text:
Paul Tagliabue

Paul John Tagliabue (born November 24, 1940) is an American lawyer who was the commissioner of the National Football League (NFL). He took the position in 1989 and served until September 1, 2006. He had previously served as a lawyer for the NFL. Tagliabue also served as Chairman of Board of Directors of Georgetown University from 2009 to 2015.

Early life and education
Tagliabue was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, the third of four sons of Charles and May Tagliabue. He is of Italian descent. Raised in The Heights neighborhood of Jersey City, he attended St. Michael's High School in Union City, New Jersey, where he starred in basketball. Tagliabue received an athletic scholarship to play basketball at Georgetown University and was captain of the 1961–62 team. He graduated in 1962 as president of his senior class, a Rhodes Scholar finalist and a Dean's List graduate. In a congressional hearing in 1992, Tagliabue later revealed he had inadvertently played in a game where an opposing team would fix the outcome of the game in favor of Georgetown, which would be one factor in mind for him taking a staunch stance against gambling later on in his life. Tagliabue graduated from New York University School of Law in 1965. He has received honorary degrees from Colgate University and Northeastern University.

Professional career
From 1969 to 1989, Tagliabue practiced law with the Washington, D.C. firm Covington & Burling.

National Football League
After serving as a lawyer for the NFL, Tagliabue was selected by NFL owners to succeed Pete Rozelle as Commissioner of the NFL in 1989.

Expansion of the league
During his tenure as commissioner, the NFL expanded from 28 teams to 32. New franchises were announced in 1993 to begin play in 1995 in Charlotte and Jacksonville. Subsequent moves by other teams resulted in a 31st team being added in Cleveland in 1999; this team, though technically an expansion team, inherited the name, colors and history (including all team and individual records) from the Cleveland Browns, who had relocated to Baltimore in 1996 and been renamed the Baltimore Ravens. The 32nd franchise was the Houston Texans, added in 2002.

NFL in Europe
The NFL continued to play pre-season games in Europe with the American Bowl series. Paul Tagliabue started a spring developmental league, the World League of American Football (WLAF), with seven teams in North America, plus three in Europe. The European teams dominated in 1991, the first season. After the second season, 1992, in which US-based teams played in the World Bowl, the World League was shut down as it was unsuccessful in the US. In 1995, the spring league returned as the NFL Europe with six teams in Europe. When Tagliabue retired, five teams were based in Germany. Tagliabue's successor Roger Goodell shut down the NFL Europe after the 2007 season. but replaced it with the NFL International Series in October 2007 with regular season games in London. In 2022 the NFL played its first ever Regular Season Game in mainland Europe. The game was played in Munich, Germany on November 13, 2022.

Team movements
In 1995, Los Angeles lost both its franchises, as the Los Angeles Rams relocated to St. Louis, and the Raiders returned to Oakland. In 1996, the Browns moved to Baltimore, under a new name, as indicated above. In 1997, the Houston Oilers relocated to Tennessee, for one year in Memphis and another year using Vanderbilt Stadium as their home field. (The team changed its name from the Oilers to the Titans upon moving to their permanent stadium in Nashville.)

Response to September 11 attacks
Two days after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Tagliabue announced that the games scheduled for the upcoming weekend were cancelled, citing the magnitude of the events and security concerns. It was the first time the league canceled an entire week's slate of games since the 1987 NFL strike.

A week later, it was announced that the postponed games would be added to the end of the regular season, pushing the Super Bowl into February for the first time.

Legacy
Tagliabue has been praised for these politically-related actions taken as NFL commissioner:
 * He took a stand against the State of Arizona for refusing to establish a state holiday honoring Martin Luther King Jr., like other states had done. In 1993, Super Bowl XXVII was to be held for the first time in Arizona, but after an election, Arizona rejected establishment of a Martin Luther King state holiday. Subsequently, Tagliabue moved the Super Bowl to Pasadena; Arizona would finally host Super Bowl XXX in 1996.
 * Forcefully and successfully promoting the return of the Saints to New Orleans after the disruption of their 2005 season in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Tagliabue is credited with convincing Saints owner Tom Benson to abandon any effort to move the team to San Antonio and with making the Saints' return to Louisiana a league priority.

Post-NFL career
Tagliabue returned to Covington & Burling where he serves as senior counsel.

In 2008, Tagliabue was selected to serve a three-year term as chairman of Georgetown University's board of directors.

Tagliabue has also been honored for his work with gay rights group PFLAG.

He has served on the advisory board of The Iris Network, a nonprofit blindness rehabilitation agency in Portland, Maine.

In 2012, Tagliabue was appointed by current NFL commissioner Roger Goodell to hear the appeals of the players suspended in the New Orleans Saints bounty scandal. Tagliabue affirmed Goodell's findings of the investigation but overturned all players' suspensions.

On September 4, 2014, Tagliabue was named to the executive board of DC2024, a group trying to bring the 2024 Summer Olympics to Washington, D.C.

Awards
Tagliabue won the 1992 Eagle Award from the United States Sports Academy. The Eagle Award is the Academy's highest international honor and was awarded to Tagliabue for his significant contributions to international sport. On January 15, 2020 Tagliabue was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame Centennial Class of 2021.

Personal life
On August 28, 1965 Tagliabue married Chandler Minter in Washington, D.C. Minter was originally from Milledgeville, Georgia and they were introduced at law school. She graduated from the Georgia State College for Women before moving to New York City. They had two children;

 * Andrew Paul Tagliabue, known as Drew (born 1969), who is openly gay resides in New York City.
 * Emily Elizabeth Tagliabue (born 1972); who married John D. Rockefeller V, a son of Jay Rockefeller and Sharon Percy Rockefeller. They have two daughters; Laura Chandler Rockefeller (born c. 2000) and Sophia Percy Rockefeller (born c. 2002) and one son John Davison Rockefeller VI (born c. 2007).

He and his wife reside in Chevy Chase, Maryland.

title: Paul Tagliabue


text:
Eric IV of Denmark

Eric IV (c. 1216 – 10 August 1250), also known as Eric Ploughpenny or Eric Plowpenny (Erik Plovpenning), was King of Denmark from 1241 until his death in 1250. His reign was marked by conflict and civil wars against his brothers.

Early life
Eric was the son of Valdemar II of Denmark and brother of King Abel of Denmark and King Christopher I of Denmark. He was born ca. 1216 as the second legitimate son of King Valdemar II by his second wife Berengária of Portugal.

In 1218, when his older half-brother Valdemar the Young was crowned king as their father's co-ruler and designated heir, he was created Duke of Schleswig. After the premature death of Valdemar in 1231, Eric was crowned king at Lund Cathedral 30 May 1232 as his father's co-ruler and heir. Subsequently, he ceded the Duchy of Schleswig to his younger brother Abel. When his father died in 1241, he ascended to the throne.

Rule
His rule was marked by bitter conflicts, especially against his brother, Duke Abel of Schleswig who seems to have wanted an independent position and who was supported by the counts of Holstein. Eric also fought the Scanian peasants, who rebelled because of his hard taxes on ploughs, among other things. The number of ploughs a man owned was used as a measure of his wealth. This gave the king the epithet "plough-penny" (Danish: Plovpenning).

Eric had only been king for about a year when he first came into conflict with his brother, Duke Abel of Schleswig, in 1242. The conflict lasted for three years before the brothers agreed on a truce in 1244 and made plans for a joint crusade to Estonia. At the same time Eric faced trouble from the religious orders who insisted that they were immune from taxes that Eric might assess. Eric wanted the church lands taxed as any other land holder would be. The Pope sent a nuncio to negotiate between the king and the bishops at Odense in 1245. Excommunication was threatened for anyone, great or small who trespassed upon the ancient rights and privileges of the church. It was a clear warning to Eric that the church would not tolerate his continued insistence at assessing church property for tax purposes.

Infuriated, in 1249 King Eric directed his rage at Niels Stigsen, Bishop of the Diocese of Roskilde who fled Denmark the same year. Eric confiscated the bishopric's properties in Zealand, including the emerging city of Copenhagen. In spite of intervention from Pope Innocent IV who advocated the reinstatement of the bishop and the return of the properties to the diocese, the dispute could not be resolved. Niels Stigsen died in 1249 at Clairvaux Abbey. The properties were not restored to the diocese until after the death of King Eric in 1250.

The conflict between King Eric and his brothers had broken out again in 1246. The conflict started when Eric invaded Holstein in an attempt to restore his father's control of the county. Duke Abel of Schleswig, married to a daughter of Adolf IV, Count of Holstein and former guardian of his brothers-in-law, the two young counts of Holstein John I and Gerhard I, forced King Eric to abandon his conquest. The following year, Abel and the Holsteiners stormed into Jutland and Funen, burning and pillaging as far north as Randers and Odense. Abel was supported by the Hanseatic League city of Lübeck, as well as by his brothers Christopher, Lord of Lolland and Falster and Canute, Duke of Blekinge.

