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Trans-Mississippi

Trans-Mississippi was a common name of the geographic area west of the Mississippi River during the 19th century. The term "Trans-Mississippi" was historically used to refer to any land "across the Mississippi" (or the entire western two-thirds of the United States), including Nebraska, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Minnesota, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Oregon. It also included Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), Alaska, Hawaii, and other U.S. territories.

In 1898, a Trans-Mississippi Exposition was held in Omaha, Nebraska.

Legacy
The postage stamps of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition Issue are considered some of the most beautiful stamps ever issued by the United States, and a complete set of the "Trans-Miss" has been highly prized since its 1898 issue. Demonstrating the ongoing significance of the event and its focus, on its 100th anniversary in 1998, a set of stamps using designs derived from the original issue was issued to commemorate its 100th anniversary.

title: Trans-Mississippi


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Neomycin

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that displays bactericidal activity against Gram-negative aerobic bacilli and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen. It is generally not effective against Gram-positive bacilli and anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli. Neomycin comes in oral and topical formulations, including creams, ointments, and eyedrops. Neomycin belongs to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics that contain two or more amino sugars connected by glycosidic bonds.

Neomycin was discovered in 1949 by microbiologist Selman Waksman and his student Hubert Lechevalier at Rutgers University. Neomycin received approval for medical use in 1952. Rutgers University was granted the patent for neomycin in 1957.

Discovery
Neomycin was discovered in 1949 by the microbiologist Selman Waksman and his student Hubert Lechevalier at Rutgers University. It is produced naturally by the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae. Synthesis requires specific nutrient conditions in either stationary or submerged aerobic conditions. The compound is then isolated and purified from the bacterium.

Medical uses
Neomycin is typically applied as a topical preparation, such as Neosporin (neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin). The antibiotic can also be administered orally, in which case it is usually combined with other antibiotics. Neomycin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and has been used as a preventive measure for hepatic encephalopathy and hypercholesterolemia. By killing bacteria in the intestinal tract, Neomycin keeps ammonia levels low and prevents hepatic encephalopathy, especially before gastrointestinal surgery.

Waksman and Lechevalier originally noted that neomycin was active against streptomycin-resistant bacteria as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent for tuberculosis. Neomycin has also been used to treat small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Neomycin is not administered via injection, as it is extremely nephrotoxic (damaging to kidney function) even when compared to other aminoglycosides. The exception is when neomycin is included, in small quantities, as a preservative in some vaccines – typically 25 μg per dose.

Spectrum
Similar to other aminoglycosides, neomycin has excellent activity against Gram-negative bacteria and is partially effective against Gram-positive bacteria. It is relatively toxic to humans, with allergic reactions noted as a common adverse reaction (see: hypersensitivity). Physicians sometimes recommend using antibiotic ointments without neomycin, such as Polysporin. The following represents minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility data for a few medically significant Gram-negative bacteria.
 * Enterobacter cloacae: >16 μg/ml
 * Escherichia coli: 1 μg/ml
 * Proteus vulgaris: 0.25 μg/ml

Side effects
In 2005–06, Neomycin was the fifth-most-prevalent allergen in patch test results (10.0%). It was named Allergen of the Year in 2010. Neomycin is also a known GABA gamma-Aminobutyric acid antagonist and can be responsible for seizures and psychosis. Like other aminoglycosides, neomycin has been shown to be ototoxic, causing tinnitus, hearing loss, and vestibular problems in a small number of patients. Neomycin affects the cochlea, which is found in the inner ear. Hearing loss is caused by ear hair cell death, which occurs in response to treatment with neomycin. Patients with existing tinnitus or sensorineural hearing loss are advised to speak with a healthcare practitioner about the risks and side effects prior to taking this medication.

Activity
Neomycin's antibacterial activity stems from its binding to the 30S subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome, where it inhibits prokaryotic translation of mRNA.

Neomycin also exhibits a high binding affinity for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a phospholipid component of cell membranes.

Resistance
Neomycin resistance is conferred by either one of two kanamycin kinase genes. Genes conferring neomycin-resistance are commonly included in DNA plasmids used to establish stable mammalian cell lines expressing cloned proteins in culture. Many commercially available protein expression plasmids contain a neo-resistance gene as a selectable marker. Currently, research is being performed to understand if derivatives of neomycin have the same antibiotic effects while still being effective against neomycin-resistant bacteria.

Biosynthetic pathway
Neomycin was first isolated from the Streptomyces fradiae and Streptomyces albogriseus in 1949 (NBRC 12773). Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (framycetin); and its epimer neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture. It is a basic compound that is most active with an alkaline reaction. It is also thermostable and soluble in water (while insoluble in organic solvents). Neomycin has good activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but is ototoxic. Its use is thus restricted to the oral treatment of intestinal infections.

Neomycin B is composed of four linked moieties: D -neosamine, 2-deoxystreptamine (2-DOS), D -ribose, and L -neosamine.

Neomycin A, also called neamine, contains D -neosamine and 2-deoxystreptamine. Six genes are responsible for neamine biosynthesis: DOIS gene (btrC, neo7); L-glutamine:DOI aminotransferase gene (btrS, neo6); a putative glycosyltransferase gene (btrM, neo8); a putative aminotransferase (similar to glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase) gene (btrB, neo18); a putative alcohol dehydrogenase gene (btrE, neo5); and another putative dehydrogenase (similar to chorine dehydrogenase and related flavoproteins) gene (btrQ, neo11). A deacetylase acting to remove the acetyl group on N-acetylglucosamine moieties of aminoglycoside intermediates (Neo16) remains to be clarified (sequence similar to BtrD).

Next is the attachment of the D -ribose via ribosylation of neamine, using 5-phosphoribosyl-1-diphosphate (PRPP) as the ribosyl donor (BtrL, BtrP); glycosyltransferase (potential homologues RibF, LivF, Parf) gene (Neo15).

Neosamine B ( L -neosamine B) is most likely biosynthesized in the same manner as the neosamine C ( D -niosamine) in neamine biosynthesis, but with an additional epimerization step required to account for the presence of the epimeric neosamine B in neomycin B.

Neomycin B and C are 23-carbon molecules with a four-ring structure. Three of the rings are six-membered, and one is five-membered. Neomycin B and Neomycin C are stereoisomers of each other and differ by only one stereocenter one giving the R conformation and the other giving the S conformation. Neomycin C can undergo enzymatic synthesis from ribostamycin.

Composition
Standard grade neomycin is composed of several related compounds including neomycin A (neamine), neomycin B (framycetin), neomycin C, and a few minor compounds found in much lower quantities. Neomycin B is the most active component in neomycin followed by neomycin C and neomycin A. Neomycin A is an inactive degradation product of the C and B isomers. The quantities of these components in neomycin vary from lot-to-lot depending on the manufacturer and manufacturing process.

DNA binding
Aminoglycosides such as neomycin are known for their ability to bind to duplex RNA with high affinity. The association constant for neomycin with A-site RNA is in the 109 M−1 range. However, more than 50 years after its discovery, its DNA-binding properties were still unknown. Neomycin has been shown to induce thermal stabilization of triplex DNA, while having little or almost no effect on the B-DNA duplex stabilization. Neomycin was also shown to bind to structures that adopt an A-form structure, triplex DNA being one of them. Neomycin also includes DNA:RNA hybrid triplex formation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neomycin


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Summerhill School

Summerhill School is an independent (i.e. fee-charging) day and boarding school in Leiston, Suffolk, England. It was founded in 1921 by Alexander Sutherland Neill with the belief that the school should be made to fit the child, rather than the other way around. It is run as a democratic community; the running of the school is conducted in the school meetings, which anyone, staff or pupil, may attend, and at which everyone has an equal vote. These meetings serve as both a legislative and judicial body. Members of the community are free to do as they please, so long as their actions do not cause any harm to others, according to Neill's principle "Freedom, not Licence." This extends to the freedom for pupils to choose which lessons, if any, they attend. It is an example of both democratic education and alternative education.

History
In 1920, A.S. Neill started to search for premises in which to found a new school which he could run according to his educational principle of giving freedom to the children and staff through democratic governance. On a trip to Europe, which started out as a research visit into progressive schools on behalf of the Theosophical journal New Era, he found the ideal accommodation in Hellerau near Dresden, a village founded on principles based on the Garden City movement in England. By combining with two other projects, the Neue Deutsche Schule (New German School), founded by Carl Thiess the previous year, and an existing school with many international students dedicated to the teaching of Eurhythmics, a joint venture named the International School or Neue Schule Hellerau was launched. Neill's sector was called the "foreign" school (in contrast to the Thiess's "German School"). Jonathan Croall wrote, "This, in essence, was the beginning of Summerhill" although the name Summerhill itself came later.

Neill was soon dissatisfied with Neue Schule's ethos, and moved his sector of the organisation to Sonntagberg in Austria. Due to the hostility of the local people, it moved again in 1923 to Lyme Regis in England. The house in Lyme Regis was called Summerhill, and this became the name of the school. In 1927, it moved to its present site in Leiston, Suffolk, England. It had to move again temporarily to Ffestiniog, Wales, during the Second World War so that the site could be used as a British Army training camp.

