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Malingering

Malingering is the fabrication, feigning, or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms designed to achieve a desired outcome, such as personal gain, relief from duty or work, avoiding arrest, receiving medication, and mitigating prison sentencing. It presents a complex ethical dilemma within domains of society, including healthcare, legal systems, and employment settings.

Although malingering is not a medical diagnosis, it may be recorded as a "focus of clinical attention" or a "reason for contact with health services". It is coded by both the ICD-10 and DSM-5. The intent of malingerers vary. For example, the homeless may fake a mental illness to gain hospital admission. Impacts of failure to detect malingering are extensive, impacting insurance industries, healthcare systems, public safety, and veterans' disability benefits. Malingered behaviour typically ends as soon as the external goal is obtained.

Malingering is established as separate from similar forms of excessive illness behaviour, such as somatization disorder, wherein symptoms are not deliberately falsified. Another disorder is factitious disorder, which lacks a desire for secondary, external gain. Both of these are recognised as diagnosable by the DSM-5. However, not all medical professionals are in agreement with these distinctions.

Antiquity
According to 1 Samuel in the Old Testament, King David feigned madness to Achish, the king of the Philistines. Some scholars believe this was not feigned but real epilepsy, and phrasing in the Septuagint supports that position.

Odysseus was said to have feigned insanity to avoid participating in the Trojan War.

Malingering was recorded in Roman times by the physician Galen, who reported two cases: one patient simulated colic to avoid a public meeting, and another feigned an injured knee to avoid accompanying his master on a long journey.

Renaissance
In 1595, a treatise on feigned diseases was published in Milan by Giambattista Silvatico.

Various phases of malingering (les gueux contrefaits) are represented in the etchings and engravings of Jacques Callot (1592–1635).

In his Elizabethan-era social-climbing manual, George Puttenham recommends a would-be courtier to have "sickness in his sleeve, thereby to shake off other importunities of greater consequence".

Modern period
Although the concept of malingering has existed since time immemorial, the term for malingering was introduced in the 1900s due to those who would feign illness or disability to avoid military service. In 1943, US Army General George S. Patton found a soldier in a field hospital with no wounds; the soldier claimed to be suffering from battle fatigue. Believing the patient was malingering, Patton flew into a rage and physically assaulted him. The patient had malarial parasites.

Agnes was the first subject of an in-depth discussion of transgender identity in sociology, published by Harold Garfinkel in 1967. In the 1950s, Agnes feigned symptoms and lied about almost every aspect of her medical history. Garfinkel concluded that fearing she would be denied access to sexual reassignment surgery, she had avoided every aspect of her case which would have indicated gender dysphoria and hidden the fact that she had taken hormone therapy. Physicians observing her feminine appearance therefore concluded she had testicular feminization syndrome, which legitimized her request for the surgery.

Types
Classifying malingering behaviour into different categories allows for an easier assessment of possible deception, as created by Robert Resnick. As individuals within institutions grapple with the challenges posed by malingering, a critical examination ethical duties emerges as imperative. Balancing compassion for those genuinely in need with the responsibility to uphold integrity and fairness, ethical obligations in addressing malingering extend beyond mere detection to encompass considerations of empathy, justice, and the broader implications for trust and societal welfare.
 * Pure malingering: feigning a disorder or illness that is nonexistent. It is arguably the most simple to detect. This is because malingerers of this type tend to provide unreliable, additional symptoms when describing their supposed disorder, since they have to create an entire story from scratch. It is, therefore, difficult to entirely accurately mimic real-world scenarios.
 * Partial malingering: purposefully exaggerating symptoms for an existing disorder or illness. This may be particularly difficult to detect, because those who partake in this would be building on their own genuine traumatic experiences, rather than completely falsifying claims.
 * False imputation: attributing of existing symptoms to a cause that the patient knows is unrelated to their illness. Identifying this type of malingering is less difficult than partial malingering, as patients may inaccurately transpose symptoms from their real experience to the supposed cause of their disorder. This entails inaccurate storytelling and would indicate deliberate deception.

Post-traumatic stress disorder
Veterans may be denied disability benefits if their doctor believes that they are malingering, especially regarding post-traumatic stress disorder. In navigating these ethical dimensions, it becomes essential to foster a nuanced understanding that acknowledges the complexities inherent in distinguishing genuine suffering from deceptive behavior, while also safeguarding against the misuse of resources and the erosion of trust in systems designed to support those in need. PTSD is the only condition for which the DSM-5 explicitly warns clinicians to observe in case of malingering. Distinguishing malingered PTSD from genuine symptoms is challenging due to the range of the nature and severity of the disorder. An assessment showed that in over 10% of cases, veterans were falsifying or exaggerating their service history.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Research that focuses on malingering attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are largely centred around university or college students. This is because of the significant benefits that may be gained if the student is successful, including student financial aid and exemptions for academic work. Medicinal treatments of ADHD may also be nootropics, which would enhance cognitive performance in examinations.

Legal issues
Malingering is a court-martial offense in the United States military under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, which defines the term as "feign[ing] illness, physical disablement, mental lapse, or derangement." According to the Texas Department of Insurance, fraud that includes malingering costs the US insurance industry approximately $150 billion each year. Other non-industry sources report it may be as low as $5.4 billion.

Detection
Richard Rogers and Daniel Shuman found that the use of DSM-5 criteria results in the accurate identification of only 13.6–20.1% of actual malingerers (true positives). However, 79.9–86.4% of individuals are misclassified as malingerers (false positives) using the same criteria. Being falsely accused of malingering may cause adverse reactions, some of which lead to violence. Thus, the accurate detection of malingering is a pressing societal issue.

Tests
There are multiple methods to evaluate malingering, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, which is the most validated test. Other tests include the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms, which is used for psychiatric symptoms, and the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), intended for false memory deficits. Culture and education also likely affect overall performance in these tests. Research found that Colombian adults with low literacy skills perform significantly worse on the Test of Memory Malingering, so there are concerns with the impact of education levels on malingering assessments.

Existing criteria for one malingered disorder may not be applicable to a different disorder. For example, tests for malingered PTSD may not work for malingered neurocognitive disorders; therefore, there is a need for newer criteria to be created.

Indicative behaviour
Although there is no singular test that definitively discerns malingering, medical professionals are told to watch out for certain behaviours that may indicate deliberate deception.

Signs that illustrate malingering include:

 * providing contradictory statements about symptoms;
 * dramatic or peculiar behaviour that is meant to be convincing;
 * behaviour that is inconsistent with described symptoms;
 * acting adverse to accepting treatment for their supposed disorder;
 * overenthusiasm about negative symptoms through going into extensive detail;
 * sudden termination or onset of symptoms

title: Malingering


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Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL)

The Pittsburgh Pirates were an American professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL), based in Pittsburgh from 1925–26 to 1929–30. The nickname comes from the baseball team also based in the city. For the 1930–31 season, the team moved to Philadelphia, and played one season as the Philadelphia Quakers.

Early days
The Pittsburgh Pirates are traced back to the Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets of the United States Amateur Hockey Association. The Yellow Jackets, under manager Roy Schooley and coach Dick Carroll, won back-to-back USAHA championships in the league's last two seasons, 1923–24 and 1924–25. The players on this team formed the core of a newly professional Pittsburgh club that was granted a franchise by the National Hockey League on November 7, 1925. Pittsburgh's admission to the NHL came after Eddie Livingstone, the former owner of the Toronto Shamrocks and the Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association saw Pittsburgh as a possible member for a proposed rival league to the NHL; Pittsburgh had, in the 1890s, been the first metropolitan area to professionalize the game of ice hockey. In order to thwart the new league, the President of the NHL, Frank Calder, negotiated to put a franchise in Pittsburgh, which became the seventh team to join the NHL as well as the league's third US-based team. The team took the name Pittsburgh Pirates after receiving permission from Barney Dreyfuss, the owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team.

The Pirates were assigned to what would later be called the NHL's American Division, with the Boston Bruins and the New York Americans. These two franchises were the only other American teams in the NHL at the time. Duquesne Garden, located in the city's Oakland neighborhood, served as the team's home arena. Duquesne Garden president Henry Townsend was the club's president and owner. The Pirates, dubbed the "Mighty Steel City Sextet" in the Pittsburgh Press, were mostly leftovers from the former Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets. Ten former Yellow Jacket players would play for the Pirates.

The inaugural season
The Pirates began play during the 1925–26 NHL season. On November 26, 1925, Thanksgiving night, the Pirates defeated the Boston Bruins, 2–1, on the road in their very first NHL game, which was held at Boston Arena. Defenseman and captain Lionel Conacher scored Pittsburgh's first-ever NHL goal. Conacher beat Boston goaltender Charles Stewart at the 17:50 mark of the second period to tie the game at 1–1. Pirates' left winger Harold Darragh notched Pittsburgh's first game-winning goal 9:20 into the third period, while Pittsburgh goaltender Roy Worters stopped 26 of 27 shots to record the first NHL win in franchise and city history.

Two nights later, on November 28, the Pirates stunned the Montreal Canadiens, defeating them 1–0. The 1–0 loss to the Pirates marked the final game for legendary Canadiens' goaltender Georges Vezina. Vezina started the game with severe chest pains and left the game during the first intermission with a high fever. He died four months later from tuberculosis. Meanwhile, the first NHL game ever played in Pittsburgh was on December 2, 1925, in which 8,200 fans paid $1.00 each to see the 8:30 p.m. faceoff at Duquesne Garden. The Pirates lost to the New York Americans in overtime, 2–1. Conacher scored the lone goal for Pittsburgh at 9:15 of the second period.

