text:
Talk:The Hours (film)

Lector
The definition of "lector" is "1. A person who reads aloud certain of the scriptural passages used in a church service. 2. A public lecturer or reader in certain universities." A rare word, but not one to avoid. I assume (not having read or seen said book or movie) that "lector" was used appropriately, and will reinstate it. Jwrosenzweig 20:04 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I'm currently reading "The Hours". I'm only a little more than half-way through the book, but it's not obvious to me (at least yet) how "lector" is appropriate for this character. Perhaps the movie differs. Perhaps it will become clearer in the second half of the book. Bill 20:25 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Copyvio
Suspected copyvio from IMDb.

The story of how the novel Mrs. Dalloway affects three generations of women (Virginia Woolf writes the story, Laura Brown reads it, and Clarissa Vaughn lives it), all of whom, in one way or another, have had to deal with suicide in their lives.

Will put up copyvio warning. Thorns Among Our Leaves 03:35, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I have reverted the article to a pre copyvio state. My appologies as over a years worth of edits have now been lost as a result of a merge of a copyvio article into this one in October of 2004. --best, kevin [kzollman] [talk] 05:08, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Diminished looks for an Oscar
I removed the Halle Berry reference in this sentence, "Kidman won both the Golden Globe and the Oscar for Best Actress. Kidman's portrayal in the film, in which she wore a prosthetic nose, highlighted the Hollywood rumor that beautiful actresses can only receive the best dramatic roles once they diminish their physical attributes in a role. Other examples are Halle Berry's and Charlize Theron's wins in 2002 and 2004 respectfuly."
 * Kidman? http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38552000/jpg/_38552173_hours300.jpg Yes.
 * Charlize? http://cumplicidades.no.sapo.pt/imagens/charlize/monster.jpg No doubt.
 * Halle? http://images.hollywood.com/images/large/l_1103928.jpg Not even close.

 * I totally disagree, and I'm reverting the Halle Berry sentence back to the way it was. Halle Berry didn't wear make-up, and while she was quite glamorous on the night of her Oscar win, it was quite evident she wasn't gourgeous in Monster's Ball.--Amynewyork4248 09:49, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I have removed this section entirely. This is original research irrelevant to the film. The article is about The Hours; neither Ms. Theron and Ms. Berry appeared in the film, so discussion about their makeup is irrelevant. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a gossip page nor a compendium of irrelevant chit-chat.207.69.137.203 06:05, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The hours-julianne moore.jpg
Image:The hours-julianne moore.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:24, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The hours-ed harris.jpg
Image:The hours-ed harris.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:24, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Film vs book
The book is marked by a fairly unusual "stream of conciousness" style. Shouldn't we comment on how the film deals with that ? -- Beardo 15:26, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Timespan
This article needs to clarify how the action is set "within the span of one day" while apparently being set in different eras. I haven't seen the film so I can't amend the article, but as a reader of the article, it has left me baffled and needs to be rectified. Yeanold Viskersenn (talk) 03:08, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Critical response
Why is the critical response text almost entirely full of negative reviews, yet the Metacritic score is a very positive 81%. It seems unbalanced that the reviews listed are all negative, needs to be rectified. Seems like an author with a negative agenda wrote it. - Connor 5612, 13 September 2010
 * The first two reviews look positive to me. The next one is negative, the next one mixed. The St. Petersburg Times review is also fairly positive although the reviewer did not particularly enjoy the film. The last few are mixed. I don't see it as "almost entirely full of negative reviews", but if you think there is critical response missing from the article and you would like to add more review summaries to the section, then please do.-- Beloved Freak  12:15, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Decreasing the plot summary (to 700 words or less)
WP:FILMPLOT states: "The summary should not exceed the range unless the film's structure is unconventional, such as Pulp Fiction or Memento's non-linear storylines, or unless the plot is too complicated to summarize in this range." I feel this film's (The Hours) structure is unconventional, non-linear, and relies a lot on the visuals and dialogue which is why it's quite detailed. It would take away from the plot summary to not include what's been written. If you've seen the film, you'll know what I'm talking about. Does anyone agree or disagree? And if you disagree, how would you go about decreasing the plot summary size for this film? Factfanatic1 (talk) 03:00, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * It's not so much chipping out important details. Just excise and trim. Reword sentences that can be said in a shorter way, you know? Inception is a pretty intricate film, but it's plot summary falls under the 700 limit. Rusted AutoParts  20:43, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

Could you assist me with trimming and rewording the plot summary please? Factfanatic1 (talk) 21:21, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

The guidelines mention Pulp Fiction and Memento as examples because they used to have much longer plot summaries but editors took that as a challenge and even those articles now have relatively short plot summaries compared to what they used to be. As RustedAutoparts said, there is a lot that can be done to slim down a plot summary while still retaining the most important details. It wouldn't surprise me if determined editors were able to trim another 100-200 words off the current 975 words (or 972, if you don't count the year subheadings, and that include first paragraph explaining the structure too) but personally I wouldn't be too worried about getting it down to exactly 700 words or less. -- 109.78.217.4 (talk) 05:18, 18 September 2020 (UTC)
 * You said you wanted specifics, here's one simple example: both the first and last paragraphs mention the suicide, that's an obvious redundancy that can be condensed. I would tighten that up by shortening the opening paragraph so that it talks about narrative structure only without mentioning any plot details, and only mention the suicide in the final paragraph. -- 109.78.217.4 (talk) 14:25, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Hours (film)


text:
Larry Csonka

Larry Richard Csonka (born December 25, 1946) is an American former professional football fullback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Miami Dolphins for the majority of his career, along with the New York Giants for three years. He also had a short stint with the Memphis Southmen in the WFL. Nicknamed "Zonk", Csonka is widely regarded as one of the greatest running backs of all time. Csonka is mostly remembered for his success during his tenure with the Dolphins, which included being a member of their 17–0 perfect season in 1972, and winning Super Bowl championships in 1972 and 1973, the latter of which he was named Super Bowl MVP when he ran for a then-record 145 yards. He was also a commentator for the original run of American Gladiators.

A five-time Pro Bowler, and three-time first-team All-Pro, Csonka remains to this day as the Miami Dolphins franchise's all-time leading rusher with 6,737 yards and 53 touchdowns. In his last year with the Dolphins in 1979, Csonka also won the NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award. Csonka was inducted into both the College Football Hall of Fame in 1989 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987. Csonka is also currently one of three former Miami Dolphins to have his jersey number (#39) retired—alongside Bob Griese (#12, 1985) and Dan Marino (#13, 2000) -- with his being the most recent, in 2002.

Childhood
One of six children, Csonka was born in the Akron suburb of Stow, Ohio, where he was raised on a farm by his Hungarian family.

High school career
Csonka began his football career at Stow High School in Stow, Ohio. He was the starting fullback on the 1962 Stow Bulldogs football team that won the Metropolitan League of the Akron-area championship under coach Dick Fortner. Csonka played for Stow from 1960 to 1963. He was also a wrestler while in high school.

Csonka would become a running back by accident. Because of his size, he played defensive end on the varsity team as a sophomore. In the last game that year, he was sent in as a substitute on the kickoff return team. The ball just happened to go to him and he took off running with it. Csonka wrote,

 * I ran over two tacklers before I realized what I was doing. I didn't score or save the game, but I got a tremendous feeling carrying the ball. I was thrashing around, trying to run six ways at once.  I loved it.  I knew then that I wanted to run with the ball.

College career
Csonka was recruited by Clemson, Iowa, Vanderbilt, and Syracuse. He chose Syracuse, where he played middle linebacker in his first season before being switched to fullback from 1965 to 1967, the position where he was named an All-American. He established many of the school's rushing records, breaking several that had been held by Ernie Davis, Jim Nance, Floyd Little, and Jim Brown.

In his three seasons at Syracuse, Csonka rushed for a school-record 2,934 yards, rushed for 100 yards in 14 different games, and averaged 4.9 yards per carry. From 1965 to 1967, he ranked 19th, ninth and fifth in the nation in rushing. He was the Most Valuable Player in the East–West Shrine Game, the Hula Bowl, and the College All-Star Game. In 1989, he was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame.

Miami and the Super Bowl years
Csonka was the No. 1 pick by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins in the 1968 Common Draft, the eighth player and first running back drafted in the first round. He signed a three-year contract that paid him a signing bonus of $34,000 and a car, and a salary of $20,000, then $25,000  , then $30,000  each year.

Csonka's pro career got off to a shaky start. In the fifth game of the 1968 season, at home against Buffalo, he was knocked out and suffered a concussion when his head hit the ground during a tackle. He spent two days in the hospital. Three weeks later at San Diego, he suffered another concussion, plus a ruptured eardrum and a broken nose. There was talk he might have to give up football. He missed three games in 1968 and three more in 1969. Writes his teammate Nick Buoniconti,

 * There was some question [after the 1969 season] whether Csonka would ever play fullback again—not just because of injuries but because he didn't play well ... When Shula came in [in 1970] he literally had to teach Csonka how to run with the football. He used to run straight up and down and Shula impressed upon him that he had to lead with his forearm rather than his head. Shula and his backfield coach Carl Taseff basically reengineered Csonka to where he became the Hall of Fame player. Csonka emerged as the offensive leader of the Dolphins ...

