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Sandy Denny

Alexandra Elene MacLean Denny (6 January 1947 – 21 April 1978) was an English singer-songwriter who was lead singer of the British folk rock band Fairport Convention. She has been described as "the pre-eminent British folk rock singer".

After briefly working with the Strawbs, Denny joined Fairport Convention in 1968, remaining with them until 1969. She formed the short-lived band Fotheringay in 1970, before focusing on a solo career. Between 1971 and 1977, Denny released four solo albums: The North Star Grassman and the Ravens, Sandy, Like an Old Fashioned Waltz and Rendezvous. She also duetted with Robert Plant on "The Battle of Evermore" for Led Zeppelin's album Led Zeppelin IV in 1971. Denny died in 1978 at the age of 31 from head injuries sustained as a result of a fall down a flight of stairs.

Music publications Uncut and Mojo have described Denny as Britain's finest female singer-songwriter. Her composition "Who Knows Where the Time Goes?" has been recorded by Judy Collins, Eva Cassidy, Nina Simone, Mary Black, Kate Wolf, Nanci Griffith, 10,000 Maniacs and Cat Power. Her recorded work has been the subject of numerous reissues, along with a wealth of previously unreleased material which has appeared over the more than 40 years since her death, including a 19-CD box set released in November 2010.

In January 2023, Denny was ranked #164 on Rolling Stone's list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

Childhood
Denny was born on 6 January 1947 at Nelson Hospital, Kingston Road, Merton Park, London, to Neil and Edna Denny. She studied classical piano as a child.

Her paternal grandfather was from Dundee, and her paternal grandmother was a Scots Gaelic speaker and singer of traditional Gaelic songs. At an early age Denny showed an interest in singing, although her strict parents were reluctant to believe there was a living to be made from it. She attended Coombe Girls' School in New Malden; after leaving school she began training as a nurse at the Royal Brompton Hospital.

Early career
Denny's nursing career proved short-lived. In the meantime she had secured a place on a foundation course at Kingston College of Art, which she took up in September 1965, becoming involved with the folk club on campus. Her contemporaries at the college included guitarist and future member of Pentangle, John Renbourn.

After her first public appearance at the Barge in Kingston upon Thames, Denny began working the folk club circuit in the evenings with an American-influenced repertoire, including songs by Tom Paxton, together with traditional folk songs. Denny made the first of many appearances for the BBC at Cecil Sharp House on 2 December 1966 on the Folk Song Cellar programme where she accompanied herself on two traditional songs: "Fir a Bhata" and "Green Grow the Laurels".

Her earliest professional recordings were made a few months later in mid-1967 for the Saga label, featuring traditional songs and covers of folk contemporaries including her boyfriend of this period, the American singer-songwriter Jackson C. Frank. They were released on the albums Alex Campbell and His Friends and Sandy and Johnny with Johnny Silvo. These songs were collected on the 1970 album It's Sandy Denny where the tracks from Sandy and Johnny had been re-recorded with more accomplished vocals and guitar playing. The complete Saga studio recordings were issued on the 2005 compilation Where The Time Goes.

By this time, she had abandoned her studies at art college and was devoting herself full-time to music. While she was performing at The Troubadour folk club, a member of the Strawbs heard her, and in 1967, she was invited to join the band. She recorded one album with them in Denmark, which was released belatedly in 1973, credited to Sandy Denny and the Strawbs: All Our Own Work. The album includes an early solo version of her best-known (and widely recorded) composition, "Who Knows Where the Time Goes?" A demo of that song found its way into the hands of American singer Judy Collins, who chose to cover it as the title track of an album of her own, released in November 1968, thus giving Denny international exposure as a songwriter before she had become widely known as a singer.

From Fairport to Fotheringay
After making the Saga albums with Alex Campbell and Johnny Silvo, Denny looked for a band that would allow her to stretch herself as a vocalist, reach a wider audience, and have the opportunity to display her songwriting. She said, "I wanted to do something more with my voice." After working briefly with the Strawbs, Denny remained unconvinced that they could provide that opportunity, and so she ended her relationship with the band.

Fairport Convention conducted auditions in May 1968 for a replacement singer following the departure of Judy Dyble after their debut album, and Denny became the obvious choice. According to group member Simon Nicol, her personality and musicianship made her stand out from the other auditionees "like a clean glass in a sink full of dirty dishes".

Beginning with What We Did on Our Holidays, the first of three albums she made with the band in the late 1960s, Denny is credited with encouraging Fairport Convention to explore the traditional British folk repertoire, and is thus regarded as a key figure in the development of British folk rock. She brought with her the traditional repertoire she had refined in the clubs, including "A Sailor's Life" featured on their second album together Unhalfbricking. Framing Denny's performance of this song with their own electric improvisations, her bandmates discovered what then proved to be the inspiration for an entire album, the influential Liege & Lief (1969).

Denny left Fairport Convention in December 1969 to develop her own songwriting more fully. To this end, she formed her own band, Fotheringay, which included her future husband, Australian Trevor Lucas, formerly of the group Eclection.

They created one self-titled album, which included an eight-minute version of the traditional "Banks of the Nile", and several Denny originals, among them "The Sea" and "Nothing More". The latter marked her first composition on the piano, which was to become her primary instrument from then on. Fotheringay started to record a second album in late 1970, but it remained unfinished after Denny announced that she was leaving the group and producer Joe Boyd left to take up a job at Warner Brothers in California. Denny would later blame Boyd's hostility towards the group for its demise.

Solo career and final years
She then turned to recording her first solo album, The North Star Grassman and the Ravens. Released in 1971, it is distinguished by its elusive lyrics and unconventional harmonies. Highlights included "Late November", inspired by a dream and the death of Fairport band member Martin Lamble, and "Next Time Around" a cryptogram about Jackson C. Frank, one of her many portraits in song.

Sandy, with a cover photograph by David Bailey, followed in 1972 and was the first of her albums to be produced by Trevor Lucas. As well as introducing eight new original compositions, the album marked her last recording of a traditional song, "The Quiet Joys of Brotherhood" (words by Richard Fariña), with Denny's ambitious multi-tracked vocal arrangement inspired by the Ensemble of the Bulgarian Republic.

Melody Maker readers twice voted her the "Best British Female Singer", in 1970 and 1971 and, together with contemporaries including Richard Thompson and Ashley Hutchings, she participated in a one-off project called the Bunch to record a collection of rock and roll era standards released under the title of Rock On.

In 1971, Denny duetted with Robert Plant on "The Battle of Evermore", which was included on Led Zeppelin's 1971 album (Led Zeppelin IV); she was the only guest vocalist ever to appear on a Led Zeppelin album. In 1972 Denny had a small cameo on Lou Reizner's symphonic arrangement of the Who's rock opera Tommy. In a brief appearance, she sang the character of The Nurse on the track "It's a Boy," which also featured vocals from Pete Townshend.

In 1973, she married long-term boyfriend and producer Trevor Lucas and recorded a third solo album, Like an Old Fashioned Waltz. The songs continued to detail many of her personal preoccupations: loss, loneliness, fear of the dark, the passing of time and the changing seasons. The album contained one of her best loved compositions, "Solo", and featured a cover image by Gered Mankowitz.

In 1974, she returned to Fairport Convention (of which her husband was by then a member) for a world tour (captured on the 1974 album Fairport Live Convention) and a studio album, Rising for the Moon in 1975. Although her development as a soloist and songwriter had taken her further away from the folk roots direction that the band had pursued since Liege & Lief, seven of the eleven tracks on Rising for the Moon were either written or co-written by her.

Denny and Lucas left Fairport Convention at the end of 1975 and embarked on what was to become her final album Rendezvous. Released in 1977, the album sold poorly and Denny was subsequently dropped by Island Records. Having relocated to the village of Byfield in Northamptonshire in the mid-seventies, Denny gave birth to her only child, a daughter named Georgia, in July 1977.

A UK tour to promote Rendezvous in autumn 1977 marked her final public appearances. The closing night at the Royalty Theatre in London on 27 November 1977 was recorded for a live album, Gold Dust, which, because of technical problems in the recording of the electric guitar, was belatedly released in 1998 after most of the guitars had been re-recorded by Jerry Donahue.

Death
Linda Thompson would later note that Denny "really started going downhill in 1976" and demonstrated increasing levels of both manic and depressive behaviour. Depression, mood swings and the unravelling of her "tumultuous" marriage to Trevor Lucas, heightened her drug and alcohol abuse, in the midst of which she learned that she was pregnant. Her daughter, Georgia, was born prematurely in July 1977. Much like her moods, Denny's interest towards her daughter appeared to oscillate between obsessive and unconcerned; friends recalled both frantic, middle-of-the-night phone calls about teething, as well as Denny "crashing the car and leaving the baby in the pub and all sorts of stuff".

Friends would later note that Denny had a history of purposely throwing herself off bar stools and down flights of stairs, presumably as a humorous pratfall in the manner of Peter Sellers’ Inspector Clouseau character. Several remembered this behaviour as "Sandy's party trick", while Dave Pegg's wife Chris stated, "She certainly did it in my house and it could be a very dramatic gesture, like self-harming. She could do it without hurting herself usually but I had a feeling there would be one time too many." Those who knew Denny said that her increasing level of alcohol abuse in the last years of her life led to an increasing number of falls (both accidental and deliberate), resulting in a growing number of injuries.

In late March 1978, while on holiday with her parents and baby Georgia in Cornwall, Denny was injured when she fell down a staircase and hit her head on concrete. Following the incident, she suffered from intense headaches; a doctor prescribed her the painkiller dextropropoxyphene, a drug known to have fatal side effects when mixed with alcohol. On 1 April, several days after the fall in Cornwall, Denny performed a charity concert at Byfield. The final song she performed was "Who Knows Where the Time Goes?"

At some unknown point during the first half of April 1978, Denny suffered yet another major fall at her home in Byfield. On 13 April, concerned about his wife's erratic behaviour and fearing for his daughter's safety, Trevor Lucas left the UK and returned to his native Australia with their child, leaving Denny without telling her. He sold their Austin Princess car in order to raise funds for the journey.

On discovering Lucas' departure, Denny went to stay at the home of her friend Miranda Ward. During this time, Denny apparently set up an appointment to speak with a doctor about her headaches, and also intended to get advice about her alcohol addiction. At some point after 8 am on 17 April, Denny fell into a coma. Ward was out of the house at the time, and had asked her friend Jon Cole (of the band the Movies) to check in on Denny. Cole entered the home at 3 pm, and found Denny unconscious at the foot of the staircase which led to the second floor of the house. She was rushed by ambulance to Queen Mary's Hospital in nearby Roehampton.