The school had a local impact as several teachers were involved in the formation of the Leiston Communist Party. Several teachers were involved in the Communist Party, some before they were appointed: Vivien Jackson, was the daughter of T. A. Jackson, a leading figure in the Communist Party of Great Britain and his wife Kate Hawkins, one of the founders of the Socialist Party of Great Britain. She married A. L. Morton, a prominent Communist Party historian who also worked at the school. The artist Paxton Chadwick was appointed as a part-time art teacher in the early thirties. At this time, the Communist mathematician and computer pioneer Richard Goodman was also a teacher at the school. Cyril Eyre was also a member of staff. Although Neill himself was sympathetic towards the goal of communism, he was increasingly critical of Stalinism and the contemporary Communist Party. He wrote to David Barton, a former pupil at the time in the communist party, saying: "You must know that Summerhill couldn't possibly exist under communism as it shapes today ... see our kids salute any flag or portrait? ... I want communism, i.e. a non-profit society, PLUS what Summerhill stands for ... independence of the individual."

After Neill died in 1973, it was run by his wife, Ena May Neill, until 1985.

Today it is a boarding and day school serving primary and secondary education in a democratic fashion. It is now run by Neill's daughter, Zoë Readhead, assisted by her sons Will and Henry Readhead.

Although the school's founding could arguably be dated to other years, the school itself marks 1921 as the year of its establishment.

Schools based on Summerhill
Many schools opened based on Summerhill, especially in America in the 1960s. A common challenge was to implement Neill's dictum of "freedom, not licence": "A free school is not a place where you can run roughshod over other people. It's a place that minimises the authoritarian elements and maximises the development of community and really caring about the other people. Doing this is a tricky business."

Neill distanced himself from some schools for confusing freedom and licence: "Look at those American Summerhill schools. I sent a letter to the Greenwich Village Voice, in New York, disclaiming any affiliation with any American school that calls itself a Summerhill school. I've heard so many rumours about them. It's one thing to use freedom. Quite another to use licence."

Government inspections
Summerhill has had a tumultuous relationship with the British government. Already in the 1950s, a government inspection found the school's finances were shaky, the number of students too high, and the quality of teaching poor among the junior faculty. In spite of these criticisms, however, the inspectors apparently found the school praiseworthy.

During the 1990s, the school was inspected nine times. It later emerged that this was because OFSTED (The "OFfice for STandards in EDucation") had placed Summerhill on a secret list of 61 independent schools marked as TBW (To Be Watched).

In March 1999, following a major inspection from OFSTED, the then Secretary of State for Education and Employment, David Blunkett, issued the school a notice of complaint, based on the school's policy of non-compulsory lessons. Failure to comply with such a notice within six months usually leads to closure; however, Summerhill chose to contest the notice in court.

The case went before a special educational tribunal in March 2000, at which the school was represented by noted human rights lawyers Geoffrey Robertson QC and Mark Stephens. Four days into the hearing, the government's case collapsed and a settlement was agreed. The pupils attending the hearing on that day took over the courtroom and held a school meeting to debate whether to accept the settlement. They voted unanimously to do so.

The nature of the settlement was notably broader than could have been decided on the judge's authority alone. The educational tribunal only had the power to annul the notice of complaint, whereas the settlement made provisions that Summerhill be inspected with respect to its philosophy and values, that the voice of the child (through community meetings and in other ways) be included in the inspection, and that the inspectors be accompanied by two advisers from the school and one from the DfE to ensure that the inspection respected the school's aims and values. The school was the first in England to grant children a legal right to formally express their opinions and to meet with the inspectors. The DfE advisers have included Prof. Paul Hirst and Prof. Geoff Whitty, Director of the Institute of Education and now on OFSTED's governing body.

The first full inspection report since the disputed 1999 report was published in 2007. The 2007 inspection, conducted within the framework set out by the court settlement, was generally positive, even in areas previously criticised by the 1999 report. The school maintained that it had not changed its approach since the original inspection.

The full inspection on 5 October 2011 concluded that the school is outstanding in all areas except teaching, which was seen as good, and not outstanding due to issues of assessment.

In February 2013, the DfE unilaterally rescinded the court agreement by claiming that OFSTED now understood the school and the court mandated inspection process was no longer needed to ensure a fair inspection. The school sent evidence and questions to the Select Committee on Education for their meeting with the Chief Inspector of Schools, Sir Michael Wilshaw, on 13 February 2013. The evidence quoted a member of the Select Committee expressing shock at the lack of processes for OFSTED to learn by its mistakes.

A. S. Neill Summerhill Trust
The A. S. Neill Summerhill Trust was launched in 2004 by Prof. Tim Brighouse, Tom Conti, Bill Nighy, Mark Stephens and Geoffrey Robertson QC to raise funds for bursaries for pupils from poorer families and to promote democratic education around the world. It publishes an electronic newsletter and organises fund-raising events. An elected committee of schoolchildren, called the "External Affairs Committee", have—over the years since the court case and with the support of the Trust—promoted Summerhill as a case study to state schoolchildren, teachers and educationalists at conferences, schools and events. They have run full democratic meetings at the Houses of Parliament and London's City Hall. They have lobbied four chief inspectors of schools through the Select Committee on Education on the importance of children's rights in schools and school inspections. They have addressed the UNESCO Conference of Education Ministers, lobbied and protested at the UN Special Conference on the Rights of the Child in New York. They took an active part in advising and contributing to events for the children's rights group Article 12. They continue to work with schools, colleges and universities.

Philosophy and educational structure
Summerhill is noted for its philosophy that children learn best with freedom from coercion, a philosophy that was promoted by the New Ideals in Education Conferences (1914–37) that helped to define the good modern primary school as child-centred. At Summerhill, all lessons are optional, and pupils are free to choose what to do with their time. Neill founded Summerhill with the belief that "the function of a child is to live his own life—not the life that his anxious parents think he should live, not a life according to the purpose of an educator who thinks he knows best."

In addition to taking control of their own time, pupils can participate in the self-governing community of the school. School meetings are held twice a week, where pupils and staff alike have an equal voice in the decisions that affect their day-to-day lives, discussing issues and creating or changing school laws. The rules agreed at these meetings are wide-ranging—from agreeing to acceptable bed times to allowing nudity around the pool and within the classrooms. Meetings are also an opportunity for the community to vote on a course of action for unresolved conflicts, such as a fine for a theft (usually the fine consists of having to pay back the amount stolen). If there is an urgent reason to have a meeting, children and staff can ask the chairperson to hold a special meeting and this is written on the main whiteboard before a meal time so that the whole school knows and can attend.

In creating its laws and dealing out sanctions, the school meeting generally applies A. S. Neill's maxim "Freedom not Licence" (he wrote a book of the same name), the principle that you can do as you please so long as it doesn't cause harm to others. For example, pupils may swear within the school grounds, but calling someone else an offensive name is licence.

Summerhill School operates upon the major principles of democracy, equality and freedom.

Classes are voluntary at Summerhill. Although most students attend, depending on their age and reasons, children choose whether to go of their own accord and without adult compulsion. The staff discuss new children and those who they feel may have issues that interfere with their freedom to choose (e.g., fear of classrooms, shyness to learn in front of others, lack of confidence), and propose and vote on interventions, if needed, during staff meetings. This is called the "Special Attention List". The staff meet at least twice a week to discuss issues; those relevant to the community will be brought to a community meeting. Children can attend these meetings when they ask, but are asked to leave when individual students are discussed, to maintain the privacy of the student.

Academics
Although Neill was more concerned with the social development of children than their academic development, Summerhill nevertheless has some important differences in its approach to teaching. There is no concept of a "year" or "form" at Summerhill. Instead, children are placed according to their interest or level of understanding in a given subject. It is not uncommon for a single class to have pupils of widely varying ages, or for pupils as young as 13 or 14 to take GCSE examinations. This structure reflects a belief that children should progress at their own pace, rather than having to meet a set standard by a certain age.

There are also two classrooms which operate on a "drop-in" basis for all or part of the day, the workshop and the art room. Anyone can come to these classrooms and, with supervision, make just about anything. Children commonly play with wooden toys (usually swords or guns) they have made themselves, and much of the furniture and décor in the school has been likewise constructed by students.

Neill believed that children who were educated in this way were better prepared than traditionally educated children for most of life's challenges—including higher education. He wrote that Summerhill students who decided to prepare for university entrance exams were able to finish the material faster than pupils of traditional schools. Inspector accounts assert that this was inaccurate, and that interested pupils were disadvantaged by their dearth of preparation. However, Michael Newman has argued that the inspectors assumed that lesson attendance was necessary evidence of children learning, and that lack of attendance was equated with a lack of learning. Newman says the inspectors refused to accept as evidence the students' exam results, verbal evidence from teachers, current and previous children, and the success of children after leaving Summerhill.

The Summerhill classroom was popularly assumed to reflect Neill's anti-authoritarian beliefs, but in fact classes were traditional in practice. Neill did not show outward interest in classroom pedagogy, and was mainly interested in pupil happiness. He did not consider lesson quality important, and thus there were no distinctive Summerhillian classroom methods. Neill also felt that charismatic teachers taught with persuasion that weakened child autonomy. Today the school peer-reviews its teachers, and has policies and systems in place to ensure the quality of teaching. Since Zoë Readhead took over as Principal, the school has developed an ethos of keeping its staff, through an increase in wages and conditions of work. And there is an ongoing review and development of methods of teaching, assessment and record-keeping.

