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Binomial options pricing model

In finance, the binomial options pricing model (BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" (lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where the closed-form Black–Scholes formula is wanting.

The binomial model was first proposed by William Sharpe in the 1978 edition of Investments (ISBN 013504605X), and formalized by Cox, Ross and Rubinstein in 1979 and by Rendleman and Bartter in that same year.

For binomial trees as applied to fixed income and interest rate derivatives see.

Use of the model
The Binomial options pricing model approach has been widely used since it is able to handle a variety of conditions for which other models cannot easily be applied. This is largely because the BOPM is based on the description of an underlying instrument over a period of time rather than a single point. As a consequence, it is used to value American options that are exercisable at any time in a given interval as well as Bermudan options that are exercisable at specific instances of time. Being relatively simple, the model is readily implementable in computer software (including a spreadsheet).

Although computationally slower than the Black–Scholes formula, it is more accurate, particularly for longer-dated options on securities with dividend payments. For these reasons, various versions of the binomial model are widely used by practitioners in the options markets.

For options with several sources of uncertainty (e.g., real options) and for options with complicated features (e.g., Asian options), binomial methods are less practical due to several difficulties, and Monte Carlo option models are commonly used instead. When simulating a small number of time steps Monte Carlo simulation will be more computationally time-consuming than BOPM (cf. Monte Carlo methods in finance). However, the worst-case runtime of BOPM will be O(2n), where n is the number of time steps in the simulation. Monte Carlo simulations will generally have a polynomial time complexity, and will be faster for large numbers of simulation steps. Monte Carlo simulations are also less susceptible to sampling errors, since binomial techniques use discrete time units. This becomes more true the smaller the discrete units become.

Method

The binomial pricing model traces the evolution of the option's key underlying variables in discrete-time. This is done by means of a binomial lattice (Tree), for a number of time steps between the valuation and expiration dates. Each node in the lattice represents a possible price of the underlying at a given point in time.

Valuation is performed iteratively, starting at each of the final nodes (those that may be reached at the time of expiration), and then working backwards through the tree towards the first node (valuation date). The value computed at each stage is the value of the option at that point in time.

Option valuation using this method is, as described, a three-step process:
 * 1) Price tree generation,
 * 2) Calculation of option value at each final node,
 * 3) Sequential calculation of the option value at each preceding node.

Step 1: Create the binomial price tree
The tree of prices is produced by working forward from valuation date to expiration.

At each step, it is assumed that the underlying instrument will move up or down by a specific factor ($$u$$ or $$d$$) per step of the tree (where, by definition, $$u \ge 1$$ and $$0 < d \le 1 $$). So, if $$S$$ is the current price, then in the next period the price will either be $$S_{up} = S \cdot u$$ or $$S_{down} = S \cdot d$$.

The up and down factors are calculated using the underlying volatility, $$\sigma$$, and the time duration of a step, $$t$$, measured in years (using the day count convention of the underlying instrument). From the condition that the variance of the log of the price is $$\sigma^2 t$$, we have:

 * $$u = e^{\sigma\sqrt \Delta t}$$
 * $$d = e^{-\sigma\sqrt \Delta t} = \frac{1}{u}.$$

Above is the original Cox, Ross, & Rubinstein (CRR) method; there are various other techniques for generating the lattice, such as "the equal probabilities" tree, see.

The CRR method ensures that the tree is recombinant, i.e. if the underlying asset moves up and then down (u,d), the price will be the same as if it had moved down and then up (d,u)—here the two paths merge or recombine. This property reduces the number of tree nodes, and thus accelerates the computation of the option price.

This property also allows the value of the underlying asset at each node to be calculated directly via formula, and does not require that the tree be built first. The node-value will be:
 * $$S_n = S_0 \times u ^{N_u - N_d},$$

Where $$N_u$$ is the number of up ticks and $$N_d$$ is the number of down ticks.

Step 2: Find option value at each final node
At each final node of the tree—i.e. at expiration of the option—the option value is simply its intrinsic, or exercise, value:

 * $Max [ (Sn − K), 0 ]$, for a call option
 * $Max [ (K − Sn), 0 ]$, for a put option,

Where $K$ is the strike price and $$S_n$$ is the spot price of the underlying asset at the $n$$th$ period.

Step 3: Find option value at earlier nodes
Once the above step is complete, the option value is then found for each node, starting at the penultimate time step, and working back to the first node of the tree (the valuation date) where the calculated result is the value of the option.

In overview: the "binomial value" is found at each node, using the risk neutrality assumption; see Risk neutral valuation. If exercise is permitted at the node, then the model takes the greater of binomial and exercise value at the node.

The steps are as follows:

In calculating the value at the next time step calculated—i.e. one step closer to valuation—the model must use the value selected here, for "Option up"/"Option down" as appropriate, in the formula at the node. The aside algorithm demonstrates the approach computing the price of an American put option, although is easily generalized for calls and for European and Bermudan options:

Relationship with Black–Scholes
Similar assumptions underpin both the binomial model and the Black–Scholes model, and the binomial model thus provides a discrete time approximation to the continuous process underlying the Black–Scholes model. The binomial model assumes that movements in the price follow a binomial distribution; for many trials, this binomial distribution approaches the log-normal distribution assumed by Black–Scholes. In this case then, for European options without dividends, the binomial model value converges on the Black–Scholes formula value as the number of time steps increases.

In addition, when analyzed as a numerical procedure, the CRR binomial method can be viewed as a special case of the explicit finite difference method for the Black–Scholes PDE; see finite difference methods for option pricing.

title: Binomial options pricing model


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Barbatos

Barbatos is the 8th spirit named among the list of 72 demons in The Lesser Key of Solomon. According to grimoire tradition, he holds the rank of Duke, and (like the demon Buer) may appear when the sun is in the sign of Sagittarius. When summoned, he appears "with four noble kings and their companions in great troops". Barbatos grants the ability to understand the spoken language of animals, such as the singing of birds and the barking of dogs. He reveals hidden treasures that have been concealed by the enchantment of magicians, gives knowledge of past and future events, and reconciles disputes between friends and those who hold power. Barbatos has 30 legions of spirits under his command, and once belonged to the angelic order of Virtues.

In the Grand Grimoire, Barbatos is named as the sixth of the eighteen spirits who serve the seven superior spirits, namely, he is under the command of Satanachia along with Pruslas and Aamon.

In popular culture

 * In the anime series Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans, the lead mobile suit is known as "ASW-G-08 Gundam Barbatos".
 * In the 2020 game Genshin Impact, Barbatos is one of the names of the Archon of Anemo (wind) and the tutelary deity of the nation of Mondstadt, who appears in the guise of Venti, the bard.
 * In the Japanese Otome game Obey Me!, Barbatos is depicted as a butler to the demon prince and is one of the choices the player can be romance with.
 * In the Korean Light Novel Dungeon Defense, Barbatos appears as one of the 72 Demon Lords and is a major supporting character. Barbatos is depicted as female in this iteration.
 * In American superhero comics published by DC, a character named Barbatos appears as a villain and primeval force of darkness in the Dark Nights: Metal story. Barbatos is worshiped by the Bat Tribe of Gotham City and sends evil alternate versions of Batman from the Dark Multiverse to collapse the then-current multiverse of 52 earths.
 * In the strategy game Monster Legends, a monster named Barbatos was the ruler of hell before being dethroned by the Inheritor.
 * In the 2022 game Cult of the Lamb, the third miniboss of Darkwood is named after this demon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barbatos


text:
Ingate

Ingate can refer to:
 * Ingate Systems
 * A device used in molding.

title: Ingate


text:
User talk:Thanuk

Hello Nathaniel, welcome to Wikipedia!

I hope you have a lot of fun here.There are lots of resources around to help guide you. be sure to check out:

 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Also check out
 * image use policy before uploading any images

If you need any help try
 * Help
 * Village pump
 * My talk page User_talk:Jimfbleak.

Btw, isn't there another R. Wey in Dorset?

jimfbleak 10:10 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thanuk


text:
Cumene process

The cumene process (cumene-phenol process, Hock process) is an industrial process for synthesizing phenol and acetone from benzene and propylene. The term stems from cumene (isopropyl benzene), the intermediate material during the process. It was invented by R. Ūdris and P. Sergeyev in 1942 (USSR), and independently by Heinrich Hock in 1944.

This process converts two relatively cheap starting materials, benzene and propylene, into two more valuable ones, phenol and acetone. Other reactants required are oxygen from air and small amounts of a radical initiator. Most of the worldwide production of phenol and acetone is now based on this method. In 2022, nearly 10.8 million tonnes of phenol was produced by the cumene process. In order for this process to be economical, there must also be demand for the acetone by-product as well as the phenol.

Steps of the process
Cumene is formed in the gas-phase Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene by propene. Benzene and propene are compressed together to a pressure of 30 standard atmospheres at 250 °C in presence of a catalytic Lewis acid. Phosphoric acid is often favored over aluminium halides. Cumene is oxidized in air, which removes the tertiary benzylic hydrogen from cumene and hence forms a cumene radical:
 * [[Image:Cumene-radical-formation-2D-skeletal V2.svg|300px]]

The cumene radical then bonds with an oxygen molecule to give cumene peroxide radical, which in turn forms cumene hydroperoxide (C6H5C(CH3)2O2H) by abstracting a benzylic hydrogen from another cumene molecule. This latter cumene converts into cumene radical and feeds back into subsequent chain formations of cumene hydroperoxides. A pressure of 5 atm is used to ensure that the unstable peroxide is kept in liquid state.
 * [[Image:Cumene-peroxide-radical-formation-2D-skeletal.svg|300px]]
 * [[Image:Cumene-hydroperoxide-formation-2D-skeletal.svg|450px]]

Cumene hydroperoxide undergoes a rearrangement reaction in an acidic medium (the Hock rearrangement) to give phenol and acetone. In the first step, the terminal hydroperoxy oxygen atom is protonated. This is followed by a step in which the phenyl group migrates from the benzyl carbon to the adjacent oxygen and a water molecule is lost, producing a resonance stabilized tertiary carbocation. The concerted mechanism of this step is similar to the mechanisms of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation and Criegee rearrangement reactions, and also the oxidation step of the hydroboration–oxidation process. In 2009, an acidified bentonite clay was proven to be a more economical catalyst than sulfuric acid as the acid medium.
 * [[Image:Cumene-process-phenyl-migration-2D-skeletal V2.svg|450px]]

The resulting carbocation is then attacked by water, forming a hemiacetal-like structure. After transfer of a proton from the hydroxy oxygen to the ether oxygen, the ion falls apart into phenol and acetone.

