text:
Talk:Dialogue

[Untitled]

 * The title of Lucian’s most famous collection was borrowed in the 17th century by two French writers of eminence, each of whom prepared Dialogues des snorts.

I am reasonably certain that Dialogues des morts was intended here, and will fix it on the main page. But this typo is too amusing not to preserve here. -- IHCOYC

This page seems to ignore dialogue in the sense David Bohm intended.

It also seems to ignore the descriptions of the meaning of the WORD; namely "Dia = flowing through" and "logos = meaning." Thus "dialogue = meaning flowing through." As I understand it, this points in the direction of the meaning given to the concept by Bohm and by Martin Buber before him. For me, the meaning of dialogue that I find most valuable is the flow of meaning for the purpose of *mutual understanding* without regard to agreement. Judgment is suspended along with whether or not one agrees or disagrees with others' views; the focus is exclusively on UNDERSTANDING. After mutual understanding, communication can then flow into "skillful discussion" [per William Isaacs in *The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook*] where differences are explored and resolved collaboratively [or agreement to disagree is reached]. By deferring the focus on "agreement," dialogue facilitates mutual understanding.

In my experience, dialogue (as per my understanding of the Buber-Bohm concept) is rare in our (U.S.) culture, since (again in my experience) people tend to be programmed to focus first on agreement and so, as soon as they disagree, their attention shifts from seeking to understand. The consequence is often argument or debate, rather than collaboration in seeking to identify "truth]]."''' In connection with this I feel I must note that Socrates was probably very sincere when he would say 'I don't know, PLEASE THINK ABOUT IT AND THE THINGS WE'VE SAID AND GET BACK TO ME". And that Aristotle attempts to overcome this problem of dialogue by a more systematic writing style, or at least that he partially acomplished that aim (though it is commonly said that his writings were course outlines). Still q&a sessions can impart many forms vastly more effectively than writing. WblakesxWblakesx 20:26, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC): – — … ‘ “ ’ ” ° ″ ′ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · §   Sign your posts on talk pages: 98.150.55.132 (talk) 23:26, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

This entry starts off much to involved with literary form, the arts and history. Compare for example with the wikitionary definition; A conversation or other form of discourse between two or more individuals. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Preroll (talk • contribs) 19:29, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

eden den se sluci jas i mojot drugar tome si igravme vo dvorot i igravme koserka i jas dadov kos,a mojot drugar tome dade poveke — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.185.210.149 (talk) 16:26, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Recommend specifying what literature is referred to in the "Antiquity and the middle ages" section that was written in 1433 in Japan, since the other two examples from Sumerian literature and the Rig Veda are given. RoniGlaser (talk) 23:14, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

In terms of East Asia, why isn't the Analects of Confucius considered dialogue? In which case, it certainly came to Japan prior to 1433 as the Rongo.MarkCsik (talk) 21:30, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

For the Moral Dialogues section?
Could the Moral Dialogues section include a reference to CivilDialogues.org, a new platform that is the brainchild of Amitai Etzioni? The site is designed to encourage moral dialogues.

Communitarian703 (talk) 15:45, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Not really. This seems like WP:Promotion. Harold the Sheep (talk) 04:48, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

Renaissance dialogue

 * Virginia Cox, The Renaissance Dialogue: Literary Dialogue in its Social and Political Contexts, Castiglione to Galileo, Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Nothing in this page on the dialogue as a genre in the Renaissance. Neither on medieval dialogues in the West (e.g., Cur Deus Homo). Other Wikis have dedicated articles on the literary genre (e.g., es:Diálogo (género literario). Srnec (talk) 20:35, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Language ′áĀāčç 203.222.157.66 (talk) 02:52, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

English home language
102.165.195.56 (talk) 16:36, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

Telugu ugadi festival subhakashalu 2024 allsubhamukalagali 2409:4070:6E8E:122D:0:0:D24A:7503 (talk) 01:12, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

Literally
Dialogue between parent and principal 41.115.89.4 (talk) 16:43, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dialogue


text:
User:ChuckM/ban

From the mailing list:

I request a ban on User:ChuckM. Currently, his only activities are complaining about Jtdirl on random people's talk pages, and requesting clarification of copyright status about every image he can find that doesn't specifically cite a source.

This is, frankly, ridiculous.

Evercat

Forget 'doesn't cite a source'. The images site the source, the RTÉ Press Office. Someone even gave him their telephone number. But he wants the formal name of the press officer, the full name and address of the location. Next thing he will want Ann's fingerprints, birth date, marriage certificate and favourite shade of lipstick.

Yeah. I think it is time this latest version of DW was binned. Then we can play the game of 'spot DW's 19th identity!

Jtdirl

I would point out that he's actually done this with a *lot* of users and a lot of images, not just JT's ones. This is not a minor act of disruption, it's quite severe.

(sorry JT, I realise you were agreeing with me, but there was some potential for confusion)

Evercat

> requesting clarification of copyright status about every image he can > find that doesn't specifically cite a source.

Agreed.

Such an act is intended to scare away new Wikipedians uploading their very first images, already with a conscious or subcon fear that they might've done it wrong. Newcomers may even mistaken him as a representative of WP. Therefore, such an act is destructive.

If he does not stop such a behaviour immediately as some administrators have asked him to, his continuance will cause further damage to our name, and therefore must be banned to ensure his discontinuance.

Menchi Zh-En

Mailing list posts end

ChuckM made a malicious ban request at User:Hephaestos/ban: (now moved here)

Posted in accordance with Bans and blocks:

This user has repeatedly deleted conversations between myself and User:Theresa knott on HER talk page. Despite been told to stop, User:Hephaestos continued. When I finally filed a complaint at Vandalism in progress, he deleted that too. ChuckM 13:53 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I object to the proposed ban on Hephaestos. Evercat 13:59 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * me too. jimfbleak 14:02 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * me three. Tannin 14:04 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * me four FearÉIREANN 17:33 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

For a (rather long) statement of the case that ChuckM is banned user Joe Canuck (and also banned user DW), see this mailing list post.

However, I suspect this is largely irrelevant, since ChuckM's actions almost certainly warrant a ban on their own, no matter who he is. Evercat 14:24 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Some examples of ChuckM's malicious questioning over copyright:

 * To Sir Paul
 * To Jtdirl
 * To Leanne
 * To Infrogmation
 * To Maveric149
 * To Wapcaplet
 * To Theresa knott

At least one such post was deleted to avoid confusing a relative newbie.

Some posts claiming that everything people did on certain articles was likely to be wasted:

 * To Hephaestos
 * To Lee M
 * To AntonioMartin
 * To Brion VIBBER
 * To Koyaanis Qatsi

Most of the above were reverted by admins and re-reverted by ChuckM, sometimes on several occasions.

It is - I hope - obvious that ChuckM's only reason for the above posts is not out of some desire to protect Wikipedia from problems, but to discourage users for contributing. Evercat 14:45 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Or simply an attempt to lash out at anyone who "discriminated" against Joe Canuck by questioning the origin of the images he contributed. It's pretty obvious he is not at all interested in the copyright status of the images in question, since he has ignored the replies he has received, ignored the perfectly clear statement by the photographer of the image he questioned me about, etc. -- Wapcaplet 15:25 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

This is especially obvious given ChuckM's earlier claims that copyright status wasn't an important issue, for example, in this edit.

Quote from the above edit:

 * If a copyright owner gives the required legal notification to Wikipedia of an infringement, there is no dispute, the photo is removed. It is simple and no big deal and no risk of any kind to Wikipedia who cannot be held liable if someone uploads a copyrighted photo because they have, as User:Joe Canuck, pointed out, registered for protection under the DMCA.

So, ChuckM does not really believe what he's saying, he's just intent on causing trouble. Evercat 15:22 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I don't like these "ban" subpages. Shouldn't this kind of stuff be discussed on a page like Votes for banning, or on Meta? --Eloquence 16:09 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * You're not alone in this dislike. Want to take this to bans and blocks? Heck, just edit that page directly to reflect what you think would be best... Martin 17:59 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I updated user:Joe Canuck/ban with Jimbo's recent mailing list post, which affects Chuck. Martin 20:17 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I was just wondering...if banned users come back and contribute stuff that isn't vandalism or inappropriate, why does that have to be deleted? Is it just easier to ban everything about them, rather than picking and choosing? Adam Bishop 20:42 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * This has been debated at some length, though rather about the place, so it's hard to give a single link... you might try bans as an example.
 * Different people have wildly different ideas on the issue, with some folks arguing that all edits by banned users should be reverted and other folks arguing that all edits should be treated on their merits. Martin 21:14 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

The logic is simple:
 * 1) Hardbanned users are by definition not entitled to be on wiki, so everything they can contribute amounts to a breaking of the ban imposed.
 * 2) The threat of complete deletion of their work can act as a deterent. Past non-enforcement of the deletion rule meant that people were actively encouraged to keep coming back because when it discovered that they were banned and were behaving in a bannable manner all their work under their name still survived. A rigid enforcement of the rule means that being caught doesn't simply mean that you are kicked off and can sneak on again, it means the potentially hundreds of hours of work they had done, all their time and effort, was completely wasted. In DW's case for example, if everytime he was caught, his entire portfolio of work had been been deleted, would he have continued to come back? Or if he did, would he have been damned sure not to get himself banned  again and face the dumping of his precious work?

