text:
List of cities and towns in Croatia

An urbanized area in Croatia can gain the status of grad (which can be translated as town or city as there is no distinction between the two terms in Croatian) if it meets one of the following requirements:
 * 1) is the center of a county (županija), or
 * 2) has more than 10,000 residents, or
 * 3) is defined by an exception (where the necessary historical, economic or geographic reasons exist)

A city (town) represents an urban, historical, natural, economic and social whole. The suburbs comprising an economic and social whole with the city, connected with it by daily migration movements and daily needs of the population of local significance, may also be included into the composition of a city as unit of local self-government.

Grad (city/town) is the local administrative equivalent of općina (translated as "municipality"), with the only distinction being that the former usually comprise urban areas whereas the latter commonly consist of a group of villages. Both municipalities and city/towns often comprise more than one settlement, as the administrative territory of a grad may include suburban villages or hamlets near the city/town in question. Settlements (naselja) are the third-level spatial units of Croatia, and the smallest unit for which the decennial census data are published by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics but are not administrative entities, i.e. they are governed by the municipal or city/town council of the local administrative unit they belong to.

Croatian cities are administratively subdivided into "city districts" (gradski kotari/gradske četvrti) and/or "local committees" (mjesni odbori) with elected councils. The City of Zagreb, as the capital, not being part of any county, is subdivided into both city districts and local committees.

 * In December 1992 there were 70 cities and towns and 419 municipalities in Croatia organized into 20 counties (plus the city of Zagreb which is both a city and a county).
 * In 2001 there were 122 cities and towns (excluding Zagreb) and 423 municipalities. This was the territorial division used for the 2001 census.
 * In 2006 a revision was made, which listed a total of 127 cities and towns and 429 municipalities in Croatia. This division was used for the 2011 census.
 * In 2013 the municipality of Popovača was upgraded to town, bringing the total to 128 cities and towns and 428 municipalities.

According to the Constitution, the city of Zagreb, as the capital of Croatia, has a special status. As such, Zagreb performs self-governing public affairs of both city and county.

Tasks and organization
Cities (in English these would be called "towns"), within their self-governing scope of activities, perform the tasks of local significance, which directly fulfil the citizens' needs, and which were not assigned to the state bodies by the Constitution or law, particularly the tasks referring to urban design of settlements and dwelling, zoning and urban planning, communal activities, child care, social welfare, primary health care, personality development and primary education, culture, physical culture and sports, consumers protection, protection and improvement of the natural environment, fire and civil defence, local transport.

"Big cities" ("big city" is a Croatian legal term, in English these would be just "cities"), i.e. cities with more than 35,000 inhabitants that are also economic, financial, cultural, public health, scientific or traffic centres and cities that are county seats, in addition to these tasks, are also responsible for tasks regarding public roads maintenance and issuing of building and location permits.

City government
City council (Gradsko vijeće) is the representative body of citizens and the body of local self-government. The councillors are elected for a four-year term on the basis of universal suffrage in direct elections by secret ballot using proportional system with d'Hondt method. The executive head of the city is the mayor (gradonačelnik), also elected in direct elections by majoritarian vote (two-round system) for a four-year term (together with one or two deputy mayors). The mayor (with the deputy mayor/s) can be recalled by a referendum. City administrative departments and services manage administrative procedures in their areas of jurisdiction. The mayor names heads (principals) of the departments and services, who are chosen on the basis of a public competition.

List of cities and towns
The following is a complete list of all officially designated 128 cities/towns in Croatia, sorted by population according to the 2021 population census. At the time of the 2001 census, there had been 123 cities/towns in the country and four former municipalities were administratively upgraded to towns prior to the 2011 census: Vodnjan (in 2003), Kutjevo, Otok, and Sveta Nedelja (in 2006). In addition, the table includes data for Popovača, also a former municipality which was re-designated as town in the administrative revision in April 2013.

The Municipal column in the table lists total population within the geographical boundary of the local administrative subdivision. This means that the figure often includes other smaller settlements such as villages or hamlets located on the outskirts or near the city/town proper. In contrast, the Town/City proper column lists only population of the city/town proper, without the smaller settlements which administratively belong to the city. Both numbers are given as in some cases the figures may vary dramatically (for example Velika Gorica with nearby settlements has a population of around 61,000 but the town proper has only 30,000 residents).

The town of Kaštela is a unique exception in that it only exists as an administrative unit - it is legally treated as an agglomeration of seven separate settlements with populations ranging from 3,000 to 7,000, none of which is actually called "Kaštela". Its town council is located in Kaštel Sućurac.

Another set of exceptions arises from the special status of the City of Zagreb, which is considered both a county and a city, and is further subdivided into city districts, local committees and settlements. Unlike its other districts, the district of Sesvete still has the status of a standalone settlement with a population of about 55,000. This would make it a large city in itself, but it does not have the administrative status of a city.

{{legend|#faecc8|¤ County seat. There is a total of 21 counties of Croatia but only 20 county seats - the capital Zagreb doubles as a county (called City of Zagreb or Grad Zagreb) and the seat of the separate Zagreb County (Zagrebačka županija) which surrounds Zagreb but does not actually include the capital city.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

title: List of cities and towns in Croatia


text:
Localities of Iceland

Most municipalities in Iceland include more than one settlement. For example, four localities (Selfoss, Stokkseyri, Eyrarbakki, and Tjarnabyggð) can all be found in the municipality of Árborg.

A number of municipalities only contain a single locality, while there are also a few municipalities in which no localities exist. All localities in Iceland can only be located within a single municipality, i.e. they cannot straddle multiple municipality borders. Some municipalities, such as Hafnarfjörður and Akranes, also share the same name with a locality. However, these localities are not always situated in their namesake municipalities. In those cases, this does not necessarily mean that they there are no other localities included in that particular municipality. Even when they are the only locality there, they do not always encompass the span of that municipality's entire land area.

List of localities
The majority of the functions that are carried out by local governments actually happen at the municipal level. However, most settlements in Iceland are broken down further into the "locality" level, which are mainly used for information collection and statistical analysis purposes only—they are the regional equivalent of a census division.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Localities of Iceland


text:
James E. Davis (New York politician)

James E. Davis (April 3, 1962 – July 23, 2003) was an American politician who served on the New York City Council from 2002 until his assassination.

Early life
Davis was born and raised in Brooklyn, the son of a corrections officer and a registered nurse. He was raised with his brother Geoffrey A. Davis. He spent his early childhood in Bedford-Stuyvesant before his family moved to Crown Heights.

He earned a bachelor's degree at Pace University in social science and youth agency administration. He became a corrections officer at Rikers Island after being beaten by two white police officers, and then became a police officer himself in 1991. In 1990, Davis had started an organization called "Love Yourself Stop the Violence" dedicated to stopping violence in urban America. The NYPD soon assigned Davis to the New York City Police Academy as an instructor, and he became a frequent guest on local radio and television programs.

Political career
Davis eventually qualified as a minister at Holy Trinity Baptist Church of Brooklyn and became a district leader and then a council member for Brooklyn's 35th Council district in November 2001.

The template for his successful City Council bid had been established by previous races against Assemblyman and Democratic Kings County Chairman Clarence Norman Jr., who narrowly defeated him in 1998. The campaign against the politically powerful Norman—and Davis's high-profile generally—ruffled feathers within the NYPD, and Davis was fired for violating a rule that prohibits paid city employees from engaging in electoral politics. In that November's election, his name was on the ballot on the old Liberal Party of New York line, for which Davis was fired from the NYPD. After pursuing litigation against the police department, Davis's claim that he never formally accepted the Liberal Party nomination was upheld and he was allowed to reclaim his job. He was not, however, permitted to return to his former detail at the police academy, instead being assigned to a night shift at a Brooklyn precinct.

His next campaign in 2001 was successful but would later be a factor in his murder. Othniel Askew had raised funds to run against him, but had failed to file the proper papers on time, which led to accusations of political chicanery and caused Askew to harbor a grudge against Davis.

Death
On July 23, 2003, Davis brought Askew to attend a council meeting at the council chambers in New York City Hall, with the intention of honoring him by introducing him from the balcony. The councilman and Askew were able to bypass the metal detectors, a courtesy offered to elected officials and their guests. Once in the balcony, and as the full council and dozens of attendees gathered into the chamber for the meeting, at 2:08 p.m., Askew fired a silver .40 caliber weapon at Davis, striking him several times in the torso. Davis, a retired police officer, was carrying a weapon, but it remained holstered. A plainclothes policeman, Richard Burt, on duty as bodyguard to Gifford Miller, Speaker of the City Council, then fired at Askew from the floor of the chamber, striking Askew five times. Paramedics arrived quickly, and attempted to revive both Davis and Askew before taking them to Beekman Downtown Hospital, where both men died. Askew had a history of violence. It was discovered after the murder that Askew had asked Davis to sign papers naming him as Davis's replacement in case anything happened to Davis.

Aftermath
Davis's brother Geoffrey announced that he would run for the seat formerly held by his brother. He was defeated by fellow Democrat Letitia James, running on the Working Families Party line.

Memorial
Davis was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. Upon learning his killer's ashes were also in Green-Wood, Davis's family had his body exhumed and reinterred in the Cemetery of the Evergreens.

Law & Order episode
The murder incident would be used as the basis for "City Hall", an episode of Law & Order which aired on February 11, 2004. However, in the adaptation, the dead councilman was an innocent bystander, with the second victim, a low-level bureaucrat who survived with a shoulder wound, as the true target.

title: James E. Davis (New York politician)


text:
Rusa

Rusa is both a Malay and Indonesian word for deer. It may refer to:
 * Rusa (genus), a genus of deer
 * Any of four kings of Urartu, an Iron Age kingdom in what is now Turkey and Armenia
 * Perodua Rusa, a microvan
 * Rusa (grape), another name for the wine grape Gewürztraminer
 * Typhoon Rusa, a powerful typhoon which struck South Korea in 2002
 * Rusa language

RUSA may refer to:
 * Randonneurs USA
 * Reference and User Services Association of the American Library Association
 * Rutgers University Student Assembly
 * Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan, a higher education policy in India

title: Rusa


text:
Khachaturian

Khachaturian, Khachaturyan, Khachadurian or Khachatourian (Խաչատուրյան) is an Armenian surname meaning "cross bearer". People with the name include the following:

 * Andrey Khachaturyan (born 1987), Belarusian footballer
 * Aram Khachaturian (1903–1978), Soviet Armenian composer
 * Artur Khachaturyan (born 1992), Armenian basketball player
 * Emin Khachaturian (1930–2000), Armenian conductor and composer
 * Gayane Khachaturian (1942–2009), Soviet and Armenian painter
 * Karen Khachaturian (1920–2011), Soviet and Russian composer
 * Leon Khachatourian (born 1936), Iranian Armenian boxer
 * Ontronik Khachaturian (born 1975), American musician
 * Vahagn Khachaturyan (born 1959), Armenian politician

title: Khachaturian


text:
Randonneurs USA

Randonneurs USA or RUSA is affiliated to Audax Club Parisien and coordinates and promotes the randonneuring style of cycling within the US. Many cycling events, or brevets, which are organized by local RUSA clubs in the United States are sanctioned by the Audax Club Parisien and therefore can be used to qualify for Paris–Brest–Paris and other long brevets around the world.

