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That '70s Show

That '70s Show is an American television teen sitcom that aired on Fox from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006. The series focuses on the lives of a group of six teenage friends living in the fictional town of Point Place, Wisconsin, from 1976 to 1979. The ensemble cast features Topher Grace, Mila Kunis, Ashton Kutcher, Danny Masterson, Laura Prepon, Wilmer Valderrama, Lisa Robin Kelly, Debra Jo Rupp, Kurtwood Smith, Don Stark, Tommy Chong, and Tanya Roberts.

In 1999, the show was remade for the ITV network in the United Kingdom as Days Like These using almost verbatim scripts with minor changes to cultural references. A sequel series, That '90s Show, set in 1995 and focusing on the children of the main characters of That '70s Show, was released on Netflix on January 19, 2023.

Young cast

 * Topher Grace as Eric Forman (seasons 1–7; uncredited guest season 8): Eric is a nice person, physically slight and somewhat clumsy. He has a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor. His obsession with movies, particularly Star Wars, is often referred to throughout the show. For seven seasons Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti. His father, Red, is always hard on him. He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them, making Hyde like a brother. He decides to become a teacher after high school and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa. Although Eric is mentioned at least once in every episode, he does not appear during the final season until the end of the series finale.
 * Mila Kunis as Jackie Burkhart: The youngest member of the group, Jackie starts the series as the pretty, spoiled rich, selfish, oftentimes annoying immature girl. She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice, which occasionally turns out to be correct. As the series progresses she becomes more genuine, after her father, a crooked politician, goes to jail and her fortunes take a reversal. Partly as a result of these changes, she and Donna become better friends. By the end of the series, Jackie had dated three of the four guys of the group: Kelso, Hyde and Fez.
 * Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso (seasons 1–7; special guest season 8): Kelso is the dumb pretty boy of the group, who hopes to coast through life on his good looks. He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie. Their relationship comes to an end when Laurie (Eric's older sister) reveals their affair to Jackie. Kelso fathers a daughter, named Betsy, from his relationship with a librarian named Brooke during the seventh season. He becomes a police officer, but is fired for utter incompetence. In the fourth episode of the eighth and final season, he becomes a security guard at a Chicago Playboy Club and leaves the show. Kelso, along with Eric, returns for the series finale.
 * Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde: Eric's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group. By the end of season one, the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother, making him a foster brother to Eric. Hyde has a witty, blunt and sarcastic sense of humor and a rebellious personality. He is also experienced and the other group members often ask for his advice. Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons, in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha. Hyde later discovers Samantha was married to another man when she married him. As Donna points out in "My Fairy King", that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married. In the seventh season, Hyde meets his biological father (William Barnett, played by Tim Reid), a wealthy black businessman (making Hyde, who was presumed white, biracial). Barnett, who owns a chain of record stores, makes Hyde first an office worker, then a manager and later the owner of the Point Place record store. He also previously worked for Leo in a Photo Hut earlier in the series.
 * Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti: Eric's longtime girlfriend (and briefly fiancée) who is literally and figuratively "the girl next door". Donna is tall, intelligent, good-looking and athletic. Donna is embarrassed by her parents' escapades – especially sexual ones. Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series, they become friends. Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons (despite their break-up during season 4). She has brief romances with Randy and Kelso's brother Casey. She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show's finale.
 * Wilmer Valderrama as Fez: The horny foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones are usually out of control. He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them. Initially, he has trouble getting attention from girls, but during the eighth season he becomes much more charismatic and promiscuous. He is in love with Jackie throughout the series but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple. His home country is often referenced throughout the course of the show, but is never named specifically.
 * Josh Meyers as (season 8): Hyde's employee at the record store. He is introduced in the final season. Randy appears laid back, gentle, polite and a ladies' man, although many of his flaws surface later, encompassing parts of the departed Kelso and Eric's personalities and other attributes. Tall (like Kelso), he tends to spout witty one-liners (like Eric), and makes silly voices. He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things. While Hyde, Jackie, Donna and Kelso embrace him as a new member of their group, Fez initially does not, but soon warms up to him. Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight, but she later breaks up with him. The two end on good terms and remain friends. He makes a brief appearance in the series finale.

Older cast

 * Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman: Red's wife and mother of Eric and Laurie, and Hyde's informally adoptive mother, Kitty is a cheerful, doting mother, but can also be assertive when pushed. A nurse by profession, she drinks heavily and is a former smoker. Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause, although the lack of affection and attention from her daughter (Laurie) and her mother (Bea) is also partly to blame. She is also a nurturing mother figure to Eric's rather dysfunctional friends, especially Fez.
 * Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman: Kitty's husband, father of Eric and Laurie, and Hyde's adoptive father. A conservative Navy combat veteran, he served in World War II and the Korean War. He is frequently hard on Eric and casually insults him, often calling him "dumbass", and finding ways to cheat Eric and Kelso out of any cash they have. Despite his mean exterior, Red also displays a soft side. His hobbies include working with his power tools, drinking beer, watching television, reading the newspaper, hunting and fishing.
 * Lisa Robin Kelly (seasons 2–3; recurring season 1; special appearance season 5) and Christina Moore (recurring season 6) as : Eric's manipulative and dishonest older sister. She flunked out of college during the first season and moves back home with her parents. Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents. She is promiscuous, often seen with various men, mainly Eric's friend Kelso, who cheats on his girlfriend Jackie, which eventually leads to Jackie physically assaulting Laurie. Eric, Hyde, and Donna often insult her for her promiscuity. She also has a strained relationship with her mother who thinks of her as a freeloader. She leaves the series during the third season, but returns in a recurring role during the fifth and sixth seasons. In season five, she marries Fez to prevent him from getting deported. She leaves the series part way through season 6 and is never seen again. During the seventh season, she is mentioned as having moved to Canada, where, as Eric puts it drolly, "bottomless dancing is legal".
 * Tanya Roberts as Midge Pinciotti (seasons 1–3; special guest appearance seasons 6–7): Bob's wife, Donna's mother, and Kitty's best friend, Midge is a woman about whom Eric and his male friends fantasize when coming of age. Although often dim-witted, she later adopts some feminist ideals. She is written out of the series in 2001 after the third season after divorcing Bob and moving to California, but returns in a limited guest appearance during the sixth and seventh seasons.
 * Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti: Midge's husband and Donna's father. Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard, which invariably irritates Red, a veteran of foreign wars. Bob is known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear. He eats constantly, even in bed. Bob is almost always in a good mood. His best friend is Red, who usually considers him to be a nuisance. He usually takes the brunt of Red's abuse in a jolly manner. After Midge divorced Bob in the fourth season, he began dating Joanne (in seasons four and five) and Pam Burkhart (played by Brooke Shields replacing Eve Plumb from the first season), Jackie's mother (in seasons six and seven).
 * Tommy Chong as Leo (seasons 4 & 8; special guest seasons 2–3 & 7): A hippie, and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked, Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II, where he was awarded a Purple Heart. Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy-going attitude in most things, business included. He disappears during season four, but is later referenced in season five's "The Battle of Evermore" when the gang goes on a mission to find him, but with no luck. He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show's end. In Season 8, he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves.

Timeline
The show was set in May 1976 in the August 23, 1998 premiere. After 12 episodes, the series transitioned to 1977. The 23rd episode, "Grandma's Dead", was also set in 1976, because it was supposed to be the season finale of season 1. The show remained in 1977 for the next two seasons. Near the end of the third season, the series transitioned to 1978 until early in the sixth season. The remaining episodes took place in 1979, and the series finale abruptly ends during a New Year's Eve party as the characters reach "one" during a countdown to January 1, 1980. After the credits roll, the license plate from Eric's Vista Cruiser is shown with the year "80", indicating that the 1980s have begun.

Eighth season and series finale
The character of Eric Forman was written out of the series at the end of the seventh season, as Topher Grace wanted to move on with his career. Ashton Kutcher switched to a recurring guest role when he also chose to depart following the seventh season. However, Kelso had not been written out yet, so to give better closure to the character, Kutcher appeared in the first four episodes of the eighth season (credited as a special guest star). Both Grace and Kutcher returned for the series finale, although the former was uncredited. Tommy Chong (who began reappearing by late season 7 after a long absence) became a regular again to help fill Kelso's role as the dimwit of the group. Eric was supposed to be replaced by his new friend Charlie, played by Bret Harrison, as an "innocent character", who proved fairly popular with audiences, but the character was killed off after Harrison was offered a lead role in the series The Loop. Another new character named Randy Pearson, played by Josh Meyers (brother of Late Night host Seth Meyers), was introduced to take the place of both Eric and, to a lesser extent, Charlie. Another new character, Samantha, a stripper played by Jud Tylor, was added as Hyde's wife for nine episodes. The location of the show's introductory theme song was changed from the Vista Cruiser to the circle.

The eighth season was announced as the final season of the show on January 17, 2006, and "That '70s Finale" was filmed a month later on February 17, 2006, first airing on May 18, 2006.

Title
The working titles for the show were:
 * Teenage Wasteland (named after the lyric from "Baba O'Riley" by The Who)
 * The Kids Are Alright (named after "The Kids Are Alright" by The Who)
 * Feelin' All Right (a Traffic & Joe Cocker song)
 * Reeling in the Years (named after the song by Steely Dan)

However, due to song-rights refusals (including The Who's Pete Townshend) and Fox Network's deeming Feelin' All Right less than memorable, co-creator Bonnie Turner suggested that the show should be titled That '70s Show, after hearing an audience member saying "I loved that show about the '70s." It was at that point where it ultimately became the official title for the show.

The 1970s
The show addressed many social issues of the 1970s such as sexual attitudes of the era, generational conflict, the economic hardships of the 1970s recession, mistrust of the American government by blue-collar workers, and underage drinking/drug use. The series also highlighted developments in fashion trends, the entertainment industry, including the television remote ("the clicker"), reruns, VCRs, and cable TV; the video games Pong and Space Invaders; the cassette tape and Disco; MAD magazine; and Eric's obsession with Star Wars, which came out in 1977. The show has been compared to Happy Days, which was similarly set 20 years before the time in which it aired.

Beginning with season 5, each episode in the series is named after a song by a rock band that was famous in the 1970s: Led Zeppelin (season 5), The Who (Season 6), The Rolling Stones (season 7), and Queen (season 8, except for the finale, titled "That '70s Finale").

