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Talk:Hallucination

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Initial text

 * However one may interpret the causality and reality, i.e. relevance of hallucinations, it seems to be clear that their occurrence strongly correlates with two extremes of sensory activation: either sensory flooding (sensory overload) or sensory deprivation. Both, of course, may be caused by external (as rave party or solitude) or internal factors (as drugs, brain injury, illness, or sleep deprivation).

Is there any evidence for this ? Seems a bit speculative to me. I think many of the hallucinatory sensory deprivation effects were found to be demand characteristics. - Vaughan 16:27, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I've removed this paragraph as I've found no research to back it up. Objections and further evidence I may of missed welcome ! - Vaughan 17:42, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Do my eyes deceive me ?? I belive the claim that taste and smell to be the most common forms of hallucination to be totally erroneous. Surely sight and sound are the most common forms of hallucination. Taste and smell sensory apparatus are not so easily deluded these are the rarest NOT commonest forms of hallucination. Think about what you are writing about! How often do your ears or eyes deceive you? If you believe the tongue and nose to be more frequent culprits of deception you are a very strange person indeed!!! The eye and ear are easily deceived, the tongue and nose being more primitive, less developed organs are far less prone to deception/malfunction. The poster has clearly never experienced an hallucination in their lives. The Norwikian 31 August

 * The claim that taste and smell are the commonest form of hallucinations are from the research referenced in this article (see reference 2). Sight and sound may be thought of as the commonest form of hallucination because these are the most prominent from hallucinogenic drugs. These are atypical forms of hallucination and as research has shown (refs 1 and 2) many people hallucinate outside the context of drug use and mental illness. BTW, hallucinations almost certainly arise from the brain rather than the sense organs themselves. - Vaughan 07:21, 1 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, what about the blindspot of the eye? Aren't we basically hallucinating the material where our blindspot is all the time?  And auditory hallucinations are pretty common, actually, they're just not necessarily recognised as hallucinations because of their ambiguous nature.  Words are very commonly hallucinated, both visually and auditorially...  And when one really gets down to it, one realises that much of what we call 'reality' is just a hallucination in itself.  We see what we expect to see, relate what we see to memories, and build upon these memories to form new and changing realities.  In our base form, we don't even perceive the 'physical' world remotely the way we do when we have developed.  As infants, we are incapable of relating objects around us to memories, as those memories don't exist, and thus our realities are very vague and indiscernable as infants.  Infants aren't just 'stupid', their perception of the world in general is ultra-simplistic. Khranus

>I added a prominent reference to illusion in the first sentence, as most readers will not be familiar with the psychiatric meaning of the word. Misperception of stimulus can be just as indicative of mental illness as perception in the absence of stimulus. -Komodon- 24 Jan 2004

naturally you have to define what counts as hallucination. start there. then we can discuss what happens most. if the blind spot is a hallucination, which it could be considered to be, then i side with eye people. obviously some dude did a study and found taste and smell hallucinations to be most common. but they used some definition for hallucination there. i like all halucinations. i am totally tweeked out right now, sleep deprivation may be my favorite trip yet. no chemicals needed here. peace.

Hallucination, as defined here as a "false sensory perception in the absence of an external stimulus..." is not very good--it is too judgemental of what is "truth", doesn't specify well what is "external stimulus", and worst of all, doesn't distinguish itself from misperception.

A hallucination should be reserved for a much stronger situation, not simply of "misperception", as this is entirely too common an occurence--instead, a hallucinatory experience requires a situation where the individual does not have the facilities to distinguish misperception in the wake of other perceptual experience, even after an unbounded amount of time. That is, it must be believed that the non-real experience was actually real. If one "hears voices" that aren't there, and it is recognized quickly that indeed they were "fake"--then this can not be considered a hallucination. (Somewhat similar--if you find yourself wondering "am I going crazy?"--indeed, you most likely are not.)

I think this much stronger distinction may help illuminate the processes of mind and perception better, and be reserved for truly extraordinary circumstances. Again, we all mis-perceive the world around us, but use other perceptions to validate or falsify each other--hallucinations should be reserved for situations where one cannot/is not falsifying that which to other observers would be considered false.

REM strongly linked to hallucinatory mindstates
Some experts believe involuntary rapid eye movement is strongly linked to hallucinatory mindstates including the majority of normal dreaming. Sufficiently unrelenting REM deprivation during sleep (by any one of several mechanisms) is believed to be causative in "shifting" REM (hallucinations) to wake states. Numerous negative REM effects and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from antidepressant users have begun to strongly cast doubt upon expert advice such as the following...

http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/REM_sleep/id/6336

"A few decades ago, it was thought that to be deprived of rem sleep would result in mental disturbance - it was an erroneous belief. It is understood now that some drugs, such as certain anti-depressants, completely abolish rem sleep - and yet there are no noticeable deleterious effects in users."

The above quote is dubious. REM appears now to be linked to many health and mental benefits and REM deprivation appears to be causative in numerous deleterious effects.

Breakthrough in understanding of eye physiology & function including dreaming and hallucination... www.ghuth.com

"The term hallucination describes a value judgement by the scientific establishment that perceptions which are not based on physical sensory reality are essentially meaningless and of no value whatsoever." - I seriously doubt that any such value judgement is implicit in the term, or indeed held by psychiatry in general. 24.128.56.150 03:02, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've removed the value judgements section, because, as mentioned above, I don't think it adds much. Other comments welcome. - Vaughan 19:00, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Hallucination and Illusion
Difference between Hallucination and Illusion — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doctorbruno (talk • contribs) 19:09, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Spelling
I have tried to correct the spelling of 'Sidgewick, H.' in the References section, but could not work out how to get at it! The Sidgwick in question is the Cambridge moral philosopher Henry Sidgwick (q.v. - he has an excellent entry in Wikipedia in his own right). Ranger2006

"Lexical hallucinations"?
I could find no mention of this type of hallucination as described by Oliver Sacks of page 70 of his new book "The Mind's Eye", which apparently results form "disorders of the visual pathway", and which have apparently been studied by Dominic ffytche. Not good enough. This whole article has a definite bias towards offering psychiatric rather than neurological explanations for hallucinations.

Difference between synaesthesia and hallucination?
I could find absolutely nothing in this article that would help to explain the difference between synaesthesia and hallucination, in fact I could find no mention of synesthesia at all. Not good enough.

Answer: Synesthesia is simpler than a hallucinatory effect. It is the accidental association by the brain of some otherwise unrelated things. Once made, this association becomes automatic, and thoughts or perceptions of one of the connected things immediately evokes thoughts or perceptions of the other(s). A hallucination is the accidental and involuntary generation of a stimulus completely within one's own mind. One experiencing a hallucination perceives things which do not actually exist, whereas one experiencing a synesthetic effect generally perceives at first a real object or concept, which is connected with one which is absent or irrelevant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.164.144 (talk) 06:30, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

pseudo-hallucinations
Occurs often when extremely fatigued. Perhaps this term could be included. 134.106.199.5 11:56, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * What exactly is a pseudo-hallucination? Is it where you think you see an hallucination, but you really don't (an hallucination of an hallucination)? Eridani (talk) 10:58, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The term "pseudo-hallucination" has been used for situations where a subject has a sensory experience in the absence of an appropriate external stimulus and with the full impact of a real perception, but the subject is aware that it is not real. A better term is "non-psychotic hallucination". --Nasorenga (talk) 15:22, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

The text in the introductory paragraph, "pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, but is not under voluntary control" is not correct. The given definition does include pseudo-hallucinations. I suggest that pseudo-hallucination should be removed from the list of phenomena excluded by the definition. --Nasorenga (talk) 15:22, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

Paranormal theories
the scumbag was here i will rule the world with my facist veiws on goverment.god is not real? I don't have a problem with the article expressing what some people like to believe, but this is an encyclopedia. ~ Strathmeyer 08:28, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

hypnagogic hallucinations
I checked the reference regarding HH and brainstem abnormalities. Most of the time HH are associated with narcolepsy. The authors then say that HH can be associated with brainstem abnormalities, but this is not often the case.

Hearing Voices Movement
This seems like an important viewpoint to have in the article, but at the same time it's a minority viewpoint, and that should be reflected in the amount of weight it receives as per WP:NPOV. Currently it takes up about half of the very short section on auditory hallucinations. I think it would be better to expand the first part (conventional view), rather than to cut the second part (HVM view). --Ginkgo 100 talk 21:17, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think theres anything much notable about this group. I mean...Theres no point to it. Yes, everyone hears voices in their head, or in white ::noise, especially things like names. Its not at all unusual. So what could this group possibly do? What is the purpose of that group's existance?

 * Hearing voices is not in itself a sign of mental illness.
 * Hearing voices is experienced by many people who do not have symptoms that would lead to diagnosis of mental illness.
 * Hearing voices is often related to problems in life history.
 * If hearing voices causes distress, the person who hears the voices can learn strategies to cope with the experience. This is often achieved by     ::confronting the past problems that lie behind the experience.

