text:
Talk:Geography of China/Archive 1

Map
The map on this page needs some NPOVing to be like Image:Smaller_map_of_China.png. --Jiang 07:24 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Done. --[So how your going tooday??
 * That would be me. You see, a lot of the articles had american comparisons, so I wanted to NPOV that. this being the english wikipedia, I added english countries. You will see these comparisons on some articles, but most of them dont have it yet. Earl Andrew 19:21, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Meaning of the word "China"..
The term "China" in this article is obviously referring to the PRC, which is not following the Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese)#Political NPOV. The set of conventions says

" Wikipedia reflects the neutral reality and considers the term "China" not to coincide with any particular sovereign state or government. In particular, the word "China" should not be used to be synonymously with areas under the current administration of the People's Republic of China or with Mainland China. ", and

" Wikipedia treats the Republic of China as a sovereign state with equal status with the People's Republic of China, yet does not address whether they are considered separate nations. ".

In my opinion this article should either be rewritten, to refer to China as a region, or have the title changed. — Instantnood 18:16, Feb 17 2005 (UTC)

Fourth Largest
The article says that China is the Fourth largest country in the world after the US. It then states that China is slightly larger than the US. Make up your mind.

 * Quite correct - I've removed those unnecessary, and self-contradictory, size comparisons. - DavidWBrooks 18:52, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States

This link states US is the 3rd largest country in the world

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_China

This link states China is the 3rd largest country in the world

Which one is the largest country in the world?

Quote:
 * Chinanews, Mar. 31 - The page introducing China on the website www.cia.gov of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) shows that China is "slightly smaller than the US" in territory. According to statistics released by CIA, the area of China's territory is 9,596,960 square kilometers while that of the United States is 9,631,418 square kilometers.
 * This saying disagrees with Chinese people's common sense in geography. Doesn't China rank third in the world behind Russia and Canada in territory, but fourth behind the US?
 * Investigations find that all other authoritative websites and publications of the US declare that the US's territory is larger than China's. The US national geographic website www.nationalgeographic.com and the electronic encyclopedia produced by Microsoft also make the same statement.
 * According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, China has an area of 9,572,900 square kilometers and the US's territory is 9,518,287 square kilometers.
 * Mr. Wu, spokesman from the Basic Mapping Management Office of the National Territory Mapping Department of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, revealed that the task aiming to confirm the accurate area of the Chinese territory had been completed. It will be clear which country is the third largest in territory when the figure is published at an opportune time

Schrödinger's cat 16:55, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * There isn't a definite answer as to which one is larger, as there are different ways to measure the area. For example, if you measured the surface area, china would probably be bigger, but when measuring it "the simple way" USA turns out to be bigger. Also, do you count in the lakes? rivers? ponds? islands? overseas territories? disputed territories? the ice in alaska? and the list goes on and on. --HJV 01:30, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Area of a political entity is always counted 'the simple way', by which I assume you mean projecting boundaries onto the earth spheroid and integratinopsojgsoigjfjsigjsfggsigjfg area across the spheroid surface. (Conversely, the 'hard way' would be to integrate area over the 3d surface formed by mountains, etc.). As for the categories of area to include:

non-dependent-territory islands -- always yes rivers, ponds, wholly internal lakes -- always yes border lakes (great lakes, caspian sea) -- judgment call coastal, 'internal' waters -- judgment call, what matters most is a consistent definition of 'internal' territorial sea -- generally no contiguous zone, EEZ -- always no  dependent territories -- debatable but probably not. if anything, quote with and without disputed territories -- safest to quote with and without, generally disputed territory is included under a country that has had long-term control sea ice -- irrelevant, depends on what sea classification it falls under —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.177.126.183 (talk) 03:34, 4 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Just because there is not a definite answer, so I suggest to add a disputed tag after the rank number, and list the both answers to the readers. — Schrödinger's cat 16:38, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Who knows this mountain range?
In the WikiProject Nuttall_Encyclopedia_topics, we hit on the "Yung-Ling" mountains,
 * Yung-Ling is a mountain range running north and south, which forms the eastern buttress of the tableland of Central Asia.

Does anybody know, what the current name of these mountains is? The source is from 1907, and Google doesn't help much. Is it Da Hinggan Ling? Thanks--J heisenberg 15:47, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

i think Yung-Ling = 雲嶺

Great wall length
Is there a reason why the Great Wall is listed as 3300 km long here? Other sources (including Great Wall of China) put it at ~6350 km. i don't want to change it since i don't know if this is a reference to a particular part of the wall ... --Sbmehta 07:06, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Borders
I summed up measures of each border but got a strange result...

=

According to the article are Chinese Land boundaries: total: 22,143.34 km. What's the point? --Miincee 11:11, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

The border disputes section treats the USSR as if it were still a going concern. Perhaps referring to the region as "the former Soviet Union" or as "the Central Asian Republics" would be a good fix. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fidelsempre (talk • contribs) 00:44, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

Gobi Desert
The article currently states that the Gobi Desert is "one of the world's largest and hottest", while Gobi Desert states "The Gobi desert is a cold desert", and Geography of Mongolia states extreme temperatures of 38C in the Gobi. The later quoted 45C here is not attributed to any source. Temperatures in the interior of Australia, or the Middle East, or the Sahara, and indeed elsewhere in China, regularly go into the high 40's, and even the low 50's, which would seem to make the claim that the Gobi is one of the hottest dubious at best. High temperatures attributed to Western China would seem to be better attributed to the Tarim Basin & its associated Taklamakan Desert, which indeed has anecdotal high temperatures of 50+C, but which is not considered geologically to be a part of the Gobi. This is supported in the article Gobi Desert in the geography section.

Additionally, List of deserts by area puts the Gobi at #4 for size. I'm proposing this line should be changed to the factual statement "the world's fourth largest desert", with a link to the appropriate Gobi Desert wiki page. Fehrgo 15:40, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

On second thought, the reference to the size of the Gobi is better left to the Gobi Desert article. Update made with unsupported statements removed. Fehrgo 15:56, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Merge/Delete
THE MAP SHOWING CHINA HISTORIC MACRO AREAS SHOULD NOT BE DELECTED. THE CURRENT CHINA POLITICAL, CULTURAL, ETHNIC CRISES IS HAPPENDING BECAUSE CHINESE GOVERNMENT IS AVOIDING THESE REALITY ABOUT CHINA. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Korean1manchuria (talk • contribs) 12:55, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

The page Geography of China should be deleted, with the correct sections being merged into the articles georaphy of Taiwan or geography of the PRC. There's no reason why we should have Geography of China (it's like creating an article called Geography in Britain (for the region which is Great Britain and Brittany) and then creating a page called Geography in Great Britain (the Island)). In other words, this is one of the most pointless sets of two pages.User:Spacevezontalk 16:19, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

PAST, PRESENT, FOR THE FUTURE. CHINESE AND CHINESE GOVERNMENT ARE AFRAID OF TRUTH. IT'S THE TRUTH THAT WILL DESTROY OR DISMANTLE CHINA. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Korean1manchuria (talk • contribs) 00:55, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Data source or references of this image
Bounds...--59.61.148.206 (talk) 13:15, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

China have been divided by historic macro areas. Thats the truth. China political agenda and China historic agenda are two different situation. Wikipedia should add this map. Its would be very educational for Non-Chinese Past, Present, and for Future China wasn't unified nations. It was separated by many historic macro areas. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Korean1manchuria (talk • contribs) 12:52, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

I'm sorry. My indefinite word makes you misunderstand. Part of Korean Peninsula and North Vietnam had been controled by China, But south Vietnam not("never firmly control").--117.25.12.85 (talk) 13:32, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

I'm sorry. My indefinite word makes you misunderstand. Korean Peninsula never been controled by China, But instead Koreans or Korean Kingdoms such as Ko-Chosun, Korguryo-Balhae Kingdoms, Koryo-Chosun-Kando territory clearly shows Koreans had firmly control Korean Peninsula and Manchuria region. History, Settlement, Cultural Geography always have been Koreans. Not Chinese. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Korean1manchuria (talk • contribs) 00:49, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

See History of Korea--220.250.63.35 (talk) 06:59, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
 * 1. The "Chinese plain" (dark yellow) is a well know concept, same for the Han area (yellow), Tibetan plateau, Sichuan isolate topography, Southern hills, Tarim bassin, Steppes, Mandchuria plain, etc. That's de facto topographic areas, which add naturally their human/historical side. Every book about Chinese history talk about the "tibetan tribues", the Mandchou plain peoples, the Sichuan exception (as a stronghold), etc. See : Gernet, Le Monde Chinois, and so so many books. As soon as you had read several books about the whole Chinese history, you can see that all authors are constantly using these macro areas to explain populations, cultures, wars and conquests. I putted those concepts into a map, following well know topographic limits. Simply.
 * 2. For vietnam, the Han, Tang, Ming dynasty are enough to claim some controls for the 2/3 north.
 * 3. For the fact that "montagnard" Korean peoples have controled both sides of the Changbai mountains, look at the Korean-Chinese history.
 * Accordingly, I restore the map. Thanks. Yug (talk)  06:37, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

MAP CLEARLY SHOWS MANCHURIA BELONGS TO KOREANS. KOREANS CONTROLLED MANCHURIA AND BOTH SIDES BAEKDUSAN/BAEKDU MOUNTAIN. LOCAL/NATIVE WORD IS BAEKDUSAN NOT CHANGAI MOUNTAIN. FOR EXAMPLE, LIKE SAYING KOREAN KIMCHEE WITH CHINESE OR JAPANESE TWIST PRONUNCIATION. IF YOU GOING TO USE THE WORD CORRECTLY ITS CALLED BAEKDUSAN NOT CHANGBAISAN OR MOUNTAIN. —Preceding unsigned comment added by KoreaBaekDooSan (talk • contribs) 07:05, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Typo in a picture
I think there is a typo in the "The Geography of China" .png file (second image) -> "Northeastern Plan". I can't fix it as I lack the software for it (I wouldn't know how to use it anyway :)) ).

