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Wendy Mesley

Wendy Mesley is a Canadian television journalist, podcaster, and blogger. She worked for CBC News from 1981 to 2021 in roles including national correspondent at the Quebec Legislature and the Ottawa Parliamentary Bureau. She was the anchor of The National, host of Undercurrents, Disclosure, and Marketplace, and from 2018 to 2020, she hosted the Sunday morning talk show The Weekly with Wendy Mesley.

Broadcast career
Mesley enrolled in the journalism program at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute but left before completing her degree, though she later obtained a diploma. In 1979, during her last year of studies, both CBC and CTV interviewed students for summer job opportunities. Mesley received offers from both networks but chose to work for CFCF-TV, the CTV affiliate in Montreal. However, by 1981, she transitioned to CBC.

In 1985, Mesley became CBC's first female TV correspondent to cover the Prime Minister, when she joined the parliamentary bureau. Then in 1991, she became CBC'S national affairs correspondent and started hosting Sunday Report.

From 1994 to 2001, Mesley played a pivotal role in the creation and hosting of the media and technology series Undercurrents. In 2002, following a brief stint co-hosting the investigative show Disclosure, Mesley transitioned to the consumer investigation series Marketplace, concurrently serving as a frequent backup anchor for CBC's flagship evening news program, The National.

In 2004, Mesley hosted a 13-part series called The Greatest Canadian, and between 2007 and 2008, she co-hosted four episodes of Test the Nation, with Brent Bambury,   and one with Ron MacLean, which all aired on CBC.

From October 2009, Mesley had a greater presence on The National, and in 2010, she became the program's regular Friday and Sunday anchor.

In January 2018, she started hosting a new Sunday morning talk show on politics and media, titled ''The Weekly with Wendy Mesley".

On June 9, 2020, Mesley was suspended from The Weekly with Wendy Mesley for saying "nigger" in an editorial meeting about a presumed panelist who had tweeted she was repeatedly called that; this occurred mere days after the murder of George Floyd. Mesley immediately apologized. Months earlier, during staff discussions of Quebec's Bill 21 prohibiting some civil servants from wearing anything connected to a religious belief, Mesley had referred to the seminal Quebec book "White Niggers of America", written by Pierre Vallières.

On July 5, 2021, Mesley announced her retirement from CBC. On July 7, 2021, an opinion piece she had written appeared in The Globe and Mail, entitled "I made mistakes. But my departure wasn't the solution to the CBC's problem with racism", which detailed the issues leading up to her retirement. While Mesley did concede to having made a serious error by using the "n-word" in editorial meetings, she indicated that her second mistake was in trusting CBC management to manage the story appropriately. She also felt that the punishment administered by management was disproportionate, given that on both occasions, her use of the word was not malicious.

In 2022, Mesley, along with Maureen Holloway, created a podcast called "Women of Ill Repute". She also began writing on Substack.

Awards
Mesley has been honored with three Gemini Awards for Best Host in a News or Talk Program or Series. Additionally, in 2006, she was bestowed with the prestigious John Drainie Award by ACTRA, in recognition of her significant contributions to Canadian broadcasting. In 2017, Mesley was the recipient of a Canadian Screen Award for Best Host or Interviewer in a News or Information Program or Series.

Personal life
Mesley was born in Montreal, Quebec. Following the dissolution of her parents' marriage shortly after her birth, her mother, Joan Mesley, relocated them to Toronto in 1958. Joan, who never remarried, provided for Wendy by working as a physiotherapist. Wendy met her father, Gordon Mesley, a radio journalist, for the first time, at the age of eighteen.

At the age of ten, Mesley accompanied her mother to the U.S. consulate to picket in support of Martin Luther King Jr.

Mesley married CBC news anchor Peter Mansbridge in 1989, but the union ended in 1992. She remarried in 1998, with marketing executive Liam McQuade. Together, they have a daughter.

During the fall of 2004, Mesley received a diagnosis of an aggressive form of breast cancer subsequent to the discovery of a lump in her left breast. Shortly thereafter, she found a small, malignant lump in her right breast. In January 2005, she publicly disclosed her diagnosis. Despite reducing her workload, Mesley persevered with her hosting duties on Marketplace when she could and as a backup newsreader for The National. Following a series of treatments, including two lumpectomies, chemotherapy, and radiation, Mesley resumed her full-time position at CBC in March 2006, albeit under the ongoing care of an oncologist. During her treatment period, Mesley also undertook the filming of a documentary, titled Chasing the Cancer Answer, which aired in March 2006.

title: Wendy Mesley


text:
Talk:Volkswagen Jetta

Possible copyright infringement
See: http://www.geocities.com/hollywood/8783/jettahistory.html Bill 15:29, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

That page doesn't exist, so I don't think it'll be an issue. The article could still use a generous dose of encylopedic-voice, though. -- Crag 15:14, 2004 May 19 (UTC)

The new Jetta is pugly... but they have some clever ads. Not the first ones, where VW didn't even have the courage to show the car. --Madchester 20:33, 2005 Mar 25 (UTC)

Needs a dose of sense of perspective
Could do with looking at the subject from a more VW like (European) point of view.

Should we include the critical/public response for the A5 Jetta, cause it hasn't been well receieved, for its exterior appearance at least. --LeoTheLion 1 July 2005 17:26 (UTC)
 * Criticism of new vehicle models is often strong initially, especially among owner enthisiasts, but it usually dies out with time. I think it's too early in the model cycle of the A5 to discuss aesthetic criticism.  Give it a year and there might be more objective commentary on the matter.  (Consider, for instance, Chris Bangle's designs at BMW.  The new 7-series was broadly criticized, but the new 5- and 3-series models, which take their design inspiration from the flagship 7-series, have been better received.  Even the 7-series got a recent design makeover.  Time and refinement tend to mitigate strong initial reactions.) --Maande10 01:26, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Pictures
All of the pictures are of sedans except the A4 picture, which is a station wagon ("avant"). For comparison purposes, they should all be sedans. If the wagon version of the Jetta, which hasn't existed for all the models (A4-only?), needs to be shown, it should be in addition to the sedan, not instead of it. --Maande10 01:29, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Bora Picture

Agreed, here in the UK the estate version of the Bora is extremely rare, in fact i have never seen one. Being a Bora owner myself the picture here really does not do this car justice. It would be good if someone could update this, I could add a picture of mine (no copyright issues) once I have got my head around uploading pictures! Infomonkey 13:27, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Please, why is there a Mk5 picture in the Mk2 article? Daimler Ben (talk) 00:39, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

At the bottom
What's this? "One famous individual privligaged enough to drive the Volkswagen Jetta is the world revered Number Six. With his Volkswagen jetta, birkenstocks, and headband, he strikes fear in everyone's heart"

Anyone want to integrate this into the article?
This section was on the Borat page:

 * The name Borat was also given to a silver Volkswagen Jetta, or Bora, that visited many VW Festivals around the UK. After an early festival, the letter "T" was added to the Bora on the rear of the car, and Borat was born in the automobile world.

 * The car featured a VW Votex kit (OEM parts available through the dealership or resellers), which was, and still is, quite a rare kit to be seen in the UK, although it features more prominently in the USA – where the Bora has always been called the Jetta (in 2005, the Jetta name was readopted worldwide).

It doesn't have any place on the Borat article, and from what I can see it doesn't merit an article of its own, so could someone merge this into this article? I don't have enough knowledge on the subject to do it myself, so if this information is relevant, then I would be grateful if someone could write it into the main Jetta article. Thank you! --Doug (talk) 19:35, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Advertising campaign
Be gentle with me, as this is my first time on the talk page of an automobile. But I think the Jetta's current shock-and-awe advertising campaign warrants a mention here.

If you haven't seen 'em, in each ad there are a few friends talking in the car, just about random stuff, when suddenly, SKREE WHAM!!!, they're involved in a rather devastating-looking car accident. The commercials then skip ahead to just after the accident, as the friends are viewing the devastation, and one of them starts, "Holy..."

I don't know if I'm in the minority of people who've taken "whoa, holy crap!" notice out of that ad campaign, but if it's as successful as I imagine it probably should be, would information about that campaign be appropriate for inclusion here? ekedolphin 03:07, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Apologies for deleting parts A4 and A5
My pc is stuffing up it won't let wikipedia change hence some of Jetta stuff is lost it can be repaired I tried but PC won't let me sorry for inconvenience.--202.6.138.33 07:09, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Fixed--202.6.138.34 07:31, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

A little unprecise on the A4/Fox
There seems to be a lack of precision in this part:

In some European markets, the station wagon version was marketed as a Golf ("Estate" in the UK and Ireland, "Break" in France, "Variant" in some areas) and had a Golf grille, headlights, bumper, and fenders.

I can only speak for the German market ("Variant", as all VW station wagons are called over here), but the Golf Variant wasnt sold instead of the Bora Variant, but in addition to it. And, as the cars were built on the same platform, I couldnt state which replaced which, especially as there were at least two more differences: The (more expensive) Bora featured a higher quality cockpit and, AFAIR, each model had also its tail-lights fitted to the base version.

Further, due to my knowledge, the Fox is not based on the Jetta. I believe it is based on the Polo model.

Organization
I think the Jetta moved up to the "compact executive car" class as of MK5, just as the Passat moved up to the "executive car" class. Confirm/deny?

This page is in a Complete mess. Can someone try to re-arrange everything.
 * ''Please sign your posts with 4 tildas

I very much agree, the article needs major work. Perhaps you could offer some suggestions, mysterious user? Analoguekid 04:58, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

OK well I decided to do a little housecleaning on the page. I've moved the generation infoboxes so they line up with the text about their respective generations. I removed the excessive number of external links and put just the one to the worldwide VW site. From that site is it possible to go to a specific country website on the Jetta. As the car is sold in over 100 countries around the world, it is silly to post a link to each individual site. More cleanup to come.--Analogue Kid 20:36, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

I've noticed the headings for the various generations get changed around quite a bit. This is likely due to the fact that various generations sold at different times in different countries. I'm going to remove the years and just have Mark I, Mark II, etc. In the article text, it can be noted that a particular car was sold for these years in this country and so on. That way we keep our worldwide readers satisfied.--Analogue Kid 15:42, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

12.168.67.36 20:22, 14 March 2007 (UTC) - Just to mention I did this, but there was a formatting 'bug' that may have only been visible on firefox (I didn't check other browsers), I just fixed it by breaking up the Infoboxes from one big list at the start of the article and putting them in the section for the various generations of car. The [edit] links were stacking up over some of the text in the mk4 section. This way the [edit] links are showing up right.