The Circle

In The Circle, a group of characters, usually the teenagers, sit in a circle (generally in Eric's basement, though occasionally elsewhere), as the camera pans, stopping at each character as they speak. It was usually apparent that the characters are under the influence of marijuana. Thick clouds of smoke, frequent coughing and an extreme wide-angle lens added to the "drug-induced" feel, although the audience never saw anyone actually smoking the drug. Also, no visible drug-related paraphernalia were seen, such as bongs or joint papers. Characters never spoke the word "marijuana" while in The Circle (except in one episode "Reefer Madness"), often referring to it as "stuff" or a "stash". In the episode "Bye-Bye Basement", Theo (Leo's cousin) refers to "weed"; in "The Relapse", Kelso tells Fez that the concrete wall behind the gym is used mostly for "smoking weed and beating up freshmen;" in "Ski Trip" Kitty asks Eric why he is taking so much oregano to Jackie's ski lodge; in "Eric's Burger Job", Kelso blames his "roach clip" when the water bed on which he is sitting at a party deflates; in two episodes ("That Wrestling Show" and "Hyde Moves In"), Eric and Hyde can be seen wearing shirts with the words "Cannabis sativa" written on a Campbell's soup can; and in "The Pill", Red, referring to Kelso, exclaims, "That kid's on dope!" A gimmick related to the circle and the marijuana smoking was Eric watching the kitchen wall moving erratically, although this technique was also used to show that Eric was drunk.

As the series progressed, The Circle became one of the series' recurring features. The only four episodes where the whole gang is in The Circle are "Class Picture", "I'm A Boy", "Substitute", and in the series finale. During the eighth and final season, The Circle (sans the smoke) replaced the Formans' Vista Cruiser as the setting of the opening credits.

The Vista Cruiser
Many of the show's episodes featured Eric and the rest of the kids in or around Eric's "Aztec Gold" 1969 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser, handed down to Eric by Red in the pilot episode (after Red begrudgingly buys a 1976 Toyota Corolla, a more economical car). For the first seven seasons of the show, the show's introduction showed the cast inside the Vista Cruiser. The particular station wagon was bought by Wilmer Valderrama at the show's conclusion from Carsey-Werner for "no more than" US$500. The Vista Cruiser makes a brief appearance, in its original "That 70's Show" configuration, in the sequel series, That 90's Show.

In August 2009, the show's Vista Cruiser was named third-greatest television car ever by MSN Autos.

Running gags and catchphrases
In one of the show's major running gags, Red often threatens to punish Eric with many variations of the catchphrase, "my foot in your ass" or more generally "kicking your ass." For example, in "Kitty and Eric's Night Out", Red mistakenly thinks Eric offended Kitty, so Red says, "I swear I'll kick his ass!" In "Eric's Hot Cousin", Eric tries to get out of something by claiming he is sleepwalking and Red says, "And I'm about to be sleep-kicking your ass", and, in "Prank Day", when Red gets covered in oatmeal, Eric tries to explain that it was just a prank that had gone "horribly, horribly wrong" Red says, "Well, I have a prank, too. One where my foot doesn't plow through your ass. Let's hope it doesn't go horribly, horribly wrong!" In the eighth season, Hyde asks Red, "did you ever actually do that?" To which Red replies "Once, during the war... I can't talk about it." Several of the running gags were shown in edited clips for the series finale.

Some other notable running gags and catchphrases are:
 * Fez's country of origin is never revealed. Sometimes, Fez is about to disclose where he is from, or at least hint at it, but something happens to prevent him from doing so, like someone entering the room as seen in "Stolen Car", or Fez rambling in "Love of My Life".
 * Fez's real name was also never revealed. Even Fez stood for FES, Foreign Exchange Student. Red often calls Fez by some exotic foreign names when he is speaking directly to him, including Tarzan.
 * Someone, usually Kelso, falls off the Water Tower. Charlie is the only one to fall off and die from the tower in "Bohemian Rhapsody" due to him having weak endurance.
 * Kelso yells "Ow, my eye!" when Hyde rough-houses with him. For example, in the episode "Class Picture", a series of flashbacks feature Hyde beating up Kelso. While the two are out of the immediate sight of the audience, Kelso yells, "Ow, my eye!" and the scene cuts to the next flashback. This gag is repeated several times throughout the series, although the only time Kelso appears with an injured eye is in "Jackie's Cheese Squeeze" after he was punched by Todd, Jackie's manager. On that occasion, Kelso did not yell, "Ow, my eye!"
 * Fez's sex life or usually lack thereof. Often Fez accidentally reveals some perverse behavior he performed, like hiding in Donna's room.
 * The best thing to do or the best solution can be found by "The Circle", sometimes from the Circle, Hyde will start to talk about a car that runs on water or conspiracies towards the Government.
 * Eric's attempted "secret" money stash locations are known by everyone, such as the Candy Land box.

Home media
That '70s Show was released on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment at an increment of two seasons per year between 2004 and 2008 and a complete series release on October 14, 2008. Mill Creek Entertainment released all eight seasons between 2011–2013 and released a complete series set on May 14, 2013. On March 6, 2012, Mill Creek released the first season on Blu-ray and season two on October 16, 2012. On November 3, 2015, Mill Creek Entertainment released That '70s Show The Complete Series on Blu-ray 1080p, featuring all 200 episodes from the series, presented digitally remastered in High Definition from the original film negatives for optimum sound and video quality and for superior home entertainment Blu-ray presentation with remastered 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio surround sound and 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio.

Soundtracks
Several prominent songs from the decade can be heard on the series, and two soundtracks were released in 1999. The first is a collection of funk, soul, and disco, called That '70s Album (Jammin'). The second is a collection of album-oriented rock songs, called That '70s Album (Rockin'). AllMusic gave both albums 3 out of 5 stars in their reviews.

That '90s Show
Netflix produced a spin-off of the series, titled That '90s Show, with Kurtwood Smith and Debra Jo Rupp reprising their roles as Red and Kitty Forman, respectively. It is again produced by The Carsey-Werner Company, with Gregg Mettler serving as showrunner and Bonnie Turner, Terry Turner, their daughter Lindsay Turner, Marcy Carsey, Tom Werner, Smith and Rupp as executive producers. Topher Grace (Eric Forman), Mila Kunis (Jackie Burkhart), Ashton Kutcher (Michael Kelso), Laura Prepon (Donna Pinciotti), Wilmer Valderrama (Fez), Tommy Chong (Leo), Don Stark (Bob Pinciotti), Jim Rash (Fenton) and Seth Green (Mitch Miller), reprised their roles as guest stars in the series. It premiered on Netflix on January 19, 2023.

American ratings
That '70s Show eight seasons, consisting of 200 episodes, made it Fox's second-longest-running live-action sitcom ever behind Married... with Children, though it did not have the same ratings success, despite surviving cancellation.

Awards
Over the course of its run, the series was nominated for a substantial number of awards, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards. The only win for the series at this event came in 1999, when Melina Root was awarded the Emmy for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series for "That Disco Episode". Additionally, the show was nominated for a large number of Teen Choice Awards, with both Ashton Kutcher and Wilmer Valderrama winning on three occasions.

title: That '70s Show


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Talk:Transition metal

Ca3+
"In fact Ca3+ has an ionisation enthalpy so high that it rarely occurs naturally."

Are you sure? I never, ever heard of naturally occurring Ca3+! Sounds suspicious to me... --malbi

 * I suspect this is true that it never occurs naturally. I think this paragraph should be reworked; it's too much about calcium and group II and not enough about transition  metals.  Olin
 * I went and revised it. Olin

Orphaned references in Transition metal
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Transition metal's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "PTSS": From Periodic table: Scerri, pp. 392−401 From Period 1 element: Eric Scerri. 2020, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 978-0190914363. pp. 392–401, 407–420.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 18:23, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Transition metal


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User talk:Hdk

Hello Hdk, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them: Angela 20:28 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Naming conventions
 * Help

Hi Hdk. Well done, it looks like you've put a lot of work into the Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of personal data page. The only thing I'm unsure about is whether the title is allowed to have forward slashes in it. This makes it seem like 46 is a subpage of 'directive 95', and generally sub pages are not meant to be used. I don't know whether the rule applies here or not, so I've asked for advice at the village pump. You might also want to add a link to Information Commissioner which I think is related. I don't know much about the topic, so I'll leave it up to you. The way I find new users is by querying the database, but this can currently only be done by sysops to prevent excessive load on the database. Good luck with your future articles. Angela 14:47 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Your image
Thanks for uploading Image:Nieuwpoort-pier.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) Thanks so much,    – Quadell (talk) (help)   16:17, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for pointing this out, I've selected a Creative Commons license, as I am familiar with these terms. Hdk

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hdk


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List of Love Hina characters

This is a list of fictional characters in the anime and manga series Love Hina created by Ken Akamatsu. The character names are listed in Western order, with the given name before the family name.

Note because the story spans over several years, any characters age mentioned below describes their age at the point of their introduction.

Main characters
The main characters are residents of the Hinata Inn, a former hot springs resort that is converted to an all-girls dormitory managed by Keitaro Urashima, the sole male resident.

Keitaro Urashima
Keitaro Urashima (浦島 景太郎) is a 19/20-year-old second-year ronin studying to enter Tokyo University (abbreviated as "Todai"). As a child, Keitaro made a promise to a girl, based on a story the children overheard, that two people who love each other will live "happily ever after" if they enter 'Todai'. Keitaro is set on gaining entrance to Todai to fulfill the promise he made to his childhood friend, even though he cannot recall her name or her face. Later, in volume 13, it is revealed that Todai may not even refer to Tokyo University after all.

After failing to pass the entrance exams on his second attempt, Keitaro's parents seem unwilling and/or unable to let him continue living at home while he studies. He then receives a call from his grandmother. As a result, he travels to "Hinata Inn", a hotel owned by his grandmother, to find a place to stay and study. Following a misunderstanding where the residents believe him to be a burglar and a peeping tom, Keitaro discovers the hotel is now a female-only dormitory.

To compound the confusion, Keitaro's Aunt Haruka mistakenly assumes he has passed the entrance exams and is already a Todai student; consequently, the residents agree to let him stay. When he fails to correct her, and they discover that he is lying, Keitaro is forced to leave until Haruka announces that his grandmother has transferred the ownership of the inn to him. Keitaro, thus, becomes the new landlord.

Keitaro's name is supposedly taken from manga artist Keitarō Arima. It is also believed to be a pun on the Japanese myth of fisherman Urashima Tarō.

Naru Narusegawa
Naru Narusegawa (成瀬川 なる) is a 17-year-old resident of the Hinata Inn, who is about to graduate from high school. She is very intelligent, having placed top in the nation in the college practice entrance exams at their cram school. She is popular and beautiful, but constantly tries to hide this as she studies to gain entrance to Todai. However, she has an extremely fiery temper and tends to inflict violent physical punishment (mostly on Keitaro). She arrived at the Hinata Inn as a result (she believes) of her friendship with Kitsune, who introduced her to Granny Hina. At that stage, she does not remember staying at the Hinata Inn as a very young child.

Of all the girls at the Hinata Inn, she is most often the unwilling and unwitting victim of Keitaro's clumsiness, which often results in her ending up naked, partially clothed, or placed in any number of compromising positions. Keitaro invariably suffers as a result.