On 19 April, she was transferred to Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon. After receiving news that Denny was in a coma, Lucas returned from Australia. Doctors informed him that Denny was effectively brain-dead and her condition would not improve. She died on 21 April 1978 without regaining consciousness. Her death was ruled to be the result of a traumatic mid-brain haemorrhage and blunt force trauma to her head. She was 31 years old.

The funeral took place on 27 April 1978 at Putney Vale Cemetery. After the vicar had read Denny's favourite psalm, Psalm 23, a piper played "Flowers of the Forest", a traditional song commemorating the fallen of Flodden Field and one which had appeared on the 1970 Fairport album Full House. The inscription on her headstone reads: The Lady Alexandra Elene MacLean Lucas (Sandy Denny) 6·1·47 – 21·4·78

Official releases
Although Denny had a devoted following in her lifetime, she did not achieve mass market success. In the years since her death, her reputation has grown and there have been a number of releases.

1985–1987
A four-album box set entitled Who Knows Where the Time Goes? (1985) was produced by her widower Trevor Lucas and Joe Boyd and included a number of rare and previously unreleased tracks by Denny, either solo or with Fairport Convention (1968, 1969, 1974) and Fotheringay (1970). This was the first public indication that a large cache of unreleased material existed. A one-disc subset of these recordings was subsequently issued on CD by Island in 1987 entitled The Best Of Sandy Denny.

In 1987, a compilation of previously unreleased tracks recorded for the BBC by incarnations of Fairport including Denny was released on LP under the title Heyday, which was subsequently released on CD in 2001 and again, with extra tracks, in 2002; all tracks were later included, with others, on the 2007 4-CD box set Fairport Convention Live at the BBC. The initial purpose of this compilation was to document the more "American" material performed live by the What We Did on Our Holidays lineup of the band that never made it to vinyl, while the re-releases added additional songs as performed by the Unhalfbricking and Liege and Lief lineups.

Also in 1987, a VHS documentary, It All Comes 'Round Again, on Fairport Convention was released which contained excerpts of several audio recordings featuring Denny, plus a single poor-quality video recording of her singing her song "Solo" during her second stint with Fairport in 1974, as filmed by the University of Birmingham's "Guild TV" amateur organisation. The original tape of this recording has apparently been lost; however, "Like an Old Fashioned Waltz" does appear on the DVD documentary Sandy Denny Under Review and other tracks have been made available via YouTube in very poor quality.

1988–1999
In 1991, Joe Boyd issued a new version of Denny's All Our Own Work album with the Strawbs, called Sandy Denny and the Strawbs, on his Hannibal Records label. The album had strings added to some tracks, including "Who Knows Where the Time Goes?" and further tracks with Denny on lead vocal.

Over the period 1988–1994, the Australian "Friends of Fairport" issued a series of subscriber-only cassette compilations drawing in the main on previously unreleased tapes from Trevor Lucas' collection (as stored in his attic in fact). Attic Tracks (AT) 1 (1988) contained out-takes from Sandy as well as some Fairport material and a few bizarre extras; AT 2 (1989) contained only Trevor Lucas material, no Denny; AT 3 (1989) entitled First and Last Tracks comprised 1966–1967 home demos and rare radio tracks, as well as 9 "pre-overdub" songs from Denny's last concert at the Royalty Theatre, London, on 27 November 1977 (a partial alternative to the later, overdubbed CD release Gold Dust), and AT 4 (1994): Together Again comprised one side of Lucas and the other of Denny in the form of more home demos, studio outtakes, and 4 tracks from a 1973 BBC radio concert. A cut-down version of these tracks (18 songs) was subsequently compiled for CD release by the Australian label Raven Records in 1995 called Sandy Denny, Trevor Lucas and Friends: The Attic Tracks 1972–1984.

In 1997, a one-disc compilation of Denny's solo BBC recordings was released as The BBC Sessions 1971–1973 on Strange Fruit Records. Due to rights issues it was withdrawn on the day of release, thereby creating a highly collectible disc (up until the release of the comprehensive Live at the BBC box set in 2007). This release was followed in 1998 when Denny's final performance at the Royalty Theatre, entitled Gold Dust, was issued on CD, following a degree of re-recording and overdubbing of selected backing parts to replace reportedly unsatisfactory originals.

In 1999, a single-disc compilation, Listen Listen – An Introduction to Sandy Denny, was released on Island Records comprising 17 previously released tracks taken from her four Island solo albums.

2000–2005
No More Sad Refrains: The Anthology was released by Universal Records in 2000. When first released, this compilation had several rare tracks, including "The Ballad of Easy Rider" from the Liege and Lief sessions, "Learning the Game" and "When Will I Be Loved" from the Bunch album Rock On, "Here in Silence" and "Man of Iron" from the Pass of Arms soundtrack, and a previously unissued demo of "Stranger to Himself".

In 2002, a previously unreleased, 2-CD live US concert recording by Fairport Convention from 1974 featuring Denny was released on the Burning Airlines label. Entitled Before The Moon, it originated from a radio broadcast from Ebbets Field in Denver, Colorado, on 23/24 May 1974. The second disc was a limited release bonus with the original release comprising the second set from the same concert. This recording was re-released in shortened form as a single disc in 2011 on the It's About Music label entitled Fairport Convention with Sandy Denny: Ebbets Field 1974.

Also in 2002, the American A&M Records issued a budget-price "20th Century Masters" compilation called The Best of Sandy Denny with 10 tracks all available on Denny's studio albums.

In 2004 a second comprehensive five-CD box set was released on the Fledg'ling record label called A Boxful of Treasures that included many unreleased recordings, in particular a whole disc of acoustic demos, many recorded at her home in Byfield that was highly prized amongst fans and critics alike, who had long asserted that her solo performances showed her work in its best light, revealing the true quality of her vocal style and compositions. Also in 2004, the Spectrum label issued a 16-track compilation of previously released material entitled The Collection: Chronological Covers & Concert Classics, including a mix of studio recordings and live excerpts from the Gold Dust Royalty concert.

In 2005, remastered versions of all Denny's solo albums came out with bonus tracks. Also in 2005, a single CD compilation entitled Where the Time Goes: Sandy '67 was released on Castle Music containing all of Saga's Denny album tracks (including the alternative recordings on It's Sandy Denny), together with two self accompanied tracks from Denny's recordings with the Strawbs.

2006–2008
A DVD documentary entitled Sandy Denny Under Review was released on the Sexy Intellectual label in 2006 which contained interviews with her contemporaries plus brief excerpts from her audio recordings, plus some short video clips including two of the poor quality video recordings with Fairport from Birmingham University, two with Fotheringay from German TV's Beat-Club (further details given below), and three solo excerpts from the only surviving BBC footage on One In Ten (details as given in the next paragraph).

A 4-disc box set, Sandy Denny Live at the BBC, came out in September 2007 containing (virtually) all of the known solo recordings made by Denny for that UK broadcaster including two complete concerts, one at the Paris Theatre in 1972 and one recorded for Sounds on Sunday in 1973, plus a range of other material spanning the years 1966–1973. Disc 3 of this set was a DVD containing surviving TV footage from a 1971 BBC One in Ten session comprising solo performances by Denny of "The North Star Grassman and the Ravens", "Crazy Lady Blues" and "Late November", along with digitised excerpts from her diaries, rare photos and a discography. A 1-disc subset of this box set entitled The Best of the BBC Recordings was subsequently released in 2008.

A companion box set, Fairport Convention Live at the BBC, also came out in 2007 and covered equivalent live recordings by Fairport over the period 1968–1974, of which the first two discs (1968–1970) contain examples from Denny's time with that group.

In 2008, Jerry Donahue completed the unfinished second Fotheringay album begun in the autumn of 1970. It was released to general acclaim as Fotheringay 2 and contained some notable Denny performances, in particular earlier versions of two Denny compositions, "Late November" and "John the Gun", and performances of the traditional songs "Gypsy Davey" and "Wild Mountain Thyme". Also in 2008, Island Remasters issued a double CD entitled The Music Weaver (Sandy Denny Remembered) which contained a mix of better known tracks and less well known demos and live recordings, previously released but not in companion with studio sessions. This compilation is also one of the very few to contain the Led Zeppelin track "The Battle Of Evermore" which features a rare guest appearance by Denny.

2010–2012
In 2010, a large 19-CD retrospective box set, simply titled Sandy Denny, was released by Universal/Island Records in a limited edition of 3,000. It contained Denny's entire catalogue of studio recordings, including her work with the Strawbs, Fairport Convention, Fotheringay and as a solo artist. The compilation also included a large number of outtakes, demos, live recordings, radio sessions and interviews. The box set was released to good reviews, including a 5-star review in Uncut and a 4-star review in The Guardian.

In late 2010, Thea Gilmore was commissioned by Denny's estate, in conjunction with Island Records, to write melodies to unrecorded lyrics found in Denny's papers. The resulting album, Don't Stop Singing, was released in November 2011 to generally good notices, including 4-star reviews in The Independent and The Guardian among others. On 21 April 2012, the single "London" was released as an exclusive Record Store Day 7″ single.

Further recordings were released in 2011, including a German recording of Fotheringay in concert released as Essen 1970 on the Garden of Delights label. The performance was remastered by original band member Jerry Donahue. This release was followed by 19 Rupert Street, a home recording of a rehearsal featuring Sandy and Alex Campbell recorded at his flat in August 1967. This release is notable for the fact that Sandy performs a number of tracks that are not available in any other versions, including a cover of "Fairytale Lullaby" by John Martyn. This CD was put out by Sandy's former Strawbs bandmate Dave Cousins on his Witchwood label.

Two-disc "Deluxe Editions" of Denny's album reissues appeared in 2011 and 2012 with additional tracks; the 2012 Deluxe Edition of Sandy included a previously unreleased eight-song solo set from her 1973 U.S. tour recorded at Ebbet's Field in Denver, Colorado. A similar two-disc reissue of Fairport Convention's Rising for the Moon also included, for the first time, the complete 1974 L.A. Troubadour performance of Fairport with Denny back on board, prior to the official announcement of her re-joining the group.

On account of unprecedented demand for, and exhaustion of supply of the limited edition 19-CD set cited above, in October 2012 a limited edition 4-CD version was released entitled The Notes and The Words: A Collection of Demos and Rarities, containing "75 songs that represent the cream of the rarities, demos and outtakes from the box set". Limited to 3,500 copies, this compilation is also now out-of-print.