The staff now share with each other their methods, especially in relation to numeracy and literacy learning. The music department have developed over several years, including action research, methods of supporting spontaneous music performance, creativity and development of expression through music. This is being shared with the rest of the staff. The school has always had a creative drama delivery, based on spontaneous acting and development of plays through collaboration between actors, directors and writers. With small-group teaching and negotiated timetables, the curriculum is presented in multi-sensory, individual-focused lessons, with flexibility to respond to the student's needs.

Boarding houses and pastoral care
Children at Summerhill are placed in one of five groups which correspond to the buildings in which they are accommodated. Placement is generally decided at the beginning of term by the Principal, in theory according to age. In practice, a younger child may take priority if they have been waiting a long time for a place, if they have many friends in the upper group, or if they show a maturity characteristic of a member of the upper group.

Certain school rules pertain specifically to certain age groups. For instance, no one else may ride a San child's bicycle, and only Shack and Carriage children are allowed to build camp fires. The rules concerning when children must go to bed are also made according to age group.

Bedrooms generally accommodate four or five children.

Houseparents
Each of the boarding houses has a "houseparent": a member of staff whose duty is pastoral care. The duties of a houseparent include doing their charges' laundry, treating minor injuries and ailments, taking them to the doctor's surgery or hospital for more serious complaints and general emotional support. Depending on the age group, they might also tell them bedtime stories, keep their valuables secure, escort them into town to spend their pocket money, or speak on their behalf in the meetings.

San
Ages 6–8 (approx)

The San building is an outbuilding, near the primary classrooms; its name derives from the fact that it was originally built as a sanatorium. When there proved to be insufficient demand for a separate sanatorium, it was given over to accommodation for the youngest children and their houseparent. At one time, San children were housed in the main school building, and the San building was used as the library. They have since moved back, and the rooms they previously occupied now house the Cottage children.

The laws of the school generally protect San children, both by disallowing them from engaging in certain dangerous activities and preventing older children from bullying, swindling or otherwise abusing their juniors. San children have the right to bring up their cases at the beginning of the school meeting, or have another student or a teacher bring the issue or issues up on their behalf.

San children can sleep in mixed-sex rooms, while older children have single-sex rooms.

Cottage
Ages 9–10 (approx)

Cottage children were originally housed in Neill's old cottage, at the edge of the school grounds. For some time, the San wholly replaced the Cottage, but Cottage children are now housed in the main school building.

House
Ages 12–13 (approx)

House children are accommodated in the main school building, called simply "the House".

Shack
Ages 13–14 (approx)

The Shack buildings (there are two, the Boys' Shack and the Girls' Shack) are small outbuildings, so called because of the somewhat ramshackle nature of their original construction. The buildings have since been renovated.

Children of Shack age and above are expected to take a more active role in running the school, standing for committees, chairing the meetings, acting as ombudsmen to resolve disputes and speaking in the school meetings. Of course, younger children can take on some of these roles if they so wish, and few of them are compulsory, even for the older children. The only compulsory role is to be added to a rotation to supervise work fines.

Carriages
Ages 15+ (approx)

The carriage buildings are similar to those of the Shack, only larger. However, they were originally converted rail carriages. Since the last renovation, the Boys' Carriage building incorporates a bathroom, shower, kitchenette and the Girls' Carriages a common room and shower block (other bathrooms in the main building have only baths). Either facility may be used by both sexes and all areas.

The Carriage children each have individual rooms. They are expected to do their own laundry and generally look after themselves. This is not to say that they have no houseparent, just that as part of their increased freedom they must take on additional responsibility.

Conflict resolution
There are two main methods of resolving conflicts at Summerhill.

Ombudsmen
In the first instance, one should go to an ombudsman to resolve a conflict. The ombudsmen are an elected committee of older members of the community, whose job it is to intervene in disputes. One party will go and find an ombudsman and ask for an "Ombudsman Case". Often, all the ombudsman has to do is warn someone to stop causing a nuisance. Sometimes, if the dispute is more complex, the ombudsman must mediate. If the conflict cannot be resolved there and then, or the ombudsman's warnings are ignored, the case can be brought before the school meeting.

In special cases, the meeting sometimes assigns an individual their own "special ombudsman", an ombudsman who only takes cases from one person. This usually happens if a particular child is being consistently bullied, or has problems with the language (in which case someone who is bilingual, in English and the language of the child in question, is chosen as the ombudsman.)

The tribunal
The tribunal is the school meeting which concerns itself with people who break the school rules. Sometimes there is a separate meeting for the tribunal, and sometimes the legislative and judicial meetings are combined. This is itself a matter which can be decided by the meeting.

A "tribunal case" consists of one person "bringing up" another, or a group of people. The person bringing the case states the problem, the chairperson asks those accused if they did it, and if they have anything to say, then calls for any witnesses. If the accused admits to the offence, or there are reliable witness statements, the chair will call for proposals. Otherwise, the floor is opened to discussion.

If there is no clear evidence as to who is guilty (for instance, in the case of an unobserved theft), the "investigation committee" is often called upon. The investigation committee has the power to search people's rooms or lockers, and to question people. They will bring the case back to the next meeting if they are able to obtain any new evidence. In a community as small as Summerhill, few events go totally unnoticed and matters are usually resolved quickly.

Once it has been established that a person has broken the rules, the meeting must propose and then vote to decide a fine. There is no such thing as a "standard fine", no equivalent to a judge's sentencing guidelines, and most fines are given with consideration to the factors involved, such as severity of the offence, intent behind the action, consequences to others, remorse and/or behaviour displayed during the meeting, and whether it was a repeat offence. Fines can include a "strong warning" administered by the chair, a monetary fine, loss of privileges (for instance, not being allowed out of school, or being the last to be served lunch), or a "work fine" (e.g., picking up litter for a set time or similar job of benefit to the community). In the case of theft, it is usually considered sufficient for the thief to return what was stolen. Although there are some rare cases where the property stolen is no longer in the possession of the thief; in these cases, the thief is given a more severe fine and is questioned as to where the property has been sent.

Notoriety and criticism
Summerhill received most of its public attention in two waves: the 1920s/30s and 1960s/70s. In particular, the 1960 American edition of Neill's writings, Summerhill, made the school into an example for a wide public, and led to an American movement with copycat schools. A. S. Neill's biographer Richard Bailey linked this increased interest to the wider society's interest in social change (progressivism and the counterculture, respectively), though he added that Neill was not influenced by this reception.

Richard Bailey argued that the students' free choice of what to learn may leave them unexposed to subject matter which they do not know to exist, and also may narrow their exposure to subjects fashionable in a given time period. The school has said it now has mechanisms in place to alleviate such concerns.

Bailey reviews an account of an algebra lesson taught by Neill, and describes Neill's teaching technique as "simply awful", for his lack of pupil engagement, inarticulate explanations, and insults directed at pupils. Bailey criticised Neill's avoidance of responsibility for his pupils' academic performance, and his view that charismatic instruction was a form of persuasion that weakened child autonomy.

Bailey also did find, however, that the media were unreasonably critical in their coverage of the school. For instance, they tended to emphasize casual teacher–pupil relations and lack of compulsory classes, instead of the weekly meeting. They also represented Summerhill's pupils as unrestricted and anarchic, to an unrealistic degree.

Controversies
Mikey Cuddihy, a graduate of Summerhill, wrote that in the 1960s: "It was common for students to get married in mock weddings, and they were allowed to sleep together ... More worryingly, sexual relations between students and teachers were also common ... Neill's 35-year-old stepson Myles, who taught pottery ... went out with some of the more senior pupils (because) he has a special dispensation."

In his book Summerhill (1960), Neill shows an influence of Wilhelm Reich's theories, e.g., promoting adolescent sexual activity, and claiming that a negative attitude towards masturbation causes juvenile delinquency.

Although Neill was not a trained psychotherapist, he held amateur psychoanalytic sessions with some of his children. These sessions were designed to "unblock" the "energies" of the children. For this purpose Neill also gave body massages to the children, a technique advocated by Reich. In Summerhill, Neill gave accounts of such psychoanalytic sessions.

Neill wrote that "Promiscuity is neurotic; it is a constant change of partner in the hope of finding the right partner at last. [...] If the term free love has a sinister meaning, it is because it describes sex that is neurotic."

Notable former pupils

 * John Burningham, children's author and illustrator
 * Keith Critchlow, artist and professor of architecture
 * Rebecca De Mornay, actress
 * Storm Thorgerson, rock album cover designer
 * Gus Dudgeon, record producer

In fiction and television
Enid Blyton's The Naughtiest Girl series of novels, written in the 1940s and 50s, were her first series about school-aged children, and they were set in a school based on Summerhill, with democratic community meetings allowing the children to make decisions about the school and "punishments" etc.

Ira Levin's novel Rosemary's Baby (1967) has the main character reading a copy of Neill's book Summerhill and discussing it with her friends.