For both DW and Michael, pride in their past work has been one of their characteristics. Leaving their work sends out the message that a ban is simply a temporary little glitch they can get around. DW for example flew into a rage when not just his Joe Canuck image downloads but earlier ones he had been able to sneak through were deleted on sight. As long as DW and Michael see that their stuff with their name (whatever it was at the time) it makes them think of Wiki as in some sense theirs to keep coming back to. Removing their stuff en masse says to them what is the underlying message of the hard ban - 'go away. You do not belong here' with the implication that the only way they can ensure their work survives is by getting the ban lifted by Jimbo, which is the only method by which a multiple banned user is supposed to be able to return. It is hard to lose good information, but which would be better, a wiki with DW's pages to which DW kept returning to add to and edit under various false names, in the process causing chaos around him and driving good users away, or a policy that got DW off wiki permanently? Others could at sometime in the future turn up and write the same pages without causing the harrassment, the rows, the intimidation, etc that they cause. If deleting the pages gets the message through to people like Michael and DW 'stay away' then in is worth it. And keeping the pages is disastrous, however good the quality, if it acts as an encouragement to the likes of DW to keep coming back. FearÉIREANN 23:49 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:ChuckM/ban


text:
Long-tailed jaeger

The long-tailed skua or long-tailed jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus) is a seabird in the skua family Stercorariidae.

Etymology
The word "jaeger" is derived from the German word Jäger, meaning "hunter". The English word "skua" comes from the Faroese name skúgvur for the great skua, with the island of Skúvoy known for its colony of that bird. The general Faroese term for skuas is kjógvi. The genus name Stercorarius is Latin and means "of dung"; the food disgorged by other birds when pursued by skuas was once thought to be excrement. The specific longicaudus is from Latin longus, "long", and cauda, "tail".

Description
This species is unmistakable as an adult, with grey back, dark primary wing feathers without a white "flash", black cap and very long tail. Adults often hover over their breeding territories. Juveniles are much more problematic, and are difficult to separate from parasitic jaeger over the sea. They are slimmer, longer-winged and more tern-like than that species, but show the same wide range of plumage variation. However, they are usually colder toned than Arctic, with greyer shades, rather than brown.

This is the smallest of the skua family at 38 - 58 cm, depending on season and age. However up to 29 cm of its length can be made up by the tail which may include the 15 cm tail streamers of the summer adult. The wingspan of this species ranges from 102 to 117 cm and the body mass is 230 - 444 g.

Subspecies
Two subspecies are described:
 * S. l. longicaudus – Vieillot, 1819 : nominate, found in northern Scandinavia and Russia.
 * S. l. pallescens – Løppenthin, 1932 : found in eastern Siberia, Arctic North America, and Greenland.

Breeding
This species breeds in the high Arctic of Eurasia and North America, with major populations in Russia, Alaska and Canada and smaller populations around the rest of the Arctic. It is a migrant, wintering in the south Atlantic and Pacific. Passage juvenile birds sometimes hunt small prey in ploughed fields or golf-courses, and are typically quite fearless of humans.

They nest on dry tundra or higher fells laying two spotted olive-brown eggs. On the breeding grounds they can be heard making yelping and rattling sounds. Outside of the breeding season they spend most of their time over open ocean and have a harsh kreeah cry. This bird feeds on fish (mainly caught from other seabirds), smaller birds, food scraps, small mammals, fruit and carrion. On migration, long-tailed jaegers are more likely to catch their own food, and less likely to steal from gulls and terns than larger species.

title: Long-tailed jaeger


text:
Illegal

Illegal may refer to:

Law

 * Violation of law
 * Crime, an act committed in violation of criminal law
 * An illegal immigrant

Entertainment

 * The Illegal (novel) (2015), by Canadian writer Lawrence Hill
 * Illegal - Justice, Out of Order, an Indian web series

Films

 * Illegal (1932 film), British
 * Illegal (1955 film), American
 * Illegal (2010 film), Belgian
 * The Illegal (2019), film starring Suraj Sharma

Music

 * Illegal (group), a 1990s rap group
 * "Illegal" (song), a track from pop singer Shakira's 2005 release, Oral Fixation Vol. 2
 * Los Illegals, a music band

title: Illegal


text:
Talk:Iwi

Both singular and plural in Maori
Iwi, Hapu and Whanau, like many Maori words are both singular and plural. - Deteted comment about plural forms. -- kiwiinapanic 14:06 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Ping wrote and later removed.

Nice custom
One very nice custom that recognizes the different Iwi is often seen at weddings and bithday parties. Because of intermarriage and a knowledge of relationships going back gnerations it is known that at any Maori social gathering there are likely to be many different Iwi represented. When the cake is cut, birthday cake, wedding cake or whatever, it is divided into slices. The names of the different Iwi and Hapu are then recited and a representative of the Iwi is invited to come forward and accept the slice of cake on behalf of their people. All they have to do is sing a song, any song. For the Iwi known as Ngati Pakeha this can be very difficult but it is fully in keeping with traditional custom.

Ngati Pakeha is stretching things a bit? Tiles 08:10 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Yes; almost to breaking point. But Ngati Pakeha do get called on to perform in the cake ceremony. I have been so described many times, or Ngati Kotimana if S is with me. Thinking about it a bit more deeply, given the amount of Maori-Pakeha interbreeding perhaps it is not inappropriate, it is taking one of the major social groups in New Zealand and redescribing it in Maori terms. I don't expect that view point to be acceptable to many!! Ping 08:17 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Taking the analogy further you would then identify Hapu? Say, Scottish, Irish, Dutch,Samoan, Tongan etc? I'm inclined to agree that the classification may not be generally acceptable in which case how would you express in a NPOV? Tiles 00:16 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Too dificult, I restored the original version. Ping 07:35 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I thought the "cake ceremony" was a good way to refer to "Ngati Pakeha" as a way Maori related to other "tribes" without implying that there is a distinct iwi of that name. Maybe you have thrown out the baby with the bathwater Tiles 07:52 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I was trying to be PC thinking maybe the Iwi take themselves a bit more seriously and, just maybe, cake ceremonies might be non-encyclopedic.  Ping 08:23 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I have heard "tauiwi", meaning "heathen" or "gentile", used to describe the race of the "Pakeha"; also Ngati Wikitoria (from Queen Victoria), but not Nagti Pakeha, only Pakeha. Ping, I think your observation of customs and ceremonies has some merits but not in the Iwi article.  Perhaps an article on Maori Ceremonies or Maori Marriage Celebrations might be more apppropriate.  But how often have you seen this ceremony occur; is it a common one for a whole culture or just a tradition of one family? -- kiwiinapanic 07:18 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

It is standard practice at weddings and birthday parties in Northland, it happened more often than not at Marae all over the north although I cannot speak for anywhere else in NZ, maybe it is only a local custom. The Pakeha were usually called on last, frequently the only representatives were myself and family, and we were always called on as Ngati Pakeha or sometimes Ngati Kotimana. But it was always a bit of a joke, to make sure we didn't feel left out, a matter of courtesy really. I am sure it is not a traditional Maori ceremony and on consideration, I agree with you that it does not belong in an article on Iwi which is why I deleeted it. Ping 07:45 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

The main pages says: "Note that each iwi has its own territory (rohe), and that no two iwi have overlapping territories." I have a question: If a river changes course, eg the Whanganui. And the different banks "belong" to different iwi/hapu. Who gets the bit of land that has changed sides of the river. On river flats this amount of land can be substantial. Does the method vary from iwi to iwi? N

My edits
The article was kind of contradictory. On the one hand it asserted (wrongly) that in pre-European times iwi = nation, and while it may be true that to some extent today iwi might at times be thought of as a superlarge collection of tribes, I wonder how much it is true to call it the largest 'everyday social grouping' without mentioning that such 'groupings' are pretty much symbolic rather than practical most of the time. And, a look at the way the term iwi is used in the examples mentioned in the article shows that most of them have exactly the same sense as tribe, and if you interchanged the terms, the meaning wouldn't be changed. Probably needs more work Kahuroa 10:37, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Verifiable evidence provided for use of a 'nation'-based definition: I have amended the definition to reflect the existing reference used (Ballara) and undertook bibliographic research to find a further four sources which support this claim. As indicated in her work, Ballara does use tribal terminology but is critical in its use.  Her preference is 'peoples' or 'nations' and uses the latter throughout the book as an pairing with 'tribes'.  There are countless alternate references available which equate 'iwi' with 'tribe(s)', and Ballara has shown their weaknesses. --Te Karere (talk) 08:58, 20 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The translation used on Wikipedia should reflect a consensus in reliable/academic sources. If "countless references" translate iwi as "tribe(s)" (AFAIK most do), then Wikipedia needs to as well – or at the very least these translations should be mentioned together. Should Ballara's usage become more widespread, then our translation can be changed accordingly. But until then, we can't represent the preferences of one or a handful of historians as being "more correct", regardless of how well Ballara makes her point. – Liveste (talk • edits) 12:11, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree with the idea of grouping the major "tribe" references together and can start with Best as he's the one Ballara references. I'll add on Richard Taylor and John White as the founding references - any others that use the term are generally referencing sources that are quoting from translations made by one these - and S. Percy Smith and Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter Buck) who complete the major ethnologists. I think posing concepts as non-fixed entities (as is the case here, where the translation has changed across time) is a stronger position for Wikipedia than posing it as one thing.  Knowledge, particularly that which is socially-constructed like Wikipedia's, is continuously being contested.  Assuming a fixed definition risks obsolecence.  Your feedback has been very helpful. --Te Karere (talk) 20:34, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

Did "traditional" iwi actually fuction?
Anyone who has read widely about "traditional" Maori life before say 1880,will be struck by how seldom ,if ever, the word iwi appears at all, in any context. By far the most common unit mentioned is hapu. There is another really common unit that is talked about at length and that is the gathering of people, usually mainly adult men, from widely scattered areas, who come together for the purpose of war or to discuss or plan war. Often the men come huge distances and in a wide variety of size groupings. Sometimes they are close relatives, sometimes distant relatives sometimes they are united more by an obligation to the host group,sometimes by fear of a host group. Often the men appear to turn up more for the chance to take part in a war to increase their personal mana than because of a close "iwi" relationship. There does not appear to be a name, or at least a common name, for this time of grouping or alliance. Because this type of grouping was so common it was quite straight forward for the Kingitanga to put together an entirely new Pan Maori organization in the 1850's and 1860's. This type of grouping was far more commen than the more notional iwi. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.58.190.164 (talk) 21:04, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iwi


text:
Lynn Coady

Lynn Coady (born January 24, 1970) is a Canadian novelist and journalist.

