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Space Jam

Space Jam is a 1996 American live-action/animated sports comedy film directed by Joe Pytka and written by Leo Benvenuti, Steve Rudnick, Timothy Harris, and Herschel Weingrod. The film stars basketball player Michael Jordan as a fictional version of himself; the live-action cast also includes Wayne Knight and Theresa Randle, as well as cameos by Bill Murray and several NBA players, while Billy West, Dee Bradley Baker, Kath Soucie and Danny DeVito headline the voice cast. The film follows Jordan as he is brought out of retirement by the Looney Tunes characters to help them win a basketball match against invading aliens intent on enslaving them as amusement park attractions.

Space Jam was the first film to be produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation and was released theatrically in the United States on November 15, 1996, by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment label. Critics were divided over its premise of combining Jordan and his profession with the Looney Tunes characters, while praising the technical achievements of its intertwining of live-action and animation. It was a commercial success, grossing over $250 million worldwide to become the highest-grossing basketball film of all time until 2022, as well the tenth-highest-grossing film of 1996.

A standalone sequel, Space Jam: A New Legacy, was released in 2021, with LeBron James in the lead role. The sequel received negative reviews and failed to match the commercial success of the first film.

Plot
In 1973, a young Michael Jordan tells his father, James, about his dreams of playing in the NBA. Twenty years later, following James’ death, Jordan retires from basketball to pursue a career in baseball.

In outer space, the amusement park Moron Mountain is in decline. The proprietor, Mr. Swackhammer, learns of the Looney Tunes from the Nerdlucks, his quintet of minions, and orders them to abduct the Tunes to serve as attractions. The Nerdlucks enter the Tunes' universe hidden in the center of the earth and hold them hostage before Bugs Bunny convinces them to allow the Tunes to defend themselves. Tunes challenge the Nerdlucks to a basketball game, noting the latter's small stature. After seeing a documentary about basketball, the Nerdlucks infiltrate various NBA games, stealing the talents of Charles Barkley, Shawn Bradley, Patrick Ewing, Larry Johnson, and Muggsy Bogues. They use these talents to transform into gigantic, muscular versions of themselves known as the "Monstars".

Realizing they need help, the Looney Tunes pull Jordan into their universe as he golfs with Bill Murray, Larry Bird, and Jordan's assistant, Stan Podolak. Bugs explains their situation to Jordan, who is initially reluctant to help. However, Jordan agrees after a confrontation with the Monstars, and forms the "Tune Squad” with the Tunes; they are joined by Lola Bunny, with whom Bugs is enamored. Jordan is initially unprepared, and sends Bugs and Daffy Duck to his house to obtain his basketball gear. Jordan's children aid them and agree to keep the game a secret, while Stan, searching for Jordan, notices Bugs and Daffy, follows them to their world, and joins the team. Meanwhile, the incapacity of the five players results in a national panic that culminates in the season's suspension. The players try to restore their skills through various methods, with no success.

The game between the Tune Squad and the Monstars commences, with Swackhammer arriving to observe. The Monstars dominate the first half, lowering the Tune Squad's morale. During halftime, Stan surreptitiously learns how the Monstars obtained their talent and informs the Tune Squad. Disguising a bottle of water as "secret stuff", Bugs and Jordan motivate the Tune Squad, who improve in the second half using their cartoon physics. During a time-out, Jordan raises the stakes with Swackhammer: if the Tune Squad wins, the Monstars must relinquish their stolen talent, and if the Monstars win, Jordan will become a new Moron Mountain attraction. On Swackhammer's orders, the Monstars become increasingly violent, injuring most of the Tune Squad.

With ten seconds left in the game, the Tune Squad is down by one point and one player, with only Jordan, Bugs, Lola, and Daffy still able to play. Murray unexpectedly arrives and joins the team. In the final seconds, Jordan gains the ball with Murray's assistance but is pulled back by the Monstars. On Bugs' advice, Jordan uses cartoon physics to extend his arm and achieve a slam dunk, winning the game with a buzzer beater. After Swackhammer scolds the Monstars for their failure, Jordan helps them realize that they only served him because they were once smaller. They insert Swackhammer inside a missile that sends him to the moon. After relinquishing their stolen talent, the Nerdlucks decide to join the Tunes. Jordan and Stan return to Earth and return the talent to the five players, whose remarks convince Jordan to return to the NBA.

Live-action

 * Michael Jordan as himself
 * Wayne Knight as Stan Podolak, a publicist and assistant who aids Jordan
 * Theresa Randle as Juanita Jordan, Jordan's wife
 * Charles Barkley as himself
 * Muggsy Bogues as himself
 * Shawn Bradley as himself
 * Patrick Ewing as himself
 * Larry Johnson as himself

Space Jam's cast includes Manner Washington, Eric Gordon, and Penny Bae Bridges as Jordan's children, Jeffrey, Marcus, and Jasmine, respectively. Brandon Hammond plays the ten-year-old Michael Jordan. Larry Bird and Bill Murray appear as themselves, and Thom Barry portrays Jordan's father, James R. Jordan Sr. Several NBA players make cameo appearances in Space Jam, including Danny Ainge, Steve Kerr, Alonzo Mourning, Horace Grant, A.C. Green, Charles Oakley, Luc Longley, Cedric Ceballos, Derek Harper, Vlade Divac, Brian Shaw, Jeff Malone, Bill Wennington, Anthony Miller, and Sharone Wright, as do coaches Del Harris and Paul Westphal, and broadcasters Ahmad Rashad and Jim Rome. Dan Castellaneta and Patricia Heaton cameo as fans at a game between the New York Knicks and Phoenix Suns.

Voice cast

 * Billy West as Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd
 * Dee Bradley Baker as Daffy Duck, Tasmanian Devil, and Bull
 * Danny DeVito as Swackhammer, the proprietor of Moron Mountain, an intergalactic amusement park
 * Bob Bergen as Porky Pig, Tweety, Marvin the Martian, Barnyard Dawg, Hubie and Bertie
 * Bill Farmer as Sylvester, Yosemite Sam, and Foghorn Leghorn
 * Maurice LaMarche as Pepé Le Pew
 * June Foray as Granny
 * Paul Julian as the Road Runner (archive recordings) (uncredited)
 * Kath Soucie as Lola Bunny

The Nerdluck voices include Jocelyn Blue as their orange leader, Pound, Charity James as the dim-witted blue Blanko, June Melby as the neurotic green second-in-command Bang, Colleen Wainwright as the diminutive red Nawt, and producer Ivan Reitman's daughter, Catherine, as the eccentric purple Bupkus. Their transformed "Monstar" versions are voiced by Darnell Suttles (Pound), Steve Kehela (Blanko), Joey Camen (Bang), Dorian Harewood (Bupkus), and T.K. Carter (Nawt). Wainwright also voices Sniffles, Kehela also voices Bertie's announcer voice, and Frank Welker voices Jordan's bulldog, Charles.

Development
In 1992 and 1993, two Super Bowl Nike ads, "Hare Jordan" and "Aerospace Jordan" respectively, aired on television and featured Michael Jordan with the character Bugs Bunny. Wieden+Kennedy creative director Jim Riswold conceived the "Hare Jordan" campaign following the popularity of advertisements where Jordan played with Mars Blackmon (played by Spike Lee), a character from She's Gotta Have It (1986); he chose Bugs Bunny for his next campaign because the character was his "childhood hero". Directed by Joe Pytka, "Hare Jordan" took six months and a $1 million budget to make. It was hindered by reluctance from Warner Bros. to allow Nike to modernize Bugs' character; however, the commercial success of both ads "was a nice bit of research for Warner Bros. to understand that the Bugs character still had relevance and to tie it in with Michael", explained Pytka. This led to the company green-lighting a film featuring Jordan and Bugs, which came out of a plane meeting between a Nike executive and producer Ivan Reitman. Jordan was offered movie deals previously, but his manager, David Falk, turned them all down because he felt the basketball icon could only act as himself.

The project was closed when Jordan retired from basketball in 1993, only to be reopened in 1995 when Jordan returned as a basketball player. Falk pitched the idea to several major studios, without a story or script written. One of them was Warner Bros., which tried to create more "adult, sophisticated material" that deviated from the formula set by Disney in the animated film market. After Warner Bros. initially rejected Falk's pitch, he called the consumer products division leader, Dan Romanelli, reacting in surprise the studio would turn down a project having potential of high-selling merchandise.

Pytka was informed about the project only months before the start of principal photography; in addition to being hired as director, he also revised the script, including writing a scene where Jordan hits a home run after he returns to Earth that was filmed, but ultimately never used. Spike Lee was also interested in helping Pytka with the screenplay, but Warner Bros. blocked him from the project out of dissatisfaction from how he funded Malcolm X (1992).

Casting
According to Pytka, it was difficult to get most actors involved with Space Jam due to its odd premise: "I mean, they're going to work with an animated character and an athlete — are you serious? They just didn't want to do it." Before Wayne Knight was cast as Stan, his initial choices were Michael J. Fox and Chevy Chase, whom he had worked with on Doritos commercials; Warner Bros. rejected both actors. Jason Alexander also turned down the role. The easiest actors to obtain were the NBA players, except for Gheorghe Mureșan. Bill Murray's appearance was present in the script from the beginning, but the filmmakers were unable to book him until filming started; there are rumors that Jordan begged Murray to be in the film.

Reitman, serious about the voice actors for the established Looney Tunes characters being far better than their original voice actor, Mel Blanc, and not just replications, was very involved in the voice casting. Joe Alaskey, one of Blanc's successors since the latter's death, was put by Reitman through a set of auditions, which lasted for months until Alaskey grew tired of auditioning and backed out from the project. Billy West learned of Space Jam through Reitman on The Howard Stern Show, who was producing Stern's film, Private Parts. Reitman was impressed by West's voice talent and asked him if he could audition for Space Jam. West accepted, and after doing an audition, he landed the roles of Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd. The casting directors originally planned several voice cameos; however, that did not work out, and Danny DeVito ended up being the only celebrity voice actor in the film, which was for Mr. Swackhammer, who was originally planned to be played by Jack Palance. Swackhammer was also planned to be a live-action character until the very final days of development, with Dennis Hopper possibly playing the role due to his friendship with Pytka.

