text:
Talk:Agudath Israel of America

Untitled
I think Agudat Israel should be disambiguated, and an article about Israeli Agudat Israel added. Nahum 06:39 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Done. - Nahum 07:53 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

My humble opinion is that the rather lengthy segment on Rav SOlaveitchick's disagreements with the Aggudah and Modern Orthodoxy's feelings about some statements is either too long or irrelevent and may belong in the articles about that rabbi and the other movement. 88.154.158.42 22:59, 13 September 2006 (UTC) One of the founding members of the Agudah was R' Yitchak Isaac Halevi- The Dorot Harishonim. -see his Sefer Zikaron for details.Wolf2191 03:35, 18 March 2007 (UTC)wolf2181

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title: Talk:Agudath Israel of America


text:
Wikipedia:Building Wikipedia membership/Skeptical solicitation

This is a letter intended to attract skeptics to Wikipedia. It has now been posted to sci.skeptic, skepticalcommunity and the JREF BBS. It was motivated by the following mailing list posts:

 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005270.html
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005274.html
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005271.html
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005276.html

-

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, is in need of skeptical help.

In case you haven't heard of us before, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, so it's free to read or download and it will always remain so. Anyone can edit any article at any time, you don't even have to log in. Although this may seem like a recipe for disaster, over our two year history it's worked well. Every revision is saved, so vandalism is easily reverted, and together we've created a truly remarkable resource. We now have around 400,000 articles, and our site now scores more hits than britannica.com.

Except in the case of idiosyncratic content, our policy dictates that fringe theories and pseudoscientific ideas be researched and presented academically in a neutral point of view or "NPOV".

NPOV is reasonably close to the skeptical paradigm. Instead of assertions, we present only undisputed facts. So, instead of saying "the Earth is overheating", which is disputed, we say "According to the IPCC, Earth has seen a significant increase in average global surface temperature over the last 150 years". We don't place the "burden of proof" on either side, and we try to leave the reader to draw their own conclusions.

We hope that the skeptic community will find Wikipedia a valuable resource on many subjects. However, it requires lots of hard work in doing research on the validity of new articles and fringe theories. That's why we need your help.

If you want to write, edit, or correct articles, we could really use some help in New Age, alternative medicine, etc. Editing in our software is fairly intuitive, but if you need help getting started, you can see http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page

Places in need of editing include:

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_therapy http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channeling

A list of such things is at:

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience

An incomplete list of speculative and fringe theories is at:

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speculative_or_fringe_theories

We need help finding and identifying these kinds of theories. For first-time Wikipedians, the following page is highly recommended reading:

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Welcome%2C_newcomers

This post was collaboratively authored by Wikipedians, and posted to  by .

This message is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. GFDL: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html


text:
A Gift Upon the Shore

A Gift Upon the Shore is a post-apocalyptic fiction novel by American author M. K. Wren and published by Ballantine Books in 1990. The story follows two American women, an artist and a writer, who survive pandemic, the collapse of civilization, and a deadly nuclear winter.

Plot summary
Set in the near future, A Gift traces the first generations to survive nuclear war and its aftermath. Writer Mary Hope and painter Rachel Morrow scratch out a meager existence on a farm called Amarna on the Oregon coast. They are determined to collect and preserve for a new civilization all the great books of western culture. Farther down the coast lives the Arkites, a fundamentalist group that denies all knowledge not found in the Bible. After a plague strikes the Arkites Mary agrees to take in a few survivors on the condition that she be allowed to educate the children as she sees fit.

Reception
Publishers Weekly called the novel "unsparing but ultimately hopeful...Wren's post-nuclear world rings true, as do her compelling depictions of the subsistence-level daily life--the triumphs, the losses and the desperation." Kirkus Reviews dubbed the novel as "Beautifully realized, with solid characters, but unoriginal, obvious, implausible, obtrusively symbolic, and far too slow in the development: more admirable than practical." The Los Angeles Times commented: "This cautionary novel is scarier than anything by Stephen King or Clive Barker...Wren’s writing is clear and concise for the most part, though bordering on the mystic when it comes to her descriptions of the woods, and especially the ocean in its many moods."

title: A Gift Upon the Shore


text:
M. K. Wren

Martha Kay Renfroe was an American writer of mystery and science fiction. Renfroe, who published her works under the pseudonym M.K. Wren, was best known for her mystery series featuring the character Conan Flagg.

Early life
Renfroe was born in Texas.

Career
Using the nom de plume M. K. Wren, her works included the Conan Flagg Mystery series, the Phoenix Legacy, a space opera trilogy, and A Gift Upon the Shore (1990), a post-apocalyptic novel. Publishers Weekly in its review of A Gift Upon the Shore described Wren's descriptions of "the subsistence-level daily life – the triumphs, the losses and the desperation" – as "compelling depictions." A Los Angeles Times review called Wren’s writing of the same book as "clear and concise for the most part, though bordering on the mystic when it comes to her descriptions of the woods, and especially the ocean in its many moods." The New York Times included it in its overview of recently released crime/suspense novels in its "Criminal At Large" column, describing Wren's A Multitude of Sins as "an artificial and pretentious formula mystery about an heiress who is a pianistic genius."

The Conan Flagg mysteries were translated into German and released by München Goldmann publisher in the late 1970s in Germany.

Personal life
Renfroe was a longtime resident of Lincoln City, Oregon. She was also an artist whose artwork showed in galleries and at juried and invitational shows.

title: M. K. Wren


text:
Zhongxing New Village

Zhongxing New Village, sometimes rendered as Chunghsing New Village is an urban village located in Nantou City, Nantou County, Taiwan (ROC) and was the seat of government of Taiwan Province until the abolition of the Taiwan Provincial Government in 2018. The term zhōngxīng is from a Chinese legend, referring to the restoration of the Xia dynasty by king Shao Kang, an allusion to the ROC government taking back mainland China.

It is a planned town with a population of 25,549 as of February 2010. With all the buildings owned by the government, development is strictly controlled and carefully planned.

History
Taipei, the temporary capital and the seat of government of the Republic of China (Taiwan), was also the capital of Taiwan Province from September 1945 until 1956. Ground was broken on the village on 4 November 1955, and branches of the government began moving on 5 July 1956. The provincial government held its first meeting at Zhongxing New Village on 27 November 1957, and the provincial administration building began use on 1 July 1957.

The People's Republic of China (PRC), which has ruled the Chinese mainland since 1949, who also claimed the island of Taiwan, does not recognize the move of the provincial government from Taipei to Zhongxing New Village as legitimate. Thus, the PRC publishes Taipei as the claimed provincial capital on its official maps. Zhongxing New Village, according to the PRC's administrative divisions, is classified as a residential community under the Nantou Subdistrict.

Research development
There are plans for an industrial innovation park to be set up in the planned zone in the city; domestic research institutes have been invited to open innovation and incubation centers there. In addition, a market intelligence technology center is also planned for the development of green intelligence mobile technologies through cloud computing.

The park is scheduled to begin construction after the completion of an environmental impact assessment in 2011. It is estimated to cost NT$10.7 billion (US$367.5 million) to construct, and will house 250 research and development units and provide 13,000 new jobs. No manufacturing activities will be conducted at the park, which will instead focus on emerging and advanced industrial technology.

title: Zhongxing New Village


text:
The Chrysalids

The Chrysalids (United States title: Re-Birth) is a science fiction novel by British writer John Wyndham, first published in 1955 by Michael Joseph. It is the least typical of Wyndham's major novels, but regarded by some as his best. An early manuscript version was entitled Time for a Change.

The novel was adapted for BBC radio by Barbara Clegg in 1982, with a further adaptation by Jane Rogers in 2012. It was also adapted for the theatre by playwright David Harrower in 1999.

Plot summary
The inhabitants of post-apocalypse Labrador have vague knowledge of the "Old People", a technologically advanced civilization they believe was destroyed when God sent "Tribulation" to the world to punish their forebears' sins. The inhabitants practise a form of fundamentalist Christianity; they believe that to follow God's word and prevent another Tribulation, they must preserve absolute normality among the surviving humans, plants and animals, and therefore practice eugenics. Humans with even minor mutations are considered blasphemies and either killed or sterilized and banished to the Fringes, a lawless and untamed area rife with animal and plant mutations, and suggested to be contaminated with radiation. Arguments occur over the keeping of a tailless cat or the possession of over-sized horses. These are deemed by the government to be legitimate breeds, either existing before or achieved through conventional breeding. The government's position is considered both cynical and heretical by many of the orthodox frontier community, and it is suggested that they support the usage of these animals for the sole purpose of their greater efficiency.

The inland rural settlement of Waknuk is a frontier farming community, populated with hardy and pious individuals, and is where the story mainly takes place. David Strorm, the son of Waknuk's most religious man, Joseph Strorm, has dreams of large cities and "horseless carts", although he does not understand why he has these dreams or what they mean, and is cautious about mentioning it to his father, lest he raise suspicion that he's a mutant. He makes friends with Sophie, a girl who secretly has six toes on one of her feet. Later, Sophie's family attempts to escape from the reprisals (ceremonies in which blasphemies are sterilized) when her wet footprints are seen and reported by a local boy.