Life and career
Coady was born and grew up in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. After high school, she attended Carleton University in Ottawa; after graduating, she moved to New Brunswick, where she worked at odd jobs for several years and began a career as a playwright. In 1996, she relocated to Vancouver, British Columbia, where she earned a Master of Fine Arts degree in creative writing from the University of British Columbia. In 2006 she moved to Edmonton and taught creative writing at Athabasca University where she developed a new course in writing the short story and in 2007 moved to Toronto to work at Anansi Press.

Coady's first book, Strange Heaven (1998), was nominated for a Governor General's Award. The novel is set in Nova Scotia, giving Coady the opportunity to paint a different picture of her home province. Strange Heaven touches on the life of Bridget Murphy who has been admitted to a psychiatric ward after birthing a child who was put up for adoption. Upon returning to her Cape Breton home Murphy sees everything and everyone in a different light but still manages to find solace in this bizarre and somewhat dysfunctional home.

Coady's second book, Play the Monster Blind (2000), was a national bestseller and a "Best Book" of 2000 for The Globe and Mail. Saints of Big Harbour (2002) was a Globe and Mail "Best Book" in 2002.

Mean Boy was recognized as a "Best Book" in 2006. The novel is a first person account of 19-year-old Lawrence Campbell during his first year of university in a small New Brunswick town. The year is 1975 and Campbell has dreams of becoming a poet. He was drawn away from his rural Prince Edward Island home by the allure of studying with his poet hero, Jim Arsenault. As Campbell progresses through the year, much of Arsenault's shine wears off and Campbell learns that people are not always what one expects, but rather are complex and multi-dimensional.

Coady's 2011 novel The Antagonist concerns the life of Gordon Rankin, Coady's fictional character known more commonly in the novel as Rank. The character reflects how being cast as a hockey goon and tough guy impacted his life. In response to a novel written about him by an old university friend Rank dedicates himself to providing his own account of events from his past. The reader is brought into Rank's world and exposed to his hurts, joys, and ultimately the realization that one must narrate their own lives and reject the labels others may try to give you. This novel was shortlisted for the 2011 Scotiabank Giller Prize;.

Coady's 2013 book, Hellgoing is a collection of short stories, each about characters going through their own personal versions of hell. Despite this, the stories prompt laughing far more often than tears. This book was the winner of the 2013 Scotiabank Giller Prize.

Coady has been awarded the Canadian Authors Association/Air Canada Award for the best writer under thirty, as well as the Dartmouth Book and Writing Award for fiction. Her articles and reviews have been featured in many publications, including Saturday Night, This Magazine, and Chatelaine. She has written several plays, and contributes regularly to The Globe and Mail.

In 2017, Coady was announced as juror for the 2017 Scotiabank Giller Prize. Coady now lives in Toronto, Ontario.

Novels

 * Strange Heaven (1998)
 * Saints of Big Harbour (2002)
 * Mean Boy (2006)
 * The Antagonist (2011)
 * Watching You Without Me (2019)

Short stories

 * Play the Monster Blind (2000)
 * Hellgoing (2013) (won the 2013 Scotiabank Giller Prize)

Non-fiction

 * Who Needs Books? Reading in the Digital Age (University of Alberta Press, 2016)

Anthologies

 * Victory Meat: New Fiction from Atlantic Canada (2003) (editor)
 * Penguin Book of Contemporary Canadian Women's Short Stories (2006) (contributor)
 * Penguin Book of Canadian Short Stories (2007) (contributor)
 * The Anansi Reader: Forty Years of Very Good Books (2007) (editor)
 * ''The Journey Prize Stories 20: The Best of Canada's New Writers (2008) (co-editor)
 * Great Expectations (2008) House of Anansi (contributor)

title: Lynn Coady


text:
AIP

AIP may refer to:

Arts, entertainment and media

 * Action International Pictures
 * Afghan Islamic Press
 * AIP Records, a record label
 * American International Pictures, an independent film production/distribution company, now a subsidiary of MGM
 * Art Institute of Pittsburgh
 * Artistic Infusion Program, a program of the United States Mint, established in 2003

Aviation

 * Aeronautical Information Publication
 * Airport Improvement Program

Medicine

 * Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein
 * Acute intermittent porphyria
 * Acute interstitial pneumonitis, Hamman-Rich syndrome
 * Autoimmune pancreatitis

Non-profit organizations

 * American Institute of Parliamentarians
 * American Institute of Philanthropy
 * American Institute of Physics
 * Australian Institute of Physics

Political organizations

 * Alaskan Independence Party
 * American Independent Party
 * Azərbaycan İslam Partiyası, Azerbaijan Islamic Party

Other uses

 * Adaptive Internet Protocol, a protocol used by Sun Secure Global Desktop
 * Agreement in principle, a stepping stone to a contract
 * Air-independent propulsion, a technology used in submarines
 * Air Injection Pump, a component of the air injection system of an engine
 * American Industrial Partners. an American private equity partnership investing in industrial businesses
 * Archival information package, a component of the Open Archival Information System model
 * Arrow information paradox, whereby proprietary information loses market value once revealed
 * Astrophysical Institute Potsdam

title: AIP


text:
Talk:Ricinus

Annual production
Why does this page tell me that the world production of castor seeds is one million tons per year and the article about ricin tells me that 100 million tons are processed each year?

Klaus

100 million tons seems to be an error; see talk:Ricin. This has been corrected in the article. Elphion (talk) 13:46, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Article name
Why is this article titled "Castor bean"? That refers to the seed. The name of the plant (according to Merriam-Webster's dictionary), is the "Castor-oil plant". Since when is a plant called a bean anyway? Rt66lt 17:41, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

most poisonous plant
Guiness World Records (published editions) record the Castor Oil Plant to be the world's most "deadly" plant. "A particle from the Castor leaf the size of a grain of sand can kill a 160-pound adult". Why isnt that in the article!!!? See this website http://library.thinkquest.org/C007974/1_3cas.htm AJ24

 * Because you haven't added it yet? :) dougmc 22:30, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, it's not true (talk:Ricin). Elphion (talk) 13:46, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The most toxic substances by amount are
 * 1. Plutonium
 * 2. Botulism toxin
 * 3. Ricin poison.
 * I could go on but the point is that could be the most toxic plant. Also, Elphion, this list is talking about toxicity of the POISON to humans, toxicity to other life forms obviously varies hugely with it being completely benign to some plants, as well as the fact that the levels of the POISON in each PLANT vary wildly. 216.249.58.67 (talk) 17:12, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

I would believe that it's use in suicide is uncommon as ricin poisoning takes a few days to kill a person, but will still be fatal with a smaller dose of any other plant. But I do have a hard time believing Ricin is the third most toxic substances, I was just reading about Abrin, which has a LD50 of >300ng, far less then ricin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.62.194.227 (talk) 15:07, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Second that on abrin. See abrin article. I think Guiness Book of World Records is not a scholarly source. 71.139.178.219 (talk) 22:35, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Ricin-Killing of Gorgi Markov thru KGB in London
and what about the umbrella killing of bulgarian journalist Gorgi Markov, in London, due to 10 microgramm of Ricin? In contrast to other killing agents, ricin provoces a leucocytosis, with fever. Ricin can be prepared easily in the kitchen by stirring the seed with an ionic exchanger and eluting from the filter with mannose-sugar. There is a lot of to tell about the medical problems regarding ricinus communis, e.g. the allergic reaction to the proein content. There should be a link to "ricin" of wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kaltenbrunner (talk • contribs)
 * There is a link to ricin. The other data you provide, you can add it to the article.  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 19:57, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Las Vegas incident
I removed the section on 3/2008 Las Vegas incident. According to the provided source no information on the manufacture was known. The man did not die, but is in critical condition. Add it back without inferences. 71.217.210.55 (talk) 03:47, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Whoever has been editing the article did not restore information about this incident. I have added a neutral notice about it. Elphion (talk) 22:48, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Castor Beans plant as companion plant in gardens.
Castor Bean plants are also known as "mole kills" in the south. They are planted in gardens or landscapes because the roots are poisonous to burrowing animals. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.243.142.178 (talk) 13:12, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Animal interactions question
There seems to be a paradox in the section about animal interactions. The point is made that it is a favorite food of the Tambourine dove, and then the next statement points out the toxicity of its seed. When you follow the link to the Tambourine dove's page, it says the dove feeds on the seeds rather than on the foliage, but makes no explanation of how the dove handles the toxin. Wonder how the Tambourine dove consumes the seeds without suffering the consequences??? I did not find much after searching the Internet, although I see the fact--the dove eats the bean--repeated a lot. Seems like this apparent paradox should be resolved with additional information if available, but I sure didn't find anything. I did see where parrots handle toxins by eating clay and removing the seed coat of some seeds. I did add the statement about ducks being more tolerant to ricin than mammals. Pinethicket (talk) 23:30, 15 June 2009 (UTC)]

Questionable claim in Toxicity section
We see this: "In fact, ricin has been investigated for its potential use as an insecticide. It is also the source for undecylenic acid, a natural fungicide."

