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Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport

Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, United States, 6 mi south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence. Opened in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore Francis Green. Rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun. It is the first state-owned airport in the United States.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027 categorized it as a small-hub primary commercial service facility.

PVD covers an area of 1,111 acres (450 ha) and has two runways.

T. F. Green Airport is a regional airport serving the FAA's New England Region in the FAA System Plan. The airport is the largest and most active airport among the six operated by the Rhode Island Airport Corporation (RIAC). It is estimated the T.F. Green aerodrome has a potential serviceable market of some 7.5 million persons living within roughly 90-minutes of the airport.

History
T. F. Green Airport was dedicated on September 27, 1931, as Hillsgrove State Airport, drawing what was at that time the largest crowd to attend a public function in the country. In 1933, the Rhode Island State Airport Terminal was built on Airport Road, then called Occupasstuxet Road. In 1938, the airport was renamed in honor of Green, who had just been elected to the Senate two years earlier. At the time it had three 3000 ft concrete runways. The Army Air Force took control from 1942 to 1945, using it for flight training. A September 1946 diagram shows runways 5, 10 and 16 all 4000 ft long; in April 1951 runway 5 was 5000 ft and 5R was under construction. A few years later 5R was 5466 ft, which it remained until extended to 6466 ft around 1967.

The April 1957 OAG shows 26 weekday departures: 11 Eastern, 10 American, four United, and one National. Nonstops did not reach beyond Boston and Newark until 1959 when Eastern started a DC-7B nonstop to Washington, which was the longest until United started Cleveland in 1968 and Chicago in 1970 and Eastern started Miami in 1969 and Atlanta in 1970. The first jets were Mohawk BAC-111s in 1966.

President Richard Nixon made a campaign stop at the airport on the night of Friday, November 3, 1972. A crowd of 10,000 watched as Nixon, standing on the steps of Air Force One, urged voters to support Republican candidates Herbert F. DeSimone for Governor and John Chafee for U.S. Senator. (Both lost, though Chafee later won the office in 1976.) Air Force One again touched down at T. F. Green on August 30, 1975, this time carrying President Gerald Ford, en route to a fundraiser in Newport. He was greeted by a crowd of about 1,500 supporters, as well as local politicians including Governor Philip W. Noel, Senator John O. Pastore, and Providence Mayor Buddy Cianci.

Modern era
To enhance itself as the lone airport for a metro area of over 1.6 million people, a new terminal was built on Post Road in 1964, replacing the old 1933 terminal along Airport Road. In 1996 this terminal was replaced, expanding to 18 gates, and adding a lower arrival level and an upper departure level. In 1997 four gates were added. Airlines added flights to T. F. Green Airport, including Air Canada, Southwest, SATA International (which operated flights to the Azores using an A310-300), and Spirit Airlines.

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, T. F. Green Airport, like most airports in the United States, faced a temporarily decrease in passengers and fewer flights from American Airlines (which once flew to Chicago O'Hare and Dallas/Fort Worth Airport), Spirit, and SATA. Until the 2015 finalization of the merger between American Airlines and US Airways, creating one single licensed carrier under the American Airlines name, the Providence metropolitan area was the largest MSA in the United States not served by American Airlines or any of its subsidiaries. The decrease in service was especially severe to Chicago O'Hare as between both United and American decreased the number of one-way daily seats from nearly a combined 1,400 to today's 225 daily one-way seats. Nine flights of 727, 737, 757 and MD-80 service downgraded to today's regional jet use. Since the HNTB-designed Bruce Sundlun Terminal opened in 1996, T. F. Green became more congested due to increased traffic and post-9/11 security changes. Renovations followed, including expansion of baggage rooms to accommodate a new In-Line Explosive Detection System (EDS) Baggage Handling System, expanded security screening checkpoints, more concessions and ticket counters, and expansion of RIAC offices on the second and third floors.

Traffic increased to a high of 5.7 million passengers in 2005, while at the same time Boston Logan was handling 25 million passengers. After 2005, airlines started consolidating service at larger airports by withdrawing service and reducing frequencies at mid-sized hubs and small-sized hubs. Airports such as T. F. Green, Jacksonville, Bradley, etc. were affected. The recession and Boston Logan's proximity to the Providence metro area also took its toll on T. F. Green as numbers decreased to 3.5 million in 2015. In 2017 numbers have grown just shy of 4 million passenger. With the addition of Amazon Air, which includes its own Prime Jets plus DHL and Atlas Air Jets, cargo numbers have increased to nearly 44 million pounds. This will increase with a full year of service from Amazon Air. Amazon moved their cargo service from T. F. Green to Bradley International Airport as of August 1, 2018.

In 2017 the airport had 74,561 aircraft operations, average 204 per day: 50% scheduled commercial, 14% air taxi, 35% general aviation and <1% military. 33 aircraft were then based at this airport: 55% single-engine, 9% multi-engine, 30% jet and 6% helicopter. In 2017 T. F. Green handled about 3.937 million passengers. The mainline airline with the largest presence at T. F. Green is Southwest, which carried 45.07% of all passengers in 2017, followed by American with 13.65%. T. F. Green also handled over 43500000 lb of cargo and mail in 2017.

T. F. Green was again visited by Air Force One, a Boeing 747, on October 25, 2010, a Concorde operated by British Airways on June 13, 1988, and an Airbus A340 flown by Iberia Airlines on June 1, 2011, which transported the Men's Spanish national soccer team for their match against the U.S. National Team on June 4, 2011, at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts. T. F. Green was visited by Air Force One again on October 31, 2014, carrying President Barack Obama.

From 1998 until 2013, T. F. Green had regular service to Toronto Pearson International Airport first via Air Jazz and then by Air Georgian after 9/11, both did business as express carriers for Air Canada. In the early 1990s Leisure Air provided twice weekly seasonal service to Bermuda. Charters such as North American Air and Buffalo Air handled scheduled charter service to the Azores from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. SATA International, now known as Azores Airlines, has recently resumed seasonal service to the Azores, having previously offered service until 2010. In 2015, service was announced to Frankfurt, Germany by Condor and Praia, in the Cape Verde islands, by TACV. The Condor service to Frankfurt marked the first non-stop route to mainland Europe from Providence; however, the flight was later suspended for unspecified reasons. February 6, 2017, USA Today announced that Norwegian Air had selected Providence's T. F. Green Airport as its base for flights to Europe. Norwegian Air Shuttle operated from Providence using new Boeing 737 MAX planes for its service to cities in Western Europe, however as of now the service is cut due to the groundings of the aircraft related to its MCAS system. The official announcements were made February 23, 2017, with flights starting to Belfast, Cork, Dublin, Edinburgh and Shannon. Later, flights were added to Bergen in Norway, Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe, and Fort-de-France in Martinique. These routes were gradually dropped due to poor load factors, and the Boeing 737 MAX grounding. Norwegian's last flight from Providence operated on September 15, 2019.

On October 1, 2017, T. F. Green's runway 5/23 was officially opened for use at its new expanded length of 8,700 feet. Planning on the project began in the 1990s, and work on the expansion began in 2013. The project included building additional safety measures in the event of airplane overruns, removal of nearby utility poles and trees to clear approach lanes, and moving an entire city park from one side of the airport to the other. Officials are hopeful that the longer runway will attract more longer-range nonstop flights, such as the international routes that Norwegian Air began flying in 2017, as well as enhance safety for short-distance flights, giving pilots more runway to use in the case of poor weather conditions. The runway expansion was desired because, as the Rhode Island Airport Corporation (RIAC) wrote in 2001, the master plan completed in 1997 failed to envision the "tremendous growth" that T. F. Green experienced. The report identified the lack of runway length as a hindrance to "range and diversity of service", in particular emphasizing ability to reach non-hub cities, the west coast, and international locations. Challenges for T. F. Green in expanding the runway were the residential and commercial developments around it. Many residents opposed the expansion.

In 2017, T. F. Green was named the official airport of the New England Patriots.

Name change
In February 2018, the Rhode Island Airport Corporation (RIAC) formally petitioned the state legislature to change the name of the airport to "Rhode Island International Airport". RIAC believed the name change would both reflect the airport's international flight presence and better describe the location it serves. A bill introduced that month, H7673A, was not adopted.

