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A Perfect Circle

A Perfect Circle is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1999 by guitarist Billy Howerdel and Tool vocalist Maynard James Keenan. A Perfect Circle released three of their four studio albums in the early 2000s: their debut Mer de Noms in 2000, a follow-up, Thirteenth Step in 2003; and an album of radically re-worked cover songs, Emotive, in 2004. Shortly after Emotive's release, the band went on hiatus; Keenan returned to Tool and started up solo work under the band name Puscifer, while Howerdel released a solo album, Keep Telling Myself It's Alright, under the moniker Ashes Divide. Band activity was sporadic in the following years; the band reformed in 2010, and played live shows on and off between 2010 and 2013, but fell into inactivity after the release of their greatest hits album, Three Sixty, and a live album box set, A Perfect Circle Live: Featuring Stone and Echo in late 2013. The band reformed in 2017 to record a fourth album, Eat the Elephant, which was released in 2018. After spending the rest of the year touring in support of the album, the band fell into inactivity until 2024 for a brief tour and one-off song "Kindred".

Prone to downtime due to Keenan's other musical commitments, the band has featured a variety of musicians throughout alternating periods of activity and inactivity, and has changed line-ups on each album, leaving Keenan and Howerdel the only constant members. The original incarnation of the band included Paz Lenchantin on bass, Troy Van Leeuwen on guitar, and Tim Alexander on drums. Alexander, however, only performed a handful of live shows and appeared on one song on the group's debut album before being replaced by Josh Freese. Band collaborator and producer Danny Lohner and bassist Jeordie White were also members for a short period in the early 2000s. The band's current lineup features Smashing Pumpkins guitarist James Iha, bassist Matt McJunkins, and drummer Jeff Friedl, the latter two also being contributors to the related Puscifer and Ashes Divide projects. Despite the varied cast and numerous lineup changes, the primary roles of creating A Perfect Circle's songs has remained consistent with Howerdel as music composer, and Keenan writing lyrics and vocal melodies. The band's studio albums have been generally well received critically and commercially, with their first three studio albums selling 4 million copies collectively as of 2005.

Formation and Mer de Noms (1999–2000)

A Perfect Circle was originally conceived by Billy Howerdel, a former guitar technician for Nine Inch Nails, The Smashing Pumpkins, Fishbone and Tool. Howerdel met singer Maynard James Keenan in 1992, when Tool was opening for Fishbone, and the two became friends. Three years later, Keenan offered Howerdel, who was looking for lodging, a room in his North Hollywood home. This provided Howerdel the opportunity to play demos of his music for Keenan. Pleased with what he heard, Keenan remarked, "I can hear myself singing [those songs]." Howerdel originally wanted Cocteau Twins lead singer Elizabeth Fraser to be A Perfect Circle's vocalist, but she was unavailable. Howerdel agreed that Keenan would be a good fit, and A Perfect Circle was formed a short time later. The two rounded out the band's initial lineup with bassist and violinist Paz Lenchantin, former Failure guitarist Troy Van Leeuwen, and Primus drummer Tim Alexander. The band played their first show in Los Angeles at the Viper Club Reception in August 1999 followed by a performance at the Coachella Festival that October, by which time Alexander had been replaced by Josh Freese, who worked with Howerdel on Guns N' Roses recording sessions that would later lead to the album Chinese Democracy. While initially in talks to release the album on Volcano Records – Tool's record label – Keenan stated that they instead chose to go with Virgin Records, who Keenan felt better understood that Keenan meant for the band to be an equally important band to Tool, not a minor side project. After the initial shows and securing a record deal, the band entered the studio to begin work on their first album.

The band's debut album, Mer de Noms (French for "Sea of Names"), was released on May 23, 2000. The album was well-received commercially and critically. It debuted at number four on the Billboard 200, selling 188,000 copies in its first week and making it the highest-selling debut album for a rock band. Mer de Noms was later certified platinum by the RIAA, indicating 1 million copies sold, on October 31, 2000. The release earned the band the "Best Debut Album" award from the California Music Awards. In the album review by Rolling Stone, Pat Blashill wrote that Keenan "added an almost operatic angst to Howerdel's songs" and concluded that "A Perfect Circle sound like a desperate dream of what rock used to be. Maybe that's the point." AllMusic's review expressed that "there's little question that the addicting combination of Keenan's aching voice and Howerdel's accomplished songs and production skills made for one of 2000's best splashes in whatever was left of 'modern rock'."

Promotions began shortly after recording for the album was finished. Initially, they served as the opening act for Nine Inch Nails on the 2000 Fragility v2.0 tour, but subsequently embarked on a number of headlining tours all over the world, touring for around eight months straight. In public appearances with the group, Keenan often wore wigs, carrying over a practice begun with Tool of wearing costumes in order to maintain anonymity in his private life. The album produced three singles as well: "Judith", "3 Libras", and "The Hollow", the latter of which featured Alexander's sole studio contribution to the band. All three performed well commercially; peaking at fourth, twelfth, and fourteenth on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart respectively.

Thirteenth Step (2001–2003)
Activity began slowing down for the band by late 2000, with Keenan returning to Tool to finish the recording of what would be their next album, Lateralus. Keenan returned to A Perfect Circle to tour from January to March 2001, until returning to Tool again for the rest of 2001 to release and tour in support of Lateralus. Initial plans were for Howerdel to collaborate long-distance on writing new A Perfect Circle material with Keenan while he toured with Tool, by sending ideas back and forth to one another, though Keenan found it too difficult to balance both, eventually lessening his role while he focused on Tool. Efforts continued through mid-2002, with Howerdel primarily focusing on writing new material while sporadically working with Van Leeuwen, Lenchantin, and Freese. By June 2002, Van Leeuwen estimated that about 80% of the instrumental material was completed while they waited for Keenan's return. However, lineup changes and disagreements on the album's direction would lead to the album not being released for over a year. Both Lenchantin and Van Leeuwen had been working on solo material during the band's downtime, and then moved on to join other bands. Lenchantin would leave to join Billy Corgan's new start-up band Zwan in April 2002, while Van Leeuwen began touring with Queens of the Stone Age shortly after. Ex-Marilyn Manson bassist Jeordie White, formerly known as Twiggy Ramirez, replaced Lenchantin on bass in January 2003. Shortly after, Van Leeuwen permanently left the band, and long-time band collaborator Danny Lohner filled in temporarily as the second guitarist for wrapping up the album.

Keenan rejoined the sessions in early 2003, and the music began taking a different direction with the new lineup and Keenan's influence. Beyond the new personnel, the dynamic had changed: With Mer de Noms, Howerdel had already written and finalized all of the music, with Keenan just contributing the lyrics and vocals. This time around, Keenan was more active in vetoing or altering musical ideas, determined to make something different than just another hard rock album, in fear of it being redundant. Sessions became tense, with Howerdel preferring the heavier compositions written while waiting for Keenan to return to the band, and sometimes taking offense to Keenan's suggested mellower rearrangements. White would play the role of a mediator between the two; being newer to the band helped him provide an outsider's perspective, helping them to find common ground. The band released their second album, Thirteenth Step, on September 16, 2003. The album debuted even higher than Mer de Noms, charting at number 2 in its opening week and selling over 233,000 copies. The album, and its accompanying new sound, fared well critically as well. The AllMusic review praised the band's new sound, describing it as "moodier, tenser, and more atmospheric (if that is possible) recording than its predecessor ... The wide dynamic swathes that were so prominent on the band's debut are all but absent here. The squalling guitars have taken a backseat to carefully crafted melodies where atmospherics are maximized and pulled taut over the listener. While not a radical departure from Mer de Noms, there is a real progression here.... Lyrically, musically, sonically, the Thirteenth Step is proof positive that mainstream rock has plenty of life and vision left in it."

Touring in support of the album started in the U.S. in July 2003, and ran through the end of the year, with a brief European leg of the tour extending out to Europe with the Deftones in September. Lohner, who could not commit to touring on a full-time permanent basis, was replaced by former The Smashing Pumpkins guitarist James Iha. In January 2004, the group left the country to play shows in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. They headed back to the U.S. in March and wrapped up touring in June, totaling to about a year straight of touring. Meanwhile, three singles were released from the album: "Weak and Powerless", "The Outsider" and "Blue". "Weak and Powerless" managed to top the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Songs, while "The Outsider" later peaked in the top 5 of both as well. "Weak and Powerless" and "The Outsider" were also the band's only songs to have substantial cross-over success, charting on the Billboard Hot 100 all-format chart, at 61 and 79 respectively.

Emotive (2004)
After wrapping up the touring in support of Thirteenth Step in the first half of 2004, the band had announced it planned to enter a long hiatus while Keenan returned to Tool and Howerdel pursued a solo career. In July 2004, Keenan performed at Serj Tankian's (System of a Down) and Tom Morello's (Rage Against the Machine) Axis of Justice concert – an event for musicians to advocate for political and social causes. At the performance, Keenan announced that A Perfect Circle would be releasing a collection of political cover songs. During the beginning of the touring cycle for Thirteenth Step, Howerdel and Keenan discussed potential ideas for a third studio album. An early idea was to record an album of cover songs, though they were initially hesitant, feeling they needed a meaningful reason to warrant doing it. Keenan, who had been very critical of President George W. Bush during the touring cycle, proposed tying the concept together as a political-themed covers album, with Howerdel, while generally apolitical publicly, felt was worth pursuing in their post-September 11th attacks political and social climate. The two put their plans on hold temporarily and decided to move forward on the project as the band's third studio album. Keenan emphasized that, despite his personal feelings on Bush, the album was less of an "anti-Bush" album, and more of an "anti-political apathy" – encouraging people to research things and become more involved.