 * [[Image:Cumene-process-final-steps-2D-skeletal.svg|600px]]

Alternatives to acetone co-production
Cyclohexylbenzene can replace isopropylbenzene. Via the Hock rearrangement, cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide cleaves to give phenol and cyclohexanone. Cyclohexanone is an important precursor to some nylons.

Starting with the alkylation of benzene with mixture of 1 and 2-butenes, the cumene process produces phenol and butanones.

Alternatives to phenol production

 * Hydroquinone is prepared by dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene. This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide). Analogous to the behavior of cumene hydroperoxide, it rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone. Oxidation of hydroquinone gives 1,4-benzoquinone:
 * Resorcinol is analogously prepared by converting 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene into the bis(hydroperoxide), which fragments to resorcinol and acetone.
 * 2-Naphthol can also be produced by a method analogous to the cumene process.
 * 3-Chlorophenol, which does not arise by chlorination of phenol, can be produced by Cumene process beginning with the alkylation of chlorobenzene with propylene.
 * Cresols are produced from isopropyltoluene.
 * Cresols are produced from isopropyltoluene.

Acetone processing
Crude acetone is hydrogenated in the liquid phase over Raney nickel or a mixture of copper and chromium oxide to give isopropyl alcohol. This process is useful, when it is coupled with excess acetone production. Mitsui & Co. developed additional step(s) to hydrogenating acetone and dehydrating the isopropanol product to propene, which is recycled as a starting reactant.

Byproducts
Byproducts of the cumene process to produce phenol and acetone are acetophenone and alpha-methylstyrene.

title: Cumene process


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Valdemar, King of Sweden

Valdemar or Waldemar (Valdemar Birgersson; 1239 – 26 December 1302) was King of Sweden from 1250 to 1275.

Biography
Valdemar was the son of the Swedish princess Ingeborg Eriksdotter and Birger Jarl, from the House of Bjelbo. When Ingeborg's brother King Eric XI died in 1250, though a child, Valdemar was elected king and crowned the following year in the cathedral at Linköping. During the first sixteen years of Valdemar's reign, it was Birger Jarl who was the real ruler. Birger Jarl had been the de facto ruler of Sweden from 1248, before the reign of Valdemar, even under Eric XI. Valdemar's mother and King Eric XI were children of King Eric X and Richeza of Denmark.

After Birger's death in 1266 Valdemar eventually came into conflict with his younger brother Magnus Birgersson, Duke of Södermanland, over taxation and personal matters.

In 1260, Valdemar married Sophia, the eldest daughter of King Eric IV of Denmark and Jutta of Saxony. Valdemar also had a relationship with his sister-in-law Jutta. In 1272, Princess Jutta visited Sweden and became Valdemar's mistress. The affair resulted in a child born in 1273. The following year, Jutta was placed in a convent and Valdemar was forced to make a pilgrimage to Rome to ask for the absolution of the Pope.

Valdemar was deposed by his brother Magnus after the Battle of Hova in Tiveden on 14 June 1275. Magnus was supported by his brother Eric Birgersson, Duke of Småland, and King Eric V of Denmark, who provided Danish soldiers. Magnus was elected King Magnus III of Sweden at the Stones of Mora.

In 1277, Sophia separated from her spouse and returned to Denmark. That year, Valdemar managed to regain provinces in Gothenland in the southern part of the kingdom and was called the Duke of Götaland. However, Magnus regained them about 1278. In 1288 Valdemar was imprisoned by King Magnus in Nyköping Castle (Nyköpingshus) and lived openly with mistresses, possibly new wives, in comfortable confinement.

Family
Valdemar married Sofia of Denmark (died 1286) in 1260 and they separated in 1277. They had six children:
 * 1) Ingeborg Valdemarsdotter of Sweden, Countess of Holstein; spouse of Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön.
 * 2) Erik Valdemarsson the Elder (1272–1330)
 * 3) Marina Valdemarsdotter of Sweden; spouse of Rudolf, Count of Diepholz
 * 4) Richeza Valdemarsdotter of Sweden (died c. 1292); spouse of Przemysł II of Poland
 * 5) Katarina Valdemarsdotter of Sweden (died 1283)
 * 6) Margareta Valdemarsdotter of Sweden, a nun.

title: Valdemar, King of Sweden


text:
24th Annual Grammy Awards

The 24th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24, 1982, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, and were broadcast live on American television. The event recognized the accomplishments of musicians during the year 1981. Quincy Jones was the major recipient of awards with a total of five Grammys.

The much coveted Album of the Year award went to Jack Douglas, John Lennon and Yoko Ono for Double Fantasy, and Song of the Year went to Donna Weiss and Jackie DeShannon for "Bette Davis Eyes".

Presenters

 * The Pointer Sisters - Best New Artist
 * Jerry Lee Lewis & Mickey Gilley - Best Country Vocal Performance Duo or Group and Best Country Vocal Performance Female
 * George Carlin - Reads the rules for the Grammy nominations
 * Carol Channing & Ben Vereen - Best Cast Show Album
 * Adam Ant & Ted Nugent - Best Rock Vocal Performance Male
 * Carole Bayer Sager & Peter Allen - Presented the songwriters
 * John Denver - Song of the Year
 * Reba Rambo & Shirley Caesar - Announced the winners and nominees in the Soul/Gospel category
 * Anne Murray & Peggy Lee - Best Pop Vocal Performance Female and Male and Producer of the Year
 * Melissa Manchester & Glen Campbell - Announced winners in previous categories
 * James Brown & Tina Turner - Best R&B Vocal Performance Male
 * John Williams - Announced winners of the classical categories
 * Chuck Mangione & Harry James - Best Jazz Vocal Performance and Jazz Instrumental Performance Soloist
 * Herb Alpert & Barbara Mandrell - Album of the Year
 * Pat Benatar & Kenny Loggins - Record of the Year

Performers

 * James Ingram - Just Once
 * Shelly West & David Frizzell - You're The Reason God Make Oklahoma
 * Terri Gibbs - Somebody's Knockin'
 * The Oak Ridge Boys - Elvira (song)
 * The cast of Sophisticated Ladies - It Don't Mean a Thing
 * Rick Springfield - Jessie's Girl
 * Christopher Cross & Burt Bacharach - Arthur's Theme
 * Bill Withers - Just the Two of Us (Bill Withers song)
 * Lionel Richie - Endless Love
 * Jackie DeShannon & Donna Weiss - Bette Davis Eyes
 * Al Green - The Lord Will Make a Way
 * The Archers (musical group) - Everyday
 * Joe Cocker - I'm So Glad I'm Standing Here Today
 * Sheena Easton - For Your Eyes Only
 * Rick James - Give It To Me Baby
 * Pepper Adams & Al Jarreau - (Round, Round, Round) Blue Rondo A La Turk

Award winners

 * Record of the Year
 * Val Garay (producer) & Kim Carnes for "Bette Davis Eyes"
 * Album of the Year
 * Jack Douglas (producer), John Lennon & Yoko Ono (producers and artists) for Double Fantasy
 * Song of the Year
 * Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) for "Bette Davis Eyes" performed by Kim Carnes
 * Best New Artist
 * Sheena Easton

Children's

 * Best Recording for Children
 * Dennis Scott & Jim Henson (producers) for Sesame Country performed by The Muppets, Glen Campbell, Crystal Gayle, Loretta Lynn & Tanya Tucker

Classical

 * Best Classical Orchestral Recording
 * James Mallinson (producer), Georg Solti (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Mahler: Symphony No. 2 in C Minor
 * Best Classical Vocal Soloist Performance
 * Richard Bonynge (conductor), Marilyn Horne, Luciano Pavarotti, Joan Sutherland & the New York City Opera Orchestra for Live From Lincoln Center – Sutherland/Horne/Pavarotti
 * Best Opera Recording
 * James Mallinson (producer), Charles Mackerras (conductor), Jiri Zahradnicek, Ivo Žídek, Václav Zítek & the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for Janáček: From the House of the Dead
 * Best Choral Performance (other than opera)
 * Neville Marriner (conductor) & the Academy of St Martin in the Fields & Chorus for Haydn: The Creation
 * Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with orchestra)
 * Zubin Mehta (conductor), Itzhak Perlman, Isaac Stern, Pinchas Zukerman & the New York Philharmonic for Isaac Stern 60th Anniversary Celebration
 * Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (without orchestra)
 * Vladimir Horowitz for The Horowitz Concerts 1979/80
 * Best Chamber Music Performance
 * Vladimir Ashkenazy, Lynn Harrell & Itzhak Perlman for Tchaikovsky: Piano Trio in A Minor
 * Best Classical Album
 * James Mallinson (producer), Georg Solti (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Mahler: Symphony No. 2 in C Minor

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Recording
 * Richard Pryor for Rev. Du Rite

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Composition
 * Mike Post (composer) for "The Theme From Hill Street Blues"
 * Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special
 * John Williams (composer) for Raiders of the Lost Ark
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Quincy Jones & Johnny Mandel (arrangers) for "Velas" performed by Quincy Jones
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s)
 * Jerry Hey & Quincy Jones (arrangers) for "Ai No Corrida" performed by Quincy Jones
 * Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices
 * Gene Puerling (arranger) for "A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square" performed by The Manhattan Transfer

Country

 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Female
 * Dolly Parton for "9 to 5"
 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Male
 * Ronnie Milsap for "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me"
 * Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * The Oak Ridge Boys for "Elvira"
 * Best Country Instrumental Performance
 * Chet Atkins for Country After All These Years
 * Best Country Song
 * Dolly Parton (songwriter) for "9 to 5"

Folk

 * Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording
 * There Must Be a Better World Somewhere-B. B. King

Gospel

 * Best Gospel Performance, Traditional
 * The Masters V for The Masters V
 * Best Gospel Performance, Contemporary or Inspirational
 * The Imperials for Priority
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance, Traditional
 * Al Green for The Lord Will Make a Way
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance, Contemporary
 * Andrae Crouch for Don't Give Up
 * Best Inspirational Performance
 * B.J. Thomas for Amazing Grace