In 2021, revised proposal H6051, which would change the airport's name to "Rhode Island T.F. Green International Airport", was passed by the Rhode Island House of Representatives on May 11. The proposal was approved by the Rhode Island Senate the following month. In June 2021, the airport's name was officially changed. In April 2024, two ten-foot tall signs were installed along Interstate 95 with the new name.

Terminal
The airport's terminal, named for former Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun, has two concourses, North and South. The South Concourse has eight gates and the North Concourse has 14 gates. Seven and Eight are designed for international arrivals and are directly connected to customs, which is on the lower level of the concourse. The terminal contains stores, restaurants, and a central food court.

Ground transportation
The airport is located directly adjacent to the Northeast Corridor, and includes a station served by the MBTA commuter rail on the Providence/Stoughton Line. The station was constructed in October 2010 and opened in November 2011, and includes an elevated walkway to the terminal, a rental car garage, and a large parking area. Upon opening in December 2010, the station saw limited service to Providence and Boston. In 2011, train service was expanded to 10 daily round trips, and in 2012 service was extended south when Wickford Junction opened. Travel time to South Station in Boston is about 85 minutes, while the travel times to both Providence and to Wickford Junction are about 15 minutes. Amtrak does not stop at the station; however, the state has long-studied the feasibility of a stop and is currently conducting a preliminary engineering study.

T. F. Green Airport has direct access to I-95 via the T. F. Green Airport Connector Road, a 1.1 mi freeway. The airport is served by major car rental companies as well as by local taxi and limousine services.

The Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) offers public bus transportation to and from the cities of Providence (Kennedy Plaza in downtown Providence) and Newport.

1999 runway incursion
On December 6, 1999, at approximately, a runway incursion occurred involving United Airlines Flight 1448 (a Boeing 757) and FedEx Express Flight 1662 (a Boeing 727) on Runway 5R/23L. Shortly after landing on Runway 5R, United 1448 was instructed by the air traffic control tower to taxi to the gate, part of the instructions including crossing Runway 16. Due to the low-visibility conditions that night, the pilots became disoriented and turned down the wrong taxiway, which led them back towards the active runway they had just arrived on. The tower controller, unaware of United's mistake, cleared FedEx 1662 for takeoff on Runway 5R. United 1448 then confirmed with the controller that they should cross the runway in front of them. Neither party was aware that they were actually at the intersection of Runway 16 and 5R/23L instead of Runway 16 and 5L/23R. The aircraft proceeded to move towards Runway 5R/23L.

United 1448, sounding confused, then radioed that they were near taxiway Kilo, and as they re-entered Runway 5R/23L, reported that "somebody just took off" overhead, referring to FedEx 1662 that had indeed just become airborne in very close proximity to the United aircraft. However, the controller appeared not to take this seriously, stating, "you shouldn't be anywhere near Kilo", and advised the United 1448 crew to hold position. United 1448 informed the tower that they were now on an active runway, which they mistakenly believed to be 23R/5L (inactive at the time). A moment later the pilot corrected himself, stating that they were on 5R/23L. United 1448's crew was told again to stand by, so the aircraft remained idle at the intersection of the active runway, while the controller cleared MetroJet 2998 for takeoff on the same runway. The United 1448 pilot immediately interjected to insist that the plane was on the active runway, which the controller denied, saying it was not an active runway. Meanwhile, the MetroJet pilot, having heard the exchange, realized there was confusion over the whereabouts of United 1448 and refused the takeoff clearance, stating, "We're staying clear of all runways until we figure this out."

Despite all this confusion, the controller again cleared MetroJet 2998 for takeoff on Runway 5R. They again refused to accept the clearance for take-off until the United 1448 was confirmed to have arrived at the gate. Once United 1448 was confirmed to be at the gate, MetroJet 2998 finally departed on Runway 5R.

The US Airways crew operating MetroJet Flight 2998 were praised by a US Air spokesperson for their actions of avoiding a disaster. An investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board followed and while no fault was assigned to the controller, she was required to undergo retraining before returning to service. The pilots were debriefed by United, received additional training and were returned to service.

Part of the confusion was due to United 1448's inability to correctly identify the runway they were on. During the radio exchanges, United 1448 refers to 23L/5R as 23R/5L and vice versa. Runway 23R/5L has been closed since this incident and is now taxiway Victor.

2007 CRJ accident
On December 16, 2007, Air Wisconsin (US Airways Express) flight 3758, a CRJ-200 arriving from Philadelphia, departed the left side of runway 5 after a hard landing by an unstabilized approach. Although the aircraft sustained substantial damage, none of the 31 passengers and crew aboard were injured. The aircraft was repaired and placed back into service.

Other incidents

 * On September 28, 2022, a passenger was injured on board an American Airlines Airbus A321 that was landing at Providence after a flight from Charlotte, North Carolina. One of the beverage carts came loose during the landing, hitting a passenger on the head, and causing a minor injury. No other occupants in the aircraft were injured, and the aircraft was not damaged.

Awards
In 2022 a USA Today poll ranked the T.F. Green airport as third in the United States for the category of small airport for -- 10Best Readers’ Choice Travel Award!


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Project Genie

Project Genie was a computer research project started in 1964 at the University of California, Berkeley. It produced an early time-sharing system including the Berkeley Timesharing System, which was then commercialized as the SDS 940.

History
Project Genie was funded by J. C. R. Licklider, the head of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office at that time. The project was a smaller counterpart to MIT's Project MAC.

The Scientific Data Systems SDS 940 was created by modifying an SDS 930 24-bit commercial computer so that it could be used for timesharing. The work was funded by ARPA and directed by Melvin W. Pirtle and Wayne Lichtenberger at UC Berkeley. Butler Lampson, Chuck Thacker, and L. Peter Deutsch were among the young technical leaders of that project. When completed and in service, the first 940 ran reliably in spite of its array of tricky mechanical issues such as a huge disk drive driven by hydraulic arms. It served about forty or fifty users at a time and still managed to drive a graphics subsystem that was quite capable for its time.

When SDS realized the value of the time sharing system, and that the software was in the public domain (funded by the US federal government), they came back to Berkeley and collected enough information to begin manufacturing. Because SDS manufacturing was overloaded with the 9 series production and the startup of the Sigma Series production, it could not incorporate the 940 modifications into the standard production line. Instead, production of the 940s was turned over to the Systems Engineering Department, which manufactured systems customised to user requirements. To produce a 940, the Systems Engineering Department ordered a 930 from SDS manufacturing, installed the modifications developed by the Berkeley engineers, and shipped machine to the SDS customer as a 940.

Project Genie pioneered several computer hardware techniques, such as commercial time-sharing which allowed end-user programming in machine language, separate protected user modes, memory paging, and protected memory. Concepts from Project Genie influenced the development of the TENEX operating system for the PDP-10, and Unix, which inherited the concept of process forking from it (Unix co-creator Ken Thompson worked on an SDS 940 while at Berkeley). An SDS 940 mainframe was used by Douglas Engelbart's OnLine System at the Stanford Research Institute and was the first computer used by the Community Memory Project at Berkeley.

In 1968, Lampson also helped design a different timesharing system at Berkeley: Cal TSS for the CDC 6400 with Extended Core Storage. Lampson was only involved until 1969, but Cal TSS continued until 1971. Several members of project Genie such as Pirtle, Thacker, Deutsch and Lampson left UCB to form the Berkeley Computer Corporation (BCC), which produced one prototype, the BCC-500. After BCC went bankrupt after its funding from the computer mainframe lessor Data Processing Financial & General (DPF&G) suddenly stopped, the BCC-500 was transferred to the University of Hawaii, where it continued in use through the 1970s. It became part of the ALOHAnet.

Several BCC employees became the core of Xerox PARC's computer research group (Deutsch, Lampson and Thacker) in 1970. Lichtenberger went to the University of Hawaii, and was an early employee at Cisco Systems.

Pirtle became technical director for the ILLIAC IV project at NASA Ames Research Center.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Project Genie


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Talk:Jorge Luis Borges

Vandalism
The "" and "Early Writing Career" sections of this page has clearly been vandalized. Quite a few references to pornography and incorrect dates have been injected. I'll try to make corrections where I can. The other sections of this page seem to be unaffected. Tms9980 (talk) 18:55, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Nice try
The "Sexuality" section makes an effort to obliquely attribute inversion to Borges, but can't seem to make it stick. However, it is a good attempt to bring this article into line with all other Wikipedia biographical articles. Lestrade (talk) 22:03, 6 November 2009 (UTC)Lestrade

Jorge Luis Borges bibliography
Hey all,

The Jorge Luis Borges bibliography page is in dire need of clean-up and correction, so head over there!