In 36 games, the Pirates posted an impressive 19–16–1 record for third best in the league. With a .542 winning percentage, that first season would arguably be the team's best. During the playoffs, the Pirates faced the Montreal Maroons in a two-game series to be decided on total goals scored. The Pirates lost the series six goals to four after a 3–1 defeat at Duquesne Garden and a 3–3 tie at Montreal. The Maroons would go on to win the 1926 Stanley Cup Finals.

1926–1928
In the next season, the Pirates missed the playoffs after finishing in fourth place. Their third season saw the team post a 19–17–8 record and earn a playoff spot. This playoff series would be based on a two-game total goal series format. In the playoffs, the Pirates were defeated by the New York Rangers, 6–4. The Pirates lost 4–0 in game 1, and won game 2, 4–2, but could not overcome New York's lead in goals. This marked the second time the team lost in the first round to the eventual Stanley Cup winner. It would also turn out to be the last playoff game in the Pirates' history.

Decline
In October 1928, brothers Horace and Edward Townsend, who had inherited ownership of the club from their late father Henry Townsend, sold the team. The ostensible purchaser was fight promoter and ex-lightweight boxing champion Benny Leonard, although the money for the purchase is suspected to have come from early Prohibition gangster and bootlegger Bill Dwyer, owner of the New York Americans, who may have hid his involvement with the Pittsburgh club to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest. The sale of the team did not lead to an improvement on the ice for the Pirates. The team's coach, Odie Cleghorn left the team at the end of the 1928–29 season to become a referee. Frank Fredrickson was then named the team's coach. The team's uniforms also changed, as the Pirates' color scheme became blue and gold in 1928–29 and then orange and black in 1929–30.

The 1929–30 season was their fifth season in the NHL, and their last in Pittsburgh. The season saw the Pirates achieve their worst win–loss record with 5–36–3 record. With the Wall Street Crash of 1929, followed by the Great Depression, the owners found themselves in financial difficulties. Attendance for games was down and the owners tried selling off their star players in order to make ends meet. The team was $400,000 in debt by the end of their final season. It also needed replacement for the Duquesne Garden. It had been built in 1890 and had once been one of the finest arenas in the country. However, it had not aged well, and by 1930 was well behind the times. With only 5,000 permanent seats and standing room for 8,000, it was by far the smallest arena in the NHL, making it difficult for the Pirates to break even.

Relocation
On October 18, 1930, at the NHL Board of Governors' meeting, Leonard moved the team across Pennsylvania, to Philadelphia, and renamed them the Philadelphia Quakers. However, Leonard's intention was to return the team to Pittsburgh as soon as a new arena was built. Thirteen players from the Pirates were transferred to the Quakers after the Pittsburgh franchise relocated. These players were Cliff Barton, Harold Darragh, Herb Drury, Gord Frasier, Jim Jarvis, Gerry Lowrey, Rennison Manners, Johnny McKinnon, Hib Milks, Joe Miller, Rodger Smith, and Tex White. Frank Fredrickson was also transferred to the Quakers, but he was released by Philadelphia two days later. The Quakers posted a poor 4–36–4 record in the 1930–31 season. The team then received permission from the NHL on September 26, 1931, to temporally cease operations as they sought a new permanent arena, located in either Pittsburgh or Philadelphia.

Meanwhile, the poor economy was taking a toll on the entire league. The Great Depression devastated the NHL as four teams were forced to fold, leaving behind just six teams. When a new Pittsburgh arena failed to materialize, Leonard surrendered his franchise in 1936. As it turned out, a new arena in Pittsburgh would not be built until the Pittsburgh Civic Arena opened in 1961. The NHL would play with six teams for 25 years before deciding to expand. The expansion in 1967 brought the Pittsburgh Penguins to the NHL and the city of Pittsburgh and the orange and black-uniformed Philadelphia Flyers to Philadelphia.

The last remaining active member of the Pittsburgh Pirates was Cliff Barton, who played his final NHL game in the 1939–40 season, where he won the Stanley Cup as a member of the New York Rangers.

Historic firsts
The Pittsburgh Pirates have left their mark in the NHL record books and NHL history with many firsts and other notable achievements.

 * Odie Cleghorn, the Pirates' coach (and occasional player) for the first four seasons, was the first NHL coach to change his players on the fly. This article from the December 21, 1925, Pittsburgh Press describes how Cleghorn would change the forward line halfway through each period with another set of attackers, who would play for "six or eight minutes". The first line would then come back on to finish the period. The defencemen were not changed.
 * Cleghorn was also the first coach to use three set forward lines, which was a huge change from the standard, which was to simply leave the best players out for as long as possible.
 * The Pirates set an NHL record in salaries by signing defenceman Lionel Conacher to a three-year deal worth $7,500 a year. Conacher was later named Canada's athlete of the half-century.
 * On December 26, 1926 the Pirates and the New York Americans combined for what still stands as the NHL record for most shots in one game. The two teams combined for 141 shots in a 3–1 New York win. Roy Worters made 70 saves for the Pirates and Jake Forbes made 67 saves for the Americans.

Logos and uniforms
The Pirates were one of the first teams in Pittsburgh to use the black & gold color scheme, basing their colors around the Flag of Pittsburgh's colors. They were predated in that regard by their own predecessor, the Yellow Jackets, as well as the 1912 Pittsburgh Filipinos and 1924 Pittsburgh Pirates baseball teams. Decades after the team folded, the colors have become the team colors of all three of Pittsburgh's major sports teams. However, during the team's existence, they would be the only team in the city with the colors, as the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team, like all other baseball teams at the time, had a more patriotic red, white, and blue color scheme and wouldn't permanently adopt black & gold until 1948. Meanwhile, the NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers would not exist until 1933, three years after the team left town and two years after the franchise folded altogether.

The Pirates would later have a connection with Pittsburgh's next NHL franchise; the Pittsburgh Penguins. In January 1980, the Boston Bruins protested to the NHL over the Penguins proposed change in team colors, from blue (in light and dark shades) and white to black and gold (colors present on the Penguins' logo). The Penguins used the Pirates as an example of an NHL team, other than the Bruins, that used the black & gold color scheme; in addition, black and gold was not even the Bruins' original color scheme, as they wore brown and gold (the colors of Bruins founder Charles Adams' First National grocery stores) until 1935. The NHL allowed the Penguins to change their colors as a result of the Pirates using these colors.

The Pirates wore bright yellow wool jerseys with black trim stripes with a "P" on the front of their jerseys during the 1925–1926 season. The team used the Pittsburgh's city crest emblems from older police jackets on the uniform sleeves. The first year jerseys appear to have been inherited from the Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets old jerseys. The Pirates featured new jerseys in 1928–29 that were gold with blue striping. The word "Pirates" written in arched, blocked lettering. The city crest on the sleeves was replaced with a "P".

In 1929–30, the Pirates switched to black and orange uniforms for their fifth and final season. The wool jerseys featured a chain-knit logo of a pirate face with an eye patch and hat with skull and cross bones. The jersey featured double striping on the sleeves and a diagonal background behind the crest. The orange and black remained when the Pirates moved across the state to become the Quakers, Philadelphia's first NHL team, adopting script lettering like the original Pirates' uniforms. When the Philadelphia Flyers joined the NHL in 1967, they adopted the orange and black colors first worn by the Pirates and Quakers.

Owners

 * Henry Townsend (1925–1927)
 * Horace Townsend, Edward Townsend (1927–1928)
 * Benny Leonard (nominal owner), Bill Dwyer (alleged covert owner) (1928–1930)

Head coaches

 * Odie Cleghorn (1925–1929)
 * Frank Fredrickson (1929–1930)

Captains

 * Lionel Conacher (1925–1926)
 * Harold Cotton (1926–1929)
 * Gerry Lowrey (1929–1930)

Hall of Famers

 * Lionel Conacher
 * Frank Fredrickson
 * Mickey MacKay
 * Roy Worters

Olympic winners
1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium:
 * Frank Frederickson won a gold medal with the Canadian national hockey team
 * Herb Drury won a silver medal with the American national hockey team

1924 Olympics in Chamonix, France:
 * Bert McCaffrey won a gold medal with the Canadian national hockey team
 * Herb Drury won a silver medal with the American national hockey team

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL)


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Quebec Bulldogs

The Quebec Bulldogs (Bulldogs de Québec) were a men's senior-level ice hockey team based in Quebec City. The team was officially known as the Quebec Hockey Club (Club de hockey de Québec), and later as the Quebec Athletic Club (Club athlétique de Québec). One of the first organized ice hockey clubs, the club debuted in 1878 with the opening of the Quebec Skating Rink. The club continued as an amateur team through various leagues, eventually becoming professional in 1908. The club would play in the National Hockey Association (the forerunner to the NHL) and the National Hockey League. In 1920, the team moved to Hamilton, Ontario and became the Hamilton Tigers.

Amateur roots, 1878–1909
The Quebec Hockey Club was founded in 1878, after the construction of the Quebec Skating Rink in 1877. The club consisted of Anglo-Canadian players. Play was by exhibition only, against teams drawn from the club members or visiting teams from Montreal. In 1883, the club played in the Montreal Winter Carnival, and joined the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) in 1888 and were members until 1898. After the AHAC, Quebec played in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League from 1899 to 1905, and the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association from 1906 to 1909. One player that went through the ranks of the Quebec Hockey Club was David Watson (1869–1922), a journalist and newspaper owner who fought as a Major-General in World War I. Watson played for the Quebec HC as a cover point (an offensive defenceman) in the AHAC through the course of the 1890s.

The club came close to winning the Stanley Cup on two occasions. In the 1894 season Quebec tied for the AHAC regular season lead with three other clubs. The AHAC drew up plans to hold the playoff solely in Montreal. Quebec declined to play in Montreal without one game in Quebec and the championship was eventually won by the Montreal Hockey Club. In 1904, Quebec won the CAHL outright. In a dispute, the club did not win the Stanley Cup or challenge for it. The Ottawa Hockey Club was the defending champions in 1903–04, but withdrew from the league. Quebec went on to win the CAHL and expected to receive the Stanley Cup as league champions. The trustees of the Cup instead ruled that the Cup went to Ottawa.

