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Talk:Prana

Prana and the root prefix
Prana is percieved in Yoga as an all prevading force in the material world similiar to the Brahmajoyti which fills the spiritual realms. The prefix "Pra-" in Sanskit refers to the act of creation, and prana is the raw energy of the universe which is the spark of creation. In the spiritual realm nothing is created or destroyed since time isn't a factor. Prana interacts with Kala to stir the Maya energy of the Parahtma, of which perceives that prana appears to move from one point to another. Movement of the prana coherses the Shakti to collect in time, percieved in the moment, which Purusha is symbolic of. The stillness and absoluteness of the Purusha, stimulates the Shakti which draws the Brahmajoyti into manifesting as prana the insubstantial energy, and matter, the condensed energy. These energies formulate to create reality as we know it, percieved by the subjective.

wow. I want what this guy's having.Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 07:24, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

Prana and Qi (Chi)
Is prana the counterpart of qi or is its equivalence?

 * AFAIK Prana and Qi (Chi) refer to the same thing. Prana is used in the Yoga tradition, while Qi (Chi) is used in the Chinese tradition. (ida and pingala ,sun and moon)

 * There are more parallels between India and China in this respect. For example, the Chinese terms Yin and Yang are equivalent to the terms Sakti and Siva, respectively, in the Yoga tradition.

 * added some connections i have heard others make a number of times. A simple search of the internet for zero-point and prana, or quantum vacuum or foam and prana will show a number of individuals that theorize on this subject. nowhere have i claimed that this is proven yet. and you yourselves claimed a superficial similarity between quantum foam and the Aether.

Prana and Pneuma
Ok, so we know Prana and Qi are the same. What about Prana and the Gnostic Christina idea of Pneuma?

Add: Manna, Mana, Seid, Magic, Orgone, Kraft, Power, Energy, Love, Life-force, Ether.....[unsigned]

 * Pneuma is atman. Prana is bios.--Dchmelik (talk) 07:42, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Don't forget Lhoong! But seriously, the (pre-christian) concept of pneuma has a remarkable similarity to both qi/chi and prana. Remember that Greek and Indian history have a number of overlaps (Alexander the Great, Greco-Indian states, the spice trade etc...) not to mention shared protoindoeuropean roots. There are a couple of random folks who write about this, but none with any solid evidence that would lend itself to this article. And the Chinese culture is also heavily influenced by the Indian philosophies: "The first Shaolin Monastery abbot was Batuo (also called Fotuo or Buddhabhadra) a dhyana master who came to China from India[2] in 464 AD or from Greco-Buddhist Central Asia[3] to spread Buddhist teachings." Side note: it's important to remember that different Hindu (and Jain, Sikh, etc) groups have very different cosmologies and our modern understanding of Prana comes largely from the esoteric Yoga school and its sister Ayurveda, both derivative of Sankhya cosmology. One can compare the Jing and Shen of the dantians in Chinese Medicine, and tejas and ojas in Ayurveda. The popular new age view of prana (and atman) was pretty heavily reshaped by more contemporary yogis like Swami Vivekananda who blended Neo-Vedanta philosophy with western 'harmonialism' schools like mesmerism. Read Elizabeth DeMichelis for more about that. So it's often hard to tell what you think you know about prana from the orthodox concept.Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 07:49, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

Science
removed from article: Science: Some believe that Quantum foam or Quantum vacuum are prana being discovered by the scientific community, due to the similarities of the fact that both are universal energies with vast potential and that both are said to be all-pervading and have potential to be harnessed. But right now this is sheer conjecture until research has shown that quantum foam or vacuum energy can be tapped by a biological entity via the electromagnetic field, bio-photons, or the much debated supposed faculty of psychokinesis.

In addition to being, well, not encyclopedic, and pseudoscientific, that's just bad grammar. Sheer conjecture by not-scientists is not-science. Sheer conjecture by scientists is not science. WP:NOR.Hipocrite 19:54, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

The article in prana described is incomplete and in many cases improper. 1. Prana is essentially Vedic in origin. 2. The Scripture that is known as the base of prana concept --the prasna upanishad have not even been mentioned 3. Prana is a Cosmic principle. (See the vedic creation.) 4. Adoption of Prana in Yoga is just an application. 5. According to Vivekananda it is a unified energy/ force. He says all matter can be resolved back to Akasha and all forces to Prana. Refer to Jnana Yoga and complete works of Swami Vivekananda.

Above all I cannot understand the sheer conjecture-pseudoscientific relation. Show me any branch of science that is independent of conjecture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sevenseas (talk • contribs) 10:01, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Re-edit + ref.material
I have done a small re-edit. As it stands, the article is informative, but I believe that it needs more reference material from Religious Studies, or parallell fields.--Hawol 12:59, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

I removed a link to Ruach after double-checking the removal with several practicing Hindus. My apologies if this was unjustified; we believed the link to have been placed because of the mentions of 'air' in the start of this article. Zakahori 21:05, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

i have hesitantly offered the following as indicative of the kind of thinking that was origionally conducive to my first contribution on the "rough"(=~) correllation of corresponding philos/theos/yogic/etc Kornukopea1 19:47, 3 November 2006 (UTC)]]

Suggest consideration of Yechidah in place of Ruach. It is, it seems to me,-(based on my limited understanding and decades of personal studies)-the closest and/or highest conception that we have in the qabballistic system/tradition that i am aware of thus far; Whereas the Ruach may compared to prana in the sense of 'vital' animal heat-("i dare say the distinction between heat and the waves produced thereby might be argued to be pretty much the same to an eastern yogin, hindu or otherwise")-, so too, the Ruach was usually written of as the vehicle and/or the animal 'soul' on the schemmatical diagramme OTZ CHIIM. The gist of this is that yechidah, much like that found in the definition(s) of LIEBNEZ's Monad(ology), is the Quintiessential 'spark', of which reference here i make to the former associations

Prana equals approx.=~Spirit=~Pneuma=~Yechidah=~Chi]      =~ ? ? ? .... There ARE, indeed, i am confident, many others...the important point, i submit, is to keep the planes of correspondences or levels of hierachical meaning on the same plane of 'associative congruence'-("i daresay this is hardly clear")-I do think it will nudge us a little closer to uncovering more in this area... [[User:Kornukopea1 15:11, 24 October 2006 Kornukopea1 20:22, 25 October 2006 (UTC) Kornukopea1 19:52, 3 November 2006 (UTC)]

// There is no such thing as a mysterious entity "Eastern medicine" ( and "east" of whom/where, by the way ? ). That is an esoteric belief ( "All from a common VERY ancient source" etc. ), not a concept anyone would be allowed to use in a scholarly context !

- Inserted while I was still editing was the following:

 * There is such a thing. Eastern is "the Eastern hemisphere", just as Western medicine is the Western hemisphere. "Eastern medicine" is recognisably different from the Western methods of pills, creams and antibiotics. --Firi e n § 14:13, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

-- To which I now reply, after it was shown to me:

.."Eastern hemisphere": Oh really, I could never have imagined... - you missed my point: it is a pretty Eurocentric term, isn`t it ?

..."recognisably different": your lines prove my criticism. That is a laypersons's idea, and pretty vague it is. Indian and Chinese Medicine do use drugs and ointments, including many poisonous substances ( e.g. mercury ). Homoeopathics, on the other hand, is a most European medical system, completely developed by one German physician and scientist, without any non-European "input" whatsoever ( hence "western" in every sense of the word, to use your preferred terminology ). And completely different from all others, by practice and underlying theoretical concepts ( and homoeopathic medical journals are kept by large University libraries, where I live, so don't tell my it is a "fringe phaenomenon" or something ).

...."Eastern medicine": again ( but for the last time ): that is an "entity" ( a "one-thing" ) which exists in your head ( and that of others, no doubt ), based on very vague ideas, very superficial information, and a tradition of esoteric thinking and marketing ( "Wisdom from the East etc.", the whole story of romanticism, the theosophist movement etc., "New Age", religious sects with their marketing branches, and what I term "alternative markets/capitialism" with their advertising professionals... ). The differences between various medical traditions, practices, concepts and theories, and above all underlying philosophies, are many and huge over space and time, when seen with a scholarly critical mind, with a comparative and "non-ahistoric" approach. The one correct "neutral" term to use here is "Medical traditons in Asia" or "~Southern and Eastern Asia". You might wish to inform yourself before posting - I recommend "The Journal of the European Ayurvedic Society", Meulenbeld`s "giant" "A history of Indian Medical Literature", "The transmission of Chinese Medicine" by Elizabeth Hsu ( Cambridge UP 1999 ) and the journal "Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity" by Brill Publishers ( Leiden, Netherlands ), all by "professional scholars", but a joy to read ( for me, at least... ). End of reply. ---

> There is not a single reference to an ancient source text where the "wisdom" contained in the article is supposed to originate.

> The discussion is not any better either ( or most of it ): all ( most ) so naive, mixing terms and concepts regardless of culture, time, contexts, connotations etc..

