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Helmholtz free energy

In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature (isothermal). The change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a thermodynamic process in which temperature is held constant. At constant temperature, the Helmholtz free energy is minimized at equilibrium.

In contrast, the Gibbs free energy or free enthalpy is most commonly used as a measure of thermodynamic potential (especially in chemistry) when it is convenient for applications that occur at constant pressure. For example, in explosives research Helmholtz free energy is often used, since explosive reactions by their nature induce pressure changes. It is also frequently used to define fundamental equations of state of pure substances.

The concept of free energy was developed by Hermann von Helmholtz, a German physicist, and first presented in 1882 in a lecture called "On the thermodynamics of chemical processes". From the German word Arbeit (work), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends the symbol A and the name Helmholtz energy. In physics, the symbol F is also used in reference to free energy or Helmholtz function.

Definition
The Helmholtz free energy is defined as $$F \equiv U - TS,$$ where
 * F is the Helmholtz free energy (sometimes also called A, particularly in the field of chemistry) (SI: joules, CGS: ergs),
 * U is the internal energy of the system (SI: joules, CGS: ergs),
 * T is the absolute temperature (kelvins) of the surroundings, modelled as a heat bath,
 * S is the entropy of the system (SI: joules per kelvin, CGS: ergs per kelvin).

The Helmholtz energy is the Legendre transformation of the internal energy U, in which temperature replaces entropy as the independent variable.

Formal development
The first law of thermodynamics in a closed system provides
 * $$\mathrm{d}U = \delta Q\ + \delta W,$$

where $$U$$ is the internal energy, $$\delta Q$$ is the energy added as heat, and $$\delta W$$ is the work done on the system. The second law of thermodynamics for a reversible process yields $$\delta Q = T\,\mathrm{d}S$$. In case of a reversible change, the work done can be expressed as $$\delta W = -p\,\mathrm{d}V$$ (ignoring electrical and other non-PV work) and so:
 * $$\mathrm{d}U = T\,\mathrm{d}S - p\,\mathrm{d}V.$$

Applying the product rule for differentiation to $$\mathrm{d}(TS) = T \mathrm{d}S\, + S\mathrm{d}T$$, it follows
 * $$\mathrm{d}U = \mathrm{d}(TS) - S\,\mathrm{d}T - p\,\mathrm{d}V,$$

and
 * $$\mathrm{d}(U - TS) = -S\,\mathrm{d}T - p\,\mathrm{d}V.$$

The definition of $$F = U - TS$$ enables to rewrite this as
 * $$\mathrm{d}F = -S\,\mathrm{d}T - p\,\mathrm{d}V.$$

Because F is a thermodynamic function of state, this relation is also valid for a process (without electrical work or composition change) that is not reversible.

Minimum free energy and maximum work principles
The laws of thermodynamics are only directly applicable to systems in thermal equilibrium. If we wish to describe phenomena like chemical reactions, then the best we can do is to consider suitably chosen initial and final states in which the system is in (metastable) thermal equilibrium. If the system is kept at fixed volume and is in contact with a heat bath at some constant temperature, then we can reason as follows.

Since the thermodynamical variables of the system are well defined in the initial state and the final state, the internal energy increase $$\Delta U$$, the entropy increase $$\Delta S$$, and the total amount of work that can be extracted, performed by the system, $$W$$, are well defined quantities. Conservation of energy implies

 * $$\Delta U_\text{bath} + \Delta U + W = 0.$$

The volume of the system is kept constant. This means that the volume of the heat bath does not change either, and we can conclude that the heat bath does not perform any work. This implies that the amount of heat that flows into the heat bath is given by

 * $$Q_\text{bath} = \Delta U_\text{bath} = -(\Delta U + W).$$

The heat bath remains in thermal equilibrium at temperature T no matter what the system does. Therefore, the entropy change of the heat bath is

 * $$\Delta S_\text{bath} = \frac{Q_\text{bath}}{T} = -\frac{\Delta U + W}{T}.$$

The total entropy change is thus given by

 * $$\Delta S_\text{bath} + \Delta S = -\frac{\Delta U - T\Delta S + W}{T}.$$

Since the system is in thermal equilibrium with the heat bath in the initial and the final states, T is also the temperature of the system in these states. The fact that the system's temperature does not change allows us to express the numerator as the free energy change of the system:

 * $$\Delta S_\text{bath} + \Delta S = -\frac{\Delta F + W}{T}.$$

Since the total change in entropy must always be larger or equal to zero, we obtain the inequality

 * $$W \leq -\Delta F.$$

We see that the total amount of work that can be extracted in an isothermal process is limited by the free-energy decrease, and that increasing the free energy in a reversible process requires work to be done on the system. If no work is extracted from the system, then

 * $$\Delta F \leq 0,$$

and thus for a system kept at constant temperature and volume and not capable of performing electrical or other non-PV work, the total free energy during a spontaneous change can only decrease.

This result seems to contradict the equation dF = −S dT − P dV, as keeping T and V constant seems to imply dF = 0, and hence F = constant. In reality there is no contradiction: In a simple one-component system, to which the validity of the equation dF = −S dT − P dV is restricted, no process can occur at constant T and V, since there is a unique P(T, V) relation, and thus T, V, and P are all fixed. To allow for spontaneous processes at constant T and V, one needs to enlarge the thermodynamical state space of the system. In case of a chemical reaction, one must allow for changes in the numbers Nj of particles of each type j. The differential of the free energy then generalizes to

 * $$dF = -S\,dT - P\,dV + \sum_j \mu_j\,dN_j,$$

where the $$N_{j}$$ are the numbers of particles of type j and the $$\mu_{j}$$ are the corresponding chemical potentials. This equation is then again valid for both reversible and non-reversible changes. In case of a spontaneous change at constant T and V, the last term will thus be negative.

In case there are other external parameters, the above relation further generalizes to

 * $$dF = -S\,dT - \sum_i X_i\,dx_i + \sum_j \mu_j\,dN_j.$$

Here the $$x_i$$ are the external variables, and the $$X_i$$ the corresponding generalized forces.

Relation to the canonical partition function
A system kept at constant volume, temperature, and particle number is described by the canonical ensemble. The probability of finding the system in some energy eigenstate r, for any microstate i, is given by $$P_r = \frac{e^{-\beta E_r}}{Z},$$ where
 * $$\beta = \frac{1}{k T},$$
 * $$E_r$$ is the energy of accessible state $$r$$
 * $Z = \sum_i e^{-\beta E_i}.$

Z is called the partition function of the system. The fact that the system does not have a unique energy means that the various thermodynamical quantities must be defined as expectation values. In the thermodynamical limit of infinite system size, the relative fluctuations in these averages will go to zero.

The average internal energy of the system is the expectation value of the energy and can be expressed in terms of Z as follows:

 * $$U \equiv \langle E \rangle

= \sum_r P_r E_r = \sum_r \frac{e^{-\beta E_r} E_r}{Z} = \sum_r \frac{-\frac{\partial}{\partial \beta} e^{-\beta E_r}}{Z} = \frac{-\frac{\partial}{\partial \beta} \sum_r e^{-\beta E_r}}{Z} = -\frac{\partial \log Z}{\partial \beta}.$$

If the system is in state r, then the generalized force corresponding to an external variable x is given by

 * $$X_r = -\frac{\partial E_r}{\partial x}.$$

The thermal average of this can be written as

 * $$X = \sum_r P_r X_r = \frac{1}{\beta} \frac{\partial \log Z}{\partial x}.$$

Suppose that the system has one external variable $$x$$. Then changing the system's temperature parameter by $$d\beta$$ and the external variable by $$dx$$ will lead to a change in $$\log Z$$:

 * $$d(\log Z) = \frac{\partial\log Z}{\partial\beta}\,d\beta + \frac{\partial\log Z}{\partial x}\,dx = -U\,d\beta + \beta X\,dx.$$

If we write $$U\,d\beta$$ as

 * $$U\,d\beta = d(\beta U) - \beta\, dU,$$

we get

 * $$d(\log Z) = -d(\beta U) + \beta\, dU + \beta X \,dx.$$

This means that the change in the internal energy is given by

 * $$dU = \frac{1}{\beta}\,d(\log Z + \beta U) - X\,dx.$$

In the thermodynamic limit, the fundamental thermodynamic relation should hold:

 * $$dU = T\, dS - X\, dx.$$

This then implies that the entropy of the system is given by

 * $$S = k\log Z + \frac{U}{T} + c,$$

where c is some constant. The value of c can be determined by considering the limit T → 0. In this limit the entropy becomes $$S = k \log \Omega_0$$, where $$\Omega_0$$ is the ground-state degeneracy. The partition function in this limit is $$\Omega_0 e^{-\beta U_0}$$, where $$U_0$$ is the ground-state energy. Thus, we see that $$c = 0$$ and that

 * $$F = -kT\log Z.$$

Relating free energy to other variables
Combining the definition of Helmholtz free energy

 * $$F = U - T S$$

along with the fundamental thermodynamic relation

$$dF = -S\,dT - P\,dV + \mu\,dN,$$

one can find expressions for entropy, pressure and chemical potential:

 * $$S = \left.-\left( \frac{\partial F}{\partial T} \right) \right|_{V,N}, \quad

P = \left.-\left( \frac{\partial F}{\partial V} \right) \right|_{T,N}, \quad \mu = \left.\left( \frac{\partial F}{\partial N} \right) \right|_{T,V}.$$

These three equations, along with the free energy in terms of the partition function,

 * $$F = -kT\log Z,$$

allow an efficient way of calculating thermodynamic variables of interest given the partition function and are often used in density of state calculations. One can also do Legendre transformations for different systems. For example, for a system with a magnetic field or potential, it is true that

 * $$m = \left.-\left( \frac{\partial F}{\partial B} \right) \right|_{T,N}, \quad

V = \left.\left ( \frac{\partial F}{\partial Q} \right) \right|_{N,T}.$$

Bogoliubov inequality
Computing the free energy is an intractable problem for all but the simplest models in statistical physics. A powerful approximation method is mean-field theory, which is a variational method based on the Bogoliubov inequality. This inequality can be formulated as follows.

Suppose we replace the real Hamiltonian $$H$$ of the model by a trial Hamiltonian $$\tilde{H}$$, which has different interactions and may depend on extra parameters that are not present in the original model. If we choose this trial Hamiltonian such that

 * $$\left\langle\tilde{H}\right\rangle = \langle H \rangle,$$

where both averages are taken with respect to the canonical distribution defined by the trial Hamiltonian $$\tilde{H}$$, then the Bogoliubov inequality states

 * $$F \leq \tilde{F},$$

where $$F$$ is the free energy of the original Hamiltonian, and $$\tilde{F}$$ is the free energy of the trial Hamiltonian. We will prove this below.

By including a large number of parameters in the trial Hamiltonian and minimizing the free energy, we can expect to get a close approximation to the exact free energy.

