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Gateshead

Gateshead is a town in the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough of Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the River Tyne's southern bank. The town's attractions include the twenty metre tall Angel of the North sculpture on the town's southern outskirts, The Glasshouse International Centre for Music and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. The town shares the Millennium Bridge, Tyne Bridge and multiple other bridges with Newcastle upon Tyne.

Historically part of County Durham, under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough, meaning it was administered independently of the county council.

In the 2011 Census, the town had a population of 120,046 while the wider borough had 200,214.

Name origins
Gateshead is first mentioned in Latin translation in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People as ad caput caprae ("at the goat's head"). This interpretation is consistent with the later English attestations of the name, among them Gatesheued (c. 1190), literally "goat's head" but in the context of a place-name meaning 'headland or hill frequented by (wild) goats'. Although other derivations have been mooted, it is this that is given by the standard authorities.

A Brittonic predecessor, named with the element *gabro-, 'goat' (c.f. Welsh gafr), may underlie the name. Gateshead might have been the Roman-British fort of Gabrosentum.

Early
There has been a settlement on the Gateshead side of the River Tyne, around the old river crossing where the Swing Bridge now stands, since Roman times.

The first recorded mention of Gateshead is in the writings of the Venerable Bede who referred to an Abbot of Gateshead called Utta in 623. In 1068 William the Conqueror defeated the forces of Edgar the Ætheling and Malcolm king of Scotland (Shakespeare's Malcolm) on Gateshead Fell (now Low Fell and Sheriff Hill).

During medieval times Gateshead was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Durham. At this time the area was largely forest with some agricultural land. The forest was the subject of Gateshead's first charter, granted in the 12th century by Hugh du Puiset, Bishop of Durham. An alternative spelling may be "Gatishevede", as seen in a legal record, dated 1430.

Industrial revolution
Throughout the Industrial Revolution the population of Gateshead expanded rapidly; between 1801 and 1901 the increase was over 100,000. This expansion resulted in the spread southwards of the town.

In 1854, a catastrophic explosion on the quayside destroyed most of Gateshead's medieval heritage, and caused widespread damage on the Newcastle side of the river.

Sir Joseph Swan lived at Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead from 1869 to 1883, where his experiments led to the invention of the electric light bulb. The house was the first in the world to be wired for domestic electric light.

In the 1889 one of the largest employers (Hawks, Crawshay and Company) closed down and unemployment has since been a burden. Up to the Second World War there were repeated newspaper reports of the unemployed sending deputations to the council to provide work. The depression years of the 1920s and 1930s created even more joblessness and the Team Valley Trading Estate was built in the mid-1930s to alleviate the situation.

Regeneration
In the late noughties, Gateshead Council started to regenerate the town, with the long-term aim of making Gateshead a city. The most extensive transformation occurred in the Quayside, with almost all the structures there being constructed or refurbished in this time.

In the early 2010s, regeneration refocused on the town centre. The £150 million Trinity Square development opened in May 2013, it incorporates student accommodation, a cinema, health centre and shops. It was nominated for the Carbuncle Cup in September 2014. The cup was however awarded to another development which involved Tesco, Woolwich Central.

Former
In 1835, Gateshead was established as a municipal borough and in 1889 it was made a county borough, independent from Durham County Council.

In 1870, the Old Town Hall was built, designed by John Johnstone who also designed the previously built Newcastle Town Hall. The ornamental clock in front of the old town hall was presented to Gateshead in 1892 by the mayor, Walter de Lancey Willson, on the occasion of him being elected for a third time. He was also one of the founders of Walter Willson's, a chain of grocers in the North East and Cumbria. The old town hall also served as a magistrate's court and one of Gateshead's police stations.

Current
In 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, the County Borough of Gateshead was merged with the urban districts of Felling, Whickham, Blaydon and Ryton and part of the rural district of Chester-le-Street to create the much larger Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead.

Geography
The town of Gateshead is in the North East of England in the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear, and within the historic boundaries of County Durham. It is located on the southern bank of the River Tyne at a latitude of 54.57° N and a longitude of 1.35° W. Gateshead experiences a temperate climate which is considerably warmer than some other locations at similar latitudes as a result of the warming influence of the Gulf Stream (via the North Atlantic drift). It is located in the rain shadow of the North Pennines and is therefore in one of the driest regions of the United Kingdom.

One of the most distinguishing features of Gateshead is its topography. The land rises 230 feet from Gateshead Quays to the town centre and continues rising to a height of 525 feet at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Sheriff Hill. This is in contrast to the flat and low lying Team Valley located on the western edges of town. The high elevations allow for impressive views over the Tyne valley into Newcastle and across Tyneside to Sunderland and the North Sea from lookouts in Windmill Hills and Windy Nook respectively.

The Office for National Statistics defines the town as an urban sub-division. The latest (2011) ONS urban sub-division of Gateshead contains the historical County Borough together with areas that the town has absorbed, including Dunston, Felling, Heworth, Pelaw and Bill Quay.

Given the proximity of Gateshead to Newcastle, just south of the River Tyne from the city centre, it is sometimes incorrectly referred to as being a part of Newcastle. Gateshead Council and Newcastle City Council teamed up in 2000 to create a unified marketing brand name, NewcastleGateshead, to better promote the whole of the Tyneside conurbation.

Climate
Climate in this area has small differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round to meet the criterion for Oceanic climate, at least 30 mm per month. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).

Green belt
The town is within the wider Tyne & Wear Green Belt, with its portion in much of its surrounding rural area of the borough. It is a part of the local development plan which is in conjunction with Newcastle city borough, and was created in the 1960s.

Its stated aims are to:

 * Prevent the merging of settlements, particularly: Gateshead with Hebburn, Washington, Birtley or Whickham ...the main built-up area with nearby villages; and villages with each other,
 * Safeguard the countryside from encroachment,
 * Check unrestricted urban sprawl, and
 * Assist in urban regeneration in the city-region by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land.

In the Gateshead borough boundary, as well as the aforementioned areas, it also surrounds the communities of Chopwell, Crawcrook, Greenside, High Spen, Kibblesworth, Lockhaugh, Rowlands Gill, Ryton, Sunniside, as well several small hamlets. Landscape features and facilities such as woods and nature reserves, local golf courses, Burdon Moor and Whinell Hill are also within the green belt area.

Districts
The town of Gateshead consists of the following districts. Some of them were once separate settlements that were absorbed by encroaching urban sprawl, while others consist entirely of retail, industrial and housing estates. Many of these areas overlap each other and their boundaries are by no means official or fixed. Gateshead is a Town (Urban Subdivision) in the Tyneside urban area.

 * Gateshead town centre
 * Bensham's ward
 * Team Valley
 * Team Valley Trading Estate
 * Deckham's ward
 * Mount Pleasant
 * Carr Hill
 * Old Fold
 * Shipcote (overlaps into two wards)
 * Bridges' ward
 * Central
 * Redheugh
 * Chowdene's ward
 * Harlow Green
 * Dunston and Teams' ward
 * Low Teams
 * Swalwell
 * Low Fell
 * Whickham East's ward
 * Dunston Hill
 * High Fell's ward
 * Black Hill
 * Sheriff Hill
 * Ravensworth
 * Beacon Lough
 * Egremont Estate
 * Low Fell's ward
 * Lyndhurst
 * Allerdene
 * Saltwell's ward
 * Shipcote (overlaps into two wards)
 * Wardley and Leam Lane's ward
 * Follingsby
 * Pelaw and Heworth's ward
 * Bill Quay
 * Felling
 * North Felling/ Felling Shore (Formerly known as Tyne Main)
 * Falla Park
 * Sunderland Road
 * Lamesley's ward
 * Wrekenton
 * Eighton Banks
 * Windy Nook and Whitehills' ward
 * Staneway
 * Whitehills Estate

Demography
The table below compares the demographics of Gateshead with the wider Metropolitan borough. The town's population in 2011 was 120,046 compared with 78,403 in 2001. This is due to a slight population increase and boundary and methodology changes since 2001. Felling used to be a separate urban subdivision and had a population of around 35,000, but now it is considered part of Gateshead town. The population of the 2011 census boundaries in 2001 was 113,220, proving that there was some sort of population increase.

In 2011, 8.0% of the population of Gateshead Town were from an ethnic minority group (non-indigenous), compared with only 6.0% for the surrounding borough. Despite the borough's low ethnic minority population compared with the England average of 20.2%, it has slightly more ethnic minorities than other boroughs in Tyne and Wear, such as Sunderland or North Tyneside, and two wards near the town centre (Bridges and Saltwell) have minority populations very similar to the national average. The Tyneside metropolitan area, which contains the borough of Gateshead, has a population of 829,300; the NewcastleGateshead urban core area has population of 480,400. The Metropolitan borough of Gateshead had a population of 200,214 in 2011. Gateshead is the main major area in the metropolitan borough and the town takes up around 60% of the borough's population. Other major areas in the borough include Whickham, Birtley, Blaydon-on-Tyne and Ryton.

Economy
Gateshead is home to the MetroCentre, the largest shopping mall in the UK until 2008; and the Team Valley Trading Estate, once the largest and still one of the larger purpose-built commercial estates in the UK.

Arts
The Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art has been established in a converted flour mill. The Glasshouse International Centre for Music, previously The Sage, a Norman Foster-designed venue for music and the performing arts opened on 17 December 2004. Gateshead also hosted the Gateshead Garden Festival in 1990, rejuvenating 200 acre of derelict land (now mostly replaced with housing). The Angel of the North, a famous sculpture in nearby Lamesley, is visible from the A1 to the south of Gateshead, as well as from the East Coast Main Line. Other public art include works by Richard Deacon, Colin Rose, Sally Matthews, Andy Goldsworthy, Gordon Young and Michael Winstone.

Traditional and former
The earliest recorded coal mining in the Gateshead area is dated to 1344. As trade on the Tyne prospered there were several attempts by the burghers of Newcastle to annex Gateshead. In 1576 a small group of Newcastle merchants acquired the 'Grand Lease' of the manors of Gateshead and Whickham. In the hundred years from 1574 coal shipments from Newcastle increased elevenfold while the population of Gateshead doubled to approximately 5,500. However, the lease and the abundant coal supplies ended in 1680. The pits were shallow as problems of ventilation and flooding defeated attempts to mine coal from the deeper seams.

'William Cotesworth (1668-1726) was a prominent merchant based in Gateshead, where he was a leader in coal and international trade. Cotesworth began as the son of a yeoman and apprentice to a tallow - candler. He ended as an esquire, having been mayor, Justice of the Peace and sheriff of Northumberland. He collected tallow from all over England and sold it across the globe. He imported dyes from the Indies, as well as flax, wine, and grain. He sold tea, sugar, chocolate, and tobacco. He operated the largest coal mines in the area, and was a leading salt producer. As the government's principal agent in the North country, he was in contact with leading ministers.