Historical

 * Best Historical Album
 * Michael Brooks & George Spitzer (producers) for Hoagy Carmichael – From Stardust to Ole Buttermilk Sky

Jazz

 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female
 * Ella Fitzgerald for Digital III at Montreux
 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male
 * Al Jarreau for "(Round, Round, Round) Blue Rondo à la Turk"
 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Duo or Group
 * The Manhattan Transfer for "Until I Met You (Corner Pocket)"
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Soloist
 * John Coltrane for Bye Bye Blackbird
 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Group
 * Chick Corea & Gary Burton for In Concert, Zürich, October 28, 1979
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Big Band
 * Gerry Mulligan for Walk on the Water
 * Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal or Instrumental
 * Grover Washington, Jr. for Winelight

Latin

 * Best Latin Recording
 * Clare Fischer for "Guajira Pa la Jeva"

Musical show

 * Best Cast Show Album
 * Quincy Jones (producer) & Lena Horne for Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music

Music video

 * Video of the Year
 * Michael Nesmith for Michael Nesmith in Elephant Parts

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Package
 * Peter Corriston (art director) for Tattoo You performed by The Rolling Stones
 * Best Album Notes
 * Dan Morgenstern (notes writer) for  Erroll Garner – Master of the Keyboard performed by Erroll Garner

Pop

 * Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female
 * Lena Horne for Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music
 * Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male
 * Al Jarreau for Breakin' Away
 * Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * The Manhattan Transfer for "The Boy from New York City"
 * Best Pop Instrumental Performance
 * Larry Carlton & Mike Post for "The Theme from Hill Street Blues"

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical
 * Bill Schnee, Elliot Scheiner, Jerry Garszva & Roger Nichols (engineers) for Gaucho performed by Steely Dan
 * Best Engineered Recording, Classical
 * Andrew Kazdin, Edward (Bud) T. Graham, Ray Moore (engineers), Zubin Mehta (conductor), Isaac Stern, Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman, & the New York Philharmonic for Isaac Stern 60th Anniversary Celebration
 * Producer of the Year
 * Quincy Jones
 * Classical Producer of the Year
 * James Mallinson

R&B

 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female
 * Aretha Franklin for "Hold On I'm Comin'"
 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male
 * James Ingram for "One Hundred Ways"
 * Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Quincy Jones for The Dude
 * Best R&B Instrumental Performance
 * David Sanborn for "All I Need Is You"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Song
 * Bill Withers, Ralph MacDonald & William Salter (songwriters) for "Just the Two of Us" performed by Grover Washington, Jr. & Bill Withers

Rock

 * Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female
 * Pat Benatar for "Fire and Ice"
 * Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male
 * Rick Springfield for "Jessie's Girl"
 * Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * The Police for "Don't Stand So Close To Me"
 * Best Rock Instrumental Performance
 * The Police for "Behind My Camel"

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word, Documentary or Drama Recording
 * Orson Welles for Donovan's Brain

title: 24th Annual Grammy Awards


text:
Jinan

Jinan is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. With a population of 9.2 million, it is one of the largest cities in Shandong in terms of population. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city has held sub-provincial administrative status since 1994. Jinan is often called the "City of Springs" for its famous 72 artesian springs.

Jinan is one of the top 35 cities in the world for scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index according to the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities. The city is home to several major universities, including Shangdong, Shandong Normal, Shandong Jianzhu, University of Jinan, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Shandong University of Finance and Economics. Notably, Shandong University is one of China's most prestigious universities as a member of the Double First-Class Construction. The city is rated Beta- (Global second-tier city) by the biannual GAWC ratings in 2020.

Names
The modern-day name Jinan literally means "south of the Ji" and refers to the old Ji River (濟水) that had flowed to the north of the city until the middle of the 19th century. The Ji River disappeared in 1852 when the Yellow River changed its course northwards and took over its bed. The current pronunciation of the character "Ji" with the third tone (jǐ) was established in the late 1970s. Prior to this, it was pronounced with the fourth tone (jì). Older western texts spell the name as "Tsinan" (Wade-Giles romanization) or "Chi-nan".

During the times of the Zhou dynasty (1045 BC to 256 BC), the city of Lixia was the major settlement in the area. The name "Lixia" refers to the location of Jinan at the foot of Mount Li, which lies to the south of the city. Today, Lixia is the name of one of the city's districts.

The Battle of An, which was fought in the area during the Spring and Autumn period (in 589 BCE) between the states of Qi and Jin, is named for the ancient city of An which stood within the city limits of present-day Jinan. Marco Polo gives a brief description of Jinan under the name "Chingli" or "Chinangli". 19th and early 20th century texts frequently give the name of the city as "Tsinan Fu" where the additional "Fu" comes from the dated Chinese term for a provincial capital.

Jinan is also referred to by the nickname "City of Springs", because of the many artesian springs in the urban city centre and its surroundings.

Early history
The area of present-day Jinan has been inhabited for more than 4000 years. The Neolithic Longshan culture was first discovered at Chengziya to the east of Jinan (Zhangqiu District) in 1928. One of the characteristic features of the Longshan culture are the intricate wheel-made pottery pieces it produced. Most renowned is the black "egg-shell pottery" with wall thicknesses that can go below 1 millimeter.

During the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BCE) and Warring States period (475–221 BCE), the area of Jinan was split between two states: the state of Lu in the west and the state of Qi in the east. In 685 BCE, the state of Qi started to build the Great Wall of Qi across Changqing county. Portions of the wall still remain today and are accessible as open air museums. Bian Que, according to the legend the earliest Chinese physician and active around 400–300 BCE, is said to have been a native of present-day Changqing County. Zou Yan (305–240 BCE), a native of Zhangqiu City, developed the concepts of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements. Joseph Needham, a British sinologist, describes Zou as "The real founder of all Chinese scientific thought."

During the times of the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), Jinan was the capital of the feudatory Kingdom of Jibei and evolved into the cultural and economic hub of the region. The Han dynasty tomb where the last king of Jibei, Liu Kuan, was buried at Shuangru Mountain was excavated by archaeologists from Shandong University in 1995 and 1996. More than 2000 artifacts such as jade swords, jade masks, and jade pillows have been recovered within the 1,500 square meter excavation site, emphasizing the wealth of the city during the period. Cao Cao (155 – 220 CE) was an official in Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of the Han dynasty. His son, Cao Pi, overthrew the last emperor of the Han and founded the Wei Kingdom (220 – 265 CE) of the Three Kingdoms period.

Beginning in the 5th century CE, Buddhism flourished in Jinan. The Langgong Temple (, later renamed Shentong Temple, (, and now in ruins) in the southern county of Licheng was one of the most important temples in northern China at that time. The same period witnessed extensive construction of Buddhist sites in the southern counties of Licheng and Changqing such as the Lingyan Temple and the Thousand-Buddha Cliff. In particular, a large number of cave temples were established in the hills south of Jinan.

Jinan remained the cultural center of the region during the Song dynasty (960 – 1279 CE). The Song rulers promoted Jinan to a superior prefecture in 1116 CE. Two of the most important poets of the Southern Song were both born in Jinan: Li Qingzhao (1084–1151 CE), the most renown female poet in Chinese history, and Xin Qiji (1140–1207 CE), who was also a military leader of the Southern Song dynasty. Both poets witnessed a series of crushing defeats of the Song dynasty at the hands of the Jurchens who gained control over almost half of the Song territories and established the Jin dynasty in northern China. After Jinan came under control of the Jin dynasty, both Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji had to abandon their homes and reflected this experience in their works. During the Civil War that followed the proclamation of Kublai Khan as Great Khan in 1260 CE, Jinan was at the center of a rebellion by Yizhou governor Li Tan against Mongol rule in 1262 CE. The rebellion was crushed in a decisive battle that was fought not far from Jinan in late March or early April 1262 CE. After losing 4000 of his troops in the battle, Li Tan retreated to Jinan to make his last stand. After defections of his defenders had made his position untenable, Li Tan tried to commit suicide by drowning himself in Daming Lake. However, he was rescued by the Mongols in order to execute him by trampling him to death with their horses.

Despite such violent conflicts, culture in Jinan continued to thrive during the Jin (1115–1234) and Yuan (1271–1368) dynasties: One of the most renowned artists of the Yuan dynasty, Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322) was appointed to the post of governor of Jinan in 1293 and spent three years in the city. Among the extraordinary art works he completed during his stay in Jinan, the best known painting is "Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains". Geographer Yu Qin (1284–1333) also served as an official in Jinan and authored his geography book Qi Cheng there.

When Shandong province was established under the Ming dynasty, Jinan became its capital. Jinan was the site of a siege during the Jingnan Campaign where the city was defended by loyalists of the Jianwen Emperor led by Tie Xuan against the rebel Prince of Yan Zhu Di's army.

In 1852, the northward shift of the Yellow River into a new bed close to the city triggered the modern expansion of Jinan. The new course of the Yellow River connected the city to the Grand Canal and regional waterways in northern Shandong and southern Hebei.

German influence in Jinan grew after the Qing dynasty ceded Qingdao to the German Empire in 1897. A German concession area was established to the west of the historical city center (in the vicinity of the Jinan Railway Station first established by the Germans). The Jiaoji (Qingdao–Jinan) railway was built by the Germans against local resistance. Discontent over the construction of the railway was one of the sources fueling the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901). During the rebellion, foreign priests were evacuated from Jinan and Chinese Christians became a target of violence. The Jiaoji railway was completed in 1904, three years after the Boxer Rebellion had been put down, and opened the city to foreign trade. The importance of Jinan as a transportation hub was cemented with the completion of the north–south Jinpu railway from Tianjin to Pukou in 1912. Jinan became a major trading center for agricultural goods in northern China. Traded commodities included cotton, grain, peanuts, and tobacco. Jinan also developed into a major industrial center, second in importance to Qingdao in the province.

Republican era
In 1919, after World War I, the Japanese took over the German sphere of influence in Shandong, including control of the Jiaoji railway, and established a significant Japanese influence in Jinan. According to estimates by a contemporary Japanese government official, about 2,000 Japanese were living in Jinan in 1931, about half of whom were involved in the opium trade for which the Japanese had a loosely controlled monopoly that was exploited with the participation of Chinese traders.