 * No. I cannot support an orginization that is so incompatible with a normal mode of logical existance to the piont that it should not exist. I think ::whoever wrote this might be a bot. 74.132.249.206 (talk) 03:42, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Hallucinations in dreams (while sleeping)
According to encyclopedia britannica, the dreams are "a hallucinatory experience that occurs during sleep" and in the wikipedia page regarding hallucinations Hallucination there is no single mention of these normal hallucinations which happens during sleep (and happens about 2 hours for 8 hours sleeping Dream). Also, see more about hallucinations in the sane people: Hallucinations_in_the_sane

So, I think that a good ideea is to add a reference to dreams in this page (not only a link, but something like "hallucinations during sleep happens most of the time during REM stage of sleep, and this experience is called a dream).

The article states: "These definitions distinguish hallucinations from the related phenomena of dreaming, which does not involve consciousness". One can be conscious while sleeping: see lucid dreams. Once we become lucid in a dream, does the imagery we perceive automatically become a hallucination? Or were they always hallucinations and being conscious has nothing to do with it? Either way, the former statement is incorrect and I will change it if no objections are posed. Feel free to change it before I do, you'll probably do a better job at it. Thank you. --Thafrenchman (talk) 23:43, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Citation needed
moved the following sentences to the talk page for source verifications:

In a 2005 study of pubescent males, it was discovered that 94 out of 100 males who claimed to be sexually attracted to a member of the opposite sex experienced hallucinations in which they sustained erections and inserted their penises in their partners mouths, vaginas, or anuses. Furthermore, in another study, males who claimed to be drug addicts or alcoholics reported hallucinations of drugs and alcohol use.

This sounds a bit absurd to me; there is no reference to this information. Aside from that, this doesn't make any sense: of course men who claim to be sexually active are going to report that they had sex, and people who claim to be alcoholics are going to report having drank alcohol. If they had a true hallucination to that effect, they wouldn't know that it was a hallucination. (Patrick 15:12, 9 May 2007 (UTC))

This sentence: "Recent reports have also mentioned that it is possible to get musical hallucinations from listening to music for long periods of time." needs citation... which reports exactly? I do not disagree with the statement, in fact I think it is the tip of an iceberg, I am currently reading Oliver Sacks' (a leading neurologist) book Musicophilia that discusses musical hallucinations several times, both Sacks' own experiences of such hallucinations and the experiences of his patients. It does not seem to be necessary for a person to have a neurological illness to experience auditory hallucinations. Perhaps this page needs to be linked to the wiki page on 'ear worms', which also needs expanding. (User:unregistered/Adam 17:56 GMT, 4 January 2008)

Believed to be real?
I have a problem with this passage from the introduction- "...a perception in the absence of a stimulus that is believed to be genuine, ie. the subject experiences an imaginary stimulus as being real". I never thought that the person experiencing a hallucination had to believe that what they are experiencing is real. The passage seems to be suggesting that if a person is sane enough to understand that what they are seeing is not really there, they are not hallucinating at all. Among other things, this is troublesome because it means that what defines a hallucination centers on higher brain functions rather than sensory perception, and I find that rather counter-intuitive and strange. I will definitely drop my objections if someone shows that the above is the accepted medical definition, but if it is just what someone wrote unsourced I think we should change it.- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 07:42, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

I agree with the above. I look for some references. Hallucinations are perception of stimuli that are not there, whether or not the person believes they are real. A person may take a pscyhopdelic drug and see things that are not there, however even if the person knows they are just the result of the drugs, they are still hallucinations.--Expo512 (talk) 06:33, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * True, IMHO. People can have 'visual disturbances' caused by medically prescribed drugs for instance, or be tripping on acid and know they are tripping.  To believe the hallucinations are real, is more like psychosis.  Merkinsmum  23:26, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Absolutely, I have had major visual hallucinations during migraine attacks. The first time I didn't know it was either a hallucination or a migraine, but I knew the big red and blue patch of light in the middle of my field of vision wasn't real.The Yowser (talk) 10:25, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

What about this?
Sometiimes, if a person is half-asleep, he/she will visualize images that are not actually there, while fully aware of their surroundings. Is this stated? I can't seem to find it. Lazylaces (Talk to me 13:04, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds like hypnagogia to me, but I'm not really sure.209.244.187.155 (talk) 23:02, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree, check out the article on hypnagogia for some more information on that. Plus, Google is your friend, and you should look up some sources about that, if you'd like. They're super-abundant on the internet, but I'm not sure very many are verifiable. Quintus314 (talk) 03:12, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

'microhallucinations'
this article discusses mostly hallucinations of things that are most of the time complex images (i.e. identafiable objects, like seeing people or hearing voices,) and they often occur for a prolonged period of time. is there any information on the hallucinations that i experience, which are often more basic and fleeting (i.e. a wave of static momentarily passes over my vision or the mental 'omnipresence' of an idea or number). does anyone know anything about this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.252.199.197 (talk) 19:48, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Elderly women seeing babies
Are certain types of halluciations common among certain people? For instance, my great-grandmother (15 years ago), in a couple years before her death, would see babies on the floor. My great aunt recently had the same thing happen. The former had Parkinsons Disease, and the latter has dementia, so I was wondering if that could be the cause. I read about the size aspect being part of Charles Bonnet Syndrome, and that would match my great-grandmother, if she was seeing little poeple and thinking it was babies, but I think my aunt's eyes are working well. (Then again, she had brain cancer, and the radiation plus chemo, and then the cancer possibly returning, has harmed her brain a lot. With how little she communicates right now, they might be going, anyway.)

I know you can't give a medical diagnosis, but my question isn't really about that, it's more about whether "seeing babies" is a special type of hallucination or not.209.244.187.155 (talk) 23:07, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Command hallucinations
Something tells me the article doesn't mention them... EverSince (talk) 12:15, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

What the hell?
I'm not entirely sure, but I've noticed a problem with the first sentence: "A hallukinashon, in the broadest sense, is a persepshon in the absence of a stimyoulus." Ummm... that's completely confusing. People, seriously, this is NOT Uncyclopedia. You can't just put in a bunch of random crap and call it a joke. I can't revert it back or change it to something more sensible because I don't know what words used to be in the places of "persepshon" and "stimyoulus". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.163.29.81 (talk) 05:01, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Pantheistic experience?
What is exactly a pantheistic experience?? (mentioned in the stages of hallucinations)__Wayunga (talk) 21:33, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

As someone who was diagnosed with first episode psychosis two years ago and has had several full blown hallucinatory experiences (which usually include lots of auditory, visual and spatial hallucination) from this, I would say in my case the 'stages of hallucination' are accurate. What whoever wrote 'panentheistic experience' was trying to get at was that there may be a heavy spiritual or religious overtone to the hallucinatory experience, with one feeling as if they are god; are part of god and everything. A singular universal being I suppose? I have had this experience myself, so I am just drawing from what I know. Maybe that clears stuff up? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.208.9.39 (talk) 13:07, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

A couple more pennies, if I may
First, I'd like to raise the question of how reliable a 36 year old text is, in a field as rapidly changing as this one. A lot has changed since 1975.

That said, if my appeal to reason isn't enough to have the article changed, how about one to conscience instead: Religious bias.

As a mental patient (yes, fellow Wikipedians, I'm finally confirming what you've all suspected, I am indeed, crazy as a loon, currently diagnosed schizoaffective) of 40-something years, I came here seeking more understanding, as I was then coming out of a 5-day episode. Fortunately, I was in a very serene state at the time, but I still kinda freaked (pardon my vernacular) when I read the bit about pantheism. I'm sure Visnu and Brahma are offended as well. Just hope Shiva doesn't read it, as I understand he can be pretty ugly when aroused. I can only imagine the consequences of declaring all Hindus insane, should he hear of it.

As a lover of the Goddess myself, (and many other spiritual entities) for at least 56 years, I was shocked to read that my profound religious experience is considered merely a symptom of a mental disorder by the medical community. Before resorting to my usual slash & burn editing style in Wikipedia, I thought it better to set the computer aside and return again with a fresh mind. After I'd cooled down, I understood the text to mean the same as above, a deep spiritual experience, but misleading language or not, the religious bias in the article is still obvious: "One god is OK, but it is nutz to believe in all the gods".

I'm less concerned about any religious issue here, than a humanitarian one. How many people who know they're in trouble will come here for information, only to be put off by the negative and judgmental tone? Perhaps some might avoid seeking help, expecting the same attitude from others, especially caring professionals. How many have already been lost?

Thank y'all for reading this, and perhaps someone who's edits to the page are trusted enough to avoid any flaming or editing wars will have the compassion to set the article right, as it does have some major issues. Terry Yager (talk) /.02 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.231.201.78 (talk) 02:45, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

The unsigned comment above was posted by Terry Yager. Terry Yager (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 12:04, 21 December 2011 (UTC).

