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Bodiam Castle

Bodiam Castle is a 14th-century moated castle near Robertsbridge in East Sussex, England. It was built in 1385 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a former knight of Edward III, with the permission of Richard II, ostensibly to defend the area against French invasion during the Hundred Years' War. Of quadrangular plan, Bodiam Castle has no keep, having its various chambers built around the outer defensive walls and inner courts. Its corners and entrance are marked by towers, and topped by crenellations. Its structure, details and situation in an artificial watery landscape indicate that display was an important aspect of the castle's design as well as defence. It was the home of the Dalyngrigge family and the centre of the manor of Bodiam.

Possession of Bodiam Castle passed through several generations of Dalyngrigges, until their line became extinct, when the castle passed by marriage to the Lewknor family. During the Wars of the Roses, Sir Thomas Lewknor supported the House of Lancaster, and when Richard III of the House of York became king in 1483, a force was despatched to besiege Bodiam Castle. It is unrecorded whether the siege went ahead, but it is thought that Bodiam was surrendered without much resistance. The castle was confiscated, but returned to the Lewknors when Henry VII of the House of Lancaster became king in 1485. Descendants of the Lewknors owned the castle until at least the 16th century.

By the start of the English Civil War in 1641, Bodiam Castle was in the possession of Lord Thanet. He supported the Royalist cause, and sold the castle to help pay fines levied against him by Parliament. The castle was subsequently dismantled, and was left as a picturesque ruin until its purchase by John Fuller in 1829. Under his auspices, the castle was partially restored before being sold to George Cubitt, 1st Baron Ashcombe, and later to Lord Curzon, both of whom undertook further restoration work. The castle is protected as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument. It has been owned by The National Trust since 1925, donated by Lord Curzon on his death, and is open to the public.

Background
Edward Dalyngrigge was a younger son and thus deprived of his father's estates through the practice of primogeniture, hence he had to make his own fortunes. By 1378, he owned the manor of Bodiam by marrying into a land-owning family. From 1379 to 1388, Dalyngrigge was a Knight of the Shire for Sussex and one of the most influential people in the county. By the time he applied to the king for a licence to crenellate (build a castle), the Hundred Years' War had been fought between England and France for nearly 50 years. Edward III of England (reigned 1327–1377) pressed his claim for the French throne and secured the territories of Aquitaine and Calais. Dalyngrigge was one of many Englishmen who travelled to France to seek their fortune as members of Free Companies – groups of mercenaries who fought for the highest bidder. He left for France in 1367 and journeyed with Lionel, Duke of Clarence and son of Edward III. After fighting under the Earl of Arundel, Dalyngrigge joined the company of Sir Robert Knolles, a notorious commander who was reputed to have made 100,000 gold crowns as a mercenary from pillage and plunder. It was as a member of the Free Companies that Dalyngrigge raised the money to build Bodiam Castle; he returned to England in 1377.

The Treaty of Bruges (1375) ensured peace for two years, but after it expired, fighting resumed between England and France. In 1377 Edward III was succeeded by Richard II. During the war, England and France struggled for control of the English Channel, with raids on both coasts. With the renewed hostilities, Parliament voted that money should be spent on defending and fortifying England's south coast, and defences were erected in Kent in anticipation of a French invasion. There was internal unrest as well as external threats, and Dalyngrigge was involved in suppressing the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The manor of Bodiam was granted a charter in 1383 permitting a weekly market and an annual fair to be held. In 1385, a fleet of 1,200 ships – variously cogs, barges, and galleys – gathered across the English Channel at Sluys, Flanders; the population of southern England was in a state of panic. Later in the year, Edward Dalyngrigge was granted a licence to fortify his manor house.

Construction and use
"Know that of our special grace we have granted and given licence on behalf of ourselves and our heirs, so far as in us lies, to our beloved and faithful Edward Dalyngrigge Knight, that he may strengthen with a wall of stone and lime, and crenellate and may construct and make into a Castle his manor house of Bodiam, near the sea, in the County of Sussex, for the defence of the adjacent country, and the resistance to our enemies ... In witness of which etc. The King at Westminster 20 October."

- Excerpt from the licence to crenellate allowing Edward Dalyngrigge to build a castle from the Patent Rolls of 1385–89

Dalyngrigge's licence from Richard II permitted him to refortify his existing manor house, but instead he chose a fresh site to build a castle on. Construction was completed in one phase, and most of the castle is in the same architectural style. Archaeologist David Thackray has deduced from this that Bodiam Castle was built quickly, probably because of the threat from the French. Stone castles were usually time-consuming and expensive to build, often costing thousands of pounds. Dalyngrigge was Captain of the port of Brest in France from 1386 to 1387, and as a result was probably absent for the first years of the castle's construction. It replaced the old manor house as Dalyngrigge's main residence and the administrative centre of the manor. It is not recorded when Bodiam Castle was completed, but Thackray suggests that it was before 1392; Dalyngrigge did not have long to spend in the completed castle, as he was dead by 1395. Danlyngrigge's estates, including the castle, were inherited by his son, John Dalyngrigge. Like his father, John enjoyed the favour of the king and was described as the "King's Knight"; in 1400 he was granted an annual allowance of 100 marks by the king. He died on 27 September 1408, leaving a will by which his property passed to his widow Alice during her lifetime. Since they had no children, at Alice's death (which occurred in 1442) it was to pass to John's cousin Richard Dallingrigge, son of Edward's brother Walter. Upon Richard's death without issue in 1470, his brother William having died before him, he left the estates to Sir Roger Lewknor, son of Richard's sister Phillippe Dallingridge. (Phillippe had married Sir Thomas Lewknor of Horsted Keynes before 1417, and died in 1421; Sir Thomas, who made a second marriage, died in 1452.) By this means, Bodiam Castle passed from the Dallingrigge into the Lewknor family.

Sir Thomas Lewknor, son of Sir Roger, was a supporter of the House of Lancaster during the Wars of the Roses, which began in 1455. When Richard of the House of York ascended to the throne as Richard III in 1483, Lewknor was accused of treason and of raising men-at-arms in southeast England. In November 1483, Lewknor's uncle and Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey, were given permission to levy men and besiege Bodiam Castle, where Lewknor was based. It is not recorded whether the siege went ahead, and Thackray suggests that Lewknor surrendered without much resistance. His property was confiscated, and Nicholas Rigby was made constable of the castle. On Henry VII's accession to the English throne the attainder was revoked, and Bodiam Castle was returned to Lewknor. However, not all the surrounding land was returned to the family until 1542. Possession of Bodiam Castle passed through several generations of the Lewknor family. Although the inheritance of the castle can be traced through the 16th and 17th centuries, there is little to indicate how it was used in this period, or if the family spent much time in it.

Following the death of Sir Roger Lewknor in 1543, his estates were divided among his descendants, and the castle and manor were split. John Levett of Salehurst purchased the castle in 1588. In 1623, most of the estates of Bodiam were bought by Sir Nicholas Tufton, later Earl of Thanet. His son, John Tufton, 2nd Earl of Thanet, inherited Nicholas's property on his father's death in 1631; it was John Tufton who reunited possession of castle and manor when he bought Bodiam Castle in 1639. John Tufton was a supporter of the Royalist cause during the English Civil War, and led an attack on Lewes, and was involved in a Royalist defeat at Haywards Heath. Parliament confiscated some of his lands in 1643, and more in 1644, as well as fining him £9,000 (£0 today). To help pay his fine, Tufton sold Bodiam Castle for £6,000 (£0 today) in March 1644 to Nathaniel Powell, a Parliamentarian.

Picturesque ruins
After the Civil War, Powell was made a baronet by Charles II. Although it is unrecorded when Bodiam Castle was dismantled (slighted), it was probably after it was bought by Powell. During and after the Civil War, many castles were slighted to prevent them from being reused. Not all were destroyed completely, and in some cases care was taken not to unnecessarily deface the structure. At Bodiam, it was deemed sufficient to dismantle the barbican, the bridges, and the buildings inside the castle. When Nathaniel Powell died in 1674 or 1675, Bodiam Castle was passed on to his son, also called Nathaniel. After the second Nathaniel, the castle came into the possession of Elizabeth Clitherow, his daughter-in-law.

In 1722 Sir Thomas Webster bought the castle. For over a century, Bodiam Castle and its associated manor descended through the Webster family. It was in this period that the site became popular as an early kind of tourist attraction because of its connection with the medieval period. The first drawings of Bodiam Castle date from the mid-18th century, when it was depicted as a ruin overgrown with ivy. Ruins and medieval buildings such as Bodiam Castle served as an inspiration for the revival in Gothic architecture and the renovation of old structures.

The third Sir Godfrey Webster began looking for buyers for the castle in 1815, and in 1829 he finally managed to sell it and 24 acre of the surrounding land to John 'Mad Jack' Fuller for £3,000 (£0 today). Fuller repaired one of the towers, added new gates to the site, and removed a cottage which had been built within the castle in the 18th century; he is thought to have bought the castle to prevent the Webster family from dismantling it and reusing its materials. George Cubitt, later Baron Ashcombe, purchased the castle and its 24 acre from Fuller's grandson in 1849, for over £5,000 (£0 today). Cubitt continued the renovations that Fuller started. He commissioned the first detailed survey of Bodiam Castle in 1864, and undertook repairs to the tower at the southwest corner of the site, which had almost entirely collapsed. Because there was then a fashion for ruins covered in ivy, the vegetation was not removed despite its detrimental effect on the masonry, and the trees which had taken root in the courtyard were left.

