text:
Talk:Neighborhood of Make-Believe

Species
I actually never saw this segment, and I find the identity of the characters in the listing a bit unclear. Except the dog, tiger, owl, is everybody else human? Because it seems to be divided into 2 sections: The majority and the "also many "human" characters" (Seems to say the 1st group aren't human, and there "also many humans". --Menchi 21:25 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It's fixed. --Menchi 10:13, Aug 13, 2003 (UTC)

Referring in the past Tense
I find it somewhat bothersome that everything in this article is described in the past tense. This is a minor qualm, I concede, but describing things in the past tense to me is like telling a story, rather than objectively describing the subject. Scholarly essays are typically written in the present tense at all times. I won't be so presumptuous as to edit the article myself. I'll leave the writer to tell me to F off if he feels me to be in error and then to edit it himself if he chooses to do so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.251.125.85 (talk • contribs)

 * This makes sense to me. Your comment has been here since January, so I'll go ahead and make the change.  In fact, part of the article is already in present tense.  I'll add a note about the show's production dates at the top, so readers know the show isn't currently produced.  --Allen 04:00, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Impeach King Friday!

Ha! Very funny, whomever contributed. Seriously, though, wonder why the Family Guy reference didn't work here? Just asking; it was not meant to be nonsense or vandalism. The clip that was referenced is available on YouTube [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsHJ40Ova9k at this link], and it indeed shows the neighborhood. If you believe it doesn't belong here, fine, just say so and we'll let it be. Thanks in advance for your timely response. Briguy52748 01:22, 19 October 2006 (UTC)]], with an update a few minutes later

Bio
I started adding to the entry, but then realized I had no logical way of inserting my contribution without some serious editing of what already existed, so I'm mentioning it here in hope that someone with time, energy, and brain power will add it in. Also, my contribution comes not from any outside source but from my memories of watching the show.

The way into and out of the Neighborhood was usually via trolly, but I would guesstimate at least once every couple of weeks Mr. Rogers would set up cardboard cut-outs of the Neighborhood's set pieces on the kitchen table and say "Let's pretend that [such and such]...", the camera would then zoom in on the cut-outs, which would segue into the Neighborhood segment of the day. I don't remember now how they came out of those segments (so I guess it's just as well I didn't put it in the article). Fitfatfighter 04:04, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Fate of the Froggs???
That's a pretty sparse story about the Froggs. What was the deal? Why were they sent packing at such an early date? I dimly remember seeing them as a kid, and I've always been curious what the story was. From the article, it almost sounds like the switch was somehow directly tied to the switch to color, but that seems very odd. 24.16.111.20 (talk) 11:36, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Suggest merging this to Mister Rogers Neighborhood
None of this article is sourced at all and almost the whole thing is original research. There is absolutely no historical info on this page and no mentions either if this neighborhood has recieved significant coverage. An example is the fact that we have articles on certain places like Busytown for example, because they have been featured in more than just one series (2 shows and in books). That is not like that for the Neighborhood of Make-Believe as it has only been featured in this show and nowhere else, therefore meaning that its role in this series is not enough. However, as some info on this page is already covered in the main series article, I say this should be merged and redirected there. Thoughts? trainfan01 talk 20:12, November 24, 2010 (UTC)

Yes, trainfan01, I second that, but I don't know how to do it. I'd say go ahead! 174.23.159.188 (talk) 12:28, 9 April 2019 (UTC)

No, I don't agree with a merge at all. The whole entity Make Believe is strong enough that it merits its own entry.

Wedding references
I find it somewhat confusing that references to what roles each person played in Betty & James' wedding are sprinkled throughout the article. After all, in over 900 episodes the wedding was not a long-term theme. Perhaps one section could be made called "Betty & James' wedding" and the roles could be moved there. Rain bow Of Light  Talk  00:48, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

Episode numbers
This article mentions episode numbers into the thousands, but according to the main article there were only 895 episodes. Can someone explaining the numbering system? Tad Lincoln (talk) 05:33, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I've seen onscreen episode numbers that were four digits; maybe that's the source of the confusion. Trivialist (talk) 15:07, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

I recommend that you include this, about "Good King Friday XIII"
I recommend that you add that Fred Rogers developed the character of "Good King Friday XIII" to help soothe the fears in some young children, that bad things will happen on a Friday the 13th. I saw Fred Rogers say that, in an interview. Fred Rogers was also a therapist who helped young children deal with anxiety. For example, caused by their parents getting divorced. Or, when the children could not distinguish between fact and fiction, as in horror stories and myths, like Friday the 13th. 68.35.173.107 (talk) 17:07, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, unless we have a verifiable source for this "fact", it can only be taken as your opinion. Until such a source is provided, this should not be added to the article. --Jgstokes (talk) 06:36, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

Unfortunately, I cannot find the video. If I did find the video interview, would that serve as a verifiable source? Videos come and go from YouTube. Perhaps, if I gave the video's date and any info on the producer, TV show, writer, journalist? I always wondered why Mr.Rogers put emphasis on the "GOOD", in "GOOD King Friday, the 13th" 68.35.173.107 (talk) 02:08, 19 December 2016 (UTC)
 * According to the bylaws and policies of Wikipedia, YouTube videos are not a reliable source. For what it's worth, I watched Mister Rogers' show myself for years, and I never heard of this happening. If I had, I watched it frequently enough that I would have remembered something like this. --Jgstokes (talk) 14:16, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

Supposed violations of 3RR on this article
Hello. An anonymous editor identified by only an IP address has attempted numerous times to insert the same ill-advised, inaccurate, improper, and I believe inappropriate terminology and assertions. Those edits were reverted by at least two other editors before I jumped in, and after twice reverting those same changes myself, the editor in question is still attempting to add them without bothering to dialogue about them here on the talk page. I have edited Wikipedia for the better part of the last 12 years, and within that time, when more than one editor has reverted changes to any article by an individual editor, that raises red flags for me. So I wanted to open this topic to give the editor in question a chance to defend those changes, and the repeat insertions of these changes. It seems to me that if I am the third or fourth editor not on board with these changes, that is a clear sign that they should not stand. But I now open this up to the community. The crux of the issue is the implication that the Neighborhood of Make Believe is a separate show from both the Children's Corner and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, and that all three shows were shot in Pittsburgh, which is not correct by any means. Additionally, the context of the changes were neither grammatically or factually sound. See the history of edits on this page for further details. Either way, I think the whole matter, including both the edits and the violation of the 3-revert rule need to be discussed here. Thoughts? --Jgstokes (talk) 10:34, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

Thanks for starting this discussion, since you're the one who wanted it anyway. But you were not the 3rd or 4th editor with this concern, only the 2nd. I did not send in 4+ reverting edits per day, so 3RR was NOT broken. I didn't even send in 3 in the same day's worth of time.

Also, the edits are not inaccurate. I wasn't calling Neighborhood of Make-believe a whole show. When I said "these shows," I was referring to the WHOLE shows it's contained in. Just read the summary. But now that part's gone, due to this:

OK, I checked again and thus have corrected myself in the article. While MisteRogers appears to have been shot in Canada, The Children's Corner and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood were indeed shot in Pittsburgh.

And my sentences are indeed grammatically sound, actually. 174.23.159.188 (talk)

title: Talk:Neighborhood of Make-Believe


text:
Seamus Mallon

Seamus Frederick Mallon (17 August 1936 – 24 January 2020) was an Irish politician who served as deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland from 1998 to 2001 and Deputy Leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) from 1979 to 2001. He also sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1986 to 2005.

Background
Seamus Mallon was born in the largely Protestant village of Markethill to Jane (née O'Flaherty) and Francis Mallon, and was educated at the Abbey Christian Brothers Grammar School in Newry and St Patrick's Grammar School, Armagh. He came from a family of Republicans, and his father was a former IRA man who had fought in the Irish Civil War. His mother, Jane, also from a Republican family, was from Castlefin, a village in the east of County Donegal.

He trained to be a teacher at St Mary's University College, Belfast. As a career he (like his father) chose teaching, and became headmaster of St James's Primary School in Markethill. Mallon was also involved in the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), playing Gaelic football for the Armagh county team. He first played club football for Middletown during the 1950s then with Keady Dwyers, Queen's University and Crossmaglen Rangers.

He was also involved in amateur drama and wrote a play which won an All-Ireland amateur drama play award.

Introduction to politics
During the 1960s, Mallon was involved in the civil rights movement, especially in his native County Armagh. He first got involved in the 1960s when trying to help a man and his family secure a council house, but was told by a local unionist councillor that "No Catholic pig or his litter will get a house here as long as I am here."

In 1979, when John Hume went from being deputy leader of the SDLP (under Gerry Fitt) to leader, Mallon became deputy leader. He was elected to the first power-sharing Assembly in 1973, and to the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention in 1975 representing Armagh. Between May and December 1982 he was appointed by the then Taoiseach Charles Haughey to the Republic's upper house, Seanad Éireann.