At the link to undecylenic acid, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecylenic_acid, it says "Undecylenic acid is produced by cracking of castor oil under pressure." Cracking castor oil under pressure does not involve ricin, so which is correct? EdwardEditor (talk) 21:46, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

lethal ingested amount problem
according to this page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin#Overdosage the lethal amount is 5-20 seeds and on this page its 4-8 which is it i personally think 5-20 is more accurate as according to nhs ricin poorly absorption. also this part (If ingested, symptoms may be delayed by up to 36 hours but commonly begin within 2–4 hours) there is no mention of it on reference 6 were did this statement come from?. Sparkler99 (talk) 09:52, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

Useage of the pressed seeds after removal of oil
Does anyone know if the pressed, de-oiled material is used for anything. Most other oil plants produce an edible material which can be added to animal feed, but what happens to the de-oiled material? Could the ricin content be removed by enzymes or something like citric acid? This could create a resource. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Colchemy (talk • contribs) 15:10, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Absolutely Horrifying
"In most cases, on ingestion of the broken seeds, drinking a teaspoon of cold-pressed castor oil will prevent any poisoning" A little quick search on google showed several sites using this info citing wikipedia as a source. Which is quite horrifying seeing as this is a very sensetive piece of information that could potensially be the difference between life or death for "home medicators" and wiki still needs citation for this! This should really be taken of the page until proven or at least citated!!!--Hodeken (talk) 18:02, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

Orange Seed Pods
I have seen a variety with orange seed pods, is this the same species as this plant or a different type? 92.23.165.77 (talk) 23:13, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

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Red or Green
The material on the intricacies of the color variants seems to suggest 3 forms, red, green, and red-to-green. Checking the ref, the link is dead, and the site is under construction. Also the text of the footnote: e.g. http://database.prota.org/publishedspeciesEn.htm (dead link). Why start a citation with "for example", unless this material is found all over the Web? If so, a better source should be cited; otherwise, "Individual plants may be either green or a dark reddish-brown." can cover the subject of pigmentation, provided some source for the info is found.--Quisqualis (talk) 05:00, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

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Benefits of castor oil is wrongly projected as toxicity
actual it has toxicity and protein disintegration effect on carcinogenic cells and not on normal body cells. It's impact is based on terrain and atmospheric conditions and has zero adverse effects in tropical climate. 136.185.7.79 (talk) 12:17, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * multiple unsourced statements there - please provide your sources. Plant surfer 12:33, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ricinus


text:
Exogamy

Exogamy is the social norm of mating or marrying outside one's social group. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other.

In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. Biological exogamy is the marriage of people who are not blood relatives. This is regulated by incest taboos and laws against incest. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group.

Biology of exogamy
Exogamy often results in two individuals that are not closely genetically related marrying each other; that is, outbreeding as opposed to inbreeding. In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionary fitness. In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." However, non-native, "invasive" populations that have "not yet established a pattern of local adaptation" may derive some adaptive benefit from admixture.

Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene.

In one Old Order Amish society, inbreeding increases the risk of "neonatal and postneonatal mortality." In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.

Cultural exogamy
Cultural exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Thus, persons may be expected to marry outside their totem clan(s) or other groups, in addition to outside closer blood relatives.

Researchers have proposed different theories to account for the origin of exogamy. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. From a genetic point of view, aversion to breeding with close relatives results in fewer congenital diseases. If one person has a faulty gene, breeding outside his group increases the chances that his partner will have another functional type gene and their child may not suffer the defect. Outbreeding favours the condition of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene. J. F. McLennan holds that exogamy was due originally to a scarcity of women among small bands. Men were obliged to seek wives from other groups, including marriage by capture, and exogamy developed as a cultural custom.

Émile Durkheim derives exogamy from totemism. He said that a people had religious respect for the blood of a totemic clan, for the clan totem is a god and is present especially in the blood, a sacred substance.

In some forms of Hinduism such as Shaktism, people can only marry outside their gotra which is a traditional group of people who may be distantly related but have been living in the same area or have an ancestral home in the same area.

Morgan maintains that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations, especially between brother and sister, which had been common in an earlier state of promiscuity. Frazer says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups.

Claude Lévi-Strauss introduced the "Alliance Theory" of exogamy, that is, that small groups must force their members to marry outside so as to build alliances with other groups. According to this theory, groups that engaged in exogamy would flourish, while those that did not would all die, either literally or because they lacked sufficient ties for cultural and economic exchange, leaving them at a disadvantage. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups.

Dual exogamy
Dual exogamy is a traditional form of arranging marriages in numerous modern societies and in many societies described in classical literature. It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. It is practiced by some Australian tribes, historically widespread in the Turkic societies, Taï societies (Ivory Coast), Eskimo, among Ob-Ugrians  and others. In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation.

Linguistic exogamy
Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs between speakers of different languages. The custom is common among French Canadian communities, as well as among indigenous groups in the northwest Amazon, such as the Tucano tribes.

title: Exogamy


text:
Allied invasion of Sicily

The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as the Battle of Sicily and Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers (Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany). It began with a large amphibious and airborne operation, followed by a six-week land campaign, and initiated the Italian campaign.

To divert some of the Axis forces to other areas, the Allies engaged in several deception operations, the most famous and successful of which was Operation Mincemeat. Husky began on the night of 9–10 July 1943 and ended on 17 August. Strategically, Husky achieved the goals set out for it by Allied planners; the Allies drove Axis air, land and naval forces from the island and the Mediterranean sea lanes were opened for Allied merchant ships for the first time since 1941. These events led to the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, being toppled from power in Italy on 25 July, and to the Allied invasion of Italy on 3 September.

The German leader, Adolf Hitler, "canceled a major offensive at Kursk after only a week, in part to divert forces to Italy," resulting in a reduction of German strength on the Eastern Front. The collapse of Italy necessitated German troops replacing the Italians in Italy and to a lesser extent the Balkans, resulting in one-fifth of the entire German army being diverted from the east to southern Europe, a proportion that would remain until near the end of the war.

Allies
The plan for Operation Husky called for the amphibious assault of Sicily by two Allied armies, one landing on the south-eastern and one on the central southern coast. The amphibious assaults were to be supported by naval gunfire, as well as tactical bombing, interdiction and close air support by the combined air forces. As such, the operation required a complex command structure, incorporating land, naval and air forces. The overall commander was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower, as Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of all the Allied forces in North Africa. British General Sir Harold Alexander acted as his second-in-command and as the 15th Army Group commander. The American Major General Walter Bedell Smith was appointed as Eisenhower's Chief of Staff. The overall Naval Force Commander was the British Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham.

The Allied land forces were from the American, British and Canadian armies, and were structured as two task forces. The Eastern Task Force (also known as Task Force 545) was led by General Sir Bernard Montgomery and consisted of the British Eighth Army (which included the 1st Canadian Infantry Division). The Western Task Force (Task Force 343) was commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton and consisted of the American Seventh Army. The two task force commanders reported to Alexander as commander of the 15th Army Group.

The U.S. Seventh Army consisted initially of three infantry divisions, organized under II Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley. The 1st and 3rd Infantry Divisions, commanded by Major Generals Terry Allen and Lucian Truscott respectively, sailed from ports in Tunisia, while the 45th Infantry Division, under Major General Troy H. Middleton, sailed from the United States via Oran in Algeria. The 2nd Armored Division, under Major General Hugh Joseph Gaffey, also sailing from Oran, was to be a floating reserve and be fed into combat as required. On 15 July, Patton reorganized his command into two corps by creating a new Provisional Corps headquarters, commanded by his deputy army commander, Major General Geoffrey Keyes.

The British Eighth Army had four infantry divisions and an independent infantry brigade organized under XIII Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Miles Dempsey, and XXX Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese. The two divisions of XIII Corps, the 5th and 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Divisions, commanded by Major-Generals Horatio Berney-Ficklin and Sidney Kirkman, sailed from Suez in Egypt. The formations of XXX Corps sailed from more diverse ports: the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, under Major-General Guy Simonds, sailed from the United Kingdom, the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, under Major-General Douglas Wimberley, from Tunisia and Malta, and the 231st Independent Infantry Brigade Group from Suez.

The 1st Canadian Infantry Division was included in Operation Husky at the insistence of the Canadian Prime Minister, William Mackenzie King, and the Canadian Military Headquarters in the United Kingdom. This request was granted by the British, displacing the veteran British 3rd Infantry Division. The change was not finalized until 27 April 1943, when Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton, then commanding the Canadian First Army in the United Kingdom, deemed Operation Husky to be a viable military undertaking and agreed to the detachment of both the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and the 1st Canadian Tank Brigade. The "Red Patch Division" was added to Leese's XXX Corps to become part of the British Eighth Army.

In addition to the amphibious landings, airborne troops were to be flown in to support both the Western and Eastern Task Forces. To the east, the British 1st Airborne Division, commanded by Major-General George F. Hopkinson, was to seize vital bridges and high ground in support of the British Eighth Army. The initial plan dictated that the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division, commanded by Major General Matthew Ridgway, was to be held as a tactical reserve in Tunisia.

Allied naval forces were also grouped into two task forces to transport and support the invading armies. The Eastern Naval Task Force was formed from the British Mediterranean Fleet and was commanded by Admiral Bertram Ramsay. The Western Naval Task Force was formed around the U.S. Eighth Fleet, commanded by Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt. The two naval task force commanders reported to Admiral Cunningham as overall Naval Forces Commander. Two sloops of the Royal Indian Navy – and  – also participated.

At the time of Operation Husky, the Allied air forces in North Africa and the Mediterranean were organized into the Mediterranean Air Command (MAC) under Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder. The major sub-command of MAC was the Northwest African Air Forces (NAAF) under the command of Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz with headquarters in Tunisia. NAAF consisted primarily of groups from the United States 12th Air Force, 9th Air Force, and the British Royal Air Force (RAF) that provided the primary air support for the operation. Other groups from the 9th Air Force under Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton operating from Tunisia and Egypt, and Air H.Q. Malta under Air Vice-Marshal Sir Keith Park operating from the island of Malta, also provided important air support.

The U.S. Army Air Force 9th Air Force's medium bombers and P-40 fighters that were detached to NAAF's Northwest African Tactical Air Force under the command of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham moved to southern airfields on Sicily as soon they were secured. At the time, the 9th Air Force was a sub-command of RAF Middle East Command under Air Chief Marshal Sir Sholto Douglas. Middle East Command, like NAAF and Air H.Q. Malta were sub-commands of MAC under Tedder who reported to Eisenhower for NAAF operations and to the British Chiefs of Staff for Air H.Q. Malta and Middle East Command operations.

