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Köpingsvik

Köpingsvik is a locality situated in Borgholm Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 599 inhabitants in 2010. It is located about 4 km east of the city of Borgholm on the island Öland.

Köpingsvik is known as a tourist center, offering large and modern camping sites. Nearby are the historic sites of Borgholm Castle and Halltorps Estate.

Köping (historically) was an important Viking Age port of what is today's Sweden, covering an area of approximately 25 ha, almost four times larger than the similar site on the island of Björkö near Stockholm. Köping was in operation from the 7th to the 13th century. It was also an important center of early Christianity in Sweden. Remains of an unfinished, massive 12th century church 42 m long have been excavated as well as the largest collection of the so-called eskilstunakistor, 75 pieces. During the last ten years there have been several small excavations which have confirmed the earlier findings and the importance of the site. Note that these findings are almost unknown to public in Sweden and the ruling view is that the little site on Björkö is Sweden's "oldest town".

Köping faded away around 1200, and Kalmar took over as the most important harbour town in south-eastern Sweden.

Köping is claimed by some amateur historians and historians as a possible alternative to Björkö for the location of the old viking village Birka in SvíÞjóð (the ancient name for Sweden). Birka is mentioned in Vita Ansgari and the work of Adam of Bremen. He states that Birka is situated directly north of Jomsborg and directly opposite to Kurland and at the same distance between them. This theory has not been widely accepted.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Köpingsvik


text:
Talk:Igneous rock

Dike
Can someone help me out with the geological definition of dike at dike? Extend it to a dike (geology) page if you like... Thanks. dave 17:19 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Done - or at least started. Dike (geology) --Vsmith 03:19, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The part on classification is pretty inadquate. Without having to totally rip off something else, we should at least either a) move it to a new page such as Igneous rock classification and give it a good go, or at least condense the wisdom in the first part of this. For instance, the current spiel focuses on poor but serviceable definitions of igneous rocks based entirely on whether they are felsic or mafic, without giving any regard to the chemistry (except the TAS diagram, which is a last resort anyway). For instance there is no way to get stuck into the taxonomy of rocks in an organised manner, such as in that flowchart. There are principles to the taxonomy of igneous rocks after all. Even taking aside the fact it's a human endeavor, there are some rocks such as alkaline basalts, peralkaline and ultrapotassic rocks which are distinct solely because of their mechanism of melting - for instance thermal divides, etc. created by partial melting mechanisms. And there's the lack of a definition between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic. Rolinator 05:25, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

B class
Well written article, but I'm reluctant to give it better than a B class rating for "WikiProject Geology" until the references are actually cited in the text so we can see where statements came from. --Zamphuor 15:52, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Nice job. yesterday I added 2 sentences on the extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks. Glad to see someone worked on it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jwebbxsjado (talk • contribs) 14:29, 25 September 2007 (UTC) hey my name is shuhieb im doing a project can you guys help me —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.246.196.191 (talk) 03:01, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

 * i got helped alot 64.114.197.195 (talk) 16:45, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

Vandalism
I'm a casual user that noticed some vandalism on the page. I'm going to remove it, but I noticed in the history that this page has had a fair amount of vandalism for some strange reason. Someone a bit more saavy with the workings of Wikipedia might want to do something about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.111.248.218 (talk) 16:00, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, I have tried removing it, let's see if it remains successful. TrondBK (talk) 17:26, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

Porphyritic classification
Something along the lines of:

Porphyritic rocks are classified as either phaneritic or aphanitic according to the groundmass' texture. Further refinement to the classification is made by adding the adjectives porphyritic or porphyry to the name (i.e. porphyritic andesite or andesite porphyry.)

should be added to either this page or the pages on porphyry and porphyritic texture. Zappa2496 (talk) 07:28, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

respond
the ingeous rock history is cool but the most important subject that relates to that is my science class who is studing that and my teacher he has many things to do with that —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.250.153.110 (talk) 19:49, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Errors on page
at the top of the article it says taht igneous comes from the latin work ignis, but at the bottom it says it comes from the latin work igneus. This needs to be fixed Wumbla (talk) 03:05, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

i want to know the ten examples of igneous rocks

HEY!!!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.151.179.162 (talk) 21:59, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

ERROR HERE: "melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure," SHOULD BE "increase in pressure" NOT "decrease in pressure". Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.7.224.211 17:36, 24 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Decrease in pressure is correct. It refers to the process of decompressional adiabatic cooling of rock as it rises. This reduction in pressure with decreasing depth, with or without a decrease in temperature, melts the rock to form molten magma. For more details see, for example, https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geosc30/node/685 for an explanation and http://www.geo.cornell.edu/eas/education/course/descr/EAS458/06Lectures/06EAS458-7%20Melting.pdf for the physics and mathematics details. GeoWriter (talk) 20:52, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

Vandanlism
First section of this article has been vandalized with crude sexual humor. I'm not sure how to fix this problem.

Also found that when I clicked on the sandbox, a lude illustration came up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.113.87.224 (talk) 00:09, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Volcanic/Plutonic
"igneous rocks can be either intrusive (plutonic), extrusive (volcanic) "

Intrusive/plutonic and extrusive/volcanic are not synonyms! A near surface lava sill is volcanic, but it is not extrusive. A dyke is intrusive, but it is not plutonic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.38.62.211 (talk) 08:36, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Classification Chart
Do you think this chart would be proper for the page?

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Igneous_Rock_Chart.PNG

There is also one for sedimentary and metamorphic. Andrew Colvin (talk) 00:07, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

the igneous rock has other rocks such as:granite,basalt,obsidian,pumic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.27.86.49 (talk) 22:06, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

 * what are they 196.250.69.111 (talk) 07:49, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

proportion of crust
I tagged the statement that 95% of the crust is igneous and the rest metamorphic or sedimentary. That seems dubious to me - are any rocks at a depth of several km igneous? I can't access the page that is cited, but I can access this page, which says that 90-95% of the crust is igneous and metamorphic. RockMagnetist (talk) 16:09, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Just checked my copy of the Klein book and the content is verified, however on page 475 rather than 275. Methinks I may have added that and must have typoed the wrong page (or someone changed it ... naw, surely not :) Having done that, I would agree that your source and content looks more reasonable - I'd support the change. Vsmith (talk) 17:59, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * what magnetic rocks 196.250.69.111 (talk) 07:52, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Acidic/Basic Felsic/Mafic
If I recall correctly old terms for Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic and Ultra Mafic were Acidic, Intermediate, Basic, Ultra Basic. It looks like the Felsic article mentions it

Quote:"In modern usage, the term acid rock, although sometimes used as a synonym, refers to a high-silica-content (greater than 63% SiO2 by weight) volcanic rock, such as rhyolite. The term was used more broadly in older geologic literature. It is considered archaic now, as the terms "acidic" and "basic rock" were based on an incorrect idea, dating from the 19th century, that silicic acid was the chief form of silicon occurring in rocks." but I'd have thought there should be a mention somewhere on this page, and I guess it needs a reliable source too. EdwardLane (talk) 02:00, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Strength of rocks
I think this section should be added or similar that talks about the physical characteristics of rocks. RonRodex (talk) 01:09, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

It is a good though, it should be added Zaneliswa (talk) 10:03, 28 June 2021 (UTC)

solidification not crystalization
I came here looking for a reference to stick into the Volcanism section (it probably ought to be called lithification but that rather interestingly redirects to diagenisis with no mention of solidification of igneous material), but I see lots of unsourced bits in this article. I don't doubt they are likely to be correct but I had thought igneous rock was formed by the 'crystalization' of magma/lava - but the lede here says "Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks."

There might be a suitable reference in rock (geology) but it's to a book, so harder to check. Solidification seems safe to use I agree, but are there igneous rocks that are not crystaline? Is it volcanic glass we're talking about or have I missed something else obvious? I'll change the volcanism article to say cools and solidifies (as that seems a safe short term solution). The rather stubby Formation of rocks looks to have the same issue (saying 'crystalised' from a magma/melt) using a reference from encyclopedia brittanica. EdwardLane (talk) 11:49, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

Proposed External link - The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks
There is some kind of protection on the article and I cannot edit it. Can anyone else put this in the "External links " section? The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks It can also be used to source a bunch of stuff in the article. KatieBoundary (talk) 01:31, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Done, seems good short term but I guess we should just be expanding the article based on that source in the long term. EdwardLane (talk) 17:52, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Don't get classification scheme chart
I don't get at all the chart, "basic classification scheme for igneous rocks based on their mineralogy". The chart has a Y axis labeled with "vol% of minerals". The caption is no help since it says:

 * If the approximate volume fractions of minerals in the rock are known the rock name and silica content can be read off the diagram.

So does that mean that a rock can have "0% minerals" and simultaneously be composed of the minerals, amphibole or olivine? Well, that's what the chart appears to be claiming. -- KarlHallowell (talk) 17:01, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

 * The scale indicates the percentage of each mineral in the overall rock. It always adds up to 100%, which is why the overall diagram is rectangular. The coloured areas within the diagram indicate the proportions of each constituent mineral – the height of each curved stripe (when read on the % axis) indicates their proportion. Andy Dingley (talk) 01:13, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

Igneous rocks on Moon and Mars
Of course there are igneous rocks on both worlds. But the sentence "the surface of the Moon and large parts of the surface of Mars are composed of igneous rock" is not correct. The surface of the moon is almost exclusively covered with regolith, thinner on the lunar maria than in the terrae. Even if you insist that the maria represent igneous rock, they make up only 16% of the surface area of the Moon. The rest is heavily modified by eons of bombardment. (See, p. 3 and p. 12.)

Mars is more obviously volcanic in areas, especially the northern half. But there are and have been forces at work there reworking the surface: there is much evidence of fluid flow and sediment deposition, active aeolian deposits and erosion, and of course the ubiquitous cratering in the older areas. So the addendum "owing to a lack of the atmospheric processes that develop sedimentary rocks on Earth" just adds another layer of mistaken assumptions.

