text:
Index of real estate articles

This aims to be a complete list of the articles on real estate.

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 * 72-hour clause

A

 * Abandonment
 * Abstract of title
 * Acceleration clause
 * Accession
 * Acknowledgment
 * Acre – a measure of land area
 * Action to quiet title
 * Ad valorem tax
 * ADA
 * Adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM)
 * Adjusted basis
 * Administrator/Administratrix
 * Adverse possession
 * Agency – Real estate agency, Buyer brokerage
 * Agent – Real estate agent or broker, Estate agent
 * Agreement
 * Air rights
 * Alienation
 * Allodial, Allodium
 * Allodial title
 * Alluvion
 * Amenity
 * American Land Title Association (ALTA)
 * Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
 * Amortization calculator
 * Amortization schedule
 * Amortizing loan
 * Anchor store
 * Annexation
 * Annual percentage rate
 * Apartment
 * Appraisal, real estate
 * Appraised value – An estimate of the present worth of a property
 * Appreciation
 * APR
 * Appurtenance
 * Appurtenant easement
 * ARELLO
 * Arm's length transaction
 * Arrears
 * Article 4 of the United States Constitution
 * Artificial person
 * Asking price
 * Assemblage
 * Assignee
 * Assignment
 * Assignment of contract
 * Assignor
 * Assessed value – The value set upon a property for taxation purposes
 * Assessment
 * Association of Real Estate License Law Officials (ARELLO)
 * Assumable loan
 * Assumable mortgage
 * Attorney-at-law
 * Attorney-in-fact
 * Auction
 * Avulsion
 * Assessor
 * Assumption of mortgage

B

 * Balance
 * Balloon mortgage
 * Bargain-and-sale deed
 * Baseline – a line that is a base for measurement or construction, lines that divide north/south or east/west in surveying
 * Basis
 * Benchmark
 * Beneficiary
 * Bequest
 * Bhoodan movement
 * Bilateral contract – a contract in which only one party makes a promise
 * Bill of sale
 * Binder – In law, a binder (also known as an agreement for sale, earnest money contract, memorandum of sale, or contract to sell) is a short-form preliminary contract in which the purchaser agrees to buy and the seller agrees to sell certain real estate under stated terms and conditions, usually in the form of a purchase offer, and is enforceable in a court of law and used to secure a real estate transaction until a more formal, fully negotiated contract of sale can be signed. See offer and acceptance.
 * Blanket loan, Blanket mortgage
 * Block
 * Blockbusting
 * Boiler insurance
 * Bona fide purchaser
 * Book value
 * Boot
 * Boundary
 * Breach of contract
 * Broker
 * Brokerage – Mortgage broker, Real estate broker, Buyer brokerage
 * Broker's Price Opinion (BPO)
 * BPO Standards and Guidelines
 * Budget
 * Building code
 * Bundle of rights
 * Buyer brokerage
 * Buyer's agent

C

 * Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA)
 * Capital appreciation
 * Capital gain
 * Cap rate, Capitalization rate
 * Cash flow
 * Caveat emptor
 * Certificate of occupancy
 * Certified Relocation and Transition Specialist
 * Chain – sequence of linked house purchases
 * Chain – unit of measurement
 * Chain of title
 * Chattel
 * Chattel mortgage
 * City block
 * Civil action
 * Civil Rights Act of 1866
 * Civil Rights Act of 1968
 * Clause
 * Client
 * Closing costs
 * Closing
 * Closing statement
 * Cloud on a title, Cloud on title
 * Coinsurance, Coinsurance clause
 * Collateral
 * Color of title
 * Commercial property
 * Commingling
 * Commission
 * Comprehensive planning for community development
 * Confiscation
 * Commitment
 * Common area
 * Common law
 * Community-based planning
 * Community land trust
 * Community planning
 * Community property
 * Comparables
 * Compensatory damages, Expectation damages
 * Competition
 * Condemnation – building is deemed no longer habitable, government seizure through Eminent domain, or Urban decay
 * Condominium
 * Condominium conversion, Condo conversion
 * Confidentiality, Confidential information
 * Conformity
 * Conservation land trust
 * Consideration
 * Construction loan, Construction mortgage
 * Constructive eviction
 * Consumer
 * Contingency, Contingencies
 * Continuing education requirement
 * Contour map
 * Contract for deed
 * Contract of sale
 * Contract
 * Contribution
 * Conventional mortgage
 * Conversion – removal of personal property or building fixtures
 * Conversion – process of changing a building to condominium
 * Courtesy signing
 * Covenants
 * Convey, Conveyance, Conveyancing
 * Cooling-off period
 * Cooperating broker
 * Cooperative apartment
 * Co-op
 * Co-ownership
 * Copyhold
 * Corporation
 * Corporeal property
 * Corrective maintenance
 * Cost basis
 * Council housing
 * Counteroffer
 * Courtesy tenure
 * Covenant
 * Covenant Against Encumbrances
 * Covenant for Further Assurances
 * Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment
 * Covenant of Right to Convey
 * Covenant of Seisin
 * Covenant of Warranty
 * CREA
 * Credit
 * Creditor
 * Cul-de-sac
 * Customer

D

 * Damages for breach of contract
 * Datum
 * Debit
 * Debt service coverage ratio
 * Decedent
 * Declaration of Condominium
 * Declaration of Restriction
 * Decree
 * Deductible expense
 * Deed
 * Deed in bargain and sale
 * Deed in lieu of foreclosure
 * Deed in trust
 * Deed of gift
 * Deed of trust
 * Deed restriction
 * Default
 * Defeasance clause
 * Defeasible fee
 * Defeasible estate
 * Deficiency – physical condition or construction that is considered sub-standard or below minimum expectations
 * Deficiency judgment
 * Delivery and acceptance
 * Demise
 * Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
 * Depreciable asset
 * Depreciated value
 * Depreciation
 * Descent
 * Designated agency, Designated agent
 * Devise – disposal of real property in a will and testament, or the property itself which has been disposed of
 * Devisee – beneficiary of a will and testament
 * Disability
 * Discount points
 * Disintermediation
 * Documentary stamp
 * Documentary stamp tax
 * Domania
 * Dominant estate, Dominant tenement
 * Dominant portion
 * Dominion Land Survey
 * Double closing
 * Dower
 * Dual agent, Dual agency
 * Due-on-sale clause
 * Duress

E

 * Earnest money
 * Earthquake insurance
 * Easement
 * Easement appurtenant
 * Easement by condemnation
 * Easement by implication
 * Easement by necessity
 * Easement by prescription
 * Easement in gross
 * ECOA
 * Economic depression
 * Economic rent
 * Effective demand
 * Effective interest rate
 * Egress
 * Egress window
 * Ejectment
 * Ejido
 * Emblements
 * Eminent domain
 * Enabling act
 * Encroachment
 * Encumbrance
 * Endorsement – signature on a contract thereby indicating the person's intent to become a party to the contract
 * Enforceable
 * Environmental Protection Agency
 * Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)
 * Equitable title
 * Equity
 * Equity of redemption
 * Escheat
 * Escrow
 * Escrow account
 * Escrow agent
 * Escrow instructions
 * Escrow payment
 * Estate – legal term for a person's net worth at any point in time alive or dead
 * Estate – a very large property (such as country house or mansion) with houses, outbuildings, gardens, supporting farmland, and woods
 * Estate agent
 * Estate for years
 * Estate manager
 * Estate tax
 * Estoppel
 * Et al.
 * Et ux., Et uxor
 * Et vir
 * Evaluation
 * Eviction
 * Exclusive agency
 * Exclusive right to sell
 * Executed contract
 * Execution
 * Executor
 * Executory contract
 * Executrix
 * Exempt – Grandfather clause that allows a pre-existing condition to continue, Tax exemption that legally excludes income or other value to reduce taxable income
 * Exercise of option
 * Expectation damages
 * Express contract
 * Extended coverage

F

 * Fair Housing Act of 1968
 * Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988
 * Fair market value
 * Fannie Mae
 * Fed, the
 * Freddie Mac
 * Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC or Freddie Mac)
 * Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
 * Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA or Fannie Mae)
 * Federal Real Estate Board
 * Federal Reserve System
 * Fee simple
 * Fee simple absolute
 * Fee simple determinable
 * Fee simple subject to condition subsequent
 * Feudal system as applicable to real estate
 * FHA
 * FHA-insured loan
 * Field Card
 * Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA)
 * Fire insurance
 * FIRREA
 * First mortgage – as opposed to Second mortgage
 * Fixed-rate mortgage
 * Fixer-upper
 * Fixture
 * Flat-fee MLS
 * Flipping
 * Flood hazard area
 * Flood insurance
 * Foreclosure
 * Four unities
 * Fraud
 * Freehold
 * Freehold estate
 * For Sale By Owner
 * FSBO
 * Functional obsolescence
 * Future interest

G

 * General plan
 * General warranty deed
 * Gentrification
 * Ginnie Mae
 * GNMA
 * Good faith estimate
 * Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA or Ginnie Mae)
 * Graduated payment mortgage
 * Gramdan
 * Grant bargain and sale deed
 * Grant
 * Grant deed
 * Grantee
 * Grantor
 * Green belt
 * Ground lease
 * Ground rent

H

 * Habendum clause
 * Habitable
 * Hard money
 * Hard money lenders
 * Hard money loan
 * Hazard insurance
 * Heirs, Heirs and assigns
 * Hereditament
 * Heterogeneous
 * Highest and best use
 * (HOA)
 * Holographic will
 * Home construction loan
 * Home equity line of credit (HELOC)
 * Home rule
 * Home-equity debt
 * Home equity loan
 * Home inspection – especially Home buyers inspection before closing or Pre-delivery inspection of new construction
 * Homeowners association (HOA)
 * Homeowner's insurance
 * Homeowner's policy
 * Home warranty
 * Homestead
 * Homestead exemption
 * Homogeneous
 * Housing association
 * Housing bubble
 * Housing tenure
 * Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
 * Housing cooperative
 * HUD
 * HUD-1 Settlement Statement
 * Hypothecation