- I give up. This is a hobby style project, all a collection of hearsay and bits of contents taken from very few secondary sources, far removed from any scholarly standarts. - Bye. 147.142.186.54 15:23, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

( The same writer added a minor correction to these statements from the same library today: )129.206.196.191 11:40, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You said 'Prana equals approx.=~Spirit=~Pneuma=~Yechidah=~[[Chi]'

No, prana is life/ether (not spirit,) bois (not pneuma,) and 'coach ha guf,' or 'zoe,' (not yeshidah, it is at least rauch if the latter terms are not used.) However, it is chi.--Dchmelik (talk) 07:44, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Entry should be deleted or completely rewritten!
This is not an encylopedia entry and the "references" are pseudoscientific tomes with no scholarly or factual basis. The entire entry is phrased as just another pseudoscientific or pseudocultural parade of gibberish and nonsense. Strictly speaking it has no place on Wikipedia, although lord knows Wikipedia is virtually 100% total nonsense as it currently stands. It needs to be redone by someone who is not earning some or all of his or her living peddling fake "oriental" wisdom.Cokerwr 20:08, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree with this assessment. This article should be completely redone. --Ida noeman (talk) 19:03, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello angry fellow-men! Your posts are old and many things has happened to the page since 2007. First, prana is definitely deserving a place on Wikipedia. You don't have to believe in the concept of prana, but as it is fundamental to Hindu philosophy and the understanding of yoga for example, it certainly deserves to be explained and described in an Encyclopedia. Secondly I totally agree that the article need much better sourcing. I have just written the new section on "Early references" as I did on Nadis and it appears that many ancient and well-known Hindu texts use the concept of prana. These are sources as solid as they get. Now I hope to find, or that someone can hopefully contribute with, proper scholarly sources that explains and discuss the prana concept from a Hindu philosophical but neutral perspective. RhinoMind (talk) 22:38, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Ewww....
The "references" on this article are a horror to look at! They contain links to unreliable arbitrary websties and even other wikipedia articles. At best books written by people in the recent past after (supposedly) studying the ancient scriptures. If the concepts described in the article really derive from the Upanishads and other Vedantic texts or Patanjali's writings etc., why are those not included? I am not saying references to prana don't exist, but they need to be directly referenced so that there is some accuracy in the article. Otherwise it's just a bunch of OR. It's better to blank the article immediately and redo it. ReluctantPhilosopher (talk)

 * i deleted the section on "Pranashakty", added 19 august 2009, and removed the 'self-published' notice, as the remaining ones seem ok to me. there may have been some valuable info in the removed section, but if so should be re-written with better references. k kisses 21:38, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Merge from Pranic Healing
I've proposed that Pranic Heling be merged into this article. --Salimfadhley (talk) 09:33, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

Pranic Healing should not be merged into this article for a couple of reasons (User:JRBC1) 05:45, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

1) Because Pranic Healing is a particular specific form of energetic vibrational medicine developed by a specific organisation

2) Prana is a very broad subject, far wider than Pranic Healing. It would be confusing and misleading to merge these two subjects

— Preceding unsigned comment added by JRBC1 (talk • contribs) 05:46, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I think you are a bit late, the article was merged / deleted last week some time. We could certainly create a new article if we could find sufficient reliable resources for the subject. --Salimfadhley (talk) 09:56, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Problem at the end of first para
I know nothing about this topic so cannot even suggest a fix.

However, the first paragraph ends like this:

"from which all the other vāyus arise.vikas"

Clearly a problem with that dangling "vikas" which is not capitalized so is it the beginning of a new sentence that has disappeared, or just a brain fart?

Can someone please fix this? Thanks Zlama (talk) 23:06, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

Complete Reversion of important edits
Greetings. I do not understand your removal of cited material for earlier non-cited material. Your accusations of yoga centrism appear to be backwards. The article currently suffers from hindu centrism. 'Pranic theory' (for lack of a better term) is not original research. Prana is not in any way exclusive to hindu philosophy or yoga (although its generally agreed to come from the 'yogic milieu' of non-vedic ascetic traditions before its assimilation into mainstream Brahmanism). Prana is utilized in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, New Age practices, etc and predates the modern notion of 'hinduism' (the Vratyas mentioned in the article are just one example of an early non-vedic group that utilized Prana in 'shamanic ritual'). A more general term should be utilized. Pranic theory just means the worldview that posits the existence of prana. How is that in any way original research? If you have another generic term you would rather use please introduce it as 'hindu philosophy' is simply inaccurate. Also, the description of Pranayama was too specific and its citations too flimsy (internet articles instead of books or journals). Using pranayama can be for nadi cleaning in many if not most extant traditions, but as is clearly demonstrated in the Eliade and Feuerstein references elsewhere in the article, pranayama was often used just to arrest respiration with no specific conceptions of energy work. We do not replace the broad definition with the specific, especially when there is an actual pranayama page for these detailed descriptions. This is actually you replacing the broader Indic concept with the contemporary yoga-specific concept of Prana that as it was eventually absorbed into mainstream Brahmanism (again, see Eliade for an entire chapter on this subject). Please let me know if you understand these points and why the listed items were altered. If you agree, please take the time to self revert or better defend your changes and accusations (especially as this page desperately needs to be cleaned up and defensive editing can prevent us from achieving any progress). I would ask for a review by fellow editors   to restore my clean-up efforts and ask user:rhinomind to be less defensive of uncited and poorly sourced material on this page so it may be effectively cleaned. And if you're going to accuse me of yogic centrism, defend that accusation as I was undoing POV and verifiability issues.Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 16:41, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

 * and in defending the view of prana not always being used in connection with nadi shuddha, here is a much clearer definition of the mechanism of pranayama "The statement that a connection always exists between respiration and mental states seems to us highly important. It contains far more than mere observation of the bare fact that, for example, the respiration of a man in anger is agitated, while that of one who is concentrating (even if only provisionally and without any yogic purpose) becomes rhythmical and automatically slows down, etc. The relation connecting the rhythm of respiration with the states of consciousness mentioned by Bhoja, which has undoubtedly been observed and experienced by yogins from the earliest times this relation has served them as an instrument for 'unifying' consciousness. The 'unification' here under consideration must be understood in the sense that, by making his respiration rhythmical and progressively slower, the yogin can 'penetrate' that is, he can experience, in perfect lucidity certain states of consciousness that are inaccessible in a waking condition, particularly the states of consciousness that are peculiar to sleep. For there is no doubt that the respiratory rhythm of a man asleep is slower than that of a man awake. By reaching this rhythm of sleep through the practice of pranayama, the yogin, without renouncing his lucidity, penetrates the states of consciousness that accompany sleep." Pulled from http://www.adolphus.nl/xcrpts/xceliade.html, but on page 56 of Eliade's Yoga Immortality and Freedom. While most accounts from the Upanishads onward refer to at least sushumna, it is often to do with conscious projection of the soul at the time of death. Pranic practices are often concerned with directing and controlling the mind with little concern for the health of the body. Early breath control efforts are described as a technique of arresting all fluctuations of the mind (based on the connection of prana and manas or later Pranamaya and Manomaya kosha, the energetic and mental bodies). Hence Vivekananda, Iyengar and many others' descriptions of Prana and Citta as intimately connected. This is described in the Tibetan (and non-hindu) image of Citta as the crippled rider and Prana as the blind horse (The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep By Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche, p. 49). Vivekananda also describes prana work as universal, not Hindu: "We see sects in every country who have attempted this control of Prana. In this country there are Mind-healers, Faith-healers, Spiritualists, Christian Scientists, Hypnotists, etc., and if we examine these different bodies, we shall find at the back of each this control of the Prana, whether they know it or not. If you boil all their theories down, the residuum will be that. It is the one and the same force they are manipulating, only unknowingly. They have stumbled on the discovery of a force and are using it unconsciously without knowing its nature, but it is the same as the Yogi uses, and which comes from Prana." (http://hermetic.com/vivekananda/raja-yoga/prana.html, quoting from Raja Yoga chapter 3). This clearly demonstrates the diversity of pranic practices by Hindus and others with a multiplicity of different aims.Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 17:24, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I took a look at the diffs; looks like the two of you must be able to work this out. I'll keep an eye on it, so when you don't manage to discuss, I'll try to mediate. Best regards,  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   19:11, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Hi. While I do not have all the time in the world, I do appreciate that you engaged here in the TalkPage about these issues. But to spare time, let me get to two central point:

 * Prana and Hindu philosophy As the article already explains and refs, Prana was first described in Hindu philosophical texts. Buddhism, and all the other religious traditions that you list, came much later. I mean thousands of years later. Even the religious traditions of Hinduism came later. Hindu philosophy is not the same as Hinduism by the way, an important point in this context - and many others - and we should try to separate the two from now on. I agree with you, that the article could be greatly improved - especially the quality of the sourcing. And I suggest that it is explained how specific religious traditions also incorporates and uses the concept of Prana. At least they should be mentioned (and sourced), as you mention them here. It would probably also be a good idea to say a bit about how these religious traditions interpret Prana, how they differ from each other and how they are alike. This will all fit nicely with the Chi, etc, that is already included in the article. I am not very knowledgeable about how these traditions make use of Prana, but I would not stand in the way, being Hindu-centric about it. It is important though who came first and what they made of it.

 * Pranic theory Ok, it was perhaps a bit harsh to term it Original Research, but I have never encountered this wording in the literature. Besides, and much more importantly, it is essential to refer to the origin (or the cultural context) of prana in the sentence at hand, instead of just going forward with something like "pranic theory", as if it is something that exists and everybody talks about. It would perhaps make some sense to use this wording later in the paragraph, but not in the introduction. Another issue with this phrase is the word "theory". It is word lend from science and I do not think it belongs to a metaphysical subject like prana. That is why I introduced the phrasing "concept of prana". If it is very important to use a phrasing like "pranic theory", it would be a good idea to find a substitute for the word "theory". Apart form "concept", I do not have a substitute to put up by the top of my head, but I am sure something could be dug up, if it is that important.

 * Prana and the human bodies (yoga-centrism) You encourage me to defend my reverts. I do not know if you mean all of it, but one issue that made me act, was that all information about prana outside the human bodies was deleted by you. It is important to explain and understand, that in Hindu philosophy (from which yoga philosophy originated) Prana is thought to pervade the entire Universe. This also means animals and even inanimate objects. Yoga normally cultivates Prana in the human bodies specifically, and that is one reason I sensed the edits and deletions as yoga-centric.

I have more to say and haven't replied to all the issues you are raising either. I will be back when time permits. Now there is a constructive dialogue and perhaps even a loose agenda for what to improve upon?

