text:
Talk:List of Chobits characters

?
Umm, person at IP 68.113.208.230, why did you remove the perfectly valid information? -- Emperorbma 05:14, 12 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I am replacing it unless you can explain this... -- Emperorbma

Naming
I redid naming according to this: http://www.tokyopop.com/dbpage.php?propertycode=CHB&categorycode=BMG&page=characterinfo WhisperToMe 03:02, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

First Persocom??
Where in either the Anime or Manga does it say Freya was the first persocom? Something about that seems logically flawed... why give her a program to give all persocoms emotions if she's the first persocom ever created? It would take years, even decades for normal persocoms to proliferate in the meantime, making such a program virtually useless. They never say how long Freya stayed activated, but it couldn't have been more than a few years, and if Freya was the first Persocom ever, there couldn't have been more than a few hundred thousand persocoms at the most, which kind of defeats the whole purpose.

Also, assuming that everything passed normally, and Freya didn't fall in love with her father, she most likely would have found the person just for her long before there was a large amount of persocoms in the world. Hell, it only took Chii a few months to go from a totally blank slate to falling in love with Hideki.

It just doesn't make sense. Plus, I remember the Anime like the back of my hand, and nothing is mentioned about Freya being the first persocom. The Manga might be different, however. I don't know, I haven't gotten around to reading it.PiccoloNamek July 5, 2005 23:00 (UTC)

Freya isn't the first persocom as far as I know, but her father/creator made the first. ---Isuzu, October 8, 2005

freya was only the first of the chobits series of persocoms --Ditre 07:09, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Real emotions?
"Chi (ちぃ Chii) is a persocom and a Chobit (a super persocom that possesses free will and genuine feelings and emotions)" It clearly states in the final volume of the manga *stop reading now if you haven't read it* that the Chobits do not have emotions. I personally didn't understand the ending too well, but I do know that Freya/Dark Chii says this herself. ---Isuzu, October 8, 2005

That doesn't make any sense. Perhaps you mis-read it. If the Chobits do not have emotions, then how was Chii able to fall in love with Hideki? Why was Freya so sad that she gave up her will to live? Perhaps the manga is different from the anime, but I don't think it's quite that different. In the anime, Chii says things like "When I thought you were ill, my heart was hurting like it was twisted.", and at the end she says "I am happy!". Ms. Hibiya herself states that they were designed so that they would be able to fall in love.

It's hard to look at Chii, smiling and laughing and being happy together with Hideki as not really having emotions at all. Something isn't right here. I haven't completely read the ending of the manga myself, but I do know that there is one scene where Freya takes over Chii's body and starts asking Hideki all sorts of odd questions. Is this when she said it? Perhaps you misinterpreted something. Saying the Chobits do not posess emotions goes against the plain sense of both the manga and the anime. There is also one scene near the end where Chii and Hideki are together and Chii says to Hideki with the most awesome smile on her face, " My 'Someone Just for Me'. At the end of the anime, Chii is literally crying, because the pain of being separated from Hideki is so intense. If that's a person with no emotions, then I just don't know what to say.

Anyway, I'm going to ask my friend Talon, who knows everything about everything about Chobits, what he thinks. Also, you should sign your name properly by using ~ at the end of your statements. PiccoloNamek 15:32, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Well
And... I asked him, and he says you are wrong. Very Wrong. As he is someone who has read the manga in its entirety, and also someone that I have a great deal of respect for, and until you can prove he and I wrong, I will leave the article the way it is.

"Short answer: He's wrong, but it's his opinion, but he's wrong.

Answer for Namek: It's wrong, bar me getting my hands on the original Japanese books and finding out that a translator at Tokyopop-USA had an agenda he was acting on.

''Granted, this kid could argue the difference between a robot's "fake"/"pre-programmed" emotions and ours, but personally, I would say that given robots as real as Chobits, their emotions are EQUAL in "fakeness"/"realness" to ours. He needs to quit kidding himself and get over the fact that humans themselves are nothing more than remarkable machines. And that part of our hard-wiring includes what we psychologically label as emotions.''

''But for Christ's sake, Freya shows pleasure with Hideki's decision. Zima flirts with Dita all the time. Chii hugs herself in episode 20 (Book 4) and whispers, "Hideki," lovingly holding herself even tighter. (If this does not suggest ROMANTIC INTEREST, and if romance does not equate EMOTION-RELATING, then I give up.)''

 * What Freya says is that the Chobits are not able to operate outside their programming, they aren't true AI unlike the urban myth says they are. They are very advanced but their emotions are programmed to be there - so in that sense they aren't real emotions. I agree on the conclusion of humans not actually being all that diffrent but this need reflecting in the article.

 * Here is what the TokyoPop translation says:

 * Hideki: Minoru said that the Chobits series is special. That persocoms don't function without their programs, but that "Chobits" are diffrent. Does that mean that Chobits... that Chi has emotions?

 * Freya: No. We do not have emotions.

 * Hideki: What...?

 * Freya: Daddy used to call us "Chobits" but we're no diffrent from his other persocoms. We can't function outside our programming. That legend must have stemmed from someone's wish. If something not human has emotions it would be considered sentient -alive- just like a human. If it's the same as a human, it wouldn't be wrong to love that thing. It wouldn't be a sin. The Chobits legend is a lie that stemmed from peoples desire... and their guilt. Wishful thinking.

 * Later Hideki and Freya have the following discussion:

 * Hideki: Even though I've accepted my feelings- because I've accepted them- I love her too much. I can't erase all of Chi's memories.

 * Freya: Even though Chi isn't alive?

 * Hideki: Yes.

 * Freya: Even though Chi's heart is only a program?

 * Hideki: That's not true. Chi's heart is real. It beats inside me. If Chi looks sad, I'm sad. If she looks happy, I'm happy. Even if her expressions are all just a program, I don't care.''

 * So the point is that Chi, other persocoms, don't have so-called true emotions. But this doesn't matter because the seem so real that Hideki isn't bothered, he just want's Chi to be happy. And the whole point of Chi and Freya's programming was for them to be happy by finding their "someone just for them" and Chi succeeds were Freya failed. So she doesn't exceed her programming - but she doesn't have to in order to love Hideki - as that is what she was programmed to do. GracieLizzie 12:40, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

I still disagree. This is a semantic game centered around what constitutes "real emotions". This all depends on what your definition of what "real emotions" are. A Chobit's emotions might be defined by, caused by a program, but does that make the feelings themselves any less real? When Freya lay there in bed, dying, wishing to die, ("I wanted to stop.") was it because the pain she felt wasn't "real"? I could just as easily say human emotions aren't real, because after all, they're only neurotransmitters affecting the electrical activity of neurons, nothing more. They don't come from a soul, or from some other mystical, undefined source. I think that what we must ask ourselves is "Is the actual experience of the feeling itself "real" from the Chobit's point of view?"

And conerning neurotransmitters, perhaps a Chobit's emotional programming could be considered as "digital neurotransmitters" of a sort; that is: the execution of the program or program subset causes a change in the state of their CPU's functioning that they precieve to be an emotion. Of course this is pure speculation, but if that was the case, how could their emotions be any less real than ours?

Perhaps Hideki's love for Chi is nothing more than his pituitary gland pumping out oxytocin! The primitive part of his brain can't distinguish between a persocon and a human... to it, Chi is just a very pretty - and very desireable - human, and the programming given to him by the forces of evolution is causing him to feel this way. So much for real emotions.

As for sentience: A Chobit is clearly self-aware. The evidence to support this is overwhelming, and I fail to see how one could possibly disagree. To suggest otherwise is to suggest that the Chobits are philosophical zombies of a sort; that they have no real conscious experience; that they have no qualia; they they see nothing, hear nothing, feel nothing, physically or emotionally; that they are only pretending, and it is all nothing more than a grand illusion. This is clearly wrong and goes against the plain sense of the series.

What I think they're saying basically is not that a Chobit cannot experience emotion, but rather, that those emotions are less real or somehow lack legitimacy because they are derived from their programming, rather than from... well, whatever Freya happens to think human emotions are derived from.PiccoloNamek 13:42, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I am actually inclined to agree with you, (except for the Hideki thing because he chooses not to have sex with her because it would reset her hard drive) but what I'm trying to say is I'm not sure CLAMP agrees with you. That that is the way it is presented in the story. What gets me is how are the Chobits any diffrent from the other highly advanced persocoms in this aspect? Zima and Yuzuki seem to be able to love too, it's suggested that Yumi-the-persocom may have been able to too. I think that Chi's emotions are as vaild as Hideki's but I just wish I knew what CLAMP thinks "true emotions" or whatever are. One final thing, Chobits still have certian constraints - they are programmed to find there "someone just for them" and if the person they fall for is in a relationship they permenantly shut down - that doesn't always happen with humans, perhaps that is what CLAMP means... now I'm confused. GracieLizzie 18:08, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

What is CLAMP thinking? In Japan, I believe that many people still believe in the concept of a "soul", something separate from the functioning of your brain that makes you you; that makes you alive, or perhaps, being alive gives you a soul. I won't even get into the definition of what "alive" truly is; that's a whole other can of worms. I think that the people at CLAMP believe that a machine can't have a soul, or at the very least, no persocom is advanced enough to harbour a soul. (Ghost?) I suppose they also think that because humans have a soul, that their emotions and consciousness are more real or legitimate than a persocoms, assuming that a persocom has a consciousness at all.

Clearly, the girls at CLAMP have at best a very poor understanding of the human brain's functioning, what the nature of human emotion is, how it comes to be, what causes it, et cetra, and that, possibly combined with a backward view concerning the existence of souls, has led us to this quandary.