The band rushed to complete the album in time to release it prior to the 2004 U.S. Presidential Elections in November, just barely a year after their prior release. Recording sessions ran from late June to early September. The sessions, largely the work of Howerdel, Keenan, and Freese, contained contributions from past and present members of the band, including Lenchantin, Lohner, White, and Iha. Keenan, aware of the time constraints and Howerdel's future intentions on doing solo albums, also encouraged Howerdel to contribute lead vocals to about a third of the album. A wide variety of different songs were chosen to be recorded, from Marvin Gaye's "What's Going On" to Led Zeppelin's "When the Levee Breaks". Most songs were radical reinterpretations of the original, sometimes unrecognizable compared to the originals. Howerdel explained that it was done on purpose, to make the songs their own, and conceded that he, as of 2010, still had not even once ever heard the original version of Crucifix's "Annihilation", another song re-recorded for the album. He also stated that some songs had started as original A Perfect Circle songs musically, until the band decided to use the lyrics of other songs over the compositions, in turn converting them into cover songs.

The band's third album, Emotive, was released on November 2, 2004 – the actual U.S. Presidential Election Day. However, the album received a much more polarizing reception than the prior two albums, with some critics and fans not appreciating the band's move into more political content, or the radical liberties they had taken with the album's cover versions. Others accused the band of rushing out a third album in order to fulfill the band's three album contractual obligation to Virgin Records, a claim refuted as false by Howerdel. The album still managed to receive a generally positive reception from critics. Sales were similarly positive, but less so than prior albums. The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 charts, selling 142,000 copies in its first week – matching Thirteenth Step's peak chart placement, but selling almost 90,000 fewer copies. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA, indicating 500,000 units sold.

The band did not tour in support of the release, instead entering a hiatus shortly after its completion. Two singles were released in support of the album, the first of which was a somber cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" The second single, "Passive", was one of just two original songs on the album, tracing back to writing sessions for Trent Reznor's unreleased Tapeworm project. In the late 1990s, Reznor started the project for songs that did not fit Nine Inch Nails, which eventually grew into a collaborative project with a number of other musicians. One track, "Vacant", featured contributions from Keenan and Lohner in 1999, but with the project hitting development hell due to creative and legal hurdles of many of the participants in the early 2000s, A Perfect Circle began playing the track at live shows. With the project being shelved completely by 2004, Keenan decided to rework the track as "Passive" for Emotive. Additionally, two weeks after the release of the album, on November 16, 2004, the band released the CD/DVD compilation set entitled Amotion. The DVD part contained the music videos for band six singles; while the CD is composed entirely of remixes of the singles from Mer de Noms and Thirteenth Step.

Hiatus and other projects (2005–2009)
The band entered a hiatus in January 2005, with members turning to their own separate projects. Keenan rejoined Tool to record what would be 2006's 10,000 Days, Howerdel began pursuing a solo career, and the rest joined various other touring or sessions recording roles. The band's fate remained uncertain in the following years. It was referred to as "hiatus or done until further notice" by Howerdel in October 2005, on "life-support" by Keenan in April 2006, and "done for now" by Howerdel in May 2006. Towards the end of 2007, Keenan spoke more optimistically about the band reforming someday, but felt that it would probably be in a more limited capacity – for a tour or a new single release, not another full-length studio album. Keenan explained: "The real problem with running Tool and A Perfect Circle at the same time was they both operate the same way. They're both live touring bands with a label, still working under the old contract mentality. So I thought it was time to let A Perfect Circle go for now and let Billy explore himself. It's tough for a guy who went from being a guitar tech [for Tool] to being in a band with a pretentious, famous singer and having to live in that shadow. It was important for Billy to go and do his own thing and really explore his own sound and let people hear what he has to say and how he would do it on his own, and then we'll get back and do some A Perfect Circle stuff."

During the time, Howerdel continued to work on projects with various past A Perfect Circle members. In 2005, he wrote and composed the soundtrack to Jak X: Combat Racing, collaborating with Van Leeuwen, Lenchantin, and Freese on a number of tracks. Howerdel continued to work on recording a solo album from 2005 through 2007; the sessions were difficult, so he eventually began collaborating with past A Perfect Circle members, including Lohner as a producer, Freese as a drummer, and Lenchantin as a co-writer for a track. The material was eventually released under the name Ashes Divide on the album Keep Telling Myself It's Alright in early 2008. Meanwhile, Keenan had moved on from working with Tool, and started up a solo-project of sorts on his own, called Puscifer, of which he began releasing studio albums for in 2007. Despite both projects going, both Keenan and Howerdel released statements in 2008 that the band was not dead.

Reformation, touring, compilation releases (2010–2016)
As early as December 2008, Keenan had mentioned that he and Howerdel had passively and separately been writing new material for A Perfect Circle, although the band would officially remain in hiatus and largely out of the view of the public through mid-2010. The turning point was an unexpected collaboration between Keenan and Howerdel; Keenan was scheduled to perform a rendition of "Bohemian Rhapsody" with Queen guitarist Brian May in June at E3 2010, but May had to cancel at the last minute. In need of a guitarist, and knowing Howerdel was in the area, Keenan reached out, and had Howerdel play guitar for the performance at the last minute. Despite little time to prepare, the performance was a success, and afterwards, both felt more compelled to perform together again.

In September, the band officially announced the end of their hiatus, indicating they would again return to live performances. Keenan, Howerdel, Freese, and Iha all returned to their respective roles, though, with Lenchantin and White unavailable, the band recruited Matt McJunkins, touring bassist for Ashes Divide and Puscifer, to join as bassist. The performances, running through the end of 2010, included traveling to five separate cities for three nights of shows in each city, with each night containing a complete, in-order performance of one of each of their three albums – Mer de Noms, Thirteenth Step, and Emotive – notably being the first time most of the material from the latter had ever been performed live. Throughout the year the band would discuss the prospect of new material, but with uncertainty. Keenan continued to insist that logistics and industry trends made recording another full album unlikely, and that single one-off songs would be more likely. Howerdel noted that he had been writing material and presenting rough demos to Keenan since 2008, but that much of the material was in a state of flux, some being accepted by Keenan as potential A Perfect Circle material, while other being rejected by Keenan, and/or saved by Howerdel for a prospective Ashes Divide release in the future.

The band continued their live performances into 2011, including a North American tour that spanned May through August. Notable events included Rock on the Range, Edgefest, Ottawa Bluesfest, Kanrocksas Music Festival, Lollapalooza, a performance at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre. Freese, who had already committed to drumming for Weezer during the same time-frame, was only able to perform at the opening show, and was replaced by Jeff Friedl for the remainder of the shows, who, like McJunkins, had previously worked with both Ashes Divide and Puscifer. Keenan and Howerdel continued to allude to recording new music, but continued to state that the process was slow, the logistics of money and availability made it difficult, and that a full album was still unlikely, in favor of single songs instead. Only one new song, "By and Down", was performed at the shows. By the end of the year, Keenan revealed that none of the material was ready for release, and that moving into 2012, he and Howerdel were moving back into their respective other projects – Puscifer and Ashes Divide. The band was inactive over the course of 2012, outside of a single live show in December. However, just prior to the show, in October 2012, Freese announced he would be permanently leaving the band, with Friedl becoming his permanent replacement.

The band played a few live shows in early 2013, including Soundwave Music Festival in Australia and Lollapalooza Chile, though Keenan reported that they had still yet to complete any new tracks due to their other commitments. Later in the year, the band announced two separate compilation releases for November 2013. The first, a greatest hits album entitled Three Sixty, containing one new studio recording, "By and Down", and the second, a box set entitled A Perfect Circle Live: Featuring Stone and Echo. The box set contained four CDs of live music: one for each of their three entire-album performances of Mer de Noms, Thirteenth Step, and Emotive done in 2010, collectively dubbed Trifecta, and a recording of their 2011 performance at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre, dubbed Stone and Echo. The set also came with DVD video recording of the 2011 Stone and Echo performance. In promoting the releases, Howerdel commented on future releases once again, stating that he felt they had "75% of the foundation of [the next] A Perfect Circle record ready", though he conceded that they were still without Keenan's lyrics or vocal melodies, and could still change depending on Keenan's reaction to the material. He also conceded that they still disagreed on the release medium; Keenan preferred smaller releases, while Howerdel preferred the format of a full album. Shortly after, the band again fell into a few years of public inactivity, with little occurring outside of Howerdel's 2015 commentary reiterating his commitment to the band, and Keenan's early 2016 commentary reiterating he still hoped to return to the band.

Eat the Elephant (2017–2018)
The band became active again in 2017, with the announcement that they would reform to embark on a North American tour in April and May 2017, with the intention of using the live performances of new material as motivation to finish recording the album, similar to how they had embarked on their first 1999 tour to inspire the completion of Mer de Noms. In March, the band announced they had signed a new record contract – their first in thirteen years – to release a fourth full-length studio album through BMG Rights Management. Howerdel initially gave a tentative timeframe of between November 2017 to early 2018 for the new album, while Keenan stated that the album wouldn't be out in 2017. A second North American tour began in October, and runs through December 2017. The band continued to debut new songs during the tours, including the tracks "Feathers" and "Hourglass".