Mallon was a strong advocate of non-violent nationalism, and opposed political violence. In an interview with Eilis O'Hanlon he recalled seeing his own close friend's dead body after being murdered by loyalists and having witnessed two RUC members bleeding to death after being murdered in an IRA ambush in Markethill.

1982 Assembly and Westminster
In 1982, Mallon was elected to the new Northern Ireland Assembly, set up as part of then-Secretary of State for Northern Ireland James Prior's rolling devolution. However, due to his membership of the Seanad he was, following a challenge by Unionist politicians, disqualified. Under legislation of the time, no elected member of a British parliament or regional assembly could serve in a parliament outside the United Kingdom or Commonwealth without losing their British seat. That restriction was removed with regard to the Oireachtas by the Disqualifications Act 2000.

In 1986, he was elected to Westminster as an MP for Newry and Armagh, a seat he held until 2005. In a 1993 parliamentary debate on anti-terrorism legislation Mallon addressed the ineffectiveness of these types of legislation: "From the very day and hour that the state was formed it has been sustained by draconian emergency legislation, military might, soldiers, not one police service but on certain occasions two and on others three, and by the inpouring of billions of pounds--according to the Secretary of State, £3.5 billion last year. There is a fundamental question to be asked outside of the legalities of the emergency provisions legislation, of the statistics and of the emotions that it engenders. Where a state or a statelet is formed with the weight of the British Government behind it in military and financial terms and in terms of the emergency provisions legislation, the Prevention of Terrorism Acts and the Special Powers Act and still the problem remains, is there not a fundamental question to ask? Is it not even more fundamental to ask why, after 72 years, all those measures have never brought peace, stability or unity of purpose to the north of Ireland?"

Mallon won the seat in a by-election to replace Jim Nicholson, who had resigned his seat in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement, along with all the other Northern Irish unionist MPs. Nicholson was the only MP to fail to be re-elected.

Peace process and 1998 Assembly
Mallon was elected to the Forum for Peace and Reconciliation in 1994. He was a member of the SDLP team at the all-party negotiations (the 'Stormont talks') that opened in Belfast in June 1996. He has frequently been quoted as saying that the Good Friday Agreement, which resulted from the talks in 1998, was "Sunningdale for slow learners". The Good Friday Agreement led to the setting up of the Northern Ireland Assembly, which was elected in June 1998, with a power-sharing Executive. Mallon was elected as member for Newry and Armagh, and in December 1999 became Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, serving alongside Ulster Unionist Party leader David Trimble.

Mallon remained a strong opponent of IRA violence, and was also in favour of police reform in Northern Ireland.

Retirement
He retired in 2001, along with John Hume, from the leadership of the SDLP. Mark Durkan replaced both, Hume as leader and Mallon as Deputy First Minister, when the Northern Ireland Executive was re-established following a suspension.

Mallon did not contest his seat in the Stormont Assembly in the 2003 elections, and stood down at the 2005 Westminster election. Dominic Bradley was nominated to contest the seat Mallon vacated, but failed to re-capture the seat as Conor Murphy of Sinn Féin won.

Mallon was conferred with the Freedom of Drogheda in 2018.

His autobiography, A Shared Home Place, written with Andy Pollak, was published in 2019.

In retirement, Mallon spent much of his time in County Donegal, his mother's native county.

Personal life
During his time in politics, Mallon lived in his hometown of Markethill, in a house with bulletproof windows installed.

He was a lifelong smoker and drinker who suffered from heart problems throughout his life, having his first heart attack in 1980.

His wife Gertrude (née Cush) died in October 2016. Their daughter Órla is married with one child.

Mallon had retired to his second home in County Donegal for a while, but when his wife's health began to fail he moved back to Markethill to care for her, and continued to live in Markethill after her death.

Mallon died at his home in Markethill on 24 January 2020, aged 83. He had been treated for cancer before his death. SDLP Stormont leader, Nichola Mallon (no relation) paid tribute to Seamus Mallon in the Assembly; describing him as "a man of peace" and "an Irish political giant". Many world leaders paid tribute to Mallon after his death. Former US president Bill Clinton paid tribute by saying "Seamus never wavered from his vision for a shared future where neighbors of all faiths could live in dignity, or from the belief he shared with John Hume and the entire SDLP that nonviolence was the only way to reach that goal."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Seamus Mallon


text:
Talk:Transgenic plant

Interspecific hybridization is not transgenesis
The article gives the following examples that are not the result of transgenesis but of interspecific hybridization. Please, reger to any book of plant brreding! --190.11.137.122 (talk) 02:46, 10 October 2008 (UTC).

Transgenic resistance traits in bread wheat varieties

Triticale?
Should Triticale also be included within this article? It is the only "man-made" crop out there. By crossing wheat and rye, a new species was created with the some of the agronomic characteristics of wheat with drought and disease resistances present within rye. It also has greater yield potential then both of its parent species. A successful mixture of these genetics without the use of advanced techniques I believe is of significant merit to add. May I add this or should it be contained within a different article? (Psychro 06:08, 28 February 2007 (UTC))

Italian text moved from article:
Introduzione

La manipolazione genetica dei vegetali è praticata con successo da centinaia d'anni. Gli agronomi hanno sviluppato eleganti schemi d'incroci fra piante per introdurre e mantenere dei caratteri desiderati. Tuttavia, i metodi classici sono lenti ed incerti, richiedono un incrocio sessuale seguito da ripetuti reincroci tra progenie e progenitori e trasferiscono anche caratteri non voluti. Lo sviluppo delle scienze dà all'uomo un'arma in più contro la selezione naturale, permettendogli di fare quello che faceva una volta ma con cognizione di causa. Sono molte le tecniche che oggi si usano per ottenere un grande numero di piante a partire da una con particolari caratteristiche. Proprio queste caratteristiche, insieme alla velocità di propagazione delle piante, sono lo scopo delle moderne biotecnologie; fra le più ovvie troviamo: son todo come pijas putos 1. Tolleranza a stress atmosferici: * Temperature estreme; * Salinità: * Siccità e inondazioni; 2. Resistenza a virus, funghi e batteri; 3. Aumento qualità e quantità del raccolto; 4. Tolleranza ad erbicidi; 5. Resistenza agli insetti;

La lista è largamente incompleta, anche perche non è ancor del tutto conosciuta; Per inquadrare meglio l'argomento possiamo dire che gli incroci convenzionali chiamano in causa l'organismo intero, le tecniche di propagazione clonale si rivolgono alle cellule, l'ingegneria genetica manipola la molecola di DNA.

I've cleaned up a google translation with the aid of an Italian-English dictionary.

The genetic manipulation of vegetables has been practiced for hundred of years. Farmers have developed elegant methods of making crossings between plants in order to introduce and maintain desired characteristics. However, the classical methods are slow and uncertain, they demand repeated cross plantings between progeny and progenitor, and also transfer unintented characteristics.

The development of science aids man against natural selection, making it possible to make what it made once but with greater cognition. The techniques are many that today are used in order to obtain a great number of plants beginning from one with particular characteristics. Just these characteristics, with to the speed of propagation of the plants, are the scope of the modern biotechnologies; the most desired characteristics being:

 * 1) Tolerance to atmospheric stresses:
 * Extreme temperatures
 * Salinità:
 * Siccità and floodings;

 * 1) Resistance to virus, fungi and bacteria
 * 2) Increase quality and yield of the harvest;
 * 3) Tolerance to herbicides
 * 4) Resistance to insects

The list is incomplete. In order to frame the argument better we can say that the conventional crossings call in cause the entire organism, the techniques of clone propagation address to the cells, genetic engineering manipulates the DNA molecule.

It still needs work though, it doesn't read well, it needs the eye of someone who knows the subject, and I couldn't find a translation for some of the words. -- Jim Regan 21:59 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-

I offered the link to the italian wikipedia

Honestly, I can't understand why - in the spirit of international cooperation - the first move in front of an article in italian language is to delete it, then second move to translate it, without even thinking of telling the italian wikipedia of this article.