We have both recently improved upon the article and I am glad to see that we both agree that it is vital to encompass the concept of prana in as broad a way as possible. Cheers. RhinoMind (talk) 23:26, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Ah. It is all becoming clearer.

I agree that we should be able to make some great progress on this page together and get that pesky issue box removed. These pages seem to get a higher proportion of eagerly opinionated yoga neophytes making poorly worded and uncited claims, so I apologize if my editing feels a little destructive. I'd often rather remove bad information temporarily than leave it until it can be reworded. ॐ Iṣṭa Devatā (talk) 00:28, 24 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Regarding the term hindu philosophy, it feels like an inadequate term since we cannot be certain if Prana came first from Vedic, Shramanic, Dravidian or even Indoaryan Shamanic origin. All we know is it was utilized by the ascetics of ancient India outside the fold of Brahmanism and according to Eliade and Feuerstein (among others) was absorbed into Brahmanism at a later point. This is my point with the vratyas who are an extra-vedic group that would not be considered part of the astik or nastik traditions. So really if it developed outside of Hinduism and was used by many people who would not identify as Hindu, it seems like Hindu Philosophy is only one of its homes in the larger field of Indic Philosophy. That said, I may be failing to grasp your argument fully.
 * The term 'pranic theory' is an attempt at an etic term that felt about as objective as 'the theory of gravity' -- both phenomenons where we can see the effect but only theorize about the underlying mechanism. But you are right, I did not pull that term from the literature and I'm open to other ideas. I just worry hindu philosophy is an inadequate retronym for something that may or may not have shared origins with Hinduism.
 * As for removing the idea of prana outside of the human body, it was not my intent to undermine that concept. A lot of what I removed was for wording and readability. You're absolutely right that prana must be construed as a cosmic force rather than merely a human force, especially within Jainism that ascribes life to otherwise inanimate objects, ayurveda that describes the pranic and gunic qualities of plants and minerals, or those ontologies like Trika that use...um...'pranic theory'. Which reminds me: we might add some mention of spanda and shakti concepts of energy in Hinduism as well.
 * And lastly, I hope you see why I revised the overly simplified pranayama explanation which was perhaps too emic from the tantric and hatha (hathic?) perspective with goals of nadi cleansing. It is just one of many ways pranayama is utilized and possibly not its original use.

Disambiguation
I'm just wondering if this page needs another disambiguation option for the clothing brand PrAna (which could direct to Columbia Sportswear). I'm not sure about how to do this or what the criteria are for needing disambiguation, so if this is too commercial or not significant enough, let me know. (I was just looking for more information on the company, "PrAna," and came to Wikipedia to look for it.Bjtplett (talk) 20:08, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

Neutrality
A lot is said in Wikipedia's voice like if it was fact. For instance, section "Source of Prana" claims: "because they appear as small spheres or globules of light when seen clairvoyantly or by a person with slightly more sensitive eyes". The blue field entoptic phenomenon is not necessarily Prana. There may also be an issue with sources, this will require further review. — Paleo Neonate  – 09:57, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Many of these sections were sourced to extremely obscure fringe pseudo-academic journals. I have removed the rhetorically dubious text for the most part, but much remains. A better article would reach for sources from a more religious studies or anthropological perspective. jps (talk) 12:47, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

Hi. I and another editor who is a professional yoga teacher tried to clean up things some years ago and made considerable progress both in relation to providing basic credible sources and providing a general description that was easy to grasp and without unnecessary details and POV focus points. All this work has since been diluted and corrupted by several random editors, resulting in the current disrupted and degraded state. It is sad, but it is a Wikipedia trend that is not limited to this particular article unfortunately. I wish you good luck with cleaning up and presenting the issue of prana in a solid and comprehensive way once again. I am out of here myself. RhinoMind (talk) 21:58, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Nature of the beast, sadly. If you have any sources you think might be of use to us, feel free to drop them here where they can be archived. jps (talk) 03:26, 18 August 2018 (UTC)

Incpnstancies in subtle body présentation
Samāna	The heat of digestion, which resides in the belly between prāṇa above and uḍāna below : how can be uḍāna located in the throat and under the "central" prana ?.. Contradiction is carrying a lot of doubts Papalain (talk) 03:23, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

 * It was a muddle. I've reworked it completely from Mallinson & Singleton 2017's version of the Nisvasattvasamhita Nayasutra. Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:34, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

Terms in wide use accepted into English are not foreign and must not be italicised
Merriam-Webster states that "Prana" entered English in 1785. It is therefore an English word, not a foreign one. It may help to realise that the English word differs from the Sanskrit prāṇa, from which it was "borrowed" (as Merriam-Webster writes). The Sanskrit word is foreign and should be in italics; the English word is not and should not.

This is one of the terms in Yoga and Hinduism that have been widely used in English for many years, and can be found in the major English dictionaries (such as Oxford, Merriam-Webster). When a term is widely used in English, it is no longer "foreign" whatever its etymology, and should not be marked up in italics: the MoS policy on foreign words does not apply to terms adopted into English.

I do hope this is clear; there is no justification for treating it as foreign. Chiswick Chap (talk) 09:13, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Since the same applies to many terms adopted from Sanskrit, it will make more sense to discuss this centrally at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Yoga where a discussion is now under way. All colleagues are invited to contribute over there. Chiswick Chap (talk) 14:37, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prana


text:
GOPAC

GOPAC is a Republican (GOP) state and local political training organization. Although often thought of as a PAC, or Political Action Committee, it is actually a 527 organization.

History
GOPAC was founded by Delaware Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV in 1978 in "an effort to build a farm team of Republican officeholders who could then run for congress or higher state offices later". On February 1, 2007, former Maryland Lieutenant Governor Michael Steele became the chairman and served until his election as chairman of the Republican National Committee in January 2009. The current chairman of GOPAC is David Avella.

Others who have chaired GOPAC include former Oklahoma Governor Frank Keating, former Georgia Representative and Secretary of the Army Bo Callaway, California Representative David Dreier, Arizona Representative John Shadegg, former Oklahoma Representative J.C. Watts, Gay Gaines, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich of Georgia.

Instructional tapes used to train aspiring Republican politicians from 1986 to 1994 were selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry for their influence in "shaping political discourse". The Library of Congress selects recordings annually that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

GOPAC memo of 1990
Drawing rhetorical inspiration from Newt Gingrich, GOPAC wrote and distributed a memo to Republican Party legislative candidates in 1990. The memo, which came from a list drawn up by Frank Luntz, called "Language: A Key Mechanism of Control", contained a list of "contrasting words" and "optimistic positive governing words" that Gingrich recommended for use in describing Democrats and Republicans, respectively. For example, words to use against opponents include decay, failure (fail), collapse(ing), deeper, crisis, urgent(cy), destructive, destroy, sick, pathetic, lie, radical, liberal, they/them, unionized bureaucracy, betray, consequences, limit(s), shallow, traitors, sensationalists,"compassion" is not enough; words to use in defining an opposing candidate's own campaign and vision included share, change, opportunity, legacy, challenge, control, truth, moral, courage, reform, prosperity, crusade, movement, children, family, debate, compete, active(ly), we/us/our, candid(ly), humane, pristine, provide. Al Franken, a comedian and later a U.S. senator from Minnesota, wrote that GOP candidates were drilled to adopt three basic techniques in debating: "Go Negative Early"; "Don't Try to Educate"; "Never Back Off". Minor details were relevant only to 'demolish the opposition'.

The cover page of the memo said: "The words in that paper are tested language from a recent series of focus groups where we actually tested ideas and language."

The comic strip Doonesbury  mentions the memo in a strip, calling it the "Magna Carta of attack politics."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: GOPAC


text:
Zhao (surname)

Zhao is a Chinese-language surname. The name is first in the Hundred Family Surnames – the traditional list of all Chinese surnames – because it was the emperor's surname of the Song dynasty (960–1279) when the list was compiled. The first line of the poem is 趙錢孫李 (Zhao, Qian, Sun, Li).

Zhao may be romanized as "Chiu" from the Cantonese pronunciation, and is romanized in Taiwan and Hong Kong as "Chao" in the Wade–Giles system. It is cognate with the Vietnamese family name "Triệu" and with the Korean family name most commonly romanized as "Cho" (조).

The romanization is shared with the much rarer family name Zhào (兆).

Modern culture
In Lu Xun's novel The True Story of Ah Q, Ah Q said he belonged to the same clan as Mr. Zhao, who was an honored landlord of the village. Mr. Zhao was very angry. He slapped Ah Q's face and said, 'How could you be named Zhao!—Do you think you are worthy of the name Zhao? '

Since 2015 or earlier, in the Chinese internet, Zhao became the intimation of the Chinese Communist Party and the ' State of Zhao ' became the intimation of China. Similarly, ' The Zhao Family ' refers to the dignitaries of China, and "The Zhao's Army" refers to the People's Liberation Army. 'How could you be named Zhao! ' is popular to satirize the people who are humble but pretend to be powerful.

In 2016, the blog writer Program Think set up a GitHub project named Zhao. The project collects the relationships among more than 700 people in over 130 families including Xi Jinping, the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, and many other high level government officials of the Chinese Communist Party. The Cyberspace Administration of China requested GitHub to remove the project. Error status code 451 would be reached if the connection request to the project is from China.