Lord Curzon decided that "so rare a treasure [as Bodiam Castle] should neither be lost to our country nor desecrated by irreverent hands". Curzon made enquiries about buying the castle, but Cubitt did not wish to sell. However, after Cubitt's death, Curzon was able to make a deal with Cubitt's son, and he bought Bodiam Castle and its lands in 1916. Curzon began a programme of investigation at Bodiam in 1919, and with architect William Weir restored parts of the castle. The moat, on average about 5 ft deep but 7 ft deep in the southeast corner, was drained and 3 ft of mud and silt removed; during excavations the original footings of the bridges to the castle were discovered. Nearby hedges and fences were removed to provide an unobscured view of the castle. There were excavations in the interior, and a well was discovered in the basement of the southwest tower. Vegetation was cleared, stonework repaired, and the original floor level re-established throughout the castle. A cottage was built to provide a museum to display the finds from the excavations and a home for a caretaker. Bodiam Castle was given to the National Trust in 1925.

The National Trust continued the restoration work, and added new roofs to the towers and gatehouse. Excavations were resumed in 1970, and the moat was once again drained. Bodiam Castle was used in Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) in an establishing shot identifying it as "Swamp Castle" in the "Tale of Sir Lancelot" sequence. It had previously been used for the filming of Camelot, an episode of The Goodies broadcast in 1973. It was later the filming location for the Doctor Who serial The King's Demons, broadcast in 1983, and was used again in the revived series for the 2014 episode Robot of Sherwood.

The Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England carried out a survey of the earthworks surrounding Bodiam Castle in 1990. In the 1990s, Bodiam Castle was at the centre of a debate in castle studies over the balance between militaristic and social interpretations of such sites. The arguments focused on elements such as the apparent strength of the defences – such as the imposing moat – and elements of display. It has been suggested that the moat could have been drained in a day because the embankment surrounding it was not substantial, and that as such it did not pose a serious obstacle to an attacker. Also, the large windows in the castle's exterior were defensive weak points. The castle is a Scheduled Monument, which means it is a "nationally important" historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change. It is also a Grade I listed building, and recognised as an internationally important structure. Today the castle is open to the public, and according to figures released by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, nearly 175,598 people visited in 2017. In the opinion of historian Charles Coulson, Bodiam "represents the popular ideal of a medieval castle".

Location and landscape
The castle's location was ostensibly chosen to protect England's south coast from raids by the French. A landscape survey by the Royal Commission for Historic Monuments concluded that if this were the case, then Bodiam Castle was unusually sited, as it is far from the medieval coastline.

The area surrounding Bodiam Castle was landscaped when the castle was built, to increase its aesthetic appeal. Archaeologists Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham have described Bodiam as one of the best examples of landscaping to emphasise a castle. The water features were originally extensive, but only the moat survives, along with the earthworks left over from its construction. Roughly rectangular, the moat is supplied by several springs, some of them within it, which made it difficult to drain during the excavations of the 1930s. A moat can prevent attackers from gaining access to the base of a castle's walls, but in the case of Bodiam it also had the effect of making the castle appear larger and more impressive by isolating it in its landscape. The moat is now regarded more as an ornamental feature than a defence. The approach to the castle through the moat and satellite ponds was indirect, giving visitors time to view the castle in its intended splendour. Military historian Cathcart King describes the approach as formidable, and considers it the equal of the 13th-century castles of Edward I in Wales, such as Caerphilly Castle.

The castle sits roughly in the middle of the moat. The postern gate at the rear would have been connected to the moat's south bank by a drawbridge and a long timber bridge. The main entrance on the north side of the castle is today connected to the north bank by a wooden bridge, but the original route would have included two bridges: one from the main entrance to an island in the moat, and another connecting the island to the west bank. For the most part the bridge was static, apart from the section closest to the west bank, which would have been a drawbridge. The island in the moat is called the Octagon, and excavations on it have uncovered a garderobe (toilet), suggesting that there may have been a guard on the island, although it is unclear to what extent it was fortified. The Octagon was connected to a barbican by a bridge, probably a drawbridge. The castle's 28 toilets drained directly into the moat, which in the words of archaeologist Matthew Johnson would have been effectively an "open sewer".

Exterior and entrance
A quadrangular castle, Bodiam is roughly square-shaped. This type of castle, with a central courtyard and buildings against the curtain wall, was characteristic of castle architecture in the 14th century. Bodiam Castle has been described by military historian Cathcart King as the most complete surviving example of a quadrangular castle. There are circular towers at each of the four corners, with square central towers in the south, east, and west walls. The main entrance is a twin-towered gatehouse in the north face of the castle. There is a second entrance from the south; the postern gate is through a square tower in the middle of the south wall. The towers are three storeys high, taller than the curtain walls and the buildings in the castle which are two storeys high.

Between the Octagon and the main gatehouse in the north wall was a barbican, of which little survives – just a piece of the west wall – although the structure was originally two stories high. The surviving fabric includes a slot for a portcullis for the barbican's north gate, although there are no hinges for gates. The base of a garderobe demonstrates that the second story would have provided space for habitation, probably a guard room. Drawings from the late 18th century show the ground floor of the barbican still standing and includes detail such as vaulting inside the passageway.

The gatehouse in the castle's north wall is three storeys high; now reached by a static bridge, it was originally connected to the barbican by a drawbridge. The top of the gatehouse is machicolated, and the approach is overlooked by gun-loops in the gatehouse towers. The gatehouse is the only part of the castle which has gun-loops, and the curtain wall and towers are studded with windows for domestic use rather than military. There are guardrooms on the ground floor and a basement beneath them. The passage would originally have had three wooden portcullises. Above the entrance passage is an arch in the gateway, although it leads nowhere. The ceiling of the passage through the gatehouse into the castle is vaulted and pierced with murder holes. Murder holes were most likely used to drop objects on attackers, similar to machicolations, or to pour water to extinguish fires.

Just above the gate, there are three coats of arms carved in relief into the arch; from left to right they are the arms of the Wardeux, Dalyngrigge, and Radynden families. The Wardeux shield was for his wife Elizabeth, and the Radynden shield was for his mother Alice (one of the three daughters of John de Radynden). Above the arms is a helm bearing a unicorn head crest. Three coats of arms also decorate the postern gate; the central arms is that of Sir Robert Knolles, who Edward Dalyngrigge had fought for in the Hundred Years' War, but those flanking it are blank.

Interior
[[File:Bodiam Castle ground plan.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=A roughly square shaped castle. There are round towers at each corner. In each of the east, west, and south walls, there is a square tower mid-way along the wall. In the north wall is a gateway flanked by two towers. Inside the castle are domestic buildings.|Plan of Bodiam Castle. Sections of wall that no longer stand are included:

]] Although the exterior of Bodiam Castle has largely survived, the interior is ruinous. The domestic buildings within the castle lined the curtain walls. However, remains are substantial enough to recreate a plan of the castle. The structure was divided into separate living areas for the lord and his family, high-status guests, the garrisons, and servants. The south range of the castle consisted of the great hall, the kitchens, and associated rooms. The great hall, to the east of the centrally located postern gate, was 24 by and would have been as tall as the curtain wall. To the west of the great hall was the pantry and buttery, linked to the great hall by a screens passage. The three standing arches gave access to different rooms, the pantry, buttery and the kitchen which was at the far west of the south range. This layout was typical of large medieval houses. The great hall was the social centre of the castle, and where the lord would have entertained guests. The buttery and pantry occupied the bottom floor, and above was a room of unknown purpose. The buttery had a cellar and was used to store ale and wine, while the pantry held the supplies for the kitchen. To prevent heat from the cooking fires becoming unbearable, the kitchen was as tall as the curtain walls to provide a large space to absorb the heat. In the southwest tower was a well, from which water would have been drawn for the household.

Along the east wall is a chapel, a hall, and an antechamber. To accommodate the chapel, the curtain wall near the northeast corner projects 9 ft further into the moat than the rest of the wall along the east side. Immediately south of the chapel was the main accommodation for the lord and his family. The buildings were two storeys high and incorporated a basement. The exact layout of the rooms is unclear.

Arranged along the west curtain wall was an extra hall and a kitchen; it is not certain what these were used for, although it is probable that these were intended to provide for the household's retainers. The "retainers' hall" had no windows on its west side and would have been relatively dark compared to the great hall. Also, whereas the great hall had a large fireplace, the "retainers' hall" had none. The hall was adjacent to the kitchen, to which it was directly connected, with no screens passage in between. Above the "retainers' hall", which was confined to the ground floor, was a room with no fireplace and of unclear purpose.

East of the main gatehouse was a two-storey building with a basement. The basement was likely used for storage while the above two floors provided accommodation. The purpose of the buildings along the west end of the north range is uncertain. The sparse arrangement, with little provision for lighting, has led to suggestions that it was used as stables, however there are no drains which are usually associated with stables. The tower in the northwest corner of the castle had a garderobe and fireplace on each of the three above-ground floors, and there was a basement underneath.

title: Bodiam Castle


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Terrorism insurance

Terrorism insurance is insurance purchased by property owners to cover their potential losses and liabilities that might occur due to terrorist activities.

