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New Jersey Institute of Technology

New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) is a public research university in Newark, New Jersey, with a graduate-degree-granting satellite campus in Jersey City. Founded in 1881 with the support of local industrialists and inventors especially Edward Weston, NJIT opened as Newark Technical School (NTS) in 1885 with 88 students. As of fall 2022 the university enrolls 12,332 students from 92 countries, about 2,500 of whom live on its main campus in Newark's University Heights district.

NJIT offers 51 undergraduate (Bachelor of Science/Arts) majors and 71 graduate (Masters and PhD) programs. Via its Honors College, it also offers professional programs in Healthcare and Law in collaboration with nearby institutions including Rutgers Medical School and Seton Hall Law School. Cross-registration with Rutgers University-Newark which borders its campus is also available. NJIT is classified among the "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". It operates the Big Bear Solar Observatory, home of the Goode  Solar Telescope; the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (both in California); and a suite of automated observatories across Antarctica, South America and the US.

NJIT is a member of the Sea grant and Space grant research consortia. It has participated in the McNair Scholars Program since 1999. NJIT is a designated Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution (AANAPISI) and a designated Hispanic-serving institution.

Founding
The New Jersey Institute of Technology has a history dating back to the 19th century. Originally introduced from Essex County, New Jersey, on March 24, 1880, and revised with input from the Newark Board of Trade in 1881, an act of the New Jersey State Legislature drew up a contest to determine which municipality would become home to the state's urgently needed technical school. The challenge was straightforward: the state would stake "at least $3,000 and not more than $5,000" and the municipality that matched the state's investment would earn the right to establish the new school.

19th century
The Newark Board of Trade, working jointly with the Newark City Council, launched a campaign to win the new school. Many of the city's industrialists, along with other private citizens, supported the fund-raiser. By 1884 the necessary funds were raised. Newark Technical School opened its doors in February 1885.

The first 88 students, mostly evening students, attended classes in a rented building at 21 West Park Street. That facility soon became inadequate for the growing number of students. A second fundraiser, the institution's first capital campaign, was launched to support the construction of a home for Newark Technical School. In 1886, under the leadership of the school's first director, Charles A. Colton, the cornerstone was laid at the intersection of High Street and Summit Place for a three-story building later to be named Weston Hall in honor of the institution's early benefactor.

20th century
A laboratory building called Colton Hall was added to the campus in 1911.

Allan Cullimore led the institution from 1920 to 1949 transforming Newark Technical School into Newark College of Engineering (NCE), a name change that was adopted in 1930. Campbell Hall was erected in 1925. Due to the Depression and World War II, only the former Newark Orphan Asylum, now Eberhardt Hall, was purchased and modestly renovated in the succeeding decades. Cullimore left an unpublished history of the institution dated 1955.

In 1946, about 75% of the freshman class had served in the U. S. Armed Forces. Cullimore Hall was built in 1958 and two years later the old Weston Hall was razed and replaced with the current seven-story structure. Doctoral level programs were introduced in 1960. Six years later, in 1966, an 18 acre, four-building expansion was completed.

With the addition of the New Jersey School of Architecture in 1973, the institution had evolved into a technological university, offering a widening range of graduate and undergraduate degrees and an increasing focus on research and public service. William Hazell, president at the time, decided the school's name should be changed to more clearly reflect its ongoing evolution. Alumni were solicited for suggestions. The winning suggestion was submitted by Joseph M. Anderson '25. Anderson's suggestion, New Jersey Institute of Technology, emphasized the increasing scope of educational and research initiatives at the institution. The Board of Trustees approved the name change in September 1974. Newark College of Engineering officially became New Jersey Institute of Technology on January 1, 1975. The Newark College of Engineering name was retained for NJIT's engineering school.

The establishment of a residential campus and the opening of NJIT's first dormitory (Redwood Hall) in 1979 began a period of steady growth that continues today under an evolving Master Plan. Two new schools were established at the university during the 1980s, the College of Science and Liberal Arts in 1982 and the School of Industrial Management in 1988. The Albert Dorman Honors College was established in 1994, and the newest school, the College of Computing Sciences, was created in 2001. Also, three residential halls, Cypress, Oak, and Laurel which house about 1500 students in total, were placed in service in the 1990s.

21st century
On May 2, 2003, Robert Altenkirch was inaugurated as president. He succeeded Saul Fenster who was named the university's sixth president in 1978. In September 2011 Altenkirch elected to return to the South having been offered the presidency of the University of Alabama in Huntsville. On January 9, 2012, NJIT Trustees named Joel Bloom president.

In 2003, the opening of the new Campus Center on the site of the former Hazell Hall centralized campus social events. Construction of a new Atrium, Bookstore, Dining Hall, computer lab, Information Desk facility, and new student organization offices continued into 2004. In 2005 a row of automobile chop shops adjacent to campus were demolished. In 2006 construction of an near-campus residence hall by American Campus Communities began in the chop shops' location. The new hall, which opened in 2007, is dubbed the University Centre. In addition to NJIT students, it houses students from Rutgers-Newark, Seton Hall University and Rutgers Law School.

Also in 2005, Eberhardt Hall was fully renovated and re-inaugurated as the Alumni Center and the symbolic front door to the university. Its restored tower was the logo of the former Newark College of Engineering. A rebranding campaign with the current slogan, "NJIT – New Jersey's Science and Technology University – The Edge in Knowledge", was launched to emphasize NJIT's position as New Jersey's science-and-technology-focused public research university.

NJIT's business school, the Martin Tuchman School of Management, focuses on utilizing technology to serve business needs. The school, which is an AACSB-accredited business school, benefits from its proximity to New York City and lower Jersey City aka, "Wall Street West". Wall Street itself (lower Manhattan) is twenty-five minutes away via Newark Light Rail and the PATH system's Newark-World Trade Center line. NJIT has a multi-faceted collaboration with its neighbor, Rutgers-Newark. The collaboration involves: the Rutgers and NJIT business schools; their federated departments of Biology and History; and the joint Theater Arts Program. In 2008 NJIT began a program with the Heritage Institute of Technology in West Bengal, India under which 20 students come to NJIT for summer internships.

In 2009, the New Jersey School of Architecture was enlarged and reorganized as the College of Architecture and Design (COAD). Within the college, the New Jersey School of Architecture continues, along with the newly established School of Art + Design.

In June 2010, NJIT purchased the old Central High School building which is located between the NJIT and Rutgers–Newark campuses. With the completion of the purchase, Summit Street, from Warren Street to New Street, was converted into a pedestrian walkway. Since then the high school building was extensively renovated, preserved, and updated per the Campus Master Plan.

Between 2016 and 2018, several facilities opened, including a 209000 sqft multi-purpose Wellness and Events Center, "The WEC", which features a retractable-seating arena that can accommodate 3,500 spectators or 4,000 event participants; a 24000 sqft Life Sciences and Engineering Center; a 10000 sqft Makerspace, and a parking garage with spaces for 933 cars.

Admissions
The admission criteria consists of:
 * High school academic record
 * Standardized test scores (SAT or ACT scores)
 * Class rank
 * Portfolio: Applicants to the Architecture, Digital Design, Industrial Design, and Interior Design majors are       required to submit a portfolio of their creative work.

The average SAT score (math + verbal only) for enrolling freshmen in fall 2021 is 1307.

The average SAT score (math + verbal only) for enrolling freshmen in the Honors College in fall 2021 is 1496.

The minimum SAT score (math + verbal only) for enrolling freshmen in the accelerated BS/MD program – run in combination with New Jersey Medical School (Rutgers) – is 1450.

The male-to-female student ratio (2021) is about 2.57 to 1. The student-to-faculty (FTE) ratio (2021) is 17.1 to 1.

Rankings

 * In the 2024 edition of the Princeton Review NJIT was ranked 23rd in the list of the fifty best value public colleges in the US.
 * In June 2024, Money rated NJIT a 5-star (the highest) institution.
 * In September 2023, the Wall Street Journal, using a more outcome-oriented methodology than in the past, ranked NJIT #2 among public universities and #19 among all national universities in its List of the Best Colleges in the U.S. for 2024.
 * In June 2022, a Money article titled "The Best 10 Colleges for Engineering Majors" cited NJIT for its economic mobility performance and ranked it 10th best in the country.
 * In the 2021 edition of the QS World University Ranking USA, NJIT was ranked 90th (2-way tie) out of the 352 US Institutions listed (more than 750 considered).
 * In April 2018, Forbes ranked NJIT #1 in the country in upward mobility defined in terms of moving students from the bottom fifth of the income distribution to the top fifth.
 * In U.S. News' 2018 rankings, four of NJIT's suite of on-line graduate programs were ranked among the best 100 in the country, including its information technology programs, which were ranked 17th.
 * In Payscale's 2017 College ROI Report, which covers 1833 institutions, NJIT ranked 27th and 42nd for return on investment, based on in-state and out-of-state tuition respectively.
 * NJIT placed 133rd out of 662 universities in the US in R&D expenditures in 2016 by the National Science Foundation (NSF).
 * In 2015, NJIT was ranked in the top 25 colleges for earning six figures before attaining a graduate degree in Time's Money's list.

Colleges and schools
Comprising five colleges and one school, the university is organized into 21 departments, three of which, Biological Sciences, History, and Theater Arts are federated with Rutgers-Newark whose campus abuts NJIT's.

With a student population that is 20.6% international, 20.2% Hispanic, 8.8% Black and 19.1% Asian (2022), NJIT is ranked among the most ethnically diverse national universities in the country.

