text:
Boz Burrell

Raymond "Boz" Burrell (1 August 1946 – 21 September 2006) was an English musician. Originally a vocalist and guitarist, Burrell is best known for being the vocalist and bassist of King Crimson from 1971 to 1972 and the original bassist of Bad Company, formed in 1973, with whom he stayed until 1982 before re-joining for a reunion of the original line-up during 1998 to 1999. He died of a heart attack in Spain in 2006, aged 60.

Early years
Raymond Burrell was born on 1 August 1946 in Holbeach, Lincolnshire; he lived in Saracens Head and Holbeach Hurn. As a teen in the 1950s, he began playing rhythm guitar for the Tea Time 4, a group formed with his school pals Bernie Rudd and Brian Rocky Browne, at the George Farmer School. They both acquired a passion for jazz and enjoyed acts such as Mose Allison, John Coltrane, and Charles Mingus. He later attended King's Lynn Technical College.

The group had several personnel changes and moved to London in 1965 at the suggestion of manager, Jack Barrie. With the addition of Ian McLagan on keyboard and a name change to Boz People, the group secured a contract with EMI's Columbia label.

Burrell's style leaned more towards jazz, whereas McLagan was into Booker T, four singles being recorded and backing band slots with Kenny Lynch and Elkie Brooks. However, with little commercial success, McLagan soon left to join The Small Faces.

Burrell next enjoyed a short stint in the soul band, Feel For Soul, back in Norwich from 1966 until the following year. In late 1965, Burrell was briefly considered to replace Roger Daltrey in The Who.

Between 1966 and 1968, Burrell released six singles in Britain on the Columbia label under the name Boz, including a cover of "I Shall be Released", backed by "Down in the Flood" (wrongly named "Dove in the Flood" on the label), both written by Bob Dylan. On this he was joined by organist Jon Lord, guitarist Ritchie Blackmore and drummer Ian Paice, who formed Deep Purple at the same time, and bassist Chas Hodges, later of Chas and Dave fame. Burrell later appeared on Centipede's 1971 recording Septober Energy.

King Crimson
In 1971, Burrell joined King Crimson as the new vocalist, having met Robert Fripp while both were performing with Centipede. As well as a vocalist, the band were also in search of a new bass player. After Rick Kemp turned down a last minute offer to join, Boz (who had only limited guitar-playing ability) was installed as the band's bass player with Fripp and Ian Wallace teaching him to play rather than start the search again.

The band toured and recorded the band's fourth studio album, Islands (1971), a warmer sounding release and the band's only string ensemble experimentation. Tensions began socially on tour and creatively with the direction of the group's latest effort. This led to lyricist Peter Sinfield being ousted following the band's next tour. During rehearsals in early 1972 the band fell apart with all members leaving due to creative restrictions imposed by Fripp as a "quality control" measure.

The band members were convinced to rejoin and fulfil their touring commitments for that year with the intention of disbanding thereafter. Recordings from this subsequent tour exist as the live album Earthbound (1972) and as a large part of the box set Sailors' Tales (1970–1972) (2017), which contains studio and live recordings spanning Burrell's entire tenure in the band. Although relations improved between both parties leading to an offer from the musicians to continue on in the band, Fripp had already moved on and declined to participate.

In 1973 Burrell, Wallace and Mel Collins reunited with Sinfield for his solo effort, Still. They also went on to form Snape with CCS's Alexis Korner and Peter Thorup, who had been on tour with King Crimson in the states the previous year, releasing the studio album, Accidentally Born in New Orleans, and a live album, Live on Tour in Germany. In 1974 Burrell featured with Chapman Whitney Streetwalkers along with other members of Family and King Crimson.

Bad Company
Burrell was a founding member of the supergroup Bad Company, formed in 1973 along with ex-Mott the Hoople guitarist Mick Ralphs and two former members of Free: vocalist Paul Rodgers and drummer Simon Kirke. The band debuted in 1974 with the self-titled Bad Company, which eventually went platinum, as did the 1975 follow-up, Straight Shooter and 1976's Run with the Pack.

1977's Burnin' Sky proved less successful, but the group's fifth release in 1979, Desolation Angels, saw the band once again return to platinum status. Rough Diamonds, the final studio album featuring the original members, released in 1982, was the worst-selling album in this incarnation and the band soon after split.

Using the name Bad Company, Ralphs and Kirke continued to play together, but it was not until 1998 that Burrell rejoined his bandmates along with Rodgers for a reunion tour, recording four new songs and releasing the compilation The 'Original' Bad Co. Anthology. Burrell left the band in 1999 along with Ralphs.

Later work
In January 1981, Burrell joined Roger Chapman again for his solo band, The Shortlist, leaving in 1983. He returned in May 1987, but left again the following year in June. In 1982, Burrell contributed to Jon Lord's solo album, Before I Forget, on the track "Hollywood Rock and Roll", and in 1984 he joined the short-lived Nightfly.

In the 1990s, Burrell worked with such acts as Alvin Lee for his Best of British Blues tour of 1996 and Ruby Turner. During this period, his main creative outlet was with the Scottish blues singer Tam White. Their collaboration developed into a trio known as The Shoe String Band and a big band, the Celtic Groove Connection. White was present at Burrell's apartment in Spain when Burrell suddenly died of a heart attack during rehearsals, on 21 September 2006.

Discography

 * solo as Boz
 * "Isn't That So" / "You're Just the Kind of Girl I Want" (11 Feb 1966) (single)
 * "Meeting Time" / "No (Ah) Body Knows Blues" (7 Apr 1966) (single)
 * "Pinocchio" / "Stay as You Are" (10 Jun 1966) (single)
 * "The Baby Song" / "Carry on Screaming" (29 Jul 1966) (single)
 * "I Shall Be Released" / "Down in the Flood" (3 May 1968) (single)
 * "Light My Fire" / "Back Against the Wall" (16 Aug 1968) (single)

 * with Duster Bennett
 * Jumpin' at Shadows (1965)

 * with Centipede
 * Septober Energy (1971)

 * with King Crimson
 * Islands (1971)
 * Earthbound (1972)
 * Ladies of the Road (2002)
 * Sailors’ Tales (1970 – 1972), 27-disc boxed set (2017)

 * with Pete Sinfield
 * Still (1973)

 * with Snape
 * Accidentally Born in New Orleans (1973)
 * Live on Tour in Germany (1973)

 * with Bad Company

 * Bad Company (1974)
 * Straight Shooter (1975)
 * Run with the Pack (1976)
 * Burnin' Sky (1977)
 * Desolation Angels (1979)
 * Rough Diamonds (1982)
 * 10 from 6 (1985)
 * The 'Original' Bad Co. Anthology (1999)
 * Live in Albuquerque 1976 (2006)

 * with Boxer
 * Bloodletting (1979)

 * with Jon Lord
 * Before I Forget (1982) Track 3 – "Hollywood Rock and Roll"

 * with The Shortlist
 * He Was... She Was... You Was... We Was... (1982)
 * Mango Crazy (1983)
 * Riff Burglar (The Legendary Funny Cider Sessions – Vol. 1) (1988)

 * with Ken Hensley
 * From Time to Time (1994)

 * with Ruby Turner
 * Call Me by My Name (1998)

 * with Celtic Groove Connection
 * Celtic Groove Connection (1999)

title: Boz Burrell


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Yum cha

Yum cha is the Cantonese tradition of brunch involving Chinese tea and dim sum. The practice is popular in Cantonese-speaking regions, including Guangdong province, Guangxi province, Hong Kong, and Macau. It is also carried out in other regions worldwide where there are overseas Cantonese communities. Yum cha generally involves small portions of steamed, pan-fried, or deep-fried dim sum dishes served in bamboo steamers, which are designed to be eaten communally and washed down with hot tea. People often go to yum cha in large groups for family gatherings and celebrations.

Description

Yum cha (lit. "drink tea"), also known as going for dim sum (Cantonese: 食點心), is the Cantonese tradition of brunch involving Chinese tea and dim sum.   The practice is popular in Cantonese-speaking regions such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, and Macau. It is also carried out in other regions worldwide where there are overseas Chinese communities, like Vietnam, Australia, Canada, England and the United States.

Yum cha generally involves small portions of steamed, pan-fried, or deep-fried dim sum dishes served in bamboo steamers, which are designed to be eaten communally and washed down with hot tea. Traditionally, the elderly gather to eat dim sum after morning exercises. Many have yum cha with family during weekends and holiday gatherings.

Etymology
Yum cha in the Cantonese language, both literary and vernacular, literally means "drink tea". "飲" means "to drink", and "茶" means "tea". The term is also used interchangeably with tan cha (嘆茶) in the Cantonese language, which colloquially translates to "enjoy tea".