David and a few other children in Waknuk hide their own form of mutation, telepathy. David's Uncle Axel, who learned about the group from talking to David about his telepathy when he was young, advises David and protects them from persecution. He commends David on the wisdom of hiding his and the others' ability, and later kills the husband of one of the group's members who was planning to blackmail the telepaths. David's younger sister Petra demonstrates exceptionally strong telepathic talent when her horse is attacked by a wildcatshe calls to all the telepaths for help across the entire Waknuk area, and stuns those closest to her. That leads to suspicion from the locals, and Uncle Axel warns the group, via David, that the Inspectors are beginning to investigate them.

Later, two telepaths, Katherine and Sally, are captured and tortured for information, while David, his cousin Rosalind and Petra escape to the Fringes. A group of men from various districts band together to track and capture the telepathsunknown to the Norms, the posse includes a telepath named Michael who keeps the escaping group informed of the trackers' progress. Later, with Petra's strong telepathic abilities, they contact a society with telepaths in a different country they mistakenly refer to as "Sealand" (New Zealand). With the help of Sophie, who is now living in the Fringes, they escape the hunters and are rescued by a Sealand expedition. Unfortunately, they do not have enough fuel to take the craft back to Waknuk to pick up Rachel, the lone remaining Waknuk telepath, so they continue to Sealand. Michael vows to return to Waknuk to rescue Rachel, and join them in Sealand however they can.

Tribulation
Though the nature of "Tribulation" is not explicitly stated, it is implied that it was a nuclear holocaust, both by the mutations and by the stories of sailors who report blackened, glassy wastes to the south-west where the ruins of faintly glowing cities can be seen (presumably the east coast of the US). Sailors venturing too close to these places experience symptoms consistent with radiation sickness. A woman from Sealand, a character with evident knowledge of the Old People's technology, mentions "the power of gods in the hands of children", referring to the nuclear capabilities of world powers led by incompetent political leaders.

Major characters

 * David Strorm is the narrator of the story. David is one of a small group of youngsters who can communicate with each other via telepathy. However, their community's theological prejudice against anyone who is abnormal means he and the others must keep their abilities carefully hidden. David and Rosalind's love for each other is kept secret from their parents because of a bitter feud between their families.
 * Sophie Wender is a young girl born with six toes on one of her feet. Sophie lives with her parents in an isolated cottage somewhere north-west of Waknuk. Her deviation from the "norm" keeps her from associating with other children. She befriends David after he discovers her secret but promises not to reveal it.
 * Joseph Strorm is the father of David and Petra. He is a domineering personality, deeply religious, and unyielding on the subject of mutations and blasphemy, even punishing David severely for an unintentionally blasphemous remark about "needing an extra hand" to apply a bandage.
 * Uncle Axel is a widely travelled former sailor, open minded and willing to question conventional religious precepts. Upon discovering David's telepathy, he counsels caution and extracts a promise that David take great care not to allow others to learn of his mutation.
 * Petra Strorm is the youngest of the Strorm children. The group of telepaths discovers that her ability is extraordinarily strong and difficult to resist, placing the group at greater risk of discovery.
 * Rosalind Morton is David's closest friend among the group of telepaths. They become more of a couple later on in the book. She lives on a neighbouring farm and is David's half cousin.
 * The Sealand woman and her people are from a technologically advanced society where telepathic ability, while not ubiquitous, is far more common and is accepted, promoted and studied. The woman calls her country "Zealand", but the telepaths (having had only second-hand contact through Petra) initially believe it is "Sealand" instead.
 * Michael is the most objective, perceptive and decisive of the telepaths, the best educated, and in many ways plays a leading role in the group despite his physical absence from events in the story. His telepathic abilities remain secret, and during the pursuit into the Fringes he joins the leading posse to give updates and warnings to David, Rosalind and Petra as they flee.
 * Rachel is the last remaining telepath in Waknuk after David, Rosalind and Petra depart to Zealand. As her own elder sister who was also a telepath had committed suicide earlier in the book, her possible fate of being left alone whilst the others depart carries even greater pathos. As an act of heroism, commitment and love, Michael remains behind with Rachel when they find out that the aircraft bringing the four of the telepaths to Zealand does not have enough fuel to also collect Rachel from Waknuk and get home again. He declares his intention to find some other way to come to Zealand with Rachel at some future time.

Allusions to actual geography
The inland village of Waknuk (Wabush) is in southwestern Labrador. Labrador has become a much warmer place in the fictional future, with large tracts of arable land. Rigo (Rigolet) is the capital of Labrador and the fictional government in the book, a fairly large river town near the east coast. The port of Lark (Lark Harbour) is mentioned as a way-point on the west coast of the island of Newf (Newfoundland) where sailors may obtain provisions.

A large island to the north-east (Greenland) is rumoured to be inhabited by an amazonian people with bizarre habits. Northern islands are described as being cold and inhabited chiefly by birds and sea animals (islands of Nunavut). Uncle Axel, a former sailor, has travelled far to the south of Labrador, and from a distance seen the "Black Coasts", where there are areas with what look like ruins of the old civilisation. He also recounts second-hand tales of South American primates living in forests.

Later, the existence of geographic areas far less affected by the nuclear exchange and fallout are established, particularly Sealand (New Zealand), which is home to a socially and technologically advanced society where telepathy not only is the norm, but is encouraged and developed as a survival advantage.

Literary significance
Although stylistically The Chrysalids does not differ markedly from Wyndham's other novels, the subject matter is rather different. While most are set against a mid-twentieth-century English middle-class background, The Chrysalids is set in a future society which is described in some detail. Unlike most of his novels, it is also a coming-of-age story.

It was written after The Kraken Wakes and before The Midwich Cuckoos.

Critical response
J. Francis McComas, reviewing the American release for The New York Times, declared that the "outstanding success" of the novel lay in Wyndham's "creation of humanly understandable characters that are, after all, something more and less than human" and concluded that the novel "will be well noted and long remembered".

The critic and science fiction author Damon Knight wrote that Wyndham "failed to realize how good a thing he had. The sixth toe was immensely believable, and sufficient; but Wyndham has dragged in a telepathic mutation on top of it; has made David himself one of the nine child telepaths, and hauled the whole plot away from his carefully built background, into just one more damned chase with a rousing cliche at the end of it ... this error is fatal."

SFreviews.net gave a mixed review, stating that "The Chrysalids comes heart-wrenchingly close to being John Wyndham's most powerful and profound work", but that "Wyndham stumbles—catastrophically—at the climax, in a way that actually undermines the story's thematic foundations".

The novel also got some positive reviews. The Ottawa Citizen judged the novel as "brilliant" and "a top-notch piece of sci-fi that should be enjoyed for generations yet to come". The Guardian described it as "a remarkably tender story of a post-nuclear childhood" and "a classic to most of its three generations of readers". Hartford Courant reviewer George W. Earley praised it as "a compelling story and Mr. Wyndham's best novel to date."

Galaxy reviewer Groff Conklin praised the novel as "so skillfully done that the fact that it's not a shiny new idea makes absolutely no difference". Anthony Boucher similarly found the novel made "something completely fresh" out of a familiar theme, commending Wyndham's "accumulation of minutely plausible detail" and "greater depth and maturity than he has shown in previous novels". Writing in Astounding, P. Schuyler Miller reported that Wyndham "has made the Mutant theme believable in a way that Odd John, Slan and the stories of the Baldies never quite were".

There is critical disagreement regarding whether the intervention of the Sealand culture at the end of the novel should be considered a deus ex machina.

Critics have disagreed with Wyndham's implication that two differently evolved species must necessarily fight to the death. Wyndham justifies this in a lengthy speech from the Sealand woman near the end of the novel, but her reasoning seems at odds with the implicit plea for tolerance in the earlier part of the novel. This implication also exists in The Kraken Wakes and The Midwich Cuckoos.

Radio adaptations
BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour presented an unabridged reading by Geoffrey Wheeler of the novel in ten 15-minute episodes, broadcast daily between 17 and 28 August 1970.

