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Russ Feingold

Russell Dana Feingold (born March 2, 1953) is an American politician and lawyer who served as a United States Senator from Wisconsin from 1993 to 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he was its nominee in the 2016 election for the same U.S. Senate seat he had previously occupied. From 1983 to 1993, he was a Wisconsin State Senator representing the 27th District.

With John McCain, Feingold received the 1999 John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award. He and McCain cosponsored the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain–Feingold Act), a major piece of campaign finance reform legislation. He was the only senator to vote against the Patriot Act during the first vote on the legislation.

Feingold was mentioned as a possible candidate in the 2008 presidential election, but in November 2006 announced he would not run. In 2010, Feingold lost his campaign for reelection to the U.S. Senate to Republican nominee Ron Johnson. On June 18, 2013, he was selected by Secretary of State John Kerry to replace R. Barrie Walkley as a special envoy to the Great Lakes region of Africa.

On May 14, 2015, Feingold announced his candidacy for his old Senate seat in 2016. He was defeated by Johnson in a rematch of their 2010 Senate race. In 2020, Feingold became president of the American Constitution Society.

Early life, education, and career
Feingold was born in Janesville, Wisconsin, to a Jewish family. His grandparents were immigrants from Russia and Galicia. His father, Leon Feingold (1912–1980), was an attorney; his mother, Sylvia Feingold (née Binstock; 1918–2005), worked at a title company. Feingold was one of four children. Feingold's father and his older brother David, a Vietnam War conscientious objector, were the major influences on his political development as a youth. As a boy he was also involved with the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization and Aleph Zadik Aleph.

In 1972, Feingold volunteered for the presidential campaign of New York City mayor John Lindsay. He later supported the presidential campaigns of Mo Udall and Ted Kennedy.

After graduating from Joseph A. Craig High School, Feingold attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison and graduated in 1975 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with honors in political science. He was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society and was inducted into the Iron Shield Society, which is considered the highest honor achievable by University of Wisconsin-Madison undergraduate students. Feingold then went to Magdalen College at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship, where he graduated in 1977 with a first-class honours Bachelor of Arts in jurisprudence. Upon returning to the U.S., he attended Harvard Law School, receiving his J.D. with honors in 1979.

Feingold worked as an attorney at the private law firms of Foley & Lardner and La Follette & Sinykin from 1979 until 1985.

Wisconsin Senate
In 1982, Feingold was elected to the Wisconsin Senate, where he served for ten years until his election to the United States Senate. After he was elected to the United States Senate, Feingold was succeeded in the state senate by Joe Wineke.

1992
Feingold's senatorial career began in 1992 with a victory over incumbent Republican Senator Bob Kasten. Feingold had little name recognition in the state and was campaigning in a primary against Congressman Jim Moody and businessman Joe Checota, but adopted several proposals to gain the electorate's attention. He painted five promises on his garage door, calling it a contract with Wisconsin voters. Among Feingold's promises was a pledge to rely on Wisconsin citizens for most of his contributions and a pledge to hold a "listening session" in each of Wisconsin's 72 counties each year he was in office.

Feingold released an advertisement featuring an Elvis Presley impersonator endorsing his candidacy. His Republican opponent, Bob Kasten, responded to the ad with one of his own featuring another Elvis impersonator attacking Feingold's record.

During the primary campaign, Feingold unveiled an 82-point plan that aimed to eliminate the deficit by the end of his first term. The plan called for a raise in taxes and cuts in the defense budget, among other things, and was derided as "extremist" by Republicans and "too liberal" by his Democratic opponents. Feingold also announced his support for strict campaign finance reform and a national health care system and voiced his opposition to term limits and new tax cuts.

Feingold won by positioning himself as a quirky underdog who offered voters an alternative to what was seen by many as negative campaigning of opponents Jim Moody and Joe Checota. On primary day, Feingold, who had polled in the single digits during much of the campaign, won 70% of the vote. Seven weeks later, while Bill Clinton, George H. W. Bush, and Ross Perot split the Wisconsin presidential vote 41%-37%-21%, Feingold beat Kasten, 53% to 46%.

1998
During his 1998 reelection campaign, Feingold was outspent by his Republican opponent, Representative Mark Neumann, and targeted by the National Republican Senatorial Committee. Feingold placed a cap on his own fundraising, pledging not to raise or spend more than $3.8 million (one dollar for every citizen of Wisconsin) during the campaign, and turning away Democratic Party soft money. He requested that several lobby groups, including the AFL–CIO and the League of Conservation Voters, refrain from airing pro-Feingold "issue ads". Some Democrats were angry at Feingold for "putting his career at risk" with these self-imposed limits. Neumann also limited himself to $3.8 million in spending, but allowed soft money to be used in his favor by outside groups. A strong showing in the Democratic strongholds of Milwaukee and Madison allowed Feingold to win the election by about two percentage points.

2004
In the 2004 Senate election, Feingold defeated the Republican candidate, businessman Tim Michels, by 11 percentage points (55%-44%), earning a third term. During the campaign, Feingold refrained from imposing spending caps on himself as he had in the past, and raised and spent almost $11 million. In 2004, Feingold spent nearly $3.7 million, or about 67%, more than his opponent. PolitiFact.com rated Feingold's frequent assertion that he had been outspent by opponents in every U.S. Senate election "pants on fire."

In late December 2004, Feingold was appointed to be one of four deputy whips for the Senate Democrats.

2010
Feingold was defeated for reelection on November 2, 2010, by Oshkosh businessman Ron Johnson, 52% to 47%.

2016
On May 14, 2015, Feingold announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate against the incumbent, Republican Ron Johnson.

In his 2016 campaign, Feingold said he would no longer adhere to his longstanding pledge to raise the majority of his campaign funds from Wisconsin residents. Feingold said the pledge had been made on an election-to-election basis and no longer made sense. As of March 2016, Feingold had raised the most money among all U.S. Senate candidates challenging an incumbent. Nearly three-fourths of his individual contributions were from outside Wisconsin.

Groups financially supporting Feingold's election bid included Planned Parenthood, the League of Conservation Voters, American Bridge 21st Century, and the National Abortion Rights Action League. In May 2016, Senator Bernie Sanders endorsed Feingold and engaged in fundraising for him.

In the November 8, 2016, general election, Feingold was defeated by Johnson. Feingold received slightly less than 47%, and Johnson received slightly more than 50%, of the vote.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on the Budget
 * Committee on the Judiciary
 * Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts
 * Subcommittee on the Constitution (chairman)
 * Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs
 * Committee on Foreign Relations
 * Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs
 * Subcommittee on African Affairs (chairman)
 * Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs
 * Subcommittee on International Operations and Organizations, Democracy and Human Rights
 * Select Committee on Intelligence

Tenure
During his time in the U.S. Senate, Feingold gained a reputation as a political maverick with an independent streak. When he broke with his own party, it was often because he was taking a more liberal or populist position than other Democrats. Throughout his congressional tenure, several ranking systems placed Feingold among the nation's most liberal or progressive senators.

During the impeachment trial of Bill Clinton, Feingold was the only Democratic senator to vote against a motion to dismiss Congress's impeachment case against President Bill Clinton. Feingold ultimately voted against conviction on all charges.

Feingold opposed NAFTA and numerous other free trade agreements.

In 2001, Feingold was the only senator to vote against the Patriot Act (H.R. 3162). Also in 2001, Feingold voted for the confirmation of Attorney General John Ashcroft.

On December 21, 2004, Feingold wrote an article for the website Salon about a golfing trip to Greenville, Alabama. After noting how friendly the people were, and that Wisconsin had many similar places, he expressed his sorrow that such a poverty-stricken area was "the reddest spot on the whole map" despite Republican policies that Feingold considered destructive to the well-being of the poor and middle class. Alabama Governor Bob Riley and Greenville Mayor Dexter McLendon, both Republicans, were perturbed at Feingold's description of "check-cashing stores and abject trailer parks, and some of the hardest-used cars for sale on a very rundown lot." McLendon invited Feingold back for a more complete tour of the city, and Feingold agreed. He visited the city on March 28, 2005, making amends and increasing speculation about his presidential plans for 2008.

In May 2006, Feingold voted in favor of bill S.2611, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006, an immigration reform bill that was designed to give most illegal immigrants a chance to become legal citizens.

Feingold co-sponsored a number of failed bills calling for the abolition of the death penalty.