It is considered to be a difficult product for insurance companies, as the odds of terrorist attacks are very difficult to predict and the potential liability enormous. For example, the September 11, 2001 attacks resulted in an estimated $31.7 billion loss. This combination of uncertainty and potentially huge losses makes the setting of premiums a difficult matter. Most insurance companies therefore exclude terrorism from coverage in casualty and property insurance, or else require endorsements to provide coverage.

Industry needs
Concentration of risk is another factor in determining availability for terrorism insurance. Due to the concentrated losses of the World Trade Center, carriers were hit with large losses in one centralized location. Insurers seek to spread the coverage over a wider geographic area than as with other aggregate perils, such as flood.

Modelling the risks
Insurance companies are using an approach that is similar to that used with natural catastrophe risks. A Swiss report suggested that in this case where demand is greater than the supply for terrorism coverage that a short-term solution is possible: a mix of government and private resource to make easy the transition. In this situation, the government would serve two functions: to establish rules to overcome the capacity shortage and to be the insurer of last resort.

France
In France, a pool of insurers and reinsurers was set up on 1 January 2002 under the name Gestion de l'Assurance et de la RÉassurance des risques attentats et Actes de Terrorisme (GAREAT). GAREAT is constituted upon the principle of mutuality between its Members, all of whom are jointly liable, and relies on the support given to GAREAT by international reinsurers as well as by the French State which provides unlimited coverage to the GAREAT programme via unlimited treaties reinsured 100% by Caisse Centrale de Réassurance (CCR). As a non-profit-making Economic Interest Grouping mandated by its Members, GAREAT returns to the latter that part of the premiums which are not used to finance the reinsurance coverage at the close of each year.

Germany
The Extremus Versicherung, founded in 2002, is a private company that insures terrorism risks in Germany. While the first 2.5 billion € in damages are covered by the insurance, the German government guarantees a further 6.5 billion € in insurance pay-outs.

Netherlands
Insurance payments related to terrorism are restricted to a billion euro per year for all insurance companies together. This regards property insurance, but also life insurance, medical insurance, etc.

Iraq
The New York Times reports that in Baghdad personal terrorism insurance is available. One company offers such insurance for $90, and if the customer is a victim of terrorism in the next year, it pays the heirs $3,500.

United States
In 2002, the US Congress enacted the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act, in which the government shared the cost of large insurance losses.

On December 26, 2007, the President of the United States signed into law the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2007 which extends the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) through December 31, 2014. The law extends the temporary federal Program that provides for a transparent system of shared public and private compensation for insured losses resulting from acts of terrorism.

Some economists have supported U.S. government subsidies of terrorism insurance. Soon after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, economist Edwin Mills expressed concern over whether private developers could build real estate without subsidies for insurance. Economist David R. Barker argued that properly structured subsidies could increase overall economic efficiency. Other economists have argued against these subsidies.

The United States insurance market offers coverage to the majority of large companies which ask for it in their policies. The price of the policy depends on where the clients are residing and how much limit they buy.

According to The Economist, one of the best studies to understand TRIA has been the one undertaken in 2005 by the Center for Risk Management at the Wharton Business School ("TRIA and Beyond"; available on their website below).

In mid-2007 the idea of another extension to TRIA was tabled and is officially known as TRIREA, (Terrorism Risk Insurance Revision and Extension Act). Initially TRIREA contained several new provisions including a mandatory 'make available' clause for NCBR coverage (Nuclear, Chemical, Biological and Radiological) and the ending of the distinction between domestic and foreign events.

The act expired on December 31, 2014, but was renewed at the start of the next congress, with Obama signing the extension of the TIRA through 2020 on January 12, 2015. Up until the 2014 expiration, many experts warned that "construction projects could be stalled and commercial loans on shopping malls, utilities and skyscrapers could be in jeopardy." In addition, according to the Baltimore Sun, the National Football League denied rumors that it would cancel the Super Bowl over the issue.

United Kingdom
In the UK, following the Baltic Exchange bomb in 1992, all UK insurers stopped including terrorism coverage on their commercial insurance policies with effect from 1 January 1993 (home insurance policies were unaffected). As a consequence, the government and insurance industry established the Pool Reinsurance Company Ltd (Pool Re). Primarily funded by premiums paid by policyholders, the government guarantees the fund although any such support must be repaid from future premiums. To date, despite paying over £600 million in relation to thirteen separate claims, no government support has been necessary.

Countries with long-term terrorism insurance programmes
According to the policy agenda of The Real Estate Roundtable, long-term terrorism insurance is available in the following countries:

 * 1) Australia
 * 2) Austria
 * 3) Finland
 * 4) France
 * 5) Germany
 * 6) Israel
 * 7) Namibia
 * 8) Netherlands
 * 9) Russia
 * 10) South Africa
 * 11) Spain
 * 12) Switzerland
 * 13) Turkey
 * 14) United Kingdom
 * 15) India

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Terrorism insurance


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Comical

Comical may refer to:
 * Comedy, a genre of fiction intended to be humorous
 * Comical Radio, a weekly comedy radio show in New York City

title: Comical


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George Maniakes

George Maniakes (Γεώργιος Μανιάκης, transliterated as Georgios Maniaces, Maniakis, or Maniaches; Giorgio Maniace; died 1043) was a prominent general of the Byzantine Empire during the 11th century. He was the catepan of Italy in 1042. He is known as Gyrgir in Scandinavian sagas. He is popularly said to have been extremely tall and well built, almost a giant.

Biography
Maniakes was an Greek general of the Byzantine Empire, who first came to prominence during a campaign in 1030–1031 when the Byzantine army was defeated at Aleppo, but went on to capture Edessa from the Arabs. His greatest achievement was the partial reconquest of Sicily from the Arabs beginning in 1038. He was aided by the Varangian Guard, then led by Harald Hardrada, who later became King of Norway. Also with him were Norman mercenaries under William de Hauteville, who earned his nickname Iron Arm by defeating the Emir of Syracuse in single combat. However, he soon ostracized his admiral, Stephen, whose wife was the sister of John the Eunuch, the highest-ranking man at court. He then publicly humiliated Arduin, the leader of the Lombard contingent, causing them to desert along with the Normans and Norsemen. In response, he was recalled by Emperor Michael IV, who was also Stephen's brother-in-law. Although the Arabs soon recaptured the island, Maniakes' successes there later inspired the Normans to invade Sicily themselves. Maniakes' achievements in Sicily were largely ignored by the emperor, and he revolted against Constantine IX in 1042, despite having been appointed catepan of Italy. The person most responsible for inciting Maniakes to revolt was one Romanus Sclerus. Sclerus, like Maniakes, was one of the immensely wealthy landowners who owned large areas of Anatolia - his estates bordered Maniakes', and the two were rumored to have attacked each other in a dispute over land. Sclerus owed his influence with the emperor to his famously charming sister, Maria Skleraina, who had a very positive influence on Constantine in most areas. Finding himself in a position of power, Sclerus used it to poison Constantine against Maniakes - ransacking his house and even seducing his wife, using the charm for which his family was famous. Maniakes' response to Sclerus' demand that he surrender command of the Empire's forces in Apulia was to be brutally tortured to death after his eyes, ears, nose, and mouth were sealed with excrement. Maniakes was then proclaimed emperor by his troops (including the Varangians) and marched on Constantinople. In 1043 his army clashed with troops loyal to Constantine near Thessalonica, and although initially successful, Maniakes was killed in the melee after receiving a fatal wound (according to Psellus' account). Constantine's extravagant punishment of the surviving rebels was to parade them in the hippodrome, sitting backwards on donkeys. His death put an end to the rebellion. In Sicily, the town of Maniace and the Syracusan fortress Castello Maniace are named after him.

In popular culture
In the historical drama series Vikings: Valhalla, George Maniakes is played by actor Florian Munteanu. His portrayal in the series is highly fictionalized, with major deviations from historicity.

title: George Maniakes


text: User:Vanished user aewrkmvkmsdvke334c

title: User:Vanished user aewrkmvkmsdvke334c


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Talk:Lochsloy, Washington

Untitled
Lochsloy is a "Census Designated Place" (CDP), not a town. Here is the way that the Census Bureau describes them ...

Census designated places (CDPs) are delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places. CDPs are delineated to provide census data for concentrations of population, housing, and commercial structures that are identifiable by name but are not within an incorporated place. CDP boundaries usually are defined in cooperation with state, local, and tribal officials. These boundaries, which usually coincide with visible features or the boundary of an adjacent incorporated place or other legal entity boundary, have no legal status, nor do these places have officials elected to serve traditional municipal functions. CDP boundaries may change from one decennial census to the next with changes in the settlement pattern; a CDP with the same name as in an earlier census does not necessarily have the same boundary.

title: Talk:Lochsloy, Washington


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Cost-plus pricing

Cost-plus pricing is a pricing strategy by which the selling price of a product is determined by adding a specific fixed percentage (a "markup") to the product's unit cost. Essentially, the markup percentage is a method of generating a particular desired rate of return. An alternative pricing method is value-based pricing.

