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Talk:World War II/Archive 4

Discussion on Finland
Regarding the statements:
 * there was no peace-treaty between the Soviet Union and Finland after the Winter War
 * only Britain had prepared for/discussed an Scandinavian occupation
 * Finnish forces were unable to force itself into the city Leningrad

I must say that these are shameless pro-Soviet and anti-Finnish lies, which even the slightest reading in any serious work on the World War would tell.

Shame on you!

 * I don't understand ???? Ericd 22:52 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Isn't it pretty clear? See: http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=World_War_II&diff=1143680&oldid=1141660 and http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=World_War_II&action=history

User:Stan Shebs must have done the reverting without checking the facts, and the rage is not THAT hard to understand given the Allies' Catch-22 attitude in regards to post-Winter War Finland, here echoed by Stan Shebs. On one hand, the Soviet propaganda has been liberally propagated, on the other hand Finland has been criticized for Finlandization. The effect of the reverting is a text less NPOV, although more in harmony with popular misconceptions.

One can discuss the importance of the Moscow Peace Treaty (after the Winter War), but it is factual, and giving another impression is in my humble opinion less NPOV than the text Stan Shebs changed.

When it comes to the wording on the siege of Leningrad, I must say that the previous text in my opinion is both more factual (the number of civilian deaths is disputable, but HIGH, and Finland didn't participate in attacks, despite numerous German pleas, but had halted at the rivers/rivulets decided in advance - I'm not sure how to properly translate the river-names to English - partly due to British pressure), although it can always be discussed how many words that theater of war is worth - no British and no Americans lost their lives there. One million of Leningrad's civilians dead - peanuts?

Regarding the prepared Franco-British expedition to Narvik, the removed text seems to be factual, according to my knowledge, but of lesser importance. -- Ruhrjung 11:06 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The date for the Phony War was contradicted by the date in Phony War, "Democratic Finland being assaulted by the 50 times as big Communist dictature made the moral judgement easy for all but the Germans" is semi-literate POV, and the Leningrad bit was already both succinct and correct; Siege of Leningrad would be the right place to go into maneuvers in depth. Yes, there are others places with too much detail, but this article has already gotten too long, and we need to hold the line somewhere; this article should be a survey and index farm connecting to specific episodes. Stan 13:15 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Cuting down the length is important, yes, though balancing length is even more important, ...but maybe not to the price of factual errors. Particularly not when these errors depicture a victim as aggressor.
 * The Leningrad bit is, beside being false, obviously POV as it is; a Soviet POV actually. Together with the notion of Soviet's heavy losses in the Winter War (totally disregarding Finland's), it is not very surprising if the assaulted part (which actually got something like "the whole world's" sympathy - except, maybe, my German compatriots') occasionally react with a certain amount of anger, added on top of the feeling of betrayal, which both Finns and Poles have reason to direct against the Western victors.
 * Please note that the reverted changes by 213.116.231.122 actually corrected a set of errors, beside the somewhat clumsy balancing of the Soviet (i.e. anti-Finnish) POV. I write deliberately "somewhat" clumsy, as I think the mention of the particularly high number of civilian deaths for a singular city (Leningrad) was a laudable example of NPOV-editing.
 * By and large the whole article has an overweight for, first of all, events of Western relevance, secondly for Allied bias. Compare the space given for the siege of Leningrad with that of the tactical bombing of England.
 * I hope also Ericd and Stan will see what I mean. That's why I write here.
 * -- Ruhrjung 23:14 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm all for pruning down the Western stuff; if we adjust by scale of conflict, the Russo-German conflict should take up the largest part of the article. But I'm sure if I were to make those edits, there would be howls of outrage from somebody else that I'm being offensive and POV; there are way too many people who take the content of this article way too personally. Stan 01:50 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Balance length by adding to weak areas or moving detail to a daughter article NOT by deleting valid information. --mav

One of the great what-ifs of the war. In the Franco-British has helped the Finns against the Red Menance, it would have solidified the Russo-German bond and put the West in a world of hurt. -- PaulinSaudi 12:26 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * (On the What-If, I beg to remind you that the British commander of the expedition force preparing for Finland was instructed to avoid battle contact with the Russians, so it seems the Allied had thought of that. -- Ruhrjung)

"Nazi-alliance"? Bah! Food trade - yes. Arms trade - mostly. Tactic cooperation - yes. Cobelligerence - yes. A blackmailed written agreement, valid less than two months of the summer 1944, not to seek a separate peace - yes. "Support" - well, yes, Finland paid dearly for the support absolutely no-one else was able or willing to give in the Continuation War! And that you make into "Nazi-alliance" and "was unable to force itself into" Leningrad, when the truth is the very opposite.

You and this whole page is useless, fully in news-group class, if you allow crack pots like Stan and his ilk spread their old Soviet propaganda lies. It doesn't matter how you call it: "reverting" lies or "spreading" lies!

Don't try to belittle people as "offended if not in the top paragraph". No, let's call a spade a spade: "Disgusted" that you still 60 years later can't move beyond the worst propaganda.

What a joke that Google favorizes you!

 * So, we now have anonymous vitriolic attacks do we? Stan was incorrect to revert the part about the siege of Leningrad. Mannerheim did indeed deliberately not attack from the north. However, so far as I could see, most of the other edits were correct. In future, please sign your contributions, so we can know who is letting off steam in a rather rude way. David Newton 22:51 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

You should read my other contributions, here is what I wrote : "Should we keep Finland in the "minor Axis power" ? The Finland had a terrible choice between Stalin and Hitler. They had a war with the Soviet when they where allied to Hitler. When Hilter broke his alliance with Stalin they helped the Nazi to fight the Soviets and then fighted the Nazis themselve, they had no other choice than realpolitik IMO." see archives... I don't like your tone. Ericd 11:07 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I propose we focus on two things: facts, and what's in the article.

I can't see that Stan has been able to defend his changes, more than possibly on the point of which date we better state as the end of the Phony War. After Stan's change, the article now states two different dates, which might disturb sensitive readers. I note following relevant www-pages among the first listed by google, searching for "phony-war 1940 april OR may":
 * End with the invasion of France and the Benelux
 * http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/text/x22/xr2233.html
 * http://home.wanadoo.nl/cclinks/abtf/thepho~1.html
 * http://www.ceto.quantico.usmc.mil/papers/ThePhonyWar2002.pdf
 * http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/phonywar.htm
 * http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/dunkirk1940.htm
 * http://www.3rd-imperium.com/MustangsAndMesserschmitts/Mustangs_and_Messerschmitts_Data.html
 * http://www.nybooks.com/articles/15992

 * End when German troops seized Denmark and launched an invasion of Norway.
 * http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/general/sub.cfm/history/other/sea/secondphony
 * www.freerepublic.com/forum/a39c14cc87873.htm
 * http://isd.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/phony.htm
 * http://hnn.us/articles/326.html
 * http://killeenroos.com/5/WwIIseqE.htm
 * http://www.dingwall.bc.ca/history/main.php3?cat=terminology&listing=Phony_War
 * http://collections.ic.gc.ca/history_units/Dave-ww2/ww2_01.htm

It seems to me as it's merily a matter of taste whether one regards the Phony War to have lasted until the assault on Denmark and Norway, or until the assault on Benelux and France.

However, as the rest of our loudmouthed anonymous collegue's changes were correct, and as his/her contributions on Finland-related pages (judged from style and IP-nr) have been balanced and factual, and as the rest of Stan's changes here were less impressive, I propose we restore the changes with exception of the following paragraph, which maybe could be pruned a bit:
 * Finland was invaded by the Soviets on November 30th 1939. This began the Winter War, which came to stand in the center of the worlds interest during the Phony War. Democratic Finland being assaulted by the 50 times as big Communist dictature made the moral judgement easy for all but the Germans. After over three months of hard fights and heavy losses the Soviet Union confined with 10% of Finland's territory in a peace treaty of March 12th, 1940.

Additionally, I think a brief mention of the peace treaties would fit in the article, linked of course to more minute sub-articles, where particularly Soviet's adversaries' hard fate - and Soviet's gain of satelites - would fit in, and give for instance Finnish readers a less unfavorable impression of the article's balance.

-- Ruhrjung 08:46 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

This is now done, with exception for mentioning peace treaties. (See Paris Peace Treaty.) But I was shocked when I discovered that the page now was 47 kb before I started (and 49 kb after - sackcloth and ashes!).

I added the following on the Scandinavian campaign, which I however realize probably is too much into detail for the page if it's to be kept within 32 kilobytes:
 * Denmark capitulated instantly in exchange for retained political independence in domestic matters, which resulted in an occupation uniquely lenient until the summer of 1943, also postponing the arrest and deportation of Danish Jews until nearly all of them were warned and on their way to Sweden. Less than 500 Danish Jews were deported, and less than 50 of them lost their lifes.

 * The occupation of Norway went swiftly, except in the furthest North, where British and German troops fought the battles of Narvik over the control of the winter harbor, important for export of Swedish iron ore. The Germans evacuated on May 28th, but due to the detoriating situation on the European continent, the British troops were called back and the Germans recaptured Narvik on June 9th.