"One thing I heard was that Ivan Reitman, when they were thinking about going ahead with this movie, had phoned up Robert Zemeckis about Who Framed Roger Rabbit and asked, 'Do you have any advice on what we should do to make a movie like this?' And he said, 'Don't do it, it nearly killed me.'"

Scale
The Classic Animation faction of Warner Bros., which animated the commercials and was located in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, was originally planned to be the only company responsible for Space Jam. However, after only a week, the animation work was so complicated that Warner Bros. contacted more studios, including reassigning the Feature Animation division in Glendale from working on Quest for Camelot (1998) to Space Jam. Ten of Classic Animation's members, including the production's animation director Tony Cervone, were taken out of the faction to become involved all throughout production, and development artists were reassigned to animating jobs, including supervising animator Bruce Woodside, who had little faith in the project: "Like so many other animators, I adore the classic Warner Bros. characters, but I really had little hope that tying them to the massive anchor of an apparently doomed marketing scheme could actually give them a successful second life in features".

After Cervone was hired as animation director, Jerry Rees contacted Bruce W. Smith about being another animation director on the film; Rees was fired by the time Smith joined, and Pytka hired Smith to direct the animation sequences alongside Cervone. Before January 1996, when animation production was put into overdrive, none of the animators' drafts or concepts for how the film should look met with Reitman's approval; Bill Perkins joined that month as animation art director, and when first arriving at the Sherman Oaks division, "we only had around eight months to do about 52 minutes of animation" and "it was just kind of a little skeleton crew." Cervone highlighted Reitman's role as supervisor: "It started off as a string of gags with no structure, and he helped a lot with that." The drafting process involved the animators and artists using the original cartoons as references. Ultimately, they went with Bob Clampett's style of animation due to being wilder than Chuck Jones' style.

Production of Space Jam totaled around 19 months, with filming taking up ten of them; this was half the time of any other film of its kind according to Smith. The animation was done at a very quick pace by more than 700 workers from 18 studios in London, Canada, California and Ohio, starting January 1996 by the recently joined producers Ron Tippe and Allison Abbate. In trying to track the huge amount work done at the 18 studios, Tippe hung stills of all the shots throughout the Feature Animation faction's hallways, with completed ones marked in red.

Features about the film's production, including one from the official website, emphasized its state-of-the art computer technology when it came to its live-action/animation hybrid; "this film could have not been made two years ago," claimed Cervone in 1996. Due to its mixture of various art mediums as well as the "broad sense of humor and entertainment" unique to the Looney Tunes, Smith considered Space Jam an important part of diversifying the animation industry. Space Jam broke the record for amount of composited shots in a featured film, "roughly 1,043" according to Tippe, as well as a record number of FX shots, with around 1,100 in a single 90-minute film; Independence Day (1996), released the same year, had 700 FX shots within two hours of screen time. Tippe claimed the film would have, at most, "multiple characters, multiple levels of effects and, in some cases, up to 70 elements" in one shot.

Filming
Space Jam was one of the first-ever productions to be shot on a virtual studio. Jordan filmed in a 360-degree green screen room with motion trackers; around him were green-suited NBA players and improv actors from the Groundlings Theatre and School serving as placement identifiers for the animated characters, with a CGI background replica of a real-life setting chroma-keyed in. Although Bill Murray initially came in only to work on the golf course scene, he then wanted to be in the climactic basketball game after Pytka showed him the process of how he directed the live-action/animation scenes.

Concept drawings and discussions between the animators and Pytka about how the animation would be incorporated into the live-action shots took place on set during shooting, and re-writes to the script would be done daily. As an experienced commercial and music video director working on a sports film, Pytka took on fast, unlimited camera movements and Dutch angles; this made integrating the characters into the shots challenging for the animators. To connect the real and animated worlds together, blue-screen shots of miniatures by Vision Crew Unlimited were used; these include a Christo-inspired interpretation of The Forum arena for exterior shots, city rooftops for a transition scene with a wide skyline view of Chicago serving as the chroma-keyed background, and space ship parts initially produced by Boss Film Studios for a Philip Morris advertisement.

Music
The soundtrack sold enough albums to be certified as 6-times Platinum. The song "I Believe I Can Fly" by musical artist R. Kelly earned him three Grammy Awards. Other tracks included a cover of Steve Miller Band's "Fly Like an Eagle" (by Seal), "Hit 'Em High (The Monstars' Anthem)" (by B-Real, Busta Rhymes, Coolio, LL Cool J, and Method Man), "Basketball Jones" (by Barry White & Chris Rock), "Pump up the Jam" (by Technotronic), "I Turn to You" (by All-4-One) and "For You I Will" (by Monica). The film's title song was performed by the Quad City DJ's.

There was also an original scoring soundtrack featuring most of James Newton Howard's score from the film, except the main Merrie Melodies Theme itself.

Coincidentally, Biz Markie, who was a guest vocalist on the Spin Doctors's cover of KC and the Sunshine Band's "That's the Way (I Like It)" on the soundtrack died from complications from type 2 diabetes on the release date of the sequel.

Technology
Space Jam was one of the earliest animated productions to use digital technology. 2D animation and backgrounds were first done on paper with pencil at the Sherman Oaks studio before being scanned into Silicon Graphics Image files through Cambridge Animation Systems' software Animo and were then sent to Cinesite via a File Transfer Protocol, for its team to touch upon, digitally color, and composite into shots in Photoshop before being sent back to Sherman Oaks. Unlike previous projects that used the Cineon digital film system, Cinesite used the quicker Inferno and Flame systems for Space Jam. The film's Holly render farm consisted of 16 central processing units, four gigabytes of shared memory, and took up one million dollars of the film's budget, "on top of which the deskside boxes had 256 megabytes of RAM to splurge on whatever scene you needed to create and render," explained Privett.

Cinesite had begun developing proprietary software for motion tracking when working on Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995), which involved most of its shots incorporating a digital background; this made the company prepared for Space Jam, which consists of a bunch of moving camera shots with 3D backgrounds to be added. The CGI backgrounds moved around with the motion trackers via Cinesite's proprietary software Ball Buster, which identified the markers through algorithm. To avoid mistakes in the visuals as much as possible, Cinesite artists worked on the film by frame instead of viewing each shot as a whole; those, such as Jonathan Privett were dissatisfied with the method, primarily because it put them under much pressure: "We much preferred the good old fashioned run-at-24-fps, just-as-the-viewer-sees-it approach."

Backgrounds
The design of the stadium was heavily dictated by that of the film's many characters, and it was such a long process that it went through 94 revisions, explained Cinesite digital effects supervisor Carlos Arguello: "Tasmanian Devil was brown so we couldn't have a wooden brown upper level, and there were so many colorful characters, and Michael Jordan and everybody had to look good in all the scenes."

For scenes that take place in the stadium, shortcuts were made. For crane shots of the crowd of 15,000 people in the final basketball sequence, it was created with live-action extras, cloned animated crowd members, and a few computer-generated characters walking around the aisles in the stadium. When these shots involved camera movements, a few 2D extras were animated to reflect the angle of the camera, but much lighting was added to distract from the crowd, thus minimizing this work. The reflections of the floor on the gym were also "fake[d]" as raytracing would've meant rendering it for four days per a few frames.

Characters
Abbate suggested the hurried workflow of the animators bled into the character animation, resulting in a quick-witted style the Looney Tunes cartoons are most known for.

Although the animators had to work with almost 100 characters, they were the most focused on Bugs and Daffy not only because they were principal characters, but also because they were the most recognizable Warner Bros. characters to general audiences. Sculpting was incorporated the most on Bugs and Lola, including in "beauty shots" or sequences where Bugs and Lola are together. Perkins conceived the idea of the villains being secondary colors, as the main Looney Tunes were either primary colors, black, or brown.

There was also a lot of experimentation with motion blur with the 2D characters, especially Tweety; as Simon Eves explained, "The workflow was that an artist would track some specific points on the sequence of 2D character-on-black that came from the animation house, and I think it was able to take a basic roto shape as well, and then it would generate an interpolated motion vector field which could be applied as a variable directional blur. The field would deform based on the relative motion of the tracking points on the camera, to produce more accurate blur as the character deformed."

Release
Warner Bros. released Space Jam through its Family Entertainment division at movie theaters in the United States and Canada on November 15, 1996.

Home media
Warner Home Video released the film on VHS, DVD, and LaserDisc on March 11, 1997. On its release at stores in the United States and Canada, each copy of the film on video was packaged with a free commemorative collector's coin, as well as offers, coupons and discounts from Warner Bros. Family Entertainment and promotional partners Ball Park Franks, Dole, Rayovac and Heinz.

The VHS tape was reprinted and re-released through Warner Home Video's catalog promotions: The Warner Bros. 75th Anniversary Celebration (1998), Century Collection (1999), Century 2000 (2000) and Warner Spotlight (2001). The film was re-released on DVD on July 25, 2000. On October 28, 2003, the film was once again re-released as a 2-disc, special-edition DVD including newly made extras such as a commentary track, a featurette, production notes, and an hour of previously released Looney Tunes shorts and a TV special.

On November 6, 2007, Space Jam was featured as one of four films in Warner Home Video's 4-Film Favorites: Family Comedies collection DVD (the other three being Looney Tunes: Back in Action—which was released seven years after Space Jam—Osmosis Jones and Funky Monkey). On February 8, 2011, the first disc of the previous 2-disc edition was released by itself in a film-only edition DVD and on October 4, the film was released for the first time in widescreen HD on Blu-ray which, save for the Looney Tunes shorts, ported over all the extras from the 2003 2-disc edition DVD.