In Cantonese, yum cha refers to having a meal with dim sum dishes. Dim sum is the English word based on the Cantonese pronunciation of 點心.

In colloquial Mandarin dialects and Standard Vernacular Chinese based on one form of colloquial Mandarin, this character (喝) is often used to mean 飲 for the verb "drink". In the Chinese language, 點心 refers to a variety of foods, including European-style cakes and pastries, and has no equivalent in English.

In the English language, dim sum refers to small-dish appetizers and desserts.

Service
Traditionally, yum cha is practiced in the morning or early afternoon, hence the terms zou cha (早茶, "morning tea") or ha ng cha (下午茶, "afternoon tea") when appropriate. The former is also known as yum zou cha (飲早茶, "drinking morning tea"). In some parts of Guangdong province, restaurants offer dim sum during dinner hours and even late at night. This is known as yum je cha (飲夜茶, "drinking night tea"), though most venues still generally reserve the serving of dim sum for breakfast and lunch periods. The combination of morning tea, afternoon tea, evening tea, lunch and dinner is known as sam cha leung fan (三茶兩飯, "three tea, two meal").

The history of the tradition can be traced back to the period of Xianfeng Emperor, who first referred to establishments serving tea as yi li guan (一釐館, "1 cent house"). These offered a place for people to gossip, which became known as cha waa (茶話, "tea talk"). These tea houses grew to become their own type of restaurant and the visits became known as yum cha. The traditional methods of serving dim sum include using trays strung around servers' necks or using push carts. The teoi ce (推車, "push-cart") method of serving dim sum, dates back to the early 1960s and includes dim sum items cooked in advance, placed into steamer baskets, and brought out on push carts into the dining area. Employees call out the items they are serving, customers notify the server about the items they would like to order, and the server places the desired items on the table. The general yum cha atmosphere is a loud, festive one due to the servers calling out the dishes and the groups of diners having conversations.

Many dim sum restaurants now use a paper-based à la carte ordering system. This method provides fresh, cooked-to-order dim sum while managing the real estate and resource constraints involved with push cart service. The cost of a meal was traditionally calculated by the number, size and type of dishes left on the patron's table at the end. In modern yum cha restaurants, servers mark orders by stamping a card or marking a bill card on the table. Servers in some restaurants use distinctive stamps to track sales statistics for each server.

Customs and etiquette
The customs associated with the tea served at yum cha include:

 * Selecting the type of tea to be served immediately after being seated by the server.
 * Pouring tea for others before filling one's own tea cup, especially for the young ones serving tea to the elderly first, as a sign of politeness.
 * Filling tea cups to about 80% because of the Cantonese proverb 「茶滿欺客，酒滿敬人」, which is translated literally as "it is fraud for the guest if the tea cup is full, but it is a sign of respect when it is alcohol."
 * Tapping the table with two (occasionally one) fingers of the same hand in a gesture known is as 'finger kowtow' that is a gesture of gratitude after receiving tea. This gesture can be traced to the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, who used to travel incognito. While visiting the Jiangnan region, he once went into a teahouse with his companions. In order to maintain his anonymity, he took his turn at pouring tea. His companions wanted to bow to show their gratitude, but to do so would have revealed the identity of the emperor. Finally, one of them tapped three fingers on the table (one finger representing their bowed head and the other two representing their prostrate arms).
 * Flipping open the lid (of hinged metal tea pots) or offset the tea pot cover (on ceramic tea pots) to signal an empty tea pot. Servers will then refill the pot.
 * Following a traditional practice of washing the utensils with the first round of tea, tea is best served in hot cup to restore the temperature.  A basin is available for disposing of the rinse tea.  The taste of the first round of tea is considered not the finest yet, and will be richer afterwards.

For the diners, some typical customs include:

 * Selecting the tables closest to the kitchen because the dim sum carts exit from there and the diners closest to the kitchen have first choice of the fresh dishes.
 * Ordering dessert dishes on the dim sum carts at any time since there is not a set sequence for the meal.
 * Feeling comfortable with declining dishes being offered by servers pushing the dim sum carts, regardless of the reasons (dietary, food preference, budgetary, or other reasons).

While eating, some of the manners include:

 * Spinning the lazy susan such that the oldest person at the table has the opportunity to have the first serving when the meal starts or when an additional dish is served, to show respect. The lazy susan should not be spun when someone is taking food from a dish.
 * Refraining from standing chopsticks straight up vertically, such as in rice or buns, due to the resemblance of incense offerings for the deceased.
 * Offering dining companions the final serving when there is one last piece or final serving remaining on a dish.
 * Insisting on paying the bill as it is common to treat one another to meals.
 * In the case when there is no lazy Susan, only pick up the food which is in front of you.

Status and future
Yum cha continues in both traditional and modern forms, including restaurants serving both traditional and modern fusion dim sum. Modern dim sum can include dishes like abalone siu mai and barbecued wagyu beef bun. Dim sum chefs for yum cha continue to be trained at leading culinary institutes. One restaurant in Hong Kong creates social media-friendly dishes by preparing dumplings and buns shaped to resemble animals. Whether traditional or modern-day, yum cha is to be shared with friends and loved ones.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yum cha


text:
Mick Ralphs

Michael Geoffrey Ralphs (born 31 March 1944, Herefordshire) is an English retired musician, vocalist and songwriter, who was a founding member of rock bands Mott the Hoople and Bad Company. Though not a constant member, he appeared on every studio album by the latter band alongside drummer Simon Kirke.

Career
Ralphs began his career as a teenager, playing with blues-rock band the Buddies. He released a single with that group in 1964 before joining the Mod Doc Thomas Group in 1966. After an eponymous Italian album debut, the band changed its name twice, first to Silence in 1968 and then, in 1969, to Mott the Hoople. Ralphs remained with the band until 1973, leaving just after they achieved their commercial breakthrough with the David Bowie-produced album All the Young Dudes.

Upon exiting Mott the Hoople, he founded Bad Company along with vocalist Paul Rodgers from the band Free. The band's debut album in 1974 included the Ralphs'-penned hit "Can't Get Enough", for which Ralphs tuned his guitar in the open-C tuning C-C-G-C-E-C, stating, "It never really sounds right in standard tuning. It needs the open C to have that ring." The debut album reached number one in the United States. Ralphs continued to record and tour with Bad Company until the original band folded in 1982.

In 1984 he toured with Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour on Gilmour's About Face tour, although he did not play on the album. In 1985, he released a solo album, Take This, which included Free's and Bad Company's drummer Simon Kirke. He teamed up with future Bad Company guitarist Dave Colwell for a limited four-run live support of the album, which also featured drummer Chris Slade of Manfred Mann's Earth Band and keyboard player Lindsay Bridgewater, who performed with Ozzy Osbourne. He did one performance with a band called Cold Turkey.

Bad Company reformed with different line-ups between 1986 and 1998. But after a reunion tour with the original foursome in 1999, Ralphs announced that he was giving up touring, something he was never comfortable with in either band, since he has an extreme fear of flying.

Ralphs second solo album It's All Good, an instrumental, came out in 2001. Two years later his That's Life – Can't Get Enough album was released, including a demo version of "Can't Get Enough".

In 2004, he once again teamed up with former Mott colleague Ian Hunter, playing second lead guitar (along with Andy York) on Hunter's UK tour. Ralphs performed at Hunter's 2005 concert at the London Astoria, with Ralphs performing a guitar solo to "All the Way from Memphis". On 2 July 2008, it was announced that the original line-up of Bad Company (minus Boz Burrell who died in September 2006) would do a one-off gig at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Hollywood, Florida on 8 August 2008. According to Rodgers, they did this gig to "protect the legacy they have built and cement the rights to the trademark Bad Company for touring".

Mott the Hoople, including Ralphs, reunited for two shows at the Blake Theatre in Monmouth close to Rockfield Studios where they rehearsed before playing five concerts at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, during September and October 2009. All five of the original members participated in the reunion with Martin Chambers assisting on drums.

In 2011, Ralphs formed The Mick Ralphs Blues Band with musicians he met while guesting at a jam session at the Nag's Head pub in High Wycombe: Stuart Son Maxwell, harmonica/vocals; Jim Maving, guitar; Sam Kelly, drums; Dickey Baldwin, bass. The band's website stated that Ralphs sought to explore his blues and soul roots, playing covers of classic blues and R&B songs. The band made its debut as Mick Ralphs and Co at Jagz Club in Ascot, Berkshire in June 2011, changing the name to the Mick Ralphs Blues Band soon afterwards. More dates were announced for late 2011 and early 2012.