TuckerResearch (talk) 05:29, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

We could all be dumber for having read this in its entirety. Good justification for libraries. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.4.227.200 (talk) 20:23, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Tidy
I have tidied up the references and external links and added some references, though I will continue to research and add citations for the many sections that are unref'd. There is some concision of repeated themes, such as Borges's multi-cultural influences and his writings on Argentine culture. I'm sure there is a lot more concision needed in Influences, collaborations, and themes. I have cut little out, no sections were removed. A Notes section is added. Onwards and upwards! Best wishes Spanglej (talk) 21:46, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Legacy section
I suggest we cut the "Legacy" section. It is mostly a list of media inspired by Hesse's works. Every famous artist has hundreds of people who are inspired by their work. The list is not comprehensive or notable, in my view. WP:TRIV says "Trivia sections should be avoided." Any objections? Thanks Spanglej (talk) 04:07, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Swedenborgianism
Other than imitating the style, and writing a book he falsely claimed was a translation of Swedenborg, the article gives no indication that Borges subscribed to Swedenborg's philosophy. Therefore, I have removed the relevant category as unjustified. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive' 03:37, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been reverted by a bot to as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) This has been done to remove User:Accotink2's contributions as they have a history of extensive copyright violation and so it is assumed that all of their major contributions are copyright violations. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. VWBot (talk) 14:42, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Google Doodle
The google doodle is pointing at this page (24th August 2011) perhaps it should be semi-protected whilst that is happening? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.146.50.249 (talk) 23:09, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. It's already being blanked. Span (talk) 23:26, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Regarding the doodle, I am going to add its mention to the International Renown section. Borges is too influential a figure to have the sole "Borges in popular culture" section be the inclusion of a Google Doodle. If that section is created with more references, we can move it back in.

Vincent Moon (talk) 22:09, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually, that idea doesn't make sense. Hmmm, perhaps I could make a small influence section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vincent Moon (talk • contribs) 22:12, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Many great FAs have no IPC section at all, William Shakespeare, Bette Davies, Emily Dickinson, W. B. Yeats for example.   Discussion of Borges' international renown is mentioned throughout the article. I don't think a mention on Google for one day is not a significant event in the 112 year history of Borges. It smacks for recentism to me. Span (talk) 23:08, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree wholeheartedly with Span. It does not belong.  Jujutacular  talk 23:15, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

O.R. titling
The title ==Multiculturalism and Argentine literature== and the sub-title ===Multiculturalism=== are the invention of an anon ip 64.81.67.110 near ten years back. They were not supported by refs, the refs that are given were added later. These refs are actually of a biography and a review of Borge and they do not contain the words multiculturalism/multicultural/multicultist anywhere within them. These titles are therefore not valid.Gaius Octavius Princeps (talk) 09:51, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * If you have concerns now you're glad you didn't see the article before the anon changes then. It was really quite condescending toward Borges; alternate contributors would swing the pendulum the other way and make him a mouthpiece for their favored perspectives. So my take on the history of the section 10 years ago is somewhat different. By now it's morphed and improved much. The "Multicultural Influences" subsection is presently defensible, far more so than previous iterations I've seen. The word "multicultural" is an anachronism though maybe it's OK, but the text is still a bit rambling and could be greatly improved merely by being ordered chronologically. The Borges and Williamson quotes read to me like footnotes, backing up assertions in the text, not text worthy themselves. The mention of the James brothers and Reyes alike seem out of place.

 * What's missing here is related to what's missing in the Criticism subsection, which lacks material about politically motivated critics who he contended with during Nazi and Peron periods. Then, the Multicultural Influences subsection should cross reference such new material in Criticism, that he faced criticism and oppression for these non-nationalist leanings. We don't have to hit people over the head with more cosmopolitanism.

 * Incidentally, in the text immediately leading to the Multicultural section--of course there are camels in the Koran! Repeating Borges' error on this matter doesn't seem too encyclopedic.

 * I appreciate what people have done with this article, thanks to contributors whose stuff stuck and thanks for keeping only those things I contributed that were useful. munge (talk) 06:38, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The section heading is "Multiculturalism and Argentine literature", that is what the section is about. It discusses the tensions between the multi-culturalist influences and Argentine identity which ran through Argentine culture at the time, an exploration that ran through much of Borges work. That is what the section on Martín Fierro is about, internationally offering post-colonial "Argentine models without pandering to his readers or framing Argentine culture as 'exotic'". (The given reference Takolander, Maria (2007) Catching butterflies: bringing magical realism to ground Peter Lang). The questions of how to now place themselves on the global stage, how to solidify their own identity without becoming a cliche, insulated by nationalism or annexing themselves outright by colonial rejectionism, these were dilemmas many ex-colonial nations faced:

 * "While the majority of his fiction is culturally pluralistic, this is attributable not to any antipathy towards Latin America but to two main ideological factors. One of these is his philosophy of liberal humanism. Borges' fiction is not only commonly universal in its subject matter, it is also typically universalist in its theoretical implications. This globalist vision by no means implies a renunciation of his nation, but it does involve a repudiation of nationalism. Borges denounced nationalism, with its insularity, exaltation of cultural purity and inherent propensity for intolerance, as 'the main affliction of our times' and encouraged people to 'be citizens of the world'". The given reference Takolander, Maria (2007) Catching butterflies: bringing magical realism to ground Peter Lang Pub Inc pp.53-60 ISBN 3-03911-193-0 discusses the questions at length.  " The Argentine Writer and Tradition (1951), is a key document in Borges's aesthetic, a defense of literary cosmopolitanism in reply to Iberophiles and nativists both." Source given Borges and His Fiction

 * This is set against the background of Argentina's multi-cultural make up post-independance (1816). "Massive immigrations from Italy, Eastern Europe, and (to a lesser degree) the British Isles would inevitably transform the Argentine demography, particularly that of the capital, which became, like New York, a cosmopolitan city... It is the non-Hispanic, cosmopolitan, European drift in Argentina's national history, then, with its vivid incarnation in the urban metropolis, that underlies and sustains Borges's bold proposal that the Argentine writer make use of "all of Western culture" — which is to say, the entirety of European and local phenomena… Borges's general theory grows out of his concrete practice as an Argentine writer of the cosmopolitan type. Poised on the periphery in a remote Western outpost, Borges takes on whole chunks of European experience—the Greek myths, the Roman Empire, early Christian doctrine, medieval Islamic thought, Jewish mysticism, academic theology, philosophical idealism, French symbolism, Victorian orientalism, Irish republicanism, English sleuth yarns and spy thrillers—and then remakes these variegated disciplines, subcultures, and genres (playfully, ironically, irreverently, fancifully, sometimes magically) into fresh forms and new structures...And though his universalism is obviously essential to his work, it is something picked up on native ground, through family ties and from wide reading at home. [With] his seven years as a late adolescent and young adult in Europe, and his globetrotting dating from the 1960s, Borges's life and work are experientially rooted in the world of Buenos Aires." Given source Borges and His Fiction  Bell-Villada, Gene.  "As early as 1925 he was writing and arguing the case for a new and strange cosmopolitanism which would also make a hero of the local." "He wrote in support of a cultural openness, an Argentine cosmopolitanism". Given source "Don’t abandon me" Colm Tóibín.  Borges wrote " I travelled up and down Argentina and Uruguay, lecturing on Swedenborg, Blake, the Persian and Chinese mystics, Buddhism, gauchesco poetry, the Icelandic sagas, Heine, Dante, expressionism and Cervantes." Source given Borges and His Fiction.