In 2009, Feingold voted against confirmation of Timothy Geithner to be United States Secretary of the Treasury, citing Geithner's personal tax issues. Also in 2009, Feingold announced that he was planning to introduce a constitutional amendment that would prohibit governors from making temporary Senate appointments instead of holding special elections.

Feingold cosponsored the Veterans Health Care Budget Reform and Transparency Act, which was signed into law in October 2009.

Campaign finance reform
Feingold is perhaps best known for his work with Senator John McCain on the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, better known as the McCain–Feingold Act. The legislation, which took seven years to pass, became defunct in the wake of several U.S. Supreme Court decisions.

Wall Street reform
On May 20, 2010, Feingold was one of two Democratic senators to vote against the Dodd–Frank Wall Street reform bill, citing his belief that the measures did not go far enough. On July 15, 2010, he became the only Democratic senator to vote against the bill when it was brought up again; it passed by a 60–39 vote.

Patriot Act

Feingold was the only senator to vote against the Patriot Act when it was first introduced in 2001, saying that its provisions infringed upon citizens' civil liberties.

When the bill was up for renewal in late December 2005, Feingold led a bipartisan coalition of senators – including Lisa Murkowski, Ken Salazar, Larry Craig, Dick Durbin and John Sununu – to remove some of the act's more controversial provisions. Feingold led a filibuster against renewal of the act. In February 2006, the Senate voted 96–3 to break the filibuster and to extend the Patriot Act.

In 2009, when the act was again up for reauthorization, Feingold introduced the JUSTICE Act (S. 1686) "To place reasonable safeguards on the use of surveillance and other authorities under the USA PATRIOT Act." Senator Patrick Leahy then introduced an alternative bill, about which Feingold later said "...while narrower than the JUSTICE Act that Senator Durbin and I have championed, [it] did contain several important and necessary protections for the privacy of innocent Americans." After what Feingold saw as the further watering down of civil liberty protections in the bill, it passed out of the Senate Judiciary Committee on October 8 by a vote of 11 to 8 with Feingold voting against it.

War in Iraq
Feingold was one of 23 senators to vote against H.J. Resolution 114, which authorized President George W. Bush to use force against Iraq in 2002.

On August 17, 2005, he became the first senator to call for the withdrawal of troops from Iraq and urge that a timetable for that withdrawal be set. He called other Democrats "timid" for refusing to take action sooner, and suggested December 31, 2006, as the date for total withdrawal of troops. On the subject of Bush's assertion that a deadline would be helpful to Iraqi insurgents, Feingold said, "I think he's wrong. I think not talking about endgames is playing into our enemies' hand."

On April 27, 2006, Feingold announced that he would move to amend an appropriations bill granting $106.5 billion in emergency spending measure for Iraq and Hurricane Katrina relief to require that troops withdraw completely from Iraq.

Call for a vote of censure against President Bush
On March 14, 2006, Feingold introduced a resolution in the Senate to censure President Bush. This was a result of allegations of illegal wiretapping under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), which mandates use of a surveillance court for approval of wiretaps on Americans. Feingold made a 25-minute speech on the Senate floor, declaring that Congress must "hold the president accountable for his actions". It received support from Senators Tom Harkin of Iowa and Barbara Boxer of California, but most Democratic senators avoided expressing an opinion on it. Senators John Kerry of Massachusetts and Patrick Leahy of Vermont expressed support for the bill, but Feingold was able to find only three co-sponsors.

Feingold again called for Bush's censure in July 2007 for his management of the Iraq war, accusing him of mounting an "assault" against the United States Constitution.

Health care policy
Feingold supports the creation of a system of universal health care in America. During his first run for the Senate, he endorsed the single-payer model, in which the government pays for all healthcare costs.

On July 24, 2006, at a press conference at the Martin Luther King Heritage Health Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Feingold announced that he had authored the State-Based Health Care Reform Act, a bill to create a pilot program for a system of universal healthcare under which each U.S. state would create a program to provide its citizenry with universal health insurance and the federal government would provide the funding. The bill would create a nonpartisan "Health Care Reform Task Force," which would provide five-year federal grants to two or three states. The program was expected to cost $32 billion over 10 years.

Feingold voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that passed the Senate on December 24, 2009.

Gun policy
Feingold has voted in favor of certain gun-control legislation while also voting to expand certain gun rights. He signed the congressional amicus brief in District of Columbia v. Heller, the U.S. Supreme Court case that overturned a handgun ban in Washington, D.C.

Feingold has voted in favor of bills to require background checks for handgun buyers, to require background checks for firearms purchases at gun shows, and to require that handguns be sold with trigger locks. He supported President Barack Obama's 2016 executive orders to expand background checks and strengthen enforcement of existing gun laws.

Social issues
Feingold supports abortion rights.

In 1996, Feingold was in a minority of legislators who voted against the Defense of Marriage Act, which President Bill Clinton signed into law. In an April 4, 2006 interview, Feingold announced that he favored the legalization of same-sex marriage.

On May 18, 2006, Feingold walked out of a meeting of the Senate Judiciary Committee shortly before a vote on a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage. Feingold objected to both the amendment and decision of Chairman Arlen Specter (R-PA at the time) to move the meeting to an area of the Capitol Building not open to the public. Later that day, the committee voted to send the amendment to the full Senate.

2008 possible presidential bid

In late January 2005, Feingold told the Tiger Bay Club of Volusia County, Florida that he intended to travel around the country before deciding whether or not to run in 2008. In March 2005, his Senate campaign staff registered the domain www.russfeingold08.com, as well as the .org and .net versions. On June 1, 2005, Feingold launched a political action committee (PAC), the Progressive Patriots Fund. A "draft Feingold" movement was established independently of his campaign.

On August 17, 2005, Feingold became the first U.S. Senator of either party to suggest a firm date for American withdrawal from the Iraq War, saying that he favored a complete withdrawal by no later than December 31, 2006.

Feingold supported John Roberts's Supreme Court nomination in September 2005, and was one of three Democrats on the Senate Judiciary Committee to vote in favor of sending the nomination to the floor for a final vote. Feingold graduated from Harvard Law School the same year as Roberts, 1979. Four months later, in January 2006, he voted against Samuel Alito's nomination to the Court in committee and against cloture of debate on the nomination.

Considered a long shot for president, Feingold announced in November 2006 that he would not seek his party's nomination in 2008. He said that a presidential campaign would detract from his focus on the Senate, and the resulting scrutiny "would dismantle both my professional life (in the Senate) and my personal life." In his parting comments he warned his supporters against supporting anyone for the presidency who voted for the Iraq War, whether they later regretted it or not, saying his first choice for president in 2008 was someone who voted against the war, and his second choice is someone who was not in Congress but spoke out against the war at the time.

On February 22, 2008, he said he had voted for Obama in Wisconsin's Democratic presidential primary election.

Post-congressional career
Following his 2010 defeat, Feingold was appointed a visiting professor at Marquette University Law School. He wrote a book titled While America Sleeps: A Wake-Up Call to the Post-9/11 World, and supported Obama's reelection in 2012. In February 2012, it was announced that Feingold would be a co-chair of Obama's reelection campaign. In 2012, he was the Mimi and Peter E. Haas Distinguished Visitor at Stanford Law School. In 2012–13, he was the Stephen Edward Scarff Distinguished Visiting professor at Lawrence University.

In February 2011, Feingold formed Progressives United, a Political Action Committee, and an affiliated nonprofit entity called Progressives United Inc. Progressives United's stated aim was "directly and indirectly supporting candidates who stand up for our progressive ideals." From 2011 to 2015, the two groups raised and spent $10 million. The PAC has helped raise money for more than 50 progressive candidates, including the largest beneficiary, then-candidate Elizabeth Warren, who successfully defeated incumbent Scott Brown in 2012. Progressives United Inc. shut down in late 2014, and the Progressives United PAC suspended its fundraising activities in May 2015 in order to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest with Feingold's 2016 Senate campaign.

Feingold had received encouragement from Democrats to run for office in an expected recall election against Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker, but in August 2011 he announced that he had no plans to run for office in 2012 in either a gubernatorial recall election or the election to Wisconsin's other U.S. senate seat.

On June 18, 2013, Feingold was appointed United States Special Representative for the African Great Lakes region and the Democratic Republic of the Congo by United States Secretary of State John Kerry. He announced his departure from the position on February 24, 2015.

In 2016, Feingold ran for his former senate seat and lost the election to Johnson again.