The Bogoliubov inequality is often applied in the following way. If we write the Hamiltonian as

 * $$H = H_0 + \Delta H,$$

where $$H_0$$ is some exactly solvable Hamiltonian, then we can apply the above inequality by defining

 * $$\tilde{H} = H_0 + \langle\Delta H\rangle_0.$$

Here we have defined $$\langle X\rangle_0$$ to be the average of X over the canonical ensemble defined by $$H_0$$. Since $$\tilde{H}$$ defined this way differs from $$H_0$$ by a constant, we have in general

 * $$\langle X\rangle_0 = \langle X\rangle.$$

where $$\langle X\rangle$$ is still the average over $$\tilde{H}$$, as specified above. Therefore,

 * $$\left\langle\tilde{H}\right\rangle = \big\langle H_0 + \langle\Delta H\rangle \big\rangle = \langle H\rangle,$$

and thus the inequality

 * $$F \leq \tilde{F}$$

holds. The free energy $$\tilde{F}$$ is the free energy of the model defined by $$H_0$$ plus $$\langle\Delta H\rangle$$. This means that

 * $$\tilde{F} = \langle H_0\rangle_0 - T S_0 + \langle\Delta H\rangle_0 = \langle H\rangle_0 - T S_0,$$

and thus

 * $$F \leq \langle H\rangle_0 - T S_0.$$

Proof of the Bogoliubov inequality
For a classical model we can prove the Bogoliubov inequality as follows. We denote the canonical probability distributions for the Hamiltonian and the trial Hamiltonian by $$P_{r}$$ and $$\tilde{P}_{r}$$, respectively. From Gibbs' inequality we know that:

 * $$\sum_{r} \tilde{P}_{r}\log\left(\tilde{P}_{r}\right)\geq \sum_{r} \tilde{P}_{r}\log\left(P_{r}\right) \,$$

holds. To see this, consider the difference between the left hand side and the right hand side. We can write this as:

 * $$\sum_{r} \tilde{P}_{r}\log\left(\frac{\tilde{P}_{r}}{P_{r}}\right) \,$$

Since

 * $$\log\left(x\right)\geq 1 - \frac{1}{x}\,$$

it follows that:

 * $$\sum_{r} \tilde{P}_{r}\log\left(\frac{\tilde{P}_{r}}{P_{r}}\right)\geq \sum_{r}\left(\tilde{P}_{r} - P_{r}\right) = 0 \,$$

where in the last step we have used that both probability distributions are normalized to 1.

We can write the inequality as:

 * $$\left\langle\log\left(\tilde{P}_{r}\right)\right\rangle\geq \left\langle\log\left(P_{r}\right)\right\rangle\,$$

where the averages are taken with respect to $$\tilde{P}_{r}$$. If we now substitute in here the expressions for the probability distributions:

 * $$P_{r}=\frac{\exp\left[-\beta H\left(r\right)\right]}{Z}\,$$

and

 * $$\tilde{P}_{r}=\frac{\exp\left[-\beta\tilde{H}\left(r\right)\right]}{\tilde{Z}}\,$$

we get:

 * $$\left\langle -\beta \tilde{H} - \log\left(\tilde{Z}\right)\right\rangle\geq \left\langle -\beta H - \log\left(Z\right)\right\rangle$$

Since the averages of $$H$$ and $$\tilde{H}$$ are, by assumption, identical we have:

 * $$F\leq\tilde{F}

$$

Here we have used that the partition functions are constants with respect to taking averages and that the free energy is proportional to minus the logarithm of the partition function.

We can easily generalize this proof to the case of quantum mechanical models. We denote the eigenstates of $$\tilde{H}$$ by $$\left|r\right\rangle$$. We denote the diagonal components of the density matrices for the canonical distributions for $$H$$ and $$\tilde{H}$$ in this basis as:

 * $$P_{r}=\left\langle r\left|\frac{\exp\left[-\beta H\right]}{Z}\right|r\right\rangle\,$$

and

 * $$\tilde{P}_{r}=\left\langle r\left|\frac{\exp\left[-\beta\tilde{H}\right]}{\tilde{Z}}\right|r\right\rangle=\frac{\exp\left(-\beta\tilde{E}_{r}\right)}{\tilde{Z}}\,$$

where the $$\tilde{E}_{r}$$ are the eigenvalues of $$\tilde{H}$$

We assume again that the averages of H and $$\tilde{H}$$ in the canonical ensemble defined by $$\tilde{H}$$ are the same:

 * $$\left\langle\tilde{H}\right\rangle = \left\langle H\right\rangle \,$$

where
 * $$\left\langle H\right\rangle = \sum_{r}\tilde{P}_{r}\left\langle r\left|H\right|r\right\rangle\,$$

The inequality

 * $$\sum_{r} \tilde{P}_{r}\log\left(\tilde{P}_{r}\right)\geq \sum_{r} \tilde{P}_{r}\log\left(P_{r}\right) \,$$

still holds as both the $$P_{r}$$ and the $$\tilde{P}_{r}$$ sum to 1. On the l.h.s. we can replace:

 * $$\log\left(\tilde{P}_{r}\right)= -\beta \tilde{E}_{r} - \log\left(\tilde{Z}\right)\,$$

On the right-hand side we can use the inequality

 * $$\left\langle\exp\left(X\right)\right\rangle_{r}\geq\exp\left(\left\langle X\right\rangle_{r}\right)\,$$

where we have introduced the notation

 * $$\left\langle Y\right\rangle_{r}\equiv\left\langle r\left|Y\right|r\right\rangle\,$$

for the expectation value of the operator Y in the state r. See here for a proof. Taking the logarithm of this inequality gives:

 * $$\log\left[\left\langle\exp\left(X\right)\right\rangle_{r}\right]\geq\left\langle X\right\rangle_{r}\,$$

This allows us to write:

 * $$\log\left(P_{r}\right)=\log\left[\left\langle\exp\left(-\beta H - \log\left(Z\right)\right)\right\rangle_{r}\right]\geq\left\langle -\beta H - \log\left(Z\right)\right\rangle_{r}\,$$

The fact that the averages of H and $$\tilde{H}$$ are the same then leads to the same conclusion as in the classical case:

 * $$F\leq\tilde{F}$$

Generalized Helmholtz energy
In the more general case, the mechanical term $$p\mathrm{d}V$$ must be replaced by the product of volume, stress, and an infinitesimal strain:

 * $$\mathrm{d}F = V \sum_{ij} \sigma_{ij}\,\mathrm{d} \varepsilon_{ij} - S\,\mathrm{d}T + \sum_i \mu_i \,\mathrm{d}N_i,$$

where $$\sigma_{ij}$$ is the stress tensor, and $$\varepsilon_{ij}$$ is the strain tensor. In the case of linear elastic materials that obey Hooke's law, the stress is related to the strain by

 * $$\sigma_{ij} = C_{ijkl}\varepsilon_{kl},$$

where we are now using Einstein notation for the tensors, in which repeated indices in a product are summed. We may integrate the expression for $$\mathrm{d}F$$ to obtain the Helmholtz energy:

\begin{align} F &= \frac{1}{2}VC_{ijkl}\varepsilon_{ij}\varepsilon_{kl} - ST + \sum_i \mu_i N_i \\ &= \frac{1}{2}V\sigma_{ij}\varepsilon_{ij} - ST + \sum_i \mu_i N_i. \end{align} $$

Application to fundamental equations of state
The Helmholtz free energy function for a pure substance (together with its partial derivatives) can be used to determine all other thermodynamic properties for the substance. See, for example, the equations of state for water, as given by the IAPWS in their IAPWS-95 release.

Application to training auto-encoders
Hinton and Zemel "derive an objective function for training auto-encoder based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle". "The description length of an input vector using a particular code is the sum of the code cost and reconstruction cost. They define this to be the energy of the code. Given an input vector, they define the energy of a code to be the sum of the code cost and the reconstruction cost." The true expected combined cost is
 * $$F = \sum_i p_i E_i - H,$$

"which has exactly the form of Helmholtz free energy".

title: Helmholtz free energy


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List of science fiction novels

This is a list of science fiction novels, novel series and collections of linked short stories. It includes modern novels, as well as novels written before the term "science fiction" was in common use. This list includes novels not marketed as SF but still considered to be substantially science fiction in content by some critics, such as Nineteen Eighty-Four. As such, it is an inclusive list, not an exclusive list based on other factors such as level of notability or literary quality. Books are listed in alphabetical order by title, ignoring the leading articles "A", "An" and "The". Novel series are alphabetical by author-designated name or, if there is none, the title of the first novel in the series or some other reasonable designation.

0-9

 * 334 by Thomas M. Disch
 * 1Q84 by Haruki Murakami
 * 1632 series by Eric Flint
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke
 * 2010: Odyssey Two by Arthur C. Clarke
 * 2061: Odyssey Three by Arthur C. Clarke
 * 2312 by Kim Stanley Robinson
 * 3001: The Final Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke

A

 * A Beautifully Foolish Endeavor by Hank Green
 * Absolution Gap by Alastair Reynolds
 * Accelerando by Charles Stross
 * Acidity by Nadeem F. Paracha
 * Across the Universe by Beth Revis
 * Address: Centauri by F. L. Wallace
 * Adulthood Rites, Book Two of Xenogenesis Series by Octavia Butler
 * After Doomsday by Poul Anderson
 * Against the Fall of Night, by Arthur C. Clarke
 * An Age by Brian Aldiss
 * The Age of the Pussyfoot, by Frederik Pohl
 * Agent of Vega by James H. Schmitz
 * Air by Geoff Ryman
 * Alas, Babylon by Pat Frank
 * Alastor Cluster series by Jack Vance
 * namely, Trullion: Alastor 2262, Marune: Alastor 933 and Wyst: Alastor 1716
 * The Alejandra Variations by Paul Cook
 * Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds by W. S. Lach-Szyrma
 * The Algebraist by Iain M. Banks
 * Alien Tongue by Stephen Leigh
 * All You Need Is Kill by Hiroshi Sakurazaka
 * Alpha Centauri or Die! by Leigh Bracket
 * Altered Carbon by Richard K. Morgan
 * Ammonite by Nicola Griffith
 * Amped by Daniel H. Wilson
 * An Absolutely Remarkable Thing by Hank Green
 * Ancient Echoes by Robert Holdstock
 * Ancient Shores by Jack McDevitt
 * Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie
 * Imperial Radch Series: Ancillary Sword and Ancillary Mercy
 * Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale by Ivan Efremov
 * The Andromeda Strain by Michael Crichton
 * Andymon by Angela and Karlheinz Steinmüller
 * The Angry Espers by Lloyd Biggle, Jr.
 * Anima by Marie Buchanan
 * Animorphs by K. A. Applegate
 * Annals of the Twenty-Ninth Century by Andrew Blair
 * The Ant Men by Eric North
 * Anthem by Ayn Rand
 * Anthony Villiers series by Alexei Panshin
 * namely, Star Well, The Thurb Revolution and Masque World
 * Ares Express by Ian McDonald
 * Artemis by Andy Weir
 * The Artist of the Beautiful by Nathaniel Hawthorne
 * As the Green Star Rises by Lin Carter
 * Asgard series by Brian Stableford
 * namely, Asgard's Secret, Asgard's Conquerors and Asgard's Heart
 * Attack from Atlantis by Lester del Rey
 * At the Goings Down of the Suns by Dominic Green
 * Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand
 * The Atrocity Exhibition by J. G. Ballard
 * Autour de la Lune (also known as Around the Moon and Round the Moon) by Jules Verne
 * Autumn Angels by Arthur Byron Cover
 * Awakeners series by Sheri S. Tepper
 * namely, Northshore and Southshore

