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University of Tübingen

The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Universitas Eberhardina Carolina), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

The University of Tübingen is one of eleven German Excellence Universities. The University of Tübingen is especially known as a centre for the study of plant biology, medicine, law, archeology, ancient cultures, philosophy, theology, religious studies, humanities, and more recently as a center of excellence for artificial intelligence. The university's noted alumni and faculty include presidents, a pope, EU Commissioners, and judges of the Federal Constitutional Court. The university is associated with eleven Nobel laureates, especially in the fields of medicine and chemistry.

History
The University of Tübingen was founded in 1477 by Count Eberhard V (Eberhard im Bart, 1445–1496), later the first Duke of Württemberg, a civic and ecclesiastic reformer who established the school after becoming absorbed in the Renaissance revival of learning during his travels to Italy. Its first rector was Johannes Nauclerus.

Its present name was conferred on it in 1769 by Duke Karl Eugen who appended his first name to that of the founder. The university later became the principal university of the kingdom of Württemberg. Today, it is one of nine state universities funded by the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg.

The University of Tübingen has a history of innovative thought, particularly in theology, in which the university and the Tübinger Stift are famous to this day. Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560), the prime mover in building the German school system and a chief figure in the Protestant Reformation, helped establish its direction. Among Tübingen's eminent students (and/or professors) have been the astronomer Johannes Kepler; the economist Horst Köhler (President of Germany); Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI), poet Friedrich Hölderlin, and the philosophers Friedrich Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. "The Tübingen Three" refers to Hölderlin, Hegel and Schelling, who were roommates at the Tübinger Stift. Theologian Helmut Thielicke revived postwar Tübingen when he took over a professorship at the reopened theological faculty in 1947, being made administrative head of the university and President of the Chancellor's Conference in 1951. Philosopher and theologian Ernst Bloch is another prominent figure associated with Tübingen's postwar revival.

The university rose to the height of its prominence in the middle of the 19th century with the teachings of poet and civic leader Ludwig Uhland and the Protestant theologian Ferdinand Christian Baur, whose circle, colleagues and students became known as the "Tübingen School", which pioneered the historical-critical analysis of biblical and early Christian texts, an approach generally referred to as "higher criticism". The University of Tübingen also was the first German university to establish a faculty of natural sciences, in 1863. DNA was discovered in 1868 at the University of Tübingen by Friedrich Miescher. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, the first female Nobel Prize winner in medicine in Germany, also works at Tübingen. The faculty for economics and business was founded in 1817 as the "Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät" and was the first of its kind in Germany.

Starting in the late 1990s at Tübingen, fundamental research on mRNA-based substances (e.g. for cancer treatment and vaccines) was conducted by groups led by H. G. Rammensee and G. Jung. This work contributed to the Ph.D. and later research of Ingmar Hoerr and by extension to the COVID-19 vaccine programs by BioNTech, Moderna and Curevac.

Nazi period
The university played a leading role in efforts to legitimize the policies of the Third Reich as "scientific". Even before the victory of the Nazi Party in the general election in March 1933, there were hardly any Jewish faculty and a few Jewish students. Physicist Hans Bethe was dismissed on 20 April 1933 because of "non-Aryan" origin. Religion professor Traugott Konstantin Oesterreich and the mathematician Erich Kamke were forced to take early retirement, probably in both cases the "non-Aryan" origin of their wives. At least 1,158 people were sterilized at the University Hospital.

After the war
In 1966, Joseph Ratzinger, who would later become Pope Benedict XVI, was appointed to a chair in dogmatic theology in the Faculty of Catholic Theology at Tübingen, where he was a colleague of Hans Küng.In 1967, Jürgen Moltmann (b. 1926), one of the most influential Protestant theologians of the 20th century, was appointed Professor of Systematic Theology in the Faculty of Protestant Theology. Drafted in 1944 by Nazi Germany, he was an Allied prisoner of war 1945–1948. He was influenced by his Tübingen colleague and friend Ernst Bloch, the Marxist philosopher.

In 1970, the university was restructured into a series of faculties as independent departments of study and research after the manner of French universities.

The university made the headlines in November 2009 when a group of left-leaning students occupied one of the main lecture halls, the Kupferbau, for several days. The students' goal was to protest tuition fees and maintain that education should be free for everyone.

In May 2010, Tübingen joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with Dartmouth College (US), Durham University (UK), Queen's University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Western Australia (Australia) and Uppsala University (Sweden).

On 27 April 2022, for the first time, a woman was elected Rector in the person of Karla Pollmann.

Research focus
The University of Tübingen undertakes a broad range of research projects in various fields. Among the more prominent ones in the natural sciences are the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, which focuses on general, cognitive and cellular neurology as well as neurodegeneration, and the Centre for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, which deals primarily with cell biology in diagnostics and therapy of organ system diseases. In the liberal arts, the University of Tübingen is noteworthy for having the only faculty of rhetoric in Germany – the department was founded by Walter Jens, an important intellectual and literary critic. The university also boasts continued pre-eminence in its centuries-old traditions of research in the fields of philosophy, theology and philology. Since at least the nineteenth century, Tübingen has been the home of world-class research in prehistoric studies and the study of antiquity, including the study of the ancient Near East; a particular focus of the research in these areas at the University of Tübingen has been Anatolia, e.g., through the continued excavations of the university at Troy. The University of Tübingen is also host to a number of Collaborative Research Centres, producing fundamental interdisciplinary research.

Campus
The University of Tübingen is not a campus university, but is spread throughout the town: Tübingen is one of five classical "university towns" in Germany. The other four are Marburg, Göttingen, Freiburg and Heidelberg. In Tübingen there are four areas with a major concentration of university institutions.
 * The university uses a number of buildings in the old town of Tübingen, some of which date back to the foundation of the university. Today, these are mainly used by smaller humanities departments, as is the adjacent medieval castle, Schloss Hohentübingen.
 * Northeast of the old town, the Wilhelmstraße area surrounding the street of the same name is home to larger humanities departments as well as the university's administration. The main university library and main refectory are also in this area.
 * A new campus for the sciences was built in the 1970s at Morgenstelle, a hill north of the historic centre of Tübingen. Facilities include a large refectory.Psychiatre_Universität_Tübingen.jpg
 * The university's teaching hospitals are located between the Wilhelmstraße area and the Morgenstelle campus in an area collectively known as the Klinikum. The 17 hospitals in Tübingen affiliated with the university's faculty of medicine have 1,500 patient beds, and cater to 66,000 in-patients and 200,000 out-patients on an annual basis.

Accommodation provided by the Tübingen Studentenwerk is in several locations throughout the town. The largest of the eleven halls of residence are in the city's northern neighbourhood of Waldhäuser Ost (1,700 rooms) and in the city's southeasternmost neighbourhood, Französisches Viertel (500 rooms).

Museum
Since 2006, the Museum of the University of Tübingen (MUT) has made it its task to professionalize the 65 sometimes very old and singular teaching, show and research collections of the university from all faculties in terms of collection, curatorial and organizational aspects. In interdisciplinary exhibitions, both the broader public should be provided with insights into the history of science as well as researched in the field of science itself.

In addition, the master's degree program "Museum & Collections" of the MUT, with the participation of six humanities and cultural studies subjects, offers the training of students in the field of exhibitions. Eight scientific teaching collections – Origins of Art, Pile Dwellings + Celts, Cuneiform, Gods + Tombs, Ancient Art, Ancient Coins, Ancient Sculptures – are open to the public in the Museum Alte Kulturen and in the permanent exhibition WeltKulturen in Hohentübingen Castle. In addition, there are other, partially accessible scientific teaching collections on Hohentübingen: Cradle of Biochemistry (Schlosslabor), BildBestand, Everyday Culture, AntikenBilder, Professor Gallery (partial), Castle Church and TonSteineScherben.

The MUT – and thus the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen – is the only university institution in the world to house artefacts with world heritage status, such as the oldest surviving figurative works of art and musical instruments of humanity, mammoth ivory figures and fragments of bone flutes. These come from the Vogelherdhöhle (Swabian Alb), which has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage "Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura" since 2017.

Libraries
The University Library of Tübingen is not just available to those affiliated with the university, but also to the general public. The library provides more than three million individual volumes and more than 7,600 journals. Apart from the main library, more than 80 departmental libraries containing an additional three million volumes are also associated with the university.