Historical figures

 * Zhao Zheng (traditional Chinese: 趙政), the first emperor of China, founder of the Qin dynasty, most commonly known as Qin Shi Huang (traditional Chinese: 秦始皇)
 * Zhao Chengjiao (趙成蟜), the first emperor's half-brother, after the first emperor inherited the throne, he rebelled and was killed by the emperor
 * Zhao Chou, warlord during the Late Tang dynasty
 * Zhao Dejun, general of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang and Later Tang's predecessor state Jin
 * Zhao Gao, close advisor to emperors during the Qin dynasty. He was one of the most corrupt, villainous, violent and powerful eunuchs in Chinese history
 * Zhao Guangyi, chancellor of Southern Han
 * Zhao Jieyu, a consort of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty
 * Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤) or Emperor Taizu of Song (宋太祖), the founder of the Song dynasty
 * Zhao Deyin, warlord late in the Tang dynasty
 * Zhao Dezhao, second son of Emperor Taizu
 * Zhao Feiyan, empress of the Western Han dynasty to Emperor Cheng
 * Zhao Hede, imperial consort to Emperor Cheng of Han sister to Empress Zhao Feiyan
 * Zhao Kuangyi, brother of Zhao Kuangyin and second emperor of the Song dynasty
 * Zhao Heng, third emperor of the Song dynasty
 * Zhao Zhen, fourth emperor of the Song dynasty
 * Zhao Shu, fifth emperor of the Song dynasty
 * Zhao Xu, sixth emperor of the Song dynasty
 * Zhao Xu, seventh emperor of the Song dynasty
 * Zhao Ji, eighth emperor of the Song dynasty, famous for being a skilled poet, painter, calligrapher, and musician.
 * Zhao Boju, painter during the Song dynasty
 * Zhao Yun (traditional Chinese: 趙雲), general of Shu Han during the era of Three Kingdoms
 * Zhao Mengfu calligrapher, descendant of the Song imperial family
 * Zhao Yong calligrapher, son of Zhao Mengfu, descendant of the Song imperial family
 * Zhao Yiguang, literary figure and author during the Ming dynasty, relative of Zhao Mengfu, descendant of the Song imperial family

Modern figures

 * Amanda Zhao Wei, Chinese student murdered in Canada in 2002
 * Zhao Baotong (simplified Chinese: 赵宝桐) (1928-2003), Chinese Korean War flying ace
 * Ben Y. Zhao, Professor of Computer Science at University of Chicago
 * Zhao Benshan (traditional Chinese: 趙本山), comedian/actor/director
 * Carol Zhao (born 1995), Canadian tennis player
 * Chloé Zhao (born 1982), Chinese filmmaker
 * Zhao Dan (traditional Chinese: 趙丹), Chinese actor popular during the golden age of Chinese Cinema
 * Zhao Erfeng, warlord and historian
 * Zhao Erxun, governor of Sichuan
 * Zhao Fuxin (1904–1999), physics professor
 * Zhao Hongbo (traditional Chinese: 趙宏博), a pairs figure skater
 * Jack Zhao, Chinese bridge player
 * Zhao Jiamin (traditional Chinese: 趙嘉敏), Chinese idol singer and former member of the Chinese idol group SNH48
 * Zhao Jingmin, UN commander, Chinese major general
 * Zhao Jingshen (traditional Chinese: 趙景深), novelist
 * Zhao Jiping (traditional Chinese: 趙季平), composer
 * Zhao Jiwei, Chinese basketball player
 * Zhao Lijian, Chinese politician
 * Zhao Liying, Chinese actress
 * Zhao Lusi, Chinese actress
 * Zhao Shuli (traditional Chinese: 趙樹理), novelist
 * Qing Zhao, electronics scientist
 * Vincent Zhao (traditional Chinese: 趙文卓), martial artist and actor
 * Zhao Wei (traditional Chinese: 趙薇, simplified Chinese: 赵薇), actress
 * Xiran Jay Zhao (born 1997), Chinese-Canadian writer
 * Zhao Xintong (born 1997), Chinese snooker player
 * Zhao Yi (traditional Chinese:趙翼), poet, historian, and critic during the Qing dynasty
 * Zhao Yiman (simplified Chinese: 赵一曼), Chinese freedom fighter
 * Zhao Yiqin, Chinese actor
 * Zhao Yue (traditional Chinese: 趙粵), Chinese singer, member of Chinese idol group SNH48, and member of Chinese girl group BonBon Girls 303
 * Zhao Yongsheng, race walker
 * Zhao Yun, Hong Kong lawyer
 * Zhao Zhiqian (traditional Chinese:趙之謙), Qing dynasty calligrapher
 * Zhao Ziyang (traditional Chinese: 趙紫陽, simplified Chinese: 赵紫阳), former general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and premier of China
 * Zhao Zong-Yuan, Chinese-Australian chess grandmaster
 * Elaine L. Chao (traditional Chinese: 趙小蘭), American politician, served as the 24th United States secretary of labor
 * Rosalind Chao (traditional Chinese: 趙家玲), American actress
 * Sam Chu Lin (traditional Chinese: 趙帝恩), American journalist
 * Yuen Ren Chao (traditional Chinese: 趙元任), Chinese linguist
 * Cecil Chao (traditional Chinese: 趙世曾), Hong Kong entrepreneur
 * Chao Chuan (traditional Chinese: 趙傳), Taiwanese pop singer
 * Mark Chao (traditional Chinese: 趙又廷), Taiwanese actor, singer and model
 * Cindy Chao (traditional Chinese: 趙心綺), Taiwanese jewellery designer
 * Bondy Chiu (traditional Chinese: 趙學而), Hong Kong singer and actress
 * Angie Chiu (traditional Chinese: 趙雅芝), Hong Kong actress, third runner up in the 1973 Miss Hong Kong pageant
 * Bryan Chiu, retired Canadian professional football player; played Centre for the Montreal Alouettes in the CFL from 1997 to 2010
 * Baldwin Chiu (traditional Chinese: 趙保榮) as Only Won, hip hop artist, actor, producer, martial artist, national White House engineering spokesperson
 * Kenny Chiu (traditional Chinese: 趙錦榮), Canadian politician, Member of Parliament for Steveston—Richmond East
 * Keina Chiu (趙慧奈; born 1995), Japanese-Chinese television news journalist
 * Judy Chu (traditional Chinese: 趙美心), American politician and educator
 * Suisheng Zhao, Chinese political scientist

title: Zhao (surname)


text:
East of Eden (film)

East of Eden is a 1955 American epic period drama film directed by Elia Kazan and written by Paul Osborn, adapted from the fourth and final part of John Steinbeck's epic 1952 novel of the same name.

It stars James Dean as a wayward young man who, while seeking his own identity, vies for the affection of his deeply religious father against his favored brother, thus retelling the story of Cain and Abel. Appearing in supporting roles are Julie Harris, Raymond Massey, Burl Ives, Richard Davalos, and Jo Van Fleet.

Although set in early 20th century Monterey, California, much of the film was actually shot on location in Mendocino, California. Some scenes were filmed in the Salinas Valley. Of the three films in which James Dean played the lead, this is the only one to have been released during his lifetime.

East of Eden, along with Dean's other films Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and Giant (1956), was named one of the 400 best American films of all time by the American Film Institute. In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
The plot line is loosely based on the biblical story of Cain and Abel. The story is set in 1917, during World War I, in the central California coastal towns of Monterey and Salinas. Cal and Aron are the young adult sons of a farmer and wartime draft board chairman, Adam Trask, with whom they live in the Salinas Valley. Adam is a deeply religious Christian. Aron is pious, dutiful, and responsible, while Cal is moody, embittered, and thinks he is sinful. He believes his father loves only Aron. Adam told the boys their mother, Kate, died when they were infants. However, Cal discovers Kate operates a brothel in nearby Monterey, though he keeps this from Adam and Aron.

Adam's idealistic plans for a long-haul vegetable shipping enterprise end disastrously, losing him his entire savings. To recoup his father's loss, and also earn his love, Cal decides to enter the bean-growing business, knowing that if the United States enters the war, bean prices will skyrocket. Cal borrows the $5,000 capital he needs from Kate. Kate reveals she deserted the family because she hated living on the farm, never loved Adam, and rebelled against him completely controlling her. She shot Adam in the shoulder when he attempted to stop her leaving. In lending Cal the money, Kate notes the irony that the loan proceeds from her business are intended to preserve Adam's goodness. Meanwhile, Aron's girlfriend, Abra, is growing attracted to Cal, who seems to reciprocate her feelings.

Cal's bean venture is successful, and he intends to give the profits to Adam at a surprise birthday party he and Abra have planned. As the party begins, Aron suddenly announces that he and Abra are engaged. While Adam is openly pleased, both Abra and Cal are uneasy due to their growing feelings for one another. Cal presents the money to his father; however, Adam refuses it, claiming it is war profiteering and demands he give it back to the farmers he "robbed." Adam adds that Aron's gift, compared to Cal's, is "honest and...good." A confused Cal sees his father's refusal as just another emotional rejection. When a distraught Cal leaves the room, Abra goes after him. Aron follows and orders Cal to stay away from her. Cal angrily tells Aron that their mother is alive, then takes him to her Monterey bordello. Cal roughly shoves the stunned Aron at the elderly Kate, causing her to fall. When Cal arrives home, Adam demands to know where Aron is. Cal initially responds he is not his brother's keeper, then tells Adam what he did.

The truth about his mother drives the pacifistic Aron to get drunk, lose control, and then board a troop train to enlist in the army. When the sheriff informs Adam, he rushes to the station in a futile attempt to dissuade him. Adam fails and watches helplessly as Aron smashes his head through the rail car window, maniacally laughing as the train pulls away. A shocked Adam suffers a stroke, leaving him paralyzed and unable to communicate. Cal tries talking to Adam, but Adam is unresponsive. Abra pleads with Adam to show Cal some affection before it is too late. When Cal makes his last bid for acceptance before leaving town, Adam manages to speak. He tells Cal to fire the annoying nurse, then whispers something to him. Cal tells Abra that Adam said he wants only Cal to care for him. The film ends with Cal, alone, sitting by his father's bedside, the emotional chasm between the father and son apparently healing, with Cal presumably staying to care for him.