William Hawks originally a blacksmith, started business in Gateshead in 1747, working with the iron brought to the Tyne as ballast by the Tyne colliers. Hawks and Co. eventually became one of the biggest iron businesses in the North, producing anchors, chains and so on to meet a growing demand. There was keen contemporary rivalry between 'Hawks' Blacks' and 'Crowley's Crew'. The famous 'Hawks' men' including Ned White, went on to be celebrated in Geordie song and story.

In 1831 a locomotive works was established by the Newcastle and Darlington Railway, later part of the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway. In 1854 the works moved to the Greenesfield site and became the manufacturing headquarters of North Eastern Railway. In 1909, locomotive construction was moved to Darlington and the rest of the works were closed in 1932.

Robert Stirling Newall took out a patent on the manufacture of wire ropes in 1840 and in partnership with Messrs. Liddell and Gordon, set up his headquarters at Gateshead. A worldwide industry of wire-drawing resulted. The submarine telegraph cable received its definitive form through Newall's initiative, involving the use of gutta-percha surrounded by strong wires. The first successful Dover–Calais cable on 25 September 1851, was made in Newall's works. In 1853, he invented the brake-drum and cone for laying cable in deep seas. Half of the first Atlantic cable was manufactured in Gateshead. Newall was interested in astronomy, and his giant 25 in telescope was set up in the garden at Ferndene, his Gateshead residence, in 1871.

Architecture
JB Priestley, writing of Gateshead in his 1934 travelogue English Journey, said that "no true civilisation could have produced such a town", adding that it appeared to have been designed "by an enemy of the human race".

Victorian
William Wailes the celebrated stained-glass maker, lived at South Dene from 1853 to 1860. In 1860, he designed Saltwell Towers as a fairy-tale palace for himself. It is an imposing Victorian mansion in its own park with a romantic skyline of turrets and battlements. It was originally furnished sumptuously by Gerrard Robinson. Some of the panelling installed by Robinson was later moved to the Shipley Art gallery. Wailes sold Saltwell Towers to the corporation in 1876 for use as a public park, provided he could use the house for the rest of his life. For many years the structure was essentially an empty shell but following a restoration programme it was reopened to the public in 2004.

Post millennium
The council sponsored the development of a Gateshead Quays cultural quarter. The development includes the Gateshead Millennium Bridge, erected in 2001, which won the prestigious Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2002.

Former brutalism
The brutalist Trinity Centre Car Park, which was designed by Owen Luder, dominated the town centre for many years until its demolition in 2010. A product of attempts to regenerate the area in the 1960s, the car park gained an iconic status due to its appearance in the 1971 film Get Carter, starring Michael Caine. An unsuccessful campaign to have the structure listed was backed by Sylvester Stallone, who played the main role in the 2000 remake of the film. The car park was scheduled for demolition in 2009, but this was delayed as a result of a disagreement between Tesco, who re-developed the site, and Gateshead Council. The council had not been given firm assurances that Tesco would build the previously envisioned town centre development which was to include a Tesco mega-store as well as shops, restaurants, cafes, bars, offices and student accommodation. The council effectively used the car park as a bargaining tool to ensure that the company adhered to the original proposals and blocked its demolition until they submitted a suitable planning application. Demolition finally took place in July–August 2010.

The Derwent Tower, another well known example of brutalist architecture, was also designed by Owen Luder and stood in the neighbourhood of Dunston. Like the Trinity Car Park it also failed in its bid to become a listed building and was demolished in 2012. Also located in this area are the Grade II listed Dunston Staithes which were built in 1890. Following the award of a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of almost £420,000 restoration of the structure is expected to begin in April 2014.

Sport
Gateshead International Stadium regularly holds international athletics meetings over the summer months, and is home of the Gateshead Harriers athletics club. It is also host to rugby league fixtures, and the home ground of Gateshead Football Club. Gateshead Thunder Rugby League Football Club played at Gateshead International Stadium until its purchase by Newcastle Rugby Limited and the subsequent rebranding as Newcastle Thunder. Both clubs have had their problems: Gateshead A.F.C. were controversially voted out of the Football League in 1960 in favour of Peterborough United, whilst Gateshead Thunder lost their place in Super League as a result of a takeover (officially termed a merger) by Hull F.C. Both Gateshead clubs continue to ply their trade at lower levels in their respective sports, thanks mainly to the efforts of their supporters. The Gateshead Senators American Football team also use the International Stadium, as well as this it was used in the 2006 Northern Conference champions in the British American Football League.

Gateshead Leisure Centre is home to the Gateshead Phoenix Basketball Team. The team currently plays in EBL League Division 4. Home games are usually on a Sunday afternoon during the season, which runs from September to March. The team was formed in 2013 and ended their initial season well placed to progress after defeating local rivals Newcastle Eagles II and promotion chasing Kingston Panthers.

In Low Fell there is a cricket club and a rugby club adjacent to each other on Eastwood Gardens. These are Gateshead Fell Cricket Club and Gateshead Rugby Club. Gateshead Rugby Club was formed in 1998 following the merger of Gateshead Fell Rugby Club and North Durham Rugby Club.

Rail
Gateshead is served by the following rail transport stations with some being operated by National Rail and some being Tyne & Wear Metro stations: Dunston,, Gateshead Interchange, , Heworth Interchange, MetroCentre and.

Tyne & Wear Metro stations at Gateshead Interchange and Gateshead Stadium provide direct light-rail access to Newcastle Central, Newcastle Airport, Sunderland, Tynemouth and South Shields Interchange.

National Rail services are provided by Northern at Dunston and MetroCentre stations. The East Coast Main Line, which runs from London Kings Cross to Edinburgh Waverley, cuts directly through the town on its way between Newcastle Central and Chester-le-Street stations. There are presently no stations on this line within Gateshead, as Low Fell, Bensham and Gateshead West stations were closed in 1952, 1954 and 1965 respectively.

Road
Several major road links pass through Gateshead, including the A1 which links London to Edinburgh and the A184 which connects the town to Sunderland.

Gateshead Interchange is the busiest bus station in Tyne & Wear and was used by 3.9 million bus passengers in 2008.

Cycle routes
Various bicycle trails traverse the town; most notably is the recreational Keelmans Way (National Cycle Route 14), which is located on the south bank of the Tyne and takes riders along the entire Gateshead foreshore. Other prominent routes include the East Gateshead Cycleway, which connects to Felling, the West Gateshead Cycleway, which links the town centre to Dunston and the MetroCentre, and routes along both the old and new Durham roads, which take cyclists to Birtley, Wrekenton and the Angel of the North.

Christianity
Christianity has been present in the town since at least the 7th century, when Bede mentioned a monastery in Gateshead. A church in the town was burned down in 1080 with the Bishop of Durham inside. St Mary's Church was built near to the site of that building, and was the only church in the town until the 1820s. Undoubtedly the oldest building on the Quayside, St Mary's has now re-opened to the public as the town's first heritage centre.

Many of the Anglican churches in the town date from the 19th century, when the population of the town grew dramatically and expanded into new areas. The town presently has a number of notable and large churches of many denominations.

Judaism
The Bensham district is home to a community of hundreds of Jewish families and used to be known as "Little Jerusalem". Within the community is the Gateshead Yeshiva, founded in 1929, and other Jewish educational institutions with international enrolments. These include two seminaries: Beis Medrash L'Morot and Beis Chaya Rochel seminary, colloquially known together as Gateshead "old" and "new" seminaries. Many yeshivos and kollelim also are active, including Yeshivas Beer Hatorah, Sunderland Yeshiva, Nesivos Hatorah, Nezer Hatorah and Yeshiva Ketana.

Islam
Islam is practised by a large community of people in Gateshead and there are 2 mosques located in the Bensham area (in Ely Street and Villa Place).

Twinning
Gateshead is twinned with the town of Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray near Rouen in France, and the city of Komatsu in Japan.

Notable people

 * Eliezer Adler – founder of Jewish Community
 * Marcus Bentley – narrator of Big Brother
 * Catherine Booth – wife of William Booth, known as the Mother of The Salvation Army
 * William Booth – founder of the Salvation Army
 * Mary Bowes – the Unhappy Countess, author and celebrity
 * Ian Branfoot – footballer and manager (Sheffield Wednesday and Southampton)
 * Andy Carroll – footballer (Newcastle United, Liverpool and West Ham United)
 * Frank Clark – footballer and manager (Newcastle United and Nottingham Forest)
 * David Clelland – Labour politician and MP
 * Derek Conway – former Conservative politician and MP
 * Joseph Cowen – Radical politician
 * Steve Cram – athlete (middle-distance runner)
 * Emily Davies – educational reformer and feminist, founder of Girton College, Cambridge
 * Daniel Defoe – writer and government agent
 * Ruth Dodds – politician, writer and co-founder of the Little Theatre
 * Jonathan Edwards – athlete (triple jumper) and television presenter
 * Sammy Johnson – actor (Spender)
 * George Elliot – industrialist and MP
 * Paul Gascoigne – footballer (Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, Lazio, Rangers and Middlesbrough)
 * Alex Glasgow – singer/songwriter
 * Avrohom Gurwicz – rabbi, Dean of Gateshead Yeshiva
 * Leib Gurwicz – rabbi, Dean of Gateshead Yeshiva
 * Jill Halfpenny – actress (Coronation Street and EastEnders)
 * Chelsea Halfpenny – actress (Emmerdale)
 * David Hodgson – footballer and manager (Middlesbrough, Liverpool and Sunderland)
 * Sharon Hodgson – Labour politician and MP
 * Norman Hunter – footballer (Leeds United and member of 1966 World Cup-winning England squad)
 * Don Hutchison – footballer (Liverpool, West Ham United, Everton and Sunderland)
 * Brian Johnson – AC/DC frontman
 * Tommy Johnson – footballer (Aston Villa and Celtic)
 * Riley Jones - actor
 * Howard Kendall – footballer and manager (Preston North End and Everton)
 * J. Thomas Looney – Shakespeare scholar
 * Gary Madine – footballer (Sheffield Wednesday)
 * Justin McDonald – actor (Distant Shores)
 * Lawrie McMenemy – football manager (Southampton and Northern Ireland) and pundit
 * Thomas Mein – professional cyclist (Canyon DHB p/b Soreen)
 * Robert Stirling Newall – industrialist
 * Bezalel Rakow – communal rabbi
 * John William Rayner – flying ace and war hero
 * James Renforth – oarsman
 * Mariam Rezaei – musician and artist
 * Sir Tom Shakespeare - baronet, sociologist and disability rights campaigner
 * William Shield – Master of the King's Musick
 * Christina Stead – Australian novelist
 * John Steel – drummer (The Animals)
 * Henry Spencer Stephenson – chaplain to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II
 * Steve Stone – footballer (Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa and Portsmouth)
 * Chris Swailes – footballer (Ipswich Town)
 * Sir Joseph Swan – inventor of the incandescent light bulb
 * Nicholas Trainor – cricketer (Gloucestershire)
 * Chris Waddle – footballer (Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur and Sheffield Wednesday)
 * William Wailes – stained glass maker
 * Taylor Wane – adult entertainer
 * Robert Spence Watson – public benefactor
 * Sylvia Waugh – author of The Mennyms series for children
 * Chris Wilkie – guitarist (Dubstar)
 * John Wilson - orchestral conductor
 * Peter Wilson – footballer (Gateshead, captain of Australia)
 * Thomas Wilson – poet/school founder
 * Robert Wood – Australian politician