Over the next four seasons, Csonka never missed a game, and he led the Dolphins in rushing the next five seasons. Writes teammate Jim Langer, "Csonka had the utmost respect of every player on the team, offense and defense." By the 1970s he was one of the most feared runners in professional football. Standing 6ft 3in and 235 lb, he was one of the biggest running backs of his day and pounded through the middle of the field with relative ease, often dragging tacklers 5–10 yards. He was described as a bulldozer or battering ram. His running style reminded people of a legendary power runner from the 1930s, Bronko Nagurski. Said Minnesota Vikings linebacker Jeff Siemon after Super Bowl VIII, "It's not the collision that gets you. It's what happens after you tackle him. His legs are just so strong he keeps moving. He carries you. He's a movable weight." He rarely fumbled the ball or dropped a pass, and he was an excellent blocker.

Stories abound about Csonka's toughness. He broke his nose about ten times playing football in high school, college, and the pros, causing it to be permanently deformed, and he would remain in the game with blood pouring out of it. He may be the only running back to receive a personal foul for unnecessary roughness while running the ball, when in a game against the Buffalo Bills in 1970, he knocked out safety John Pitts with a forearm shot that was more like a right cross. In a close game against the Minnesota Vikings in the perfect season of 1972, Csonka was hit in the back by linebacker Roy Winston in a tackle so grotesque it was shown on The Tonight Show. Csonka thought his back was broken and he actually crawled off the field. Once on the sideline, he "walked it off" and in a few minutes was back in the game. His return to the game was crucial, as the winning touchdown pass to tight end Jim Mandich was set up by a fake to Csonka. He was named the 10th toughest football player of all time in the 1996 NFL Films production The NFL's 100 Toughest Players. Dolphins' offensive line coach Monte Clark was asked about Csonka's bruising running style, and he responded, "When Csonka goes on safari, the lions roll up their windows."

The Dolphins had one of professional football's best rushing attacks in the early 1970s. The Dolphins led the NFL in rushing in 1971 and 1972, setting a new rushing record in 1972 at 2,960 yards. Csonka's 1,117 yards that season combined with Mercury Morris contributing exactly 1,000 yards made them the first 1,000 yard rushing duo in NFL history. That rushing attack led the Dolphins to Super Bowls VI, VII, and VIII, with victories in the last two. Csonka's powerful running style set the tone for the ball-control Dolphins. He chose to run through defenders instead of around them, leading to three straight 1,000-yard seasons (1971–1973) and two seasons (1971–1972) in which he averaged more than 5 yards per carry, amazing for a fullback. His 5.4 yards per carry average in 1971 led the NFL. Teammate Bob Kuechenberg said that Csonka was the best back he ever saw for turning a 2-yard gain into a 5-yard gain. "The line got him the start, he got the finish and it added up to 4 or 5 yards every time," said Kuechenberg. Csonka's 1971 season was also the only year in the 1970s that a running back gained over 1,000 rushing yards without a single fumble.

During the 1971 off-season, Csonka starred in the critically well-received off-Broadway play of "Larry Csonka and the Chocolate Factory.” Due to financial backing and Larry's contract with the Dolphins barring him from any off-season "strenuous activity", the play never gained commercial success, but for his efforts Csonka was nominated in the 1972 Obie Award for best Actor, where he eventually lost to Douglas Rain for his role in Vivat!Vivat Regina!

During the 1972 season, the Dolphins became the only team since the AFL–NFL Merger to go undefeated, and Csonka was an instrumental part of the success, rushing for a career-best 1,117 yards. Csonka led all rushers in Super Bowl VII with 112 yards on only 15 carries. Late in the third quarter, Csonka had a run that epitomized his style. After breaking several tackles near the line of scrimmage, he rumbled for 49 yards. Near the end of that run, Washington Redskins cornerback Pat Fischer, who was known as a fearless and gritty tackler, came up to try to tackle Csonka. Instead of trying to avoid Fischer, Csonka actually turned toward him and threw a forearm at him, brushing the 175-pound Fischer aside.

In 1973, Csonka was voted Super Athlete of the Year by the Professional Football Writers Association. That season, the Dolphins won a second straight title and "Zonk", as he was known, was the Super Bowl VIII MVP. Exploiting brilliant blocking by his offensive line, he rushed 33 times for two touchdowns and a then-record 145 yards.

Csonka and his friend, Dolphins running back Jim Kiick, were known as Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. The August 7, 1972 issue of Sports Illustrated featured a profile of Csonka and Kiick. This issue has become a collector's item because of the cover photograph of Csonka and Kiick by famed Sports Illustrated photographer Walter Iooss, with Csonka (inadvertently) making an obscene gesture with the middle finger of his right hand. In 1973, Csonka and Kiick, in collaboration with sportswriter Dave Anderson, wrote a book, Always on the Run. (A second edition, with an additional chapter covering the 1973 season, Super Bowl VIII, and their signing with the World Football League was published in 1974.) Csonka and Kiick discuss their childhoods, their college football careers, their sometimes stormy relationship with Don Shula, their experiences as pro football players, and the sometimes outrageous behavior of their teammates. The book provides insight into the history of the Dolphins and the state of pro football in the late 1960s and early and mid-1970s.

Move to WFL
In March 1974, he was selected second overall in the WFL Pro Draft. The same month, Csonka, Kiick, and Dolphin wide receiver Paul Warfield, announced they had signed contracts to play with Toronto in the fledgling World Football League starting in 1975. Csonka signed a three-year guaranteed contract for a salary of $1.4 million. While their signings are credited with giving the WFL credibility, the league was plagued by financial problems from its start. The three played for the Memphis Southmen, but Csonka and the others had minimal success and the league folded midway through its second season. Csonka carried the ball 99 times for 421 yards for 1 touchdown for Memphis in 1975.

Giants and return to NFL
A free agent again, he joined the New York Giants in 1976, along with Memphis coach John McVay. (The Giants' head coach at the time was Bill Arnsparger, who had previously been the Dolphins' defensive coordinator.) He tore ligaments in his knee, prematurely ending his first season there. He blamed the injury in part on Giants Stadium's artificial turf, and has been a vocal critic of the surface and its injury potential ever since. (The Giants currently use a newer, more flexible Fieldturf). When the Giants started the season 0–7, Arnsparger was fired and replaced by McVay.

Two seasons later, he was on the field for The Miracle at the Meadowlands, the play that for years epitomized Giants' fans exasperation with the franchise's long-term mediocrity. On November 19, 1978, New York had apparently secured a 17–12 victory over the favored Philadelphia Eagles. However, with 31 seconds left to play and the Eagles out of timeouts, offensive coordinator Bob Gibson overruled quarterback Joe Pisarcik and called for the ball to be handed off to Csonka for a run up the middle, as Gibson felt Pisarcik was risking too much injury falling on the ball in an era before the quarterback kneel to run out the clock was common. However, Pisarcik botched the handoff and Eagles cornerback Herman Edwards returned the fumbled ball 29 yards for the winning touchdown. The Giants went into a tailspin afterwards, and finished 6–10 after a hopeful start.

The Giants let McVay go after the season ended. Csonka's contract was up, too, and he returned to Miami the next year. He ran for over 800 yards, his best since their Super Bowl days, and rushed for a career-high 12 touchdowns while catching one more. Csonka won Comeback Player of the Year for his 1979 season. Unable to come to terms with the Dolphins on a new contract, he retired after the year was over.

In his 11 NFL seasons, Csonka carried the ball 1,891 times for 8,081 yards and 64 touchdowns. He also caught 106 passes for 820 yards and four touchdowns. He was among the NFL's top 10 ranked players in rushing yards four times, in rushing touchdowns five times, total touchdowns three times and yards from the line of scrimmage once. He earned All-AFC honors four times and was named All-Pro in 1971, 1972, and 1973. He was also selected to play in five Pro Bowls.

After football
Since his retirement, he has become a motivational speaker and has hosted several hunting and fishing shows for the NBC Sports Network (formerly OLN and Versus). Csonka has been featured in many shows, such as The Ed Sullivan Show, and had a role in the 1970s medical drama Emergency! He played the part of commander Delaney in the 1976 movie Midway. He worked for the United States Football League (USFL) Jacksonville Bulls in the mid-1980s, first as director of scouting and then as general manager. Csonka was also a color analyst for NFL games on NBC in 1988, and an analyst for the syndicated show American Gladiators from 1990 to 1993 (seasons 2 through 4).

Csonka was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987 and his #39 was retired by the Miami Dolphins in 2002. He is one of 11 Dolphins (Jim Langer, Bob Griese, Paul Warfield, Larry Little, Dwight Stephenson, Nick Buoniconti, Jason Taylor, Dan Marino, Don Shula and Zach Thomas) in the Hall of Fame. Csonka was named a member of the Super Bowl Dream Team in an NFL Films production.

Between 1985 and 1990 Csonka started spending time in Alaska, eventually living most of the year in Anchorage. While observing the 1,161-mile (1,962-km) 2005 Iditarod dog sled race he said, "when I was playing and practicing in that heat in July and August in Miami with shoulder pads on, it just vaporized me".

From 1998 through 2013, Csonka was producer and co-host of Napa's North to Alaska, before retiring the show. Csonka also did Csonka Outdoors, 1998–2005 on ESPN-2 and OLN. In early September 2005, Csonka and five others were returning by boat to the village of Nikolski on Umnak Island in Alaska's Aleutian Islands after filming a reindeer hunt on the island for Csonka's TV show, North to Alaska. The boat was caught in a severe storm and nearly capsized. They rode out the storm for 10 hours before a U.S. Coast Guard helicopter could reach them and rescue them one-by-one in a basket.

Csonka and North to Alaska co-host Audrey Bradshaw currently live in Wasilla, Alaska. He also maintains a farm in Lisbon, Ohio and operates Goodrich Seafood House in Oak Hill, Florida. Csonka currently appears in television commercials for the Alaska Spine Institute, an Anchorage-based physical rehabilitation center.