Production
The film was originally planned to be made in 3-D but Warner Brothers later announced that it was to be made in WarnerSuperScope instead using Warner's new All-Media camera with no mention of 3-D. It was eventually released in CinemaScope.

Director Elia Kazan first toyed with the idea of casting Marlon Brando as Cal and Montgomery Clift as Aron, but at 30 and 34 years old, respectively, they were simply too old to play teenage brothers. Paul Newman, who was one year younger than Brando, was a finalist for the part of Cal, which eventually was played by James Dean, who was six years younger than Newman.

Newman and Dean, who were up for the part of Cal, screen tested together for the parts of the rival brothers. In the end, Richard Davalos got the part of Aron. This was his screen debut.

Julie Harris was cast as Abra James. Executive producer Jack L. Warner was opposed to her casting, because she was ten years older than her character.

Kazan denied rumors that he didn't like Dean: "You can't not like a guy with that much pain in him… You know how a dog will be mean and snarl at you, then you pat him, and he's all over you with affection? That's the way Dean was." Kazan did intervene sternly, however, when Dean started to feel his power as a hotly emerging star and treated crew members disrespectfully.

Locations include: Mendocino County, California; Salinas, California; and Salinas Valley, California.

Themes and character motivations
The underlying theme of East of Eden is a biblical reference to the brothers Cain and Abel. Cal is constantly struggling to earn his father's approval. The relationship between Cal and his father is a stressful one and is not resolved until late in the story, after his father suffers a paralyzing stroke. In his paralyzed state and with the help of Julie Harris' character, Abra, Cal's father finally expresses his suppressed love for the boy.

Other themes touched upon in the film include anti-German xenophobia, specifically as wrought against a local German immigrant as resentment about United States entry into World War I grew. The themes of young love and sibling rivalry are also present in the film, as Aron's girlfriend finds herself increasingly drawn to the more rebellious Cal.

Critical reaction

Bosley Crowther, writing for The New York Times, described the film as having "energy and intensity but little clarity and emotion"; he notes: "In one respect, it is brilliant. The use that Mr. Kazan has made of CinemaScope and color in capturing expanse and mood in his California settings is almost beyond compare. His views of verdant farmlands in the famous Salinas 'salad bowl,' sharply focused to the horizon in the sunshine, are fairly fragrant with atmosphere. The strain of troubled people against such backgrounds has a clear and enhanced irony.

For the stubborn fact is that the people who move about in this film are not sufficiently well established to give point to the anguish through which they go, and the demonstrations of their torment are perceptibly stylized and grotesque."

Jack Moffitt of The Hollywood Reporter, in a review that appeared after the March 1955 premiere, wrote "Beautifully acted, and superbly directed by Elia Kazan, it is bound to be one of the year’s important contributions to screen literature." Of its star, he wrote: "But the box office asset that is most important is the debut, in the leading role, of a handsome and dynamic young actor named James Dean. This is the boy who is apt to captivate the typical movie fans whether or not they like tragic stories. He is that rare thing, a young actor who is a great actor and the troubled eloquence with which he puts over the problems of misunderstood youth may lead to his being accepted by young audiences as a sort of symbol of their generation. He’s the only player I’ve ever seen who’d be completely right for Romeo. It is inevitable that he will be compared to Marlon Brando, though he is no carbon copy of that capable player."

in 1957 Truman Capote wrote: "…many critics reviewing [the film] remarked on the well-nigh plagiaristic resemblance between [Dean's] acting mannerisms and [Marlon] Brando's." Bosley Crowther called Dean's performance a "mass of histrionic gingerbread" which clearly emulated the style of Brando. Kate Cameron, of the New York Daily News, on the other hand, proclaimed Dean "a new star" who had "walked away with most of the honors." While conceding that he did "sound at times like Marlon Brando," she called him "a fine actor" who "plays his first film role with a naturalness that is completely convincing."

In 2005 film critic Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote that East of Eden is "not only one of Kazan's richest films and Dean's first significant role, it is also arguably the actor's best performance." The film's depiction of the interaction between Dean and Massey was characterized by Turan as "the paradigmatic generational conflict in all of American film."

In a short retrospective for The New Yorker in 2012, critic Pauline Kael called the film "An amazingly high-strung, feverishly poetic movie about Cain and Abel as American brothers....It’s far from a dull movie, but it’s certainly a very strange one; it’s an enshrinement of the mixed-up kid. Here and in Rebel Without a Cause, Dean seems to go just about as far as anybody can in acting misunderstood."

In 2013, Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader praised the adaptation by Kazan and the "down-to-earth" performances of James Dean and Richard Davalos.

As of May 2024 East of Eden holds a 86% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 8.10/10. The critical consensus reads, "East of Eden strains to swell its story to epic dimensions, but James Dean's riveting performance gives this CinemaScope drama much of its raging heart." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 72 out of 100, based on 11 critics through May 2024, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.

Legacy
Actor Nicolas Cage said in a 2014 interview that he wanted to go into acting because of Dean and his performance in the film: "I started acting because I wanted to be James Dean. I saw him in Rebel Without a Cause, East of Eden. Nothing affected me – no rock song, no classical music – the way Dean affected me in Eden. It blew my mind. I was like, 'That's what I want to do'," Cage said.

In an undated MTV interview on YouTube actor Leonardo DiCaprio stated that East of Eden was the film that made him "obsessed with movies". Adding in 2016 when asked about which performances stayed with him the most: "'I remember being incredibly moved by Jimmy Dean, in East of Eden. There was something so raw and powerful about that performance. His vulnerability ... his confusion about his entire history, his identity, his desperation to be loved. That performance just broke my heart.'"

title: East of Eden (film)


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As (Roman coin)

The as (: assēs), occasionally assarius (: assarii, rendered into Greek as ἀσσάριον, assárion), was a bronze, and later copper, coin used during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.

Republican era coinage
The Romans replaced the usage of Greek coins, first by bronze ingots, then by disks known as the aes rude. The system thus named as was introduced in ca. 280 BC as a large cast bronze coin during the Roman Republic. The following fractions of the as were also produced: the bes ($2⁄3$), semis ($1⁄2$), quincunx ($5⁄12$), triens ($1⁄3$), quadrans ($1⁄4$), sextans ($1⁄6$), uncia ($1⁄12$, also a common weight unit), and semuncia ($1⁄24$), as well as multiples of the as, the dupondius (2), sestertius (2$1⁄2$), and tressis (3).

After the as had been issued as a cast coin for about seventy years, and its weight had been reduced in several stages, a sextantal as was introduced (meaning that it weighed one-sixth of a pound). At about the same time a silver coin, the denarius, was also introduced. Earlier Roman silver coins had been struck on the Greek weight standards that facilitated their use in southern Italy and across the Adriatic, but all Roman coins were now on a Roman weight standard. The denarius, or 'tenner', was at first tariffed at ten assēs, but in about 140 BC it was retariffed at sixteen assēs. This is said to have been a result of financing the Punic Wars.

During the Republic, the as featured the bust of Janus on the obverse, and the prow of a galley on the reverse. The as was originally produced on the libral and then the reduced libral weight standard. As the weight decreased, the bronze coinage of the Republic switched from being cast to being struck. During certain periods, no asses were produced at all.

Imperial era coinage
Following the coinage reform of Augustus in 23 BC, the as was struck in reddish pure copper (instead of bronze), and the sestertius or 'two-and-a-halfer' (originally 2.5 asses, but now four asses) and the dupondius (2 asses) were produced in a golden-colored alloy of bronze known by numismatists as orichalcum. The as continued to be produced until the 3rd century AD. It was the lowest valued coin regularly issued during the Roman Empire, with semis and quadrans being produced infrequently, and then not at all sometime after the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The last as seems to have been produced by Aurelian between 270 and 275 and at the beginning of the reign of Diocletian.

Byzantine coinage
The as, under its Greek name assarion, was re-established by the Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) and minted in great quantities in the first half of the 14th century. It was a low-quality flat copper coin, weighing ca. 3–4 grams and forming the lowest denomination of contemporary Byzantine coinage, being exchanged at 1:768 to the gold hyperpyron. It appears that the designs on the assarion changed annually, hence they display great variations. The assarion was replaced in 1367 by two other copper denominations, the tournesion and the follaro.

title: As (Roman coin)


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ZCMI

Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution (typically referred to as ZCMI) was an American department store chain. It was founded in Salt Lake City, Utah, on October 9, 1868, by Brigham Young. For many years it used the slogan, "America's First Department Store."

History
Even though the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) had been headquartered in Salt Lake City for some twenty years by that time, they were despised by the surrounding community, as Young had disparaged non-Mormon merchants who had engaged in price gouging on necessities, and encouraged boycotting these businesses in 1866. Mormon business owners were routinely charged higher prices by wholesalers who discovered they were dealing with Latter-day Saints.

Partly because of the impending completion of the railroad, and partly to create a more fair business atmosphere, it was Young's idea to encourage Mormon businesses to band together under one roof. By pooling their resources, they were able to make larger orders to sell materials and goods exclusively (at the time) to fellow LDS Church members.

ZCMI was formally organized in 1868 and incorporated for a 25-year renewable contract in 1870. The central component of this was the LDS Church's purchase of the Eagle Emporium, a conglomerate of mercantile companies owned by William Jennings.

ZCMI became a formidable business force, eventually manufacturing its own line of boots and shoes, and a line of work clothes. It also sold everything from housing needs, lumber, nails, and the like, to household needs such as fabric, needles, thread, food preservation products, furniture, and draperies, even some beauty products; nearly everything the pioneers needed to survive and thrive.

Based in Salt Lake City, it quickly became a household name in the community. The LDS Church was a significant influence in the company, retaining a majority interest in ZCMI until its eventual sale in December 1999. The store was established by a vote from the Council of Fifty, an early organization in the LDS Church. The President of the store would often also be President of the LDS, with Harold Harper Bennett being the first President of the store to not also hold the LDS office.

