text:
FA Community Shield

The Football Association Community Shield (formerly the Charity Shield) is English football's annual match contested at Wembley Stadium between the champions of the previous Premier League season and the holders of the FA Cup. If the Premier League champions also won the FA Cup, then the league runners-up provide the opposition. The fixture is recognised as a competitive super cup by The Football Association  and UEFA.

Organised by the FA, proceeds from the game are distributed to community initiatives and charities around the country. Revenue from the gate receipts and match programme sales is distributed to the 124 clubs who competed in the FA Cup from the first round onwards, for onward distribution to charities and projects of their choice, while the remainder is distributed to the FA's national charity partners. The fixture was first played in the 1908–09 season, replacing the Sheriff of London Charity Shield.

The current holders are 2022–23 Premier League runners-up Arsenal, who beat 2022–23 Premier League and 2022–23 FA Cup double winners Manchester City 4–1 on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the 2023 fixture.

History
The Community Shield evolved from the Sheriff of London Charity Shield that had been introduced in 1898 as a professionals vs amateurs cup (the gentlemen and players tradition). The Football Association Charity Shield, as it was known at the time, was designed to replace the Sheriff of London Charity Shield after the leading amateur clubs fell out with the FA. The new format was to have the Football League First Division champions play the Southern League champions, and the first match was in 1908 between Manchester United (the First Division champions) and Queens Park Rangers (the Southern League champions). The match was drawn 1–1, so the game was replayed when Manchester United won 4–0. This is the only Charity Shield game to go to a replay. Both games were played at Stamford Bridge.

The competition format varied over the years: in 1913 the Shield was contested between Amateurs and Professionals XIs, while in 1921 the Shield was contested between the Football League and FA Cup winners for the first time. The format continued to vary in the 1920s, usually along the lines of Amateurs vs Professionals, including one year (1927) where the Professionals were represented by the FA Cup holders Cardiff City and the Amateurs by the Corinthians, echoing the format of the trophy's predecessor, the Sheriff of London Charity Shield.

In 1930, the match returned to being contested by the winners of the Football League and the FA Cup, and with a few exceptions, that format has remained to the present day. Notable exceptions include the 1950 Shield, which involved the England World Cup team against an FA team that had toured Canada that summer, and the 1961 Shield, when Tottenham Hotspur became the first team of the 20th century to win the Double, and so played a Football Association XI.

The game was moved to the start of the season from 1959 onwards. The question of which two teams should contest the Shield should one team win both the FA Cup and League continued to linger. In 1971, Arsenal became the second team to win the Double since the Shield's foundation, but owing to their previously arranged pre-season friendly matches, they could not take part. Leicester City were invited as Division Two champions to play FA Cup runners-up Liverpool instead and went on to win the trophy, despite at the time having never won either the League or the FA Cup.

In 1972, league champions Derby County and FA Cup winners Leeds United both declined to take part in the Charity Shield, so Manchester City, who had finished in fourth in the First Division, and Third Division champions Aston Villa were invited to take part; Manchester City won 1–0. After league champions Liverpool and FA Cup winners Sunderland declined to play, despite finishing the season 11th in the league City also contested the 1973 Charity Shield but lost 1–0 to Second Division champions Burnley.

In 1974, the then FA secretary, Ted Croker, created the current format with the match being played at Wembley Stadium, and being contested by the reigning League and FA Cup holders.

Between 1949 and 1991, the Shield was shared on 11 occasions, after the matches ended in a draw. Four drawn games in the 1980s and early 1990s resulted in each team holding the trophy for six months, but in 1993 penalties were re-introduced to decide drawn games.

With the formation of a new top league, the FA Premier League, the Shield became a showcase match between the Premier League and FA Cup winners from the 1993 competition onwards.

In 2002, the Charity Commission found that the Football Association had failed to meet its legal obligations under charity law, by failing to specify what money from ticket sales went to charity, and delaying payments to the charities nominated. As a result, the competition was renamed the Community Shield. Arsenal were the first winners of the renamed Community Shield with a 1–0 victory over Liverpool.

In 2016, the FA's official silversmith Thomas Lyte restored and rebuilt the Football Association's original 1908 Charity Shield to mark 50 years since England beat West Germany in the 1966 FIFA World Cup. The trophy was sold at auction, raising £40,000 for the Bobby Moore Fund for Cancer Research UK. The Bobby Moore Fund became the FA's charity partner in July 2016. The auction was held at The Royal Garden Hotel in Kensington, where the England team celebrated the 1966 victory.

Rules
The rules of the Community Shield are generally the same as those of the Premier League, with a team of 11 starting players and 7 substitutes. However, unlike in most other competitions where only five substitutions are permitted, teams in the Community Shield are permitted up to six substitutions. If the scores are level after 90 minutes, the teams play a penalty shootout. If a team wins both the Premier League and the FA Cup, the runner-up from the Premier League will play.

Status
Serving as England's super cup between the previous season's Premier League champions and FA Cup winners, the Community Shield is regarded as the "curtain-raiser" and is the first competitive game of each top-flight English football season. However, it has been treated with varying degrees of seriousness by participating teams, with some using it similarly to friendlies in their pre-season schedule – as an opportunity to give match practice to fringe members of their squads or those returning from injury. BBC Sport pundit Mark Lawrenson and The Guardian writer Tom Bryant both described the match as a "glorified friendly". Prior to the 2008 FA Community Shield, Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson summarised his opinion of the competition: "The Community Shield is a prestigious match but I have used players in it who were not quite fit... it's always a game we never quite use as a do or die thing; we use it as a barometer for fitness".

Others, however, continue to recognise the status of the match as the first official game and trophy of the domestic season. Ahead of the 2016 FA Community Shield against Manchester United, Leicester City manager Claudio Ranieri asked, "Why do you say this question, a friendly? When is the Community Shield a friendly? Of course we will be at the maximum and Manchester United will be at their maximum. The two teams want to win. I am very excited." The following year, Chelsea manager Antonio Conte affirmed the significance of the cup, stating "It is not a friendly game. It is an official game and there is a trophy so for us it must be important" ahead of his side's clash with Arsenal, the team that had denied his club the double the previous season. Likewise in 2018, Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola referred to his side's clash with Chelsea in the competition as "the first final" of the season. Prior to the 2023 match, Arsenal manager Mikel Arteta affirmed the status of the Community Shield when speaking to the official matchday programme, stating "We're proud to be playing in the FA Community Shield here at Wembley Stadium. This is a match which recognises two clubs who had a good year, with a traditional place in our football calendar at the start of the new season. The FA Community Shield is a trophy. When there is a trophy on the table, you want to win".

Records

 * The most successful teams in the competition are Manchester United (17 outright wins, 4 shared), Arsenal (16 outright wins, 1 shared), Liverpool (11 outright wins, 5 shared) and Everton (8 outright wins, 1 shared).
 * Chelsea (2010, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2018) and Newcastle United (1932, 1951, 1952, 1955 and 1996) share the joint-longest run of appearances without winning or sharing the trophy.
 * The highest scoring game was Manchester United's 8–4 win against Swindon Town in 1911.
 * Everton hold the record for most consecutive wins (4) from 1984 to 1987; however, the 1986 'win' was shared with Liverpool. Manchester United hold the record for most consecutive losses (4) from 1998 to 2001. During this period Manchester United also held the record for most consecutive games played (6) from 1996 to 2001 in which they won 2.
 * Tottenham Hotspur goalkeeper Pat Jennings scored against Manchester United from his own penalty area in the 1967 Charity Shield, which was shared at 3–3.
 * Brighton & Hove Albion are the only club to win just the Shield (in 1910), never the FA Cup or the League. In the five years that the Charity Shield was contested by the winners of the Football League and Southern League between 1908 and 1912, this was the only occasion on which the Southern League champions prevailed. The victory remains Brighton's only national honour to date and they were crowned the 'Champions of all England'.

Venues
For purposes of clarity, venues mentioned in italics in this section no longer exist.

Permanent venues
Since 1974, the Community Shield has been at a permanent home rather than guest venues.
 * Old Wembley Stadium: 1974–2000
 * Millennium Stadium: 2001–2006
 * New Wembley Stadium: 2007–2011, 2013–2021, 2023–present

Neutral and guest host venues
The fixture was originally played at various neutral grounds or at the home ground of one of the competing teams. In total, there have been eighteen host grounds other than the aforementioned permanent three. The first ground to host the fixture was Stamford Bridge in 1908 and the last ground that guest hosted the fixture was the King Power Stadium in 2022, which was due to Wembley hosting the final of UEFA Women's Euro 2022 on the following day.