In November 2013, Csonka was recognized by the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of "Hometown Hall of Famers," a national program honoring the hometown roots of the sport's greatest coaches, players and contributors with special ceremonies and plaque dedication events in local communities. Csonka was presented with a plaque during a ceremony in the Stow High School gym, where the plaque will stay permanently to serve as an inspiration for the school's students and athletes.

Csonka played a fictional version of himself in the HBO series Ballers and was named head coach of the Miami Dolphins. He also made a cameo with Dolphins legendary former head coach, Don Shula, during a fishing trip.

In 2022, he released a memoir titled Head On.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Larry Csonka


text:
Katharine Kerr

Katharine Kerr (born October 3, 1944) is an American science fiction and fantasy novelist, best known for her series of Celtic-influenced high fantasy novels set in the fictional land of Deverry.

Biography
Katharine Kerr was born in Cleveland, Ohio; her maiden name is Katharine Nancy Brahtin. She describes her family feeling more like "British-in-exile" than American. She describes her inability to spell properly using either the British or American systems as a result of having been taught to read solely with British books. While still a schoolgirl, her family moved to Santa Barbara, California. In 1969, she moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, eventually moving to San Francisco itself. She spent time studying at Stanford University but dropped out in the mid-1960s. She then worked in some low-paying jobs, including work at a post office.

In 1973, she met up with Howard Kerr, an old friend of hers from secondary school; they were married that same year. In 1979, a friend gave Katharine her first fantasy-role playing game. This gift led her to a fascination with the gaming and fantasy field, which in turn led her to write articles for gaming magazines. She spent time as a contributing editor to Dragon magazine and contributed to gaming modules for both TSR, Inc. and Chaosium. She co-authored the adventure Legacy of Blood for Dungeons & Dragons, as well as adventures for the Pendragon role-playing game.

Katharine Kerr now dedicates herself exclusively to fiction.

Deverry novels
See Deverry cycle for a synopsis of Deverry.

The novels of Deverry are perhaps Kerr's best-known works. Originally envisioned as a short story or novella, the project grew into a series of sixteen full novels. Kerr has a contract for two additional full novels in the series.

The series is written in a non-linear style: the principal narrative is frequently interrupted by flashbacks to events that occurred decades, or even centuries, before. These flashbacks concern the prior incarnations of characters in the principal narrative, and provide insight into the relationships of the characters in their current incarnations.

Kerr has likened the series to a play, breaking the story into several acts:

 * Act one: Deverry
 * 1) Daggerspell (1986)
 * 2) Darkspell (1987) – later reissued in an "author's definitive edition" ISBN 978-0-553-56888-2
 * 3) The Bristling Wood (1989) – United States title; issued in the United Kingdom as Dawnspell: The Bristling Wood ISBN 978-0-553-28581-9
 * 4) The Dragon Revenant (1990) – US title; issued in the UK as Dragonspell: The Southern Sea ISBN 978-0-246-13558-2

 * Act two: The Westlands
 * 1) A Time of Exile (1991) ISBN 978-0-553-29813-0
 * 2) A Time of Omens (1992) ISBN 978-0-553-29011-0
 * 3) Days of Blood and Fire (1993) – US title; issued in the UK as A Time of War ISBN 978-0-586-21197-7
 * 4) Days of Air and Darkness (1994) – US title; issued in the UK as A Time of Justice ISBN 978-0-00-647859-1
 * Act three: The Dragon Mage
 * 1) The Red Wyvern (1997) ISBN 978-0-553-57264-3
 * 2) The Black Raven (1998) ISBN 978-0-553-57919-2
 * 3) The Fire Dragon (2000) ISBN 978-0-553-58247-5
 * Act four: The Silver Wyrm
 * 1) The Gold Falcon (2006) – US title; issued in the UK as the fourth book of The Dragon Mage ISBN 978-0-7564-0419-2
 * 2) The Spirit Stone (2007) – US title; issued in the UK as the fifth book of The Dragon Mage ISBN 978-0-7564-0477-2
 * 3) The Shadow Isle (2008) – US title; issued in the UK as the sixth book of The Dragon Mage ISBN 978-0-7564-0552-6
 * 4) The Silver Mage (2009) – US title; issued in the UK as the seventh book of The Dragon Mage ISBN 0-7564-0587-4
 * Act five: The Justice War
 * 1) Sword of Fire (2020)

Polar City

 * 1) Polar City Blues (1990)
 * 2) Polar City Nightmare (2000) – with Kate Daniel

Nola O'Grady

 * 1) License to Ensorcell (February 2011)
 * 2) Water to Burn (August 2011)
 * 3) Apocalypse to Go (February 2012)
 * 4) Love on the Run (August 2012)

The Pinch

 * Palace (1996) – with Mark Kreighbaum
 * The Eyes of God - by Mark Kreighbaum, sequel to Palace
 * Snare (2003) ISBN 978-0-8125-5174-7

The Runemaster books

 * Sorcerer's Luck (2013) ISBN 978-0-9790-5739-7
 * Sorcerer's Feud (August 2014)

Other novels

 * Resurrection (1992) ISBN 978-0-553-29834-5
 * Freeze Frames (1995) ISBN 978-0-8125-5173-0
 * Flickers writing as Kathryn A. Jordan ISBN 9781601834997

Anthologies

 * Weird Tales from Shakespeare – Fanfiction based on Shakespeare's works (1994) – with Martin H. Greenberg
 * Enchanted Forests (1995) – with Martin H. Greenberg ISBN 978-0-88677-672-5
 * The Shimmering Door (1996) – with Martin H. Greenberg (issued in the UK as Sorceries)
 * Sorceries (1997)

Short stories

 * "Cui Bono?" (1994) (collected in Mike Resnick's alternate history anthology Alternate Outlaws)

title: Katharine Kerr


text:
Talk:Pringles

Semi-protected edit request on 4 September 2021
Remove reference that failed verification. 2601:246:CA01:31C0:349F:F7A2:E9:C1F1 (talk) 18:54, 4 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 21:24, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

Tennis Balls
Some people think that Pringles originally intended to make tennis balls. Wolf O'Donnel (talk) 18:58, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

Julius Pringles hoax and citogenesis
An editor, Platypus222, has admitted on Twitter to creating the name Julius Pringles for Mr. Pringle as a hoax: https://twitter.com/Platypus222/status/1506254119421493255; https://twitter.com/wokeglobaltimes/status/1507210574970728459. The edit in December 2006 was https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pringles&diff=prev&oldid=91948521. It was removed twice, but restored in March 2007. By 2013, the name was acknowledged by Pringles and in media stories: https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/04/the-25-coolest-snack-mascots-of-all-time/julius-pringles. Write-up: https://www.reviewgeek.com/113265/the-pringle-mans-name-is-an-epic-wikipedia-hoax/ Fences  &  Windows  20:24, 25 March 2022 (UTC)
 * https://mashable.com/article/how-the-pringles-mascot-got-his-name-julius-wikipedia; https://www.inputmag.com/culture/a-wikipedia-editor-faked-name-pringles-mascot/. Fences  &  Windows  20:56, 25 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Sounds like it is by now a former hoax. (And we have only the editor's word that it ever was a hoax). —Kusma (talk) 21:06, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Are you suggesting Kellogg gave Mr P the first name of Julius, and Platypus222 is hoaxing us in 2022 that they made up the name in 2006? That's hard to wrap my mind around what kind of evil genius would instigate a 16 year long hoax-hoax waiting for the right moment to spring it on Twitter for .. reasons. I guess it's easy to show with a source for Julius Pringle prior to December 2006. --  Green  C  02:23, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not suggesting that this is a faked hoax; the story in the Mashable article sounds more plausible. It would still be nice to have an official statement from the Pringles side how this came about. As a Borges fan, I must say I enjoy how Wikipedia changes the real world in a bit of a Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius moment. —Kusma (talk) 08:55, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Just chiming in here - a lot of this definitely depends on the response from Pringles/Kellogg's. If they acknowledge the "hoax" or not, if they continue to use the name or not, if they file for a proper trademark, etc. If the last we ever see of the name Julius Pringles are those tweets and articles where we blew the cover on the whole thing, I'll be sad but obviously that will make it a much more minor matter in regards to Wikipedia (and I always knew there was a chance of that when I decided to start mentioning it publicly). As for how it "came to be", the story that makes the most sense to me is that somebody, probably a social media intern or similar, looked up the name for marketing purposes sometime after the brand changed hands and didn't ever check that it was owned by P&G; in that case, they probably don't know. But however you choose to handle this, I won't stop you (I've made my mark on the Pringles Wikipedia page once already). —Platypus Man | Talk 15:20, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Haven't you been blocked yet!? ;-) Related discussion at Wikipedia_talk:List_of_hoaxes_on_Wikipedia. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 19:34, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Doing some investigating into this, I've found User:Platypus222 also added it to the article Julius on 4 March 2008, which was moved to Julius (disambiguation) by another editor on 10 March 2008 and moved again to Julius (name) by another editor when that article was created on 13 November 2009, where it still remains.
 * The earliest use of the name outside Wikipedia (and blogs that have clearly just copied Wikipedia) I can find is a University of Valle paper from 2007 that mentions Julius Pringles in Spanish: . He's also named in British articles from July 2008 about the VAT court case mentioned in our article:  They quite possibly got their information from Wikipedia. There's a PR news blog article with Julius Pringles in the title from 2011, which references Wikipedia:  I can't view old versions of the official Pringles website because they require Flash.
 * The other person behind the hoax provided more details on Twitter, which was included in the Mashable article, though some of the details aren't accurate. He says they cited a source in the edit, which isn't true, and he mentions a Facebook group they created, which he says happened the same night they created the name, but it was actually over a month later. It seems like there was an Uncyclopedia article called Julius Pringles but it was deleted in 2012 and wasn't archived by the Wayback Machine.
 * Overall, the claim that the name stems from that edit seems very likely. MClay1 (talk) 02:32, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Re the Uncyclopedia article... Hey, You've got   over there, right?  --  Tamzin  [ cetacean needed ] (she/they) 02:55, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Wild. The Uncyclopedia article was created in March 2007, I've asked a more real Uncyclopedia administrator if it can be undeleted. Legoktm (talk) 03:18, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Hey guys, wanted to provide some info - there are a few inaccuracies on the articles based on our interviews; after roughly 15 years, we had forgotten a few of the specifics, especially since we didn't expect it to become what it did. About claiming that a source was cited, my co-conspirator Michael may have been thinking of other erroneous claims he added to Wikipedia in which he added a bogus source under the assumption that editors would see that a source was present and so let it slide without actually checking it out (I promise none of those are still on); we did not do that in this case. I hadn't seen that Spanish-language article from 2007, but it's not entirely surprising since I also added it to the Spanish Wikipedia in early 2007 (I wasn't logged in since I don't have an account there) - ; if you compare the text in the article to the Spanish Wikipedia article in 2007, it looks like they just copied it. The first place I saw it spread to was Yahoo Answers, but that hasn't been around for a few years. I'd be interested to see an archive of the Uncyclopedia article, but like I said before all I did there was copy an article on "Boris Pringle" and changed the name. If y'all have any other questions about it, I'm happy to discuss it now that it's out in the open (though I also get that I may not be considered entirely reliable since I did essentially lie about it for a decade and a half). —Platypus Man | Talk 21:37, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