title: Gateshead


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Hungaria

Hungaria or Hungária may refer to:
 * Latin for Hungary, a European country
 * For historical entities (from 895) see: Hungary (disambiguation)
 * Lady of Hungaria, the national personification of Hungary
 * Hungaria (Liszt), a symphonic poem by Franz Liszt
 * Hungaria (train), an express train between Budapest and Berlin
 * Hungária, a pop-rock music group from Hungary
 * Hungária körgyűrű, the longest boulevard in Budapest, Hungary
 * Hungária körút, part of Hungária körgyűrű
 * MTK Hungária, Hungarian football club
 * Hungaria, a former New Zealand association football team, now part of Wellington United
 * 434 Hungaria, an asteroid
 * Hungaria group, a group of asteroids named after 434 Hungaria

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hungaria


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Harrogate

Harrogate is a spa town in the district and county of North Yorkshire, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the town is a tourist destination and its visitor attractions include its spa waters and RHS Harlow Carr gardens. 13 mi away from the town centre is the Yorkshire Dales National Park and the Nidderdale AONB.

Harrogate grew out of two smaller settlements, High Harrogate and Low Harrogate, in the 17th century. For three consecutive years (2013–2015), polls voted the town as "the happiest place to live" in Britain. Harrogate spa water contains iron, sulphur and common salt. The town became known as 'The English Spa' in the Georgian era, after its waters were discovered in the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries its 'chalybeate' waters (containing iron) were a popular health treatment, and the influx of wealthy but sickly visitors contributed significantly to the wealth of the town.

Harrogate railway station and Harrogate bus station in the town centre provide transport connections. Leeds Bradford Airport is 10 mi southwest of Harrogate. The main roads through the town are the A61, connecting Harrogate to Leeds and Ripon, and the A59, connecting the town to York and Skipton. Harrogate is also connected to Wetherby and the A1(M) by the A661, while the A658 from Bradford forms a bypass around the south of the town. Harrogate had a population of 73,576 at the 2011 UK census; the built-up area comprising Harrogate and nearby Knaresborough had a population of 89,060, while the figure for the much wider Borough of Harrogate, comprising Harrogate, Knaresborough, Ripon, as well as a number of smaller settlements and a large rural area, was 157,869.

The town motto is Arx celebris fontibus, which means "a citadel famous for its springs".

Toponym
The name Harrogate is first attested in the 1330s as Harwegate, Harougat and Harrowgate. The origin of the name is uncertain. It may derive from Old Norse hǫrgr 'a heap of stones, cairn' + gata 'street', in which case the name presumably meant 'road to the cairn'. Another possibility is that the name means "the way to Harlow". The form Harlowgate is known from 1518, and apparently in the court rolls of Edward II.

History
In medieval times Harrogate was a place on the boundary of the township of Bilton with Harrogate in the ancient parish of Knaresborough, and the parish of Pannal, also known as Beckwith with Rossett. The part within the township of Bilton developed into the community of High Harrogate, and the part within Pannal developed into the community of Low Harrogate. Both communities were within the Royal Forest of Knaresborough. In 1372 King Edward III granted the Royal Forest to his son John, Duke of Lancaster (also known as John of Gaunt), and the Duchy of Lancaster became the principal landowner in Harrogate.

Harrogate's development is owed to the discovery of its chalybeate- and sulphur-rich spring water from the 16th century. The first mineral spring was discovered in 1571 by William Slingsby, who found that water from the Tewit Well in High Harrogate possessed similar properties to that from springs in the Belgian town of Spa, which gave its name to spa towns. The medicinal properties of the waters were publicised by Edmund Deane; his book, Spadacrene Anglica, or the English Spa Fountain was published in 1626. In the 17th and 18th centuries further chalybeate springs were discovered in High Harrogate, and both chalybeate and sulphur springs were found in Low Harrogate. The two communities attracted many visitors. A number of inns were opened for visitors in High Harrogate in the 17th century (the Queen's Head, the Granby, the Dragon and the World's End). In Low Harrogate, the Crown was open by the mid-18th century, and possibly earlier.

In accordance with an Enclosure Act of 1770, promoted by the Duchy of Lancaster, the Royal Forest of Knaresborough was enclosed. The enclosure award of 1778 clarified ownership of land in the Harrogate area. Under the award, 200 acre of land, which included the springs known at that time, were reserved as a public common, The Stray, which has remained public open space. The Enclosure Award facilitated development around the Stray. During the 19th century, the area between High Harrogate and Low Harrogate, which until then had remained separate communities a mile apart, was developed, and what is now the central area of Harrogate was built on high ground overlooking Low Harrogate. An area to the north of the developing town was reserved to the Duchy of Lancaster, and was developed for residential building. To provide entertainment for the increasing numbers of visitors the Georgian Theatre was built in 1788. Bath Hospital (later the Royal Bath Hospital) was built in 1826. The Royal Pump Room was built in 1842. The site of Tewit Well is marked by a dome on the Stray. Other wells can be found in the Valley Gardens and Royal Pump Room museum.

In 1870, engineering inventor Samson Fox perfected the process of creating water gas, in the basement laboratory of Grove House. After constructing a trial plant at his home on Skipton Road, making it the first house in Yorkshire to have gas lighting and heating; he built a town-sized plant to supply Harrogate. After Parliament Street became the world's first route to be lit by water-gas, newspapers commented: "Samson Fox has captured the sunlight for Harrogate." After donating the town's first fire engine, and building the town's theatre, he was elected mayor for three years, an unbroken record.

In 1893 Harrogate doctor George Oliver was the first to observe the effect of adrenaline on the circulation.

Harrogate's popularity declined after the First World War. During the Second World War, Harrogate's large hotels accommodated government offices evacuated from London, paving the way for the town to become a commercial, conference, and exhibition centre.

Former employers in the town were the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB), the Milk Marketing Board and ICI who occupied offices and laboratories at Hornbeam Park where Crimplene was invented in the 1950s and named after the nearby Crimple Valley and beck.

In 2007, two metal detectorists found the Harrogate hoard, a 10th-century Viking treasure hoard, near Harrogate. The hoard contains almost 700 coins and other items from as far away as Afghanistan. The hoard was described by the British Museum as the most important find of its type in Britain for 150 years.

Governance
In 1884 the Municipal Borough of Harrogate was created, taking High Harrogate from the civil parish of Bilton with Harrogate and Low Harrogate from the civil parish of Pannal. The borough absorbed neighbouring areas in subsequent years, including the whole of the civil parishes of Bilton and Starbeck, and a large part of the civil parish of Pannal, including the village of Pannal, in 1938. The municipal borough was abolished in 1974, when Harrogate was transferred from the West Riding to North Yorkshire and became part of the wider Borough of Harrogate. Harrogate then became an unparished area, with no local government of its own. The MP for the Harrogate and Knaresborough constituency is Tom Gordon, a Liberal Democrat. He was elected in 2024, ousting the Conservative who had won the seat at the previous general election. The town is governed by North Yorkshire Council. Its predecessor, Harrogate Borough Council, was replaced on 1 April 2023. It has had a Conservative majority since the 2010 election.

Twin Towns
The Borough of Harrogate is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Bagnères-de-Luchon, France (since 1953)
 * 🇨🇦 Barrie, Canada (since 2013)
 * 🇮🇹 Montecatini Terme, Italy (since 1963)
 * 🇳🇿 Wellington, New Zealand (since 1953)

Geography
The town has good commuter services for people who work in the City of Leeds, City of Bradford, York and North Yorkshire in general. Harrogate is prosperous and has some of the highest property prices in England, with many properties in the town and surrounding villages valued at £1 million or more, it is generally considered the most expensive place to live in the North of England. Fulwith Mill Lane in Harrogate is the most expensive street in Yorkshire.

Harrogate is situated on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales, with the Vale of York to the east and the upland Yorkshire Dales to the west and north-west. It has a dry and mild climate, typical of places in the rain shadow of the Pennines. It is on the A59 from Skipton to York. At an altitude of between 100 and 200 m, Harrogate is higher than many English settlements. It has an average minimum temperature in January of slightly below 1 °C and an average maximum in July and August of 21 °C.

Climate
Harrogate's climate is classified as warm and temperate. There is significant rainfall throughout the year in Harrogate. Even the driest month still has a lot of rainfall. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Cfb. The average annual temperature in Harrogate is 8.9 °C (48 °F). In a year, the average rainfall is 29 inches (742 mm).