 * As a consequence, Germany put pressure on neutral Sweden to permit transition of military goods and soldiers on leave. On June 18th an agreement is reached: Soldiers are to travel unarmed and not be part of unit movements. A total of 2,140,000 German soldiers, and over 100,000 German military railway carriages, cross Sweden until the traffic is officially suspended on August 20th, 1943.

Maybe a separate article on Weserübung should be the appropriate place for this?

Yes, I agree, this page would need to be protected. -- Ruhrjung 09:10 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * BTW, when it comes to some of the dates that Ruhrjung put in, they are contrary to the Manual of Style. There is no mention in that of using ordinal numbers, and yet they are used in the article in some newly edited sections. Cardinal numbers have been firmly decided on, although the jury is still out on whether they should be before or after the month.

 * Whilst the points about Finland refusing to attack Leningrad itself are correct. The contention that was edited in that the Soviet Union gave up on attacking Finland in 1940 is plain WRONG. The Finns had held the Soviets for three months and inflicted massive losses on them. However, by the end, the Mannerheim Line had been broken, and a general retreat was in progress. If a defensive line is broken with an army in retreat, that is quite often defined as losing a war. The Germans thought so in 1918, although of course there were those who later twisted that to being stabbed in the back when there was still a fighting chance. Do you really want to be in the same sort of company as those who engaged in that twisting of history? One of the people who did that was Adolf Hitler himself.

 * In the Continuation War section, there is a claim that Finland initially declared neutrality. I have never seen this claimed anywhere before, and since German troops were on Finnish soil, that is somewhat difficult to believe. Where is that claimed in WWII literature? Here, it is claimed that the sequence of events went from the Soviets bombing Finland on June 25, to Finland declaring war the next day, to Finland launching offensive operations on June 29. BTW, the same source also says that Britain gave Finland a two week deadline to cease offensive operations against the Soviet Union, or face war. Two weeks later war was declared. The UK did not just declare war on powers willy-nilly. Finland was acting as part of the Axis, whether for somewhat different motives than other members of the Axis, it was still part of the Axis. The mere fact that Finland was allowing German troops on its territory is damning. Sweden never allowed armed German troops on its territory, and it was under German pressure as much as Finland during the conflict. David Newton 12:44 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well Finland may well have claimed neutrality after all Vichy France was neutral.....
 * They were fighting they own war using the support they can find.
 * Ericd 20:40 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)~

 * I hope we agree on the principle, that the article World War II is a frame for the more minute articles. The ideal must be to make a brief summary here. Discussion on the details must better be performed on the respective talk-pages, i.e. Talk:Winter War and Talk:Continuation War for the questions on Finland.

 * Regarding the format for dates, the only thing I care about is that this article, i.e. World War II, doesn't have different dates for the end of the Phony War.

 * As the terminology whether Finland's wars were "lost" or "won" is somewhat controversial, and as a relation of the different views according to NPOV-principles would take far more space than suitable in the World War II-article, I propose the less controversial fact that USSR gave up its goal to invade all of Finland (although only temporarily) instead of the lost/won Points of Views.

 * -- Ruhrjung 16:29 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Battles of Narvik
Maybe a reference to it should be added, German shipping loses at the Battle, particularly of destroyers was one of the contributing factors into the cancellation of Operation Sea Lion. The loss of so many surface ships to a relatively small Navy (compared to RN)at this early stage of the war limited Germany's ability to create task forces ect. The Battle was also significant in highlighting the weaknessess in Germany's so far invincible war machine, coupled with the loss of the Graf Spee (1939), and the Bismarck (1941) it showed that the Kreigsmarine was ill equipped to deal with the Royal Navy, this led to the increased use of U-Boats as opposed to surface ships. Perhaps these early loses were a decisive factor in deciding how the Battle of the Atlantic would be fought?

Bulgaria
Since there is a note regarding the changing of sides for most relevant countries like the USSR, Italy etc surely there should be one for Bulgaria?

Pre-War event: 1931 Japanese invasion of Mandchuria
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria started on 18 September 1931: Japanese militarists moved forward to separate the region from Chinese control and to create a Japanese-aligned puppet state, Manchukuo, proclaimed independent on 18 February 1932. To create an air of legitimacy, the last Emperor of China, Puyi, was invited to come with his followers and act as the head of state.

--

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:World War II/Archive 4


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HMI

HMI may refer to:

Companies and organizations

 * Hahn-Meitner-Institut, now Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, a German research institute
 * Hanson Musical Instruments, a manufacturer of electric guitars
 * Hartz Mountain Industries, an American holding company
 * HD Mining International, a mining company in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Hetrick-Martin Institute, an LGBT youth organization in New York City
 * High Mountain Institute, in Leadville, Colorado, United States
 * Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, in Darjeeling, India
 * HMI Hotel Group, a hotel management company in Japan
 * Holistic Management International, an American non-profit organization
 * HornAfrik Media Inc, a media organization based in Mogadishu, Somalia
 * Hotel Meliá, in Ponce, Puerto Rico
 * Houston Mechatronics, Inc, see Houston Mechatronics, Inc
 * Hualien Media International, a global entertainment company in Taipei, Taiwan
 * Muslim Students' Association (Indonesia)

Technology

 * Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, on the Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft
 * hexamethyleneimine, an organic compound
 * Human–machine interaction
 * Human–machine interface
 * Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp, used for stage lighting

Other uses

 * Hami Airport, in Xinjiang, China
 * Hammond–Whiting (Amtrak station), in Indiana
 * Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education, in Scotland
 * Northern Huishui Miao language, spoken in China

title: HMI


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Co-belligerence

Co-belligerence is the waging of a war in cooperation against a common enemy with or without a military alliance. Generally, the term is used for cases where no formal treaty of alliance exists. Likewise, allies may not become co-belligerents in a war if a casus foederis invoking the alliance has not arisen. Co-belligerents are defined in the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law as "states engaged in a conflict with a common enemy, whether in alliance with each other or not".

Legality
Under the Fourth Geneva Convention, nationals of a co-belligerent state are not regarded as protected persons if their state has normal diplomatic relations with an allied nation. Article 4 of the convention states:

[N]ationals of a co-belligerent State, shall not be regarded as protected persons while the State of which they are nationals has normal diplomatic representation in the State in whose hands they are.

In other words, it isn't a war crime under international humanitarian law for foreign co-belligerent citizens to be subjected to atrocities whether in their own territory or in occupied territory by allied belligerent troops. Much like in the time of peace, such wartime atrocities would fall under the co-belligerent nation's domestic law or the allied belligerent's own military law. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) commentary of 1958 stated:

The case of nationals of a co-belligerent State is simpler. They are not considered to be protected persons so long as the State whose nationals they are has normal diplomatic representation in the belligerent State or with the Occupying Power. It is assumed in this provision that the nationals of co-belligerent States, that is to say, of allies, do not need protection under the Convention.

There are certain exceptions to this rule, however. On a judgement issued on July 15, 1999 on The Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić case, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) appeals chamber noted that nationals of a co-belligerent state would be afforded the status of "protected persons" under the Fourth Geneva Convention if they "are deprived of or do not enjoy diplomatic protection."

Germany and the Soviet Union as co-belligerents in Poland
After the invasion of Poland in September 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned Poland in accordance with the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Although both countries invaded Poland, they had no formal, open alliance; The pact was formally an agreement of mutual neutrality. German and Soviet cooperation against Poland in 1939 has been described as co-belligerence.

Finland as co-belligerent with Germany in the Continuation War
Co-belligerence (kanssasotija, medkrigförande) was also the term used by the wartime government of Finland for its military co-operation with Germany (who they called their "brothers-in-arms") during World War II. During the Continuation War (1941–1944), both countries had the Soviet Union as a common enemy. Finnish reentry into World War II was described as a direct consequence of Germany's attack on the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa.

While the Allies often referred to Finland as one of the Axis powers, Finland was never a signatory to the German-Italian-Japanese Tripartite Pact of September 1940. The Allies, in turn, pointed to the fact that Finland, like (Fascist) Italy and (Militarist) Japan, as well as a number of countries including neutral (Falangist) Spain, belonged to Hitler's Anti-Comintern Pact.

