text:
Talk:Bremsstrahlung

new section on quantum mechanical description
I don't know that all of the information contained in this section is accurate. There are numerous theoretical reports that contradict the statement that "electrons whose kinetic energy is larger than the rest energy (511 keV) emit photons in forward direction while electrons with a small energy emit photons isotropically" (notably, L. Kissel, C. A. Quarles, and R. H. Pratt, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 28, 381 (1983), on which the widely-used Monte Carlo code, PENELOPE, is based). Also, there are quite a few experimental reports that contradict the statement, as well (two examples off the top of my head: J. G. Chervenak and A. Liuzzi, Phys. Rev. A 12, 26 (1975) and D. Gonzales, B. Cavness, and S. Williams, Phys. Rev. A 84, 052726 (2011)). Maybe this section should be edited. 71.170.7.22 (talk) 21:28, 19 May 2013 (UTC)scott

Should the cross section per photon energy and angle by Köhn and Ebert be removed? I find it to be rather bulky, while equivalent equations exist in H. W. Koch, J. W. Motz, Bremsstrahlung Cross-Section Formulas and Related Data; Rev. Mod. Phys. 31, 920 and R. L. Gluckstern and M. H. Hull, Jr., Polarization Dependence of the Integrated Bremsstrahlung Cross Section; Phys. Rev. 90, 1030. The latter paper gives hints about how to solve the integrals from the Bethe-Heitler diferential cross section per frequency and photon and electron angles. Perhaps it is best to substitute Köhn and Ebert's equation for the simpler, older equation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.165.101.201 (talk) 16:46, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

strahlung radiation
"-strahlung radiation" means "radiation radiation". I vote to put this article back to Bremsstrahlung where it belongs. Kosebamse 17:50 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Braking radiation has a graphical representation in the graph of X-ray intensity versus wavelength. This illustration can be found at http://fisica.indivia.net/frespettro.gif. I find it more descriptive than the verbal explanations....

http://fisica.indivia.net/frespettro.gif seems to be a dead link. Is there another place to see the illustration? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.134.55.135 (talk) 16:33, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Art Carlson, Nikola Tesla was the first scientist to study X-rays produced by Bremsstrahlung. He may not be the most important (others would have more precisely research this). He didn't name this ... but he DID identify this process for obtaining x-rays (this is how he got some of his radiographs). -Anon

reason for expending the deffinition
There was an inconsistency: The deffinition here coverd only breaking radiation, while the use in the article on gyrotrons was the more general one. David Ingham

plasma section
The plasma section seems a little sparse. The formulas fall from the sky, with no references or non-numerical expression. I looked up the calculation in Ichimaru's book "basic principles of plasma physics: a statistical approach", p. 228. I get a formula (with hbar's, c',s etc.) I'll add in a few moments to the main article. Numerically it's within 10% of the quoted numerical result. I guess this partly depends on how you average over velocity distribution and so on. Also, Ichimaru's calculation involves a maximum wavenumber cutoff, which has a different value based on whether the classical distance of closest approach or the deBroglie wavelength is longer (same issue occurs when finding the Coulomb logarithm). The formulas in this section use the quantum (deBroglie) cutoff, which is correct for most hot, fully-ionized plasmas. Dstrozzi 19:23, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

error
One of the formulas on the page comes up with some sort of failed to parse error. Someone might want to work on that...

 * I tried to fix it but deleted everything by some accident. When I reverted, the problem went away.  I am also having other problems, so maybe it was a Wikipedia software problem?  David R. Ingham 18:37, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

The figure seems to have an error. E1 is greater than E2, so it should be h(nu) (or hf) = E1-E2. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.129.216.160 (talk) 19:15, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

The case where acceleration is parallel to velocity / Dipole radiation
I added this section but couldn't think of a shorter name for the section. The name is a bit long.Rotiro

Evgeny, may I ask what is "BS" about Griffith's treatment of bremsstrahlung? I'm pretty sure the difference between Griffiths' and Diver's angular power distributions is that Diver's is valid in the rest frame of the moving particle, whereas Griffiths gives the radiation that an observer would see when watching a particle move with speed v subject to acceleration a. The latter is arguably more useful, and is certainly not "BS" !! I would suggest reverting the edit, except the relativistic generalization is useful. I think some combination of the two versions of this section would be best. Rotiro (talk) 20:01, 11 February 2008 (UTC) I wish I had my texts with me, but I don't. Consider consulting Landau & Lifshitz; that's a fairly authoritative source. Rotiro (talk) 20:10, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, it is obvious that my initial hunch was correct, because Griffiths' expressions reduce to Diver's in the special case v = 0. I'm going to revert to the previously existing expressions since they were more general and useful, but I'll also include some new stuff you added. Rotiro (talk) 13:17, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm going to make a few more improvements soon to show the similarity between the two expressions. Instead of the new notation beta dot, which is a proper time derivative, I'll use the already-introduced acceleration, for simplicity. This also pulls out a gamma squared factor, making clear that the two expressions are identical except for the a dot v term.

Evgeny, I'm sure others will appreciate it if you use some critical thought and check well-established citations before replacing perfectly good content, and especially if you exercise some restraint before calling something "BS" (though perhaps you were referring to "BremSstrahlung" ? ;) ) Anyway, there were some weaknesses with the previously-existing content, which I have tried to fix, while also including some good points you put in. However, I think this should be kept fairly simple ... the intended audience is neither physics PhD's nor MSc's. Rotiro (talk) 13:26, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * "perfectly good content"??? Hmm. In no specific order: (i) The content uses the relativistic notations without telling the reader it's about relativistic limit and/or making him/her think it's a relativistic effect only, (ii) weird use of $$\mu_0$$ instead of $$\epsilon_0$$ (they are connected, but what's the point?), (iii) lack of non-relativistic expressions (which are needed for e.g. understanding the next section), (iv) mix of three related values (v, beta, and gamma) instead of deciding on a single one, (v) obviously wrong statements like "integrating by parts", (vi) talking only about one specific case (a||v) and not mentioning the general one, (vii) making general conclusions (electrons vs. muons rates) based on this special case only (why?), (viii) no mention whatsoever that it's about dipole approximation only, etc. Add to it that for relativistic case, the actual results are strongly influenced by the QED corrections - see e.g. Landau&Lifshits&Pitaevski IVth book. Where do you see there the m^6 dependence? --Evgeny (talk) 18:16, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Perfectly good, not "perfect" without qualifiers. :)

 * (i) Sure, it should have mentioned it was relativistic. Now it does, and all the expressions are fully relativistic and correctly reduce in the non-relativistic limit.
 * (ii) mu0 and epsilon0 are equally acceptable and I see no reason to prefer one over the other. I don't see what's "weird" about it, and I don't care which is used as long as only one is, since you don't need both. However, this way you don't get large powers of c.
 * (iii) Better than giving the special case v=0, to which these expressions correctly reduce. If one is interested, one can follow the link to Lorentz factor and find that gamma ~= 1 + 1/2 beta^2. I'm not sure what the concern is since all relativistic expressions are also valid in non-relativistic situations.
 * (iv) Of course, simplicity is desired, but I think this is probably unavoidable. If your other expressions were valid in an arbitrary frame of reference, they would have included v, then you also have acceleration a, beta and beta-dot (not the same as a and complicating things further due to proper vs. co-ordinate time).
 * (v) What on earth is obviously wrong about integrating by parts? Indeed, you integrate over all angles, and by parts is perhaps the best way, and certainly a completely possible and utterly correct way, to do this integration.
 * (vi) Yes, this was because the derivation in Griffiths was nice for this simplified case. But of course the derivation is not relevant here, and it's a bit weird to have the a||v restriction, so I am reconsidering.
 * (vii) Because this is basically the simplest possible example of bremsstrahlung, and it illustrates an important, relevant and general property of muons without much complication. Of course I'm aware that gamma arises to different powers in different terms such as the a dot v term, but the intention is only to demonstrate that high powers of gamma have this general effect. I'll clarify this.
 * (viii) Thanks, good point.
 * (ix) Can you show me what's in this book? I am separated from all my books for some time. I think I know the effect you're referring to, by a different name. If I recall correctly(?), in the ultrarelativistic case, the *proportional* energy loss flattens to a plateau, becoming approximately constant. Anyway, mentioning QED corrections in this section with anything more than a little footnote would be a vast overcomplication. As I said, the point was to use the simplest possible example of bremsstrahlung to illustrate an important characteristic of muons. The exact power of gamma is not as important.
 * Anyway, thanks for the criticisms. As I said, the section had some weaknesses which I have tried to address. Also, perhaps a general word of caution about this article (not directed at Evgeny). It is becoming a bit heavy on technical detail and formula. Some editor may request it to be toned down to a more general audience. I won't trim down any sections (but other editors might in order to improve the general readability), and regardless I strongly suggest having short simple examples and using them to illustrate a basic useful point. The guidelines are: cater to a general audience, keep readers first, and make technical articles accessible. Of course that doesn't mean we can't have a useful resource for physicists, but there must be balance! Rotiro (talk) 21:38, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

In fact, the additional term due to a dot v in your expression gives a gamma^8 (!!!) dependance, which, along with the gamma^6 of the other term, only makes my point stronger. I have a strong preference for avoiding the complications of a discussion on proper vs. observer time, and not introducing additional notation, so do you mind if we change beta dot to (gamma a / c) ? And, do you have an expression for the relativistic angular power distribution for arbitrary a and v? I agree with you that there's not much point to consider only the case a||v. Rotiro (talk) 22:57, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

astro section
I added this section after being frustrated that every discussion on Bremsstrahlung radiation (BR) ignores its use in astrophysics, and specifically that BR has a broader application in the thermalized regime. The text is very simplistic, but is intended so to keep the reader from being bogged down in the specifics of calculations and physics details.

recent shortening of the article
somebody recently shortened the article cutting away a lot of text and the plot. Why? It is true that the previous incarnation was somewhat chaotic, but there was some valuable information that disappeared Gringo.ch 17:19, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I just noticed that also the categories physics, german loanword etc. disappeared... I will revert the page to the OCT 30 stand. Gringo.ch 17:24, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

How?
This article really needs an explanation of what causes bremsstrahlung. There's a definition of the term, but that's it. Maury 13:09, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Beta decay
"the photon's energy comes from the electron/neutron pair"

Should this read "...from the electron/proton pair"? --67.69.5.166 21:19, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Spelling
Shouldnt it be spelt Brehmsstrahlung? This spelling is supported by numerous website, and also the paper I am currently reading. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by RogueNinja (talk • contribs) 19:46, 2 February 2007 (UTC).