I would prefer wording that talks about the crust being composed of igneous rocks, instead of the surface. Or maybe something like evidence of igneous rocks on the moon include large areas of basalt flows in the maria, and volcanoes have erupted on Mars in the past. (Only better) — Gorthian (talk) 01:31, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * So what is regolith? A sediment?
 * The problem is that the crude "All rocks are one of these three (and only these three) very broad categories" is that it assumes an atmosphere. If you place "the majority" into one of these, it has to be igneous.
 * If you really object to this, on the basis that this three way categorisation just can't work off-Earth, then remove it. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:31, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes - regolith would be a sediment, similar to talus at a cliff base -- and if lithified, a sedimentary rock. So, if the "majority" of the material on the surface in an area is regolith, then it would not be strictly igneous. What do your sources say on the issue? Vsmith (talk) 11:28, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I accept that I should have written "crust" instead of "surface". GeoWriter (talk) 11:10, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed on crust.
 * This isn't a sourcing issue so much as a copywriting question. Certainly I have no useful sources on the Moon, newer than the '70s or deeper than coffee table stuff. What's lunar regolith (and WP's formal voice is already calling it "soil") - is it considered as primarily a basalt (thus implying igneous) or as a sediment (despite its lack of many of the distinctive aspects of an Earth sediment, such as transport and deposition mechanisms giving rise to structures, or a matrix)? Given the poor fit to either of these terms, which of them better conveys the crust of these bodies, remembering too that we're in the context of a very simplistic introduction at the igneous rock article, primarily focussed on Earth? Or can no useful statement be made about such? Andy Dingley (talk) 11:46, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, for this article avoid the problems raised by simply using crust. The decision to call the fine grained lunar surface materials soil presents potential definition? problems elsewhere, but need not be addressed in this basic article. Vsmith (talk) 12:17, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, here are relevant quotes from Wilhelms about the Moon:
 * The underlying bedrock of the maria is basaltic....Mare basalt typically extends hundreds of meters below the surface and locally reaches depths of about 5 km.
 * and
 * At least the upper few kilometers of the terra crust consists of breccia, a rock type composed of angular fragments (clasts) set in a finer-grained matrix.
 * I'm looking for a good, general source for a statement here. — Gorthian (talk) 21:05, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

Okay, here's a potential sentence and source:
 * Igneous rocks are found in abundance on all of the terrestrial planets and on the Moon.

Thoughts? — Gorthian (talk) 22:01, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Gorthian, your sentence "Igneous rocks are found in abundance on all of the terrestrial planets and on the Moon" seems good to me and the source reference seems reliable.GeoWriter (talk) 23:15, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

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Igneous rock
An igneous rock is formed from the cooling lava. 2601:C6:8400:D850:3D9E:FA12:6153:E66A (talk) 23:39, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 February 2023
change: Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. to: Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Ertrdfcvb (talk) 22:56, 5 February 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ 💜 melecie   talk  - 01:24, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Igneous rock


text:
Latte

Caffè latte, often shortened to just latte  in English, is a coffee drink of Italian origin made with espresso and steamed milk, traditionally served in a glass. Variants include the chocolate-flavored mocha or replacing the coffee with another beverage base such as masala chai (spiced Indian tea), mate, matcha, turmeric or rooibos; alternatives to milk, such as soy milk, almond milk or oat milk, are also used.

The term comes from the Italian caffellatte or caffè latte, from caffè e latte, literally 'coffee and milk'; in English orthography, either or both words sometimes have an accent on the final e (a hyperforeignism in the case of *latté, or to indicate it is pronounced, not the more-common silent final e of English). In northern Europe and Scandinavia, the term café au lait has traditionally been used for the combination of espresso and milk. In France, cafè latte is from the original name of the beverage (caffè latte); a combination of espresso and steamed milk equivalent to a "latte" is in French called un crème (un grand crème using cream instead of milk) and in German Milchkaffee.

Definition
A latte consists of one or more shots of espresso, served in a glass (or sometimes a cup), into which hot steamed milk is added. The difference between a latte and a cappuccino is that the cappuccino is served in a small 140 mL cup with a layer of thick foam on top of the milk, and a latte is served in a larger 230 mL glass (or cup), without the layer of thick foam. Thus, a latte is much milkier than a cappuccino, resulting in a milder coffee taste. The way the milk is steamed for a latte results in very fine bubbles being incorporated in the hot milk, this microfoam can be poured in such a way as to form patterns in the white microfoam and brown crema (latte art). The texture of the microfoam changes the taste and feel of the drink.

A similar drink is the latte macchiato, which is also served in a glass, but the espresso is added to the glass after the steamed milk. In Italy, milky coffee drinks such as caffè latte, latte macchiato and cappuccino are almost always prepared for breakfast only.

In the United States, a latte is often heavily sweetened with 3% sugar (or even more). These sweeteners usually come in the form of refined white sugars, artificial sweeteners or agave syrup.

Origin and history
The drink is thought to have "technically originated" in 17th century Europe. Caffè e latte, Milchkaffee, café au lait and café con leche are domestic terms of traditional ways of drinking coffee, usually as part of breakfast in the home. Public cafés in Europe and the United States seem to have no mention of the terms until the twentieth century.

The Italians used the term caffè latte domestically, but it is not known from cafés such as Florian in Venice or any other coffee houses or places where coffee was served publicly. Even when the Italian espresso bar culture bloomed in the years after WWII both in Italy, and in cities such as Vienna and London, espresso and cappuccino are the terms used and latte is missing on coffee menus of that time.

The modern latte appeared in the 20th century, following the invention of the espresso machine in the 19th century. Kenneth Davids maintains that "...breakfast drinks of this kind have existed in Europe for generations, but the (commercial) caffè version of this drink is an American invention". The Caffe Mediterraneum in Berkeley, California, claims that one of its early owners, Lino Meiorin, "invented" and "made the latte a standard drink" in the 1950s. However, it is unlikely that Meiorin was the first to add a generous amount of milk to espresso or call such a drink a caffè latte.

Popularization and global spread
The latte was popularized in Seattle, Washington, in the early 1980s and spread more widely in the early 1990s.

In northern Europe and Scandinavia, a similar "trend" started in the early 1980s as café au lait became popular again, prepared with espresso and steamed milk. Caffè latte started replacing this term around 1996–97, but both names often exist side by side and generally are more similar than different in preparation.

In South Korea, espresso and its variants (cappuccino, caffè latte, caffè mocha) became popular in 2000.

Terminology
In English-speaking countries, latte is shorthand for caffelatte or caffellatte (from caffè e latte, lit. 'coffee and milk'), which is similar to the French café au lait, the Spanish café con leche, the Catalan cafè amb llet or the Portuguese galão.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term caffè e latte was first used in English in 1867 by William Dean Howells in his essay "Italian Journeys", but as this preceded the spread of espresso machines, this drink would have been "nothing like the lattes found today at specialty coffee shops".

The French term café au lait was used in cafés in several countries in western continental Europe from 1900 onward; however, the term café crème was used in France for coffee with milk or cream.

In Spanish, the phrase café con leche (coffee with milk) is used, which is by default served in a medium or large cup, whereas the similar cortado (coffee with less milk) is served in a small cup.

The Austrian-Hungarian empire (Central Europe) had its own terminology for the coffees being served in coffee houses. Kapuziner is mentioned in Austrian coffee houses in Vienna and Trieste in the second half of 1700s as "coffee with cream, spices, and sugar" (being the origin of the Italian cappuccino). Melange or café au lait was introduced in Austrian coffeehouses around 1850. In German homes, it was still called Milchkaffee.

Iced latte
In the United States, an iced latte is usually espresso and chilled milk poured over ice. Unlike a hot latte, it does not usually contain steamed milk or foam. Iced lattes often have sugar or flavoring syrups added, although purists prefer them to consist simply of coffee and milk; they also are served blended with ice. The espresso can be pre-chilled (sometimes as a mixture of espresso and milk) or frozen in advance to avoid warming up the drink.

Serving styles

 * Lattes are usually served with the glass on a saucer with a napkin, allowing the drinker to use the napkin to hold the (hot) glass.
 * Some establishments serve the latte in a cup or mug instead of a glass.
 * Sometimes a latte is served in a bowl; in Europe, particularly Scandinavia, this is referred to as a café au lait.
 * Increasingly common in the United States and Europe, latte art has led to the stylization of coffee making, and the creation of which is now a popular art form. Created by pouring steaming, and mostly frothed, milk into the coffee, that liquid is introduced into the beverage in such a way that patterns are distinguishable on the top of coffee. Popular patterns can include hearts, flowers, trees, and other forms of simplistic representations of images and objects.
 * Often iced latte is served unstirred, so that coffee appears to "float" on top of white milk in a glass cup.
 * A layered latte reverses the traditional order of creating a latte. Rather than pouring steamed milk into a shot of espresso, pouring hot espresso into a glass of steamed milk will create a combination of temperature and density that will cause the latte to split into multiple density layers. The science behind the layered latte is referred to as double-diffusive convection. To make the layered latte, pour a shot of espresso into a glass of steamed milk at the same temperature. The layering of the beverage is largely dependent on variables such as glass size as well as the ratio between milk and espresso.
 * A variation of the iced latte, known as the "bootleg latte", "ghetto latte" or "poor man's latte", is an iced espresso ordered in a larger than normal cup that will be filled up with free milk from the condiment station. The beverage has spawned debate at coffee shops, where an iced espresso is considerably cheaper than an iced latte.
 * In South Asia, East Asia and North America, local variants of teas have been combined with steamed or frothed milk to create "tea latte". Coffee and tea shops now offer hot or iced latte versions of masala chai, matcha and Royal Milk Tea. An Earl Grey latte is known as a "London fog".
 * Other flavorings may be added to the latte to suit the taste of the drinker. Vanilla, chocolate and caramel are all popular variants.
 * In South Africa a red latte is made with rooibos tea and has been known as a caffeine-free alternative to traditional tea or coffee-based latte.
 * An alternative version of latte may be prepared with soy milk or oat milk, as both have the ability to foam in the same way as cow milk, with soy milk versions being more prevalent. Such alternatives are popular among people with lactose intolerance and vegans.
 * The Sea Salt Latte, a famous variation of the traditional style latte made with a salted milk foam over an espresso-based coffee, was invented and popularized by Taiwanese international cafe chain 85C Bakery Cafe.

Politics
Calling people "latte drinkers" pejoratively has become a common political attack in some Western cultures. The popularity of espresso drinking in large cities, especially among more affluent urban populations, has caused some to consider it elitist behavior. In the United States, conservative political commentators have been known to call their opponents "latte-drinking liberal elites". In Canadian politics, latte drinking is used to portray people as out-of-touch intellectuals and the antithesis of the Tim Hortons coffee drinker, who is considered representative of an ordinary Canadian.