Cost-plus pricing has often been used for government contracts (cost-plus contracts), and has been criticized for reducing incentive for suppliers to control direct costs, indirect costs and fixed costs whether related to the production and sale of the product or service or not.

Companies using this strategy need to record their costs in detail to ensure they have a comprehensive understanding of their overall costs. This information is necessary to generate accurate cost estimates.

Cost-plus pricing is especially common for utilities and single-buyer products that are manufactured to the buyer's specification, such as for military procurement.

Mechanics
The three stages of computing the selling price are computing the total cost, computing the unit cost, and then adding a markup to generate a selling price (refer to Fig 1).

Step 1: Calculating total cost

Total cost = fixed costs + variable costs

Fixed costs do not generally depend on the number of units, while variable costs do.

Step 2: Calculating unit cost

Unit cost = (total cost/number of units)

Step 3a: Calculating markup price

Markup price = (unit cost * markup percentage)

The markup is a percentage that is expected to provide an acceptable rate of return to the manufacturer.

Step 3b: Calculating Selling Price (SP)

Selling Price = unit cost + markup price

Example
A shop selling a vacuum cleaner will be examined since retail stores generally adopt this strategy.

Total cost = $450

Markup percentage = 12%

Markup price = (unit cost * markup percentage)

Markup price = $450 * 0.12

Markup price = $54

Sales Price = unit cost + markup price

Sales Price= $450 + $54

Sales Price = $504

Ultimately, the $54 markup price is the shop's margin of profit.

Cost-plus pricing is common and there are many examples where the margin is transparent to buyers. Costco reportedly created rules to limit product markups to 15% with an average markup of 11% across all products sold. In another example, at the bottom of each product page, Everlane breaks down the manufacturing cost into five categories: materials, hardware, labor, duties, and transport.

Rationale
Buyers may perceive that cost-plus pricing is reasonable. In some cases, the markup is mutually agreed upon by buyer and seller. For markets that feature relatively similar production costs, companies do not have a dominant strategy. Therefore, cost-plus pricing can offer competitive stability, decreasing the risk of price competition (such as price wars), if all companies adopt cost-plus pricing. The strategy enables price changes to goods and services relative to increases or decreases in the product cost which are simple to communicate and justify to customers. When there is little market intelligence, the use of a cost-plus pricing strategy compensates for the lack of information by setting prices based on actual costs. This method is generally adopted by retail companies such as grocery or clothing stores.

Cost-based pricing is a way to induce a seller to accept a contract the costs of which represent a large fraction of the seller's revenues, or for which costs are uncertain at contract signing, as for example for research and development.

Economic theory
Cost-plus pricing is not common in markets that are (nearly) perfectly competitive, for which prices and output are such that marginal cost (the cost of producing an additional unit) equals marginal revenue. In the long run, marginal and average costs (as for cost-plus) tend to converge, reducing the difference between the two strategies. It works well when a business is in need of short-term finance.

Elasticity considerations
Although this method of pricing has limited application as mentioned above, it is used commonly for the purpose of ensuring a business covers its costs by "breaking even" and not operating at a loss whilst generating at least a minimum rate of profit. In spite of its ubiquity, economists rightly point out that it has serious flaws. Specifically, the strategy requires little market research hence it does not account for external factors such as consumer demand and competitor's prices when determining an appropriate selling price. There is no way in advance of determining if potential customers will purchase the product at the calculated price. Regardless of which pricing strategy a company chooses, price elasticity (sensitivity of demand to price) is a vital component to examine. To compensate for this, some economists have tried to apply the principles of price elasticity to cost-plus pricing.

We know that:"MR = P + ((dP / dQ) * Q)" where: MR = marginal revenue P = price (dP / dQ) = the derivative of price with respect to quantity Q = quantity

Since we know that a profit maximizer sets quantity at the point that marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost (MR = MC), the formula can be written as:"MC = P + ((dP / dQ) * Q)"

Dividing by P and rearranging yields:"MC / P = 1 +((dP / dQ) * (Q / P))"

And since (P / MC) is a form of markup, we can calculate the appropriate markup for any given market elasticity by:"(P / MC) = (1 / (1 – (1/E)))" where:"(P / MC) = markup on marginal costsE = price elasticity of demand"

In the extreme case where elasticity is infinite:"(P / MC) = (1 / (1 – (1/999999999999999))) (P / MC) = (1 / 1)"Price is equal to marginal cost. There is no markup.

At the other extreme, where elasticity is equal to unity:"(P /MC) = (1 / (1 – (1/1))) (P / MC) = (1 / 0)"The markup is infinite.

Most business people do not do marginal cost calculations, but one can arrive at the same conclusion using average variable costs (AVC):"(P / AVC) = (1 / (1 – (1/E)))" Technically, AVC is a valid substitute for MC only in situations of constant returns to scale (LVC = LAC = LMC).

When business people choose the markup that they apply to costs when doing cost-plus pricing, they should be, and often are, considering the price elasticity of demand, whether consciously or not.

title: Cost-plus pricing


text:
User talk:Calypso

Hi. I was going through disambiguating some pages, and came across the disambiguation page called Calypso. I noticed that you seem to have been signing talk pages by linking to that article, which is probably not what you want to do. You can sign your name with a link to your user page (User:Calypso) like that, or by putting two tildes in a row.

So basically, instead of signing with Calypso, you could sign with Calypso or

Anyway, you may know this already, or I may be completely wrong, (which is entirely possible because I'm fairly new here), in which case I apologise. But the Calypso "what links here" page lists a lot of talk pages that have led me to this conclusion, and rather than go thorugh and edit them all, I figured I'd bring it up.

--Anakolouthon 21:34 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians in Spain
Hello Calypso this message is a invitation to categorize your userpage in the category: Category:Wikipedians in Spain or in the adecuate sub-category and erasing your name from the equivalent list since the lists of users are in process of being transformed into categories. Remember: You can categorize your user page in more than one category. example: your actual location and your origin country.

for more info see: User categorisation and Category:Wikipedians by location

Saludos. --Mnts 07:04, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 16:51, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Calypso


text:
CityRail

CityRail was a passenger railway brand operated by the State Rail Authority from 1989 to 2003 and by RailCorp from 2003 to 2013 with services in and around Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong, the three largest cities in New South Wales, Australia. It was established in January 1989 and abolished in June 2013 when it was superseded by Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink.

In June 2013, it operated 307 stations and over 2,060 kilometres of track, extending north to the upper Hunter Valley, south to the Shoalhaven and Southern Highlands regions and west to Bathurst. In the year ended 30 June 2012, 306 million journeys were made on the network.

Structure
CityRail was established pursuant to the, and was first mentioned as an entity distinct from the State Rail Authority in the Parliament of New South Wales by then governor James Rowland on 21 February 1990. CityRail adopted a blue and yellow version of the State Rail Authority L7 logo, to fit into its new blue and yellow colour scheme. This logo continued to be in use until 2010, when it was replaced by the Waratah logo of the NSW Government.

On 1 January 2004, RailCorp assumed all functions of the State Rail Authority, and later the functions of the Rail Infrastructure Corporation and Rail Access Corporation. This resulted in CityRail becoming a subsidiary of RailCorp, along with CountryLink. CityRail became defunct on 1 July 2013, with Sydney Trains taking over suburban services and NSW TrainLink taking over Intercity and regional services.

Operational history
When the CityRail brand was introduced the State Rail Authority was part way through taking delivery of 450 Tangara carriages. With these new carriages in service, the last single deck suburban sets were withdrawn in 1992, and the last U set interurban sets were withdrawn in 1996.

In February 1994, the first of 15 two-carriage Endeavour railcars was delivered. These replaced Class 620/720 railcars, Class 900 railcars and locomotive-hauled stock.

In May 2000, the Airport & East Hills Line opened. In July 2002, the first of 141 M set carriages entered service. In November 2006, the first of seven two-carriage Hunter railcar trains entered service.

In December 2006, the first of 221 Oscar carriages entered service on the South Coast Line. In February 2009, the Epping to Chatswood railway line opened with shuttle services and was integrated into the Northern Line service later that year.

In July 2011, the first Waratah trains entered service to replace the S sets, although it was announced in 2013 that some S sets would stay. In October 2012, a new service from Bathurst to Sydney commenced.

Fleet
At the time of its cessation in June 2013, CityRail operated eight electric multiple unit classes for suburban and interurban working and two diesel multiple unit classes. All CityRail electric trains used 1500 V DC overhead electrification and travel on 1,435mm standard gauge tracks. Double deck rollingstock was first introduced in 1964 and after 1996, all electric multiple units were double deck.

Former fleet
The following table consists of trains that were in the CityRail fleet which were withdrawn prior to CityRail's demise: The CityRail network was divided into three sectors, based around three maintenance depots. EMU trainsets were identified by target plates, which are exhibited on the front lower nearside of driving carriages. Target designations and set numbers were used in identifying EMU trainsets. The composition and formations of trainsets, and the target designations were subject to alteration.

All V sets which operated on the Newcastle and Blue Mountains lines, were serviced at Flemington Depot. All M and H sets, which had a green target plate, were serviced at Eveleigh Maintenance Centre.