The band's fourth studio album, Eat the Elephant, was released on April 20, 2018. Four singles were released in advance of the album; "The Doomed" in October 2017, "Disillusioned" in January 2018, "TalkTalk" in February 2018 and "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish" in April 2018. The album marks the first time the band opted to work with an outside music producer: Dave Sardy. Sardy helped Keenan and Howerdel find common ground in musical ideas in the recording process, helping them find a path to move forward in finishing the album. The band toured extensively in 2018 in support of the album, including performances at Rock on the Range and Coachella. In June 2018, the band extended their touring with a new North American leg towards the end of the year, and released a 2D hologram video for the song "The Contrarian". Iha was unavailable to perform in the April through July performances due to his commitment to the Smashing Pumpkin's 2018 reunion, and was temporarily replaced for the live performances by Greg Edwards of Failure, though Iha still remains a member of the band.

Future (2019–present)
Howerdel noted that he would like to see the band keep active beyond the Eat the Elephant album cycle, but that future activity, as it had historically been, was dependent on Keenan's limited availability and commitments to his other projects. When asked if there would be further albums after Eat the Elephant, in June 2018, Keenan responded "Yeah, there should be". Howerdel was optimistic as well, agreeing that the band "will move forward for sure". In late 2021, Keenan noted that while he still saw a future for A Perfect Circle, that 2022 would be more focused on him working with Puscifer and Howerdel releasing a solo album, What Normal Was. While supporting What Normal Was in 2022, Howerdel reiterated plans to make more A Perfect Circle music someday, noting that it was something he was thinking about and occasionally writing material for, but that there were no concrete plans, nor had he even began talking to Keenan about it yet.

The band is scheduled to play a series of live performances for the first time since 2018 in April 2024, alongside Puscifer and Primus. On March 29, 2024, the band released their first new song in 6 years - "Kindred". The song with be released as part of a three-way split EP, Sessanta E.P.P.P. - which will contain one song each from A Perfect Circle, Puscifer, and Primus. Freese returned to the band for the first time in 13 years to record drums for the track, and to perform on some of the tour dates with Gunnar Olsen of Puscifer filling in when Freese would have to bow out due to his Foo Fighters commitments.

Musical style, influences, and legacy
The band's music has been described as a number of different genres, though despite the sound changes and lineup changes, the writing process has remained the same for the band; Howerdel primarily writes the band's instrumental music, while Keenan contributes the lyrics and vocal melodies. Keenan, already very well known for his work with fronting the band Tool through the 1990s, always strove to keep the sound of two bands different:

"The [A Perfect Circle] music was very different, so I responded differently. The process that we go through in recording with Tool is very organic, but at the same time it is very thought out. There is a very left-brain process of dissecting what we're doing and drawing from source material; it's very research oriented and esoteric. With A Perfect Circle the process is far more mechanical and computer oriented, but at the same time it is also far more emotional and intuitive. Tool is more a left-brain masculine result, and [A Perfect Circle] is more a right-brain feminine result."

Howerdel has similarly described A Perfect Circle as a more emotional, vulnerable, and feminine approach to music than Tool. He has cited among his influences, several albums that had a strong effect on his way of playing: Adam Ant's Kings of the Wild Frontier, for its "weird hybrid of pirate music and American Indian influence", Siouxsie and the Banshees' Tinderbox as "one of the spookiest records I've ever heard" and for its "dense atmosphere", Ozzy Osbourne's Diary of a Madman as "Randy Rhoads has been a huge influence for me, especially when I was starting out" and finally the Cure's Pornography, which he described as "another spooky atmospheric record" and "one of the scariest albums I've ever heard".

Tracy Frey of AllMusic described the band's sound as "an extension of the alt-metal-fused-with-art rock style popularized by Tool in the early to mid-'90s. While similar to Tool in intensity and melancholy, A Perfect Circle is less dark and more melodic, with a theatrical, ambient quality that incorporates occasional strings and unusual instrumentation. While Keenan referred to the band first album, Mer de Noms, as more of a hard rock album, for subsequent albums, out of fear of redundancy, he often pushed for a more mellow, atmospheric sound, something he and Howerdel did not always see eye to eye on, creating a sound noted to be similar to merging heavy rock music with Disintegration-era The Cure music. In general, common genre classifications applied to labeling the band's music include alternative rock,    alternative metal,    hard rock,   art rock, art metal, progressive rock and progressive metal. The band has also been lumped in with the nu metal genre,  a label that is cited  due to the band's rise to fame coinciding with the genre's movement towards more melodic heavy material similar to A Perfect Circle's sound, and its use was contested by many publications.

Both A Perfect Circle and Tool have been widely hailed as major influences on modern rock. In a 2015 retrospective, VH1 noted that, "at some point sounding like Tool became a subgenre of rock. Although that is a little misleading as many of these bands were actually ripping off A Perfect Circle, because of its easier-to-grasp melody and simpler rhythms." Reviewers from outlets such as AllMusic and Rolling Stone cited Mer de Noms and Thirteenth Step as rare examples of relevance and quality in contemporary rock music. Online music magazine musicOMH asserted the band had "literally defined alternative rock as we know it."

Band members
Current members
 * Maynard James Keenan – lead vocals (1999–2004, 2010–present)
 * Billy Howerdel – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals, bass (studio only) (1999–2004, 2010–present)
 * Josh Freese – drums (1999–2004, 2010–2011, 2024–present)
 * James Iha – rhythm guitar, keyboards (2003–2004, 2010–present)
 * Matt McJunkins – bass (2010–present)

Touring musicians
 * Greg Edwards – rhythm guitar, keyboards (2018, 2024)
 * Gunnar Olsen – drums (2024–present; sub)

Former members
 * Tim Alexander – drums (1999)
 * Paz Lenchantin – bass, strings, backing vocals, piano (1999–2002, 2004)
 * Troy Van Leeuwen – guitars (1999–2002)
 * Jeordie White – bass (2003–2004)
 * Danny Lohner – rhythm guitar, bass, keyboards, backing vocals (2003, 2004)
 * Jeff Friedl – drums (2011–2024)

Discography

 * Mer de Noms (2000)
 * Thirteenth Step (2003)
 * Emotive (2004)
 * Eat the Elephant (2018)

title: A Perfect Circle


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Carl Mays

Carl William Mays (November 12, 1891 – April 4, 1971) was an American baseball pitcher who played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1915 to 1929. During his career, he won over 200 games, 27 in 1921 alone, and was a member of four World Series-champion teams. On August 16, 1920, Mays threw the pitch that fatally injured Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians, the only major league player to die as a direct result of an on-field injury.

Playing career
According to his World War I draft card, Carl William Mays was born November 12, 1891, in Atterson, Kentucky, one of five sons born to Callie Louisa Mays and William Henry Mays. His father was a Methodist minister, and was responsible for his strict religious upbringing. When Mays was 12, his father died and his mother moved the family to Kingfisher, Oklahoma, to live near her sister-in-law. Mays internalized his grief, settling into a surly persona with few if any close friends. His best personal support group was a couple named Pierce and Genevieve Mays, who were relatives and served as a surrogate uncle and aunt. As a professional baseball player, he had few friends in the baseball world. In part because of his strict Methodist upbringing, Mays refused to pitch on Sundays, as did legendary pitcher Christy Mathewson.

Mays quit high school before graduating and began to earn a living as a baseball player on semi-pro teams in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Utah. In 1912, he entered the minor leagues as a member of the Boise, Idaho, team in the Class D Western Tri-State League. After a season in Boise, in 1913 Mays played one season for the Portland, Oregon, team in the Class A Northwest League. In 1914, Mays was drafted by the Triple-A International League's Providence Grays. The Grays were an affiliate of the Detroit Tigers, and the Tigers sold his contract to the Boston Red Sox.

In one version of the story, Mays learned his underhand style of pitching from Dizzy Dismukes, a pitcher in Negro league baseball. In another, he was taught the technique by Joe McGinnity when McGinnity coached the Tacoma team during Mays's stint with Portland. Mays was nicknamed "Sub", a reference to his submarine pitching motion, and he was known to throw a spitball. The pitch was legal at the time of the Chapman incident, but Chapman's death was partly responsible for its ban in Major League Baseball (although the ban wouldn't take effect until 1921). Mays was also known for a habit of throwing inside to any batter who hugged the plate; despite a stellar win–loss record, he was typically among the American League leaders in hit batsmen. Mays was also regarded as an exceptional fielder, and was capable enough with the bat that he was often used as a pinch-hitter.

In his rookie season of 1915, Mays appeared in 34 games for the Red Sox. Used mostly in relief, he won 6 games and lost 5. During the regular season, Mays was involved in a heated confrontation with Ty Cobb of the Tigers. Mays threw near Cobb each time he came to bat. In the eighth inning, after another close pitch, Cobb threw his bat in Mays' direction, calling him a "no good son of a bitch". Mays responded by calling Cobb a "yellow dog". After order was restored, Mays hit Cobb directly on the wrist. The Tigers won the game 6–1 and the incident cemented Mays' reputation as a head hunter. The Red Sox won that year's World Series by defeating the Philadelphia Phillies in five games, but Mays did not play.