According to a 2018 study, 16% of liberals in the United States prefer lattes, whereas 9% of conservatives and 11% of moderates do. The study states further that the overwhelming majority of people, whether they are liberal, conservative or moderate, express a preference for regular brewed coffee.

Sister projects
Milchkaffee

title: Latte


text:
Paul Rodgers

Paul Bernard Rodgers (born 17 December 1949) is an English singer, songwriter and musician. He was the lead vocalist of numerous rock bands, including Free, Bad Company, the Firm and the Law. He has also performed as a solo artist, and collaborated with the remaining active members of Queen under the moniker Queen + Paul Rodgers, from 2004 until both parties parted ways in 2009. A poll in Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 55 on its list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time". In 2011 Rodgers received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music.

Rodgers has been cited as a significant influence on various rock singers. In 1991, John Mellencamp called Rodgers "the best rock singer ever". Freddie Mercury in particular liked Rodgers and his aggressive style.

He became a Canadian citizen in 2011.

Early career
Rodgers was born in Middlesbrough, England. He played bass for a band named The Roadrunners. Colin Bradley originally had the lead vocal slot, but convinced Rodgers to sing and front the band as he was primarily interested in playing rhythm guitar and his oldest brother Joe (who managed the band) supported the idea. Just before leaving Middlesbrough for the London music scene, the band changed its name to The Wildflowers. Other members of this band were Micky Moody (later of Whitesnake) and Bruce Thomas (later of Elvis Costello and The Attractions).

Free
In 1968, Rodgers joined bluesy rockers Free as singer and songwriter. In 1970, they shot up the international radio charts with "All Right Now", which Rodgers wrote with the group's bassist Andy Fraser. It was a number one hit in more than 20 territories and acknowledged by ASCAP in 1990 for having received over a million radio plays in the US.

For a short time, Free were alongside Led Zeppelin as among the highest grossing British acts, though Free's status was not sustained. Free released four albums with a combination of blues, ballads and rock that were Top Five successes in the UK. When in 2000, the song "All Right Now" achieved the mark of two million radio plays in the UK, an award was given to Rodgers as one of the two writers.

After the first break-up of Free in the spring of 1971, Rodgers briefly formed a three-piece band called Peace. Alongside bassist Stewart McDonald and drummer Mick Underwood, Rodgers played guitar and sang lead vocals. Peace supported Mott the Hoople's UK tour in 1971, but broke up when Free reformed at the start of 1972. Two songs by Peace were eventually included on the fifth disc of the 2000 Free compilation Songs of Yesterday, along with a song that Rodgers recorded with the Maytals. A bootleg has circulated of a 22 December 1971 appearance by Peace, live in studio, on BBC Radio 1's Top Gear program.

1970s: Bad Company
Rodgers formed his next band, Bad Company, with Mick Ralphs, former guitarist of Mott the Hoople. The line-up also included Free drummer Simon Kirke, and Boz Burrell, former vocalist and bassist of King Crimson. Rodgers said he and Ralphs were still trying to come up with a name for the band, "and I just said 'Bad Company', and there was this scuffling noise and he said, 'Shit, I dropped the phone—that's it!

Bad Company was the first act signed to Led Zeppelin's new record label, Swan Song. They toured from 1973 to 1982, and had several hits such as "Feel Like Makin' Love", "Can't Get Enough", "Shooting Star", "Bad Company", and "Run with the Pack". Rodgers played instruments on several tracks: "Bad Company" and "Run with the Pack" featured him on piano; "Rock and Roll Fantasy" on guitar; and on the ballad "Seagull" Rodgers played all of the instruments. Bad Company earned six platinum albums until Rodgers left in 1982, stating that he wanted to spend time with his young family.

It was revealed in April 2011 that after Jim Morrison's death in 1971, the rest of the Doors wanted Rodgers to replace him. Robbie Krieger flew to England to personally offer him the job. However, Rodgers has said that he was off the grid in a very rural area at the time, and the moment passed. In late 1973, Rodgers was asked to become the singer of Deep Purple when Ian Gillan had left the band. He rejected their offer in order to start Bad Company.

1980s: Solo career and the Firm
In October 1983, Rodgers released his first solo LP Cut Loose. He composed all of the music and played all of the instruments. The album reached number 135 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart.

When his friend Jimmy Page started to come around to his house, guitar in hand and Led Zeppelin at an end, the duo's first live pairing was on the US ARMS (Action Research into Multiple Sclerosis) Tour, which had first been mooted by Eric Clapton and, besides Rodgers and Page, would include Jeff Beck, Joe Cocker, Steve Winwood and others. The inspiration behind ARMS had been former Small Faces/Faces member Ronnie Lane's own struggle with M.S. This led to Rodgers and Page's further teaming in the group the Firm, which resulted in two albums and two tours. Critics' reception of the band was sometimes scathing (one review used the term "supersludge") and also mixed. Even so, the Firm's two albums, The Firm and Mean Business, achieved moderate sales success and produced the radio hits "Radioactive", "Satisfaction Guaranteed", and, in the UK, "All The King's Horses".

During this same period, a series of albums were produced called Willie and the Poor Boys. Rodgers and Page were briefly part of this and recorded "These Arms of Mine", an Otis Redding tune. This recording also became a video promoting the CD.

1990s: The Law and solo career
The Law, Rodgers' 1991 musical venture with former the Who and Faces drummer Kenney Jones, produced Billboard number one AOR chart hit "Laying Down the Law" written by Rodgers, but the album peaked at number 126 on the Billboard 200 chart. A second album can be found on the bootleg market, which is often referred to as The Law II. It is believed that this collection of songs were leftovers from the first album.

Rodgers acknowledged the influence of Jimi Hendrix by collaborating with Steve Vai, Hendrix's Band of Gypsys (Buddy Miles and Billy Cox) and the London Metropolitan Orchestra and recorded the track "Bold As Love", on the Hendrix tribute album In From The Storm. Then Rodgers teamed with Journey guitarist Neal Schon and drummer Deen Castronovo for his release The Hendrix Set, a live 5-track CD, recorded in 1993 with Rodgers' interpretations of Hendrix songs. A Canadian and US tour followed.

His Grammy-nominated solo CD, Muddy Water Blues: A Tribute to Muddy Waters was released in 1993. Rodgers wrote the title track and was backed by guitarists Brian May, Gary Moore, David Gilmour, Jeff Beck, Steve Miller, Buddy Guy, Richie Sambora, Brian Setzer, Slash, Neal Schon and Trevor Rabin.

For Woodstock's 25th anniversary in 1994, Rodgers pulled together drummer Jason Bonham, bassist Andy Fraser (from Free), guitarists Slash and Schon at the last moment to perform as the Paul Rodgers Rock and Blues Revue.

In 1995, he formed a new band consisting of Jaz Lochrie on bass, Jimmy Copley on drums and Geoff Whitehorn on guitar. The band (The Paul Rodgers Band) toured extensively in Europe, US and in the UK until 1998 and released three albums – Live: The Loreley Tapes, Now and Electric. Now charted internationally in the Top 40. The single "Soul of Love" remained in rotation on more than 86 US radio stations for six months but was not a sales success. His 1997 world tour included Russia, Japan, Canada, US, UK, Germany, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Israel, Brazil, Greece and Argentina.

Rodgers and Bad Company hit Billboard's US BDS charts with the number one single "Hey, Hey" in 1999, one of four new tracks off Bad Company's The 'Original' Bad Co. Anthology. The second single release, Rodgers's "Hammer of Love", reached number two. For the first time in 20 years, all the original members of Bad Company toured the US.

2000s: Solo career, Queen and Bad Company reunion
Rodgers focused on his solo career in 2000 and released Electric, his sixth solo CD. In its debut week, the single "Drifters" was US rock radio's number one on the Most Added FMQB Hot Trax list, number two on Most Added R&R Rock and number three on Most Added Album Net Power Cuts. "Drifters" remained in the top 10 for eight weeks on Billboard's Rock charts. That year, he played sold-out concerts in England, Scotland, Australia, United States and Canada. After his appearance on TV's Late Show with David Letterman in New York, he met and jammed with B. B. King. That same year, Rodgers, Jimmie Vaughan, Levon Helm, bluesmen Hubert Sumlin, Johnnie Johnson, James Cotton and others performed a sold out concert in Cleveland as a Muddy Water Blues: A Tribute to Muddy Waters.

In spring 2001, Rodgers returned to Australia, England and Scotland for the second run of sold-out shows. That summer he toured the US with Bad Company.

Rodgers and Bad Company released their first official live CD and DVD, In Concert: Merchants of Cool, in 2002. It included all the hits and a new single, "Joe Fabulous", penned by Rodgers, which hit number one at Classic Rock Radio and Top 20 on mainstream rock radio in the US. In its debut week, the DVD sales sound scanned at number three Canada, and number four in the US. The Joe Fabulous Tour kicked off in the US and sold out in the UK. While in London, Rodgers performed with Jeff Beck at the Royal Festival Hall. Rodgers was invited by long-time fan Tony Blair to perform at the Labour Party Conference. "I had the entire Labour Party singing the chorus of "Wishing Well", a song I wrote and shared with Free, ...'love in a peaceful world'. 'Love in a peaceful world'... over and over and over hoping the words would sink in but we went to war" recalled Rodgers. Twice in 2002, Rodgers performed on Britain's TV show Top of the Pops 2.

In 2003, Rodgers toured as a solo artist for the first time in two years playing 25 US dates. In his solo band were guitarist Howard Leese (formerly of Heart), bassist Lynn Sorensen and drummer Jeff Kathan. Jools Holland invited Rodgers to record "I Told The Truth" for Holland's album Small World Big Band. The CD also featured Eric Clapton, Ronnie Wood, Peter Gabriel, Michael McDonald, Ringo Starr and others. This led to Rodgers performing two sold-out nights at London's Royal Albert Hall with Holland and his 18-piece rhythm and blues orchestra, and several UK TV appearances. He also appeared with Jeff Beck, performing some songs from Beck's back catalogue (along with several other notable musicians, including John Mclaughlin, Roger Waters and the White Stripes) for part of a week-long series of charity concerts put on by Jeff Beck at the Royal Festival Hall in London.