It has multiple study abroad options along with extensive co-op, internship, and service opportunities.

Newark College of Engineering (NCE)
Newark College of Engineering, which was established in 1919, is among the oldest and largest professional engineering schools in the United States. It offers 13 undergraduate degree programs, 16 master's and 10 doctoral degree programs. Undergraduate enrollment is more than 2,500, and more than 1,100 are enrolled in graduate study. The faculty includes engineers and scholars who are widely recognized in their fields. An estimated one in four professional engineers in the State of New Jersey are NCE/NJIT alumni.

College of Science and Liberal Arts (CSLA)
The College of Science and Liberal Arts was formed in 1982. It was originally known as the Third College having been preceded by Newark College of Engineering and the New Jersey School of Architecture. In 1986 its name was changed to the College of Science and Liberal Arts as a result of a more sharply defined mission and direction. Growing steadily ever since, CSLA has spawned two of NJIT's colleges: the Albert Dorman Honors College, which evolved out of the Honors Program that was founded in CSLA in 1985, and the College of Computing Sciences, which developed out of CSLA's Computer and Information Science Department.

Today the college consists of six academic departments:
 * Biological Sciences (federated with Rutgers-Newark)
 * Chemistry and Environmental Science
 * History (federated with Rutgers-Newark)
 * Humanities
 * Mathematical Sciences
 * Physics

CSLA also houses:
 * Department of Aerospace Studies
 * Rutgers/NJIT Theatre Arts Program
 * Interdisciplinary Program in Materials Science
 * Center for Applied Mathematics and Statistics
 * Center for Solar Research
 * Big Bear Solar Observatory
 * Owens Valley Solar Array

J. Robert and Barbara A. Hillier College of Architecture and Design (HCAD)
The College of Architecture and Design houses the School of Architecture (SoA) and the School of Art and Design. The college offers undergraduate degrees in architecture, digital design, industrial design, and interior design as well as graduate degrees in architecture, infrastructure planning, and urban systems. HCAD is the only college at NJIT to have its own designated library. The library contains materials related to the majors offered in HCAD in the form of periodicals, reference materials, rare books, visual materials, including architectural drawings, prints, postcards, and maps, digital databases, and a materials library.

The college offers a pre-college summer program for high school students.

Ying Wu College of Computing Sciences (YWCC)
The Computer Science department, part of the Ying Wu College of Computing Sciences, is the largest at NJIT, comprising more than one fifth of the student population. It is also the largest computer science department among all research universities in the New York metropolitan area.

The department offers a full range of degree programs in computer science (BA/BS, MS and PhD), in addition to emerging interdisciplinary programs: Telecommunication (MS), Bioinformatics (BS/MS), and Computing and Business (BS/MS). The Bioinformatics degree is also available in a pre-med option.

In December 2019, the school opened a satellite site in Jersey City that focuses on financial technology training for those working in the financial industry on Wall Street and in Jersey City.

Martin Tuchman School of Management (MTSM)
The Martin Tuchman School of Management was established in 1988 and was accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business in 1997. It offers programs in finance, accounting, marketing, management information systems, international business, technological entrepreneurship, and corporate communications in conjunction with Rutgers University.

Degrees available include a Bachelor of Science program (four years, 124 credits), a Master of Science in management program (30 credits), and two Master of Business Administration (MBA) programs: One regular (48 credits; two years for full-time students, three or four years for part-time students) and the other an accelerated 18-month Executive MBA program for managers and professionals. MTSM also offers a Ph.D. degree in Business Data Science. Research areas include fintech, innovation management, and the advancement of technologies in the business domain including deep learning and distributed ledgers.

MTSM hosts entrepreneurship programs for the regional community, including the NSF I-Corps, the New Venture Assistance Program, and the Greater Newark–Jersey City Regional Business Model Competition.

Research
NJIT's R&D expenditures were $142 million in 2017 and $162 million in 2018. Areas of focus include applied mathematics, materials science, biomedical engineering, cybersecurity, and solar-terrestrial physics – of which the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research is a world leader. A key agent in regional economic development, NJIT hosts VentureLink, formally the Enterprise Development Center (EDC), an on-campus business incubator that houses over 90 start-ups, and the New Jersey Innovation Institute (NJII) which offers R&D services to business.

The university has engaged in research in nanotechnology, solar-terrestrial physics, polymer science, and the development of a smart gun technology. The university research centers include the National Center for Transportation and Industrial Productivity and SmartCampus. The university hosts the Metro New York FIRST Robotics office. NJIT also hosts the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research which owns and operates the Big Bear Solar Observatory, one of the world's largest solar observatoriesb which is in Big Bear Lake, California, and operates the Owens Valley Solar Array, near Bishop, California.

NJIT was home to the Computerized Conferencing and Communications Center (CCCC), a research center that specialized in computer-mediated communication. The systems which resulted from this research are the Electronic Information Exchange System, as well as the continuations: The Electronic Information Exchange System 2 (EIES2), and the Tailorable Electronic Information Exchange System (TEIES). One of the foremost developments of EIES was that of the "Virtual Classroom", a term coined by Dr. Starr Roxanne Hiltz in the context of Connected Education. This was the first e-learning platform in the world and was unique in that it evolved onto an existing communications system, rather than having a system created specifically for it. Their missions completed, the CCCC and EIES were terminated in the mid-90s.

The university currently operates a Class-10 cleanroom and a Class-1000 cleanroom on campus for academic and research purposes including counter-bioterrorism research.

The university maintains an advanced 67-node supercomputer cluster in the Mathematics Department for research purposes.

NJIT conducts cybersecurity research in a number of areas including cross-domain information sharing, data security and privacy, data mining for malware detection, geospatial information security, secure social networks, and secure cloud computing. The university is designated a National Center of Academic Excellence (CAE) in Cyber Defense Education through the 2020 academic year by the National Security Agency and Department of Homeland Security.

Libraries and archives supporting research
NJIT's Main Library, The Robert W. Van Houten Library, is in the Central Avenue Building, a facility for quiet and group study, researching, and browsing print and online sources. Since 1997 the Van Houten Information Commons has housed 120 computer workstations.

The Barbara and Leonard Littman Library for Architecture and Design is located in Weston Hall. It houses a core collection that includes print and electronic books, journals, maps, drawings, models, e-images, materials samples, and over 70,000 slides.

Included among NJIT's information resources are the university's historical archive including items developed and manufactured by Edward Weston, a scientist, prolific inventor, and a founding member of the board of trustees of the university. Dr. Weston's collection of artifacts and rare books is housed in the Van Houten Library and is available to scholars interested in the history of science and technology.

Buildings and residences
About 80% of NJIT students commute to campus. The Residence Life (on-campus) community currently includes a little over 2,500 students.

There are six residence halls on the NJIT campus. Redwood Hall, constructed in 1978, was the first, followed by Cypress, Oak, and Laurel (constructed in 1997 and extended in 1999). Cypress and Redwood are primarily used for freshman students, while Laurel and Oak house upperclassmen. The fifth, Warren Street Village, which opened in the fall of 2013, provides housing for Dorman Honors College students and several Greek houses which together provide space for about 600 students. The Warren Street Village also houses the Albert Dorman Honors College itself. A sixth dorm hall, Maple Hall, which accommodates 500 students opened in the fall of 2022.

A new almost-on-campus resident hall known as University Centre (run by American Campus Communities) was completed in 2007. Located near NJIT's Guttenberg Information Technologies Center (GITC) building, it houses students from NJIT, Rutgers–Newark, Rutgers Medical School and Seton Hall University. Many students from local institutions find housing in nearby neighborhoods and towns including Harrison, Kearny, Fairmount and East Orange.

Student newspaper
The Vector is an independent weekly student newspaper published by the students of NJIT, originally established in 1924. It has both on-line and print versions. The tabloid print edition has an estimated circulation of 3,000 from on-campus distribution and a readership of approximately 9,000. The Vector won the Honor Rating of First Class from the Associated Collegiate Press in 1989–1990. The Vector is a current member of the Associated Collegiate Press. The Vector won two awards in the New Jersey Press Foundation's 2019-2020 awards, scoring a second place win for Arts & Entertainment writing and third place for General Excellence.

Athletics
NJIT sponsors 19 NCAA-Division I varsity teams and 1 ACHA non-varsity Division 2 team. It also sponsors 2 club-level sports. Its teams are called the Highlanders. The school colors are red and white with blue accent. NJIT's teams compete at the NCAA Division I level primarily as members of the America East Conference (AEC). Several teams have affiliations outside of AEC as follows: women's and men's tennis compete in the Southland Conference (SLC), men's fencing team is a member of the Mid-Atlantic Collegiate Fencing Association (MACFA). As of 2016, the women's fencing team is independent. Men's volleyball competes in the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (EIVA). Woman's volleyball competes in the AEC.

On 6 December 2014 NJIT's basketball team, unranked and independent at the time, made headlines in national sports reports when they defeated the nationally ranked (#17) Michigan Wolverines.

NCAA Division I sports at NJIT are:
 * (M)    Baseball
 * (M) (W) Basketball
 * (M) (W) Cross country
 * (M) (W) Fencing, men compete in MACFA, woman compete as an independent
 * (M)    Lacrosse
 * (M) (W) Soccer
 * (M)    Swimming & diving, team competes in the  ECAC
 * (M) (W) Tennis, compete in SLC
 * (M) (W) Track & field (indoor)
 * (M) (W) Track & field (outdoor)
 * (M) (W) Volleyball, men compete in EIVA, woman compete in the  AEC

ACHA Division II sports:
 * (M)    Ice Hockey, compete in  CSCHC

Club-level sports: Ice Hockey, Bowling.