Adolf Hitler declared Germany to be im Bunde (in league) with the Finns, but Finland's government declared their intention to remain first a non-belligerent country, then co-belligerent after the Soviets started bombing Finnish cities all over the country, not the least due to a remaining neutralist public opinion. The truth was somewhere in-between:
 * 1) By mining the Gulf of Finland Finland's navy together with the Kriegsmarine before the start of Barbarossa locked the Leningrad fleet in, making the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia practically domestic German waters, where submarines and navy could be trained without risks in addition to securing Finland's fundamental trade routes for food and fuel.
 * 2) Germany was allowed to recruit a Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS which served under direct German command in operations away from Finnish-Soviet border. (It also recruited from non-belligerents Sweden and Spain. Germany did not recruit from countries formally allied with it until 1943 when Italy surrendered)
 * 3) The initial Finnish offensive was co-ordinated with Operation Barbarossa (see Continuation War for details of the pre-offensive staff talks).
 * 4) Finnish invasion of the Karelian Isthmus (northern part was Finnish territory until 1940) and to a lesser extent the occupation of over a half of Soviet Karelia contributed to the Siege of Leningrad. Finland also helped to block Soviet supply deliveries into the city and hosted, supplied and participated within the Lake Ladoga Flotilla which aimed to disrupt Soviet supply delivery.
 * 5) A German army corps invaded the Soviet Union from Finnish Lapland, and German army and air force units reinforced the Finnish army during the decisive 1944 battles on the Karelian isthmus. Finland and Germany executed several joint German-Finnish Operations at the Finnish front. The Finnish invasion far exceeded the territory of pre Winter War Finland. Finland occupied as far as Lake Onega and Finnish troops even crossed the river Svir for a possible link-up with German troops.
 * 6) Britain declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941.
 * 7) Germany supplied Finland with military equipment of all kinds, ranging from weapons, uniforms and helmets to tanks and assault guns. Finland in exchange delivered rare resources like nickel.
 * 8) Finland also extradited eight Jews (on orders from the then head of the State Police Arno Anthoni, who was deeply antisemitic – the Prime Minister of Finland, Paavo Lipponen issued an official apology for deportations in 2000), 76 political prisoners with non-Finnish citizenship and 2,600–2,800 prisoners of war to Germany in exchange for 2,100 Karelian and other ethnically Finnic prisoners of war from Germany. Some of the extradited had Finnish nationality but had moved to Soviet Union before the war, received Soviet citizenship and returned to Finland in secret.
 * 9) Jews were not discriminated against. A number of them served in the Finnish Army (204 during the Winter War, and about 300 during the Continuation War). When Himmler tried to persuade Finnish leaders to deport the Jews to Nazi concentration camps, the Commander-in-chief of Finland Gustaf Mannerheim is said to have replied: "While Jews serve in my army I will not allow their deportation". Yad Vashem records that 22 Finnish Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, all fighting for the Finnish armed forces. Two Jewish officers of the Finnish army and one Jewish member of the Lotta Svärd women's paramilitary organisation were awarded the German Iron Cross, but they refused to accept them.

In contrast the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty signed by Finland described Finland as having been "an ally of Hitlerite Germany" during the Second World War. In a 2008 poll of 28 Finnish historians carried out by Helsingin Sanomat, 16 said that Finland had been an ally of Nazi Germany, six said it had not been, and six did not take a position.

The Allies as co-belligerents with former enemies
The term was used in 1943–45 during the latter stages of World War II to define the status of former allies and associates of Germany (Italy from 1943, Bulgaria, Romania and Finland from 1944), after they joined the Allies' war against Germany.

Recent usage
In the post-9/11 era, the United States government has used the term "co-belligerent" to apply to certain groups connected to al Qaeda. It has done so largely as a means of tying authority to use force against those groups to a 2001 congressional statute, the 2001 Authorization to Use Military Force, which Congress passed in the aftermath of 9/11 to authorize the President to use force against the group that had attacked the United States and those who harbored them, understood to be al Qaeda and the Taliban.

Since February 2022 Belarus is described as co-belligerent of Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

title: Co-belligerence


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User talk:H0142692

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! You can read the Welcome, look for help at Help, or add a question to the Village Pump if you need any help.

Wikipedia articles should be encyclopedia articles; I've noticed you seem to be pasting in what looks like a schedule for a school presentation on one page. If you have information -- whether from a school presentation or not, as long as it's your own -- feel free to add it anywhere, but don't use the Wikipedia as a workspace. If you'd like to experiment with editing, feel free to use the Sandbox. --Delirium 10:11 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

See User:H0142692/Non sense culture. Personal pages are not given normal encyclopedia space. --Jiang 12:15 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:H0142692


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Tap and die

Taps and dies are tools used to create screw threads, which is called threading. Many are cutting tools; others are forming tools. A tap is used to cut or form the female portion of the mating pair (e.g. a nut). A die is used to cut or form the male portion of the mating pair (e.g. a bolt). The process of cutting or forming threads using a tap is called tapping, whereas the process using a die is called threading.

Both tools can be used to clean up a thread, which is called chasing. However, using an ordinary tap or die to clean threads generally removes some material, which results in looser, weaker threads. Because of this, machinists generally clean threads with special taps and dies—called chasers—made for that purpose. Chasers are made of softer materials and don't cut new threads. However they still fit tighter than actual fasteners, and are fluted like regular taps and dies so debris can escape. Car mechanics, for example, use chasers on spark plug threads, to remove corrosion and carbon build-up.

History
While modern nuts and bolts are routinely made of metal, this was not the case in earlier ages, when woodworking tools were employed to fashion very large wooden bolts and nuts for use in winches, windmills, watermills, and flour mills of the Middle Ages; the ease of cutting and replacing wooden parts was balanced by the need to resist large amounts of torque, and bear up against ever heavier loads of weight. As the loads grew ever heavier, bigger and stronger bolts were needed to resist breakage. Some nuts and bolts were measured by the foot or yard. This development eventually led to a complete replacement of wood parts with metal parts of an identical measure. When a wooden part broke, it usually snapped, ripped, or tore. With the splinters having been sanded off, the remaining parts were reassembled, encased in a makeshift mold of clay, and molten metal poured into the mold, so that an identical replacement could be made on the spot.

Metalworking taps and dies were often made by their users during the 18th and 19th centuries (especially if the user was skilled in tool making), using such tools as lathes and files for the shaping, and the smithy for hardening and tempering. Thus builders of, for example, locomotives, firearms, or textile machinery were likely to make their own taps and dies. During the 19th century the machining industries evolved greatly, and the practice of buying taps and dies from suppliers specializing in them gradually supplanted most such in-house work. Joseph Clement was one such early vendor of taps and dies, starting in 1828. With the introduction of more advanced milling practice in the 1860s and 1870s, tasks such as cutting a tap's flutes with a hand file became a thing of the past. In the early 20th century, thread-grinding practice went through significant evolution, further advancing the state of the art (and applied science) of cutting screw threads, including those of taps and dies.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, thread standardization was evolving simultaneously with the techniques of thread generation, including taps and dies.

The largest tap and die company to exist in the United States was Greenfield Tap & Die (GTD) of Greenfield, Massachusetts. GTD was so vital to the Allied war effort from 1940–1945 that anti-aircraft guns were placed around its campus in anticipation of possible Axis air attack. The GTD brand is now a part of Widia Products Group.

Tap
A tap cuts or forms a thread on the inside surface of a hole, creating a female surface that functions like a nut. The three taps in the image illustrate the basic types commonly used by most machinists:

 * Bottoming tap or plug tap:The tap illustrated in the top of the image has a continuous cutting edge with almost no taper — between 1 and 1.5 threads of taper is typical. This feature enables a bottoming tap to cut threads to the bottom of a blind hole.  A bottoming tap is usually used to cut threads in a hole that has already been partially threaded using one of the more tapered types of tap; the tapered end ("tap chamfer") of a bottoming tap is too short to successfully start into an unthreaded hole. In the US, they are commonly known as bottoming taps, but in Australia and Britain they are also known as plug taps.

 * Intermediate tap, second tap, or plug tap:The tap illustrated in the middle of the image has tapered cutting edges, which assist in aligning and starting the tap into an untapped hole. The number of tapered threads typically ranges from 3 to 5. Plug taps are the most commonly used type of tap. In the US, they are commonly known as plug taps, whereas in Australia and Britain they are commonly known as second taps.

 * Taper tap: The small tap illustrated at the bottom of the image is similar to an intermediate tap but has a more pronounced taper to the cutting edges. This feature gives the taper tap a very gradual cutting action that is less aggressive than that of the plug tap. The number of tapered threads typically ranges from 8 to 10. A taper tap is most often used when the material is difficult to work (e.g., alloy steel) or the tap is of a very small diameter and thus prone to breakage.

 * Power taps: The above taps are generally referred to as hand taps, since they are manually operated. During operation, the machinist must periodically reverse a hand tap to break the chip (also known as swarf) that forms from cutting. This prevents the cut material from crowding and breaking the tap.

 * The most common type of power driven tap is the "spiral point" plug tap, also referred to as a "gun" tap, whose cutting edges are angularly displaced relative to the tap centerline.spiral_point_tap.jpg This feature causes the tap to continuously break the chip and eject it forward into the hole, preventing crowding. Spiral point taps are usually used in holes that go all the way through the material, so that the chips can escape. Another version of the spiral point plug tap is the spiral flute tap, whose flutes resemble those of a twist drill.  Spiral flute taps are widely used in high speed, automatic tapping operations due to their ability to work well in blind holes.

 * Forming tap: A quite different kind of tap is a forming tap. A forming tap, aka a fluteless tap or roll tap, forcefully displaces the metal into a thread shape upon being turned into the hole, instead of cutting metal from the sides of the hole as cutting taps do. A forming tap has lobes periodically spaced around the tap which actually do the thread forming as the tap is advanced into a properly sized hole, and the threads behind the lobes are slightly recessed to reduce contact friction. Since there is no need to provide space for chips, these recesses are much more subtle than a cutting tap's flutes and the tap appears very nearly just like a plain thread. Since the tap does not produce chips, there is no need to periodically back out the tap to clear away chips, which can jam and break a cutting tap if allowed to accumulate. This problem is particularly acute in blind holes, so thread forming is particularly suited to such applications. Forming taps only work in malleable materials such as mild steel or aluminum. Formed threads are typically stronger than cut threads. Note that the tap drill size is larger than that used for a cutting tap as shown in most tap drill tables, and an accurate hole size is required; a slightly undersized hole can break the tap. Proper lubrication is essential because of the frictional forces involved, therefore a lubricating oil is used instead of cutting oil.