Two significant players on the Quebec Hockey Club during the later part of the first decade of the 1900s were Chubby and Joe Power, who would both later serve as politicians in Quebec. A third Power brother, Rockett Power, also represented the club.

National Hockey Association
In late 1909, Quebec became a founding member of the Canadian Hockey Association (CHA) in 1909. The CHA, however, would only last one month before being absorbed into the much more powerful National Hockey Association (NHA). Rejected by the new league, the Bulldogs sat out the inaugural 1910 season. The following season, 1910–11, the Bulldogs took over the defunct Cobalt Silver Kings franchise, but had a rough initiation, finishing dead last with four wins and 12 losses in a 16-game season. On a positive note, and a sign of things to come, Jack McDonald scored 14 goals and Tommy Dunderdale scored 13.

For 1911–12, the Bulldogs went from worst to first, with Joe Malone having a spectacular season, to win the O'Brien Cup as champions of the NHA and the Stanley Cup. The Dogs' record improved to 10 wins and eight losses while Malone scored 21 goals and Jack McDonald scored 18. In a Stanley Cup challenge, they crushed the Moncton Victorias in two games, 9–3 and 8–0, in the best-of-three playoff.

In their third season (1912–13), Quebec would again finish first overall with a record of 16-4 losses to retain the championship. Joe Malone won the scoring race with an unprecedented 43 goals. His teammate, Tommy Smith, was a close second with 39. In a Stanley Cup challenge after the season the team easily beat the Sydney Millionaires in two games by a combined score of 20-5.

The Victoria Aristocrats of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association next challenged the Bulldogs. The powerhouse Bulldogs expected to bowl over the Aristocrats, but were shocked after splitting the first two games and then losing 6–1 in the decisive third game. However, the Stanley Cup Board of trustees did not recognise the challenge because it should have been played in Quebec. PCHA leader Lester Patrick refused. The Bulldogs were able to keep the Cup.

In December 1913, the Bulldogs moved to the new Quebec Arena. The following seasons would see the Bulldogs drop from the top of the league. They would finish third overall in each of the next three seasons and in the last NHA season (1916–17) went second overall. After their two Stanley Cup wins, though, they would never again challenge for the Cup.

National Hockey League and the move to Hamilton 1917–1925
The Bulldogs, along with the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers and Ottawa Senators, were frustrated with Toronto Blueshirts owner Eddie Livingstone's acrimonious dealings. However, they discovered that the league constitution did not allow them to simply vote Livingstone out. Instead, the four clubs joined in founding the National Hockey League in 1917, and did not invite Livingstone to join them. Quebec's long-time manager Mike Quinn had retired due to ill health. The other directors of the Bulldogs were unable to get enough financing to make the move to the NHL—no small consideration given that Quebec City was by far the smallest market in the league. They opted to suspend operations for the league's inaugural season. To balance out the schedule, the remaining three clubs granted a temporary franchise to the Toronto Arena Company, the direct ancestors of today's Toronto Maple Leafs.

In 1918, the franchise was sold in principle to Percy Quinn. Quinn's actual intent was to use the Bulldogs to help resurrect the NHA. However, the other owners called Quinn's bluff by demanding a firm commitment to ice a team in the NHL for the 1918–19 season. When Quinn refused to do so, the NHL canceled the franchise. When no other Quebec-based group came forward, the Bulldogs sat out the 1918–19 season as well.

In May 1919, NHL president Calder and Mike Quinn made efforts to return Quebec to the league. Calder suggested that Quinn apply to the league for a new franchise. On December 2, 1919, the NHL approved the application of the Quebec Athletic Club for an NHL franchise. Newspapers at the time now referred to the team as the Quebec Athletics rather than Bulldogs.

While the team had been suspended, their star player, Joe Malone, played for the Canadiens. Malone rejoined the franchise, and won the scoring championship that year with 39 goals. Despite Malone's scoring and the presence of players like Harry Mummery, Quebec had a dismal season, finishing last, with 4 wins and 20 losses.

Before the 1920–21 season, the NHL took back the franchise, and sold it to new owners who moved the team to Hamilton, where it became the Tigers. This helped to head off a potential competing league organized by Livingstone from setting up in Hamilton.

The Tigers played in the NHL from 1920 to 1925. Due in large part to a team players' strike in the 1925 NHL playoffs, the franchise was revoked a second time that summer, this time for good. The entire Tigers roster was then sold to Bill Dwyer, owner of the expansion New York Americans franchise. However, the NHL does not reckon the Americans as a continuation of the Bulldogs/Tigers franchise. The Americans would play in the NHL from 1925 to 1942.

The last active Bulldogs player in major-league hockey was Dave Ritchie, who retired in 1926. The last active Bulldog player was Eddie Oatman, who played pro hockey until 1939 and played against the CAHL Quebec Beavers in 1929.

Over time, various hockey teams played in Quebec, including the minor-pro Quebec Castors and Quebec Aces. Big-league hockey would not return to Quebec City until the Quebec Nordiques were founded in 1972 as part of the new World Hockey Association. They joined the NHL in 1979. However, as with the Bulldogs, they found the going difficult playing in the league's smallest market. They moved to Denver in 1995 as the Colorado Avalanche. A potential National Hockey League expansion bid for Quebec City has been tabled by the league's board of governors since 2015.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
 * 1888–1898 – Amateur Hockey Association of Canada
 * 1899–1905 – Canadian Amateur Hockey League
 * 1906–1909 – Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association
 * Jan. 1910 – Canadian Hockey Association
 * 1910–1917 – National Hockey Association
 * 1919–1920 – National Hockey League

Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season

Head coaches

 * Charles Nolan (1910–12)
 * Mike Quinn (1912–20)

Hall of Famers

 * Rusty Crawford
 * Thomas Dunderdale
 * Joe Hall
 * Joe Malone
 * Paddy Moran
 * Tommy Smith
 * Bruce Stuart
 * Hod Stuart

Team captains
This list is incomplete.

 * Hod Stuart (1901)
 * Herb Jordan (1905)
 * Joe Malone (1910–17, 1919–20)

1912 Stanley Cup champions

 * Paddy Moran – goal
 * Goldie Prodgers – point
 * Joe Hall – cover point
 * Joe Malone – centre
 * Eddie Oatman – right wing
 * Jack McDonald – left wing
 * Jack Marks – sub
 * Walter Rooney – centre sub
 * George Leonard – sub
 * Joe Savard – sub goalie

1913 Stanley Cup champions

 * Paddy Moran goal
 * Joe Hall – point
 * Harry Mummery – cover point
 * Joe Malone – centre
 * Tommy Smith – right wing
 * Jack Marks – left wing
 * Russell Crawford – sub
 * Billy Creighton – sub
 * Jeff Malone – sub
 * James "Rockett" Power – sub
 * Walter Rooney – sub
 * Joe Savard – sub goalie

title: Quebec Bulldogs


text:
Talk:Front-side bus

74.128.236.56 removed their comment
—Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.128.236.56 (talk) 23:05, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The above signed fragment due to 74.128.236.56 removing their own comment (2010 Jan 11; 22:06 UTC) that had been signed by SineBot.—  al-Shimoni  (talk) 02:07, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

Non-FSB CPUs
Please do not add in processors that do not use a Front Side Bus, they are not relavent to the FSB chart. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.248.120.203 (talk) 14:21, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

MT/s vs MHz: The debate rages on, but why?
I just posted a discussion over on the Intel Core 2 discussion page about this -- why are we listing front side buses in megatransfers per second (MT/s)? This article states (incorrectly, I might add) that, quote; "Many manufacturers today publish the speed of the FSB in megatransfers per second (MT/s), not the FSB clock frequency in megahertz (MHz)." No manufacturer lists their front side bus in MT/s! They may list the speed of their newfangled, high speed, point-to-point interconnects as MT/s... but no one measures their FSB in MT/s! Look at any retail website selling these chips, or even retail websites selling complete systems. Why not take it straight from the horse's mouth, from Intel's on-site documents ? A Pickle (talk) 04:35, 29 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Becaus ethey use fake MHz, they do not use the MHz the Bus runs at but instead the data rate (bus clock x data blocks transferred per clock). In effect they use MT/s but state is as MHz because it sounds and sells better to those who do not know much about computers. --Denniss (talk) 17:53, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

FSB/Core ratio clock multiplier
What I need to know is :which is better, makes for a faster computer that does not sieze up, a high or low fsb/core ratio-clock multiplier? I get confused between the explanations using one concept or the other.

George Staffa (talk) 02:00, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Neither - the two parameters are basically opposed to each other. If you have a machine with a low core:bus ratio (e.g. 1:1) you won't stall the processor but technical limitations mean that you can't ramp up the clock speed.  Such a chip might never stall but won't run faster than a couple of hundred MHz.  If you have a chip that runs it's FSB at that same speed but its core at something faster you aren't going to lose anything.  Even in the worst possible case the chip will still have the same speed as the 1:1 processor, but on average it will be substantially faster, even if it does stall occasionally.

 * Current microprocessor developments are basically taking the high core:bus ratio approach for this reason, but are focussing on introducing ways to mitigate the effects of stalling. There are two main approaches.  The first is the obvious - use faster/smarter caches to reduce the amount of cache misses that occur.  The other approach is to design your cores so that they can quickly switch to another task if a stall occurs so that they can continue to do something constructive while they await fresh data from memory.  This is what Intel's Hyperthreading was all about and is an approach taken to its logical conclusion with Sun's Niagara CPUs. There is not fundamental reason why both approaches can't be combined but limited chip areas and R&D budgets tend to lead to a primary focus on one idea or the other.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by CrispMuncher (talk • contribs) 11:15, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Yes
having L2 cache on the processor die itself, this

It will be better if it changes to like this :

having L2 cache on the die of the processor itself, this —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.50.228.27 (talk) 02:12, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Gramatical error?
having L2 cache on the processor die itself, this

processor die? I'm no expert on buses, but either this was not intentional or this para graph needs changing.
 * No, it's not an error- there is, as far as I know, actually a thing called the processor die.--Airplaneman (talk) 19:58, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

No
No, this is not an error. Die is waver texture in circuits.