Sports and Recreational Facilities
In recent years NJIT has extensively added to and upgraded its sports and recreation facilities. In 2017, it opened the Wellness and Events Center, referred to as "the WEC," pronounced "weck", a major facility that includes a 3500-seat basketball and volleyball arena that can be converted into an event space capable of accommodating 4,000 attendees. In 2019, a new soccer and lacrosse field opened. The WEC replaced the Estelle & Zoom Fleisher Athletic Center.

Notable alumni
Since its founding in 1881, NJIT has issued degrees to more than 77,000 graduates. NJIT alumni have gone on to pursue distinguished careers in many sectors. As of May 2022, the school's founders, faculty and alumni include a Turing Award winner (2011), a Congressional Gold Medal  winner (2015), a National Medal of Technology and Innovation  recipient (2002), a Franklin Medal  winner (1924), an  astronaut (attended, transferred to  USNA), 7 Fulbright scholars, 19 Goldwater Scholars and 27 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships. NJIT sponsors 19 NCAA Division I sports teams, 11M and 8F. Its core affiliation is with the America East Conference.

Faculty and administrators at other universities

 * Victor J. Stenger (class of 1956), professor of physics at University of Hawaii
 * Yuriy Tarnawsky (class of 1956), professor of Ukrainian literature and culture at Columbia University
 * A. Michael Noll (class of 1961), dean at University of Southern California
 * Judea Pearl (class of 1961), professor at University of California, Los Angeles; winner of Turing Award in 2011 (co-listed under Science and Engineering)
 * Pierre Ramond (class of 1965), distinguished professor of physics at University of Florida
 * Charles Speziale (class of 1970), scientist at NASA Langley Research Center and professor at Boston University
 * Gary Thomas, (NJIT Provost, 1990–1998) (deceased), Chancellor of Missouri University of Science and Technology (2000-2005).
 * John Pelesko, (class of 1997) professor (2002-2023) and dean (2018-2023) at the University of Delaware, NJIT Provost 2023 - present

Business and industry

 * Albert Dorman (deceased, class of 1945, Hon ScD 1999) founder and chairman of AECOM Technology Corp., a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a fellow of the American Institute of Architects, and a distinguished member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
 * Ying Wu (MSEE 1988) Telecommunications engineer and entrepreneur, Chairman of the China Capital group. Founder and ex-CEO of UTStarcom (China) Ltd.
 * Ehsan Bayat (born 1963, class of 1986), chairman and founder of Afghan Wireless Communication Company, Ariana Television and Radio, Bayat Foundation, Bayat Energy
 * Robert S. Dow (born 1945, class of 1969), senior partner, former managing partner of Lord Abbett, and Olympic fencer (He is also listed under Sports.)
 * Frederick Eberhardt (deceased, class of 1884), president of Gould & Eberhardt, a Newark-based machine tool manufacturer, and one of 88 in NJIT's inaugural class
 * Vince Naimoli (class of 1962), owner of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays
 * Victor Pelson (deceased, class of 1959), American executive at AT&T Corporation.
 * Jim Stamatis (class of 1985), vice president at Louis Berger Group
 * Dick Sweeney (class of 1981), co-founder of Keurig

Military, politics and government

 * Harry L. Ettlinger (1926 - 2018, class of 1950), one of the Monuments Men; awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2015,
 * Ellen M. Pawlikowski (class of 1978), 4-Star General of the United States Air Force (retired August 2018), elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2014,
 * Paul Sarlo (born 1968, BS 1992, MS 1995), politician who has served in the New Jersey Senate since 2003, where he represents the 36th Legislative District,
 * Funsho Williams (MSc 1974), Nigerian civil servant and politician.

Science and engineering

 * Sara Del Valle, (class of 2001), mathematical epidemiologist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
 * Judea Pearl, (class of 1961) prominent worker on superconducting electronic components and artificial intelligence. Winner of the Turing Award
 * Pierre Ramond (class of 1965) Theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to string theory, winner of the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics (2015).
 * Gerard J. Foschini, (class of 1961) prominent telecommunications engineer at Bell Labs, winner of the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.
 * Beatrice Hicks (1919–1979, class of 1939), founder of the Society of Women Engineers and member of the National Academy of Engineering.
 * Paul Charles Michaelis, (BSEE and MS Physics) researcher of magnetic bubble memory, received the IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award in 1975.
 * John J. Mooney (MSc 1960), co-inventor of the three-way catalytic converter, winner of National Medal of Technology in 2002.
 * T. J. O'Malley (class of 1936), aerospace engineer, winner of the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, 1969, 1974.
 * John Sawruk (1946–2008), mechanical engineer, Boss Kettering Award winner for his work on the GM 2.4L 4 cylinder engine
 * Wally Schirra (1923–2007), astronaut, only person to fly in all of America's first three space programs (Mercury, Gemini and Apollo)
 * Victor J. Stenger (1935-2014) BSEE, class of 1956. Noted particle physicist, philosopher, and religious skeptic. Author of 13 books for the general reader, and numerous essays, many of which relate to the existence of God.

Entertainment

 * Rashia Fisher, rapper who is known as Rah Digga and a member of Flipmode Squad (attended, but did not graduate)

Sports

 * Raymond E. Blum (class of 1950), speed skater who competed in the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland
 * Robert Dow (fencer) (class of 1969) He competed in the team sabre event in the 1972 Summer Olympics.
 * Hernan "Chico" Borja (deceased, class of 1980) (soccer, player and coach) First NJIT men's player to be named an ALL American. He played for several professional teams including the New York Cosmos. He was a member of the US national team from 1982 to 1988.
 * James Cipperly (born 1984, class of 2007), better known as Orange Cassidy, professional wrestler currently signed to All Elite Wrestling.
 * Isaiah Wilkerson (class of 2012), professional basketball player.
 * Chris Flores (class of 2013), professional basketball player
 * Mark Leiter Jr., (class of 2016) professional baseball player
 * Damon Lynn (class of 2017), professional basketball player (NBA G League)

University presidents

 * Charles A. Colton, 1st Director (NTS), 1884–1918
 * Daniel Hodgdon, 2nd Director (NTS), 1918–1920
 * Allan Cullimore, 3rd Director (NTS), 1920–1930; 1st President (NCE), 1930–1947
 * Robert Van Houten, acting President (NCE), 1947–1950; 2nd President (NCE), 1950–1970, class of 1930.
 * William Hazell, 3rd President (NCE)/(NJIT), 1970–1975
 * Paul H. Newell Jr, 4th President (NJIT), 1975–1976
 * Charles R. Bergman, 5th President (NJIT), Interim appointment, 1977
 * Saul Fenster, 6th president, 1978–2002
 * Robert A. Altenkirch, 7th president, 2002–2011
 * Joel Bloom, 8th president (non-faculty), 2011–2022
 * Teik C. Lim, 9th president, 2022–present

Faculty and administrators at NJIT

 * Ali Akansu, professor of electrical and computer engineering. He is an IEEE Fellow.
 * Julie Ancis, professor of Cyberpsychology. She is an American Psychological Association (APA) Fellow.
 * David Bader, distinguished professor of data science. He is an IEEE, AAAS, SIAM and ACM Fellow.
 * Yeheskel Bar-Ness, professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering. He is an IEEE Fellow.
 * Denis Blackmore (deceased), professor of mathematics.
 * Kevin Belfield, dean of NJIT's College of Science and Liberal Arts. He was elected a fellow of the American Chemical Society in 2020 and a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2022.
 * Jeannette Brown (deceased), chemist, historian, writer, Elected a fellow of the Association for Women in Science in 2007.
 * Bernard Friedland, distinguished professor of electrical and computer engineering, recipient of the 1982 Rufus Oldenburger Medal
 * Ian Gatley, professor of physics.
 * Erol Gelenbe, professor of computer science at NJIT, dean at the University of Central Florida and professor at Imperial College London.
 * Lillian Gilbreth, (deceased) professor at NJIT, 1941–43, and first female member of the National Academy of Engineering.
 * Philip R. Goode, professor emeritus of physics. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Geophysical Union and the American Astronomical Society.
 * Craig Gotsman, former dean of the Ying Wu College of Computing, He is a Fellow of ACM, a member of Academia Europaea, and a member of the National Academy of Inventors.
 * Starr Roxanne Hiltz, professor emerita of information systems, recipient of Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award (1994).
 * Michael Hinchey, professor of computer science at NJIT, and professor at the University of Limerick, Hinchey is a Member of Academia Europaea.
 * Moshe Kam, Dean of the Newark College of Engineering, and professor of electrical and computer engineering. 49th President and CEO of IEEE.
 * Burt Kimmelman, poet and professor of English.
 * Gregory Kriegsmann (deceased), professor of mathematics, elected as a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) in 1994.
 * David Kristol, professor emeritus of biomedical engineering.
 * Louis J. Lanzerotti, researcher and engineer involved in numerous satellite programs including Voyager, Cassini, and Galileo among others. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and an IEEE fellow.
 * Paul Magriel, mathematics professor at NJIT, and leading backgammon player.
 * Donald Pederson, (deceased) prominent electrical engineer who led the development of SPICE, a very widely used program for computer-aided circuit design. A lecturer of engineering at NJIT, Pederson was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded several IEEE medals including the medal of Honor.
 * Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson professor of humanities.
 * Omowunmi Sadik, distinguished professor of chemistry and environmental science. She is a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
 * Sunil Saigal, distinguished professor of civil engineering; a Fellow of both the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society of Civil Engineers.
 * Karl W. Schweizer, Professor of History; Author/Editor of 20 books; Fellow of the British Royal Historical Society and The Royal Society of Arts
 * Kamalesh Sirkar, professor of chemical engineering. Sirkar holds 25 US patents.
 * Murray Turoff, (deceased) professor emeritus of computer and information systems, recipient of Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award (1994), co-author of 'The Network Nation' with his wife Starr Roxanne Hiltz.
 * Guiling (Grace) Wang, distinguished professor of computer science. She is an IEEE Fellow
 * Leslie Kanes Weisman, professor of architecture.
 * Edward Weston, (deceased) prominent member of the founding board of trustees; co-founder of the Weston Electric Light Company; holder of 334 US patients. Awards include: the Elliott Cresson Medal (1910), the Franklin Medal (1924), and the IEEE Lamme Medal.
 * Mengchu Zhou, professor of electrical and computer engineering. He is also a professor at the Macau University of Science and Technology. He is the chairman of IKAS Industries of Shenzhen in China and a board member of OneSmart Education Group headquartered in China. He is a fellow of the IEEE, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Chinese Association of Automation.