In 1916, Mays appeared in 44 games, and started 24. 18 of his starts were complete games, and he posted a record of 18 wins and 13 losses, with an earned run average of 2.39. In the 1916 World Series, Mays was the losing pitcher in Game 3, but the Red Sox defeated the Brooklyn Robins 4 games to 1. In 1917, The Red Sox posted a second-place finish. Mays pitched in 35 games, and his record was 22 wins and 9 losses, with an ERA of 1.74. Mays went 22–13 in the 1918 season, with an ERA of 2.21. The Red Sox returned to the World Series, and defeated the Chicago Cubs in 6 games. Mays was the winning pitcher in games 3 and 6, both by scores of 2–1.

Mays married for the first time shortly after the end of the 1918 season. After a brief honeymoon in Missouri, he departed by train from his home in Mansfield for St. Louis as the leader of a group of 18 men who had enlisted in the United States Army for World War I. They were sworn in on November 6, five days before the Armistice that ended that war. Influenza broke out while Mays was stationed at Washington University in St. Louis as a member of the Student Army Training Corps's vocational training unit, and several individuals from his train trip died during the outbreak. The Armistice ended the need to expand the Army, and Mays was discharged in time to begin the 1919 baseball season.

Though he was by now established as one of the game's premier pitchers, Mays began the 1919 season with a record of five wins and eleven losses. His slow start resulted in the Red Sox trading him to the New York Yankees that July. Mays went 9–3 after the trade, resulting in a combined 1919 record of 14–14. Mays regained his form in 1920. The Yankees finished in third place, but posted a record of 95 wins and 59 losses, only three games out of first place. Mays went 26–11, including 26 complete games.

Death of Ray Chapman
The Yankees were trailing the Indians when Ray Chapman came to the plate in the fifth inning on August 16, 1920. Mays was pursuing his 100th career win that day. Chapman had a sacrifice bunt in the first inning and popped up to Yankee first baseman Wally Pipp in the third. Angered that Chapman was crowding the plate, Mays let loose with a high fastball that he claimed was in the strike zone but that Chapman apparently never saw. The impact of the ball striking Chapman in the head was so loud that Mays, thinking it had hit Chapman's bat and was in play, caught the ball as it bounced onto the field and threw it to Pipp at first base. Chapman, trying to take his base after the hit by pitch, fell to the ground twice and was unable to get up. Cleveland teammate Tris Speaker raced from the on-deck circle to check on Chapman. He was joined by several players from the Indians and Yankees. Mays, however, never left the mound.

Chapman was taken to a hospital, where surgeons operated and discovered a skull fracture. He initially seemed to rally after the surgery but died early in the morning on the following day. Mays stayed in the game and continued to pitch until being replaced in the ninth inning. Cleveland won the game 4–3. The New York District Attorney determined that the incident was an accident, and no charges were filed.

In an interview three months after Chapman's death, Mays expressed regret for the outcome, but he stated that he did not feel any guilt, as he had not hit Chapman on purpose; indeed, one of Chapman's last words before losing consciousness was "I'm all right; tell Mays not to worry". Mays received the wrath of many opposing players, who believed he beaned Chapman deliberately. Chapman had been one of the few players that Ty Cobb was on friendly terms with, so Cobb was the most vocal critic, suggesting that someone should give Mays a taste of his own medicine by hitting Mays with a pitch the same way Mays hit Chapman.

Later career
Mays enjoyed his best season in 1921, when he led the American League in wins (27), innings pitched ($336 2/3$), games pitched (49), and winning percentage (.750). However, that same season Mays, pitching for the Yankees, played in a World Series that others later accused him of helping to throw, bringing back memories of the Black Sox scandal from just two years prior. These rumors were never proven, but they persisted long enough that, combined with an already negative reputation among other players both from the Chapman incident and from having a personality that few found agreeable, he was never elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame despite having lifetime statistics comparable to some other pitchers who were.

In a 15-year career with the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, Cincinnati Reds, and New York Giants, Mays compiled a 207–126 record with 29 shutouts, 862 strikeouts and a 2.92 earned run average when the league average was 3.48. He won twenty or more games five times. He was also noted for his skills with a bat, hitting five home runs, recording 110 runs batted in, and sporting a lifetime .268 batting average—an unusually high mark for a pitcher. Mays is the only Red Sox pitcher to toss two nine-inning complete game victories on the same day, as he beat the Philadelphia Athletics 12–0 and 4–1 on August 30, 1918. Those wins put the Red Sox one step from clinching the league championship, as they led Cleveland by $3 1/2$ games with four remaining to play.

Later years and death
After his playing career, Mays was the owner and operator of a baseball school in Oregon; among his most notable attendees was Johnny Pesky. Mays also worked as a scout for the Cleveland Indians, Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves, and Kansas City Royals. In addition, his stepson, Jerry Bartow, coached baseball at Hoover High School in San Diego, and each spring Mays made the trip from Oregon to volunteer as a mentor and assistant coach. In an interview, Mays said he especially enjoyed working with young pitchers, but that he regarded his most important task as teaching members of the team how to play the game safely.

He died on April 4, 1971, in El Cajon, California, and is buried in River View Cemetery, Portland, Oregon (Sec. 13, Lot 49, Sp. 7). His distant cousin, Joe Mays, was a Major League pitcher from 1999 to 2006.

Family
After the 1918 World Series, Mays married Marjorie Fredricka Madden, a graduate of the New England Conservatory of Music whom he had met during his rookie season. They were the parents of two children, Carl Jr. (1925–2017) and Elizabeth (Betty). His second wife was Esther Ugstead (1907–1990).

Legacy
In August 2008, Mays was one of the 10 former players who began their careers before 1943 to be considered by the Veterans Committee for induction into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2009. He was named on only about 25 percent of the ballots, so he was not selected for induction.

In 2021, indie-folk artist Cousin Wolf released a song entitled "Carl Mays" as part of an album called Nine Innings.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carl Mays


text:
Outward Bound

Outward Bound (OB) is an international network of outdoor education organisations that was founded in the United Kingdom by Lawrence Holt and Kurt Hahn in 1941. Today there are organisations, called schools, in over 35 countries which are attended by more than 150,000 people each year. Outward Bound International is a non-profit membership and licensing organisation for the international network of Outward Bound schools. The Outward Bound Trust is an educational charity established in 1946 to operate the schools in the United Kingdom. Separate organisations operate the schools in each of the other countries in which Outward Bound operates.

Outward Bound helped to shape the U.S. Peace Corps and numerous other outdoor adventure programs. Its aim is to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors.

Founding and early history
The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdyfi, Wales in 1941 by Lawrence Holt and Kurt Hahn with financial support from the Blue Funnel Line shipping company. The name Outward Bound was derived from the nautical term for a ship leaving safe harbour for the open sea. Outward Bound grew out of Hahn's work in the development of the Gordonstoun school and what is now known as the Duke of Edinburgh's Award. Outward Bound's founding mission, during the Second World War, was to improve the survival chances of young seamen should their ships be torpedoed in the mid-Atlantic.

James Martin Hogan served as warden for the first year of the school. This mission was established and then expanded by Capt. J. F. "Freddy" Fuller who took over the leadership of the Aberdyfi school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971. Fuller had been seconded from the Blue Funnel Line following wartime experience during the Battle of the Atlantic of surviving two successive torpedo attacks and commanding an open lifeboat in the Atlantic Ocean for thirty-five days without losing a single member of the crew.

An educational charity, named The Outward Bound Trust, was established in 1946 to operate the school. A second school followed in England at Eskdale Green in 1950. The first Outward Bound program for women was held in 1951. During the next decade, several other schools opened around the United Kingdom. A school in Lumut, Malaysia opened in 1954, the first outside the United Kingdom. Outward Bound Australia was founded in 1956. The first Outward Bound USA course was run in Puerto Rico in 1961 for the Peace Corps, which it helped to shape. Outward Bound New Zealand was founded in 1962, Outward Bound Singapore established in 1967 and Outward Bound Hong Kong in 1970. Outward Bound Costa Rica was founded in 1991.

From the inception of Outward Bound, community service was an integral part of the program, especially in the areas of sea and mountain rescues and this remains an important part of the training for both staff and students. During the period 1941 to 1965 in the United Kingdom, the philosophy of the schools evolved from "character‐training" to "personal growth" and "self‐discovery". Aberdyfi remains the organisation's "nerve-centre" in the United Kingdom. Over the course of a summer in 2010, 7000 to 8,000 students attended courses at the Aberdyfi centre and more than a million young people have attended Outward Bound courses in the UK since 1941. Prince Philip served as the Patron of the Outward Bound Trust for several years before handing over to his son Prince Andrew, who resigned in November 2019.

Outward Bound International was founded as a non-profit organisation in 2004 to license the use of the brand name "Outward Bound" and to provide support for the international network of schools.

Current
Today there are organisations, called schools, in more than 35 countries with 250 wilderness and urban locations around the world which are attended by more than 250,000 students each year. Separate organisations operate the schools in each of the countries in which Outward Bound operates.

Since its founding in the middle of the last century, Outward Bound has encouraged individuals to test their physical and emotional limits in challenging outdoor adventure programs. The experiences are a means of building inner strength and a heightened awareness of human interdependence. Outward Bound's compass rose emblem serves as the logo for almost all the schools around the world.

