text:
User talk:Haukurth

 * Archive 1 — July 24th 2003 - October 12th 2005
 * Archive 2 — October 12th 2005 - November 24th 2005
 * Archive 3 — November 22nd 2005 - December 29th 2005
 * Archive 4 — January 3rd 2006 - February 25th 2006
 * Archive 5 — February 26th 2006 - May 31st 2006
 * Archive 6 — June 2nd 2006 - August 10th 2006
 * Archive 7 — August 10th 2006 - October 3rd 2006
 * Archive 8 — October 5th 2006 - January 4th 2007
 * Archive 9 — January 5th 2007 - May 19th 2007
 * Archive 10 — May 20th 2007 - August 6th 2007
 * Archive 11 — August 8th 2007 - December 5th 2007
 * Archive 12

A barnstar for you!

 * Thank you, that was very sweet. <3 Haukur (talk) 20:34, 22 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm so very glad to have been the catalyst that brought such a nice couple together. EEng 03:13, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

Stained glass Penda
If you don't have any joy with your email to the cathedral, drop me a line and I'll buy it and send on to you. Best of luck! —— SerialNumber  54129  08:56, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for reminding me and for your generous offer! I just sent them a nice e-mail now, I'll let you know if they reply. Haukur (talk) 09:17, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I still haven't heard back. I guess they could be understaffed this time of year. Haukur (talk) 11:06, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

Mad Mike AfD
Jeez, is there any way to alienate most of the human race he didn't follow? He's marginal, but on the notable side of marginal (but not for the IMDb listing; heck, I'm in the IMDb), and I have said so. And I'm a SJW, Quaker social democrat and proud friend of lots of GLBT folks, as well as an avid reader and reviewer (ask Toni or Eric) of Baen books. People are complicated. -- Orange Mike |  Talk  18:45, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sarah Hoyt apparently waiting for a simple consensus to close was asking too much
You know what? You do whatever needs to be done, I'm washing my hands of it. I tried to ask for a simple consensus of what the next step was and even that apparently is too much to ask while someone is coming in accusing me of "targeting conservative authors" or some bullshit they're doing coordinated straight from. 6YearsTillRetirement (talk) 16:24, 24 July 2019 (UTC)
 * AfD can be pretty upsetting and I hope we can come up with some way to make these discussions less confrontational. I do think there are legitimate concerns with the Hoyt article and hopefully people will continue working on it. The article talk page might be the most appropriate venue for now. I had forgotten (or never knew) that according to Peer_review/guidelines "Articles must be free of major cleanup banners" before being taken there. So the first thing to do would be to see if the cleanup banner that is there now is justified and, if so, what could be done about it. But if you want to take a break from this now that's very understandable. Haukur (talk) 16:31, 24 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I just requested protection for two pages after it looks like Williamson's off-wiki harassment campaign attempted to dishonestly suggest one of them to keep up this "waah they are attacking conservative authors" bullshit. Oh and been called a "dog-fellators at Wikipee" by Williamson today too so there's that. 6YearsTillRetirement (talk) 16:43, 24 July 2019 (UTC)
 * <3 Haukur (talk) 16:44, 24 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Ok nope, done. . That plus being called a "dog fellator", I quit. 6YearsTillRetirement (talk) 16:48, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

Just letting you know now, I am saddened to see that you weren't really interested in honest discussions, especially so by your encouraging Edgar181 to cast aspersions at me. . Especially after the numerous slurs that were thrown at me in the AFDs, the fact that someone tried to call my workplace to harass me, and knowing that someone already "investigated" me and I'm no sockpuppet. . 6YearsTillRetirement (talk) 05:20, 18 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't see how I encouraged any such thing. I have never called you a sockpuppet or, as far as I can see, said anything negative at all about you. I am saddened to hear about someone calling your workplace. Haukur (talk) 06:52, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

Thank you for your hard work
I wanted to thank you for not joining the delete bandwagon on at least Michael Z. Williamson, but instead working hard to improve the article. I'm still thoroughly convinced that it was the first of a purge of conservative SF authors, and happy that the article was ultimately kept. I hope that, contrary to the suggestion at the end of the no consensus ruling, that this sleeping dog is finally left to lie. The work you've done goes a long way toward that end. Thanks. -- Jay Maynard (talk) 11:03, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I'll respond further at your talk page. Haukur (talk) 11:29, 28 July 2019 (UTC)
 * And thank you even more for the work on Tom Kratman. You have done Wikipedia a great service. My hope is that the flurry of deletions will die down and we can all go back to doing more productive things. Should the occasion ever arise, I owe you a bottle of your favorite potable. -- Jay Maynard (talk) 02:34, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Come visit Iceland and drinks are on me :) Haukur (talk) 10:25, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

Could you lend a hand?
Please see if there is anything you can provide to help resolve this discussion. Thanks. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 22:53, 31 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I read it and added the page to my watchlist but don't think I have anything to add at the moment. I agree with you that the key point for us is what third party reliable sources are doing. Haukur (talk) 23:13, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

Here

Wow! You're amazing! Should I send you my address? Or do you want to make use of this yourself? :) Haukur (talk) 12:30, 6 August 2019 (UTC)
 * No, it's all yours :) don't get your hopes up, it's not very big!  Yes, please do so.  ——  SerialNumber  54129  12:32, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

Comment
I see that you retracted your !Vote at Articles for deletion/Rosemary Crossley. You should know that at this moment there is no evidence that Rosemary Crossly is notable for anything other than promoting facilitated communication and working with people who use it. One editor keeps making the claim that she is notable for other things, but hasn't backed it up with sources. I don't know if this changes anything, but I thought it was relevant. --Wikiman2718 (talk) 14:16, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

Pistols at dawn

My German's a little rusty but I think at this point I'm supposed to challenge you to pistols at dawn. EEng 17:12, 12 August 2019 (UTC) P.S. I would appreciate your not saying I threatened you with guns.

 * I've totally lost the plot here. German? Guns? Haukur (talk) 17:39, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * It's a deadpan joke. You say something in French, I say, "Sorry, my German's a little rusty". Ha ha ha ha. It's partly a way of diverting attention from the fact that I can't understand a word of French. EEng 03:54, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Okay, I see, I probably should have figured. But despite this little hiccup I give us a collective A for this duelling exchange. Very decent "friendly banter don't block" stuff. For what it's worth the Nostradamus quote means "They will be equal in nature but very different in faith." I thought this was apposite but it isn't really that apposite and I let my fondness for this quote lead me astray. I give myself a C+ here at best. Haukur (talk) 10:52, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * But can I assume you will be wearing your breeches of civility? Haukur (talk) 23:51, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I've been meaning to complement you on that one. EEng 03:54, 15 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you, I was pretty happy with this one too as a little tribute to your style of humor. Haukur (talk) 10:52, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * One of my several styles. You only see the one I use on Wikipedia. EEng 22:28, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

Charity
I'll show some charity when with the RfC ending with six weeks' work by ten editors being restored i.e. this edit is reverted. As far as E.C. goes, search Talk:Moors murders for the word oneupmanship (not oneupsmanship – he spelled it wrong), and also see my posts near the beginning, and the end, of the thread here.

BTW, if you want to see my idea of real research and careful sourcing, see Phineas Gage or Widener Library (the latter being, BTW, where I got all the sources). EEng 03:54, 15 August 2019 (UTC)

 * This is like a dispatch from some alternate universe Wikipedia. What mighty sourcerer came up with this system? Haukur (talk) 10:52, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * If you mean the format of the reference callouts, like this, and the alphabetized bibliography grouped as For general readers etc., that was me and the matchless -- see Talk:Phineas_Gage/Archive_7. If you mean the meticulous research and sourcing, that was me. An important topic like M.M.s deserves that level of attention. EEng 00:27, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I removed the electric chair. It's actually interesting to compare this with the duelling guns. I thought the guns were fine. They're so quaint and cute and remote from any present reality that the message can't be taken as genuinely threatening or distressing. I'm happy to play along and even add more 18th century claptrap. But the chair just feels gross and sad and the image is too graphic for my tastes.

 * On the other hand, I feel there could be a lot of comedic potential in a routine where I am continually hatching new schemes to get you blocked and you always manage to nimbly escape at the last second. Haukur (talk) 10:52, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship. Here I wanted to insert an image of The Roadrunner and Wile E. Coyote, but I couldn't find a free one. <BEEP BEEP!> EEng 22:26, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

Regarding the post on WP:RX
Sent the email. Also, "You are very lucky that this is still here," the librarian told me, "we've been throwing away this sort of thing" - is that sort of material really so unpopular? Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 20:22, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I gathered that "just abstracts" were felt to be useless, I don't know. Seemed like a very information dense slab of paper to me.
 * The University of Iceland is supposedly decent on geology but sadly this was the only one of your requests that I was able to find. Haukur (talk) 20:46, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Received, thanks. It's probably a problem because an University of Iceland will probably cover Iceland's volcanoes first, not the American ones. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 16:44, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

Greenland
Far be it from me, as you obviously rank about 1000x higher on the WP food chain than I do, but I agree with Shemtov 613, who inserted the report about President Trump's interest in buying Greenland into the Greenland WP article. According to the WSJ article, the US made two prior attempts to buy the island from Denmark, once in 1867, and the other in the 1950s. I certainly think this is all worth reporting. One paragraph or so relating all that information would make up a tiny percentage of the Greenland article, and I would think that this is certainly relevant information, especially if one includes the part about Denmark apparently tiring of spending significant sums there. Vcuttolo (talk) 07:27, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Don't feel you have to show me deference here but I'd be happy to discuss my thinking on this. By inserting a sentence on Trump's idea into the end of the history section it makes it sound like this is the most significant thing that happened in Greenlandic history for the last 10 years. And it really is not, this is just some little idea that will go nowhere and affect nothing. At this stage it feels to me like WP:NOTNEWS applies, along with WP:UNDUE.