title: New Jersey Institute of Technology


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Talk:Isaac Newton's occult studies

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 25 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Victoriamartinez3456.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:49, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Newton and Daniel
This is just a poor start I doodled up, while Wikipedia was down. Feel free to try and NPOV it, if you feel it needs it.

Add his studies on Daniel and I think it's complete. I'm betting the studies got bogged in the mistranslation of the suffering servant prophecies... - Sparky 01:16, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Chronology
Please define the study of Chronology, the link has the obvious definition of chronology.
 * Done! I added a section on Chronology, though it may need some elaboration.  Not sure if this part of Newton's research falls under Occult Study, but I suppose it does.  I guess it could reflect "hidden knowledge", or at the very least Newton's version of history.--Trippz 08:04, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Credibility
Please add references to the article. Thanks. Adraeus 07:02, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yikes! You can say that again!  A majority of it seems really POV.  In need of some rewrites, or maybe just scrap the whole thing and merge to Isaac Newton's religious views as suggested below. Trippz 11:01, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Merge?
Could this be merged with Isaac Newton's religious views? Theres an awful lot of overlap.Borisblue 05:50, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, the two should be merged, but this portion really needs some work first because it doesn't gel with itself, let alone a merge to another article. Its been tagged for wikify since July 2007.  I agree, the context, verbage, and terminology almost appears ripped directly from other sources.  Aside from the wikify tag, I think it also needs a "cleanup" as well.  Interesting topic, I'd like to save it, but in its current state I suspect its heading to AfD pretty soon. Trippz 11:16, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * After consideration I don't think it should be merged. There does seem to be enough Newton research to warrant an article separate from his Religious beliefs.  I'm not sure some of this would fit nicely with an article about his religious convictions after all. I'm working on expanding the article so it can stand on it own.  Help would be appreciated. Trippz 11:44, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

"Newton was a well known alchemist of his time"?
In this article, it is said that Newton was a well know alchemist of his time. So far as my knowledge of Newton goes, Newton did everything possible to hide his "occult" interests, especially alchemy.

It was only in the 1930s or so, when his papers were auctioned that Newton's occult leanings came to light.

Rather than edit the page straightaway, I would like the opinion and permission of the original author.

Thanks.

My understanding is that he was well known among alchemists at least. Since most scientists were alchemists up until the period of the American Civil War you do find a lot of alchemical or occult references to some of the things he studied, including fluxions, optics, the Temple of Solomons dimensions and the study of other classical temples and monuments such as the Great Pyramid, with Newtons published conjecture on [a pyramid inch] and the studies of the columns of the Parthenon.

The first suggestion that the builders of the Great Pyramid of Giza used units of measure related to modern measures is attributed to Oxford astronomy professor John Greaves (1602-1652), who journeyed to Egypt in 1638 to make measurements of the pyramid.

His findings were published in his Pyramidographia and under his name in an anonymous tract.[1] More than a century later, Greaves' measurements and additional measurements made by French engineers during Napoleon's expedition in Egypt, were studied by John Taylor (1781-1864).

Taylor claimed that the measurements indicated that the ancients had used a unit of measure about 1/1000 greater than a modern British inch.[2] This was origin of the "pyramid inch". Taylor regarded the "pyramid inch" to be 1/25 of the "sacred cubit" whose existence had earlier been postulated by Isaac Newton.[3]

The principal argument was that the total length of the four sides of the pyramid would be 36524 (100 times the number of days in a year) if measured in pyramid inches. Taylor and his followers, who included the Astronomer Royal of Scotland Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819-1900),[4] also found numerous apparent coincidences between the measurements of the pyramids and the geometry of the earth and the solar system.

They concluded that the British system of measures was derived from a far more ancient, if not divine, system. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, this theory played a significant role in the debates over whether Britain and the United States should adopt the metric system[5]

One reason for this might have been the development of interest in the seconds pendulum which appeared to relate Time, Space and Gravity

Newtons Alchemy

 * The first folio consists of an isolated treatment of the hardness and color of gems. An interesting and previously unnoticed point of interest lies in Newton's reference here to an unambiguously alchemical tract, the De veritate & antiquitate artis chymicae Robertus Vallensis(found in volume I of Lazarus Zetzner's Theatrum chemicum). Newton also refers to "chymists" who derive the colors of precious stones from metallic tinctures. It is clear, then that Newton was already reading chrysopoetic authors at the time when he took these notes, and they may well have helped to stimulate his interest in the nature of colors more generally.

 * The preliminary notes on gems give way almost immediately to one of Newton's earliest and most important treatments of optics, simply called "Of Colours" in the manuscript. Although much of the manuscript could be thought of as a sort of commonplace book, where Newton records the thoughts of writers whom he is reading,

 * "Of Colours" is an experimental treatise in its own right, occupying folios 2r up to 12v. The text has been edited and supplied with excellent notes and commentary by J.E. McGuire and Martin Tamny in their Certain Philosophical Questions: Newton's Trinity Notebook (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) . We direct the reader to McGuire and Tamny's edition for their interpretive apparatus. Our edition reveals the relationship between "Of Colours" and Newton's evolving chymical pursuits, and of course it is fully searchable.

 * On folio 13r we find Newton's recipe for "an excellent ink," which employs, the then well known ingredients of oak galls and iron vitriol ("copperas") to make a black ink.

 * At 14r Newton launches into extensive reading notes grouped under commonplace headings such as "Of Cold & Heate." The vast majority of these entries, which extend to about 41v, draw upon the work of Robert Boyle, who greatly influenced the young Newton. Other easily identified sources in this section include the Harvard educated chymist George Starkey (34r) and the Spanish writer on Peruvian metallurgy, Alonso Barba (34).

 * On 41v Newton begins recording his own experimental notes. The bulk of the manuscript after this point consists of Newton's records of his own chymical experiments, though reading notes still appear at a number of places. Notes from George Starkey' 1658 work on medical chymistry, Pyrotechny, appear alongside borrowings from Boyle between folios 82v and 88v, for example. Among Newton's experimental notes there are also clear attempts to interpret and implement Starkey's mysterious transmutational writings, which the young American composed under the pseudonym of Eirenaeus Philalethes.

 * On 43r, for example, Newton describes his successful attempts at making Philalethes's "net," an alloy of copper and martial antimony regulus with a depression in the center and a fine crystalline surface resembling network.

 * On 54v Newton performs further experiments with the net, which he now equates with "the oak," another Philalethan product. Philalethes thought that the myth in which Cadmus, the legendary founder of Thebes, impaled a poisonous dragon upon an oak tree with his iron lance contained a hidden recipe for the production of antimony regulus from stibnite, the ore of antimony. Philalethes elsewhere advised to fuse the product of this reaction with copper, giving Newton license to identify the "oak" with the "net," as he clearly does on 54v as well as 68r and 68v.

 * On May 10, 1681 (see 62r ), Newton seems to have initially felt that he experienced a breakthrough in decoding Philalethes, for he says (in Latin) that he has understood the meaning of the "two doves" of Diana, one of the cover-names employed by Starkey's pseudonymous adept. Newton soon realized the delusory nature of his discovery, for he crossed the passage out. On May 18 (see 62v ) he had a similar experience, when he temporarily believed that he had uncovered the real sense of Mercury's caduceus: subsequently he struck this passage out as well. The sheer intellectual challenge of disentangling the riddling allegories of Philalethes and other alchemists was clearly one of the driving impulses behind Newton's chymistry.

On the final folio of the manuscript, Newton records the prices of various materials bought from "Mister Stonestreet" and "Mister Timothy Langley." These notes are of value in determining Newton's contacts in the world of seventeenth-century chymistry. Rktect 17:13, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Newton was a student of Elias Ashmole as I recall. Ashmole gathered during the purges in England all of he science and 'occult' as the priest of the time held all of this. Their time coming to an end, Elias decided to gather as much of what they had before they were burned or otherwise killed. They agreed and he became the most knowledgeable person in the science and occult world. Instruments, methods and formula were saved in the worlds first public museum. He held the chair that Newton later took. He was a Master Mason of the accepted type, not building trade type. Martin cite - ISBN 0954330927 author of book Tobias Churton. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.92.35.246 (talk) 04:03, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Nova Episode
You guy should watch the Nova episode dealing with this matter. It covers it quite well: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9062704729950935075&q=nova+duration%3Along

--Havermayer 06:20, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Reference
"Foundations of Newtons's Alchemy" was written by Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs, unless there's another book by the same name. She is by far the authority on Newton's alchemy, as every other book I've read on the subject uses her book as a reference. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Poggy8 (talk • contribs) 15:33, 17 February 2007 (UTC).

