Georgia O'Keeffe recreation discussion is held.

The Flags of Freedom Field Show is a day-long series of events in July, involving high-school marching band competitions with bands from throughout the United States and Canada. It is hosted by the Sound of Sun Prairie.

In mid-August of each year, Sun Prairie hosts a Sweet Corn Festival. Over 70 short tons of sweet corn are served or sold during the weekend event, which includes a carnival, a parade down Main Street and performances by local and regional musical groups.

Notable people

 * Jerome L. Blaska, Wisconsin state representative
 * Will Butcher, 2017 Hobey Baker Award winner
 * Willard H. Chandler, Wisconsin state senator
 * Charles G. Crosse, physician and politician
 * Paige Davis, actress best known as a host of reality television series Trading Spaces
 * Nathan Haseleu, NASCAR driver
 * Gary Hebl, Wisconsin state representative
 * Robert Kastenmeier, congressman who lived in Sun Prairie while in office
 * Todd Kluever, former NASCAR driver and 2005 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Rookie of the Year
 * John A. List, University of Chicago economist, pioneer in charity research
 * Georgia O'Keeffe, artist, winner of Presidential Medal of Freedom and National Medal of Arts
 * Irvin E. Rockwell, Idaho state senator
 * Ellen Clara Sabin, educator
 * Casey Scheuerell, musician
 * Andy Thompson, former MLB player for the Toronto Blue Jays

title: Sun Prairie, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:List of United States federal legislation

Wade-Davis
Why is the Wade-Davis Bill listed? It failed. 69.19.2.225 08:00, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

All caps
Does this article's title need all caps? Maybe List of United States federal legislation or List of United States Federal legislation? RickK 02:25 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

no probably not, if you change the name, also fix the "What links here". dml

Acts of Congress vs. legislation
Is there any real difference between "Acts of Congress" and "Legislation?" Do we need separate lists? (this page has both). -Anthropos 07:00, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * There should only be one list. dml 13:55, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Category
Any point in making a category version of this page, so new law entries can be added automatically? --Calton 06:08, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

User:BD2412/Federal legislation
I've compiled a list of "major" federal acts from the table of legislation in Major Acts of Congress, Brian K. Landsberg (ed), ISBN: 0028657497. Many are already in here, and many others need articles written. I'll be able to work on it when I get back from the Bar exam, in about a week. Cheers! -- BD2412 talk 16:31, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Update = project done. BD2412  T 16:48, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Federal Legislation Infobox
I've added the new infobox to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act page. Feedback would be much appreciated. Thanks! --Saucy Intruder 01:29, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Divide the page?
It's 68 kb now - I propose splitting it in three, with one article covering up to the 50th Congress, a second to the 100th, and the third everything after. Thoughts? bd2412 T 01:34, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I really like this as one page. It allows for better searching (you know, with your browser's "find" function).  It's also, frankly, prettier.  I just like it that way, darn it.—Markles 02:18, 17 October 2006 (UTC).  Furthermore, Article size states that lists may be exceptions to the "too long" rule; and, in fact, Special:Longpages, shows that most of the long pages are lists.—Markles 02:45, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Minor legislation
This is a list of legislation which I've removed from the article because they were either minor or redlinked. Feel free to restore them or delete them from here. —Markles 21:41, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * 1992-10-28 - Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, ,
 * 1996-08-03 - Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, ,
 * 1996-08-20 - Small Business Job Protection Act, ,
 * 1998-10-31 - Veterans Employment Opportunities Act, ,
 * 2001-09-28 - United States-Jordan Free Trade Area Implementation Act, ,
 * 2002-11-27 - Great Lakes and Lake Champlain Act of 2002, ,
 * 2003-05-27 - United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Act of 2003, ,
 * 2003-09-03 - United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, ,
 * 2003-09-03 - United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, ,

Amendments and legislation
Markles, I respectfully submit that your notion that Constitutional Amendments aren't legislation is misguided and incorrect. The American Heritage Dictionary defines "legislation" as "1. The act or process of legislating; lawmaking. 2. A proposed or enacted law or group of laws." Definition one applies to the amendment approval and subsequent ratification process, while definition two most definitely applies to amendments themselves, given that the Constitution itself explicitly states that it is the "supreme law of the land". Groupthink 21:15, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