Axis
The island was defended by the two corps of the Italian 6th Army under General Alfredo Guzzoni, although specially designated Fortress Areas around the main ports (Piazze Militari Marittime), were commanded by admirals subordinate to Naval Headquarters and independent of the 6th Army. In early July, the total Axis force in Sicily was about 200,000 Italian troops, 32,000 German troops and 30,000 Luftwaffe ground staff. The main German formations were the Panzer Division Hermann Göring and the 15th Panzergrenadier Division. The Panzer division had 99 tanks in two battalions but was short of infantry (with only three battalions), while the 15th Panzergrenadier Division had three grenadier regiments and a tank battalion with 60 tanks. About half of the Italian troops were formed into four front-line infantry divisions and headquarters troops; the remainder were support troops or inferior coastal divisions and coastal brigades. Guzzoni's defence plan was for the coastal formations to form a screen to receive the invasion and allow time for the field divisions further back to intervene.

By late July, the German units had been reinforced, principally by elements of the 1st Parachute Division, 29th Panzergrenadier Division and the XIV Panzer Corps headquarters (General der Panzertruppe Hans-Valentin Hube), bringing the number of German troops to around 70,000. Until the arrival of the corps headquarters, the two German divisions were nominally under Italian tactical control. The panzer division, with a reinforced infantry regiment from the panzergrenadier division to compensate for its lack of infantry, was under Italian XVI Corps and the rest of the panzergrenadier division under the Italian XII Corps. The German commanders in Sicily were contemptuous of their allies and German units took their orders from the German liaison officer attached to the 6th Army HQ, Generalleutnant Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin who was subordinate to Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring, the German C-in-C Army Command South (OB Süd). Von Senger had arrived in Sicily in late June as part of a German plan to gain greater operational control of its units. Guzzoni agreed from 16 July to delegate to Hube control of all sectors where there were German units involved, and from 2 August, he commanded the Sicilian front.

Planning

At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, with the end of the North African Campaign in sight, the political leaders and the military Chiefs of Staff of the United States and Britain met to discuss future strategy. The British Chiefs of Staff were in favour of an invasion of Sicily or Sardinia, arguing that it would force Germany to disperse its forces and might knock Italy out of the war and move Turkey to join the Allies. At first, the Americans opposed the plan as opportunistic and irrelevant, but were persuaded to agree to a Sicilian invasion on the grounds of the great savings to Allied shipping that would result from the opening of the Mediterranean by the removal of Axis air and naval forces from the island. The Combined Chiefs of Staff appointed General Eisenhower as C-in-C of the Allied Expeditionary Force, General Alexander as Deputy C-in-C with responsibility for detailed planning and execution of the operation, Admiral Cunningham as Naval Commander, and Air Chief Marshal Tedder as Air Commander.

The outline plan given to Eisenhower by the Chiefs of Staff involved dispersed landings by brigade and division-sized formations in the south-east, south and north-west areas of the island. The logic behind the plan was that it would result in the rapid capture of key Axis airfields that posed a threat to the beachheads and the invasion fleet lying off them. It would also see the rapid capture of all the main ports on the island, except for Messina, including Catania, Palermo, Syracuse, Licata and Augusta. This would facilitate a rapid Allied build-up, as well as denying their use to the Axis. High-level planning for the operation lacked direction because the three mainland commanders, Alexander, Montgomery, and Patton, were fully occupied in operations in Tunisia. Effort was wasted in presenting plans that Montgomery, in particular, disliked because of the dispersion of forces involved. He was finally able to articulate his objections and put forward alternative proposals on 24 April. Tedder and Cunningham opposed Montgomery's plan because it would leave 13 landing grounds in Axis hands, posing a considerable threat to the Allied invasion fleet.

Eisenhower called a meeting for 2 May with Montgomery, Cunningham and Tedder, in which Montgomery made new proposals to concentrate the Allied effort on the southeast corner of Sicily, discarding the intended landings close to Palermo and using the south-eastern ports. After Alexander joined the meeting on 3 May, Montgomery's proposals were finally accepted on the basis that it was better to take an administrative risk (having to support troops by landing supplies across beaches) than an operational one (dispersion of effort). Not for the last time, Montgomery had argued a sound course of action, yet done so in a conceited manner, which suggested to others, particularly his American allies, that he was preoccupied with his own interests. In the event, maintaining the armies by landing supplies across the beaches proved easier than expected, partly because of the successful introduction of large numbers of the new amphibious DUKW vehicle. Alexander was later to write "It is not too much to say that the DUKW revolutionised the problem of beach maintenance."

On 17 May, Alexander issued his Operation Instruction No. 1 setting out his broad plan and defining the tasks of the two armies. Broadly speaking, he intended to establish his armies along a line from Catania to Licata preparatory to a final operation to reduce the island. He later wrote that at that stage it was not practicable to plan further ahead but that his intentions were clear in his own mind what the next step would be: he would drive north ultimately to Santo Stefano on the northern coast to split the island in two and cut his enemy's east–west communications. The Seventh Army was assigned to land in the Gulf of Gela, in south-central Sicily, with the 3rd Infantry Division and 2nd Armored Division to the west at Licata Mollarella beach, 1st Division in the center at Gela, and 45th Division to the east at Scoglitti. The 82nd Airborne Division was assigned to drop behind the defences at Gela and Scoglitti. The Seventh Army's beach-front stretched over 50 km. The British Eighth Army was assigned to land in south-eastern Sicily. XXX Corps would land on either side of Cape Passero, while XIII Corps would land in the Gulf of Noto, around Avola, off to the north. The Eighth Army's beach front also stretched 40 km, and there was a gap of some 40 km between the two armies.

Preparatory operations

Once the Axis forces had been defeated in Tunisia, the Allied strategic bomber force commenced attacks on the principal airfields of Sardinia, Sicily and southern Italy, industrial targets in southern Italy and the ports of Naples, Messina, Palermo and Cagliari (in Sardinia). The attacks were spread to maintain uncertainty as to the next Allied move, and to pin down Axis aircraft and keep them away from Sicily. Bombing of northern Italy (by aircraft based in the UK) and Greece (by aircraft based in the Middle East) was increased. From 3 July, bombing concentrated on Sicilian airfields and Axis communications with Italy, although beach defences were left alone, to preserve surprise as to where the landings would occur.

By 10 July, only two airfields in Sicily remained fully operational and over half the Axis aircraft had been forced to leave the island. Between mid-May and the invasion, Allied airmen flew 42,227 sorties and destroyed 323 German and 105 Italian aircraft, for the loss of 250 aircraft, mostly to anti-aircraft fire over Sicily.

Operations began in May against the small island of Pantelleria, some 70 mi southwest of Sicily and 150 mi northwest of Malta, to prevent the airfield there being used in support of Axis troops attempting to withdraw from North Africa. On 13 and 31 May the cruiser HMS Orion (85) bombarded the island and from 6 June, Allied attacks increased. From 8 May to 11 June 5,285 bombing sorties were flown by fighter-bombers, medium and heavy bombers, dropping a total of 6,202 tons of bombs on the island. The Italian gun positions were reduced to 47% effectiveness by the intense ten-day air bombardment. Out of 112 guns bombed, 2 had suffered from direct hits, 17 were near misses and 34 were damaged by debris and splinters (10 beyond repair). All control communications were destroyed, along with many gun emplacements and ammunition stores.

On 11 June, after a naval bombardment and seaborne landing by the British 1st Infantry Division (Operation Corkscrew) the island garrison surrendered. The Pelagie Islands of Lampedusa and Linosa, some 90 mi west of Malta, followed in short order on 12 June.

Headquarters

The Allies used a network of tunnels and chambers located below the Lascaris Battery in Valletta, Malta (the "Lascaris War Rooms"), for the advance headquarters of the invasion of Sicily. In July 1943, General Eisenhower, Admiral Cunningham, General Montgomery, and Air Marshal Tedder occupied the war rooms. Earlier, the war rooms had served as the British headquarters for the defence of Malta.

Deception
To distract the Axis, and if possible divert some of their forces to other areas, the Allies engaged in several deception operations. The most famous and successful of these was Operation Mincemeat, conceived by Naval intelligence officer Ewen Montagu and RAF Squadron Leader Charles Cholmondeley. The British allowed a corpse, disguised as a British Royal Marines officer, to drift ashore in Spain carrying a briefcase containing fake secret documents. The documents purported to reveal that the Allies were planning "Operation Brimstone" and that an "Operation Husky" was an invasion of Greece. German intelligence accepted the authenticity of the documents and the Germans diverted much of their defensive effort from Sicily to Greece until the occupation of Pantelleria on 11 June, which concentrated German and Italian attention on the western Mediterranean. Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel was sent to Greece to assume command. The Germans transferred a group of "R boats" (German minesweepers and minelayers) from Sicily and laid three additional minefields off the Greek coast. They also moved three panzer divisions to Greece, one from France and two from the Eastern Front which reduced German combat strength in the Kursk salient.

Airborne landings

Two American and two British attacks by airborne troops were carried out just after midnight on the night of 9–10 July, as part of the invasion. The American paratroopers consisted largely of Colonel James M. Gavin's 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment (expanded into the 505th Parachute Regimental Combat Team with the addition of the 3rd Battalion of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, along with the 456th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion, Company 'B' of the 307th Airborne Engineer Battalion and other supporting units) of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division, making their first combat drop. The British landings were preceded by pathfinders of the 21st Independent Parachute Company, who were to mark landing zones for the troops who were intending to seize the Ponte Grande, the bridge over the River Anape just south of Syracuse, and hold it until the British 5th Infantry Division arrived from the beaches at Cassibile, some 7 mi to the south. Glider infantry from the British 1st Airborne Division's 1st Airlanding Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Philip Hicks, were to seize landing zones inland.