 * Good call, I noticed that too. Wasn't sure if it was just a fluke.--Analogue Kid 22:22, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Suggested Merge
It has been suggested that MKIV Wolfsburg Edition be merged into this article.

I am opposed to such a merge. The reason is, people don't realize this but trim lines such as "GL" "Wolfsburg Edition" and others are very region specific. The only place you'll find them is in North America. I feel that it is nearly impossible to catalog every trim line in every market around the world so as to give fair weight. The Jetta page already has a globalize tag on it because it focuses way too much on the USA. I'm in the process of cleaning up the page and removing this region specific info, and a merge would just make things that much worse.

As for what to do with the MKIV page...I propose two options. One, it gets deleted because it's basically trivia and not very encyclopedic, so in a nutshell No indiscriminate information. Two, if people decide the page is worth keeping, it needs to be dramatically expanded in scope. Something like Volkswagen Special Editions or similar. The Wolfsburg Edition was certainly not limited to only the MkIV, in fact, every A platform car in the USA had such a trim at one point in its life cycle. Plus I'm quite sure there are special edition models in Europe and perhaps in other markets that may be worth mentioning on such a page.--Analogue Kid 17:54, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I suggested the merge after running across that page. I agree it should probably be deleted but I thought a merge suggestion might prompt someone to improve the article because it really doesn't stand alone very well right now. Stardust8212 20:19, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It should be merged, its extremely relivant information to the Jetta article, and doesnt really work as a stand-alone.Tory 22:23, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Could you extrapolate on why it is relevant? A single trim line on a single generation in a single country seems way too specific for an encyclopedia that must appeal to a global audience, not just the USA. I'm thinking information such as that is more suited for VWVortex or some such enthusiast site.--Analogue Kid 03:36, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * So seeing as Tory has neglected to respond to the inquiry in over a week and no further objections have come up I think I'll just redirect the page here. If there's anything useful in it to make a Volkswagon Special Editions page or whatever it can be recovered from the history. Stardust8212 23:34, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Suggestions
The article has undergone a huge improvement. It's well on it's way to becoming a good article. Some suggestions: This article is coming along really well and I don't think it will take too much work until it's a GA. James086 Talk | Email 13:43, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Per WikiProject Automobiles/Conventions the units should be SI in the text and Imperial in brackets and consistent throughout the article
 * Per WP:UNITS the units in text should be written out and the abbreviation used in brackets. e.g. "Luggage compartment volume is up to 453 Litres (16 ft3)."
 * It would help to make subsections (with 3 equals-signs) to reduce the long blocks of text. For example for the Mark IV the could be a subsection "Safety"

 * Some good suggestions, thanks!--Analogue Kid 14:14, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

maybe add some details about the wolfsburg editions? came here for it, leaving disappointed. KTHXBAI —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.72.15.133 (talk) 20:50, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Safe Happens.jpg
Image:Safe Happens.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 19:32, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

+++
I wish all auto-related articles were this good! Thanks to all who have contributed. --328cia (talk) 05:44, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it still needs some work here and there, but I appreciate the praise.--Analogue Kid (talk) 11:24, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

"Mark" vs "Mk", and Jetta "names"
"Mark" is a pro-noun, whereas "Mk" is the well established abbreviation used for generations of motor cars.

Regarding the actual names - being as the VW Jetta is from a German manufacturer, then according to Wikipedia rules, the first name of the car, and its subsequent generations should always be listed as the original "home market", ie Germany. Any alternative names should be listed in the AKA part of the infobox, along with additions in the text of the article. 78.32.143.113 (talk) 14:15, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Mk may be well established in the enthusiast community as a convenient shorthand, but Mark is still the way to go for a general interest article such as this one. See Lincoln Continental Mark VII for example.

 * Erm, actually, "Mk" is the established standard useage for professional motor vehicle engineers, etc. It is also the de-facto standard in the Oxford English Dictionary, along with the Collins English Dictionary.  "Enthusiast communities" are not considered WP:RS - and so should not even be raised.  The fact that you may have found another article with "Mark" doesn't mean it is correct! 78.32.143.113 (talk) 16:22, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I think you'll find if you read each section that it notes the name changes over the years and says "oh by the way, it was still called the Jetta in the USA" rather than calling it the Jetta all along. You aren't even following your own standards when you title the third generation as "Jetta Mk3" because it was called the Vento in Germany at that time. Thus, it's best to keep just the generations in the subject headings and explain the various names in the running text and infobox.--Analogue Kid (talk) 16:52, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I do see your point about reading each section. However, a number issues arise - firstly, "Mark" is the name of a male human being, and is never used (written in full) in motor vehicle nomenclature, secondly, to use "Mark" would create major issues when searching, whereas "Mk" returns far tighter search results.
 * The issue of the Mk3 being called a Vento is also noteworthy, however WP conventions state that articles must be named after the "original" name. The text in the relevent sub-section should be edited to read something like: For the 3rd generation Jetta, the Jetta name was dropped, and it was officialy named the Volkswagen Vento in Germany, and all other European countries.  In the US the name was......  There is method to my edits.  Rgds 78.32.143.113 (talk) 16:22, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

For the reference of any future editors, a discussion regarding this subject was undertaken at WP:AUTOS and the outcome can be found here: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Automobiles/Archive 12--Analogue Kid (talk) 20:13, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Petrol version MPG
Does anyone know what mileage the petrol versions are supposed to get? Diesel is all that's on there now... TastyCakes (talk) 13:45, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Because there are so many different engines, it becomes extremely tedious to list the fuel economy of every single engine and transmission combination. Since Wikipedia isn't meant to be a buyers guide, that information isn't really important. The reason the diesel is listed is because the figures are notable for being very efficient. If you just want information for your personal use, check out VCA or Fuel Economy--Analogue Kid (talk) 14:05, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Maybe add this?
4th Gen Jettas after 2002 had a VR6 engine with 24 Valves, not just 12 like pre-2003s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.221.143.146 (talk) 16:51, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

 * All the engines that were available are listed in the infobox to the right. The article would become very tedious and bogged down if we listed small year to year changes. The VW engines page already has those details for the more technically inclined.--Analogue Kid (talk) 18:15, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

serious USA bias
This article has a very serious bias towards USA. Dispite the Jetta being a European car, there is incredibly little detail which covers the European markets. All but the section dealing with the Mk5 have NO European references, and ALL sections make no reference to the EuroNCAP crash tests. Nigh-on of the 'official' press releases are from the US-centric Volkwsagen of America (media.vw.com - which are now all dead links), rather than the 'global' Volkswagen AG media site (Volkswagen-media-services.com). IMVHO, this is an article with a shockingly US-centric bias - and seems to completly fail to even acknowledge its' home markets with anything other than a passing lip service!! 78.32.143.113 (talk) 19:11, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I will have to strongly disagree with you in terms of the USA bias. When I re-wrote it a few years back, I made a significant effort to write it from a neutral POV. If you think it's US centric now, check out this version which lacks engine data from anywhere but the USA. I'd be happy to include some European references if I could get some, but being located in North America severely hampers my ability to find articles and such. Still, all the powertrain info is there. EuroNCAP has never tested the Jetta, only the Golf; whose results may or may not apply to the different body style of the Jetta. With regards to the media website, the MkV Jetta was introduced in the USA prior to Europe and that site had considerably more information than the VW AG site. Unfortunately, VW changed around the website earlier this year and its not easy to go in and try to re-find the articles. Between having information and not having it, I would rather include information on the article. As far as it's "home market", that would actually now be North America. The Jetta has always sold far better in the US than in Europe. The fact that its primary production now takes place in Mexico is a reflection of this. :If you have some SPECIFIC changes you'd like to see made, by all means make them or suggest them in detail here. One of the most frustrating things on Wikipedia is when somebody comes in and proclaims "this article is crap!" and tags it with a bunch of banners while not offering to help fix the real or perceived issues. I really hope you can step up and make some significant contributions (not just formatting) since you clearly think the article is no good.--Analogue Kid (talk) 22:42, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Firstly, Analogue Kid, you seem to have a serious case of WP:OWN - because you seem to have constant 'arguments' or 'differences of opinion' to virtually every other editor of this article. Whilst anyone who makes a concerted effort to improve articles should be commended, Wikipedia has very clear rules regarding any potential 'ownership' of articles.  Secondly, I, nor I doubt anyone else cares a damn about 'historical revisions' - most people will just read the article in its current state, so therefore this article is NOT a neutral point of view - so that comment is a bit weak.  Next, your comment on not being able to find 'European' references because you are 'located in North America' beggars belief!!!!  This is the worldwide web, and worldwide information is just a search engine away.  I am from the UK, and can easily access American, Asian, Australasian web sites!  Regarding the EuroNCAP comment, I can't comment on weather they have, or have not tested the Jetta - but the Golf tests would be extremely valid, because a Jetta is fundamentally just a Golf with a boot (trunk) - and one of the primary EuroNCAP crash tests is the frontal impact - which would be identical from the Golf to the Jetta.  OK, include some explanitory text in the prose, so that readers are made aware there may be slight differences between the crash test results.  On to the 'media' citations.  I certainly don't wish to 'blame' anyone because VWoA have redesigned their website.  However, my comment that the VAST MAJORITY of official VW media citations are the VWoA ones - when the 'global VW' media site would not be US-centric (like the VWoA citations are), and would represent a global point of view, and whilst I respect the fact that the Mk5 was first launched in the US, any article which appears on the VWoA media cite also appears on the global site too.  But I do agree that keeping the citations is important (and it is actually the Wikipedia formal guidance) - which is why I merely tagged them with the  tag!  Regarding the 'home market' - then your comment is exceedingly arrogant!  The Jetta is a German car, made by a German company - and according to the in-depth discussions on the WikiProject Automobiles page, it categorically states that the 'home market' is where the headquarters of the parent company.  Just because the Jetta was 'launched' in the USA, that does NOT make its home market the USA!  Or do you think that the Audi B7 RS4s home market was Italy!  And just because the Jetta is produced in Mexico, that also does NOT infer any 'home market' - the Audi TT is built in Hungary, but its largest market is the UK.  And if you are sure that the vast majority of Jetta sales are in the US, then you can of course back that up with appropriate citations - however, I strongly doubt that the Jetta sold far more than the whole of Europe!  Finally, I do not think this article is 'crap' - but the banners serve a both a vital 'warning', AND an 'invitation' to other editors to help rectify the articles shortcommings - or do you think that Wikipedia is fundamentally wrong for creating such warning banners.  I'll gladly 'step up' and help improve this article - when I have time, and when I find appropriate citations - but I'm also more than willing to 'allow' other editors to improve this article - something which you seem to have a problem with.  Kind regards.  78.32.143.113 (talk) 10:52, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I am quite aware that I don't own this or any article on WP. Look at the recent history, I haven't touched it for 3 months until earlier in August while dozens of other editors have gone in and made changes. To prove my point, I went ahead and posted a request for assistance and opinions on WP:CARS discussion. Anyway, I spent hours and hours working on this and I strongly believe that it is at least on par with if not considerably better than the average car article on WP. How many other car articles have 120 citations? Seriously, if you've looked around here, you'll see that there are literally hundreds of articles with either a complete lack of citations or US only ones. Look at the Lexus RX, Hyundai Tucson, or Mercedes-Benz M-Class for examples of articles that are in FAR greater need of additional references and a global perspective than this one. That doesn't make this article perfect mind you, but we rate articles on WP in comparison to each other. If you came in here saying "hey I think we could make some changes to improve things", I would totally be supportive of that. But instead you come in here and talk about how awful things are, put up all the banners, mark the article rating down to a C, and STILL have not offered any constructive criticism other than recommending mention of EuroNCAP crash tests and using the VW AG media site. I want to assume good faith on your part, but if those are the only things wrong with the article, then that is really frustrating to me that you make it out to be so awful.