Blue Peter nautical flag
The name Outward Bound derives from a nautical expression that refers to the moment a ship leaves the harbour. This is signified by Outward Bound's use of the nautical flag, the Blue Peter (a white square inside a blue square). JF Fuller adapted the Outward Bound motto, "To Serve, To Strive and not To Yield," from the poem "Ulysses" by Alfred Lord Tennyson: ... Come, my friends. Tis not too late to seek a newer world. Though much is taken, much abides; and though We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are -- One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

Course specifics
Outward Bound courses follow a kind of recipe or formula, termed the Outward Bound Process Model which is well described by Walsh and Golins (1976) as:

 * 1) Taking a ready, motivated learner
 * 2) into a prescribed, unfamiliar physical environment,
 * 3) along with a small group of people
 * 4) who are faced with a series of incremental, inter-related problem-solving tasks
 * 5) which creates in the individual a state of dissonance requiring adaptive coping and
 * 6) leads to a sense of mastery or competence when equilibrium is managed.
 * 7) The cumulative effect of these experiences leads to a reorganisation of the self-conceptions and information the learner holds about him/herself.
 * 8) The learner will then continue to be positively oriented to further learning and development experiences (transfer).

In a typical class, participants are divided into small patrols (or groups) under the guidance of one or more instructors. The first few days, often at a base camp, are spent training for the outdoor education activities that the course will contain and in the philosophy of Outward Bound. After initial confidence-building challenges, the group heads off on an expedition. As the group develops the capacity to do so, the instructors ask the group to make its own decisions.

title: Outward Bound


text:
Talk:Peter II of Yugoslavia

Pretender
Is the phrase "pretender to the throne" really NPOV? User:Jwrosenzweig

Someone who is the legal claimant to an abolished throne is formally called a pretender to the throne. It is perfectly NPOV and widely used on wiki. We have a page somewhere with a full list of all major pretenders, including the Comte de Paris for France, Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples for Italy, the O'Conor Don for Ireland, etc. Some republics even give diplomatic passports to the pretender to their abolished thrones. FearÉIREANN 23:15 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * (See pretender for more, incidentally --Camembert)

Thanks--having read the pretender article clarifies it for me. I guess I'd always seen the term negatively, but it seems that's an incorrect usage. I'll remember to use the word neutrally in future. Thanks again, Jwrosenzweig 21:36 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Serb leaders were scared and did not care about the Yugoslavian people, so they fled and took all the gold with them. Tito saved our country.

The text above ("Serb leaders....country") is NOT from me (8717877238)!! Without denying respect to his somewhat tragical life, I think there should be said that the former king was addicted to alcohol and that his early death was due to this fact. Even his son HRH Prince Alexander mentioned that in an interview, broadcast on German TV (unfortunately I do not remember when and on what channel). I think this does not damage his memory nor his honour, but gives an impression of how tragical this life was.--87.178.77.238 (talk) 13:24, 25 March 2009 (UTC)--87.178.77.238 (talk) 13:24, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * A claimant to an abolished throne is not a pretender. A pretender is someone who is not a king but claims a throne, whether abolished or current. Peter was never a pretender, as he was a king.Royalcourtier (talk) 18:53, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

Reburial in Serbia
An IP has added to the infobox that it is planned he will be buried in Serbia on 26 May 2013. I've reverted it. When he's been reburied it can be added to the text and the info box. Regards, Peacemaker67 (send... over) 15:07, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

Involvement in the coup and opposition to Nazi Germany
I have flagged the claim that Peter himself opposed the Nazi's and participated in the coup as lacking credibility. These claims, particularly he claim that he participated in the coup, are extraordinary and will need very good sources, a lot better than the one currently provided. Peacemaker67 (send... over) 09:02, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

Extenuating circumstances?
What does "chosen St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery as his interim resting place because of the extenuating circumstances that afflicted his homeland" mean? I very much doubt that "extenuating circumstances" is the correct term.Royalcourtier (talk) 18:55, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

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Good article?
Hi! This seems like an excellent article to me - well written, very complete, thoroughly sourced, etc. I think it deserves to be nominated for Good Article status. Is there maybe someone who has been working on this article who would like to nominate it? That would be most convenient for the review process, I think. Lennart97 (talk) 17:23, 5 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Some of the sources are dodgy, and there is a bit of POV, but if that was fixed, I agree. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 20:08, 5 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The article could use some copy-editing and a few passages are unsourced entirely, but it could meet the GA criteria if some time was put into addressing these and similar issues. Same goes with Alexandra of Yugoslavia. Amanuensis Balkanicus (talk) 20:22, 5 December 2020 (UTC)
 * , Thanks for your replies, and apologies for replying so late. Could you maybe give some examples of the issues listed? Which sources are dodgy and where does it lack NPOV? Aside from the Ancestry, I don't see unsourced sections, possibly an unsourced individual statement here and there. Lennart97 (talk) 13:27, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:07, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Wedding Peter II and Alexandra of Yugoslavia 1944.jpg

Additional Photograph
I added a photograph taken of King Peter II during the evacuation the Yugoslav government on the 14th or 15th April 1941. He is seated with the Vazduhoplovstvo Vojske Kraljevine Jugoslavije (VVKJ) or the Royal Yugoslav Airforce.

I am not certain of the exact date, and would like to know if this was the 14th or the 15th of April 1941. I am also uncertain of the location, I presume it is at Belgrade Airport, however it may have been a different airfield.

If any historians can elaborate with details from other sources please add further information to this image. ANTHRO2022 (talk) 20:11, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter II of Yugoslavia


text:
Orlando Sanford International Airport

Orlando Sanford International Airport is in Sanford, Florida, United States, near Orlando. It was built as Naval Air Station Sanford, a Master Jet Base for carrier-based attack and reconnaissance aircraft, and was used by the U.S. Navy until 1969. The airport is owned and operated by the Sanford Airport Authority. It serves as an operating base for Allegiant Air.

Sanford is Orlando's secondary commercial airport, but is farther away from downtown Orlando and Walt Disney World than the primary airport, Orlando International Airport (MCO/KMCO). Because of the affiliation with Orlando, passenger traffic at Sanford was once dominated by European charter services.

Since 2008, however, a majority of its passenger traffic has been domestic; this is attributable to the entrance of Las Vegas–based Allegiant Air, for which Sanford is a focus city. Sanford was also a small focus city for the travel marketer Direct Air until the company's demise in 2012.

Naval Air Station Sanford
Orlando Sanford International Airport started life as Naval Air Station Sanford with the airport codes NRJ and KNRJ. Commissioned on November 3, 1942, the base initially concentrated on advanced land-based patrol plane training. It was used by the United States Navy until it closed in 1969.

Orlando Sanford International Airport
The City of Sanford assumed control of the former NAS Sanford in 1969 and renamed the facility Sanford Airport, hiring the air station's recently retired Executive Officer, Commander J. S. "Red" Cleveland, USN (Ret.), as the first Airport Manager. The city concurrently established the Sanford Airport Authority. For the next twenty-five years, the airport was a general aviation facility and periodically hosted civilian/military air shows and static displays. Initially an uncontrolled airfield, the control tower was reactivated in the early 1970s as a non-FAA facility, employing a number of retired enlisted Navy air traffic controllers who had served at NAS Sanford.

Additional name changes followed, to include Sanford Regional Airport, Central Florida Regional Airport, Orlando Sanford Regional Airport and the current Orlando Sanford International Airport. Through the 1980s and 1990s the oldest Navy buildings were demolished while those built in the 1950s and 1960s were renovated for civil use. New buildings and hangars were added.

OLF Osceola was transferred to the control of Seminole County, Florida, but was never officially recommissioned as an active airfield. In the 1970s the former OLF began to be used by general aviation drug-smuggling aircraft as a transshipment point. Following a major drug interdiction by local and federal law enforcement agencies, Seminole County placed large speed bumps at various intervals across the runways to deter future illegal use. By the 1980s the county began to use the site as a landfill and dump, demolishing the remaining runways.

1990s
In 1992, parts of the action film Passenger 57, starring Wesley Snipes, were filmed at the then-Orlando Sanford Regional Airport, where it represented a small airport in Louisiana. Shortly after filming, a new control tower was built and air traffic control operations assumed by the FAA. The Navy control tower and the large Navy hangar to which it was attached were demolished.

In the mid-1990s, a new passenger terminal capable of accommodating jet airliners was built. Charter airlines catering to the heavy British tourist demographic that had previously been using Orlando International Airport were offered greatly reduced landing fees at Sanford, and therefore many carriers relocated their operations.

In 1996 Michael Jackson and his team did the first rehearsals of the HIStory World Tour between July and August 1996 before going to Prague.

2010 - present
In 2010, Allegiant Air announced it was moving many flights to the larger and more centrally located Orlando International Airport in order to compete with AirTran Airways. Owing to passenger feedback, all flights have returned to Orlando Sanford.

In 2014, Thomas Cook Airlines moved their operations back to Orlando International Airport after almost a decade of serving Orlando Sanford with the operations of Airtours, JMC Air & My Travel. In September 2019, Thomas Cook ceased all operations.

Icelandair moved to Orlando International Airport in 2015.

In October 2017, Monarch Airlines ceased operations, after entering administration, therefore resulting in the termination of their flights to Sanford. All flights were operated using their Airbus A330 and served London Gatwick, Manchester and Glasgow International.

In April 2016, Interjet operated flights to Mexico City. It later switched operations to the main Orlando airport from May 2018.

