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User:Jstanley01

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What happens to epistemology if nothing is true? How can it be it true that nothing is true? If it is true that nothing is true, then it cannot be true that nothing is true (a.k.a. circular reasoning). Logical argumentation against reality's independent existence may appear well-nigh irrefutable, right up to the point when the brick wall breaks all the teeth out of your mouth. The revisionist crusade to force literality, and with it all possibility of discovering truth, onto the ash heap of history crumbles to powder itself at the dawn of the realization that language, at its base, is not  metaphorical, but  symbolic. ø ¤  º  °  `  °  º  ¤  ø ,  ¸  ¸  ,  ø  ¤  º  °  `  °  º  ¤  ø  ,  ¸  ¸  ,

ô ¿  ô

-Website: Biblical Research Journal

-Jstanley01's Latest Wikipedia Opine: The Conundrum of Online Sources

- since 5 July 2003...

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Articles I have started

E. W. Bullinger, Marginal demand, Cash-basis verses accrual-basis accounting, Gutenberg Bible, Scriptorium.

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Articles to which I have materially contributed

Heinrich Bullinger, Figures of speech, Metaphor, Conceptual metaphor, Symbol, Literal and figurative language, Opportunity cost, Marginal demand, Complexity, Self-publishing, Fiction, Manuscript, Codex, Christianity, Hugh Glass, Center for Media and Democracy, P.J. O'Rourke, Hunter S. Thompson, George Wallace, Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, Greek language, King James Version of the Bible, Tax, Ponzi scheme, Lamsa Bible, Ward Churchill, Social Security debate (United States), Crusade, Modern evolutionary synthesis, Lunar month, 2005 Pakistan earthquake, Victor Paul Wierwille, Peter Duesberg, The Way International, Hypertext, San Antonio Spurs, Walton Walker, Gemini 4, Frank Eaton, Mayflower Compact, Denialism, Battle of Iwo Jima, Dick Fosbury, Wayne C. Booth, History of the Texas Ranger Division, History of San Antonio, John Salmon Ford.

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Discussions in which I have participated

Talk:Denialism, Articles for deletion/Steve Schaeffer

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Wikipedia claims to fame

 * Came in among the top 200 Wikipedians (tied for 195th place) in the number of edits made in July 2003 with 115.

 * Noted for his "interesting signature" by Dethomas.

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Barnstar

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Useful Links

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title: User:Jstanley01


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Talk:Berchem-Sainte-Agathe

Untitled
Is there a reason why the titel is "Berchem-Sainte-Agathe - Sint-Agatha-Berchem" and not "Sint-Agatha-Berchem - Berchem-Sainte-Agathe" ? Giskart Walter 22:24 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * There is: please see the discussion at talk:Brussels. D.D. 22:27 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok, bedankt. Heel toepasselijke oplossing. Die informatie over de gemeenten, vanwaar komt dat? En weet je soms of dat ook in het Nederlands beschikbaar is? Ik ben een project aan het voorbereiden om artikels over de gemeenten te maken op Wikipedia NL. Het is te gek dat er wel een artikel over Sint-Agatha-Berchem is hier maar niet op Wikipedia NL. Giskart Walter 23:06 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I'll answer your question on your Wikipedia NL user talk page. D.D. 13:34 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Names survey, result
Between 23 December 2006 and 28 January 2007 there has been a survey about which names the articles for the municipalities in the Brussels region should have. The municipalities in question have different names in French and Dutch, the two official languages of the region. A majority of contributors to the survey prefers using one single same over using both names in the title. This single name should follow English usage, which has been determined using domain specific Google searches.

The final result of the survey is that:
 * for the following municipalities the French name has been chosen, in line with the most commonly used names in English:
 * Auderghem
 * Forest, Belgium
 * Ixelles
 * Saint-Gilles, Belgium
 * Saint-Josse-ten-Noode
 * Schaerbeek
 * Uccle
 * Watermael-Boitsfort
 * Woluwe-Saint-Lambert
 * Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
 * for the following municipalities no significant preference in the English language has been found. After discussion, the Dutch names have been chosen:
 * Sint-Jans-Molenbeek
 * Sint-Agatha-Berchem

Details about the survey can be found at Talk:Brussels-Capital Region/NamingArchive3. Markussep 18:39, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Requested move 18 October 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved per request after two relistings with no opposition. Favonian (talk) 21:41, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Sint-Agatha-Berchem → Berchem-Sainte-Agathe – I am starting a move request to retitle this article to its French name, and as such bring it in line with all the other municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region. Although I am a big defender of Brussels' bilingual status, as far as English Wikipedia is concerned, it seems rather odd to me (and not encyclopedic) to keep the less commonly used Dutch name, where the region's de facto majority language is French. Moreover, it appears the argument for the Dutch variant largely rests on the Brussels naming convention established back in 2007 (see Talk:Brussels-Capital Region/NamingArchive3), because no significant preference in English was found. However, in the meantime, the only other municipality previously in that case has already been renamed (see Talk:Molenbeek-Saint-Jean), leading to this article's name remaining as somewhat of an anomaly. Jason Lagos (talk) 19:17, 18 October 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. Favonian (talk) 19:11, 25 October 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. —usernamekiran (talk) 08:48, 2 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Belgium has been notified of this discussion. Favonian (talk) 19:10, 25 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Hoping to attract participation by notifying WikiProject Belgium Favonian (talk) 19:11, 25 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:TITLECON BhamBoi (talk) 19:43, 2 November 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Berchem-Sainte-Agathe


text:
Polymorphism (computer science)

In programming language theory and type theory, polymorphism is the use of a single symbol to represent multiple different types.

In object-oriented programming, polymorphism is the provision of a single interface to entities of different types. The concept is borrowed from a principle in biology where an organism or species can have many different forms or stages.

The most commonly recognized major forms of polymorphism are:
 * Ad hoc polymorphism: defines a common interface for an arbitrary set of individually specified types.
 * Parametric polymorphism: not specifying concrete types and instead use abstract symbols that can substitute for any type.
 * Subtyping (also called subtype polymorphism or inclusion polymorphism): when a name denotes instances of many different classes related by some common superclass.

History
Interest in polymorphic type systems developed significantly in the 1990s, with practical implementations beginning to appear by the end of the decade. Ad hoc polymorphism and parametric polymorphism were originally described in Christopher Strachey's Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages, where they are listed as "the two main classes" of polymorphism. Ad hoc polymorphism was a feature of Algol 68, while parametric polymorphism was the core feature of ML's type system.

In a 1985 paper, Peter Wegner and Luca Cardelli introduced the term inclusion polymorphism to model subtypes and inheritance, citing Simula as the first programming language to implement it.

Ad hoc polymorphism
Christopher Strachey chose the term ad hoc polymorphism to refer to polymorphic functions that can be applied to arguments of different types, but that behave differently depending on the type of the argument to which they are applied (also known as function overloading or operator overloading). The term "ad hoc" in this context is not intended to be pejorative; it refers simply to the fact that this form of polymorphism is not a fundamental feature of the type system. In the Java example below, the  functions seem to work generically over two types (integer and string) when looking at the invocations, but are considered to be two entirely distinct functions by the compiler for all intents and purposes:

In dynamically typed languages the situation can be more complex as the correct function that needs to be invoked might only be determinable at run time.

Implicit type conversion has also been defined as a form of polymorphism, referred to as "coercion polymorphism".

Parametric polymorphism
Parametric polymorphism allows a function or a data type to be written generically, so that it can handle values uniformly without depending on their type. Parametric polymorphism is a way to make a language more expressive while still maintaining full static type-safety.

The concept of parametric polymorphism applies to both data types and functions. A function that can evaluate to or be applied to values of different types is known as a polymorphic function. A data type that can appear to be of a generalized type (e.g. a list with elements of arbitrary type) is designated polymorphic data type like the generalized type from which such specializations are made.

Parametric polymorphism is ubiquitous in functional programming, where it is often simply referred to as "polymorphism". The following example in Haskell shows a parameterized list data type and two parametrically polymorphic functions on them:

Parametric polymorphism is also available in several object-oriented languages. For instance, templates in C++ and D, or under the name generics in C#, Delphi, Java and Go:

John C. Reynolds (and later Jean-Yves Girard) formally developed this notion of polymorphism as an extension to lambda calculus (called the polymorphic lambda calculus or System F). Any parametrically polymorphic function is necessarily restricted in what it can do, working on the shape of the data instead of its value, leading to the concept of parametricity.

Subtyping
Some languages employ the idea of subtyping (also called subtype polymorphism or inclusion polymorphism) to restrict the range of types that can be used in a particular case of polymorphism. In these languages, subtyping allows a function to be written to take an object of a certain type T, but also work correctly, if passed an object that belongs to a type S that is a subtype of T (according to the Liskov substitution principle). This type relation is sometimes written S <: T. Conversely, T is said to be a supertype of S—written T :> S. Subtype polymorphism is usually resolved dynamically (see below).

