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Talk:Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code

Untitled
I'm not familiar with the 2003 legislation that the Bush administration is pushing to modify US bankruptcy law; additions are appreciated? Supposedly it makes it difficult or perhaps impossible for an individual to file Chapter 7?

 * It won't be significantly different than the BaRF proposed since the beginning of this decade. One huge change is a means test for 7, despite the fact that the United States Trustee is already enforcing one.  Some folks believe we'd already be in a post-BaRF world but for 9/11. Somewhat surprisingly democrats are also behind it, such as biden.  Maybe not so surprisingly given where Cardmember Services is located. It passing or not passing is (IMO) more a matter of political expediency and campaign contributions than it is a matter of enabling people to find a painful way out of oppressive debt.  I would be surprised if it does not pass in early 2005.  Flawiki 22:17, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Please disregard.50.10.99.70 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:16, 30 April 2011 (UTC).

BAPCPA Focus
Since this article is supposed to be on general Chapter 7, I don't think it should focus exclusively on the BAPCPA changes. Instead, it should provide a simple overview of Chapter 7 instead of just listing out what was changed. Idag (talk) 03:59, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

I don't really see why this page needs to be general, if people are trying to learn about it, a general page won't be helpful.Evilincarnate (talk) 19:43, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Except if they're trying to learn, then that assumes they don't know anything about it already. Thus listing changes to a document they hadn't read yet leans on the side of useless. --192.75.71.133 (talk) 07:22, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I've merged almost all of the BAPCPA specific material from here into the BAPCPA article itself. I've also summarized the section that remains here down as much as possible, and placed links to the BAPCPA page. Let me know if you think I've cut too much, or not enough, and help out with the transition.LH (talk) 00:28, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Probably late to the party by 14 years, but listing changes to a policy does, in fact, help a person to understand the original policy because the changes are still parts of the new policy. I just read the article and learned a lot and am very happy I saw the "changes" to some of the policies.  Otherwise, I'd still be in the dark about at least five different things I just read. 108.196.4.46 (talk) 03:34, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Citation question
A while back I modified the "For Individuals" section to include: "Spousal support is likewise not covered by a bankruptcy filing."

The citation was subsequently removed as not meeting WP:RS. Can you explain why the citation is untrusted yet the information cited is good enough to remain in the wiki? Yankeerudy (talk) 19:55, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

External Link
It's my pleasure to refer to the following link:, which provides information related to the filing of chapter 7 bankruptcy and also the information that is needed when filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Hope this information helps people who are filing for chapter 7.

I attempted to add a reference to a flow chart showing the overview of the Chapter 7 procedure but the link was removed as apparently not being in compliance in some way. The flowchart was created by a UCLA/Harvard law professor of bankruptcy law (Professor Lynn M. LoPucki). The page only has the flowchart and some navigation links at the top of the page. I'm not sure what is offensive about the information on the chart but I can't see how it isn't a valuable addition to the external link resources for this topic. --24.136.33.30 (talk) 01:43, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Issues with citations/hyperlinks
Source # 1 has a dead link to the excel spreadsheet: "Page not found." The bankruptcy stats website (http://www.uscourts.gov/Statistics/BankruptcyStatistics.aspx) provides data, e.g. filings by type/district by quarter, you need to go through the various spreadsheets/pdfs to verify accuracy of the statement. I get that ch 7 is the most common filing but maybe updating the citation to the courts stat site or maybe to another source altogether would be more helpful/accurate?

Source #4 is a parked GoDaddy webpage. Perhaps http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2012-title11/html/USCODE-2012-title11-chap5-subchapII-sec523.htm (PDF format: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2012-title11/pdf/USCODE-2012-title11-chap5-subchapII-sec523.pdf) would be a better source.

Similarly, citations 2 & 3 could be linked to their respective sections of code, or all of them linked to the home page, so to speak, of the bankruptcy code and then one could go through the table of contents or hop directly to the appropriate chapter/section.

In the external links section the LOC link is a page that has timed out: "Search results in THOMAS are temporary and are deleted 30 minutes after creation.Please try your search again." Maybe just a link to the main search page for bills: http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.php?&n=BillText ? At this time It appears this page/link will not expire/time out. Mm1217 (talk) 20:24, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

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Noncommutative geometry

Noncommutative geometry (NCG) is a branch of mathematics concerned with a geometric approach to noncommutative algebras, and with the construction of spaces that are locally presented by noncommutative algebras of functions, possibly in some generalized sense. A noncommutative algebra is an associative algebra in which the multiplication is not commutative, that is, for which $$xy$$ does not always equal $$yx$$; or more generally an algebraic structure in which one of the principal binary operations is not commutative; one also allows additional structures, e.g. topology or norm, to be possibly carried by the noncommutative algebra of functions.

An approach giving deep insight about noncommutative spaces is through operator algebras, that is, algebras of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space. Perhaps one of the typical examples of a noncommutative space is the "noncommutative torus", which played a key role in the early development of this field in 1980s and lead to noncommutative versions of vector bundles, connections, curvature, etc.

Motivation
The main motivation is to extend the commutative duality between spaces and functions to the noncommutative setting. In mathematics, spaces, which are geometric in nature, can be related to numerical functions on them. In general, such functions will form a commutative ring. For instance, one may take the ring C(X) of continuous complex-valued functions on a topological space X. In many cases (e.g., if X is a compact Hausdorff space), we can recover X from C(X), and therefore it makes some sense to say that X has commutative topology.

More specifically, in topology, compact Hausdorff topological spaces can be reconstructed from the Banach algebra of functions on the space (Gelfand–Naimark). In commutative algebraic geometry, algebraic schemes are locally prime spectra of commutative unital rings (A. Grothendieck), and every quasi-separated scheme $$X$$ can be reconstructed up to isomorphism of schemes from the category of quasicoherent sheaves of $$O_X$$-modules (P. Gabriel–A. Rosenberg). For Grothendieck topologies, the cohomological properties of a site are invariants of the corresponding category of sheaves of sets viewed abstractly as a topos (A. Grothendieck). In all these cases, a space is reconstructed from the algebra of functions or its categorified version—some category of sheaves on that space.

Functions on a topological space can be multiplied and added pointwise hence they form a commutative algebra; in fact these operations are local in the topology of the base space, hence the functions form a sheaf of commutative rings over the base space.

The dream of noncommutative geometry is to generalize this duality to the duality between noncommutative algebras, or sheaves of noncommutative algebras, or sheaf-like noncommutative algebraic or operator-algebraic structures, and geometric entities of certain kinds, and give an interaction between the algebraic and geometric description of those via this duality.

Regarding that the commutative rings correspond to usual affine schemes, and commutative C*-algebras to usual topological spaces, the extension to noncommutative rings and algebras requires non-trivial generalization of topological spaces as "non-commutative spaces". For this reason there is some talk about non-commutative topology, though the term also has other meanings.

Applications in mathematical physics
Some applications in particle physics are described in the entries Noncommutative standard model and Noncommutative quantum field theory. The sudden rise in interest in noncommutative geometry in physics follows after the speculations of its role in M-theory made in 1997.

Motivation from ergodic theory
Some of the theory developed by Alain Connes to handle noncommutative geometry at a technical level has roots in older attempts, in particular in ergodic theory. The proposal of George Mackey to create a virtual subgroup theory, with respect to which ergodic group actions would become homogeneous spaces of an extended kind, has by now been subsumed.

Noncommutative C*-algebras, von Neumann algebras
The (formal) duals of non-commutative C*-algebras are often now called non-commutative spaces. This is by analogy with the Gelfand representation, which shows that commutative C*-algebras are dual to locally compact Hausdorff spaces. In general, one can associate to any C*-algebra S a topological space Ŝ; see spectrum of a C*-algebra.

For the duality between localizable measure spaces and commutative von Neumann algebras, noncommutative von Neumann algebras are called non-commutative measure spaces.

Noncommutative differentiable manifolds
A smooth Riemannian manifold M is a topological space with a lot of extra structure. From its algebra of continuous functions C(M), we only recover M topologically. The algebraic invariant that recovers the Riemannian structure is a spectral triple. It is constructed from a smooth vector bundle E over M, e.g. the exterior algebra bundle. The Hilbert space L2(M, E) of square integrable sections of E carries a representation of C(M) by multiplication operators, and we consider an unbounded operator D in L2(M, E) with compact resolvent (e.g. the signature operator), such that the commutators [D, f] are bounded whenever f is smooth. A deep theorem states that M as a Riemannian manifold can be recovered from this data.

This suggests that one might define a noncommutative Riemannian manifold as a spectral triple (A, H, D), consisting of a representation of a C*-algebra A on a Hilbert space H, together with an unbounded operator D on H, with compact resolvent, such that [D, a] is bounded for all a in some dense subalgebra of A. Research in spectral triples is very active, and many examples of noncommutative manifolds have been constructed.

Noncommutative affine and projective schemes
In analogy to the duality between affine schemes and commutative rings, we define a category of noncommutative affine schemes as the dual of the category of associative unital rings. There are certain analogues of Zariski topology in that context so that one can glue such affine schemes to more general objects.

There are also generalizations of the Cone and of the Proj of a commutative graded ring, mimicking a theorem of Serre on Proj. Namely the category of quasicoherent sheaves of O-modules on a Proj of a commutative graded algebra is equivalent to the category of graded modules over the ring localized on Serre's subcategory of graded modules of finite length; there is also analogous theorem for coherent sheaves when the algebra is Noetherian. This theorem is extended as a definition of noncommutative projective geometry by Michael Artin and J. J. Zhang, who add also some general ring-theoretic conditions (e.g. Artin–Schelter regularity).