Divisions

 * Central Harrogate is bounded by 'the Stray' or 'Two Hundred acres' to the south and west, and borders High Harrogate and the Duchy estate to the east and north respectively. It is a district centre for retail and the Victoria Shopping Centre houses a number of major chains. Pedestrianised Cambridge Street and Oxford Street are the main high streets, and Harrogate Theatre is on Oxford Street. Parliament Street, Montpellier and James Street offer designer shopping and upmarket department stores. An Odeon cinema is located on the edge of central Harrogate, as are Asda and Waitrose supermarkets. Marks and Spencer has a large food hall in its store on Oxford Street. A number of bars and restaurants can be found on Cheltenham Crescent and John Street, while the Royal Baths and Parliament Street are at the centre of the town's nightlife. The southern end of central Harrogate consists largely of detached houses that have been converted to offices, although Harrogate Magistrates' Court and Harrogate Central Library can be found on Victoria Avenue. Some upmarket boutiques are situated along the Stray in central southern Harrogate.
 * Oatlands is a wealthy area in the south of Harrogate. It includes two schools, Oatlands Primary School and Oatlands Infant School, and some allotments.
 * Woodlands is a large area in south-east Harrogate which adjoins Starbeck/Knareborough Road. It is home to Harrogate Town F.C., Willow Tree Primary School, Morrisons and Sainsbury's supermarkets as well as the Woodlands pub.
 * Bilton is a large area of Harrogate with many churches, stores and schools. It has several schools, Richard Taylor School, Woodfield and Bilton Grange. Poets' Corner is known for its 'poetic' street names and expensive housing. On the first May bank holiday each year the Bilton Gala takes place. The first gala was held in 1977 and the event raises money for local groups and organisations.
 * Jennyfields is a large, modern area in the north west of Harrogate, it has two schools, Saltergate Infant School and Saltergate Primary School. The town's main public swimming pool is located on the edge of Jennyfield.
 * The Duchy estate is an area close to central Harrogate where most houses are large detached homes or large detached homes converted into flats. There are several private schools, notably Harrogate Ladies' College. There is a golf club and open countryside for walking.
 * Starbeck is a large area to the east of Harrogate with a railway station with trains to elsewhere in Harrogate on to Leeds, Knaresborough and York. A frequent bus service links Starbeck to Harrogate and Knaresborough. A number of schools, churches and shops are situated in Starbeck.
 * Pannal is to the south of Harrogate, off the A61 road. It retains much of its village character. Pannal railway station links it to Harrogate and on to York, Knaresborough and Leeds.
 * High Harrogate is an inner section to the east of the town centre. It is focused on Westmoreland Street and the A59 Skipton Road, where a number of shops and cafés are located. Expensive terraced houses line the Stray, which stops in High Harrogate.
 * Low Harrogate is an inner section to the west of the town centre. It is the focus of most tourist activity in the town, with the Royal Pump Room, Mercer Art Gallery and the Valley Gardens.
 * Harlow Hill is a district to the west of the town, accessed by Otley Road. It has a number of new developments and an office park. It is known for RHS Harlow Carr Gardens. Harrogate Spring Water bottling plant is on Harlow Hill, as is a water treatment centre.
 * New Park is a small area to the north of Harrogate with a primary school. There are a number of terraced houses and some light industrial and commercial premises.
 * Wheatlands is a wealthy district south of the Stray. It is residential and has two high schools, St Aidan's and St John Fisher's.
 * Knox, north of the town, is separated from Bilton by greenbelt. It straddles Oak Beck, which vehicles used to be able to cross via a ford. This route was blocked in the 1980s and the beck can now be crossed only by pedestrians and cyclists using the adjacent Spruisty packhorse bridge. Cars must go via the A61 (Ripon) road.
 * Hornbeam Park is a small, recently developed area accessed only by Hookstone Road. It was developed as an office park and retains many offices, and is also home to Harrogate College (formerly part of Hull College Group, but part of Luminate Education Group, previously known as Leeds City College, since 1 August 2019), a Nuffield fitness and wellbeing centre, Travel Inn and restaurant, hospice and some small warehouses. It is served by Hornbeam Park railway station with trains to Harrogate and Leeds.

Shopping and dining
Harrogate has a strong and varied economy. The town's main shopping district is focused on Cambridge Street, Oxford Street, Beulah Street and James Street where most of the high street shops can be found. There is a wide range of boutique and designer shopping on Parliament Street and in the Montpellier Quarter, as well as independent shopping around Commercial Street.

Eating out is popular in Harrogate, and the town is well served by restaurants. Parliament Street and Cheltenham Parade are lined with many independent and chain restaurants, while there is a concentration of chain restaurants on John Street and Albert Street.

Conference and exhibition
The conference and exhibition industry is the focus of the town's business, with Harrogate International Centre the third largest fully integrated conference and exhibition centre in the UK, and one of the largest in Europe. Harrogate draws numerous visitors because of its conference facilities. In 2016 such events alone attracted 300,000 visitors to Harrogate. The convention centre was developed in 2020 to be used as a Nightingale Hospital. However, whilst it has been used in an NHS capacity, it has not treated any Coronavirus patients (as of late January 2021) because the conventional hospitals had not run out of capacity. It brings in over £150 million to the local economy every year and attracts in excess of 350,000 business visitors annually. The town is home to the Great Yorkshire Showground and Pavilions of Harrogate, which are major conference destinations. The Great Yorkshire Showground is the hub of the regional agricultural industry, hosted by the Yorkshire Agricultural Society. The Great Yorkshire Show, Countryside Live and the twice yearly Harrogate Flower Shows take place there annually. The many business visitors to Harrogate sustain a number of large hotels, some originally built for visitors to the Spa.

Companies based in the town
Harrogate is the home of Yorkshire Tea, exported by Taylors of Harrogate, as well as internationally exported Harrogate Spring Water. The town also exports Farrah's Toffee, Harrogate Blue cheese. The following companies are either headquartered or have significant bases in Harrogate.

 * Adler and Allan – environmental services to the oil industry
 * Association for Perioperative Practice – medical training charity
 * Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate – tea rooms, bakers, tea and coffee merchants and blenders
 * Fattorini and Sons – jeweller
 * Harrogate Convention Centre – conference centre
 * Harrogate Spring Water – Bottled water suppliers
 * Old Swan Hotel – hotel, part of the Classic Lodges group
 * Transdev Blazefield – bus holding company; parent company of Harrogate Bus Company. Until 1987, Harrogate was also the headquarters of the precursor West Yorkshire Road Car Company.
 * White Stone – The Ski Store – ski wear and equipment online store, with retail premises in Harrogate

Military
Two military installations are located to the west of Harrogate, the Army Foundation College and RAF Menwith Hill, an electronic monitoring station. There used to be a Royal Air Force supply depot and logistics centre on St George's Road in the south-west of the town, but this closed down in 1994. During the Second World War, RAF Harrogate was used as a training establishment for medical staff and recruit training for the Women's Auxiliary Air Force.

Landmarks
There are many fine examples of architecture about the town. The only Grade I listed building in Harrogate is St Wilfrid, Duchy Road, which was designed by the architect Temple Lushington Moore and is often considered to be his masterpiece. In Station Parade stands the Jubilee Memorial, commemorating Queen Victoria's 1887 golden jubilee.

Montpellier Quarter
An imposing cenotaph is an important landmark in the centre of the town. Bettys are tea rooms established in 1919 owned by Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate – the same company that markets Yorkshire Tea. Bettys has a second tea room at the RHS Harlow Carr Gardens.

The Mercer Art Gallery is home to Harrogate district's art collection which consists of some 2,000 works of art, mainly from the 19th and 20th centuries. The collection includes works by William Powell Frith, Atkinson Grimshaw, Sir Edward Burne-Jones, Dame Laura Knight and Alan Davie.

Buildings on Crescent Gardens
Crescent Gardens is a small open area in central Harrogate surrounded by some of the town's main tourist attractions including the Royal Pump Room, Royal Baths, Royal Hall and the Harrogate Council Offices; Hall M of the Harrogate International Centre fronts onto Crescent Gardens.

The Royal Hall theatre, a Grade II listed building designed by Frank Matcham. As the only surviving Kursaal in Britain, the Royal Hall is an important national heritage building. Restoration work was completed in 2007, and the hall was reopened on 22 January 2008, by the Prince of Wales.

The Royal Pump Room, just off the gardens, houses Europe's strongest sulphur well, it is now a museum showcasing the town's spa history.

Parks and gardens

The Valley Gardens, in Low Harrogate, is the town's main park and covers much of the area originally known as 'Bogs Field', where a number of springs were discovered. The Valley Gardens (locals use the definite article) has an ice-cream parlour, children's play area with outdoor paddling pool, a skate park, frisbee golf, crazy golf and mini golf. The Sun Pavilion at the northern edge of the park can be privately hired for weddings. Tennis courts and a bowling green are in the west of the park. The Friends Of Valley Gardens group was formed in 2009 to support the park. It works in partnership with Harrogate Borough Council to guide the park's development.

The Stray is an area of open parkland in the centre of the town. It was created in 1778 to link most of Harrogate's springs in one protected area by an act of Parliament which fixed its area as 200 acres, and even now when part is removed, e.g. due to road widening, it must be replaced elsewhere. During the Victorian period, there was a racecourse for horses there.

RHS Harlow Carr gardens, on the western edge of Harrogate, are award-winning themed gardens and are the Royal Horticultural Society's main presence and representative in the North of England.

The town has several smaller parks and gardens, including The Softpot Garden at Grove House, the Jubilee Gardens and Victoria Gardens on the eastern side of central Harrogate.

Culture
On 11 January 1900, Harrogate Grand Opera House, now Harrogate Theatre, opened with a charity gala in aid of British soldiers fighting the Boer War in South Africa; this was followed, on 13 January 1900, by J Tully's pantomime Dick Whittington.

In 1966, the Harrogate Festival of Arts & Science was established, now known as the Harrogate International Festivals, and is recognised as the North of England's leading arts festival; it incorporates a number of festivals within the portfolio including the Theakstons Old Peculier Crime Writing Festival & Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award, Raworths Harrogate Literature Festival, Harrogate Music Festival and a number of year-round events.

The town hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 in the Harrogate International Centre.

Harrogate won the 2003 and 2016 Britain in Bloom in the category of 'Large Town' and the European Entente Florale in 2004, reprising its win in the first Entente Florale in 1977. Harrogate was a gold medal winner of Europe in Bloom in 2004. In 2005, a Channel 4 TV show listed Harrogate as the UK's third best place to live; in 2006, it came fourth in the same league, where the programme claimed that it placed lower due to "a slight dip in exam results", although presenter Phil Spencer noted that it was his personal favourite.

Harrogate has two orchestras: Harrogate Symphony Orchestra and Harrogate Philharmonic Orchestra.

The town is also home to an underground music scene that has produced heavy metal and punk rock groups including Workshed, Acid Reign and Blood Youth. It is also home to Bombed Out records, an independent record label, who has signed groups such as Fig 4.0.

Cycling
On 5 July 2014, Harrogate served as the finish line of the first stage of the Tour de France. The event attracted record crowds to the town centre and was televised to a global audience. British cyclist Mark Cavendish was forced to drop out of the race, when he crashed a few metres from the finish line and suffered a dislocated shoulder. The town has since been the focal point for finishing stages of the Tour de Yorkshire in 2017. Each event of the 2019 UCI Road World Championships finished in the town, although the entire historic county of Yorkshire was the official host.

Football

Harrogate Town AFC play at Wetherby Road Stadium. The club competes in League Two, the fourth tier of English football, following promotion to the English Football League, which came via victory in the 2019–20 National League Play-offs. They have a historical rivalry with Harrogate Railway Athletic F.C., of the Northern Counties East Football League, located at Station View.

Harrogate RUFC is a North Premier team and formerly based at The County Ground, on Claro Road, but relocated to Rudding Lane on the south side of the town.