In the following Java example we make cats and dogs subtypes of pets. The procedure  accepts a pet, but will also work correctly if a subtype is passed to it:

In another example, if Number, Rational, and Integer are types such that Number :> Rational and Number :> Integer (Rational and Integer as subtypes of a type Number that is a supertype of them), a function written to take a Number will work equally well when passed an Integer or Rational as when passed a Number. The actual type of the object can be hidden from clients into a black box, and accessed via object identity. In fact, if the Number type is abstract, it may not even be possible to get your hands on an object whose most-derived type is Number (see abstract data type, abstract class). This particular kind of type hierarchy is known—especially in the context of the Scheme programming language—as a numerical tower, and usually contains many more types.

Object-oriented programming languages offer subtype polymorphism using subclassing (also known as inheritance). In typical implementations, each class contains what is called a virtual table (shortly called vtable) — a table of functions that implement the polymorphic part of the class interface—and each object contains a pointer to the vtable of its class, which is then consulted whenever a polymorphic method is called. This mechanism is an example of: The same goes for most other popular object systems. Some, however, such as Common Lisp Object System, provide multiple dispatch, under which method calls are polymorphic in all arguments.
 * late binding, because virtual function calls are not bound until the time of invocation;
 * single dispatch (i.e., single-argument polymorphism), because virtual function calls are bound simply by looking through the vtable provided by the first argument (the  object), so the runtime types of the other arguments are completely irrelevant.

The interaction between parametric polymorphism and subtyping leads to the concepts of variance and bounded quantification.

Row polymorphism
Row polymorphism is a similar, but distinct concept from subtyping. It deals with structural types. It allows the usage of all values whose types have certain properties, without losing the remaining type information.

Polytypism
A related concept is polytypism (or data type genericity). A polytypic function is more general than polymorphic, and in such a function, "though one can provide fixed ad hoc cases for specific data types, an ad hoc combinator is absent".

Rank polymorphism
Rank polymorphism is one of the defining features of the array programming languages, like APL. The essence of the rank-polymorphic programming model is implicitly treating all operations as aggregate operations, usable on arrays with arbitrarily many dimensions, which is to say that rank polymorphism allows functions to be defined to operate on arrays of any shape and size.

Static and dynamic polymorphism
Polymorphism can be distinguished by when the implementation is selected: statically (at compile time) or dynamically (at run time, typically via a virtual function). This is known respectively as static dispatch and dynamic dispatch, and the corresponding forms of polymorphism are accordingly called static polymorphism and dynamic polymorphism.

Static polymorphism executes faster, because there is no dynamic dispatch overhead, but requires additional compiler support. Further, static polymorphism allows greater static analysis by compilers (notably for optimization), source code analysis tools, and human readers (programmers). Dynamic polymorphism is more flexible but slower—for example, dynamic polymorphism allows duck typing, and a dynamically linked library may operate on objects without knowing their full type.

Static polymorphism typically occurs in ad hoc polymorphism and parametric polymorphism, whereas dynamic polymorphism is usual for subtype polymorphism. However, it is possible to achieve static polymorphism with subtyping through more sophisticated use of template metaprogramming, namely the curiously recurring template pattern.

When polymorphism is exposed via a library, static polymorphism becomes impossible for dynamic libraries as there is no way of knowing what types the parameters are when the shared object is built. While languages like C++ and Rust use monomorphized templates, the Swift programming language makes extensive use of dynamic dispatch to build the application binary interface for these libraries by default. As a result, more code can be shared for a reduced system size at the cost of runtime overhead.

title: Polymorphism (computer science)


text:
Talk:E. W. Bullinger

Earlier comments
I removed the second external link, as not only did it not work, but I found a site with the complete set of Appendices. Perfect77 06:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the redirects, Someone else. I'm new at this. Leaving out the periods in the title was inadvertant. ô ¿ ô
 * Not a problem at all, there's always someone about to rearrange things here  -- Someone else 00:43 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

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Did he not use periods when refering to himself by his initials? RickK 22:33 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Other people did, which is why I've moved it to E. W. Bullinger. I'll make redirects for other spellings of his name too. -- Someone else 22:46 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Was Bullinger really a vicar ?
Though he was ordained in 1862, was he ever made a vicar of a particular parish? If so, where? DFH 20:53, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Partial answer to this are in the book review of the biography by Juanita S. Carey at, which includes, "she continues by exploring his early parish work (Ch.3), years spent living and working at the Bethnal Green Workhouse School (Ch.4) and Walthamstow (Ch.5), his involvement in the Trinitarian Bible Society (Ch.6), and last parishes (Ch.7). She concludes the book by discussing his monthly scholarly publication Things to Come (Ch.8), his relocation back to London (Ch.9) and life at Bemgarten (Ch.10); ....". DFH 21:05, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Companion Bible (Electronic Versions)
As the site still has "coming soon", I am about to move the last external reference here. DFH 19:15, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The Companion Bible in OSIS, XML, and HTML format as well as Sword module creation for BibleTime and Gnomesword

 * Also, the links on the site that's supposed to have the Companion Bible appendices don't seem to be working. On my computer, the main page pops up again in a new window.  ô ¿ ô  00:00, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

NPOV and Accuracy Problems
I started this article the summer of 2003, and I'm glad to see the thoughtful and important additions and edits. The way I see it, though, an NPOV problem or two has cropped up, along with some inaccuracies. Viz:

Under "Theology," the first paragraph now states: "Bullinger's theology was extreme dispensationalism..." What does "extreme" mean? Not only is it a relative term, it's use here hardly appears neutral according to Wikipedia's NPOV Policy guidelines.

Likewise the wording of, "The term hyper- or ultradispensational refers to..." is problematic. IMHO, the statement would fit NPOV better if expressed something like, "The term hyper- or ultradispensationalism has been used by some theologians and expositors, such as Harry A. Ironside, to refer to..." Such an edit would have the added benefit of moving the one entry in the "See also" section up into the main article, where a substantive and influential figure such as Ironside belongs (even if he only touches E. W.'s theology and never names him by name).

The same paragraph may contain an inaccuracy. I think Things to Come was a publication of the Trinitarian Bible Society. I seriously doubt that the journal was, what we call now days, "self published," but maybe it was. I'll check. Whatever the case, Bullinger's extensive involvement with that Bible society deserves coverage in the "Life and Work" section.

The paragraph in the same section which begins, "He described seven 'administrations' in the Bible...," has inaccuracies in it. Yes, Bullinger described seven, of what he almost invariably called "dispensations." But he did not describe a "Christ Administration" or Dispensation, as the paragraph states (he put Christ's earthly ministry under the Dispensation of Law). Meanwhile he did describe a Millennial Dispensation, which the paragraph fails to note.

This paragraph might be better served with a citation or two on the subject of dispensations from The Companion Bible, rather than just giving a reference. Or better, perhaps, since that work contained indeterminate (and as far as I know indeterminable) contributions from others after his death, from his book How to Enjoy the Bible ISBN 082542027X.

Another inaccuracy in this same paragraph has produced a contradiction in the article. This paragraph says, "The Fifth, Grace, or Church Administration began on the Day of Pentecost and is governed by the truths set down in Romans through Thessalonians." Then the very next paragraph says, "Bullinger places the beginning of 'the church' (the 'Body of Christ') not at Pentecost but at a point in Paul's ministry after his arrival at Rome (as described in Acts, chapter 28)..." It is the latter assertion that is correct.

I've also got problems with the section's and article's final, one-sentence paragraph:

"Bullinger also taught a form of annihilationism."

So what? Does that make him grow ten feet tall or something? He taught a lot of things Biblical -- from Greek lexicography, to figures of speech, to eschatology, to numerics, to the use of the word Jehovah in the book of Esther.

I'm familiar with much of his work, including his Commentary on Revelation ISBN 0825423937, and I've never read anyplace where he made that particular deviation from orthodoxy (whatever that is). So-called annihilationism was certainly no mainstay of his theology, that's for sure. The statement either needs to be documented with a specific citation or omitted altogether.

I'm not ready to do any edits yet on these issues. I'll get a round tuit in the near future. In the mean time I'd be glad to hear others' two cents. ô ¿ ô 03:28, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

I can't substantiate this right now, but I believe that the term "extreme dispensationalism" is a technical theological term and not a pejorative one. In other words those who use the term are not calling him or his views "extremism", but more like "extreme" as in Montauk is on the extreme eastern edge of Long island. I'll try to find documentation for this opinionTen of Swords

Incorrect Breakdown of Dispensations
Regarding the mislabeling of Bullinger's Dispensations: he broke them down as follows:

1. Edenic

2. Patriarchal

3. Law (which included Christ's ministry)

4. Grace

5. Israel/Judicial

6. Millenial

7. Eternal Glory

The editor inserted a "Christ" adminstration between Law & Grace and combined Israel/Judicial & Millenial. This is the way VP Wierwille, late founder of The Way International, divided his dispensations. It also appears that Bullinger consistantly called these time periods "dispensations", not "administrations", although he used "adminsiration", as well as "economy" and "stewardship" as part of his definition and in his examples. Ten of Swords 22:51, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

I edited the theology section so that the breakdown of the dispensations match what Bullinger actually wrote, based on his own writings in "How to Enjoy the Bible" in the section on dispensations. Perhaps when I have time later I can add a section explaining what Bullinger taught about each. Ten of Swords 18:19, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Once again I went through and corrected revisions that did not line up with Bullinger's theology. For anyone who learned dispensationalism by way of The Way International: Wierwille and Bullinger had slightly different views of how the dispensations should be broken up. They line up in some areas, but not in others. There is a comprehensive breakdown on the Philologos website online version of "How to Enjoy The Bible".