Many properties of projective schemes extend to this context. For example, there exists an analog of the celebrated Serre duality for noncommutative projective schemes of Artin and Zhang.

A. L. Rosenberg has created a rather general relative concept of noncommutative quasicompact scheme (over a base category), abstracting Grothendieck's study of morphisms of schemes and covers in terms of categories of quasicoherent sheaves and flat localization functors. There is also another interesting approach via localization theory, due to Fred Van Oystaeyen, Luc Willaert and Alain Verschoren, where the main concept is that of a schematic algebra.

Invariants for noncommutative spaces
Some of the motivating questions of the theory are concerned with extending known topological invariants to formal duals of noncommutative (operator) algebras and other replacements and candidates for noncommutative spaces. One of the main starting points of Alain Connes' direction in noncommutative geometry is his discovery of a new homology theory associated to noncommutative associative algebras and noncommutative operator algebras, namely the cyclic homology and its relations to the algebraic K-theory (primarily via Connes–Chern character map).

The theory of characteristic classes of smooth manifolds has been extended to spectral triples, employing the tools of operator K-theory and cyclic cohomology. Several generalizations of now-classical index theorems allow for effective extraction of numerical invariants from spectral triples. The fundamental characteristic class in cyclic cohomology, the JLO cocycle, generalizes the classical Chern character.

Examples of noncommutative spaces

 * In the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics, the symplectic phase space of classical mechanics is deformed into a non-commutative phase space generated by the position and momentum operators.
 * The noncommutative standard model is a proposed extension of the standard model of particle physics.
 * The noncommutative torus, deformation of the function algebra of the ordinary torus, can be given the structure of a spectral triple. This class of examples has been studied intensively and still functions as a test case for more complicated situations.
 * Snyder space
 * Noncommutative algebras arising from foliations.
 * Examples related to dynamical systems arising from number theory, such as the Gauss shift on continued fractions, give rise to noncommutative algebras that appear to have interesting noncommutative geometries.

In the sense of Connes
A Connes connection is a noncommutative generalization of a connection in differential geometry. It was introduced by Alain Connes, and was later generalized by Joachim Cuntz and Daniel Quillen.

Definition
Given a right A-module E, a Connes connection on E is a linear map
 * $$\nabla : E \to E \otimes_A \Omega^1 A$$

that satisfies the Leibniz rule $$\nabla_r(sa) = \nabla_r(s) a + s \otimes da$$.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Noncommutative geometry


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Talk:Gold Exchange Standard

 * ''This page is protected in prevent persistent spamming of the contents of an article listed on the Votes for deletion page. 172 23:50, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Did it have to be deleted? I'm restoring the page and unprotecting it with that deletion notice on top. --mav
 * Mav, there's an article on Gold Standard. Why is this being restored? 172 05:40, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Procedural. The page was deleted without being listed on VfD for over a week and it was protected without being listed on the protected page page. Let's just leave it at that and not make an issue of it. --mav 05:49, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * There was an episode of spamming, however. Nothing was lost by the deletion, since the contents were posted on another article. Don't bother deleting since the spamming was stopped. Just blank it and redirect it back to gold standard. I don't really want to deal with this advocacy piece right now, however, since I'm trying to get ready to work on on Nestor Kirchner. 172 05:56, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)

-- On the far right blame for the Great Depression rests on the post-war "gold exchange standard," which was put in place instead of returning to the prewar "classical gold standard." His distinction is a matter of advocacy. He wants the Gold Standard article to deal solely with "classical gold standard." Just to avoid the controversy, Gold standard, the long existing article, can deal with both the "classical gold standard" and the postwar "gold exchange standard." However, separating the articles makes a political statement. And it's one that doesn't really need to be made. We already deal with monetarist and classical views on this subject in Gold standard and the postwar changes were already articulated by previous editors. 172 06:15, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * See also the user-page version. Wbm1058 (talk) 18:02, 28 March 2015 (UTC)
 * See also deletion of British Monetary Crisis. Wbm1058 (talk) 18:36, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gold Exchange Standard


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1519 in art

Events from the year 1519 in art.

Paintings

 * Girolamo Alibrandi paints the Presentation at the Temple.
 * Hans Burckmair paints a panel picture of the Crucifixion, with St. George and the Emperor Heinrich on the wings.
 * Albrecht Dürer paints St Anne with the Virgin and Child.
 * Sebastiano del Piombo paints The Raising of Lazarus and Portrait of a Man, said to be Christopher Columbus.
 * Raffaello Sanzio paints Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de'Medici and Luigi de'Rossi.
 * Titian finishes painting The Worship of Venus (Madrid, Museo del Prado).
 * Bernard van Orley paints Joris van Zelle.
 * Wen Cheng-ming paints Scholars at Leisure in a Precipitous Ravine.
 * The portrait of Emperor Maximilian in Nürnberg is painted.

Births

 * April 17 - Frans Floris, Flemish historical painter (died 1570)
 * date unknown - Pedro de Villegas Marmolejo, Spanish sculptor and painter (died 1596)

Deaths

 * May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian architect, anatomist, sculptor, engineer, inventor, geometer, scientist, mathematician, musician and painter (born 1452)
 * July 2 - Francesco Bonsignori, Italian painter (born 1455)
 * November 30 - Michael Wolgemut, German painter and printmaker (born 1434)
 * date unknown
 * Alexander Bening, miniature painter of the Ghent-Bruges school and Netherlandish tradition (born unknown)
 * Domenico Fancelli, Italian sculptor working in Spain (born 1469)
 * Ambrosius Holbein, German and Swiss artist in painting, drawing and printmaking (born 1494)
 * Jan Joest, Dutch painter (born 1450/1460)
 * Antoine Juste, Italian sculptor (born 1479)
 * Juan de Flandes, Early Netherlandish painter who was active in Spain (born 1460)
 * Jan Polack, Polish-born German painter (born 1435)
 * Bartholomäus Zeitblom, German painter and the chief master of the school of Ulm (born 1450)

title: 1519 in art


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Hugh, Count of Vermandois

Hugh (1057 – October 18, 1101), called the Great (Hugues le Grand, Hugo Magnus) was the first count of Vermandois from the House of Capet. He is known primarily for being one of the leaders of the First Crusade. His nickname Magnus (greater or elder) is probably a bad translation into medieval Latin of an Old French nickname, le Maisné, meaning "the younger", referring to Hugh as younger brother of King Philip I of France.

Early years
Hugh was a younger son of King Henry I of France and Anne of Kiev and younger brother of Philip I. He became the first Capetian count of Vermandois after his mentally deficient brother-in-law, Odo, was disinherited. In 1085, Hugh helped William the Conqueror repel a Danish invasion of England.

First Crusade
In early 1096, Hugh and Philip began discussing the First Crusade after news of the Council of Clermont reached them in Paris. Although Philip could not participate, as he had been excommunicated, Hugh was said to have been influenced to join the Crusade after an eclipse of the moon on 11 February 1096. In late August 1096, Hugh and his Crusader army left France and travelled via the Alps and Rome to Bari, where he would cross the Adriatic Sea into territory of the Byzantine Empire, unlike most crusaders who travelled over land.

His armada was possibly commanded by Arnout II, Count of Aarschot. According to Anna Comnena's chronicle the Alexiad, Hugh sent a message (that she called absurd) to her father, Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus, demanding a proper welcome: "Know, Emperor, that I am the King of Kings, the greatest of all beneath the heavens. It is fitting that I should be met on my arrival and received with the pomp and ceremony appropriate to my noble birth."

In response to this message the emperor sent instructions to his nephew John Komnenos, the doux (governor) of Dyrrhachium, and Nicholas Maurokatakalon, commander of the Byzantine fleet, to look out for Hugh and to inform him immediately when he arrived. Meanwhile Hugh had reached the coast of Longobardi and dispatched twenty-four envoys to the Doux of Dyrrhachium with the following message: "Be it known to you, Doux, that our Lord Hugh is almost here. He brings with him from Rome the golden standard of St Peter. Understand, moreover, that he is supreme commander of the Frankish army. See to it then that he is accorded a reception worthy of his rank and yourself prepare to meet him." Whilst sailing the Adriatic Sea from Bari towards Illyricum, Hugh's fleet was overtaken by a heavy storm and most ships were lost. His own ship was thrown upon the shore near Epirus. When Hugh was found and brought to Dyrrhachium John Komnenos treated him to a banquet and he was allowed to rest. By order of the emperor Hugh was closely escorted by Manuel Boutoumites. Eventually Hugh was given an audience by the emperor, who persuaded him to become his liegeman.

The German historian Hans Eberhard Mayer argued that Alexius was fortunate that the first contingent of the crusader army to arrive in Constantinople, led by Hugh, was very small and easy to control. Alexius 'discreetly but unmistakably' restricted Hugh's freedom of movement 'until he was ready to swear that all territories which had belonged to Byzantium before the Turkish invasions would be restored. Moreover any conquests made to the east [...] would be held as fiefs.'

Anna Comnena recorded a conversation between Hugh and Godfrey of Bouillon, wherein Hugh tried to persuade Godfrey to pledge allegiance to Alexius. Godfrey, however, refused, saying: "you left your own country as a ruler [...] with all that wealth and a strong army; now from the heights you've brought yourself to the level of a slave. And then, as if you had won some great success, have you come here to tell me to do the same?" Hugh replied: "we ought to have stayed in our own countries and kept our hands off other people's [...] but since we've come thus far and need the emperor's protection, no good will come of it unless we obey his orders."