No, the spelling is correct (from german "bremsen", meaning to brake). 129.132.63.41 16:25, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

I came here to confirm I was spelling it correctly, as R. W. Bussard fairly consistently spelled it "bremmstrahlung", and I felt compelled to check after encountering that twice tonight. His spell-checker had no clue either way. The spelling in this article is consistent with every solid reference I've checked. Tomligon (talk) 03:08, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

defintely not "Brehmstrahlung", there's a german classic called "Brehms Thierleben", but that doesn't have anything to do with high energy fizzics =) ( cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Brehm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brehms_Tierleben ) edit: wrong paste =)

I am from Germany, and it is Bremsstrahlung, without h and with one m. 137.226.140.178 (talk) 15:34, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

plural
Somebody added a plural form "Bremsstrahlungen". I removed it, since I do not believe this is used in english. The OED (second edition) does not report it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gringo.ch (talk • contribs) 14:16, 2 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Correct. You can't have the plural of an innumerable noun. You can have "much Bremsstrahlung" but not "many Bremsstrahlungen". I get the same itchy feeling when people talk about "a large amount of people" instead of "a large number of people" : you can do it, but you have to mash them up first ... OrangUtanUK 17:30, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Questions
I've always wondered : Bremsstrahlung can occur when a particle enters a medium for which the speed of light is less that its actual speed. What happens when the speed of the particle has reduced to be equal to the speed of light - in terms of the dilation factor being infinite?

Also, is there any conceptual link between BS (no pun intended) and tachyons? OrangUtanUK 17:30, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

You may find the page on Cerenkov radiation helpful; this refers to light emitted when a charged particle moves faster than the speed of light inside a medium. When you refer to the "dilation factor", perhaps you mean the Lorentz factor ("gamma") that appears in special relativity? The speed of light "c" in the Lorentz factor is always the speed of light *in vacuum*, so nothing "mysterious" happens from the special-relativistic viewpoint when a particle moves at the speed of light *in a medium.*

I don't think there's any link between brems. and tachyons (with BS, perhaps), but I am not a high-energy physicist.

Your comments triggered my BS detector regarding various misconceptions surrounding "the speed of light." In case you or others are not clear, as far as physics is currently known, there is no way to send information faster than c (speed of light in vacuum). Inside a medium, wave phenomena (such as light) have several "speeds", in particular a phase velocity and group velocity. Typically, information and energy travel at the group vel, which is always <= c, although the phase velocity can exceed c (this is the usual case in plasma physics). Dstrozzi 18:01, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Contrasts
Could someone put in a section on contrasts with other raditions? Just wondering. J. D. Redding 21:40, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Science Friction: An X-Ray Machine Energized by Adhesive Tape
Is this the same phenomena? http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=x-ray-machine-adhesive-tape --82.181.201.182 (talk) 18:17, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. High energy electrons can be produced by many means, but whenever they hit a material, they produce x-rays by bremsstrahlung. --Art Carlson (talk) 20:22, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Art, did you write this article? Whoever did, well done!  At last, something with the fundamenal cause, instead of the usual, and mindless, "it happens because the electrons are hot".  I've been looking for something like this for over a decade! Tomligon (talk) 03:03, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Merge from Continuous x-ray
The article looks like it duplicates material from bremsstrahlung, along with a bit of material from either photon or electron volt. It doesn't seem to introduce any new information, and doesn't seem to be a detailed enough treatment to justify a separate article, so I've proposed the merge. Please comment as to whether or not a merge should occur. --Christopher Thomas (talk) 21:19, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * What's missing is the classic graph of the output of an X-ray tube, with the "continuous x-ray" background (due to bremsstrahlung) and then the sharp peaks (due to characteristic x-rays). [searching, searching...] Aha, here it is! File:TubeSpectrum.jpg Yes, this graph and a couple sentences within this article would do the job nicely! --Steve (talk) 22:55, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * To clarify, is this a "support merge" or "oppose merge and expand the separate article" vote? I've been a bit short on sleep this week, so I'm slow on the uptake. --Christopher Thomas (talk) 23:14, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Support merge. There's really only a sentence or two to add to this article, along with that picture. No need for a separate article. --Steve (talk) 05:23, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Done. I actually added a whole section, "Output of X-ray tube", explaining the concept, then turned continuous x-ray into a redirect. :-) --Steve (talk) 19:08, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Finite at zero frequency
The article says
 * The bremsstrahlung power spectrum rapidly decreases from being infinite at $$\omega=0$$

but I'm sure the power spectrum is finite and constant at low frequencies (which is the origin of the infrared divergence). It's only the number of photons that diverges, not their power. --Michael C. Price talk 05:41, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Capitalizing bremsstrahlung?
Should bremsstrahlung be capitalized or not? It looks like there is an arbitrary mix of capitalizing it and not on the page already... so is there some consistent and correct approach? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.155.93.196 (talk) 06:27, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

 * My personal style is to consider bremsstrahlung an English word now, and therefore not to be capitalized, even though it is capitalized in its language of origin. You would expect such a rule to be listed on Manual of Style (capital letters), but it's not. I did find this on List of German expressions in English:
 * German common nouns adopted into English are in general not initially capitalised, and the ß is generally changed to ss.
 * On that basis, I would say that bremsstrahlung should be consistently de-capitalized. Art Carlson (talk) 07:37, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

I just noticed that the use of italics is similarly inconsistent. Art Carlson (talk) 07:47, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

 * As you mention, it all depends on whether it's an English word now or not; note that the Wiktionary entry is at bremsstrahlung since December 2006. Following that, the remaining four capitalised occorrences, and the link to Wiktionary, should be changed. Further, it should not normally be italicised. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 10:04, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

free-free absorption
'free-free absorption' appropriately redirects to this page, but it isn't mentioned once in the article. While emission is the more common and important thing to discuss, absorption definitely needs to be addressed as-well --- i think it warrants its own section. All Clues Key (talk) 18:48, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

Formulas are inconsistent with Larmor formula article??
Please read Talk:Larmor_formula and discuss there. Thanks!! --Steve (talk) 14:21, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Absolute value is a mathematical concept.
"The absolute value of the virtual photon between the nucleus and electron is..." Absolute value is a mathematical concept. Something like a virtual photon cannot have an "absolute value". A real number, a complex number, a vector, etc., does have an absolute value.47.215.180.7 (talk) 18:35, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

Needed: a bit about Transmission Bremsstrahlung
Perhaps add some mention of transmission-bremsstrahlung effect, where x-ray photons have generally the same trajectory as the relativistic electrons producing the x-rays? (Or should this be a separate WP article entirely?) For relativistic e-beams, the emission angle is not the 180deg seen with conventional x-ray tubes. Some higher-resolution (microfocus) x-ray tubes employ so-called "tantalum converter" membranes (or membranes of W or Pt;) naturally producing an x-ray output in a narrow beam; the same phenomenon being well known in accelerator experiments (search "Tantalum Converter," bremsstrahlung converts gast electrons into a narrow beam of x-rays. This is not the commonly-explained "reflection bremsstrahlung.")  When I first became curious about this topic, online search turned up zilch. A few years later I stumbled across the proper search terms: "Cone-beam" x-ray tubes based on "Transmission" bremsstrahlung, also "Tantalum Converters" using bremsstrahlung to "convert" MeV electron beams into MeV x-ray beams. Recent example, Sandia's Hermes-III (a military bomb-effects simulator) sends an e-beam against a meter-wide tungsten sheet, and a meter-wide, kilometer-long x-ray beam exits from the other side of the sheet. 128.95.172.170 (talk) 22:50, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Items missing
absorptivity is defined but its value is not given. Also $I_nu$ is defined in the section "Thermal bremsstrahlung: emission and absorption" But insead a new variable B_Br is defined in the next section. Can someone complete this by giving the formulae for these? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:4040:233A:BE00:9925:8EEE:A87D:366 (talk) 19:38, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bremsstrahlung


text:
Talk:Avalon

"Connection to Sicily" or "Connection to Glastonbury" ?
The island of Sicily has always been identified with Avalon. According to the sources, and especially the history of Europe, Sicily is Avalon. All this by the Normans and also in subsequent periods throughout Europe. On Glastonbury there is nothing of all this, but only an imaginary urban legend based on a false history of the Middle Ages for economic purposes.--151.46.138.40 (talk) 13:37, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Hold on, since "Avalon" is a legend to begin with, we're never going to pinpoint a real location for it. All we can say is "people have identified it with this place" and "people have identified it with that place". The proponents of Sicily need to assemble their sources and then expand the "Connection to Sicily" section, to sit alongside the "Connection to Glastonbury" section, which should certainly remain even if edited down somewhat for the sake of balance with the rest of the article Noyster  (talk),  14:25, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * OK, Avalon is a legend but in the Middle Ages Sicily has historically identified with Avalon from all over Europe. The "Connection to Glastonbury" section is misleading..the tradition of Glastonbury, the Holy Grail and its strange connections are out of place here ... maybe it would be better to insert them into the city page "Glastonbury", so encyclopedic and non-touristy. On this page you can make a mention of this tradition, but without a section with the name "Connection to Glastonbury" ... no connection with Glastonbury.--151.19.235.41 (talk) 15:42, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * You write "...in the Middle Ages Sicily has historically identified with Avalon from all over Europe." Care to provide a source for that? Just because a Sicilian Fata Morgana (mirage) was popularly associated with Morgan le Fay by the (Arthurian-lit-loving) Normans who conquered Sicily doesn't mean that Avalon was identified with Sicily "all over Europe". The man who gave us Avalon, Geoffrey of Monmouth, tacitly identified it with the Canary Islands.Cagwinn (talk) 16:16, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * We may have the beginning of something constructive here, so the above entry should not simply be deleted. We can proceed if the above poster or others can (a) state in what publications these works are available, (b) summarise what they say that is relevant to the identification of Avalon with Sicily Noyster  (talk),  19:59, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * It's not constructive at all - it's merely a list of authors and Arthurian tales that this person has clearly not read, since they don't support the claim that "in the Middle Ages Sicily has historically (been) identified with Avalon from all over Europe".Cagwinn (talk) 20:47, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Comments from block-evading User:Sweet Xeper removed, talk page semi-protected. 21:29, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