Ticketing
For most of the brand's life CityRail's ticketing system was the Automated Fare Collection System (AFC). Dating from 1992, it was based on magnetic stripe technology and was interoperable with the Sydney Buses and Sydney Ferries systems. In later years the network was incorporated into the MyZone ticketing system, which retained the AFC technology but extended the validity of multi-modal tickets to private buses and light rail.

Unlike the ticketing systems of other cities in Australia, most of CityRail's ticket prices were calculated on the distance travelled, and were proven to be the most expensive tickets of any major city public transport system.

Performance
According to the 2003 Parry Report, "The interaction of metropolitan, suburban, intercity and freight lines and services has resulted in an overly complex system. This complexity has contributed in part to the organisation being widely criticised for poor reliability and safety. CityRail was also enormously expensive."

On-time running improved after new timetables were introduced in 2005 and 2006. The newly introduced timetable increased station dwell and journey times.

In October 2012, a report published by PricewaterhouseCoopers found CityRail performed poorly compared to many metro services from 27 other major world cities. Sydney was ranked as the fourth-worst public train system while being proven to have the most expensive tickets of any major city public transport system.

Patronage
The following table lists patronage figures for the network during the corresponding financial year. Australia's financial years start on 1 July and end on 30 June. Expansions and contractions of the network and major events that affected the number of journeys made are included as notes.

Network
CityRail operated eleven suburban lines, four intercity services, one regional service, and five connecting bus services, plus a late night bus service across metropolitan Sydney.

Suburban lines

Inbound Airport and East Hills and Bankstown services generally travelled around the City Circle in the anti-clockwise direction.

*Central (i) is a standard abbreviation used on timetables and station screens. It signifies Central's country and intercity platforms [formerly platforms 1–15, now 1–12].

Intercity lines

 * Some peak services on the Blue Mountains Line ran to/from Hornsby
 * Some peak services and most weekend services on the South Coast Line ran to/from Bondi Junction
 * Some peak services on the Southern Highlands Line to/from Central. At other times, a change of train was required at Campbelltown or Macarthur

Connecting bus services
CityRail operated several bus routes along corridors where the railway line has been closed to passengers or as a supplement to rail services. These bus services appeared in CityRail timetables and accepted CityRail tickets, but were operated by private sector bus companies contracted by CityRail. Two were CountryLink services that carried CityRail passengers.

 * CountryLink services, seat reservations required

NightRide
To provide a passenger service between midnight and 05:00 while leaving the tracks clear of trains for maintenance work, parallel bus services were established in 1989. NightRide services operated typically at hourly intervals (some routes depart more frequently on weekends). NightRide services were run by private bus operators, and identified by route numbers beginning with "N". All valid CityRail tickets for a destination (apart from single tickets) were accepted on NightRide services.

Network overview

Most Intercity trains terminated at Central while most suburban (except Carlingford line) services proceeded through the city.

CityRail also operated several Intercity services that terminate at Central station (though some services operated in the metro-style portions of the system in the peak hours). These lines stretched over 200 kilometres from Sydney, as far north as Newcastle, as far west as Bathurst, as far south-west as Goulburn and as far south as Kiama and Port Kembla. Southern Highlands trains required a connection at Campbelltown as they ran into the city during peak hours only.

Regional services operated from the terminus station at Newcastle, with local electric services to the Central Coast and diesel services to Telarah with some extending to Dungog and Scone. Diesel services also operated on the Illawarra line between Kiama and Bomaderry.

The hub of the CityRail system was Central station, where most lines started and ended. Trains coming from the Airport & East Hills Line and Bankstown Line, after travelling anti-clockwise on the City Circle sometimes terminated upon arrival at Central and proceeded to the Macdonaldtown Turnback. However, most trains continued on and become respective outward bound Inner West trains and South Line trains. The reverse applied for trains coming from the Inner West and South Lines, which, if not terminating, became outward bound trains on the Airport & East Hills and Bankstown lines respectively. In the same manner, all trains from the Western Line or Northern line became North Shore line trains once they reach Central.

As well as the Intercity services mentioned above, local services also ran in the Newcastle local area during off-peak times, as part of the Central Coast & Newcastle Line. Local services also ran on the South Coast Line in the Wollongong local area, usually between Thirroul and Port Kembla.

Passenger information systems
Many CityRail stations were equipped with electronic passenger destination indicator boards. These provided information on the current time, next three available services, time due to arrival, destination route and the number of train carriages available.

Due to the many differing types of stations that CityRail serves, their screens varied in form. In station where trains arrived at a higher frequency, 2 or more vertical LED screens were used on each platform to display the destination and arrival time whereas in low frequency areas 1 or 2 dual horizontal LED screens with a larger font were used. Manual destination indicator boards were still used at some lower patronage stations. In regional areas, a station relied on digital voice announcement for information on services. CBSM (Custom Built Sheet Metal) was responsible for the manufacture of many indicator board encasings.

Challenges
The quality of the rail system was a matter of considerable political sensitivity. The performance of the State Rail Authority and RailCorp were questioned in regards to safety, training, a politically motivated focus on punctuality, management and workplace culture, with strong criticism from Justice Peter McInerny in his inquiries into the accidents at Glenbrook and Waterfall. Transport is the third largest area of public expenditure in NSW, after health and education. A newspaper distributed to commuters, mX, and the Sydney Morning Herald's "campaign for Sydney" kept transport at the top of the agenda ahead of the 2007 state election. In his 2003 interim report to the NSW Government, Tom Parry was highly critical of CityRail. "It is hard to believe that taxpayers or the state are getting the best possible value from the large amounts of money being spent each year," he wrote.

Safety
The safety of the CityRail network was called into question by two fatal accidents. The second Glenbrook train disaster in 1999 killed seven people. In 2003, the Waterfall train disaster killed seven. Inquiries were conducted into both accidents. Official findings into the latter accident also blamed an "underdeveloped safety culture." There has been criticism of the way CityRail managed safety issues that arose, resulting in what the NSW Ministry of Transport called "a reactive approach to risk management."

CityRail has launched public information campaigns regarding railway trespassing, prams and strollers, and falling between the platform and the train.

Crime and terrorism
Crime committed on railway property has decreased by 32.9% since 2002, which RailCorp attributes to the deployment of some 600 Transit Officers across the network. All stations, including those that are remote or unstaffed, have emergency "help points" to put passengers in immediate contact with authorities should an incident occur. All stations are covered by closed-circuit television surveillance. However, a large amount of graffiti is still evident on some trains and the depots.

In recent years, concerns over terrorism have played a role in the management of the network. CityRail and other public transport providers participate in an ongoing public terrorism awareness campaign, If you see something, say something, adapted from a similar campaign in New York.

Overloading
In 2008, overloading of trains was found by the Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal (IPART) to be a significant cause of delays. A survey undertaken by RailCorp in September 2011 revealed that 6 of the 13 lines had a maximum load that exceeded 135% (of the seated capacity) during the peak morning commute.

Public perception
One result of CityRail's increasing problems was a sharp rise in public complaints and attacks against staff, with a Boston Consulting Group report claiming staff were actively hiding from irate customers wishing to complain about the service. The highly negative public perception of transit officers acting as ticket inspection officers and charging significant on-the-spot fines has also led to the organisation introducing anti-spitting fines and signage requesting commuters not abuse staff.

Other references

 * RailCorp 2009–2010 Annual Report
 * Interim Report of the Ministerial Inquiry into Sustainable Transport in New South Wales
 * Details and map of Clearways
 * North West Rail Link
 * South West Rail Link
 * Christie Report – Long Term Strategic Plan for Rail.
 * NSW Audit Office: Managing Disruption to CityRail services.

title: CityRail


text:
User:CTSWyneken

 User CTSWyneken is Rev. Robert E. Smith, Electronic Resources Librarian at Concordia Theological Seminary in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Concordia is a conservative Lutheran graduate school of theology, which prepares pastors and scholars for the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod and her sister churches worldwide. Bob is the coordinator of Project Wittenberg, an electronic text initiative dedicated to providing freely accessible versions of works by and about Martin Luther and other Lutherans. He has served as the Archivist and Historian of the Indiana District of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod and is a part of the Lutheran Historical Conference's annual bibliography team.

The Resilient Barnstar
Awards and other pats on the back

title: User:CTSWyneken


text:
User talk:The Anome/archive 1

 * Welcome on board. We're writing an encyclopedia, and it can be more fun than you might think. In fact, it's addictive. You can write an article on the Knights who say Ni if you want... The Anome 16:03 25 May 2003 (UTC)

-

Thanks for the formal justification pointers. I did reply - see the discussion on it. Kidburla2002

Can you give me somewhere where I could find a formal justification of the product rule? Kidburla2002

Can we expect a reference to Jack Vance? Armillary

Only if you do one to 'armillary coherence' -- The Anome

Thank you for your corrections. I have always problems with articles in English - whole concept of articles is somewhat arteficial to me. szopen~
 * ps: One of these days, you could try to pronounce "w szczebrzeszynie chrząszcz brzmi w trzcinie" :-).