The main lending library is located on Wilhelmstraße and consists of several different parts which are connected through corridors and walkways:
 * The Bonatzbau, the library's oldest building, was built in 1912 and currently houses the historical reading room (Historischer Lesesaal), the university archive, along with a number of manuscript collections.
 * The library's main building, constructed in 1963, contains the information desk and research stations to access electronic catalogues and databases.
 * Innenansicht_Bonatzbau.jpg Ammerbau is the most recent addition to the library complex. Built in 2002, it offers users direct access to over 300,000 volumes and latest issues of newspapers, magazines and journals. It also contains numerous work places and separate individual rooms for group work.

Faculties
The university is made up of seven faculties, some of which are subdivided into further departments.
 * Protestant Theology
 * Catholic Theology
 * Law
 * Medicine
 * Humanities
 * Economics and Social Sciences
 * Science

Governance
The university is governed by three separate bodies sharing different functions and duties. However, some persons serve in more than one body.

The Rectorate is the executive component of the university's governing body. The current rector, Professor Karla Pollmann, is supported by four deputies consisting of three prorectors and one provost. All are also permanent members of the university senate.

The Senate forms the legislative section of governance. Apart from the members of the rectorate, it includes the equal opportunities commissioner, the deans and 20 elected members representing the professors, lecturers, students and non-academic staff. Two advisors represent the university's teaching hospitals.

The University Council (Hochschulrat or Universitätsrat) has 13 members, including its president and vice-president as well as five further internal and six external members.

Rankings and reputation
As of the 2024 edition of the QS World University Rankings, the University of Tübingen ranks 213th globally, which places it at 11th position nationally within Germany. The university's rank appears significantly higher in the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, standing at an 95th position globally and 8th nationally. The Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as the Shanghai Ranking, for the year 2023 places the University of Tübingen in the 151–200 bracket globally, and within the 6–9 bracket in the national ranking.

Since 2012, the University of Tübingen has been regarded as one of eleven German Excellence Universities that have been successful in the competition of the German Universities Excellence Initiative. The award brings additional research funds for five years. With three successful research Clusters of Excellence approved by the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2018, Tübingen is one of the three universities with the highest research output in Germany and leading among universities in South Germany.

According to the funding report of the German Research Foundation (DFG) 2018, which breaks down the grants awarded to German universities from 2014 to 2016, the University of Tübingen was ranked 8th overall, 4th in humanities and social sciences, and 6th in life sciences including medicine. This ranking is based on a selection of best research projects nationwide and thus regarded as an indicator of the quality of research.

US News Best Global Universities and also ranked Tübingen amongst the top ten universities in Germany overall in 2021.

Traditionally, Tübingen has been particularly strong in the fields of humanities, especially in theology and religious studies, medicine, and law. The Tübingen Law School was ranked second nationwide by the Wirtschaftswoche University Ranking. Also according to international rankings, Tübingen regularly ranks among the top ten law schools in Germany.

Controversies
Since 2018, the university has been part of a wider artificial intelligence research initiative named Cyber Valley. Cyber Valley has seen investments from multinational companies poured into establishing research centers, research groups, and professorships in the city. The investing organisations and corporations include Google, Amazon, BMW, IAV, Daimler, Porsche, and Bosch. The Cyber Valley initiative has attracted criticism from student groups and activist groups alike, with many protest actions, including building occupations and demonstrations, having taken place decrying both the commercialisation of university research and the involvement of the university with organisations that are engaged in military research.

Student life
The university's students make up roughly a third of the total population of Tübingen and the town's culture can seem to be largely dominated by them. As a result there is a slump of activity during university holidays, particularly over the summer when a large number of otherwise regular events are not happening.

Around 30 Studentenverbindungen, the German type of fraternities, are associated with the university. While famous for their parties, public academic lectures and the yearly "Stocherkahn-Rennen" punting-boat race on the Neckar river, some of them are the subject of ongoing controversy surrounding alleged rightwing policial views, leading to strong criticism from leftist groups. The university itself takes a neutral stance on this issue. However, all of Tübingen's fraternities distance themselves from the fraternities of the Deutsche Burschenschaft, which have been widely criticized as adhering to far-right principles. Also closely linked to the university are a number of student societies representing mainly the arts and political parties. Most notable are a number of choirs as well as student theatre groups affiliated with the faculty of Modern Languages, some of which perform in foreign languages. Radio Uniwelle Tübingen is the university's radio station, airing seven hours of programmes a week produced by students under the supervision of staff employed by the university.

The university also offers gym and sports classes called Hochschulsport. Since Tübingen has a department of sports science with a broad range of facilities, students of other subjects have the possibility to participate in various kinds of sports courses in teams or as individuals. Furthermore, even exotic sports, such as parachuting or martial arts, are offered. Students may attend courses either for free or at reduced rates. The sports department is located close to the Wilhelmstraße area of university buildings and is served by a number of frequent bus routes.

Unlike in some major cities, student discounts are not widely available in Tübingen. Cinemas and the town council's public library in particular do not offer discounts for students, and there are only a handful of restaurants which have reduced lunch deals. However, students may benefit from the Semesterticket, a heavily discounted public transport season pass offering six months of unlimited travel on trains and buses in the naldo Verkehrsverbund transport association for approximately €62.50. The Landestheater Tübingen theatre and all public swimming pools also have discounts for students.

Nightlife in Tübingen is centered on the numerous pubs in the old town along with a number of clubs, most of which dedicate themselves to non-mainstream music. During the semester, the Studentenwerk-owned Clubhaus at the centre of the Wilhelmstraße university area hosts the weekly Clubhausfest on Thursday nights. This popular, free-entry club night is organized and promoted by student societies and Fachschaft student representative bodies and all proceeds go towards their activities in support of students.

Notable academic staff

 * Eberhard Jüngel (1934–2021), German Lutheran theologian
 * Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born 1942), German developmental biologist and 1995 Nobel Prize-winner
 * Hildegard Temporini-Gräfin Vitzthum, (1939–2004), German ancient historian

Notable alumni
The University of Tübingen has a long list of notable alumni and staff. As of 2023, eleven Nobel Laureates, 18 Leibniz Laureates and five Alexander von Humboldt Professorships are affiliated with the university.

Besides several Federal Ministers of Germany and Minister Presidents of German States, politicians associated with the University of Tübingen include six founding fathers of the Federal Republic of Germany, a Chancellor of Germany, two Presidents of Germany, and several European Commissioners.

As Tübingen has traditionally been home to one of the most prestigious law schools in Germany, alumni in the legal profession include at least 19 judges of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, the first female German judge at the European Court of Justice, an Advocate General at the European Court of Justice, as well as several judges at the Federal Court of Justice, the Federal Fiscal Court, and the Federal Labour Court. Notable legal scholars associated with Tübingen include Dieter Medicus, Klaus Hopt and Wolfgang Ernst.

Affiliates in the field of religious studies include many of the most influential theologians of the last centuries such as Pope Benedict XVI, Karl Barth, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Eduard Mörike, Miroslav Volv, Paul Tillich, David Strauss and Philip Melanchthon. The field of religious studies in Tübingen has also been the educational center for the philosophers Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Friedrich Hölderlin und Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Tübingen is therefore sometimes considered as the home of German idealism, a philosophical movement which had a severe impact on modern western thinking.

Nobel laureates
Faculty members and alumni who have been awarded with the Nobel Prize:

 * William Ramsay (1904, Chemistry)
 * Eduard Buchner (1907, Chemistry), faculty
 * Karl Ferdinand Braun (1909, Physics), faculty
 * Fritz Pregl (1923, Chemistry)
 * Adolf Butenandt (1939, Chemistry), faculty
 * Hans Bethe (1967, Physics), faculty
 * Georg Wittig (1979, Chemistry), faculty
 * Hartmut Michel (1988, Chemistry)
 * Bert Sakmann (1991, Medicine)
 * Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1995, Medicine), faculty
 * Günter Blobel (1999, Medicine)

Quotes

 * "Tübingen does not have a university, Tübingen is a university." – Walter Jens
 * "One need merely say 'Tübingen Seminary' to understand what German philosophy is at bottom: an insidious theology. The Swabians are the best liars in Germany: they lie innocently." – Friedrich Nietzsche, 1888

title: University of Tübingen


text:
User:Jrshaw

Just a simple Lutheran Pastor who desires history to be portrayed clearly and accurately.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jrshaw


text:
Talk:Fortune cookie

Lucky Numbers
Erm... Somebody changed "lucky numbers" to "unlucky numbers", so I'm just gonna change that right back, kay?