Strong winds of up to 45 mph blew the troop-carrying aircraft off course and the American force was scattered widely over south-east Sicily between Gela and Syracuse. By 14 July, about two-thirds of the 505th had managed to concentrate, and half the U.S. paratroopers failed to reach their rallying points. The British air-landing troops fared little better, with only 12 of the 147 gliders landing on target and 69 crashing into the sea, with over 200 men drowning. Among those who landed in the sea were Major General George F. Hopkinson, commander of the British 1st Airborne Division, who, after several hours spent clutching a piece of wreckage, was eventually rescued by the landing ship HMS Keren. The scattered airborne troops attacked patrols and created confusion wherever possible. A platoon of the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment, under Lieutenant Louis Withers, part of the British 1st Airlanding Brigade, landed on target, captured Ponte Grande and repulsed counterattacks. Additional paratroops rallied to the sound of shooting and by 08:30 89 men were holding the bridge. By 11:30, a battalion of the Italian 75th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Francesco Ronco) from the 54th Infantry Division "Napoli" arrived with some artillery. The British force held out until about 15:30 hours, when, low on ammunition and by now reduced to 18 men, they were forced to surrender, 45 minutes before the leading elements of the British 5th Division arrived from the south. Despite these mishaps, the widespread landing of airborne troops, both American and British, had a positive effect as small isolated units, acting on their initiative, attacked vital points and created confusion.

Seaborne landings

The strong wind also made matters difficult for the amphibious landings but also ensured surprise as many of the defenders had assumed that no one would attempt a landing in such poor conditions. Landings were made in the early hours of 10 July from 2:45am on 26 main beaches spread along 105 mi of the southern and eastern coasts of the island between the town of Licata where the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division, under the command of Major General Lucian Truscott, landed at Torre di Gaffe, red beach, and Mollarella and Poliscia, green beaches in the west, and Cassibile in the east, with British and Canadian forces in the east and Americans toward the west. This constituted the largest amphibious operation of World War II in terms of size of the landing zone and the number of divisions put ashore on the first day. The Italian defensive plan did not contemplate a pitched battle on the beaches and so the landings themselves were somewhat anticlimactic.

More trouble was experienced from the difficult weather conditions (especially on the southern beaches) and unexpected hidden offshore sandbars than from the coastal divisions. Some troops landed in the wrong place, in the wrong order and as much as six hours behind schedule, but the weakness of the defensive response allowed the Allied force to make up lost time. Nevertheless, several Italian coastal units fought well; the 429th Coastal Battalion (under Major Marco Rubellino ), tasked with defending Gela and its beachhead, had lost 45 percent of its men, while the attacking U.S. Army Ranger Battalion lost several men to mines and machine-gun and cannon fire. Gruppo Tattico Carmito (under Lieutenant-Colonel Francesco Tropea), tasked with defending Malati Bridge, defeated a Royal Marines Commando Battalion on 13 July with the help of the local middle-age reservists. The Italian 4th Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion attacked the Commandos with the help of the 372nd Coastal Defence Battalion, 553rd (under Captain Giovanni Sartor) and 554th (under Captain Fausto Clementi) Motorcycle Companies, and three Panzer IV medium tanks. The 246th Coastal Battalion (under Major Rollo Franco ) defeated British attempts to capture Augusta on the night of 11–12 July.

In Major General Terry Allen's U.S. 1st Infantry Division sector at Gela, there was an Italian division-sized counterattack where the dispersed 505th Parachute Regimental Combat Team was supposed to have been. Tiger tanks of the Hermann Göring Panzer Division, which had been due to advance with the 4th Infantry Division "Livorno", were late.

On highways 115 and 117 during 10 July, Italian tanks of the "Niscemi" Armoured Combat Group and Livorno Division infantry nearly reached the Allied position at Gela, but gunfire from the destroyer USS Shubrick (DD-639) and the light cruiser USS Boise (CL-47) destroyed several tanks and dispersed the attacking infantry battalion. The 3rd Battalion, 34th Regiment, "Livorno" Infantry Division, composed mainly of conscripts, made a daylight attack on the Gela beachhead two days later, with infantry and armor of the Hermann Göring Panzer Division, but was repulsed.

By the morning of 10 July, the Joint Task Force Operations Support System Force captured the port of Licata, at the cost of nearly 100 killed and wounded in the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division, and the division beat back a counter-attack from the 538th Coastal Defence Battalion. By 11:30, Licata was firmly in American hands and the U.S. 3rd Division had lost fewer than one hundred men. Salvage parties had already partially cleared the harbor, and shortly after noon Truscott and his staff came ashore and set up headquarters at Palazzo La Lumia. About that time, the 538th Coastal Defense Battalion, which had been deployed as a tactical reserve, launched a counter-attack. By the evening of 10 July, the seven Allied assault divisions—three American, three British and one Canadian—were well established ashore, the port of Syracuse had been captured, and fears of an Axis air onslaught had proved unfounded.

The preparatory bombing of the previous weeks had greatly weakened the Axis air capability and the heavy Allied presence of aircraft operating from Malta, Gozo, and Pantelleria kept most of the Axis attempts at air attack at bay. Some attacks on the first day of the invasion got through, and German aircraft sank the landing ship LST-313 and minesweeper USS Sentinel (AM-113). Italian Stukas sank the destroyer USS Maddox (DD-622) and Re.2002s sunk the Indian hospital ship SS Talamba with heavy loss of life,  and in the following days Axis aircraft damaged or sank several more warships, transport vessels and landing craft starting with the Allied troopship USS Barnett hit and damaged by an Italian bomber formation on the morning of 11 July. Italian Stukas (named Picchiatello in Italian service) and Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 torpedo-bombers coordinated their attacks with German Stuka and Ju 88 bomber units. As part of the seaborne landings south at Agnone, some 400 men of Lieutenant Colonel John Durnford-Slater's No. 3 Commando captured Malati Bridge on 13 July, only to lose possession of it when the 4th Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion (Lieutenant-Colonel Francesco Tropea) and the Italian 553rd and 554th Motorcycle Companies counter-attacked. The Commandos lost 28 killed, 66 wounded and 59 captured or missing.

Exploitation
Alexander's plan was to first establish his forces on a line between Licata in the west and Catania in the east before embarking on operations to reduce the rest of the island. Key to this was capturing ports to facilitate the buildup of his forces and the capture of airfields. The task of Montgomery's Eighth Army was, therefore, to capture the Pachino Airfield on Cape Passero and the port of Syracuse before moving northwards to take the ports of Augusta and Catania. Their objectives also included the landing fields around Gerbini, on the Catania plain. The objectives of Patton's Seventh Army included capturing the port of Licata and the airfields of Ponte Olivo, Biscari and Comiso. It was then to prevent the enemy reserves from moving eastward against the Eighth Army's left flank.

According to Axis plans, Kampfgruppe Schmalz (Colonel Wilhelm Schmalz), in conjunction with the 54th Infantry Division "Napoli" (Major-General Giulio Cesare Gotti Porcinari), was to counter-attack an Allied landing on the Augusta–Syracuse coast. On 10 July, Schmalz had been unable to contact the Italian division and had proceeded alone towards Syracuse. Unknown to Schmalz, a battalion of 18 Renault R35 tanks (under Lieutenant-Colonel Massimo D'Andretta) and supporting infantry battalion from the 75th Infantry Regiment (under Colonel Paolo Giovanni Ronco) of the Napoli Division, broke through the forward positions held by the 2nd Battalion, Wiltshire Regiment, part of the 13th Brigade the British 5th Division, and were stopped only by anti-tank and artillery fire in the Priolo and Floridia suburbs of Syracuse.

On the night of 11–12 July, the Royal Navy attempted to capture Augusta but the 246th Coastal Battalion repelled the British landing force that was supported by three destroyers. On 12 July, several Italian units took up rearguard positions and covered the withdrawal of Kampfgruppe Schmalz and the Hermann Göring Division. The American advance toward Canicattì was temporarily held up by Semovente da 90/53 tank destroyers from the 161st Self-propelled Artillery Battalion, 526th Bersaglieri Battalion and 177th Bersaglieri Regiment from Gruppo Tattico Venturi (under General Enrico Francisci, killed in action and posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour), as Kampfgruppe Schmalz retreated toward Catania. The 246th Coastal Battalion retreated to strong points at Cozzo Telegrafo and Acquedolci. The 76th Infantry Regiment of the Napoli Division covered the left flank of Kampfgruppe Schmalz which withdrew toward Lentini and then retired to Palermo. The Hermann Göring Division eventually pulled back from the Piano Lupo area toward Caltagirone and the Livorno Division withdrew its right flank toward Piazza Armerina, to cover the Hermann Göring Division.

Early on 13 July, elements of the British 5th Division on Eighth Army's right flank, which had been delayed by Kampfgruppe Schmalz, entered Augusta. On their left, British 50th Division had pushed up Route 114 toward Lentini, 15 mi northwest of Augusta and met increasing resistance from the Napoli Division. The commander of the Italian division and his staff were captured by the British 4th Armoured Brigade on 13 July and it was not until 18:45 on 14 July that the town was cleared of obstructions and snipers and the advance resumed. A battalion of the Napoli Division managed to break through the British lines and took up new positions at Augusta but the British advance forced it to retire again on 14 July.

Further left, in the XXX Corps sector, the 51st (Highland) Division had moved directly north to take Palazzolo and Vizzini 30 mi west of Syracuse, while the Canadians secured Pachino airfield and headed north-west to make contact with the American right wing at Ragusa; after having driven off the Italian 122 Infantry Regiment north of Pachino. The Canadians captured more than 500 Italians. In the Canadian area, the 2nd Special Service Brigade, under Brigadier Robert Laycock, was counter-attacked by the 206th Coastal Division (under General Achille d'Havet) who launched a strong counter-attack that threatened to penetrate the area between the Canadians and the Royal Marine Commandos before being repulsed.