NPOV
http://www.gvm.com.tw/gvsrc/200907_GVSRC_others_E.pdf

The proof is in the links above, under section five.

"This GVSRC survey shows that 80.2 percent of Taiwanese people think they are members of the Chinese. 94.5 percent of pan-blue supporters think they are members of the Chinese, and 77.7 percent of independent voters say so."

and

"80.2 percent of Taiwanese think they are members of the Chinese; 57.6 percent say people on the two sides across the Taiwan Strait both belong to the Chinese. The results are similar to those from a year ago."

T-1000 (talk) 05:40, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

 * First, you have claimed in your edit comments that the article is about the geography of "Chinese Civilization", however the title of the article is not "Geography of Chinese Civilization". That should be the title if that is to be the topic.

 * Second http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=114&anum=7354 indicates that 62% of the people of Taiwan consider themselves "台灣人" (Taiwanese) and not "中國人" (Chinese).

 * Third, your source in English says "Chinese"; it is not clear whether this is "中國人" or "中華人". The latter is an ethic term.  Ethnicity does not imply country or civilization.

 * Please find a source to support your POV push. Readin (talk) 05:22, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Rather than debate about this, I've moved the page to Geography of mainland China, since that's what it is about. T-1000 (talk) 04:19, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * you did not move, you copy-pasted, which is unlawful according to CC-license. Now you'll have to wait for the target to be deleted, then move it, and convert the resulting redirect into a dab. Choyoołʼįįhí:Seb az86556 > haneʼ 00:40, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that, I didn't know it was going to be a problem. T-1000 (talk) 00:42, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Fixed (deleted cut'n'paste copy at Geography of mainland China, moved Geography of China to that page-location, left a redirect at old-name so readers and editors can track where it went and links from other articles don't break. Let me know if I can be of further assistance. DMacks (talk) 05:21, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Move
I have undone the move from "Geography of China" to "Geography of mainland China" because no reason was given. "Geography of the People's Republic of China" need to be merged because it is a near duplication of this article.--Jiang (talk) 01:20, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with Jiang. Regardless of anyone's political views, the fact is that the "Geography of China," the "Geography of mainland China" and the "Geography of the People's Republic of China" must all discuss the same physical locations, with the only differences being some variations in boundaries which can be discussed within an article.  --R'n'B (call me Russ) 11:38, 9 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Given the recent renaming of the PRC article, this makes even more sense now. Readin (talk) 14:04, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). The material was copied from: http://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&lpg=PA1215&ots=xNqC5JjSmh&pg=PA1213#v=onepage&q&f=false (pp. 1213-1215). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. VernoWhitney (talk) 15:26, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

2nd paragraph
The last sentence on the 2nd paragraph makes no sense whatsoever. 84.13.33.63 (talk) 22:08, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Merge with Geography of the People's Republic of China
Both of these articles seem to be extremely similar and should be merged together as they basically seem to be duplicates of each other. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 21:29, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree Copies of each other, no other article needed. Buggie111 (talk) 01:18, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Post-merger, the article now includes geography of all of China(s) including the Republic of China (Taiwan)
Previously, the Geography of China and the Geography of the People's Republic of China (PRC) existed as separate articles, with the former including description of the geography of the Republic of China and the latter restricted only to the geography of land actually controlled by the PRC. After the merger of the two China geography articles into the Geography of China, this article now includes both the geographies of the People's Republic of China and Republic of China. The addition of the following into the topography section is not POV:

 * The highest point on the island of Taiwan is Yushan at 3,952m. The island of Hainan reaches a maximum elevation 1840m in the Wuzhi Mountains.
 * ContinentalAve (talk) 08:27, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

 * So the decision has been made to push the Chinese POV that Taiwan is part of China? When was this decision made?  I don't see it in the discussion.  I don't see evidence of a request for merge or request for move.  Nor do I see a request for a waiver of the NPOV policy. Given how small Taiwan is compared to mainland China, it is quite possible to write an article that is NPOV by not making special mentions of Taiwan and by pointing the controversy when it is necessary to mention Taiwan.   The addition of the highest points in Taiwan and Hainan appears to be an attempt to find some way to include Taiwan in the article and thus reinforce Chinese claims rather than an attempt to provide relevant non-trivial information. Readin (talk) 14:02, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Topography section : check need
Hello, I found a source stating : "China have been divided by communists into 5 homogeneous physical macro-regions, namely as the Eastern China (subdivided into the northeast plain, north plain, and southern hills), Xinqiang-mongolia, and the Tibetan-highlands". I reorganized the Topography section accordingly. But the section need several fixes : Yug (talk)  21:56, 15 March 2012 (UTC) (French user)
 * 1) find a better balance between sections
 * 2) find a better balance between important and non-important physical items, and their importance in texts
 * 3) write again with a better English and smoother subject change
 * 4) merge with sections #Geography ?
 * I made a clean up, but the article's outline is pretty poor, thus the repetitions (#Geography, #Topography, ...) A better approach by layers is to encourage. The Geography of the United Kingdom's outile is interesting. Yug (talk)  09:18, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

From the Tibetan Plateau and other less-elevated highlands rise rugged east-west trending mountains, and plateaus interrupted by deep depressions fanning out to the north and east. The Tibetan Plateau is a vast, elevated plateau covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province in the People's Republic of China and Ladakh in India. With an average elevation of over 4,500 meters, it is the highest and biggest plateau in the world and an area of 2.5 million square kilometers. A continental scarp marks the eastern margin of this territory, a scarp that extends from the Greater Khingan Range in northeastern China, through the Taihang Mountains (a range of mountains overlooking the North China Plain) to the eastern edge of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the south. All of the low-lying areas of China, which support dense population and intensive cultivation, are to the east of this scarp line.
 * Generalities

The east-west ranges include some of Asia's greatest mountains. In addition to the Himalayas and the Kunlun Mountains, there are the Mount Kailash (Gangdise) and the Tian Shan ranges. The latter stands between two great basins, the massive Tarim Basin to the south and the Dzungarian Basin to the north. Rich deposits of coal, oil, and metallic ores lie in the Tian Shan area. The largest inland basin in China, the Tarim Basin measures 1,500 kilometers from east to west and 600 kilometers from north to south at its widest parts. The Himalayas form a natural boundary on the southwest as the Altai Mountains do on the northwest. Lesser ranges branch out, some at sharp angles from the major ranges. The mountains give rise to all the principal rivers. The spine of the Kunlun Mountains separates into several branches as it runs eastward from the Pamir Mountains. The northernmost branches, the Altyn-Tagh and the Qilian Range, form the rim of the Tibetan Plateau in west-central China and overlook the Qaidam Basin, a sandy and swampy region containing many salt lakes. A southern branch of the Kunlun Mountains divides the watersheds of the Yellow River (Huang He) and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). The Gansu Corridor, west of the great bend in the Yellow River, was traditionally an important communications link with Central Asia.

North of the 3,300-kilometer-long Great Wall, between Gansu Province on the west and the Greater Khingan Range on the east, lies the Mongolian Plateau, at an average elevation of 1,000 metres above sea level. The Yin Mountains, a system of mountains with average elevations of 1,400 metres, extends east-west through the center of this vast desert steppe. To the south is the largest loess plateau in the world, covering 600,000 square kilometers in Shaanxi Province, parts of Gansu and Shanxi provinces, and some of Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region. Loess is a yellowish soil blown in from the Inner Mongolian deserts. The loose, loamy material travels easily in the wind, and through the centuries it has veneered the plateau and choked the Yellow River with silt. Because the river level drops precipitously toward the North China Plain where it sluggishly crosses the delta, it carries a heavy load of sediment in the form of sand and mud from the upper reaches, much of which is deposited on the flat plain. The flow is controlled mainly by constantly repaired man-made embankments while floods and course changes have recurred over the centuries. As a result the river flows on a raised ridge fifty meters or more above the plain, Traditionally, rulers were judged by their concern for or indifference to preservation of the embankments.