I

 * IBC
 * Illusory offer, Illusory promise
 * ILSA
 * ILSFDA
 * Immobility – immovable real estate
 * Immovable property
 * Implied contract
 * Implied warranty
 * Improved land
 * Improvements – Home improvement or Land improvement
 * Inspection
 * Income approach for appraisal
 * Income property – real estate rented out to provide income for the landlord
 * Income shelter
 * Incompetent
 * Incorporeal property
 * Indemnification
 * Ingress
 * Inheritance tax
 * Injunction
 * Installment land contract
 * Installment sale
 * Interest rate
 * International Building Code (IBC)
 * Internet Data Exchange (IDX)
 * Instrument
 * Insurable interest
 * Interest
 * Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act of 1968 (ILSFDA or ILSA)
 * Intestate
 * Intestate succession
 * Invalid
 * Investing in real estate – Real estate investing, Real estate investment club, Flipping property
 * Investment
 * Investment rating for real estate
 * Investment value
 * Involuntary alienation
 * Firm offer

J

 * Jeonse
 * Joint and several liability
 * Joint tenancy
 * Joint venture
 * Judgment
 * Judgment lien
 * Judicial foreclosure
 * Junior mortgage – smaller mortgage in addition to the primary mortgage; examples: second mortgage, 80-15-5 piggy-back loan, and home equity loan
 * Jurisdiction

K

 * Key money

L

 * Laches
 * Land
 * Land bank, Land banking
 * Land contract
 * Land grant
 * Land lease
 * Land registration
 * Land tenure
 * Land Trust Alliance
 * Land trust
 * Landlocked
 * Landlord
 * Law of agency
 * Lawful
 * Lease
 * Lease option
 * Leaseback
 * Leasehold
 * Leasehold estate
 * Legal capacity
 * Legal description
 * Legal entity
 * Legal personality
 * Legal interest rate – the opposite of Usury
 * Lenders mortgage insurance
 * Lessee
 * Lessor
 * Leverage
 * Levy – a fine as penalty, seizure of debtor's property after judgment, financial charge such as tax
 * Licensee
 * Lien
 * Lienee – property owner who grants the lien
 * Lienor – person who benefit from the lien
 * Lien holder – person who benefit from the lien
 * Life estate
 * Life tenant – owner of a life estate
 * Like-kind property exchange
 * Limited liability company (LLC)
 * Limited partnership
 * Liquidated damages
 * Liquidation value
 * Lis pendens
 * Listing contract
 * Litigation
 * Littoral rights
 * LLC
 * LMI
 * Loan origination fee
 * Loan-to-value ratio (LTV)
 * Location
 * Lot
 * Lot and Block survey system
 * LTV

M

 * Market
 * Market analysis
 * Market value
 * Marketable title
 * Master plan for community development
 * Masters of Real Estate Development
 * Material fact
 * Materialman's lien
 * Mechanic's lien
 * Meeting of minds
 * Menace
 * Merger
 * Metes and bounds
 * Mill
 * Millage tax
 * Mineral lease
 * Mineral rights
 * Mini dorm
 * Ministerial act
 * Minor
 * MIP
 * Misrepresentation
 * MLS
 * Mortgage
 * Mortgage Account Error Correction, see Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act
 * Mortgage assumption
 * Mortgage bank, Mortgage banker
 * MGIC
 * Mortgage insurance premium (MIP)
 * Mortgage loan
 * Mortgage broker
 * Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation (MGIC)
 * Mortgage insurance
 * Mortgagee – borrower
 * Mortgagor – lender
 * Multiple Listing Service (MLS)
 * Mutual agreement
 * Mutual assent
 * Mutual mistake
 * Mutual savings bank

N

 * NAEA
 * NAR
 * NAREB
 * National Association of Estate Agents (NAEA)
 * National Association of Real Estate Brokers (NAREB)
 * National Association of Realtors (NAR)
 * National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
 * National Flood Insurance Program
 * Negative amortization
 * Negligence
 * NEPA
 * Net income
 * Net lease
 * Net operating income
 * Notary Public
 * Note
 * Niche real estate
 * Nonconforming use
 * Notice of lis pendens
 * Novation
 * Null and void

O

 * Obligee
 * Obligor
 * Obsolescence
 * Occupancy
 * Offer
 * Offer and acceptance
 * Offeree
 * Offeror
 * Open listing or Open agency
 * Operation of law
 * Option
 * Ordinance
 * OREO
 * Origination fee
 * Other Real Estate Owned (OREO)
 * Outdated
 * Overimprovement – building and land improvements that far surpass other local properties
 * Owner-occupancy
 * Ownership

P

 * Parol evidence rule
 * Participation mortgage
 * Partition
 * Partnership
 * Party wall
 * Peak land value intersection
 * Perc test, Percolation test
 * Percolation
 * Personal property
 * PITI
 * Planned community
 * Plat
 * Pledge
 * Plottage
 * PLSS
 * PMI
 * Pocket listing
 * Points
 * Police power
 * Population density
 * Positive misrepresentation
 * Power of attorney
 * Pre-delivery inspection
 * Prepaid expenses
 * Prepayment penalty
 * Prescription
 * Prescriptive easement
 * Preventive maintenance
 * Price fixing
 * Pricing
 * Prima facie
 * Prima facie case
 * Primary residence
 * Prime rate
 * Principal – the amount of money owed on a mortgage loan
 * Principal meridian
 * Principal residence
 * Private equity real estate
 * Private mortgage insurance (PMI)
 * Private property
 * Privity of contract
 * Probate
 * Profit à prendre
 * Promissory note
 * Promulgate, Promulgation
 * Property management
 * Property manager
 * Proration
 * Provision
 * Public housing
 * Public property
 * Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
 * Public record
 * Public utility
 * Punitive damages
 * Pur autre vie

Q

 * Quarter section
 * Quiet enjoyment
 * Quiet title
 * Quiet title action
 * Quiet title proceeding
 * Quitclaim deed

R

 * Racial steering
 * Rate of return
 * Ratification
 * Ratify
 * Rating for real estate investment
 * Real estate
 * Real estate agency
 * Real estate agent
 * Real estate appraisal (property valuation, land valuation)
 * Real estate benchmarking
 * Real estate broker
 * Real estate brokerage
 * Real estate bubble
 * Real estate contract
 * Real estate development
 * Real estate economics
 * Real estate investment trust (REIT)
 * Real Estate Owned (REO)
 * Real estate salesperson
 * Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA)
 * Real estate trading
 * Real estate trends
 * Real property
 * Realtor
 * Recording
 * Recourse note
 * Recovery and Enforcement Act (Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989, FIRREA)
 * Redemption
 * Redlining
 * Refinancing
 * Regress
 * Regulation Z
 * REIT
 * Reject
 * Remainder
 * Remainderman
 * Remise
 * Rent
 * Rent-back agreement, Rent-back clause
 * REO
 * Replacement cost, Replacement value
 * Repossession
 * Rescission
 * Resident manager – Estate manager, Property manager, Building superintendent
 * Residual income
 * Restrictive covenant
 * Revaluation of fixed assets
 * Reverse mortgage, Reverse annuity mortgage
 * Reversion
 * Reversionary interest
 * Revocation
 * RICS
 * Right of first refusal
 * Right of redemption
 * Right of survivorship
 * Right to emblements
 * Riparian rights, Riparian water rights
 * Risk management
 * Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
 * Run with the land

S

 * S corporation
 * Sale and leaseback
 * Sales contract
 * Salesperson – Estate agent, Real estate agent
 * Salvage value
 * SAM
 * Savings and loan association
 * Scarcity
 * Scavenger sale
 * Second mortgage
 * Secondary mortgage
 * Secondary mortgage market
 * Section – unit of land: 640 acres in the U.S., 1 square mile plots in Western Canada, the Alberta Township System
 * Securitization
 * Security deposit
 * Seisin
 * Seizing
 * Self-build mortgage
 * Seller agency
 * Separate property
 * Servient estate, Servient tenement
 * Setback
 * Settlement costs
 * Settlement statement
 * Settlement
 * Shared appreciation mortgage (SAM)
 * Sheriff's deed
 * Situs
 * Sole proprietorship
 * Special agent – person acting under a Power of attorney
 * Special assessment, Special assessment tax
 * Special warranty deed
 * Special flood hazard area
 * Specific performance
 * Speculation
 * Spot zoning
 * Squatter's rights
 * Starker exchange, Starker Trust
 * Starter home
 * Statute of Frauds
 * Statute of limitations
 * Statutory foreclosure
 * Steering
 * Stigmatized property
 * Straight–line depreciation
 * Strata title
 * Strict foreclosure
 * Style obsolescence
 * Sub-agent
 * Subdivision
 * Subdivision lot block and tract
 * Subject-to
 * Sublease
 * Sublet
 * Subordination
 * Subordination agreement
 * Supply and demand
 * Survivorship
 * Sweat equity

T

 * Tacking
 * Tax assessment
 * Tax basis
 * Tax credit
 * Tax sale
 * Tax shelter
 * Tax-deductible expense
 * Tax-deferred exchange
 * Tenancy by the entirety
 * Tenancy in common
 * Tenant
 * Tenements
 * Testate – opposite of Intestate
 * Testator
 * Testatrix
 * Theory of value
 * TILA
 * Timeshare
 * Title
 * Title insurance
 * Torrens title
 * Truth in Lending Act of 1968 (TILA)
 * Township
 * Tract
 * Trespasser
 * Trust deed
 * Trust deed investment company
 * Trust
 * Trustee
 * Trustor

U

 * UCC
 * Underimprovement – building and land improvements that are far below the level of other local properties
 * Underwriting
 * Undisclosed principal
 * Undivided interest
 * Undue influence
 * Unencumbered property – a property without any encumbrance
 * Unenforceable contract
 * Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
 * Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP)
 * Uniform Vendor and Purchaser Risk Act (UVPRA)
 * Unilateral contract – contract in which all parties make promises
 * Unintentional misrepresentation – also called innocent misrepresentation
 * Unities
 * Unlike-kind property exchange – opposite of Like-kind exchange
 * USPAP
 * United States housing bubble
 * Urban renewal
 * Urban sprawl
 * Urban Land Institute
 * Usufruct
 * Usury
 * Utility

V

 * VA loan
 * Valuable consideration
 * Valuation
 * Value in exchange
 * Value in use
 * Value theory
 * Value
 * Variance
 * Vendee – buyer of goods or services
 * Vendor – supplier/seller of goods or services
 * Vicarious liability
 * Void contract
 * Voidable contract
 * Voluntary alienation

W

 * Warranty deed
 * Warranty of title
 * Waste
 * With reserve – in an auction, the price ("reservation price" or "reserve") below which the seller will not sell the item/property
 * Words of conveyance
 * Wraparound mortgage
 * Writ of attachment

Y

 * Yield
 * Yield spread premium

Z

 * Zoning
 * Zoning map
 * Zoning ordinance – local ordinance that controls land use and buildings

title: Index of real estate articles


text:
Francisco Largo Caballero

Francisco Largo Caballero (15 October 1869 – 23 March 1946) was a Spanish politician and trade unionist, who served as the Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. He was one of the historic leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and of the Workers' General Union (UGT). Although he entered into politics as a moderate leftist, after the 1933 general election in which the conservative CEDA party won the majority, he took a more radical turn and began to advocate for a socialist revolution.