Despite initially taking a (literally) violent dislike of Keitaro, she comes to develop very strong feelings for him. The main part of her character arc is that she has great difficulty in admitting these feelings, both to herself, to the hopeless Keitaro, and the world in general. Due to this, she often becomes annoyed or irritated with Keitaro when she believes he is not taking things seriously. Naru had repeatedly denied having feelings for Keitaro even when asked. Naru while speaking to Mutsumi said, "What could you possibly see in a guy like that? You probably don't know this Mutsumi-san, but he's clumsy, stupid, and a total pervert that has no redeeming qualities whatsoever!". She also says to Kanako she would spy on him or sabotage any dates he did get but finds the idea of dating him herself disgusting. This comment and similar situations are played for laughs. When they do date, she hits Keitaro occasionally. Like Keitaro, she strives to get into Tokyo University for two reasons: the first is a promise she made to her one-time tutor (and object of an enormous crush) Noriyasu Seta, and the second is the dimly recalled promise made to someone whose name and face she cannot remember.

Mutsumi Otohime
Mutsumi Otohime (乙姫 むつみ) is a very sweet, gentle, kind, and soft-spoken 20-year-old girl. Naru and Keitaro first encounter her while taking some time off for a brief vacation after the three of them failed on their Todai entrance exam. Keitaro and Mutsumi failed for a third successive time, and Naru failed for the first time.

Despite her ditziness, she is very intelligent and empathetic. Mutsumi also has anemia which caused all sorts of situations, but she is actually extremely resilient, having a strong vice-like grip even when she first appeared and just like Keitaro is seemingly able to recover quickly. Naru notices in both the manga and anime the similarities between Keitaro and Mutsumi many times. One such notable time was when they believed they first met Mutsumi (they are actually all friends from childhood) on Naru and Keitaro's trip to Kyoto. She has a very sweet and generous personality. Being very empathetic to others, Mutsumi often puts others happiness before herself. She can also be comically clumsy at times, another trait like Keitaro. She lives on a small island off the west coast of Okinawa's main island city Naha with her parents and seven younger siblings before moving closer to the Hinata herself. Over the course of the manga she gradually gets over her anemia to the point that in the latter parts it has left her.

Both beautiful and kind-hearted, Mutsumi shows superlative optimism when faced with even the most difficult of situations. She has a number of unusual abilities, such as being able to speak "turtlese", which she uses to communicate with her turtles, namely Tama; the extreme habit of putting others' happiness before her own; a very strong propensity for watermelons; and sleepwalking on a few rare occasions (which led her into trouble once as she sleepwalked out of her window and was hit by a car). Despite her many eccentricities, she is extremely intelligent, scoring full marks in the practice exams. Yet, she still fails to get into Tokyo University because, among other things, she forgets to write her name on the test paper, causing her to obtain a grade of Z, or fainting from her anemia.

In both manga and the anime, Mutsumi is very intuitive and has a keen eye for details, noticing things her friends do not, such as, but not limited to, being the only one to know that Pararakelse island was on the opposite side of the international dateline which meant Keitaro would still be able to send his letter in time to Tokyo U and thus finally be able to attend. In the anime, she is the only one who could instinctively tell Keitaro and Kaolla Su's brother (cousin) apart and knew which was which at all times, excluding Keitaro and Lamba themselves.

It is revealed in volume 10 that as a young child, Mutsumi spent some time living at the Hinata inn. She had learned of the stories of how if a couple was to attend Tokyo U together, they will find happiness and in turn told Keitaro of the story because she (Mutsumi) wanted to go to Tokyo U with Keitaro. She then played matchmaker for Naru and Keitaro after it became clear that Naru liked Keitaro. Mutsumi let him go for Naru's sake by deliberately losing a game of rock-paper-scissors to decide which of them would become Keitaro's wife (deliberately losing a game of rock-paper-scissors is something she would do a second time in the manga during the mock wedding started to help her regain her memory after falling from a tree while she was trying to help Naru down from the tree), although she (Mutsumi) loved Keitaro (and admits that she still loves him to Naru).

But even after that Naru had forgotten all about her promise to Keitaro, Mutsumi then made a subsequent promise with Naru that both of them would later go to Tokyo University so Naru would remember the promise made to Keitaro. Before leaving Hinata, she gave Naru her Liddo-kun doll in memory of their friendship. She eventually moves to an apartment very close to the Hinata Inn and starts working at the Hinata Teashop for Haruka Urashima, even staying in a spare room at Haruka's Teashop after her apartment burnt down on New Year's Eve. Like Keitaro and Naru, she finally passes the Todai entrance exam, discovering her result just before setting off to rescue Keitaro from the island of Pararakelse.

She studies at Todai, and later is the only one of the group to enter a graduate school. At the end of the manga, she helps out in organizing Keitaro and Naru's wedding, and she brings a plethora of watermelons.

Mutsumi is skilled at cooking and like Keitaro is exceptional at baking cakes and other confectioneries.

Tamago or Tama for short was originally Mutsumi's pet turtle, That she gives to Naru after she and Keitaro help her get back to her home in Okinawa. But Tama's friendship with her is as strong as ever.

Mutsumi is also the only one of the girls to never intentionally cause physical harm to Keitaro.

She enjoys collecting photo stickers, a hobby she and Keitaro share.

Mutsumi is stated as being very well-endowed, even though her clothes downplay her hourglass figure. Her bust is the biggest of all the girls, which is used for comical effect and fan service many times throughout the anime/manga series.

Tokyopop sometimes misspells her name as "Mitsumi" or "Matsumi".

In the anime television series, Mutsumi is voiced by Satsuki Yukino in Japanese and Julie Ann Taylor in English.

Shinobu Maehara
Shinobu Maehara (前原 しのぶ) is a 13-year-old schoolgirl who, after getting off to a bad start with Keitaro, develops a crush on him. Shinobu is a boarder at the Hinata Inn, in room 201. In the anime, she is introduced as a grieving girl who has run away from home due to domestic turmoil. However, in the manga, she is already at the Hinata Inn when Keitaro arrives, and her parents are still together. Shinobu is quite skilled in cooking and household chores, so she becomes the resident cook (in the anime, her family once owned a restaurant in town before their divorce). Quiet and shy, she contributes to her emotional frailty.

She is the first girl to fall for Keitaro, and in the manga, she attempts to avoid him because of this. In both the anime and manga, she holds Keitaro in high regard and is often on the verge of tears when Shinobu believes that he is in trouble or likes someone else.

Shinobu decides to leave home and live at the Hinata Inn because of the marital problems between her father and her mother, whose names are never mentioned (in the anime). Their marital problems lead to their divorce. Shinobu's parents arrive at the Hinata Inn and argue over whom Shinobu should live with. However, Shinobu decides to remain at the Hinata Inn, which her mother is against as she believes the Hinata Inn is a bad place full of rowdy young girls. They eventually concede, allowing Shinobu to remain living at the Inn.

Four years later (in the epilogue), she has since grown her hair out and has become more mature, though she retains her sincere personality. She still has a crush on Keitaro and hasn't given up on her dream of becoming his girlfriend (even though Keitaro is set to marry Naru).

Motoko Aoyama
Motoko Aoyama (青山 素子) is an intense 15-year-old school girl, who practices the martial art of kendo, as well as being a member of the Shinmei-ryū sword school (which is also referred to in Akamatsu's later work Mahou Sensei Negima, as the school of the character Setsuna). Motoko is a resident at the Hinata Inn, living in room 302.

She has difficulty relating to other people, especially men, whom she finds to be a distraction that keeps her from being able to concentrate fully on her studies and practice. She also dislikes men because her sister left the dojo to marry. Her relationship with Keitaro initially resembles Naru's relationship with him in some ways; all too often he finds himself on the receiving end of various attacks as a result of his frequent mishaps or simply bad luck. She eventually warms up to him somewhat and eventually finds herself developing strong feelings for him, which she vehemently denies until near the end of the series. On two occasions, this causes severe problems for both Motoko and Keitaro. In later volumes, she develops a habit of writing trashy romance stories involving the two of them, often involuntarily.

Motoko has an older sister, Tsuruko, who gave up the life of the sword to marry. Tsuruko is far stronger at kendo than Motoko; Motoko both greatly admires and fears her older sister. However, Tsuruko believes that Motoko has more potential than she herself does, and that Motoko lost her drive to improve when Tsuruko married. Motoko is also the next in line to inherit the Aoyama family's Kyoto dojo, as she is not married. It is notable that Tsuruko is actually Motoko's biological sister, as they are two of the few characters in the series who are siblings by blood relation (the second siblings couple is presented by Kaolla and Amalla Su).

Motoko has only two serious fears in the world: Tsuruko and, for some unspecified reason, turtles (even though Tsuruko correlates it to her intense dislike for men).

In the anime, Motoko is popular at her school for her kendo skills. She frequently spends time with Sachiyo Matsumoto (松本 幸代), Emi Ichikawa (市川 えみ) and Kikuko Onoue (尾上 菊子), who are all fans of her. Kikuko is especially protective of Motoko and has criticised Motoko's change in personality and decline in kendo skills since Keitaro began living at Hinata Inn, referring to him as a distraction.

Kaolla Su
Kaolla Su (カオラ・スゥ) is a 13-year-old foreign transfer student. She is also a boarder at the Hinata Inn, in room 301.

Su is the princess of Molmol, a fictional island nation located near the International Date Line. The dot on her forehead seems to have something to do with the 3-eyed symbol of Molmol. She is often barefoot and dressed in nothing else except her heavily altered school uniform in almost every anime episode and manga chapter, or some otherwise scant costume. To top her personality, she is above all extremely hyperactive, usually hugging (or, in Keitaro's case, kicking) someone, trying to eat something, especially bananas and Tama-chan, or inventing some potentially dangerous new device. She also has a tendency to snuggle against a person while she is sleeping, and usually crushes them while doing it.

Molmol is a kingdom where the moon sometimes appears red. It also uses a western naming order, although the Hinata Inn residents never seem to pick this up until later: Su is actually Kaolla Su's family name.

Su likes all the other residents in the Hinata Apartments and gets along well with them, though they have difficulty keeping up with her hyperactive tendencies; only the athletic Motoko seems to be able to tolerate and keep up with her. Her like for Keitaro stems from the fact that he reminds her of the person she refers to as her older brother (actually her cousin, whom she grew up with). However, it can be inferred that she eventually comes to care about Keitaro as much as and perhaps even more than her older brother.

While she has stated that she likes everyone in the Hinata apartments (including Sarah, who was sent there for a short period of time), it is apparent that Kaolla shares a much deeper relationship with Sarah and Motoko as compared to the other residents. Her ambition is to return to her homeland to start a computing school and transform her country into a technological power that will rival, and eventually conquer, Japan.

Su also possesses the ability to transform into a more adult version of herself on a single night every year, when the moon glows red. In the anime, she admitted having fallen in love with Keitaro while she was in this form, despite her transformation just last a few seconds because there was no red moon. Though this is not explicitly stated in the manga, it is implied extremely heavily, with the adult Su even kissing Keitaro and proclaiming herself his girlfriend afterwards.

Her room in the Hinata Inn is a faithful recreation of Molmol's natural habitat, complete with banana trees, a waterfall, and a small lake, along with a high-tech laboratory.