Welcome to the Wikipedia! And thanks for moving the Moonie guy to his rightful place. I'm still not sure what happened to the nickname for members of my church. It may be vaguely disparaging, but I'm used to it now: I miss it :-( User:Ed Poor

Thanks for removing this rubbish from digital video: "Apparently there are no interlaced DV cameras, as they are more expensive and for professional use, and their users therefore afford the highest fidelity." I didn't notice when it was added. There are indeed interlaced cameras, (the Canon ZR-10 is one example), and they are both cheap and decidedly not for professional use. :-) Koyaanis Qatsi

Re your remark/question about the Gregorian calendar: when I wanted to write more information I saw that it had already been changed by someone else. Anyway, your request made me look into the subject and I learned something. That's a good thing about Wikipedia. Thanks! -- G_from_B

What was your basis for pruning info from the automatism article? --user:Daniel C. Boyer

I have no intention of removing all reference to surrealist automatism from the article, but as there is an article dedicated to the subject, I moved the material describing surrealist automatism to the article with that name, leaving just a mention of it in automatism. Feel free to merge the two articles back together, in which case I believe surrealistic automatism should be a redirect to the merged article.

 * O.k.; I think it is better this way, as in the non-legal section of automatism there is a mention of surrealist automatism and mediumistic automatism so more detail on these should be in the respective articles. --user:Daniel C. Boyer

By the way, I still think that [surrealist automatism] is a secondary meaning, with the legal one being the general meaning. The Anome

Wangus is pretty far-out and difficult to understand, and how one should approach an encyclopedia article on it is debatable (perhaps it should merely be a redirect to reality enforcement if it should exist as a Wikipedia article at all) but I think you cannot completely reduce it to idiosyncratic (398 hits on Google). --Daniel C. Boyer

Have a look at those hits. Most of them use "wangus" as a silly word, or as an abbreviation for "Angus, W." in an E-mail address, etc. etc. The Anome
 * What do you think of this exception? --user:Daniel C. Boyer

 * A low-traffic mailing list, with a wacky POV? The Anome

 * Given. But its existence makes me question whether wangus should be excluded from Wikipedia entirely, or in what way it should be dealt with.  --Daniel C. Boyer 13:06 Oct 1, 2002 (UTC)

Did you create the wikipedia growth graph? If so, can you produce a version that isn't JPEG? PNG is the appropriate format for drawings and charts and such iconic images. That would get rid of the fuzzy text and grainy background, and should be just as small a file. --LDC

 * Done The Anome

Hi Anome: since you have elected to move UK flat racing, can you do the same for horse-racing and all other entries beneath it please for the sake of consistency? The links will need fixettes, also... rgds user:sjc

I don't understand what you're asking for. I moved the article to correct the lack of a space between the main name and the opening parenthesis in the name: I don't see any other articles that need moving to match. In any case, it's a bad name, and I'll move it to what I hope is a better name. The Anome

Now done. Moved to Flat racing, which appears not to be a UK-only term. The Anome

That's precisely why I put the UK up front, the rules, conditions, etc are significantly different in other countries to the extent that they are fundamentally different things. You also stripped the hyphen btw, which was inconsistent with horse-racing... user:sjc

I have now hived UK horse racing off flat racing to describe UK specifics and left flat racing as a generic description. user:sjc

Hi Anome, thanks for removing that Feyerabend citation in Scientific mythology. Note that you should mark typo corrections as minor edits (check box next to "summary"). FvdP 10:28 Sep 4, 2002 (PDT)

Hi, just a quick word of caution for the future; when you disambiguated Eros in Talk:Asteroid, you changed the meaning of what Maveric had been proposing. Maveric is a believer in avoiding disambiguation pages where possible, AFAIK, and wanted "Eros" to be about the god, not "Eros (god)". Bryan 14:49 Sep 23, 2002 (UTC)

Whoops. Thanks for telling me. The Anome 09:18 Oct 1, 2002 (UTC)

--- I do not appreciate your removal of my totally relevant commentary in "The Origin of Species" entry. What I added was a direct quote from an actual movie along with factual information regarding how many esteemed scientists look upon the text; you removed it with a comment that it was a "crap joke." I am re-adding it, and if you remove it again I will have to take it up with the admins. -Easter Bradford-

 * Go on, then, give me a cite of these esteemed scientists' views. I'm interested to hear from you.

 * The film quote does not appear to be relevant, as it does not appear to mock the Origin of Species: it makes a joke about mis-hearing things. The Anome 21:41 Oct 8, 2002 (UTC)

Perhaps the joke is above your head? The library clerk in question comments that the periodicals about "oranges and peaches" are "holier-than-thou." She is in actuality making fun of what the woman actually was asking for, which is "origin of species." As for asking me to cite quotes from actual scientists, I can only say that it is common knowledge in the literary world that "Origins of Species" reads like an in-your-face manual on what you absolutely must believe to be fact. It is commonly considered informative but very pompous. As it's 5:56 PM and Im on my way home and don't have a computer there, I will gladly give you direct quotations to that end in the morning.

However, the point is that you deleted someone's entry without giving an explaination as to why other than to call it a "crap joke." That's rude, and it's not in the contributional spirit of the wikipedia. You shouldn't arbitrarily delete people's information and then cite that you did it because of your own POV. Obviously not everyone thinks it's a "crap joke." -EB-

 * My apologies for the abrupt tone of my edit comment. The tone was because the film quote, which was offered in support of the assertion about present-day views of the book, did not lend support to those comments.

 * I'm really not convinced that the joke is over my head. Your original text says:

 * As such, it is regularly the subject of mockery in pop culture, in both text and film. An example of this is the film "Party Girl" in which a library clerk is approached by a woman who simply says, with a lisp, "Orrngses n' spches." Ther puzzled clerk replies, "Oranges and Peaches? Well, you can try the food=oriented periodicals, but sometimes they're a little holier-than-thou."

 * This quote, as written, appears to imply that the library clerk mis-hears "Origin of Species" as "Oranges and Peaches", and that the mockery is of "food-oriented periodicals". This seems quite likely, given the fact that many food magazines are exactly that. Perhaps you are reading something into the film that isn't there, or the quote is wrong as written?

 * I look forward to you providing cites, as my understanding is that most modern scientists consider the Origin of Species to be a masterwork. Yes, it has failings, but they are those of its time, and it needs to be read in that context, and allowances made for the fact that it is nearly 150 years out-of-date (or 150 years ahead of its time). However, I would be interested in being corrected with the aid of authoritative cites if I am wrong. The Anome 21:56 Oct 8, 2002 (UTC)

I redrew the tree structure image as you requested. branko

 * Thank you! The Anome

I answered your query on Ram-Man.

I didnot understand at that moment. My apologies. User:anthere

See Talk:Kings Cross, London, England - aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaargh! Sorry. Nevilley 09:00 Nov 29, 2002 (UTC)

Regarding ATOLL: All programming languages should be titled "Nnnn programming language". When redirecting a name with an incorrect format to the correct format, the incorrect format should be redirected TO the incorrect one and not the other way around. Thanks! Robert Lee

I am not nor have I ever been dymtri kleiner 216.129.198.41. He is a real person. It is not my vainity which added the listing in cultural movement. I understand that you may be busy; however, maybe run a google before destroying valid content. I will be reposting there.

What is it with the "China's Assessment of US Human Rights Record Must Be Linked From Every Article" guy?? Sheesh. I am not even sure it should be linked in from the main US page, as I think it is not mainstream enough for that. I DON'T mean I don't think that H.Rights in the US are important but I do question what that link is doing there. 194.117.133.118 10:04 Dec 23, 2002 (UTC)

See, there is always a good and easy solution to edit wars. Re: Fifth World Also, Re: the above -- The Chinese Assessment should be linked from a page on US Human Rights but not from the pain page. Main pages should be like a table of contents i think. Vera Cruz

Thank you, Vera. The Anome

The pages for "micronation" and "micronationalism" should be merged, as they deal with identical topics - namely the hobbyist activity of setting up and operating web-based

 * There is no basis for saying that all micronations are "web-based." Many of them "exist" (to a greater or lesser degree) somewhat, or completely outside of, the Web. --Daniel C. Boyer

"countries" that have no bearing on or interaction with the real world. The term "microstate" or "aspirant microstate" on the other hand should be used to distinguish between these hobbyist activities and entities such as Hutt River Province, Sealand, Seborga, Atlantium and others, that (i) have a verifiably serious intent, (ii) claim physical territories which their supporters actually hold legal title to according to the laws of the countries from which they claim to be seceeding, (iii) manufacture and sell/give away stamps, coins, flags, awards and other physical paraphernalia, (iv) have had their activities documented in the independent media, and (v) have recorded interactions, either in person or via correspondence with other organizations or individuals in the real world.