In 2012, Bad Company performed a short run of European festival dates.

In 2013 and 2014, Bad Company and Lynyrd Skynyrd jointly toured throughout the United States and Canada, initially commemorating the 40th anniversary of Skynyrd's first album release and Bad Company's formation.

In 2016, Bad Company announced a US tour with Joe Walsh. Ralphs initially announced that he would not be participating in this tour and that Rich Robinson of the Black Crowes would be standing in for him. In June 2016, the group announced a UK arena tour with special guests Richie Sambora and Orianthi culminating in a show at London's O2 Arena on 29 October. Ralphs rejoined the band for the duration of the tour. Following the band's concluding performance in London, it was reported that Ralphs had been hospitalized, having suffered a stroke. He has not returned to the band since with his lead guitar parts being played by second guitarist, Howard Leese and keyboard parts being played by Rodgers.

Guitars

 * Mott the Hoople – Gibson Les Paul Junior, Gibson Firebird (Single Pick-Up), Gibson SG, Fender Telecaster
 * Bad Company – Fender Telecaster, Fender Stratocaster, Gibson Les Paul Standard, Fender Esquire, Gibson Flying V – "Feel Like Making Love" video
 * Recently – Gibson 1957/1959 Custom Shop re-issue Gibson Les Paul Standards
 * Fender Stratocaster fitted with a 2TEK bridge

Notable songwriting credits

 * "Rock and Roll Queen"
 * "Ready For Love"
 * "Can't Get Enough"
 * "Good Lovin' Gone Bad"
 * "Movin' On"
 * "One of the Boys" with Ian Hunter
 * "Feel Like Makin' Love" with Paul Rodgers
 * "Flying Hour" with George Harrison
 * "Oh, Atlanta" (recorded originally by Bad Company on the album Desolation Angels; later covered by Alison Krauss)

Solo

 * 1984 - Take This - Re-edited on CD in 1996
 * 2001 - It's All Good - Recorded live in 1999 with Simon Kirke and Boz Burrell
 * 2003 - That's Life

Mott the Hoople

 * 1969 - Mott the Hoople
 * 1970 - Mad Shadows
 * 1971 - Wildlife
 * 1971 - Brain Capers
 * 1972 - All the Young Dudes
 * 1972 - Rock and Roll Queen (compilation album)
 * 1973 - Mott
 * 1974 - The Hoople - Ralphs sang backup vocals on "Pearl 'n' Roy (England)" and played rhythm guitar on "Roll Away the Stone".

Bad Company

 * 1974 - Bad Company
 * 1975 - Straight Shooter
 * 1976 - Run With The Pack
 * 1977 - Burnin' Sky
 * 1979 - Desolation Angels
 * 1982 - Rough Diamonds
 * 1985 - 10 from 6 - Compilation
 * 1986 - Fame and Fortune - Brian Howe replaced Paul Rodgers
 * 1988 - Dangerous Age
 * 1990 - Holy Water
 * 1992 - Here Comes Trouble
 * 1993 - What You Hear Is What You Get: The Best of Bad Company - Live album with Howe as lead vocalist
 * 1995 - Company of Strangers - Robert Hart replaced Howe as lead vocalist
 * 1996 - Stories Told & Untold
 * 1999 - The 'Original' Bad Co. Anthology
 * 2006 - Live in Albuquerque 1976
 * 2010 - Hard Rock Live - Rodgers was back in the lineup
 * 2011 - Live at Wembley
 * 2016 - Live in Concert 1977 & 1979

Mick Ralphs Blues Band

 * 2013 - I Should Know Better
 * 2016 - If It Ain't Broke

Collaborations

 * 1971 : Under Open Skies by Luther Grosvenor
 * 1984 : Ralphs toured with David Gilmour to support his second solo album About Face, with Gregg Dechert on keyboards, Mickey Feat on bass, Sue Evans & Jody Linscott on percussions, Raphael Ravenscroft on sax, flute and keyboards and Chris Slade on drums. No live album has been released but a video of a performance at the Hammersmith Odeon was released in 1984 with special guests: Roy Harper (vocals, percussion) and Nick Mason (drums).

title: Mick Ralphs


text:
Talk:Axis powers

What about the "Italian Social Republic"?
Should we add the Italian Social Republic to the Major Axis Powers? Because Mussolini also led that. 2600:1700:3680:8B70:9D75:3671:1435:D6B8 (talk) 01:41, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Italy is already listed, the social republic is already mentioned. FOARP (talk) 10:06, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 9 March 2024
Why is Iraq not listed in the infobox? They were a full-fledged member of the Axis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat Ironzombie39 (talk) 00:23, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. The FAQ at the top says "Only the countries for which reliable sources have been found, describing the country unambiguously as a member of the Axis, should be included." As discussed previously, co-belligerents of the Axis are not considered members of the Axis and hence do not go in the infobox. The question of including Iraq in the infobox has also been discussed multiple times (see the archives), and consensus has also been against inclusion. Liu1126 (talk) 23:40, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

Issues with the map of participants in the info-box
Regarding the map of participants in the info-box, it contains inaccuracies:

 * The USSR is listed as having switched sides from the Axis to the Allies, which is in between complete falsehood and utter lunacy. Neither the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact nor the joint-but-time-offset German-Soviet invasion of Poland ever made the USSR a member of the Axis, especially not de jure.

 * Ethiopia is listed as having switched sides, but how can a colonial government (Italian East Africa) "switch sides" when it was disbanded altogether and replaced with a British military administration?

212.243.68.210 (talk) 12:58, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * If Ethiopia is listed as having switches sides, then Italy should have certainty been included in the list as well, but it was not. The situation with the Italian Social Republic complicates the matter, but since France is already dealt with separately (on the map) in terms of Vichy France and German-occupied France, the same could be done with Italy (showing the Italian Social Republic borders at establishment in blue, and the rest of Italy in blue but with a "switched sides from the Axis to the Allies" marker).
 * Ethiopia went from being an Italian colony to one that had been liberated and Ethiopia's full sovereignty was restored with the signing of the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement in December 1944 (duing Ww2). Slatersteven (talk) 13:02, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * We do not list the USSR as a member of the Axis. Slatersteven (talk) 13:03, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The map is garbage. It might well be better not to have it. FOARP (talk) 10:16, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Where’s iraq
Iraq was an axis state in 1941 and fought alongside german forces against invading british troops 78.170.227.224 (talk) 00:56, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * In the section headed "7	Bilateral Pacts with the Axis Powers". Slatersteven (talk) 10:33, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Regardless of however many times this is discussed, no sources actually defining Iraq as having been an Axis power are ever produced. FOARP (talk) 10:14, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Iran's relations and position must to be changed--Darked.Mind (talk) 19:37, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
Hi... actually I have a request for adding more things about Iran like the relations with Germany like meeting of Hassan esfandiyari[Iran's parliament] and Adolf Hitler or stopping Allies by Reza shah for some years[he doesn't accept UK and US to use railways and help Soviet Union with gun, etc. ] , north - east Iran's railways by hitler , Hitler's promises to Reza Shah about industrialized Iran , etc. with this thing we can say Iran was an Axis but in behind the scene Darked.Mind (talk) 19:34, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

 * If we can "say Iran was an Axis" then surely a reliable source can be found that explicitly says that? After all WW2 is one of the most written-about topics in history, so if a country had been an Axis power there would be no lack of sources saying that. FOARP (talk) 10:18, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Sentence at end of lead
"In modern term, however, the Axis was mostly referred to Germany and Japan, due to Italy's poor performance in the war."

Recommend change to

"In modern terms, however, the Axis has mostly referred to Germany and Japan, due to Italy's poor performance in the war."

if the sentence is even worth keeping. StrongLilSteven (talk) 16:51, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I totally agree with you. If the sentence were to be kept in the article, your wording would be better. However, there is no justification for having it there at all: there is no reference to any source for the statement, and it appears to be no more than the personal opinion of the person who posted it into the article, who has now been blocked from editing for disruptive editing. I have therefore removed the sentence from the article. Thank you for pointing this out. JBW (talk) 17:20, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree with this deletion. Indeed, the sources show "The Axis" definitely to have included Italy. FOARP (talk) 10:19, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Only Axis powers should be listed in the infobox in an article about the Axis powers
There was an extensive discussion about why the infobox only included actual members of the Axis. It's now been changed back to its previous format without any discussion as far as I can see. This is not a Paradox game or online games forum like NationStates, we need sources to describe a country positively as having been one of the Axis powers, not whatever idea someone has just come up with on their own about what the Axis was.