 * It's true that this is an idea that has been pursued with more seriousness in the past and there would be nothing wrong with writing about that. There's probably even enough material for a separate article on Attempts by the United States to purchase Greenland and it would be fine to deal with Trump's version of this there. Haukur (talk) 07:55, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I've discussed this further elsewhere but for the sake of clarity I wanted to add a note here that Denmark–United States relations seems like a good place for this to me and a separate article probably isn't needed at this stage. Haukur (talk) 22:48, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Smörgåsbord
Thank you for your thanks. Is there an Icelandic spelling of the word? Bishonen | talk 10:46, 3 September 2019 (UTC).

 * Sadly, I don't think so! We have hlaðborð but that can also be used for buffet more generally. Haukur (talk) 11:00, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
 * For julbord we say jólahlaðborð. Haukur (talk) 11:01, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Jólahlaðborð? That's a beautiful word. I hope there's lutfisk on the borð. Or hákarl, perhaps? Bishonen | talk 11:15, 3 September 2019 (UTC).
 * There'll certainly be hákarl on the þorrahlaðborð. I'm partial to it myself. For strongly smelling fish around Yule you might have to settle for fermented skate on Thorlac's mass. Haukur (talk) 11:21, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Huh. As a Harvard freshman I was taught that Yule men stink, and finally I know why. EEng 16:24, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I tried hákarl when I hitchhiked in Iceland in my youth (early 19th century). For me, the description sounded quite mouth-watering — I'm very partial to the ammonia flavour of salmiak liquorice and aged gorgonzola. Ammonia's good. But hákarl, disappointingly, I found horrible. 😝 Apparently I'm not as hardcore as I like to think. Bishonen | talk 11:10, 4 September 2019 (UTC).

Gilles Chiasson
The deletion of a Broadway actor's article, even after conducting WP:BEFORE, could be controversial. Please go to WP:AfD. Bearian (talk) 19:11, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for de-proding it, I think I was moving too quickly here. Haukur (talk) 20:07, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

Million Award
Tutankhamun is an article that receives over one million pageviews per year as a Level 4 Vital Article. Thanks for contributing towards raising this articles rating! --Mark Miller (talk) 23:13, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

Taking Tiberius to FA
Hey Haukurth,

Would you like to do as The Rambling Man has suggested and take Tiberius to FA once it passes GA? I think it has a decent shot at passing. -- Iazyges   Consermonor   Opus meum  14:21, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Sure, we could do that. While on the subject, I still kind of think we should rename the article since 'David' is used much more by the sources than 'Tiberius'. For a while I liked David Tiberius but I don't think there's any primary source that actually calls him that so maybe that's a bit misleading (as I think you already pointed out). But David (son of Heraclius) might work. Haukur (talk) 14:24, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Generally speaking, the imperial name always takes priority, even if they only hold the title for a few days. I'm not strongly vested in David vs. Tiberius, but it would break a lot of precedent. -- Iazyges   Consermonor   Opus meum  16:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

Richard Stallman Edit Revert
You reverted my Stallman edit and cited the reliable sources page. I cited The Verge. The Verge is listed as a reliable source. All 3 other sources I cited were primary sources, ie, direct accounts either from Stallman or his coworkers, and one would think inherently reliable.

Surely, this was a mistake. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.24.39.178 (talk) 21:15, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It is possible that there are or will be secondary sources of adequate quality for Wikipedia to mention this event. But we can't do original research to draw novel conclusions or tie together information from two sources.

 * As for the Vice source, note how misleading and sensationalist it is: Stallman Described Epstein Victims As 'Entirely Willing'. The actual quote is not on "Epstein Victims" in general but on one particular person. And he wasn't saying that she was actually willing but that "the most plausible scenario is that she presented herself to him as entirely willing" because of Epstein's coercion. Now, this may still be a dumb thing to say but it's a very different thing than that Vice headline says. Haukur (talk) 21:39, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

DYK for Narsaq stick
valereee (talk) 12:02, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

Max Mata
Is it possible to keep this deleted page as a user subpage of User:Mrsmiis / ... (the creator); or mine if I can not request it on behalf of others. It would make it much easier to recreate the page when the notabilty is reached. Thank you. Pelmeen10 (talk) 20:47, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Okay, does User:Pelmeen10/Max Mata look right? Haukur (talk) 20:55, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Agreed - cheers Pelmeen10 and Haukur! Mrsmiis (talk) 01:23, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

Was the deletion of my name from the list of "List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas" appropriate?
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_writers_from_peoples_indigenous_to_the_Americas&curid=363722&diff=917135154&oldid=916789883

I am still a citizen of the federally recognized Cherokee Nation, and I am still an author. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Day_in_North_American_Indian_History

I cannot change it because of Wikipedia's COI.

Phil Konstantin (talk) 21:18, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Well, part of the inclusion criterion for a list like that will typically be that an article exists. A redirect might not cut it. But I confess I'm not familiar with this particular list. Haukur (talk) 23:08, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

A bowl of strawberries for you!
I love berries! Haukur (talk) 09:13, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

A beer for you!
Much appreciated. Thank you likewise. Haukur (talk) 09:13, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

TERF
Your section at the article was accidentally deleted. I would have reverted it back, but another editor replied to the editor that deleted it so I thought it was best just to copy it back in. Can you just check it to make sure I haven't inadvertently changed anything. Regards AIRcorn (talk) 00:57, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

Looks good, thank you! Haukur (talk) 08:28, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

Good Article Backlog Drive Barnstar

 * It was fun to participate in, thanks for coordinating it! Haukur (talk) 20:16, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

Using sources that are not verifiable by most readers
Re this Citation bot edit: you should use the WP:CITEBUNDLE format illustrated in the article's Talk page. All these subscription-only and signup-only sources are detrimental to the quality of articles. Wikipedia is intended for use by the general public. Readers should not be forced to spend $ or create user names in order to verify information provided with cited sources. Pyxis Solitary  (yak)  13:51, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I do mean to add links to the pdf pages you found, I'm sorry that I haven't gotten around to it yet. Haukur (talk) 13:57, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

 * , : Offline sources are usable. Online sources that are not freely available are also usable, and in fact, are often the most reliable. If you have issues to access an academic paper, you can request a copy at WP:RX. Other editors with access to academic databases can send a copy by email. There is also The Wikipedia Library where you can request an account for some databases that have a partnership with Wikipedia. If you have any issue accessing a source, I'm happy to help. Best, --MarioGom (talk) 14:37, 19 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, I was about to say something similar -- see WP:SOURCEACCESS. EEng 14:42, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

 * It doesn't matter what I can do. What matters is what the general Wikipedia reader can do. You really believe that every Wikipedia reader is aware of WP:RX? I have found many sources that at first come up as unaccessible by digging more for them. That's how I found the uploaded .pdf of the source in question (which is not an academic paper). If a non pay-only or member-only source can be found, we should avoid imposing hurdles upon readers. This isn't an encyclopedia for academics. Pyxis Solitary   (yak)  14:58, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I understand your point and it is a pity that not all reliable sources are freely available online. But if we really followed your suggestion strictly, Wikipedia would not have many of its good and featured articles. Be it a biography such as Fred Keenor or a topic such as Female genital mutilation. Many articles about current events can be sourced from online newspapers, but for many others, it is often not possible to increase the quality of the article without resorting to reliable sources that are not freely available online. In any case, this is a well-established policy (WP:SOURCEACCESS). --MarioGom (talk) 15:26, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I know that medical, scientific, philosophical, technical, educational, economic, or mathematical sources are often found behind a pay wall or "free" membership; but if the article subject is social, cultural, literary, arts, business, or history chances are that there exists an abundance of accessible online sources. It's my belief, and it's how I edit, that making Wikipedia convenient for the average reader is better.  Pyxis Solitary   (yak)  05:31, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree that sources that are offline or behind subscriptions are okay. But I assume we also agree that it's better to provide an accessible version if one is available. The particular issue here was replacing a ProQuest link with links to openly accessible PDF files. Pyxis Solitary suggested a WP:CITEBUNDLE, which would work, but doing the entire thing in triplicate has its drawbacks. The way I did it just now definitely isn't perfect either. How would you do this, EEng? Haukur (talk) 17:24, 19 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Traveling, tiny screen. Ping me if I don’t get back to you when I return to civilization in 3 days. EEng 17:56, 19 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, the three separate pdfs for individual pages make for an awkward situation; I don't know of any way to feed those into the cite template machinery, so what you've done already may be the best it's gonna be. Just to be clear, whether a source is available on line or not, or requirs payment or subscription or not, is absolutely irrelevant. In fact, part of Wikipedia's function is to make otherwise inaccessible knowledge freely available, and to deprecate offline or pay sources would work completely contrary to that goal. But once a source has been selected, we should link to any free, legal online copy, if one's available. EEng 08:00, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for looking into it, I appreciate it. And I agree that making inaccessible knowledge available is good, you put it well. Haukur (talk) 09:05, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Of course providing an online version is preferable. If offline, it is desirable to add a quote in the reference. Depending on how much of the publication is relevant, maybe you can link only to the relevant page? --MarioGom (talk) 23:39, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

Re: Dispute
Since you are not interested in a discussion (deleting my comment) I am going to file a formal dispute against you. Carlduff (talk) 19:03, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
 * This is now at WP:ANI. --Floquenbeam (talk) 19:46, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

A survey to improve the community consultation outreach process
Hello!

