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Waterbury, Connecticut

Waterbury is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut. Waterbury had a population of 114,403 as of the 2020 Census. The city is 33 mi southwest of Hartford and 77 mi northeast of New York City. Waterbury is the largest city in the Naugatuck Valley Planning Region and second-largest city in New Haven County.

Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Waterbury had large industrial interests and was the leading center in the United States for the manufacture of brassware (including castings and finishings), as reflected in the nickname the "Brass City" and the city's motto Quid Aere Perennius? ("What Is More Lasting Than Brass?"). It was also noted for the manufacture of watches and clocks (Timex).

The city is alongside Interstate 84 (Yankee Expressway) and Route 8 and has a Metro-North railroad station with connections to Grand Central Terminal. Waterbury is also home to Post University and the regional campuses of the University of Connecticut, University of Bridgeport, Western Connecticut State University as well as Naugatuck Valley Community College.

History

The land was originally inhabited by the Algonquin bands. According to Samuel Orcutt's history, some Puritan residents of nearby Farmington "found it expedient to purchase the same lands from different tribes, without attempting to decide between their rival claims." The original settlement of Waterbury in 1674 was in the area now known as the Town Plot section. In 1675, the turbulence of King Philip's War caused the new settlement to be vacated until the resumption of peace in 1677. A new permanent location was found across the river to the east along the Mad River. The original Native American inhabitants called the area "Matetacoke" meaning "the interval lands." Thus, the settlement's name was Anglicised to "Mattatuck" in 1673. When the settlement was admitted as the 28th town in the Connecticut Colony in 1686, the name was changed to Waterbury in reference to the numerous streams that emptied into the Naugatuck River from the hills on either side of the valley. At that time, it included all or parts of what later became the towns of Watertown, Plymouth, Wolcott, Prospect, Naugatuck, Thomaston, and Middlebury.

Growth was slow during Waterbury's first hundred years, the lack of arable land due to the constant flooding of the Naugatuck River in particular, discouraged many potential settlers. Furthermore, the residents suffered through a great flood in 1691 and an outbreak of disease in 1712. After a century, Waterbury's population numbered just 5,000.

Waterbury emerged as an early American industrial power in the early 19th century when the city began to manufacture brass, harnessing the waters of the Mad River and Naugatuck River to power the early factories. The new brass industry attracted many immigrant laborers from all over the world, leading to an influx of diverse nationalities. Waterbury was incorporated as a city in 1853 and, as the "Brass Capital of the World", it gained a reputation for the quality and durability of its goods. Brass and copper supplied by Waterbury were used in Nevada's Boulder Dam among myriad applications across the United States.

A famous Waterbury product of the late-19th century was Robert H. Ingersoll's one-dollar pocket watch, five million of which were sold. After this, the clock industry became as important as Waterbury's brass industry. Evidence of these industries can still be seen in Waterbury, as numerous clocktowers and old brass factories have become landmarks of the city.

Waterbury produced silverware starting in 1858 by Rogers & Brother, and in 1886 by Rogers & Hamilton. In 1893, Rogers & Brother exhibited wares at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. In 1898, both companies became part of the International Silver Company, headquartered in nearby Meriden. Production continued at the R&B site until 1938. Designs of the two companies are in the collections of the Mattatuck Museum in Waterbury, the Brooklyn Museum in New York, the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, and in many historical societies and museums across the United States.

In June 1920, labor unrest occurred, with striking workers fighting with police on the street. Over 30 were arrested, mostly Lithuanians, Russians, Poles, and Italians. The strikers numbered some 15,000, with most being employed at Scovill, Chase Rolling Mill, and Chase Metal Works. One striker was shot to death by police.

At its peak during World War II, 10,000 people worked at the Scovill Manufacturing Co, later sold to Century Brass. The city's metal manufacturing mills (Scovill Manufacturing, Anaconda American Brass, and Chase Brass & Copper were the largest) occupied more than 2 million square feet (180,000 m2) and more than 90 buildings.

On May 24, 1962, the north side of the city was devastated by a high-end F3 tornado that caused widespread damage, destroyed numerous neighborhoods, and left one dead and 50 injured. Damage from the storm was estimated to be at least $5 million.

Historic events

 * Waterbury Land Company was formed in 1807, for the purpose of settling a Connecticut Western Reserve Township named Columbia in Lorain County, Ohio. The draft allotment was purchased for $21,600.
 * Waterbury's Fr. Michael J. McGivney founded the Knights of Columbus in New Haven, Connecticut, on February 2, 1882. Though the first councils were in Connecticut, the Order spread throughout the United States.
 * Established in 1894, St. Joseph's Church holds the distinction of being the first Lithuanian worshiping community in Connecticut and second oldest in the country.
 * The first Unico Club was founded in Waterbury in 1922 by Dr. Anthony P. Vastola. It grew to 8,000 members and 150 regional groups. The membership is composed of business and professional people of Italian lineage or those who are married to an Italian-American. The clubs sponsor educational, cultural and civic programs.
 * Sacred Heart was the first Catholic high school in Connecticut, September 6, 1922.
 * One of the first full-length sound motion pictures was made in the 1920s at the studios of the Bristol Co. at Platts Mills by Professor William Henry Bristol, who experimented for years with sound pictures.
 * The Waterbury Clock Company produced the Mickey Mouse watch in 1933 under the Ingersoll brand. The watch was so popular that over 11,000 were sold the first day, and it saved the company from bankruptcy.
 * W1XBS in Waterbury was one of four radio stations in the country that began experimental high fidelity broadcasting in 1934. The station broadcast at 1530 kHz, and joined the CBS Radio Network on December 1, 1938. They moved to 1590 kHz in 1941, in accordance with the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement. The station's broadcasting license was cancelled in 1998 to allow New York's WWRL to be upgraded after that station purchased it; at the time it had been known as WQQW.
 * Victor Zembruski started his Polish Eagles show on Waterbury radio station WATR in 1934. called "The Zembruski Family Polka Hour", it is one of the oldest continuously broadcast shows on American radio.
 * The Chase Dispensary, a medical clinic for employees of the Chase Brass & Copper Co., opened one of the first birth control clinics in the country in 1938.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 75.0 sqkm, of which 73.9 sqkm is land and 1.1 sqkm, or 1.46%, is water.

Waterbury lies in the humid continental climate zone, and normally sees cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers.

Neighborhoods
Waterbury's neighborhoods are shaped by the history and geography of the city.

Ethnic communities distinguish the city's 25 neighborhoods. Clusters of shops at the street corners created villages within the city. For many people, home, work and community life was contained within their neighborhood. Downtown, a short walk away, was "the city", offering live theater, fancy stores, parades and spectacles.

 * Brooklyn
 * Bucks Hill
 * Bunker Hill
 * Country Club
 * Crownbrook
 * Downtown
 * East End
 * East Mountain
 * Fair Lawn
 * Fairmount
 * Gilmartin
 * Hillside
 * Hopeville
 * Long Hill
 * North End
 * North Square
 * Overlook
 * Pine Hill
 * Robinwood
 * South End
 * Town Plot
 * Washington Hill
 * Waterville
 * West Side
 * WOW / Walnut-Orange-Walsh

2020 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 110,366 people, 42,761 households, and 26,996 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,866 PD/sqmi. There were 42,761 housing units at an average density of 1,492.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 58.8% White, 20.1% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 14.2% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 31.2% of the population.

Waterbury has a large Italian-American population with 21.46% of its residents claiming Italian heritage. The Italian influence is especially strong in the Town Plot, Brooklyn, and North End neighborhoods. Additionally, the city is home to thriving Albanian, Cape Verdean, Dominican, Brazilian, Jamaican, Lithuanian, Portuguese, and Puerto Rican communities. Waterbury also has a large Irish community, especially in the Washington Hill section which is home to the city's annual St. Patrick Day's Parade, which, oddly enough, is rarely held on St. Patrick's Day itself. At the beginning of the 21st century, Waterbury had a growing Orthodox Jewish population. Waterbury had a significant Jewish population beginning in the late 1800s, initially as a result of German immigration. The first synagogue in Waterbury opened in 1872. In the early 20th century, almost 9,000 Jews immigrated from Eastern Europe, with many fleeing persecution. The Orthodox Jewish community has experienced a renaissance since 2000 due to efforts by educators and developers to create an affordable alternative to the high cost of living in established Orthodox communities in New York and New Jersey. This renaissance began with the founding of the Yeshiva K'tana of Waterbury in 2000; as of 2014, this full-service elementary and middle school has nearly 400 students. Other educational institutions are the Yeshiva Gedolah of Waterbury, which includes a mesivta high school and beit medrash (undergraduate) program for approximately 230 students, a Bais Yaakov school for girls, and a kolel. As of the end of 2014, the Waterbury Orthodox community numbers 180 families and includes a mikveh, eruv, and community services such as Hatzalah and Chaverim.

There were 42,622 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.7% were married couples living together, 28.4% had a single householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.

According to the 2014 5-year American Community Survey (conducted 2010–2014, data released December 3, 2015), the median income for a household in the city was $41,136, compared to $69,899 statewide. In Waterbury, 24.2% of the population, or 26,122 residents of the city, lived below the poverty line, compared to 10.5% statewide. In Waterbury, 36.8% of the child population age 0–17, or 9,984 children in the city, lived below the poverty line, compared to 14% statewide.