Mitsune "Kitsune" Konno
Mitsune Konno (紺野 みつね), also known as Kitsune, which means "fox" in Japanese, is a 19-year-old freelance writer (who never seems to write anything). She is frequently drunk and seems to enjoy teasing Keitaro at every opportunity. Kitsune is also a boarder at the Hinata Inn, in room 205. She rarely pays any rent or contributes and has had a number of low paying jobs. Despite this she has never been evicted from the lodge. Her best friend is Naru. Although Naru is the more intellectual of the two, Kitsune is often the one to see things sensibly (although often she will encourage madness out of boredom), though she usually tries to reason when things are really out of control. Her nickname comes from a combination of her first and last names, and the fact that she hardly ever fully opens both eyes at the same time (mostly when she is surprised). As a result, she has a perpetually fox-like, vulpine expression. She's a practical joker and troublemaker; her mission in life seems to be to ensure that things never get too dull or those around her too complacent. She is also seen drinking a lot. She speaks with a Kansai dialect. In the manga (Volume 4) Kitsune's bedroom walls are densely lined with bottles of alcoholic drinks. She is also the one who taught Kaolla Japanese.

Kitsune is more flirtatious, especially with Keitaro, than any of the other residents. Mostly this is to tease him; however, she does develop a strong crush on him; eventually she shows little serious romantic interest in him. She is also the bustiest in the household, her bust being second only to Mutsumi Otohime in size, and is unafraid of using her charms to get what she wants, whatever it might be. Her relationship with Keitaro eventually develops into a "little brother/big sister" connection (though Keitaro is actually older than she is).

She also is a bit greedy, as seen in a flashback sequence when she tells Keitaro about how much Naru's innocence ended up dismissing possible boyfriends; Kitsune was shown to encourage her to date a rich boy just because of his wealth. Also, when the girls are traveling to Molmol to try to bring Keitaro back to Hinata Inn, the only thing she thinks of is the inheritance that will be left to him and the girl that he chooses whenever Hina returns, even though, later on, Kitsune lets him stay with Naru. She eventually takes over the Hinata Tea House when Haruka leaves and picks up Haruka's habit of smoking. Between the start and the finish Kitsune held two other jobs. Her name is derived from the name of manga artist Mitsune Ayasaka.

Haruka Urashima
Haruka Urashima (浦島 はるか) is Keitaro Urashima's "aunt" (actually his cousin). In the anime, she dislikes being called aunt by Keitaro and often smashes him in the face when she is referred to as and corrects him by saying "its Haruka-san" (san being a respectful term to your elder in most cases)

Haruka Urashima is the only child of Hinata Urashima's eldest daughter, Yoko Urashima; her second daughter was Keitaro's mother. After the death of Yoko, Hinata adopted her granddaughter. Therefore, Haruka is Keitaro's legal aunt in addition to being his actual cousin. It was as a teenager that, while working at the inn, she was first called "Aunty Haruka" by her baby cousin Keitaro – the same time that Keitaro first met both Mutsumi and Naru.

Haruka is the ryōbo ("house-mother") of the Joshi Senyō Ryō Hinata-sō ("Women's Only Dormitory, Hinata House") and runs the Wafū Chabō Hinata ("Traditional Japanese Tea-Room Hinata"). Haruka is constantly seen smoking a cigarette. Like Naru, she has a fiery temper (and great physical prowess to match), which she hides under a calm, detached exterior.

Having traveled the world with Seta and Sara's mom, and it is hinted that a love triangle existed between the three at one point (or at least that Haruka and Seta were romantically involved); this is explored more fully in the manga, to the point that Haruka and Seta get married. Haruka's skills in martial arts rival Seta's and can even surpass his when she is angry. She is also very skilled with firearms, which shows when she shoots Kaolla's missiles at Seta's head after being teased by him.

Hinata Urashima
Hinata Urashima (浦島 ひなた), also known as Grandma Hina, is the original manager of Hinata. Upon retiring, she entrusted Keitaro with looking over the Hinata Inn, so she could travel the world.

In the manga, Grandma Hina knew all along that Naru was the girl Keitaro promised to go to Tokyo U with. She also knew the location of the Liddo-Kun shaped time capsule Keitaro, Naru, and Mutsumi buried beneath the sandbox when they were children.

Noriyasu Seta
Noriyasu Seta (瀬田 記康) is a Tokyo University graduate and professor who specialises in archaeology, appearing to be a parody of Indiana Jones. Like Keitaro, he was a third-year ronin. He's clumsy — especially with women, and his relationship to Haruka seems to be similar to Keitaro's relationship with Naru (i.e., both get physically thrashed around by their respective female and are married to them eventually as well as both of them apparently being invulnerable to just about everything), a terrible driver (his arrival often heralded by his van crashing down from the sky), and an exceptionally skilled martial artist, all partly due to his complete lack of self-preservation. Seta spends a good deal of his time traveling the world on one expedition or another. His goal seems to be to find evidence of the ancient turtle civilization that once flourished throughout East Asia.

Seta is also something of an adventurer, and possesses a van that shares his indestructible nature, and apparently has a submarine mode. In the past, Haruka had a major crush on him, though he seemed oblivious. They went on many expeditions together. Along with them on the expeditions was Sara's mother, an American that looked remarkably like Naru, who later died. Her last request was that Seta marry Haruka. This wish was granted, and Haruka and Seta married at the ruins of Todai, capital of the Turtle civilization. Seta is Sara's guardian, and she refers to him as "papa."

Seta is most probably a practitioner of Jeet Kune Do. In most situations, his fighting stance is almost an exact mirror of Bruce Lee's proprietary stance. Also, in the anime, Sara even uses the term "Jeet Kune Do" in reference to her father's fighting technique.

His name is derived from the name of manga artist Noriyasu Seta.

Sarah McDougal
Sarah McDougal (サラ・マクドゥガル), is a 9-year-old American from California and Seta's adopted daughter. She initially delights in making Keitaro's life miserable, however, like most of the girls in the story, she eventually warms up to him, even if she still calls him a dork.

Sarah is left for a time in the care of the Hinata Inn residents by Seta, as he feels that travelling the world with him on expeditions would be too disruptive to her childhood. There, she develops a close friendship with Su, most likely because of their shared disdain for the general order of things. In both the manga and anime version, Sarah even comments on how "Kaolla and I are not Japanese!" during a meal, when Motoko forces them all – sans Naru, who is in a field trip to Kyoto – to have a samurai-like diet. Sara quickly becomes Su's new playmate, taking the place of Motoko, who was the only person in the house to keep up with Su's energy. Sara and Su eventually become so close they change their hairstyles to match, both of them with two pigtails. Sara eventually does return to travelling with Seta after his marriage to Haruka.

Sarah has an uncle in California; in the anime, it was implied that she had stayed with, and been the victim of abuse, at the hands of her biological relatives. Her mother, now deceased, formerly worked with Seta and Haruka on an archaeological dig and competed for Seta's romantic attention.

Sara possesses no unusual talents or skills, save for a certain gift for Jeet Kune Do learned from Seta, though she is adept at bashing Keitaro on the head with priceless artifacts often pulled out of nowhere. She has a panda-shaped birthmark on her buttocks, which she avoids showing at all costs. She shares her family name with Cynthia McDougal from Ken Akamatsu's previous manga series A.I. Love You.

Kanako Urashima
Kanako Urashima (浦島 可奈子) is Keitaro's adopted younger sister. Kanako is a master of disguise and is able to impersonate anyone, which she uses to try to get control over the Hinata Inn (Keitaro is the only one who can see through her disguise at simple view), and she also has a strong fable and skills in Japanese bondage techniques. Kanako never came to see Keitaro as a brother, and had loved him since they were children. When they promised to run an inn together when they grew up, she had assumed it would be as husband and wife. However, Keitaro does not share these thoughts and only sees her as a sister.

She first appears in Volume 11 of the manga, and in the Love Hina Again OVA. Her appearance is often accompanied by the sound of a bell carried on the tail of her unusual cat Kuro.

After travelling with her grandmother for some years, she returns to Japan to fulfill her promise to her brother to run an inn together. She arrives while Keitaro was away in the United States, and after assuming control, immediately changes the Hinata Inn from a girls' dormitory back into an inn. The residents are forced to either stay and work for her, or to leave.

She soon realizes that all of the girls in Hinata Inn have some sort of affection for her brother, and tests their affection in a variety of ways. She then tries to drive them away by being as mean and cruel as she could to them. At first it seemed to be working, as one by one everyone but Naru left the new Hinata Inn. When the girls (except for Naru) start to suspect Kanako's feelings for Keitaro and why she forces them to be mean to him, they form the "Hinata House Liberation Front" in order to reclaim the Inn. Kanako, Naru and Mutsumi form the Hinata-rōshi (日向浪士, translated as "Hinata Rebel Alliance") to reclaim it under the name Urashima Kanako-no-suke (浦島可奈子之助).

Even without knowing her, Kanako had harbored a deep hatred for the little girl to which Keitaro promised to go to Tokyo University with, as she believes that the promise is what plagued his life with bad luck. As such, she believed that by eliminating this girl, the "curse" would be lifted. At first, she thought that Kitsune, who was leading the "Liberation Front", was this girl, but in the nick of time, Naru ended up revealing that she was most likely the girl. Disheartened for having trusted her unwilling sworn enemy, Kanako attempted to sabotage Naru's relationship with Keitaro upon his return. However, in the end, she recognized that it was Naru whom he liked, and reluctantly accepts their relationship.

Amalla Su
Amalla Su (アマラ・スゥ) is Kaolla Su's older sister. She has long white hair, blue eyes, and wears an outfit resembling that of an Indian/Arabian princess. Both she and her sister are magical girls, and both are members of the royal family of the kingdom of Molmol. Amalla has been in love with cousin Crown Prince Lamba Lu for a long time, but has never admitted her feelings to him. She speaks Japanese in an Edokko accent, and claims to be from the deserts of Edo (Edo is an old name for Tokyo, which of course has no deserts). In combat, she possesses two weapons: a magical flute that controls the weather, and her pet albino alligator Shiro. She is referenced in the manga and has several appearances in the anime.

Lamba Lu
The "Brother" to Amalla and Kaolla. In reality, he is a cousin of theirs, but they have grown up as siblings. He is the king of their nation, and in the tradition of their people, he has to serve in the military for a period of time. Before that happens, he is required to marry. Once when Kaolla was a very young girl he promised to marry her, but then he realises that she only sees him as a brother, whereas Amalla is in love with him. He marries Amalla instead.

Lamba Lu looks almost exactly like Keitaro when they both have their glasses on; the only striking differences are that he's a bit more tanned than Keitaro is, has darker hair and dark green eyes, and a somewhat Indian/South Asian appearance. Unlike Keitaro, however, Lamba Lu is very calm, collected, and 'together', and not at all clumsy or awkward.

While Lamba Lu does not appear explicitly in the manga, he does interact with Keitaro at one point and has a different role. In volume 14, Keitaro receives a letter from Lamba Lu inviting the former ronin to take part in a joint research project between Tokyo University and the University of Molmol (in which case Lamba Lu is actually the chairman of the joint research project) on the Lost Todai Ruins.