The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking to improve the community consultation outreach process for Foundation policies, and we are interested in why you didn't participate in a recent consultation that followed a community discussion you’ve been part of.

Please fill out this short survey to help us improve our community consultation process for the future. It should only take about three minutes.

The privacy policy for this survey is here. This survey is a one-off request from us related to this unique topic.

Thank you for your participation, Kbrown (WMF) 10:44, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Message from User:The Rambling Man
TRM has been in touch with me offwiki. He's taking a wikibreak at least and is considering retiring altogether. He asked me to let you know that unfortunately he won't be able to help you with your GA review as promised. I haven't done a GA review before but I'm experienced at FA and confident I can read up, so if you'd like me as an inadequate replacement for TRM's expertise, please do ask. --Dweller (talk) Become old fashioned! 14:49, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

 * If anyone deserves a break it is TRM. Thanks for offering to help with Tiberius (son of Heraclius), I'd be delighted to work with you on a GA review. Or, if you think the article looks ready for FAC we could take it there directly. Haukur (talk) 14:56, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

Precious
You are recipient no. 2328 of Precious, a prize of QAI. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:08, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

That was sweet of you, thank you! Haukur (talk) 16:40, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

Draft:The Weapon (novel)
Hi, I noticed that you made some substantial edits to Draft:The Weapon (novel) so as a courtesy I'm letting you know it has been deleted under CSD criterion G13. As an admin I'm sure you know how to get it refunded if you want to work on it some more :) --kingboyk (talk) 14:10, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Roger that! Haukur (talk) 21:23, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

Talk:David (son of Heraclius)/GA1
Haukurth, it looks like this review may be complete now; Dweller seems to be satisfied with it, and the page move that they requested has been done (from Tiberius, I think it was). As you were the original reviewer, do you feel comfortable closing it now? If not, I'll asked Dweller to do it. Thanks. BlueMoonset (talk) 00:16, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm so sorry for neglecting this for so long. I'll try to give it a read-through tomorrow and see if I have anything to add. Thank you for reminding me. Haukur (talk) 00:27, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

 * It's been another couple of weeks. Hope you are well, and able to get to this soon. Thank you. BlueMoonset (talk) 20:37, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Haukurth, I saw that you made a brief edit to the article page yesterday. I'm hoping that you can conclude the review right away; we've gotten to the point that the GA nominations page can't handle the sheer number of nominations on it, which is causing transclusion problems. Thank you for the gift of your time. BlueMoonset (talk) 03:04, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

April–May 2020 GAN Backlog Drive
Harrias talk 06:47, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Rig veda Authorship

 * regarding removal of authorship information as a wp:undue on following text

" The text is supposed to be derived entirely & only out of Intuition & spiritual experiences and not by logical reasoning as there is no claim of authorship by any writers but the writer always referring to the text as being inspired revelation or via Intuition and beyond, making it very difficult to add a logical flow to the meaning often making the text incomprehensible to understand. "

Regarding authorship "claimed" by Rishis if thats what you meant, they themselves have written they are not the authors of the text but only composers would it be interesting add this also in lead to make it neutral ?

it is not only Aurobindo but also two western authors with similar claims, can it be reworded ?

I know as a Admin you have your handsfull, I would be really happy if we can collaborate in editing this article :) --Shrikanthv (talk) 08:12, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for contacting me! I would certainly like to work on the article if I can find the time. I suggest we focus discussion on the article talk page. Haukur (talk) 11:29, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Niloy Rashid Jaki
Hi,

Did you make this edit? That vote was actually left by an impostor, not the real. Adam9007 (talk) 19:05, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes, thanks for fixing that. I see I got taken in. Haukur (talk) 19:08, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not exactly infallible either; I thought you were another sock before I realised that you had genuinely made a mistake! Adam9007 (talk) 19:14, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I was far too hasty - I figured the socking action in that AfD was on the keep side and it didn't occur to me to check for impersonation. Will be more careful next time... Haukur (talk) 19:35, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * This is the real me confirming it wasn’t me. Fish +Karate 21:16, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's all right there in the log. I hope the troll at least got a laugh out of my idiocy. Haukur (talk) 21:44, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * It looks like you're not the only one who fell for it... Adam9007 (talk) 03:12, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, at least I'm in good company :P ♠PMC♠ (talk) 03:59, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

language discussion
Hello Haukur, I’m sorry I can’t add this to the Ref Desk page at the moment, but in case it’s helpful am posting here. Have you thought of looking through Gatschet’s other poor glosses to get a feel for how he mishears Spanish words? So for example, if he tends to hear a /k/ sound in Spanish as a /g/, then a word he clearly spells with g might actually mean a word spelled with q. That would be another angle for figuring out what word he intended here – and might even shed some light on the r-v situation. 70.67.193.176 (talk) 00:02, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks! That is indeed a sensible approach and I have been trying to get a feel for Gatschet's abilities and working methods. The guy was recording languages at breakneck speed - though apparently he was a shy person whose skills were a better fit for philological work. Anyway, the particular problem I brought up seems to have been solved by Amble's suggestion that the word was 'braguero'. Maybe Gatschet misheard it or maybe there was some local pronunciation without the 'b'. In any case, it's just one letter distant from 'raguero' and it can refer to a strap worn around the loins. Haukur (talk) 00:19, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Awesome, so glad you got a good outcome! I'm sure there's another paper in Gatschet's ability to hear sounds accurately and what that might mean for the accuracy of his Cotoname phonology :) 70.67.193.176 (talk) 16:06, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Help with Icelandic sources
Hi! I saw you were the primary author of Ásatrúarfélagið. Since you are both knowledgeable about the subject and know Icelandic, I thought I could try to ask you for help with the article on Jörmundur Ingi Hansen. I've recently expanded it and think it's close to GA level, but it's largely based on sources in Icelandic, a language I have a limited understanding of. I would be very grateful if you could help by taking a look at the sources (they're all online newspaper articles, none is particularly long) and see if I have understood everything correctly. What I'm most unsure of are some terms in "Early life and education" and "Professional career", and the nature of the Reykjavíkurgoðorð splinter group. There may be other errors as well, and if you have some other criticisms that would also be very welcome. And thank you for your work on Ásatrúarfélagið and other articles! Ffranc (talk) 13:38, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi! Nice to see :) I'm extremely busy at work this week but I'll see if I can help when I can. Haukur (talk) 08:20, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Okay, thanks. There's no hurry. Ffranc (talk) 12:57, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

Himnastigi ?
Hi, I am a bit curious : you took a picture of the Jacob's Ladder from Bath abbay in 2006 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Himnastigi.jpg) and named the file "Himnastigi". Is it the icelandic word for Jacob's Ladder ? Or is it a poetic name ? I'm asking because Bára Gísladóttir, an icelandic composer, named one of her musical work like this. Zeroheure (talk) 17:54, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The word means 'ladder to heaven' and is sometimes used for Jacob's Ladder. Haukur (talk) 21:59, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Request translation Isabelle de Charrière
Hello Haukurth, Best wishes for 2021. Would you like to write / translate the article of Isabelle de Charrière (Q123386) for the ICELANDIC Wikipedia? Or find someone else to do it? That would be appreciated. Boss-well63 (talk) 21:57, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

FAR notice
I have nominated Battle of Svolder for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Hog Farm Bacon 02:07, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
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Administrators will no longer be autopatrolled
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Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:45, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

How we will see unregistered users
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Discussion at Talk:Foreman Thuridur
I invite you to please join the discussion at Talk:Foreman Thuridur.

Hello, I am seeking help with the Foreman Thuridur article, recently translated from is:Þuríður formaður, and the discussion on its talk page. I am writing to you because you are in Category:User is-N and you are either part of WikiProject Iceland, interested in translating, or have been active on the Icelandic or English Wikipedias or other Wikimedia projects.

I realize that some of you are very busy (especially the admins), while others may no longer be editing. Nevertheless, I thought it wise to consult with you.

Thank your for whatever work that you do on Wiki[mp]edia! Peaceray (talk) 05:58, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Speculative content in article "overdiagnosis"
Hello, I had been running around on wikipedia trying to make some edits and learn how it all works when I came across the article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdiagnosis The section "Overdiagnosis bias in survival statistics" presents a putative model that is not backed up by data, and contradicted by easily availible medical sources. In addition the model makes assumptions which are not established to be valid either by the description in the article or by scientific consensus. This is the most glaring flaw but other aspects of the article also make unsubstantiated assumptions or non sequitur claims.

I added a section on the talk page for the article, but Knuthove advised me that I would have to grab the attention of one of the main editors of the page in order to have anything done about it.

Fachidiot (talk) 13:13, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

 * I remember wikifying some text on that article a long time ago but I'm afraid I know too little of the subject to be of much help. I would encourage you to be bold and try editing the article directly. Haukur (talk) 13:18, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

Guidelines on reporting
Hey again, since you welcomed me to wikipedia I will assume that you have also accepted the responsibility of answering all my stupid questions.