Economy
Waterbury's economic decline in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in it being ranked as having the worst quality of life of 300 U.S. metropolitan areas by Money Magazine in 1992. Waterbury was also rated as one of the "Worst Places for Businesses and Careers in America" by Forbes Magazine in April 2008. Regardless, the city was named on the 100 Best Places to Raise a Family list in the same year.

According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Landmarks

 * Union Station, constructed in 1900.
 * Holy Land USA, a park with an illuminated cross on a hill, was one of Connecticut's most popular tourist attractions in the 1960s and 1970s.
 * Municipal Stadium, built in 1930.
 * The Apothecary Building, built in 1893.
 * A statue on the Carrie Welton Fountain.
 * Soldiers' Monument, sculpted by Waterbury resident George Edwin Bissell as a tribute to the American Civil War.
 * Elton Hotel, built in 1905.
 * The Cass Gilbert National Register District, founded after architect Cass Gilbert won a competition to design Waterbury's City Hall or Waterbury Municipal Center Complex.
 * The statue of Christopher Columbus, by sculptor Frank Gaylord (1984).
 * The Ben Franklin statue (1921), by sculptor Paul Wayland Bartlett, a Waterbury resident.
 * Waterbury Courthouse, the former headquarters of the Anaconda American Brass Company.
 * The Waterbury Clock Company buildings, constructed in 1857. By the end of the 19th century, the company employed 3,000 workers and manufactured 20,000 clocks and watches per day. During World War II, it was the largest producer of fuse timers for precision defense products in the United States.
 * The Harrub Pilgrim Memorial (1930), by Hermon Atkins MacNeil.
 * Chief Two Moon Meridas Laboratory, where Two Moon Meridas manufactured herbal medications.
 * Mattatuck Museum Arts and History Center, dedicated to collecting and exhibiting Connecticut artists and sculptors.
 * Brass Mill Center, a shopping venue.
 * The Palace Theatre (1922).

Government
Waterbury has about 52,000 registered voters, of whom about 24,000 are Democrats. There are about 7,800 registered Republicans and the balance are largely unaffiliated, with a smattering belonging to minor parties.

John S. Monagan, who was a prolific author in addition to his political responsibilities, served as Waterbury's mayor from 1943 to 1948. He also served as its district's congressional representative from 1959 to 1973. George Harlamon, a member of the Waterbury Hall of Fame, was the city's 40th mayor. He served from 1969 to 1970 during a period of racial tension. The city is known for its hard-nosed political culture compared locally to Cook County, Illinois, close elections, and a number of scandals.

Waterbury's scandalous past dates back to 1940, when Mayor T. Frank Hayes and 22 others were convicted of conspiracy to defraud the City of Waterbury. Hayes received a 10–15 year sentence and served six years. Ironically, the massive corruption scheme was exposed with the help of then comptroller Sherwood Rowland, grandfather of Gov. John G. Rowland, who was convicted on corruption charges in 2004. What appeared to have been a defeat for Hayes was not really a victory for Pape, and the stage was set for further corruption in Waterbury in the second half of the 20th century. Waterbury was in serious financial straits due to years of mismanagement, resulting in the city's finances being taken over by the State of Connecticut. The State Oversight Board oversaw city business for several years and have since left following consecutive years of balanced budgets. In 1992 former Mayor Joseph Santopietro was sentenced to nine years in prison following a public corruption conviction. The successors to Philip Giordano, former acting mayor Sam Caligiuri (2001) and former mayor Michael Jarjura (2001–2011) managed the city without major controversy since 2001. Democrat Neil O'Leary was elected the 46th Mayor of Waterbury on November 9, 2011.

In 1939, Pape backed an attempt to install council-manager government and single-transferable-vote elections. The local Republican Party and Connecticut General Assembly also supported this measure. New York Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia helped campaign for its passage, having backed similar reforms in his own city in 1936.

A number of presidential candidates have campaigned in Waterbury due to its pivotal role in statewide elections. The most famous was the election eve visit on the Green by John F. Kennedy in 1960. Forty thousand people waited until 3am on the Green to greet Kennedy on Sunday, November 6, 1960. Sen. Kennedy spoke to them from the balcony of the Roger Smith Hotel (now called the Elton). Pierre Salinger later said it was the greatest night of the campaign. In September 1984 Ronald Reagan held a huge noontime election rally at the same location. In July 2006 former president Bill Clinton made a campaign appearance at the Palace Theatre for Senator Joe Lieberman during his campaign for re-election to the U.S. Senate. Shortly after the Democratic primary, Tom Swan, campaign manager for Lieberman's opponent Ned Lamont, described Waterbury as a place where "the forces of slime meet the forces of evil," after a large majority of the town's voters backed Lieberman. Swan claimed he was referring to former mayor Philip A. Giordano and former governor John G. Rowland.

Governor John G. Rowland served ten months in a federal prison until February 10, 2006. He was released from federal prison with the stipulation that he serve four months house arrest with an electronic ankle bracelet monitor until June 2006.

In January 2008 Waterbury Mayor Michael Jarjura announced that he would hire Rowland as an economic development advisor for the city. Rowland began work in February that year receiving an annual salary of $95,000 as the city's economic development coordinator funded in conjunction with the Greater Waterbury Chamber of Commerce.

In 2011, the Board of Aldermen voted to eliminate funding the city's portion of his salary and in November 2011 Rowland stated he would give up his position when his contract expired thus ending his quasi-city employment.

Later that year, following his victory over then Mayor Jarjura, new mayor Neil O'Leary created the position of Economic Development Director as part of his new administration, removing the duties from the Chamber of Commerce and bringing them directly into City Hall, making Economic Development a cornerstone of his administration. Ron Pugliese was hired as the first director to hold the position.

Education
Public schools are operated by Waterbury Public Schools, under the leadership of a superintendent and a board of education consisting of ten elected members and the city mayor, who acts as chairman ex-officio. Schools include:

High schools

 * W.F. Kaynor Technical High School
 * Crosby High School
 * Kennedy High School
 * Waterbury Arts Magnet School
 * Wilby High School
 * Waterbury Career Academy High School

Middle schools

 * North End Middle School
 * Wallace Middle School
 * West Side Middle School

Elementary schools

 * B.W. Tinker Elementary School
 * Bucks Hill Elementary School
 * Bunker Hill Elementary School
 * Carrington PreK-8 Elementary School
 * Chase Elementary School
 * Driggs Elementary School
 * Duggan PreK–8 School
 * F.J Kingsbury Elementary School
 * Generali Elementary School
 * Hopeville Elementary School
 * John G. Gilmartin PreK-8 Elementary School
 * Jonathan Reed PreK–8 School
 * Maloney Interdistrict Magnet School
 * Regan Elementary School
 * Rotella Interdistrict Magnet School
 * Sprague Elementary School
 * Walsh Elementary School
 * Washington Elementary School
 * Wendell Cross PreK-8 Elementary School
 * Woodrow Wilson Elementary School

Religious schools

 * Alpha and Omega Christian Academy
 * Catholic Academy of Waterbury (A merge of the closed Blessed Sacrament & St. Mary's Schools)
 * Holy Cross High School
 * Our Lady of Mt. Carmel School
 * Sacred Heart High School (On February 11, 2021, Sacred Heart announced it would be closing at the end of the 2020–2021 school year)
 * Sacred Heart Middle School
 * Saint Joseph's School
 * Yeshiva Gedolah of Waterbury
 * Yeshiva K'tana of Waterbury

Colleges and universities

 * Naugatuck Valley Community College
 * Post University
 * University of Bridgeport (Regional Campus)
 * University of Connecticut (Regional Campus / Downtown Waterbury)
 * Western Connecticut State University (Regional Campus)

Media
Two newspapers are operated within Waterbury: the Republican-American, which covers 36 communities throughout Western Connecticut, and the Waterbury Observer. WATR 1320 AM, a radio station under the same family ownership since 1934 and broadcasting on the same frequency since 1939, operates a News/Talk/Classic Hits music format and is the only radio station broadcasting in Waterbury. Two FM radio stations are also located in Waterbury: WWYZ 92.5, which plays a country music format and WMRQ 104.1, which plays alternative rock. They both transmit from 10 miles away in Meriden and have wide-reaching signals that can be heard clearly as far away as Bridgeport and the Massachusetts state line.

WCCT-TV (channel 20) is licensed to Waterbury and serves as Hartford's affiliate for The CW; it is operated out of the Hartford Courant building with sister Tribune Broadcasting Fox affiliate WTIC-TV (channel 61), and carries mainly syndicated content outside of network hours. Waterbury is considered part of the Hartford/New Haven media market, and can thus receive radio and television signals from Hartford and New Haven clearly.

Transportation
Commuting in the Greater Waterbury area consists of multiple public transportation options. CT Transit through Northeast Transportation Company, operates a significant number of city buses running from Waterbury's city center at Exchange Place to various neighborhoods in the city. In 2014 the Hartford-New Britain Busway was opened, a local bus runs to Waterbury, Cheshire, Southington and New Britain an express bus to run between Waterbury and Hartford.