If you're going to make changes, please make them accurate.

If you want to have a debate on whether Wierwille or Bullinger was right about the dispensations or adminstrations, this isn't the place to do it.

Oddly, the wording that I deleted was identical to the description of Wierwille's administration in the article on The Way, down to the misspelling of "Patriarchal" as "Patriarcal".

Please do your homework!Ten of Swords 23:40, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Here are some differences: For example, the article clearly (and correctly) states that Bullinger put the start of the current dispensation, not at Pentecost, but at the end of Acts. Bullinger did not describe a "Christ" administration between The Law and Grace. The post-Gathering Together/Pre-Glory time period is divided by Bullinger into two distinct dispensations. Ten of Swords 02:36, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Whether Bullinger was RIGHT or not is not the isssue, this article is about HIM, and not those who disagreed with him.

The section on how the dispensations is OF COURSE how Bullinger broke them down, adding "according to Bullinger" is redundant; following up Bullinger's breakdown with how OTHERS expalined and taught them introduces inaccuracies. Ten of Swords 21:01, 15 November 2006 (UTC) . . . and oh yeah...please sign your edits!207.91.61.98 23:27, 15 November 2006 (UTC)Ten of Swords 18:45, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Ethelbert of Kent
The article is about Bullinger. There is insufficient reason to link his first name to Ethelbert of Kent. Where would you stop with other notable moderns named after ancients? DFH 19:51, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Editor until 1915 when he died in 1913?
Since dead people generally don't work as editors of Journals, there is some problem here. Please find out when he was actually the editor of that Journal (I don't know) and correct it. Thanks! -- 77.189.92.102 (talk) 03:23, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

Bullinger's View on the Fate of the Lost
It was stated under "Theology" that Dr. Bullinger did not express any views concerning the final state of the lost. This is false. Dr. Bullinger wrote in his article "The Rich Man and Lazarus" found on this link here: http://bibleunderstanding.com/richmanandlazarus_contents.htm Click on "Rich Man and Lazarus" link on that page which is http://bibleunderstanding.com/richmanandlazarus14B.htm Then look around the 7th paragraph which begins with "It is of course" where he has written: "The unsaved do not possess “eternal life,” for it is declared to be “the gift of God” (Romans 6:23). No one is responsible for them, to raise them up. True, they will be raised (Revelation 20:12,13), but it will be only "the resurrection of damnation" (John 5:29); for judgment, and to be cast into the lake of fire." I can attempt to make the change but it's been a while since I've posted on wiki. Please, would someone do this for me? Thank you! DKVictor (talk) 18:41, 21 October 2012 (UTC)
 * We can be careful to put what he said and wrote and not put in our own scriptural interpretation of "Eternal life" with God and 'eternal' life, meaning everlasting life, but not with God. -- AstroU (talk) 16:04, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Bullinger's gematria mathematics shown to be erroneous
On reading Number in Scripture by E. W. Bullinger I found numerous mathematical errors and confirmation bias suggesting his book was not peer reviewed prior to publication. These findings have since been published and are available at the link below. This is informative to the reader of the main article page, although is not currently included. As I cannot add a self-citation to the Wikipedia page, I include it here for the moderator or others to consider adding this link to the main article page. Abrahamisaacs (talk) 02:59, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Abrahamisaacs, and I hope you don't mind me rearranging your edit a little, to prevent your reference slipping downward and becoming attached to quite unrelated comments. I agree that Bullinger's ideas on this matter, and on others, such as that a group of five crucifixes put together a couple of centuries ago is confirmation from tradition of his statement that Jesus was crucified along with four (not two) others, are, objectively speaking, nonsense. However, I doubt if the proposed source qualifies by Wikipedia standards as a {{WP:RS]]. Bealtainemí (talk) 06:57, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply Bealtainemí. It seems we are letting E. W. Bullinger off the hook as regards the mathematical errors in his book Number in Scripture.  Given that this has been overlooked for more than a century (nothing on Wikipedia nor Google Scholar) is there another way we can inform Wikipedia readers of the flawed mathematics in the main article on E. W. Bullinger? Abrahamisaacs (talk) 03:01, 18 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I think there isn't in Wikipedia. Outside the small circle of people who like such ideas, Bullinger isn't taken seriously enough to bother criticizing him in particular, with regard either to his gematria ideas or to his flat-Earth ideas, and so you won't find reliable sources to cite in Wikipedia. Bealtainemí (talk) 08:30, 18 April 2020 (UTC)
 * If E. W. Bullinger isn't taken seriously, it seems unfortunate he has been given his own page here in Wikipedia. Given he HAS been given his own page, it then seems unfortunate we don't publish criticism of his poor mathematics Abrahamisaacs (talk) 05:40, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Was Bullinger a flat-earther?
It's often claimed that Bullinger was a flat-earther. I've investigated the claim, and I find it wanting. Could we add a sentence at the end of mention of flat earth mentioning that I can't find clear evidence that Bullinger was a flat-earther? Here is my discussion of what I've found:

https://answersingenesis.org/blogs/danny-faulkner/2020/09/24/was-e-w-bullinger-a-flat-earther/

Perhaps it could be worded this way: "From this some have concluded that Bullinger was a flat-earther, but it is not clear that he was." with my article referenced.

Thanks.

title: Talk:E. W. Bullinger


text:
Lou Donaldson

Lou Donaldson (born November 1, 1926) is an American retired jazz alto saxophonist. He is best known for his soulful, bluesy approach to playing the alto saxophone, although in his formative years he was heavily influenced by Charlie Parker, as were many during the bebop era.

Life and career
Donaldson was born in Badin, North Carolina. He attended North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro in the early 1940s. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy during World War II and was trained at the Great Lakes bases in Chicago where he was introduced to bop music in the lively club scene.

At the war's conclusion, he returned to Greensboro, where he worked club dates with the Rhythm Vets, a combo composed of A and T students who had served in the U.S. Navy. The band recorded the soundtrack to a musical comedy featurette, Pitch a Boogie Woogie, in Greenville, North Carolina, in the summer of 1947. The movie had a limited run at black audience theatres in 1948 but its production company, Lord-Warner Pictures, folded and never made another film. Pitch a Boogie Woogie was restored by the American Film Institute in 1985 and re-premiered on the campus of East Carolina University in Greenville the following year. Donaldson and the surviving members of the Vets performed a reunion concert after the film's showing. In the documentary made on Pitch by UNC-TV, Boogie in Black and White, Donaldson and his musical cohorts recall the film's making—he originally believed that he had played clarinet on the soundtrack. A short piece of concert footage from a gig in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is included in the documentary.

Donaldson's first jazz recordings were with bop musicians Milt Jackson and Thelonious Monk in 1952, and he participated in several small groups with other prominent jazz musicians such as trumpeter Blue Mitchell, pianist Horace Silver, and drummer Art Blakey. In 1953, he also recorded sessions with the trumpeter Clifford Brown, and with Philly Joe Jones. He was a member of Art Blakey's Quintet for the hard bop recording sessions at Birdland on February 21, 1954, which would yield the A Night at Birdland albums for Blue Note Records.

He was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame on October 11, 2012. Also in 2012, he was named a NEA Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts.

In 2018, he declared himself retired, having performed his final shows in 2017. On November 2, 2021, he made a public appearance at a 95th birthday tribute show at Dizzy's Club in Manhattan, New York City.

title: Lou Donaldson


text:
Urinary catheterization

In urinary catheterization, a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube known as a urinary catheter is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to allow urine to drain from the bladder for collection. It may also be used to inject liquids used for treatment or diagnosis of bladder conditions. A clinician, often a nurse, usually performs the procedure, but self-catheterization is also possible. A catheter may be in place for long periods of time (indwelling catheter) or removed after each use (intermittent catheterization).

Catheter types
Catheters come in several basic designs:
 * A Foley catheter (indwelling urinary catheter) is retained by means of a balloon at the tip that is inflated with sterile water. The balloons typically come in two different sizes: 5 cm3 and 30 cm3. They are commonly made in silicone rubber or natural rubber.
 * An intermittent catheter/Robinson catheter is a flexible catheter that is removed after each use. Unlike the Foley catheter, it has no balloon on its tip and therefore cannot stay in place unaided. These can be non-coated or coated (e.g., hydrophilic coated and ready to use).
 * A coudé catheter, including Tiemann's catheter, is designed with a curved tip that makes it easier to pass through the curvature of the prostatic urethra.
 * A hematuria catheter is a type of Foley catheter used for Post-TURP hemostasis. This is useful following endoscopic surgical procedures, or in the case of gross hematuria. There are both two-way and three-way hematuria catheters (double and triple lumen).
 * A condom catheter can be used by males and carries a lower risk of infection than an indwelling catheter.

Catheter diameters are sized by the French catheter scale (F). The most common sizes are 10 F (3.3mm) to 28 F (9.3mm). The clinician selects a size large enough to allow free flow of urine, and large enough to control leakage of urine around the catheter. A larger size is necessary when the urine is thick, bloody, or contains large amounts of sediment. Larger catheters, however, are more likely to damage the urethra. Some people develop allergies or sensitivities to latex after long-term latex catheter use making it necessary to use silicone or Teflon types.