1. How do I deal with users like this who blatantly vandalize and where giving 4 warnings obviously isnt going to help? As I understand it I cannot simply rollback their changes again and again because I would be autoblocked for edit warring. Fachidiot (talk) 16:12, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

 * It's fine to roll back blatant vandalism like this as often as needed. Haukur (talk) 23:19, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

New administrator activity requirement
22:52, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

David (son of Heraclius) scheduled for TFA
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Thank you today for the article "about David, one of the co-emperors of the Byzantine Empire. Perhaps a perfect example of a victim of Byzantine politics, he was raised to the throne as a child, was the subject of intense dynastic scheming, and was hated as the product of incest. And of course, in the end, he was deposed, mutilated, and then ignored. While in some ways more a receiver of history than a mover of it, he still held the throne during a period of vast controversy in the empire."! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:09, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Nice! I'll do as you suggest. Haukur (talk) 18:28, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

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Co-nomination of old project?
Hey Haukurth,

I was wondering if you had any interest in co-nominating Martinus (son of Heraclius) for FAC; while small, it's very well put together, and I think it stands a shot at passing. Iazyges  Consermonor   Opus meum  03:45, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi Iazyges! I appreciate the offer but maybe it's best if you go it alone. I do not feel I contributed so much here. I wish you the best of luck. Haukur (talk) 16:28, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
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Category:Sources of Norse mythology has been nominated for deletion
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I have sent you a note about a page you started
Hi Haukurth. Thank you for your work on Rigveda 1.32. Another editor, Aszx5000, has reviewed it as part of new pages patrol and left the following comment:

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title: User talk:Haukurth


text:
Iriomote cat

The Iriomote cat (Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis) is a subspecies of the leopard cat that lives exclusively on the Japanese island of Iriomote. It has been listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008, as the only population comprises fewer than 250 adult individuals and is considered declining. As of 2007, there were an estimated 100–109 individuals remaining.

In Japanese, it is called "Iriomote mountain cat" (西表山猫). In local dialects of the Yaeyama language, it is known as "wild cat" or "forest cat" (ヤママヤー), "that which shines in the forest" (ヤマピカリャー), and "that which has flashing eyes" (メーピスカリャー).

Description

The fur of the Iriomote cat is mostly dark gray and light brown, with lighter hair on the belly and insides of the limbs. Hair along the jaw is white. There are two dark brown spots on each cheek. There are 5–7 stripes spanning from the forehead to the back of the head, but, unlike the leopard cat, the stripes stop before reaching the shoulders. Dark brown spots cover the sides of the body, and there are 3–4 bands of irregular stripes on the chest. The tail is dark brown; darker spots pattern the back side of the tail while the underside of the tail is solid. The tip of the tail is dark.

The tips of the ears are rounded, with black hair along the edge. There are no tufts of longer hair on the top of the ears. Adult Iriomote cats have a white spot on the back of each ear, much like those found on tigers' ears. Young Iriomote cats do not have these marks, and even as adults the spots will not be as white as those seen on other leopard cat subspecies.

The Iriomote cat's eyes are a light amber color. Its nose is large and flat, with no fur covering the reddish-brown skin. The paw ranges from 29 - 37 mm wide, in contrast to the 24 - 30 mm wide paw of a domestic cat.

The skull is longer and more narrow than that of a domestic cat. When compared to the leopard cat's skull, the Iriomote cat's is roughly the same size but thicker. Because of this, the Iriomote cat's brain is smaller; a male leopard cat's brain is about 42 grams, whereas a male Iriomote cat's brain is about 30 grams. The occipital bone of the skull and the auditory capsule are not connected. The mandibular symphysis is short.

Male Iriomote cats grow to be 55 - 60 cm long and weigh 3.5 - 5 kg. Females are smaller at about 50 - 55 cm long and 3 - 3.5 kg. Its tail is thick from base to tip and 23 - 24 cm long. It has a long body and short, thick limbs. Its neck is also thick, and its shoulders are muscular, though its jumping power is comparatively weak.

The Iriomote cat has six pairs of incisors, two pairs of canine teeth, four pairs of premolars, and two pairs of molars for a total of 28 teeth. Compared to other cats, including small wild cats, the Iriomote cat is lacking one pair of premolars on the top jaw behind the canines. In addition to this, unlike most other subtropical mammals, Iriomote cats' teeth give details about their year-to-year history. It is expected that these details will help determine the age and behavior of the cats.

The anal glands of the Iriomote cat surround the anus; this contrasts with other cat species', where they are inside the anus.

Distribution
The Iriomote cat is endemic to the Japanese Iriomote Island, which spans about 290 km2. Iriomote consists predominantly of low mountains ranging 300–460 m in elevation with subtropical evergreen forest, including extensive belts of mangrove along the waterways. It is the smallest habitat of any wild cat species in the world.

The Iriomote cat lives predominantly in the subtropical forests that cover the island up to an elevation of 200 m. It prefers areas near rivers, forest edges, and places with low humidity.

Ecology and behavior
Iriomote cats are terrestrial, but climb trees, go into the water and also swim. They are nocturnal and especially active during twilight hours. During the daytime, they sleep in tree hollows or in caves. They mark their territory by urinating and defecating on rocks, tree stumps and bushes. Their home ranges vary from 1 to 7 sqkm in size.

Home range
Iriomote cats are usually solitary. Their home range varies seasonally and also individually, and is smaller during the mating season. In 1998 and 1999, a male and a female Iriomote cat were radio tracked for seven to 13 successive days in the western part of the island. Their home ranges overlapped extensively in all periods. The periodical home range of the male was 0.83 – in size, and the resident female's range was 0.76 –.

Iriomote cats are territorial. Home ranges of males and females overlap, and one to two females live within a male's home range. Typically, home ranges of same sex cats will not overlap, but partial overlaps are seen. Often, these small overlaps are hunting grounds. It is thought that they patrol their territories during three to four days, marking and hunting as they go.

Young male Iriomote cats and some adult cats are transient, i. e. wandering over the island and waiting for an open home range slot that they can occupy by marking this area. Female cats allow their young to stay in their own home range and mark a new territory once the next breeding season comes.

Feeding ecology
Iriomote cats are carnivorous and prey on various mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and crustaceans. They typically ingest 400–600 g of food a day. Other wild cats primarily hunt small mammals, such as rodents and rabbits, but because there are no other carnivores to compete with the Iriomote cat on the island, there is no need for them to isolate themselves from the various habitats and food sources that are available. Thus, their diet is quite varied.

Mammalian prey includes black rats, Ryukyu flying foxes and young Ryukyu wild boar. Their prey also includes a wide range of birds, such as the Eastern spot-billed duck, slaty-legged crake, Eurasian scops-owl, pale thrush, and white-breasted waterhen. Reptiles include various types of snakes and Kishinoue's giant skink. They are also known to hunt Sakishima rice frogs, yellow-spotted crickets and crabs. As their hunting grounds tend to be in swamps or on shores, they sometimes swim and dive to catch water birds, fish, and freshwater prawns.

When eating birds that are larger than a dusky thrush, most types of cats will pluck the feathers and then eat it, but the Iriomote cat will eat even large birds whole without removing the feathers. Also, unlike other cats, the Iriomote cat does not kill its prey immediately by breaking the spinal cord. Instead, it holds the animal in its mouth until it stops moving.

It is estimated that water birds comprise about 60% of the cat's diet with black rats being its secondary source of food at about 10–30% of its diet. Based on stool samples, birds represent 60% of their diet, black rats 30%, insects 30%, lizards and frogs about 15–20%, bats 3–17%, and wild pig less than 1%. In addition, fish and crustaceans appear roughly 3–4% of the time.

Seasonal dietary changes have been observed. They eat rats and frogs year-round, lizards in the summer and spring, and crickets and bats more often in the fall and winter.

Reproductive behavior
During the mating season, Iriomote cats become active during the day as well. Breeding females are more active than nonbreeding ones during the late night and morning hours. Outside the mating season the cats live in solitary, but when they begin breeding they act together. The mating season lasts from December to March, and females go into heat several times during this period, with the peak being in January and February. Towards the end of February, they fast for about two weeks. It is during this period that females are most sexually excited. Male and female cats always stay together at this time, and it is thought that conception happens during these two weeks.

Between April and June pregnant female cats give birth to 1–3 kittens in a tree hollow or cavern. The locations chosen for birthing and rearing are dry and have good ventilation. Kittens stay with their mother for about eleven months. They begin to become more independent during the fall and winter months. They stay in their mother's home range from anywhere between a few months and years. Kittens reach maturity twenty months after birth.

Lifespan
It is estimated that Iriomote cats live for seven to eight years in the wild, and eight to nine years in captivity. Human influences, traffic accidents and traps may lower their lifespan to two to five years. In captivity, an Iriomote cat lived for an estimated 15 years and one month, the longest known lifespan of any Iriomote cat.

Discovery
The Iriomote cat was discovered in 1965 by Yukio Togawa (戸川幸夫), an author who specialized in works about animals. In 1967, it was first described by Yoshinori Imaizumi, director of the zoological department of the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo.

Prior to its scientific discovery, the Iriomote cat was known locally by various names: "the cat in the mountain" (ヤママヤー), "that which shines on the mountain" (ヤマピカリャー). To distinguish between the Iriomote cat and other cats on the island, locals also gave other cats nicknames such as pingimaya (ピンギマヤ) for stray cats and maya (マヤ) or mayagwaa (マヤグヮー) for house cats. Others, however, believed that the Iriomote cat was a feral cat.

Prior to specimen acquisition
Based on information from local people, from the University of the Ryukyus was able to capture a kitten in 1962, but did not get an adult specimen. In 1964, from the exploration department of Waseda University informed Imaizumi of the rumors of a cat living in the mountains of Iriomote.