2013–2017
In 2013, Spectrum records issued a single-disc CD entitled The Lady – The Essential Sandy Denny that comprised 15 previously issued tracks, generally from Denny's well known albums.

2014 saw the release of another Fairport live U.S. radio broadcast from their 1974 tour with Denny, on RockBeat Records, entitled Live 1974 (My Father's Place), comprising 11 live tracks, most featuring Denny, recorded at the New York rock club My Father's Place.

A four-disc Fotheringay retrospective, Nothing More: The Collected Fotheringay, was released on 30 March 2015. This is the most comprehensive compilation of the group's recordings, and contains, in addition to all the tracks on Fotheringay and Fotheringay 2 as both final studio versions and demos/alternate takes, the complete live concert set from Rotterdam in 1970 (including several previously unreleased tracks), seven Fotheringay tracks recorded in session for BBC radio (which had previously circulated only as bootlegs), plus a DVD disc containing four performances by Fotheringay recorded for the German Beat-Club TV series in 1970, which considerably augment the otherwise sparse known TV footage of Denny in particular.

May 2016 saw the release of a 2-CD compilation, I've Always Kept A Unicorn – The Acoustic Sandy Denny which collected together many previously released, but dispersed, acoustic and/or demo versions of songs better known from their album counterparts, as well as three previously unreleased demos (with Linda Thompson, at the time Linda Peters) from 1972's Rock On sessions by one-off band The Bunch.

A 7-CD box set by Fairport Convention entitled Come All Ye – The First 10 Years was released in July 2017 and contains a small number of additional, previously unreleased demos and alternate takes featuring Denny during her first tenure with the band over the period 1968–1969. Tracks not previously available include versions of Joni Mitchell's Eastern Rain, an a capella version of Nottamun Town, alternative takes of Autopsy and Who Knows Where the Time Goes, and a rehearsal version of The Deserter.

Unofficial releases and audience tapes
In addition to the authorised material listed above, a number unofficial/unauthorised compilations exist plus a range of audience recordings of varying quality, none of which would likely see the light of day as commercial issues but are of interest to a sector of Denny's audience on either historic or aesthetic grounds, often providing alternative views of songs known otherwise only from their commercially released versions. The first available unauthorised/bootleg CDs available in the 1980s and 1990s comprised principally off-air and other obscure material under such titles as Borrowed Thyme, Poems from Alexandra, Dark the Night, Wild Mountain Thyme and One Last Sad Refrain; such compilations are now largely superseded by the subsequent availability of most of the off-air material in much better quality as official releases as described above.

Of more enduring interest are audience tapes of shows of which no "official" tapes survive. These include some early shows by Fairport Convention; a performance by Fotheringay at the 1970 Tenth National Jazz and Blues Festival, held at Plumpton Race Track, Streat, East Sussex, England; "solo" shows by Denny (on occasion with a small band including, among others, Richard Thompson) at the 1971 Lincoln Folk Festival and at the Eltham Well Hall Open Theatre in 1972; performances from York University and Guildhall, Newcastle upon Tyne, also in 1972; an early 1972 U.S. performance from The Bitter End in New York; and several sets (Birmingham and Croydon) from her final 1977 tour in addition to the officially released Gold Dust album; plus quite a large number of recordings strongly featuring Denny as part of the re-formed Fairport Convention over the period 1974–1975. The majority of these can be fairly easily located via relevant internet searches and, in addition, can be readily downloaded from archival music servers such as Sugarmegs (Sandy Denny concerts listed under "S": SugarMegs Streaming Server, Fairport and Fotheringay under "F": SugarMegs Streaming Server).

Estate and family
After relocating to Australia and remarrying, Trevor Lucas died of a heart attack in 1989. Denny's estate is now managed by Lucas' widow, Elizabeth Hurtt-Lucas. A number of otherwise unreleased recordings of Sandy Denny from his collection have subsequently been the basis for posthumous releases of Denny's work including those on The Attic Tracks and elsewhere.

Sandy Denny's daughter, Georgia, has rarely spoken about her mother in a public forum and in the mid-2000s declined an invitation to write the liner notes for Sandy Denny Live at the BBC. However, in 2006 she flew to Britain from Australia to accept on her mother's behalf the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards award for Most Influential Folk Album of All Time, which was given for Fairport Convention's Liege & Lief. Georgia gave birth to twin daughters on 29 April 1997, and a tribute album, Georgia on Our Mind, featuring many of Sandy Denny's former bandmates and friends, was compiled in the children's honour. She also administers a Facebook page "Sandy Denny and Family" dedicated to her mother's memory and more recently, under the name Georgia Katt, has released some of her own DJ-based music.

Tributes
Since her death, many tributes have been made to Denny, both in music and elsewhere. Dave Pegg of Fairport Convention recorded the tribute "Song for Sandy" on his 1983 solo album The Cocktail Cowboy Goes It Alone. Dave Cousins of the Strawbs wrote "Ringing Down the Years" in memory of Denny shortly after her death. Songs more specific to the death were Bert Jansch's "Where Did My Life Go" (from the album Thirteen Down) and Richard Thompson's "Did She Jump or Was She Pushed?" (from the album Shoot Out the Lights). Fellow Brit folk pioneers Spriguns changed the title of their 1978 album to Magic Lady after hearing of Denny's death while recording. In 1998, a variety of Daylily was named after her.

Denny's songs have been covered by numerous artists in the years since her death. Some of the notable acts to have covered her music include Yo La Tengo, former Marillion frontman Fish, who covered "Solo" on his album Songs from the Mirror, Cat Power, Judy Collins, Nanci Griffith and Nina Simone. Kate Bush mentioned Denny in the lyric of "Blow Away (For Bill)", as one of the musicians to greet Bill in Heaven and is the third track on Bush's 1980 album Never for Ever. In 1984, Clann Eadair released the single "A tribute to Sandy Denny", featuring Phil Lynott on vocals.

Several radio specials have been produced about Denny's life and music, including BBC Radio 2's The Sandy Denny Story: Who Knows Where the Time Goes. In 2007, Denny's song "Who Knows Where the Time Goes?" also received BBC Radio 2's 2007 Folk Award for "Favourite Folk Track of All Time". In 2010, she was recognized by NPR in their 50 Great Voices special series.

In April 2008, a tribute concert was held at The Troubadour in London, to mark the thirtieth anniversary of Denny's death. Those taking part included Martin Carthy, Linda Thompson and Joe Boyd.

A more extensive tribute was given later that year in December at the Southbank in the Queen Elizabeth Hall called The Lady: A Tribute to Sandy Denny with a band composed of members of Bellowhead, the evening featured a mix of young folk acts like Jim Moray and Lisa Knapp alongside those that had known and worked with Denny such as Dave Swarbrick and Jerry Donahue. These acts were joined by performers from outside the world of folk like PP Arnold and Marc Almond. The concert, which primarily featured songs written by Denny, received a four-star review in The Guardian. In May 2012 the Southbank concert was expanded into an eight date UK tour called The Lady: A Homage to Sandy Denny. The tour showcased Sandy's entire songbook taking in her work with Fairport Convention, Fotheringay, her solo career and the new songs completed by Thea Gilmore on her album Don't Stop Singing.

The band was, once again, composed of members of Bellowhead. Other acts performing included the aforementioned Thea Gilmore and up-and-coming folk acts Lavinia Blackwall of Trembling Bells, Blair Dunlop and Sam Carter, alongside more established folk stars Maddy Prior, Dave Swarbrick and Jerry Donahue. The line-up was completed with performers not normally associated with the folk scene; Green Gartside, Joan Wasser (also known as Joan As Police Woman), and PP Arnold. The tour was well received, obtaining a four-star review in The Times. The London concert at the Barbican was filmed for BBC4, and broadcast in a 90-minute programme titled The Songs of Sandy Denny in November 2012.

In the 2012 Irish film Silence (Harvest Films & South Wind Blows), "Who Knows Where the Time Goes" is used during the film and final credits.

In April 2016 Denny was inducted into the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards Hall of Fame.

Alela Diane recorded the tribute "Song for Sandy" on her album Cusp, released in February 2018. The song reflects on Denny's final tragic days and her orphaned baby daughter.

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Denny at number 164 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

Solo studio albums

 * The North Star Grassman and the Ravens (1971)
 * Sandy (1972)
 * Like an Old Fashioned Waltz (1974)
 * Rendezvous (1977)

Solo live albums

 * The BBC Sessions 1971–1973 (1997)
 * Gold Dust (1998) (live recording from final tour, 1977)
 * Live at the BBC (2007 4-disc compilation)
 * Sandy – Deluxe edition, 2012 – includes "Live at Ebbetts Field" (previously unreleased concert on disc 2)

With others
Denny's collaborations with other artists, including with Alex Campbell, The Strawbs, Fairport Convention, Fotheringay, and The Bunch, together with numerous posthumous releases and compilation albums, are detailed further on the Sandy Denny discography page.

References and notes

 * General

title: Sandy Denny


text:
Chung Mong-hun

Chung Mong-hun (September 14, 1948 – August 4, 2003) was the 5th son of Chung Ju-yung, the founder of the South Korean Hyundai conglomerate. After the death of his father, he took over part of his father's role and became the chairman of Hyundai Asan, the company in charge of various business ventures between North and South Korea. He committed suicide in 2003.

Professional career
Chung Mong-hun joined Hyundai Heavy Industries in 1975, becoming president of the company's shipping interests by 1981. His father, Hyundai Group founder Chung Ju-yung, was impressed by his management style and put him in charge of the company's electronics division in 1982.

In 1997, Chung Ju-yung appointed Mong-hun as the group's co-chairman. In 2000, after Ju-yung's eldest son, Mong-koo, attempted to oust Mong-hun, Ju-yung made Mong-hun the group's sole chairman. Later that year, Ju-yung announced that he and his sons would resign from all management positions at Hyundai companies, except Mong-hun would remain the chair of Hyundai Asan. However, Mong-koo remained the chairman of Hyundai Motors and Kia Motors.

Chung Mong-hun was appointed by his father, who was born in Japan-controlled North Korea, to handle Hyundai business with the government of North Korea. He took pride in this position, and reportedly decorated his office with photographs of Hyundai officials meeting with Kim Jong Il in Pyongyang, as well as photos of himself showing Kim around a North Korean resort that Hyundai operated.

Scandal and suicide
In June 2003, Chung was indicted for his role in the "cash-for-summit scandal" on charges of doctoring company books to hide the secret money transfers of millions of dollars by the Kim Dae-jung administration to North Korea to set up the 2000 inter-Korean summit. Facing up to three years in prison after he was forced to testify in court about the money transfer days earlier, he committed suicide on August 4, 2003, by leaping from his 12th floor office.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chung Mong-hun


text:
Gordon Bok

Gordon Bok (born October 31, 1939) is an American folklorist and singer-songwriter, who grew up in Camden, Maine and is associated with music from New England.

