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Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

Stand Up, released in 1969, is the second studio album by British rock band Jethro Tull. It was the first Jethro Tull album to feature guitarist Martin Barre, who would go on to become the band's longtime guitarist until its initial dissolution in 2012. Before recording sessions for the album began, the band's original guitarist Mick Abrahams departed from the band as a result of musical differences with frontman and primary songwriter Ian Anderson; Abrahams wanted to stay with the blues rock sound of their 1968 debut, This Was, while Anderson wished to add other musical influences such as folk rock.

The album was released 25 July, and was No. 1 on the UK albums chart the following week, 3 August, following up on the success of the non-album single "Living in the Past", which had reached No. 3 in the UK singles chart on the day the album was released. The album was Jethro Tull's first success in the United States, reaching No. 20 on the Billboard 200.

Background
Jethro Tull released their debut album This Was in October 1968. During the recording of This Was, frontman Ian Anderson began writing new material which differed from the straight blues/jazz fusion style which the band were known for at the time. Anderson estimated that he wrote "50 percent" of Stand Up during the summer of 1968. Anderson wrote the album's songs on an acoustic guitar in his bedsit in Kentish Town, London, and cited Roy Harper, Ornette Coleman, Charlie Parker, Bert Jansch, Pentangle, Blind Faith and Jimi Hendrix as inspirations. The new material's departure from the band's blues-based style caused conflict with guitarist Mick Abrahams, who was a blues purist: Anderson recalled "running some of [the new songs] by Mick Abrahams, and coming to the conclusion that they weren't going up to be up his street at all" while drummer Clive Bunker stated that "when Ian started to write new and different stuff, that's when we realised we were going to have serious problems, because Mick just didn't want to do it." The stylistic clash resulted in Abrahams' departure from the band in December 1968. The band initially began rehearsals for Stand Up with Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi, however Iommi left the band after only a few weeks as he felt he did not fit in well with the group. The job eventually went to Martin Barre, who immediately joined rehearsals for Stand Up before making his live debut with the band on 30 December 1968.

The band then embarked on a short Swedish tour to support Jimi Hendrix in January 1969 before embarking on a three-month U.S. tour (the band's first) during which the band recorded the non-album single "Living in the Past" and B-side "Driving Song" at the behest of manager Terry Ellis to "keep the pot boiling" in the UK. Following the end of the tour in April, the band returned to the UK to begin recording sessions for the new album.

Recording
The band began recording the album on 17 April 1969, recording "A New Day Yesterday" and finished on 21 May 1969, finishing "Look Into the Sun". Recording was briefly paused in early-mid May for the band to embark on a joint headlining tour of the UK and France with Ten Years After. All of the songs were recorded at Studio 2 of Morgan Studios, except for "Bourée" which was recorded at Olympic Studios because Morgan was already booked for the day (although takes of the song were also recorded at Morgan). The general routine was that the band would arrive at the studio at 9:00 am to work on one or two songs which would be finished by 4:00 or 5:00 pm. Anderson cited Morgan Studios' modern 8-track recording facilities as "a big help", saying that "8-track was the beginning of that creative freedom without which it would have been much harder to have made the Stand Up album." The band praised recording engineer Andy Johns, who they found easy to work with. Johns tried some innovative recording techniques on the album; for example on "A New Day Yesterday" he achieved a swirling, stereo-shifting guitar effect by swinging an expensive Neumann U67 microphone on its cable in wide circles around the studio.

The majority of the album was recorded live with the entire band, with minimal overdubs, however primarily acoustic songs such as "Look Into the Sun" and "Fat Man" were recorded mostly solo by Anderson. The song "Bourée" proved the most difficult to record, with the band unsatisfied with any of the takes they recorded. The final version of the song was compiled later from several takes, with additional overdubs added by Anderson. Bass guitar on "Look Into the Sun" was recorded by Johns, as bassist Glenn Cornick was not present at the session (Johns' performance was uncredited on the album). One song titled "Early in the Morning" had its backing track recorded but was aborted during the sessions and was never released. The band also recorded the backing track for "Play in Time" during the sessions, a song which would later be finished and released on the band's next album Benefit.

Album cover
The design of the album cover started with a visit to New Haven, Connecticut during a concert tour in late February 1969. Under the direction of producer Terry Ellis, the band met a woodcarver named James Grashow who followed them for a week in order to properly represent them in wood. The resulting gatefold album cover, in a woodcut style designed by Grashow, originally opened up like a children's pop-up book so that a cut-out of the band's personnel stood up, evoking the album's title. Stand Up won New Musical Express's award for best album artwork in 1969. The pop-up was not carried over to the 1973 album reissue, but is now available on the 180g vinyl issue of the Steven Wilson remixed version of the album, released in 2017.

Musical style
The album still shows a great blues influence, as in the first track "A New Day Yesterday". Some songs on the album exhibit unusual instrumentation, such as "Fat Man," played on a mandolin, and "Jeffery Goes to Leicester Square," played on a balalaika. The acoustic pieces, like "Reasons for Waiting", already show Anderson under the influence of Roy Harper. The instrumental "Bourée" (one of Jethro Tull's popular concert pieces) is a jazzy re-working of "Bourrée in E minor" by Johann Sebastian Bach. On the other hand, "Nothing Is Easy" is a jazz-rock song with drums and electric guitar that contrasts with the acoustic material on the album.

Ian Anderson has speculated that the chord progression in "We Used to Know" was picked up subconsciously by the Eagles when they toured together in 1971 or 1972 and used in their song "Hotel California". However Don Felder, who wrote the music for "Hotel California", did not join the Eagles until 1974. In a 2016 interview, Anderson stated that the chord progression had likely been used in earlier songs and also called "Hotel California" a "much better song" than "We Used to Know".

Themes
Anderson has described the album's lyrics as composing of a mixture of made up scenarios, occasionally mixed with biographical anecdotes or experiences from his personal life. Songs like "Back to the Family" and "For a Thousand Mothers" were influenced by Anderson's rocky relationship with his parents at the time, while "We Used to Know" describes the band's difficult life of financial hardship before finding success. Anderson has denied that songs concerning relationships such as "A New Day Yesterday", "Look Into the Sun" and "Reasons for Waiting" were inspired by real life experiences, saying that "I've always had a feeling that you don't talk about real stuff when it comes to that, and that you shouldn't betray real relationships in songs." Anderson wrote "Fat Man" as a reference to former guitarist Mick Abrahams (who was the largest member of the group), however Anderson has denied that the song was intended as an insult. "Jeffrey Goes to Leicester Square" references Anderson's friend Jeffrey Hammond, who was also referenced on This Was and would later join Jethro Tull as bassist in 1970.

Critical reception and legacy
Stand Up received mixed reviews upon its release, but more recent evaluations praised the album as a whole, for the production and musicianship.

The 1969 Rolling Stone review was quite positive, stating that the album "has a fairly low raunch quotient, true to form, but it is quite marvellous" and also that "the album is not really funky; rather, it is a meticulously crafted work (no sterility implied) which deserves careful listening. At a time when many of the established stars are faltering, it is a particular pleasure to hear an important new voice." The contemporary Disc and Music Echo review was less favourable; it considered the expensive cover the "most impressive" part of the album and Jethro Tull a good live band but still incapable of producing a "musically interesting" release. American critic Robert Christgau reiterated his dislike of the band, but judged the album "adequate" in his Village Voice review.

A retrospective AllMusic review was positive, saying that the band had "solidified their sound" with the album, bringing an "English folk music" influence to several of the songs, atop an overall blues rock foundation. Sean Murphy of PopMatters more emphatically wrote that Stand Up was a "meaningful document from what turned out to be a very transitional moment in rock history... a document created in a rapidly closing artistic window, pre-prog but post-British blues and psychedelic rock." He praised the musicianship of the players and remarked the first examples of "the first-rate lyricist Anderson would quickly become." The Record Collector review highlights how "the album captured the band on a vertiginous upswing, jubilant with confidence following the drafting in of guitarist Martin Barre" and contained "a fresh batch of diverse but uniformly strong compositions".

A variety of rock artists have cited Stand Up as an all-time favourite album, including Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder, Aerosmith's Tom Hamilton, Joe Bonamassa, and Joe Satriani. Black Francis of Pixies also spoke glowingly of the album, commenting, "Stand Up is the [Jethro Tull] record that moves me the most. It's only their second album and they're still kind of scruffy. There's a heavy rock influence but they had that English thing going on, you know, university dudes who were really into folk music. It didn't seem like an affectation to me – it still seems real". During an interview with BraveWords in 2015, Anderson selected Stand Up as his favourite Tull album: "I suppose if you were to really twist my arm, I would probably go back to 1969, with the Stand Up album, because that was my first album of first really original music. It has a special place in my heart." Barre and Bunker have also ranked it as being among their favorite Tull albums. It was voted number 513 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums 3rd Edition (2000).

Releases
The album was reissued in 1973 by Chrysalis Records.

In 1989 a MFSL remaster was released, with catalogue number UDCD 524. The booklet featured the pop-up woodcut band.

The album was reissued again in 2001 as a digital remaster, this time with 4 bonus tracks.