Proposing some significant pruning to the "Avalon in culture" section
This section of lists of tangential topics is pretty much the definition of what both MOS:TRIVIA and WP:WWIN#INDISCRIMINATE advise us to avoid. Some of these details involving derived modern works, thematically linked topics and perhaps even the toponyms are worth saving, and for the most part worked into prose, but much of it is just not of significant encyclopedic value to the understanding of this topic. For this kind of cross-categorization, I recommend the project TV Tropes (though be warned that you may get entranced by its siren song and never wish to return to our already undermanned project), but I just don't think the understanding of Avalon as a topic of general encyclopedic interest is served by mentioning that Magneto named an asteroid base after it. And I know that it might seem like I'm picking a rather easy target there, but the truth is most entries in this section share nothing more than some nomenclature with the general topic of this article.  S n o w  talk 12:35, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

AVALON is Ynys Enlli (Bardsey Island) The island is a myth but Geoffrey based his story on this island for the reasoning below.
(As an ex police detective) Taking contemporary witnesses, state of mind, chronological logistics, associations, medieval reasoning, book and document study of the time and 20 years of research I can say without a shadow of a doubt in my mind that Ynys Enlli (Bardsey) is the location of the mystical and legendary  island of AVALON. (Known the world over) It is a medieval mind jigsaw which can be constructed by using Geoffrey of Monmouth, St Dyfrig, 200000 Saints, Afal (Welsh - apple) Mabinogion, Pilgrimage, Bishop Urban, Llandaff, Welsh/British language and many more evidential enquiry lines. Let me add it is a myth, it was made up, medieval propaganda and for medieval minds, Bardsey could be the only island the Welsh originator of the legend in the 12th century had in mind when he introduced it into the Arthurian stories.(And placed it 500 years earlier) His ingratiation into the 12th century church was complete when his books (highly fabricated) spread the Arthurian legends like wildfire across Europe. Today is the day the bones of the man who crowned Arthur at Caerleon were brought back to Llandaff. 1120AD. (Allegedly) Glastonbury and it's alleged link to Avalon came much later after the original story was constructed.

 * Wikipedia is not your personal blog - please take your OR musings elsewhere. Cagwinn (talk) 23:30, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

The article's chronic vandal and edit warrior is back
The Italian edit warrior with ever changing IP address is back at it again, vandalizing this article. We have to get either permanent protection on the article or find a way to ban this editor (will be difficult due to him using different IP addresses all the time). Cagwinn (talk) 22:44, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * FYI the granting of permanent protection is rare. Asking for a longer period of protection - it was two weeks last time so four is within reason - is probably best. You are right that getting blocks or bans will be difficult since they rotate IPs. They haven't edited since I reverted this morning (my time) so I was going to wait to see if they return. Feel free to file an WP:RFPP at anytime. In your report you can make the admins aware of this thread though you don't have to. I have the page on my watchlist now so I will help when I can. Thanks for your vigilance in protecting this article. MarnetteD|Talk 22:54, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Protected three months. --Neil N  talk to me 14:50, 3 October 2015 (UTC)
 * this is the POV  ,location of Avalon no Glastonbury guide. The content of the page "Avalon" are on other pages "Glastonbury abbey"., "glastenbury festival" not appropriate, and original research and vandalism. everything is there for all to see.--82.61.41.4 (talk) 15:36, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:41, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Avalon in culture
Avalon is referenced or serves as setting for many modern works of fiction or fantasy, including non-Arthurian French literature, folklore, and epic poems as well as in later works without other connections to King Arthur. Several examples are listed below.

Avalon in non-Arthurian French literature, folklore, and epic poems
Examples include:

 * Li coronemenz Looïs (an anonymous twelfth-century Old French chanson de geste, in which appears the phrase por tot l'or d'Avalon "for all the gold of Avalon")
 * The legends of Holger Danske, who was taken there by the sorceress Morgan le Fay of Arthurian legend
 * The legends of Melusine. It also recurs in a number of later works without other connections to King Arthur

Avalon in modern fiction
Avalon is a major setting for many modern works of fiction or fantasy. Several examples are listed below.

In comics

 * Marvel Comics has two different Avalons.
 * In the X-Men comic-book franchise, the supervillain Magneto creates a floating asteroid named Avalon to be a sanctuary for mutants.
 * Avalon is also a location that is based on the Arthurian Avalon and is part of the Otherworld.
 * Avalon also appears in the The New 52 DC Comics book series, Demon Knights.

In literature

 * Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon, ISBN 0345350499
 * The Chronicles of Amber (1970-1991) by Roger Zelazny is a fantasy book series that references Avalon as shadow-kingdom formerly ruled by Corwin, the protagonist of the first five novels.
 * In Chapter 19 of James Rollins' sixth Sigma Force novel, The Doomsday Key (2009), Father Rye and historian Wallace Boyd tell the group seeking the Doomsday Key that Bardsey Island was home to Fomorian royalty and that Merlin was a famous Druid priest, buried on sacred Bardsey Island with other prominent Druids. In the book's "Fact or Fiction" epilogue, Rollins writes: "Bardsey Island truly is Avalon. All the stories and mythologies of the island are accurate, including Merlin's tomb, Lord Newborough's Crypt, and the twenty thousand buried saints. Also, the Bardsey apple continues to grow, and cuttings can be purchased of this ancient tree. As to those nasty currents around the island, those are also real."
 * In Poul Anderson's Technic History, Avalon is the name of a planet with a colony composed jointly of Humans and the eagle-like Ythrian aliens.
 * In J. R. R. Tolkien's The Silmarillion and Sauron Defeated, Avallon is identified with Tol Eressëa, the enchanted island nearest to the Blessed Land of Aman, inhabited by Elves. Avallónë is also the main elven city on Eressëa. When Númenor (Atlantis) sank into the ocean, the flat Middle-earth became spherical and Eressëa and Aman were removed into the world of the "Unseen", to prevent mortals from reaching them. Elves and specially blessed mortals can still sail there.

In television

 * Avalon has been referenced in the science-fiction television series Stargate SG-1 (see Avalon (Stargate SG-1)).
 * Avalon and many other Arthurian legends are referenced in the visual novel/anime "Fate/stay Night"
 * Avalon and many other Arthurian legends are referenced in Game Soul Sacrifice  and Soul Sacrifice Delta
 * Avalon is the setting of the mid-1990s animated series Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders.
 * Avalon is also visited by the protagonists during the Disney/Buena Vista animated series Gargoyles, and is both the starting point and the core location of the nineteen-episode "Avalon World Tour" story arc of the series. It's inhabited by The Third Race and a clan of Gargoyles.
 * Avalon (Avila) is the city in Spain that Cary Grant (British Officer), Frank Sinatra (Spaniard Revolutionary), and Sophia Loren (Love Interest and Revolutionary); must move a gigantic canon to fight the French.
 * Avalon is featured in Once Upon a Time. Guinevere once received special sand from Rumplestiltskin that came from Avalon as part of a deal to complete Excalibur.
 * Avalon is the home dimension of fairies in Supernatural.

In video games

 * In the online game Wizard101, there is a playable world called Avalon.
 * In the game Tomb Raider: Legend, Amelia goes through the ring to Avalon.
 * In the game Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War, Avalon is the name of a hydroelectric dam and missile silo.
 * In the game Tomb Raider: Underworld.

In music
Led Zeppelin sings "I'm waiting for the angels of Avalon, waiting for the eastern glow." in the song "The Battle of Evermore", along with references to the Latin meaning of Avalon (apple): "The apples of the valley hold the seeds of happiness".

"Avalon" is a song from the album "Avalon", the eighth and final studio album released in May 1982, by Roxy Music.

"Isle of Avalon" is a song from the 2010 album "The Final Frontier" by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden.

The line "Sweet Avalon, the heat is on" is found in the track "A Call to Arms" from Mike & The Mechanics' first album.

Avalon Sunset is the nineteenth studio album by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison, released in 1989. Morrison also wrote the song "Avalon of the Heart", which was included on his next album Enlightenment in 1990.

"Avalon" is a song from the album Fables & Dreams by Swiss symphonic metal band Lunatica.

"Avalon" is a song on acoustic oriented band Fiction Family's 2013 album Fiction Family Reunion.

"Back to Avalon" is a song on the album Desire Walks On by rock group Heart (band).

"Avalon" is the title of a song on the album Axis Mundi (2015) by Brown Bird.

"Avalon" is mentioned in the song "Southern Cross" by Crosby, Stills, and Nash.

"Avalon" is a song on the album Empire of the Undead by power metal group Gamma Ray.

"Avalon" is a song on the soundtrack for the Jojo's Bizarre Adventure 2012 anime.

"Sail Away to Avalon" is a song on the first Ayreon album, The Final Experiment.

"Avalon" is the title of an album released in 2014 by Japanese rock band Matenrou Opera.

Rivers of Avalon is a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, released as a b-side to The Zephyr Song

The Avalon Guitar Company crafts stringed instruments in Ireland.

Flogging Molly sings "Up to heaven and past Avalon" in 'Devil's Dance Floor' off of their album "Swagger"

Avalon is a song on the 1999 album Ágætis byrjun by Sigur Rós.