I made as much of an effort as possible to go out and find some European references where available. Your comment about international sources online is not really valid because when it comes to finding reliable sources, nobody that would generally be considered reputable puts out much more than extremely basic information on older models online. Additionally, given that this is the English Wikipedia and the VW is from Germany, it's much harder to find English language sources. We can certainly use German sources, although they are not preferred. Thus, almost all the citations that I have included for older models are from books and magazines that I went to my local library to read. I think you'll agree those aren't as easy to get across oceans at the speed of light.

The home market issue is used primarily for naming the article, so that we can be consistent. What would you consider the home market of the Volkswagen Routan or how about the Ford Aspire? In this age of the global automotive market, it's not an easy thing to define. VW changed the name of this car in Europe from Jetta to Vento to Bora and back to Jetta. That signals a lack of strong popularity, whereas it has always been known as the Jetta in North America.

I look forward to seeing the specific changes you think need to be made. I also hope that you will register so I'm not just having a conversation with an IP address.--Analogue Kid (talk) 14:17, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Analogue Kid, plenty of UK-based and Australian references are available. You can go to google.co.uk and google.com.au and click "pages from the UK only"/"pages from Australia only". For example, here are some Australian sources:
 * (+ see links at bottom of article)
 * (+ see links at bottom of article)
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * |1&D=jetta
 *

 * Regarding EuroNCAP, because the Jetta has not been tested, Golf information can be mentioned so long as it is stated that the tests reflect the Golf and not the Jetta. The 2009 Used Car Safety Ratings in Australia include some data as recorded in "real world" crashes.

 * Overall 78.32.143.113's comments are fair: the article is not reflective of a globalised car and the downgrade from B- to C-class was a fair one. The article lacks too many citations to be a B-class. It is irrelevant that the article has 120 sources; there are still huge amounts of unsourced material. However, I would not go as to call the article "unbalanced" or "POV". OSX (talk • contributions) 13:04, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for your opinions OSX. The problem with your links is that the unregistered user was complaining that there were no international citations on the earlier generations, but there are plenty on the newer model. It remains a fact that I as a person in North America cannot practically include citations for non-US sources that aren't online somewhere. If somebody who lives elsewhere can go in and add them, then great, and I think the unregistered user lives in Europe. But to expect somebody from Zambia to come in and add their local sources may be wishful thinking. I think it's wrong to assume that just because a source comes from the US that it's automatically US-centric.

I'm also still somewhat miffed that people think it is full of unsourced material. As of today there is one single "citation needed" tag on the whole article. I realize that some of the links have been broken over the years but I made a huge effort when contributing to make sure that I wasn't including any original research and to watch out for other contributors adding opinions and such. I would like it if you could point out some specific examples of unsourced material, OSX. Thanks.--Analogue Kid (talk) 17:17, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Just because there are no/very few "citation needed" templates, does not mean that there are no/very few examples of unsourced material. I am not even going to bother pointing out any specifics because there are so many sentences with no sources. In most cases, each sentence should have a citation, unless there are several sentences in a row which are all cited by a single reference. Additionally, a paragraph with one reference at the end will often be interspersed with information not in the actual citation. My point: while there are 120 sources already, for an article of this size, 250 is probably more realistic for good article status. OSX (talk • contributions) 16:03, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

 * "[T]here are plenty [of international sources] on the newer model": I don't know what your definition of "plenty" is, but two UK sources, one Czech source (which is unreliable and mentions nothing about the Jetta), one South African source, and a couple of other sources which merely mentions, "Exceptions to this include "Bora" in Mexico and Colombia, "Vento" in Argentina and Chile, and "Sagitar" in China" because no American source is going to say that. Basically, non-North American sources are used sparingly in the later sections. There are a couple of European books used for the 1st two generations, but that's about it. And why are forums (and in several occasions) being used as citations? OSX (talk • contributions) 16:16, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Karmann does not list the Vento as a product they have produced. See here. ETKA, while a generally reliable reference, may have erroneous information. Further verification is needed.--Analogue Kid (talk) 18:23, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Assembled in China
" Like initial production of the second generation in China, the Asian and African plants build the car from a complete knock down (CKD) kit shipped from the factory in Puebla. "

The original source from Autoweek read like this: " The Puebla plant began producing the new Jetta in 2005. "This is our volume car for the United States and the volume car for Puebla," Lindner said. "We are producing 1,000 Jettas per day for all markets except for China and South Africa.

"In China and South Africa, we deliver the parts, and they assemble the cars themselves."

From what I can read from it is: it doesn't specifically say whether it ships CKD to China and S. Africa or not. Is there any other source? North wiki (talk) 21:46, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Definitely not CKD produced in China. Locally produced with very high local content. The Jetta was VW's second car in China, after the Santana. Used to be the top selling car in China for many years - now it's fading. -- BsBsBs (talk) 06:11, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

Article bloat
Folks, as much as we appreciate detail, this article (and some others in the series) are getting seriously obese. The Volkswagen catalogs I was in charge of ages ago had less detail. Interesting information drowns in a mass of senseless trivia.

 * Do we really need the "Testing and review" sections?
 * Do we really need every detail of a GLI trim level (that sounds like it was cribbed straight from a catalog)?
 * Do we really need to re-hash every gripe from VW-Vortex? WP:RS
 * Do we really need to repeat tired prose about styling that escaped from a press release?

Here is a personal anecdote, unsourced, but possibly worth looking into: At its introduction, the car was thoroughly hated in Wolfsburg. They derided it as "Rucksack-Golf" (backpacker Golf). Its success (especially in the U.S.A., but also elsewhere) spared it from certain death. The many names the car had are testament to its identity crisis. For decades, it was considered as heresy, deviance from the true Golf belief. -- BsBsBs (talk) 06:46, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Article bloat and VW-fandom seem to go hand in hand in the English-speaking world. I agree with your points and would love to go at this article with some hedgecutters, but I think it may prove a long battle. Nonetheless, you have my support for trimming. Starting with eliminating just about everything about the "2004.5 GLI" and compressing the (useful but large) data tables would work. As another example, listing all 27 engine options for the A2 Jetta in its infobox makes it essentially illegible, these would be better if replaced by a span (eg: 1.3-1.8 litre petrol fours, 1.6 litre diesels and turbodiesels) since they are already represented in a table in the text.  ⊂Mr.choppers⊃   (talk) 15:12, 30 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Good suggestion. As I have barely taught myself how to create tables, could I enlist your help with the spans? Very good idea. These lists remind me of the trim level and option sheets even trained sales people could not decipher. Editors: Comments, please, before the hedgecutters come out. -- BsBsBs (talk) 16:02, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

Name of the Golf
>> The Jetta nameplate is a reference to the Atlantic 'jet stream', reflecting the period in Volkswagen's history when it named its vehicles after prominent winds. These also included the Volkswagen Passat (after the German word for trade wind), Volkswagen Bora (after bora), and Volkswagen Scirocco (after sirocco). <<
 * It's not a wind - but the name 'Golf' originaly does not come from the sport, but the gulf-stream (german: Golf-Strom). But I think Volkswagen (the marketing) played with both variants - as you can see with the names 'golf' and 'caddy' (pick-up based on the golf) - at least a nice marketing-idea 217.92.61.80 (talk) 10:30, 4 August 2010 (UTC) ( Sorry - I'm the IP: TomGaribaldi (talk) 10:32, 4 August 2010 (UTC) )

6th generation (NCS)
The six generation is said to be assembled in Jakarta, Indonesia by Garuda Matraman Motor. Checked VW Indonesia and VW Malaysia web site (in English) and can't find VW Jetta in the lineup, so, is there any reliable source that supports such car is assembled locally? --North wiki (talk) 16:58, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

Anytime heard about the vehicle Identification Number? This is a thing which has every car and where can be identified every manufacturer and/or location of assembly. Not every car which is sold in a specific country is manufactured or assembled there. Show the Pontiac G8 and Pontiac Grand Prix (7th Gen). This were built in Australia for the US market. Some manufacturer are assembling the cars in different specifications, the most of them are especially for the export markets. In this way it can be that it is also applicable to separate car models because the plant capacitiy or the demand in their own country is too low. Garuda Matraman Motor is using the letter J on eleventh position of the VIN. 3VWZZZVWRLJ000398 --TheAutoJunkie (talk) 22:40, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

Explanation of fuel economy table
There is no "caption" or "legend" or whatever it is called for the table with fuel economy, comparing with other cars. It does not even cite the unit of measurement (mpg, km/l, l/100km). I guess it is explained in the text, but at least not in close to the table. The caption should also cite source.