Metro-North Railroad runs commuter trains multiple times a day between the Waterbury station and Bridgeport, with connections to Grand Central Terminal in New York City. Waterbury's Union Station, built in 1909 for the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, is now closed for use as a railway station and part of the building is now the headquarters of the Republican-American newspaper. Passengers traveling to and from Waterbury board and alight on a concrete platform adjacent to the old station. There are no ticket agents at Waterbury, which is currently the end of the line for the Waterbury Branch.

The two main highways that run through the heart of the city are I-84 (Yankee Expressway) and Route 8. In the downtown area, I-84 and Route 8 are located on the elevated William W. Deady Bridge, known locally as the "MixMaster" with eastbound traffic on the upper deck and westbound traffic on the lower deck. The interchange is ranked as one of the most heavily congested traffic areas in the New York/Connecticut region. Waterbury–Oxford Airport is the primary airport serving the city. The smaller Waterbury Airport is about 4 mi from the city's central business district. Bradley International Airport (BDL) in Windsor Locks and Tweed New Haven Airport (HVN) in East Haven are the closest commercial airports to Waterbury.

Police department
The Waterbury Police Department was founded in 1853. The department has a police academy.

Fire department
Waterbury Fire Department is a full-time, paid fire department, which operates eight engine companies, three truck companies, one squad company, and one rescue company out of nine fire stations, divided into 2 battalions. One battalion is commanded by a Battalion Chief, and the other a Deputy Chief, who serves as the Tour Commander each shift.

Notable people

 * Fritz Barzilauskas, NFL player
 * Michael Bergin, one of first male supermodels, actor on TV's Baywatch
 * William F. Bolger, United States Postmaster General 1978–1985
 * Darren Brass, tattoo artist, reality show character, from TLC hit show Miami Ink
 * William H. Bristol, inventor and manufacturer, born in Waterbury; invented "Bristolphone" to simultaneously record voices and other sounds with motion in moving pictures
 * Nixzmary Brown, murder victim
 * John Caneira, former MLB player
 * Lucia Chase, dancer, actress, ballet director
 * Joe Cipriano, television announcer (also known as Tom Collins on WWCO in Waterbury) for Deal or No Deal and 1 vs. 100
 * Deirdre Coleman-Imus, Waterbury-born actress; married radio personality Don Imus in 1995
 * Scott Conant, chef, restaurateur, food personality, and cookbook author
 * Roger Connor, player in Baseball Hall of Fame
 * Bob Crane, actor, of Hogan's Heroes fame; born in Waterbury and worked at Connecticut radio stations before moving to California
 * Justin Credible, professional wrestler
 * Patrick DeLeon, former president of American Psychological Association and former chief of staff for Senator Daniel Inouye
 * Andre "mrDEYO" Deyo, singer-songwriter, best known for writing "Jenny From The Block" for Jennifer Lopez in 2002; graduated from John F. Kennedy High School
 * Allie DiMeco, actress, best known for playing Rosalina on The Naked Brothers Band on Nickelodeon
 * Joe Diorio, jazz guitarist and theorist, author, teacher at University of Southern California
 * Red Donahue, pitcher for six different MLB teams
 * Damane Duckett, offensive tackle for NFL's San Francisco 49ers; also played for New York Giants and Carolina Panthers
 * Feodor Fedorenko, Nazi war criminal (born in Crimea, deported in 1984)
 * Kevin Foster, athlete, actor and Guinness World Record holder
 * Robert Gallo, biomedical researcher, known for role in identifying Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as infectious agent responsible for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
 * Mordechai Gifter, one of America's leading Torah scholars, served as rabbi of Waterbury's Jewish community from 1941 to 1945
 * Philip Giordano, former mayor of Waterbury (R), stripped of power in 2001 after investigation revealed alleged sexual acts with a minor and other possible pedophilia charges
 * Robert D. Glass (1922–2001), first African American justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1987–1992)
 * Ralph Goldstein (1913–1997), Olympic épée fencer
 * Ryan Gomes, pro basketball player, attended Wilby High School
 * Porter Goss, former director of CIA
 * Tony Hanson, UConn Husky of Honor attended Holy Cross High School
 * George P. Harlamon, Mayor 1968–1970; elected to Waterbury Hall of Fame 2003
 * Jahana Hayes, U.S. Congresswoman, born in Waterbury
 * David Hoadley, president of Panama Railway
 * Frank Hogan, former district attorney of New York County
 * Samuel Hopkins, American Congregationalist and theologian
 * Julius Hotchkiss (1810–1878), congressman and mayor of Waterbury
 * Joan Joyce, All-American softball player; also excelled in basketball, bowling, and golf
 * Fred Klobedanz, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Gerald Lamb (1924–2014), Waterbury alderman; Connecticut State Treasurer (1963–1970) and the first African American elected to that office in the US since the Reconstruction era
 * Annie Leibovitz, celebrated portrait photographer, born in Waterbury in 1949
 * Clare Leighton, artist and printmaker, buried in Waterbury in 1989
 * Baruch Levine, Jewish music singer-songwriter, and rebbi (teacher) in the Yeshiva Ketana of Waterbury
 * Michael Mallory, professional basketball player
 * Harold Marcuse, professor of German history at University of California Santa Barbara and grandson of Herbert Marcuse
 * Mercedes Martinez, professional wrestler
 * Richard A. Mastracchio, NASA astronaut
 * Ethel Maynard, first black woman to serve in the Arizona legislature
 * Dylan McDermott, actor, star of television series The Practice
 * Winifred McDonald, schoolteacher, politician, Secretary of the State of Connecticut (1949–1951)
 * Michael J. McGivney, Catholic priest and founder of the Knights of Columbus
 * Bill Meek, football head coach, Kansas State, Houston, Utah
 * Two Moon Meridas, lived in Waterbury 1914 to 1933, claimed to be full-blooded Pueblo Indian
 * George Metesky (1903–1994), "Mad Bomber" who launched reign of terror in New York City in 1940s and 1950s
 * John S. Monagan (1911–2005), mayor, congressman, biographer of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
 * Johnny Moore (1902–1991), professional baseball player
 * David Nolan, author and historian who attended Anderson School
 * Neil O'Leary, mayor of Waterbury
 * Mario Pavone, jazz bassist, composer and bandleader
 * Jimmy Piersall, professional baseball player and broadcaster
 * Derek Poundstone, professional strongman athlete; won America's Strongest Man contest in 2007
 * Peter Pronovost, intensive care specialist at Johns Hopkins Hospital, named by TIME magazine in 2008 as one of the 100 most influential people in the world
 * Sheryl Lee Ralph, Tony Award-nominated Jamaican-American actress and singer best known for her work in Broadway productions such as Dreamgirls
 * Mark Richards, United States House of Representatives and seventh Lieutenant Governor of Vermont
 * John G. Rowland, Waterbury native and former governor of Connecticut (R); resigned from office on July 1, 2004, after prolonged investigation for corruption
 * Rosalind Russell, Academy Award nominated and Tony winning actress
 * Tarah Lynne Schaeffer, actress, best known for playing Tarah on Sesame Street
 * Velvet Sky, wrestler, TNA Knockouts champion
 * Caswell Silver, geologist, president of Sundance Oil Company, established Caswell Silver Foundation at University of New Mexico
 * Leon Silver, geologist who trained Apollo astronauts in lunar geology
 * John Sirica, Watergate judge; Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1973, born in Waterbury in 1904
 * Richard V. Spencer, former United States Secretary of Defense (2017–2019)
 * Terry Tata, Major League Baseball umpire from 1973 to 1999; officiated four World Series and three All-Star games during his career
 * Robert H. Traurig, co-founder of Greenberg Traurig, a law and lobbying firm
 * Thomas Tessier, writer of horror novels and short stories, born in Waterbury in 1947
 * Gene Tierney, actress; attended St. Margaret's School for Girls in Waterbury, but grew up in Brooklyn borough of New York City
 * Fay Vincent, 8th commissioner of Major League Baseball
 * Dave Wallace, Major League Baseball pitcher, coach and general manager
 * Krista Watterworth, interior designer, television presenter

In popular culture

 * "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty", by James Thurber, is set in Waterbury in the 1930s.
 * In the 1996 movie Happy Gilmore, the "Waterbury Open" is a golf tournament held in Waterbury.
 * Gladys Taber's romance novel, Give Me the Stars (1945), was set in Waterbury and in the Chase Brass and Copper Company's factory, giving vivid depictions of factory life during World War II.
 * The Today Show on NBC was broadcast from the Hotel Elton on August 18, 1955, to cover the festivities for the world premiere of Waterbury native Rosalind Russell's movie The Girl Rush at the State Theater that evening. A major flood on August 19, 1955, caused over 50 million dollars in property damage and the deaths of 29 Waterbury residents; The Today Show provided live coverage of the flood to the country.
 * Waterbury appeared in Ken Burns' documentary miniseries The War as one of four American towns whose history and residents' experiences during World War II were examined in depth.
 * Greetings Tour came to Waterbury and painted a large mural of Waterbury's history.
 * Wanda (1971) has scenes shot in Waterbury, mostly at Holy Land USA.