King Eric retaliated immediately, reconquering the city of Ribe and occupying Abel's patrimonial city of Svendborg the same year. In 1247, he captured  Arreskov Castle  (Arreskov Slot) on Funen, as well as taking Christopher and Canute prisoners. A truce was arranged by Eric's sister Sophie of Denmark  (ca 1217–1247) who was the wife of Johann I, Margrave of Brandenburg (c. 1213–1266). The terms of the accord left Eric in firm control of all of Denmark. In 1249 the peasants in Scania rose in rebellion against the plough tax. The king restored order with help from Zealand, but the church, Duke Abel, and the German counts in southern Jutland were pushed into an erstwhile alliance against the king.

Regicide
Erik raised an army and sailed to Estonia to secure his base there in 1249. On his way home in 1250 he took his army to Holstein to prevent the capture of the border fortress of Rendsburg and to teach the German counts who was still king. His brother, Duke Abel of Schleswig offered him hospitality at his house at Gottorp in Schleswig. That evening as the king gambled with one of the German knights, the duke's chamberlain and a group of other men rushed in and took the king prisoner. They bound him and dragged him out of the duke's house and down to a boat and rowed out into the Schlien. They were followed out onto the water by a second boat. When King Erik heard the voice of his sworn enemy, Lave Gudmundsen (ca. 1195–1252), he realized he was to be killed. One of the captors was paid to deliver the king's death blow with an ax. Erik was beheaded and his body dumped into the Schlien. The next morning two fishermen dragged the king's headless body up in their net. They carried the body to the Dominican Abbey in Schleswig; his body was later transferred to St. Bendt's Church, Ringsted in 1257.

Eric's brother Abel was sworn in as the successor king. Abel contended he had nothing to do with the murder. Within a year and a half, Abel himself was killed. He was succeeded as king of Denmark by his younger brother Christopher.

Marriage and issue
Eric was married on 17 November 1239 with Jutta of Saxony daughter of Albert I, Duke of Saxony (c. 1175–1260). They were the parents of:

 * Canute, died young.
 * Christopher, died young.
 * Sophia (1241–1286), married to King Valdemar of Sweden. Their descendants included Christian I of Denmark.
 * Ingeborg (1244–1287), married to King Magnus VI of Norway.
 * Jutta (1246–1284), Abbess of St. Agnes' Priory, Roskilde.
 * Agnes (1249–1288/95), Abbess of St. Agnes' Priory, Roskilde; reputedly married to Eric Longbone, Lord of Langeland.

Other sources

 * ISBN 978-90-47-41983-9
 * Bain, Robert Nisbet (1905) Scandinavia: A Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1513 to 1900 (Cambridge: University Press)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eric IV of Denmark


text:
Hermes (disambiguation)

Hermes is the divine messenger of the Olympian gods in Greek mythology.

Hermes may also refer to:

 * Hermes Trismegistus, legendary Hellenistic figure and purported author of the Hermetica

Fictional characters

 * Hermes (Harry Potter), Percy Weasley's owl
 * Hermes (Marvel Comics)
 * Hermes Conrad, in the animated TV series Futurama
 * Hermes, a talking motorcycle in the anime Kino's Journey
 * Hermès Costello, in the manga Stone Ocean
 * Hermes, in Hermes & Renato, a Brazilian comedy troupe
 * Hermes, in the 2013 video game Goodbye Deponia

Other uses

 * Hermes (classical philology journal), a German periodical founded in 1866
 * Hermes (publication), a literary journal published by the University of Sydney Union
 * Hermes (sculpture), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
 * Hermes Records, an Iranian record label

Businesses

 * Hermès, a French luxury-goods manufacturer
 * Hermes Airlines, a Greek airline 2011–2016
 * Hermes Aviation, a Maltese airline 2014-2015
 * Hermes Europe, a German delivery company
 * EFG Hermes, an Egyptian financial services company
 * Federated Hermes, an American investment manager
 * Hermes Investment Management, a fund manager subsidiary of Federated Hermes
 * Hermes Press, an American publisher

Military

 * HMS Hermes, the name of several ships of the British Royal Navy
 * Hermes-class post ship, a class of Royal Navy sailing ships built in the early 19th century
 * Hermes-class sloop, a Royal Navy class of four paddlewheel steam sloops built in the 1830s
 * USS Hermes, later USS Lanikai, a yacht commissioned into the U.S. Navy in World War I and World War II
 * Hermes program, an American missile development program 1944–1954
 * Hermes (missile), a family of Russian guided missiles
 * Operation Hermes (disambiguation), the name of several events
 * Elbit Hermes 450, an Israeli unmanned aerial vehicle

People

 * Hermes (given name), including a list of people with the name
 * Hermes (surname), including a list of people with the name

Places

 * Hermes, Oise, France
 * Hermes Glacier, Antarctica
 * Hermes Point, Antarctica

Science and technology

 * HERMES experiment, a particle physics experiment
 * Hotspot Ecosystems Research on the Margins of European Seas (HERMES), a deep-sea multidisciplinary project
 * HTC Hermes, or HTC TyTN, a personal digital assistant
 * Hermes protocol, a machine-to-machine communication standard used in the SMT assembly industry
 * Hermes, a brand of typewriters including the Hermes 3000

Aerospace

 * Cirrus Hermes, a British aero engine of the 1930s
 * Hermes (satellite), a failed American satellite
 * Hermes (spacecraft), a proposed European spaceplane
 * Hermes (fictional spacecraft), a spacecraft in the novel and film The Martian

Astronomy

 * 69230 Hermes, an asteroid
 * HERMES, an instrument fitted to the Anglo-Australian Telescope
 * Popular Astronomy (UK magazine), called Hermes until 1981

Computing

 * Hermes (BBS), bulletin board software
 * Hermes (programming language), developed by IBM
 * Hermes Project, a C++/Python library of algorithms
 * Hermes, a converter for mass spectrometry data formats
 * Hermes, codename of the ORiNOCO family of wireless networking technology by Proxim Wireless

Sports

 * Hermes DVS, a Dutch omnisport club
 * Hermes F.C., a Scottish football club
 * Kokkolan Hermes, a Finnish ice hockey team
 * Hermes Ladies' Hockey Club, an Irish field hockey club

Transportation

 * Hermes Road Measurement System
 * Handley Page Hermes, a 1940s/1950s British airliner
 * MV Hermes, later MV Pozarica, a cargo ship launched in 1945

Other uses

 * HERMES method, a project management method developed by the Swiss government

title: Hermes (disambiguation)


text:
Eric V of Denmark

Eric V Klipping (1249 – 22 November 1286) was King of Denmark from 1259 to 1286. After his father Christopher I died, his mother Margaret Sambiria ruled Denmark in his name until 1266, proving to be a competent regent. Between 1261 and 1262, the young King Eric was a prisoner in Holstein following a military defeat. Afterwards, he lived in Brandenburg, where he was initially held captive by John I, Margrave of Brandenburg (c. 1213–1266).

Nickname
The king's nickname ”Klipping” or ”Glipping” refers to a medieval coin that has become ”clipped” (a "clipped penny") or cut in order to indicate devaluation. The nickname is an unkind reference to his lack of trustworthiness. He "short-changed" his people and the monarchy.

Regency
When his father King Christopher I died in 1259, Eric was too young to rule in his own right. The Danish court appointed his mother, Queen Margaret, to rule as regent. She was the daughter of Duke Sambor II of Pomerania and Matilda of Mecklenburg, and was an intelligent woman. Immediately, she had to fight to keep her son on the throne from two powerful enemies; Archbishop Jacob Erlandsen (ca. 1220–1274) and Erik Abelsøn who was Duke of Schleswig from 1260 until his death in 1272. Archbishop Jacob had excommunicated the bishop who had anointed young Eric as king. Duke Eric was a nephew of King Christopher and had been in frequent conflict with the king.

Taking advantage of the situation, Chief Jaromar II of Rügen (c. 1218–1260) gathered an army of Wends and invaded Zealand. Queen Margaret raised an army, but was soundly defeated in 1259 near Ringsted. Jaromar went on to attack and pillage Copenhagen later that year. He shipped his army to Skåne in order to continue his campaign. Unfortunately for him, he encountered the wrath of a farmer's wife, who killed him outright. The Wends fled back to Rűgen.

Believing the Wendish incursion showed the queen was weak, Duke Eric rebelled. The queen was forced to raise another army and march to Jutland to put the Duke in his place. She defeated the duke, and while he negotiated a truce with her, he gathered allies in northern Germany to help him attack. The combined forces defeated Queen Margaret in 1261 at the Battle of Lohede south of Danevirke in Schleswig-Holstein. She and her son were captured and were forced to cede royal properties in southern Jutland to secure their release.

In 1260, Queen Margaret had released Archbishop Jacob from prison thinking he would be grateful, but he subsequently issued an interdict over all of Denmark trying to force her and Eric off the throne. In 1263, acting as regent of Denmark, the queen wrote to Pope Urban IV asking him to intervene with Archbishop Jacob. After several years of quibbling, the pope agreed to several items that the queen wanted. He issued a dispensation to alter the terms of the Danish succession that would permit women to inherit the Danish throne. This would make it possible for one of King Eric's sisters to become queen in the event of his death, because he had no children. Although Pope Urban IV gave his consent, it never became an issue. King Eric's son Eric Menved eventually succeeded to the Danish throne.