 * To reference the deep influence of multi-culturalism from within and without Argentina, within his own family, from political, literary, post-colonial, nationalist and linguistic points of view is not original research, it's in the sources given in the article. 'Universalism', 'cosmopolitanism', 'pluralism' are commonly used in the sources if the word 'multiculturalism' is not. To reduce the headings to cover Argentine culture is to miss the point of the section. The titles may have been used in the article 10 years ago but the page was re-written last year with new sources added. Span (talk) 23:29, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

84 percent European ancestry. Hardly justifies the "massive" Asian and other immigration tag des it. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina#Demographics — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.132.248.192 (talk) 01:47, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

 * The article doesn't say anything about massive Asian immigration. Span (talk) 06:24, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

IPA Pronunciation (August 2011)
I am unable to do the edit myself, but there is an error in the pronunciation indicated in IPA. The first sound of "Borges" is transcribed with a [β], which represents a voiced bilabial fricative. This sound is only found between vowels in Spanish. The transcription should be a simple [b], a voiced bilabial stop, which is the pronunciation found in all non-intervocalic environments.
 * Un ejemplo típico de inexactitud en Wikipedia. 75.27.41.134 (talk) 17:38, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

 * There would be less inexactitude on Wikipedia if people went ahead and helped to copy edit the article instead of complaining. Please make the change if one is needed, adding an edit summary. Span (talk) 21:40, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Edit request from Burningspork, 24 August 2011
In the section Anti-Communism, please correct "Estella Canto" to "Estela Canto" and link the name to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela_Canto

Burningspork (talk) 13:19, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Done.Gaius Octavius Princeps (talk) 13:28, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from 129.57.115.155, 24 August 2011
The current article states: OLD TEXT: "By the late 1950s, he had become completely blind, as had one of his best known predecessors, Paul Groussac, for whom Borges wrote an obituary.[9] Neither the coincidence nor the irony of his blindness as a writer escaped Borges". Without indicating what was ironic or coincidental about the blindness. What's missing is a mention of Borges' appointment to director of the National Library. I can be changed: SUGGESTED CHANGE: "By the late 1950s, he had become completely blind, as had one of his best known predecessors, Paul Groussac, for whom Borges wrote an obituary.[9] In 1955, he was nominated to the directorship of the National Library. Neither the coincidence nor the irony of his blindness as a writer escaped Borges." This also clears up confusion later in the article as it goes on to mention his activities in the position when we have not first stated that he received the position. Finally, reference 24. ^ Jorge Luis Borges, Seven Nights, A New Directions Book, 1984. Page 110. Can be changed from Page 110 to Page 109 to include the statements about his directorship nomination. Thanks so much! - MikeJfromVA@gmail.com

129.57.115.155 (talk) 15:45, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments. It's changed. Span (talk) 19:32, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Hoaxes, forgeries, and misdirection
Does anyone take seriously the idea that "Menard" was a hoax? (Similarly, "Tlon".) The issue of hoaxes is not a good place for the article to detail an interpretation of Menard as it does, which to me has more to do with Borges' views on translation or even satire than it has to the hoaxes theme.

In contrast the section omits key issues re the hoaxes theme. I propose section could be renamed Hoaxes, Forgeries, and Misdirection. If so then we can mention "Al Mutassim", "Herbert Quain", and "Three Versions of Judas" as at least potentially misleading to readers who might easily think them to be among Borges' critical nonfiction rather than his fiction. I think it's also reasonably encyclopedic to say that Borges' intentions (as to how his readers would perceive provenance) were ambiguous in such cases. I would not say that is true of "Menard" (or "Tlon") unless someone can produce a good reason.

It's fair to mention Carlyle and Butler in this context but that paragraph has redundancy; I also think the Borges quotes read more like a footnote rather than main text. munge (talk) 07:28, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Please, do go for it, be bold. The article could use an expert eye, and some sourcing from scholarly texts, especially around themes. I'd love to see it worked up into an WP:GA at some point, and improved before that. Best wishes Span (talk) 14:41, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

Errors
I'm not changing anything here, cause I'm new to this and I don't want to screw anything up, but I can GUARANTEE you Borges' longest story is NOT 14 pages, nor was he first published in '71. Where do people get this stuff? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.137.194.202 (talk) 08:58, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

 * The 'Works' section says "His longest work of fiction was a 14-page story, "The Congress", first published in 1971". The source given is the London Review of Books which is a pretty solid source. The line is saying the story was first published in 1971. Borges published books of stories, but "The Congress" was the longest at 14 pages". What story do you think is longer? Span (talk) 11:03, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Intro paragraph is weird...magical realism missing
Current text: His works have contributed to philosophical literature and also to the fantastic genre, a genre that reacted against the realism/naturalism of the nineteenth century.[3][4][5] In fact, critic Angel Flores, the first to use the term, set the beginning of this movement with Borges's Historia universal de la infamia (A Universal History of Infamy) (1935).[6]

Seems like this is addressing the term "magical realism" without ever using it.

I propose:

His works have contributed to philosophical literature and also to both the fantasy and magical realism genres. The magical realism genre reacted against the realism/naturalism of the nineteenth century.[3][4][5] In fact, critic Angel Flores, the first to use the term, set the beginning of this movement with Borges's Historia universal de la infamia (A Universal History of Infamy) (1935).[6]

make sense? PMonaghan (talk) 14:54, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Definitely, and confusions like this can usually be found near the top of the history (popups makes scanning through diffs easier).
 * Here is where that part was changed. Fix it up as you see fit. :) -- Quiddity (talk) 21:08, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

BA/baccalauréat - finished/unfinished

 * Subject: "He received his baccalauréat from the Collège de Genève in 1918."

Britannica, Olstrom and Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia Of Literature say he finished and received a BA from the Collège de Genève in 1918. Biographer Bell-Villada says he finished a baccalauréat. Biographer Wilson says he didn't. A BA and a baccalauréat have no equivalence or educational parity even to the densest biographer. Any thoughts as to why some biographers may have thought he didn't complete whatever course of study he followed? Evidence? Any thoughts on the BA/baccalauréat source clash? Refs seem strong on all sides. We can add the 'did he / didn't finish' as a footnote but the BA/baccalauréat question should be easier to resolve. Thanks Span (talk) 01:38, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Pic issue
I am not convinced this is a pic of Borges. It has also been uploaded separately as a pic of his father and is used as such at Jorge Guillermo Borges. It is also on the wikmedia commons, attributed to the father, in the Spanish wikipedia the pic is sued to illustrate his father but not Borges. On the other hand is this, if from 1921, a pic of a 22 yr old or of 46 yr old. I have removed the pic from this article but if anyone can help clarify this situation please speak up. Thanks, ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 00:29, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

 * It's definitely a pic of Borges – whoever uploaded this to Commons needs a good pair of glasses. And a brain.
 * This picture appears on the book cover of an annotated edition of Borges's complete works in Spanish, and a very similar one was used in an article commemorating his 110 birthday in the Argentinian newspaper La Nación ("JLB siempre eterno". It's the 3rd pic in the gallery). Hope this helps. Cheers, -- Coco Lacoste  (talk)  00:11, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I'll go and remove it from the Spanish edition too, the pic claiming to be his father needs speedy deleting too. Thanks, ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 00:24, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Squeakbox, but I beat you to it (modest aside). Could you please ask for it to be deleted on Commons? Cheers, -- Coco Lacoste  (talk)  00:31, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Seeing if I can change the name first, otherwise I will figure out how to delete it on commons, for sure, and thanks a lot for the heads up. Thanks, ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 00:39, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

Influences section
In the injfo box we have a massive influences piece but it isnt displaying. I am not sure how to fix this. Anyone else know?. Thanks, ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 00:02, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The influenced/influences fields were recently deprecated in Infobox people and Infobox writer. Any cited instances should be moved into the prose of the article. –Quiddity (talk) 00:55, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks. No time right now but on my to-do list. Thanks, ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 14:16, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

Father's full name?
The article names Borges' father as Jorge Guillermo Borges and then in the very next sentence refers to him as "Borges Haslam". While there are sources which list Borges' father's full name as Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam, there are also sources which refer to him simply as Jorge Guillermo Borges. Which is the more correct form? Salmanazar (talk) 10:56, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
 * When he is referred to as 'Borges Haslam' that seems harmless since the point is to distinguish him from his son, when both are called Jorge. The father's article now calls him Jorge Guillermo Borges both here and on the Spanish Wikipedia. Per Spanish naming customs we might rename the father's article to Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam but English-language references don't use that form of his name as often. I created a redirect at Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam so there will hopefully be no confusion. EdJohnston (talk) 16:25, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Ed. I would like to suggest that the following pair of sentences could benefit from a little clarification, as I feel the sudden introduction of the form "Borges Haslam" may cause confusion:

 * Borges's father, Jorge Guillermo Borges, was part Spanish, part Portuguese, and half English, also the son of a colonel. Borges Haslam, whose mother was English, grew up speaking English at home and took his own family frequently to Europe.