The second world war is almost certainly the most written-about subject in world history. If you cannot find a source explicitly stating that a country was one of the Axis powers (or similar language) then please consider that it may not have been an Axis power, and that your idea of what the Axis powers were does not match what reliable sources say about it. It is, in fact, not easy to find reliable sources that list the members of the Axis beyond Germany, Japan, and Italy, and NONE of the sources we've reviewed so far that do try to provide exhaustive lists of Axis members include the countries that people typically want to add to the infobox - they don't include Vichy France, they don't include the USSR, they don't include Iraq, they don't include Iran, they don't include Manchuria. However, they DO typically include Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, and Romania, and (less often) Croatia, Slovakia Thailand. You can review the sources that list Axis powers in the article, but the convenience of anyone reading this page, here's the main ones:

 * Facts About the American Wars, Bowman, p. 432 - This lists Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Romania, and Thailand. It discusses Croatia as well but is a bit ambiguous about whether it was an Axis member. It mentions Iraq but does not define it as having been a member of the Axis, but instead as a "puppet state" of the Allies. It explicitly describes Spain as having been neutral. There is no mention at all of Vichy France here.
 * The Library of Congress World War II Companion, Wagner, Osborne, & Reyburn, p. 39 - this defines the Axis as including Germany, Italy, Japan, Croatia, Finland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. Notably it does not mention Thailand. It also does not mention Iraq, Vichy France etc. as Axis countries.
 * Germany and the Axis Powers, DiNardo, particularly p.92-3 - this book does contain a list as such, and primarily focuses on Europe, but the following countries are explicitly described as Axis powers throughout the book: Germany, Italy, Japan, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria. It is more equivocal about Slovakia and Croatia, describing them as puppet countries - this does not mean they were not Axis powers in the view of the author, but neither confirms that they were. There is no mention of Iraq, Vichy France, and the usual suspects, in the context of describing who was part of the Axis.<br/

I could understand someone, based on the Bowman reference, wanting to add Albania, but since this does not match what other sources say about Albania in WW2 I'm inclined not to. Similarly I could understand someone wanting to remove Thailand since only Bowman includes in their list, though other sources appear to support this (see the sources in the section about Thailand, including the Thai historical dictionary). I can even understand just limiting the Axis to Germany, Italy, and Japan since many books/articles do only talk about those countries as "the Axis". What I can't understand is constantly trying to add Iraq/Vichy/USSR/whatever without any sources at all. FOARP (talk) 09:57, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Albania was invaded and occupied, Thailand was not. Slatersteven (talk) 11:32, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Generally agree Steve, but more to the point: no other source I've seen says Albania was a member of the Axis so Bowman seems an outlier here.

title: Talk:Axis powers


text:
Bun

A bun is a type of bread roll, typically filled with savory fillings (for example hamburger). A bun may also refer to a sweet cake in certain parts of the world. Though they come in many shapes and sizes, buns are most commonly round, and are generally hand-sized or smaller.

In the United Kingdom, the usage of the term differs greatly in different regions. In Southern England, a bun is a hand-sized sweet cake, while in Northern England, it is a small round of ordinary bread. In Ireland, a bun refers to a sweet cake, roughly analogous to an American cupcake.

Buns are usually made from a dough of flour, milk, yeast and small amounts of sugar and/or butter. Sweet bun dough is distinguished from bread dough by the addition of sugar, butter and sometimes egg. Common sweet varieties contain small fruit or nuts, topped with icing or caramel, and filled with jam or cream.

Chinese baozi, with savory or sweet fillings, are often referred to as "buns" in English.

title: Bun


text:
Talk:Common-law marriage

Untitled
Archives: 2003 to 2007

Indian Supreme Court
The Indian Supreme Court used this article as part of the basis for a judgement in October 2010. See Can Wikipedia be the basis of SC ruling? in the Times of India and Government counsel takes exception to use of word ‘keep' in judgment in The Hindu. Lumos3 (talk) 11:10, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Criticism?
I find it odd that theres no criticism, both legally and from media, of common-law marriage. Any reason or does it just not come up? 124.168.254.109 (talk) 08:54, 29 November 2010 (UTC) Sutter Cane

Clandestine vs. unsolemnized
I fixed up the history section a little bit, but there's still some apparent confusion in it. "Clandestine" marriage did not necessarily mean without a priest. In fact, most of the clandestine marriages performed in early modern England were done with clergy. Long before Trent, it was uncontroversial in Eastern and Western Europe that marriages ought to have a priest present. For the Greeks, marriage without a priest was invalid, while for the Latins it was contrary to custom but of uncertain validity. JoeFink (talk) 01:42, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

"Essential Distinctions"
The writing in this section is quite confusing, especially coming right after the introduction. Maybe it should be called "general characteristics of common-law marriage", because the article is not distinguishing common law marriage from other forms of marriage. Most problematic is the insertion of the Saskatchewan exception in every sentence, without explaining how Saskatchewan's common law marriage law actually differs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.172.157.63 (talk) 00:43, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

Saskatchewan
In the Essential distinctions from statutory marriage there are a number of points which say "except for Saskatchewan", including the requirement "Both parties must freely consent to the marriage". Surely some more explanation is needed here! LukeSurlt c 23:13, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

health effects
There are some studies that show couples (married or defacto) have greater life expectancy than single (incl. divorced and widowed) individuals. Does anyone have any sources to suggest for information on the health consequences of de facto relationships specifically (that is, as contrasted to de jure and otherwise sanctioned marriages)? Cesiumfrog (talk) 04:34, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Essential distinctions from statutory marriage - unsourced
The Essential distinctions from statutory marriage section does not cite sources when it compares the two types of marriages and also appears to deal mostly with the US.188.25.26.38 (talk) 03:56, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

Need to rewrite the article
OK, after reading this article I've realized that it needs a major rewrite. It appears to conflate true common law marriage (that can still be found in some US states) with what Canada & Australia have (common law status and de facto relationship respectively) - although these offer many of the rights, benefits and obligations of a marriage, they are not marriages. The only way a person can legally be considered married in Canada and Australia is by a statutory marriage (ie. a marriage license). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.25.26.38 (talk) 06:07, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm starting to rewrite the article and to clarify misconceptions.2A02:2F01:1059:F001:0:0:50C:DCF5 (talk) 13:27, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I shortened the section on the United States because I provided a link to the main article Common-law marriage in the United States.2A02:2F01:1059:F001:0:0:BC19:9FED (talk) 15:09, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

Split article and create Common-law relationships in Canada
There is a need to split the article and create Common-law relationships in Canada - the section on Canada is currently very long. Please note however that Canada does not have true common law marriage like some US states have. Couples in common law status/common law relationships are not legally considered to be married (despite the fact that they have rights, benefits, responsibilities etc).188.25.27.137 (talk) 17:46, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Split is not required, neither the article nor the section is very long. Op47 (talk) 22:00, 4 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I think the split would be a good idea, the current lack in size I think is more due to the information being minimized to fit the space rather than it being the sum of information on the topic. The passing mention some of the provinces get, for example. It's already slightly larger than the UK one and only focuses on two provinces. This is an especially valid conversation point due to how automatic common-law marriages in Canada appear to not even require both parties' consent. Ranze (talk) 00:43, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Canada doesn't have "common law marriage" like the US; it has "common law status" with automatic rights & responsibilities in some provinces; but these are not "marriages". The word "marriage" is incorrectly used here.2A02:2F0A:506F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:1ADD (talk) 03:44, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

The "misinterpretation" of common-law marriage
I've commented on some seeming contradictions between this and a couple of other articles here. Input welcome on how best to reconcile these. 84.203.32.187 (talk) 02:37, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

Israel
The institue describe by me seems to be the same. If you think it is not, than by all means please say WHY this is not the right wiki page.