The novel was adapted by Barbara Clegg as a single 90-minute drama for BBC Radio 4, directed by Michael Bartlett, and first broadcast on 24 April 1981. The cast includes: This version was released on CD by BBC Audiobooks in 2007.
 * Stephen Garlick – David
 * Amanda Murray – Rosalind
 * Judy Bennett – Petra
 * Spencer Banks – Michael/Alan
 * Philipa Ritchie – Katherine
 * Jenny Lee – Rachel
 * Kathryn Hurlbutt – Anne

In popular culture
The song "Crown of Creation" by the American rock band Jefferson Airplane was inspired by the novel. Its title and lyrics are drawn from the text and plot with permission from Wyndham. One example lifted almost verbatim from the text reflects a philosophical explanation by the New Zealand woman: "But life is change, that is how it differs from rocks, change is its very nature." This line is rendered in the lyrics as "Life is change – How it differs from the rocks." The portion of the song that reads: "In loyalty to their kind / they cannot tolerate our minds. / In loyalty to our kind / we cannot tolerate their obstruction" is from an explanation by the New Zealand woman that asserts the inevitability of conflict between a more advanced species and its less advanced progenitors. (The book's original phrase is "they cannot tolerate our rise".)

title: The Chrysalids


text:
Sunny

Sunny may refer to:

People

 * Sunny (name), including a list of people and characters with the name
 * Sunny (singer), member of Girls' Generation
 * Sunny (wrestler), WWE Hall of fame wrestler
 * Sunny, of Sue and Sunny, who also recorded as a solo artist

Fictional characters

 * Sunny (Omori)

Music

 * "Sunny" (Bobby Hebb song), 1966 jazz standard covered hundreds of times
 * Sunny (musical), a 1925 Jerome Kern musical
 * Sunny (Neil Sedaka album), 1979
 * "Sunny" (Morrissey song), 1995
 * Sunny (Towa Tei album), 2011
 * "Sunny", a song by Stereophonics on their 2015 album Keep the Village Alive
 * "Sunny", a song by Brockhampton from Saturation II, 2017

Film and television

 * Sunny (1930 film), a film adaptation of the musical
 * Sunny (1941 film), a film adaptation of the musical
 * Sunny (1984 film), an Indian film directed by Anil Joshi
 * Sunny (2008 film), a South Korean film about South Korean entertainers in the Vietnam War
 * Sunny (2011 film), a South Korean film about a group of old high school friends
 * Sunny (2021 film), an Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Ranjith Sankar
 * Sunny (TV series), an American AppleTV+ television series

Radio stations

 * KODA (Sunny 99.1), in Houston, Texas
 * KSNE-FM (Sunny 106.5), in Las Vegas, Nevada
 * KTSM-FM (Sunny 99.9), in El Paso, Texas
 * WEAT (Sunny 107.9), in West Palm Beach, Florida, formerly on 104.3 FM as Sunny 104.3
 * WOCL (105.9 Sunny FM), in Orlando, Florida, formerly known as Sunny 105.9
 * WSNY (94.7 known as "Sunny 95"), in Columbus, Ohio
 * Formerly known as WSOS-FM (Sunny 94.1), in Jacksonville, Florida, which is now Classic Rock 94.1

Vehicles

 * Nissan Sunny, a vehicle
 * SS Sunny, an Indonesian cargo ship in service 1959–69
 * Airkraft Sunny, a Swiss ultralight aircraft

Other uses

 * Sunny, one of nine available default player skins in the game Minecraft
 * Sunny (dog), the pet dog of the Obama family
 * Sunny (manga), a slice of life manga series by Taiyō Matsumoto
 * Sunny Optical, or known as just "Sunny", Chinese listed manufacturer of optical lens
 * Bluegill, a species of fish also known as a "Sunny"

title: Sunny


text:
Derrida (disambiguation)

Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) was an Algerian-born French philosopher.

Derrida may also refer to:

 * Bernard Derrida (born 1952), French theoretical physicist
 * Marguerite Derrida (born Marguerite Aucouturier; 1932–2020), Czech-born French psychoanalyst, wife of Jacques
 * Derrida (film), a 2002 American documentary film about Jacques Derrida

title: Derrida (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Organ (music)

Untitled
What intrument familyis the organ in? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.184.140.120 (talk) 14:09, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Keyboard instruments. Possibly aerophones and/or electrophones. Individual instruments (particularly theatre organs) could be classified into many different categories. –  j ak s mata  14:50, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Song in the organ music sample
Improvisation in E (Münsterorgel Dinkelsbühl) I tried googling both, nothing came up, what does Münsterorgel Dinkelsbühl mean in German? I'm guessing I tried translating it, part of it comes up as organ, but not musster and Dinkelsbuhl. Is it a proper noun? The snare (talk) 04:00, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

Adding a comma
I would like to add a comma in the fourth sentence to set off a propositional phrase.--Kematt1203 (talk) 17:33, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Then go for it, ! Wikipedia encourages being bold with edits. No need to post on the talk page first unless you're editing about a contentious topic, or if you think your edit really would benefit from discussion. Howicus (Did I mess up?) 17:41, 25 March 2017 (UTC)

2017 proposal to ambiguate
There is a proposal to make Organ (anatomy) the primary topic of Organ. Feel free to join the discussion at Talk:Organ (anatomy). Zzyzx11 (talk) 17:37, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

Overhaul needed
This article seems to have degraded. In a lot of places it has become a dumping ground for "my favourite information", rather than an overall encyclopaedic article.

I have just done some pruning and reorganising (see today's history). But more is needed.

Broad items needing attention include (but are probably not limited to):

 * Near the end there is all sorts of extraneous stuff, often in the form of unexplained lists; do we really need "bagpipes"??

 * The section "Organ music" starts outs "Main article: organ repertoire", but then has lots of material anyway, which properly belongs in that other 'main article'
 * Meanwhile that organ repertoire article itself is poor (but that's a parallel story)
 * And should a section which is purportedly focussed on repertoire have so much (if any) non-repertoire material about rock music and jazz albums? Or about entertainment in sports grounds?

Anyone else fancy lending a hand to tidy it?

Feline Hymnic (talk) 13:44, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Not me, I link to pipe organ instead. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:52, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Ah! That opens up another, far more radical possibility. At its extreme, might this article be reduced to little more that a disambiguation page? "Organ (music} may refer to (a) Pipe organ, (b) electronic organ, ...".  A bit extreme, perhaps, but a way of thinking about the purpose of this page.  And I also note that pipe organ actually starts "For an overview of related instruments, see Organ (music)" (emphasis mine).  Hmmmm... Feline Hymnic (talk) 14:29, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

I've made a start on pruning and copyediting. Plenty of opportunity remains for further work. Feline Hymnic (talk) 17:26, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

Confused about range image

 * I don't know that much about the organ, but the range diagram confuses me. Why does the note that is said to be produced by a 16' pipe on "Range of a typical organ" then say it is produced by a 64' pipe on "Sound possibilities"?— Naddruf (talk ~ contribs) 16:32, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

 * It's the pitch that would be produced by playing middle C with a 64' stop drawn, or two octaves below middle C with a 16' stop drawn (16' being the lowest stop pitch on most pipe organs – not sure about other types of organs). Perhaps the "sound possibilities" part of the image should be removed, since it's more showing how the pitch naming works rather than describing the organ's range. – Sonicwave talk  04:11, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

A link is required in the section "Chamber organ"
I think it could be nice if this section linked to this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_organ 176.22.229.48 (talk) 13:02, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Organ (music)


text:
Chesterton

Chesterton may refer to:

People

 * Chesterton (surname)
 * G. K. Chesterton
 * A. K. Chesterton
 * Cecil Chesterton
 * Frank Chesterton (architect)

United Kingdom

 * Chesterton, Cambridge
 * Chesterton railway station
 * Chesterton, Gloucestershire
 * Chesterton, Huntingdonshire
 * Chesterton, Oxfordshire
 * Chesterton, Shropshire
 * Chesterton, Staffordshire
 * Chesterton, Warwickshire
 * Chesterton Rural District
 * Chesterton (UK Parliament constituency), Cambridgeshire (1885–1918)
 * Chesterton (ward), an electoral ward in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme

United States

 * Chesterton, Indiana
 * Chesterton Commercial Historic District
 * Chestertown, Maryland
 * Chestertown Historic District (Chestertown, Maryland)
 * Chestertown, New York
 * Chestertown Historic District (Chestertown, New York)

Other uses

 * Chesterton Community College, a secondary school in the UK
 * Chesterton Academy of Buffalo, a Roman Catholic High School in Buffalo, New York

title: Chesterton


text:
Wikipedia talk:Building Wikipedia membership/Skeptical solicitation

"Chinese mythology" doesn't need skeptics, unless "skeptics" also means "those who read and hear about Chinese myths extensively and respect their religious belief, and honestly want to add more myths to the article, instead of making fun of something they can't understand".

Some of the myths have became part of traditional religious practices, others are just stories we exchange as kids. How can you criticize or doubt somebody else's fantasy? The Chinese never systematically imposed their mythology on other culture, and no Chinese pretend they're true nowadays.

--Menchi 07:35 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Hey, I said edit it! Not "write two paragraphs about two words on talk page".