Reign
As an adult ruler, King Eric V tried to enforce his power over the church and nobility. In the 1270s, the King attacked Småland. His conflict with the church was brought to a satisfying result, with the help of the Pope. By 1282, he had so offended the nobles throughout Denmark that he was forced to accept a charter (Danish: håndfæstning – a kind of a Danish Magna Carta) which limited his authority and guaranteed the ancient rights and customs that preserved the power of the nobles. The King signed the charter at Nyborg Castle, recognized as Denmark's first-ever constitution in existence. However at the time of King Eric's death, the rights and guarantees of the 1282 charter would lose their effectiveness, since the next king would not be bound by the same agreement.

Mysterious death
Legend has it that several nobles swore an oath that they would murder Eric in revenge for personal slights or policies the king enforced that they did not like. Chief among the conspirators was marshal (Danish: marsk) Stig Andersen Hvide and Jacob Nielsen, Count of Halland. They paid Rane Jonsen (1254–1294) one of the king's companions, to keep them informed as to the king's activities, in order to fulfill their oath.

November 1286 found the king at Viborg, in central Jutland. After a long day's hunt in the countryside led by Rane Jonsen, the king and a few attendants could not find their way back to the king's farm at Viborg. Rane suggested that they take shelter for the night of 22 November 1286 in the church barn in the village of Finderup (Finderup Lade). The assassins, dressed as Franciscan friars, were kept informed as to the king’s whereabouts and waited for everyone to settle down for the night. Once the king fell asleep, they rushed from their hiding places and stabbed and hacked the king to death.

Tradition has it that he received 56 stab wounds. The folktale that grew up around this event has Stig Andersen personally striking the first blows in revenge for King Eric's seduction of Stig's wife, while Stig himself was off serving with the king's army. Eric's bloody corpse was discovered the next morning.

The court immediately blamed the nation's most powerful noblemen Stig Andersen Hvide and Count Jacob of Halland and outlawed them and seven others. Only one was accused of killing the king, the others were accused of involvement. Whether they actually had anything to do with the murder remains a mystery. Stig Hvide fled the country to take up piracy. Certainly, Stig Hvide was not the only person who had a reason to want to see King Eric eliminated. Valdemar IV, who King Eric was forced to accept as Duke of Schleswig in 1283, as well as many of Archbishop Jakob Erlandsen's appointments to bishoprics, remained bitter enemies of the king until his death. These banished nobles had also raided the Danish countryside for 20 years with the support of Haakon V of Norway.

Issue
King Eric V married Agnes of Brandenburg (c. 1257–1304) on 11 November 1273 at Schleswig. She was the daughter of John I, Margrave of Brandenburg (d. 1266) and Brigitte of Saxony. The marriage was probably agreed upon during King Eric's captivity in Brandenburg by Agnes' father from 1262 to 1264. Tradition claims that the King was released from captivity on his promise to marry Agnes without a dowry.

They had the following issue:
 * Richeza (c. 1272 – 27 October 1308), married Lord Nicholas II of Werle
 * Eric VI (1274–1319)
 * Christopher II (1276–1332)
 * Martha (1278–1341), married King Birger of Sweden
 * Katharine (c. 1281 – 1283), died young
 * Valdemar
 * Elisabeth

title: Eric V of Denmark


text:
Tom O'Higgins

Thomas Francis O'Higgins (23 July 1916 – 25 February 2003) was an Irish Fine Gael politician, barrister and judge who served as Chief Justice of Ireland and a Judge of the Supreme Court from 1974 to 1985, a Judge of the European Court of Justice from 1985 to 1991, a Judge of the High Court from 1973 to 1974, Deputy leader of Fine Gael from 1972 to 1977 and Minister for Health from 1954 to 1957. He also served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1948 to 1969.

Part of a new generation of Fine Gael leaders who emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, O'Higgins worked alongside Declan Costello and Garret FitzGerald to liberalise the conservative Fine Gael. In the late 1960s, and early 1970s, O'Higgins twice contested the presidency of Ireland for his party; in his first attempt in 1966, he lost by 1% of the vote against incumbent President Éamon de Valera. In the aftermath, his personal image was greatly enhanced and he was catapulted into the position of deputy leader of Fine Gael. Despite being the initial favourite to win, O'Higgins lost the 1973 Irish presidential election to Erskine H. Childers.

In 1973, O'Higgins became a High Court judge and the following year was named Chief Justice of Ireland and a Supreme Court judge. Although a liberal politician, O'Higgins was considered by many a conservative judge, given his rulings on matters such as contraceptives and homosexuality. In 1985, O'Higgins became a member of the European Court of Justice following his nomination by Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald and his government. He served on the court in Luxembourg until his retirement in 1991.

Early life and education
O'Higgins was born in Cork in 1916, and came from an influential Irish political family: his father was Thomas F. O'Higgins and his uncle was Kevin O'Higgins. Both had been ministers during their political careers and were highly influential on the Cumann na nGaedheal political party which governed Ireland immediately upon independence from the United Kingdom. In 1923, Dr. Thomas Higgins (Tom's grandfather) was killed by members of the Anti-Treaty IRA during a raid and in 1927, Kevin O'Higgins was assassinated by Irish republicans in a revenge killing; Kevin O'Higgins had been the Minister for Justice during the Irish Civil War who signed the death warrants of 77 members of the IRA. As a result of these murders, TF O'Higgins (Tom's father) was radicalised and would become a member of the Blueshirts, a radical right-wing paramilitary explicitly opposed to the IRA which eventually merged into Fine Gael, the political successor of Cumann na nGaedheal. Despite this background, O'Higgins never embraced bitterness or anti-republicanism, and instead espoused a forward-looking politics which sought to advance Irish politics beyond the wounds of the Irish Civil War. Nonetheless, he would always defend his father's membership of the Blueshirts as a requirement for upholding free speech and democracy in Ireland.

O'Higgins was educated at St Mary's College, Dublin, Clongowes Wood College and University College Dublin, where he became auditor of the Literary and Historical Society. He later attended King's Inns. In 1938, he qualified as a barrister and was called to the Bar. In 1954, he was called to the Inner Bar.

Political career
O'Higgins political career began during the 1943 Irish general election when he unsuccessfully stood on behalf of Fine Gael in the Dublin City South constituency. O'Higgins did not stand in the snap general election of 1944, instead choosing to campaign on behalf of his father. However, at this time he founded the "Central Branch" of Fine Gael which gathered younger members of the party together. Additionally, O'Higgins also began to write for the policy review magazine The Forum.

O'Higgins first's successful campaign saw him securing the Leix–Offaly constituency at the 1948 general election, an area once previously represented by his father. On the same day his brother, Michael O'Higgins, was also elected a TD.

In 1950, O'Higgins was one of eight members of the Oireachtas chosen to represent Ireland on the Council of Europe; it was the start of a lifetime interest in European politics.

Minister for Health
In the Second Inter-Party Government (1954–57), O'Higgins was appointed Minister for Health. He inherited a department mired by the aftermath of the failed Mother and Child Scheme and now tasked with implementing the 1953 Health Act, which had been introduced by Fianna Fáil. Doing so required O'Higgins to carefully manage both the Irish Medical Association and Fine Gael's coalition partners the Labour Party.

During his period as Minister for Health, he introduced the Voluntary Health Insurance Board (VHI), which brought state-controlled health insurance to Ireland.

Ideological reformer
In 1956, O'Higgins began to advocate internally in Fine Gael that the party needed to move away from the fiscal conservatism of the minister for finance, Gerard Sweetman, and managed to secure significant initial support. However, his plans were scuppered by the Suez crisis which began in October 1956 and caused economic slumps around the world. His manoeuvring was further damaged when Clann na Poblachta left the government coalition.

Nonetheless, in the years afterwards, O'Higgins began closely working with fellow second-generation Fine Gael members Garret FitzGerald and Declan Costello to shift Fine Gael ideologically leftwards. The culmination of this was Costello producing a document entitled Towards a Just Society which advocated that Fine Gael adopt social democratic policies. Fine Gael adopted the document as the basis for their election manifesto for the 1965 Irish general election. O'Higgins supported this move; additionally, O'Higgins attempted to win over fellow party members to this move. He also attempted to build bridges with members of the Labour Party.

When Liam Cosgrave succeeded James Dillon as leader of Fine Gael in April 1965, O'Higgins was promoted to party spokesman on finance and economic affairs, replacing the conservative Sweetman. Although the left-wing of the party was not in control of the party, O'Higgins move up the ranks represented that their influence was growing.

1966 presidential election
In 1966, Ireland was due to hold a presidential election. The election was due to be one of significance, as 1966 marked the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising of 1916. The incumbent, an ageing Éamon de Valera, himself a veteran of the Easter Rising, was initially widely expected to either win easily or, more probably, stand unopposed. O'Higgins, however, was not content with this and attempted to rally Fine Gael to support the Irish republican Seán McBride in a presidential bid. Predictably, this idea did not gain much traction, particularly with the more conservative elements of Fine Gael. However, O'Higgins did not give up on the idea that de Valera should be challenged. His next venture was to petition former Taoiseach and Fine Gael stalwart John A. Costello to stand in the election. O'Higgins, however, was not able to convince Costello, who was now nearing the end of his political career, to run.