Changes made, feel free to butcher at will... Terry Yager (talk)

No phantom limb? What am I missing?
Pun intended, BTW. :-) So, where are phantom limbs on here? I guess it coudl be argued since it's neurons that think they should be feeling something perhaps it doesn't come from the same part of the brain so it can't be a hallucination, but I thought for sure it'd be here.99.109.51.52 (talk) 22:20, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

ARTICLE OUTLINE
HALLUCINATION

1.Hallucinations in individuals with Alzheimers a. see, hear,smell, and feel things not present

2.Pharmaceuticals a.over the counter medicine that causes hallucinations

b. The different types (hear, see, smell)

3.Drugs

a.(Marijuana, Acid,"Shrooms")

b. Psychedelics

c. Deleriants

d. Natural Hallucinations — Preceding unsigned comment added by ThatsSoAleks (talk • contribs) 16:23, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Instructor's comments
Neuropsychprof (talk) 22:18, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Group, you posted our banner inside of the to-do template. I've fixed it by removing it from the to-do template and putting it in talk page. I've also reformatting your headings so that our class project sections are organized together and separate from other editors' comments.
 * Your assignment is to expand the Pathophysiology section of the Hallucination article. Appropriate content for this section include what happens in the brain during hallucinations. There are actually a number of brain imaging studies that demonstrate that brain activation during hallucinations are comparable to brain activations during perception. Do your literature searach on medically based databases such as PubMed. Look for secondary sources of information that are reliable (e.g., review articles, chapters). Please edit your outline and references as you find more appropriate information. Thanks!

Comments from Keilana
Hi everyone! The Pathophysiology section looks good so far. I just have a couple suggestions; I'll put them below in a bulleted list. If you have questions, feel free to either ask in this section or on my talk page. Happy editing! :)

 * This section definitely needs more wikilinks for the reader with less of a grounding in the subject.
 * Your reference templates look good to go, great job!
 * That said, I'm not seeing any other major issues other than the need for expansion. Remember that when you expand, you can divide it into subsections using headers. Let me know if you have any trouble with that.

Great job, I'm looking forward to seeing how your section turns out! All the best, Keilana|Parlez ici 19:39, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

Comments for Smallman12q
Smallman12q (talk) 22:31, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * More details/specifics are needed. Why are dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitter abnormalities considered important?
 * Expand on the research. What factors are being researched and why?
 * What are the pathophysiological causes for different hallucinations?

Comments from Alymp17
Hi Hallucination people! I really like how you guys have expanded on the rest of the sections, but I am confused, were you supposed to expand on the Pathophysiology section?

Beyond that, you do need to add more wikilinks in your sections and I would like to see more on hallucinations based on sensory deprivation. Are blind people prone to visual hallucinations? Are deaf people prone to auditory?

Make sure you expand on your article a bit more!

Other than that, your edits look pretty good. You need to work on the pathophysiology section! Alymp17 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:36, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Michellepapandrea Comments

 * In the section titled, "Visual" you mention Alzheimer's disease and other disorders and I think you should create a subcategory to talk about these disorders. They seem to be just thrown into this section and almost throw off the flow. Also, it seems like you bring up other disorders throughout the entire article so if you had a designated space that lists all the disorders that experience or may experience hallucinations, I think that would really benefit you guys. If you do this, you could simply list what disorders deal with this or talk about what types of disorders experience hallucinations and possibly the commonality of the hallucinations. Otherwise, it wouldn't be necessary to go into such great detail about disorders but I do think it's important to touch on them.
 * Under "Visual" you mention an optical illusion. I think it would be interesting for you to add a picture one in this section.
 * Your addition of the pathophysiologic mechanisms are great; however, the layout of this information seems strange. Maybe playing around with the different layout and format options of Wikipedia would help. The three different mechanisms seem to be too spaced out and would look better if numbered or with bullet points.
 * Under "Visual" you state specific classifications of hallucinations. This section has a lot of information and I believe your article would benefit if you made this it's own subsection.
 * Under "Visual" you briefly touch on the causes of visual hallucinations. I can see you have a category about causes later on in your article so I think moving that information about the visual hallucination causes to the "Cause" section would help organize your information a little bit more. Right now this section (Visual) has a lot of great content, but if the organization was tweaked a bit, the flow would be much more smooth.
 * Your additions to the section titled "Command Hallucinations" are all great. Your topic is overall interesting but so is this type of hallucination. The examples you've included add great detail to your article because they are so specific.
 * Under "Drug Induced Hallucination" the information you've added makes this section understandable. Without your additions, this section would've been very incomplete. Great job.
 * Overall I think the organization of your article can use a little bit of work. Just to make it not only look more appealing but it will help keep your audience interested and make it easier for them to follow. The flow of your article seems to be pretty good and will only improve with better organization. Also, all of your additions and edits are great and really make the content of your article substantial.

Michellepapandrea (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:49, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Comments from VWBeetle23

 * I would suggest more detail, hallucinations can cover so many topics and have alot of case studies presenting research. It would be really interesting to see the types of hallucinations across people's experiences and how they may differ in conditions (i.e. a schizo's vs. a drug abuser {research with cocaine shows halluications, which explains the role of dopamine}). I know of cases where people with tumors in specfic regions result in hallucinations but once the tumor is removed they stop...stuff like that could add more color to your sections not to mention make it more fun to read!
 * I agree about adding subsections on diseases that result in hallucinations and maybe add them as links to other wiki pages

VWBeetle23 (talk) 02:37, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Comments from Aalwaraqi

 * I like what you guys have so far, although I would say to expand a bit more on the section. You talk alot about visuals and it would probably make for a better subcategory and adding more information on that. Another suggestion I would make is to link conditions that people have with their hallucinations. What do people see more of when they hallucinate? Good job so far.

Aalwaraqi (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 15:10, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Comments from Daniadams9121

 * Hey guys, I think what you have so far is good, it is well detailed and has appropriate citations. However, I think you could possibly add more to the article to expand our knowledge of the subject. I agree with others about adding a subsection on diseases that result in hallucinations and what causes these. I think that would be really interesting and would add a lot to my knowledge of the subject. Great job though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.175.20.25 (talk) 18:39, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Max Frazier Comments
I like the overall presentation in this article, however, there are a few concerns that arose after going through your page. I would like to see a tad more detail when describing the different types of hallucinations. THe information that was presented was very good, but in a few sections i was left still wanting more. Some sections are a lot more developed than others, some which are warranted, others which are not. For the most part this is a good Wiki, your information is good and i was very interested to read about Hallucinations. Good job guys..!Tothemax4 (talk) 17:35, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Mary Ruscitti peer review
I found your section of Psychopathology to be a bit unclear in terms of what is exactly a hallucination because yeah it is mentioned in the introduction, however, don't forget that there can be many kinds such as auditory or visual and it would be helpful to talk about the differences between them briefly. Regarding the two paragraphs you added, I would have liked to see more depth to the theory aspect because not everyone who edits or reads Wikipedia is a Psychology major and may be confused as to what you are trying to say. Just a little explanation as to why Freudian theory matter I think would be a good place to start. Otherwise that, great start to your section and just try to improve it little by little.

User:Maryrus (Usertalk:Maryrus]]) 12:44 p.m. 30 October 2012 —Preceding undated comment added 17:45, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Critique from Sasenick412
Hey group. Your additions look pretty good however as everyone else stated the pathophysiology section seems weak to me. The content of this article is very interesting but I want to know more. I agree with Alymp17 I want to know about whether blind people or deaf people are more prone to different hallucinations. What specific parts of the brain create the hallucinations? Make sure when adding information you word things as simply as possible and use more wiki links! I really like this topic, wish I had it. Sasenick412 (talk) 15:26, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

In response to the evaluations
Thanks for all the feedback/suggestions! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.200.246.45 (talk) 17:33, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

Instructor's feedback

 * Visual section: I like what you added; however, the information you added should be organized together in the Pathophysiology section. Please move the info you added to the Pathophysiology section.
 * Command hallucinations section: Delete "or inside of the persons mind and/or consciousness". Hallucinations are by definition inside one's mind. This paragragh, starting from the quotation from reference 22, should be deleted. Reference 22 does not seem like a reliable seconadary source. Furthermore, the quotations do not add more knowledge to understanding command hallucination; they teach how to look for them, which is not a goal of Wikipedia.
 * Schizophrenic hallucinations: "Hallucinations are perceptions that occur without connection to an appropriate source" should be deleted from this section. This definition has already been presented earlier in the article and does not belong in the section on schizophrenia. Remainder of the parts you added should be moved into the Pathophysiology section. By the way, ScienceDaily can be a source of inspiration and a clue to reliable, peer reviewed secondary sources; you need to track down the actual research papers or chapters refernced by ScienceDaily, read them, and cite them.
 * Drug-induced hallucinations: I like the info you added here, but you need to add references. Too many words are capitalized here (e.g., deliriants, psychedelics, cannabis, psilocybin, opium, heroin, morphine, etc.). There are also grammar problems in this paragraph.
 * Pathophysiology: Pathophysiology means the study of change caused by a disease. From this definition, I would argue that psychodynamic theories do not belong in this section. However, I can see an argument that psychodynamic theory also explain causes of disease. If you want to support this argument, it's fine to leave psychodynamic viewpoints in. However, organize all related sentences together in a subsection titled Psychodynamic perspectives. Do not mix together with biological explanations. Avoid words that suggest opinions because you need to maintain a neutral point of view (e.g., "biological theories have become orthodox...", "...may have an aspect of truth").
 * Recommended outline for the Pathophysiology section:
 * Psychodynamic perspective - organize all psychodynamic facts in this subsection
 * Information processing perspective - put cognitive theories in here (e.g., overactive top-down processing)
 * Biological perspective - put info currently in Visual, Schizophrenic hallucinations, neurotransmitter systems, and imaging related info here. This section will need further subsections:
 * Neuroanatomical correlates - Put in this section fMRI studies finding that hallucination is accompanied by activation of visual or auditory cortices. Please paraphrase using your own words. I can't make sense of what you currently have written from Hoffman 2007 study (by the way, are there other authors on this paper? Please list all authors). I will email this group a paper which is a good starting point for you to locate other articles.
 * Pathophysiologic mechanisms - Look up some info on hallucinations during seizures to support the irritation/activation of visual cortex idea. Look up Charles Bonnet syndrome to support visual cortex deafferentiation idea. The study you found on visual deprivation can also be used to support this idea. The reticular activation system idea can be linked to neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and dopmaine. Use drug-induced hallucination studies (find them) to support this idea. I'm very happy that you found this info. However, they need to be elaborated upon. I'll email this group a review article to get you started on this.