In the American sector, by the morning of 10 July, the port of Licata had been captured. On 11 July, Patton ordered his reserve parachute troops from the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment (minus the 3rd Battalion already deployed in Sicily, attached to the 505th) under Colonel Reuben Tucker, part of 82nd Airborne Division, to drop and reinforce the center. In addition, going along with the 504th would be the 376th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion, Company 'C' of the 307th Airborne Engineer Battalion and other supporting units. Warning orders had been issued to the fleet and troops on 6, 7, 10 and 11 July concerning the planned route and timing of the drop, so that the aircraft would not be fired on by friendly forces. They were intended to drop east of Ponte Olivo, about 5 mi inland from Gela, to block routes to the 1st Infantry Division's bridgehead at Gela.

The 144 Douglas C-47 transports arrived at the same time as an Axis air raid; the first echelon of troop carrying planes had dropped their loads without interference, when an Allied naval vessel fired on the formation. Immediately, all the other naval vessels and shore troops joined in, shooting down friendly aircraft and forcing paratroopers to jump far from their drop zones. The 52nd Troop Carrier Wing lost 23 of 144 С-47s to friendly fire; there were 318 casualties with 83 dead. Thirty-seven aircraft were damaged, while eight returned to base without dropping their parachutists. The paratroopers suffered 229 casualties to "friendly fire", including 81 dead. Among the casualties was Brigadier General Charles L. Keerans, Jr., the 82nd Airborne's assistant division commander (ADC), who was along with the 504th as an unofficial observer. The 325th Glider Infantry Regiment, part of the 82nd Airborne Division and commanded by Colonel Harry L. Lewis, was then waiting in North Africa and scheduled to land in Sicily by glider that night, together with the rest of the division staff. After what happened to the 504th, Ridgway canceled the operation.

Despite this, the American beach landings went well and a substantial amount of supplies and transport was landed. Despite the failure of the airborne operation, the 1st Infantry Division took Ponte Olivo on 12 July and continued north, while 45th Infantry Division on the right had taken the airfield at Comiso and entered Ragusa to link-up with the Canadians. On the left, the 3rd Infantry Division, having landed at Licata, pushed troops 25 mi up the coast almost to Argento and 20 mi inland to Canicatti.

Once the beachheads were secure, Alexander planned to split the island in half by thrusting north through the Caltanissetta and Enna region, to deny the defenders the central east–west lateral road. A further push north to Nicosia would cut the next lateral route and a final advance to Santo Stefano on the north coast would cut the coastal route. In new orders issued on 13 July, he gave this task to Eighth Army, perhaps based on a somewhat over-optimistic situation report by Montgomery late on 12 July, while the Seventh Army were to continue their holding role on the left flank of the Eighth Army, despite what appeared to be an opportunity for them to make a bold offensive move. On 12 July, Kesselring had visited Sicily and formed the opinion that German troops were fighting virtually on their own. As a consequence, he concluded that the German formations needed to be reinforced, and that western Sicily should be abandoned in order to shorten the front line. The priority was first to slow and then halt the Allied advance, while a Hauptkampflinie was formed running from San Stefano on the northern coast, through Nicosia and Agira to Cantenanuova and from there to the eastern coast south of Catania.

While XIII Corps continued to push along the Catania road, XXX Corps were directed north along two routes; the first was an inland route through Vizzini, and the second following Route 124, which cut across the U.S. 45th Infantry Division, which had to return to the coast at Gela for redeployment behind the U.S. 1st Infantry Division. Progress was slow as Kampfgruppe Schmalz skilfully delayed the British 5th Infantry Division, allowing time for two regiments from the German 1st Parachute Division flying to Catania to deploy. On 12 July, the British 1st Parachute Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Gerald Lathbury, had been dropped in Operation Fustian, an attempt to capture the Primosole Bridge over the river Simeto, on the southern edge of the Catania plain. The British paratroopers suffered heavy casualties over their designated drop zones due to heavy fire from alert Italian anti-aircraft gunners, but managed to seize and hold the bridge against fierce Axis attacks. The initial counterattacks were Italian in the form of reinforcements from the 10th Arditi Paratroop Regiment (Major Vito Marciano), reservists from the 372nd Coastal Battalion (Major Nino Bolla ) and gunners from the 29th Artillery Group fighting in the infantry role and an armoured car squadron that nearly overran the headquarters of 9th Battalion, the Durham Light Infantry, at nightfall in the first day of the battle for Primosole Bridge. The British 5th Division was delayed by strong opposition, but made contact early on 15 July; nevertheless, it was not until 17 July that a shallow bridgehead north of the river was consolidated.

On 16 July, the surviving Italian aircraft withdrew to the mainland. About 160 Italian planes had been lost in the first week of the invasion, 57 lost to Allied fighters and anti-aircraft fire on 10–12 July alone. That day, an Italian bomber torpedoed the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable (92), and the ITALIAN SUBMARINE Dandolo torpedoed the cruiser HMS Cleopatra (33). Both ships were put out of action for over a year.

On the night of 17 July, the ITALIAN CRUISER Scipione Africano, equipped with EC.3 Gufo radar, detected and engaged four British Elco motor torpedo boats lurking 5 mi away, while passing the Strait of Messina at high speed. MTB 316 was sunk and MTB 313 damaged between Reggio di Calabria and Pellaro–twelve British sailors were killed.

On the night of 17–18 July, Montgomery renewed his attack toward Catania, with two brigades of the 50th Division. They met strong opposition and by 19 July Montgomery decided to call off the attack and instead increase the pressure on his left. The 5th Division attacked on the 50th Division's left but with no greater success, and on 20 July, the 51st Division, further west, crossed the river Dittaino at Sferro and made for the Gerbini airfields. They too were driven back by counter-attacks on 21 July. On the left flank, the 1st Canadian Division continued to advance but it was becoming clear that, as German units settled into their new positions in north eastern Sicily, the army would not have sufficient strength to carry the whole front and the Canadians were ordered to continue north to Leonforte and then turn eastward to Adrano on the south-western slopes of Mount Etna, instead of an encirclement of Mount Etna using Route 120 to Randazzo. Montgomery called forward his reserve division from North Africa, the British 78th Infantry Division.

Patton had reorganised his forces into two corps. The Provisional Corps, commanded by Keyes, consisting of the 2nd Armored, 3rd Infantry, and 82nd Airborne Divisions, was on the left. The U.S. II Corps was on the right. By 17 July, Provisional Corps had captured Porto Empedocle and Agrigento. On 18 July, II Corps took Caltanissetta, just short of Route 121, the main east–west lateral through the center of Sicily. The American advance toward Agrigento was temporarily held up by the 207th Coastal Defence Division (under Colonel Augusto De Laurentis) that was at Sant'Oliva Station, 6 mi inland from Licata. The 10th Bersaglieri Regiment forced the 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions of the 3rd Infantry Division to fight their way into Agrigento. By late afternoon on 16 July, the city was in American hands.

The 15th Panzer Grenadier Division managed to join the other German formations in the east of the island. Patton was ordered on 18 July to push troops north through Petralia on Route 120, the next east–west lateral, and then to cut the northern coast road. After that, he would mop up the west of the island. II Corps were given the task of making the northward move, while the Provisional Corps was tasked with the mopping up operation. Alexander issued further orders to Patton to develop an eastward threat along the coast road once he had cut it. He was also directed to capture Palermo as quickly as possible as the main supply base for further eastward commitment north of Mount Etna. On 21 July, the Seventh Army's Provisional Corps overran the Italian battlegroup Raggruppamento Schreiber (under General Ottorino Schreiber), covering the withdrawal of the 15th Panzer Panzergrenadier Division, but Patton lost 300 men killed and wounded in the process. On 22 July, the Provisional Corps entered Palermo, and the next day the 45th Division cut the north coast road.

Battles for Etna positions
During the last week in July, Montgomery gathered his forces to renew the attack on 1 August. His immediate objective was Adrano, the capture of which would split the German forces on either side of Mount Etna. During the week, the Canadians and the 231st Brigade Group continued their eastward push from Leonforte, and on 29 July had taken Agira, some 15 mi west of Adrano. On the night of 29 July, the British 78th Division with the 3rd Canadian Brigade under command, took Catenuova and made a bridgehead across the river Dittaino. On the night of 1 August, they resumed their attack to the northwest toward Centuripe, an isolated pinnacle of rock, which was the main southern outpost of the Adrano defences. After heavy fighting against the Hermann Göring Division and the 3rd Parachute Regiment all day on 2 August, the town was finally cleared of defenders on the morning of 3 August. The capture of Centuripe proved critical, in that the growing threat to Adrano made the position covering Catania untenable.

Patton had decided that his communications could support two divisions pushing east, the 45th Division on the coast road and the 1st Division on Route 120. In order to maintain the pressure, he relieved the 45th Division with the fresher 3rd Division and called up the 9th Infantry Division from reserve in North Africa to relieve the 1st Division. Axis forces were now settled on a second defensive line, the Etna Line, running from San Fratello on the north coast through Troina and Aderno. On 31 July, the 1st Division with elements of the arriving 9th Division attached, reached Troina and the Battle of Troina commenced. This important position was held by the 15th Panzer Grenadier Division. The remnants of the 28th Infantry Division "Aosta" in the form of four battalions had also been pulled back to Troina to assist in the defensive preparations and forthcoming battle.

For six days, the Germans and Italians conducted a costly defence; during the battle, they launched 24 counter-attacks and many small local ones. By 7 August, the U.S. 18th Infantry Regiment, of the 9th Division, had captured Mount Pellegrino, which overlooked the Troina defences, allowing accurate direction of Allied artillery. The defenders' left flank was also becoming exposed as the adjacent Hermann Göring Division was pushed back by the British XXX Corps and they were ordered to withdraw that night in phases to the defensive positions of the Tortorici Line. Elements of the 29th Panzergrenadier Division and 26th Infantry Division "Assietta" were also proving difficult to dislodge on the coast at Santa Agata and San Fratello. Patton sent a small amphibious force behind the defences, which led to the fall of Santa Agata on 8 August after holding out for six days.