Seven grounds have hosted the fixture once: St James' Park in 1932, Roker Park in 1936, Burnden Park in 1958, Turf Moor in 1960, Portman Road in 1962, Anfield in 1964 and Elland Road in 1969. Leicester City have hosted the fixture twice, at Filbert Street in 1971 and the King Power Stadium in 2022. A further nine grounds have hosted the fixture on multiple occasions (see table).

Winners and runners-up by competition

 * Notes

title: FA Community Shield


text:
Self-clocking signal

In telecommunications and electronics, a self-clocking signal is one that can be decoded without the need for a separate clock signal or other source of synchronization. This is usually done by including embedded synchronization information within the signal, and adding constraints on the coding of the data payload such that false synchronization can easily be detected.

Most line codes are designed to be self-clocking.

Isochronicity and anisochronicity
If a clock signal is embedded in the data transmission, there are two possibilities: the clock signals are sent at the same time as the data (isochronous), or at a different time (anisochronous).

Isochronous self-clocking signals
If the embedded clock signal is isochronous, it gets sent simultaneously with the data. Below is an example signal, in this case using the Manchester code self-clocking signal. The data and clock cycles can be thought of as "adding up" to a combination, where both the clock cycle and the data can be retrieved from the transmitted signal.

Asynchronous self-clocking signals
Asynchronous self-clocking signals do not combine clock cycles and data transfer into one continuous signal. Instead, the transmission of clock cycles and data transmission is modulated. Below is an example signal used in asynchronous serial communication, where it is made clear that the information about the clock speed is transmitted in a different timeframe than the actual data.

Implementations
Example uses of self-clocking signal protocols include:
 * Isochronous
 * Manchester code, where the clock signals occur at the transition points.
 * Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy signals
 * Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation
 * 4B5B
 * 8b/10b encoding
 * 64b/66b encoding
 * HDLC
 * Modified Frequency Modulation
 * Anisochronous
 * Morse code
 * Asynchronous start-stop

Most of these codes can be seen as a kind of Run Length Limited code. Those constraints on "runs" of zeros and "runs" of ones ensure that transitions occur often enough to keep the receiver synchronized.

Such self-clocking signals can be decoded correctly into a stream of bits without bit slip. To further decode that stream of bits and decide which bit is the first bit of a byte, often a self-synchronizing code is used.

Analog examples
Amplitude modulation – modulating a signal $$M(t)$$ by changing the amplitude of a carrier wave, as in:
 * $$y(t) = M(t) \cdot \cos(\omega_c t),$$

is self-clocking, as the zero crossings serve as a clock pulse.

One may consider this clock pulse redundant information, or at least a wasteful use of channel capacity, and duplex the channel by varying the phase, as in polar modulation, or adding another signal that is 90° out of phase (a sine wave), as in quadrature modulation. The result is to send twice as many signals over the channel, at the cost of losing the clock, and thus suffering signal degradation in case of clock drift (the analog equivalent of bit drift).

This demonstrates how encoding clocking or synchronization in a code costs channel capacity, and illustrates the trade-off.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Self-clocking signal


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Scottish Constitutional Convention

The Scottish Constitutional Convention (SCC) was an association of Scottish political parties, churches and other civic groups, that developed a framework for Scottish devolution. It is credited as having paved the way for the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.

Campaign for a Scottish Assembly
The Convention has its roots in the Campaign for a Scottish Assembly (CSA), which was formed in the aftermath of the 1979 referendum that failed to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly. The all-party Campaign for a Scottish Assembly, which was launched at a rally in Edinburgh on 1st March 1980, was led by Jack Brand, and later headed by Jim Boyack. By July, a Labour Campaign for a Scottish Assembly had been established to build support in the party at constituency level and exert influence at the party conference. The CSA contained individuals committed to some form of Home Rule for Scotland. Activists were drawn from the Labour Party, the Scottish National Party (SNP), the Scottish Liberal Party, the Scottish Ecology Party, the Communist Party and the trade union movement. Some were formerly members of the Scottish Labour Party (SLP).

The CSA kept up the pressure for devolution in the early years of the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher, which was totally opposed to any form of Home Rule. Eventually, the CSA came to the stance that the cause of Scottish devolution would be best served by a convention with more democratic legitimacy invested in it.

The CSA organised the committee, chaired by Professor Sir Robert Grieve, that published the Claim of Right for Scotland. The Claim held that it was the Scottish people's right to choose the form of government that best suited them (a long-established principle, first formally stated in the Declaration of Arbroath, 1320 ), and which also recommended the establishment of a convention to discuss this.

Scottish Constitutional Convention
The Scottish Constitutional Convention was then established in 1989 after prominent Scottish individuals signed the Claim of Right, and superseded the role of the CSA.

The first meeting was held in the Assembly Hall in Edinburgh on 30 March 1989. Canon Kenyon Wright, the convener of the executive committee, opened the meeting. David Steel and Harry Ewing were adopted as co-chairmen. A second meeting on 7 July was held in Inverness. Various organisations participated in the Convention, such as the Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats, the Scottish Green Party, the Communist Party, the Scottish Trades Union Congress, the Scottish Council for Development and Industry, the Small Business Federation and various bodies representing other strands of political opinion as well as civic society in general. Representatives of the two largest churches – the Church of Scotland and the Roman Catholic Church – were involved, as well as smaller church groups, and some non-Christian communities which decided to participate.

Initially, the Scottish National Party (SNP) participated, but the then party leader Gordon Wilson, along with Jim Sillars, decided to withdraw the SNP from participation owing to the convention's unwillingness to discuss Scottish independence as a constitutional option.

The Conservative government of the day was very hostile to the convention, and challenged the local authorities' right to finance the convention, although the courts found that they were in fact entitled to do so.

Under its executive chairman, Canon Kenyon Wright, the convention published its blueprint for devolution, Scotland's Parliament, Scotland's Right, on 30 November 1995, St Andrew's Day. The report had proposals for a devolved arrangement. The Scottish Parliament was established in 1999.

In December 2013, John McAllion, who participated in the convention as a Labour MP, claimed that it was "self-appointed", "elitist", and "ultimately unrepresentative" of Scottish society, and should not be a model for a future constitutional convention.

title: Scottish Constitutional Convention


text:
ASU

ASU, Asu or asu may refer to:

Languages

 * Asu language (Nigeria), spoken in Western Nigeria
 * Asu language (Tanzania), spoken by the Gweno people in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. Also called Pare.

Education

 * In Bahrain:
 * Applied Science University (Bahrain)
 * In Egypt:
 * Ain Shams University
 * In Japan:
 * Aichi Sangyo University
 * Aichi Shukutoku University
 * In Lithuania:
 * Aleksandras Stulginskis University
 * In Mongolia:
 * American School of Ulaanbaatar
 * In the Philippines:
 * Aklan State University
 * In Russia:
 * Altai State University
 * In the United States:
 * Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
 * Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
 * Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama
 * Angelo State University, San Angelo, Texas
 * Albany State University, Albany, Georgia
 * Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi
 * American Sentinel University, Denver, Colorado
 * American Sports University, San Bernardino, California
 * Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * Augusta State University, Augusta, Georgia
 * Adams State University, Alamosa, Colorado

Places

 * Asu or Asow  may refer to several places in Iran:
 * Asu, Gilan
 * Asu, Hormozgan
 * Asu, Razavi Khorasan
 * Asu, South Khorasan
 * Asu Temple, a Hindu temple in Central Java, Indonesia
 * Asunción, Paraguay, sometimes referred locally as Asu.