It was reissued on 5 October 2010 as a deluxe edition, including six bonus tracks on disc one, and two additional discs: a CD of live material recorded at Carnegie Hall on 4 November 1970, and a DVD with a DTS surround mix of the concert as well as an Interview with Ian Anderson. The material was mixed by Peter Mew at the Abbey Road studios.

It was released again in November 2016 in a box set with two CDs and one DVD, named Stand Up - The Elevated Edition. The box contains rare and previously unreleased music (such as an alternate take of "Bourée", BBC tracks, radio spots and vintage stereo promo mixes of "Living in the Past" and "Driving Song" previously unreleased on CD) including new stereo and 5.1 mixes of the album and bonus tracks by Steven Wilson, and a live presentation, from a concert in Sweden in 1969 (original mono mix). It also includes a 112-page booklet featuring track-by-track annotations by Ian Anderson, an extensive history of the album, rare and unseen photographs and a reproduction of the original pop-up book artwork designed by James Grashow.

It was re-released again on 180 gram vinyl with the original tracks in February 2017. This time it came with the gatefold cover and the "pop up" band inside.

Reissued on 2 LPs at 45RPM in October 2022 by Analogue Productions. Mastered and cut by Kevin gray from the original U.K. Island analog tape. Plated at QRP with Initial press run at RTI. Gatefold "tip on" jacket manufactured by Stoughton Printing, faithfully reproducing the original pop-up of the band members from the initial release.

Track listings
All songs written by Ian Anderson, unless otherwise indicated. (Original LP album states "All titles written by Ian Anderson").

1969 original release

 * 1973 cassette version has same track order, but on opposite sides.
 * Sides one and two were combined as tracks 1–10 on CD reissues.

Personnel
Jethro Tull
 * Ian Anderson – vocals, flute, acoustic guitar, Hammond organ, piano, mandolin, balalaika, mouth organ, production
 * Martin Barre – electric guitar, additional flute (on tracks 2 and 9)
 * Glenn Cornick – bass guitar (all tracks but 5 and 7)
 * Clive Bunker – drums, percussion

Production
 * Terry Ellis – production, cover concept
 * Andy Johns – engineer, bass guitar on track 5 (uncredited)
 * Dee Palmer – string arrangements and conductor on track 9
 * John Williams – cover concept
 * James Grashow – cover art

title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)


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Talk:Bates college

Shouldn't this be at Bates College? --mav

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bates college


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Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei

Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei ((北)魏孝文帝) (October 13, 467 – April 26, 499 ), personal name né Tuoba Hong (拓拔宏), later Yuan Hong (元宏), was an emperor of China's Northern Wei dynasty, reigning from September 20, 471 to April 26, 499.

Under the regent of Empress Dowager Feng, Emperor Xiaowen enacted a new land-tenure system named the equal-field system in 485, which was aimed at boosting agricultural production and tax receipts. The implementation of the equal-field system was largely due to the court's desire to break the economic power of local magnates who sheltered residents under their control living in fortified villages. Under this system, all land was owned by the state, and then equally distributed to taxpaying farmers. This system successfully created a stable fiscal infrastructure and a basis for universal military conscription for the Northern Wei, and continued well into the Tang dynasty. The equal-field program was coupled with another initiative, the "Three Elders" system, aimed at compiling accurate population registers so that land could be distributed accordingly.

Emperor Xiaowen implemented a policy of sinicization, intending to centralize the government and make the multi-ethnic state easier to govern. These policies included changing artistic styles to reflect Chinese preferences and forcing court officials to speak the language and to wear Chinese clothes. He compelled his own Xianbei people and others to adopt Chinese surnames, and changed his own family surname from Tuoba to Yuan. He also encouraged intermarriage between Xianbei and Han.

In 494, Emperor Xiaowen moved the Northern Wei capital from Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi) to Luoyang, a city long acknowledged as a major center in Chinese history. While the capital was moved to Luoyang, the military elite remained centered at the old capital, widening the differences between the administration and the military. The population at the old capital remained conservative, while the population at Luoyang were much more eager to adopt Xiaowen's policies of sinicization. His reforms were met with resistance by the Xianbei elite. In 496, two plots by Xianbei nobles, one centered on his crown prince Yuan Xun, and one centered on his distant uncle Yuan Yi (元頤). By 497, Xiaowen had destroyed the conspiracies and forced Yuan Xun to commit suicide.

Early life and regency of Emperor Xianwen
Tuoba Hong was born in 467, when his father Emperor Xianwen was himself young—at the age of 13, and not yet ruling by himself, but instead was emperor under the regency of Emperor Xianwen's stepmother Empress Dowager Feng. Tuoba Hong was Emperor Xianwen's oldest son. His mother, Consort Li, was the daughter of Li Hui, a mid-level official at the time, who was a brother of Emperor Xianwen's mother. Empress Dowager Feng, following Tuoba Hong's birth, ended her regency and returned power to Emperor Xianwen, while spending her time raising Tuoba Hong. In 469, at age two, Tuoba Hong was created crown prince. That same year, his mother Consort Li died—and while traditional histories did not describe how she died, it appeared likely that she was forced to commit suicide according to the Northern Wei tradition of forcing crown princes' mothers to commit suicide, for it was written that the entire palace mourned her bitterly.

In 471, Emperor Xianwen, who favored Taoist and Buddhist philosophies, tired of the throne, and considered passing the throne to his uncle Tuoba Zitui (拓拔子推) the Prince of Jingzhao. After opposition by virtually all high level officials, however, Emperor Xianwen was still resolved to pass the throne to someone else, but decided to instead yield the throne to Crown Prince Hong. He subsequently did so, and Crown Prince Hong took the throne as Emperor Xiaowen, while Emperor Xianwen took the title of Taishang Huang (retired emperor), although, due to Emperor Xiaowen's young age, Emperor Xianwen continued to be in actual control of important matters. When needed on the frontlines against Rouran, he conducted military campaigns himself, while leaving important officials in charge of the capital Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi) with Emperor Xiaowen.

In 476, Empress Dowager Feng, resentful that Emperor Xianwen had put her lover Li Yi (李奕) to death in 470, had him assassinated. (Most historians, including Sima Guang, believed that she poisoned him, but another version indicated that Empress Dowager Feng readied assassins who, when Emperor Xianwen came to her palace to greet her, seized and smothered him.) She assumed regency over Emperor Xiaowen and assumed the title of Grand Empress Dowager.

Regency of Grand Empress Dowager Feng
After Grand Empress Dowager Feng re-assumed regency, she was said to be more dictatorial than she was before, but intelligent in her decisions and frugal in her living. Not only was she highly literate, but she also was capable in mathematics. However, she trusted several eunuchs and permitted them to interfere in governmental matters. Further, she greatly promoted her lovers Wang Rui (王叡) and Li Chong (李沖) – both of whom were apparently talented officials, but whose promotions were beyond what their talents and contributions called for. She balanced her reputation by also promoting some honored officials who were not her lovers. Because she was concerned that she would be criticized for what was seen as immoral conduct, she punished those whom she perceived to be criticizing her or parodying her behavior with severe punishment, including death. One of her victims was Li Xin, who had contributed to her prior lover Li Yi's death, as she had Li Xin put to death in 477. Fearful that Emperor Xiaowen's mother's clan would try to take power, she falsely accused his grandfather Li Hui (李惠) the Prince of Nan Commandery of treason in 478 and had him and his clan slaughtered. She apparently accelerated the policy of Sinicization, which included social stratification, as she issued an edict in 478 requiring people to marry in their social classes.

The Northern Wei started to arrange for Han Chinese elites to marry daughters of the Xianbei Tuoba royal family in the 480s. Some Han Chinese exiled royalty fled from southern China and defected to the Xianbei. Several daughters of the Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen were married to Han Chinese elites, the Han Chinese Liu Song royal Liu Hui 刘辉, married Princess Lanling 蘭陵公主 of the Northern Wei, Princess Huayang 華陽公主 to Sima Fei 司馬朏, a descendant of Jin dynasty (266–420) royalty, Princess Jinan 濟南公主 to Lu Daoqian 盧道虔, Princess Nanyang 南阳长公主 to Xiao Baoyin 萧宝夤, a member of Southern Qi royalty. Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei's sister the Shouyang Princess was wedded to The Liang dynasty ruler Emperor Wu of Liang's son Xiao Zong 蕭綜.

In 479, after rival Liu Song's throne was usurped by the general Xiao Daocheng, who established Southern Qi as its Emperor Gao, Northern Wei commissioned Liu Chang (劉昶) the Prince of Danyang, a Liu Song prince who had fled to Northern Wei in 465, with an army and promising him support to rebuild Liu Song. However, Liu Chang's abilities were not up to task, and he was never able to gain much following in the border regions to mount a major drive to reestablish Liu Song. By 481, the campaign had fizzled.