Cricket
Harrogate Cricket Club is to be the home of Yorkshire Women cricket team. Until 1995, the town hosted one Yorkshire county game per year at St George's Road cricket ground. Since 2022, the ground has been sponsored by Kirbys Solicitors. In 2008, a fire destroyed the historic old pavilion at the ground, but it has since been re-built with a modern pavilion, bar, function room and changing rooms.

Harrogate Cricket Club has 4 Saturday teams:
 * 1st XI play in the Yorkshire Premier League North; they were the league's inaugural champions in 2016 and is one of the teams elegible to play in the Yorkshire championship whenever the team wins the league. The team formerly played in the Yorkshire ECB County Premier League until 2016.
 * 2nd XI play in York Senior League – Division 2
 * 3rd XI (also known as Harrogate Strays) play in Nidderdale League Division 1
 * 4th XI (also known as Harrogate Devs) play in Nidderdale League Division 5

Bilton Cricket Club, off Bilton Lane, provides opportunities for players of all ages to play in local league cricket; they beat Harrogate Cricket Club at St George's Road in the Black Sheep Trophy of 2006.

Other
Accord to designer Thomas Heatherwick, the Olympic Cauldron for the 2012 London Olympics was built in a ‘Bond Gadget Workshop’ in Harrogate.

Harrogate Harriers run from Harrogate Squash & Fitness Centre on Hookstone Drive and Nidd Valley Road Runners share their premises with Harrogate Hockey Club. Harrogate District Swimming Club is at amateur level and has had teams compete at national level. Rock climbing is a sport in and around Harrogate, indoors at the Harrogate Climbing Centre and at Almscliffe Crag and Brimham Rocks.

Railway

The town is served by four railway stations on the Harrogate Line: Harrogate, Hornbeam Park, Pannal and Starbeck; services on this line run to Leeds and York and are operated by Northern Trains.

London North Eastern Railway operates a two-hourly service to London King's Cross.

The former railway lines to Tadcaster and Wetherby were dismantled in the 1960s.

Former line to Ripon
The Ripon line was closed to passengers on 6 March 1967 and to freight on 5 September 1969 as part of the wider Beeching Axe, despite a vigorous campaign by local campaigners, including the city's MP.

Today, much of the route of the line through the city is now a relief road; however, the former station still stands and it is now surrounded by a new housing development. The issue remains a significant one in local politics and there are movements to restore the line. Reports suggest the reopening of a line between Ripon and Harrogate would be economically viable, costing £40 million and could initially attract 1,200 passengers a day, rising to 2,700. Campaigners call on MPs to restore Ripon railway link.

Buses
Bus services are operated predominantly by The Harrogate Bus Company and Connexions Buses. Key routes include:

 * Route 36: Buses run every 15 minutes between Harrogate, Leeds (via Harewood, Moortown and Chapel Allerton) and every 30 minutes to Ripon.
 * Route 1: Buses are also every 10 minutes to Knaresborough via Starbeck.
 * Route 7: Runs to Leeds via Wetherby, Boston Spa and Seacroft, as well as other parts of semi-rural Leeds.
 * Other routes Connect the town to Otley, Bradford, Pateley Bridge, Boroughbridge, Skipton and local estates within Harrogate.

Harrogate bus station is sited in the town centre. It is managed by The Harrogate Bus Company; the 13 stands are also used by other local operators, Flyer and National Express.

In 2018, all bus routes to local housing suburbs within Harrogate became operated by electric buses. These buses charge on stands 1–3 at Harrogate bus station; the scheme is part funded by the government's Low Emission Bus Scheme.

Roads
Road transport to Leeds is via the A61 (north and central Leeds), A658 (north-west Leeds/Leeds Bradford Airport) and A661 (for north-east Leeds). The A61 continues northwards to Ripon, while the A658 connects to Bradford after passing through north-west Leeds. The A658 also forms the Harrogate by-pass that skirts the south and east of the town, joining the A59 linking York and the A1(M) to the east and Skipton to the west with Harrogate.

Airports
The nearest airport is Leeds Bradford, 10 miles (16 km) to the south-west, to which there are bus services on Flyer route A2 and train services on the Harrogate Line to Horsforth, one of the closest stations. Teesside and Manchester Airport are accessible by rail via Leeds.

Education
Harrogate has multiple colleges, schools and private schools:
 * Ashville College
 * Harrogate College, part of the Luminate Education Group
 * Harrogate Grammar School, (An academy, part of the Red Kite Learning Trust) Specialist in Language and Technology
 * Harrogate High School, a specialist Sports College rebuilt under a governmental scheme in mid-2017
 * Harrogate Ladies' College
 * Harrogate Tutorial College
 * Rossett School a specialist computing and mathematics college
 * St. Aidan's C of E High School, a specialist Language and Science School
 * St John Fisher Catholic High School, a specialist arts and humanities school
 * Army Foundation College.

Media

 * The town's main printed news source is the Harrogate Advertiser, formerly part of Ackrill Media Group, now part of National World. The newspaper was first printed in 1836.
 * The Stray Ferret is the main online news service for the Harrogate district.
 * The Harrogate Informer publishes news online throughout the district.
 * The local radio stations are BBC Radio York on 104.3 & 103.7 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Harrogate & The Yorkshire Dales on 97.2 FM.
 * Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and BBC North East & Cumbria on BBC One and ITV Yorkshire & ITV Tyne Tees on ITV.

Notable statistics
In 2012, Harrogate had the highest concentration of drink-drivers in the UK. A March 2013 survey from the British property website Rightmove ranked Harrogate as the "happiest place" to live in the United Kingdom; the same result was seen in 2014 and 2015. In 2014, Harrogate District Hospital had the best cancer care of any hospital in England.

Notable people

 * Olly Alexander (born 1990), singer and musician
 * Donald Simpson Bell, (1890–1916), First World War Victoria Cross recipient
 * Sir Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (1862–1937), shipping magnate, philanthropist.
 * Paul Bottomley (born 1965), footballer
 * Dewey Bunnell (born 1952), singer and songwriter with the band America
 * Jim Carter (born 1948) actor
 * Edward Chapman (1901–1977), actor
 * Ben Coad, (1994), English cricketer
 * Rachel Daly (1991), English Footballer
 * Oliver Dingley (born 1992), Olympic diver
 * Ian Douglas-Wilson (1912–2013), physician and editor of The Lancet
 * Jenny Duncalf (born 1982), squash player
 * Richard Ellis (1820–1895), one of the first mayors of Harrogate.
 * Bernard Walter Evans (1843–1922), landscape painter and watercolourist. Harrogate resident 1890s to 1911.
 * John Farrah (1849–1907) grocer, confectioner, biologist, born in Harrogate.
 * Gerald Finzi (1901–1956), composer
 * Courtenay Foote (1879–1925), silent-film actor
 * Samson Fox (1838–1903), engineer, industrialist, and philanthropist
 * Luke Garbutt (born 1993), footballer for Blackpool, attended Harrogate Grammar School.
 * Thom Sonny Green (born 1985), drummer for indie rock band Alt-J.
 * H. L. A. Hart (1907–1992), legal philosopher
 * Thomas Holroyd (1821–1904), portrait and landscape painter, co-owner of photographic studio T & J. Holroyd.
 * Charles Hull (1890–1953), soldier who received the Victoria Cross.
 * Garry Jennings, musician born in Harrogate.
 * Mik Kaminski (born 1951), violinist and band member of ELO and Violinski
 * Jack Laugher (born 1995), Olympic Diver.
 * Christina Le Moignan (born 1942) Minister and academic, who served as President of the British Methodist Conference
 * Peter McCormick (born 1952), solicitor, Chairman of the Premier League, Vice Chairman of The Football Association
 * Fridel Meyer (1904–1982), Long-distance kayaker and businesswoman. German-born; later a Harrogate resident.
 * Sarah Moore (born 1993), a racing driver who competes in the W Series
 * David Nobbs (1935–2015) author and screenwriter, creator of Reginald Perrin
 * Andy O'Brien (born 1979), footballer for the Vancouver Whitecaps.
 * Jack Ogden, jewellery historian, grew up in Harrogate.
 * Gord Pettinger (born 11 November 1911 in Harrogate, England – d. 12 April 1986) was a British professional ice hockey centre
 * Richard Ridgeway (1848–1924), Victoria Cross recipient, lived his later life and died in Harrogate
 * Ilona Rodgers (born 1942), actress
 * Arnold Shaw (1896–1972), British Army officer and cricketer
 * David Simpson (1860–1931), former freeman and four times mayor of Harrogate, and contractor who built the Grand Hotel in the town.
 * John Smith (1797–1866), philanthropist, partner in Beckett's Bank, and founder of the Harrogate mansion "Belvedere", where he lived in retirement..
 * Hugo Speer (born 1968), actor
 * Jonathan Tattersall (born 1994), cricketer
 * Laura Veale (1867–1963), first qualified female doctor practising in Harrogate and the North Riding of Yorkshire.
 * William John Seward Webber (1842–1919), sculptor
 * Mark Wharton, musician born in Harrogate

title: Harrogate


text: Talk:Queens

title: Talk:Queens


text:
Quran translations

The Qur'an has been translated into most major African, Asian and European languages from Arabic.

Islamic theology
Translation of the Qur'an from Arabic into other languages has always been a difficult issue in Islamic theology. Because Muslims revere the Qur'an as miraculous and inimitable (i'jaz al-Qur'an), they argue that the Qur'anic text should not be isolated from its true language or written form, at least not without keeping the Arabic text with it.

According to Islamic theology, the Qur'an is a revelation very specifically in Arabic, and so it should only be recited in Quranic Arabic. Translations into other languages are the work of humans and so, according to Muslims, no longer possess the uniquely sacred character of the Arabic original. Since these translations subtly change the meaning, they are often called "interpretations" or "translation[s] of the meanings" (with "meanings" being ambiguous between the meanings of the various passages and the multiple possible meanings with which each word taken in isolation can be associated, and with the latter connotation amounting to an acknowledgement that the so-called translation is but one possible interpretation and is not claimed to be the full equivalent of the original). For instance, Pickthall called his translation The Meaning of the Glorious Koran rather than simply The Koran.

The task of translation of the Qur'an is not an easy one; some native Arab speakers will argue that some Qur'anic passages are difficult to understand even in the original Arabic script. A part of this is the innate difficulty of any translation; in Arabic, as in other languages, a single word can have a variety of meanings. There is always an element of human judgement involved in understanding and translating a text. This factor is made more complex by the fact that the usage of words has changed a great deal between classical and modern Arabic. As a result, even Qur'anic verses which seem perfectly clear to native Arab speakers accustomed to modern vocabulary and usage may have an original meaning that is not obvious.