During the Warlord era of the Republic of China, Zhang Zongchang, nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", ruled Shandong from Jinan for a period that lasted from April 1925 until May 1928. Zhang was unpopular for his heavy-handed rule and in particular his heavy taxation. Besides heavy taxes, he relied financially on opium to finance his periodic wars. Zhang even planned to use some of the wealth extracted from these sources for building a living shrine and a large bronze statue for himself on the shore of Daming Lake, but these plans were not realized as his rule came to an end.

In the spring of 1928, the Kuomintang's Northern Expedition reached Jinan. On May 3, 1928, clashes developed between Japanese troops stationed in Jinan and the Kuomintang troops moving into the city (Jinan incident). Cai Gongshi, a Kuomintang emissary sent to negotiate and 16 members of his entourage were cruelly executed by the Japanese. Japanese officers placed an order to slice off his nose and ears, and to gouge out his eyes and tongue. Sixteen other members of his negotiation team were also striped naked, recklessly whipped, dragged to the back-lawn, and slaughtered by machine guns on the same day. After the incident, Japanese reinforcements were sent to Shandong and by 11 May, Japanese troops pushed the Chinese troops from the area, inflicted thousands of casualties and killed over 2000 Chinese civilians. The Japanese occupied Jinan for more than six months until they withdrew to their garrison in Qingdao on 28 March 1929. When Chiang lectured a group of Chinese army cadets, he urged them to turn their energies to washing away the shame of Jinan, but to conceal their hatred until the last moment. The Kuomintang government later decreed that May 3 be designated a "National Humiliation Memorial Day."

During the Nanjing decade of the Republic of China, Han Fuju, a military commander from the warlord era who had aligned himself with the Kuomintang, was rewarded with the military governorship of Shandong, after fighting against the rebel troops of Yan Xishan and his former commander Feng Yuxiang in the Central Plains War in 1930. He established his base in Jinan and is credited with curtailing banditry and drug trading, thereby bringing a measure of peace and prosperity to the city. However, from 1935 onwards Han was under heavy pressure from the Japanese consul in Jinan to declare Shandong an "independent state" allied with Japan.

After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese invasion force crossed the Yellow River 60 km north-east of Jinan on December 23, 1937. Han Fuju abandoned Jinan the next day against orders to hold the city to the death. He ordered the offices of the provincial government and the Japanese consulate in Jinan to be burned down and the ensuing power vacuum led to widespread looting in the city. Japanese troops from the 10th Division of the Manchurian Area Army entered Jinan on December 27, 1937. Han Fuju was arrested and executed for disobeying orders from superior commanders and retreating on his own accord by Chiang Kai-Shek's chief of staff, General Hu Zongnan.

After World War II
Japanese troops controlled Jinan until their defeat in 1945. After this, the Kuomintang regained short-lived control of the city during the period from 1946 to 1948. The provincial government during this time was led by Lieutenant-General Wang Yaowu, who also commanded the KMT army in the region. KMT rule over Jinan ended in September 1948 with the Battle of Jinan in which units of the People's Liberation Army under the command of Chen Yi took the city. The battle for Jinan took a decisive turn in favor of the attackers when KMT Lieutenant-General Wu Huawen defected to the Communist side with about 8,000 of his troops. The most likely explanation for his defection is that he had been pressured through relatives of his who were held captive by the Communist forces. Lieutenant-General Wu had been in charge of the vital outer ring of defenses that protected the main airfield, the railroad station, and the commercial district. With these critical assets lost, the situation of the city's defenders became untenable. Following the weakening of the city's defenses, the People's Liberation Army breached the city wall and entered Jinan on September 24, 1948.

Cultural Revolution
In March 1966, the largest among the drawn-out sequence of earthquakes that made up the Xingtai earthquake damaged about 36,000 houses in Jinan.

On May 27, 1966, the Cultural Revolution started in Jinan with an article in the local newspaper "Jinan Evening News" that denounced vice-governor Yu Xiu as a Bourgeois agent within the government. Starting from early June 1966, the schools in Jinan were closed down by strikes as teachers were "struggled against". At the same time, big-character posters started to appear in the city. Red Guards took to the streets of Jinan from late August 1966 onwards, damaging cultural heritage and setting up courts to prosecute perceived enemies of the revolution. In the spring of 1967, the "May 7th Incident" took place: When Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, both later reviled as members of the Gang of Four, visited Jinan to support the Cultural Revolution and its local leader Wang Xiao Yu, fighting erupted in the front of the provincial government between two rival factions of the Cultural Revolution, the "April 22nd Group" and Wang Xiao Yu's "April 28th Group". In the end, more than 10,000 people had been involved in the fighting. On October 11, 1967, the tallest statue of Mao Zedong in Shandong province was erected on the campus of Shandong Normal University. On September 17, 1968, a large assembly of Jinan workers celebrated the arrival of a mango fruit in the "August 1st" Meeting Hall. The fruit had been a gift to the workers in Beijing by Mao and was subsequently passed on to the workers in Jinan. In November 1968, Wang Xiao Yu began to agitate against the local army units in Jinan and Shandong Province. By then unrest due to the Cultural Revolution had severely damaged the city's governmental and industrial infrastructure, with about 80 percent of all government institutions shut down. Large public protests were staged on April 4 and 5, 1969, in which approximately 500,000 people protested the occupation of Zhenbao Island by the Soviet Union. On July 29, 1970, the leadership of the Cultural Revolution passed a resolution to make sweeping changes to the city's educational system: The liberal arts departments of Shandong University were moved to Qufu and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into the Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences were to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. Shandong Normal University was to be moved to Liaocheng. Shandong Medical College and Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine were to be merged and moved to Tai'an. Shandong University was restored in its original form and the "Shandong Science and Technology University" was abolished in early 1974. The first reversals of Cultural Revolution policies started in early 1971: On May 23 of that year, the Shandong Provincial Museum was reopened after having been closed for about 5 years (since May 1966). In the next year, the Jinan Committee for the Cultural Revolution officially reverted the name changes of four city districts enacted in 1966. During the 6 years between the name change and its reversal, Lixia District had been known officially as "Hongwei", Tianqiao as "Face the Sun", Huaiyin as "East Wind", and Shizhong as "Red Flag". As the Cultural Revolution came to an end, Jinan started to receive visitors from abroad. For example, it was visited by a delegation from the United States Congress between August 8 and 11, 1975. On September 18, 1976, Mao's death was mourned by about 600,000 people at an official service in Jinan's August 1 Square.

Post 1990s
Jinan was the host of the 11th All China Games during October 2009. These games are the selection games for the Chinese Olympic champions. For this occasion, security was heightened and a full volunteer force was out on the streets directing visitor traffic. The city conducted major renovations in its transportation and recreation services in anticipation of the Games' visitors. In early January 2019, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved the approval of Shandong Province to adjust the administrative division of Laiwu City and Jinan City, cancel Laiwu City, and all jurisdiction of former Laiwu City belongs to Jinan City; establish Laiwu District of Jinan City to replace the former Laicheng District of Laiwu City with the same administrative area; establish Gangcheng District of Jinan City to replace the former Gangcheng District of Laiwu City with the same administrative area.

Climate
Jinan has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa), considering an isotherm of −3 °C, or a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), considering an isotherm of 0 °C, with four well-defined seasons. The city is dry and nearly rainless in spring, hot and rainy in summer, crisp in autumn and dry and cold (with little snow) in winter. The average annual temperature is 14.70 °C, and the annual precipitation is 670 mm, with a strong summer maximum, and high variability from year to year. January is the coldest and driest month, with a mean temperature of −0.7 °C and 5.0 mm of equivalent rainfall. July is the hottest and wettest month, the corresponding numbers are 27.4 °C, and 189.0 mm. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 44 percent in July to 59 percent in May, the city receives 2,333 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Due to the mountains to the south of the city, temperature inversions are common, occurring on about 200 days per year. The high precipitation for northern Chinese standards, in tandem with the topography (mountains surrounding the city on three sides), leads to particularly oppressive summer weather and the city being named as a candidate for the fourth "furnace", c.e. Three Furnaces. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −19.7 °C on January 17, 1953, to 42.5 °C on July 24, 1955.

Administrative divisions
The sub-provincial city of Jinan has direct jurisdiction over ten districts and 2 counties after the annexation of Laiwu to Jinan in 2019: These are further divided into 146 township-level divisions, including 65 towns, 27 townships and 54 subdistricts.

Economy

With the shift of the Yellow River to a new bed right to the north of Jinan (in 1852) and the establishment of a railroad hub, the city became a major market for agricultural products from the productive farming regions to the north. Following the trade in agricultural goods, the city developed a textile and clothing industry, flour mills, oil presses, as well as factories producing paper, cement, and matches. In the 1950s, large iron and steel works as well as chemical factories were established around Jinan. The large metal works produce pig iron, ingot steel, as well as finished steel. In 2008, steel manufacturing was restructured with the formation of the Shandong Iron and Steel Group. In the 1970s, Sinotruk established its headquarters and factories for the production of trucks and construction vehicles in the city.

Industrial zones include: Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 km2 that is divided into a central area covering 33 km2, an export processing district of 10 km2, and an eastern extension area of 40 km2. Since its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India. The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, to the east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are 9 km and 18 km respectively.
 * Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone
 * Jinan Export Processing Zone

Demographics
As of the 2020 Chinese census, its total population (including Laiwu City merged recently) was 9,202,432 inhabitants and its built-up (or metro) area made of 6 out of 10 urban districts (Jiyang, Zhangqiu, Laiwu and Gangcheng not yet conurbated) was home to 5,452,335 inhabitants, most of them with Han ethnicity.

Shopping centers
Most shopping malls in Jinan are in the downtown area centered around City of Springs Square and Quancheng Road. City of Springs Square was built by the municipal government beside the city moat in the early 21st century

City of Springs Road was rebuilt at the same time that City of Springs Square was created. The government's intention was to create a modern business district and yet preserve the traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, newly built shopping malls with traditional Chinese architectural styles and modern western skyscrapers can be found side by side along City of Springs Road. Notable retail businesses are Quancheng Bookstore – the largest bookstore of the city – and Walmart (near the western end of City of Springs Road). Major shopping malls along the road are the Guihe Shopping Center, the Sofitel Silver Plaza, the Shimao international shopping center, and the Wanda Shopping Mall. Parc 66 to the south of City of Springs Road (opposite of Water Lily Street), opened in August 2011, is Jinan's largest shopping mall with seven levels of retail space and a total gross floor area of 171,000 square meters.