Why is there a "speculations" section?
Are these speculations attested to any notable scholar, or are they just someone's musings about what Newton might have thought? The clause about how he "toyed with the idea of including margin notes attesting" Pythagoras' knowledge of gravity sounds rather unencyclopedic, unless there are comments in his notebooks or early drafts of his works supporting this.

It seems to me that these speculations should either be specifically cited to reliable sources, or removed altogether. If there's specific evidence supporting the claims, the section should be retitled: "speculations" suggests individual guesswork, rather than scholarship. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 08:46, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm moving them here, since they obviously need to be referenced before being included. CMummert · talk 17:25, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Newton believed that Pythagoras must have known about Gravity, and even toyed with the idea of including margin notes attesting it.
 * Newton, for that reason, did not use his "fluxions," but rather geometric proofs which he thought would have been more accessible to geometers of Pythagoras's era.
 * Newton also believed that the Hebrews before the Great Flood knew of the atomic structure of matter.

 * No problem, I'll pop into the library and write up the references. I should add that I wrote most of the orginal article before we had a working method of adding cites or references... as for why the title of the section is "speculations", that is probably because I didn't wish to get into an edit war with the people who were sceptical of those being his real views. They are well attested, for all that. -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. 11:27, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Apocalypse
According to http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/06/18/newton.papers.ap/index.html?eref=rss_topstories Newton didn´t mean the world would end 2060, but that this was the earliest possible date for the world to end. He wrote "This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail."
 * Agreed! I've added the information to the 2060 section including direct and complete quotes from Newton's own work.--Trippz 08:07, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Bible quotations
Please, Rktekt, I implore you to either add some valid context to the bible quotations you have added to the article that specifically tie them together with Newton. As they stand currently, they are without valid context, and thus very distracting and non-encyclopaedic. -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. 07:38, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Its well known that Newton and other scientists of his period devoted a great deal of time to finding formulas to describe the relationship between gravity and orbital motion. From the time of Galileo studies of gravity timed with the seconds pendulum had demonstrated that its length and period were related to gravity and the mass of the earth.

 * The valid context is thus, that viewed from the perspective of a period which greatly admired the achievements of ancient architects, and studies of classical monuments, Newton's study of the dimensions of the temple is related to his study of gravity.

 * Some evidence of why Newton would begin by engaging in original research into ancient studies of gravity is historical. Newton and his peers read again and again about accurate measures of the Earths surface based on a common standard in the writings of Herodotus, Plato, Archimedes, Polonius, Eratosthenes, Strabo, Vitruvius, Ptolomy, Pithias and other sources which include the Bible.

 * Even before Biblical times there is found in architecture extensive use of the Egyptian itrw or river measure, the Greek stadion and Roman stadium and their subdivisions as a standard.

 * These standards of measure provide evidence for the known value of a degree which relates accurately to a sexigesimal division of the earths great circle which is then incorporated in other standards of measure.

 * Newton found, as other scholars since have noted, that there is a huge amount of inter-related math and physics from such studies incorporated in classical architectural proportions. Some Renaissance scientists actually measured ancient buildings to work out the proportions, Newton did this also but worked with the dimensions given in the Biblical description of the temple of Solomon.

 * Newton was particularly interested in things like the dimensions of the brazen sea, the dimensions of the columns, and of the rooms because the findings of archaeologists engaged in measuring other temples and tombs provided data that could be correlated.

 * The idea that temples and tombs have sacred geometry is an old one. The Greek orders of Architecture are based on the idea that architectural proportion which referenced Pi and Phi would be harmonious and beautiful. Gradually people studing these proportions discovered that they also referenced other mathematical and scientific concepts. For example in the properties of materials there are relationships of geometry and physics known as statics, a knowledge of which is used by architects and engineers so that a beam or an arch could be sized such that it would be able to take its load without failure according to the distance it was necessary to span.

 * In Newton there is a transition from such expressions of natural philosophy and alchemy to scientific enquiry. Of particular interest was the spherical geometry in which Newton thought the relation of the column proportions to degrees of the earth's circumference might help him determine the size of the earth so he could calculate its mass for his original research on gravity.

 * What do we know about Newton's geometrical interests? We know that Newton wrote more on these occult topics than on any of his scientific inquiries. We know that as an alchemist Newton enjoyed several ways of disquising his research in the vagaries of obscure references. We know that he was fascinated by the ongoing research of his time into seconds pendulums and their relation to degrees of the Earths equatorial circumference and its offsets, the earths mass, gravity and even fluxions or calculus of the moons orbital motion as relates to tides and other gravitational attractions.

 * Newtons idea of fluxions is to some extent a Platonic dialectic. He seeks to add motion to rest. With that idea in mind he could combine the coordiates of space; length, width, and breadth with the coordinates of time and get a curve that describes an orbit, and then factor out a gravitational attraction as a function of the orbit.

 * If my response answered your question good; if not then I note that the passages were commented out rather than simply reverted which seems a good way to make the article shorter but still leave the information available to people who are interested in such calculations. Rktect 12:34, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Rktect, can you point out from where you are drawing your conclusions? Is there a piece of Newton's own work to support the concepts you are attributing to him?  The only works by Newton that directly concern the Temple of Solomon that I can find appear to be descriptive accounts of the structure.  There is no reference to mass, gravity, fluxions, etc., within these works.  I wouldn't doubt some connection, but is there something we can cite?Trippz 08:23, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Temple of Solomon
Can someone please tell me where the information on this section is coming from? Its an interesting topic and I am not at all surprised to learn of Newton's interest in it, nor am I arguing its factuality, I just cannot find a source to support Newton's connection at this time. The sources that are cited are VERY scarce on information regarding Isaac Newton. In fact, the Villalpando citation source material only makes one very short reference about Newton:

Isaac Newton used the works of Villalpando in his architectural studies.

This is the exact same statement used in the article. That's it! Where is the rest of this section coming from? I'd like to get my hands on some of this information and assist in re-formating the section to meet WP:MOS, it reads a little rough in its present state, however, I don't think the section is not without some merit and deserves more exploration. Trippz 19:15, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Juan published works in geometry and architecture and also interpreted inscriptions both in Rome and Jerusalem along with Jerome Prado; when the latter died he inherited Prado's unfinished commentary on Ezekiel. Juan's mathematical contributions center on proportion and harmony and follow the architectural usage of Euclid. He produced 21 original propositions on the center of gravity and the line of direction. These can be found in the collection of Father Marin Mersenne, Synopsis mathematica (1626). Isaac Newton used the works of Villalpando in his architectural studies.

 * From the same article

Villalpando had been compelled to face in determining the form and dimensions of the Temple, his design was simplicity itself. According to the book of Genesis, Noah's Ark was 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide and 30 high. Much, of course, depended on the precise value of the cubit. Origen had claimed that it was equivalent to six Roman feet, which the Jesuit scholar, Athanasius Kircher dismissed as absurd since it would have made the Ark inordinately vast. Villalpando had maintained that it was about two and a half feet, basing his claim on the authority of Vitruvius, whereas Kircher, likewise arguing from Vitruvius, had come to the conclusion that it was one and a half feet.

 * Its the study of the value of the cubit as preserved in architecture and architectural writing as related to proportion and harmony that was blowing Newton's mind. Villalpando had been interested in the proportions of Solomon's temple. The relationships are not quite so simple as they may be perceived at first glance. In particular the dimensions of the brazen sea as metaphor for the earth and its size and mass which relate to its gravity.

 * My understanding is that the bulk of Newton's work on this remains unpublished so what we have for access to it is the odd description of a lot for auction or mentions in TV shows and books that are of the nature of the quote above.

 * Trippz its clear that you are interested in the subject, but as you say the sources other than Newton and Newton both are very scarce. I did come on Newton's book on Graves Pyramid Inch, and his assessment that there is evidence of using the earth as a standard of measure in antiquity.

 * Another source tracks Newton's interest in measures of a pendulums period.

 * Tracking down his research on the seconds penduluum is somewhat obscure and complicated, but also fascinating. Newton was interested in Gravity and knew that that one way to measure Gravity is with a pendulum, because in his time the seconds pendulum and its relation to gravity and measures of the earth was a very hot topic.

 * As you swing a pendulum, gravity keeps trying to pull it back toward the center of mass which in our case lies at the center of the Earth. This knowledge results in the old carpenters trick of establishing plumb for a building with a plumbob. The longer you make the pendulum the longer it takes to complete its swing and the easier it is to measure. A penduluum moves fastest at the bottom of its swing and slowest at the ends, which is a measure of its kinetic energy and potential energy. The period of a pendulum is proportional to the square root of its length and F=ma where F is the force of gravity trying to pull the mass of the plumbbob back toward a straight line to the center of the earth. ''For a pendulum of length L and mass m, the component of the force of gravity pulling the pendulum back toward the center of its swing is

 * Fc = -mg sin θ

 * The minus sign means that when we pull the mass away from the center gravity pulls it back toward the center.