In February 1965, Togawa visited the Yaeyama Islands. He had heard in Naha from a newspaper columnist that there were rumors of wild cats living on Iriomote. He at first assumed that, like reports of the extinct Japanese wolf, people must have been mistaking escaped and feral house pets for wild animals. He spoke with colleague Tetsuo Koura who knew of and believed there to be some truth to the rumors. Koura then entrusted Togawa with the task of acquiring evidence. Togawa then traveled to Iriomote to gather information for his own report and to collect information on the Iriomote cat and a specimen.

Upon arriving on the island, Togawa learned that because there wasn't enough food on Iriomote, people would cook Iriomote cats that had been caught and use the meat in soup. Cats caught in traps would also be disposed of, which made acquiring samples difficult.

Following these discoveries, he went to the hamlet of on the western side of the island. There, a middle school teacher who had worked under Koura said that he had caught one of the cats in a trap set for wild boar. He had sent the skin to Koura but buried the rest of the body. Togawa dug up the remains and got the skull. He also found two feces samples near the village, and was able to get a skin from a fisherman who lived in, a hamlet along Urauchi River.

He returned to Koura and sent the two skins, the feces, and the skull to Yoshinori Imaizumi at the National Museum of Nature and Science where examined the remains. The analysis was performed on 14 March 1965. The results showed the cat to be either a new species or a new subspecies, but there weren't enough samples to confirm. They requested either a complete set of remains or a live specimen. Following the announcement, some members of the society believed the samples to show simple mutations while others believed them to be the remains of wild cats that had previously been brought to and left on the island by foreign ships.

Live specimen acquisition to announcement
In June 1965, Togawa returned to Iriomote with Koura in order to obtain a complete set of remains, a live specimen, and information regarding the cat's ecology. They brought box traps and silvervine to aid their efforts in catching a live cat. According to hunters, though, only one or two cats per year were caught, and the number of remaining cats was probably quite low. Togawa did not expect to catch one alive.

In May 1965, prior to Togawa's return to the island, a group of children from on a field trip to the southern part of the island found a weakened, injured male Iriomote cat at the base of the small  on. The teacher in charge of the children took the cat. Another teacher preserved the pelt in formalin and buried the skeleton in a wooden box behind the school. Togawa exhumed the remains, and this cat became the prototype for the species. In addition to this example, the scientists also were able to obtain the crushed skull of a kitten from the neighboring Yubu Island that was later reconstructed by Imaizumi.

In addition to researching the Iriomote cat, Togawa also looked into rumors of a larger cat on the island (see ) and conducted an investigation. Before returning to Tokyo, he offered $100 for any live Iriomote cat and $30 for dead cats that were brought to him. With the aid of the Taketomi mayor and the, he was able to publicize the offer on bulletin boards and in other ways. He also announced rewards for the rumored large cat on the island: $200 if brought in alive, $100 for remains.

Through these offers, he acquired two complete skeletons, two skulls, and three pelts that he brought back with him to Tokyo. One of the pelts was that which the elementary school children helped obtain, and it was confirmed to be that of an Iriomote cat. The sample from Yubu Island was small, and judgment was held back. A sample from Ishigaki Island was discovered to be a house cat.

In January 1966, the body of an Iriomote cat that had been caught in a wild boar trap in the mid-basin of the Nakama River was sent to Koura at the University of the Ryukyus, but there was no more information regarding captures for some time after this. In December 1966,, a hunter at the Nakama River's mid-basin, caught a live male cat, but it escaped immediately. He then caught another male cat soon after.

On January 15, 1966, local hunters caught a young female Iriomote cat near. The National Museum of Nature and Science planned on using funds intended for garden repairs to pay for the specimens, but the hunters who caught the cats expected $1000–$3000 per cat. At the persuasion of the director of the District Forestry Office, the hunters accepted an award within the budget as a “daily allowance” or “finder's fee”.

During this time, the mayor of Taketomi was making negotiations with the and the Ryukyu government. He traveled to Naha for these discussions, which covered the possibility of offering the two captured Iriomote cats to the emperor with the stated purpose of increasing national knowledge about Iriomote and for the promotion of industrial development on the island. At the same time, the Taketomi town offices, under the premise of obtaining permission from the Ryukyu government to keep the cats, confiscated samples from the staff of the National Museum of Nature and Science and brought them back to their offices.

With Togawa pressuring the newspapers and Yoshinori Imaizumi urging the Ryukyuan government and Southern Japan Liaison Offices through the Ministry of Education, the Southern Japan Liaison Offices denied the possibility of giving the cats to the emperor, and the Ryukyuan government persuaded the mayor not to follow through with his plans. Finally, the specimens were delivered to the museum.

The cats arrived at Haneda airport in March 1967. Yoshinori Imaizumi kept them shortly until Togawa, having been entrusted by the museum to observe them, took charge of them for about two years. The cats were then transferred to the museum for monitoring. The male died on April 25, 1973, and the female on December 13, 1975. The male's pelt was temporarily stuffed, the blood was sent off for chromosomal research, and the rest of the body was preserved in formaldehyde. The female was stuffed and put on display in the museum.

In May 1967, The Mammalogical Society of Japan issued their third and fourth issues, announcing in English the discovery of a new genus of cat that was closely related to the primitive cat genus Metailurus. The former genus name of Mayailurus stems from the word used for “cat” on Iriomote, maya-, while -ailurus comes ancient Greek and also means “cat”. The subspecies name of iriomotensis means “from Iriomote”. The Japanese name of was proposed by Yoshinori Imaizumi, in honor of Togawa who discovered the species, but Togawa turned down the request and instead supported the name  based on the Tsushima cat, which was also named after the location at which it was discovered. Koura agreed with Togawa, thus officiating the name.

Classification and genealogy
Mayailurus iriomotensis was the scientific name proposed by in 1967 for the Iriomote cat. Imaizumi pointed out that, compared to other leopard cats, the Iriomote cat retained some especially primitive features. Judging from these characteristics, he estimated that the Iriomote cat evolved as a species sometime between ten million years ago in the Miocene epoch and three million years ago during the Pliocene epoch. He also thought that they shared many primitive characteristics with fossils of the extinct genus Metailurus. He emphasized these points, stating that the Iriomote cat and Metailurus shared a common ancestor sometime between ten million and five million years ago, and from that he deducted that the Iriomote cat's ancestors must have widened its range from mainland Asia to Iriomote and other areas beginning three million years ago. It appears to be a very ancient species, a ‘missing link’, more closely related to Pardofelis and Profelis than any other extant species of Prionailurus.

In contrast to Imaizumi's assertions about its unique characteristics, other researchers strongly disputed the idea that the Iriomote cat is its own species ever since its discovery. Investigations involving skulls and teeth, samples and living animals, and genetic research were conducted. Because of these study results, it was subordinated under the genus Prionailurus as Prionailurus iriomotensis in 2005.

The Iriomote cat's karyotype, the restriction fragment length of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cytochrome b have proven to be identical, or nearly so, to the leopard cat's. The two cats are assumed to be extremely closely related, their differences being categorized as either intraspecies variations or individual mutations. Also, from the speed of cytochrome b's base-pair substitution and its diversity, it is estimated that the Iriomote cat diverged from the leopard cat around 180,000-200,000 years ago. According to marine geologists, the Ryukyu Islands were connected to mainland Asia via a land bridge from about 20,000 years ago to 240,000 years ago. Scientists believe that the Iriomote cat moved its range to the islands during this period. Because of this, it is assumed that there is little genetic variety within the species.

Threats
Destruction of habitat due to development, predation by dogs, traffic accidents, and traps set for wild boar and crabs all contribute to the decline in number of Iriomote cats. During the second survey of the island, conducted from 1982–1984, it was estimated that 83–108 Iriomote cats lived on the island. The third survey, conducted from 1993–1994, estimated that 99–110 of the cats were on the island. During the fourth survey, conducted from 2005–2007, there were an estimated 100–109 remaining cats. The method of estimating the numbers differed between the third and fourth surveys, though; if the third estimate were to be revised, there would have been an estimated 108–118 Iriomote cats at the time, meaning that the population is shrinking over time.

Along with the traffic accidents, logging due to development, and development of the swamplands, house pets are also causing problems. House cats and stray cats especially cause issues with competition, disease transmission, and genetic pollution due to hybrids born of inter-species breeding. It is also feared that dogs prey on the Iriomote cats. The government has successfully eliminated the stray cat population on Iriomote.

The primary fear stems from house cats that have become feral or partially feral, but there has been no monitoring of these interactions. Pressure from competition over food, contact with house cats that have contracted feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and other contagious diseases, as well as decrease in population due to hybridization are all important issues with the Iriomote cat.

In June 1999, the Iriomote Wildlife Protection Center conducted an investigation among 50 house and feral cats and 23 Iriomote cats in order to see if FIV was being transmitted within the populations. FIV was not seen in any of the Iriomote cats, but three of the house and feral cats tested positive. Because of the fears regarding transmission of the disease, starting in 2001 Taketomi Town enacted the Cat Breeding Ordinance which required all residents to register their pet cats. In June 2008, the ordinance was revised to include mandatory FIV testing and vaccinations, spaying and neutering, and microchipping. A new limit to the number of pets allowed per owner was also added.

Furthermore, the cane toad, which secretes a poisonous liquid from glands in its ears, has also appeared on the island. In order to prevent further contamination of Iriomote, residents of Ishigaki Island began extermination measures in 2008.