 * Salmanazar (talk) 19:11, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The father is now introduced as Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam which is piped to the shorter name. I hope that will clarify for the reader who we are referring to. Since biographies of Borges must tell something about the father's life, there ought to be a lot of material for expanding our article on his father. EdJohnston (talk) 00:20, 16 September 2013 (UTC)
 * That is much better, Ed. As to Borges senior's life, the first chapter of Woodall's "Borges - A Life"is online here and has some biographical details. Salmanazar (talk) 14:38, 16 September 2013 (UTC)

Notability of individual Borges stories
Not sure where to ask this, but I was wondering whether most of Borges' stories lack their own article because they are not deemed sufficiently notable, or merely because nobody has gotten around to writing them as yet. If it's the latter, I'd be glad to write some. Thanks! --Μετάknowledgediscuss/deeds 18:57, 31 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Please go ahead, this would be a valuable contribution to wikipedia♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 19:10, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

Homosexualition
Hi, is the Borges whare one homosexual. Im have prueb is your homosexualition — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.255.97.72 (talk) 04:52, 10 August 2014 (UTC)

Translation from spanish article
Since my addition of a template requesting translation of sections of the Spanish article on Borges for the English article was reverted by user 181.167.99.117, I can only ask the opinion of other editors on whether the article in Spanish is... as bad as 181.167.99.117 says it is, or if it has sections worth translating. Do you support or oppose adding the translation template? Desiderius82 (talk) 23:52, 27 September 2014 (UTC)

Wrong translation of 1937 quote against Nazi literature for children
"I don't know if the world can do without German civilization, but I do know that its corruption by the teachings of hatred is a crime."

is a bad translation for

"No sé si el mundo puede prescindir de la civilización alemana. Es bochornoso que la estén corrompiendo con enseñanzas de odio."

which actually means something like

"I am not sure that the world can do [go] without the German civilization. It is a shame that it is being corrupted [It is shameful that it is being corrupted or It is a shame/What a shame to see it corrupted] by teachings of hate."

I am not sure if the translation was taken from some translated edition, or if it was an attempt by the Wikipedia article translator, but in any case it should be corrected.

You can find that extraordinary very short piece by the ~38 year old Borges in 1937, at a time when the world was not caring about the Nazis (if not in love with the Nazis), googling "Una pedagogía del odio".

Iiiiaaaa (talk) 01:33, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

Kafka and "magical realism."
Critic Ángel Flores, may have correctly said that that the term "magical realism" was first used in regard to one of Borges' stories, but surely Kafka's "Metamorphosis" is an example of it.

that is, "Metamorphosis" has one single magical element, while the rest of the story, and the characters' behavior, are entirely realistic, in response to that one magical element.

2601:18A:8100:9BDA:7402:1C85:A79:6392 (talk) 17:22, 11 June 2015 (UTC) Michael Christian

Blindness
It is stated in the entry on Borges that he was "completely blind" at the age of 55 (ie by 1954). This does square with this Paris Review interview from 1966, in which the interviewer states on several occasions that Borges is "not completely blind".

http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4331/the-art-of-fiction-no-39-jorge-luis-borges — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mosimann100 (talk • contribs) 16:12, 25 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I suspect the various good sources differ on when he was officially "completely blind". Perhaps hard to give a definitive date on this. Anna (talk) 19:08, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

One-Word Yet Stupendous Error
The section 'Early Life and Education' refers to the '...anti-Modernist Ultraist literary movement...' In fact, the Ultraist movement was not anti-Modernist, but anti-Modernismo, which is a very different thing. In fact, the Ultraists can be listed under the broad umbrella of Modernism, while 'Modernismo' was a much narrower literary movement particular to the Spanish-speaking world. The word 'anti-Modernist' links to the 'Modernismo' page so that's fine. 'Anti-Modernismo' sounds bizarre and awkward so perhaps the entire sentence needs to be reworked. I'm new at this and don't feel ready to jump in quite yet but I did want to point out the issue. RobotBoy66 (talk) 10:39, 25 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Fixed! I would guess (without spending time combing through the history) that someone else assumed it was a translation-error or spelling-mistake, and so had 'fixed' it without understanding the error they were making. Thank you for the cautious and detailed message! That kind of proves that you're going to be a good editor. Please see WP:Be bold, plus the links I put on your talkpage. Welcome! Quiddity (talk) 02:47, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Thank you for the encouragement. RobotBoy66 (talk) 12:03, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

Borges' Knighthood
I suspect Borges' honorary knighthood, the KBE, is a hoax. Could someone supply a source, or I will delete. How much else of this article is a hoax?--Mongreilf (talk) 22:13, 13 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Apparently not a hoax.  .  E  Eng  23:44, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Yet The Gazette, the official record of such things, has nothing.--Mongreilf (talk) 23:57, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

 * ...assuming you used the right search options, the website's coverage is appropriate, it's error-free, etc. WP:PRIMARY, WP:OR. Who knows? Maybe it is a hoax, but absent another source's assertion of that, we go with the sources.  E Eng  00:35, 14 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Political influences"
This section has been removed and re-instated multiple times. Please discuss the proposed removal here. Removing the NYT source does not seem useful to me, regardless of the section removal. Hrodvarsson (talk) 22:21, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

"As a political conservative, Borges "was repulsed by Marxism in theory and practice. Abhorring sentimentality, he rejected the politics and poetics of cultural identity that held sway in Latin America for so long." As a universalist, his interest in world literature reflected an attitude that was also incongruent with the Peronist populist nationalism. That government's confiscation of Borges's job at the Miguel Cané Library fueled his skepticism of government. He labeled himself a Spencerian anarchist, following his father."

It deserved to be removed. All the information there is already in the easily visible part of the article discussing Borges's politics. Including yet another section with the same information just makes the article look sloppy and amateurish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by VampireTrout (talk • contribs) 22:33, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I see no reason why the information and sources cannot be incorporated into the existing section(s). You also reverted my edit replacing italics with quotemarks without reason. Hrodvarsson (talk) 00:05, 19 August 2018 (UTC)

Voice
the caption to the recording says c. 1970-80, but a female voice at the end of the recording says 1962 ... please correct 62.11.76.22 (talk) 07:37, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

Vandalism?
I believe this is false: "He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1964." Fyg50 (talk) 16:53, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

Ideas of Order
The "Legacy" section read:

"Maria Kodama, his widow and heir on the basis of the marriage and two wills, gained control over his works. Her assertive administration of his estate resulted in a bitter dispute with the French publisher Gallimard regarding the republication of the complete works of Borges in French, with Pierre Assouline in Le Nouvel Observateur (August 2006) calling her "an obstacle to the dissemination of the works of Borges". Kodama took legal action against Assouline, considering the remark unjustified and defamatory, asking for a symbolic compensation of one euro.

Kodama also rescinded all publishing rights for existing collections of his work in English, including the translations by Norman Thomas di Giovanni, in which Borges himself collaborated, and from which di Giovanni would have received an unusually high fifty percent of the royalties. Kodama commissioned new translations by Andrew Hurley, which have become the official translations in English."

Good to know, but that doesn't tell us much about his literary legacy, which is considerable and, I believe, what most people are interested in. I added quote from David Foster Wallace: "The truth, briefly stated, is that Borges is arguably the great bride between modernism and post-modernism in world literature. He is modernist in that his fiction shows a first-rate human mind stripped of all foundations of religious or ideological certainty -- a mind turned wholly inward on itself. His stories are inbent and hermetic, with the oblique terror of a game whose rules are unknown and its stakes everything."

Also considerable is Borges's influence on science fiction, so under "Fact, fantasy and non-linearity" I added "Borges and science fiction, citing John Clute and William Gibson on literary influence.

I notice that "Works" comes after "Death". Wouldn't it make more sense to have "Works" directly after, or perhaps merged with, "Life and career", so that it flows chronologically?