 * Anthere, please note that I did not delete the text but rather put it on this talk page asking if somebody would translate it. I just wasn't sure what else to with it. I don't speak enough Italian to put it under a sensible title on the Italian wikipedia, and I did not want to leave it here as there is a tendency among some Wikipedians to put non-English pieces of text on the Votes for deletion. I tend to move things to talk so they can be translated without triggering any "This is the English Wikipedia" reflex. But it would probably be more polite to offer such texts to the appropriate non-English wikipedia, perhaps on their Village pump? Should we make this a policy? And by the way, should we make a list of multilingual Wikipedians who are willing and able to translate things? Respectfully, Kosebamse 21:06 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I thought about it, and went looking around the Italian wikipedia, but I was unable to do it, as I don't speak Italian; all I could do was leave a note on the Talk page of the anonymous user who started the article (the person had made edits to at least one other article, so I presumed they would have understood). I have been keeping an eye on this, though, and thought everything was sorted out after seeing the Italian link. -- Jim Regan 09:39 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * oh, that is really great then :-) I could find no trace of this on the initial contributor page since anonymous, nor on this discussion page. But I saw yesterday the article existed on the italian wikipedia now. Thanks a *lot* for doing this. I will try to help a bit to fix this one in terms of vocabulary if I can. Anthère

 * I spotted the thread on the mailing list, and had a mail drafted before the gremlins attacked :(
 * I am a gremlin ? well, why not :-) ant
 * To cut and paste:
 * There have been some attempts to clean up the translation, and the article looks to have promise as an English language article when done. I intended to do some more basic cleaning up of the text, but work intruded; I should be able to get back to it later today. I'll drop you a note when I've done what I can, maybe you can give it the finishing touches?
 * ok ant
 * So you've already answered my question :) What are the names of the articles it's been split into? I can't speak or read Italian, but I can figure out from the history which parts split where. Or maybe that's best left till the article looks more like English? -- Jim Regan

 * Think the article was already on the italian wikipædia all along, but the valid link to it was changed to a link to a different article, which didn't exist (but does now), for some reason. Don't know what happened to the full length article in italian, doesn't seem to be there where it was before. كسيپ Cyp 09:55 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * On the mailing list Anthere said that it was split into three articles. --Jim Regan

 * http://it.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?Piante_transgeniche
 * http://it.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?Piante_Transgeniche/Propagazione_Clonale
 * http://it.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?Piante_Transgeniche/Dna_Ricombinante

 * date coming after this article. I hope they go phase III soon...Anthère

 * Oh wow, this article is wrecking my head. I'm going to have to leave this to someone who knows the subject; I didn't take biology in school, I only have the bare basics of understanding of this subject from a drunken conversation in 2000 with a guy who was introduced to me as Ireland's leading authority on GM food, and I'm afraid very little of it sunk in :) -- Jim Regan 22:49 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Just read the Wikien-l-archive-thingy, and thought I'd mention that my computer-translation was by a translation program I have, not by google. (Which means the translation should be better quality, than it actually is...) And, to clarify a bit, I copied the text I* translated, from the Italian Wikipædia, the text that was pasted here in italian was much shorter, just the beginning of what I* translated from the Italian Wikipædia. (Not that any of this is relevant now, just felt like mentioning it.) (* My computer, actually, just somehow sounded odd to write that.) כסיף Cyp 20:40 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Your software must use the same engine (Systrans) as Google (and Babelfish), as the translations are identical. -- Jim Regan 21:08 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It (L&H-Power-something) is not the same as the one at http://translate.google.com/translate_t, at least, since although it makes mistakes the same places, they are slightly different mistakes. (I added all the square brackets around untranslated words, since it seemed impossible to copy/paste the colour of the words from the translation. (After translation, the untranslated words appear in red.)) כסיף Cyp 21:23 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I'll try to put that italian/english mixture in french/english mixture this we, and then I suggest you put everything in good english behind me. :-) Anthère

 * Do, I can still manage to read some French, and at the least I can figure out the root word, so online dictionaries might be useful to me! -- Jim Regan 17:26 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi, i'm the author of the article. Sorry for the lag, i'm pretty busy... Is there any problems with translations? 16 Sett 2003 Ferdinando Pucci

Hi, i've tried out some translations, hoping that others will continue my work :-) have to run away now, bye! Ferdinando Pucci

 * oh ! I totally forgot about that article. Ferdinando, it should not be called transgenic plant, because quite a bit of the article is not about transgenism but very classical plant improvement. Either the article should be renamed, or some of the content should be moved under another title. What do you think ? Anthère

Units
I changed the units from km^2 back to hectares because hectares are the SI unit for land, particularly agricultural land. Also, this is a cited reference, so I did not want to change the source's units. Mmolander 05:42, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rewrite
I think that the majority of this article should be moved to Ecological impact of transgenic plants (especailly since that part of the article largely amounts to a research essay) and that the page should further discuss the creation and implementation (including saftey testing for release) of transgenic plants in the lab and the field. I will go ahead with a rewrite in a few days unless I recieve strong objections. --nixie 04:54, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

More General Discussion
I think it might make sense for there to be an actual agricultural biotechnology page. Transgenic plants are not the be-all and end-all of agricultural biotechnology, I'm sure. FunnyYetTasty 11:00, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move debate was move. --Muchness 01:13, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Transgenic plants → Transgenic plant – Requesting a move to the singular form per WP:NAME. Muchness 00:26, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

Discussion
Add any additional comments

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. Vegaswikian 22:38, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Additional comments
Oppose Detribe 13:31, 26 August 2006 (UTC) Change is trivial and does not improve clarity

Definition of transgenic
The Flavr Savr is discussed as being a transgenic plant, but in reality it isn't. This is becuase it does not contain genes from two different species. It has an antisense gene added. By the definition of transgenic given in teh first sentence of this article, it should not be discussed as a transgenic plant. I'll probably fix that in a few days. (Also, why all the italian on this page?) --Rajah 04:09, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Term "transgenic" not used in conventional hybrid breeding
This article was the first time I ever read the term "transgenic" in context with conventional hybrid breeding. I looked for the term in several encyclopaediae, asked several plant breeders and yet no source was able to confirm the use of "transgenic" in any other context than recombination by genetic engineering. I will delete/replace this aspect if nobody will give a reference verifying the use in hybrid breeding, as I plan to add a paragraph on coexistence between transgenic and conventional plants in agriculture anyway.

Balohmann 09:18, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Ecological risks
http://www.france24.com/en/20090418-superweed-explosion-threatens-monsanto-heartlands-genetically-modified-US-crops

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:10, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transgenic plant


text:
Boil (disambiguation)

A boil is a localized accumulation of pus in the skin, resulting from infection of the hair follicle.

Boil or The Boil or The Boils may also refer to:

Music

 * Boil (album), a 1996 album by Foetus
 * The Boils, an American band

Places

 * Boil, Bulgaria
 * The Boil, a snow eminence on Reeves Neve, Victoria Land, New Zealand

Other uses

 * Boiling, bringing a liquid to its boiling point
 * Shuizhu, a Sichuan Chinese dish also known as "water cooked" or "boil cuisine"

title: Boil (disambiguation)


text:
Fry

Fry, fries, Fry's or frying may refer to:

Food and cooking

 * Frying, the cooking of food in hot oil or fat
 * French fries, deep-fried potato strips
 * Frying pan, cookware for frying

People

 * Fry (surname), a British family name (including a list of people and fictional characters so named)
 * Philip J. Fry, fictional protagonist of animated sitcom Futurama

Businesses and organizations

 * Fry (racing team), a British Formula Two constructor
 * Fry Art Gallery, Saffron Walden, Essex, England
 * Fry Group Foods, a South African/Australian manufacturer of vegan meat analogues
 * Fry's Electronics, a defunct American retailer
 * Fry's Food and Drug, a chain of American supermarkets in Arizona
 * J. S. Fry & Sons, a defunct British chocolate manufacturer

Science

 * Fry (biology), a juvenile stage of aquatic animals
 * Glottal or vocal fry, in phonetics, a low, croaky register of voicing
 * West Frisian language, spoken in the Netherlands (ISO 639 code: )

Antarctica

 * Fry Glacier, Victoria Land
 * Fry Peak, Palmer Land

Europe

 * Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006)
 * Fry, Seine-Maritime, a commune in France
 * Fri, Kasos

North America

 * Fry, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * Fry's, Saskatchewan, a former locality in Canada
 * Fry Mountains, a mountain range in California, U.S.

Other uses

 * 5190 Fry, an asteroid
 * Execution by electrocution (colloquially to fry)

title: Fry


text:
Talk:Wikiquote

Quote Logos
Is the article right it saying the second logo was only used for a day?

BM Life Tales —&;Preceding unsigned comment added by   (talk • Contributions/ ) 05:21, 7 August 2023 (UTC) <! by SineBot-->

Domain registration
Anybody want to go ahead and reserve http://wikiquote.org and http://wikiquote.com for the Wikimedia Foundation? I would but my partner won't let me buy any more URLs for Wikimedia. --mav 21:31 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Nevermind. Jimbo just bought both of the domains. --mav

Meta
I moved this to the Wikipedia: namespace following our general policy that just because you have a website, doesn't mean we have to have an article on your website. That's why goatse.cx was moved to shock site, why we weren't going to keep yoism just because it had a website, and why lots of articles on obscure websites have been deleted.

Consider that Wikipedia has had press coverage - wikiquote has not. Consider the google test - google:wikiquote -wikipedia: 2 hits, which turn out not to be talking about the wikiquote site.