Status
Since 2008, the Iriomote cat is categorized as "critically endangered" by IUCN.

The Iriomote cat has been designated a natural monument by the Okinawa government. On May 15, 1972, along with the recovery of Okinawa, it was nationally recognized as a natural monument. On March 15, 1977, it was given special status amongst natural monuments, and in 1994 with the Species Protection Act, it was designated as a. This act was adopted on January 28 and enacted on March 1.

Projects and activities
In 1977, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh wrote a letter addressed to Crown Prince Akihito regarding the preservation of the Iriomote cat. The report attached to the letter (written by Professor Leyhausen) suggested outlawing any further migration to the island as well as banning the cultivation of the land. In response, Crown Prince Akihito said that he wished for a way that would allow for the preservation of the cats and the continued habitation of people on the island. He also explained that the prime minister at the time, Takeo Fukuda, was considering the implementation of a wildlife sanctuary on Iriomote.

In 1972, the National Museum of Nature and Science prepared for researching the ecology of Iriomote cats, and in November 1973 the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Ministry of the Environment conducted a joint preliminary investigation regarding the cat's ecology, and from 1974 the Ministry of the Environment conducted a comprehensive investigation that lasted three years. After that, there were three more investigations beginning in 1982, 1992, and 2005.

In 1979, the EPA began a three-year-long feeding operation in order to increase the survival rate of kittens, but these actions have received some criticism.

Since the Iriomote cat's discovery, various investigations have taken place. In 2006, automatic cameras and radio telemetry were used in order to understand the cats' state of life. Pathological tests regarding the contagiousness of diseases were also conducted, and tests on feces and food leftovers were also done. They also compiled records of cat sightings by locals and tourists.

Part of the Iriomote's cat range was designated as on April 18, 1972. With the US's return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japanese control on May 15, it became Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park, and in March 1991 11,584.67 hectares of the island was designated the in order to protect the natural environment of the islands. Despite these efforts, not enough land within the cats' preferred habitat of less than 200 meters above sea level was included. In 1995 the was established to increase preservation work, enforce research, and to increase understanding of the cat's ecological needs.

Since the US returned control of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan in 1972, development on Iriomote continued with finances from the Okinawan mainland. In 1977, a prefectural road was built that circles half of the island, which has led to a few Iriomote cat deaths every year due to traffic accidents. The Ministry of the Environment as well as the governments of Okinawa and Taketomi Town began installing road signs to warn people of Iriomote cats crossing the road, tunnels beneath the road for their safe crossing, zebra zones which create loud noises when cars ride over them, wide ditches on the sides of roads, and ditches on the side of the road that are inclined on one side in order to improve the preservation of the cats. However, many residents have objected to restrictions on land cultivation and improvement brought about by the measures in place to protect the Iriomote cat and other species on the island.

In captivity
There have been a handful of Iriomote cats kept in captivity. A five-week-old male kitten that had been separated from its mother was found on June 14, 1979. He was named Keita and was kept at the Okinawa Zoo until he died of old age at approximately thirteen years and two months of age. A female specimen was also kept at the National Museum of Nature and Science. She was believed to have been approximately nine years and seven months old when she died. On August 6, 1996, a male kitten that would later be known as Yon was taken into care at the Iriomote Wildlife Protection Center after being involved in a traffic accident.

Discovery and hospitalization
On August 6, 1996, a young Iriomote cat was involved in a traffic accident near Nadara Bridge on the northern part of the island. He weighed 1.6 kilograms and was assumed to have been born in early March, making him about five months old. It is possible that he had just been separated from his mother. The next morning he had regained consciousness, but he wasn't able to regulate his body temperature due to the serious injuries he received. He was transferred to Ishigaki Island at 9 am to receive medical care at Ishigaki Veterinary Clinic. He spent 24 days under their care.

Following the accident he couldn't move on his own, but he regained his ability to walk while on Ishigaki. He was brought back to the Iriomote Wildlife Preservation Center for rehabilitation on August 31. Originally labeled W-48 due to the fact that he was the forty-eighth confirmed sighting of an Iriomote cat on the western part of the island, he eventually was given the name Yon.

Rehabilitation
By September 2, Yon weighed 1.9 kilograms. Despite his progress, his caretakers noticed a tendency for him to turn to the right because of the effects of his accident.

From the beginning, Yon's caretakers took careful measures in order to avoid acclimation to humans so that one day he could be released back into the wild. Only three staff members were allowed to feed him directly. Other people, including center staff, were only allowed to view him via video camera monitoring. The media were also prohibited from taking direct photographs.

From the time he was discharged until February 3, 1999, Yon's rehabilitation was restricted to a room within the center. Thin logs were used to make a jungle gym so that he would be able to practice walking, jumping, and climbing trees. Rice plants were also grown in his room as a substitute for grass that cats use to help regurgitate. Once he was healthy enough, he was moved to an outdoor cage where he lived until his health began deteriorating on December 20, 2010.

Death
On December 20, 2010, Yon was found to be curled up and unmoving near a dried stream. He was brought into the center's rehabilitation room, where it was discovered that he had pulmonary edema, which had nearly killed him; however, he was able to eat by the next day and gradually got better. He was unable to walk for the remainder of December, though by the end of January he had regained this ability and, during February and March, he improved enough to be able to walk up and down stairs. However, his condition then took a turn for the worse, and he died on the night of April 9 at an estimated fifteen years and one month old. He weighed 3.5 kilograms and was 78.5 centimeters long. He is the oldest Iriomote cat on record.

Influence on research
Yon was the first Iriomote cat to be kept for an extended period of time, the only to be saved after an accident, and the first to go through rehabilitation. Other Iriomote cats that were rescued either died immediately or shortly after being brought in for care.

Though he was never returned to the wild, the recorded observations of Yon are extremely important regarding Iriomote cat preservation. Every day, records were taken including what he did at what time, weight, and anything else of note. Because of difficulties in researching Iriomote cats in the wild, observations of Yon are currently the best example of the cats' natural behavior. There are also very few cases of the cats being cared for by people, so records of his health care may help injured and sick Iriomote cats in the future.

In culture
In July 2010, the Taketomi Tourist Association invited residents to create a design for a local mascot. A Komi Elementary School sixth grader's design, which was based on the Iriomote cat, was chosen. The island of Iriomote is pictured on the mascot's chest. It was named in the same manner it was designed; in August 2010, the name "Pikaryaa" (ピカリャ～) was chosen based on the submission of an Ishigaki resident who drew inspiration from the local nickname of the cat, yamapikaryaa. The town of Taketomi initiated an "Iriomote Wild Cat Day" (イリオモテヤマネコの日 (Iriomote Yamaneko no hi)) in 2015. In July 2016, Taketomi signed a partnership with Tsushima based on their common endemic wild cats. Tsushima hosts the Tsushima cat, another leopard cat subspecies. The island also has several statues representing the Iriomote cat. In the south-east of the island, spanning across the Nakama River, the Nakama bridge is guarded on each side by two stone statues of the cat in various positions. And in 2017, the town of Taketomi revealed two new bronze statues, one in a rest area on the west coast of the Iriomote island, and the other at the beginning of a bridge in the North of the island.

The comedy manga series Azumanga Daioh and subsequent animated adaptation by Kiyohiko Azuma features an Iriomote kitten named Mayaa. As their class go on a school trip in Okinawa, the main characters decide to visit the Iriomote island where Sakaki bonds with Mayaa, and ends up raising it. In the manga series Tokyo Mew Mew by Reiko Yoshida and Mia Ikumi, the main characters get accidentally infused with the DNA of endangered species, giving them super powers. The heroine Ichigo Momomiya thus gets infused with the DNA of the Iriomote cat, allowing her to transform into a catgirl.

Yamapikaryaa
In general, names such as yamapikaryaa are used in reference to the Iriomote cat, but some locals claim to have seen another type of cat on the island. This cat is described as being twice as large as a house cat with a tail that is 60 centimeters long and a coat pattern that is different from what the Iriomote cat displays. It has been sighted several times. Locals have given it several nicknames. In the neighborhoods of Sonai and Komi they call it kunzumayaa (クンズマヤー) and toutouyaa (トウトウヤー), respectively, and on Aragusu Island they call it yamapikaryaa (ヤマピカリャー). It is not thought to be a house cat, stray cat, or an Iriomote cat.

In 1965, Togawa spoke with a local hunter who claimed to have killed a large cat with fur like a tiger's. He disposed of the body, and Haemi on the southern part of the island, where the body was disposed of, was searched. The hunter said that, until ten days prior to the interview, the cat's skeleton was still where he had left it, but the recent rains had washed it away. He described that cat as having a shoulder height that reached an adult human's knee, a tail that was 60 centimeters long, a body twice as large as a house cat's, and greenish striped fur.

On June 2, 1982, the Yomiuri Shimbun published an article about yamapikaryaa. An experienced boar hunter claimed to have seen yamapikaryaa about ten times in the mountains around Mount Dedou. He also said that he caught and ate one once. On another occasion, he said he saw an adult female yamapikaryaa with a kitten.

Other articles regarding yamapikaryaa have also been published, including on September 14, 2007. Professor of Shimane University, who was staying on Iriomote in order to research fish, spotted a cat larger than the Iriomote cat with a long tail and spots. He saw the cat on on the seldom-visited western part of the island.