Thanks for understanding

--Monk of the highest order 03:43, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Senbei can be both sweet and savory. Having lived in Japan, I have eaten senbei which taste just like fortune cookies. The only difference was the senbei was round and flat. This particular senbei is about the size an unfolded fortune cookie would be. I don't have any evidence but it seems that fortune cookies are made from this sweet senbei. Taoshi05 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Taoshi05 (talk • contribs)

Tsujiura senbei
I gave tsujiura senbei its own paragraph, since it was jumbled up with the rest of the article previously. It seems like tsujiura is the more general category of confections with a fortune inside, while the tsujiura senbei is the one that American-Chinese fortune cookies copied the exact shape of. One of the previous authors claim tsujiura senbei is not sweet, but I couldn't confirm this myself. --69.212.100.126 23:12, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This is one of 2 theories. The other indicates that the fortune cookie was invented by Los Angeles noodle manufacturer David Jung in 1916. Both theories are just the American origin.

From the various histories I've read, the 1st origin of fortune cookies is decidedly Chinese. Sometime during the 13th and 14th century in China, during the Mongol occupation, fortune cookies were used by Chinese rebels to organize an uprising that lead to the basis of what eventually became the Ming Dynasty.
 * That would be Moon cakes. Rmhermen 17:30, May 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Is this the one where people inserted secret messages in foods to communicate between allies? Sure, this has happened before, and Mickey Mouse has been drawn before Disney existed, but I think what is key here is that American Chinese restaurants based the shape and idea for the fortune cookies off of the traditional tsujiura senbei introduced to the US at the Golden Gate Park. --69.212.100.126 23:32, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

the bulk of this article is written as it started by a anonymous.

the link given from the Japanese origin (presume it is true) to Chinese is just the sentence that "local Chinese usurped the idea".

is there any resource to backup this article? has any one, for example, read from a book, or some or reliable place?

btw, responding to the above poster: i think Fortune Cookies shouldn't related history that's too far back. Such a concept of message in food are likely very common.

Xah Lee P0lyglut 17:43, 2004 May 23 (UTC)

Pictures
Aren't these pictures a little unneccessary? If anything, we should only need the opened one.

http://www.nypress.com/17/38/food/gershenson.cfm gives more detail on the David Jung story. --Robert Merkel 07:46, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Real life / internet!
Good grief. Can it be, that on Wikipedia, for a term that has both a real life and an internet meaning, we have the real life term, but NOT the internet term?! Shock! Horror! Mark Richards 03:35, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * it seems like you just added the blurb for it yourself. great.--69.212.100.126 23:12, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Fortune Cookie Payout
Does one incident involving numbers from a fortune cookie really deserve half an article? it's really not that interesting... 66.41.59.162 02:56, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It think it is interesting enough, and probably fits here better than it would in the article on lotteries. Crypticfirefly 06:42, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Something like this really does not belong in an encyclopedia. I may remove it. --JHP 22:48, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Fortune Cookie Etiquette
I question the sources for the section on this and suggest that it be removed; sounds like *someone* holds to this custom and thought it was universal, as I and many people who I know have never heard of it. It doesn't seem verifiable.

 * Perhaps it is regional? I've heard of it and so have many people I know.  (No, I'm not the person who added it in the first place.) Crypticfirefly 03:55, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll add my own input to this -- I, from California, have never heard of this custom. I've asked my girlfriend from Virginia about it, and she has never heard of it either.  This seems to be a regional thing if Crypticfirefly's statement is so, but the region should be determined and noted in the entry if it's to stay in the article.  --TouchGnome 08:41, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * * Whoever added this section was just making things up. Especially suspect was the sentence that claimed seventy percent of people use...  when using statistics you have to cite source.  -Taco325i 13:51, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * To clairify, the part I have heard of is the idea that one must eat the whole cookie for the fortune to come true. And I'm from the Midwest, if you are wondering.  But here's a Californian source for the "custom" of eating the whole cookie:  "Fortune cookie US invention"   (Article by by Ellie Parvin published in a 1995 issue of the Golden Gater.  Article quotes Nancy Chan of Golden Gate Fortune Cookies Co. for the idea that one must eat the entire cookie.) Crypticfirefly 03:24, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I suggest removing the whole "Fortune cookie in popular culture" section. I don't believe the stuff in this section belongs in an encyclopedia. --JHP 22:54, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

The "in your bed" meme
The "in your bed" suffix is certainly about fortune cookies. I've never heard it applied to anything else; can anyone find evidence of its being used elsewhere? My SO actually mentioned this meme on a blog post after we ate fortune cookies last night, and linked to this very page before that text was removed. The Wednesday Island 16:59, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

I've commonly heard the "in bed" suffix from many people in several regions in the US. I've NEVER heard "with a battle axe" though. Is this perhaps a D&D or geek culture practice? This doesn't seem all that common to me and I think it could be clarified or removed.

 * I suggest removing the whole "Fortune cookie in popular culture" section. I don't believe the stuff in this section belongs in an encyclopedia. --JHP 22:54, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Grew up in Southern Australia and Nothern England, eaten heaps of chinese and cookies, never heard of this in the sheets thing. Sorry JayKeaton 11:18, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I've added a citation for the "in bed" thing, but separated out the "with a battle axe" thing so that if someone has a reference for it they can add it. Crypticfirefly 01:37, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

College jokes in a non-humor article are non-encyclopedic, whether you have a citation or not. How can the lottery-payout story get deleted, which was a significant enough cultural event to get covered by the media and put in a book, but someone's dumb joke stays? I have tried deleting it, but someone keeps putting it back. What is the consensus? 74.104.22.121 (talk) 21:29, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

 * It's a common joke in the US and a legitimate reference was provided. Information about jokes (not repeating the jokes themselves) isn't necessarily "non-encyclopedic." Wasn't paying attention when the lottery-payout information was removed, but I suppose it could be argued that such info belongs in the lottery article.  Meh, if I can readily find that in the edit history I'll put in somewhere.  Crypticfirefly (talk) 00:41, 30 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Followup: Just added the lottery payout info to the lottery article. Crypticfirefly (talk)

Three Strikes Against Keeping the Bed Game: 1) The Phil Vettel article given in the reference only says "For dessert we made do with the fortune cookies that came with the order, played the "in bed" game (add "in bed" to the end of each fortune; much frat-boy hilarity ensues) and with a hearty "gung hay fat choy" (wishing you happiness and prosperity), rang in yet another New Year." Chicago Tribune Jan 21, 2005 Creating a Menu for Lunar New Year (paywall). It does not say that the game is commonly associated with Fortune Cookies. 2) Even if it did, a newspaper article is not a WP:Reliable Source. 3) In any case, the game scarcely meets the test of Notability. ch (talk) 06:27, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

 * It seems obvious to me that this joke is not relevant to the article. If a source makes clear statements about how common and significant this joke is in wide circles, it might be used to support inclusion - but this source appears to give anecdotal evidence only. The joke has been here for ages only because the article hasn't got a lot of attention. I won't delete it right now, by I think it must go.--Nø (talk) 10:25, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

 * While I did not put this information in the article in the first place, I object to its removal because I believe that its presence makes the article better. One might even argue that it is not so much a joke as it is a ritual associated with consuming the cookies. When I restored the info, I clarified that the joke is common in the United States. Nø, I see you are in Denmark. That may be why it is unfamiliar to you.  As for whether newspapers are reliable sources, CWH, it depends on the fact in question.  Here's another newspaper article, this one from New York rather than Chicago, actually stating that the game is associated with fortune cookies.  http://blogs.villagevoice.com/forkintheroad/2012/02/play_the_fortun.php "Here in New York, we have our own peculiar tradition. As each fortune is read by the guests sitting around the table after a Chinese meal, the words "in bed" are automatically added to the end of the fortune, after a brief pause." And here is an xkcd cartoon which relies on common knowledge of the game.  If you don't know the game, the strip will not make sense.  http://xkcd.com/425/  Of course a cartoon is not a reliable source.  But perhaps you can agree that treatment of the topic in a very popular webcomic suggests some level of familiarity with the concept among many.  Here, Wired magazine (a national magazine) references the joke in a headline title, "Fortune Cookie Factory Still Rocks Old-School Tech...In Bed." http://www.wired.com/rawfile/2012/05/fortune-cookie-factories-use-midcentury-innovation-in-a-high-tech-world/  This too implies that this joke is very widely known in the US.  CWH, you appear to be into scholarly research.  If you have a JSTOR account perhaps you could spend a minute or two checking to see if some source you feel comfortable with has discussed this. Crypticfirefly (talk) 20:08, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I still think it is unencyclopaedic, silly, only marinally relevant, and only should be included if solid secondary sources discuss it. Even with the sources now at hand it seems like OR. But I agree the sources now at hand suggest it is a very common phenomenon, and thus it's not unlikely appropriate sources can be found. Blogs, cartoons, and implicit reference in a magazine headline hardly suffice.--Nø (talk) 15:40, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I take your point, Crypticfirefly, that the meme may be widespread (or not, we don't know). In fact, before posting my comments above, I did spend quite a while on Google, Google Scholar, and WorldCat looking for references to the meme (you don't need a JSTOR account to use these search tools, though you do need one or access to a library to actually see the references). These references were hard to find. They do exist, just not in Reliable Sources, so we are left with Forbidden Fruits, that is (gasp!) Original Research.