It can be moved back if/when it becomes famous. Martin 23:19, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is officially part of the Wikimedia foundation and thus automatically inherits fame, reputation and verifiability from it. It could be integrated into the Wikimedia article for lack of content, but I see no good reason to move it into the meta namespace.—Eloquence 00:34, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * I must say, this page is rather stubly (still); do you think we should merge it into Wikimedia or somewhere, unless/until there's more to say? - IMSoP 19:57, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Removing quotes from Wikipedia?
Hi, one thing is not yet clear to me: Is Wikipedia about to loose it's quotations? Do we just COPY or do we MOVE the existing quotes? Fantasy 13:31, 21 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I would suggest to copy them, unless there are many in one article. - Patrick 11:51, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * You don't want to remove a single defining quote of a person from their Wikipedia article. At the same time, we want to avoid duplication between Wikiquote and Wikipedia if we can. How about for each article we copy all the quotes to Wikiquote, and then possibly leave one or two quotes on Wikipedia? Also, what do we do with pages that are all quotes, such as the proverb pages? Do we just move them all to Wikiquote, and leave links on the Proverb page itself to them? (And a single External link on each of the individual proverb pages as a kind of redirect?) Nanobug 12:29, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * In answer to part of the question, I think for most articles (i.e. people, books, movies, plays, tv) then all the quotes should be put on wikiquote, with no more than three remaining on wikipedia, and links between the two pages. Which reminds me, there is no way to interlink with wikiquote yet. - fagan

My question even goes in two directions: Do we copy then the Wikiquote-Articles into Wikipedia as well? Fantasy 12:26, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * What Wikiquote articles? Or do you mean all of them? (i.e. close down Wikiquote altogether and merge it into Wikipedia) Nanobug 12:29, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * No, just, if you add quotes to Wikiquote, you can add the quote to Wikipedia as well. I would expect in Wikipedia at least one famous quote of famous people, not all of them (they can be in Wikiquote), but some. I think, in the end Wikipedia will contain an extract (the best of) Wikiquote. Fantasy 21:48, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Where is Wikiquote?
I have not been able to load up Wikiquote for almost a month now. Is it defunct? 68.11.112.42 03:06, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Course not, it's up at quote.wikipedia.org or wikiquote.org or whatever you like. (user info would go here if i rememberd how to do it)

Just click the link. Cheers, Basketball  110   vandalise me  16:08, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Korean Wikiquote
It says that Korean Wikiquote should have a URL of http://kr.wikiquote.org however, it seems like Wiki has reserved that area for Kanuri language? KR is official postfix (is that what you call it?) for South Korea. But Kanuri? just wondering. and where is Korean one then?

WJK

 * Is this it? --OGoncho 30 June 2005 07:28 (UTC)

== Date founded? When was the project first set up? MessedRocker 00:28, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * KR is the country code for South Korea. However, it is not the language code for Korean. The language code for Korean is ko, and the language code for Kanuri is kr. So that is why it https://kr.wikiquote.org is the Kanuri Wikiquote, which was closed (see here.) 54nd60x (talk) 02:55, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

Quotes
Quotes redirects here. I was trying to find a section in WP:MOS about when the use of quotation is allowed on Wikipedia, but failed. Do we have such a guideline? If so Wikipedia:Quotes should be a redirect.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 01:41, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Updated statistics
I've updated the statistics mentioned in the text, based on each project's article count on its main page, or (where that is not provided in Arabic numerals) a count of pages in its main article space. (I only counted the projects currently listed here.) As of about 30 minutes ago, this yielded: (The French project's count is not listed, as it is suspended, but it had over 2,000 articles before, so it's still in the top 7, assuming it gets reactivated.) The numbers may be slightly off, but they should be fairly close. Please feel free to correct my update if my methodology isn't adequate. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 17:13, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Reliable sources for this article
W.marsh tagged this article as unreferenced, which is true, but it raises an interesting question: what constitutes a proper source for an article on Wikiquote? Although websites can serve as a source for their own existence and arguably even for some information on themselves, our policy is not to use wikis in general as a source. If we extract information from the historical data through MediaWiki means, or use the Internet Archive for old information, are we not committing original research? If we have no reliable sources for this information, does that justify deleting the article? Methinks we need to figure out how to adequately source whatever we put in here. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 00:22, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, I just put the tag up, I might google around later, but unless someone can find something to verify stuff it should probably be trimmed significantly. Milto LOL pia 19:14, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Deletion
Maybe AfD would be suited here, considering it's entirely self-referential and has zero sources. Milto LOL pia 10:19, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Sunshine
I have seen the quote “Sunshine is the best disinfectant.” Attributed to him, but don’t see in here. Can anyone confirm this quite is by Brandeis? --Lbeaumont (talk) 15:48, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The attribution is incorrect. He merely repeated a preexisting aphorism. See Louis Brandeis at Wikiquote: "Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants..." ~ Ningauble (talk) 13:33, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Disband
On Wikiquote it says that they are going to disband it. Are they really going to do this? Evil Wendy  Man  00:41, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Very much doubt it. See e.g. On disbanding Wikiquote. Richard001 (talk) 04:22, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Attribution
I appended "with appropriate attribution" in the introduction at "to give details about them". I think that this is a very important feature of WikiQuotes. I am weary of so many commercial sites that do not give the original source, then misquote outright or attenuate part of the quote that is otherwise widely recognized. A proper citation for a quotation allows the readers to confirm its authenticity if they wish to do so and provide further insight into the authors. Tachyon 16:01, 12 December 2010 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Janopus (talk • contribs) 16:01, 12 December 2010
 * Although Wikiquote did not originally make a big deal about reliable citations, it has become a major focus in the past couple years. There is still a ways to go before legacy un-sourced attributions on the site are cleaned up. I know many journalists and other authors already use Wikiquote as a resource for accurately cited quotes, and for debunking widespread misquotes and misattributions. I am just waiting for some of them to write about it more extensively than the occasional acknowledgement, so that we can add an independently sourced paragraph about it here. ~ Ningauble (talk) 17:46, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

update
updated long back. please update--Dvellakat (talk) 09:50, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Samoan proverbs which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:03, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * @: you have been caught up in and are propogating a seemingly crazy move page discussion when the intention was to get content moved to the Wikiquote Wiki. Djm-leighpark (talk) 07:27, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

Wikiquote. Table content pages without wikilinks. 28.10.2023
For work. Hello. It is important to make internal links in articles, otherwise they will not be counted in the official number of articles. There are especially many such articles in the Polish, French, Serbian, Bulgarian, Igbo, Tagalog, Sanskrit, Thai, Central Bikol sections.--Сергій Липко (talk) 15:37, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wikiquote


text:
Fried

Fried may refer to:
 * Fried (surname)
 * Frying
 * Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, a law firm
 * Fried (2002 TV series), a British TV series
 * Fried (2015 TV series), a TV series aired on BBC Three
 * Fried's rule

Music

 * Fried (album), a 1984 album by Julian Cope
 * Fried (band), a band made up of U.S. soul singer Jonte Short and ex-The Beat and Fine Young Cannibals guitarist David Steele
 * "Fried", a song by E-40 from his 2011 album, Revenue Retrievin': Graveyard Shift
 * "Fried (She a Vibe)", a song by Future and Metro Boomin from their 2024 album, We Don't Trust You

title: Fried


text:
Israel (disambiguation)

Israel is a country in Western Asia.

Israel may also refer to:

Places

 * Land of Israel, the traditional Jewish name for the geographical region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River
 * The Holy Land, a common appellation for roughly the same region due to its theological importance to several Abrahamic religions
 * The Promised Land, the land in the southern Levant that was promised by God to Abraham and his descendants (the Hebrews/Israelites) in Judaism and Christianity
 * Judea/Judaea, occasionally referred to as Israel, as it is known in the Bible in Maccabees, the Gospels, and Acts

Polities

 * Kingdom of Israel (disambiguation)
 * Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) (c. 1047 BCE–930 BCE), the first Israelite kingdom which united the Twelve Tribes of Israel under a single monarch
 * Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) (c. 930 BCE–720 BCE), the northern Israelite kingdom established after the breakup of the United Monarchy
 * Kingdom of Judah (c. 930 BCE–586 BCE), the southern Israelite kingdom established after the breakup of the United Monarchy

People

 * Israelis, the citizens and nationals of the State of Israel
 * Israel (name), a biblical given name and family name
 * Jacob, a biblical patriarch who was later given the name of Israel
 * Twelve Tribes of Israel, individual tribes descended from the 12 sons of Jacob in the Hebrew Bible
 * Israelites, the confederated Twelve Tribes of Israel during the Iron Age
 * Jews, an ethnoreligious group originating from the ancient Hebrews/Israelites
 * Samaritans, an ethnoreligious group originating from the ancient Hebrews/Israelites

Music

 * Israel (album), a 1968 studio album by American musicians Kai Winding and J. J. Johnson
 * "Israel" (Bee Gees song), a 1972 single by the British music group Bee Gees
 * "Israel" (composition), a 1949 composition by American musician John Carisi
 * "Israel" (Siouxsie and the Banshees song), a 1980 single by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees
 * "Israel", a song by Irving Berlin
 * "Israel", a song by British singer Morrissey from his 2017 album Low in High School
 * Israel Vibration, a Jamaican reggae group

title: Israel (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Project Management Body of Knowledge

dead hyperlink
not sure what the protocol is but do we remove dead hyperlinks OR leave them there as a prompt for someone to look for it if is is of interest and has been moved?

dead links in External Links:

PMBOK Summarized - A remarkbly concise guide to the PMBOK (PDF)
 * US DoD extension to PMBOK Guide (PDF)

Pianarosa (talk) 20:03, 5 January 2023 (UTC)


text:
Washington, Tyne and Wear

Washington is a town in the City of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. Historically part of County Durham, it is the ancestral settlement of the local Washington family, from which the first President of the United States George Washington descended.