Question: Is it practical to continue the present attempt to address the various jurisdictions in one article?
This article presently seems to require clarification (and more citations!) from people in various jurisdictions that have legislation regarding marriage-like relationships without a formal marriage ceremony. One difficulty is that the term "common-law marriage" is widely used informally in various jurisdictions that have such legislation, but this particular phrase has a legal definition in only some of these jurisdictions. Some of the former lede (now in "Terminology") and especially the section "Essential distinctions..." seem to address only the latter, using the phrase "true common-law marriage". Does "true" mean "common-law marriage legally defined as such"? Can such a legal relationship be dissolved only by a legal divorce? If so, this would help to distinguish it in the article from legally defined marriage-like relationships in other jurisdictions that end whenever the partners separate (although financial responsibilities may continue). I suggest that we try to generalize the "Essential distinctions..." section to contrast all of the various "flavors". Either that, or abandon the attempt, and split the article into the various jurisdictions, leaving only a lede followed by a short set of wikilinks. Layzeeboi (talk) 21:28, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

 * The article is currently a mess because it is inaccurate. If a couple's relation is recognized as a common law marriage, then their relation is legally recognized as a marriage for all purposes and is no different than a registered marriage. But a common law marriage, which can be contracted only in a limited numbers of jurisdictions around the world, is not the same thing as a cohabiting couple, regardless of whether such a couple is legally recognized or not (eg. de facto relations in Australia, although legally recognized, are not common law marriages), and neither is it the same with a registered partnership or civil union. I will try to fix the article.2A02:2F0A:508F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:AF36 (talk) 18:13, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

I tried to fix the article; hope it's in a much better state now. It is very important that the reader understands that:
 * 1. just because a couple cohabits and has automatic legal rights and obligations based on the length and nature of their relation (like in Canada) it does not mean that the couple is in a common law marriage: this quote is relevant: "There is no such thing as common law marriage in Canada. No matter how long you live together, the law will not consider you married."
 * 2. common law marriages can be contracted only in a very small number of jurisdictions, although various other forms of legal recognition of couples exist in many more jurisdictions.
 * 3. once a couple is legally recognized as having a common law marriage, they are legally considered married for all purposes. This is what a true common law marriage is; and a true common law marriage is different from other forms of legal recognitions of couples.2A02:2F0A:508F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:AF36 (talk) 19:34, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

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16th century
I see that The Economist, usually a very reliable source, which ran an article on common-law marriage on 16 January 2016 (pp 63-64), claimed "common-law marriage has not legally existed in England since the 16th century". And I see that the article here says "In medieval Europe, marriage came under the jurisdiction of canon law, which recognized as a valid marriage one where the parties stated that they took one another as wife and husband" and "England abolished clandestine or common law marriages in the Marriage Act 1753" and "All other European jurisdictions having long abolished "marriage by habit and repute",[citation needed] Scotland became the last to do so in 2006.", implying that all or most European jurisdictions used in the past to have common-law marriage, including England.

It is not consistent that the article also says "It is sometimes mistakenly claimed[28] that before the Marriage Act 1753 cohabiting couples would enjoy the protection of a "common law marriage". In fact, neither the name nor the concept of "common law marriage" was known at this time.".

It is also claimed (in the section on Scotland!) that ""Common law marriage" is an American term."

This needs to be sorted out.

Deipnosophista (talk) 14:12, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

U.S. Full Faith and Credit Clause
FYI - The Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution has never been used in or by any state to validate an out-of-state marriage. Neither does the clause apply to common law marriage by its own terms.

The Full Faith and Credit Clause explicitly applies to a state or territorial government's "public acts, records and judicial proceedings." "Public acts" means the statutes, resolutions, ordinances, general laws, and other legislative acts of state governments. "Judicial proceeding" means a court judgment.

No type of marriage is a public act or a judicial proceeding, obviously. And whereas statutory marriages are authorised by statute, common law marriage is an oral convention. There are no statutes that authorise it.

Statutory marriages are attested by marriage certificates, which *are* public records. But common law marriages are, by definition, undocumented; so there is no public record.

Because common law marriages involve no public act, no public record and no judicial proceeding, the Full Faith and Credit Clause does not apply to them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.162.218.153 (talk) 02:49, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

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Conjugal - dubious definition
"Conjugal" is used in introduction, and under Canada, and where it includes: "A conjugal relationship exists when there is a significant degree of commitment between two people."

Not correct. That defines the relationship between parent and child (living under the same roof) as conjugal (yikes). Conjugal includes sexual intercourse. Disagree? Well the definition is under "Immigration Canada". You just try to claim married status with them and then telling them you've never had sex with your partner.

The problem the courts (and politicians) have, with applying this definition, is elderly couples, who have been married over half a century, but haven't had sex in the past 12 months. It would be embrassing, and stupid to say they weren't married. Antifesto (talk) 20:13, 11 January 2019 (UTC)

Effect on subsequent marriage?
Can someone contribute some information on a common-law marriage's effect on subsequent marriage? For example, Paul Bern married (statutory) Jean Harlow while still in a common-law marriage with Dorothy Millette. I have not seen any indication of a dispute over that; the implication is that a common-law marriage does not preclude subsequent marriage.

On a similar topic, is there a means to formally dissolve a common-law marriage?

BMJ-pdx (talk) 13:20, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * A common-law marriage normally is only valid if it is recognized as such by a judge, which usually happens when one or both parties to the common-law marriage apply for a divorce (the only way to formally end a common-law marriage is through a formal divorce by a judge) or in case of inheritance upon the death of a common-law spouse when the other spouse asks for legal recognition. Being married to two people at the same time, including through common-law marriage, can lead to a bigamy charge and/or the invalidation of the subsequent marriage. But such scenarios are unlikely to occur in practice because of the very nature of what a common-law marriage is (simply living together as a couple is not sufficient for the relationship to be a common-law marriage). As the article explains, the term common-law marriage has a wider informal use to denote cohabiting relations that are not recognized legally as common-law marriage - the institution of common-law marriage has been abolished in nearly all jurisdictions that had it; it only survives in a few US states. As for Paul Bern, Jean Harlow and Dorothy Millette, I don't have much information, but was the relationship of Bern and Millette recognized as a common-law marriage by any state ? (as stated above, the term common-law marriage has wider informal use) In any circumstance, the statutory marriage of Bern and Harlow was very short, just about two months, because Bern died in September, 1932, and shortly after Millette died too, so if there were irregularities more time might have been necessary for them to be addressed.

 * On a different note, it would be better if the article focused more on the legal concept of common-law marriage, rather than describing cohabiting relations that grant various rights and responsibilities, and are recognized for various purposes, but are not common-law marriages (most of the article talks about countries which do not have common-law marriage).2A02:2F0F:B3FF:FFFF:0:0:6463:DA31 (talk) 13:14, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

Scope of this article
If the article is titled common law marriage, than it has to address the legal concept of common-law marriage, not other forms of unmarried cohabitation (registered or unregistered).

Common law marriage exists as a legal concept if all of the following are true:
 * we are talking about a common law country
 * the relation has not been registered and instead it was formed merely by "repute" (ie, by living together as a couple, presenting as such to society etc)
 * the couple are legally recognized as married and treated legally the same as a couple in a statutory marriage, without any distinction at all.

Neither Canada, nor Australia have "common law marriage"; I suggest the Canada section be split to an article of its own about recognition of unmarried intimate relations in Canada (lots to put in such an article, as the law differs by province/territory). Although unmarried couples can obtain various rights and responsibilities simply by living together for a period of time in these jurisdictions, they are never considered married in law.

The section on the Netherlands has absolutely nothing to do with common-law marriage; it's about notarised cohabitation agreements.

The "Common-law marriage vs. cohabitation" section already explains the misconceptions about common-law marriage; and the article should be clear in its scope. There are many articles about family law pertaining to unmarried couples; there's no need to fill an article called "common law marriage" with material that is not actually about common-law marriage. 2A02:2F0F:B0FF:FFFF:0:0:6463:C03B (talk) 01:04, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

 * If nobody objects, I will cut the section on Australia short (just a paragraph or two) and add a link to Australian_family_law, because Australia does not have common-law marriage. De facto couples have rights, but these are not common-law marriages. The legal concept of common-law marriage is explained in the article, and there is already public confusion on what a common-law marriage actually is, and this article should not continue to foster this confusion. 2A02:2F0F:B2FF:FFFF:0:0:6463:CABA (talk) 17:20, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

 * For now, I removed the Netherlands, since what is described has nothing to do with common-law marriage (see above first post).2A02:2F0F:B2FF:FFFF:0:0:6463:CABA (talk) 17:27, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I explained the situation in Australia and provided a link to the relevant article.2A02:2F0F:B2FF:FFFF:0:0:6463:C850 (talk) 23:36, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

Pro/Cons
Would it be appropriate for someone to create a section on criticisms or advocacy for common law marriage? I see these in other articles, and at least the United States page writes that many states used to have common law marriage, but no longer do, and so an explanation would be helpful. Captchacatcher (talk) 04:48, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

Removed text not belonging here
I removed the section on Sweden which read: "Cohabitation is very common in Sweden, and the couple has rights, but not to the same extent as a married couple.[39] Cohabitation was written into the law in 1973.[40]"

Please note that this article is about common-law marriage (which Sweden does not have), not about other types of non-marital relations. See the discussions above. There is already a lot of confusion about this topic. 2A02:2F0F:B111:6400:D4DC:4B50:3C32:8508 (talk) 16:36, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Common-law marriage