 * What I did was to search "Fortune Cookie" + "in bed," as well as a couple of other combinations. In the first ten pages of results, there were maybe half a dozen which mentioned "fortune cookies" and "in bed" as a game, mostly from what seemed to be romance novels. This only confirms what we know, i.e. that there is such a game.

 * The only article about the meme, I found only by searching for "'To know is nothing; to imagine is everything,'" that is, the Foxman and Bradley article already in the footnote. It proved difficult to locate the American Marketing Association Conference Proceedings in a library near me, and it's not online.

 * Since you (Crypticfirefly) were the editor who added the Foxman and Bradley reference (4 June 2007), could you give us a direct quote from it?

 * In any case, whether or not the meme is widespread, my doubts are based on Due Weight. There are hundreds of titles under "Fortune Cookie," which shows that it is widespread in popular culture, but not really related to the Fortune Cookie as such. Going back over the history of the article shows that any number of references in popular culture were taken out or reverted, usually on grounds that the practice or reference was not encyclopedic, or not notable, or disproportionate.
 * Hope this helps.ch (talk) 23:11, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Sure. At the time I added it I was looking for something to verify that the practice exists.  The article researches 'consumer rituals' relating to eating fortune cookies.  Here's the article abstract:
 * This project explores the structure and meaning of fortune cookie consumption. Using long interview and free sort methods, we categorize fortunes types and people’s evaluations of them, and also outline the behaviors that constitute the fortune cookie consumption ritual. Lastly, we explore the meanings people invest in this social ritual.
 * In the section in which they discuss that sharing the fortunes with the other people at the table they mention the "in bed" practice:
 * The fourth cluster of behaviors involves sharing the fortunes. Commonly, everybody must hear everybody else’s fortune. Communicating the fortunes is usually accompanied by group discussion -- sometimes serious, often playful. Several respondents, for example, stated that everyone at the table had to read their fortune aloud, adding the words, “in bed,” or “between the sheets” to it. Overall, most approaches to sharing the fortunes focused on “good” fortunes.
 * Looking at the Foxman and Bradley article afresh, maybe what we really need is more discussion of the practices associated with eating the cookies, of which the "in bed" amendment to the fortunes is a well-known, but not universally practiced, example. And now I'm rather curious what folks do with the fortunes in Denmark.  Though I suspect finding that out would be a nice project for a research project but won't be answered here. :-) Crypticfirefly (talk) 06:08, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I like those quotes (only I wonder if they are serious or spoofed; I won't try to judge that). As for Danish customs, I don't really know - but my son baked fortune cookies in school during a Chinese theme week last year - does that count? (They were quite tasty, and they also found some good sentences to put inside.)--Nø (talk) 07:26, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Not sure what you mean. There's no reason I can see to think that the respondents in the study were joking when they answered the questions. Crypticfirefly (talk) 01:39, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I was absolutely fine with this section until that awful word "meme" reared its ugly head.  Insist that we explain memetic theory if it is to be kept this way, or, ideally, that this widely-misused term simply be left out as unnecessary and confusing.  Heather (talk) 16:42, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Suggested move
Since the fortune cookie is not really Chinese, I suggest that the article should not be titled "Chinese fortune cookie." I recommend that it be moved to "Fortune cookie (food)". --JHP 22:57, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Customs
I eat the paper. I know lots of people who eat the paper. My parents eat the paper. It is, by definition, a custom in my region. I just thought I would let the world know that this is indeed a part of fortune cookie culture, but every time I add this to the page, someone deletes it. Please, do not delete my change to the fortune cookie page.

Just to make it clear, that change is that eating the paper is customary in some regions.

 * If you want that information to stay in the article, you need to 1) specify what region you're talking about, and 2) provide some kind of reliable source which would confirm your claim. The fact that you, your parents, and "lots of people" you know eat the paper is not something we can verify. If you don't provide a source it will likely keep getting removed. Serpent-A 07:52, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed - I've never heard of such a custom, and to present it as "normal" is certainly wrong. violet/riga (t) 15:16, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I also have never heard of such a custom, but it seems very believable to me that such a custom would occur. JayKeaton 11:19, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

I heard in some regions it's customary to eat the table at the restaurant as well as the cookie, paper and dishes. If you do that, it's quite sure the fortune in the cookie will come true. Specially true if the fortune says: "You will be chased by 3 angry Chinese guys with kitchen knives". Владимир И. Сува Чего? 22:09, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Boring history
Was anyone else expecting the history of the fortune cookie to read more like the exciting adventures of a Chinese general trapped in prison during the Zoixing Dynasty, and his peoples daring plan to hide secret messages to him in the customary cookies that were sent to his sell. These messages tipped him off about a secret escape plan and the Chinese general escaped, and so the custom of using these "fortunous cookies" with messages inside them is recreated 2500 years later, to this day the Chinese have remembered this honored hero with Fortune Cookies. Hehe, but just some guy in some American town thought it would be a good money spinner about 80 years ago. I prefer my version JayKeaton 11:17, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It's just a cookie. Try going out once in a while. Joachim5000 12:41, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Actually, the story you mention at the beginning is similar to the alleged story of mooncakes - in the Yuan dynasty, when the Han Chinese were ruled by Mongolians, some Han Chinese secretly passed messages hidden in small cakes telling everyone to start a revolution on Mid-autumn festival. They eventually succeeded in overthrowing the Mongolians and built the Ming dynasty, and the cakes evolved into mooncakes. Also, as someone from Hong Kong, I can confidently tell you that 1. there's no "Zoixing dynasty" in the 5000 years history of China 2. Chinese do NOT "remember" anyone with fortune cookies. Chinese who haven't been to American "Chinese" restaurants or saw them in movies would not know there is something called fortune cookies. I myself have only had one fortune cookie in my 20+ years of life, and that was in Canada. 147.8.186.220 (talk) 14:34, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

World-view template
Why is this here? Fortune cookies were invented in the U.S., and are primarily an American thing... I don't really see what we can say to broaden the world-view of this article. ~ ONUnicorn (Talk / Contribs) 14:45, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The U.S. contributes significantly to world culture. You probably think that's a bad thing, but remember that the U.S. culture is an amalgamation of cultures from every corner of the globe. Sure, it's not the fairy-tale "melting pot" but no other country contains so many diverse and relatively peaceful people together from EVERY corner of the planet. The culmination of such influences is just as much a reflection of the effectiveness of an individual community as the sum total is of the world. Joachim5000 03:26, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. The thing should be taken off.  Fortune cookies are American.  --Descendall 09:13, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree as well. The "World-view" template seems a little ridiculous.  If they are trying to force the issue through a mistaken belief that there is some non-American Asian ties to fortune cookies, then they are... well, mistaken.  I'm Chinese-American, and when I was in China, not a single person I talked to had ever heard of fortune cookies.  I'm not too sure if they even give them out in Europe.  Somebody should take the tag off. 75.46.28.17 07:58, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh yes. The world consists of the US of A, and China. Very broad view indeed. None of the above posts seem to recognise that there are quite a few other continents on this Earth and they have fortune cookies too! --Sumple (Talk) 07:00, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The fortune cookie is simply not available in New Zealand or Australia, I have been to a few buffet restaurants and takeaways that are frequented by Caucasians and none offers this on the table. Even across the US border, Canada's Chinese buffet restaurants don't have them either, let alone the HK Chinese migrant owned types in Toronto.  So I don't think why there is such a need to add the Worldwide perspectives. Come back to me when you are able to find anywhere outside the United States of America that offers fortune cookies. --JNZ 00:17, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I live in Montreal and every single chinese restaurant here gives away fortune cookies, this is certainly not a Toronto only thing. I am pretty sure that all across the province of Quebec, all chinese restaurants have them. --Vineon 02:01, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tip Vineon, apparently now I have got egg on my face LOL. --JNZ 11:27, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

needhanzi
I removed the needhanzi template, because fortune cookies are a foreign invention, so any Chinese name will just be a translation of the English name. If you really want to know, my dictionary translates it as 占卜餅 or fortune telling biscuit and Google translates it as 幸福餅乾 or lucky biscuit. 203.109.174.60 08:23, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I have never seen either term. Maybe next time when I walk past a Canadian-Chinese restaurant I can take a peak at the menu.