It is located between Chester-le-Street, Gateshead and South Tyneside. Washington was designated a new town in 1964. It became part of Tyne and Wear in 1974. The town has expanded dramatically since its designation; new villages were created and areas were reassigned from Chester-le-Street, to offer housing and employment to those moving from adjoining areas and further afield. At the 2011 census, Washington had a population of 67,085, compared to 53,388 in 2001.

Toponymy
Early references appear around 1096 in Old English as Wasindone. The etymological origin is disputed and there are several proposed theories for how the name "Washington" came about. Early interpretations included Wasindone (people of the hill by the stream, 1096), or Wassyngtona (settlement of Wassa's people, 1183).

Hwæsa
The origins of the name Washington are not fully known. The most supported theory (especially amongst local historians) is that Washington is derived from Anglo-Saxon Hwæsingatūn, which roughly means "estate of the descendants (family) of Hwæsa". Hwæsa (usually rendered Wassa or Wossa in modern English) is an Old English name meaning "wheat sheaf".

Due to the evolution of English grammar, modern English lacks the Germanic grammatical features that permeated Anglo-Saxon English. This causes confusion for many in regard to the name Hwæsingatūn. It is essentially composed of three main (albeit grammatically altered) elements:
 * "Hwæsa" – most likely the name of a local Anglo-Saxon chieftain or farmer.
 * "ing" – a Germanic component that has lost its original context in English: ing means roughly "[derived] of/from". In the name Hwæsingatūn, "ing" is conjugated to "inga" in accordance with the genitive plural declension of OE.
 * "tūn" – root of the modern English "town", and is a cognate of German Zaun (fence), Dutch tuin (garden) and Icelandic tún (paddock). The word means "fenced off estate" or more accurately "estate with defined boundaries".

The combined elements (with all correct conjugations in place) therefore create the name Hwæsingatūn with a full and technical meaning of "the estate of the descendants of Hwæsa".

However, there has been no evidence found of any chieftain/land owner/farmer in the area by the name of Hwæsa, although any such records from the time would likely have been long lost by now.

Washing
Another of the popular origin theories is that Washington is in fact derived from the Old English verb wascan and the noun dūn meaning "hill"; thus making the name Wascandūn, meaning "washing hill". This theory likely originates from the proximity of the river Wear to the actual Anglo-Saxon hall at the time (most likely where Washington Old Hall stands today).

This idea is not backed by linguistic evidence. Combining the two Old English words "wascan" and "dūn" would actually have meant "washed hill" and not "washing hill". Also, the Old English "dūn" meant a range of gently rolling hills, as evidenced by the naming of the North and South Downs in southern England.

Old Hall
The Old Hall may have been built by William de Hertburn, who moved to the area in 1183. As was the custom, he took the name of his new estates (Wessyngtonlands), and became William de Wessyngton. By 1539, when the family moved to Sulgrave Manor in Northamptonshire, the spelling "Washington" had been adopted.

The present Hall is an early 17th-century small English manor house of sandstone. Only the foundations and the arches between the Kitchen and the Great Hall remain of the original house.

George Washington connection

William de Wessyngton (originally William Bayard, later de Hertburne) was a forebear of George Washington, the first president of the United States, after whom the US capital, a state and many other places in the United States are named. Though George Washington's great-grandfather John Washington left for Virginia from Northamptonshire in the East Midlands region of England, Washington Old Hall was the family home of George Washington's ancestors. The present structure incorporates small parts of the medieval home in which they lived. American Independence Day is marked each year by a ceremony at Washington Old Hall.

Dame Margaret's Hall
Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell and his wife Margaret, grandparents of Gertrude Bell, lived in Washington New Hall on The Avenue. After Margaret's death in 1871, Sir Isaac set up an orphanage in the house, named Dame Margaret Home in his late wife's honour. It later became a Dr Barnardo's home until World War II. After the war, it was taken over by the National Coal Board as a training centre, and then a children's home again. It is now a number of private apartments.

Building the New Town
Washington's design was developed through the New Towns concept aiming to achieve sustainable socio-economic growth. The new town is divided into 18 residential "villages". It was originally also divided into the 15 numbered districts, which confused many visitors to the area. The numbered districts were abolished in 1983 though survived for a while on road signs and in postal addresses.

Land in the south west of the area designated for the town was purchased from the Lambton family, the Earls of Durham. Their estate of the same name includes their ancestral home, Lambton Castle. In 1970, Washington hosted the English Schools Athletic Association (ESAA) annual National Championships, attended by the then Lord Lieutenant of County Durham. On 15 November 1977, the very first SavaCentre hypermarket (a Sainsbury's and British Home Stores joint venture) opened at The Galleries. By 2005, however, it had been rebranded as a traditional Sainsbury's as the SavaCentre brand was phased out.

Geography
The town is made up of villages and includes the five ancient townships of Washington. Its villages are:
 * Albany
 * Ayton
 * Barmston (an ancient township)
 * Biddick (previously North Biddick, an ancient township)
 * Blackfell
 * Columbia (previously Washington Station)
 * Concord (previously New Washington and Little Usworth)
 * Donwell
 * Fatfield
 * Glebe
 * Harraton
 * Lambton
 * Mount Pleasant (which is south of the River Wear and shares the DH4 Postcode with Houghton le Spring)
 * Oxclose
 * Rickleton
 * Sulgrave
 * Usworth (previously Great or High Usworth, an ancient township)
 * Washington Village (the original township and location of the Old Hall).

The town also has ten industrial estates, some of which are named after famous northern engineers, such as Parsons, Armstrong, Stephenson, Phineas Crowther, Pattinson, Swan and Emerson.

Community and culture
The has a Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust nature reserve and The Washington 'F' Pit mining museum. The Washington Arts Centre is a converted farm building. The Centre includes an exhibition gallery, community theatre, artist studios and a recording studio. The North East Land, Sea and Air Museums is just north of the old RAF Usworth base. The Nissan plant takes up much of the rest. The municipal airport previously run from the site was closed in 1984 to make way for the Nissan plant.

Industry
Historically, Washington was heavily involved in the coal industry with a number of pits. One of these in the Albany district of Washington is preserved as the 'F' Pit Museum (Washington colliery shafts alphabetically A to I e.g. the 'F' Pit). A number of the old communities of Washington grew up around the pits (e.g. Little Usworth grew up around the Usworth Colliery before being renamed Sulgrave. In support of the mines, there was a series of wagonways and later railway lines to transport the coal. The wagonways took coal to Staithes on the River Wear, where it could be loaded onto barges to be taken to the seagoing vessels at Sunderland.

Washington was also involved in the chemical industry and the Washington Chemical Works was a major employer in the 19th century. This later became the Cape/Newalls Works, which produced insulation. The Pattinson Town area of Washington grew up around the chemical works. This area is now the Pattinson South industrial estate and the Teal Farm housing estate.

Currently, Washington's main industries include electronics, car assembly, chemicals, electrical goods and government offices at the Town Centre and beside the Wetlands Centre. The Nissan automotive plant is the largest car assembler in Britain and the largest private-sector employer in the City of Sunderland.

Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, the American tyre production giant, opened a new factory in Washington in 1968, which later became Dunlop and Sumitomo Tyres. However, it closed on 5 July 2006 with the loss of 585 jobs. The site is now occupied by Rolls-Royce Holdings making aero engine blades, and British Aerospace.

Education
There are several primary, secondary schools and colleges in the villages of Washington.

Primary schools

 * Albany Village Primary
 * Barmston Village Primary
 * Biddick Primary School
 * Columbia Grange School
 * Fatfield Primary School
 * George Washington School (formerly High Usworth)
 * Holley Park Primary School
 * John F. Kennedy Primary School
 * Lambton Primary School
 * Oxclose Primary
 * Rickleton Primary School
 * St Bedes Primary School
 * St John Boste RC Primary School
 * St Joseph's Roman Catholic Primary School
 * Usworth Colliery
 * Marlborough Park
 * Wessington Primary – (formerly Glebe Primary)
 * Hill Rise (Washington Village) Primary School – (closed)

Secondary schools

 * Biddick Academy
 * Oxclose Community Academy
 * St Robert of Newminster Catholic School
 * Washington Academy

Colleges

 * St Robert of Newminster Sixth Form
 * City of Sunderland College Usworth

Other
The North East of England Japanese Saturday School (北東イングランド補習授業校 Hokutō Ingurando Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a Japanese weekend supplementary school, held its classes in the Oxclose Community School in Oxclose.