The original meaning of a Qur'anic passage will also be dependent on the historical circumstances of the prophet Muhammad's life and the early community in which it originated. Investigating that context usually requires a detailed knowledge of hadith and sirah, which are themselves vast and complex texts. This introduces an additional element of uncertainty that cannot be eliminated by any linguistic rules of translation.

History
The first translation of the Qur'an was performed by Salman the Persian, who translated Surah al-Fatiha into the Middle Persian in the early seventh century. According to Islamic tradition contained in the hadith, the Negus of the Ethiopian Empire and the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius received letters from Muhammad containing verses from the Qur'an. However, during Muhammad's lifetime, no passage from the Qur'an was ever translated into these languages nor any other.

The second known translation was into Greek and was used by Nicetas Byzantius, a scholar from Constantinople, in his 'Refutation of Qur'an' written between 855 and 870. However, we know nothing about who and for what purpose had made this translation. It is said that it was a complete translation.

The first fully attested complete translations of the Qur'an were done between the 10th and 12th centuries into Classical Persian. The Samanid emperor, Mansur I (961–976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of Khwaja Abdullah Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Qur'an in Persian. In the 12th century, Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi translated the Qur'an into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.

In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.

Latin
Robertus Ketenensis produced the first Latin translation of the Qur'an in 1143. His version was entitled Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete ("The law of Mahomet the pseudo prophet"). The translation was made at the behest of Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, and currently exists in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal in Paris. Ketenensis' work was republished in 1543 in three editions by Theodore Bibliander at Basel. All editions contained a preface by Martin Luther. Many later European translations of the Qur'an merely translated Ketenensis' Latin version into their own language, as opposed to translating the Qur'an directly from Arabic.

In the early thirteenth century, Mark of Toledo made another, more literal, translation into Latin, which survives in several manuscripts. In the fifteenth century, Juan of Segovia produced another translation in collaboration with the Mudejar writer, Isa of Segovia. Only the prologue survives. In the sixteenth century, Juan Gabriel Terrolensis aided Cardenal Eguida da Viterbo in another translation into Latin. In the early seventeenth century, another translation was made, attributed to Cyril Lucaris.

In 1518, Juan Gabriel of Teruel (formerly known as Ali Alayzar), a Muslim convert to Christianity, prepared a Latin translation of the Quran for Giles of Viterbo, who had commissioned the translation for the purpose of converting Muslims to Christianity. Leo Africanus, a Muslim convert who was a godson of Giles of Viterbo, revised the translation in 1525. Surviving manuscripts of the translation are Cambridge MS Mm. v. 26 (C) and Milan MS D 100 inf. (M). MS D 100 Inf was copied by Scottish scholar David Colville in 1621, from a manuscript at the library of El Escorial in Spain. Colville later brought the manuscript to Milan. Today, it is archived at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana.

In 1622, the Genoese Jesuit priest Ignazio Lomellini (1560–1645) translated the Quran into Latin in the little-known Animadversiones, Notae ac Disputationes in Pestilentem Alcoranum (MS A-IV-4), a 1622 manuscript that is the oldest surviving example of a European translation of the Quran which also includes the complete original Arabic text.

Louis Maracci (1612–1700), a teacher of Arabic at the Sapienza University of Rome and confessor to Pope Innocent XI, issued an Arabic edition and a second Latin translation in 1698 in Padua. His edition contains the Qur'an's Arabic text with a Latin translation, annotations to further understanding and – embued by the time's spirit of controversy – an essay titled "Refutation of the Qur'an", where Marracci disproves Islam from the then Catholic point of view. Despite the Refutation's anti-Islamic tendency, Marracci's translation is accurate, suitably commented, and quotes many Islamic sources.

Marracci's translation too became the source of other European translations (one in France by Savory, and one in German by Nerreter). These later translations were quite inauthentic, and one even claimed to be published in Mecca in 1165 AH.

Modern languages
The first translation in a modern European language was in Castilian Spanish or Aragonese by the convert Juan Andrés (or so he claims in his Confusión o Confutación de la secta mahomética y del alcorán) but this translation is lost. A few dozen Qur'an verses into Castilian are found within the Confusión itself. There were lost translations in Catalan, one of them by Francesc Pons Saclota in 1382, the other appeared in Perpignan in 1384. Another Romance translation was made into Italian, 1547 by Andrea Arrivabene, derived from Ketenensis'. The Italian translation was used to derive the first German translation Salomon Schweigger in 1616 in Nuremberg, which in turn was used to derive the first Dutch translation in 1641.

The first French translation came out in 1647, and again in 1775, issued by André du Ryer. The Du Ryer translation also fathered many re-translations, most notably an English version by Alexander Ross in 1649. Ross' version was used to derive several others: a Dutch version by Glazemaker, a German version by Lange.

Adyghe

 * The first Adyghe translation of the Qur'an was done by Iskhak Mashbash. A Kabardian edition was also published. It was translated from Russian.

English
The earliest known translation of the Qur'an in any European language was the Latin works by Robert of Ketton at the behest of the Abbot of Cluny in c. 1143. This translation remained the only one until 1649 when the first English language translation was done by Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I, who translated from a French work L'Alcoran de Mahomet by du Ryer.

In 1734, George Sale produced the first translation of the Qur'an direct from Arabic into English but relying heavily on O.M.D. Louis Maracci's Vatican Quran. Since then, there have been English translations by the clergyman John Medows Rodwell in 1861, and Edward Henry Palmer in 1880, both showing in their works several mistakes of mistranslation and misinterpretation, which brings into question their primary aim. These were followed by Richard Bell in 1937 and Arthur John Arberry in the 1950s.

The Qur'an (1910) by Mirza Abul Fazl (1865–1956), a native of East Bengal (now Bangladesh), later moved to Allahabad, India. He was the first Muslim to present a translation of the Qur'an into English along with the original Arabic text. Among the contemporary Muslim scholars, Abul Fazl was a pioneer who took interest in the study of the chronological order of the Qur'an and drew the attention of Muslim scholars to its importance.

With the increasing population of English-speaking Muslims around the start of the 20th century, three Muslim translations of the Qur'an into English made their first appearance. The first was Muhammad Ali's 1917 translation, which is composed from an Ahmadiyya perspective, with some small parts being rejected as unorthodox by the vast majority of Muslims. This was followed in 1930 by the English convert to Islam Marmaduke Pickthall's more literalist translation.

Soon thereafter in 1934, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, published his translation, featuring copious explanatory annotation – over 6000 notes, generally being around 95% of the text on a given page, to supplement the main text of the translation. This translation has gone through over 30 printings by several different publishing houses, and is one of the most popular amongst English-speaking Muslims, alongside the Pickthall and Saudi-sponsored Hilali-Khan translations.

With few new English translations over the 1950–1980 period, these three Muslim translations were to flourish and cement reputations that were to ensure their survival into the 21st century, finding favor among readers often in newly revised updated editions. Orientalist Arthur Arberry's 1955 translation and native Iraqi Jew N. J. Dawood's unorthodox translation in 1956 were to be the only major works to appear in the post-war period. A. J. Arberry's The Koran Interpreted remains the scholarly standard for English translations, and is widely used by academics.

The English translation of Kanzul Iman is called The Treasure of Faith, which is translated by Farid Ul Haq. It is in simple, easy-to-understand modern-day English. Explanations are given in brackets to avoid ambiguity, provide better understanding and references to similar verses elsewhere.

Syed Abdul Latif's translation published in 1967, is regarded highly by some. He was a professor of English at Osmania University, Hyderabad. It was nevertheless short-lived due to criticism of his foregoing accuracy for the price of fluency.

The Message of the Qur'an: Presented in Perspective (1974) was published by Hashim Amir Ali. He translated the Qur'an into English and arranged it according to chronological order. Hashim Amir-Ali (1903-c. 1987) was a native of Salar Jung, Hyderabad State in the Deccan Plateau. In 1938, he came under the influence of Abul Fazl and took a deep interest in the study of the Qur'an, and was aware of the significance of the chronological order of the passages contained in it.

Another Jewish convert to Islam, Muhammad Asad's monumental work The Message of The Qur'an made its appearance for the first time in 1980.

Professor Ahmed Ali's Al-Qur'an: A Contemporary Translation (Akrash Publishing, Karachi, 1984, Reprinted by Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987; Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1988, with 9th reprinting 2001). Fazlur Rahman Malik of the University of Chicago writes, "It brings out the original rhythms of the Qur'anic language and the cadences. It also departs from traditional translations in that it gives more refined and differentiated shades of important concepts". According to Francis Edward Peters of New York University, "Ahmed Ali's work is clear, direct, and elegant – a combination of stylistic virtues seldom found in translations of the Qur'an. His is the best I have read."

At the cusp of the 1980s, the 1973 oil crisis, the Iranian Revolution, the Nation of Islam and a new wave of cold-war-generated Muslim immigrants to Europe and North America brought Islam squarely into the public limelight for the first time in Western Europe and North America. This resulted in a wave of translations as Western publishers tried to capitalize on the new demand for English translations of the Qur'an. Oxford University Press and Penguin Books were all to release editions at this time, as did indeed the Saudi Government, which came out with its own re-tooled version of the original Yusuf Ali translation. Canadian Muslim Professor T. B. Irving's 'modern English' translation (1985) was a major Muslim effort during that time.

Qur'an: The Final Testament, Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, (1989) was published by Rashad Khalifa (رشاد خليفة; 19 November 1935 – 31 January 1990) Khalifa wrote that he was a messenger of God and that the archangel Gabriel 'most assertively' told him that chapter 36, verse 3, of the Qur'an, 'specifically' referred to him. He is referred to as God's Messenger of the Covenant by his followers. He wrote that the Qur'an contains a mathematical structure based on the number 19. He made the controversial claim that the last two verses of chapter nine in the Qur'an were not canonical, telling his followers to reject them. He reasoned that the verses disrupted an otherwise flawless nineteen-based pattern and were sacrilegious since they appeared to endorse worship of Muhammad. Khalifa's research received little attention in the West. In 1980, Martin Gardner mentioned it in Scientific American. Gardner later wrote a more extensive and critical review of Khalifa and his work.

The arrival of the 1990s ushered in the phenomenon of an extensive English-speaking Muslim population well-settled in Western Europe and North America. As a result, several major Muslim translations emerged to meet the ensuing demand. One of them was published in 1990, and it is by the first woman to translate the Qur'an into English, Amatul Rahman Omar, together with her husband, Abdul Mannan Omar. In 1991 appeared an English translation under the title: The Clarion Call Of The Eternal Qur-aan, by Muhammad Khalilur Rahman (b. 1906–1988), Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was the eldest son of Shamsul Ulama Moulana Muhammad Ishaque of Burdwan, West Bengal, India, – a former lecturer of Dhaka University.