In 1990, ZCMI opened its first concept store called ZCMI II. Featuring a smaller floor plan than its usual stores, this concept sold solely men's and women's clothing and shoes, while lacking other departments such as housewares, linens, and children's clothing. The first of these opened at Tri City Mall in Mesa, Arizona in 1990.

In October 1999, as a result of losses for two consecutive years, along with mounting economic and social pressures, ZCMI was sold to May Department Stores Company of St. Louis, ZCMI operated under its original name as a part of May's Portland-based Meier & Frank division until April 2001, when the stores adopted the Meier & Frank name. In addition to the name change, the Utah stores in Logan and St. George, along with the Idaho stores in Idaho Falls and Pocatello, were sold to Dillard's in March 2001. May Co. was sold to Federated Department Stores (now Macy's, Inc.) in 2005. In September 2006, all Meier & Frank stores were converted to Macy's.

The façade of ZCMI was used in the City Creek Center, retaining the original ZCMI nameplate as a front for Macy's.

title: ZCMI


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User:Saurabhsaddi

Please do not upload material to Wikipedia for any non-encyclopedic purpose, or violates our copyright policy. Thank you --Robert Merkel 06:02, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: User:Saurabhsaddi


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VAA

VAA may refer to:

 * Vaagri Booli language, by ISO 639-3 code
 * Vaasa Airport, Finland, by IATA code
 * Van Andel Arena
 * Viva Artists Agency, a talent agency in the Philippines
 * Virgin Atlantic Airways
 * Voting advice application

title: VAA


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User:Annette Heinemeyer

Hi! I'm a graduate student in the Department of Anthropology at Arizona State University, interested in linguistic, medical and educational anthropology, in critical discourse analysis and Native American languages. My background is in systems analysis and database administration, and I have a company ( http://www.GetCapable.com ) that provides a variety of software process engineering services. I think Wikipedia is a fantastic idea. I stumbled across it in search of home-study material for my kids and just can't help adding things where I can.

I've entered a good bit on Native American languages but there is so much more to add and that is the understatement of the year. I plan to add a few pages on the historical and political context of indigenous language statuses in the US southwest, and discuss what Fishman (1991, 2001) and others have said about revitalization processes. I'd also like to detail what is being done and by whom (contact info) in indigenous language revitalization. I hope to add some information on the increasing urbanization of Native Americans. Two thirds of all Native Americans (according to Census 2000) now live in urbanized areas, yet their experiences have been covered but lightly in educational research.

If you'd like to make suggestions, add comments or ask questions, please click over to User_talk:Annette_Heinemeyer.

Bravo to all who participate in this grand adventure! Annette

title: User:Annette Heinemeyer


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Serial Copy Management System

The Serial Copy Management System (SCMS) is a copy protection scheme that was created in response to the digital audio tape (DAT) invention, in order to prevent DAT recorders from making second-generation or serial copies. SCMS sets a "copy" bit in all copies, which prevents anyone from making further copies of those first copies. It does not, however, limit the number of first-generation copies made from a master.

SCMS was also included in consumer CD-R, MiniDisc and Digital Compact Cassette (DCC) players and recorders. With the demise of these formats, SCMS is not in widespread use. However, the concept of SCMS was resurrected in the broadcast flag, a measure formerly mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to limit the copying of digital TV signals. SCMS flags are also included in the MP3 specifications, though no known decoder or player honors them. Personal Computers were not required to include SCMS in the US.

History
SCMS was created as a compromise between electronics manufacturers, mainly Sony and Philips, who wanted to make DAT machines available in the United States, and the RIAA, which had previously hampered the availability of DAT machines in the US with the threat of lawsuits. The RIAA did not want low-cost digital recorders readily available, since it felt that such technology would result in widespread piracy. These lawsuit threats resulted in a chilling effect, which prevented DAT decks from becoming readily affordable.

In 1987, a member of the RIAA proposed a system where DAT recorders would have copy protection in them. The copy protection would look for the presence of frequencies in a particular high-frequency band; if there was no audio present in this band, the recorder would assume that the music in question was copy protected, and would not allow recording of the music. The record companies would then release all music with this particular frequency band filtered out. It would be illegal to manufacture a DAT machine with the presence of audio in this frequency band; the RIAA was lobbying Congress to make this the law of the land.

The reaction to this proposed scheme was very negative. The Home Recording Rights Coalition orchestrated a letter writing campaign opposing this scheme. Editorials in musician's and home stereo magazines attacked this scheme. The proposed law never made it out of committee.

Even after this law was shot down, the RIAA still threatened to sue anyone who released an affordable consumer DAT recorder in the US. No one made such a recorder available.

In 1992, Congress passed the Audio Home Recording Act. In this law, blank digital media (including DAT tapes and music CD-Rs) would be taxed, with the money going to the RIAA, and a new copy protection scheme, SCMS, would be enforced. Blank analog media, such as cassette tapes, were not subject to the tax. SCMS was compulsory in digital media because there is zero deterioration of quality from copy to copy. SCMS was universally disliked by home musicians who used DAT decks to record their own music; the acronym was pronounced as a derogatory term, "scums".

Technical details
SCMS copy protection looks for bits written in the subcode data in a digital link. There are two bits which are relevant:
 * Bit 2 in the Channel Status subchannel is the "Cp" bit indicating whether the source signal is copyrighted or not: 0 means copyrighted, 1 means not copyrighted
 * Bit 15 in the Channel Status subchannel is the "L" bit indicating whether the source signal is an original medium (such as an audio CD or a prerecorded DCC tape) or "not determined". For audio CDs and laser optical media, 0 means original and 1 means "not determined"; for other digital sources the values of this bit are reversed.

Copying is only allowed if the source signal for the recording is not copyrighted, or is copyrighted and is an original. If the source signal is a copyrighted recording, the recorder must set the "L" bit to "not determined" when it plays the copy, so that the copy cannot be copied digitally again.

Circumvention
Software and design defects in certain models of consumer Minidisc player allow SCMS to be defeated. Professional-grade Minidisc systems costing several thousand US dollars may have SCMS disabled as standard. Professional CD recorders, including all computer drives, have SCMS disabled and can also record audio onto data CD-R discs.

European electronic hobby magazine Elektor published a construction project in the 1990s. The device, once completed, was designed to be inserted in the digital link between SCMS enabled devices (the article was designed around the optical TOSLINK interface, but it would have been easy to adapt it to the S/PDIF coaxial link). The circuit intercepted the SCMS control bits, and changed the "Cp" bit to the "not copyrighted" state.

Similar functionality is often also included in commercially available bitrate-converters, like the Behringer Ultramatch.

There is another way that SCMS can be defeated, but it requires copying the Table of Contents from a blank disc that already allows copying, to a recorded 'copy disallowed' disc. The method is laborious, and suffers the disadvantage that the track marks and titles are lost in the process.

title: Serial Copy Management System


text:
Lucilia gens

The gens Lucilia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. The most famous member of this gens was the poet Gaius Lucilius, who flourished during the latter part of the second century BC. Although many Lucilii appear in Roman history, the only one known to have obtained any of the higher offices of the Roman state was Lucilius Longus, consul suffectus in AD 7.

Origin
The nomen Lucilius is a patronymic surname, derived from the common Latin praenomen Lucius. The satirist Lucilius is said to have come from Suessa Aurunca, an ancient town of the Aurunci, where a Latin colony was established in 313 BC.

Branches and cognomina
In the time of the Republic, the surnames of the Lucilii were Balbus and Bassus, the former originally referring to one who stammers, and the latter referring to someone stout or sturdy. Later, in imperial times, we find Capito, given to one with a large or prominent head, and Longus, "tall". Rufus, commonly given to someone with red hair, appears on coins of the Lucilii, but the cognomen is not mentioned by any ancient writer. A number of the Lucilii are mentioned without a surname.

Members

 * Gaius Lucilius, the originator of Roman satire, lived during the second century BC, and is said to have served in the Roman cavalry under Scipio Aemilianus during the Numantine War. When he died at Neapolis in 103 BC, he was honoured with a public funeral.
 * Manius Lucilius M. f., a senator in 129 BC.
 * Marcus Lucilius Rufus, as triumvir monetalis in 101 BC, minted coins depicting Pallas on the obverse, and Victoria driving a biga on the reverse.
 * Lucius Lucilius L. f., praetor about 91 BC, governor of Asia.
 * Sextus Lucilius was tribune of the plebs in 86 BC. He was a partisan of Sulla, but the following year, with Sulla's enemies in control of the city, he was hurled from the Tarpeian Rock by his successor, Publius Popillius Laenas.
 * Lucius Lucilius Balbus, a jurist, who studied under Quintus Mucius Scaevola, and was in turn one of the instructors of Servius Sulpicius Rufus. Cicero describes him as a man of much learning, who gave his opinions in a slow and deliberate manner.
 * Gaius Lucilius C. f. Hirrus, a merchant from Pompeii, was tribune of the plebs in 53 BC. From 43, he was in Sicily with Sextus Pompeius.
 * Quintus Lucilius Balbus, probably the brother of the jurist, was a Stoic philosopher, and a student of Panaetius. He was much admired by Cicero, who uses him as an exponent in both De Natura Deorum and Hortensius.
 * Lucilius Bassus, according to Cicero an author well known for his lack of literary merit. In a letter to Titus Pomponius Atticus, he writes of his panegyric upon Cato the Younger, "I am well pleased with my work, but so is Bassus Lucilius with his."
 * Sextus Lucilius, military tribune in the army of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus in 50 BC. He was slain at Mount Amanus.
 * Lucius Lucilius (L. f. Balbus), probably the son of the jurist, served under Appius Claudius Pulcher in Cilicia. He is probably the same Lucilius who commanded the fleet of Publius Cornelius Dolabella in Cilicia, in 43 BC.
 * Gaius Lucilius, a friend of Cicero and Milo.
 * Lucilius, a partisan of Brutus, who fought at the Battle of Philippi. During the retreat, he pretended to be Brutus in order to save his friend.  Struck by his self-sacrifice, Marcus Antonius pardoned Lucilius, and the two became fast friends.
 * Marcus Lucilius Paetus, a military tribune in the time of Augustus. A tomb belonging to him and his sister, Lucilia Polla, was discovered in Rome, near the Villa Albani, in 1885.  It is a round structure about thirty-four metres across, and believed to have been surmounted by a conical mound of earth seventeen metres high.
 * Lucilius Longus, a senator, and a close friend of Tiberius. He was consul suffectus for the last six months of AD 7.  When Augustus required the latter to withdraw to Rhodes, Lucilius was the only senator to accompany him.  When he died in AD 23, Tiberius honoured him with a censor's funeral.
 * Lucilius, a centurion killed in the Pannonian mutiny, AD 14. He was known as Cedo Alterum ("Fetch Me Another"), for his tendency to break his vitis during beatings.
 * Lucilius Capito, procurator of Asia in AD 23. He was accused of corruption by the people of his province, and was tried in the Senate.
 * Lucilia Polla, commemorated on a monument in the Santa Giulia museum at Brescia.
 * Lucilius Junior, procurator of Sicily, was a friend and correspondent of the younger Seneca.
 * Lucilius Bassus, commander of a cavalry squadron in AD 69 under Vitellius, who gave him command of the fleet at Ravenna and Misenum. Disappointed at not receiving command of the Praetorian Guard, he went over to Vespasian, to whom he delivered the fleet.  Once established in power, Vespasian sent Bassus to pacify Campania.
 * Sextus Lucilius Bassus, governor of Judaea from AD 71 to 72.