What do you think? User:Kesc4399 (talk) 18:12, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Category removed
I have removed Category:Converts to Christianity from atheism or agnosticism because it is not sourced or stated in the article. This is per WP:CATREL. Kk.urban (talk) 19:30, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jorge Luis Borges


text:
User talk:Jennyyiu

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 04:47 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

title: User talk:Jennyyiu


text:
Bernard Tschumi

Bernard Tschumi (born 25 January 1944 in Lausanne, Switzerland) is an architect, writer, and educator, commonly associated with deconstructivism. Son of the well-known Swiss architect Jean Tschumi and a French mother, Tschumi is a dual French-Swiss national who works and lives in New York City and Paris. He studied in Paris and at ETH in Zurich, where he received his degree in architecture in 1969.

Career
Tschumi has taught in the UK and the USA; at Portsmouth University in Portsmouth and the Architectural Association in London, the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York, Princeton University, the Cooper Union in New York and Columbia University where he was Dean of the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation from 1988 to 2003. Tschumi is a permanent US resident.

Tschumi's first notable project was the Parc de la Villette, a competition project he won in 1983. Other projects include the new Acropolis Museum, Rouen Concert Hall, and bridge in La Roche-sur-Yon. Over his almost forty-year career, his built accomplishments number over sixty, including theoretical projects.

Tschumi studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland where he received an architecture degree in 1969. After school and prior to winning the Parc de La Villette competition, he built his reputation as a theorist through his writings and drawings. From 1988 to 2003 he was the Dean of Columbia University's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. He's held teaching positions at Princeton University, Cooper Union, and the Architectural Association in London. In 1996, he received the French Grand Prix National d'Architecture. He established his practice in 1983 in Paris with the Parc de La Villette competition commission. In 1988, he opened Bernard Tschumi Architects (BTA), headquartered in New York City. In 2002, Bernard Tschumi urbanistes Architectes (BtuA) was established in Paris.

1960s–70s
Throughout his career, Bernard Tschumi's work has reevaluated architecture's role in the practice of personal and political freedom. Since the 1970s, Tschumi has argued that there is no fixed relationship between architectural form and the events that take place within it. The ethical and political imperatives that inform his work emphasize the establishment of a proactive architecture which non-hierarchically engages balances of power through programmatic and spatial devices. In Tschumi's theory, architecture's role is not to express an extant social structure, but to function as a tool for questioning that structure and revising it.

The experience of the May 1968 uprisings and the activities of the Situationist International oriented Tschumi's approach to design studios and seminars he taught at the Architectural Association in London during the early 1970s. Within that pedagogical context he combined film and literary theory with architecture, expanding on the work of such thinkers as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault, in order to reexamine architecture's responsibility in reinforcing unquestioned cultural narratives. A big influence on this work were the theories and structural diagramming by the Russian cinematographer Sergei Eisenstein produced for his own films. Tschumi adapted Eisenstein's diagrammatic methodology in his investigations to exploit the interstitial condition between the elements of which a system is made of: space, event, and movement (or activity). Best exemplified in his own words as, "the football player skates across the battlefield." In this simple statement he was highlighting the dislocation of orientation and any possibility of a singular reading; a common resultant of the post-structuralist project.

This approach unfolded along two lines in his architectural practice: first, by exposing the conventionally defined connections between architectural sequences and  the spaces, programs, and movement which produce and reiterate these sequences; and second, by  inventing  new associations between space and the events that 'take place' within it through processes of defamiliarization, de-structuring, superimposition, and cross programming.

Tschumi's work in the later 1970s was refined through courses he taught at the Architectural Association and projects such as The Screenplays (1977) and The Manhattan Transcripts (1981) and evolved from montage techniques taken from film and techniques of the nouveau roman. His use of event montage as a technique for the organization of program (systems of space, event, and movement, as well as visual and formal techniques) challenged the work other contemporary architects were conducting which focused on montage techniques as purely formal strategies. Tschumi's work responded as well to prevalent strands of contemporary architectural theory that had reached a point of closure, either through a misunderstanding of post-structuralist thought, or the failure of the liberal/leftist dream of successful political and cultural revolution. For example, Superstudio, one such branch of theoretically oriented architectural postmodernists, began to produce ironic, unrealizable projects such as the 1969 Continuous Monument project, which functioned as counter design and critique of the existing architecture culture, suggesting the end of architecture's capacity to effect change on an urban or cultural scale. Tschumi positioned his work to suggest alternatives to this endgame.

In 1978 he published an essay entitled The Pleasure of Architecture in which he used sexual intercourse as a characterizing analogy for architecture. He claimed that architecture by nature is fundamentally useless, setting it apart from "building". He demands a glorification of architectural uselessness in which the chaos of sensuality and the order of purity combine to form structures that evoke the space in which they are built. He distinguishes between the forming of knowledge and the knowledge of form, contending that architecture is too often dismissed as the latter when it can often be used as the former. Tschumi used this essay as a precursor to a later eponymous series of writings detailing the so-called limits of architecture.

1980s–90s
Tschumi's winning entry for the 1982 55-hectare Parc de la Villette competition in Paris became his first major public work and made possible an implementation of The Manhattan Transcripts and The Screenplays. Landscaping, spatial and programmatic sequences in the park were used to produce sites of alternative social practice that challenged the expected use values usually reinforced by large urban parks in Paris. The Parc de la Villette is considered the "largest deconstructed building in the world [...] as it's one building, but broken down in many fragments."

He designed the Tokyo National Theater and Opera House in 1986, importing notational techniques from experimental dance and musical scores, and using the design process itself to challenge habitual ways of thinking about space, in contrast to earlier static, two dimensional representational techniques which delineated the outline of a building but not the intensity of life within it.

In 1988, the Museum of Modern Art launched an expo on deconstructivist architecture, with Bernard Tschumi among the showcased architects. In 1990, he designed the Video Pavilion in Groningen, a simple rectangular small-size building with transparent walls. Its tilted floor breaks the convention of this simple edifice. In 1992 he designed Le Fresnoy, Studio National des Arts Contemporains, in Tourcoing, France, which was completed in 1999. The Le Fresnoy complex uses the space between the roofs of existing buildings and an added, huge umbrella roof above them which creates an interstitial zone of program on ramps and catwalks.

In 1995, he started to work on the Architecture School at Marne la Vallee, France (also completed in 1999).

The capacity of an overlap of programs to effect a reevaluation of architecture on an urban scale had also been tested in the 1988 Kansai Airport competition, Lausanne Bridge city, and 1989 Bibliothèque de France competition. In the Bibliothèque de France, a major aspect of the proposed scheme was a large public running track and sports facility on the roof of the complex, intersecting with upper floors of the library program so that neither the sports program nor the intellectual program could exist without an impact on the other.

In those projects, Tschumi suggested that habitual routines of daily life can be challenged by a spectrum of design tactics ranging from shock to subterfuge. The extreme limit-conditions of architectural program became criteria to evaluate a building's capacity to function as a device capable of social organization.

2010s

Tschumi's critical understanding of architecture remains at the core of his practice today. By arguing that there is no space without event, he designs conditions for a reinvention of living, rather than repeating established aesthetic or symbolic conditions of design. Through these means architecture becomes a frame for  "constructed situations," a notion informed by the theory, city mappings and urban designs of  the Situationist International.

Responding to the absence of ethical structure and the disjunction between use, form, and social values by which he characterizes the postmodern condition, Tschumi's design research encourages a wide range of narratives and ambiences to emerge and to self organize. Although his conclusion is that no essentially meaningful relationship exists between a space and the events which occur within it, Tschumi nonetheless aligns his work with Foucault's notion that social structures should be evaluated not according to an a priori notion of good or evil but for their danger to each other. In this way, Tschumi's work is ethologically motivated, in the sense that Deleuze uses the term to propose an emergent ethics that depends on a reevaluation of self/identity and body. Freedom is thus defined by the enhanced range of capacity of this extended body/self in conjunction with an extended self-awareness. By advocating recombinations of program, space, and cultural narrative, Tschumi asks the user to critically reinvent him/herself as a subject.

Tschumi, well known for his radical theories on post-structuralist architecture in the 1960s and '70s, won the commission for the New Acropolis Museum in a competition. The museum offers a seemingly placid stance, focused on the impressive Athenian light and landscape while remaining precise in imagination and sophisticated in form.