99.0 versus 99.5 model year
The Jetta Mark III in the US was sold up until 1999 model year (actually mid-1998). (I own one which is in fact a '99 model year Jetta Wolfsburg Edition, bought in Aug. '98. and manufactered a bit earlier in '98.)  VW sold the Mark III (Vento in Europe) as their "99.0" offering. Then when the Mark IV (Bora) came out, it replaced the earlier model as the "99.5" offering because it was sold later in the year. In fact, this change occured just following August 1998 in US. This paragraph is from direct experience buying the 99.0 model, and then seeing the new 99.5 come out shortly after. But my Mark III is in fact a 1999 model year offering, despite being manufactured then sold in 1998. This does cause confusion when buying car parts, as nobody has the Wolfburg 1999 Jetta (Mark III) in their computer store databases.)

Clásico or Clasico
While the Spanish for "classic" is indeed "clásico", the article gives the name of the 4th generation still sold in Mexico both with and without the accent on the "a". I checked, and apparently, the model name is "Clasico" without the accent, according to VW Mexico's website for the car. --81.164.160.148 (talk) 17:59, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Alt. Fuel Page Too Prophetic of Biodeisel/WVO Use & Off Topic
Section on use of alternative fuels includes a paragraph about success using WVO, "misconceptions about WVO" and references that only one car has had failure. I suggest that this paragraph is removed altogether and replaced with a short "Some owners have converted their diesel Volkswagens to run Vegetable Fuel Oil (link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel)." Running WVO in diesel models is dangerous if not done properly & has caused many engine failures - this discussion is best left for the WVO page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.62.178.234 (talk) 20:59, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Saloon = UK / Sedan = US-Canada
The sections have been modified where referencing the term 'saloon' have the additional term 'sedan' added to them, as over 350 Million US and CA speakers of "The Queens' English" have been educated to the term of a sedan for a vehicle(4 door)or coupe (2 door) and a saloon is where you go to have an alcoholic beverage. The idea for a hatchback threw the count of 'doors'into the uneven numbers as 3 door or 5 door.

Richard416282 (talk) 22:48, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Better Layout/Organization Idea
The organization of this page is quite scattered, but if the layout was improved it would be more user friendly. If you go to the Volkswagen Passat, Golf, and Polo pages each generation has a heading, a picture, and a brief description of that generation. It also contains a link to a page where that particular generation has its own page. When implemented, this will be highly beneficial in the organization of the page. Also, in reference to the talk on article bloat, some of the sections are length but deleting valid information is not the answer. This would greatly help the A4 and A5 sections as they are "bloated". If the main article is streamlined as listed above then not only will it be more user friendly, each individual generation article will be free to be more descriptive or "bloat-y". This method has worked for the Passat, Polo, and Golf nicely and when implemented will work well in this article.

50.49.125.125 (talk) 01:17, 18 October 2014 (UTC)imf1216

Splitting
With the different generations of Volkswagen Golf and Volkswagen Passat having been split off, I see no reason why we can't do the same here. I'd like a show of hands saying whether they support or oppose the split and for each editor to explain.--Kevjgav (talk) 18:00, 15 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah, this needs to be done, with seven generations now the article length is getting out of hand. --Vossanova o< 14:38, 24 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The only question at this point would be, how should the split articles be named - "Mk #" like the Golf, "(A#)" like the Passat (B#), or "#th generation" like most other cars? Consistency is good but I would lean toward the last one because most of the generation sections start that way. --Vossanova o< 15:51, 24 August 2018 (UTC)
 * @Vossanova I agree about "#the generation" - like you said, most of the generation sections start out that way, so I'd kinda go with that.--Kevjgav (talk) 19:48, 21 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes on the split, full support. I think the titles should be Volkswagen Jetta (A (feels more Teutonic...) but I also do not want to hold things up; it's not that important. Best,  Mr.choppers |   ✎  16:09, 25 November 2018 (UTC)

 * A split seems like a reasonable thing to do. I agree with User:Mr.choppers, the titles should be VW Jetta A#. --Johannes Maximilian (talk) 16:26, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a sensible suggestion, especially with the confusion over the Chinese versions (and Marque) Warren (talk) 16:12, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Considering that "Golf Mk#" and "Passat (B#)", I'd say that "Jetta (A#)" would be the best title for the articles--Kevjgav (talk) 14:49, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

What is this table about?
In the engines section of the Jetta V I found the following table. I would not consider the given information useful, since there are just random numbers. What exactly does this table express? It seems like it compares fuel consumption, however, I can't tell how. --Jojhnjoy (talk) 15:40, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

''In the U.S., Edmunds pitted a Jetta TDI automatic against hybrids like Toyota Prius, Honda Insight, Ford Fusion hybrid and a MINI Cooper with manual transmission over two days of mixed city and highway driving. ''

Year changes in seventh generation MK.7
Hello, I just have noticed that the year of end production for the seventh generation is changing from 2017, 2018, and present. What information is true and we need and a citation to confirm if the Volkswagen Jetta is still in production or discontinuing. To prevent from vandalism, we should let this article by semi-protected.

MTSRider18 (talk) 04:29, 11 November 2017 (UTC)MTSRider18 (talk • contribs)
 * Padlock-dash2.svg Not done: requests for increases to the page protection level should be made at Requests for page protection.  JTP (talk • contribs) 04:37, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Volkswagen Jetta


text:
Small tortoiseshell

The small tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae) is a colourful Eurasian butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Adults feed on nectar and may hibernate over winter; in warmer climates they may have two broods in a season. While the dorsal surface of the wings is vividly marked, the ventral surface is drab, providing camouflage. Eggs are laid on the common nettle, on which the larvae feed.

Description
It is a medium-sized butterfly that is mainly reddish orange, with black and yellow markings on the forewings as well as a ring of blue spots around the edge of the wings. It has a wingspan ranging from 4.5 to 6.2 cm.

Technical description
A bright foxy red ground-colour; the forewing with 3 black costal spots, whose interspaces are yellow, there being a larger black spot in the middle of the hindmarginal area and two smaller ones in the disc between the 3 radial and 2 median; hindwing with the basal half black; both wings with black submarginal band bearing blue spots. Underside of the forewing ochreous, with the costal spots as above, the apex and distal margin blackish; hindwing brown, basal half black with dentate edge, the whole surface with darker pencilling; at the distal margin of both wings contiguous dull blue lunules.

The small tortoiseshell is the national butterfly of Denmark.

Range
It is found throughout temperate Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia, Siberia, China, Nepal, Sikkim Himalayas in India, Mongolia, Korea and Japan, wherever common nettle, which their larvae feed on, is found. There are a few records from New York City which, however, are believed to be of introduced insects.

Subspecies

 * A. u. urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe, western Siberia, Altai
 * A. u. polaris (Staudinger, 1871) northern Europe, Siberia, Russian Far East
 * A. u. turcica (Staudinger, 1871) southern Europe, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Kopet Dagh, central Asia
 * A. u. baicalensis (Kleinschmidt, 1929) Sayan, Transbaikalia
 * A. u. eximia (Shelyuzhko, 1919) Amur, Ussuri
 * A. u. stoetzneri (Kleinschmidt, 1929) Szechuan
 * A. u. kansuensis (Kleinschmidt, 1940) northwest China
 * A. u. chinensis (Leach, 1893) China, Japan, Korea
 * A. u. connexa (Butler, 1882) southern Ussuri, southern Sakhalin, Kuriles, Japan

The Corsican small tortoiseshell (Aglais ichnusa) looks very similar; whether it is a subspecies or a distinct species is yet to be determined. Nymphalis xanthomelas and Nymphalis l-album are also similar in appearance.

Decline in population
Once among the most common butterflies in Europe and temperate Asia, this butterfly is in very rapid decline, at least in Western Europe. This decline cannot be explained by the decline of its host plant, because the nettle is widespread and even enjoys the general eutrophication of the environment. The chrysalis is sometimes eaten by wasps, but these are also in strong regression. The effect of other phenomena are still poorly understood (environmental degradation, air pollution, contamination by pesticides). Scientific evidence shows that the summer drought is a cause of declining populations, because larvae grow normally on drenched leaves (but hatchlings were even rarer the wet summers of 2007 and 2008). However, before 2000, according to data from an English butterfly monitoring programme, there was a good correlation between reproductive success, the abundance of populations of this species and the host plant moisture stress. From 1976 to 1995, the butterfly had more success in summers that were cool and wet at the beginning of summer than when it was hot and dry. This butterfly may then be sensitive to global warming.

Droughts
The small tortoiseshell butterfly is severely affected by droughts. During periods of drought, the butterfly experiences a vastly reduced reproductive rate. The drought directly affects the Urtica leaves; the higher the nitrogen and water level in the leaves, the more rapid the growth of the larvae. During a drought, both of these levels drop significantly, leaving the tortoiseshell larvae nothing to feed on. The timing of rainfall is also a crucial factor. If there is not adequate rainfall in the early summer, then the plants will not be able to fully develop, leaving the larvae without a suitable source of nutrition. These butterflies actively produce smaller broods under these conditions.