Sister cities

 * 🇮🇹 Pontelandolfo, Campania, Italy
 * Struga, North Macedonia

title: Waterbury, Connecticut


text:
West Haven, Connecticut

West Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, located on the coast of Long Island Sound. The city is part of the South Central Connecticut Planning Region. At the 2020 census, the population of the city was 55,584.

History
Settled in 1648, West Haven (then known as West Farms) was a part of the original New Haven Colony. In 1719, it became the separate parish of West Haven, but was still officially a part of New Haven until 1822.

During the American Revolution, West Haven was the frequent launch and arrival point for raiding parties on both sides of the war. On July 5, 1779, the British invaded New Haven Harbor and came ashore in West Haven and East Haven. Thomas Painter, a teenaged militiaman watching for the approaching British ships while standing atop Savin Rock, is depicted on the city seal. The main commercial street, Campbell Avenue, is named for British Adjutant William Campbell, at the time an ensign in the Third Guards, who rescued the Reverend Noah Williston, the local Congregational minister and outspoken revolutionary, from being bayoneted by British and Hessian troopers, after he broke his leg trying to escape his captors. Campbell then ordered the soldiers to help the minister back to the parsonage and had the regimental surgeon set his leg. Campbell is also credited with keeping the troops in reasonably good order during their march through the village and reportedly had two soldiers arrested after a local woman accused them of stealing her jewelry. Campbell was killed hours later atop Allingtown Hill on his way to New Haven by a local farmer-turned defender. Campbell is buried in the Allingtown section of town off Prudden Street. Patriot victims of the invasion are buried in the Christ Church and First Society Cemetery. A historical headstone marks Campbell's approximate gravesite and is maintained by the West Haven Historical Society.

While West Haven again attempted to incorporate as its own town in 1784, that attempt failed, primarily due to the protests of neighboring Milford, which opposed North Milford becoming part of the new town. West Haven and North Milford tried again in 1786 and 1787 with the same result. The two finally joined to become Orange (incorporated as a town in 1822). In 1921, West Haven split from Orange to become a separate town. It was incorporated as a city in 1961 and is known as "Connecticut's Youngest City", although it is also one of the state's oldest settlements.

The Savin Rock section of West Haven was the site of the Savin Rock Amusement Park, which began in the late 19th century as a regionally renowned seaside resort. It evolved into a general amusement park in the 20th century and eventually closed in the 1960s. The park ran along the west side of the New Haven Harbor beachfront.

What followed was a 40 year struggle to stop Savin Rock's Redevelopment—approved by voters in 1963 and officially starting in 1966. It involved multiple referendums, petition drives, court cases, and Connecticut Supreme Court decisions affecting the 40 acre area. Opposition began about 1971 soon after old Savin Rock had been torn down and the first project built, but ballooned in 1973 when Save Our Shore (SOS) led a referendum to stop "the Great Wall of China", an 800 foot 12 story apartment, proposed for a 10 acre parcel, blocking the shore view. A 1974 referendum to stop all development was organized by IMPACT (successor to SOS), but was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1978. This led to a struggle for a Compromise Plan, initiated by Mayor Robert Johnson, and brought to completion by action of the Concerned Citizens for Bradley Point (1979), which petitioned the final holdout to the Plan, to which the Supreme Court had required all developers to agree for any significant change. The Compromise was signed by all in May 1979, but IMPACT continued to oppose it thru 1980. Thereafter, a committee sought public input and federal money, and in July 1984, the 20 acre Bradley Point Veterans Memorial Park opened. In 1987 and 1989, the city bought development rights of all the remaining parcels, part of which became the Old Grove Park and part included a former restaurant that became the Savin Rock Conference Center. In 1991, the Land Trust of West Haven, Inc. was founded, but it was not until 2007 that a Conservation Easement was signed, preserving all but the Conference Center, as open space forever—beautiful parks, with walks and bike path, along Connecticut's longest public shoreline. Several restaurants remain as last reminders of the area's commercial past.

West Haven has a mayor-council form of government. Nancy R. Rossi, the city's twelfth mayor, was elected in 2017. She is West Haven's first female mayor. There are two independent fire districts served by the First Fire Taxation (Center) and West Shore. The Allingtown Fire District was relatively recently subsumed by the City who's now responsible for all of its pension-related obligations going forward. Residents expect efforts will be made to consolidate the remaining two fire districts based, in large part, on the recommendation of the State's Municipal Accountability Review Board (MARB) who is currently providing financial support and guidance to the City. As it currently stands, each of the remaining independent Fire Districts levy its own tax rate.

In 1986, West Haven observed the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution. During the year-long celebrations, the mayor and council passed numerous resolutions to encourage community involvement, including naming the official ship of West Haven—the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Edson (DD-946)—and the city's official flower, the daylily. Public schools included curriculum on the Constitution from K–12, and school children were released from class to participate in a Constitution Day parade up Campbell Avenue.

In June 2014, the "Where Angels Play" playground opened next to Sea Bluff Beach in West Haven. The playground was built in honor of Charlotte Bacon, a victim of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. The playground is pink for Charlotte's favorite color and includes some of her drawings.

On the National Register of Historic Places

 * American Mills Web Shop, a.k.a.: East Coast Loose Leaf Company, Inc. 114-152 Boston Post Road aka: Orange Ave., West Haven (added to NRHP April 10, 1983)
 * Old West Haven High School – 278 Main St. (added November 24, 1985)
 * Union School – 174 Center St. (added December 13, 1987)
 * Ward-Heitman House – 277 Elm St. (added February 8, 2003)
 * West Haven Green Historic District

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11 sqmi, of which 10.75 sqmi is land .2 sqmi, or 1.54%, is water. West Haven has 3.5 mi of publicly accessible beaches, which is one-quarter of the publicly accessible beaches in Connecticut. The hilly Allingtown district of the city is home to the University of New Haven.

West Haven is located in the south-central portion of Connecticut's 3rd congressional district. The city is bound on the southwest by the Oyster River (the boundary between West Haven and Milford since colonial times), northwest by Orange, north by New Haven and northeast by the West River, which divides West Haven and New Haven. To the east is New Haven Harbor and to the south is Long Island Sound. The Cove River flows through the city.

Principal communities
The three significant neighborhoods in West Haven correspond to the three fire districts. As communities, not all sections of the city fit neatly into these divisions.
 * Allingtown
 * West Shore
 * Center

Additional Neighborhoods:
 * Sandy Point - adjacent to Sandy Point Beach and Bird Sanctuary

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 55,564 people, 19,886 households. The population density was 5,170.2 PD/sqmi. There were 22,336 housing units at an average density of 2,061.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 63.3% white, 20.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 4.2% Asian American, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 3.57% from other races and 4.8% from two or more races. 23.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 21,090 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city from 2015-2019 was $62,985 in 2019 dollars. Males had a median income of $38,024 versus $30,610 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,121. About 6.6% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Business
West Haven was a shipping and industrial center, known for its buckle shops and later Armstrong Rubber Co. Coleco (originally Connecticut Leather Company- later the toy & video game manufacturer), and Sikorsky Aircraft, a division of United Technologies, also had operations in West Haven.

Bayer Pharmaceuticals North America, a branch of Bayer AG, based in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, had a plant in West Haven, but the company announced in 2006 that it was shutting its operations in the city, affecting about 1,000 workers. The 137 acre former Bayer campus comprises 17 buildings, mostly in West Haven but partly in Orange. In 2007, Yale University purchased the entire campus for biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other life sciences research.

Education
West Haven Board of Education is the local school district.

West Haven is home to the University of New Haven, a U.S. Veterans Affairs hospital, and Yale Field, a baseball park for the Yale University teams and formerly the home field for minor league baseball teams.

The Yale University athletic fields extend into West Haven. The Yale Bowl, the home field of the Yale Bulldogs, is in New Haven, near the West Haven border.

Transportation

Interstate 95, Connecticut State Route 34 (also known as Derby Avenue), and U.S. Route 1 (the Boston Post Road) run through West Haven, between Orange and New Haven. Route 162, which both begins and ends at Route 1, starts in Orange, passes through West Haven, and ends in Milford. A north-south state road, Route 122, begins in New Haven, comprising Forest Road, a stretch of Campbell Avenue and First Avenue up to the junction with I-95.

Bus service is provided by Connecticut Transit New Haven. West Haven Center is served by the various 265 and 271 routes (main service along Campbell Avenue). The 265B service continues to Saw Mill Road and Bull Hill Lane; the 265R service run along Jones Hill Road and terminate at the Baybrook Shopping Center near Oyster River; the 265S service continues to Savin Rock via Second Avenue. The Route 271M/S routes run along the West Haven shore towards Milford. The Route 261 route serves the areas along Orange Avenue. The 268 route serves the Veterans Affairs Hospital (C) and Bull Hill Lane (B).

A rail line, used by Metro-North Railroad and Amtrak, runs through West Haven. In 2013, the Connecticut Department of Transportation opened a new Metro-North station in West Haven, across from the former Armstrong factory. West Haven station provides commuter rail service on the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line. The station provides full service on Metro-North into New York City, and has 660 parking spaces on-site. Amtrak does not stop in West Haven; the closest Amtrak stop is New Haven's Union Station.