 * Where mg is the mass of the pendulum times the acceleration of gravity, this is the total gravitational force also known as the weight.

 * θ is the angle measured from the bottom of the swing, when the pendulum is at the bottom of its swing θ = 0.

 * If we write Newton's law

 * F = ma where a is acceleration = d2x/dt2

 * then substitute we get

 * d2x/dt2 = F/m = -mg sin θ

 * When the angle, θ, is measured in radians and the angle is small, less than 0.1 rad then we can make the approximation that sin θ = 0.

 * Now the angle θ is approximately x/L

 * So,

 * d2x/dt2 = -g x/L

 * This differential equation has the well known solution

 * x = A cos wt

 * where w = (g/L)0.5

 * This is a sinusoidal oscillation with amplitude A and period T = 2π/w = 2π (L/g)0.5

 * Since the value of π is a factor its probably germane to mention where Newton's value comes from.

 * Newton knows that Galileo used the Roman pes or foot to measure the rate at which a ball accelerates as it rolls down a ramp. He gets this from Buritanni (an old Egyptologist) whose value for PI is slightly off as he uses the Roman approximation that PI can be expressed as a unit fraction of 3 '8 '64.

 * When the Royal Society (of which Newton was a member) was established in 1662, one of the first tasks it sets to itself was that of determining the length of the pendulum that beats the second; to this purpose John Evelyn, one of the founders, in his trip to Italy, not only took the usual measurernents of standards of the Roman foot, but also of the braccio of Florence and of the braccio of Bologna, used respectively by Galileo and Riccioli in the calculation of the pendulum.

 * But under the influence of the Academie des Sciences and the Academie des Inscriptions, established in the same decade as the Royal Society, the matter of fixed standard was settled in France by reforming the pied de roi, so as to make it 12/11 of the Roman pes.

[Galileo and Riccoli]

 * "Riccioli conducted free fall experiments in which he dropped balls of different weights from different heights. Riccioli found that the heavier ball actually does land a bit sooner, but that the time to fall is not directly proportional to weight. His results confirmed Galileo's claim that weight is only a secondary factor, but showed that weight had more of an effect than Galileo believed it would.

 * Riccioli also provided evidence for the 1, 3, 5, ¼ progression; his values were 15 Roman feet in the first second, 60 feet in the second, 135 in the third, and 240 in the fourth."

 * Newton (January 4, 1643 – March 31, 1728) has studied the Work of [Gabriel Mouton] (1618 – September 28, 1694) and others and recognizes that their values follow the Classical Greek and Roman sacred geometry incorporated in architectural design, ie; what we call the Greek Orders.

 * His 1670 book, the Observationes diametrorum solis et lunae apparentium, came to form the basis of what was to become the metric system hundred years later. Based on the the measurements of the size of the Earth conducted by Riccioli of Bologna (at 373,000 Roman feet to the degree), Mouton proposed a decimal system of measurement based on the circumference of the Earth, explaining the advantages of a system based on nature. Mouton's proposed virga, was essentially the same as the French "toise".

 * In 1670 Abbe Mouton suggested a primary length standard equal to 1 minute of arc on a great circle of the earth. For this basic length Mouton offered the name milliare. This was to be subdivided by seven sub units with each one to be 1/10 the length of the one preceeding or

 * 1 Milliare = 1 minute of arc = 1.85 km
 * 1 Centuria = .1 minute of arc = 185 m
 * 1 Decuria = .01 minutes of arc = 18.5 m
 * 1 Virga = .001 minutes of arc = 1.85 m
 * 1 Virgula = .0001 minutes of arc = 185 mm
 * 1 Decima = .00001 minute of arc = 18.5 mm
 * 1 Centesima = .000001 minute of arc = 1.85 mm
 * 1 Millesima = .0000001 minute of arc = .185 mm

 * Mouton apparently noted the decimal factors

 * 1 Milliare = 10 stadia of 6000 pous = 1.85 km
 * 1 Centuria = 1 Greek stadion of 600 pous = 185 m
 * 1 Centuria = 1 Roman Stadium of 625 pes = 185 m
 * 1 Centuria = 1 English furlong of 625 fote = 185 m
 * 1 Decuria = 10 Greek orquia = 60 pous = 18.5 m
 * 1 Virga = 1 Greek orquia or fathom = 6 pous 1.85 m
 * 1 Virgula = 10 Roman digitus = 2 hands 185 mm
 * 1 Decima = 1 Roman digitus = 18.5 mm

 * inherent in earlier sexigesimal systems

 * Mouton's work relates time, space and gravity as well as connecting ancient units to the concept by identity. Consequently in 1670 we have a degree of the earth's great circle is 111 km but its also 69.17 statute miles of the newly defined statute mile of 1593 and 365,240 feet of that mile.

 * Mouton pointed out that a standard seconds pendulum could define its own length. Its period is inversely proportional to the sgrt of the gravitational intensity or gravitational acceleration when the pendulum is swinging.

 * In Moutons time the second was thought to be a new invention. The division of time into a second or second minute was a result of the work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and his recent (from Mouton's perspective) investigations of gravitational attraction as he found it useful to have such a division to time a ball rolling down a slope.

 * Mountons investigations now related time, space and gravity.

 * Newton realized that the classical measures preserved in the proportions of the Greek orders of architecture, the Mia Chillioi of the Greeks and the Mille Passus of the Romans were tied by Herodotus, Vitruvus, and Ptolomy to the Egyptian Itrw and Aroura so the antiquity of the knowledge base that had been lost in the Dark Ages was extreme. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rktect (talk • contribs) 14:59, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I have modified the section to include original information, though did remove some small remarks that I cannot find sources for. However, I feel the core information is still in there.  Hope it relfected appropriately. --Trippz (talk) 13:09, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Wikified!
I believe the article has been wikified. Removed copywrite infringement, but the Temple of Solomon section still needs work. Though Newton did write descriptively about The Temple of Solomon, I cannot locate any information to support some of the claims in that section. Replaced Wikifi tag with cleanup until resolved or the section is removed.--Trippz 12:56, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You have put so much energy into editing this I hesitate to attempt to contribute, but if you can be specific about what questions you have relating to Newtons interest in the Temple of Solomon I will do what I can to find better cites. In very general terms he sees it as both a series of math problems presented as unstated riddles and scribal instruction in how to ask and answer questions.

 * Starting with the describtion of the brazen sea, one cannot imagine Newton not engaging in calculation of its volume. Anyone who has actually done so rapidly discovers that the dimensions are given in cubits and there are many different cubits to choose from.

 * The volume of the brazen sea is a problem requiring the use of a formula which incorporates PI, so after discovering what cubit is used we need to discover what value for PI is used. Once we have PI we can then apply that to the dimensions of the columns and once we have the columns and their capitals we can go on to look at the length and width and height of the rooms as clarifying an approach to the the classical Greek problems of squaring the circle doubling the cube and trisecting an angle.

 * Newton would have treated all of that as an amuse bouche. What he was going for was gravity, and I think he may have perceived some of the rooms as giving the length and swing of a pendulum Metric which determines the mass and gravity of the planet as discussed above. Rktect 21:59, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I think maybe some cites to elaborate on some of the concepts like "He noted that the Temples's measurements given in the Bible math problems related to solutions for π ". What are the "bible math problems" you are referring to?  Just the measurement of a cubit, or is there more?  I think I ran into something along those lines, where Newton sets forth a "Newton Cubit" (though he didn't call it that of course), but I have misplaced the reference at the moment.  Got a source for the info?  I haven't fully absorbed the Temple of Solomon section in the "| Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended, but does Newton ever go into calculations in that work?  It seems pretty much just descriptive, though he does make a lot of cubit references.  Maybe he's relying on another work that he assumes the reader should know?  Like I said, considering Newton's unarguable interest in numbers, I have no doubt he would start pulling the architecture apart into equations, and perhaps as you mention apply it to gravity, but I can't find a good source to actually show him doing it.  I'm sure he did, but what can we cite?  I'm just hoping to avoid an WP:OR claim by a reader.  You are spot on about finding good cites considering the nature of the material.  Its funny, tracking down Newton's more esoteric research is like tracking a mad genius by finding the scribble pads that he has crumbled up and tossed aside.  Don't hesitate to edit what I've written if you feel it needs it.  I just came in and the article was looking very sparse.  Considering the amount of Newton's own writings and the fact that more is being electronically published each day, I figured the article deserved some more meat.  Besides, its an interesting topic and with a bit of work I think we might get this one to FA status. The 2060 media hype shows that there is enough public interest in his occult studies to warrant FA consideration if we beef it up a bit.  By the way, do you think we can use the Temple images from | Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended without breaking any copyright?  It was published long enough ago to be in public domain I would think.  Article could use some more pics.  Just an idea.  --Trippz 05:33, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

We would be verging on WP:OR except that there is a new book out on this. Isaac Newton, the last Sorcerer. Because most of Newtons work on this isn't published we would have had to find out which museums and collections have it and then get them to let us look at it. There is a new exhibit of exactly that in Jerusalem.

Even if we or the authors and exhibitions who are finding and presenting the material get past that we still need to recognize what we are looking at. Most of the language that Newton uses tends to be Alchemical, theosophical or mathematical with terms like fluxion used to refer to calculus as mathematics in four dimensions. Most of the writing on this is in the realm of pyramid idiocy with the writers pro and con equally disinclined to be reasonable. There are however a lot of pics that can be licensed s published in the US prior to the 1920's

Newton

Exhibit in Jerusalem

Among those intrigued by the incredible accuracy of the Pyramid's construction was the great scientist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton. Attemping to formulate his famous law of gravity, Newton needed to know the diameter of the Earth. However, in the 1600's no measurement was accurate enough, especially since Newton theorized that the Earth's spin would cause an equatorial bulge.