This is a tough topic, but I have confidence that you can rise up to the challenge. Neuropsychprof (talk) 23:18, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Comments
Two main things

 * 1) Some of the text does not follow the manual of style. For when thing we never write words in all caps.
 * 2) The second issue is that some of the references are not to particularly reliable sources. We typically use high quality secondary sources per WP:MEDRS. Cheers

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 22:56, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

The subject of derilium tremens fascinated me because i had the same problem, but i am trying to come over it. Amatsoso (talk) 17:25, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

The subject of derilium tremens fascinated me because i had the same problem, but i am trying to come over it. Amatsoso (talk) 17:25, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Too simplistic
The article is presented as if the subject is understood. It is not. What is described in the article is only the current explanation of hallucination. It may be correct. Or it may be that in, say 20 years or whatever, a wholly different explanation is offered and considered 'factual'. Whilst I agree the article needs to say something, some degree of moderation (expressions like *It is thought*, *It is currently argued* and so on) would make it more accurate - not less so. 2.10.8.11 (talk) 20:39, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Tactile Hallucinations
I will be writing a Wikipedia article on Tactile Hallucinations and I am in the process of making a Sandbox for this particular Wiki article. Once I am done with this article, I would like my Wikipedia article to be linked as the main article in your section of Tactile Hallucination, only upon your review of my article.Angela Mariam Thomas (talk) 21:53, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Hallucinations from refeeding?
See: http://www.medical-hypotheses.com/article/S0306-9877%2812%2900353-2/abstract

The references to hallucinations in Stalingrad have checked out with reports in books on the battle Tcat64 (talk) 18:11, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

The second sentence is nonsense..
The second sentence "Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space" appears to be nonsense.

Surely it should read "Hallucinations are vivid; they appear substantial and to be located in external objective space, but they are in fact wholly subjective, being generated internally and existing only in the mind of the person hallucinating". Cassandrathesceptic (talk) 15:15, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Continued removal of image
To remove an image from the article with the reason given "this image is not safe for people who think they may be hallucinating and found this article" seems both unlikely and inadequate for the removal of material. As an artistic impression of the article subject it would seem to be pertinent so that it "does not add to article" is questionable at best. Not liking content is not a justification for continually removing it. Mutt Lunker (talk) 07:36, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

 * I think we can assume that the IP image blanker is going to continue removing the image and is not going to engage in discussion here. I am not particularly advocating its inclusion or notability but think it does have some pertinence and don't like the idea of someone continually removing it on the spurious grounds that it is unsafe or just a general dislike of it, particularly as they refuse to engage here. On that basis I will revert them again and could seek semi-protection if they persist but wondered if anyone else had an opinion about the image's inclusion. Mutt Lunker (talk) 10:26, 16 April 2015 (UTC)
 * @Mutt Lunker I strongly agree with removal of the image, as it has negatively affected me several times while experiencing hallucinations and seeking help online. Search engines and autocomplete are picking up the article image, which 'jumpscares' individuals with a pair of creepy eyes for very general searches of 'hallucination.' Dakota R. (talk) 02:38, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Auditory Hallucination section
I just wanted to input in the auditory hallucinations section that auditory hallucinations are the most common type of hallucination. I believe that this is a useful edit because a reader can have clearer understanding of the compared frequencies between the different types of hallucinations. If there is anyone opposed to this edit please let me know. Jb19957 (talk) 07:16, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

I also agree that a section on auditory hallucination needs to be added. It is the most common type of hallucination. I typed out an edit in my sandbox. D.nashed (talk) 18:35, 17 April 2015 (UTC)

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
I noticed that this material was recently restored. My impression is that this is a very general article where every possible cause of hallucinations does not necessarily deserve mention. We already have the Non-celiac gluten sensitivity article where this probably belongs (at least in my opinion). Thanks, — Paleo Neonate  – 00:44, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

Remove "False Hallucination" section entirely?
It's unsourced and doesn't explain anything useful anyway, even if it's about a real thing. Am I missing anything here?

Ninjalectual (talk) 12:27, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

Untitled
Hello, I know that hallucinations can cause delusions, and vice versa. (at least psychotic patients). I dont know where i can add this in the article. I have a reference titled “The relationship between delusions and hallucinations”. Written by Brendan A. Maher. The url on the PubMed website can be found here: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19817067/

Thank you.

WikiJanitorPerson (talk) 21:54, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

 * So yeah, I just re-added your addition with some tweaks. I don't know of any better place for it either, there is no section that talks about the things that hallucinations itself can cause. Others are free to find a better place for it.--Megaman en m (talk) 22:08, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I just undid everything back to how it was. I still don't know where it should be added. Does anyone else have any thoughts on this?--Megaman en m (talk) 22:17, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

Okay, this article only states that hallucinations can cause delusions in psychotic patients, not vice versa. This is often the case in psychotic forms of schizophrenia. The fact that delusions cause hallucinations is covered in the article of schizophrenia. WikiJanitorPerson (talk) 11:34, 6 September 2021 (UTC)

Regarding the main article image
Perhaps this is purely a matter of my own personal taste, but I think it's a poor idea to have such an unsettling image front and centre on an article that likely has an outsized number of mentally distressed people reading it. If someone's looking up hallucinations because they're suffering from hallucinations, and BAM we hit them with the spooky eyes image, it could freak them out.

I do not consider myself experienced enough at editing wikipedia to come up with a suitable alternative, but in my opinion this is not the right image for the article and I would be interested to hear if others agree. Brocksbane (talk) 05:48, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hallucination


text:
Ilulissat

Ilulissat, formerly Jakobshavn or Jacobshaven, is the municipal seat and largest town of the Avannaata municipality in western Greenland, located approximately 350 km north of the Arctic Circle. With a population of 4,670 as of 2020, it is the third-largest city in Greenland, after Nuuk and Sisimiut. The city is home to almost as many sled-dogs as people.

In direct translation, Ilulissat is the Kalaallisut word for "Icebergs" (Isbjerge). The nearby Ilulissat Icefjord is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and has made Ilulissat the most popular tourist destination in Greenland. Tourism is now the town's principal industry. The city neighbours the Ilulissat Icefjord, where there are enormous icebergs from the most productive glacier in the northern hemisphere.

History

The town was established as a trading post by Jacob Severin's company in 1741 and was named in his honor. after the Battle of Jakobshavn

The Zion Church (Zions Kirke) was built in the late 18th century, and was the largest man-made structure in Greenland at the time. The final resident of nearby Sermermiut moved to Ilulissat in 1850.

Ilulissat Declaration
The town was the site of the Arctic Ocean Conference in May 2008. The joint meeting between Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States was held to discuss key issues relating to territorial claims in the Arctic (particularly Hans Island - eventually settled in 2022 -, and Arktika 2007) and Arctic shrinkage produced by climate change.

The Ilulissat Declaration arose from the conference. It stated that the law of the sea provided for important rights and obligations concerning the delineation of the outer limits of the continental shelf, the protection of the marine environment (including ice-covered areas), freedom of navigation, marine scientific research, and other uses of the sea. It also said that it remained committed to this legal framework and to the orderly settlement of any possible overlapping claims.

With this existing legal framework providing a solid foundation for responsible management, there was no need to develop a new comprehensive international legal regime to govern the Arctic Ocean. The states involved would continue the developments within the Arctic Ocean and continue to implement appropriate measures to further said developments.

Hotel Ilulissat Fire
On 7 March 2021 at 20.12 (local time) a major fire broke out in Hotel Ilulissat, which at the time was still under construction. The fire and smoke was seen throughout the city. Police asked everyone in the area to stay home and keep their windows closed, until the fire fighters ended the fire. The police in Nuuk are to start an investigation. Not long after the fire fighters arrived, a gas cylinder exploded. The explosion was heard throughout the city.