On 3 August, XIII Corps exploited the disorganisation caused by the threat to Adrano and resumed their advance on Catania, and by 5 August the town was in their hands. Adrano fell to the 78th Division on the night of 6 August, while on the right, the 51st (Highland) Division took Biancavilla, 2 mi southeast of Adrano. After the fall of Adrano, the 1st Canadian Division was withdrawn into Army Reserve. On 8 August, the 78th Division, moving north from Adrano, took Bronte, and the 9th Division, advancing from Troina, took Cesaro, valuable positions on the New Hube Line. Both divisions converged on Randazzo, on the north-west slopes of Etna. Randazzo fell on 13 August and 78th Division was taken into reserve. As the Allied advance continued, the front line shortened. On 10 August, Montgomery decided to withdraw XIII Corps HQ and the British 5th Infantry Division, now commanded by Major General Gerard Bucknall (replacing Major General Berney-Ficklin, who returned to England), to allow them to prepare for the landings on mainland Italy. On the northern coast, the U.S. 3rd Division continued to meet strong resistance and difficulties created by extensive demolition of the road. Two more end-run amphibious attacks, and the rebuilding efforts of the engineers, kept the advance moving. Although Kesselring had already decided to evacuate, the Axis forces continued their delaying tactics, assisted by the favorable defensive terrain of the Messina Peninsula. Finally, on the night of 16 August, the leading elements of 3rd Division entered Messina.

Axis evacuation

By 27 July, the Axis commanders had realised that the outcome of the campaign would be an evacuation from Messina. Kesselring reported to Hitler on 29 July that an evacuation could be accomplished in three days and initial written plans were formulated dated 1 August. However, when Hube suggested on 4 August that a start should be made by transferring superfluous men and equipment, Guzzoni refused to sanction the idea without the approval of the Comando Supremo. The Germans nevertheless went ahead, transferring over 12,000 men, 4,500 vehicles and 5,000 tons of equipment from 1–10 August. On 6 August, Hube suggested to Guzzoni, via von Senger, that HQ 6th Army should move to Calabria. Guzzoni rejected the idea but asked if Hube had decided to evacuate Sicily. Von Senger replied that Hube had not.

The next day, Guzzoni learned of the German plan for evacuation and reported to Rome of his conviction of their intentions. On 7 August, Guzzoni reported that, without German support, any last ditch stand would only be short. On 9 August, Rome ordered that Guzzoni's authority should be extended to Calabria and that he should transfer some forces there to reinforce the area. On 10 August, Guzzoni informed Hube that he was responsible for the defence of northeast Sicily and that Italian coastal units and the Messina garrison were under his command. Guzzoni then crossed to the mainland with 6th Army HQ and 16th Corps HQ, leaving Admiral Pietro Barone and Admiral Pietro Parenti to organise the evacuation of the remains of the Livorno and Assietta divisions (and any other troops and equipment that could be saved).

The German plan was thorough, with clear lines of command imposing strict discipline on the operation. Oberst Ernst-Günther Baade was the German Commandant Messina Straits, with Fortress Commander powers, including control over infantry, artillery, anti-aircraft, engineer and construction, transport and administration units as well as German naval transport headquarters. On the mainland, Generalmajor Richard Heidrich, who had remained in Calabria with the 1st Parachute Division headquarters and the 1st Parachute Regiment, when the rest of the division had been sent as reinforcements to Sicily, was appointed XIV Panzer Corps Mainland Commander to receive evacuating formations, while Hube continued to control the operations on the island.

Full-scale withdrawal, codenamed Operation Lehrgang, began on 11 August and continued to 17 August. During this period, Hube ordered successive withdrawals each night of between 5 and 15 mi, keeping the following Allied units at arm's length with the use of mines, demolitions and other obstacles. As the peninsula narrowed, shortening his front, he was able to withdraw units for evacuation. The Allies attempted to counter this by launching brigade-sized amphibious assaults, one each by the Seventh and Eighth Armies, on 15 August. However, the speed of the Axis withdrawal was such that these operations "hit air".

The German and Italian evacuation schemes proved highly successful. The Allies were not able to prevent the orderly withdrawal nor effectively interfere with transports across the Strait of Messina. The narrow straits were protected by 120 heavy and 112 light anti-aircraft guns, with about half being Italian-built pieces. The resulting overlapping gunfire from both sides of the strait was described by Allied pilots as worse than the Ruhr, making daylight air attacks highly hazardous and generally unsuccessful. Night attacks were less hazardous and there were times when air attack was able to delay and even suspend traffic across the straits but when daylight returned, the Axis were able to clear the backlog from the previous night. Nor was naval interdiction any more practicable. The straits varied from 2 to(-) wide and were covered by artillery up to 24 cm in caliber. This, combined with the hazards of a 6 kn current and fear that Italian warships were preparing to attack the Straits of Messina in a suicide run, made risking warships unjustifiable.

Aftermath
On 18 August, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht recorded that 60,000 troops had been recovered and the Italian figure was about 75,000. In 2004, Tomblin wrote that the Italians evacuated 62,182 men, 41 guns and 227 vehicles with the loss of only one motor raft and the train ferry Cariddi, which was scuttled when Allied troops entered Messina. The Germans evacuated some 52,000 troops (including 4,444 wounded), 14,105 vehicles, 47 tanks, 94 guns, 1,100 tons of ammunition, and about 20,700 tons of gear and stores.

Casualties
The U.S. Seventh Army lost 8,781 men (2,237 killed or missing, 5,946 wounded, and 598 captured), while the British Eighth Army suffered 11,843 casualties (2,062 killed or missing, 7,137 wounded and 2,644 captured). The U.S. Navy lost 546 killed or missing and 484 wounded and the Royal Navy lost 314 killed or missing, 411 wounded and four captured. The USAAF reported 28 killed, 88 missing and 41 wounded. Canadian forces had suffered 2,310 casualties, including 562 killed, 1,664 wounded, and 84 captured.

In 2007, Samuel W. Mitcham and Friederich von Stauffenberg wrote that German units lost about 20,000 men who were either killed, wounded or captured, and in Germany and the Second World War (2007) Messerschmidt et al. reported that the German forces lost 4,325 men killed, 4,583 missing, 5,532 captured and 13,500 wounded, a total of 27,940 casualties. According to the Historical Branch of the Italian Army, Italian military losses were 4,678 killed, 36,072 missing, 32,500 wounded and 116,681 captured. A large part of the missing were presumed to have been killed and buried on the battlefield or in unknown locations, whereas another part presumably included locally recruited soldiers who deserted and returned to their homes. In 2007, Mitcham and Von Stauffenberg estimated Italian total casualties as 147,000. An earlier Canadian study of the Allied invasion estimated the total number of Italian and Germans taken prisoner in Sicily to be around 100,000.

War crimes
Immediately after Allied landings, a number of instances where American troops killed civilians were reported. These included a massacre at Vittoria, where 12 civilians were killed, including the podestà of Acate, another at Agrigento, and the Canicattì massacre, in which Lieutenant-Colonel George Herbert McCaffrey fired into a civilian crowd looting a factory in Canicattì which refused to disperse, killing eight. During and after the invasion, Allied troops committed a number of rapes and other forms of sexual assaults against civilians in Sicily; Italian statistics report a number of rapes committed by American and Free French forces. According to historian Clive Emsley, the record books of the British Special Investigation Branch recorded "a few" instances of rape and sexual harassment involving British servicemembers during the invasion. On 19 July, just over a week after the Allied landings, Captain Angelo Thomas Sesia, a Canadian Army officer in the 1st Canadian Division, recorded that fellow Canadian troops were involved in a number of "unsettling incidents", including looting, shooting at civilians and one gang rape in Piazza Armerina. According to Mitcham and von Stauffenberg, Canadian troops of the Loyal Edmonton Regiment summarily executed German prisoners of war during the invasion.

On 14 July, American troops of the 180th Infantry Regiment summarily executed 73 Axis prisoners of war in two separate incidents. After capturing 45 Italian and 3 German POWs while attacking an airfield near Santo Pietro, a regimental detachment led by Sergeant Horace T. West marched the POWs for approximately a mile before West directed that "eight or nine" be separated from the rest and taken to the regiment's intelligence officer for questioning; West proceeded to summarily execute the remaining 37 POWs. On the next day, the 37 bodies were spotted by an American military chaplain, Lieutenant-Colonel William E. King. King reported the incident to his superiors, who at first dismissed it due to the bad press which would occur if it were made public; however, after some convincing, they agreed to court-martial West. Troops from the 180th Infantry Regiment committed another massacre on 14 July, when Captain John T. Compton ordered 35 Italian POWs to be summarily executed by firing squad. West and Compton were charged by the United States Army with committing a war crime; West was convicted and sentenced to life in prison and stripped of his rank but was released back to active service in November 1944 as a private, and honorably discharged at the end of his service. Compton was charged with killing 40 prisoners in his charge but was acquitted and transferred to another regiment, where he died in November 1943 while fighting in the Italian campaign.

Constituent operations

 * Operation Barclay/Operation Mincemeat: Deception operations aimed at misleading Axis forces as to the actual date and location of the Allied landings.
 * Operation Corkscrew: Allied invasion of the Italian island Pantelleria on 10 June 1943.
 * Operation Ladbroke: Glider landing at Syracuse on 9 July 1943.
 * Operation Narcissus: Commando raid on a lighthouse near the main landings on 10 July 1943.
 * Operation Chestnut: Advanced air drop by 2 SAS to disrupt communications on 12 July 1943.
 * Operation Fustian: Airborne landing at Primosole Bridge ahead on 13–14 July 1943.

title: Allied invasion of Sicily