Sport
Washington F.C. is a club based in the Northern League Division Two which is the tenth level of the English game.

In 2005, Washington R.F.C was established. The club currently plays in Durham and Northumberland Division 3.

Politics
Washington is part of the Washington and Sunderland West parliamentary constituency and is represented in the House of Commons by Sharon Hodgson of the Labour Party.

Transport
There is a major bus station situated at The Galleries, and another at Concord in the north of Washington. The primary provider of transport (buses) in the area is Go North East, with local services as well as connections to Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, and many other towns and cities in the region.

Major roads run through Washington: the A182, the A1231 (Sunderland Highway) and the A195 all connect to the A1(M) motorway (which acts as the western boundary of Washington proper) or its feeder, the A194. Washington Services is situated between Junctions 64 and 65 of the A1(M), and incorporates a Travelodge.

The town's Washington closed to passengers in the 1960s due to the Beeching cuts and to freight in 1991. The now overgrown site is on the disused Leamside Line which connected Durham and Sunderland via the town to Newcastle. The line was lifted and mothballed by Network Rail and partly is in use as an unmarked footpath. In June 2009, the Association of Train Operating Companies called for a scheme funding the reopening of 33 stations (including the town's station) on 14 lines closed by the Beeching Axe and seven new-build parkway stations. The first stage of a business case was published in 2022, this involved extending the Tyne and Wear Metro to Washington if Government funding was secured.

Notable people

 * Gertrude Bell was born at Washington Hall.
 * The musician Bryan Ferry (of Roxy Music fame) comes from Washington and attended Washington Grammar School (now Washington Academy).
 * Heather Mills, notable for marrying Paul McCartney, attended Usworth Grange Primary School and Usworth Comprehensive School.
 * The musician Toni Halliday from the band Curve went to Washington School (Comprehensive).
 * Leeds United and England footballer Billy Furness was born in Washington and started his football career playing for Usworth Colliery
 * Sunderland, Everton and England goalkeeper Jordan Pickford was brought up in Washington.
 * George Clarke - architect, television presenter, lecturer and writer was born in Sunderland and brought up in Washington.

title: Washington, Tyne and Wear


text:
Marnie (film)

Marnie is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock from a screenplay by Jay Presson Allen, based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Winston Graham. The film stars Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery.

Marnie became a milestone for several reasons. It was the last time a "Hitchcock blonde" would have a central role in one of his films. It also marked the end of Hitchcock's collaborations with cinematographer Robert Burks, who died in 1968; editor George Tomasini, who died soon after Marnie release; and composer Bernard Herrmann, who was fired during Hitchcock's next film, Torn Curtain (1966), when Hitchcock and Universal studio executives wanted a pop-and-jazz-influenced score for the film.

Plot
Margaret "Marnie" Edgar, posing under the identity Marion Holland, flees with nearly $10,000 she stole from the company safe of her employer, Sidney Strutt, the head of a tax consulting company, whom she had charmed into hiring her without references. Mark Rutland, a wealthy widower who owns a publishing company in Philadelphia, meets with Strutt on business; he learns about the theft and recalls Marnie from a previous visit.

Marnie travels to Virginia, where she stables a horse named Forio. She then visits her invalid mother, Bernice, whom she supports financially, in Baltimore. Marnie suffers from recurring nightmares and has an intense aversion to the color red, which triggers her hysteria.

Some months later, Marnie, posing as Mary Taylor, applies for a job at Mark's company. Mark hires her after recognizing her, cryptically telling his co-worker why he is accepting an applicant without references that he is an "interested spectator." While working weekend overtime with Mark, Marnie has a panic attack during a thunderstorm. Mark comforts, then kisses her. They begin dating.

Soon afterwards, Marnie steals money from Mark's company and flees again. Mark tracks her to the stable where she keeps Forio. He blackmails her into marrying him, much to the chagrin of Lil, the sister of Mark's late wife Estelle, who is in love with him. Lil grows suspicious when she discovers Mark has spent a considerable sum since marrying Marnie.

On their honeymoon cruise, Marnie resists Mark's desire for physical intimacy, revealing that she finds sex repellent. Mark initially respects her wishes, and tries to woo her, but after a few nights, they quarrel over Marnie's aloofness, and it is implied that he rapes her offscreen when he persists and she freezes without consent. The next morning, she attempts to drown herself in the ship's swimming pool, but Mark saves her.

After overhearing Marnie on a phone call, Lil tips off Mark that Marnie's mother is not dead, as Marnie claimed. Mark hires a private detective to investigate. Meanwhile, Lil overhears Mark telling Marnie he has "paid off Strutt" on her behalf. Lil mischievously invites Strutt and his wife to a party at the Rutland mansion. Strutt recognizes Marnie, but Mark pressures him into doing nothing. When Marnie later admits to additional robberies, Mark works to reimburse her victims to drop charges.

Mark brings Forio to their estate, pleasing Marnie. During a fox hunt, the red riding coat worn by one of the hunters triggers another of Marnie's fits and Forio bolts, misses a jump, injures its legs, and is left lying on the ground screaming in pain. Marnie frantically runs to a nearby house, obtains a gun, and shoots her horse in an act of animal euthanasia. Overcome with grief, Marnie goes home, where she finds the key to Mark's office. She goes to the office and opens the safe, but finds herself unable to take the money, even after Mark arrives and "urges" her to take it to test her new reluctance to theft.

Mark takes Marnie to Baltimore to confront her mother and uncover the truth about Marnie's past. They arrive in a thunderstorm. As it is revealed that Bernice was a prostitute, Marnie's long-suppressed memories resurface: when she was a small child, one of Bernice's clients tried to calm a frightened Marnie during a thunderstorm. Seeing him touch Marnie and believing he was trying to molest her, Bernice attacked him. As the man fended her off, she fell and injured her leg, leaving her disabled. Marnie, frightened and attempting to protect her mother, fatally struck the man in the head with a fireplace poker. The sight of his blood caused her aversion to the color red, the thunderstorm that night caused her fear of them, and the connection of the deadly night to sex caused her revulsion at physical intimacy. In the aftermath, Bernice told police that she killed the man and prayed Marnie would forget the event. Understanding the reason behind her behavior, Marnie asks for Mark's help. They leave holding each other closely.

Cast

 * Tippi Hedren as Margaret "Marnie" Edgar
 * Sean Connery as Mark Rutland
 * Diane Baker as Lil Mainwaring, Mark's former sister-in-law
 * Martin Gabel as Sidney Strutt, Marnie's ex-boss
 * Louise Latham as Bernice Edgar, Marnie's mother
 * Bob Sweeney as Mark's Cousin Bob
 * Milton Selzer as man at track
 * Mariette Hartley as Susan Clabon, Marnie's co-worker
 * Alan Napier as Mr. Rutland, Mark's father
 * Bruce Dern as the sailor from Marnie's childhood
 * Henry Beckman as the first detective
 * S. John Launer as Sam Ward
 * Edith Evanson as Rita
 * Meg Wyllie as Mrs. Turpin
 * Kimberly Beck as Jessica "Jessie" Cotton, whom Bernice babysits (uncredited)
 * Melody Thomas Scott as young Marnie (uncredited)

In addition, Alfred Hitchcock's cameo can be seen five minutes into the film, entering from the left of a hotel corridor after Marnie passes by.

Development and writing
Alfred Hitchcock began developing the film adaptation of Winston Graham's novel Marnie in 1961. He commissioned Joseph Stefano, the screenwriter of Hitchcock's recently released Psycho, to work on the script. Stefano made extensive notes and wrote a 161-page treatment. The director's first choice to play the title role, Grace Kelly, by then Princess Grace of Monaco, withdrew from the project when the citizens of Monaco objected to her appearing in a film, especially as a sexually disturbed thief. Also, when Kelly married Prince Rainier in 1956, she had not fulfilled her contract with MGM, which could have prevented her from working for another studio. As a consequence of Kelly's departure from the film, Hitchcock put it aside to work on The Birds (1963).

After completing The Birds, Hitchcock returned to the Winston Graham adaptation. Stefano dropped out of the project due to his commitments to the ABC television series The Outer Limits. Evan Hunter, who had written the screenplay for The Birds, developed Marnie with Hitchcock, and wrote several drafts. Hunter was unhappy with the rape scene in the original novel, as he felt the audience would lose sympathy for the male lead. The director, however, was enthusiastic about the scene, describing to Hunter how he intended to film it:

"Hitch held up his hands the way directors do when they're framing a shot. Palms out, fingers together, thumbs extended and touching to form a perfect square. Moving his hands toward my face, like a camera coming in for a close shot, he said, 'Evan, when he sticks it in her, I want that camera right on her face'."