B

 * Babel-17 by Samuel R. Delany
 * Bad Faith by Gillian Phillip
 * The Bane of Yoto by Josh Viola
 * Barefoot in the Head by Brian Aldiss
 * Barsoom series by Edgar Rice Burroughs
 * namely, A Princess of Mars, The Gods of Mars, The Warlord of Mars. Thuvia, Maid of Mars, The Chessmen of Mars, The Master Mind of Mars, A Fighting Man of Mars, Swords of Mars, Synthetic Men of Mars, Llana of Gathol and John Carter of Mars
 * Battle Angel Alita by Yukito Kishiro
 * Battlefield Earth by L. Ron Hubbard
 * The Beast Master by Andre Norton
 * Becoming Alien by Rebecca Ore
 * The Bell-Tower by Herman Melville
 * Berserker by Fred Saberhagen
 * Between Planets by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Beyond Apollo by Barry N. Malzberg
 * The Beyond the Red trilogy by Gabe (as Ava Jae)
 * Bicentennial Man by Isaac Asimov
 * The Big Jump by Leigh Brackett
 * Big Planet series by Jack Vance
 * namely, Big Planet and Showboat World
 * The Big Time by Fritz Leiber
 * The Bikers series by Alex R. Stuart
 * Binti series by Nnedi Okorafor
 * A Billion Days of Earth by Doris Piserchia
 * Black by Ted Dekker
 * The Black Cloud by Fred Hoyle
 * The Black Corridor by Michael Moorcock
 * Black Legion of Callisto by Lin Carter
 * Blackstar by Josh Viola
 * Blast Off at Woomera by Hugh Walters
 * The Blazing World by
 * The Blind Worm by Brian Stableford
 * Blood Music by Greg Bear
 * Bloodchild and Other Stories by Octavia Butler
 * The Blue Barbarians by Stanton A. Coblentz
 * The Blue Man by Kin Platt
 * The Blue World by Jack Vance
 * The Book of Skulls by Robert Silverberg
 * Borgel by Daniel Pinkwater
 * Born With the Dead by Robert Silverberg
 * Borrowed Tides by Paul Levinson
 * Brain Wave by Poul Anderson
 * Brasyl by Ian McDonald
 * Brave New World by Aldous Huxley
 * Breakfast of Champions (or Goodbye, Blue Monday!)  by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.
 * Briah cycle by Gene Wolfe, several nested sub-series:
 * The Book of the New Sun
 * namely, The Shadow of the Torturer, The Claw of the Conciliator, The Sword of the Lictor, The Citadel of the Autarch, The Urth of the New Sun
 * The Book of the Long Sun
 * namely, Nightside the Long Sun, Lake of the Long Sun, Calde of the Long Sun and Exodus from the Long Sun
 * The Book of the Short Sun
 * namely, On Blue's Waters, In Green's Jungles and Return to the Whorl
 * The Brick Moon by Edward Everett Hale
 * Brother Termite by Patricia Anthony
 * Bug Jack Barron by Norman Spinrad
 * The Bull's Hour by Ivan Yefremov (a sequel to Andromeda)
 * The Butterfly Kid by Chester Anderson
 * By the Light of the Green Star by Lin Carter

C

 * Cadwal Chronicles series by Jack Vance
 * namely, Araminta Station, Ecce and Old Earth and Throy
 * Caesar's Column, by Ignatius Donnelly
 * Calculating God by Robert J. Sawyer
 * The Calcutta Chromosome by Amitav Ghosh
 * Calling B for Butterfly by Louise Lawrence
 * Camp Concentration by Thomas M. Disch
 * The Canopy of Time by Brian W. Aldiss
 * A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter M. Miller Jr.
 * Carnival by Elizabeth Bear
 * A Case of Conscience by James Blish
 * Cat Country by Lao She
 * Cat's Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.
 * The Caves of Steel by Isaac Asimov (the sequel is The Naked Sun)
 * Celestial Matters by Richard Garfinkle
 * Cemetery World by Clifford D. Simak
 * The Centauri Device by M. John Harrison
 * Century Rain by Alastair Reynolds
 * The Chalk Giants by Keith Roberts
 * The Changeling by A. E. van Vogt
 * Chanur series by C. J. Cherryh
 * namely, The Pride of Chanur, Chanur's Venture, The Kif Strike Back, Chanur's Homecoming and Chanur's Legacy
 * Chaos Terminal by Mur Lafferty
 * Chasm City by Alastair Reynolds
 * Child of Fortune by Norman Spinrad
 * Childhood's End by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Children of Time by Adrian Tchaikovsky
 * series, Children of Ruin and Children of Memory
 * Children of Tomorrow by A. E. van Vogt
 * Chromosome 6 by Robin Cook
 * Chronocules by D. G. Compton
 * The Chrysalids by John Wyndham
 * Cinnabar by Edward Bryant
 * Cirque by Terry Carr
 * Citizen of the Galaxy by Robert A. Heinlein
 * City by Clifford D. Simak
 * The City and the Stars by Arthur C. Clarke
 * City of Bones by Martha Wells
 * City of Illusions by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * The City Outside the World by Lin Carter
 * Clans of the Alphane Moon by Philip K. Dick
 * Clay's Ark by Octavia Butler
 * A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess
 * Close to Critical by Hal Clement
 * Coalescent by Stephen Baxter
 * Code of the Lifemaker by James P. Hogan
 * Colony by Ben Bova
 * Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon by Cyrano de Bergerac
 * The Complete Magnus Ridolph by Jack Vance
 * Congo by Michael Crichton
 * The Consciousness Plague by Paul Levinson
 * Consider Phlebas by Iain M. Banks
 * Contact by Carl Sagan
 * Count Zero by William Gibson
 * Cradle by Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee
 * Cradle of the Sun by Brian Stableford
 * Creatures of Light and Darkness by Roger Zelazny
 * The Crossroads of Time by Andre Norton
 * The Cruachan and the Killane by Chrystabel
 * Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson
 * also The Baroque Cycle, namely Quicksilver, The Confusion and The System of the World
 * Crystal Rain by Tobias S. Buckell
 * Crystal Witness by Kathy Tyers
 * Cuckoo's Egg by C. J. Cherryh
 * Culture series by Iain M. Banks
 * namely, Consider Phlebas, The Player of Games, Use of Weapons, The State of the Art, Excession, Inversions, Look to Windward, Matter, Surface Detail, The Hydrogen Sonata
 * The Currents of Space by Isaac Asimov
 * Cyteen by C. J. Cherryh
 * Cyborg by Martin Caidin

D

 * Daedalus Mission series by Brian Stableford
 * namely, The Florians, Critical Threshold, Wildeblood's Empire, The City of the Sun, Balance of Power and The Paradox of the Sets
 * Daemon by Daniel Suarez
 * Damnation Alley by Roger Zelazny
 * The Dancers of Noyo by Margaret St. Clair
 * Dancing Jack by Laurie J. Marks
 * Danger: Dinosaurs! by Richard Marsten
 * Danny Dunn series by Raymond Abrashkin and Jay Williams
 * namely, Danny Dunn and the Anti-Gravity Paint, Danny Dunn on a Desert Island, Danny Dunn and the Homework Machine, Danny Dunn and the Weather Machine, Danny Dunn on the Ocean Floor, Danny Dunn and the Fossil Cave, Danny Dunn and the Heat Ray, Danny Dunn, Time Traveler, Danny Dunn and the Automatic House, Danny Dunn and the Voice From Space, Danny Dunn and the Smallifying Machine, Danny Dunn and the Swamp Monster, Danny Dunn, Invisible Boy, Danny Dunn Scientific Detective, Danny Dunn and the Universal Glue
 * Dark Beyond the Stars by Frank M. Robinson
 * The Dark Side of the Sun by Terry Pratchett
 * Dark Universe by Daniel F. Galouye
 * The Darwin Elevator by Jason M. Hough
 * Darwin's Radio by Greg Bear
 * David's Sling by Marc Stiegler
 * Dawn, Book One of the Xenogenesis Series by Octavia Butler
 * The Day of the Star Cities (aka Age of Miracles by John Brunner
 * The Day of the Triffids by John Wyndham
 * Days of Grass by Tanith Lee
 * The Deadly Sky by Doris Piserchia
 * The Defiant Agents by Andre Norton (the sequel to Galactic Derelict)
 * Delta-v by Daniel Suarez
 * The Demolished Man by Alfred Bester
 * Demon by John Varley
 * Demon Princes series by Jack Vance
 * namely, Star King, The Killing Machine, The Palace of Love, The Face and The Book of Dreams
 * Le Dernier Homme (also known as The Last Man and Omegarus and Syderia: A Romance in Futurity) by Jean-Baptiste Cousin de Grainville
 * Desolation Road by Ian McDonald
 * Desolation Called Peace by Arkady Martine
 * Destination Alpha Four by Dominic Green
 * Destination Mars by Hugh Walters
 * Destination: Void by Frank Herbert
 * Dhalgren by Samuel R. Delany
 * The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson
 * The Diamond Lens by Fitz James O'Brien
 * Dies the Fire by S. M. Stirling
 * Dies Irae series by Brian Stableford
 * namely, The Days of Glory, In the Kingdom of the Beasts and Day of Wrath
 * Digital Devil Story by Aya Nishitani.
 * The Dimensioneers by Doris Piserchia
 * The Disappearance by Philip Wylie
 * The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * Distress by Greg Egan
 * Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth
 * Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick
 * Dog On The Highway by Dominic Green
 * The Domes of Pico by Hugh Walters
 * Doomsday Book by Connie Willis
 * The Dosadi Experiment by Frank Herbert
 * Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom by Cory Doctorow
 * Down to a Sunless Sea by David Graham
 * Downbelow Station by C. J. Cherryh
 * The Dragon Masters by Jack Vance
 * The Dragon Never Sleeps by Glen Cook
 * Dragonriders of Pern by Anne McCaffrey and Todd McCaffrey
 * Drake Maijstral series by Walter Jon Williams
 * namely, The Crown Jewels, House of Shards and Rock of Ages
 * Dream Park by Larry Niven and Steven Barnes
 * Dream Park; The Voodoo Game by Larry Niven and Steven Barnes
 * Dreamsnake by Vonda N. McIntyre
 * The Drowned World by J. G. Ballard
 * The Dry Salvages by Caitlín R. Kiernan
 * Duende Meadow by Paul Cook
 * Dune by Frank Herbert
 * also Dune Messiah, Children of Dune, God Emperor of Dune, Heretics of Dune and Chapterhouse: Dune
 * Durdane series by Jack Vance
 * namely, The Anome (a.k.a. The Faceless Man), The Brave Free Men (a.k.a. The Roguskhoi) and The Asutra
 * Dying Inside by Robert Silverberg