 * I meant something different, but I'm not sure what now. -- Tim Starling 07:40 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Maybe this should be moved to Skeptical solicitation. -- Tim Starling 07:48 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Good idea. It may need to be reused. --Menchi 07:49 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

"Reader...they"
Are we gonna "reader...their/they/them"? Will the skeptics be skeptical of our grammar? ;-) --Menchi 07:49 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Well, it's not very NPOV, or even especially diplomatic. I'd prefer the "outreach" be less disrespectful, lest skeptical newcomers get the idea that calling things "hogwash" and people "loons" is to be accepted here, or even encouraged. Other than that, I think the intention is right. Koyaanis Qatsi 08:14 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Frankly, I think all the folks who are concerned at the "hordes of loons" arriving, could do with rereading Replies to common objections (try the 27 Jan revision for an older wording).

 * I'm talking up our problems to encourage people to come and help -- Tim Starling 00:18 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

To be sure, dowsing is massively incomplete. So is program verification. I'm unconvinced that our articles on pseudoscience are significantly more biased, inaccurate, and incomplete than the average Wikipedia article. Martin 09:04 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Periodically I find some of my own work that is biased, incomplete, and/or innacurate or misleading--often from a year or two ago, but sometimes it's more recent than that. Koyaanis Qatsi 09:12 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * One place where we seem to be falling behind is in pseudoscience, flim-flammery and crackpot theories. With our increased publicity of late, our site seems to be attracting more loons than ever before. (from article)

Is this really true? Perhaps someone could make a list of examples? Martin

- I just read the letter and I like it. I say go ahead and send it Tim. --mav 00:22 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Done -- Tim Starling 15:54 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Thanks Erik... My newsreader managed to download 1310 messages out of 1585 on sci.skeptic. I missed the fact that Erik had already posted it. Oh well, luckily I saw it within a couple of hours and I cancelled my post. -- Tim Starling 17:00 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry -- I did not notice the existence of this page. --Eloquence 06:11 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * No problem. sci.skeptic was pretty useless anyway. My post to the JREF BBS, on the other hand, has sparked quite a bit of interest. I've been answering questions over at . I wouldn't mind some help, especially from someone in a different time zone. I might ask on the village pump, but I don't want the thread to be flooded with discussion between Wikipedians. -- Tim Starling 07:27 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It might also be good to send the email to James Randi. Randi writes a weekly newsletter for the skeptical community, often including interesting correspondence that he received. It would be nice to have Wikipedia mentioned in the newsletter, especially since I had difficulty finding the post in the extremely crowded JREF forums. -- CYD

 * I had to send an email to randi@randi.org, because I was asking for permission to use his picture. The picture was uploaded by a JREF forum user. The opening paragraph of my email explained briefly who we are and what was happening on the forum. Emails sent to that address are not necessarily answered by Randi himself, but there's a good chance this news will reach his ear. I have been a reader of that newsletter for about 3.5 years now. I agree that it would be nice if we were mentioned, but I think our chances are pretty slim. -- Tim Starling 08:44 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Barry Karr published my call for skeptics on the CSICOP announcement mailing list. Here's a copy. --Eloquence

 * Great! BTW, James Randi replied to my email, but he didn't make any comments about Wikipedia. -- Tim Starling 03:12 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Skeptic influx?
Moved from Village pump

Did that skeptic recruitment program of ours work? Tim was working on the letter, right? Did it get send? --Menchi 09:28, Aug 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * No response from sci.skeptic, and the interest generated from the CSICOP mention remains unknown. The response from our post at the JREF forum was very good in comparison. There were maybe 4 or 5 people who came over to have a look, and made a few contributions. I don't know if any of them are still around. User:Lord Kenneth was especially enthusiastic, but he only made about 40 edits and then lost interest. -- Tim Starling 09:47, Aug 17, 2003 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Christian Social Union in Bavaria

Name

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the debate was move. — Nightstallion (?) 09:20, 25 January 2006 (UTC) According to their own website, the party is called "of" Bavaria, not "in" Bavaria. . Gryffindor 01:08, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That is odd that they would mistranslate their own name "Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern". Could we just move the article to Christian Social Union instead? Kusma (討論) 14:53, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think that the party would not know what their own name in English would be. But we can also move it to Christian Social Union, but I just want to have it as correct as possible, therefore the link to the party's homepage where it says they are the Christian Social Union of Bavaria. Gryffindor  16:21, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I just found the CSU's behaviour odd. Support your move proposal now (after thinking a bit more). Many usages of the "in" name on Google seem to come from Wikipedia mirrors anyway. The German wikipedia uses the full title, so we should use the "official full English title" as well. Kusma (討論) 17:11, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

I removed "(only in 1957 it was running in the Saarland too)" that was added by Braunbaer. According to www.csu.de the "CSU" that existed in the Saarland from 1955 to 1959 was created independently and without the approval of the Bavarian one. So the CSU wasn't ever running outside Bavaria. djmutex 07:38 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

The CSU in 1957 was running as one party in Bavaria and the Saarland, and got two seats in Saarland and according to the Electoral Law, it had to fight (as one party) with the qualifing threshold of 5% (of Germany, not only a country) or the three constituencies. In the Saarland less than 5% of the Germans are living, so there were no chances for a Saar-only-party. The Saar-CSU was the Rest of the former CVP of the Saarland.

It should be mentioned, that 1957 was the first federal election in the Saarland, after the "little" reunification with (West)Germany. The CVP was against this unification and for an independant Saar. The CSU in Saarland merged with the CDU later.

The "created independently" is no great fact, because most of the Parties were created independently in the federal states and merging later. The CSU in Bavaria did not merge with the other C-Parties and the Saar Parties couldn't because Saarland did not belong to West-Germany.

To increase the confusion, there was a small Party named CSU in Saarland before the unification, with no real influence and independent with the Bavarians (merging with the CVP or dissolving, I don't know).

I don't know, why csu.de ignores this fact, of course the history of the Saar-CSU is an other history than the Bavarian CSU (except this one-time running together), but the CSU as a Germany Party was running 1957 in the Saarland (first and last time against the CDU) too. --Braunbaer 16:08 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Interesting. You have a source for all this? djmutex 16:35 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * http://www.aicgs.org/wahlen/saarland.shtml (Electoral Result: 21% in Saarland)
 * http://home.arcor.de/gozer/wahlen/parteien.html "bei Wahlen kandidiert die CSU nur in Bayern (bei der Bundestagswahl 1957 auch im Saarland)"
 * http://www.cdu-saar.de/verband/geschichte1.jsp
 * Datenhandbuch Deutscher Bundestag page 91 and 93
 * The German Electoral Law, that makes it important, that the same party is running. It got 3015892 votes in Bavaria and 117168 votes in the Saarland, making 3133060 votes for the Party CSU. --62.104.206.64 18:15 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

''Edmund Stoiber took over the CSU chairmanship early in 1999. He ran for chancellor in 2002, but lost.''

Germany is a parliamentary system--how could Stoiber have run for chancellor? I'm not familiar with the 2002 elections, so I'm unclear as to what the sentence could mean. Mackensen (talk) 10:38, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Even parliamentary systems are becoming ever more Presidential, with the party's leader effectively running for Chancellor. Stoiber was the CDU/CSU nominee for the Chancellorship in the election and so spearheading the campaign, participating in any leader debates and the like, rather than the CDU's Merkel. Timrollpickering 23:42, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

2005 Election - more information and discussion needed
I'm not an expert on German politics, so I'd prefer someone else to write about this in the article, but according to the Results of the 2005 election, the Bavarian CSU lost more seats from votes in Bavaria than the CDU did in the entire rest of the country. Does this indicate a realigning of Bavarian politics? What percent of the Bavarian vote was their loss of 1.6% of the total vote? Blackcats 01:37, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

The CSU got only 49,2% of the votes in Bavaria. 2002 they had 58,6%, which was extraordinary because Stoiber ran for chancellor. The traditional aim of the CSU is to reach more than 50% in Bavaria and currently there's a lot of discussion, whether the programm has to be corrected and the left wing of the party is strengthened. But it is to early to have a complete analysis. -- Alex from Bavaria (By the way: I extended the Article "CSU" in the German wikipedia. Perhaps someone who's fitter in english language than me could translate some important parts of it.)

On the federal level, the CSU is often perceived as the more socially conservative of the two parties, although recently it has also been seen as more leftist on economic issues than the CDU.

 * This isn't really a contradiction, though it may appear as such to people accustomed to the American essentially two-party political system. The CSU is more conservative on issues like homosexuality (esp. same-sex marriage), school prayers, abortion etc., while at the same time being to the "left" of the CDU on social equality issues. But this is because the self-image of the CSU is as the party of "simple folks" (in terms of lifestyle, not mental capacity, mind you :-) ), or the "little man". So to speak, the CSU is the party of Bavarian conservative Oktoberfestian coziness, and everything that doesn't fit into this picture is viewed with suspicion (whether it's non-Christians, homosexuals, foreigners or newly rich types). It's not necessarily enmity on their part, though, just a tangible discomfort with everything that questions Bavarians' view of living in the most beautiful and homey country on the planet. God's second home on Earth, so to speak, when He's leaving Jerusalem on vacation. Probably one visit to Bavaria will tell you more than a thousand of my words, though. :-) (If I have exaggerated some points a little it was just for the point of illustration.) Aragorn2 18:46, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * "whether it's non-Christians"... I think you mean "whether it's non-Catholic"!