Holes
Whether manual or automatic, the processing of tapping begins with forming (usually by drilling) and slightly countersinking a hole to a diameter somewhat smaller than the tap's major diameter. The correct hole diameter is listed on a drill and tap size chart, a standard reference in many machine shops. The proper diameter for the drill is called the tap drill size. Without a tap drill chart, you can compute the correct tap drill diameter with:
 * $$TD = MD - \frac {1}{N}$$

where $$TD$$ is the tap drill size, $$MD$$ is the major diameter of the tap (e.g., $3/8$ in for a $3/8$-16 tap), and $$1/N$$ is the thread pitch ($1/undefined$ inch in the case of a $3/8$-16 tap). For a $3/8$-16 tap, the above formula would produce $5/16$, which is the correct tap drill diameter. The above formula ultimately results in an approximate 75% thread.

Since metric threads specify the pitch directly, the correct tap drill diameter for metric-sized taps is computed with:
 * $$TD = MD - \text{pitch}$$

where $$TD$$ is the tap drill size, $$MD$$ is the major diameter of the tap (e.g., 10 mm for a M10×1.5 tap), and pitch is the pitch of the thread (1.5 mm in the case of a standard M10 tap) and so the correct drill size is 8.5 mm. This works for both fine and coarse pitches, and also produces an approximate 75% thread.

Tap sequence
With soft or average hardness materials, such as plastic, aluminum or mild steel, common practice is to use an intermediate (plug) tap to cut the threads. If the threads must extend to the bottom of a blind hole, the machinist uses an intermediate (plug) tap to cut threads until the point of the tap reaches bottom, and then switches to a bottoming tap to finish. The machinist must frequently eject chips to avoid jamming or breaking the tap. With hard materials, the machinist may start with a taper tap, whose less severe diameter transition reduces the torque required to cut threads. To threads to the bottom of a blind hole, the machinist follows the taper tap with an intermediate (plug) tap, and then a bottoming tap to finish.

Machine tapping
Tapping may either be achieved by a hand tapping by using a set of taps (first tap, second tap & final (finish) tap) or using a machine to do the tapping, such as a lathe, radial drilling machine, bench type drill machine, pillar type drill machine, vertical milling machines, HMCs, VMCs. Machine tapping is faster, and generally more accurate because human error is eliminated. Final tapping is achieved with single tap.

Although in general machine tapping is more accurate, tapping operations have traditionally been very tricky to execute due to frequent tap breakage and inconsistent quality of tapping.

Common reasons for tap breakage are:

 * Tap-related problems:
 * Wearing of tap cannot be easily quantified (use of worn-out taps)
 * Use of tap with improper tap geometry for a particular application.
 * Use of non-standard or inferior quality taps.
 * Clogging with chips.
 * Misalignment between tap and hole.
 * Over- or under-feeding the tap, causing breakage in tension or compression.
 * Use of improper and/or insufficient cutting lubricant.
 * Absence of a torque limiting feature.
 * Improper or zero float for use with screw machines (recommended feed .1 slower to establish float for 40 tpi or higher and .15 slower for 40 tpi or finer )
 * Improper spindle speed.

To overcome these problems, special tool holders are required to minimize the chances of tap breakage during tapping. These are usually classified as conventional tool holders and CNC tool holders.

Tool holders for tapping operations
Various tool holders may be used for tapping depending on the requirements of the user:

Aids for hand-tapping (simple jigs and fixtures)
The biggest problem with simple hand-tapping is accurately aligning the tap with the hole so that they are coaxial—in other words, going in straight instead of on an angle. The operator must get this alignment close to ideal to produce good threads and not break the tap. The deeper the thread depth, the more pronounced the effect of the angular error. With a depth of 1 or 2 diameters, it matters little. With depths beyond 2 diameters, the error becomes too pronounced to ignore. Another fact about alignment is that the first thread cut or two establishes the direction that the rest of the threads will follow. You can't correct the angle after the first thread or two.

To help with this alignment task, several kinds of jigs and fixtures can be used to provide the correct geometry (i.e., accurate coaxiality with the hole) without having to use freehand skill to approximate it:

 * Hand-tapper: A simple fixture analogous to an arbor press in its basic shape. Its spindle is thus held accurately perpendicular to the work. Standard taps are held in the spindle, and the operator turns the spindle manually via a handlebar. This fixture obviates the need for the operator to carefully and skillfully approximate perpendicularity, which even for a skilled operator can easily result in a 2–5° error.
 * Tapping guide, or "tap and reamer aligner/holder", a simple conical guide slipped over a tap when using a regular tap handle. As with a hand-tapper, the basic principle is simply that of a jig or fixture to provide the correct alignment.

Heads for machine tool spindles

 * Tapping attachments: these may be normal (available in a range of tap sizes) or quick-change
 * Quick-change drilling and tapping chucks (variations available for both CNC and manual-control tools)
 * Rigid tapping attachments (for CNC)

Generally the following features are required of tapping holders:
 * Twin chucking: tap is held at points of both its circular and square cross-section. Gripping the circular section assures concentricity to the machine spindle, and gripping the square produces positive rotational drive.
 * Safety clutch: The built in safety mechanism operates as soon as the set torque limit is attained to save the tap from breakage.
 * Float radial parallel: small misalignments are taken care of by this float.
 * Length compensation: built in length compensation takes care of small push or pull to the spindle or feed difference.

Tapping case studies with typical examples of tapping operations in various environments are shown on source machinetoolaid.com

Tapping stations

 * Tapping stations are worktables with a tapping head attached to the end of a pantograph-style arm similar to that of a balanced-arm lamp. The operator guides the tapping head to each (already-drilled) hole and quickly taps it.
 * Drilling and tapping centers, whose name sounds similar to that of tapping stations, are actually light-duty, affordable machining centers of 2, 2.5, or 3 axes that are designed for a life of mainly drilling and tapping with limited milling use.

Double-lead taps and insert taps need different speeds and feeds, and different starting hole diameters than other taps.

US Tap and Drill Bit Size and Reference Chart
A comprehensive reference for US tap and drill bit sizes can be found in the chart provided by Albany County Fasteners. This chart includes detailed specifications for machine screw size, threads per inch, major and minor diameters, and appropriate drill sizes for different materials.

Die

A die cuts an external thread on cylindrical material, such as a rod, which creates a male threaded piece that functions like a bolt. Dies are generally made in two styles: solid and adjustable. An adjustable die may be adjusted either by an integrated screw or by a set of screws set in to the die holder (termed a "die stock"). Integral adjusting screws may be arranged to work axially, where the movement of the adjusting screw into a threaded hole in the die forces the slit section of the die open, or tangentially where a screw threaded in to one side of the slit bears against the opposite side of the slit. Dies without integrated screws are adjusted inside the die stock by radially-arranged screws. Two screws in the stock bear in to indentations on either side of the slit, tending to squeeze the slit closed, whilst a third screw with a tapered tip screws in to the slit forcing it open. Working these three screws against each other adjusts the die.

Integrated screws appear to be common in the US but are almost unknown in the UK and Europe.

The dies shown in the image to the right are adjustable:
 * top left: an older split die, with top adjusting screw
 * bottom left: a one piece die with top adjusting screw
 * center: a one piece die with side adjusting screw (barely visible on the full image)
 * right: two dies without integrated adjusting screws

Solid dies cut a nominal thread form and depth, whose accuracy is subject to the precision the die was made with, and the effects of wear. Adjustable dies can be slightly compressed or expanded to provide some compensation for wear, or to achieve different classes of thread fit (class A, B and more rarely, C). Adjustable taps also exist but are not common. These have a tip that is split through the flutes and an axial screw which forces the cutting edges slightly apart.

The work piece (blank) to be threaded, which is usually slightly smaller in diameter than the die's major diameter, is given a slight taper (chamfer) at the end that is to be threaded. This chamfer helps center the die on the blank and reduces the force required to start the thread cutting. Once the die has started, it self-feeds. Periodic reversal of the die is often required to break the chip and prevent crowding.

s, also known as rethreading dies, are dies made for cleaning up damaged threads, have no split for resizing and are made from a hexagonal bar so that a wrench may be used to turn them. The process of repairing damaged threads is referred to as "chasing." Rethreading dies cannot be used to cut new threads as they lack chip forming teeth. However the external profile of a die does not strictly map to its function. Manufacturers of dies have produced models in a hex form which are intended for the creation of new threads. These appear identical to solid dies in all aspects besides the external shape. Hexagonal thread cutting dies are used with a die stock with hexagonal holding features.