Having campaigned so hard on the idea that someone must challenge de Valera, eventually party members turned the question back on O'Higgins and suggested he himself run. He eventually agreed.

O'Higgins' campaign was met with immediate difficulty when, at the outset, de Valera declared that he would not conduct a campaign himself, believing that the office of President should be above party politics. In response, RTÉ decided it could not (or would not), cover O'Higgins campaigning as this would be unbalanced in their view. Fine Gael leader Liam Cosgrove responded by arguing that this was unjust, as although de Valera was not formally campaigning, he regularly appeared on RTÉ radio and television in his capacity as president. RTÉ, however, did not change its position.

Undeterred, O'Higgins carried out a dogged grassroots campaign that saw him attend over 130 public meetings across the Republic of Ireland, covering an estimated 22,000 miles around the country over a span of 5 weeks, reportedly attending as many as 3 rallies a night. O'Higgins' campaign manager was his erstwhile political rival Gerald Sweetman, who despite their differences, helped O'Higgins construct a savvy strategy. Fine Gael presented O'Higgins and his wife Terry as Irish analogues of John Fitzgerald Kennedy and his wife Jackie Kennedy, emphasising their comparative youth to the elderly de Valera. Campaign ads for O'Higgins prominently featured images of O'Higgins surrounded by Terry and their 7 children in shots designed to evoke the spirit of Camelot that had earned the Kennedys much popularity earlier in the decade. The general thrust of the O'Higgins campaign was that O'Higgins represented the future in contrast to the nostalgia of de Valera. Sweetman described the O'Higgins campaign as expressing "the need for a youthful, forward looking president to personify the real Ireland and what it can best contribute to modern civilisation".

An example of the O'Higgins attempting to emulate modern American politics could be seen on 28 May 1966, when a small light aircraft dropped ballons with Fine Gael slogans on them down onto the city of Limerick during an O'Higgins motorcade procession. Observing these new tactics, the journalist John Healy of the Irish Times observed "The Fine Gael tail is up. It is running as it has not run for a long time. It will be an interesting finish indeed".

Polling was not yet a feature of Irish politics in 1966; instead parties still generally relied on their constituency branches to provide a sense of grassroots sentiment. When Fianna Fáil received feedback from their branches about the O'Higgins campaign, they were quickly panicked. Although de Valera remained officially committed to not campaigning, he began to make several public appearances on the pretence of commemorating 1916. De Valera's campaign manager was then Minister for Agriculture and future leader of Fianna Fáil Charles Haughey. Responding to the momentum of the O'Higgins campaign, Haughey announced £5.5 million in spending targeted at farmers just five days before polling began.

The results of the election were agonisingly close; by a margin of just 10,718 votes (1% of the total vote), de Valera managed to etch out a victory. Years later, O'Higgins would remark in his autobiography that he felt he had conducted himself well in the race and was glad he was able to maintain his dignity and that of his family. Paraphrasing the Duke of Wellington's remarks about the battle of Waterloo, O'Higgins described the race as "a close run thing". , the result of the 1966 contest remains the tightest margin of any Irish presidential election.

Deputy leader of Fine Gael
Although not victorious in the 1966 election, O'Higgins' image had been greatly enhanced by the contest; at the 1969 Irish general election O'Higgins moved from the Laois-Offaly constituency to the newly created Dublin County South, where he topped the poll. In April 1972, O'Higgins was named the first-ever deputy leader of Fine Gael. In this role, O'Higgins was looked at by some in Fine Gael as an intermediary between the liberal and conservative wings of the party. As deputy leader, O'Higgins made a number of trips to Northern Ireland in the face of the emerging Troubles, and was one of the Fine Gael representatives at the funerals of those killed on Bloody Sunday in 1972.

Anticipating running for president again in May 1973, O'Higgins did not contest the earlier 1973 Irish general election that February. In the aftermath of the general election, his diplomatic skills were once again called upon, as he looked to as a broker between Fine Gael and the Labour party as they attempted to form a governing coalition, which was ultimately successful.

1973 presidential election
In 1973, O'Higgins was again chosen once again as the Fine Gael candidate in the presidential election. This time he faced former Fianna Fáil Tánaiste and Minister, Erskine H. Childers. Childers was elected by 52% to 48%.

Judicial career
Shortly afterwards O'Higgins was appointed a Judge of the High Court. In 1974, after the sudden death of Chief Justice William FitzGerald, O'Higgins, although the most junior High Court judge, was chosen to replace him as Chief Justice of Ireland in the Supreme Court and a judge of the Supreme Court.

After the sudden death of Erskine H. Childers, O'Higgins, in his role as Chief Justice swore in Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh as President of Ireland. He was Chief Justice until 1985, when he was appointed a Judge of the European Court of Justice. He remained there until 1991.

O'Higgins died on 25 February 2003, at the age of 86.

title: Tom O'Higgins


text:
Talk:Rotating magnetic field

Images and old pages
Image:3phase-rmf-noadd-60f-airopt.gif and Image:3phase-rmf-60fv2-airopt.gif was at Rotating magnetic field illustration. Moved here. Rotating magnetic field 19:12, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe User:Rotating magnetic field is a sockpuppet of User:Reddi. --ScienceApologist 01:52, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Believe what you want. Rotating magnetic field

 * I belive it too. Reddi has a severe revert limit imposed William M. Connolley 15:50, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Believe what you want. What you believe isn't true. Rotating magnetic field

No evidence that Tesla identified the rotating magnetic field before 1888
There is no historical proof of that !! Please update the historical section givinig the right credit to the real descoverer: Galileo Ferraris.

 * We're working on it. ScienceApologist (talk) 21:44, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * According to Harvard University Professor of History; William L. Langer, who compiled and edited 'An Encyclopedia of World History', page 555, Nikola Tesla discovered the rotating magnetic field in 1877 which was what made the long distance transmission of electric power possible.174.1.40.37 (talk) 04:32, 22 December 2014 (UTC)
 * And the source cited in this article says Galileo Ferraris probably did. When trying to weigh RS you should take into account whether the source is reliable for the statement being made, re: a work specifically on the "electrification in Western society" vs a a general "An Encyclopedia of World History". When sources disagree you describe the disagreement. Also check the source, if it says 1877 its flat out wrong. Tesla claims he did it in 1882. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 19:44, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

"Rotating" Magnetic Fields
Magnetic fields neither move nor rotate but may change in magnitude and direction over time for any given point in space. This is definitional. The very title of the article is nonsequiter and compounded throughout.

As such, this is a nonsense article.

Instead, given a static magnetic field to one observer, to another observer in relative motion, the field is "rotated" in space-time (a Lorentz boost) such that there appears to be both a magnetic and an electric field. 2001:5B0:2BFF:EF0:0:0:0:3C (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 18:06, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

The figure in the article having the caption 'Rotating 3-phase magnetic field, as indicated by the rotating black arrow' doesn't make sense at all, because it can clearly be seen that at any particular time, the sum of the values (levels) is equal to zero. For example, when phase A is maximum (eg. equal to 1 unit), then phase B and C are both at level of -0.5 units, so the total is 0. So, there needs to be some other diagram that shows very clearly just how a rotating field can be generated with three phases. For example, it needs to be pointed out that the three main field axis lines (for the three coils) are spaced 120 degrees apart physically. So the three-phase waveforms are not just spaced 120 degrees apart in time. The field axes themselves are also spaced 120 degrees apart (physically). So now, when field A is a maximum of 1 unit, the values of the other field lines will both be at -0.5 units (each). However, the extra key piece of information is that those two levels of -0.5 units must then each be 'physically' spatially resolved into the 'A' axis direction using trigonometry to become approximately equal to -0.25 (in the 'A' direction). When 'spatial' considerations are made, the negative values of B and C fields turns out to 'support' or reinforce the 1 unit A field. This is because if (for example) two vector fields are 'drawn' to have directions (arrow symbols) that oppose each other, then one field quantity being assigned a positive value and the other field quantity being assigned a negative value will mean the two actual fields will 'support' each other - merely due to sign convention. So the combination of the B and C field (each ending up being +0.25 units in the same direction as the 'A' field) will combine to give +0.5 units in the 'A' field direction. This results in a total of (1 + 0.5) or +1.5 units (total) in the 'A' field direction. So the rotating vector will have a magnitude of 1.5 units. KorgBoy (talk) 22:42, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

Link to wrong Walter Baily
The page contains a link in the History section to the wrong Walter Baily. It links to Walter Lewis Baily Jr the 20th century American mathematician, not Walter Baily the 19th century electrical engineer. Sadly, there appears to be no Wikipedia page for the correct Baily.45.26.49.244 (talk) 19:49, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rotating magnetic field


text:
Hot reading

Hot reading is a technique used when giving a psychic reading in stage magic performances, or in other contexts. In hot reading, the reader uses information about the person receiving the reading (for example, from background research or overhearing a conversation) which the receiver is not aware that the reader already knows. Hot reading is commonly used in conjunction with cold reading (where no previously gathered information is used) and can explain how a psychic reader can get a specific claimed "hit" of accurate information.

This technique is used by some television psychics in conjunction with cold reading. The psychics may have clients schedule their appearance ahead of time, and then collect information using collaborators who pose as religious missionaries, magazine sales people, or similar roles. Such visitors can gain a wide understanding of a person from examining their home, where tickets for the show may have been sent in advance. The "psychic" may then be briefed on the information, and told where the person will sit in the audience.