The Paleozoic formations of China, excepting only the upper part of the Carboniferous system, are marine, while the Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits are estuarine and freshwater, or else of terrestrial origin. Groups of volcanic cones occur in the Great Plain of north China. In the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas, there are basaltic plateaus.

Flowing from its source in the Tibetan highlands, the Yellow River courses toward the sea through the North China Plain, the historic center of Chinese expansion and influence. Han Chinese people have farmed the rich alluvial soils of the plain since ancient times, constructing the Grand Canal of China for north-south transport. The plain itself is actually a continuation of the Northeast China Plain to the northeast but is separated from it by the Bohai Gulf, an extension of the Yellow Sea. Like other densely populated areas of China, the plain is subject not only to floods but to earthquakes. For example, the mining and industrial center of Tangshan, about 165 kilometers east of Beijing, was leveled by an earthquake in July 1976 that reportedly also killed 242,000 people and injured 164,000.

The Qinling mountain range, a continuation of the Kunlun Mountains, divides the North China Plain from the Yangtze River Delta and is the major physiographic boundary between the two great parts of China Proper. It is in a sense a cultural boundary as well, influencing the distribution of custom and language. South of the Qinling divide are the densely populated and highly developed areas of the lower and middle plains of the Yangtze and, on its upper reaches, the Sichuan Basin, an area encircled by a high barrier of mountain ranges. The country's longest and most important waterway, the Yangtze River is navigable over much of its length and is now the site of the Three Gorges Dam. Rising on the Tibetan Plateau, the Yangtze River traverses 6,300 kilometers through the heart of the country, draining an area of 1.8 million square kilometers before emptying into the East China Sea. The Sichuan Basin, favored by a mild, humid climate and a long growing season, produces a rich variety of crops; it is also a leading silk-producing area and an important industrial region with substantial mineral resources.

Second only to the Qinling as an internal boundary is the Nanling, the southernmost of the east-west mountain ranges. The Nanling overlooks the part of China where a tropical climate permits two crops of rice to be grown each year. Southeast of the mountains lies a coastal, hilly region of small deltas and narrow valley plains; the drainage area of the Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) and its associated network of rivers occupies much of the region to the south. West of the Nanling, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau rises in two steps, averaging 1,200 and 1,800 meters in elevation, respectively, toward the precipitous mountain regions of the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

The Hai River, like the Pearl and other major waterways, flows from west to east. Its upper course consists of five rivers that converge near Tianjin, then flow seventy kilometers before emptying into the Bohai Gulf. Another major river, the Huai, rises in Henan Province and flows through several lakes before joining the Yangtze near Yangzhou. Inland drainage involving a number of upland basins in the north and northeast accounts for about 40 percent of the country's total drainage area. Many rivers and streams flow into lakes or diminish in the desert. Some are useful for irrigation.

China's extensive territorial waters are principally marginal seas of the western Pacific Ocean; these waters wash the shores of a long and much-indented coastline and approximately 5,000 islands. The Yellow, East China, and South China seas, too, are marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean. More than half the coastline (predominantly in the south) is rocky; most of the remainder is sandy. Hangzhou Bay roughly divides the two kinds of shoreline.

Areas of China have experienced earthquakes. On 23 August 1976, a major earthquake in Tangshan killed hundreds of thousands of people. However, most regions of China do not experience earthquakes, as major population centers are a long distance from fault lines. Tangshan is one of the few places in China that is located within an earthquake zone. There are few volcanoes in China.

New outline : toward the article rewriting
A new outline heve been proposed. This outline purpose is to ease the NEEDED full rewriting of this article. If you can source and write one single section with with ~15 sourced lines, your help is welcome ! Yug (talk)  17:53, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

Old Western Geographies of China
http://books.google.com/books?id=U6VDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=TEcNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=DlICAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 22:50, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Removal of section of lead (china has been divided into...)
"China has been officially and conveniently divided into 5 homogeneous physical macro-regions: Eastern China (subdivided into the Northeast plain, North plain, and southern hills), Xinjiang-Mongolia, and the Tibetan highlands[citation needed]."

I have removed the above section of the lead because it is uncited and when looking for information to back it up I found instead conflicting information and a lack of consensus on the matter, such as here and here talking about a "ladder topography", and not agreeing on a number of basic regions to divide the country into. If you know where the information came from and have a source, please add it back in. Messier104 (talk) 18:55, 31 December 2015 (UTC)

 * This similar sentence, "The topography of China has been divided by the Chinese government into five homogeneous physical macro-regions, namely Eastern China (subdivided into the northeast plain, north plain, and southern hills), Xinjiang-Mongolia, and the Tibetan highlands.[4]," starts the general overview.  It is confusing because of the placement of the parentheses.  It says five regions, and then gives only three.  It takes re-reading to guess that, instead of some sort of mistake in counting, the five regions are nep, np, sh, XM, and Th.  A better wording would be something like, XM, Th, nep,np, and sh (the last three also lumped together as EC).' Kdammers (talk) 03:26, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

Copyvio
I'm just placing a notice that this page contains definite copyvio from this source. Elysia (Wiki Ed) (talk • contribs) 20:33, 2 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geography of China/Archive 1


text:
Sugarbird

The sugarbirds are a small genus, Promerops, and family, Promeropidae, of passerine birds, restricted to southern Africa. In general appearance and habits, they resemble large, long-tailed sunbirds or some of the Australian honeyeaters, but are not closely related to the former and are even more distantly related to the latter. They have brownish plumage, the long downcurved bill typical of passerine nectar feeders, and long tail feathers.

Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Promerops was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the Cape sugarbird (Promerops cafer) as the type species. The name of the genus combines the Ancient Greek προ pro "close to" or "similar" and the genus Merops that contains the bee-eaters.

The relationships of the sugarbirds have been a source of considerable debate. They were first treated as a far-flung member of the honeyeater family, which is otherwise restricted to the Australasian region. Using egg white proteins in the 1970s, Sibley and Ahlquist mistakenly placed them with the starlings (the samples used were actually those of sunbirds). They have also been linked to the thrushes (Turdidae) and the sunbirds. Molecular studies find support for few close relatives, and they are treated as a monotypic family at present, although they form a clade with the Modulatricidae, three enigmatic African species formerly placed with the Old World babblers and thrushes.

Genetic diversity
Both species have been shown to exhibit exceptionally high genetic diversity at both microsatellite and mitochondrial loci, with no signs of inbreeding and large effective population sizes.

Species
The genus contains two species:

Description
The two sugarbird species are medium-sized passerines that weigh between 26 and 46 g and are 23 to(-) in length. Between 15 and 38 cm of that length is in their massively elongated tails, the tails of the Cape sugarbird being overall longer than those of Gurney's sugarbird. In both species, the tail of the male is longer than the female, although the difference is more pronounced in the Cape sugarbird. In overall body size, the males are slightly larger and heavier than the females. Both species have long and slender bills that are slightly curved, and again the females have a slightly shorter bill, leading to differences in feeding niches. The skull and tongue morphologies of the sugarbirds are very similar to that of the honeyeaters, the result of convergent evolution. The tongue is long and protrusible, and is tubular and frilled at the end.

Distribution and habitat
Gurney's sugarbird is found from Zimbabwe southwards, except the extreme south of South Africa, where it is replaced by the Cape sugarbird in the Cape provinces of South Africa. It has at times been considered conspecific with Gurney's. The distribution of Gurney's sugarbird is disjunct, and currently two subspecies are accepted, one in the north and one further south.

Sugarbirds are dependent on Protea and are found in protea scrub. The Cape sugarbird is found in fynbos and has also moved into gardens and nurseries.

Behaviour and ecology

Nectar from the inflorescences of the Protea provide most of the energy these birds require, and they are considered significant pollinators of the genus. The birds' diet is supplemented by insects attracted to the inflorescences. Studies of their diets found that bees in the family Apidae and flies formed a large part of the diet and that the insects were obtained by hawking.

The breeding behaviour and nesting habits of the two species of sugarbird are very similar. Sugarbirds are monogamous, and male sugarbirds defend territories during the breeding season. Females lay two eggs in a nest in a fork of a tree.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sugarbird


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Communication Canada

Communication Canada was an agency of the Department of Public Works and Government Services in the Government of Canada. Its responsibility was primarily for keeping federal government departments and their agencies connected with Canadian citizens. Responsibility for developing the federal government's web presence and primary web site rested with Communication Canada.

The agency was created in the mid-1990s following the 1995 Quebec referendum, ostensibly to promote federal government communications with all of Canada; however, many Canadians viewed it as a government propaganda agency. Communication Canada became linked to the Sponsorship Scandal and was disbanded in a federal government reorganization at the end of the fiscal year, effective March 31, 2004.