Asynchronous FSB/SDRAM bus speeds
"Similar to the PCI and AGP buses, however, the memory bus can sometimes also be run asynchronously from the front side bus." A good point is made here, but the text only mentions bus ratio settings. Some chipsets allow different memory bus speed settings; such as SDRAM=FSB or SDRAM=FSB+33. It would be nice to see that in the text also...

FSB chart
There seem to be quite a few FSB800 Pentiums flying around these days: the article is either outdated or needs an explanation. --Tom Edwards 20:33, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Can u explain me how to do overclocking in a P4 2.0 system with 845 mother board...
please tell me how to overclock the system..

Try a forum
---

Athlon XP
Weird, my PC with an Athlon XP processor only supports FSB 100/133/166 o.Ô

 * I have an Athlon XP 2600, which only goes upto 166mhz front side bus. This is thus 333MHz when doubled. I just recently put new RAM in the machine that is DDR-400 (400MHz memory speed when doubled, as per usual DDR semantics). My BIOS supports asynchronous bus speeds for FSB and RAM. This article seems to suggest that I should underclock my RAM to 333MHz to match the FSB of the CPU, without being explicit. What's the proper thing to do in my case, and can the article be expanded on to eliminate this ambiguity? 86.139.204.252 21:03, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Your XP runs with 166 MHz FSB and your memory with max 200 MHz. IF you have an nForce2 system then use both with 166 MHz unless you want to OC your CPU, using different speed on FSB and memory slows own your system. Most other Sockt-A system should run fine with memory clocked higher than FSB. --Denniss 22:59, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

abbreviation
wiki seaching fsb didnt point to this article

there are other uses to FSB. --202.71.240.18 07:11, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

speed examples a bit dated
in the CPU section: "For example, a processor running at 550 MHz might be using a 100 MHz FSB." These speeds kind of date the article a bit don't you think. Should moore's law be applied here?

Transfers 4 times per clock?
From the first note in the "Some sample FSB frequencies and bandwidths" table: "... and Intel Core 2 processors use a front side bus that transfers data four times per cycle".

Isn't this misleading? From my understanding, the Intel bus usn't really "quad pumped" (whatever that really means) or transferring data four times per clock cycle. Yes, it is transferring 4 times as much data as a system transferring one set of data per clock, but it does this by using pairs of memory DIMMs (128-bit memory bus width, compared to the standard 64-bit), and double data rate (transferring data on both the rising and falling clock edges). That way, the signals don't have to change state faster than the clock already does, so you get maximum data transfer with existing bus technology. The cost is that you need more wires on the mother board, and you need to use pairs of memory modules (or suffer massive performance penalties).

There seems to be a lot of confusion over this. I've seen web pages with sinusiodal clocks, transferring data at the peaks and also the zero crossings of the sine wave! Please! So I'd echo the calls for decent diagrams on how this works. --Mike Van Emmerik 00:49, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Intel "quadpumped" (I really don't like this word) FSB transfer 4 packets of data regardless of what memory is installed (even with SDR-SDRAM).

 * Interesting, and I agree with "4 packets of data" or similar, but what's said is "4 times per cycle" implying that on a processor with a "1066MHz FSB" there are four transfers (presumably, evenly spaced) per 267MHz clock cycle, which by my understanding is not true. (I believe that there are two transfers, evenly spaced, in each 267MHz cycle, each of these from two separate DIMMs.) In other words, there is a doubling in time, and a doubling in data width, not a quadrupling in time, as is implied by the article as currently written. --Mike Van Emmerik 10:02, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * 4 pieces of data are trasnferred even with a single memory stick installed as this even works with single-channel memory. I'm not really the expert on how and when data is transferred but I think to remeber it will be transferred at the raising and the falling clock signal as well as on the peak ond the bottom. Try a gogle search to find out more. --Denniss 09:47, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This is how it's done: Each bus clock cycle the 64-bit databus can transfer 4 packets. The bus clock is 266mhz on modern intel parts. This provides for an effective data rate of 1066mhz, 64bit transfers, resulting in peak throughput of 8B * 1.066GHz = 8.5GByte/s. This has nothing to do with the memory speed, that is a totally different bus.

 * Isn't that called "Quad Data Rate" (QDR)? --202.40.137.202 03:51, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Don't you confuse the FSB with DDR? The DDR(2) memory can do only two transfers per clock indeed. But FSB can do 4. Their coupling (either by entailing two memory banks/channels for full utilization or reducing FSB speed) is another story. --Javalenok (talk) 08:26, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

80.191.148.141 02:33, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
I've seen many pages on Internet that say Hypertransport 2GHz or 2000MT/s.

Do they refer to Hypertransport 1GHz Version. If your answer is (yes),

explain it and write about Intel's 1066 MT/s FSB.

In fact, write what we need to compare two FSB. (Hyperthreading, Intel's FSB)

( 1000MHz,1066Mhz or 8000MB/s,8533MB/s or 2000MT/s,1066MT/s )

All beginners like me are always confused and give their money to these companies.

I think this Article want a section about bus width. ( I mean 32 bit or 64 bit ,... )

Also, explain more about the 14400MB/s Bandwidth You've written for Hypertransport.

Finally, Please explain about FSB bandwidth increase. Will an Amd 3000+ (1800 MHz)

work better with Hypertransport 1GHz rather than Hypertransport 800MHz.

Beacuse both of them have 200 MHz system clock.

FSB Memory Bus Ratio
The article asserts:

For example, the current Core 2 architecture seems to perform better at a 1:1 ratio (that is, FSB1066 - true 266 MHz * quad-pumping - and DDR2-533 - true 266 MHz * double pumping) than a 4:5 ratio (using DDR2-667), but stepping it up to a 2:3 ratio (DDR2-800) or higher seems to increase performance over a 1:1 ratio.

Although no justification or reference is provided.

All-in-all the FSB topic is very important and this article really needs to be rewritten by someone with a deep technical understanding and practical experience in overclocking.

Removed
I removed this from the article because I don't think it directly adds to the article, but we might want to put it somewhere else so I put a copy here.

Three recent bus technologies are GTL+, EV6, and HyperTransport. Each bus is unique in how it moves data within the system between the CPU and devices.

GTL+/AGTL+ Bus
 * Designed by Intel for the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium III CPUs, as well as Xeons based on these cores (GTL+)
 * Redesigned for the Pentium 4 as well as Xeons on the same cores (AGTL+)
 * So-called because it uses GTL+ signalling
 * VIA's C3, C7, and Epia CPUs use these buses and are often interchangeable with Intel CPUs
 * A "shared" bus, meaning that all CPUs compete over the same physical connection for the bus' bandwidth.

EV6 Bus
 * Designed by DEC (now part of HP) for use with their Alpha EV6 CPUs
 * Licensed by AMD for their Athlon and Athlon XP line of CPUs
 * A point-to-point protocol connecting each CPU to the northbridge, meaning that each CPU has a dedicated connection to the device.

HyperTransport
 * Designed largely by AMD in conjunction with the HyperTransport Consortium
 * A point-to-point serial connection used by AMD for their Athlon 64, Athlon FX, Athlon X2, and Opteron processors.
 * Not technically a front side bus.
 * The HyperTransport connection connects AMD CPUs to the rest of the system. Also, these CPUs use it as the baseline to which the internal clock multiplier is applied.  Both of these functions were traditionally performed by the frontside bus.  On AMD-64 CPUs, the frontside bus, which connects the CPU to the northbridge, has been removed in favor of an on-die memory controller which communicates with RAM directly.

removed
''This is a really nicely formatted table, but does it really add to the article on FSB? Is it too Intel-centric? I removed it but copied it here because it has such nice format.''

 * Well, if this term is coined and generally used by Intel, it seems not surprising that it is Intel centric. Perhaps we need to clarify if it had uses outside of Intel and clone makers. W Nowicki (talk) 19:49, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

re:removed
Why is it too intel-centric, when AMD products had been added into discussion? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.50.228.27 (talk) 02:14, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Some sample FSB frequencies and bandwidths

 * If the PowerPC 970 has a FSB DDR, how does it get higher transfer speeds at a lower clock than other DDR FSBs? Or maybe I'm confused about that. - MSTCrow 16:36, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the speed entries for it are wrong. According to PowerPC 970, the FSB runs at half the clock speed, and clock speed varies from 1.6GHz to 2GHz, so the FSB should be 800-1000MHz, not 450-625MHz as is in the table.  One of these is wrong, and as you point out a discrepancy in the table data, I'm inclined to believe it's the table. JulesH 09:43, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Info Box?
Does the infobox at top right look right to people? (I can't decide so I'm not touching it for now.) RJFJR 11:59, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've removed the infobox, because it just doesn't seem appropriate to this article. It's designed for describing particular bus designs, not the logical purpose that a bus may serve, which is what this article is about.
 * As an example of the problem this causes, the box said width was "32 or 64 bits", whereas an FSB can really be any size. The FSB on a 286, for example, is 16 bits.  The FSB on a Core 2 Duo is 128 bits, I believe (i.e., it has 2 independent memory access channels of 64 bits each).  As somebody has mentioned below, some processors have serial interfaces as part of their FSB as well. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by JulesH (talk • contribs) 09:33, 9 December 2006 (UTC).