History
RUSA was formed in 1998 by Jennifer Wise, Johnny Bertrand and John Wagner, along with six others.

 * Members from the first year (as of October 1998)

RUSA Specific Events
In addition to the support for ACP events, RUSA offers several other events including RUSA-ONLY brevets. A very popular RUSA only event is the Permanent.

The Permanent is a members-only event where previously a member would contact an individual Permanent Owner to sign up to do the Permanent and then eventually ride the Permanent. By the beginning of 2021, for insurance purposes RUSA became the owner of Permanent routes, and members now register online to ride a route (immediately after registration, if desired). The Permanent can be used to help complete other RUSA ONLY awards such as the R-12 or RUSA Distance Awards.

A great way for a rider to get introduced to Randonneuring is by riding a Populaire, which is a shorter distance Brevet - 100-199 km in length. By doing so, newcomers get to know and learn about long distance rides style and rules of Randonneuring.

Major brevets
The longest brevets organised by RUSA include:
 * Cascade 1200 (Seattle International Randonneurs)
 * Colorado High Country 1200 (Rocky Mountain Cycling Club)
 * Cracker Swamp 1200 (Central Florida Randonneurs)
 * Endless Mountains 1240K Randonnée (PA Randonneurs)
 * Florida Sunshine 1200k (Central Florida Randonneurs)
 * Gold Rush Randonnée (Davis Bike Club)
 * Last Chance 1200k Randonnée (Rocky Mountain Cycling Club)
 * Taste of Carolina (Bicycle for Life)
 * Texas Rando Stampede (Lone Star Randonneurs)

title: Randonneurs USA


text:
Barthélemy Hauréau

Jean-Barthélemy Hauréau (9 November 1812 – 29 April 1896) was a 19th-century French historian, journalist and administrator.

Education and appointments
Born in Paris, he was educated at the Louis-le-Grand and Bourbon colleges in his native city, and won high honours at his public examination. After graduating he became a journalist, and soon was a contributor to several democratic papers: La Tribune, Le National, Le Droit, and La Revue du Nord; at Le National, he was praised by Théophile Gautier as the "tribune" of romanticism. At the age of twenty he published a series of apologetic studies on the Montagnards — in later years, regretting his youthful enthusiasm, he attempted to destroy the studies. In 1838 he took the chief editorship of the Courrier de la Sarthe and was appointed librarian of the city of Le Mans, which position he retained until 1845, when he was dismissed on account of comments of his on the daring speech of the Mayor of le Mans to the Duke of Nemours. He returned to Paris and once more became one of the editors of Le National.

At this time he seemed destined for a political career, and after the revolution of 24 February 1848 was elected to the National Assembly; but close contact with revolutionary men and ideas cooled his old ardour. Throughout his life he opposed innovation, not only in politics and religion, but also in literature. After the coup d'état he resigned his position as director of the manuscript department of the Bibliothèque Nationale, to which he had been appointed in 1848, and refused to accept an administrative post until after the fall of the empire. Having acted as director of the national printing press from 1870 to 1881, he retired, but in 1893 accepted the post of director of the Fondation Thiers. He was also a member of the council of improvement of the École des Chartes.

Historical writing
For over half a century he wrote on the religious, philosophical, and more particularly the literary history of the Middle Ages. Appointed librarian of the town of Le Mans in 1838, he was first attracted by the history of Maine, and in 1843 published the first volume of his Histoire littéraire du Maine (4 vols., 1843–1852), which he subsequently recast on a new plan (10 vols., 1870–1877). In 1845 he brought out an edition of vol. ii of Gilles Ménage's Histoire de Sablé. He then undertook the continuation of the Gallia christiana, and produced vol. xiv (1856) for the province of Tours, vol. xv (1862) for the province of Besançon, and vol. xvi (1865–1870) for the province of Vienne. This work gained him admission to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1862).

In the Notices et extraits des manuscrits he inserted several papers which were afterwards published separately, with additions and corrections, under the title Notices et extraits de quelques manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale (6 vols., 1890–1893). To the Histoire littéraire de la France he contributed a number of studies, among which must be mentioned that relating to the sermon-writers (vol. xxvi), whose works, being often anonymous, raise many problems of attribution.

Among his other works were the remarkable Histoire de la philosophie scolastique (1872–1880); Les Mélanges poétiques d'Hildebert de Lavardin (1852); an edition of the Works of Hugh of St Victor (1886); a critical study of the Latin poems attributed to St Bernard (1870); and Bernard Délicieux et l'Inquisition albigeoise (1877). To these must be added his contributions to the Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques, Didot's Biographie générale, the Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, and the Journal des savants.

From the time of his appointment to the Bibliothèque Nationale up to the last days of his life he was engaged in making abstracts of all the medieval Latin writings (many anonymous or of doubtful attribution) relating to philosophy, theology, grammar, Canon law, and poetry, carefully noting on cards the first words of each passage.

He died in Paris. After his death this index of incipits, arranged alphabetically, was presented to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and a copy was placed in the manuscript department of the Bibliothèque Nationale.

Works
Haureau acquired by his work the reputation of a first-rate scholar. In addition to numerous articles published in the Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques, l'Encyclopédie nouvelle, l'Encyclopédie moderne, the Biographie générale of Didot, le Siècle, etc., he wrote:
 * La Montagne (Paris 1834), historical and philosophical notices on key members of The Mountain, with their portraits engraved etchings by Philippe-Auguste Jeanron, including biographies of Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Collot d'Herbois, Marat, Fouquier-Tinville, Robespierre, Saint-Just, etc. Initially scheduled for May 1832, publication took place in 1834 because of insurrections.
 * Critique des hypothèses métaphysiques de Manès et de Pélage et de l'idéalisme transcendal de saint Augustine (Le Mans, 1840) ;
 * Histoire littéraire du Maine (Paris Lanier 1843–1852, 4 vol. in-8°), which he reworked and enriched between 1870 and 1877, enlarging it to 10 volumes ; see full text of Histoire littéraire du Maine, coll. CD-ROM, Copyright, Le Mans, 2006.
 * Manuel du clergé ou Examen de l'ouvrage de M. Bouvier, (Angers, 1844), commentaries on the book by Jean-Baptiste Bouvier, bishop of Le Mans, Institutiones theologicae ad usum seminariorum, that earned him severe attacks by clericals ;
 * Histoire de la Pologne (Paris 1844);
 * Histoire de la peinture (1848–1852, in-32);
 * Examen critique de la philosophie scolastique (1848, 2 vol. in-8°), work crowned the same year by the Académie des sciences morales et politiques ;
 * Charlemagne et sa cour (1852);
 * François Ier et sa cour (Paris Hachette 1853) ;
 * Gallia Christiana, volume XIV (province of Tours) (1856) ;
 * Hugues de Saint-Victor (Paris 1859), then in 1886 new edition with considerable additions ;
 * Singularités historiques et littéraires (Paris 1861) ;
 * Gallia Christiana, volume XV (province of Besançon) (1862) ;
 * Catalogue chronologique des œuvres de J.-B. Gerbier (1863) ;
 * Histoire de la philosophie scolastique (1863–1880) in three volumes ;
 * Gallia Christiana, volume XVI (province of Vienne) (1870) ;
 * Bernard Délicieux et l'inquisition albigeoise (Paris Hachette 1877) ;
 * Notices et extraits de quelques manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris Klincksieck 6 volumes, from 1890 to 1893) ;
 * vol. 1: https://archive.org/details/noticesetextrai02manugoog
 * vol. 2: https://archive.org/details/noticesetextrai03manugoog
 * vol. 3: https://archive.org/details/noticesetextrai04manugoog
 * vol. 4: https://archive.org/details/noticesetextrai00manugoog
 * vol. 5: https://archive.org/details/noticesetextrai05manugoog
 * vol. 6: https://archive.org/details/noticesetextrai01manugoog
 * The Pharsalia by Lucan, and Facétie sur la mort de Claude by Seneca translated for the Latins Classiques of M. Nisard, etc.

But of all the work of the industrious and wise writer, the one which especially contributed to its reputation is his continuation of the Gallia Christiana of the Benedictines. This work was started and continued until the 13th volume by the Benedictine of the Abbaye de Saint-Maur. Between 1856 and 1870 Haureau added three more volumes, written in Latin to maintain the unity of the work. The Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres has several times awarded its own Prix Gobert to this work of high scholarship (not to be confused with the Grand prix Gobert of the Académie française).

Portrait

 * Pen drawing executed during a session of the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres or the Journal des savants, by Adrien Prévost de Longpérier, in Revue Historique et Archéologique du Maine, Le Mans, 2006, (p. 129)

title: Barthélemy Hauréau


text:
Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others

The Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others was approved by the United Nations General Assembly on 2 December 1949, and entered into force on 25 July 1951. The preamble states:

"'Whereas prostitution and the accompanying evil of the traffic in persons for the purpose of prostitution are incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person and endanger the welfare of the individual, the family, and the community'"

As of December 2013, 82 states were party to the convention (see map). An additional 13 states had signed the convention, but had not yet ratified it.

The convention supersedes a number of earlier conventions that covered some aspects of forced prostitution. Signatories are charged with three obligations under the 1949 convention: prohibition of trafficking, specific administrative and enforcement measures, and social measures aimed at trafficked persons. The 1949 convention presents two shifts in perspective of the trafficking problem, in that it views prostitutes as victims of the procurers, and in that it eschews the terms "white slave traffic" and "women", using for the first time race- and gender-neutral language. To fall under the provisions of the 1949 convention, the trafficking need not cross international lines.