History
There are many methods that involve hot reading. In 1938, the magician John Mulholland wrote:

"Where do the mediums get the information? It is very easy. Look the person up in a telephone book. Talk to the corner grocer. Go to the house and try to sell a magazine subscription. Talk to the neighbours. Talk to the servants if there are any. If it is a small city go to the cemetery and look at the tombstones. It has to be done carefully but it is very easy."

Commenting on mediums from the early 20th century, historian Ruth Brandon noted:

"There were a number of recognized methods in use. Some were very down-to-earth. When a medium visited a new town, he was advised to visit the local cemetery and make a note of names, dates, and any other information to be obtained from the tombstones. He might also consult the 'Blue Book' for the area, a compilation circulated among mediums listing, for an increasing number of places, the names of leading spiritualists likely to attend seances, with descriptions, family histories, and details (deceased spouses, children, parents, etc.) and other information likely to be of use."

Skeptical activist Susan Gerbic lists hot reading as one of a number of methods used by psychics to achieve their effects. She points out it can be done with nothing more than a name, location, and access to Facebook.

Notable mediums from the past who were exposed as utilizing hot reading methods have included Rosina Thompson and George Valiantine.

Modern examples of hot reading
Televangelist Peter Popoff's wife, Elizabeth, was seen canvassing the crowd before a show, and it was later noticed that Popoff was wearing a hearing aid, which is odd for a faith healer. In 1986, James Randi and his associate Steve Shaw, an illusionist known professionally as Banachek, organized Project Beta with technical assistance from the crime scene analyst and electronics expert Alexander Jason. Using computerized radio scanners, Jason was able to demonstrate that Popoff's wife was using a wireless radio transmitter to broadcast information that she and her aides had culled from prayer request cards filled out by audience members. Popoff received the transmissions via an in-ear receiver and repeated the information to astonished audience members. Jason produced video segments interspersing the intercepted radio transmissions with Popoff's "miraculous" pronouncements.

Independent Investigation Group IIG director James Underdown writes that in one of the live shows of Beyond they witnessed, James Van Praagh was observed signing books and chatting with a woman he learned was from Italy. During the taping he asked that same section if there was "someone from another country". To the TV audience this would have looked impressive when she raised her hand, however he had used the hot reading technique of gaining foreknowledge.

A 2001 Time article reported that psychic John Edward allegedly used hot reading on his television show, Crossing Over, where an audience member who received a reading was suspicious of prior behaviour from Edward's aides, who had struck up conversations with audience members and asked them to fill out cards detailing their family trees. In December 2001, Edward was alleged to have used foreknowledge to hot read in an interview on the television show Dateline, where a reading for a cameraman was based on knowledge gained in conversation some hours previously, yet presented as if he were unaware of the cameraman's background. In his 2001 book, John Edward denied ever using foreknowledge, cold or hot reading.

In March 2017, alleged psychic Thomas John Flanagan was found to have used information posted on social media by people coming to his shows, in order to accurately guess details about their lives while pretending to be communicating with the dead. He unknowingly used backstories from fake Facebook profiles previously prepared by a group of skeptics led by Susan Gerbic and Mark Edward. When Flanagan used that information while pretending to hear Gerbic's and Edward's dead relatives, the only possible way he could be aware of these details is if he or members of his team read the fake profiles while preparing for their performance, since even Gerbic and Edward themselves were not aware of the specific information placed on the profiles that matched the aliases they were using when attending the show. In 2021 Flanagan held a 2021 online meeting for children aged 5-12. Two of the supposed children had fake identities and one was much older than claimed (which Flanagan failed to detect). In his readings Flanagan gave information he had previously been given in e-mails. Flanagan also used actors on his television show Seatbelt Psychic, whose lives were well documented and easily discoverable on social media.

John Oliver speculated in a February 2019 segment of Last Week Tonight that Tyler Henry may use hot reading in addition to cold reading. As an example, Oliver dissected Henry's reading of Matt Lauer concerning the father-son fishing trip that was part of the reading. Oliver showed examples of publicly available information about Lauer's love of fishing with his father, including Lauer stating this on his own show several times. Oliver summarized "Look, maybe Tyler Henry genuinely accessed the afterlife, an action which would fundamentally change our understanding of everything on Earth. Or maybe he just googled 'Matt Lauer Dad' and hit the fucking jackpot."

title: Hot reading


text:
User talk:Lord Kenneth

 Please note: this user is not User:Kenneð, User:Kenneth Alansson or User:Kenneth Alan although their talk pages may redirect to here.

Well... I am God.

Hi. Your redirect is fine. It just isn't triggered after the edit, because Wikipedia wants to show the author precisely what he has done. That's why there's redirect=no in the URL after you edit the page. Evercat 01:00 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi Lord Kenneth. You can mention how you came to be here on your user page if you want. There were maybe 4 or 5 people involved in making that BBS post, I'm sure they'll be very interested to know who you are. -- Tim Starling 04:16 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

- Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

--

Please see Opera Arabic bug and see if you can add a few data points. If Opera hasn't been notified of the problem already, someone should do this. --Brion 06:22, 30 Dec 2003 (UTC)

See talk:Unitarian Universalism for a response. - UtherSRG 08:12, 1 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I've finally replied there again. Sorry for the delay. - UtherSRG 13:24, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Moved from Talk:Steve Irwin:

I think this crap about Steve Irwin "endangering" his child is pretty stupid. Now, I don't like to defer to authorities, because they can be wrong (obviously), but he's been around crocodiles his whole life and probably knows more about their behavior than most of us. - Lord Kenneth 03:05, Jan 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * True, he's been around them a lot. But the more widely respected (and non-clownish) crocodile expert, Malcolm Douglas, has said that Crocodiles are inherently unpredicatble. He told the story of a friend of his who had reared a crocodile from birth; he had completely domesticated it. Every day he would take the crocodile down to the local pub and would feed it. One day, after several years of completely no troubles with the croc, he was feeding it and turned around to talk to a friend, and the crocodile bit his arm clean off. Whether or not Steve Irwin is an 'expert' in the field, he shouldn't have even risked it. On another matter, his baby is very very young. He was shaking it and not supporting its head, which was bad in itself. It's about time Steve Irwin is revealed for the clown he is. I sincerely hope he does not get Australian of the Year. - Mark 06:32, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Atheism
Refrain from insults, ad hominem does nothing for your case. I am not a vandal. Don't refer to me as such again without alot better justification. Jack 05:16, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)

In case you havn't been paying attention, I am going thru the Conflict resolution process with you. We are currently at Step 4: Mediation. You can consult requests for mediation if you like. Assuming you are unwilling or unable to achieve mediation with me (I do) I will of course be seeking binding arbitration and banning. Feel free to contact me, or others, with any questions or concerns. Jack 03:41, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Umm, there don't yet exist any formal & accepted mediation procedures - so I don't think that you can say that you are actually at the stage of mediation.. --snoyes 04:32, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I can and do. Jack 09:55, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Brianism
I see you have made some good edits to Scientific skepticism. If you are a skeptic, I assume you would not want to see Brianism (a sub-branch of skepticism) deleted from Wikipedia. Please would you have a look at that article's talk page and place a vote? To keep or abstain, I hope, but vote as you think. Thanks! SpellBott 13:21, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I apologize for marking up your user page. I was feeling particularly juvenile that day. Cheers, Cyan 05:00, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the help over on Agnosticism, Jack is becoming quite tiresome to deal with. Of course, I expect now he'll consider us to be co-conspirators or something. :) Bryan 04:04, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Requests for mediation
I request that you join me in the mediation process. You can signal your willingness of lack thereof at the above link. What is best for the wikipedia is a friendly and positive social atmosphere, and sometimes this requires mediation. Jack 21:34, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello Lord Kenneth. I notice you haven't yet replied to JackLynch's invitation to join him in mediation.  You may still be considering the idea, so I thought I would give you a bit more information.  Mediation is intended to act as a way of helping to resolve disputes on Wikipedia.  The process is very new and we still working on ideas of how to go about this - a lot of that will have to be worked out as we go along although we are discussing ideas on the mailing list and elsewhere.  The mediator acts as a neutral party to try and increase understanding and resolve arguments.  It's not a matter of the mediator making any decisions or any judgements, but having a neutral third party involved in discussions might help. The mediators are listed at Mediation Committee and that page also has links to other relevant pages.  I hope this helps.  Regards -- sannse 18:14, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