A double DVD release, paired with Looney Tunes: Back in Action, was released on June 7, 2016. On November 15, 2016, Warner Bros. released another Space Jam Blu-ray to commemorate the film's 20th anniversary.

On July 6, 2021, the film arrived on Ultra HD Blu-ray to celebrate the 25th anniversary and the release of Space Jam: A New Legacy.

Other media
Space Jam later expanded into a media franchise which includes comics, video games and merchandise. The Space Jam franchise is estimated to have generated US$6 billion in total revenue. This includes a wide variety of merchandise, such as Air Jordans, Bugs Bunny shirts, Happy Meals, Mugsy Bogues jerseys, and Tweety gowns.

The film was adapted into a graphic novel published by DC Comics through their imprint "Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Reading" that published the "Looney Tunes", "Tiny Toon Adventures", "Animaniacs" and "Pinky & The Brain" monthly comic books. The special issue was written by David Cody Weiss and drawn by Leonardo Batic.

A licensed pinball game by Sega, a video game for the PlayStation, Sega Saturn and MS-DOS by Acclaim, and a handheld LCD game by Tiger Electronics were released based on the film.

Box office
Space Jam grossed $90.5 million in the United States, and US$159.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $250.2 million.

Domestically, it debuted to $27.5 million from 2,650 theaters, topping the box office. The film then made $16.2 million in its sophomore weekend and $13.6 million in its third.

In China, the film was released in 1997 and grossed CN¥24.1 million.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Space Jam holds an approval rating of 43% based on 86 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "While it's no slam dunk, Space Jam's silly, Looney Toons-laden slapstick and vivid animation will leave younger viewers satisfied – though accompanying adults may be more annoyed than entertained." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel of the Chicago Sun-Times and Chicago Tribune both gave Space Jam a thumbs up, although Siskel's praise was more reserved. In his review, Ebert gave the film three-and a-half stars and noted, "Space Jam is a happy marriage of good ideas—three films for the price of one, giving us a comic treatment of the career adventures of Michael Jordan, crossed with a Looney Tunes cartoon and some showbiz warfare. ... the result is delightful, a family movie in the best sense (which means the adults will enjoy it, too)." Siskel focused much of his praise on Jordan's performance, saying, "He wisely accepted as a first movie a script that builds nicely on his genial personality in an assortment of TV ads. The sound bites are just a little longer." Leonard Maltin also gave the film a positive review (three stars), stating that "Jordan is very engaging, the vintage characters perform admirably ... and the computer-generated special effects are a collective knockout." Todd McCarthy of Variety praised the film for its humor as well as the Looney Tunes' antics and Jordan's acting.

Although Janet Maslin of The New York Times criticized the film's animation, she later went on to say that the film is a "fond tribute to [the Looney Tunes characters'] past." Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune complained about some aspects of the movie, stating, "...we don't get the co-stars' best stuff. Michael doesn't soar enough. The Looney Tunes don't pulverize us the way they did when Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng or Bob Clampett were in charge." Yet overall, he also liked the film, giving it 3 stars and saying: "Is it cute? Yes. Is it a crowd-pleaser? Yup. Is it classic? Nope. (Though it could have been.)" TV Guide gave the movie only two stars, calling it a "cynical attempt to cash in on the popularity of Warner Bros. cartoon characters and basketball player Michael Jordan, inspired by a Nike commercial." Margaret A. McGurk of The Cincinnati Enquirer gave the film $2 1/2$ stars out of four writing, "Technical spectacle amounts to nothing without a good story."

Veteran Looney Tunes director Chuck Jones was critical of the film and its premise, opining that Bugs Bunny would not have enlisted help from others in resolving a conflict.

Accolades

 * 1997 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
 * Won: Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures (Diane Warren for the song "For You I Will")
 * Won: Top Box Office Films (James Newton Howard)
 * 1997 Annie Awards
 * Won: Best Individual Achievement: Technical Achievement
 * Nomination: Best Animated Feature
 * Nomination: Best Individual Achievement: Directing in a Feature Production (Bruce W. Smith and Tony Cervone)
 * Nomination: Best Individual Achievement: Producing in a Feature Production (Ron Tippe)
 * 1997 Grammy Awards
 * Won: Best Song Written Specifically for Motion Picture or for Television (R. Kelly for the song "I Believe I Can Fly")
 * 1997 MTV Movie Awards
 * Nomination: Best Movie Song (R. Kelly for the song "I Believe I Can Fly")
 * 1997 Satellite Awards
 * Nomination: Best Motion Picture- Animated or Mixed Media (Daniel Goldberg, Joe Medjuck, Ivan Reitman)
 * 1997 World Animation Celebration
 * Won: Best Use of Animation in a Motion Picture Trailer
 * 1997 Young Artist Awards
 * Nomination: Best Family Feature- Animation or Special Effects

Cultural influence
The Monstars make a cameo in the Pinky and the Brain episode "Star Warners". Jordan, who was a spokesman for MCI Communications before the film was made, would appear with the Looney Tunes characters (as his "Space Jam buddies") in several MCI commercials for several years after the film was released before MCI merged with WorldCom and subsequently Verizon Communications. Bugs had previously appeared with Jordan as "Hare Jordan" in Nike ads for the Air Jordan VII and Air Jordan VIII. In the next theatrical Looney Tunes film, Looney Tunes: Back in Action, Jordan appears in archive footage from this film as one of the disguises of Mr. Chairman (Steve Martin). In 2013, Yahoo! Screen released a parody of ESPN's 30 for 30 about the game shown in the film. The short dates the game as taking place on November 17, 1995, although Jordan's real-life return to basketball when it occurred on March 18. In April 2019, the website SBNation ran a mockumentary April Fools Day episode of its popular Rewinder series on Jordan's climactic shot. The Nerdlucks appeared in the Teen Titans Go! original film Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam which aired on Cartoon Network on June 20, 2021, and was released on digital on July 27, 2021.

The film's official website spacejam.com, created in 1996 alongside promotion of the film, remained unchanged but active for 25 years prior to the release of the film's sequel, an unusual aspect to film promotion websites. The site was one of the earliest film promotion websites, and included a number of unrefined web design facets, such as heavy use of animated GIFs. While the site's content had been moved under Warner Bros.'s site around 2003, the site's design gained a resurgence of interest around 2010 as an historical artifact of the early days of the web, and Warner Bros. returned the site to the spacejam.com address in response. Following the release of Space Jam: A New Legacy first trailer in April 2021, the website was updated for promotion of the new film, though the 1996 content remained available as a separate landing page.

A television film crossover with Teen Titans Go!, ''Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam'', aired on Cartoon Network in June 2021. The film features the Teen Titans meeting the Nerdlucks and providing humorous commentary over the original film. The movie's length is slightly abridged, omitting the opening credits and several scenes that do not feature the Looney Tunes, and the soundtrack is replaced by an original score.

Sequel
A sequel to Space Jam was planned as early as 1996. As development began, Space Jam 2 was going to involve a new basketball competition with Michael Jordan and the Looney Tunes against a new alien villain named Berserk-O!. Artist Bob Camp was tasked with designing Berserk-O! and his henchmen. Joe Pytka would have returned to direct while Cervone and his creative partner Spike Brandt signed on to direct the animation sequences. However, Jordan did not agree to star in a sequel, and Warner Bros. eventually cancelled plans for Space Jam 2.

Several potential sequels, including Spy Jam with Jackie Chan that would end up becoming the basis for Looney Tunes: Back in Action, Race Jam with Jeff Gordon, Golf Jam with Tiger Woods, and Skate Jam with Tony Hawk were all discussed but never came to be.

In February 2014, Warner Bros. officially announced development of a sequel that will star LeBron James. In July 2015, James and his film studio, SpringHill Entertainment, signed a deal with Warner Bros. for television, film and digital content after receiving positive reviews for his role in Trainwreck. By 2016, Justin Lin signed onto the project as director, and co-screenwriter with Andrew Dodge and Alfredo Botello. By August 2018, Lin left the project, and Terence Nance was hired to direct the film. In September 2018, Ryan Coogler was announced as a producer for the film. Filming would take place in California and within a 30-mile radius of Los Angeles. Prior to production, the film received $21.8 million in tax credits as a result of a new tax incentive program from the state.

In February 2019, after releasing the official logo with a promotional poster, Space Jam 2 was announced to be scheduled for release on July 16, 2021. Principal photography began on June 25, 2019. On March 4, 2021, it was confirmed that the sequel would also feature various characters in the Warner Bros. film and television archive.

Jordan was reportedly set to make a cameo in Space Jam 2, as the makers teased the fans in June 2021 that "Jordan will appear in the film, but not in the way you would expect it." In fact, as shown in the film, he appeared in various pictures from his career and the Space Jam film. In a scene, Sylvester claimed to have found Jordan, but he actually found actor Michael B. Jordan, who thus made the cameo expected to be made by the former Bulls star.

After the release of Space Jam 2, a third film was in talks by director Malcolm D. Lee with Dwayne Johnson involved as the lead, transitioning on the sports genre from basketball to professional wrestling.

title: Space Jam


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Ace Brigode

Athos C. "Ace" Brigode (January 5, 1893 – February 3, 1960) was a United States dance band leader who enjoyed his greatest popularity in the 1920s.

Ace Brigode was born in Illinois. He entered show business as a member of a touring minstrel show. His band began playing professionally in early 1921 as "Ace Brigode & His 10 Virginians"; a bit later they were renamed "Ace Brigode & His 14 Virginians"; this name stuck although the band varied between having 9 to 19 members over the years. The band played in the moderately jazz-influenced peppy dance band style called "Collegiate Hot" that to many people exemplifies the music of the "Roaring Twenties". The most noted musician who played with Brigode was trombonist Abe Lincoln.