Unfortunately, Wikipedia is no place for my personal views concerning consciousness or souls, and I fear I must edit the article. I'll get around to it some time today. This is actually quite depressing for me, because, taking her words at face value, a lot of what I hold very dear about this series has just been thrown out the window. If they truly don't experience any emotions at all, if they aren't sentient, even in the slightest, then what was the point of it all? Of any of it? They shouldn't have bothered to write the story at all, because the Chobits are little more than normal persocoms with super-fast processors.PiccoloNamek 18:41, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't throw the idea that CLAMP do think that Chi's emotions are important and prevelant. After all her desire is to be happy, and she fulfills that desire. In than sense I think CLAMP believe that Chi does have that sort of emotion but what I think they were getting at is asking what exactly makes a human human? And why do we have emotions? What are emotions? And is it wrong to love a human-like machine that also seems to display those same emotions. So perhaps CLAMP do think Chi has emotions it's just what Freya says confuses this a bit - basically the only way to know what they think is to ask them. Oh and one more thing - is they're really anything wrong with believing in a soul? I consider myself scientifically minded, and I accept scientifics facts like emotions coming from neurotransmitters, and believe strongly in other scientific beliefs, but I still don't rule out the existance of a soul. Anyway I think the Japanese word for this concept is Kokoro which is usually translated as heart. ::shrugs:: GracieLizzie 00:25, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I don't think what Freya said could possibly be made more clear or explicit. You said "After all, her [Chi's] desire is to be happy, and she fufills that desire." But Freya said that they don't really have emotions, and in fact are not sentient at all, so taking what Freya said literally, and not figuratively, Chi finding the Person just for Her was nothing more than a machine following it's programming, just like any random store-bought persocom. What makes a human human? The "program" contained within our DNA. Why do we have emotions? Because certain evolutionary pressures caused the functioning of our brains to be so. I suppose there's nothing "wrong" per se with believing in a soul, other than there's no proof whatsoever. Personally, my view of the "soul" is similar to the concept of a "Ghost" from Ghost in the Shell.

I thought perhaps that the Chobits had ghosts as well, but now, perhaps not.PiccoloNamek 03:11, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well the thing that I'm beginning to wonder is, maybe those store bought persocoms do have emotions, in the manner that Chi has, too. But maybe I'm reading into it too much. On the ghost in shell thing, I've just read the wikipedia article and I agree that it makes sense to me too. I should probably look into Ghost in the Shell as it sounds interesting. GracieLizzie 09:32, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps Freya's response was skewed by any combination of perspective, language, and/or programming? Explaining the abstract is always difficult, it seems that one must base one's explaination using some point of reference. Perhaps she was judging by human standards... I mean, Freya's response in reverse: They are not human, thus they aren't sentient, thus they cannot have emotion. Zima makes a similar statement, saying their happiness might not be the same happiness by human standards. Problem is... everything is judged by human standards, thus the only answer that can be given would have to be.. in human standards. Not only that, but Freya has ever been the pessimist, the doubter. And yet Freya later observes that Hideki is complex for he is not only simple, but profound. Perhaps Hideki, being the good man he is, has proven Freya wrong and thus all doubts are lifted and Freya can finally disappear.

On another tangent, in the Manga, am I correct in that the program inside Chi only has one effect; the destruction of all person-recognition abilities, in effect destroying memories of people, in effect eliminating all persocom relationshihps? Unlike in the Anime where the program has two, the alternate effect to upload Chobits-level emotions? Perhaps this needs to be reflected in both articles?

Following that tangent, Zima and Dita were not likely to have been built for close relationships in contrast with the way Chi/Elda and Freya were. In the manga no program was executed, and yet Zima and Dita still experience strong emotions with one another. Not to mention Zima's unrational feelings toward's Chi finding true happiness despite running counter to his programming.

I'm not really here to debate philosophy, of sentience, of emotion, of life, of truth, of everything... I guess I am the sentimental dreamer type, so personally I beleive the Persocom's love, especially Chi's love is true and real. And that just like one of the numerous themes found in the series, emotions and memories cannot be adequately expressed as words or data.

Let me just end by saying Freya's answer may not be the whole truth. Things like this, are rarely simple. --Mark4011 05:35, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * What I wonder is, what exactly is Freya's definition of emotion? If by emotion she meant "a neural impulse that moves an organism to action, prompting automatic reactive behavior that has been adapted through evolution as a survival mechanism to meet a survival need." Then of course she doesn't have emotions. But that doesn't necessarily imply she they don't experience feeling at all. On the other hand, she could have meant that they literally don't feel anything at all, like Commander Data.

 * I've been thinking a lot about what Freya said, and I'm still unsure. Re-reading all of the conversations she had with Chi in book seven, about how much horrible pain she was in ("I could no longer take the pain of these emotions"), I'm really confused.

 * I think there are a number of possibilities:

 * 1. What she said in book seven and the previous books is true and what she said in book eight is false.

 * 2. What she said in book eight is true and what she said in the others books is false.

 * 3. What she said in the previous books is true, and we are simply misinterpreting what was said in book eight.

 * I've been thinking. She also said "We cannot function outside of our programming." This made me wonder. Perhaps what she meant wasn't that they don't have real feelings, but that perhaps that they don't have true "free-form" emotions like a human. Their programming says "You will feel this when this happens, and that when that happens. When emotion A is active, you will have facial expression X" while this isn't necessarily true for a human. The feeling itself may be real and valid, but they will always feel a certain way in a certain situation, and not any other way, because that is what their programming dictates.

 * The feeling itself may be real, but it is still programmed to be there. Perhaps this is what she meant. Am I making any sense here? What's really infuriating, is that even if the Chobits were real, it would still be impossible to know for sure if they can have the experience of feeling, because it is impossible to know another being's qualia. (Assuimg that a persocom can even have qualia at all.)

 * Any way, perhaps I should differentiate between the manga's program and the anime's program. Also, I think it's a little unfair to call Freya a pessimist. Perhaps we could just say that she's cautious. Very cautions. You would be too, if you went through what she did. Honestly, I'd rather contract cancer than experience that kind of emotional agony.

 * I truly wonder, are the Chobits even conscious at all? Are they really just machines processing lines and lines of programming code? Freya said "Chi's heart is only a program". This got me thinking. What would the nature of such a program be? I believe it is probably a self-updating program, a sort of "soft" neural-net that is constantly growing and becoming ever more interlinked as it recieves data about things such as speech, language, word associations, social norms, proper behavior, etc. It probably contains some kind of meta-language that would allow the learning of any human language, speech algorithms and recognition, and many other things too numerous to list. Wow, sorry, I suppose I got carried away!

 * Also, emotions = neurotransmitters, memories = synapses between neurons. At least, that's how I see it. There was a man who once bumped his head and forgot his entire life up until that point. He never did regain his memories. For me, this proves that memories are a purely physical phenomenon.PiccoloNamek 06:21, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Laptops?
I'm quite sure, Sumomo and Kotoko aren't Laptops. Laptops and PC's have the same habilities in hard disk and processing, the only diference is the battery. On the other side, PDA's have more limitations than PC's and Laptops. In one scene (both on the anime and the manga) we learn of Sumomo's limitations:

Hideki - What is that? (looking at the downloaded image)

Sumomo - That is... AN ATTACHED IMAGE!!!!

Hideki - I already knew that!!!

Shimbo - You can't ask her such dificult questions, she is just a mobile unit!

Kotoko on the other side says she has the same habilities as a normal sized persocom, but that's because she is "unique". So in other words, Sumomo is like a Tungsten (or any other "normal" PDA) and Kotoko is a LifeDrive (maybe better, but still a PDA). Coven 36

They're called "Laptop persocoms". Most real laptops aren't as powerful as their PC counterparts, and they have very different CPU architectures. Do you think a Powerbook is even half as powerful as Quad CPU PowerMac G5? Then how could a little thing like Sumomo be as powerful as a full-size persocom. A bigger persocom simply has more space for advanced equipment, just like a real computer. Sumomo is equivalent to a "normal" laptop computer. Kotoko is a desktop-replacement laptop. Kotoko has much more memory than Sumomo and also has dual processors. Also, I believe what Shinbo actually said is that she can't answer abstract questions, probably because of a combination of limited CPU power and too-simple programming. (A more complex program capable of understanding such a question probably wouldn't run well on her system.) I would also imagine a simplified CPU architechture in and of itself limits a persocom's ability to "think", so to speak. The Chobits equiavalent of a PDA would be something like Yumi's handheld model, that only stores phone numbers and whatnot.PiccoloNamek 22:05, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Atashi
Should I add a character spot for Atashi? What do you think?PiccoloNamek 21:59, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Now see here
CRAP. I accidentally violated the 3RR rule. Please forgive me administrators. I just know I am going to get blocked. Now, whoever this anonymous editor is needs to stop, now. This article entitled "Characters in Chobits", not "Characters in Tsubasa: RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE". This article concerns the stories and events concerning the characters in Chobits. Whatever happens to them in any Tsubasa: RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE crossover is completely irrelevant to what happens in Chobits, and has no business being on this page. Most of what is being added is already covered, at least in part, on the TRC page and if it isn't that's where it needs to go. Please STOP adding the inappropriate information to this article.PiccoloNamek 08:12, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Freya
In the anime, does Freya still exist at the end? She gets deleted, but it seems like she reappears at the end when Chi returns.I've read comments that suggest that she dies (for real) at the end. In the manga, I'm not sure what happens. She survived the first memory wipe of Elda though, makes sense that she appears at the end again of epsiode 26.