Life cycle
As with several nymphalid butterflies, the caterpillars feed on stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) and small nettle (Urtica urens). Humulus lupulus has also been recorded as larval food plant. Adults feed on nectar. The species has one of the longest seasons of any Eurasian butterfly, extending from early spring to late autumn. Adults overwinter in hibernation, emerging on the first warm sunny days of the year to mate and breed. In southern parts of the range there may be two broods each year, but northern insects are inhibited by long length of summer days from breeding a second time.

Hatching
Tortoiseshell butterflies usually begin to emerge from their pupa from mid-June into August. They begin hibernation sometime in October and immediately show territorial behaviour after hibernation. The tortoiseshell butterflies that are found in the north usually have one brood a season, whereas further south these butterflies can have two broods. The ability to go through three generations of butterflies in a year is due to the tortoiseshell butterflies' decreased thermal requirement. The larvae of this butterfly are social. These larvae can be found on Urtica dioica, which have a high nitrogen content and much water in the leaves.

Hibernation
The small tortoiseshell butterfly tends to enter hibernation by mid to late September. Typically this butterfly will try to hibernate in dark sheltered locations. Because of this hibernation, they need to accumulate a lot of fat to survive the winter. The tortoiseshell needs at least 20% of its body weight in lipids in order to survive, making them much slower. Towards the end of their foraging for hibernation, they are much more susceptible to attacks by birds because of their low muscle to body mass ratio. During the first few weeks of hibernation, tortoiseshell butterflies are very susceptible to predator attacks. Up to 50% of the population hibernating in any given area can be eaten. The butterflies that hibernate in areas containing more light, and that are accessible to rodents who can climb, are the most susceptible to this type of predation. During hibernation tortoiseshell butterflies are able to supercool in order to keep from freezing. In sheltered areas, these butterflies can stand up to −21 degrees Celsius without freezing. However, they experience rapid weight loss during unusually mild winters.

Predator defence
The wings of tortoiseshell butterflies help conceal them extremely well from predators. When closed, their wings look like leaves, helping them to hide. On the ground, it may take birds up to 30 minutes to see them. In addition to this, when discovered, tortoiseshell butterflies will flick their wings open to reveal bright colours. While they don't have eyespots like many other butterflies, these bright contrasting colours can often scare a predator, giving the tortoiseshell butterfly ample time to escape. Not only does this colouration tend to frighten birds, it can also act as a warning. The bright red colouration serves as a cautionary sign to the predator about the poor taste of the butterfly. Tortoiseshell butterflies tend to be unpalatable to birds. If a bird sees this bright red colouring, then they will be less likely to eat the butterfly.

The tortoiseshell butterfly is particularly fast. When discovered and attacked by a predator the tortoiseshell butterfly will fly away in a straight line in order to outstrip the predator.

Territorial defence
Most butterflies fail to display any territorial behaviour, probably due to selective environmental pressures. The female tortoiseshell butterflies generally are found in concentrated areas, so it is advantageous for males to stay in that particular area to increase their mating opportunities. Male butterflies usually bask and feed until mid-day and then display territorial behaviour until roosting. Males typically defend a certain territory for up to 90 minutes, unless they attempt to follow a female or are ousted by another male. The next day they find a new territory to defend. These territories tend to be in direct sunlight in areas that females choose to lay their eggs. More often than not, two or more males may end up sharing territory if the cost of defending the territory is greater than the benefit gained from monopolising the females.

Male-male interaction
In order for one male butterfly to gain dominance over the other, he must reach a position slightly above the other butterfly. The non-dominant male will then attempt a series of dives and climbs to escape the pursuer. After a certain distance travelled from the nest, one butterfly will return to the territory while the other flies along in search of another suitable location.

Feeding
For most adult butterflies, including the small tortoiseshell butterfly, nectar is one of the main sources of nutrients. In order to obtain the nectar, the butterfly must be able to recognize distinct floral aromas and colours. The small tortoiseshell butterfly is able to differentiate between various flowers through visual signals. Tortoiseshell butterflies in particular tend to prefer colours at both ends of the visible light spectrum for humans, 400 nm and 600 nm. These correspond to the colours violet and red respectively. This ability comes from their compound eye. The flowers depend on the butterflies for pollination, so it is a mutually beneficial relationship.

Migratory patterns
During migration, tortoiseshell butterflies position themselves in accordance with air currents; they only start migration at certain wind speeds. They are able to do this because of an extra sensory organ in their antennae. These butterflies have a developed Johnston's organ in their second antennae responsible for determining air currents in a number of other insects. Because their host plants, Urtica dioica, grow in widely distributed areas, tortoiseshell butterflies tend to move around more than some other butterflies. These areas tend to be short thickets and shrubs.

title: Small tortoiseshell


text:
Coal dust

Coal dust is a fine-powdered form of coal which is created by the crushing, grinding, or pulverization of coal rock. Because of the brittle nature of coal, coal dust can be created by mining, transporting, or mechanically handling it.

Grinding or pulverizing coal to a dust form before combusting it improves the speed and efficiency of burning, which makes the coal easier to handle. However, coal dust is hazardous to workers if it is suspended in air outside the controlled environment of grinding and combustion equipment. It poses the acute hazard of forming an explosive mixture in air and the chronic hazard of causing pulmonary illness in people who inhale excessive quantities of it.

The distribution of the particle-size of coal dust is frequently measured in mesh. The British slang term for cheap fuel consisting of coal dust (slack) containing small lumps of coal (nuts) is nutty slack.

Energy generation
For use in thermal power plants, coal is ground into dust using a device called a powdered coal mill. The resulting product, called powdered coal or pulverized coal, is then generally used in a fossil fuel power plant for electricity generation. Pulverized coal is a significant dust explosion hazard, as large quantities are suspended in air for transfer from the mill to the power plant. Explosions have occurred when the flow drops and flames in the burning chamber pass back along the ductwork delivering fuel.

Hazards
Coal dust is a fugitive combustible dust - a dust that is both a pollutant and combustible when dispersed into the air. Due to the small particle size and combustible nature of this dust, there is a risk of an explosion and inhalation. The control of coal dust is difficult due to the coal dust being such a fine particle, allowing it to escape and be suspended in the air for a large amount of time.

Explosions
Coal dust suspended in air is explosive—coal dust has far more surface area per unit weight than lumps of coal, and is more susceptible to spontaneous combustion. However, five elements are needed for an explosion to occur: oxygen, an ignition source, coal dust, dispersion of the coal dust, and confinement of the dust. For instance, a nearly empty coal store is a greater explosion risk than a full one. This is due to the increase of space in the store for oxygen and dispersion to take place.

The worst mining accidents in history have been caused by coal dust explosions, such as the disaster at Senghenydd in South Wales in 1913 in which 439 miners died, the Courrières mine disaster in Northern France which killed 1,099 miners in 1906, the Luisenthal Mine disaster in Germany, which claimed 299 lives in 1962, and the worst: the explosion at Benxihu Colliery, China, which killed 1,549 in 1942. Such accidents were usually initiated by firedamp ignitions, the shock wave of which raised coal dust from the floor of the mine galleries to make an explosive mixture. The problem was investigated by Michael Faraday and Charles Lyell at the colliery at Haswell County Durham of 1844, but their conclusions were ignored at the time.

Inhalation
Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, or black lung disease, is caused by inhaling coal dust, typically dust produced in coal mining. Government agencies in the United States have set exposure limit guidelines for coal dust inhalation.

Prevention
For safe handling/storage of coal dust, the dust must be controlled, maintained, and protected properly. With the presence of coal dust within multiple industries, such as: mining, energy generation, and concrete production, different approaches are necessary. However, a common procedure to undergo is the three C's: contain, capture, and clean. Following this procedure can help prevent unnecessary inhalation or explosions from occurring if following correctly.

United states
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (Permissible exposure limit) for coal dust exposure in the workplace as 2.4 mg/m3 (5% SiO2) over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 1 mg/m3 (measured by MSHA) or 0.9 mg/m3 (measured by ISO/CEN/ACGIH) over an 8-hour workday.

Hygiene
It is always the best practice to maintain a clean workplace and control any hazardous material, especially with a fugitive combustible dust such as coal dust. Many explosions from combustible dust are due to accumulation on walls, floors, and other surfaces. The accumulation of uncontrolled coal dust in a workplace is a dangerous situation that needs to be eliminated. The control of coal dust can be improved by implementing the use of dust-approved vacuums, dust collection systems, methods to reduce fugitive coal dust, and following general housekeeping procedures.

Explosions
To prevent explosions, it is best to promote and execute good hygiene practices in the workplace by controlling both the coal dust and any possible ignition sources. Some ignition sources that may need to be controlled or used carefully around coal dust includes heavy machinery, electrical components, and open flames or sparks. The main attempts at preventing explosions due to coal dust include using safety lamps, adding stone dust coffers to mine galleries to dilute the coal dust, watering workings and ensuring efficient ventilation of all the workings.

Another means of preventing explosions is by placing rock dust in the coal mine, which is usually pulverized limestone dust, which absorbs thermal energy from the heated gasses. Rock dusting has been used since the early 1900s, but there have been technological improvements since then. Since then, NIOSH developed a Coal Dust Explosibility Meter (CDEM) to test the mixture between coal and rock dust in mines. This field testing process allows miners to gauge the explosibility of their work environment.

title: Coal dust


text:
DLC

DLC may refer to:

Law

 * Domestic and light commercial, a type of insurance policy

 * Driver License Compact, a US interstate agreement
 * Dual-listed company, a corporate structure

Organizations

 * Democratic Leadership Council, an American nonprofit political corporation
 * Desktop Linux Consortium
 * Developmental Learning Centre, for special schools or similar institutions
 * Digital Liberty Coalition, an anti-censorship organization in Australia

Science and technology

 * Date and lot code, in product tracking; See Lot number
 * Diamond-like carbon
 * Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds

Computing

 * Data Length Code, a field in a CAN bus frame
 * Data link connector (automotive)
 * Data Link Control, in the OSI networking model
 * Development life cycle
 * Digital loop carrier
 * Discrete logarithm cryptography
 * Double-layer capacitor, another name for a supercapacitor
 * Downloadable content, extra content released for a video game

Other uses

 * "DLC", a 2023 song by Stray Kids from 5-Star
 * Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport (IATA code), China
 * Dead Letter Circus, an Australian band
 * Dillen & Le Jeune Cargo, a cargo train operator in Belgium that evolved into Crossrail Benelux
 * Diploma of Loughborough Colleges, once awarded by what is now Loughborough University
 * Library of Congress (MARC organization code), of the US Congress
 * Dragonlance Classics, a collection of roleplaying game modules from TSR

title: DLC


text:
P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company

P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company was an American brewery founded in 1840, making Ballantine one of the oldest brands of beer in the United States. At its peak, it was the 3rd largest brewer in the US. The brand is currently owned and operated by Pabst Brewing Company. Throughout history it is best known for its Ballantine XXX Ale; however, in August 2014 Ballantine IPA relaunched and has been received with mixed reviews (3.46 on Untappd). Ballantine is Pabst's foray into the craft beer market.