Geography and environment
The Ilulissat Icefjord (Ilulissat Kangerlua) southeast of Ilulissat was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.

Ilulissat has a tundra climate (ET) with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. Ilulissat is one of the driest settlements in Greenland, receiving only 271 mm of precipitation. Ilulissat is also one of the sunniest settlements in Greenland, especially during summer. Interestingly, March is the coldest month in Ilulissat despite similar locations experiencing February as the coldest month of the year. March also holds the all-time record low temperature of -37.8 °C.

Population
With 4,670 inhabitants in 2020, Ilulissat is the largest town in the Avannaata municipality. The population increased over 8% relative to 1990 levels but has remained steady since around 2003.

Tourist Attraction

 * Ilulissat Art Museum

Transport

 * Air

Ilulissat Airport is located 2.8 km to the northeast of the town center and was built in 1983. It serves Ilulissat with connections to towns in northwestern and midwestern Greenland via Air Greenland. Service to Reykjavík, Iceland, began in April 2011 via Air Iceland Connect and Air Greenland in 2017.

The Arctic Umiaq ferry links Ilulissat with Sisimiut, Nuuk, and other towns and settlements on the western and southwestern coast of Greenland.
 * Sea

Sport
The town is home to Nagdlunguaq-48 who play in the Greenlandic Men's Football Championship, Greenland's top soccer competition. Nagdlunguaq-48, who play all their league games in Nuuk, have won the championship ten times (as of 2016).

Film
The fourth series of the Danish TV series Borgen (2022) plays partially in the city of Ilulissat and was filmed on location. It was also the location for the filming of Smilla's Sense of Snow (1997).

Notable people

 * Knud Rasmussen (1879–1933), noted polar explorer and anthropologist, referred to as the "father of Eskimology". Born in Ilulissat, Rasmussen was the first man to cross the Northwest Passage via dog sled. He remains well known in Greenland, Denmark and among Canadian Inuit.
 * Jørgen Brønlund (1877–1907), was also a polar explorer born in Ilulissat, He grew up with Rasmussen and accompanied him, along with Harald Moltke and Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen, on the Danish Literary Expedition (1902–1904) to examine Inuit culture. In 1906 he joined Mylius-Erichsen and Peter Høegh Hagen on the Danmark-ekspeditionen to map the northernmost regions of Greenland. Jørgen Brønlund Fjord in Peary Land is named after him.
 * Jens Rosing (1925–2008), a Greenlandic artist notable for designing the coat of arms of Greenland, numerous Greenlandic postage stamps, as well as illustrated children's books and water colours − was born in Ilulissat.
 * Ricky Enø Jørgensen, racing cyclist.

Twin Towns – Sister Cities
Ilulissat is twinned or cooperating with several towns and cities, including:

 * Fredericia, Denmark
 * Fuglafjørður, Faroe Islands
 * 🇮🇸 Hafnarfjörður, Iceland

Overviews and data

 * Daily updated satellite images from Ilulissat Icefjord & Disko Bay
 * Daily updated satellite images from Ilulissat Icefjord & Disko Bay

Government

 * Avannaata Official municipal and city website

Maps

 * Satellite image of Retreating Terminus of the Ilulissat Glacier at the NASA Earth Observatory.
 * Satellite image of Retreating Terminus of the Ilulissat Glacier at the NASA Earth Observatory.

News and media

 * Google news Ilulissat
 * Ilulissat museum and archive
 * GEUS Maps of the Ilulissat area

Travel

 * Kangia - Ilulissat Icefjord Official website
 * Ilulissat entry at Visit Greenland – the official Greenlandic Tourist Board tourism website
 * A Photographer's View of Ilulissat & Disko Bay Documentary produced by Florent Piovesan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ilulissat


text:
FNC

FNC may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Festival du nouveau cinéma, a Canadian film festival
 * Fight Night Champion, a video game
 * Fnatic, a European professional esports organization
 * FNC Entertainment, a South Korean record label

Television

 * Florida's News Channel, a defunct American television channel
 * Fox News Channel, an American television channel

Other uses

 * Farncombe railway station, in England
 * Federal National Council (United Arab Emirates)
 * Federal Networking Council, in the United States
 * Fédération Nationale Catholique, a defunct French anti-secular movement
 * FN FNC, a Belgian assault rifle
 * FNC Inc., an American mortgage technology company
 * First Niagara Center, in New York, United States
 * Forum non conveniens
 * Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport, in Madeira, Portugal
 * National Front of Catalonia (Catalan: Front Nacional de Catalunya)
 * Front Nacional de Catalunya (2013), a political party in Catalonia

title: FNC


text:
Tom McClintock

Thomas Miller McClintock II (born July 10, 1956) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for CA's 5th congressional district since 2009 (known as the 4th congressional district until 2023). His district stretches from the Sacramento suburbs to the outer suburbs of Fresno; it includes Yosemite National Park. A member of the Republican Party, McClintock served as a California state assemblyman from 1982 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2000, when he became a California state senator, a position he held until 2008. He unsuccessfully ran for governor of California in the 2003 recall election and for lieutenant governor of California in the 2006 election.

Early life, education and early political career
McClintock was born in White Plains, New York, and graduated in 1978 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). At 23, he was elected chair of the Ventura County Republican Party, and served until 1981. He was chief of staff to State Senator Ed Davis from 1980 to 1982. From 1992 to 1994, he served as director of the Center for the California Taxpayer. He was director of the Claremont Institute's Golden State Center for Policy Studies from 1995 to 1996.

California Assembly (1982–1992, 1996–2000)
In 1982, at age 26, McClintock ran for California's 36th State Assembly district, then based in Thousand Oaks, after redistricting. He defeated Democrat Harriet Kosmo Henson 56%–44%. He was reelected in 1984, defeating Tom Jolicoeur 72%–28%. In 1986, he was reelected to a third term, defeating Frank Nekimken 73%–25%. In 1988, he was reelected to a fourth term, defeating George Webb II 70%–29%. In 1990, he was reelected to a fifth term, defeating Ginny Connell 59%–36%.

After running for Congress in 1992 and for controller in 1994, McClintock ran for the Assembly again in 1996. He ran for California's 38th State Assembly district and defeated Democrat Jon Lauritzen 56%–40% to win his sixth Assembly term. In 1998, McClintock was reelected to a seventh term unopposed.

McClintock authored California's lethal injection use for California's death penalty law. He also opposed tax increases and supported spending cuts. He was a strong proponent of abolishing the car tax.

California Senate (2000–2008)
In 2000, McClintock retired from the California Assembly to run for California's 19th State Senate district. He ranked first in the May 7 open primary with 52% of the vote. In November, he defeated Democrat Daniel Gonzalez, 58%–42%. He was reelected in 2004, defeating Paul Joseph Graber, 61%–39%.

In 2008, McClintock voted against Proposition 2, which prohibits confining calves, pigs and hens in small cages in which they cannot extend their limbs. "Farm animals are food, not friends", he said in response to backlash to his vote. He also cited concern about increased grocery bills. In 2000, he was instrumental in proposing a two-thirds reduction in the vehicle license fee, or car tax. In 2003, he opposed then-Governor Gray Davis's attempt to rescind a rollback of a vehicle license fee. McClintock has also opposed deficit reduction efforts that would have increased taxes. He supported the Bureaucracy Reduction and Closure Commission and performance-based budgeting.

1994 controller election
McClintock ran for California State Controller after incumbent Gray Davis retired. He won the Republican primary, defeating John Morris, 61%–39%. In the general election, he lost to Kathleen Connell, former Special Assistant to Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley and Director of the L.A. Housing Authority, 48%–46%, with three other candidates receiving the other 6% of the vote.

2002 controller election
McClintock ran for controller again in 2002, facing Democratic nominee Steve Westly, an eBay executive. Westly outspent him 5-to-1. McClintock's campaigns focused on increasing accountability for the state budget. The ads featured the character Angus McClintock, a fictional cousin and fellow Scottish American extolling McClintock's thriftiness and accountability in low-budget 15-second ads. He lost by a margin of just 0.2%, or 16,811 votes, to Westly, who won with 45.3% of the vote. Three other candidates received 9.5% of the vote.

2003 gubernatorial recall election
In 2003, McClintock ran in the recall election against Davis. Republican and film actor Arnold Schwarzenegger won the election with 49% of the vote. Democratic Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante finished second with 31%. McClintock finished third with 14%. Together, Republicans Schwarzenegger and McClintock were supported by 5,363,778 Californians, or 62.1% of the vote. 132 other candidates received the remaining 6.4%.

McClintock performed the best in Stanislaus County, where he received 24% of the vote. He also cracked 20% or higher in several other counties: Mariposa (23%), Tuolumne (22%), Tehama (21%), Calaveras (20%), Madera (20%), Modoc (20%), Shasta (20%), San Joaquin (20%), and Ventura (20%).

2006 lieutenant gubernatorial election
McClintock ran for lieutenant governor in 2006. He defeated Tony Farmer in the Republican primary, 94–6%. In the general election, he lost to Democratic State Insurance Commissioner John Garamendi, 49%–45%.