Criticism
Tschumi's work has been criticized for sacrificing human needs for intellectual purposes. Most currently, the Greek mathematician Nikos Salingaros claims that the New Acropolis Museum clashes with the traditional architecture of Athens and continues to unnecessarily threaten historical buildings nearby. Other critics praised the Museum:

"It is very contextual and powerfully respectful of the urban fabric of Athens while doing a dance around the ruins." Comments of the AIA Honor Award Jury writing in 2011.

"a quiet work…a building that is both an enlightening meditation on the Parthenon and a mesmerizing work in its own right." New York Times critic Nicolai Ouroussoff

"A geometrical marvel dedicated to the celebration of antiquity…a purposefully, rather than gratuitously, dynamic building." Jonathan Glancey, Guardian

Critic Christopher Hume wrote "Tschumi's building is impressive and fully engaged. It is thoroughly 21st-century, but it is not starchitecture, or anything like it. Rather, it's an elegant and thoughtful building intended to serve the collection it contains – a model of architectural restraint, if not self-effacement."

Completed

 * Parc de la Villette, Paris, France (1983–98)
 * Alfred Lerner Hall, Columbia University, New York City (1999)
 * New Acropolis Museum, Athens, Greece (2002–08)
 * FIU School of Architecture, Florida International University, Miami, Florida (2003)
 * Vacheron Constantin Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland (2004)
 * Lindner Athletic Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio (2006)
 * Blue Condominium, 105 Norfolk Street in the Lower East Side of New York City (2007)
 * Limoges Concert Hall, France (2007)
 * Paris Zoo, France (2014)
 * Paul & Henri Carnal Hall, Institut Le Rosey, Rolle, Switzerland (2014)
 * The Hague Passage, Netherlands (2014)
 * Alésia MuséoParc, Dijon, France (2013)
 * le fresnoy contemporary art center (1997)

Proposed

 * Alésia, Archeo Museum, Dijon, France (2018)
 * Elliptic City: International Financial Center of the Americas, Guayacanes, Dominican Republic (completion after 2008)

Works

 * 1979. Architecturalmanifestals, London, Architectural Association.
 * 1985. a Case Vide: la Villette.
 * 1987. CinegramFolie: Le Parc de la Villette.
 * 1996. Architecture and Disjunctions: Collected Essays 1975–1990, MIT Press, London.
 * 1994. Event Cities (Praxis), MIT Press, London.
 * 1994. Architecture and Disjunction, Cambridge, MIT Press
 * 1994. The Manhattan Transcripts, London, Academy Editions.
 * 1997. in "AP" (Architectural Profile), Monograph, vol.1, n.4, Jan/Feb.
 * 1999. A. Guiheux, B. Tschumi, J. Abram, S. Lavin, A. Fleischer, A. Pelissier, D. Rouillard, S. Agacinski, V. Descharrieres, Tschumi Le Fresnoy: Architecture In/Between, Monacelli Press.
 * 2003. (with Todd Gannon, Laurie A. Gunzleman, Jeffrey Kipnis Damasus A. Winzen) Bernard Tschumi / Zenith De Rouen. Source Books in Architecture, New York, Princeton Architectural Press.
 * 2003. Universe, New York.
 * 2004. Veronique Descharrieres, Luca Merlini, Bernard Tschumi Architects: Virtuael, Actar.
 * 2005. Event-Cities 3 : Concept vs. Context vs. Content, MIT Press.
 * 2006. عظيمة السبب, Monacelli Press.''

Notes and references

 * Fontana-Giusti, Gordana K. (2016) 'The Landscape of the Mind: A Conversation with Bernard Tschumi', in Architecture and Culture, Volume 4, 2016 - Issue 2: London: Taylor&Francis, 263-280. (Print)  (Online)
 * Orlandoni, Alessandra "Interview with Bernard Tschumi"- The Plan 010, June 2005

title: Bernard Tschumi


text:
User talk:Paektu/ban

Clearly Paektu's behaviour on wiki, his constant POVing of articles to a horrifying degree and his refusal to show even the slightest acceptance of balance needs to be faced up to. I think a ban in this case is in order. FearÉIREANN 05:04 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

--- While Jtdirl has reacted properly and prudently, some users have called him "insane" and have attacked his political views as "twisted." We must make it clear that the issue is not the ideology that he is espousing, but his obnoxiousness.

There is a chance that he could be reformed as well and become a valued contributor. Perhaps he could channel his interests in a constructive manner. Frankly, the prospects of an anti-revisionist Stalinist contributing non-polemical, proper encyclopedic content is exciting. A fresh, different perspective might be an impetus for the research of subject matter that is ordinarily overlooked, topics on subjects of which other users might not be aware or topics that others consider arcane.

I opt that he only be banned if he continues his abominable behavior after this stern warning, but not immediately. For this to happen, however, we must refrain from making issue of his views. 172

It should be noted that he has posted (highly POV) copyrighted material onto the Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin pages (reverted several times by mav for each). --Jiang

I have no problem with his POV, though he does need to find a way to make it encyclopedic and not blatantly biased when actually writing articles. What I take issue with is his reposting the past lengthy essay copied mostly from an external site (some manifesto put out by a consortium of various Communist parties). Posting this same text to dozens of pages is just vandalism, not constructive discussion. Doing things like adding a picture of GW Bush to moron doesn't help either. --Delirium 06:05 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * (Sounds like fun, though:) / Sigg3.net 15:37, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I agree. I am not disputing his views. But irrespective of whether one is right wing or left wing there is a requirement to show a fair degree of NPOV. A person's opinions and viewpoint is irrelevant. NPOV is an adequate requirement. I certainly agree with 172 that "the prospects of an anti-revisionist Stalinist contributing non-polemical, proper encyclopedic content is exciting"! :-) FearÉIREANN 06:08 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I'm not defending him. And I'm not criticizing other troll-fighters who've encountered him, such as Jiang, Mav, and Jtdirl; only two made issue of his "twisted" views or 'insanity'. I called his behavior abominable and obnoxious. I'm just saying that he might be scared straight. After all, even if he wanted to use Wiki to advance Maoism and Stalinism (however, he's a bit perplexing since no Maoist, Stalinist, or Enverist "anti-revisionist" fringe group admires Saddam Hussein), he could do it best by becoming a valued contributor who researches areas of study overlooked by conventional academics. However, if he continues with blatant vandalism, he should be banned immediately. 172

I said asked him to stop posting "twisted POV" & copyrighted material to the pedia. I supposed I could have done without the twisted part, but IMO, anyone who worships a killer has a twiseted POV. I'm an american, but you don't see me worshiping Bush.

anyhow, I think this guy is a reincarnation of another vandal, simply b/c based on his comments and actions, he seems to know his way around the pedia very well. I can't put my finger on who, but it just seems this way to me. MB 17:09 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

--- Yes, but you did call him "insane" on the vandalism in progress page, which was inappropriate. From expierence with previous vandals, we've learned that this only encourages them to act in an inappropriate manner out of vindictiveness. In addition, if he were offended, this might encourage him to be even more aggressive in advancing his views in an inappropriate manner. I myself found the inslut "twisted" offensive, and especially your defense of your own inappropriate behavior.

Ad hominem attacks against those with unpopular views don't have a place on Wikipedia, where users are supposed to be thinking critically, not casting emotional aspersions against personalities. For one, the ad hominem distracted the focus on vandalism and made issue of his views, with which we are not concerned. And if you were interested in debating him, this site deserves a rational response backed up by complex arguments if your counter-points are going to be posted.