In November 2019, Feingold became a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.

In February 2020, Feingold was named president of the American Constitution Society.

Personal life
Feingold resides in Middleton, Wisconsin. He is a member of Beth Hillel Temple in Kenosha, Wisconsin, where his sister, Dena Feingold, is rabbi.

Feingold was married to Sue Levine from 1977 until 1986. They had two children. He married Mary Speerschneider in 1991; in 2005, the couple announced they would divorce. In 2013, Feingold married Dr. Christine Ferdinand, a fellow at Magdalen College at Oxford University in England.

In 2011, Feingold received a Freedom Medal from the Roosevelt Institute.

Electoral history
* Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 1992, Robert L. Kundert received 2,747 votes, Joseph Selliken received 2,733 votes, and other write-ins received 459 votes. In 1998, write-ins received 706 votes. In 2004, write-ins received 834 votes.

title: Russ Feingold


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Welcome aboard, on Fiengold, you may want to expand on what you mean by he supports foreign policy kinda of a vague term.

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Junko Noda

Junko Noda (野田 順子) is a Japanese freelance voice actress and singer from Naniwa-ku, Osaka. She often voices boyish girls and boys. Having grown up in Osaka, she has also voiced characters who speak in the Kansai dialect, typically in supporting roles.

Television animation

 * Best Student Council - Nanaho Kinjo
 * Bleach - Tatsuki Arisawa, Shuno
 * Boys Be... - Mizuki Takano
 * Detective Conan - Eisuke Hondou
 * Daphne in the Brilliant Blue - Milly
 * Digimon Adventure 02 - Veemon
 * Eureka Seven: AO - Bartender
 * Fate/stay night - Shiro Emiya (young)
 * Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works - Shiro Emiya (young)
 * Fate/Zero - Shiro Emiya (young)
 * Gosick - Julie Guile
 * Great Teacher Onizuka - Miyabi Aizawa
 * Gun X Sword - Joshua Lundgren
 * Haibane Renmei - Reki
 * His and Her Circumstances - Maho Isawa
 * Hugtto! PreCure - Harriham Harry (fairy form)
 * Inuyasha - Bunza Suekichi
 * Last Exile- Dio Eraclea
 * Last Exile: Fam, The Silver Wing - Dio Eraclea
 * Kirby: Right Back at Ya! - Lovely
 * Love Hina - Mitsune Konno
 * Maburaho - Kaori Iba
 * Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi
 * Mega Man NT Warrior - IceMan Maddy
 * Mega Man NT Warrior: Axess - IceMan Maddy
 * Oban Star-Racers - Molly / Eva Wei
 * One Piece - Tashigi, Kappa, Haruta, Franky (young)
 * Record of Lodoss War: Chronicles of the Heroic Knight - Deedlit (ep 22-27), Arteen (ep 1)
 * Sgt. Frog - Karara
 * Soul Eater - Mira Naigus
 * Soul Eater Not! - Mira Naigus
 * Squid Girl - Noh Mask Rider
 * Tenchi Muyo! War on Geminar - Aura Shurifon
 * Today's Menu for the Emiya Family - Otoko Hotaruzuka, Shiro Emiya (young)
 * Tokyo Mew Mew - Zakuro Fujiwara, Masha
 * Tokyo Underground - Shalma Rufis
 * Toriko - Chirin
 * xxxHolic - Yuri
 * Yuri's World - Pig

Original video animation (OVA)

 * Tenchi Muyo! War on Geminar (2009) - Aura Shurifon

Theatrical animation

 * One Piece Movie: The Desert Princess and the Pirates: Adventures in Alabasta (2007) - Kappa
 * Digimon Adventure: Last Evolution Kizuna (2020) - V-mon
 * Digimon Adventure 02: The Beginning (2023) - V-mon

Video games

 * Tokimeki Memorial 2 (1999) - Hinomoto Hikari
 * Inuyasha (2001) – Suekichi
 * Digimon ReArise (2018) - V-mon
 * Arknights (2022) - Blacknight

Other voice roles

 * Dynasty Warriors series as Xing Cai (also in Warriors Orochi series)
 * Rockman X8 as Lumine
 * Tales of Eternia as Celsius, Chat
 * Segagaga as Tarō Sega
 * Suikoden Tierkreis as Atrie
 * Saki: The Nationals as Ikuno Akasaka (substitute coach of Himematsu)

Music
In 2005, Noda provided vocals for an EP with Japanese guitarist Jun Senoue entitled "Ready!". The project is called JxJ (Jun x Junko) and is only available in Japan, though copies have made their way stateside through the Jun Senoue fan page. A notable entry in this album is a vocal cover of "Azure Blue World" from the 1998 video game Sonic Adventure, for which Jun Senoue composed music.

title: Junko Noda


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Tie Domi

Tahir "Tie" Domi (born November 1, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Known as an enforcer, he played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, and Winnipeg Jets over a 16-year NHL career. He is the Maple Leafs' all-time leader in penalty minutes, and he is third overall in penalty minutes in NHL history. He is also the player with the most fighting majors in NHL history, with 333.

Minor and junior
Domi was born in Windsor, Ontario, to Albanian parents, and grew up in nearby Belle River (now part of Lakeshore). As a child, he played minor hockey for the local Belle River Rink Rats of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association. When he was 15, Domi played for the Belle River Canadiens of the Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League, later moving up a level the following year to play with the Windsor Bulldogs of the Western Junior B Hockey League.

At the 1986 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection, he was drafted in the seventh round (102nd overall) by the Peterborough Petes. Domi began his major junior career in 1986–87, spending his first year as a part-time player with the Petes, while also appearing with the nearby Peterborough Roadrunners in the Metro Junior A Hockey League. In his first full season with the Petes in 1987–88, he recorded an OHL career-high 22 goals and 43 points over 60 games, to go along with 292 penalty minutes, earning a reputation as an enforcer.

During the off-season, he was selected in the second round (27th overall) by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1988 NHL Entry Draft. Upon his selection, Domi returned to the Petes for one more season of junior, recording 14 goals and 30 points over 43 games.

Early professional career
Domi turned professional in 1989–90 with Toronto's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Newmarket Saints,  recording 14 goals and 25 points over 57 games, along with 285 penalty minutes. He also made his NHL debut that season, appearing in two games with the Leafs in which he accumulated 42 penalty minutes. In the off-season, he was traded to the New York Rangers. He split the subsequent year between New York and their AHL affiliate, the Binghamton Rangers. During his 28 games with New York in 1990–91, he scored his first NHL goal on March 23, 1991, against the Philadelphia Flyers. After playing a full NHL campaign with the Rangers in 1991–92, Domi was traded early the following season to the Winnipeg Jets.

Toronto Maple Leafs
In 1995, Domi was traded back to the Toronto Maple Leafs. That year, he famously knocked New York Rangers defenceman Ulf Samuelsson unconscious with a sucker punch to the face. Domi was suspended 8 games and heavily fined for the incident, described by some as one of the cheapest shots in NHL history. Domi insisted that Samuelsson provoked the punch by repeatedly calling him "dummy". In the 1997–98 season, Domi set a Leafs single-season record with 365 penalty minutes, passing a mark set by Tiger Williams in 1977–78.

During the 2000–01 season, Domi was involved in an incident with a fan during an away game on March 29, 2001, against the Philadelphia Flyers. Sitting in the penalty box, Domi used his water bottle to spray water at a heckler, prompting another Flyers fan, Christopher Falcone, to begin yelling at him and climbing up the glass. The glass panel gave way, and Falcone fell into the penalty box and Domi then grabbed Falcone and punched him several times. After the game in an interview, Domi said to the media, "It's nice to see the fans get involved, I guess." Domi was fined $1000, the maximum allowable at the time by the NHLPA's collective bargaining agreement, but received no suspension.

On May 3, 2001, in the closing seconds of Game 4 of the 2001 Eastern Conference Semi-finals, well away from the play, Domi threw an elbow at the head of New Jersey Devils defenceman Scott Niedermayer, knocking him unconscious. Domi was assessed a game misconduct and the following day, was suspended by the league for the remainder of the playoffs, with the condition that if Toronto did not advance to the following round, then Domi was to sit out the first 8 games of the 2001-02 NHL season. Toronto was eliminated by New Jersey in Game 7, and Domi's suspension subsequently carried over into the following season.