Early life
Born in Madrid, as a young man he made his living stuccoing walls. He participated in a construction workers strike in 1890 and joined the PSOE in 1894. Upon the death in 1925 of party founder Pablo Iglesias, he succeeded him as head of the party and of the UGT.

Political career
Moderate in his positions at the beginning of his political life, he advocated maintaining a degree of UGT cooperation with the dictatorial government of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, which permitted the union to continue functioning under his military dictatorship (that lasted from 1923 to 1930). This was the start of his political conflict with Indalecio Prieto, who opposed all collaboration with the dictatorial regime.

He was Minister of Labor Relations between 1931 and 1933, in the first governments of the Second Spanish Republic, headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, and in that of his successor Manuel Azaña. Caballero attempted to improve the conditions of landless labourers (braceros) in the rural south. On 28 April 1931 he introduced a decree of municipal boundaries to prevent the importation of foreign labour while there remained unemployed workers within the municipality. In May he established mixed juries (jurados mixtos) to arbitrate in agrarian labour disputes, and introduced an eight-hour working day in the countryside. Alongside these, a decree on obligatory cultivation prevented owners from using their land however they wanted. He enjoyed great popularity among the masses of workers, who saw their own austere existences reflected in his way of life.

In the elections of 19 November 1933, the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) won power in Spain. The government nominally led by the centrist Radical Alejandro Lerroux was dependent on CEDA's parliamentary support. Responding to this reversal of fortune, Largo abandoned his moderate positions and became more openly far left. In the January 3, 1934 edition of El Socialista, the PSOE newspaper, he wrote "Harmony? No! Class war! Hatred for the criminal bourgeoise to the death!" A few weeks later, the PSOE compiled a new platform that called for the nationalization of all land, dissolution of all religious orders and the confiscation of their property, and the dissolution of the army, to be replaced by socialist militias. In early October 1934, after three CEDA ministers entered the government, he was one of the leaders of the failed armed rising of workers (mainly in Asturias) which was forcefully put down by the CEDA-dominated government.

He defended the pact of alliance with the other workers' political parties and trade unions, such as the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the anarchist trade union, the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Once again, this placed him at odds with Prieto. He declared, that he, Largo Caballero "shall be the second Lenin", whose aim is the union of Iberian Soviet republics. After the Popular Front won the elections in February 1936, president Manuel Azaña proposed that Prieto join the government, but Largo blocked these attempts at collaboration between PSOE and the Republican government. Largo dismissed fears of a military coup, and predicted that, were it to happen, a general strike would defeat it, opening the door to the workers' revolution.

In the event, the coup attempt by the colonial army and the right came on 17 July 1936. While not immediately successful, further actions by rebellious army units sparked the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), in which the republic was ultimately defeated and destroyed.

Prime Minister of Spain
A few months into the civil war, after the Republican Left Party government of José Giral resigned on 4 September 1936,  President Manuel Azaña asked Largo Caballero to form a new government. There resulted a broader-based  Popular Front cabinet. Largo Cabellero served as Prime Minister and also took the post of Minister of War. Besides conducting the war, he also focused on maintaining military discipline and government authority within the Republic. On 4 November 1936 Largo Caballero persuaded the anarchist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT; "National Confederation of Labour") to join the government, with four members assigned to junior ministries including Justice, Health and Trade. The decision was controversial with the CNT members.

The Barcelona May Days of 3 to 8 May 1937 led to a governmental crisis that forced Caballero to resign on 17 May 1937. Juan Negrín, also a member of the PSOE, was appointed Prime Minister in his stead.

Largo Cabellero's cabinet, formed on 4 September 1936 and reshuffled on 4 November 1936, consisted of:

Exile, death, and legacy
Upon the defeat of the Republic in 1939, he fled to France. Arrested during the German occupation of France, he spent most of World War II imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg concentration camp, until the liberation of the camps at the end of the war.

He died in exile in Paris in 1946; his remains were returned to Madrid in 1978 after Franco's death in 1975.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Francisco Largo Caballero


text:
Arizona Wranglers

The Arizona Wranglers were a professional American football team in the United States Football League (USFL) that existed from late 1982 to mid-1985. They played at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona.

Founding
The team that would eventually become the Arizona Wranglers was originally supposed to be the USFL's Los Angeles franchise. The team's planned original owner, Alex Spanos, pulled out of his USFL commitment and instead bought a minority stake in the NFL's San Diego Chargers.

The owners of the Oakland Invaders, Bay Area real estate executives Jim Joseph and Tad Taube, flipped a coin to decide who would take action to become the new owner of the USFL's Los Angeles franchise. Joseph won the flip and got the USFL rights to Los Angeles, selling his stake in the Invaders to Taube.

A few months later, fate shuffled the deck. The owners of the USFL's San Diego franchise, cable television pioneers Bill Daniels and Alan Harmon, could not secure access to Jack Murphy Stadium. (Due to pressure from the Chargers, the USFL would never be able to successfully negotiate a lease to Jack Murphy Stadium, a situation that would force a second USFL team, the Outlaws, to leave San Diego before playing a down.)

USFL officials felt that Daniels and Harmon's ties to the cable industry would be better suited for the country's second-largest market; David Dixon's blueprint depended on heavy television exposure. The league forced Joseph to surrender rights to Los Angeles to Daniels and Harmon, whose franchise became the Los Angeles Express. Joseph finally settled on a move to Phoenix, bringing professional football to the city for the first time.

1983 season
Joseph appeared to hold fast to the USFL's original blueprint. He aggressively marketed the team in Arizona while keeping a tight rein on spending (including player salaries). The results were a mixed bag. The roster was a young team with some talent at the skill positions, but fewer quality starters in the starting lineup and less depth of talent than their opponents. Due to a weaker product, the ticket sales were only in line with most other teams in the league.

The Wranglers were quite competitive at first, posting a 4–4 record and moving into a four-way tie for first in their division. However, they lost their last 10 games—tied for the longest losing streak in league history—finishing in a tie for the worst record in the league.

The 1983 Wranglers featured some talent on offense including the League's 6th ranked passer in rookie QB Alan Risher, 12th ranked rusher in 3rd year vet Leon Calvin Murray, and the league's #7, #10, #11 receivers (1983 rookies TE Mark Keel, WR Jackie Flowers, and WR Neil Balholm, respectively).

Their defense was not as strong, although it looked fairly strong on paper before the season. The Wranglers signed San Francisco 49er ILB Jeff McIntyre and ILB Glen Perkins from the University of Arizona. But during the pre-season McIntyre, who had a personal services contract with Joseph, asked to be traded because of contract issues. Perkins suffered a knee injury that slowed his play and development.

The Wranglers probably benefited early on from the league's decision not to have a preseason. When the rest of their opponents reached mid-season form, the undermanned Wrangler defense appeared to have trouble keeping the games within reach of the offense. The Wranglers gave up 442 points, easily the most in the league. The Wranglers only scored more than 23 points once all season—in their week 2 upset of George Allen's Chicago Blitz.

In hopes of avoiding Arizona's often-oppressive summer heat, the league scheduled 6 Wranglers home games in the first half of the season. The team only played 3 of their last 9 games at home.

1983 Schedule
Sources

Transaction with the Chicago Blitz
Joseph lost millions of dollars in the 1983 season. Like most of the other owners, he had bought into the league knowing to expect years of losses. However, he was disappointed in the team's attendance and unwilling to stick it out in Arizona.

In a stroke of luck for Joseph, Chicago Blitz owner Dr. Ted Diethrich (a Phoenix resident and founder of the Arizona Heart Institute) wanted a chance to move closer to his business interests in the Phoenix area. Despite fielding a team that had come up one game short of the USFL title game, the Blitz' attendance had been lackluster at best. Diethrich had lost millions of dollars, and did not believe those losses justified an investment that far from home.

Diethrich thought he had a solution to both his and Joseph's problems—an unprecedented swap of franchises. Diethrich sold the Blitz to fellow surgeon James Hoffman, then bought the Wranglers from Joseph. Allen, who had been chairman and head coach of the Blitz, took the same posts in Arizona. and his entire coaching staff moved to Phoenix as well. Hoffman and Diethrich then engineered a swap of assets in which most of the Blitz players moved to Phoenix while most of the Wranglers roster moved to Chicago. (The most notable exception was that Wrangler quarterback Alan Risher stayed in Arizona to back up former Blitz quarterback Greg Landry). The deal allowed Allen to keep virtually all of the NFL veteran-loaded roster that he had painstakingly assembled for the Blitz in 1983. It also allowed Diethrich to get a team in his hometown; he had originally sought a USFL franchise for Phoenix in 1983, only to buy controlling interest in the (original) Blitz after being unable to get a lease for Sun Devil Stadium

Diethrich wanted to take the Blitz name with him to Arizona, but Hoffman rebuffed him. As a result, Diethrich rebranded his team as the "New" Arizona Wranglers. While the USFL was active, the league considered the 1983 and 1984 Wranglers to be the same franchise, even though almost all the players were different.