Films

 * Asu (film) - 2021 Sri Lankan drama film directed by Sanjeewa Pushpakumara

Other uses

 * ASU, the IATA code for the Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Luque, near Asunción, Paraguay
 * ASU-57, Soviet airborne support gun
 * ASU-85, Soviet airborne support gun
 * Aikido Schools of Ueshiba
 * Air separation unit
 * Airport Security Unit (disambiguation)
 * Army Service Uniform
 * Australian Services Union
 * Active service unit, individual units with the Provisional Irish Republican Army
 * Adobe Setup Utility
 * Arab Socialist Union (disambiguation), the name of a number of political parties in the Arab world
 * Asian Skating Union
 * Arbitrary Strength Unit, a performance value for mobile phone signals
 * The Javanese word for dog

title: ASU


text:
Talk:French Resistance

Prose size and the very long tag
according to WP:SIZERULE this page is very long and should be tagged or split. Wikipedia is supposed to be maintained for all users, not just those with "modern broadband speeds". The maintenance category should remain in place while the guideline remains as is. 17:01, 12 February 2023 (UTC)
 * How goes it? That WP:SIZERULE rule is a load of bollocks and is out of time as it makes no sense. It was good in 2005, when everybody on the west was on an average of 1.0mbit but that no the case.  Even in Nigeria, deepest Africa, average broadband speeds are now 19Mbits. In South-east Asia and India the average is around 18Mbits. In china the speeds are much as faster as. There is 10000's of articles of that length on Wikipedia and none of them are going to split.  That WP:SIZERULE rule needs go.It is now a complete WP:IAR scenario. I've had this conversation numerous times and its become the blind moles. At the end of the day, nobody is going to split this article, because it is not even in range of what considered large. It simply not going to happen as the times have moved on.    scope_creep Talk  17:10, 12 February 2023 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a discussion you need to start or continue on the guideline talk (or wherever you deem it most suitable) but while the guideline is what it is, this and other affected articles should be maintained in accordance with it. Ignoring all the rules is only appropriate if the specifics of a case are such that they fall outside the rules; this page is long according the guidelines and there's no argument against that. Your personal opinion is not consensus and your experience may not be typical.  17:17, 12 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The article size "rules" are completely made-up nonsense based on nothing, and as rehashed ad nauseum, even a single large image consumes bandwidth comparable to all the rendered text. We unfortunately have a number of editors who can't seem to find anything else to do but harp about this non-issue. The reason the guidelines haven't changed is that experienced editors find it easy to resist its mindless application in the field, so there's little appetite for wasting time battling out a change to the defunct guideline itself. EEng 21:27, 12 February 2023 (UTC)
 * As has been revealed by expert analysis of the current guidelines; they are still very relevant and should be adhered to. This is one of the longest articles on the English Wikipedia, currently sitting at 2442 from the top. These facts are neither a load of bollocks or made-up nonsense.  23:23, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Its because you don't know what your talking about. That rather simplistic definition of support at talk WP:AS is neither right nor reflective of a whole series of others reasons why the WP:AS is incorrect. Its a base rationale at best, extremely conversative in nature and doesn't reflect reality for most people outwith Wikipedia nor within wikipedia. From the "Keep it short, please! People have fallen asleep after" to "dial" up lines, its all yesterdays news. It like reading dec manuals from 1988. Its mostly outdate junk. It might be worth pointing that a good number of people on Wikipedia, I don't know the exact numbers, but between 40-60% of folk are either software engineer, or a part of the STEM industry, so they tend to know what they are talking about. I'm an software engineer. My first job was protocol developement on 802.3. I know what I'm talking about. More so it worries me,  that this mentality is going to end up crucifying this extremely important article.    scope_creep Talk  01:14, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

Proposal to split History to its own article
This article is very long, which is known to cause technical issues as well as making the article unwieldy for for some readers. The History section is very large, fairly self contained and looks as if it could stand well on its own. This article could then contain a short summary of the history, relevant for the needs of this article and a main for further reading. Please don't leap to a WP:VOTE and consider the pros and cons of the proposal. 22:17, 12 February 2023 (UTC)
 * What's needed is for that section to be massively cut. It's overdetailed and discursive (as is much of the article), with all kinds of material that doesn't belong even if it's a standalone article. Splitting it off is just sweeping that problem under the rug. This is a great example of the obsession with size per se causing the real problems with an article to be ignored. EEng 06:07, 13 February 2023 (UTC)
 * What technical problems. Another myth from the decade back still lingering.   scope_creep Talk  09:57, 13 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Size is more often a symptom of problems than itself a problem, though both can be problems. From a glance, it seems that the history section should be refactored, and a separate timeline article may be helpful. Onetwothreeip (talk) 09:34, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Seems to me that the history section of this article has both too much detail for a survey article and too little for the serious student. Maybe the two-step solution is to incorporate the existing history section in a new article titled History of the French Resistance and to pare down by about 3/4 the history section in this article, Then, as a second long-term step create several more-detailed spin-off articles: French Resistance, 1940-1941; French Resistance, 1942; French Resistance, 1943; and French Resistance 1944. The French resistance is a big topic.
 * I've been toying with the notion of working on some article (or creating one) with more detail about the beginning of the French Resistance in 1940-41. Any suggestions as to how the subject might be approached? Smallchief (talk) 13:13, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Fall 2023 HIST 401
— Assignment last updated by Gabrooh (talk) 02:40, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

Prior to french occupation, did any0ther nation occupy Algeria? 2600:1700:6EE0:DA0:70BF:FF95:E7AB:78A (talk) 03:12, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

Alliance and the importance of Marie Madeleine Fourcade
I'm very surprised that there is no mention of the Alliance French spy network that discovered Pennemunde (V1 & V2 testing site) in eastern Europe and their aide to the British in garnering important intelligence during WW2. There's no mention of Marie Madeleine Fourcade too. My source for this is within the book called "Madame Foucarde's Secret War" as written by Lynne Olson published in 2019. ISBN 978-0-8129-9476-6 65.130.42.220 (talk) 20:58, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:French Resistance


text:
User:Ians

My name is Ian Sanders and I live in the United Kingdom.

My main interests are 20th century history with a bias towards Europe and in particular central and eastern europe.

I currently run 2 web sites listed below:

Links:
 * UK Pillboxes and Invasion Defences
 * Photos of Berlin 1989 to 1999.

title: User:Ians


text:
DT

DT may refer to:

Music

 * Dt. (band), a Japanese dance/rock group
 * "D.T.", an instrumental song on Who Made Who, AC/DC's 1986 album
 * Dark Tranquillity, Swedish melodic death metal band
 * Dream Theater, American progressive metal band
 * MC DT, a UK garage emcee and member of DJ Pied Piper and the Masters of Ceremonies

Other media

 * The Dark Tower (disambiguation), various works of fiction
 * Dilithium (Star Trek), fictional chemical element by its symbol
 * Ixion Saga DT, a television series

Businesses and organisations

 * Daimler Truck, German commercial vehicle manufacturer
 * Dalarnas Tidningar, Swedish newspaper and media company
 * Deutsche Telekom (by NYSE ticker symbol)
 * Dhanmondi Tutorial, an educational organisation
 * Dimosia Tileorasi, a former Greek public broadcaster
 * DT Infrastructure, Australian construction company
 * Dynatrace, software intelligence provider (by NYSE stock symbol)
 * TAAG Angola Airlines (IATA code: DT)
 * Turkish State Theatres (Devlet Tiyattolari)

Language and linguistics

 * d/t, shorthand for "due to"
 * Discourse transcription, in linguistics
 * Daighi tongiong pingim, an orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese language

Places

 * District, in abbreviations
 * Downtown, in abbreviations
 * Dakota Territory, the northernmost part of the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase
 * DT postcode area, including Dorchester and surrounding areas in southern England

Computing and telecommunications

 * , an HTML element for specifying definition data
 * Daemon Tools, a disk image emulator
 * Digital television, the transmission of television signals using digital encoding
 * Digital transformation, the adoption of digital technology
 * Decision tree, a decision support tool

Health and psychology

 * DT vaccine, a diphtheria and tetanus vaccine
 * Dark triad, a group of personality traits
 * Delirium tremens, a medical condition of uncontrolled shaking, typically due to alcohol or drug withdrawal
 * Drug Tariff price, the amount pharmacies in the United Kingdom get reimbursed for generic medications
 * Digestive tract, the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus

Weapons

 * Douglas DT, a U.S. Navy torpedo bomber
 * DT, variant of the Degtyaryov machine gun for mounting and loading in armoured fighting vehicles

Other uses in science and technology

 * DT, in nuclear fusion, the ratio of hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium
 * Deuterium–tritium fusion, a type of nuclear fusion
 * Navistar DT engine
 * ΔT (timekeeping), the time difference between Universal Time (UT, defined by Earth's rotation) and Terrestrial Time (TT, independent of Earth's rotation

Other uses

 * DT, latinised symbol for the Tunisian dinar
 * Defensive tackle, a position in American football
 * Nickname for Demaryius Thomas (1987–2021), American football player
 * Nickname for Derrick Thomas (1967–2000), American football player
 * Design and technology, an area of study taught at schools and colleges
 * Deuteronomy, the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible

title: DT


text:
Walter Mitty

Walter Jackson Mitty is a fictional character in James Thurber's first short story "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty," first published in The New Yorker on March 18, 1939, and in book form in My World—and Welcome to It in 1942.