On June 30, 2002, ahead of his unrestricted free agency, Domi's rights were traded to the Nashville Predators by Toronto for Nashville's 8th round choice (Shaun Landolt) in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. Nashville was unable to sign him, with Domi later re-signing with Toronto as a free agent on July 13, 2002. He had his best season in the 2002-03 NHL season, when he set career highs of 15 goals and 29 points.

In what turned out to be his final season of 2005–06, Domi scored his 100th NHL goal. Also, Domi played his 1,000th career NHL game, on March 3, 2006, against the Buffalo Sabres. Seven days later, on March 10, 2006, Domi was a healthy scratch for the Maple Leafs' game versus the New York Islanders, which was the first time since the 1999 playoffs that he had been made a healthy scratch by coach Pat Quinn. Domi stated publicly that he was not happy with being benched, a fact that was underlined by his staying in his hotel room, not arriving at the game until after the second period and was widely regarded as a contributing factor in the decision to buy out his contract.

On June 30, 2006, the Maple Leafs opted to buy out the final year of Domi's contract. He became a free agent on July 1, 2006. Without a contract several months later, Domi announced his retirement on September 19.

Domi is the all-time NHL leader in fights with 333.

Media and entertainment
During his NHL career, Domi also appeared in three films, playing a role in the 1999 independent film Men of Means, while also making a cameo appearance in the hockey-themed drama Mystery, Alaska. In 2007 Domi played himself in a season 2 episode of Canadian sitcom Rent-a-Goalie titled "Domi Daze".

Following his retirement, Domi accepted a position in broadcasting with The Sports Network (TSN), a stint that lasted less than a month.

In October 2009, Domi began competing as a pairs figure skater on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reality show Battle of the Blades with Christine Hough.

Domi is currently a spokesperson for Comwave, a telecommunications company.

Soccer and Canadian football
Domi has also been involved in soccer and Canadian football at the professional and semi-professional levels. He was scouted by the University of Michigan for both sports while in high school. He played a full season for Kosovo of the Canadian International Soccer League during the summer of 1995, and appeared in two pre-season exhibition games as a placekicker for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League.

Family
Domi has three children from his marriage to his ex-wife, Leanne: daughters Carlin and Avery Rose, and son Max, who is a current NHL player. Domi's 13-year marriage ended in divorce in 2006. In 2017, he married Heather McDonough, and the couple live in New York City.

Controversy
During the 2012 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament, an international under-18 competition Max was participating in, Domi allegedly stole a video camera belonging to a Swedish coach, who was recording the Canadian team's practice – a legal practice. Domi took the unmanned camera before later returning it without the battery.

Career statistics
Bold indicates led league

title: Tie Domi


text:
Swann

Swann may refer to:

People

 * Abigail Swann, American atmospheric scientist and ecologist
 * Alec Swann (born 1976), English cricketer, brother of Graeme
 * Anthony Swann (born 1975), Samoan-New Zealand rugby league player
 * Archie Swann, Scottish footballer
 * Damian Swann (born 1992), American football player
 * David Swann (born 1949), Canadian politician
 * Donald Swann (1923–1994), British composer, musician and entertainer
 * Edward Swann (1862–1945), New York lawyer
 * Eric Swann (born 1970), National Football League player
 * Frederick Swann (1931–2022), American musician
 * Gary Swann (born 1962), English footballer
 * Graeme Swann (born 1979), English cricketer, brother of Alec
 * Harry Kirke Swann (1871–1926), British ornithologist
 * Heather B. Swann (born 1961), Australian contemporary artist
 * Henry Swann (1763–1824), British Tory politician, Member of Parliament
 * Herbert Swann (1882–?), British footballer
 * Ingo Swann (1933–2013), American remote viewer, author, artist
 * Isaiah Swann (born 1985), American basketball player
 * James Swann (born 1964), American serial killer
 * Jeffrey Swann (born 1951), concert pianist
 * John Swann (pirate) (active 1698–99), English pirate
 * Julie Swann, American systems engineer
 * Logan Swann (born 1975), New Zealand rugby league footballer
 * Lynn Swann (born 1952), National Football League player, sportscaster and politician
 * Matilde Alba Swann (1912–2000), Argentine writer and lawyer
 * Michael Swann (1920–1990), biologist, chairman of the British Broadcasting Corporation (1973–1980)
 * Oliver Swann (1878–1948), British naval aviation pioneer and Royal Air Force officer
 * Pedro Swann (born 1970), American baseball player and coach
 * Ray Swann (born 1950), English cricketer, father of Alec and Graeme
 * Rich Swann (born 1991), American professional wrestler
 * Robert Swann (disambiguation), various people
 * Robin Swann (born 1971), Northern Irish politician
 * Sidney Swann (1890–1976), English clergyman and rower
 * Thomas Swann (1809–1883), American politician
 * William Swann (born 1952), professor of sociology and personality psychology
 * William Dorsey Swann (1860–1925), American LGBT activist
 * William Francis Gray Swann (1884–1962), Anglo-American physicist
 * Willie Swann (born 1977), Samoan-New Zealand rugby league footballer

Characters

 * Charles Swann, a central character in Marcel Proust's novel sequence In Search of Lost Time (the first volume is Swann's Way)
 * Elizabeth Swann, in the Pirates of the Caribbean films
 * Luther Swann, Jess Swann and Dez Swann, characters in V Wars
 * Mike Swann, a character in the British television soap opera EastEnders
 * Weatherby Swann, governor of the town of Port Royal in the Pirates of the Caribbean films
 * Rory Swann, the Hyperion's mechanic in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty

Other uses

 * Swann, West Virginia
 * 4082 Swann, an asteroid
 * Swann (crater), on the far side of the Moon
 * Swann: A Mystery, a novel by Carol Shields
 * Swann Covered Bridge, a covered bridge in Alabama, United States
 * Swann Galleries, a New York auction house
 * Un amour de Swann (film) (aka Swann in Love), 1984
 * Swann (film), a 1996 Canadian drama film

title: Swann


text: User:Araynon

title: User:Araynon


text:
Talk:Lucy Parsons

ESP
Nice job on this and other anarchist- and labor-related articles! It's clear you're serious about your work and I'm very impressed. Oh, yeah: it'd be great for you to log in -- I want to watch more stuff that you do. -- ESP 01:30 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Renunciation of anarchism
This article currently states that Lucy Parsons renounced anarchism as counter-revolutionary in 1939. While I have no reason to doubt this claim in itself, it appears to contradict a claim that Parsons renounced anarchism "along with" Voltairine de Cleyre in 1909. Since both of these statements were inserted into the respective articles by the same person, and that person happens to be Bob Black who has a rather tarnished history in the anarchist movement, I'm requesting a fact check to reveal the source for the information.

Terminology
The article should mention that in 19th Century Chicago, Anarchism was a catch-all description for all labor radicals, including Marxism, socialism, etc. Few of the so-called anarchists of that time and place can be called true anarchists, in the sense that we know them. Albert Parsons once made the comment that if the capitalists wanted to call him an anarchist he gladly accepted the label. Many of these same "anarchists" were also members of the Workingmans' Party, which supported the Chinese Exclusion Act.

It would be helpful then to briefly define "true anarchism" as we know it today and to link to a broader article on the subject. Very well-written article. User:Okelle

CP information
The information stating that Lucy Parsons never joined the CP is incorrect. According to both versions of her biography available at www.lucyparsons.org (The Lucy Parsons Center) she did join the Communist Party in 1939. Dandannoodles

I just ran across this passage:

"It was doubtless her activity in the ILD that led some people to believe that she actually joined the communist party, though she explicitly denied this in letters to old friends. This careless and unfounded assertion in Ashbaugh's biography--that Lucy joined the CP-- has since been repeated ad nauseam by other writers and by Ashbough herself in the Encyclopedia of the American Left.  Thus the unlikely image of Lucy Parsons as Communist--or worse, as The Anarchist Who Became a Communist--added more confusion to the already confused mythology of the US Left."

Page 20. LUCY PARSONS: FREEDOM, EQUALITY & SOLIDARITY Writinga & Speeches, 1878-1937, Edited by Gale Ahrens (c) 2003 Charles H Kerr Publishing

She goes on from there to spend several paragraphs explaining why the Communist myth is utterly improbable and specifically cites

Letter to Carl Nold, January 31, 1934, copy in the Carolyn Ashbaugh files...