title: Lucilia gens


text:
Talk:August 7

Le Griffon
Is Le Griffon launched in 1678 or 1679? The page for August 7th conflicts with the page for Le Griffon. These types of errors are prevalent all throughout wikipedia and often make me doubt the validity of the material.

Carcism
Is it just me, or is this not appropriate for this page: Neolux 06:57, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Carcism, originated in Oklahoma City, OK. created by the web site www.ousharing.com on Aug. 7th, 2003 at 1:01AM.

ALSO KNOWN AS "WHEEL DISCRIMINATION"

Carcism: (1) The discriminatory and judgmental nature of a cop and/or authority used to stop vehicles based on their look or outward appearance, without cause to actually stop the vehicle. (2) Cops stopping vehicles, especially Hondas and race inspired cars based on their look. (3) The discriminatroy action taken against a commuter based on the outer appearance of their car.

Www.oushairng.com came up with the term Carcism after studying the behavior of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma police officers.

DeviantART
DeviantART removed. Not on the level of importance with the remaining list.

 * It is the largest art community on the internet with over a million users. Id say that makes it pretty important. Kamiawolf 18:35, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Hiroshima
I removed "successful" from this sentence (after "announces the" and before "bombing." I realize "successful" implies that the U.S. hit its target and the bomb exploded (although they really weren't sure how big the explosion would be), but, I'm no political correctness nut, but I find it just a bit old-fashioned to characterize a nuclear bombing of civilians as a "successful" action.  I also corrected a typographical error in the entry regarding Iraq (the spelling of slaughtered was missing a "t"; "slaughter" is another provocative war, but I don't know whether the events of this event are in dispute or not).--138.88.131.174 18:55, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 1945 - President Harry Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima with an atomic bomb while returning from the Potsdam Conference aboard the heavy cruiser USS Augusta (CA-31) in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

BC Day
Isn't BC Day the first Monday in August, not a specific date that falls on a Tuesday this year? Blueguy76 17:02, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Russia - Georgia wrong date
If it wasn't the 7 August, what date did Russia intervene? Regards Ijanderson977 (talk) 07:34, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Russia entered South Ossetia on August 8. (According to the linked support in Georgia.) -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 08:15, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

South Ossetia didn't belong to Russia. It declared its independence from Georgia in 1990s. Georgia tried to conquer South Ossetia but Russia protected it. The independence of South Ossetia is accepted by several countries, including Russia. You wrote wrong that Georgia tried to reclaim South Ossetia from Russia. (User talk:Skoglund)

The linked Macbeth page disagrees with this page
1606 – The first documented performance of Macbeth, at the Great Hall at Hampton Court. This links through to Macbeth which says: "The earliest account of a performance of what was likely Shakespeare's play is April 1611"

I can't find any citation for the 7 August 1606 performance. AkaSylvia (talk) 15:10, 9 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Yah, the Date and text section of the Macbeth article seems to directly contradict this 1606 claim. I have removed it. Thanks for pointing it out. Winston365 (talk) 21:13, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Emily Anderson
The page lists her as being born August 7, 1998. The link to her Wiki page has her born neither on August 7, nor in 1998.

Emily Anderson, OBE (March 1891 – October 1962) was a British Foreign Office official and scholar of German.

Dr hilto (talk) 23:51, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Vanity entry. Can be removed on sight.  No need for discussion.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 00:19, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Linked Thor Heyerdahl page contradicts this page
The August 7 page entry for Thor Heyerdahl (1947 event) states that his journey was 7000 kilometers (4300 mi), but the article about him gives the distance as 8000 km (5000 mi). TravelinTexan (talk) 00:55, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:August 7


text:
USS Arkansas (CGN-41)

USS Arkansas (CGN-41) was a Virginia-class cruiser nuclear-propelled guided-missile cruiser of the U.S. Navy. She was in commission (in active service) from October 1980 through July 1998. Her primary missions were in defending aircraft carrier task forces in air defense (AAW) and antisubmarine warfare (ASW) by using her guided missiles, radar systems, and sonar systems.

For her short-range self-defense, especially for defense against enemy anti-ship missiles, Arkansas carried two automated Phalanx radar-directed 20 mm rapid-fire guns. Also, her two 5-inch rapid-fire naval guns had some capability for anti-aircraft defense.

Construction
The keel of Arkansas was laid on 17 January 1977 at the Newport News Shipbuilding Company in Newport News, Virginia. This warship was launched on 21 October 1978, sponsored by Betty Bumpers, the wife of U.S. Senator Dale Bumpers of Arkansas). She was commissioned into the U.S. Navy on 18 October 1980, with Captain Dennis S. Read as her first commanding officer.

History
USS Arkansas spent the first months following her commissioning in the area of Hampton Roads, Virginia, while detailed, minor shortcomings in her construction were corrected. Late in February 1981, she made a voyage from Virginia to Puerto Rico and back, and then preparations were resumed for her shakedown training. In March, she completed contractor's sea trials, and she carried out a public relations visit to Port Everglades, Florida.

April brought a series of underway qualifications and certifications. On 28 April, Arkansas steamed out from Norfolk to carry out shakedown training in the West Indies. This training cruise included more tests and trials, port visits at several Caribbean Islands, and her first voyage south of the Equator to visit Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Recife, Brazil. Arkansas returned to the port of Norfolk on 25 June, and then she began a period of postshakedown availability at the Newport News Shipbuilding Co. Arkansas completed her maintenance and performance upgrades on 15 December, and then she steamed out for three more days of sea trials. She returned to her seaport for shore leave for her crew for the rest of 1981.

The warship did not get underway again until three weeks into 1982. She put to sea on 22 January and then steamed south to Key West, Florida, where she underwent explosive shock tests. In the intervals between the several tests, Arkansas visited Mayport, Florida, and Port Everglades for work on some of her equipment. Returning north at the beginning of March, she entered the yard at the Newport News Shipbuilding Co. for two months of post-shakedown repairs. Arkansas carried out sea trials on 3 and 4 May, and then she returned to Newport News, for another eleven days to correct minor malfunctions. She arrived back in Norfolk on 20 May, and on the next day, she began local operations from her home port. Over the ensuing four months, Arkansas carried out a schedule of training operations conducted mostly off the Virginia Capes. Two missions, however, took her south to the West Indies. From 23 June to 16 July, the vessel steamed to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, for refresher training. Between 24 September and 16 October, Arkansas escorted the nuclear aircraft carrier USS Nimitz during an operational readiness exercise that was carried out around Puerto Rico.

Upon her return to Norfolk in mid-October, Arkansas began preparations for her first tour of duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. The guided-missile cruiser embarked upon that assignment on 10 November 1982. She completed the transatlantic voyage on 30 November, then set out across the Mediterranean bound for the coast of troubled Lebanon. She arrived on station near Beirut on 6 December. Though Arkansas spent most of her time supporting the multinational force ashore in its efforts to keep peace in Lebanon, she left the eastern Mediterranean occasionally for port calls and to participate in some of the 6th Fleet's freedom-of-navigation maneuvers into the Gulf of Sidra off the coast of Libya. The warship completed her final tour on station near Lebanon on 4 May 1983 and laid in a course for Gibraltar. After a two-day visit to the "Rock," Arkansas got underway for Norfolk on 10 May.

The cruiser stood into her home port again at the end of the third week in May. Norfolk, however, remained her home port only for the duration of her post-deployment stand-down period. On 8 July, Arkansas began the long voyage to her new base of operations at Alameda, California Steaming by way of Port Everglades in Florida and Charlotte Amalie in the U.S. Virgin Islands, she arrived in the Canal Zone on 21 July and transited the Panama Canal on 22 July. From there, the warship headed north to Alameda, reaching her destination on 31 July. She spent the next five weeks at her new home port clearing up incidentals attendant to the shift of bases and carried out nuclear propulsion safety training.