Serial FSB
How do I include serial into the infobox, as Hypertransport can be serial in nature? Also, I think the FSB can be a minimum of 2 or 4 bits in width. Thanks. - MSTCrow 16:34, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

"Most motherboards allow overclocking?"
Near the end of the article, under "Overclocking," there is a sentence that reads: "Most motherboards allow the user to manually set the clock multiplier and FSB settings by changing jumpers or BIOS settings."

Where is the source for this? The last time I checked, most PCs were bought pre-assembled and preloaded with software, from companies such as Dell, HP, eMachines, etc. The majority of these PCs and motherboards within DO NOT allow you to change the FSB, much less multiplier. Perhaps a change is needed? The only motherboards that enable one to change the FSB and multiplier settings are chips purchased for custom-built computers, which represent a minority in the PC world. Thoughts? Opinions? -- Punchinelli 19:37, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Update: I added and edited some info in the aforementioned Overclocking section to yield a more accurate representation of the amount of overclockable motherboards. Punchinelli 21:49, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Webopedia?
That article is not much more than a sentence, I do not believe that it would really help unless someone disagrees with me. VentusIgnis 13:18, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

"Frontside" versus "Front side"
Frontside - please check any dictionary to see that there is no such word in English. It is "Front side bus". --Kubanczyk 09:10, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Also see the requested move below back to the pre-hyphenated spelling to match sources. W Nowicki (talk) 18:14, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Shonky math, or missing precision?
The MT/s is affected by how many ticks are performed for each mhz, so if a motherboard has a 266MHz FSB and performs 4 transfers per clock tick, it has a total data transfer rate of 1066 MT/s. That is what the manufactures give as the speed of the FSB. Intel calls this technique which has 4 ticks per cycle Quad Pumping.

266 * 4 = 1064, not 1066. Should that be 266.5MHz, or is the 1066 MT/s wrong? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.167.247.10 (talk) 05:48, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Missing pieces
It seems like this article is missing something. In the "pros and cons" section, it talks about the FSB like there are alternatives to it, but in the article above that, it talks as if there isn't any other way for the memory/system components/northbridge to communicate with the processor. This definitely needs to be fixed, because this reads sort of like a half-article right now. Like a lot of stuff was cut out of the article that made it make sense at some point in the past. (Some of which seems to be here on the talk page.) RobertM525 (talk) 01:40, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That entire section needs rewriting and sourcing as it currently reads like a personal analysis. The section should be titled something like "Criticism" or "Obsolescence". With regard to AMD specifically, the alternative being implied is HyperTransport. Ham Pastrami (talk) 17:17, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

System Bus
I haven't found much in the way of a formal definition of "system bus". I *think* that "system bus" is the same as "fsb", but I'm not sure. Can anyone address this?--75.152.173.147 (talk) 18:50, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * They are pretty much the same. Technically, "FSB" should be a subsection in an article titled "system bus", as "system bus" is the generic term and "FSB" is Intel terminology. Rilak (talk) 08:34, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I've seen the term "PSB" (processor side bus) sporadically around the internet, with inconsistent definitions. What is the difference, if any, between "PSB" and "FSB"?132.38.190.10 (talk) 19:30, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Well it has now been about two years and this needs to be revisited again. Related to the above discussion about being "Intel centric", adding AMD info that is Intel compatible is only one small aspect of the issue. Computers had system busses for decades before the personal computer. So I propose to develope the system bus article into one about the generic concept and keep this one specific to the Intel implementation of this concept. W Nowicki (talk) 17:43, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Integrated memory controllers change the FSB story.
With 2009's processors such as AMD Athlon II/Phenom II and Intel's Nehalem microarchitecture, the northbridge no longer contains the memory controller, this function has moved into the CPU package. This substantially changes the character of the front-side bus in terms of system performance. Perhaps this article should be updated to reflect this. See Intel X58 for an example of this sort of architecture.

Burt Harris (talk) 17:41, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Transfer rates
Something's very wrong with the "Transfer rates" table. I have a Core 2 Duo CPU here, it has an FSB of 800MHz (or MT/s), the table says 10 times more or so.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.249.223.23 (talk) 00:40, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

True - those numbers actually are the FSB throughput (Transfer rate * Bus width), in MB/s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.66.57.209 (talk) 15:35, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Ok, this doesn't make sense.
If the front side bus is "the bus that carries data between the CPU and the northbridge", and it is "an aging technology" - this would imply that in newer systems no data is being carried between the CPU and the northbridge. I can't really imagine that to be true. So either the definition is incomplete - the front side bus is one specific method of carrying that data, and then it should be stated which method; or something else is wrong. -- 92.229.92.20 (talk) 21:43, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The northbridge is the interface to memory; newer CPUs containing HyperTransport or QPI connections have their own memory controller on-die, thus making the northbridge itself obsolete. So in newer systems, the northbridge is inside the CPU and there is no FSB between them anymore. So the definition stated is actually correct. --141.44.162.92 (talk) 11:28, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

The whole context needs to be set better. As far as I can tell, this term was introduced by Intel around the time of the first Pentium products. And it was used in data-center server machines too, so the "personal computer" in the intro is not accurate. It is the manufacturer specific (or architectures that are Intel compatible), not specific to how many users the computer has. And generally needs to be in the past tense, clarifying it was used about 1990-2010 or so. Hard to get sources for this, but better than being vague or misleading. W Nowicki (talk) 17:39, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 21:17, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Front-side bus → Front side bus – Relisted Alpha Quadrant    talk    21:35, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

What reliable sources use.

It looks like the page was moved about a year ago without any discussion I can find. Intel (who seems to have coined the term) consistently spells it as "front side bus" without any hyphen. http://www.google.com/search?&q=front-side+bus+site:intel.com So I propose we move it back to be consistent with the sources and the way it was for its first three years. Any objections? W Nowicki (talk) 18:12, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Support seems to be the WP:COMMONNAME. 65.95.13.213 (talk) 05:15, 28 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Front-side is a compound modifier of bus and should be hyphenated. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 21:48, 28 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Not a valid consideration in terms of WP:AT I'm afraid. Andrewa (talk) 06:42, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * WP:AT does address things such as capitalization so I can't imagine why proper grammar would not apply as well. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 08:41, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * So make a proposal to this effect and good luck getting it accepted, but meantime I'm afraid it says what it says rather than what you think it should say. Andrewa (talk) 09:36, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * My contention is WP:AT doesn't speak to punctuation. Given the new links presented below, however, this seems to be a moot issue, as reliable sources do use a hyphen. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 16:52, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * It doesn't say anything about left-handed smoke shifters either; but it applies to Snipe hunt all the same. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:32, 5 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. Current name appears to be a Wikipedian invention. Andrewa (talk) 06:42, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Any editor worth her salt would correct this in any text. It's not a side bus. Please let's not confuse readers. Tony   (talk)  08:53, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Again, this appears to be asserting that front-side is what English speakers should use rather than what they do use. It's the latter that is the issue in terms of Wikipedia policy. The ambiguity that's avoided by including the hyphen is unfortunate in some ways, but if it's part of English then it's Wikipedia policy not to try to fix this particular sort of ambiguity. It would be different if we wanted to disambiguate from an article on near side-bus, but we don't even have an article on side bus yet. Andrewa (talk) 12:54, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose – it is not WP policy to copy errors, even from reliable sources. Besides if you look at books (e.g. this Google books search), most use the hyphen, so this claim that people actually use "front side bus" is way off base.  Dicklyon (talk) 16:19, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Ignore Tony, Dicklyon (and myself) as unwanted quarrellers. Those two want theit favorite obscure guideline to have all power; I don't; this decision should be left to those actually interested in the readability of the article. For what it is worth, hyphenation in contexts like this was always rare in American English, and has been steadily falling out of use in British English; for now, see WP:ENGVAR, but be prepared to move as this anglicism falls out of use. For what it is worth, a few prominent authors seem to be using "front-side bus" or even "front-side-bus" in the last five years, but looking a little deeper suggests that the bulk of usage does not hyphenate. Since there is no actual ambiguity (there is no side bus to be front) this is unsurprising. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:01, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Leave it alone. Both terms appear to be in common use, and WP:TITLECHANGES says, “If an article title has been stable for a long time, and there is no good reason to change it, it should not be changed.” (Misleading the readers is not an argument, as from the title alone the reader wouldn't be able to tell this is not about a type of road vehicle anyway, and as for “correcting” stuff, go correct some of the stuff listed in Misnomer. :-) ― A. di M.plédréachtaí 13:22, 5 June 2011 (UTC)
 *  Support ; common enough usage that we have no compelling reason to avoid the clarity provided by the hyphen. Powers T 20:34, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Of course I meant Oppose. Front-side bus is what the title should be.  Powers T 02:26, 7 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Heh! What a stupid term, for a start. "Side" and "front" are very often mutually exclusive (think of a house, with a front, a back, and two sides). In such a case the clarity brought by evolved norms of punctuation is especially needed. See my more general remarks in the subsection below. N oetica Tea? 23:52, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Common name
''This is a discussion section. Please add further "votes" to the section above rather than to here. TIA. Andrewa (talk) 12:54, 4 June 2011 (UTC)''

I'm interested that neither of the objections so far dispute the claim that near side bus is the common name. It seems to me that this is the key issue, and that the lack of evidence presented to support this claim is the only apparent weakness in the proposal. At the risk of arguing from silence it appears that there may be no weakness here, that near side may be the common name exactly as claimed. Andrewa (talk) 12:54, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I googled it. The first eight entries are "front-side bus" bar one, which is "frontside bus". Tony   (talk)  15:16, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Also in Scholarly papers the correct hyphenated form is often used. The fact that this term is also commonly used mis-punctuated is not a reason to so do in WP.  If Intel "invented" this generic term in mispunctuated form, that is not a reason for others to adopt bad grammar, and most have not.  Especially in books, which have editors who care about such things, as we also do at WP. Dicklyon (talk) 16:24, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