Railways
Jinan is positioned at the intersection of two major railways: The Jinghu Railway that runs from Beijing to Shanghai is the major north–south backbone of the railway system in eastern China. In Jinan, it intersects with the Jiaoji Railway that connects Jinan to the sea port of Qingdao to the east. In addition, the Hanji Railway connects Jinan to the city of Handan (Hebei Province) in the west. Within Shandong province, the Jinghu Railway connects Jinan with the cities of Dezhou, Tai'an, Jining, and Zaozhuang; the Jiaoji Railway provides a link to the cities of Zibo, Qingdao, and Weifang; the Hanji Railway serves the cities of Yancheng and Liaocheng.

Central Jinan is served by Jinan railway station, Jinan East railway station, and Daminghu railway station (just by Daming Lake).

The Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway calls at Jinan West railway station, which is outside the central metropolitan center and is in suburban western Jinan's Huaiyin District. Since it opened for public service on June 30, 2011, it has become a future hub with west–east running high speed railways to Taiyuan, Shijiazhuang and Qingdao. Jinan East railway station opened in 2018. An additional station, Jinan North railway station, is planned.

Metro

Started by construction in 2013, Jinan Metro opened in 2019. Currently, Lines 1, 2 and 3 are operational, and has 40 stations.

Expressways
Major expressways include China National Highway 104, China National Highway 220, and China National Highway 309. Because of Jinan's location and role as a road and rail transportation hub, the Jinan Coach Terminus has one of the largest passenger flows nationally. On peak travel days, as many as 92,000 passengers per day have been counted, on off-peak days the number is around 42,000 passengers per day.

Airport
Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport is located about 33 km northeast of the city center and located in of Licheng District, Jinan, from which the name of the airport is derived. The airport is connected to the city center of Jinan by expressways. It has domestic flights to many of the major cities in China as well as to international destinations, in particular Helsinki, Osaka, Seoul, Paris, Bangkok and Singapore.

Buses
The conventional buses in the city have air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned buses. Air-conditioned lines have a K prefix on their route numbers. From 2018, most lines are air-conditioned lines (Include lines without K perfix). These lines comprise more than 200 routes covering the whole city.

Dialect
Local residents in the city proper, as well as in the surrounding areas, have traditionally spoken the Jinan dialect of Mandarin that is not readily understood even by native speakers of standard Mandarin. The younger people of Jinan are more likely to speak standard Mandarin, whereas many older residents retain strong local dialect elements in their speech. Nevertheless, even the younger residents of Jinan tend to retain a strong local accent and mix local vocabulary into the standardized Mandarin vocabulary. Due to the influx of migrant workers during the past decade of China's economic boom, many of the current population that are of working age are not natives of Jinan but have learned to understand the Jinan dialect.

Cuisine
Jinan has its own cuisine, the Jinan style of the Shandong cuisine, one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China. One of its features is the use of soup in its dishes. Modern cuisines in northern China —Beijing, Tianjin and the northeastern regions including Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning— are all branches of Shandong cuisine.

Shopping centers

Most shopping malls in Jinan are in the downtown area centered around Spring City Square and Quancheng Road. City of Springs Square was built by the municipal government beside the city moat in the early 21st century; at the center is the statue "Spring" which has become a symbol of Jinan. The square borders on the ancient city moat. It has a music fountain, a 46,000 square meter underground shopping center and a memorial hall with statues of famous people from Shandong.

City of Springs Road was rebuilt at the same time that City of Springs Square was created. The government's intention was to create a modern business district and yet preserve the traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, newly built shopping malls with traditional Chinese architectural styles and modern western skyscrapers can be found side by side along City of Springs Road. Notable retail businesses are Quancheng Bookstore – the largest bookstore of the city – and Walmart (near the western end of City of Springs Road). Major shopping malls along the road are the Guihe Shopping Center, the Sofitel Silver Plaza, the Shimao international shopping center, and the Wanda Shopping Mall. Parc 66 to the south of City of Springs Road (opposite of Water Lily Street), opened in August 2011, is Jinan's largest shopping mall with seven levels of retail space and a total gross floor area of 171,000 square meters.

Main tourist attractions
Jinan is renowned across China for its numerous springs, the lakes fed by the spring water, and the weeping willows that grow along the water edges. The late-Qing author Liu E describes Jinan's cityscape in his novel "The Travels of Lao Can" (, written 1903–04, published in 1907) as "Every family has spring water, every household has a willow tree". Jinan was also the historical center of Buddhist culture for the whole province which is still manifest in the many historic sites that are left behind in its southern counties.

Springs and lakes
Jinan is known as the "City of Springs" because of the large number of natural artesian springs. The majority of the springs, many of which have been historically listed under the "72 Famous Springs" are concentrated in the downtown district and flow north to converge in Daming Lake. The Baotu Spring Park is the most popular of the springs in the City of Jinan proper. Besides the Baotu Spring, the park contains several other springs that are listed among the "72 Famous Springs". "Bào tū" means "jumping and leaping" in Chinese. The water in the spring pool can be seen foaming and gushing, looking like a pot of boiling water. The spring was visited by the Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799) of the Qing dynasty who declared it "the best spring under the heaven". A tablet with the Emperor's handwriting "Baotu Spring" has since been erected beside the spring pool.

Not far away to the northeast of Baotu Spring Park is the Daming Lake, which, together with Baotu Spring and the Thousand-Buddha Mountain is often regarded as the "Three Greatest Attractions in Jinan". Other notable parks in the city include the Five Dragon Pool near the Baotu Spring Park, the Black Tiger Spring  on the southern city moat, and the Baimai Springs  of Zhangqiu City to the east of Jinan.

Museums and libraries
The Shandong Provincial Museum located at the foothill of Thousand-Buddha Mountain is the largest museum in the province. It has a large collection of natural as well as historical treasures from the whole province. The museum was established in its present form in 1982 and currently has 8 exhibition halls : "Treasures of Shandong Province"; "Stone Sculptures"; "Warship of the Ming dynasty"; "Ancient Coins"; "Art Treasures"; "Fossil Collections"; "Dinosaurs"; and "Specimens". The museum has more than 210,000 relics and specimens, making up ⅓ of the collections in museums of whole province.

The Jinan Municipal Museum is located at the south-western foot of the Thousand-Buddha Mountain, in the north of the city center. Although much smaller than the provincial museum, the municipal museum still houses a collection of more than 20,000 items, most of which were recovered in the city area. The Shandong Art Museum is a large museum of fine arts built near the Provincial Museum.

The Shandong Provincial Library in the eastern High-tech Park (address: 2912 Second Ring East Road) is the principal library of the province and is ranked among the Top 10 Chinese libraries. , the library had more than 5.18 million documents, many of which date back many centuries and are important sources for research on Chinese history. The library also has a large collection of western journals/books. Originally, the library was built close to Daming Lake in 1909 by the then governor of Shandong. In the late 1990s, a project was undertaken to move the library to the eastern part of the city, and it reopened in 2002 with 35 reading rooms and more than 2000 seats.

Parks and Nature Reserves
Jinan Hundred Miles Yellow River Scenic Area is located in No.166 Luokou Huancheng Road in Tianqiao District. It is designed as an ecological cultural theme park which focuses on ecological tourism, cultural tourism, and healthy tourism. The Yellow River of this section stretches 51.98 kilometers. Jinan Hundred Miles Yellow River Scenic Area was awarded the title "Fifty Scenes of the Yellow River in China" on September 12, 2018. The Levee extending along the Yellow River in this scenery area, is praised as "the Great Wall over water". Yellow River Forest Park (Jinan) is located on the north bank of the Yellow River. The Yellow River Forest Park sprawls over 1500mu (100 hectares) and has 300,000 trees of various breeds. Yellow River Forest Park is the only park equipping with a forest racecourse, which has a course of 3 Li (unit), in Jinan City. Yellow River Forest Park provides not only an area covering 5000 square meters for visitors to freely barbecue but also a fishing pond covering 1,800 square meters. Visitors can participate in various activities here, such as roller skating, cue sports, table tennis, archery, shooting, etc.

Daming Lake Park is located in the center of Jinan City, covering an area of 46.5 hectares. Daming Lake Park is considered one of the three must-see tourist spots of Jinan (the others are Baotu Spring Park and Thousand Buddha Mountain). Daming Lake Park has many scenic spots, such as the Daming Lake and the Lixia Pavilion. Daming Lake is a natural lake consisting of many springs. It is unique because the lake has constant water level unaffected by heavy rains or drought. Lixia Pavilion, which was built in the Northern Wei period, is in the center of the Daming Lake. There are so many ancient buildings in Daming Lake Park that it has a title describing them, which is "One terrace, three gardens, three towers, four ancestral halls, six isles, seven bridges and ten pavilions".

Education and research
Jinan is one of the top 35 cities in the world for scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index according to the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities. Notably, Shandong University is one of China's most prestigious universities as a member of the former Project 985 and the current Double First-Class Construction.

Universities and colleges

 * Qilu Normal University (, formerly Shandong Educational Institute: )
 * Qilu University of Technology (, or Shandong Polytechnic University)
 * Shandong Architectural Institute
 * Shandong College of Electronic Technology
 * Shandong Jiaotong University
 * Shandong Normal University
 * Shandong Polytechnic (, formerly Jinan Railway Polytechnic)
 * Shandong Sport University
 * Shandong University
 * Shandong University of Art and Design
 * Shandong University of Arts
 * Shandong University of Finance and Economics
 * Shandong University of Science and Technology, which also has campuses in Qingdao and Tai'an.
 * Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
 * Shandong Women's University
 * University of Jinan

Provincial high schools

 * Shandong Experimental High School
 * Jinan Foreign Language School
 * The High School Affiliated to Shandong Normal University (山东师范大学附属中学)

Sports
The most renowned sports team in Jinan is Shandong Hi-Speed Kirin. They have been playing in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) since 1995. In the 2012–13 CBA season they reached the final, but lost 4–0 to Guangdong Southern Tigers.