Mark Pringle or Pringle Mark?
The history section currently uses the name Mark Pringle for the inventor of US Patent 2286644. However, the cited source gives his sort name as "Mark, Pringle" next to "Lame, Herman F.", which would make the former's real name Pringle Mark. Most hits I get for "Mark Pringle" online are either from Wikipedia or about other people with the name, so can someone help verify what his real name was? Glades12 (talk) 14:54, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Never mind, the patent itself clearly gives their names as "M. Pringle" and "Herman F. Lame" respectively. Turns out the online abstract was wrong. Glades12 (talk) 15:00, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:52, 10 November 2022 (UTC)
 * 2020-09-06 16 11 48 A small can of Original Pringles in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Fairfax County, Virginia.jpg

Sour cream and chive
At some point, Pringles in the UK *possibly* used to market "Sour Cream and Chive" flavour. Weirdly the actual evidence for this seems to be scant and honestly all I could turn up was a bunch of r/casualuk threads started by people who (like myself) vehemently insist that this did exist at one time and has been replaced by "Sour Cream and Onion". And this is regardless of whether the flavours were actually different. Anyone have any definitive sources either way? 84.92.44.244 (talk) 12:56, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

why this a lock,, I can edit too
//. // IS FAIR I NOT SURE? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:B747:48:344:5995:609E:3217:1DB3 (talk) 16:54, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Tennis
There is speculation as to whether they originally meant to market tennis balls, but were shipped potatoes instead. Can anyone find evidence to verify this? Wolf O'Donnel (talk) 09:07, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Pringles are not a chip/crisp but an extruded snack?
When you look online Pringles manufacturing states that they are actually an extruded snack not a chip/crisp even though they are marketed as one. Before i amend the page, does anyone have objections? Davidstewartharvey (talk) 15:05, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * That would be a WP:Primary source, if most of the secondary sources term both Pringles and their competitors "chips" or an equivalent thereof then that is what wikipedia should be telling its readers. Orchastrattor (talk) 14:51, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not a primary source.   all show that they are extruded snacks. For the purposes of tax in the UK, Pringles are actually crisps as per the court case  where P&G argued they weren't so they didn't have to cough up £100m. Davidstewartharvey (talk) 16:33, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It sounds like one of those definitional problems. If you define chip/crisp as a thin, crisp, fried (or baked) slice from a whole vegetable, then they're not.  If you define chip/crisp as an thin, crisp, oblong snack food made from vegetables or sometimes grains (e.g., Tortilla chip), then they are.
 * Various tax laws will define things in different ways. Twix are always considered candy bars by consumers, but they are considered cookies/biscuits for tax purposes in some places.  I don't think the tax laws should define the subject.  Otherwise, we end up with snails being defined as "fish, land-based" because it suited the EU's tax and regulatory system. WhatamIdoing (talk) 22:55, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @WhatamIdoing I know what you are saying. My idea was to change the lead to: Pringles is a brand of stackable potato-based extruded snack. Invented by Procter & Gamble (P&G) in the US during 1968, they were marketed as "Pringle's Newfangled Potato Chips". The brand was sold in 2012 to Kellogg's, and are now marketed under Once you pop you can't stop. I was then going to change the main part of the article to include the argument about chip/crisp and extruded snack. Davidstewartharvey (talk) 06:57, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The first sentence is currently Pringles is an American brand of stackable potato-based chips invented by Procter & Gamble (P&G) in 1968 and marketed as "Pringle's Newfangled Potato Chips".
 * What do you think about leaving that mostly alone, and instead adding the extruded snack language a little later, maybe like this: Pringles is an American brand of stackable potato-based chips invented by Procter & Gamble (P&G) in 1968. Marketed originally as "Pringle's Newfangled Potato Chips", it is technically considered an extruded snack because of the manufacturing process.
 * That gives the detail but doesn't surprise people or make them wonder whether they're on the right page. WhatamIdoing (talk) 02:06, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @WhatamIdoingSounds like a plan! Davidstewartharvey (talk) 06:53, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I've added a link to Food extrusion WhatamIdoing (talk) 17:55, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 June 2024
Worth mentioning, if we're going to use the Mashable article as a source here, that "Julius" Pringle is based off Carolina Panthers edge rusher Julius Peppers, and potentially that the inventors of the nickname were dormmates at NC State at the time. Canofpeaches (talk) 15:02, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Geardona (talk to me?) 00:42, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pringles


text:
Massif

A massif is a principal mountain mass, such as a compact portion of a mountain range, containing one or more summits (e.g. France's Massif Central). In mountaineering literature, a massif is frequently used to denote the main mass of an individual mountain.

As a purely scientific term in geology, however, a "massif" is separately and more specifically defined as a section of a planet's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole. A massif is a smaller structural unit than a tectonic plate and is considered the fourth-largest driving force in geomorphology.

The word "massif" originates from French (in which the word also means "massive"), where it is used to refer to a large mountain mass or compact group of connected mountains forming an independent portion of a range. The Face on Mars is an example of an extraterrestrial massif. Massifs may also form underwater, as with the Atlantis Massif.

Africa

 * Adrar des Ifoghas – Mali
 * Aïr Massif – Niger
 * Ambohiby Massif – Madagascar
 * Benna Massif – Guinea
 * Bongo Massif – Central African Republic
 * Ennedi Plateau – Chad
 * Kilimanjaro Massif – Kenya–Tanzania
 * Oban Massif – Nigeria
 * Marojejy Massif – Madagascar
 * Mulanje Massif – Malawi
 * Virunga Massif – Uganda–Rwanda–DR Congo
 * Waterberg Biosphere – South Africa

Algeria

 * Collo Massif
 * Edough Massif
 * Khachna Massif

Antarctica

 * Borg Massif
 * Craddock Massif
 * Cumpston Massif
 * Vinson Massif
 * Otway Massif

Asia

 * Annapurna – Nepal
 * Bromo-Tengger-Semeru – Indonesia
 * Chu Pong Massif – Vietnam
 * Dhaulagiri – Nepal
 * Gasherbrum – China-Pakistan
 * Kangchenjunga – Nepal–India
 * Knuckles Massif – Sri Lanka
 * Kondyor Massif – Russia
 * Kugitangtau Ridge – Turkmenistan
 * Kumgangsan – North Korea
 * Logar ultrabasite massif – Afghanistan
 * Mount Ararat – Turkey
 * Mount Everest massif (including Lhotse) – Nepal–Tibet (China)
 * Mount Kinabalu – Malaysia
 * Mount Tomuraushi – Japan
 * Nanga Parbat – Pakistan

India

 * Bundelkhand
 * Nun Kun
 * Panchchuli
 * Shillong

Iran

 * Dena
 * Hazaran
 * Kheru-Naru (Chekel)
 * Kholeno
 * Mount Damavand
 * Sabalan
 * Takht-e Suleyman Massif
 * Zard-Kuh

Kazakhstan

 * Degelen
 * Kokshetau Massif
 * Mount Ku
 * Myrzhyk
 * Semizbughy

Europe

 * Aarmassif – Switzerland
 * Ardennes Massif – France–Belgium–Luxembourg
 * Åreskutan – Sweden
 * Arlberg – Austria
 * Bohemian Massif – Czech Republic
 * Ceahlău Massif – Romania
 * Gotthard Massif – Switzerland
 * Hesperian Massif – Iberian Peninsula
 * Jungfrau Massif – Switzerland
 * Mangerton Mountain – Ireland
 * Montgris – Spain
 * Montserrat – Spain
 * Mont Blanc massif – Italy–France–Switzerland
 * Rhenish Massif – Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and France
 * Rila – Rhodope Massif – Bulgaria–Greece
 * Troodos – Cyprus
 * Untersberg – Germany–Austria
 * Vitosha Massif – Bulgaria