 * Thank you for that. I have already done so. There is a wide spectrum of seriousness here: the fact that games-playing and reality blur into one another for some people does not help.  I like the description "aspirant microstate" for the more serious projects, as it acknowledges (a) that they are not a state yet (b) their aspiration to be one. I await your changes. The Anome 10:20 Dec 29, 2002 (UTC)

 * If you are agreeable will set up a new article under the title "aspirant microstate" in the next few days, and transfer relevant data from "micronation" to that page. I believe this would also allow coverage of such failed secessionist states as Katanga, Biafra etc, and should help clarify the present muddy waters somewhat. George

He seems bent on editing his older version... Vera Cruz

I fail to see your logic in having a page called 'Anne Windsor'. There IS no such person. Windsor is the name of the Royal family (House of Windsor), but the family surname is, and has been for decades, Windsor Mountbatten. But I fail to see the logic in applying different rules to male and female royals, and of forgetting that senior figures in royal families are known by name and title, not surname. (In most countries, the family name of the local Royal Family would not even be widely known). Are you going to rename Pope John XXIII's page as Angelo Roncalli, former king Constantine II's Constantine Gluckberg, Prince William of Wales as William Windsor-Mountbatten or even more ludicrously William Windsor''? Everyone I have come across, bar one, has thought naming the Princess Royal's page as Anne Windsor is plainly absurd. No one can see the logic of your change, which simply mucks up the logic (is Catherine of Aragon going to be renamed, as after all, of Aragon wasn't her surname but her pre-marital title?) and makes it more difficult to find the reference, which runs contrary to Wiki's own mission to provide information using most commonly used, accurate name, not a wrong version of a wrong surname. I see a number of your moves have been controversial, according to this page. Please explain the logic, because I cannot see it, and nor can others? JTD 21:17 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)

Question for you (and other photographers) at talk:f-number and perspective distortion. Koyaanis Qatsi - Nice work at Hitchcock zoom. :-) Koyaanis Qatsi

 * Thank you! The Anome

why did you move sv-pedia to a Wikipedia: metapage?

 * Because it's an article about a subset of the Wikipedia. and the Wikipedia: namespace exists for the purpose, to keep the main encyclopedia namespace clear for articles on the rest of the world. The Anome

 * Is this Sri Vaishnavism wiki not outside Wikipedia? - Patrick 14:18 Feb 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * I was under the impression that it was intended to be a sub-project within Wikipedia. If it isn't, and it's a bona-fide outside project, the page should be moved back. The Anome

I don't know if you're sympathetic to this cause, but I need support in trying to keep football at football. They want to move it to soccer, please see talk:list of footballers. Mintguy 10:29 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)
 * Obviously not. Mintguy

 * It was a move using association football that sparked this off in the first place and now you've moved it there again. Mintguy

Sorry about that: I do sympathise with your position. The disambig solution is a compromise, and as a result, will irritate both sides a bit. If I had my way, I'd do football == Association Football everywhere. But not everyone thinks as I do, and I've got to recognise the truth of their positions, too. Wiki dynamics will find a way.

 * Thank you for your contribution to the debate about football. I felt outgunned and needed all the support I could muster. Thanks. Mintguy

Who is this mysterious banned user? I'm curious. JTD 23:02 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * See the mailing list for long history. The Anome 23:04 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

Oh God not that dreaded Lir person again. AAAAAGH. If it is Isis, I'll just give a small aaaaagh! JTD 23:08 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * Please take this to the list. The Anome 23:12 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * I have taken it to the list (with the question where the previous debate you refer on "Iraq crisis" is - could you tell me?). --Elian

I see that dodgy Bush League has reared its ugly head again. I am not fan of the Bush dynasty (to put it mildly) but this hardly seems suitable in the absence of wholescale NPOVing for Wiki. JTD 01:48 Feb 28, 2003 (UTC)

Anome, why did you move Beethoven/Symphony 9 to Beethoven's_ninth_symphony? This is inconsistent with the other Beethoven articles. See:

Beethoven/Piano Sonata 14 Beethoven/Opus 1 Beethoven/String Quartet 16

(other examples exist)

 * I thought that sub-pages were deprecated in favour of descriptive names, for a number of reasons. You'll notice that the old link still works as a redirect.  If this is a major problem, we will need to discuss it on the policy pages. The Anome

 * Fair enough...

- Just in case anybody questions why you are reverting 142.177's work: --mav

To sate my curiousity, could u expand upon the link between autism and Machiavellian intelligence Susan Mason

Some theorists believe that autistic people lack Machiavellian intelligence. One hypothesis is that they lack a "theory of mind" which is necessary for both cooperation and deceit. The Anome

Hi Anome, I question the validity of comparing BGP to SS7. BGP is a single protocol, although it is central to the Internet. SS7 is a protocol *suite*, built basically from scratch starting from layer 2 (or maybe 3). It mostly deals with intra-provider routing (ISUP) with inter-provider typically being fixed. And it transports service related information (INAP), subscriber-related information (MAP) and even short messages (poor MAP again). I would contract SS7 with the TCP/IP protocol stack. Yaronf 17:00 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

Yes, you're right: the two stacks have different structures, so you cannot make direct comparisons. The comparison is that they are both "inter-provider glue" essential for commercial peering (even that's not quite right): it's an invitation to "compare and contrast" that makes for revealing comparisons: "what's the iBGP of the PSTN?" etc.

BGP and routing registries etc. are rapidly growing into a subterranean protocol suite: read NANOG for more details. The Anome 18:45 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

Am I right that you have some interest in psychology? I just did a major rewrite of the article Attachments. Would you mind looking at the earlier version, and what I did, and commenting? Thanks, Slrubenstein

You were wrong to move "Legendre polynomials" to "Legendre polynomial". If I am wrong about this point, why did you not answer my explanation, on the discussion page, of why I had moved it from "Legendre polynomial" to "Legendre polynomials"? Would you write an article about John, Paul, George, and Ringo and give it the title "Beatle", instead of "Beatles"? The same thing applies here: the Legendre polynomials are a sequence of polynomials that are thought of as a sequence rather than individually. Michael Hardy 20:30 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC)

Usage vs. policy: I'm not doctrinare about either, just so long as both point to the same article. The Anome 20:34 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC)
 * Google says 12500 "legendre polynomials" vs. 6230 "legendre polynomial"
 * Wikipedia policy is to use the singular in the common case.

 * We try to avoid spurious pluralization for article titles (see Naming conventions (pluralization)). But the whole point of that is to make sure linking to articles is easy. So if there is very little chance of anyone ever referring to a single of those polynomials, then there is no need to move the article to the singular. --mav

They do get referred to in the singular, just as Ringo Starr might be referred to in the singular when writing about the Beatles, but no one would call the article "Beatle". Michael Hardy 20:42 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC)

Moving DVI (TeX) to DVI file format is debatable: it's still ambiguous according to DVI (not that I've ever heard of GEM DVI format).

If you are back (march 31), please look at Racial characteristics. I just did some basic NPOVing but I believe the article is beyond hope -- please look at the original version too. I think it is just someone's atempt to do an end-run around the race article. Slrubenstein

Hi Anome, I just have seen that you have moved the page Wave-Particle duality; can you, please, change all the links to this page because the 'Related changes doesn't work for redirected pages. Thanks. -- looxix 22:13 Apr 12, 2003 (UTC)

- I noticed your comments on Mr. Wales' Page. Lir/Vera's IP address is not to be confused with my user name, 172!

172

WAIT! I thought the general rule was not to include "Dr." etc. in article names such as Dr. John Snow? Maybe John Snow (doctor) instead, if you need to disambiguate? -- John Owens 07:37 May 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * You are quite right. I've now used a disambig block at the head of the article, instead. The Anome 07:42 May 8, 2003 (UTC)

Thank you for doing "the dirty" for The absolute article. Personally I am not sure that there should not be an article with that header. But on the third tentacle I did not think that particular article came close to being appropriate. It might have been appropriate, if there were a huge number of other viewpoints added... not likely though. I do hope someone will start over again from a more neutral viepoint. Cimon avaro 16:03 May 12, 2003 (UTC)

Please see Talk:Green movement, Talk:Gaian, Talk:Natural resources - you were the person who originally listed those pages on pages needing attention, some time ago... Martin - We are trying to increase the number of people who are Wikipedia Administrators. Until now, we've been relying on users to take the initiative to ask for this access themselves but this has resulted in a slow rate Admin rank expansion. So we've gone ahead and nominated and approved you and several other long-time users for the account upgrade. This means that your fellow Wikipedians feel that you are a responsible, well-known, and fair-minded user.

Agreeing to be an Administrator does not mean that you are expected to do any additional work above and beyond what you do now ; It just means that we trust you to to have certain privileges and responsibilities that can't be entrusted to random users (such as editing the Main Page, protected policy pages, or banning the IPs of vandals).

All we need from you now is your consent. You can either send an email to WikiEN-L (preferred) or simply state "I agree" on the bottom of this page.