Having heard legends claiming that knowledge of the Earth, the past, and the future were contained in the Pyramid, Among those intrigued by the incredible accuracy of the Pyramid's construction was the great scientist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton.

Attemping to formulate his famous law of gravity, Newton needed to know the diameter of the Earth. However, in the 1600's no measurement was accurate enough, especially since Newton theorized that the Earth's spin would cause an equatorial bulge. Having heard legends claiming that knowledge of the Earth, the past, and the future were contained in the Pyramid, Newton set out to investigate. Newton set out to investigate.

Newton wrote a book exploring the Pyramid inch based on the work of Graves. The comments on that drown out almost everything about his investigations of the measures of Solomons temple. I'm interested in the math problems and measures but feel like I need a shower after wading through the religious comments, the pseudo science comments, and the rather far fetched speculations and conjectures.

Sir Isaac Newton, in his Dissertation on Cubits, claimed that the sacred cubit of the Israelites approximately equaled 25 British inches, while the Egyptian cubit be assured 20.68, and the Greek and Roman cubit 18.24, British inches.

Among those intrigued by the incredible accuracy of the Pyramid's construction was the great scientist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton. Attemping to formulate his famous law of gravity, Newton needed to know the diameter of the Earth. However, in the 1600's no measurement was accurate enough, especially since Newton theorized that the Earth's spin would cause an equatorial bulge. Having heard legends claiming that knowledge of the Earth, the past, and the future were contained in the Pyramid, Newton set out to investigate.

Lets do a little looking and see what we find.

Rktect 02:12, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Newton's Famous "Diamond" Fire
The article includes reference to the story of a lab fire in which documents were destroyed. This anecdote may be apocryphal (see, apple falling from tree) though nobody knows for sure. There are some sources in "Isaac Newton: Eighteenth Century Perspectives" by Alfred Rupert Hall that indicate Newton never owned a pet at all. However, the story of Diamond the dog starting the lab fire has soundly found its way into the Newtonian mythos. I don't have a problem with it being in the article per say, but is there a source indicating that the material allegedly destroyed was in fact occult related, or at least truly may have been? I only bring it up because its one of those stories that pops up whenever there is speculation regarding Newton's work. Example: Newton wrote about aliens, but it was burned in a fire. Newton could turn lead to gold, but the notes were burnt in the fire. Newton cured cancer, discovered Pluto, solved The Bible Code, but it burnt in a fire. etc, etc. I thought of maybe including a whole section on "Diamond the dog" and the phenomenon of the "lost work" which was consumed in the alleged fire, but I'm not sure it should be here. Interesting topic, I could probably construct something, but should it go here? Maybe. It doesn't bring up "hidden knowledge" per say, or directly relate to Newton's occult practices, but it does address contemporary occultism in the since of the possibility of "lost work" related to Newton himself. May be a worthy addition, but I don't want to tackle it if the consensus feels it is outside the scope of the subject material. What do you think? Feedback appreciated. Trippz (talk) 12:06, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, just found Diamond (dog) --Trippz (talk) 06:31, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Atheist bias detected
"Distinctions taken for granted today – such as between the natural and supernatural, or between science and pseudoscience" is not a good sentence. It contrasts natural between supernatural and compares it to science/pseudoscience, obviously implying that pseudoscience is rubbish (true) and (belief in) supernatural too (which is not). This is a religious statement, which does not belong to an objective encyclopedia. 86.50.9.167 (talk) 21:07, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Not sure I read that particular section that way, but at the same time I don't know how to accomplish what seems to be the purpose of the sentence by rewording it. Personally I don't see any atheistic bias in those words.  The term supernatural can be applied to a wide variety of concepts that don't have a particularly religious connection, but of course I suppose it would be possible that some people might attach it to religious aspects as well.  Can't be for sure, but I think the purpose the contributor was going for was to address the differences in scientific understanding that exist between Newtons lifetime and our own.  Seventeenth century Europe was in fact a very superstitious period, which I don't think can really be argued, and many of their supernatural beliefs were in no way particularly connected to religious belief but yet could still be considered supernatural  (Classical Spontaneous Generation comes to mind, amongst many others like witchcraft and black toads).  If you have an idea of a way to present the differences in world view between now and then, let's hear it, might be a way to improve that statement. --Trippz (talk) 07:10, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * My point was that the original sentence linked everything supernatural to pseudoscience, and pseudoscience equals to rubbish (in most people's minds). It follows immediately that all supernatural things are equated to rubbish, including almost all religions (not sure what kinds are there) and superstitions. That was too vague/broad terming, but now it is better, thank you. 86.50.9.167 (talk) 08:35, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Newton and freemasonry
I don't see why freemasonry should even be noted on this page. If the paragraph begins with "There is no verifiable record of Newton being a Freemason" and ends with "However, ultimately there is no evidence to directly connect Newton to Freemasonry" then the whole stuff in between has no meaning. Wikipedia should be an encyclopedia with verifiable/reliable sources, and there's no evidence that he was a freemason, then it shouldn't be mentioned in this article. Groundless speculations just don't fit for a reputable encyclopedia. Including it "because secret societies are cool/exciting" is not a good reason. 86.50.9.167 (talk) 21:07, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I understand your viewpoint, why support a negative, right? However, the information was included simply because there are numerous allegations that Newton was a Freemason throughout popular culture and literature.  Though the information supports a negative, it does help to dispel rumor and conjecture about an aspect of Isaac Newton that is regularly brought up regarding his occult practices.  There are in fact whole books solely written as an attempt to uncover Newton's role in Freemasonry, so I personally think it is a topic that is worthy of addressing in an article of this nature.  Also, the Freemasonry section is actually a part of the larger "Secret Society" section.  Newton was also not a member of the Priory of Sion, however, considering the popularity of Da Vinci Code and the countless knock-off books and theories, Newton is often lumped into various conspiracy theories and half-baked sensationalisms that attempt to attach him to various groups.  We should not hide from common misconceptions, but actually attempt to clarify them.  So basically that particular section was designed to clarify the current knowledge about his standing within a particular group, nothing more.  Part of the job of a encyclopedic article is to also recognize the aspects of a subject that are often misunderstood or misinformed and provide a more accurate picture to the reader.  --Trippz (talk) 06:34, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright, now I understand, keep the paragraph if it is needed. At first it just seemed unfair to label a person with freemasonry, and "there's no evidence" at the start and end of the paragraph just seemed to me that this section is only libel towards Newton. You should consider how a person with no particular interest in conspiracy theories or Da Vinci Code (I as an example) would react to that paragraph. 86.50.9.167 (talk) 08:35, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Eurocentrism?
"Newton's chronological writing is Eurocentric, with the earliest records focusing upon Greece, Anatolia, Egypt, and the Levant." Why does this exhibit Eurocentrism? Anatolia, Egypt, and the Levant are all outside Europe. In any case, the accusation of is inappropriate. Depending which way you look at it, to accuse a 17th century Englishman of Eurocentrism is either anachronistic or redundant. Treharne (talk) 07:21, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes Anatolia, Egypt, the Levant are not in what we call modern Europe today, but the term was intended to indicate that Newton never mentions civilizations of Asia, Africa, the New World, etc. None of these places are included in his chronology, though he most certainly knew of them, thus suggesting Eurocentrism.  Eurocentric history often includes historical connections to those above mentioned (near east) places, such as Greek and Egyptian myth. Their history is a strong part of foundational European history, as well as the Christian Bible which has its origins there (one which Newton uses as a primary source).  As for redundancy applied to Englishmen, I'd make the argument that there were many Englishmen living in various places throughout the world at that time who perhaps did not share a world view similar to Newton.  I wouldn't call it redundant at all to apply this term to a single scientist, and thereby lump all 17th century Englishmen into Newton's group.  Finally, using the term Eurocentric as an "accusation" is not the intention, nor do I personally see why using Eurocentric is somehow a bad thing!  It is simply a term, meaning "Centered around Europe", I think you're reading far too much into it and perhaps taking offense to a perfectly valid term without considering its meaning.  His historical chronology is Eurocentric, but that wouldn't separate him from various historian from other continents who focus solely upon their history from their own point of views.  --Trippz (talk) 12:45, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Whatever the intent, "Eurocentric" does sound pejorative, at least in 2020. If you must keep the term, maybe you could qualify it so the sentence is not immediately self-contradictory, e.g., "Newton's chronological writing is largely Eurocentric, despite some of the earliest records focusing upon Anatolia, Egypt, and the Levant."Happy temporizer (talk) 01:33, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

Reference 5 is down
Reference 5 is down —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.80.215.185 (talk) 21:21, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I have switched the reference to use an archived version of the page. Keith D (talk) 23:14, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Requesting to rename article
This page should really be renamed "Isaac Newton's esoteric studies." The term occult doesn't really include stuff like freemasonry or biblical interpretation whereas everything listed in this article does full under the academic heading of "esotericism"72.89.142.128 (talk) 22:42, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

Mede
Mede's unsuccessful predictions might have inspired Newton's pitching the date so far forward, to 2060. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.179.38.222 (talk) 10:29, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It has often been pointed out that Newton's denominational opinions are typical for the country and the time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.55.83 (talk) 11:22, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Newton used the plural, "fancifull men", and seems to have been referring to predictions made by many others, not only Mede.
 * As Newton noted, the failed predictions discredited the Bible. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.179.38.222 (talk) 11:02, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

Newton and Alchemy? According OTHERS and not according Newton
Checking the article Isaac_Newton and Isaac Newton's occult studies I have noticed that the rumors of Newton being a "magician" and dedicating much of his studies to "alchemy" have been mainly based in ASSUMPTIONS of authors that pretended to relationate Newton and Alchemy. First it is needed to see the difference between chemistry and esoteric alchemy. I think that this field must be checked accurately, because it's still considered under the category of "mystery" and "enigma".