Normal operations at sea resumed during the second week of September and occupied the guided-missile cruiser for the remainder of 1983 and the first six weeks of 1984. Between 12 and 14 February 1984, Arkansas made the passage from Alameda to Bremerton, Washington, where she entered the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for a three-month repair period. The warship returned to Alameda in mid-May and readied herself for a deployment that became a circumnavigation of the globe. On 1 June, Arkansas put to sea on the first leg of her long voyage. En route to Hawaii, she participated in the multinational exercise Operation RIMPAC 84. She spent the latter half of June conducting exercises in the Hawaiian islands then resumed the voyage west on 2 July. Arkansas arrived at Subic Bay on 20 July and remained in the Philippines until the beginning of August. At that time, she set out for Hong Kong where she visited during the period 6 to 10 August.

From there, Arkansas headed for the Indian Ocean. The guided-missile cruiser served almost three months in the Indian Ocean, primarily in that portion known as the Arabian Sea where the protracted war between Iraq and revolutionary Iran threaten to engulf their neighbors and perhaps involve the superpowers as well. On 1 November, Arkansas entered the Red Sea on her way to the Suez Canal. She passed through the canal on 3 November and, after an expeditious passage, became the first nuclear powered vessel to sail the canal before stopping at Toulon, France, from 7 to 12 November. Returning to sea the next day, the warship shaped a course through the Strait of Gibraltar and across the Atlantic. She rounded out her circumnavigation with calls at the Azores, Barbados and St. Thomas. Arkansas transited the Panama Canal on 9 December and reached Alameda on 17 November.

Post-deployment stand-down kept her in port at Alameda through the end of 1984 and into February 1985. Between 17 and 19 February, Arkansas steamed north to Bremerton for a four-month restricted availability during which she was armed with Tomahawk cruise missiles and the Phalanx CIWS close-in air defense system. Back at Alameda on 25 June, the guided-missile cruiser resumed training operations out of her home port soon thereafter. The usual exercises, inspections and examinations kept her busy through the summer and fall of 1985. On 7 December, the warship began preparations for overseas movement.

The usual year-end holiday leave and upkeep period interrupted her efforts to get ready for the upcoming deployment, but the guided-missile cruiser put to sea as scheduled on 15 January 1986. Again she participated in exercises during the passage, stopped at Pearl Harbor, and spent only a brief period of time in the western Pacific. By mid-March, after visits to Subic Bay and Singapore, she made her way across the Indian Ocean to Karachi, Pakistan. The guided-missile cruiser called at Karachi between 15 and 20 March then resumed her voyage to the Arabian Sea. Once more, Arkansas patrolled the waters of the troubled Middle East.

However, her sojourn in the Arabian Sea lasted only until late April. On 29 and 30 April, she transited the Suez Canal and headed for another hot spot. During the month of May and June, Arkansas served with the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN-65) and the guided missile cruiser USS Truxtun (CGN-35) off the coast of Libya in the wake of the air strikes launched on that country by the United States in reprisal for terrorist activity against Americans. During her stay in the Mediterranean, she paid visits to Monaco and Gaeta, Italy. Arkansas left the Mediterranean at the end of June and shaped a course for Australia. On 4 July, the same day as the Centennial re-dedication of the Statue of Liberty, she held another line-crossing ceremony, somewhere west of Africa. She stopped at Fremantle between 18 and 22 July and then headed for Subic Bay where she laid over for two days at the end of the month. From there, the warship headed for Pearl Harbor, where she paused overnight on 8 and 9 August. She arrived back in her home port on 13 August. Arkansas remained at Alameda until late September for the leave and upkeep period that usually follows an extended tour of duty overseas. Early in October, the warship resumed local operations along the west coast. She remained so occupied for the rest of 1986.

1990s
In 1990 Arkansas conducted extended counter-drug operations off the west coast of Central America. Vigilance was rewarded at the conclusion of that deployment as MV Nordkapp carrying 14 tons of cocaine was interdicted near Clipperton Island. Nordkapp was set afire and scuttled by her crew. Arkansas delivered the crew to the US Coast Guard in San Diego where they were subsequently tried and convicted in federal court.

In May 1991, Arkansas deployed to the Persian Gulf as part of the USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) carrier battle group. While en route to the Persian Gulf, Arkansas made a port call at Subic Bay, RP just as Mount Pinatubo erupted in June 1991. Arkansas participated in Operation Fiery Vigil making two voyages from Subic Bay to Cebu transporting military and dependent personnel evacuating from Clark AFB escaping the volcanic activity.

In 1996, Arkansas was part of the USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) carrier battle group off the coast of Iraq and participated in the Rugged Nautilus exercise and Operation Desert Strike, though for the latter she played a support role as she was not equipped to fire any land-attack missiles.

Early decommissioning
The decision had been made in 1993 to cancel the mid-life refueling overhauls of the Virginia-class cruisers. With the end of the Cold War, the extra costs of the nine nuclear powered cruisers was no longer seen as justified and the later stages of the Vietnam War had heightened concerns about the risks of action damage to nuclear powered surface vessels. Arkansas was decommissioned on 7 July 1998 and entered the US Navy's Nuclear-Powered Ships Recycling Program. She had once been considered for preservation as a museum ship in her namesake state, but as an ocean-going vessel, would not have been able to navigate inland rivers, except during the springtime flood of the Mississippi River.

Artifacts from Arkansas, including the ship's bell and anchor, are on public display at the Arkansas Inland Maritime Museum in North Little Rock, Arkansas.

Her 16,000 pound bow anchor is on display at the Craighead county courthouse, in Jonesboro Arkansas.

title: USS Arkansas (CGN-41)


text:
CVP

CVP may mean:

Medicine

 * Central venous pressure, the pressure of blood in the thoracic vena cava
 * CVP (chemotherapy), regime of Cyclophosphamide + Vincristine + Prednisone/Prednisolone

Water

 * Crane Valley Partnership, related to the River Crane, London, England
 * Central Valley Project, water project in California, USA

Transport

 * Continuous Voyage Permit, related to Transport in Australia
 * CVP, the code for Kovilpatti railway station, Tamil Nadu

Organisations

 * Christelijke Volkspartij, Belgian political party, later renamed Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams (CD&V)
 * Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz, the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland
 * Christian People's Party (disambiguation), multiple parties in Germany

Business

 * Corporación Venezolana de Petroleo, a subsidiary of Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.
 * CVP analysis (Cost-Volume-Profit analysis)
 * Customer value proposition
 * Centerview Partners, an American independent investment banking firm

Science and technology

 * Content Vectoring Protocol
 * Closest vector problem
 * Circuit value problem, in computer science

Other

 * The Chess Variant Pages, A website about chess variants

title: CVP


text:
Cynthia (butterfly)

Cynthia is a group of colourful butterfly species that used to be considered a subgenus of the genus Vanessa, in the family Nymphalidae. Before that, it was first described as a genus. Nowadays, this group is not considered a valid taxon anymore, because it is paraphyletic. The name Cynthia Fabricius, 1807 is now a junior subjective synonym of Vanessa Fabricius, 1807.

In English, the species of the Cynthia group are sometimes collectively referred to as the painted ladies, although the name "painted lady" usually specifically refers to the near-cosmopolitan species Vanessa cardui.

The Cynthia group includes at least five species (to which some authors add other South American Vanessa species):
 * the Painted lady (Vanessa cardui), which is almost global in its distribution,
 * the Australian painted lady (Vanessa kershawi), mostly present in Australia,
 * the American (painted) lady (Vanessa virginiensis), mostly in North America,
 * the West Coast lady (Vanessa annabella) in Western North America,
 * the Western painted lady (Vanessa carye) in South America.

Distinguishing features
The Painted lady (V. cardui) is a large butterfly (wing span 5 - 9 cm) identified by the black and white corners of its mainly deep orange, black-spotted wings. It has five white spots in the black forewing tips and while the orange areas may be pale here and there, there are no clean white dots in them. The hindwings carry four small submarginal eyespots on the dorsal and ventral sides. Those on the dorsal side are black, but in the summer morph sometimes small blue pupils are present.

The Australian painted lady (V. kershawi) is quite similar to V. cardui. Its four ventral eyespots are less clearly defined, and it always sports at least three (often four) blue pupil spots on its dorsal hindwing. Caterpillars are found mainly on Ammobium alatum.

The American painted lady (V. virginiensis) is most easily distinguishable by its two large hindwing eyespots on the ventral side. V. virginiensis also features a white dot within the subapical field of the forewings set in pink on the ventral side, and often as a smaller clean white dot in the orange of the dorsal side too. A less reliable indicator is the row of eyespots on the dorsal submarginal hindwing; V. virginiensis often has two larger outer spots with blue pupils. The black forewing tips have four to five white spots; usually the largest is whitish orange.

The West Coast lady (V. annabella) and the Western painted lady (V. carye) are two very similar-looking species that occur in separate ranges (North and South America, respectively). They do not have obvious ventral eyespots. On the dorsal side, they lack the white dot in the subapical orange found in V. virginiensis, and are a purer orange color. V. annabella and V. carye have a fully orange subapical band and leading edge on the forewing. Their submarginal row of hindwing spots features three or four blue pupils. Their two larger pupils are the inner spots, rather than the outer spots as in corresponding V. virginiensis.

title: Cynthia (butterfly)


text:
EOF

EOF or Eof may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Electro-osmotic flow, the motion of liquid induced by an applied potential
 * Empirical orthogonal functions, in statistics and signal processing
 * Ethyl orthoformate, an organic compound

Computing

 * End-of-file, a condition where no more data can be read from a data source
 * Enterprise Objects Framework, a NeXT object-relational mapping product
 * EoF, a song editing program for the free Guitar Hero clone Frets on Fire
 * Ethereum Object Format, an object container standard specifying header, code, data, types

Other uses

 * Eof (about 701), a swineherd who claimed to have seen a vision of the Virgin Mary in England
 * End of Fashion, an Australian band
 * Original French-language production (EOF), an audiovisual work eligible for broadcasting and investment quotas in France

title: EOF