Evidence does not support an important decrease in the risk of urinary tract infections when silver-alloy catheters are used.

Indications
Common indications for urinary catheterization include acute or chronic urinary retention (which can damage the kidneys) from conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, orthopedic procedures that may limit a patient's movement, the need for accurate monitoring of input and output (such as in an ICU), urinary incontinence that may compromise the ability to heal wounds, and the effects of various surgical interventions involving the bladder, prostate, or bowel.

Intermittent self-catheterization may be indicated in cases of neurogenic bladder due to damage to the spinal cord or brain. This can be performed by the patient four to six times a day, using a clean technique. Nurses use a sterile technique to perform intermittent catheterization in hospital settings. For patients with neurogenic bladder due to spinal cord injury, intermittent catheterization (IC) is a standard method for bladder emptying. The technique is safe and effective and results in improved kidney and upper urinary tract status, lessening of vesicoureteral reflux and amelioration of continence. In addition to the clinical benefits, patient quality of life is enhanced by the increased independence and security offered by self-catheterization.

Catheter maintenance
A catheter that is left in place for more than a short period of time is generally attached to a drainage bag to collect the urine. This also allows for measurement of urine volume. There are three types of drainage bags: The first is a leg bag, a smaller drainage device that attaches by elastic bands to the leg. A leg bag is usually worn during the day, as it fits discreetly under pants or skirts, and is easily emptied into a toilet. The second type of drainage bag is a larger device called a down drain that may be used overnight. This device is hung on a hook under the patient's bed—never placed on the floor, due to the risk of bacterial infection. The third is called a belly bag and is secured around the waist. This bag can be worn at all times. It can be worn under the patient's underwear to provide a totally undetectable look.

During long-term use, the catheter may be left in place all the time, or a patient may be instructed on a procedure for placing a catheter just long enough to empty the bladder and then removing it (known as intermittent self-catheterization). Patients undergoing major surgery are often catheterized and may remain so for some time. The patient may require irrigation of the bladder with sterile saline injected through the catheter to flush out clots or other matter that does not drain.

Complications
Catheterization can have short and long term complications. Generally long-term catheterization carries higher risk of complications. Long-term catheterization carries a significant risk of urinary tract infection. Because of this risk catheterization is a last resort for the management of incontinence where other measures have proved unsuccessful. Other long term complications may include blood infections (sepsis), urethral injury, skin breakdown, bladder stones, and blood in the urine (hematuria). After many years of catheter use, bladder cancer may also develop.

Some people experience bladder spasms with catheterization and may be more common in males. If bladder spasms occur, or there is no urine in the drainage bag, the catheter may be blocked by blood, thick sediment, or a kink in the catheter or drainage tubing. Sometimes spasms are caused by the catheter irritating the bladder, prostate/Skene's glands, or penis/vulva. Such spasms can be controlled with medication such as butylscopolamine, although most patients eventually adjust to the irritation and the spasms go away.

Preventing infection
Everyday care of the catheter and drainage bag is important to reduce the risk of infection. Such precautions include:
 * Urinary catheterization should be done in a sterile aseptic manner.
 * Cleansing the urethral area (the area where the catheter exits body) and the catheter itself.
 * Disconnecting the drainage bag from catheter only with clean hands
 * Disconnecting the drainage bag as seldom as possible.
 * Keeping the drainage bag connector as clean as possible and cleaning the drainage bag periodically.
 * Use of a thin catheter where possible to reduce the risk of harming the urethra during insertion.
 * Drinking sufficient liquid to produce at least two litres of urine daily
 * Sexual activity is very high risk for urinary infections, especially for catheterized women.

There is no clear evidence that any one catheter type or insertion technique is superior compared to another in preventing infections or complications. In the UK it is generally accepted that cleaning the area surrounding the urethral meatus with 0.9% sodium chloride solution is sufficient for both male and female patients as there is no reliable evidence to suggest that the use of antiseptic agents reduces the risk of urinary tract infection.

Recent developments in the field of the temporary prostatic stent have been viewed as a possible alternative to indwelling catheterization and the infections associated with their use.

History
Ancient Egyptian and Roman physicians have been described using reeds as urinary catheters to overcome blockages, and catheterization to relieve urinary retention has also been described in ancient Indian and Chinese texts.

title: Urinary catheterization


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Talk:EW Bullinger

Thanks for the redirects, Someone else. I'm new at this. Leaving out the periods in the title was inadvertant. jstanley01 -

Did he not use periods when refering to himself by his initials? RickK 22:33 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Other people did, which is why I've moved it to E. W. Bullinger. I'm make redirects for other spellings of his name too. -- Someone else 22:46 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:EW Bullinger


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Talk:Musical piece

A musical piece isn't necessarily composed, is it? A recorded improvisation is just as well a musical piece as a recorded performance of a composition. --Guaka 22:45 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * All musical pieces are composed. Even when you are improvising, you are still composing. This is because Musical composition is: "the process of creating a new piece of music". Even if that process is improvisation, it is still composition. Therefore all musical pieces are musical compositions. Which is why I am proposing the merge with Musical composition. Madder 02:42, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Musical piece


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Lewis Cass

Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer, politician, and statesman. He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S. Presidents, Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan. He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee. A slave owner himself, he was a leading spokesman for the doctrine of popular sovereignty, which at the time held the idea that people in each U.S state should have the right to decide on whether to permit or prohibit slavery, believing in the idea of states rights.

Born in Exeter, New Hampshire, he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing a legal practice in Zanesville, Ohio. After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives, he was appointed as a U.S. Marshal. Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan. He fought at the Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 and was appointed to govern Michigan Territory in 1813. He negotiated treaties with American tribes to open land for American settlement as part of the belief in the 19th century phrase “manifest destiny” at the time, and led a survey expedition into the northwest part of the territory.

Cass resigned as governor in 1831 to accept appointment as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson. As Secretary of War, he helped implement Jackson's policy of Indian removal. After serving as ambassador to France from 1836 to 1842, he unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination at the 1844 Democratic National Convention; a deadlock between supporters of Cass and former President Martin Van Buren ended with the nomination of James K. Polk. In 1845, the Michigan Legislature elected Cass to the Senate, where he served until 1848. Cass's nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated a split in the party, as Cass's advocacy for popular sovereignty alienated the anti-slavery wing of the party. Van Buren led the Free Soil Party's presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats, possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor.

Cass returned to the Senate in 1849 and continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment as the Secretary of State. He unsuccessfully sought to buy land from Mexico and sympathized with American filibusters in Latin America. Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanan's handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states. Since his death in 1866, he has been commemorated in various ways, including with a statue in the National Statuary Hall.

Early life
Cass was born on October 9, 1782, in Exeter, New Hampshire, near the end of the American Revolution. His parents were Molly (née Gilman) Cass and Major Jonathan Cass, a Revolutionary War veteran who fought under General George Washington at Bunker Hill.

Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy. In 1800, the family moved to Marietta, Ohio, part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War. Cass studied law with Return J. Meigs Jr., was admitted to the bar, and began a practice in Zanesville.

Beginning of Cass's career
In 1806, Cass was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives. The following year, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U.S. Marshal for Ohio.

He joined the Freemasons, an increasingly popular fraternal organization in that period, being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was later American Union Lodge No.1 at Marietta on December 5, 1803. He achieved his Fellow Craft degree on April 2, 1804, and his Master Mason degree on May 7, 1804. On June 24, 1805, he was admitted as Charter member of the Lodge of Amity 105 (later No.5), Zanesville. He served as the first Worshipful Master of the Lodge of Amity in 1806. Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio, representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4, 1808. He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5, 1809, and Grand Master on January 3, 1810, January 8, 1811, and January 8, 1812.

Engagement at bridge near Fort Malden
When the War of 1812 began against the United Kingdom, Cass took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment. In America's invasion of Canada, Cass conducted military operations in Canada. On July 16, 1812, a contingent of the British 41st Regiment – about 60 militia troops and some Indians – were posted near a bridge near British Fort Malden. Cass and Army Colonel James Miller with their troops were in concealed positions. The British detected the American reconnaissance force commanded by Cass and Miller. The British sent a party of Indians over the bridge to draw the Americans out; however, once the Indians crossed, the concealed Americans opened fire wounding two Indians and killing one. The American officers send word to allow the American reconnaissance force to take the fort and hold it until reinforcements arrived. But American commander Hull was very unsupportive and indecisive of this opportunity. So the reconnaissance force under Cass and Miller withdrew back to American lines.

Second engagement at bridge near Fort Malden
On July 19, 1812, Colonel Duncan McArthur with a reconnaissance force combined with 150 Ohio infantry troops under Cass were near the bridge leading to Fort Malden. Two British artillery guns fired on the Americans and took out an American cannon. Cass and his fellow Americans captured two British troops after they crossed the bridge. All of the Americans safely withdrew with their prisoners.

Hit-and-run attack on bridge at the Riviere aux Canards
On July 28, 1812, Colonel Cass conducted a hit-and-run attack at the Rivière aux Canards driving back a band of Native Americans. The Americans killed one Native American and scalped him. Cass and his fellow Americans then withdrew safely.