Ballantine era
The company was founded in 1840 in Newark, New Jersey, by Peter Ballantine (1791–1883), who emigrated from Scotland. The company was originally incorporated as the Patterson & Ballantine Brewing Company. Ballantine rented an old brewing site which had dated back to 1805. Around 1850, Ballantine bought out his partner and purchased land near the Passaic River to brew his ale. His three sons joined the business and in 1857 the company was renamed P. Ballantine and Sons. The name would be used for the next 115 years, until the company closed its brewery in May 1972. By 1879, it had become sixth largest brewery in the US, almost twice as large as Anheuser-Busch. Ballantine added a second brewery location, also in Newark, in order to brew lager beer to fill out the company product line. Peter Ballantine died in 1883 and his eldest son had died just a few months earlier. His second oldest son then controlled the company until his own death in 1895. The last son died in 1905.

Frelinghuysen era
Following the death of the last son of Peter Ballantine the company was taken over by George Griswold Frelinghuysen, the company's vice-president, who was married to Ballantine's granddaughter.

Frelinghuysen was the son of Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen and Matilda Elizabeth Griswold. He graduated from Rutgers College in 1870, received his Bachelor of Law from Columbia University Law School in 1872, and was admitted to the New Jersey and New York bars in 1872 and 1876 respectively.

The 18th Amendment took effect in 1920, beginning Prohibition. The company was forced to consolidate, and they manufactured malt syrup to stay in business. The Ballantine family continued to own the brewing company all throughout Prohibition. But by the time the 21st amendment was passed in 1933, the family was ready to sell the company.

Badenhausen era

In 1933, after Prohibition was lifted, the Ballantine company was acquired by two brothers, Carl and Otto Badenhausen. The Badenhausens grew the brand through its most successful period of the 1940s and 1950s, primarily through clever advertising. Ballantine Beer was the first television sponsor of the New York Yankees. It was during this period that the brand was elevated to the number three beer in the U.S. It was also during this period that the company grew into one of the largest privately held corporations in the United States. Ballantine Beer enjoyed a high level of success into the early 1960s, however, by the mid-sixties, the brand began losing popularity. In 1965 Carl Badenhausen sold the company but remained at the helm until his retirement in 1969.

The decline
In the mid-1960s the company went into decline. It was losing market share to lighter lagers with less alcohol content. Despite advertising efforts to revive the company, the owners agreed to sell the brand, the company, and all their assets to the Falstaff Brewing Corporation in 1972.

The new owners closed the original brewery in Newark, started brewing elsewhere, and did not strictly adhere to Ballantine's recipes. Falstaff was successfully sued for violating the terms of the sales contract. The general consensus is that, under the stewardship of Falstaff, the beers remained faithful for a time to their original flavor profile. But Falstaff was doing poorly financially and was sold to Pabst in 1985. At an unknown point during these changes, the original recipes were lost.

Pabst continued to brew some of the Ballantine portfolios throughout the late 1980s and 1990s. They stopped brewing the IPA in 1996, and gradually all of the beers were discontinued with the exception of the flagship Ballantine XXX Ale. Throughout the 2000s and into the 2010s, Pabst continued to brew Ballantine's signature ale, but the recipe changed several times. The most notable changes are a markedly lower bitterness, lower alcohol content, fewer hops, and in general a much less assertive aromatic character. The use of distilled hop oil was discontinued until 2014 when Pabst Brewing Company relaunched a new version of Ballantine IPA.

The revival
In August 2014, a version of Ballantine IPA was revived by Pabst Brewing Company. Reports indicate that the original recipe has been long lost; however, some pains have been taken to attempt to recreate the palate and distinctive aroma of the original product. The recipe was reverse engineered by Pabst brewmaster Greg Deuhs. Because he had no recipe, he relied on analytical chemistry reports from as far back as the 1930s that tracked the ale's attributes (alcohol, bitterness, gravity level). He also researched what ingredients were likely used, historical accounts of the beer and beer lovers' remembrances.

In an interview in September 2014, brewmaster Greg Deuhs discussed the possibility of bringing back other beers in the Ballantine portfolio: "Just on the Ballantine side we're looking at the Brown Stout, they also made a Bock as well as the Burton Ale, which was highly regarded. I would like to bring out the Burton Ale as the true Barleywine Style Ale that it was.[...]Right now our hands are full with the Ballantine relaunch, but yes, we are starting to stoke the fire on what we can bring back."

On November 13, 2014, Pabst announced that it had completed its sale to Blue Ribbon Intermediate Holdings, LLC. Blue Ribbon is a partnership between American beer entrepreneur Eugene Kashper and TSG Consumer Partners, a San Francisco–based private equity firm. Prior reports suggested the price agreed upon was around $700 million.

Because Ballantine XXX Ale has in recent years been widely sold in 40-ounce bottles, it is often lumped together with Olde English 800 and other malt liquors in the public mind. This is in direct contradiction with Pabst's vision for the brand today. Pabst revived Ballantine India Pale Ale to enter the craft beer market. It is unclear at this time if Pabst will take steps to align Ballantine XXX Ale more with the brand of the relaunched Ballantine IPA.

In July 2015, during an interview with John Holl, Kashper hinted at the possibility of building a small brewery in Newark, NJ, where the company was founded.

On November 16, 2015, Pabst announced that it would be reviving Ballantine Burton Ale for the 2015 holiday season. This new version was reverse engineered by Pabst brewmaster Greg Deuhs as was Ballantine IPA from 2014. This barleywine style ale has 11.3% ABV, 75 IBUs, and a starting gravity of 26.5 Plato. It is no longer aged 10–20 years in oak barrels, but to help recreate the flavor of the original, Pabst ages this reboot for several months in barrels lined with American oak. The major difference is that this rendition will be sold to the general public, while the original was only given as gifts to high ranking executives at the company, friends of the company, and VIPs such as President Harry S. Truman. Pabst says this is a seasonal brew and have made no comment as to any further plans with Ballantine Burton Ale after the 2015 holiday season.

Logo
The Ballantine logo is three interlocking rings, a design known as the Borromean rings. According to legend, Peter Ballantine was inspired to use the symbol when he noticed the overlapping condensation rings left by beer glasses on a table; however, this logo was not created until 1879. In some advertising campaigns in the mid-1900s, Peter Ballantine was referred to as "Three-Ring Pete"; however, it is unknown if this was his nickname when he was alive. The rings represent "Purity, Body, and Flavor". New York Yankees announcer Mel Allen called it "the Three-Ring Sign".

Products
Throughout the years, Ballantine offered a wide range of different products, some of these include:
 * The XXX Ale, their flagship product, which is top fermented.
 * A light lager
 * A dark lager
 * An India Pale Ale, which was an intensely bitter and aromatic brew that was aged for a year in wood prior to bottling.
 * A Brown Stout, also aged for a year in wood prior to bottling.
 * A Porter, with the XXX designation.
 * A Bock beer
 * A Burton ale, never commercially sold, it was brewed to be given as a gift to Ballantine distributors, executives, and VIPs. It was a strong brew in the barleywine style, aged from 10 to 20 years in wood prior to bottling. Surviving unopened bottles are still bought, sold, and traded to this day among collectors, more than 60 years after being brewed. Because of the long aging and generous hopping as well as an ABV content comparable to barleywines, the beer had remarkable keeping qualities. Still, it could be argued that since the beer was already long aged prior to bottling, it was probably already at its peak when finally bottled. Reports of modern-day tastings indicate that properly handled vintage bottles of this unique beer can still yield a complex (though somewhat faded) taste experience.

In literature

 * Writer/journalist Hunter S. Thompson mentions drinking Ballantine Ale twice in his novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. At the beginning of Chapter 12, Thompson writes "Into the Ballantine Ale now, zombie drunk and nervous." Later in Chapter 12, Thompson writes "'Ballantine Ale,' I said ... a very mystic long shot, unknown between Newark and San Francisco. He served it up, ice-cold. I relaxed. Suddenly everything was going right; I was finally getting the breaks." It is worth noting that Thompson's book was based on a trip he took with his attorney in March and April 1971, approximately one year before Ballantine sold to Falstaff.
 * The iconic American writer Ernest Hemingway endorsed Ballantine Ale in a print advertisement. This ad was part of a larger campaign featuring authors and novelists, asking them "How would you put a glass of Ballantine Ale into words?" Hemingway was the most prominent writer to participate followed by John Steinbeck. Other writers who were in the campaign include:
 * James A. Michener, author of over 40 books, who is best known for Tales of the South Pacific for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948.
 * C.S. Forester, who is best known for writing the Horatio Hornblower series, which was later turned into a TV series.
 * Erle Stanley Gardner, who is best known for his Perry Mason detective novels, which were also turned into a TV series.
 * Anita Loos, who wrote Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, which was adapted into a popular movie starring Marilyn Monroe.
 * Lesser known writers who participated include: J.B. Priestley, A.J. Cronin, Paul Gallico, James Hilton, and Clarence Budington Kelland.