LordKenneth, I just wanted to mention that it is my opinion that your user page is in bad taste, and is contrary to the spirit of Wikipedia. I'm not filing a complaint or anything like it, but I felt that this was an instance where a remark needed to be left on your talk page. If there are users here who violate Wikipedia's policies, then Conflict resolution needs to occur, but posting them on your user page is an act of antagonism and aggressiveness that serves little purpose (as far as I can see) other than to enrage the listed users. It is your user page, of course, but in a larger sense all user pages belong to this community. It would be good then, I think, if we all tried to keep our user pages from pulling apart the building of community that is a part of Wikipedia's purpose. I do want to note that I'm not suggesting necessarily that the three users you list haven't done anything wrong--I'm unaware of the circumstances. But note your grievances where they need to be noted and be done with it. Dealing with unprofessional or vandalistic users should be something we do reluctantly, not exuberantly. Just my opinion. Do with it what you will. Jwrosenzweig 23:34, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * If they are unfair and consistently POV, I think they should be watched. I agree that vandals should not be instantly banned or whatnot-- but clearly they should be kept an eye on.  As for the last person in the list, he added himself there :).  I'll remove someone when I see that they stopped their actions. - Lord Kenneth 13:18, Jan 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * You are, of course, entitled to your opinion. Thank you for considering my suggestion.  I hope that your wall of shame empties soon, and remains so: Jwrosenzweig 15:19, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I don't know what Reddi thinks about scientific skepticism, and what you say about his views isn't really backed by what he's said on the talk page, but anyway: an article that is entirely a glorification of a practice, without any acknowledgement that the practice can be abused, isn't really NPOV -- especially not when people have raised questions about it (whatever one might think of those questions' validity). No other article on a philosophical system includes only favorable views; look at utilitarianism, for example. — No-One Jones (talk) 22:59, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Very good. If you'll direct your attention to philosophy of science, you'll notice the section (albeit brief) devoted to Paul Feyerabend's critiques; so someone has already done what you suggest. As for the flat earth comparisons, they're less than relevant; the roundness of the earth is physical fact, whereas skepticism is an epistemological and philosophical viewpoint, open to argument. I'm not going to edit war over this, but if there are any critiques of skepticism out there, they ought to be included. . . I must read up on this, or perhaps Reddi will come up with something a bit more substantial. (The current criticisms are rather weak). — No-One Jones (talk) 23:26, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Hello Lord Kenneth. I've not seen a reply to my last message so I would like to write once more to ask if you would be willing to participate in mediation with Jack Lynch. I'd like to assure you again that the only aim of this is to help resolve the conflict with which Jack has requested assistance. Regards -- sannse 15:29, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC) (member of the mediation committee)

 * (from User talk:Sannse): The fault is not with me, it is with Jack himself. HE is the one making biased and unfair changes. I don't see how I can mediate with him when he's the actual problem. But, what do you suggest? - Lord Kenneth 19:32, Jan 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Following up Jack's request doesn't imply I think any fault is with you (or with Jack for that matter). The idea is to try to find solutions to your disagreements.  If you agreed to mediation one of the committee would act as mediator to talk to you both about where the problems lie and how best to solve them.  I understand you feel the problem is with Jack, obviously he feels the opposite and perhaps mediation can help you come to some sort of resolution.  Regards -- sannse 23:41, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)

(rsp to something said on Talk:Scientific skepticism, which would be off-topic there)

You said, about geocentrism, that it's "an assumption based on philosophical ideas" -- you do realize that describes modern science as well? Science requires the assumption (and it cannot be proven to be more than an assumption) that the physical universe exists independent of our minds. I recommend reading ontology and epistemology. — No-One Jones (talk) 16:15, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I agree. Assuming that the earth is at the center of the universe because a god made it is not scientific; assuming that the earth is at the center of the universe because you have a scientific model explains it, however, is -- and geocentrism did have a scientific basis. (and by the way: assuming that the universe exists independent of your mind isn't scientific either.) — No-One Jones (talk) 16:25, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

That an assumption was wrong does not mean that it was unscientific; Newtonian mechanics weren't entirely correct, but they were scientific in method, as was geocentrism. As for consciousness, well, biology is also a science that assumes a universe independent of the mind -- but enough: if I wanted to teach Phil. 101 to 17-year-olds, I'd find a high school that would at least pay me to do it. I think my time will be better spent researching scientific skepticism than wrangling with stubborn teenagers, so adieu for now. — No-One Jones (talk) 16:40, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Mylord, please
Mylord, please care to look at time stamps on the pages you edit. You just kicked me out, generated editing conflicts and increased Wiki congestion in a context where bandwidth is an issue and servers are so slow. Thank you dearly. Sincerely, irismeister 19:03, 2004 Jan 27 (UTC)

That's quite all right and thank you for the swift answer. irismeister 19:26, 2004 Jan 27 (UTC)

Lord Kenneth please check the edit history and the talk page to see what kind of contributor iris meister is. iridology certainly needs all the help it can get in cleaning it up and keeping it cleaned up. theresa knott 19:35, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Note on iridology ... if you look at the edit history you'll see there's an interesting (cough, cough) little pattern from one participant. I am currently waiting for him to finish his 10 or 20 or 30 edits in a row and then plan to revert most of them. It's gotten impossible to judge them all separately. DavidWBrooks 19:07, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Requests for protection might be a useful page for you. Was you comment about Ekpyrotic supposed to be a request for protection or were you just complaining about Reddi? :) Angela. 01:47, Jan 29, 2004 (UTC)

I think the current version of scientific skepticism is POV.

The article should state that the list of proven mistakes by skeptics is small when compared to the list of proven mistakes by people who don't follow Scientific skepticism.

I wanted to change the article today but I couldn't. Andries 20:55, Jan 30, 2004 (UTC)

--

You're kidding right? The talk page is in no way stable. You haven't come to any agreement, so unprotecting it would just cause the edit war to break out again, wouldn't it? Anyway, it's only been protected three days. Angela. 21:24, Jan 30, 2004 (UTC)

All I can suggest is that you stop worrying about that article until some more people get involved with it. Why not start a vote so that some consensus can be reached before the page is unprotected? Angela. 22:09, Jan 31, 2004 (UTC)

Do not call other editors a troll in edit summaries or talk pages. Got that? See the 'Respect other contributors' part of Policies and guidelines. --mav 06:17, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Please justify your listing of mav's image on Possible copyright infringements, or I'll remove it. Please note that every other listing presents evidence that a (possibly illicit) copying took place. As far as I can tell, your case rests on 'there's a studio backdrop' which is hardly conclusive of anything. I know amateur photographers who have similar backdrops. —Morven 11:06, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Mylord, the quack is back : )
Kindly inform you that the pseudoscientist and quack  holds two doctorates and one postdoctoral title, all in medicine : ) He published seven volumes and fifty something articles on the issue, (all in peer-reviewed periodicals :) He is a full professor of iridial studies, holder of several registered patents, and one in probably less than a dozen world-class five-star irismeisters : ). He also recently initiated 23 major Wiki articles. To be compared with special-English, spellchecking expert extraordinaire  Ms Theresa Knott, currently an author of several bucket-and-spade illustrations using the Word image editing facility. Ms Theresa Knott recently made Wiki headlines vandalizing the iridology:talk page and making a point of honor out of cutting stuff she doesn't either read, or spell correctly, let alone understand : ) To be continued, quote : ) '' Ah, I checked and see that you're right. Irismeister is the quack. It doesn't matter to my changes, though, what I had removed was probably something he wouldn't like me to remove anyway, which was the POV benefits section he had probably just edited at the time. Keep up the good work against the quacks and pseudoscientists! - Lord Kenneth 01:00, Jan 29, 2004 (UTC) '' unqoute So, mylord, you may wish to revise the quality-maintaining policies in matters of general Wikipedian interest, for the sake of good science, and yes, some good taste : ) In the mean time I will edit the given article one sentence at a time, to help fellow  editors cope and adjust to the manners and habits of Wikipedia, the "free"  encyclopedia : ) Sincerely, irismeister 10:09, 2004 Feb 3 (UTC)

 * I don't care what you degrees or education are, you're full of **** all the same. I shall aide Theresa in her battle against your ignorance. - Lord Kenneth 12:23, Feb 3, 2004 (UTC)

Repeated request for hard ban on Lord_Kenneth
Com'on mylord, say what you know about the quack I am and let truth silence only the perpetrators of ad hominem  like the one you are. I thought you understand taste. You only badly need more toilet training before adding anything else, mylord : ) (quote '''you're full of **** all... ''' here unquote :)° Not recommended : ) Unworthy of anything, let alone lordship : ) Sincerely, irismeister 08:55, 2004 Feb 4 (UTC) 13,000+ page edits in three months, and growing with every new babysitting session :)

I agree - this type of nonsense should be banned - both persons, from Wiki privileges. Matt Scanlon (talk) 14:28, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Poll notification
Jack (now known as Sam Spade) created a poll at Talk:Atheism/Godvrs.god poll on the capital G issue in atheism, so I figured I should drop a note about it to all the major participants in the editing on that article since Jan 11. Bryan 05:25, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Personal attacks
What ever happened to No personal attacks? RickK 06:06, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * You're the one trying to get someone banned/name changed for having the nick "CrucifiedChrist". I have no clue who they are, but you whine too much... - Lord Kenneth 02:55, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

You're the subject of a quickpoll
You reverted Scientific skepticism four times within 24 hours and you are clearly aware of the policies. Note, however, the very limited suggested penalty and the comment associated with the listing. Jamesday 04:26, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Irismeister arbitration ruling
Following the ruling by the Arbitration committee on the matter of Irismeister (see Requests for arbitration/Irismeister), you are reminded to discuss matters in accordance with good Wikiquette and to avoid making personal attacks in future. --Camembert

If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing. Maximus Rex 01:42, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

message
Lordken your comments ring true, that is the current policy. I, like you, disagree with this policy but railing against the system (as I too did at one time) is not going to change it. I plan on trying to reform it from the inside wikipedia is too important and widely used to be left to the current administration. I suggest that if you really want to change it for the better (by emphasizing what can be proven true rather than what is said to be such) you work studiously get some rank and do battle in the upper echelons rather than reacting in such a way as to give all the power to your detractors. GrazingshipIV 17:50, Apr 6, 2004 (UTC)

What's up, man?
Oh, I agree! This Wikipedia is way too POV and a propaganda machine. All the bureaucratic fumblings stand in the way of actually learning much about anything. I thought it was cool when I had first come here, but after initiating edits and seeing what it's really like, I have determined that -> It's a flop! Why don't ya mosey along by my page and see my history and links about me. I have been exactly there. Lord Kenneð 03:00, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Kenneð
Kenneth Alan has redirected this to your userpage. I have blanked it. If Kenneð is in fact your account, will you please confirm this by undoing my blanking? If it is not, will you please leave a note on the talk page to that effect? Thanks. —No-One Jones 22:58, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism On Lord Kenneth's User Page
I object to people inserting things into Lord Kenneth's User Page without his expressed consent. Lord Kenneð 21:27, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * If Lord Kenneth objects he can say so - it's up to him.