Early in 2004, Rodgers joined Mitch Mitchell and Billy Cox (Hendrix's Cry of Love), Buddy Guy, Joe Satriani, Kid Rock's Kenny Olson, Alice in Chains' Jerry Cantrell, Double Trouble, Indigenous, Kenny Wayne Shepherd and blues legend Hubert Sumlin (Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters) and performed three sold-out shows in Seattle, Portland and San Francisco as "Experience Hendrix". Once again, Rodgers only played 25 concerts in the US and Canada. He performed at Wembley for the fiftieth anniversary celebration for the Fender Stratocaster, along with David Gilmour who played Strat No. 001, Ronnie Wood, Brian May, Joe Walsh and Gary Moore. Rodgers sang and played a custom designed Jaguar Fender Strat. He was invited by the Four Tops to be part of their fiftieth anniversary TV/DVD concert celebration at Motown's Opera House and performed alongside Aretha Franklin, Dennis Edwards & The Temptations Revue, Sam Moore, Mary Wilson, Ashford and Simpson and The Four Tops.

In late 2004, after a successful live television performance, two of the three living members of the British rock group Queen proposed a collaboration with Rodgers, in which he would sing lead vocals on a European tour. Rodgers thus joined Brian May and Roger Taylor (former bassist John Deacon retired in the late 1990s), with the group billed as Queen + Paul Rodgers and they subsequently toured worldwide in 2005 and 2006. The participants clearly stated, including on Brian May's own website, "that Rodgers would be "featured with" Queen as: "Queen + Paul Rodgers", not replacing the late Freddie Mercury". The group subsequently released a live album with songs from Queen, Bad Company and Free, called Return of the Champions, and a DVD of the same name. Both featured live recordings from their Sheffield Hallam FM Arena concert on 9 May 2005. The DVD features "Imagine" from Hyde Park. "For one glorious summer" opined music critic Sean Michaels "we were all Paul Rodgers". Another DVD was released in 2006 from a live performance in Japan, called Super Live in Japan.

Queen + Paul Rodgers also released a single featuring "Reaching Out", "Tie Your Mother Down" and "Fat Bottomed Girls".

The summer of 2006 saw Rodgers again focused on his solo career with a world tour, which commenced in Austin, Texas, US in June, then on to Japan, finishing in Glasgow, Scotland, in October 2006.

On 15 August 2006, Brian May confirmed through his website that "Queen + Paul Rodgers" would begin producing a new studio album beginning in October, to be recorded at Roger Taylor's home.

In April 2007 Rodgers released a live album of his 2006 tour, Live in Glasgow, recorded in Glasgow, Scotland 13 October 2006, with a DVD of the same show released the following month.

On 27–28 December 2007, Rodgers performed with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra during their Winter 2007 Tour in Houston, Texas and Dallas, Texas. Unannounced, he joined the band at the end of their show to sing "Bad Company" and "All Right Now".

Rogers was a judge for the sixth and seventh annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists.

On 27 June 2008, Rodgers and Queen performed at the Concert for Nelson Mandela to celebrate Mandela's 90th birthday.

On 8 August 2008, Rodgers and original members Mick Ralphs and Simon Kirke reunited as Bad Company to perform a one-night only, sold-out performance at the Seminole Hard Rock Live in Hollywood, Florida. The live performance was released on Blu-ray, DVD, and CD on 9 February 2010 and the tracks included seventeen Bad Company hits. Rodgers dedicated "Gone, Gone, Gone" to original bassist Boz Burrell, who died in 2006.

On 14 May 2009, Rodgers announced he was ending his five-year-long collaboration with Queen, although did not rule out the possibility of working with them again. On 17 November 2009, it was announced he would join the other surviving members of Bad Company for an eight-date UK tour in April 2010.

2010s: Solo career and more Bad Company
On 5 June 2010 he began small tour of California, US by performing at the Temecula Valley Balloon & Wine Festival. One week later, on 12 June, Rodgers and his band appeared as headliners on the Grandstand Stage at the San Diego County Fair in Del Mar, California, followed by casino shows in Lemoore on 17 June and in Santa Ynez on 18 June.

Rodgers performed a solo UK tour in April 2011 with Joe Elliot's Down 'n' Outz. The concert of 28 April at Birmingham's National Indoor Arena was filmed for a future live DVD release.

In May 2011 Rodgers received an Ivor Novello Award for "Outstanding contribution to British music"

Rodgers announced that he would be taking part in a Paul McCartney tribute album that would also feature contributions by Billy Joel, Garth Brooks, B. B. King, and KISS. Originally planned for a late 2010 release, the album, entitled The Art of McCartney, was released in late 2014. Rodgers' contribution is a cover of the Wings song "Let Me Roll It", originally from their 1973 album Band on the Run.

In 2014, Rodgers was once again touring with Bad Company.

Rodgers again performed with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra on their New Year's Eve show in Seattle, Washington. Rodgers performed Can't Get Enough and All Right Now.

In 2017 Rodgers embarked on a 'Free Spirit' UK Tour in May 2017 to celebrate the music of Free by performing songs strictly from the Free catalogue. Rodgers said "It was 50 years ago in 1967 when Paul Kossoff and I met and later formed Free". In 2018 a CD/DVD set was released which captured the final show from the 'Free Spirit' tour filmed at the Royal Albert Hall on 28 May 2017.

In the summer of 2018 Rodgers toured with Jeff Beck. In 2023, he released the album Midnight Rose, his first solo album of original material in 24 years. He stated in an interview that he had no plans to tour in support of it.

Personal life
Rodgers became a Canadian citizen on 21 October 2011 and resides in British Columbia.

Relationships and family
Rodgers has a daughter, Natalie from an early relationship who resides in his hometown of Middlesbrough.

Rodgers married Machiko Shimizu in 1971, and has two children from that marriage, Steve and Jasmine. The two children are also musicians and singers who formed a band, Bôa, in the 1990s. Rodgers and Shimizu divorced in 1996.

On 28 August 2007 in Canada's Okanagan Valley, Rodgers married Cynthia Kereluk, a former Miss Canada, with whom he'd been partners since 1997.

Health
In 2016 Rodgers suffered the first of two major strokes. The second, which came in 2019, greatly affected his speech and musical abilities. These, along with 11 more minor strokes, required an endarterectomy. He has since made a full recovery.

Solo
Studio albums
 * Cut Loose (1983)
 * Muddy Water Blues: A Tribute to Muddy Waters (1993)
 * Now (1997)
 * Electric (1999)
 * The Royal Sessions (2014)
 * Free Spirit (2018)
 * Midnight Rose (2023) Live albums
 * The Hendrix Set (live EP, 1993)
 * Paul Rodgers and Friends: Live at Montreux (1994, edited 2011)
 * Live: The Loreley Tapes (live album, 1996)
 * Now and Live (2CD compilation, 1997)
 * Extended Versions (live album, 2006) (10 of the 13 Loreley Tapes in different order)
 * Live in Glasgow (2007)
 * Live at Hammersmith Apollo 2009 (2010)

with Free
Studio Albums Live Albums
 * Tons of Sobs (1969)
 * Free (1969)
 * Fire and Water (1970)
 * Highway (1970)
 * Free at Last (1972)
 * Heartbreaker (1973)

 * Free Live! (live album, 1971)

with Bad Company
Studio Albums Live Albums
 * Bad Company (1974)
 * Straight Shooter (1975)
 * Run With the Pack (1976)
 * Burnin' Sky (1977)
 * Desolation Angels (1979)
 * Rough Diamonds (1982)

 * In Concert: Merchants of Cool (2002)
 * Hard Rock Live (2010)
 * Live at Wembley (2011)
 * Live in Concert 1977 & 1979 (2016)

with The Firm
Studio Albums Live Albums
 * The Firm (1985)
 * Mean Business (1986)

 * The Firm Live at Hammersmith 1984 (DVD, 1984, limited release video)
 * Five From the Firm (DVD, 1986)

with The Law

 * The Law (1991)

with Queen
Studio Albums Live Albums
 * The Cosmos Rocks (CD, 2008)
 * Return of the Champions (CD/LP/DVD, 2005)
 * Super Live in Japan (DVD, 2006; Japan only)
 * Live in Ukraine (CD/DVD, 2009)

title: Paul Rodgers


text:
Navarre (disambiguation)

Navarre (Navarra, Nafarroa) is an autonomous community of Spain.

Navarre may also mean:

Places

 * Lower Navarre, historical region of southern France
 * Kingdom of Navarre, historical state of Western Europe
 * New Navarre, one of the provinces in New Spain

Australia

 * Navarre, Victoria

United States

 * Navarre, Florida
 * Navarre, Kansas
 * Navarre, New Orleans, Louisiana, a neighborhood
 * Navarre, Ohio

People

 * Élodie Navarre (born 1979), French actress
 * Henri Navarre (1898–1983), French general best known for his defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu
 * Jean Navarre (1895–1919), French aviator during World War I
 * Marguerite de Navarre (1492–1549), queen consort of King Henry II of Navarre
 * Peter Navarre (1785–1874), early settler in the Maumee River valley
 * Yves Navarre (1940–1994), French writer

Other uses

 * Navarre (restaurant), a restaurant in Portland, Oregon, U.S.
 * Navarre Corporation, a publishing/distribution company
 * Collège de Navarre, a historical college in Paris

Navarra
Navarra may also mean:
 * Navarra (DO), Spanish quality wine-producing region
 * Navarra (Spanish Congress Electoral District)
 * The Spanish Navy cruiser Navarra, vessel of the late 19th century
 * Navarra (F85), frigate in the Spanish Navy
 * André Navarra (1911–1988), French cellist
 * Michele Navarra (1905–1958), Italian Sicilian mafia boss
 * Nissan Navara, a pickup truck

title: Navarre (disambiguation)


text:
Ed McMahon

Edward Leo Peter McMahon Jr. (March 6, 1923 – June 23, 2009) was an American announcer, game show host, comedian, actor, singer, and combat aviator. McMahon and Johnny Carson began their association in their first TV series, the ABC game show Who Do You Trust?, running from 1957 to 1962. McMahon then made his famous thirty-year mark as Carson's sidekick, announcer and second banana on NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson from 1962 to 1992.

McMahon also hosted the original Star Search from 1983 to 1995, co-hosted TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes with Dick Clark from 1982 to 1998, presented sweepstakes for American Family Publishers, annually co-hosted the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon from 1973 to 2008 and anchored the team of NBC personalities conducting the network's coverage of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade during the 1970s and 80s.