Kentaro Sakata
Kentaro Sakata (坂田 健太朗), an anime-specific character, had a crush on Naru. Originally Keitaro's rival for Narusegawa, he eventually loses all of his money in his pursuit of her. He remained fairly tenacious for a time, but eventually gave up after getting deep into debt with the Hinata Inn. Haruka let him try to work off his debts at a very low pay rate of $1.50 an hour; from that point on, Kentaro became an occasional background character and plot device, like giving advice to Keitaro and supporting his feelings for Narusegawa.

Moreover, Kentaro has been repeatedly mispronounced as 'Keitaro' by the residents, and occasionally by himself, mainly before they grew too familiar with him. Strangely enough though, he has absolutely nothing, besides his original affection for Naru, in common with Keitaro.

Mei Narusegawa
Mei Narusegawa (成瀬川 メイ) is Naru's younger sister. Naru describes her as her "half-sister" in manga volumes 11 and 14. On the other hand, in the anime, episode 22, Mei said "My father married her mother." This leads some to speculate that they are stepsisters, although this is never confirmed. She initially tries to get Keitaro and Mutsumi together in the hopes that Naru would return home if Keitaro were taken. She gives up on this when she and Naru clear up a few family misconceptions. Furthermore, in Love Hina Again, she makes a very brief appearance to help all the Hinata residents about Keitaro and Naru's relationship & help speed it up. She also appears in the last volume of the manga, seen standing off on the side with the rest of the residents of Hinata Inn, while Naru is chasing Keitaro down after accidentally undressing her. She also plays a minor role in the Spring Movie.

Mei was created for and appears primarily in the Love Hina anime, though she is referred to in at least two places in the manga and is seen in the last chapter of the final volume of the manga.

Tsuruko Aoyama
Tsuruko Aoyama (青山 鶴子) is Motoko's older sister and the one currently entrusted with the keeping of their family's Shinmeiryuu tradition. She is not active in running the school, having given up the life of the sword for marriage, and it is her duty to hand the school over to Motoko's care when the time comes.

Though Motoko has lived in fear of Tsuruko for years, Tsuruko has Motoko's best interests at heart and her only real wish is for her sister to be happy on whatever path she chooses to walk. Unfortunately, she has a habit of trying to kill her sister when she lies to her (when she tried to take Motoko back to Kyoto and, to prevent this, she pretended to be engaged with Keitaro) or does not tell her the full details of a situation (when Motoko admitted that she flunked the Todai admittance exam). She also gets into a bloodthirsty mood whenever Motoko is lazy and does not do her best (this is only seen in a nightmare sequence of Motoko).

While her usual appearance is that of a very proper lady well versed in Japanese culture, she sometimes has the eyes of a demon and becomes extremely violent. She is an incredible swordswoman whom few could hope to face, even though she abandoned the dojo after getting married. She is a very serious character, but also very just and, in her own weird way, only cares for the well-being of her sister.

She has a beautiful pet crane named "Shippu", which she later gives to Motoko in the thirteenth volume after Motoko finally defeats her. Like her sister, her sword techniques are centered around the destruction of evil, using ki attacks with her slash, some of them hurting only evil beings, but mostly slashing through rocks, people or larger objects (like a sports car, driven by Kentaro, that was 'accidentally' about to run over Keitaro – in the manga, it was a truck whose driver was drunk and sleepy) as if they were made of paper.

Kimiaki Shirai
Kimiaki Shirai (白井 功明) is one of Keitaro's friends. He loves to make fun of Keitaro, calling him a failure in girls and academics, but pulls back later on when Keitaro becomes more successful. He almost always appears with Haitani. His main interests are in women, and one of his only upside is some degree of skill in computers. He also seems to have an interest in older woman like Haruka. He is short, and is almost always shown with big round glasses. In the manga's fifth volume, Su even calls him a "small, fat, Hobbit".

Masayuki Haitani
Masayuki Haitani (灰谷 真之) is one of Keitaro's friends, and is (apart from a few physical differences) almost exactly like Shirai. He is taller, wearing tiny round glasses, and enters a university before Shirai or Keitaro. Like Shirai, Haitani's primary interests lie in women, relying on his charm to attract female attention, but to no avail. He appears to be the leader of the trio, formulating many schemes to gain girlfriends for himself, Keitaro, and Shirai (despite Keitaro's reluctance to go along with them), most notably the Hinata tenants, but they end in constant failure, getting them into trouble (if not all three, then only Keitaro) with the girls.

Ema Maeda
Ema Maeda (真枝 絵馬) appears in the epilogue of the Love Hina manga, Volume 14, which is set three years (four in the English manga) after the end of the main storyline.

A timid 15-year-old girl who dabbles in conspiracy theories, Ema hopes to get into Tokyo University so she can improve her life and have people notice her. Due to her poor grades, she left home in order to live at the "legendary" Hinata Inn, which is believed to have the power to get anyone into Tokyo University. Being very clumsy, her arrival at the Hinata Inn mirrors Keitaro's initial arrival, as she is mistaken for a peeping tom and is chased out of the hot springs. In awe of all the beautiful girls living at the Hinata Inn, she accidentally steals Naru's wedding veil, tripping a theft alarm in the process. She is rescued by and flees with Keitaro. Despite a shaky first day, everything is set right when she is given a thank you kiss by Naru for finding and returning both her veil and groom. She then realizes that she can achieve her dreams if she tries hard enough. She has a pet chameleon named Leon.

Nyamo Namo
Nyamo Namo (ニャモ・ナーモ) is a young girl of the island Pararakelse. Her grandfather was once an acquaintance of Seta, and after her grandfather's death, Nyamo decided to work with Seta on his excavations to continue her grandfather's work. Nyamo is physically almost identical to Shinobu, except for her darker skin and longer hair. She also shares a number of other traits with Shinobu as well, including her extreme initial shyness and reluctance to speak and a crush on Keitaro (which is shown when she glomps Keitaro in her second appearance and for which Naru punches him into the ground for "assaulting" Nyamo). She also seems to have developed a fear of Naru after seeing her bludgeon Keitaro into the air (even hiding behind her giant tortoise when she saw Naru afterwards) though she is also very hard to surprise, often having the same innocent quizzical expression in any situation. Nyamo and Shinobu quickly become good friends and correspond when apart. In the manga, when she visits the Hinata Dorms, she brings with her a pet giant tortoise named Gidget.

Ken Akamatsu
Ken Akamatsu (赤松 健) makes brief cameo appearances in the anime television series and Love Hina Specials, serving as a minor plot device character. He is referred to as Akamatsu Sensei, and is voiced by Akamatsu himself.

Tama-chan
Tama (タマ) (in full Onsen Tamago (温泉 たまご) is the turtle given to Keitaro by Mutsumi. Keitaro points out that the turtle is male, but the girls are convinced he is a 'she' and so 'he' is referred to as 'she' throughout the manga. She is an 'onsen kame' or hot-springs turtle, and like others of her species, she can fly. Su, Mutsumi, Seta, and (later in the series) Keitaro appear to have the ability to speak with Tama-chan, and Su occasionally develops the urge to eat her, though sometimes it is just to tease Shinobu (in the manga, it is said on a side note that Su drops this habit in order to wait for Tama-chan to reproduce). She appears in Negima on Chizuru Naba's apron on the back cover of volume 8, in chapter 85 of volume 10, and in other places as pictures.

Mecha-Tama-chan
Su, convinced she is going to have to face Tama-chan down at some point (Su wants to eat her), has designed multiple mechanical versions of Tama. Every Mecha-Tama has turned out to be dangerous to the residents of the Hinata Inn.
 * Mecha-Tama-Chan 0 (a prototype): Volume 11
 * Mecha-Tama-chan 1: Volume 5
 * Mecha-Tama-chan 2: Volume 5
 * Mecha-Tama-chan Mark 3: Volume 7
 * Mecha-Tama-chan 4: Volume 8
 * Mecha-Tamago 5: Volume 13
 * Mecha-Tama-chan 6: Volume 14
 * Mecha-Tama-chan 30: Volume 14

Su has been developing Mecha Tama-chans during the three years that have passed since the end of the main story until the marriage of Keitaro and Naru. Kanako Urashima gets ahold of Su's prototype Mecha-Tama in her reign over the house in volume 11, and is the only time someone besides Su used a Mecha-Tama, aside from Naru in volume 7 in her attempt to keep Keitaro and Mutsumi apart.

Kuro
Kuro (クロ) is a black cat with huge ears which follows Kanako. It first appears in book 11 of the manga, and in the Love Hina Again OVA. It becomes friends with Tama-chan. Kaolla is very interested in researching it, and Sarah calls him "witch cat" after knowing about Kuro's unusual abilities to fly (using its oversized ears) and talk. In the anime, Kuro can talk, but in the manga, instead of Kuro being able to talk, it is just Kanako's ventriloquism. It carries a bell on its tail, which sounds as characteristic when Kanako appears. As a footnote, Ken Akamatsu explained in his notes in Volume 14, page 148 that Tama, Kuro, Shippu, and Leon were inspired by the "Four Legendary Animals of Japanese Mythology". Tama was inspired by Genbu, Kuro by Byakko, Shippu by Suzaku, and Leon by Seiryuu.

title: List of Love Hina characters


text:
Nine Lessons and Carols

Nine Lessons and Carols, also known as the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols and Service of Nine Lessons and Carols, is a service of Christian worship traditionally celebrated on or near Christmas Eve in England. The story of the fall of humanity, the promise of the Messiah, and the birth of Jesus is told in nine short Bible readings or lessons from Genesis, the prophetic books and the Gospels, interspersed with the singing of Christmas carols, hymns and choir anthems.

History
Although the tradition of Nine Lessons and Carols is popularly associated with King's College, Cambridge, its origins are attributed to Truro Cathedral in Cornwall. Up to the late 19th century, the singing of Christmas carols was normally performed by singers visiting people's houses, and carols — generally considered to be secular in content — had been excluded from Christian worship. In the Victorian era, the rising popularity of hymnody encouraged church musicians to introduce carols into worship. An 1875 book of carols, Carols for Use in Church During Christmas and Epiphany by Richard Chope and Sabine Baring-Gould, was an influential publication. At around this time, the composer and organist John Stainer was compiling a collection, Christmas Carols New and Old, and during Christmas 1878 he introduced carols into the service of Choral Evensong at St Paul's Cathedral in London. Other cathedrals also began to adopt carols at Christmastide that year and the Royal Cornwall Gazette reported that the choir of Truro Cathedral would sing a service of carols at 10:00 pm on Christmas Eve:

"The Choir of the Cathedral will sing a number of carols in the Cathedral on Christmas Eve, the service commencing at 10pm. We understand that this is at the wish of many of the leading parishioners and others. A like service has been instituted in other cathedral and large towns, and has been much appreciated. It is the intention of the choir to no longer continue the custom of singing carols at the residences of members of the congregation."