Career
Bok's first album, self-titled, was produced by Noel Paul Stookey (Paul of Peter, Paul, and Mary) and released in 1965 on the Verve Records' Verve Folkways subsidiary. His second album, A Tune for November, was released on Sandy Paton's Connecticut-based Folk-Legacy label in 1970. His association with Folk-Legacy has continued since that time, though his more recent work (from the early 1990s on) has been released on his own label, Timberhead Music. Some of his best-known work was done as part of a trio with Ed Trickett and Ann Mayo Muir, Trickett accompanying with the hammered dulcimer and guitar and Muir with the harp and flute.

Bok is a deep bass and plays six-string guitar (both the steel-string acoustic guitar and the nylon-string classical guitar) and 12-string guitar. He also plays a self-built instrument he calls the "cellamba," a six-string, fretted cello.

As a songwriter, Bok draws on his experience in and around the working boat culture of the Gulf of Maine. His lyrics include stories of fishermen and other sea-folk. At times (especially in the 1970s), he reaches into the wealth of sea myth of the North Atlantic.

In addition to writing songs, he is also a folklorist and gatherer of songs. His repertoire includes contemporary songs from North America, Australia, and the British Isles. Additionally, Bok sings, in the original languages, folksongs from Italy, Portugal, Mongolia, French Canada, Latin America, and the Hebrides, among other places, and knows a huge body of old anglophone folklore.

Bok is also an artist mainly dealing with sea themes done in wood carvings.

Personal life
Bok is the grandson of Edward Bok, the cousin of Derek Bok, and the uncle of Gideon Bok. He is married to Carol Rohl.

Works alone and with friends

 * Gordon Bok (1965)
 * A Tune for November (1970)
 * Peter Kagan and the Wind (1971)
 * Seal Djiril's Hymn (1972)
 * Cold as a Dog and the Wind Northeast: The Spoken Ballads of Ruth Moore (1973)
 * Clearwater (1974)
 * Bay of Fundy (1975)
 * Clearwater II (1977)
 * Another Land Made of Water (1979)
 * Jeremy Brown and Jeannie Teal (1981)
 * A Rogue's Gallery of Songs for the 12-String (1983)
 * Clear Away in the Morning (1983, a thematic compilation of previously released work)
 * Ensemble (1988)
 * The Play of the Lady Odivere (1989)
 * Return to the Land (1990)
 * Schooners (1992)
 * North Wind's Clearing (1995, a thematic compilation of previously released work)
 * Neighbors (1996, with Cindy Kallet)
 * Gatherings (1998)
 * In the Kind Land (1999)
 * Dear to our Island (2001)
 * Herrings in the Bay (2003)
 * Apples in the Basket (2005)
 * Gordon Bok in Concert (2006)
 * Other Eyes (2010)
 * Because You Asked (2012)
 * Then & Now (2015)
 * Together Again for the First Time (2017)
 * Windcalling (2023)

Works with Ed Trickett and Ann Mayo Muir

 * Turning Toward the Morning (1975)
 * The Ways of Man (1978)
 * A Water Over Stone (1980)
 * All Shall Be Well Again (1983)
 * Fashioned in the Clay (1985)
 * Minneapolis Concert (live album, 1987)
 * The First 15 Years (a 2-vol. comp. from earlier recordings, 1990)
 * And So Will We Yet (1990)
 * Language of the Heart (1994)
 * Harbors of Home (1998)

Other appearances

 * Ed Trickett, The Telling Takes Me Home
 * Ed Trickett, Gently Down the Stream of Time
 * Ann Mayo Muir, So Goes My Heart
 * Margaret MacArthur, The Old Songs (1975)
 * Anne Dodson, From Where I Sit
 * Cindy Kallet, This Way Home
 * The New Golden Ring, Five Days Singing
 * The Quasimodal Chorus, The Songs of Jan Harmon
 * Cathy Barton, Dave Para & the Paton Family, ′Twas on a Night Like This (A Christmas Legacy) (1989)

title: Gordon Bok


text:
User:Kat/Obscure artists

A project I have underway to add articles for deserving, yet obscure, artists. Each of these artists has left a significant, enduring legacy but does not yet have an article here at Wikipedia.

The more famous artists are at the top.

 * Albert Bierstadt
 * Pierre Auguste Cot
 * Sandy Denny
 * Craig Blacklock
 * Nadine Blacklock
 * Gordon Bok
 * Chris Faust
 * Jason Ringenberg
 * Webb Wilder
 * Fred Samuelson
 * Mac Gimse
 * Juli Wood

See also

 * Caroline Chariot-Dayez (who amazingly passed the test :-))

title: User:Kat/Obscure artists


text:
Robin Day

Sir Robin Day (24 October 1923 – 6 August 2000) was an English political journalist and television and radio broadcaster.

Day's obituary in The Guardian by Dick Taverne stated that he was "the most outstanding television journalist of his generation. He transformed the television interview, changed the relationship between politicians and television, and strove to assert balance and rationality into the medium's treatment of current affairs".

Early life
Day was born in Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, the youngest of four children of William Day (c. 1885 - c. 1948) a Post Office telephone engineer who became a GPO administrative manager, and his wife Florence. He received his early formal education at Brentwood School from 1934 to 1938, briefly attended the Crypt School, Gloucester, and later Bembridge School on the Isle of Wight.

During World War II he received a commission into the British Army's Royal Artillery, with which he served from 1943. He was deployed to East Africa and saw little action. He was discharged from the British Army in 1947 with the rank of Lieutenant, and went up to St Edmund Hall, Oxford to read law. Whilst at Oxford University he was elected president of the Oxford Union debating society, and also took part in a debating tour of the United States of America, run by the English-Speaking Union.

He was called to the Bar at Middle Temple in 1952, but practised law only briefly.

Journalistic career
Day spent almost his entire working life in journalism. He rose to prominence on the new Independent Television News (ITN) from 1955. According to Dick Taverne, Day first came to notice by interviewing Sir Kenneth Clark, then chairman of the regulator Independent Television Authority. The ITA had proposed to cut ITN's broadcasting hours and finances. His direct, non-deferential approach was then entirely new. Day was the first British journalist to interview Egypt's President Nasser after the Suez Crisis.

In 1958, he interviewed Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, in what the Daily Express called: "the most vigorous cross-examination a prime minister has been subjected to in public". The interview turned Day into a television personality and was probably the first time that British television became a serious part of the political process. He was on the staff of ITN for four years, resigning to stand at the 1959 general election as a Liberal Party candidate for Hereford but was not elected. After a brief period at the News Chronicle, he moved to the BBC.

He was a regular fixture on all BBC general election night programmes from the 1960s until 1987. On television, he presented Panorama and chaired Question Time (1979–89). His incisive and sometimes – by the standards of the day – abrasive interviewing style, together with his heavy-rimmed spectacles and trademark bow tie, made him an instantly recognisable and frequently impersonated figure over five decades.

In the early 1970s, Day worked on BBC Radio, where he proved an innovator with It's Your Line (1970–76). This was a national phone-in programme that enabled ordinary people, for the first time, to put questions directly to the prime minister and other politicians (it later spawned Election Call). He also presented The World at One from 1979 to 1987. In the 1981 New Year Honours, he was knighted for his services to broadcasting.

He became known in British broadcasting as "the Grand Inquisitor" for his abrasive interviewing of politicians, a style out of keeping with the British media's habitual deference to authority in the early days of his career.

In October 1982, during a Newsnight interview with the Conservative Secretary of State for Defence John Nott, pursuing cuts in defence expenditure, in particular Royal Navy, Day posed the question: "Why should the public on this issue believe you, a transient, here today and, if I may say so, gone tomorrow politician rather than a senior officer of many years' experience?" Nott, who had announced he was to retire at the next general election, removed his own microphone and walked off the set. Nott's autobiography in 2003 was called Here Today Gone Tomorrow: Recollections of an Errant Politician.

After leaving Question Time, he moved to the new satellite service BSB where he presented the weekly political discussion programme Now Sir Robin. When BSB merged with Sky Television, the programme continued to be broadcast on Sky News for a while. During the 1992 general election campaign, he returned to the BBC to host round table discussions with senior politicians on BBC Breakfast News and he also conducted long-form interviews with all three main party leaders for ITV as part of the Thames Television programme This Week. On the night of the 1992 general election itself, Day resumed his role as interviewer, this time on ITN's general election night coverage, broadcast on ITV.

During the mid-1990s he regularly contributed to the lunchtime Channel Four political programme Around the House and presented Central Lobby for Central, the ITV franchise in the Midlands. That show was sometimes broadcast at the same time as his old programme Question Time was being broadcast by the BBC.

For 25 years he campaigned tirelessly, and eventually successfully, for the televising of Parliament – not in the interests of television, but of Parliament itself. He claimed that he was the first to present the detailed arguments in favour, in a Hansard Society paper in 1963.

Monty Python's Flying Circus often referred to Day – for example in the 'Eddie Baby' sketch, in which John Cleese turns to the camera and states: "Robin Day's got a hedgehog called Frank". In another sketch, Eric Idle said he was able to return his "Robin Day tie" to Harrods. He was also spoofed (as "Robin Yad") on The Goodies' episode "Saturday Night Grease". Day appeared as himself on an installment of the Morecambe & Wise show, in which he berates Ernie Wise in character. Then Eric Morecambe, acting as a TV presenter, says, "Sadly, we've come to the end of today's 'Friendly Discussion with Robin Day'".

He was also frequently lampooned by the satirical TV programme Spitting Image. In this, he would frequently be shown interviewing then-prime minister Margaret Thatcher who would always give answers somewhat unrelated to the question. The breathing difficulties which affected him later in life were represented: "My name is Robin (deep breath) Day."

His last regular TV work was Robin Day's Book Talk which aired in the early days of BBC News 24 in around 1998. The programme featured interviews and discussions about books, broadly around a political theme. On occasions, it took the form of a one-on-one interview, while on other occasions it consisted of a panel discussion.

Autobiographies
Day's two autobiographies were entitled Day by Day (1975) and Grand Inquisitor (1989).

Death
Day died from heart complications, aged 76, on the evening of 6 August 2000 at the Wellington Hospital in London.