 * Aragorn2 - further confirmation that Bavaria is, indeed, the Texas of Germany. (grew up in Texas, now living in Bavaria, so I should know.) Texmandie 09:16, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

although recently it has also been seen as more leftist on economic issues than the CDU.
Source? Bavaria is one of the most economic liberal states in Germany. They're "Sparpolitik" isn't very leftist. 195.3.113.38 22:25, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

the CSU is NOT a Socialist party !!!
"Political Ideology Christian Democracy, Socialism" ??? no —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.164.240.182 (talk) 21:47, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:CSU logo.jpg
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Ideology, stance in issues
From the article it isn't clear what kind of policies this party supports. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.134.163.209 (talk) 14:50, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

History
Focus too much on Strauss. 2.210.43.153 (talk) 21:31, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Bavarian nationalism
You cannot deny that there is a Bavarian nationalistic faction within the CSU, though they don't make up a significant group (anymore - since the 1960s). --Datu Dong (talk) 15:13, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Bavarian Seats
Just to avoid an edit war: An IP is changing the CSU seat diagram to the number of seats that stem from Bavaria. This contradicts the diagram used on the German page. In the Bundestag, there are no Länder seats. The CSU has decided to run in Bavaria only, hence the party's seat share is smaller than some others. Any thoughts? --Nillurcheier (talk) 16:46, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

Wrong, in Germanys MMP-system, the proportional seats are allocated through Landeslisten and the Überhandmandate are also in relation to the states. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.96.172.106 (talk) 20:28, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

internal elections
Not yet sourceable; however, the blogs are ablaze that Söder's looking to resign. Should get up to date on that I believe Sucker for All (talk) 00:43, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

History section ?
There is no history outline so far. No information about "founders", founding process, early years. --213.172.123.242 (talk) 07:59, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

Ideology
How about changing the "conservatism" of infobox's ideology to "social conservatism"? In fact, the CSU is more culturally conservative than the CDU. Mureungdowon (talk) 00:11, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

That’s needlessly redundant, as generic “Conservatism” already implies social conservatism. Autospark (talk) 18:20, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree with User:Autospark. "Conservatism" and, I would add, "Christian democracy" already include "social conservatism". It is no surprise, by the way, that the article on the CDU features "Christian democracy" and "liberal conservatism", not "conservatism", in its infobox. The status quo is fine to me. --Checco (talk) 16:04, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

Posición
I propose to add (with sources of course) "Centre-right to Right-wing" because it is described like that, and it's more right-wing that the CDU. Hidolo (talk) 14:32, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * They are not commonly known as right wing --FMSky (talk) 15:19, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, they are. And there are more. Hidolo (talk) 15:32, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Half of these links dont work or are literally sources from the 1980s --FMSky (talk) 15:56, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christian Social Union in Bavaria


text:
Track gauge

In rail transport, track gauge is the distance between the two rails of a railway track. All vehicles on a rail network must have wheelsets that are compatible with the track gauge. Since many different track gauges exist worldwide, gauge differences often present a barrier to wider operation on railway networks.

The term derives from the metal bar, or gauge, that is used to ensure the distance between the rails is correct.

Railways also deploy two other gauges to ensure compliance with a required standard. A loading gauge is a two-dimensional profile that encompasses a cross-section of the track, a rail vehicle and a maximum-sized load: all rail vehicles and their loads must be contained in the corresponding envelope. A structure gauge specifies the outline into which structures (bridges, platforms, lineside equipment etc.) must not encroach.

Uses of the term
The most common use of the term "track gauge" refers to the transverse distance between the inside surfaces of the two load-bearing rails of a railway track, usually measured at 12.7 mm to 15.9 mm below the top of the rail head in order to clear worn corners and allow for rail heads having sloping sides. The term derives from the "gauge", a metal bar with a precisely positioned lug at each end that track crews use to ensure the actual distance between the rails lies within tolerances of a prescribed standard: on curves, for example, the spacing is wider than normal. Deriving from the name of the bar, the distance between these rails is also referred to as the track gauge.

Early track gauges
The earliest form of railway was a wooden wagonway, along which single wagons were manhandled, almost always in or from a mine or quarry. Initially the wagons were guided by human muscle power; subsequently by various mechanical methods. Timber rails wore rapidly: later, flat cast-iron plates were provided to limit the wear. In some localities, the plates were made L-shaped, with the vertical part of the L guiding the wheels; this is generally referred to as a "plateway". Flanged wheels eventually became universal, and the spacing between the rails had to be compatible with that of the wagon wheels.

As the guidance of the wagons was improved, short strings of wagons could be connected and pulled by teams of horses, and the track could be extended from the immediate vicinity of the mine or quarry, typically to a navigable waterway. The wagons were built to a consistent pattern and the track would be made to suit the needs of the horses and wagons: the gauge was more critical. The Penydarren Tramroad of 1802 in South Wales, a plateway, spaced these at over the outside of the upstands.

The Penydarren Tramroad probably carried the first journey by a locomotive, in 1804, and it was successful for the locomotive, but unsuccessful for the track: the plates were not strong enough to carry its weight. A considerable progressive step was made when cast iron edge rails were first employed; these had the major axis of the rail section configured vertically, giving a much stronger section to resist bending forces, and this was further improved when fish-belly rails were introduced.

Edge rails required a close match between rail spacing and the configuration of the wheelsets, and the importance of the gauge was reinforced. Railways were still seen as local concerns: there was no appreciation of a future connection to other lines, and the choice of track gauge was still a pragmatic decision based on local requirements and prejudices, and probably determined by existing local designs of (road) vehicles.

Thus, the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway (1826) in the West of Scotland used ; the Dundee and Newtyle Railway (1831) in the north-east of Scotland adopted ; the Redruth and Chasewater Railway (1825) in Cornwall chose.

The Arbroath and Forfar Railway opened in 1838 with a gauge of, and the Ulster Railway of 1839 used.

"Standard" gauge appears
Locomotives were being developed in the first decades of the 19th century; they took various forms, but George Stephenson developed a successful locomotive on the Killingworth Wagonway, where he worked. His designs were successful, and when the Stockton and Darlington Railway was opened in 1825, it used his locomotives, with the same gauge as the Killingworth line,.

The Stockton and Darlington line was very successful, and when the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the first intercity line, was opened in 1830, it used the same gauge. It too was very successful, and the gauge, widened to and named "standard gauge", was well on its way to becoming the established norm.

Gauge differences
The Liverpool and Manchester was quickly followed by other trunk railways, with the Grand Junction Railway and the London and Birmingham Railway forming a huge preponderance of standard gauge. When Bristol promoters planned a line from London, they employed the innovative engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel. He decided on a wider gauge, to give greater stability, and the Great Western Railway adopted a gauge of, later eased to. This became known as broad gauge. The Great Western Railway (GWR) was successful and was greatly expanded, directly and through friendly associated companies, widening the scope of broad gauge.

At the same time, other parts of Britain built railways to standard gauge, and British technology was exported to European countries and parts of North America, also using standard gauge. Britain polarised into two areas: those that used broad gauge and those that used standard gauge. In this context, standard gauge was referred to as "narrow gauge" to indicate the contrast. Some smaller concerns selected other non-standard gauges: the Eastern Counties Railway adopted. Most of them converted to standard gauge at an early date, but the GWR's broad gauge continued to grow.

The larger railway companies wished to expand geographically, and large areas were considered to be under their control. When a new independent line was proposed to open up an unconnected area, the gauge was crucial in determining the allegiance that the line would adopt: if it was broad gauge, it must be friendly to the Great Western railway; if narrow (standard) gauge, it must favour the other companies. The battle to persuade or coerce that choice became very intense, and became referred to as "the gauge wars".

As passenger and freight transport between the two areas became increasingly important, the difficulty of moving from one gauge to the other—the break of gauge—became more prominent and more objectionable. In 1845 a Royal Commission on Railway Gauges was created to look into the growing problem, and this led to the Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846, which forbade the construction of broad gauge lines unconnected with the broad gauge network. The broad gauge network was eventually converted—a progressive process completed in 1892, called gauge conversion. The same Act mandated the gauge of for use in Ireland.

Gauge selection in other countries
[[File:World RR Gauge Map.agr.png|thumb|300px|Map of the world's railways showing the different gauges in use. {{legend|#a100ff|3 ft gauge (914 mm)}}

{{legend|#6000ff|Meter gauge (1,000 mm)}}

{{legend|#0500e0|Cape gauge (1,067 mm)}}

{{legend|#000000|Standard gauge (1,435 mm)}}

{{legend|#c00100|Russian gauge (1,520 mm)}}

{{legend|#ffa000|Irish gauge (1,600 mm)}}

{{legend|#ffc000|Iberian gauge (1,668 mm)}}

{{legend|#ffe000|Indian gauge (1,676 mm)}} ]] As railways were built in other countries, the gauge selection was pragmatic: the track would have to fit the rolling stock. If locomotives were imported from elsewhere, especially in the early days, the track would be built to fit them. In some cases standard gauge was adopted, but many countries or companies chose a different gauge as their national gauge, either by governmental policy, or as a matter of individual choice.