The deal transformed the Wranglers from a cellar-dweller to a league powerhouse almost overnight. However, trading a team that had been, at worst, the third-best team in the league for a lesser version of one of the worst teams in the league raised questions about the USFL's credibility—especially in Chicago. The Blitz would never recover, and would be effectively euthanized at the end of the season (Eddie Einhorn was awarded a replacement Chicago franchise, but it never played a down).

1984 season
The 1984 Wranglers finished in a tie for first in the Western Division. In the playoffs, they upset the powerful Houston Gamblers, then defeated the Los Angeles Express for the conference title. Although the Express had a better record, the game was played at Sun Devil Stadium because the Express' home field, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, was being readied for the 1984 Summer Olympics. To accommodate the oppressive summer heat in the state, as well as the ABC Sports television schedule, the game kicked off at 8:30 p.m. local time (11:30 p.m. Eastern time).

The Wranglers' run ended in the championship game with a 23–3 defeat by the Philadelphia Stars in what would be Allen's last game as a professional coach. Quarterback Greg Landry retired after the season. Allen retired as coach in September 1984, but remain involved with the team. Allen named assistant coach Paul Lanham as head coach.

The Wranglers intended to change to red jerseys for the 1984 season, but the league office had put in a rule that stated any team changing jersey colors (in this case, blue to red) had to wait one season before doing so.

Schedule
Sources

Merger with the Oklahoma Outlaws
Despite making it to the championship game, Diethrich was bleeding in red ink. He expected his all-star team's attendance to be much greater than the 25,776 fans per game the no-name Wranglers averaged in 1983. However, as had been the case a year earlier, Phoenix-area fans viewed the Wranglers mostly with indifference. Despite fielding a winning team, the Wranglers' 1984 attendance figures (25,568 fans per game) were lower than the 1983 numbers, as fans were slow to warm to the new players. It did not help matters that Hoffman had walked away from the Blitz during the preseason and had stopped payment on the installment plan he had brokered with Diethrich.

After losing millions for the second year in a row and realizing that he would never see the remainder of the $7.2 million that Hoffman had promised to pay him for the Blitz, Diethrich decided to get out. He found a willing buyer in Oklahoma Outlaws owner William Tatham, who was looking for a larger market with an acceptable stadium. The two men reached a deal in which the two teams would be merged as the Arizona Outlaws. The Outlaws would be the nominal survivor; the Tathams would own a 75 percent controlling interest with Diethrich retaining 25 percent. However, ex-Wranglers were to make up a majority of the offseason roster. When Diethrich suggested that the merged team might have to file for bankruptcy, the merger fell apart, and Diethrich decided to get out of the league altogether. As a result, the deal was restructured so that the Wranglers folded and the Outlaws took their place in Phoenix. However, since Tatham acquired all the Wranglers' player contracts–including almost all of the 1984 Wranglers defense–the deal was still widely reported as a merger.

Season-by-season record
Note: The Finish, Wins, Losses, and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play.

title: Arizona Wranglers


text:
Arizona Outlaws

The Arizona Outlaws were a professional American football team that played in the United States Football League in the mid-1980s. They were owned by Fresno banker and real estate magnate William Tatham Sr., who had briefly owned the Portland Thunder of the World Football League.

During their first season, the team played as the Oklahoma Outlaws. They became the Arizona Outlaws for their second season.

1984 Oklahoma Outlaws
The Outlaws were originally slated to play in San Diego. However, under pressure from baseball's Padres, the NFL's Chargers and the NASL's Sockers, the city refused to grant Tatham a lease for Jack Murphy Stadium. Scrambling for a home, Tatham seriously considered playing in Honolulu for its inaugural 1984 season. However, he settled on Tulsa, Oklahoma—even though the city had not even been included in a list of possible expansion sites for the USFL.

Tatham was initially skeptical about basing a team in Tulsa. It was only the 60th-largest television market, which would have made it by far the smallest market in the league. Moreover, the only viable facility, the University of Tulsa's Skelly Stadium, needed major renovations in order to bring it to something approaching professional standards.

However, Tatham had roots in Oklahoma, and eventually concluded that putting his team there would give something back to the state. He christened his team the Oklahoma Outlaws. The club was the second major-league sports team to play in the state, after the North American Soccer League's Tulsa Roughnecks.

On July 7, 1983, at the same time the USFL announced the expansion team, Tatham introduced Hall of Fame member Sid Gillman, who came out of retirement at age 71 to serve as the Director of Operations. Gillman signed a roster of players, but was fired by Tatham in December in a dispute over finances.

In what proved to be a harbinger of things to come, Tatham and his son, Bill Jr.–who was tapped as general manager despite being fresh out of law school–discovered soon after the ink dried on his lease with TU that school officials had vastly inflated attendance figures for Tulsa Golden Hurricane football games in hopes of maintaining their Division I-A status. The Tathams had been led to believe that the Hurricane drew 35,000–40,000 people per game, which would have been more than respectable by USFL standards. However, business manager Bill Wall, TU's former athletic director, told them after the season opener that the Hurricane actually drew 17,000 per game.

Fortunately for the Tathams, they had a lifeline in Gillman's highest-profile signing, former Tampa Bay Buccaneers quarterback Doug Williams, who bolted to the upstart league when the Bucs rejected his offer for a significant pay raise out of hand. Years later, Williams said that he was won over when the Tathams "treated me like a human," rather than "a piece of cattle in a stockyard." They signed him to a $3 million contract, along with a $1 million signing bonus, which made him easily one of the highest-paid players in either league. By comparison, while with the Bucs, he made less than several backups, and their offer for 1984 would have still made him one of the lowest-paid starters in the league. Williams was not a very refined, efficient, or consistent passer at that point in addition to being a little rusty, but had a big arm and a knack for making plays.

Along with Williams, the Outlaws roster included rookie Oklahoma State star RB Ernest Anderson. Former Pittsburgh Steelers defensive coordinator Woody Widenhofer coached the team. A young out-of-work oil worker, defensive end and part-time musician named Toby Covel played during the Outlaws' preseason but failed to make the team and played that season with the Oklahoma City Drillers, an unofficial farm team; under his middle name Toby Keith, he eventually emerged as a major country music star.

The team only drew 15,937 to their first game, a home opener versus the expansion Pittsburgh Maulers on a rainy and cold spring day. (Home openers in the USFL for most teams were the highest attendance games of the season.) Two weeks into the season, Bill Jr. announced that Skelly Stadium was inadequate for the Outlaws' needs and that they would be playing elsewhere in 1985.

The Outlaws were competitive for much of the first half of the season, starting out 6–2 off the strength of Williams' arm. Unfortunately, the team could not consistently run the ball. (The Outlaws finished with a league worst total of 1537 total rushing yards --- almost 200 yards less than the 17th ranked team.) Two blowout losses sent the team into a downward spiral. They did not win another game that season, dropping 10 straight to finish 6–12.

In spite of those factors, the Outlaws averaged 21,038 fans (in a 40,000-seat stadium), 14th in the league. It might have been even higher if not for brutally cold and wet early-season weather and what amounted to season-long lame duck status. While Tulsa as a USFL host city had a number of legitimate problems, fan turnout was surprisingly respectable, especially compared to the unsustainable attendance numbers seen by USFL teams in Chicago (7,455), Washington (7,694) and Los Angeles (15,361). They were also one of eight teams whose average attendance was 45 percent or more of listed capacity. The Outlaws would draw decent crowds of 25,403, 21,625, 22,017 and 29,324 later in the season.

During the team's season in Tulsa, all six of their wins came during inclement weather, 4 at home. Wins against Pittsburgh, Michigan, Houston, at Washington, and San Antonio came in rainy conditions, and a win against Chicago came in a Chicago snow storm.

1984 Oklahoma Outlaws game results
Sources

1984 Oklahoma Outlaws total roster
COACHING STAFF: Head Coach: Woody Widenhofer

Offensive Coordinator/QBs – Ed Chlebek; Offensive Line – Charlie Butler; Running Backs – Frank Novak; Receivers/Spec. Teams – Wright Anderson; Defensive Coordinator/Secondary – Jim Johnson; Tim Mills Defensive Line – Ralph Staub; Linebackers – Jim McKinley; Strength & Conditioning – Bert Jacobson; Trainer – Keith Jones, Equipment Mgr. – Bud Turk

Leaving Oklahoma
The Tathams were not exaggerating about Skelly Stadium's inadequacy as a professional venue. There was virtually no parking around the stadium, which would have held down attendance even without the weather problems. With no other facility in the Tulsa area suitable even for temporary use, they started searching for a new home. They initially planned to move to the University of Oklahoma's Owen Field while a new stadium was being built in Oklahoma City. However, when the USFL voted to move to the fall for the 1986 season, OU officials backed out of the deal. Bill Jr. then worked out a deal to play at Honolulu's Aloha Stadium, but Bill Sr. vetoed it.

The Tathams nearly had a deal to merge the Outlaws with the Oakland Invaders. However, the deal collapsed at the last minute because Invaders owner Tad Taube was unwilling to give control of the team to the younger Tatham. The Invaders ultimately merged with the Michigan Panthers.

Homeless and looking for options, the Tathams would turn to the 1984 Western Conference Champion Arizona Wranglers. Despite advancing all the way to the USFL title game after essentially trading rosters with the Chicago Blitz, the Wranglers' 1984 attendance figures—although respectable—were not enough to cover expenses. In fact, they were actually slightly below those of the 1983 Wranglers team. Owner Dr. Ted Diethrich, who had swapped the Blitz for the Wranglers in the 1983–84 offseason, had anticipated much higher attendance after bringing most of a team reckoned as an NFL-caliber unit to Phoenix. Additionally, he never was paid in full for selling the Chicago franchise rights after the new Blitz owner, James Hoffman, saw his finances collapse. After losing millions for the second year in a row, Diethrich wanted out.

Ultimately, Diethrich agreed to merge the Wranglers with the Outlaws. The merged team was to be known as the Arizona Outlaws, and would take the Wranglers' place at Arizona State University's Sun Devil Stadium. Initially, the Tathams owned 75 percent of the merged team, with Diethrich retaining 25 percent. However, Diethrich quickly decided to get out altogether. Since the Tathams inherited the Wranglers' player contracts, the deal was still widely reported as a merger. As a result, Phoenix received what amounted to its third USFL team in as many seasons.