France

 * Alpilles
 * Aravis Range
 * Armorican Massif
 * Bauges Massif
 * Beaufortain Massif
 * Belledonne massif
 * Bornes Massif
 * Calanques Massif
 * Cerces Massif
 * Chablais Massif
 * Chartreuse Massif
 * Dévoluy Mountains
 * Massif des Écrins
 * Jura Mountains
 * Lauzière massif
 * Luberon
 * Massif Central
 * Massif de l'Esterel
 * Massif du Mercantour-Argentera
 * Monte Cinto massif
 * Taillefer Massif
 * Queyras Massif
 * Vanoise Massif
 * Vercors Plateau
 * Vosges Mountains

Italy

 * Gran Sasso d'Italia
 * Grappa Massif
 * Massiccio del Matese
 * Massiccio del Pollino
 * Monte Ermada
 * Sila Massif
 * Speikboden (South Tyrol)

United Kingdom

 * Ben Nevis massif
 * Cornubian Massif
 * Long Mynd
 * Snowdon Massif
 * Ben Klibreck
 * Cairngorms massifs

Canada

 * Laurentian Massif
 * Le Massif de Charlevoix
 * Mount Logan
 * Mount Cayley
 * Level Mountain
 * Mount Edziza
 * Mount Meager massif
 * Mount Septimus

United States

 * Adirondack Massif
 * Denali
 * Grandfather Mountain
 * Mount Juneau
 * Mount Katahdin
 * Mount Le Conte
 * Mount Shuksan
 * Mount Timpanogos
 * Shenandoah
 * French Broad
 * Teton Range

Oceania

 * Big Ben – Heard Island
 * Ahipara Gumfields – New Zealand

Caribbean

 * Massif de la Hotte – Haiti
 * Valle Nuevo Massif – Dominican Republic

South America

 * Brasilia Massif – Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay.
 * Neblina Massif – Venezuela–Brazil
 * Colombian Massif – Colombia
 * North Patagonian Massif – Argentina
 * Deseado Massif – Argentina

Submerged

 * Atlantis Massif – part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean
 * Tamu Massif — the largest volcano on Earth

title: Massif


text:
Sticker art

Sticker art (also known as slaps in a graffiti context) is a form of street art in which an image or message is publicly displayed using stickers. These stickers may promote a political agenda, comment on a policy or issue, or comprise a subcategory of graffiti.

Sticker artists use various types of stickers, from eggshell stickers to free paper stickers, such as the United States Postal Service's Label 228 or name tags. Part of their popularity in street art comes from being a faster, and therefore safer, option in illegal graffiti.

History
The first recognized example of sticker art in the USA is Andre the giant has a posse by Shepard Fairey, created in 1989. The first European (and non-American) sticker art project is I Sauri, started in 1993.

Solo One was one of the first graffiti artists to use stickers with tags on them in 1999. Since 2000, many graffiti artists and street artists, like Katsu or Barry McGee incorporated stickers in their production, using them as an alternative to tagging and bombing, or as autonomous art projects.

Creation
Sticker artists may hand-draw stickers, print them using a commercial printing service or at home with a computer printer and self-adhesive labels, or have them made commercially.

Any kind of blank sticker can be used for sticker art. Label 228s are often used with hand-drawn art, and are quite hard to remove, leaving a white, sticky residue. Eggshell stickers are popular a type of sticker created specifically for street art. They are named because an attempt to remove them results in tiny pieces breaking off, like an eggshell. Eggshell stickers are made of a mixture of paper and plastic which protects them from the elements. Eggshell stickers longevity allows sticker art to be a part of many urban landscapes.

Exchange
Unlike other forms of graffiti which are created on public surfaces, stickers are portable before being "used" and many graffiti artists ("writers") trade stickers, and more popular artists sell their stickers. Graffiti shops often have places for writers to exchange stickers, and global stores allow for worldwide sticker exchanges which lets artist have their work put up in places they may never visit themselves.

Sticker art is sometimes a collectable item with some collections being in the 10,000s of stickers. Within graffiti culture, it is considered good manners for collectors to put up at least some of the stickers received in an exchange.

Sticker art exchanges also allow large numbers of artists to collaborate on a single sticker, or multiple stuck together.

Artists
Artist Cristina Vanko refers to her "I am Coal" project as "smart vandalism." Vanko uses stickers to identify objects that are coal-powered, spreading awareness of global climate change.

The artist Cindy Hinant created a series of projects from 2006 to 2009 that combined the tradition of sticker collecting  and sticker bombing in works that reflected on feminine representations in popular culture.

title: Sticker art


text:
Camphor

Camphor is a waxy, colorless solid with a strong aroma. It is classified as a terpenoid and a cyclic ketone. It is found in the wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in East Asia; and in the kapur tree (Dryobalanops sp.), a tall timber tree from South East Asia. It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family, notably Ocotea usambarensis. Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis) contain 0.05 to 0.5% camphor, while camphorweed (Heterotheca) contains some 5%. A major source of camphor in Asia is camphor basil (the parent of African blue basil). Camphor can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine.

The compound is chiral, existing in two possible enantiomers as shown in the structural diagrams. The structure on the left is the naturally occurring (+)-camphor ((1R,4R)-bornan-2-one), while its mirror image shown on the right is the (−)-camphor ((1S,4S)-bornan-2-one). Camphor has few uses but is of historic significance as a compound that is readily purified from natural sources.

Etymology
The word camphor derived in the 14th century from Old camphre, itself from Medieval camfora, from كافور, perhaps through कर्पूर, from கற்பூரம் apparently from Austronesian kapur 'lime' (chalk).

In Old Malay, camphor was called kapur barus, meaning "the chalk of Barus", referring to Barus, an ancient port near modern Sibolga on the western coast of Sumatra. This port traded in camphor extracted from the Borneo camphor trees (Dryobalanops aromatica) that were abundant in the region.

Natural camphor
Camphor has been produced as a forest product for centuries, condensed from the vapor given off by the roasting of wood chips cut from Camphora officinarum, and later by passing steam through the pulverized wood and condensing the vapors. By the early 19th century most camphor tree reserves had been depleted with the remaining large stands in Japan and Taiwan, with Taiwanese production greatly exceeding Japanese. Camphor was one of the primary resources extracted by Taiwan's colonial powers as well as one of the most lucrative. First the Chinese and then the Japanese established monopolies on Taiwanese camphor. In 1868, a British naval force sailed into Anping harbor and the local British representative demanded the end of the Chinese camphor monopoly. After the local imperial representative refused, the British bombarded the town and took the harbor. The "camphor regulations" negotiated between the two sides subsequently saw a brief end to the camphor monopoly.

Synthetic camphor
Camphor is produced from alpha-pinene, which is abundant in the oils of coniferous trees and can be distilled from turpentine produced as a side product of chemical pulping. With acetic anhydride as the solvent and with catalysis by a strong acid, alpha-pinene is converted to isobornyl acetate. Hydrolysis of this ester gives isoborneol which can be oxidized to give racemic camphor. By contrast, camphor occurs naturally as D -camphor, the (R)-enantiomer.

Reactions
The reactions of camphor have been extensively examined. Some representative transformations include
 * sulfonation:
 * 10-CSA synthesis.png

 * oxidation with selenium dioxide to camphorquinone.
 * CamphorquinoneSynthesis.svg

Camphor can also be reduced to isoborneol using sodium borohydride.

Biosynthesis
In biosynthesis, camphor is produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate to bornyl pyrophosphate, followed by hydrolysis to borneol and oxidation to camphor.

Uses
The first significant manmade plastics were low-nitrogen (or "soluble") nitrocellulose (pyroxylin) plastics. In the early decades of the plastics industry, camphor was used in immense quantities as the plasticizer that creates celluloid from nitrocellulose, in nitrocellulose lacquers and other plastics and lacquers.

Alternative medicine and scent
Camphor has been used for its scent, as an embalming fluid, as topical medication, as a manufacturing chemical, and in religious ceremonies. Camphor has been used as a folk medicine over centuries, probably most commonly as a decongestant. Camphor was used in ancient Sumatra to treat sprains, swellings, and inflammation. Camphor also was used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for various purposes. In Europe, camphor was used after the Black Death era.

In the 20th century, camphor was used as an analeptic by injection, and to induce seizures in schizophrenic people in an attempt to treat psychosis.

Camphor has limited use in veterinary medicine by intramuscular injection to treat breathing difficulties in horses.

Topical medication
Camphor is commonly applied as a topical medication as a skin cream or ointment to relieve itching from insect bites, minor skin irritation, or joint pain. It is absorbed in the skin epidermis, where it stimulates nerve endings sensitive to heat and cold, producing a warm sensation when vigorously applied, or a cool sensation when applied gently, indicating its properties as a counterirritant. The action on nerve endings also induces a slight local analgesia.

Respiratory aerosol
Camphor is also used via an aerosol, typically by steam inhalation, sometimes in the form of branded nasal inhaler sticks, to inhibit coughing and relieve upper airway congestion due to the common cold. However, the clinical efficacy of these remedies is challenged.

Other niche uses
Camphor is used by marksmen to blacken the front and rear sights of rifles to prevent the sights from reflecting. This is done by setting light to a small amount of camphor, which burns at a relatively low temperature, and using the soot rising from the flame to deposit a coating on a surface held above it. Historically, this soot blackening was also used to coat Barograph record charts.