Avalon (disambiguation)
for convenience I'm copying this here temporarily - some of the material above is already on the dab page

== Books[edit]

Avalon (novel), a 1965 novel by Anya Seton Avalon Series, a series of novels by Marion Zimmer Bradley Avalon: Web of Magic, a series of children's fantasy novels by the American author Rachel Roberts

Films[edit] Avalon (1990 film), directed by Barry Levinson Avalon (2001 film), a Japanese/Polish film directed by Mamoru Oshii

Comics[edit] Avalon (webcomic), written by Josh Phillips Avalon (DC Comics), a fictional planet Avalon (Marvel Comics), a fictional island

Games[edit] Avalon The 3D Adventure Movie, a 1984 computer game released on the ZX Spectrum by Hewson in the 1980s Avalon (MUD), a text-based online game series Avalon, a King Arthur-themed variant to the game The Resistance Avalon, the first stage in Gaiapolis Avalon Centrifuge, a character in the video game LittleBigPlanet 2 Avalon, a world in the online game of Wizard101

Music[edit]Bands and performers[edit] Avalon (Finnish band), a Finnish metal opera project Avalon (American group), a contemporary Christian music group Avalon (Scottish band), a Celtic-rock group formerly known as The Medium Wave Band Avalon (Swedish group), a musical duo made up of the Swedish-Congolese brothers Djo and Mohombi Moupondo Frankie Avalon (born 1940), American actor, singer, and former teen idol Mickey Avalon (born 1975), rapper

Albums[edit] Avalon (Roxy Music album), a 1982 album by British group Roxy Music Avalon (Avalon album), a 1996 self-titled album by Avalon Avalon (Anthony Green album), Anthony Green's 2008 solo debut album Avalon (Sully Erna album), a 2010 album by Godsmack singer Sully Erna Avalon (soundtrack), the original soundtrack of the 1990 film Avalon Avalon Los Angeles CA 24/06/06, a 2006 live 2-disc recording by Sasha (DJ)

Songs[edit] "Avalon" (Al Jolson song), 1920 "Avalon" (Roxy Music song), 1982 "Avalon", a 1999 song by Sigur Rós from the album Ágætis byrjun "Avalon", a 1999 song by Blackmore's Night from the album Under a Violet Moon "Avalon" a 2005 song by Juliet Richardson "Avalon" (Lovebugs song), 2006 "Avalon", a 2010 song by Bad Religion from the album "The Dissent of Man" "Avalon" (Professor Green song), 2011 "Isle of Avalon", a 2010 song from Iron Maiden's album The Final Frontier "Avalon", a 2014 song from Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators' album World on Fire

Businesses[edit] Avalon Books, a New York-based book publishing imprint (1950-2012), purchased by Amazon.com Avalon Publishing Group (1994–2007), a New York publisher, absorbed by Perseus Books Group Avalon Guitars, a Northern Ireland guitar manufacturer Avalon hotel (Gothenburg), Sweden Avalon Hotel (Rochester, Minnesota), USA Chateau Avalon, Kansas City, Kansas, USA, a luxury hotel and bed & breakfast Avalon Interactive, a now-defunct video game distribution company Avalon Mall, St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Avalon Rare Metals, a mineral development company focused on rare metal deposits in Canada Avalon Studios, a film and television studio, located in Avalon, New Zealand Avalon Waterways, an American ship and river cruise line owned by Globus Radio Avalon, originally a pirate radio station near Glastonbury, England in 1983, later a legally recognised station

Organizations[edit] The Avalon Foundation, founded by Ailsa Mellon-Bruce in 1940 and later merged into the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Avalon Historico-Geographical Society, based in Karaganda, Kazakhstan

Places[edit]Australia[edit] Avalon, New South Wales Avalon, Victoria Avalon Airport, Victoria

Canada[edit] Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland Avalon (electoral district), Newfoundland Province of Avalon, Newfoundland Avalon, Ottawa, a neighborhood in a suburb of the city of Ottawa, Ontario Avalon, Saskatoon, a neighbourhood in the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

United States[edit] Avalon (Birmingham, Alabama), listed on the National Register of Historic Places Avalon, California, the only city on Santa Catalina Island Avalon, Georgia, a town Avalon (Alpharetta, Georgia), a planned mixed-use development Avalon (New Windsor, Maryland), a historic home listed on the NRHP Avalon, Mississippi, an unincorporated community Avalon, Missouri, an unincorporated community Avalon, New Jersey, a barrier island resort community Avalon, Pennsylvania, a borough Avalon, Texas, an unincorporated community Avalon, Virginia, an unincorporated community Avalon, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community Avalon State Park, North Hutchinson Island, Florida Mount Avalon, New Hampshire Avalon Dam, on the Pecos River near Carlsbad, New Mexico

Elsewhere[edit] Avalon, France, a village outside of Pontcharra, Isère Avalon, New Zealand, a suburb of Lower Hutt Avalon graveyard, in Soweto, South Africa

Schools[edit] Avalon School (California) Avalon School, in St. Paul, Minnesota The Avalon School, a private school in Mongomery County, Maryland

Technology[edit] Avalon Project, a digital library of documents held by the Yale Law School Avalon, the codename for Windows Presentation Foundation, a user interface API designed by Microsoft Apache Avalon, a computer software framework Avalon switch fabric, the peripheral interface used in Altera's Nios II embedded processor

Television[edit] "Avalon" (Stargate SG-1), the first two episodes of the ninth season of Stargate SG-1 Avalon, a character from the popular TV show Winx Club

Transportation[edit] Avalon Boulevard, a north-south thoroughfare in Los Angeles County Avalon (Los Angeles Metro station), on the Metro Green Line Avalon (RTA Rapid Transit station), a station stop on the RTA Blue Line in Cleveland, Ohio Toyota Avalon, a sedan car USS Avalon, several US Navy ships SS Avalon, several ships Belle of Louisville, a steamboat formerly named Avalon Avalon Airport in Victoria, Australia

Venues and movie theaters[edit] The Avalon, San Francisco, California Avalon Theater (disambiguation)

Other uses[edit] Avalon Roberts (born 1945), Canadian psychiatrist and political activist

See also[edit] Avalonia or Avalon terrane, an ancient microcontinent Avallon, Burgundy, France, a commune
 * Doug Weller talk 14:36, 14 June 2016 (UTC)

Vanity press
reintroduced a self-published source from the best known vanity press in the world. At no point has anyone produced evidence that this book, unusually among the self-published books from that company, is a valid reference. It's also redundant per multiple other references. I removed it again. Guy (Help!) 19:58, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Throop qualifies as a reliable source (see the second bullet below), despite this book being self-published, per WP guidelines, which I have already brought to your attention:

 * Self-published sources are largely not acceptable on Wikipedia, though there are exceptions. And even though a self-published source might be acceptable, a non-self-published source is usually preferred, if available.  Examples of acceptable sourcing of self-published works:
 * # A self-published source may be used for certain claims by the author about himself, herself, or itself. (See )
 * # Self-published sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the topic of the article whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable third-party publications. Take care when using such sources: if the information in question is really worth reporting, someone else will probably have done so.
 * # A self-published work may be used as a source when the statement concerns the source itself. For example, for the statement "The organization purchased full-page advertisements in major newspapers advocating gun control," the advertisement(s) in question could be cited as sources, even though advertisements are self-published.
 * # A self-published work may be used as a source when the statement concerns the source itself. For example, for the statement "The organization purchased full-page advertisements in major newspapers advocating gun control," the advertisement(s) in question could be cited as sources, even though advertisements are self-published.

 * Throop is an acknowledged expert in the field who has been published by reliable third party publishing house (Simon & Schuster). Cagwinn (talk) 20:42, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

 * So, you quote-mined the guideline and picked out the bits that support you while studiously ignoring the vast majority that does not. You see where it says "even though a self-published source might be acceptable, a non-self-published source is usually preferred, if available"? We have non-self-published sources. The vanity press book is a source only for the fact that its author said this, and that would require reliable independent third party sources to establish significance. Right now, inclusion rests solely on your assertion that this author's view is significant in context and your view that in the absence of any third party source, it can be taken from the WP:PRIMARY WP:SPS. Primary self-published sources for opinions are legitimate only when discussing those opinions in articles about the person and where the opinions are uncontroversial. This is not an article about the person, and that means there have to be reliable independent secondary sources establishing the significance of this person's view on this specific matter. And that is absolutely standard Wikipedia practice. Now go and take it out again until you find those sources. Guy (Help!) 21:14, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

 * You don't even know what your arguing about do you? I have been studying this topic for OVER THIRTY YEARS!!! Throop's translation is accurate (though, as you can see, I replaced it - PER YOU REQUEST!!!), as was the assertion about the ancient and medieval identification of the Fortunate Isles with the Carnary islands (as the added citations prove - and I can find many more for you!!!), and Throop meets WP guidelines on self-published authors, as I have noted above. Just concede the point and move on, before we have to escalate this into WP bureaucratic hell. Cagwinn (talk) 21:28, 30 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, I do. I am arguing about Wikipedia policy. You, however, appear not to have understood the point here. You want to include Throop's views sourced to a self-published book. In order to include her views you need to show that Throop's opinions on this are cited in reliable independent sources, and you need to source her views to those reliable independent sources not to a primary, self-published source. That would not be necessary if this was an article about Throop, but it isn't. That's how Wikipedia works. It'as how Wikipedia has always worked. SHOUTING AT THE ADMINS is not how Wikipedia works, because we ignore it. Read WP:PRIMARY and WP:SPS, not, as you did last time, looking for excuses to get what you want, but instead with an eye to understanding them holistically. Reliable independent secondary sources is one of the first things the community agreed on when Wikipedia was founded, and a source has to check all three boxes: reliable, secondary and independent. Self-published sources usually fail the first and always the third, this case also fails the second. You make a fair case for reliable but that's a stool with one leg. Guy (Help!) 09:37, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

 * By the way - Priscilla Throop is cited as a source IN MANY WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES, as this Google search will demonstrate. Cagwinn (talk) 21:33, 30 March 2017 (UTC)
 * See above: irrelevant. WP:RS. Reliable. Independent. Secondary. None of these is optional. Guy (Help!) 09:41, 1 April 2017 (UTC)
 * This is beyond ridiculous. You are only interested in "winning", not in maintaining the integrity of the article. Throop is a reliable source who is cited in many WP articles. She meets WP guidelines regarding self-published authors (she is not exclusively self-published and was published by a very reliable publishing house). Her translation is accurate, as is her comment about the Canary islands. Her citation will ultimately remain. Cagwinn (talk) 17:56, 1 April 2017 (UTC)
 * You do not appear to be reading what I write, or the guidelines you reference. Read again: WP:RS: reliable, independent, secondary. All three must be there. You're looking to include the opinion of someone you claim to be an authority on this subject (which may be accurate, but being quoted on Wikipedia can also be an indication of assiduous self-promotion, in case you're not aware). My point, and the point of the relevant guidelines, is that if this opinion is significant and important, it will be cited in reliable independent secondary sources. There should be no need to cite a primary self-published source for an opinion that is widely held up as significant. And the onus is firmly on you to achieve consensus for inclusion of disputed material. Guy (Help!) 19:33, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

"It's directly related, has been commented on by many Arthurian scholars"
How exactly? And a lot of absolute crap "has been in the article for years". Look at this: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avalon&oldid=723542980 It was me who cleaned up this mess. Please revert yourself or provide the actual "commentaery by Arthurian scholars" about how Avalon might be the Canaries or whatever (I don't know). SNAAAAKE!! (talk) 20:21, 23 July 2018 (UTC)