Arizona Outlaws
Under the terms of the deal with Diethrich, the offseason roster for the new Arizona Outlaws comprised 20 players from the 1984 Wranglers, and 13 from the 1984 Outlaws. The Tathams retained many of the better players off both rosters, but not all of them. With few exceptions, they retained the 1984 Wranglers' defensive players and coaches, while bringing Williams and most of the 1984 Outlaws offense with them to Arizona. Rather than retaining the majority of the 1984 Western Conference Champion Wranglers and simply replacing retiring Wranglers QB Greg Landry with Williams, for the second year in a row little effort was made to retain players in which Phoenix fans felt a vested interest.

The Tathams did, however, name former Sun Devils coach Frank Kush as head coach. Kush was a hard-nosed, run-oriented coach who had struggled as coach of the NFL's Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts, largely because he had little luck handling professional quarterbacks. The Tathams may have been looking to the future by hiring Kush. By this time, they had become strong proponents of moving to the fall, and ultimately forcing a merger with the NFL (in which case their investment would have more than doubled). They knew Kush, who was still very much an icon in the region due to his successful 21-year tenure at ASU, would lend them instant credibility. However, he was a surprising choice to team with Williams.

In part due to Kush's reputation as a harsh taskmaster who frequently abused his players physically and emotionally, the players boycotted his press conference announcing his return to Phoenix after a six-year absence. However, Kush appeared to have mellowed considerably when training camp began. He complemented players and coaches and was friendly to the media. Years later, defensive line coach John Teerlinck claimed that Kush told him not to worry too much about winning, since it was very likely that the Outlaws would be one of the surviving teams in any merger with the NFL "and our owners will make a lot of money." Kush did, however, show flashes of his old heavy-handed self during film sessions, often calling his players unflattering nicknames.

In the instance of mergers, the league ran allocation drafts to send players to other teams. The Tathams allowed several of the better players on the Wranglers to be dispersed. In this way Wrangler star HB Tim Spencer, for example, ended up starting for Memphis in 1985. Other key Wranglers joined Landry in retirement or defected to other leagues (ex. CB Frank Minnifield who left in the 1984 season). Wrangler lead receiver Trumaine Johnson actually held out for the full season.

The 1985 season was very much a replay of 1984, with the Outlaws struggling after a quick start. The team jumped out to a 4–2 start, including a 31–13 pounding of the Herschel Walker and Doug Flutie-led New Jersey Generals. However, they proceeded to drop six in a row, and seven out of eight. They rebounded to win three straight, but did not get enough help to make the playoffs, and finished 8–10. Years later, Bill Jr. recalled that the former Wranglers and former Outlaws found it hard to get along. At one point, he threatened to fire the entire defensive staff unless the sniping ended.

The Outlaws were a much better rushing team in 1985 totalling 2019 yards in support of Williams and the passing game.

As had been the case with both versions of the Wranglers, Phoenix-area fans largely viewed the Outlaws with indifference. For the second year in a row, attendance dropped—from the 25,568 George Allen's Wranglers' drew the year before, to 17,881. The crowds looked even smaller than that due to the spacious configuration of Sun Devil Stadium. The Outlaws actually drew 4,000 fewer fans than they did in Tulsa, even though Sun Devil Stadium was almost double the size of Skelly Stadium. It did not help matters that the NFL's Philadelphia Eagles and St. Louis Cardinals were taking a serious look at moving to Phoenix which had rocketed to major-city status due to its explosive growth in the second half of the 20th century.

At one point, team revenue tailed off to the point that the Outlaws flew commercial flights to games rather than chartered jets. On one of those flights, from Houston back to Phoenix, the simmering tension on the team finally boiled over when Teerlinck got in a fight with offensive tackle Donnie Hickman. It exploded into an all-out brawl, and the plane was met by federal agents when it landed in Phoenix. Teerlinck was fired the next day. Despite this, the Tathams hoped to stick it out once the league won their lawsuit against the NFL.

The Outlaws were one of eight teams slated to play in 1986. After the Portland Breakers folded while the antitrust trial was still underway, the Outlaws were the only team west of the Mississippi River left in the league. While the league won the suit, it only received a nominal award of a dollar (trebled to $3 under antitrust law). The Outlaws, and the rest of the league, had been counting on the lawsuit money to finance their move to the fall and bail out their unsustainable spending. As the league had essentially staked its future on winning a hefty award in court, it suspended operations never to return.

In a last-ditch desperation move, in January 1987, Tatham met with the Canadian Football League hoping to transfer the Outlaws, along with any other USFL team that was willing and able, to the CFL. Under Tatham's proposal, the Outlaws would abide by the CFL's Canadian-born player quotas. The CFL's owners, who were facing their own financial crisis due to the loss of its television sponsorship, doubted that any commitment by a U.S. team to honor Canadian player quotas would withstand legal challenges. The CFL later stated that unless any prospective owner could deliver a television contract of at least $20 million a year (the USFL's contract with ESPN was offering $27 million a year for the 1986 season had it been held), it would not consider expanding into the United States. The CFL commissioner ultimately rejected the proposal (along with a similar one from Charles O. Finley), stating: "if any expansion takes place, it will be within the bounds of Canada."

Soon afterward, the Tathams abandoned any hope of bringing the Outlaws back, and concentrated their efforts on bringing an NFL expansion team to the Phoenix market. Those efforts were abandoned when the St. Louis Cardinals moved into Sun Devil Stadium for the 1988 NFL season.

1985 Arizona Outlaws game results
Sources

Single-season leaders
Rushing yards: 1031 (1985), Reggie Brown

Receiving yards: 1087 (1984), Alphonso Williams

Passing yards: 3645 (1985), Doug Williams

Season-by-season
! colspan="6" style=""|Oklahoma Outlaws ! colspan="6" style=""|Arizona Outlaws !Totals || 14 || 22 || 0
 * 1984 || 6 || 12 || 0 || 4th WC Central || –
 * 1984 || 6 || 12 || 0 || 4th WC Central || –
 * 1985 || 8 || 10 || 0 || 4th WC || –
 * 1985 || 8 || 10 || 0 || 4th WC || –
 * colspan="2"| (including playoffs)

Outlaws in video games
The Outlaws' logo can be found in Madden NFL's Create-A-Team Feature. They are also featured in Blitz: The League, the Arizona Outlaws are a Division 3 team and are the first opponents against the player's created team.

title: Arizona Outlaws


text:
Pablo Iglesias Posse

Pablo Iglesias Posse (17 October 1850 – 9 December 1925) was a Spanish socialist and Marxist labour leader. He is regarded as the father of Spanish socialism, having founded the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in 1879 and the Spanish General Workers' Union (UGT) in 1888.

Biography
Iglesias was born in Ferrol son to Pedro Iglesias and Juana, humble parents who called him Paulino. He attended school between the ages of six and nine, when his father, a municipal laborer, died. Manuel, his younger brother, and their mother put their possessions in a small covered cart and walked with it to live in Madrid. Pablo's mother survived there by begging, and both boys entered the Hospicio of San Fernando. They completed primary schooling there, and Pablo learned printing. Aged twelve he left the Hospicio to work and to help support his mother. He worked as a printer, gradually improving his wages. While he was rendered unemployed by a strike, his brother died of tuberculosis.

He attended evening classes and learned French. This let him read classic works of French political science, translate the works of French socialists and participate successfully in international congresses. Protected by the 1869 Constitution, the Spanish section of the International Workingmen's Association (AIT) organized a series of conferences in Madrid. Iglesias attended, and in 1870, was invited to enter the printers section. The appearance of Solidarity, newspaper of the International, started him on the intense journalistic career that occupied the rest of his life.

Iglesias in 1873 applied to join the Association of Art Printers and the following year was chosen as its president. From this platform he began several years of secret work preparing to start the world's second workers party. On 22 May 1879, at a renowned clandestine banquet of international brotherhood in Madrid, twenty-five people (led by Iglesias) founded the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE - Partido Socialista Obrero Español).

Political activism repeatedly put Iglesias in jail, first in 1882 after a strike and the last time in 1910 when he was sixty. He always rejected offers of clemency, and as an ex-convict some employers would deny him work. More than once, only the newspaper The Socialist he had founded on 12 March 1886, and his wage as its printer, editor and director, kept him from starving.

On 12 August 1888 the Spanish General Workers Union (UGT) was founded in Barcelona, its name proposed by Iglesias.

The Congress of 1889 named him president of its national committee, a position he held for 36 years until his death. In 1890, when the day of struggle was celebrated for the first time in Madrid on 1 May, he headed a demonstration. He led the representation to the Government of demands for legislative reforms, such as the 8-hour working day. In 1905 he first joined the City Council of Madrid.

Republicans had opposed Iglesias, but a Republican-Socialist alliance paved the way for the 1910 elections to make him the first socialist deputy in the Spanish Parliament. Worsening health prevented him attending many parliamentary sessions after 1914, limiting his parliamentary career. 1923 saw him elected a deputy for the last time.

Despite his sparse theoretical background, he produced many excellent intellectual works in Spain and internationally. He published more than two thousand newspaper articles in Spain between his first, The War, on 5 December 1870 in Solidarity, and the last, The Working Class Will Win in Freedom on 5 December 1925.

Iglesias was one of the best propagandists among Spanish socialist idealists; few workers' leaders wrote so much of interest. Characterised by vehement defense and furious attack, his works make an ethically coherent call for regeneration and hope.

On his death, an office drawer contained a parting gift of 1,000 pesetas from Iglesias for The Socialist, to which he had been linked from its birth. There were widespread posthumous tributes to him. With Government authorization, more than 150,000 workers accompanied his funeral procession to the civil cemetery in Madrid.

The Spanish liberal philosopher José Ortega y Gasset praised him as a "secular saint". In For Whom the Bell Tolls, Ernest Hemingway wrote, "God pity the Spanish people. Any leader they have will muck them.  One good man, Pablo Iglesias, in two thousand years...." (Chapt. 35).

title: Pablo Iglesias Posse


text:
Michigan Panthers

The Michigan Panthers were a professional American football team based in the Detroit, Michigan area. The Panthers competed in the United States Football League (USFL) as a member of the Western Conference and Central Division. The team played its home games at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan.