Based on a true story of Oscar Knowles, based in Leeds, UK

Thurber loosely based the character, a daydreamer, on himself. It was made into a film in 1947 starring Danny Kaye, with a remake in 2013 directed by, and starring Ben Stiller.

Character and plot
Mitty is a meek, mild-mannered man with a vivid fantasy life. In a few dozen paragraphs, he imagines himself a wartime pilot, an emergency-room surgeon, and a devil-may-care killer. Although the story has humorous elements, there is a darker and more significant message underlying the text, leading to a more tragic interpretation of the Mitty character. Even in his heroic daydreams, Mitty does not triumph, several fantasies being interrupted before the final one sees Mitty dying bravely in front of a firing squad. In the brief snatches of reality that punctuate Mitty's fantasies, the reader meets well-meaning but insensitive strangers who inadvertently rob Mitty of some of his remaining dignity.

Popular culture
The character's name has come into more general use to refer to an ineffectual dreamer and appears in several dictionaries. The American Heritage Dictionary defines a Walter Mitty as "an ordinary, often ineffectual person who indulges in fantastic daydreams of personal triumphs". The most famous of Thurber's inept male protagonists, the character is considered "the archetype for dreamy, hapless, Thurber Man".

When referencing actor Errol Flynn, Warner Brothers studio head, Jack L. Warner, noted in his autobiography, My First Hundred Years in Hollywood, "To the Walter Mittys of the world he [Flynn] was all the heroes in one magnificent, sexy, animal package".

In the song "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll", Ian Dury refers to the clothes of Mr. Walter Mitty as a better alternative to wearing grey, citing the character as an example of the unconventional.

In the December 2, 1963 edition of Newsweek Magazine (and later published as a slim book), Washington Post Editor Ben Bradlee recalled his friend John F. Kennedy in a column and described his, "Walter Mitty streak, as wide as his smile" citing Kennedy on the golf course when he played well as embodying Arnold Palmer's power or Julius Boros' finesse.

The character is mentioned in the opening lines of the Mark Lindsay 1970 hit song, "Silver Bird": "Get aboard the silver bird, departing gate 19/Satisfy your Walter Mitty mind, tryin' out a dream."

In his 1992 biography of Henry Kissinger, Walter Isaacson records that on October 6, 1973, during the 1973 Arab Israeli War, Kissinger urged President Richard Nixon's Chief of Staff General Alexander Haig to keep Nixon in Florida in order to avoid any "hysterical" moves and to keep any "Walter Mitty tendencies" under control.

In the 1997 book Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer—a personal account of the events of the 1996 Everest disaster—Krakauer states: "Walter Mittys with Everest dreams need to bear in mind that when things go wrong up in the death zone (above 26,000 feet)—and sooner or later they always do—the strongest guides in the world may be powerless to save a client's life; indeed as the events of 1996 demonstrated, the strongest guides in the world are sometimes powerless to save even their own lives."

In the 1999 autobiography John Glenn: A Memoir by Mercury by astronaut and US Senator John Glenn, he states, "The average person could Walter Mitty him- or herself into winning the Indianapolis 500, since everybody drove a car; all you had to do was imagine yourself going faster and making nothing but left turns. But space was so new nobody had a way to relate to it realistically."

In 2007, automaker Ford stated that it had to exclude from the list of potential bidders "Walter Mitty" types who had dreams but no experience, prior to the sale of their Aston Martin British GT car brand to a consortium of business interests from America and the Middle East, headed by Prodrive founder and world rally championship owner David Richards.

Impostor Alan McIlwraith, who falsely claimed to be a knighted war hero, was dubbed "Sir Walter Mitty" by the press.

The Guardian reported on April 20, 2009 that a leaked British National Party training manual described some members as "liars, oddballs, and Walter Mitty types".

The Guardian reported on January 23, 2016 that up to 10% of servicemen and ex-servicemen who made use of the services of military psychiatrists for PTSD were "Walter Mitty" characters who fabricated or exaggerated their experiences in combat.

Terry Gilliam described his film Brazil as "Walter Mitty meets Franz Kafka".

In his January 20, 2021 column "Witless Ape Rides Helicopter" in National Review magazine, Kevin D. Williamson criticized the US Republican Party for the legacy of Donald Trump's presidency, saying "maybe turning your party over to Generalissimo Walter Mitty, his hideous scheming spawn, and the studio audience from Hee-Haw was not just absolutely aces as a political strategy."

British military slang
Individuals who impersonate serving or retired members of the armed forces are known as "Walts" in the British Armed Forces, a shortened form of "Walter Mitty". In the United Kingdom, it is an offence under the Armed Forces Act 2006 to wear real or replica military decorations to pretend to be a member of the armed forces.

In his book on selection for the SAS, Andy McNab wrote that soldiers from other units who were applying to join and who gave away the fact they were motivated by reasons of personal vanity were labelled as "Walter Mitties" and quietly sent home.

Films
The character was first played by Danny Kaye in the 1947 film version. Thurber opposed this 1947 production.

A 2013 re-make of the film starred, and was directed by, Ben Stiller. This too bore little resemblance to Thurber's vision of the character.

Music
Walter Mitty is referenced in the lyrics of these songs:

title: Walter Mitty


text:
Talk:Earl of Cork

The Earls of Cork are an aristocratic family in Ireland and Britain.

Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork (1566-1643), known as the "Great Earl", was born in Canterbury and educated at Cambridge. He married an Irish heiress and bought large estates in Ireland. One of his sons was Robert Boyle, a physicist and chemist. Another was Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, a statesman and a writer.

Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork (1612-1698), known as the "Rich Boyle". Married Elizabeth Clifford, daughter of the 5th Earl of Cumberland and descendant of Edward III. His son Richard Boyle died in 1665 in the Battle of Solebay, and another son, Charles Boyle, married Jane Seymour, a descendant of Henry VII.

Charles Boyle, 3rd Earl of Cork (before 1674-1703) was the grandson of the 2nd Earl. He married Juliana Noel.

Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, 4th Earl of Cork (1694-1753), was an architect who published Andrea Palladio's designs of Ancient Roman architecture. He was known as Lord Burlington. Chiswick House was designed by the 4th Earl and William Kent. His daughter Charlotte Boyle married William Cavendish, the 4th Duke of Devonshire.

Richard Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork and of Orrery (1707-1762), was a writer and a friend of Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.

Broghill
This article would benefit from an explanation of why 'Baron Boyle of Broghill' redirects here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Omassey (talk • contribs) 13:21, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Extinction of title
Hi @SeoR. I'm aware we're discussing similar topics on different pages, but I just wanted to discuss this here before I revert your edit.

You labelled my last edit "Original Research and/or opinion." Could you explain what brought you to that conclusion? The source I listed made it very clear that Ireland became an independent republic, and that the Constitution does not support the use of imaginary titles.

"The old titles still exist, regulated by patents under laws outside Ireland. The Irish Constitution gives them no recognition but did not (and did not claim to) extinguish them."

You need to provide proof that the titles still exist. It's like a title of Best U21 Hurling team. It won't exist forever, if the law bans the title of Best U21 hurling team. It did exist, but it no longer does. (Even if the exact wording of "no more hurling titles" was put into law)

I have no problem with the existence of the page, for historical reasons, but we cannot massage the imperial dreams of descendents of land thieves and warlords. Wikiejd2 (talk) 08:29, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl of Cork


text:
Derry, New Hampshire

Derry is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 34,317 at the 2020 census. Although it is a town and not a city, Derry is the most populous community in Rockingham County and the 4th most populous in the state. The town's nickname, "Spacetown", derives from the fact that Derry is the birthplace of Alan Shepard, the first astronaut from the United States in space. Derry was also for a time the home of the poet Robert Frost and his family.