In 2017, Thomson Airways (now TUI Airways) began operating routes to UK airports. This was the largest international airline at the airport having served eight destinations around the UK. However, in November 2019, TUI Airways announced that from 2022, it would switch their Orlando operations from Sanford to Melbourne Orlando International Airport including the daily flights to/from those 8 British airports. This will bring their operations nearer to Port Canaveral where TUI Cruises will operate from in coming years. As a package holiday company this brings passengers closer to their cruises, although it has angered many TUI passengers who fly with the company to visit Orlando for Walt Disney World and Universal Orlando Resort.

In July 2021, Canadian low-cost carrier Flair Airlines announced they would launch service between Sanford and five Canadian destinations beginning in winter 2021.

The airport is home to L3 Harris Airline Academy, which underwent several company changes and several name changes. The academy used to be known as L3 Commercial Training Solutions, Aerosim Flight Academy, and Delta Connection Academy, a subsidiary of Delta Air Lines. It provides ab initio flight training for prospective regional airline and international pilots. The Seminole County Sheriff's Office has a hangar and support facility for aviation elements of the agency's Special Operations Division.

Facilities
The airport covers 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) and has four runways:

 * Runway 9L/27R: 11,002 x 150 ft. (3,353 x 46 m), asphalt
 * Runway 9C/27C: 3,578 x 75 ft. (1,091 x 23 m), asphalt
 * Runway 9R/27L: 5,839 x 75 ft. (1,780 x 23 m), asphalt
 * Runway 18/36: 6,002 x 150 ft. (1,829 x 46 m), asphalt/concrete

The dominant runway is 9L/27R. This was built from the naval air station's original Runway 9/27, which was 8000 ft x 200 ft with overruns of 2145 ft and 1985 ft. A project to extended runway 9L/27R by 1400 ft to 11000 ft was completed on April 1, 2013. Parallel Runways 9C/27C and 9R/27L were built later, the former on a previous taxiway and the latter all-new, for small aircraft. The airport also has Runway 18/36, another Navy runway, for rare northerly fronts in the winter, but this 6000-ft runway is rarely used by airliners.

On December 31, 2019, there were 326 aircraft based at this airport: 221 single-engine, 53 multi-engine, 48 jet and 4 helicopters.

Accidents and incidents

 * Numerous aircraft mishaps occurred during the World War II years, but detailed data are not readily available.
 * On March 29, 2007, Allegiant Air Flight 758, a McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft that took off from Pease International Airport in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, experienced a hydraulic failure that prevented the nose landing gear from deploying. The plane made a safe landing at Orlando Sanford International Airport, with only one minor injury sustained in the aircraft evacuation.
 * On July 10, 2007, a Cessna 310, originating from Daytona Beach International Airport, Florida, en route to Lakeland Linder International Airport, Florida, crashed into two homes in Sanford, Florida, killing five people: the pilot, his passenger, and three people inside the houses. The pilot reported smoke in the cockpit and attempted an emergency landing at nearby Orlando Sanford International Airport. NASCAR said the pilot of the plane was Michael Klemm, a senior captain with NASCAR Aviation. His passenger was Dr. Bruce Kennedy, husband of International Speedway Corporation president Lesa France Kennedy, the daughter of the longtime head of NASCAR Bill France, Jr., who had died a month earlier in June 2007. They were the only two people on the plane, according to both NASCAR and the NTSB. Four people also were injured, three of whom were critically burned, authorities said. The NTSB factual report dated December 2007 indicates that the accident was caused by an electrical malfunction, including smoke in the cockpit, that occurred on the previous flight and that was not rectified prior to the accident flight, resulting in the subsequent fire. The accident pilot was informed about the known problem prior to flight but elected to fly the aircraft regardless.

title: Orlando Sanford International Airport


text:
Talk:Fairmount, Indiana

Untitled
Bed Town?

Pardon me if this is a wrong place, but I'm just wondering whether or not  the expression "bed town" is legitimate English. Is it jargon in the suburban development industry?

[QUOTE] Fairmount is a town located in Grant County in east central Indiana. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 2,992. It is ninety kilometers (fifty-five miles) northeast of Indianapolis. Largely a _bed town_ to its three thousand citizens, Fairmount is best known as the boyhood home of actor James Dean, who is buried there. [UNQUOTE]

Is there anyone who is kind enough to enlighten me on the term "Bed Town"?

Thank you.

Y.F.

Bed Town?
I have heard the term "bedroom community" used to refer to a town where there are no--or only a few--large employers. Hence, the residents commute to another town to work and return to their home town to sleep. Fairmount, Indiana, is a such a town. Those residents who are not self-employed usually drive to nearby Marion, Muncie, Kokomo, or Anderson to their jobs. Perhaps "bed town" means the same as "bedroom community." T.C.

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Talk:Pope Benedict I

Untitled
Note that the dates given for his reign don't match those in the Popes listing. Can someone resolve this?

The Catholic encyclopedia agrees with our pope-list, 575-579. There was a delay in consecration, but that might involve 574, not 573. I'll put it on my list to check when I get over to the library. Catholic Encylopedia entry for Benedict I

Pinkunicorn

names of popes?
How is it decided what name the pope will have?
 * The elected pope chooses his name.

title: Talk:Pope Benedict I


text:
Talk:Episcopal Church (United States)

IP revert of sourced material (comments by the Presiding Bishop) as "editorializing"
Good evening all.

A University of Kentucky IP [] has twice reverted and  what is essentially the same addition of comments by the Presiding Bishop, on the grounds that they are "editorializing". This IP address has previously made constructive edits to the article ( and ), so I do not think this is vandalism, however I do think it is a misunderstanding of the editorializing policy here. The policy says that "Wikipedia should not take a view ..." - ie it is about the encyclopedia maintaining an impartial tone, not about deleting the views of the Presiding Bishop - who we do not expect to be impartial! But perhaps the IP considers that my introduction of the comments is not sufficiently encyclopaedic. I've done my one revert, so might some other editors pitch in please?

- is it appropriate to include the Presiding Bishop's comments? and - if so, how should they be introduced, and - if so, are they appropriate here, or elsewhere in the article?

I will let IP 128.163.236.100 know of the discussion here, and welcome their comments in particular.

With all respect,

Springnuts (talk) 00:19, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Good Evening,
 * Your biased statement leads with weasel words (vague generalization in passive voice) and adds nothing valuable to the article. Also, Bishop Curry's quote (minus the editorializing intro), is not appropriate as a lead-in to membership statistics.
 * "The church’s membership is acknowledged to be in sharp decline"
 * Acknowledged by whom? The cited article contains no reference to sharp decline. Your edits are lazy writing and violate neutral point of view, with all respect. Try harder!
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel_word
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view
 * 128.163.236.100 (talk) 20:44, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Please don't be WP:RUDE, and please do consider creating an WP:ACCOUNT. I take the point about the word 'sharp'.  However to answer your question "acknowledged by whom", it is acknowledged in the quote by the Presiding Bishop, who must be an authoritative source for their own organisation.  I disagree that the quote is not appropriate as a lead into the section about membership, as the section covers more than just statistics (it could, for example, have sub-sections on trends, causes, significance, statistics ...).  How about:
 * The church’s membership is in decline, however Presiding Bishop Michael Curry has challenged the significance of this, saying, in 2019: “Yeah, the numbers are going down. So what? Look to the rock!”.
 * Springnuts (talk) 09:25, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Comments from other users who have edited this article welcome., , , , , , , ,.  Springnuts (talk) 09:33, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I cannot discern an encyclopedic purpose for reproducing the presiding bishop's off-the-cuff exclamation in this article. Surely there can be a neutral way to express the fact that the ecclesial community's membership is in decline (I don't see "sharp" anywhere). Elizium23 (talk) 13:57, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The remarks were not off the cuff - they are from the Presiding Bishop's sermon at the House of Bishops’ opening Eucharist, and from part of the church's official news service reporting of the event. He "... acknowledged the numbers have not been good, and he nurtured no expectations for a sudden rebound. Instead, he sought reassurance in the immutable Christian values embedded in Scripture. “I don’t know why everybody goes crazy every year,” he said. “Yeah, the numbers are going down. So what? Look to the rock!” Curry said, quoting from Isaiah. “We’re all followers of Jesus!”.  The declining numbers provided sober context for the bishops’ sessions Sept. 18 ..."  Bishop Curry is giving his view of the wider (than pure statistics) context within which the falling numbers should be interpreted. Springnuts (talk) 23:13, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

Springnuts is once again trying to editorialize on this article. 128.163.239.30 (talk) 13:27, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree with your removal. It is quite a non-sequitir quote and serves no encyclopedic purpose. Elizium23 (talk) 13:28, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Elizium23 and IP; I invite you to note that the recent addition of material removed the word "sharp" which I had already acknowledged not to be in the source, and moved the comment entirely away from the lead-in; and to the end of the section. Please could you explain how you feel comment by the church's leadership of the meaning and significance of the figures is other than encyclopaedic?  But most of all, please follow the normal protocol here: [] - and WP:FIXTHEPROBLEM.  For example, add another point of view?  Let's work together to improve this article.  Springnuts (talk) 12:43, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I do not have to prove it's unencyclopaedic, I am not the one arguing to include it. You are the one who needs to prove that it is encyclopaedic and can be included. So thanks, but no thanks. Elizium23 (talk) 00:59, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Other stuff doesn't exist
Regarding this removal of LGBT information from the lede, failed to state a valid reason for removal; just because LGBT is not mentioned for the Methodists does not mean we need to delete it here. It is quite WP:DUE to include something about how the USA ecclesial community fits into the worldwide Anglican Communion's controversy on acceptance and ordinations. Elizium23 (talk) 00:58, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I wasn't meaning the Methodists... I meant other denominations that support LGBT inclusion.  The ELCA article doesn't mention their inclusion in the article lead, for example.  It just seems weird that the lead for the Episcopal Church would.  Necropolis Hill (talk) 01:00, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