Terminology
Standard gauge is generally known world-wide as being. Terms such as broad gauge and narrow gauge do not have any fixed meaning beyond being materially wider or narrower than standard.

In British practice, the space between the rails of a track is colloquially referred to as the "four-foot", and the space between two tracks the "six-foot", descriptions relating to the respective dimensions.

Standard gauge
In modern usage the term "standard gauge" refers to. Standard gauge is dominant in a majority of countries, including those in North America, most of western Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and China.

Broad gauge
In modern usage, the term "broad gauge" generally refers to track spaced significantly wider than.

Broad gauge is the dominant gauge in countries in Indian subcontinent, the former Soviet Union (CIS states, Baltic states, Georgia and Ukraine), Mongolia, Finland, Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Chile and Ireland. It is also used for the suburban railway systems in South Australia, and Victoria, Australia.

Medium gauge
The term "medium gauge" had different meanings throughout history, depending on the local dominant gauge in use.

In 1840s, the Irish gauge was considered a medium gauge compared to Brunel's  broad gauge and the  narrow gauge, which became the modern standard gauge.

Narrow gauge
In modern usage, the term "narrow gauge" generally refers to track spaced significantly narrower than.

Narrow gauge is the dominant or second dominant gauge in countries of Southern, Central Africa, East Africa, Southeast Asia, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Central America and South America,

During the period known as "the Battle of the gauges", Stephenson's standard gauge was commonly known as "narrow gauge", while Brunel's railway's gauge was termed "broad gauge". Many narrow gauge railways were built in mountainous regions such as Wales, the Rocky Mountains of North America, Central Europe and South America. Industrial railways and mine railways across the world are often narrow gauge. Sugar cane and banana plantations are mostly served by narrow gauges.

Minimum gauge
Very narrow gauges of under 2 ft were used for some industrial railways in space-restricted environments such as mines or farms. The French company Decauville developed and  tracks, mainly for mines; Heywood developed  gauge for estate railways. The most common minimum gauges were, , , , or.

Break of gauge
Through operation between railway networks with different gauges was originally impossible; goods had to be transshipped and passengers had to change trains. This was obviously a major obstacle to convenient transport, and in Great Britain, led to political intervention.

On narrow gauge lines, rollbocks or transporter wagons are used: standard gauge wagons are carried on narrow gauge lines on these special vehicles, generally with rails of the wider gauge to enable those vehicles to roll on and off at transfer points.

On the Transmongolian Railway, Russia and Mongolia use while China uses the standard gauge of 1,435 mm. At the border, each carriage is lifted and its bogies are changed. The operation can take several hours for a whole train of many carriages.

Other examples include crossings into or out of the former Soviet Union: Ukraine/Slovakia border on the Bratislava–Lviv train, and the Romania/Moldova border on the Chișinău–Bucharest train.

A system developed by Talgo and Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) of Spain uses variable gauge wheelsets; at the border between France and Spain, through passenger trains are drawn slowly through an apparatus that alters the gauge of the wheels, which slide laterally on the axles.

A similar system is used between China and Central Asia, and between Poland and Ukraine, using the SUW 2000 and INTERGAUGE variable axle systems. China and Poland use standard gauge, while Central Asia and Ukraine use.

Dual gauge

When individual railway companies have chosen different gauges and have needed to share a route where space on the ground is limited, mixed gauge (or dual gauge) track, in which three (sometimes four) rails are supported in the same track structure, can be necessary. The most frequent need for such track was at the approaches to city terminals or at break-of-gauge stations.

Tracks of multiple gauges involve considerable costs in construction (including signalling work) and complexities in track maintenance, and may require some speed restrictions. They are therefore built only when absolutely necessary. If the difference between the two gauges is large enough – for example between and  – three-rail dual-gauge is possible, but if not – for example between  and  – four rails must be used. Dual-gauge rail lines occur (or have occurred) in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Japan, North Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia and Vietnam.

On the GWR, there was an extended period between political intervention in 1846 that prevented major expansion of its broad gauge and the final gauge conversion to standard gauge in 1892. During this period, many locations practicality required mixed gauge operation, and in station areas the track configuration was extremely complex. This was compounded by the common rail having to be at the platform side in stations; therefore, in many cases, standard-gauge trains needed to be switched from one side of the track to the other at the approach. A special fixed point arrangement was devised for the purpose, where the track layout was simple enough.

In some cases, mixed gauge trains were operated with wagons of both gauges. For example, MacDermot wrote:

"In November 1871 a novelty in the shape of a mixed-gauge goods train was introduced between Truro and Penzance. It was worked by a narrow-gauge engine, and behind the narrow-gauge trucks came a broad-gauge match-truck with wide buffers and sliding shackles, followed by the broad-gauge trucks. Such trains continued to run in West Cornwall until the abolition of the Broad Gauge; they had to stop or come down to walking pace at all stations where fixed points existed and the narrow portion side-stepped to right or left."

Triple gauge

In rare situations, three different gauges may converge on to a rail yard and triple-gauge track is needed to meet the operational needs of the break-of-gauge station – most commonly where there is insufficient space to do otherwise. Construction and operation of triple-gauge track and its signalling, however, involves immense cost and disruption, and is undertaken when no other alternative is available.

Nominal track gauge
The nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a certain distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head (the gauge faces) are not necessarily vertical. Some amount of tolerance is necessarily allowed from the nominal gauge to allow for wear, etc.; this tolerance is typically greater for track limited to slower speeds, and tighter for track where higher speeds are expected (as an example, in the US the gauge is allowed to vary between 4 ft to 4 ft for track limited to 10 mph, while 70 mph track is allowed only 4 ft to 4 ft. Given the allowed tolerance, it is a common practice to widen the gauge slightly in curves, particularly those of shorter radius (which are inherently slower speed curves).

Rolling stock on the network must have running gear (wheelsets) that are compatible with the gauge, and therefore the gauge is a key parameter in determining interoperability, but there are many others – see below. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the railway company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only, and independent hauliers provided wagons suited to the gauge. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as "four-foot gauge wagons", say, if the track had a gauge of four feet. This nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for.

An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a slight variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons.

Units
The gauge is defined in imperial units, metric units or SI units.

Imperial units were established in the United Kingdom by the Weights and Measures Act 1824. The United States customary units for length did not agree with the imperial system until 1959, when one international yard was defined as 0.9144 meters and, as derived units, 1 foot (=$1/3$ yd) as 0.3048 meter and 1 inch (=$1/36$ yd) as 25.4 mm.

The list shows the imperial and other units that have been used for track gauge definitions:

Temporary way – permanent way
A temporary way is the temporary track often used for construction, to be replaced by the permanent way (the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers/ties and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade) when construction nears completion. In many cases narrow-gauge track is used for a temporary way because of the convenience in laying it and changing its location over unimproved ground.

In restricted spaces such as tunnels, the temporary way might be double track even though the tunnel will ultimately be single track. The Airport Rail Link in Sydney had construction trains of gauge, which were replaced by permanent tracks of  gauge.

During World War I, trench warfare led to a relatively static disposition of infantry, requiring considerable logistics to bring them support staff and supplies (food, ammunition, earthworks materials, etc.). Dense light railway networks using temporary narrow gauge track sections were established by both sides for this purpose.

In 1939 it was proposed to construct the western section of the Yunnan–Burma Railway using a gauge of, since such tiny or "toy" gauge facilitates the tightest of curves in difficult terrain.

Maintenance standards
Infrastructure owners specify permitted variances from the nominal gauge, and the required interventions when non-compliant gauge is detected. For example, the Federal Railroad Administration in the US specifies that the actual gauge of a 1,435 mm track that is rated for a maximum of 60 mph must be between 4 ft 8 in and 4 ft 9.5 in.

Advantages and disadvantages of different track gauges
Speed, capacity, and economy are generally objectives of rail transport, but there is often an inverse relationship between these priorities. There is a common misconception that a narrower gauge permits a tighter turning radius, but for practical purposes, there is no meaningful relationship between gauge and curvature.

Construction cost
Narrower gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are usually lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives (smaller loading gauge), as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels (smaller structure gauge). Narrow gauge is thus often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. It is also used in sparsely populated areas, with low potential demand, and for temporary railways that will be removed after short-term use, such as for construction, the logging industry, the mining industry, or large-scale construction projects, especially in confined spaces (see Temporary way – permanent way).