Pest deterrent and preservative
Camphor is believed to be toxic to insects and is thus sometimes used as a repellent. Camphor is used as an alternative to mothballs. Camphor crystals are sometimes used to prevent damage to insect collections by other small insects. It is kept in clothes used on special occasions and festivals, and also in cupboard corners as a cockroach repellent. The smoke of camphor crystal or camphor incense sticks can be used as an environmentally-friendly mosquito repellent.

Recent studies have indicated that camphor essential oil can be used as an effective fumigant against red fire ants, as it affects the attacking, climbing, and feeding behavior of major and minor workers.

Camphor is also used as an antimicrobial substance. In embalming, camphor oil was one of the ingredients used by ancient Egyptians for mummification.

Solid camphor releases fumes that form a rust-preventative coating and is therefore stored in tool chests to protect tools against rust.

Perfume
In the ancient Arab world, camphor was a common perfume ingredient. The Chinese referred to the best camphor as "dragon's brain perfume", due to its "pungent and portentous aroma" and "centuries of uncertainty over its provenance and mode of origin".

Culinary uses
One of the earliest known recipes for ice cream dating to the Tang dynasty includes camphor as an ingredient. It was used to flavor leavened bread in ancient Egypt. In ancient and medieval Europe, camphor was used as an ingredient in sweets. It was used in a wide variety of both savory and sweet dishes in medieval Arabic language cookbooks, such as al-Kitab al-Ṭabikh compiled by ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq in the 10th century. It also was used in sweet and savory dishes in the Ni'matnama, according to a book written in the late 15th century for the sultans of Mandu. It is a main constituent of a spice known as "edible camphor" (or kapur), which may be used in traditional South Indian desserts like Payasam and Chakkarai Pongal.

Religious rites
Camphor is widely used in Hindu religious ceremonies. Aarti is performed after placing it on a stand and setting fire to it usually as the last step of puja. Camphor is mentioned in the Quran as being the fragrance of wine given to believers in heaven.

Toxicity
Applied on skin, camphor may cause allergic reactions in some people; when ingested by mouth, camphor cream or ointment is poisonous. In high ingested doses, camphor produces symptoms of irritability, disorientation, lethargy, muscle spasms, vomiting, abdominal cramps, convulsions, and seizures. Lethal doses by ingestion in adults are in the range 50–500 mg/kg (orally). Generally, ingestion of two grams causes serious toxicity and four grams is potentially lethal.

Airborne camphor may be toxic if respired by humans. The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for camphor in ambient air is 2 mg/m3 at exposure time (TWA) not more than 8 hours. 200 mg/m3 is considered a very dangerous concentration (IDLH).

History of synthetic camphor
When its use in the nascent chemical industries (discussed below) greatly increased the volume of demand in the late 19th century, potential for changes in supply and in price followed. In 1911 Robert Kennedy Duncan, an industrial chemist and educator, related that the Imperial Japanese government had recently (1907–1908) tried to monopolize the production of natural camphor as a forest product in Asia but that the monopoly was prevented by the development of the total synthesis alternatives, which began in "purely academic and wholly uncommercial" form with Gustav Komppa's first report:

"' but it sealed the fate of the Japanese monopoly For no sooner was it accomplished than it excited the attention of a new army of investigators—the industrial chemists. The patent offices of the world were soon crowded with alleged commercial syntheses of camphor, and of the favored processes companies were formed to exploit them, factories resulted, and in the incredibly short time of two years after its academic synthesis artificial camphor, every whit as good as the natural product, entered the markets of the world And yet artificial camphor does not—and cannot—displace the natural product to an extent sufficient to ruin the camphor-growing industry. Its sole present and probable future function is to act as a permanent check to monopolization, to act as a balance-wheel to regulate prices within reasonable limits.'"

This ongoing check on price growth was confirmed in 1942 in a monograph on DuPont's history, where William S. Dutton said, "Indispensable in the manufacture of pyroxylin plastics, natural camphor imported from Formosa and selling normally for about 50 cents a pound, reached the high price of $3.75 in 1918 [amid the global trade disruption and high explosives demand that World War I created]. The organic chemists at DuPont replied by synthesizing camphor from the turpentine of southern US pine stumps, with the result that the price of industrial camphor sold in carload lots in 1939 was between 32 cents and 35 cents a pound."

The background of Gustaf Komppa's synthesis was as follows. In the 19th century, it was known that nitric acid oxidizes camphor into camphoric acid. Haller and Blanc published a semisynthesis of camphor from camphoric acid. Although they demonstrated its structure, they were unable to prove it. The first complete total synthesis of camphoric acid was published by Komppa in 1903. Its inputs were diethyl oxalate and 3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid, which reacted by Claisen condensation to yield diketocamphoric acid. Methylation with methyl iodide and a complicated reduction procedure produced camphoric acid. William Perkin published another synthesis a short time later. Previously, some organic compounds (such as urea) had been synthesized in the laboratory as a proof of concept, but camphor was a scarce natural product with a worldwide demand. Komppa realized this, and began industrial production of camphor in Tainionkoski, Finland, in 1907 (with plenty of competition, as Kennedy Duncan reported).

A different way of synthesis was developed at the same time by Dr. Karl Stephan from Chemische Fabrik auf Actien. This chemist, who had patented a route to synthesize camphene in 1902, found out that borneol or isoborneol could easily be oxidized with permanganate in benzene solution with unprecedentedly high yields of 95+%, and patented it in 1903. The process was efficient enough to compete with natural camphor, and Japan was forced to lower prices in 1907, but the German company still increased its production, reaching 623 tons in 1913, only to be interrupted by WWI.

title: Camphor


text:
Talk:List of cycleways

Untitled
Is this intended to list only those routes that are closed to motorized traffic or do we include designated on-road cycling routes?

 * Seems to me it has to be the latter. I just added my Manhattan Waterfront Greenway article to the list, but there are more than a dozen paint lanes on this small island and if we tried to list one percent of the on street bike lanes in the world it would quickly get out of hand.  Notice that the preamble has a link to Segregated cycle facilities.  Of course is also has an irrelevant Greenway link, but anyway it seems wise to limit the scope of the article to segregated routes.  Jim.henderson 17:11, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Perhaps the test should be that the cycleway would be an attraction of interest to international cycling tourists.203.3.64.1 03:49, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

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Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville

Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville (5 December 1827 – 26 February 1910) was a French historian, philologist and Celtic scholar.

Career
He qualified as a lawyer in 1850, and entered a seminary with the intention of becoming a Catholic priest, but his attention turned to French history and in 1851 he left the École des Chartes with the degree of palaeographic archivist. He was placed in control of the departmental archives of Aube, and remained in that position until 1880, when he retired on a pension.

He published several volumes of inventorial abstracts, a Répertoire archéologique du département in 1861; a valuable Histoire des ducs et comtes de Champagne depuis le VIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XIe, which was published between 1859 and 1869 (8 volumes), and in 1880 an instructive monograph, Les Intendants de Champagne. Already he had become attracted to the study of the ancient inhabitants of Gaul; in 1870 he brought out an Étude sur la déclinaison des noms propres dans la langue franque à l'époque mérovingienne; and in 1877 a learned work on Les Premiers habitants de l'Europe (2nd edition in 2 vols. 1889 and 1894).

Next he concentrated his efforts on the field of Celtic languages, literature and law, in which he soon became an authority. Appointed in 1882 to the newly founded professorial chair of Celtic at the Collège de France, he began the Cours de littérature celtique in 1908 extended to twelve volumes. For this he himself edited the following works: Introduction à l'étude de la littérature celtique (1883); L'Épopée celtique en Irlande (1892); Études de droit celtique (1895); and Les Principaux auteurs de l'Antiquité à consulter sur l'histoire des Celtes (1902).

He was among the first in France to study the most ancient monuments of Irish literature with a solid philological preparation and without prejudice.

Personal life
He was born at Nancy, son of Charles-Joseph d’Arbois de Jubainville and Henriette de Beaufort de Gellercourt, a couple who were greatly influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He married Melanie de Plante-Wildentag in 1857. After her death, in 1863, he married Charlotte de Pinterville de Cernon with whom he had children, including a son, Paul.

title: Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville


text:
Talk:West Flanders

Comments
It is ridiculous to resort to Google to decide what names to use in English! Dutch speaking towns and provinces have only a Dutch name officially, so that name must always take precedence. If another is often used in English, that name can be added for clarification. Example: Brugge (in English sometimes Bruges).

However, some of the people writing on Wikipedia do something even more ridiculous: they make up new English names, thus adding to the confusion. The provinces of Oost-Vlaanderen and Vlaams-Brabant, for instance, should be called by those names only. Just because "Vlaams" can be translated as "Flemish" does not justify coining the name "Flemish Brabant". The few native speakers who become familiar with the province (if they move there, for instance) will know it under its real name. Those who have to look it up from overseas will need the real name. Using the real names also avoids having to explain why "East Flanders" is located in the Western half of Flanders.

The English long used French names for German and Italian cities, but recently they have converted to using 'Firenze' and 'Aachen' rather than 'Florence' and 'Aix-la-Chapelle'. They would do the same with our names if we consistently used the right names. Why make things more difficult when the aim of Wikipedia is to explain, not to confuse?

---

Bruges and Ypres are not only the French translations of Brugge and Ieper but also the English, so they should be used here. A search on Google (English language sites only) gives the following results: Bruges (132,000) vs. Brugge (119,000), Ypres (39,900) vs. Ieper (15,700). OTOH, Kortrijk gives 32,200 results while Courtrai only 14,200. So, I'll leave Kortrijk and change the other two. The Dutch (and French) names can be given in the articles. D.D. 20:52 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I guess in the English Wikipedia version, the English names of the cities should be used. Is there a more authoritative source on what is the correct name though? I'll try the online dictionnary.