Communication Canada was accountable to its Executive Director, who reported to the Chair of the Cabinet Committee on Government Communications and there was a Minister Responsible for Communication Canada. On April 1, 2004, the agency was disbanded and its responsibilities divided among the Department of Public Works and Government Services and the Privy Council Office.

Communications Canada was created in 1969 as the Department of Communications and was headed by the Minister of Communications. It was disbanded in 1995 with its responsibilities for telecommunications going to Industry Canada and culture going to Canadian Heritage.

title: Communication Canada


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Bay Middleton

Captain William George Middleton (16 April 1846 – 9 April 1892) was a noted British horseman, officer of the Royal Lancers, and equerry to Lord Spencer, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was described as "one of the best riders to hounds that ever lived, an amusing dare-devil and very good company."

His nickname "Bay" was either a reference to his reddish-brown hair, or derived from the name of the winner of The Derby winner in 1836.

Early life
William George Middleton was born at Barony, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, the son of George Middleton and Mary Margaret Hamilton. He was born into a Scottish family with sporting traditions. He attended the Glasgow Academy. The family having moved to London, he was privately tutored at Wimbledon.

Career
Middleton was gazetted to the 12th Lancers in 1865, and stationed in Cahir in County Tipperary. He rode his first Winning Race in 1867 at Cork Park. He joined the Lord Lieutenant's staff as an aide-de-camp in 1870, where he was based at the Viceregal Lodge in Dublin, was promoted to captain and left services. Middleton was one of the best and most popular riders in the United Kingdom. He repeatedly rode the winners over the stiffest steeplechase courses, including the Punchestown (Ireland) Grand National. Besides being distinguished as a horseman, he was a good cricketer, belonging to the Jockey Cricket Club.

Empress of Austria
The Empress Elisabeth of Austria ("Sisi") visited England, arriving on 2 August 1874, where she met the Earl Spencer and his equerry Middleton. When she returned to England in 1876, she visited Lord Spencer at Althorp, and Bay Middleton was asked to "pilot" the Empress. She left England in February 1882 and never hunted in England or Ireland again.

Marriage
In 1875, Middleton became engaged to Charlotte Baird, daughter of William Baird, of Elie, whom he married on 25 October 1882 at St. George's, Hanover Square. The couple had one daughter, Violet Georgiana, born in 1886.

Death
Captain William George Middleton died at age 45 in the Midland Sportsman's Cup at Lord Willoughby de Broke's estate at Kineton, killed in a fall from his horse at the Parliamentary steeplechase. He was buried in full riding costume at Haselbech, Northamptonshire. His coffin was kept in the parish church, covered with the Union Jack and flanked with lances of the 12th Lancers, Middleton's regiment. A large assembly of mourners gathered to attend the funeral service, which was conducted by the Rev. W. Lloyd, the rector. Among the mourners were the widow and the deceased's only (officially acknowledged) child, a little girl of six. Earl Spencer, Lord and Lady Willoughby de Broke, Sir Saville Crossley, M.P., Mr. Albert Pell, Captain Atherton, Mr. Charles. W. B. Fernie, General Le Quesne, and many others who were well known in the hunting field also attended Middleton's funeral.

In ballet, literature and film
Middleton appears as the Empress's lover in Kenneth MacMillan's ballet Mayerling.

Middleton's courtship of Charlotte Baird and his relationship with the Empress are the focus of Daisy Goodwin's novel The Fortune Hunter.

Middleton is portrayed by Colin Morgan in the 2022 historical drama film Corsage written and directed by Marie Kreutzer.

title: Bay Middleton


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Corazon Aquino

Maria Corazon "Cory" Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino ( January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009) was a Filipino politician who served as the eleventh president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. She was the most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution, which ended the two-decade rule of President Ferdinand Marcos and led to the establishment of the current democratic Fifth Philippine Republic.

Corazon Aquino was married to Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., who was one of the most prominent critics of President Marcos. After the assassination of her husband on August 21, 1983, she emerged as leader of the opposition against the president. In late 1985, Marcos called for a snap election, and Aquino ran for president with former Senator Salvador Laurel as her running mate for vice president. After the election held on February 7, 1986, the Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and his running mate Arturo Tolentino as the winners, which prompted allegations of electoral fraud and Aquino's call for massive civil disobedience actions. Subsequently, the People Power Revolution, a non-violent mass demonstration movement, took place from February 22 to 25. The People Power Revolution, along with defections from the Armed Forces of the Philippines and support from the Philippine Catholic Church, ousted Marcos and secured Aquino's accession to the presidency on February 25, 1986. Prior to her election as president, Aquino had not held any elected office. She was the first female president of the Philippines.

As president, Aquino oversaw the drafting of the 1987 Constitution, which limited the powers of the presidency and re-established the bicameral Congress, removing the previous dictatorial government structure. Her economic policies focused on forging good economic standing amongst the international community as well as disestablishing Marcos-era crony capitalist monopolies, emphasizing the free market and responsible economy. Her administration pursued peace talks to resolve the Moro conflict, and the result of these talks was creation of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Aquino was criticized for the Mendiola Massacre, which resulted in the shooting deaths of at least 12 peaceful protesters by Philippine state security forces. The Philippines faced various natural calamities in the latter part of Aquino's administration, such as the 1990 Luzon earthquake, 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption and Tropical Storm Thelma. Several coup attempts were made against her government. She was succeeded as president by Fidel V. Ramos and returned to civilian life in 1992.

Aquino was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 2008 and died on August 1, 2009. Her son Benigno Aquino III served as president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016. After her death, monuments were built and public landmarks were named in honor of Corazon Aquino all around the Philippines. Aquino was regarded as the Mother of Democracy.

Early life and education
María Corazón Sumulong Cojuangco was born on January 25, 1933, in Paniqui, Tarlac. She was born to the prominent Cojuangco family. Her father was José Cojuangco, a prominent Tarlac businessman and former congressman, and her mother was Demetria Sumulong, a pharmacist. Both of Aquino's parents were from prominent political families. Aquino's grandfather from her father's side, Melecio Cojuangco, was a member of the historic Malolos Congress, and Aquino's mother belonged to the politically influential Sumulong family of Rizal province, which included Juan Sumulong, who ran against Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon in 1941 and Senator Lorenzo Sumulong, who was later appointed by Aquino in the Constitutional Commission. Aquino was the sixth of eight children, two of whom died in infancy. Her siblings were Pedro, Josephine, Teresita, Jose Jr., and Maria Paz.

Aquino spent her elementary school days at St. Scholastica's College in Manila, where she graduated at the top of her class as valedictorian. She transferred to Assumption Convent, then also in Manila, to pursue high school studies. After her family moved to the United States, she attended the Assumption-run Ravenhill Academy in Philadelphia. She then transferred to Notre Dame Convent School in New York City, where she graduated from in 1949. During her high school years in the United States, Aquino volunteered for the campaign of U.S. Republican presidential candidate Thomas Dewey against Democratic incumbent U.S. President Harry S. Truman during the 1948 United States presidential election. After graduating from high school, she pursued her college education at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York, graduating in 1953 with a major in French and minor in mathematics.

Wife of Benigno Aquino Jr.
After graduating from college, she returned to the Philippines and studied law at Far Eastern University in 1953. While attending, she met Benigno "Ninoy" S. Aquino Jr., who was the son of the late Speaker Benigno S. Aquino Sr. and a grandson of General Servillano Aquino. She discontinued her law education and married Benigno at the Our Lady of Sorrows Parish in Pasay, Rizal on October 11, 1954. The couple had five children: Maria Elena ("Ballsy"; born 1955), Aurora Corazon ("Pinky"; born 1957), Benigno Simeon III ("Noynoy"; 1960–2021), Victoria Elisa ("Viel"; born 1961) and Kristina Bernadette ("Kris"; born 1971).

Aquino had initially had difficulty adjusting to provincial life when she and her husband moved to Concepcion, Tarlac in 1955. Aquino found herself bored in Concepcion, and welcomed the opportunity to have dinner with her husband inside the American military facility at nearby Clark Field. Afterwards, the Aquino family moved to a bungalow in suburban Quezon City.

Throughout her life, Aquino was known to be a devout Roman Catholic.

Corazon Aquino was fluent in French, Japanese, Spanish, and English aside from her native Tagalog and Kapampangan.

Benigno Aquino Jr., a member of the Liberal Party, rose to become the youngest governor in the country in 1961 and then the youngest senator ever elected to the Senate of the Philippines in 1967. For most of her husband's political career, Aquino remained a housewife who raised their children and hosted her spouse's political allies who would visit their Quezon City home. She would decline to join her husband on stage during campaign rallies, instead preferring to be in the back of the audience and listen to him. Unbeknownst to many at the time, Corazon Aquino sold some of her prized inheritance to fund the candidacy of her husband.