Two years later, the Right Rev. Edward White Benson, at that time Bishop of Truro, conducted the first formal service of "Nine Lessons and Carols" on Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880. Benson, concerned at the excessive consumption of alcohol in Cornish pubs during the festive season, sought a means of attracting revellers out of the pubs and into church by offering a religious celebration of Christmas. The idea for a service consisting of Christmas music interspersed with Bible readings was proposed by the succentor of the cathedral, the Rev. George Walpole (who later became Bishop of Edinburgh). The cathedral — a Victorian gothic building — was still under construction, and services were being held in a temporary wooden structure which served as a pro-cathedral. The first Nine Lessons and Carols service took place there at 10:00 p.m. on Christmas Eve and was attended by over 400 people.

Benson's son, A. C. Benson, later recalled: "My father arranged from ancient sources a little services for Christmas Eve, nine carols and nine tiny lessons. They were read by various officers of the church, beginning with a chorister and ending, through different grades, with the bishop."

Bishop Benson was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1883, and the Nine Lessons service began to gain in popularity across the Church of England and the wider Anglican Communion, as well as Roman Catholic churches in England and Wales. The original liturgy has since been adapted and used by other churches all over the world, particularly in English-speaking countries. Lessons and Carols most often occur in Anglican churches. However, numerous Christian denominations have adopted the service, or a variation of it, as part of their Christmas celebrations. In the UK, the service has become the standard format for school carol services.

In 1916, a service of Nine Lessons and Carols was held at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island; the institution celebrated the 100th anniversary of its Lessons and Carols in 2016.

Notably in 1918, the Rev. Eric Milner-White the new dean of King's College, Cambridge, introduced the service to the college chapel, taking advantage of the established choral tradition of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge. It proved highly successful, and began an annual tradition — albeit with some alterations to Benson's original format from 1919 onwards. The BBC began to broadcast the service on the radio from 1928 and on television from 1954, establishing Carols from King's as the most popular and widely recognised presentation of the service.

In North America, the Lessons and Carols tradition spread to other US and Canadian institutions. In 1928, organist and choirmaster Twining Lynes, introduced the service to Groton School in Groton, Massachusetts, after being inspired by services in England.

In Canada, the Festival of Nine Lessons and carols is done multilingually at Bishop's College School, Quebec, with the nine lessons read in nine languages or dialects.

In December 2013, Truro Cathedral staged a reconstruction of Bishop Benson's original 1880 Nine Lessons with Carols Service which was attended by a congregation of over 1,500 people.

Service at King's College, Cambridge
The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918. During World War I the dean, Eric Milner-White, had served as army chaplain in the 7th Infantry Division and he was concerned that the distress of the "Great War" had hardened attitudes against religion. Taking advantage of the established choral tradition of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, he introduced Benson's carol service to King's as a means of attracting people back to Christian worship. The first Nine Lessons service in King's College Chapel was held on Christmas Eve, 1918, directed by Arthur Henry Mann who was the organist from 1876 to 1929.

The King's College service was immensely successful, and the following year Milner-White made some changes to Benson's original format, notably introducing the tradition of opening the service with a solo treble singing "Once in Royal David's City". This was then followed by a bidding prayer penned by Milner-White himself, and re-ordering the lessons. The choir had 16 trebles as specified in statutes laid down by Henry VI, and until 1927 the men's voices were provided by choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, 14 undergraduates from the choir sing the men's parts.

Broadcasting of the service
The popularity of the service was established when the service began to be broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928, and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since. During the 1930s the service reached a worldwide audience when the BBC began broadcasting the service on its Overseas Service. Even throughout the Second World War, despite the stained glass having been removed from the chapel and the lack of heating, the broadcasts continued. For security reasons, the name "King's" was not mentioned during wartime broadcasts.

Nine Lessons and Carols from King's College was first televised by BBC Television in 1954, conducted by the director of music, Boris Ord.

Since the Second World War, it has been estimated that each year there are millions of listeners worldwide who listen to the service live on the BBC World Service. Domestically, the service is broadcast live on BBC Radio 4, and a recorded broadcast is made on Christmas Day on BBC Radio 3. In the US, a 1954 service was put into the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress in 2008. The broadcast has been heard live on public radio stations affiliated with American Public Media since 1979, and most stations broadcast a repeat on Christmas Day. Since 1963, the service has been periodically filmed for television broadcast in the UK. Presently, each year a programme entitled Carols from King's is pre-recorded in early or mid-December then shown on Christmas Eve in the UK on BBC Two and BBC Four. The programme is weighted more heavily in favour of carols sung by the choir, with only seven readings in total, not all of which are from the Bible.

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the service was conducted, for the first time, without a congregation. The service did not take place live, but instead a pre-recorded service produced by King's College was broadcast at the usual time. It was the first time since 1930 that the service had not been broadcast live.

Order of service
The format of the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols has not changed substantially since 1918. The order of the lessons was revised in 1919, since when the service has always begun with the hymn "Once in Royal David's City". Today the first verse is sung unaccompanied by a solo boy chorister. To avoid putting him under undue stress, the chorister is not told that he will be singing the solo until immediately before the service.

The nine lessons, which are the same every year, are read by representatives of the College and of the city of Cambridge using the text of the King James Version of the Bible published in 1611. The singing is made up of "carols" sung by the choir and "hymns" sung by the choir and congregation. Some services have also included anthems sung between the carols and hymns, such as a performance of "E'en So, Lord Jesus, Quickly Come" in 2004. Since 1983, a new carol has been commissioned by the College and premiered at the service. The carols vary from year to year, although some music is repeated, and the service ends with the hymn "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing". The order of service in 2023 was as follows:

 * Organ preludes
 * "Fantasia in C, BK 25" – music by William Byrd (c. 1540−1623)
 * 'La vierge et l'enfant' from "La Nativité du Seigneur" – music by Olivier Messaien (1908−1992)
 * "Prelude in D, BuxWV 139" – music by Dieterich Buxtehude (c. 1637−1707)
 * 'Les anges' from "La Nativité du Seigneur" – music by Olivier Messaien
 * "Prelude and Fugue in G, BWV 550" – music by Johann Sebastian Bach (1685−1750)
 * "In dulci jubilo, BuxWV 197" – music by Dieterich Buxtehude
 * Processional hymn: "Once in Royal David's City" – words by Cecil Frances Alexander (1818−1895); melody ('Irby') by Henry Gauntlett (1805−1876); harmonised by Arthur Henry Mann (1850−1929); descant by Philip Ledger (1937−2012)

 * Bidding prayer, concluding with the Lord's Prayer
 * Carol: "Out of your sleep arise and wake" – words, anonymous 15th century English, modernised by Eleanor Parker; music by Robin Nelson

 * First lesson from Genesis 3: 8–15, 17–19 (read by a chorister of King's College)
 * Carol: "Adam lay ybounden" – words, 15th century English, modernised by Edith Rickert (1871-1938); music by Matthew Martin

 * Second lesson from Genesis 22: 15–18 (read by the Chaplain of King's College)
 * Carol: "Illuminare Jerusalem" – words, 16th century Scots, modernised by Eleanor Parker; music by Judith Weir

 * Third lesson from Isaiah 9: 2, 6–7 (read by a member of the King's College staff)
 * Carol: "O Radiant Dawn" – words from Liber Usualis, based on Isaiah 9:2; music by James MacMillan
 * Hymn: "O Little Town of Bethlehem" – words by Phillips Brooks (1835−1893); melody ('Forest Green'), English traditional; arranged by Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872−1958); descant by Thomas Armstrong (1898−1994)

 * Fourth lesson from Isaiah 11: 1–4a, 6–9 (read by a representative of Eton College)
 * Carol: "King Jesus hath a garden" – words and music, traditional Dutch; translated by George Ratcliffe Woodward (1848−1934); arranged by Stephen Cleobury (1948−2019)
 * Carol: "A Spotless Rose is Blooming" – words, 14th century German, translated by Catherine Winkworth (1827−1878); music by Philip Ledger

 * Fifth lesson from Luke 1: 26–35, 38 (read by a Fellow of King's College)
 * Carol: "Gabriel's Message" – words by Sabine Baring-Gould (1834−1924); music, Basque carol, arranged by David Willcocks (1919−2015)
 * Carol: "Come all you faithful Christians" – words, English traditional; music by Christopher Robinson

 * Sixth lesson from Luke 2: 1–7 (read by the Mayor of Cambridge)
 * Carol: "Sir Christèmas" – words, 15th century English; music by William Mathias (1934−1992)
 * Hymn: "The First Nowell" – words and melody ('The First Nowell'), Cornish traditional; arranged by David Willcocks

 * Seventh lesson from Luke 2: 8–16 (read by the Director of Music of King's College)
 * Carol: "The Cradle" – words, 17th century Austrian, translated by Robert Graves (1895−1985); music by Cheryl Frances-Hoad (commissioned for the 2023 service)

 * Eighth lesson from Matthew 2: 1–12 (read by the Vice-Provost of King's College)
 * Carol: "The Christ-Child lay on Mary's lap" – words, 'A Christmas Carol' by G. K. Chesterton (1874−1936); music by John Rutter (written in memory of Stephen Cleobury)
 * Carol: "Procedenti puero" – words, 15th century English; music by Peter Warlock (1894−1930)

 * Ninth lesson from the Gospel of John 1: 1–14 (read by the Provost of King's College)
 * Hymn: "O Come, All Ye Faithful" – words, translated by Frederick Oakeley (1802−1880), William Thomas Brooke (1848−1917), et al.; melody ('Adeste, fideles') by John Francis Wade (1711−1786); arranged by David Willcocks; descant by Daniel Hyde

 * Collect and blessing
 * Hymn: "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" – words by Charles Wesley (1707−1788), et al.; melody ('Mendelssohn') by Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1809−1847); descant by David Willcocks

 * Organ voluntaries
 * "In Dulci Jubilo, BWV 729" – music by Johann Sebastian Bach
 * 'Dieu parmi nous' from "La Nativité du Seigneur" – music by Olivier Messaien

Commissioned carols and organ postludes
The table below shows the new carols commissioned by King's College, Cambridge, since 1983.

Organ postludes have also been commissioned in certain years, as shown in the table below.

Attendance at the service
Attendance at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols held on Christmas Eve is now by ticket only, many of which are allocated by public ballot; standby tickets are also made available to those who applied for in the ballot. Owing to the service's popularity, demand for seats greatly exceeds the number of tickets available. In previous years, when tickets were available at the door, some people began queuing the night before, but now only those with standby tickets are permitted to stand in the queue.

title: Nine Lessons and Carols


text:
User:Jimregan/Album covers

Because the use of album covers under the fair use doctrine is somewhat contentious, this is a list of album covers I've uploaded, just in case someone needs a one stop shop for deletion.

If you're going to delete album covers because of this, please either first make sure WikiProject Albums has been changed to reflect new policy

If you find any albums here with unwikified details, or missing copyright info, please let me know.