For temporary railways which will be removed after short-term use, such as those used in logging, mining or large-scale construction projects, especially in confined spaces, such as when constructing the Channel Tunnel, a narrow-gauge railway is substantially cheaper and easier to install and remove. Such railways have almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern trucks. In many countries, narrow-gauge railways were built as branch lines to feed traffic to standard-gauge lines due to lower construction costs. The choice was often not between a narrow- and standard-gauge railway, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all.

Broader gauge railways are generally more expensive to build, because they are usually heavier in construction, use larger cars and locomotives (larger loading gauge), as well as larger bridges, larger tunnels (larger structure gauge). But broader gauges offer higher speed and capacity. For routes with high traffic, greater capacity may more than offset the higher initial cost of construction.

Interchangeability
The value or utility a user derives from a good or service depends on the number of users of compatible products – the "network effect" in economics. Network effects are typically positive, resulting in a given user deriving more value from a product as other users join the same network. At national levels, the network effect has resulted in commerce extending beyond regional and national boundaries. Increasingly, many governments and companies have made their railways' engineering and operational standards compatible in order to achieve interchangeability – hence faster, longer-distance train operation. A major barrier to achieving interchangeability, however, is path dependence – in this context the persistence of an already adopted standard to which equipment, infrastructure and training has become aligned.

Since adopting a new standard is difficult and expensive, continuing with an existing standard can remain attractive, unless longer-term benefits are given appropriate weight. An example of the consequences of path dependence is the persistence in the United Kingdom – the earliest nation to develop and adopt railway technologies – of structure gauges that are too small to allow the larger rolling stock of continental Europe to operate in the UK. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard has resulted in the historical multitude of track gauges dwindling to a small number that predominate worldwide.

When interchangeability has not been achieved, freight and passengers must be transferred through time-consuming procedures requiring manual labour and substantial capital expenditure. Some bulk commodities, such as coal, ore, and gravel, can be mechanically transshipped, but even this is time-consuming, and the equipment required for the transfer is often complex to maintain. If rail lines of different gauges coexist in a network and a break of gauge exists, it is difficult in times of peak demand to move rolling stock to where it is needed.

Sufficient rolling stock must be available to meet a narrow-gauge railway's peak demand, which might be greater in comparison to a broader-gauge network, and the surplus equipment generates no cash flow during periods of low demand. In regions where narrow-gauge lines form a small part of the rail network (as was the case on Russia's Sakhalin Railway), extra cost is involved in designing, manufacturing or importing narrow-gauge equipment.

Solutions to interchangeability problems include bogie exchanges, a rollbock system, dual gauge, variable gauge, or gauge conversion.

Dominant railway gauges
More than half of the world's railways are built to. New railways have been built in Africa to standard gauge. Most of the narrow-gauge railways in India are being converted to the dominant, broad-gauge.

Prevalence
Total for each group of gauges in 2020:

Future
Further convergence of rail gauge use seems likely, as countries seek to build inter-operable networks, and international organisations seek to build macro-regional and continental networks. Almost all new high-speed rail lines are built to standard gauge, except in Uzbekistan and Russia.

Europe
The European Union has set out to develop inter-operable freight and passenger rail networks across its area, and is seeking to standardise gauge, signalling and electrical power systems. EU funds have been dedicated to assist Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in the building of some key railway lines (Rail Baltica) of standard gauge, and to assist Spain and Portugal in the construction of high-speed lines to connect Iberian cities to one another and to the French high-speed lines. The EU has developed plans for improved freight rail links between Spain, Portugal, and the rest of Europe.

Trans-Asian Railway
The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) is planning a Trans-Asian Railway that will link Europe and the Pacific, with a Northern Corridor from Europe to the Korean Peninsula, a Southern Corridor from Europe to Southeast Asia, and a North–South corridor from Northern Europe to the Persian Gulf. All these would encounter breaks of gauge as they cross Asia. Current plans have mechanized facilities at the breaks of gauge to move containers from train to train rather than widespread gauge conversion. The Northern Corridor through Russia already operates since before year 2000, with increasing volumes China–Europe.

The Americas

 * 2008: Proposed link between Venezuela and Colombia
 * 2008: Venezuela via Brazil to Argentina – standard gauge
 * 2008: A proposed metre gauge line across Southern Paraguay to link Argentina at Resistencia to Brazil at Cascavel; both those lines are, and the new line would allow "bioceanic" running from the Atlantic port of Paranaguá in Brazil to that of Antofagasta in Chile on the Pacific.

Africa
The East African Railway Master Plan is a proposal for rebuilding and expanding railway lines connecting Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, South Sudan and beyond. The plan is managed by infrastructure ministers from participating East African Community countries in association with transport consultation firm CPCS Transcom. Older railways are of or  gauge. Newly rebuilt lines will use standard gauge. Regular freight and passenger services began on the standard gauge Mombasa–Nairobi railway in 2017 and on the standard gauge Addis Ababa–Djibouti railway in 2018.

Lines for iron ore to Kribi in Cameroon are likely to be with a likely connection to the same port from the  Cameroon system.

Nigeria's railways are mostly Cape gauge. The Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway is a gauge conversion project by the Nigerian Government to create a north–south standard gauge rail link. The first converted segment, between Abuja and Kaduna, was completed in July 2016.

The African Union has a 50-year plan to connect the capital cities and major centres by high-speed railways.

title: Track gauge


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Cave Johnson

Cave Johnson (January 11, 1793 – November 23, 1866) was an American politician who served the state of Tennessee as a Democratic congressman in the United States House of Representatives. Johnson was the 12th United States Postmaster General in the administration of James K. Polk from 1845 to 1849.

Early life
Johnson was born near present-day Springfield, Tennessee to Robert and Mary Noel Johnson. He was named for Rev. Richard Cave, a Baptist minister in the Travelling Church with whom Mary's mother, also named Mary Noel, had been acquainted in Kentucky. He suspected but could never prove a relation to William Cave Johnson of Boone County, Kentucky. He was studying at Cumberland College when the War of 1812 began, and organized a band of volunteers that Andrew Jackson declined. In 1813 he joined his father's militia unit in the Creek War, returning to Nashville the next year to complete law studies in the firm of Parry Wayne Humphreys.

Career
Johnson settled in Clarksville and served on its first board of aldermen. At the time of his first election to Congress in 1829, he owned an iron factory that employed both free and enslaved black workers. He advocated legal protection of slavery under the federal constitution, believing that this would prevent "moderate" southerners from being overwhelmed by secessionist Fire-Eaters.

Samuel Morse's proposal for the Baltimore–Washington telegraph line came before Congress for funding during Johnson's tenure. Johnson mocked the idea by introducing a rider to fund research into animal magnetism. After the line was successfully demonstrated he apologized to Morse, calling the telegraph an "astonishing invention". Johnson acted as a campaign manager for presidential candidate James K. Polk at both the Democratic party convention and for the general election. After his victory Polk appointed him Postmaster General, which he held during the full term. He shifted the department from a collect on delivery system to a prepaid system by introducing the adhesive postage stamp in 1847. Johnson's duties included overseeing operation of the Baltimore–Washington line, which he struggled to make profitable as other private telegraph lines were constructed. He urged that telegraph lines not be left in unregulated private hands, concerned that they would ruin the Post Office while enriching those who held preferential information access, but his fellow Democrats were unreceptive.

He later served as a state circuit court judge and as president of the Third Bank of Tennessee from 1854 to 1860. During the secession crisis he joined the short-lived Union Party that sought to keep Tennessee loyal to the federal government. He joined in drafting an address that urged the state to remain in the Union while refusing to participate in coercive measures against the Confederacy. Failing in this effort, he sided with the Confederacy but took no personal part in the war. After the Battle of Fort Donelson brought Clarksville under Union control, Johnson was one of three spokesmen who greeted the administering Union officer. He was elected to the state Senate in 1866, but allies of Republican Governor William G. Brownlow refused to seat him.

Personal life
Johnson proposed to Elizabeth Dortch in 1815. She rejected him for another suitor, embarrassing him so deeply that he dared not pursue a woman again for more than twenty years. His next proposal in 1838 was to the same Elizabeth Dortch, by then widowed. She accepted and they had three sons. Johnson was the maternal uncle of Lt. Col. Cave Johnson Couts of California

title: Cave Johnson


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Marriage Equality USA

Marriage Equality USA was an organization working for the legal recognition of same-sex marriage in the United States. The group worked by doing public education and outreach, media campaigns and holding visibility events. Marriage Equality, Inc. was founded in 1998.

Engaged Tour
In the months after the passing of Proposition 8, Marriage Equality USA sponsored a statewide poll to determine opinions on same sex marriage. Polling data was presented in over forty cities in a town hall forum dubbed the "Get Engaged Tour". At the events participants were presented the results of the statewide polling data, as well as an opportunity to discuss next steps in moving forward with an effort to bring about marriage equality.

title: Marriage Equality USA


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Harvey Cushing

Harvey Williams Cushing (April 8, 1869 – October 7, 1939) was an American neurosurgeon, pathologist, writer, and draftsman. A pioneer of brain surgery, he was the first exclusive neurosurgeon and the first person to describe Cushing's disease. He wrote a biography of physician William Osler in three volumes.