 * I am inclined to believe that, at least in the anine, she continues to exist. The best evidence for this is that the final page of Chii's book, in the last few seconds of the final episode of the show, still has the red Atashi in the picture, along with pink Atashi and the figure representing Hideki. And, after all, Freya did say that they would be together forever. In the manga, it is explicitly stated that a single Chobi unit was not designed to hold two hearts at the same time. (Or, to put it in more technical terms, to be running two instances of the core program at once.) One of them will eventually have to overwrite the other, which is why Elda lost her memories.

So, in my opinion: Anime = alive, Manga = dead. Although, at least as far as the manga is concerned, they were never even truly conscious to begin with.PiccoloNamek 20:15, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

PiccoloNamek 19:41, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Agreed, I've seen the last episode of the anime, and Freya is still definitely "alive". She appears again after the "delete" afterall.

I don't know. In the last episode of the anime Freya is shown seperating from Elda's body. So Freya might have died.

Elda's memories were on the disc
"Elda's memories were on the disc which was accidentally left in the garbage when Hideki salvaged her."

What is the source of that? I couldn't find it in the manga...

 * In volume 8 Hibiya says that the Elda's memories were on the disc and that the reason she had been keeping it was to reload them into Elda's body if she was ultimately unable to find someone to love. She wanted to do this so that they could be a family again.PiccoloNamek 03:45, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Stop. Grammar Time.
I see a number of grammar problems in this article.

Much like many young men, Hideki is also has an active libido, possessing a very large number of pornographic magazines, which he refers to as "okazu" which means "side dish".

She is programmed to be cute and tends to be quite hyperactive, for example her morning 'wakie wakie exercises'.

The phrase "Because of this" is used a lot. Commas are everywhere. I think this article needs a lot of cleaning up. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nanobot (talk • contribs) 07:08, 11 March 2007 (UTC).

 * I agree the page needs improvements, but what exactly is grammatically incorrect about commas and "Because of this"?PiccoloNamek 15:25, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Lolicon
When I first came across Chobits, I was disgusted by its Lolita Complex themes. Chi has the body of a thirteen-year-old, as first annoyed Hideki. However, as the series progresses, that fact doesn't seem to matter as the sexuality continues to rise. I was surprised none of this matter was mentioned at all in the article. Chi is described as being a young woman, not a young girl. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Akari Mizunashi (talk • contribs) 23:31, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

What? Lolicon themes? I never noticed any such thing. Chii is clearly designed to look like teenage girl, (according to Minoru, around 15-16 years old). I severely doubt that CLAMP intended for Chii to be viewed in that way, and there is no reason to add that kind of blatant speculation to the article.PiccoloNamek 01:17, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Image removal
Instead of removing the images again straight away, let's fully discuss the issue here. I feel that the images used in this article should not be removed. Under WP:NFC, '' Non-free content is used only if...its omission would be detrimental to that understanding. Non-free media files are not used if they can be replaced by text that serves a similar function.'' I personally feel that the removal of these images would be detrimental to this article. Unless a thorough physical description for each character is written (which would still need to be sourced), there is no reason for the images to be removed if it takes away from the quality of the article. WP:NFC does not apply in this situation because: The use of non-free media in lists, galleries, discographies, and navigational and user-interface elements usually fails the test for significance (criterion #8), and if it fails this test such use is unacceptable.  These images are therefore unacceptable only if they fail WP:NFC, which does not appear to be the case. MelicansMatkin 21:30, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This is precisely the argument I was going to make, before I decided not to. Beta says "NFC is not allowed in lists." But WP:NFC actually says that the use of non-free media in lists usually fails the test for significance for criterion #8. It does not say that use of non-free media in said article types always fails the test for criterion #8. This article is about the characters in this particular anime, and the pictures are necessary for displaying the appearance of the characters in question. As MelicansMatkin said it wouldn't be prudent to write out descriptions for every character. That, combined with my above assertion, satisfies WP:NFC.

 * This entire debate actually revolves around WP:NFC. In my opinion, it is more than satisfied. Betacommand's opinion seems to be that it is never satisfied for an article like this. "there is some critical commentary about the characters, But not enough to warrant individual images." I'm not sure if this position is based off of a hard and fast policy, or is only Beta's interpretation of the set of general guidelines already presented in WP:NFC.PiccoloNamek 22:03, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * its been established that usage of NFC in List of... is not allowed. If a Character is notable enough they will have their own Article, if not why are they notable enough to have an image? βcommand 01:45, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

It has been established? Where in the rules does it say that? Who established it? You? I refuted your statement concerning this supposed establishment and all you have to offer in return is a curt statement with no substance or proper argument. The NFC article clearly states: the use of non-free media in lists usually fails the test for significance for criterion #8.. The keyword here is usually. "Is not allowed" is nothing more than a fabrication you created in order to justify and facilitate your mass-removal of legitimate and much-needed images from articles.

As for notability. Notability has nothing to do with this case. Notable or not, the quality of the article and the understanding of the characters are greatly harmed by the removal of the images, and there is no suitable text substitute, thereby satisfying criterion #8. It is interesting that you conveniently ignored this argument.

If you can't provide a rational and well-reasoned argument as to why these kinds of articles literally can't (as opposed to "usually can't") have images, we'll all know you don't have a leg to stand on. (For the record, well-reasoned arguments do not include "NFC says so." and "YOU WILL BE BLOCKED." Just so you know.) It is your job to explain why this article literally cannot contain images. Unless you can prove to me beyond a shadow of a doubt that articles like this one can never contain images, I will fight you with everything I've got, until the last of my energy is spent. (Of course, being a reasonable person, if such proof could be provided, that would be good enough for me.)PiccoloNamek 02:19, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Check the history of AN and ANI, I dont have the time to waste to pull out the links, There was a large discussion over six months ago. The results- Use of NFC in "List of..." type articles are not allowed. βcommand 03:47, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * We've given our rationale as to why these pictures should be kept. You're the one who has to provide the rationale on why they can't be kept.  I can't speak for PiccoloNamek, but I certainly don't have time either to go looking for those links from six months ago.  You're the one who needs to provide the information here, and by that I mean information beyond a vague reference.  Either provide the links, or stop removing the images.  Until this is given, I see no reason for the images to not be here.  To quote PiccoloNamek, "Unless you can prove to me beyond a shadow of a doubt that articles like this one can never contain images, I will fight you with everything I've got." MelicansMatkin 06:49, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * "Check the history of AN and ANI, I dont have the time to waste to pull out the links, There was a large discussion over six months ago" You don't have the time to waste to pull up important requested information for a fellow Wikipedia editor, but you certainly seem to have an unlimited amount of time to go around gutting articles. Tell me, if what you say is true, why hasn't the information on WP:NFC been updated to reflect this? Speaking of ANI, browsing through its murky depths has revealed much useful information to me. Information about your behavior within the community that is. Unauthorized use of bots, unauthorized deletions of images and blockings of users, callous attitude, lack of empathy for your fellow editors, refusal to engage in discussion, refusal to ever apologize for your actions and ultimately the arbitration case which ended with a unanimous vote to revoke your admin privileges. My word, you certainly have an interesting history here.