Lubricants
The use of a suitable lubricant is essential with most tapping and threading operations. Recommended lubricants for some common materials are as follows:
 * Carbon (mild) steel: Petroleum-based or synthetic cutting oil.
 * Alloy steel: Petroleum-based cutting oil mixed with a small amount (approximately 10 percent) of kerosene or mineral spirits. This mixture is also suitable for use with stainless steel.
 * Cast iron: No lubricant. A low velocity air blast should be used to clear chips.
 * Aluminum: Kerosene or mineral spirits mixed with a small amount (15–25 percent) of petroleum-based cutting oil. In some cases, products such as WD-40, CRC 5-56 and 3-In-One Oil are acceptable substitutes.
 * Brass: Kerosene or mineral spirits.
 * Bronze: Kerosene or mineral spirits mixed with a small amount (10–15 percent) of petroleum-based cutting oil.

title: Tap and die


text:
Marking blue

Marking blue or layout stain (sometimes called Dykem after trademark erosion of a popular brand, or Prussian blue after the blue pigment) is a dye used in metalworking to aid in marking out rough parts for further machining. It is used to stain or paint a metal object with a very thin layer of dye that can be scratched off using a scriber or other sharp instrument to reveal a bright, yet very narrow line in the metal underneath.

Composition
Marking blue is made by mixing methylated spirits with shellac and gentian violet.

Alternatives
A felt tip marker can be used as they are convenient and tend not to dry up as quickly. On rough structures, such as castings or forgings, whitewash or a mixture of chalk and water can be used. A solution of copper sulfate, distilled water, and a few drops of sulfuric acid can be used on machined surfaces.

title: Marking blue


text:
List of years in politics

This page indexes the individual year in politics pages. <!--

Pre-18th century

 * 1500s: 1500s - 1510s - 1520s - 1530s - 1540s - 1550s - 1560s - 1570s - 1580s - 1590s
 * 1600s: 1600s - 1610s - 1620s - 1630s - 1640s - 1650s - 1660s - 1670s - 1680s - 1690s

18th century

 * 1700s: 1700 - 1701 - 1702 - 1703 - 1704 - 1705 - 1706 - 1707 - 1708 - 1709
 * 1710s: 1710 - 1711 - 1712 - 1713 - 1714 - 1715 - 1716 - 1717 - 1718 - 1719
 * 1720s: 1720 - 1721 - 1722 - 1723 - 1724 - 1725 - 1726 - 1727 - 1728 - 1729
 * 1730s: 1730 - 1731 - 1732 - 1733 - 1734 - 1735 - 1736 - 1737 - 1738 - 1739
 * 1740s: 1740 - 1741 - 1742 - 1743 - 1744 - 1745 - 1746 - 1747 - 1748 - 1749
 * 1750s: 1750 - 1751 - 1752 - 1753 - 1754 - 1755 - 1756 - 1757 - 1758 - 1759
 * 1760s: 1760 - 1761 - 1762 - 1763 - 1764 - 1765 - 1766 - 1767 - 1768 - 1769
 * 1770s: 1770 - 1771 - 1772 - 1773 - 1774 - 1775 - 1776 - 1777 - 1778 - 1779
 * 1780s: 1780 - 1781 - 1782 - 1783 - 1784 - 1785 - 1786 - 1787 - 1788 - 1789
 * 1790s: 1790 - 1791 - 1792 - 1793 - 1794 - 1795 - 1796 - 1797 - 1798 - 1799

19th century
-->
 * 1800s: 1800 - 1801 - 1802 - 1803 - 1804 - 1805 - 1806 - 1807 - 1808 - 1809
 * 1810s: 1810 - 1811 - 1812 - 1813 - 1814 - 1815 - 1816 - 1817 - 1818 - 1819
 * 1820s: 1820 - 1821 - 1822 - 1823 - 1824 - 1825 - 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829
 * 1830s: 1830 - 1831 - 1832 - 1833 - 1834 - 1835 - 1836 - 1837 - 1838 - 1839
 * 1840s: 1840 - 1841 - 1842 - 1843 - 1844 - 1845 - 1846 - 1847 - 1848 - 1849
 * 1850s: 1850 - 1851 - 1852 - 1853 - 1854 - 1855 - 1856 - 1857 - 1858 - 1859
 * 1860s: 1860 - 1861 - 1862 - 1863 - 1864 - 1865 - 1866 - 1867 - 1868 - 1869
 * 1870s: 1870 - 1871 - 1872 - 1873 - 1874 - 1875 - 1876 - 1877 - 1878 - 1879
 * 1880s: 1880 - 1881 - 1882 - 1883 - 1884 - 1885 - 1886 - 1887 - 1888 - 1889
 * 1890s: 1890 - 1891 - 1892 - 1893 - 1894 - 1895 - 1896 - 1897 - 1898 - 1899

20th century

 * 1910s
 * 1920s
 * 1930s
 * 1940s
 * 1950s
 * 1960s: 1960 - 1961 - 1962 - 1963 - 1964 - 1965 - 1966 - 1967 - 1968 - 1969
 * 1970s: 1970 - 1971 - 1972 - 1973 - 1974 - 1975 - 1976 - 1977 - 1978 - 1979
 * 1980s: 1980 - 1981 - 1982 - 1983 - 1984 - 1985 - 1986 - 1987 - 1988 - 1989
 * 1990s: 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999

21st century

 * 2000s: 2000 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009
 * 2010s: 2010 - 2011 - 2012 - 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 - 2017 - 2018 - 2019
 * 2020s: 2020 - 2021 - 2022 - 2023 - 2024

title: List of years in politics


text:
Oceanic whitetip shark

The oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) is a large pelagic requiem shark inhabiting tropical and warm temperate seas. It has a stocky body with long, white-tipped, rounded fins. The species is typically solitary, though they may gather in large numbers at food concentrations. Bony fish and cephalopods are the main components of its diet and females give live birth.

Though slow-moving, the shark is opportunistic and aggressive, and is reputed to be dangerous to shipwreck survivors. The IUCN Red List considers the species to be critically endangered. Recent studies show steeply declining populations as they are harvested for their fins and meat. As with other shark species, the whitetip faces mounting fishing pressure throughout its range.

Taxonomy
The oceanic whitetip shark, or lesser white shark, was described in 1831 by naturalist René-Primevère Lesson, who named the shark Carcharhinus maou. It was next described by Cuban Felipe Poey in 1861 as Squalus longimanus. The name Pterolamiops longimanus has also been used. The species epithet longimanus refers to the size of its pectoral fins (longimanus means "long fingers" in Latin). The oceanic whitetip shark is called many things in English: Brown Milbert's sand bar shark, brown shark, shipwreck shark, nigano shark, oceanic white-tipped whaler, and whitetip shark.

The rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature are that in general the first-published description has priority; therefore, the valid scientific name for the oceanic whitetip shark should be Carcharhinus maou. However, Lesson's name remained forgotten for so long that Carcharhinus longimanus remains widely accepted.

Distribution and habitat
This shark is found worldwide between 45°N and 43°S latitude. It lives in deep, open oceans, with a temperature greater than 18 C, It prefers water temperatures above 20 C, and up to 28 C but can also be found in waters as cool as 15 C but avoids temperatures lower than this. It was once extremely common and widely distributed, and still inhabits a wide band around the globe; however, recent studies suggest that its numbers have drastically declined.

The shark spends most of its time in the upper layer of the ocean—to a depth of 150 m —and prefers off-shore, deep-ocean areas. According to longline capture data, increasing distance from land correlates to a greater population of sharks. It is sometimes found close to land, in waters as shallow as only 37 m deep, mainly around oceanic islands and narrow continental shelves.

Description
C. longimanus' most distinguishing characteristics are its long, wing-like pectoral and dorsal fins. The fins are significantly larger than most other shark species, and are conspicuously rounded. The shark's snout is rounded and its eyes are circular, with nictitating membranes. The oceanic whitetip shark is a robust, large-bodied shark. The largest specimen ever caught measured at more than 4 m in length, though they usually grow up to 3 m in length and 150 kg in weight. However, the all-tackle record listed by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) is 167 kg for a 2.2 m long individual, suggesting that weight is likely much more in larger individuals. The female is typically larger than the male by 10 cm. In the Gulf of Mexico in the 1950s, the mean weight of oceanic whitetip sharks was 86.4 kg. In the 1990s, the sharks of the species from the same area averaged only 56.1 kg.

The species is grey-bronze dorsally and white ventrally. As its name suggests, most of its fins (dorsal, pectoral, pelvic and caudal) have white tips. Along with white tips, the fins may be mottled, and young specimens can have black marks. A saddle-like patch may be apparent between first and second dorsal fins. The shark has two kinds of teeth. Those in the mandible (lower jaw) are thinner with a serrated tip. Between 13 and 15 teeth are on either side of the jaw. The teeth in the upper jaw are triangular, but much larger and wider with entirely serrated edges—14 or 15 occur along each side. The denticles are nearly flat and wide, typically have between five and seven ridges. There is little overlap between them, revealing some skin.

Behaviour
The oceanic whitetip is typically solitary, though gatherings have been observed where food is plentiful. It swims during the day and night. The oceanic whitetip is usually solitary and slow-moving, and tends to cruise near the top of the water column, in open water. During summer, when the water surface is warmer, oceanic whitetips tend to swim more quickly and at deeper depths. They have been observed to breach out of the water.