, on the other hand, spoke with a hunter in 1994 who had the skull of what he believed was a large wild cat. Tadaaki Imaizumi determined that it was a house cat.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Iriomote cat


text:
Vector bundle

In mathematics, a vector bundle is a topological construction that makes precise the idea of a family of vector spaces parameterized by another space $$X$$ (for example $$X$$ could be a topological space, a manifold, or an algebraic variety): to every point $$x$$ of the space $$X$$ we associate (or "attach") a vector space $$V(x)$$ in such a way that these vector spaces fit together to form another space of the same kind as $$X$$ (e.g. a topological space, manifold, or algebraic variety), which is then called a vector bundle over $$X$$.

The simplest example is the case that the family of vector spaces is constant, i.e., there is a fixed vector space $$V$$ such that $$V(x)=V$$ for all $$x$$ in $$X$$: in this case there is a copy of $$V$$ for each $$x$$ in $$X$$ and these copies fit together to form the vector bundle $$X\times V$$ over $$X$$. Such vector bundles are said to be trivial. A more complicated (and prototypical) class of examples are the tangent bundles of smooth (or differentiable) manifolds: to every point of such a manifold we attach the tangent space to the manifold at that point. Tangent bundles are not, in general, trivial bundles. For example, the tangent bundle of the sphere is non-trivial by the hairy ball theorem. In general, a manifold is said to be parallelizable if, and only if, its tangent bundle is trivial.

Vector bundles are almost always required to be locally trivial, which means they are examples of fiber bundles. Also, the vector spaces are usually required to be over the real or complex numbers, in which case the vector bundle is said to be a real or complex vector bundle (respectively). Complex vector bundles can be viewed as real vector bundles with additional structure. In the following, we focus on real vector bundles in the category of topological spaces.

Definition and first consequences
A real vector bundle consists of:
 * 1) topological spaces $$X$$ (base space) and $$E$$ (total space)
 * 2) a continuous surjection $$\pi:E\to X$$ (bundle projection)
 * 3) for every $$x$$  in $$X$$, the structure of a finite-dimensional real vector space on the fiber $$\pi^{-1}(\{x\})$$

where the following compatibility condition is satisfied: for every point $$p$$ in $$X$$, there is an open neighborhood $$U\subseteq X$$ of $$p$$, a natural number $$k$$, and a homeomorphism

 * $$\varphi\colon U \times \R^k \to \pi^{-1}(U) $$

such that for all $$x$$ in $$U$$,

 * $$ (\pi \circ \varphi)(x,v) = x $$ for all vectors $$v$$ in $$\R^k$$, and
 * the map $$ v \mapsto \varphi (x, v)$$ is a linear isomorphism between the vector spaces $$\R^k$$ and $$\pi^{-1}(\{x\})$$.

The open neighborhood $$U$$ together with the homeomorphism $$\varphi$$ is called a local trivialization of the vector bundle. The local trivialization shows that locally the map $$\pi$$ "looks like" the projection of $$U\times\R^k$$ on $$U$$.

Every fiber $$\pi^{-1}(\{x\})$$ is a finite-dimensional real vector space and hence has a dimension $$k_x$$. The local trivializations show that the function $$x\to k_x$$ is locally constant, and is therefore constant on each connected component of $$X$$. If $$k_x$$ is equal to a constant $$k$$ on all of $$X$$, then $$k$$ is called the rank of the vector bundle, and $$E$$ is said to be a vector bundle of rank $$k$$. Often the definition of a vector bundle includes that the rank is well defined, so that $$k_x$$ is constant. Vector bundles of rank 1 are called line bundles, while those of rank 2 are less commonly called plane bundles.

The Cartesian product $$X\times\R^k$$, equipped with the projection $$X\times\R^k\to X$$, is called the trivial bundle of rank $$k$$ over $$X$$.

Transition functions
Given a vector bundle $$E\to X$$ of rank $$k$$, and a pair of neighborhoods $$U$$ and $$V$$ over which the bundle trivializes via

 * $$\begin{align}

\varphi_U\colon U\times \R^k &\mathrel{\xrightarrow{\cong}} \pi^{-1}(U), \\ \varphi_V\colon V\times \R^k &\mathrel{\xrightarrow{\cong}} \pi^{-1}(V) \end{align}$$

the composite function
 * $$\varphi_U^{-1}\circ\varphi_V \colon (U\cap V)\times\R^k\to (U\cap V)\times\R^k$$

is well-defined on the overlap, and satisfies
 * $$\varphi_U^{-1}\circ\varphi_V (x,v) = \left (x,g_{UV}(x)v \right)$$

for some $$\text{GL}(k)$$-valued function
 * $$g_{UV}\colon U\cap V\to \operatorname{GL}(k).$$

These are called the transition functions (or the coordinate transformations) of the vector bundle.

The set of transition functions forms a Čech cocycle in the sense that
 * $$g_{UU}(x) = I, \quad g_{UV}(x)g_{VW}(x)g_{WU}(x) = I$$

for all $$U,V,W$$ over which the bundle trivializes satisfying $$ U\cap V\cap W\neq \emptyset$$. Thus the data $$(E,X,\pi,\R^k)$$ defines a fiber bundle; the additional data of the $$g_{UV}$$ specifies a $$\text{GL}(k)$$ structure group in which the action on the fiber is the standard action of $$\text{GL}(k)$$.

Conversely, given a fiber bundle $$(E,X,\pi,\R^k)$$ with a $$\text{GL}(k)$$ cocycle acting in the standard way on the fiber $$\R^k$$, there is associated a vector bundle. This is an example of the fibre bundle construction theorem for vector bundles, and can be taken as an alternative definition of a vector bundle.

Subbundles
One simple method of constructing vector bundles is by taking subbundles of other vector bundles. Given a vector bundle $$\pi: E\to X$$ over a topological space, a subbundle is simply a subspace $$F\subset E$$ for which the restriction $$\left.\pi\right|_F$$ of $$\pi$$ to $$F$$ gives $$\left.\pi\right|_F: F \to X$$ the structure of a vector bundle also. In this case the fibre $$F_x\subset E_x$$ is a vector subspace for every $$x\in X$$.

A subbundle of a trivial bundle need not be trivial, and indeed every real vector bundle over a compact space can be viewed as a subbundle of a trivial bundle of sufficiently high rank. For example, the Möbius band, a non-trivial line bundle over the circle, can be seen as a subbundle of the trivial rank 2 bundle over the circle.

Vector bundle morphisms
A morphism from the vector bundle $\pi$1: E1 → X1 to the vector bundle π2: E2 → X2 is given by a pair of continuous maps f: E1 → E2 and g: X1 → X2 such that
 * g ∘ π1 = π2 ∘ f
 * [[File:BundleMorphism-01.png]]
 * for every x in X1, the map π1−1({x}) → π2−1({g(x)}) induced by f is a linear map between vector spaces.

Note that g is determined by f (because π1 is surjective), and f is then said to cover g.

The class of all vector bundles together with bundle morphisms forms a category. Restricting to vector bundles for which the spaces are manifolds (and the bundle projections are smooth maps) and smooth bundle morphisms we obtain the category of smooth vector bundles. Vector bundle morphisms are a special case of the notion of a bundle map between fiber bundles, and are sometimes called (vector) bundle homomorphisms.

A bundle homomorphism from E1 to E2 with an inverse which is also a bundle homomorphism (from E2 to E1) is called a (vector) bundle isomorphism, and then E1 and E2 are said to be isomorphic vector bundles. An isomorphism of a (rank k) vector bundle E over X with the trivial bundle (of rank k over X) is called a trivialization of E, and E is then said to be trivial (or trivializable). The definition of a vector bundle shows that any vector bundle is locally trivial.

We can also consider the category of all vector bundles over a fixed base space X. As morphisms in this category we take those morphisms of vector bundles whose map on the base space is the identity map on X. That is, bundle morphisms for which the following diagram commutes:
 * [[File:BundleMorphism-02.png]]

(Note that this category is not abelian; the kernel of a morphism of vector bundles is in general not a vector bundle in any natural way.)

A vector bundle morphism between vector bundles π1: E1 → X1 and π2: E2 → X2 covering a map g from X1 to X2 can also be viewed as a vector bundle morphism over X1 from E1 to the pullback bundle g*E2.

Sections and locally free sheaves

Given a vector bundle π: E → X and an open subset U of X, we can consider sections of π on U, i.e. continuous functions s: U → E where the composite π ∘ s is such that (π ∘ s)(u) = u for all u in U. Essentially, a section assigns to every point of U a vector from the attached vector space, in a continuous manner. As an example, sections of the tangent bundle of a differential manifold are nothing but vector fields on that manifold.

Let F(U) be the set of all sections on U. F(U) always contains at least one element, namely the zero section: the function s that maps every element x of U to the zero element of the vector space π−1({x}). With the pointwise addition and scalar multiplication of sections, F(U) becomes itself a real vector space. The collection of these vector spaces is a sheaf of vector spaces on X.

If s is an element of F(U) and α: U → R is a continuous map, then αs (pointwise scalar multiplication) is in F(U). We see that F(U) is a module over the ring of continuous real-valued functions on U. Furthermore, if OX denotes the structure sheaf of continuous real-valued functions on X, then F becomes a sheaf of OX-modules.

Not every sheaf of OX-modules arises in this fashion from a vector bundle: only the locally free ones do. (The reason: locally we are looking for sections of a projection U × Rk → U; these are precisely the continuous functions U → Rk, and such a function is a k-tuple of continuous functions U → R.)

Even more: the category of real vector bundles on X is equivalent to the category of locally free and finitely generated sheaves of OX-modules.