The school was the subject of the 1987 ITV documentary Being Happy is What Matters Most. This was later parodied in the 1997 Channel 4 documentary show Brass Eye in its second episode, "Drugs". The fictional documentary entitled The Drumlake Experiment featured an interview with the school's headmaster, Donaldus Matthews, played by David Cann.

In 1991, Zoe Readhead made an extended appearance on the Channel 4 discussion programme After Dark alongside, among others, the 13-year-old James Harries.

In 1992, Channel 4's documentary show Cutting Edge created an episode on Summerhill at 70, broadcast on 30 March.

In 2008 BBC1, CBBC and BBC Four aired a miniseries called Summerhill. The show was set in Summerhill and presented a highly fictionalised version of the 2000 court case and the events leading up to it. Much of the production was recorded on location at Summerhill and used pupils as extras. The production presented an unabashedly positive view of the school as the Director, Jon East, wanted to challenge the present paradigm of what a school is, as presented in popular culture. It received two BAFTAs, including one for script, by Alison Hume.

A 2022 documentary about the school, How Summerhill Works, by local independent filmmaker Peter Chadwick, documented daily life at the school.

General

 * Summerhill School website
 * Summerhill: Education for Democracies
 * Website about Summerhill (CBBC series)
 * Summerhill at 70 Channel 4 short documentary on "pairing up" ceremony, 6 October 2011
 * A.S.Neill Summerhill CIC
 * Shepherd, Jessica. "So, kids, anyone for double physics? (But no worries if you don't fancy it)". The Guardian, 1 December 2007

OFSTED

 * Report of an independent inspection (Archived link) An independent report in response to the 1999 inspection
 * Campaign site to rescind the Summerhill 1999 Ofsted Report Describes the school's struggle to survive
 * 'The Work of Ofsted – Sixth Report of Session 2003–04 House of Commons Education and Skills Committee report on the role of Ofsted
 * Ofsted care report from 2007
 * BBC: Summerhill closure threat lifted
 * Article by member of staff discussing the significance and events of the court case An examination of the court case and what it means about our education system.

title: Summerhill School


text:
Concertgebouw, Amsterdam

The Royal Concertgebouw (het Koninklijk Concertgebouw, ) is a concert hall in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The Dutch term "concertgebouw" translates into English as "concert building". Its superb acoustics place it among the finest concert halls in the world, along with Boston's Symphony Hall and the Musikverein in Vienna.

In celebration of the building's 125th anniversary, Queen Beatrix bestowed the royal title "Koninklijk" upon the building on 11 April 2013, as she had on the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra upon its 100th in 1988.

History
The architect of the building was Adolf Leonard van Gendt, who was inspired by the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, built two years earlier (and destroyed in 1943).

Construction began in 1883 in a pasture that was then outside the city, in Nieuwer-Amstel, a municipality that in 1964 became Amstelveen. A total of 2,186 wooden piles, 12 to 13 metres (40 to 43 ft) long, were emplaced in the soil. The Concertgebouw was completed in late 1886, however due to the difficulties with the municipality of Nieuwer-Amstel – filling in a small canal, paving the access roads and installing street lights – the grand opening of the building was delayed.

The hall opened on 11 April 1888 with an inaugural concert, in which an orchestra of 120 musicians and a chorus of 500 singers participated, performing works of Wagner, Handel, Bach, and Beethoven. The resident orchestra of the Concertgebouw is the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest), which gave its first concert in the hall on 3 November 1888, as the Concertgebouw Orchestra (Concertgebouworkest). For many decades from the 1950s to the present day the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra (previously the Amsterdam Philharmonic Orchestra) as well as the Radio Filharmonisch Orkest also provide their regular concert series in the Concertgebouw.

On 17 September 1969, British progressive rock band Pink Floyd performed their The Man and The Journey show at Concertgebouw. The show's climax was a rendition of "Celestial Voices" (renamed "The End of the Beginning") in which keyboardist Rick Wright played the hall's organ in place of his Farfisa. The performance was released on CD as part of the band's 2016 box set, The Early Years 1965–1972 in Volume 3: 1969 Dramatis/ation.

Today, some 900 concerts and other events per year take place in the Concertgebouw, for a public of over 700,000, making it one of the most-visited concert halls in the world.

, the managing director of the Concertgebouw is Simon Reinink and the artistic director is Anneke Hogenstijn.

Building
The Main Hall (Grote Zaal) seats 1,974, and is 44 m long, 28 m wide, and 17 m high. Its reverberation time is 2.8 seconds without audience, 2.2 seconds with, making it ideal for the late Romantic repertoire such as Mahler. Although this characteristic makes it largely unsuited for amplified music, groups such as Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd and The Who did perform there in the 1960s. In the Main Hall, there is a layer of dust in several places as removing this layer would impact the acoustics as they are now.

A smaller, oval-shaped venue, the Recital Hall (Kleine Zaal), is located behind the Main Hall. The Recital Hall is 20 m long and 15 m wide. Its more intimate space is well-suited for chamber music and Lieder. The Recital Hall has 437 seats.

In 1983, the Concertgebouw was found to be sinking into the damp Amsterdam earth, with several inch-wide cracks appearing in the walls, so the hall embarked on extensive fundraising for renovations. Its difficult emergency restoration started in 1985, during which the 2,186 rotting wooden pilings were replaced with concrete pillars. Dutch architect Pi de Bruijn designed a modern annex for a new entrance and a basement to replace cramped dressing and rehearsal space.

Organ
The organ was built in 1890 by the organ builder Michael Maarschalkerweerd from Utrecht, and was renovated in the years 1990 to 1993 by the organ builder Flentrop. It has 60 registers on three divisions and pedal.
 * Couplers: II/I (also as Suboktavkoppel), III/I, III/II, I/P, II/P, III/P

Names of composers in the Main Hall
In the Main Hall, the surnames of the following 46 composers are displayed on the balcony ledges and on the walls:

title: Concertgebouw, Amsterdam


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Talk:Demonology

Occupation
I have to say, yes it is an occupation as it is a job a few people do for good money (look at the Warrens). This is not some kind of endorsement, as both "occupation" and "professional" means you get paid to do it, not that you are any good at it (or indeed that what you do is not a con job). Slatersteven (talk) 18:49, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Can you suggest a WP:RS for "Demonology is also known as a career path"? Perhaps more relevantly as an editor, would you think it worthwhile including such a statement to preface brief mentions of prominent demonologists? NebY (talk) 19:02, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

 * No, and no. Brunton (talk) 19:44, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I did not suggest "Demonology is also known as a career path", and yes I would say if they did it as a paid job say so. Slatersteven (talk) 20:25, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I know, I was quoting this, which is where this started. There's a difference between saying that so-and-so made money or a living out of being a demonologist and saying that demonology is "also known as a carreer path" or "also known as an occupation". NebY (talk) 20:49, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

"Ars Millennia" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ars_Millennia&redirect=no Ars Millennia] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 16:01, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

 * want to join 41.81.81.124 (talk) 09:02, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Too late, done and dusted. Slatersteven (talk) 09:51, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

"Ars Millenia" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ars_Millenia&redirect=no Ars Millenia] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 16:01, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Relevance?
Greetings,

I wanted to learn about the opinion of other Users regarding sub-categories for belief-systems/religions without mentioning any relevant information regarding the topic? Specifically Judaism. The entire section just says "there is no demonology" "Lucifer is not a demon" and "there are some demons however"? How does this relate to an encyclopedic article about demonology? VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 18:07, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with the inclusion of the "Judaism" section, but since it is included to compare/contrast with the other branches perhaps it should be at the end of the "Abrahamic religions" section rather than the beginning. Brunton (talk) 10:08, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That seems fair, by all means move it, but do not remove it, as said this is for comparison. Slatersteven (talk) 10:09, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, done. Brunton (talk) 10:20, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ah you were talking about the term 'Abrahamic Religion'. Maybe next time you only revert the relevant edit as given in the edit sumamry and explain your reason, instead of just reverting everything and then let other editors guess what you mean. The term 'Abrahamic religion' is hardly an academic term, but I am not here to edit-war with you over definitions on a minor subject. Just stick with the proper revert guidlines next time, cause now I have to restore the content manually (except you have something to object to that aas well, but then you had to point it out explicitly). VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 13:13, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Demonology


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Public space

A public space is a place that is open and accessible to the general public. Roads, pavements, public squares, parks, and beaches are typically considered public space. To a limited extent, government buildings which are open to the public, such as public libraries, are public spaces, although they tend to have restricted areas and greater limits upon use. Although not considered public space, privately owned buildings or property visible from sidewalks and public thoroughfares may affect the public visual landscape, for example, by outdoor advertising. Recently, the concept of shared space has been advanced to enhance the experience of pedestrians in public space jointly used by automobiles and other vehicles.

Public space has also become something of a touchstone for critical theory in relation to philosophy, urban geography, visual art, cultural studies, social studies and urban design. The term 'public space' is also often misconstrued to mean other things such as 'gathering place', which is an element of the larger concept of social space. Public spaces have often been valued as democratic spaces of congregation and political participation, where groups can vocalize their rights.

Commons are early examples of public space. Malls, regardless of private ownership percentage, are examples of 'public space' since no fees or paid tickets are required for entry. However, most indoor shopping malls and strip malls are private property and subject to the rights of the owners.