As Benigno Aquino Jr. emerged as a leading critic of the government of President Ferdinand Marcos, he became seen as a strong candidate for president to succeed Marcos in the 1973 elections. However, Marcos, who was barred by the 1935 Constitution to seek a third term, declared martial law on September 21, 1972 and later abolished the constitution, thereby allowing him to remain in office. Benigno Aquino Jr. was among the first to be arrested at the onset of martial law, and was later sentenced to death. During her husband's incarceration, Corazon Aquino stopped going to beauty salons or buying new clothes and prohibited her children from attending parties, until a priest advised her and her children to try to live as normal lives as possible.

Despite Corazon's initial opposition, Benigno Aquino Jr. decided to run in the 1978 Batasang Pambansa elections from his prison cell as party leader of the newly created LABAN. Corazon Aquino campaigned on behalf of her husband and delivered a political speech for the first time in her life during this political campaign. In 1980 Benigno Aquino Jr. suffered a heart attack, and Marcos allowed Senator Aquino and his family to leave for exile in the United States upon intervention from U.S. President Jimmy Carter so that Aquino could seek medical treatment. The family settled in Boston, and Corazon Aquino would later recall the next three years as the happiest days of her marriage and family life.

On August 21, 1983, Benigno Aquino Jr. ended his stay in the United States and returned without his family to the Philippines, where he was immediately assassinated on a staircase leading to the tarmac of Manila International Airport. The airport is now named Ninoy Aquino International Airport, renamed by the Congress in his honor in 1987. Corazon Aquino returned to the Philippines a few days later and led her husband's funeral procession, in which more than two million people participated.

1986 presidential campaign
Following her husband's assassination in 1983, Corazon Aquino became active in various demonstrations held against the Marcos regime. She began to assume the mantle of leadership left by her husband and became a figurehead of the anti-Marcos political opposition. On November 3, 1985, during an interview with American journalist David Brinkley on This Week with David Brinkley, Marcos suddenly announced snap elections that would be held within three months to dispel doubt against his regime's legitimate authority, an action that surprised the nation. The election was later scheduled to be held on February 7, 1986. A petition was organized to urge Aquino to run for president, headed by former newspaper publisher Joaquin Roces. On December 1, the petition of 1.2 million signatures was publicly presented to Aquino in an event attended by 15,000 people, and on December 3, Aquino officially declared her candidacy. United Opposition (UNIDO) party leader Salvador Laurel was chosen as Aquino's running mate as candidate for vice president.

During the campaign, Marcos attacked Corazon Aquino on her husband's previous ties to communists, characterizing the election as a fight "between democracy and communism". Aquino refuted Marcos' charge and stated that she would not appoint a single communist to her cabinet. Marcos also accused Aquino of playing "political football" with the United States in regards to the continued United States military presence in the Philippines at Clark Air Base and Subic Naval Base. Another point of attack for Marcos was Aquino's inexperience in public office. Marcos' campaign was characterized by sexist attacks, such as remarks by Marcos that Aquino was "just a woman" and that a woman's remarks should be limited to the bedroom.

The snap election was held on February 7, 1986, and was marred by massive electoral fraud, violence, intimidation, coercion, and disenfranchisement of voters. On February 11, while votes were still being tabulated, former Antique Governor Evelio Javier, who had been director of Aquino's campaign in Antique, was assassinated. During the tallying of votes conducted by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), 30 poll computer technicians walked out to contest the alleged election-rigging being done in favor of Marcos. Years later it was claimed that the walkout of computer technicians was led by Linda Kapunan, wife of Lt Col Eduardo Kapunan, a leader of Reform the Armed Forces Movement that plotted to attack the Malacañang Palace and kill Marcos and his family, leading to a partial reevaluation of the walkout event.

On February 15, 1986, the Batasang Pambansa, which was dominated by Marcos' ruling party and its allies, declared President Marcos as the winner of the election. However, NAMFREL's electoral count showed that Corazon Aquino had won. Aquino claimed victory according to NAMFREL's electoral count and called for a rally dubbed "Tagumpay ng Bayan" (People's Victory Rally) the following day to protest the declaration by the Batasang Pambansa. Aquino also called for boycotts against products and services from companies controlled or owned by individuals closely allied with Marcos. The rally was held at the historic Rizal Park in Luneta, Manila and drew a pro-Aquino crowd of around two million people. The dubious election results drew condemnation from both domestic and foreign powers. The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines issued a statement strongly criticizing the conduct of the election, describing the election as violent and fraudulent. The United States Senate likewise condemned the election. Aquino rejected a power-sharing agreement proposed by the American diplomat Philip Habib, who had been sent as an emissary by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to help defuse the tension.

Accession as president
On February 22, 1986, disgruntled and reformist military officers led by Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and General Fidel V. Ramos surprised the nation and the international community by the announcement of their defection from the Marcos government, citing a strong belief that Aquino was the real winner in the contested presidential election. Enrile, Ramos, and the rebel soldiers then set up operations in Camp Aguinaldo, the headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and Camp Crame, the headquarters of the Philippine Constabulary, across Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). Cardinal Sin appealed to the public in a broadcast over Church-run Radyo Veritas, and millions of Filipinos gathered to the part of Epifanio De Los Santos Avenue between the two camps to give their support and prayers to the rebels. At that time, Aquino was meditating in a Carmelite convent in Cebu. Upon learning of the defection, Aquino and Cardinal Sin appeared on Radyo Veritas to rally behind Enrile and Ramos. Aquino then flew back to Manila to prepare for the takeover of the government.

Aquino was sworn in as the eleventh president of the Philippines on February 25, 1986. An hour after Aquino's inauguration, Marcos held his own inauguration ceremony at the Malacañang Palace. Later that same day, Ferdinand E. Marcos fled from the Philippines to Hawaii.

Presidency (1986–1992)
Corazon Aquino's accession to the presidency marked the end of authoritarian rule in the Philippines. Aquino is the first female president of the Philippines and is still the only president of the Philippines to have never held any prior political position. Aquino is regarded as the first female president in Asia.

Transitional government and creation of new constitution
On February 25, 1986, the first day of her administration, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 1, which announced an intention to reorganize the government and called on all officials appointed by Marcos to resign, starting with members of the Supreme Court. On March 25, 1986, President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, which announced a transitional government into a democratic system. She abolished the 1973 Constitution that was in force during the martial law era, and by decree issued the provisional 1986 Freedom Constitution, pending the ratification of a more formal and comprehensive charter. This constitutional allowed her to exercise both executive and legislative powers during the period of transitional government.

After the issuance of Proclamation No. 1, all 15 members of the Supreme Court submitted their resignations. Aquino then reorganized the membership of the Supreme Court with the stated purpose of restoring its judicial independence. On May 22, 1986, in the case Lawyers League v. President Aquino, the reorganized Supreme Court declared the Aquino government as "not merely a de facto government but in fact and law a de jure government", and affirmed its legitimacy.

Aquino appointed all 48 members of the 1986 Constitutional Commission ("Con-Com"), led by retired activist and former Supreme Court Associate Justice Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, which was tasked with writing a new constitution. The Commission completed its final draft of the Constitution in October 1986.

On February 2, 1987, the Constitution of the Philippines was ratified by nationwide plebiscite. It remains the constitution of the Philippines to the present day. The Constitution established a bill of rights and a three-branch government consisting of the executive department, the legislative department, and the judicial department. The Constitution restored the bicameral Congress, which in 1973 had been abolished by Marcos and replaced with first the Batasang Bayan and later the Batasang Pambansa. The ratification of the new Constitution was soon followed by the election of senators and the election of House of Representatives members on May 11, 1987, as well as local elections on January 18, 1988.

Legal reforms
After the ratification of the constitution, Aquino promulgated two landmark legal codes, namely, the Family Code of 1987, which reformed the civil law on family relations, and the Administrative Code of 1987, which reorganized the structure of the executive department of government. Another landmark law that was enacted during her tenure was the 1991 Local Government Code, which devolved national government powers to local government units (LGUs). The new Code enhanced the power of LGUs to enact local taxation measures and assured them of a share in the national revenue.

During Aquino's tenure, vital economic laws such as the Built-Operate-Transfer Law, Foreign Investments Act, and the Consumer Protection and Welfare Act were also enacted.

Socio-economic policies
The economy posted a positive growth of 3.4% during Aquino's first year in office, and continued to grow at an overall positive rate throughout her tenure for an average rate of 3.4% from 1986 to 1992. Real GDP growth suffered a 0.4% decrease in 1991 in the aftermath of the 1989 coup attempt by the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, which shook international confidence in the Philippine economy and hindered foreign investment.

Aquino made fighting inflation one of her priorities after the nation suffered from skyrocketing prices during the last years of the Marcos administration. The last six years of the Marcos administration recorded an average annual inflation rate of 20.9%, which peaked in 1984 at 50.3%. From 1986 to 1992, the Philippines recorded an average annual inflation rate of 9.2%. During the Aquino administration, the annual inflation rate peaked at 18.1% in 1991; a stated reason for this increase was panic buying during the Gulf War. Overall, the economy under Aquino had an average growth of 3.8% from 1986 to 1992.