A funeral service was held at the chapel of Mortlake Crematorium, where his body was cremated. His ashes were buried in a grave near the south door of the Church of St Candida and Holy Cross, at Whitchurch Canonicorum in the county of Dorset. The grave's memorial stone bears the words: "In loving memory of Sir Robin Day – The Grand Inquisitor".

Personal life
In 1965, Day married Katherine Ainslie, an Australian law don at St Anne's College, Oxford; the couple had two sons. The marriage was dissolved in 1986. His elder son suffered multiple skull fractures in a childhood fall, and never fully recovered.

In the 1980s, Day had a coronary bypass, and he suffered from breathing problems that were often evident when he was on the air. He had always fought against a tendency to put on weight. As an undergraduate, he weighed 17 st, and claimed that, in the course of his life, he had succeeded in losing more weight than any other person.

The broadcaster Joan Bakewell recalled that while Day was professional when in the office, he was disrespectful towards female newsreaders: "Socially he was a menace. There was no subtlety in his manner: at office parties he would attack head on. 'Do the men you interview fancy you? Do they stare at your legs? Do they stare at your breasts? Do you sleep with many of them?' ... Whenever he loomed in sight, I made myself scarce".

Publications

 * Television: A Personal Report (1961)
 * Day by Day: A Dose of My Own Hemlock (1975) (autobiography)
 * The Media and Political Violence, by Richard Clutterbuck (1983; Day wrote the foreword)
 * The Grand Inquisitor (1989) (autobiography)
 * ... But with Respect (1993) (interview transcripts)
 * Speaking for Myself (1999) (collection of speeches)

In popular culture
Day is portrayed by Bertie Carvel in the episode "Marionettes" in season 2 of the Netflix series The Crown.

He was parodied in The Goodies episode Saturday Night Grease in 1980.

title: Robin Day


text:
Talk:Polymer

Polymer architecture
I think the section on polymer architecture could be expanded and even have it's own page. On the page for RAFT polymerization, there is a section on applications that includes a discussion of architecture and has a figure. In my opinion, this figure and some of the discussion is inappropriate for a page on RAFT and I am thinking of moving the figure to a new page titles Polymer Architecture. Any objections / thoughts? AussieScientist (talk) 16:46, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The section is very long and would merit its own page. You seem to be a new user; if you have any problems orchestrating this then let me know and I will help. Unfortunately I know very little about this subject and cannot give much input on what ought to be in an article called "polymer architecture", but if you have ideas then I would love to help you make it happen.  Blue Rasberry    (talk)   19:42, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

Why no section on polymer gels?
Why no section on polymer gels?129.2.129.220 (talk) 22:28, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I just added Gel to the See also list at the end, and Sol-gel was already there. Dirac66 (talk) 02:56, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

you want a novice to use this to learn? - SIMPLIFY!
This article could scare away an entire generation of potential polymer specialists. Imagine all those little kids wondering what the wonderful world of polymers is all about, then they try to read the intro to this and have seizures!

Seriously, this "article" could be worse than nothing. It is of no use to anyone trying to learn, it's techno-babble by a narrow expert who doesn't get out much. By the time I looked up everything I'd need to know to re-write this, I'd be an expert too. Pb8bije6a7b6a3w (talk) 16:41, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Who would you like to fix this? Can you recommend someone?  Blue Rasberry    (talk)   20:25, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I changed the pronunciation to. On Wikipedia, is the symbol we use to indicate the weak vowel that can be pronounced either  (especially in American English) or. Both pages that were given as sources for the pronunciation in fact give both these possibilities. For syllabification, I attached the to the stressed syllable following the practice of most pronunciation dictionaries. Iceager (talk) 20:50, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

Inaccurate definition
Let me quote 'the chemical industry, 2nd ed' chapter 4:
 * "a substance -R-R- ... Where R is a bifunctional entity (or bivalent radical) which is not capable of a separate existence" ... "This excludes ... Materials like diamond, silica and metals which appear to have the properties of polymers, but are capable of being vaporised into monomer units".

Now admittedly i have no clue what a bifunctional entity is meant to mean exactly, but the simple 'composed of monomers' definition provided at the start pf this article seems grossly insufficient.--عبد المؤمن (talk) 14:46, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

bot testing?

 * Just wondering, I saw some deliberate "vandalisms" in recent edits; are they testings for the BOTs? :P ---SzMithrandir (talk) 01:44, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

Missing Information
This article needs more description of the bulk properties, the mathematical relationships, and the physical explanations for the relationships.

Many sources needed in this article. Especially in the polymer degradation section there is a dearth of citations. The link to the UV degradation stub reveal that it cite no sources as well. PleaseSirMore (talk) 02:48, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree that more of a discussion on the physical properties is needed. There are topics like, toughness, wear resistance, and oxidation resistance that are relevant to polymers used in load bearing applications. Additionally, lamellae were not mentioned once in the morphology section which seems weird as that is what the ordered regions are called. It seems like an oversight not to include it. Chain reptation may also be a good section to add as many material properties are based on chain movement, especially in long chain polymers. AlphaBravo12 (talk) 13:34, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

 * I have now added a mention of chain reptation, including a link to the specialized article reptation for more detailed information.Dirac66 (talk) 16:37, 5 April 2019 (UTC)

More on transport properties?
The section on transport properties is pretty vague right now and contains no citations. Maybe it could be expanded slightly, and could include links to pages for the various transport properties (if those pages exist)? Engs123 (talk) 02:32, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

Gaps in Organization and Level of Detail
The organization of the beginning of this article could be improved. The flow of ideas in the intro seems a bit disjointed near the end, transitioning quickly from fields that include polymer science to types of polymers to theoretical models. Additionally, the intro includes too many technical details about biological macromolecules. Later on, “Laboratory Synthesis” should have its own sub-heading under the “Polymer Synthesis” heading, just as “Biological Synthesis” does. The “Polymer Properties” section is overall well-organized, although it includes much more detail than any of the other sections. Within it, as has already been noted, the “Transport Properties” sub-heading could use more information.--Riley18 (talk) 23:36, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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The (supposed) writing of this (and many other) articles Vs. Copy>paste of yore... (thusly..)
In the days before the internet, an article found in an encyclopedia was written in such a way that it was accessable to one and all; the lay-person on up, from a student who needed to do some research, to the inveterate, omnivorous reader, who just liked to learn.

The operational thing here, is that by their very nature, they're designed to be accessable to all. For people who want to learn more, or perhaps, need an advanced level, that's when a person would look at a book, etc., geared to such.

Another thing encyclopedias are known for (good and/or bad) is that many students - rather than actually doing the required reading and research for a Kaperst, would copy - whole-cloth - articles or off their encyclopedia.

Now, is the 'marriage' of both, for good and for bad, which had come with the digital age.

I read a lot, and I know I'm not alone in noticing the following; there's articles, here in Wikipedia (which for all intents and purposes is as close to a digital equivalent of Britannica or World Book for the 21st century, with other wikis serving as more concentrated, and with it, more detailed places to finds information) which fall into 2 basic categories;

- Generally basic information, readily available - 'High-end' articles, which are articles out of a very small, basic, general class (unfortunately, and it's steadily growing)

It's these, high-end articles I'm referring to here, and this 'polymers' is a (literal, and I DO MEAN LITERAL) text book example.

All these articles are not just obvious in their almost opaqueness to the average reader, they're also (poorly) hiding that - of all that I've looked at - every single one - is copied - whole-cloth - from university-level text books, which is bad enough, as no credits are given, but it's sickening that those who 'write' the purported 'self-authored' articles think it's 'ok', and to make matters even worse; the so-called 'moderators' do very little (I'm being very, VERY generous) fact-checking on ANY of this, nor is the fact that these 'articles' are almost always only comprehensible by others who have taken courses in the specific area.

No one quibbles when there's an article - as an example - on a basic, run-of-the-mill subject, but; had the article included copious use of such un-standard (in current, every day speech), such as; 'thus', 'however', and many others (when was the last time you used 'thus' either in everyday speech or come across it in anything but the aforementioned type of articles I'm talking about?)

How often is 'thus' found in the article about swimming pools? Chocolate chip cookies? Now, look at almost any article which (sadly) the 'average' uni-level student attended, and you'll be smacked by it in abundance.

Looking at the language used, and the way it's used, and comparing it with other articles, one will quickly see a pattern.

Let me be clear about something (which is really irrelevant); I've had a very good education, so it's not that I'm unfamiliar with any of these, what I'm saying is, there's a very ominous pattern.

The last time I came across many of these words was when I was in uni.

It's sad that Wikipedia had allowed this to go on - and continue - unabated as long as it has, and that no one's raised a stink which brought any kind of response other than the pablum I got (when I brought it up once, several years ago, this obviously 'high-end' writing, in what's supposed to be a general purpose wiki; I got the puff-ball of all time. I didn't even bother to bring up how painfully obvious it was that the (at-issue) article was not written by the supposed author, but copied from a textbook!

I'm not a crank, nor am I crazy (slightly bonkers, perhaps), but I DO know what sh-te smells like, and it's all over Wikipedia.

No one gets called out on it, no one is directed to remove it.

Heck, I haven't even brought up the other ridiculous missuses of Wikipedia; the pages of (eithe)r young (and or) aspiring talent, written by either publicists or handlers, or by people not worthy of being in a general purpose wiki, and the ones who just use it as a place to post a/their CV (resume).