My name was bandied around a little, so I'll weigh in. First, Constitutional Amendmenets all are joint resolutions, not concurrent resolutions as mentioned by Groupthink. The fact that president's have signed these amendment-proposing joint resolutions is irrelevant, because that signature has no effect because these resolutions are submitted directly to the states. The President can't veto them either. Joint resolutions and regular bills are the only two forms of legislation passed by Congress that can become public law, such as the current stop-gap spending measure for fiscal year 2008. They key distinction between a joint resolution for a Constitutional Amendment and other legislation is that they do not receive a public law number, even when ratified by the states. The Archivist of the United States simply issues a certification that it is duly part of the Constution. This article list should be reserved to only those notable pieces of legislation that were enacted into law through signature by the president and which are assigned a public law number.Dcmacnut 14:06, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * A fair point. However, legislation is a subset of law.  It is created through the legislative process.  Statutes are legislation; court decisions are not.  Both, however, are laws. Very often the word "law" is broadly defined, as it is in your definition from the Amer. Heritage Dictionary.  This Wikipedia article (List of United States federal legislation) is limited to Acts of Congress.  Congress does other things which are not included here; such as: resolutions, constitutional amendments, and internal business.  This article is strictly for statutes as promulgated under Congress's constitutional authority to enact legislation.  All of the items in this list were enacted by majorities of both houses and signed by the president or enacted over the President's veto.  Constituional amendments are, of course, supreme, but this list is only concerned with statutes, a.k.a. legislation. Also, in your Edit summary for the change you said Amendments aren't "non-legislation", quite the opposite! They're uber-legislation!  Über-legislation is not legislation, any more than sub-legislation would be. I don't doubt that the constitution is supreme to legislation, but that right there means it's not itself legislation.  Would you also say that constituional amendments should be included in lists of executive orders?  How about in lists of common law holdings?  Or lists of local ordinances?  These are all important types of laws, but they are all in their own ways different.—Markles 21:29, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Your points are also fair, and I don't disagree with any of them, especially after re-reading the intro graf to this article (although I think you're twisting my words with my "uber-legislation" point – what I meant by uber-legislation is legislation that controls all other legislation, not something of a different but superior nature to legislation). However, I would like to point out that while the amendments themselves might not precisely technically qualify for this list, there is a legislative process (and here I'm using that phrase as you used it, to mean an Act of Congress) underlying their proposal and ratification.  Aside from the non-standard states convention route, an amendment requires a resolution from both Houses of Congress in order to be proposed for ratification.  Now granted, the resolution in question would be a concurrent resolution, not a joint resolution, but we're not talking about your run-of-the-mill adjournment notice or enrollment correction here:  we're talking about a con. res. requiring two-thirds approval from both the House and the Senate, which is then sent to the states for ratification.  Now Dcmacnut also makes a good point in the article edit history:  the President does not have to sign an amendment-proposing con. res. in order for it to go before the states... but what s/he neglected to mention is that the President can sign and has signed amendment proposals due to their importance.  One other note:  once ratified, amendments are published in U.S. Statutes at Large. Groupthink 16:39, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with Groupthink: amendments are a special case of "legislation" because they result from actions by Congress and state legislatures.  The fact that amendments could be classed as "über-legislation" doesn't change this in my opinion.  Supreme Court rulings, on the other hand, are clearly (again, in my view) not legislation, so I have no quarrel at all with taking the "race legislation" tag off the Wong Kim Ark case.  But I do think the category tag should be reinstated on the Fourteenth Amendment article.  Richwales 02:22, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * No. There are many kinds of law: Executive orders, constitutional provisions, case law, statutes. One does not overflow to another.  Some statutes can dictate how an executive order may work, but that doesn't mean an executive order is a kind of statute.  Some constitutional provisions control statutes, but that doesn't mean constitutional provisions are statutes.  Some judge-issued writ may order an executive official to act, but that doesn't mean that the judge issued an executive order.  The kinds of law may interact, but they are each separate and distinct.  This is very simple.—Markles 10:31, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Anarchist Exclusion Act
Does anyone know how to find more info about a piece of legislation? I have (32 Stat. at L. 1222, chap. 1012, § 39, sec. 32) as a starter, and it's been referred to as the "Anarchist Exclusion Act" several times. It was passed on the last day of the 57th Congress (March 3, 1903). Are there sources for finding more details about a piece? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Murderbike (talk • contribs) 07:54, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't find too much on it online. If you can, go to a library (preferably one which is a US Government Depository Library), and ask for volume 32 of the "United States Statutes at Large"'.  Look at page 1222.  Start from there.  Good luck. I've linked the citation and created an article, so if you get more information, please put it there: Anarchist Exclusion Act, ch. 1012,, 1903-03-03, 57th United States Congress. —Markles 16:57, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Cool, I've got the article going in my sandbox, was probably gonna finish it today. I'll just paste into that spot. Thanks! Murderbike (talk) 20:47, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Now merged into Immigration Act of 1903. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 17:22, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

