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Belmont University

Belmont University is a private Christian university in Nashville, Tennessee. Descended from Belmont Women's College, founded in 1890 by schoolteachers Ida Hood and Susan Heron, the institution was incorporated in 1951 as Belmont College.

With expansion of programs, it became Belmont University in 1991. Belmont's current enrollment consists of approximately 8,900 students representing every state and 28 nations. Although the university cut its ties with the Tennessee Baptist Convention in 2007, it continues to emphasize a Christian identity.

History
The university originated with the founding of the Belmont Women's College in 1890 by Susan Ledley Heron and Ida Emily Hood, on the site of the Belmont Mansion, built by Joseph Acklen and Adelicia (Hayes) Acklen.

Upon the retirement of Heron and Hood, Belmont Women's College merged with Ward Seminary in 1913 and was known as Ward—Belmont College, which included both a junior college and college-prep (or high) school for women. The Belmont Mansion is owned by Belmont University but maintained by the Belmont Mansion Association, a non-profit group. The mansion is open for tours. It features Victorian art and furnishings. The water tower, gardens, with surviving gazebos and outdoor statuary from the Acklen era, are part of the college campus. In 1991, the school became Belmont University.

The university was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister's Commendation for their contributions to the promotion of mutual understanding between Japan and the US on December 1, 2020.

Nashville's first radio station
The first radio station in Nashville went on air in May 1922 when Boy Scout John "Jack" DeWitt Jr., a 16-year-old high school student, installed a twenty-watt transmitter at Belmont. The station, WDAA, was born when Dr. C. E. Crosland, Associate President, realized the potential advertising value to the college of a radio station. The WDAA program on April 18, 1922, marked the first time a music program was broadcast in Nashville. The broadcast could be heard 150 to 200 mi from the school. DeWitt later became WSM (AM) radio station's chief engineer, 1932–1942, and president, 1947–1968.

Ties to the Tennessee Baptist Convention
In 1951, the Tennessee Baptist Convention bought Ward–Belmont College, the finishing school operated in Nashville by Ward–Belmont, Inc., which was facing severe financial difficulties. The convention established the co-educational Belmont College in March 1951, selecting R. Kelly White as president. In 1959, Herbert Gabhart succeeded White and Belmont was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Enrollment rose from 365 students to 2,000, and the college launched a music business program. He was succeeded by Bill Troutt in 1982, who, at 32, was the youngest college president in the nation. In 1991, it changed its name to Belmont University.

In 2005 Belmont's board of trustees sought to remove Belmont University from the control of the Tennessee Baptist Convention while remaining in a "fraternal relationship" with it. Advocates of this plan presented a blueprint for change in which all board members would be Christians, but only 60 percent would be Baptists to affirm a Christian affinity while acknowledging the diversity of both the faculty and the student body. The head of the TBC would continue to be an ex officio board member. The TBC rejected this plan. In November 2005, TBC said it wanted to shift its financial support to two other institutions, Union University and Carson-Newman College. Belmont would replace the three percent of its budget that was funded by the TBC. However, on April 7, 2006, TBC sought to oust the existing board and replace it with one consisting entirely of Southern Baptists and amenable to ongoing TBC control. After settlement talks failed, the Tennessee Baptist Convention Executive Board filed a lawsuit on September 29, 2006, against Belmont seeking the return of approximately $58 million.

Belmont severed its ties with the Tennessee Baptist Convention in 2007, with the announcement that it would be a Christian university without any denominational affiliations. Under its terms, the TBC and Belmont would disaffiliate amicably, with Belmont agreeing to pay $1 million to the convention immediately and $250,000 annually for the next forty years, for a total cost of $11 million. The university has stated its intent to maintain a Christian identity but no longer a specifically Baptist one.

21st century
Belmont University became a catalyst for anti-discrimination protests in December 2010, when women's soccer coach Lisa Howe allegedly lost her job at the university on December 2 after announcing that she was having three children with her same-sex partner. Howe's dismissal sparked protests from students and local and national gay-rights advocates. These events led to a citywide anti-discrimination ordinance being passed by the Nashville City Council in January 2011. On January 26, 2011, President Bob Fisher announced that Belmont has added sexual orientation to the university's non-discrimination policies. Belmont is a Christian university that was widely regarded for its progressive ideals until the controversy broke out over Howe's departure. The college was criticized for not allowing a group with a mission to support gay students and explore the intersection of Christianity and homosexuality called Bridge Builders to officially form as a student group. At a news conference, Fisher stated that they had resubmitted the application. On February 27, 2011, Belmont University officially recognized the gay student organization for the first time. Belmont Provost Thomas Burns and Bridge Builders President Robbie Maris announced the decision to recognize the student group in a joint statement.

In February 2018, Belmont University took ownership of the O'More College of Design. On March 6, 2019, Belmont University announced that its current College of Visual and Performing Arts will be separated into two distinct colleges with defined areas of focus: the College of Music and Performing Arts will include all music, theatre and dance programs while the O'More College of Architecture, Art and Design will house architecture, art, fashion, interior design and design communications.

Two years later, Belmont University announced that they would merge with Watkins College of Art, Design & Film, located in Nashville. Belmont and Watkins planned to evaluate employment needs based on the number of students transferring, existing capacities, and related considerations. As a long-standing Christian institution, Belmont's policy intention was to hire faculty and staff who support the Christian institution's mission, vision, and values; however, due to the nature of merging institutions, the university announced special consideration will be given to current Watkins employees regardless of their position of faith. In May 2021, Belmont sold the former Watkins College campus for $22.5 million, funds which the university states will underwrite scholarships for students of the visual arts.

In July 2020, a group of Belmont University students and alumni began to draw attention to the university's longstanding relationship with CoreCivic (formerly the Corrections Corporation of America), asking the school to divest from any financial ties to CoreCivic and for-profit prisons. The relationship between CoreCivic and the university extends to the early 1980s. In 1983, notable Tennessee businessman Jack C. Massey, provided a portion of the initial funding to begin Corrections Corporation of America, along with Thomas Beasley. Discussed as early as 1966, Belmont's Massey Graduate School of Business was founded shortly after in 1986. Beasley has also funded major programs at the school, including a free enterprise institute at the Massey Business School. In 2018, Damon Hininger, CEO of CoreCivic, joined the Belmont University Board of Trustees. Shortly after students and alumni began a petition asking for his removal. Hininger is not the first board member with ties to CoreCivic. The current board includes Andrea Overby (donor to CoreCivic PAC in 2018 and wife of Charles Overby, former CCA board member) as well as John Ferguson (former CCA president). As of April 2021, Damon Hininger was no longer a member of the board, having completed his allowed number of terms.

Presidents

 * L. Gregory Jones (2021–present)
 * Robert Fisher (2000–2021)
 * Bill Troutt (1982–2000)
 * Herbert Gabhart (1959–1982)
 * R. Kelly White (1951–1959)

Academics
Belmont University offers bachelor's degrees in over 90 academic majors in nine colleges with more than 25 master's and five doctoral programs. Belmont and HCA created a health sciences consortium with local universities to alleviate the shortage of nurses and health care professionals in the local community, and provides students with shared office space and mentoring from faculty, local entrepreneurs, and attorneys. Journalism students have gained work experience at The Oprah Winfrey Show, The Daily Show, CBS Evening News, and the British Broadcasting Corp.

Rankings
In the 2024 U.S. News & World Report college rankings, Belmont was tied for 236 out of 394 in the category of National Universities.

Music and music business programs
Belmont's Mike Curb College of Entertainment & Music Business (CEMB) consists of current/former authors, performers, expert witnesses (for industry lawsuits), artist managers, lawyers, record label executives, songwriters, and others. Mike Curb is the CEO of Curb Records. He was a producer, songwriter, and company executive and one of the most successful record men of the sixties and seventies. He is the department's namesake. The former dean of the CEMB, Jim Van Hook, is a legendary Nashville label head, especially as part of the Christian music industry. One of the hallmarks of the program is its internship program, which sends hundreds of students annually out into the Nashville, New York, and Los Angeles music industries to intern for record labels, management companies, publishing companies, booking agencies, publicists, recording studios, law firms, and other businesses.

Besides having three professional-quality recording studios on campus, Belmont owns the Belmont Studios (including Ocean Way Nashville), part of which is operated for-profit (used by such artists as Dave Matthews, Sheryl Crow, and Bob Seger), and part of which is used by students. Ocean Way Nashville, purchased by Belmont in 2001, has recorded thousands of tracks including the score for The Last of Us, a top-selling game that won Best Audio in the global GANG (Game Audio Network Guild) Awards.

Schools and colleges

 * College of Education
 * College of Law
 * College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences
 * College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences
 * College of Sciences & Mathematics
 * College of Music & Performing Arts
 * Gordon E. Inman College of Nursing
 * Interdisciplinary Studies & Global Education
 * Jack C. Massey College of Business
 * The Mike Curb College of Entertainment & Music Business (CEMB)
 * O'More College of Architecture & Design
 * Watkins College of Art

Main campus (Nashville)

Belmont is located in an urban setting near Nashville's Midtown district, with the campus sandwiched by the Hillsboro-West End, Music Row, Edgehill, and Belmont-Hillsboro neighborhoods. Within a reasonable walk of the university are commercial areas 12South and Hillsboro Village.

In June 2006, Belmont opened the $18 million Gordon E. Inman Center that houses the Gordon E. Inman College of Health Sciences and Nursing. The building has three stories of classroom space that contain learning labs equipped with Sim Man mannequins that respond to the actions of the nursing students. There are classrooms for adult and pediatric occupational therapy, maternity and neonatal care complete with Sim Man babies and a birthing Sim Woman, an orthopedics lab, and many classrooms of various sizes.

Belmont houses the Curb Event Center, a 5000-seat multi-purpose arena, which is used for basketball games, concerts, and other events like the 2006, 2007 and 2008 CMT Awards, and the 2008 Presidential Debate. The facility is connected to the Beaman Student Life Center and Maddox Grand Atrium—collectively, a $52 million development.