 * The lede is supposed to be an overview of the entire article, WP: Lead. For better or worse, the controversy over sexuality and the Anglican realignment it has accelerated is a big part of the recent history, and the church's stance on LGBT issues is also explained in the social positions section. Can we have a proper overview of the article if this isn't at least briefly mentioned? Ltwin (talk) 01:16, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Though, looking closer at the paragraph in question, it probably needs to be re-written. The paragraph above it (now the last paragraph in the lead) also mentions the church's LGBT stance, so the last paragraph has some redundancy. Maybe the last paragraph should just focus on the consequences of the church's inclusive stance, such as the fact that a several dioceses and lots of parishes voted to leave and form other Anglican denominations. Ltwin (talk) 01:23, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

 * In general inclined to agree with Elizium23 (talk) and Ltwin (talk): both WP:DUE and appropriate in the WP: Lead as a "prominent controversy" - but not as a separate paragraph, and with a focus on the controversy over, not on the issue of. Springnuts (talk) 12:24, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Crosses Bottony?
I am currently looking at the "Logos, Shields & Graphics" page of the official website for the Episcopal Church. They provide color codes for the specific colors that make up the shield, as well as pictures of the shield - but I find the mini crosslets in the upper-left corner of the shield are different from the ones on this Wikipedia page. I don't know technical heraldic terms, but it doesn't appear to be a "cross bottony" with the knobs. I'm not sure of the origin of the Wikipedia page's variant and thus whether I should attempt to change it. I'm including the version of the shield from the website for comparison.

https://www.episcopalchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/12/Shield.png

2610:48:100:1A9E:0:0:0:DC (talk) 17:17, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

 * This has been fixed! Garnet Moss (talk) 02:37, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The heraldic definition of the shield and flag is "Argent, a cross gules, on a canton azure nine cross-crosslets argent in saltire". The differentiation between "cross-crosslet" and "cross-bottony" wasn't made until late in the heraldic period so the version with the cross-bottony isn't, heraldically speaking, incorrect; it's just a poor representation of what's actually in use by the church. Pattleboats (talk) 19:32, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

legal cases Fort Worth
under 'separations' in 'recent history' - The Epixopal Diocese of Fr Worth lost the court case. https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2021/02/22/fort-worth-loses-fight-for-church-properties-as-us-supreme-court-declines-to-hear-dioceses-case/ 142.163.195.154 (talk) 10:51, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

"The Episcopal church" at start of article should all be bold.
The word "the" is part of the official name, hence TEC. 2600:8800:5E82:FD00:1526:97D4:22E1:AD3B (talk) 23:15, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

 * According to Wikipedia style guidelines (see MOS:INSTITUTIONS):
 * We do not bold the word the in article titles.Hope that answers your question. Ltwin (talk) 07:24, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * We do not bold the word the in article titles.Hope that answers your question. Ltwin (talk) 07:24, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

The info box at the top of this page is too large
Instead of text in the info box going on multiple lines, the info will only use one line continuously and this makes the info box large and unwieldy and more difficult to read the main body text next to it that is now spread out over many lines. It is even weirder as if you go into visual editing the info box issue is fixed and it is normal and how it should be. This should be fixed as it will make the page easier to read and digest TheMightyShipp (talk) 23:34, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

 * never mind, it seems to be fixed now TheMightyShipp (talk) 23:36, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

Article issues

 * I was admonished one time that I didn't need to be so zealous in reassessing B-class articles for fairly minor issues. This made sense so I changed a few things. I tend to attempt talk page discussions first. The "B-class criteria" (#1) states: The article is suitably referenced, with inline citations. It has reliable sources, and any important or controversial material which is likely to be challenged is cited. This article has "Articles with unsourced statements" tags from February 2013, April 2020, and now January 2024 that has not been addressed. The last three paragraphs of the "Ecumenical relations" section are unsourced. It also has an "Articles needing additional references" tag from April 2015, "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases" from March 2017, and "Vague or ambiguous time" from March 2017. It is not unreasonable to consider B-class criteria (#2), The article reasonably covers the topic, and does not contain obvious omissions or inaccuracies is relevant. Unsupported content, that has been tagged can be removed. However, there is the concern of original research.
 * The last paragraph in the "Governance" subsection is unsourced but links to ecclesiastical courts and again to "Ecclesiastical courts" Episcopal Church in the United States of America. It mentions "the Canons" and the General Convention, but I could not seem to locate "Title IV of the canons" in the links. Another issue, that is not uncommon on Wikipedia, is unsourced sentences placed after sourced content.
 * Lastly, I am confused at the "Worship and liturgy" section, three paragraphs with the wording "In theory:" followed by content of "High Church", "Low Church", and "Broad Church" with an inline citation "Grace Church in Newark", (currently Citation #156 "How the Episcopal Church Teaches the Catholic Faith") following the last paragraph. The source content includes, Furthermore, it allows its members great freedom in the interpretation of its official teaching and is extremely tolerant of deviation from that teaching, and list of various and sundry things but nothing, that I found, to support the content.
 * I am sure I might have made some errors that I am equally sure will come to light, but I don't feel I am mistaken in my consideration that a review is in order, substantial edits are needed, and/or a reassessment. The article has enjoyed "1,634 editors with 460 watchers". This page has 460 watchers so I hope someone has the time to look at this. -- Otr500 (talk) 07:02, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Episcopal Church (United States)


text:
Talk:Mozilla

Histories merged
I have merged the histories of the article Mozilla and the article Mozilla Application Suite which was created as a clone without history from the entire contents of this article as it stood two weeks ago, the original contents being replaced by a clone of the contents at that time of the article Mozilla (disambiguation). I do not understand why the decision was taken to split the original article off and replace it by another which is somewhat parallel to the existing article Mozilla (disambiguation), but doing so was contrary to the GFDL.

This has been a stupid and unnecessary event, which may take some time to disentangle. The article could have been moved to Mozilla Appplication Suite and the disambig moved here (Mozilla) without losing the integrity of the article history and without compromising the GFDL. This is what we mean when we say don't do cut-and-paste copies. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:24, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the old Mozilla should have been moved to Mozilla Application Suite, and the old Mozilla (disambiguation) should have been moved to Mozilla. I don't know if it was a good idea to merge their histories, though... Mozilla is basicly a disambiguation page, while Mozilla Application Suite is specificly about the browser suite.   --taestell 23:50, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Mozilla was originally about the latter, and the vastness of its history is of that article. The more recent edits will perhaps have to be moved to replace the current content of Mozilla (disambiguation) if that can be done without contravening the GFDL. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:55, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Mozilla (disambiguation) needs to be redirected to Mozilla, which should remain how it looks now: short summaries of each deinition, with links to the longer articles. Mozilla Application Suite needs to be created to talk about the suite.  --taestell 00:11, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

mozilla foundation and suite work, future tense
> Mozilla Foundation will no longer release new versions of the suite, so that developers can focus on Firefox and Thunderbird.

I'm not quite sure how to comment on an article like this, but the Mozilla Foundation made the choice so that *its* developers can focus on Firefox/Thundebird. The sentence to me, as I read it, seems to imply that it was so that all (Mozilla) developers could focus on Firefox and Thunderbird.

Also, if Mozilla Foundation is no longer releasing versions, wouldn't "Mozilla Foundation no longer makes new releases of the suite" (present instead of future tense), be better? Or alternatively, if someone really likes the current construction, perhaps "As of , {sentence}"?

I'm not certain that there will not be another 1.7.x release.