Early life and education
Cushing was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents were Elizabeth Maria "Betsey M." Williams (sister of Edward and Charles Williams) and Henry Kirke Cushing, a physician whose ancestors came to Hingham, Massachusetts, as Puritans in the 17th century. Harvey, the fourth generation of a line of physicians founded by his great-grandfather Dr. David Cushing (1768–1814), was the youngest of ten children.

As a child, Cushing attended the Cleveland Manual Training School, which expanded his interest in science and medicine. The school's emphasis on experimental training and a "physics-focused" approach to education played an important role in influencing Cushing toward a career in medical surgery. The school's manual dexterity training program also contributed to Cushing's future success as a surgeon.

He graduated with an B.A. degree in 1891 from Yale University, where he was a member of Scroll and Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter). He studied medicine at Harvard Medical School and earned his medical degree in 1895. Cushing completed his internship at Massachusetts General Hospital and then did a residency in surgery under the guidance of pioneering surgeon William Stewart Halsted at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.

He subsequently trained in neurological surgery abroad under Emil Theodor Kocher at Bern and Charles Scott Sherrington at Liverpool.

Career
Cushing began his career in private practice in Baltimore. During his time with Kocher, he first encountered the Cushing reflex, which describes the relationship between blood pressure and intracranial pressure. At the age of 32, he was made associate professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital and was placed in full charge of cases of surgery of the central nervous system. He wrote numerous monographs on surgery of the brain and spinal column and made important contributions in bacteriology. He conducted (with Kocher) a study of intracerebral pressure and (with Sherrington) contributed much to the localization of the cerebral centers.

In Baltimore, he developed the method of operating with local anesthesia, and his paper on its use in hernia gave him a European reputation. In 1911, he was appointed surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. He became a professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School starting in 1912. In 1913, he was made an honorary F.R.C.S. (London). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914. In 1915, before the Clinical Congress of Surgeons in Boston, he showed the possibility of influencing stature by operating on the pituitary gland. In 1924, Cushing was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.

World War I
Shortly after the entry of the United States into the World War I, Cushing was commissioned as a major in the U.S. Army Medical Corps on May 5, 1917. He was director of the U.S. base hospital attached to the British expeditionary Force in France. Cushing also served as the head of a surgical unit in a French military hospital outside of Paris. During his time at the French military hospital, Cushing experimented with the use of electromagnets to extract metallic shrapnel fragments that were lodged within the brain. He was mentioned in a dispatch by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig in November 1917.

On June 6, 1918, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was assigned as senior consultant in neurological surgery for the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe. In early October, while in France, he came down with what he described as "the grippe," which was probably the Spanish flu. He would never fully recover. He attained the rank of colonel (O-6) on October 23, 1918. In that capacity, he treated Lieutenant Edward Revere Osler, who was fatally wounded during the third battle of Ypres. Lieutenant Osler was the son of Sir William Osler.

Cushing returned to the United States in February 1919 and was discharged on April 9, 1919. In recognition of his service during the war, Cushing was invested as a Companion of the Bath by the British government. In 1923, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the U.S. Army.

Later career
Cushing authored the Pulitzer prize-winning biography, Life of Sir William Osler (London: Oxford University Press, 1925).

From 1933 to 1937, when he retired, he worked at the Yale School of Medicine as Sterling Professor of Neurology.

Personal life
Cushing married his Cleveland childhood friend Katharine Stone Crowell (1870–1949), granddaughter of Ohio congressman John Crowell, on June 10, 1902. They had five children, including three daughters famed for their beauty and collectively known as the 'Cushing sisters':

Cushing died on October 7, 1939, in New Haven, Connecticut, from complications of a myocardial infarction. He was interred at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. An autopsy performed on Cushing revealed that his brain harbored a colloid cyst of the third ventricle.
 * William Harvey Cushing (1903–1926) (died in an automobile accident while a student at Yale University)
 * Mary Benedict "Minnie" Cushing (1906–1978), who married Vincent Astor and later James Whitney Fosburgh;
 * Betsey Cushing (1908–1998), who married James Roosevelt and later John Hay Whitney;
 * Henry Kirke Cushing (1910–1983), who married Marjorie Estabrook in 1936.
 * Barbara "Babe" Cushing (1915–1978), the socialite wife of Stanley Grafton Mortimer and later William S. Paley.

Legacy
At the beginning of the 20th century, Cushing developed many of the basic surgical techniques for operating on the brain. This established him as one of the foremost leaders and experts in the field. Under his influence, neurosurgery became a new and autonomous surgical discipline.
 * He considerably improved the survival of patients after difficult brain operations for intracranial tumors.
 * He used X-ray to diagnose brain tumors.
 * He used electrical stimuli for the study of the human sensory cortex.
 * He played a pivotal role in development of the Bovie electrocautery tool with William T. Bovie, a physicist.
 * He was the world's leading teacher of neurosurgeons in the first decades of the 20th century.

Arguably, Cushing's greatest contribution came with his introduction to North America of blood pressure measurement. Upon visiting colleague Scipione Riva-Rocci, an Italian physician, Cushing was astonished by Riva-Rocci's non-invasive way of measuring intra-arterial pressure. In 1896, Riva-Rocci developed a wall-mounted mercury manometer linked to a balloon-inflated cuff that would measure the pressure needed to compress arterial systolic pressure, i.e. systolic blood pressure measurement. Riva-Rocci's design was based on a more primitive version developed by French physician Pierre Potain. Cushing returned to the US with a sample of Riva-Rocci's sphygmomanometer and blood pressure measurement became a vital sign. The use of the Riva-Rocci sphygmomanometer as a diagnostic tool rapidly spread across the US and Western world, a direct contribution by Harvey Cushing. The device's use continued until Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov included diastolic blood pressure measurement in 1905 (after he discovered the famed "Korotkoff sounds") with his improved sphygmomanometer, which also replaced the mercury manometer with a smaller, round dial manometer. Cushing's name is commonly associated with his most famous discovery, Cushing's disease. In 1912 he reported in a study an endocrinological syndrome caused by a malfunction of the pituitary gland which he termed "polyglandular syndrome." He published his findings in 1932 as "The Basophil Adenomas of the Pituitary Body and Their Clinical Manifestations: pituitary Basophilism".

Cushing was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914. In 1917, Cushing was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. Cushing was also awarded the 1926 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for a book recounting the life of one of the fathers of modern medicine, Sir William Osler. In 1930, Cushing was awarded the Lister Medal for his contributions to surgical science. As part of the award, he delivered the Lister Memorial Lecture at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in July 1930. That same year, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1930. Cushing was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1934, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He served as president of the History of Science Society in 1934. Cushing was also a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, nominated at least 38 times.

The World War II Liberty Ship SS Harvey Cushing was named in his honor. Cushing General Hospital (now Cushing Memorial Park) in Framingham, Massachusetts, was named for him.

In 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a 45-cent postage stamp in his honor, as part of the Great Americans series. Cushing developed many surgical instruments that are in use today, most notably Cushing forceps and the Cushing ventricular cannula. The forceps instrument is used to grasp the thick tissues of the scalp during cranial surgery and the cannula is used to enter the brain ventricles for CSF drainage. He also developed a surgical magnet while working with the Harvard Medical Unit in France during World War I to extract shrapnel from the heads of wounded soldiers.

The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University contains extensive collections in the field of medicine and the history of medicine. Cushing's long-time personal secretary, Madeline Stanton, played a major role in organizing his rare book donations, along with those from John F. Fulton and Arnold C. Klebs, to form the library. In 2005, the library released portions of its collection online, including the Peter Parker Collection which consists of a collection of portrait engravings and 83 mid-19th-century oil paintings rendered by artist Lam Qua of Chinese tumor patients, and a biography of Harvey Cushing by John F. Fulton. In 2010, Yale placed on display Cushing's collection of brain specimens. There is also a collection of his papers at the National Library of Medicine.

Trained under Cushing

 * Walter Dandy, the first pediatric neurosurgeon and the developer of pneumoencephalography
 * Leo M. Davidoff, founder of the Department of Neurological Surgery at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine
 * Norman Dott
 * Louise Eisenhardt, Neuropathologist and curator of Cushing's brain tumor registry with more than 2000 specimens.
 * Wilder Penfield, pioneer neurosurgeon and founder of the Montreal Neurological Institute

Selected publications

 * The Pituitary Body and its Disorders (1912)
 * Tumours of the Nervus Acousticus (1917)
 * Blood Vessel Tumours of the Brain (1928)
 * Consecratio Medici and other papers (1928)
 * From a surgeon's journal, 1915–1918 (1936)
 * The Medical Career (1940)
 * A Visit to Le Puy-En-Velay (1945)

title: Harvey Cushing