Also in 481, the Buddhist monk Faxiu (法秀) tried to start a popular uprising at Pingcheng, but was discovered, captured, and executed. Some officials advocating the execution of all Buddhist monks, but Grand Empress Dowager Feng refused. Also that year, she started the building of her future tomb at Fang Mountain (方山), near Pingcheng, leaving instructions that after she died that it would be unnecessary for her to be buried with her husband Emperor Wengcheng, who was buried near the old Northern Wei capital Shengle (盛樂, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia). Later that year, a new criminal code that she commissioned Gao Lü to write was completed—with 832 sections, 16 of them prescribing clan-slaughter as penalty, 235 of them prescribing personal death penalty, and 377 prescribing other forms of punishment.

Sometime during Emperor Xiaowen's rise to power, Grand Empress Dowager Feng had him detained and considered deposing him in favor of his brother Tuoba Xi (拓拔禧), but her attendants persuaded her otherwise. While Grand Empress Dowager Feng never formally returned imperial powers to him, by about 483 he appeared to be fairly in control of the government, although Grand Empress Dowager Feng continued to retain substantial powers. Indeed, it was by her order that that year, after Emperor Xiaowen's concubine Consort Lin bore his oldest son, Tuoba Xun, Consort Lin was forced to commit suicide pursuant to Northern Wei customs. She raised Tuoba Xun herself. In 485, after Emperor Xiaowen created his younger brothers princes, Grand Empress Dowager Feng established an imperial school for these princes. In 486, perhaps as both a sign of Sinicization and demonstration of Emperor Xiaowen's authority, he began to assume traditional Chinese imperial clothing, including a robe with dragon patterns and a tasseled hat. As Emperor Xiaowen was raised by Grand Empress Dowager Feng, he also became very close to the family of her brother Feng Xi (馮熙). For some time, he took two of his daughters as concubines, but one of them soon died of illness, and the other, Consort Feng Run, also suffered a major illness and was sent back to her father house, where she became a Buddhist nun.

The power-sharing arrangement between stepgrandmother and stepgrandson could perhaps be illustrated by an incident in 489, when Emperor Wencheng's younger brothers Tuoba Tianci (拓拔天賜) the Prince of Ruyin and Tuoba Zhen (拓拔楨) the Prince of Nan'an were accused of corruption, a death offense. Grand Empress Dowager Feng and Emperor Xiaowen jointly convened an imperial council to discuss their punishment. Grand Empress Dowager Feng opened by asking the officials, "Do you believe that we should care about familial relations and destroy law, or to disregard familial relations and follow the law?" The officials largely pleaded for the princes' lives. After Grand Empress Dowager Feng fell silent, Emperor Xiaowen stated: "What the two princes committed is unpardonable, but the Grand Empress Dowager takes after the brotherly love that Gaozong [Emperor Wengcheng's Temple name] had. Further, the Prince of Nan'an is filially pious toward his mother. Therefore, the two will be spared the death penalty, but their offices and titles will be stripped from them, and they will be reduced to commoner status with no political rights."

In 490, Grand Empress Dowager Feng died, and she was buried with magnificent honors. Emperor Xiaowen was so distraught that he was unable to take in food or water for five days, and subsequently observed a three-year mourning period for her, notwithstanding officials' pleas for him to shorten the mourning period in accordance with rules that Emperor Wen of Han had set.

Early personal reign
After Grand Empress Dowager Feng's death, Emperor Xiaowen not only continued the sinicization campaign, but carried it out in earnest, changing many laws and customs of the Northern Wei states to conform with Han, particularly Confucian, customs. While he sought out his mother Consort Li's cousins (Consort Li's brothers had been executed with their father Li Hui) and rewarded them with relatively low offices, he later retracted the rewards, bringing criticism that he was treating the Fengs with too much kindness and not treating the Lis with sufficient kindness.

in 492, in conformance with past dynasties' tradition, Emperor Xiaowen demoted the many princes in the state, unless they were descendants of the dynasty founder Emperor Daowu, to the titles of duke, with two exceptions: Baba Guan (拔拔觀) the Prince of Shangdang, because of the great accomplishments of his grandfather Baba Daosheng (拔拔道生), was allowed to remain prince; and the former Liu Song prince Liu Chang the Prince of Danyang, while having his own rank reduced to Duke of Qi Commandery, was given a special title, which appeared to be non-inheritable, of Prince of Song.

In 493, Emperor Xiaowen married another daughter of Feng Xi, Feng Qing, as empress.

Also in 493, Emperor Xiaowen began the first of a number of campaigns that he would conduct against Southern Qi – although in the case of this campaign, it was intended to instead allow him to move the capital from Pingcheng south to the Han heartland of Luoyang, to further his sinicization campaign. As he reached Luoyang in the late fall, he ordered a continued advance despite heavy rains, and then, when the Xianbei officials who opposed the campaign tried again to stop him, he offered a compromise—that the capital be moved to Luoyang, and the campaign be abandoned. The officials agreed. He also entrusted the matters of changing Xianbei ceremonies and music to Han ceremonies to the official Wang Su (王肅), who had only recently defected from Southern Qi.

in 494, Emperor Xiaowen made a return to Pingcheng, and, for reasons that are not clear, reopened the discussions on whether to move the capital to Luoyang. This time, the Xianbei officials largely opposed the move, but Emperor Xiaowen overruled them and continued moving the governmental agencies to Luoyang, although maintaining a fairly substantial governmental presence at Pingcheng for it to serve as the secondary capital. To alleviate the concerns that the move from Pingcheng to Luoyang would cause a supply shortage of horses and other livestock, he had the general Yuwen Fu (宇文福) set up a large livestock grazing zone at Heyang (河陽, in modern Jiaozuo and Xinxiang, Henan).

A fief of 100 households and the rank of 崇聖侯 Marquis who worships the sage was bestowed upon a Confucius descendant, Yan Hui's lineage had 2 of its scions and Confucius's lineage had 4 of its scions who had ranks bestowed on them in Shandong in 495 and a fief of ten households and rank of 崇聖大夫 Grandee who venerates the sage was bestowed on 孔乘 Kong Sheng who was Confucius's scion in the 28th generation in 472 by Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei.

Late personal reign
Late in 494, under the stated reason that Southern Qi's Emperor Ming had usurped the throne (from his grandnephew Xiao Zhaowen), Emperor Xiaowen prepared a major campaign against Southern Qi, departing Luoyang about new year 495. He initially put the important cities Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui) and Yiyang (義陽, in modern Xinyang, Henan) under siege, but could not capture them easily, and battles that his armies conducted against Southern Qi armies were largely indecisive. By late spring 495, he abandoned the campaign.

In summer 495, Emperor Xiaowen issued a number of edicts that made what was stated policy official law—that Xianbei clothing and language be prohibited, and that the Han clothing and language be used instead. (An exemption was given to those over 30.) In spring 496, he also ordered that the Xianbei family names be changed to Han ones, changing his own clan's name from Tuoba to Yuan. He also strengthened the social stratification that had already been underway for some time, making eight Xianbei clans and five Han clans particularly honored, and ordering that all political offices be given by clan status, not by abilities, despite heavy opposition by his official Li Chong. The particularly honored clans were:

 * Xianbei
 * Mu (穆, originally Qiumuling)
 * Lu (陸, originally Buliugu)
 * He (賀, originally Helai)
 * Liu (劉, originally Dugu)
 * Lou (樓, originally Helou)
 * Yu (于, originally Wuniuyu)
 * Xi (奚, originally Daxi)
 * Yu (尉, originally Yuchi)
 * Han
 * Lu (盧)
 * Cui (崔)
 * Zheng (鄭)
 * Wang (王)
 * Li (李)

Emperor Xiaowen went as far as ordering his six younger brothers to demote their current wives to concubine status, and taking the daughters of officials from the five Han clans to be their new wives, an action heavily criticized by historians.

Sometime prior to fall 496, Emperor Xiaowen had, perhaps due to recommendation from Empress Feng, welcomed her older sister Feng Run back to the palace to again be his concubine, and Feng Run, believing herself to be the older sister, refused to yield to Empress Feng and began to find ways to undermine her position. In summer 496, Emperor Xiaowen deposed Empress Feng, who then went to Yaoguang Temple (瑤光寺) and became a Buddhist nun.

Also in fall 496, the crown prince Yuan Xun, who did not adjust well to Han customs or the much hotter weather in Luoyang, plotted with his followers to flee back to Pingcheng, perhaps to hold that city against his father. His plot, however, was discovered, and Emperor Xiaowen, after asking his brother Yuan Xi (元禧) the Prince of Xianyang to cane Yuan Xun with him, deposed Yuan Xun. However, a second plot quickly arose, organized by the officials Mu Tai (穆泰) and Lu Rui (陸叡), who intended to again hold the northern regions against the Emperor. However, their plot was revealed by Emperor Xiaowen's distant uncle Yu Yi (元頤) the Prince of Yangping, whom they had intended to make their leader but who had only pretended to go along with their plot. Emperor Xiaowen sent a force commanded by his cousin Yuan Cheng (元澄) the Prince of Rencheng to Pingcheng, putting down the plot before it started in earnest, and putting Mu and Lu to death.