 * Lord Kenneth - I've added the explanation to the top of your user page and this page because of the constant redirects from Kenneth Alan/Kenneð's pages. I hope you are OK with this, it seems a way of avoiding the constant reverts while still showing your separate identities.  If you revert I shall leave it of course.  Regards -- sannse (talk) 21:35, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Removing the "wall of shame"
I suggest there be some sort of agreement on removing the wall of shame before people arbitrarily edit someone else's user page.

So lets discuss this and if lordken is monitoring please join in. GrazingshipIV 23:41, May 11, 2004 (UTC) le dying"

KALFAN! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.82.226.28 (talk) 03:36, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Race (fantasy)
A while back, you contributed that discussion and I feel as you this page should be deleted. Have you looked at it again?--Tallard 05:32, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

A study on how to cover scientific uncertainties/controversies
Hi. I would like to ask whether you would agree to participate in a short survey on how to cover scientific uncertainties/controversies in articles pertaining to global warming and climate change (survey described here). If interested, please get in touch via my talkpage or email me Encyclopaedia21 (talk) 17:09, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lord Kenneth


text:
Shipwreck

A shipwreck is the wreckage of a ship that is located either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water. Shipwrecking may be intentional or unintentional. There were approximately three million shipwrecks worldwide as of January 1999, according to Angela Croome, a science writer and author who specialized in the history of underwater archaeology (an estimate rapidly endorsed by UNESCO and other organizations ).

When a ship's crew has died or abandoned the ship, and the ship has remained adrift but unsunk, they are instead referred to as ghost ships.

Types

Historic wrecks are attractive to maritime archaeologists because they preserve historical information: for example, studying the wreck of Mary Rose revealed information about seafaring, warfare, and life in the 16th century. Military wrecks, caused by a skirmish at sea, are studied to find details about the historic event; they reveal much about the battle that occurred. Discoveries of treasure ships, often from the period of European colonisation, which sank in remote locations leaving few living witnesses, such as Batavia, do occur as well. Some contemporary wrecks, such as the oil tanker Prestige or Erika, are of interest primarily because of their potential harm to the environment. Other contemporary wrecks are scuttled in order to spur reef growth, such as MV Adolphus Busch and Ocean Freeze. Many contemporary and historic wrecks, such as SS Thistlegorm, are of interest to recreational divers that dive to shipwrecks because they are interesting to explore, provide large habitats for many types of marine life, and have an interesting history.

Well-known shipwrecks include the catastrophic Titanic, MV Doña Paz, HMHS Britannic, RMS Lusitania, MS Estonia, RMS Empress of Ireland, SS Andrea Doria, Endurance or  Costa Concordia. There are also thousands of wrecks that were not lost at sea but have been abandoned or sunk. These abandoned, or derelict ships are typically smaller craft, such as fishing vessels. They may pose a hazard to navigation and may be removed by port authorities.

Causes
Poor design, improperly stowed cargo, navigation and other human errors leading to collisions (with another ship, the shoreline, an iceberg, etc.), bad weather, fire, and other causes can lead to accidental sinking. Intentional reasons for sinking a ship include: intending to form an artificial reef; destruction due to warfare, piracy, mutiny or sabotage; using the vessel for target practice; or removing a menace to navigation. A ship can be also used as breakwater structure.

State of preservation

Many factors determine the state of preservation of a wreck:
 * the ship's construction materials
 * the wreck becoming covered in sand or silt
 * the salinity of the water the wreck is in
 * the level of destruction involved in the ship's loss
 * whether the components or cargo of the wreck were salvaged
 * whether the wreck was demolished to clear a navigable channel
 * the depth of water at the wreck site
 * the strength of tidal currents or wave action at the wreck site
 * the exposure to surface weather conditions at the wreck site
 * the presence of marine life that consume the ship's fabric
 * temperature
 * the acidity (or pH), and other chemical characteristics of the water at the site

The above - especially the stratification (silt/sand sediments piled up on the shipwrecks) and the damages caused by marine creatures - is better described as "stratification and contamination" of shipwrecks. The stratification not only creates another challenge for marine archaeology, but also a challenge to determine its primary state, i.e. the state that it was in when it sank.

Stratification includes several different types of sand and silt, as well as tumulus and encrustations. These "sediments" are tightly linked to the type of currents, depth, and the type of water (salinity, pH, etc.), which implies any chemical reactions that would affect potential cargo (such as wine, olive oil, spices, etc.).

Besides this geological phenomenon, wrecks also face the damage of marine creatures that create a home out of them, primarily octopuses and crustaceans. These creatures affect the primary state because they move, or break, any parts of the shipwreck that are in their way, thereby affecting the original condition of amphorae, for example, or any other hollow places. Finally, in addition to the slight or severe destruction marine animals can create, there are also "external" contaminants, such as the artifacts on and around the wreck at Pickles Reef and the over-lapping wrecks at the Molasses Reef Wreck, or contemporary pollution in bodies of water, that severely affect shipwrecks by changing the chemical structures, or further damaging what is left of a specific ship.

Despite these challenges, if the information retrieved does not appear to be sufficient, or a poor preservation is achieved, authors like J.A. Parker claim that it is the historical value of the shipwreck that counts as well as any slight piece of information or evidence that is acquired.

Construction materials
Exposed wooden components decay quickly. Often the only wooden parts of ships that remain after a century are those that were buried in silt or sand soon after the sinking. An example of this is Mary Rose.

Steel and iron, depending on their thickness, may retain the ship's structure for decades. As corrosion takes place, sometimes helped by tides and weather, the structure collapses. Thick ferrous objects such as cannons, steam boilers or the pressure vessel of a submarine often survive well underwater in spite of corrosion.

Propellers, condensers, hinges and port holes were often made from non-ferrous metals such as brass and phosphor bronze, which do not corrode easily.

Freshwater and low saline
Shipwrecks in some freshwater lakes, such as the Great Lakes of North America, have remained intact with little degradation. In some sea areas, most notably in Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland, salinity is very low, and centuries-old wrecks have been preserved in reasonable condition. However, bacteria found in fresh water cause the wood on ships to rot more quickly than in seawater unless it is deprived of oxygen. Two shipwrecks, USS Hamilton (1809) and USS Scourge (1812), have been at the bottom of Lake Ontario since they sunk during a violent storm on August 8, 1813, during the War of 1812. They are in "remarkably good" condition.

Seawater
Wrecks typically decay rapidly when in seawater. There are several reasons for this:
 * Iron-based metals corrode much more quickly in seawater because of the dissolved salt present; the sodium and chloride ions chemically accelerate the process of metal oxidation which, in the case of ferrous metals, leads to rust. Such cases are prominent on deep-water shipwrecks, such as RMS Titanic (sank 1912), RMS Lusitania (sank 1915), and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck (sank 1941). However, there are some exceptions; RMS Empress of Ireland (sank 1914) lies in the saltwater portion of the St. Lawrence River, but is still in remarkably good condition.
 * Unprotected wood in seawater is rapidly consumed by shipworms and small wood-boring sea creatures. Shipworms found in higher salinity waters, such as the Caribbean, are notorious for boring into wooden structures that are immersed in sea water and can completely destroy the hull of a wooden shipwreck.

Loss, salvage, and demolition
An important factor in the condition of the wreck is the level of destruction at the time of the loss or shortly afterwards due to the nature of the loss, salvage or later demolition.

Examples of severe destruction at the time of loss are:
 * Being blown onto a beach, reef, or rocks during a storm, termed "grounding" (e.g.,  Royal Adelaide)
 * Collision with another ship (e.g., SS Andrea Doria)
 * Catastrophic explosion (e.g., HMS Hood (51)), steamship boilers often explode when water covers them during the process of sinking
 * Fire that burns for a long time before the ship sinks (e.g., MS Achille Lauro)
 * Foundering, i.e., taking in so much water that buoyancy is lost and the ship sinks (e.g., RMS Titanic and HMHS Britannic); some ships with a dense cargo (e.g., iron ore) may break up when sinking quickly and hitting a rocky seabed
 * Enemy action from aerial bombs or torpedoes that may cause destruction before sinking (e.g., the ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Roma and HMS Barham (04))

After the loss, the vessel's owners may attempt to salvage valuable parts of the ship and its cargo. This operation can cause further damage.