Tweed New Haven Regional Airport, in New Haven, is the closest facility offering air service to West Haven.

Notable people

 * Marian Bergeron, Miss America 1933, youngest holder and only woman from New England to win that pageant's crown title
 * Ulish Booker, NFL football player
 * Dorinda Keenan Borer, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives
 * Art Ceccarelli (1930–2012), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Melanie Chartoff, actress
 * Eleanor Estes (1906–1988), author of children's literature
 * Douglas Ford (born Fortunato; born 1922), professional golfer
 * William L. Hadden, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut from 1943–1945 and Attorney General from 1945–1951
 * Kevin Heffernan, actor, writer, producer, director, and comedian
 * Ruth Rosekrans Hoffman (1926–2007) artist and children's book illustrator
 * Rob Jackson, former NFL football player
 * Jamey Jasta, metalcore musician
 * Judy Pancoast, children's music singer and songwriter
 * George R. Johnson (1929–1973), Pennsylvania State Representative.
 * Samuel Johnson (1696–1772), clergyman and the first president of the Anglican King's College (later Columbia University)
 * Tommy Nelson, actor
 * Rufus Porter (1792–1884), painter, inventor, founder of Scientific American
 * Jon Schnepp, film writer-director
 * Pfc. William A. Soderman (1912–1980), Medal of Honor from World War II
 * Tony Sparano (1961–2018), NFL coach
 * Jonathan D. Spence, author and professor of history at Yale University
 * Ken Strong, NFL football player, inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967
 * Donald Thomas, professional football player
 * Smoky Joe Wood (1889–1985), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Vincent Falcone

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: West Haven, Connecticut


text:
Norwich, Connecticut

Norwich (also called "The Rose of New England") is a city in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The Yantic, Shetucket, and Quinebaug Rivers flow into the city and form its harbor, from which the Thames River flows south to Long Island Sound. The city is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 40,125 at the 2020 United States Census.

History
The town of Norwich was founded in 1659, on the site of what is now the neighborhood of Norwichtown, by settlers from Saybrook Colony led by Major John Mason, James Fitch, and Lieutenant Francis Griswold. They purchased the land "nine miles square" that became Norwich from Mohegan Sachem Uncas. One of the co-founders of Norwich was Thomas Leffingwell, who rescued Uncas when surrounded by his Narragansett tribesmen, and whose son established the Leffingwell Inn. In 1668, a wharf was established at Yantic Cove. Settlement was primarily in the 3 mi area around the Norwichtown Green. The 69 founding families soon divided up the land in the Norwichtown vicinity for farms and businesses.

Until 1786, the town of Norwich encompassed what became known as the "Nine Mile Square". Eight Religious Societies were created over the course of the 18th century and in 1786 these were mostly split into new towns, while the Long Society was merged into Preston, Connecticut.

By 1694, the public landing built at the head of the Thames River allowed ships to unload goods at the harbor; the harbor area is known as the Chelsea neighborhood. The distance from the port to Norwichtown was served by the East and West Roads which became Washington Street and Broadway. The original center of the town was a neighborhood now called Norwichtown, an inland location chosen to be the center of a primarily agricultural farming community. By the late 18th century, shipping at the harbor became far more important than farming, especially when industrial mills began manufacturing on the three smaller rivers. By the early 19th century, the center of Norwich had effectively moved to the Chelsea neighborhood. The official buildings of the city were located in the harbor area, such as the city hall, courts, and post office, and all the large 19th-century urban blocks. The former center is now called Norwichtown to distinguish it from the current city.

Norwich merchants were shipping goods directly from England, but the Stamp Act of 1764 forced Norwich to become more self-sufficient. Large mills and factories sprang up at the falls on the rivers which traverse the town, the largest of which was the Ponemah Mill in the Taftville neighborhood. The ship captains of Norwich and New London were skillful at avoiding Imperial taxation during peacetime and were later just as successful eluding warships during the American Revolution. Norwich supported the cause for independence by supplying soldiers, ships, and munitions, and it was also a center of activity for the Sons of Liberty.

The Oxford English Dictionary attests the first recorded use of the word "Hello" to The Norwich Courier on October 18, 1826. Regular steamship service between New York and Boston helped Norwich to prosper as a shipping center through the early part of the 19th century. During the Civil War, Norwich once again rallied and saw the growth of its textile, armaments, and specialty item manufacturing. This was also spurred by the building of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad in 1832–1837, bringing goods and people in and out of Norwich. By the 1870s, the Springfield and New London Railroad was also running trains through Norwich.

In 1892, the city's first electric trolleys started service to the area and to some cities, including New London, Willimantic, Putnam, and Westerly, Rhode Island. The town and city of Norwich were consolidated in 1952.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 76.4 km2, of which 73.4 km2 is land and 3.0 km2 (3.87%) is water.

Neighborhoods
Several Norwich neighborhoods maintain independent identities and are recognized by official signs marking their boundaries. Neighborhoods of Norwich are Norwichtown, Bean Hill, Yantic, Taftville, Greeneville, Occum, East Great Plains, Thamesville, Laurel Hill and Chelsea (the original "downtown" area.)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 36,117 people, 15,091 households, and 9,069 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,274.7 PD/sqmi. There were 16,600 housing units at an average density of 585.9 /sqmi.

Twenty-nine percent of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% were non-families. Thirty-two percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 24.1% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males.

In 2012, the population had risen to 40,502 and the racial makeup of the city was 70% White, 13% Hispanic or Latino, 10% Black or African American, 8% Asian, and 1% Native American. A significant influx of Chinese Americans has settled in Norwich since 2010.

The 2012 median income for a household in the city was $51,300. Fifteen percent of the population were below the poverty line.

Arts and culture
The Slater Memorial Museum, located on the campus of the Norwich Free Academy, is named for John Fox Slater (1815−1884), corporator of The Norwich Free Academy for twenty years. The museum has grown to include the "Art of Five Continents"—North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Of particular interest are the Vanderpoel Collection of Asian Art, the Paul Zimmerman Collection of African and Oceanic Art, and a collection of 19th-century American paintings. Another wing of the museum displays souvenirs from the Slater family's circumnavigation of the globe.

Sports
The AA Eastern League Connecticut Defenders, previously the Norwich Navigators, were a farm team of the San Francisco Giants and they played at Senator Thomas J. Dodd Memorial Stadium from both's inception in 1995 until the team announced its move to Richmond, Virginia for the 2010 season, where they are now known as the Richmond Flying Squirrels. However, starting in 2010, Dodd Stadium became the home to the Connecticut Tigers (formerly the Oneonta Tigers, now named Norwich Sea Unicorns) in the Class-A short-season New York–Penn League. The ESPN mini-series The Bronx Is Burning was filmed at Dodd Stadium.

Mohegan Park

This forested area is Norwich's largest park. The park's property contains numerous hiking and biking trails, picnic tables, grills, pavilions for rent, a beach, basketball courts, a Mohegan monument, fountain and playgrounds. The Rose Garden at the entrance on Judd Road contains over a hundred varieties of roses and is a popular site for weddings. Many of the hiking trails are used by the Norwich Free Academy cross country team for practices, and in 2006 the team volunteered to improve the condition of trails. 5K "fun runs" are held in the park on Thursdays during the summer. As of 2009, the running course has been redesigned to incorporate much of the trails.

The Park Center contains Spaulding Pond, the square, fountain, and Mohegan monument, both playgrounds and a dog pound run by the Norwich Police Department. The Park Center has declined somewhat. The zoo, reptile house, and concession stand have been closed for over a decade. However, much has been done to improve the appearance of the remaining park.

Spaulding Pond, the main body of water in Mohegan Park, is held back by an earthworks dam, across which is a path bordered by pergolas and flowering plants. On March 6, 1963, long-term saturation of the over-100-year-old earthen content, along with unchecked shrub and tree growth, severely weakened the structural content of the dam and caused the waters of Spaulding Pond to burst forth into the city, causing the Great Flood of Norwich, elegantly chronicled in the 2013 book A Swift and Deadly Maelstrom; The Great Norwich Flood of 1963. The break and subsequent flood flow pulverized houses with its large ice content, over-ran streets and cars while destroying the eastern half of the Turner-Stanton Mill, situated in the flood's direct path on Centennial Square. It was there that the building collapsed, claiming the lives of six of the seven total who would die that night while causing over six million dollars in damage. Mohegan Park also contains another, smaller pond, called The Skating Pond which is southeast of the main pond. This pond, which had always been designed as an overflow spillway for Spaulding Pond and, when frozen in the winter provided a wonderful ice skating area for the local youth, thus its sobriquet, was re-designed as part of Norwich's long-term flood plan in 1968 and currently still serves as a surge overflow volume for the upgraded Spaulding Pond Dam, although it is no longer open for public use.

Ice rink
The Norwich Municipal Ice Rink has a 200' × 85' National Hockey League regulation ice surface, four large locker rooms and other amenities. Established in 1995, the Rose City Warriors are Norwich's Senior Women's Ice Hockey Team and a number of local high school ice hockey teams call the Rink home as well.