 * But really I don't recall it having a Chinese name myself either.—Gniw (Wing) 09:14, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added a few that show up on bilingual ("Rosetta Stone") Google searches. The above two are not particularly prominent among them.  Badagnani 18:50, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Fortune Cookies
Fortune Cookies does not point here.

does anyone else think it should? I propose the album page be moved to Fortune Cookies (album), and Fortune Cookies be redirected here. --Sumple (Talk) 06:58, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I concur with your excellent plan. Crypticfirefly 07:32, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * done. --Sumple (Talk) 10:47, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Chinese names
Okay, the thing is, the best you're going to see are probably ad-hoc translations. The translations you have there at fortune cookie are just a few combinations using synonyms of "fortune", "paper slip", "foretell", and "cookie"; using the same pattern, and using more synonyms that I can think of right now, we can come up with probably another 1000 names, and they would all be "correct". So I think it's inherently pointless to try and come up with a Chinese name for "fortune cookie", because as far as I can tell, "the" Chinese name simply doesn't exist. -- ran (talk) 04:22, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

EDIT: Googling suggests that people would translate it as either 幸運餅 xing4yun4bing3 or 籤語餅 qian1yu3bing3. Keep in mind though, that these are not authoritative names, just the names that the Chinese Wikipedia (say) might decide on after resorting to the Google test. -- ran (talk) 04:24, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

I don't see the reason of adding any Chinese translation to an article on American food. It sure looks ridiculous if 美式中國菜 is specified as the Chinese name for American Chinese cuisine in that entry.Yel D'ohan (talk) 16:08, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

Unique to North America?
I live in the UK, and have had fortune cookies at every chinese restaurant I've ever been to. I have also bought bags of them in France and Italy. So it is obviously untrue that they are "unique to the United States and Canada". This may be a badly worded sentence, or it may simply be incorrect individual research, but someone should rewrite or delete it. I would, but I don't know which one should be done. - Oisin(Speak)

Oisin - I have no idea where you live in the UK, but I certainly have never had one here - including almost weekly visits to various restaurants in China Town in London, takeaways or the rest of the south of England. Any other non-US peeps verify Oisins' claim? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.227.83 (talk) 22:38, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

I have had them in both Dundee and Edinburgh. From chinese takeaways. Some give them, some don't. 86.151.166.7 (talk) 11:39, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

New article in NYT on origin of the fortune cookie
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/16/dining/16fort.html Jayavarman1 (talk) 13:06, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

More than enough text has probably been added about Japanese origins now. (Please improve this material.) But the info box now needs improving, by someone who knows Japanese. The proper Japanese terms should be added.-69.87.203.187 (talk) 16:14, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

2004 research in Japan
Yasuko Nakamachi, a researcher in Japan, has devoted years to studying historic roots there, published in 2004 as part of a Kanagawa University report.

If someone is able to track down this 2004 publication, it would be good to have it properly listed as a full official reference. -69.87.203.122 (talk) 20:23, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Japanese Roots
Yasuko Nakamachi, a researcher in Japan, has devoted years to studying historic roots there, published in 2004 as part of a Kanagawa University report. She traced them to centuries-old small family bakeries making obscure fortune cookie-shaped crackers by hand near a temple outside Kyoto. She has turned up many references in Japanese literature and history. In an illustration from a 1878 book of stories, “Moshiogusa Kinsei Kidan”, the apprentice appears to be grilling wafers in black irons over coals, the same way they are made in Hogyokudo and other present-day bakeries. A sign above him reads “tsujiura senbei” and next to him are tubs filled with little round shapes — the tsujiura senbei themselves. The grills contain round molds into which batter is poured, something like a small waffle iron. Little pieces of paper were folded into the cookies before they cooled. The cookies are called: tsujiura senbei (“fortune crackers”), omikuji senbei (“written fortune crackers”), and suzu senbei (“bell crackers”). In an earlier work of fiction by Tamenaga Shunsui (1790 - 1843), a woman tries to placate two other women with tsujiura senbei that contain fortunes.

The families of Japanese or Chinese immigrants in California that claim to have invented or popularized fortune cookies all date the cookie’s appearance between 1907 and 1914. A number of immigrant families in California, mostly Japanese, have laid claim to introducing or popularizing the fortune cookie. Makoto Hagiwara was a Japanese immigrant who oversaw the Japanese Tea Garden built in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park in the 1890s. Visitors to the garden there were served fortune cookies made by a San Francisco bakery, Benkyodo. Fugetsudo and Benkyodo both have discovered their original “kata” black iron grills, almost identical to the ones that are used today in the Kyoto bakery. During the 1920s and 1930s, many Japanese immigrants in California owned chop suey restaurants, which served Americanized Chinese cuisine. -69.87.199.46 (talk) 02:19, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Europe's largest fortune cookie manufacturer Fortune Cookie Co. Ltd claims that "the origins of the Fortune Cookie as we know it today were laid down by the Chinese '49ers who worked on the building of the great American railways through the Sierra Nevada into California. Work was very hard and pleasures were few in isolated camps, those hard workers had only biscuits with happy messages inside, to exchange at the Moon Festival instead of traditional cakes with happy messages, thus the FORTUNE COOKIE was born. This became something of a cottage industry and as the Chinese settled in San Francisco after the railway and the Gold Boom the custom continued." Source: http://www.fortunecookie.demon.co.uk/fhistory.html Retrieved 28/05/08 NB Several American contributors claim that Fortune Cookies are only produced in the US, but I've had Chinese meals all over Western Europe (including the UK) and I never left those restaurants without them. Cheers everybody & have a cookie on me. And remember: "Always be kind to pigeons - a statue may one day be made of you". Frank Landsman (talk) 07:43, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Canned butcher.gif
Image:Canned butcher.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:48, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Regional variations on recipe
The ingredients given in the article do not match the normal recipe for fortune cookies in the UK, which are usually dairy free. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.91.191.29 (talk) 08:28, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Western World
The article says: "Throughout the western world, it is usually served with Chinese food in Chinese restaurants as a dessert."

I've never seen them in France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Holland, Czech republic... Even, in the French article it is said its only from USA and Canada, and in the German one: "Fortune cookies are not particularly available in Chinese restaurants or Asian grocer's shops in Europe", according to Yahoo's babelfish translation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.150.126.120 (talk) 20:04, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Likewise I cannot recall ever having seen one in a 'Chinese' restaurant in Australia. Not surprising, considering their heritage.  —DIV (120.19.1.177 (talk) 13:35, 22 September 2016 (UTC))

 * Having now reviewed the text under "Around the world", I found the phrase
 * "Fortune cookies [...] have been served"
 * to be singularly unhelpful. Yes, it happened once, in one restaurant, so we can include it in the list!?
 * Nobody cares if it has 'ever happened'. Readers want to know if it (almost) always happens, or sometimes happens, or infrequently happens.  For this context rare occurrences are pretty uninteresting, and actually should probably not be included in the article.  This includes Australia!
 * —DIV (120.19.1.177 (talk) 13:44, 22 September 2016 (UTC))

How do they make it?
Anyone have any idea how they make a fortune cookie? --Airplaneman (talk) 02:18, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Fortune-Cookie might help. Eseentially, a small pancake that is then twisted into shape and baked until hardened. --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 18:54, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Dessert?
This article states: "usually served with Chinese food in Chinese restaurants as a dessert." Not really, they're more like the chinese restaurant equivalent of an after dinner mint - you certainly wouldn't call one of those a dessert. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.141 (talk) 17:58, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

You would if you were basing the term dessert anywhere outside of the obese American empire.A dessert doesn't have to be large and covered in chocolate67.172.84.166 (talk) 14:33, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

Connection with fox statues
Complete speculation, but seeing the traditional Japanese fortune cookies outside Fushimi Inari-taisha (with the fortunes pinched into the mouth) and then seeing the statues of foxes clutching various objects (including a scroll) in their mouths (see image) makes one wonder if there’s any connection – i.e., if a fortune pinched into the “mouth” of the cookie evokes foxes holding something in their mouth.