E

 * Earth Abides by George R. Stewart
 * Earth Child by Doris Piserchia
 * Earth in Twilight by Doris Piserchia
 * Earth Logic by Laurie J. Marks
 * Earthborn by Orson Scott Card
 * Earthbound by Milton Lesser
 * Earthman, Go Home! by Poul Anderson
 * Earthseed by Pamela Sargent
 * Echo in the Skull by John Brunner
 * Eden by Stanislaw Lem
 * Einstein's Dreams by Alan Lightman
 * Elemental series by Laurie J. Marks
 * namely, Fire Logic, Earth Logic, Water Logic
 * Emergence by David R. Palmer
 * Emortality series by Brian Stableford
 * namely, The Cassandra Complex, Inherit the Earth, Architects of Emortality, Fountains of Youth, Dark Ararat and The Omega Expedition
 * Emphyrio by Jack Vance
 * Empire by Orson Scott Card
 * Empire Star by Samuel Delany
 * Empire of the Atom by A. E. van Vogt
 * En Iniya Iyanthira by Sujatha
 * also Meendum Jeano
 * Encounter With Tiber by Buzz Aldrin and John Barnes
 * The End of Eternity by Isaac Asimov
 * Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card
 * also Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, Ender's Shadow, Shadow Puppets, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow of the Giant and Ender in Exile
 * The Enemy Stars by Poul Anderson
 * Eon by Greg Bear
 * Erewhon by Samuel Butler
 * Escape to Witch Mountain by Alexander Key
 * Eternity Road by Jack McDevitt
 * Excession by Iain M. Banks
 * Exit Funtopia by Mick Farren
 * Exit Pursued by a Bee by Geoff Nelder
 * The Exodus Towers by Jason M. Hough
 * Expedition Venus by Hugh Walters
 * The Eye of the Heron by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * The Eyes series by Stuart Gordon

F

 * The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar by Edgar Allan Poe
 * Faded Sun series by C. J. Cherryh
 * namely, Kesrith, Shon'jir and Kutath
 * Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury
 * A Fall of Moondust by Arthur C. Clarke
 * A Far Sunset by Edmund Cooper
 * Farewell Horizontal by K. W. Jeter
 * Farnham's Freehold by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Fearful Symmetries by S. Andrew Swann
 * Feersum Endjinn by Iain M. Banks
 * The Female Man by Joanna Russ
 * The Fifth Head of Cerberus by Gene Wolfe
 * Fifth Planet by Fred Hoyle
 * The Fifth Sacred Thing by Starhawk
 * Find the Feathered Serpent by Evan Hunter
 * Fire Logic by Laurie J. Marks
 * Fire Rose by Mercedes Lackey
 * Firebird by Kathy Tyers
 * also Fusion Fire and Crown of Fire
 * First Men in the Moon by H. G. Wells
 * Five Against Venus by Philip Latham (nom de plume of Robert S. Richardson)
 * Five Weeks in a Balloon by Jules Verne
 * Fledgling by Octavia Butler
 * Flight from Rebirth by J. T. McIntosh
 * The Flight of the Dragonfly (Rocheworld) by Robert Forward
 * Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said by Philip K. Dick
 * Flowers for Algernon (novel version) by Daniel Keyes
 * The Fluger by Doris Piserchia
 * Fool's Run by Patricia A. McKillip
 * Footfall by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle.
 * Fortress on the Sun by Paul Cook
 * Fossil by Hal Clement
 * The Forever War by Joe Haldeman
 * also Forever Free, Forever Peace
 * Foundation by Isaac Asimov
 * also Foundation and Empire, Second Foundation, Foundation's Edge, Foundation and Earth, Prelude to Foundation (prequel) and Forward the Foundation (prequel)
 * Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
 * Free Live Free by Gene Wolfe
 * Friday by Robert A. Heinlein
 * De la Terre a la Lune (also known as From the Earth to the Moon) by Jules Verne
 * The Futurological Congress by Stanisław Lem

G

 * Galactic Derelict by Andre Norton (the sequel to The Time Traders)
 * Galactic Effectuator by Jack Vance
 * Galactic Pot-Healer by Philip K. Dick
 * Galaxies Like Grains of Sand by Brian W. Aldiss
 * The Game-Players of Titan by Philip K. Dick
 * The Gap Cycle by Stephen R. Donaldson
 * Garden of Rama by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Gateway by Frederik Pohl
 * Genesis Alpha by Rune Michaels (2007)
 * Give Warning to the World by John Brunner (see Echo in the Skull)
 * The Giver by Lois Lowry
 * Gladiator by Philip Wylie
 * Gladiator-At-Law by C. M. Kornbluth and Frederik Pohl
 * The Glass Bees by Ernst Jünger
 * Glory Road by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Gods of Riverworld by Philip José Farmer
 * The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov
 * The Golden Age by John C. Wright
 * The Golden Globe by John Varley
 * Gone series by Michael Grant
 * Grass by Sheri S. Tepper
 * The Gray Prince by Jack Vance
 * The Great Explosion by Eric Frank Russell
 * The Great Fetish by L. Sprague de Camp
 * Greener than you think by Ward Moore
 * Gridlinked by Neal Asher
 * The Gripping Hand by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. Released as The Moat Around Murcheson's Eye in the United Kingdom.
 * Gulf by Robert A. Heinlein

H

 * Halo – a video-game novelization series
 * namely, Halo: The Fall of Reach by Eric Nylund, Halo: The Flood by William C. Dietz, Halo: First Strike by Eric Nylund, Halo: Ghosts of Onyx by Eric Nylund, Halo: The Cole Protocol by Tobias S. Buckell, Halo: Contact Harvest by Joseph Staten, Halo: Evolutions (Essential Stories From The Halo Universe) by various authors, Halo: Evolutions (Volume 2) by various authors, Halo: Cryptum by Greg Bear.
 * Halo by Paul Cook
 * Halting State by Charles Stross
 * The Hammer of Darkness by L. E. Modesitt
 * The Hampdenshire Wonder by J. D. Beresford
 * The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood
 * The Haunted Stars by Edmond Hamilton
 * Have Spacesuit, Will Travel by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Hawken Family series by Michael Williams
 * namely, Arcady and Allamanda
 * He, She and It by Marge Piercy
 * Helliconia trilogy by Brian W. Aldiss
 * comprising Helliconia Spring, Helliconia Summer and Helliconia Winter
 * Hellspark by Janet Kagan
 * Hidden World by Stanton A. Coblentz
 * The High Crusade by Poul Anderson
 * Highway of Eternity by Clifford Simak
 * His Master's Voice by Stanisław Lem
 * The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series by Douglas Adams
 * namely, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy; The Restaurant at the End of the Universe; Life, the Universe and Everything; So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish; and Mostly Harmless; continued by Eoin Colfier with And Another Thing
 * Homesmind by Pamela Sargent
 * The Honour of the Knights by Stephen J Sweeney
 * Hooded Swan series by Brian Stableford
 * namely, Halcyon Drift, Rhapsody in Black, Promised Land, The Paradise Game, The Fenris Device and Swan Song
 * The Host by Stephenie Meyer
 * The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer
 * The Houses of Iszm by Jack Vance
 * How I Overcame My Gravity by Fitz James O'Brien
 * The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins
 * The Hydrogen Sonata by Iain M. Banks
 * Hyperion by Dan Simmons
 * also The Fall of Hyperion, Endymion and The Rise of Endymion

I

 * I Am Legend by Richard Matheson
 * I, Robot by Isaac Asimov
 * Idlewild by Nick Sagan
 * Ilium by Dan Simmons
 * also Olympos
 * Imago, Book Three of the Xenogenesis Series by Octavia Butler
 * Imperial Earth by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Implosion by D.F. Jones
 * In Solitary by Garry Kilworth
 * In the Country of the Blind by Michael F. Flynn
 * In the Courts of the Crimson Kings by S. M. Stirling
 * In the Mouth of the Whale by Paul J. McAuley
 * Inferno by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle
 * In the Green Star's Glow by Lin Carter
 * The Infinite Man by Daniel F. Galouye
 * Infinity Beach by Jack McDevitt. Released as Slow Lightning in the United Kingdom.
 * Inquestor series by Somtow Sucharitkul
 * namely, Light on the Sound, The Throne of Madness, Utopia Hunters and The Darkling Wind
 * The Integral Trees by Larry Niven
 * Inter Ice Age 4 by Abe Kōbō
 * Into the Drowning Deep by Mira Grant
 * Into the Slave Nebula by John Brunner
 * The Intuitionist by Con Whitehead
 * The Invention of Morel by Adolfo Bioy Casares
 * Inversions by Iain M. Banks
 * Iron Council by China Miéville
 * The Iron Dream by Norman Spinrad
 * Iron Sunrise by Charles Stross
 * The Island of Doctor Moreau by H. G. Wells
 * Islands in the Sky by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Isle of the Dead by Roger Zelazny

J

 * J. by William Sanders
 * Jandar of Callisto by Lin Carter
 * The Jedi Academy Trilogy by Kevin J. Anderson
 * Jem, a 1980 book by Frederik Pohl
 * Jennifer Government by Max Barry
 * A Journey in Other Worlds by John Jacob Astor IV
 * Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne
 * Journey to Jupiter by Hugh Walters
 * Journey to Mars by Gustavus W. Pope
 * Journey to Venus by Gustavus W. Pope
 * Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton

K

 * The Kaiju Preservation Society by John Scalzi
 * Kaleidoscope Century by John Barnes
 * Kalimantaan by Lucius Shepard
 * Killobyte by Piers Anthony
 * The Kin of Ata Are Waiting for You, by Dorothy Bryant
 * Kindred by Octavia Butler
 * King of Morning, Queen of Day by Ian McDonald
 * King Rat by China Miéville (arguably fantasy)
 * Knight of Delusions by Keith Laumer
 * The Kraken Wakes (a.k.a. Out of the Deeps) by John Wyndham

L

 * Langdon St. Ives series by James Blaylock
 * namely, Homunculus, Lord Kelvin's Machine and The Digging Leviathan
 * The Languages of Pao by Jack Vance
 * Lankar of Callisto by Lin Carter
 * Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon
 * The Last Castle by Jack Vance
 * The Lathe of Heaven by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * League of Peoples series by James Alan Gardner
 * namely, Expendable, Commitment Hour, Vigilant, Hunted, Ascending, Trapped, Radiant
 * Learning the World by Ken MacLeod
 * The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * The Legacy of Heorot by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes
 * Legion series by Brandon Sanderson
 * The Legion of Space by Jack Williamson.
 * Lensman series by E. E. Smith
 * namely, Triplanetary, First Lensman, Galactic Patrol, Gray Lensman, Second Stage Lensmen and Children of the Lens
 * Level 7 by Mordecai Roshwald
 * Life on Another Planet by Will Eisner
 * Light by M. John Harrison
 * The Light Brigade by Kameron Hurley
 * Little Fuzzy by H. Beam Piper
 * Lone Star Planet by H. Beam Piper and John J. McGuire (see A Planet for Texans)
 * The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet, by Becky Chambers
 * Look to Windward by Iain M. Banks
 * Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy
 * Lord Kalvan of Otherwhen by H. Beam Piper
 * Lord of Light by Roger Zelazny
 * Lords of the Psychon by Daniel F. Galouye
 * Lords of the Starship by Mark S. Geston
 * The Lost Fleet series by Jack Campbell
 * The Lost Planet by Angus MacVicar
 * The Lost World by Michael Crichton
 * The Lost World by Arthur Conan Doyle
 * Lovelock by Orson Scott Card and Kathryn H. Kidd
 * Lucky Starr series by Isaac Asimov (writing as Paul French)
 * namely, David Starr, Space Ranger, Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids, Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus, Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury, Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter and Lucky Starr and the Rings of Saturn
 * The Lunar Chronicles series by Marissa Meyer
 * Lydyard series by Brian Stableford
 * namely, The Werewolves of London, The Angel of Pain and The Carnival of Destruction