In spring 497, Emperor Xiaowen created another son, Yuan Ke, crown prince. Believing in reports by the official Li Biao (李彪), who then had the former Crown Prince Xun under house arrest, that Yuan Xun was still plotting rebellion, he forced Yuan Xun to commit suicide. In fall 497, Emperor Xiaowen created Feng Run to be empress, and when Yuan Ke's mother Consort Gao subsequently died, common belief was that Empress Feng had her secretly poisoned so that she could raise Yuan Ke herself.

Also in fall 497, Emperor Xiaowen launched another major attack against Southern Qi, this time first concentrating on the city Wancheng (宛城, in modern Nanyang, Henan). While he was able to capture Wancheng and Xinye (新野, also in modern Nanyang), the battles were still largely indecisive. During his absence, a major conflict erupted between Li Chong and Li Biao in the capital Luoyang, and Li Chong, after putting Li Biao under arrest, died in anger. Partly because of this and partly because, once Southern Qi's Emperor Ming died in fall 498, that he should not continue to attack a country that was mourning for its emperor, he ended the campaign in fall 498. At that same time, he himself was falling ill, and he entrusted the important matters to his brother Yuan Xie the Prince of Pengcheng, although he subsequently recovered and was able to return to Luoyang.

Meanwhile, however, in Emperor Xiaowen's absence, Empress Feng had been carrying on an affair with the attendant Gao Pusa (高菩薩). When she, also in Emperor Xiaowen's absence, tried to force Emperor Xiaowen's sister Princess Pengcheng, whose husband Liu Chengxu (劉承緒, Liu Chang's son) had died earlier, to marry her brother Feng Su (馮夙) the Duke of Beiping, Princess Pengcheng fled out of Luoyang and arrived at Emperor Xiaowen's camp, accusing Empress Feng of adultery. Once Emperor Xiaowen arrived back in Luoyang, he arrested Gao and Empress Feng's assistant Shuang Meng (雙蒙) and interrogated them. He then interrogated Empress Feng personally as well, concluding that she had in fact committed adultery. However, claiming that he did not want to shame the Feng clan, he did not depose her, but refused to see her again and also ordered Crown Prince Ke to not to see her again either.

Emperor Xiaowen, despite his own weakened physical state, then decided to again advance south to react against a retaliation campaign by the Southern Qi general Chen Xianda (陳顯達). He was able to repel and defeat Chen, but while on the campaign, he died. Yuan Xie and Yuan Cheng kept his death secret until his body could be returned to Luoyang, and then announced his death. Yuan Ke succeeded to the throne as Emperor Xuanwu. By Emperor Xiaowen's will, Empress Feng was forced to commit suicide.

Family
Consorts and Issue:
 * Empress, of the Feng clan of Changle (皇后 長樂馮氏), personal name Qing (清)
 * Empress You, of the Feng clan of Changle (幽皇后 長樂馮氏; 469–499), personal name Run (潤)
 * Empress Wenzhao, of the Gao clan of Goguryeo (文昭皇后 高句麗高氏; 469–497), personal name Zhaorong (照容)
 * Yuan Ke, Emperor Xuanwu (宣武皇帝 元恪; 483–515), second son
 * Yuan Huai, Emperor Wumu (武穆皇帝 元懷; 488–517), fifth son
 * Princess Changle (長樂公主; 489–525), personal name Ying (瑛)
 * Married Gao Meng of Goguryeo, Duke Bohai (高句麗 高猛; 483–523)
 * Empress Zhen, of the Lin clan (貞皇后 林氏; d. 483)
 * Yuan Xun, Crown Prince (皇太子 元恂; 483–497), first son
 * Guiren, of the Yuan clan (貴人 袁氏)
 * Yuan Yu, Emperor Wenjing (文景皇帝 元愉; 488–508), third son
 * Furen, of the Luo clan (夫人 羅氏; d. 514)
 * Yuan Yi, Prince Qinghe Wenxian (清河文獻王 元懌; 488–520), fourth son
 * Yuan Yue, Prince Runan Wenxuan (汝南文宣王 元悅; 494–532), sixth son
 * Chonghua, of the Zheng clan (充華 鄭氏)
 * Yuan Tiao, Prince Shang (殤王 元恌; 494–500), seventh son
 * Chonghua, of the Zhao clan (充華 趙氏; 467–514)
 * Princess Yiyang (義陽公主)
 * Married Lu Yuanyu of Fanyang (范陽 盧元聿), and had issue (one son)
 * Unknown
 * Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主), second daughter
 * Married Liu Hui, Duke Qi (劉輝; d. 521)
 * Princess Huaiyang (淮陽公主), fourth daughter
 * Married Yi Yuan of Henan (河南 乙瑗; 489–534), and had issue (one son, Lady Yifu)
 * Princess Huayang (華陽公主; d. 524)
 * Married Sima Fei of Henei, Viscount Yuyang (河內 司馬朏; d. 524), and had issue (one son)
 * Princess Shunyang (順陽公主)
 * Married Feng Mu of Changle, Duke Fufeng (長樂 馮穆; d. 528)
 * Princess Jinan (濟南公主)
 * Married Lu Daoqian of Fanyang, Count Linzi (范陽 盧道虔), and had issue (two sons)
 * Princess Nanyang (南陽公主)
 * Married Xiao Baoyin of Lanling (蘭陵; 487–530) in 502, and had issue (three sons)

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Zhang Bowen in the 2018 Chinese TV series Untouchable Lovers.

title: Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei


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Talk:St Mary's Pro-Cathedral

Untitled
This page should be in as St. Mary's, not Saint Mary's, under wiki conventions. FearÉIREANN 18:09 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

references to Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic Church
I've changed the reference to the Church of Ireland from 'tiny' to 'minority'. As its adherents made up I think well over 10% of the population of Dublin (I haven't found a certain historical figure) during the earlier part of the period in question, 'tiny' seems inappropriate. Equally, the article covers the history of the Pro-Cathedral from well before partition, so the figure given in the earlier version of over 90% of the population being Roman Catholic is inappropriate as it refers to the situation in the Republic now. The figure for all Ireland, roughly calculated from the Wickipedia entries for Northern Ireland and Demographics of the Republic of Ireland, comes to about 76% Catholic. Palmiro

Category
Yes, it's not a full cathedral, but I think it deserves adding to Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Ireland anyway. That's where anyone unfamiliar with it would expect to find it. Morwen - Talk 13:08, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Picture deletion
Oh look. One of the deletion nutters deleted MY image of the cathedral from the page! I gave the picture which I took to Wikipedia. I'm not giving it again. I guess Wikipedia just lost a high quality picture of the interior of the cathedral. No wonder this site has become a joke! FearÉIREANN \(caint) 23:50, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * This sounds a pity, anyone know why a donated image was deleted? SeoR (talk) 06:00, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

It happens a lot. Wikipedia has changed its commands and rules endlessly. A lot of users uploaded their own images using the correct commands at the time, only to find that the commands changed and instead of recognising that the 'problem' was with Wikipedia's constantly changing commands to be used, some users and some bots blanket deleted images claiming they were 'illegally uploaded.' I spent over a year trying to get the bot owners simply to fix their bots to change old legitimate commands to the new commands, to no avail. Instead they consistently insisted that it was always the fault of the uploader, even though the uploaders all followed the exact commands as they then existed. I spent months changing images I had uploaded from one set of commands to another, was away for 2 months and came back to find the new set had now been replaced by another set, and I was being accused by a bot of having invalidly uploading the images a second time. Eventually, when I day I was bombarding with 17 bot messages yet again accusing me of illegally uploading images I quit the site completely (as has practically everyone who was on the site when I was, in utter frustration. I am only back on a short visit.)

Even if I wanted to I couldn't upload the image for this page again. I lost the disk on which I had all the pictures I took of Dublin for Wikipedia during a house move last year. So all the images I took and gave to Wikipedia over three years using the then commands we were all supposed to use, and which were later deleted because the commands had been changed, are gone for good. I cannot replace them. That also includes some out-of-copyright 19th century images of Dublin where for some unknown reasons were deleted as breaching copyright - they couldn't have breached copyright. They were taken by my great-great grandfather who died in 1904! He owned the copyright, which expired decades ago!!! I own the negatives and gave the images to Wikipedia. . . only to be told I had "illegally uploaded copyright material"!!! And people wonder why I gave up in despair! lol FearÉIREANN \(caint)  21:37, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, good to know. Perhaps I am glad I am only about to begin picture uploading... or fearful of what will happen later. It does sound more than a little crazy (but there do seem to be some in WP who would rather delete than accept that everything, even the smallest stub, has potential, and images etc. all the more so). But it sounds like a wonderful set of material, some heirloom! All the best. SeoR (talk) 22:05, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Deletion of 3 sections
I'm going to delete three sections, Primate of Ireland, Catholicism in Dublin, and The new Archbishop, Diarmuid Martin, since none of them seems to have anything directly to do with the cathedral. They're reproduced below, lest they can be redeployed elsewhere. --Tagishsimon (talk) 03:08, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Primate of Ireland

 * While Roman Catholicism, like all Irish religions, remains organised on an all-island basis, notwithstanding the partition of the island into two states in 1920, in practice partition has led to the semi-partition of the two major faiths, Roman Catholicism and the Church of Ireland. Thus while the Archbishop of Armagh in both faiths remains Primate of All Ireland, the Archbishop of Dublin is known as Primate of Ireland and is seen as the premier churchman within the Republic of Ireland.