Hunter wrote a draft containing the rape scene but also wrote an additional, substitute sequence, which he pleaded with Hitchcock to use instead. Hunter was dismissed from the project on 1 May 1963. His replacement, Jay Presson Allen, later told him that "you just got bothered by the scene that was his reason for making the movie. You just wrote your ticket back to New York". Just as Hunter had been unaware of Stefano's earlier work on Marnie, Presson Allen was not informed that she was the third writer to work on the adaptation.

Casting
According to royal biographer Craig Brown, Hitchcock offered Princess Grace the title role in March 1962, and she accepted; but in Monaco, the reaction to the announcement was categorically negative. As he wrote: "Monegasques did not like the idea of their princess being filmed kissing another man. Little did they know that Hitchcock also had plans for him to rape her". The film was also being developed during a tense period of France–Monaco relations in which France threatened to revoke Monaco's special status, leaving the ruling Grimaldi dynasty anxious to preserve the country's public image. Grace's announcement that she would donate her $800,000 fee to Monaco charities did nothing to appease the critics, and she dropped out of the project in June 1962.

Following the news of Kelly's unavailability, Marilyn Monroe sought the role of Marnie. Asked about this in an interview with Variety Army Archerd, Hitchcock replied evasively that it was "an interesting idea". In his book Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie, Tony Lee Moral revealed that a studio executive at Paramount Pictures suggested actress Lee Remick to Hitchcock for the title role. Hitchcock also considered two other actresses who were, like Hedren, under his personal contract, Vera Miles and Claire Griswold, wife of director/actor Sydney Pollack. Eva Marie Saint, star of Hitchcock's North by Northwest (1959), and Susan Hampshire unsuccessfully pursued the role as well. In the end, Hitchcock opted to use Tippi Hedren, a one-time model he had seen in a commercial for a diet drink in 1961, then cast successfully in The Birds. According to Hedren, he offered her the role of Marnie during filming of The Birds. Hedren told writer Moral that she was "amazed" that Hitchcock would offer her this "incredible role", calling it a "once-in-a-lifetime opportunity". In 2005, more than 40 years after the film's release, Hedren declared in an interview that Marnie was her favorite of the two films that she made with Hitchcock, because of the intriguing, complex, challenging character that she played.

Male lead Sean Connery had been worried that being under contract to Eon Productions for both James Bond and non-Bond films would limit his career and turned down every non-Bond film that Eon offered him. When asked what he wanted to do, Connery replied that he wanted to work with Alfred Hitchcock, which Eon arranged through their contacts. Connery also shocked many people at the time by asking to see a script, something that Connery did because he was worried about being typecast as a spy and he did not want to do a variation of North by Northwest or Notorious, spy-themed movies directed by Hitchcock starring Cary Grant. When told by Hitchcock's agent that Grant did not ask to see even one of Hitchcock's scripts Connery replied, "I'm not Cary Grant". Hitchcock and Connery got on well during filming. Connery also said that he was happy with the film "with certain reservations".

Hedren has claimed that Hitchcock made sexual overtures to her during the making of The Birds, and that while making Marnie, he "pressured her sexually all the more blatantly, crudely, and cruelly." Hedren did not yield to his advances. She asked to be released from her contract, but he refused.

Filming
In a making-of documentary for the DVD release, unit manager Hilton A. Green explains that shooting had been scheduled to begin on November 25, 1963, at Universal City Studios in California but had to be postponed because the nation was in mourning for John F. Kennedy, who had been assassinated three days before. Filming concluded on March 14, 1964.

Music
Hitchcock had noticed a strong similarity between Herrmann's score for Joy in the Morning and Marnie and believed that Herrmann was repeating himself. Herrmann's music for Marnie included excerpts in his special album for Decca Records. Lyrics were written to Herrmann's theme that were to be sung by Nat King Cole. Herrmann's later score for Truffaut's The Bride Wore Black (1968) also repeats the main theme in Marnie, although slightly altered in its harmony.

Reception
Contemporary reviews were mixed. Eugene Archer of The New York Times wrote a lukewarm assessment, calling it "at once a fascinating study of a sexual relationship and the master's most disappointing film in years". Archer's main criticisms were "an inexplicably amateurish script" and the casting of "relative newcomers" Hedren and Connery in roles that "cry for the talents of Grace Kelly and Cary Grant". A review in Variety wrote that the opening was slow, but once it got going Hitchcock's story "generally keeps the action fairly fast-paced—provided audience can overlook certain puzzling aspects, such as why the lady became a thief—and gets strong performances from his two stars and other cast members". Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "As a story it seems naggingly improbable and, as drama, a nightmare from which the spectator constantly pulls away, struggling to wake up in a less disordered universe. No question, though, that it is at least fitfully effective". Edith Oliver of The New Yorker called the film "an idiotic and trashy movie with two terrible performances in the leading roles, and I had quite a good time watching it. There is something bracing about Hitchcock at work, even when he is at his worst". The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that the film "opens quite brilliantly", but that "things get out of hand" after the marriage, "with both leading players floundering badly as Hitchcock piles up his demands on them". The review suggested that "the trouble seems to be that the film falls between the two stools of straight suspense (what is Marnie's secret?) and the full-dress character study that would only have been possible with a more experienced actress". The film ranked 3rd on Cahiers du Cinéma's Top 10 Films of the Year List in 1964.

Marnie's reputation would greatly improve years later. On Rotten Tomatoes it holds an 81% rating based on 43 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "A coolly constructed mystery revolving around a character who's inscrutable to a fault, Marnie finds Hitchcock luring audiences deeper into the dark". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews". Dave Kehr wrote in The Chicago Reader that while the film was "universally despised on its first release, Marnie remains one of Alfred Hitchcock's greatest and darkest achievements" as "theme and technique meet on the highest level of film art". Richard Brody wrote in The New Yorker that he considered it "Hitchcock's best film". In her 2012 review of the film Emily Cleaver of The Guardian wrote: "The opening shots of Marnie are Hitchcock's ideal of visual storytelling at its purest, and the rest of the film is an underrated gem".

The film was a moderate box office success; it grossed $7 million in theatres on a budget of $3 million. In North America, it earned estimated rentals of $3,250,000. Marnie was the 22nd highest-grossing film of 1964.

In a making-of documentary on the DVD, Robin Wood, author of Hitchcock's Films Revisited, discusses the special effects of the film as having their roots in German Expressionism:

"[Hitchcock] worked in German studios at first, in the silent period. Very early on when he started making films, he saw Fritz Lang's German silent films; he was enormously influenced by that, and Marnie is basically an expressionist film in many ways. Things like scarlet suffusions over the screen, back-projection and backdrops, artificial-looking thunderstorms—these are expressionist devices and one has to accept them. If one doesn't accept them then one doesn't understand and can't possibly like Hitchcock."

In the 2012 Sight & Sound poll of the greatest films ever made, Marnie received nine total votes—six (out of 846) from critics and three (out of 358) from directors. Marnie was ranked 47th in BBC's 2015 list of the 100 greatest American films.

Marnie continues to have its admirers. Actress Catherine Deneuve indicated that she would have loved to have played Marnie. Actress Naomi Watts dressed up as Hedren's Marnie (whose outfits were by Edith Head) for the March 2008 issue of Vanity Fair magazine.

Marnie has been described as a neo-noir film by some authors.

The background to Hedren's casting in the title role and some of the production challenges were explored in the 2012 made-for-television movie The Girl starring Sienna Miller as Hedren and Toby Jones as Hitchcock.

title: Marnie (film)


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Panhellenic Games

Panhellenic Games is the collective term for four separate sports festivals held in ancient Greece. The four Games were the Olympic Games which were held at Olympia in honor of Zeus. The Pythian Games took place in Delphi and honored Apollo. Nemean Games took place at Nemea and also honored Zeus. The Isthmian Games took place in Isthmia and were held in honor of Poseidon. Each of these Games took place over a four-year period, starting with the Olympics. Along with the fame and notoriety of winning the ancient Games, the athletes earned different crowns of leaves from the different Games. From the Olympics, the victor won an olive wreath, from the Pythian Games a laurel wreath, from the Nemean Games a crown of wild celery leaves, and from the Isthmian Games a crown of pine.

Description
The Olympiad was one of the ways the Ancient Greeks measured time. The Games took place over a four-year cycle that began with the Olympic Games in the first year. The Nemean Games were held in year two, the Pythian Games in year three, and the Isthmian Games in year four. They were structured this way so that individual athletes could participate in all of the Games. (Note that the dial on the Antikythera mechanism seems to show that the Nemean and Isthmian Games did not occur in the same years.)

Participants could come from all over the Greek world, including the various Greek colonies from Asia Minor to Iberia. However, participants generally had to be fairly wealthy in order to pay for training, transportation, lodging, and other expenses.