M
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 * Macroscope by Piers Anthony
 * Mad Empress of Callisto by Lin Carter
 * Majipoor series by Robert Silverberg
 * namely, Lord Valentine's Castle, Valentine Pontifex, Majipoor Chronicles; there are more but of debated quality
 * Make Room! Make Room! by Harry Harrison
 * The Malacia Tapestry by Brian W. Aldiss
 * Mammoth by John Varley
 * Man in a Cage by Brian Stableford
 * The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick
 * Man Plus by Frederik Pohl
 * The Man Who Fell to Earth by Walter Tevis
 * The Man Who Folded Himself by David Gerrold
 * The Man Who Loved Mars by Lin Carter
 * Manalacor of Veltakin by Christabel
 * The Map of Time by Felix J. Palma
 * Marooned on Mars by Lester del Rey
 * The Mars Migration by Wayne M Bailey
 * The Mars trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson
 * The Martian by Andy Weir
 * The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury
 * Martian Time-Slip by Philip K. Dick
 * Maske: Thaery by Jack Vance
 * The Master by T. H. White
 * Masters of Time by A. E. van Vogt
 * Matter by Iain M. Banks
 * A Maze of Death by Philip K. Dick
 * The Maze Runner by James Dashner
 * Mecha Samurai Empire series by Peter Tieryas
 * Meendum Jeano by Sujatha
 * A Meeting at Corvallis by S. M. Stirling
 * Mellonta Tauta by Edgar Allan Poe
 * The Memory of Earth by Orson Scott Card
 * also The Call of Earth, The Ships of Earth, Earthfall, Earthborn
 * Memory Called Empire by Arkady Martine
 * The Merchant and the Alchemist's Gate by Ted Chiang
 * Micromégas by
 * The Midnight Dancers by Gerard F. Conway
 * Midshipman's Hope by David Feintuch
 * see the Seafort Saga for its sequels
 * The Midwich Cuckoos by John Wyndham
 * Millennium by John Varley
 * A Million Open Doors by John Barnes
 * The Mind Cage by A. E. van Vogt
 * Mind of My Mind by Octavia Butler
 * The Mind Riders by Brian Stableford
 * Mind Wizards of Callisto by Lin Carter
 * Ministry for the Future by Kim Stanley Robinson
 * Mirabile by Janet Kagan
 * Missing Men of Saturn by Philip Latham (nom de plume of Robert S. Richardson)
 * Mission Earth by L. Ron Hubbard
 * Mission of Gravity by Hal Clement
 * Mistress Masham's Repose by T. H. White
 * Mists of Dawn by Chad Oliver
 * The Moat Around Murcheson's Eye by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle (this was the United Kingdom title, elsewhere it is known as The Gripping Hand)
 * The Modular Man by Roger MacBride Allen, essay by Isaac Asimov
 * Mona Lisa Overdrive by William Gibson
 * The Moon and the Face by Patricia A. McKillip
 * Moon Base One by Hugh Walters
 * The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Moon of Mutiny by Lester del Rey
 * Moon of Three Rings by Andre Norton
 * Moon-Flash by Patricia A. McKillip
 * More Than Human by Theodore Sturgeon
 * The Moreau Quartet by S. Andrew Swann
 * The Morgaine Stories by C. J. Cherryh
 * namely, Gate of Ivrel, Well of Shiuan, Fires of Azeroth and Exile's Gate
 * The Mote in God's Eye by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle
 * Mountains Oceans and Giants by Alfred Döblin
 * Mr. Justice by Doris Piserchia
 * The Mummy! - A Tale of the Twenty-Second Century by J. Webb
 * Mutiny in the Time Machine by Donald Keith
 * The Mysterious Planet by Kenneth Wright
 * Mystery of the Third Mine by Robert W. Lowndes
 * Mythago Wood series by Robert Holdstock
 * namely, Mythago Wood, Lavondyss, The Bone Forest, The Hollowing, Merlin's Wood and Gate of Ivory, Gate of Horn

N

 * The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (also known as The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym's Adventures) by Edgar Allan Poe
 * Native Tongue by Suzette Haden Elgin
 * Neanderthal Planet by Brian W. Aldiss
 * NEQUA or The Problem of the Ages by Jack Adams
 * Neuromancer by William Gibson
 * Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro
 * Neverness series by David Zindell
 * namely, Neverness, The Broken God, The Wild and War in Heaven
 * The New Atlantis by Sir Francis Bacon
 * News from Nowhere by William Morris
 * Next by Michael Crichton
 * Nightfall by Isaac Asimov & Robert Silverberg
 * Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell
 * Night Lamp by Jack Vance
 * Night of Light by Philip Jose Farmer
 * Nightwings by Robert Silverberg
 * Ninth Step Station, created by Malka Older
 * The Nome Trilogy by Terry Pratchett
 * namely, Truckers, Diggers and Wings
 * Non-Stop by Brian Aldiss
 * Norstrilia by Cordwainer Smith
 * Noughts & Crosses series by Malorie Blackman
 * Nova by Samuel R. Delany
 * Nova Swing by M. John Harrison
 * Null-A Three by A. E. van Vogt

O

 * Observer by Robert Lanza and Nancy Kress
 * Ocean on Top by Hal Clement
 * Odd John by Olaf Stapledon
 * Oh. My. Gods. by Tera Lynn Childs
 * The Old Lie by Claire G. Coleman
 * Old Man's War by John Scalzi
 * Omega by Jack McDevitt
 * On My Way to Paradise by Dave Wolverton
 * On the Beach by Nevil Shute
 * On the Silver Globe by Jerzy Żuławski
 * On Wings of Song by Thomas M. Disch
 * One in Three Hundred by J. T. McIntosh
 * One Million Tomorrows by Bob Shaw
 * One Mind's Eye by Kathy Tyers
 * Operation Columbus by Hugh Walters
 * The Ophiuchi Hotline by John Varley
 * Optiman by Brian Stableford
 * Orbit unlimited by Poul Anderson
 * Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood.
 * Otherland series by Tad Williams
 * namely, City of Golden Shadow, River of Blue Fire, Mountain of Black Glass and Sea of Silver Light
 * Out of the Deeps (a.k.a. The Kraken Wakes) by John Wyndham
 * Out of the Silent Planet by C. S. Lewis
 * The Outlaws of Mars by Otis Adelbert Kline

P

 * Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler
 * Parable of the Talents by Octavia Butler
 * Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus by Orson Scott Card
 * Past Master by R. A. Lafferty
 * Patternmaster by Octavia Butler
 * The Patterns of Chaos by Colin Kapp
 * Pavane by Keith Roberts
 * The Pawns of Null-A also published as The Players of Null-A by A. E. van Vogt
 * Pebble in the Sky by Isaac Asimov
 * The People of the Wind by Poul Anderson
 * Percy Jackson & the Olympians series by Rick Riordan
 * namely, The Lightning Thief, The Sea of Monsters, The Titan's Curse, The Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian
 * Perdido Street Station by China Miéville
 * Permanence by Karl Schroeder
 * Permutation City by Greg Egan
 * The Pixel Eye by Paul Levinson
 * The Plague Forge by Jason M. Hough
 * A Plague of Demons by Keith Laumer
 * Plague Ship by Andre Norton
 * A Planet for Texans by H. Beam Piper and John J. McGuire
 * Planet of Adventure series by Jack Vance
 * namely, City of the Chasch (a.k.a. The Chasck), Servants of the Wanek (a.k.a. Servants of the Wankh, The Wankh), The Dirdir and The Pnume
 * Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle
 * Planet of Exile by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * Planet of Light by Raymond F. Jones (the sequel to Son of the Stars)
 * The Player of Games by Iain M. Banks
 * Player Piano by Kurt Vonnegut
 * The Pleasures of a Futuroscope by Lord Dunsany
 * The Plot To Save Socrates by Paul Levinson
 * Podkayne of Mars by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Polaris by Jack McDevitt
 * Ports of Call series by Jack Vance
 * namely, Ports of Call and Lurulu
 * The Positronic Man by Isaac Asimov
 * The Postman by David Brin
 * Postmarked the Stars by Andre Norton
 * The Prefect by Alastair Reynolds
 * The Prestige by Christopher Priest
 * Prey by Michael Crichton
 * The Princes of the Air by John M. Ford
 * Prisoners of Power by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
 * Project Hail Mary by Andy Weir
 * A Prophetic Romance by John McCoy
 * Protector by Larry Niven
 * The Protector's War by S. M. Stirling
 * Proxima by Stephen Baxter
 * Psion series by Joan D. Vinge
 * namely, Psion, Catspaw and Dreamfall
 * The Puppet Masters by Robert Heinlein
 * Pushing Ice by Alastair Reynolds
 * The Puzzle Planet by Robert A. W. Lowndes

Q

 * Quarantine by Greg Egan
 * Queen of Angels (novel) by Greg Bear
 * Quest Crosstime by Andre Norton
 * Quest for the Future by A. E. van Vogt
 * Quietus by Tristan Palmgren
 * Quinzinzinzili by Régis Messac (French page on Messac)

R

 * R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) by Karel Čapek
 * Radix Tetrad series by A. A. Attanasio
 * namely, Radix, In Other Worlds, Arc of the Dream and The Last Legends of Earth
 * Raising the Stones by Sheri S. Tepper
 * Rama Revealed by Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee
 * Rappaccini's Daughter by Nathaniel Hawthorne
 * Ready Player One by Ernest Cline
 * Ready Player Two by Ernest Cline
 * The Realms of Tartarus by Brian Stableford
 * Red by Ted Dekker
 * Red Planet by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Red Thunder by John Varley
 * Redemption Ark by Alastair Reynolds
 * Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy by Liu Cixin
 * namely The Three-Body Problem, The Dark Forest, Death's End
 * Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Renegade of Callisto by Lin Carter
 * Report on Probability A by Brian W. Aldiss
 * Return from the Stars by Stanisław Lem.
 * Revelation Space by Alastair Reynolds
 * Revolt on Alpha C by Robert Silverberg
 * Ringworld by Larry Niven
 * also The Ringworld Engineers, The Ringworld Throne, Ringworld's Children
 * The Rise of Renegade X by Chelsea M. Campbell
 * Rite of Passage by Alexei Panshin
 * Roadmarks by Roger Zelazny
 * Roadside Picnic by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
 * The Roar by Emma Clayton
 * Robopocalypse by Daniel H. Wilson
 * Robots of Dawn by Isaac Asimov
 * Rocannon's World by Ursula K. Le Guin
 * Rocheworld by Robert Forward
 * Rocket Jockey by Philip St. John
 * Rocket to Limbo by Alan E. Nourse
 * Rocket to Luna by Richard Marsten
 * Rockets to Nowhere by Philip St. John
 * Rocketship Galileo by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Roderick and Roderick at Random by John Sladek
 * The Rolling Stones by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Rosewater series by Tade Thompson
 * Rule 34 by Charles Stross
 * Rumors of Spring by Richard Grant
 * Rynosseros by Terry Dowling