 * None of that has anything to do with this, of course, but knowing what I know now, I'm not so sure I'm inclined to just take your word on anything. You may very well be misrepresenting the facts or even lying outright. Instead of forcing us to plow through hundreds of pages of months old information, it is really your own responsibility as the one making the assertion to find it for us, in order to justify your actions. Anything less is unacceptable.PiccoloNamek 08:37, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * re-adding the images WILL result in a block, see User:Durin/Fair use overuse explanation for a summary of why you cant have images here. βcommand 12:58, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Thank you. That was all I wanted. If you had just done that in the first place, I wouldn't have even become upset. Was it that hard? I still disagree, and I still think you're up to no good, but rules are rules, and I have no trouble following them. (For the record, I had nothing to do with reverting the article. ;) )PiccoloNamek 13:32, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for providing the source, Betacommand. I believe that the issue at hand is now over. MelicansMatkin 15:18, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Then explain how we're supposed to get "free" images for ANY kind of movie or Anime series. It's not something we can go out and photograph ourselves; the content is always copyrighted. 24.136.34.80 22:38, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * the issue is not the images them selves the issue is their use. If you create a valid article about a character that is within policy the you can add a image there. the issue is that NFC images in lists are not allowed βcommand 22:49, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Expansion
I really think we should be able to expand a lot more of these characters into full length articles as opposed to just having a long list. I see that Chi has her own article, but I think at least other major characters like Hideki should also have their own seperate pages. --3loodlust (talk) 22:28, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This has already been discussed at length. I don't believe there is enough useful, verifiable, out-of-universe, non fancrufty information to allow for the creation of individual character pages. Not only that, but such a thing would defy normal Wikiproject Anime & Manga conventions. Only extremely important characters with plenty of readily available information get their own individual pages. It is questionable if Chi should even have her own page, because 99% of it is in-universe.PiccoloNamek (talk) 23:35, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I hate to beg to differ with you, but nowhere in Wikipedia's numerous policies and guidelines are such pages discouraged. Furthermore, creating individual pages for the major characters in a series is, in quite contrast, a very welcomed thing to do. Not only does it provide necesary information on the individual characters and their specific roles in the series, which cannot be covered in a simple character list alone, but indeed, complies with the traditional conventions of the Anime & Manga Wikiproject. It is, in fact, becoming more and more common to see series articles with seperate pages for major characters, most especialy because featured articles like Excel Saga, and other articles praised by the Anime & Manga Wikiproject such as Tenjho Tenge include pages for some of, of all of their characters. Since these articles are so higly praised, and placed up on the Anime & Manga Wikiproject's main page as examples of exemplary articles, and patterns which others should be encouraged to follow, it is obviously deemed as an exeptable thing to do. Addotionaly, in the case of the actual information to be put on the pages, there is more than enough present in the Chobits series to provide normal length articles on the individual characters and even go in-depth on subjects like their individual character, role, relationships with other characters in the series, and so on. Many other articles have already had tremendous sucess with creating these additional pages for a series characters. 3loodlust (talk) 21:09, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Apparently, you didn't comprehend what I wrote. There is very little out-of-universe information available for use in such articles. Creating an entire article that consists entirely in-universe story information is discouraged and usually results in multiple notices being placed on the top of said pages. You should read this: WP:WAF. Especially section 2.2 "Secondary information". There isn't a whole lot of useful secondary information available to use for creating a legitimate character page. We don't even have any on Chi's page! Individual pages for the other characters would consist mostly of cruft, speculation, original research, and story information, most of which is already properly summarized in the list article.PiccoloNamek (talk) 22:35, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I know your arugment perfectly well, I've done enough editing on this site to know by now the in-universe rule. That still does not change, however, that it is possible to write the suggested pages in compliance with Wikipedia's high standards. It has been done on severaly instances, not necessarily within the Anime & Manga Wikiproject, but done none the less. I know the ammount of work it would take to produce and maintain such articles, and I can understand if you'd rather avoid that, but my argument still stands that there is not enough information on the currently existing list of characters.3loodlust (talk) 16:51, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If I may offer my input, it seems to me as if the main obstacle to this is actually finding relevent, reliable, and unopinionated out-of-universe information to include. Instead of creating any more articles, it would probably be wiser to invest the time in finding the out-of-universe information instead.  If enough relevent information can be found for inclusion, then I don't see why the character articles couldn't be created.  As it stands now, however, I don't think that there is really any urging necessity to create them.
 * While I did co-write the Chi page with Piccolo and also began a test page for Hideki (which I have barely worked on at all since starting it), I don't think that there is really any pressing need at this point in time to create any more character articles. The additional in-universe information can wait until the out-of-universe information has been found. MelicansMatkin (talk) 17:04, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Order
Anyone have any idea why the characters are ordered as they are? I ask because I'm particularly startled that Chi isn't first or second, based on being one of the two protagonists, and I'm not seeing any relevant sorting in action. —Quasirandom (talk) 17:42, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * They are sorted in order of appearance. Any other sorting would be necessarily arbitrary. But if enough people feel strongly about it, it can be changed.PiccoloNamek (talk) 19:22, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Order in the manga or anime? IIRC, Hideki meets Chi before we're introduced to anyone else in the manga -- though it's been a while since I read it. Given the manga is the primary source text, with the anime a derivative of it, if anything it should follow that. —Quasirandom (talk) 19:29, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I moved Chi up to the second entry in the list, as she's both one of the two main protagonists in the story and one of the first two characters introduced in the manga. Marshall Stax (talk) 21:01, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. —Quasirandom (talk) 22:03, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Chobits characters


text:
Indentation style

In computer programming, indentation style is a convention, a.k.a. style, governing the indentation of blocks of source code. An indentation style generally involves consistent width of whitespace (indentation size) before each line of a block, so that the lines of code appear to be related, and dictates whether to use space or tab characters for the indentation whitespace.

Overview
This article primarily addresses styles for free-form programming languages. As the name implies, such language code need not follow an indentation style. Indentation is a secondary notation that is often intended to lower cognitive load for a programmer to understand the structure of the code. Indentation can clarify the separation between the code executed based on control flow.

Structured languages, such as Python and occam, use indentation to determine the structure instead of using braces or keywords; this is termed the off-side rule. In such languages, indentation is meaningful to the language processor (such as compiler or interpreter). A programmer must conform to the language's indentation rules although may be free to choose indentation size.

This article focuses on curly-bracket languages (that delimit blocks with curly brackets, a.k.a. curly braces, a.k.a. braces) and in particular C-family languages, but a convention used for one language can be adapted to another language. For example, a language that uses  and   keywords instead of braces can be adapted by treating   the same as the open brace and so on.

Indentation style only applies to text-based languages. Visual programming languages have no indentation.

Research
Despite the ubiquitous use of indentation styles, little research has been conducted on its value. First experiments, conducted by Weissman in 1974, did not show any effect. In 2023, an experiment by Morzeck et al. showed significant positive effect for nested  statements where non-indented code required on average 179% more time to read than indented code.

Notable styles
The table below includes code examples of various indentation styles. For consistency, indentation size for example code is 4 spaces even though this varies by coding convention.

C/C++ styles
Attributes of C, C++ and other curly-brace programming language coding style include but are not limited to:
 * Placement of braces relative to other code elements
 * Use of tabs or spaces
 * Wrapping single-statement blocks in braces. Advocates cite the advantage that resulting code is safer since inserting a statement cannot result in control flow that disagrees with indentation. A cited disadvantage is that the code is longer since one line is needed for the closing brace of a block (except for the  construct and a   block).

K&R
The Kernighan & Ritchie (K&R) style is commonly used for C and C++ code and is the basis for many derivative styles. It is used in the original Unix kernel, Kernighan and Ritchie's book The C Programming Language, as well as Kernighan and Plauger's book The Elements of Programming Style.

Although The C Programming Language does not explicitly define this style, it follows it consistently. From the book: The position of braces is less important, although people hold passionate beliefs. We have chosen one of several popular styles. Pick a style that suits you, then use it consistently.

In this style, a function has its opening and closing braces on their own lines and with the same indentation as the declaration, and with statements indented an additional level than the declaration. A multi-statement block inside a function, however, has its opening brace on the same line as its control clause while the closing brace remains on its own line unless followed by a keyword such as  or.

Example code:

Egyptian braces
The non-aligned braces of the multi-line blocks are nicknamed "Egyptian braces" (or "Egyptian brackets") for their resemblance to arms in some fanciful poses of ancient Egyptians.

Single statements
A single-statement block does not have braces, which is a cause of easy-to-miss bugs such as the goto fail bug.

One True Brace
The One True Brace Style (abbreviated 1TBS or OTBS ) is like the K&R style, but functions are formatted like multi-statement blocks with the opening brace on the same line as the declaration, and braces are not omitted for a single-statement block.

Although not required by languages such as C/C++, using braces for single-statement blocks ensures that inserting a statement does not result in control flow that disagrees with indenting, as seen for example in Apple's infamous goto fail bug.

Cited advantages include shorter code (than K&R) since the starting brace needs no extra line, and the ending brace lines up with the statement it conceptually belongs to. One cost of this style is that the ending brace adds a line, which can be partly resolved in if/else blocks and do/while blocks.

Sources disagree as to the meaning of One True Brace Style. Some say that it is the variation specified here, while others say it is "hacker jargon" for K&R.

Linux kernel
The Linux kernel source tree is styled in a variant of K&R. Linus Torvalds advises contributors to follow it. Attributes include:

 * Uses tab characters for indentation (not spaces) and assumes tab stops every 8 spaces
 * Brace layout matches K&R with open and close on their own lines and multi-statement open on same line as the control clause, separated by a space
 * Labels in a  statement are aligned with the enclosing block (there is only one level of indents)
 * Maximum line length is 100 characters although the pre-2020 limit of 80 characters is preferred.
 * A single-statement body of a compound statement (such as if, while, and do-while) does not need to be surrounded by curly braces. If, however, one or more of the substatements in an  statement require braces, then both substatements should be wrapped in braces:

Java
A significant body of Java code uses a variant of the K&R style in which the opening brace is on the same line not only for the blocks inside a function, but also for class or method declarations. This style is widespread largely because Sun Microsystems's original style guides  used this K&R variant, and as a result, most of the standard source code for the Java API is written in this style. It is also a popular indentation style for ActionScript and JavaScript, along with the Allman style.

Stroustrup
Bjarne Stroustrup adapted the K&R style for C++ in his books, such as Programming: Principles and Practice using C++ and The C++ Programming Language.

Unlike the variants above, Stroustrup does not use a "cuddled else". Thus, Stroustrup would write

Stroustrup extends K&R style for classes, writing them as follows:

Stroustrup does not indent the labels public: and private:. Also, in this style, while the opening brace of a function starts on a new line, the opening brace of a class is on the same line as the class name.

Stroustrup allows writing short functions all on one line. Stroustrup style is a named indentation style available in the editor Emacs. Stroustrup encourages a K&R-derived style layout with C++ as stated in his modern C++ Core Guidelines.

BSD KNF
The Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) operating systems uses a style that is sometimes termed Kernel Normal Form (KNF). Although mostly intended for kernel code, it is also widely used in userland code. It is essentially a thoroughly documented variant of K&R style as used in the Bell Labs Version 6 & 7 Unix source code.

The SunOS kernel and userland uses a similar indentation style. Like KNF, this also was based on AT&T style documents and is sometimes termed Bill Joy Normal Form. The SunOS guideline was published in 1996; ANSI C is discussed briefly. The correctness of the indentation of a list of source files can be verified by the cstyle program written by Bill Shannon.

In this style, the hard tabulator (ts in vi) is kept at eight columns, while a soft tabulator is often defined as a helper also (sw in vi), and set at four. The hard tabulators are used to indent code blocks, while a soft tabulator (four spaces) of additional indentation is used for all continuing lines that must be split over multiple lines.