I believe this notion that WP:COMMONNAME supercedes correct punctuation is unprecedented. Am I wrong? Not that it would apply here anyway, since best (book) sources mostly don't use wrong punctuation of front-side bus. Dicklyon (talk) 16:30, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, of course you are wrong; you should know you are wrong. You participated in a discusion on exactly this issue, four months ago; you argued against the same claim, from a different editor, Administrators%27_noticeboard/IncidentArchive692; you claimed the same theory was novel earlier this week. All these are precedents; and all by different editors than this move request. What is unprecedented is your own theory that the policy WP:COMMONNAME doesn't apply to punctuation – but rather a contested section of a non-consensus guideline. That theory is unsupported by any guidance save the say-so of a few editors. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:01, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I didn't mean to question whether the theory had been proposed before, but rather whether there was any precedent for it being accepted. Born2Cycle accepted your theory because he hates en dashes more than you do, but that hasn't really gone anywhere.  Is there any precedent of accepting the notion that due to COMMONNAME we should accept in titles punctuations that are either wrong or violate the accepted provisions of the MOS?  I don't know of any.  Dicklyon (talk) 20:28, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Accepted by the disruptive minority? No, unfortunarely; such editors never accept anything contrary to their POV, which is why they should be ignored, if not banned. But accepted? Certainly; Dicklyon knows  this discussion perfectly well; well enough to misrepresent it to third parties. The clear language of policy and the good of the encyclopedia have coubtless prevailed whenever this invented distinction has not been raised.  Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:25, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, I know it very well. That was the skirmish in which this theory proposed by you was accepted by an admin who moved the page, leading to a big mess that is being settled now in favor of styling titles the same way as text, per the MOS.  Not really very relevant here any more, since the use of normal punctuation in front-side bus has been shown to be common in sources.  Dicklyon (talk) 00:18, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
 * And, much more importantly, by seven other editors concerned with the readability of the page - as this should be settled. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:38, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

I do not quite follow the "near side" example; seems like a red herring. Although I was the proposer of the move, let me now propose a compromise. Keep the article title, but explain the difference: "Front Side Bus" (all capitals, no hyphen) was the term coined by Intel. A USPTO search indicates it appears not to be a trademark, although the capitals would suggest they might have treated it like one. Then there is the generic concept of a bus on the front side, which as indicated would be more correctly hyphenated and lower case. That would explain why articles and books often use the generic English term, as opposed to Intel specific. And using "wrong" punctuation is very very common in computer product names, like it or not. Wikipedia has many precedents for using the version from official product literature. Off hand I would point out ThinkPad, iPod, iSCSI, but there are also precedents for using more "correct" forms, although most of those are moving from all caps to normal punctuation. W Nowicki (talk) 17:44, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * This sounds like a good compromise. But it might not be necessary, as companies tend to do this all the time. I guess marketing folks hate hyphens because they incessantly remove them, they must think it makes the term more prominent, along with more capitalization than is normally called for. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 17:54, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Hyphenation is often obsolete, and often anglicizes. Computer products are pretentious in different directions from Ye-Olde Inne, and that is just as well, since the inn sign is bad Tudor English too. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:05, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
 * "Front-side bus" is the common name. Tony   (talk)  03:11, 5 June 2011 (UTC)
 * My take, using the present case as an example: The common name is spoken as the three-word construction {front+side+bus}. Normal spelling is applied in writing these three words. That's it: the common name has now been settled.
 * Next, as a further question, comes punctuation. Here every writer, editor, and publisher applies certain favourite principles. These may sometimes vary, but in the present case well-established practice prefers a hyphen: "front-side bus". The fact that many writers – and even editors and publishers these days – apply a different punctuation is not relevant. It has nothing to do with selecting a common name for Wikipedia titles. WP:TITLE does not touch on punctuation; and reliable sources are frequently anything but reliable for punctuation. Let me explain: Many writers dispense with norms of punctuation (especially hyphens) when the term in question becomes very familiar to them, and no longer needs punctuation for interpreting or clarifying the sense. They lose track of the fact that it is not a familiar term for others. Wikipedia is written for others, not for experts who already know. That's um, ... communication. N oetica Tea? 23:52, 6 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Well I still do not think it is "settled" just because someone asserts it emphatically. As stated, the term was written as "Front Side Bus" by its coiner not because it was "very familiar to them" at all, but because it was considered a proper name somehat like a trademark (although it never appeared to be actually registered). Will try to explain it in the article. W Nowicki (talk) 00:08, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

It looks like a user who did not participate in the discussion reverted my proposed compromise? I am going to put it back in, since it was sourced to the official description of the term by its coiner. Perhaps the self-referential wording is not needed; anyone reading the article can see it calls it "front-side bus". But refusing to mention what it was originally called is an odd form of censorship. Explaining the origin of the term and its evolution is indeed history, even if a specific editor does not like it. If a reliable source contains information relevant to the topic, it should be included. The reason I started this discussion was to get consensus. If another editor has a counter-proposal (e.g. put it in a footnote) then please discuss. For example, I just did a quick search of the literature and could not find any papers using the hyphenated term before Intel seems to have coined it, but an expert might have a better collection to search. W Nowicki (talk) 17:51, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

Another revert?
It looks like User:Glrx reverted the proposed compromise again without discussion. To recap:

I was looking at improving this article (which was totally unsourced back in May), and noticed that reliable sources were inconsistent with their punctuation and capitalization of the term. Since the move had been done without any discussion, I started one on May 27. The discussion indicated that both "Front Side Bus" and "front-side bus" are used in sources, but the latter is generally more correct English usage. I proposed a compromise of keeping the title but explaining the history of the term as being coined by Intel since I did not have strong feelings either way. We do this kind of thing all the time in biography articles: when more than one name is used, explain the history with sources briefly but otherwise use a name consistently. It is even an issue with technology history terms such as stored-program computer or Von Neumann architecture which change through time.

The move was closed with "no consensus" on June 11. In the meanwhile User:Dicklyon and I made some improvements (I hope!) to the article and added some citations and a diagram. I proposed again my compromise on this talk page on June 12, and added it since nobody objected. The next morning Glrx reverted the cited statement, with the summary "hypen usage is not history; article is not about WP". Could a third party please read the source ftp://download.intel.com/design/intarch/PAPERS/321087.pdf and see if I am imagining it? Read page 6, 9 or 10 for example "The name front side bus, came about when the original L2 cache was added to the CPUs." So that source did seem to me to be relevant to its history, being the closest to an "official" definition of the term. (Although this 2009 document does use lower case in the body, upper case in other places; eventually I was going to add some other sources from earlier periods but they are harder to get. It might be only capital letters when intended as a proper name. see http://www.intel.com/technology/platforms/quickassist/index.htm and http://download.intel.com/support/processors/xeon/sb/25213506.pdf )

I waited more than a day to see if any explanation would be added here. None was. Then on June 14 I added an explicit call for any better wording here, and added another attempt to the article without the self-referential language. I also included another source to an Intel document. I replaced some inline links with full live citations, and fixed some wording that had been discussed on this talk page. Within a few hours, again without any discussion here, Glrx reverted, including removing a citation to an Intel document (which luckily Anomiebot rescued). Glrx then added a template to my talk page warning that I could be banned for making "more than three reversions on a single page within a 24-hour period" because I was Edit warring. However, that guideline clearly states that edit wars are when editors are not "trying to resolve the disagreement by discussion". It also says: "avoid relying solely on edit summaries and discuss the matter on the article's talk page." Could I have a third opinion on if I was trying in good faith to resolve by discussion? Also who was doing the reverting, and who was doing constructive edits that made the article agree with reliable sources? The edit summary on the revert was "article not moved; revert WP:POINTmaking; no need to explain punctuation". That guideline states it should be only invoked for disruptive edits. Is is disruptive to make article information consistent with sources? Or is removing well-cited content disruptive? Not even sure what "point" it was supposed to be making. It was just trying to add accurate verifiable content based on the discussion here. Certainly technical information should be the major content to this article, but one short sentence describing the evolution of the term from a proprietary proper noun to a generic term might be interesting to more general readers.

That guideline says "If direct discussion fails to resolve a problem, look into dispute resolution." And that suggestion seems reasonable. I would appreciate help to get this (I thought minor) issue behind us and move on to more improvements to content. W Nowicki (talk) 18:28, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose discussing hypenation or capitalization in the main article. Earlier, you proposed moving the article to the unhypenated name. There was no consensus for that move. You voiced your continued disagreement with not moving the article in the then-closed section. The material you added to the main article was more about the punctuation rather than the origin of the name. My edit summaries were that the article should not cover a minor matter such as WP's choice about punctuation. What significance is there in the loss of the hypen? Why would somebody who reads the article care? Your addition did, however, elevate an issue about which you are both interested (proposing the move) and unhappy (commenting after move did not achieve consensus). Apparently you also want to add material about capitalizing the term. If you can gain consensus, then you can the material. -- Glrx (talk) 19:22, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

No, please do not assume bad faith and make assumptions about an editor's emotions. I never said I was "unhappy" with keeping the title in place. If you look at my history, I am almost always in favor of minmizing wasted moves back and forth. I just wanted to have the discussion, and from experience know that closing a discussion due to "no consensus" is very different than having a matter "settled". Things are rarely settled on Wikipedia; we should remain open-minded in my opinion. I was commenting on how the article is incomplete and misleading. A few readers might actually be interested in more than a litany of Megahertz and we should not presume to know what is important to them or not. See below. W Nowicki (talk) 16:53, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with Glrx. Almost any multi-word technical term can be commonly found mis-punctuated and/or in title case in a number of sources, especially when it's being promoted by its originator or used to define an acronym.  In WP, we don't do it that way.  It's really not worth commenting on in an article on the topic.  Dicklyon (talk) 19:43, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

Well yes, finally a reasonable argument. Especially now that I realize that sources show Intel tacked on the term as part of their product names. For example a "Xeon Processor with 533 MHz Front Side Bus at 2 GHz" might be a very different product than the "Xeon Processor with 400 MHz Front Side Bus at 2 GHz". Even this might be interesting to note; not all readers are engineers. I hear some people even care about marketing names. Some are even linguists. People who already understand the term will probably be less likely to read it than whose who have no clue what it is. Punctuation is clearly a detail, which is why it was stated merely in passing. I do not see such a horrible evil in mentioning it so briefly, but if someone had suggested removing punctuation details but keeping the discussion of the evolution of the term to be generic, that would have been a fine alternative I would have supported. (Certainly wish it would have been expressed earlier but we all have time constraints.)