Shipwrecks in shallow water near busy shipping lanes are often demolished or removed to reduce the danger to other vessels. On charts, some wreck symbols have a line under the symbol with a depth mark, which indicates the water depth above the wreck.

Depth, tide and weather
On the seabed, wrecks are slowly broken up by the forces of wave action caused by the weather and currents caused by tides. Also, more highly oxygenated water, which promotes corrosion, reduces the strength of ferrous structural materials of the ship. Deeper wrecks are likely to be protected by less exposure to water movement and by lower levels of oxygen in water.

Temperature
Extreme cold (such as in a glacial-fed lake, Arctic waters, the Great Lakes, etc.) slows the degradation of organic ship materials. Decay, corrosion and marine encrustation are inhibited or largely absent in cold waters.

Marine pollution
Many modern shipwrecks contribute to marine pollution, mainly as sources of significant oil spills. A 2005 survey of shipwrecks since 1890 found that over 8,500 of the submerged wrecks may still contain oil. Oil spills can have devastating effects on marine and coastal environments as well as fisheries. In addition to being toxic to marine life, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), found in crude oil, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment.

Shipwreck pollution may also originate with a ship's cargo or munitions, such as unexploded ordnance or chemical weapons canisters. German trawler V 1302 John Mahn, sunk in the North Sea in 1942, has multiple unexploded depth charges on board which render the wreck hazardous. Samples taken from the wreck and nearby sediment show the presence of heavy metals like nickel and copper, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic and explosive compounds into surrounding waters, which have changed the local microbial ecology.

Natural deterioration process
Iron and steel wrecks are subject to corrosion, which is most rapid in shallow sea water where the salinity induces galvanic corrosion, oxygen content is high and water movement replenishes the oxygen rapidly. In deeper water and in still water the corrosion rates can be greatly reduced. Corrosion rates of iron and steel are also reduced when concretions, solid layers of rust, or layers of marine organisms separate the metal from the ambient water, and encourage the development of a layer of relatively stable black oxide in the hypoxic layers.

Ships that sink upright onto a sand bottom tend to settle into the sand to a similar level to that at which they would normally float at the surface. The thinner materials of the upper works tend to break up first, followed by the decks and deck beams, and the hull sides unsupported by bulkheads. The bow and stern may remain relatively intact for longer as they are usually more heavily constructed. Heavy machinery like boilers, engines, pumps, winches, propellers, propeller shafts, steering gear, anchors and other heavy fittings also last longer and can provide support to the remaining hull, or cause it to collapse more rapidly. Vessels that come to rest upside down on a yielding seabed can be relatively stable, although the upper decks usually collapse under the load and machinery and fittings fall. Wrecks that rest on their side tend to deteriorate quickly, as the loads are not what they were designed to support, and poorly supported hull sides give way fairly soon and the wreckage collapses. Wrecks supported by a rocky seabed tend to collapse over and around the rocks relatively rapidly. Submarines tend to last longer as they are built much more strongly to withstand the working loads of external pressure, and may last for centuries.

Value
A shipwreck may have value in several forms:
 * Cultural heritage,
 * Recreational diving and other tourism attraction
 * scientific, educational and monetary values
 * Artificial reefs
 * Monetary value of salvageable cargo and components

Salvage
Often, attempts are made to salvage shipwrecks, particularly those recently wrecked, to recover the whole or part of the ship, its cargo, or its equipment. An example was the salvage of the scuttled German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow in the 1920s and 1930s. The unauthorized salvage of wrecks is called wrecking.

Legal aspects
Shipwreck law determines important legal questions regarding wrecks, perhaps the most important question being the question of ownership. Legally wrecks are divided into wreccum maris (material washed ashore after a shipwreck) and adventurae maris (material still at sea), which are treated differently by some, but not all, legal systems. Wrecks are often considered separately from their cargo. For example, in the British case of Lusitania [1986] QB 384 it was accepted that the remains of the vessel itself were owned by the insurance underwriters who had paid out on the vessel as a total loss by virtue of the law of subrogation (who subsequently sold their rights), but that the property aboard the wreck still belonged to its original owners or their heirs.

Military wrecks, however, remain under the jurisdiction – and hence protection – of the government that lost the ship, or that government's successor. Hence, a German U-boat from World War II still technically belongs to the German government, although Nazi Germany (the government at the time) is long-defunct. Many military wrecks are also protected by virtue of being war graves.

However, many legal systems allow the rights of salvors to override the rights of the original owners of a wreck or its cargo. As a general rule, non-historic civilian shipwrecks are considered fair game for salvage. Under international maritime law, for shipwrecks of a certain age, the original owner may have lost all claim to the cargo. Anyone who finds the wreck can then file a salvage claim on it and place a lien on the vessel, and subsequently mount a salvage operation (see Finders, keepers). The State of North Carolina questionably claims "all photographs, video recordings, or other documentary materials of a derelict vessel or shipwreck or its contents, relics, artifacts, or historic materials in the custody of any agency of North Carolina government or its subdivisions" to be its property.

Some countries assert claims to all wrecks within their territorial waters, irrespective of the interest of the original owner or the salvor.

Some legal systems regard a wreck and its cargo to be abandoned if no attempt is made to salvage them within a certain period of time. English law has usually resisted this notion (encouraged by an extremely large maritime insurance industry, which asserts claims in respect of shipwrecks which it has paid claims on), but it has been accepted to a greater or lesser degree in an Australian case and in a Norwegian case.

The American courts have been inconsistent between states and at federal level. Under Danish law, all shipwrecks over 150 years old belong to the state if no owner can be found. In Spain, wrecks vest in the state if not salvaged within 3 years. In Finland, all property on board shipwrecks over 100 years old vests in the state.

The British Protection of Wrecks Act, enacted to protect historic wrecks, controls access to wrecks such as Cattewater Wreck which can only be visited or investigated under licence. The British Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 also restricts access to wrecks which are sensitive as war graves. The Protection of Military Remains Act in some cases creates a blanket ban on all diving; for other wrecks divers may visit provided they do not touch, interfere with or penetrate the wreck. In the United States, shipwrecks in state waters are regulated by the Abandoned Shipwrecks Act of 1987. This act is much more lenient in allowing more open access to the shipwrecks.

Following the beaching of MSC Napoli, as a result of severe damage incurred during European storm Kyrill, there was confusion in the press and by the authorities about whether people could be prevented from helping themselves to the flotsam which was washed up on the beaches at Branscombe. Many people took advantage of the confusion and helped themselves to the cargo. This included many BMW motorbikes and empty wine casks as well as bags of disposable nappies (diapers). The legal position under the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 is that any such finds and recovery must be reported within 28 days to the Receiver of Wreck. Failure to do so is an offence under the Merchant Shipping Act and can result in a criminal record for theft by finding. After several days, the police and Receiver of Wreck, in conjunction with the landowner and the contracted salvors, established a cordon to prevent access to the beach. A similar situation occurred after the wreck of MV Cita in 1997.

Historic wrecks (often but not always defined as being more than 50 years of age) are often protected from pillaging and looting through national laws protecting cultural heritage. Internationally they may be protected by a State ratifying the Unesco Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. In this case pillaging is not allowed. One such example is Queen Anne's Revenge which is undergoing archaeological recovery by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources near Beaufort Inlet, NC.

An important international convention aiming at the protection of underwater cultural heritage (including shipwrecks) is the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage represents the international community's response to the increasing looting and destruction of underwater cultural heritage. It forms part of a group of UNESCO standard setting instruments regarding the domain of cultural heritage, encompassing seven conventions adopted by UNESCO Member States, which constitute a coherent and complementary body guaranteeing a complete protection of all forms of cultural heritage.

The UNESCO 2001 Convention is an international treaty aimed exclusively at the protection of underwater cultural heritage and the facilitation of international cooperation in this regard. It does not change sovereignty rights of States or regulate the ownership of wrecks or submerged ruins.

Notable salvages
In 2011, the most valuable cargo of a sunken shipwreck was identified near the western edge of the Celtic Sea. This World War II era sinking of SS Gairsoppa led to a treasure almost 3 mi deep.

A U.S. federal court and a panel from the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit have upheld the Spanish claim to the contents of the ship Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes; Spain took control of the treasure in February 2012. A very small number of coins and effects recovered from the ship were deposited in Gibraltar, because they showed clear signs coherent with an internal explosion on the ship and thus confirmed Spanish claims to the wreck being that of the Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes. They were not returned to Spain until 2013, when a court finally ordered Odyssey Marine to return the missing pieces.

Archaeologist Valerios Stais discovered one of the most notable instruments of time keeping and prediction of celestial events off the coast of the Greek island Antikythera on May 17, 1902. The device, known as the Antikythera Mechanism, is perhaps the earliest example of what would be known as today as an analog computer, and the technology it encompasses predates any other recorded description by hundreds or thousands of years.

title: Shipwreck