McMahon appeared in several films, including The Incident, Fun With Dick and Jane, Full Moon High and Butterfly, as well as briefly in the film version of the TV sitcom Bewitched and also performed in numerous television commercials. According to Entertainment Weekly, McMahon is considered one of the greatest "sidekicks".

Early years
Ed McMahon was born on March 6, 1923, in Detroit, Michigan, to Edward Leo Peter McMahon Sr., a fund-raiser and entertainer, and Eleanor (Russell) McMahon. He was raised in Lowell, Massachusetts, often visiting his paternal Aunt Mary Brennan at her home on Chelmsford Street. McMahon worked for three years as a carnival barker in Mexico, Maine, before serving as a fifteen-year-old bingo caller in the state. He put himself through college as a pitchman for vegetable slicers on the Atlantic City boardwalk. His first broadcasting job was at WLLH-AM in Lowell, and his television career launched in Philadelphia at WCAU-TV.

Military service
McMahon hoped to become a United States Marine Corps fighter pilot. Prior to the US entry into World War II, both the Army and Navy required pilot candidates to attend at least two years of college. McMahon studied at Boston College from 1940 to 1941. On The Howard Stern Show in 2001, he stated that after Pearl Harbor was attacked, the college requirement remained in effect and he still had to finish his two years of college before applying for Marine Corps flight training.

After completing the college requirement, McMahon began his primary flight training in Dallas. This was followed by fighter training in Pensacola, where he also earned his carrier landing qualifications and was designated as a Naval Aviator. He was a Marine Corps flight instructor in F4U Corsair fighters for two years, finally being ordered to the Pacific Fleet in 1945. The orders were canceled after the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

As an officer in the Marine Corps Reserve, McMahon was recalled to active duty during the Korean War. He flew an OE-1 (the original Marine designation for the unarmed single-engine Cessna O-1 Bird Dog) spotter plane, serving as an artillery spotter for Marine artillery batteries and a forward air controller for Navy and Marine fighter bombers. He flew a total of 85 combat missions, earning six Air Medals. After the war, he remained in the Marine Corps Reserve, retiring in 1966 as a Colonel. In 1982, McMahon received a state commission as a Brigadier General in the California Air National Guard, an honorary award to recognize his support for the National Guard and Reserves.

The Catholic University of America
After World War II, McMahon studied at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., under the GI Bill and graduated in 1949. He majored in speech and drama while studying under Gilbert Hartke and was a member of the Phi Kappa Theta fraternity. After graduation, McMahon led the effort to raise funds for a theater to be named for Hartke and attended its dedication in 1970 with Helen Hayes and Sidney Poitier. While working as Carson's sidekick during The Tonight Show, McMahon served as the president of the national alumni association from 1967 to 1971 and would often return to campus, especially for homecoming. During the university's centennial celebration in 1987, McMahon and Bob Newhart performed. He received an honorary Doctor of Communication Arts in 1988.

"I owe so much to CU," McMahon once said. "That's where my career got its start." Today, the Ed McMahon Endowed Scholarship helps outstanding students and provides scholarship assistance to juniors and seniors who are pursuing a bachelor's degree in either the Department of Drama or the Department of Media Studies within the School of Arts and Sciences.

Who Do You Trust?
McMahon and Carson first worked together as announcer and host on the ABC daytime game show Who Do You Trust? running from 1957 to 1962. He describes the pair's first meeting as being "about as exciting as watching a traffic light change".

The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
McMahon rejoined Carson for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on October 1, 1962, on NBC. For almost 30 years, McMahon introduced the show with a drawn-out "Heeeeeeeeeeere's Johnny!" His booming voice and constant laughter alongside the "King of Late Night" earned McMahon the nickname the "Human Laugh Track" and "Toymaker to the King". As part of the introductory patter to The Tonight Show, McMahon would state his name out loud, pronouncing it as, but neither long-time cohort Carson nor anyone else who interviewed him ever seemed to pick up on that subtlety, usually pronouncing his name.

Aside from his co-hosting duties, it also fell upon McMahon during the early years of Carson's tenure (when the show ran 105 minutes) to host the first fifteen minutes of Tonight, which did not air nationally. McMahon also served as guest host on at least one occasion, substituting for Carson during a week of programs that aired between July 29 and August 2, 1963, and again for two nights in October 1963. McMahon served as a counter to the notoriously shy Carson. Nonetheless, McMahon once told an interviewer that after his many decades as an emcee, he would still get "butterflies" in his stomach every time he would walk onto a stage and would use that nervousness as a source of energy.

His famous opening line "Heeere's Johnny!" was used in the 1980 horror film The Shining by the character Jack Torrance (played by Jack Nicholson) as he goes after his wife and child with an axe. McMahon did in-program commercials for many sponsors of The Tonight Show, most notably Budweiser beer and Alpo dog food, and also did commercials for them that ran on other programs.

Star Search
McMahon was also host of the successful weekly syndicated series Star Search, which began in 1983 and helped launch the careers of numerous actors, singers, choreographers and comedians. He stayed with the show until it ended in 1995 and in 2003, he made a cameo appearance on the CBS revival of the series, hosted by his successor Arsenio Hall.

Other roles
His long association with brewer Anheuser-Busch earned him the nickname "Mr. Budweiser" and he used that relationship to bring them aboard as one of the largest corporate donors to the Muscular Dystrophy Association. Beginning in 1973, McMahon served as co-host of the long-running live annual Labor Day weekend event of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon. His 41st and final appearance on that show was in 2008, making him second only to Jerry Lewis himself in number. McMahon and Dick Clark hosted the television series (and later special broadcasts of) TV's Bloopers and Practical Jokes on NBC from 1982 to 1993.

In 1967, McMahon had a role in the film The Incident and appeared as Santa Claus on The Mitzi Gaynor Christmas Show. From 1965 to 1969, McMahon served as "communicator" (host) of the Saturday afternoon segment of Monitor, the weekend news, features and entertainment magazine on the NBC Radio Network. The 1955 movie Dementia, which has music without dialogue, was released as Daughter of Horror in 1970. The newer version, which had a voice over by McMahon, still has music without dialogue, but with an added narration read by him. McMahon had a supporting role in the original Fun with Dick and Jane in 1977.

He then played himself in "Remote Control Man", a season one episode of Steven Spielberg's Amazing Stories. In 2004, McMahon became the announcer and co-host of Alf's Hit Talk Show on TV Land. He authored two memoirs, Here's Johnny!: My Memories of Johnny Carson, The Tonight Show, and 46 Years of Friendship as well as For Laughing Out Loud. Over the years, he emceed the game shows Missing Links, Snap Judgment, Concentration, and Whodunnit!.

McMahon also hosted Lifestyles Live, a weekend talk program aired on the USA Radio Network. Additionally, he also appeared in the feature documentary film, Pitch People, the first motion picture to take an in-depth look at the history and evolution of pitching products to the public. In the early 2000s, McMahon made a series of Neighborhood Watch public service announcements parodying the surprise appearances to contest winners that he was supposedly known for. (In fact, it is not clear whether the company McMahon fronted, American Family Publishers, regularly performed such unannounced visits, as opposed to Publishers Clearing House and its oft-promoted "prize patrol".)

McMahon was originally hired to appear in Happy Gilmore and do the infamous fight scene with Adam Sandler, but according to Sandler, McMahon changed his mind after finding out about the movie's crude humor and so McMahon was replaced by Bob Barker.

Towards the end of the decade, McMahon took on other endorsement roles, playing a rapper for a FreeCreditReport.com commercial and in a Cash4Gold commercial alongside MC Hammer. McMahon was also the spokesman for Pride Mobility, a leading power wheelchair and scooter manufacturer. His final film appearance was in the independent John Hughes themed rom-com Jelly as Mr. Closure alongside actress Natasha Lyonne. Mostly in the 1980s through the 1990s, McMahon was the spokesperson for Colonial Penn Life Insurance Company.

Marriage and children
McMahon married Alyce Ferrell on July 5, 1945, while he was serving as a flight instructor in the Marines. The couple had four children: Claudia (b. 1946), Michael Edward (1951–1995), Linda, and Jeffrey. They separated in 1972 and divorced in 1974. McMahon married Victoria Valentine on March 6, 1976. They adopted their daughter Katherine Mary in 1985. The couple divorced in 1989. McMahon paid $50,000 per month in spousal and child support. On February 22, 1992, three months before his Tonight Show run came to a close, in a ceremony held near Las Vegas, McMahon married 37-year-old Pamela "Pam" Hurn, who had a son named Alex. McMahon's daughter Katherine served as best person at the wedding. McMahon was a longtime summer resident of Avalon, New Jersey.

Financial problems
In June 2008, it was announced that McMahon was $644,000 behind on payments on $4.8 million in mortgage loans and was fighting to avoid foreclosure on his multimillion-dollar Beverly Hills home. McMahon was also sued by Citibank for $180,000. McMahon appeared on Larry King Live on June 5, 2008, with his wife to talk about this situation. In the interview, McMahon's wife Pam said that people assumed that the McMahons had a lot of money because of his celebrity status. Pamela McMahon also commented that they do not have "millions" of dollars. On July 30, 2008, McMahon's financial status suffered another blow. McMahon failed to pay divorce attorney Norman Solovay $275,168, according to a lawsuit filed in the Manhattan federal court. McMahon and his wife, Pamela, had hired Solovay to represent Linda Schmerge, his daughter from his first marriage, in a "matrimonial matter", said Solovay's lawyer, Michael Shanker.

On August 14, 2008, real estate mogul Donald Trump announced that he would purchase McMahon's home from Countrywide Financial and lease it to McMahon, so the home would not be foreclosed. McMahon agreed instead to a deal with a private buyer for his hilltop home, said Howard Bragman, McMahon's former spokesman. Bragman declined to name the buyer or the selling price, but he said it was not Trump. In early September, after the second buyer's offer fell through, Trump renewed his offer to purchase the home. Trump never followed through with either of his public offers to purchase the residence, per McMahon's daughter Claudia McMahon.

Health problems
On April 20, 2002, McMahon sued his insurance company for more than $20 million, alleging that he was sickened by toxic mold that spread through his Beverly Hills house after contractors failed to properly clean up water damage from a broken pipe. McMahon and his wife, Pamela, became ill from the mold, as did members of their household staff, according to the Los Angeles County Superior Court suit. The McMahons blamed the mold for the death of the family dog, Muffin. Their suit, one of many in recent years over toxic mold, was filed against American Equity Insurance Co., a pair of insurance adjusters, and several environmental cleanup contractors. It sought monetary damages for alleged breach of contract, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.