Moreover, function calls do not use a space before the parenthesis, although C-language native statements such as,  ,  ,   and   do (in the case where   is used with parens). Functions that declare no local variables in their top-level block should also leave an empty line after their opening block brace.

Examples:

Allman
The Allman style is named after Eric Allman. It is also sometimes termed BSD style since Allman wrote many of the utilities for BSD Unix (although this should not be confused with the different "BSD KNF style"; see above).

This style puts the brace associated with a control statement on the next line, indented to the same level as the control statement. Statements within the braces are indented to the next level.

This style is similar to the standard indentation used by the Pascal languages and Transact-SQL, where the braces are equivalent to the keywords  and.

Consequences of this style are that the indented code is clearly set apart from the containing statement by lines that are almost all whitespace and the closing brace lines up in the same column as the opening brace. Some people feel this makes it easy to find matching braces. The blocking style also delineates the block of code from the associated control statement. Commenting out or removing a control statement or block of code, or code refactoring, are all less likely to introduce syntax errors via dangling or missing braces. Also, it is consistent with brace placement for the outer-function block.

For example, the following is still correct syntactically:

As is this:

Even like this, with conditional compilation:

Variant: Allman-8
A popular variant for use in education, Allman-8 uses the 8-space indentation tabs and 80-column limit of the Linux Kernel variant of K&R. The style purportedly helps improve readability on projectors. Also, the indentation size and column restriction help create a visual cue for identifying excessive nesting of code blocks. These advantages combine to help provide newer developers and learners implicit guidance to manage code complexity.

Whitesmiths
The Whitesmiths style, also sometimes termed Wishart style, was originally used in the documentation for the first commercial C compiler, the Whitesmiths Compiler. It was also popular in the early days of Windows, since it was used in three influential Windows programming books, Programmer's Guide to Windows by Durant, Carlson & Yao, Programming Windows by Petzold, and Windows 3.0 Power Programming Techniques by Norton & Yao.

Whitesmiths, along with Allman, were claimed to have been the most common bracing styles in 1991 by the Jargon File, with roughly equal popularity at the time.

This style puts the brace associated with a control statement on the next line, indented. Statements within the braces are indented to the same level as the braces.

Like Ratliff style, the closing brace is indented the same as statements within the braces.

The advantages of this style are similar to those of the Allman style. Blocks are clearly set apart from control statements. The alignment of the braces with the block emphasizes that the full block is conceptually, and programmatically, one compound statement. Indenting the braces emphasizes that they are subordinate to the control statement. The ending brace no longer lines up with the statement, but instead with the opening brace.

An example:

are treated as statement, much like the  preprocessor statement.

GNU
Like the Allman and Whitesmiths styles, GNU style puts braces on a line by themselves, indented by two spaces, except when opening a function definition, where they are not indented. In either case, the contained code is indented by two spaces from the braces.

Popularised by Richard Stallman, the layout may be influenced by his background of writing Lisp code. In Lisp, the equivalent to a block (a progn) is a first-class data entity, and giving it its own indentation level helps to emphasize that, whereas in C, a block is only syntax. This style can also be found in some ALGOL and XPL programming language textbooks from the 1960s and 1970s.

Although not indentation per se, GNU coding style also includes a space after a function name before the left parenthesis of an argument list.

This style combines the advantages of Allman and Whitesmiths, thereby removing the possible Whitesmiths disadvantage of braces not standing out from the block. One disadvantage is that the ending brace no longer lines up with the statement it conceptually belongs to. Another possible disadvantage is that it might waste space by using two visual levels of indents for one conceptual level, but in reality this is unlikely because, in systems with single-level indentation, each level is usually at least 4 spaces, same as 2 * 2 spaces in GNU style.

The GNU Coding Standards recommend this style, and nearly all maintainers of GNU project software use it.

The GNU Emacs text editor and the GNU systems' indent command will reformat code according to this style by default. Those who do not use GNU Emacs, or similarly extensible/customisable editors, may find that the automatic indentation settings of their editor are unhelpful for this style. However, many editors defaulting to KNF style cope well with the GNU style when the tab width is set to two spaces; likewise, GNU Emacs adapts well to KNF style by simply setting the tab width to eight spaces. In both cases, automatic reformatting destroys the original spacing, but automatic line indenting will work properly.

Steve McConnell, in his book Code Complete, advises against using this style: he marks a code sample which uses it with a "Coding Horror" icon, symbolizing especially dangerous code, and states that it impedes readability. The Linux kernel coding style documentation also recommends against this style, urging readers to burn a copy of the GNU coding standards as a "great symbolic gesture".

Horstmann
The 1997 edition of Computing Concepts with C++ Essentials by Cay S. Horstmann adapts Allman by placing the first statement of a block on the same line as the opening brace. This style is also used in examples in Jensen and Wirth's Pascal User Manual and Report.

This style combines the advantages of Allman by keeping the vertical alignment of the braces for readability, and identifying blocks easily, with the saving of a line of the K&R style. However, the 2003 edition now uses Allman style throughout.

Pico
This is the style used most commonly in the language Pico by its designers. Pico lacks return statements, and uses semicolons as statement separators instead of terminators. It yields this syntax:

stuff(n): { x: 3 * n; y: do_stuff(x); y + x }

The advantages and disadvantages are similar to those of saving screen real estate with K&R style. An added advantage is that the starting and closing braces are consistent in application (both share space with a line of code), relative to K&R style, where one brace shares space with a line of code and one brace has a line alone.

Ratliff
In the book Programmers at Work, C. Wayne Ratliff, the original programmer behind the popular dBase-II and -III fourth-generation programming languages, discussed a style that is like 1TBS but the closing brace lines up with the indentation of the nested block. He indicated that the style was originally documented in material from Digital Research Inc. This style has sometimes been termed banner style, possibly for the resemblance to a banner hanging from a pole. In this style, which is to Whitesmiths as K&R is to Allman, the closing control is indented the same as the last item in the list (and thus properly loses salience) The style can make visual scanning easier for some, since the headers of any block are the only thing exdented at that level (the theory being that the closing control of the prior block interferes with the visual flow of the next block header in the K&R and Allman styles). Kernighan and Plauger use this style in the Ratfor code in Software Tools.

C derived language styles
The following styles are common for various languages derived from C that are both significantly similar and dissimilar. And, they can be adapted to C as well. They might be applied to C code written as part of a project mostly written in one of these other languages, where maintaining a consistent look and feel to the project's core code overrides considerations of using more conventional C style.

Lisp style
While GNU style is sometimes characterized as C code indented by a Lisp programmer, one might even go so far as to insert closing braces together in the last line of a block. This style makes indentation the only way to distinguish blocks of code, but has the advantage of containing no uninformative lines. This could easily be called the Lisp style because this style is very common in Lisp code. In Lisp, the grouping of identical braces at the end of expression trees is meant to signify that it is not the user's job to visually track nesting levels, only to understand the structure of the tree.

The traditional Lisp variant of this style prefers extremely narrow levels of indentation (typically two spaces) because Lisp code usually nests very deeply since Lisp features only expressions, with no distinct class of statements; function arguments are mostly indented to the same level to illustrate their shared status within the enclosing expression. This is also because, braces aside, Lisp is conventionally a very terse language, omitting even common forms of simple boilerplate code as uninformative, such as the  keyword in an   block, instead rendering it uniformly as.

Note: is a procedure for evaluating multiple sub-expressions sequentially for effects, while discarding all but the final (nth) return value. If all return values are desired, the  procedure would be used.

Haskell style
Haskell layout can make the placement of braces optional, although braces and semicolons are allowed in the language. The two segments below are equally acceptable to the compiler:

In Haskell, layout can replace braces. Usually the braces and semicolons are omitted for procedural  sections and the program text in general, but the style is commonly used for lists, records and other syntactic elements made up of some pair of parentheses or braces, which are separated with commas or semicolons. If code following the keywords,  , or   omits braces and semicolons, then indentation is significant.

APL style
For an example of how terse APL typically is, here is the implementation of the step function for the Game of Life: APL style C resembles the terse style of APL code, and is commonly used in their implementations. This style was pioneered by Arthur Whitney, and is heavily used in the implementation of K, Arthur's own project. The J programming language is implemented in this style as well. Notably, not all implementations of APL use this style of C, namely: GNU APL and Dyalog APL.

In addition to APL style C indentation, typically the names are shortened to either single or double characters: To reduce the amount of indentation, and expressions spanning multiple lines.

Python style
Python does not use braces. The indentation defines the blocks in what is called the off-side rule.

Conventionally, indentation is four spaces. Tabs are also possible.

Indentation size
Typically, programmers use the same width of whitespace to indent each block of code with commonly used widths varying from 1 to 4 spaces.

An experiment performed on PASCAL code in 1983, found that indentation size significantly affected comprehensibility. Indentation sizes between 2 and 4 characters proved optimal. For Ruby, many shell scripting languages, and some forms of HTML formatting, two spaces per indentation level is generally used.

Although they both affect the general layout of code, indentation size is independent of the indentation style discussed here.

Tab vs. space
Typically, a programmer uses a text editor that provides tab stops at fixed intervals (a number of spaces), to assist in maintaining whitespace according to a style. The interval is called the tab width. Sometimes the programmer stores the code with tab characters one for each tab key press or they store a sequence of spaces equal in number to the tab width.

Storing tab characters in code can cause visual misalignment when viewed in different contexts, which counters the value of the indentation style.