I don’t think there is – as the NY Times article indicates, “many confectioneries and candies came with little fortunes inside”, and traditionally the fortunes were inside, not outside – so I think it’s just a fortune tradition.

Still, too tempting to not point out. (^.-)v
 * —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 04:47, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Stereotype
The multiply sourced text on fortune cookies sometimes being used to stereotype Asians was removed as "two isolated events". Here is another source related to a Mulan promotion. The Asian American Journalists Association has said that there is no reason to associate an Asian with a fortune cookie in the media. While the individual incidents do not need to be detailed, it should be mentioned that this is viewed by some as offensive in certain contexts. —Bagumba (talk) 02:17, 25 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Assuming a consensus to keep. I'll restore, while paring down details on specific incidents.—Bagumba (talk) 23:17, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

IHT article in external links
It may be worth noting in the article body that the prophecy fortunes usually always foretell something positive, but this is not always the case, as indicated by the International Herald Tribune article linked in the external links section. Apparently, the authors of those fortunes would like to balance things with some darker sayings, but consumer complaints prevent them from doing so, but every once in a while something slips out.

For example, I got a "bad" fortune yesterday, which prompted me to read this Wikipedia article. The little slip of paper told me: "You will inherit an unexpected sum of money within the year." I am sure the writer of that fortune meant it in a positive way, but to me the message was "your loving parents will die" and I didn't like it at all. ~Amatulić (talk) 18:36, 6 August 2012 (UTC) now,2013 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.128.35.14 (talk) 23:28, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

Other uses
You might want to keep your eyes open for other niches that the cookies fill. As a Literacy Volunteer, I went through a training course where we were given suggestions on assembling a bag of tricks to help keep the interest of the students. One suggestion was to bring fortune cookies to our sessions and using the student's fortune as a reading tool. Unfortunately, I can't find this tip on the 'Net tonight, but the it worked well and provided a tasty little snack, too. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 07:36, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20040818180921/http://sanfrancisco.about.com:80/cs/daytrips/a/fortunecook.htm to http://sanfrancisco.about.com/cs/daytrips/a/fortunecook.htm

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Connection to mooncakes
The connection to mooncakes needs to be either supported with one or more credible citations, or else removed. If there are so "many" people who believe in the stated connection, it should be easy to find references; if they are not easy to find, it is a clear indication the statement is false (and must therefore be deleted). —DIV (120.19.1.177 (talk) 13:32, 22 September 2016 (UTC))

Asian Stereotype section
I do not believe the use of the term "stereotype" is appropriate as its not true as it is to say not Chinese. A stereotype for example would be Asian people eat nothing but rice. most lawyers are Jewish. a over generalization those are. i am not sure how it should be rephrased. thoughts? ... also not my goal to offend anyone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Elstevo1234 (talk • contribs) 07:09, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_M._Kornbluth - "MS. Found in a Chinese Fortune Cookie" (1957)
"MS. Found in a Chinese Fortune Cookie" (1957) is supposedly written by Kornbluth using notes by "Cecil Corwin", who has been declared insane and incarcerated, and who smuggles out in fortune cookies the ultimate secret of life.

--79.153.133.130 (talk) 21:43, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

Fortune cookies in Peru
Hi

Thanks for pulling me up. I was lazily thinking that would do as a citation because it would refer to an article that would probably have several. Having looked to take one of the citations I assumed would be there directly into the Fortune Cookie article - I find there aren't any.

I have looked for a RS for this and although the statement "In Peru, they are served in the chifas, Chinese-Peruvian fusion food restaurants" is often motioned in blogs (travel and culinary) and I can't find anything that could be said to be peer reviewed.

Would something like This be adequate?

I ask for future reference as this will probably come up again.

Thanks in anticipation.

LWB Lukewarmbeer (talk) 11:45, 18 November 2023 (UTC) TEDickey (talk) 15:28, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

 * The indicated article "Asian-Latino Identity and Cultural Exploration through Travel…and Food" mentions a source "The Fortune Cookie Chronicles: Adventures in the World of Chinese Food" – Jennifer 8. Lee (link) which may be useful here. The article itself does not seem to help TEDickey (talk) 15:32, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply.
 * I saw that when searching and It may do. I could buy or borrow it (I can't access the book itself in the Wiki library) and read it to find out... but that doesn't seem like much of a citation? Lukewarmbeer (talk) 16:33, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fortune cookie


text:
Zamora, Spain

Zamora is a city and municipality of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital of the province of Zamora. The city straddles the Duero river. With its 24 characteristic Romanesque style churches of the 12th and 13th centuries it has been called a "museum of Romanesque art". Zamora is the city with the most Romanesque churches in all of Europe. The most important celebration in Zamora is Holy Week.

Zamora is part of the natural comarca of Tierra del Pan and it is the head of the judicial district of Zamora.

History
The city was founded early in the Bronze Age and was later occupied during the Iron Age by the Celtic people of the Vacceos who called it Ocalam.

After the Roman victory over the Lusitanian hero Viriathus the settlement was named by the Romans Occelum Durii or Ocellodurum (literally, "Eye of the Duero"). During Roman rule it was in the hands of the Vaccaei, and was incorporated into the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis. It was on the road from Emerita (modern Mérida) to Asturica Augusta (modern Astorga). (Ant. Itin. pp. 434, 439).

Two coins from the reign of the Visigothic king Sisebuto, show that it was known at the time as "Semure".

Following the campaigns of Musa ibn Nusayr in the 710s in the context of the Umayyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the town was conquered and a Berber garrison was left in the there, but following the Arab-Berber strifes, the territory was reportedly seized by Alfonso I of Asturias. Not much attention was paid however to the place in the chronicles from this period, as Asturian human resources at the time were mostly targeted at the Cantabrian coast and little is known about the inhabitants of the Duero Valley.

According to the chronicle of Al-Andalus by Isa ibn Ahmad al-Razi, Alfonso III of Asturias determined the Christian repopulation of the place in 280 AH (893–894 AD) (although the dates of 881, 899 and 910 AD have been also reported). A diocese and a bishop were established in the town in the early 10th century. Mozarab builders came from Toledo. The city became one of the most thriving Christian cities in Iberia in the early 10th century, possibly even passing León.

Zamora became the target of Ibn al-Qitt, who unsuccessfully tried to invade the city in 901 with help from Nafzāwa Berbers. It was also attacked several times during the Caliphal era, and Almanzor eventually seized the city in 966. The place returned to Christian control during the reign of Alfonso V of León.

Since the early 11th century, with the repopulation works by Raymond of Burgundy, the place saw planned repopulating efforts. A new perimeter of city walls was also erected in the 11th century. The population intramuros included the nobles and regal officers, the clergy, Frank settlers from Gascogne, Poitou and Provence who had installed in the city during the time of Raymond of Burgundy, settlers of Asturian, Leonese and Galician origin, as well as some Mozarabs. Zamora was granted a fuero in 1208.

The most notable historic episode in Zamora was the assassination outside the city walls of the king Sancho II of Castile in 1072. Some decades before, king Ferdinand I of León had divided his kingdoms between his three sons. To his daughter, Doña Urraca, he had bequeathed the "well fortified city of Zamora" (or "la bien cercada" in Spanish). All three sons warred among themselves, till the ultimate winner, Sancho, was left victorious. Zamora, under his sister who was allied with Leonese nobles, resisted. Sancho II of Castile, assisted by El Cid, laid siege to Zamora. King Sancho II was murdered by a duplicitous noble of Zamora, Bellido Dolfos, who tricked the king into a private meeting. After the death of Sancho, Castile reverted to his deposed brother Alfonso VI of León. The event was commemorated by the Portillo de la Traición (Treason Gate).

In the late middle ages, Zamora was one of the 17 cities (18 after the inclusion of Granada) that enjoyed a vote at the Cortes of the Crown of Castile, actually speaking on behalf of all of Galicia since the early 15th century (Galicia did not have any city with representation until the 17th century).

Zamora was also the scene of fierce fighting in the 15th century, during the conflict between the supporters of Isabella the Catholic and Juana la Beltraneja. The Spanish proverb, No se ganó Zamora en una hora, literally, Zamora wasn't won in an hour, is a reference to these battles. It is the Spanish equivalent of the English proverb "Rome wasn't built in a day."

During the 12th century, the city was extraordinarily important for its strategic position in the wars between the Kingdom of León and the Almoravids and Almohads. As a result, the city preserves many churches and buildings from that time. In the 1140s and 1150s it was ruled by Prince Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera, who has a street named after him in the city today.