In 2015, the university opened its R. Milton and Denice Johnson Center, home to Belmont's Curb College, Department of Media Studies, Motion Pictures and Harrington Place Dining.

Regional campus

 * "Williamson Center" in suburban Franklin, Tennessee. This center for professional education and corporate meetings opened in January 2015. It includes classrooms for Belmont's adult degree, professional, and continuing education programs. It also provides space for area businesses to lease for events and meetings. This facility replaced the university's first center in Cool Springs, which had opened in 2002 on Seaboard Lane.

National campuses

 * Los Angeles (Belmont West)
 * New York City (Belmont East)

Student life
Belmont has over 190 student organizations. These include the Student Government Association (SGA), The Student Activities Programming Board (SAPB), Greek organizations, as well as other special interest organizations.

The largest student organization on campus is Service Corps, which focuses on volunteer work inside the music industry and is open only to students enrolled in the Mike Curb College of Entertainment and Music Business.

Belmont's Greek community consists of five sororities and four fraternities. The sororities are Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Alpha Sigma Tau, Delta Sigma Theta, Kappa Alpha Theta, and Phi Mu. The fraternities include Phi Kappa Tau, Alpha Phi Alpha, Phi Mu Alpha, and Phi Beta Sigma. In the spring of 2017, approximately 17% of full-time undergraduate students at Belmont were members of fraternities and sororities.

Belmont has a large music program, and a variety of musical ensembles exist on the campus. There are currently 15 vocal ensembles and 23 instrumental ensembles. In addition, there are three student-run a cappella groups: The Beltones (mixed ensemble), Prismatics (mixed), and Pitchmen (TTBB). All three a cappella groups compete in the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) regularly. The Beltones have advanced to ICCA finals three times and placed 4th at the event in 2014. The Pitchmen qualified for ICCA finals in 2020 but the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In April 2023, The Pitchmen won 1st place at the ICCA Finals, taking home their first championship. In 2020, The A Cappella Archive ranked The Beltones at #8 amongst all ICCA-competing groups since 1996. Belmont is home to two Greek-lettered music fraternities, Sigma Alpha Iota and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, as well as a chapter for the national theatre fraternity, Alpha Psi Omega.

Belmont operates one student newspaper called The Vision, published monthly.

Main campus attractions

 * Belmont Mansion
 * The Bell Tower – The first carillon in Tennessee and among the first 25 installed in North America.
 * Curb Event Center

Off-campus facilities

 * E.S. Rose Park – Metro Nashville Parks owned property in partnership with Belmont University – hosts NCAA Div.I baseball, soccer, softball, and track.

Athletics
Belmont is a member of the NCAA Division I and is a member of the Missouri Valley Conference in all of Belmont's sports except men's soccer, which its previous conference, the Ohio Valley, does not sponsor. On September 28, 2021, Belmont announced that it would become a member of the Missouri Valley Conference, beginning in the Fall of 2022. Until July 1, 2012, Belmont had been a member of the Atlantic Sun Conference, a non-football conference. The men's soccer team was most recently an independent before joining the Horizon League effective with the 2014 season.

In the mid-1990s, Belmont changed its nickname to the "Bruins", replacing the earlier mascot of Rebels due to its association with the Confederacy. Bruin is Middle English forbear from the Dutch fable "History of Reynard the Fox", translated by William Caxton.

In 2011 Belmont student-athletes won the Atlantic Sun Conference Academic Trophy for the eighth time in ten years with 76.32 percent of the student-athletes achieving at least a 3.0 grade-point average.

In 2012 Belmont student-athletes won the Ohio Valley Conference Institutional Academic Achievement Award for the first time after joining the conference the previous year.

In 2015, Belmont received the OVC's Institutional Academic Achievement Award, presented each year to the member institution with the greatest percentage of its eligible student-athletes that earn a 3.25 GPA or higher. This award marked the 4th straight year for Belmont, who joined the OVC only 4 years prior.

Presidential debates
On November 19, 2007, The Commission on Presidential Debates chose Belmont University from sixteen finalists to host one of three Presidential election debates on October 7, 2008. The debate at Belmont was a "town hall" style debate with questions fielded from the audience.

In 2019, the Commission on Presidential Debates selected Belmont to host the third and final presidential debate on October 22. The second presidential debate, scheduled for Oct. 15 in Miami, was canceled. The Belmont debate, the final debate in the 2020 election cycle between then candidates President Donald Trump and former Vice President Joe Biden, occurred as scheduled with NBC News' Kristen Welker moderating.

Notable faculty

 * Alberto Gonzales, former United States Attorney General, is the Doyle Rogers Distinguished Chair of Law.
 * Mark Volman, a founding member of the Turtles, is an associate professor of entertainment industry studies.
 * Alan Shacklock, music producer, is a professor of audio engineering technology.

title: Belmont University


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Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo

Jean-Baptiste Philippe Ouédraogo (born 30 June 1942), also referred to by his initials JBO, is a Burkinabé physician and retired military officer who served as President of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 8 November 1982 to 4 August 1983. He has since mediated a few national political disputes and operates a clinic in Somgandé.

Ouédraogo received his early education in Upper Volta before joining the Upper Voltan Army and studying medicine abroad. After working in healthcare, he was appointed chief medical officer of the Ouagadougou military camp. He participated in the November 1982 coup d'état and shortly thereafter assumed the presidency. More ideologically moderate than most of his comrades, Ouédraogo did not command much popular support and governed the country amid an unstable political climate. A protracted dispute with Prime Minister Thomas Sankara resulted in his removal from power in a coup in August 1983 and imprisonment. He was released in 1985 and resumed medical work. He opened a clinic in Somgandé in 1992, which he still operates. In the 2010s, he acted as a mediator between opposing political factions.

Early life and education
Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo was born on 30 June 1942 in Kaya, French West Africa, to a Mossi family. He started his education at the École Primaire Catholique de Bam, later attending the minor seminary of Pabré before completing his secondary education at the Lycée de Philippe-Zinda-Kaboré de Ouagadougou. He studied medicine at the University of Abidjan and the School of Naval Medicine in Bordeaux, graduating from the latter in 1974. He then took courses at the University of Strasbourg, with a focus in paediatrics. Ouédraogo finished his studies with a doctor of medicine, and degrees in sports medicine and in paediatrics and child welfare.

Ouédraogo became the first head of the paediatrics department at the Centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado-Ouédraogo in Ouagadougou, serving there from 1976 until 1977. Afterwards he interned at a hospital in Mulhouse until 1981. He married a school teacher, Bernadette, and had three children with her, all of whom became physicians.

Early military career
Ouédraogo was commissioned as a second lieutenant and medic into the Upper Voltan Army in October 1972. In October 1979 he was promoted to médicin-commandant (equivalent to major). Three years later he was appointed chief medical officer of the new Ouagadougou military base, Camp Militaire de Gounghin.

1982 coup and assumption of presidency
On 7 November 1982 Ouédraogo participated in a military coup which ousted President of Upper Volta Saye Zerbo. He and his fellow military officers then formed the Conseil de Salut du Peuple (CSP). Two days later the council elected him President as a compromise choice between the leftist radicals and conservatives. He was the first Mossi head of state since Maurice Yaméogo. According to Ouédraogo, Captain Thomas Sankara was supposed to take power but withdrew at the last minute, leading other officers to choose him to assume the presidency due to his senior rank though, in his words, "against my will". Unlike Sankara, he lacked political experience and popular support, and was quickly regarded by the leftist members of the CSP as conservative and sympathetic to policies of France. Ouédraogo thought of his opponents as "hard-core Marxists" and maintained that he was a "liberal and sincere democrat". Nevertheless, the media viewed Ouédraogo and Sankara as united in goals and dubbed them "Siamese twins". Shortly after taking power, Ouédraogo told the foreign diplomatic corps in Upper Volta that the new government would uphold a non-aligned foreign policy, respect its international agreements, and defend its territory with "intransigence".

On 21 November Ouédraogo declared that the CSP would restore a constitutional, civilian regime in two years time. Five days later the CSP installed a formal government. Ouédraogo was the only soldier in the cabinet and, in addition to his role as President, was made Minister of National Defence and Veterans Affairs. On the whole the CSP exercised true control of the government while Ouédraogo served as little more than a figurehead. The freedoms of labour unions and the press, having been restricted under Zerbo's reign, were restored by the new administration. Ouédraogo attended Mogho Naba Kougri's funeral in December and placed a wreath at the Mossi leader's coffin. The CSP elected Sankara as Prime Minister in January 1983, in effect instituting a power counterbalance to Ouédraogo.

On 28 February a plot by several army officers to massacre the CSP in assembly and restore Zerbo's regime was foiled when they delayed and were arrested by other officials. One of the leading putschists was a commandant who had been considered for the presidency following the 1982 coup. When questioned about the incident, Ouédraogo told the press, "Since our regime makes many people uneasy, it is quite normal that people should plan this sort of reaction." He publicly declared his determination to "guarantee order and security" and asserted that "the army will not allow itself to be dissuaded by tribal fights and ideologies". He also stated that corruption and fraud in the business community had, in part, facilitated the state of "total anarchy" over which the government presided, and announced that the national administration would be restructured to mitigate the disorder.

Meanwhile, as Sankara toured various communist and socialist countries, rumors circulated among the Voltaic population that the CSP would assume a radical leftist approach to governing and expropriate small businesses. In an attempt to alleviate concerns, Ouédraogo told members of the National Council of Voltaic Employers that "private initiative will be maintained...you are the primary motor of the country's economic activity". Sankara concluded his tour with a visit to Libya. A Libyan transport aircraft landed at Ouagadougou Airport shortly after his return, generating rumours of a plot to install a pro-Libya regime in Upper Volta. Ouédraogo assured the populace that it was "a routine visit, a kind of courtesy call and I think that we must not try to see anything beyond that," and stated that "there should be no talk of setting up a Voltaic Jamahiriya". On 26 March Ouédraogo and Sankara held a meeting in the capital, where differences in their beliefs began to emerge. That day the CSP organised a large rally in the city where a moderate speech by Ouédraogo was much less enthusiastically received than Sankara's radical remarks. From 20 to 26 April Ouédraogo and several of his ministers visited Lomé, Togo; Accra, Ghana; and Niamey, Niger. President Félix Houphouët-Boigny refused to meet him in the Ivory Coast, advising that he should focus on stemming Libyan influence within his own country.