The Derry census-designated place, with a 2020 population of 22,879, occupies the central part of the town, extending from Derry's downtown in the west to the town of Hampstead in the east. The town also includes the village of East Derry.

History
The area was first settled by Scots-Irish families in 1719 as part of the town of Londonderry, as were present-day Windham and portions of Manchester, Salem and Hudson. The town of Derry was formed in 1827 from the eastern portion of Londonderry and was named, like Londonderry, after the city of Derry in Ireland, the Irish word Doire meaning "oak grove". The first potato planted in the United States was sown in Derry in the town's common field in 1719. The town is the location of two of America's oldest private schools, Pinkerton Academy, founded in 1814 and still in operation, and the closed Adams Female Seminary.

Derry was once a linen and leather-making center until New England textile industries moved south in the 20th century. As recently as World War II, Derry was also a sleepy farming community. From 1900 to 1911, poet Robert Frost lived with his family on a farm in Derry purchased for him by his grandfather. The Robert Frost Farm is now a National Historic Landmark and state park and is open to the public for tours, poetry readings and other cultural events from spring through fall.

The post-war suburban boom, the town's proximity to Boston in the south and Manchester to the northwest, and the construction of Interstate 93 through town led to a huge population boom. After the 1990s, this growth disappeared, with the population remaining essentially unchanged since 2000.

The Manchester and Lawrence branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad ran through Derry, but is now abandoned, with most of the line in town now a rail trail. The New Hampshire Department of Transportation stated in its I-93 corridor transit study and its 2012 statewide rail plan that it could be feasible to reopen the line.

Geography
Derry is in southern New Hampshire, in southwestern Rockingham County. It is 12 mi southeast of Manchester, the state's largest city, and 16 mi northwest of Lawrence, Massachusetts. The town is crossed by Interstate 93 and New Hampshire routes 28, 28 Bypass, and 102.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 94.0 sqkm, of which 91.9 sqkm are land and 2.1 sqkm are water, comprising 2.26% of the town. Derry is drained by Beaver Brook, a southward-flowing tributary of the Merrimack River. Island Pond is on the southeastern border of the town and drains to the Spicket River, another tributary of the Merrimack. A small section along the northern border of town drains north to the Exeter River, part of the Piscataqua River watershed. The highest point in the town is Warner Hill, at 605 ft above sea level, where from the top one can see the Boston skyline on a clear day.

Derry's downtown is located near the town's western border at the intersection of Routes 102 and 28, and the village of East Derry is located approximately 2 mi to the east and close to the geographic center of the town. Both areas are part of the Derry census-designated place.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Chester (north)
 * Sandown (northeast)
 * Hampstead (east)
 * Atkinson (southeast)
 * Salem (southeast)
 * Windham (south)
 * Londonderry (west)
 * Auburn (northwest)

Climate
Derry has a four-season humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), with long, cold, snowy winters, and very warm and somewhat humid summers; spring and fall in between are crisp and relatively brief transitions. Precipitation is well-spread throughout the year, including snowfall in the winter.

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, there were 34,317 people residing in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 88.1% White, 2.3% African American, 1.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.9% some other race, and 1.7% from two or more races. 4.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

As of the census of 2010, there were 12,537 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% had a married couple living together, 12.2% had a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 30.1% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62, and the average family size was 3.10.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 30.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.

At the 2000 census the median income for a household in the town was $54,634, and the median income for a family was $61,625. Males had a median income of $41,271 versus $30,108 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,315. 4.6% of the population and 3.3% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 5.0% were under the age of 18 and 7.1% were 65 or older.

Government
In the New Hampshire Senate, Derry is in the 19th district and is currently represented by Republican Regina Birdsell. On the Executive Council of New Hampshire, Derry is in district 3 and is currently represented by Republican Janet Stevens. In the U.S. House of Representatives, Derry is included in New Hampshire's 1st congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat Chris Pappas.

Derry is part of a reliably Republican belt of dense, populous towns along Interstate 93 near the Massachusetts border. Derry leans Republican in presidential elections, and has even trended rightwards as of late. Bill Clinton did manage to carry the town with a plurality of the vote in 1996. No Democrat has won a majority of Derry’s voters since Lyndon B. Johnson's landslide election in 1964.

Top employers
According to the town's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the town are the following:

Transportation
Five New Hampshire state highways and one Interstate Highway cross the town of Derry:

 * NH 28 enters from Salem in the south, follows Rockingham Road north to the southern limit of the town's main business district, then turns west along with Rockingham Road toward an intersection with Windham Road and Kendall Pond Road (Shute's Corner), and then north to follow Birch Street. After crossing NH 102, it becomes Crystal Avenue, and finally at Tsienneto Road changes names again to Manchester Road before entering Londonderry in the western part of town.
 * NH 28 Bypass, known locally as "The Bypass", begins at South Main Street where NH 28 turns along with Rockingham Road, and continues on South Main Street, North Main Street, and Londonderry Turnpike before crossing the extreme northwestern corner of town and entering Auburn.
 * NH 102 enters in the west from Londonderry, where it is known locally as Broadway. Running southwest to northeast, it crosses North and South Main Street (NH 28 Bypass) and East Derry Road at a traffic circle in the center of town (Danforth Circle), from where it follows Chester Road to the northern border with the town of Chester.
 * NH 111 crosses the extreme southeastern corner of town, entering from Salem in the south, and passing into Atkinson in the east. There is only one intersection in the town, with Island Pond Road, with NH 111 spending less than 1/2 mile in Derry.
 * NH 121 crosses the extreme northeastern corner of town for a few hundred feet between Hampstead and Sandown. There are no intersections on this stretch of NH 121 that connect to the rest of Derry, though Hampstead Road intersects NH 121 a few feet from the Derry border with Hampstead some distance to the south.
 * Interstate 93 crosses the southwestern corner of Derry, for less than 1 mile. There are no interchanges in the town, but the interchange with NH 102 in Londonderry is less than 1,000 feet from the town line.

The nearest air transport is Manchester–Boston Regional Airport. There is currently no passenger rail service in Derry, though a former train depot in the center of town has been converted to a hub for the main commercial district in town. Amtrak provides Downeaster service and the MBTA' Haverhill Line at Haverhill station, 32 miles to the southeast.

Public schools

 * Administration:
 * Derry Cooperative School District
 * Elementary:
 * Ernest P. Barka Elementary School
 * Derry Village School
 * East Derry Memorial Elementary School
 * Grinnell Elementary School
 * South Range Elementary School
 * Middle:
 * Gilbert H. Hood Middle School
 * West Running Brook Middle School

Private schools

 * Pinkerton Academy, serving as the public high school for Derry, Chester, Hampstead, Auburn, Hooksett, and Candia
 * Nutfield Cooperative School (pre-school and kindergarten)
 * Saint Thomas Aquinas School (pre-kindergarten through grade 8)
 * Derry Montessori School (age 3 through grade 3)
 * Calvary Christian School operated from 1970 to 2009 and educated an average of 400 students in grades K–12.
 * Next Charter School (grades 9 through 12)

Media
Derry is home to two media sources, the weekly Derry News, which is owned by The Eagle-Tribune and television station WWJE-DT, owned by Univision Communications. Derry is located within the Boston television market and the Manchester radio market. Derry Community Television, also known as DerryCAM, is the town's public-access television station on local cable TV.

The weekly Nutfield News, which was locally owned by Nutfield Publishing, was published until December 2022.