Provisions
The convention requires state parties to punish any person who "procures, entices, or leads away, for purposes of prostitution, another person, even with the consent of that person", "exploits the prostitution of another person, even with the consent of that person" (Article 1), or runs a brothel or rents accommodations for prostitution purposes (Article 2). It also prescribes procedures for combating international traffic for the purpose of prostitution, including extradition of offenders.

Furthermore, state parties are required to abolish all regulations that subject prostitutes "to special registration or to the possession of a special document or to any exceptional requirements for supervision or notification" (Article 6). And also, they are required to take the necessary measure for the supervision of employment agencies in order to prevent persons seeking employment, in particular women and children, from being exposed to the danger of prostitution (Article 20).

A dispute between the parties relating to the interpretation or application of the convention may, at the request of any one of the parties to the dispute, be referred to the International Court of Justice (Article 22).

Status
A number of countries who have ratified the convention expressed reservations in relation to the referral of disputes to the ICJ, and some countries have not ratified the convention at all because of their objection to the presence of the article.

One of the main reasons the convention has not been ratified by many countries is that it also applies to voluntary prostitution, because of the presence of the term "even with the consent of that person" in Article 1. For example, in countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Greece, Turkey, and other countries, voluntary prostitution is legal and regulated as an "occupation".

The Trafficking Protocol (2000) to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime has used a different definition of "trafficking" to that in the 1949 convention, and has been ratified by many more countries.

The Centre for Human Rights, specifically the secretariat of the Working Group on Slavery, in close co-operation with the Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs of the Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, actively monitors the convention.


text:
User talk:172/Talk block 7

"Propaganda stunt" is a pretty heavily-loaded term; it says that the action being taken is insignificant and just for show. For instance, much of the space race of the 1960s could legitimately be considered a propaganda stunt, because the actual significance turns out to be minor. Rescuing hostages held at gunpoint is never a propaganda stunt; to say otherwise devalues the hostages, and implies that holding hostages is not a criminal act. By choosing the same words that the Soviets would have used to justify their actions, you're not critically examining anything, you're just presenting their point of view. I can see where you might think you're being helpful by presenting an unusual point of view, but it's still a single point of view. Best would be leave out the loaded words altogether, and put the he-said-she-said stuff in Berlin Airlift, which is a pretty thin article for an episode with so many implications for the Cold War. Also, since you apparently sincerely believe there's no socialist bias, try out some of your material on a mix of your leftie and rightie acquaintances. I'll bet that the lefties will think it's perfect, and the righties will fume and splutter. I can try the experiment with some of my acquaintances too; which finished article mostly written by you do you think best exemplifies neutrality? If my rightie friends grudgingly allow that it's correct, then I'll shut up. Stan 08:28 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, now you've gone and made my last comment mostly irrelevant! :-) Yes, I like the Berlin airlift bit much better now - captures the essence of what happened. Stan 08:42 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Things must have gotten mixed up somewhere, I've never seen you write anything that appeared to have a right-of-center lean. My Cold War comment had to do with the way you phrased the ending, talking about how the Russian people are worse off now than during the Soviet era, to wit: Reaganite hawks relished in post-Cold War "triumphalism," idea of the "end of history," and a "new world order" based on American-style liberal democracy, while the "liberated" population of the former Soviet Union is mired in misery. The viewpoint of the right is that the absence of liberty was the truly miserable part, and characterizing Russia as now "mired in misery" makes it clear that you are more favorable to the Soviet system, especially when combined with the SU history you've written. Stan 13:53 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I was mistaken in using the phrase "Soviet system" - I should have said "socialism". My net impression from your Soviet history was "it could have been the worker's paradise but they screwed it up by not sticking to the original principles". Oversimplified to be sure, but my rapidly vanishing brain cells won't store much more. That's why summaries are so important; even your best and most intricate analysis is useless if all that your readers remember is one randomly-chosen sentence out of the middle. If I'm having this much trouble, what must it be like for a college freshman seeing all this for the first time? If what's happening is that you're wanting to present multiple analyses and in practice only have enough energy to write the first one, I suggest that you do a first pass that sticks to bare facts, and then layer that with interpretations later, perhaps in separate sections or articles. Right now the facts are intertwined with some analysis, and it's hard for people to fix factual errors without scrambling the assessments in the process. Another way to put it is that Braudelesque narrative is not partitioned so as to make it amenable to the wiki-way of incremental addition; if you try, you end up with large lumps of text that few link to, and fewer read. Stan 21:40 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I love Braudel - one of these days I will add articles for him and his works - and I've pondered whether there is a good way to fit the broad narrative into the wikipedia article form. So far I don't have any good ideas; long articles are bad because most readers will give up after a couple paragraphs, but the traditional encyclopedia subject articles don't cross-link sufficiently closely to do a sort of surfing-type read. For instance, you mention Soviet historians inline, but I've only read about three books relating to Russia, and don't know anything about these particular historians or the basis for their arguments - maybe they're good, maybe not. A link to the historians describing them and their analyses in more depth is needed. Or to borrow from Braudel, perhaps links to articles that are tables of demographic data, etc. I cracked open a volume to a random page - wikified Braudel would be almost entirely "blue", it's so dense with references and connections. Stan 23:31 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Yes, I do agree that text shouldn't be removed from the article, but, forgive me, nobody is actually removing text. User:Pizza Puzzle has added a few links, shuffled some bits around, and done a little light rewriting here and there, but never removed text. Whether Pizza Puzzle is Vera Cruz is debatable, but personally I don't care - their edits are fine and that's all that matters to me. As I've said, if in the future Pizza Puzzle or anybody else starts repeatedly moving text against consensus, or creating a "jumbled, incoherent mess", then we can deal with that, but at the moment this simply isn't happening. --Camembert

It might be a bit soon. Yes he is beginning to act the prick, but it would be wiser to wait until he does something dramatic before calling the cops. By all means let Jimbo know that Adam is starting to slip back into the old ways, but before the community acts I suspect they will want to see a bit more than just adding in pointless links and moving stuff around. Maybe a quiet word from Jimbo might be all that is needed to nip Adam's slipping in the bud. After all, even alcoholics sometimes slip. Give him space and he may either prove our worries wrong or prove that he has to be acted against. As of now there is a worrying trend starting to re-occur on this and other pages, but it still isn't strong enough to get everyone to jump up and scream "that is it. We've had enough of this" and move to kick him off. If he is kicked off now it will be the end of the line for him, so people will want to be convinced he is completely back to his old ways. He is beginning to move in that direction but isn't there yet and (here's hoping) won't get there and will return his better behaviour as PP. :-) FearÉIREANN 00:58 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I understand. I was being a bit ironic there. :-) To be honest it be a bad idea. If someone who has made a fool of themelves before comes back, they may want to start again as someone about whom there are no past attitudes. I think that may be why PP worked so well, because OK most of us knew who he was, but the attitude was, if your work is up to scratch, we'll practice a wiki version of don't ask, don't tell, a case of we'll pretend we don't know who you really are, if you pretend by your behaviour that you aren't that person and act differently. It is only if someone shows no intention whatsoever'' of changing (DW, Michael) that we enforce the rules to the letter. Getting PP to put an "I am Adam" badge on his page would, I fear, be the equivalent of pouring petrol on a fire; it would inflame the situation and make him more, not less, likely to revert to past behaviour. I just don't see how that would stop him. But if you want to suggest it to Jimbo, by all means do.

BTW, it was unwise to protect the two pages. I know from personal experiences not to use the power when you see someone in your view deliberately screwing up the contents of a page when you know the actual facts. I've had to bite my lip a few times, but if we are involved in an edit war we really shouldn't do the protection but ask someone unconnected with the dispute. And we certainly should never protect a talk page except in the most extreme case. It was an understandable reaction; I'm sure many sysops have been on the brink of doing it, some probably have. The only time I've come close was where one user kept coming on every few weeks and reverting a page to their long out of date version, wiping out everyone's edits in between and breaking almost all the links (as they had changed all the links in their original version to ones that went nowhere. I thought initially that they were simply someone who didn't know what they were doing. After 7 attempts I concluded they were just trying to fuck up the article for the fun of it). I spent weeks everytime they came on, first nicely, then bluntly, saying "stop it". In the end when they spent an entire day trying to reverting I protected it; if it had only been my additions that were being lost I would have got another sysop to do it, but they were erasing the edits of nine contributors so I wasn't protecting my work but everyone's, some of which personally I disagreed with. But protecting a page where you are one of the main protagonists in an edit war is inadvisable.

Listen, don't let PP get to you. I can be stubborn as hell with some people, and some users make me see red the moment I see them so much as touch anything I have worked on. But in the end there is no point in letting them do that to you. Just wait until they are bored and go elsewhere and then go back. Don't make an issue of you versus them in the minds of people. Give them enough rope and see will they hang themselves. You don't have to push them. (Not that I'm great at following my own advice sometimes!:-) ) wikilove FearÉIREANN 02:13 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for coming to Catholicism 172. It badly needs professional help. I'm amused to find that I am 'defending' the RC church, given that I am a seriously lapsed catholic who is gay and have been accused of being anti-catholic for stuff I am writing in my newspaper column. What is happening on that page is wiki at its worst; some people who have a hazy understanding of some issue and a strong personal prejudice highjacking a page and filling it with unadultrated rubbish. Where would wiki be without professional historians like you and me, eh! Do feel free to protect that page. The page is not exactly of first class honour standard (I'd put it at just about third class honour if not pass) but with that rubbish it would plummet to no grade whatsoever. FearÉIREANN 05:19 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

It almost makes me wish for Fred!!! Fred may have been to NPOV what Justin Timberlake is to Mozart but at least he wrote in friggin' english, not pidgin english. :-) FearÉIREANN 05:38 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

MB noted the following during the Catholicism row.

Also, the account Voiceofreason was only created during this edit war.