De-monopolization
One of Aquino's first actions as president was to seize Marcos' multi-billion dollar fortune of ill-gotten wealth. On February 28, 1986, four days into her presidency, Aquino formed the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), which was tasked with retrieving Marcos' domestic and international fortune.

After his declaration of martial law in 1972 and his consolidation of authoritarian power, President Ferdinand Marcos issued various government decrees that awarded monopoly or oligopoly power over entire industries to various close associates, in a scheme later regarded as crony capitalism. President Aquino pursued a market liberalization agenda to combat this problem. President Aquino particularly targeted the sugar industry and the coconut industry for de-monopolization.

Debt
Throughout the tenure of President Ferdinand Marcos, government foreign debt had ballooned from less than $3 billion in 1970 to $28 billion by the end of his administration, through privatization of bad government assets and deregulation of many vital industries. The debt had badly tarnished the international credit standing and economic reputation of the country.

President Aquino inherited the debt of the Marcos administration and weighed all options on what to do with the debt, including not paying the debt. Aquino eventually chose to honor all the debts that were previously incurred in order to clear the country's economic reputation. Her decision proved to be unpopular but Aquino defended it, saying that was the most practical move. Beginning in 1986, the Aquino administration paid off $4 billion of the country's outstanding debts to improve its international credit ratings and attract the attention of foreign investors. This move also ensured lower interest rates and longer payment terms for future loans. During the Aquino administration, the Philippines acquired an additional $9 billion debt, increasing the net national debt by $5 billion within six years due to the need to infuse capital and money into the economy. The Aquino administration was able to reduce the Philippines' external debt-to-GDP ratio by 30.1 percent, from 87.9 percent at the start of the administration to 67.8 percent in 1991.

Agrarian reform
President Aquino envisioned agrarian and land reform as the centerpiece of her administration's social legislative agenda. However, her family background and social class as a privileged daughter of a wealthy and landed clan became a lightning rod of criticisms against her land reform agenda.

After the Mendiola Massacre and in response to calls for agrarian reform, President Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on July 22, 1987, which outlined her land reform program, including sugar lands. In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the new Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 6657, more popularly known as the "Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law" (CARP), which paved the way for the redistribution of agricultural lands from landowners to tenant-farmers. Landowners were paid in exchange by the government through just compensation, and were also not allowed to retain more than five hectares of land. The law also allowed corporate landowners to "voluntarily divest a proportion of their capital stock, equity or participation in favor of their workers or other qualified beneficiaries", in lieu of turning over their land to the government for redistribution. Despite the flaws in the law, the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1989, declaring that the implementation of CARP was "a revolutionary kind of expropriation".

Corazon Aquino herself was subject to a controversy that centered on Hacienda Luisita, a 6,453-hectare estate located in the province of Tarlac which she and her siblings inherited from her father José Cojuangco. Instead of land distribution, Hacienda Luisita reorganized itself into a corporation and distributed stock. As such, ownership of agricultural portions of the hacienda was transferred to the corporation, which in turn, gave its shares of stocks to farmers. Critics argued that Aquino bowed to pressure from relatives by allowing stock redistribution in lieu of land redistribution under CARP.

The stock redistribution scheme was revoked in 2006, when the Department of Agrarian Reform ordered the mandatory redistribution of land to tenant-farmers of Hacienda Luisita. The Department of Agrarian Reform had looked into its revocation since 2004, when violence erupted in the hacienda over the retrenchment of workers, leaving seven people dead.

Coup attempts on Aquino government
From 1986 to 1990 numerous coup attempts were enacted on the Aquino administration and the new Philippine government. Many of these attempts were conducted by the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, who attempted to establish a military government, while other attempts were conducted by loyalists to former President Marcos.

Mendiola massacre and cabinet infighting
On January 22, 1987, during the era of transition government and shortly before the nationwide plebiscite to ratify the Constitution, 12 citizens were killed and 51 were injured in the Mendiola Massacre. The incident was initially a peaceful protest by agrarian workers and farmers who had marched to the historic Mendiola Street near the Malacañan Palace to demand genuine land reform. The massacre occurred when Marines fired at farmers who tried to go beyond the designated demarcation line set by the police. The massacre resulted in several resignations from Aquino's cabinet, including Jose W. Diokno, head of the Presidential Committee on Human Rights, chairman of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR), and chairman of the government panel in charge of negotiations with rebel forces resigned from his government posts. His daughter Maris said, "It was the only time we saw him near tears."

In September 1987, Vice President Doy Laurel resigned as secretary of foreign affairs. In his resignation letter to Aquino, Laurel stated, "the past years of Marcos are now beginning to look no worse than your first two years in office. And the reported controversies and scandals involving your closest relatives have become the object of our people's outrage. From 16,500 NPA regular when Marcos fell, the communists now claim an armed strength of 25,200. From city to countryside, anarchy has spread. There is anarchy within the government, anarchy within the ruling coalesced parties and anarchy in the streets."

Finance Minister Jaime Ongpin, who had successfully advocated for paying external debt incurred during Marcos' administration, was dismissed by Aquino in September 1987 and later died in an apparent suicide in December 1987. His widow stated that he had been depressed due to infighting in Aquino's cabinet and lack of significant change since the People Power Revolution.

Soon after the Mendiola Massacre, the Aquino administration and Congress worked to pass significant agrarian reform, which culminated in the passage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARP).

Peace talks with Moro and communist insurgencies
President Aquino conducted peace talks with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), an armed Moro Muslim insurgency group that sought to establish an independent Moro state within Mindanao. Aquino met with MNLF leader Nur Misuari and various MNLF groups in Sulu. In 1989, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was created under Republic Act No. 6734 or the ARMM Organic Act, which established the Moro majority areas in the Mindanao island group as an autonomous region with its own government. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao lasted from 1989 to 2019, after which it was succeeded by the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).

The establishment of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao was opposed by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a militant splinter group from the MNLF that sought to secede from the Philippines to establish an Islamic state in Mindanao. Peace talks with MILF began in 1997 under President Fidel Ramos and violent insurgency officially continued until 2014, when peace accords were formally signed between MILF and the administration of President Benigno Aquino III that would lead to the creation of the BARMM.

The establishment of the ARMM also led to the establishment of Abu Sayyaf, a terrorist group founded in 1989 by Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani and composed of radical former members of the MNLF. Terrorist attacks by Abu Sayyaf would start in 1995 and continue to the present day, including the 2004 bombing of the MV Superferry 14 that resulted in the deaths of 116 people.

Shortly after becoming president, Aquino ordered the release of hundreds of political prisoners imprisoned during the Marcos era, including communist insurgents belonging to the Communist Party of the Philippines. These releases included leaders such as Communist Party of the Philippines founder Jose Maria Sison and New People's Army founder Bernabe Buscayno. Preliminary peace talks with the CPP ended after the Mendiola Massacre on January 22, 1987, during which at least 12 farmers were killed at a protest rally.

Closing of United States military bases
Soon after Aquino took office, several Philippine senators declared that the presence of U.S. military forces in the Philippines was an affront to national sovereignty. The senators called for the United States military to vacate U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay and Clark Air Base, and Aquino opposed their demand. The United States objected by stating that they had leased the property and that the leases were still in effect. The United States stated that the facilities at Subic Bay were unequaled anywhere in Southeast Asia and a U.S. pullout could make all of that region of the world vulnerable to an incursion by the Soviet Union or by a resurgent Japan. Another issue with the demand was that thousands of Filipinos worked at these military facilities and they would lose their jobs if the U.S. military moved out. Aquino opposed the Senate's demand and believed that the bases should have remained. Aquino organized a protest against the pullout, which only gathered between 100,000 and 150,000 supporters, far short of the 500,000 to 1 million that had been originally expected.

The matter was still being debated when Mount Pinatubo erupted in June 1991, covering the entire area with volcanic ash. Despite attempts to continue the Subic Base, Aquino finally conceded. In December 1991, the government served notice that the U.S. had to close the base by the end of 1992.

Natural disasters and calamities
On December 20, 1987, the MV Doña Paz sank after a collision with the oil tanker MV Vector. The final death toll exceeded 4,300 people, and the sinking has been called the deadliest peacetime maritime disaster of the 20th century. In the aftermath, Aquino addressed the incident as "a national tragedy of harrowing proportions".

The 1990 Luzon earthquake was a 7.8 magnitude earthquake that struck the island of Luzon. It left an estimate of 1,621 people dead and massive property damage.

In 1991, a volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo, then thought to be dormant, killed around 800 people and caused widespread long-term devastation of agricultural lands in Central Luzon. Around 20,000 residents had to be evacuated and around 10,000 people were left homeless by the event. It was the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century.