Programmers lack consensus on storing tab characters. Proponents of storing tab characters cite ease of typing and smaller text files since a single tab character serves the purpose of multiple spaces. Opponents, such as Jamie Zawinski, state that using spaces instead increases cross-platform portability. Others, such as the writers of the WordPress coding standards, state the opposite: that hard tabs increase portability. A survey of the top 400,000 repositories on GitHub found that spaces are more common.

Many text editors, including Notepad++, TextEdit, Emacs, vi, and nano, can be configured to either store tab characters when entered via the tab key or to convert them to spaces (based on the configured tab width) so that tab characters are not added to the file when the tab key is pressed. Some editors can convert tab to space characters and vice versa.

Some text file pagers, such as less, can be configured for a tab width. Some tools such as expand/unexpand can convert on the fly via filters.

Style automation
A tool can automate formatting code per an indentation style, for example the Unix  command.

Emacs provides commands to modify indentation, including hitting  on a given line. indents code.

Elastic tabstops is a tabulation style which requires support from the text editor, where entire blocks of text are kept automatically aligned when the length of one line in the block changes.

Losing track of blocks
In more complicated code, the programmer may lose track of block boundaries while reading the code. This is often experienced in large sections of code containing many compound statements nested to many levels of indentation. As the programmer scrolls to the bottom of a huge set of nested statements, they may lose track of context such as the control structure at the top of the block.

Long compound statements can be a code smell of over complexity which can be solved by refactoring.

Programmers who rely on counting the opening braces may have difficulty with indentation styles such as K&R, where the starting brace is not visually separated from its control statement. Programmers who rely more on indentations will gain more from styles that are vertically compact, such as K&R, because the blocks are shorter.

To avoid losing track of control statements such as, a large indentation can be used, such as an 8-unit-wide hard tab, along with breaking up large functions into smaller and more readable functions. Linux is done this way, while using the K&R style.

Some text editors allow the programmer to jump between the two corresponding braces of a block. For example, vi jumps to the brace enclosing the same block as the one under the cursor when pressing the  key. Since the text cursor's  key (viz., the   key) retained directional positioning information (whether the   or   key was formerly pressed), the dot macro (the   key) could then be used to place the text cursor on the next brace, given a suitable coding style. Instead, inspecting the block boundaries using the  key can be used to enforce a coding standard.

Another way to maintain block awareness, is to use comments after the closing brace. For example:

A disadvantage is maintaining the same code in multiple locations above and below the block.

Some editors provide support for maintaining block awareness. A folding editor can hide (fold) and reveal (unfold) blocks by indentation level. Some editors highlight matching braces when the cursor is positioned next to one.

Statement insertion
The K&R style prevents the common error caused by inserting a line of code after a control statement before the open brace. The inserted line causes the block to become disassociated from the control statement.

Given this starting code:

will be called 10 times. Then, it is modified by adding a new second line:

The original block (lines 3-5) is no longer the body of the loop and executes only once. Further, the comment on line 5 becomes wrong.

K&R style avoids this problem by keeping the control statement and the opening brace on the same line.

Original:

Adding a new second line does not affect how many times  is called or the validity of the end comment.

Tabs and spaces

 * Tabs versus Spaces: An Eternal Holy War by Jamie Zawinski
 * Why I prefer no tabs in source code by Adam Spiers
 * Why I love having tabs in source code (archived)
 * Elastic tabstops – the solution to the tabs-versus-spaces issue

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indentation style


text:
Asheville Regional Airport

Asheville Regional Airport is a Class C airport near Interstate 26 and the town of Fletcher, North Carolina, 9 mi south of downtown Asheville. It is owned by the Greater Asheville Regional Airport Authority. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019–2023 categorized it as a small-hub primary commercial service facility. In 2023 it served an all-time record number of passengers for the airport, 2,246,411, an increase of 22.2% over 2022.

The airport opened initially with a 6500-foot runway in 1961, replacing the former airport at 35.439°N, -82.481°W.

Facilities
Asheville Regional Airport covers 900 acre and has one asphalt runway measuring 8,002 x.

In the year ending March 31, 2023, the airport had 80,199 aircraft operations, average 220 per day: 59% general aviation, 13% air taxi, 22% airline, and 6% military. At that time, 132 aircraft were based at the airport: 113 single-engine, 10 multi-engine, 7 jet, and 2 helicopter.

The airport sees the following jet airliners regularly:
 * Airbus A320 (150 or 177 passengers)
 * Boeing 737-800 (183 passengers)
 * Airbus A319 (126 passengers)
 * Boeing 717-200 (110 passengers)
 * Canadair Regional Jet (CRJ700 and CRJ900 - 65 or 76 passengers)
 * Embraer 175 (76 passengers)

A Concorde supersonic transport (SST) visited AVL during a 1987 promotional tour and was snowed in overnight. Chartered Boeing 747s (operated by United Airlines) have visited, as has an Airbus A340 during the visit of Charles, Prince of Wales, to the nearby Biltmore Estate in 1996. AVL's 8002 ft runway can handle almost any aircraft.

In April 2010, President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama landed in Asheville aboard a Boeing C-32 (the USAF version of the Boeing 757-200) for a weekend getaway. In October 2011 President Obama landed in Asheville in the larger Boeing VC-25 (the USAF version of the Boeing 747-200) to kick off his North Carolina and Virginia bus tour promoting his jobs bill. He gave a speech at the airport, and cited potential enhancements at the airport as part of the jobs push. President Obama returned to Asheville on February 13, 2013, on the same aircraft for a brief visit and speech at a nearby manufacturing facility.

The terminal building opened on June 7, 1961 (the airport opened in January 1961 ). A $20 million expansion and renovation project began in 1987. The expansion project was completed in 1992, which resulted in an expansion of the ticket lobby, baggage claim area, and administrative office space. A second-level boarding area and jetways were constructed, as well as an atrium to the existing lobby. The second-level boarding area was removed and the ground-level boarding areas were expanded and renovated in 2003, designed by McCreary/Snow Architects, PA and built by Wilkie Construction Company, Inc. In 2009, $17.8 million of improvements were completed, including a Guest Services center, an additional baggage carousel, rental car desks, offices and security enhancements. In November 2017, a new 1,300-space parking deck opened in front of the airport terminal.

As part of Project SOAR (Significant Opportunity for Aviation in our Region), a major airport improvement project, the existing runway (which was over 50 years old) was nearing the end of its useful life and required major reconstruction to continue its use into the future. Also, the existing runway did not meet the most current Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requirements that were put in place long after the runway was originally constructed. In December 2015, a temporary runway was opened west of the existing runway (16/34). The temporary runway 35 Instrument Landing System (ILS) is operational, and Precision Approach Path Indicators (PAPI) are available on both ends of the runway. The runway magnetic compass heading has shifted slightly over the years, and runway 16/34 has been renamed to runway 17/35. The new runway entered service on November 5, 2020.

In 2023 the airport began work on a multi-phase renovation and expansion of the terminal building. The new terminal will include 280000 sqft, 150% larger than the current space, with 12 gates instead of the current seven and additional room for expansion. The renovated and expanded terminal is being constructed on the site of the existing terminal, necessitating a multi-year approach to its construction. The old terminal is being demolished, starting with the north end first. The project also includes the construction of a new air traffic control tower on the southwest edge of the airport. Construction on the $44 million, 127 ft tower began in 2023 and is scheduled for completion in 2025.

Asheville Regional Airport is a focus city for Allegiant Air which bases Airbus A320 family aircraft and crew at the airport.

Airline service: 1948-1996
In 1948, Capital Airlines, Delta Air Lines and Piedmont Airlines (1948-1989) served the former Asheville airport, all with Douglas DC-3s. Capital flew nonstop to Charlotte and Knoxville; Delta flew nonstop to Greenville, SC, and Knoxville; Piedmont flew nonstop to Tri-Cities, TN and Charlotte.

In 1959, the Asheville City Council would purchase property partially located in neighboring Henderson County for the development of the airport. The North Carolina General Assembly would pass a bill that would to redesign the boundaries of Buncombe and Henderson to include the proposed airport property entirely in Buncombe, allowing Asheville to annex the complete site.

In 1961, Capital Airlines flew Vickers Viscounts into the recently opened new airport with nonstop service to Atlanta, GA, Tri-Cities, TN and Winston/Salem. Capital was acquired by and merged into United Airlines which in 1963 flew Viscounts and Douglas DC-6Bs nonstop to Atlanta, Greensboro, Raleigh/Durham and Washington D.C. National Airport. In 1966 Delta had one daily flight from Asheville, a Douglas DC-7 nonstop to Knoxville and direct to Louisville and Chicago O'Hare Airport. In 1966 Piedmont Fairchild F-27s and Martin 4-0-4s flew nonstop to Atlanta, Charlotte, Knoxville, Roanoke and Tri-Cities, TN.

Piedmont Airlines introduced Boeing 727-100s in 1967, a typical routing being Atlanta - Asheville - Winston/Salem - Roanoke - New York LaGuardia Airport. In 1969 United Boeing 737-200s flew nonstop to Atlanta and Raleigh/Durham while Delta McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s flew nonstop to Knoxville with same plane service to Louisville and Chicago O'Hare Airport. The April 1975 Official Airline Guide listed Delta, Piedmont and United serving Asheville. Delta had one daily McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 from Knoxville, originating at Chicago O'Hare Airport via Louisville. Piedmont flew Boeing 737-200s, Fairchild Hiller FH-227s and NAMC YS-11s nonstop from Atlanta, Charleston, WV, Charlotte, Danville, VA, Fayetteville, NC, Greenville/Spartanburg, SC, Knoxville, Lynchburg, VA, Nashville, Roanoke, Tri-Cities, TN and Winston/Salem, and direct 737s from Memphis, Richmond, VA and Washington D.C. National Airport. United was flying nonstop Boeing 737-200s from Atlanta, Charleston, WV and Raleigh/Durham. In 1976 United flew direct to Tampa via Atlanta; in 1978 Piedmont 737s flew direct to Chicago O'Hare Airport via Tri-Cities, TN.