 * I am not reverting it; it has valid source citations and, as I mentioned, has been a part of the article for years now. It is important that it remains here, because nutjobs who want to make Avalon a town in Britain or France conveniently ignore the fact that Geoffrey clearly states Avalon is an island in the Western Ocean and that Geoffrey, for his description of the isle, simply re-phrased Isidore's entry on the Fortunate Isles (which were commonly identified with the Canary Islands in antiquity, all the way through the middle ages - go ahead and check some medieval maps!). Geoffrey was not only influenced by Isidore, but also by medieval hagiography (for example, the Navigatio Sancti Brendani) in which the Fortunate Isle(s) (with varying names) frequently appear. Cagwinn (talk) 20:36, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I have just now added numerous new sources to the paragraph. Cagwinn (talk) 21:11, 23 July 2018 (UTC)

Two sections moved here from other pages
Hello, I moved two sections from other pages to this Talk section because they describe modern media depictions of the Arthurian Avalon. I added them into the modern media section above. They are Avalon in Disney's Gargoyles (moved from the Avalon disambiguation page), and the mention of Tol Eressea by J.R.R. Tolkien, moved from the Fortunate Isles page since Tolkien didn't actually use the Fortunate Isles, he only used Avalon and Atlantis. I do think the modern media section should be restored to the main page. I don't see why it was removed. Including a link to the page about the book, movie, or TV series in question seems like a legitimate reference to me. 2601:441:4480:53B0:649E:4D07:C305:5E01 (talk) 14:54, 25 October 2018 (UTC)

Unsourced lines from the lead
First referred to as "Avallus" by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History (IV, 95) in the 1st century CE, it was described as a mysterious island where amber could be found. Later described by the poet Taliesin in the 6th century CE (some people associate Taliesin with the mythical bard Myrddin) as the “Island of Apples” where life is eternal and fruits are always ripe. 5.173.48.166 (talk) 11:58, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Avalon


text:
Hula massacre

The Hula massacre took place between 31 October and 1 November 1948 in Hula, a village in Lebanon 3 km west of Kibbutz Manara, not far from the Litani River. It was captured on October 24 by the Carmeli Brigade of the Israel Defense Forces without any resistance. The women and children were expelled, most of the men aged between 15 and 60 were shot. In total between 35 and 58 men were executed in a house which was later blown up on top of them.

Two officers were responsible for the massacre, and were reported as war criminals by their superior, Dov Yermiya. One of them, First Lieutenant Shmuel Lahis, who served as company commander, was tried for murder by an Israeli military court, found guilty, and sentenced to 7 years in prison. His sentence was reduced to one year on appeal, and he was released from prison in 1950. Lahis received a retrospective presidential amnesty in 1955. He became a lawyer, and later director general of the Jewish Agency. Some Israelis opposed this appointment because of his involvement in the Hula massacre. Lahis died in 2019, at the age of 93.

At his trial, Lahis put forth the defence that the crime had been committed outside the borders of Israel. The military court rejected this defence but gave Lahis a postponement so that he could appeal this point to the High Court of Justice. In the same HCJ case, the Israeli government argued that the HCJ did not have the right to interpret military law. In February 1949, the HCJ rejected both the claim of Lahis and the claim of the government, allowing the trial to continue.

Eye witness account
At the time of Lahis' nomination to head the Jewish Agency, Lahis's immediate superior in the Carmeli Brigade, Dov Yermiya, wrote to Jewish Agency Chairman Arie Dulzin about Lahis' role in the 1948 massacre. After Lahis' appointment in the role, the controversy was reported in the Israeli media and caused debate in the Knesset. Yermiya's letter was later published in the newspaper Al Hamishmar.

 * "I received a report that there had been no resistance in the village, that there was no enemy activity in the area, and that about a hundred people were left in the village. They had surrendered and requested to stay. The men among them were kept in one house under guard. I was brought there and saw about 35 men. [Yermiya does not remember the exact number today, and there were in fact over 50 men there] in the age range 15-60, including one Lebanese soldier in uniform [who was not killed].... When I returned to the village the following morning with an order to send the villagers away, I found out that, while I was away, two of the troops' officers had killed all of the captives who were in the house with a sub-machine gun, and had then blown up the house on top of them to be their grave. The women and children were sent west."

 * "When I asked him why he had done this, the officer answered that this was 'his revenge for the murder of his best friends in the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre.'" (Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. VII, no. 4 (summer 1978), no. 28, pp. 143-145)

After the Dulzin found out Lahis's actions he detained him and reported the crime to the brigade and sent a new officer to command the company.

Dulzin's response to Yermiya's letter said that Lahis' past had been known to the Jewish Agency since 1961. It also revealed that when Lahis had applied to be registered as a lawyer in 1955 the matter had been examined by the Israeli Legal Council. It was decided that the act which was the reason for Lahis' trial at the military courts was "not an act that carries with it a stigma" (quoted by Dulzin, as translated by JPS).

title: Hula massacre


text:
Will Bradley

Wilbur Schwichtenberg (July 12, 1912 – July 15, 1989), known professionally as Will Bradley, was an American trombonist and bandleader during the 1930s and 1940s. He performed swing, dance music, and boogie-woogie songs, many of them written or co-written by Don Raye.

Career
Born in Newton, New Jersey, Wilbur Schwictenberg was raised in Washington, New Jersey. In 1928, he moved to New York City and became a member of bands such as Red Nichols & His Five Pennies. During the 1930s, except for one year with the Ray Noble orchestra, he was studio musician for CBS Radio, and was the resident hot trombonist on the network's popular jam session The Saturday Night Swing Club. He also led the studio band for the Summer Silver Theater on CBS in 1941, with Ed Sullivan as the show's host.

In 1939, he changed his name from Wilbur Schwichtenberg to Will Bradley, and started a big band with Ray McKinley, a swing drummer and vocalist from Texas. The band included Freddie Slack (piano), Arthur Rollini (saxophone), Peanuts Hucko (clarinet), and Pete Candoli (trumpet). Vocalists included Terry Allen, Carlotta Dale, Lynn Gardner, Steve Jordan, Ray McKinley, Phyllis Myles, Larry Southern, and Jimmy Valentine.

The Bradley band became well known for boogie-woogie, particularly with its hit record, "Beat Me Daddy, Eight to the Bar". The song reached the top ten of Billboard magazine's popular music chart, as did "Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat" and "Down the Road a Piece". The latter song was recorded by the Will Bradley Trio (McKinley on drums, Slack on piano, and Doc Goldberg on bass), with the vocal by songwriter Don Raye.

James Roosevelt introduced a new concept in filmed entertainment: three-minute musical Soundies filmed for coin-operated "movie jukeboxes." Will Bradley was one of the first bandleaders to work in Soundies (in December 1940; the others were Vincent Lopez and Ray Kinney).

In 1942, McKinley departed the Bradley outfit to form his own band, and Slack followed suit that same year. Bradley hired trumpeter Shorty Rogers and drummer Shelly Manne, but many members were drafted into the armed forces. Bradley dissolved his big band and returned to broadcasting. He remained in demand as a recording-studio musician; in the mid-forties he recorded as "Will Bradley and His Boogie Woogie Boys," and he filmed more Soundies in 1944, leading a nine-piece combo. He played trombone for Jimmy Dorsey's hit record "So Rare". In December 1954 he signed with NBC Radio's flagship station in New York, WRCA, joining many veterans of the big-band era to provide live music on the air. He continued to work in radio and television, including music for commercials.

In 1956, Will Bradley's former drummer Ray McKinley -- who had assumed leadership of the Miller band in 1945 -- formed a new Glenn Miller Orchestra at the request of Glenn Miller's widow Helen. McKinley recruited Bradley as featured trombonist. They remained with the Miller band until 1966, when Helen Miller died.

Death
Will Bradley died on July 15, 1989, in Flemington, New Jersey, three days after his 77th birthday.

Discography

 * Boogie-Woogie (Epic, 1954)
 * Jazz Encounter (Waldorf Music Hall, 1955)
 * Jazz – Dixieland and Chicago Style (Waldorf Music Hall, 1955)
 * 1941 (Circle, 1986)

With Charlie Parker With Nelson Riddle With Ruth Brown
 * Big Band (Clef, 1954)
 * Phil Silvers and Swinging Brass (Columbia, 1957)
 * Ruth Brown (Atlantic, 1957)

title: Will Bradley


text:
Keystone, Island County, Washington

Keystone is a small unincorporated community on Whidbey Island in Island County, Washington, in the northwestern United States. It is near the Keystone ferry landing, a dock at Keystone Harbor for the Washington State Ferries' Coupeville to Port Townsend route. The route provides a maritime link for State Route 20 across Admiralty Inlet to the Olympic Peninsula. Since its establishment in the 1930s, the ferry route to Port Townsend was known as the Keystone-Port Townsend Ferry; the name was changed in 2010 at the suggestion of the Central Whidbey Chamber of Commerce in order to avoid confusion from tourists and visitors to Whidbey Island.

Keystone is located about four miles south of Coupeville, next to Fort Casey State Park, Camp Casey, and is two miles from Ebey's Prairie National Historic Preserve. There is a residential area and farms in Keystone, including the historic Crockett Barn located next to the Crockett Blockhouse and Crockett Lake. Currently, the only business in Keystone is Callen's Restaurant, located directly across Highway 20 from the ferry landing and boat launch parking area.

title: Keystone, Island County, Washington


text:
Kevin O'Higgins

Kevin Christopher O'Higgins (Caoimhghín Críostóir Ó hUigín; 7 June 1892 – 10 July 1927) was an Irish politician who served as Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice from 1922 to 1927, Minister for External Affairs from June 1927 to July 1927 and Minister for Economic Affairs from January 1922 to September 1922. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1918 to 1927.

He was part of early nationalist Sinn Féin, before going on to become a prominent member of Cumann na nGaedheal. In his capacity as Minister for Justice, O'Higgins established the Garda Síochána police force. His brother Thomas and nephews Tom and Michael were also elected TDs at various stages.

Along with Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins and Eoin O'Duffy, O'Higgins is an important figure in Irish nationalist historiography, representing a more "conservative revolutionary" position when contrasted with republicanism. After having a role in the Irish War of Independence, he went on to defend the nascent Irish Free State, as part of the pro-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War. During this time he signed the execution orders of seventy-seven prisoners. He was later assassinated in retaliation by an IRA unit in Booterstown, County Dublin.