Voiceofreason and Nostrum's edits do overlap to a curious extent, so much so that I'm rather suspicious. Also Nostrum's english is too bad to be believable. Even at the time I thought there was something deeply fishy about it. A self proclaimed gay 21 year old person with a high IQ who cannot write english and equates homosexuality with paedophilia? Not very likely. He has no problem expressing himself on talk pages but not on the main page, where he doesn't just come out with pidgin english but with statements that someone with an IQ of 50 wouldn't make, such as talking about New Born Christians and Mormons as catholics. Something is very fishy about it. I can't help wondering if we checked whether Nostrum's and Voiceofreason's IPs would be in the 65.xxxx IP range. Or maybe there has been a full moon and another of our trolls has been hit by multiple personality syndrome again! Certainly I can think of two trolls whose specialities were triggering off edit wars by doing something exceedingly stupid, pretending sometimes how they could not speak english and introducing two or more characters into a debate, then leaving 'thank you for your support' messages on each other's talk pages to pretend they really were two people. Curiouser and curiouser. :-) FearÉIREANN 07:02 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hey, I thought someone else was voiceofreason. My english is pretty good by the way, you just don't understand my sentence structure. In addition, I don't check everything I put in for grammar or spelling errors. I suppose I should, I didn't understand you guys took it so seriously, but I'm beginning to understand. Oh, and if you're wondering, the reason my coments seem so outragous is because I'm an ignorant athiest. I really don't know much about the Bible, simply because I've only read about 2 pages. But I am entrigued by the comments you write. I am attempting to learn and assimilate the information you present to me in a non-biased manner and generously approve of comments that would both critique and approve of my additions. Please comment on the recent additions and items that I've fixed on my personal page. Thank you. Nostrum 08:47 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I am simply asking for a forum of discussion. If you feel there are certain things that should be left out, then please feel free to discuss them. Protecting a page is simply another form of censorship. Besides, it won't be protected in the morning. You and others alike are simply deleting the information and leaving no note as to why. If you wanted to convince me I would listen. I have listened. In fact I've changed my additions almost 100 times to be more acceptable. Please tell me what you think is wrong with what I wrote, be very thourough. In fact, tell me how I can fix it to add to the article. Responding in any other way would be puting you in a clearly biased position. Let us motivate each other to improve this article for the better. I don't want to have inaccurate information as much as you. Thank you for your time. I trust you'll handle this with maturity. Nostrum 08:58 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Protecting a page in a discussion where you have already expressed a strong opinion borders on violation of our protected page guidelines. If you want the page to be protected, ask another sysop who was no part of the discussion to do so. I have unprotected the page. --Eloquence 09:21 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I agree with the remarks of eloquence, however, it would seem that you were indeed operating within the moral guidlines of this system. However, I do believe that you should have consulted me first, since I was the appearant aggrevator for the article, and subsequently your protective barrier. Your lack of attempt at reasoning, instead of bullying, leads others to believe you indeed had a biased position to begin with. This threatens your position as an op and a moral leader. I'm not mad at you, in fact I'm happy you feel you did the right thing. Next time just make sure you exhaust every option before going to the extreme. I hope to see your comments here in the future. Thanks. Nostrum 09:51 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

what's wrong with the change I made, it's more accurate, that's what you want isn't it? OR do you just like restoring the page?

____

who are you to say your opinions of standards are higher than mine? You're gone boi. Nostrum 10:17 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm not saying. The crap you're trying to post is saying it.

-

Sorry, 172, but it doesn't work this way. Our protected page guidelines are quite clear on the point: We want to separate those who protect pages from those who are engaged in edit wars and emotionalized discussions, to prevent abuse of privileges.

I have revoked your sysop privileges for the time being. Please understand that, as a sysop, you should relegate the protection of pages in these cases to other sysops who were not substantially involved in the matter. If you acknowledge this guideline, I will restore your sysop status immediately. --Eloquence 11:07 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I'd like to request a similar acknowledgement on the rules for deleting articles without listing them on VfD. See the bottom of Votes for undeletion. Martin 16:30 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

If you enter an edit war, protecting a page should be the last choice. It makes outsiders like me to wonder whether it is a censorship and it puts you under a relatively bad position. In particular when you face someone who you believe to be a troublemaker, you have to be very careful. Two different versions of the same article is not a prefect answer, but at least both sides can buy some extra time.

The article New Imperialism is really too long -- Well, it is not that long if it is a printed version -- but I believe you can fix it. He is watching you and he thinks he writes a better version. If you cannot make him "surrender" heartily, he will come back even if you ban him. Wshun

title: User talk:172/Talk block 7


text:
Talk:Deconstructionism

This article should be a hard redirect
The article contains no reliable sources for that meaning of deconstructionism. All articles in Wikipedia must be verifiable. Also, this article reads like a dictionary definition and Wikipedia is not a dictionary - can you find any reliable sources to show that an act of someone sabotaging something in society has been known as deconstructionism? If not it should just be a redirect to the deconstruction article. Graham 87 09:14, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You seem to be referring to Societal collapse. I wouldn't object to this article being a redirect to deconstruction with a hatnote linking to Societal collapse. I don't think this article should exist in its own right though. Graham 87 09:41, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Redirected. Twitchel 23:31, 30 October 2007 (UTC) Twitchel

Someone reverted the redirect that I did. Although, the person who did it has been a vandal before and is unregistered... I will redo the redirect, as there are no sources, and Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Twitchel 22:34, 4 November 2007 (UTC)Twitchel

title: Talk:Deconstructionism


text:
Palomino

Palomino is a genetic color in horses, consisting of a gold coat and white mane and tail; the degree of whiteness can vary from bright white to yellow. The palomino color derived from the inter-breeding of Spanish horses with those from the United States. Genetically, the palomino color is created by a single allele of a dilution gene called the cream gene working on a "red" (chestnut) base coat. Palomino is created by a genetic mechanism of incomplete dominance, hence it is not considered true-breeding. However, most color breed registries that record palomino horses were founded before equine coat color genetics were understood as well as they are today, therefore the standard definition of a palomino is based on the visible coat color, not heritability nor the underlying presence of the dilution gene.

Due to their distinct color, palominos stand out in a show ring, and are much sought after as parade horses. They were particularly popular in movies and television during the 1940s and 1950s. One of the most famous palomino horses was Trigger, known as "the smartest horse in movies", the faithful mount of the Hollywood cowboy star Roy Rogers. Another famous palomino was Mister Ed (real name Bamboo Harvester) who starred on his own TV show in the 1960s. A palomino was also featured in the show Xena: Warrior Princess (1995–2001). Xena's horse Argo was portrayed by a palomino mare named Tilly. In today's horse breeding the palomino color can be created by crossing a chestnut with a cremello.

Palomino is a Spanish word meaning juvenile pigeon (the diminutive of paloma, pigeon) and its equine usage refers to the color of such birds.

Description
Palomino horses have a yellow or gold coat, with a white or light cream mane and tail. The shades of the body coat color range from cream to a dark gold.

Unless also affected by other, unrelated genes, palominos have dark skin and brown eyes, though some may be born with pinkish skin that darkens with age. Some have slightly lighter brown or amber eyes. A heterozygous cream dilute (CR) such as the palomino must not be confused with a horse carrying champagne dilution. Champagne (CH) dilutes are born with pumpkin-pink skin and blue eyes, which darken within days to amber, green or light brown, and their skin acquires a darker mottled complexion around the eyes, muzzle, and genitalia as the animal matures.

A horse with rosy-pink skin and blue eyes in adulthood is most often a cremello or a perlino, a horse carrying two cream dilution genes.

Sooty palomino horses may have darker hairs in the mane, tail and coat. The summer coat of a palomino is usually a slightly darker shade than the winter coat.

Colors confused with palomino
Many non-palominos may also have a gold or tan coat and a light mane and tail.

 * Chestnut with flaxen mane and tail: Lighter chestnuts with a light cream mane and tail carry a flaxen gene, but not a cream dilution.  For example, the Haflinger breed has many light chestnuts with flaxen that may superficially resemble dark palomino, but there is no cream gene in the breed.
 * Cremellos carry two copies of the cream gene and have a light mane and tail but also a cream-colored hair coat, rosy pink skin and blue eyes.
 * The champagne gene is the most similar palomino mimic, as it creates a golden-colored coat on some horses, but golden champagnes have light skin with mottling, blue eyes at birth, and amber or hazel eyes in adulthood.
 * Horses with a very dark brown coat but a flaxen mane and tail are sometimes called "chocolate palomino", and some palomino color registries accept horses of such color. However, this coloring is not genetically palomino.  There are two primary ways the color is created.  The best-known is a liver chestnut with a flaxen mane and tail.  The genetics that create light flaxen manes and tails on otherwise chestnut horses are not yet fully understood, but they are not the same as the cream dilution.  The other genetic mechanism is derived from the silver dapple gene, which lightens a black coat to dark brown, and affects the mane and tail even more strongly, diluting to cream or near-white.
 * Buckskins have a golden body coat but a black mane and tail. Buckskin is also created by the action of a single cream gene, but on a bay coat.
 * Dun horses have a tan body with a darker mane and tail plus primitive markings such as a dorsal stripe down the spine and horizontal striping on the upper back of the forearm.
 * The pearl gene in a homozygous state creates a somewhat apricot-colored coat with pale skin. When crossed with a single cream gene, the resulting horse, often called a "pseudo-double-dilute", appears visually to be a cremello.

Color breed registries
In the United States, some palomino horses are classified as a color breed. However, unlike the Appaloosa or the Friesian, which are distinct breeds that also happen to have a unique color preference, Palomino color breed registries often accept a wide range of breed or type if the animals are properly golden-colored. The Palomino cannot be a true horse breed, however, because palomino color is an incomplete dominant gene and does not breed "true". A palomino crossed with a palomino may result in a palomino about 50% of the time, but could also produce a chestnut (25% probability) or a cremello (25% probability). Thus, palomino is simply a partially expressed color allele and not a set of characteristics that make up a "breed".

Because registration as a palomino with a color breed registry is based primarily on coat color, horses from many breeds or combination of breeds may qualify. Some breeds that have palomino representatives are the American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking Horse, Morgan and Quarter Horse. The color is fairly rare in the Thoroughbred, but does in fact occur and is recognized by The Jockey Club. Some breeds, such as the Haflinger and Arabian, may appear to be palomino, but are genetically chestnuts with flaxen manes and tails, as neither breed carries the cream dilution gene. However, in spite of their lack of cream DNA, some palomino color registries have registered such horses if their coat color falls within the acceptable range of shades.

While the color standard used by palomino organizations usually describes the ideal body color as that of a "newly minted gold coin" (sometimes mistakenly claimed to be a penny), a wider a body color range is often accepted, ranging from a cream-white color to a deep, dark, chocolate color ("chocolate palomino") that may actually be silver dapple or liver chestnut with a flaxen mane and tail.

Requirements for registration
In the United States, there are two primary color breed registries for Palomino-colored horses: the Palomino Horse Association (PHA), and the Palomino Horse Breeders of America (PHBA).

The Palomino Horse Association (PHA) registers palomino horses of any breed and type "on color and conformation". The shade of color considered ideal by the PHA is the color of a gold coin, but shades of palomino from light to dark gold are accepted. The mane and tail are required to be white, silver, or ivory, but up to 15% dark or reddish-brown hair is accepted. In the interest of breeding palomino horses, the PHA also registers full double-dilute blue-eyed cremellos, erroneously called "cremello palominos" by the PHA. Horses that are not recorded by any other registry of unknown pedigree are accepted if their color meets the PHA definition of "palomino".