Catholicism in Dublin

 * After 1922, when most of Ireland achieved independence, Roman Catholicism came to hold a considerable degree of influence within the new state. In 1925, divorce, which had been nominally available by private member's bill through the Irish Senate, was prohibited. Tough laws were introduced restricting the availability of alcohol, contraceptives as well as censorship. Yet the Catholic Church never had absolute control, as it found when its stances on issues from the Spanish Civil War to the new Constitution were ignored, or only partially listened to, by Eamon de Valera, longterm Taoiseach in the 1930s to the 1950s.

The new Archbishop, Diarmuid Martin

 * Archbishops of Dublin came to be major players in the formation of Irish policy in the independent era, and none more so than John Charles McQuaid, Archbishop of Dublin from the 1940s to the early 1970s. By the 1980s, however, and in particular in the 1990s, the Catholic Church lost much of its influence in all walks of life, from politics to the sexual mores of ordinary Irish Catholics. The sexual scandals of the 1990s, when it was revealed that a small number of Roman Catholic clergy had sexually molested young people, particularly hit the Archdiocese of Dublin, which was described by one priest who had done international studies of the issue as having one of the world's worst records in the handling of clerical child abuse cases. In the aftermath of one Radio Telifís Éireann exposé of alleged mishandling of clerical sex abuse cases by him, the Archbishop of Dublin, Cardinal Desmond Connell was openly heckled at Mass in the Pro-Cathedral. The decision of Pope John Paul II on 3 May 2003 to appoint as Coadjutor Archbishop of Dublin alongside Cardinal Connell a respected Vatican diplomat, Archbishop Diarmuid Martin, was seen as a mark of how gravely even the Vatican saw Connell's and the Irish Roman Catholic Church in general's handling of the child abuse cases. Instead of choosing any current Irish bishop or priest for one of the most prestigious posts in Irish Catholicism, the Vatican chose an internationally renowned diplomat untouched by scandal and with proven communication and leadership skills.

Request for further deletion
I would like to request that someone with an especial interest in the construction of this (otherwise excellent) article on the pro cathedral delete the following:

"By 2011, some Anglicans were able to acknowledge that

"The forced alienation of sacred places from one community to another leaves lasting scars" "

- This quotation is taken from a letter by the Rev Michael Thompson printed in the Irish Times which was written in reply to a letter by another cleric Fr Thomas O'Flynn. While the sentiments expressed in the letter by Rev Thompson may be reasonable, I fail to see the relevance to this piece on the pro-cathedral. This church is not the one under discussion in the letters and moreover I feel that the inclusion of the quote here - taken out of it's proper context - is a slight. The person who included this quote is promoting - in my humble opinion - sectarian sentiments that modern Ireland could well do without. John2o2o2o (talk) 10:43, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree with this request. Any further comments? Hohenloh + 14:43, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:St Mary's Pro-Cathedral


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User:Александър/Sandbox

Here is a list of what I'll work on ( editing and article composition )

 * Charlie Chaplin
 * Mack Sennett

title: User:Александър/Sandbox


text:
Isomerization

In chemistry, isomerization or isomerisation is the process in which a molecule, polyatomic ion  or molecular fragment is transformed into an isomer with a different chemical structure. Enolization is an example of isomerization, as is tautomerization. When the isomerization occurs intramolecularly it may be called a rearrangement reaction.

When the activation energy for the isomerization reaction is sufficiently small, both isomers will exist in a temperature-dependent equilibrium with each other. Many values of the standard free energy difference, $$\Delta G^\circ$$, have been calculated, with good agreement between observed and calculated data.

Alkanes
Skeletal isomerization occurs in the cracking process, used in the petrochemical industry. As well as reducing the average chain length, straight-chain hydrocarbons are converted to branched isomers in the process, as illustrated the following reaction of n-butane to i-butane.

Fuels containing branched hydrocarbons are favored for internal combustion engines for their higher octane rating.

Alkenes
Trans-alkenes are about 1 kcal/mol more stable than cis-alkenes. An example of this effect is cis- vs trans-2-butene. The difference is attributed to unfavorable non-bonded interactions in the cis isomer.

Terminal alkenes isomerize to internal alkenes in the presence of metal catalysts. This process is employed in the Shell higher olefin process to convert alpha-olefins to internal olefins, which are subjected to olefin metathesis. In certain kinds of alkene polymerization reactions, chain walking is an isomerization process that introduces branches into growing polymers.

The trans isomer of resveratrol can be converted to the cis isomer in a photochemical reaction.

 * Rasveratrol isomerization-en.svg

Thermal rearrangement of azulene to naphthalene has been observed.

Other examples
Aldose-ketose isomerism, also known as Lobry de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation, provides an example in saccharide chemistry.
 * [[Image:Lobry-de-Bruyn-Alberda-van-Ekenstein-Umlagerung.svg|500px|center]]

An example of an organometallic isomerization is the production of decaphenylferrocene, [(\h{5}C5Ph5)2Fe] from its linkage isomer.

title: Isomerization


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Robert Hilles

Robert Hilles (born November 13, 1951) is a Canadian poet and novelist.

He was born in Kenora, Ontario and grew up at Longbow Lake, Ontario. He left there in 1971 to attend university and later studied at the University of Calgary, earning a BA in Psychology and English in 1976. He also holds an MSc in Educational Psychology, earned at the university in 1985.

For ten years he acted as the managing editor of Dandelion, the oldest surviving literary magazine in Alberta. In 2001, he moved to British Columbia and has been active in the literary community there, especially on Salt Spring Island where he lived for 17 years. With other writers, he helped to set up a scholarship for beginning writers on Salt Spring and also organized a new reading series on the island. He moved to Nanaimo in 2019.

He served on the executive of the League of Canadian Poets for five years and in 1996 was sent by the League of Canadian Poets and the Department of Foreign Affairs to represent Canada at an International Poetry Festival in Japan. Hilles won the 1994 Governor General's Award for Poetry for Cantos From A Small Room (1993). In the same year, his first novel, Raising of Voices (1993), won the Writers' Guild of Alberta's George Bugnet Award for Novel. He has published sixteen books of poetry and five books of prose.

Wrapped Within Again, New and Selected Poems was published in the fall of 2003 and won the Stephan Stephansson Award for Poetry. His second novel, A Gradual Ruin, was published by Doubleday Canada in 2004. His books have also been shortlisted for the Milton Acorn People's Poetry Prize, the W.O. Mitchell City of Calgary Book Prize, the Stephan G. Stephansson Award for Poetry, and the Howard O'Hagan Award for Short Fiction.

Books

 * Look the Lovely Animal Speaks (1980), ISBN 0-88801-053-2
 * The Surprise Element (1982)
 * An Angel in the Works (1983), ISBN 0-88982-052-X
 * Outlasting the Landscape (1989), ISBN 0-920633-61-7
 * Finding the Lights on (1991), ISBN 0-919897-27-4
 * A Breath at a Time (1992), ISBN 0-88982-110-0
 * Raising of Voices (1993), ISBN 0-88753-272-1
 * Cantos from a Small Room (1993), ISBN 0-919897-37-1 – winner of the 1994 Governor General's Award for Poetry
 * Near Morning (1995), ISBN 0-88753-271-3
 * Kissing the Smoke (1996), ISBN 0-88753-283-7
 * Nothing Vanishes (1996), ISBN 0-919897-52-5
 * Breathing Distance: A Book of Odes (1997), ISBN 0-88753-297-7
 * Somewhere Between Obstacles and Pleasure (1999), ISBN 0-88753-327-2
 * Higher Ground (2001), ISBN 1-895836-80-8
 * Wrapped Within Again: New and Selected (2003), ISBN 0-88753-384-1
 * A Gradual Ruin: A Novel (2004), ISBN 0-385-65961-X
 * Calling the Wild (2005), ISBN 0-88753-411-2
 * Slow Ascent (2006), ISBN 0-88753-428-7
 * Partake (2010), ISBN 978-0-88753-474-4
 * Time Lapse (2012), ISBN 978-0-88753-494-2
 * Line (2018), ISBN 978-0-88753-592-5
 * Shimmer (2019), ISBN 978-0-88753-602-1
 * Don't Hang Your Soul on That, (Novel), Guernica Editions, (2021), ISBN 9781771836081
 * From God's Angle, Black Moss Press, (Prose Poems), (2021), ISBN 9780887536236
 * The Pink Puppet, Mosaic Press (Flash Fiction), (2023), ISBN 978-1771616966
 * Wood Never Dies, poetry book now complete
 * A Hint of Salt, Short Story collection now complete.
 * One True Note, novel set in Canada and US 1919 to 1921
 * Messy, Novella set in Kenora from 1959 to 1990
 * To Parts Unknown, novel set in Northwestern Ontario in the works.
 * An Ocean of Wants, second novel set in Thailand in the works
 * Morning Poems, In the works.