Given that this is a very recent book that's heavily rooted in primary sources, I think Gale Ahrens' writing supersedes older disinfo. 141.140.120.107 09:42, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

I don't know who was reverting it before, but in light of this, I'm going to edit the communist reference out of the page. If you have sources superior to Ahrens, by all means provide them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.140.120.107 (talk) 09:44, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

CP dispute
Again, it has been changed back to "Parsons never joined the CP," now citing one (1) work for this against every other biography--even ones by anarchists--without any mention in the discussion area. This is absurd. Cite relevant evidence in discussion, or go with the consensus. Dandannoodles

Reverted again
Citing one article which asserts (providing no actual evidence) that Lucy Parsons never joined the Communist Party as enough evidence to warrant changing the entire section, which had been balanced as at least a subject of dispute in order to appease this ludicrous theory, constitutes a total abandonment of scholarship as well as a brazen display of intellectual dishonesty. Yet the page is changed back again and again without any discussion on the part of the person(s) changing it.

Even the CP claims Lucy Parsons was a member, and whatever my own misgivings about the CPUSA, I suspect they have membership records. Aside from this, all other reputable _scholarly_ biographies of Parsons point out that she was, at one time, a CP member.

So discuss this point, or so we can try and reach some understanding, or stop changing the piece. Dandannoodles 15:56, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Knights of Labor condemnation
Curious why someone removed this:

 * For ten years until that point, she had been a member of the Knights of Labor, which condemned the Haymarket defendants.

I'm not saying the removal is unjustified-- but the Knights did condemn the Haymarket rally and the riot, per James Green, page 193 of Death in the Haymarket.

I don't know about Lucy Parson's membership in same org, and so cannot vouch for that. Richard Myers 08:01, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Pretty sure she was never a member of the Knights of Labor. They were much too moderate for her. 70.116.76.173 (talk) 01:43, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

Carolyn Ashbaugh
Carolyn Ashbaugh's biography is hardly a reliable source -- she proclaims that Parsons and the Chicago anarchists were not, in fact, anarchists! She proclaims Kropotkin the "gentle anarchist theoretician of non-violence” when he was in favour of armed insurrection. More details can be found in this review of her book in Anarcho-Syndicalist Review:

https://anarchism.pageabode.com/anarcho/lucy-parsons-american-anarchist

As for her joining the CP, these derive from her book -- including, in all probablity, those from the IWW, the Lucy Parsons Project, etc. While it fits in with Ashbaugh's nonsense that Parsons was not really an anarchist, it does seem unlikely as Ahrens notes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 51.7.41.155 (talk) 21:23, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Emma Goldman
Editors watching this article are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Emma Goldman. Schazjmd  (talk)  13:20, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

WikiProject Women in Green is holding a month-long Good Article Editathon event in June 2023!
 Hello Lucy Parsons:

WikiProject Women in Green is holding a  month-long Good Article Editathon event in June 2023!

Running from June 1 to 30, 2023, WikiProject Women in Green (WiG) is hosting a Good Article (GA) editathon event – Wildcard Edition! Participants are invited to work on nominating and/or reviewing GA submissions related to any and all women and women's works during the event period. Want to improve an article about a Bollywood actress? Go for it. A pioneering female climate scientist? Absolutely. An award-winning book or film by a woman? Yes! GA resources and one-on-one support will be provided by experienced GA editors, and participants will have the opportunity to receive a special WiG barnstar for their efforts.

We hope to see you there! Mujinga (talk) 16:05, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lucy Parsons


text:
User talk:BennieBoops

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 01:41 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Hi, and welcome. I hope you have fun here. Could you possibly use the "Show preview" button instead of filling up the Recent Changes page with lots of little edits? Thanks. RickK 02:22 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Same comments as RickK...could you please use the "Show preview" button as not to clog the edit histories and recent changes page? Thanks. --Jiang

Sorry guys: I'm a tremendous newbie. I feel stupid.

title: User talk:BennieBoops


text:
User talk:Nothingistic

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 01:41 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

title: User talk:Nothingistic


text:
User talk:Evgeni Sergeev

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 01:41 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

$$a \in \mathbb{R}$$

title: User talk:Evgeni Sergeev


text:
Talk:Giovanni Leone

Untitled
This appears to be the same as can be found at http://english.camera.it/_presidents/schede/leone.asp. This is an official Italian government website, but I can't find their copyright policy. RickK 02:27 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Either can I, so I presume that means it's copyrighted, unless there's a blanket Italian government policy to put all publications in the public domain (which seems unlikely). --Delirium 02:33 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Corna

I haven't been able to find any photos of the "corna-behind-the-back" thing. According to the article, "This act was well documented, as all journalists and photographers were right behind him." If it was "well documented" and photographers were present, then where are the photos? Anyone have any info? -71.201.59.110 08:30, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

This is false. If I'm not mistaken (and I don't think I am), indeed, he "made the corna", and there are photographs of his gesture – which, by the way, was a joke, and not vulgar or offensive at all! But he was the object of a hostile press campaign –, when some extreme leftists contested him (he must have heard, I suppose, some sort of kind invitation to die at once). Tom Hope 16:26, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Agreed with Tom Hope. That line is false, it was a joke and you can find the true picture here http://www.scudit.net/mdjellapolitica.htm As you can see, he doesn't hide his gesture. Also, the fact took place in Pisa, not Naples. The Pisan leftists attacked him, inviting him to die by cholera, and he replied in that way. Smiling. Jack 18:26, 5 October 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.2.87.13 (talk)

Orphaned references in Giovanni Leone
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Giovanni Leone's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "petley-blog-vajont": From Monte Toc:  From Vajont Dam:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 09:27, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Giovanni Leone


text:
PBI

PBI can refer to:

Classifications

 * Predominantly Black Institution, a college or university that is not technically an HBCU, but primarily serves African Americans

Organizations

 * the ICAO code of Pacific Blue Airlines
 * the IATA airport code of Palm Beach International Airport in West Palm Beach, Florida
 * Pan Britannica Industries
 * Labour Party of Indonesia (Indonesian: Partai Buruh Indonesia), a political party in Indonesia.
 * Pastoral Bible Institute
 * Peace Brigades International, a non-governmental organization founded in 1981
 * Pitney Bowes Inc.'s stock ticker symbol
 * Prairie Bible Institute, a Bible college near Three Hills, Alberta
 * Polar Bears International
 * Public Benevolent Institution, a type of charity in Australia
 * Police Bureau of Investigation, a specialized unit of the Bangladesh Police

Science

 * Phenylbenzimidazole, a common sunscreen ingredient
 * Polybenzimidazole fiber
 * Perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid bisimide, also perylene bisimide or perylene diimide (PDI)

Technology

 * Parallel Bus Interface, a 50-pin port found on some Atari 8-bit XL computers
 * PBI Regional Medical Center, a hospital in Passaic, New Jersey
 * .pbi, a computer filename extension used on by the TrueOS operating system
 * Problem Investigation, by PT Inovação
 * Product backlog item, a term used in the Scrum variant of the Agile methodology used for software development
 * Power BI, a business intelligence platform by Microsoft, used for reporting and dashboards

Other

 * Poor Bloody Infantry, a military slang term.
 * Partial basic income, a basic income set at a level that is less than enough to meet a person's basic needs

title: PBI


text:
Talk:Tourism in Singapore

Comments
Everything that is fun is illegal

 * Please expand on this. - Patrick 09:51 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I suspect this is referring to Singapore's rather strict penal code - you can't discard a candy wrapper without being heavily fined, and God forbid you should actually commit an act of vandalism because you'll find your backside bleeding from the impact of a heavy bamboo cane. These laws are seen by many as infringing civil liberties, but on the other hand the place is nice and tidy... :-| Lee M 04:27, 28 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I have put some of this in Singapore. - Patrick 09:20, 28 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I just took out the reference to illegal stuff. When you're there you don't really think about it much. It does not seem to have a detrimental effect on the city. I also fixed up the images. I don't think it's wise to have huge images on Wikipedia. -- Mark Ryan 08:10, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * A 'rant' regarding shopping laws in Singapore was recently removed. I agree that the added paragraphs was mostly a rant, but if it is true that there are product warranty / return issues, then it may have been a better idea to reword rather than to simply delete the paragraphs in their entirety? I think it might balance the shopping section which sniffs a little of self promotion. I'm not familiar with the specific laws of the country so I don't feel I can fix. Rob 05:59, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Future SG skyline.jpg
Image:Future SG skyline.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 20:53, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Crime rate
Source for the 'Citation Needed part' of 'Singapore having one of the worlds lowest crime rate' the proof Is from this PDF. http://www.heuni.fi/Satellite?blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobcol=urldata&SSURIapptype=BlobServer&SSURIcontainer=Default&SSURIsession=false&blobkey=id&blobheadervalue1=inline;%20filename=Hakapaino_final_07042010.pdf&SSURIsscontext=Satellite%20Server&blobwhere=1266335656647&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&ssbinary=true&blobheader=application/pdf

Note that Singapore always appear in the lower quartile on the differently types of crime, therefore makin Singapore a country with a low crime rate.