 * Ballantine's Beer is referred to as "expensive imported beer" in Sara Sheridan's Brighton Belle, a mystery set on the South Coast in England in the 1950s.
 * Alan D. Eames, beer writer and historian, who was considered the "Indiana Jones of beer," wrote about Ballantine IPA. "Ballantine India Pale Ale. Jesus, this beer is a holy sacrament! Dangerous, high-test, 44 magnum ale, its bitter, woody suds, reeking of spruce sap, overwhelm the nose and palate — God, this is fabulous ale." Later in the passage he pleads "The American beer industry — take the best ale in America and use all our advertising and packaging skill to render it such that no one in their right mind would ever venture to try it and then, 'let's drop it 'cause this brand just ain't selling.'" He concludes with "Oh well — Ballantine India Pale Ale, last bright jewel in the tarnished crown of American brewing, you haunt me still. Neither one of us fit into the scheme of things these days. May God preserve and protect us both." (1986)

In art

 * Artist Jasper Johns created a famous sculpture of two Ballantine XXX Ale cans titled Painted Bronze (1960).
 * Pop artist Tom Wesselmann included two Ballantine XXX Ale cans in Still Life #28 (1964).

In the military

 * Bottles of Ballantine Beer, the lager, are featured prominently in a picture of a group of sailors celebrating VJ Day at the Naval Air Station(NAS) Beaufort, South Carolina.

 * In World War II, Ballantine made a beer can that was painted drab olive, so it would not reflect light and give away the position of the American soldiers.

In politics

 * In 1983, President Ronald Reagan famously held up a pint of Ballantine Ale draft at a local bar in Boston.
 * President Harry S. Truman was the recipient of a bottle of the prestigious and highly regarded Burton Ale, which was never sold to the general public, only given as gifts to important people.

In music

 * According to several sources, Frank Sinatra was a fan of Ballantine Ale and even mentioned it on stage one time.
 * The Beastie Boys mention Ballantine in their song "High Plains Drifter". In particular, they refer to the rebus puzzles that began being printed on the underside of the bottle caps during the Falstaff era. "I feel like Steve McQueen a former movie star, look in my rearview mirror seen a police car. Ballantine quarts with the puzzle on the cap, I couldn't help but notice I was caught in a speed trap."
 * Rapper GZA/The Genius of hip-hop supergroup Wu-Tang Clan mentions Ballantine Ale numerous times on many different groups and solo albums, as have other clan members. GZA/The Genius most notably mentions the classic ale on the Enter the Wu-Tang album track "Clan In da Front".
 * The Notorious B.I.G. mentions Ballantine in "Long Kiss Goodnight" of his sophomore album Life After Death. "Distribute to, kids who, take heart like Valentine, Drink Ballantine, all the time."
 * Jay-Z mentions Ballantine Ale in "The Joy," a collaborative effort with Kanye West and Curtis Mayfield. "Taking sips of pop, six-pack of Miller nips, Pink Champale, Ballantine Ale." It is worth noting that today Champale and Ballantine Ale are both owned by Pabst.
 * Jay-Z also mentions Ballantine Ale in his 2010 interview with Charlie Rose. Rose and Jay-Z talked about how the rapper used to sell crack cocaine. Rose asked "You never used it?" Jay-Z responded "No. Crack cocaine? No. [laughter] Come on, man. [more laughter] That's hardcore, man. A little weed. Ballantine Ale. Guinness Stout."
 * In the album art for Led Zeppelin's fourth album, each band member chose and/or designed four individual personal symbols to represent them. It is rumored that drummer John Bonham chose an inverted version of Ballantine's Borromean ring logo for this purpose.
 * The Good Rats song "City Liners" from their 1979 "Birth Comes To Us All" includes Ballantine in its lyrics "And sneak a couple of his daddy's Ballantine".
 * The Billy Joel song “No Man’s Land” (album River of Dreams) includes the line, “bankers with their Volvos and their Ballantine’s”.
 * Rick Moranis sings about Ballantine's in "It's the Champagne Talkin'" on his Album Agoraphobic Cowboy. "Valentine's, It was Ballantine's, Easter, It was ouzo, Beaujolais, On Bastille Day, Labor Day, Absolut-no!"

In sports

 * The brewery had a long sponsorship arrangement with the New York Yankees on television and radio, spanning to 1966 (when the partnership was dropped).
 * New York Yankees broadcasts featured commercials with the jingle "Baseball and Ballantine/ Baseball and Ballantine/ What a combination/ All across the nation/ Ballantine, Ballantine beer."
 * Ballantine also sponsored the Philadelphia Phillies on radio and TV for many years in the 1950s and 1960s. The scoreboard in right-center field at Philadelphia's Connie Mack Stadium (previously known as Shibe Park) sported a 60 ft Ballantine Ale sign.
 * In 1963 and 1964, Ballantine sponsored a drum and bugle corps based in Newark, New Jersey named the "Ballantine Brewers".
 * P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company owned the Boston Celtics for a brief period of time in the late 1960s.
 * Former baseball player Mickey McDermott was signed to the Boston Red Sox for $5,000 and two truck loads of Ballantine Beer.

In radio

 * Ballantine Ale sponsored Three Ring Time, a comedy-variety show with Milton Berle, in the early 1940s.

In television

 * Ballantine Beer was the preferred beer of Martin Crane on the television show Frasier. He drinks the lager in many episodes throughout the series, mostly from the can. In season 7, episode 24, he drinks a draft at the bar during Daphne's rehearsal dinner - lamenting his loss of both Daphne and his beloved Ballantine, brewing of which he noted was to be stopped. In season 7, episode 15, a Valentine's Day episode, he jokingly says to his beer can "Will you be my Ballantine?"
 * Mel Brooks adapted the 2000 Year Old Man character to create the 2500-Year-Old Brewmaster for Ballantine Beer in the 1960s. Interviewed by Dick Cavett in a series of ads, the Brewmaster (in a German accent, as opposed to the 2000 Year Old Man's Jewish voice) said he was inside the original Trojan horse and "could've used a six-pack of fresh air."
 * The syndicated western/detective television show Shotgun Slade had Ballantine Beer as its title sponsor.
 * Ballantine XXX Ale is featured prominently in The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel season 2 episode 7.

Since the relaunch

 * Ballantine IPA was the Official Beer of the 2015 Pork Roll Festival in Trenton, New Jersey.

Presidents

 * Peter Ballantine (1791–1883) from 1840 through 1883
 * Robert Francis Ballantine (1836–1905) possibly from 1883 through 1905
 * George Griswold Frelinghuysen (1851–1936) from 1905 through ?
 * Charles Bradley from ? to 1929
 * Carl Badenhausen (1894–1981) from 1933 to May 21, 1964
 * John E. Farrell from May 21, 1964 to January 9, 1967
 * Richard Griebel from January 9, 1967 to February 17, 1969
 * Jack Waldron from February 17, 1969 to June 24, 1969
 * Stephen D. Haymes from June 24, 1969 through ?

title: P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company


text:
Compass Players

The Compass Players (or Compass Theater) was an improvisational theatre revue active from 1955 to 1958 in Chicago and St. Louis. Founded by David Shepherd and Paul Sills, it is considered to be the first improvisational theater in the United States.

Shepherd and Sills
The Compass Players, founded by David Shepherd and Paul Sills, was the first Improvisational Theatre in America. It began July 8, 1955 as a storefront theater at 1152 E. 55th near the University of Chicago campus. They presented improvised plays.

Shepherd, in Mark Siska's documentary Compass Cabaret ’55, about the birth of modern improvisation, stated his reasons for founding the Compass Players, “Theater in New York was very effete and based on three-act plays and based on verbiage and there was not much action,” he said. “I wanted to create a theater that would drag people off the street and seat them not in rows but at tables and give them something to drink, which was unheard of in [American] theater.”

Previously, Shepherd and Sills founded Playwrights Theatre Club, along with Eugene Troobnick, and employed improvisational theater forms, named Theater Games, originally created and developed by Sills' mother, Viola Spolin. These same games were employed to develop material for the Compass Players.

Evolution of Improvisation
Initially, scenes were presented only once, but some of the players grew interested in polishing material into finished pieces. For example, Mike Nichols and Elaine May created many of their signature scenes in this manner. Shelley Berman also found that he could create solo routines by showing one half of telephone conversations.

Crystal Palace
The Compass Players also opened its doors at the Crystal Palace in St. Louis, where Theodore J. Flicker, Nichols and May, along with Del Close, codified a further set of principles to guide improvisational players.

Legacy
Sills would co-found The Second City and Shepherd would return to New York City to create and produce a variety of improv forms including his Improvisation Olympics (ImprovOlympic).

Nichols and May went on to New York, performing material largely derived from their Compass days. Close was featured in Flickers' Broadway musical comedy The Nervous Set, and afterwards developed his long-form improvisation the Harold.

Notable alumni

 * Alan Alda
 * Jane Alexander
 * Rose Arrick
 * Ed Asner
 * Sandy Baron
 * Shelley Berman
 * Roger Bowen
 * Joy Carlin
 * Del Close
 * Bob Coughlan
 * Severn Darden
 * Bob Dishy
 * Andrew Duncan
 * Theodore J. Flicker
 * Barbara Gordon
 * Mark Gordon
 * Valerie Harper
 * Barbara Harris
 * Linda Lavin
 * Ron Leibman
 * Elaine May
 * Anne Meara
 * Mike Nichols
 * Byrne Piven
 * Joyce Hiller Piven
 * David Shepherd
 * Yuki Shimoda
 * Paul Sills
 * Jerry Stiller

(Please note: the following sources were used to cite and authenticate the above list of Compass Players)
 * 1) Mark Siska's documentary Compass Cabaret ’55
 * 2) Janet Coleman's book The Compass: The Improvisational Theatre that Revolutionized American Comedy
 * 3) Jeffery Sweet's book ''Something Wonderful Right Away: An Oral History of the Second City and The Compass Players'

title: Compass Players


text:
Shas

Shas (ש״ס) is a Haredi religious political party in Israel. Founded in 1984 under the leadership of Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, a former Israeli Sephardi chief rabbi, who remained its spiritual leader until his death in October 2013, it primarily represents the interests of Sephardic and Mizrahi Haredi Jews.

Originally a small ethnic political group, Shas is the fourth-largest party in the Knesset in 2023. Since 1984 it has been part of most governing coalitions, whether the ruling party was Labor, Kadima or Likud.