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User talk:Sourish

Hello everybody. I usually love to be part of this type of projects. Here is hardly any place online where serious people meet...and you know..for the casual surfer it seems that all the internet is filled with the same free mail, chat rooms, serach engines, etc. This is one of the rare place online where I love to be. I have my peronal website at http://www.geocities.com/welovekolkata Here is a list of other sites where I spend time: www.open-site.org : I am an editor at this website. I edit at Regional/Asia/India and Sports/Cricket. You can enter my Scrap Book where I put up all sorts of things at OEP. Also check out www.peacefulaction.com So happy surfing and good luck!

title: User talk:Sourish


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Talk:Dim Sum

I do not understand why I can't get this redirect to work properly. Can someone please fix it. (Actually the redirect is on Yum Cha to Dim Sum.) Nanobug 18:44 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Don't worry, I worked it out. I was confused between the redirect from Yum Cha and the redirect from Dim Sum (rather than Dim sum). Nanobug

title: Talk:Dim Sum


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Friedrich Adolf Riedesel

Freiherr Friedrich Adolf Riedesel Freiherr zu Eisenbach (3 June 1738 in Lauterbach/Hesse – 6 January 1800 in Braunschweig) was a German officer who served in the Seven Years' War and American War of Independence. He was the commander of the Braunschweiger Jäger, a regiment of soldiers from the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel that was among the German units hired by the British during the American War of Independence. He then commanded all German soldiers in the Saratoga Campaign.

Early career
Friedrich Adolf was born in Lauterbach, Hesse, into the Riedesel family of Hessian Uradel barons, the second son of Johann Wilhelm Riedesel, Freiherr zu Eisenbach (1705-1782) and Sophia von Borcke (1705-1769). His birth on June 3, 1738 and early education both took place in Lauterbach. The title of "Freiherr" (Baron) was carried by all men of his lineage who reached majority. His parents disagreed about his education; his mother wanted him prepared for a religious career, while his father sought a legal education and diplomatic service. Either of these was a proper career for a younger son.

Bowing to his father's wishes, when 15 years old, he left for the study of law at the University of Marburg. Riedesel was an indifferent student, but spent time watching the Landgrave of Hesse's troops drill. An officer who had seen his interest befriended him, and later tricked him into enlisting. He was told that his father had consented to his enlistment, so at 17 he joined the Marburg battalion, only to have his allowance cut off when his angry father learned of it. The two were later reconciled, and Ensign Riedesel was granted an allowance from his father to help meet his expenses.

Seven Years War
Ensign Riedesel's first assignment was near London. Riedesel knew no French nor English, but learned both while in England, and made friends with several English officers that he would later meet in the Americas. The unit was recalled to the Holy Roman Empire in 1756, for what would become the Seven Years' War. Friedrich was attached to the personal staff of Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick and distinguished himself at the Battle of Minden in 1759. He served for a time (1760) in the Hessian Hussar regiment and had a portrait done wearing their uniform. Riedesel also gained the attention of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, and by 1761, he was in command of two Brunswicker regiments as their Colonel.

In August 1762, he was wounded in battle against the French, and sent back to Minden to recover. There he was cared for by the von Massow family and nursed by their daughter Charlotte. In December the couple wed at Paderborn and settled in Brunswick's capital city of Wolfenbüttel, where they lived quietly for several years. During these years, Riedesel commuted to Brunswick, where he was adjutant to the duke. He also fathered three daughters: Gustava (1771-1805), Frederica (1774-1854), and Caroline (1776-1861).

American War of Independence

When the American Revolution broke out in 1775, the British government found itself in need of trained troops to suppress the rebellion. The rulers of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel came from the Bevern line of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, while the British throne was occupied by the Hanover line of the same family. In 1776, Duke Charles I signed a treaty with George III of the United Kingdom to provide 4,000 foot soldiers and 350 heavy dragoons for British service.

On 18 March, they sailed from Stade with the newly promoted Major General Riedesel as their commander. After a stop over in England, they arrived in Quebec City on 1 June. They supported the final expulsion from Canada of the American forces during the invasion of Canada. They were then distributed for the winter through various posts in Canada.

General Riedesel was put in command of all German and American Indian forces during the Saratoga campaign of 1777. His letters to the Duke of Brunswick reveal discontent with British Generals Burgoyne and Howe. One example of Riedesel's disagreements with Burgoyne came after his victory at the Battle of Hubbardton, when rebels under Seth Warner gathered to attack loyalists under Philip Skene at Castle Town, Vermont. General Riedesel had promised protection to the loyalists, and wanted to attack the rebels at once. Burgoyne stalled, however, and ordered Riedesel to continue his advance instead of stopping to fight Warner's militia. General Riedesel warned the Duke of Brunswick that even if the campaign went well, they could not hope to be back to Germany in 1778.

During the campaign, Riedesel showed an ability to adapt to combat in the American wilderness. He issued new orders to his army to attack in open order from cover of trees, and when forced to fight in the open, to close order and immediately charge with the bayonet.

Riedesel’s wife, Frederika Charlotte, became herself a relevant actor. She traveled to Canada with her infant daughters to be with her husband on the campaign. Her Letters and Journals Relating to the War of the American Revolution and the Capture of the German Troops at Saratoga is an important resource for knowledge of the campaign and its key personalities. Her harrowing account of her experiences in what is now known as the Marshall House where her husband had sent her to seek shelter during the closing days of the siege at Saratoga is one of the vivid episodes of the American Revolution.

Riedesel and his wife were captured when General John Burgoyne surrendered after the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. He was imprisoned with the Convention Army in Charlottesville, Virginia at the Albemarle Barracks. They transferred to New York, where General Riedesel spent a year on parole, before being exchanged for American General William Thompson. The Baron commanded troops on Long Island in Winter 1780-81. In 1781, Quebec governor Frederick Haldimand named Riedesel officer in charge of the Sorel District, where he and his family stayed until his departure from North America at the end of Summer 1783. According to Charlotte's diary and local lore, the Riedesels introduced the custom of an illuminated Christmas tree in North America while in Sorel in 1781.

Return to Europe
General Riedesel returned to Europe in late 1783, sailing first to England. He led the remainder of his Brunswick troops to a review by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, who had become the ruler of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1780, while his army was being held captive in the United States.

Riedesel was promoted to Lieutenant-General in 1787, and given command of the Brunswick troops in the southern provinces of Holland. He retired in 1793, but was named Commandant of the city of Braunschweig. He met John Quincy Adams in 1797, and "made many enquiries about America, and in particular after General Schuyler." General Riedesel died at Braunschweig in 1800.

Family
General Riedesel and Charlotte had the following children, some born in North America:
 * Hermann (1767-1767)
 * Philippine (1770-1771)
 * Auguste (1771-1805); married Count Heinrich von Reuss
 * Friederike (1774-1854); married Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden
 * Caroline (1776-1861); never married
 * Amerika (1780-1856); married Count Ernst von Bernsdorff
 * Canada (1782-1783)
 * Georg Karl (1785-1854); married Caroline Riedesel
 * Charlotte (1787-1848); married Wilhelm von Schöning

Name
Beginning with the publication of the couple's letters from the American Revolution arranged by one of his sons-in-law (von Reuß), the General came to be referred to as "von Riedesel" in American scholarly and popular writing. This is historically incorrect. From its earliest known members in the 13th century down to the present, family members have rarely used the predicate "von" in their name. The patent from Emperor Leopold I in 1680 which raised them to the status of Barons (Freiherren) did not designate them as "von." In the initial volume of the authorized history of the family (1923), the author E. E. Becker clearly states that the Riedesel zu Eisenbach did not use the "von" in their names. .

title: Friedrich Adolf Riedesel


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First Minister of Scotland

The first minister of Scotland (prìomh mhinistear na h-Alba ), formally known as the First Minister and Keeper of the Scottish Seal, is the head of the Scottish Government and also serves as the keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland whilst in office.

The first minister chairs the Scottish Cabinet and is primarily responsible for the formulation, development, and presentation of the Scottish Government's policies. Additional functions of the first minister include promoting and representing Scotland in an official capacity, at home and abroad. The first minister is nominated by the Scottish Parliament by members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), and is formally appointed by the monarch. Members of the Scottish Cabinet, junior ministers of the Scottish Government, as well as the Scottish law officers, are appointed by the first minister. The first minister is directly accountable to the Scottish Parliament for their actions and the actions of the wider government and cabinet.

The office is currently held by John Swinney, the MSP for Perthshire North and the leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP). Swinney was elected first minister by the Scottish Parliament on 7 May 2024, and was sworn in on the following day.