Government
The city elects a Mayor, who presides over the City Council, which includes six other members, all elected at large. The Mayor serves a maximum of two four-year terms; the council members serve two-year terms. The council appoints the Town and City Clerk, a City Manager who acts as chief executive officer of the city government, the city Planning Commission, and Zoning Board of Appeals.

Education
Elementary and middle school residents are zoned to Norwich Public Schools. The middle schools of Norwich are Teachers' Memorial Global Studies Middle School and Kelly STEAM Magnet Middle School. Norwich is also home to the Integrated Day Charter School, an alternative to the area of public schools. Despite Norwich Public Schools serving the district, since 2007 NPS has not operated a high school after Norwich High School was closed and repurposed.

The Norwich Free Academy is the primary high school for students living in Norwich and several surrounding towns, including Bozrah, Canterbury, Franklin, Lisbon, Preston, Sprague, and Voluntown. The Norwich Free Academy was incorporated in 1855 by an act of the Connecticut Legislature, and operates as a privately endowed independent school governed by its Board of Trustees and funded by private, municipal, and state sources. In 2006, Sidney Frank donated $12 million to the Norwich Free Academy which resulted in the campus's newest building being named after him: the Sidney E. Frank Center for Visual and Performing Arts.

Norwich Technical High School, a Connecticut Technical High School System School, also serves the area. This school is a public option to those within the Norwich area, and many other towns surrounding Norwich. To those within the Norwich area, transportation is provided by Norwich Public Schools via the same buses that serve Norwich Free Academy in the morning, and in the afternoon students are transported to Norwich Free Academy to use their buses to return home.

Three Rivers Community College also serves the region.

Top employers
Top employers in Norwich according to the town's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report

Transportation
Local public transportation in Norwich is provided by Southeast Area Transit (SEAT). The main bus hub, the Norwich Transportation Center, is located on Holly Hock Island next to the downtown area. This station is also served by the Windham Region Transit District with service to and from Willimantic, CT. Norwich is also served by the Northeastern Connecticut Transit District with service to and from Putnam, CT.

Historically, the city held a railroad stop at its downtown station, which is now in use as an office for The Norwich Bulletin. In the past, the city was served by the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, which today is still operated as a freight railroad, the Providence and Worcester Railroad.

The nearest passenger rail station to Norwich is New London Union Station in New London, CT. The nearest options for air travel are Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, CT, and Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport in Providence, RI. Both of which are located 55–65 minutes away by vehicle. Up until the mid 2000s, there was a closer airport with commercial air service, Groton-New London Airport.

In recent years, there have been discussions and proposals involving restoring passenger rail service to Norwich along the New England Central Railroad, providing service from New London, CT, through Norwich up to Brattleboro, VT. The most recent and ongoing proposal is the Central Corridor Rail Line.

Notable people

 * Richard Albertine (1944–2016), photographer, born in Norwich
 * Christopher Anvil (1925–2009), science fiction author
 * Benedict Arnold (1741–1801), born in Norwich, American Revolutionary War general and later British defector; a commemorative plaque is on the lot where his house used to stand; city library has a prominent portrait of Arnold on its north wall
 * Hannah Arnold (1708–1758), born in Norwich, mother of Benedict Arnold
 * Isaac Backus (1724–1806), a delegate to the First Continental Congress, born in the city
 * Isaac H. Bromley (1833–1899), born in Norwich; lawyer, editor, politician, railroad director, and humorist
 * Allyn L. Brown (1883–1973), Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1950–1953), was born in the city and graduated Norwich Free Academy
 * William Alfred Buckingham (1804–1875), Mayor of Norwich, 41st governor of Connecticut, and United States Senator
 * Oliver A. Caswell, Wisconsin politician, born in the city
 * Asa Child (1798–1858), United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut under President Jackson
 * Calvin G. Child (1834–1880), United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, and a Norwich City Judge
 * Benjamin Church (1734–1776), surgeon general of the Continental Army, suspected of spying for the British, was confined in the city
 * Elisha Clark (1752–1838), American Revolutionary War veteran
 * Richard Falley Cleveland (1804–1853), born and raised in Norwich, Christian minister known as the father of President Grover Cleveland
 * Margaret Coit (1919–2003), historian, born in the city
 * Erastus Corning (1794–1872), businessman and politician, born in the city
 * Rajai Davis (born 1980), Major League Baseball outfielder
 * Roger Wilson Dennis (1902–1996), American plein air impressionist painter and art conservator
 * Costa Dillon (born 1953) filmmaker, creator of Attack of the Killer Tomatoes.
 * Thomas J. Dodd (1907–1971), U.S. Senator and Representative; father of U.S. Senator Christopher J. Dodd, was born in the city
 * Arielle Dombasle (born Arielle Sonnery de Fromental in 1958 in Norwich), singer and actress working mostly in French films
 * Terence P. Finnegan (1904–1990), Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force
 * Lafayette S. Foster (1806–1880), U.S. Senator and 57th President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate; died in the city
 * Clarke Fraser (1920–2014), Canadian medical geneticist, student of congenital malformations, was born in Norwich
 * Jonas Galusha (1753–1834), Governor of Vermont for two terms in the early 19th century; born in the city
 * Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), author and social reformer, lived for a short time in the city
 * Daniel Coit Gilman (1831–1908), educator, college president, foundation president
 * Calvin Goddard (1768–1842), former mayor of Norwich, Judge, and Senator
 * Roger Griswold (1762–1812), Governor of Connecticut, practiced law for a time in Norwich
 * Galusha A. Grow (1822–1907), speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1861 to 1863, studied law in the city
 * Benjamin Hanks (1755–1824), goldsmith, instrument maker, first maker of bronze cannons and church bells in America
 * Benjamin Huntington (1736–1800), delegate to the Continental Congress and later a Congressman, resident of the city
 * Ebenezer Huntington (1754–1834), member of the United States House of Representatives, 1817–1819
 * Samuel Huntington (1731–1796), delegate to the Second Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence; first President of the United States, under the Articles of Confederation
 * Helen Kinne (1861–1917), Home economist, college professor
 * Samuel Kirkland (1741–1808), Presbyterian missionary among the Oneida and Tuscarora people; founder (in 1793) of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy (later Hamilton College), was born in the city
 * Paul Konerko (born 1976), former MLB player
 * Wally Lamb (born 1950), author of She's Come Undone and I Know This Much Is True; director of the Writing Center at the Norwich Free Academy in the city from 1989 to 1998
 * Berel Lang (born 1933), professor of philosophy emeritus and an author.
 * Edwin H. Land (1909–1991), inventor of the Polaroid camera
 * James Lanman (1767–1841), United States Senator (1819-1825)
 * Cato Mead (c. 1761–1846), African-American Revolutionary War veteran
 * Steve Merrill, (1946–2020), 77th governor of New Hampshire
 * Miantonomoh (c. 1565–1643), chief of the Narraganset tribe, captured and executed by the Mohegan chief Uncas with a tomahawk in Norwich
 * Elisha Perkins (1741–1799), popular quack doctor whose magnetic therapy "Perkins Tractors" (made up of two 3 in steel and brass rods with points at the ends) convinced even George Washington to buy a set
 * Simeon Perkins (1735–1812), Nova Scotia merchant, diarist, and politician; outfitted Loyalist privateers during the American War for Independence; born and raised in this city until moving to Liverpool, Nova Scotia with the New England Planters
 * Bela Pratt, sculptor, born in Norwich in 1867
 * E. Annie Proulx, journalist and author; born in 1935 in the city
 * Edith Roosevelt (1861–1948), second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, born in the city
 * Ellis Ruley (1882–1959), African-American folk artist
 * Albert Schatz (1929–2005), microbiologist who discovered streptomycin
 * Lottie B. Scott (born 1936), civic leader and civil rights advocate, lived in Norwich since 1957
 * William Albert Setchell (1864–1943), botanist and UC Berkeley professor, born in the city
 * Matt Shaughnessy (born 1986), football defensive end for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League, graduate of Norwich Free Academy
 * Charles Sholes (1816–1867), Wisconsin politician, born in the city
 * Lydia Sigourney (1791–1865), extremely popular poet from the early-to-mid-19th century, born in the city
 * John Fox Slater (1815–1884), industrialist and philanthropist, founder of million-dollar Slater Fund for the Education of the Southern Freedmen in 1882
 * Horace Smith (1808–1893), partnered with Daniel B. Wesson in Norwich in the early 1850s to develop the first repeating rifle, known as the Volcanic rifle; the two founded Smith & Wesson in 1852
 * James Lindsay Smith (c. 1816–c. 1883), African American slave narrative author and minister
 * Sarah Lanman Smith (1802–1836), American Christian missionary, memoirist, school founder
 * Albert H. Tracy (1793–1859), former US Congressman
 * Phineas L. Tracy (1786–1876), former US Congressman
 * Dean Trantalis (born 1953), mayor of Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 * Ariel. L. Varges (1890–1972), newsreel cameraman and war photographer, died in Norwich
 * John T. Wait (1811–1899), Connecticut politician and lawyer, U.S. Representative from 1876 to 1887
 * Henry S. Walbridge (1801–1869), former US Congressman
 * Daniel B. Wesson (1825–1906), firearm designer; see Horace Smith
 * Bernard Widrow (born 1929), electrical engineer
 * William Woodbridge (1780–1861), Governor of Michigan, also represented the state in the U.S. Senate, was born in the city

title: Norwich, Connecticut


text:
Sulpicia

Sulpicia is believed to be the author, in the first century BCE, of six short poems (some 40 lines in all) written in Latin which were published as part of the corpus of Albius Tibullus's poetry (poems 3.13-18). She is one of the few female poets of ancient Rome whose work survives.