The Shandong Taishan Football Club is the most widely known football team in Jinan. The club currently plays in the highest tier of Chinese football, the Chinese Super League. They have been playing in the top tier for every season since the league became professional in 1994. Shandong Taishan has won five top division titles, eight Chinese FA Cups, and one Chinese FA Super Cup. Jinan was also one of four host cities of China during the 2004 AFC Asian Cup.

In 2009, Jinan hosted the 2009 National Games of China, the premier sports event at the national level in China and the first major multi-sports event held in China after the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The National Games' main venue was the Jinan Olympic Sports Center.

Since 2014, Jinan has also been known as the site of China's national winter swimming festivals at Daming Lake, since 2016 organized in cooperation with the International Winter Swimming Association (IWSA). In the 2019–20 season, Jinan hosted the 8th Winter Springs-swimming International Invitational.

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇩🇪 Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany (January 29, 2004)
 * Coventry, England, United Kingdom (May 5, 1983)
 * 🇦🇺 Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia (September 4, 2004)
 * 🇧🇬 Kazanlak, Stara Zagora Province, Bulgaria (January 21, 2013)
 * 🇺🇦 Kharkiv, Ukraine (July 31, 2006)
 * 🇮🇱 Kfar Saba, Israel (July 16, 2007)
 * 🇹🇷 Marmaris, Muğla Province, Turkey (September 19, 2011)
 * 🇷🇺 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (September 22, 1994)
 * 🇵🇬 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (February 29, 1988)
 * 🇧🇷 Porto Velho, State of Rondônia, Brazil (September 19, 2011)
 * 🇨🇻 Praia, Santiago Island, Cape Verde (April 9, 2009)
 * 🇨🇦 Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada (January 29, 1985)
 * 🇫🇷 Rennes, Brittany Region, France March 24, 2000)
 * 🇺🇸 Sacramento, California, United States (October 2, 1984)
 * Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea (June 16, 1993)
 * 🇫🇮 Vantaa, Uusimaa, Finland (December 22, 2000)
 * 🇧🇾 Vitebsk, Belarus (August 17, 2009)
 * 🇯🇵 Wakayama, Honshu, Japan (April 20, 1982)
 * 🇯🇵 Yamaguchi, Honshu, Japan (March 22, 1985)
 * 🇮🇳 Nagpur, Maharashtra, India (December 8, 2017)
 * 🇪🇹 Arba Minch, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Ethiopia (September 4, 2018)

title: Jinan


text:
26th Annual Grammy Awards

The 26th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28, 1984, at Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, and were broadcast live on American television. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1983. Michael Jackson, who had been recovering from scalp burns sustained due to an accident that occurred during the filming of a Pepsi commercial, won a record eight awards during the show. It is notable for garnering the largest Grammy Award television audience ever with 51.67 million viewers.

Album of the Year and Record of the Year went to Michael Jackson for Thriller and "Beat It", and Song of the Year went to The Police for "Every Breath You Take".

Ratings
The 26th Grammy Awards had the highest ratings in the awarding body's history with 51.67 million viewers, a record unmatched as of 2024, and is the third most watched live awards show in U.S. television history (after the 1983 and 1998 editions of the Academy Awards). Donna Summer opened the show with "She Works Hard for the Money", and a tribute to working women.

Presenters

 * Stevie Wonder & Bob Dylan - Song of the Year
 * Alice Cooper & Grace Jones - Best Rock Performance with Duo our Group
 * Joan Rivers & Culture Club - Explains the rules of the nominations
 * Kim Carnes & Fee Waybill - Best Video Album
 * Toto - Producer of the Year
 * Cyndi Lauper & Rodney Dangerfield - Best New Artist
 * Al Green - Best Gospel Performance Male and Female
 * The Beach Boys - Album of the Year
 * Mickey Rooney & Ann Miller - Best Cast Show Album
 * James Ingram & Michael McDonald - Best R&B Instrumental Performance
 * Anne Murray & Janie Frickie - Best Country Performance with Duo or Group
 * Menudo - Best Recording for Children
 * Christine McVie & Bob Seger - Best Pop Vocal Performance Female and Male
 * Julio Iglesias and & Melissa Manchester - Record of the Year

General

 * Record of the Year
 * "Beat It" – Michael Jackson
 * Quincy Jones (producer) & Michael Jackson (producer)
 * Album of the Year
 * Thriller – Michael Jackson
 * Quincy Jones (producer) & Michael Jackson (producer)
 * Song of the Year
 * "Every Breath You Take" – The Police
 * Sting (songwriter)
 * Best New Artist
 * Culture Club

Blues

 * Best Traditional Blues Recording
 * Blues 'n Jazz – B.B. King

Children's

 * Best Recording for Children Presented by Latin Group Menudo.
 * Quincy Jones (producer) & Michael Jackson for E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial

Classical

 * Best Orchestral Recording
 * James Mallinson (producer), Georg Solti (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Mahler: Symphony No. 9 in D
 * Best Classical Vocal Soloist Performance
 * James Levine (conductor), Marilyn Horne, Leontyne Price & the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra for Leontyne Price & Marilyn Horne in Concert at the Met
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Christopher Raeburn (producer), Georg Solti (conductor), Thomas Allen, Kiri Te Kanawa, Kurt Moll, Lucia Popp, Samuel Ramey, Frederica von Stade & the London Philharmonic for Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro
 * Jay David Saks, Max Wilcox (producers), James Levine (conductor), Plácido Domingo, Cornell MacNeil, Teresa Stratas, & the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra for Verdi: La Traviata (Original Soundtrack)
 * Best Choral Performance (other than opera)
 * Georg Solti (conductor), Margaret Hillis (choir director) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Haydn: The Creation
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with orchestra)
 * Raymond Leppard (conductor), Wynton Marsalis & the National Philharmonic Orchestra for Haydn: Trumpet Concerto in E Flat/L. Mozart: Trumpet Concerto In D/Hummel: Trumpet Concerto in E Flat
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (without orchestra)
 * Glenn Gould for Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos. 12 & 13
 * Best Chamber Music Performance
 * Mstislav Rostropovich and Rudolf Serkin for Brahms: Sonata for Cello and Piano in E Minor, Op. 38 and Sonata in F, Op. 99
 * Best Classical Album
 * James Mallinson (producer), Georg Solti (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Mahler: Symphony No. 9 in D

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Recording
 * Eddie Murphy: Comedian – Eddie Murphy

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Composition
 * Giorgio Moroder (composer) for "Love Theme From Flashdance" performed by various artists
 * Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or A Television Special
 * Michael Boddicker, Irene Cara, Kim Carnes, Douglas Cotler, Keith Forsey, Richard Gilbert, Jerry Hey, Duane Hitchings, Craig Krampf, Ronald Magness, Dennis Matkosky, Giorgio Moroder, Phil Ramone,  Michael Sembello, Shandi Sinnamon (composers) for Flashdance performed by various artists
 * Best Arrangement on an Instrumental
 * Dave Grusin (arranger) for "Summer Sketches '82"
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s)
 * Nelson Riddle (arranger) for "What's New" performed by Linda Ronstadt
 * Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices
 * Arif Mardin & Chaka Khan (arrangers) for "Be Bop Medley" performed by Chaka Khan

Country

 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Female
 * Anne Murray for "A Little Good News"
 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Male
 * Lee Greenwood for "I.O.U."
 * Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Alabama for The Closer You Get...
 * Best Country Instrumental Performance
 * New South for "Fireball"
 * Best Country Song
 * Mike Reid (songwriter) for "Stranger in My House" performed by Ronnie Milsap

Folk

 * Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording
 * Clifton Chenier for I'm Here performed by Clifton Chenier & His Red Hot Louisiana Band

Gospel

 * Best Gospel Performance, Female
 * Amy Grant for "Ageless Medley"
 * Best Gospel Performance, Male
 * Russ Taff for Walls of Glass
 * Best Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group
 * Larnelle Harris & Sandi Patti for "More Than Wonderful"
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance, Female
 * Sandra Crouch for We Sing Praises
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance, Male
 * Al Green for I'll Rise Again
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group
 * Barbara Mandrell & Bobby Jones for "I'm So Glad I'm Standing Here Today"
 * Best Inspirational Performance
 * Donna Summer for "He's a Rebel"

Historical

 * Best Historical Album
 * Allan Steckler & Stanley Walker (producers) for The Greatest Recordings of Arturo Toscanini - Symphonies, Vol. I

Jazz

 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female
 * Ella Fitzgerald for The Best Is Yet to Come
 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male
 * Mel Tormé for Top Drawer
 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Duo or Group
 * The Manhattan Transfer for "Why Not!"
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Soloist
 * Wynton Marsalis for Think of One
 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Group
 * Phil Woods for At the Vanguard
 * Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Big Band
 * Rob McConnell for All in Good Time
 * Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal or Instrumental
 * Pat Metheny Group for Travels

Latin

 * Best Latin Pop Performance
 * Jose Feliciano for Me enamoré
 * Best Tropical Latin Performance
 * Tito Puente for On Broadway performed by Tito Puente & His Latin Ensemble
 * Best Mexican-American Performance
 * Los Lobos for "Anselma"

Musical show

 * Best Cast Show Album
 * Andrew Lloyd Webber (producer) & the original Broadway cast for Cats (Complete Original Broadway Cast Recording)

Music video

 * Best Video, Short Form
 * Girls on Film/Hungry Like the Wolf – Duran Duran
 * Best Video Album
 * Duran Duran – Duran Duran

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Package
 * Speaking in Tongues
 * Robert Rauschenberg (art director) (Talking Heads)
 * Best Album Notes
 * The Interplay Sessions
 * Orrin Keepnews (notes writer) (Bill Evans)

Pop

 * Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female
 * "Flashdance... What a Feeling" – Irene Cara
 * Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male
 * Thriller – Michael Jackson
 * Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
 * "Every Breath You Take" – The Police
 * Best Pop Instrumental Performance
 * "Being With You" – George Benson

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical
 * Thriller
 * Bruce Swedien (engineer) (Michael Jackson)
 * Best Engineered Recording, Classical
 * James Lock (engineer), Georg Solti (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Mahler: Symphony No. 9 in D
 * Producer of the Year (Non-Classical)
 * Michael Jackson & Quincy Jones
 * Classical Producer of the Year
 * Marc Aubort & Joanna Nickrenz

R&B

 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female
 * Chaka Khan – Chaka Khan
 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male
 * "Billie Jean" – Michael Jackson
 * Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * "Ain't Nobody" – Chaka Khan & Rufus
 * Best R&B Instrumental Performance
 * "Rockit" – Herbie Hancock
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Song
 * "Billie Jean" – Michael Jackson
 * "Michael Jackson (songwriter)

Rock

 * Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female
 * "Love Is a Battlefield" – Pat Benatar
 * Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male
 * "Beat It" – Michael Jackson
 * Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Synchronicity – The Police
 * Best Rock Instrumental Performance
 * "Brimstone and Treacle" – Sting

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word or Non-musical Recording
 * Copland: A Lincoln Portrait – William Warfield

title: 26th Annual Grammy Awards


text:
Hour of Power

Hour of Power is a weekly American Evangelist television program broadcast from Shepherd's Grove Presbyterian Church in Irvine, California, near Los Angeles. It is one of the most watched religious broadcasts in the world, seen by approximately two million viewers. It was formerly broadcast from the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California.