Brigode hosted the "White Rose Gasoline Show" on radio, featuring his band. The band also made gramophone records for various record labels, including OKeh, Edison, Cameo and Pathé Records; their biggest hit was a 1925 version of "Yes Sir, That's My Baby" for Columbia Records. The band's theme song was "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny". Dwight Eisenhower was among the band's fans.

Brigode himself played violin and clarinet, but mostly acted as master of ceremonies. The band toured widely around the United States. Brigode kept the band current with newer style arrangements into the early swing music era, before disbanding the group in 1946.

After this Ace Brigode worked as promotions manager for Cleveland, Ohio's Chippewa Lake Park, and also did television commercial voice work. Brigode refused to book rock and roll performers into the park because of his dislike for the musical genre. He was survived by his wife, Theresa, sons Robert and Richard, and a daughter, Mrs. James Knott.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ace Brigode


text:
Anastasia

Anastasia (from Ἀναστασία) is a feminine given name of Greek origin, derived from the Greek word (ἀνάστασις), meaning "resurrection". It is a popular name in Eastern Europe.

Origin
The name Anastasia originated during the early days of Christianity and was given to many Greek girls born in December and around Easter. It was established as the female form (Greek: Ἀναστασία) of the male name Anastasius (Greek: Ἀναστάσιος Anastasios ), and has the meaning of "she/he of the resurrection". It is the name of several early saints; including Anastasia of Sirmium, a central saint from the 3nd century who is commemorated during the first Mass on Christmas Dawn each year according to the traditional calendar of the Catholic Church and on December 22 according to the Eastern Orthodox Church. Slavic diminutives include Nastya, Nastia or Nastja (Serbian, Slovenian) as well as various hypocoristics: Nastenka, Nastyusha, Nastyona, Nastasia, Nastunja.

Popularity
Anastasia is a very popular name for girls, especially in Europe, where most names have Christian associations. Anastasia was the most popular name for girls for many years in Russia until 2008, when it was surpassed by the name Sophia. It remains one of the top ten names for Russian girls, as well as for girls in Belarus, Moldova, Serbia, Georgia, and Montenegro.

Given name

 * Anastasia (sister of Constantine I) (c. 290 – after 314), half sister of Emperor Constantine I
 * Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV) (c. 650 – after 711), Empress consort of Constantine IV of the Byzantine Empire
 * Princess Anastasia of Greece and Denmark (1878–1923)
 * Anastasia of Kiev (c.1023–1074/1096), Queen consort of Hungary
 * Anastasia, Princess of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (born 1944)
 * Anastasia Avramidou (born 2000), Greek chess master
 * Anastasia Bachynska (born 2003), Ukrainian artistic gymnast
 * Anastasia Bitsenko (1875–1938), Russian revolutionary
 * Anastasia Dogaru, Craniopagus twin
 * Anastasia Gloushkov (born 1985), Israeli Olympic synchronized swimmer
 * Anastasia Gorbenko (born 2003), Israeli Youth Olympic champion swimmer
 * Anastasia Karpova (born 1984), Russian singer, best known as a member of girl group Serebro
 * Anastasia Kozhevnikova (born 1993), Ukrainian singer, songwriter and former member of the girl group Nu Virgos
 * Anastasia Lapsui (born 1944), Soviet-born Russian Nenets film director, screenwriter, radio journalist
 * Anastasia Markovych (died 1729), Ukrainian Hetmana
 * Anastasia Martin, British actress
 * Anastasia Melnichenko (born 1984), Ukrainian activist
 * Princess Anastasia of Montenegro (1865–1935) was the daughter of King Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš of Montenegro
 * Anastasia Motaung, South African politician
 * Anastasia Muñoz (born 1984), American voice actress affiliated with Funimation
 * Anastasia Ndereba, Kenyan marathon runner
 * Anastasia Prikhodko (born 1987), Ukrainian folk rock and traditional pop singer
 * Anastasia Radzinskaya (born 2014), Russian YouTuber
 * Anastasia Romanova (disambiguation)
 * Anastasia Romanovna (1530–1560), Tsarevna of Russia and wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible
 * Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (1901–1918), daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, of the Romanoff royal family
 * Anastasia Soare (born 1957/1958), Romanian-American billionaire businesswoman
 * Anastasia Sinitsyna (born 1983), Russian handball player
 * Anastasia Skoptsova (born 2000), Russian ice dancer
 * Anastasia Syromyatnikova (1915–1997), Russian Yakut writer

Fictional characters with the given name

 * Princess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanov, from the 1997 animated film of the same name and based on the real life Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
 * Anastasia Tremaine, from the 1950 animated film Cinderella
 * Anastasia Hoshin, a character from the light novel/anime series Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World
 * Anastasia Steele, a character from the erotic novel Fifty Shades of Grey

title: Anastasia


text:
Talk:Namekian

Eating
I don't remember ever seeing Piccolo eating. When everyone was training on King Kai's planet for the battle with Frieza, Piccolo just drank water.

But why do they grow cabbage like things on the planet namek? Are they food? Tristanb 05:50 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

According to the manga, those are Ajissas (not sure about the spelling), and they grow it because their planet was beautiful and was covered with those before the cataclysm that almost made them extinct. Nameks can eat (Piccolo is seen eating when they train for the 3 years before the first androids arrive, the fish...), but Dende says that Namekians only need (not to be confused with "can only drink") water during the Frieza saga. Agent Smith 06:34 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Wasn't that filler?Onikage725 17:59, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * cool, i wonder if their skin is able photosynthesise. Tristanb 00:31 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * That would be logical, seeing as they also say that their planet "has three suns" (??) and that they "never need to sleep"

Wait a minute, if the average Namekian living on Namek survives with having the abundant energy provided by three suns, and Earth only has one sun, then shouldn't Piccolo be constantely parched for energy, seeing as how he's only getting one third of the energy he would get in his naturel environment.
 * Maybe he adapted, since Kami has been living on Earth for quite some time, and Piccolo Ma Junior was born on Earth to begin with.

Has anyone noticed that in the Manga (and in the case of Piccolo) that he has three fingers on each hand and then in the Anime he has the regular four? Louisisthebest_007 11:35, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I do remember back in Dragon Ball, that when Piccolo takes over the king's castle; his henchman Piano tells the chefs to cook food for Piccolo. He names lots of odd things; I do not recall them all but it is a diet similar to that of Two-Face's "evil" side in Batman Forever (like warthog heart or so). It should be kept in mind, that he was still part of the "Family of Evil" during that incident; so it could be considered that Piccolo got used to eating as it is something common on Earth, still does not need of any aliment to survive but water.

 * That's filler. He never eats in the manga. Beowulph 02:38, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps he eats earlier in the series because the concept of water-only as food hadn't been created yet.

I'm pretty sure they eat the Ajissa plants. Thats why they sent the one namek to earth in Dragonball. They plants were dying, but soon after sending him, they started to grow again, and eventually they just forgot about him. I'm pretty sure that's how it goes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.204.209.189 (talk) 09:29, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Dragon Ball creation
i don't agree with the part that says guru was probably not the original creator of the dragonballs on namek. whoever created them would have to still be alive otherwise the dragonballs would have turned to stone. since no one besides guru and kami have demonstrated the ability to make dragonballs, guru is the most likely person to have made them.

 * Dende states that anyone in the "Dragon Clan" can make dragonballs. (In fact, you forget that Dende created the balls used in the latter half of DBZ.) Whether Guru was the original creator or not is just fan speculation though. My guess is just that if there *had* been dragonballs after all of the Nameks died, they could have been broughgt back to life. Since they were not brought back to life, maybe the creator of the balls died with them. All conjecture. JRP 19:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Saichourou created the Namek Dragon Balls; when Freeza arrives at Saichourou's house, Nail tells him this. Beowulph 01:02, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

No females -- only one type
According to one episode of Dragon Ball Z, Dende mentions that baby Nameks come from eggs, but also says that there are no females on their planet, much to Bulma's disappointment. In other anime series, the PlayStation 2 video game Destroy All Humans!, and most American animated television series, every alien species that I have seen has alien females. -- User:Angie Y.
 * That's what it means when it says on the page that they're asexual. I believe that Toriyama once said the race was actually modeled after slugs. --InShaneee 02:44, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Also, so what if every other alien race in pop culture has females. I give props to the creater of Dragon Ball Z for being original and thinking of something new. Just because every other alien race has females doesn't mean the Nameks have to too.

 * If it is so "creative" to say that an alien-race has no females? I don't think so. Maybe Toriyama simply was too lazy to draw them...

Your statement makes no sence. Why would female Nameks be any harder to draw than male Nameks. Just give Piccolo some boobs, long eyelashes, and a dress and voila, you have a female Namek. Also, your sentence has realy bad grammar. I think you were trying to say, 'Is it so creative...', not 'if it is so creative...'. I sugest you stop watching Dragonball Z and start paying attention in English class.