On November 1, 1991 Tropical Storm Thelma (also known as Typhoon Uring) caused massive flooding in Ormoc City, leaving around 5,000 dead in what was then considered to be the deadliest typhoon in Philippine history. On November 8, Aquino declared all of Leyte a disaster area.

Electrical power grid inadequacy
During Aquino's presidency, electric blackouts became common in Manila. The city experienced 7–12 hours-long blackouts, which severely affected its businesses. By the departure of Aquino in June 1992, businesses in Manila and nearby provinces had lost nearly $800 million since the preceding March.

Corazon Aquino's decision to deactivate the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP), which was built during the Marcos administration, contributed to further electricity crises in the 1990s, as the 620 megawatts capacity of the plant would have been enough to cover the shortfall at that time. Critics of the BNPP had stated that the power plant was unsafe, and cited the millions of dollars in bribes paid to President Marcos to allow its construction. The administration had failed to provide for an adequate replacement for the plant before her term had completed, and President Corazon Aquino ended her term in 1992 with the country reeling under a severe power shortage crisis.

Influence in 1992 presidential election
The 1987 Constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of re-election. As the end of her presidency drew near, close advisers and friends told Aquino that since she was not inaugurated under the 1987 Constitution, her term beginning 1986, she was still 'eligible' to seek the presidency again in the upcoming 1992 elections, the first presidential elections held under normal and peaceful circumstances since 1965. However, Aquino firmly declined the requests for her to seek reelection, citing her strong belief that the presidency was not a lifetime position.

Initially, she named Ramon V. Mitra, Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives who had been a friend of her husband, as her preferred candidate for the 1992 presidential elections. However, she later backtracked and instead supported the candidacy of General Fidel V. Ramos, who was her defense secretary and a key figure in the EDSA Revolution. Ramos had consistently stood by her government during the various coup attempts that were launched against her administration. Her sudden change of mind and withdrawal of support from Mitra drew criticism from her supporters in the liberal and social democratic sectors. Her decision also drew criticism from the Catholic Church, which questioned her support of Ramos due to his being a Protestant. General Ramos won the 1992 elections with 23.58% of the total votes in a wide-open campaign.

On June 30, 1992, Corazon Aquino formally and peacefully handed over power to Fidel Ramos. On that day, Fidel V. Ramos was inaugurated as the twelfth president of the Philippines. After the inauguration, Aquino left the ceremony in a simple white Toyota Crown she had purchased, rather than the lavish government-issued Mercedes-Benz in which she and Ramos had ridden on the way to the ceremonies, to make the point that she was once again an ordinary citizen.

Domestic
During Aquino's retirement and stay as a private citizen, she remained active in the Philippine political scene. Aquino would voice her dissent to government actions and policies that she deemed threats to the democratic foundations of the country.

In 1997, Aquino, together with Cardinal Jaime Sin, led a rally opposing President Fidel Ramos' attempt to extend his term through his proposal to amend the 1987 Constitution's restriction on presidential term limits. Ramos' proposed charter change would fail, leaving term limits and the presidential system in place.

During the 1998 Philippine presidential election, Aquino endorsed the candidacy of former police general and Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim from the Liberal Party for president. Lim would lose to Vice President Joseph Estrada, who won by a landslide. In 1999, Aquino and Cardinal Jaime Sin again worked together to oppose a second plan to amend the Constitution to remove term limits, this time under President Estrada. President Estrada stated that his plan to amend the Constitution was intended to lift provisions that 'restrict' economic activities and investments, and Estrada denied that it was an attempt to extend his stay in office. Estrada's proposed charter change would also fail.

In 2000, Aquino joined the mounting calls for Estrada to resign from office, amid a series of corruption scandals, including strong allegations of bribery charges and gambling kickbacks. Estrada was impeached by the House of Representatives in November 2000 but acquitted by the Senate in December, which in January 2001 led to the Second EDSA Revolution, which ousted Estrada. During the Second EDSA Revolution, Aquino enthusiastically supported the ascendancy of Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to the position of president. In the subsequent trial of Joseph Estrada, Estrada was acquitted of perjury but found guilty of plunder and sentenced to reclusion perpetua with the accessory penalties of perpetual disqualification from public office and forfeiture of ill-gotten wealth on September 12, 2007. Estrada was pardoned by President Macapagal-Arroyo on October 26, 2007.

In 2005, after a series of revelations and exposes that implicated President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in rigging the 2004 presidential elections, Aquino called on Arroyo to resign in order to prevent bloodshed, violence and further political deterioration. Aquino once again led massive street-level demonstrations, this time demanding the resignation of President Arroyo.

During the 2007 senatorial elections, Aquino actively campaigned for her only son, Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III, who went on to win his race. Less than a year after Corazon Aquino's death in 2009, Benigno Aquino III won the 2010 Philippine presidential election and served as the 15th president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016.

In December 2008, Corazon Aquino publicly expressed regret for her participation in the 2001 Second EDSA Revolution, which installed Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as president. She apologized to former President Joseph Estrada for the role she played in his ouster in 2001. Aquino's apology drew criticisms from numerous politicians. In June 2009, two months before her death, Aquino issued a public statement in which she strongly denounced and condemned the Arroyo administration's plans of amending the 1987 Constitution, calling it a "shameless abuse of power".

International
Shortly after leaving the presidency, Aquino traveled abroad, giving speeches and lectures on issues of democracy, development, human rights, and women empowerment. At the 1994 meeting of the UNESCO World Commission on Culture and Development in Manila, Aquino delivered a speech urging the unconditional release of Burmese democratic leader Aung San Suu Kyi from detention. Until her death in 2009, Aquino would continue to petition for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi.

Aquino was a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international organization of former and current female heads of state, from the group's inception in 1996 to her death.

In 1997, Aquino attended the wake and funeral of Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta, whom she met during the latter's visit in Manila in 1989. In 2005, Aquino joined the international community in mourning the death of Pope John Paul II.

In 2002, Aquino became the first woman named to the Board of Governors at the Asian Institute of Management, a leading graduate business school and think tank in the Asia Pacific region. She served on the Board until 2006.

Charitable and social initiatives
After her term as president, Aquino was involved in several charitable activities and socio-economic initiatives. From 1992 until her death, Aquino was chairperson of the Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Foundation, which she set up in her husband's honor after his assassination in 1983. Aquino supported the Gawad Kalinga social housing project for the poor and homeless. In 2007, Aquino helped establish the PinoyME Foundation, a non-profit organization that aims to provide microfinancing programs and projects for the poor. Aquino also painted, and would occasionally give away her paintings to friends and family or auction her paintings and donate the proceeds to charity. She never sold her art for her own profit.

Illness and death
On March 24, 2008, Aquino's family announced that the former president had been diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Upon her being earlier informed by her doctors that she had only three months to live, she pursued medical treatment and chemotherapy. A series of healing Masses for Aquino, who was a devout Catholic, were held throughout the country for her recovery. In a public statement during one healing Mass on May 13, 2008, Aquino said that her blood tests indicated that she was responding well to treatment, although her hair and appetite loss were apparent.

By July 2009, Aquino was reported to be suffering from loss of appetite and in very serious condition. At that time she was confined to Makati Medical Center. It was later announced that Aquino and her family had decided to stop chemotherapy and other medical interventions for her.

Aquino died in the Makati Medical Center at 3:18 a.m. on August 1, 2009, due to cardiorespiratory arrest at the age of 76.

Wake and funeral

On the day of Aquino's death, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo announced a 10-day mourning period for the former president and issued Administrative Order No. 269 detailing the necessary arrangements for a state funeral. Arroyo was on a state visit to the United States at the time of Aquino's death and returned to the Philippines on August 5, cutting her visit short to pay her last respects to Aquino. Aquino's children declined Arroyo's offer of a state funeral for their mother.

All churches in the Philippines celebrated requiem masses simultaneously throughout the country and all government offices flew the Philippine flag at half-mast. Hours after her death, Aquino's body lay in repose for public viewing at the La Salle Green Hills campus in Mandaluyong. On August 3, 2009, Aquino's body was transferred from La Salle Greenhills to the Manila Cathedral in Intramuros, during which hundreds of thousands of Filipinos lined the streets to view and escort the former leader's body. On the way to the cathedral, Aquino's funeral cortege passed along Ayala Avenue in Makati, stopping in front of the monument to her husband Ninoy, where throngs of mourners gathered and sang the patriotic protest anthem "Bayan Ko. Aquino's casket was brought inside the cathedral by mid-afternoon that day. Following her death, all Roman Catholic dioceses in the country held Requiem Masses.

On August 4, 2009, Bongbong Marcos and Imee Marcos, two prominent children of late former President Ferdinand Marcos, paid their last respects to Aquino in spite of the two families' longstanding feud. The Marcos siblings were received by Aquino's daughters María Elena, Aurora Corazon, and Victoria Elisa.