After the Crusaders had successfully made their way across Seljuk territory and, in 1098, captured the city after siege of Antioch, Hugh was sent back to Constantinople to appeal for reinforcements from Alexius. The emperor was uninterested, however, and Hugh, instead of returning to Antioch to help plan the siege of Jerusalem, went back to France. There he was scorned for not having fulfilled his vow as a Crusader to complete a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and Pope Paschal II threatened to excommunicate him. He joined the subsequent Crusade of 1101, but was wounded in battle with the Turks led by Kilij Arslan at the second battle of Heraclea in September, and died of his wounds in October in Tarsus.

Family
Hugh married Adelaide of Vermandois, the daughter of Herbert IV, Count of Vermandois and Adele of Valois. The couple had the following nine children.
 * Matilda, who married Ralph I of Beaugency;
 * Elizabeth, Countess of Leicester (died 1138), married, firstly,  Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester and secondly, William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey
 * Beatrice ( 1144), who married Hugh IV of Gournay
 * Ralph I, Count of Vermandois (died 1152), married, firstly, Eleanor of Champagne and secondly, Petronille of Aquitaine
 * Constance, who married Godfrey de la Ferté-Gaucher
 * Agnes ( 1125), who married Boniface del Vasto
 * Henry, Lord of Chaumont en Vexin (died 1130)
 * Simon (died 1148)
 * William (died c. 1096).

title: Hugh, Count of Vermandois


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Talk:Dishwasher

Dishwashers, mechanical?
What is the definition of a mechanical device? Is it because the final function of the dishwasher, the use of water and detergent to rinse cookware, is mechanical/chemical? I'd call a dishwasher at least partly electronic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AlexanderM (talk • contribs) 13:32, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Jet dry
I was directed to this site from my question about Jet dry. I'd still like to know what it is and how it works. I don't think this article answered my questions on that subject.--69.122.62.231 (talk) 22:45, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Comparison with washing by hand
According to Energiek, winter 2012: a dishwasher with energyclass A+++ consumes about 30% less electricity and twice less water than a dishwasher of 10 years ago. This makes using a dishwasher more economical than washing by hand.

The energy classes (which also incorporate water use) are not discussed in the article at present, and energy use isn't discussed either.

80.200.237.152 (talk) 10:32, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

2015.01.09.: the only way to compare hand vs machine dishwashing efficiency is to measure the amounts of elecricity, water, detergent consumption - which seems unfeasible mainly because there is no standard for hand washing. as the article says it can be highly variable depending on local settings and personal preferences (eg.:running water vs. washing in a bowl, the latter - i belive - not practiced anymore outside of the third world or the most rural remote spots of developed countries). i suggest to shorten the section dealing with this comparison in the article because it uses too vague assumptions about the amount of water (and others) spent to support any meaningful conclusion. perhaps it would be fine to delete the (not sufficiently supported) conclusion from the article but leave the raw data used in the comparison - the reader should be able to compare numbers themselves.94.21.190.113 (talk) 10:33, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

besides i see nothing that would assure me that this kind of comparison is not just a way of marketing for the dishwasher machines. it seems like comparing a bad enough handwashing setting with the best (in terms of efficiency) dishwasher machine available in an optimal setting and then conclude that dishwasher machines are generally more environment-friendly so go buy one today.94.21.190.113 (talk) 10:39, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I consolidated this energy comparison, along with issues of dishwasher damage, in a new section on differences between dishwashers and hand washing. There had been a long non-encyclopedic, unsourced section on damage, which someone else deleted 2017-12-29, so I put relevant encyclopedic material here with sources. Numbersinstitute (talk) 01:01, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

Too western centric
This article fails to discuss at all the use of and hisotry of diswashers in India, Africa, the Middle East, China or other areas. This is a major shortcoming in what is meant to be a worldwide encyclopedia.John Pack Lambert (talk) 04:43, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

Salt and Energy Efficiency
This article seems very out of date with respect to modern low-energy dishwasher tech. It also says absolutely nothing about dishwasher salt and water softening. Do dishwashers use ion-exchange resins as I have seen claimed or do they just add salt to the wash water? Stub Mandrel (talk) 11:06, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

 * They use ion exchange resins- just adding salt to the wash water wouldn't do much. However some all-in-one dishwasher tablets have built-in water softening that doesn't require the use of salt.

 * State of the art dishwashers now use less than 10 litres of water, and less than one kWh of electricity. GliderMaven (talk) 23:21, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

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New article - Phosphates in detergent
I just created phosphates in detergent. On that article's talk page I described how I moved content about "phosphates in detergent" from these articles to there.

 * Dishwashing liquid
 * Dishwasher
 * Laundry detergent
 * Detergent

I put a brief summary of the concept here and am directing readers there for a fuller presentation. I did this because the concept was forked by being independently developed in all these articles, when instead they should all point to one central article.  Blue Rasberry  (talk)  21:50, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

History of this article - a review
I reviewed the history of this article to check whether anything major and important had ever been deleted, and when major changes were made generally. I did this because I wanted to be confident to make more changes to the article without overlooking anything useful which another editor might have added in the past, but which was deleted. I also wanted to know if there was ever any particular controversy in this article. In case anyone else wants a summary of how this article developed, here are some events that I thought were significant.

 * , includes sections on history, detergent, harm to certain materials, and commercial use section. All of these sections have persisted to present.
 * In October 2006 added dish stacking information without citations that was removed and readded a few times over the next few months. There are no citations and I think this content should not be included.  policed this.
 * did general copyediting in December 2006
 * An IP editor deleted everything without citations in May 2007. I agree with the sentiment that citations are necessary. Another user restored the deleted content.
 * In 2007 general back and forth adding and removing promotional external links to commercial guides with ads
 * An IP editor deleted everything without citations in June 2008
 * How to load a dishwasher added in July 2008, removed November 2008 for WP:NOTHOWTO
 * spam is regular in the history of this article, such as this in February 2009
 * dispute about unsourced information on size in March 2009, this content has been persistent to 2017 despite no citations
 * user adds content without citations in April 2009, all removed, I think it is low-quality content
 * , in my perspective this outline has persisted for 2017
 * added added information about commercial dishwashers in August 2010, this information has persisted to present. No citations, so low-quality content.
 * added information about the washing process which I think is great to add but no sources here. July 2011. DMahalko has been around the article repeatedly over time.
 * did a total article cleanup in July 2011
 * removed "spray methods" section in 2013 saying "unsourced since 2011"
 * added information about phosphates being banned in December 2013. Just this month I moved that to Phosphates in detergent.
 * adds content about energy efficiency but reverted as promotional. Content went to commercial spammy site.
 * does major revisions and copyediting of entire article from October-November 2016

In reviewing I spot checked small edits and looked more closely at anything which added or removed more content. I think this has been a stable article with good quality Wikipedia editor moderation and watching. There has never been a major controversy. Anyone should feel encouraged to develop this content knowing that the content in it now has been reviewed by the Wikipedia community and that nothing major ever submitted as been overlooked. Even minor edits seem to have been checked regularly by many editors, and there have been multiple people to review the entire article over the years.  Blue Rasberry  (talk)  16:52, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Was this done as part of a school project? It is generally not necessary to perform an extensive review of the entire history of an article before making edits to it. I also would not expect an article about the dishwasher to be highly contentious or a source of controversy. Some guy (talk) 20:07, 22 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I work for Consumer Reports, a nonprofit organization which does product testing and which provides information to consumers about products like dishwashers and dishwasher detergent. I wanted to look more deeply than normal at this article to understand the development life of an example article about an appliance. I am exploring what kind of information my organization might have for developing this article.
 * I was thinking of removing everything that is not backed by a citation. Right now there are two problem templates here - "contains original research" and "needs more citations". I would not normally be so thorough but this article got about 180,000 views in 2016 so it is rather popular. If I remove the content without a citation, then that could be ~60% of the content here, so I wanted to be more sure that I do not remove content which was ever mismanaged by, for example, losing citations to sources somehow in the past. I thought your 2011 edit was interesting because you also removed unsourced information. When I looked at the edit history, I thought you made one of the bolder and more thoughtful edits in this article's history, and so I made a note about what you did.
 * Even though I want the article to be backed by good sources, I also do not want a bare article. I am thinking about what sorts of sections should be in an article on a product class and where I can get the basic information. Thanks for what you did in 2011 and thanks for checking in again now.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)  15:43, 24 March 2017 (UTC)
 * No problem, thanks for your hard work and good luck with your improvements! Some guy (talk) 19:49, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

Deletions

 * How about rather than being a deletionist, you work on those citations that you are demanding be present for every sentence? Finding good citations is a lot of work and many people don't want to bother because it often requires paid access to journals and engineering libraries and technical documents that are not freely available. We are not being paid or reimbursed for trying to do quality citation searches on our own private time and money, so it is understandable that citations may be lacking. You are apparently a professional and probably an engineer so it is likely you have access to these technical documents and libraries that most of us here do not. -- DMahalko (talk) 16:00, 4 April 2017 (UTC)
 * The problem with unsourced material is that there is no way for other users to know if it is accurate. You might write a very long, detailed, and accurate description of how something works, but if there are no sources then there is no way for a reader to know whether the information is accurate, full of mistakes, or downright made up. If you are concerned about using your unpaid free time writing material and then having it deleted, I encourage you to only write new material when you have reliable sources to back it. However, you should be aware that even well-sourced material can be revised, restructured, or rewritten by other users, and there is always the possibility that your hard work will be lost over time. This is a normal part of the editing process at Wikipedia and just something we have to accept when we spend our time here. I am not an appliance professional or engineer and wouldn't easily be able to cite technical sources; Bluerasberry mentioned that he is exploring what kind of information his organization can lend to the article, so perhaps he can help. Some guy (talk) 20:28, 6 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I am just noticing your comment now.
 * I am not sure what you are thinking, but you seem cautious, so I will try to talk some things through. You call me a WP:deletionist. I am not sure what you see that I deleted.
 * Here is how I edited this dishwasher article - I hardly did any deletions here, except that I copy/pasted content verbatim to dishwasher detergent and dishwasher salt. Like any other wiki editor, I do not want to lose good content, but also I felt that the cleaning agents and the machine were separate concepts and that the information about cleaners could take their own articles.
 * I do not think I deleted anything from the dishwasher detergent article.
 * I do not have library access through work. I use the The Wikipedia Library, the Wikipedia resource exchange, and sometimes the local public library (United States) to get access to some technical documents. I get more access to sources than many people but it is still not easy for anyone to search all the sources they want. In all my looking around I did not identify any fundamental text or research paper about dishwasher fundamentals.
 * I do advocate that people post citations for all the content they add to Wikipedia because I feel like citations prove that Wikipedia's information is accurate. For myself, I always add citations. I would not propose deletion of sentences unless that I thought they were inaccurate or WP:UNDUE as WP:OR. If I do delete something, I would bring it to the talk page to ask for other opinions. Any content added to Wikipedia is valuable and should not be lost without making a way for anyone to find it and reconsider it.
 * Thanks for the feedback. I know that Wikipedia is mostly volunteer. I am doing my own experiments here to try to bring more expert information into Wikipedia, like for example by asking people at academic conferences to edit Wikipedia. It is challenging to say how experts should interact with the wiki community. I want everyone to have fun and make the encyclopedia. If you have any specific advice for how you think I or anyone else from an expert organization should edit then I would appreciate hearing whatever you have to say.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)  19:49, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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REF 12
Does not work. his is probably what ylu want.

https://www.homestratosphere.com/dishwasher-history/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arydberg (talk • contribs) 13:30, 21 July 2019 (UTC)

Not mentioned
Yes, we do have one, so this is all WP:OR Doug butler (talk) 00:50, 26 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Nowhere in this article is there a mention of fat, which is very effectively cleaned off frypans by the hot spray, and only becomes a problem years later when enough has coalesced to form a blockage in the pipes under your house, not mentioning any contribution to the fatberg further on, which SEP.
 * No mention anywhere of the flexible hose that connects your machine to the water supply. They have a braided outer to prevent rupture due to water hammer that occurs several times during the wash cycle, but does not prevent development of a pinhole (at least with the washing machine you have a tap to turn off when you go on holidays).
 * Also not mentioned is the amount of cutlery and crockery you need to meet the "environmental benefits", which are predicated on full loads (with no sneaking out a few items) as against a sinkfull of scalding-hot water after every meal. Or the storage space you sacrifice for the machine. Or the length of time before the "squeaky clean" plates are no longer sterile (if that is a real problem).

Historical Discrepency
I'm reading the article and under the history section there's either a grammar mistake or some part of the story is missing.

Basically, it states that Europe's first electric washing machine was invented in 1929 and consequently manufactured. But the next paragraph states that the dishwasher was, in fact, invented in 1926, similarly in Europe.

So these statements are clashing, in my opinion unless there's some cultural difference I'm missing here as an American.

P.S. Why does it say Europe's first electric washing machine? Shouldn't it say the world's first washing machine? 198.232.116.14 (talk) 18:37, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

 * And then the advertisement for electric dishwashers is dated to 1917! 198.232.116.14 (talk) 18:39, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dishwasher


text:
Talk:Affine transformation

All affine transformations are NOT dilations. Reverted many changes to the article.
Many changes were made to this article which effectively treat the term affine transformation as though it were the same as dilation. However, this is wrong: a dilation is only one particular type of affine transformation. Rotations, shearing, etc are all examples of affine transformations that aren't dilations.

The notion that all affine transformations are dilations is not supported by the source given, which is Coxeter 1969 (which calls dilations "dilatations"). You can see quite clearly in section 13.3, which is called affinities, at the bottom of page 202, that Coxeter says quite clearly: "A dilatation is a special case of an affinity, which is any transformation (of the whole affine plane onto itself) preserving collinearity." He then goes onto mention other affinities that aren't dilations, such as shears and reflections.

This means that many statements in this article are incorrect, such as the one in the opening paragraph "For every pair of line segments AB and A'B' in the affine plane, there is a dilation mapping the first to the second." This is again not what the cited source (Coxeter 1969 again) says: the actual statement on the page cited is "two given segments, AB and A'B', on parallel lines, determine a unique dilatation AB -> A'B'." The important thing is that the two segments lie on parallel lines. If they don't, then there's no dilation that's going to rotate one line segment into the other. If the condition that both segments lie on parallel lines is dropped, then the corresponding statement is not true in general for affine transformations: there are infinitely many affine transformations that map a line segment to itself. The correct corresponding statement is given on page 203, which is that two triangles IXY and I'X'Y' uniquely determine an affine transformation.

Note also that wolfram has separate pages for dilation and affine transformation which define the two terms correctly.

Additionally, I find this new picture to be =extremely= confusing, and much more so than the old one. It's much more jargon-y, focuses specifically on dilations, and defines some unnecessary stuff in the blurb (like a central dilation vs a translation). I also didn't find it clear that the affine transformation was taking the old triangle to the new one; it looked like the transformation was supposed to be applied to all lines shown at once. However, I do agree the old blurb ought to be made more informative, so I've changed that.

In the middle of my typing this, I note that user Gene Smith has reverted the page as well. I'm going to go through his revert and Rgdboer's latest version and merge some things to try and come up with the optimal revision.

And lastly, although I believe these edits were done in good faith - please, make sure you understand the precise nature of the claims being made by the cited source before editing the page! Math pages are hard to do right on Wikipedia, and I felt the page on affine transformations was one of the better ones. If anything it needed to be made a bit less technical, perhaps.

Battaglia01 (talk) 22:30, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

What is and how to read...
In the section on the Mathematical Definition, I don't know the meaning of, or how to say, the symbol following the equals sign. I have looked at numerous lists of math symbols, including the unicode blocks for math and for "letterlike" symbols and can't find it anywhere. Since its part of a graphic, I can't select it to copy and paste in a search. Of course it may be there and I'm just not seeing it. Nevertheless, I think a common language transcription, as if the expression were being spoken, ought to be provided. (I think that ought to be the policy for all maths in wikipedia. I'm not just picking on this one equation. I know doing that will mar the beauty of the concise math displayed. But how can anyone be expected to follow the math if they can't even *read* it? But I know this is not the place for that discussion.) Could someone please name that symbol for me?

Baon (talk) 15:10, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

I looked at the source and discovered the symbol is called 'varphi'. The entry on phi discusses this as a font variety associated with older fonts, and suggests that a stroked phi ought to always be used in mathematics... but I do not feel comfortable making a change here because I do not know if there are historical reasons or traditions for using this "loopy" form of phi. Baon (talk) 15:57, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * You have misinterpreted the phi page. It says that the stroked form is "required" for mathematics; what that means is, some mathematics needs it.  It does not mean that the loopy form is not used as well, and in fact, it is used, quite regularly.  It is not in any way "deprecated". --Trovatore (talk) 21:59, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Isn't preservation of collinearity enough?
The top paragraph states that an affine transformation is one which satisfies two conditions: It preserves (i) collinearity and (ii) ratios between distances between collinear points. I would have expected (i) alone to suffice, and (ii) to be a consequence of (i) like the property that parallel lines are mapped to parallel lines. If it does not, then it would be very interesting to see a counterexample.

Or is it perhaps the case that (i) suffices for invertible transformations, but not in general? That would also be interesting to have stated explicitly, if true. 130.239.234.45 (talk) 17:01, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

Incomprehensible Gobbledygook
This article is completely incomprehensible to a non-mathematician. Could we try beginning in English? The purpose of an encyclopedia, such as this one ...

I recently received top grades in college calculus. I am currently working in computer graphics as a consumer of the methods others write that implement this math. If this is not within my realm of comprehension, for whom is it written? MartinRinehart (talk) 18:18, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

 * The best editors for choosing comprehensible words are often those who are freshly learning and working in the field. People familiar with the more abtract terminology will often be blind to what it is that others find difficult. You sound like you are in the ideal position to try your hand at editing the article for better clarity while you become familiar with the subject area. The lead section is the place to have the most immediate comprehensibility.  You might find that some editors disagree with your wording choices, but that is all part of the cooperative editing process – which in the end leads to higher-quality articles.  — Quondum 21:45, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I am not a mathematician, and I understand everything except the statement "that preserves the affine structure", in the first sentence of the introduction. Also, the sentence "This means that an affine transformation sends points to points, lines to lines, planes to planes, etc" uses technical jargon ("sends ... to ..."), which may sound not familiar to beginners. Although this terminology is effective, commonly used and easy to grasp, I can be substituted with even simpler terminology. See my edit, and please let me know if you like it. Paolo.dL (talk) 10:21, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia has no interest in educating people.  The editors are solely interested in inflating their egos with the most impressive words possible.        For a better explanation see:     This article by Wolfram quoted above.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arydberg (talk • contribs) 08:06, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

aligning two separate images
Please add information about how this applies to aligning two separate images so that they can be optimally superimposed, particularly map layers. And information about available tools.-71.174.188.32 (talk) 13:05, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Translation example
For completeness, the "Image transformation" section needs an example of a matrix and diagram for "translation."—Anita5192 (talk) 19:56, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * There appears to be a constraint in that section that would make this impossible. The affine maps are all linear maps, represented by square matrices, but you need an augmented matrix (or projective map) in order to represent translations. So, I would guess that they are missing for a reason. --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 20:38, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

 * The matrices are augmented matrices. They are 3 × 3 matrices as defined in "Augmented matrix" and the diagrams are two-dimensional.—Anita5192 (talk) 21:00, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Oops. My mistake, sorry. Upon closer examination, all these examples have a null translation component. I could provide the examples, but I don't think that I could mimic the graphic. --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 23:32, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

Intro
I may be being very stupid here, but is there not a mistake in the following phrase in the introduction? "...every affine transformation $$f\colon X \to Y$$ is of the form $$x \mapsto Mx + b$$..." It seems to me that the mapping should be from y not x, and so should read: "...every affine transformation $$f\colon X \to Y$$ is of the form $$y \mapsto Mx + b...$$"

 * There is no mistake here. The transformation f maps the domain X to the range Y, and hence maps the vector x to Mx + b.—Anita5192 (talk) 16:41, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

 * It is much worse: There is a wealth of different mistakes! Due to sloppy notation, the point sets and the vector spaces are confused and the action of the vector space on the point set and the addition in the vector spaces are confused. There is no Mx, since x is a point and M a linear function. If M is a map on X the result is such that the addition with b is not defined. Quite bluntly: This is complete rubbish. Moreover, not only the current intro is wrong, also the mathematical definition is wrong. There is a reason why math books make this more elaborate! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.163.202.64 (talk) 21:08, 25 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree the intro is a mess and so are portions of the article. The problem as I see it is that some editors have confounded the concept of "affine mapping" (in Berger's sense) between affine spaces and an "affine transformation" on a given affine space. True, an affine transformation is a special case of an affine mapping, but this article is supposed to be about the transformation, not its generalization. I propose taking all the affine mapping stuff and putting it into its own section and rewriting the lead to deal with the transformation.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 18:49, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I've finally gotten around to start doing this. It was a bit more involved than I had envisioned at first. This still needs some resectioning and a pass through checking on uniformity of notation. --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 20:03, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for implementing this change, Bill. I think it would be a good idea, at the end of the section on affine maps, to add a sentence remarking that an affine transformation is a special case of an affine map (where the two affine spaces are the same), and (if the explanation is not completely trivial) to explain this. Joel Brennan (talk) 23:51, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Affine mapping by its action on simplex
I came across a stunning equation that allows to solve the inverse problem -- find affine mapping, when its action on vertices of a triangle are known. The post I read is this one https://math.stackexchange.com/a/3224534/673024, but there are links to the original works where the equation appears for the first time. Is it a good idea to add something from there to this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.153.230.50 (talk) 09:34, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

Subgroups
I feel like this page could do a better job explaining exactly what subgroups are and aren't included. The intro section does say "Examples of affine transformations include translation, scaling, homothety, similarity, reflection, rotation, shear mapping, and compositions of them in any combination and sequence.", which is good, but then it gets confusing with "Viewing an affine space as the complement of a hyperplane at infinity of a projective space, the affine transformations are the projective transformations of that projective space that leave the hyperplane at infinity invariant, restricted to the complement of that hyperplane." which, while correct, is confusing since thinking about homogeneous transformation matrices, affine transformations are exactly the ones that don't involve projection (that is, that have a bottom row of [0, ..., 0, 1]). —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 13:13, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I have reverted your edit because it is confusing, and unneeded. Just before the place of your edit, it is said that affine transformations preserve . Thus no projection can be an affine transformation, and this is not useful to add a further warning. Also, as the lead does not mention any matrix, mentioning a bottom row is very confusing. D.Lazard (talk) 17:28, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

Misleading / incorrect example
It's written
 * "The functions f(x) = mx + b (...) are precisely the affine transformations of the real line."

This is not in agreement with the definition given at the beginning of the article, as an "automorphism" and "a function which maps an affine space onto itself". At least if m = 0, the image of such a function is a single point. But even for m different from 0, in how does it map the real line onto itself? Yes, the image (range, for Texans) equals R, but that is also true for g(x) = x^3, which clearly isn't an affine function. So, does it mean that their graph is a different 1-dimensional affine subspace of R²? But then it is no more an automorphism which means that it should map the space onto itself. In either case its contradictory. — MFH:Talk 23:55, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Indeed, the condition $$m\neq 0$$ was ommitted (now fixed).
 * In this example, $$\R$$ is viewed as an affine space over itself (see ), and "automorphism" is meant as "affine space automorphism"
 * "A function which maps an affine space onto itself" is only the beginning of the definition. The function $$g(x) = x^3$$ does not satisfy the last part of the definition after "while".
 * D.Lazard (talk) 12:25, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Affine transformation


text:
Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani

Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani (حمد بن خليفة آل ثاني; born 1 January 1952) is a member of the ruling Al Thani Qatari royal family. He was the ruling Emir of Qatar from 1995 until 2013 when he abdicated the throne, handing power to his fourth son Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani who was born to his second spouse, Moza bint Nassir. The Qatari government refers to him as the Father Emir.

Hamad seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a bloodless palace coup d'état in 1995. During his 18-year rule, Qatar's natural gas production reached 77 million tonnes, making Qatar the richest country in the world per capita with the average income in the country US$86,440 a year per person. During his reign, several sports and diplomatic events took place in Qatar, including the 2006 Asian Games, 2012 UN Climate Change Conference, Doha Agreement, Fatah–Hamas Doha Agreement, and it was decided that the 2022 FIFA World Cup would be held in the country. He established the Qatar Investment Authority. By 2013, it had invested over $100 billion around the world, most prominently in The Shard, Barclays Bank, Heathrow Airport, Harrods, Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Volkswagen, Siemens. and Royal Dutch Shell.

Hamad ruled a sovereign regime in Qatar without any support from opposition political parties. During Hamad's rule, Qatar hosted two U.S. military bases. It also maintained relations with Iran. The Sheikh founded news media group Al Jazeera. He also played a part in negotiations between the U.S. and the Taliban. In June 2013, Hamad, in a brief televised address, announced that he would hand power to his fourth son, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.

Early years and education
Hamad was born in 1952. His mother died soon after his birth and he was raised by his uncle.

He graduated from the British Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in 1971, and was then commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in Qatar's armed forces. A few months later he returned to Qatar and was made commander of a mobile brigade, which later became a force called "Hamad Brigade". In 1972, Hamad had the rank of general, and became army chief of staff. Next he was appointed commander-in-chief of Qatar's armed forces with the rank of major general. In 1977 he was named minister of defense.

Hamad was appointed Heir Apparent of Qatar in 1977 and held the post until 1995. In the early 1980s, he led the Supreme Planning Council, which sets Qatar's basic economic and social policies. Starting in 1992, Hamad's father began gradually handing over responsibility for the day-to-day running of the country, including the development of Qatar's oil and natural gas resources, rendering him the effective ruler of the country. However, his father ultimately retained control over state finances. On 27 June 1995, he won the throne from his father in a palace coup, Hamad became Emir of Qatar and was crowned on 20 June 2000.

Reign as Emir (1995–2013)
With the support of his family, Hamad staged a bloodless coup d'état in 1995 when his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani was on vacation in Geneva, Switzerland, at which point he officially became the Emir of Qatar. The deposition came after a falling out between Hamad and his father, who had tried regaining some of the authority that he had bestowed upon Hamad in early 1995. Thereafter, his father lived in exile in France and Abu Dhabi until he returned to Qatar in 2001.

Hamad then engaged an American law firm to freeze his father's bank accounts abroad in order to deter a possible countercoup. However, a counter-coup was attempted against Hamad in February 1996 under the leadership of former Economy Minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Hamad Al Thani. The coup failed, and several of Qatar's traditional Arab allies were implicated in the plot, namely Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt.

In a break with the traditional role, his second wife Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned has been a visible advocate for education and children's causes. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad and his wife Sheikha Moza bint Nasser founded the Qatar Foundation.

A sportsman and an accomplished diver, Hamad has played an active role in promoting and developing athletics in Qatar. His activism has enhanced the country's involvement and performance in a number of international competitions, including: winning an Olympic medal in track and field; hosting a wide variety of international sporting events such as the 15th Asian Games, GCC, Asian and World Youth soccer championships; and initiating the Qatar Open Tennis Championship which has grown to become one of two premier tennis competitions in the Middle East. Under his rule the Qatari government helped to fund the Al Jazeera news network by an emiri decree. In an analysis of Al Jazeera, Hugh Miles said that diplomats from other countries know that the Emir was the real power behind Al Jazeera but he also quotes a network spokesman denying 'countless times' this accusation, adding that many independent news sources also have subsidies from their respective governments without this implying editorial dabbling and explaining that trying to coerce the kind of journalists Al Jazeera has would be like trying to 'herd cats'. Sheik Hamad is a distant cousin of the network chairman, Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani, who was previously Minister of Information in the Emir Al Thani government. Following the initial US$137 million grant from Emir Al Thani, Al Jazeera had aimed to become self-sufficient through advertising by 2001, but when this failed to occur, the Emir agreed to several consecutive loans on a year-by-year basis (US$30 million in 2004, according to Arnaud de Borchgrave). At a 3 October 2001 press conference, Colin Powell tried to persuade Sheik Hamad to shut down Al Jazeera while the New York-based organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting commented that in those efforts, "Powell and other U.S. officials were reportedly upset by the channel re-airing old interviews with bin Laden and the inclusion of guests that are too critical of the United States on its programs." The Washington Post reported in 2005 that Sheik Hamad was under pressure to privatize the network.

In 2010, Qatar was awarded the right to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The country would become the first in the Middle East to host the world's biggest sporting event, beating stiff competition from the United States and Australia.

Autocracy
Hamad ruled an autocratic regime in Qatar. There was no organized political opposition in Qatar. Freedom of expression was limited under his rule and dissent was prohibited. National news outlets exercised self-censorship.

Oil and gas wealth
Hamad was able to focus on turning Qatar from a small desert backwater into a major world power by continuing to exploit the country's vast oil fields and discovering and tapping the world's third largest gas reserves. By 2010 liquefied natural gas production had reached 77 million tons, making Qatar the richest country in the world. With fewer than two million inhabitants, the average income in the country shot to a staggering $86,440 per year per person. Qatar expert Olivier Da Lage said: "When he came to power in 1995, Sheikh Hamad had a goal to place Qatar on the world map by exploiting the gas resources which his father did not develop for fear it would change the emirate's society. Eighteen years on, he has finished the job – Qatar has acquired the financial clout to command respect from neighboring countries and Western governments alike". In 2005, under the direction of Hamad and the former prime minister of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani, the Qatar Investment Authority was established, a sovereign wealth fund to manage the country's oil and natural gas surpluses. The Qatar Investment Authority and its subsidiaries have acquired many businesses abroad, including London's iconic department store Harrods from entrepreneur Mohammed Al-Fayed, Paris-based department store Printemps, French football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C., a former 10% stake in Porsche, a 75% stake in film studio Miramax Films which they acquired from Disney, a 2% stake in media conglomerate and Universal Music Group parent company Vivendi, a US$100 million investment in Chernin Group – whose founder Peter Chernin was COO of News Corp and President of Fox, a 1% stake in luxury goods manufacturer Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy, a 6% stake in Credit Suisse, a 12.6% stake in Barclays and several other major companies. They also backed Glencore's $31 billion takeover bid for Xstrata. Qatar is the largest property owner in London with their holdings including the United Kingdom's tallest building The Shard, the London Olympic Village and the InterContinental London Park Lane hotel. They also own several hotels in Cannes including the Majestic Hotel, Grand Hyatt Cannes Hôtel Martinez and the Carlton Hotel, Cannes. QIA was considered to have one of the leading bids in the sales of both Anschutz Entertainment Group and Hulu. As of May 2013, it was reported the Investment Authority was in talks to purchase Neiman Marcus and Bergdorf Goodman.

Media sources claimed that Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani made a bid for Manchester United on 11 February 2011. Qatari Holdings offered £1.65 billion to Malcolm Glazer, the American owner of the club. This follows a series of endeavors by the Emir and other Qataris into the World Football community, following Qatar's successful bid for the 2022 World Cup, and the Qatar Foundation's recent £125m shirt deal with FC Barcelona. In mid-June 2011, rumours resurfaced that Qatari Holdings were preparing a £2 Billion takeover bid and that the funding, that the club had been using for transfers since the start of June, was actually supplied by the Qataris and not the Glazer Family. In 2012 it was rumoured that Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani was in bid for Rangers F.C. On 30 March 2012 Sheik Al Thani offered to buy KF Tirana, although the details have yet to be published.

Culture and education
In the arts, Hamad established the Qatar Museums Authority in 2005 which built the I. M. Pei designed Museum of Islamic Art Doha. Since its opening, Qatar has become the world's biggest contemporary art buyer, famously purchasing Cézanne's The Card Players in 2012 for over US$250 million. The art acquisition efforts were often represented by Sheikh Saud bin Mohammed Al Thani, president of Qatar's National Council for Culture, Arts and the Heritage. The Museum Authority sponsored Takashi Murakami's EGO exhibit in Doha which ran from 9 February to 24 June 2012, Damien Hirst's retrospective at Tate Modern in Spring and Summer 2012 and Hirst's exhibition Relics, from October 2013 to January 2014. In July 2013, in conjunction with Miuccia Prada and the Prada Foundation, QMA launched CURATE, a global search for curatorial talent. Additionally, the Doha Film Institute was established in 2009 which in partnership with the Tribeca Film Festival (founded by Robert De Niro), created the Doha Tribeca Film Festival that ran from 2009 – 2012. The Doha Film Institute is producing Salma Hayek's upcoming animated adaptation of Khalil Gibran's classic novel The Prophet, with Lion King director Roger Allers coordinating the process. DFI is also credited as a production company on several other films, including Just Like a Woman starring Sienna Miller, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, directed by Mira Nair, which opened the 69th Venice International Film Festival, and Kanye West's Cruel Summer – a short film which was shot in Doha and premiered during the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. In February 2013, they announced a $100 million feature film fund with Participant Media, a production company founded by billionaire Jeffrey Skoll, who was the first employee and also first president of internet auction firm eBay.

Under the patronage of Hamad and his wife Sheikha Moza Bint Nasser Al-Missned, various academic institutions have opened campuses in Doha, including Carnegie Mellon University, Georgetown University, Northwestern University, Texas A&M University and Weill Cornell Medical College.

Retirement and later life
On 25 June 2013, Hamad handed over power to his son Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani in a televised speech. In regards to the shift in power, Hamad said: "The time has come to open a new page in the journey of our nation that would have a new generation carry the responsibilities".

Since his retirement, he is now popularly referred to as the Father Emir. His fourth son Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, from his second wife, Moza bint Nasser, is now the eighth and current Emir of Qatar.

Hamad is believed to have suffered from poor health for several years. In December 2015, he was flown to Zürich, Switzerland, for treatment after breaking his leg while on holiday in Morocco's Atlas mountains.

Hamad underwent his first kidney transplant in 1997 and at least one more at a later date. The former emir is currently on dialysis.

Foreign relations

The Emir made a $100 million donation for the relief of New Orleans following the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. He was a key person in the cease fire during the 2006 Lebanon War and contributed majorly in the relief of damaged areas.

In 2012, the Emir proposed deploying Arab troops to reduce killings in the Syrian civil war. He provided two military bases for foreign troops, Al Udeid Air Base and Camp As Sayliyah.

Despite the prevalence of anti-Israel sentiment within the Arab world, he had previously maintained friendly relations with Israel. He met Foreign Minister of Israel Tzipi Livni (25 September 2007) in New York City. This marked the first real attempt by any leader in the Persian Gulf to pursue dialogue with Israel. However, Qatar severed diplomatic ties with Israel in 2009 in response to Israel's actions during the Gaza War. The emir has also expressed his objection to Israeli settlement policy, especially the Judaization of Jerusalem.

Gaza and Hamas
In October 2012, the Emir made a landmark visit to Gaza by being the first head of state to go there since the 2006 election of Hamas and the imposition of a blockade by Israel. He took a flight to Egypt before being driven into Gaza. While there, the emir was thought to be launching a $254 million reconstruction project in the territory, and giving an address to the Palestinian people. Palestine's interior ministry was said to have a "well-prepared plan" to provide security for the emir during his stay. Incidents nevertheless continued.

In October 2012, Hamad made a historic visit to Gaza and pledged US$400 million in humanitarian aid to Hamas, to build infrastructure projects and hospitals. Despite Qatar's ties to Hamas, they maintain diplomatic and business relations with Israel.

In December 2012, The New York Times accused the Qatari government of funding the Al-Nusra Front, a U.S. government designated terrorist organization. Others have noted the Emir's visit to Gaza and meeting with Hamas, which houses a militant wing, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. However, Qatar denies these allegations, stating that its policy is to help facilitate constructive engagement between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority.

In 2004, 2010, 2014, and 2017, the Qatari government introduced new anti-terror laws to combat terrorism, terrorism financing and related crimes. In 2019 the Qatari government introduced a new anti-money laundering and counter terror financing laws.

In August 2020, the US State Department sent the Coordinator for Counterterrorism Nathan Sales to Doha to thank Qatar for their efforts against terrorism and to discuss Qatar's role in combating the financing of terrorism, its new Anti-Money Laundering/Countering the Financing of Terrorism legislation and its participation in the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS.

Investments
In 2013, Hamad established the Qatar Investment Authority, which has invested over $100 billion around the world, most prominently in The Shard, Barclays Bank, Heathrow Airport, Harrods, Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Siemens and Royal Dutch Shell. It also holds about 17% stake in the Volkswagen Group, Porsche, Hochtief, as well as investments in Sainsbury's.

Hamad is listed as owner of Afrodille S.A., which had a bank account in Luxembourg and shares in two South African companies. Al Thani also held a majority of the shares in Rienne S.A. and Yalis S.A., which held a term deposit with the Bank of China in Luxembourg. A relative owned 25% of these: Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim Al Thani, Qatar's former prime minister and foreign minister.

Marriages and children
Sheikh Hamad has three wives and twenty-four children, eleven sons and thirteen daughters:
 * Hamad's first wife is his first cousin, Sheikha Mariam bint Muhammad Al Thani, the daughter of his paternal uncle, Sheikh Muhammad bin Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani. They have two sons and six daughters, Namely:
 * Sheikh Mishaal bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 1972) – heir apparent of Qatar (1995–96)
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Aisha bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Fatima bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Rawdah bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Hessa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Mashael bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Sara bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani – Program Coordinator for Reach Out to Asia-Qatar (ROTAQ)
 * Hamad's second wife is Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned (born 8 August 1959, Al-Khor), the daughter of Nasser bin Abdullah Al-Missned. They have five sons and two daughters, Namely:
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 25 August 1978) – heir apparent of Qatar (1996–2003)
 * Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 3 June 1980) – heir apparent of Qatar (2003–2013), current Emir of Qatar (2013–present)
 * Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 1983)
 * Sheikha Hind bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 15 August 1984)
 * Sheikh Joaan bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 1986)
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 18 April 1988)
 * Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 11 November 1991)
 * Hamad's third wife is Sheikha Noora bint Khalid Al Thani, again his first cousin, the daughter of his paternal uncle, Sheikh Khalid bin Hamad Al Thani, who was the minister of the interior. They have four sons and five daughters, Namely:
 * Sheikh Khalid bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani – Deputy Emir of Qatar since 11 November 2014.
 * Sheikh Thani bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 16 January 1994).
 * Sheikh Al Qaqa bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (born 30 June 2000)
 * Sheikha Luluwah bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Maha bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Dana bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Al Anoud bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Mariam bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani

Titles

 * 1 January 1952 – 22 February 1972: Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * 22 February 1972 – 1977: His Excellency Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * 1977 – 27 June 1995: His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Crown Prince of Qatar
 * 27 June 1995 – 25 June 2013: His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar
 * 25 June 2013 – present: His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Father Emir of Qatar

National honours

 * Qatar:
 * Order of Independence (Qatar) - ribbon bar.gif Former Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Independence
 * QAT Order of Merit of the State of Qatar ribbon.svg Former Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit

Foreign honours

 * Albania:
 * Grand Cross of the Order of George Castriot Skanderbeg
 * Recipient of the National Flag Order
 * Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 * Bahrain: Collar of the Order of Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
 * Bulgaria: Grand Cross of the Order of the Balkan Mountains
 * Croatia: Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav
 * Cuba: Member of the Order of José Martí
 * Dominican Republic: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella
 * Egypt: Collar of the Order of the Nile
 * Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose
 * France: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour
 * Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
 * Indonesia: First Class of the Order of the Star of Mahaputera
 * Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 * Ivory Coast: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Ivory Coast
 * Jordan: Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali
 * Kuwait: Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great
 * Lebanon:
 * Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit
 * Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar
 * Malaysia: Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
 * Malta: Honorary Companion of Honour with Collar of the National Order of Merit
 * Morocco: Collar of the Order of Muhammad
 * The Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of Order of the Netherlands Lion
 * North Macedonia: First Class of the Order 8-September
 * Oman:
 * Member Special Class of the Order of Oman
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
 * Pakistan: Recipient of the Nishan-e-Pakistan
 * Peru: Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru (13 February 2013)
 * Philippines: Grand Collar (Supremo) of the Order of Lakandula
 * Portugal: Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry
 * Romania: Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania
 * Saudi Arabia: Collar of the Order of King Abdulaziz
 * Senegal: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion
 * South Africa: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Good Hope
 * Spain: Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
 * Thailand: Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn
 * Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of 7 November
 * United Kingdom:
 * Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * Venezuela:
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Francisco de Miranda
 * Yemen: Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic

Awards

 * Albania
 * Tirana: Honorary Citizen of the City of Tirana
 * Monaco
 * International Association of Athletics Federations: Member of the Golden Order of Merit
 * United States
 * Foreign Policy Magazine': Top 100 Global Thinker - "For filling the leadership vacuum in the Middle East."

title: Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani


text:
1904 in art

Events from the year 1904 in art.

Events

 * April
 * Octavian Smigelschi is selected to paint the interior decoration of Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu.
 * George Frederic Watts (dies 1 July) opens the Watts Gallery in the English village of Compton, Guildford, for the display of his work.
 * November – The Potters (artists group) is formed by female artists in St. Louis, Missouri.
 * Start of Picasso's Rose Period.
 * Georges Braque leaves the Academie Humbert.
 * Mary Cassatt is awarded the Légion d'honneur by the French government for her services to the arts.
 * British Impressionist painter Wilfrid de Glehn marries American portrait painter Jane Erin Emmet.
 * Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum, Berlin, designed by Ernst von Ihne and noted for its Skulpturensammlung, is completed.

Paintings

 * Lawrence Alma-Tadema – The Finding of Moses
 * Paul Cézanne
 * Mont Sainte-Victoire (Philadelphia Museum of Art)
 * La Montagne Sainte-Victoire vue du bosquet du Château Noir
 * Lady in Blue
 * Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis – A Day
 * Walter Dexter – The Carpenter's Workshop
 * Herbert James Draper – The Golden Fleece
 * Florence Fuller – Summer Breezes
 * J. W. Godward
 * Dolce far Niente (second version)
 * In The Days Of Sappho
 * A Melody
 * Thomas Cooper Gotch – Innocence
 * Vilhelm Hammershøi – Interior with Young Woman Seen from the Back
 * Winslow Homer – Kissing the Moon
 * Gwen John – Dorelia in a Black Dress
 * Edmund Leighton – Vox Populi ("'A little prince likely in time to bless a royal throne")
 * Niels Moeller Lund – The Heart of the Empire
 * Frederick McCubbin – The Pioneer (triptych)
 * Herbert MacNair – The Gift of Doves
 * Henri Matisse – Luxe, Calme et Volupté
 * William Nicholson – portrait of J. M. Barrie
 * Pablo Picasso
 * The Actor
 * Portrait of Suzanne Bloch
 * Ilya Repin – Portrait of Leonid Nikolaievich Andreyev
 * Franz Roubaud – The Siege of Sevastopol Panorama
 * John Singer Sargent – Mrs Wertheimer
 * Pavel Shtronda – Theotokos of Port Arthur
 * Enrique Simonet – The Judgement of Paris
 * Max Slevogt – Portrait of the Dancer Anna Pavlova
 * Allen Butler Talcott – Lyme Meadow (approx. date)
 * Viktor Vasnetsov – The Last Judgement (for St. George's Cathedral, Gus-Khrustalny, Russia)
 * Maurice de Vlaminck – Sous bois

Photographs

 * Edward Steichen
 * The Flatiron Building
 * The Pond—Moonlight

Sculptures

 * Daniel Chester French
 * Colonel James Anderson Monument (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
 * Statue of William Francis Bartlett (Massachusetts State House, Boston)
 * Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll – Memorial to Colonial soldiers who fell during the Boer War, in St Paul's Cathedral, London
 * Hermon Atkins MacNeil – Coming of the White Man (Portland, Oregon)
 * Rudolf and Wolfgang Siemering – Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart Memorial (Berlin)
 * Antonio Sciortino – Les Gavroches

Stained-glass windows

 * Tiffany Studio – Angel of the Resurrection

Architecture

 * Larkin Administration Building, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright (demolished 1950)

Exhibitions

 * "French Primitives", an exhibition of pre-Renaissance French art in Paris.

January to June

 * 8 January – Peter Arno, American cartoonist (d. 1968).
 * 13 January – Oliver Messel, English stage designer (d. 1978).
 * 14 January – Cecil Beaton, English photographer and stage and costume designer (d. 1980).
 * 22 January – Kimon Evan Marengo, Egyptian-born British cartoonist (d. 1988).
 * 6 February – Dorothy Canning Miller American curator (d. 2003).
 * 22 February – Peter Hurd, American artist (d. 1984).
 * 27 February - Yi Eungro, South korea Abstract artist (d.1989)
 * 2 March – Theodor Seuss Geisel, American illustrator (d. 1991).
 * 17 March – Chaim Gross, Austrian American sculptor (d. 1991).
 * 31 March – Đorđe Andrejević Kun, Serbian painter (d. 1964).
 * 4 April - Ulayu Pingwartok, Canadian Inuk artist
 * 15 April
 * Mary Adshead, English painter (d. 1995).
 * Arshile Gorky, Armenian-born abstract expressionist painter (d. 1948).
 * 21 April
 * Jean Hélion, French painter (d. 1987).
 * Gabriel Loire, French stained glass artist (d. 1996).
 * 24 April – Willem de Kooning, Dutch abstract expressionist painter (d. 1997).
 * 2 May – Bill Brandt, German-born British photographer and photojournalist (d. 1983).
 * 11 May – Salvador Dalí, Spanish surrealist artist (d. 1989).
 * 8 June – Alice Rahon, French-born Mexican surrealist poet and painter (d. 1987).
 * 14 June – Margaret Bourke-White, American photographer and photojournalist (d. 1971).

July to December

 * 2 August – Reg Parlett, English comics artist (d. 1991).
 * 11 September – Daniel Brustlein, Alsatian-born illustrator (d. 1996).
 * 23 October – Svetoslav Roerich, Russian painter (d. 1993).
 * 3 November – Emerik Feješ, Hungarian and Serbian painter (d. 1969).
 * 13 November – Stephen Bone, English painter (d. 1958).
 * 17 November – Isamu Noguchi, Japanese American artist and landscape architect (d. 1988).
 * 18 November – Jean Paul Lemieux, Canadian-American painter (d. 1990)
 * 22 November – Miguel Covarrubias, Mexican caricaturist and painter (d. 1957).
 * 30 November – Clyfford Still, American Abstract Expressionist painter (d. 1980).
 * 11 December – Felix Nussbaum, German Jewish surrealist painter (k. 1944).
 * 17 December – Paul Cadmus, American painter (d. 1999).
 * 21 December – Jean René Bazaine, French painter, stained glass artist and writer (d. 2001).

Full date unknown

 * Joseph Delaney, African American painter (d. 1991).
 * Juan Bautista Garcia, Puerto Rican painter (d. 1974).

Deaths

 * January 8 – Alfred Felton, art collector (b. 1831)
 * January 9 – Konrad Grob, painter (b. 1828)
 * January 10 – Jean-Léon Gérôme, painter and sculptor (b. 1824)
 * February 4 – Marie Firmin Bocourt, nature artist and engraver (b. 1819)
 * May 6 – Franz von Lenbach, painter (b. 1836)
 * May 8 – Eadweard Muybridge, photographer (b. 1830)
 * June 20 – Frederic Sandys, painter (b. 1829)
 * July 1 – George Frederic Watts, painter and sculptor (b. 1817)
 * August 25 – Henri Fantin-Latour, painter and lithographer (b. 1836)
 * September 3 – James Archer, portrait painter (b. 1823)
 * September 4 – Martin Johnson Heade, painter (b. 1819)
 * September 23
 * Émile Gallé, artist in glass (b. 1846)
 * George Anderson Lawson, sculptor (b. 1832)
 * October 4 – Frédéric Bartholdi, sculptor (b. 1834)
 * October 13 – Károly Lotz, painter (b. 1833)
 * December 7 – Adolf Waldinger, painter from Osijek, Croatia (b. 1843)
 * December 30 – John Horbury Hunt, architect (b. 1838)
 * date unknown – Edwin Hayes, marine watercolourist (b. 1819)

title: 1904 in art


text:
Battle of Damme

The Battle of Damme was fought on 30 and 31 May 1213 during the 1213–1214 Anglo-French War. An English fleet led by William Longespée, Earl of Salisbury accidentally encountered a large French fleet under the command of Savari de Mauléon in the vicinity of the port of Damme, in Flanders. The French crews were mostly ashore, pillaging the countryside, and the English captured 300 French ships at anchor, and looted and fired a further hundred beached ships. The main French army, commanded by King Philip II of France, was nearby besieging Ghent and it promptly marched on Damme. It arrived in time to relieve the town's French garrison and drive off the English landing parties. Philip had the remainder of the French fleet burned to avoid capture. The success of the English raid yielded immense booty and ended the immediate threat of a French invasion of England. It is often considered the first great naval victory in English history.

Background
When King John of England ((r. 1199 – 1216)) came to the throne he attempted to expand his territory, launching a campaign in Normandy in 1200. He was defeated by King Philip II of France ((r. 1180 – 1223)) and had lost most of his overseas possessions by 1204. Subsequently, John repeatedly attempted to form alliances against Philip, with a view to recovering Normandy. In 1208 John's nephew, Otto, became Holy Roman Emperor. Prior to his accession Otto had promised to help John recover his lost possessions. By 1212 both John and Otto were engaged in power struggles against Pope Innocent III. In John's case his refusal to accept Innocent's candidate for Archbishop of Canterbury had led to Innocent placing an interdict on England, prohibiting clergy from conducting religious services (with limited exceptions), in 1208 and excommunicating John personally in 1209. Philip decided to take advantage of this situation, first in Germany, where he aided a German noble rebellion. John immediately threw England's weight behind Otto, and Philip saw an opportunity to launch an invasion of England. To secure the co-operation of all of his vassals in his plans for the invasion, Philip denounced John as an enemy of the Church, thereby justifying his attack as motivated by religious scruples. He summoned an assembly of French barons at Soissons, which was well attended with the exception of Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, who refused to attend. Philip was encouraged in all of this by the papal legate, Pandulf Verraccio.

Verraccio, however, was also holding secret discussions with John, who agreed to accept the legate's decision in ecclesiastical disputes. In return, the Pope offered John the kingdom of England and the lordship of Ireland as papal fiefs, which John would rule as the Pope's vassal, and for which John would do homage to the Pope. Once the treaty confirming this had been ratified in May 1213 Verraccio announced to Philip that he would have to abandon his expedition against John, since to attack a faithful vassal of the Holy See would constitute a mortal sin. He suggested that as Ferdinand had denied Philip's right to declare war on England while John was still excommunicated, his disobedience needed to be punished. Philip accepted the advice, and marched with his army into the territory of Flanders. It is possible that Philip saw this as a preliminary to an invasion of England. John declared support for Ferdinand, starting the Anglo-French War of 1213–1214.

Prelude
At the time, galleys were used as purpose-built warships. They had long been used by the Mediterranean powers and had been adapted by the northern countries for use in the English Channel. Galleys could penetrate shallow harbours and were highly manoeuvrable, making them effective for raiding and ship-to-ship combat in meeting engagements. Operating the galleys was a specialist activity and called for highly trained crews. Both the English and the French relied on requisitioning cogs, the merchant vessels of the time, to supplement their navies. Cogs had a deep draught, a round hull and were propelled by a single large sail set on a mast amidships. Cogs were used as transports and could be converted into warships by the addition of wooden castles – raised fighting platforms – at the bow and stern and the erection of crow's nest fighting platforms at the masthead. Cogs typically had a displacement of 100 –. Their high freeboard made them superior to the oared vessels in close combat, particularly when they were fitted with the castles, from which missiles could be fired or stones dropped on to enemy craft alongside.

Contemporary chronicler William the Breton, the royal chaplain, who was in the French camp at the time, reported the French fleet as numbering some 1,700 ships. This number is considered improbably high by modern historians, who simply describe both fleets as "large". F. W. Brooks describes the figure of 1,700 ships for the French as "hopelessly exaggerated" and suggests that the actual size was less than 500, but of unknown breakdown between fighting ships and transports. Better figures are available for the English. In 1206 fifty galleys were recorded in royal service, operating in four squadrons. In 1211 there is a record of a fleet of over fifty ships, including twenty galleys. Building and maintaining fleets of this size was extremely expensive. In 1212 the fleet was costing over £3,500 per year; perhaps a quarter of the total royal revenue. For the 1213 campaign John attempted to requisition every English merchant ship capable of carrying six or more horses. 19th century historian Smedley estimates the English fleet at 500 ships; 20th century historian Brooks that it was "much inferior in point of numbers to the French fleet".

Battle
The French fleet, originally assembled to carry troops to invade England, instead operated in a supporting role. It assembled at Boulogne, where Savari de Mauléon, a French minor noble who had served John for the previous eight years, was appointed its commander. Heavily laden with supplies, largely wine and bacon, the army's pay chests, and the personal goods of the French barons, it proceeded to Gravelines and then to the port of Damme, "among the most important commercial ports of Europe". Damme is located on the estuary of the Zwyn, now largely silted up. At the time it was in the County of Flanders (now in Belgium) and was the port of the city of Bruges. Meanwhile, the army marched via Cassel, Ypres, and Bruges before laying siege to Ghent. In England John had assembled his own fleet, which he sent to Flanders, under the command of William Longespée, Earl of Salisbury, to support his ally, Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, on 28 May 1213. The English ships were carrying 700 English and Flemish men-at-arms and their attendants, and a large force of mercenaries. They entered the estuary of the Zwyn on 30 May, where they unexpectedly found the French armada. Most of the ships were pulled up on the beach. The French army was besieging Ghent, and many of the crews were pillaging the surrounding area. The English were surprised to discover the French fleet, at first believing them to be their Flemish allies. After scouting the roadstead to confirm the nationality and size of the fleet and discovering that the French ships were almost unmanned they attacked. They seized the 300 ships which were anchored and killed their crews. A further 100 ships were looted and then burnt on the beach after their crews had fled. The next day they attacked the rest of the ships and attempted an assault on Damme, which was repulsed. English and French chroniclers of the time all agree that the French lost approximately 400 ships.

The Flemish forces which had accompanied the English now disembarked and reconnoitered Damme. Finding it strongly garrisoned they bypassed it and advanced on Bruges. When Philip heard the news of the disaster behind him he broke off the siege of Ghent and marched for Damme. Part of his army encountered the Flemish army near Bruges and drove them off. His army reached Damme on 2 June, in time to relieve the French garrison. There, Philip found that groups of English ships were looting and capturing or firing his remaining ships almost at will. He was furious at the performance of the fleet. He suspected the loyalty of the crews, who were almost all from Poitiers or Normandy, until recently English possessions; and the loyalty of their commander, who until recently had led troops for the English. He had the surviving ships burned to prevent them from falling into English hands, and ordered the town of Damme to be burned as well. Determined to make the Flemish pay for his retreat, Phillip ordered that all towns be razed in every district he passed through, and that the peasantry be either killed or taken prisoner and sold as slaves. He extracted 30,000 marks from the Flemish cities he had captured as a ransom for the release of the hostages he had taken.

Aftermath
The English fleet returned to England with the seized ships and a large booty; a contemporary writer claimed "never had so much treasure come into England since the days of King Arthur". The success at Damme dashed any French hopes of invading England that year and severely strained their resources, but did little to affect their army or its operations. Nevertheless, John began preparing for an invasion of France and a reconquest of his lost provinces. The English barons were initially unenthusiastic about the expedition, which delayed his departure, so it was not until February 1214 that he landed in France. John was to advance from the Loire, while his ally Otto made a simultaneous attack from Flanders, together with Ferdinand. John retook the county of Anjou, but was forced back after losing the Siege of Roche-au-Moine to Philip's son, Louis, on 2 July. Shortly after, Philip decisively defeated Otto and Ferdinand's army, which had assembled in the Low Countries, at the Battle of Bouvines. This ended John's hopes of regaining his continental lands.

De Mauléon returned to English service and in 1216 was appointed by John to the council of regency which governed England in the name of the new nine-year-old king, Henry III.

title: Battle of Damme