Battle of the Thames
Cass became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20, 1813. Soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12, 1813. Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames, a defeat of British and Native American forces. Cass resigned from the Army on May 1, 1814.

Territorial Governor of Michigan
As a reward for his military service, Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29, 1813, serving until 1831. As he was frequently traveling on business, several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place. During this period, he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan, by which they ceded substantial amounts of land. Some were given small reservations in the territory.

In 1817, Cass was one of the two commissioners (along with Duncan McArthur), who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs, which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region, under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States. This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by Euro-Americans. That same year, Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, but he declined the appointment.

In 1820, Cass led an expedition to the northwestern part of Michigan Territory, in the Great Lakes region in today's northern Minnesota. Its purpose was to map the region and locate the source of the Mississippi River. The headwater of the great river was then unknown, resulting in an undefined border between the United States and British North America, which had been linked to the river. The Cass expedition erroneously identified what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippi's source. It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, the Cass expedition's geologist, identified nearby Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi.

Though the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory, which included what later became Michigan Territory, a small number of slaves continued to reside in Michigan until it achieved statehood. Despite his later claims to the contrary, as territorial governor, Cass is known to have owned at least one slave, a household servant, as evidenced by 1818 correspondence between him and Alexander Macomb. Slavery continued in Michigan until admission to the Union in 1837, when its first state constitution outlawed slavery statewide.

Secretary of War and expediter of Indian removal
In 1830, Cass published an article in the North American Review that passionately argued that Indians were "inherently inferior" to whites, and incapable of being civilized and thus should be removed from the eastern United States. This article caught the attention and approval of Andrew Jackson. On August 1, 1831, Cass resigned as governor of the Michigan Territory to take the post of Secretary of War under President Andrew Jackson, a position he would hold until 1836. Cass was a central figure in implementing the Indian removal policy of the Jackson administration; Congress had passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. While it was directed chiefly against the Southeastern tribes, especially the Five Civilized Tribes, it also affected tribes in Ohio, Illinois, and other areas east of the Mississippi River. Most were forced to Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma, but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to remain in Michigan.

U.S. Minister to France
At the end of his term, President Jackson appointed Cass to succeed Edward Livingston as the U.S. Minister to France on October 4, 1836. He presented his credentials on December 1, 1836, and served until he left his post on November 12, 1842, when he was succeeded by William R. King, who later became the 13th Vice President of the United States under President Franklin Pierce.

Presidential ambitions and U.S. Senate
In the 1844 Democratic convention, Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination, losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K. Polk.

Cass was elected by the state legislature to represent Michigan in the United States Senate, serving in 1845–1848. He served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs in the 30th Congress.

In 1848, he resigned from the Senate to run for president in the 1848 election. William Orlando Butler was selected as his running mate. Cass was a leading supporter of the doctrine of popular sovereignty, which held that the (white male) American citizens who lived in a territory should decide whether to permit slavery there. His nomination caused a split in the Democratic Party, leading many antislavery Northern Democrats to join the Free Soil Party, which nominated former President Martin Van Buren.

After losing the election to Zachary Taylor, Cass was returned by the state legislature to the Senate, serving from 1849 to 1857. He was the first non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate to lose an election and the first Democrat who was unsuccessful in his bid to succeed another Democrat as president. Apart from James Buchanan's election to succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856, subsequent Democrats who attempted election to succeed a fellow Democrat as president all failed in their bid to do so. Cass made another bid for president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas secured a majority of delegates’ votes at the Democratic Convention in Baltimore, and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead.

U.S. Secretary of State
On March 6, 1857, President James Buchanan appointed Cass to serve as Secretary of State as a consolation prize for his previous presidential runs. Although retaining incumbent Secretary of State William L. Marcy was considered the best option by many, Buchanan made it clear that he did not want to keep anyone from the Pierce Administration. Moreover, Marcy had opposed his earlier presidential bids, and was in poor health in any event, ultimately dying in July 1857. Cass, aged 75, was seen by most as too old for such a demanding position and was thought to likely be little more than a figurehead. Buchanan, weighing many of the other options for Secretary of State, considered that Cass was the best choice to avoid political infighting and sectional tensions. Buchanan wrote a flattering letter offering him the post of Secretary of State, commenting that he was remarkably active and energetic for his advanced age. Cass, who was retiring from the Senate, but not eager to leave Washington and return home to Michigan, immediately accepted.

Taking the position, Cass promised to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public (having served in the War of 1812, Cass had a low opinion of London). Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary of State until a younger, more fit man could be found, however, he ultimately served for all but the final four months of Buchanan's administration. As expected, the aged Cass largely delegated major decision-making to subordinates, but eagerly signed his name on papers and dispatches penned by them. While sympathetic to American filibusters in Central America, he was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from command for his landing of Marines in Nicaragua and compelling the extradition of William Walker to the United States. Cass attempted to buy more land from Mexico, but faced opposition from both Mexico and congressional leaders. He also negotiated a final settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty, limiting U.S. and British control of Latin American countries. The chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific, refusing to accept the rule of King Tamatoa V, unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to accept the islands under a protectorate in June 1858.

Cass resigned on December 14, 1860, because of what he considered Buchanan's failure to protect federal interests in the South and failure to mobilize the federal military, actions that might have averted the threatened secession of Southern states.

Personal life
On May 26, 1806, Cass married Elizabeth Spencer (1786–1853), the daughter of Dr. Joseph Spencer Jr. and Deborah (née Seldon) Spencer. Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer, a Continental Congressman who was a major general in the Continental Army. Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children, five of whom lived past infancy:

 * Isabella Cass (1805–1879), who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg, a Dutch journalist, diplomat, and politician.
 * Elizabeth Selden Cass (1812–1832)
 * Lewis Cass Jr. (1814–1878), who served as an army officer and as U.S. Chargé d'Affaires and Minister to the Papal States.
 * Mary Sophia Cass (1812–1882), who married Army officer Augustus Canfield, an officer of the Corps of Topographical Engineers.
 * Matilda Frances Cass (1818–1898), who married Henry Ledyard, the mayor of Detroit.
 * Ellen Cass (1821–1824), who died young.
 * Spencer Cass (1828-1828), who died in infancy.

Cass died on June 17, 1866, in Detroit, Michigan. He is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit.

Descendants
Through his daughter Mary, he was the great-grandfather of Cass Canfield (longtime president and chairman of Harper & Brothers, later Harper & Row).

Through his daughter Matilda, he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard (wife of Francis Wayland Goddard); Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr. (who was president of the Michigan Central Railroad); Susan Livingston Ledyard (wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins); Lewis Cass Ledyard (a prominent lawyer with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal counsel of J. Pierpont Morgan); and Matilda Spancer Ledyard.

Cass's great-great-grandson, Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger, represented North Carolina's 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005.

Monuments and Commemoration

 * A statue of Lewis Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. It stands in the National Statuary Hall room.
 * The Liberty ship SS Lewis Cass
 * He is the eponym of the village of Casstown, Ohio, the community of Cassville, West Virginia, Cassopolis, Michigan, and Cass County, Michigan, as well as Cass City, Michigan, and the Cass River that runs around the surrounding area.
 * Cass Avenue in Detroit. Cass Avenue in Mt. Clemens.
 * The Lewis Cass Legacy Society, which supports The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation, was named for his support of Michigan Freemasonry.
 * Bartow County, Georgia, was originally named Cass County after Lewis Cass, but was changed in 1861 after Francis Bartow died as a Confederate war hero and due to Cass's alleged opposition to slavery, even though he was an advocate of states' rights via the doctrine of popular sovereignty. Cassville, Georgia is an unincorporated community in the same county, was originally the county seat before the name was changed from Cass County. The seat was moved to Cartersville, Georgia after General Sherman destroyed Cassville in his Atlanta Campaign of 1864.
 * Cass Technical High School in Detroit, Cass High School in Bartow County, Georgia, Lewis Cass High School in Walton, Indiana, and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia, Michigan, were named in honor of Lewis Cass.
 * Cass Street in Milwaukee, WI was named in honor of Lewis Cass.

 * The Lewis Cass Building, a principal state office building in the Lansing, Michigan capitol government complex. It was renamed on June 30, 2020, to the Elliott-Larsen Building.
 * Lewis Cass is the namesake of counties in the following states: Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Illinois, Michigan, and Texas. However, Cass County, North Dakota, was named for his nephew.
 * Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
 * Cass Street in Monroe, Michigan, was named in honor of Lewis Cass. (However, Cass Street in Traverse City, Michigan, and in Cadillac, Michigan, were named for his nephew, George Washington Cass.)

Other honors and memberships

 * Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820.
 * Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1826.

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Cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or heart-lung machine also called the pump or CPB pump is a machine that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during open-heart surgery by maintaining the circulation of blood and oxygen throughout the body. As such it is an extracorporeal device.

CPB is operated by a perfusionist. The machine mechanically circulates and oxygenates blood throughout the patient's body while bypassing the heart and lungs allowing the surgeon to work in a bloodless surgical field.

Uses
CPB is commonly used in operations or surgical procedures involving the heart. The technique allows the surgical team to oxygenate and circulate the patient's blood, thus allowing the surgeon to operate safely on the heart. In many operations, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the heart is arrested, due to the degree of the difficulty of operating on a beating heart.