1992
After redistricting, McClintock retired from the Assembly to challenge Democratic U.S. Representative Anthony C. Beilenson in California's 24th congressional district. He won the nine-candidate Republican primary with a plurality of 34% of the vote, beating second-place finisher Sang Korman by 11 points. Beilenson defeated McClintock, 56–39%.

2008
On March 4, 2008, McClintock announced his candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives in California's 4th congressional district, about 300 miles north of the district McClintock represented in the state Senate. The district's nine-term incumbent, John Doolittle, was retiring. McClintock was unable to vote for himself in either the primary or the general election. Although for most of the year he lived in Elk Grove, a suburb of Sacramento within the 3rd district at the time, his legal residence was in Thousand Oaks, within the borders of his state senate district. The California Constitution requires state senators to maintain their legal residence in the district they represent.

Upon McClintock's entry into the race, fellow Republicans Rico Oller and Eric Egland withdrew from the primary and endorsed him. He was also endorsed by the Republican Liberty Caucus, the Club for Growth, and U.S. Representative Ron Paul. McClintock faced former U.S. Representative Doug Ose, a moderate who represented the neighboring 3rd District from 1999 to 2005. Like McClintock, Ose lived outside the district and was painted as a carpetbagger and a liberal who had voted to raise taxes and who voted for earmarks. McClintock defeated Ose, 54–39%.

The Democratic nominee was retired Air Force Lt. Col. Charles D. (Charlie) Brown, who ran an unexpectedly strong race against Doolittle in 2006. In March 2008, Ose's campaign commercials criticized McClintock for receiving over $300,000 in per diem living expenses during his time in the state senate even though he lived in Elk Grove for most of the year. McClintock maintained that the payments were justified because his legal residence was in Thousand Oaks, in his district. He said, "Every legislator's [Sacramento area] residence is close to the Capitol. My residential costs up here are much greater than the average legislator because my family is here." Ose's campaign commercials argued McClintock did not own or rent a home in the 19th district, but claimed his mother's home in Thousand Oaks as his state senate district residence. These attacks prompted a response from McClintock's wife, Lori, who said McClintock stayed with his mother in order to care for her after she fell ill and after the death of her husband. McClintock ran ads attacking Brown's participation at a 2005 protest by Code Pink, a prominent antiwar group, and argued Brown supported gay marriage but not the troops in Iraq. He also portrayed Brown as a clone of Speaker Nancy Pelosi.

By November 23, McClintock led Brown by 1,566 votes (0.4% of the vote), 184,190 to 182,624. Subsequent returns expanded the margin slightly with the last returns coming in from El Dorado County shortly after Thanksgiving. On December 1, McClintock declared victory and Brown conceded on December 3. McClintock defeated Brown by a margin of 0.5%, or 1,800 votes. He prevailed by a 3,500-vote margin in Placer County, the district's largest county. Brown won three of the district's nine counties: Sierra (49.8%), Plumas (47.9%), and Nevada (42.3%). McClintock won mainly on the coattails from John McCain, who carried the 4th with 54% of the vote, his fifth-best total in the state.

2010
McClintock defeated Michael Babich in the Republican primary, Babich 78–22%. On November 2, he was reelected, defeating businessman Clint Curtis 61–31% and winning every county in the district.

2012
For his first two terms, McClintock represented a district covering the northeast corner of California, from the eastern suburbs of Sacramento to the Oregon border.

Redistricting after the 2010 census pushed the 4th well to the south. Only three counties remained from the old 4th: Nevada, Placer, and El Dorado. The redrawn district cut out the 4th's share of Sacramento County, including the part of Elk Grove that includes McClintock's home. Elk Grove is now entirely within the borders of the neighboring 7th District, represented by Democrat Ami Bera, making McClintock one of only a few members of Congress who live outside the district they represent. House members are constitutionally required only to live in the state they represent, but longstanding convention holds that they live in or reasonably close to their districts. McClintock said in 2016 that he intended to move his residence inside the redrawn 4th as soon as home prices rebounded enough for him to sell his Elk Grove home.

In 2012, California instituted its "top two" primary, in which candidates of all parties run against one another and the top two finishers, regardless of party, advance to the general election. McClintock and Democrat Jack Uppal were the only candidates in the "top two" primary, so the general election was a rematch. The reconfigured 4th was as strongly Republican as its predecessor, and McClintock was reelected to a third term, defeating Uppal 61%–39% in the general election. McClintock won all but two of the district's ten counties: Alpine (41%) and Nevada (37%).

2014
McClintock was reelected, finishing first in California's "top two" primary and defeating moderate Republican challenger National Guard Major Art Moore in the general election, 60%–40%.

2016
McClintock again finished first in the primary and defeated Democrat Robert W. Derlet, a physician, environmentalist and retired UC Davis professor, in the general election, 63%–37%.

2018
McClintock defeated Democratic challenger Jessica Morse in the general election, receiving 184,401 votes to her 156,253 (54.1% to 45.9%).

Tenure
During the 112th Congress McClintock was one of 40 members of the Republican Study Committee who frequently voted against Republican Party leadership and vocally expressed displeasure with House bills. In 2011, he voted against the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 due to a provision that would allow the government and the military to indefinitely detain American citizens and others without trial. McClintock's chief of staff, Igor Birman, was a candidate for Congress in California's 7th congressional district in 2014.

In 2009, McClintock signed a pledge sponsored by Americans for Prosperity promising to vote against any global warming legislation that would raise taxes.

McClintock voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. He voted against the first version of the bill, displeased with the removal of deductions related to medical expenses, student loan interest, and casualty loss. Those three items were addressed in the final version of the bill. McClintock said the bill would "restore American workers to an internationally competitive position." He expressed concern about the bill's impact on the budget deficit and anticipated that it would be addressed "by spending reforms this coming year."

In 2017, McClintock called for special prosecutor Robert Mueller to investigate President Donald Trump. McClintock felt that Trump's firing of James Comey justified a special prosecutor.

After Trump pulled 1,000 U.S. troops from Kurdish-held territory on the Syrian border south of Turkey in 2019, a bipartisan resolution passed the House, 354–60, that condemned him for abandoning those U.S. allies that would allow the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to reestablish and regroup its forces, and allow the Turks to attack the Kurds. McClintock was one of the two members of California's congressional delegation to vote against it.

In 2020, McClintock was the sole House Republican to cosponsor the Ending Qualified Immunity Act, which was proposed in response to the murder of George Floyd and resultant widespread protests. The act was introduced by Justin Amash and Ayanna Pressley and cosponsored by 62 House Democrats in addition to McClintock. Because Amash was a registered Libertarian as of the act's introduction in June 2020, McClintock's support technically made the act the first tripartisan piece of federal legislation in modern U.S. history.

In the 118th Congress, McClintock voted against multiple motions to discipline certain Democrats in office, such as the first censure of Adam Schiff, the censure of Rashida Tlaib, and the impeachment of Alejandro Mayorkas. In each, he lambasted their actions but believed the motions were an erosion of the standards to which such motions should be held. Despite making a speech supporting holding Merrick Garland in contempt of Congress for the federal prosecution of Donald Trump, he would vote against holding him in contempt for refusing to release the audio files of the Hur interviews in the Joe Biden classified documents incident.

As of October 2021, McClintock had voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 5% of the time.

Legislation
McClintock supported the Water Rights Protection Act, a bill that would prevent federal agencies from requiring certain entities to relinquish their water rights to the United States in order to use public lands. The bill was a reaction to the United States Forest Service's decision to pursue a "new regulation to demand that water rights be transferred to the federal government as a condition for obtaining permits needed to operate 121 ski resorts that cross over federal lands." McClintock supported the bill, saying that the Forest Service's regulation "illustrates an increasingly hostile attitude by this agency toward those who make productive use of our vast national forests, in this case by enhancing and attracting the tourism upon which our mountain communities depend."

Committee assignments
For the 118th Congress:
 * Committee on Natural Resources
 * Subcommittee on Federal Lands
 * Subcommittee on Water, Wildlife and Fisheries
 * Committee on the Budget
 * Committee on the Judiciary
 * Subcommittee on Immigration Integrity, Security, and Enforcement (Chair)
 * Subcommittee on the Constitution and Limited Government

Caucus memberships

 * Congressional Arts Caucus
 * Republican Study Committee
 * Tea Party Caucus
 * American Sikh Congressional Caucus
 * Congressional Constitution Caucus
 * Congressional Western Caucus
 * United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
 * House Freedom Caucus (Formerly)

2020 presidential election
In December 2020, McClintock joined 125 other Republican members of Congress in signing an amicus brief in support of a lawsuit by the attorney general of the state of Texas that sought to overturn the certified results of the 2020 presidential election in four other U.S. states. The lawsuit was called a "seditious abuse of the judicial process" by the attorney general of Pennsylvania, and "simply madness" by 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney.

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of "election subversion."