Thanks, (Nfshp65 (talk) 07:48, 22 September 2012 (UTC)) User:Nfshp65

written like an advertisment
use of paragraphs like "allows people to explore Asian, African and American habitats at night without any visible barriers between guests and the wild animals", "prime example of the ethnic diversity of the culture of Singapore. In Singapore's hawker centres – a technical misnomer, to be precise – for example, traditionally Malay hawker stalls selling halal food may serve halal versions of traditionally Tamil or Chinese food. Chinese stalls may introduce Malay or Indian ingredients" and "Shoppers can enjoy great discounts and bargains at participating outlets". These are from a cursory reading — Preceding unsigned comment added by 183.90.41.23 (talk) 10:35, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

bare URLs removed
I just removed these from the reflist section. Perhaps they could make useful inline citations.

http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/031027af.htm http://photos.state.gov/libraries/singapore/6771/EP/SingaporeInBrief2012.pdf http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/19/5/355.full.html#related-urls https://app.stb.gov.sg/asp/index.asp Khoo, D. (2010). Phasing-out tobacco: proposal to deny access to tobacco for those born from 2000. 6.

(Heroeswithmetaphors)  talk  13:46, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tourism in Singapore


text:
User:EvanProdromou/BestiaryOfStyle

Moved to Avoid peacock terms and Avoid weasel terms.

title: User:EvanProdromou/BestiaryOfStyle


text:
Hermite spline

In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, a Hermite spline is a spline curve where each polynomial of the spline is in Hermite form.

title: Hermite spline


text:
Talk:Cold War/Archive 1

The role of propaganda in the Cold War could be mentioned. --user:Daniel C. Boyer

--- Nice rewrite of the intro 195! Very clear and to the point. --mav 19:21 Oct 25, 2002 (UTC)

-- I altered the comment about the cold war being about democracy versus communism. The cold war was definitely not about democracy versus communism. Many dictatorial regimes sides with the West in the Cold War, and the US in fact supported dictatorships during the Cold War, and even engineered the overthrow of several democratic governments in order to install pro-US dictatorships. soulpatch

- ref: http://coldwar.army.mil/
 * for the dates! birth/ death.

Should there not be more stress on simple fear, as opposed to economics and ideaology? The West certainly feared "the international communist conspiracy", and the Soviets were monumentally paranoic about the West - quite arguably with some justice: the Soviets never forgot that Western (and Japanese) armies invaded Russian soil in 1919 with the avowed aim of overthrowing the government, and needed only to glance at a map to see that they were surrounded on three sides. After the Sino-Soviet split, on all four sides. As the saying goes, "this paranoid had real enemies!" Tannin

Good public domain source for fleshing this article out: http://www.nps.gov/elro/glossary/cold-war.htm -- RobLa 19:22 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)

I seem to recall there being a conflict in Greece as well. Does anyone know more? Theanthrope 20:43 Feb 17, 2003 (UTC)

-- I have just added some content, all of which is not complete (to be completed by a little more on the wartime conferences). However, there is still a huge gap (the Korean War). Hopefully, the rest of the article will be as detailed as the section on the origins of the Cold War. 172 - What is the proper name in English for the 1963-1975 era that we call "la Détente" in France ? Ericd 18:21 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I believe it is "detente." --Daniel C. Boyer 18:57 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Correction
What you in France call "la détente" is in English: "the Détente Decade"

title: Talk:Cold War/Archive 1


text:
Paul I of Constantinople

Paul I or Paulus I or Saint Paul the Confessor (Greek: Παῦλος; died c. 350), was the sixth bishop of Constantinople, elected first in 337 AD. Paul became involved in the Arian controversy which drew in the Emperor of the West, Constans, and his counterpart in the East, his brother Constantius II. Paul was installed and deposed three times from the See of Constantinople between 337 and 351. He was murdered by strangulation during his third and final exile in Cappadocia. His feast day is on November 6.

Biography
He was a native of Thessalonica, a presbyter of Constantinople, and secretary to the aged bishop Alexander of Constantinople, his predecessor in the see. Both the city and its inhabitants suffered much during the Arian controversies. No sooner had Alexander breathed his last than the Arian and Orthodox parties came into open conflict. The Orthodox party prevailed; in 337 Paul was elected and consecrated by bishops who happened to be at Constantinople in the Church of Peace, close to what was afterwards the Hagia Sophia.

First exile
The Emperor Constantius II had been away during these events. On his return he was angry at not having been consulted. He summoned a synod of Arian bishops, declared Paul quite unfit for the bishopric, banished him, and transported Eusebius of Nicomedia to Constantinople. This is thought to have been around 339. Paul, seeing himself rendered useless to his flock, while Arianism reigned in the East under the protection of Constantius, took shelter in the West, in the dominions of Constans. He went to Rome where he met Athanasius, who also had been expelled from his see.

Athanasius of Alexandria was then in exile from Alexandria, Marcellus from Ancyra, and Asclepas from Gaza; with them Paul betook himself to Rome and consulted Pope Julius I, who examined their cases severally, found them all staunch to the creed of Nicaea, admitted them to communion, espoused their cause, and wrote strongly to the bishops of the East. Athanasius and Paul recovered their sees; the Eastern bishops replied to Pope Julius altogether declining to act on his advice.

Second exile
Paul returned to Constantinople. Eusebius died in 341, and Paul was reinstated as bishop. The Arians seized the occasion; Theognis of Nicaea, Theodorus of Heraclea, and other heterodox bishops, consecrated bishop Macedonius in the church of St. Paul; and again the city became the prey of a civil war.

The Emperor Constantius was at Antioch when he heard of this, where he ordered Hermogenes, his general of cavalry, to see that Paul was again expelled. The people would not hear of violence being done to their bishop; they rushed upon the house where the general was, set fire to it, killed him on the spot, tied a rope round his feet, pulled him out from the burning building, and dragged him in triumph round the city. Constantius was not likely to pass over this rebellion against his authority. He rode on horseback at full speed to Constantinople, determined to make the people suffer heavily for their revolt. They met him, however, on their knees with tears and entreaties, and he contented himself with depriving them of half their allowance of corn, but ordered Paul to be driven from the city.

Third exile
Paul seems to have retired to Triers, but returned to Constantinople in 344, with letters of recommendation from Constans, the emperor of the West, who wrote to Constantius, that should Paul not receive his patriarchal see, he would attack him. Constantius only allowed Paul's re-establishment for fear of his brother's arms, and Paul's situation in the East continued very uneasy, for he had much to suffer from the power and malice of the Arian party.

Constans died in 350. Constantius, in Antioch, ordered Philippus, prefect of the East, to once more expel Paul and to put Macedonius in his place. At a public bath called Zeuxippus, adjoining a palace by the shore of the Bosphorus, Philippus asked Paul to meet him, as if to discuss some public business. When Paul arrived, he showed him the emperor's letter, and ordered him to be quietly taken through the palace to the waterside, placed on board ship, and carried off to Thessalonica, his native town. Philippus allowed him to visit Illyricum and the remote provinces, but forbade him to set foot again in the East.

Paul was later loaded with chains and taken to Singara in Mesopotamia, then to Emesa, and finally to Cucusus in Cappadocia. Here he was confined in a close, dark place, and left to starve to death. After he had passed six days without food, he was, to the great disappointment of his enemies, found alive. Upon which they strangled him, and gave out that he died after a short sickness.

Paul's body was brought to Ancyra in Galatia, and, by the order of Theodosius the Great, was thence translated to Constantinople in 381, about thirty years after his death. It was buried there in the great church built by Macedonius, which from that time was known by no other name than that of St. Paul. His remains were removed to Venice in 1226, where they are kept with great respect in the church of St. Laurence.

title: Paul I of Constantinople


text:
Aramid

Aramid fibers, short for aromatic polyamide, are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic-rated body armor fabric and ballistic composites, in marine cordage, marine hull reinforcement, as an asbestos substitute, and in various lightweight consumer items ranging from phone cases to tennis rackets.