Anthologies
Ride Off Any Horizon I and II, NeWest Press.

Anthology of Magazine Verse & Yearbook of American Poetry, Monitor Books, California. 1988.

Men and Women (Together and Alone), The Spirit That Moves Us Press, Iowa. 1988.

A Discord of Flags, a discord of flags, Toronto, 1992.

Snapshots, Black Moss Press, 1992.

Boundless Alberta, NeWest Press, 1993 (Short Story)

Reconsilable Differences, Bayeaux Press, 1994

That Sign of Perfection, Black Moss Press, 1995 (Nonfiction)

Fresh Tracks, Polestar, 1998

In the Clear, Thistledown Press, 1998

Losers First, Black Moss Press, 1999

I Want to be the Poet of Your Knee Caps, Black Moss Press, 1999.

Threshold, University of Alberta Press, 1999

Henry's Creature, Black Moss Press, 2000.

Smaller Than God, Black Moss Press, 2001.

Gifts: Poems for Parents, Sumach Press, 2002.

Writing the Terrain, University of Calgary Press, 2005.

Rocksalt, Mother Tongue Publishing, 2008

111 West Coast Literary Portraits, Mother Tongue Publishing, 2012

Window Fishing: The night we caught Beatlemania, Hidden Book Press, 2014

Where the Nights are Twice as Long, Goose Lane Editions, 2015

Carteggi Letterari, Italian Online Anthology, 2016

Blackberries, Salt Spring Library Anthology, 2018

Plume 9, St. Petersburg Florida, 2021

The Beauty of Being Elsewhere, Hidden Brook Press, Brighton, Ontario, 2021

Magazines
His poetry and fiction have appeared in numerous magazines in North America and abroad including:

''The Windsor Review, Prairie Fire, Event, Capilano Review, West Coast Line, The Fiddlehead, CV 2, Descant, The Antigonish Review, The New Quarterly. Arc, Poetry Canada Review, NeWest Review, Canadian Fiction Magazine, The Forge Literary Magazine, The Write Launch Literary Magazine, The Malahat Review, Canadian Literature, Carousel, The Danforth Review, The JellyFishReview, Open: Journal of Arts & Letters, Varnish Journal, Eclectica Magazine, Mantra Review, Grain Magazine, Juniper: A Poetry Journal, Penultimate Peanut, and Zone 3: A Literary Journal, Plume Poetry Journal,'' and many others.

Awards
2004 Winner Stephan G. Stephanson Award for Wrapped Within Again.

1994 Winner Governor General's Literary Award for Poetry for Cantos from a Small Room.

1994 Winner Writer's Guild of Alberta Best Novel Award for Raising of Voices.

2004  Finalist for the City of Calgary/W.O. Mitchell Award for Wrapped Within Again.

1998 Finalist for the Milton Acorn People's Poetry Award for Breathing Distance.

1997 Finalist for the City of Calgary/W.O. Mitchell Award for Kissing the Smoke.

1997 Finalist for the Stephan Stephanson Award for Nothing Vanishes.

1996 Finalist for the Writer's Guild of Alberta Best Short Fiction Award for Near Morning.

title: Robert Hilles


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Acoustix

Acoustix is a Dallas, Texas-based quartet that won the 1990 International Quartet Championship of SPEBSQSA (now Barbershop Harmony Society, or BHS). They have all, at different times, been members of the Dallas-based Vocal Majority chorus.

Acoustix shot to fame in 1990 at their first SPEBSQSA International Contest appearance in San Francisco, just six months after the quartet formed. They stormed to victory in the third round, overcoming 139th Street Quartet and The Naturals to take the gold medal home.

The original bass in the quartet during their championship was Jeff Oxley, who went on to direct the Masters of Harmony chorus from California to their fourth International Championship win in 1999. He also sang bass with the 1984 International Champion quartet The Rapscallions and Max Q, the 2007 International Champion quartet.

Discography
Acoustix have recorded several CDs in various genres.
 * The New Science of Sound (CD; 1991)
 * Stars & Stripes (Acoustix Productions; CD; 1993), (Intersound Records; CD; 1995)
 * Jazz, Jazz, Jazz (Acoustix Productions; CD; 1998)
 * Cool Yule (Acoustix Productions; CD; 1999)
 * O Worship the King (Acoustix Productions; CD; 2002)
 * All the Best (Acoustix Productions; CD; 2015)

Also appear on:
 * Bolton Landing "LIVE" 1998, double cassette, double CD

title: Acoustix


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Saturated fat

A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds between the carbon atoms. A fat known as a glyceride is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: a short glycerol backbone and fatty acids that each contain a long linear or branched chain of carbon (C) atoms. Along the chain, some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (-C-C-) and others are linked by double bonds (-C=C-). A double bond along the carbon chain can react with a pair of hydrogen atoms to change into a single -C-C- bond, with each H atom now bonded to one of the two C atoms. Glyceride fats without any carbon chain double bonds are called saturated because they are "saturated with" hydrogen atoms, having no double bonds available to react with more hydrogen.

Most animal fats are saturated. The fats of plants and fish are generally unsaturated. Various foods contain different proportions of saturated and unsaturated fat. Many processed foods like foods deep-fried in hydrogenated oil and sausage are high in saturated fat content. Some store-bought baked goods are as well, especially those containing partially hydrogenated oils. Other examples of foods containing a high proportion of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol include animal fat products such as lard or schmaltz, fatty meats and dairy products made with whole or reduced fat milk like yogurt, ice cream, cheese and butter. Certain vegetable products have high saturated fat content, such as coconut oil and palm kernel oil.

Guidelines released by many medical organizations, including the World Health Organization, have advocated for reduction in the intake of saturated fat to promote health and reduce the risk from cardiovascular diseases.

Fat profiles
While nutrition labels regularly combine them, the saturated fatty acids appear in different proportions among food groups. Lauric and myristic acids are most commonly found in "tropical" oils (e.g., palm kernel, coconut) and dairy products. The saturated fat in meat, eggs, cacao, and nuts is primarily the triglycerides of palmitic and stearic acids.

Examples of saturated fatty acids
Some common examples of saturated fatty acids:
 * Lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms (contained in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, cow's milk, and breast milk)
 * Myristic acid with 14 carbon atoms (contained in cow's milk and dairy products)
 * Palmitic acid with 16 carbon atoms (contained in palm oil and meat)
 * Stearic acid with 18 carbon atoms (also contained in meat and cocoa butter)

Cardiovascular disease
The effect of saturated fat on heart disease has been extensively studied. Many health authorities, such as the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the British Dietetic Association, American Heart Association, the World Heart Federation, the British National Health Service, among others, advise that saturated fat is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In 2020, the World Health Organization recommended lowering dietary intake of saturated fats to less than 10% of total energy consumption, and increasing intake of unsaturated fats. There is moderate-quality evidence that reducing the proportion of saturated fat in the diet and replacing it with unsaturated fats or carbohydrates for a period of at least two years leads to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease.

A 2017 review by the Sax Institute for the National Heart Foundation of Australia found that saturated fat consumption is associated with higher mortality and that replacement of saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat decreases risk of cardiovascular disease events and mortality. In 2019, the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition concluded that higher saturated fat consumption is associated with raised blood cholesterol and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

A 2021 review found that diets high in saturated fat were associated with higher mortality from all causes, as well as from cardiovascular disease.

A 2023 review by the World Health Organization found convincing evidence that higher saturated fat consumption is associated with higher coronary heart disease incidence and mortality.

A 2023 review by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics found moderate certainty evidence to support reducing saturated fat intake for reduced risk of CVD and CVD events.

Dyslipidemia
The consumption of saturated fat is generally considered a risk factor for dyslipidemia, which in turn is a risk factor for some types of cardiovascular disease.

Abnormal blood lipid levels – high total cholesterol, high levels of triglycerides, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol – are associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke.

Meta-analyses have found a significant relationship between saturated fat and serum cholesterol levels. High total cholesterol levels, which may be caused by many factors, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

There are other pathways involving obesity, triglyceride levels, insulin sensitivity, endothelial function, and thrombogenicity, among others, that play a role in cardiovascular disease. Different saturated fatty acids have differing effects on various lipid levels. There is strong evidence that lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids raise LDL-C, while stearic acid is more neutral.

Type 2 diabetes
A 2022 review of cohort studies found that the risk of type 2 diabetes was not associated with dietary intake of total saturated fats, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. Dietary lauric acid and myristic acid, present in plant oils and also in dairy fat, were associated with reduced risk of diabetes.

Cancer
Several reviews of case–control studies have found that saturated fat intake is associated with breast cancer risk and mortality.

Observational studies have shown that a diet high in saturated fat increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Dietary recommendations
Recommendations to reduce, limit or replace dietary intake of trans fats and saturated fats, in favor of unsaturated fats, are made by the World Health Organization, American Heart Association, Health Canada, the US Department of Health and Human Services, the UK National Health Service, the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, the Australian Department of Health and Aging, the Singapore Ministry of Health, the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the New Zealand Ministry of Health, and Hong Kong's Department of Health.