Operations requiring the opening of the chambers of the heart, for example mitral valve repair or replacement, requires the use of CPB. This is to avoid engulfing air systemically, and to provide a bloodless field to increase visibility for the surgeon. The machine pumps the blood and, using an oxygenator, allows red blood cells to pick up oxygen, as well as allowing carbon dioxide levels to decrease. This mimics the function of the heart and the lungs, respectively.

Hypothermia
CPB can be used for the induction of total body hypothermia, a state in which the body can be maintained for up to 45 minutes without perfusion (blood flow). If blood flow is stopped at normal body temperature, permanent brain damage can occur in three to four minutes – death may follow. Similarly, CPB can be used to rewarm individuals who have hypothermia. This rewarming method of using CPB is successful if the core temperature of the patient is above 16 °C.

Cooled blood
The blood is cooled during CPB and is returned to the body. The cooled blood slows the body's basal metabolic rate, decreasing its demand for oxygen. Cooled blood usually has a higher viscosity, but the various crystalloid or colloidal solutions that are used to prime the bypass tubing serve to dilute the blood. Maintaining appropriate blood pressure for organs is a challenge, but it is monitored carefully during the procedure. Hypothermia is also maintained (if necessary), and the body temperature is usually kept at 28 to 32 C.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a simplified version of the heart lung machine that includes a centrifugal pump and an oxygenator to temporarily take over the function of heart and/or the lungs. ECMO is useful for post-cardiac surgery patients with cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction, patients with acute pulmonary failure, massive pulmonary embolisms, lung trauma from infections, and a range of other problems that impair cardiac or pulmonary function.

ECMO gives the heart and/or lungs time to repair and recover, but is only a temporary solution. Patients with terminal conditions, cancer, severe nervous system damage, uncontrolled sepsis, and other conditions may not be candidates for ECMO.

When is cardiopulmonary bypass used?

 * Coronary artery bypass surgery
 * Cardiac valve repair and/or replacement (aortic valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonic valve)
 * Repair of large septal defects (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect)
 * Repair and/or palliation of congenital heart defects (Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels)
 * Transplantation (heart transplantation, lung transplantation, heart–lung transplantation, liver transplantation)
 * Repair of some large aneurysms (aortic aneurysms, cerebral aneurysms)
 * Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy
 * Pulmonary thrombectomy
 * Isolated Limb perfusion

Contraindications and special considerations
There are no absolute contraindications to cardiopulmonary bypass. However, there are several factors that need to be considered by the care team when planning an operation.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis are potentially life-threatening conditions associated with the administration of heparin. In both of these conditions, antibodies against heparin are formed which causes platelet activation and the formation of blood clots. Because heparin is typically used in CPB, patients who are known to have the antibodies responsible for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis require alternative forms of anticoagulation. Bivalirudin is the most studied heparin-alternative in people with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis requiring CPB.

A small percentage of patients, such as those with an antithrombin III deficiency, may exhibit resistance to heparin. In these patients, patients may need additional heparin, fresh frozen plasma, or other blood products such as recombinant anti-thrombin III to achieve adequate anticoagulation.

A persistent left superior vena cava is thoracic system variation in which the left-sided vena cava fails to involute during normal development. It is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system, occurring in approximately 0.3% of the population. The abnormality is often detected on pre-operative imaging studies, but may also be discovered intra-operatively. A persistent left superior vena cava may make it difficult to achieve proper venous drainage or deliver of retrograde cardioplegia. Management of a persistent left superior vena cava during CPB depends on factors such as the size and drainage site of the vena cava variation.

Risks and complications
CPB is not without risk, and there are a number of associated problems. As a consequence, CPB is only used during the several hours a cardiac surgery may take. CPB is known to activate the coagulation cascade and stimulate inflammatory mediators, leading to hemolysis and coagulopathies. This problem worsens as complement proteins build on the membrane oxygenators. For this reason, most oxygenators come with a manufacturer's recommendation that they are only used for a maximum of six hours, although they are sometimes used for up to ten hours, with care being taken to ensure they do not clot off and stop working. For longer periods than this, a membrane oxygenator is used, which can be in operation for up to 31 days – such as in a Taiwanese case, for 16 days, after which the patient received a heart transplant.

The most common complication associated with CPB is a protamine reaction during anticoagulation reversal. There are three types of protamine reactions, and each may cause life-threatening hypotension (type I), anaphylaxis (type II), or pulmonary hypertension (type III). Patients with prior exposure to protamine, such as those who have had a previous vasectomy (protamine is contained in sperm) or diabetics (protamine is contained in neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin formulations), are at an increased risk of type II protamine reactions due to cross-sensitivity. Because protamine is a fast-acting drug, it is typically given slowly to allow for monitoring of possible reactions. The first step in management of a protamine reaction is to immediately stop the protamine infusion. Corticosteroids are used for all types of protamine reactions. Chlorphenamine is used for type II (anaphylactic) reactions. For type III reactions, heparin is redosed and the patient may need to go back on bypass.

CPB may contribute to immediate cognitive decline. The heart-lung blood circulation system and the connection surgery itself release a variety of debris into the bloodstream, including bits of blood cells, tubing, and plaque. For example, when surgeons clamp and connect the aorta to tubing, resulting emboli may block blood flow and cause mini strokes. Other heart surgery factors related to mental damage may be events of hypoxia, high or low body temperature, abnormal blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms, and fever after surgery.

Components
Cardiopulmonary bypass devices consist of two main functional units: the pump and the oxygenator. These units remove oxygen-depleted blood from a patient's body and replace it with oxygen-rich blood through a series of tubes, or hoses. Additionally, a heat exchanger is used to control body temperature by heating or cooling the blood in the circuit. All components of the circuit are coated internally by heparin or another anticoagulant to prevent clotting within the circuit.

Tubing
The components of the CPB circuit are interconnected by a series of tubes made of silicone rubber or PVC.

Centrifugal pump
Many CPB circuits now employ a centrifugal pump for the maintenance and control of blood flow during CPB. By altering the speed of revolution (RPM) of the pump head, blood flow is produced by centrifugal force. This type of pumping action is considered to be superior to the roller pump because it is thought to prevent over-pressurization, clamping, or kinking of lines, and makes less damage to blood products (hemolysis, etc.).

Roller pump
The pump console usually comprises several rotating, motor-driven pumps that peristaltically "massage" the tubing. This action gently propels the blood through the tubing. This is commonly referred to as a roller pump, or peristaltic pump. The pumps are more affordable than their centrifugal counterparts but are susceptible to over-pressurization if the lines become clamped or kinked. They are also more likely to cause a massive air embolism and require constant, close supervision by the perfusionist.

Oxygenator
The oxygenator is designed to add oxygen to infused blood and remove some carbon dioxide from the venous blood.

Heat exchangers
Because hypothermia is frequently used in CPB (to reduce metabolic demands), heat exchangers are implemented to warm and cool blood within the circuit. Heating and cooling is accomplished by passing the line through a warm or ice water bath, and a separate heat exchanger is required for the cardioplegia line.

Cannulae
Multiple cannulae are sewn into the patient's body in a variety of locations, depending on the type of surgery. A venous cannula removes oxygen depleted venous blood from a patient's body, and an arterial cannula infuses oxygen-rich blood into the arterial system. The main determinants of cannula size selection is determined by the patient's size and weight, anticipated flow rate, and the size of the vessel being cannulated. A Cardioplegia cannula delivers a Cardioplegia solution to cause the heart to stop beating.

Some commonly used cannulation sites:

Cardioplegia
Cardioplegia is a fluid solution used to protect the heart during CPB. It is delivered via a cannula to the opening of the coronary arteries (usually by way of the aortic root) and/or to the cardiac veins (by way of the coronary sinus). These delivery methods are referred to antegrade or retrograde, respectively. Cardioplegia solution protects the heart by arresting, or stopping the heart. This then decreases the heart's metabolic demand. There are multiple types of cardioplegia solutions, but most work by inhibiting fast sodium currents in the heart, which prevent conduction of the action potential. Other types of solutions act by inhibiting calcium's actions on myocytes.

Pre-operative planning
CPB requires significant forethought before surgery. In particular, the cannulation, cooling, and cardio-protective strategies must be coordinated between the surgeon, anesthesiologist, perfusionist, and nursing staff.

Cannulation strategy
The cannulation strategy varies on several operation-specific and patient-specific details. Nonetheless, a surgeon will place a cannula in the right atrium, vena cava, or femoral vein to withdraw blood from the body. The cannula used to return oxygenated blood is usually inserted in the ascending aorta, but there is a possibility that it is inserted in the femoral artery, axillary artery, or brachiocephalic artery according to the demand of the surgery. After the cannula is inserted, venous blood is drained from the body by the cannula into a reservoir. This blood is then filtered, cooled, or warmed, and oxygenated before it returns to the body through a mechanical pump.

Intra-operative technique
A CPB circuit must be primed with fluid and all air expunged from the arterial line/cannula before connection to the patient. The circuit is primed with a crystalloid solution and sometimes blood products are also added. Prior to cannulation (typically after opening the pericardium when using central cannulation), heparin or another anticoagulant is administered until the activated clotting time is above 480 seconds.