18 June 2006

WebThings
The text, under the section "WebThings", reads as follows: "It was spinner of as independent project during 2020 layoff of 250 employees". This is not English—so what is the intended meaning? That it was a spin-off from an independent project? Please correct if you know. Humboles (talk) 09:07, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

Factually wrong description
Mozilla is actually a billion dollar lobbying foundation-corporation-corporation triple, that invests less and less into development and focuses on “Rally Citizens. Connect Leaders. Shape the Agenda.”. See: https://lunduke.locals.com/post/4387539/firefox-money-investigating-the-bizarre-finances-of-mozilla Not that any of that is a secret. It’s right there on their homepages. P.S.: Note that I am not necessarily for or against any of that. I am a scientist, and consider side-taking a mental disability. I just prefer this thing called reality. :) — 109.42.176.242 (talk) 22:43, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

(I’m also pretty certain that Google only keeps them around as a front to keep the antitrust investigators away from their otherwise obvious monopoly. But that is only a interesting hypothesis based on their behavioral patterns, so we’d need a leak to see.) 109.42.176.242 (talk) 22:43, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

""Project Things"" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22Project_Things%22&redirect=no "Project Things"] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 02:41, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mozilla


text:
Talk:Maria of Yugoslavia

Untitled
It was proposed that Princess Marie of Romania be moved to Marie of Romania. I made a mistake renaming this page (my apologies). This should be the correct form for a former queen consort. I know that this title might cause confusion with people searching for her mother (Queen Marie of Romania, listed under Marie of Edinburgh) but that is what the disambiguation page is for. Another variation, to save confusion, could be Marie (Mignon) of Romania. Mowens35 19:30, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree. Simplicity is desirable. 217.140.193.123 2 July 2005 09:44 (UTC)

misc
ARTICLE NAME CHANGE: She was born Marie, not Mary, so as a queen consort, her article must be titled Princess Marie of Romania. Even her obituaries used Marie as her name. I'll be taking care of the mother's entry next. Mowens35 19:15, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

By all means put Queen Marie of Romania's article at Princess Mary of Edinburgh. Who can forget Dorothy Parker's immortal words: Oh life is a glorious cycle of song A medley of extemporanea Love is a thing that can never go wrong And I am Mary of Edinburgh! -- Someone else 23:44 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

"Oh, life is a glorious cycle of song, A medley of extemporanea; And love is a thing that can can never go wrong, And I am Marie of Roumania." Marie of Romania was NEVER called Mary; she was named Marie for her mother, Grand Duchess Maria of Russia. Morhange 20:14, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * -)))) FearÉIREANN 00:03 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Pls. move. HRH Marie was Princess of Romania and Queen (Queen Mother) of Serbia and Yugoslavia. Therefore, see finished her life as a Queen, not Pricess, as same as Almanach de Gotha names her. --Ninam 02:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Dinasty edit
how does one edit the house of hohenzollern-sigmaringen template? i would like to include princess marie in it. ilya
 * I added that in for you. All you need to do is go to the page with the template, if you go to "edit this page", click on the template link at the bottom, then edit that page.  Glad to help.Prsgoddess187 13:03, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Name
If the text calls her "Princess Marioara or Marie of Romania", then why on earth is the article at Maria of Romania? -- Jmabel | Talk 00:11, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Paternity
From the article: "her paternity is contested by some that cite a remark of her mother's claiming that Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia was Maria's biological father". Isn't that "remark" in Queen Marie's memoir? - Jmabel | Talk 19:22, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Childhood photo?
There's a photo of "Princess Maria, Yugoslavia" on Flickr that I suspect might be the same person: Princess Maria, Yugoslavia Can someone confirm? If so, that photo has no copyright restrictions and could be used here if it seems appropriate. Rees11 (talk) 01:10, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

After finding some articles in romanian about the life of the Queen of Yugoslavia at that time, I can confirm that the answer is indeed yes, that is Queen Maria, or Princess Maria before becoming queen, in her childhood Subtirica (talk) 14:23, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

During WWII
Exactly when did she move to England? Did she leave in 1934, or with her son during WWII? The article does not make it clear. --85.226.46.190 (talk) 21:34, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Marie of Edinburgh which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 16:15, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

I oppose any move of this page. It is an artificial proposal made purely in order to get the existing page on Marie of Edinburgh moved to Marie of Romania. Deb (talk) 18:04, 16 April 2010 (UTC)
 * No idea what that means, but in any case, the other page is now called Marie of Romania, so we'd better get this one renamed as well (there was apparently no difference in their forenames in Romania, so having these two near-similar titles is just going to confuse people almost as much as, or more than, they were confused before). "Queen Maria of Yugoslavia" still makes it clear who this article is about, so I propose a move to that title - does anyone have any better ideas?--Kotniski (talk) 15:32, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Maria of Yugoslavia would be more systematic; Maria, Queen of Yugoslavia is slightly more idiomatic than QM of Y and permits the pipe-trick. I have no particular preference between them. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 15:55, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, since we've decided we don't have any system for consorts, I don't see much mileage in claiming that one is more systematic, so I'd go with the idiomatic one.--Kotniski (talk) 16:25, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

Since, after a very lengthy discussion, we have just moved her mother to Marie of Romania, the logic of that move is to move this person to Maria of Yugoslavia. In some cases we are now referring to queens by their marital rather than their maiden name. PatGallacher (talk) 16:41, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Since Pat moved the article to Maria of Yugoslavia, and nobody seems to want to move it back to Maria of Romania, can we close this request? If somebody wants to move it on to a different variant of Maria of Yugoslavia, feel free to make a new request, which we can then discuss. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:08, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * OK. I'd still prefer one of the forms with "Queen" included (otherwise we now have a triple rather than just a double load on the "Name of Place" title structure - person from the place, monarch of the place, queen consort of the place), but for now at least we've eliminated the clash of two almost identical titles.--Kotniski (talk) 05:19, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Marie of Romania which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 05:45, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maria of Yugoslavia


text:
Strong Motion

Strong Motion (1992) is the second novel by American author Jonathan Franzen.

Strong Motion was noted by reviewers for its impassioned social criticism, the thoroughness of its research, and its treatment of controversial themes such as abortion, feminism, corporate malfeasance and exploitative capitalism.

Plot summary
Louis Holland arrives in Boston to find that a minor earthquake in Ipswich has killed his eccentric grandmother, triggering a struggle between him, his sister Eileen, and his mother Melanie over the disposition of a $22 million inheritance. During a visit to the beach, Louis meets Dr. Reneé Seitchek, a Harvard seismologist who believes she has discovered the cause of subsequent earthquakes in Peabody. Louis, Reneé, and the Hollands' affairs become entangled with the petrochemical and weapons company Sweeting-Aldren, as well as an anti-abortion activist commune called the Church of Action in Christ, headed by Reverend Philip Stites.

Critical reception
Reception to the book was mostly positive, with critics applauding its style, ambition, and riskiness; the New York Times described it as "the stuff of several books crammed into one long, dense narrative about contemporary urban America". Negative criticism focused on a perceived lack of focus, and an attempt to interweave too many plot threads—the Los Angeles Times noted that "Franzen writes beautifully for the most part, though sometimes to excess".

During an interview in 2015, Stephen King said that Franzen is one of his favorite novelists working today, particularly because of King's admiration for Strong Motion.

title: Strong Motion


text:
Blue Cliff Record

The Blue Cliff Record is a collection of Chan Buddhist kōans originally compiled in Song China in 1125, during the reign of Emperor Huizong, and then expanded into its present form by Chan master Yuanwu Keqin (1063–1135; ).

The book includes Yuanwu's annotations and commentary on 100 Verses on Old Cases (頌古百則), a compilation of 100 kōans collected by Xuedou Chongxian (980–1052; 雪竇重顯, Setcho). Xuedou selected 82 of these from The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp, with the remainder selected from the Yunmen Guanglu (雲門廣録, Extensive Record of Yunmen Wenyan, 864–949).

Name and origin
The Blue Cliff Record derives its name from the temple where Yuanwu Keqin wrote most of his commentaries, the Blue Cliff Cloister (碧巖院, Bìyán Yuàn) in Hunan. The work was originally called Xuedou's Juko (ju, verse; ko, old koans) before its Blue Cliff Record title was attributed.

Yuanwu first presented it as a series of lectures to his students between 1111 and 1117. It appears these lectures occurred during the traditional 90-day summer retreats, as can be seen from his introduction to the 100th Case, where he writes: "All summer I've been verbosely making up complications... and tripping up all the monks in the land." Written a hundred years before The Gateless Gate, the Blue Cliff Record contains appended verses to each koan, added by Xuedo to point out their hidden meaning. Yuanwu 's commentaries were added to tempt students trying to understand Zen conceptually and intellectually instead of by their own immediate experience.

The composite work consisting of the one hundred cases, along with poetry added by Xuedou and prose commentary by Yuanwu, is collectively known as the Blue Cliff Record.

Later developments
Yuanwu's successor, Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163), wrote many letters to lay students teaching the practice of concentrating on koans during meditation, but Dahui did not explain and analyze koans. Oral tradition holds that Dahui noticed students engaged in too much intellectual discourse on koans, and then burned the wooden blocks used to print the Blue Cliff Record to "rescue disciples from delusion".

The text was reconstituted only in the early 14th century by a layman, Zhang Mingyuan (張明遠, Chō Mei-en). One of Zhang's sons became ill during this time, and others believed that it was an omen meaning that Zhang should not have re-released the book. However, an elder named Feng Zizhen (馮子振) comforted Zhang and encouraged him for his work. Some of Yuanwu's capping phrases and possibly some of Xuedong's capping phrases were lost due to the incomplete source material available to Zhang.

On its republication, the Blue Cliff Record again became one of the most influential works of Zen literature.

Dogen and Japan
Another key legend regards Dōgen (1200–1253), who brought the Caodong school of Chan to Japan as the Sōtō sect of Zen. After an extended visit to China for the purpose of studying Chan, on the night before his planned return to Japan, Dogen came across the Blue Cliff Record for the first time, and stayed up all night making a handwritten copy of the book. Given the size of the book, this story is most likely apocryphal; but Dogen is still credited with introducing the collection to Japan, where it had a wide circulation. The Blue Cliff Record became the central text in Japanese Zen by the Muromachi period of 1336 to 1573.

Literary qualities
The Blue Cliff Record was a subtle and literary text, with wide-ranging philosophical implications, in contrast to the more straightforward nature of The Gateless Barrier. The Gateless Gate is normally studied before Blue Cliff Record because it is a shorter, simpler text, but all the cases in both texts are independent and could be studied in any sequence.

title: Blue Cliff Record