The program was founded and first hosted by Robert H. Schuller. It is currently hosted by Bobby Schuller, who is Robert H. Schuller's grandson.

The program is normally one hour long, but some networks broadcast an edited 30-minute program.

History
The program first aired on February 8, 1970, as a church service of the Garden Grove Community Church (Reformed Church in America). By the 1980s, it was the most-watched weekly religious program in living rooms across America. It was originally hosted by the elder Schuller; the younger Schuller hosted it from 2006 to 2008.

On July 9, 2008, the presidency of the church was shifted from Robert H. Schuller to his son-in-law, Jim Coleman. On October 26, 2008, it was announced that Schuller had removed his son, Robert A. Schuller, as teaching pastor, but allowed him to remain as the Crystal Cathedral's senior pastor. Robert H. Schuller said that he wanted to take the ministry in a different direction and for the foreseeable future would use guest speakers for the weekly services rather than his son. Well-known speakers who were used in the early stages of the new format included Lee Strobel, John C. Maxwell, and Bill Hybels. On November 29, 2008, the church announced that the younger Schuller had resigned.

On October 18, 2010, the board of the Crystal Cathedral Ministries filed for bankruptcy in Santa Ana, California.

In 2011, Crystal Cathedral Ministries reached an agreement to sell the Crystal Cathedral campus to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange for $57.5 million; the diocese's St. Callistus Parish would be transferred to the Crystal Cathedral campus, which was to be rededicated as Christ Cathedral following a renovation to convert it to the Catholic liturgy. Meanwhile, the Diocese of Orange would offer Crystal Cathedral Ministries a long-term lease of the parish's former building, which was about one mile south of the Crystal Cathedral.

On March 10, 2012, it was announced that Robert H. Schuller and his wife, Arvella, would be leaving the church. The following day their elder daughter, Sheila Schuller Coleman, announced at the morning service that she would also be leaving the church, therefore cutting all family ties with the Crystal Cathedral and Hour of Power. That week's broadcast would also be the program's final broadcast " The ministry's successor, the Rev. Bill Bennett, said that the ministry would continue but using a more traditional service.

In June 2012, the Rev. Bobby Schuller, the son of Robert A. Schuller, started preaching on a voluntary basis. In February 2013, Bobby Schuller was named as pastor for the Hour of Power.

Crystal Cathedral Ministries held its final service at its namesake on June 30, 2013, after which it was renamed Shepherd's Grove and moved to the former St. Callistus Church on July 7, 2013. The congregation merged with the Irvine Presbyterian Church in April 2018 after the land was sold to real estate developers.

Broadcasts
The program airs in the United States mainly using paid programming time on Freeform, TBN, and recently Daystar. along with about 100 stations through individual contracts. The program also airs over the American Forces Network.

In Canada it is carried on VisionTV.

In Europe it is broadcast on VOX in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, on RTL in the Netherlands and was formerly broadcast on Sky One in Ireland and the United Kingdom.

In the Middle East it is carried on METV in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.

In Australia, it is seen on the Australian Christian Channel and Network Ten. It is also broadcast weekly on radio.

It is broadcast in New Zealand on the Prime network and Shine TV.

It is broadcast in Hong Kong on NOW TV Channel 564, TVB Pearl, and Hong Kong Open TV.

The Hour of Power telecast, filmed in the Crystal Cathedral's main sanctuary, at one point attracted 1.3 million viewers from 156 countries. Under current Pastor Bobby Schuller, the program attracted 2.2 million viewers worldwide each week.

Finances
Beginning in the late 1990s, the ministry struggled financially after it borrowed money to build a visitors' center.

The 2008 revenues for the program were nearly $5 million lower than revenues for 2007. As of early 2009, the church planned to sell more than $65 million worth of its Orange County property to pay off debt: 150 acre in San Juan Capistrano, California, and an office building in Garden Grove, California. Due to their financial situation, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange purchased the Garden Grove campus.

title: Hour of Power


text:
Mike Disney

Michael John Disney (born Bristol, England, 7 October 1937) is an astrophysicist. He discovered the optical component of the Crab Pulsar in 1969 with John Cocke, which was the first optical pulsar ever observed. Disney was a member of the team that designed the camera for the Hubble Space Telescope. He was one of the pioneers in the discovery of low surface brightness galaxies.

Disney was a professor at Cardiff University until his forced retirement in 2005. Disney is an outspoken critic of the standard model of cosmology.

He was the co-author with Alan Wright of the humorous (and often mis-attributed) short story 'Impure Mathematics'.

title: Mike Disney


text:
Talk:RBMK

Light water graphite-moderated reactor
Please see comments in Talk:Light water graphite-moderated reactor.

There may also still be material in Light water graphite-moderated reactor that should be incorporated in this entry, but in my judgement the remainder belongs in other entries.

This is explored in more detail in Talk:Light water graphite-moderated reactor. -- Andrewa 10:37 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Weapons grade plutonium
I was under the belief that RBMK reactors produced "weapons-grade" plutonium. It seems I was wrong. So, what is the nature of the plutonium produced, and how much processing does it require before being weapons-grade? -- FP 04:33, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * When you make plutonium for weapons, you expose U-238 to neutrons, and it turns (indirectly) into Pu-239. If you expose Pu-239 to neutrons, it turns into the useless Pu-240. So the way you make weapons-grade plutonium is by exposing uranium to neutrons for a while (not long), then chemically extracting the plutonium.  Easier than isotope separation, but still nontrivial (especially since the various components are poisonous and radioactive).
 * RBMKs were designed to make this easy by having big cranes to hoist hunks of uranium in and out of the reactor so that they could be exposed to neutrons for an appropriate amount of time; this made it infeasible to have a proper containment structure.
 * I should say that since reactors are all full of uranium, they all produce plutonium, but when the isotopes are mixed (because of long exposure) and they're mixed with all the other crud that's in a used fuel pellet, it's a real pain to use it for weapons. --Andrew 09:20, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added stuff to plutonium explaining some of this. --Andrew 13:11, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * As well as I know it, RBMK was designed for military plutonium production, but it was not actually used that way. Gah4 (talk) 21:54, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * As well as I know it, RBMK was designed for military plutonium production, but it was not actually used that way. Gah4 (talk) 21:54, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Natural or Enriched Uranium Fuel?
There seems to be inconsistency about this in the article in its current state. Midgley 03:04, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Very much so indeed: how can we conciliate "Thus, a large power reactor can be built that requires no separated isotopes, such as enriched uranium or heavy water" (from the intro) with "..., the concentration of the naturally fissionable U-235 isotope in uranium used to fuel light-water reactors must be increased above the level of natural uranium to assist in sustaining the nuclear chain reaction in the reactor core..." (2nd paragraph of "Design" section) ? Rama 07:44, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Natural uranium (0.71% U235) can go critical but only with great care in insuring efficient use of the neutrons; you can build a natural-uranium-fuelled reactor if you use pure graphite moderators ( example: Fermi's first reactor in Chicago); so will using heavy (deuterium) water. My understanding is that a light-water reactor with only natural (0.71%) uranium is not feasible. (see X10 amplification experiments in the light-water reactor article indicating insufficient neutron amplification). Also note that because U-235 has a much shorter half-life than U-238, at some point in the gological history of Earth the "natural" uranium was enriched enough that natural uranium and light water could form a successful reactor; this is hypothesized to have happened at Oklo in Gabon about 1.7 billion years ago. Dr. Crash (talk) 13:08, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

Your understanding of the matter is inadequate. RBMK reactors are graphite moderated reactors, with light water as a coolant, not light water reactors which refers to light water moderated reactors. RBMK reactors were designed as natural uranium fueled reactors but were later fueled with LEU for better reactivity control post Chernobyl. Kylesenior (talk) 09:32, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

I can find no reference to RBMK running on natural uranium, always low enrichment: percentages vary, and there is an upward shift after Chernobyl disaster, but it seems that even before the disaster enrichment was newer below 1.8-2% U-235. I suggest that section "History" (section 1) of the Article is edited to align it with section "Fuel" (section 5). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.173.162.144 (talk) 10:48, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

The original intent of the designers was to run it on natural uranium to produce either energy or weapons-grade plutonium at low cost (typical cheapskate mentality fostered by the 5-year plans, always try to make everything quicker and cheaper than anyone in the West, in this case at the expense of reliability and safety); however, this proved to be completely impractical because with natural uranium fuel the reactor became almost completely uncontrollable, so they were forced to use low-enriched uranium instead. 2601:646:8A01:B180:B4DA:DC4F:C5F3:9C50 (talk) 09:28, 1 March 2021 (UTC)
 * There is currently a cn on this, but I think the whole article needs to be checked to get it right. As well as I know it, they originally ran at about 2%. It might be that early in the design, that it was supposed to be less. Then, after the Chernobyl explosion, it was increased along with some other modifications. I am not sure that the article is now even self consistent. Gah4 (talk) 13:24, 21 December 2021 (UTC)
 * It goes like this: initially 1.8%, increased to 2% after accident at LNPP, increased to 2.4% after the accident at Chernobyl. It is the initial intention to use natural uranium or lower enrichment that needs a citation.Sredmash (talk) 16:23, 21 December 2021 (UTC)
 * It goes like this: initially 1.8%, increased to 2% after accident at LNPP, increased to 2.4% after the accident at Chernobyl. It is the initial intention to use natural uranium or lower enrichment that needs a citation.Sredmash (talk) 16:23, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

What exploded
I have removed the words cooling system from the article. They were added by an anon in a recent and so far isolated edit.