History
Following the referendum in 1997, in which the Scottish electorate gave their consent, the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive (later the Scottish Government) were established by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Labour government of the prime minister, Tony Blair.

Under the Acts of Union 1707, the former Parliament of Scotland merged with the English parliament, forming the Parliament of Great Britain. The re-establishment of a dedicated legislature and executive for Scotland was known as devolution and initiated a measure of home rule (self-governance) in its domestic affairs, such as health, education and justice. The devolution movement came to a head in the 1970s, and resulted in a Royal Commission on the Constitution, leading to the Scotland Act 1978. This would have established an autonomous Scottish Executive with a leader termed 'First Secretary', a post for which Strathclyde political leader Geoff Shaw was widely expected to be chosen. Shaw died prematurely and the failure of the referendum of 1979 led to the Act not being implemented.

Following the 1997 referendum and Scotland Act 1998, Scottish devolution led to the establishment of a post of first minister as head of the devolved Scottish Government.

Since 1999, the Secretary of State for Scotland of the British Government has had a much reduced role at the renamed Scotland Office as a result of the transfer of responsibilities to the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government.

Nomination as First Minister
The first minister is nominated by the Scottish Parliament at the beginning of each term, by means of an exhaustive ballot among its members, and is then formally appointed by the monarch.

Although any member of the Scottish Parliament can be nominated for first minister, the government must maintain the confidence of the Scottish Parliament in order to gain supply (access to exchequer funds) and remain in office. For this reason, every permanent first minister has been the leader of the largest party, or the leader of the senior partner in any majority coalition. There is no term of office for a first minister; they hold office "at His Majesty's pleasure". In practice, a first minister cannot remain in office against the will of the Scottish Parliament; indeed, the Scotland Act explicitly requires the first minister to either resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution (and with it, new elections) if his or her government "no longer enjoys the confidence of the Parliament." Whenever the office of first minister falls vacant, the sovereign is responsible for appointing the new incumbent upon nomination by the Scottish Parliament; the appointment is formalised at a meeting between the sovereign and the first minister designate.

Given the additional member system used to elect its members, it is difficult for a single party to gain an overall majority of seats in the Scottish Parliament. The SNP did gain an overall majority of seats in the 2011 election, and thus had enough numbers to vote in its leader, Alex Salmond, as first minister for a second term.

After the election of the Scottish Parliament, a first minister must be nominated within a period of 28 days. Under the terms of the Scotland Act, if the Parliament fails to nominate a first minister, within this time frame, it will be dissolved and a fresh election held. If an incumbent first minister is defeated in a general election, they do not immediately vacate office. The first minister only leaves office when the Scottish Parliament nominates a successor individual.

Oath of office
After accepting office, the first minister takes the Official Oath, as set out in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868. The oath is tendered by the Lord President of the Court of Session at a sitting of the Court in Parliament House in Edinburgh. The oath is: "I, [name], do swear that I will well and truly serve His Majesty King Charles in the office of first minister of the Scottish Government, So help me God."

Term in office

The period in office of a first minister is not linked to the term of members of the Scottish Parliament. The Scotland Act set out a four-year maximum term for each session of Parliament. The Act specifies than an election to the Scottish Parliament will be held on the first Thursday in May, every four years, starting from 1999. Parliament can be dissolved and an extraordinary general election held, before the expiration of the four-year term, but only if two-thirds (or more) of elected MSPs vote for such action in a resolution of the Scottish Parliament. If a simple majority of MSPs voted a no-confidence motion in the first minister or government, that would trigger a 28-day period for the nomination of a replacement; should that time period expire without the nomination of a new first minister, then an extraordinary election would have to be called.

The first minister, once appointed, continues in office as the head of the Scottish Government until they resign, are dismissed or die in office. Resignation can be triggered by the passage of a Motion of No Confidence in the first minister or the Scottish Government or by rejecting a motion of confidence in the Scottish Parliament. In those situations, the first minister must tender their resignation and the resignation of their government. In such circumstances, the presiding officer would appoint an interim first minister, until the Scottish Parliament determined on a new nominee to be appointed by the monarch.

During their tenure in office, the First Minister is supported by the Chief of Staff to the First Minister, who acts at the first minister's principal adviser on the first minister's strategic programme in government, inter-governmental relations, co-ordination of the team of special advisers to the first minister.

Scots Law and civil service

As detailed in the Scotland Act 1998, the First Minister is responsible for recommending to the monarch a nominee for the position of Lord Advocate and Solicitor General for Scotland. The First Minister is also responsible for advocating whether a Lord Advocate or Solicitor General who is currently in post should be removed, subject to the approval of the Scottish Parliament. Additionally, the First Minister has various functions and responsibilities regarding the appointments and removal of Scottish judges within the Scottish court system.

The Permanent Secretary to the Scottish Government is nominated by the First Minister. The permanent secretary is the most senior civil servant in Scotland who serves to promote, implement, develop and communicating the Scottish Government's policy agenda. The First Minister is directly responsible for the management of the civil service in Scotland, as well as civil service staff within the Scottish Government.

The First Minister has responsibility in respect of the exercise of operation and functions during vacancies which may arise in the offices of Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice Clerk and the incapacity of the holders of those offices as outlined in the Senior Judiciary (Vacancies and Incapacity)(Scotland) Act 2006. Additionally, the First Minister considers any action relating to recommendations made by the Standards Commission or Chief Investigating Officer in regards of Crown Appointments under Section 23 of the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc (Scotland) Act 2000.

The First Minister is an official consultee regarding selections for membership of the Supreme Court.

Security and intelligence

The Office of the First Minister has responsibility for all functions relating to reports made by the Interception of Communications Commissioner and Intelligence Services Commissioner as detailed in both Sections 58 and 60 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. During times of national crisis, such as flooding, terror attacks or public health emergencies, the First Minister chairs the Scottish Government Resilience Room (SGoRR). The function of the resilience room committee is to co-ordinate policy and response to major events in Scotland that affect the population and, with the help of specialist teams within the division assist department, develop detailed risk assessments which are used to inform policy across Scotland.

There are currently different levels of resilience response in Scotland which is overseen by the First Minister and Scottish Government ministers:

 * Cabinet Sub-Committee: Scottish Government Resilience CSC
 * The Scottish Resilience Partnership (SRP)
 * Scottish Government Resilience (Ministerial): SGoR(M)
 * Scottish Government Resilience (Officials): SGoR(O)
 * Scottish Government Resilience Room (SGoRR)

The First Minister is directly responsible for each of the corresponding resilience levels in Scotland, and has the responsibility of the Scottish Government Liaison Offices who can be deployed in emergencies and national crisis to act as the principal point of contact for the First Minister, Scottish Government and other Scottish ministers.

If a crisis or emergency is considered to affect the entirely of either the United Kingdom or the British Isles, such as the 2007 Glasgow Airport attack, the UK Government and Scottish Government (along with the governments of both Wales and Northern Ireland), will develop a co-ordinate response to a UK wide emergency or crisis. The First Minister is directly responsible for co-ordinating this policy and would be called to attend the UK Government's emergency room, COBRA, for instances such as a significant terrorist attack, a serious outbreak of animal disease or emergencies affecting large numbers of British citizens overseas.

Keeper of the Great Seal
The First Minister is the Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland which is considered to be one of the highest privileges of the office. The First Minister has additional responsibility over how Wafer Scottish Seals are to be kept and how they are to be taken under section 38(4) & 38(5)(b) of the Scotland Act. The First Minister has the power to sign royal warrants on behalf of the monarch.

As Keeper of the Great Seal, First Minister Humza Yousaf was the first First Minister to oversee the departure of the Stone of Scone, an ancient symbol of Scotland's nationhood, for Westminster Abbey for usage in the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla on 6 May.

Privy Council

The First Minister is a member of the Privy Council and is appointed by the Monarch. There are a variety of matters in which the Prime Minister would offer advice to the monarch on the exercise of their functions and on which it would be appropriate for the Prime Minister to consult or to take advice from the First Minister. Such matters include the recommendations of Scottish candidates for honours and dignities, which are currently a reserved matter under the devolution settlement, and advice on the appointment of the Lords Lieutenants in Scotland, the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and members of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution and the Forestry Commission. There are also matters where a Minister of the Crown gives advice to the reigning monarch and the First Minister would need to be consulted by the Minister of the Crown, or would be required to give advice to that Minister of the Crown.

The Scotland Act 1998 confers upon the First Minister various functions of advising the monarch directly. Such functions include seeking the monarch's approval regarding the appointment of Scottish Ministers as well as recommending to the monarch nominations for appointment as Scottish Law Officers. Section 95 of the Scotland Act highlights the arrangements for the First Minister to nominate for the appointment as Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice Clerk. Additionally, the Scotland Act also grants the First Minister to recommend to the monarch the appointment of other judges.