The main events at each of the Games were chariot racing, wrestling, boxing, pankration, stadion and various other foot races, and the pentathlon (made up of wrestling, stadion, long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw). Except for the chariot race, all the events were performed nude. Since the Olympic Games was the original and the pinnacle of all the games in the circuit, each festival might have had its own events but had to include all the events that took place at the Olympics, according to Young. This gave the athletes the opportunity to compete in the same core events at all the Games in the Panhellenic circuit.

The Games were hugely popular not only for their three-day sporting competitions but also because they brought many spectators from all over, according to classics historian Jason König. This allowed for people to partake in other activities like religious events, speeches, and even musical performances. The Olympic Games were the oldest of the four, said to have begun in 776 BC. It is more likely though that they were founded sometime in the late 7th century BC. They lasted until the Roman Emperor Theodosius, a Christian, abolished them as heathen in AD 393. The Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian Games most likely began sometime in the first or second quarter of the 6th century BC.

The Games are also known as the Stephanitic Games (derived from stephanos, the Attic Greek word for crown), because winners received only a garland for victory. No financial or material prizes were awarded, unlike at other ancient Greek athletic or artistic contests, such as the Panathenaic Games, at which winners were awarded many amphorae of first-class Athenian olive-oil. Though victors received no material awards at the Games, they were often showered with gifts and honours on returning to their polis.

Olympic Games
According to Pindar’s Olympian 1, the origin of the Ancient Olympic Games can be traced to Pelops, son of Tantalus. Pelops seeks to win the hand of Hippodameia in marriage. King Oenomaus, Hippodameia’s father, knows of a prophecy that declares his death to be at the hands of his son in law. King Oenomaus decides the only way for him to marry his daughter is to take part in a chariot race that has killed many other suitors. Pelops asks a favor of Poseidon to bestow upon him a chariot fast enough to bring him victory. Poseidon granted him a golden chariot and winged horses. With this chariot, Pelops won the race and was able to marry Hippodameia. It’s also claimed that Pelops had Myrtilus sabotage King Oenomaus’ chariot which caused him to lose the race and die during the process. After his victory, Pelops organized a festival to take place at Olympia with chariot races and other Games in tribute to the gods and to honor King Oenomaus.

The Olympic Games took place every four years at the cite of Olympia in Greece. It's thought that first recorded Games were in 776 BC but it is possible that they could have been around for many years before this according to scholar David C. Young. The Olympics were the first established Games for approximately 200 years before the remaining Panhellenic Games came into creation. Since the Games take place in Olympia, the festival held and sacrifices/offerings are in honor of Zeus. The winner of the Games receives an olive wreath which comes from the myth that Heracles started the Olympic Games as told by Pausanias.

In Pindar's version of the Olympics, the chariot race was the first of the events at creation. In Pausanias' versions, the foot race is the only event until the fourteenth Olympic Festival. Then another race is added that is longer than the original race. Since the Olympic Games was the original and the pinnacle of all the games in the Circuit, each Festival may have its own events but it must include all the events that took place at the Olympics, according to Young. This gives the athletes the opportunity to compete in the event at all the Games in the Panhellenic circuit.

Origin Myths
Another origin story from Pausanias was that Heracles challenged his younger brothers to a foot race. The winner of the race would receive an olive branch as a reward since they were in such high supply. Pausanias attributes another origin myth to Zeus. It's thought he started the Olympic Games in honor of his victory defeating his father, Cronus.

Pythian Games
The Pythian Games were established in 582 BC in Delphi to honor the god Apollo. However, there is some debate about the start of the Pythian Festival amongst historians. Some historians believe Pausanias who dates the first Pythian festival to 586 BC. This argument is because there are few references to the date in Pindar’s poems whereas Pausanias more clearly articulates numbered festivals. These Games include a mix of athletic events that took place at the previous Olympic Games, and musical events. The prize to the winner of the Pythian Games is a laurel wreath.

In Pausanias' Description of Greece, he lists Cleisthenes of Sicyon as the winner of the first Pythian Games chariot race. Cleisthenes is also credited with the creation of the Pythian Games. He sought after a suitor for to wed his daughter, Agariste. He organized a competition for those who thought of themselves as worthy to compete in athletic competitions. These competitions evolved into the Pythian Festival.

Nemean Games
The Nemean Games were established in 573 BC in Nemea. These Games are held every other year, every second and fourth year, in the same years that the Isthmian Games are held, though at different times during the years. The Nemean Games are thought to have two origination stories.

Pausanias tells of the most recognized myth that the Games were originally funeral Games to honor the death of baby Opheltes, the infant son of Lykourgos and Eurydike. Lykourgos was told of a prophecy that his son could not touch the ground until he walked. Lykourgos appointed a slave to take care of his son and prevent him from being set down. One day the Seven Against Thebes came across the slave and baby Opheltes and asked for a drink. The slave set the babe on the ground amongst wild celery to assist the Seven. Opheltes was attacked by a snake and killed, thus fulfilling the prophecy. The Nemean Games were held in his honor with the prize to the victor being a wreath of wild celery. The second origination is that of Heracles first of ten labors by King Eurystheus. He was tasked with bringing back the skin of the lion that stalked the hills of Nemea. Heracles came to a village, Cleonae where he met Molorchus. Molorchus agreed to make a sacrifice to Heracles if he didn't return after 30 days, and Zeus if he did. Heracles found the lion and followed him to his cave. He blocked on entrances then went in after the lion and attacked. Heracles returned to Molorchus' home on the 30th day and they made a sacrifice to Zeus. The Games are said to be in honor of both Zeus and Heracles each year.

Isthmian Games
The Isthmian Games started in the same year as the Pythian Games, 582 BC. They are held every second and fourth year, just like the Nemean Games, but in the spring. The winner of the Isthmian Games receives a pine crown.

Pausanias attributes the origin of the Games to King Sisyphus of Corinth. Sisyphus held the Games at a funeral in honor of Melikertes (later changed to Palaimon), a boy who drowned in the gulf. According to Pausanias, Palaimon was killed because Hera found out his parents were raising baby Dionysus which brought down her wrath. Plutarch and Apollodorus credit the origin of the Isthmian Games with Theseus. Theseus was travelling to Athens when he heard of Sinis. Sinis was a conqueror and a thief. He would kill his victims by tying them to the top of fir trees that he pulled down, then letting them spring back which caused the victim to launched into the air and fall back down to the ground. Theseus killed Sinis in the same manner. He then held the funerary Games in honor of the deceased. Plutarch also credits Theseus with holding the Games in honor of Poseidon, since they were typically held in his sanctuary in Corinth.

Athletes
According to archaeologist, H.W. Pleket, in the early days of the Olympic Games, before the formation of local or the remaining "Big Four" festivals, the athletes mostly came from the wealthy class of Greek male athletes. This is because the cost training aand travelling would be too great for those of low birth to participate. Pleket and historian David Stone Potter describe a view from Alcibiades saying how he would rather breed horses for racing than take part in the gymnastic events because it was "not to be pursued by one of low estate." Lower class athletes were able to eventually take part in the Festival, many had to work their way up through the local festivals in order to prove themselves.

Young describes how the men were divided into different class groups for the Games however, the division was different at different festivals. These groups consisted of boys, youths and men but sometimes may just be broken into men and boys. Edward Norman Gardiner makes the point that physical fitness and athletics is incredibly important in the Ancient Greek world because every male is required to take part in the Greek military. Because of the environment of warfare, physical fitness was essential to men's life. While the majority of those that participated in the Games is overwhelmingly free Greek men, there is evidence that there were female athletes as well that participated in the Panhellenic Games, often as chariot race horse owners. Historian, Georgia Tsouvala, gives three examples of inscriptions from lesser polis festivals that provide evidence of female athletes that were members of the gymnasia. Tsouvala also points out, while it's not common for women to have been able to partake in any form of physical education in ancient Greece, there are some states where it's encouraged like Sparta. In many ancient Greek works from Vergil, to Plutarch, to Ovid, there are reverences made to Spartan women taking part in traditionally male activities like boar hunting, pancration, and discus throwing to name a few.

Tsouvala points out that other than as chariot horse owners, it was likely that girls and women would take part in footraces in the festivals in honor of Artemis and Iphigeneia. There was also evidence discovered in Naples that held inscriptions detailing young women who participated in the stadion and dolichos foot races.

The male athletes that participated in the Panhellenic Games did so nude. This was common and not viewed as something shameful or indecent because Ancient Greeks did not have the same views on nudity as is common in Western Judeo-Christian views, according to David Young. Young also points out the etymology of the word gymnasium which breaks down to its core word gymnos which means naked, so literally “to train naked.” While Young points out that men believed there was nothing indecent about the nude form, women were not allowed to be nude because it led to promiscuity. However, in Plutarch's Life of Lycurgus, its discussed how Spartan women were encouraged to participate in all the activities the normally would naked except for some festivals that where singing and dancing with men was permitted.

title: Panhellenic Games