Notable people

 * Samantha Brown (born 1970), former host of Travel Channel, seller on QVC
 * Caleb Chapman (born 1973), musician
 * Charles Cogswell Doe (1830–1896), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, born in Derry
 * Tricia Dunn-Luoma (born 1974), hockey player; Olympic gold medalist
 * Charles Miller Floyd (1861–1923), 51st governor of New Hampshire
 * Robert Frost (1874–1963), four-time Pulitzer Prize-winning poet (to date, the only poet to achieve this feat)
 * Brendan James (born 1979), singer-songwriter, pianist
 * Phyllis Katsakiores (born 1934), state representative
 * Priscilla Lane (1915–1995), actress
 * David Nelson (born 1974), world-record-holding video game competitor
 * William Patterson (1789–1838), U.S. congressman
 * Joe Seiders (born 1980), musician
 * Alan Shepard (1923–1998), astronaut, first American in space, and as a member of Apollo 14 one of 12 people to have walked on the Moon
 * Pamela Smart (born 1967), convicted conspirator to murder
 * John Stark (1728–1822), Continental Army major general in the Revolutionary War
 * Aaron Fletcher Stevens (1819–1887), brigadier general, U.S. congressman
 * Matt Taven (born 1985), professional wrestler
 * Paul Thompson (born 1988), hockey player
 * Matthew Thornton (1714–1803), Irish-born Founding Father of the United States who signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Hampshire
 * Nikki Tilroe (1941–2005), performer, puppeteer
 * Ryan Tuerck (born 1985), Formula D Drift professional driver

Sites of interest

 * Adams Memorial Building
 * Derry Historical Society and Museum
 * Robert Frost Farm, National Historic Landmark
 * Taylor Mill State Historic Site
 * Rockingham Recreational Trail, rail trail to Fremont

Sister cities

 * 🇷🇺 Cherepovets, Vologda Oblast, Russia

title: Derry, New Hampshire


text:
TZ

TZ or tz may refer to:

Arts and media:
 * The Twilight Zone, an American television anthology series
 * Terezi Pyrope, a character from the webcomic Homestuck, frequently called "TZ" by her friend Sollux.
 * Tz (newspaper), a German tabloid newspaper from Munich

Places:
 * Tappan Zee Bridge, New York, US
 * Tappan Zee High School, a public high school in Orangeburg, New York, US
 * Tanzania (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code TZ)

Science and technology:
 * .tz, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Tanzania
 * Time zone, a geographic region which uses a common clock time
 * Tz database, also called zoneinfo or IANA Time Zone Database, a compilation of information about the world's time zones
 * Saxitoxin, a chemical weapon with designation TZ in the US military
 * Sony Vaio TZ, a model of personal computer
 * Transformation Zone, a term used in cervical cancer therapy, the area of the cervix where dysplasia and abnormal cell growth occur
 * TrustZone, a security extension to the Arm architecture of CPUs, implementing a type of Trusted Execution Environment.

Other uses:
 * tz, a digraph in linguistics, pronounced
 * ATA Airlines (1973-2008, IATA airline code TZ)
 * Scoot (2012-present, IATA airline code TZ until 2017)

title: TZ


text:
Jimmy Reid

James Reid (9 July 1932 – 10 August 2010) was a Scottish trade union activist, orator, politician and journalist born in Govan, Glasgow. His role as spokesman and one of the leaders in the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders work-in between June 1971 and October 1972 attracted international recognition. He later served as Rector of the University of Glasgow and subsequently became a journalist and broadcaster. Formerly a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, Reid was later a member of the Labour Party. He moved on to supporting the Scottish Socialist Party in the late 1990s, then joined the Scottish National Party in 2005 and gave his full support to the idea of Scottish independence. He died in 2010 after a long illness.

Early life
Reid was born in Govan, Glasgow, then a major British shipbuilding centre. In his youth Reid joined the Young Communist League and later he became a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. He was involved in organising a major apprentices' strike at the Clyde shipyards in 1951.

Union career
Reid came to prominence in the early 1970s, when he led the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders work-in to try to stop Edward Heath's Conservative government from closing down the shipyards on the River Clyde. The government had decided that the shipyards should operate without state subsidy, which would have resulted in at least six thousand job losses. An engineer by trade and shop steward of the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, Reid, along with his colleagues Jimmy Airlie, Sammy Gilmore and Sammy Barr, decided that the best way to show the viability of keeping the yards open was by staging a work-in rather than by going on strike. This meant that the workers would continue to complete what orders the shipyard had until the government changed policy.

In a speech to the workers Reid announced the beginning of workers' control of the shipyard and insisted on self-discipline while it was in force:We are not going to strike. We are not even having a sit-in strike. Nobody and nothing will come in, and nothing will go out, without our permission. And there will be no hooliganism, there will be no vandalism, there will be no bevvying, because the world is watching us, and it is our responsibility to conduct ourselves with responsibility, and with dignity, and with maturity.

The occupation received support from across the world. There was a series of fundraising events, and foreign unions, celebrities such as John Lennon and Billy Connolly, and members of the public provided donations. The campaign was successful in persuading Heath to back down the following year, and the Clyde shipyards received £101million in public support over the following three years.

CPGB years
Reid was elected as a Communist councillor in Clydebank, where, until the local government reform of the mid-1970s, there were a few Communist councillors. He stood for the Communist Party of Great Britain in East Dunbartonshire in the 1970 general election.

Reid also served as Rector of the University of Glasgow, having been elected to the post in 1971, largely on the back of his union activities. When he was installed as Rector he gave a speech that has become known as "the rat-race speech". The New York Times printed the speech in full and described it as "the greatest speech since President Lincoln's Gettysburg Address". Reject the values and false morality that underlie these attitudes. A rat race is for rats. We're not rats. We're human beings. Reject the insidious pressures in society that would blunt your critical faculties to all that is happening around you, that would caution silence in the face of injustice lest you jeopardise your chances of promotion and self-advancement. This is how it starts and before you know where you are, you're a fully paid-up member of the rat-pack. The price is too high. It entails the loss of your dignity and human spirit. Or as Christ put it, "What doth it profit a man if he gain the whole world and suffer the loss of his soul?"

In the general election in February 1974 Reid stood for the Communist Party in Central Dunbartonshire, which was dominated by the town of Clydebank, against the sitting Labour member Hugh McCartney. Reid got 14.6 per cent of the votes cast, the best result for a Communist Party candidate in Britain for some time. It was a controversial campaign, as the ballot paper described Reid only as "Engineering Worker," which some thought was disguising his Communist identity. One Catholic priest gave a sermon advising his parishioners to vote only for candidates whose beliefs were consistent with Christian principles. In his speech at the count Reid described his opponents as "Falangists" in reference to their perceived Catholic nationalism. He stood again in October 1974, when his vote share went down to 8.7 per cent.

Leaving the CPGB for Labour and journalism
Reid left the Communist Party in around 1975. The breakaway Scottish Labour Party considered recruiting him, but its leader, Jim Sillars, reportedly said: "If we have that man in the party he'll be competing with me for time on the box."

About a year after he left the CP Reid joined the Labour Party. He was Labour candidate in Dundee East in 1979, but lost to Gordon Wilson, then the leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP). Writing in the aftermath of the election, Anthony Finlay stated in The Glasgow Herald that it was "only because the Labour Party was foolish enough to pick Jimmy Reid", that Wilson held the seat when all but one of the 10 other SNP MPs was defeated. The decision by Dundee East Constituency Labour Party to select him as its candidate was controversial, as he had been a party member for less than the two years normally expected.

Reid then became a journalist and broadcaster, writing opinion columns for various newspapers including the Daily Mirror, The Herald, The Sun and The Scotsman.He also presented an investigative series 'The Reid Report',for BBC Scotland. In 1985 he wrote and presented a series of documentaries entitled Reid About the USSR, for which his previous status within the Communist Party gave him unprecedented access. The series resulted in two BAFTAs. In 2000 Reid helped to establish the Scottish Left Review, a bimonthly publication. He also wrote a column in Tribune under the title "As I Please", previously used by George Orwell in the same magazine.

Reid was highly critical of the UK miners' strike (1984–1985) and its leader Arthur Scargill. In his newspaper column Reid argued that the working miners could not properly be referred to as strikebreakers, as no national ballot had been held and no local ballot had passed a resolution to strike: "A scab is someone who participates in a vote in which the majority are for taking strike action and then refuses to honour the decision. If you are denied the right to vote, it is impossible to be a scab." Reid's attitude led to his coming under strong criticism from many former supporters in the Labour movement, and Mick McGahey described him as "Broken Reid".

Leaving Labour for the SNP
Reid continued to support Labour up until the general election in 1997, but he became disillusioned with New Labour and in 1998 he urged voters to support the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) in the first election to the new Scottish Parliament. In the SNP leadership contest in 2004 Reid urged party members to support Alex Salmond for leader and Nicola Sturgeon for deputy leader, and he joined the party in the following year.

In 2007 From Govan to Gettysburg, a play by Brian McGeachan about Reid's life, starring John Cairney, toured Scotland as part of celebrations of Jimmy Reid's 75th birthday.

Later life and death
Reid retired to Rothesay on the Isle of Bute. He died at Inverclyde Royal Hospital on 10 August 2010. He had been in poor health for a number of years and had suffered a brain haemorrhage earlier in the week.