...the Hell? Onikage725 19:27, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * They have no males either, being asexual hermaphrodites. Calling a Namek "he" is just for convenience. Noneofyourbusiness 21:41, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Minor quibble- Namekians are asexual, but not hermaphrodites. They reproduce by 'laying' (for lack of a better term) eggs that do not need to be fertilized by another Namekian.  Hermaphrodites, however, have both male and female reproductive organs, and generally cannot self-fertilize.  Since Namekian eggs are spit out of the mouth, it is likely that they have no mammalian-style genitalia at all.
 * Son Goharotto 16:47, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Fighter Nameks
The part about Neil being the only fighter-type Namek is wrong. What about the three that attacked Freeza's goons early on, with the power levels of 3,000? That's stronger than the average fighter, and even Saiya-jin (would have owned Raditz in a fight, Nappa and Vegeta were better but they were Super-Elite). Also before Neil confronted Freeza, a few more of his friends (who looked pretty much like the first three) attacked. Doesn't that mean there were at least 7 left alive in the warrior caste?Onikage725 17:59, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * When Saiyans arrive, they state that namekian's have extraordinary fighting abilities (making it quite understandable how Raditz was beaten), though still considerably beneath their own. When Kuririn first meets Nail he states that Nail's power is well beyond that of the other nameks; this is further confirmed by Freeza's power level reading for Nail at 42,000.  Nail's vast superiority over the other nameks, and his station of gaurding Saichourou pretty much confirms his statement of being the only fighting namek. Beowulph 17:57, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Considerably beneath the two of them doesn't mean much. They were the ultimate examples of their race at the time. Yes, Neil is exceptionally strong, but he wasn't the "only" fighter. We see plenty of Namekians- Vegeta wipes out a whole village of them with little resistence. Clearly the average Namekian isn't a fighter. We specifically see 6 (in two groups of 3) who challenge Freeza and/or his underlings. They were nowhere near as powerful as Neil, but they were warriors nonetheless. They also utterly trashed Freeza's regular fighters. If every average Namekian was as capable as them, they wouldn't have been pushed around so easily. Correct me if I'm wrong, but judging from Nappa's PL, wouldn't that mean that a PL of 3,000 is on the low end or just under what Saiya-jin would at the time call "elite?"Onikage725 17:59, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * We never learn what Nappa's PL is. And their being able to fight off Freeza's minions means little, even Kuririn could defeat them easily.  Simply because they can fight doesn't make them a specific fighter-type; even Dende, a healer-type had the ability to fly and a detectable ki level as a young child.  Both Kuririn and later Freeza state that Nail is different then the other nameks.  Finally Nail even states himself that he's the only fighter-type namek on the planet. Beowulph 00:59, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Kuririn could beat them? Maybe you forgot that Kuririn IS a fighter himself? He trained for years under Earth's greatest martial arts master and later under it's God, who was himself Namekian. Also, by the time Neil said that, he WAS the only canon fighter left. The first 3 fighters were dead, and the second group was filler, an anime-only fight. So that's just another filler-created plot hole. By the time they actually meet Neil, the last of the canonical Namek fighters had died in battle with Dodoria. Therefore your statement does not contradict mine. I reference the other 3 (who were basically lazy clones of the first three thrown in to extend the time Freeza spent with Neil) since they were of the same pattern. Also, they don't state Nappa's PL in the manga or show, but the Daizenshuu does list him as 4,000. I don't believe it specified if this was before or after he powered up to fight Goku (I think it was just a picture with a number), so he could arguably be stronger.Onikage725 17:59, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I just re-read the section in the manga. When Freeza confronts Saichourou for instructions on using the Dragon Balls, he threatens to use Nail's suffering to make him talk.  Saichourou responds with "Nail is not as weak as you think.  He is the only Namek born as a fighter". Beowulph 00:57, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * All that explains is why he was so much more power than the others. Being a natural born fighter doesn't mean he's the only fighter. I mean none of the humans were born with their abilities, unlike Namekians in general, yet Neil would've been hard pressed to defeat any one of them after the Freeza Saga (well, except for Chaozu). Obviously Kuririn and the others would be considered human fighters. Likewise, wouldn't Namekians who honed their talents towards combat and who challenged intruders (in much the same way the Z Senshi confronted the Saiya-jin) and who's level of power could rival and exceed that of the average Saiya-jin (a race who's ONLY caste is that of the warrior) also count as fighters? Sure, Neil was a natural with talents far above the norm for his race in general. However, if you think about it, any half-breed Saiya-jin has potential that exceeds a full blooded warrior. But Gohan having been "born" with more potential than his father doesn't make Goku any less of a warrior. Wouldnt a "fighter" essentially be "one who fights?" We see these other Namekians fight to protect their weaker brethern. Explain to me how they are not fighters? What else are they, good samaritans? What does that make the young and healthy-looking Namekians in the village Vegeta attacks? They offer little more than verbal protest. So what, they're just cowards? No, they weren't warriors, and the three who stood against Dodoria were. I also hold to my earlier statement- declaring him the lone Namekian fighter to Freeza is at least open to interpretation, and doesn't by itself run contradictory to my statement, because by then he was the only one. The first 3 were already dead (as were any other potential fighters that may or may not have been on the planet before Freeza and co. began their murder spree), and the three we see after aren't canon.Onikage725 17:59, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Nameks have specific castes they are born into which determine their skills and attributes. When Piccolo is healed by Dende and asks if he also has the ability to heal others, Dende states that Piccolo cannot as he is a "fighter type".  The earlier three nameks are exactly as you state, ordinary nameks who fought.  Vegeta's attack on the namek village (including any resistance) is also never shown, just him arriving and then the village decimated. Beowulph 04:27, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem I have with that is if those three were simply 3 "ordinary" Namek citizens, then by the time our heroes arrived Freeza's forces would have consisted of himself, Zarbon, and Dodoria. His regular soldiers were so weak they had to use amplifiers to fire off a decent ki blast, and those three wasted them with absolutely no effort at all. The Namekians favor peace, but once Freeza started slaughtering whole villages and pilfering Dragon Balls, I think more than 3 would have stood up. I doubt they would have just laid back and died. Also you'll recall that when the three arrived, they were scouted. When they tripled their reading, Freeza and co. were taken off guard, surprised to meet fighters of that caliber and who could manipulate their readings. These were the first of their type that Freeza had encountered. Also, one person does not = a caste. When Saichorou referenced Neil, he must have meant that he was the only current fighter. Neil alone in all the history of the Namek race isn't sufficient to declare an entire caste of fighter-types. So the question becomes did Saichorou mean Neil was the only fighter type currently, or in that generation. If it was currently, then my statement stands- the other three were dead, the following three weren't canon, Neil was the only one left. It could be that he meant that generation, but there isn't anything in the sparse lines on the matter that Toriyama provided to substantiate that.Onikage725 17:59, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Saichourou didn't say only one left, he specifically said only one born a fighter. Even Moori (the village elder) was capable of firing off ki beams, that doesn't make him a fighter. When Vegeta arrives at the Namek village he later eradicates, the Nameks are going about day-to-day business such as farming and building houses, indicating they were unaware of the ongoing massacre. It's pretty likely those three that fought Freeza were simply from that village, especially since Moori recognizes them and they call him "sir".

Putting in more then one namek as a fighter-type would directly violate Saichourou's words. It's much more likely that the other villages they went to earlier simply didn't have any fit nameks, with some training at least, to oppose them. Kuririn and Yamcha are regualar, not fighter-type humans, but that doesn't mean that they can't fight; the same likely goes with nameks. Beowulph 15:18, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Then I offer that the "caste" distinction is misleading. "There is only one Namek born a fighter" and "Nameks have a fighter caste" are contradictory statements. One guy doesn't constitute an entire social order.Onikage725 17:59, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The original namekian Piccolo and Kami were was also born a fighter-type. Since the planet Namek only has about 100 inhabitants when Freeza and co. show up, it's not a very good sampling of the population; for all we know 1% might be high or low.  Nameks are also peaceful by nature, so Saichourou might have seen little need to spawn more then one dedicated fighter.

 * Ultimately it's all speculation. Caste seems to fit as it's often taken to mean something one is born into and can't change. If you would like a different word (perhaps breed) that can be changed. Beowulph 18:30, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * That doesn't adress what I said before. If every normal Namek is capable of that, then why did Freeza and co react with surprise when meeting the three in question? And if he and his two cohorts were content to sit back and chuckle while the lesser minions were slaughtered, how is it he had any forces left (considrering that they were so pathetically slaughtered by a mere 3 Namekians)? That's the part that doesn't sit right with me. Onikage725 18:40, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * We don't know how the earlier balls were aquirred. Maybe Dodoria or Zarbon, or even Freeza himself went to collect them and did all the fighting (which would have been almost effortless for them, they might not have even noticed 3k vs 1k).  We also don't know if every namek is capable of that, those three could potentially have been amongst the most powerful normal nameks.  Being a peaceful race, it's not out of the realm of possibility that those three were the first to even fight back.

 * And re-reading your statements: yes, it's likely that Nail was the only one of that generation (spawned since their apocolypse), not the only fighter-type to ever exist (as Piccolo-Kami was also a fighter-type). Beowulph 18:55, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

One other thing, as I recall Dende owed his special skills to thge fact that he was a Dragon type. Now, you're claiming Piccolo to be a fighter, but he was a Dragon himself (obviously, as he created Dragon Balls). You can also tell in his original appearance. Piccolo Daimaou spawned Piccolo Ma Junior as a fighter type because his sole purpose in life was to crush Goku/conquer the world. Onikage725 19:27, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It was Dragon Clan, not Dragon-Type, but that does seem quite possible. Kami created the Dragon Balls, yet Piccolo could not, even after absorbing Kami.  Though Kami never showed the ability to heal others, Dende only gained after having his potential unlocked by Saichourou.  You also have a point as adult Piccolo did not look very much like young Daimaou and exactly like Nail.

 * I suppose a section should be made that highlights the different breeds/castes and the possibilities. Beowulph 20:00, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry to say but Beowulph is very much off the mark. Volume 7 of the Daizenshuu (the Japanese DBZ bible for all intents and purposes) has a complete master character list of nearly every single character in the entire manga and anime series. And in said character list, both the three Nameks who fought with Freeza's men and Dodoria, and the three who were slaughtered by Freeza himself are ALL listed as "Warrior Type" or "Soldier Type" Namekians. Here is the entries as translated by a reliable student of the Japanese language:

Namek sei-jin no Waka Mono "Young Namekians"- Three young Soldier Type Namekians who try to defend Muri's village. They each have a power of 3,000 and are, unforunately, all killed very quickly, (and violently), by Dodoria.