Background
Kevin O'Higgins was born in Stradbally, County Laois, one of sixteen children of Dr. Thomas Higgins and Anne Sullivan, daughter of the Nationalist politician Timothy Daniel Sullivan. His aunt was married to the Nationalist Member of Parliament (MP) Tim Healy. He was educated at the Jesuit-run Clongowes Wood College, where he was expelled. O'Higgins was then moved to Knockbeg College, St. Marys Christian Brother School, Portlaoise. With a view to becoming a priest he went to St Patrick's College, Maynooth. There he broke the non-smoking rules, and was removed to Carlow Seminary. He attended University College Dublin.

O'Higgins joined the Irish Volunteers in 1915. He was efficient, had a forceful personality and was soon appointed captain of Stradbally company, Carlow brigade. He joined Sinn Féin, but was soon arrested and imprisoned in 1918. While he was in prison he became MP for Queen's County (Laois).

1919–1923
In 1919, the First Dáil elected its "Aireacht" (Ministry) under the shadow of the Irish War of Independence. O'Higgins was appointed as the Assistant Minister for Local Government under W. T. Cosgrave. When Cosgrave was arrested in 1920, O'Higgins took the lead as head of the Ministry. Like other writers on Sinn Féin, O'Higgins believed the extremists were self-deluded; they themselves rejected the damning epithet "extremist". When he wrote on disillusionment he articulated this fear:

"the whole history of the world is the triumph of mind over matter. We are backing our Idea against aeroplanes and armoured cars."

Sinn Féin then split in 1922 over the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. In the debate that took place in the Dáil on the Treaty, O'Higgins outlined the reasons for his support thus:

"Last October the Minister of Local Government W. T. Cosgrave and myself came deliberately to the decision that we would not recommend any settlement involving allegiance to the King of England. That is true, but I am not ashamed to plead guilty to the fact that I consider political realities and the consequence of my vote... I would have gone back to war rather than recommend a settlement involving allegiance if the Treaty had not been signed. But I face the political situation and realise that some of the biggest personalities in our movement ... have considered this is the last ounce [that] could be got from England, and who, knowing the situation better than I do, attached their names to that document."

When running for election in 1922, he told a crowd:

"I have not abandoned any political aspirations to which I have given expression in the past, but in the existing circumstances I advise the people to trust to evolution rather than revolution for their attainment."

He was duly elected as a TD for Leix–Offaly, becoming Minister for Justice and External Affairs in the Provisional Government.

Irish Civil War
When the Irish Civil War broke out in June 1922, O'Higgins tried to restore law and order by introducing tough measures. Between then and mid-1923, he confirmed the sentences of execution of seventy-seven republican prisoners of war, including Rory O'Connor who had been best man at his wedding to Brigid Cole the previous year. O'Higgins and his colleagues did not view them as prisoners of war, but rather as criminals. On 11 February 1923, the Anti-Treaty IRA killed his father, who had snatched a revolver from the leader of a raiding party in his family home in Stradbally, County Laois.

O'Higgins feared, as did many of his colleagues, that a prolonged civil conflict would give the British an excuse, in the eyes of the world, to reassert their control in the Free State. He was given a nominal posting to the Irish Army during the early stages of the war, which he described as "very short, though very brilliant". General Richard Mulcahy was less impressed, recalling that "O'Higgins' personal presence in the Adjutant-General's office at that time (July–August 1922) was the personal presence of a person who didn't understand what was going on".

In August 1922, following Collins' assassination, O'Higgins was moved from the Army to Ministry of Home Affairs. O'Higgins had formed a negative view of Cosgrave, having worked under him at Local Government, and was not happy when the latter was appointed President of the Executive Council. Of the alternatives Mulcahy had been seen as indecisive, pedantic and too close to the Army (opinions which the subsequent Kenmare incident would make widespread), whereas O'Higgins himself was not avowedly republican. In the Government of the 3rd Dáil, he would be classed, along with Desmond FitzGerald, as one of the “Donnybrook set" – out of step with the rest on issues such as Irish language, autarky and militarism.

O'Higgins had set up the Garda Síochána, but by September 1922, the force was experiencing indiscipline in the ranks. He appointed Eoin O'Duffy as Garda Commissioner. At the time O'Duffy was a fine organiser and worked for the emergence of a respected and unarmed police force. O'Duffy insisted on a Catholic nationalist ethos to distinguish the Gardaí from their RIC predecessors. He became increasingly authoritarian in later years, however, a fact that caused several high-profile arguments between himself and O'Higgins. Cosgrave appointed O'Higgins as Vice-President in December that year.

Politics and later career
In March 1924, midway through the 'Army Mutiny', Minister Joseph McGrath resigned from the cabinet and President Cosgrave took sick leave. O'Higgins, as de facto head of government, reversed Cosgrave's policy of appeasement and confronted the IRAO mutineers confounding their objectives. In June, the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924 changed his title from Minister for Home Affairs to Minister for Justice.

As Minister for External Affairs he successfully increased Ireland's autonomy within the Commonwealth of Nations. O'Higgins was seen very much as the "strong man" of the cabinet. He once described himself as one of "the most conservative-minded revolutionaries that ever put through a successful revolution". Though far-left political enemies characterised him as having supposed "fascist" tendencies, O'Higgins was to the fore in resisting the small wing of Cumann na nGaedheal who looked to Italy for inspiration. He did not approve of feminism, for instance when asked by Leader of the Labour Party Thomas Johnson in the Dáil whether he believed giving women the vote had been a success, O'Higgins replied,

"I would not like to pronounce an opinion on it in public."

He famously derided the socialist influenced Democratic Programme of the First Dáil as "mostly poetry". Before his death, he toyed with Arthur Griffith's idea of a dual monarchy to end the Partition of Ireland.

Assassination
At approximately midday on Sunday 10 July 1927, O'Higgins was assassinated at the age of 35 by three anti-Treaty members of the IRA, Timothy Coughlan, Bill Gannon and Archie Doyle, in revenge for O'Higgins' part in the executions of 77 IRA prisoners during the civil war. O'Higgins had been walking from his home on Cross Avenue, Blackrock to mass on Booterstown Avenue. He had been accompanied by an armed garda detective but had sent the detective back to Blackrock to buy cigarettes. As he approached the junction with Booterstown Avenue, one of the assassins emerged from a parked car and shot him. O'Higgins ran a short distance before collapsing, and one of the assailants shot him again as he lay on the ground. The men then got back in their car and drove away. Despite being hit eight times, O'Higgins did not die for almost five hours.

None of the three assassins was ever apprehended or charged, but Coughlan, a member of Fianna Fáil as well as the IRA, was killed in strange circumstances in Dublin, in 1928, by a police undercover agent whom he was attempting to murder. The other two (Doyle and Gannon) benefited from the amnesty to IRA members issued by Éamon de Valera, upon his assumption of power in 1932. Gannon, who died in 1965, joined the Communist Party of Ireland and played a central role in organising Irish volunteers for the Spanish Civil War. Yet in party publications, his part in assassinating O'Higgins is downplayed. Doyle remained a prominent IRA militant and took part in various acts in the early 1940s. He lived to an old age, dying in 1980, and continued to take pride in having killed O'Higgins.

Legacy
O'Higgins' body lay in state in the Mansion House before a state funeral held at St Andrew's Church, Westland Row. He was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery.

In 1927, a relief of O'Higgins was posthumously added to a 1923 cenotaph in the grounds of Leinster House dedicated to Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith. This was replaced in 1950, by a simpler granite obelisk commemorating Griffith, Collins and O'Higgins.

In July 2012, Taoiseach Enda Kenny unveiled a commemorative plaque to his memory at the site in Booterstown, at the junction of Cross Avenue and Booterstown Avenue, where he was shot. Red paint was sprayed over this memorial within its first week, and it was further damaged shortly afterwards. It was removed some two weeks later and has not returned.

His brother Thomas F. O'Higgins and nephews Tom O'Higgins and Michael O'Higgins were later elected TDs. His granddaughter Iseult O'Malley is a judge of the Supreme Court of Ireland.

title: Kevin O'Higgins


text:
Septimania

Septimania is a historical region in modern-day southern France. It referred to the western part of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed to the control of the Visigoths in 462, when Septimania was ceded to their king, Theodoric II. During the Early Middle Ages, the region was variously known as Gallia Narbonensis, Gallia, or Narbonensis. The territory of Septimania roughly corresponds with the modern French former administrative region of Languedoc-Roussillon that merged into the new administrative region of Occitanie. In the Visigothic Kingdom, which became centred on Toledo by the end of the reign of Leovigild, Septimania was both an administrative province of the central royal government and an ecclesiastical province whose metropolitan was the Archbishop of Narbonne. Originally, the Goths may have maintained their hold on the Albigeois, but if so it was conquered by the time of Chilperic I. There is archaeological evidence that some enclaves of Visigothic population remained in Frankish Gaul, near the Septimanian border, after 507.

The region of Septimania was invaded by the Andalusian Muslims in 719, renamed as Arbūnah and turned into a military base for future operations by the Andalusian military commanders. It passed briefly to the Emirate of Córdoba, which had been expanding from the south during the same century, before its subsequent conquest by the Christian Franks in 759, who by the end of the 9th century renamed it as Gothia or the Gothic March (Marca Gothica). After the Frankish conquest of Narbonne in 759, the Muslim Arabs and Berbers were defeated by the Christian Franks and retreated to their Andalusian heartland after forty years of occupation, and the Carolingian king Pepin the Short came up reinforced. Septimania became a march of the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia down to the 13th century, though it was culturally and politically autonomous from the northern France-based central royal government. The region was under the influence of the people from the count territories of Toulouse, Provence, and ancient County of Barcelona. It was part of the wider cultural and linguistic region comprising the southern third of France known as Occitania. This area was finally brought under effective control of the French kings in the early 13th century as a result of the Albigensian Crusade, after which it was assigned governors. From the end of the thirteenth century Septimania evolved into the royal province of Languedoc.

The name "Septimania" may derive from the Roman name of the city of Béziers, Colonia Julia Septimanorum Baeterrae, which in turn alludes to the settlement of veterans of the Roman Seventh Legion in the city. The name can also be an allusion to the seven cities (civitates) of the territory: Béziers, Elne, Agde, Narbonne, Lodève, Maguelonne, and Nîmes. Septimania extended to a line halfway between the Mediterranean and the river Garonne in the northwest; in the east the Rhône separated it from Provence; and to the south its boundary was formed by the Pyrénées.