Filming in public spaces is legal, but shopping malls are privately owned properties and often require permission for photography and video.

Right to common passage
In Nordic countries, like Norway, Sweden, Finland, and also Estonia, all nature areas are considered public space, due to a law, the allemansrätten (the right to common passage).

Definition in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom a “Public place” includes any highway and any other premises or place to which at the material time the public have or are permitted to have access, whether on payment or otherwise.

Restrictions on state action in public spaces in the United States
In the United States the right of the people to engage in speech and assembly in public places may not be unreasonably restricted by the federal or state government. The government cannot usually limit one's speech beyond what is reasonable in a public space, which is considered to be a public forum (that is, screaming epithets at passers-by can be stopped; proselytizing one's religion probably cannot). In a private—that is, non-public—forum, the government can control one's speech to a much greater degree; for instance, protesting one's objection to medicare reform will not be tolerated in the gallery of the United States Senate. This is not to say that the government can control what one says in their own home or to others; it can only control government property in this way. The concept of a public forum is not limited to physical space or public property, for example, a newspaper might be considered a public forum, but see forum in the legal sense as the term has a specific meaning in United States law.

Parks, malls, beaches, waiting rooms, etc., may be closed at night. As this does not exclude any specific group, it is generally not considered a restriction on public use. Entry to public parks cannot be restricted based upon a user's residence.

Social norms in public spaces
In some cultures, there is no expectation of privacy in a public space, however civil inattention is a process whereby individuals are able to maintain their privacy within a crowd.

Controversy regarding restrictions on use
Public space is commonly shared and created for open usage throughout the community, whereas private space is owned by individuals or corporations. The area is built for a range of various types of recreation and entertainment. Limitations are imposed in the space to prevent certain actions from occurring—public behavior that is considered obnoxious or out of character (i.e., drug and alcohol consumption, urinating, indecent exposure, etc.)--and are supported by law or ordinance. Through the landscape and spatial organization of public space, the social construction is considered to be privately ruled by the implicit and explicit rules and expectations of the space that are enforced.

Whilst it is generally considered that everyone has a right to access and use public space, as opposed to private space which may have restrictions, there has been some academic interest in how public spaces are managed to exclude certain groups - specifically homeless people and young people.

Measures are taken to make the public space less attractive to them, including the removal or design of benches to restrict their use for sleeping and resting, restricting access to certain times, locking indoor/enclosed areas. Police forces are sometimes involved in moving 'unwanted' members of the public from public spaces. In fact, by not being provided suitable access, disabled people are implicitly excluded from some spaces.

As a site for democracy
Human geographers have argued that in spite of the exclusions that are part of public space, it can nonetheless be conceived of as a site where democracy becomes possible. Geographer Don Mitchell has written extensively on the topic of public space and its relation to democracy, employing Henri Lefebvre's notion of the right to the city in articulating his argument. While democracy and public space do not entirely coincide, it is the potential of their intersection that becomes politically important. Other geographers like Gill Valentine have focused on performativity and visibility in public spaces, which brings a theatrical component or 'space of appearance' that is central to the functioning of a democratic space.

Privatization
A privately owned public space, also known as a privately owned public open space (POPOS), is a public space that is open to the public, but owned by a private entity, typically a commercial property developer. Conversion of publicly owned public spaces to privately owned public spaces is referred to as the privatization of public space, and is a common result of urban redevelopment.

Beginning roughly in the 1960s, the privatization of public space (especially in urban centers) has faced criticism from citizen groups such as the Open Spaces Society. Private-public partnerships have taken significant control of public parks and playgrounds through conservancy groups set up to manage what is considered unmanageable by public agencies. Corporate sponsorship of public leisure areas is ubiquitous, giving open space to the public in exchange for higher air rights. This facilitates the construction of taller buildings with private parks.

In one of the newer U.S. incarnations of the private-public partnership, the business improvement district (BID), private organizations are allowed to tax local businesses and retail establishments so that they might provide special private services such as policing and increased surveillance, trash removal, or street renovation, all of which once fell under the control of public funds.

Semi-public spaces
A broader meaning of public space or place includes also places where everybody can come if they pay, like a café, train, or movie theater. A shop is an example of what is intermediate between the two meanings: everybody can enter and look around without obligation to buy, but activities unrelated to the purpose of the shop are at the discretion of the proprietor.

The halls and streets (including skyways) in a shopping center may be declared a public place and may be open when the shops are closed. Similarly for halls, railway platforms and waiting rooms of public transport; sometimes a travelling ticket is required. A public library is a public place. A rest stop or truck stop is a public space.

For these "semi-public" spaces stricter rules may apply than outside, e.g. regarding dress code, trading, begging, advertising, photography, propaganda, riding rollerskates, skateboards, a Segway, etc.

Public space in design theory
Public space, as a term and as a concept in design, is volatile. There is much conversation around what constitutes public space, what role it plays, and how design should approach and deal with it.

Historical shift
Historically, public space in the west has been limited to town centres, plazas, church squares, i.e. nearly always engineered around a central monument, which informs the program of the space. These spaces acted as the 'commons' of the people; a political, social and cultural arena. Of the thirteen colonies that became the United States, three were comprehensively planned with integrated physical, social, and economic elements. These planned colonies of Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Georgia each placed emphasis on public space, in particular the public square. The plan for Georgia, known as the Oglethorpe Plan created a unique design in which a public square was created for every ward of forty residential lots and four civic or commercial lots. The design has been preserved in the Savannah historic district.

Jürgen Habermas' concept of the public sphere links its emergence with the development of democracy. A good example of this is the New Deal projects. The New Deal was a brief period in the US under Franklin Delano Roosevelt's government that produced a huge number of public works in an economic effort to boost employment during the depression. The result, however, was more than this. They constituted a legacy of what has been called the cultural infrastructure underlying American public space. The New Deal projects have been credited with significantly contributing to the quality of American life and encouraging unity between all aspects of the community. It has been recently argued, however, that the democratic ideal of public life through the use of public space has deteriorated. As our cities accelerate towards segregation (social, economic, cultural, ethnic), the opportunity for public interaction is on the decline. John Chase writes, "The importance of voluntary and obligatory participation in civic life has been usurped by the consciousness of the arbitrary nature of assigned cultural meanings and by the increasingly important role that consumption of goods and services plays in the formation of individual identity."

Modern critique
Modern architectural critics have lamented on the 'narrative of loss' within the public sphere. That is, modern society has withdrawn from public life that used to inform city centres. Political and social needs, and forums for expression, can now be accessed from the home. This sentiment is reflected in Michael Sorkin's and Mike Davis' declaration of "the end of public space" and the "destruction of any truly democratic urban spaces." Another side of the debate, however, argues that it is people who apply meaning to public space, wherever it may be. It has been suggested that the concepts of public, space, democracy, and citizenship are being redefined by people through lived experience. Discussion has surfaced around the idea that, historically, public space has been inherently contradictory in the way that it has always been exclusive in who has been able to participate. This has caused the "counterpublics", as identified by Nancy Fraser, to establish their own public spaces to respond to their own concerns. These spaces are in constant flux, and in response, its users restructure and reinterpret physical space. An example of this is in the African-American neighbourhood, Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles. Here, a parking lot has evolved into a scene of intense commercial and social activity. Locals gather here to meet and socialise, sell and consume goods. The example has been used to illustrate that the historical ideal of fixed public space around a monument is not viable for a contemporary diverse social range as "no single physical space can represent a completely inclusive 'space of democracy'."

Art in public space

This sense of flux and change, informs how contemporary public art has evolved. Temporal art in public spaces has been a long established practice. But the presence of public art has become increasingly prevalent and important within our contemporary cities. Temporal public art is so important because of its ability to respond to, reflect, and explore the context which it inhabits. Patricia Phillips describes the "social desire for an art that is contemporary and timely, that responds to and reflects its temporal and circumstantial context." Public art is an arena for investigation, exploration and articulation of the dense and diverse public landscape. Public art asks its audience to re-imagine, re-experience, re-view and re-live. In the design field, a heavy focus has been turned onto the city as needing to discover new and inspired ways to re-use, re-establish and re-invent the city, in step with an invigorated interest in rejuvenating our cities for a sustainable future. Contemporary design has become obsessed with the need to save the modern city from an industrialized, commercialized, urban pit of a death bed. In some cases, dance, music and other cultural events organised by the local community have been crucial in the process of revitalisation of some decayed public spaces.

Approaching urban design
Contemporary perception of public space has now branched and grown into a multitude of non-traditional sites with a variety of programs in mind. It is for this reason that the way in which design deals with public space as a discipline, has become such a diverse and indefinable field.

Iris Aravot puts forward an interesting approach to the urban design process, with the idea of the 'narrative-myth'. Aravot argues that "conventional analysis and problem solving methods result in fragmentation...of the authentic experience of a city...[and] something of the liveliness of the city as a singular entity is lost." The process of developing a narrative-myth in urban design involves analysing and understanding the unique aspects of the local culture based on Cassirer's five distinctive "symbolic forms". They are myth and religion, art, language, history and science; aspects often disregarded by professional practice. Aravot suggests that the narrative-myth "imposes meaning specifically on what is still inexplicable", i.e. the essence of a city.