Senshi Taipu no Namek sei-jin "Warrior Type Namekian" - Three soldier Nameks who show up and try to defeat Freeza at the Saichourou's hut, and end up dying violently. Fuad Ramses 19:30, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In Dragon Ball canon the Daizenshuu are considerably lower then the manga, and Saichourou, in the manga, says that Nail was the only fighter-type. The second batch of three nameks never existed in the manga either.  Now, we can generally use the Daizenshuu so long as there is no direct contradiction so how about we make a section for castes and specificy that Nail and Piccolo are the only fighter-types, and that the daizenshuu lists two additional castes (Soldier's and Warrior's). Beowulph 20:00, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that's the nail on the head right there. Neil and Piccolo Ma Junior may be the only naturally born Fighter-types of this generation, one created out of need for a guardian and one created to conquer and destroy, however there are others who clearly took up the call and practiced the art of combat. I think there's a difference between (to use your suggested word Beowulph) "breed" and "caste." Saichorou says the same thing in the Japanese version of the anime to Freeza, and I'd always taken it as him indicating Neil's natural strengths. The problem I think is that the statement is just one sentenced and could be interpreted a few ways. How literal was Saichorou being? In what context did he mean "only" and in what timeframe? Was he simply trying to bluff Freeza and shake his confidence? None of these were addressed and probably didn't seem all that important as Toriyama was scripting the encounter. For comparison's sake, someone could say something like "Son Goku was a natural-born fighter" based on how he was one step ahead of almost everyone, increasing his powers and achieving breakthroughs at an unprecedented rate. But that statement wouldn't necesarily mean that a lesser Saiya-jin wasn't a fighter. Now I realize Namekians breed selectively. so the comparison isn't 100% fair and the whole thing is a bit of a catch 22. So I think the safest thing is a distinction between breed and caste. For example the Dragon Clan would probably be a caste- a social order of Namekian leaders and mystics. Within that clan we may have select few of the healer breed. Likewise we may have only a select few of the fighter breed, but young Nameks of the basic agriculturally-minded variety may choose to learn to harness their power for defense of villages in the same way humans might join a militia or military. Sorry for the lengthy responses btw...clearly I've thought entirely too much on such a small matter :p Oh, and I wouldn't say the books are considerably lower. I mean they're ranked close under the anime which is second to the manga. Since they're informational sources on the anime mostly, they contain filler material, and coupled with some minor arguable points here and there they basically get a rank 3 on the list, but that doesn't make them unreliable. ~Onikage725~

Reading the article over, I think that looks good :) Onikage725 15:38, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Beowulph 16:37, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I wish I could say I've forgotten, but I don't even remember reading or hearing about the Dragon Clan. I see you guys talking about it, so I assume it's just a brainfart on my part. Could you mention where it's talked about in the manga or what episodes? Voice of Treason 12:49, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Images
I added a couple of Images to the section. This is a long section, and the images are definitly needed for visualization. Pretend for a second you've never seen a Namek before, and you read that article. You'll see what I mean. KojiDude (talk) 06:07, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Removed pic for now. Doesn't show up on the page and its fair use authorization is incorrect.
 * It shows up on the page, and the fair use is correct. The www.myfavoritegames.com images are all released for fair public use by the webmaster. KojiDude (talk) 06:14, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Those pics aren't their legal copyright; they just show them as a gallery. They are property of Akira Toriyama, Toei Animation, and Funimation Entertainment. Year and reason for fair use also need to be given. Voice of Treason 06:17, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * (edit conflict, I am good at this) KojiDude, the license is indeed wrong. The page disclaimer states Dragon Ball Z® and related names, characters and images are ©2000, Bird Studio/Shueisha, Toei Animation. Licensed by FUNimation Productions, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Thus it can't belong to the GFDL which is being claimed by the image. It should be tagged as PUIdisputed. -- ReyBrujo 06:18, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, ok. Since your summary talked only about the citations, I thought you may have deleted the image without knowing. -- ReyBrujo 06:15, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem. I just forgot to add that in before I clicked and talked about it here. Voice of Treason 06:17, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Then how come when I uploaded images from there before with the fair use license, nobody said anything, and when I e mailed the webmaster they told me I could use the Images anywhere I wanted? Did I dream that or something? KojiDude (talk) 06:20, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Then someone should check all your uploaded images to see if they are correctly tagged. To explain: suppose you buy a DVD, and make a screenshot. You are the creator of the screenshot, but the screenshot is copyrighted by either the author of the movie, the studio, the producer or the publisher. You can't release it with a free license because it is your creation; the image has an "inherited" license. The same goes with a book: you can't photocopy a page of a book and then release it for everyone to do whatever they want (including adding it to their own books) because the page is copyrighted for being part of a copyrighted item (in this case, a book). I hope this makes it clear. -- ReyBrujo 06:26, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Just to explain a bit better, you should use the tv-screenshot template when uploading those images, not the GFDL one. That is the correct fair use license, you are uploading them with a free license. -- ReyBrujo 06:27, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * WP:CIV, please, no one's starting a fight. Tell me where those pics are and I'll tag them too, this is just the first that I've noticed. MFG webmaster has no say over these pics' copyright at all, they only took screen captures of animation produced and belonging to those companies. I can't cap a shot of Slayers on my PC right now and give you free reign to do what you want with it on Wikipedia. I created the pic, but the anime and characters belong to someone else. Personal use may be a different matter, and that's what the webmaster might have been talking about. Hopefully, anyway. Voice of Treason 06:29, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Then ReyBrujo said almost the same thing. We're both good at this. Voice of Treason 06:30, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, I understand now. So if I change the copyright on the Nameks image to TV Screenshot, It can be used on the article, right? KojiDude (talk) 06:32, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * So long as you add copy-info and why you've justified it as fair use for an article at Wikipedia, there shouldn't be a problem. :) Voice of Treason 06:37, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Nameless?
Wasent the Namek that made Kami and Picollo named Kamicollo? Goku called him that once(I think) when met him after Picollo fused with Kami. --Solid Fox 23:42, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The fusion didn't actually create a new being, it was still Piccolo's body. He just had Kami's extra power and intellect. 'Kamicollo' was just a name used for humorous effect. Piccolo does say at one point " I am neither Kami nor Piccolo. I am simply 'The Namek'.", or something like that. Maybe somone with acess to the episodes after Piccolo and Kami fuse could clear it up a bit.-- Koji Dude  (Contributions) 00:34, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The original Namek's name has been forgotten. "Kami" is a title the good half embraced, and "Piccolo" is the name the evil one chose, adding the moniker of "Daimaou." Daimaou died and was reincarnated in Piccolo Ma Junior. Howver this Piccolo was a new Namek, born of an egg and possessed of a soul (and thus the capacity for good). That Piccolo is the primary component of the fusion. He's not quite the original being, as the new Piccolo was born with a warrior's body. He also has Nail inside of him still. Kamicollo was something Goku threw out there to be clever, and Piccolo ends up deciding that while he's changed, "Piccolo" will suffice as a name. 170.163.100.203

Evil Sensing Sources
Just siting sources for the evil sensing ability of the Namekians, list yours here if you can site a specific episode or movie and maybe when the Namekian said it or what time during the video.

Episodes
 * 62: I've never felt a power like this one, but it's dark. - Piccolo 15:20

Movies
 * —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Lucasthalefty (talk • contribs) 22:30, 16 April 2007 (UTC).

Evil sensing is incorrect, as many fighters in DBZ would comment on an "evil" presence approaching. One example is the first time the Gohan and Krillin sense Frieza.

title: Talk:Namekian


text:
Propellant

A propellant (or propellent) is a mass that is expelled or expanded in such a way as to create a thrust or another motive force in accordance with Newton's third law of motion, and "propel" a vehicle, projectile, or fluid payload. In vehicles, the engine that expels the propellant is called a reaction engine. Although technically a propellant is the reaction mass used to create thrust, the term "propellant" is often used to describe a substance which contains both the reaction mass and the fuel that holds the energy used to accelerate the reaction mass. For example, the term "propellant" is often used in chemical rocket design to describe a combined fuel/propellant, although the propellants should not be confused with the fuel that is used by an engine to produce the energy that expels the propellant. Even though the byproducts of substances used as fuel are also often used as a reaction mass to create the thrust, such as with a chemical rocket engine, propellant and fuel are two distinct concepts.

Vehicles can use propellants to move by ejecting a propellant backwards which creates an opposite force that moves the vehicle forward. Projectiles can use propellants that are expanding gases which provide the motive force to set the projectile in motion. Aerosol cans use propellants which are fluids that are compressed so that when the propellant is allowed to escape by releasing a valve, the energy stored by the compression moves the propellant out of the can and that propellant forces the aerosol payload out along with the propellant. Compressed fluid may also be used as a simple vehicle propellant, with the potential energy that is stored in the compressed fluid used to expel the fluid as the propellant. The energy stored in the fluid was added to the system when the fluid was compressed, such as compressed air. The energy applied to the pump or thermal system that is used to compress the air is stored until it is released by allowing the propellant to escape. Compressed fluid may also be used only as energy storage along with some other substance as the propellant, such as with a water rocket, where the energy stored in the compressed air is the fuel and the water is the propellant.

In electrically powered spacecraft, electricity is used to accelerate the propellant. An electrostatic force may be used to expel positive ions, or the Lorentz force may be used to expel negative ions and electrons as the propellant. Electrothermal engines use the electromagnetic force to heat low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) into a plasma and expel the plasma as propellant. In the case of a resistojet rocket engine, the compressed propellant is simply heated using resistive heating as it is expelled to create more thrust.