Name
The party was originally called Shom'rei Torah ("Guardians of the Torah"), with the acronym ש״ת, pronounced "Shat" or "Shas". However, Israeli election law requires a party wishing to use letters for their acronym that already appear in the acronym of an existing party to first obtain permission from that party, and the Israeli Labor Party, whose letters are אמת, refused to grant Shas permission to use the ת. Instead, it was named ש״ס, Shas, an acronym for Shomrei S'farad, meaning "Sephardic Guardians". The name is also a reference to the six orders (Shisha S'darim) of the Mishnah and the Talmud, both of which are often referred to by the same acronym, "Shas". The party's legal name is "Hit'akhdut ha-S'pharadim ha-Olamit Shom'rei Torah" (התאחדות הספרדים העולמית שומרי תורה), meaning "International Union of the Sepharadim, Guardians of the Torah".

History
Shas was founded in 1984, prior to the elections to the eleventh Knesset in the same year, in protest against the small representation of Sephardim in the largely Ashkenazi Agudat Yisrael, through the merger of regional lists which were compiled in 1983. It was originally known as the Worldwide Sephardic Association of Torah Keepers (הִתְאַחֲדוּת הַסְּפָרַדִּים הָעוֹלָמִית שׁוֹמְרֵי תּוֹרָה, Hitahdut HaSfaradim HaOlamit Shomrei Torah). The party was formed under the leadership of former Israeli Chief Sephardi Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, who established a four-member (including himself) Council of Torah Sages and remained the party's spiritual leader until his death. In founding the party, Yosef received strategic help and guidance from Rabbi Elazar Shach, leader of Israel's non-Hasidic Haredi Ashkenazi Jews. Yosef founded the party in 1984 on the platform of a return to religion and as a counter to an establishment dominated by Ashkenazi Jews of European extraction.

Not all Shas voters are ultra-Orthodox Jews. Many of its voters are Modern Orthodox and traditional Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews, due to its alignment with the promotion of an "authentic Middle Eastern" Israeli culture, which fits with traditional Zionist beliefs of a revival of authentic, non-Europeanized Jewish culture. However, it still represents the Sephardi and Mizrahi Haredi Jewish sectors in the Knesset. Shas has at times been able to exert disproportionate influence by gaining control of the balance of power in the Knesset within the context of the traditionally narrow margin between Israel's large parties. Like its Labor Zionist counterparts (i. e., Labor and Meretz) that gain votes from the kibbutz movement, Shas gains votes and supports from moshavim that are inhabited by Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews, either Orthodox or non-Orthodox. Also, since it became a member of the World Zionist Organization, it gains votes from Orthodox settlers in the West Bank.

In the elections to the eleventh Knesset in 1984, Shas won four seats. Following Aryeh Deri's conviction on corruption charges in 1999, Shas gained 17 seats in the 1999 elections, its strongest showing since its formation. Although 26 seats were projected for the following election had it run in 2001, Shas was reduced to 11 seats in the 2003 election because the two-ballot system was amended.

In the 2006 elections, it gained one more seat, after running what the BBC called "an aggressive campaign that targeted the neo-conservative economic policies of the previous government", and joined Ehud Olmert's coalition government, alongside Kadima, Labor, Gil and, between October 2006 and January 2008, Yisrael Beiteinu. In the government, Shas party leader Yishai was Minister of Industry, Trade and Labor and Deputy Prime Minister, while Ariel Atias was Minister of Communications and Meshulam Nahari and Yitzhak Cohen were Ministers without Portfolio.

Following the 2009 elections, in which Shas won eleven seats, it joined Benjamin Netanyahu's coalition government and held four cabinet posts. Eli Yishai, who led the party at that time, was one of four Deputy Prime Ministers and Minister of Internal Affairs.

On 4 December 2011, Shas launched its United States affiliate, American Friends of Shas, based in Brooklyn, New York.

Shas won 11 seats in the 2013 elections, but chose to form part of the Labor opposition to Netanyahu's new government. Yair Lapid of the Yesh Atid party and Naftali Bennett of The Jewish Home, who had won more seats and joined the coalition, both favored conscription of the previously exempt Haredi men into Israel's national service and a reduction in state financial support for Haredi families, policies Shas opposes.

In December 2014, Eli Yishai left the Shas party, which he had led for more than a decade. He said he would lead a new religious party in the election scheduled for March 2015. His departure from Shas and Aryeh Deri did not come as a surprise. The party that he formed, Yachad, failed to pass the election threshold.

In the 2015 elections, Shas was accused of tampering with the ballots of Yachad. They were also accused of creating a straw party with the symbols of Otzma Yehudit, which was running on a joint list with Yachad during the election. During the 2015 election, Shas won 7 seats.

In 2017, opinion polling showed that Shas was falling under the election threshold of 3.25%. In response, Shas leaders said that there was a coup attempt in the party. In the same year, a tape was leaked of the party's former spiritual leader, criticizing Jerusalem Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amar.

On 17 April 2020, a senior Likud minister, speaking on anonymity, told Al-Monitor that Deri was mediating the political coalition talks between Netanyahu and Blue and White leader Benny Gantz. It was also reported that Deri "might even be open to a new alliance with Blue and White – now that its anti-clerical component, Yair Lapid, quit the party and went his own way" and would only commit to remaining with Netanyahu's coalition until the next election.

Ideology
The stated purpose of the party is to "return the crown to the former glory", meaning to protect the religious and cultural heritage of Sephardic Jewry and to rectify what it sees as the "continued economic and social discrimination against the Sephardic population of Israel". Focusing on the needs of Sephardic Orthodox Israelis, Shas established its own government-funded religious education system called MaAyan HaHinuch HaTorani, which became popular in poor Sephardic towns, increasing the party's popular support.

Shas advocates for the increased influence of Halakha, the Jewish religious law, in Israeli society and actively engages in the Baal teshuva movement, encouraging non-Orthodox Israelis of Sephardic and Mizrahi-Jewish heritage to adopt an Orthodox Jewish lifestyle. Shas is a Haredi religious party, but it has participated in left-wing governments and is often willing to compromise on both religious and economic issues.

At first, Shas followed a moderate policy on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, after Yosef had declared that lives were more important than territories, but it has since moved to the right and opposes any freeze in Israeli settlement activity in the West Bank. In addition, it was skeptical towards the U.S. Obama Administration's intentions regarding the Israeli–Palestinian peace process and has begun to support a consolidation of Israeli settlement interests, especially regarding yeshivas and Jewish holy sites in the West Bank. It further believes in a "United Jerusalem" and supports the Greater Jerusalem plan. In 2010, Shas joined the World Zionist Organization, having made significant changes to its charter.

One of Shas's demands is a compensation package for Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews who were forced to flee their home countries and leave their property behind. Shas opposes any form of public expression of homosexuality, including Gay Pride parades, especially in Jerusalem. Shas MK Nissim Ze'ev accused the homosexual community of "carrying out the self-destruction of Israeli society and the Jewish people", calling homosexuals "a plague as toxic as bird flu". However, the party condemns any form of violence against gay people.

Controversies
Several Shas MKs, including Aryeh Deri, Rafael Pinhasi, Yair Levy, Ofer Hugi and Yair Peretz, have been convicted of criminal offenses that include fraud and forgery. In addition, MK Shlomo Benizri was convicted of bribery, conspiring to commit a crime and obstruction of justice on 1 April 2008. Benizri resigned was replaced by Mazor Bahaina, who was number thirteen on the Shas list. In 1999, Deri was sentenced to prison time on corruption charges.

In 2010, Ovadia Yosef cursed the Palestinians as "evil, bitter enemies of Israel" and said that, "Abu Mazen and all these evil people should perish from this world. God should strike them with a plague." Saeb Erekat of the PLO said Yosef's remarks were tantamount to a call for "genocide against Palestinians". Yosef later apologized and wrote to Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak: "I support your efforts and praise all the leaders and the peoples — Egyptians, Jordanians and Palestinians — who are partners and wish the success of this important process of achieving peace in our region, and preventing bloodshed. May God grant you longevity and may you succeed in your efforts for peace and may there be peace in our region." Previously, Yosef had called Arabs "vipers" and called for Israel to "annihilate" them. "It is forbidden to be merciful to them. You must send missiles to them and annihilate them. They are evil and damnable." A spokesman later clarified that his comments were only aimed at murderers and terrorists and not the entire Arab world.

In 2020, the party was fined ₪7,500 by the Central Elections Committee for giving out prayer cards at polling stations during the 2020 Knesset elections, which were claimed to cure "Corona and every illness and pestilence".

Women's campaign
Women activists protested the lack of female representation in Shas by organizing a "No Female Candidate, No Female Vote" campaign. The women said they would not vote for a party that does not include women candidates on its slate and sent an open letter to the Knesset representatives of ultra-Orthodox parties, which was also circulated on social media. Rabbi Mordechai Blau, a senior party member, threatened that women participating in the movement or bucking the party leadership would find their children "banned from Haredi schools" and their employers "boycotted by the community". Shas announced that it would create a women's council within the movement, a step that was welcomed by the campaigners. At the same time, they said: "We will move forward and call on the Haredi factions to enable women to serve as MKs in the Knesset." Eli Yishai said on Israel Radio: "There is nothing in Jewish law that says you can't have a woman as a Knesset member. But our rabbis decide what they decide on every subject and the same goes for this."

When a group of ultra-Orthodox women created their own party, U'Bizchutan, Isaac Bezalel, the Shas spokesman, said: "The Haredi public is not yet open to women serving in the Knesset."

Knesset members

Eleven men serve as members of the Knesset for Shas in the twenty-fifth Knesset:

 * 1) Aryeh Deri
 * 2) Ya'akov Margi
 * 3) Yoav Ben-Tzur
 * 4) Michael Malchieli
 * 5) Haim Biton
 * 6) Moshe Arbel
 * 7) Yinon Azulai
 * 8) Moshe Abutbul
 * 9) Uriel Buso
 * 10) Yosef Taieb
 * 11) Avraham Betzalel

title: Shas