I continue this posting on Mbecker's page. 172

Discussion moved from Vandalism in progress

 * Look at this guy's user page! He's obsessed!  He's a repeat vandal, let's ban him.  MB 04:16 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * He now sounds more like a troll than a real Marxist, from the discussion at Talk:Joseph Stalin: The bourgeoisie always likes putting up phony facades, like "democracy," "freedom," and "human rights" when all they really mean is the freedom of capital to ground labor to the dust and their desires to infringe on the sovereignty of people's democracies like Iraq, North Korea, and Cuba. Not that nobody could hold that view, but it sounds a little too obviously over-the-top. --Delirium 04:20 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I know I'm being annoyed having to see his playpen. Dmsar 04:23 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * To some of the users above: Please refrain from disparaging this user for his political views and ad hominem attacks calling him "insane" for being a Marxist. The issue is vandalism. It's his prerogative to espouse his views on his talk page; and if you want to challenge his views, why don't you ask for his contact information and debate Stalinism on another forum? To an astute observer, ad hominem attacks seem geared to someone not thinking critically, someone appealing to an emotional reaction to the personality rather than a rational response to abstract and complex arguments. You're only going to encourage repeated vandalism by allowing this user to believe that he is being persecuted for his unpopular political views. So please be impersonal, apolitical, and direct in combating vandalism. Posting irrelevant, copyrighted content, after all, is the issue, not Stalinism. 172
 * Your making the assumption that this guy is rational, which based on his actions, he probably isn't. You have no way of saying he will or will not continue to vandalize, either way.  If he is as obsessed as he comes off as, he will feel he is being personally attacked no matter how you go about it.  MB 18:35 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * To borrow a word from Paektu-speak, you are being "revisionist." You called him "twisted" for being a Stalinist and that can be proven on several pages. You did not make the assumption that he was "irrational" earlier; you were enagaing in ad hominem attacks. Don't try to recast your attacks in light of criticism. 172
 * I called him twisted for calling Sadam Hussein his hero. I later retracted that statement (along with correcting my "insane" statement with "obsessed").  How do you know I did not think him irrational earlier?  And since when have I recast my attacks in light of criticism?  I admited that I used improper language, and I have fixed the problem.  But this is all irrelivent to my comment above.  We have no way of knowing how this guy will act to being banned, no matter how he was (mis-)treated.  I still don't really believe this guy is a true Stalinist (or Marxist, or whatever you want to call him).  I believe he is just someone trying to stir things up.  His userpage is just one way of doing this.  MB 19:06 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * This was your so called apology: "I supposed I could have done without the twisted part, but IMO, anyone who worships a killer has a twiseted POV."

Please note: User:Mount Paektu, which was created after he kept replacing the warnings on User talk:Paektu and I protected it. --Jiang 02:52 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I have redirected User:Mount Paektu to User:Paektu so that anyone looking to contact him goes to his original page and then talk page with the debate that he seems determined to hide. The redirect is protected given the efforts he has undertaken to stop people finding the debate. FearÉIREANN 05:32 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I am currently against banning, by the way. כסיף Cyp 17:38 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * We must make it clear that the issue is not the ideology that he is espousing, but his obnoxiousness. (said 172)

Bravo! :) Wikipedians can have any point of view they like, as long as they operate according to our policies on, for example, a neutral point of view and basic standards of politeness. Martin 23:38 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

''To borrow a word from Paektu-speak, you are being "revisionist." You called him "twisted" for being a Stalinist and that can be proven on several pages. You did not make the assumption that he was "irrational" earlier; you were enagaing in ad hominem attacks. Don't try to recast your attacks in light of criticism'' (172 said.)

I totally agree with you 172.

He now sounds more like a troll than a real Marxist, from the discussion at Talk:Joseph Stalin: The bourgeoisie always likes putting up phony facades, like "democracy," "freedom," and "human rights" when all they really mean is the freedom of capital to ground labor to the dust and their desires to infringe on the sovereignty of people's democracies like Iraq, North Korea, and Cuba.'' Not that nobody could hold that view, but it sounds a little too obviously over-the-top. '' (said Delirium)

Ok so now you are judging who is a 'real' Marxist ? And that you can say holding the belief that Cuba, Iraq and North Korea are peoples democracies is over-the-top ? Anyone who does not conform to your ideal of a real marxist is a troll ? I can see little difference between your extreme points of view, I sure do hope you author fair and non-biased wiki articles. Hauser 22:01 24 Jul 2003 (NZSTC)

I consider these to be vandalism: http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=George_W._Bush&oldid=1193343, http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Ronald_Reagan&oldid=1191977 --Jiang
 * Hey, it's an improvement. This form of vandalism is funny and in good taste! 172

 * Think I prefer Paektu's version... (Although I understand why it was reverted...) כסיף Cyp 10:41 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I agree, both are funny and hardly vandalism. People can have a quick, not-too-serious laugh about the pictures. Hauser 24:21 27 Jul 2003 (NZSTC)

This guy seems like the left-wing version of JoeM. Vancouverguy 21:52, 20 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Paektu Where are you? Wheres your pictures of KimIlSung? Defend yourself.

North Koreans access the Internet??
I didn't know North Koreans had Internet Access. Doesn't Jong-il Kim keep his country offline?

Look at this page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Korea

Paektu claims to hail from Pyeongyang.

title: User talk:Paektu/ban


text:
Talk:Jesse Owens

typo
to any qualified editor ... there is a typo at large, in the 'Berlin Olympics' section. search 'teeammate.

Edit request
Under Death, the article states Owens smoked a pack-a-day of cigarettes for 35 years, starting at age 32. That cannot be as he died at 66! The source states he started smoking age 32 so suggest removing the "for 35 years" reference.

Unrelated, Jesse Owens ran the 100m in 10.2 seconds ('36 Berlin Olympics) not 10.3s. This was probably a type but they didn't even record tenths of a second at that point so it's definitely wrong. Seeing as how this time is hugely significant this should be changed forthwith. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Werymash (talk • contribs) 03:04, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 March 2022
Jesse Owens ran an official 100 meters world record of 10.2 seconds in 1936 - so, his best time is not 10.3 seconds as stated in the article. (Source IAAF/World Athletics)

This article is just propaganda trash
It starts by saying that this man disproved Germany's racial superiority complex, but the source is from DECADES after the war. In reality, Germans didn't consider the blacks to the PHYSICALLY inferior to whites. Not even the racist idiots from the USA who segregated blacks at the time thought that. Another harsh spoon of reality is that the ruler of German, being racist and all, shook the athelete's hand while his own president snubbed him. HOW IN THE WORLD DID HE DISPROVE ARYAN SUPREMACY? He didn't even end NORTH-AMERICAN racism. 2800:150:107:603:8876:73BD:D400:57E3 (talk) 15:17, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

}} 85.233.243.205 (talk) 12:36, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

wortld wide web
77,777 are you a doctor 216.200.84.87 (talk) 19:54, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

The "Owen's success at the games caused consternation for Hitler" paragraph must be removed.
"Owens's success at the games caused consternation for Hitler, who was using them to show the world a resurgent Nazi Germany. He and other government officials had hoped that German athletes would dominate the games. Nazi minister Albert Speer wrote that Hitler "was highly annoyed by the series of triumphs by the marvelous colored American runner, Jesse Owens. People whose antecedents came from the jungle were primitive, Hitler said with a shrug; their physiques were stronger than those of civilized whites and hence should be excluded from future games."

This section of the article is clearly written in bad faith, pure and simple. Not only are the sources used of very low quality, but the argument itself doesn't make any sense, and clearly contradicts what Owens himself perceived regarding Hitler. "He and other government officials had hoped that German athletes would dominate the games" but they did dominate the games! Germany had the 1st place in both gold medals and total medals, they won 14 more gold medals than the US, who occupied the 2nd place in the Olympics.

Even more laughable is the use of a quote by Albert Speer, out of all people! Speer, who constantly lied DURING and AFTER the war regarding his involvement in Nazi policy, and who, after the war, did all he could to distance himself from the figure of Adolf Hitler! How can his word be deemed credible knowing this? Literally just read the Wikipedia article on Albert Speer and search for the "The Speer Myth" section. 2800:150:14A:5A5:3966:BA94:4619:E65A (talk) 17:13, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I concur. Also the african-american athletes were of course allowed to ride on the bus, to go shopping whereever and whenever they wanted, where housed in the same facilities/hotels as all other people, and when they ordered a cafe in a restaurant, they were of course served! Try that in the US at that time. 2003:DC:F716:6F00:E0BF:C376:BC13:E97D (talk) 03:58, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

how he died
he died because he was a heavy smoker and died of lung cancer 208.122.74.111 (talk) 19:06, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

Friendship between Jesse Owens and Lutz Long
In an article on Quora, it is described that Jesse Owens became friends with Lutz/Luz Long. Maybe it should be mention in the Ssection about his olympic career. https://www.ww2history.org/at-war/the-friendship-of-american-jesse-owens-and-german-carl-luz-long-and-the-1936-berlin-xi-olympic-games/ https://www.quora.com/What-were-the-saddest-last-words-in-history/answer/Jean-Marie-Valheur Bloksma (talk) 12:16, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jesse Owens