But more to the point, they make the article less informative and no more accurate. It wasn't the steam separators or any other part of the cooling system that exploded, it was the top part of the reactor core. What I think this editor is trying to point out is that it wasn't a nuclear explosion, in that (probably) prompt-criticality did not occur (it's hard to say definitively). But this is really splitting hairs; The energy for the first of the two loud bangs certainly came from a runaway and uncontrolled nuclear reaction, and this explosive energy release destroyed the reactor cooling system (and possibly lifted the top plate, again it's hard to say and the experts disagree on which of the bangs actually did this). Andrewa 09:03, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

I work in the nuclear industry and would like to clarify. It has been shown by international authorities that it is most likely that as a result of the massively increased reactor power, the internal core pressure tubes failed, creating a steam explosion which lifted to top-shield off the reactor and causing the cooling pipes located there (the were attached to this sheild) to also ail. To say what exploded hides the actual porgression of the accident.
 * Okay, who wrote the second part of this section? If you could sign your post, please... it might make your statement more credible... Magus732 (talk) 16:11, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The complication with this, is that we usually say that a reactor is sub-critical, critical, or prompt critical as one number, but that isn't right. Reactors are much larger than the mean free path of neutrons, so it varies throughout the reactor. As explained in the article, this is more of a problem in RBMK than in the usual PWR. As well as I know it, at least one (maybe small) part of it went prompt critical. As the article says, bringing up an RBMK from zero power is not easy, to keep reactivity balanced throughout, and especially below 10% power. Xenon poisoning after reducing power makes it even harder. Note also that they are not PWR, and so don't have high pressure water, above the 1 atm boiling point, which is the complication of US reactors. Gah4 (talk) 13:33, 21 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The complication with this, is that we usually say that a reactor is sub-critical, critical, or prompt critical as one number, but that isn't right. Reactors are much larger than the mean free path of neutrons, so it varies throughout the reactor. As explained in the article, this is more of a problem in RBMK than in the usual PWR. As well as I know it, at least one (maybe small) part of it went prompt critical. As the article says, bringing up an RBMK from zero power is not easy, to keep reactivity balanced throughout, and especially below 10% power. Xenon poisoning after reducing power makes it even harder. Note also that they are not PWR, and so don't have high pressure water, above the 1 atm boiling point, which is the complication of US reactors. Gah4 (talk) 13:33, 21 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The complication with this, is that we usually say that a reactor is sub-critical, critical, or prompt critical as one number, but that isn't right. Reactors are much larger than the mean free path of neutrons, so it varies throughout the reactor. As explained in the article, this is more of a problem in RBMK than in the usual PWR. As well as I know it, at least one (maybe small) part of it went prompt critical. As the article says, bringing up an RBMK from zero power is not easy, to keep reactivity balanced throughout, and especially below 10% power. Xenon poisoning after reducing power makes it even harder. Note also that they are not PWR, and so don't have high pressure water, above the 1 atm boiling point, which is the complication of US reactors. Gah4 (talk) 13:33, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Reactor Class
This is a generation II nuclear reactor (albeit poorly constructed).

Derivatives?
In russian article on this reactor there is reference to a follow-up project, focusing on removing positive void coeff, futher enhancing general efficiency and lowering fuel:power ratio, with ability to generate anuthe radioactive matter, this time not weapon plutonium but rather medicine cobalt http://reactors.narod.ru/mker/mker.html —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.249.152.137 (talk) 23:24, 26 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Neat - they show a full containment and actually use the word "containment" (using Russian letters). Simesa 23:42, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Stability
What does the phrase "Unfortunately, such a configuration is also unstable." means? What kind of "stability"?... And what about that link to "stability" that doesn't explain absolutely nothing?

Is this simply a reference to the positive void coefficient? This phrase should either be better explained, or removed. -- NIC1138 (talk) 16:57, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Maybe it refers to what happened at Chernobyl? I'd find out who wrote it and ask them... Magus732 (talk) 16:07, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

Simple mixtures?
What is said in this article makes me wonder: is it possible to simply take some natural uranium metal or even a naturally occurring uranium mineral, grind it up with boron-free carbon (lamp black?) and dump the mixture into a container whose size would determine how hot it would get? From what is claimed in the article the notion of Neolithic nuclear power (well, heating) doesn't seem so impossible. Wnt (talk) 21:22, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Forget neolithic, check out Natural nuclear fission reactor. --96.241.226.166 (talk) 22:45, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

RBMK-1000 or MKER-1000?
MKER says that Kursk-5 is an MKER-1000 - a newer version of RBMK with a full containment structure and passive safety. This page says that Kursk-5 is an RBMK. Which statement is true? --Tweenk (talk) 19:43, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Kursk-5 is an RBMK-1000. But the active zone of the reactor also the physical characteristic is like an MKER-1000. Any person always deletes in the article MKEK the word physical before the word prototype. Greetings ChNPP (talk) 09:46, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

List of references for locations of detonations
Is the above phrase in reference no. 26 a vandalism? 83.149.209.253 (talk) 15:14, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is vandalism. I delete the sentence. Best Regards ChNPP (talk) 16:46, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Erroneous containment system values
"The reactor vessel is a steel cylinder with outer diameter of 14.52 m (47 ft 8 in), wall thickness 16 m (52 ft 6 in), height 9.75 m (32 ft 0 in), and is equipped with a bellows compensator to absorb axial thermal expansion loads."

A wall thickness greater than the outer diameter of the vessel? I don't know where I'd find more accurate data, but this is clearly incorrect. 82.41.24.25 (talk) 01:24, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The proper thickness is 16mm, not 16m; I just fixed it. It was broken on 03:48, 23 April 2011 by an edit which added the convert templates. -- 203.82.93.98 (talk) 12:45, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Yeah... I don't know how I missed that... Magus732 (talk) 16:09, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

Light water vs. heavy needing enriched fuel
In the design flaws section it is incorrect to state that heavy water requires enriched uranium "because it does not absorb neutrons". The opposite is true, light water requires enriched uranium for neutron economy. CANDU reactors are a prime example of using heavy water to enable use of unenriched uranium. The author has already stated the correct reason for using graphite rather than heavy water as a moderator, that being that heavy water is rare and was being used for military applications. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.218.29.239 (talk) 17:56, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Graphite Tips
What was the motivation behind this design feature of the control rods? This must have had some sort of intended purpose, otherwise as it being counter intuitive would not have made it into the design. Hogdotmac (talk) 03:44, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

 * This information is already in the article and was so on the 30th May. 86.156.154.237 (talk) 11:17, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Thermal ratings
The thermal output of the reactor plants is missing. The RBMK-1000, for example, is rated for 1 GWe. The little "e" is electric output. Not to be technical, but this is a very important little "e" that is likely misunderstood. It should be a subscript, not kust little.

Anyway, I would assume that the thermal output is around 3 GW. Or I should say 3 GWt. I like to saw logs! (talk) 07:45, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

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Power coefficient
The article does not currently mention the positive power coefficient (short for power coefficient of reactivity) as far as I can see, just the void coefficient. It is the combination of these two, rather than either on its own, that made the RBMK reactor highly unstable, as I understand it. Andrewa (talk) 20:24, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Graphite rings cool the graphite blocks
The article stated the graphite rings transfered 80-85% of core thermal power. Reference 9 (group II question5) explains that these rings cool the graphite blocks, transfering approximately 80-85% of the energy deposited in them to the pressure tubes. It further clarifies that only about 5.5% of rated thermal power is from the graphite. Robot1marvin (talk) 19:59, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Number of reactors still in operation
according to the IAEA, there are still 15 RBMK reactors running in Russia, with a rated power of 10219 MWe. This does not relate to the power output of around 950 MWe per reactor, and also does not specify the location of each. In this wiki, 11 are said to be running. What would be the correct number?¬¬¬¬ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fsikkema (talk • contribs) 12:42, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I think the IAEA also includes the reactors at Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant, scaled down versions of the RMBK reactor. --Ita140188 (talk) 08:06, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Chernobyl unit 1 power
When I looked at the table of reactors I saw that chernobyl block 1 had a reduced power rating than the others is their a reason for this?

Shortened rods
Were the shortened control rods from below the reactor under the control of the RCPS and/or the EPS system, or were they under manual control only? Were they inserted into the reactor by pressing AZ-5? 2601:646:8A01:B180:B4DA:DC4F:C5F3:9C50 (talk) 09:17, 1 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Shortened (UPS) rods were under manual control and not inserted upon an EPS signal.Sredmash (talk) 16:20, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Unusual design
I do not see the addition to the intro paragraph as an improvement in its current form. First of all, the wording is awkward and unclear, and the added information would be better off in its own sentence. Factually speaking, I am reasonably certain there were more than two reactor types in development in the 1970s. More importantly, the quoted opinion from the article is rather tendentious, given that a double digit percentage of reactors extant in the 1970s were also graphite moderated with fuel in channels. The very first reactors (and most military reactors) in the world were in this sense similar to an RBMK. So any use of this source to refer to the RBMK's unusual design should contextualize it in terms of civilian reactors. And in any case it would be better off placed in the body of the article.Sredmash (talk) 16:54, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I suppose I agree that it is an unusual design. It seems that while they are civilian reactors, they were designed with the possibility of military plutonium production. (As well as I know, they never did that.) So, the context should be civilian reactors designed for possible military use. The US system doesn't allow for mixed use, but other countries do. Gah4 (talk) 22:20, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I suppose I agree that it is an unusual design. It seems that while they are civilian reactors, they were designed with the possibility of military plutonium production. (As well as I know, they never did that.) So, the context should be civilian reactors designed for possible military use. The US system doesn't allow for mixed use, but other countries do. Gah4 (talk) 22:20, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:RBMK