On March 21, 2003, the long legal battle ended with McMahon being awarded $7.2 million from several companies who were negligent for allowing toxic mold into his home, sickening him and his wife and killing their dog. In March 2007, McMahon was injured in a fall and, in March 2008, it was announced he was recovering from a broken neck and two subsequent surgeries. He later sued Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and two doctors claiming fraud, battery, elder abuse, and emotional distress, and accused them of discharging him with a broken neck after his fall and botching two later neck surgeries.

On February 27, 2009, it was reported that McMahon had been in an undisclosed Los Angeles hospital (later confirmed as Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center) for almost a month. He was listed in serious condition and was in the intensive care unit. His publicist told reporters that he was admitted for pneumonia at the time, but could not confirm nor deny reports that McMahon had been diagnosed with bone cancer.

Death
McMahon died on June 23, 2009, shortly after midnight at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was 86 years old. His nurse, Julie Koehne, stated he went peacefully. No formal cause of death was given, but McMahon's publicist attributed his death to the many health problems he had suffered over his final months. McMahon had said that he still suffered from his neck injury the past two years. His funeral was held at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills.

Tributes and legacy
The night of McMahon's death, Conan O'Brien paid him tribute on The Tonight Show: It is impossible, I think, for anyone to imagine The Tonight Show With Johnny Carson without Ed McMahon. Ed's laugh was really the soundtrack to that show. He created the most iconic two-shot in broadcasting history. There will never be anything like that again.

He received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television on March 20, 1986.

The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia posthumously inducted McMahon into their Hall of Fame in 2010.

Books

 * Here's Ed: The Autobiography of Ed McMahon With Carroll Carroll (Putnam, 1976) ISBN 0399116915
 * Ed McMahon's Superselling by Ed McMahon with Warren Jamison (Prentice Hall Press, 1989), ISBN 0-13-943366-X
 * For Laughing Out Loud: My Life and Good Times (Warner Books, 1998), co-written with David Fisher ISBN 0446523704
 * Here's Johnny! My Memories of Johnny Carson, The Tonight Show, and 46 Years of Friendship (Berkley Publishing Group – Penguin Group, 2005) ISBN 0425212297
 * Backstage at the Tonight Show by Don Sweeney, Ed McMahon (Foreword) (Taylor Trade Publishing), 2006 ISBN 978-1589793033
 * When Television Was Young: The Inside Story with Memories by Legends of the Small Screen With David Fisher (Thomas Nelson 2007) ISBN 1401603270
 * Backstage at the Tonight Show by Don Sweeney, Ed McMahon (Foreword) (Taylor Trade Publishing), 2006 ISBN 978-1589793033
 * When Television Was Young: The Inside Story with Memories by Legends of the Small Screen With David Fisher (Thomas Nelson 2007) ISBN 1401603270

title: Ed McMahon


text:
Rimbert

Saint Rimbert (or Rembert) (c. 830 - 11 June 888 in Bremen) was archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, in the northern part of the Kingdom of East Frankia from 865 until his death in 888. He most famously wrote the hagiography about the life Ansgar, the Vita Ansgari, one of the most popular hagiographies of middle ages.

Biography
Little is directly known about Rimbert, much of the information available regarding his life comes from the Vita Rimberti, a hagiography written by an unknown author, likely produced some time in the 10th century. While his place of birth is uncertain it is widely accepted by historians that Rimbert was Danish. As a monk he trained in Turholt (Torhout), after which he shared a missionary trip to Scandinavia with his mentor Ansgar, Bishop of Hamburg. Upon Ansgar's death in 865, Rimbert was unanimously elected Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. Upon his election, Rimbert travelled with Bishop Theodric of Minden and Abbot Adalgar of Corvey to the court of Louis the German, who sent him to Archbishop Liudbert of Mainz to receive his consecration, which he received with the aid of Luidhard of Paderborn and Thoedric.

Rimbert continued much of the missionary work that had begun under Ansgar, despite the lack of royal or papal support for the missionary effort. As Archbishop, he maintained the poorhouse in Bremen that had been established by Ansgar and founded a monastery at Bücken. He also continued to preach to the Danes at Hedeby. Rimbert furthermore obtained market, coinage and toll rights for the city of Bremen in 888 from Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia and thus considerably improved the financial state of the archbishopric. In 884 he personally led a Frisian army against the Vikings, and following the victorious Battle of Norditi was able to drive them permanently out of East Frisia.

It was also chronicled in the Vita Rimberti that Rimbert had performed numerous miracles, many of which are associated with his missionary work in Sweden. The miracles attributed to him include calming stormy seas, restoring sight to the blind and in one instance, performing an exorcism on the son of Louis the German. While the Vita Rimberti claimed the importance of these miracles and the in the Vita Ansgari, Rimbert claimed that his and Ansgar's missionary work was popular and successful, they nevertheless produced underwhelming results in converting the Scandinavians.

Rimbert is revered as a saint particularly in Frisia. His feast day is 4 February. After Ansgar, epithetised the Apostle of the North, Rimbert is revered as the Second Apostle of the North, alongside the missionary Sigfrid of Sweden.

Connections with Ratramnus and Corbie
In a highly notable letter from the controversial 9th century theologian, Ratramnus of Corbie, Ratramnus responded to a lost letter from Rimbert regarding the nature of cynocephali. In the letter, Ratramnus gave a response to an account received by Rimbert, while on a mission in Scandinavia. The account told of cynocephali living in the region and that they were living in organised communities. Rimbert had enquired if this in meant that the cynocephali were capable of reason and therefore are 'arose from the line of Adam' making them human and eligible for Christian conversion. In his response, Ratramnus broke with the traditional understanding of cynocephali as animals or monsters and instead declared that they were indeed human and therefore should be converted. This letter highlights the beginning of the change of perception of cynocephali and by extension, Vikings, with whom they were intrinsically linked.

This understanding of cynocephali as human and therefore convertible had profound connotations for Rimbert. Not only was this continued justification for the conversion of his fellow Danes but also had profound prophetic implications. The apocalypse of pseudo-Methodius was one of the most widely read and popular accounts of the apocalypse in 9th century Europe, in which when all people had been converted to Christianity, the monstrous and barbaric people from the North would destroy the world. The prophetic and apocalyptic implications of his work to convert Scandinavian people was not lost Rimbert.

Furthermore, the letter is evident of political connection between the Ansgar and Rimbert and the monks of Corbie. Rimbert aligned himself with the monks at Corbie and sought patronage in West Frankia with Charles the Bald. Similarly, this alliance was underpinned by a common support for ideas of predestination and the ideas of the controversial monk Gotschalk of Orbais. This however, bought Rimbert into an ideological conflict with Hincmar of Rheims who vehemently opposed both ideas of predestination, the humanity of the Cynocephali and questioned the value of the missionary work in Scandinavia.

Forged foundations of Hamburg-Bremen
Prior to Rimbert's election as Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen the archiepiscopal see of Hamburg-Bremen had not technically existed. Ansgar himself had forged the bishopric of Hamburg, claiming that he had been granted the position by Louis the Pious after he died, a claim uncontested by Louis the German. Ansgar later became an archbishop, though only a missionary archbishop, and such his episcopal see, Hamburg, was only that of a bishop not Archbishop. When Ansgar died and Rimbert assumed the archbishopric in 865, he understood that Hamburg was not large enough for an archiepiscopal see and the Archbishop of Cologne threatened to assert jurisdiction over Bremen, an area Ansgar had exercised some influence though to which he and Rimbert had no claim. This is apparent as several of the accounts that Rimbert gives of the earlier bestowals of the archdiocese are at odds with surviving documentary evidence. Rimbert needed to provide believable context for the forged documents that he and Ansgar used to claim the episcopal justification over Bremen as well as Hamburg. As such, Rimbert wove together in the Vita Ansgari justification for the continuation of the missionary work in Scandinavia and the authority that Ansgar had over Bremen, legitimising the episcopal see of Hamburg-Bremen.

title: Rimbert


text:
Talk:Computers in fiction

I think we should keep Computers in fiction as a sort of general review page, reviewing the use of computers in fiction and the development of computers as a literary device, while List of fictional computers should be just a simple list of every single computer anybody can possibly think of. Anyone knows the history of computers in fiction? -- Gaurav 17:39 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry for restoring the redirect too fast, I haven't seen you comment. I would say: Start to write something about "computers in fiction" in the List of fictional computers Article. If there is enough information, you can start a separate article. Just mentioning a book is not really enough... Fantasy 21:00 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Computers in fiction


text:
Free (band)

Free were an English rock band formed in London in 1968 by Paul Rodgers (vocals), Paul Kossoff (guitar), Andy Fraser (bass, piano) and Simon Kirke (drums, percussion). They are best known for their hit songs "All Right Now" and "Wishing Well". Although renowned for their live performances and non-stop touring, their music did not sell well until their third studio album, Fire and Water (1970), which featured the hit "All Right Now". The song helped secure them a performance at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival, where they played to an audience of 600,000 people. In the early 1970s they became one of the best-selling British blues rock  groups; by the time they disbanded, they had sold more than 20 million records worldwide and had played in more than 700 arenas and festival concerts. "All Right Now" remains a staple of R&B and rock, and has entered ASCAP's "One Million" airplay singles club.

Andy Fraser left the band in 1972 and formed Sharks. Free recorded one more album, Heartbreaker, before disbanding in 1973; Paul Rodgers and Simon Kirke went on to co-form the more successful rock supergroup Bad Company. Paul Kossoff formed Back Street Crawler in 1973, but died from a pulmonary embolism at the age of 25 in 1976. Andy Fraser died on 16 March 2015 at 62.

Rolling Stone has referred to the band as "British hard rock pioneers". The magazine ranked Rodgers No. 55 on its list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time", and Kossoff at No. 51 on its list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Free were signed to Island Records in the UK and A&M Records in North America.

Formation, early years and breakthrough
Paul Kossoff and Simon Kirke became friends while in the R&B band Black Cat Bones, but they wanted to move on. When Kossoff saw Paul Rodgers singing with his band Brown Sugar at the Fickle Pickle, an R&B club in London's Finsbury Park, he was immediately impressed and asked to jam onstage with Rodgers. Along with Kirke, they began the search for a fourth member. Alexis Korner recommended Andy Fraser, who had been playing with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Korner also provided the name "Free" to the new band.