Dispute with Sankara and overthrow
As his tenure progressed, Ouédraogo found himself unable to reconcile the conservative and radical factions of the CSP, whose disagreements were leading to a political stalemate. On 14 May 1983 the CSP convened in the town of Bobo-Dioulasso. A crowd gathered to hear a message from the council. Sankara spoke until dusk, and the crowd mostly dispersed, its members eager to break their Ramadan fasts. Ouédraogo was in turn left without an audience for his speech, as Sankara seemingly intended in an effort to humiliate him. The following day he met with Guy Penne, a top African affairs adviser of President of France François Mitterrand. On 16 May he purged his government of pro-Libyan and anti-French elements, disbanded the CSP, and had Sankara and several other important officials arrested. Explaining the reasons for the radicals' removal, he said, "It is a problem of ideology...We were following step by step the program of the [ Ligue patriotique pour le développement ], and that program was to lead us to a communist society." He met again with Penne, who promised his government significant financial aid from France. One officer, Blaise Compaoré, evaded capture and escaped to Sankara's former garrison at Pô where he began to organise resistance. In the following days large demonstrations occurred in Ouagadougou in support of Sankara. Ouédraogo's political position was weak; his left-wing opponents were well organised while he did not have reliable connections with the conservative factions he supposedly represented and could only really count on the support of a handful of his former classmates from the Pabré minor seminary. Realising that the use of force was of little recourse, he sought to resolve the situation by appeasing his adversaries.

On 27 May Ouédraogo delivered a speech, promising a quick return to civilian rule and the liberation of political prisoners. He also announced the drafting of a new constitution within six months, to be followed by an election in which he would not participate. He also felt that the increased politicisation of the army was dangerous and compounded the threat of a civil war, so he warned that any soldiers found to be involving themselves in politics would be reprimanded. Stating that the older generation of politicians had been discredited and should retire, he announced that "patriots" and "new men with a sense of responsibility and national realities" should assume leadership of the country. Ouédraogo finished by expressing his hope that the Upper Voltan youth could avoid the trappings of partisan politics. Several days later he released Sankara, who was confined under guard to house arrest. While the situation deteriorated, Ouédraogo accelerated the execution of his goals, liberating many political prisoners held under Zerbo's regime. However, his extension of political rehabilitation to Yaméogo antagonised many politicians whom Yaméogo had repressed. Sankara was soon rearrested but then released following mounting pressure from Compaoré's troops. On 4 June Ouédraogo removed a number of pro-Sankara ministers from his government.

Tensions continued to increase until 4 August when Compaoré launched a coup. Paratroopers mobilised in Pô to march on Ouagadougou. Meanwhile, Ouédraogo consulted his chief of staff, who advised him to negotiate an end to his political conflict with Sankara. Ouédraogo received Sankara at 19:00 at his residence and offered to resign "to facilitate the establishment of a transitional government that would be unanimous". Sankara agreed to the proposal but asked for a few hours' delay so he could discuss it with Compaoré. He departed at 20:30 but was unable to inform Compaoré or the other putschists of the truce. At around the same time the paratroopers infiltrated the capital and began to seize strategic locations throughout. At Ouédraogo's residence, men of the Presidential Guard exchanged heavy fire with the putschists before surrendering. Compaoré arrived on the scene at around 22:00, followed by Sankara an hour later. The latter informed Ouédraogo of the "revolution" and offered to exile him and his family. Ouédraogo replied that he would rather remain in the country under the new regime. He was then taken to the Presidential Palace to spend the night. The following evening he was imprisoned at the military camp in Pô. Sankara became the new President of Upper Volta. Ouédraogo was officially removed from his post as Minister of National Defence on 23 August and succeeded by Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani. He was discharged from the army two days later. Sankara changed the name of Upper Volta to Burkina Faso in 1984, and three years later he was killed in a coup and replaced by Compaoré.

Later life
Ouédraogo was granted clemency on 4 August 1985 and returned to medical work, taking a job at the Hôpital Yalgado-Ouédraogo. Nevertheless, the Sankara regime monitored his activities and restricted him from reentry into the army. In 1992 he successfully secured a loan of 250 million West African CFA francs from a French bank and founded a clinic, the Notre-Dame de la Paix, in the Somgandé district, south of Ouagadougou. In 2007 he served between 400 and 500 patients a month. In 2005 Ouédraogo was awarded a gold medal by the Geneva-based Foundation for Excellence in Business Practice. He also won the first prize in the Ministry of the Environment's competition for the best living environment health facilities in the Centre Region. That December a street in the Nongr-Massom district of Ouagadougou was named after him. In 2016 he was the president of the Fédération des Associations Professionnelles de la Santé Privée. As of 2021 Ouédraogo still worked at his medical clinic.

Involvement in politics
Upon his return to medical work in 1985 Ouédraogo declared that he would not take an active role in politics and from then on he generally showed little interest in involving himself in public affairs. In 1999 he was made a member of the Conseil du Sages, though by 2014 he had left the consultative body. In November 2012 he delivered a speech on behalf of himself and Saye Zerbo, expressing concern about how corrupt Burkina Faso's administration had become over the preceding years and accusing the country's leaders of inaction on the matter.

In early 2014 Ouédraogo acted as a mediator between President Compaoré and opposition groups as tensions between the two dramatically rose. However, the arbitration failed in April, and Compaoré later resigned and fled the country. In September 2015 members of the military launched a coup. Ouédraogo was asked to mediate, and he attempted to delay the putschists and secure the release of hostages. As the army turned against the coup he made multiple appeals to the plot's leader, Gilbert Diendéré, to surrender. After seeking refuge in the Vatican embassy, Diendéré was handed over to Burkinabé transitional government authorities and Ouédraogo escorted him into custody at the gendarmerie base in the capital. In April 2017 Ouédraogo and several other national figures met with leaders of the Coalition for Democracy and National Reconciliation, an opposition coalition formed out of Compaoré's supporters, to discuss political reconciliation. In 2020 he released a memoir titled Ma part de vérité.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo


text:
Wayne Shorter

Wayne Shorter (August 25, 1933 – March 2, 2023) was an American jazz saxophonist, composer and bandleader. Shorter came to mainstream prominence in 1959 upon joining Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, for whom he eventually became the primary composer. In 1964 he joined Miles Davis' Second Great Quintet, and then co-founded the jazz fusion band Weather Report in 1970. He recorded more than 20 albums as a bandleader.

Many Shorter compositions have become jazz standards, and his music has earned worldwide recognition, critical praise, and commendation. Shorter won 12 Grammy Awards. He was acclaimed for his mastery of the soprano saxophone since switching his focus from the tenor in the late 1960s and beginning an extended reign in 1970 as DownBeat's annual poll-winner on that instrument, winning the critics' poll for 10 consecutive years and the readers' for 18. The New York Times music critic Ben Ratliff described Shorter in 2008 as "probably jazz's greatest living small-group composer and a contender for greatest living improviser". In 2017, he was awarded the Polar Music Prize.

Early life and education
Wayne Shorter was born in Newark, New Jersey; the son of Louise and Joseph Shorter. He graduated from Newark Arts High School in 1952. He loved comic books and science fiction growing up, as well as music. Shorter was encouraged by his parents to take clarinet lessons at age 16 and then switched to tenor saxophone prior to enrolling at New York University in 1952. His older brother Alan played alto saxophone before switching to the trumpet in college. While in high school, Wayne also performed with the Nat Phipps Band in Newark. After graduating from New York University with a degree in music education in 1956, Shorter spent two years in the U.S. Army, during which time he played briefly with Horace Silver. After his discharge, he played with Maynard Ferguson. In his youth, Shorter had acquired the nickname "Mr. Gone", which later became an album title for Weather Report.

Career
His early influences include Sonny Rollins, John Coltrane and Coleman Hawkins. In 1959, Shorter joined Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers where he stayed for four years, eventually becoming musical director and composing pieces for the band. Together they toured the US, Japan, and Europe, recording several albums. During this time, Shorter "established himself as one of the most gifted of the young saxophonists" and received international acknowledgment.

With Miles Davis (1964–70)
Herbie Hancock said of Shorter's tenure in Miles Davis's Second Great Quintet: "The master writer to me, in that group, was Wayne Shorter. He still is a master. Wayne was one of the few people who brought music to Miles that didn't get changed." Davis said, "Wayne is a real composer. He writes scores, writes the parts for everybody, just as he wants them to sound. ... Wayne also brought in a kind of curiosity about working with musical rules. If they didn't work, then he broke them, but with musical sense; he understood that freedom in music was the ability to know the rules, in order to bend them to your own satisfaction and taste."

Ian Carr, musician and Rough Guide author, said that with Davis, Shorter found his own voice as a player and composer. "Blakey's hard-driving, straight-ahead rhythms had brought out the muscularity in Shorter's tenor playing, but the greater freedom of the Davis rhythm-section allowed him to explore new emotional and technical dimensions."

Shorter remained in Davis's band after the breakup of the quintet in 1968, playing on early jazz fusion recordings including In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew (both 1969). His last live dates and studio recordings with Davis were in 1970.

Until 1968, he played tenor saxophone exclusively. The final album on which he played tenor in the regular sequence of Davis albums was Filles de Kilimanjaro. In 1969, he played the soprano saxophone on the Davis album In a Silent Way and on his own Super Nova (recorded with then-current Davis sidemen Chick Corea and John McLaughlin). When performing live with Davis, and on recordings from summer 1969 to early spring 1970, he played both soprano and tenor saxophones: by the early 1970s, however, he chiefly played soprano.