Henry IV granted Zamora the epithet of "most noble and most loyal city".

The city leaned towards support to the Revolt of the Comuneros in the northern hemisphere Fall of 1520. By September 1520, the corregidor appointed by the Crown was ousted and replaced by an alcalde designated by the community. However, the hopes of the rebels across the Crown of Castile were handed a crushing blow at the Battle of Villalar on 23 April 1521.

In the Early Modern Period, the city lost its political and economic relevance and suffered emigration, especially to South America (where many other cities called Zamora were founded).

According to the Godoy Census, the city had a population of 10,171 in 1797.

During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), the savagery of the repression against leftists and liberals is captured in Ramón Sender Barayón's 'A Death in Zamora', which tells of the extrajudicial murder of his mother, Amparo Barayon, the wife of the famous novelist Ramon Sender.

Location
Located in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula, the city lies at about 649 metres above sea level, around a rocky hill near the Duero river some 50 km upstream of the Portuguese border.

The municipality expands across a total area of 149.28 km2.

Climate
Zamora has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk), with cool winters and hot summers. Precipitation is mainly recorded during two seasons, spring and autumn, with summer characterized by droughts. The highest temperature ever recorded is 41.0 °C (105 °F) on 24 July 1995 while the minimum stood at −13.4 °C (8 °F) on 16 January 1945. Fog is common during winters, frequently decreasing morning temperatures.

Main sights
Main sights of Zamora include:

 * Cathedral, in Romanesque style, dating to the 12th century, taking only 23 years to build.
 * Medieval Castle of Zamora.
 * Palacio de los Condes de Alba y Aliste, built in 1459 by the first Count of Alva y Aliste. It boasts a patio and staircase decorated with carvings by artists from Lombardy.
 * Calle Balborraz.
 * Church of San Pedro y San Ildefonso, built from the 11th century, probably over a Visigothic temple. It was reformed in Romanesque style in the 12th–13th centuries, but was much renovated in the 15th and 18th centuries. It has presently a single nave with cross vaults
 * Church of Santa María Magdalena. The southern façade is in Romanesque style, dating back to the 13th century.
 * Church of San Isidoro (12th century). It has one nave, having a square major chapel. The exterior features two ogival arcades with archivolts.
 * Church of San Claudio de Olivares, known from the 12th century. Of small size, it has a single nave with a presbytery and a semicircular apse. The columns of the nave have carvings.
 * Church of San Juan de Puerta Nueva (12th century stained glass circular window, symbol of Zamora).
 * Church of Santa María la Nueva (12th century, baptistery dating back to the 13th century).
 * Church of Santiago de los Caballeros (11th century), located outside the city walls. El Cid was created knight here.
 * Church of Santiago El Burgo (Southern façade, 12th century Romanesque)
 * City walls: three walled enclosures dating back to the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries.
 * Museo de Semana Santa de Zamora: Opposite the Church of Santa María la Nueva, dedicated to Semana Santa de Zamora the processions during which are celebrated with particular ceremony in Zamora. The museum holds a large collection of pasos, the figures which are carried in procession through the streets by various 'cofradías' or brotherhoods. See Holy Week in Zamora
 * Museo de Zamora: Local history museum with an archeological collection and chronological displays ranging from prehistoric inhabitants of the region to Roman and modern models.

Surroundings

 * Arcenillas church (15th century panels)
 * Hiniesta church (Gothic, sculptures and murals)
 * The Church of San Pedro de la Nave, (village of El Campillo – 12 km, 7½ miles distant) was founded in the 7th century, rebuilt in the 12th century, and is one of the three best-preserved Visigothic churches in all of Spain. It was moved stone by stone and then re-erected, owing to the construction of a reservoir on its original site.

Transportation
The city is served by the Zamora Railway Station, located on one of the Spanish North-Northwestern high speed lines. All major Spanish bus companies and some local companies operate out of the Estación de Autobuses de Zamora, which connects Zamora to neighboring cities, such as Salamanca and Benavente, as well as nearby pueblos, major cities such as Valladolid and Madrid, and further destinations around Spain and Europe.

Food
Food specialties in Zamora include the pulses, the chickpeas or 'garbanzos' from Fuentesauco, the exquisite cheese made from sheep's milk, honey from Sanabria, asparagus from Guareña, peppers from Benavente, steak from Aliste, mushrooms, game, cold meats, cakes and sweets.

Other specialties are the rice dishes from Zamora and the Toro wines (very dark, almost black, nowadays made using modern techniques – with a rapidly growing reputation for their taste and quality). Traditional dishes include bacalao a la tranca (a cod dish), pulpo a la sanabresa (an octopus dish), dos y pingada (two fried eggs with fried ham, usually served at Easter) and presas de ternera (a beef dish). For dessert there is the rebojo Zamorano, a very tasty though hard type of bun, and las natillas almendradas (Spanish style custard with almonds).

Notable people

 * Predilect sons and daughters (honorary citizens)
 * Ángel Nieto (1947–2017; posthumous recognition).
 * People born in Zamora
 * Leopoldo Alas, also known as "Clarín" was a Spanish novelist born in Zamora. A street in Zamora is named after him.
 * Ángel Nieto: multi-time (or '12+1' as he puts it himself) Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion. He is considered a national hero in his Spanish homeland. The local sports centre is named after him. Some sources mistakenly refer to him as being born in Madrid.
 * Agustín Remesal: Journalist working as a TVE correspondent. Also writer.
 * Ramón Álvarez: Born in Zamora. Author of many of the figures or 'pasos' carried through its streets during the Holy Week.
 * Emilio Merchán: multi-time world champion in canoeing
 * Carlos Llamas: national radio news presenter, died 10 October 2007.
 * Mirelio Guapo: NASA engineer who directed Apollo 11 Mission.
 * Manuel Pérez (1735 - 1819), Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana between November 1787 and 1792.
 * Sergio Reguilón : Footballer, who started his career with Real Madrid and plays as a left back. Currently he plays for Tottenham Hotspur and the Spain National team.
 * Jacob ibn Habib, (1460-1516) a renowned Jewish commentator on the Talmud

Sister cities

 * 🇵🇹 Bragança, Portugal (1984).
 * 🇪🇸 Oviedo, Spain, since 2001.
 * 🇻🇪 Yaritagua, Venezuela.
 * 🇻🇪 Altagracia de Orituco, Venezuela

title: Zamora, Spain


text:
User talk:Vanieter

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I fraternally invite you to add your name, to join the new community Wikipedians/Quebec. Thanks and welcome! Je vous invite fraternellement à ajouter votre nom, à vous joindre à la nouvelle communauté Wikipedians/Quebec. Merci et bienvenue! --Liberlogos 04:32, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot for joining the community. Tell other Wikipedian Quebecers or people related to Quebec that you know about the new community so we can share better, help each other better and know each other better. See you soon!
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Quebec Wikipedians notice board
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Vous êtes cordialement invité à collaborer au Quebec Wikipedians notice board. Circeus 19:28, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

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Wikimedia Canada
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You're invited!
Hello, Vanieter,

You are invited meet with your fellow Wikipedians by attending the Montréal meetup scheduled on Sunday, June 27, 2010; between 1500 - 1700 to be held at the Comité Social Centre Sud (CSCS), located at 1710 Beaudry, in Montréal. You can sign up at the meetup page.

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Nomination of XWin for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vanieter


text:
User talk:Jrshaw

I've breezed through the helps, style manual, etc. Any issues?...

Ways to improve Walther Theological Seminary
Fixed the reference to male only M.Div. --Jrshaw (talk) 18:11, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for December 17
Fixed Decatur & Greek --Jrshaw (talk) 18:00, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Association of Confessional Lutheran Churches for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Association of Confessional Lutheran Churches is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Association of Confessional Lutheran Churches until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. schetm (talk) 17:21, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jrshaw


text:
User:Adoarns

Brithunderling unto the pitch
"Oso trained in the brine pits of the Austerlanding-Brisotho crawled up onto his lean haunches. He wasn’t built very solidly, but like a recurved bow, a quivering spring. He was game for this."

The book starts conventionally (for this kind of book, anyway), with a search for the historical personage. The line had gone extinct. What few tracts remain with his name appended have been increasingly questioned as his autograph. Even the memory of him, in once-vital brains, has faded with timely attrition. What remains are the references to him, in his students’ and friends’ works. How can a man be remade from words? Sooner reconstitute the dust of his corpse then reanimate scribbles on a page.

{{Template:User sql-3}

title: User:Adoarns


text:
User talk:Adoarns

Hello Adoarns, welcome to Wikipedia!