The Palomino Horse Breeders of America (PHBA) has stricter requirements. To be accepted by the PHBA, in addition to color, a horse must have the general structure appropriate to the breeds of light riding type recognized by the PHBA. The adult height of the PHBA horse should be, and the horse must not show draft horse or pony characteristics. An individual that does not meet the height requirements may still be accepted if it is registered in one of the breed registries recognized by the PHBA. The PHBA usually requires horses or both parents of the horse to be registered by or eligible for registration with certain recognized breed registries, including those for the American Quarter Horse, Paint, Appaloosa, Saddlebred, Morgan, Holsteiner, Arabian, assorted part-Arabian registries, Pinto (horse division only), Thoroughbred, and assorted gaited horse breeds. Horses with PHBA-registered parents are also eligible even if they are not recorded with any other breed registry. In some situations, mares and geldings may be registered without pedigree on account of their conformation and color only, but stallions must always have pedigrees that are "verified in fact".

The ideal PHBA body color is the shade of "a United States gold coin". The mane and tail must be naturally white, and may not have more than 15% black, brown or off-colored hairs. Brown or dark primitive markings are not accepted. PHBA also does not accept horses that are gray or show color characteristics of Paints, pintos, Appaloosas or cremellos or perlinos. The skin must be dark, other than pink skin on the face connected to a white marking. The PHBA will not accept a horse for regular registration if it has all three characteristics of a double-dilute cream: light (or pink) skin over the body; white or cream-colored hair over the body; and eyes of a bluish cast. White markings on the face and legs may not exceed certain limits. Leg white may not be higher than the level of the elbow or the stifle, white on the face may not extend past the throatlatch. Spotting and characteristics of the Leopard complex and the various pinto patterns are not accepted, and body spots of less than a 4-inch diameter may be allowed. Horses with non-dark skin on the body, white or creamy coat and pink skin around the eyes are not accepted. Spots of pink skin visible in the muzzle or around the eyes, under the tail and between the hind legs are not accepted. An exception is made for horses registered with the American Saddlebred Horse Association, which may have skin of any color. Accepted eye colors are black, brown, blue and hazel. However, horses with blue or partially blue eyes are accepted only if their registration certificate from a recognized breed association mentions the eye color; they are also accepted on horses of unknown pedigree if they are gelded or spayed.

title: Palomino


text:
Paul Meyer (philologist)

Marie-Paul-Hyacinthe Meyer (17 January 1840, Paris – 7 September 1917, Saint-Mandé), was a French philologist.

Biography
Meyer was born in Paris and educated at the Lycée Louis le Grand and the École des Chartes, specializing in the Romance languages.

In 1863 he joined the manuscript department of the Bibliothèque Nationale. He was keeper of the national archives from 1866 to 1872. In 1876 he became professor of the languages and literatures of southern Europe at the Collège de France. In 1882 he was made director of the École des Chartes, and a year later was nominated a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. He was one of the founders of the Revue critique (1865), and a founder and the chief contributor to Romania (1872).

Paul Meyer began with the study of old Provençal literature, but subsequently did valuable work in many different departments of romance literature, and ranked as the chief authority on the French language of his era.

He was a member of the Institute of France, and an associate of the British Academy.

Works

 * Rapports sur les documents manuscrits de l'ancienne littérature de la France conservés dans les bibliothèques de la Grande Bretagne (1871)
 * Recueil d'anciens textes bas-latins, provençaux et français (2 parts, 1874–1876)
 * Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du Moyen âge (2 vols., 1886).
 * L'Apocalypse en français au XIIIe siècle (Paris MS fr. 403) (1900-1, with Léopold Delisle)

He edited several old French texts for the Société des anciens textes français, the Société de l'histoire de France and independently. Among these may be mentioned:
 * Aye d'Avignon (1861), with Guessard
 * Flamenca (1865)
 * the Histoire of Guillaume le Maréchal (3 vols., 1892–1902)
 * Raoul de Cambrai (1882), with Auguste Longnon
 * Fragments d'une vie de Saint Thomas de Canterbury (1885)
 * Guillaume de la Barre (1894).

Honors

 * He became honorary professor at the College of France in 1906.
 * Commander in the Legion of Honor

title: Paul Meyer (philologist)


text:
Talk:Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others

July 2003
When did this convention occur? Last week? Or in 1825? Or some other time? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.183.84.166 (talk • contribs) 22:28, 23 July 2003

This is a very long title. Almost an article. Could it go into a related article? Dmsar 23:44 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Factual Accuracy & Verification Tags
Large parts of this article are completely lacking in citations, and there are statements made that this Convention calls for things that are not described in the language of the treaty. I have already removed a statement to the effect that the Convention calls for suppression of the pornography industry when in fact there is no language whatsoever about pornography in the text of the convention. There seems to be quite a few other things in this article that are similarly not supported by the text of the document. Iamcuriousblue (talk) 23:48, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090204041437/http://www.entrepreneur.com:80/tradejournals/article/90192936_2.html to http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/90192936_2.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:36, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050525114642/http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/Weissbrodt%20report%20final%20edition%202003.pdf to http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/Weissbrodt%20report%20final%20edition%202003.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:14, 12 August 2017 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Randonneurs USA

Okay, but what is randonneuring? The article needs to define it, since that's not a common English word. Vicki Rosenzweig

How's this? (see addition to Randonneurs USA)

title: Talk:Randonneurs USA


text:
Talk:Ben Curtis (golfer)

Untitled
Clarify--only men to do what? Win the championship? I doubt it. Win it in those years--certainly not. Vicki Rosenzweig 22:34 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Vicki--I'll clarify. Only men to win it in consecutive years.  I thought it read wrong when I wrote it, but couldn't figure out what. Thanks for catching it. Jwrosenzweig 22:44 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Shouldn't this article be split into two articles, Ben Curtis(golfer) and Ben Curtis(actor)?

That's why there's this header at the top: "For the Dell advertising character, see Ben Curtis (actor)" --Tarpy 15:44, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ben Curtis (golfer)


text:
Pac-Man (disambiguation)

Pac-Man is a popular 1980 arcade game by Namco.

Pac-Man may also refer to:

Entertainment

 * Pac-Man (character), the titular protagonist of the franchise
 * Pac-Man, the game from 1980
 * Pac-Man (series), a series of video games
 * Pac-Man (Atari 2600), a port of the arcade game for the Atari 2600
 * Pac-Man (album), the 1992 EP by Power Pill
 * "Pac-Man" ("Weird Al" Yankovic song), a Weird Al parody of "Taxman"
 * "Pac-Man" (Gorillaz song), 2020
 * Pac-Man (TV series), a short-lived cartoon series
 * Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures, an animated television series

People with the nickname

 * Manny Pacquiao (born 1978), Filipino boxer and politician
 * Adam Jones (American football) (born 1983), National Football League player
 * Luděk Pachman (born 1924-died 2003), Czechoslovak-German chessplayer

Other uses

 * Pacman (package manager), a package management system of Arch Linux
 * Pac-Man (shogi), a trap opening in shogi
 * Pacman Nebula or NCG 281, a region of space
 * Pacman (security vulnerability), a flaw in Apple M1 microprocessors
 * Pac-Man, a song from Squeeze Box: The Complete Works of "Weird Al" Yankovic, "Weird Al" Yankovic, 2017

title: Pac-Man (disambiguation)


text:
Sustainable industries

The phrase sustainable industries is related to the development of industrial processes in a sustainable way. The phrase refers to greening of energy intensive industries such as the textiles, steel, cement, and paper industries.

Origin
Sustainability is a social goal for individuals to co-exist on the Earth including economic, social, and environmental deminsions. A Sustainable industry would allow for growth in all three deminsions while maintaining the quality of the environment and countering major environmental issues.

A report was released in 1987 by the United Nations called Our Common Future in which the concept of sustainable development was listed for the first time along with its guiding principles. Then, there is a mention of the phrase "sustainable industries" appeared in 1990 in a story about a Japanese group reforesting a tropical forest to help create sustainable industries for the local populace.

Soon after, a study entitled “Jobs in a Sustainable Economy” by Michael Renner of the Worldwatch Institute was published, using the term "sustainable industries". This 1991 report concluded, "Contrary to the jobs-versus-owls rhetoric that blames environmental restrictions for layoffs, the movement toward an environmentally sustainable global economy will create far more jobs than it eliminates. The chief reason: non-polluting, environmentally sustainable industries tend to be intrinsically more labour intensive and less resource intensive than traditional processes." Among the features of sustainable industry offered in the paper were energy efficiency, resource conservation to meet the needs of future generations, safe and skill-enhancing working conditions, low waste production processes, and the use of safe and environmentally compatible materials. Some of the benefits, however, would be offset by higher prices (due to labor costs) and a theoretically larger population needed to perform the same amount of work, increasing the agricultural and other loads on the system. In 1992 the Rio Earth Summit led to thinking about achieving global sustainability by acting locally. This was called Agenda 21, and including creating local food banks, community gardens, clean water sanitation programs, and ensuring that all children have access to quality education.

In February 2003 the business magazine Sustainable Industries was first published, offering news and analysis of core industries such as clean energy and green building. By 2012 the company had expanded to include digital media and event production with the Sustainable Industries Economic Forum in the U.S. Sustainable Industries merged with Triple Pundit in 2011. Then in 2013 Sustainable Industries stopped publishing under its masthead. In 2015 the United Nations adopting the Sustainable Development Goals, which is a 15-year plan that addresses 17 global interconnected issues, leading to a more sustainable future.

Development
The development of these industries requires a major shift in consumption patterns towards the purchase of environmentally friendly goods. The barriers that need to be removed in order for these goals to be reached include high prices, gaps in consumer awareness, and bias in purchasing behaviors. The technology to shift to green industries already exists but often times the price is too high to for industries to invest in them. Industrial development requires a critical amount of demand for consumers. As income grows demand begins to shift to more sophisticated goods, therefore industrial development will cause a surge of new industries. The expansion of industries will allow for an increase in product efficiency, lower prices, and creation of a mass market. As industries emerge and disappear a new source of income is available for consumers, workers, and entrepreneurs. The cheaper and higher quality goods have positive impact on the surrounding society.