Non album images:

is fair use, so the same ruling which would apply to album covers would apply to it. Is weird, because it's not a direct copy of anything.
 * Image:Stanley Jordan.jpg
 * Image:SepulturaLogo.png

Albums I've added copyright information to (which I have, and can therefore verify easily):

 * Image:D83688tuj0c.jpg
 * Image:CowboysFromHell.jpg
 * Image:SlayerReigninBlood.jpg

 * Image:Ash-Trailer.jpg
 * Image:BigBlack-TheRichMansEightTrackTape.jpg
 * Image:BritneySpears-BabyOneMoreTime.jpg
 * Image:Budgie-Bandolier.jpg
 * Image:Budgie-Budgie.jpg
 * Image:Carcass-Heartwork.jpg
 * Image:Carcass-Necroticism.jpg
 * Image:Carcass-Swansong.jpg
 * Image:Carcass-WakeUpAndSmellThe.jpg
 * Image:CatStevens-TeaForTheTillerman.jpg
 * Image:ChrisCornell-EuphoriaMorning.jpg
 * Image:DeadKennedysFreshFruit.jpg
 * Image:FooFighters-FooFighters.jpg
 * Image:FooFighters-TheColourAndTheShape.jpg
 * Image:Helmet-Aftertaste.jpg
 * Image:Helmet-Betty.jpg
 * Image:Helmet-BornAnnoying.jpg
 * Image:Helmet-Meantime.jpg
 * Image:Helmet-StrapItOn.jpg
 * Image:InFlames-Clayman.jpg
 * Image:InFlames-Colony.jpg
 * Image:InFlames-RerouteToRemain.jpg
 * Image:InFlames-Whoracle.jpg
 * Image:Kerbdog-Kerbdog.jpg
 * Image:KillswitchEngage-AliveOrJustBreathing.jpg
 * Image:Korn-Korn.jpg
 * Image:Korn-LifeIsPeachy.jpg
 * Image:Metallica-AndJusticeForAll.jpg
 * Image:Metallica-GarageDaysReRevisited.jpg
 * Image:Metallica-GarageInc.jpg
 * Image:Metallica-MasterOfPuppets.jpg
 * Image:Metallica-Metallica.jpg
 * Image:Metallica-RideTheLightning.jpg
 * Image:Metallica-StAnger.jpg
 * Image:MichaelJackson-OffTheWall.jpg
 * Image:Ministry-Psalm69.jpg
 * Image:Ministry-TheLandOfRapeAndHoney.jpg
 * Image:Ministry-TheMindIsATerribleThingToTaste.jpg
 * Image:NIN-TheFragile.jpg
 * Image:Nirvana-FromTheMuddyBanksOfTheWishkah.jpg
 * Image:Nirvana-Nirvana.jpg
 * Image:Pantera-FarBeyondDriven.jpg
 * Image:PearlJam-NoCode.jpg
 * Image:PearlJam-Ten.jpg
 * Image:PearlJam-Vs.jpg
 * Image:PetLamb-SweatyHandshake.jpg
 * Image:Sepultura-BeneathTheRemains.jpg
 * Image:Sepultura-ChaosAD.jpg
 * Image:Sepultura-Roots.jpg
 * Image:Shellac-AtActionPark.jpg
 * Image:Shellac-1000Hurts.jpg
 * Image:Slayer-DivineIntervention.jpg
 * Image:Slayer-GodHatesUsAll.jpg
 * Image:SlayerDecadeOfAggression.jpg
 * Image:SlayerHellAwaits.jpg
 * Image:SlayerSeasonsInTheAbyss.jpg
 * Image:SlayerShowNoMercy.jpg
 * Image:SlayerSouthOfHeaven.jpg
 * Image:Slipknot-Iowa.jpg
 * Image:Slipknot-Slipknot.jpg
 * Image:SmashingPumpkins-Gish.jpg
 * Image:SmashingPumpkins-Lull.jpg
 * Image:SonicYouth-ExpermentalJetSetTrashAndNoStar.jpg
 * Image:Soundgarden-Badmotorfinger.jpg
 * Image:Soundgarden-ScreamingLifeFopp.jpg
 * Image:Soundgarden-Superunknown.jpg
 * Image:Soundgarden-UtramegaOK.jpg
 * Image:TempleOfTheDog.jpg
 * Image:TheProdigyExperience.jpg
 * Image:TheProdigy-MusicForTheJiltedGeneration.jpg
 * Image:TheProdigy-TheFatOfTheLand.jpg
 * Image:TherapyBabyteeth.jpg
 * Image:TherapyInfernalLove.jpg
 * Image:TherapyNurse.jpg
 * Image:TherapyPleasureDeath.jpg
 * Image:TherapySemi-Detached.jpg
 * Image:TherapyShameless.jpg
 * Image:TherapySoMuchForTheTenYearPlan.jpg
 * Image:TherapySuicidePact-YouFirst.jpg
 * Image:TherapyTroubleGum.jpg
 * Image:ThurstonMoore-PsychicHearts.jpg
 * Image:VerucaSalt-AmericanThighs.jpg
 * Image:VerucaSalt-EightArmsToHoldYou.jpg
 * Image:WhiteZombie-AstroCreep2000.jpg

title: User:Jimregan/Album covers


text:
Bob Brookmeyer

Robert Edward "Bob" Brookmeyer (December 19, 1929 – December 15, 2011) was an American jazz valve trombonist, pianist, arranger, and composer. Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Brookmeyer first gained widespread public attention as a member of Gerry Mulligan's quartet from 1954 to 1957. He later worked with Jimmy Giuffre, before rejoining Mulligan's Concert Jazz Band. He garnered 8 Grammy Award nominations during his lifetime.

Biography
Brookmeyer was born on December 19, 1929, Kansas City, Missouri. He was the only child of Elmer Edward Brookmeyer and Mayme Seifert.

Brookmeyer began playing professionally in his teens. He attended the Kansas City Conservatory of Music, but did not graduate. He played piano in big bands led by Tex Beneke and Ray McKinley, but concentrated on valve trombone from when he moved to the Claude Thornhill orchestra in the early 1950s. He was part of small groups led by Stan Getz, Jimmy Giuffre, and Gerry Mulligan in the 1950s. During the 1950s and 1960s, Brookmeyer played in New York clubs, on television (including being part of the house band for The Merv Griffin Show), and on studio recordings, as well as arranging for Ray Charles and others.

In the early 1960s, Brookmeyer joined flugelhorn player Clark Terry in a band that achieved some success. In February 1965, Brookmeyer and Terry appeared together on BBC2's Jazz 625.

Brookmeyer moved to Los Angeles in 1968 and became a full-time studio musician. He spent 10 years on the West Coast and developed a serious alcohol problem. After he overcame this, he returned to New York. Brookmeyer became the musical director of the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra in 1979, although he had not composed any music for a decade. Brookmeyer wrote for and performed with jazz groups in Europe from the early 1980s. He founded and ran a music school in the Netherlands, and taught at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, and other institutions. In June 2005, Brookmeyer joined ArtistShare and announced a project to fund an upcoming third album featuring his New Art Orchestra. The resulting Grammy-nominated CD, titled Spirit Music, was released in 2006. Brookmeyer was named a National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master in the same year. His eighth Grammy Award nomination was for an arrangement from the Vanguard Jazz Orchestra's album, Forever Lasting, shortly before his death. That same album was also nominated in the 57th Annual Grammy Awards for the category of Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album; the CD was entirely made up of Brookmeyer's compositions.

Brookmeyer died of congestive heart failure on December 15, 2011, in New London, New Hampshire.

Compositional style
One notable element of Brookmeyer's compositional style is his use of contemporary classical writing techniques in his works for big bands and jazz ensembles. In the early 1980's Brookmeyer was mentored by composer Earle Brown, with whom he explored 20th century classical music in depth. Brookmeyer's works since have been influenced by such composers as Witold Lutosławski (whose cello concerto Brookmeyer used often in teaching students about simple motifs), Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, György Ligeti, and Béla Bartók.

Some examples of 20th-century classical compositional techniques used in Brookmeyer's jazz pieces are:
 * "ABC Blues", where an atonal tone row is used to generate melodies and harmonies.
 * "The Big Time", where polytonality is used to develop melodies used earlier on in the composition.
 * Bob Brookmeyer uses chromatic harmony and tone clusters throughout such works as "Seesaw", "Silver Lining", and "Hello and Goodbye".

Grammy Awards (nominations)

 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"|Blues Suite', composed by Brookmeyer
 * style="text-align:center;"|Best Arrangement
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"|The Power Of Positive Swinging, composed by Brookmeyer
 * style="text-align:center;"|Best Instrumental Jazz Performance
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"| ABC Blues, composed by Brookmeyer
 * style="text-align:center;"|Best Original Jazz Composition
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"| Skylark, arranged by Brookmeyer
 * style="text-align:center;"|Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"|Impulsive! (Album)
 * style="text-align:center;"|Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"| Get Well Soon (Album)
 * style="text-align:center;"| Large Jazz Ensemble Album
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"| Spirit Music (Album)
 * style="text-align:center;"| Large Jazz Ensemble Album
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"| St. Louis Blues, arranged by Brookmeyer
 * style="text-align:center;"|Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"| Nasty Dance, arranged by Brookmeyer
 * style="text-align:center;"|Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"| St. Louis Blues, arranged by Brookmeyer
 * style="text-align:center;"|Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Nominated
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * style="text-align:center;"| Nasty Dance, arranged by Brookmeyer
 * style="text-align:center;"|Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

As leader/co-leader

 * Bob Brookmeyer Quartet (Pacific Jazz, 1954)
 * Bob Brookmeyer Plays Bob Brookmeyer and Some Others (Clef, 1955)
 * Happy Minors (Bethlehem, 1955) with Red Mitchell, Zoot Sims
 * The Dual Role of Bob Brookmeyer (Prestige, 1956) – recorded in 1954-55
 * Tonite's Music Today with Zoot Sims (Storyville, 1956)
 * Whooeeee with Zoot Sims (Storyville, 1956)
 * Bob Brookmeyer Quintet (Vogue, 1956)
 * Urso and Brookmeyer with Phil Urso (Savoy, 1956)
 * Brookmeyer (Vik, 1957) – recorded in 1956
 * Traditionalism Revisited (World Pacific, 1957)
 * The Street Swingers (World Pacific, 1958)
 * Jazz Concerto Grosso with Gerry Mulligan (ABC–Paramount, 1958) – play Phil Sunkel, recorded in 1957.
 * They Met at the Continental Divide with Trombones Inc. (Warner Bros., 1959)
 * Kansas City Revisited (United Artists, 1959)
 * The Ivory Hunters with Bill Evans (United Artists, 1959) – also released as As Time Goes By (Blue Note LT series, 1981)
 * Jazz Is a Kick (Mercury, 1960)
 * Portrait of the Artist (Atlantic, 1960) – recorded in 1959
 * The Blues Hot and Cold (His Master's Voice, 1960)
 * Gloomy Sunday and Other Bright Moments (Verve, 1961)
 * 7 x Wilder (Verve, 1961)
 * Trombone Jazz Samba (Verve, 1962)
 * Bob Brookmeyer and Friends (Columbia, 1965) – recorded in 1964
 * The Bob Brookmeyer Small Band (Gryphon, 1978)
 * Back Again (Sonet, 1979)
 * Through a Looking Glass (Finesse, 1981)
 * Oslo (Concord Jazz, 1987)
 * Morning Fun with Zoot Sims (Black Lion, 1989)
 * Electricity (ACT, 1994) - recorded in 1991
 * As It Happened Vol. 1 with Roger Kellaway (Jazz Heritage, 1994)
 * Paris Suite (Challenge, 1995)
 * Out of This World with Metropole Orchestra (Koch Jazz, 1998)
 * Old Friends (Storyville, 1998) - recorded in 1994
 * New Works Celebration (Challenge, 1999) - recorded in 1997
 * Together with Mads Vinding (Challenge, 1999)
 * Holiday (Challenge, 2001) – plays piano
 * Madly Loving You with the Ed Partyka Jazz Orchestra (Challenge, 2001)
 * Stay Out of the Sun (Challenge, 2003) - recorded in 2000
 * Get Well Soon with New Art Orchestra (Challenge, 2003) - recorded in 2002
 * Island with Kenny Wheeler (Artists House, 2003) - recorded in 2002
 * Spirit Music with New Art Orchestra (ArtistShare, 2006)