So we can think of the category of real vector bundles on X as sitting inside the category of sheaves of OX-modules; this latter category is abelian, so this is where we can compute kernels and cokernels of morphisms of vector bundles.

A rank n vector bundle is trivial if and only if it has n linearly independent global sections.

Operations on vector bundles
Most operations on vector spaces can be extended to vector bundles by performing the vector space operation fiberwise.

For example, if E is a vector bundle over X, then there is a bundle E* over X, called the dual bundle, whose fiber at x ∈ X is the dual vector space (Ex)*. Formally E* can be defined as the set of pairs (x, φ), where x ∈ X and φ ∈ (Ex)*. The dual bundle is locally trivial because the dual space of the inverse of a local trivialization of E is a local trivialization of E*: the key point here is that the operation of taking the dual vector space is functorial.

There are many functorial operations which can be performed on pairs of vector spaces (over the same field), and these extend straightforwardly to pairs of vector bundles E, F on X (over the given field). A few examples follow.

 * The Whitney sum (named for Hassler Whitney) or direct sum bundle of E and F is a vector bundle E ⊕ F over X whose fiber over x is the direct sum Ex ⊕ Fx of the vector spaces Ex and Fx.
 * The tensor product bundle E ⊗ F is defined in a similar way, using fiberwise tensor product of vector spaces.
 * The Hom-bundle Hom(E, F) is a vector bundle whose fiber at x is the space of linear maps from Ex to Fx (which is often denoted Hom(Ex, Fx) or L(Ex, Fx)). The Hom-bundle is so-called (and useful) because there is a bijection between vector bundle homomorphisms from E to F over X and sections of Hom(E, F) over X.
 * Building on the previous example, given a section s of an endomorphism bundle Hom(E, E) and a function f: X → R, one can construct an eigenbundle by taking the fiber over a point x ∈ X to be the f(x)-eigenspace of the linear map s(x): Ex → Ex. Though this construction is natural, unless care is taken, the resulting object will not have local trivializations.  Consider the case of s being the zero section and f having isolated zeroes.  The fiber over these zeroes in the resulting "eigenbundle" will be isomorphic to the fiber over them in E, while everywhere else the fiber is the trivial 0-dimensional vector space.
 * The dual vector bundle E* is the Hom bundle Hom(E, R × X) of bundle homomorphisms of E and the trivial bundle R × X. There is a canonical vector bundle isomorphism Hom(E, F) = E* ⊗ F.

Each of these operations is a particular example of a general feature of bundles: that many operations that can be performed on the category of vector spaces can also be performed on the category of vector bundles in a functorial manner. This is made precise in the language of smooth functors. An operation of a different nature is the pullback bundle construction. Given a vector bundle E → Y and a continuous map f: X → Y one can "pull back" E to a vector bundle f*E over X. The fiber over a point x ∈ X is essentially just the fiber over f(x) ∈ Y. Hence, Whitney summing E ⊕ F can be defined as the pullback bundle of the diagonal map from X to X × X where the bundle over X × X is E × F.

Remark: Let X be a compact space. Any vector bundle E over X is a direct summand of a trivial bundle; i.e., there exists a bundle E such that E ⊕ E is trivial. This fails if X is not compact: for example, the tautological line bundle over the infinite real projective space does not have this property.

Additional structures and generalizations
Vector bundles are often given more structure. For instance, vector bundles may be equipped with a vector bundle metric. Usually this metric is required to be positive definite, in which case each fibre of E becomes a Euclidean space. A vector bundle with a complex structure corresponds to a complex vector bundle, which may also be obtained by replacing real vector spaces in the definition with complex ones and requiring that all mappings be complex-linear in the fibers. More generally, one can typically understand the additional structure imposed on a vector bundle in terms of the resulting reduction of the structure group of a bundle. Vector bundles over more general topological fields may also be used.

If instead of a finite-dimensional vector space, if the fiber F is taken to be a Banach space then a Banach bundle is obtained. Specifically, one must require that the local trivializations are Banach space isomorphisms (rather than just linear isomorphisms) on each of the fibers and that, furthermore, the transitions
 * $$g_{UV} \colon U\cap V \to \operatorname{GL}(F)$$

are continuous mappings of Banach manifolds. In the corresponding theory for Cp bundles, all mappings are required to be Cp.

Vector bundles are special fiber bundles, those whose fibers are vector spaces and whose cocycle respects the vector space structure. More general fiber bundles can be constructed in which the fiber may have other structures; for example sphere bundles are fibered by spheres.

Smooth vector bundles
A vector bundle (E, p, M) is smooth, if E and M are smooth manifolds, p: E → M is a smooth map, and the local trivializations are diffeomorphisms. Depending on the required degree of smoothness, there are different corresponding notions of Cp bundles, infinitely differentiable C∞-bundles and real analytic Cω-bundles. In this section we will concentrate on C∞-bundles. The most important example of a C∞-vector bundle is the tangent bundle (TM, πTM, M) of a C∞-manifold M.

A smooth vector bundle can be characterized by the fact that it admits transition functions as described above which are smooth functions on overlaps of trivializing charts U and V. That is, a vector bundle E is smooth if it admits a covering by trivializing open sets such that for any two such sets U and V, the transition function
 * $$g_{UV}: U\cap V \to \operatorname{GL}(k,\mathbb{R})$$

is a smooth function into the matrix group GL(k,R), which is a Lie group.

Similarly, if the transition functions are:

 * Cr then the vector bundle is a Cr vector bundle,
 * real analytic then the vector bundle is a real analytic vector bundle (this requires the matrix group to have a real analytic structure),
 * holomorphic then the vector bundle is a holomorphic vector bundle (this requires the matrix group to be a complex Lie group),
 * algebraic functions then the vector bundle is an algebraic vector bundle (this requires the matrix group to be an algebraic group).

The C∞-vector bundles (E, p, M) have a very important property not shared by more general C∞-fibre bundles. Namely, the tangent space Tv(Ex) at any v ∈ Ex can be naturally identified with the fibre Ex itself. This identification is obtained through the vertical lift vlv: Ex → Tv(Ex), defined as

 * $$\operatorname{vl}_vw[f] := \left.\frac{d}{dt}\right|_{t=0}f(v + tw), \quad f\in C^\infty(E_x).$$

The vertical lift can also be seen as a natural C∞-vector bundle isomorphism p*E → VE, where (p*E, p*p, E) is the pull-back bundle of (E, p, M) over E through p: E → M, and VE := Ker(p*) ⊂ TE is the vertical tangent bundle, a natural vector subbundle of the tangent bundle (TE, πTE, E) of the total space E.

The total space E of any smooth vector bundle carries a natural vector field Vv := vlvv, known as the canonical vector field. More formally, V is a smooth section of (TE, πTE, E), and it can also be defined as the infinitesimal generator of the Lie-group action $$(t,v) \mapsto e^{tv}$$ given by the fibrewise scalar multiplication. The canonical vector field V characterizes completely the smooth vector bundle structure in the following manner. As a preparation, note that when X is a smooth vector field on a smooth manifold M and x ∈ M such that Xx = 0, the linear mapping
 * $$C_x(X): T_x M \to T_x M; \quad C_x(X) Y = (\nabla_Y X)_x$$

does not depend on the choice of the linear covariant derivative ∇ on M. The canonical vector field V on E satisfies the axioms

 * 1) The flow (t, v) → ΦtV(v) of V is globally defined.
 * 2) For each v ∈ V there is a unique limt→∞ ΦtV(v) ∈ V.
 * 3) Cv(V)∘Cv(V) = Cv(V) whenever Vv = 0.
 * 4) The zero set of V is a smooth submanifold of E whose codimension is equal to the rank of Cv(V).

Conversely, if E is any smooth manifold and V is a smooth vector field on E satisfying 1–4, then there is a unique vector bundle structure on E whose canonical vector field is V.

For any smooth vector bundle (E, p, M) the total space TE of its tangent bundle (TE, πTE, E) has a natural secondary vector bundle structure (TE, p*, TM), where p* is the push-forward of the canonical projection p: E → M. The vector bundle operations in this secondary vector bundle structure are the push-forwards +*: T(E × E) → TE and λ*: TE → TE of the original addition +: E × E → E and scalar multiplication λ: E → E.

K-theory
The K-theory group, $K(X)$, of a compact Hausdorff topological space is defined as the abelian group generated by isomorphism classes $[E]$ of complex vector bundles modulo the relation that, whenever we have an exact sequence

then in topological K-theory. KO-theory is a version of this construction which considers real vector bundles. K-theory with compact supports can also be defined, as well as higher K-theory groups.

The famous periodicity theorem of Raoul Bott asserts that the K-theory of any space $X$ is isomorphic to that of the $S^{2}X$, the double suspension of $X$.

In algebraic geometry, one considers the K-theory groups consisting of coherent sheaves on a scheme $X$, as well as the K-theory groups of vector bundles on the scheme with the above equivalence relation. The two constructs are the same provided that the underlying scheme is smooth.

General notions

 * Grassmannian: classifying spaces for vector bundle, among which projective spaces for line bundles
 * Characteristic class
 * Splitting principle
 * Stable bundle

Topology and differential geometry

 * Connection: the notion needed to differentiate sections of vector bundles.
 * Gauge theory: the general study of connections on vector bundles and principal bundles and their relations to physics.

Algebraic and analytic geometry

 * Algebraic vector bundle
 * Picard group
 * Holomorphic vector bundle

title: Vector bundle