Executive powers
The First Minister is the head of the Scottish Government and is responsible for the overall development, implementation and presentation of the government's policies, as well as responsible promoting and representing Scotland at home and overseas. The role and powers of the first minister are set out in sections 45 to 49 of the Scotland Act 1998.

Cabinet appointments

Following their appointment, the first minister may then nominate ministers to sit in the Scottish Cabinet and junior ministers to form the Scottish Government. They are then formally elected by the Scottish Parliament. Ministers hold office at His Majesty's Pleasure and may be removed from office, at any time, by the first minister. The first minister also has the power to appoint the law officers and chief legal officers of the Scottish Government – the lord advocate and the solicitor general but only with the support of the Scottish Parliament.

Accountability to parliament
The first minister is responsible to the Scottish Parliament for their actions and the actions of the overall Scottish Government. MSPs can scrutinise the activities of the first minister and their Cabinet by tabling written questions or by asking oral questions in the Scottish Parliament. Direct questioning of the first minister takes place at First Minister's Questions (FMQs) each Thursday at noon when Parliament is sitting. The 30-minute session enables MSPs to ask questions of the first minister, on any issue. The leaders of the largest opposition parties have an allocation of questions and are allowed to question the first minister each week. Opposition leaders normally ask an opening question to the first minister, relating to their meeting with the Scottish Cabinet, or when they next expect to meet the Prime Minister, and then follow this up by asking a supplementary question on an issue of their choosing.

In addition to direct questioning, the first minister is also able to deliver oral statements to the Scottish Parliament chamber, after which members are invited to question the first minister on the substance of the statement. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary term, the first minister normally delivers a statement, setting out the legislative programme of the Government, or a statement of government priorities over the forthcoming term.

Foreign relations

Whilst foreign policy remains a reserved matter, the Scottish Government, and the First Minister, may promote the economy and Scottish interests on the world stage and encourage foreign businesses, international devolved, regional and central governments to invest in Scotland. Whilst the first minister usually undertakes a number of international visits to promote Scotland, international relations, European and Commonwealth relations are also included within the portfolios of the Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs (responsible for international development) and the Minister for International Development and Europe (responsible for European Union relations and international relations). Overall, accountability for intergovernmental relations is the responsibility of the First Minister.

The First Minister is a member of the Heads of Government Council ("The Council") (previously the Joint Ministerial Committee). Other cabinet secretaries and junior ministers within the Scottish Government participate in tier two (the Inter-ministerial Standing Committee) and tier 3 (the Inter-ministerial Group) of The Council which may include areas including education, finance and economy, investment and trade and rural affairs.

The First Minister represents Scotland at the annual British-Irish Council summits.

Deputy and 'Acting' First Minister

Associated with the office of first minister, there is also the post of deputy first minister. Unlike the office of first minister, the post of deputy is not recognised in statute and confers no extra status on the holder. Like the first minister, the deputy first minister is an elected member of the Scottish Parliament and a member of the Scottish Government. From 1999 to 2007, when Scotland was governed by a Labour–Liberal Democrat coalition, the leader of the Liberal Democrats – the junior government party – was given the role of deputy first minister; a title which they held in conjunction with another ministerial portfolio. For example, Nicol Stephen, deputy first minister from 2005 to 2007, simultaneously held the post of Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning.

On two occasions since 1999, the deputy first minister has assumed the role of 'acting' first minister, inheriting the powers of the first minister in their absence or incapacitation. From 11 October 2000 to 26 October 2000, following the death in office of the then First Minister Donald Dewar, his deputy Jim Wallace became acting first minister, until the Labour party appointed a new leader, and consequently first minister. Wallace also became Acting First Minister between 8 November 2001 and 22 November 2001, following the resignation of Henry McLeish.

An officer with such a title need not always exist; rather, the existence of the post is dependent on the form of Cabinet organisation preferred by the first minister and their party. The deputy first minister does not automatically succeed if a vacancy in the premiership is suddenly created. It may be necessary for the deputy to stand in for the first minister on occasion, for example by taking the floor at First Minister's Questions.

Precedence and privileges
The first minister is, by virtue of section 45(7) of the Scotland Act 1998, ex officio the keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and their place in the order of precedence in Scotland is determined by the holding of that office. The scale of precedence in Scotland was amended by royal warrant on 30 June 1999 to take account of devolution and the establishment of the post of first minister. The amended scale reflected the transfer of the office of keeper of the Great Seal from the secretary of state for Scotland to the first minister and also created a rank for the presiding officer of the Scottish Parliament. Throughout Scotland, the first minister outranks all others except the royal family, lord lieutenants, the sheriff principal, the Lord Chancellor, the moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, the prime minister of the United Kingdom, Commonwealth prime ministers (whilst in the United Kingdom), the speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker. As keeper of the Great Seal, the first minister is entitled to fly the Royal Banner of Scotland.

As of April 2015, the first minister is entitled to draw a total salary of £144,687, which is composed of a basic MSP salary of £59,089 plus an additional salary of £85,598 for the role as first minister. This can be compared to the UK Prime Minister who is entitled to draw a total salary of £142,500, composed of a basic MP salary of £67,060 and an additional office holder's salary of £75,440 (the total entitlement for the prime minister had peaked at £198,661 in April 2011 but this was then dropped by around 25%). The first minister is the highest paid member of the Scottish Government. Sturgeon said she would claim £135,605, £9,082 less than her entitlement, as part of a voluntary pay freeze pegging her salary to 2008/09 levels.

The first minister traditionally resides at Bute House which is located at number 6 Charlotte Square in the New Town of Edinburgh. The house became the property of the National Trust for Scotland in 1966, after the death of the previous owner John Crichton-Stuart, 4th Marquess of Bute and remains in the ownership of the National Trust for Scotland. Prior to devolution, Bute House was the official residence of the Secretary of State for Scotland. Weekly meetings of the Scottish Cabinet take place in the Cabinet room of the house. Bute House is also where the first minister holds press conferences, hosts visiting dignitaries and employs and dismisses government Ministers. The Office of the First Minister is located at St Andrews House in Edinburgh.

Appointments to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom are made by the monarch, although in practice they are made only on the advice of the UK government. To date all first ministers have been appointed members of the Privy Council, and therefore entitled to use the style 'Right Honourable'.

title: First Minister of Scotland


text:
SRC

SRC may refer to:

Education

 * Sid Richardson College, residential college of Rice University campus, Houston, Texas, USA
 * Southern Regional College, a higher education college in Northern Ireland
 * Spoon River College, a community college in Canton, Illinois, USA
 * Students' representative council, of an institution
 * Sulaiman Al Rajhi Colleges, a university in Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia

Music

 * SRC (band), a rock band from the late 1960s
 * SRC (album), the 1968 album by SRC
 * SRC Records, an American record label
 * Snake River Conspiracy, an American industrial rock band

Science and technology

 * DEC Systems Research Center, the former research laboratory of Digital Equipment Corporation
 * Sample rate conversion, a technique used in converting between different formats of digitized analog data
 * Saskatchewan Research Council, a technology corporation
 * Spring Research Conference, an annual conference sponsored by the American Statistical Association (ASA) Section on Physical and Engineering Sciences (SPES) and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS).
 * Science Research Council, earlier name of the Science and Engineering Research Council, a former British government agency
 * Semiconductor Research Corporation, an American non-profit research consortium
 * Set redundancy compression, compression methods for similar images
 * Short rotation coppice, an energy crop
 * Src (gene), a family of proto-oncogenic tyrosine kinases
 * SRC, the human orthologue of the Src gene
 * SRC Computers, a company founded by Seymour Cray
 * SRC Inc. (formerly Syracuse Research Corporation), a not-for-profit research company based in Syracuse, New York
 * Stockholm Resilience Centre (SRC), a research centre on resilience and sustainability science
 * Synchrotron Radiation Center, a former physics laboratory of the University of Wisconsin–Madison

Transport

 * Santragachi Junction railway station (station code SRC), Santragachhi, Howrah, India
 * Streatham Common railway station (National Rail station code SRC), London, England

Other

 * Scottish Rally Championship, a motorsport series in Scotland
 * Sengoku Raiden Championship, a mixed martial arts competition series
 * Short Range Certificate, internationally valid certificate issued to marine VHF radio station operators
 * Singapore Red Cross Society, the Red Cross society for Singapore
 * Société Radio-Canada, French name for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
 * Space Research Corporation, founded by Gerald Bull

title: SRC