 * On the other hand, the English Wikepedia version is also the international one (not just the US-Canadian version). Personally, I think it's appropriate to add the Dutch name's in brackets.  I hope you don't mind if I put them there.

 * I looked up the naming conventions on cities, the draft is not applicable.

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions

 * Hdk 21:08 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Yes, I think using the English names is the most logical thing to do. The line I try to follow is: use the (most used) English name if there is one, otherwise use the (official) local name(s). There may be other lines of thought that are usable here, but I think that, at least within one country, there should be consistency. I haven't found a more authoritative source on the subject. If you find one, please let me know. If you think it's appropriate to add the local names in brackets, please do so. I don't think I'll find it too hard to live with that ;-) D.D. 21:24 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I've taken a look in the Merriam-Webster, and they use the policy you describe. If the city has an English name, they use this for their primary entry. (For example Warsaw, Brussels, Moscow) The local name(s) are mentionned in the explanation.
 * If the city doesn't have an English name, they use the official name the local administration uses for their primary entry. Variants are again mentionned in the explanation.
 * Strangely though, Bruges is apparantly not English, but only French. While Ypres and Courtrai apparantly are English, as they get their own entry and aren't labeled as French. M-W refers to Ieper and Kortrijk for the explanation.
 * My guess is they've chosen to put the explanation under the official name of the local administration.
 * I propose to follow M-W example. I assume they do research on what words are used in English. More than I do, anyway. :-)
 * I'm just worried about the Wikipedians who'll go on a trip to Belgium, and search for Courtrai, Ypres etc. on the map in vain. ;-)

212.239.200.252 21:10 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I do find it very strange that Ypres and Courtrai are considered being English by M-W, and Bruges not. I've talked quite a bit with people whose first language is English, and they refer to the city as Bruges. The only source I can come up with for the moment is the van Dale GrootWoordenboek Engels - Nederlands and Nederlands - Engels. Despite what M-W says, I still think Bruges is far more common in the English speaking world than Brugge. I wouldn't worry too much about the Wikipedians who'll go on a trip to Belgium. If they do they'll read the article about the place and find out what the local name is. D.D. 19:52 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Flag
Can someone verify the flag? I thought the West-Flemish flag was the “Oude Vlaenderen” (the currently displayed flag with the red shield on a blue field with yellow sun-rays) on the left side, and the Flemish Lion next to it on the right side.

(Here I use left as left side to the viewer = side to the flagpole, rather than the right side to the viewer as in heraldry)

As far as i know, the version with the lion is the one used in belgian context, with the lion being crowned. The lion depicts Flanders, and the crown its loyalty to belgium I THINK. 06:16, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Districts or Arrondissements?
This page calls these areas 'districts' (or, initially 'administrative districts'). But wouldn't it be better to call them 'arrondissements', to correlate with Arrondissements of Belgium and all the pages in Category:Arrondissements of Belgium. --David Edgar 18:19, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Judicial Arrondissements
The map with the Judicial arrondissements doesn't seem to add up. Not all of West Flanders is covered, the region to the North-East of Kortrijk does not seem to belong to any judicial arrondissement. I assume it belongs to Kortrijk? It's close to Ghent as well but I don't think arrondissements can cut across provinces.--Lamadude (talk) 15:08, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:West Flanders


text:
Talk:Adamant

Wiktionary
Should be moved to Wiktionary, in my opinion. Jwrosenzweig 20:59 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * There's the fictional stuff in X-men, which probably isn't worth an article to itself. -- Tarquin 21:16 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Relevant information
There's some relevant discussion about this hard stuff over at talk:adamantine. --Qole 18:59, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Topic of discussion moved to Talk:Adamantine Spar. --Cast (talk) 02:38, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Paladin-Sir-Meed?
What is with the mention of 'Paladin-Sir-Meed, a famous Sherwood Dungeon player' in the Examples of use section? Google search for Paladin-Sir-Meed and variations came up with only this very article, and a youtube video about 'Sherwood Dungeon' (which doesn't really seem notable at all itself, it doesn't even have a wiki page.) I'm going to remove it. 67.160.142.194 (talk) 03:47, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Examples of Use
Couldn't the "Examples of Use" section be considered a trivia section? -- Sikovin (talk) 01:11, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Seperation from Adamantium
People have seperated adamantium from adamantine, this smacks of fanboyism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.19.155.125 (talk) 19:01, 9 June 2009 (UTC) The point is, which one comes form adamantine, and which use from Marvel's adamantium. Artcile on adamantium claims, that metal in Warhammer 40K and DnD comes from Marvel's metal, and here is claimed otherwise. The border blends especially, when we add that many people use word "adamantine" as substitute of "adamantium" and vice versa. Its really hard to tell. 178.37.169.99 (talk) 17:38, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

"In fantasy" section
There was an "In fantasy" section that someone had already tagged with "citation needed", but I decided to just be bold and remove it, since, well, it was pretty much nonsense. For the record, this is what the section said:
 * "Adamant is a spell-forged metal, harder than any other substance in existence. It is almost weightless, and can only be destroyed by powerful magic of unmaking."

Now, I've little doubt that this is true of "adamant" in some particular game or line of fiction. But to put this under the heading "in fantasy" implies that this is what adamant is in all fantasy settings, which is patently untrue. As is very clear from the "In fiction and popular culture" setting, different fantasy games and stories have had very different concepts of what "adamant" is in their settings; this description of adamant by no means applies across the board. If whoever put in that section wants to re-add this description of adamant (I guess according to the edit history that would be D arckangel), I suggest he not put it in its own section, but put it in the "In fiction and popular culture" setting, specifying exactly which fantasy setting this description applies to. (I made a brief attempt to figure out which setting that would be using a Google search, but didn't have any luck.) Smeazel (talk) 08:13, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * the "in Mythology" and "In pop culture sections need a bit of reorganizing. I will do my best, but if any Mythology experts can say if Alexander Romance and Paradise lost are better described as mythology or pop culture/fiction, feel free to rearrange again.  IthinkIwannaLeia (talk) 05:59, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Prose vs. List
I've removed the template message about lists/prose at the head of the In fiction and popular culture section. If this section needs to be re-ordered, then this whole article needs to be overhauled.

Really, I think this article should deal with and only with the mythological material. It appears in a huge number of areas that could reasonably be dubbed "popular culture" and the enormous list this article has just detracts from the actual encyclopedic value of the article.

Perhaps a list-only page could be made for it, to which a theoretically unlimited amount of references could be added, but I don't think it belongs here.

Also, why is this a part of WP:METALS? I thought the WikiProject for metalworking was primarily about the actual craft/industry of metalwork, not fiction? Kierkkadon (talk) 20:50, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Adamant old fashioned urinals
In past decades old fashioned British gents' public toilets dating from Victorian times often had Adamant brand urinals. I expect nearly all of them have been demolished or modernised by now. See http://www.nothingtoseehere.net/2009/10/victorian_toilets_rothesay.html I thought that was the source of the punk/new romantic pop singer Adam Ant's name. 92.24.136.226 (talk) 13:28, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

Dwarf Fortress and Adamantine
I think that somebody should remove the Hell notice in Dwarf Fortress part, because it's a spoiler. Hell is really, really, really !!FUN!! to discover for the first time... 68.115.63.58 (talk) 22:32, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Done. Simplified the sentence structure as well. -190.120.235.5 (talk) 15:12, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

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Mythology?
The mythology section also contains entries from the Bible and literature. Maybe a more "neutral" name can be found? - Klein Muçi (talk) 11:58, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * How about just "In Literature"? I think that makes sense. The "In Fiction" section could be merged with it, and that would get rid of the triviality problem. -- Roundish   ⋆  t c) 13:47, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * @Roundish, in my eyes "Literature" again reads as something intrinsically different from mythology or the Bible. Maybe mythology can be thought of as a subpart of literature (even though, for what is for some people literature, for a very small number of people it can be a theological belief or, at least, it used to be many, many years ago) but it's very hard to reconcile the Bible with literature.
 * Inspired by your suggestion I believe the best approach would be to restructure those 2 sections. Either split them in more small subsections or maybe conjoin them in a big list-like section with a very neutral title like "Mentions of the term". Ideally speaking, the multi-sections approach would be better I believe (not necessarily smaller subsections) because it would make the article resemble more the classical article structure and help it separate from the list-like look it currently has. Having said that though, I'm not sure if more information can be found about the topic to help "fill it with text". I for one didn't know much about the matter before reading this article (was surprised to learn there was more to it beside the Wolverine's adamantium) so I'm not up for that task myself. - Klein Muçi (talk) 01:11, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I like the multiple sections idea, just not sure how to format it or what would be in them. If there is barely any information to "fill it with text" beyond trivial mentions, the section might have to turn into one smaller list...I created a subpage for it and I'm going to experiment there and try out different sections, then add it to the article. -- Roundish   ⋆  t c) 13:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Completely agree with your thoughts, it bugged me too.
 * Maybe the "Mythology" section could become "In Tradition"? It doesn't imply much beyond it being a part of culture for a long time, nothing too messy.
 * Although, this could open a whole different can of worms as to what constitutes "tradition": is the Aeneid "tradition," or does it fit alongside Dante in "fiction"? Or should Dante be stuck in with the Aeneid in "tradition"? Now that I think about it, that could be messy! 🧐 HomoErectusFan (talk) 05:55, 25 October 2022 (UTC)
 * HomoErectusFan, I'm starting to think the best approach would be to have the way-too-general "Mentions of the term" (or something similar) big list. But I don't know how that would work for the general structure of the article. It already suffers from the lack of text from an aesthetical point of view. That would just turn it into a list. — Klein Muçi (talk) 13:19, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adamant


text:
Johann Fust

Johann Fust or Faust (c. 1400 – October 30, 1466) was an early German printer.