This list should be complete
Why is this list not complete?--Cdogsimmons (talk) 21:28, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Because hundreds of statutes are passed every two years. That's thousands (if not hundreds of thousands) of statutes.  Many (most) of them are not significant.  For example, every time a Post Office is names, a statute is enacted.  Snooze.—Markles 22:30, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * If you don't think you're up to the task, do you mind if I give it a go?--Cdogsimmons (talk) 03:04, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe there's well over 100,000 status that have passed since congress was created and most likely more. Since this would make list unmanageable. This being said, there are probably some major ones that are not on the list that should be. Maybe work on those --Patrick (talk) 03:17, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Standards for inclusion
Let's NOT just download the entire THOMAS database, or some such thing. Let's develop standards for inclusion.—Markles 12:43, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Standards for inclusion are important to establish before we invest a significant amount of time such a project as this will require. I will concede that (for now) it would be ok to exclude private acts that don't have a lot of relevance to the law today and would only be notable as historically interesting tid-bits. (It is my contention that all acts of Congress passed into law would fulfill notability requirements). However, I think all public acts at least deserve a mention. I also think that this should be looked at as a long term project akin to the List of United States Supreme Court cases, that although there may be a large number of red links now, over the next few decades perhaps, each of these links will be developed because each is an important part of American History. I am especially surprised that links have actually been removed from this list in the past just because there is not yet an article on the Act. Redlinks are invitations for editors to increase their edit counts and should not be feared. If there are 100,000 individual Acts, obviously, the list will need to be split apart (it's on the long side already). I would suggest that the list be split by year for clarity's sake.--Cdogsimmons (talk) 16:00, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree that the list should be a lot more inclusive, and I agree that the list should be split (the Supreme Court splits are a good model) both by year and by subject matter (yes, a huge amount of work, but worth it in the end, I expect). Also, as for red links, there are some public acts passed by Congress that will never merit an individual article. These, I think, should generally redirect to more general articles discussing U.S. law on that subject matter. Cheers! bd2412  T 16:45, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Many acts do not have formal names. Just look at : "A bill to make a technical correction to section 3009 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005."  Why do we have to list everything?  This list is short and thereby manageable.  If you feel compelled to make a complete list, please make it a separate article from this one. Don't ruin this list by including every last little Act ever passed.  47 of the (so far) 293 Public Laws in this current Congress just rename Post Offices.  There already is a fantastic free government repository off all this information: THOMAS.—Markles 17:03, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I note that I had previously added all of the acts listed in Brian K. Landsberg's Major Acts of Congress, and some of those were deleted, I guess for being redlinks. At the very least, those should be re-added. bd2412  T 17:22, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree that THOMAS is good but I think Wikipedia's better. Wikipedia's more user friendly (THOMAS I have noticed is not exactly self-explanatory) and obviously more widely used. Markles, if you want to keep this list seperate that's fine with me, but it does make me wonder what this list is actually for. Notable acts? Says who? They're all notable. Acts that have wikipedia articles? There are still a bunch of redlinks on this list. Manageability should be a secondary concern to comprehensiveness.--Cdogsimmons (talk) 00:54, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Recentism
This Article also appears to suffer from a severe case of WP:recentism. I'll add the tag.--Cdogsimmons (talk) 01:46, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I have to disagree with placing the tag. I'm rather surprised by the amount of old legislation we do have up. Just another pointless tag. --Patrick (talk) 01:58, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

I won't replace the tag but here's how this list breaks down the number of acts at this point in time:
 * 1789 to 1801 - 27
 * 1801 to 1811 - 7
 * 1811 to 1821 - 4
 * 1821 to 1831 - 3
 * 1831 to 1841 - 3
 * 1841 to 1851 - 7
 * 1851 to 1861 - 3
 * 1861 to 1871 - 22
 * 1871 to 1881 - 16
 * 1881 to 1891 - 12
 * 1891 to 1901 - 9
 * 1901 to 1911 - 14
 * 1911 to 1921 - 25
 * 1921 to 1931 - 20
 * 1931 to 1941 - 58
 * 1941 to 1951 - 40
 * 1951 to 1961 - 33
 * 1961 to 1971 - 73
 * 1971 to 1981 - 75
 * 1981 to 1991 - 47
 * 1991 to 2001 - 52
 * 2001 to present - 67