Solo Blue Note recordings
Simultaneous with his time in the Davis quintet, Shorter recorded several albums for Blue Note Records, featuring, almost exclusively, his own compositions, with a variety of line-ups, quartets and larger groups, including Blue Note favorites such as trumpeter Freddie Hubbard. His first Blue Note album (of 11 in total recorded from 1964 to 1970) was Night Dreamer, recorded at Rudy Van Gelder's studio in 1964 with Lee Morgan (trumpet), McCoy Tyner (piano), Reggie Workman (bass) and Elvin Jones (drums). Two more albums were recorded in 1964, JuJu and Speak No Evil.

Of the three Blue Note albums Shorter recorded in 1965, The All Seeing Eye (rec. 1965, rel. 1966) was a workout with a larger group, while Adam's Apple (rec. 1966, rel. 1967) was back to carefully constructed melodies by Shorter leading a quartet. Then a sextet again in the following year for Schizophrenia (rec. 1967, rel. 1969) with Herbie Hancock, bassist Ron Carter, trombonist Curtis Fuller, alto saxophonist/flautist James Spaulding and strong rhythms by drummer Joe Chambers.

Shorter also recorded occasionally as a sideman (again mainly for Blue Note) with trumpeter Donald Byrd, McCoy Tyner, trombonist Grachan Moncur III, Freddie Hubbard, Lee Morgan, as well as bandmates Herbie Hancock and drummer Tony Williams.

Weather Report (1971–1986)
Following the release of Odyssey of Iska in 1970, Shorter formed the fusion group Weather Report with Davis veteran keyboardist Joe Zawinul and bassist Miroslav Vitous. The other original members were percussionist Airto Moreira, and drummer Alphonse Mouzon. After Vitous' departure in 1973, Shorter and Zawinul co-led the group until the band's break-up in late 1985. A variety of musicians would make up Weather Report over the years (most notably the revolutionary bassist Jaco Pastorius and drummers Peter Erskine and Omar Hakim) helping the band produce many high quality recordings in diverse styles, with funk, bebop, Latin jazz, ethnic music, and futurism being the most prevalent denominators.

Solo and side projects
Shorter also recorded critically acclaimed albums as a bandleader, notably 1974's Native Dancer, which featured Hancock and Brazilian composer and vocalist Milton Nascimento.

In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, he toured in the V.S.O.P. quintet. This group was a revival of the 1960s Davis quintet, except that Freddie Hubbard filled the trumpet chair. Shorter appeared with the same former Davis bandmates on the Carlos Santana double LP The Swing of Delight (1980), for which he also composed a number of pieces.

From 1977 through 2002, he appeared on 10 Joni Mitchell studio albums, gaining him a wider audience. He played an extended solo on the title track of Steely Dan's 1977 album Aja.

Later career
After leaving Weather Report in 1986, Shorter continued to record and lead groups in jazz fusion styles, including touring in 1988 with guitarist Carlos Santana, who appeared on This is This! (1986), the last Weather Report disc. There is a concert video recorded at the Lugano Jazz Festival in 1987, with Jim Beard (keyboards), Carl James (bass), Terri Lyne Carrington (drums), and Marilyn Mazur (percussion). In 1989, he contributed to a hit on the rock charts, playing the sax solo on Don Henley's song "The End of the Innocence" and also produced the album Pilar by the Portuguese singer-songwriter Pilar Homem de Melo. He also maintained an occasional working relationship with Herbie Hancock, including a tribute album recorded shortly after Miles Davis's death with Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter, Tony Williams and Wallace Roney. He continued to appear on Mitchell's records in the 1990s and can be heard on the soundtrack of the Harrison Ford film The Fugitive (1993).

In 1995, Shorter released the album High Life, his first solo recording for seven years. It was also his debut as a leader for Verve Records. Shorter composed all the compositions on the album and co-produced it with the bassist Marcus Miller with pianist, synthesist, and sound designer Rachel Z. High Life received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album in 1996.

Shorter worked with Herbie Hancock once again in 1997, on the much acclaimed and heralded album 1+1. The song "Aung San Suu Kyi" (named for the Burmese pro-democracy activist) won both Hancock and Shorter a Grammy Award.

In 2009, he was announced as one of the headline acts at the Gnaoua World Music Festival in Essaouira, Morocco. His 2013 live album Without a Net (rec. 2010) is his first with Blue Note Records since Odyssey of Iska (rec. 1970, rel. 1971).

Quartet
In 2000, Shorter formed the first permanent acoustic group under his name, a quartet with pianist Danilo Perez, bassist John Patitucci, and drummer Brian Blade, playing his own compositions, many of them reworkings of tunes going back to the 1960s. Four albums of live recordings have been released: Footprints Live! (rec. live 2001, rel. 2002); Beyond the Sound Barrier (rec. live 2002–2004, rel. 2005); Without a Net (rec. live 2010, rel. 2013); and Emanon (2018), with the latter, in addition to live material, including Shorter's quartet in a studio session with the 34-piece Orpheus Chamber Orchestra. The quartet has received great acclaim from fans and critics, especially for the strength of Shorter's tenor saxophone playing. The biography Footprints: The Life and Work of Wayne Shorter by journalist Michelle Mercer examines the working life of the musicians as well as Shorter's thoughts and Buddhist beliefs. Beyond the Sound Barrier received the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album.

Shorter's 2003 album Alegría (his first studio album for 10 years, since High Life) received the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album; it features the quartet with a host of other musicians, including pianist Brad Mehldau, drummer Terri Lyne Carrington and former Weather Report percussionist Alex Acuña. Shorter's compositions, some new, some reworked from his Miles Davis period, feature the complex Latin rhythms that he specialized in during his Weather Report days.

Wayne Shorter: Zero Gravity
In 2015, producer/director Dorsay Alavi began filming a documentary about the life of Wayne Shorter called Wayne Shorter: Zero Gravity. A number of high-profile musicians, including Herbie Hancock, Esperanza Spalding, and Terri Lyne Carrington, performed at a donor event to raise funds for the documentary; two of the largest donations came from the Herb Alpert Foundation and Carlos Santana. In 2018, a four-hour preliminary cut was completed. Subsequently, Brad Pitt joined the project with his production company. After some delay, partly due to the Covid crisis, from August 2023, the documentary is available as a three-hour miniseries on Amazon Prime Video.

Mega Nova
In 2016, it was announced that Shorter, Carlos Santana, and Herbie Hancock would begin touring under the name Mega Nova. Also included within the supergroup was bassist Marcus Miller and drummer Cindy Blackman Santana. Their first show together was on August 24, 2016, at the Hollywood Bowl.

Iphigenia
In 2018, Shorter retired from his near 70-year performing career due to health issues. He continued working as a composer, creating a "new operatic work" titled Iphigenia, a loose adaptation of the ancient Greek myth; with Esperanza Spalding writing the libretto and architect Frank Gehry designing the sets, which premiered on November 12, 2021, at the Cutler Majestic Theatre.

Personal life
Shorter met Teruko (Irene) Nakagami in 1961. They were later married and had a daughter, Miyako. Some of his compositions are copyrighted as "Miyako Music" and Shorter dedicated the pieces "Miyako" and "Infant Eyes" to his daughter. The couple separated in 1964.

Shorter met Ana Maria Patricio in 1966 and they were married in 1970. In 1986, their daughter Iska died of a grand mal seizure at the age of 14. Ana Maria and the couple's niece, Dalila, were both killed on July 17, 1996, in the crash of TWA Flight 800, while travelling to visit Shorter in Italy. Dalila was the daughter of Ana Maria Shorter's sister and her husband, jazz vocalist Jon Lucien. Composer and producer Rick Shorter (1934–2017) was Shorter's cousin. In 1999, Shorter married Carolina Dos Santos, a close friend of Ana Maria.

Shorter practiced Nichiren Buddhism for more than 50 years as a longtime member of the Buddhist association Soka Gakkai International.

Singer and actress Tina Turner credits Shorter with saving her life. In Turner's 2020 spiritual memoir Happiness Becomes You, she states that Shorter and his wife Ana Maria provided Turner with critical refuge at their home for six months after Turner left her abusive husband, Ike Turner, in 1976.

Shorter died in Los Angeles, California, on March 2, 2023, at the age of 89.

Honors and recognition
In 1999, Shorter received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from the Berklee College of Music.

On September 17, 2013, Shorter received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz (formerly Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz).

On December 18, 2014, the Recording Academy announced that Shorter was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in honor of his "prolific contributions to our culture and history".

In 2016, Shorter was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of music composition, the only jazz artist to receive the honor that year.

In 2017, Shorter was announced as the joint winner of the Polar Music Prize. The award committee stated: "Without the musical explorations of Wayne Shorter, modern music would not have drilled so deep."

In 2018, Shorter received the Kennedy Center Honors Award from the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts for his lifetime of contributions to the arts.

On April 29, 2022, Shorter's home town of Newark NJ renamed a street in his honor. Park Place was renamed "Wayne Shorter Way".

On April 22, 2023, the BBC Radio Three magazine program J to Z broadcast a 90-minute tribute edition for Shorter, hosted by Julian Joseph.

In August 2023, Herbie Hancock hosted a tribute concert at Hollywood Bowl, featuring a large number of performers including Carlos Santana and Joni Mitchell.