Life
Sulpicia has been tentatively identified as the granddaughter of Cicero's friend Servius Sulpicius Rufus, whose son of the same name married Valeria, sister of Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, an important patron of literature who also launched the career of Ovid. If this is correct, Sulpicia's family were well-off citizens with connections to Emperor Augustus, since her uncle Messalla (consul in 31 BC) served as a commander for Augustus.

Poetry
Sulpicia's surviving work consists of six short elegiac poems (3.13–18), which have been preserved as part of a collection of poetry, book 3 of the Corpus Tibullianum, initially attributed to Tibullus. The poems are addressed to Cerinthus.

Cerinthus was most likely a pseudonym, in the style of the day (like Catullus's Lesbia and Propertius's Cynthia). Cerinthus has sometimes been thought to refer to the Cornutus addressed by Tibullus in two of his Elegies, probably an aristocratic Caecilius Cornutus. The similarity in consonants and the resemblance between the Greek keras ("horn") and Latin cornu (also "horn") are among arguments cited in favour of this identification. Recent criticism, however, has tended away from attempting to identify Cerinthus with an historical figure in favour of noting the literary implications of the pseudonym.

Some critics, such as Thomas Hubbard, Thomas Habinek, and Niklas Holzberg have challenged the view that the Sulpicia poems were authored by a woman. In an overview of Sulpician criticism, Alison Keith described the logic of Hubbard's article as "tortuous" and also highlights problems in Holzberg and Habinek's attempts to efface female authorship. In contrast, Judith P. Hallett argues for increasing the numbers of poems attributed to Sulpicia to include poems 8-12 from the Corpus Tibullianum, which had previously been attributed to an amicus Sulpiciae (friend of Sulpicia). Laurel Fulkerson, in her 2017 commentary on the Appendix Tibulliana, presents arguments on both sides of the debate and concludes that, while the question cannot be answered based on the existing evidence, “much is gained, and little lost, in treating the poetry of Sulpicia as an authentically recovered female voice from antiquity”. Another recent commentator, Robert Maltby, although not ruling out that the poems may have been written by a woman, believes that they date to a much later era and cannot be attributed to the niece of Messalla.

While academics traditionally regarded Sulpicia as an amateur author, this view was challenged by Santirocco in an article published in 1979, and subsequently the literary merit of this collection of poems has been more fully explored.

The poems
The six poems of Sulpicia are all very short: 10, 8, 4, 6, 6, and 6 lines respectively. Nonetheless they tell the complete story of a love-affair with all the usual incidents: falling in love, temporary separation, the unfaithfulness of one partner, the illness of the other, and the reassertion of love. As Maltby (2021) points out, there is a neat ring-structure to the series: "The regret at hiding her passion in the concluding poem 18 echoes her willingness finally to reveal her love in the introductory 13".

The poems appear in the Corpus Tibullianum as poems 3.13 to 3.18. They are preceded in the Corpus Tibullianum by five poems known as the Garland of Sulpicia, which concern the same relationship between Sulpicia and Cerinthus.

Poem 1
Sulpicia expresses her delight that love has come at last (tandem vēnit amor) and Venus has granted her prayer. She is happy to be able to make her love public rather than keep quiet about it out of modesty.

Poem 2
Sulpicia complains about a birthday when her uncle Messalla is planning to take her to the country, and she will have to spend the day sadly without Cerinthus. She tells Messalla that she will go but she will leave her mind and heart behind.

Poem 3
Sulpicia informs her lover that the unwelcome trip has been cancelled. She hopes that they can all celebrate the birthday together, an unexpected treat.

Poem 4
Sulpicia sarcastically thanks her lover for being so confident of her love as to have an affair with a whore or "wool-basket carrying maid" in preference to "Servius's daughter Sulpicia" She tells him that her family are anxious for her, and are very pained to see her fall for a person of low birth.

Poem 5
Sulpicia asks Cerinthus if he cares for her at all, when she is ill with a fever. She says that if her lover is so indifferent to her health, she would prefer not to recover.

Poem 6
Calling him "my light" (mea lux), Sulpicia tells her lover that she has never done anything so foolish as she did the previous night when she refused to sleep with him for fear of making her love to him too obvious.

Translations

 * Perseus Project – Translation by Anne Mahoney
 * Poems of Sulpicia I translated, with an Introduction, Notes, and Glossary by Jon Corelis
 * Translation by Lee Pearcy

Editions

 * Fulkerson, L. (2017). A literary commentary on the elegies of the Appendix Tibulliana. (Oxford University Press).
 * Maltby, R. (2021). Book Three of the Corpus Tibullianum: Introduction, Text, Translation and Commentary. Cambridge Scholars Publisher.

title: Sulpicia


text:
Van Buren (CDP), Maine

Van Buren is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the main village within the town of Van Buren in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,937 at the 2010 census, out of a population of 2,171 for the entire town.

Geography
The Van Buren CDP is located at 47.16472°N, -67.94083°W (47.164914, -67.941008) in the southeastern part of the town of Van Buren. The Saint John River forms the northeast border of the CDP and the town and is also the Canada–United States border. U.S. Route 1 passes through the center of the CDP, leading northwest 24 mi to Madawaska and 23 mi south to Caribou. U.S. Route 1A meets Route 1 near the southeast edge of the CDP and leads south along the Canada–US border 21 mi to Limestone. A bridge across the Saint John River at Van Buren leads to Saint-Léonard, New Brunswick, in Canada.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Van Buren CDP has a total area of 11.5 sqkm, of which 10.8 sqkm is land and 0.7 sqkm, or 5.87%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,369 people, 1,005 households, and 627 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 565.8 PD/sqmi. There were 1,119 housing units at an average density of 267.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.78% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.04% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.55% of the population.

There were 1,005 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.6% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.69.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.8% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $19,441, and the median income for a family was $30,870. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $19,958 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,225. About 16.1% of families and 23.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.0% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.

title: Van Buren (CDP), Maine


text:
Randolph, Maine

Randolph is a town and a census-designated place (CDP) in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,743 at the 2020 census. The town was named for Randolph, Massachusetts. Randolph is included in the Augusta, Maine micropolitan New England City and Town Area.

Geography
Randolph is located south of Augusta on the east side of the Kennebec River at the confluence of the Cobbesseeconte Stream. Gardiner lies just across the river.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.23 sqmi, of which 2.13 sqmi is land and 0.10 sqmi is water.

Schools
Randolph is part of the Maine School Administrative District #11. The Teresa C. Hamlin School, which had served elementary school students, was closed in 2018 due to declining enrollment and students are now bused to what is now called the Pittston-Randolph Consolidated School a mile away.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,772 people, 813 households, and 489 families living in the town. The population density was 831.9 PD/sqmi. There were 900 housing units at an average density of 422.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.3% White, 0.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

There were 813 households, of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.9% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.73.

The median age in the town was 44.7 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 29.6% were from 45 to 64; and 20% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46.6% male and 53.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,911 people, 829 households, and 536 families living in the town. The population density was 897.6 PD/sqmi. There were 884 housing units at an average density of 415.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.23% White, 0.47% Black or African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population.

There were 829 households, out of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,046, and the median income for a family was $38,920. Males had a median income of $31,196 versus $20,313 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,742. About 9.1% of families and 10.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.2% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Randolph is situated at the eastern bank of the Kennebec River at the opposite side of Gardiner, linked with that city via a road bridge. The river was navigable up to Augusta where the Edwards Dam was built. From 1890 to 1929 the Kennebec Central Railroad ran from Randolph to the National Soldiers' Home in Togus.

title: Randolph, Maine


text:
Winslow, Maine

Winslow is a town and census-designated place in Kennebec County, Maine, United States, along the Kennebec River across from Waterville. The population was 7,948 at the 2020 census.

History
Winslow was originally an Indian settlement named Taconock. During King William's War, Major Benjamin Church led his third expedition east from Boston in 1692. During this expedition he and 450 troops raided the native villages at both Penobscot (Castine, Maine) and present-day Winslow.

Winslow was then settled by colonists from Plymouth Colony. The area was covered by the land patent given by the English Crown to Pilgrim governor William Bradford and his associates. The earliest settlers had such Old Colony and Pilgrim names as Winslow, Bradford, Warren, and Otis. Descendants of those early settlers can still be found in the town.

In 1754, Fort Halifax was built by order of the Massachusetts General Court on the peninsula at the confluence of the Sebasticook and Kennebec rivers. A settlement subsequently sprang up under its protection, and was named in honor of General John Winslow, of Marshfield, Massachusetts, who had overseen the fort's construction. General Winslow was a descendant of Edward Winslow, a Pilgrim governor of Plymouth Colony who arrived on the Mayflower and founded the town of Marshfield. General Winslow lived in the mansion built in 1699 by his father, Isaac Winslow. The historic Winslow House still stands today in Marshfield and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Sebasticook and Kennebec rivers provided major early routes to transport food, goods, and more settlers. Benedict Arnold followed the Kennebec River north in 1775, stopping at Fort Halifax in Winslow on his ill-fated attempt to invade Canada. The Fort Halifax blockhouse, the nation's oldest wooden structure of its type, was rebuilt after the original was swept down the Kennebec River by raging flood waters on April 1, 1987.