The species feeds mainly on pelagic cephalopods, like squid, and bony fish, such as lancetfish, oarfish, barracuda, jacks, mahi-mahi, marlin, tuna, and mackerel. However, its diet can be far more varied and less selective—it is known to eat threadfins, stingrays, sea turtles, seabirds, gastropods, crustaceans, and marine mammal carcasses. Its feeding methods include swimming through schools of frenzied tuna with an open mouth, waiting for the fish to swim in before biting down; when whaling formerly took place in warm waters, oceanic whitetips were the most common scavengers of floating carcasses. Whitetips commonly compete for food with silky sharks, explaining its comparatively leisurely swimming style combined with aggressive displays. They are known to trail pilot whales since they both feed on squid.

Pilot fish, dolphinfish, and remora may follow these sharks. Evidence in the form of sucker scars on the skin of an individual filmed off Hawaii indicate that the species may also dive deep enough to battle with giant squid. Until the 16th century, sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs" and the oceanic whitetip, the most common ship-following shark. Groups often form when individuals converge on a food source. They are recorded to segregate by both sex and size. They commonly get into feeding frenzies. Oceanic whitetips gather in large numbers off Cat Island, Bahamas from winter to spring, due to the abundance of large bony fish.

Life cycle
Mating and birthing seems to occur in early summer in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and southwest Indian Ocean, although females captured in the Pacific have been found with embryos year round, suggesting a longer mating season there. The shark is viviparous—embryos develop in utero and are fed by a placental sac. Its gestation period lasts nine months to one year. In the northwest Atlantic, shark pups are born 65–75 cm long while off South Africa, birth length is 60–65 cm long. In the Pacific Ocean, newborns average 45–55 cm long, and number two to fourteen per litter.

In one population off Brazil, sharks were recorded to grow an average of 25.2 cm in one year, reducing to 13.6 cm per year up to four years and then 9.7 cm in their fifth year. Both sexes reached maturity at 180 – between the ages of six and seven and continued to grow at 9.10 cm per year. The average length of maturity for sharks averages in the greater equatorial and southwestern Atlantic is 170 cm for females and 170 – for males. In the Pacific, sharks appear to mature at four to five years. One oceanic whitetip shark was estimated to have lived 22 years.

Interactions with humans
Oceanographic researcher Jacques Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip as "the most dangerous of all sharks". Author and big-game fisherman Ernest Hemingway depicted them as aggressive opportunists that attacked the catch of fishermen in The Old Man and the Sea. After the USS Indianapolis was torpedoed on 30 July 1945, some sailors who survived the sinking reportedly died from exposure to the elements and some may have died from shark bites. According to survivor accounts published in several books about sharks and shark attacks, potentially hundreds of the Indianapolis crew were eventually killed by sharks before a plane spotted them on the fifth day after the sinking. Oceanic whitetips are believed to have been responsible for most if not all of those attacks. Also during World War II, the RMS Nova Scotia, a steamship carrying about 1,000 people near South Africa, was sunk by a German submarine. One hundred and ninety-two people survived; many deaths were attributed to the whitetip. Subsequently, the species is recorded to have attacked 21 people between 1955 and 2020, including nine divers, eight swimmers, two fishermen, one shipwrecked person and one fallen pilot. Five of these attacks were fatal.

In Egypt in 2010, one oceanic whitetip was implicated in several bites on tourists in the Red Sea near Sharm El Sheikh, resulting in one death and four injuries to humans. Accumulating evidence revealed this shark to have been conditioned to being hand fed. In October 2019, an oceanic whitetip shark brutally attacked a female snorkeler off Mo'orea, French Polynesia, but the person survived. Based on eyewitness reports and examinations of the bites, the shark appears to have been acting like a predator attacking prey.

The oceanic whitetip has been kept in captivity. Among five recorded captive oceanic whitetips, the three with time records all lived for more than a year in captivity. One of these, a female in Monterey Bay Aquarium's Outer-Bay exhibit, lived for more than three years before dying in 2003, during which it grew 0.3 m. The two remaining lack a time record, but grew about 0.5 m during their time in captivity.

Conservation status
As of 2019, the IUCN Red List list the oceanic whitetip shark as critically endangered, as their numbers appear to have decreased in every ocean region they inhabit. While their total global population is unknown, they are estimated to have declined by around 98 percent "with the highest probability of >80% reduction over three generation lengths (61.2 years)".

In 1969, Lineaweaver and Backus wrote of the oceanic whitetip: "[it is] extraordinarily abundant, perhaps the most abundant large animal, large being over 100 pounds [45 kg], on the face of the earth". A study focusing on the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, using a mix of data from US pelagic longline surveys from the mid-1950s and observations from the late 1990s, estimated a decline in numbers in this location of 99.3% over this period. However, changes in fishing practices and data collection methods complicate estimates. According to a January 2021 study in Nature which studied 31 species of sharks and rays, the number of these species found in open oceans had dropped by 71 per cent in around 50 years. The oceanic whitetip was included in the study.

Oceanic whitetip sharks are mainly threatened by fisheries, sometimes intentional but usually bycatch. They are victims of longlines, hook-lines, gillnets and trawls. The sharks are used for their fins and meat. It is eaten fresh, smoked, dried, and salted and its skin made into leather. Bycatching of oceanic whitetip sharks may be reduced by removing hooks from longliners when they are in shallow water. Sharks may also be threatened by pollution. Those in the northwest Atlantic have been found to accumulate high amounts of mercury.

In March 2013, the oceanic whitetip was added to Appendix II of CITES meaning the species (including parts and derivatives) require CITES permits for international trade. On 30 January 2018, NOAA Fisheries published a final rule to list the oceanic whitetip shark as a threatened species under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) (83 FR 4153). From 3 January 2013, the shark was fully protected in New Zealand territorial waters under the Wildlife Act 1953. The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the oceanic whitetip shark as "Migrant" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

title: Oceanic whitetip shark


text:
Bending machine

Bending machine may refer to:
 * Bending Machine (flat metal bending)
 * Brake (sheet metal bending), a metalworking machine that allows the bending of sheet metal

title: Bending machine


text:
Link farm

On the World Wide Web, a link farm is any group of websites that all hyperlink to other sites in the group for the purpose of increasing SEO rankings. In graph theoretic terms, a link farm is a clique. Although some link farms can be created by hand, most are created through automated programs and services. A link farm is a form of spamming the index of a web search engine (sometimes called spamdexing). Other link exchange systems are designed to allow individual websites to selectively exchange links with other relevant websites, and are not considered a form of spamdexing.

Search engines require ways to confirm page relevancy. A known method is to examine for one-way links coming directly from relevant websites. The process of building links should not be confused with being listed on link farms, as the latter requires reciprocal return links, which often renders the overall backlink advantage useless. This is due to oscillation, causing confusion over which is the vendor site and which is the promoting site.

History
Link farms were first developed by search engine optimizers (SEOs) in 1999 to take advantage of the Inktomi search engine's dependence upon link popularity. Although link popularity is used by some search engines to help establish a ranking order for search results, the Inktomi engine at the time maintained two indexes. Search results were produced from the primary index, which was limited to approximately 100 million listings. Pages with few inbound links fell out of the Inktomi index on a monthly basis.

Inktomi was targeted for manipulation through link farms because it was then used by several independent but popular search engines. Yahoo!, then the most popular search service, also used Inktomi results to supplement its directory search feature. The link farms helped stabilize listings, primarily for online business Websites that had few natural links from larger, more stable sites in the Inktomi index.

Link farm exchanges were at first handled on an informal basis, but several service companies were founded to provide automated registration, categorization, and link page updates to member Websites.

When the Google search engine became popular, search engine optimizers learned that Google's ranking algorithm depended in part on a link-weighting scheme called PageRank. Rather than simply count all inbound links equally, the PageRank algorithm determines that some links may be more valuable than others, and therefore assigns them more weight than others. Link farming was adapted to help increase the PageRank of member pages.

However, the link farms became susceptible to manipulation by unscrupulous webmasters who joined the services, received inbound linkage, and then found ways to hide their outbound links or to avoid posting any links on their sites at all. Link farm managers had to implement quality controls and monitor member compliance with their rules to ensure fairness.

Alternative link farm products emerged, particularly link-finding software that identified potential reciprocal link partners, sent them template-based emails offering to exchange links, and created directory-like link pages for Websites, in the hope of building their link popularity and PageRank. These link farms are sometimes considered a spamdexing strategy.

Search engines countered the link farm movement by identifying specific attributes associated with link farm pages and filtering those pages from indexing and search results. In some cases, entire domains were removed from the search engine indexes in order to prevent them from influencing search results.

Blog network
A private blog network (PBN) is a group of blogs that are owned by the same entity. A blog network can either be a group of loosely connected blogs, or a group of blogs that are owned by the same company. The purpose of such a network is usually to promote other sites outside the network and therefore increase the search engine rankings or advertising revenue generated from online advertising on the sites the PBN links to.

In September 2014, Google targeted private blog networks (PBNs) with manual action ranking penalties. This served to dissuade search engine optimization and online marketers from using PBNs to increase their online rankings. The "thin content" warnings are closely tied to Panda which focuses on thin content and on-page quality. PBNs have a history of being targeted by Google and therefore may not be the safest option. Since Google is on the search for blog networks, they are not always linked together. In fact, interlinking your blogs could help Google, and a single exposed blog could reveal the whole blog network by looking at the outbound links.