As sideman
With Manny Albam
 * The Jazz Workshop (RCA Victor, 1956)
 * Play Music from the Broadway Musical West Side Story (Coral, 1957)
 * Manny Albam and the Jazz Greats of Our Time (Coral, 1957)
 * Sophisticated Lady (Coral, 1958)
 * The Blues Is Everybody's Business (Coral, 1958)
 * Steve's Songs (Dot, 1958)
 * Jazz Horizons: Jazz New York (Dot, 1959)
 * Brass on Fire (Solid State, 1966)

With Steve Allen
 * ...And All That Jazz (Dot, 1959)
 * Soulful Brass #2 (Flying Dutchman, 1969)

With Chet Baker
 * Chet Baker Sextet (Pacific Jazz, 1954)
 * The Trumpet Artistry of Chet Baker (Pacific Jazz, 1955) – compilation

With Teddy Charles
 * Teddy Charles Featuring Bobby Brookmeyer (Prestige, 1954)
 * Salute to Hamp Flyin' Home (Bethlehem, 1959)

With Al Cohn
 * The Al Cohn Quintet Featuring Bobby Brookmeyer (Coral, 1957) – rec. 1956
 * Son of Drum Suite (RCA Victor, 1961)

With Stan Getz
 * Interpretations by the Stan Getz Quintet (Norgran, 1954) – rec. 1953
 * Stan Getz at The Shrine (Norgran, 1955)
 * Stan Getz and the Cool Sounds (Verve, 1957)
 * Recorded Fall 1961 (Verve, 1961)
 * Jazz Samba (Verve, 1962)
 * Big Band Bossa Nova (Verve, 1962)

With Jimmy Giuffre
 * Trav'lin' Light (Atlantic, 1958)
 * The Four Brothers Sound (Atlantic, 1959)
 * Western Suite (Atlantic, 1960)

With Jim Hall
 * Live at Town Hall Vol. One (Musicmasters, 1991)
 * Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival (Challenge, 1999)

With Nancy Harrow
 * You're Nearer (Tono 1986)
 * Street of Dreams (Poljazz, 1989)

With Woody Herman
 * The Herd Rides Again (Everest, 1958)
 * The Fourth Herd (Jazz Legacy, 1960)
 * Woody Herman & the Fourth Herd (Windmill, 1972)

With Gary McFarland
 * The Jazz Version of "How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying" (Verve, 1962)
 * Tijuana Jazz (Impulse! 1966)

With Gerry Mulligan
 * Paris Concert (Pacific Jazz, 1955) – rec. 1954
 * California Concerts (Pacific Jazz, 1955) – rec. 1954
 * Presenting the Gerry Mulligan Sextet (EmArcy, 1955)
 * Recorded in Boston at Storyville (Pacific Jazz, 1957) – rec. 1956
 * The Teddy Wilson Trio & Gerry Mulligan Quartet with Bob Brookmeyer at Newport (Verve, 1957)
 * The Concert Jazz Band (Verve, 1960)
 * Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band at the Village Vanguard (Verve, 1961) – rec. 1960
 * Gerry Mulligan Presents a Concert in Jazz (Verve, 1961)
 * Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band on Tour (Verve, 1962) – rec. 1960
 * The Gerry Mulligan Quartet (Verve, 1962)
 * Spring Is Sprung (Philips, 1963) – recorded in 1962
 * Night Lights (Philips, 1963) – rec. 1962
 * Butterfly with Hiccups (Limelight, 1964) – rec. 1963-64

With Jimmy Raney
 * Jimmy Raney Featuring Bob Brookmeyer (ABC-Paramount, 1956)
 * Jimmy Raney in Three Attitudes (ABC-Paramount, 1957)

'''With George Russell
 * New York N.Y. (Decca, 1959)
 * Jazz in the Space Age (Decca, 1960)

With Don Sebesky
 * Three Works for Jazz Soloists & Symphony Orchestra (Gryphon, 1979)
 * I Remember Bill (RCA Victor, 1998)
 * Joyful Noise (RCA Victor, 1999)

With Bud Shank
 * Bud Shank and Bob Brookmeyer (Pacific Jazz, 1954)
 * The Saxophone Artistry of Bud Shank (Pacific Jazz, 1956)

With Zoot Sims
 * Tonite's Music Today (Storyville, 1956)
 * The Modern Art of Jazz (Dawn, 1956)
 * Bob Brookmeyer Octet Stretching Out (United Artists, 1959)
 * Choice (Pacific Jazz, 1961)
 * Suitably Zoot (Pumpkin, 1979)

With Clark Terry
 * The Power of Positive Swinging (Mainstream, 1965)
 * Tonight (Mainstream, 1965)
 * Gingerbread Men (Mainstream, 1966)
 * Previously Unreleased Recordings (Verve, 1973)
 * Gingerbread Gal (Mainstream, 1974)
 * What'd He Say (Mainstream, 1974)

With others
 * Cannonball Adderley, African Waltz (Riverside 1961)
 * Benny Aronov, Shadow Box (Choice, 1979)
 * Ruby Braff, Blowing Around the World (United Artists, 1959)
 * Canadian Brass, Swingtime! (RCA Victor, 1995)
 * Bobby Bryant, The Jazz Excursion into Hair (Pacific Jazz, 1969)
 * Monty Budwig, Dig (Concord Jazz, 1979)
 * Ralph Burns, Where There's Burns There's Fire (Warwick, 1961)
 * Kenny Burrell, Both Feet On the Ground (Fantasy, 1973)
 * Gary Burton, The Groovy Sound of Music (RCA Victor, 1965)
 * Ray Charles, The Genius of Ray Charles (Atlantic, 1959)
 * Tony Coe, Captain Coe's Famous Racearound (Storyville, 1996)
 * Al Jazzbo Collins, Presents Swinging at the Opera (Everest, 1960)
 * John Dankworth, The Zodiac Variations (Fontana, 1965)
 * Eliane Elias, Bob Brookmeyer, Play the Music of Eliane Elias Impulsive! (Stunt, 1997)
 * Bill Evans, Waltz for Debby (Not Now Music, 2012)
 * Gil Evans, Into the Hot (Impulse! 1962)
 * Harold Farberman, Gunther Schuller, Dedicated to Dolphy (Cambridge, 1966)
 * Dave Frishberg, You're A Lucky Guy (Concord Jazz, 1978)
 * Curtis Fuller, Cabin in the Sky (ABC Impulse!, 1970)
 * Terry Gibbs, Swingin' with Terry Gibbs and His Orchestra (EmArcy, 1956)
 * Astrud Gilberto, The Shadow of Your Smile (Verve, 1965)
 * Buddy Greco, I Like It Swinging (Columbia, 1961)
 * Bobby Hackett, Creole Cookin' (Verve, 1967)
 * Judy Holliday, Holliday with Mulligan (DRG, 1980)
 * Chubby Jackson, Chubby Takes Over (Empire, 2005)
 * Thad Jones & Mel Lewis, Presenting Thad Jones Mel Lewis & the Jazz Orchestra (Solid State, 1966)
 * Thad Jones & Mel Lewis, Live at the Village Vanguard (Solid State, 1967)
 * Teddi King, Now in Vogue (Vogue, 1955)
 * Michel Legrand, Plays Richard Rodgers (Philips, 1963)
 * Mel Lewis, Make Me Smile & Other New Works by Bob Brookmeyer (Finesse, 1982)
 * Harry Lookofsky, Stringsville (Atlantic, 1959)
 * Charlie Mariano, A Jazz Portrait of Charlie Mariano (Regina, 1963)
 * Red Mitchell, Happy Minors (Bethlehem, 1955)
 * Thelonious Monk, Monk's Blues (Columbia, 1992)
 * Brew Moore, Brothers and Other Mothers Vol. 2 (Savoy, 1979)
 * Red Norvo, Red's Rose Room Red's Blue Room (RCA Camden 1976)
 * Anita O'Day, All the Sad Young Men (Verve, 1962)
 * Babatunde Olatunji, High Life! (Columbia, 1963)
 * Freda Payne, After the Lights Go Down Low and Much More!!! (Impulse! 1963)
 * Oscar Pettiford, Another One (Bethlehem, 1955)
 * Michel Petrucciani, Both Worlds (Dreyfus, 1997)
 * Bill Potts, The Jazz Soul of Porgy & Bess (United Artists, 1959)
 * Tito Rodriguez, Live at Birdland (Bomba, 1963)
 * Pee Wee Russell & Coleman Hawkins, Jazz Reunion (Candid, 1961)
 * Lalo Schifrin, Samba Para Dos (Verve, 1963)
 * Helen Schneider, Right As the Rain (Tomato, 1995)
 * Tom Scott, Tom Scott in L.A. (Flying Dutchman, 1975)
 * Carol Sloane, Out of the Blue (Columbia, 1962)
 * Henri Texier, Respect (Label Bleu, 1997)
 * Bob Thiele, Head Start (Flying Dutchman, 1969)
 * Toots Thielemans, Yesterday & Today
 * Jeremy Udden, Torchsongs (Fresh Sound, 2006)
 * Phil Urso, The Philosophy of Urso (Savoy, 1985)
 * Helen Ward, Peanuts Hucko, With a Little Bit of Swing (RCA Victor, 1958)
 * George Williams, Put On Your Dancing Shoes (United Artists, 1960)
 * Joe Williams, Presenting Joe Williams and Thad Jones Mel Lewis, the Jazz Orchestra (Solid State, 1966)
 * Paul Williams, Just an Old Fashioned Love Song (A&M, 1971)

title: Bob Brookmeyer


text:
MMH

MMH may refer to:

 * Monomethylhydrazine, CH3N2H3, a chemical
 * Mammoth Yosemite Airport. IATA code
 * Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
 * Multilinear Modular Hashing, a computer yt Ty f uu r  uu r  uu uu gf IT
 * Manual material handling
 * Mark McHugh, a Gaelic footballer
 * Martin McHugh (Gaelic ifootballer), a Gaelic footballer

title: MMH