In chemical rockets and aircraft, fuels are used to produce an energetic gas that can be directed through a nozzle, thereby producing thrust. In rockets, the burning of rocket fuel produces an exhaust, and the exhausted material is usually expelled as a propellant under pressure through a nozzle. The exhaust material may be a gas, liquid, plasma, or a solid. In powered aircraft without propellers such as jets, the propellant is usually the product of the burning of fuel with atmospheric oxygen so that the resulting propellant product has more mass than the fuel carried on the vehicle.

Proposed photon rockets would use the relativistic momentum of photons to create thrust. Even though photons do not have mass, they can still act as a propellant because they move at relativistic speed, i.e., the speed of light. In this case Newton's third Law of Motion is inadequate to model the physics involved and relativistic physics must be used.

In chemical rockets, chemical reactions are used to produce energy which creates movement of a fluid which is used to expel the products of that chemical reaction (and sometimes other substances) as propellants. For example, in a simple hydrogen/oxygen engine, hydrogen is burned (oxidized) to create  and the energy from the chemical reaction is used to expel the water (steam) to provide thrust. Often in chemical rocket engines, a higher molecular mass substance is included in the fuel to provide more reaction mass.

Rocket propellant may be expelled through an expansion nozzle as a cold gas, that is, without energetic mixing and combustion, to provide small changes in velocity to spacecraft by the use of cold gas thrusters, usually as maneuvering thrusters.

To attain a useful density for storage, most propellants are stored as either a solid or a liquid.

Vehicle propellants
A rocket propellant is a mass that is expelled from a vehicle, such as a rocket, in such a way as to create a thrust in accordance with Newton's third law of motion, and "propel" the vehicle forward. The engine that expels the propellant is called a reaction engine. Although the term "propellant" is often used in chemical rocket design to describe a combined fuel/propellant, propellants should not be confused with the fuel that is used by an engine to produce the energy that expels the propellant. Even though the byproducts of substances used as fuel are also often used as a reaction mass to create the thrust, such as with a chemical rocket engine, propellant and fuel are two distinct concepts.

In electrically powered spacecraft, electricity is used to accelerate the propellant. An electrostatic force may be used to expel positive ions, or the Lorentz force may be used to expel negative ions and electrons as the propellant. Electrothermal engines use the electromagnetic force to heat low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) into a plasma and expel the plasma as propellant. In the case of a resistojet rocket engine, the compressed propellant is simply heated using resistive heating as it is expelled to create more thrust.

In chemical rockets and aircraft, fuels are used to produce an energetic gas that can be directed through a nozzle, thereby producing thrust. In rockets, the burning of rocket fuel produces an exhaust, and the exhausted material is usually expelled as a propellant under pressure through a nozzle. The exhaust material may be a gas, liquid, plasma, or a solid. In powered aircraft without propellers such as jets, the propellant is usually the product of the burning of fuel with atmospheric oxygen so that the resulting propellant product has more mass than the fuel carried on the vehicle.

The propellant or fuel may also simply be a compressed fluid, with the potential energy that is stored in the compressed fluid used to expel the fluid as the propellant. The energy stored in the fluid was added to the system when the fluid was compressed, such as compressed air. The energy applied to the pump or thermal system that is used to compress the air is stored until it is released by allowing the propellant to escape. Compressed fluid may also be used only as energy storage along with some other substance as the propellant, such as with a water rocket, where the energy stored in the compressed air is the fuel and the water is the propellant.

Proposed photon rockets would use the relativistic momentum of photons to create thrust. Even though photons do not have mass, they can still act as a propellant because they move at relativistic speed, i.e., the speed of light. In this case Newton's third Law of Motion is inadequate to model the physics involved and relativistic physics must be used.

In chemical rockets, chemical reactions are used to produce energy which creates movement of a fluid which is used to expel the products of that chemical reaction (and sometimes other substances) as propellants. For example, in a simple hydrogen/oxygen engine, hydrogen is burned (oxidized) to create  and the energy from the chemical reaction is used to expel the water (steam) to provide thrust. Often in chemical rocket engines, a higher molecular mass substance is included in the fuel to provide more reaction mass.

Rocket propellant may be expelled through an expansion nozzle as a cold gas, that is, without energetic mixing and combustion, to provide small changes in velocity to spacecraft by the use of cold gas thrusters, usually as maneuvering thrusters.

To attain a useful density for storage, most propellants are stored as either a solid or a liquid.

Propellants may be energized by chemical reactions to expel solid, liquid or gas. Electrical energy may be used to expel gases, plasmas, ions, solids or liquids. Photons may be used to provide thrust via relativistic momentum.

Solid propellant

 * Composite propellants made from a solid oxidizer such as ammonium perchlorate or ammonium nitrate, a synthetic rubber such as HTPB, PBAN, or Polyurethane (or energetic polymers such as polyglycidyl nitrate or polyvinyl nitrate for extra energy), optional high-explosive fuels (again, for extra energy) such as RDX or nitroglycerin, and usually a powdered metal fuel such as aluminum.
 * Some amateur propellants use potassium nitrate, combined with sugar, epoxy, or other fuels and binder compounds.
 * Potassium perchlorate has been used as an oxidizer, paired with asphalt, epoxy, and other binders.

Propellants that explode in operation are of little practical use currently, although there have been experiments with Pulse Detonation Engines. Also the newly synthesized bishomocubane based compounds are under consideration in the research stage as both solid and liquid propellants of the future.

Grain
Solid fuel/propellants are used in forms called grains. A grain is any individual particle of fuel/propellant regardless of the size or shape. The shape and size of a grain determines the burn time, amount of gas, and rate of produced energy from the burning of the fuel and, as a consequence, thrust vs time profile.

There are three types of burns that can be achieved with different grains.
 * Progressive burn: Usually a grain with multiple perforations or a star cut in the center providing a lot of surface area.
 * Degressive burn: Usually a solid grain in the shape of a cylinder or sphere.
 * Neutral burn: Usually a single perforation; as outside surface decreases the inside surface increases at the same rate.

Composition
There are four different types of solid fuel/propellant compositions:
 * Single-based fuel/propellant: A single based fuel/propellant has nitrocellulose as its chief explosives ingredient. Stabilizers and other additives are used to control the chemical stability and enhance its properties.
 * Double-based fuel/propellant: Double-based fuel/propellants consist of nitrocellulose with nitroglycerin or other liquid organic nitrate explosives added. Stabilizers and other additives are also used. Nitroglycerin reduces smoke and increases the energy output. Double-based fuel/propellants are used in small arms, cannons, mortars and rockets.
 * Triple-based fuel/propellant: Triple-based fuel/propellants consist of nitrocellulose, nitroguanidine, nitroglycerin or other liquid organic nitrate explosives. Triple-based fuel/propellants are used in cannons.
 * Composite: Composites do not utilize nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, nitroguanidine or any other organic nitrate as the primary constituent. Composites usually consist of a fuel such as metallic aluminum, a combustible binder such as synthetic rubber or HTPB, and an oxidizer such as ammonium perchlorate. Composite fuel/propellants are used in large rocket motors. In some applications, such as the US SLBM Trident II missile, nitroglycerin is added to the aluminum and ammonium perchlorate composite as an energetic plasticizer.

Liquid propellant
In rockets, three main liquid bipropellant combinations are used: cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen, cryogenic oxygen and a hydrocarbon, and storable propellants.
 * Cryogenic oxygen-hydrogen combination system: Used in upper stages and sometimes in booster stages of space launch systems. This is a nontoxic combination. This gives high specific impulse and is ideal for high-velocity missions.
 * Cryogenic oxygen-hydrocarbon propellant system: Used for many booster stages of space launch vehicles as well as a smaller number of second stages. This combination of fuel/oxidizer has high density and hence allows for a more compact booster design.
 * Storable propellant combinations: Used in almost all bipropellant low-thrust, auxiliary or reaction control rocket engines, as well as in some in large rocket engines for first and second stages of ballistic missiles. They are instant-starting and suitable for long-term storage.

Propellant combinations used for liquid propellant rockets include:
 * Liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen
 * Liquid oxygen and kerosene or RP-1
 * Liquid oxygen and ethanol
 * Liquid oxygen and methane
 * Hydrogen peroxide and mentioned above alcohol or RP-1
 * Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) and kerosene or RP-1
 * RFNA and Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)
 * Dinitrogen tetroxide and UDMH, MMH, and/or hydrazine

Common monopropellant used for liquid rocket engines include:
 * Hydrogen peroxide
 * Hydrazine
 * Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA)

Electrically powered
Electrically powered reactive engines use a variety of usually ionized propellants, including atomic ions, plasma, electrons, or small droplets or solid particles as propellant.

Electrostatic
If the acceleration is caused mainly by the Coulomb force (i.e. application of a static electric field in the direction of the acceleration) the device is considered electrostatic. The types of electrostatic drives and their propellants:

 * Gridded ion thruster – using positive ions as the propellant, accelerated by an electrically charged grid
 * NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) – positive ions accelerated using high-voltage electrodes
 * HiPEP – using positive ions as the propellant, created using microwaves
 * Radiofrequency ion thruster – generalization of HiPEP
 * Hall-effect thruster, including its subtypes Stationary Plasma Thruster (SPT) and Thruster with Anode Layer (TAL) – use the Hall effect to orient electrons to create positive ions for propellant
 * Colloid ion thruster – electrostatic acceleration of droplets of liquid salt as the propellant
 * Field-emission electric propulsion – using electrodes to accelerate ionized liquid metal as a propellant
 * Nano-particle field extraction thruster – using charged cylindrical carbon nanotubes as propellant

Electrothermal
These are engines that use electromagnetic fields to generate a plasma which is used as the propellant. They use a nozzle to direct the energized propellant. The nozzle itself may be composed simply of a magnetic field. Low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) are preferred propellants for this kind of system.