Awards

 * -! scope="row" | Year|| Work|| Category || Award || Won || Notes || Citation
 * 1962|| Wayne Shorter|| New Star Saxophonist || DownBeat Readers Poll|| Won|| ||
 * 1972|| I Sing The Body Electric|| Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal Or Instrumental|| Grammy Award|| Nominated||with Weather Report ||
 * 1979|| 8:30|| Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal Or Instrumental || Grammy Award|| Won||with Weather Report||
 * 1981|| Night Passage|| Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal Or Instrumental|| Grammy Award|| Nominated||with Weather Report ||
 * 1982|| Weather Report|| Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal Or Instrumental|| Grammy Award|| Nominated||with Weather Report ||
 * 1983|| Procession|| Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal Or Instrumental|| Grammy Award|| Nominated||with Weather Report ||
 * rowspan="2"| 1985|| Sportin' Life|| Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal Or Instrumental|| Grammy Award|| Nominated||with Weather Report ||
 * Atlantis|| Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal Or Instrumental|| Grammy Award|| Nominated|| ||
 * 1987|| "Call Sheet Blues"|| Best Instrumental Composition || Grammy Award|| Won|| with Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter and Billy Higgins from The Other Side of Round Midnight Featuring Dexter Gordon||
 * rowspan="2" |1994|| A Tribute to Miles|| Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group ||Grammy Award|| Won|| ||
 * "Pinocchio "|| Best Jazz Instrumental Solo ||Grammy Award|| Nominated|| from A Tribute to Miles ||
 * rowspan="4"| 1996|| Wayne Shorter||Lifetime achievement ||Miles Davis Award || Won || The Miles Davis Award is given by the Montreal International Jazz Festival to "honor a great international jazz musician for the entire body of his or her work and influence in regenerating the jazz idiom." ||
 * High Life|| Best Contemporary Jazz Album || Grammy Award || Won || ||
 * "Children Of The Night"|| Best Instrumental Arrangement || Grammy Award || Nominated ||from High Life||
 * "Midnight In Carlotta's Hair"|| Best Instrumental Composition || Grammy Award || Nominated ||from High Life ||
 * 1997|| "Aung San Suu Kyi"|| Best Instrumental Composition ||Grammy Award|| Won||from Herbie Hancock's1+1 ||
 * 1998|| Wayne Shorter||Lifetime achievement || NEA Jazz Masters Fellowship|| Won ||  NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded by National Endowment for the Arts to "musicians who have reached an exceptionally high standard of achievement in this very specialized art form." Each fellowship includes a monetary award. ||
 * 1999|| "In Walked Wayne"|| Best Jazz Instrumental Solo || Grammy Award || Won || from J.J. Johnson's Heroes ||
 * rowspan="2"| 2002|| Footprints Live!|| Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group || Grammy Award|| Nominated|| ||
 * Wayne Shorter|| Significant contributions to the evolution of jazz || Beacons in Jazz Award|| Won||bestowed by The New School's Jazz & Contemporary Music Program ||
 * rowspan="2"|2003|| "Sacajawea"|| Best Instrumental Composition || Grammy Award||Won|| from Alegría ||
 * ''Alegría|| Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group ||Grammy Award ||Won|| ||
 * 2005|| Beyond the Sound Barrier|| Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group || Grammy Award|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="3"| 2006|| Wayne Shorter || Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || Downbeat Critics' Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="2"| Wayne Shorter Quartet || Jazz Group of the Year || Downbeat Critics' Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Small Ensemble Group of the Year || Jazz Journalists Association Jazz Award|| Won|| ||
 * 2008 || Wayne Shorter|| Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="5"|2013|| Without A Net|| Jazz Album of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| with Wayne Shorter Quartet||
 * rowspan="2"| Wayne Shorter|| Artist of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="2"| Wayne Shorter Quartet||rowspan="2"| Jazz Group || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * DownBeat Readers Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="3"|2014|| "Orbits"|| Best Jazz Instrumental Solo ||Grammy Award|| Won||from Without a Net ||
 * Wayne Shorter||Achiever || Golden Plate Award|| Won||bestowed by American Academy of Achievement; presented by Awards Council member Willie L. Brown Jr. ||
 * Wayne Shorter Quartet|| Jazz Group || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * 2015 || Wayne Shorter|| Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="2"|2016||rowspan="2"| Wayne Shorter||rowspan="2" |Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * DownBeat Readers Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="3"|2017||rowspan="3"| Wayne Shorter||Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Exceptional achievement || Polar Music Prize|| Won|| ||
 * Musical Arts || Rolf Schock Prizes|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="4"|2019 ||rowspan="2"|Wayne Shorter|| Jazz Artist ||rowspan="3"| DownBeat Readers Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || Won|| ||
 * rowspan="2"|Emanon|| Jazz Album || Won|| ||
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Album || Grammy Award|| Won|| ||
 * 2021|| Wayne Shorter ||On-going innovation and impact in the field of jazz ||Doris Duke Performing Artist Award|| Won|| sponsored by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation||
 * rowspan="2"|2023 || "Endangered Species" || Best Improvised Jazz Solo || rowspan="2"|Grammy Award || Won || with Leo Genovese || rowspan="2"|
 * Live at the Detroit Jazz Festival || Best Jazz Instrumental Album || || with Terri Lyne Carrington, Leo Genovese, and Esperanza Spalding
 * rowspan="2"| Wayne Shorter Quartet || Jazz Group of the Year || Downbeat Critics' Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Small Ensemble Group of the Year || Jazz Journalists Association Jazz Award|| Won|| ||
 * 2008 || Wayne Shorter|| Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="5"|2013|| Without A Net|| Jazz Album of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| with Wayne Shorter Quartet||
 * rowspan="2"| Wayne Shorter|| Artist of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="2"| Wayne Shorter Quartet||rowspan="2"| Jazz Group || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * DownBeat Readers Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="3"|2014|| "Orbits"|| Best Jazz Instrumental Solo ||Grammy Award|| Won||from Without a Net ||
 * Wayne Shorter||Achiever || Golden Plate Award|| Won||bestowed by American Academy of Achievement; presented by Awards Council member Willie L. Brown Jr. ||
 * Wayne Shorter Quartet|| Jazz Group || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * 2015 || Wayne Shorter|| Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="2"|2016||rowspan="2"| Wayne Shorter||rowspan="2" |Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * DownBeat Readers Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="3"|2017||rowspan="3"| Wayne Shorter||Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Exceptional achievement || Polar Music Prize|| Won|| ||
 * Musical Arts || Rolf Schock Prizes|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="4"|2019 ||rowspan="2"|Wayne Shorter|| Jazz Artist ||rowspan="3"| DownBeat Readers Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || Won|| ||
 * rowspan="2"|Emanon|| Jazz Album || Won|| ||
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Album || Grammy Award|| Won|| ||
 * 2021|| Wayne Shorter ||On-going innovation and impact in the field of jazz ||Doris Duke Performing Artist Award|| Won|| sponsored by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation||
 * rowspan="2"|2023 || "Endangered Species" || Best Improvised Jazz Solo || rowspan="2"|Grammy Award || Won || with Leo Genovese || rowspan="2"|
 * Live at the Detroit Jazz Festival || Best Jazz Instrumental Album || || with Terri Lyne Carrington, Leo Genovese, and Esperanza Spalding
 * rowspan="2"|2016||rowspan="2"| Wayne Shorter||rowspan="2" |Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * DownBeat Readers Poll|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="3"|2017||rowspan="3"| Wayne Shorter||Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || DownBeat Critics Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Exceptional achievement || Polar Music Prize|| Won|| ||
 * Musical Arts || Rolf Schock Prizes|| Won|| ||
 * rowspan="4"|2019 ||rowspan="2"|Wayne Shorter|| Jazz Artist ||rowspan="3"| DownBeat Readers Poll|| Won|| ||
 * Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || Won|| ||
 * rowspan="2"|Emanon|| Jazz Album || Won|| ||
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Album || Grammy Award|| Won|| ||
 * 2021|| Wayne Shorter ||On-going innovation and impact in the field of jazz ||Doris Duke Performing Artist Award|| Won|| sponsored by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation||
 * rowspan="2"|2023 || "Endangered Species" || Best Improvised Jazz Solo || rowspan="2"|Grammy Award || Won || with Leo Genovese || rowspan="2"|
 * Live at the Detroit Jazz Festival || Best Jazz Instrumental Album || || with Terri Lyne Carrington, Leo Genovese, and Esperanza Spalding
 * Soprano Saxophone Player of the Year || Won|| ||
 * rowspan="2"|Emanon|| Jazz Album || Won|| ||
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Album || Grammy Award|| Won|| ||
 * 2021|| Wayne Shorter ||On-going innovation and impact in the field of jazz ||Doris Duke Performing Artist Award|| Won|| sponsored by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation||
 * rowspan="2"|2023 || "Endangered Species" || Best Improvised Jazz Solo || rowspan="2"|Grammy Award || Won || with Leo Genovese || rowspan="2"|
 * Live at the Detroit Jazz Festival || Best Jazz Instrumental Album || || with Terri Lyne Carrington, Leo Genovese, and Esperanza Spalding
 * 2021|| Wayne Shorter ||On-going innovation and impact in the field of jazz ||Doris Duke Performing Artist Award|| Won|| sponsored by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation||
 * rowspan="2"|2023 || "Endangered Species" || Best Improvised Jazz Solo || rowspan="2"|Grammy Award || Won || with Leo Genovese || rowspan="2"|
 * Live at the Detroit Jazz Festival || Best Jazz Instrumental Album || || with Terri Lyne Carrington, Leo Genovese, and Esperanza Spalding
 * rowspan="2"|2023 || "Endangered Species" || Best Improvised Jazz Solo || rowspan="2"|Grammy Award || Won || with Leo Genovese || rowspan="2"|
 * Live at the Detroit Jazz Festival || Best Jazz Instrumental Album || || with Terri Lyne Carrington, Leo Genovese, and Esperanza Spalding
 * Live at the Detroit Jazz Festival || Best Jazz Instrumental Album || || with Terri Lyne Carrington, Leo Genovese, and Esperanza Spalding