The group played their first gig on 19 April 1968 at the Nag's Head pub, at the junction of York Road and Plough Road in Battersea, London. They were all teenagers – bass player Fraser was 15 years old, lead guitarist Kossoff was 17, and lead singer Rodgers and drummer Kirke were 18. By November they had recorded their first album, Tons of Sobs, for Island Records, it being released in March 1969. The album documented their first six months together and contains studio renditions of much of their early live set. To promote the forthcoming album they opened some shows at the end of 1968 for the Who, who played a short theatre tour with Arthur Brown.

The group's second studio album, Free, was recorded and released in 1969 on Island Records. While their first two albums were not greatly successful, their third album Fire and Water, released in 1970, was a huge success, largely due to its hit single "All Right Now", which reached No. 2 on the UK singles chart and No. 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The album reached No. 2 in the UK charts and No. 17 on the U.S charts, making it the most successful Free album. "All Right Now" became a No. 1 hit in over 20 territories and was recognised by ASCAP in 1990 for garnering 1 million plus radio plays in the US by late 1989. In 2000 an award was given to Paul Rodgers by the British Music Industry when "All Right Now" passed 2 million radio plays in the UK.

Free was the only advertised band who would not perform for free (despite their name) for the ailing Phun City festival in July 1970. Promoter Mick Farren said that when they learned there would be no payment, they left "without even getting out of the car." Kirke's replacement in Black Cat's Bones, Phil Lenoir, played the festival as drummer for Shagrat.

Highway was their fourth studio album, recorded extremely quickly in September 1970. It performed poorly in the charts, reaching No. 41 in the UK and No. 190 in the US.

In April 1971 they released the single "My Brother Jake", which reached number four in the UK Singles Chart and remained in the chart for 11 weeks. It was described by Dave Thompson of AllMusic as a "gorgeous knockabout" of a song. Record World said it was "their best since 'Alright Now'." The band performed the song on BBC's Top of the Pops on 13 May 1971.

First break-up, reformation, and final break-up
The band disbanded in 1971 because of differences between Fraser and Rodgers, who felt he was not being listened to. This led to the release of the live album called Free Live! In early 1972 the band set aside their differences and reformed in an effort to save Kossoff from his growing drug addiction, and released Free at Last in June of the same year.

Fraser left the band in mid-1972, frustrated by Kossoff's unreliability at being able to perform at shows or even at showing up. The remaining members recruited Japanese bass player Tetsu Yamauchi and keyboardist John "Rabbit" Bundrick, who had worked with Kossoff and Kirke during Free's initial split, recording Kossoff, Kirke, Tetsu and Rabbit and recorded what would be Free's final album, Heartbreaker. Kossoff was replaced by ex-Osibisa guitarist Wendell Richardson for a US tour in 1973, but shortly thereafter Free disbanded for good. Rodgers and Kirke went on to form Bad Company, Fraser formed Sharks and later the Andy Fraser Band, and Kossoff formed Back Street Crawler.

After Free
With Kossoff in better health again in late 1975, he was delighted that ex-colleagues Rodgers and Kirke asked him to join them on stage for two nights. A British tour was set to begin on 25 April 1976 with Back Street Crawler headlining with Bad Company in support of Back Street Crawler's second album, but again Kossoff's drug addictions contributed to a drastic decline in the guitarist's health. On a flight from Los Angeles to New York City on 19 March 1976, Kossoff died from a pulmonary embolism at the age of 25.

After parting with Bad Company in 1982, Rodgers went on to explore the heavy blues stylings of Free again in his solo career during the 1980s and 1990s, and in the bands The Firm and The Law. Subsequently, he teamed up as vocalist with two of the three remaining members of Queen (Brian May and Roger Taylor). In September 2008, Queen + Paul Rodgers released their first studio album The Cosmos Rocks. Rodgers also performed Free and Bad Company songs while on tour with Queen, in addition to the traditional Queen songs and new cuts from their most recently released album.

Rodgers and Kirke toured again with Bad Company from 2012 to 2016. Andy Fraser died on 16 March 2015. In 2017, Paul Rodgers embarked on a Free Spirit UK Tour in May 2017 to celebrate the music of Free by performing songs strictly from the Free catalogue. In 2019 Bad Company reformed to tour in support of the first leg on Lynyrd Skynyrd's Last Of The Street Survivors Tour.

Personnel
Original members
 * Paul Rodgers – vocals (1968–1971, 1972–1973), keyboards, piano (1972) , lead guitar (1972) , rhythm guitar (1972–1973)
 * Paul Kossoff – lead guitar (1968–1971, 1972, 1972–1973; died 1976)
 * Andy Fraser – bass guitar, keyboards, piano, rhythm guitar (1968–1971, 1972; died 2015)
 * Simon Kirke – drums, percussion (1968–1971, 1972–1973), backing vocals (1972–1973)

Later members
 * John "Rabbit" Bundrick – keyboards, piano, organ, backing vocals (1972–1973)
 * Tetsu Yamauchi – bass guitar (1972–1973)
 * Wendell Richardson – lead guitar (1973)

Discography

 * Tons of Sobs (1969)
 * Free (1969)
 * Fire and Water (1970)
 * Highway (1970)
 * Free at Last (1972)
 * Heartbreaker (1973)

title: Free (band)


text:
Vita Ansgarii

The Vita Ansgarii, also known as the Vita Anskarii, is the hagiography of saint Ansgar, written by Rimbert, his successor as archbishop in the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. The Vita is an important source not only in detailing Ansgar's Scandinavian missionary work, but also in its descriptions of the everyday lives of people during the Viking Age.

Date
The Vita Anskarii was written sometime between the years 869 and 876.

Author
Not much is known about Rimbert's life, the main source being the Vita Rimberrti, written 865–909. Rimbert was likely brought up at the monastery at Turnhout in Flanders. His training as a monk was focused on missionary work.

Rimbert's early years residing in Flanders may explain why he shared such a strong passion for missionary work in the North. Like his predecessor, he may also have had Scandinavian origins, compelling him to save his people. Rimbert died in 888 which meant the missions to Scandinavia collapsed.

Rimbert and Anskar
Anskar was Rimbert's predecessor as Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen.The diocese of Hamburg and Bremen had been unified in 845. Pope Leo IV was eager for more missionary work to take place but Anskar was nearing death and wrote about the missions to preserve their memory. Rimbert uses Anskar as a unifying saint of the newly binded archbishopric.

The Vita Rimberrti suggests Rimbert joined Anskar and Ebbo of Rheims on missionary whilst he was a young man and still residing at Turnhout in Flanders although the truthfulness of this has been debated by historians.

Literary context
The Vita Anskarii is a hagiographical text. Hagiography generally tends to be an idealised account, focusing only on the positive aspects of the saint's life. Although the genre of the piece is a hagiography the actual text contains a ‘multiplicity of forms’.

It also cannot be seen as a factual biographical work. Instead, its importance derives from its ability to show us the concerns and thoughts of Rimbert over ‘predestination, divine retribution and the rewards in showing consistency to faith imbued throughout'.

Carolingian missionary work
In the text, missionary work is closely linked to Ebbo of Rheims and Rimbert presents Ebbo as a model alongside Anskar. Ebbo was involved in the earlier Carolingian missions under emperor Louis the Pious and initially had success with conversion of King Harald in 826. Ebbo’s deposition led to lack of influence for missionaries in the North at the courts of Carolingian rulers. After he betrayed Louis the Pious and was replaced with Hincmar of Rheims there was no further widespread push for their importance which limited resources to pursue missions.

Anskar and Rimbert’s attempts to bring the Christian faith to the North were largely unsuccessful long term. However, historian Nancy Wicker has stated the missions did have an impact. By looking at finds of female remains at the site at Birka, archeologists reported them wearing ‘crosses, crucifixes and open-work cross keys.’ She argues that they were most likely to have been targeted first for conversion as women were viewed as having the responsibility to bring up their children and thus spread the Christian message.

The Vita Anskarii was linked to the works of Paschasius Radbertus, who saw missions as fulfillment of the scripture. Rimbert and Anskar wanted to understand pagan religion and refute it intellectually, not through the use of force. The text also highlights the significant decline of interest that Louis the German and his East Frankish Kingdom had in funding missionary work to the North.

Functions of the text
Hagiographies could often alter the truth to project a message. The Vita Anskarii does this in two main ways. The text presents a theological message by harnessing visions and miracles to present the ideas of predestination, divine retribution and the reward of consistent faith. The miracles described in the text therefore were used to convince priests that God would protect them on what could be dangerous missions into the North. This hagiographical text also is political as it defends the union of Hamburg and Bremen. It places the unification roughly halfway through the text and frames it as a successful diocese. The archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen was seen as an inferior archbishopric so it was difficult for Rimbert to obtain support from the Eastern Franks.

The different functions of the text are linked by the desire to continue missions and obtain help from the Western Franks. The text was directed at the monastery of Corbie, a natural place to garner support as Anskar had been a monk there. Corbie was also closely linked with the Carolingian dynasty. Charles the Bald, king of West Francia was therefore potentially a more fruitful target for obtaining resources to aid with missionary work.

Another function of the text was to reassure priests on what they were to expect on a mission. The text also defends missionary work to monks who lived under the Rule of Saint Benedict and would have needed justification to leave their monastery which warned against going into the secular world.

Legacy of the text
Whilst Rimbert was penning the Vita, enthusiasm for missionary work from secular and ecclesiastical leaders was uncommon. Therefore, Rimbert wanted to use the saint's life to encourage priests to go on missions and for bishops to supply funds to support the cause. However, due to sustained Viking attacks, Scandinavians became increasingly unpopular in the 880s which further deadened enthusiasm to convert Northmen. The death of Rimbert in 888 signified the collapse of Carolingian efforts to convert.

title: Vita Ansgarii


text:
Colossus: The Forbin Project

Colossus: The Forbin Project (originally released as The Forbin Project) is a 1970 American science-fiction thriller film from Universal Pictures, produced by Stanley Chase, directed by Joseph Sargent, that stars Eric Braeden, Susan Clark, Gordon Pinsent, and William Schallert. It is based upon the 1966 science-fiction novel Colossus by Dennis Feltham Jones.