The chain molecules in the fibers are highly oriented along the fiber axis. As a result, a higher proportion of the chemical bond contributes more to fiber strength than in many other synthetic fibers. Aramids have a very high melting point (>500 C).

Common aramid brand names include Kevlar, Nomex, and Twaron.

Terminology and chemical structure
The term aramid is shortened from aromatic polyamide. It was introduced in 1972, accepted in 1974 by the Federal Trade Commission of the USA as the name of a generic category of fiber distinct from nylon, and adopted by the International Standards Organisation in 1977.

Aromatic in the longer name refers to the presence of aromatic rings of six carbon atoms. In aramids these rings are connected via amide linkages each comprising a CO group attached to an NH group.

In order to meet the FTC definition of an aramid, at least 85% of these linkages must be attached to two aromatic rings. Below 85%, the material is instead classed as nylon.

Para-aramids and meta-aramids
Aramids are divided into two main types according to where the linkages attach to the rings. Numbering the carbon atoms sequentially around a ring, para-aramids have the linkages attached at positions 1 and 4, while meta-aramids have them at positions 1 and 3. That is, the attachment points are diametrically opposite each other in para-aramids, and two atoms apart in meta-aramids. The illustration thus shows a para-aramid.

History
Aromatic polyamides were first introduced in commercial applications in the early 1960s, with a meta-aramid fiber produced by DuPont as HT-1 and then under the trade name Nomex. This fiber, which handles similarly to normal textile apparel fibers, is characterized by its excellent resistance to heat, as it neither melts nor ignites in normal levels of oxygen. It is used extensively in the production of protective apparel, air filtration, thermal and electrical insulation, as well as a substitute for asbestos.

Meta-aramids are also produced in the Netherlands and Japan by Teijin Aramid under the trade name Teijinconex, and by Toray under the trade name Arawin, in China by Yantai Tayho under the trade name New Star and by SRO Group under the trade name X-Fiper, and a variant of meta-aramid in France by Kermel under the trade name Kermel.

Based on earlier research by Monsanto Company and Bayer, para-aramid fiber with much higher tenacity and elastic modulus was also developed in the 1960s and 1970s by DuPont and AkzoNobel, both profiting from their knowledge of rayon, polyester and nylon processing. In 1973, DuPont was the first company to introduce a para-aramid fiber, calling it Kevlar; this remains one of the best-known para-aramids and/or aramids.

In 1978, Akzo introduced a similar fiber with roughly the same chemical structure calling it Twaron. Due to earlier patents on the production process, Akzo and DuPont engaged in a patent dispute in the 1980s. Twaron subsequently came under the ownership of the Teijin Aramid Company. In 2011, Yantai Tayho introduced similar fiber which is called Taparan in China (see Production).

Para-aramids are used in many high-tech applications, such as aerospace and military applications, for "bullet-proof" body armor fabric.

Both meta-aramid and para-aramid fiber can be used to make aramid paper. Aramid paper is used as electrical insulation materials and construction materials to make honeycomb core. Dupont made aramid paper during the 1960s, calling it Nomex paper. Yantai Metastar Special Paper introduced an aramid paper in 2007, which is called metastar paper. Both Dupont and Yantai Metastar make meta-aramid and para-aramid paper.

Health
During the 1990s, an in vitro test of aramid fibers showed they exhibited "many of the same effects on epithelial cells as did asbestos, including increased radiolabeled nucleotide incorporation into DNA and induction of ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) enzyme activity", raising the possibility of carcinogenic implications. However, in 2009, it was shown that inhaled aramid fibrils are shortened and quickly cleared from the body and pose little risk. A declaration of interest correction was later provided by the author of the study stating that "This review was commissioned and funded by DuPont and Teijin Aramid, but the author alone was responsible for the content and writing of the paper."

Production
World capacity of para-aramid production was estimated at 41000 t per year in 2002 and increases each year by 5–10%. In 2007 this means a total production capacity of around 55,000 tonnes per year.

Polymer preparation
Aramids are generally prepared by the reaction between an amine group and a carboxylic acid halide group. Simple AB homopolymers have the connectivity −(NH−C6H4−CO)n−.

Well-known aramid polymers such as Kevlar, Twaron, Nomex, New Star, and Teijinconex) are prepared from diamine and diacid (or equivalent) precursors. These polymers can be further classified according to the linkages on the aromatic subunits. Nomex, Teijinconex, and New Star contain predominantly the meta-linkage.  They are called poly-metaphenylene isophthalamides (MPIAs). By contrast, Kevlar and Twaron both feature para-linkages. They are called  p-phenylene terephthalamides (PPTAs). PPTA is a product of p-phenylene diamine (PPD) and terephthaloyl dichloride (TDC or TCl).

Production of PPTA relies on a co-solvent with an ionic component (calcium chloride, CaCl2) to occupy the hydrogen bonds of the amide groups, and an organic component (N-methyl pyrrolidone, NMP) to dissolve the aromatic polymer. This process was invented by Leo Vollbracht at Akzo. Apart from the carcinogenic HMPT, still no practical alternative of dissolving the polymer is known. The use of the NMP/CaCl2 system led to an extended patent dispute between Akzo and DuPont.

Spinning
After production of the polymer, the aramid fiber is produced by spinning the dissolved polymer to a solid fiber from a liquid chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100% anhydrous sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

Appearances

 * Fiber
 * Chopped fiber
 * Powder
 * Pulp

Other types of aramids
Besides meta-aramids like Nomex, other variations belong to the aramid fiber range. These are mainly of the copolyamide type, best known under the brand name Technora, as developed by Teijin and introduced in 1976. The manufacturing process of Technora reacts PPD and 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether (3,4'-ODA) with terephthaloyl chloride (TCl). This relatively simple process uses only one amide solvent, and therefore spinning can be done directly after the polymer production.

Aramid fiber characteristics
Aramids share a high degree of orientation with other fibers such as ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, a characteristic that dominates their properties.

General

 * good resistance to abrasion
 * good resistance to organic solvents
 * nonconductive
 * very high melting point (>500 C)
 * low flammability
 * good fabric integrity at elevated temperatures
 * sensitive to acids and salts
 * sensitive to ultraviolet radiation
 * prone to electrostatic charge build-up unless finished

Para-aramids

 * para-aramid fibers, such as Kevlar and Twaron, provide outstanding strength-to-weight properties
 * high chord modulus
 * high tenacity
 * low creep
 * low elongation at break (~3.5%)
 * difficult to dye – usually solution-dyed

Uses

 * flame-resistant clothing
 * heat-protective clothing and helmets
 * body armor, competing with polyethylene-based fiber products such as Dyneema and Spectra
 * composite materials
 * asbestos replacement (e.g. brake linings)
 * hot air filtration fabrics
 * tires, newly as Sulfron (sulfur-modified Twaron)
 * mechanical rubber goods reinforcement
 * ropes and cables
 * V-belts (automotive, machinery, equipment, and more)
 * wicks for fire dancing
 * optical fiber cable systems
 * sail cloth (not necessarily racing boat sails)
 * sporting goods
 * drumheads
 * wind instrument reeds, such as the Fibracell brand
 * loudspeaker diaphragms
 * boathull material
 * fiber-reinforced concrete
 * reinforced thermoplastic pipes
 * tennis strings, e.g. by Ashaway and Prince tennis companies
 * hockey sticks (normally in composition with such materials as wood and carbon)
 * snowboards
 * jet engine enclosures
 * fishing reel drag systems
 * asphalt reinforcement
 * Prusiks for rock climbers (which slide along the main rope and can otherwise melt due to friction).
 * Snowboards core reinforcement

title: Aramid


text:
Truevision TGA

Truevision TGA, often referred to as TARGA, is a raster graphics file format created by Truevision Inc. (now part of Avid Technology). It was the native format of TARGA and VISTA boards, which were the first graphic cards for IBM-compatible PCs to support high color or true color display. This family of graphic cards was intended for professional computer image synthesis and video editing with PCs; for this reason, usual resolutions of TGA image files match those of the NTSC and PAL video formats.

TARGA is an acronym for  Truevision Advanced Raster Graphics Adapter; TGA is an initialism for  Truevision Graphics Adapter.