Gothic acquisition
Under Theodoric II, the Visigoths settled in Aquitaine as foederati of the Western Roman Empire (450s). Sidonius Apollinaris refers to Septimania as "theirs" during the reign of Avitus (455–456), but Sidonius is probably considering Visigothic settlement in and around Toulouse. The Visigoths were then holding the area around Toulouse against the legal claims of the Empire, though they had more than once offered to exchange it for the Auvergne.

In 462, the Empire, controlled by Ricimer in the name of Libius Severus, granted the Visigoths the western half of the province of Gallia Narbonensis in which to settle. The Visigoths additionally occupied Provence (eastern Narbonensis) and only in 475 did the Visigothic king, Euric, cede it to the Empire via a treaty whereby the emperor Julius Nepos recognised the Visigoths' full independence.

Visigothic Kingdom of Narbonne
The Visigoths, perhaps because they were Arian Christians, met with the opposition of the Catholic Franks in Gaul. The Franks allied with the Armorici, whose land was under constant threat from the Goths south of the Loire, and in 507 Clovis I, the Frankish king, invaded the Visigothic kingdom, whose capital lay in Toulouse, with the consent of the leading men of the tribe. Clovis defeated the Goths in the Battle of Vouillé and the child-king Amalaric was carried for safety into Iberia while Gesalec was elected to replace him and rule from Narbonne.

Clovis, his son Theuderic I, and his Burgundian allies proceeded to conquer most of Visigothic Gaul, including the Rouergue (507) and Toulouse (508). The attempt to take Carcassonne, a fortified site guarding the Septimanian coast, was defeated by the Ostrogoths (508) and Septimania thereafter remained in Visigothic hands, though the Burgundians managed to hold Narbonne for a time and drive Gesalec into exile. Border warfare between Gallo-Roman magnates, including bishops, had existed with the Visigoths during the last phase of the Empire and it continued under the Franks.

The Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great reconquered Narbonne from the Burgundians and retained it as the provincial capital. Theudis was appointed regent at Narbonne by Theodoric while Amalaric was still a minor in Iberia. When Theodoric died in 526, Amalaric was elected king in his own right and he immediately made his capital in Narbonne. He ceded Provence, which had at some point passed back into Visigothic control, to the Ostrogothic king Athalaric. The Frankish king of Paris, Childebert I, invaded Septimania in 531 and chased Amalaric to Barcelona in response to pleas from his sister, Chrotilda, that her husband, Amalaric, had been mistreating her. The Franks however, did not try to hold the province and under Amalaric's successor, the centre of gravity of the kingdom crossed the Pyrenees and Theudis made his capital in Barcelona.

Gothic province of Gaul
In the Visigothic Kingdom, which became centred on Toledo by the end of the reign of Leovigild, the province of Gallia Narbonensis, usually shortened to just Gallia or Narbonensis and never called Septimania, was both an administrative province of the central royal government and an ecclesiastical province whose metropolitan was the Archbishop of Narbonne. Originally, the Goths may have maintained their hold on the Albigeois, but if so it was conquered by the time of Chilperic I. There is archaeological evidence that some enclaves of Visigothic population remained in Frankish Gaul, near the Septimanian border, after 507.

The province of Gallia held a unique place in the Visigothic Kingdom, as it was the only province outside of Iberia, north of the Pyrénées, and bordering a strong foreign nation, in this case the Franks. The kings after Alaric II favoured Narbonne as a capital, but twice (611 and 531) were defeated and forced back to Barcelona by the Franks before Theudis moved the capital there permanently. Under Theodoric Septimania had been safe from Frankish assault, but was raided by Childebert I twice (531 and 541). When Liuva I succeeded to the throne in 568, Septimania was a dangerous frontier province and Iberia was wracked by revolts. Liuva granted Iberia to his son Leovigild and took Septimania to himself.

During the revolt of Hermenegild (583–585) against his father Leovigild, Septimania was invaded by Guntram, King of Burgundy, possibly in support of Hermenegild's revolt, since the latter was married to his niece Ingundis. The Frankish attack of 585 was repulsed by Hermenegild's brother Reccared, who was ruling Narbonensis as a sub-king. Hermenegild died at Tarragona that year and it is possible that he had escaped confinement in Valencia and was seeking to join up with his Frankish allies. Alternatively, the invasion may have occurred in response to Hermenegild's death. Reccared meanwhile took Beaucaire (Ugernum) on the Rhône near Tarascon and Cabaret (a fort called Ram's Head), both of which lay in Guntram's kingdom. Guntram ignored two pleas for a peace in 586 and Reccared undertook the only Visigothic invasion of Francia in response. However, Guntram was not motivated solely by religious alliance with the fellow Catholic Hermenegild, for he invaded Septimania again in 589 and was roundly defeated near Carcassonne by Claudius, Duke of Lusitania. It is clear that the Franks, throughout the sixth century, had coveted Septimania, but were unable to take it and the invasion of 589 was the last attempt.

In the 7th century, Gallia often had its own governors or duces (dukes), who were typically Visigoths. Most public offices were also held by Goths, far out of proportion to their part of the population.

Culture of Gothic Septimania
The native population of Gallia was referred to by Visigothic and Iberian writers as the "Gauls" and there is a well-attested hatred between the Goths and the Gauls, which was atypical for the kingdom as a whole. The Gauls commonly insulted the Goths by comparing the strength of their men to that of Gaulish women, though the Iberians regarded themselves as the defenders and protectors of the Gauls. It is only in the time of Wamba (reigned 672–680) and Julian of Toledo, however, that a large Jewish population becomes evident in Septimania: Julian referred to it as a "brothel of blaspheming Jews."

Thanks to the preserved canons of the Council of Narbonne of 590, a good deal can be known about surviving Gothic Pagan beliefs and practices in Visigothic Septimania. The Council may have been responding in part to the orders of the Third Council of Toledo, which found "the sacrilege of idolatry [to be] firmly implanted throughout almost the whole of Iberia and Septimania." The traditional Roman practice of not working Thursdays in honour of Jupiter was still prevalent. The council set down penance to be done for not working on Thursday save for church festivals and commanded the practice of Martin of Braga, rest from rural work on Sundays, to be adopted. Also punished by the council were fortunetellers, who were publicly lashed and sold into slavery.

Different theories exist concerning the nature of the frontier between Visigothic Septimania and Frankish Gaul. On the one hand, cultural exchange is generally reputed to have been minimal, but the level of trading activity has been disputed. There have been few to no objects of Neustrian, Austrasian, or Burgundian provenance discovered in Septimania. However, a series of Germanic sarcophagi of a unique regional style, variously labelled Visigothic, Aquitainian, or southwestern Gallic, are prevalent on both sides of the Septimanian border. These sarcophagi are made of locally quarried marble from Saint-Béat and are of varied design, but with generally flat relief which distinguishes them from ancient Roman sarcophagi. Their production has been dated to either the 5th, 6th, or 7th century, with the second of these being considered the most likely today. However, if they were made in the 5th century, while both Aquitaine and Septimani were in Visigothic hands, their existence provides no evidence for a cultural osmosis across the Gothic-Frankish frontier.

A unique style of orange pottery was common in the 4th and 5th centuries in southern Gaul, but the later (6th century) examples culled from Septimania are more orange than their cousins from Aquitaine and Provence and are not found commonly outside of Septimania, a strong indicator that there was little commerce over the frontier or at its ports. In fact, Septimania helped to isolate both Aquitaine and Iberia from the rest of the Mediterranean world.

Coinage of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania did not circulate in Gaul outside of Septimania and Frankish coinage did not circulate in the Visigothic Kingdom, including Septimania. If there had been a significant amount of commerce over the frontier, the monies paid had to have been melted down immediately and re-minted as foreign coins have not been preserved across the frontier.

Muslim-ruled and Frankish Septimania

The Arab and Berber Muslim forces under al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, wāli (governor-general) of al-Andalus, sweeping up the Iberian peninsula, by 719 had invaded the region of Septimania and deposed the local Visigothic Kingdom in 720. The region was renamed Arbūnah and turned into a military base for future operations by the Andalusian military commanders. Following the Islamic invasion, al-Andalus was divided into five administrative areas, roughly corresponding to present-day Andalusia, Galicia, Lusitania, Castile and Léon, Aragon, and Catalonia, and the ancient province of Septimania. With Narbonne secure, and equally important, its port, for the Arab mariners controlled various areas of the Western Mediterranean, al-Samh invaded the remaining Septimanian cities, still controlled by their Gothic counts, taking Alet, Béziers, Agde, Lodève, Maguelonne, and Nîmes.

By 721, al-Samh was reinforced and ready to lay siege to Toulouse, a possession that would open up the bordering region of Aquitaine to him on the same terms as Septimania. But his plans were thwarted in the disastrous battle of Toulouse in 721; the Aquitanian Christian army led by Odo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine defeated the Umayyad Muslim army and achieved a decisive and significant victory. The surviving Umayyad forces drove away from Aquitaine with immense losses, in which al-Samh was so seriously wounded that he soon died at Narbonne. Arab and Berber Muslim forces, soundly based in Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea, struck in the 720s, conquering Carcassonne on the north-western fringes of Septimania (725) and penetrating eastwards as far as Autun (725). In 731, the Berber lord of the region of Cerdagne, Uthman ibn Naissa, called Munuza by the Franks, was an ally of the Duke of Aquitaine Odo the Great after he revolted against the Emirate of Córdoba, but the rebel lord was killed by the Arab Umayyad commander Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi.

After capturing Bordeaux on the wake of Duke Hunald's detachment attempt, the Carolingian king Charles Martel directed his attention to Septimania and Provence. While his reasons for leading a military expedition south remain unclear, it seems that he wanted to seal his newly secured grip on Burgundy, now threatened by Umayyad occupation of several cities lying in the lower Rhône, or maybe it provided the excuse he needed to intervene in this territory ruled by Visigothic and Roman law, far off from the Frankish centre in the north of Gaul. In 737, the Frankish king went on to attack Narbonne, but the local nobility of Gothic and Gallo-Roman stock had concluded different military and political arrangements to oppose the expanding Frankish realm. Charles Martel attempted to conquer the whole region of Septimania and besieged Narbonne in 737 but his forces were unable to take the city. However, when the Arabs sent reinforcements from Muslim-ruled Iberia, the Frankish Christian army intercepted them at the mouth of the River Berre (located in the present-day Département of Aude) and achieved a decisive and significant victory, after which the Frankish army marched on Nîmes. Islamic burials have been found in Nîmes.