McClintock later became one of seven Republicans who did not support their colleagues' efforts to challenge the results of the election on January 6, 2021. These seven signed a letter that, while giving credence to election fraud allegations Trump made, said Congress did not have the authority to influence the election's outcome.

McClintock voted against impeaching Trump over his role in inciting the 2021 storming of the U.S. Capitol.

Animal rights
McClintock has said that "farm animals are food, not friends."

Cannabis
In 2015, McClintock introduced an amendment to limit the enforcement of federal law in states that have legalized cannabis. Known as the McClintock–Polis amendment, it failed by a 206–222 vote. It was reintroduced in 2019 as the Blumenauer–McClintock–Norton amendment and passed 267–165.

In 2016, McClintock endorsed California's Proposition 64, the Adult Use of Marijuana Act. He stated: "Our current laws have failed us, and have created a violent and criminal black market that actively and aggressively markets to young people. Legalization takes the criminal profit out of the equation, and allows us to regulate marijuana the same way we currently regulate alcohol."

In 2020, McClintock was one of five House Republicans to vote for the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act to legalize cannabis at the federal level. In 2021, he was one of four original cosponsors of a Republican-led legalization bill named the States Reform Act.

COVID-19
During the COVID-19 pandemic, McClintock expressed the view that wearing face masks should not be mandatory, and while wearing a mask during congressional sessions, said, "this mask is useless". During the second impeachment of Donald Trump, McClintock wore a mask that read "This mask is as useless as our governor", referring to Governor Gavin Newsom.

Defense
In September 2021, McClintock was among 75 House Republicans to vote against the National Defense Authorization Act of 2022, which contains a provision that would require women to be drafted.

Environment
McClintock questions the role that human activity plays in climate change, arguing that the "climate has been changing for four and a half billion years."

Foreign policy
In 2019, McClintock was one of 60 representatives to vote against condemning Trump's withdrawal from Syria.

In 2020, McClintock voted against the National Defense Authorization Act of 2021, which would prevent the president from withdrawing soldiers from Afghanistan without congressional approval.

In June 2021, McClintock was one of 49 House Republicans to vote to repeal the AUMF against Iraq.

In July 2021, McClintock was one of five House Republicans to vote against a bill that allocates $2.1 billion for Afghan visas and Capitol Hill security.

In 2023, McClintock was among 47 Republicans to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.

Human and civil rights
McClintock opposes same-sex marriage. In 2008, he said, "calling a homosexual partnership a marriage doesn't make it one."

In June 2021, McClintock was one of 14 House Republicans to vote against legislation to establish June 19, or Juneteenth, as a federal holiday.

Immigration
McClintock voted against the Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2019 which would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to eliminate the per-country numerical limitation for employment-based immigrants, to increase the per-country numerical limitation for family-sponsored immigrants, and for other purposes.

McClintock voted against the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020 which authorizes DHS to nearly double the available H-2B visas for the remainder of FY 2020.

McClintock voted against Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 1158) which effectively prohibits ICE from cooperating with Health and Human Services to detain or remove illegal alien sponsors of unaccompanied alien children (UACs).

Voting rights
McClintock opposes mail-in voting, saying in 2020 that it was a "corrupted process" that allows ballots to be sent to voters who have died or moved away.

Personal life
McClintock lives in the Sacramento area and Thousand Oaks. He was married to Lori McClintock until her death in December 2021, from dehydration due to gastroenteritis caused, according to a coroner's report, by "adverse effects of white mulberry leaf ingestion". McClintock is a Baptist.

Electoral history
''For a complete list of all candidates who participated in the 2003 recall election, see 2003 California gubernatorial recall election.

title: Tom McClintock


text:
Sermermiut

Sermermiut was an Inuit settlement in the Disko Bay, Greenland. The location is now part of the Ilulissat Icefjord World Heritage Site.

History
The pre-colonial history of Sermermiut was pieced together by a series of archaeological excavations during the twentieth century. The area became an area of archaeological interest at the start of the century, although the results were not well documented. A 1953 dig identified that Sermermiut had been used by Saqqaq, Early Dorset and Thule cultures. Another dig in 1983 dated the start of the Early Dorset settlement at around 600–200 BCE.

Sermermiut was abandoned in 1850 when the last resident moved to nearby Jakobshavn (now renamed Ilulissat).

title: Sermermiut


text:
Transact-SQL

Transact-SQL (T-SQL) is Microsoft's and Sybase's proprietary extension to the SQL (Structured Query Language) used to interact with relational databases. T-SQL expands on the SQL standard to include procedural programming, local variables, various support functions for string processing, date processing, mathematics, etc. and changes to the DELETE and UPDATE statements.

Transact-SQL is central to using Microsoft SQL Server. All applications that communicate with an instance of SQL Server do so by sending Transact-SQL statements to the server, regardless of the user interface of the application.

Stored procedures in SQL Server are executable server-side routines. The advantage of stored procedures is the ability to pass parameters.

Variables
Transact-SQL provides the following statements to declare and set local variables:,   and.

Flow control
Keywords for flow control in Transact-SQL include  and ,  ,  ,  ,   and  ,  ,  , and.

and  allow conditional execution. This batch statement will print "It is the weekend" if the current date is a weekend day, or "It is a weekday" if the current date is a weekday. (Note: This code assumes that Sunday is configured as the first day of the week in the  setting.)

and  mark a block of statements. If more than one statement is to be controlled by the conditional in the example above, we can use  and   like this:

will wait for a given amount of time, or until a particular time of day. The statement can be used for delays or to block execution until the set time.

is used to immediately return from a stored procedure or function.

ends the enclosing  loop, while   causes the next iteration of the loop to execute. An example of a  loop is given below.

Changes to DELETE and UPDATE statements
In Transact-SQL, both the  and   statements are enhanced to enable data from another table to be used in the operation, without needing a subquery:
 * accepts joined tables in the  clause, similarly to  .  When this is done, the name or alias of which table in the join is to be deleted from is placed between   and.
 * allows a  clause to be added.  The table to be updated can be either joined in the   clause and referenced by alias, or referenced only at the start of the statement as per standard SQL.

This example deletes all users who have been flagged in the user_flags table with the 'idle' flag.

BULK INSERT
is a Transact-SQL statement that implements a bulk data-loading process, inserting multiple rows into a table, reading data from an external sequential file. Use of  results in better performance than processes that issue individual   statements for each row to be added. Additional details are available in MSDN.

TRY CATCH
Beginning with SQL Server 2005, Microsoft introduced additional  logic to support exception type behaviour. This behaviour enables developers to simplify their code and leave out  checking after each SQL execution statement.

title: Transact-SQL


text:
Linseed oil

Linseed oil, also known as flaxseed oil or flax oil (in its edible form), is a colourless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). The oil is obtained by pressing, sometimes followed by solvent extraction.

Owing to its polymer-forming properties, linseed oil is often blended with combinations of other oils, resins or solvents as an impregnator, drying oil finish or varnish in wood finishing, as a pigment binder in oil paints, as a plasticizer and hardener in putty, and in the manufacture of linoleum. Linseed oil use has declined over the past several decades with increased availability of synthetic alkyd resins—which function similarly but resist yellowing.

Linseed oil is an edible oil in demand as a dietary supplement, as a source of α-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. In parts of Europe, it is traditionally eaten with potatoes and quark.

Structure and composition

 * [[image:Triglyceride unsaturated Structural Formulae V2.svg|thumb|450px|right|Representative triglyceride found in a linseed oil, a triester ([[triglyceride]]) derived of linoleic acid,  alpha-linolenic acid , and  oleic acid ]]

Linseed oil is a triglyceride, like other fats. Linseed oil is distinctive for its unusually large amount of α-linolenic acid, which oxidises in air. The fatty acids in a typical linseed oil are of the following types:
 * The triply unsaturated α-linolenic acid (51.9–55.2%),
 * The saturated acids palmitic acid (about 7%) and stearic acid (3.4–4.6%),
 * The monounsaturated oleic acid (18.5–22.6%),
 * The doubly unsaturated linoleic acid (14.2–17%).

Drying properties
Having a high content of di- and tri-unsaturated esters, linseed oil is susceptible to polymerization reactions upon exposure to oxygen in air. This polymerization, which is called autoxidation, results in the rigidification of the material. To prevent premature drying, linseed oil-based products (oil paints, putty) are stored in airtight containers.

Rags soaked with linseed oil pose fire hazard because they provide a large surface area for rapid oxidation. The oxidation of linseed oil is exothermic, which may lead to spontaneous combustion. In 1991, One Meridian Plaza, in Philadelphia, was severely damaged in a fire, in which three firefighters perished, thought to be caused by rags soaked with linseed oil.

Applications
Most applications of linseed oil exploit its drying properties, i.e., the initial material is liquid or at least pliable and the aged material is rigid but not brittle. The water-repelling (hydrophobic) nature of the resulting hydrocarbon-based material is advantageous.

Paint binder
Linseed oil is the carrier used in oil paint. It can also be used as a painting medium, making oil paints more fluid, transparent and glossy. It is available in varieties such as cold-pressed, alkali-refined, sun-bleached, sun-thickened, and polymerised (stand oil). The introduction of linseed oil was a significant advance in the technology of oil painting.