Anything which is changeable by anyone will - by it's very nature lead to problems. If one's in a fight, one expects their opponent to abide by the rules, but the number who don't/won't in substantial, and they'll hit below the belt, and in the case of Wikipedia, this means they plagerise from textbooks, user it as a place to advertise themselves, and it's getting much worse than it was,

It's frightening, and sickening to me - and I hope many others 'The past is prologue…' — Preceding unsigned comment added by UNOwenNYC (talk • contribs) 17:54, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

Upgrade to feature article?
Hi, I am Guido Raos from Politecnico di Milano, member of the SPT (Subcommitee on Polymer Terminology) of IUPAC's Polymer Division. Within the next 3-4 months, we would like to upgrade this article to the level of "feature article" on Wikipedia's chemistry portal. Anyone who would like to contribute may leave a comment below, if possible by stating if there are parts of the article that they are going to concentrate on. --Gmrozz (talk) 09:17, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

 * That sounds great, Guido - I'd like to help! Let's start a list of participants. Walkerma (talk) 09:31, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

Volunteers to help

 * --Walkerma (talk) 09:31, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * --SPT Paul Topham (talk) 09:33, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * --Cauloid (talk) 09:34, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * --Ckl21 (talk) 09:37, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * --SPT ChrisFellows (talk) 09:35, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * --Lsosavargas (talk) 09:36, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * --Rogerchiorns (talk) 09:37, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * --Joziga (talk) 09:39, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * --Gmrozz (talk) 09:43, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * --Polymerix (talk) 10:15, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

Comments
Walkerma has kindly contacted us at Wikipedia's (informal) chemistry editing community (Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chemistry). It's good to hear that IUPAC's chemists are interested in helping out, this is an important article that could definitely use some improvement. You obviously sound like experts but may I ask if you have any history writing Wikipedia entries? If not, then my main advice would be to remember that most of our readership are not chemists and efforts must be made to make things easily understandable, particularly with 'entry-level' pages such as this. We had a situation recently where several members of the International Steering Committee of the Symposia on the Jahn-Teller effect decided to overhaul Jahn–Teller effect. The result, while doubtless highly accurate, is of such a level of complexity that its incomprehensible even to some chemists. --Project Osprey (talk) 09:53, 12 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks! This is an excellent point.  In our discussion, we did mention that it's better to use sources like review articles and books rather than primary research articles.  Thanks for reminding us to remember our main audience here - it can be easy to forget that! Walkerma (talk) 03:34, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The article is not a GA (Good Article) yet, the level before/below FA status. Compare criteria Good v. Featured article is an overview of that GA -> FA step (see also this essay). Of course one could aim for FA directly, but that it requires at least some experience in Wikipedia editing. Which is not the same as scientific writing, as Project Osprey pointed out above (re this: number of edits by the participants generally is not very high—though the professional level is impressive :-) ). This is not to discourage, but to help looking in the right direction. I've added a tool list to the right here, just to start exploring issues.
 * If you think the article needs a structural rewriting, one could discuss a new TOC & structure on this talkpage (like this discussion).
 * An other route could be: make a preliminary todo-list first; todo before formally going into GAC/FAC candidacy status. (For example, the hassium article is doing that now, see here).
 * Sure the professional and personal rewards of such an effort may be worth it (daily avg: 1750 pageviews). All the best, -DePiep (talk) 08:21, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

Comments on the article
I have collected several observations on the article from members of IUPAC's Polymer Division, some of whom are lister above. I list them below as bullet points, so that they can be used as suggestions or discussion points for improving the article (I/we might actually edit the article ourselves, in the next months):Gmrozz (talk) 16:38, 31 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The very first sentence in the article disagrees with IUPAC's definition, given in the box. It disagrees also with the definitions contained in the dictionaries, which are cited as references. A polymer is not a macromolecule (an individual polymer chain), but a chemical substance or a material made up of macromolecules.
 * The introduction could be shortnened a bit. Reference to "ideal chains" at the end of this section should be deleted (too specific, not understandable in this context).
 * Add a brief section on the history of polymer science, perhaps with a reference to this article (which could be expanded further).
 * Add new sections or sub-sections of increasing today interest. Synthetic and naturally occuring polymers are mentioned as belonging to the same ensemble in the introduction,but this is somewhat lost later on, although biomacromolecules are sometime mentioned. There is a lot to learn from biological macromolecular systems in the search for smart synthetic polymers, see for example here.
 * The section on degradation would benefit from a whole subsection on biodegradable polymer. If possible more focus on polymers used in a biomedical setting.
 * Add a Section on "uses of polymers"? "Polymer semiconductors" or "conductive polymers" are not mentioned at all. Add link to Conductive polymer and Organic electronics.
 * The polymer synthesis section needs to be updated if we want to use current IUPAC terminology. We could leave the existing term "chain-growth polymerization" and insert a new term "chain polymerization", which is short for chain reaction polymerization. The term that should be used in place of "step-growth polymerization" is currently being debated by an incipient IUPAC task group. Currently there is a stub for polyaddition but polycondensation does not exist. Add an example of polyethylene synthesis illustrate chain polymerization?
 * The polymer properties section is too long. It needs some restructuring. It could be broken up into two sections, respectively one dealing with "Structure" (molecular-level, as we all morphology, etc.) and one dealing with "Properties" (mechanical, optical, electrical, phase behavior, etc.).
 * The Macromolecule article could/should also be significantly improved. Not only is it a smaller page, but most of it is on biological macromolecules, with just a very small section on "synthetic macromolecules". See also the first bullet point.
 * Mention distinction between hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers, with related applications.
 * "The terms polymer and resin are often synonymous with plastic". This should be corrected, or perhaps deleted altogether. We have come across people who think that DNA is a plastic.
 * In the nomenclature section we should probably comment and explain why the ACS and IUPAC naming is different.
 * The section on Polymer has a paragraph on gas separation, which is not relevant and should be (re)moved.

We have a draft version here:User:Gmrozz/Polymer_sandbox. Comments are welcome.Gmrozz (talk) 13:12, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

remove semi-protection for Polymer?
Time went by. The page was made semi-protected in June 2019. Vandals would be pretty well organized to remember coming again. I researched a bit and had the impression that at that time vandalism had a tradition of several months (about 3), not years. Utonsal (talk) 10:41, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

polymar
What is polymer 192.140.254.1 (talk) 09:17, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 August 2023
Another prominent example are thiolated polymers (=thiomers) such as thiolated polysaccharides. Thiomers are able to crosslink and to interact with biological surfaces via disulfide bond formations.

I would like to add this type of modification to the section entitled 'Modification of natural polymers' after the sencence ending .....sulfur. PharmScout8 (talk) 17:44, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: There area couple of things here. First, do you have a conflict of interest with respect to the sources you've provided here and the subject matter of this article? I see another editor has left a notice on your talk page about this. If you do, then, in addition to the other things stated in that notice, your requests for edits should be submitted using the conflict of interest edit request template. Second, it is unclear what exactly you wish to add, after the sentence that ends with "sulfur". If you submit another edit request related to this, please be more specific as to what it is exactly that you wish to add. It might be useful to also provide more description of the location where you'd like to add content as well, just in case any edits are made to the location that would make it hard to identify. -- Pinchme123 (talk) 02:04, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

amorphous as a bad link
in the first paragraph:"and a tendency to form amorphous and semicrystalline structures" the word amorphous should link to amorphous solid not to glass Kildwyke (talk) 04:16, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polymer


text:
Jason Ringenberg

Jason Ringenberg (born November 22, 1958) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, and guitarist and the lead singer of Jason & the Scorchers. The band had several hits, including "Golden Ball and Chain" and a rock version of Bob Dylan's "Absolutely Sweet Marie."

Early life and education
Ringenberg was born in Kewanee, Illinois, and grew up in nearby Sheffield, Illinois, where his parents owned a family hog farm that bordered the Rock Island Railroad line. He started playing in rock, alternative rock, and country-bands while in school at Southern Illinois University Carbondale.

Career
In 1981, Ringenberg moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he soon formed Jason & the Scorchers with Warner Hodges, Jeff Johnson, and Perry Baggs. They used a mix of punk rock and country. Rolling Stone has commented that they "singlehandedly re-wrote the history of rock'n'roll in the South". They won critical approval with the release of several albums and live performances.

Ringenberg was influential in the early to mid 1980s when the indie country/rock movement was at its height. His music, along with similar bands, founded the emergence of the alternative country and Americana genres within indie rock music.

In 2008, Jason & the Scorchers received the Americana Music Association's Lifetime Achievement Award in the Performance Category.

Ringenberg has also seen success as a solo artist. He has released five solo records and toured as a solo artist. The Times (London) called him "one of the most exciting performers of his generation." He now performs both solo as Jason Ringenberg and as his children's music character, Farmer Jason, often performing as both personas in the same day.

Ringenberg created his children's music character, Farmer Jason, in 2002 to entertain his own daughters. He then released his first children's record on the Yep Roc Records label; A Day at the Farm with Farmer Jason, in 2003. The character remains popular and has become the most successful project of his career. As Farmer Jason, he sings songs about farm animals and the appreciation of nature. His PBS mini program called "It's a Farmer Jason" has earned four Emmy nominations and one Emmy win. He has recorded four records and a DVD as Farmer Jason. The fourth album, Christmas on the Farm with Farmer Jason, was released in December 2014.

His album Stand Tall (2019) was written while he was Artist in Residence at Sequoia National Park. Recorded at his old college haunts in Southern Illinois and also in Nashville, the subjects of the songs range from John the Baptist to The Ramones to a disillusioned Confederate draftee.

Personal life
Ringenberg lives near Bon Aqua, Tennessee, with his wife Suzy; daughters Kelsey, Addie, and Camille; and a barnyard full of animals.

Jason & The Scorchers

 * Reckless Country Soul (Praxis, 1982). EP
 * Fervor (Praxis, 1983), rereleased in 1984 for EMI.
 * Lost & Found (EMI, 1986).
 * Still Standing (EMI, 1986).
 * Thunder and Fire (A&M, 1989).
 * Are You Ready for the Country: The Essential Jason & The Scorchers. Volume One (EMI, 1992)
 * A Blazing Grace (Mammoth, 1995).
 * Clear Impetuous Morning (Mammoth, 1996).
 * Both Sides of The Line (EMI, 1996)
 * Midnight Roads and Stages Seen (Mammoth, 1998)
 * Rock on Germany (Courageous Chicken Music, 2001)
 * Wildfires & Misfires: Two Decades of Outtakes and Rarities (Courageous Chicken, 2002).
 * Halcyon Times (Courageous Chicken, 2010).

Solo

 * One Foot in The Honky Tonk (Liberty, 1992)
 * A Pocketful of Soul (2000)
 * All Over Creation (2002)
 * Empire Builders (2004)
 * Best Tracks and Side Tracks (2008)
 * Stand Tall (2019)
 * Rhinestoned (2021)

As Farmer Jason

 * A Day at the Farm With Farmer Jason (2003)
 * Rockin' In The Forest With Farmer Jason (2006)
 * Nature Jams (2012)
 * Christmas on the Farm with Farmer Jason (2014)

title: Jason Ringenberg


text:
Chris Faust

Christopher C. Faust (born 1955 in Fort Riley, Kansas) is a landscape photographer in St. Paul, Minnesota. He holds a degree in biology from St. Cloud State University and an MS in educational media from St. Cloud State University.

He is best known for his panoramic photographs of landscapes. From 1990 to 1996 he created a series of black-and-white images of new suburban development, especially in Minnesota, USA. Many of these depict new structures and spaces not yet fully formed, and not yet inhabited by people. A frequent theme in these and other series is the intersection of human beings with nature, and places where the two interact in visually provocative ways.