 * Resistojet – using a usually inert compressed propellant that is energized by simple resistive heating
 * Arcjet – uses (usually) hydrazine or ammonia as a propellant which is energized with an electrical arc
 * Microwave – a type of Radiofrequency ion thruster
 * Variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket (VASIMR) – using microwave-generated plasma as the propellant and magnetic field to direct its expulsion

Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic thrusters use ions as the propellant, which are accelerated by the Lorentz force or by magnetic fields, either of which is generated by electricity:

 * Electrodeless plasma thruster – a complex system that uses cold plasma as a propellant that is accelerated by ponderomotive force
 * Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster – propellants include xenon, neon, argon, hydrogen, hydrazine, or lithium; expelled using the Lorentz force
 * Pulsed inductive thruster – because this reactive engine uses a radial magnetic field, it acts on both positive and negative particles and so it may use a wide range of gases as a propellant including water, hydrazine, ammonia, argon, xenon and many others
 * Pulsed plasma thruster – uses a Teflon plasma as a propellant, which is created by an electrical arc and expelled using the Lorentz force
 * Helicon Double Layer Thruster – a plasma propellant is generated and excited from a gas using a helicon induced by high frequency band radiowaves which form a magnetic nozzle in a cylinder

Nuclear
Nuclear reactions may be used to produce the energy for the expulsion of the propellants. Many types of nuclear reactors have been used/proposed to produce electricity for electrical propulsion as outlined above. Nuclear pulse propulsion uses a series of nuclear explosions to create large amounts of energy to expel the products of the nuclear reaction as the propellant. Nuclear thermal rockets use the heat of a nuclear reaction to heat a propellant. Usually the propellant is hydrogen because the force is a function of the energy irrespective of the mass of the propellant, so the lightest propellant (hydrogen) produces the greatest specific impulse.

Photonic
A photonic reactive engine uses photons as the propellant and their discrete relativistic energy to produce thrust.

Compressed fluid propellants
Compressed fluid or compressed gas propellants are pressurized physically, by a compressor, rather than by a chemical reaction. The pressures and energy densities that can be achieved, while insufficient for high-performance rocketry and firearms, are adequate for most applications, in which case compressed fluids offer a simpler, safer, and more practical source of propellant pressure.

A compressed fluid propellant may simply be a pressurized gas, or a substance which is a gas at atmospheric pressure, but stored under pressure as a liquid.

Compressed gas propellants
In applications in which a large quantity of propellant is used, such as pressure washing and airbrushing, air may be pressurized by a compressor and used immediately. Additionally, a hand pump to compress air can be used for its simplicity in low-tech applications such as atomizers, plant misters and water rockets. The simplest examples of such a system are squeeze bottles for such liquids as ketchup and shampoo.

However, compressed gases are impractical as stored propellants if they do not liquify inside the storage container, because very high pressures are required in order to store any significant quantity of gas, and high-pressure gas cylinders and pressure regulators are expensive and heavy.

Principle
Liquified gas propellants are gases at atmospheric pressure, but become liquid at a modest pressure. This pressure is high enough to provide useful propulsion of the payload (e.g. aerosol paint, deodorant, lubricant), but is low enough to be stored in an inexpensive metal can, and to not pose a safety hazard in case the can is ruptured.

The mixture of liquid and gaseous propellant inside the can maintains a constant pressure, called the liquid's vapor pressure. As the payload is depleted, the propellant vaporizes to fill the internal volume of the can. Liquids are typically 500-1000x denser than their corresponding gases at atmospheric pressure; even at the higher pressure inside the can, only a small fraction of its volume needs to be propellant in order to eject the payload and replace it with vapor.

Vaporizing the liquid propellant to gas requires some energy, the enthalpy of vaporization, which cools the system. This is usually insignificant, although it can sometimes be an unwanted effect of heavy usage (as the system cools, the vapor pressure of the propellant drops). However, in the case of a freeze spray, this cooling contributes to the desired effect (although freeze sprays may also contain other components, such as chloroethane, with a lower vapor pressure but higher enthalpy of vaporization than the propellant).

Propellant compounds
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were once often used as propellants, but since the Montreal Protocol came into force in 1989, they have been replaced in nearly every country due to the negative effects CFCs have on Earth's ozone layer. The most common replacements of CFCs are mixtures of volatile hydrocarbons, typically propane, n-butane and isobutane. Dimethyl ether (DME) and methyl ethyl ether are also used. All these have the disadvantage of being flammable. Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are also used as propellants to deliver foodstuffs (for example, whipped cream and cooking spray). Medicinal aerosols such as asthma inhalers use hydrofluoroalkanes (HFA): either HFA 134a (1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane) or HFA 227 (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) or combinations of the two. More recently, liquid hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) propellants have become more widely adopted in aerosol systems due to their relatively low vapor pressure, low global warming potential (GWP), and nonflammability.

Payloads
The practicality of liquified gas propellants allows for a broad variety of payloads. Aerosol sprays, in which a liquid is ejected as a spray, include paints, lubricants, degreasers, and protective coatings; deodorants and other personal care products; cooking oils. Some liquid payloads are not sprayed due to lower propellant pressure and/or viscous payload, as with whipped cream and shaving cream or shaving gel. Low-power guns, such as BB guns, paintball guns, and airsoft guns, have solid projectile payloads. Uniquely, in the case of a gas duster ("canned air"), the only payload is the velocity of the propellant vapor itself.

title: Propellant


text:
Orobas

[[File:Orobas.png|thumb|A nineteenth century woodcut image of Orobas

(Image accompanying the entry "Orobas" in: Collin de Plancy (1863) Dictionnaire Infernal, p. 510)]] In demonology, Orobas is a powerful Great Prince of Hell, having twenty legions of demons under his control.

Orobas answers questions and gives one power and control over others. He protects one from the persecution of evil spirits and also from one's enemies. He will put a stop to slander and gossip. He can foretell the future, and discern the past and present. Orobas is the Patron of horses. Orobas appears as a black stallion bucking up with lightening. He appears both as a small unusual looking dark-haired man or a boy with medium blonde ring curls.

The name could come from the Latin 'orobias', a type of incense.

title: Orobas


text:
Gemory

Gemory (also Gremory, Gamori, Gaeneron, Gemon, Gemyem) is a demon listed in demonological grimoires.

Description
Gemory is described in demonological works such as the Munich Manual of Demonic Magic the Liber Officiorum Spirituum  the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum,  the Lesser Key of Solomon,  the Dictionnaire Infernal, as appearing in the form of a beautiful woman (though as with all Goetic demons referred to using the masculine pronouns "he" and "his") wearing a duchess's crown and riding a camel, ascribed with the power of revealing hidden treasures and answering questions about the past, present, and future. The Munich Manual, Pseudomonarchia, Lesser Key, and Dictionnaire further give Gemory the power of procuring love from women   (although the Liber Officiorum Spirituum describes her as "a companion of the love of women, and especially of maidens"),  while the Pseudomonarchia and the Lesser Key note that the duchess's crown is (somehow) worn on Gemory's waist. Stephen Skinner and David Rankine, in their edition of The Goetia of Dr Rudd, suggest that this was a mistranslation of the Latin cingitur which should have been translated "encircling her head".

Gemory is mentioned in a manuscript labelled Fasciculus Rerum Geomanticarum.

Legions and standing
In the Pseudomonarchia, Lesser Key, and Dictionnaire, Gemory is ranked as a duke ruling 26 legions of spirits,  but (still a duke) ruling 27 in the Munich Manual of Demonic Magic   and ruling 5 or 42 legions as either a duke, prince, or captain,  in the Liber Officiorium Spirituum.

According to Rudd, Gremory is opposed by the Shemhamphorasch angel Poiel.

In popular culture

 * In manga and anime High School DxD, Gremory is one of the 72 Devil Noble Families of the Ars Goetia. The progenitor of the Gremory Clan, Runeas is regarded as the original Gremory Devil depicted in grimoires, legends and Bible spawned by the Mother of Devils Lilith. The main female protagonist, Rias Gremory is a member of the Gremory family and the love interest of the main protagonist Issei Hyodo.
 * In the video game Fire Emblem: Three Houses, Gremory is a master rank class that specializes in healing and dark magic.
 * In the Castlevania video game successor Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night and its 8-bit spinoffs, one of the main antagonists is named Gremory, a demon associated with the moon.
 * In the manga Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans – Gekko, the ASW-G-56, 20.5 meters tall Gundam Gremory was piloted by a female pilot called Deira Nadira, a side character in the manga. A Gundam Frame owned by the Nadira family, one of the prestigious families that assisted Gjallarhorn's Seven Stars. The Gundam Gremory's most notably feature is that its upper body, including the movable hood that covers its head. It wields an anchor-shaped weapon named the Battle Anchor, but one of its blades was damaged during the Calamity War.

title: Gemory


text:
Ose (demon)

In demonology, Ose (Pronounced /ˈɒze/), is a Great President of Hell, ruling three legions of demons (thirty to other authors, and Pseudomonarchia Daemonum gives no number of legions). He makes men wise in all liberal sciences and gives true answers concerning divine and secret things; he also brings insanity to any person the conjurer wishes, making them believe that they are king and wearing a crown, or a Pope. However, his spells only last 1 hour at a time.

Additionally, Ose has the ability to transform people into animals. The victims of the curse will be unaware that they were turned into animals.

Ose is depicted as a leopard that after a while changes into a man.

Etymology
His name seems to derive from Latin 'os', mouth, language, bone, or 'osor', that who abhors.

Other spellings: Osé, Oze, Oso, Voso.

title: Ose (demon)


text:
Voso

Voso or VOSO may refer to:

 * Vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4), a well known inorganic compound of vanadium
 * Ose (demon)

title: Voso


text:
Gomory

Gomory may refer to:
 * Ralph E. Gomory, researcher and mathematician
 * Gomory's theorem, so named for the mathematician
 * Gremory, a demon sometimes written as Gomory

title: Gomory