Putty
Traditional glazing putty, consisting of a paste of chalk powder and linseed oil, is a sealant for glass windows that hardens within a few weeks of application and can then be painted over. The durability of putty is owed to the drying properties of linseed oil.

Wood finish
When used as a wood finish, linseed oil dries slowly and shrinks little upon hardening. A linseed oil finish is easily scratched and liquid water penetrates a linseed oil finish in mere minutes, and water vapour bypasses it almost completely. Garden furniture treated with linseed oil may develop mildew. Oiled wood may be yellowish and is likely to darken with age. Even though the oil feels dry to the touch, studies show linseed oil does not fully cure.

Linseed oil is a common finish for wooden items, though very fine finish may require months to obtain. Studies show the fatty-acid structure of linseed oil has problems cross-linking and oxidizing, frequently turning black.

Gilding
Boiled linseed oil is used as sizing in traditional oil gilding to adhere sheets of gold leaf to a substrate (parchment, canvas, Armenian bole, etc.). It has a much longer working time than water-based size and gives a firm smooth surface that is adhesive enough in the first 12–24 hours after application to cause the gold to attach firmly to the intended surface.

Linoleum
Linseed oil is used to bind wood dust, cork particles, and related materials in the manufacture of the floor covering linoleum. After its invention in 1860 by Frederick Walton, linoleum, or "lino" for short, was a common form of domestic and industrial floor covering from the 1870s until the 1970s, when it was largely replaced by PVC ("vinyl") floor coverings. However, since the 1990s, linoleum is returning to favor, being considered more environmentally sound than PVC. Linoleum has given its name to the printmaking technique linocut, in which a relief design is cut into the smooth surface and then inked and used to print an image. The results are similar to those obtained by woodcut printing.

Nutritional supplement and food
Raw cold-pressed linseed oil – commonly known as flax seed oil in nutritional contexts – is easily oxidized, and rapidly becomes rancid, with an unpleasant odour, unless refrigerated. Linseed oil is not generally recommended for use in cooking. In one study, the content of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in whole flaxseeds did not decrease after heating the seeds to temperatures of up to 178 °C (352.4 °F) for one and a half hours.

Food-grade flaxseed oil is cold-pressed, obtained without solvent extraction, in the absence of oxygen, and marketed as edible flaxseed oil. Fresh, refrigerated and unprocessed, linseed oil is used as a nutritional supplement and is a traditional European ethnic food, highly regarded for its nutty flavor. Regular flaxseed oil contains between 57% and 71% polyunsaturated fats (alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid). Plant breeders have developed flaxseed with both higher ALA (70%) and very low ALA content (< 3%). The USFDA granted generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status for high alpha linolenic flaxseed oil.

Nutrient content
Nutrition information from the Flax Council of Canada.

Per 1 tbsp (14 g)
 * Calories: 126
 * Total fat: 14 g
 * Omega-3: 8 g
 * Omega-6: 2 g
 * Omega-9: 3 g

Flax seed oil contains no significant amounts of protein, carbohydrates or fibre.

Additional uses

 * Animal care products
 * Bicycle maintenance as a thread fixative, rust inhibitor and lubricant
 * Composition ornament for moulded decoration
 * Earthen floors
 * Animal feeds
 * Industrial lubricant
 * Leather treatment
 * Oilcloth
 * Particle detectors
 * Textiles
 * Wood preservation (including as an active ingredient of Danish oil)
 * Cookware seasoning
 * Plant protection

Stand oil
Stand oil is generated by heating linseed oil near 300 °C for a few days in the complete absence of air. Under these conditions, the polyunsaturated fatty esters convert to conjugated dienes, which then undergo Diels-Alder reactions, leading to crosslinking. The product, which is highly viscous, gives highly uniform coatings that "dry" to more elastic coatings than linseed oil itself. Soybean oil can be treated similarly, but converts more slowly. On the other hand, tung oil converts very quickly, being complete in minutes at 260 °C. Coatings prepared from stand oils are less prone to yellowing than are coatings derived from the parent oils.

Boiled linseed oil
Boiled linseed oil is a combination of raw linseed oil, stand oil (see above), and metallic oil drying agents (catalysts to accelerate drying). In the Medieval era, linseed oil was boiled with lead oxide (litharge) to give a product called boiled linseed oil. The lead oxide forms lead "soaps" (lead oxide is alkaline) that promote hardening (polymerisation) of linseed oil by reaction with atmospheric oxygen. Heating shortens its drying time.

Raw linseed oil
Raw linseed oil is the base oil, unprocessed and without driers or thinners. It is mostly used as a feedstock for making a boiled oil. It does not cure sufficiently well or quickly to be regarded as a drying oil. Raw linseed is sometimes used for oiling cricket bats to increase surface friction for better ball control. It was also used to treat leather flat belt drives to reduce slipping.

title: Linseed oil


text:
Young Zaphod Plays It Safe

"Young Zaphod Plays It Safe" is a short story by Douglas Adams set in his The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy universe. It is included with several collections but has never been released as a standalone work. It first appeared in The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book (1986) which Adams also co-edited. A slightly revised version appeared in the 1996 anthology The Wizards of Odd, edited by Peter Haining. The story then appeared (though not always the revised version) in some omnibus editions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy as well as the Adams retrospective The Salmon of Doubt.

Plot
The story is a prequel to the events in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and has the young Zaphod Beeblebrox working as a salvage ship operator. He guides some bureaucrats to a crashed and sunken spaceship on an unnamed planet that may be leaking some dangerous materials, radioactive, toxic and otherwise hazardous by-products which were destined to be thrown into a black hole. The bureaucrats swear that it is "perfectly safe." When asked why they want to see it if that is true, they claim that they "like looking at things that are perfectly safe." The ship crashed and sank because its captain had become obsessed with catching and eating lobsters from the planet's oceans. Only one crew member is found alive, having taken shelter in a life-support tank.

Throughout the story, it is emphasised that there is something particularly dangerous on board that ought to have been utterly destroyed, but is feared to have escaped.

Ultimately, it is revealed that the dangerous cargo was actually a trio of identical "Designer People". Their personalities seem totally benign, which is what makes them so dangerous. The ship is filled with substances so hazardous that they are safe because no real person willing to use them would be allowed anywhere near them. However, the Designer People, products of a Sirius Cybernetics Corporation project, have custom-made personalities that cannot naturally exist. There is "nothing they will not do if allowed, and there is nothing they will not be allowed to do." Since no one will recognise that they are capable of causing mass destruction, no one will stop them from doing the unspeakable.

The story culminates with the revelation that one of the Designer People has escaped and is traveling to Galactic Sector ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha, which is where the Earth was located in the original Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The bureaucrats issue orders for that sector to be made "perfectly safe."

Since this story takes place before Zaphod decides to block off sections of his own brains and run for President of the Galaxy, readers are able to glimpse what his original personality was like. His general speech patterns and goof-off personality are the same, but he seems to have moral views and is more likely to go off on life-threatening and exciting quests for the greater good.

title: Young Zaphod Plays It Safe


text:
Fabian Steinheil

Fabian Gotthard von Steinheil (Фадде́й Фёдорович Ште́йнгель, tr. Faddéy Fyódorovich Shtéyngelʹ; 3 October 1762 – 7 March 1831 ) was a Baltic German who served as a Russian military officer and the Governor-General of Finland between 1810 and 1824.

Steinheil was born in Hapsal, Estonia. His father's family was from region of Upper Rhine in Germany (where they had been burghers and officials of their hometowns); and his mother was from a cadet branch of the ancient Baltic House of Tiesenhausen, daughter of nobleman Frommhold Fabian Tiesenhausen, lord of Orina in Estonia. Stenheil's uncle and father had received a baronial title from the imperial authorities.

Fabian von Steinheil became a lieutenant in the Imperial Russian Army in 1782. He took part in the war in Finland in 1788 and in 1791-92 he worked with construction of fortifications in Old Finland, after which he served in military cartography.

He became a Major General in 1798 and took part in the campaigns in Prussia in 1806-1807 and Poland in 1805-1807. He became a Lieutenant General in 1807 and commanded the Russian troops on Åland in 1809 during the Finnish War.

In 1810 he was appointed as the Governor-General of Finland, to succeed Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly. He was well regarded by the Finnish population and was made a count in 1812. In 1812 he was defeated at Mesoten, but then fought under the prolific General Wittgenstein at Polotsk. In 1813 he took part in the war against Napoleon as the commander of an army in Courland and Livonia, and was succeeded as Governor-General by the influential Count Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt. However, due to Armfelt's fragile health, Steinheil soon returned to the post of Governor-General which he held to 1823, being then succeeded by Count Arseniy Zakrevskiy.

He remained in Finland and died in Helsingfors in 1831.

Honours and awards

 * Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
 * Order of Saint Anna, 1st class
 * Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
 * Gold Sword for Bravery
 * Order of St. George, 3rd class
 * Order of St. George, 4th class
 * Order of the Red Eagle 1st Class
 * Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences

title: Fabian Steinheil