The more fundamental problem is that the article after the reversions still confuses the general concept with specific implementations of that concept by Intel in the 1990s-2000s. Computers existed before Intel and will (I hope) exist after Intel is gone. The article does not even say how many versions of the Intel implementations there were that differed in more than clock rate. Another example: the table lists "64-bit" for al the bus widths. This is also a detail, and probably deserves mentioning, although might be better in one or two lines of prose, and with sources cited, but I digress. Someone could, in theory at least, implement a wider front-side bus with 128 bits, or a cheaper one with 32 bits, or whatever. Although certainly they might call it some strange name like the "FroNT+side+bUS" since the hyphen has a negative connotation. :-) W Nowicki (talk) 16:53, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Add FSB Speed to tables?
After looking for information and to learn about FSB speeds, I came across this page. It took me some time to realize that the page wasn't outdated. The first thing that gets my attentions are tables and graphics, so when looking at the Intel table I just saw values up to 400 MHz, so therefore I was convinced that this information was quite old. After a while I finally realized that the values in the FSB Clock column is not the same as the FSB Speed used "normally". In this case I was looking at CPU and memory for some older Dell servers. My suggestion to clarify this is to add a column to the tables with the FSB speeds labeled "FSB Speed (MT/s)", but with MHz used in the cells. Dell mentions this as "Front-side bus (external) speed" (see example here). Any objections? /PatrikN (talk) 22:27, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

The Concept of Front Side Bus Should Come with Time
The name, Front Side Bus (FSB), is essentially neutral. If a bus is able to connect CPU onto the mainboard, it should be called a Front Side Bus, no matter whether there would be a centric bridge chip (North Bridge) serving for it. Contrast to it, if a bus redirect its connection back its own physical package without indirectly extending out, it could be called a Back Side Bus (BSB), without having to connecting cache related devices. This concept should come with time, as technologies advancing... GoldenQR (talk) 22:18, 4 September 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 February 2016
Please update link of 2nd reference of "EV6" text to "EV6" - its current link is stale. The first link to "Athlon" page is valid if indirect.

Typo369 (talk) 09:20, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done  Eve rgr een Fir  (talk) Please {{re}} 18:47, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Front-side bus


text:
New York Americans

The New York Americans, colloquially known as the Amerks, were a professional ice hockey team based in New York City from 1925 to 1942. They were the third expansion team in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the second to play in the United States. The team never won the Stanley Cup, but reached the semifinals twice. While it was the first team in New York City, it was eclipsed by the second, the New York Rangers, which arrived in 1926 under the ownership of the Amerks' landlord, Madison Square Garden. The team operated as the Brooklyn Americans during the 1941–42 season before suspending operations in 1942 due to World War II and long-standing financial difficulties. The demise of the club marked the beginning of the NHL's Original Six era from 1942 to 1967, though the Amerks' franchise was not formally canceled until 1946.

The team's overall regular season record was 255–402–127.

Formation
In 1923, Canadian sports promoter Thomas Duggan received options on three NHL franchises for the United States. He sold one to Boston grocery magnate Charles Adams, which became the Boston Bruins in 1924. Duggan then arranged with Tex Rickard to have a team in Madison Square Garden. Rickard agreed, but play was delayed until the new Garden was built in 1925. In April of that year, Duggan and Bill Dwyer, New York City's most-celebrated prohibition bootlegger, were awarded the franchise for New York. Somewhat fortuitously given the shortage of players, the Hamilton Tigers, who had finished first the season before, had been suspended from the league after they struck for higher pay. However, the suspensions were quietly lifted in the off-season. Soon afterward, Dwyer duly bought the collective rights to the Tiger players for $75,000. He gave the players healthy raises—in some cases, double their 1924–25 season's salaries. Just before the season, Dwyer announced the team would be known as the New York Americans. Their original jerseys were covered with stars and stripes, patterned after the American flag. Although he acquired the Tigers' players, Dwyer did not acquire the franchise; as it was expelled from the league. As a result, the NHL does not consider the Americans to be a continuation of the Tigers—or for that matter, of the Tigers' predecessors, the Quebec Bulldogs. The Americans entered the league in the 1925–26 season along with the Pittsburgh Pirates. The Americans and Pirates became the second and third American-based teams in the NHL, following Adams' Boston Bruins, who had begun play the previous season.

NHL years
The Americans played their first home game at the Garden, losing 3–1 to the Montreal Canadiens in front of 17,000 people. However, success did not come easily for the Americans. Despite icing essentially the same team that finished first the previous year, they finished fifth overall in their first season with a record of 12–22–4. However, they were a success at the box office; so much so that the following season Garden management landed a team of its own, the New York Rangers. A clause in the Amerks' lease with the Garden required them to support any bid for the Garden to acquire an NHL franchise. The Garden had promised Dwyer that it would never exercise that option, and that the Amerks would be the only team in the arena. However, when the Garden opted to seek its own team after all, the Amerks had little choice but to agree.

The 1926–27 season saw the Americans continue to struggle, finishing 17–25–2. Part of the problem was that they were placed in the Canadian Division in defiance of all geographic reality, resulting in a larger number of train trips to Montreal, Toronto and Ottawa. Meanwhile, the Rangers won the American Division title. The next season saw the Americans fall even further by finishing last in their division (ninth overall) with a record of 11–27–6, while the Rangers captured the Stanley Cup in only their second year of existence. The Americans were thus doomed to a long history as New York City's second team.

The 1928–29 NHL season saw the Amerks sign star goaltender Roy Worters from the Pittsburgh Pirates. He led the team to a 19–13–12 record in that season, good enough for second in the Canadian Division (fourth overall). Worters had a 1.21 goals against average (GAA), becoming the first goaltender to win the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player in the league. Standing on Worters' shoulders, the Americans made the playoffs for the first time, but were unable to beat the Rangers in a total goals series. The Rangers had extreme difficulty scoring against Worters, but the futile Americans were equally unable to score against the Rangers. The Rangers ended up winning the series in the second game, 1–0 in overtime.

The following season saw the Americans plunge to fifth place in the division (ninth overall) with a 14–25–5 record. Worters followed up his stellar 1928–29 season with an atrocious 3.75 goals against average. Worters rebounded the next season, with a 1.68 goals against average. That was good enough to give the Americans a winning record. However, they missed out on a playoff berth since the Montreal Maroons had two more wins, which was the NHL's first tiebreaker for playoff seeding.

The 1931–32 season saw some developments that changed the way the hockey was played. In a game against the Bruins, the Americans iced the puck 61 times. At that time, there was no rule against icing. Adams was so angry that he pressed, to no avail, for the NHL to make a rule against icing, so the next time the two teams met, the Bruins iced the puck 87 times in a scoreless game. It was not until a few years later that the NHL made a rule prohibiting icing, but those two games were the catalyst for change.

The Americans' lackluster on-ice performance was not the only problem for the franchise. With the end of Prohibition, Dwyer was finding it difficult to make ends meet. After the 1933–34 NHL season, having missed the playoffs for the fifth straight year, the Americans attempted a merger with the equally strapped Senators, only to be turned down by the NHL Board of Governors. During the 1935–36 season, Dwyer decided to sell the team. As fortunes had it, the Americans made the playoffs for the first time in six years under player-coach Red Dutton, but bowed out in the second round against the Maple Leafs. Even with this rebound, no buyers came forward, prompting Dwyer to abandon the team. The league announced a takeover of the team for the next season. Dwyer sued the NHL, saying it had no authority to seize his team. A settlement was reached whereby Dwyer could resume control provided he could pay off his debts by the end of the season. However, Dwyer could not do so, and the NHL took full control of the franchise. Despite the presence of Dutton, who had retired as a player to become coach and general manager, the team fared no better under the league's operation than before, finishing last with a record of 15–29–4. The only bright spot was Sweeney Schriner, who led the league in scoring that year.

The league asked Dutton to become operating head of the franchise for the 1937–38 season. The Americans signed veterans Ching Johnson and Hap Day and acquired goalie Earl Robertson. These new acquisitions greatly helped the team as they finished the season with a 19–18–11 record and made the playoffs. In the playoffs, they beat the Rangers in three games, but lost to the Chicago Black Hawks in three.

The Americans made the playoffs again in 1938–39 and 1939–40 seasons, but were bounced in the first round each time. Canada entered World War II in September 1939, and some of the team's Canadian players left for military service. An even larger number of players entered the military in 1940–41. With a decimated roster, the Americans missed the playoffs with a record of 8–29–11, the worst in franchise history. While the league's other teams were similarly hard-hit, Dutton was still bogged down by lingering debt from the Dwyer era. This debt, combined with the depletion of talent and wartime travel restrictions, forced Dutton to sell off his best players for cash. The Amerks were clearly living on borrowed time; it was only a matter of when, not if, they would fold.