Around 747, the government of the Septimania region (and the Upper March, from the Pyrénées to the Ebro River) was given to Umar ibn Umar. Umayyad rule collapsed by 750, and Umayyad territories in Europe were ruled autonomously by Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri and his supporters. In 752, the Carolingian king Pepin the Short headed south to Septimania. The Gothic counts of Nîmes, Melguelh, Agde, and Béziers refused allegiance to the emir at Córdoba and declared their loyalty to the Frankish king—the Gothic count of Nîmes, Ansemund, having some authority over the remaining counts. The Gothic counts and the Franks then began to besiege Narbonne, where Count Miló was probably the count (as successor to Count Gilbert).

In 754, an anti-Frankish reaction, led by Ermeniard, killed Ansemund, but the uprising was without success and Radulf was designated new count by the Frankish court. About 755, Abd ar-Rahman ibn Uqba replaced Umar ibn Umar. In 759, Narbonne was not receiving reinforcements from al-Andalus, rife as it was with internal fights. Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, wali of al-Andalus, had to quash a rebellion in Zaragoza in 756, and immediately head south to fight Abd ar-Rahman I, who defeated him. Northeastern Iberia and the remainder of Septimania was left without any relevant commander in charge. Finally, the Gothic and Gallo-Roman defenders of Narbonne surrendered to the Frankish forces, proceeding to eliminate the Andalusian garrison after killing the Arab-Berber Muslim troops, and opening the gates of the stronghold to the investing forces of the Carolingian king. Previously, the Frankish king Pepin had promised to uphold and respect the Gothic laws and probably their own government, so garnering the allegiance of the Gothic nobility of Septimania.

Narbonne capitulated to the Franks in 759 only after Pepin promised the defenders of the city to uphold the Visigothic law, and the county was granted to Miló, the Gothic count in Muslim times, thus earning the loyalty of Septimanian Goths against Duke Waifer, the independent ruler (princeps) of Aquitaine. After the Frankish conquest of Narbonne in 759, the Muslim Arabs and Berbers were defeated by the Christian Franks and expelled to their Andalusian heartland after 40 years of occupation, and the Carolingian king Pepin the Short came up reinforced. The siege remained as a key battlefield in the context of the Carolingian expedition south to Provence and Septimania starting in 752. The Iberian Christian counter-offensive known as the Reconquista began in the early 8th century, when Andalusian Muslim forces managed to temporarily push into Aquitaine. In the wake of Narbonne's submission, Pepin took Roussillon, and then directed his effort against Toulouse, Rouergue, and Albigeois in Aquitaine, leading to the battle for Aquitaine.

Gothia in Carolingian times

The region of Roussillon was taken by the Franks in 760. Pepin then diverted northwest to Aquitaine, triggering the war against Waifer of Aquitaine. Albi, Rouergue, Gévaudan, and the city of Toulouse were conquered. In 777, the wali of Barcelona, Sulayman al-Arabi, and the wali of Huesca Abu Taur, offered their submission to Charlemagne and also the submission of Husayn, wali of Zaragoza. When Charlemagne invaded the Upper March in 778, Husayn refused allegiance and he had to retire. In the Pyrénées, the Basques defeated his forces in Roncesvalles (August 15, 778).

The Frankish king found Septimania and the borderlands so devastated and depopulated by warfare, with the inhabitants hiding among the mountains, that he made grants of land that were some of the earliest identifiable fiefs to Visigothic and other refugees. Charlemagne also founded several monasteries in Septimania, around which the people gathered for protection. Beyond Septimania to the south Charlemagne established the Hispanic Marches in the borderlands of his empire. The territory passed to Louis, king in Aquitaine, but it was governed by Frankish margraves and then dukes (from 817) of Septimania.

The Frankish noble Bernat of Septimania was the ruler of these lands from 826 to 832. His career (he was beheaded in 844) characterized the turbulent 9th century in Septimania. His appointment as Count of Barcelona in 826 occasioned a general uprising of the Catalan lords (Bellonids) at this intrusion of Frankish power over the lands of Gothia. For suppressing Berenguer of Toulouse and the Catalans, Louis the Pious rewarded Bernat with a series of counties, which roughly delimit 9th century Septimania: Narbonne, Béziers, Agde, Magalona, Nîmes and Uzés. Rising against Charles the Bald in 843, Bernat was apprehended at Toulouse and beheaded. Bernat's son, known as Bernat of Gothia, also served as Count of Barcelona and Girona, and as Margrave of Gothia and Septimania from 865 to 878.

Septimania became known as Gothia after the reign of Charlemagne. It retained these two names while it was ruled by the counts of Toulouse during early part of the Middle Ages, but other names became regionally more prominent such as, Roussillon, Conflent, Razès or Foix, and the name Gothia (along with the older name Septimania) faded away during the 10th century, as the region fractured into smaller feudal entities, which sometimes retained Carolingian titles, but lost their Carolingian character, as the culture of Septimania evolved into the culture of Languedoc. This fragmentation in small feudal entities and the resulting fading and the gradual shifting of the name Gothia are the most probable origins of the ancient geographical area known as Gathalania or Cathalania which has reached our days as the present region of Catalonia.

The name was used because the area was populated by a higher concentration of Goths than in surrounding regions. The rulers of this area, when joined with several counties, were titled the Marquesses of Gothia (and, also, the Dukes of Septimania).

title: Septimania


text:
Burning Flipside

Burning Flipside (or Flipside) is an annual effigy burn, display of creative arts, and self-expression of performances staged in Central Texas near Austin. Modeled on and associated with Burning Man, Flipside was the first regional Burning Man event.

Lasting five days during the Memorial Day weekend, it is significantly smaller than Burning Man, with 3131 tickets sold in 2022, compared to about 80,000 participants for Burning Man. Participants build a temporary city called Pyropolis; all of the structures in this city are dismantled and removed at the end of the event. The main structure, the "effigy", is burned the last night, as are many other pieces of art around Flipside.

Organisation
Flipside was initially organized under the auspices of a limited liability company called Austin Artistic Deconstruction. This entity was wound down and succeeded in 2001 by another LLC, Austin Artistic Reconstruction. This was in turn succeeded by a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, Catalyst Collective, in 2023.

The legal entity prohibits all commercial use of photographs, video, film or any other medium taken at Burning Flipside without written permission. Therefore, media from Flipside is inherently non-free content. This prohibition on commercial use of imagery appeared as early as 1999.

Principles
While Flipside, like all regional burns, adheres to the same principles as Burning Man in spirit, Flipside predates the formulation of Burning Man's 10 Principles and never formally adopted them. Instead, Flipside formulated three principles that are more abstract and cover most of the same ground as Burning Man's ten:

 * Accountability
 * Cooperation
 * Self Expression

Despite this difference, Burning Flipside is regarded as a "ten principles event."

Other similarities
No Vending. Flipside is a non-commercial event; sales of any commodity (the one exception being ice) for cash is not allowed and may cause eviction from the event. Instead, a gift economy is used. Giving one gift in exchange for another is considered good form, but any kind of quid pro quo is a violation of the gift-economy rules

Leave No Trace. An extension of the self-reliance principle applied to outdoor living, requiring all participants to respect their environment and clean up everything they bring in. Participants try to leave the site cleaner than they found it rather than in an identical condition.

Art Installations—Flipside community members bring art to the event for display, including large free-standing works, fire art, and interactive pieces.

Theme camps—Groups of participants who build a structure or area for public entertainment with an underlying theme. (Example: Casineaux Camp - A camp with a Casino Theme with real gambling style games, but using donated prizes and fake coins.)

Performances—Flipside has a number of performance spaces that are used by musicians, theatre groups, DJs, fire performers, pageants, and interactive performances.

Differences from Burning Man
Similar to Burning Man's Black Rock Rangers, the Pyropolis Rangers mediate disputes and maintain security at the event; they wear a similar khaki uniform, and attempt to be non-intrusive to other participants. Unlike Burning Man, however, the event is not regularly patrolled by law enforcement, although they arrive quickly in the event of an emergency.

Flipside has some other differences from Burning Man. Flipside's location is in a private camp area in the wooded, grassy Texas Hill Country, unlike the extremely flat, very dusty dried lake bed in Black Rock Desert where Burning Man is held. The Texas Hill Country features creeks, swimming holes, and tree-covered groves that make camping a more comfortable experience than the harsh high Nevada desert. Flipside is slightly more strict about the vending rule: the only thing sold is ice. The smaller size of the event creates a sense that one could meet everyone, as part of a temporary community that encompasses all the event participants. Almost every participant of Flipside, including the event's organizers, pay to get in regardless of how much time they put in volunteering. The only exceptions Austin Artistic Reconstruction makes are four free tickets: two to the designer of the sticker, and two to the designer of the ticket.

Additionally, unlike Burning Man where the central effigy of a glowing neon man stays essentially unaltered from year to year (with alteration to its base and other design elements), the Flipside effigy changes radically with each event. For example, participants built and burned a 6-armed, cowboy hat-wearing Hanuman effigy in 2004, a rocket ship at the 2005 event, and a chalice at the 2006 event.

Event history
"Burning Man Texas" was held in June 1998 by George Paap. It had 30 attendees, and featured the burning of a straw man built on site. Burning Flipside (named by Melody Byrd in Prost's backyard) began in 1999.

From 1998 through 2005, the event was held at Recreation Plantation (30.11883°N, -98.18054°W), a private campground in neighboring Dripping Springs, Texas. Having outgrown that space, the event moved to a larger property in 2006, Flat Creek Crossing (30.28334°N, -98.20548°W). While this location allowed for potential future growth, the land is also more primitive, due to the presence of large cliffs, scorpions, mountain lions, and other hazards, some believe that the land is more dangerous than even the Black Rock Desert. In 2010, the event moved to Apache Pastures near San Gabriel, Texas and Rockdale, Texas. The endemic pecan trees offered shade and participant created trails provided access to the San Gabriel River, a larger body of water than was present at Flat Creek Crossing.

title: Burning Flipside