Discography

 * Introducing Wayne Shorter (aka Blues a la Carte, Vee-Jay, 1959)
 * Second Genesis (Vee-Jay, rec. 1960, rel. 1974)
 * Wayning Moments (Vee-Jay, 1962)
 * Night Dreamer (Blue Note, 1964)
 * JuJu (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Speak No Evil (Blue Note, rec. 1964, rel. 1966)
 * The Soothsayer (Blue Note, rec. 1965, rel. 1979)
 * Et Cetera (Blue Note, rec. 1965, rel. 1980)
 * The All Seeing Eye (Blue Note, rec. 1965, rel. 1966)
 * Adam's Apple (Blue Note, rec. 1966, rel. 1967)
 * Schizophrenia (Blue Note, rec. 1967, rel. 1969)
 * Super Nova (Blue Note, 1969)
 * Moto Grosso Feio (Blue Note, rec. 1970, rel. 1974)
 * Odyssey of Iska (Blue Note, rec. 1970, rel. 1971)
 * Native Dancer (Columbia, rec. 1974, rel. 1975) with Milton Nascimento
 * Atlantis (Columbia, 1985)
 * Phantom Navigator (Columbia, rec. 1986, rel. 1987)
 * Joy Ryder (Columbia, 1988)
 * High Life (Verve, 1995)
 * 1+1 (Verve, 1997) with Herbie Hancock
 * Footprints Live! (Verve, 2002)
 * Alegría (Verve, 2003)
 * Beyond the Sound Barrier (Verve, rec. live 2002–2004, rel. 2005) as Wayne Shorter Quartet
 * Carlos Santana and Wayne Shorter – Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival 1988 (Image Entertainment, 2007) with Carlos Santana
 * Without a Net (Blue Note, rec. live 2010, rel. 2013) as Wayne Shorter Quartet
 * Emanon (Blue Note, 2018)

title: Wayne Shorter


text:
Avro Shackleton

The Avro Shackleton is a British long-range maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) which was used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the South African Air Force (SAAF). It was developed by Avro from the Avro Lincoln bomber, which itself had been a development of the famous wartime Avro Lancaster bomber.

The Shackleton was developed during the late 1940s as part of Britain's military response to the rapid expansion of the Soviet Navy, in particular its submarine force. Produced as the primary type equipping RAF Coastal Command, the Type 696, as it was initially designated, incorporated major elements of the Lincoln, as well as the Avro Tudor passenger aircraft, and was furnished with extensive electronics suites in order to perform the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) mission along with a much-improved crew environment to accommodate the long mission times involved in patrol work. Being known for a short time as the Lincoln ASR.3, it was decided that the Type 696 would be named Shackleton in service, after the polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton.

It entered operational service with the RAF in April 1951. The Shackleton was used primarily in the ASW and MPA roles, but it was also frequently deployed as an aerial search and rescue (SAR) platform and for performing several other secondary roles such as mail delivery and as a crude troop-transport aircraft. In addition to its service with the RAF, South Africa also elected to procure the Shackleton to equip the SAAF. In South African service, the type was operated in the maritime patrol capacity between 1957 and 1984. During March 1971, a number of SAAF Shackletons were used during the SS Wafra oil spill, intentionally sinking the stricken oil tanker using depth charges to prevent further ecological contamination.

During the 1970s, the Shackleton was replaced in the maritime patrol role by the jet-powered Hawker Siddeley Nimrod. During its later life, a small number of the RAF's existing Shackletons received extensive modifications in order to adapt them to perform the airborne early warning (AEW) role. The type continued to be used in this support capacity until 1991, when it was replaced by the Boeing E-3 Sentry AEW aircraft. These were the last examples of the type remaining in active service.

Origins
The Battle of the Atlantic was a crucial element of the Second World War, in which Britain sought to protect its shipping from the German U-boat threat. The development of increasingly capable diesel-electric submarines had been rapid; in particular, the snorkel virtually eliminated the need for submarines to surface while on patrol. Aircraft that had once been highly effective submarine-killers had very quickly become incapable in the face of these advances. In addition, lend-leased aircraft such as the Consolidated B-24 Liberator had been returned following the end of hostilities. Several Avro Lancasters had undergone rapid conversion – designated as Maritime Reconnaissance Mk 3 (MR3) – as a stopgap measure for maritime search and rescue and general reconnaissance duties; however, RAF Coastal Command had diminished to only a third of its size immediately after the Second World War.

In the emerging climate of the Cold War and the potential requirement to guard the North Atlantic from an anticipated rapid expansion of the Soviet Navy's submarine force, a new aerial platform to perform the anti-submarine mission was required. Work had begun on the requirement for a new maritime patrol aircraft in 1944, at which point there had been an emphasis for long-range platforms for Far East operations; however, with the early end of the war in the Pacific, the requirement was refined considerably. In late 1945, the Air Staff had expressed interest in a conversion of the Avro Lincoln as general reconnaissance and air/sea rescue aircraft; they formalised their requirements for such an aircraft under Air Ministry specification R.5/46. Avro's Chief Designer Roy Chadwick initially led the effort to build an aircraft to this requirement, designated as the Avro Type 696.

The Type 696 was a significant development upon the Lincoln. Elements of the Avro Tudor airliner were also reused in the design; Lincoln and Tudor had been derivatives of the successful wartime Avro Lancaster bomber. Crucially, the new aircraft was to be capable of a 3000 nmi range while carrying up to 6000 lb of weapons and equipment. In addition to featuring a large amount of electronic equipment, the Type 696 had a much-improved crew environment over other aircraft types to allow them to be more effective during the lengthy mission times anticipated. During development the Type 696 was provisionally referred to as the Lincoln ASR.3 before the officially allocated name 'Shackleton' was selected.

The first test flight of the prototype Shackleton GR.1, serial VW135, was made on 9 March 1949 from the manufacturer's airfield at Woodford, Cheshire in the hands of Avro's Chief Test Pilot J.H. "Jimmy" Orrell. The GR.1 was later redesignated "Maritime Reconnaissance Mark I" (MR 1). The prototype differed from subsequent production Shackletons in a number of areas; it featured a number of turrets and was equipped for air-to-air refuelling using the looped-line method. These did not feature on production aircraft due to judgments of ineffectiveness or performance difficulties incurred. However, the performance of the prototype had been such that, in addition to the go-ahead for the MR1's production, a specification for improved variant was issued in December 1949, before the first production Shackleton had even flown. By 1951, the MR1 had become officially considered as an interim type due to several shortcomings.

Further development

The MR 2 was an improved version of the Shackleton, featuring numerous refinements that had been proposed for the MR1. The radar was upgraded to ASV Mk 13, and the radome relocated from the aircraft's nose to a ventral position aft of the bomb bay, the radome was retractable and could be fully extended only with the bomb bay doors open. It had improved allround radar coverage and minimised the risk of bird strikes. Both the nose and tail section were lengthened, the tailplane was redesigned, the undercarriage was strengthened and twin-retractable tailwheels were fitted. The Bristol dorsal turret was initially retained, but was later removed from all aircraft after delivery. The prototype, VW 126, was modified as an aerodynamic prototype at the end of 1950 and first flew with the MR 2 modification on 19 July 1951.

VW 126 was tested at Boscombe Down in August 1951, particular attention being paid to changes made to improve its ground handling, such as the addition of toebrakes and a lockable rudder system. One production Mk 1 aircraft was modified on the line at Woodford with the Mk 2 changes and first flew on 17 June 1952. After trials were successful, it was decided to complete the last ten aircraft being built under the Mk 1 contract to MR 2 standard and further orders were placed for new aircraft. In order to keep pace with changing submarine threats, the Mk 2 force was progressively upgraded, with Phase I, II and III modifications introducing improved radar, weapons and other systems, as well as structural work to increase fatigue life. Production of the MR 2 ended in May 1954.

The Type 716 Shackleton MR 3 was another redesign in response to crew feedback and observations. A new tricycle undercarriage was introduced, the fuselage was increased in all main dimensions and had new wings with better ailerons and tip tanks. The weapons capability was also upgraded to include homing torpedoes and Mk 101 Lulu nuclear depth bombs. To reduce crew fatigue on 15-hour flights, the sound deadening was improved and a proper galley and sleeping space were included. Due to these upgrades, the takeoff weight of the RAF's MR 3s had risen by over 30,000 lb (13,600 kg) (Ph. III) and assistance from Armstrong Siddeley Viper Mk 203 turbojets was needed on takeoff with a 5-minute limit. The Griffons had to be run at high power for very long periods after a heavyweight take-off so the Vipers were later cleared to run for four hours continuously so lower Griffon power settings could be used which reduced the risk of failures. The extra strain took a toll on the airframe, and flight life of the RAF MR 3s was so reduced that they were outlived by the MR 2s. Due to the arms embargo against South Africa, the SAAF's MR 3s never received these upgrades but were maintained independently by the SAAF.

The Type 719 Shackleton IV, later known as the MR 4, was a projected variant intended to meet a Canadian requirement for a long-range patrol aircraft. The MR 4 would have been practically a new aircraft, sharing only the nose, cockpit, and outer wings with earlier variants; it would have also been powered by the Napier Nomad compound engine. The Shackleton IV was cancelled in 1955 and the Canadian requirement subsequently met by the Britannia Maritime Reconnaissance later to emerge as the Canadair Argus.

In 1967, ten MR 2s were modified as training aircraft to replace the T 4 in-service with the Maritime Operational Training Unit; known as T 2s, the crew rest areas were replaced by additional radar equipment and the original radar fittings removed.

Design
The Shackleton was a purpose-built aircraft for the maritime patrol role; however, the legacy of Avro's preceding aircraft is present in many aspects of the overall design. The centre section of the Shackleton's wing originates from the Lincoln, while the outer wing and undercarriage were sourced from the Tudor outer wings; at one stage during development, the tailplane had closely resembled the Lincoln's, but was enlarged and changed soon after. An entirely new fuselage was adopted, being wider and deeper to provide a large space in which to accommodate the crew, their equipment, and a large bomb bay. Later variants of the Shackleton were substantially redesigned, adopting a new nosewheel undercarriage, redesigned wings and centre-section, and a larger fuel capacity for more range.