S

 * Samaria series by Sharon Shinn
 * namely, Archangel, Jovah's Angel, The Alleluia Files and Angelica
 * The Sands of Mars by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Santiago by Mike Resnick
 * Saraband of Lost Time by Richard Grant
 * Sargasso of Space by Andre Norton
 * Saturn's Children by Charles Stross
 * Saucerers and Gondoliers by Dominic Green
 * A Scanner Darkly, by Philip K. Dick
 * The Scar by China Miéville (arguably fantasy)
 * Schismatrix, by Bruce Sterling
 * Scissors Cut Paper Wrap Stone by Ian McDonald
 * The Scourge of God by S. M. Stirling
 * A Scourge of Screamers by Daniel F. Galouye
 * Search the Sky by Cyril M. Kornbluth and Frederik Pohl
 * The Secret of the Martian Moons by Donald A. Wollheim
 * The Secret of the Ninth Planet by Donald A. Wollheim
 * The Secret of Saturn's Rings by Donald A. Wollheim
 * Semper Mars by Ian Douglas
 * Sentinels From Space by Eric Frank Russell
 * Serpent's Reach by C. J. Cherryh
 * Seveneves by Neal Stephenson
 * Sewer, Gas, and Electric by Matt Ruff
 * Shade's Children, by Garth Nix
 * Shadrach in the Furnace by Robert Silverberg
 * The Shape of Things to Come, by H. G. Wells
 * The Sharing of Flesh by Anderson
 * The Shibboleth by John Hornor Jacobs
 * The Ship Who Sang by Anne McCaffrey
 * Shivering World by Kathy Tyers
 * The Shockwave Rider by John Brunner
 * Side Show by Sheri S. Tepper
 * Signal, by Cynthia DeFelice
 * Signs of Life by M. John Harrison
 * The Silk Code by Paul Levinson
 * The Silkie by A. E. van Vogt
 * The Simulacra by Philip K. Dick
 * Simulacron-3 by Daniel F. Galouye
 * Sinister Barrier by Eric Frank Russell
 * The Sirens of Titan by Kurt Vonnegut
 * Sister Ships and Alastair by Dominic Green
 * Six Gates from Limbo by J. T. McIntosh
 * Six Wakes by Mur Lafferty
 * Sixth Column by Robert A. Heinlein
 * The Sky People by S. M. Stirling
 * Sky Pirates of Callisto by Lin Carter
 * Skyship Academy: The Pearl Wars by Nick James
 * Skyward by Brandon Sanderson
 * Slan by A. E. van Vogt
 * Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut
 * Slaves of the Klau (a.k.a. Gold and Iron) by Jack Vance
 * Slow Lightning by Jack McDevitt. Released as Infinity Beach in the United States.
 * Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson
 * The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge
 * Snow White and the Giants by J. T. McIntosh
 * The Solar Wind (Aurinkotuuli) by Kullervo Kukkasjärvi
 * Solaris by Stanisław Lem
 * Solitaire by Kelley Eskridge
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes by Ray Bradbury
 * Somnium by Johannes Kepler
 * Son of Man by Robert Silverberg
 * Son of the Stars by Raymond F. Jones (the sequel is Planet of Light)
 * Son of the Tree by Jack Vance
 * The Song of Phaid the Gambler by Mick Farren
 * The Songs of Distant Earth by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Sons of the Ocean Deeps by Bryce Walton
 * Space Cadet by Robert A. Heinlein
 * The Space Merchants by Frederik Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth
 * The Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Space Opera by Jack Vance
 * Space Trilogy series by C. S. Lewis
 * namely, Out of the Silent Planet, Perelandra (a.k.a. Voyage to Venus) and That Hideous Strength
 * The Space Vampires by Colin Wilson
 * Space Viking by H. Beam Piper
 * Spaceling by Doris Piserchia
 * Spacemen, Go Home by Milton Lesser
 * Spaceship Medic by Harry Harrison
 * Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card
 * also Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, Shadow of the Giant, Shadows in Flight
 * Sphere by Michael Crichton
 * Spin by Robert Charles Wilson
 * Stadium Beyond the Stars by Milton Lesser
 * The Stainless Steel Rat by Harry Harrison
 * also The Stainless Steel Rat's Revenge, The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World, The Stainless Steel Rat Wants You, The Stainless Steel Rat for President, A Stainless Steel Rat Is Born, The Stainless Steel Rat Gets Drafted, The Stainless Steel Rat Sings the Blues, The Stainless Steel Rat Goes to Hell, The Stainless Steel Rat Joins the Circus
 * Stalker by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky
 * Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner
 * Star Born by Andre Norton (the sequel to The Stars Are Ours)
 * The Star Conquerors by Ben Bova
 * Star Gate by Andre Norton
 * Star Guard by Andre Norton
 * Star of Gypsies by Robert Silverberg
 * The Star of Life by Edmond Hamilton
 * Star of the Unborn by Franz Werfel
 * Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon
 * Star Man's Son (AKA, Daybreak 2250) by Andre Norton
 * Star Rangers by Andre Norton
 * Star Rider by Doris Piserchia
 * The Star Seekers by Milton Lesser
 * Star Smashers of the Galaxy Rangers by Harry Harrison
 * Star Surgeon by Alan E. Nourse
 * Starman Jones by Robert A. Heinlein
 * The Starmen by Leigh Brackett
 * Starter Villain by John Scalzi
 * The Stars Are Ours! by Andre Norton (the sequel is Star Born)
 * Stars are Legion by Kameron Hurley
 * The Stars, Like Dust by Isaac Asimov
 * The Stars My Destination by Alfred Bester
 * Starship Through Space by Lee Correy (nom de plume of G. Harry Stine)
 * Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein
 * The State of the Art by Iain M. Banks
 * State of Fear by Michael Crichton
 * Station Eternity by Mur Lafferty
 * The Status Civilization by Robert Sheckley
 * The Steam Man of the Prairies by Edward S. Ellis
 * Steel Beach by John Varley
 * Step to the Stars by Lester del Rey
 * The Stepford Wives by Ira Levin
 * The Steps of the Sun by Walter Tevis
 * Stories of Your Life and Others by Ted Chiang
 * Storm Over Warlock by Andre Norton
 * Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Strata by Terry Pratchett
 * Sultana's Dream (1905) by Begum Rokheya Sakhawat Hossain
 * The Sunrise Lands by S. M. Stirling
 * The Super Barbarians by John Brunner
 * Supermind by A. E. van Vogt
 * Surface Detail by Iain M. Banks
 * Sword of Truth series by Terry Goodkind
 * Wizard's First Rule, Stone of Tears, Blood of the Fold, Temple of the Winds, Soul of the Fire, Faith of the Fallen, Pillars of Creation, Naked Empire, Chainfire, Phantom, Confessor, The Omen Machine, Debt of Bones, The First Confessor: The Legend of Magda Searus
 * The Syndic by C. M. Kornbluth
 * Synners by Pat Cadigan

T

 * Tactics of Mistake by Gordon R. Dickson
 * A Tale of the Ragged Mountains by Edgar Allan Poe
 * Tatja Grimm's World by Vernor Vinge
 * Tau Zero by Poul Anderson
 * Telzey Amberdon by James H. Schmitz
 * Template by Matthew Hughes
 * Terror by Satellite by Hugh Walters
 * tetraktus, the Damn Four (in Persian :تتراكتوس، چهار لعنتي Titrāktūs Chahār La‘natī) by Reza Khoshnazar
 * That Extraordinary Day by Predrag Vukadinović
 * Thebes of the Hundred Gates by Robert Silverberg
 * There Ain't Gonna Be No World War Three by Dominic Green
 * There Are Doors by Gene Wolfe
 * They Shall Have Stars by James Blish
 * The Third Craft by James T. Harris
 * This Immortal by Roger Zelazny
 * This Island Earth by Raymond F. Jones
 * This Perfect Day by Ira Levin
 * Thorns by Robert Silverberg
 * The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch by Philip K. Dick
 * Thrice Upon a Time by James P. Hogan
 * Through the Heart by Richard Grant
 * Tik-Tok by John Sladek
 * Time Enough for Love by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Time for the Stars by Robert A. Heinlein
 * Time Held Me Green and Dying by Dominic Green
 * The Time Machine by H. G. Wells
 * The Time Traders by Andre Norton (the sequel is Galactic Derelict)
 * Timelike Infinity by Stephen Baxter
 * Timeline by Michael Crichton
 * TimeRiders by Alex Scarrow
 * Timescape by Gregory Benford
 * Titan by Stephen Baxter
 * Titan by John Varley
 * To Challenge Chaos by Brian Stableford
 * To Die in Italbar by Roger Zelazny
 * To Live Forever (a.k.a. Clarges) by Jack Vance
 * To Sleep in a Sea of Stars by Christopher Paolini
 * To the Resurrection Station by Eleanor Arnason
 * To the Tombaugh Station by Wilson Tucker
 * To Venus in Five Seconds by Fred T. Jane
 * To Your Scattered Bodies Go by Philip José Farmer
 * Too Like the Lightning by Ada Palmer
 * Tower of Glass by Robert Silverberg
 * Trade Pact by Julie Czerneda
 * A Transatlantic Tunnel, Hurrah! by Harry Harrison
 * Transmigration by J. T. McIntosh
 * Trapped in Space by Jack Williamson
 * Treason by Orson Scott Card
 * The Tripods trilogy by John Christopher
 * Trouble on Titan by Alan E. Nourse
 * Trouble on Triton by Samuel R. Delany
 * Trouble with Lichen by John Wyndham
 * A True Story by
 * The Truth Machine by James L. Halperin
 * Tunnel in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein
 * The Twelve-Fingered Boy by John Hornor Jacobs
 * Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas by Jules Verne
 * The Two Faces of Tomorrow by James P. Hogan

U

 * Ubik by Philip K. Dick
 * Uhura's Song by Janet Kagan
 * Uglies series by Scott Westerfeld
 * namely, Uglies, Pretties, Specials and Extras
 * Under by Hal Clement (the sequel to Mission of Gravity)
 * Under the Green Star by Lin Carter
 * The Universe Maker by A. E. van Vogt
 * Hans Phaall: A Tale (also known as The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall) by Edgar Allan Poe
 * Unveiling a Parallel by Alice Ilgenfritz Jones & Ella Merchant
 * Use of Weapons by Iain M. Banks

V

 * Valentine Pontifex by Robert Silverberg
 * Valis by Philip K. Dick
 * The Valley Where Time Stood Still by Lin Carter
 * Vandals of the Void by Jack Vance
 * Vault of the Ages by Poul Anderson
 * Venus series by Edgar Rice Burroughs
 * namely, Pirates of Venus, Lost on Venus, Carson of Venus, Escape on Venus and The Wizard of Venus
 * Venus of Dreams by Pamela Sargent
 * sequels are Venus of Shadows and Children of Venus
 * La Vermine du Lion by Francis Carsac
 * Views from the Oldest House by Richard Grant
 * Virtual Light by William Gibson
 * The Void Captain's Tale by Norman Spinrad
 * Voodoo Planet by Andre Norton
 * The Vorkosigan Saga series of books by Lois McMaster Bujold
 * namely, Falling Free, Shards of Honor, Barrayar, The Warrior's Apprentice, The Vor Game, Cetaganda, Ethan of Athos, Brothers in Arms, Mirror Dance, Memory, Komarr, A Civil Campaign, Diplomatic Immunity
 * Voyage by Stephen Baxter
 * Voyage from Yesteryear by James P. Hogan
 * The Voyage of the Space Beagle by A. E. van Vogt
 * A Voyage to Arcturus by David Lindsay
 * Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea by Theodore Sturgeon
 * Voyager in Night by C. J. Cherryh
 * Vulcan's Hammer by Philip K. Dick
 * Vurt by Jeff Noon