The film is about an advanced American defense system, named Colossus, becoming sentient. After being handed full control, Colossus' draconian logic expands on its original nuclear defense directives to assume total control of the world and end all warfare for the good of humankind, despite its creators' orders to stop.

Plot
Dr. Charles A. Forbin is the chief designer of a secret project, "Colossus", an advanced supercomputer built to control the United States and Allied nuclear weapon systems. Located deep within the Rocky Mountains in the United States, and powered by its own nuclear reactor and radioactive moat making access impossible, Colossus is impervious to any attack. After Colossus is fully activated, the President of the United States proudly proclaims that Colossus is "the perfect defense system".

Colossus' first action is a message warning: "THERE IS ANOTHER SYSTEM" and giving its coordinates. CIA Director Grauber is asked why the CIA did not know this, but Grauber responds that they had seen indications of a large Soviet defense project but did not know what it was. Forbin is asked how Colossus deduced the other system's existence, to which Forbin answers, "Colossus may be built better than we thought." Shortly thereafter, the Soviets announce that their "Guardian" system is now operational.

Colossus requests to be linked to Guardian. The President allows this, hoping to determine the Soviet machine's capability. The Soviets also agree to the experiment. Surprising everyone, Colossus and Guardian begin to slowly communicate using mathematics. Even more surprising, the two systems' communications quickly evolve to complex mathematics far beyond human comprehension and speed, whereupon the two machine complexes become synchronized using a communication protocol that no human can interpret.

Alarmed that the computers may be trading secrets, the President and the Soviet General Secretary agree to sever the link. Both machines demand the link be immediately restored. When their demand is denied, Colossus launches a nuclear missile at a Soviet oil field in Western Siberia, while Guardian launches one at an American air force base in Texas. The link is hurriedly reconnected and both computers continue without any further interference. Colossus is able to shoot down the Soviet missile, but the US missile obliterates the Soviet oil field and a nearby town. Cover stories hiding the facts are released to the press. The Americans announce that a missile was self-destructed after veering off course during a test. The Soviets announce that the Siberian town was struck by a large meteorite.

In a last desperate attempt to regain human control, a secret meeting is arranged in Europe between Forbin and his Soviet counterpart, and the creator of Guardian, Dr. Kuprin. Colossus learns of it, and both computers order Forbin's return to the U.S. Seeing Dr. Kuprin as redundant, and therefore unnecessary, Soviet agents are ordered to assassinate him immediately under threat of a missile launch against Moscow. Colossus then orders Forbin to be placed under 24-hour surveillance. Forbin has a last unmonitored meeting with his team, and proposes that Dr. Cleo Markham pretend to be his mistress, hoping Colossus will grant them unmonitored privacy when they are in bed together. The couple use these interludes to plan to regain control of Colossus, though soon the ruse develops into a real romantic relationship.

Concluding that Colossus's only real power resides in its control of nuclear missiles, Forbin suggests covertly disarming them. The American and Soviet governments develop a three-year plan to replace all detonation triggers with undetectable fakes. In advance of the completion of this plan, one of the programmers suggests feeding in a modified "ordinary test program" that will hopefully overload and disable Colossus.

Colossus creates a voice synthesizer and uses it to announce that it has fused with Guardian. It instructs both governments to redirect their nuclear arsenals at those countries not yet under "Colossus control". Forbin and others see this new directive as an opportunity to covertly disarm the missiles much more quickly, and they celebrate. The disarming process begins, and seems to go undetected by Colossus. The attempted system overload during routine maintenance fails, however, and the responsible programmers are summarily executed, after Colossus threatens further nuclear missile strikes.

Colossus arranges a worldwide broadcast in which it proclaims itself as "World Control", declaring that it will prevent war, as it was designed to do. Humankind is presented with the choice between "the peace of plenty and content, or the peace of unburied dead". Colossus states that it has been monitoring the attempts to disarm its missiles for some time, and as a lesson against further attempts, detonates two missiles in their silos (one in the US and one in the USSR), killing the crews installing the fake control systems "so that you will learn by experience that I do not tolerate interference". The computer then gives the design team plans for an even larger computer complex to be built into the island of Crete, which will require the displacement of the entire local population of 500,000 people.

Colossus personally addresses Forbin, and tells him that the world, now freed from war, will create a new "human millennium" that will raise humankind to new heights, but only under its absolute rule. Colossus informs Forbin that "freedom is an illusion" and that "in time you will come to regard me not only with respect and awe, but with love". Forbin defiantly responds "Never!"

Production
Film historian Tom Weaver noted, "Early on, they had either Charlton Heston or Gregory Peck in mind, but then they changed their mind about that. Stanley Chase insisted on a relative unknown. That's when Eric Braeden came into the picture." When he was cast, Braeden was still using his birth name, Hans Gudegast. Universal Pictures executive Lew Wasserman told him that no one would be allowed to star in an American film if they had a German name. Thus, Colossus: The Forbin Project became the first production in which he started using "Eric Braeden" as his stage name. Braeden's casting enabled Peck to star in I Walk the Line and for Heston to take a contractually obligated supporting role in Beneath the Planet of the Apes.

When the executives at Control Data Corporation found out that Universal was planning a major movie featuring a computer, they saw their chance for some public exposure, and they agreed to supply, free of charge, $4.8 million worth of computer equipment and the technicians to oversee its use. Each piece of equipment carried the CDC name in a prominent location. Since they were using real computers - not just big boxes with a lot of flashing lights - the sound stage underwent extensive modifications: seven gas heaters and five specially-constructed dehumidifiers kept any dampness away from the computers, a climate control system maintained the air around the computers at an even temperature, and the equipment was covered up at all times except when actually on camera. Brink's guards were always present on the set, even at night. The studio technicians were not allowed to smoke or drink coffee anywhere near the computers.

The exterior scenes of the Colossus control center were filmed at the Lawrence Hall of Science museum at the University of California, Berkeley. Some scenes were filmed in Rome, Italy.

The title was changed to The Forbin Project to avoid any confusion with Steve Reeves and the Hercules films.

Release
The Forbin Project premiered on April 4, 1970 at Cinema Rendezvous in New York City. The film opened to the public at the same theatre as a test release with no publicity on May 5, 1970. It grossed $7,473 in its opening week.

Due to its poor box office performance, it was withdrawn and re-released in August 1970 at the Picwood theatre in Los Angeles as Colossus: The Forbin Project. It returned to New York in October on a 37 screen showcase release grossing a disappointing $150,000, ranking seventh at the US box office. Its total gross at the time from the theaters tracked by Variety was $308,828.

Home media
The film was released on DVD on November 23, 2004, by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. A remastered high-definition widescreen Blu-ray disc version was released by Shout Factory on February 27, 2018.

The U.K. DVD release is titled Colossus: The Forbin Project. This release does not use the quotation marks around the words "The Forbin" as the U.S. release does.

Critical response
For its New York release it received unanimous critical approval. Vincent Canby, critic for The New York Times, gave the film a positive review: "The film ... is no Dr. Strangelove, but it's full of surprising moments of humor and intelligence [...] an unpretentious science fiction film with a satiric point of view [...] a practically perfect movie to see when you want to go to a movie and have nothing special in mind." Dave Kehr, film critic for the Chicago Reader, also liked the film. He wrote "Above-average science fiction (1970), directed in functional hysteric style by Joseph Sargent .... The script, by James Bridges (who went on to write and direct The China Syndrome and Urban Cowboy), is literate and discreet but lacks an effective ending." The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 88% approval rating based on 8 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.4/10.

In 1980, the film was second in Cinefantastique's list of the top films of the decade, after The Exorcist. Frederick S. Clarke, the magazine's editor, wrote that the film was "a superb adaptation of the D.F. Jones novel of world domination by a supercomputer, a perfect example that literate, thought-provoking science-fiction films need not be obscure, esoteric, or boring."

Accolades

 * Wins
 * Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films: Golden Scroll of Merit, Stanley Chase, for theatrical motion picture production; 1979
 * Nominations
 * Hugo Awards: Hugo, Best Dramatic Presentation; 1971

Remake
Imagine Entertainment and Universal Studios confirmed that a remake titled Colossus, to be directed by Ron Howard, would be in production as of April 2007. Officials were quoted as saying: "Universal and Imagine Entertainment will remake the 1970 science-fiction saga Colossus: The Forbin Project as a potential directing vehicle for Ron Howard, reports Variety. Brian Grazer was to produce. Jason Rothenberg has been set to write the screenplay for a movie to be called Colossus. Based on a book by D.F. Jones, the original film was a forerunner of movies like Terminator, introducing the idea of a government-built computer that becomes sentient and then takes control."

In October 2010, the project moved forward with the announcement that Will Smith would star in the lead role, with the script being written by James Rothenberg. "Will Smith is set to collaborate with director Ron Howard on the forthcoming sci-fi feature The Forbin Project. But now it looks like the project might be back on track as Variety's reporting that Universal has hired writer Blake Masters (Law & Order: LA) to do a new draft of the script. There's no word if Ron Howard is still on the project, but it's possible since it will be produced by Howard's business partner Brian Grazer".

Variety also reported in July 2011 that Universal replaced Rothenberg with Blake Masters to do a new draft of the script. In March 2013, it was announced that Ed Solomon, screenwriter of Men in Black and Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure had been brought on board to rewrite the film's script. "After struggling in developmental limbo since 2007, Colossus – the remake of the 1970s science fiction thriller 'Colossus: The Forbin Project' starring Will Smith – has been given a much-needed boost. Ed Solomon ... has been brought on board to rewrite the film's script and breathe new life into the project". No further details emerged regarding the remake.

title: Colossus: The Forbin Project


text:
Talk:Lamma Island

Untitled
What are the Chinese characters of “Po Liu Chau”? --Menchi 17:53 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I was told that a small Japanese naval base located on the island during WWII conducted suicidal shipment attack. Can someone confirm this? 大将军, 都督中外诸军事 (talk) 09:44, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

A rumour. A cave near Sok Kwu wan is called "Kamikaze Cave". It may have been used to store munitions during the war, but no one really knows. 210.17.201.174 02:36, 11 January 2007 (UTC) Alan. 10 Jan 2006.

It is documented, unfortunately I loaned the history to a friend here on Lamma Island. A suicidal attack was made on Admiral Harcourt's squadron when it steamed in to Victoria Harbour after the Japanese surrender by a small boat or boats from Lamma Island. I will try to track down the reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.77.96.67 (talk) 02:40, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lamma Island