Family background
Fust was born to a burgher family of Mainz, traceable back to the early thirteenth century. Members of the family held many civil and religious offices.

The name was written "Fust" until 1506, when Peter Schöffer, in dedicating the German translation of Livy to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, called his father-in-law "Faust." Thenceforward, the family assumed this name. The Fausts of Aschaffenburg, an old and quite distinct family, placed Johann Fust in their pedigree. Johann's brother Jacob, a goldsmith, was one of the burgomasters in 1462, when Mainz was stormed and sacked by the troops of Count Adolf II of Nassau, in the course of which he seems to have been killed (suggested by a document dated May 8, 1678).

Printing
Fust, along with his brother, was a member of the goldsmiths' guild of Strasbourg. Like many medieval goldsmiths, he also functioned as a financier. Because of his connection with Johann Gutenberg (died 1468), Fust has been called the inventor of printing, and the instructor as well as the partner of Gutenberg. Some see him as a patron and benefactor who saw the value of Gutenberg's discovery and supplied him with the means to implement it, whereas others portray him as a speculator who took advantage of Gutenberg's necessity and robbed him of the profits of his invention. Whatever the truth, the Helmasperger document of November 6, 1455, shows that Fust advanced money to Gutenberg (apparently 800 guilders in 1450, and another 800 in 1452) to carry on his work, and that Fust, in 1455, brought a suit against Gutenberg to recover the money he had lent, claiming 2026 guilders for principal and interest. It appears that he had not paid in the 300 guilders a year which he had undertaken to furnish for expenses, wages, etc., and, according to Gutenberg, had said that he had no intention of claiming interest.

The suit was apparently decided in Fust's favour, November 6, 1455, in the refectory of the Barefooted Friars of Mainz, when Fust swore that he himself had borrowed 1550 guilders and given them to Gutenberg. There is no evidence that Fust, as is usually supposed, removed the portion of the printing materials covered by his mortgage to his own house, and carried on printing there with the aid of Peter Schöffer of Gernsheim (known to have been a scriptor at Paris in 1449), who in about 1455 married Fust's only daughter Christina. The first publication by Fust and Schöffer, the Psalter of August 14, 1457 (a folio of 350 pages, the first printed book with a complete date) was remarkable for the beauty of the large initials printed each in two colours, red and blue, from types made in two pieces. New editions of the Psalter with the same type appeared in 1459 (August 29), 1490, 1502 (Schöffer's last publication) and 1516.

Fust and Schöffer's other works include:
 * Guillaume Durand, Rationale divinorum officiorum (1459), folio, 160 leaves
 * the Clementine Constitutions, with the gloss of Johannes Andreae (1460), 51 leaves
 * Biblia Sacra Latina (1462), folio 2 vols., 242 and 239 leaves, 48 lines to a full page
 * the Sixth Book of Decretals, with Andreae's gloss, December 17, 1465, folio 141 leaves
 * Cicero. De officiis, 88 leaves.

Fust and Schöffer
Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer carried on a partnership after Fust sued and won a case against Johann Gutenberg in 1455 for the right to take back his loans that he offered Gutenberg years earlier. Many rumors came to light about why Fust turned his back on Gutenberg merely a year before the 42-Line Bible was to be completed (even though Gutenberg had not only agreed to pay back the original loans but also was allowing Fust to add interest onto them).

Peter Schöffer was an associate of Fust that worked as an apprentice to Gutenberg during the making of the 42-Line Bible. Schöffer took Fust's side when the court case was presented to Gutenberg, and subsequently had his name join Fust's on the completed copies of the Bible. The twist is that Schöffer ended up marrying Fust's only daughter, Christina, years later.

As a businessman
Johann Fust was not much of a printer but more of a businessman and a salesman. Fust loaned 800 guilders (with an interest of 6%) to Johannes Gutenberg with which to start his original project. Later, another large sum of money was handed over from Fust to Gutenberg. At this point, Fust felt as if he needed to be included as a partner on the project since he had now invested so much into it.

There were all but three Bibles left to be completed when Fust decided to foreclose on his loans. On November 6, 1455, Fust demanded 2,026 guilders from Gutenberg. He also revealed in court that he had to borrow the money he gave to finance Gutenberg at 6% in order to even give the loan. All in all, Gutenberg ended up having to pay 1,200 guilders to Fust along with all of the completed Bibles, unfinished books, and his workshop.

From that point on Gutenberg was hardly ever heard from again and Fust went into partnership with Peter Schöffer. Schöffer had learned all the fine skills of printing from Gutenberg. This meant that Schöffer would be able to use the same techniques he had learned and practiced, while the savvy businessman Fust could find ways to do what he was best at, which was to sell the books that they were making. They made copies of the famed "42-line Bible" in both paper and vellum. The paper ones were sold for 40 guilders each, while the ones on vellum were sold for 75 guilders apiece. Fust set up a sales branch in Paris as well, expanding the sales of this Bible on a global level (long before any type of global businesses were even thought about in society). Paris is also believed to be the place where Fust died in 1466.

Witchcraft accusations
It was once believed that Johann Fust was working for the devil. After several of Gutenberg’s bibles were sold to King Louis XI of France, it was decided that Fust was performing witchcraft. This idea came about for a few reasons, including the fact that some of the type was printed in red ink, mistaken for blood. It was also discovered that all of the letters in these bibles, presented to the King and his courtiers as hand-copied manuscripts, were oddly identical. Fust had sold 50 bibles in Paris and the people there could not fathom the making and selling of so many bibles so quickly, because printing had not come to the forefront yet in France. Parisians figured that the devil had something to do with the making of these copies, and Fust was thrown into jail on charges of black magic. He was eventually released, since it was proved he was running a business in which printing enabled the rapid production of multiple copies of the same text. Elizabeth Eisenstein cites a similar story, and comments: "The story may be just as unfounded as the legend that linked the figure of Johann Fust with that of Dr Faustus. The adverse reaction it depicts should not be taken as typical; many early references were at worst ambivalent. The ones that are most frequently cited associate printing with divine rather than diabolic powers."

It does seem plausible to historians of print that Fust may have alarmed certain vested interests in the Paris book trade, and may have had bibles confiscated in Paris in 1465. In general, the church and the Sorbonne welcomed the new technology. Until early sources are verified for this story about witchcraft accusations, it may be that Schafer and Goldschmidt were extrapolating under the influence of the Johann Fust / Johann Georg Faust confusion.

Death
In 1464, Adolf II of Nassau appointed for the parish of St Quintin three Baumeisters (master-builders) who were to choose twelve chief parishioners as assistants for life. One of the first of these "Vervaren", who were named on May 1, 1464, was Johannes Fust, and in 1467 Adam von Hochheim was chosen instead of the late (selig) Johannes Fust. Fust is said to have gone to Paris in 1466 and to have died of the plague, which raged there in August and September. He certainly was in Paris on July 4, when he gave Louis de Lavernade of the province of Forez, then chancellor of the duke of Bourbon and first president of the parliament of Toulouse, a copy of his second edition of Cicero, as appears from a note in Lavernade's own hand at the end of the book, which is now in the library of Geneva.

Nothing further is known about Fust save that, on October 30 (c. 1471), Peter Schöffer, Johann Fust (son), and Schöffer's presumed partner Conrad Henlif (variantly, Henekes or Henckis) instituted an annual mass in the abbey-church of St. Victor of Paris, where Fust was buried. Peter Schöffer, who married Fust's daughter (c. 1468), also founded a similar memorial service for Fust in 1473 in the church of the Dominican Order at Mainz (Karl Georg Bockenheimer, Geschichte der Stadt Mainz, iv. 15).

According to some sources, the speed and precise duplication abilities of the printing press caused French officials to claim that Fust was a magician, leading some historians to connect Fust with the legendary character of Faust. Friedrich Maximilian Klinger's Faust, a printer, may borrow more from Fust than other versions of the Faust legend.

Successors and influence
After Peter Schöffer married Fust's daughter, Christina, the printing business of Fust and Schöffer carried on through offspring. Fust and Schöffer had done much to keep their printing methods secret, even going as far as to make their employees swear by oath that they would not reveal anything. However, the secrets were revealed anyway. Schöffer's sons (Fust's grandsons) Johann and Peter continued on in their father's and grandfather's footsteps. The younger Peter's son Ivo also made printing his career. Johann Fust may not have started out as a printing man but he certainly ended up influencing a whole new generation of printing. What started out in Germany spread to other parts of the world. It seemed unlikely that the original partnership between Fust and Gutenberg would end up having the effect that it ultimately did on the printing press. Many people will credit and continue to credit Gutenberg for much of the success of the 42-line Bible and for printing in general. The facts do state, however, that if it was not for Johann Fust that this Bible would have never been created in the first place. Fust controlled the sales aspect as well and branched out this creation to people in other countries. Thanks to Fust's partnership with Schöffer a whole new generation of printers were brought into the world. The argument remains who is the true father of the printing press. Johann Fust is the name that most people still do not know today. Johann Fust will always be the man who turned his back on Gutenberg; however, he will also always be the man that truly began the printing press (through cunning and greed but there will also be people who call it business strategy).

title: Johann Fust