Amid financial struggles following the 1984 season, the team was merged with the Oakland Invaders in 1985, where they would operate under the Invaders name.

The Panthers won the inaugural USFL Championship, 24–22 over the Philadelphia Stars.

Team history
The Michigan Panthers were named as a charter member of the United States Football League (USFL) on May 11, 1982. A. Alfred Taubman, one of the nation's leading real estate developers, headed the ownership group that included Judge Peter B. Spivak and Max M. Fisher.

The Panthers named Jim Spavital, general manager of the Canadian Football League's Saskatchewan Roughriders, as their General Manager on August 26, 1982. Michigan then hired Jim Stanley as their Head Coach on November 18, 1982, after George Perles decided to coach at Michigan State. Stanley brought a wealth of coaching experience, with stops at SMU, UTEP, Oklahoma State, Navy, and on the professional level with the CFL's Winnipeg Blue Bombers, and NFL's New York Giants and Atlanta Falcons, mainly as an assistant coach. Stanley would be the club's only head coach. The coaching staff was rounded out by Larry Coyer, Pete Rodriguez, and Dick Roach (Defensive coaches). George Dickson, Bob Leahy, and Kent Stephenson were the offensive coaches.

The Pontiac Silverdome was the home of the Panthers. In the 1980s, most NFL teams did not have complete schedule control over their stadiums, which became common practice in the aftermath of the original USFL, so the Detroit Lions could not have blocked the Panthers (publicly, the Lions avoided discussion of the USFL). C. Bruce Martin, the ideologue behind Godstock, was the first male cheerleader for a professional football team when he cheered for the Michigan Panthers.

The USFL's first collegiate draft was held on January 4, 1983. The Panthers selected Wisconsin SS David Greenwood with their first round (10th overall) selection.

They also tabbed Michigan WR Anthony Carter in the USFL Territorial Draft – a process whereby USFL teams could protect up to 25 graduating seniors from a series of local universities. The Panthers had territorial rights to the University of Michigan, Michigan State, Eastern Michigan, Central Michigan and Western Michigan. The Panthers used this draft to select two placekickers. One was Novo Bojovic, and the other was Michigan's Ali Haji-Sheikh. Sheikh spurned the Panthers to sign with the New York Giants of the NFL.

Michigan made a splash in signing some of the top young NCAA prospects in 1983 in Michigan WR Anthony Carter, Tulsa RB Ken Lacy, Wisconsin SS David Greenwood and QB Bobby Hebert of Northwestern State (La.). The Panthers also had a few key players with NFL experience. Tackle Ray Pinney and Tyrone McGriff had played for the Super Bowl Pittsburgh Steelers teams. Linebacker John Corker had played three seasons for the Houston Oilers. The Panthers also landed three former Cleveland Browns starters in running back Cleo Miller, defensive back Oliver Davis, and quarterback Mark Miller. The team also had former All-Pro punter Bob Grupp, who had played for the NFL's Kansas City Chiefs. However, Grupp had been a one-season wonder in Kansas City, and after a few inconsistent weeks, he was released, and safety David Greenwood did double duty taking over as the team's punter. Future Buffalo Bills linebacker and children's book author Ray Bentley was also a Michigan Panther.

1983 season highlights
Michigan held its first training camp at City Island Stadium in Daytona Beach, Florida, sifting through over 75 players.

On Monday, March 7, 1983; the Panthers opened the season with a 9–7 win over the Birmingham Stallions at Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. This was the first professional football game ever broadcast on ESPN. Serbian kicker (via Central Michigan) Novo Bojovic kicked the winning field goal from 48 yards out in the waning moments.

The Panthers then dropped their next four contests, losing on March 12 to the Tampa Bay Bandits (19–7); Mar. 19 at home to the Oakland Invaders (33–27); Mar. 27 at the Washington Federals (22–16 in OT) and April 4 at home to the Denver Gold (29–21). Their slow start was attributed mostly due to a very porous offensive line that struggled to create holes or time for their offensive stars. Management addressed the issue by signing a bevy of experienced offensive linemen in OT Ray Pinney (Pittsburgh Steelers), OG Tyrone McGriff (Pittsburgh Steelers) and OG Thom Dornbrook (NY Giants). Dornbrook and McGriff would both make USFL all-league teams in 1983.

The Panthers had a six-game winning streak. Then, on May 23, they and the Birmingham Stallions were tied 20–20 in the fourth quarter. Michigan would have had the lead, but the extra point attempt was blocked. The game went into overtime and was won by Birmingham thanks to a 46-yard field goal by Stallions placekicker Scott Norwood.

The Panthers would bounce back with a 42–7 thrashing of the stellar Tampa Bay Bandits, coached by future Florida Gators head coach Steve Spurrier. The additions on the offensive line, combined with installing rookie Bobby Hebert as quarterback, helped the Panthers win 11 of their next 13 contests to finish with a 12–6 record. They actually tied the Chicago Blitz for the best record in the Central Division, but were awarded the division title after sweeping the Blitz in the regular season.

In the playoffs, the Panthers hosted the Western Division champion Oakland Invaders before a USFL-record crowd of 60,237. The Panthers' decisive 37–21 victory vaulted them to the inaugural USFL championship game in Denver, Colorado.

On July 17, 1983, the Panthers captured the USFL's first championship with a 24–22 win over the Atlantic Division champion Philadelphia Stars. QB Bobby Hebert hit WR Anthony Carter on a 48-yard touchdown strike with 3:11 left in the fourth quarter for what proved to be the deciding score. Hebert was named MVP of the game, throwing for 319 yards and three touchdowns.

The Panthers' late season surge (counting the playoffs, they went 13–2 to finish the season) was fueled by the addition of NFL-comparable talent at several positions. Indeed, they were one of three USFL teams, along with the Stars and Blitz, that observers believed could have made a good account of themselves in the NFL. It came at a high price, however; they spent $6 million during the season—three times what USFL founder David Dixon recommended that a team spend in a single season.

1984 season highlights
The Panthers were expected to romp to another Central Division title in 1984. Due to expansion, they were now in a Central Division with three expansion teams and a Blitz squad that had swapped nearly all of its players with the last-place Arizona Wranglers. They initially didn't disappoint, sweeping their first six games. However, in the sixth game, a win over the expansion San Antonio Gunslingers, star receiver Anthony Carter broke his arm and was lost for the season. Without their chief offensive weapon the Panthers promptly went into a tailspin, losing eight of their next ten games (the Panthers' only wins in this stretch both came in overtime) to sink to an 8–8 record. Needing to win their last two games against Oklahoma and Chicago just to make the playoffs, Michigan did just that, finishing 10–8.

The first-round playoff game against the Los Angeles Express (in a less-than-tenth-filled Los Angeles Coliseum) turned out to be longest professional football game in history. The Panthers took a 21–13 lead in the fourth quarter, only to have future Hall of Famer Steve Young throw a touchdown pass, then personally score the two-point conversion to tie the game at 21 with 52 seconds remaining. The Panthers had chances to win the game in both the first and second overtimes, but normally reliable kicker Novo Bojovic missed field goals each time. Finally, in the third overtime, rookie Mel Gray (who would later play for the Detroit Lions) ran 24 yards to give LA a 27–21 victory, ending pro football's longest day after 93 minutes and 33 seconds of play time. (Gray's touchdown would prove to be painful for the young star—the force of the tackle at the end of the play broke his arm.)

It turned out to be the Panthers' last game. After the 1984 season was over USFL owners, largely under the influence of New Jersey Generals owner Donald Trump and Chicago franchise owner Eddie Einhorn began talking seriously about moving to a fall schedule in 1986. While the Panthers had developed a loyal following, Taubman was a strong believer in the original spring football concept. He also had no desire to compete with the Detroit Lions. Not only was he a decades-long Lions fan, but he was a longtime friend of Lions owner William Clay Ford.

The Panthers had been far more successful on the field than the Lions; at the time of the USFL's founding, the Lions had tallied only three winning seasons since the NFL-AFL merger, and had only made the playoffs once in a non-strike year since winning their last league title in 1957. However, Taubman knew that he wouldn't have even begun to be able to go head-to-head with the Lions even if he'd been inclined to do so. According to personnel director Mike Keller, the only colleges within reasonable driving distance of Detroit would not even consider opening their doors to a Panthers team playing in the fall, meaning that they would have had to play home games on Wednesdays or Thursdays. However, Taubman believed the Panthers would not have been able to get a lease for the Silverdome in the fall. Even before then, a study of market conditions concluded that despite having a decent following by USFL standards, the Panthers would have been "better off moving out of the Michigan market" due to exorbitant advertising rates and a fan base with little tolerance for losing.

Taubman felt like the move was a foregone conclusion. As a result, after the merger between the Oakland Invaders and the Oklahoma Outlaws collapsed, Taubman quietly approached Invaders owner Tad Taube about a possible merger with his Panthers. When the league owners met to vote on moving to the fall, Taubman sent his son, Robert, with a message for the commissioner—if the teams voted to move to the fall, the Panthers would merge with the Invaders, with the Invaders as the surviving team. When the vote to play in the fall passed, the Panthers and Invaders announced their merger, with Taubman as majority owner of the Invaders.

Aftermath
After the USFL received only $3 in its antitrust lawsuit against the NFL, on which it had staked its survival, the league suspended operations and never returned. The league's abandonment of the Detroit market was a major factor behind the adverse jury award.

The A-11 Football League (A11FL), a planned spring football league which had intended to start play in 2015, had announced its intention to revive the Michigan Panthers for one of its charter franchises.

On November 22, 2021, a new version of the USFL announced that the Michigan Panthers would be one of eight teams in the league's re-launch in the spring of 2022.