An example is "The Edge, Eden Prairie, MN" which is in the collection of the Walker Art Center. This photograph appears to be a split, double image, but is actually a single scene, depicting where a suburban development near Minneapolis, Minnesota runs up against prairie vegetation. The imported, landscaped vegetation, especially the central tree, conifers, and lawn grass balance the smaller native tree and prairie grass of the other half, as the condominiums loom from a corner.

Other of his series include outdoor industrial scenes typical of the northern Midwest, like grain elevators and railcars, rural landscapes from Minnesota and Appalachia, and color photographs of natural scenes.

Faust's work is exhibited regularly in galleries around Minnesota. His work appears in a number of institutions and is held by the permanent collections of the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Weisman Art Museum, and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Twenty of Faust's photographs, many of them from his Suburban Documentation Project, illustrate the 1997 book Placing Nature: Culture and Landscape Ecology, edited by landscape architect Joan Iverson Nassauer, and including essays by novelist Jane Smiley and philosopher Marcia Muelder Eaton. Faust has been honored with McKnight Foundation Fellowships in 1989, 1992, and 1997. Faust is now a media teacher at Gordon Parks High School, St.Paul MN..

Faust takes a majority of his photographs using a specially designed Fuji G617.

Awards

 * 2016 Knight Arts Challenge Grant for work on Transforming Central
 * 2014 Minnesota State Arts Board, Artist Initiative Grant
 * 2014 Graham Foundation
 * 2000 Graham Foundation
 * 1997 McKnight Foundation Fellowship for Photography
 * 1996 Graham Foundation
 * 1995 Minnesota Humanities Commission
 * 1995 Bush Fellowship
 * 1994 Minnesota State Arts Board Fellowship
 * 1993 American Society of Landscape Architects, National Honor Award in Communications.
 * 1992 McKnight Foundation Fellowship for Photography
 * 1989 McKnight Foundation Fellowship for Photography

title: Chris Faust


text:
Tourism in Canada

Canada has a large domestic and foreign tourism industry. The second largest country in the world, Canada's wide geographical variety is a significant tourist attractor. Much of the country's tourism is centred in the following regions: Toronto, Montreal, Quebec City, Vancouver/Whistler, Niagara Falls, Vancouver Island, Canadian Rockies, British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, Churchill, Manitoba and the National Capital Region of Ottawa-Gatineau. The large cities are known for their culture, diversity, as well as the many national parks and historic sites.

In 2019, over 22 million tourists arrived in Canada, bringing in over US$21 billion in international tourism receipts to the economy. Domestic and international tourism combined directly contributes 1% of Canada's total GDP and supports 309,000 jobs in the country.

Statistics
Most visitors arriving to Canada in 2015 came from the following countries of residence

World Heritage Sites in Canada
There are 22 World Heritage Sites in Canada, including one of the oldest, Nahanni National Park, Northwest Territories (1978), and one of the newest, the Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, Alberta (2019). Of these 22 sites, 10 are listed for their Cultural Heritage, 11 for their Natural Heritage, and one (Pimachiowin Aki) is a Mixed site.

Alberta
Alberta is a province in Canada's western prairies next to the Rocky Mountains. Its two major cities are Calgary and Edmonton, the province's capital. Edmonton is well known for West Edmonton Mall, the largest shopping mall in North America, formerly the largest in the world. Edmonton is also known as Canada's festival city, with over 60 festivals happening year round. Edmonton is home to the area of Old Strathcona, a historical district with boutique shopping, music, arts, and many restaurants. Calgary is famous for the Calgary Stampede, the world's largest rodeo and one of the biggest open air events worldwide attracting up to 1.5 million visitors every year.

Another world-class attraction is the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, home to 5 Guinness World Records due to its unique collection of dinosaur fossils including the longest-necked animal's skeleton in the world. Alberta also contains significant natural scenery, including six of Canada's twenty UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These are Banff and Jasper National Parks, Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Wood Buffalo National Park, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump and Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park. In the southeast, Alberta shares with Saskatchewan the Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, a geographic region of importance both to Indigenous history and to the North-West Mounted Police.

Alberta is an important skiing destination for tourists. It has several world-class ski resorts. Canada Olympic Park, with its downhill ski and ski jumping facilities, is in the city of Calgary.

British Columbia
British Columbia is Canada's westernmost province and touches the Pacific Ocean. The winters in the coastal areas are relatively warm in comparison to the rest of Canada. British Columbia is divided into 6 regions:
 * Vancouver, Coast & Mountains
 * Thompson Okanagan
 * Cariboo Coast Chilcotin
 * Northern British Columbia
 * Kootenay Rockies
 * Vancouver Island

British Columbia is Canada's most mountainous province and has some of the most spectacular mountain scenery in the world. Alpine skiing is a major draw for the province. The province has about 33 large ski resorts spread out from Vancouver Island to the Alberta border. Whistler, British Columbia, nestled in the rugged Coast Mountains, is consistently ranked as the #1 ski resort destination in North America and co-hosted the 2010 Winter Olympic Games.

Vancouver, the largest Canadian metropolitan area west of Toronto, is one of Canada's most multi-cultural cities. There is a large community of people of Asian origin. Vancouver is a harbour city and provides beautiful landscapes of mountains and ocean.

Sites of interest in Vancouver

 * Capilano Suspension Bridge, a 136 m bridge 70 m above the Capilano River
 * Stanley Park, a large forested park near downtown, the largest city owned park in Canada. Eight million visitors each year.
 * Granville Island, a small island near downtown with a public market, marina, shopping and theatres.
 * Chinatown, Vancouver, one of the largest in North America.
 * Robson Street, a bustling upscale shopping district with a good selection of restaurants.
 * Gastown, a mix of tourist-oriented businesses, restaurants and nightclubs.
 * Vancouver Art Gallery
 * Vancouver Maritime Museum
 * Museum of Anthropology at UBC
 * Vancouver Museum
 * Science World at Telus World of Science

Vancouver is home to the
 * BC Lions, Canadian Football League
 * Vancouver Canucks, National Hockey League
 * Vancouver Whitecaps FC, Major League Soccer

Victoria, British Columbia, on scenic Vancouver Island, is a major Canadian tourist destination attracting millions of visitors each year. Popular activities for tourists are whale watching, enjoying the busking in the inner harbour area and visiting world-famous Butchart Gardens.

Long Beach (Pacific Rim National Park) and the communities of Tofino and Ucluelet are popular tourist areas. Tofino, a town of only a few thousand, hosts more than one million visitors each year. Many new resorts are being built in the area to accommodate surfers, beach lovers, storm watchers and golfers.

Whale watching is common along the coastal areas of British Columbia as is Pacific storm watching along the west coast of Vancouver Island during the winter months.

Wine tours are common in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia's wine and orchard country. The Okanagan Valley area has some of the best beaches and warmest summer temperatures in Canada, as well as Canada's only hot desert around the town of Osoyoos. There are 53 golf courses and two major ski resorts in the valley.

British Columbia is also a popular location for the production of many Hollywood films; it is the third largest film centre in North America only trailing California and New York.

Manitoba
Manitoba is home to many lakes and rivers with over 14.5% of the land area covered by lakes. This offers many opportunities for outdoor recreation, hunting, fishing, boating, and some of the finest beaches in North America, including Grand Beach, Victoria Beach and Winnipeg Beach. The province is a four-season travel destination offering cross-country and downhill skiing opportunities, as well as many miles of groomed ski-doo trails. Winnipeg, the province's capital, offers every season a world class skating trail. Using the Red River and the Assiniboine River, Winnipeg has created the world's longest skating trail since 2008, including the all-time record. Churchill on the Hudson Bay is a popular attraction due to the large polar bear and beluga whale populations.

As the capital city, Winnipeg, with a population of near 815,000, offers many cultural and artistic events, museums and year-round festivals. Brandon, Manitoba is a city of 56,000. Other cities with more than 10,000 people are Steinbach, Thompson, Portage la Prairie, Selkirk and Winkler. Winnipeg has one of the best architectural settings in Canada. Half of its downtown consists of high-rise buildings from 1880 to 1920. It also has the famous Exchange District, which is known as North America's best collection of architecture wonders. Setting from 1850 to 1920 the area of 56 square blocks has kept 95% of its historical buildings. Giving the tourist setting as they are walking in what Winnipeg looked like in 1920.

Sites of interest in Winnipeg
Winnipeg is also home to:

 * Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League
 * Winnipeg Jets Of the National Hockey League
 * Winnipeg Goldeyes of the baseball American Association
 * Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League

Other sites of interest in the province

 * Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre in Morden
 * Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum in Brandon
 * Lower Fort Garry in St. Andrews
 * Manitoba Agricultural Museum in Austin
 * Manitoba Amateur Radio Museum in Austin
 * Manitoba Antique Automobile Museum in Elkhorn
 * Marine Museum of Manitoba in Selkirk
 * Mennonite Heritage Village in Steinbach
 * New Iceland Heritage Museum in Gimli
 * Oak Hammock Marsh in Stonewall
 * Sam Waller Museum in The Pas

Festivals and events

 * Festival du Voyageur held every February in Winnipeg
 * Folklorama held annually every August in Winnipeg. Folklorama is the world's largest multicultural festival. It is a 17-day festival held annually in August with close to 100 different cultural pavilions performing 3–4 shows per night.
 * Jazz Winnipeg Festival
 * Red River Exhibition held annually late June in Winnipeg
 * Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival
 * Winnipeg International Writers Festival
 * Winnipeg Music Festival
 * Winnipeg Folk Festival

Major parks of interest

 * Birds Hill Provincial Park
 * Duck Mountain Provincial Park
 * Hecla Provincial Park
 * Riding Mountain National Park,
 * Spruce Woods Provincial Park, home to the Carbery Desert
 * Whiteshell Provincial Park

New Brunswick
New Brunswick is renowned for its sandy beaches especially along the Northumberland Strait, which in summer has the warmest water north of Virginia.

Saint John, a large city in New Brunswick and the oldest incorporated in Canada, sits at the mouth of the Saint John River. It is steeped with history, from the Irish immigration to a great fire in the 1877. The port city has numerous Victorian houses and 18th- and 19th-century architecture in the uptown area. The Saint John port welcomes close to 80 cruise ships a year with sites including:
 * The Bay of Fundy
 * Saint John River
 * Partridge Island
 * Reversing Falls
 * Market Square
 * Saints Rest Beach
 * New Brunswick Museum
 * Saint John Jewish Historical Museum
 * Prince William Street

Moncton, the province's largest city and recreational centre, has the following tourist attractions:
 * Magnetic Hill Zoo
 * Magnetic Hill
 * Casino New Brunswick
 * Magic Mountain
 * Tidal bore, twice daily on Petitcodiac River

Fredericton, the province's capital and third largest city, is a cultural and educational centre, housing the University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University, and is filled with neighbourhoods featuring large Victorian-style homes. Other attractions at Fredericton include:
 * Hopewell Rocks
 * Cape Enrage
 * Kouchibouguac National Park
 * Fundy National Park
 * New Brunswick Potato Museum
 * Whale watching and the Confederation Bridge to Prince Edward Island are also draws.