Thousands of Irish and French Canadian immigrants used the Old Canada Road (now a scenic byway) section of U.S. Route 201 during the 19th century to find seasonal or project employment, and later made the Kennebec River Valley region their home. Early Winslow settlers used water power for industrial development. Modern Winslow developed around the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company paper mill, located along the Kennebec River. The mill was later purchased by the Scott Paper Company, whose 1995 merger with Kimberly-Clark led to the factory's closure in 1997. Winslow's industrial decline started in the 1980s, although some small light industry still exists, and new businesses continue to move into the town. Despite this, the service sector remains limited. Today, Winslow is a bedroom community for some middle- and upper-middle-class families who work in nearby Waterville and Augusta.

Scenes from the 2005 miniseries Empire Falls, starring Paul Newman, Ed Harris, and Helen Hunt, and based on the 2001 book Empire Falls by Richard Russo, were shot in Winslow. The town was home to the state's largest July 4 fireworks display until it moved to Clinton, Maine in 2016.

Geography
Winslow is located at 44.54243°N, -69.6051°W (44.542428, −69.605101).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 38.67 sqmi, of which 36.82 sqmi is land and 1.85 sqmi is water. Winslow is located at the confluence of the Sebasticook River with the Kennebec River.

The town is crossed by U.S. Route 201 and State Routes 11, 32, 100 and 137. It borders the towns of Benton to the north, Albion to the east, China to the southeast, Vassalboro to the south, and (across the Kennebec River) Waterville to the west.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,794 people, 3,328 households, and 2,183 families living in the town. The population density was 211.7 PD/sqmi. There were 3,692 housing units at an average density of 100.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.0% White, 0.4% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 3,328 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.4% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the town was 43.6 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 17.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,743 people, 3,268 households, and 2,212 families living in the town. The population density was 210.1 PD/sqmi. There were 3,591 housing units at an average density of 97.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.05% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.

There were 4,268 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,580, and the median income for a family was $46,725. Males had a median income of $37,116 versus $25,429 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,501. About 3.7% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
For much of the 20th century, the area's paper mills were the centerpiece of the local economy. Johnny’s Selected Seeds, an employee owned company selling seeds to vegetable gardeners across the United States, relocated their headquarters to Winslow in 2002. Major employers in Winslow include Mid-State Machine Products, Lohmann Animal Health International, Orion Rope Works, and Northeast Laboratories.

Government
Winslow has a town council government. A town manager handles day-to-day affairs.

Education
Winslow Public Schools has three public schools in two buildings in town. There was a private Catholic grammar school (St. John's) until 2020, when it closed due to declining enrollment. Winslow High School, completed in 2008, is a $9,000,000 renovation project. A second renovation project, adding a junior high wing and band room, plus expanding a gym and cafeteria was completed in 2020. Winslow Elementary School houses grades Pre-K–6. The middle school houses grades 7–8. The high school houses grades 9–12. There is no college.

The middle school used to house grades 6–8 at 6 Danielson Street until 2020 when it closed due to an aging and an unreliable building. Then the 6th graders went to Winslow Elementary and the 7th and 8th graders went to Winslow High School in a new wing.

It was a part of Kennebec Valley Consolidated Schools (AOS92) until July 1, 2018.

Sites of interest

 * Camp Caribou
 * Two Cent Bridge
 * Fort Halifax

Notable people

 * Sharon H. Abrams, executive director, Maine Children's Home for Little Wanderers
 * Mike Cowan, golf caddy
 * Joshua Cushman, minister, US congressman
 * Charles Fletcher Johnson, US senator
 * Sharon Lee, science-fiction author
 * Stan Meserve, racing driver
 * Steve Miller, science-fiction author
 * Frank Pooler, Wisconsin state legislator and businessman
 * Thomas Rice, US congressman
 * Jamie Sears, American actor
 * Samuel Francis Smith, minister, author

title: Winslow, Maine


text:
William Young Sellar

William Young Sellar FRSE LLD (22 February 1825 – 12 October 1890) was a Scottish classical scholar.

Life
Sellar was born at Morvich in Sutherland the son of Patrick Sellar of Westfield, Morayshire and his wife Anne Craig of Barmakelty, Moray. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy 1832 to 1839 (dux in his final year) and afterwards studied classics at the University of Glasgow. He entered Balliol College, Oxford, as a Snell Exhibitioner. Graduating with a first-class in classics, he was elected fellow of Oriel, and, after holding assistant professorships at Durham, Glasgow and St Andrews, was appointed professor of Greek at St Andrews (1859). In 1863 he was elected professor of humanity in Edinburgh University, and occupied that chair until his death.

In Edinburgh he lived at 15 Buckingham Terrace in the West End, near Dean Bridge.

Sellar was one of the most brilliant of 19th century classical scholars, and was remarkably successful in his endeavours to reproduce the spirit rather than the letter of Roman literature.

In 1864 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being Alexander Campbell Fraser. He was also awarded honorary doctorates (LLD) from both St Andrews University and the University of Dublin.

He died at Kenbank, St John's Town of Dalry in Kirkcudbrightshire on 12 October 1890.

Family
He was brother to Robert Sellar and Alexander Craig Sellar

In 1851 he married Eleanor Dennistoun, daughter of Alexander Dennistoun. They had at least five children. Eleanor described her husband in a chapter of Recollections and impressions (1907), and their life in the remainder of the memoir.

Recognition
Sellar is commemorated on the south wall of Balliol College Chapel, together with a memorial to his brother Alexander Craig Sellar (MP for Haddington Burghs and Partick).

Publications

 * The Roman Poets of the Republic (1863 plus later editions)
 * The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age (1877 plus later editions)
 * Horace and the Elegiac Poets (1892) -the 1899 edition has a memoir by Andrew Lang

A number of articles on Latin literature (including on Catullus, Roman Literature, Lucretius and Petronius) in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition, 1875–89.

title: William Young Sellar


text:
Orono, Maine

Orono is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. Located on the Penobscot and Stillwater rivers, it was first settled by American colonists in 1774. They named it in honor of Chief Joseph Orono, a sachem of the indigenous Penobscot nation who long occupied this territory.

In the nineteenth century, the town became a center of the lumber industry. Sawmills on the rivers were powered by the water, and logs were floated downriver on the Penobscot for shipping and export from coastal ports.

Since 1865 it has been the location of the University of Maine, established as a land-grant institution and the state's flagship educational institution. In the fall of 2018, the university enrolled 11,404 students at Orono. Not including university residents, the town's population was 11,183 at the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 19.60 sqmi, of which 18.19 sqmi is land and 1.41 sqmi is water. The town is divided by the Stillwater River, a branch of the Penobscot River. It occupies part of Marsh Island, as well as some smaller islands such as Ayers Island, which is surrounded by the Penobscot and the Stillwater rivers, and the remainder of the town is on the mainland. The Orono Dam impounds the Stillwater River at its confluence with the Penobscot River near downtown Orono.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Orono has a warm-summer humid continental climate, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system is "Dfb", thus abbreviated ed in on climate maps.

Conservation
The Orono Land Trust operates a number of protected areas in Orono. Piney Knoll Conservation Area, situated alongside the Penobscot River, is known for its walking trails and bird-watching. The University of Maine also owns a considerable amount of protected land in the town. Prominent parcels include Dwight B. Demeritt Forest.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 10,363 people, 2,831 households, and 1,229 families living in the town. The population density was 569.7 PD/sqmi. There were 3,089 housing units at an average density of 169.8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the town was 93.7% White, 1.2% African American, 1.1% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 2,831 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 56.6% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.77.

The median age in the town was 21.8 years. 8.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 55.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 12.2% were from 25 to 44; 13.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51.8% male and 48.2% female.

Notable people

 * Charles J. Dunn, Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court
 * Wallace Rider Farrington, territorial governor of Hawaii
 * Merritt Lyndon Fernald (1873–1950), botanist
 * Constance Hunting, poet, publisher
 * Frances Laughton Mace, poet
 * Jonathan Norcross, inventor, 4th mayor of Atlanta
 * Ralph Perkins, state legislator
 * Elizabeth Schneider, state senator
 * Joseph B. Treat, Wisconsin politician
 * Nathaniel Treat, Maine politician
 * Nathaniel B. Treat, Wisconsin politician
 * Eva Valesh (1866–1956), labor journalist
 * Israel Washburn Jr., US congressman, a founder of the Republican Party, 29th Governor of Maine
 * Dorothy Clarke Wilson, novelist, playwright

Points of interest

 * University of Maine
 * Fay Hyland Botanical Plantation
 * Lyle E. Littlefield Ornamentals Trial Garden
 * Old Fire Engine House
 * Pat's Pizza
 * Jeremiah Colburn House

title: Orono, Maine