Single season leaders

 * Rushing Yards: 1182 (1983), Ken Lacy
 * Receiving Yards: 1220 (1984), Derek Holloway
 * Passing Yards: 3368 (1984), Bobby Hebert

Season-by-season
!Totals || 24 || 15 || 0
 * 1983 || 12 || 6 || 0 || 1st Central || Won Divisional (Oakland) Won USFL Championship (Philadelphia)
 * 1984 || 10 || 8 || 0 || 2nd WC Central || Lost Quarterfinal (Los Angeles)
 * 1984 || 10 || 8 || 0 || 2nd WC Central || Lost Quarterfinal (Los Angeles)
 * 1984 || 10 || 8 || 0 || 2nd WC Central || Lost Quarterfinal (Los Angeles)
 * colspan="2"| (including playoffs)

1984
(1) – Longest game in professional football history.

title: Michigan Panthers


text:
Oakland Invaders

The Oakland Invaders were a professional American football team that played in the United States Football League (USFL) from 1983 through 1985. Based in Oakland, California, they played at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum.

The team can trace its history to 1977 when they played in the California Football League as the Twin Cities Cougars, and won four league championships (1979–1982). During that time, they played their home games at the Marysville High School field.

In reaction to the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles
Oakland had been without a football team since the Oakland Raiders relocated to Los Angeles before the 1982 NFL season. The Invaders stepped in to fill the void; the similar name was no accident. One of the Invaders' first player signings was former Raider and 49er Cedrick Hardman, who came out of a one-year retirement to serve as player-coach.

The team was originally owned by Bay Area real estate magnates Jim Joseph and Tad Taube. However, after the original owner of the USFL's Los Angeles franchise, Alex Spanos, bought the San Diego Chargers instead, Joseph and Taube flipped a coin to decide who would buy the Los Angeles rights. Joseph won the toss, selling his stake in the Invaders to Taube. As it turned out, Joseph was forced to move his team to Phoenix, Arizona as the Arizona Wranglers.

1983 season
Taube held fast to David Dixon's original blueprint for the USFL, heavily marketing the team in the Bay Area while keeping tight controls on spending (including player salaries).

Led by the league's 2nd ranked passer QB Fred Besana, WR Gordon Banks, and ex-Raiders HB Arthur Whittington and TE Raymond Chester, the Invaders finished with 9–9 record. However, in an extremely weak Pacific Division, this was enough to garner them the division title. In the playoffs, despite a valiant effort, they were overrun by the eventual league champion Michigan Panthers, 37–21 in front of 60,237 rabid fans in the Pontiac Silverdome (the largest crowd for any USFL game in the 1983 season).

1983 schedule and results
Sources

1984 season
The Invaders were picked by most to again challenge for a playoff spot in 1984, but their powerful offense fell apart in the first half of the season, scoring only 82 points. The team was unable to run the ball and lost nine straight to open the season. With the emergence of RB Eric Jordan, the Invaders′ running attack rebounded and the team won seven of its last nine games. The defense was strong throughout the season, finishing seventh in points allowed. However, attendance tumbled to 23,644 per game – nearly 8,000 fewer than in 1983.

1984 schedule and results
Sources

1985 season
As early as 1984, Taube had come to believe the USFL should move to the fall. He began looking for new investors when it became apparent that the USFL was going to vote to switch to fall play in 1986, knowing he would be competing directly with the San Francisco 49ers. However, unlike other USFL teams who would be going head-to-head against NFL teams, Taube had reason for optimism. The Raiders had successfully built their own niche market and fan base in Oakland for two decades, and there was at least a chance the Invaders could have survived in the same manner. He nearly merged his team with the Oklahoma Outlaws. However, talks collapsed when Outlaws owner William Tatham demanded that his son, Bill Jr., be given control over the merged team's football operations.

Taube then approached the Michigan Panthers, who had been one of the league's strongest teams during its first two years. Some observers reckoned them as an NFL-quality team; indeed, the Panthers had made a better account of themselves on the field than the Detroit Lions. However, Panthers owner A. Alfred Taubman was a strong supporter of spring football, and had no desire to directly compete with the Lions. Knowing that he would not even begin to be able to go head-to-head with the Lions even if he'd been inclined to do so, he had begun putting out feelers for a merger partner when it became clear that the move to the fall was a foregone conclusion.

Taubman and Taube and quickly reached a deal for a merger. The Invaders would be the surviving team, but Taube sold controlling interest in the merged team to Taubman while remaining chairman of the board. The merger was formally announced after the owners approved moving to the fall.

The new team, bolstered with key players from the Panthers such as Bobby Hebert, went a league-best 13–4–1 in the regular season and advanced all the way to the 1985 USFL championship game. The championship game was a rematch of sorts with Chuck Fusina's Stars, who now played in Baltimore; the Panthers had upended the Stars in the league's inaugural title game. The Invaders were in the midst of a potential game-winning drive when a personal-foul penalty derailed their momentum, allowing the Stars to defeat Hebert's Invaders 28–24, and claim indisputable bragging rights as the league's all-time best team.

Despite reaching the championship game, the team's attendance fell again, to a barely sustainable 17,509. Soon after the championship game, Taubman decided to pull out. The loss of Taubman's wealth left the Invaders without nearly enough resources for the move to the fall, and they suspended operations for the 1986 season. As it turned out, the championship game was the last USFL game ever played, as the league was effectively killed by an antitrust suit against the NFL in which it only won $3 in damages.

1985 schedule and results
Sources

Past and future National Football League players

 * Albert Bentley
 * Ray Bentley
 * Dave Browning
 * Anthony Carter
 * Raymond Chester
 * Frank Duncan
 * Cedrick Hardman
 * Derek Holloway
 * Bobby Hebert
 * Alva Liles
 * Dewey McClain
 * Dale Markham
 * Ray Pinney
 * Gary Plummer
 * Mike Shumann
 * Angelo Snipes
 * Randy Van Divier
 * Arthur Whittington
 * Vito McKeever

Invaders executive William Hambrecht later emerged as a founder of the United Football League.

Single-season leaders
Rushing Yards: 1,045 (1983), Arthur Whittington

Receiving Yards: 1,323 (1985), Anthony Carter

Passing Yards: 3,980 (1983), Fred Besana

Season-by-season
!Totals || 31 || 26 || 1
 * 1983 || 9 || 9 || 0 || 1st Pacific || Lost Divisional (Michigan)
 * 1984 || 7 || 11 || 0 || 4th WC Pacific ||
 * 1985 || 13 || 4 || 1 || 1st WC || Won Quarterfinal (Tampa Bay) Won Semifinal (Memphis) Lost USFL Championship (Baltimore)
 * 1984 || 7 || 11 || 0 || 4th WC Pacific ||
 * 1985 || 13 || 4 || 1 || 1st WC || Won Quarterfinal (Tampa Bay) Won Semifinal (Memphis) Lost USFL Championship (Baltimore)
 * 1985 || 13 || 4 || 1 || 1st WC || Won Quarterfinal (Tampa Bay) Won Semifinal (Memphis) Lost USFL Championship (Baltimore)
 * colspan="2"| (including playoffs)

title: Oakland Invaders


text:
Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac

Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac (, ; March 5, 1658 – October 16, 1730), born Antoine Laumet, was a French explorer and adventurer in New France, which stretched from Eastern Canada to Louisiana on the Gulf of Mexico. He rose from a modest beginning in Acadia in 1683 as an explorer, trapper, and a trader of alcohol and furs, achieving various positions of political importance in the colony. He was the commander of Fort de Buade in St. Ignace, Michigan, in 1694. In 1701, he founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit (which became the city of Detroit); he was commandant of the fort until 1710. Between 1710 and 1716, he was the governor of Louisiana, although he did not arrive in that territory until 1713.

His knowledge of the coasts of New England and the Great Lakes area was appreciated by Frontenac, governor of New France, and Pontchartrain, Secretary of State for the Navy. This earned him various favors, including the Order of Saint Louis from King Louis XIV. The Jesuits in Canada, however, accused him of perverting the Native Americans with his alcohol trading, and he was imprisoned for a few months in Quebec in 1704, and again in the Bastille on his return to France in 1717.

Upon his arrival in America, La Mothe adopted his title after the town of Cadillac, Gironde in southwestern France. The city of Detroit became the world center of automobile production in the 20th century. William H. Murphy and Henry M. Leland founded the Cadillac auto company and paid homage to him by using his name for their company and his self-created armorial bearings as its logo in 1902. Various places bear his name in America, in particular Cadillac Mountain in Maine and the town of Cadillac, Michigan.

He was widely hailed as a hero until the 1950s and the rise of liberal scholarship, but more recent writers have criticized him. One, W. J. Eccles, claims that "he most definitely was not one of the 'great early heroes' and probably deserves to be ranked with the 'worst scoundrels ever to set foot in New France'."

Early life
Cadillac was born Antoine Laumet on March 5, 1658, in the small town of Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave in the province of Gascony (today in the Tarn-et-Garonne, Occitanie). His father, Jean Laumet, was born in the village of Caumont-sur-Garonne. He became a lawyer in the Parliament of Toulouse. In 1652 Jean was appointed lieutenant to the judge of Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave by Cardinal Mazarin. He was appointed as a judge in 1664. Antoine's mother, Jeanne Péchagut, was the daughter of a merchant and landowner. La Mothe's adult correspondence reveals that his youth included rigorous study at a Jesuit institution where he learned theology, the law, agriculture, botany and zoology.

In a record of service he filled out in 1675, he said that he had enlisted in the military as a cadet at the age of 17 in the Dampierre regiment, in Charleroi, nowadays Belgium. Two years later in personal letters, however, he reported that he had been an officer in the Clérambault regiment in Thionville, and in 1682 he had joined the Albret regiment, in Thionville.

At the age of 25, Antoine Laumet fled from France for North America. His father lost a lawsuit against a lawyer in Castelsarrasin that caused him financial difficulties. In addition, he had lost financial support following the death of Cardinal Mazarin and suffered the current intolerance against Protestants. Laumet may have immigrated illegally, as historians have not found his name on any passenger list of ships departing from a French port.

New France
In 1683, Antoine Laumet arrived at Port Royal, the capital of Acadia. During the next four years, he wandered from New England to New Holland, pushing south to the Caroline, now North Carolina and South Carolina, and while learning some Native American languages and habits. He probably entered into a business relationship with Denis Guyon, a merchant of Quebec. On June 25, 1687, at the age of 29, he married Guyon's daughter, Marie-Thérèse, 17, in Quebec.