Piedmont was the only jet airline at Asheville in February 1985, with Boeing 727-200 and Fokker F28 Fellowship nonstops from Atlanta, Baltimore, Charlotte and Roanoke and one-stop 727s from Denver, Miami and New York LaGuardia Airport, plus one-stop F28s from New York Newark Airport according to the Official Airline Guide. This same OAG also lists nonstop Delta Connection (operated by Atlantic Southeast Airlines) de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7s and Short 360s from Atlanta, and Sunbird Airlines and Wheeler Airlines Beechcraft 99s from Charlotte and Raleigh/Durham, plus Wheeler nonstops from Tri-Cities, TN.

American Eagle BAe Jetstream 31s and Saab 340s began serving AVL from Nashville in 1986 and Raleigh-Durham in 1987. These flights ended in 1995 when American closed both hubs. The April 1995 OAG listed six airlines at Asheville: American Eagle, Delta, Delta Connection (operated by both Atlantic Southeast Airlines (ASA) and Comair), USAir (which had merged with Piedmont in 1989) and USAir Express. Delta and Delta Connection (ASA) had a total of eight nonstops a day from Atlanta, Delta on McDonnell Douglas MD-80s and Delta Connection on ATR 72s and Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias. Delta Connection (operated by Comair) also had three EMB-120 Brasilias a day from Cincinnati, a Delta hub. USAir and USAir Express had a total of nine nonstops a day from the USAir hub in Charlotte, USAir with Boeing 737-300s and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s and USAir Express with Short 360s. USAir Express also had three nonstop Jetstream 31s a day from Raleigh/Durham, some stopping in Greenville/Spartanburg. Delta ended mainline jets to AVL in December 1995, with ASA taking over with British Aerospace 146 regional jets; however, Delta currently operates mainline Boeing 717-200 service nonstop to its Atlanta hub.

In 1996, Midway Airlines briefly flew to its hub at Raleigh-Durham via Midway Connection partner Corporate Airlines Jetstream 31s.

Map
Key: Green - Seasonal; Blue - Future; Lime - Asheville Regional Airport; Grey - Year-Round  { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ {     "type": "Feature", "properties": { "text": "AVL", "marker-color": "46ea5f", "marker-symbol": "city", "marker-size": "large" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.54405975341798,         35.429274106570226        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.66691140830518,         30.20250833753644        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "text": "BWI", "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -76.66869163513185,         39.179345612216075        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -74.17749881744386,         40.69125347718285        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -73.87168407440187,         40.772416878811576        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -71.01794242858888,         42.364885996366525        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -75.2402973175049,         39.877929604185184        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.44794845581056,         38.952801103303095        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.94434738159181,         35.220585235173004        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -84.43400859832765,         33.64056248832507        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.24278068542482,         28.77533303152516        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.14586448669435,         26.07035771262859        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.00109481811525,         26.91858781024024        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.69065856933595,         27.906754973639806        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -82.55320072174074,         27.387505871265052        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -80.09234905242921,         26.688876752901592        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.74265289306642,         41.78667304519471        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -87.90573120117189,         41.976730548744946        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -115.15122413635255,         36.08705549772256        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -97.04034805297853,         32.89718238484667        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -95.28699874877931,         29.647299868717134        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -93.21006774902345,         44.8835537486407        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.7546319961548,         24.55384218333016        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-color": "228b22", "marker-symbol": "airport" },     "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -86.4721441268921,         30.396610181978538        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": {"marker-color": "228b22", "marker-symbol": "airport"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -77.04329967498781,         38.85251314708563        ]      }    },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "airport"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -112.01166700000000,         33.43416700000000         ]         }     },     {      "type": "Feature", "properties": {"marker-symbol": "airport"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -104.67305600000000,        39.86166700000000         ]       }      },      {      "type": "Feature", "properties": {"marker-color": "183ab8", "marker-symbol": "airport"}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -81.30888900000000,         28.42944400000000          ]      }    },  ] }

Accidents and incidents
On July 19, 1967, Piedmont Airlines Flight 22, a Boeing 727-100, collided in mid-air with a Cessna 310 just south of the airport in Hendersonville. The collision happened just moments after the 727 took off from the Asheville Airport. All 82 people on both planes were killed.

On March 14, 2003, a Cessna 177 Cardinal crashed into Old Fort Mountain after taking off from the airport. It killed author Amanda Davis, who was on a book tour promoting her first novel Wonder When You'll Miss Me, and her parents.

On October 27, 2004, a Beechcraft Duke crashed about 0.8 of a mile off the departure end of Runway 34 after an apparent right engine failure, killing all four people on board.

On May 4, 2007, a 1977 Cessna 182 en route to Asheville Regional Airport crashed near the airport, killing three Georgia men. Initial reports said that rapper Jay-Z was on board. The reports were false.

On October 6, 2017, a terrorist deposited a bag containing an improvised explosive device near the entrance to the Asheville Regional Airport terminal. The bomb was set to explode the following morning at 6:00 AM but was defused after being detected by bomb-sniffing dogs. The terrorist, Michael Christopher Estes, was arrested and faced two federal charges. Estes pleaded guilty to one count of unlawful possession of an explosive in an airport on January 12, 2018; the other charge was dismissed.

On December 27, 2019, a small plane crashed in the Western North Carolina Agricultural Center parking lot adjacent to the airport shortly after takeoff. All five people on board survived with injuries and escaped before the plane exploded.

2023 Airport expansion
As of 2023, the airport is undergoing expansion and reconstruction. Once the construction work is finished the terminal will be 150% larger than currently and will have 12 rather than 7 gates. It will be two-story rather than single story when complete. The groundbreaking ceremony for the terminal occurred 11 August 2023. The new air-traffic control tower will be ready in 2025 and ground breaking was January 2023. The completed project is scheduled for 2026. 175 million dollars in bonds was approved by the state treasurer for the project. The total cost of the project has been cited as 400 million dollars. Jet bridges will be added as part of the project as currently manual ramps are pushed up to the planes.

title: Asheville Regional Airport


text:
Vraka

Vraka (Vrakë; Врака) is a region in Shkodër County in northern Albania. The region includes settlements located on the shore of Lake Scutari, some 7 km north of the city of Shkodër. This ethnographic region is inhabited by Serb-Montenegrins, Podgoriçani (Slavic Muslims) and Albanians; it used to be mainly inhabited by Serb-Montenegrins. A small Serbo-Montenegrin community migrated and established itself in Vraka during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The majority of the Serbo-Montenegrin community came to Vraka, Albania from Montenegro during the interwar Zogist period following 1926 and later from 1938 until 1948. By the year 2010 most of the Orthodox families returned to Montenegro and Serbia. As of 2019, there are only a few families living there (less than five).

Settlements

 * Boriç i Vogël (Stari Borič)
 * Boriç i Madh (Mladi Borič)
 * Rrash-Kullaj (Raš i Kula)
 * Grilë (Grilj)
 * Omaraj (Omara)
 * Shtoj i Vjetër (Stari Štoj)
 * Shtoj i Ri (Novi Štoj)

Early history
The toponym is Slavic.

According to Edith Durham the people of Vraka had fled from Bosnia and Montenegro, because of blood feud.

Modern history
Following the Great Eastern Crisis, from 1878 onward a small Muslim Montenegrin speaking community living in the region exists and are known as Podgoriçani, due to their origins from Podgorica in Montenegro.

In 1909, the Eparchy of Raška–Prizren had 15 protopresbyteriates, the last of which was Skadar, where the parish of Vraka contained 119 households (villages Novi Borič, Stari Borič, Grilj, Raš, Kule, Omara, Turajlije, Kamenica) with a church in Novi Borič dedicated to Assumption of the Holy Virgin, parish under Petar Mreković.

Vraka is known for having been the place where poet Millosh Gjergj Nikolla became teacher on 23 April 1933, and it was in this period that he started to write prose sketches and verses. The village of Vraka was at the time entirely inhabited by Serb-Montenegrins. The Serb school in Vrake was destroyed in 1934.

In 1990 most of the minority community of Vraka went to Montenegro. As the border opened up, many members of the community left between March–December 1991 for Montenegro and Vraka, Boriç and other nearby areas became severely depopulated. During that time with economic problems and tensions arising in areas of the former Yugoslavia, it made some 600 of them return home to Albania.

In 1992, the Morača-Rozafa Association was established.

During the Yugoslav Wars, there were incidents of violence against the Serb-Montenegrin minority in places like Boriç i Vogël and Boriç i Madh, where the Albanian government tried to forcibly take land from them. There were reports that the Albanian government also attempted to forcibly resettle Serb-Montenegrins and Podgoriçani from Boriç i Vogël, Boriç i Madh, Vraka and other places.

In March 1992, as part of state policy by Serbia and Montenegro to increase the numbers of Serbs in Kosovo, nearly 3,000 people from the Serb minority in Albania emigrated to the region after accepting a government offer for employment and housing in the area. Another wave came back due to the Kosovo War.

In the early twenty first century, the community lives largely on trade with Montenegro and communal relations with Albanian inhabitants are regarded as good by many of its members.