TGA files commonly have the extension ".tga" on PC DOS/Windows systems and macOS (older Macintosh systems use the "TPIC" type code). The format itself permits any pixel bit depth up to 255, of which up to 15 bits can be dedicated to an alpha channel; however, the only bit depths supported in practice were 8, 15, 16, 24, and 32, where the 16- and 32-bit formats used 1 and 8 bits respectively for the alpha channel. Color data can be color-mapped, or in direct color or truecolor format. Image data may be stored raw, or optionally, a lossless RLE compression similar to PackBits can be employed. This type of compression performs poorly for typical photographic images, but works acceptably well for simpler images, such as icons, cartoons and line drawings.

History
The TGA file format was originally defined and specified by AT&T EPICenter with feedback from Island Graphics Inc in 1984. AT&T EPICenter was an internal spin-off of AT&T created to market new technologies AT&T had developed for color frame buffers. What later became Truevision was the result of a leveraged employee buyout from AT&T in 1987.

EPICenter's first two cards, the VDA (video display adapter) and ICB (image capture board), used the first incarnations of the TGA file format. The file extensions ".vda" and ".icb" implied information about the board specific data contained.

It was later determined by Alan Wlasuk (then head of EPICenter), Brad Pillow (EPICenter) and Steven Dompier (Island's president) that a more codified file format was needed. The file format was created and implemented by Brad Pillow (EPICenter) and Bryan Hunt (EPICenter) and was developed in response to this need for a less board specific file format. A very simple extension was made to what was already in use, and contained information on width, height, pixel depth, an associated color map and image origin. A label field (up to 255 characters) was also included in the initial spec, but was rarely used.

At the time, another technically superior file format called TIFF also appeared, but its use for true color images was very limited as the implementation and sharing of files between applications supporting the TIFF specification was rather difficult and involved. The TGA file format's simpler nature and portability between platforms is the main reason for its widespread adoption and its continued success in a wide variety of applications worldwide to this day.

Initially the TGA file format was used in the ICB-PAINT and TARGA-PAINT programs (what later became known as TIPS) and for several projects in online real estate browsing and still-frame video teleconferencing.

The current version (2.0) includes several enhancements such as "postage stamps" (better known as thumbnails), an alpha channel, gamma value, and textual metadata, and was authored by Truevision Inc.'s Shawn Steiner with direction from Kevin Friedly and David Spoelstra in 1989.

At the time of its launching, it represented the state of the art in digital image processing. Even today, though its maximum color depth is not well suited for high-end pre-press, intensive image processing systems, TGA is still used extensively throughout the animation and video industry because its primary intended outputs are standard TV screens, not color printed pages.

Uncompressed 24-bit TGA images are relatively simple compared to several other prominent 24-bit storage formats: A 24-bit TGA contains only an 18-byte header followed by the image data as packed RGB data. In contrast, BMP requires padding rows to 4-byte boundaries, while TIFF and PNG are metadata containers that do not place the image data or attributes at a fixed location within the file.

32-bit TGA images contain an alpha channel, or key signal, and are often used in character generator programs such as Avid Deko.

Technical details
All values are little-endian; field and subfield numbers are per Version 2.0 of the specification.

Version 2 added the extension area and footer. The developer area exists to store application-specific information.

Header
Image ID length (field 1)

0–255 The number of bytes that the image ID field consists of. The image ID field can contain any information, but it is common for it to contain the date and time the image was created or a serial number.

As of version 2.0 of the TGA spec, the date and time the image was created is catered for in the extension area.

Color map type (field 2)

has the value:
 * 0 if image file contains no color map
 * 1 if present
 * 2–127 reserved by Truevision
 * 128–255 available for developer use

Image type (field 3)

is enumerated in the lower three bits, with the fourth bit as a flag for RLE. Some possible values are:
 * 0 no image data is present
 * 1 uncompressed color-mapped image
 * 2 uncompressed true-color image
 * 3 uncompressed grayscale image
 * 9 run-length encoded color-mapped image
 * 10 run-length encoded true-color image
 * 11 run-length encoded grayscale image

Image type 1 and 9: Depending on the Pixel Depth value, image data representation is an 8, 15, or 16 bit index into a color map that defines the color of the pixel. Image type 2 and 10: The image data is a direct representation of the pixel color. For a Pixel Depth of 15 and 16 bit, each pixel is stored with 5 bits per color. If the pixel depth is 16 bits, the topmost bit is reserved for transparency. For a pixel depth of 24 bits, each pixel is stored with 8 bits per color. A 32-bit pixel depth defines an additional 8-bit alpha channel. Image type 3 and 11: The image data is a direct representation of grayscale data. The pixel depth is 8 bits for images of this type.

Color map specification (field 4)

has three subfields: In case that not the entire color map is actually used by the image, a non-zero first entry index allows to store only a required part of the color map in the file.
 * First entry index (2 bytes): index of first color map entry that is included in the file
 * Color map length (2 bytes): number of entries of the color map that are included in the file
 * Color map entry size (1 byte): number of bits per color map entry

Image specification (field 5)

has six subfields:
 * X-origin (2 bytes): absolute coordinate of lower-left corner for displays where origin is at the lower left
 * Y-origin (2 bytes): as for X-origin
 * Image width (2 bytes): width in pixels
 * Image height (2 bytes): height in pixels
 * Pixel depth (1 byte): bits per pixel
 * Image descriptor (1 byte): bits 3–0 give the alpha channel depth, bits 5–4 give pixel ordering

Bit 4 of the image descriptor byte indicates right-to-left pixel ordering if set. Bit 5 indicates an ordering of top-to-bottom. Otherwise, pixels are stored in bottom-to-top, left-to-right order.

Developer area (optional)
Version 1.0 of the TGA specification was very basic, and many developers had a need to store more information, and so opted to add on extra sections to their files, specific to their application only.

In Version 2.0 of the specification, these application-specific enhancements/extras are supported by the developer area. Only the offset and size of the developer area are relevant to the spec, and developers are free to add whatever they want in the area.

If a TGA decoder cannot interpret the information in the developer area, it will generally ignore it, since it is assumed to have been created by a different application. It is recommended that developers build logic into their applications to determine whether the data in the developer area is compatible with the application; one step towards this is to check the software ID in the file footer.

File footer (optional)
If a TGA file contains a footer, it is likely to be a TGA version 2 file. The footer is the final 26 bytes of the file, of which the last 18 are constant.

Specification discrepancies
The older version of the TGA file format specification taken from the Appendix C of the Truevision Technical Guide states that run-length encoded (RLE) packets may cross scan lines: "For the run length packet, the header is followed by a single color value, which is assumed to be repeated the number of times specified in the header. The packet may cross scan lines (begin on one line and end on the next)".

However, page 24 of the TGA v2.0 specification states the exact opposite: "Run-length Packets should never encode pixels from more than one scan line. Even if the end of one scan line and the beginning of the next contain pixels of the same value, the two should be encoded as separate packets. In other words, Run-length Packets should not wrap from one line to another".

Consequently TGA readers need to be able to handle RLE data packets that cross scan lines since this was part of the original specification. However, when saving (creating) TGA files it will be necessary to limit RLE data packets to scanline boundaries in order to be compliant with the newer v2.0 TGA specification.

title: Truevision TGA


text:
Targa

Targa or TARGA may refer to:

Car racing events

 * Targa Adelaide, in Australia
 * Targa Canada West, in British Columbia
 * Targa Florio, in Sicily, Italy, 1906–1977
 * Targa Florio Rally, in Sicily, Italy, from 1978
 * Targa High Country, in Victoria, Australia
 * Targa New Zealand
 * Targa Newfoundland, in Canada
 * Targa Rignano, in Italy, 1902–1904
 * Targa Tasmania, Australia
 * Targa West, in Western Australia
 * Targa Wrest Point, in Tasmania, Australia

Places

 * Targa, Kasur, Pakistan
 * Targa, Sialkot, Pakistan
 * Targa, Tasmania, Australia
 * Tarġa Battery, in Malta

Other uses

 * Targa top, or targa, a car body style
 * Targa, versions of the Porsche 911
 * Targa, a range of boats made by Fairline
 * Targa, a range of boats used by the Metropolitan Police Marine Policing Unit
 * Targa, unreleased version of video game Rendering Ranger: R2
 * Targa, a pen by Sheaffer
 * Truevision TGA, or TARGA, an image file format
 * UP Targa, a German paraglider design

title: Targa