-- Daniel Mayer (aka mav)

 * I agree. Thank you for the invitation. The Anome 07:11 May 13, 2003 (UTC)

- Congratulations, you are now a sysop! Please see Administrators for our sysop guidelines before using your new and amazing powers. --Eloquence 08:20 May 13, 2003 (UTC)

Basic theories of science is an orphan. Maybe you could find some articles to point to it :) Kingturtle 06:58 May 14, 2003 (UTC)

Yeh, I just saw that too. I guess I should make it habit to preview everything. ... I wonder how so many spaces get there, anyway. Koyaanis Qatsi

-

Hey I just posted to the list about Andre. It is a little worrying, whether it is him or someone who cracked his code. Danny

hi, thanks for the deletion the other day :-) ant

Without realizing that you had moved Non-parametric statistics to Non-parametric statistic I moved it back. Sorry. I'd restore it but since that could just create more confusion I'll leave it to you. I prefer the title with statistics myself, but I can live with the statistic. Jfitzg

Thanks for changing thou. I was absolutely dephlogisticated as to why my new thou article was picking up an unforeseen link from the standardisation topics list. My dictionary was plentifully ignorant of the thou (unit). Never 'eard of it. -- IHCOYC

Hi ths is smith03 i was going to write up a little about my college Augsburg and it said you had block me? --[smith03]

 * Hello, smith03, I don't remember blocking you: can you tell me what the message says -- there's usually a message on the page with the block message. Are you an AOL user by any chance? We recently had to block an abusive AOL user, and the blocks may be affecting other AOL users because of the way that AOL's service works. Please reply to me here, and I'll try to help. The Anome 21:55 31 May 2003 (UTC)

Hello Yes I am an AOL user when i click on link to Augsburg College from the Minnesota page it states user/id has been block. I can get into anyother college from the state of minnesota page but Augsburg

-

Aide-memoire:

 * 22:31 28 May 2003, The Anome blocked 152.163.252.165 (contribs) (unblock) (appears to be Michael / Weezer....)
 * 22:35 28 May 2003, The Anome blocked 152.163.252.167 (contribs) (unblock) (IP-hopping vandal, abusive comments)
 * 22:38 28 May 2003, The Anome blocked 152.163.252.5 (contribs) (unblock) (IP-hopping Michael/Weezer)
 * 22:39 28 May 2003, The Anome blocked 152.163.252.2 (contribs) (unblock) (IP-hopping Michael/Weezer)
 * 17:10 29 May 2003, The Anome blocked 142.177.92.150 (contribs) (unblock) (banning you-know-who, repeat offender)
 * 21:36 29 May 2003, The Anome blocked 152.163.253.5 (contribs) (unblock) (banning IP apparently associated with Michael / Weezer vandal)
 * 21:49 29 May 2003, Hephaestos blocked 152.163.252.66 (contribs) (unblock) (banning IP apparently associated with Michael / Weezer vandal)

--

To smith03:
 * OK, I've unblocked these AOL proxies in the 152.163.0.0/16 block. Let me know if you can edit now. The Anome 22:17 31 May 2003 (UTC)

yep thanks

In case you didn't already know, I've created a group watchlist of sorts at Favorite pages of banned users to help with tracking when Michael is vandalizing (and any future vandals like him). So feel free too use it, I have already found it helpful, and please add to it when he vandalizes more. Thanks. MB 22:13 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I didn't know that OPL isn't compatible with GFDL, that is really sad. I've read the licensing terms and they seemed compatible with publishing in Wikipedia. Do you know of any resource or comparison between the OPL and GFDL? -- Rotem Dan 10:49 12 Jun 2003 (UTC)

See http://www.dairiki.org/HammondWiki/opl.html : for a start, it requires redistribution of derived works only under the OPL, and prevents distribution for a fee, which GFDL explicitly permits. The Anome 10:56 12 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Ok, I'm having a hard time reading legal documents, I guess I misunderstood it. -- Rotem Dan 11:15 12 Jun 2003 (UTC)

The issue of clerical names has long been debated. Papal and cardinal names have been agreed and been used in the format agreed. We are currently debating the form to use in patriarch's names. re cardinal names - the format agreed was the only one workable. Some cardinals changed their name completely when they became a cardinal. Others way back in history have obscure long forgotten first names. It was agreed to use {name} Cardinal surname because

 * 1) It can be universally applied to all cardinals, whether they changed their name or not, whether they are 11th century or 20th century.
 * 2) It is the correct name and for papal and royal titles we have followed correct name.
 * 3) It keeps cardinal surname together, so someone checking '"Cardinal O'Connor on a google search will link to John '"Cardinal O'Connor easily.
 * 4) Where we don't have a first name or it has been lost in time, we can still use Cardinal x. If we dropped 'cardinal' we would not have enough info to create a page. Using Cardinal avoids that.

As a result, this usage was agreed on the Naming conventions (names and titles) and has been used for all cardinal pages created. So please don't rename the page in breach of an agreed convention. BTW when you moved it the last time you created a duplicate page. I had to delete the page for that reason.

BTW - don't rely on google searches. I know of at least 50 articles I have worked on where google searches are not merely wrong but complete bullshit. For example, tens of thousands of google searches say the Prince of Wales' surname is Windsor. Hundreds say Mountbatten-Windsor. The tens of thousands are wrong. (That fact was checked with Buckingham Palace!) Don't take google searches with a pinch of salt but with a bucket of salt! wikilove, FearÉIREANN 16:32 12 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Notice you removed David Brinkley from the current events page. Should we also remove Donald Regan. Help me understand the death critera. Would Bob Hope qualify? Ex-presidents? User:robertkeller 12 Jun 2003

My understanding is that all deaths, unless of world-shaking importance, should go in Recent deaths. So the answer to all those questions is: no, not unless the policy changes. The Anome 17:26 12 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I see you're updating all references to "George Bush" (the elder) to "George H. W. Bush", so that George Bush can perhaps be a disambiguation page. This will certainly serve Wikipedia well in the future. I would just urge some caution when updating the links to "George Bush" as you have been doing. On April 2003, the reference to George Bush was actually to the elder. I'm not sure how many other unclear cases there are like this, but they do exemplify why this disambiguation is a good idea. -- Minesweeper 09:03 14 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Thank you for catching that, Minesweeper. I'm trying to be careful with these changes: please let me know if I screw any more up. -- The Anome 09:34 14 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I saw you reverted a 'nice' change about the Tesco store, perhaps from an dissatisfied customer. Question: how do you revert to an older version? Or can only admins do that? Pascal 12:02 15 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Go to the page history, select an older version, select "edit this page" on the older version, and save it, usually with a comment saying you are reverting to an earlier version. Admins have a short-cut for doing this repeatedly for abusive users, but it has exactly the same effect as doing the above. The Anome 12:30 15 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi, I just wanted to say thank you for supporting my sysop application. Angela 14:15 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi Anome. DP is Distributed Proofreaders, a part of Project Gutenberg, which creates online versions of Public Domain books. The Nuttall Encyclopedia is one such book, a 1907 encyclopedia, with lots of biographical stubs, that is currently being processed. I took the stub, wikied and NPOVed it, and I also changed the language a bit to make it more up to date--I also added the first name, which did not appear in the original article. This is the third article I have based on that, hoping to fill in some of the lacunae here with some stubbish articles with some content. For more information on this, see the Talk page to Gabriel Derzhaven. I think it is much more useful than a pure dump of Britannica 1911 articles, since these are so much easier to transform into updated, (more or less)original works. Hope this answers your question. Danny

No probs. As soon as it becomes available I will link to it. Danny

Re: Michael - if his account is blocked he'll just edit anonymously with a constantly changing IP. It's actually much easier to revert his stuff if he's logged in... though admittedly he wouldn't be able to move pages... Evercat 19:28 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, moving pages is a new one. Several people have noted that Michael continues to edit here against repeated notifications that he is officially banned. Perhaps the problem needs to be pushed upstream towards his ISP... The Anome 19:36 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I wish I actually had a copy of Winning Ways, so I could go from raw source as opposed to second-hand. I just have a copy of ''On Numbers. . .'' Phil Bordelon 23:29 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

My English teachers always told me that one should use "one", it is more or less improper to use "you" unless you are referring to a specific person(s). Pizza Puzzle

The text is referring to one specific person, who is unique in context; the person who is reading the article. The Anome 14:54 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

That is wrong, the text is not referring to any specific person, only to any person who happens to read the article. Pizza Puzzle

No, at the risk of being pedantic, the term "you" can only mean one person to the person to which it is addressed. Think "What should one do if a tsunami is on its way?" vs. "Hey you! Yes you! A tsunami is on the way!". But I am being needlessly pedantic, and some greater pedant will now arise and strike me down. -- The Anome 22:35 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Actually, unless you speak a dialect of English which uses "thou" for singular, "you" can mean many persons besides the one addressed. But it always includes the one addressed. Personally, I much prefer languages with separate singular and plural forms; if there was a chance of bringing "thou" back into regular use, I'd be all for it. -- John Owens 22:41 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I'm batting for "observer-dependent second person singular" here, with second person plural as my fallback position. The Anome 22:48 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * 15:09 21 May 2003, The Anome blocked 65.161.65.104 (contribs) (unblock) (repeated vandalism: has read the "vandalism in progress" page but still continuing)

 * assuming the guy has gotten over being dumped by his girlfriend, is it now safe to unblock the IP address he once used? Martin 22:32 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree, and I have now unblocked IP 65.161.65.104 -- The Anome 07:51 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks :) Martin

Could you update the graph in Awareness statistics? I can do it myself if necessary, but my gnuplot-fu is a bit rusty. --Eloquence 00:56 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks! --Eloquence

YOU!!!
You know what? I just created a knew account to add this comment/discussion since my old one was blocked. And you know who blocked me? YOU!!! What kinda ass-kissing, cocksucking, motherfucker would do that? I was just expirementing with the articles, that's all. I wasn't commiting a hate crime on the Internet or Wikipedia or something. If your not too much of a pussy to respond to this comment, talk back. P.S. What the fuck kinda name is "The Anome" anyway?

title: User talk:The Anome/archive 1