After a private service in Rothesay his hearse was driven into Glasgow for a secular funeral service at the Govan Old Parish Church on 19 August. The cortege passed the BAE Systems Surface Ships yard in Govan, one of the shipyards saved after the collapse of UCS, where hundreds of workers had gathered outside in tribute. The funeral service was attended by notable figures including Ed Balls, Ed Miliband, Gordon Brown, Alex Salmond, Alex Ferguson and Billy Connolly.

Reid is survived by his wife Joan, their three daughters and their three granddaughters, one of whom, Joani Reid, is a Labour Party Councillor in the London Borough of Lewisham. , Joani Reid is also the Scottish Labour prospective parliamentary candidate for East Kilbride and Strathaven in the 2024 United Kingdom general election.

The Jimmy Reid Foundation, a left-wing think tank and advocacy group, was established in his memory by the Editorial Board of the Scottish Left Review.

title: Jimmy Reid


text:
Assembly (demoparty)

The Assembly demoparty is a demoscene and gaming event in Finland. It is the biggest demoscene party. The main organizers of the event are Pekka Aakko (Pehu of Accession) and Jussi Laakkonen (Abyss of Future Crew). The Summer event takes place every year between late July and early August, and lasts three to four days, and the Winter event is held in January or February. Edition 2020 was online. The most recent Assembly was held from 3 to 6 of August 2023 at Messukeskus in Helsinki.

Assembly Winter was announced in early 2007. The winter party is a more gaming-oriented LAN party–type event, whereas the summer events continues the traditions of the original demoparty under the name Assembly Summer. Both events are held once a year.

History
The first Assembly was held from July 24 to July 26, 1992, in Kauniainen. It was organized by the Amiga demo groups Complex and Rebels, and the PC demo group Future Crew. The staff grew into a large non-profit group of individuals known as Assembly Organizing. Through the 1990s, Assembly grew so large that even exposition halls no longer sufficed, and only the largest of sports arenas met the partygoers' needs. In 1999, they rented the largest sports arena in the country, Hartwall Areena in Helsinki, with over 5000 visitors and 3500 computers on the ice rink.

The 2004 edition of the party also set a record: in July 2004, QuakeCon announced it was holding the world's first Doom 3 competitions on the event starting on August 12–14, roughly a week after the game's release on August 3. Assembly, however, managed to snatch the first place after acquiring copies of the game via FedEx with the help of some contacts in the United States and holding the competition during August 5–8.

In 2022, the party celebrated 30 years of continuous operation.

Boozembly
Since 1995, an event called Boozembly has been organized in a nearby forest. It is officially unrelated to Assembly but serves as a meeting point for Assembly attendees as well as for other computer hobbyists and their friends. In Boozembly it is possible to use intoxicants which is not allowed in Assembly. Later IT corporations started to sponsor free beer for Boozembly. Like Assembly, Boozembly itself has become an important part of Finnish demoscene culture.

Competitions
The party includes multiple competitions, or compos including but not limited to:

 * Demo
 * Oldskool demo (older machines)
 * 64k intro (discontinued after 2011; reintroduced from 2017–2020 )
 * 4k intro
 * 1k intro
 * Dance music
 * Listening music
 * Fast Music
 * Fast graphics
 * Short film
 * Real Wild demo
 * Photo
 * Video game developing compo

For the first eight years of Assembly, the demo and intro competitions were split into separate IBM PC compatible and Amiga categories. Starting in 2000, the platforms have been combined, with PC (Windows or Linux), Amiga, Mac and even high-end consoles competing in the same demo and intro competitions. Similarly, Commodore 64 competitions were replaced with "oldskool" competitions that also allow entries for some other old platforms, such as various 8-bit systems and older Amigas.

Entries are submitted by demogroups and individual artists and are rated by judges. All demos which are deemed to be of a high-enough standard are then shown on a big screen. Entries which break the competition rules (e.g. use copyrighted material, or aren't suitable for the category to which they are entered) are disqualified. People who are present at the arena vote for the entries, and the results are published on the Assembly website. The entries are usually made available by the artists at scene.org or on the artists own website.

Assembly's demo competitions generally hold a very high level, especially for a party that is not specific to the demoscene. Notable winners include Lifeforce by ASD, Panic Room by Fairlight and Frameranger by Fairlight, CNCD and Orange.

Janne "Tempest" Suni—who is a Finnish demoscener, pixel artist, tracker musician, and a member of the demogroup Fairlight—is best known for his song "Acidjazzed Evening". "Acidjazzed Evening" originally won the oldskool music competition at the 2000 Assembly demoparty. Suni and his award-winning song came to mainstream prominence after the melody was unlawfully co-opted by hip-hop producer Timbaland in the 2006 song "Do It" by Nelly Furtado. During Assembly demoparty 2013 an electronic music concert was performed on stage by Sabastian Teir alias „Kebu”.

AssemblyTV
In recent years, Assembly has broadcast content from its in-house media effort AssemblyTV to local and national TV networks, as well as producing web streams for people to watch live over the internet — spots for hundreds, if not thousands of viewers are catered for, and these streams have been watched all over the world, not just in Finland. In addition to the opening and closing ceremonies, the competitions and party reports, the educational sessions that are being held during the party are broadcast via AssemblyTV.

ARTtech seminars
ARTtech seminars are free-to-attend educational seminar sessions that are being held during the party at the venue location. The sessions cover various subjects that are usually related to the main party theme and idea, including sessions about programming (coding), graphic design, music composition, game development, hardware hacks, scene history and more.

title: Assembly (demoparty)


text:
Caspase

Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases) are a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death. They are named caspases due to their specific cysteine protease activity – a cysteine in its active site nucleophilically attacks and cleaves a target protein only after an aspartic acid residue. As of 2009, there are 12 confirmed caspases in humans and 10 in mice, carrying out a variety of cellular functions.

The role of these enzymes in programmed cell death was first identified in 1993, with their functions in apoptosis well characterised. This is a form of programmed cell death, occurring widely during development, and throughout life to maintain cell homeostasis. Activation of caspases ensures that the cellular components are degraded in a controlled manner, carrying out cell death with minimal effect on surrounding tissues.

Caspases have other identified roles in programmed cell death such as pyroptosis, necroptosis and PANoptosis. These forms of cell death are important for protecting an organism from stress signals and pathogenic attack. Caspases also have a role in inflammation, whereby it directly processes pro-inflammatory cytokines such as pro-IL1β. These are signalling molecules that allow recruitment of immune cells to an infected cell or tissue. There are other identified roles of caspases such as cell proliferation, tumour suppression, cell differentiation, neural development and axon guidance and ageing.

Caspase deficiency has been identified as a cause of tumour development. Tumour growth can occur by a combination of factors, including a mutation in a cell cycle gene which removes the restraints on cell growth, combined with mutations in apoptotic proteins such as caspases that would respond by inducing cell death in abnormally growing cells. Conversely, over-activation of some caspases such as caspase-3 can lead to excessive programmed cell death. This is seen in several neurodegenerative diseases where neural cells are lost, such as Alzheimer's disease. Caspases involved with processing inflammatory signals are also implicated in disease. Insufficient activation of these caspases can increase an organism's susceptibility to infection, as an appropriate immune response may not be activated. The integral role caspases play in cell death and disease has led to research on using caspases as a drug target. For example, inflammatory caspase-1 has been implicated in causing autoimmune diseases; drugs blocking the activation of Caspase-1 have been used to improve the health of patients. Additionally, scientists have used caspases as cancer therapy to kill unwanted cells in tumours.

Functional classification of caspases
Most caspases play a role in programmed cell death. These are summarized in the table below. The enzymes are sub classified into three types: Initiator, Executioner and Inflammatory.

Note that in addition to apoptosis, caspase-8 is also required for the inhibition of another form of programmed cell death called necroptosis. Caspase-14 plays a role in epithelial cell keratinocyte differentiation and can form an epidermal barrier that protects against dehydration and UVB radiation.

Activation of caspases
Caspases are synthesised as inactive zymogens (pro-caspases) that are only activated following an appropriate stimulus. This post-translational level of control allows rapid and tight regulation of the enzyme.