Space Design Definition
Space design is defined as the "art and science of designing and arranging physical spaces to make them more conducive to human flourishing and  wellbeing. This process involves considering factors such as lighting, colour, furniture layout, and overall atmosphere to create a space that is both efficient and engaging for its users. Space design is commonly employed in a variety of settings, including homes, offices, restaurants, and retail stores, to name a few.

Primary goals of Space Design
One of the primary goals of space design is to create an environment that promotes positive emotional responses in its occupants. Studies have shown that people have a natural inclination towards certain types of spaces, such as those with natural lighting, open layouts, and comfortable seating. Another important consideration in space design is the concept of flow, or the ease with which people can move through a space. This involves designing spaces that are intuitive and free from obstructions, allowing users to navigate them without feeling frustrated or disoriented.

One crucial aspect of space design is the creation of a welcoming and inclusive environment that satisfies people's social and emotional needs outside of their home and work. This is often referred to as the "third place" concept, which describes public locales of social interaction that provide psychological comfort and emotional support.

title: Public space


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Wiley University

Wiley University (formerly Wiley College) is a private historically black college in Marshall, Texas. Founded in 1873 by the Methodist Episcopal Church's Bishop Isaac Wiley and certified in 1882 by the Freedman's Aid Society, it is one of the oldest predominantly black colleges west of the Mississippi River.

In 2005–2006, on-campus enrollment approached 450, while an off-campus program in Shreveport, Louisiana, for students with some prior college credits who seek to finish a degree, enrolled about 250. By fall of 2006, total enrollment was about 750. By fall of 2013, total enrollment reached over 1,000. Wiley is an open admissions college and about 96% of students receive some financial aid.

The college is known for its debate team. Over a 15-year period, Melvin B. Tolson's debate teams lost only one of 75 debates. Wiley's debate team competed against historically black colleges and earned national attention with its 1935 debate against University of Southern California's highly ranked debate team.

On November 3, 2023, Wiley College announced a name change back to Wiley University for the first time since 1929 with the establishment of a new graduate school program to be offered to students beginning in 2024.

Academics
Wiley University offers bachelor's degrees through four academic divisions.

 * School of Business and Social Sciences
 * School of Education and Sciences

As of January 2024, Wiley will offer master's degrees in three fields of study.

 * Business Administration
 * Criminal Justice
 * Higher Education Administration

History
Wiley University, established in 1873 in Marshall, Texas, by the Freedmen’s Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It is the oldest historically black college (or institute of higher education) west of the Mississippi River. It was started as both a college and high school.

In 1880, the campus was moved to a seventy-acre plot in downtown Marshall. The former campus location was in south Marshall, near the remaining Wiley College Cemetery. In 1888, Henry B. Pemberton was the first college graduate, he was awarded a B.A. degree.

F.C. Moore was the first president, and for the first twenty years the president and all the faculty and staff, were church missionaries and were White. The first African American president of Wiley University was Isaiah B. Scott, who served from 1893 until 1896; with his election he changed the institutions policy regarding the race of faculty and staff. In 1896, Scott became editor of the Southwest Christian Advocate, and Matthew Winfred Dogan replaced him as the president, a role he maintained until 1942.

In 1906 a fire destroyed five of the eleven buildings on campus, but they were rebuilt. In 1907, the president’s home and a library on campus were built by students, after president Dogan was able to secure a Carnegie Foundation grant. The library was open to the entire community of Marshall, and it was the only library until 1974. By 1929, the institution no longer supported a high school. During that same year, the university renamed itself as Wiley College.

Civil Rights Movement
Wiley, along with Bishop College, was instrumental in the Civil Rights movement in Texas. Wiley and Bishop students launched the first sit-ins in Texas in the rotunda of the Old Harrison County Courthouse to protest segregation in public facilities.

James Farmer, son of James L. Farmer, Sr., graduated from Wiley and became one of the "Big Four" of the Civil Rights Movement. Together with Roy Wilkins, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Whitney M. Young Jr., James Farmer helped organize the first sit-ins and Freedom Rides in the United States.

Presidents
• F. C. Moore, 1873–1876

• W. H. Davis, 1876–1885

• N. D. Clifford, 1885–1888

• George Whitaker, 1888–1889

• P. A. Pool, 1889–1893

• Isaiah B. Scott, 1893–1896; the first African American president

• Matthew Winfred Dogan Sr., 1896–1942

• E. C. McLeod, 1942–1948

• Julius Sebastian Scott Sr., 1948–1958

• Thomas Winston Cole Sr., 1958–1971

• Robert E. Hayes Sr., 1971–1986

• E.W. Rand (interim), 1986

• David R. Houston (interim), 1987

• David L. Beckley, 1987–1993

• Lamore J. Carter, 1993–1996

• Julius Samuel Scott Jr., 1996–1998

• Ronald L. Swain, 1998–2000

• Haywood L. Strickland, 2000–2018

• Herman J. Felton Jr., 2019–present

Debate team
Tony Scherman's article about the Wiley College debate team for the 1997 Spring issue of American Legacy sparked a renewed interest in its history. The success of the 1935 Wiley College debate team, coached by professor and poet Melvin Tolson, was the subject of a 2005 AMS Pictures documentary, The Great Debaters, The Real Great Debaters of Wiley College, which received heavy play around Texas, followed by the 2007 dramatic movie, The Great Debaters, directed by and starring Denzel Washington. In 1935, the Wiley College debate team defeated the reigning national debate champion, the University of Southern California (depicted as Harvard University in The Great Debaters).

In 2007, Denzel Washington announced a donation of $1 million to Wiley so the team could be re-established. The following year, The Great Debaters movie debuted, starring Washington; the college's debate team has taken this name, too.

In 2014, the 23-person team won 1st place at the Pi Kappa Delta Comprehensive National Tournament. This was the largest Pi Kappa Delta Tournament in their 101-year history. This was the first national speech and debate title won by an HBCU. Three years later, the college led the establishment of the first HBCU National Speech and Debate League. In 2018, Wiley hosted the first HBCU National Speech and Debate League Tournament.

Athletics
The Wiley athletic teams are called the Wildcats. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC) since the 2022–23 academic year. The Wildcats previously competed in the Red River Athletic Conference (RRAC) from 1998–99 to 2021–22. They were also a founding member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) from 1920–21 to 1967–68, which is currently an NCAA Division I FCS athletic conference.

Wiley competes in ten intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer and track & field. Women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, track & field and volleyball. Wiley the Wildcat is the mascot. Former sports included cheerleading.

On January 20, 2022, Wiley received an invitation to join the GCAC, along with Oakwood University (from the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA)) and the return of Southern University at New Orleans (SUNO), effective beginning in July 2022. The GCAC is an athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA.

title: Wiley University


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Talk:Neil Kinnock

Untitled
Re. Neil Kinnock. Was he already Transport Commissioner when he was first convicted of exceeding the speed limit on a British Motorway? What was the date of his first conviction and what was the fine?

I've cut the section which gives details of the wrongdoings of other members of the Commission, and then says that NK was completely innocent (in which case there's no need to bring it up in the first place). Markalexander100 04:36, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Inserted headings, but the details around the mid-eighties still seem jumbled. Philip Cross c22:11 (GMT)

Shame there isn't a photo. Could someone who's experienced with the copyright annoyances and setting up a nice image box do this? http://europa.eu.int/comm/mediatheque/photo/commprodi/kinnock/kinnock_1_h.jpg is reasonable, here is copyright info: http://europa.eu.int/comm/avservices/copyright_en.htm --- don't know if this could be made to work. Perhaps an earlier picture would be more appropriate anyway.

The age Neil Kinnock joined the Labour Party
According to Robert Harris, 'The Making of Neil Kinnock' (Faber and Faber, 1984) at page 32, referring to a family friend called Bill Harry: "Kinnock first met him when he was fifteen .. Kinnock remembers him as the man who first persuaded him to join the Labour Party". Inconceivable then that he could have joined at 14. David | Talk 22:30, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I am starting to think you are doing this on purpose David. Inconceivable? I have a handwritten letter from Neil Kinnock himself confirming that he joined the Labour Party at the age of 14. The letter is dated 1984, it is in Neil Kinnock's handwriting, entirely written and signed by him. Will you accept this as evidence, or must you see something 'in the press'?

 * If by 'in the press' you mean publicly available, then yes we must. A private letter, which has never been published, contradicts published sources and only ever seen by you (and possibly Neil Kinnock if he did indeed write it) isnt a valid source for a factual encyclopedia. Iain 13:24, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth I've also checked the more recent Martin Westlake biography which states that Kinnock joined the Labour Party as soon as he was able to. That's "as soon as", not "before". David | Talk 18:34, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It's my understanding of the licence that those photos are perfectly OK for WP use. I may be wrong. If I am, revert me. Ben-w 09:22, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Lord Kinnock of Bedwellty
According to Proteus and Dbiv, Neil Kinnock is not Lord of Bedwellty. According to them, the BBC is wrong in referring to mr. Kinnock that way. Are the British Council and Cardiff University wrong as well? In other words: what do they base their certainty, that Neil Kinnock is not Lord of Bedwellty, on? Would they be so kind as to share that with the rest of the Wikipedia community?