Various armaments and equipment were carried by the Shackleton in order to perform its missions. In ASW operations, the ASV Mk 13 radar was the primary detection tool; it could detect a destroyer at a range of 40 nmi, a surfaced submarine at 20 nmi, and a submarine's conning tower at 8 nmi, although rough seas considerably reduced the radar's effectiveness. Other equipment included droppable sonobuoys, electronic warfare support measures and an Autolycus diesel fume detection system. A special camera bay housed several reconnaissance cameras capable of medium altitude and nighttime vertical photography, and low-altitude oblique photography. The crew would also perform visual searches using various lookout positions that were provided for this purpose. Weapons carried included up to nine bombs, three homing torpedoes or depth-charges; the aircraft also had two 20 mm cannon in a Bristol dorsal turret. An in-flight refueling receptacle could be accommodated, but was not fitted on production aircraft.

The Merlin engines were replaced with the larger, more powerful and slower-revving Rolls-Royce Griffons with 13 ft contra-rotating propellers. This engine's distinctive noise often caused crew members to develop high-tone deafness. The Griffon was needed because the Shackleton was heavier and had more drag than the Lincoln. The Griffon provided equivalent power to the Merlin but at lower engine speed, which led to reduced fuel consumption in the denser air at low altitudes; the Shackleton would often loiter for several hours at roughly 500 ft or lower when searching for submarines. Lower-revving Griffons, compared to Merlins, reduced engine stress which improved their reliability. Using conventional propellers would have needed an increase in propeller diameter to absorb the engine's power and torque, this not being possible due to space limitations imposed by the undercarriage length and engine nacelle positioning; the contra-rotating propellers gave greater blade area within the same propeller diameter.

Numerous problems were encountered during the Shackleton's operational service. In practice, the diesel fume detection system was prone to false alarms and thus received little operational use. The engines, hydraulics, and elements of the avionics were known for their unreliability, and the aircraft proved to be fairly maintenance-intensive. The prototype MR 3 was lost due to poor stalling characteristics; this was rectified prior to production, although a satisfactory stall-warning device was not installed until 1969. The Shackleton is often incorrectly assigned the unfortunate distinction of holding the record for the highest number of aircrew killed in one type in peacetime in the RAF. The true figures suggest rather differently in that some of its contemporaries fared far worse, such as the Gloster Meteor with over 430 fatal losses of aircrew against the Shackleton's 156. Several programs to support and extend the fatigue life limits of the Shackleton's airframe were required; the fatigue life problems ultimately necessitated the rapid introduction of a whole new maritime patrol aircraft in the form of the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod, which began being introduced to RAF service in 1969.

Royal Air Force
On 30 March 1951, the first Shackleton was delivered to No. 120 Squadron RAF; by the end of 1952 seven squadrons were operating the type. the type soon came to be nicknamed The Growler, on account of the engine noise from the four Rolls-Royce Griffon engines. The first operational deployment of the Shackleton occurred in 1955 as a troop-transport for British Army movements to Cyprus; less than a year later, the type's first combat deployment took place during the Suez Crisis, codenamed Operation Musketeer. In 1957, British RAF Shackletons participated heavily during Jebel Akhdar War in Oman to expand the territory of the Sultanate, which was a de facto British colony, in order to gain access to oil wells in the interior parts of Oman. The RAF made 1,635 raids, dropping 1,094 tons and firing 900 rockets at the interior of Oman between July and December 1958 targeting insurgents, mountain top villages, water channels and crops in a war that remained under low profile.

During the 1960s, the typical Shackleton crew comprised two pilots, two navigators, a flight engineer, an air electronics officer, and four air electronics operators. During this period, equipment upgrades had become routine in order to keep pace with ever more capable submarines; problems with airframe fatigue were identified, leading to several programmes being carried out to strengthen the aircraft and thus extend its viable service life. In 1966, nuclear depth charges were introduced to the Shackleton's arsenal with the aim of countering the Soviets' development of deep-diving submarines.

Maritime reconnaissance was a large element of the Shackleton's service. This mission was often performed to identify and monitor naval and merchant shipping and to demonstrate sovereignty. During the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation in the 1960s, Shackletons monitored the seas for vessels involved in arms smuggling. Similar operations were conducted in Cyprus, and Shackletons operating from bases in Madagascar cooperated with Royal Navy vessels to enforce a United Nations-mandated oil blockade of Rhodesia.

The Shackleton would often be used to perform search and rescue missions, at all times one crew being kept on standby somewhere across the UK for this role. The Shackleton had also replaced the Avro Lincoln in the colonial policing mission, aircraft often being stationed in the Aden Protectorate and Oman to carry out various support missions, including convoy escorting, supply dropping, photo reconnaissance, communication relaying, and ground-attack missions; the Shackleton was also employed in several short-term bombing operations. Other roles included weather reconnaissance and transport duties, in the latter role each Shackleton could carry freight panniers in the bomb bay or up to 16 fully equipped soldiers.

In 1969, a jet-powered replacement patrol aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod, began to enter RAF service, which was to spell the end for the Shackleton in most roles. While radically differing in external appearance, the Shackleton and the initial version of the Nimrod shared many sensor systems and onboard equipment. The intention to retire the Shackleton was thwarted by the need to provide AEW coverage in the North Sea and northern Atlantic following the withdrawal of the Fleet Air Arm's Fairey Gannet aircraft used in the AEW role in the 1970s. As an interim replacement, the existing AN/APS-20 radar was installed in modified Shackleton MR 2s, redesignated the AEW 2, as an interim measure from 1972. These were operated by No. 8 Sqn, based at RAF Lossiemouth. All 12 AEW aircraft were given names from The Magic Roundabout and The Herbs TV series. The intended replacement, the British Aerospace Nimrod AEW3, suffered considerable development difficulties which culminated in the Nimrod AEW 3 being cancelled in favour of an off-the-shelf purchase of the Boeing E-3 Sentry, which allowed the last Shackletons to be retired in 1991.

South African Air Force
During the Second World War, the importance of securing the sea routes around the Cape of Good Hope had been made apparent, with over a hundred vessels being sunk in South African waters by enemy vessels between 1942 and 1945. In the postwar situation, the South African Air Force sought a large and capable platform to perform the maritime patrol role. After evaluating four RAF MR 2s in 1953, an order was placed for eight Shackletons as a replacement for the SAAF's aging Short Sunderland maritime patrol aircraft. Modifications were required to fulfill South African conditions and requirements, such as the ability to operate over the Indian Ocean, the resulting aircraft was designated the Shackleton MR 3.

On 18 August 1957, the first two Shackletons were delivered to D.F. Malan Airport, Cape Town. Two more followed on 13 October 1957 and the remainder arrived in February 1958. Delivered to the same basic standard as the RAF's MR 3s, they were assigned single letter codes between "J" and "Q" and operated by 35 Squadron SAAF. The type typically patrolled the sea lanes around the Cape of Good Hope, often monitoring Soviet vessels traversing between the Indian and Atlantic oceans. The Shackleton was briefly used in low-level overland patrols along the Southern Rhodesian border, but these duties ended following concerns of the disturbance of wildlife.

Often, the Shackleton would be called in to perform search and rescue operations in the treacherous waters around the Cape. In March 1971, Shackletons successfully intervened in the SS Wafra oil spill, deliberately sinking the stricken oil tanker with depth charges in order to prevent an ecological disaster. The only operational loss incurred was 1718 K, which crashed into the Wemmershoek mountains at night time on 8 August 1963 with the loss of all thirteen crew.

Due to an embargo imposed by the United Nations over South Africa's policy of apartheid, acquiring components for the Shackleton fleet became increasingly difficult and thus the aircraft's serviceability suffered. The fleet had been modified to Phase III standards prior to the implementation of the arms embargo, albeit without the auxiliary Viper engine. Two of the aircraft were re-sparred, 1716 J in the United Kingdom and 1717 O in South Africa by the SAAF, but the lack of engine spares and tyres, together with airframe fatigue, took a gradual toll. By November 1984, the fatigue lives of all but the two re-sparred aircraft had expired and the fleet was retired into storage. Although the joke has been applied to several aircraft, the Shackleton was often described as "a hundred thousand rivets flying in close formation."

Avro 696 Shackleton prototypes
Three prototype Type 696s were ordered in May 1947 to meet specification R 5/46:
 * VW126
 * The first prototype which initially flew on 9 March 1949.

 * VW131
 * First flown on 2 September 1949.

 * VW135
 * First flown on 29 March 1950.

Avro 696 Shackleton Mk.1

 * Shackleton MR.Mk.1
 * The first production model for the RAF with dorsal turret with two 20 mm cannon, 29-built. First production aircraft flew on 28 March 1950 and the variant entered service with 120 Squadron at RAF Kinloss in March 1951.

 * Shackleton MR.Mk.1A
 * Variant powered by four Griffon 57A V12 piston engines, in service from April 1951, 47-built and all surviving MR.1s converted.

 * Shackleton T.4
 * Navigation trainer conversion from MR 1As between 1956 and 1961, removal of mid-upper turret, addition of radar and radio positions for trainees, 17 conversions.

Avro 696 Shackleton Mk.2
The Mark 2 had a longer nose and the radome was moved to the ventral position. Lookout position in tail. Dorsal turret and two more 20 mm cannons in nose. Twin retractable tailwheels. One aircraft, WB833, originally ordered as an MR.1 was built as an MR.2 prototype and first flew on 17 June 1952. The last ten MR.1s on the production line were completed as MR.2s and orders for 80 new-build aircraft were placed; the last 21 were completed as MR.3s and the total number of MR.2s built was 69. The first aircraft entered service with 42 Squadron at RAF St Eval in January 1953.

The aircraft were later modified, in parallel with phased modifications to the Mk.3: MR.Mk.2 Phase 1 or MR.Mk.2C

As per Mk.3 Phase 1. Also received the sonics plotting table from the Mk.3

The Shackleton MR.Mk.2 Phase 2 was as per Mk.3 Phase 2. The MR.Mk.2 Phase 3 was as per Mk.3 Phase 3, except that the Viper engines were not fitted.