W

 * The Wailing Asteroid by Murray Leinster
 * War Against the Chtorr by David Gerrold
 * The War Against the Rull by A. E. van Vogt
 * War Girls by Tochi Onyebuchi
 * The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells
 * War With the Newts (dystopian satire) by Karel Čapek
 * The Warlock in Spite of Himself by Christopher Stasheff
 * Wasp by Eric Frank Russell
 * Watchmen graphic novel by Alan Moore and illustrated by Dave Gibbons
 * Water Logic by Laurie J. Marks
 * Wave Without a Shore by C. J. Cherryh
 * Waves by M. A. Foster
 * Way Station by Clifford D. Simak
 * We by Yevgeny Zamyatin
 * The Weapon Makers by A. E. van Vogt
 * The Weapon Shops of Isher by A. E. van Vogt
 * What Entropy Means to Me by George Alec Effinger
 * What Mad Universe by Fredric Brown
 * When Gravity Fails by George Alec Effinger
 * When the Green Star Calls by Lin Carter
 * When Harlie Was One by David Gerrold
 * Where Time Winds Blow by Robert Holdstock
 * The Whisper by Emma Clayton
 * White by Ted Dekker
 * Who Fears Death by Nnedi Okorafor
 * Wildseed by Octavia Butler
 * The Wind from Nowhere by J. G. Ballard
 * Windhover Tapes series by Warren Carl Norwood
 * namely, An Image of Voices, Fize of the Gabriel Ratchets, Planet of Flowers and Flexing the Warp
 * The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi
 * Wizard by John Varley
 * The Wizard of Linn by A. E. van Vogt
 * Wolfbane by Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth
 * Woman On the Edge of Time by Marge Piercy
 * The Wondersmith by Fitz James O'Brien
 * The World and Thorinn by Damon Knight
 * The World at Bay by Paul Capon
 * The World Menders by Lloyd Biggle, Jr.
 * The World of Null-A by A. E. van Vogt
 * The World of Ptavvs by Larry Niven
 * A World Out of Time by Larry Niven
 * World War Z by Max Brooks
 * Worm by John McCrae
 * A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle
 * Wyrldmaker by Terry Bisson

X

 * Xenocide by Orson Scott Card

Y

 * The Year of the Quiet Sun by Wilson Tucker
 * The Years of Rice and Salt by Kim Stanley Robinson
 * The Year When Stardust Fell by Raymond F. Jones
 * Year Zero, by Robert Reid
 * Yesteryear by Alan Dean Foster
 * Ylana of Callisto by Lin Carter
 * Ymir by Rich Larson
 * The Young Men are Coming by M. P. Shiel

Z

 * The Zap Gun by Philip K. Dick
 * Zulu Heart by Steven Barnes
 * The Z trilogy by Stephen Cole
 * Z is for Zero by Andy Weir

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of science fiction novels


text:
University of Groningen

The University of Groningen (abbreviated as UG; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, abbreviated as RUG) is a public research university of more than 30,000 students in the city of Groningen in the Netherlands. Founded in 1614, the university is the second oldest in the country (after Leiden) and one of the most traditional and prestigious universities in the Netherlands.

The University of Groningen has eleven faculties, nine graduate schools, 27 research centres and institutes, and more than 175-degree programmes. The university's alumni and faculty include Johann Bernoulli, Aletta Jacobs, four Nobel Prize winners, nine Spinoza Prize winners, one Stevin Prize winner, various members of the Dutch royal family, several politicians, the first president of the European Central Bank, and a secretary general of NATO.

History

The institution was founded as a college in 1614 in an initiative taken by the Regional Assembly of the city of Groningen and the Ommelanden, or surrounding region. There were four faculties – Theology, Law, Medicine, and Philosophy.

The coat of arms of the university was confirmed by The Estates of the City and County of Groningen in 1615. It consists of the provincial arms, charged with an open book inscribed with the abbreviated words VER/BVM/DNI LV/CER/NA, short for Verbum Domini Lucerna Pedibus Nostris. The shield is surmounted by a golden crown of five leaves and four pearls.

In the first 75 years of its existence about 100 students enrolled every year. Almost half of the students and lecturers came from outside the Netherlands – the first rector magnificus, Ubbo Emmius, came from East Frisia in modern-day Germany, for instance – but at the same time there was already a close relationship between the university and the city and the surrounding region.

The development of the university came to a standstill at the end of the seventeenth and during the eighteenth century because of theological differences of opinion, a difficult relationship with the Regional Assembly and political problems that included the siege of the city by ‘Bommen Berend’ in 1672. On average two to three hundred students were registered with the university at any one time during this period.

During the French occupation between 1775 and 1814 the University of Groningen was administered by the Imperial University of Paris. Unlike Leiden University, it was not shut down and the institute was renamed Imperial University of Groningen (Keizerlijke Universiteit Groningen). During this time period, it remained the only open university in the Kingdom of Holland. In 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars, at the same time as Leiden and Utrecht, the university gained recognition as a national college of higher education, but this was followed by discussions about closure. The situation improved when a new main university building, the Academiegebouw, was constructed in 1850, a building that was largely financed by the people of Groningen. A fire completely destroyed the building in 1906.

In the meantime, the Higher Education Act of 1876 had radically improved the position of the university, which was renamed the "Rijksuniversiteit Groningen" (RUG). Teaching took place in Dutch and Latin and the university was given a research as well as an educational duty.

The University of Groningen developed during the first decades of the twentieth century. The number of faculties and courses grew steadily while the number of students grew rapidly. When the university celebrated its first 300 years in 1914 there were 611 registered students; this had grown to 1,000 by 1924. After a drop back during the Depression, and in particular during the Second World War, the number of students grew rapidly from 1945 to reach 20,000 in 1994. In recent times there are about 32,700 students registered at the University of Groningen with the number of foreign students again growing steadily, and following the tradition set by the first Rector Magnificus, the number of German students and researchers has grown strongly in recent years.

In March 2015, the RUG signed an agreement with the China Agricultural University to establish a campus in the Chinese city of Yantai. This would have made the RUG the first Dutch university to open a campus in China. The plan was heavily criticised, mainly due to worries about the restriction of academic freedom caused by censorship in China. In January 2018, the plans were cancelled by the Executive Board of the UG, based on the "insufficient support for the project".

Facts and figures

Key facts and figures about the University of Groningen are: The university operates under the BSA system, under which a first year undergraduate (bachelor) student must achieve a certain number of ECTS in order to progress to the second year. This varies from 30 ECTS to 45 ECTS among various degrees.
 * The university, as of 2020, has 34,000 students enrolled in various programs from the undergraduate level up to doctorate students. This includes 8,250 international students.
 * The university currently has 3,600 individuals in its academic staff. The UMCG included, a third of the academic staff is international.
 * 425 full professors
 * 45+ bachelor's degree programmes (35+ bachelor's degree programmes are taught in English)
 * 120+ master's degree programmes taught in English
 * 40+ research master's and top programmes
 * 11 faculties (one in the Frisian capital of Leeuwarden), nine graduate schools
 * 140,000 alumni
 * 120+ nationalities
 * 8,000 research publications
 * 4,350 PhD candidates (51% international)
 * 1.0 billion EUR budget
 * Research grants from the Dutch Research Council (NWO): 14 starting grants (Veni), 5 experienced research grants (Vidi) and 4 senior research grants (Vici) awarded in 2020
 * Research grants from the European Research Council (ERC): 1 Starting Grant, 1 Consolidator Grant, 3 Advanced Grants and 1 Proof of Concept Grant awarded in 2020
 * 18 patent applications in 2020

RUG has its own newspaper: the Universiteitskrant.

The university's Center for Information Technology (CIT) houses an IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer and data center of Target used by the LOFAR project as well as a Virtual Reality and 3D-visualisation center.

Rankings and reputation

 * The University of Groningen (RUG) is a member of the so-called Excellence Group of universities in Europe. The Excellence Group has 56 members, which is 1.3 percent of the approximately 4,500 European institutions of higher education.

 * RUG belongs to the top 100 large comprehensive research universities in the world.
 * RUG was #80 in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021.
 * According to the 2019 U.S. News & World Report, the Faculty of Economics and Business ranks as 3rd in The Netherlands, 10th in Europe and 32nd in the world for Economics and Business.
 * In 2021, the university ranked #64 in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU). In addition to this overall score, the university falls within the global top 100 for several specific fields and subjects: Psychology (41), Clinical Medicine (51-75), Business Administration (37), Ecology (51-75).
 * RUG was ranked #139 worldwide in the QS WUR 2024.
 * The university was ranked #73 worldwide in 2019 by the National Taiwan University that publishes the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities.
 * The Webometrics placed the university #85 worldwide and #14 in Europe.
 * The university was ranked 3rd place in the UI GreenMetric World University Ranking in 2021, which includes 780 universities. UI GreenMetric World University Rankings was launched by Universitas Indonesia (UI) to focus awareness on sustainability in university policy-making. Universities are ranked in the basis of self-reported data in the areas of Setting and Infrastructure, Energy and Climate Change, Waste, Water, Transportation, and Education and Research.
 * From 2019 to 2020, the university was ranked 91st place in the Centre for World University Rankings (CWUR).
 * In 2019, Times Higher Education introduced a new ranking: the Europe Teaching Rankings. The university was ranked 26th place, which includes more than 200 universities. This new ranking focusses on higher education institutions' teaching quality and learning environments for students.
 * The university was ranked 1st in The Netherlands by U-Multirank (UMR)in 2019. UMR was developed by a consortium consisting of the Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) in Twente, the Centre for Higher Education (CHE) in Germany and the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) in Leiden. The university achieved the highest score on 16 indicators that include International Orientation dimension, Research and Knowledge Transfer.
 * The Faculty of Economics and Business is accredited by both AACSB and EQUIS.

Organisation

The RUG has 6,250 employees.

The university library was renovated between 2013 and 2017. The RUG has a branch in Leeuwarden. Plans to establish a "branch campus" in China's Yantai were called off in January 2018, and the University Museum is now in the process of being established.

The University of Groningen is represented in the Academic Heritage Foundation, a foundation that aims to preserve university collections and cultural treasures.

Faculties

The University of Groningen is organized in eleven faculties that offer programmes and courses in the fields of humanities, social sciences, law, economics and business, spatial sciences, life sciences, and natural sciences and technology. Each faculty (cf., College in the USA or School in Europe) is a formal grouping of academic degree programmes, schools and institutes, discipline areas, research centres, and/or any combination of these drawn together for educational purposes. Each faculty offers bachelor's, master's, PhD, and exchange programmes, while some also offer short certificate courses.

Since 2014, the RUG also has a partly independent liberal arts college, University College Groningen (UCG).
 * Faculty of Economics and Business
 * Faculty of Arts
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Religion, Culture and Society
 * Faculty of Philosophy
 * Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Medical Sciences
 * Faculty of Science and Engineering
 * Faculty of Spatial Sciences
 * University College Groningen
 * Campus Fryslân

National Cooperation

 * Exposome-NL, Dutch consortium cooperating in the field of exposome research.