In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) expert consultation report concluded:

"The evidence shows that intake of saturated fatty acids is directly related to cardiovascular risk. The traditional target is to restrict the intake of saturated fatty acids to less than 10% of daily energy intake and less than 7% for high-risk groups. If populations are consuming less than 10%, they should not increase that level of intake. Within these limits, the intake of foods rich in myristic and palmitic acids should be replaced by fats with a lower content of these particular fatty acids. In developing countries, however, where energy intake for some population groups may be inadequate, energy expenditure is high and body fat stores are low (BMI <18.5 kg/m2). The amount and quality of fat supply have to be considered keeping in mind the need to meet energy requirements. Specific sources of saturated fat, such as coconut and palm oil, provide low-cost energy and may be an important source of energy for the poor."

A 2004 statement released by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) determined that "Americans need to continue working to reduce saturated fat intake…" In addition, reviews by the American Heart Association led the Association to recommend reducing saturated fat intake to less than 7% of total calories according to its 2006 recommendations. This concurs with similar conclusions made by the US Department of Health and Human Services, which determined that reduction in saturated fat consumption would positively affect health and reduce the prevalence of heart disease.

The United Kingdom, National Health Service claims the majority of British people eat too much saturated fat. The British Heart Foundation also advises people to cut down on saturated fat, and to read labels on the food they buy. The British Nutrition Foundation have said that based on the totality of available evidence the saturated fatty acids should make up no more than 10% of total dietary energy.

A 2004 review stated that "no lower safe limit of specific saturated fatty acid intakes has been identified" and recommended that the influence of varying saturated fatty acid intakes against a background of different individual lifestyles and genetic backgrounds should be the focus in future studies.

Blanket recommendations to lower saturated fat were criticized at a 2010 conference debate of the American Dietetic Association for focusing too narrowly on reducing saturated fats rather than emphasizing increased consumption of healthy fats and unrefined carbohydrates. Concern was expressed over the health risks of replacing saturated fats in the diet with refined carbohydrates, which carry a high risk of obesity and heart disease, particularly at the expense of polyunsaturated fats which may have health benefits. None of the panelists recommended heavy consumption of saturated fats, emphasizing instead the importance of overall dietary quality to cardiovascular health.

In a 2017 comprehensive review of the literature and clinical trials, the American Heart Association published a recommendation that saturated fat intake be reduced or replaced by products containing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, a dietary adjustment that could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by 30%.

Molecular description
The two-dimensional illustration has implicit hydrogen atoms bonded to each of the carbon atoms in the polycarbon tail of the myristic acid molecule (there are 13 carbon atoms in the tail; 14 carbon atoms in the entire molecule).

Carbon atoms are also implicitly drawn, as they are portrayed as intersections between two straight lines. "Saturated," in general, refers to a maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon of the polycarbon tail as allowed by the Octet Rule. This also means that only single bonds (sigma bonds) will be present between adjacent carbon atoms of the tail.

title: Saturated fat


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Unsaturated fat

An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.

A saturated fat has no carbon to carbon double bonds, so the maximum possible number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons, and is "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. To form carbon to carbon double bonds, hydrogen atoms are removed from the carbon chain. In cellular metabolism, unsaturated fat molecules contain less energy (i.e., fewer calories) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat. The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid) the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation.

Composition of common fats
In chemical analysis, fats are broken down to their constituent fatty acids, which can be analyzed in various ways. In one approach, fats undergo transesterification to give fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), which are amenable to separation and quantitation using by gas chromatography. Classically, unsaturated isomers were separated and identified by argentation thin-layer chromatography.

The saturated fatty acid components are almost exclusively stearic (C18) and palmitic acids (C16). Monounsaturated fats are almost exclusively oleic acid. Linolenic acid comprises most of the triunsaturated fatty acid component.

Chemistry and nutrition

Although polyunsaturated fats are protective against cardiac arrhythmias, a study of post-menopausal women with a relatively low fat intake showed that polyunsaturated fat is positively associated with progression of coronary atherosclerosis, whereas monounsaturated fat is not. This probably is an indication of the greater vulnerability of polyunsaturated fats to lipid peroxidation, against which vitamin E has been shown to be protective.

Examples of unsaturated fatty acids are palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, myristoleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. Foods containing unsaturated fats include avocado, nuts, olive oils, and vegetable oils such as canola. Meat products contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.

Although unsaturated fats are conventionally regarded as 'healthier' than saturated fats, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendation stated that the amount of unsaturated fat consumed should not exceed 30% of one's daily caloric intake. Most foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fats. Marketers advertise only one or the other, depending on which one makes up the majority. Thus, various unsaturated fat vegetable oils, such as olive oils, also contain saturated fat.

Membrane composition as a metabolic pacemaker
Studies on the cell membranes of mammals and reptiles discovered that mammalian cell membranes are composed of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, omega-3 fatty acid) than reptiles. Studies on bird fatty acid composition have noted similar proportions to mammals but with 1/3rd less omega-3 fatty acids as compared to omega-6 for a given body size. This fatty acid composition results in a more fluid cell membrane but also one that is permeable to various ions (H+ & Na+), resulting in cell membranes that are more costly to maintain. This maintenance cost has been argued to be one of the key causes for the high metabolic rates and concomitant warm-bloodedness of mammals and birds. However polyunsaturation of cell membranes may also occur in response to chronic cold temperatures as well. In fish increasingly cold environments lead to increasingly high cell membrane content of both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, to maintain greater membrane fluidity (and functionality) at the lower temperatures.

title: Unsaturated fat


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Depressive

Depressive may refer to:
 * Major depressive disorder
 * Dysthymia
 * Minor depressive disorder
 * Recurrent brief depression
 * Depressive personality disorder
 * Depression (mood)

title: Depressive


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Zebedee (disambiguation)

Zebedee (zibhdi, "the gift of God"; cf. Zebadiah) was the Biblical father of James and John.

Zebedee may also refer to:

People

 * Zebedee Armstrong (October 11, 1911 – 1993), an American outsider artist
 * Zebedee E. Cliff (born 1864), an American architect, builder, and politician
 * Zebedee Coltrin (7 September 1804 – 21 July 1887), a Mormon pioneer
 * Zebedee Jones (b. March 12, 1970), an English painter
 * Zebedee Soanes (b. 1976), a continuity announcer on BBC Radio 4

Popular culture

 * Zebedee, a character in the BBC children's programme The Magic Roundabout
 * Zebedee Tring, a past character in the BBC radio series The Archers
 * a character from the children's television series TUGS, see List of Tugs characters
 * New Zebedee, a fictional town which appears in children's works by John Bellairs and Brad Strickland

title: Zebedee (disambiguation)


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Baryonic dark matter

In astronomy and cosmology, baryonic dark matter is hypothetical dark matter composed of baryons. Only a small proportion of the dark matter in the universe is likely to be baryonic.

Characteristics
As "dark matter", baryonic dark matter is undetectable by its emitted radiation, but its presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. This form of dark matter is composed of "baryons", heavy subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons and combinations of these, including non-emitting ordinary atoms.

Presence
Baryonic dark matter may occur in non-luminous gas or in Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs) – condensed objects such as black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, very faint stars, or non-luminous objects like planets and brown dwarfs.

Estimates of quantity
The total amount of baryonic dark matter can be inferred from models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and observations of the cosmic microwave background. Both indicate that the amount of baryonic dark matter is much smaller than the total amount of dark matter.

Big Bang nucleosynthesis
From the perspective of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, a larger amount of ordinary (baryonic) matter implies a denser early universe, more efficient conversion of matter to helium-4, and less unburned deuterium remaining. If all of the dark matter in the universe were baryonic, then there would be much less deuterium in the universe than is observed. This could be resolved if more deuterium were somehow generated, but large efforts in the 1970s failed to identify plausible mechanisms for this to occur. For instance, MACHOs, which include, for example, brown dwarfs (bodies of hydrogen and helium with masses less than 0.08 solar mass), never begin nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but they do burn deuterium. Other possibilities that were examined include "Jupiters", which are similar to brown dwarfs but have masses $$\sim$$ 0.001 solar mass and do not burn anything, and white dwarfs.

title: Baryonic dark matter


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Isham Jones

Isham Edgar Jones (January 31, 1894 – October 19, 1956) was an American bandleader, saxophonist, bassist and songwriter.

Career
Jones was born in Coalton, Ohio, United States, to a musical and mining family. His father, Richard Isham Jones (1865–1945), was a violinist. The family moved to Saginaw, Michigan, where Jones grew up and started his first ensemble for church concerts. In 1911 one of Jones's earliest compositions "On the Alamo" was published by Tell Taylor Inc.

In 1915, Jones moved to Chicago, Illinois. He performed at the Green Mill Gardens, then began playing at Fred Mann's Rainbo Gardens. Chicago remained his home until 1932, when he settled in New York City. He also toured England with his orchestra in 1925.

In 1917, he composed the tune "We're in the Army Now" (also known as "You're in the Army Now") when the United States entered World War I. The same tune was popular during World War II and it is played by the U.S. Army Band.