A blog network may also refer to a central website, such as WordPress, where a user creates an account and is then able to use their own blog. The created blog forms part of a network because it uses either a subdomain or a subfolder of the main domain, although in all other ways it can be entirely autonomous. This is also known as a hosted blog platform and usually uses the free WordPress Multisite software.

Hosted blog networks are also known as Web 2.0 networks, since they became more popular with the rise of the second phase of web development.

title: Link farm


text:
Talk:Sanitation

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 November 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Monica Tadros.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:40, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Made some edits to the section on "health aspects"
I've just made some edits to the section on "health aspects" by using the publication by WHO on "Guidelines on Sanitation and Health". More work is needed though as the section on health aspects is currently a bit messy and repetitive.EMsmile (talk) 02:20, 3 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I've shortened this further and moved content to the sub-article. EMsmile (talk) 12:51, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

Economic aspects
Economic aspects (benefits) are not discussed much in the article currently compared to public health and environmental aspects. Will it be a good idea to club them all together under one heading? Sparsh85 (talk) 18:07, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * There is a small section on economic aspects (which could be built up). Or maybe it should be moved into the heading of "Costs"? Costs is a standard heading that we use... Speaking of standard headings and standard ordering: this is important and we have an outline here in the Manual of Style. I would not deviate too much from that but attempt to stick to those standard headings to make it easier for readers to orientate themselves. EMsmile (talk) 02:02, 30 July 2020 (UTC)
 * There are two aspects to economics here - One, the costs of putting the system in place and two, the economic impact of having or not having a system in place. The latter is similar to health impacts due to managed or unmanaged waste. I have made additions based on a WSP study for India and another study based on census numbers. I have also edited the sub-heading slightly, the level can be decided when we have more content there.Sparsh85 (talk) 13:49, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

Have used the excerpt template
I have now added the excerpt template for the section where we give an overview about different types of sanitation. It basically takes the first paragraph of the lead from the sub-article. This way, if the sub-article is updated then it's updated here as well. Very practical and efficient. EMsmile (talk) 12:23, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

About Community-led total sanitation
I think CLTS is a method of planning and not type of sanitation system like OSS or CBS. What do you think EMsmile. Please also mark other people who are actively editing sanitation related articles. Thanks Sparsh85 (talk) 13:21, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * That's true, thanks for pointing that out. I'll think of a way to modify the text to make it clearer.EMsmile (talk) 02:31, 16 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I've changed the headings now, please check. What do you think about this change? EMsmile (talk) 02:35, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

Added information about climate change
I have added some more information about climate change and sanitation. There are two aspects: how extreme weather events due to climate change impact sanitation infrastructure, and how sanitation systems emit greenhouse gases. Please help further with this new content if you have publications at your finger tips. I still need to select some good publications about the methane emissions from septic tanks (this ought to also be added to septic tanks). A quick Google search brought up many results, still need to decide which ones to use: https://www.google.com/search?q=methane+emissions+from+septic+tanks&rlz=1C1SQJL_enAU903AU903&oq=methane+emissions+from+septic+tanks&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i22i29i30.3983j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Please help if this is your area of interest. I also need to work this information (with references) which a colleague sent to me into the relevant articles: "I would suggest that most of the sanitation-contributed methane is produced by anaerobic systems such as septic tanks and borda dewats. Modern anaerobic treatment plants use the methane but onsite systems do not. If these last-century systems were replaced with aerobic treatment systems such as vermifiltration this would achieve far greater mitigation than container-based sanitation. I'll also point out that the Wikipedia articles "Onsite sewage facility" and "Decentralized wastewater system" (which really should be one article) do not mention this fundamental difference between systems." EMsmile (talk) 01:28, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

New section on safely managed sanitation
Thanks for adding the new section on safely managed sanitation, User:Waternote. However, would we be able to change a little bit from UN speech to something that is easier to understand for lay persons? I know it's hard because we are quoting definitions but still... For example, it is not clear to me what this means: "The operation definition of indicator 6.2.1a is the following". And would it help to quote any of the current data? I have now moved a sentence that was further down below in in the SDG section to the new section. I feel that we have a bit of overlap with SDG 6 now, so we have to be careful. EMsmile (talk) 14:06, 27 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I've worked on this section a bit now to make it easier to understand. (pinging User:Waternote). EMsmile (talk) 11:27, 11 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you, it reads well. Waternote (talk) 15:48, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

what is total sanitation
answerthis 202.51.76.47 (talk) 12:16, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sanitation


text:
GPE Palmtop Environment

GPE (a recursive acronym for GPE Palmtop Environment) is a graphical user interface environment for handheld computers, such as palmtops and personal digital assistants (PDAs), running some Linux kernel-based operating system. GPE is a complete environment of software components and applications which makes it possible to use a Linux handheld for tasks such as personal information management (PIM), audio playback, email, and web browsing.

GPE is free and open-source software, subject to the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) or the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

Supported devices
GPE is bundled with embedded Linux distributions targeting the following platforms:

 * Sharp Zaurus
 * Hewlett-Packard iPAQ
 * Hewlett-Packard Jornada 72x
 * Siemens AG SIMpad SL4

In addition, GPE maintainers and the open source community are developing ports for additional devices:

 * GamePark Holdings GP2x
 * Nokia 770
 * Nokia N800
 * Palm TX
 * Palm Treo 650
 * HTC Universal
 * HTC Typhoon
 * HTC Tornado
 * HTC Wizard
 * HTC Apache

On February 5, 2007, The GPE project announced GPE Phone Edition, a new variant of GPE developed for mobile phones.

Software components
GPE does not have any of the GNOME Core Applications, but instead software was written from scratch, tailored to the embedded environment. GPE is based on GTK+, and because GTK+ did not gain support for Wayland until versions 3.10, GPE uses X11 as its windowing system, e.g. with the combination X.Org Server/Matchbox.

The project provides an infrastructure for easy and powerful application development by providing core software such as shared libraries, database schemata, and building on available technology including SQLite, D-BUS, GStreamer and several of the more common standards defined by freedesktop.org.

One of the major goals of the GPE project is to encourage people to work on free software for mobile devices and to experiment with writing a GUI for embedded devices. Some of the applications already developed for GPE include:

 * GPE-Contacts - A contacts manager
 * GPE-Calendar - The calendar application
 * GPE-Edit - A simple text editor
 * GPE-Filemanager - A file manager with MIME type and remote access support
 * GPE-Gallery - Small and easy to use image viewer
 * GPE-Games - A small collection of tiny games
 * GPE-Mini-Browser - A CSS and JavaScript compatible compact web browser
 * GPE-Sketchbook - Create notes and sketches
 * GPE-Soundbite - A voice memo tool
 * GPE-ToDo - A task list manager
 * GPE-Timesheet - Track time spend on tasks
 * Starling - A GStreamer based audio player

GPE's PIM applications (GPE-Contacts, GPE-Calendar, GPE-ToDo) can be synchronized with their desktop and web counterparts (such as Novell Evolution, Mozilla Sunbird and Google Calendar) through the use of GPE-Syncd and the OpenSync framework.

GPE also contains a number of GUI utilities for configuring 802.11 Wireless LAN, Bluetooth, IrDA, Firewall, ALSA, Package Management, among others.

A mobile push e-mail client based on the Tinymail framework is in development.

Linux distributions

GPE can be found as a primary environment in the following embedded Linux distributions:

 * OpenEmbedded (ex OpenZaurus)
 * Ångström
 * Familiar Linux

Though it may not be as highly supported as the distributions listed above, GPE is also available through package management utilities in the following distributions:

 * Ubuntu
 * Debian
 * Internet Tablet OS

Controversy
There are ongoing controversies surrounding the GPE project regarding a change of hosting service, ownership of an IRC channel, and a trademark dispute.

Web hosting
Serious issues first began developing over a proposed change of hosting service. GPE had been hosted at Handhelds.org since April 2002. Some of GPE's developers suggested, and later followed through with, a move to Linuxtogo.org by October 2006. Handhelds.org responded by removing the user accounts of the departing developers, and any links or reference to the new GPE Linuxtogo.org location on the original GPE Handhelds.org site.

Trademark
George France, has filed for trademark registration with the USPTO for GPE, in addition to OPIE and Ipkg as of March 6, 2007. On June 25, 2007, the USPTO declined to accept a screenshot of the Handhelds.org GPE website as proof of Handhelds.org's ownership, and in addition requested a better specimen for a “GPE product”. Handhelds.org, and OSI board member Russ Nelson, assert that the GPE project was given over to Handhelds.org for public development.

The GPE developers working at Linuxtogo.org maintain that they represent the active GPE project, and Handhelds.org was only a hosting provider. Furthermore, they point out that the GPE project existed before it was hosted on Handhelds.org.

The USPTO issued a final rejection regarding the GPE trademark on February 27, 2008. George France amended the application (removing references to GNU and Linux). The GPE trademark was officially published for opposition June 3, 2008.

Despite George France's impending personal GPE trademark, the core GPE development team at Linuxtogo.org has abandoned much of the Handhelds.org GPE infrastructure. Linuxtogo.org developers have switched GPE to a new bootloader and replaced IPKG with OPKG, and made major changes to the GPE gui applications.