"Brooklyn" Americans
At wit's end, Dutton changed the team's name for the 1941–42 NHL season to the Brooklyn Americans. He intended to move the team to Brooklyn, but there was no arena in that borough suitable enough even for temporary use. As result, they continued to play their home games in Manhattan at Madison Square Garden while practicing in Brooklyn. They barely survived the season, finishing dead last for the second year in a row with a record of 16–29–3. After the season, the Amerks suspended operations for the war's duration. In 1945, a group emerged willing to build a new arena in Brooklyn. However, in 1946, the NHL reneged on previous promises to reinstate the Amerks and canceled the franchise. Although Dutton had every intention of returning the Amerks to the ice after World War II, NHL records list the Amerks as having "retired" from the league in 1942.

Legacy
The NHL did not expand beyond its remaining six teams until the 1967–68 season. Dutton blamed the owners of Madison Square Garden (who also owned the Rangers) for pressuring the NHL to not reinstate the Americans. Dutton was so bitter that he purportedly swore the Rangers would never win a Stanley Cup again in his lifetime. This "curse" became reality; the Rangers did not win another Cup until 1994, seven years after his death.

The last active New York Americans player was Pat Egan, who retired in 1951 but played minor ice hockey until 1959 with Victoria Cougars of the Western Hockey League. Egan returned to ice hockey in 1966 playing for the Jacksonville Rockets of the Eastern Hockey League playing only 20 games as player/head coach. The last active Brooklyn Americans player was Ken Mosdell, who retired in 1959.

The 1926–27 Americans team was the first team in professional sports history to have their surnames on the back of their uniform sweaters, along with numbers.

The New York metropolitan area did not have a second NHL team again until the establishment of the New York Islanders in nearby Uniondale, on Long Island, for the 1972–73 season. While the Americans attempted to relocate to Brooklyn in their final years, the Islanders did so, playing at the Barclays Center from 2015 to 2020, although unlike the Americans they continued to be known as the New York Islanders.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Hall of Famers

 * Billy Burch
 * Charlie Conacher
 * Lionel Conacher
 * Red Dutton
 * Busher Jackson
 * Ching Johnson
 * Harry Oliver
 * Chuck Rayner
 * Sweeney Schriner
 * Eddie Shore
 * Bullet Joe Simpson
 * Hooley Smith
 * Nels Stewart
 * Roy Worters

Team captains

 * Billy Burch, 1925–1932
 * Red Dutton, 1932–1936
 * Sweeney Schriner, 1936–1939
 * Charlie Conacher, 1939–1941
 * Tommy Anderson, 1941–1942

Coaches
Head coaches for the New York Americans:
 * Tommy Gorman, 1925–1926, 1928–1929
 * Newsy Lalonde, 1926–1927
 * Shorty Green, 1927–1928
 * Lionel Conacher, 1929–1930
 * Eddie Gerard, 1930–1932
 * Bullet Joe Simpson, 1932–1935
 * Rosie Helmer, 1935–1936
 * Red Dutton, 1935–1940
 * Art Chapman, 1940–1942

Broadcasters
The Americans' radio situation mirrored that of the New York Rangers: same stations, same broadcasters, same announcers; home games only, joined-in-progress. Jack Filman  was the principal radio announcer for the Americans on and off until their demise.

A few Americans and Rangers games were on experimental TV stations in 1940-41 and 1941-42; then public television broadcasting closed down until 1945-46.

title: New York Americans


text:
Demigod

A demigod is a part-human and part-divine offspring of a deity and a human, or a human or non-human creature that is accorded divine status after death, or someone who has attained the "divine spark" (divine illumination). An immortal demigod often has tutelary status and a religious cult following, while a mortal demigod is one who has fallen or died, but is popular as a legendary hero in various polytheistic religions. Figuratively, it is used to describe a person whose talents or abilities are so superlative that they appear to approach being divine.

Etymology
The English term "demi- god" is a calque of the Latin word semideus, "half-god". The Roman poet Ovid probably coined semideus to refer to less important gods, such as dryads. Compare the Greek hemitheos. The term demigod first appeared in English in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century, when it was used to render the Greek and Roman concepts of semideus and daemon. Since then, it has frequently been applied figuratively to people of extraordinary ability.

Classical
In the ancient Greek and Roman world, the concept of a demigod did not have a consistent definition and associated terminology rarely appeared.

The earliest recorded use of the term occurs in texts attributed to the archaic Greek poets Homer and Hesiod. Both describe dead heroes as hemitheoi, or "half gods". In these cases, the word did not literally mean that these figures had one parent who was divine and one who was mortal. Instead, those who demonstrated "strength, power, good family, and good " were termed heroes, and after death they could be called hemitheoi, a process that has been referred to as "heroization". Pindar also used the term frequently as a synonym for "hero".

According to the Roman author Cassius Dio, the Roman Senate declared Julius Caesar a demigod after his 46 BCE victory at Thapsus. However, Dio was writing in the third century CE — centuries after the death of Caesar — and modern critics have cast doubt on whether the Senate really did this.

The first Roman to employ the term "demigod" may have been the poet Ovid (17 or 18 CE), who used the Latin semideus several times in reference to minor deities. The poet Lucan (39-65) also uses the term to speak of Pompey attaining divinity upon his death in 48 BCE. In later antiquity, the Roman writer Martianus Capella ( 410-420) proposed a hierarchy of gods as follows:

 * the gods proper, or major gods
 * the genii or daemones
 * the demigods or semones (who dwell in the upper atmosphere)
 * the manes and ghosts of heroes (who dwell in the lower atmosphere)
 * the earth-dwelling gods like fauns and satyrs

Celtic
The Celtic warrior Cú Chulainn, a major protagonist in the Irish national epic the Táin Bo Cuailnge, ranks as a hero or as a demigod. He is the son of the Irish god Lugh and the mortal princess Deichtine.

In the immediate pre-Roman period, the celtic Gallaceian tribe in Portugal made powerful, large stone statues of deified local heroes, which stood on hill forts in the mountainous regions of - what is today - Northern Portugal and Galicia.

Hinduism
In Hinduism, the term demigod is used to refer to deities who were once human and later became devas (gods). There are two notable demigods in Vedic Scriptures:

Nandi (the divine vehicle of Shiva), and Garuda (the divine steed of Vishnu). Examples of demigods worshiped in South India are Madurai Veeran and Karuppu Sami.

The heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, the five Pandava brothers and their half brother Karna, fit the Western definition of demigods though they are generally not referred to as such. Queen Kunti, the wife of King Pandu, was given a mantra that, when recited, meant that one of the Gods would give her his child. When her husband was cursed to die if he ever engaged in sexual relations, Kunti used this mantra to provide her husband with children fathered by various deities. These children were Yudhishthira (child of Dharmaraj), Bhima (child of Vayu) and Arjuna (child of Indra). She taught this mantra to Madri, King Pandu's other wife, and she immaculately conceived twin boys named Nakula and Sahadeva (children of the Ashvins). Queen Kunti had previously conceived another son, Karna, when she had tested the mantra out. Despite her protests, Surya the sun god was compelled by the mantra to impregnate her. Bhishma is another figures who fits the western definition of demigod, as he was the son of king Shantanu and Goddess Ganga.

The Vaishnavites (who often translate deva as "demigod") cite various verses that speak of the devas' subordinate status. For example, the Rig Veda (1.22.20) reads, "oṃ tad viṣṇoḥ paramam padam sadā paśyanti sūrayaḥ", which translates to, "All the suras [i.e., the devas] look always toward the feet of Lord Vishnu". Similarly, in the Vishnu Sahasranama, the concluding verses, read, "The Rishis [great sages], the ancestors, the devas, the great elements, in fact, all things moving and unmoving constituting this universe, have originated from Narayana," (i.e., Vishnu). Thus the Devas are stated to be subordinate to Vishnu, or God.

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) translates the Sanskrit word "deva" as "demigod" in his literature when the term referred to a God other than the Supreme Lord. This is because the Vaishnava tradition teaches that there is only one Supreme Lord and that all others are but His servants. In an effort to emphasize their subservience, Prabhupada uses the word "demigod" as a translation of deva. However, there are at least three occurrences in the eleventh chapter of Bhagavad-Gita where the word deva, used in reference to Lord Krishna, is translated as "Lord". The word deva can be used to refer to the Supreme Lord, celestial beings, and saintly souls depending on the context. This is similar to the word Bhagavan, which is translated according to different contexts.

China
Among the demigods in Chinese mythology, Erlang Shen and Chen Xiang are most prominent. In the Journey to the West, the Jade Emperor's younger sister Yaoji is mentioned to have descended to the mortal realm and given birth to a child named Yang Jian. He would eventually grow up to become a deity himself known as Erlang Shen.

Chen Xiang is nephew of Erlang Shen, birth by his younger sister Huayue Sanniang who married with a mortal scholar.

Japan
Abe no Seimei, a famous onmyōji from the Heian period was supposed to be one. His father, Abe no Yasuna (安倍 保名), was human. Still, his mother Kuzunoha, was a Kitsune, a divine fox, being this the origin of Abe no Seimei's magical prowress.

Anitism
In the indigenous religions originating from the Philippines, collectively called Anitism, demigods abound in various ethnic stories. Many of these demigods equal major gods and goddesses in power and influence. Notable examples include Mayari, the Tagalog moon goddess who governs the world every night, Tala, the Tagalog star goddess, Hanan, the Tagalog morning goddess, Apo Anno, a Kankanaey demigod hero, Oryol, a Bicolano half-snake demi-goddess who brought peace to the land after defeating all beasts in Ibalon, Laon, a Hiligaynon demigod who can talk to animals and defeated the mad dragon at Mount Kanlaon, Ovug, an Ifugao thunder and lightning demigod who has separate animations in both the upper and earth worlds, Takyayen, a Tinguian demigod and son of the star goddess Gagayoma, and the three Suludnon demigod sons of Alunsina, namely Labaw Dongon, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap.

Māori
Māui

Hawaii
Māui

title: Demigod