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Don't be afraid of making the odd mistake, there are any number of others eagerly waiting for a chance to correct it!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. When you create an article, could you highlight the title word or title phrase at its first appearance, like this? Also, culture-bound syndrome in its original version used too many capital letters (notice that I didn't use any capitals in the link to it in this sentence). Michael Hardy 17:46, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Wrathful dispersion
Hi. I took out the section you added to List of pseudosciences and pseudoscientific concepts. The citation you'd used is to a blog, which isn't a sufficiently WP:reliable source. --Hugh Charles Parker (talk - contribs) 17:59, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 17:15, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, an open access peer reviewed journal with no charges, invites you to participate
Hi

Did you know about Wikiversity Journal of Medicine? It is an open access, peer reviewed medical journal, with no publication charges. You can find more about it by reading the article on The Signpost featuring this journal.

We welcome you to have a look the journal. Feel free to participate.

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 D ip ta ns hu Talk 13:13, 11 August 2016 (UTC) -on behalf of the Editorial Board, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine.

Credentials for peer reviewing an article on the hippocampus
Hi,

WikiJournal of Medicine now has a submission about the hippocampus. If you're interested in peer reviewing it, I first want you to provide some credentials of your neurology expertise, such as a link to a reliable webpage, or copies of certification documents. You may email it to, and I will then keep it confidential.

Best regards,

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title: User talk:Adoarns


text:
User talk:SeeSchloss

Hello SeeSchloss, welcome to Wikipedia!

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Sweet! Where did you get Image:Emission spectrum-Fe.png? I've been trying to find a copyright free source of emission spectra of each element. --mav 12:01, 9 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * My physics teacher gave us a sheet with some emission spectra last year, I scanned the iron and the hydrogen ones (because they were quite different) and retouched them in Paint Shop Pro to clean the bands. The sheets had no mention of a copyright, not even a "do not photocopy", so I thought I could use them. There are a few others if you want, but not the whole periodic table I'm afraid. → SeeSchloss 12:35, 9 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I doubt that any image of an emission spectrum could be copyrighted, come to think of it. Oh well - the search continues... :) --mav

---

hey, see, I read something you wrote about not supporting any country with god in its motto and I thought you might want to read the King James Bible article.

It seems the Christians who are promoting their book on Wikipedia think the document had no signifigance after it was interpreted and published. They don't seem to find it relevant that the document brought genocidal language in gods name to the common people who were accomplishing their manifest destiny in America. They would rather students who read wikipedia not know that the king james bible allowed Christian leaders to say in the english language that god ordered his chosen people to kill every man woman and child in lands they conquered, at a time when those people were conquering a new land whose occupancy was prevented only by non-christians already residing there.

They don't want to recognize King James Jacobite history, nor the Mesianic myths that follow the Jacobite's beleif that they are gods chosen rulers of all the world and of Jeruselem. The pages should at least have an accuracy heading, but probably need the attention of people who can talk about the blood spilt on the open pages of the King James Bible.

It might provide some context for Mel Gibson's anti-semetic mind-control efforts, anyway.

France flag large.png
I see that you seem to be the main author of this image file. You say in your first edit summary that you made it from scratch so that it effectively no longer comes from the CIA world factbook. What licence did you release it under when you made it? David Newton 21:34, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I released it under public domain, and I'm sure I edited the summary to replace the PD-CIA or something to just PD as well. I don't think that a picture with just three coloured stripes can apply for anything else than public domain anyway :)

File:Emission spectrum-H.png missing description details
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If you have any questions please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 23:23, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Emission spectrum-H.png
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:SeeSchloss


text:
MLE

MLE may refer to:

Organizations

 * Media Lab Europe, former lab in Dublin, Ireland
 * Major League Eating, competitive eating organization
 * Marxistisk-Leninistisk Enhedsforbund, a Danish Maoist group 1972–1975
 * Military Liaison Element anti-terrorist special forces in US embassies
 * Mister Leather Europe, European leather subculture event

Science and technology

 * Mars Lander Engine of Mars Science Laboratory
 * Multi-Lamellar Emulsion, in dermatology
 * Maximum likelihood estimation, in statistics
 * Managed learning environment, in e-learning
 * Muconate lactonizing enzyme, in molecular biology
 * Magazine Lee–Enfield, a rifle
 * Maleless protein, involved in Dosage compensation in Drosophila, in genetics
 * An error in Competitive programming meaning Memory Limit Exceeded.
 * Machine learning engineer, a software engineer who specializes in machine learning

Other uses

 * Magister Legum Europae, i.e. Master of European Law, a European Master's degree in the field of European law
 * Multicultural London English, in linguistics
 * Velana International Airport, Malé, IATA code
 * Mid-Level Exception, an NBA salary cap exception
 * Model Law Engineer, a professional designation in the United States

title: MLE


text:
Talk:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Rename?
Again (see Talk:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel), I propose to rename that page Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Any objections this time? --KF 19:47 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

"C.J. Bode"
Is the reference to "C.J. Bode" an accidental reversal of the initials of Johann Christoph Bode? -- Fullstop 13:04, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Britannica
This article has some sort of citation here, in Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Anyone know what's going on?--Shtove 08:48, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

ut pictura, poesis
"Lessing is important as a literary critic for his work Laocoon: An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry. In this work, he argues against the tendency to take Horace's ut pictura poesis (as painting, so poetry) as prescriptive for literature. In other words, he objected to trying to make literature do what painting does. Instead, poetry and painting each has its character (the former is extended in time; the latter is extended in space). This is related to Lessing's turn from French classicism to Aristotelian mimesis, discussed above."

I don't have time to change this myself right now, but I wanted to call attention to the above passage because I believe it misrepresents the whole point driving the Laocoon. Lessing is not arguing that painting and poetry produce fundamentally different sensations in their respective audiences, just that the artistic approach to producing those sensations ought not be the same in poetry as in painting (e.g. he discourages the use of facile symbols in poetry, but believes they are indispensable in painting). A reductive, yet still more correct version of the bolded sentence could then be: In other words, he objected to trying to write poetry using the same devices as one would in painting.

The distinction between literature and poetry is also important here, as it is made explicitly in the Laocoon.

 * edit* I'm just going to put that sentence in there for now

66.36.135.15 09:07, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:33, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing


text:
Talk:Cape Town

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:22, 16 June 2022 (UTC)
 * 2013.01.03 Ciudad del Cabo, ZA (22).JPG

 * @ answer phone call now retrace this backwards 2601:582:8100:1E00:4CB8:C59D:D26D:215 (talk) 19:08, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
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 * Cape town stadium aerial view 1.jpg
 * Capetown stadium.JPG

S.S
Description of the settlement of cape town 102.249.0.210 (talk) 09:32, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

History section is a bit of a mess
I think the post-aparthied history section of this article is a bit of a mess. It seems to contain significant content that is not, yet, history and is very much a part of the present. There are at least two passages that likley should be moved to other, better suited, sections of the article. Such as:
 * "The Democratic Alliance (DA), a liberal political party which came to power in Cape Town in 2006, has been credited with improving bureaucratic efficiency, public safety and fostering economic development. Opinion polls show that South Africans see it as the best governed province and city in the country. Of South Africa’s 257 municipalities, only 38 received a clean financial audit in 2022 from the Auditor-General. Of those, 21 were in the Western Cape. "

This section should rather be moved to the politics section, it is not yet history but seems more like current affairs.

And:
 * "The legacy of apartheid's spatial planning is still evident, with significant disparities between affluent areas and impoverished townships. 60% of the city's population live in townships and informal settlements far from the city centre. The legacy of Apartheid means Cape Town remains one of the most racially segregated cities in South Africa. Many Black South Africans continue to live in informal settlements with limited access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation. The unemployment rate remains high at 23% (though nearly 10 points lower than the nationwide average), particularly among historically disadvantaged groups, and economic opportunities are unevenly distributed."

This section should rather be moved to either the Infrastructure and services section or the Geography section of the article, also because it is current affairs and not yet history. -- Discott (talk) 19:30, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree mostly with the first point as the content discussed is very current affairs-specific, but I feel like the part about apartheid's present-day impacts belongs at the end of the History section as a sort of segue. It should be made more specific and historically-focused, sure, but at its heart it is about a historical period and its impacts on present-day Cape Town. That portion also wouldn't fit well with any other content currently in the Geography or Infrastructure and Services sections (not necessarily a reason to keep in History, but still worth mentioning). SunTunnels (talk) 02:19, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cape Town