 * Crown Office
 * House of Lords, London SW1A 0PW
 * 28 January 2005
 * The QUEEN has been pleased by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 28 January 2005 to confer the dignity of a Barony of the United Kingdom for life upon the Right Honourable Neil Gordon Kinnock by the name, style and title of BARON KINNOCK, of Bedwellty in the County of Gwent.
 * There you go. (Yes, the British Council and Cardiff University are also wrong. And he's "Lord Kinnock", not "Mr Kinnock".) Proteus (Talk) 21:40, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * As a Dutchman, I have no experience with the British peerage system.
 * So I hope you will pardon my ignorance on this. I have two questions:
 * Is there a vital difference between Lord and Mr?
 * According to your (highly relevant) source, Lord Kinnock will become
 * (or has become, rather) Baron Kinnock, of Bedwellty in the County of
 * Gwenty. Doesn't that make him Baron Kinnock of Bedwellty, or is that a
 * too liberal interpretation? Aecis 08:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * As to the first question, he's a peer below the rank of duke, so should referred to as "Lord Title" (in this case "Baron Kinnock", so the reference is "Lord Kinnock"). "Mr" is only used for men who have no higher title (or who have very low titles such as "The Honourable" which are not used in speech). As to the second question, this problem comes up a lot here, so I've just created an article which I hope will explain it: territorial designation. In this case the title is "Baron Kinnock" and the territorial designation (a feudal relic which is not part of the actual title) is "of Bedwellty in the County of Gwent". If he were "Baron Kinnock of Bedwellty", the "of Bedwellty" bit would be in capitals and before the comma in the announcment in the London Gazette I quoted above. Proteus (Talk) 09:50, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for enlightening me. I stand corrected. Aecis 09:54, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Should the caption to the photo therefore be "Baron Kinnock" rather than "The Right Hon"? He was Rt Hon when leader of the opposition, but I'd have thought the article should use his current title. Anyone know? TrulyBlue (talk) 11:17, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Earlier biographical information?
Aside from the talk page's rather impassioned discussion of when Kinnock joined the Labour Party, there seems to be little information here on Kinnock's life before entering parliament at age 28. Anyone want to contribute? Ferg2k 05:57, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Could also do with some detail of what he did in the 1974-9 parliament. Did he decline junior office? Wasn't he Michael Foot's PPS at one stage? Didn't somebody (?Foot) call him "The worst PPS in history"?

We're not all right?
Does the article underestimate Kinnock's personal responsiblity for Labour's 1992 defeat? Surely the disasterous Sheffield rally's pivotal moment wasn't so much the general "triumphalism" but Kinnock's almost jaw-dropping personal rock star vanity ("We're all right!"). Kinnock may like to claim that Labour looked like losing the election before the rally, but I wonder if that's wishful thinking on his part.

I can think of only two other moments in recent years when a politician's prospects have so publicly reversed in mere seconds: Ceausescu in front of the Bucharest crowd just before the December 89 revolution and Howard Dean's unfortunate "...send him back to Crawford, Texas" rant in 2004. Ferg2k 05:57, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Kinnock and Devolution
Nothing here about how Kinnock was against Welsh devolution in 1977, sabotaging the process and setting it back 20 years, which in turn led to the fall of the Labour government. Not being an expert on the subject of Kinnock, i do know he was rather instrumental in the 'No' campaign of '77, though this is not reflected in this article. GarethRhys 17:04, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I have added a little on it. I am no expert either, so I took all the facts either from the Wales referendum, 1979 article or from the BBC. There's a couple of recent(ish) interviews with him where he still expresses doubt about the Assembly, in a "well, we have it now, so we'd better make the most of it" way, but I couldn't see an appropriate place to mention those. I don't know how closely connected the no vote was with the 1979 election results (by comparison with, eg, "winter of discontent", general swing to the right in several countries) so I omitted that. Telsa (talk) 09:08, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Succession boxes needed
for numerous things. - Kittybrewster 22:24, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Nuclear disarmament
I would dispute the claim that the British people favoured nuclear weapons. I don't think that that there was majority for Trident nor do I accept that most British people favoured Cruise missles. I think Kinnock just abandoned his principles on this like on everything else. SmokeyTheCat 10:35, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You are right about Cruise but I've never seen an opinion poll which showed majority support for unilateral nuclear disarmament by Britain but I have seen polls which showed majority support for Britain's nuclear deterrent. The reason Kinnock "abandoned his principles" was because they were unpopular and in order to have a chance of winning a general election he needed to adopt more popular policies.--Johnbull 13:45, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

If we accept that the majority of Britons didn't want Cruise missles how did Kinnock abandoning his principles to accept them make him more electable?SmokeyTheCat 11:36, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I was talking about policies over a whole range of areas, not just defence. I guess by the end of the 80s when the Labour policy review was operating Cruise wasn't as big an issue as it was earlier in the decade.--Johnbull 21:24, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Photo
Kinnock is one of the most famous faces of modern British politics. How can his photo be missing?!

Geelin 03:09, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Neil kinnock.jpg
Image:Neil kinnock.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Will Self??
Why mention Will Self? When Kinnock accepted the peerage most of the population must have thought him a hypocrite considering his well known past stance on the issue. So why mention Will Self as though his opinion is somehow of mega signifcance? (Goldmanuk (talk) 12:04, 1 October 2008 (UTC))
 * It's a Wikipedia thing. Your, or my, opinion may be that it was a disgrace for Kinnock to have been ennobled, after all he'd said. But, our opinion would simply be WP:POV, and could not be accepted on the article. However, if a newspaper, or some other publication quoted one of us as saying how hypocritical it was that Kinnock should accept a peerage and you could never trust the man again etc, then it could be quoted, and cited with a source. Will Self was quoted in a publication, and so it is perfectly legitimate for his opinion to appear in the article. The answer is, Goldmanuk: become famous, have journalists quote you, then anyone can cite your opinions in Wikipedia articles (if they're interesting enough). Yours, Daicaregos (talk) 14:55, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Biden plagiarism section
Please, let us have some sense of balance and proportion about this. Of course, this episode is important and needs to be covered here, but the length of the section (about 5600 bytes in a 28000 bytes article) is certainly too long and covered well out proportion compared to other aspects of Kinnock's life and career. Right now it is certainly a substantial WP:UNDUE/WP:BALANCE problem. In particular, I don't think that all the long quotations given in the section are really necessary. Also, the correct spelling is "plagiarism", not "plagierism". Nsk92 (talk) 15:32, 12 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Feel free to cut it. All of it if you like. I thought it was interesting, after I saw an edit cut from the lead for not being referenced. It's ok if you disagree. I also thought it was a good way to introduce what was probably his best speech into the article. I've corrected the typos. I don't think anyone would have objected had you done that yourself, and would have taken less bytes than pointing it out on this page. Daicaregos (talk) 15:45, 12 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed, the incident was notable in the context of Joe Biden's career but barely rises above trivia in the context of Kinnock's own life. LeContexte (talk) 14:07, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The speech itself, however, is notable in the context of Kinnock's own life/career. Daicaregos (talk) 14:24, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Kinnock's speech? Of course! Biden's speech? Not so much... LeContexte (talk) 15:15, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Go for it! Daicaregos (talk) 15:26, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I suspect, given recent events, that we should revisit and expand this section, and add to it the friendship that subsequently developed between Kinnock and Biden. - Pro hib it O ni o ns (T) 18:12, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

Rt Hon as well as PC?
Is it right to put PC after his name when he is already Rt Hon? Don't they mean the same thing, i.e. member of the Privy Council, or have I got that wrong? Alarics (talk) 23:53, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Most or all peers are "Rt. Hon." by virtue of their peerage anyway, so peers in the Privy Council add "PC" after their name to clarify they are. Timrollpickering (talk) 23:00, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Extreme views
I have reinstated the phrase [He] 'held extreme views on Wales'. Replacing [He] 'dismissed the idea of a Welsh identity'. As Kinnock self identifies as Welsh, it follows that he must believe in the idea of Welsh identity. His views were described as extreme by Gwynfor Evans, the highly respected Welsh politician. In the forward to his book 'The Fight for Welsh Freedom' (published in 2000), Evans noted that 'Today few, even among the most extreme of British nationalists, would venture to insult the national memory of Wales as coursely as that.' with reference to Kinnock's (Wales has no history) statement. Does anyone think it should be attributed? Daicaregos (talk) 13:28, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 'Ergo' and 'it follows' are clear signs of original research. Find a source that says explicitly that he held extreme views on Wales and if the source qualifies as RS, it can be used. But no interpretation of sources or comments, please. Dougweller (talk) 15:03, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Please provide your source for the statement that he 'dismissed the idea of a Welsh identity'. Daicaregos (talk) 06:42, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Still no sign of a source that says explicitly that he 'dismissed the idea of a Welsh identity'. Does one exist, or is it original research/complete fiction? Daicaregos (talk) 08:33, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

British
I've changed "Welsh politician" to British because of course whilst Kinnock is undoubtedly Welsh, he was Leader of the Opposition in the British (UK) parliament, and never a member of the Weslh Assembly. To give a parallel, William Hague, although undoubtedly English, is described, correctly, as a British politician, not an English one. Ausseagull (talk) 09:25, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I've changed it back per WP:UKNATIONALS. As you say "Kinnock is undoubtedly Welsh". To give a parallel, Jacques Delors has been President of the European Commission twice and he is described, correctly, as a French economist and politician, and the current President of the European Parliament, Jerzy Buzek is described, correctly, as a Polish engineer, academic lecturer and politician. Any changes noting Kinnock's nationality will need to gain consensus here first. Daicaregos (talk) 10:26, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Fine. I'll start changing British politicians to "English" ,if that applies, starting with Wm Hague.