The recentism may not be flagrant but I would say it it is still severe (the 60 year period between 1801 and 1861 has 27 acts and the 57 year period from 1941 to 2008 has 387 acts).--Cdogsimmons (talk) 14:27, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Sunken Military Craft Act 2004
Does anyone have any information about the above US legislation - I imagine it must be federal because I believe it applies to all US military craft anywhere in the world Viv Hamilton (talk) 07:32, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * It is Title XIV of the Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005,, , .—Markles 10:36, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I am working on a piece of UK law Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 and wanted to make references to laws of other nations.  Viv Hamilton (talk) 14:06, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

U.S.Code
I'm surprised there's no mention of codified law here, or apparently elsewhere in Wikipedia. Granted the emphasis here is on the individual laws, but codification is part of the law making process. --Bill Harshaw (talk) 22:49, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Of course there are numerous mention of codification in Wikipedia. See United States Code, Act of Congress, Code of Federal Regulations, codification (also redirected from codified law, etc.  This is simply a list of federal legislation.  Look at the bottom of the page and you will also find categories of articles about law and legislation that can help you out.   Don'tKnowItAtAll (talk) 09:50, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

can we remove "partial" from the lead?
i.e. change "partial list of notable..." to "list of notable..." ?

I understand the desire not to mislead people into thinking the list is somehow comprehensive. But when I was a new Wikipedian (a few months ago), that label misled me (and perhaps still misleads others) into thinking that there is some criterion other than notability for something to be on this list. Also, revisions were made to the lead to the last two weeks which moved the statistics on the # of existing bills closer to the beginning.

(By the way, at some point are we going to create a separate comprehensive list of Public Laws organized by Congress, much like the Supreme Court people use for Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume?)

Agradman talk/contribs 19:24, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Naval Appropriations Act of 1916
The criteria for notability of items in this list is unclear to me. Should the above (Naval Act of 1916) be in this list? It was notable in terms of the USN's buildup prior to WWI. Rwessel (talk) 19:22, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Dates
What dates are used, when Congress passed the bill or when it was enacted? Int21h (talk) 16:47, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Enacted.—Markles 19:08, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2007-2008
I keep reading about the Child Soldiers Prevention Act that affects US aid to foreign countries who actively recruit child soldiers, the one in the news today because the current administration issued a waiver for four nations. It is variously credited to 2007 & 2008, but it isn't listed here & there's no Wikipedia article on it. Can anyone help? wbm (talk) 06:50, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The Act was first named the Child Soldier Prevention Act of 2007. Once enacted, it became the Child Soldiers Accountability Act of 2008.
 * I suggest you write the article yourself. You can do it!  :) Here's the info you'll need to get you started.
 * Child Soldiers Accountability Act of 2008 → Click on this red link to start a new article
 * → Here is the full data
 * → Here you'll find information on the bill's legislative history
 * Once you've written the article, click on this link, Child Soldiers Accountability Act of 2008, and make a "redirect" to the article you created:
 * If you have any questions, leave them here: and I (and other editors perhaps) will check in to help.
 * Good luck, and  Be bold!!.—Markles  12:59, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Merge proposed
It's been three years since this article split/forked the centuries out into subpages:
 * List of United States federal legislation,
 * List of United States federal legislation, 1789–1901,
 * List of United States federal legislation, 1901–2001, and
 * List of United States federal legislation, 2001–present.

I suggest we merge them back into one article. There's little benefit to having four articles when one will do. The pages have not grown much since the split, or at least enough to justify a concern that one combined page would become too unwieldy.