Activation involves dimerization and often oligomerisation of pro-caspases, followed by cleavage into a small subunit and large subunit. The large and small subunit associate with each other to form an active heterodimer caspase. The active enzyme often exists as a heterotetramer in the biological environment, where a pro-caspase dimer is cleaved together to form a heterotetramer.

Dimerisation
The activation of initiator caspases and inflammatory caspases is initiated by dimerisation, which is facilitated by binding to adaptor proteins via protein–protein interaction motifs that are collectively referred to as death folds. The death folds are located in a structural domain of the caspases known as the pro-domain, which is larger in those caspases that contain death folds than in those that do not. The pro-domain of the intrinsic initiator caspases and the inflammatory caspases contains a single death fold known as caspase recruitment domain (CARD), while the pro-domain of the extrinsic initiator caspases contains two death folds known as death effector domains (DED).

Multiprotein complexes often form during caspase activation. Some activating multiprotein complexes includes:
 * The death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) during extrinsic apoptosis
 * The apoptosome during intrinsic apoptosis
 * The inflammasome during pyroptosis

Cleavage
Once appropriately dimerised, the Caspases cleave at inter domain linker regions, forming a large and small subunit. This cleavage allows the active-site loops to take up a conformation favourable for enzymatic activity.

Cleavage of Initiator and Executioner caspases occur by different methods outlined in the table below.
 * Initiator caspases auto-proteolytically cleave whereas Executioner caspases are cleaved by initiator caspases. This hierarchy allows an amplifying chain reaction or cascade for degrading cellular components, during controlled cell death.

Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death where the cell undergoes morphological changes, to minimize its effect on surrounding cells to avoid inducing an immune response. The cell shrinks and condenses - the cytoskeleton will collapse, and the nuclear envelope disassembles the DNA fragments up. This results in the cell forming self-enclosed bodies called 'blebs', to avoid release of cellular components into the extracellular medium. Additionally, the cell membrane phospholipid content is altered, which makes the dying cell more susceptible to phagocytic attack and removal.

Apoptotic caspases are subcategorised as: Once initiator caspases are activated, they produce a chain reaction, activating several other executioner caspases. Executioner caspases degrade over 600 cellular components in order to induce the morphological changes for apoptosis.
 * 1) Initiator Caspases (Caspase 2, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, Caspase 10)
 * 2) Executioner Caspases (Caspase 3, Caspase 6 and Caspase 7)

Examples of caspase cascade during apoptosis:
 * 1) Intrinsic apoptopic pathway: During times of cellular stress, mitochondrial cytochrome c is released into the cytosol. This molecule binds an adaptor protein (APAF-1), which recruits initiator Caspase-9 (via CARD-CARD interactions). This leads to the formation of a Caspase activating multiprotein complex called the Apoptosome. Once activated, initiator caspases such as Caspase 9 will cleave and activate other executioner caspases. This leads to degradation of cellular components for apoptosis.
 * 2) Extrinsic apoptopic pathway:  The caspase cascade is also activated by extracellular ligands, via cell surface Death Receptors. This is done by the formation of a multiprotein Death Inducing Signalling Complex (DISC) that recruits and activates a pro-caspase. For example, the Fas Ligand binds the FasR receptor at the receptor's extracellular surface; this activates the death domains at the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor. The adaptor protein FADD will recruit (by a Death domain-Death domain interaction) pro-Caspase 8 via the DED domain. This FasR, FADD and pro-Caspase 8 form the Death Inducing Signalling Complex (DISC) where Caspase-8 is activated. This could lead to either downstream activation of the intrinsic pathway by inducing mitochondrial stress, or direct activation of Executioner Caspases (Caspase 3, Caspase 6 and Caspase 7) to degrade cellular components as shown in the adjacent diagram.

Pyroptosis
Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that inherently induces an immune response. It is morphologically distinct from other types of cell death – cells swell up, rupture and release pro-inflammatory cellular contents. This is done in response to a range of stimuli including microbial infections as well as heart attacks (myocardial infarctions). Caspase-1, Caspase-4 and Caspase-5 in humans, and Caspase-1 and Caspase-11 in mice play important roles in inducing cell death by pyroptosis. This limits the life and proliferation time of intracellular and extracellular pathogens.

Pyroptosis by caspase-1
Caspase-1 activation is mediated by a repertoire of proteins, allowing detection of a range of pathogenic ligands. Some mediators of Caspase-1 activation are: NOD-like Leucine Rich Repeats (NLRs), AIM2-Like Receptors (ALRs), Pyrin and IFI16.

These proteins allow caspase-1 activation by forming a multiprotein activating complex called Inflammasomes. For example, a NOD Like Leucine Rich Repeat NLRP3 will sense an efflux of potassium ions from the cell. This cellular ion imbalance leads to oligomerisation of NLRP3 molecules to form a multiprotein complex called the NLRP3 inflammasome. The pro-caspase-1 is brought into close proximity with other pro-caspase molecule in order to dimerise and undergo auto-proteolytic cleavage.

Some pathogenic signals that lead to Pyroptosis by Caspase-1 are listed below: Pyroptosis by Caspase-4 and Caspase-5 in humans and Caspase-11 in mice
 * DNA in the host cytosol binds to AIM2-Like Receptors inducing Pyroptosis
 * Type III secretion system apparatus from bacteria bind NOD Like Leucine Rich Repeats receptors called NAIP's (1 in humans and 4 in mice)

These caspases have the ability to induce direct pyroptosis when lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules (found in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria) are found in the cytoplasm of the host cell. For example, Caspase 4 acts as a receptor and is proteolytically activated, without the need of an inflammasome complex or Caspase-1 activation.

A crucial downstream substrate for pyroptotic caspases is Gasdermin D (GSDMD)

Role in inflammation
Inflammation is a protective attempt by an organism to restore a homeostatic state, following disruption from harmful stimulus, such as tissue damage or bacterial infection.

Caspase-1, Caspase-4, Caspase-5 and Caspase-11 are considered 'Inflammatory Caspases'.
 * Caspase-1 is key in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines; these act as signals to immune cells and make the environment favourable for immune cell recruitment to the site of damage. Caspase-1 therefore plays a fundamental role in the innate immune system. The enzyme is responsible for processing cytokines such as pro-ILβ and pro-IL18, as well as secreting them.
 * Caspase-4 and -5 in humans, and Caspase-11 in mice have a unique role as a receptor, whereby it binds to LPS, a molecule abundant in gram negative bacteria. This can lead to the processing and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines by activating Caspase-1; this downstream effect is the same as described above. It also leads to the secretion of another inflammatory cytokine that is not processed. This is called pro-IL1α. There is also evidence of an inflammatory caspase, caspase-11 aiding cytokine secretion; this is done by inactivating a membrane channel that blocks IL-1β secretion
 * Caspases can also induce an inflammatory response on a transcriptional level. There is evidence where it promotes transcription of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor that assists in transcribing inflammatory cytokines such as IFNs, TNF, IL-6 and IL-8. For example, Caspase-1 activates Caspase-7, which in turn cleaves the poly (ADP) ribose – this activates transcription of NF-κB controlled genes.

Discovery of caspases
H. Robert Horvitz initially established the importance of caspases in apoptosis and found that the ced-3 gene is required for the cell death that took place during the development of the nematode C. elegans. Horvitz and his colleague Junying Yuan found in 1993 that the protein encoded by the ced-3 gene is cysteine protease with similar properties to the mammalian interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE) (now known as caspase 1). At the time, ICE was the only known caspase. Other mammalian caspases were subsequently identified, in addition to caspases in organisms such as fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Researchers decided upon the nomenclature of the caspase in 1996. In many instances, a particular caspase had been identified simultaneously by more than one laboratory; each would then give the protein a different name. For example, caspase 3 was variously known as CPP32, apopain and Yama. Caspases, therefore, were numbered in the order in which they were identified. ICE was, therefore, renamed as caspase 1. ICE was the first mammalian caspase to be characterised because of its similarity to the nematode death gene ced-3, but it appears that the principal role of this enzyme is to mediate inflammation rather than cell death.

Evolution
In animals apoptosis is induced by caspases and in fungi and plants, apoptosis is induced by arginine and lysine-specific caspase like proteases called metacaspases. Homology searches revealed a close homology between caspases and the caspase-like proteins of Reticulomyxa (a unicellular organism). The phylogenetic study indicates that divergence of caspase and metacaspase sequences occurred before the divergence of eukaryotes.

title: Caspase