The arterial cannulation site is inspected for calcification or other disease. Preoperative imaging or an ultrasound probe may be used to help identify aortic calcifications that could potentially become dislodged and cause an occlusion or stroke. Once the cannulation site has been deemed safe, two concentric, diamond-shaped pursestring sutures are placed in the distal ascending aorta. A stab incision with a scalpel is made within the pursestrings and the arterial cannula is passed through the incision. It is important the cannula is passed perpendicular to the aorta to avoid creating an aortic dissection. The pursestrings sutures are cinched around the cannula using a tourniquet and secured to the cannula. At this point, the perfusionist advances the arterial line of the CPB circuit and the surgeon connects the arterial line coming from the patient to the arterial line coming from the CPB machine. Care must be taken to ensure no air is in the circuit when the two are connected, or else the patient could develop an air embolism. Other sites for arterial cannulation include the axillary artery, brachiocephalic artery, or femoral artery.

Aside from the differences in location, venous cannulation is performed similarly to arterial cannulation. Since calcification of the venous system is less common, the inspection or use of an ultrasound for calcification at the cannulation sites is unnecessary. Also, because the venous system is under much less pressure than the arterial system, only a single suture is required to hold the cannula in place. If only a single cannula is to be used (dual-stage cannulation), it is passed through the right atrial appendage, through the tricuspid valve, and into the inferior vena cava. If two cannula are required (single-stage cannulation), the first one is typically passed through the superior vena cava and the second through the inferior vena cava. The femoral vein may also be cannulated in select patients.

If the heart must be stopped for the operation, cardioplegia cannulas are also required. Antegrade cardioplegia (forward flowing, through the heart's arteries), retrograde cardioplegia (backwards flowing, through the heart's veins), or both types may be used depending on the operation and surgeon preference. For antegrade cardioplegia, a small incision is made in the aorta proximal to the arterial cannulation site (between the heart and arterial cannulation site) and the cannula is placed through this to deliver cardioplegia to the coronary arteries. For retrograde cardioplegia, an incision is made on the posterior (back) surface of the heart through the right ventricle. The cannula is placed in this incision, passed through the tricuspid valve, and into the coronary sinus. The cardioplegia lines are connected to the CPB machine.

At this point, the patient is ready to go on bypass. Blood from the venous cannula(s) enters the CPB machine by gravity where it is oxygenated and cooled (if necessary) before returning to the body through the arterial cannula. Cardioplegia can now be administered to stop the heart, and a cross-clamp is placed across the aorta between the arterial cannula and cardioplegia cannula to prevent the arterial blood from flowing backwards into the heart. Setting appropriate blood pressure targets to maintain the health and function of the organs including the brain and kidney are important considerations.

Once the patient is ready to come off of bypass support, the cross-clamp and cannulas are removed and protamine sulfate is administered to reverse the anticoagulative effects of heparin.

History
The Austrian-German physiologist Maximilian von Frey constructed an early prototype of a heart-lung machine in 1885. This was conducted at Carl Ludwig's Physiological Institute of the University of Leipzig. However, such machines were not feasible before the discovery of heparin in 1916, which prevents blood coagulation.

The Soviet scientist Sergei Brukhonenko developed a heart-lung machine for total body perfusion in 1926 named the Autojektor, which was used in experiments with dogs, some of which were showcased in the 1940 film Experiments in the Revival of Organisms. A team of scientists at the University of Birmingham (including Eric Charles, a chemical engineer) were among the pioneers of this technology.

For four years work was undertaken to improve the machine, and on April 5, 1951, Dr. Clarence Dennis led the team at the University of Minnesota Medical Center that conducted the first human operation involving open cardiotomy with temporary mechanical takeover of both heart and lung functions. The patient did not survive due to an unexpected complex congenital heart defect, but the machine had proved to be workable. One member of the team was Dr Russell M. Nelson, (who later became president of the Church of Jesus Christ of LDS), and he performed the first open heart surgery in Utah (the third carried out in that year) in November 1951 which was successful.

The first successful mechanical support of left ventricular function was performed on July 3, 1952, by Forest Dewey Dodrill using a machine co-developed with General Motors, the Dodrill-GMR. The machine was later used to support the right ventricular function.

The first successful open heart procedure on a human utilizing the heart lung machine was performed by John Gibbon and Frank F. Allbritten Jr. on May 6, 1953, at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. Gibbon's machine was further developed into a reliable instrument by a surgical team led by John W. Kirklin at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota in the mid-1950s.

The oxygenator was first conceptualized in the 17th century by Robert Hooke and developed into practical extracorporeal oxygenators by French and German experimental physiologists in the 19th century. Bubble oxygenators have no intervening barrier between blood and oxygen, these are called 'direct contact' oxygenators. Membrane oxygenators introduce a gas-permeable membrane between blood and oxygen that decreases the blood trauma of direct-contact oxygenators. Much work since the 1960s focused on overcoming the gas exchange handicap of the membrane barrier, leading to the development of high-performance microporous hollow-fibre oxygenators that eventually replaced direct-contact oxygenators in cardiac theatres.

In 1983, Ken Litzie patented a closed emergency heart bypass system which reduced circuit and component complexity. This device improved patient survival after cardiac arrest because it could be rapidly deployed in non-surgical settings.

title: Cardiopulmonary bypass


text:
FlyLAL-Lithuanian Airlines

flyLAL (also known as Lithuanian Airlines and LAL) was the national airline of Lithuania, based in Vilnius. It operated domestic and international scheduled services from its main base at Vilnius International Airport. Due to financial difficulties the airline suspended operations on 17 January 2009.

Establishment and privatization
The airline was established as government-owned Lietuvos Avialinijos (Lithuanian Airlines) on 20 September 1991, shortly after Lithuania's independence from the Soviet Union. Initially, it operated using aircraft of the Aeroflot fleet located in Vilnius (twelve Yakovlev Yak-42, seven Tupolev Tu-134, four Antonov An-24, and three Antonov An-26 airliners). During the period from 1991 to 1993, the airline re-oriented its route network from the countries of the former Soviet Union to Western Europe. From the beginning, the airline faced stiff competition with Lufthansa and Scandinavian Airlines.

In December 1991 Lithuanian Airlines sub-leased its first Boeing 737-200 from Malév Hungarian Airlines. Six months later, the aircraft was leased directly from Guinness Peat Aviation and bore the registration LY-GPA.

After a decade of loss-making operations, abortive plans to launch a trans-Atlantic service, and the widely criticized sale of landing slots at London Heathrow to cover some US$20 million in debt, Lithuanian Airlines was privatized in 2005. The airline was acquired by LAL Investicijų Valdymas (LAL Investment Management), a wholly owned subsidiary of the FlyLal Group, for 27 million Lithuanian litas. The airline was subsequently renamed flyLAL–Lithuanian Airlines. In February 2007, flyLAL was recognized as most punctual airline at Gatwick Airport in London. It had 542 employees as of March 2007. As of December 2007, the airline had three Boeing 737-300, five Boeing 737-500, and four SAAB 2000 airliners and had plans for further expansion. During 2007, the number of passengers grew by 14% to 526,000. In 2008, charter flight services were transferred to sister company FlyLal Charters, leaving only scheduled flights for FlyLal.

Bankruptcy
During 2008, FlyLAL-Lithuanian Airlines suffered from a price war with airBaltic and slowing of the travel industry due to the global economic crisis. Despite the crisis, the number of passengers grew by 61% during 2008. In December 2008, the company admitted to suffering financial difficulties and having debts of 86 million litas (26.1 mln euros). It offered 51% of its shares to the Government of Lithuania for a symbolic sum of 1 litas in exchange for a state guarantee of its debt. The government declined the offer.

Shortly afterwards FlyLal announced that it would sell 100% of shares to SCH Swiss Capital Holdings, a previously unknown company registered in December 2008. The company was sold for US$1 million effective 23 January 2009. The new owners agreed to advance 1 million euros to cover some of the debts and prevent the cancellation of FlyLal's operating licence. When the advance was not received, the deal was terminated and FlyLal announced termination of its activities effective 17 January 2009. Another proposal for a government bailout was rejected on 23 January 2009. The bankruptcy of FlyLAL significantly reduced the number of direct flights from Vilnius, from 28 to 14 destinations, and the number of passengers at Vilnius Airport decreased by 43 percent.

Former destinations

 * Austria: Innsbruck Airport (seasonal)
 * Germany: Frankfurt International Airport
 * Hungary: Budapest Ferihegy International Airport
 * Lithuania: Vilnius International Airport Base
 * Netherlands: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 * Russia: Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow
 * Spain: Madrid Barajas International Airport & Málaga Airport (seasonal)
 * Ukraine: Boryspil International Airport in Kyiv
 * United Kingdom: Gatwick Airport in London
 * Georgia: Tbilisi Airport

title: FlyLAL-Lithuanian Airlines


text:
Wikipedia:Main Page/Temp4

Main page proposals: /Temp - /Temp2 - /Temp3 - /Temp4 - Temp5 See also: Talk:Main Page/Layout design

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title: Wikipedia:Main Page/Temp4


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Talk:Bleeding

Spelling
Is that spelling correct for "Venus"? yes Dictionary.com seems to think so. Sr.Wombat 03:37, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Bleeding used to be an old medical technique for dealing with certain ailments. Can someone who knows about this update this page?