In 1996 the Saudi government financed a new translation "the Hilali-Khan Qur'an" which was distributed free worldwide by the Saudi government. It has been criticized for being in line with their particular interpretation.

The Saheeh International Qur'an translation was published in 1997 in Saudi Arabia by three women converts. It remains extremely popular.

In 1999, a fresh translation of the Qur'an into English entitled The Noble Qur'an – A New Rendering of its Meaning in English by Abdalhaqq and the American Aisha Bewley was published by Bookwork, with revised editions being published in 2005 and 2011.

In 2000, The Majestic Qur'an: An English Rendition of Its Meanings was published by a committee of four Turkish Sunni scholars who have divided the work as follows: Nurettin Uzunoğlu translated Surahs (chapters) 1 to 8; Tevfik Rüştü Topuzoğlu: 9 to 20; Ali Özek: 21 to 39; Mehmet Maksutoğlu: 40 to 114. The translation comes with an extensive commentary and annotations in modern standard English, makes it easier to understand than the older translations.

The Qur'an in Persian and English (Bilingual Edition, 2001) features an English translation by the Iranian poet and author Tahereh Saffarzadeh. This was the third translation of the Qur'an into English by a woman, after Amatul Rahman Omar, and Aisha Bewley – and the first bilingual translation of the Qur'an.

In 2003, the English translation of the 8-volume Ma'ariful Qur'an was completed and the translation of the Qurʻan used for it was newly done by Muhammad Taqi Usmani in collaboration with his brother Wali Raazi Usmani and his teachers, Professors Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shameem.

In 2004, a new translation of the Qur'an by Muhammad Abdel-Haleem was also published, with revised editions being published in 2005 and 2008.

In 2006, The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English by Ali Ünal was published. The work is more like a simplified tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis) than a translation. He uses modern English, and adds short notes between brackets amidst the translation when needed.

In 2007, Qur'an: a Reformist Translation by Edip Yüksel, Layth Saleh al-Shaiban, and Martha Schulte-Nafeh, was published.

In 2007, The Meanings of the Noble Qur'an with Explanatory Notes by Muhammad Taqi Usmani was published. It has been published in 2 volumes at first and later, in a single volume. He also translated the Qur'an in simple Urdu, making him a translator of the Qur'an in dual languages.

In 2007 The Sublime Qur'an appeared by Laleh Bakhtiar; it is the second translation of the Qur'an by an American woman.

In 2008, Tarif Khalidi completed The Qur'an: A New Translation for Penguin Classics and Viking Press. It did not include commentary, so as to give readers a sense of how the earliest Muslims would have read and listened to the Qur'an. It serves as a replacement to Penguin Classics' older translation by NJ Dawood, although the Dawood translation remains in print.

In 2009, Wahiduddin Khan translated the Qur'an in English, which was published by Goodword Books entitled The Qur'an: Translation and Commentary with Parallel Arabic Text. This translation is considered as the easiest to understand due to simple and modern English. The pocket-size version of this translation with only English text is widely distributed as part of dawah work.

A rhymed verse edition of the entire Qur'an rendered in English by Thomas McElwain in 2010 includes rhymed commentary under the hardback title The Beloved and I, Volume Five, and the paperback title The Beloved and I: Contemplations on the Qur'an.

In 2015, Mustafa Khattab of Al-Azhar University completed The Clear Qur'an: A Thematic English Translation, after three years of collaboration with a team of scholars, editors, and proof-readers. Noted for its clarity, accuracy, and flow, this work is believed to be the first English translation done in Canada.

A Turkish Scholar Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qur'an through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called Tebyin-ül Qur'an, and he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation in Turkish. His work was translated into English.

In 2018, Musharraf Hussain released The Majestic Quran: A Plain English Translation, a reader-friendly presentation of the translation of the Qur'an aiming to help readers understand the topic being read, and learn the moving and transformative message of the Qur'an. There are 1500 sections with headings. Approved by Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya (Egyptian institute of Fatwas).

In 2019, Tahir Mahmood Kiani released The Easy Quran. The translation was intended for readers at age 12, but was also comprehensible to readers as young as 6.

In 2021, Talal Itani released ''Quran in English: Super-easy to read. For ages 9 to 99.'' A Quran translation for children and adults.

In 2022, Nuh Ha Mim Keller released The Quran Beheld. Based on two integral study readings over fifteen years with a teacher, it was described by a reviewer as "the first reliable plenary translation of the Quran into English."

In 2023, a new translation of the Quran was produced through a collaboration between Talal Itani and artificial intelligence. This translation is noted for its attempt to balance readability with linguistic precision. It aims to be accessible to a wide range of readers, including children and adults, as well as both Muslims and non-Muslims. The translation strives for a non-sectarian approach and emphasizes grammatical accuracy. The collaboration between Itani, a scholar in Quranic studies, and machine learning algorithms represents an innovative approach in the field of Quran translations.

French
L'Alcoran de Mahomet / translaté d'Arabe François par le Sieur Du Ryer, Sieur de la Garde Malezair., 1647, 1649, 1672, 1683, 1719, 1734, 1770, 1775, by André Du Ryer, was the first French translation. This was followed two centuries later in Paris by the 1840 translation by Kasimirski who was an interpreter for the French Persian legation. Then in the mid-twentieth century, a new translation was done by Régis Blachère a French Orientalist followed a few years later in 1959 by the first translation by a Muslim into the French Language from the original Arabic. This work of Muhammad Hamidullah continues to be reprinted and published in Paris and Lebanon as it is regarded as the most linguistically accurate of all translations although critics may complain there is some loss of the spirit of the Arabic original.

Modern Greek
The first Modern Greek translation was done by Gerasimos Pentakis in 1886, after receiving royal approval from George I of Greece. A second edition was published in 1928. Another three were published in 1958, 1980 and 2002, the most recent was done from Persa Koumoutsi. There is also an online translation. In Greek, there is also the 9th century translation of Nicetas Byzantios referred earlier in the article.

Russian
In 1716, Pyotr Postinkov published the first translation of the Quran in Russian based on the French translation of André du Ryer. Gordiy Sablukov published the first Russian translation of the Quran from the original Arabic text in 1873. Nearly 20 translations in Russian have been published.

Spanish
There are four complete translations of the Qur'an in modern Spanish that are commonly available.
 * Julio Cortes translation 'El Coran' is widely available in North America, being published by New York-based Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an publishing house.
 * Ahmed Abboud and Rafael Castellanos, two converts to Islam of Argentine origin, published 'El Sagrado Coran' (El Nilo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953).
 * Kamel Mustafa Hallak fine deluxe hardback print 'El Coran Sagrado' is printed by Maryland-based Amana Publications.
 * Abdel Ghani Melara Navio a Spaniard who converted to Islam in 1979, his 'Traduccion-Comentario Del Noble Coran' was originally published by Darussalam Publications, Riyadh, in December 1997. The King Fahd Printing Complex has its own version of this translation, with editing by Omar Kaddoura and Isa Amer Quevedo.

Bengali
In 1389, Shah Muhammad Sagir, one of the oldest poets of Bengali literature, was the first to translate surahs of the Qur'an into the old Bengali language. Girish Chandra Sen, a Brahmo Samaj missionary, was the first person to produce a complete translation of the Qur'an into the Bengali language in 1886, although an incomplete translation was made by Amiruddin Basunia in 1808. Abbas Ali of Chandipur, West Bengal was the first Muslim to translate the entire Qur'an into the Bengali language. Muhammad Naimuddin of Tangail translated the first ten chapters of the Qur'an into Bengali in 1891.

Besides many translated Qur'anic exegesis are available in Bengali language. Mohammad Akram Khan translated the 30th chapter of the Quran with commentary in 1926. In 1938, Muhammad Naqibullah Khan published a Bengali translation. Muhiuddin Khan was also a known Bangladeshi who translated the Ma'arif al-Qur'an into Bengali.

Chinese
It is claimed that Yusuf Ma Dexin (1794–1874) is the first translator of the Qur'an into Chinese. However, the first complete translations into Chinese did not appear until 1927, although Islam had been present in China since the Tang dynasty (618–907). Wang Jingzhai was one of the first Chinese Muslims to translate the Qur'an. His translation, the Gǔlánjīng yìjiě, appeared in either 1927 or 1932, with new revised versions being issued in 1943 and 1946. The translation by Lǐ Tiězhēng, a non-Muslim, was not from the original Arabic, but from John Medows Rodwell's English via Sakamoto Ken-ichi's Japanese. A second non-Muslim translation appeared in 1931, edited by Jī Juémí. Other translations appeared in 1943, by Liú Jǐnbiāo, and 1947, by Yáng Zhòngmíng. The most popular version today is the Gǔlánjīng, translated by Mǎ Jiān, parts of which appeared between 1949 and 1951, with the full edition being published posthumously only in 1981.

Tóng Dàozhāng, a Muslim Chinese American, produced a modern translation, entitled Gǔlánjīng, in 1989. The most recent translation appeared in Taipei in 1996, the Qīngzhēn xīliú – Gǔlánjīng xīnyì, translated by Shěn Xiázhǔn, but it has not found favor with Muslims.

The latest translation 古兰经暨 中文译注 was translated and published by Yunus Chiao Shien Ma in 2016 in Taipei ISBN 978-957-43-3984-6.

Gujarati
Imam Ahmed Raza Khan translated the first Gujarati Quran in 1911 called Kanzul Iman based on the Urdu Translation of Shah Abdul Qadir Dehlvi. Quran Majeed Gujarati Tarjuma Sathe by Ahmedbhai Sulaiman Jumani in 1930.

Hebrew
The translation of the Qur'an to Hebrew by Oz Yona and his staff was published by Goodword books in 2019.

Urdu
The first Modern Urdu translation was done by Shah Abdul Qadir, son of Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlawi, in 1826. A translation of Quran in both Hindi and Urdu was done by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan in 1911 named as Kanzul Iman. One of the authentic translations of the Qur'an in Urdu was done by Abul A'la Maududi and was named Tafhimu'l-Qur'an. Molana Ashiq Elahi Merathi also translated the Qur'an in Urdu. Tafseer e Merathi is a renowned translation of Qur'an along with tarsier and Shan e Nazool in Urdu by Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri, In 1961 Mafhoom-ul-Quran was written by Ghulam Ahmed Perwez. In 1985, Maulana Wahiduddin Khan wrote the Urdu Translation and Commentary titled Tazkirul Quran. He also translated Quran in Hindi. Arshad Madani & Pro Sulaiman translated Hindi Quran titled, Quran Sharif: Anuvad aur Vakhya in 1991. Irfan-ul-Qurʻan is an Urdu translation by Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri. [Mutalaeh Qur'an مطالعہ قرآن] by ABDULLAH, 2014, is an Urdu Translation.