Sustainable businesses consider a wide range of environmental, social, and economic factors when making their business decisions and monitor their impact to make sure short-term profits don't turn out to be an issue in the long-term. Sustainable initiatives gain public support and are financially performing well.

Examples
Sustainable industry strategies are unique to each type of industry and there is no right way to do it however they all tie into common business goals and values. These values could be:

 * Optimizing supply chains and reducing greenhouse emissions
 * Using renewable energy resources to power facilities
 * Sponsoring education for youth and the local community
 * Using sustainable materials in manufacturing

Key Aspects
The key ingredient to sustainable industries is Green consumption, which stems from "the desire to safeguard resources for future generations while also enhancing their quality of life." Sustainable development for businesses is a form of protection, allowing them to overcome adversity, become more stable, and maintain societal values. There are four key reasons why sustainability is important for businesses. First, It ensures economic sustainability as the living standards are improving without future economic crises. Second, it ensures social sustainability as it encompasses human health, justice, education, and providing opportunities for everyone within a society to be equal. Third, it ensures environmental sustainability and aims to maximize our resources while conserving and protecting our beautiful environment. Lastly, it is beneficial for the business, and their advertising as individuals are willing to pay more for something that contributes to the safety and longevity of our economy, environment, and society.

Sustainable industries are constantly developing and innovating their infrastructure to meet the needs of society without destroying the environment for future generations. Sustainable development calls for more responsible consumption and production patterns. By adopting various different energy efficient technologies and diversifying our energy resources through renewables, businesses pose less effects to our environment and our health.

title: Sustainable industries


text:
Hummingbird hawk-moth

The hummingbird hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum) is a species of hawk moth found across temperate regions of Eurasia. The species is named for its similarity to hummingbirds, as they feed on the nectar of tube-shaped flowers using their long proboscis while hovering in the air; this resemblance is an example of convergent evolution.

The hummingbird hawk-moth was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. As of 2018, its entire genome and mitogenome have been sequenced.

Distribution
The hummingbird hawk-moth is distributed throughout the northern Old World from Portugal to Japan, but it breeds mainly in warmer climates (southern Europe, North Africa, and points east). Three generations are produced in a year in Spain. There is evidence that the population in the British Isles is actively expanding its range, as numbers have been consistently increasing. In addition, it is believed that this population is becoming resident instead of migratory, as warmer temperatures due to climate change are allowing individuals to overwinter.

It is a strong flier, dispersing widely in the summer. However it rarely survives the winter in northern latitudes (e.g. north of the Alps in Europe, north of the Caucasus in Russia).

Moths in the genus Hemaris, also of the family Sphingidae, are known as "hummingbird moths" in the US, and "bee moths" in Europe. This sometimes causes confusion between this species and the North American genus.

Life cycle
Two or more broods are produced each year. The adult may be encountered at any time of the year, especially in the south of the range, where there may be three or four broods. It overwinters as an adult in a crevice among rocks, trees, and buildings. On very warm days it may emerge to feed in mid-winter. Unlike other moths, they have no sexual dimorphism in the size of their antennal lobes.

Ova
The glossy pale green ova (eggs) are spherical with a 1 mm diameter. They are said to look like the flower buds of the host plant Galium, and that is where the female lays them. They hatch 6 to 8 days after laying. Up to 200 eggs may be laid by one female, each on a separate plant.

Larvae
Newly hatched larvae are clear yellow, and in the second instar assume their green coloration. The larva is green with two grey stripes bordered in cream along the sides and with a horn at the rear end typical of sphingids. The horn is purplish red, changing to blue with an orange tip in the last instar. They feed fully exposed on the top of the host plant and rest in among a tangle of stems. Although dependent on warmth and sun, the larval stage can be as rapid as 20 days.

Pupae
The pupae are pale brownish with a prominent, keeled proboscis, and two sharp spines at the end of the cremaster. They are enclosed in loose silken cocoons among the host plant debris or on the ground among leaf litter.

Adults
The forewings are brown, with black wavy lines across them, while the hindwings are orange with a black edge. The abdomen is quite broad, with a fan-tail of setae at the end. The wingspan is 40 - 45 mm.

In the southern parts of its range, the hummingbird hawk-moth is highly active even when temperatures are high, and thoracic temperatures above 45 C have been measured. This is among the highest recorded for hawk-moths, and near the limit for insect muscle activity.

Behaviour
Its long proboscis (25–28 mm) and its hovering behavior, accompanied by an audible humming noise, make it look remarkably like a hummingbird while feeding on flowers. Like hummingbirds, it feeds on flowers which have tube-shaped corollae. It should not be confused with the moths called hummingbird moths in North America, genus Hemaris, members of the same family and with similar appearance and behavior. The resemblance to hummingbirds is an example of convergent evolution. It flies during the day, especially in bright sunshine, but also at dusk, dawn, and even in the rain, which is unusual for even diurnal hawkmoths. M. stellatarum engages in free hovering flight, which allows more maneuverability and control than fixed-wing flight, despite high energetic cost. Like many large insects, it relies upon Johnston's organs for body positioning information.

Vision
The hummingbird hawkmoth's visual abilities have been studied extensively, and they have demonstrated a relatively good ability to learn colours. They have a trichromatic visual system, and are most sensitive to wavelength in the range of 349-521 nm. They have been shown to discriminate a wavelength difference as small as 1–2 nm between sources. This discrimination is even more precise than Apis mellifera, or the western honey bee. Among other flower visitors, their visual system is similar to Papilio xuthus, or the Asian swallowtail butterfly, and Deilephila elpenor, the nocturnal elephant hawkmoth. Their food preference is based mainly on visual identification, while D. elpenor preference relies upon olfactory identification. Compared to D. elpenor, M. stellatarum have a much smaller number of ommatidia, but a larger optic lobe volume to provide more visual processing tissue.

Habitat and host plants

Hummingbird hawk-moths can be easily seen in gardens, parks, meadows, bushes, and woodland edge, where the preferred food plants grow (honeysuckle, red valerian and many others).

Their larvae usually feed on bedstraws or madders (Rubia) but have been recorded on other Rubiaceae and Centranthus, Stellaria, and Epilobium.

Adults are particularly fond of nectar-rich flowers with a long and narrow calyx, since they can then take advantage of their long proboscis and avoid competition from other insects. Flowers with longer tubes typically present the feeding animal a higher nectar reward. Proboscis length is thought to have been evolutionarily impacted by the length of flower feeding tubes. Examples of such plants include Centranthus, Jasminum, Buddleia, Nicotiana, Primula, Viola, Syringa, Verbena, Echium, Phlox, and Stachys. They are reported to trap-line, that is, to return to the same flower beds at about the same time each day.

In culture
Hummingbird hawk-moths have been seen as a lucky omen. In particular, a swarm of the moths was seen flying across the English Channel on D-Day, the day of the Normandy landings in the Second World War. These moths, along with other moths, are in the family Sphingidae because their larvae were thought to resemble the Egyptian Sphinx.

title: Hummingbird hawk-moth


text:
Talk:List of Polish painters

Article Requests

 * Jan Matejko
 * Jan Berdyszak
 * Henryka Beyer
 * Bożena Biskupska
 * Anna Bilińska-Bohdanowiczowa
 * Izaak van den Blocke
 * Agata Bogacka
 * Jan Borowczak —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.32.35.134 (talk) 19:29, 28 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Włodzimierz Borowski
 * Tomasz Ciecierski
 * Ewa Ciepielewska
 * Waldemar Cwenarski
 * Bolesław Cybis
 * Jan Cybis
 * Marcin Czarny
 * Eugeniusz Dabrowski
 * Stanislaw Dębicki
 * Jan Dobkowski
 * Leon Dołżycki (or Leon Dolzycki) —Preceding unsigned comment added by LVY72 (talk • contribs) 14:08, 18 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Tadeusz Dominik
 * Edward Dwurnik
 * Michael of Działdów
 * Eugeniusz Eibisch
 * Jerzy Fedkowicz
 * Stanislaw Fijałkowski
 * Jan Gotard
 * Leopold Gottlieb
 * Aleksander Gryglewski
 * Ryszard Grzyb
 * Gustaw Gwozdecki
 * Jan Józef Haar
 * Mikołaj Haberschrack
 * Herman Han
 * Karol Hiller
 * Aleksandra Jachtoma
 * Maria Jarema
 * Paweł Jarocki
 * Władysław Jarocki
 * Witold-K (Kaczanowski) --76.84.7.252 (talk) 23:21, 1 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Leon Kapliński
 * Wincenty Kasprzycki
 * Aleksander Kobzdej
 * Roman Kochanowski
 * Łukasz Korolkiewicz
 * Damian Kozaryn — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.27.193.150 (talk) 23:30, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Edward Krasiński, painter
 * Janina Kraupe-Świderska
 * Emil Krcha
 * Jan Krieg
 * Monika Krystowczyk
 * Tadeusz Kuntze-Konicz
 * Ewa Kuryluk
 * Paweł Kwiek
 * Jacek łącki — Preceding unsigned comment added by Beciu Silviu (talk • contribs) 10:50, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Karol Larisch
 * Ludwik de Laveaux
 * Jan Lebenstein
 * Dominik Lejman
 * Franciszek Lekszycki
 * Stanisław Lentz
 * Bronisław Wojciech Linke
 * Jedrzej Litwiniuk —Preceding unsigned comment added by Poeticbent (talk • contribs) 16:26, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Leopold Loeffler
 * Krzysztof Lubieniecki
 * Kazimierz Mikulski
 * Zbigniew Makowski
 * Robert Maciejuk
 * Rafał Malczewski
 * Józef Marszewski
 * Zygmunt Menkes
 * Jakob Mertens
 * Antoni Michalak
 * Jan Młodożeniec
 * Jarosław Modzelewski
 * Anton Moller
 * Piotr Naliwajko
 * Stefan Norblin —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.23.86.91 (talk) 20:10, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Edward Okun
 * Martin Jan Ogrodnik
 * Teresa Pągowska
 * Jerzy Pąnek
 * Sebastian Pawczyński, painter, sculptor
 * Włodzimierz Pawlak
 * Henryk Piątkowski
 * Jan Bogumił Plersch
 * Kazimierz Pochwalski
 * Stefan Popowski
 * Piotr Potworowski
 * Wojciech Prażmowski
 * Andrzej Pronaszko
 * Zbigniew Pronaszko
 * Zygmunt Radnicki
 * Irene Reno —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.233.86.146 (talk) 22:47, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Zbigniew Rogalski
 * Jan Henryk Rosen
 * Hanna Rudzka-Cybisowa
 * Jan Rustem
 * Tadeusz Rybkowski
 * Czesław Rzepiński
 * Artur Nacht Samborski
 * Martin Schoninck
 * Daniel Schultz
 * Efraim Seidenbeutel
 * Menasze Seidenbeutel
 * Józef Sękalski
 * Jacek Sempoliński
 * Kazimierz Sichulski
 * Zygmunt Sidorowicz
 * Francis of Sieradz
 * Wojciech Siudmak
 * Marek Sobczyk
 * Leszek Sobocki
 * Darek Sokol
 * Jan Spychalski
 * Jacek Sroka
 * Kazimierz Stabrowski
 * Grzegorz Stachańczyk
 * Jerzy Stajuda
 * Wojciech Korneli Stattler
 * Andrzej Stech
 * Kajetan Stefanowicz
 * Jonasz Stern
 * Bartłomiej Strobel
 * Zofia Stryjeńska
 * Felicjan Szczęsny Kowarski
 * Henryk Szczygliński
 * Józef Szermentowski
 * Jerzy Eleuter Szymonowicz-Siemiginowski
 * Ludomir Ślendziński
 * Leon Tarasewicz
 * Tamara Tarasiewicz
 * Jan Tarasin
 * Tomasz Tatarczyk
 * Jerzy Tchórzewski
 * Jan Tricius
 * Wincenty Trojanowski
 * Zygmunt Vogel
 * Jacek Waltos
 * Władysław Wankie
 * Marian Wawrzeniecki See http://www.muzeum.krakow.pl/Marian-Wawrzeniecki.663.0.html and http://www.ma.krakow.pl/publikacje/ma/xxxvii/woznyen MisterCat (talk) 22:41, 4 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Wacław Wasowicz
 * Czesław Wdowiszewski
 * Ryszard Winiarski
 * Jakub Wessel
 * Romuald Kamil Witkowski
 * Kazimierz Wojniakowski
 * Jan Wydra
 * Aleksander Żywiecki
 * Ewa Olkuska —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ewaolkuska (talk • contribs) 19:15, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