I presume you're not claiming that English=British=English? In Aus they certainly think that, eg "St George is the patron saint of Britain". And, best of all, I was told, "Lloyd George was Welsh, but had to become English to join the English parliament." Ausseagull (talk) 16:03, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * What has Australian ignorance got to do with editing Wikipedia? ♦ Jongleur100 ♦  talk 16:14, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Not much, but I've come across a Welsh poster who referred to the British invading Wales in the seventh century. So don't assume it's only the Aussies who are ignorant.

I've noticed that Michael Howard is referred to as a "British" politician, so I've changed it to Welsh. Or perhaps he isn't Welsh enough for you guys?Ausseagull (talk) 16:20, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I didn't assume that Australians were ignorant until you pointed it out. ♦ Jongleur100 ♦  talk 16:27, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Ya'll know my views on this topic. Therefore, I won't repeat them. GoodDay (talk) 19:35, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I would say in this case British again would be the more appropriate term to use however its certainly debatable unlike in the case of Howard who without doubt should be described as British. When it comes to political figures i would rather British be used for UK parliament MPs, and Welsh / Scottish used for those in the Welsh assembly and Scottish parliament. I think that would make more sense, but i wont change Kinnocks back to British. BritishWatcher (talk) 21:22, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Although i would say comparisons with the French man is completely off topic. People should not be called "Europeans" in their intro no matter how pro europe they are. Any person with a British passport should be considered British by default. Then other matters should be taken into account about what they are most known for, if they are separatists and what sources describe them as. BritishWatcher (talk) 21:26, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Is it really nessasary for a specific sub-group of WikiProject:Wales members to always make these kind of crankish national attacks on the colonial cousins? Last week it was Dai saying "North Americans are ignorant", this week its Jongleur100 with "Aussies are ignorant". Somebody needs to teach them the concept of decorum. - Yorkshirian (talk) 01:18, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * If you read the conversation carefullly you will see that it was not I who introduced the concept of ignorant Aussies, but Ausseagull himself. I merely asked what that had to do with the subject in question. I then went on to say I did NOT assume that Aussies were ignorant. I have never been rude and aggressive and I think an apology is in order for the suggestion that I am.   ♦ Jongleur100 ♦  talk 09:25, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Many thanks. I've been given a rap over the knuckles in my own discussion slot too. Having surfed around wiki a bit, it's quite clear that the whole "English/Scottish/Welsh cf British" issue is very confused and subjective, and being rude or aggressive won't solve the problem. Ausseagull (talk) 08:11, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. See my response to Yorkshirian.  ♦ Jongleur100 ♦  talk 15:02, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Kinnock is clearly Welsh, Howard British, Haig probalby British -- Snowded  TALK  14:40, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh yes, and how do you come to that conclusion? And why is William Hague "probably British" and not English? And when I changed Lord Howe of Aberavon's nationality from English to Welsh, someone changed it back. More interesting still is that Leo Abse, a Welsh Jew like Michael Howard, is referred to as Welsh (as are his brothers), but George Thomas, Lord Tonypandy, as British. It's all a bit silly, of course, because all the above are/were Welsh and British, except William Hague who is English and British. Ausseagull (talk) 19:00, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Read the references from Dai. A lot depends on how they self-idenitfy or are described/perceived.  Lloyd George for example, the first and so far only welsh prime-minister is welsh.  If you know south wales it would be no surprise to find that George Thomas described himself as British (plus royalist and a few other terms).  Hague is interesting as talks of England but his wife is Welsh.  Its a matter of deciding case by case.  In this case its Welsh. -- Snowded  TALK  19:04, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Lloyd George? But he's described as a "British statesman". Looks as if you ought to edit that entry, Snowded. But perhaps if Neil Kinnock had become PM, he'd have become British. But then he is British, isn't he? Ausseagull (talk) 09:31, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

 * And who decides? And what about Lord Howe; and Leo Abse? And does being "royalist" make you British? And who is allowed to be called English not British? And what about people who identify as both?Ausseagull (talk) 19:25, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Consensus decides. If you want to make such broad changes to a wide number of articles you need to get a broad consensus first, perhaps through the creation and adoption of a new policy or a debate at the Village Pump. If you want to change individual articles without a new policy/convention then you should follow current practices and get a localised consensus for each article. Road Wizard (talk) 19:35, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

Old Labour reference in the intro
The article says that "Kinnock is seen as the last leader to preside over 'Old Labour' before his successor John Smith began the party's transition to a more moderate ideological direction". In many ways it could be argued that Kinnock, not Smith, began that transition, particularly in the confrontation with Derek Hatton and Militant.

This view is supported by the Labour Party (UK) page, which states that "'New Labour' was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock." [My italics].

Any views on amending the wording of the intro slightly to reflect Kinnock's role in that transition? Peteinterpol (talk) 20:23, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Resignation?
Didn't Kinnock resign as a PPS or some such over policy during the Callaghan government? There's little here on what he did in the 1970s. Timrollpickering (talk) 12:22, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Uncited historic references to "Private eye" and "Spitting image" "satire" in BLPs.
I removed satirical material from this article following getting my knuckles rapped by Jimbo Wales for not removing similar material from Roy Hattersley's article. I put a question on WP:IRS with answers as below so please form your own opinion. JRPG (talk) 15:25, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Hey, I apologize if this edit seemed like a "knuckles rap". I was just editing, man.  I wasn't even critical of you! :)  More comments below.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 15:58, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Both Neil Kinnock and Roy Hattersley have been the subject of "satire" which a reasonable person would find offensive but are well remembered in the UK from the 1980s. In Hattersley's case, I amended the article to show it was unfair but Jimbo Wales's edit .."unreferenced so per WP:BLP I am removing it for now", something I hadn't considered. In Kinnock's case, I've removed the uncited Private Eye reference to "Welsh windbag" on the same grounds. It might also now be deemed racist. Any thoughts or policy guidance appreciated. JRPG (talk) 22:32, 16 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I remember the 'Spitting Image' satire well, and don't think that many saw it as that offensive. Kinnock and Hattersley were no more badly treated than Thatcher, and the way the vegetables cabinet were portrayed was if anything worse. Good honest knockabout comedy, in the tradition of political cartoons, or even of William Hogarth. AndyTheGrump (talk) 22:55, 16 March 2011 (UTC)
 * These are notable portrayals of the politicians. We need to ensure that they are not given too much weight and that Wikipedia doesn't endorse the portrayals, and then the readers can make up their own minds what they think. There may be statements by the politicians themselves of how they considered these portrayals, and those should be included. Itsmejudith (talk) 23:23, 16 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Hattersley has regularly commented on his portrayal in Spitting Image, generally joking that he was the hero because his was the only image that actually spat. The expression "Welsh windbag" has a long pedigree predating Kinnock. Paul B (talk) 19:00, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

My view is that negative satirical material can be included in biographies, but there should be (at least) a few factors considered. First, the material should be cited - so that people can check for themselves whether it was actually said. Second, the material should be notable, and I don't think notability can be established solely by some of us remembering it - we need (as in this case) the subject themselves "regularly" commenting on it, or the portrayal being remarks upon by other reliable sources. And finally, per Itsmejudith, "We need to ensure that they are not given too much weight" - an editorial judgment call.--Jimbo Wales (talk) 15:58, 25 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for a useful clarification and I'm not at all offended. Re Wikipedia, I deeply regret it wasn't available when I was a kid and equally regret that I didn't invent such a truly brilliant concept. Regards JRPG (talk) 17:49, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 22:20, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

Longest serving opposition leader
Surely this deserves some qualification? Lord Derby served as leader of the opposition for all but three years of the period from 1846 to 1866, so something like seventeen years. Atlee was opposition leader for slightly longer as well, though again totaling time for three separate occasions - over four and a half years before the war, two months after the end of the wartime coalition, and four years after the 1951 defeat. I assume two things are true - that Kinnock has the longest consecutive service as Leader of the Opposition, and that Kinnock has the longest service of anyone who never became prime minister. This ought to be clarified. john k (talk) 19:10, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

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Infobox photo
I intend to seek consensus on replacing the current infobox photo with one of Kinnock's official portraits in the European Commission. This would make Kinnock's article more consistent with other political articles, which typically use an official portrait for the infobox if one is available. There's two that I'm thinking of: Option A is Kinnock's official portrait from 1999 and Option B is his official portrait from 1994. Option C is the current infobox image. Not only are Option A and B official portraits, but they are also in colour unlike Option C. Personally, I'm in favour of Option B, as although it is older (usually the most recent official portrait is used) and of a smaller size than Option A, he is looking directly at the camera and has a more neutral facial expression. It also looks more professional than Option A and C. Feel free to add more options. ThatRandomGuy1 (talk) 19:07, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neil Kinnock