Indonesian languages
The Qur'an has also been translated to Acehnese, Buginese, Gorontalo, Javanese, Sundanese, and Indonesian of Indonesia, the most populous Muslim country in the world. Translation into Acehnese was done by Mahijiddin Yusuf in 1995; into Buginese by Daude Ismaile and Nuh Daeng Manompo in 1982; into Gorontalo by Lukman Katili in 2008; into Javanese by Ngarpah (1913), Kyai Bisyri Mustafa Rembang (1964), and K. H. R. Muhamad Adnan; in Sundanese by A.A. Dallan, H. Qamaruddin Shaleh, Jus Rusamsi in 1965; and in Indonesian at least in three versions: A Dt. Madjoindo, H.M Kasim Bakery, Imam M. Nur Idris, A. Hassan, Mahmud Yunus, H.S. Fachruddin, H., Hamidy (all in the 1960s), Mohammad Diponegoro, Bachtiar Surin (all in the 1970s), and Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia (Indonesian Department of Religious Affair).

Japanese
The first translation into Japanese was done by Sakamoto Ken-ichi in 1920. Sakamoto worked from Rodwell's English translation. Takahashi Goro, Bunpachiro (Ahmad) Ariga and Mizuho Yamaguchi produced Japan's second translation in 1938. The first translation from the Arabic was done by Toshihiko Izutsu in 1945. In 1950, another translation appeared by Shūmei Ōkawa. Other translations have appeared more recently by Ban Yasunari and Osamu Ikeda in 1970 and by Umar Ryoichi Mita in 1972.

In 2015, a Japanese language manga adaptation of the Qur'an was published in Japan as part of the East Press Manga de Dokuha series, which seeks to adapt historic books into an accessible manga format. This version is framed for Japanese cultural sensibilities around a narrative in which a wise old Muslim man meets a kawaii-coded djinn in a mosque who is drawn to the sound of Qur'an recitation and wishes to learn more about Islam. The two then embark on a journey through time and space as the story of the Qur'an unfolds. Various surahs are included in full throughout. The nameless protagonist, not Muhammad, is the man on the book's cover. Muhammad does appear and even speaks to the two main characters, but he is depicted as a cloaked figure without a face.

Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages
William Shellabear (1862–1948) a British scholar and missionary in Malaysia, after translating the Bible into the Malay language began a translation of the Qur'an, but died in 1948 without finishing it.

Sindhi
Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (Urdu: آخوند أعزاز الله) (Sindhi: مولانا اعزاز اللہ ) was a Muslim theologian from Sindh. Akhund Azaz is considered to be the first person who translated the Qur'an from Arabic to Sindhi. According to Sindhi tradition the first translation was made by in 270 AH / 883 CE by an Arab scholar. Later, it was translated into the Sindhi language by Imam Abul Hassan bin Mohammad Sadiq Al-Sindhi Al-Ma.

Tagalog
In 1982, Abdul Rakman H. Bruce translated the quran in Tagalog which is locally known as "Ang Banal na Kuran".

Tamil
Translated as Fathhur-Rahma Fi Tarjimati Tafsir al-Qur'an (Qur'an translation) by Sheikh Mustafa (1836 – 25 July 1888) Beruwala Sri Lanka; Later on Abdul Hameed Bhakavi Tamil Nadu- India

Turkish
The earliest Quranic translation in the Turkish or Turkic language dates back to the 11th century. One of his later translation works is the copy written in the Khorezmian Turkic language in 1363, which is registered in Istanbul's Suleymaniye Library, Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa mosque No:2. This translation in Khorezmian Turkic, like other translations of the Qur'an, is important for language studies. Because the sanctity of the text that is subject to translation will cause the translator to behave more carefully, the errors encountered in the text are not included in such works. Besides, attention was paid to the religious terminology to be understood by the public and that is why Turkic words are given weight. G. Sağol worked on the translation in question. Muhammed Hamdi Yazır worked on tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis) in the Maturidi context, and published his Hakk Dīni Kur'an Dili, the first Modern Turkish translation of Quran in 1935 by the orders of Kemal Ataturk.

In 1999, the Turkish translation of the Qur'an, MESAJ by Edip Yüksel was published, about seven years after the publication of his book, Türkçe Kuran Çevirilerindeki Hatalar ("Errors in Turkish Translations of the Qur'an"). The translation is a Quranist translation, similar to the translation by Yaşar Nuri Öztürk, and does not consider hadith and sectarian traditional jurisprudence as an authority in understanding the Qur'an. It differs greatly from Sunni and Shia traditions in the translation of numerous crucial words and verses.

Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qur'an through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called Tebyin-ül Qur'an. And he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation.

African languages

 * Translation of the Qur'an to Oromo by Sheikh Mohammed Rashad Abdulle.
 * Translation of the Qur'an to Swahili by Sheikh Ali Muhsin al-Barwani.
 * Translation of the Qur'an to Swahili language by Sheikh Said Moosa Mohamed al-Kindy.
 * Translation of the Qur'an to Hausa by Sheikh Muhamud Gumi.
 * Translation of the Qur'an to Yoruba by Sheikh Adam Abdullah Al-Ilory.
 * Translation of the Qur'an to Dagbanli by Sheikh M. Baba Gbetobu.

Esperanto
After the fall of the Shah, Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran called on Muslims to learn Esperanto. Shortly thereafter, an official Esperanto translation of the Qur'an was produced by the state.

Muztar Abbasi also translated the Qur'an into Esperanto and wrote a biography of Muhammad and several other books in Esperanto and Urdu.

In 1970, Professor Italo Chiussi, an Ahmadi, translated the Qur'an into Esperanto.

title: Quran translations


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James Haldane

The Rev James Alexander Haldane aka Captain James Haldane (14 July 1768 – 8 February 1851) was a Scottish independent church leader following an earlier life as a sea captain.

Biography
The youngest son of Captain James Haldane of Airthrey Castle (who died two weeks before he was born), (his older brother Robert Haldane was also a clergyman) in Stirlingshire, he was born at Dundee. His mother was sister to Admiral Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan.

He was educated first at Dundee Grammar School and afterwards at the High School in Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh. At the age of seventeen he joined the Honorable East India Company as a midshipman on board the ship, the Duke of Montrose. After four voyages to India, in the summer of 1793, he was promoted to captain and commander of the Melville Castle. He started a careful study of the Bible during his voyages, and also came under the evangelical influence of David Bogue of Gosport, one of the founders of the London Missionary Society.

He briefly returned to Scotland in 1793, and began preaching on an itinerant basis. He remained in HEICS until 1797, his final action being on home ground in the Spithead mutiny, where he boarded the "Dutton". He left the HEICS in the summer of 1797 and, encouraged by friends, began as a lay preacher in Gilmerton south of Edinburgh.

Evangelism
In about 1796 he became acquainted with the celebrated evangelical, Charles Simeon of Cambridge, in whose company he toured Scotland, distributing tracts and trying to awaken others to an interest in religious subjects.

He moved to Edinburgh and befriended Rev David Black of Lady Yester's Kirk and Walter Buchanan Second Charge of Canongate Kirk who persuaded him to become a minister.

In May 1797 he preached his first sermon, at Gilmerton near Edinburgh, with encouraging success. In the same year he established a non-sectarian organization for tract distribution and lay preaching called the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at Home. During the next few years he made repeated missionary journeys, preaching wherever he could obtain hearers, and generally in the open air.

Around 1815 he moved to the city centre, living at 16 George Street and began preaching at the huge Tabernacle Church at the head of Leith Walk (now the site of the Playhouse Theatre).

Haldane was never a preacher for the Church of Scotland, but was an evangelical preacher, who proved more popular than the established church. His studies of the New Testament led him to leave that denomination behind and work in an independent church movement. Along with his brother, Robert Haldane, and others, James established 85 independent churches in Scotland and Ireland. Churches originated by the Haldanes practised baptism by immersion, weekly communion, and congregational polity (autonomous government). The Haldanes also operated a seminary and were influenced in their principles by other independency thinkers such as John Glas and Robert Sandeman of the Glasite church.

As advancing years compelled him to withdraw from the more exhausting labours of travel and open-air preaching, he sought to influence the discussion of current religious and theological questions by means of the press. In later years he adopted Baptist views.

He lived his final years at 34 Drummond Place in Edinburgh's Second New Town.

He died on 8 February 1851 aged 82, and is buried in the Haldane family plot in St Cuthbert's Churchyard at the west end of Princes Street in Edinburgh. The grave lies immediately east of the church on the wall backing onto Princes Street Gardens.

Family
He married twice and had 13 children. He married first Mary Joass on 18 September 1793. Believed to have been born on 27 October 1771, she died on 27 February 1819. They had the following children:

 * Elizabeth Haldane (1794–1843)
 * Catharine Haldane (1797–1885)
 * James Haldane (1799–1831)
 * Alexander Haldane (15 October 1800 – 19 July 1882 )
 * Among whose children was Alexander Chinnery-Haldane (1842–1906), Bishop of Argyll and the Isles
 * Mary Haldane (1801 – 7 November 1857 )
 * Margaret Haldane (1803–89)
 * Robert Haldane (1805–77)
 * Father of Richard (Secretary of State for War 1905–12), John Scott and Elizabeth Haldane, among others.

In 1822 he married for a second time to Margaret Rutherford, daughter of Daniel Rutherford. They had the following children:
 * Isabella Mitchelson Haldane (1823–92), married Richard Burdon-Sanderson (1821–76) in 1853
 * Daniel Rutherford Haldane (1824–87), physician.
 * Father of General Sir James Aylmer Haldane, among others.
 * Adamina Dundas Duncan Haldane (1826–98)
 * Helen Haldane (1828–73)
 * George Oswald Haldane (1829–31)
 * James Haldane

Publications
Among Haldane's numerous contributions to theological discussions were:

He also published:
 * The Duty of Christian Forbearance in Regard to Points of Church Order (1811)
 * Strictures on a Publication upon Primitive Christianity by Mr John Walker (1819)
 * Refutation of Edward Irving's Heretical Doctrines respecting the Person and Atonement of Jesus Christ. His Observations on Universal Pardon, etc., was a contribution to the controversy regarding the views of Thomas Erskine of Linlathen and Campbell of Row.
 * Man's Responsibility (1842) is a reply to Howard Hinton on the nature and extent of the Atonement.
 * Journal of a Tour in the North (1801)
 * Early Instruction Commended (1801)
 * Views of the Social Worship of the First Churches (1805)
 * The Doctrine and Duty of Self-Examination (1806)
 * The Doctrine of tile Atonement (1845)
 * Exposition of the Epistle to the Galatians (1848).
 * The Wisdom of God Displayed in the Mystery of the Redemption

title: James Haldane