List updater
In subsection A below, listed are articles which are missing from the List of Polish painters. They were found by looking in the categories in subsection C. One can add more categories to be searched to subsection C, see some suggestions in subsection D.

All this process can be restarted by clicking on the link at the bottom of subsection E.

Please note that anything around here is editable, but please don't modify the lines of the form

or their order.

A: Articles missing from the List of Polish painters
Adam Muszka -- Aleksander Lesser -- Aleksander Raczyński -- Aleksander Żywiecki -- Alfred Aberdam -- Alice Halicka -- Andrzej Pronaszko -- Balthus -- Boguslaw Szwacz -- Bolesław Polnar -- Bronisława Janowska -- Caziel -- Edward Rydz-Śmigły -- Emil Polit -- Eugeniusz Geno Malkowski -- Feliks Sypniewski -- Grzegorz Stec -- Haim Goldberg (Haggai) -- Henri Hayden -- Hilary Krzysztofiak -- Ivan Khrutsky -- Jacek Andrzej Rossakiewicz -- Jakub Cytryn -- Jan Nepomucen Głowacki -- Jan Paweł Lelewel -- Jean Lambert-Rucki -- Jerzy Duda-Gracz -- Jerzy Makarewicz -- Jonas Damelis -- Josef Herman -- Józef Cempla -- Karol Hiller -- Karol Piegza -- Kazimir Malevich -- Krzysztof Perwanger -- Leon Vilaincour -- Leopold Pilichowski -- Leszek Nowosielski (painter) -- Ludwik Konarzewski-junior -- Magdalena Gessler -- Marceli Harasimowicz -- Małgorzata Dawidek Gryglicka -- Michał Hieronim Leszczyc-Sumiński -- Mira Żelechower-Aleksiun -- Monika Bulanda -- Moshe Kupferman -- Norman Leto -- Paweł Kowalewski -- Pietro Labruzzi -- Roman Halter -- Roman Haubenstock-Ramati -- Ryszard Morawski -- Samuel Hirszenberg -- Stanisław Dębicki -- Tadeusz Kuntze -- Tomasz Lubaszka -- Wacław Borowski -- Władysław Czachórski -- Zbigniew Makowski -- Ze'ev Raban --

C: Categories to be searched
The bot will look for potential additions to the List of Polish painters in this list of categories. You may add any other categories to this list, for example from subsection D below. Use the format Category:XXX (the colon shows up twice!).

Category:Polish painters

D: Potential searchable categories
Move up to subsection C any categories which the bot should search for missing articles in the List of Polish painters.

Category:16th-century Polish painters -- Category:17th-century Polish painters -- Category:18th-century Polish painters -- Category:19th-century Polish painters -- Category:20th-century Polish painters -- Category:21st-century Polish painters -- Category:Court painters of Polish kings -- Category:Polish Impressionist painters -- Category:Polish contemporary painters -- Category:Polish landscape painters -- Category:Polish painter stubs -- Category:Polish painters of Jewish descent -- Category:Polish portrait painters -- Category:Polish romantic painters -- Category:Polish watercolourists -- Category:Polish women painters --

E: Articles in List of Polish painters not in categories
May be redirects or articles which should be removed/categorized.

Wilhelm Sasnal -- Stanisław Masłowski -- Jan Piotr Norblin -- Piotr Michałowski -- Władysław Pochwalski -- Józef Rapacki -- Stanisław Samostrzelnik -- Zygmunt Vogel -- Roman Opałka -- Stanisław Wyspiański -- Franciszek Żmurko -- Wincenty de Lesseur -- Pantaleon Szyndler -- Jan Rembowski -- Stanislaw Przespolewski -- Jan Stanisławski (painter) -- Marian Iwańciów -- Adam Marczyński -- Ludwik Stasiak -- Eligiusz Niewiadomski -- Włodzimierz Tetmajer -- Painters -- Jacek Yerka -- Stanisława de Karłowska -- Apoloniusz Kędzierski -- Władysław Czachorski -- Antoni Brodowski -- Juliusz Kossak -- Adrian Głębocki -- Antoni Kozakiewicz -- Michał Gorstkin-Wywiórski -- Zefiryn Ćwikliński -- Andre de Krayewski -- Teodor Axentowicz -- Franciszek Kostrzewski -- Jacek Mierzejewski -- Alfons Karpiński -- Piotr Abraszewski -- Stefan Bakałowicz -- Wincenty Smokowski -- Nikifor Krynicki -- Aleksander Orłowski -- Aleksander Kotsis -- Wojciech Weiss -- Józef Peszka -- Aleksander Gryglewski -- Augustyn Mirys -- Andrzej Wróblewski -- Marian Czapla -- Piotr Stachiewicz -- Michał Stachowicz -- Rajmund Kanelba -- Kajetan Stefanowicz -- Jerzy Kossak -- Jacek Malczewski -- Zygmunt Ajdukiewicz -- Ludwik Misky -- List of famous Poles -- Władysław Łuszczkiewicz -- Wincenty Sleńdziński -- Ludomir Benedyktowicz -- Ludwik Konarzewski (junior) -- Jan Ciągliński -- Stefan Gierowski -- Witold Wojtkiewicz -- Erazm Fabijański -- Florian Cynk -- Wojciech Fangor -- Julian Fałat -- January Suchodolski -- Józef Męcina-Krzesz -- Józef Brodowski the Younger -- Ryszard Wasko -- Artur Markowicz -- Władysław Malecki -- Olga Boznańska -- Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz -- Marcin Kober -- Aleksander Kokular -- Danuta Joppek -- Aleksander Gierymski -- Leon Wyczółkowski -- Felicjan Kowarski -- Krzysztof Gliszczyński -- Kazimierz Wojniakowski -- Tadeusz Dominik -- Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter -- Tadeusz Makowski -- Jan Rubczak -- List of Polish graphic designers -- Jerzy Mierzejewski -- Kajetan Sosnowski -- Bruno Schulz -- Franciszek Pfanhauser -- Julia Acker -- Alexander Kucharsky -- Tommaso Dolabella -- Konrad Krzyżanowski -- Henryk Rodakowski -- Józef Simmler -- Tadeusz Brzozowski (painter) -- Józef Brandt -- Aniela Pająkówna -- Zdzisław Beksiński -- Hiacynt Alchimowicz -- Zdzisław Jasiński -- Wojciech Kossak -- Jan Zamoyski -- Zofia Stryjeńska -- Walenty Wańkowicz -- Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz -- Kasia Domanska -- Krzysztof Boguszewski -- Poland -- Artur Grottger -- Paweł Merwart -- Kazimierz Sichulski -- Tadeusz Pruszkowski -- Józef Pankiewicz -- Wincenty Wodzinowski -- Janusz Janowski -- Eugeniusz Molski -- Franciszek Smuglewicz -- Henryk Gotlib -- Seweryn Obst -- Jan Rosen -- Władysław Ślewiński -- Henryk Siemiradzki -- Tadeusz Kantor -- List of painters -- Ferdynand Ruszczyc -- Witold Pruszkowski -- Teofil Kwiatkowski -- Wojciech Gerson -- Stanisław Chlebowski -- Józef Oleszkiewicz -- Zygmunt Waliszewski -- Franciszek Starowieyski -- Józef Brodowski the Elder -- Stanislav Szukalski -- List of Polish sculptors -- Eugeniusz Zak -- Zbigniew Nowosadzki -- Tadeusz Gorecki -- Jan Styka -- Karol D. Witkowski -- Józef Mehoffer -- Wojciech Siudmak -- Daniel Chodowiecki -- Stanisław Witkiewicz -- Józef Szermentowski -- Jan Betley -- Józef Pitschmann -- Henryk Pillati -- Maurycy Gottlieb -- Marcin Zaleski -- Jarosław Kukowski -- Moise Kisling -- Henryk Stażewski -- Leopold Niemirowski -- Stanisław Bergman -- Szymon Czechowicz -- Roman Kochanowski -- Władysław Strzemiński --

Refresh the above lists

Canaletto
The name Canaletto was actually used by two different guys, Giovanni Antonio Canale and Bernardo Bellotto. Canale is the more famous one so that's who people usually mean when they refer to Canaletto. Canale was Venetian and so far as I have been able to find out was never in Poland. Bellotto was also Venetian by birth and the nephew of Canale but spent a large portion of his working life in central Europe, ending up in Poland. I assume that Bellotto ended up on this list due to having worked in Poland, and that Canaletto ended up on it because Bellotto, who worked in Poland for part of his life, used that name, although he is not the person one would normally associate with it.