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador attracts many tourists because of its icebergs and fjords. The iceberg that struck the Titanic passed by on the nearby Iceberg Alley in 1912. The island was settled by Leif Ericsson, an Icelandic sailor, in 1000 A.D. Remains of this settlement can still be found in L'Anse aux Meadows, northern Newfoundland. Other Europeans settled in 1497, headed by an expedition by John Cabot.

The province's capital, St. John's, is the oldest city in North America, founded in 1497 by John Cabot. It contains many historical locations, such as Cabot Tower, receiver of the first wireless trans-Atlantic message in 1901. Steeped in a long, proud history and home to a rich, unique culture, St. John's residents are known for their hospitality, and their city is a major travel destination in Newfoundland both domestically and for foreign travellers. In recent years, St. John's has become a popular stop for cruise ships originating from ports in Canada, the United States and Europe. The cruise industry has brought tens of thousands of tourists to the St. John's area. In the city's downtown core, George Street, renowned for its nightlife, is home to the most bars and pubs per square foot in North America.

Just outside St. John's lies Cape Spear, the most eastern point in North America. From this point, London in the UK is closer than Vancouver.

Northwest Territories
Northwest Territories attractions include:
 * Aurora Borealis
 * Northern Life Museum
 * N.W.T. Mining Heritage Society
 * Wood Buffalo National Park
 * Tuktut Nogait National Park
 * Nahanni National Park Reserve
 * South Nahanni River
 * Canol Heritage Trail
 * Aulavik National Park
 * Coppermine River
 * Mackenzie River

Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is seen as a destination to experience local cuisine, visit historic sites and enjoy the civic and natural environment. The seaside is particularly strong attraction.

Major sites of interest

 * Cape Breton Highlands National Park
 * Fort Anne NHS
 * Fortress of Louisbourg NHS
 * Grand Pré World Heritage Site
 * Halifax Citadel NHS
 * Halifax Public Gardens
 * Joggins Fossil Cliffs World Heritage Site
 * Kejimkujik National Park
 * Lunenburg World Heritage Site
 * Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
 * Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History
 * Port-Royal National Historic Site

Halifax, the provincial capital, has several major attractions, such as the Pier 21 museum, Citadel Hill, and the Public Gardens. The Halifax Metro Centre is home to numerous events both sport-related and otherwise, such as the Nova Scotia International Tattoo. Downtown Halifax is considered the prime tourism district in Halifax, with most historic attractions located here as well as the waterfront harbourwalk, a continuous 3 km stretch of boardwalk home to street vendors, entertainers, the Casino Nova Scotia, and the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. Downtown Halifax is also the location of several major hotels.

Nunavut Territory
Nunavut is probably the most expensive of all the tourist destinations in Canada. Attractions in Nunavut include:
 * Auyuittuq National Park
 * Quttinirpaaq National Park
 * Sirmilik National Park
 * Ukkusiksalik National Park
 * Ovayok Territorial Park

Ontario
Ontario is the most populous and second largest province in Canada. Southern Ontario is home to the nation's capital, Ottawa, and Canada's largest city, Toronto, which is the provincial capital and one of the most multicultural cities in the world. The forests and numerous lakes of central Ontario and northern Ontario also provide popular hiking and camping destinations.

Sites of interest in Ottawa

 * List of attractions in Ottawa
 * ByWard Market
 * Canada Agriculture Museum
 * Canadian War Museum
 * Canadian Aviation Museum
 * Canadian Museum of Nature
 * Canadian Museum of History
 * Canadian Museum of Science and Technology
 * Canadian Tire Centre
 * Chateau Laurier
 * National Art Gallery
 * National War Memorial (Canada)
 * Parliament Hill
 * Rideau Canal
 * TD Place Stadium

Sites of interest in Toronto

 * List of attractions in Toronto
 * Scotiabank Arena
 * Art Gallery of Ontario
 * Bata Shoe Museum
 * Casa Loma
 * CN Tower
 * Fort York
 * Hockey Hall of Fame
 * Kensington Market
 * Little Canada
 * Ontario Place
 * Ontario Science Centre
 * Queen Street West
 * Rogers Centre (formerly SkyDome)
 * Royal Ontario Museum
 * St. Lawrence Market
 * Toronto Eaton Centre
 * Toronto Islands
 * Toronto Zoo
 * See also: Hotels in Toronto

Other sites of interest in Ontario

 * List of attractions in Hamilton, Ontario
 * Algonquin Park
 * Canada's Wonderland
 * Ontario Tourist Routes
 * Fallsview Indoor Water Park, an indoor park in Niagara Falls, Ontario
 * Fort Henry
 * Niagara Falls
 * Niagara-on-the-Lake
 * Marineland
 * Muskoka Lakes
 * Kingston's Old Town
 * Pelee Island
 * Sainte-Marie among the Hurons
 * Science North and Dynamic Earth in Sudbury, Ontario
 * Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake
 * Stratford Festival
 * The Thousand Islands
 * Upper Canada Village

Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island is the birthplace of Lucy Maud Montgomery's character, Anne of Green Gables, and a recreation of her literary home, Green Gables Farm, serves as a museum to the character. The island is also famous around the world for its potato farms and rich red sand beaches.

Other tourists attractions in Prince Edward Island include, among others:

 * Victoria Row, a Victorian era street lined with restaurants, cafes and galleries, in the island's capital, Charlottetown
 * West Point Lighthouse, the first lighthouse built on the island, which also serves as a museum and hotel
 * Confederation Bridge, the longest bridge in the world crossing ice-covered water; spanning 12.9 km, the bridge connects the island to the rest of Canada

Quebec
Quebec, a majority francophone province, is a major tourist draw. Quebec City is a taste of old France in the new world and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Montreal, the second largest francophone city in the world, has several tourist attractions.

Sites of interest in Montreal

 * Olympic Stadium
 * Juste pour rire
 * Old Montreal
 * Festival International de Jazz de Montréal
 * Opéra de Montréal
 * Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
 * McCord Museum
 * Crescent Street
 * St. Lawrence Boulevard
 * Canadian Grand Prix
 * McGill University
 * Mount Royal
 * Parc Jean-Drapeau
 * Underground city, Montreal
 * Biosphère
 * Redpath Museum
 * Canadian Centre for Architecture
 * La Ronde
 * Saint Joseph's Oratory
 * Underground City

Sites of interest in Quebec City

 * Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec
 * Musée de la civilisation
 * Musée de l'Amérique française
 * Espace Félix Leclerc
 * Musée naval de Québec
 * Choco-Musée Erico
 * Musée des Ursulines de Québec
 * Musée du Royal 22e Régiment/La Citadelle de Québec
 * Musée de l'Abeille
 * Plains of Abraham Exhibition Centre
 * Parc Aquarium du Québec
 * Jardin zoologique du Québec
 * Château Frontenac

Sites of interest in Maritime Quebec

 * Percé Rock
 * Route Verte
 * Cross of Gaspé
 * Miguasha Provincial Park

Other sites of interest in Quebec

 * Canyon Sainte-Anne

Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan offers two major cities, Regina and Saskatoon. Regina is home to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Academy at Depot Division where visitors can view the Sergeant Major's Parade held weekdays and the seasonal Sunset Retreat Ceremonies. Regina is also home to the RCMP Heritage Centre, which opened in May 2007. Saskatoon is home to the largest branch of the Western Development Museum, which houses important artifacts and recreations of the early settlement of the Canadian prairies.

The prairie province also has the most golf courses and water bodies per capita of any other province. Statistically the warmest summers with the most sunlight hours in Canada occur in Saskatoon. Natural attractions include Cypress Hills Provincial Park, the Great Sand Hills, and Scottie the Dinosaur (the largest intact Tyrannosaurus rex found in North America).

Saskatoon also has many famous attractions, such as the Remai Modern art museum on the river bank, and the city is also home to the Western Development Museum.

Yukon Territory
With its history of the Klondike Gold Rush, First Nations culture and spectacular wilderness, the Yukon Territory has an extensive tourism industry, welcoming over 300,000 visitors a year. Tourist attractions include the gold rush town of Dawson City, Kluane National Park and Reserve and a number of attractions in Whitehorse and other communities. Opportunities for wilderness adventure tourism and ecotourism abound (hiking, canoeing, kayaking, skiing, dog-sledding), but the territory is also served by a well-developed road network, with most places accessible by road.

Watson Lake Sign Post Forest makes its home in Watson Lake, Yukon Territory. It was first settled by a U.S. soldier who repaired road signs and added his home sign of Illinois. Now this is home to over 77,000 different road signs.

Neighbouring countries

 * Canada shares the world's longest undefended border with the United States.
 * Marine borders are shared with both Greenland (a Danish realm) and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (a French overseas collectivity).

title: Tourism in Canada


text:
User talk:Marshallharsh

Mutants all mutants... Marshallharsh 18:57, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Please stop trolling.—Eloquence 05:50, Aug 6, 2003 (UTC)

shut the hell up, what the hell do you know? Marshallharsh 21:06, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Please stop vandalizing the Wikipedia. --Delirium 21:42, Aug 6, 2003 (UTC)

Writing offensive remarks on someone else's user page is considered to be a serious breach of etiquette. Please don't do it again -- Tarquin 21:46, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

As long as no more remarks about me are made, I hereby affirm that no more vandalism will ever be caused again. See /Official Apology

You're in no position to dictate conditions as to when and where your vandalism will occur. Mintguy 22:01, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marshallharsh


text:
User talk:Dlewis

Would it be appropriate to start a page to help people learn to SPEAK Mandarin? I am less interested in reading and writing Mandarin. The page could list available resources and offer tips.

I think it would be helpful to know if there are resources available that could be used to learn Mandarin while driving in an automobile. That is, to identify resources that relied solely on CDs or audiotapes (and did not require a computer or textbook) so that the materials could be studied while driving and would not take up any extra time.

Would it be appropriate to start such a page? I am trying to learn Mandarin and would find such a page very helpful since I am having difficulty finding audio-only resources.

Dlewis (Dan)

title: User talk:Dlewis


text:
User:Marshallharsh

See User talk:Marshallharsh/Official Apology

title: User:Marshallharsh