A final Requiem Mass was held on the morning of August 5, 2009, with Archbishop of Manila Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales, Bishop of Balanga Socrates B. Villegas, and other high-ranking clergymen concelebrating. Aquino's daughter Kris spoke on behalf of her family towards the end of the Mass. Aquino's flag-draped casket was escorted from the cathedral to Manila Memorial Park in Parañaque, where she was interred beside her husband in her family mausoleum. Aquino's funeral procession took more than eight hours to reach the burial site, as tens of thousands of civilians lined the route to pay their respects. Philippine Air Force UH-1 helicopters showered the procession with yellow confetti and ships docked at Manila's harbor blared their sirens to salute the late president.

Reaction
Both local and international leaders showed respect for Aquino's achievements in the process of democratization in the Philippines.

National reaction
Various politicians across the political spectrum expressed their grief and praise for the former Philippine leader. President Arroyo, once an ally of Aquino, remembered the sacrifices she made for the country and called her a "national treasure". Former President Estrada said that the country had lost its mother and guiding voice with her sudden death. He also described Aquino as the "Philippines' most loved woman". Although they were at one time political foes, Aquino and Estrada had reconciled and joined forces in opposing President Arroyo.

Communist Party of the Philippines founder Jose Maria Sison joined in mourning Aquino's death, saying his relationship with her was "exceptional". Former Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile, who had been Aquino's defense minister and later a fierce critic of Aquino, asked the public to pray for her eternal repose. Although former Aquino interior minister and Senate minority floor leader Aquilino Pimentel Jr. revealed that he had "mixed feelings" about Aquino's death, he also said that the country "shall be forever indebted to Cory for rallying the nation behind the campaign to topple dictatorial rule and restore democracy".

Filipino citizens throughout the country wore either yellow shirts or held masses to pay tribute to Aquino. Yellow ribbons, which were a symbol of support for Aquino after the 1986 election and during the People Power Revolution, were tied along major national roads as a sign of solidarity and support for Aquino and her grieving family. On popular social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, Filipinos posted yellow ribbons on their accounts as tribute. Following her death, Filipino Catholics called on the Church to have Aquino canonized and declared as a saint. Days after her funeral, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) announced that it supported calls to put the former president on the 500-Peso banknote alongside Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., her deceased husband. The bill had previously featured a portrait of only Benigno Aquino Jr. since 1987.

International reaction
Messages of sympathy were sent by various national heads of state and international leaders.

Pope Benedict XVI, in his letter to Archbishop Rosales, recalled Aquino's "courageous commitment to the freedom of the Filipino people, her firm rejection of violence and intolerance" and called her a woman of courage and faith.

U.S. President Barack Obama, through White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs, said that "her courage, determination, and moral leadership are an inspiration to us all and exemplify the best in the Filipino nation". U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed sadness over the death of Aquino, to whom she had sent a personal letter of best wishes for recovery while she was still in hospital in July 2009. Clinton said that Aquino was "admired by the world for her extraordinary courage" in leading the fight against dictatorship.

South African President Jacob Zuma called Aquino "a great leader who set a shining example of peaceful transition to democracy in her country".

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, through the British Ambassador in Manila, sent a message to the Filipino people which read: "I am saddened to hear of the death of Corazon 'Cory' Aquino the former president of the Republic of the Philippines". She also added, "I send my sincere condolences to her family and to the people of the Philippines. Signed, Elizabeth R".

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated in a telegram to President Arroyo that "the name of Corazon Aquino is associated with a period of profound reforms and the democratic transformation of Filipino society". Medvedev also lauded Aquino's sympathy to Russian people and her contribution to the improvement of Russian-Filipino relations.

Timor-Leste President José Ramos-Horta and Wan Azizah, wife of Malaysian opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim, came to the Philippines to express their sympathies and attend Aquino's funeral.

Soon after her 2010 release from her two-decade prison sentence, Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar publicly cited Aquino as one of her inspirations. She also expressed her good wishes for Aquino's son, then-incumbent president of the Philippines Benigno S. Aquino III.

In popular culture
In 2008, a musical play about Aquino entitled Cory, the Musical was staged at the Meralco Theater. It was written and directed by Nestor Torre Jr. and starred Isay Alvarez as Aquino. The musical featured a libretto of 19 original songs composed by Lourdes Pimentel, wife of Senator Aquilino Pimentel Jr.

Legacy and honors

After her peaceful accession to the presidency and the ousting of President Marcos, Aquino was named Time magazine's Woman of the Year in 1986. In August 1999, Aquino was chosen by Time as one of the 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th century. Time also cited her as one of 65 great Asian Heroes in November 2006.

In 1994, Aquino was cited as one of 100 Women Who Shaped World History in a reference book written by Gail Meyer Rolka.

In 1996, she received the J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding from the Fulbright Association.

In 1998, she was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in recognition of her role in peaceful revolution to attain democracy.

Since her death in 2009, the legacy of Corazon Aquino has prompted various namings of public landmarks and creations of memorials. Among these are as follows:
 * On November 30, 2009, Aquino's name was enshrined at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani, a monument dedicated to individuals who fought for the restoration of Philippine democracy and opposed the Marcos dictatorship. Her husband Ninoy was among the first to be enshrined at the monument's Wall of Remembrance.
 * On August 1, 2010, the first anniversary of her death, a 200 ft by 250 ft photo mosaic of Aquino was unveiled near the Quirino Grandstand at the Luneta Park in the presence of her son, President Benigno Aquino III, and her supporters. It was submitted to Guinness World Records to be certified as the largest photo mosaic in the world, and the record was later certified by the World Record Academy (which is not affiliated with Guinness).
 * On October 9, 2010, Manila Mayor Alfredo S. Lim inaugurated a public market in Baseco, Port Area known as the President Corazon C. Aquino Public Market.
 * On December 16, 2010, President Benigno Aquino III and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines) announced the release of newly designed 500-peso banknotes that feature both Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. and Corazon Aquino. The previous design featured only Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. and had been in circulation since 1987.
 * On February 13, 2013, the Corazon Aquino Democratic Space was launched at the De La Salle University, alongside the formal inauguration of the new Henry Sy, Sr. Hall.
 * On July 28, 2014, the Republic Act No. 10663, which named a circumferential road in Iloilo City to President Corazon C. Aquino Avenue, was signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III.
 * In 2015, the new Corazon C. Aquino Hospital in Barangay Biasong, Dipolog was opened to the public.
 * On December 10, 2015, the Republic Act No. 10716, which renamed Batasan Hills High School (BHES) into "President Corazon C. Aquino Elementary School" (PCCAES) in Batasan Hills, Quezon City, was signed into law by President Benigno Aquino III.
 * On June 29, 2018, the Republic Act No. 11045, which renamed the Kay Tikling-Antipolo-Teresa-Morong National Road to Corazon C. Aquino Avenue, was signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte. Corazon C. Aquino Avenue is a road traversing from Taytay to Morong in Rizal (including the segment of Ortigas Avenue Extension from Taytay to Antipolo).

In 2018, she was recognized by the Human Rights Victims Claims Board as a motu proprio human rights violations victim of the Ferdinand Marcos martial law era.

Recognition

 * 1986 Time Woman of the Year
 * 1986 Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award
 * 1986 United Nations Silver Medal
 * 1986 Canadian International Prize for Freedom
 * 1986 International Democracy Award from the International Association of Political Consultants
 * 1987 Prize For Freedom Award from Liberal International
 * 1993 Special Peace Award from the Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Awards Foundation and Concerned Women of the Philippines
 * 1995 Path to Peace Award
 * 1996 J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding from the U.S. Department of State
 * 1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding
 * 1998 Pearl S. Buck Award
 * 1999 One of Time magazine's 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
 * 2001 World Citizenship Award
 * 2005 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Awards
 * 2005 One of the World's Elite Women Who Make a Difference by the International Women's Forum Hall of Fame
 * 2006 One of Time magazine's 65 Asian Heroes
 * 2008 One of A Different View's 15 Champions of World Democracy
 * EWC Asia Pacific Community Building Award
 * Women's International Center International Leadership Living Legacy Award
 * Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize
 * United Nations Development Fund for Women Noel Foundation Life Award

Honorary doctorates

 * Doctor of International Relations, honoris causa, from:
 * Boston University in Boston
 * Eastern University in St. David, Pennsylvania
 * Fordham University in New York
 * Waseda University in Tokyo
 * Doctor of Civil Law, honoris causa, from:
 * Far Eastern University (59th Commencement Exercises, March 1987)
 * Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, from:
 * University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City
 * University of Santo Tomas in Manila
 * University of Hong Kong in Hong Kong
 * Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, from:
 * Ateneo de Manila University
 * College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York
 * Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan in Cagayan de Oro
 * Doctor of Humanities, honoris causa, from:
 * Bicol University (Posthumous) in Legazpi
 * San Beda College in Manila
 * Seattle University
 * Stonehill College in Easton, Massachusetts
 * University of Oregon
 * Doctor of Public Administration, honoris causa, from:
 * Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila)

title: Corazon Aquino