I do not consider this a sufficient reason for including either Bellotto or Canaletto on this list, so I am removing them. Zoicon5

title: Talk:List of Polish painters


text:
Shlomo Kleit

Shlomo Kleit (1891–1962) was a leader of the Yiddishist / Socialist movement in Lithuania.

Kleit, who was a tailor by profession, became active in the General Jewish Labour Bund in Vilna (Vilnius, Lithuania), during the First World War, under the German occupation of the city, from 1915 to 1918. Kleit was active in the Jewish anti-Tsarist revolutionary movement, and the anti-German underground during those years. After World War I he was elected as the Socialist vice-president of the Vilna Kehilla. Kleit left Lithuania for political reasons and lived in Berlin, Cairo, Tel Aviv, Southern France and Toronto. With the assistance of Yaakov (Yankel) Pat, the international Bundist leader, Kleit went to the United States in 1927 and there worked as a teacher in the Arbeter Ring schools until his death.

During and after World War II, Kleit worked to rescue Jews from the Holocaust and to bring survivors into the United States from Cuba and possibly other countries. There is some evidence to indicate that the circle of groups and individuals included Hashomer Hatzair, returning war veterans, non-Jewish pilots and engineers and (with inconclusive evidence) mobsters such as Meyer Lansky and (somewhat questionably) Lucky Luciano.

Among Kleit's colleagues in Jewish education were Leo Dashefsky, Leah Vevetches, Pesach Simon and Michel Gelbart.

title: Shlomo Kleit


text:
Sphingidae

The Sphingidae are a family of moths commonly called sphinx moths, also colloquially known as hawk moths, with many of their caterpillars known as "hornworms"; it includes about 1,450 species. It is best represented in the tropics, but species are found in every region. They are moderate to large in size and are distinguished among moths for their agile and sustained flying ability, similar enough to that of hummingbirds as to be reliably mistaken for them. Their narrow wings and streamlined abdomens are adaptations for rapid flight. The family was named by French zoologist Pierre André Latreille in 1802.

Some hawk moths, such as the hummingbird hawk-moth or the white-lined sphinx, hover in midair while they feed on nectar from flowers, so are sometimes mistaken for hummingbirds. This hovering capability is only known to have evolved four times in nectar feeders: in hummingbirds, certain bats, hoverflies, and these sphingids (an example of convergent evolution). Sphingids have been much studied for their flying ability, especially their ability to move rapidly from side to side while hovering, called "swing-hovering" or "side-slipping". This is thought to have evolved to deal with ambush predators that lie in wait in flowers.

Sphingids are some of the faster flying insects; some are capable of flying at over 5.3 m/s. They have wingspans from 4 cm to over 10 cm.

Description
Sphingid's antennae are generally not very feathery, even in males. They lack tympanal organs, but members of the group Choerocampini have hearing organs on their heads. They have a frenulum and retinaculum to join hindwings and forewings. The thorax, abdomen, and wings are densely covered in scales. Some sphingids have a rudimentary proboscis, but most have a very long one, which is used to feed on nectar from flowers. Most are crepuscular or nocturnal, but some species fly during the day. Both males and females are relatively long-lived (10 to 30 days). Prior to flight, most species shiver their flight muscles to warm them up, and, during flight, body temperatures may surpass 40 °C.

In some species, differences in form between the sexes is quite marked. For example, in the African species Agrius convolvuli (the convolvulus or morning glory hawk-moth), the antennae are thicker and wing markings more mottled in the male than in the female. Only males have both an undivided frenular hook and a retinaculum. Also, all male hawkmoths have a partial comb of hairs along with their antennae. Females call males to them with pheromones. The male may douse the female with a pheromone before mating.

Behavior
Some species fly only for short periods either around dusk or dawn, while other species only appear later in the evening and others around midnight, but such species may occasionally be seen feeding on flowers during the day. A few common species in Africa, such as the Oriental beehawk (Cephonodes hylas virescens), Macroglossum hirundo, and Macroglossum trochilus, are diurnal.

A number of species are known to be migratory, all in the Sphingini and Macroglossinae, and specially in the genera Agrius, Cephonodes, Macroglossum, Hippotion and Theretra.

Flight
In studies with Manduca sexta, moths have dynamic flight sensory capabilities due to their antennae. The antennae are vibrated in a plane so that when the body of the moth rotates during controlled aerial maneuvers, the antennae are subject to the inertial Coriolis forces that are linearly proportional to the angular velocity of the body. The Coriolis forces cause deflections of the antennae, which are detected by the Johnston's organ at the base of each antenna, with strong frequency responses at the beat frequency of the antennae (around 25 Hz) and at twice the beat frequency. The relative magnitude of the two frequency responses enables the moth to distinguish rotation around the different principal axes, allowing for rapid course control during aerial maneuvers.

Life cycle
Most species are multivoltine, capable of producing several generations a year if weather conditions permit. Females lay translucent, greenish, flattened, smooth eggs, usually singly on the host plants. Egg development time varies highly, from three to 21 days.

Sphingid caterpillars are medium to large in size, with stout bodies. They have five pairs of prolegs. Usually, their bodies lack any hairs or tubercules, but most species have a "horn" at the posterior end, which may be reduced to a button, or absent, in the final instar. Many are cryptic greens and browns, and have countershading patterns to conceal them. Others are more conspicuously colored, typically with white spots on a black or yellow background along the length of the body. A pattern of diagonal slashes along the side is a common feature. When resting, the caterpillar usually holds its legs off the surface and tucks its head underneath (praying position), which, resembling the Great Sphinx of Giza, gives rise to the name "sphinx moth". Some tropical larvae are thought to mimic snakes. Larvae are quick to regurgitate their sticky, often toxic, foregut contents on attackers such as ants and parasitoids. Development rate depends on temperature, and to speed development, some northern and high-altitude species sunbathe. Larvae burrow into the soil to pupate, where they remain for two to three weeks before they emerge as adults.

In some sphingids, the pupa has a free proboscis, rather than being fused to the pupal case as is most common in the macrolepidoptera. They have a cremaster at the tip of the abdomen. Usually, they pupate off the host plant, in an underground chamber, among rocks, or in a loose cocoon. In most species, the pupa is the overwintering stage.

Larvae

Sphingid larvae tend to be specific feeders, rather than generalists. Compared to similarly sized saturniids, sphingids eat soft young leaves of host plants with small toxic molecules, and chew and mash the food into very small bits. Some species can tolerate quite high concentrations of specific toxins. Tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta) detoxify and rapidly excrete nicotine, as do several other related sphinx moths in the subfamilies Sphinginae and Macroglossinae, but members of the Smerinthinae that were tested are susceptible. The species that are able to tolerate the toxin do not sequester it in their tissues; 98% was excreted. However, other species, such as Hyles euphorbiae and Daphnis nerii, do sequester toxins from their hosts, but do not pass them on to the adult stage.

Adults
Most adults feed on nectar, although a few tropical species feed on eye secretions, and the death's-head hawkmoth steals honey from bees. Night-flying sphingids tend to prefer pale flowers with long corolla tubes and a sweet odor, a pollination syndrome known as "sphingophily". Some species are quite general in visitations, while others are very specific, with the plant only being successfully pollinated by a particular species of moth. Orchids frequently have such specific relations with hawk moths and very long corolla tubes. The comet orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale), a rare Malagasy flower with its nectar stored at the bottom of a 30 cm tube, was described in 1822 by Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars, and later, Charles Darwin famously predicted there must be some specialized moth to feed from it:

"[A. sesquipetale has] nectaries 11 and a half inches long [11.5 in], with only the lower inch and a half [1.5 in] filled with very sweet nectar [...] it is, however, surprising, that any insect should be able to reach the nectar: our English sphinxes have probosces as long as their bodies, but in Madagascar, there must be moths with probosces capable of extension to a length of between 10 and 12 inches! [10 and 12 in]"

Alfred Russel Wallace published a sort of "wanted poster" (properly, a drawing in a book) of what this lepidopteran might look like, and, concurring with his colleague, added:

"[The proboscis of a hawk moth] from tropical Africa ([Xanthopan] morganii) is seven inches and a half [7.5 in]. A species having a proboscis two or three inches longer [3 in] could reach the nectar in the largest flowers of Angraecum sesquipedale, whose nectaries vary in length from ten to fourteen inches [14 in]. That such a moth exists in Madagascar may be safely predicted, and naturalists who visit that island should search for it with as much confidence as astronomers searched for the planet Neptune, – and they will be equally successful."

The predicted sphingid was discovered 21 years later and described as a subspecies of the one African species studied by Wallace: Xanthopan morganii praedicta, for which, the subspecific name praedicta ("the predicted one") was given. The Madagascan individuals had a pink, rather than white, breast and abdomen and a black apical line on the forewing, broader than in mainland specimens. Molecular clock models using either rate- or fossil-based calibrations imply that the Madagascan subspecies X. m. praedicta and the African subspecies X. m. morgani diverged 7.4 ± 2.8 Mya (million years ago), which overlaps the divergence of A. sesquipedale from its sister, A. sororium, namely 7.5 ± 5.2 Mya. Since both these orchids have extremely long spurs, longspurs likely existed before that and were exploited by long-tongued moths similar to Xanthopan morganii praedicta. The long geological separation of subspecies morgani and praedicta matches their morphological differences in the color of the breast and abdomen.

Relationships and species
The Sphingidae is sometimes assigned its own exclusive superfamily, Sphingoidea, but is alternatively included with the more encompassing Bombycoidea. Following Hodges (1971) two subfamilies are accepted, namely the Sphinginae and Macroglossinae. Around 1,450 species of hawk moths are classified into around 200 genera. Some of the best-known hawk moth species are:
 * Privet hawk moth (Sphinx ligustri)
 * White-lined Sphinx (Hyles lineata)
 * Death's-head hawk moth (Acherontia atropos)
 * Lime hawk moth (Mimas tiliae)
 * Poplar hawk moth (Laothoe populi)
 * Convolvulus hawk moth (Agrius convolvuli)
 * Catalpa sphinx (Ceratomia catalpae)
 * Hummingbird hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum)
 * Elephant hawk moth (Deilephila elpenor)
 * Vine hawk moth (Hippotion celerio)
 * Spurge hawk moth (Hyles euphorbiae)
 * Oleander hawk moth (Daphnis nerii)
 * Pandora sphinx moth (Eumorpha pandorus)
 * Tomato worm (Manduca quinquemaculata)
 * Tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta)

title: Sphingidae