The last two Congresses (so far) have also split their lists because they are complete lists of statutes, not merely selected blue links (Acts of the 112th United States Congress and Acts of the 113th United States Congress). These would not change in this proposal. —GoldRingChip 18:30, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The daughter lists (or a different set) will just end up being split off again. It is only a matter of time before the whole list is completed. James500 (talk) 23:36, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The individual articles are pretty long already. I think re-merging them would make navigating tougher on people with slower internet or using a mobile device. Also, moving forward into future Congresses, I would expect greater coverage on legislation. Wikipedia exists now and didn't previously. I'm assuming people are more likely to add information about new things than go back and write about very old ones. HistoricMN44 (talk) 19:39, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Discussion. I'm not really all that happy with this list, period. What exactly is its purpose?  If it's to list *notable* acts, there needs to be some criteria, as there's a bunch of seeming trivial stuff in the list now (109-3, 110-2, as a couple of random examples).  If it's meant to be an inclusive list, it certainly fails that test.  And a single complete exclusive list would be far too long (probably leading to a page near 2MB).  And with the Acts of the nnnth United States Congress series of articles (see for example Acts of the 111th United States Congress), which are supposed to be a complete list for that session, wouldn't it be better to link there instead of providing a partial list?  But only a limited number of those exist (including a somewhat unloved page for the 110th).  Perhaps this should just be a placeholder until more full session pages are created, holding what we *do* have, and then serving as an index, or does that become redundant with Category:Lists of United States legislation?  So what do we want?  Then we might come up with a plan to get there.  Rwessel (talk) 01:13, 29 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Acts of Congress easily satisfy LISTN. Primary legislation is unlikely to be non-notable. Legislation is never trivial. Even if it is preposterous and pointless, it is still important for being a scandal. A list of notable Acts would violate WP:CIRCULAR. A complete list would not be too long. Wikipedia is NOTPAPER, so there is no limit on the length of lists, because we can spin off as many daughter lists as we like. Confining lists to notable entries would probably kill the project. That sort of thing is the reason for the problems we have with editor retention. James500 (talk) 02:32, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Are you discussing a possible hybrid list? Separate pages for the "Acts of Congress XXX" with only a selection of notable articles/acts listed here? So the other pages would have every public law from that congress, while this one would have "Main article X" and then a short list of notable items? The problem with that (and maybe I'm just knocking down my own idea) is that it would take a lot of time to select which bills were notable AND editors not part of this discussion would no doubt add their own items later. On the other hand, both the 110th and 111th Congress pages have existing lists of notable legislation. Clearly other people are already making decisions about what the major legislation from a congress is. We could work up a set of criteria, explain it clearly on the talk page, and then choose to be inclusive rather than exclusive when it came to other people adding stuff (so as to be friendly to other people who want to contribute). Off the top of my head, appropriations legislation, the yearly National Defense Authorization Acts, farm bills from every five years, legislation authorizing wars, and major policy changes (like Obamacare, No Child Left Behind) would all be notable. I'm not voting for this per se, but I don't think it would be impossible to do. Thanks. HistoricMN44 (talk) 15:05, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I think that we should ultimately have a complete daughter list for each session of congress. We can then use this page as an index of those lists. But we should create the daughter lists before tinkering with the four lists we are discussing here. James500 (talk) 02:50, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * As I mentioned there are already some articles of the form Acts of the nnnth United States Congress (see for example Acts of the 111th United States Congress). There is also wikisource::Portal:Acts_of_the_United_States_Congresses.  Rwessel (talk) 05:56, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree with James500 that we shouldn't tinker too much here before we have other lists in place. I'd hate to remove content, even incomplete content, before we had replaced it. I also wouldn't consider the Wikisource portal as a possible replacement for doing this here. (That may not be what you are suggesting). The wikisource page for the 113th (current) Congress only has one public law on it (wikisource::Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses/Acts of the 113th United States Congress). HistoricMN44 (talk) 15:05, 29 January 2014 (UTC)
 * @GoldRingChip 41.115.66.178 (talk) 14:32, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Separate lists are warranted due to the size of each list. I see no benefit to merging them.  I see only a long and difficult-to-wade-through list.  Also, I Concur. with James500, and would like to see a daughter list for each session of congress.ideal. Drdpw (talk)


text:
Seymour, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin

Seymour is a town in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,978 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Seymour is located in the southwestern portion of the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.2 square miles (83.5 km2), of which, 31.2 square miles (80.7 km2) of it is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2) of it (3.32%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,978 people, 1,108 households, and 863 families residing in the town. The population density was 95.6 people per square mile (36.9/km2). There were 1,151 housing units at an average density of 36.9 per square mile (14.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.85% White, 0.10% Black or African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.84% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. 0.84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,108 households, out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.0% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 16.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.02.

The population was 26.1% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $48,365, and the median income for a family was $50,969. Males had a median income of $37,963 versus $27,958 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,263. About 1.6% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.

title: Seymour, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin