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List of women composers by birth date

Owing to sexism, women composers of Western classical music are disproportionately absent from the music textbooks and concert programs that constitute the patriarchical Western canon, even though many women have composed music.

The reasons for women's absence are various. The musicologist Marcia Citron writing in 1990 noted that many works of musical history and anthologies of music had very few, or sometimes no, references to and examples of music written by women. Among the reasons for historical under-representation of women composers Citron has adduced problems of access to musical education and to the male hierarchy of the musical establishment (performers, conductors, impresarios etc.); condescending attitudes of male reviewers, and their association of women composers with "salon music" rather than music of the concert platform; and denial of female creativity in the arts by philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. All this needs to be considered in the perspective of restrictions against women's advancement in cultural, economic and political spheres over a long historical period.

Such discrimination against women composers can be considered in the context of general societal attitudes about gender or perceived roles of men and women, many musicologists and critics have come to incorporate gender studies in assessing the history and practice of the art.

Some notable Western composers include: Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179), a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath; Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847); Clara Schumann (1819–1896); Ethel Smyth (1858–1944); Amy Beach (1867–1944); Rebecca Clarke (1886–1979); Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983); Lili Boulanger (1893–1918); Sofia Gubaidulina (1931–); Kaija Saariaho (1952–2023); and Judith Weir (born 1954 and the first woman to hold the office of Master of the King's Music).

Women composers are also listed alphabetically at List of women composers by name.

Before 16th century

 * Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)
 * Herrad of Landsberg (c. 1130–1195)
 * Azalais de Porcairagues (fl. mid-12th century)
 * Iseut de Capio (c. 1140–?)
 * Tibors de Sarenom (fl. mid-12th century)
 * Marie de France (1175?–1225?)
 * Alamanda de Castelnau (fl. second half of 12th century)
 * Maria de Ventadorn (fl. late 12th century)
 * Beatritz de Dia (fl. late 12th/early 13th centuries)
 * Blanche of Castile (1188–1252)
 * Castelloza (fl. early 13th century)
 * Dame Margot (fl. 13th century)
 * Gertrude of Dagsburg (fl. 13th century)
 * Maroie de Dregnau de Lille (fl. 13th century)
 * Dame Maroie (fl. 13th century)
 * Sainte des Prez (fl. 13th century)
 * Lorete (fl. 13th century)
 * Garsenda de Proensa (fl. early 13th century)
 * Birgitta of Sweden (c. 1303 – c. 1373)

16th century

 * Gaspara Stampa (1523–1554)
 * Maddalena Casulana (c. 1540 – c. 1590)
 * Paola Massarenghi (fl. 1565–1585)
 * Lucia Quinciani (born c. 1566, fl. 1611)
 * Claudia Sessa (c. 1570 – between 1613 and 1619)
 * Cesarina Ricci de Tingoli (born c. 1573, fl. 1597)
 * Vittoria Aleotti (c.1575–after 1620)
 * Sulpitia Cesis (1577–after 1619)
 * Adriana Basile (c. 1580 – c. 1640)
 * Francesca Caccini (1587–1640?)
 * Caterina Assandra (c. 1590–after 1618)
 * Alba Trissina (c. 1590–after 1638)
 * Lucrezia Orsina Vizzana (1590–1662)
 * Settimia Caccini (1591–1638?)
 * Claudia Rusca (1593–1676)
 * Mlle Bocquet (early 17th century–after 1661)
 * Clementine de Bourges (unknown date – 1562)

17th century

 * Chiara Margarita Cozzolani (1602–1678)
 * Leonora Duarte (1610–1678)
 * Leonora Baroni (1611–1670)
 * Sophie Elisabeth, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1613–1676)
 * Francesca Campana (c. 1615–1665)
 * Barbara Strozzi (1619–1677)
 * Isabella Leonarda (1620–1704)
 * Mlle Bocquet (early 17th century–after 1660)
 * Lady Mary Dering (1629–1704)
 * Maria Francesca Nascinbeni (c. 1640–1680)
 * Esther Elizabeth Velkiers (1640–after 1685)
 * Countess Amalia Catharina of Waldeck (1640–1697)
 * Antonia Bembo (c. 1640–c. 1720)
 * Maria Cattarina Calegari (1644–1675)
 * Marieta Morosina Priuli (fl. 1665)
 * Mme Sicard (fl.1678)
 * Rosa Giacinta Badalla (1660–1710)
 * Angiola Teresa Moratori Scanabecchi (1662–1708)
 * Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (1665–1729)
 * Françoise-Charlotte de Senneterre Ménétou (1679–1745)
 * Maria Anna de Raschenau (fl. 1690s–1703)
 * Michielina della Pietà (fl. c. 1701–1744)
 * Caterina Benedicta Grazianini (fl. 1705–15 [b.ca.1685])
 * Camilla de Rossi (fl. 1707–1710)
 * Julie Pinel (fl. 1710–1737)
 * Maria Margherita Grimani (fl. 1713–1718 [b.ca.1690])
 * Mrs Philarmonica (fl. 1715)
 * Marie-Anne-Catherine Quinault (1695–1791)

1701–1750

 * Rosanna Scalfi Marcello (1704 or 1705–after 1742)
 * Zanetta Farussi (1707–1776)
 * Wilhelmine of Bayreuth (1709–1758)
 * Mlle Guédon de Presles (early 18th century–1754)
 * Barbara of Portugal (1711–1758)
 * Agata Della Pietà (1712–1769)
 * Luise Adelgunda Gottsched (1713–1762)
 * Santa della Pietà (c. 1715?–after 1774) (fl. c. 1725–1750)
 * Philippine Charlotte of Prussia (1716–1801)
 * Mlle Duval (1718–after 1775)
 * Elisabeth de Haulteterre (c. 1720?–after 1768) (fl. 1737–1768)
 * Maria Teresa Agnesi (1720–1795)
 * Anna Amalia of Prussia (1723–1787)
 * Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1724–1780)
 * Diamante Medaglia Faini (1724–1770)
 * Miss Davis (c. 1726–after 1755)
 * Elisabetta de Gambarini (1731–1765)
 * Josina van Aerssen (Baroness Boetzelaer) (1733–1787)
 * Mme Papavoine (born c. 1735, fl. 1755–61)
 * Hélène-Louise Demars (b. c. 1736)
 * Anna Bon (born 1738–1739)
 * Anna Amalia, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1739–1807)
 * Mlle Guerin (born c. 1739, fl. 1755)
 * Isabelle de Charrière (Belle van Zuylen) (1740–1805)
 * Elisabeth Olin (1740–1828)
 * Maria Carolina Wolf (1742–1820)
 * Anne Louise Brillon de Jouy, née Boyvin d'Hardancourt (1744–1824)
 * Marianna von Martines (1744–1812)
 * Maddalena Laura Sirmen (1745–1818)
 * Marie Emmanuelle Bayon Louis (1746–1825)
 * Genovieffa Ravissa de Turin (1745/50–1807)
 * Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil (1748–1813)
 * Gertrud Elisabeth Mara (1749–1833)
 * Polly Young, or Maria Barthélemon (1749–1799)
 * Elizabeth Anspach (1750–1828)
 * Elizabeth Joanetta Catherine von Hagen (1750–1809/10)

1751–1800

 * Maria Anna Mozart (1751–1829)
 * Corona Elisabeth Wilhelmine Schröter (1751–1802)
 * Juliane Reichardt (Juliane Benda) (1752–1783)
 * Jane Savage (1752/3–1824)
 * Jeanne Renee de Bombelles (1753–1828)
 * Charlotte von Brandenstein (1754–1813)
 * Josepha Duschek (1754–1824)
 * Maria Theresia Ahlefeldt (1755–1810)
 * Mary Linwood (1755/6–1845)
 * Francesca Lebrun (1756–1791)
 * Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (1757–1806)
 * Charlotte Caroline Wilhelmine Bachmann (1757–1817)
 * Harriett Abrams (1758–1821)
 * Josepha Barbara Auernhammer (1758–1820)
 * Marianna von Auenbrugger (1759–1782)
 * Marie-Elizabeth Cléry (1759–1809)
 * Maria Rosa Coccia (1759–1833)
 * Maria Theresia von Paradis (1759–1824)
 * Sophia Maria Westenholz (1759–1838)
 * Christina Charlotta Cederström (1760–1832)
 * Katerina Maier (c. 1760–after 1800)
 * Maria Hester Park, (1760–1813)
 * Madame Ronssecy (fl. 1780-1800)
 * Dorothea Jordan (1761–1816)
 * Yekaterina Sinyavina (1761–1784)
 * Adelheid Maria Eichner (1762–1787)
 * Jane Mary Guest (c. 1762–1846)
 * Ann Valentine (1762–1842)
 * Anna Maria Crouch (1763–1805)
 * Anna von Schaden (1763–1834)
 * Helene de Montgeroult (1764–1836)
 * Charlotte Wilhelmina Franziska Brandes (1765–1788)
 * Elizabeth Billington (1765–1818)
 * Jeanne-Hippolyte Devismes (1765–?1834)
 * Magdalene Stirling (1765–1846)
 * Anne-Marie Krumpholtz (1766–1813)
 * Harriet Wainwright (c. 1766–1843)
 * Caroline Wuiet (1766–1835)
 * Cecilia Maria Barthélemon (1767–1859)
 * Julie Candeille (1767–1834)
 * Margarethe Danzi (1768–1800)
 * Maria Theresa Bland (c. 1769–1838)
 * Kateřina Veronika Anna Dusíkova (1769–1833)
 * Nannette Streicher (1769–1833)
 * Vincenta Da Ponte (fl. second half 18th century)
 * Marianne Sessi (177?–1847)
 * Klementyna Grabowska (Countess Clementine) (1771–1831)
 * Lucile Grétry (1772–1790)
 * Maria Frances Parke (1772–1822)
 * Sophie Bawr (1773–1860)
 * Maria Brizzi Giorgi (1775–1822)
 * Sophia Corri Dussek (1775–1847)
 * Margaret Essex (1775–1807)
 * Sophie Gail (1775–1819)
 * Wilhelmine von Troschke und Rosenwehrt (1775–1830)
 * Sophie Gay (1776–1852)
 * Mme. Tarbé des Sablons (1777–1855)
 * Pauline Duchambge (1778–1858)
 * Louise Reichardt (1779–1826)
 * Ekaterina Likoshin (fl. 1800–1810)
 * Sophie Lebrun (1781–1863)
 * Charlotta Seuerling (1782–1828)
 * Hortense de Beauharnais (1783–1837)
 * Henriette Löfman (1784–1836)
 * Therese Emilie Henriette Winkel (1784–1867)
 * Bettina von Arnim (Bettina Brentano) (1785–1859)
 * Catherina Cibbini-Kozeluch (1785–1858)
 * Isabella Colbran (1785–1845)
 * Fanny Krumpholtz Pittar (1785–1815)
 * Marie Bigot (1786–1820)
 * Caroline Boissier-Butini (1786–1836)
 * Le Sénéchal de Kerkado (c. 1786–after 1805)
 * Wilhelmine Schwertzell (1787–1863)
 * Elena Asachi (1789–1877)
 * Maria Agata Szymanowska (1789–1831)
 * Harriet Browne (1790–1858)
 * Elise Schlick (1790–1855)
 * Gertrude van den Bergh (1793–1840)
 * Amalie, Princess of Saxony (1794–1870)
 * Olivia Buckley (born mid-1790s–after 1845)
 * Mme Delaval (fl. 1791–1802)
 * Hedda Wrangel (1792–1833)
 * Caroline Ridderstolpe (1793–1878)
 * Helene Liebmann (1796–1835)
 * Mathilda d'Orozco (1796–1863)
 * Emilie Zumsteeg (1796–1857)
 * Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (1797–1848)
 * Virginie Morel-du Verger (1799–1869)
 * Marie Schauff (fl. 1799–1844)
 * Maria Fredrica von Stedingk (1799–1868)
 * Filipina Brzezińska-Szymanowska (1800–1886)
 * Susanna Nerantzi (fl. 1830–1840)

1801–1850

 * Caroline Sawath (19th century)
 * Theresa Schaeffer (19th century
 * Marianna Bottini (1802–1858)
 * Marion Dix Sullivan (1802–1860)
 * Eliza Flower (1803–1846)
 * Anna Sick (1803–1895)
 * Isidora Zegers (1803–1869)
 * Louise Farrenc (1804–1875)
 * Louise Bertin (1805–1877)
 * Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847)
 * Elizabeth Masson (1806–1865)
 * Adelaide Orsola Appignani (1807–1884)
 * Helen Blackwood (1807–1867)
 * Emma Hartmann (1807–1851)
 * H. Servier (1807–1858)
 * Elise Rondonneau (fl. 1827-1860s)
 * Princess Cecilia of Sweden (1807–1844)
 * Caroline Wiseneder (1807–1868)
 * Maria Malibran (1808–1836)
 * Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton (1808–1877)
 * Anna Caroline Oury (1808–1880)
 * Leopoldine Blahetka (1809–1885)
 * Hanna Brooman (1809–1887)
 * Baronne Almaury de Maistre (1809–1875)
 * Johanna Kinkel (1810–1858)
 * Louise Geneviève de Le Hye (1810–1838)
 * Loïsa Puget (1810–1889)
 * Elise Schmezer (1810–1856)
 * Alicia Ann Scott (1810–1900)
 * Josefa Somellera (1810–1885)
 * Carolina Uccelli (1810–1885)
 * Ann Mounsey (1811–1891)
 * Emilie Mayer (1812–1883)
 * Amalia Redec (1812–1885)
 * Sophie Seipt (1812–1889)
 * Julie von Webenau née Baroni-Cavalcabò (1813–1887)
 * Delphine von Schauroth (1814–1887)
 * Thérèse Wartel (1814–1865)
 * Fredrikke Egeberg (1815–1861)
 * Josephine Lang (1815–1880)
 * Lucja Rucinska (1817, 1818 or 1820–1882)
 * Mary Anne à Beckett (1817–1863)
 * Harriet Anne Smart (1817–1883)
 * Caroline Orger (1818–1892)
 * Caroline Reinagle (1818–1892)
 * Laura Wilson Barker (1819–1905)
 * Ellen Dickson (1819–1878)
 * Clara Schumann (1819–1896)
 * Elizabeth Stirling (1819–1895)
 * Augusta Browne (1820–1882)
 * Felicita Casella (c. 1820–after 1865)
 * Emilie Hammarskjöld (1821–1854)
 * Clara Angela Macirone (1821–1895)
 * Charlotte Sainton-Dolby (1821–1885)
 * Maria Anna Stubenberg (1821–1912)
 * Pauline Viardot (1821–1910)
 * Betty Boije (1822–1854)
 * Faustina Hasse Hodges (1822–1895)
 * Hermine Rudersdorff (1822–1882)
 * Caroline Samuel (1822–1851)
 * Amalie Scholl (1823–1879)
 * Louise Strantz (1823–1909)
 * Maria Vespermann (1823–1882)
 * Emma Maria Macfarren (1824–1895)
 * Marie Siegling (1824–1919)
 * Jane Sloman (1824–after 1850)
 * Virginia Gabriel (1825–1877)
 * Kate Loder (1825–1904)
 * Nina Stollewerk (1825–1914)
 * Victorine Farrenc (1826–1859)
 * Augustine Lorotte (1826–19??)
 * Maria Lindsay (1827–1898)
 * Teresa Milanollo (1827–1904)
 * Julia Niewiarowska-Brzozowska (1827–1891)
 * Elizabeth Philp (1827–1885)
 * Eugenie Santa Coloma Sourget (1827–1895)
 * Clémence de Grandval (1828–1907)
 * Ellen R. Thompson (1928–2014)
 * Anna Schuppe (1829–1903)
 * Charlotte Alington Barnard (1830–1869)
 * Charlotte Tardieu (1829–1890)
 * Aurore von Haxthausen (1830–1888)
 * Fanny Arthur Robinson (1831–1879)
 * Martha von Sabinin (1831–1892)
 * Julia Woolf (1831–1893)
 * Louise Béguin-Salomon (1831–1916)
 * Emily Bruce Roelofson (1832-1921)
 * Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild (1832–1924)
 * Modesta Sanginés Uriarte (1832–1887)
 * Sophia Dellaporta (fl. second half of the 19th century)
 * Clotilde Kainerstorfer (1833–1897)
 * Jane Roeckel (1833-1907)
 * Kate Lucy Ward (1833–1915)
 * Esmeralda Athanasiu-Gardeev (1834–1917)
 * Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska (1834–1861)
 * Teckla Juel (1834–1904)
 * Anna Pessiak-Schmerling (1834–1896)
 * Helen Tretbar (1835–1902)
 * Johanne Amelie Fenger (1836–1913)
 * Susan McFarland Parkhurst (1836–1918)
 * Anaïs Perrière-Pilte (1836–1878)
 * Constance Faunt Le Roy Runcie (1836–1911)
 * Charlotte Sporleder (1836–1915)
 * Pauline Thys (c.1836–1909)
 * Caroline Wichern (1836–1906)
 * Carlotta Ferrari (1837–1907)
 * Bertha Tammelin (1836–1915)
 * Georgina Weldon (1837–1914)
 * Harriet Maitland Young (1838–1923)
 * Liliʻuokalani (1838–1917)
 * Louise Haenel de Cronenthall (1839–c. 1876)
 * Lotten Edholm (1839–1930)
 * Laura Constance Netzel (1839–1927)
 * Alice Mary Smith (1839–1884)
 * Ingeborg von Bronsart (1840–1913)
 * Theodora Cormontan (1840–1922)
 * Georgina Schubert (1840–1878)
 * Mary Helena Synge (1840–1917)
 * Elfrida Andrée (1841–1929)
 * Clara H. Scott (1841–1897)
 * Louise Héritte-Viardot (1841–1918)
 * Julie Waldburg-Wurzach (1841–1914)
 * Josefina Brdlíková (1843–1910)
 * Florence Ashton Marshall (1843–1922)
 * Oliveria Louisa Prescott (1843–1919)
 * Manuela Antonia Márquez García-Saavedra (1844–1890)
 * Marguerite Olagnier (1844–1906)
 * Clara Kathleen Rogers (1844–1931)
 * Ika Peyron (1845–1922)
 * Pauline Rosenthal (1845-1912)
 * Giuseppina Vitali (1845–1915)
 * Regina Watson (1845–1913)
 * Ella Adayevskaya (née Schultz) (1846–1926)
 * Marie Jaëll (1846–1925)
 * Sophie Menter (1846–1918)
 * Valentina Serova (1846–1924)
 * Agnes Tyrrell (1846–1883)
 * Antonietta Gambara Untersteiner (1846–1896)
 * Eliza Mazzucato Young (1846–1937)
 * Eloísa D'Herbil (1847–1943)
 * Agathe Backer Grøndahl (1847–1907)
 * Chiquinha Gonzaga (1847–1935)
 * Augusta Holmès (1847–1903)
 * Marguerite Samuel (1847–1912)
 * Agnes Zimmermann (1847–1925)
 * Josephine Amann-Weinlich (1848–1887)
 * Louise Filliaux-Tiger (1848–1916)
 * Nadezhda Rimskaya-Korsakova (1848–1919)
 * Teresa Seneke (1848–1875)
 * Frances Allitsen (1849–1912)
 * Soledad Bengoecha de Cármena (1849–1893)
 * Catalina Berroa (1849–1911)
 * Roberta Geddes-Harvey (1849–1930)
 * Ludmila Jeske-Choińska-Mikorska (1849–1898)
 * Nanna Magdalene Liebmann (1849–1935)
 * Felicia Tuczek (1849–1905)
 * Pauline Volkstein (1849–1925)
 * Stephanie Wurmbrand-Stuppach (1849–1919)
 * Luise Adolpha Le Beau (1850–1927)
 * Carrie Burpee Shaw (1850–1946)
 * Kate Simmons (1850–1926)
 * Emma Roberto Steiner (1850–1928)

1851–1875

 * Maria Wilhelmj (185?–1930)
 * Eva Best (1851–1925)
 * Mary Grant Carmichael (1851–1935)
 * Gabrielle Ferrari (1851–1921)
 * Annie Fortescue Harrison (1851–1944)
 * Kate Vanderpoel (born 1851)
 * Helena Munktell (1852–1919)
 * Marie Townsend (1851–1912)
 * Antha Minerva Virgil (c. 1852–1939)
 * Amanda Röntgen-Maier (1853–1894)
 * Teresa Carreño (1853–1917)
 * Susan Trew (born 1853)
 * Josephine Troup (1853–1912)
 * Mary Augusta Wakefield (1853–1910)
 * Julie Rivé-King (1854–1937)
 * Manuela Cornejo Sanchez (1854–1902)
 * Hendrika van Tussenbroek (1854–1935)
 * Nellie Bangs Skelton (1855–1911)
 * Maude Valérie White (1855–1937)
 * Cecilia Arizti (1856–1930)
 * Eva Dell'Acqua (1856–1930)
 * Kateřina Emingerová (1856–1934)
 * Helen Hopekirk (1856–1945)
 * Natalia Janotha (1856–1932)
 * Gilda Ruta (1856–1932)
 * Mary Elizabeth Turner Salter (1856–1938)
 * Fannie Lovering Skinner (1856–1938)
 * Berta Bock (1857–1945)
 * Cécile Chaminade (1857–1944)
 * Rosalind Frances Ellicott (1857–1924)
 * Ethel R. Harraden (1857–1917)
 * Cécile Hartog (1857–1940)
 * Mathilde Kralik von Mayerswalden (1857–1944)
 * Mary Knight Wood (1857–1944)
 * Emma Wooge (1857–1935)
 * Emma Mundella (1858–1896)
 * Carrie B. Wilson Adams (1858–1940)
 * Mélanie Bonis (1858–1937)
 * Catharina van Rennes (1858–1940)
 * Helen Rhodes (Guy d’Hardelot) (1858–1936)
 * Clara Ross (1858-1954)
 * Hilda Sehested (1858–1936)
 * Ethel Smyth (1858–1944)
 * Stella Stocker (1858–1925)
 * Lydia Kunz Venth (1858–1931)
 * Adelheid Wette (1858–1916)
 * Sophie Wolff-Fritz (1858–1938)
 * Hedwige Chrétien (1859–1944)
 * Laura Sedgwick Collins (1859–1927)
 * Narcisa Freixas (1859–1926)
 * Vincenza Garelli della Morea (1859–after 1924)
 * Susie Frances Harrison (1859–1935)
 * Elisabeth Meyer (1859–1927)
 * Ida Georgina Moberg (1859–1947)
 * Margit Sztaray (1859–?)
 * Teresa Tanco Cordovez de Herrera (1859–1946)
 * Bertha Tapper (1859–1915)
 * Hope Temple (1859–1938)
 * Agnes Tschetschulin (1859–1942)
 * Ellen Wright (1859–1904)
 * Laura Valborg Aulin (1860–1928)
 * Alicia Van Buren (1860–1922)
 * Celeste de Longpré Heckscher (1860–1928)
 * Halina Krzyżanowska (1860–1937)
 * Ella May Dunning Smith (1860–1934)
 * Isabel Stewart North (1860–1929)
 * Hilda Wilson (1860–1918)
 * Amy Woodforde-Finden (1860–1919)
 * Mary J. A. Wurm (1860–1938)
 * Florence Everilda Goodeve (1861–1915)
 * Georgie Boyden St. John (1861–1899)
 * Erika Stang (1861–1898)
 * Anna Teichmüller (1861–1940)
 * Florence Aylward (1862–1950)
 * Carrie Bond (1862–1946)
 * Dora Bright (1862–1951)
 * Liza Lehmann (1862–1918)
 * Adela Maddison (1862–1929)
 * Mona McBurney (1862–1932)
 * Harriet P. Sawyer (1862–1934)
 * Edith Swepstone (1862–1930)
 * Marian Arkwright (1863–1922)
 * Luisa Casagemas (1863–after 1894)
 * Maria Chefaliady-Taban (1863–1932)
 * Abbie Gerrish-Jones (1863–1929)
 * Helen Francis Hood (1863–1949)
 * Izabella Kuliffay (1863–1945)
 * Alicia Adélaide Needham (1863–1945)
 * Cornélie van Oosterzee (1863–1943)
 * Caroline Holme Walker (1863–1955)
 * Elisabeth Wintzer (1863–1933)
 * Florence Maude Ewart (1864–1949)
 * Eleanor Everest Freer (1864–1942)
 * Mary Rosselli Nissim (1864-1937)
 * Alice Tegnér (1864–1943)
 * Borghild Holmsen (1865–1938)
 * Lillian Tait Sheldon (1865–1925)
 * Fannie Morris Spencer (1865–1943)
 * Amanda Ira Aldridge (1866–1956)
 * Henriette van den Boorn-Coclet (1866–1945)
 * Clara Anna Korn (1866–1941)
 * Laura Lemon (1866–1924)
 * Alice Sauvrezis (1866–1946)
 * Tekla Griebel Wandall (1866–1940)
 * Mary Louisa White (1866–1935)
 * Amy Beach (1867–1944)
 * Margherita Galeotti (1867–after 1912)
 * Amy Elsie Horrocks (1867–after 1915)
 * Margaret Ruthven Lang (1867–1972)
 * Alexandra Thomson (1867–1907)
 * Gisella Delle Grazie (born 1868, fl. 1894–95)
 * Signe Lund (1868–1950)
 * Annie Patterson (1868–1934)
 * Cora Decker Sargent (1868–1944)
 * Anna Diller Starbuck (1868–1929)
 * Joséphine Boulay (1869–1925)
 * Virginia Mariani Campolieti (1869–1941)
 * Maria Antonietta Picconi (1869–1926)
 * Caro Roma (1869–1937)
 * Grace W. Root (1869-1898)
 * Patty Stair (1869–1926)
 * Else Streit (1869–?)
 * Therese Wittman (1869–1942)
 * Grace Chadbourne (1870–1919)
 * Eugénie-Emilie Juliette Folville (1870–1946)
 * Annie Maria Grimson (1870–1949)
 * Mon Schjelderup (1870–1934)
 * Pauline B. Story (1870–1952)
 * Pamela Motley Verrall (1870–1948)
 * Lola Carrier Worrell (1870–1929)
 * Hélène-Frédérique de Faye-Jozin (1871–1942) (name often abbreviated as Fréd. de Faye-Jozin)
 * Nellie von Gerichten Smith (1871–1952)
 * Anita Socola Specht (1871–1958)
 * Florence Turner-Maley (1871–1962)
 * Jane Vieu (1871–1955)
 * Bessie Marshall Whitely (1871–1944)
 * Louise Tunison (1872–1899)
 * Leokadiya Kashperova (1872–1940)
 * Clara Mathilda Faisst (1872–1948)
 * Mabel Madison Watson (1872–1952)
 * Isabel Güell i López (1872-1956)
 * Annette Thoma (1872–1959)
 * Eliza Woods (1872–1961)
 * María de las Mercedes Adam de Aróstegui (1873–1957)
 * Anna Cramer (1873–1968)
 * Celeste Jaguaribe de Matos Celeste (1873–1938)
 * Emma Lomax (1873–1963)
 * Mary Carr Moore (1873–1957)
 * Anice Potter Terhune (1873–1964)
 * Elise Fellows White (1873–1953)
 * Maude Nugent (1873/4–1958)
 * Eugénie-Victorine-Jeanne Alombert (1874–1964)
 * Ethel Barns (1874–1948)
 * Katharine Emily Eggar (1874–1961)
 * Lena Stein-Schneider (1874–1958)
 * Elsa Swartz (1874–1948)
 * Frances Tarbox (1874–1959)
 * Josephine Trott (1874–1950)
 * Bertha Frensel Wegener (1874–1953)
 * Rosalie Balmer Smith Cale (1875–1958)
 * Adele Bloesch-Stöcker (1875–1978)
 * Irène Fuerison (1875–1931)
 * Grace Walls Linn (1874–1940
 * Katharine Lucke (1875–1962)
 * Henriette Renié (1875–1956)
 * Sofie Rohnstock (1875-1964)
 * Gertrude Martin Rohrer (1875-1968)
 * Erna Schorlemmer (1875–1945)
 * Satella Waterstone (1875–1938)
 * Vilma von Webenau (1875–1953)
 * Sara Wennerberg-Reuter (1875–1959)

1876–1900

 * Lucia Contini Anselmi (1876–after 1913)
 * Madelene Van Aardt (1896–1982)
 * Hélène Fleury-Roy (1876–1957)
 * Armande de Polignac (1876–1962)
 * Teresa Clotilde del Riego (1876–1968)
 * Charlotte Ruegger (1876-1959)
 * Jean E. Williams (1876–1965)
 * Addie Anderson Wilson (1876–1966)
 * Elsa Laura Wolzogen (1876–1945)
 * Mabel Wheeler Daniels (1877–1971)
 * Elisabeth Kuyper (1877–1953)
 * Jadwiga Sarnecka (1877 or 1883–1913)
 * Anna Schytte (1877–1953)
 * Anna Suszczynska (1877–1931)
 * Jeanne Beijerman-Walraven (1878–1969)
 * Eugenia Calosso (1878–1914)
 * Johanna Müller-Hermann (1878–1941)
 * Lalla Ryckoff (1878–1977)
 * Hope Squire (1878–1936)
 * Yuliya Veysberg (1878/1880–1942)
 * Wanda Landowska (1879–1959)
 * Magdeleine Boucherit Le Faure (1879–1960)
 * Carmela Mackenna (1879–1962)
 * Alma Mahler (1879–1964)
 * Poldowski (1879–1932)
 * Johanna Senfter (1879–1961)
 * Louise Siddall (1879–1935)
 * Nannie Louise Wright (1879–1958)
 * Ethel Scarborough (1880–1956)
 * Elena Stanekaite-Laumyanskene (1880–1960)
 * Geertruida van Vladeracken (1880–1947)
 * Florence Wickham (1880–1962)
 * Gena Branscombe (1881–1977)
 * Reine Colaço Osorio-Swaab (1881–1971)
 * Nancy Dalberg (1881–1949)
 * Fannie Charles Dillon (1881–1974)
 * Eleanor Rudall (1881–1960)
 * Janet Mary Salsbury (1881–1951)
 * Cecile Paul Simon (1881–1970)
 * Marion Bauer (1882–1955)
 * Mary Howe (1882–1964)
 * Verdi Karns (1882–1925)
 * Ernestina Lecuona y Casado (1882–1951)
 * Mary Lucas (1882–1952)
 * Adaline Shepherd (1883–1950)
 * Eva Ruth Spalding (1883–1969)
 * Dina Appeldoorn (1884–1938)
 * Marguerite Béclard d'Harcourt (1884–1964)
 * May Brahe (1884–1956)
 * Nora Holt (1884–1974)
 * Giulia Recli (1884–1970)
 * Gisela Selden-Goth (1884–1975)
 * Blanche Selva (1884–1942)
 * Maria Elizabeth van Ebbenhorst Tengbergen (1885–1980)
 * María Grever (1885–1951)
 * Eva Jessye (1885–1992)
 * Mana Zucca (1885–1981)
 * Dora Pejačević (1885–1923)
 * Frieda Schmitt-Lermann (born 1885)
 * Louise Cooper Spindle (1885–1968)
 * J. Lilian Vandevere (1885–1957)
 * Edith Weiss-Mann (1885–1851)
 * Giovanna Bruna Baldacci (1886–after 1910)
 * Christabel Baxendale (1886–after 1951)
 * Rebecca Helferich Clarke (1886–1979)
 * Ellen Coleman (1886–1973)
 * Elizabeth Gyring (1886–1970)
 * Ethel Leginska (1886–1970)
 * Geni Sadero (1886–1961)
 * Margaret McClure Stitt (1886–1979)
 * Herma Studeny (1886–1973)
 * Annette Thoma (1886–1974)
 * Leonie Tonel (died 1886)
 * Nadia Boulanger (1887–1979)
 * Mildred Couper (1887–1974)
 * Clara Edwards (1887–1974)
 * Emilia Gubitosi (1887–1972)
 * Florence Beatrice Price (1887–1953)
 * Meta Schumann (1887–1937)
 * Margarete Schweikert (1887–1957)
 * Anne Stratton (1887–1977)
 * Lily Strickland (1887–1958)
 * Bertha Tideman-Wijers (1887–1976)
 * Bertha Weber (1887–1961)
 * May Aufderheide (1888–1972)
 * Carmen Barradas (1888–1963)
 * Johanna Beyer (1888–1944)
 * Ilse Fromm-Michaels (1888–1986)
 * Anna Maria Klechniowska (1888–1973)
 * Julie Reisserová (1888–1938)
 * Maria Rodrigo (1888–1967)
 * Didia Saint Georges (1888–1979)
 * Elna Sherman (1888–1964)
 * Lyubov Streicher (1888–1958)
 * Jeanette Tillett (1888–1965)
 * Rosy Wertheim (1888–1949)
 * Gertrude Hoag Wilson (1888–1968)
 * Amy Aldrich Worth (1888–1967)
 * Emiliana de Zubeldia (1888–1987)
 * Ina Boyle (1889–1967)
 * Ethel Glenn Hier (1889–1971)
 * Eleni Lambiri (1889–1960)
 * Gertrude Ross (1889-1957)
 * Luise Schulze-Berghof (1889–1970)
 * Elsa Stuart-Bergstrom (1889–1970)
 * Celia Torrá (1889–1962)
 * Hanna Vollenhoven (1889–1972)
 * Vally Weigl (1889–1982)
 * Helen Searles Westbrook (1889–1967)
 * E. Florence Whitlock (1889–1978)
 * Lydia Boucher (1890–1971)
 * Marguerite Canal (1890–1978)
 * Evelyn Faltis (1890–1937)
 * Pauline Hall (1890–1969)
 * Grace LeBoy (1890–1983)
 * Kathleen Lockhart Manning (1890–1951)
 * Eda Rapoport (1890–1968)
 * Yvonne Rokseth (1890–1948)
 * Dagmar de Corval Rybner (1890–1965)
 * Sara Opal Search (1890–1961)
 * Alice Marion Shaw (born 1890)
 * Susan Spain-Dunk (1890–1962)
 * Margaret Hoberg Turrell (1890–1948)
 * Frida Kern (1891–1988)
 * Florentina Mallá (1891–1973)
 * Morfydd Llwyn Owen (1891–1918)
 * Helen Roessing (1891-1957)
 * Tamara Antonovna Shaverzashvili (1891–1955)
 * Catherine Murphy Urner (1891–1942)
 * Frances Turgeon Wiggin (1891–1985)
 * Ethel Edith Bilsland (1892–1982)
 * Johanna Bordewijk-Roepman (1892–1971)
 * Katherine K. Davis (1892–1980)
 * Mirrie Hill (1892–1986)
 * Maria Scheepers (1892–1989)
 * Louise E. Stairs (1892–1975)
 * Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983)
 * Anne Upton (1892–1970)
 * Ella May Walker (1892–1960)
 * Mildred Weston (1892–1975)
 * Helen Wing (1892–1981)
 * Margareta Xenopol (1892–1979)
 * Lili Boulanger (1893–1918)
 * Marta Canales (1893–1986)
 * Dorothy Gow (1893–1982)
 * Helen Eugenia Hagan (1893–1964)
 * Amy Upham Thomson McKean (1893–1972)
 * Breda Scek (1893–1968)
 * Philippine Schick (1893–1970)
 * Theodora Troendle (1893–1972)
 * Tamara Vakhvakhishvili (1893–1976)
 * Kalitha Dorothy Fox (1894–1934)
 * Jane M. Joseph (1894–1929)
 * Elsa Respighi (1894–1996)
 * Mildred Souers (1894–1977)
 * Helen Steele (born 1894)
 * Viola Van Katwijk (1894–1980)
 * Awilda Villarini (1894–1989)
 * Sláva Vorlová (1894–1973)
 * Henriëtte Bosmans (1895–1952)
 * Kathleen Dale (1895–1984)
 * Kathleen Richards (1895–1984)
 * Esther Cox Todd (1895–1971)
 * Mildred Lund Tyson (1895–1989)
 * Vera Vinogradova (1895–1982)
 * Maria Bach (1896–1978)
 * Amice Calverley (1896–1959)
 * Shirley Graham Du Bois (1896–1977)
 * María Teresa Prieto (1896–1982)
 * Anna Renfer (1896–1984)
 * Mildred Barnes Royse (1896–1986)
 * María Luisa Sepúlveda (1896–1958)
 * Lucie Vellère (1896–1966)
 * Rossini Vrionides (1896–1943)
 * Benna Moe (1897–1983)
 * Margaret Sutherland (1897–1984)
 * Muriel Emily Herbert (1897–1984)
 * Kay Swift (1897–1993)
 * Ruth Tripp (1897–1971)
 * Mildred Cozzens Turner (1897–1992)
 * Kathe Volkart-Schlager (1897–1976)
 * Dorothy Wanderman (1897–1988)
 * Mimi Wagensonner (1897–1970)
 * Barbara Giuranna (1898–1998)
 * Dorothy Howell (1898–1982)
 * Grace Vamos (1898–1992)
 * Stefania Turkewich (1998–1977)
 * Jeanne Leleu (1898–1979)
 * Svea Nordblad Welander (1898–1985)
 * Glad Robinson Youse (1898–1985)
 * Mansi Barberis (1899–1986)
 * Radie Britain (1899–1994)
 * Marcelle de Manziarly (1899–1989)
 * Lili Wieruszowski (1899–1971)
 * Edith Wire (1899–1973)
 * Grete von Zieritz (1899–2001)
 * Carmelina Delfin (c. 1900–after 1948)

1900s

 * Lola Castegnaro (1900–1979)
 * Lilian Elkington (1900–1969)
 * Florence Margaret Spencer Palmer (1900–1987)
 * Gladys Marie Stein (1900–1989)
 * Zdenka Ticharich (1900–1979)
 * Elinor Remick Warren (1900–1991)
 * Gertrude Price Wollner (1900–1985)
 * Lotte Backes (1901–1990)
 * Mirca Sancin (1901–1970)
 * Ruth Crawford Seeger (1901–1953)
 * Sophie Carmen Eckhardt-Gramatté (1901–1974)
 * Dorothy James (1901–1982)
 * Else Schmitz-Gohr (1901–1987)
 * Emmy Wegener (1901–1973)
 * Hedy Frank-Autheried (1902–1979)
 * Marie Dare (1902–1976)
 * Lūcija Garūta (1902–1977)
 * Helvi Leiviskä (1902–1982)
 * Doris Gertrude Sheppard (1902–1982)
 * Irene Skovgaard (1902–1982)
 * Freda Swain (1902–1985)
 * Rose Thisse-Derouette (1902–1989)
 * Pava Turtygina (1902–1985)
 * Claude Arrieu (1903–1990)
 * Helza Cameu (1903–1995)
 * María Enma Botet Dubois (1903–?)
 * Rhoda Coghill (1903–2000)
 * Avril Coleridge-Taylor (1903–1998)
 * Lillian Fuchs (1903–1991)
 * Jessie Furze (1903–1984)
 * Marianne Gary-Schaffhauser (1903–1992)
 * Ivy Priaulx Rainier (1903–1986)
 * Miriam Shatal (1903–1983)
 * Joanídia Sodré (1903–1975)
 * Iet Stants (1903–1968)
 * Heidi Sundblad-Halme (1903–1973)
 * June Weybright (1903–1996)
 * Maria Semyonovna Zavalishina (born 1903)
 * Martha Alter (1904–1976)
 * Dinorá de Carvalho (1904–1980)
 * Undine Smith Moore (1904–1989)
 * Lita Spena (1904–1989)
 * Dorothy Parke (1904–1990)
 * Esther Rofe (1904–2000)
 * Anne Terrier Laffaille (1904–1971)
 * Mary Wiggins (1904–1974)
 * Margaret Wigham (1904–1972)
 * Stefania Anatolyevna Zaranek (1904–1972)
 * Andrée Bonhomme (1905–1982)
 * Ulric Cole (1905–1992)
 * Elizabeth Poston (1905–1987)
 * Helen Pyke (1905–1954)
 * Olive Nelson Russell (1905–1989)
 * Verdina Shlonsky (1905–1990)
 * Constance Cochnower Virtue (1905–1992)
 * Shuxian Xiao (1905–1991)
 * Claire Delbos (1906–1959)
 * Toni Beaulieu (1905–1994)
 * Miriam Gideon (1906–1996)
 * Zara Levina (1906–1976)
 * Elisabeth Lutyens (1906–1983)
 * Berta Alves de Sousa (1906–1997)
 * Louise Talma (1906–1996)
 * Elinor Meissner Traeger (1906–1983)
 * Clara Wildschut (1906–1950)
 * Grace Williams (1906–1977)
 * Ludmila Anatolievna Yaroshevskaya (1906–1975)
 * Esther Zweig (1906–1981)
 * Ann Ronell (1906/1908–1993)
 * Lora Aborn (1907–2005)
 * Guirne Creith (1907–1996)
 * Yvonne Desportes (1907–1993)
 * Koharik Gazarossian (1907–1967)
 * Imogen Holst (1907–1984)
 * Elizabeth Maconchy (1907–1994)
 * Roberta Martin (1907–1969)
 * Maria Teresa Pelegrí i Marimón (1907–1995)
 * Hazel Volkart (1907–1985)
 * Claude Porter White (1907–1975)
 * Florence Wickham (1907–1991)
 * Aimee Wiele (1907–1981)
 * Roberta Bitgood (1908–2007)
 * Jean Coulthard (1908–2000)
 * Helen Glatz (1908–1996)
 * Joan Mary Last (1908–2002)
 * Zenobia Powell Perry (1908–2004)
 * Trude Rittmann (1908–2005)
 * Alice Samter (1908–2004)
 * Michiko Toyama (1908–2000)
 * Ida Vivado (1908–1989)
 * Grażyna Bacewicz (1909–1969)
 * Maria Dziewulska (1909–2006)
 * Minna Keal (1909–1999)
 * Ljubica Marić (1909–2003)
 * Helen Perkin (1909–1996)
 * Alice Streatch (1909–1999)
 * Dana Suesse (1909–1987)
 * Cecile Vashaw (1909–1985)
 * Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova (born 1909)

1910s

 * Ana Serrano Redonnet (191?–1993)
 * Elsa Barraine (1910–1999)
 * Lycia de Biase Bidart (1910–1990)
 * Patricia Blomfield Holt (1910–2003)
 * Shena Fraser (1910–1993)
 * Lila Lalauni (1910–1996)
 * Paule Maurice (1910–1967)
 * Evelyn La Rue Pittman (1910–1992)
 * Mercedes Roldós Freixes (1910–1980)
 * Friederike Schwarz (1910–1945)
 * Dagmara Slianova-Mizandari (1910–1983)
 * Galina Konstantinovna Smirnova (1910–1980)
 * Alliene Brandon Webb (1910–1965)
 * Mary Lou Williams (1910–1981)
 * Louise Yazbeck (1910–1995)
 * Kikuko Kanai (1911–1986)
 * Anne-Marie Ørbeck (1911–1996)
 * Marina Scriabina (1911–1998)
 * Julia Smith (1911–1989)
 * Phyllis Tate (1911–1987)
 * Margaret Jones Wiles (1911–2000)
 * Ilse Gerda Wunsch (1911–2003)
 * Lydia Auster (1911–1989)
 * Jeanne Behrend (1912–1988)
 * Peggy Glanville-Hicks (1912–1990)
 * Gisela Hernández (1912–1971)
 * Sirvart Karamanuk (1912–2008)
 * Barbara Pentland (1912–2000)
 * Irena Pfeiffer (1912–1996)
 * Jadwiga Szajna-Lewandowska (1912–1994)
 * Violet Archer (1913–2000)
 * Isabel Aretz (1913–2005)
 * Margaret Allison Bonds (1913–1972)
 * Matilde Capuis (1913–2017)
 * Peggy Stuart Coolidge (1913–1981)
 * Eiluned Davies (1913–1999)
 * Sylvia Fine (1913–1991)
 * Vivian Fine (1913–2000)
 * Dulcie Holland (1913–2000)
 * Miriam Hyde (1913–2005)
 * Clorinda Rosato (1913–1985)
 * Netty Simons (1913–1994)
 * Rodica Sutzu (1913–1979)
 * Jane Vignery (1913–1974)
 * Esther Allan (1914–1985)
 * Cacilda Borges Barbosa (1914–2010)
 * Suzanne Joly (1914–2012)
 * Minuetta Kessler (1914–2002)
 * Teresa Rampazzi (1914–2001)
 * Josée Vigneron-Ramackers (1914–2002)
 * Ethel Tench Rogers (1914-2008)
 * Ana Rugeles (1914–2012)
 * Regina Hansen Willman (1914–1965)
 * Esther Ballou (1915–1973)
 * Eunice Catunda (1915–1991)
 * Júlia Hajdú (1915–1987)
 * Pamela Harrison (1915–1990)
 * Najla Jabor (1915–2001)
 * Vítězslava Kaprálová (1915–1940)
 * Eunice Katunda (1915–1991)
 * Marjo Tal (1915–2006)
 * Joan Trimble (1915–2000)
 * Pamela Motley Verrall (1915–1996)
 * Berthe di Vito-Delvaux (1915–2005)
 * Edwina Florence Wills (1915–2002)
 * Ann Wyeth McCoy (1915–2005)
 * Jane Corner Young (1915–2001)
 * Olga De Blanck Martín (1916–1998)
 * Carin Malmlöf-Forssling (1916–2005)
 * Erna Tauro (1916–1993)
 * Ruth Shaw Wylie (1916–1989)
 * Beatrice Witkin (1916–1990)
 * Els Aarne (1917–1995)
 * Joyce Howard Barrell (1917–1989)
 * Clarisse Leite (1917–2003)
 * Geraldine Mucha (1917–2012)
 * Maj Sønstevold (1917–1996)
 * Ėta Mayseyewna Tïrmand (1917–2008)
 * Erna Woll (1917–2005)
 * Frances Ziffer (1917–1996)
 * María Matilde Alea Fernández (1918–2006)
 * Lila-Gene George (1918–2017)
 * Lina Pires de Campos (1918–2003)
 * Gayane Č'ebotaryan (1918–1998)
 * Dilys Elwyn-Edwards (1918–2012)
 * Lucrecia Roces Kasilag (1918–2008)
 * Matilde Salvador (1918–2007)
 * Denise Tolkowsky (1918–1991)
 * Jórunn Viðar (1918–2017)
 * Norma Wendelburg (1918–2016)
 * Yevgania Yosifovna Yakhina (1918–1983)
 * Roslyn Brogue (1919–1981)
 * Eleonora Eksanishvili (1919–2003)
 * Ludmila Frajt (1919–1999)
 * Dorothy Whitson Freed (1919–2000)
 * Hilda Jerea (1919–1980)
 * Dee Libbey (1919–-1988)
 * Tamara Maliukova Sidorenko (1919–2005)
 * Qu Xixian (1919–2008)
 * Galina Ustvolskaya (1919–2006)
 * Constance Walton (1919–2017)

1920s

 * Rolande Falcinelli (1920–2006)
 * Dorothea Anne Franchi (1920–2003)
 * María Teresa Oller (1920–2018)
 * Nydia Pereyra-Lizaso (1920–1998)
 * Hazel Ghazarian Skaggs (1920–2005)
 * Janina Skowronska (1920–1992)
 * Marion Vree (1920–2012)
 * Helen L. Weiss (1920–1948)
 * Chaya Arbel (1921–2007)
 * Dorothea Austin (1921–2011)
 * Adrienne Clostre (1921–2006)
 * Jeanne Demessieux (1921–1968)
 * Ruth Gipps (1921–1999)
 * Nazife Güran (1921–1993)
 * Mara Petrova (1921–1997)
 * Eva Saito-Noda (1921–2004)
 * Margaret Vardell Sandresky (born 1921)
 * Magdalene Schauss-Flake (1921–2008)
 * Alice Sirooni (1921–2011)
 * Hanna Skalska-Szemioth (1921–1964)
 * Rosalina Abejo (1922–1991)
 * Margaret Buechner (1922–1998)
 * Doreen Carwithen (1922–2003)
 * Odette Gartenlaub (1922–2014)
 * Kyla Greenbaum (1922–2017)
 * Ester Mägi (1922–2021)
 * Sylvia Rexach (1922–1961)
 * Beatrice Schroeder Rose (1922–2014)
 * Jeanine Rueff (1922–1999)
 * Virginia Seay (1922–2015)
 * Nadezhda Simonyan (1922–1997)
 * Dorothy Geneva Styles (1922–1984)
 * Doris Akers (1923–1995)
 * Teresa Borràs i Fornell (1923–2010)
 * Madeleine Dring (1923–1977)
 * Jean Eichelberger Ivey (1923–2010)
 * Ursula Mamlok (1923–2016)
 * Dika Newlin (1923–2006)
 * Elena Romero (1923–1996)
 * Yudif Grigorevna Rozhavskaya (1923–1982)
 * Maria Schüppel (1923–2011)
 * Mira Sulpizi (born 1923)
 * Asya Sultanova (1923–2021)
 * Ludmila Ulehla (1923–2009)
 * Katharine Mulky Warne (1923–2015)
 * Elisabet Wentz-Janacek (1923–2014)
 * Shafiga Akhundova (1924–2013)
 * Leni Alexander (1924–2005)
 * Jeanne Colin-De Clerck (born 1924)
 * Zhivka Klinkova (1924–2002)
 * Angela Morley (1924–2009)
 * Krystyna Moszumańska-Nazar (1924–2009)
 * Tatyana Nikolayeva (1924–1993)
 * Gladys Nordenstrom (1924–2016)
 * Else Marie Pade (1924–2016)
 * Julia Perry (1924–1979)
 * Denise Roger (1924-2005)
 * Anna Lemmer Badenhorst Rudolph (1924–1995)
 * Ruth Schonthal (1924–2006)
 * Jitka Snížková (1924–1989)
 * Sylvia Soublette (1924–2020)
 * Erzsébet Szőnyi (1924–2019)
 * Tui St. George Tucker (1924–2004)
 * Consuelo Velázquez (1924–2005)
 * Bebe Barron (1925–2008)
 * Cathy Berberian (1925–1983)
 * P. Bhanumathi (1925–2005)
 * Edith Borroff (1925–2019)
 * Hilda Dianda (born 1925)
 * Ginette Keller (1925–2010)
 * Lyudmila Lyadova (1925–2021)
 * Nelly Moretto (1925–1978)
 * Daphne Oram (1925–2003)
 * Alice Parker (born 1925)
 * Amado Santos Ocampo (1925–2009)
 * Jeanne Ellison Shaffer (1925–2009)
 * Yolande Uyttenhove (1925–2000)
 * Margaret Shelley Vance (1925–2008)
 * Estelle White (1925–2011)
 * Ruth White (1925–2013)
 * Puchi Balseiro (1926–2007)
 * Modesta Bor (1926–1998)
 * Janine Charbonnier (1926–2022)
 * Irina Elcheva (1926–2013)
 * Zhun Huang (born 1926)
 * Betsy Jolas (born 1926)
 * Melinda Kistétényi (1926–1999)
 * Maria de Lourdes Martins (1926–2009)
 * Carmen Petra Basacopol (1926–2023)
 * Claire Polin (1926–1995)
 * Marga Richter (1926–2020)
 * Esther Scliar (1926–1978)
 * Natela Svanidze (1926–2017)
 * An-Ming Wang (born 1926)
 * Irina Yel'cheva (1926–2013)
 * Ruth Zechlin (1926–2007)
 * Valentine Yanovna Zhubinskaya (1926–2013)
 * Marilyn J Ziffrin (1926–2018)
 * Dolores Claman (1927–2021)
 * Emma Lou Diemer (1927–2024)
 * Elaine Hugh-Jones (1927–2021)
 * Eva Schorr (1927–2016)
 * Williametta Spencer (born 1927)
 * Mary Jeanne Van Appledorn (1927–2014)
 * Marcelle Villin (born 1927)
 * Chris Mary Francine Whittle (born 1927)
 * Rolande Maxwell Young (1927–2015)
 * Gaziza Zhubanova (1927–1993)
 * Margrit Zimmermann (1927–2020)
 * Luna Alcalay (1928–2012)
 * Ruth Anderson (1928–2019)
 * Betty Jackson King (1928–1994)
 * Judith Dvorkin (1928–1995)
 * Sarah Feigin (1928–2011)
 * Beverly Grigsby (born 1928)
 * Lena McLin (born 1928)
 * Gladys Smuckler Moskowitz (born 1928)
 * Nadežka Mosusova (born 1928)
 * Thea Musgrave (born 1928)
 * Adelaide Pereira da Silva (1928–2021)
 * Mary McCarty Snow (1928–2012)
 * Mira J. Spektor (1928–2021)
 * Louise Spizizen (1928–2010)
 * Arlene Buckneberg Ydstie (born 1928)
 * Zlata Tkach (1928–2006)
 * Toshiko Akiyoshi (born 1929)
 * Nini Bulterijs (1929–1989)
 * Geghuni Hovannesi Chitchian (born 1929)
 * Siegrid Ernst (1929–2022)
 * Josima Feldschuh (1929–1943)
 * Micki Grant (1929–2021)
 * Dina Koston (1929–2009)
 * Nada Ludvig-Pečar (1929–2008)
 * Lata Mangeshkar (1929–2022)
 * Meena Mangeshkar (born 1931)
 * Pierrette Mari (born 1929)
 * Aleksandra Pakhmutova (born 1929)
 * Elena Petrová (1929–2002)
 * Sharon Elery Rogers (1929–2022)
 * Irma Urteaga (1929–2022)
 * Jeannine Vanier (born 1929)

1930s

 * Yardena Alotin (1930–1994)
 * Vera Baeva (1930–2017)
 * Jacqueline Fontyn (born 1930)
 * Joan Franks Williams (1930–2003)
 * Antoinette Kirkwood (1930–2014)
 * Kay Lande (1930–2022)
 * Ruth Lomon (1930–2017)
 * Gudrun Lund (1930–2020)
 * Jana Obrovská (1930–1987)
 * Betty Roe (born 1930)
 * Clotilde Rosa (1930–2017)
 * Marina Saiz-Salazar (1930–1990)
 * E. Anne Schwerdtfeger (1930–2008)
 * Naomi Shemer (1930–2004)
 * Ann Loomis Silsbee (1930–2003)
 * Helen Camille Stanley (born 1930)
 * Nancy Van de Vate (1930–2023)
 * Marion Verhaalen (1930–2020)
 * Monica Witni (born 1930)
 * Nancy Laird Chance (born 1931)
 * Lucia Dlugoszewski (1931–2000)
 * Felicia Donceanu (1931–2022)
 * Sofia Gubaidulina (born 1931)
 * Rosa Guraieb (1931–2014)
 * Yüksel Koptagel (born 1931)
 * Young-ja Lee (born 1931)
 * Maria Dolores Malumbres (1931–2019)
 * Myriam Marbe (1931–1997)
 * Joyce Mekeel (1931–1997)
 * Phillipa Duke Schuyler (1931–1967)
 * Alida Vázquez (1931–2018)
 * Dorothy Ashby (1932–1986)
 * Elaine Barkin (1932–2023)
 * Betty Beath (born 1932)
 * Diana Pereira Hay (born 1932)
 * Marta Jiráčková (born 1932)
 * Liu Zhuang (1932–2011)
 * Tera de Marez Oyens (1932–1996)
 * Pauline Oliveros (1932–2016)
 * Éliane Radigue (born 1932)
 * B. J. Rosco (born 1932)
 * Kilza Setti (born 1932)
 * Gitta Steiner (1932–1990)
 * Ruth Watson Henderson (born 1932)
 * Pozzi Escot (born 1933)
 * Ida Gotkovsky (born 1933)
 * Elena Karastoyanova (born 1933)
 * Yoko Ono (born 1933)
 * Charlotte Moorman (1933–1991)
 * Maria Helena Rosas Fernandes (born 1933)
 * Iris Sanguesa (born 1933)
 * Rocio Sanz (1933–1993)
 * Alicia Urreta (1933–1987)
 * Tatyana Voronina (born 1933)
 * Joan Dolores Wilson (born 1933)
 * Huguang Xin (1933–2011)
 * Norma Beecroft (born 1934)
 * Nicole Lachartre (1934–1992)
 * Mary Mageau (1934–2020)
 * Zhanneta Lazarevna Metallidi (1934–2019)
 * Teresa Procaccini (born 1934)
 * Beatrice Siegrist (born 1934)
 * Alicia Terzian (born 1934)
 * Arlene Zallman (1934–2006)
 * Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova (1934–2012)
 * Thérèse Brenet (born 1935)
 * Biancamaria Furgeri (born 1935)
 * Helen Gifford (born 1935)
 * Kazuko Hara (1935–2014)
 * Enid Luff (1935–2022)
 * Jacqueline Nova (1935–1975)
 * Clara Sinde Ramallal (born 1935)
 * Mirjana Sistek-Djordjevic (born 1935)
 * Julia Stilman-Lasansky (1935–2007)
 * Ivana Marburger Themmen (born 1935)
 * Mary Lynn Twombly (born 1935)
 * Shirley Walker (1935–2006)
 * Qiang Wang (born 1935)
 * Mirjana Živković (1935–2020)
 * Sieglinda Ahrens (born 1936)
 * Izabella Arazova (born 1936)
 * Monic Cecconi-Botella (born 1936)
 * Erika Radermacher (born 1936)
 * Erika Fox (born 1936)
 * Barbara Heller (born 1936)
 * Trisutji Kamal (1936–2021)
 * Sheila Mary Nelson (1936–2020)
 * Jocy de Oliveira (born 1936)
 * Vivian Adelberg Rudow (born 1936)
 * Brunhilde Sonntag (1936–2002)
 * Myra Brooks Turner (1936–2017)
 * Keiko Abe (born 1937)
 * Janet Beat (born 1937)
 * Constança Capdeville (1937–1992)
 * Delia Derbyshire (1937–2001)
 * Beatriz Ferreyra (born 1937)
 * Irina Odăgescu (born 1937)
 * Katherine Hoover (1937–2018)
 * Marta Lambertini (1937–2019)
 * Claire Liddell (born 1937)
 * Diana McIntosh (born 1937)
 * Kikuko Masumoto (born 1937)
 * Bernadetta Matuszczak (1937–2021)
 * Irma Ravinale (1937–2013)
 * Sharda (singer) (born 1937)
 * Darinka Simic-Mitrovic (born 1937)
 * Ann Southam (1937–2010)
 * Inna Abramovna Zhvanetskaia (born 1937)
 * Isabelle Aboulker (born 1938)
 * Maryanne Amacher (1938–2009)
 * Elizabeth R. Austin (born 1938)
 * Carla Bley (born 1938)
 * Ann Carr-Boyd (born 1938)
 * Gloria Coates (1938–2023)
 * Piera Pistono (born 1938)
 * Patsy Rogers (born 1938)
 * Micheline Coulombe Saint-Marcoux (1938–1985)
 * Tona Scherchen (born 1938)
 * Shakhida Shaimardanova (1938-2020)
 * Mieko Shiomi (born 1938)
 * Cornelia Tăutu (1938–2019)
 * Joan Tower (born 1938)
 * Betty Ann Wong (born 1938)
 * Elinor Armer (born 1939)
 * Wendy Carlos (born 1939)
 * Marcelle Deschênes (born 1939)
 * Lesya Dychko (born 1939)
 * Maija Einfelde (born 1939)
 * Jennifer Fowler (born 1939)
 * Barbara Kolb (born 1939)
 * Annea Lockwood (born 1939)
 * María Luisa Ozaita (1939–2017)
 * Katherine Teck (born 1939)
 * Inger Wikström (born 1939)
 * Margaret Lucy Wilkins (born 1939)
 * Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (born 1939)

1940s

 * Heidi Baader-Nobs (born 1940)
 * Margaret Brouwer (born 1940)
 * Graciela Castillo (born 1940)
 * Eleanor Hovda (1940–2009)
 * Maria Teresa Luengo (born 1940)
 * Dorothy Rudd Moore (1940–2022)
 * Graciela Paraskevaidis (1940–2017)
 * Chitra Singh (born 1940)
 * Awilda Villarini (born 1940)
 * Eleni Karaindrou (born 1941)
 * Judith Margaret Bailey (born 1941)
 * Anđelka Bego-Šimunić (1941–2022)
 * Kay Gardner (1941–2002)
 * Sorrel Hays (1941–2020)
 * Moya Henderson (born 1941)
 * Viera Janárčeková (born 1941)
 * Usha Khanna (born 1941)
 * Edith Lejet (born 1941)
 * Ivana Loudová (1941–2017)
 * Jenny Helen McLeod (born 1941)
 * Sook-Ja Oh (born 1941)
 * Terry Winter Owens (1941–2007)
 * Ferdousi Rahman (born 1941)
 * Magaly Ruiz Lastres (born 1941)
 * Dorothy Strutt (born 1941)
 * Elizabeth Walton Vercoe (born 1941)
 * Gillian Whitehead (born 1941)
 * Birgitte Alsted (born 1942)
 * Silvana Di Lotti (born 1942)
 * Canary Burton (born 1942)
 * Helen Fisher (born 1942)
 * Priscilla McLean (born 1942)
 * Haruna Miyake (born 1942)
 * Meredith Monk (born 1942)
 * Kyungsun Suh (born 1942)
 * Diane Thome (born 1942)
 * Solange Ancona (1943–2019)
 * Christine Berl (born 1943)
 * Michèle Bokanowski (born 1943)
 * Joanna Bruzdowicz (1943–2021)
 * Laura Clayton (born 1943)
 * Eleanor Cory (born 1943)
 * Margriet Ehlen (born 1943)
 * Judy Klein (born 1943)
 * Anne Lauber (born 1943)
 * Tania León (born 1943)
 * Marta Ptaszynska (born 1943)
 * Michèle Reverdy (born 1943)
 * Dilorom Saidaminova (born 1943)
 * Alice Shields (born 1943)
 * Elżbieta Sikora (born 1943)
 * Pril Smiley (born 1943)
 * Iwonka Bogumila Szymanska (born 1943)
 * Françoise Barrière (1944–2019)
 * Alison Bauld (born 1944)
 * Ana Bofill Levi (born 1944)
 * Gabriella Cecchi (born 1944)
 * Tatyana Chudova (1944–2021)
 * Gloria González (born 1944)
 * Elsa Justel (born 1944)
 * Beatriz Lockhart (1944–2015)
 * Gabriela Moyseowicz (born 1944)
 * Claire Renard (born 1944)
 * Marisa Rezende (born 1944)
 * Rhian Samuel (born 1944)
 * Margaret Scoville (1944–1978)
 * Silvia Sommer (born 1944)
 * Graciela Agudela (1945–2018)
 * Maya Badian (born 1945)
 * Gillian Bibby (born 1945)
 * Victoria Bond (born 1945)
 * Dorothy Quita Buchanan (born 1945)
 * Judith Ann Clingan (born 1945)
 * Melanie Ruth Daiken (1945–2016)
 * Graciane Finzi (born 1945)
 * Ig Henneman (born 1945)
 * Nagako Konishi (born 1945)
 * Chan-Hae Lee (born 1945)
 * Vânia Dantas Leite (1945–2018)
 * Younghi Pagh-Paan (born 1945)
 * Maggi Payne (born 1945)
 * Elizabeth Raum (born 1945)
 * Carol Sams (born 1945)
 * Marielli Sfakianaki (born 1945)
 * Laurie Spiegel (born 1945)
 * Toyoko Takami (born 1945)
 * Julia Usher (born 1945)
 * Judith Lang Zaimont (born 1945)
 * Barbara Benary (1946–2019)
 * Renate Birnstein (born 1946)
 * Anne Boyd (born 1946)
 * Geneviève Calame (1946–1993)
 * Suzanne Ciani (born 1946)
 * Dora Draganova (born 1946)
 * Tsippi Fleischer (born 1946)
 * Janice Giteck (born 1946)
 * Ann-Elise Hannikainen (1946–2012)
 * Barbara Harbach (born 1946)
 * Ho Wai-On (born 1946)
 * Neva Krasteva (born 1946)
 * Joyce Solomon Moorman (born 1946)
 * Jane O'Leary (born 1946)
 * Anna Rubin (born 1946)
 * Claire Schapira (born 1946)
 * Daria Semegen (born 1946)
 * Marilyn Shrude (born 1946)
 * Sheila Silver (born 1946)
 * Annette Vande Gorne (born 1946)
 * Joelle Wallach (born 1946)
 * Hildegard Westerkamp (born 1946)
 * Barbara Maria Zakrzewska-Nikiporczyk (born 1946)
 * Pınar Köksal (1946–2019)
 * Liana Alexandra (1947–2011)
 * Laurie Anderson (born 1947)
 * Franghiz Ali-Zadeh (born 1947)
 * Ruth Bakke (born 1947)
 * Ada Gentile (born 1947)
 * Mayako Kubo (born 1947)
 * Joan La Barbara (born 1947)
 * Nicola LeFanu (born 1947)
 * Zarrina Mirshakar (born 1947)
 * Vojna Nešić (born 1947)
 * Rosica Petkova (born 1947)
 * Grażyna Pstrokońska-Nawratil (born 1947)
 * Faye-Ellen Silverman (born 1947)
 * Valerie Vonpechy (born 1947)
 * Hilary Tann (1947–1923)
 * Karen Tarlow (born 1947)
 * Gwyneth Van Anden Walker (born 1947)
 * Susan Cohn Lackman (born 1947)
 * Betty Rose Wishart (born 1947)
 * Hsiung-Zee Wong (born 1947)
 * Gisèle Barreau (born 1948)
 * Diana Burrell (born 1948)
 * Julia Cenova (1948–2010)
 * Janet Graham (born 1948)
 * Kerstin Jeppsson (born 1948)
 * Christina Kubisch (born 1948)
 * Junko Mori (born 1948)
 * Ilza Nogueira (born 1948)
 * Sally Johnston Reid (1948–2019)
 * Shoshana Riseman (born 1948)
 * Valerie Samson (born 1948)
 * Ilona Sekacz (born 1948)
 * Lyudmila Karpawna Shleh (born 1948)
 * Bernadette Speach (born 1948)
 * Ivana Stefanović (born 1948)
 * Julia Tsenova (1948–2010)
 * Carol Ann Weaver (born 1948)
 * Jeanne Zaidel-Rudolph (born 1948)
 * Eleanor Alberga (born 1949)
 * Carol E Barnett (born 1949)
 * Liona Boyd (born 1949)
 * Ann Callaway (born 1949)
 * Rachel Galinne (born 1949)
 * Alexina Louie (born 1949)
 * Odaline de la Martinez (born 1949)
 * Zhanna Vasil'yevna Pliyeva (born 1949)
 * Shulamit Ran (born 1949)
 * Angela Ro Ro (born 1949)
 * Sharon Ruchman (born 1949)
 * Marjorie Rusche (born 1949)
 * Ann Sandifur (born 1949)
 * Kimi Sato (born 1949)
 * Judith Shatin (born 1949)
 * Marina Marta Vlad (born 1949)
 * Rain Worthington (born 1949)

1950s

 * Lejla Agolli (born 1950)
 * Beth Anderson (born 1950)
 * Édith Canat de Chizy (born 1950)
 * Elena Firsova (born 1950)
 * Åse Hedstrøm (born 1950)
 * Yelena Sergeyevna Konshina (born 1950)
 * Libby Larsen (born 1950)
 * Elodie Lauten (born 1950)
 * Lam Manyee (born 1950)
 * Vivienne Olive (born 1950)
 * Synne Skouen (born 1950)
 * Nancy Telfer (born 1950)
 * Anneli Arho (born 1951)
 * Beatriz Bilbao (born 1951)
 * Karólína Eiríksdóttir (born 1951)
 * Nancy Galbraith (born 1951)
 * Halina Harelava (born 1951)
 * Patricia Jünger (born 1951)
 * Joëlle Léandre (born 1951)
 * Cecilia McDowall (born 1951)
 * Liz Phillips (born 1951)
 * Jeannie G. Pool (born 1951)
 * Marcela Rodríguez (born 1951)
 * Doina Rotaru (born 1951)
 * Tat'yana Sergeyeva (born 1951)
 * Elizabeth Swados (1951–2016)
 * Lois V Vierk (born 1951)
 * Kristi Allik (born 1952)
 * Judith Bingham (born 1952)
 * Helen Bowater (born 1952)
 * Nicole Carignan (born 1952)
 * Maya Ciobanu (born 1952)
 * Tina Davidson (born 1952)
 * Janet Dunbar (born 1952)
 * Margriet Hoenderdos (1952–2010)
 * Grażyna Krzanowska (born 1952)
 * Runa Laila (born 1952)
 * Bunita Marcus (born 1952)
 * Alla Pavlova (born 1952)
 * Kaija Saariaho (1952–2023)
 * Jane Sinclair Wells (born 1952)
 * Lettie Alston (born 1953)
 * Avril Anderson (born 1953)
 * Sonja Beets (born 1953)
 * Josefina Benedetti (born 1953)
 * Susan Morton Blaustein (born 1953)
 * Wendy Mae Chambers (born 1953)
 * Chen Yi (born 1953)
 * Jody Diamond (born 1953)
 * Violeta Dinescu (born 1953)
 * Eibhlis Farrell (born 1953)
 * Adriana Hölszky (born 1953)
 * Anne LeBaron (born 1953)
 * Cynthia Cozette Lee (born 1953)
 * Anne Linnet (born 1953)
 * Cindy McTee (born 1953)
 * Lidia Zielińska (born 1953)
 * Sylvie Bodorová (born 1954)
 * Elisabetta Brusa (born 1954)
 * Judith Cloud (born 1954)
 * María Escribano (born 1954)
 * Susan Frykberg (born 1954)
 * Irina Hasnaş (born 1954)
 * Birgit Havenstein (born 1954)
 * Brenda Hutchinson (born 1954)
 * Denise Kelly (born 1954)
 * Hi Kyung Kim (born 1954)
 * Renata Kunkel (born 1954)
 * Bun-Ching Lam (born 1954)
 * Pamela J. Marshall (born 1954)
 * Ella Milch-Sheriff (born 1954)
 * Betty Olivero (born 1954)
 * Cecilie Ore (born 1954)
 * Elizabeth Hayden Pizer (born 1954)
 * Clare Shore (born 1954)
 * Judith Weir (born 1954)
 * Pearle Christian (born 1955)
 * Eleanor Joanne Daley (born 1955)
 * Susanne Erding-Swiridoff (born 1955)
 * Elisenda Fabregas (born 1955)
 * Diamanda Galás (born 1955)
 * Gerda Geertens (born 1955)
 * Anne La Berge (born 1955)
 * Iryna Kyrylina (born 1955)
 * Lori Laitman (born 1955)
 * Marilyn Mazur (born 1955)
 * Anne Quigley (born 1955 or 1956)
 * Masguda Shamsutdinova (born 1955)
 * Karmella Tsepkolenko (born 1955)
 * Janika Vandervelde (born 1955)
 * Regina Harris Baiocchi (born 1956)
 * Sally Beamish (born 1956)
 * Chiara Benati (born 1956)
 * Eve de Castro-Robinson (born 1956)
 * Deborah Drattell (born 1956)
 * Anne Dudley (born 1956)
 * Michelle Ekizian (born 1956)
 * Madeleine Isaksson (born 1956)
 * Joan Jeanrenaud (born 1956)
 * Laura Kaminsky (born 1956)
 * Makiko Kinoshita (born 1956)
 * Larysa Kuzmenko (born 1956)
 * Mary McDonald (born 1956)
 * Silvina Milstein (born 1956)
 * Onutė Narbutaitė (born 1956)
 * Marie Samuelsson (born 1956)
 * Carla Scaletti (born 1956)
 * Carolyn Steinberg (born 1956)
 * Iris Szeghy (born 1956)
 * Pamela Z (born 1956)
 * Linda Bouchard (born 1957)
 * Chaya Czernowin (born 1957)
 * Ellen Fullman (born 1957)
 * Regina Irman (born 1957)
 * Elena Kats-Chernin (born 1957)
 * Marcela Pavia (born 1957)
 * Karin Rehnqvist (born 1957)
 * Pan Shiji (born 1957)
 * Linda Catlin Smith (born 1957)
 * Joan Szymko (born 1957)
 * Karen P. Thomas (born 1957)
 * Melinda Wagner (born 1957)
 * Janet Wheeler (born 1957)
 * Juliana Hall (born 1958)
 * Eve Beglarian (born 1958)
 * Maura Bosch (born 1958)
 * Rhona Clarke (born 1958)
 * Zulema de la Cruz (born 1958)
 * Beth Denisch (born 1958)
 * Consuelo Díez (born 1958)
 * Suzanne Giraud (born 1958)
 * Juliana Hall (born 1958)
 * Hanna Havrylets' (born 1958)
 * Miya Masaoka (born 1958)
 * Shirley Thompson (born 1958)
 * Errollyn Wallen (born 1958)
 * Julia Wolfe (born 1958)
 * Sinta Wullur (born 1958)
 * Caroline Ansink (born 1959)
 * Carola Bauckholt (born 1959)
 * Ilona Breģe (born 1959)
 * Sussan Deyhim (born ca. 1958)
 * Marti Epstein (born 1959)
 * Adina Izarra (born 1959)
 * Laura Karpman (born 1959)
 * Ana Lara (born 1959)
 * Marianella Machado (born 1959)
 * Hilda Paredes (born 1959)
 * Stevie Wishart (born 1959)
 * Shimul Yousuf (born 1959)

1960s

 * Maria de Alvear (born 1960)
 * Sonia Bo (born 1960)
 * Victoria Borisova-Ollas (born 1969)
 * Yekaterina Chemberdzhi (born 1960)
 * Andrea Clearfield (born 1960)
 * Annie Gosfield (born 1960)
 * Priti Paintal (born 1960)
 * Jocelyn Pook (born 1960)
 * Rachel Portman (born 1960)
 * Maria Schneider (born 1960)
 * Ute Wassermann (born 1960)
 * Ana-Maria Avram (born 1961)
 * Enya (born 1961)
 * Unsuk Chin (born 1961)
 * Julie Giroux (born 1961)
 * Hanna Kulenty (born 1961)
 * Michiru Oshima (born 1961)
 * Janet Owen Thomas (1961–2002)
 * Lourdes Perez (born 1961)
 * Isabel Soveral (born 1961)
 * Karen Tanaka (born 1961)
 * Carolyn Yarnell (born 1961)
 * Sylvia Constantinidis (born 1962)
 * Mary Finsterer (born 1962)
 * Jennifer Higdon (born 1962)
 * Amy X Neuburg (born 1962)
 * Victoria Poleva (born 1962)
 * Rosephanye Powell (born 1962)
 * Lolita Ritmanis (born 1962)
 * Laura Schwendinger (born 1962)
 * Alex Shapiro (born 1962)
 * Chen Shihui (born 1962)
 * Bettina Skrzypczak (born 1962)
 * Allison Cameron (born 1963)
 * Keiko Fujiie (born 1963)
 * Joelle Khoury (born 1963)
 * Veronika Krausas (born 1963)
 * Sophie Lacaze (born 1963)
 * Ann Millikan (born 1963)
 * Isabel Mundry (born 1963)
 * Halyna Ovcharenko (born 1963)
 * Lucia Ronchetti (born 1963)
 * Elena Ruehr (born 1963)
 * Calliope Tsoupaki (born 1963)
 * Hana Vejvodová (1963–1994)
 * Debbie Wiseman (born 1963)
 * Michiru Yamane (born 1963)
 * Julia Gomelskaya (1964–2016)
 * Gao Hong (born 1964)
 * Yoko Kanno (born 1964)
 * Eva Noer Kondrup (born 1964)
 * Gabriela Ortiz (born 1964)
 * Sarah Peebles (born 1964)
 * Annette Schlünz (born 1964)
 * Augusta Read Thomas (born 1964)
 * Mariana Villanueva (born 1964)
 * Diane Wittry (born 1964)
 * Jennifer Margaret Barker (born 1965)
 * Carin Bartosch Edström (born 1965)
 * Zana Clarke (born 1965)
 * Evelyn Glennie (born 1965)
 * Rozalie Hirs (born 1965)
 * Yuki Kajiura (born 1965)
 * Sofia Levkovskaya (1965–2011)
 * Albena Petrovic-Vratchanska (born 1965)
 * Charlotte Seither (born 1965)
 * Georgia Spiropoulos (born 1965)
 * Dorothy Hindman (born 1966)
 * Melissa Hui (born 1966)
 * Liza Lim (born 1966)
 * Gráinne Mulvey (born 1966)
 * Deirdre Gribbin (born 1967)
 * Yukie Nishimura (born 1967)
 * Rebecca Saunders (born 1967)
 * Yoko Shimomura (born 1967)
 * Katia Tiutiunnik (born 1967)
 * Isidora Žebeljan (1967–2020)
 * Laura Andel (born 1968)
 * Lisa Bielawa (born 1968)
 * Kerani (born 1968)
 * Vanessa Lann (born 1968)
 * Elainie Lillios (born 1968)
 * Sarah MacDonald (musician) (born 1968)
 * Olga Neuwirth (born 1968)
 * Roxanna Panufnik (born 1968)
 * Ana Sokolovic (born 1968)
 * Anjelika Akbar (born 1969)
 * Johanna Doderer (born 1969)
 * Jocelyn Morlock (1969-2023)

1970s

 * Siobhán Cleary (born 1970)
 * Graziella Concas (born 1970)
 * Marzena Komsta (born 1970)
 * Chihchun Chi-sun Lee (born 1970)
 * Lotta Wennäkoski (born 1970)
 * Marina Leonardi (born 1970)
 * Arlene Sierra (born 1970)
 * Aleksandra Vrebalov (born 1970)
 * Malika Kishino (born 1971)
 * Soe Tjen Marching (born 1971)
 * Katharina Rosenberger (born 1971)
 * Ingrid Stölzel (born 1971)
 * Jessica Grace Wing (1971–2003)
 * Natasha Barrett (born 1972)
 * Emily Doolittle (born 1972)
 * Amber Ferenz (born 1972)
 * Gabriela Lena Frank (born 1972)
 * Hiba Kawas (born 1972)
 * Analia Llugdar (born 1972)
 * Deborah Lurie (born 1972)
 * Nkeiru Okoye (born 1972)
 * Helena Tulve (born 1972)
 * Zoe Keating (born 1972)
 * Sungji Hong (born 1973)
 * Lera Auerbach (born 1973)
 * Jessica Curry (born 1973)
 * Tansy Davies (born 1973)
 * Amy Scurria (born 1973)
 * Luna Pearl Woolf (born 1973)
 * Selma Björnsdóttir (born 1974)
 * Ellen C. Covito (born 1974)
 * Meri von KleinSmid (born 1974)
 * Ailís Ní Ríain (born 1974)
 * Sophie Viney (born 1974)
 * Jennifer Walshe (born 1974)
 * Dalit Warshaw (born 1974)
 * Hyo-Won Woo (born 1974)
 * Kati Agócs (born 1975)
 * Eugenia Manolidou (born 1975)
 * Linda Martinez (1975–2005)
 * Raminta Šerkšnytė (born 1975)
 * Annelies Van Parys (born 1975)
 * Svitlana Azarova (born 1976)
 * Rita Kassabian (born 1976)
 * Catherine Kontz (born 1976)
 * Andrea Reinkemeyer (born 1976)
 * Wang Ying (born 1976)
 * Hafdís Bjarnadóttir (born 1977)
 * Karola Obermueller (born 1977)
 * Tanya Ekanayaka (born 1977)
 * Deborah Pritchard (born 1977)
 * Jennifer Thomas (pianist) (born 1977)
 * Anna S. Þorvaldsdóttir (Thorvaldsdottir) (born 1977)
 * Du Yun (born 1977)
 * Wu Fei (born 1977)
 * Kerry Andrew (born 1978)
 * Justine Electra (born 1978)
 * Emily Hall (born 1978)
 * Vanessa-Mae (born 1978)
 * Anna Meredith (born 1978)
 * Agata Zubel (born 1978)
 * Clarice Assad (born 1978)
 * Annesley Black (born 1979)
 * Emily Howard (born 1979)
 * Kate Moore (born 1979)

1980s

 * Abbie Betinis (born 1980)
 * Anna Clyne (born 1980)
 * Cheryl Frances-Hoad (born 1980)
 * Wang Jie (born 1980)
 * Maria Huld Markan Sigfúsdóttir (born 1980)
 * Dobrinka Tabakova (born 1980)
 * Missy Mazzoli (born 1980)
 * Sarah Nemtsov (born 1980)
 * Helen Grime (born 1981)
 * Hannah Lash (born 1981)
 * Angélica Negrón (born 1981)
 * Charlotte Bray (born 1982)
 * Hildur Guðnadóttir (born 1982)
 * Natalie Ann Holt (born 1982)
 * Shibani Kashyap (born 1982)
 * Catherine Lamb (born 1982)
 * Jessie Montgomery (born 1982)
 * Caroline Shaw (born 1982)
 * M. M. Srilekha (born 1982)
 * Ann Cleare (born 1983)
 * Reena Esmail (born 1983)
 * Sneha Khanwalkar (1983)
 * Sarah Hutchings (born 1984)
 * Sasha Siem (born 1984)
 * Cristina Spinei (born 1984)
 * Dafina Zeqiri (born 1984)
 * Isobel Waller-Bridge (born 1984)
 * Raquel García-Tomás (born 1984)
 * Nina C. Young (born 1984)
 * Zosha Di Castri (born 1985)
 * Alissa Firsova (born 1986)
 * Cevanne Horrocks-Hopayian (born 1986)
 * Kathryn Salfelder (born 1987)
 * Shiva Feshareki (born 1987)
 * Julia Adolphe (born 1988)
 * Cecilia Damström (born 1988)
 * Sarah Lianne Lewis (born 1988)
 * Bára Gísladóttir (born 1989)
 * Elizabeth Ogonek (born 1989)
 * Freya Waley-Cohen (born 1989)

1990s

 * Sonya Belousova (born 1990)
 * Anja Plaschg (born 1990)
 * Lucy Armstrong (born 1991)
 * Georgia Koumará (born 1991)
 * Diana Ringo (born 1992)
 * Anna Appleby (born 1993)
 * Dani Howard (born 1993)
 * Lillie Harris (born 1994)
 * Grace-Evangeline Mason (born 1994)

2000s

 * Emily Bear (born 2001)
 * Alma Deutscher (born 2005)

Unknown

 * Winifred Phillips (living; born in the 20th century)
 * Yuka Tsujiyoko (living; born in the 20th century)

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources
 * Citron, Marcia J. (1990). "Gender, Professionalism and the Musical Canon", The Journal of Musicology vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 102–117.
 * List partially created using Grove's "Explore" function, Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed 23 September 2006), grovemusic.com.

title: List of women composers by birth date


text:
Talk:House of Peers (Japan)

Disambig page?
Do we want a disambig page for House of Peers? Or to rename this one "House of Peers (Japan)"? Seems like England at the very least (and probably other countries) have a body that is often referred to as the "House of Peers". Jwrosenzweig 22:57 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:House of Peers (Japan)


text:
Shawn Bradley

Shawn Paul Bradley (born March 22, 1972) is a German-American former professional basketball player who played center for the Philadelphia 76ers, New Jersey Nets, and Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is one of the tallest players in NBA history at 7ft 6in. Bradley was born in Landstuhl, West Germany, as his family was stationed at the U.S. military base medical facility, and grew up in Castle Dale, Utah. He holds citizenship in both the United States and Germany.

Early life
Shawn Bradley was born on March 22, 1972, in Landstuhl, West Germany, where his father was working at a U.S. military hospital. Bradley came from a tall family: his father Reiner Bradley (1949–2010) was 6ft 8in tall, and his mother Teresa was 6ft 0in. Bradley was already 6ft 8in by the end of junior high school (age 13–14), and by the end of his junior year of high school (age 16–17) he had grown to 7ft 5in, one inch shy of his adult height of 7ft 6in. In 2018, genetic analysis of Bradley's DNA showed that his great height is not the result of any physical or genetic disorders, but because he happened to inherit a natural but extremely rare combination of the thousands of genetic variants that determine human height.

Bradley was raised on a farm outside the small town of Castle Dale, Utah. He and his siblings were raised in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Bradley was a standout basketball, football, and baseball player at Emery High School from 1987 to 1990. He was one of the most successful basketball players in Utah high school history, finishing with career averages of 20.3 points, 11.5 rebounds, and 5.4 blocked shots per game. During his time at the school, Emery compiled a 68–4 record and won two state championships. Bradley was named All-State three times and twice earned the season MVP award. In his senior year, he averaged 25 points, 17 rebounds, and 9 blocks per contest. He was named All-American by several national publications, including Parade Magazine, Street and Smith, USA Today, and others. He turned in a strong performance at the McDonald's All-American Game (12 points, 10 rebounds, and 6 blocks), earning the Most Valuable Player award for the West team. As of 2015, Bradley still holds Utah state records for blocked shots in a single game (18), season (209), and career (605).

College career and LDS mission
Bradley was heavily recruited by many colleges from across the United States, but ultimately decided to play at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. During his freshman season (1990–91), he started all 34 games for BYU, averaging 14.8 points and 7.7 rebounds per game. But his main contribution to the team was shot-blocking: he led the entire nation in total blocks (177) and average (5.2 per game)—setting an NCAA freshman record in both categories. In one game against Eastern Kentucky (EKU), Bradley blocked 14 shots, tying the NCAA single-game record set by Navy's David Robinson in 1986. In that same game, Bradley also established a new career high by scoring 29 points.

BYU received a bid to the NCAA tournament that season, and Bradley continued his dominant defense. In the first-round game against Virginia, he set a tournament single-game record with 10 blocked shots, leading the Cougars to a 61–48 victory. However, he struggled with foul trouble in the second round, and BYU lost to Arizona, 76–61. Bradley collected several awards and honors for his outstanding freshman season. He was named the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) Freshman of the Year, in addition to All-WAC defensive team and newcomer team honors. He was also named Honorable Mention All-American by the Associated Press (AP)

Bradley took a two-year leave of absence from BYU from 1991 to 1993 to serve as a full-time missionary for the LDS Church. He was assigned to serve in Sydney, Australia. After his mission, Bradley decided to forgo his final three years of NCAA eligibility and declared for the NBA draft.

Philadelphia 76ers (1993–1995)
Bradley entered the 1993 NBA draft as one of the most intriguing and highly debated prospects in the history of the NBA draft. Supporters claimed his tremendous size and surprising athleticism would allow him to dominate the league. Critics argued that he would struggle in the NBA due to his thin build – listed at just 235 lb, he was described by Ric Bucher of The Miami Herald as "rail-thin," and Lee Rose, player personnel director for the Milwaukee Bucks at the time, said, "Size-wise, he'll get pushed around a little bit," – and lack of experience (just one season of college basketball, followed by a two-year hiatus from the sport due to his church mission). Ultimately, he was drafted by the Philadelphia 76ers with the second overall pick, behind Chris Webber and ahead of Penny Hardaway. Given the novelty of a 7-foot-6 center playing for the 76ers, Bradley was issued jersey number 76.

Philadelphia's management saw Bradley as a major project with huge long-term potential. The team acquired legendary big man Moses Malone to serve as a mentor for Bradley, hoping to develop his skills in the low post. Also, the franchise hired strength and conditioning consultant Pat Croce and registered dietitian Jeanie Subach, as well as assistant coach Jeff Ruland, to add bulk to Bradley's skinny frame. His rookie season (1993–94) produced mixed results. In his first game, Bradley totaled just 6 points and 5 rebounds, but he did manage to block 8 shots in 25 minutes.

For much of his career, Bradley was inconsistent in scoring and rebounding, but he always excelled at blocking shots. He averaged 10.3 points, 6.2 rebounds, and 3.0 blocks per game in his first season – good enough to earn NBA All-Rookie Second Team honors. He shot 40.9 percent from the floor and constantly struggled with turnovers and foul trouble. He suffered a season-ending injury in February of that year, dislocating his kneecap in a collision with Portland's Harvey Grant.

Bradley returned to full strength in his second season, playing in all 82 games for the 76ers. His scoring actually declined slightly (9.5 points per game), but his rebounding and shot-blocking increased. He racked up 274 rejections, setting a franchise record for most blocks in a single season. Bradley gave Philly fans a glimpse of his potential in a game against the Los Angeles Clippers in November, posting career highs of 28 points and 22 rebounds in a 97–83 victory. He also tied a career high with 9 blocked shots, and was credited with 9 additional "intimidations" as the Clippers were held to their lowest-ever point total against the 76ers. He finished the season in strong fashion, posting 13 double-doubles in his last 17 games.

New Jersey Nets (1995–1997)
Despite these highlights, Bradley continued to baffle and frustrate Philadelphia with his inconsistent play. Just 12 games into his third season (1995–96), the 76ers traded Bradley to the New Jersey Nets for Derrick Coleman. He played the final 67 games of the year with the Nets, and tantalized Nets fans with some strong play in the second half of the season. In February, he dominated a match-up against fellow giant Gheorghe Mureșan, leading the Nets to a 99–81 victory against the Washington Bullets. Bradley scored a season-high 27 points over the 7-foot-7 Mureşan, and also added 9 rebounds and 4 blocked shots.

Bradley lifted his game to new levels in March 1996. He posted a career-high 32 points and added 15 rebounds against Dallas early in the month, and set another career high a week later with 10 blocked shots against the Phoenix Suns. He recorded his first career triple-double in the very next game, tallying 19 points, 17 rebounds, and a career-best 11 blocked shots in another match-up against Mureşan and the Bullets. In April, Bradley posted back-to-back triple-doubles (against Boston and Toronto); in the process, he became the first player in NBA history to record consecutive games of double-figure blocked shots twice in a single season. His season averages for 1995–96 were 11.9 points, 8.1 rebounds, and 3.7 blocks per game —all career highs.

The Nets began the 1996–97 season under new management: John Calipari was named head coach in the off-season, and John Nash replaced Willis Reed as general manager. Reed had been a big believer in Bradley, but Calipari and Nash weren't nearly as excited about the 7-foot-6 enigma. In an effort to save some cash against the salary cap, the Nets traded their big center (and his big contract) to the Dallas Mavericks in a blockbuster mid-season deal that involved nine players.

Dallas Mavericks (1997–2005)
Bradley embraced yet another "fresh start" with a new franchise. With increased playing time in Dallas, Bradley posted some of the best numbers of his career. In a game against the Clippers, he tied his career high by scoring 32 points—the most ever by a center in the history of the Mavericks franchise. He also added a season-high 16 rebounds in that same contest. He finished the year with averages of 13.2 points and 8.4 rebounds per game—breaking career highs set during the previous season. But most importantly, Bradley provided strong defense in the paint that Dallas had been lacking before his arrival. In fact, Bradley finished the year as the top shot-blocker in the entire league, averaging 3.4 swats per contest. It was the first time any Mavericks player had ever led the NBA in any statistical category.

And yet, Bradley continued to be plagued by the maddening inconsistency that defined his entire professional career. During the 1997–98 season, Dallas coach Jim Cleamons experimented by bringing Bradley off the bench in several games (instead of his usual role as starter). In one particular game, it paid off in a major way: Bradley totaled 22 points, 22 rebounds, and a career-high 13 blocked shots in an April contest against the Trail Blazers. Bradley became the fifth NBA player to record at least 20 points, 20 rebounds, and 10 blocks in a single game, and the first to do so off the bench. The previous players to record a 20–20–10 game with points, rebounds, and blocks were Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Elvin Hayes, Hakeem Olajuwon, and Shaquille O'Neal. Bradley finished the year with a team-record 214 blocked shots; his average of 3.3 per game ranked third in the NBA.

Bradley played 7 more seasons in the league, remaining with the Mavericks until his retirement in 2005. Over that span, his playing time slowly declined, mainly due to some injuries and constant juggling of the team's lineups and rotations by coach Don Nelson. In particular, Bradley's offensive role became very limited, but he remained an imposing defensive presence. In fact, in the 2000–01 season, he broke his own team record by blocking 228 shots for Dallas—the highest total in the NBA that year. The Mavericks emerged as a perennial playoff contender, mostly due to the rise of star players such as Dirk Nowitzki and Steve Nash, but Bradley's defense made a significant contribution. He finished his career with averages of 8.1 points, 6.3 rebounds, and 2.5 blocks in 23.5 minutes of action per game.

National team career
Bradley has competed internationally for Germany; he and Dallas teammate Dirk Nowitzki were members of the German national basketball team that finished in fourth place at the EuroBasket 2001 in Turkey. In order to participate in this tournament, Bradley made use of his birth by a German mother to obtain German citizenship.

Post-basketball career
After his retirement as a player, Bradley became involved with West Ridge Academy, a coeducational private school for at-risk youths in West Jordan, Utah. Bradley's role with the school involves some of the functions of a vice principal, counselor, and coach. Describing Bradley, school executive director Ken Allen said, "Shawn has a great presence—due to his size—and has immediate credibility with the kids. His instant credibility when he's talking to kids makes him an incredible mentor. He is a great example of someone who has worked hard and been very successful. Being so tall wasn't always easy for him. He knows about being the 'odd kid' and dealing with that."

On March 19, 2010, Bradley filed papers to run as a Republican against incumbent Democratic Representative Tim Cosgrove for the 44th District seat in the Utah House of Representatives. On November 2, 2010, Bradley lost the election to Cosgrove, earning 46.49% of the vote against Cosgrove's 51.13%.

Personal life
Bradley has participated in many charitable endeavors. In the 2000–01 season he donated $25 for each blocked shot to Bryan's House, a managed facility for children affected by HIV and AIDS. He is a national spokesman for the Children's Miracle Network Hospitals. Bradley has also participated in the "Basketball Without Borders" program with other NBA players like Dikembe Mutombo, DeSagana Diop and Malik Rose and found his experiences with children in Africa uplifting. He has also participated in treating leprosy colonies in India through the Rising Star Outreach.

While in the NBA, Bradley was fined for refusing to attend a mandatory meeting at a strip club, due to his religious beliefs.

Bradley and his first wife, Annette Evertson, had six children together. They later divorced, and in 2017, Bradley married Carrie Cannon, adopting her three children in 2019.

On January 20, 2021, Bradley was struck from behind by a motorist while riding his bicycle near his home in St. George, Utah, which resulted in a traumatic spinal cord injury in his neck that left him paralyzed. A driver attempted to pass Bradley on the left in the same travel lane while Bradley himself was in the process of passing another car parked on the shoulder of the road.

In a 2022 interview with Sports Illustrated, Bradley stated that he and his family intend to move into a more wheelchair-friendly home in Dallas, Texas, while he continues his rehabilitation. Bradley described his height as a "hindrance" to his recovery, as quadriplegia at his height has no medical precedent.

TV and movie appearances
Bradley had a role in the film Space Jam in 1996, depicted as one of the NBA stars who lose their talent alongside Muggsy Bogues, Larry Johnson, Charles Barkley, and Patrick Ewing. He also appeared as himself in an episode of Walker, Texas Ranger, and had a cameo appearance as an auto mechanic in The Singles Ward movie. In 2011, he appeared in a music video tribute to Jimmer Fredette, along with former BYU football star Chad Lewis and legendary coach LaVell Edwards. He has also appeared in an episode of Studio C.

Bradley was featured in the ESPN 30 for 30 short documentary "Posterized" given his propensity "for being on the wrong end of a lot of great dunks."

title: Shawn Bradley


text:
Kazoku

The "Magnificent/Exalted lineage" (華族) was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan, which existed between 1869 and 1947. It was formed by merging the feudal lords (daimyō) and court nobles (kuge) into one system modelled after the British peerage. Distinguished military officers, politicians, and scholars were occasionally ennobled until the country's defeat in the Second World War in 1945 (新華族, shin kazoku, lit. "the newly ennobled"). The system was abolished with the 1947 constitution, which prohibited any form of aristocracy under it, but kazoku descendants still form the core of the traditional upper class in the country's society, distinct from the nouveau riche.

Kazoku (華族) should not be confused with "kazoku (家族)", which is pronounced the same in Japanese, but with a different character reading that means "immediate family" (as in the film Kazoku above).

Origins
Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the ancient court nobility of Kyoto, the kuge (公家), regained some of its lost status. Several members of the, such as Iwakura Tomomi and Nakayama Tadayasu, played a crucial role in the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate, and the early Meiji government nominated  to head all seven of the newly established administrative departments.

The Meiji oligarchs, as part of their Westernizing reforms, merged the with the former feudal lords (大名) into an expanded aristocratic class on 25 July 1869, to recognize that the  and former  were a social class distinct from the other designated social classes of former samurai (士族) and commoners (平民). They lost their territorial privileges. Itō Hirobumi, one of the principal authors of the Meiji constitution, intended the new peerage to serve as a political and social bulwark for the "restored" emperor and the Japanese imperial institution. At the time, the (142 families) and former  (285 families) consisted of a group of total 427 families.

All members of the without an official government appointment in the provinces were initially obliged to reside in Tokyo. By the end of 1869, a pension system was adopted, which gradually displaced the from their posts as provincial governors and as government leaders. The stipends promised by the government were eventually replaced by government bonds.

Development
In 1884 the were reorganized and the old feudal titles were replaced with:
 * 1) Prince, the equivalent of a European Duke (公爵)
 * 2) Marquess (侯爵)
 * 3) Count, the equivalent of an Earl (伯爵)
 * 4) Viscount (子爵)
 * 5) Baron (男爵)

There were several categories within the. The initial rank distribution for houses of  descent depended on the highest possible office to which its ancestors had been entitled in the imperial court. Thus, the heirs of the five regent houses of the Fujiwara dynasty (Konoe, Takatsukasa, Kujō, Ichijō and Nijō) all became princes, the equivalent of a European duke, upon the establishment of the in 1884.

The heads of eight other families (Daigo, Hirohata, Kikutei, Koga, Saionji, Tokudaiji, Ōinomikado and Kasannoin) all with the rank of, the second rank in the , became marquesses at the same time. Those family heads in the third tier of the and with the rank of  became counts. Heads of families in the lowest three tiers (those in the ranks of, and ) typically became viscounts, but could also be ennobled as counts.

Other appointments to the two highest ranks in the —prince and marquess—from among the were also made to reward certain  families for their roles in the Meiji Restoration, for taking a prominent role in national affairs or for their close degree of relationship to the Imperial family. Thus the head of the -ranked Sanjo house became a prince in 1884. The heads of the Tokudaiji and the Saionji houses were advanced to the rank of prince from the rank of marquess in 1911 and 1920, respectively.

In recognition of his father's role in the Meiji Restoration, Iwakura Tomosada, the heir of noble Iwakura Tomomi and whose family had been in the fourth tier of nobility, with the rank of, was ennobled as a prince in 1884. Nakayama Tadayasu, the Meiji Emperor's maternal grandfather and also from an -ranked family, was ennobled as a marquess. The head of the Shō family, the former royal family of the Ryūkyū Kingdom (Okinawa), was given the title of marquess. When the Korean Empire was annexed in 1910, the House of Yi was mediatized as an incorporated and therefore subordinate kingship (王).

Excluding the Tokugawas, the initial rank distribution for the former  lords depended on rice revenue: those with 150,000  or more became marquesses, those with 50,000  or more become counts, and those with holdings rated below 50,000  became viscounts. The head of the Tokugawa clan, Tokugawa Iesato, became a prince, the heads of primary Tokugawa branch houses became marquesses, the heads of the secondary branches became counts and the heads of more distant branches became viscounts. The head of the Matsudaira (Fukui Domain) branch was raised to the rank of marquess from the rank of count in 1888. In 1902, the former Tokugawa Yoshinobu was created a prince, and the head of the Mito  house was raised to the same rank, prince, in 1929.

Of the other former clans, the heads of the Mōri (Chōshū Domain) and Shimazu (Satsuma Domain) clans were both ennobled as princes in 1884 for their role in the Meiji Restoration; the Yamauchi (Tosa Domain) clan was given the rank of marquess. The heads of the main Asano (Hiroshima Domain), Ikeda (Okayama and Tottori Domains), Kuroda (Fukuoka Domain), Satake (Kubota Domain), Nabeshima (Saga Domain), Hachisuka (Tokushima Domain), Hosokawa (Kumamoto Domain) and Maeda (Kaga Domain) clans became marquesses in 1884. Notably, the head of the main family line of the Date clan, which had formerly ruled the extensive Sendai Domain, was only ennobled as a count and was thus denied a hereditary seat in the House of Peers; this was likely due to the domain's prominent role as the leader of a coalition against the Imperial forces during the Boshin War. In 1891, the head of the Date-Uwajima family (Uwajima Domain), a cadet branch of the clan which had remained loyal to the Emperor during the conflict, was raised to the rank of marquess, having been ennobled as a count in 1884.

Many of those who had significant roles in the Meiji Restoration, or their heirs, were ennobled. Ito Hirobumi and Yamagata Aritomo were ennobled as counts in 1884, promoted to marquesses in 1895 and finally became princes in 1907. The heirs of Okubo Toshimichi and Kido Takayoshi, two of the three great nobles of the Meiji Restoration, were ennobled as marquesses in 1884, followed by the heirs of samurai general-politician Saigō Takamori in 1902.

Succession and numbers
As in the British peerage, only the actual holder of a title and his consort were considered members of the. The holders of the top two ranks, prince and marquess, automatically became members of the House of Peers in the Diet of Japan upon their succession or upon majority (in the case of peers who were minors). Counts, viscounts and barons elected up to 150 representatives from their ranks to sit in the House of Peers.

Under the Peerage Act of 7 July 1884, pushed through by Home Minister and future first Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi after visiting Europe, the Meiji government expanded the hereditary peerage with the award of status to persons regarded as having performed distinguished public services to the nation. The government also divided the into five ranks explicitly based on the British peerage, but with titles deriving from the ancient Chinese nobility.

Usually, though not always, titles and hereditary financial stipends passed according to primogeniture. Unlike in European peerage systems, but following traditional Japanese custom, illegitimate sons could succeed to titles and estates. To prevent their lineages from dying out, heads of houses could (and frequently did) adopt sons from collateral branches of their own houses, whether in the male or female lines of descent, and from other  houses whether related or not.

Unlike European custom, the adopted heir of a peer could succeed to a title ahead of a more senior heir in terms of primogeniture. A 1904 amendment to the 1889 Imperial Household Law allowed minor princes of the imperial family to renounce their imperial status and become peers (in their own right) or heirs to childless peers. Initially there were 11 non-imperial princes, 24 marquesses, 76 counts, 324 viscounts and 74 barons, for a total of 509 peers. By 1928, through promotions and new creations, there were a total of 954 peers: 18 non-imperial princes, 40 marquesses, 108 counts, 379 viscounts and 409 barons. The reached a peak of 1016 families in 1944.

The 1947 Constitution of Japan abolished the and ended the use of all titles of nobility or rank outside the immediate Imperial Family. Since the end of the war, many descendants of the families continue to occupy prominent roles in Japanese society and industry.

The Kazoku Kaikan (華族会館), or Peers' Club, was the association of the high nobility. It had its headquarters in the building. After 1947 it was renamed the Kasumi Kaikan (霞会館) and is located in the Kasumigaseki Building in Kasumigaseki.

Life
Although kazoku families were supposed to live in a style that matched their status, living standards varied significantly from family to family. Kuge families, long having been seen as a spent force since the samurai class became the de facto ruling class in the 11th century, tended to be significantly worse off than daimyo families. The Nara kazoku (奈良華族), consisting of 26 monk families from Kofukuji, who descended from kuge families (22 of which belonged to the Fujiwara clan), were all made barons under the kazoku system. They were regarded as the poorest and received extra stipends to support their living. A 1915 survey found that a kazoku family had around 13 servants on average, while the grandest families had hundreds. Almost all kazoku heirs raised in Japan attended Gakushuin for their primary and secondary education. For higher education, the most preferred institutions included the University of Tokyo (called Tokyo Imperial University 1897-1947) (e.g., Prince Iemasa Tokugawa, Count Yoriyasu Arima) and the naval and army academies (e.g., Viscount Naganari Ogasawara, Marquess Toshinari Maeda). Some opted to be educated overseas, such as at Eton College (e.g., Prince Iesato Tokugawa) and Cambridge University (e.g., Marquess Masauji Hachisuka, Baron Koayata Iwasaki). After completing their education, they pursued varied careers such as statesmen at the House of Peers, diplomats (e.g., Prince Iemasa Tokugawa, Marquess Naohiro Nabeshima), and scholars (e.g., Marquess Yoshichika Tokugawa, Prince Tomohide Iwakura). Those who followed rather unusual career paths included Marquess Hijikata Yoshi, who became a communist and fled to Soviet Russia, and Meiho Ogasawara, an heir to a viscountcy who pursued his passion for films and was disinherited in 1935.

Kazoku usually married within their class. The Imperial Household Law of 1889 prohibited Imperial Princes from marrying commoners, hence their options were limited to Princesses and daughters of kazoku families. Kazoku daughters who married into the Imperial family include Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu (née Tokugawa), Yuriko, Princess Mikasa (née Takagi), and Setsuko, Princess Chichibu (née Matsudaira).

title: Kazoku


text:
James Busby

James Busby (7 February 1802 – 15 July 1871) was the British Resident in New Zealand from 1833 to 1840. He was involved in drafting the 1835 Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. As British Resident, he acted as New Zealand's first jurist and the "originator of law in Aotearoa", to whom New Zealand "owes almost all of its underlying jurisprudence". Busby is regarded as the father of the Australian wine industry, as he brought the first collection of vine stock from Spain and France to Australia.

Life
He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the son of English engineer John Busby and mother Sarah Kennedy. His parents and he emigrated from Britain to Port Jackson, New South Wales, in 1824.

Busby received a Grant of Land from the Governor of New South Wales and after much careful deliberation chose a block of 2,000 acres in the Coal River area of the Hunter Region, where he began growing grapes. At the same time, he took employment at the Male Orphans School at Bald Hills near Liverpool where he was in charge of the farm and taught viticulture. When the trustees of the Church and School Corporation took over control of the school in 1827, Busby lost the job. He was then appointed collector of internal revenue temporarily, until 1829. The government made him a new job offer but he was not happy with it nor with the terms of his severance from the orphan school, and returned to England in 1831 to petition the Colonial Office. He also visited Spain and France to further his study in viticulture. He wrote a number of reports that he presented to the Colonial Office and one on the state of New Zealand earned him appointment as British Resident in New Zealand in March 1832. Busby returned to Sydney on 16 October 1832.

In New Zealand
Busby married Agnes Dow at Segenhoe, in the Hunter Region, on 1 November 1832. He left for New Zealand on H.M.S. Imogene in April 1833 and arrived in the Bay of Islands on 5 May. Agnes followed him, arriving in July. A house (which still stands) was completed for him at Waitangi, where he planted some of the vine stock he had collected in Europe, from which vineyard wine was being made before his vines were productive in Australia. His duties were to protect British commerce, control, and to mediate between the unruly European settlers and Māori in New Zealand. However, he was not provided with any resources to impose this authority.

After an unregistered New Zealand ship was seized in Australia, Busby proposed that New Zealand should have a national flag. A selection of three or four designs was sent from Australia, and Māori chiefs chose one at a meeting at his residency on 20 March 1834; see United Tribes of New Zealand.

Independence and Treaty of Waitangi
In 1835 Busby learned that Baron Charles de Thierry, a Frenchman, was proposing to declare French sovereignty over New Zealand. He drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and at a meeting in October signed it together with 35 chiefs from the northern part of New Zealand.

After the arrival of William Hobson in 1840, Busby co-authored with him the Treaty of Waitangi. It was first signed on 5 and 6 February 1840 on the lawn outside his residence. Busby and his family left Waitangi that year. He declined an offer for a position in the new colonial government, and instead focused on farming interests, but became entangled in litigation over his own land titles: the New Zealand Banking Company seized his Waitangi property without giving Busby's debtors an opportunity to pay what they owed, and Governor Grey expropriated Busby's land at Whangārei. He also edited a newspaper and in 1853 was elected a member of the Auckland Provincial Council. As a member of the provincial council, he became an outspoken supporter of establishing Auckland as a separate colony to the rest of New Zealand. Popular opinion at the time went against Busby, and some newspapers claimed his arguments for Auckland's separation were due to his inability to settle land claims with the colonial government.

He contested the 1860 general election for a seat in the House of Representatives for the Bay of Islands electorate, but was unsuccessful.

Later life
He died in 1871 in Anerley, England, after travelling back for an eye operation, and is buried at West Norwood Cemetery in London. His wife returned to New Zealand where she died, at Pakaraka, in 1889, and is buried at Paihia. James and Agnes had six children. Daughter Sarah married John William Williams, son of missionary Henry Williams.

The Waitangi property, on which the Treaty was signed, was derelict until the 1930s, when it was purchased by the Governor-General of the day, Viscount Bledisloe and donated to the nation.

Published writings

 * Treatise on the Culture of the Vine (1825)
 * A Manual of Plain Directions for Planting and Cultivating Vineyards and for Making Wine in New South Wales (Sydney 1830)
 * Journal of a Tour through some of the vineyards of Spain and France (Sydney 1833)

title: James Busby


text:
Talk:Mrs Patrick Campbell

Quote significance
What is the significance or humour of this quote:

 * Famous quote, re actress Norma Shearer: "She has such pretty little eyes. And they're so close together!" --Menchi 23:12 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It appears to be a compliment, about her nice eyes. But it has a sting in the tail. People with eyes close together are usually regarded with some suspicion. SteveCrook 22:53, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Husband
The link to her husband links to the wrong Patrick Campbell. She wasn't married to the broadcaster. There is no Wiki entry for her husband, he wasn't very famous. SteveCrook 22:56, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Mrs or Mrs.
I don't get it, why is her name always listed as Mrs with no period? Is that her actual name?
 * See the article on Mrs. - In the United Kingdom, most Commonwealth countries, and Ireland, a full stop (period) does not usually follow the abbreviated form: "Mrs Price". In the U.S. a period is almost always used: "Mrs. Jones". -- SteveCrook 01:22, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Margot Schneider
Um...I don't believe Stella Campbell was born "Margot Schneider." I've read her biography several times and as there is no citation on the page that verifies this information, this entry has been vandalized. NoirFemme 01:17, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Mrs. Campbell was not 'infamous for her sharp wit'. The word 'infamous' means 'of ill fame, notoriously vile, abominable'. Words such as 'famous', 'well known' or 'notorious' would be better, depending one whether one approves of, is neutral to, or disapproves of her sharp wit.

title: Talk:Mrs Patrick Campbell


text:
United States v. Butler

United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936), is a U.S. Supreme Court case that held that the U.S. Congress has not only the power to lay taxes to the level necessary to carry out its other powers enumerated in Article I of the U.S. Constitution, but also a broad authority to tax and spend for the "general welfare" of the United States. The decision itself concerned whether the processing taxes instituted by the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were constitutional.

Tax for impermissible regulatory purpose
The main issue of the case was whether certain provisions of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 conflicted with the U.S. Constitution. The Act imposed a tax on processors of farm products, the proceeds of which to be paid to farmers who would reduce their area under cultivation and consequently their crops yields. The Act was intended to increase the prices of certain farm products by decreasing the supply of quantities produced. This increased the cotton price paid for Hoosac Mills in North Adams, Massachusetts who brought the case.

The Court held that the so-called tax was not a true tax since the payments to farmers were coupled with unlawful and oppressively-coercive contracts, and the proceeds were earmarked for the benefit of farmers complying with the prescribed conditions. The Court also held that making the payment of a government subsidy to a farmer conditional on the reduction of the planned crops went beyond the powers of the national government.

Specifically, Justice Roberts said: "The act invades the reserved rights of the states. It is a statutory plan to regulate and control agricultural production, a matter beyond the powers delegated to the federal government. The tax, the appropriation of the funds raised, and the direction for their disbursement, are but parts of the plan. They are but means to an unconstitutional end."

Taxing and spending for general welfare
The Court struck down the Act but dealt positively with taxation and the expenditure of funds to advance the general welfare as specified in Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution. The Court stated that the issue "presents the great and the controlling question in the case." After comparing expansive and restrictive interpretations of the Spending Clause, the Court adopted this philosophy: "The clause confers a power separate and distinct from those later enumerated[,] is not restricted in meaning by the grant of them, and Congress consequently has a substantive power to tax and to appropriate, limited only by the requirement that it shall be exercised to provide for the general welfare of the United States.... It results that the power of Congress to authorize expenditure of public moneys for public purposes is not limited by the direct grants of legislative power found in the Constitution."

The fact that the Court struck down the Act despite an expansive interpretation of the Spending Clause reflected the turmoil in the Court at the critical time. It was accepted that Chief Justice Hughes did not agree with the majority opinion's argument that the law's government subsidy regulations went beyond the powers of national government and was about to write a separate opinion to uphold the Act's subsidy provision and to strike down the Act's tax provision on the grounds that it was a coercive regulation, rather than a tax measure, until Roberts convinced Hughes that he would side with him and the court's three liberal justices in future cases on agriculture that involved the Constitution's General Welfare Clause if he agreed to join his opinion.

An indication that turmoil and the fact that Butler was a turning point in the Court's thinking is that in later jurisprudence, the case has been referenced to support expansion of authority under the Spending Clause (such as Steward Machine Company v. Davis,, and Helvering v. Davis ) and to dissent from such expansion (such as in South Dakota v. Dole, ), O’Connor dissenting. In her dissent, Justice O’Connor noted that Butler had been the last case in which the Supreme Court struck down an Act of Congress as an overextension of its spending power. That was part of a series of cases decided by the conservative Supreme Court of the time, which struck down as unconstitutional parts of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislation.

title: United States v. Butler


text: User:Александър/Sandbox/MackSennett/

title: User:Александър/Sandbox/MackSennett/


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Talk:John Busby

John Busby and James Busby were created by me after someone made John & James Busby. That article didn't contain too much info, so I did a bit of web research to create these. Just a note of caution - web research is often dodgy. :-) Any corrections welcome. Evercat 23:19 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Untitled
Despite the interference from Evercat we shall press on with reliable information on John and James Busby

Moving talk pages is not the way to create new articles here. And please sign your comments. - Hephaestos 07:08 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

"we"? Just who are "we", and why do "we" feel we have the right to create odd article titles? RickK 08:15 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * What interference? I've tried my best to help you. The original page (which is here, though originally titled John & James Busby, now moved) was substandard and I suspect its main point was to plug a book (that hasn't even been released yet, apparently).

 * In short, what are you complaining about? If the current version of either page contains information that is wrong, then fix it.

 * Oh, and I'm amused by your email in which you call me an a pretentious interfering busybody. Get a grip. Evercat 12:26 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I've now merged the original article in with the history here, btw. Evercat 02:24 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

The picture here is of James Busby, not John Busby. Nuggetman (talk) 05:01, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Wow. 13.5 years later and that still seems to be the case.  I've commented on the talk page of the image with some references to NZ's Ministry of Culture & Heritage using the same portrait for James Busby, and I'll remove it from this article.  If someone genuinely thinks this is John Busby then maybe they can add the image back.
 * Izogi (talk) 20:47, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Busby