 * I think traumatic bleeding should be thrown into hemorrhage and maybe this page could deal more with therapeutic bleeding. I look into getting some goss on that.--ZZ 07:44, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Doesn't the average adult have 4 liters of blood?
 * "The average adult can lose approximately 2 quarts (2 liters) of blood without lasting harm but will be in medical danger after 4 quarts (4 l) and could die of hypovolemic shock if more blood is lost."

I just wanted to check this out, even though I'm not a doctor... Sabbut 22:54, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * AFAIK, an average adult has 5 L of blood, and a loss of 2 L is deadly. But I'm not a doctor either Cdang 15:34, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You are correct. Your body has an avg of 5L of blood.  You can handle 10% loss without a change in blood pressure or cardiac output.  Loss of 30-40% (like you said 2L) is fatal.  Guyton&Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology Badbrad101 (talk) 20:21, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Is it possible for a 15 year old boy to die of a brain heommorage without recieving any symtoms?

Old "remedy"
In the old days, people were bled for "therapeutic" purposes. Do we have an article on that? David.Monniaux 16:33, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. See Bloodletting. - Cybergoth 13:00, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

What happened here?
Why was the information about the different types of bleeding (arterial, etc.) removed? This article is about bleeding in general, not just about first aid. I'm putting that back in ASAP. -- Mstroeck 22:49, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Merging Hemorrhage into this article
I think Hemorrhage should be merged into this article. The Hemorrhage article is not very big and needs to be cleaned up anyways. (I'm willing to do it.) - Cybergoth 12:50, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Severe traumatic bleeding
I've changed the current advice in the Severe traumatic bleeding section. Attending to bleeding should only be attempted after following the basic principles of first aid. Calling the emergency services should come before attempting to treat wounds yourself.

Additionally, I'd like to point out that, depending on circumstances, removing the cause of a wound is usually not the correct way to proceed. If the bleeding is severe then pulling out a foreign object may be the equivalent of removing a plug from a geyser. As a general rule it should be left until a medical professional can assess the situation properly. Al001 23:22, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Several Treatment Issues
This article has an odd feel too it. I'm wondering from what boy scout or army field manual it was written. Some of the treatment advice given seem somewhat dated. I'll try to revise with newer and referenced material as time permits.

Minor bleeding needs a something about wound cleansing as aseptics haven't really shown benefit in well cleaned wounds.

The Severe Bleeding portion needs to be much clearer. Plus, pressure is always recommended for bleeding, followed by pressure dressings, then ice and elevation. Splints should be applied to open fractures to reduce bleeding. I'll have to verify, but I believe that fracture reduction can be attempted to reduce bleeding it other measured have failed. Tournaquets are last resort, even in amputations. Pressure, either direct or arterial, is often enough. And you do want to loosen tournaquets after a few hours to prevent infarction. I have no idea how loosening a tournaquet will cause infarction...except maybe from bleeding out.

Anyone else have thoughts? Bdolcourt 02:40, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I especially concur on the tourniquet point. I can find no resource that would recommend anyone with little enough training as to be getting first-aid advice on Wikipedia (that is, those who aren't health care professionals, emergency services, etc.) applying a tourniquet as anything other than a last resort.  Even the basic high school CPR/first aid training course relates that much information.  We need to change that.  Everyday847 04:19, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Where did the entire treatment section go? I believe that it would be a terrible oversight to not even mention treatments used to control bleeding. I cross checked the first aid article, and there is nothing there either about techniques to control bleeding. I am not personally qualified to write this section, but I would suggest at least mentioning applying pressure and seeing a medical professional if certain conditions (that I do not know) are met. 216.196.202.128 (talk) 07:22, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

Changes Made
I've made some changes to address some of the thoughts above. Also, made some deletions, which I hope will not upset anyone. I am a Board-certified Hematologist and also spent 5 years as an Emergency Physician. These edits are based on my experience and are documented in the literature, although I don't have time to find the references. Hopefully this first attempt will provide the skeleton for me or someone else to improve in the future.

I did delete some sections relating to the emergency treatment of bleeding. I hope this won't upset anyone. Unfortunately, I have seen people bleed seriously as people felt that they were not empowered to stop the bleeding by grabbing any cloth (dirty, clean, whatever) and just holding firm pressure. It is more important to save the person's life than to worry about causing another injury or contaminating the wound. That being said, these factors are important, if it is possible to consider them. We can give antibiotics to deal with contaminate wounds, but we can't (usually) bring someone back from death.

Other sections were edited, but I tried to leave in as much of the original as possible.

HTW 22:15, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

What idiot deleted the bleeding page! I was using it for a medical school project, jerk!
 * undone! Mike.lifeguard 04:03, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Changes made to wound types
I changed Laceration to a different definition and removed incision. My source is Emergency Responce, written by the Red Cross of America. If you have anything that contradicts this, just tell me. I seriously won't be editing that part again if you do. 67.171.167.106 07:11, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi there, thanks for your edit (especially as it's sourced!). I have put it back, as there is a clear medical difference between incision and laceration, although in some cases laceration is used to describe both, so i'm updating the article to reflect this.  Certainly the UK official first aid manual (published by the Red Cross, St John Ambulance and St Andrews Ambulance jointly) recognise the difference, as does the UK IHCD ambulance training syllabus.  Cheers Owain.davies 09:33, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Alright, that's fair enough, and we do need to include the opinions (and facts) from other countries, otherwise this would become a solely american article very fast. And you do look like you know more than me.. Oh, by the way, 6.7.171.167.106 is my IP adress, I was using it until I could figure out my username again. Silverfireshadow 08:51, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Anticoagulants
10.1182/blood-2007-10-120543 deals specifically with the difficult situation of bleeding while the patient is receiving anticoagulant drugs. JFW | T@lk  05:19, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08885.x - major trauma hemorrhage and how to treat with blood products. JFW | T@lk  18:42, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

my left ear is bleeding, small amounts but enough to show a fair amount on a napkin and ear swab..
No one here knows where to send me or what to do. Because I am on Coumadin and the fact that I have a genetic connective tissue illness.

I have stage 3 aortic dissection- carotids dissection, aorta dissection-repaired with large graft,aortic valve replacement, lower aorta is now at 4cm, rated by doctor as severe, stage 4.

I do not know where to get information on one of the best overall doctors or hospitals to have check me out. I live in Ms. There is no one here. Can anyone advise me?

judee — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.243.41.158 (talk) 22:02, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Menstruation
There should be some mention of menstruation, at least whether it counts as "bleeding" in this sense. —Ashley Y 02:24, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

Major/massive hemorrhage
We currently don't have an article on major/massive hemorrhage. There are various definitions. In the UK all hospitals require a policy and response to major haemorrhage (NPSA Rapid Response Report NPSA/2010/017).

The haematology society has now issued new guidance: 10.1111/bjh.13580 JFW | T@lk  16:10, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

Copious hatnote info - consider DAB page
May I ask for a consensus on whether or not all of the above information is required on the hatnote. A dab page might make the page cleaner. Edaham (talk) 08:56, 12 July 2017 (UTC)
 * It's been a while since I posted this so I will make the changes I feel are necessary after a brief wait of at most one day. Many thanks Edaham (talk) 05:32, 19 July 2017 (UTC)

A list from ChatCGP+ Jan 30 iteration
Is there anything obvious we are missing?

Please list all foods, including spices, that may cause or aggravate bleeding, in ascending order of Please list all foods, including spices, that may cause or aggravate bleeding, in ascending order of Please list all foods, including spices, that may cause or aggravate bleeding, in ascending order of potency:

 * Here is a list of some of the most common culprits, listed in order of potency:

Fish oil: Fish oil is a popular dietary supplement that is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which can help to improve heart health and reduce inflammation. However, it can also increase the risk of bleeding, particularly if consumed in large amounts or if you are taking other blood-thinning medications. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fred Bauder (talk • contribs) 10:48, 15 February 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) Aspirin: Aspirin is a medication that is commonly used to prevent blood clots, but it can also increase the risk of bleeding, particularly if taken in high doses or over a prolonged period of time.
 * 2) Garlic: Garlic has blood-thinning properties that can help to prevent blood clots, but it can also increase the risk of bleeding, particularly if consumed in large amounts or in supplement form.
 * 3) Ginger: Ginger is another natural blood thinner that can increase the risk of bleeding, particularly if consumed in large amounts or in supplement form.
 * 4) Turmeric: Turmeric is a spice that is often used in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine, and it has natural anti-inflammatory properties that can help to improve blood flow. However, it can also increase the risk of bleeding, particularly if consumed in supplement form.
 * 5) Cayenne pepper: Cayenne pepper is a spicy pepper that is often used to add flavor and heat to dishes. It can increase the risk of bleeding, particularly if consumed in large amounts or in supplement form.
 * 6) Alcohol: Alcohol can thin the blood and increase the risk of bleeding, particularly if consumed in large amounts or on a regular basis.

Brain anerosmys
I have over 125 brain aneurysm in the left side of.I had brain surgery in 2011 January 25 th of 2011 it was the largest brain aneurysms no heart trouble at all 192.24.104.68 (talk) 10:05, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bleeding