It seems like this rumors began because of John Maynard Keynes writings who was supposed to acquire some Newton's writings. According to the article, Keynes said "Newton was not the first of the age of reason: He was the last of the magicians." and then states Newton's interest in alchemy cannot be isolated from his contributions to science". That is of course, just Keynes opinion, and i think is not encyclopedic. One cannot classify all the works of Isaac Newton under an assumption or opinion, suggesting that all the contributions that he made to science owes its debt to alchemy, and in this case that's given as a fact.

One more: Here in the article in the section "Optics" it says "Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton's analysis and resynthesis of white light owes a debt to corpuscular alchemy." I think that is not encyclopedic again definitely and need to be checked. The correct word instead "revealed" would be "suggested". In this case the "modern scholarship" is nothing but W. R. Newman opinion, so also would be more accurate to say that "W. R. Newman suggests that Newton's analysis..." and not write it as a fact.

Why so worried about this? Because I haven't seen one single quote that comes directly from Newton's works that demonstrate that He was directly involved in alchemy, so it must matter that the views of Newton in alchemy are based in personal INTERPRETATIONS of his writings and not in Newton's own words. The fact that chemistry language in that age was very similar to alchemic one, does not mean that he was strictly involved in alchemy. An also, just because he was interested in natural and materials sciences and metals, it does not mean that he was all into alchemy.

One caannot say that "Newton's vies" on this or that "were because of" this or that unless he said it himself. Otherwise it's just a guessing.

One more: In the article it says "Much of Newton's writing on alchemy may have been lost in a fire in his laboratory, so the true extent of his work in this area may have been larger than is currently known." This, again, is not accurate in anyway. As far as I know, there is no historical evidence of a "fire" in its laboratory, which many biographers and historians doubt. So that claim is making an assumption again based on non-proved claims.

I have checked sources like "the Chymistry of Newton" a website run by William R. Newman proffesor of Indiana University, and its articles and all their "browse manuscripts" are taken mainly from M.S. Keynes writings. This rumors were also promoted by mainstream media such like the New York Times, and very few have stopped and thought about the fidelity and accuracy of all this claims. No wonder why this rumors have been spread by worth of mouth. Other mystical books have been published also of course, but it's still something that seems to be no accurate source. Even many of the articles made by University History professors are made up and based in assumptions on hypothesis of what Newton ("probably") "would have believed" or "would have meant" or "would have MADE", without any direct source from Isaac Newton's OWN works.

One more: It says in the article: "Regardless of his own membership status, Newton was a known associate of many individuals who themselves have often been labeled as members of various esoteric groups. It is unclear if these associations were a result of his being a well established and prominently publicized scholar" and again, there is no source nor reference.

No wonder that Newton never published any "alchemical work", though lately there have been some people that have promoted the theory of Newton seeking the philosopher's stone, that claim is not proved, and it still based in interpretations that can be fallible.

IF we DO take into account ONLY Newton's own words and works...? He never defined himself as an alchemist. Anyone who talk about Newton should think about that, I think. The same happens with freemasonry. Just because there are thousands of rumors and thousands of websites saying that Newton was a freemason, it doesn't mean that he was. After a man dies, people start making myths and stories about them that they were into this or that they were into that, and the worst part is when the ones who hear that start spreading that information without even really know if that is true or false, objective or subjective. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Goose friend (talk • contribs) 17:46, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Goose friend User talk:Goose friend 12:48 11 June 2012

 * I would suggest reading some of William Newman's work before deriding it as the made up suppositions of a historian. Newman is currently annotating Newton's manuscripts to make them more accessible to everyone.  He cites Newton extensively throughout his works, and bases his conclusions study and recreation of Newton's work.  There is in fact a large body of scholarship on the study of Newton's alchemy, again all based in his own words.  The fact that you don't see some of those words in this article is merely the sign that this article still has room for improvement. Kirwanfan (talk) 14:48, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Postel
Christian Heinrich Postel did not compose operas, as the article says, - he wrote libretti. Source? Which opera composed by whom? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 20:53, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

Emerald Tablets
I can't believe that everyone missed that he translated the Emerald Tablets of Hermes / Thoth. It's even mentioned on the wikipedia article Emerald_Tablets Netdragon (talk) 00:20, 31 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Alchemy was dangerous
He needed to be discrete about alchemy since:

 * alchemy was a vector of heretical ideas and mobs were lynching heretics;
 * alchemy provided technical knowledge about counterfeiting money.

So, alchemy was considered dangerous. Source: Newton: The Dark Heretic, BBC, 2003. Tgeorgescu (talk) 03:59, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

How Is Any of This Occult?
"Newton produced many works that would now be classified as occult studies. These works explored chronology, alchemy, and Biblical interpretation"

How are Biblical interpretation and "chronology" (estimating when past events happened) occult? Alchemy can be "occult", but by itself it is just an attempt at using chemistry for specific goals (e.g. making gold).

The complaints from 2004 and 2007 about this article being poorly sourced are just as true today as they were then. It's a wonder this article hasn't been deleted.

Mosgielian (talk) 10:34, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Yup, Newton was an occultist pur sang. He did not spill the beans about it because it were dangerous. See Newton: The Dark Heretic, BBC, 2003. Hint: it's on YouTube and it's high-quality scholarship, several full professors get interviewed. For Newton alchemy meant:

 * what we now call chemistry;
 * the mystical side of it.

 * So, for him, as an alchemist, mysticism and chemistry were an inseparable whole.

 * Newton was a sworn enemy of the Newtonian (i.e. mechanistic) view of the world. Tgeorgescu (talk) 16:19, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

 * And to further explain why alchemy was dangerous:

 * it offered the needed technical knowledge in order to counterfeit money (most alchemists ended their careers as money counterfeiters);
 * it was an intellectual vector of heretical ideas, in an age wherein heresy meant being lynched by the rabid masses of heresy-hunters;
 * the boundary between what we now call chemistry and witchcraft was very vague (it wasn't properly defined, so a chemist could have been very easily mistaken for a witch or wizard, and therefore lynched). tgeorgescu (talk) 09:59, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

The lede needs attention
Doesn't summarise the article. Why so much focus on Maynard Keynes' opinion? 94.9.146.6 (talk) 18:08, 30 June 2020 (UTC)

Question

 * What cause the fire to happen that burned most of his alchemy notes? How did the temple of Solomon impact his alchemy skills?Khyhvc (talk) 23:11, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

AMORC
Newton as member of AMORC is as true as Newton was a Mormon (Mormons do baptize the dead and count them as members). So, yup, you might have guessed, Einstein was a Mormon, too. tgeorgescu (talk) 10:16, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I just proposed merging into Religious views of Isaac Newton and shortened to the well-sourced elements. It was initially created from the 1911 Britannica article and we have better information and sourcing in the current Isaac Newton article. – SJ + 14:37, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree with the merge. It'll need to be done selectively, of course. XOR'easter (talk) 15:57, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
 * agree with merge proposal, though only several sections are sourced and can be merged to the main article. Artem.G (talk) 19:37, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I got some time to read the article, and it mostly looks like OR. Most of them are not "occult" by any definition of the word. Some are just Bible interpretation, some are Alchemy, this section calls Principia an occult study. "Newton's chronology" can be called "occult", but that's quite a stretch. "Newton and the Rosicrucians" is almost completely unsourced. What do you think can be salvaged for the proposed merge? Artem.G (talk) 14:57, 31 May 2023 (UTC)
 * For Rosicrucians I've found this article Newton and the Rosicrucian Enlightenment, some more possible sources are What Happened to Occult Qualities in the Scientific Revolution?, Occult Scientific Mentalities, Essay Review: Revisions of Science and Magic: From Paracelsus to Newton: Magic and the Making of Modern Science, Occult and Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance, ‘Though their causes be not yet discover’d’: occult principles in the making of Newton’s natural philosophy, Handling "Occult Qualities" in the Scientific Revolution. Artem.G (talk) 15:22, 31 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, on the grounds that the idea of Newton's occult studies is well-established as a theme in academic research of his work, and hence warrants separate discussion. My view is that the WP:SUMMARY format work here, with this page linked with a main template at Religious views of Isaac Newton. Klbrain (talk) 03:15, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

Discussion of OR and unencyclopedic tone issues
I've flagged the article for WP:OR and unencyclopedic tone issues. This has been mentioned by several editors previously on this talk page but the issues haven't been corrected despite many years passing, and are quite numerous throughout the article, thus I'm flagging. If I've reviewed the talk page discussions accurately, these issues seem to date from the early days of the article. I suspect that additional sourcing to support unreferenced claims, and editing the essay-like writing tone into encyclopedic style would fix the problems. — Goffman82 (talk) 23:55, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Isaac Newton's occult studies