International Cooperation
The University of Groningen engages in many types of international cooperation throughout both teaching and research. The main networks and partners of the university are:

 * Enlight, an alliance of nine European universities, The Guild of European research-intensive universities and the Coimbra group, a network of 37 long established European multidisciplinary universities.
 * Strategic partnerships (academic connection): Universität Hamburg (UHH) and Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg
 * Global strategic partnerships: Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), Osaka University (Japan), Macquarie University (Australia), Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), Universidad de Antioquia (Colombia), Universidad de Chile (Chile), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico), Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil), Stellenbosch University (South Africa)

Campus
The various faculties are housed around the city. Most of the faculties- including the faculties of Law, Arts and Philosophy are located in and around the city center. The university's original building, which acts as the main administrative building, lies exactly in the center of the city at the Broerstraat. The faculty of medical sciences is located close by at the University Medical Center Groningen(UMCG). The Faculties of Economics and Business, Spatial Sciences, and Science and Engineering are housed in the northern outskirts of the city, at the Zernike Campus, named after Nobel Prize winner Frits Zernike. The Zernike campus is also shared by the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, the other big university in the city, making the total number of students studying there around 40,000.

The university has libraries in three locations: the main one at the city center, one in the Duisenberg building in Zernike Campus, and one in the faculty of medicine, that includes a vast array of books and online material for students. The library at the city center also has a Starbucks on its premises. The university has also recently opened another campus in Leeuwarden, Friesland, referred to as "Campus Fryslân", that offers multiple disciplines in both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

Student life
The city of Groningen is known as the student city of the Netherlands; around one-third of the city's residents are students at either The University of Groningen or at the Hanze University of Applied Sciences. The university, through ACLO, offers a wide range of sporting activities, and courses. Almost each sport has its own association, and offers the use of its facilities at discount rates for students.

The university also has multiple student societies that organize social events for its members, as well as student and study associations, that are mostly concerned with specific faculties and courses.

The use of bicycles as the means for transport is particularly prevalent for locals and students alike, and has integrated, labelled bike paths from the city center to Zernike. The city is popularly referred to as "The World Cycling City" because of this.

Student housing
The University of Groningen does not have student accommodation. It does, however, offer students with accommodation via SSH Student Housing, which operates student houses in various locations in Groningen, and various other cities within the Netherlands. A significant number of students live in private accommodations within the city, however, a recent addition to the housing options for students is The Student Hotel as well. In an effort to combat the annual housing shortage, the city of Groningen has incentivized the construction of short-term accommodation such as The Village which is made of shipping containers for international students. The Dutch government has strict laws for private accommodations for both tenants (students) and the landlords, so that fair rent prices, and renting conditions can be maintained.

In 2018, the university received national attention due to the housing crisis in the city of Groningen. Due to the fact that most incoming students at the university are primarily from other parts of the country, or the world, there has been a lack of housing options for students. Especially in the fall semester of 2021 the housing crisis hit its peak with hundreds of students reportedly not having any accommodation and resorting to emergency shelters. The housing shorting evoked a protest in the city centre which culminated in the Academy building being temporarily occupied by students to put pressure on the city to extend emergency housing.

Research
In 2019, 708 PhD students were admitted to a PhD programme (compared to 816 in 2018). Around 50% of the admitted PhD students came from abroad. In 2019, a total of 546 PhDs took place, 22 of them cum laude. The national share was thus around 11%.

Research schools, centres and institutes
Humanities and Social Sciences
 * Center for Language and Cognition Groningen (CLCG)
 * Centre for Religion and Heritage
 * Centre for Religion, Conflict and Globalization (CRCG)
 * Centre Religion, Health and Wellbeing
 * CRASIS, Culture, Religion and Society in Graeco-Roman Antiquity
 * Globalisation Studies Groningen (GSG)
 * Groningen Institute of Archeology (GIA)
 * Groningen Institute for Educational research (GION)
 * Groningen Research Institute of Philosophy (GRIPH)
 * Groningen Research Institute for the Study of Culture (ICOG)
 * Heymans Institute
 * Institute of Indian Studies
 * Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS)
 * Qumran Institute
 * Urban and Regional Studies Institute (URSI)

Law
 * Centre for Law, Administration and Society (CRBS)
 * Groningen Centre of Energy Law (GCEL)

Economics & Business
 * SOM research institute

Life Sciences
 * Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences (BCN) / UMCG
 * Research Institute BCN-BRAIN / UMCG
 * Cancer Research Center Groningen (CRCG) / UMCG
 * Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES)
 * Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE) / UMCG
 * Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB)
 * Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)
 * Science in Healthy Ageing and healthcaRE (SHARE), UMCG
 * W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science / UMCG

Science and Engineering
 * Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence
 * ENTEG - Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen
 * ESRIG - Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen
 * GBB - Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
 * GELIFES - Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences
 * GRIP - Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy
 * ISEC - Institute for Science Education and Communication
 * Kapteyn Astronomical Institute
 * Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
 * Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity
 * Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM)

Graduate schools
The University of Groningen's Graduate Schools are organized somewhat different from its international counterparts. The main difference is that the Graduate Schools do not contain all Master's programmes; Graduate Schools manage and facilitate the two-year Master's programmes: top master's degree programmes and Research master's degree programmes.
 * Graduate School of Behavioural and Social Sciences
 * Graduate School of Economics and Business
 * Graduate School of Humanities
 * Graduate School of Law
 * Graduate School of Medical Sciences
 * Graduate School of Philosophy
 * Graduate School of Science
 * Graduate School of Spatial Sciences
 * Graduate School of Religion, Culture and Society

Notable alumni
Notable alumni of the University of Groningen include:

Heads of Government

 * Paramanga Ernest Yonli, Prime Minister of Burkina Faso
 * John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of Great Britain
 * Suzanne Camelia-Römer, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles
 * Etienne Ys, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles
 * Johan Remkes, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands

Business leaders

 * Bart Becht, CEO of Reckitt Benckiser
 * Maarten van den Bergh, Chairman of Lloyds Bank, named the most powerful businessman in Great Britain in 2005 by The Times
 * Marc Bolland, CEO of Marks & Spencer
 * Dolf van den Brink, CEO of Heineken N.V.
 * Paul Polman, CEO of Unilever
 * Roel de Vries, Global Head of Marketing at Nissan Motor Corporation
 * Hans Wijers, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of ING, former CEO of AkzoNobel
 * George Möller, CEO of Robeco, former CEO of Euronext
 * Chris Vogelzang, CEO of Danske Bank
 * Roelof Joosten, CEO of FrieslandCampina
 * Volkert Engelsman, CEO of Eosta
 * Paul Fentener van Vlissingen, CEO of SHV Holdings
 * Maarten Wetselaar, CEO of Cepsa
 * Marjan Rintel, CEO of KLM, former CEO of Dutch Railways
 * Louise Gunning-Schepers, chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Schiphol Group
 * Dimitri de Vreeze, CEO of DSM N.V.
 * Maria Oudeman, president of Utrecht University, former director of Equinor
 * Ronald Brus, CEO of Janssen Vaccines

Economists and researchers

 * Wim Duisenberg, first president of the European Central Bank
 * Klaas Knot, current President of the Dutch central bank De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB)
 * Dirk Stikker, Secretary General of NATO
 * Diederik Stapel, professor of social psychology known for fabrication of research data
 * Gerbrand Bakker, early 19th century physician
 * Johan van Benthem, logician
 * Johann Bernoulli, mathematician
 * Bart Bok, astronomer
 * Hans van Abeelen, first Dutch behavior geneticist
 * Corina Brussaard, Antarctic researcher in viral ecology and phytoplankton
 * Anita Buma, Antarctic researcher in marine ecophysiology
 * Wei Ji Ma, professor of psychology and neuroscience
 * Ben Feringa, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2016 for his work on molecular motors
 * Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics while professor in Leiden for his experiments on the properties of matter at low temperatures which made the production of liquid helium possible
 * Frits Zernike, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the phase-contrast optical microscope in 1953.

Politicians

 * Job Cohen, former mayor of Amsterdam and former leader of the Dutch Labour Party
 * Pim Fortuyn, lecturer, later politician and founder of the Pim Fortuyn List (and assassinated in 2002)
 * Niccolò Invidia, member of parliament Italy
 * Jacques Wallage, former mayor of Groningen
 * Halbe Zijlstra, former Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Bruno Bruins, former Dutch State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science

Others

 * Turtle Bunbury, Irish historian and author
 * James Burnett
 * Lex van Dam, hedge fund manager, featured on Million Dollar Traders on BBC2
 * Ubbo Emmius, founder of the University of Groningen and first rector magnificus
 * Willem Frederik Hermans, lecturer and writer
 * Gerardus Heymans, philosopher and psychologist
 * Jack Hoeksema, linguist and professor in the Department of Dutch Language and Culture
 * Pieter Crull, jurist, attorney-general of Suriname and acting governor
 * Peter Hofstee, professor of theoretical physics, joined IBM in 1996, currently the chief architect of the Synergistic Processor Element (SPE) of the Cell microprocessor
 * Johan Huizinga, historian
 * Aletta Jacobs, first woman in the Netherlands to receive an MD
 * Ashin Jinarakkhita, Indonesian Buddhist monk
 * Johann Heinrich Alting, theologian
 * Annemarie, Duchess of Parma, journalist, consultant, and member of the Dutch royal family
 * Jaap Kunst, ethnomusicologist (studied law)
 * Prince Maurits van Oranje Nassau, first cousin of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands
 * John Nerbonne, professor of humanities computing, expert in dialectology, member of the Dutch Royal Academy of Science
 * Wubbo Ockels, first Dutch astronaut, received a PhD degree in physics and mathematics, 1973
 * Jan Oort, astronomer
 * Johannes Jacobus Poortman, philosopher, psychologist
 * Dagmar Reichardt, professor of Cultural Industry at University of Latvia
 * James Renwick (1662–1688) Scottish Covenanter
 * Willem de Sitter, astronomer
 * Tom Snijders, statistician and sociologist, expert on multilevel analysis and developer of Siena in R, a program for longitudinal social network analysis
 * Henk G. Sol, Professor of Business Engineering and ICT
 * Pieter Jelles Troelstra, lawyer, politician (early 20th century)
 * René Veenstra, professor of sociology, expert on social network analysis and group processes in bullying
 * Wietse Venema, programmer and physicist
 * Clemens von Bönninghausen, lawyer, botanist, homeopathic physician
 * Epke Zonderland, 2012 Olympics gold medalist

Notable researchers

 * Dirk Bezemer (born 1971), economist
 * Mineke Bosch, historian
 * Cornelis de Bot, linguist
 * Marijn van Dijk, developmental psychologist
 * Caroline van Eck, art historian
 * Paul van Geert, developmental psychologist
 * Nathalie Katsonis, chemist
 * Wander Lowie, linguist
 * Angus Maddison, British economist
 * Lodi Nauta, professor of the History
 * Sijbren Otto, chemist of Philosophy
 * Erik Scherder
 * Wolfgang Stroebe, social psychologist
 * Albert Szent-Györgyi, biochemist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937
 * Marjolijn Verspoor, linguist
 * Bart van Wees. applied physics
 * Ben Feringa, synthetic organic chemist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2016
 * Pauline Kleingeld, professor of Ethics and its history
 * Amina Helmi, Argentine astronomer, and a professor of dynamics, structure and formation of the milky way
 * Cisca Wijmenga, professor of Human Genetics
 * Theunis Piersma, professor of Global Flyway Ecology
 * Bert Röling, Professor of Law and progenitor of the field of Polemology in the Netherlands
 * Linda Steg, professor of environmental psychology, and a pioneer and world leader in the field of environmental psychology
 * Sabeth Verpoorte professor of microfluidics and miniaturized "lab-on-a-chip" systems in the Faculty of Science and Engineering
 * Jacques Zeelen, professor of globalization studies and humanitarian action

title: University of Groningen