The Isham Jones band made a series of popular gramophone records for Brunswick throughout the 1920s. His first 26 sides, made at Rainbo Gardens, were credited to "Isham Jones' Rainbo Orchestra". By the end of 1920, the name was simply "Isham Jones' Orchestra".

He led one of the most popular dance bands in the 1920s and 1930s. His first successful recording, "Wabash Blues" written by Dave Ringle and Fred Meinken, was recorded in 1921. This million-seller stayed for twelve weeks in the U.S. charts, six at No. 1. It was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Noted musicians who played in Jones's band included Louis Panico, Benny Goodman (although no records were made during the short time he was there), Woody Herman, Walt Yoder, and Roy Bargy. Reed virtuoso Al Gallodoro appeared briefly with Jones in 1933, taking part in a record date October 3.

From the start, his Brunswick records were popular. There was a gap from October 1927 to June 1929 where Jones did not record due to disbanding and reorganization.

From 1929 to 1932, his Brunswick recordings became even more sophisticated with offbeat arrangements by Gordon Jenkins and others; Jones was his own arranger early on, but cultivated others. During this period, Jones started featuring violinist Eddie Stone as one of his regular vocalists. Stone had an unusual, almost humorous tone to his voice. His other vocalists included Frank Sylvano, Billy Scott, and Arthur Jarrett. In 1932, he added Joe Martin, another of the band's violinists, as a frequent vocalist. In April that year, young Bing Crosby recorded two sessions with Jones's group which included "Sweet Georgia Brown". Crosby at this point in his career was still singing in a jazz idiom, transitioning to his better known "crooner" style.

In August 1932, Jones signed with Victor, and these records are considered among the best arranged and performed commercial dance band records of the Depression era. Victor's recording technique was suited to Jones' band. In October 1932, he teamed up with the Three X Sisters in New York who had just departed from CBS radio. They recorded "experimental" songs for RCA Victor in which Jones began to fuse jazz and early swing music. They recorded "Where? (I Wonder Where?)" and "What Would Happen to Me If Something Happened to You." His Victor releases had an almost symphonic sound, often with a strong use of tuba. During his Victor period, he recorded two long playing "Program Transcription" records as part of Victor's unsuccessful 33 1/3 RPM series. He stayed with Victor until July 1934, when he signed with Decca. Jones's recordings during this period rivaled Paul Whiteman, Waring's Pennsylvanians, Leo Reisman and other dance orchestras as examples of the most popular dance music of the era.

Jones' Decca recordings are often unfavorably compared to his Victor recordings, due to Decca's recording techniques, Decca's insisting that Jones re-record many of his Victor recordings, and the apparent smaller size of his orchestra. After he left Decca in 1936, he again retired and his orchestra was taken over by band member Woody Herman. Jones started a new band in 1937–38 and recorded a handful of sessions under the ARC labels: Melotone, Perfect and Banner.

In the 1940s, Jones resided on his poultry farm in Colorado, which he occasionally left for short tours with pickup bands. He later resided in Los Angeles. He moved to Hollywood, Florida in 1955, and died there of cancer in 1956.

His great-nephew was jazz drummer Rusty Jones.

Compositions
Isham Jones was the leader of one of America's most popular dance bands in the first half of the 20th century, between the two World Wars. His remarkable string of chart-topping compositions between 1922 and 1925, in collaboration with lyricist Gus Kahn, and later with Charles Newman, included eight number 1 records, an unequaled body of work for a full-time band leader. Each of the following selections peaked in the top ten, according to Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954.

The following songs were composed by Jones:

 * "Broken Hearted Melody" 1922; lyrics, Gus Kahn
 * "Feeling That Way" 1930
 * "I Can't Believe It's True" 1932; lyrics, Charles Newman & Ben Bernie
 * "I'll Never Have to Dream Again" 1932; lyrics, Charles Newman
 * "I'll See You in My Dreams"; lyrics, Gus Kahn; #1 for seven weeks, Number 2 single for year 1925
 * "I'm Tired of Everything but You" 1925
 * "It Had to Be You"; lyrics, Gus Kahn; #1 for five weeks, Number 4 single for year 1924
 * "My Castle In Spain" 1926
 * "Never Again" 1924"; lyrics, Gus Kahn
 * "On the Alamo" ; lyrics, Gus Kahn; #1 for four weeks, Number 7 single for year 1922
 * "The One I Love (Belongs to Somebody Else)" 1924; lyrics, Gus Kahn
 * "Some Other Day, Some Other Girl"; lyrics, Gus Kahn; published October 10, 1924 by Milton Weil Music Co., Chicago.
 * "Spain" 1930; lyrics, Gus Kahn; #1 for two weeks, 1924
 * "Swingin' Down the Lane"; lyrics, Gus Kahn – #1 six weeks, Number 2 single for year 1923
 * Al Jolson w Isham Jones Orchestra - "The One I Love (Belongs to Somebody Else)" 1924
 * "There Is No Greater Love" 1936; lyrics, Marty Symes
 * "What's the Use?" 1930; lyrics, Charles Newman
 * "Why Can't This Night Go On Forever?" (another theme song) 1932; lyrics, Charles Newman
 * "We're In The Army Now" August 27, 1917 lyrics by Tell Taylor & Ole Olsen
 * "You're Just a Dream Come True" (his theme song) 1931; lyrics, Charles Newman
 * "You've Got Me Crying Again" 1933; lyrics, Charles Newman

Other Chart-topping recordings
This group were hits, but written by other composers:

 * "Kismet" Isham Jones Rainbo Orchestra March 17, 1920 Composer Herschel Henlere
 * "Make Believe" Isham Jones Orchestra 1920 w. Benny Davis m. Jack Shilkret
 * "Wabash Blues" Composer Fred Meinken - #1 for six weeks, Number 2 single for year 1921
 * "My Honey's Lovin' Arms" 1922 Herman Ruby-Joseph Meyer
 * "The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise" 1922 - composed by Raymond Roberts (psued. of Ernest Seitz) and lyrics by Gene Lockhart
 * "Who's Sorry Now?" 1923 - composed by Ted Snyder, lyrics by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby.
 * "Someone Else Walked Right In" 1923 Irving Berlin
 * Al Jolson w Isham Jones Orchestra - "Steppin' Out" John S. Howard, Con Conrad
 * Al Jolson w Isham Jones Orchestra - "California Here I Come" Al Jolson, Bud DeSylva, Joseph Meyer #1 for six weeks, Number 2 single for year 1924
 * "Nobody's Sweetheart" February 4, 1924 ©Jack Mills, Inc., New York. Music, Billy Meyers & Elmer Schoebel, lyrics, Gus Kahn & Ernie Erdman
 * Al Jolson w Isham Jones Orchestra - "I'm Goin' South" Abner Silver, Harry M. Woods
 * "My Best Girl" 1925 Walter Donaldson
 * "Riverboat Shuffle 1925 Dick Voynow-Hoagy Carmichael-Irving Mills
 * "Sweet Georgia Brown" 1925 Ben Bernie-Maceo Pinkard-Kenneth Casey
 * "Remember" Irving Berlin #1 one week, 1925
 * "Original Charleston" (1925) Cecil Mack-James P. Johnson
 * "At Peace with the World" 1926 Irving Berlin
 * "It Made You Happy When You Made Me Cry" 1926 Walter Donaldson
 * "I Lost My Heart In Monterey (When I Found You)" 1926 Raymond Egan-Buddy Rose-Richard Whiting
 * "Together We Two" Isham Jones Orchestra with the Keller Sisters 1928 Irving Berlin
 * "Stardust" (1930) Hoagy Carmichael - one of the bestselling versions. Jones commissioned Victor Young to write a ballad instrumental of the mid-tempo tune and it was this arrangement (with Victor Young's violin solo) which became such a hit. Mitchell Parish wrote lyrics for the song at this time.
 * "Lonesome Lover" 1931 Alfred Bryan, James V. Monaco
 * "Snuggled on Your Shoulder (Cuddled in Your Arms)" 1932 Joe Young, Carmen Lombardo
 * "My Silent Love" 1932 Edward Heyman and Dana Suesse
 * "Everyone Says I Love You" 1932 Harry Ruby, Bert Kalmar
 * "A Little Street Where Old Friends Meet" 1932 Gus Kahn, Harry Woods
 * "It Isn't Fair" 1933 Richard Himber, Frank Warshauer, Sylvester Sprigato
 * "Shadows on the Swanee" 1933 Johnny Burke, Harold Spina, Joe Young
 * "Over Somebody Else's Shoulder" 1934 Al Sherman, Al Lewis
 * "Neighbors" 1934 Charles O'Flynn, James Cavanaugh, Frank Weldon
 * "For All We Know" 1934 Sam M. Lewis, J. Fred Coots

Discography

 * Happy: The 1920 Rainbo Orchestra Sides (Archeophone, 2014)
 * Song of the Blues (1923-1932) (Rivermont Records, 2008)
 * Shadows on the Swanee (1932-1934) (Rivermont Records, 2013)

Honors

 * 1989 – Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame, Songwriters Hall of Fame
 * 2007 – "It Had to Be You" inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame

title: Isham Jones