Demographics
The region serves as the centre of the Serb-Montenegrin minority in Albania (as listed in the census). The estimations of the total number of Serb-Montenegrins in the area vary from 1,000 to over 2,000. The community has retained their language, culture and religion. The minority association of the community, the "Morača-Rozafa", represents the interests of this minority in Shkodër.

During the early 2010s linguists Klaus Steinke and Xhelal Ylli seeking to corroborate villages cited in past literature as being Slavic speaking carried out fieldwork in settlements of the area. Of the Shkodër area exists seven villages with a Slavophone population that speak a Montenegrin dialect.

 * Boriç i Madh - one third of the population is compact and composed of Muslim Podgoriçani.
 * Boriç i Vogël - inhabited by 15 families and the Slavophone families are the only compact group of the Orthodox in Vraka.
 * Gril - the village officially has 1,090 inhabitants or 195 families, while the number of Orthodox Montenegrin families there varies between 2, 3 - 10. An Albanian school exists in Gril, along with a newly built Orthodox church that is without a priest. According to Slavophone locals the Orthodox population moved to Darragjat due to blood feuds related with Montenegro and relocated themselves to the Vraka area such as Gril between 1935 and 1936. Some Orthodox Montenegrins from the village moved to Montenegro in the 1990s with some thereafter returning to Gril.
 * Omaraj - in the village only two Orthodox Montenegrin families remain.
 * Kamicë - the village is almost deserted, with five or six minority Orthodox Montenegrin families left, alongside the few Albanian families.
 * Shtoj i Ri - the village has a compact population of 17 Muslim Podgoriçani families.
 * Shtoj i Vjetër - the village has a compact population of 30 Muslim Podgoriçani families.
 * Shkodër (city) - some Orthodox Montenegrin and Muslim Podgoriçani families live there.

Families
The surnames were forcibly changed by the Albanian government, from Slavic into Albanian ones, as part of Albanianization. The changed surnames, in Serbo-Croatian transliteration, are indicated with (→)

Serb–Montenegrin families (Vračani)
 * Bašanović brotherhood, in Boriç i Madh, Omaraj
 * →"Beljaj" (sq. Belaj)
 * Brajović brotherhood (sq. Brajoviq), in Boriç i Vogël, Grilë
 * →"Ferizaj", "Jako", "Jakoja" and "Foljeta", in Grilë
 * →"Foljeta", in Boriç i Vogël
 * Camaljić brotherhood, in Grilë
 * →"Mino", in Grilë
 * Popović (sq. "Popaj"), in Boriç i Madh
 * Đinović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël and Grilë
 * →"Ograja" and "Musaja", "Tahiri", in Boriç i Vogël and Grilë
 * Hajković brotherhood
 * →"Hajku", in Boriç i Vogël and Grilë
 * Kontić brotherhood
 * →"Konto", in Boriç i Vogël
 * Krstović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël, Boriç i Madh, Omaraj and Grilë
 * →"Karanaj"
 * →"Nikola" and "Nikolaj" (sq. Nikolla/j), in Grilë
 * →"Nikolaj" (sq. Nikollaj), in Boriç i Vogël
 * Matanović brotherhood (sq. Matanoviq), of the Kaluđerović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël, Boriç i Madh, Grilë
 * Matanović-Vujović, in Boriç i Madh
 * →"Ceklaj"
 * Martinović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël, Boriç i Madh
 * →"Matanaj"
 * →"Šuto" (sq. Shuto), in Boriç i Vogël
 * Pelčić/Peličić/Peljčić brotherhood in Grilë
 * →"Šeljčaj", in Grilë
 * Popović brotherhood, in Boriç i Madh, Grilë
 * →"Popaj", in Boriç i Madh
 * Sekulić brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël
 * →"Haškaj", in Boriç i Vogël
 * Šabanović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël
 * →"Dritaraj", in Boriç i Vogël
 * Šunjević brotherhood
 * →"Pranvera"
 * (sq. Suti), in Boriç i Madh
 * Vučinić
 * →"Nikaj"
 * Zlatičanin brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël, Grilë
 * →"Krsto", "Krstaja" and "Faticaj", in Grilë

Podgoriçani families
 * Piranić (→Piranaj, Pirani), in Boriç i Madh
 * Pepić (→Pepaj, Pepa), in Boriç i Madh
 * Lekić (→Lekiqi, Leka), in Boriç i Madh
 * Tuzović (→Tuzi), in Boriç i Madh
 * Kerović (→Keraj), in Boriç i Madh
 * Osmanagić (→Osmani), in Boriç i Madh
 * Bibezić (→Bibezi), in Boriç i Madh
 * Goković (→Gokovi), in Boriç i Madh
 * Salagić (→Salagaj), in Boriç i Madh
 * Ferizović (→Ferizi), in Boriç i Madh
 * Beganović (→Begani), in Boriç i Madh

Notable people

 * Vojo Kushi, Albanian communist guerilla and National Hero of Albania
 * Kosta Miličević (1877–1920), Serbian painter
 * Branko Kadia and Jordan Misja, students and Communists, killed in 1942

title: Vraka


text:
User:EthanL

My name is Ethan, and I do occasional editing on Wikipedia. I'd like to do more, but I lack the time to devote to it, so I mostly touch up things which I see obviously needing work when I view an article.

If you have any comments to make, leave them on my talk page.

Todo Sandbox

title: User:EthanL


text:
Die-in

A die-in, sometimes known as a lie-in, is a form of protest in which participants simulate being dead. Die-ins are actions that have been used by a variety of protest groups on topics such as animal rights, anti-war, against traffic violence, human rights, AIDS, gun control, racism, abortion, and environmental issues. Often, protestors occupy an area for a short time instead of being forced to leave by the police.

In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. The point of a die-in is to disrupt the flow of people on a street or sidewalk to grab the attention of passers-by.

In more complex forms, fake blood or blood-stained bandages are sometimes used, as well as simulated death throes and writhing from the protesters in an attempt to make the deaths appear more realistic. In other cases, protesters have surrounded the "bodies" in chalk outlines reminiscent of the troped outlines around murder victims. This has been done as an attempt to symbolize that the organization being protested against has "murdered" people. Sometimes, part of the protesting group makes speeches about what is being protested while the rest of the group lies on the ground.

Examples
On 22 April 2006, thousands of protesters lay in the Francisco de Miranda avenue in Caracas, Venezuela, to protest against crime and insecurity during Hugo Chávez's government in a protest by Movimiento Estudiantil called "Acuéstate por la vida" (Lie Down for Life).

On September 15, 2007, several thousand protested the Iraq war at the Capitol at Washington D.C. Hundreds "lay on the ground" on the Capitol lawn at the die-in. Over 190 were arrested, including ten veterans of that war.

The "die"-in has been used to protest police brutality in the United States. It has been used by organizers in Ferguson, Missouri to protest the St. Louis Police Department's handling of Michael Brown's fatal shooting case in 2014, in New York City and the San Francisco Bay Area to protest the killing of Eric Garner, and in Chicago to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile.

On December 15, 2018, more than 100 members of the Cambridge division of international social movement Extinction Rebellion did this in the university city centre, to call the county and city authorities to declare a climate emergency.

After the murder of George Floyd in the United States in June 2020, many demonstrations included lie-ins lasting for 8 minutes and 46 seconds, the length of time initial reports said Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck.

On June 5, 2020, a die-in was staged outside Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Chief Adviser house in London to protest the Dominic Cummings scandal, in which former adviser Dominic Cummings made journeys stretching the rules of the UK's national lockdown.

title: Die-in


text:
ISB

ISB may refer to:

Education

 * International School of Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
 * Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
 * International School of Business (Vietnam) Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
 * International School Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Thailand, formerly in Bangkok
 * International School Basel, Basel, Switzerland
 * International School of Beaverton, Aloha, Oregon, United States
 * International School of Beijing, Beijing, China
 * International School of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
 * International School Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
 * International School of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
 * International School of Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
 * International School of Broward, Hollywood, Florida, United States
 * International School of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
 * International School of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
 * Instituto Simón Bolívar (Various countries)

Music

 * I Shalt Become, an American black metal duo
 * The Incredible String Band, a British folk rock musical group of the late 1960s
 * International Society of Bassists, an international society dedicated to the double bass
 * International Staff Band, a brass band of the Salvation Army
 * International Submarine Band, American country-rock group

Religion

 * Islamic Society of Baltimore, Catonsville, Maryland, United States
 * Islamic Society of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
 * Islamic Society of Britain, an Islamic organization

Science

 * International Society for Biocuration
 * International Society of Biomechanics (Various countries)
 * Institute for Systems Biology, non-profit research institute in Seattle, WA

Other uses

 * Impact Statement for Business, in UK law
 * Imperial Security Bureau, the secret police force of the Empire in the Star Wars universe
 * ISB Engine/Interact System B, a variant of the Cummins B Series engine used in Dodge trucks
 * Independent sideband, radio modulation mode used in some AM radio transmissions
 * International Socialist Bureau, the permanent organization of the Second International
 * Internal Security Bureau, the "TSC police"
 * Islamabad International Airport, the current airport of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan (IATA airport code: ISB)
 * Benazir Bhutto International Airport, formerly Islamabad International Airport, the former airport of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan (formerly IATA airport code: ISB)

title: ISB


text:
User:Syamsul

Hai.

My name is Syamsul Anuar A.H. Currently i work at Anjung Visi Niaga Sdn Bhd(Visiniaga), involve in Software Development and animation.

Currently, i am doing editing for Wikipedia in Bahasa Malaysia Malay(Bahasa Malaysia), and i appreciate if anybody want to help me on that.

Thats all for now.

title: User:Syamsul