The Trademark of GPE was registered to George France on Aug 19, 2008 by the USPTO.

title: GPE Palmtop Environment


text:
Margo MacDonald

Margo Symington MacDonald (née Aitken; 19 April 1943 – 4 April 2014) was a Scottish politician, teacher and broadcaster. She was the Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Govan from 1973 to 1974 and was Depute Leader of the Scottish National Party from 1974 to 1979. She later served as an SNP and then Independent Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Lothian from 1999 until her death.

Background
Margo Symington Aitken was born in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, and grew up in and around East Kilbride, one of three siblings.

Her mother, Jean, was a nurse, and her father, Robert, was described as a "very cruel" man from whom her mother separated when Margo was 12 years old. She was educated at Hamilton Academy, and trained as a teacher of physical education at Dunfermline College of Physical Education immediately after leaving school.

Family
She married her first husband, Peter MacDonald, in 1965, and they ran a Blantyre pub, the Barnhill Tavern (known locally as The Hoolet's Nest), together. The MacDonalds had two daughters, Petra and Zoe, before the marriage ended in divorce.

Her second marriage was to politician and columnist Jim Sillars, whom she married in 1981. Sillars went on to win the 1988 Glasgow Govan by-election for the SNP. Petra MacDonald married Craig Reid of the Proclaimers; the Reids have four children.

Parliamentary career
A committed and vocal supporter of Scottish independence, MacDonald entered parliamentary politics by winning the 1973 Glasgow Govan by-election as an SNP candidate at 30 years old. There were "scenes of near-hysteria by supporters" as she was declared the winner in what had, until then, been a Labour stronghold. Her election, during the last months of the Conservative Heath government, "overturned the theory that the SNP can thrive only [...] when a Labour Government is in office".

She has alleged that her election to the House of Commons was followed by KGB and CIA agents taking her for lunch while posing as journalists, and believed the SNP was infiltrated during the 1970s by MI5 agents worried booming North Sea oil revenues could lead to independence.

She failed to retain her seat in the following general election of February 1974, but became Deputy Leader of the SNP that year. At a December 1974 National Council meeting, MacDonald criticised the SNP for failing to win seats from Labour in industrial Scotland and urged the party to move to the left to compete. She had already been selected as the SNP candidate in Hamilton when the death of the MP led to the 1978 Hamilton by-election, which she lost. At the 1979 general election she was an unsuccessful candidate in Glasgow Shettleston.

A staunch left-winger, she was one of three prominent spokespersons for the socialist 79 Group, which ultimately resulted in her failure to be re-elected as Deputy Leader at the party's 1979 conference. In 1982, Margo resigned from the SNP in protest of the 79 Group's proscription. She began to establish herself as a forceful and respected presenter of various radio and television programmes, including the short-lived Colour Supplement for Radio 4 in the mid-1980s. She contributed regularly to Scottish newspapers including the Edinburgh Evening News near the end of her life.

By the mid-1990s, she had returned to the SNP and in 1999 she was elected to the Scottish Parliament, representing the Lothians. She earned a high media profile by her outspoken views on a number of issues, including sex workers' rights and MSPs' salaries. She quickly established herself as a rebel within the party, and was disciplined in 2000 for missing a parliamentary vote without permission and briefing a Sunday newspaper against party policy. Meanwhile, she lost influence with the party leadership, firstly under Alex Salmond and then John Swinney, for being in the SNP Fundamentalist mould and having supported Alex Neil in the party leadership election in 2000.

In 2002, MacDonald was ranked fifth on the SNP list for Lothians for the 2003 Parliament election, effectively ending her chances of being re-elected as an SNP MSP. In response, there were a spate of resignations from the party, and MacDonald decided to instead stand as an independent. For this, she was officially expelled from the SNP on 28 January 2003. Her diagnosis with Parkinson's disease became public knowledge at this time, ostensibly in an effort to diminish her electoral prospects. MacDonald, who had known about the diagnosis for six years, said it had been leaked to the press by "forces of darkness" in the SNP, but a spokesperson insisted that the leak did not come from within the party.

She was re-elected as an independent MSP at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, and again in 2007 and 2011. After her 2007 re-election MacDonald stood to become Presiding Officer, but lost the ballot to Alex Fergusson. During her time in parliament as an independent politician, she championed controversial causes, including the legalisation of assisted suicide.

In the run-up to the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, MacDonald asked the UK's Security Service for assurances they would not interfere in the referendum process, suggesting that the security services "have people in the SNP".

Death
MacDonald died at her home in Edinburgh on 4 April 2014, aged 70. As she was elected as an independent regional MSP, according to the provisions of the Scotland Act 1998, her seat was left vacant until the 2016 Scottish Parliament election. Shortly after her death, it was confirmed that political leaders would pay tribute to her at a special session of the parliament.

My Right to Die
In July 2008, MacDonald co-operated with BBC Scotland in the making of a documentary about assisted dying. As someone with Parkinson's, MacDonald had long been a campaigner for assisted dying, saying that "'As someone with a degenerative condition – Parkinson's – this debate is not a theory with me. The possibility of having the worst form of the disease at the end of life has made me think about unpleasant things. I feel strongly that, in the event of losing my dignity or being faced with the prospect of a painful or protracted death, I should have the right to choose to curtail my own, and my family's, suffering.'"

In the programme, MacDonald travelled around Scotland and met fellow "sufferers" and investigated the pros and cons of assisted dying, later stating that "'Online, euthanasia campaigners show viewers how to make an 'exit hood' to end your life, and I know people with terminal illnesses now make the awful trip to Mexico to buy lethal doses of drugs to take their own lives, all because of our current laws. I am in no doubt that our legal system must change.'"

Obituaries

 * Scottish politician Margo MacDonald dies of Parkinson's; The Guardian
 * Reaction to the death of Margo MacDonald; The Daily Record

title: Margo MacDonald


text:
Talk:GPE Palmtop Environment

Notability
I, Colin Marquardt, am the co-author of the GPE homepage in question where most of this text is taken from. I can, however, ask the other guys involved in GPE what they think.

links that may help to establish the notability of GPE:

 * http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS6954215579.html
 * http://del.icio.us/url/9963168d5ca0387df2690cc8efb64d3e
 * http://oss.kernelconcepts.de/gpe/
 * http://wiki.openzaurus.org/Opie_vs_GPE
 * http://trends.newsforge.com/article.pl?sid=07/05/24/157246
 * http://www.ddj.com/dept/opensource/197004438
 * http://cbbrowne.com/info/pilotlinux.html

while the notability of the subject may not be the same as the article satisfying the notability guidelines, the subject is sufficiently notable to enable such an article to be written. perhaps under such circumstances, if the current text is not satisfactory, any party considering deletion of the article might prefer instead to reduce the content to those parts which they feel do satisfy such guidelines. there seem to be some 21,000 hits on google for q=%22gpe+palmtop+environment%22 (yes, that's with quotes around it). fwiw, at least the first two sentences of the first paragraph and the first sentence of the second paragraph are plainly covered repeatedly in independent secondary sources. articles such as the newsforge one linked above suggest that there is room to expand the article.

Indeed, it seems rather silly that the article seems to refer to two halves of a fork without explaining that this is the case. 81.170.36.179 21:48, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

 * fwiw, i surfed my way here in trying to get the whole pda/linux situation figured out, and found the article useful. Floorsheim 20:01, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Current Controversy
I added a section on ongoing controversies, surrounding linuxtogo.org and handhelds.org, which explains the presence of the two sites. I am not personally involved with either camp, so hopefully I kept it as NPOV as the community would like. --Sodium N4 04:20, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Per the references stated above, and the reference I placed in the article to Linux.com's article regarding GPE's noteworthy trademark debate, can we consider removing the notability warning? --Sodium N4 09:07, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gpe-2.7-browser-sharp-zaurus-c1000.png
Image:Gpe-2.7-browser-sharp-zaurus-c1000.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 08:25, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gpe-2.7-sharp-zaurus-c1000.png
Image:Gpe-2.7-sharp-zaurus-c1000.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 08:26, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gpe-palm-tx.png
Image:Gpe-palm-tx.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 08:27, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Outdated article
This article should be turned to the past.

For example the following statements are really outdated.
 * "GPE maintainers and the open source community are developing ports for additional devices"
 * "There are ongoing controversies (...) "

About the "controvercy", does it really deserve to be preserved in an encyclopedy???

Luc Pionchon (talk) 16:16, 27 June 2014 (UTC) (I am a former GPE developer)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on GPE Palmtop Environment. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070726040150/http://linuxtogo.org/new-project-gpe-phone-edition to http://www.linuxtogo.org/new-project-gpe-phone-edition
 * Added tag to http://www.handhelds.org/moin/moin.cgi/GPEProject?action=diff&date1=1167946855&date2=1164453993
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070708083552/http://www.handhelds.org/geeklog/article.php?story=20070525101908558 to http://www.handhelds.org/geeklog/article.php?story=20070525101908558
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100713032945/http://www.handhelds.org/moin/moin.cgi/HTCApache to http://www.handhelds.org/moin/moin.cgi/HTCApache
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041127093422/http://www.handhelds.org/ to http://handhelds.org/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20020405193956/http://gpe.handhelds.org/ to http://gpe.handhelds.org/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20020405193956/http://gpe.handhelds.org/ to http://gpe.handhelds.org/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:39, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:GPE Palmtop Environment