Shackleton T.2 Ten MR 2 Phase 3 aircraft were modified in 1967 as T.2s at Langar to replace the T.4s with the Maritime Operational Training Units as radar trainers, with master and slave radar positions for training installed.

Shackleton AEW.2 In 1971 twelve MR.2s were converted at Woodford and Bitteswell as Airborne Early Warning aircraft, the first AEW.2 flew on 30 September 1971 and the type entered service with 8 Squadron on 1 January 1972. The AEW.2 was retired on 1 July 1991.

Avro 716 Shackleton Mk.3
Shackleton MR.Mk.3 Maritime reconnaissance, anti-shipping aircraft. The tailwheel configuration was replaced by a tricycle undercarriage, addition of a nose entrance hatch, wingtip tanks to increase fuel capacity. To increase crew comfort the inside was sound proofed, better crew seats and rearranged tactical team positions. To make room for some of the internal rearrangement the dorsal turret was not fitted. The first MR.3 flew on 2 September 1955; the aircraft had problems with stalling characteristics and crashed on 7 December 1956. The variant entered service with 220 Squadron at RAF St Eval in August 1957. The RAF ordered 52 aircraft but later following the 1956 Defence Review it was reduced to 33 aircraft. An additional aircraft was also built to replace the aircraft lost during stalling trials. An additional eight aircraft were exported to South Africa. The aircraft underwent several phased modifications.

The Phase 1 update introduced changes mainly to the internal equipment. The Phase 2 update introduced electronic countermeasures (ECM) equipment, the distinctive Orange Harvest 'spark plug' and an improved High Frequency radio.

The third of three MR 3 modification phases including the addition of two Armstrong Siddeley Viper turbojet engines at the rear of the outboard engine nacelles to be used for assisted takeoff. The wing main spars had to be strengthened due to the additional engines. A new navigation system was also fitted and there were some modification to the internal arrangement, including a shorter crew rest area to give more room for the tactical positions.

Projected designs

 * Avro 717 and 719 Shackleton MR.Mk.4
 * Project for a re-engined MR.Mk.1 using Napier Nomad engines. Two Nomads were installed in the outer nacelles of a Shackleton prototype to create the only Avro 717 example, but the program was cancelled before the aircraft could be flown. The Avro 719 would have replaced all four Griffons with Nomads.

 * Shackleton MR.Mk.5
 * MR.Mk.5 was a suggested designation for a Nomad-powered variant of the Mk.2.

Operators

 * 🇿🇦 South Africa:
 * South African Air Force
 * 35 Squadron SAAF received eight aircraft.
 * Royal Aircraft Establishment – Purchased a MR.3 in 1959.
 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 8 Squadron RAF – Formed in 1972 to operate the AEW.2 at RAF Kinloss, moved to RAF Lossiemouth in 1973.
 * No. 37 Squadron RAF – 1953–67, converted to the MR2 from the Lancaster GR3 at RAF Luqa, moved to RAF Khormaksar in 1957, disbanded in 1967.
 * No. 38 Squadron RAF – 1953–67, converted to the MR2 from the Lancaster GR3 at RAF Luqa, moved to RAF Hal Far in 1965, disbanded in 1967.
 * No. 42 Squadron RAF – 1952–71, formed at RAF St Eval with the MR1A (1952–54) and the MR2 (from 1953), moved to RAF St Mawgan in 1958, converted to the MR3 in 1965–66, converted to the Nimrod MR1 in 1971.
 * No. 120 Squadron RAF – 1951–71, converted to the MR1 from the Lancaster GR3 in 1951 at RAF Kinloss, moved to RAF Aldergrove in 1952, converted to the MR2 in 1953 and the MR3 in 1958, moved to RAF Kinloss in 1959, converted to the Nimrod MR1 in 1970.
 * No. 201 Squadron RAF – 1958–70, re-numbered from 220 Squadron in 1958 operating the MR3 at RAF St Mawgan, moved to RAF Kinloss in 1965, converted to Nimrod MR1 in 1970.
 * No. 203 Squadron RAF- 1958–71, re-numbered from 240 Squadron at RAF Ballykelly in 1958 with the MR1A and MR3, converted to the MR2 in 1962 and back to the MR3 in 1966, moved to RAF Luqa in 1969, converted to Nimrod MR1 in 1971.
 * No. 204 Squadron RAF – 1954–71, formed at RAF Ballykelly with the MR2, also operated the MR1A (1958–60), and the MR2C (1959–71), disbanded in April 1971 and reformed at RAF Honington on the same day from the Majunga Detachment Support Unit with the MR2C, detachments to Majunga, Tengah and Masirah, disbanded in 1972.
 * No. 205 Squadron RAF – 1958–71, converted to the MR1 from the Sunderland GR5 at RAF Changi, converted to the MR2C in 1962, disbanded in 1971.
 * No. 206 Squadron RAF – 1952–70, formed at RAF St Eval with the MR1A, also operated the MR2 from 1953 to 1954, moved to RAF St Mawgan in 1958 and converted to the MR3, moved to RAF Kinloss in 1965, converted to the Nimrod MR1 in 1970.
 * No. 210 Squadron RAF – 1958–71, re-numbered from 269 Squadron with the MR2 at RAF Ballykelly, disbanded in 1970, reformed the next day at RAF Sharjah, disbanded in November 1971.
 * No. 220 Squadron RAF – 1951–1958, formed at RAF Kinloss with the MR1A, moved to RAF St Eval in 1951, also operated the MR2 (1953–54), moved to RAF St Mawgan in 1956, operated the MR2 (1957) and the MR3 (1957–58), renumbered 201 Squadron in October 1958.
 * No. 224 Squadron RAF – 1951–66, converted to the MR1 from the Halifax GR6 at RAF Gibraltar, converted to the MR2 in 1953, disbanded in 1966.
 * No. 228 Squadron RAF – 1954–59, formed with the MR2 from elements of 206 Squadron at RAF St Eval, moved to RAF St Mawgan in 1956, moved back to RAF St Eval in 1958, disbanded in 1959.
 * No. 240 Squadron RAF – 1952–1958, formed with the MR1 from elements of 120 Squadron at RAF Aldergrove, moved to RAF St Eval in 1952 for a few months before moving to RAF Ballykelly, operated the MR2 from 1953 to 1954, renumbered 203 Squadron in 1958.
 * No. 269 Squadron RAF – 1952–58, formed with the MR1 from elements of 224 Squadron at RAF Gibraltar, moved to RAF Ballykelly in 1952, also operated the MR2 (1953–54), also operated the MR2 in 1958 as they were renumbered 210 Squadron.
 * No. 236 Operational Conversion Unit RAF – 1951–56, received the first MR.1s in 1951 at RAF Kinloss, redesignated the Maritime Operational Training Unit in 1956.
 * Maritime Operational Training Unit, RAF – Redesignated from 236 OCU in 1956 with 15 MR.1As, the MR.1As were slowly replaced by T.4s, moved to RAF St Mawgan in 1965, the last T.4 was replaced by a T.2 in 1968.
 * Air-Sea Warfare Development Unit RAF – 1951–60 at RAF St. Mawgan and RAF Ballykelly.
 * Joint Anti-submarine School – Operated the MR.2 between 1954 and 1957 at RAF Ballykelly.
 * Joint Anti-submarine School – Operated the MR.2 between 1954 and 1957 at RAF Ballykelly.

Survivors
A complete list is available here.

Cyprus

 * Stored or under restoration
 * AEW.2 WL747 stands abandoned at the western end of runway 11/29 at Paphos International Airport, Cyprus.
 * MR/T.2 WR967 'Dodo' Ex Crew Trainer. Paphos dump.
 * MR3 XF700 Nicosia dump.

South Africa

 * On display
 * SAAF 1717 on display at the Stanger Transport Museum, KwaZulu Natal.
 * SAAF 1720 on display at the Ysterplaat AFB, near Cape Town.
 * SAAF 1721 on display at the South African Air Force Museum, Swartkop.
 * SAAF 1722 commonly known as 'Pelican 22' was the last airworthy Shackleton MR.3. The aircraft is owned by the South African Air Force Museum based at AFB Ysterplaat. It was one of eight Shackletons operated by the South African Air Force from 1957 to 1984. Airworthy but has been grounded for safety and preservation reasons as well as for a lack of qualified crew.
 * SAAF 1723 at Vic's Viking Garage, next to the Golden Highway, Meredale, Johannesburg.

United Kingdom

 * Stored or under restoration
 * MR.2 WR963 (G-SKTN) at Coventry Airport. Engines can be run on this airframe. '''
 * On display
 * MR.1 VP293 Nose section: owned by Norman Thelwell and on loan to the Shackleton Aviation Group.
 * MR.1 WG511 Fuselage: Cornwall Aero Park, Helston.
 * MR.2 WL756 Forward nose at Caernafon, N.Wales.
 * MR.2 WL795 at RAF St. Mawgan, England.
 * AEW.2 WR960 at the Avro Heritage Museum in Woodford. (Following the closure of the MOSI Air & Space Hall in Manchester)
 * MR.3 WR971 at Fuselage section: Fenland and West Norfolk Aviation Museum, Wisbech Cambs.
 * MR.3 WR974 at South Wales Aviation Museum, St. Athan, Glamorgan.
 * MR.3 WR977 at Newark Air Museum, England.
 * MR.3 WR982 at Gatwick Aviation Museum, England. Engines can be run on this airframe.
 * MR.3 WR985 at Long Marston Airfield, Warwickshire (derelict).
 * MR.3 XF708 at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford, England.

Western Sahara

 * SAAF 1716 J Pelican 16 in the Sahara Desert (22.63049°N, -13.23736°W) approximately 2 hours from Zouérat, where it crashed while en route to IWM Duxford for preservation on July 13 1994. The airframe sustained moderate damage during the accident but remained intact, and has remained in place at the crash site to the present day. All 19 of the aircraft's crew survived the incident.

United States

 * On display
 * AEW.2 WL790 (N790WL) at Pima Air & Space Museum, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

title: Avro Shackleton


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