The marriage certificate is the first document that records his new identity. He identified as "Antoine de Lamothe, écuyer, sieur de Cadillac", and signed as "De Lamothe Launay". Like many immigrants, he took advantage of emigrating to the New World to create a new identity, perhaps to conceal the reasons that drove him from France. This new identity "ne sort pas de son sac" ("I did not create this identity out of nowhere"), as he wrote later. Antoine Laumet likely remembered Sylvestre d'Esparbes de Lussan de Gout, baron of Lamothe-Bardigues, lord of Cadillac, Launay and Le Moutet; adviser to the Parliament of Toulouse. He knew him for at least two reasons: Bardigues, Cadillac, Launay and Le Moutet are villages and localities close to his birthplace, Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave, and Antoine's father Jean Laumet was a lawyer in the Parliament of Toulouse.

The sons likely encountered each other during their studies. Second son in his family, Laumet identified with the second son of the baron. He used the phonic similarity between his own name and that of Launay, creating the name: Antoine de Lamothe-Launay. He took the title of écuyer (squire), the rank held by a family's second son, followed by the title  sieur (sire) of Cadillac. This accorded with the Gascon custom whereby the junior family member succeeds the elder son upon the latter's death. Laumet created a new name, identity and noble origin, while protecting himself from possible recognition by persons who knew him in France.

In addition, he presented his own titles of nobility, as illustrated by armorial bearings that he created by associating the shield with the three « merlettes » (birds with no legs or bill) of the baron de Lamothe-Bardigues and that of the Virès family (of France's Languedoc region).

The marriage proved to be a fertile one. The Lamothe-Cadillac couple had six daughters and seven sons: Judith (1689), Magdeleine (1690), Marie Anne (1701), ? (1702), Marie-Thérèse (1704), Marie-Agathe (December 1707) and Joseph (1690), Antoine (1692), Jacques (1695), Pierre-Denis (1699–1700), Jean-Antoine (January 1707 – 1709), François (1709), René-Louis (1710–1714).

Les Douacques
In 1688, the governor Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville gave him the concession of the seigniory (estate) of Les Douacques (which later became the town of Bar Harbor, Maine, well known today as a tourist town, but then for fishing and lobsters). His concession brought him no income, even from agriculture. Lamothe entered into a trading partnership with officers of Port Royal, an activity facilitated by using a ship owned by his brothers-in-law Guyon. In 1689, he was sent on an expedition in the vicinity of Boston. Upon his return, he asked the governor of Acadia, Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Méneval, for a job as notary, to bring in a minimum income; his request was turned down. Then, Cadillac was introduced to the governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac in Quebec, who sent him on an exploratory mission along the coasts of New England, aboard the frigate L'Embuscade (The Ambush). Strong head winds forced the ship to return to France.

In 1690, Cadillac was in Paris. He became part of the circle of the Secretary of State for the Navy, the marquis de Seignelay, then of his successor Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, who appointed him officer of marine troops. On his return to Port Royal, LaMothe learned that the English admiral William Phips had seized the city, and that his wife, daughter, and son were being held captives. They were released in exchange for some English prisoners. In 1691, Cadillac repatriated his family to Quebec, but their ship was attacked by a privateer out of Boston, who took possession of all their goods.

Cadillac was promoted to lieutenant in 1692. He was sent with the cartographer Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin to draw charts of the New England coastline in preparation for a French attack on the English colonies. He set out again for France to hand over the charts, together with a report, to the Secretary of State Pontchartrain. In 1693, he got an allowance of 1500 pounds for his work and was sent back on a further mission to supplement his observations. Frontenac promoted him to captain, then lieutenant commander in 1694.

Michilimackinac (1694–1696)
Cadillac was appointed commander of all the stations of the Pays d'En-Haut (the upper countries). He left France at the peak of his career to take up his command of Fort de Buade or Michilimackinac, which controlled all fur trading between Missouri, Mississippi, the Great Lakes, and the Ohio valley. Cadillac gave his wife power of attorney to sign contracts and notarize documents in his absence.

In 1695, Cadillac traveled to explore the area of the Great Lakes and to draw up charts. He had the idea of starting a fort in the straits between Lakes Erie and Huron to compete with the English. In Michilimackinac, he came into conflict with the Jesuit fathers, such as Étienne de Carheil, who accused him of supplying alcohol to the Native Americans. This was prohibited by a royal decree.

In 1696, to mitigate the difficulties of fur trading, the king ordered the closing of all trading posts, including Michilimackinac. Cadillac returned to Montreal. In 1697, he was authorized to return to France to present his project of a new fort on the strait to the Secretary of State Pontchartrain; Frontenac requested that he be promoted to lieutenant commander. However, Canadian notables strongly opposed the project which, they believed, would lead to the ruin of Quebec and Montreal. Only in 1699 did Cadillac get the support of Pontchartrain to implant the new fort; this was authorized in 1700 by the king, who entrusted its command to Cadillac.

Le Détroit (1701–1710)
On July 24, 1701, Antoine de La Mothe-Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain and the parish of Sainte-Anne on the straits ("le détroit " in French). He was helped by Alphonse de Tonti. Their wives joined them in October. In 1702, Cadillac went back to Quebec to request the monopoly of all fur-trading activities and the transfer to his authority of the American tribes in the area of the straits. He became a shareholder in the "Company of the Colony." After return to the straits, he helped in welcoming and settling the native tribes formerly installed at Michillimakinac.

A fire devastated Fort Pontchartrain in 1703. This disaster destroyed all the registers and records. Cadillac was recalled to Quebec in 1704 to face charges of trafficking in alcohol and furs. Although he was imprisoned as a preventive measure for a few months, his name was cleared in 1705. The king guaranteed him all his titles and granted him the fur-trading monopoly he sought. Two years later, Cadillac was charged with multiple counts of abuse of authority; Pontchartrain appointed a representative, Daigremont, to investigate. He formulated an indictment against Cadillac in 1708.

In 1709, the troops stationed on the straits were given the order to return to Montreal. In 1710, the king named Cadillac governor of La Louisiane, the expansive Louisiana (New France) territory, and ordered him to take up his duties immediately, traveling via the Mississippi River.

 * Louisiana (1710–1716)

Cadillac did not obey. He drew up a general inventory of the straits, and then, in 1711, boarded a ship, with his family, bound for France. In Paris, in 1712, he convinced the Toulouse-born financier Antoine Crozat to invest in Louisiana.

In June 1713, the Cadillac family arrived at Fort Louis, Louisiana (now Mobile, Alabama), after a tiring crossing. In 1714, Crozat recommended the construction of forts along the Mississippi River, whereas Cadillac wished to strengthen defenses at the mouth of the River and to develop trade with nearby Spanish colonies.

In 1715, Cadillac and his son Joseph prospected in the Illinois Country (Upper Louisiana), where they claimed to have discovered a copper mine, although there is no copper ore in that area. They established a farm and founded the settlement of St. Philippe on the east side of the Mississippi River. Cadillac directed the first mining of lead in present-day Missouri at what is now called Mine La Motte on the west side of the river. The French brought in slaves to work at the mine; they were the first people of African descent in the future state of Missouri. The production of lead was important for ammunition in the colonies. The Southeast Missouri Lead District is still a major source of that metal.

After many arguments, Crozat withdrew any authority Cadillac had in the company. The following year, he ordered Cadillac removed from colonial office.

Castelsarrasin (1717–1730)
The Cadillac family returned to France and, in 1717, settled in La Rochelle. Cadillac went to Paris with his son Joseph. They were arrested immediately and imprisoned in the Bastille for five months. They were released in 1718, and Cadillac was decorated with the Order of Saint Louis to reward his 30 years of loyal services. He settled in the paternal home, where he dealt with his parents' estate.

He also made many trips to Paris to have his rights to the concession on the straits recognized. He prolonged his stay in Paris in 1721, giving another general power of attorney to his wife to sign documents in his absence. He was finally vindicated in 1722. He sold his estate on the straits to Jacques Baudry de Lamarche, a Canadian. The French government appointed Cadillac as governor and mayor of Castelsarrasin, close to his birthplace.

Antoine de Lamothe-Cadillac died on October 16, 1730, in Castelsarrasin (Occitanie), "around the midnight hour", at the age of 72. He was buried in a vault of the Carmelite Fathers' church.

Legacy
Some of Antoine de Lamothe-Cadillac's far-reaching visions were developed after he had left New France. For instance, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville founded the city of New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, in 1718, and it became a major port and city of New France.

The straits became a strategic location. Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit enjoyed an ideal location between the Great Lakes and the river basins. The fort would be succeeded by Fort Detroit and Fort Wayne and by Fort Amherstburg and Fort Malden on the opposite shore.

The car brand Cadillac was named after him, and its headquarters was in Detroit, where Cadillac himself explored.

Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac was honored with a 3-cent stamp on July 24, 1951, to commemorate the 250th anniversary of his landing at Detroit in 1701. The stamp's background design depicts Detroit's skyline as it appeared in 1951 and the foreground shows Cadillac's landing at Detroit in 1701.

A museum in his birthplace opened in 1974, conceived of and funded by historians in Detroit.

On April 20, 2016, the public French high school in Windsor, Ontario, was renamed in Cadillac's honour.

During the first decade of the 20th century, a street in the Guybourg area in Longue-Pointe (now Mercier) on the island of Montreal was named in honour of Cadillac. In 1976, Cadillac station on the green line of the Montreal Metro was opened at this street.

In French

 * René Toujas, Le Destin extraordinaire du Gascon Lamothe-Cadillac de Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave fondateur de Detroit, 1974
 * Robert Pico, Cadillac, l'homme qui fonda Detroit, Editions Denoël, 1995, ISBN 978-2-207-24288-9
 * Annick Hivert-Carthew, Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac Le fondateur de Detroit, XYZ éditeur, 1996, ISBN 978-2-89261-178-6
 * Jean Boutonnet, LAMOTHE-CADILLAC Le gascon qui fonda Détroit (1658 / 1730), Edition Guénégaud, 2001, ISBN 978-2-85023-108-7
 * Jean Maumy, Moi, Cadillac, gascon et fondateur de Détroit, Editions Privat, 2002, ISBN 978-2-7089-5806-7

title: Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac