text:
Metro Vancouver Regional District

The Metro Vancouver Regional District (MVRD), or simply Metro Vancouver, is a Canadian political subdivision and corporate entity representing the metropolitan area of Greater Vancouver, designated by provincial legislation as one of the 28 regional districts in British Columbia. The organization was known as the Regional District of Fraser–Burrard for nearly one year upon incorporating in 1967, and as the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) from 1968 to 2017.

Metro Vancouver borders Whatcom County, Washington, to the south, the Fraser Valley Regional District to the east, the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District to the north, and the Nanaimo Regional District and Cowichan Valley Regional District across the Strait of Georgia to the west.

The MVRD is under the direction of 23 local authorities and delivers regional services, sets policy and acts as a political forum. The regional district's most populous city is Vancouver, and Metro Vancouver's administrative offices are located in the city of Burnaby. The MVRD's boundaries match those of the Vancouver census metropolitan area (CMA) as identified by Statistics Canada.

History
The Greater Vancouver Water District and the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District were established in 1924 and 1956 respectively. The Government of British Columbia incorporated a regional district for this western portion of the Lower Mainland named the Regional District of Fraser-Burrard on 29 June 1967. Just under a year later, the regional district was renamed as the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) on 13 June 1968.

In 2007, the GVRD applied to change its official legal name a second time to simply "Metro Vancouver", which was deemed more recognizable at the time. British Columbia's Minister of Community Services denied the application due to the absence of the term "regional district" within the proposed new name, though it was suggested that the GVRD could brand itself under the unofficial name of Metro Vancouver. After nine years, with growing public recognition of Metro Vancouver, the overall success of the brand, and confusion between the brand and the official legal name of the regional district, the GVRD moved in 2016 to change its name to the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The regional district was therefore formally renamed a second time by the Government of British Columbia on 30 January 2017 to the Metro Vancouver Regional District.

Geography
The Metro Vancouver Regional District (MVRD) is located east of the Strait of Georgia and north of the State of Washington and is bisected by the Fraser River. The boundaries of the MVRD match those of the Vancouver CMA.

Membership
This regional district comprises 23 local authorities as members: 21 municipalities, one electoral area and one treaty First Nation.

Electoral Area A comprises all unincorporated land within the regional district boundaries, which totals about 818 square kilometres. Most of the area is in the northernmost part of the district, including residential areas and isolated dwellings on Howe Sound between Lions Bay and Horseshoe Bay, on Indian Arm to the north of Deep Cove and Belcarra/Anmore and on the west side of Pitt Lake to the north of Port Coquitlam. Other areas included are Barnston Island on the Fraser River, Passage Island between Bowen Island and West Vancouver, and finally the urban communities of the University of British Columbia and the University Endowment Lands, in which 98% of the population of Electoral Area A lives.

There are also seventeen Indian reserves within the geographical area that are not subject to governance by local authorities or the regional district; they have a combined population of 7,550 (2006).

The cities of Abbotsford and Chilliwack and the district of Mission, located to the east, although often linked to Vancouver in promotions and tourism, are part of a separate regional district, the Fraser Valley Regional District.

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, the Metro Vancouver Regional District had a population of $2,642,825$ living in $1,043,319$ of its $1,104,532$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,463,431$. With a land area of 2878.93 km2, it had a population density of in 2021. The Metro Vancouver Regional District is the densest and most populous regional district in British Columbia, and the second-densest and second-most populous census division in Canada behind Toronto.

Governance
Metro Vancouver technically comprises four separate corporate entities: the Metro Vancouver Regional District (MVRD), the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District (GVS&DD), the Greater Vancouver Water District (GVWD) and the Metro Vancouver Housing Corporation (MVHC). Each of these is governed by a board of directors. The board of the MVRD has 40 directors coming from the 23 local authorities who are MVRD members. The number of directors coming from each local authority is determined by population, and the number of votes allocated to each director further helps proportionally represent the population distribution of the region. Each board director is also an elected official of one of the local authorities, with the exception of the elected representative for Electoral Area A (which has no council).

As of 2017, the organization had about 1,500 employees. The current organizational structure shows ten departments reporting to the Chief Administrative Officer: Human Resources & Corporate Services; External Relations; Financial Services; Legal Services & Aboriginal Relations; Board & Information Services; Liquid Waste Services; Parks & Housing Services; Planning & Environment; Solid Waste Services; and Water Services.

Administrative role
The principal function of Metro Vancouver is to administer resources and services which are common across the metropolitan area. The Metro Vancouver Board has defined its strategic priorities for 2015 through 2018 in its Board Strategic Plan.

The organization categorizes its work into action areas as described in the following subsections. However, 84% of the organization's budget is spent in three of those areas – the three utilities (water, liquid waste, solid waste). Metro Vancouver's commitments and its members' commitments to each action area are outlined in eight board-approved management plans as referenced below.

Water

Metro Vancouver's tap water is provided by four legal entities that operate under the name Metro Vancouver: the GVWD, the GVS&DD, the MVRD and MVHC. They collectively serve 2.8 million residents in the region and provide 1.5 e9L of water during peak summer days. The GVWD provides tap water to a land area covering more than 2,600 km² with all of the water coming from three sources: the Capilano reservoir, the Seymour reservoir and the Coquitlam reservoir. Metro Vancouver controls the Cleveland Dam on the Capilano reservoir, which supplies 40 percent of the district's water. The system includes 26 storage tanks, 19 pump stations, and 520 km of water mains.

Liquid waste
Metro Vancouver operates and maintains the liquid waste facility, which includes managing "the network of trunk sewers, pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants that connect with municipal sewer systems". Throughout operations, the organization is committed to protecting public health and the environment, and recovering as much resources (energy, nutrients, etc.) as possible out of the waste stream.

The liquid waste utility is committed to the goals and strategies in the Integrated Liquid Waste and Resource Management plan, as approved by the board. The three goals are to:
 * Protect public health and the environment
 * Use liquid waste as a resource
 * Effective, affordable and collaborative management

Solid waste
Metro Vancouver's solid waste utility is committed to the goals and strategies in the Integrated Solid Waste and Resource Management plan, as approved by the board. The four goals are to:
 * Minimize waste generation
 * Maximize reuse, recycling and material recovery
 * Recover energy from the waste stream after material recycling
 * Dispose of all waste in landfill after material recycling and energy recovery

One initiative of the organization was the Ashcroft Manor Ranch Mega-Landfill Proposal in Ashcroft, British Columbia, in the Thompson Country of the British Columbia Interior, as there is no more room in the Lower Mainland for Metro Vancouver's garbage. A similar project nearby adjacent to the town of Cache Creek, British Columbia has almost reached capacity. Environmental concerns about the area's sensitive shrub–steppe climate and ecology are strong, while Highland Valley Copper, near Logan Lake, has offered the use of its mine-pit instead. Other MVRD landfill locations serving the regional district in the past have been in the Fraser Mills area, between the Trans-Canada Highway and the Fraser, and at Port Mann, beneath the south foot of the Port Mann Bridge.

Housing
Metro Vancouver owns and manages housing complexes throughout the region via the Metro Vancouver Housing Corporation (MVHC); it also forms policy on homelessness and affordable housing for the region. The MVHC's board-approved goals, as outlined in the Affordable Housing Strategy, are to:
 * Expand the supply and diversity of housing to meet a variety of needs
 * Expand the rental supply and balance preservation of existing stock with redevelopment while supporting existing tenants
 * Meet housing demand estimates for very low and low income earners
 * Increase the rental housing supply along the frequent transit network
 * End homelessness in the region

The MVHC's sole shareholder is the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The number of directors of the housing corporation is 13.

Regional planning
Metro Vancouver works in collaboration with its members to achieve a shared vision of livability across the generations, as laid out in the Regional Growth Strategy (RGS), which was approved by the board in 2011, replacing the Livable Region Strategic Plan (LRSP). Th RGS requires each member local authority to provide a Regional Context Statement to "demonstrate to the Metro Vancouver Board how its Official Community Plan Supports the RGS." The five goals of the RGS are to:
 * Create a compact urban area
 * Support a sustainable economy
 * Protect the environment and respond to climate change impacts
 * Develop complete communities
 * Support sustainable transportation choices

Regional planning also includes planning and policy-making in agriculture and the food industry. The organization is committed to the goals and strategies in the Regional Food System Strategy, as approved by the board. The goals are to:
 * Increase capacity to produce food close to home
 * Improve the financial viability of the food sector
 * Have people make healthy and sustainable food choices
 * Provide everyone with access to healthy, culturally diverse and affordable food
 * Maintain a food system consistent with ecological health

In 2018, the organization's board also adopted the Ecological Health Framework, which encapsulates Metro Vancouver’s collective efforts around ecological health and provides guiding principles, goals, and strategies to help achieve the vision of a "beautiful, healthy, and resilient environment for current and future generations." The goals are:
 * Goal 1: Build ecological resilience and minimize impacts
 * Goal 2: Protect natural areas and conserve ecosystem services
 * Goal 3: Nurture nature within communities

Air quality
The organization runs programs and set policy to protect public health and the environment with respect to air quality, improve visual air quality and minimize the region's contribution to climate change. The organization is committed to the goals and strategies in the Integrated Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Management Plan, as approved by the board. The three goals are to:
 * Protect public health and the environment
 * Improve visual air quality
 * Minimize the region's contribution to global climate change

Regional parks
The parks department of Metro Vancouver oversees the development and maintenance of 23 regional parks, as well as various nature reserves and greenways. The organization is committed to the goals and strategies in the Regional Parks Plan, as approved by the board. The four goals are to:
 * Promote ecological health
 * Promote outdoor recreation for human health and wellness
 * Support community stewardship, education and stewardships
 * Promote philanthropy and economic opportunities

Regional parks are distinct from municipal parks in that they are typically more "wild" and represent unique geographical zones within the region, such as bogs and mature rainforests.

Regional economic prosperity
Regional economic prosperity is a service of Metro Vancouver organized to advance a shared prosperity in the region. The service is structured around three functions: fostering collaboration, conducting regional data collection and research, and attracting investment.

Regional federation
Metro Vancouver undertakes support functions that underpin the rest of its service areas. In these areas, the organization commits to "contribute to the effective and efficient performance of our regional roles through leadership and collaboration with our members and other stakeholders." There are eight strategic directions guiding work in this area:
 * Livable and sustainable region: Use livability and sustainability objectives to guide Metro Vancouver services and operations.
 * Effective federation: Strengthen the alignment of member and regional objectives.
 * Public education: Increase Metro Vancouver's profile by leveraging events and news related to regional services.
 * Engagement: Enhance relationships between Metro Vancouver and other orders of government, First Nations and stakeholders.
 * Regional transportation: Advocate the merits of integrating regional land use and transportation planning.
 * Regional prosperity: Clarify and strengthen Metro Vancouver's role in pursuing a collaborative approach to regional prosperity.
 * Emergency preparedness: Collaborate with stakeholders to prepare for major emergencies.
 * Fiscal responsibility: Use value for service to guide Metro Vancouver operations and service provision.

The organization's board has also adopted the Corporate Climate Action Plan, the purpose of which is to, "set out strategies and actions to achieve Metro Vancouver's commitment to corporate carbon neutrality and to adapt [its] corporate infrastructure and activities to the anticipated consequences of climate change." The strategies of the plan are to:
 * Reduce energy consumption
 * Switch to renewable energy
 * Maximize energy recovery
 * Sequester and remove carbon
 * Adapt existing infrastructure and operations
 * Plan and build resilient new infrastructure and facilities

title: Metro Vancouver Regional District


text:
Atom Heart Mother

Atom Heart Mother is the fifth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd. It was released by Harvest on 2 October 1970 in the United Kingdom, and on 10 October 1970 in the United States. It was recorded at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) in London, and was the band's first album to reach number 1 in the UK, while it reached number 55 in the US, eventually going gold there.

The cover was designed by Hipgnosis, and was the band's first not to feature their name, or have photographs of them on any part of it. This was a trend that would continue on subsequent covers throughout the 1970s.

Although it was commercially successful on release, the band – particularly Roger Waters and David Gilmour – have expressed negative opinions of the album. A remastered CD was released in 1994 in the UK and the US, and again in 2011. Ron Geesin, who had influenced and collaborated with Waters, co-composed the title track.

Recording

Pink Floyd started work on the album after completing their contributions to the soundtrack for the film Zabriskie Point in Rome, which had ended somewhat acrimoniously. They headed back to London in early 1970 for rehearsals. A number of out-takes from the Rome sessions were used to assemble new material during these rehearsals, though some of it, such as "The Violent Sequence", later to become "Us and Them", would not be used for some time.

Side one
The title track of Atom Heart Mother resulted from a number of instrumental figures the band had composed during these rehearsals, including the chord progression of the main theme, which guitarist David Gilmour had called "Theme from an Imaginary Western", and the earliest documented live performance was on 17 January 1970 at Hull University. The band felt that the live performances developed the piece into a manageable shape. Recording of the track commenced at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) in London, and was somewhat cumbersome, as it was the first recording to use a new eight-track one-inch tape and EMI TG12345 transistorised mixing console (8-track, 24-microphone inputs) in the studio. As a result, EMI insisted the band were not allowed to do any splicing of the tape to edit pieces together. Consequently, band members Roger Waters and Nick Mason had little choice but to play the bass and drums, respectively, for the entire 23-minute piece in one sitting. The other instruments the band played were overdubbed later. Mason recalled the final backing track's lack of precise timekeeping would cause problems later on. Geesin denied Mason's account and said the tapes given to him for arranging the score were a collage of short sections.

By March, they had finished recording the track, but felt that it was rather unfocused and needed something else. The band had been introduced to Ron Geesin via the Rolling Stones tour manager, Sam Cutler, and were impressed with his composition and tape-editing capabilities, particularly Waters and Mason. Geesin was handed the completed backing tracks the band had recorded, and asked to compose an orchestral arrangement over the top of it while the band went on tour to the US. Geesin described the composing and arranging as "a hell of a lot of work. Nobody knew what was wanted, they couldn't read music …" According to him, Gilmour came up with some of the melodic lines, while the pair of them along with keyboardist Richard Wright worked on the middle section with the choir. During the recording of his work in June with the EMI Pops Orchestra, the session musicians present were unimpressed with his tendency to favour avant-garde music over established classical works, and, combined with the relative difficulty of some of the parts, harassed him during recording. John Alldis, whose choir was also to perform on the track, had experience in dealing with orchestral musicians, and managed to conduct the recorded performance in place of Geesin.

The track was originally called "The Amazing Pudding", although Geesin's original score referred to it as "Untitled Epic". A refined and improved version (with Geesin's written parts) was played at Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music on 27 June. Its name was changed after the band were due to play an "in concert" broadcast for BBC Radio 1 on 16 July 1970, and had needed a title for John Peel to announce it. Geesin pointed to a copy of the Evening Standard, and suggested to Waters that he would find a title in there. The headline of one article, on page 9, was: "", a story about a woman being fitted with a Plutonium-238-powered pacemaker.

The piece as presented on the completed album is a progression from Pink Floyd's earlier instrumental pieces such as "A Saucerful of Secrets" and even earlier, "Interstellar Overdrive". The "Atom Heart Mother" suite takes up all of side one, and is split into six parts, individually named. Geesin chose the opening section name, "Father's Shout" after Earl "Fatha" Hines, while other names such as "Breast Milky" and "Funky Dung" were inspired by the album cover artwork. The orchestral arrangements feature a full brass section, a cello and the 16-piece John Alldis choir, which take most of the lead melody lines, while Pink Floyd mainly provide the backing tracks; a reverse of the 1960s pop music practice of using orchestration as the background, and putting the rock band in front.

Side two

The album's concept is similar to their previous Ummagumma album, in that it features the full band in the first half, and focuses on individual members in the second half. Side two opens with three five-minute songs: one by each of the band's three resident songwriters; then closes with a sound effects-dominated musical suite primarily conceived by Mason and credited to the whole group. Waters contributes a folk ballad called "If", playing acoustic guitar. Pink Floyd rarely played the song live, but Waters often performed it at solo shows in support of his Radio K.A.O.S. album, more than a decade later. This is followed by Wright's "Summer '68", which also features prominent use of brass in places. It was issued as a Japanese single in 1971, and was the only track on the album never to be played live in concert. The song was reportedly about Wright and a groupie on tour, and had the working title of "One Night Stand".

According to Mason, Gilmour, having had little songwriting experience at that point, was ordered to remain in EMI until he had composed a song suitable for inclusion on the album. He came up with a folk-influenced tune, "Fat Old Sun", which he still cites as a personal favourite. The song was a regular part of the band's live repertoire in 1970–71, and became a staple of Gilmour's solo set in 2006.

The final track, "Alan's Psychedelic Breakfast", is divided into three segments, each with its own descriptive title, joined by dialogue and sound effects of then-roadie Alan Styles preparing, discussing, and eating breakfast. The idea for the piece came about by Waters experimenting with the rhythm of a dripping tap, which combined sound effects and dialogue recorded by Mason in his kitchen with musical pieces recorded at EMI. A slightly re-worked version was performed on stage on 22 December 1970 at Sheffield City Hall, Sheffield, England with the band members pausing between pieces to eat and drink their breakfast. The original LP ends with the sound of the tap which continues into the inner groove, and thus plays on indefinitely.

Original Floyd frontman Syd Barrett recorded his album Barrett around the same time as Atom Heart Mother, with assistance from Gilmour and Wright. He occasionally visited his old band's sessions to see what they were doing.

Artwork
The original album cover, designed by art collective Hipgnosis, shows a Holstein-Friesian cow standing in a pasture with no text nor any other clue as to what might be on the record. Some later editions have the title and artist name added to the cover. This concept was the group's reaction to the psychedelic space rock imagery associated with Pink Floyd at the time of the album's release; the band wanted to explore all sorts of music without being limited to a particular image or style of performance. They thus requested that their new album had "something plain" on the cover, which ended up being the image of a cow. Storm Thorgerson, inspired by Andy Warhol's famous "cow wallpaper", has said that he simply drove out into a rural area near Potters Bar and photographed the first cow he saw. The cow's owner identified her name as "Lulubelle III". More cows appear on the back cover, again with no text or titles, and on the inside gatefold. Also, a pink balloon shaped like a cow udder accompanied the album as part of Capitol's marketing strategy campaign to "break" the band in the US. Looking back on the artwork, Thorgerson remembered: "I think the cow represents, in terms of the Pink Floyd, part of their humour, which I think is often underestimated or just unwritten about."

In the mid-1980s, a bootleg containing rare singles and B-sides entitled The Dark Side of the Moo appeared, with a similar cover. Like Atom Heart Mother, the cover had no writing on it, although in this case it was to protect the bootlegger's anonymity rather than any artistic statement. The album cover for the KLF's concept album Chill Out was also inspired by Atom Heart Mother.

Release and reception
Atom Heart Mother was released on 2 October 1970 in the UK and 10 October in the US. It reached number 1 and number 55, respectively in those countries' charts. It was released in the quadraphonic format in the UK, Germany and Australia. A remastered CD was released in 1994 in the UK and the US. Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab released a 24KT gold CD in the US in 1994, while an LP version was released in the US in the same year. A remastered edition was released in 2011. It was reissued again in 2016 on the band's Pink Floyd Records label.

Critical reaction to the suite has always been mixed, and all band members have expressed negativity toward it. Gilmour has said the album was "a load of rubbish. We were at a real down point ... I think we were scraping the barrel a bit at that period" and "a good idea but it was dreadful... Atom Heart Mother sounds like we didn't have any idea between us, but we became much more prolific after it." Similarly, in a 1984 interview on BBC Radio 1, Waters said "If somebody said to me now – right – here's a million pounds, go out and play Atom Heart Mother, I'd say you must be fucking joking."

In a 1970 review, Alec Dubro of Rolling Stone appraised Atom Heart Mother negatively, stating "if Pink Floyd is looking for some new dimensions, they haven't found them here." In Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said the suite was easier to digest than the second side of songs: "Yeah, they do leave the singing to an anonymous semi-classical chorus, and yeah, they probably did get the horns for the fanfares at the same hiring hall. But at least the suite provides a few of the hypnotic melodies that made Ummagumma such an admirable record to fall asleep to." The album is ranked number 990 in All-Time Top 1000 Albums.

Live performances
The band were initially enthusiastic about performing the suite. An early performance was taped for the San Francisco television station KQED, featuring just the band, on 28 April 1970. Two major performances were at the Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music on 27 June and the "Blackhills Garden Party" in Hyde Park, London on 18 July. On both occasions the band were accompanied by the John Alldis Choir and the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble. Later, the band took a full brass section and choir on tour just for the purpose of performing this piece. However, this caused the tour to lose money, and the band found problems with the hired musicians, which changed from gig to gig as they simply took who was available, which, combined with lack of rehearsal and problems miking up the whole ensemble, made a full live performance more problematic. Reflecting on this, Gilmour said "some of the brass players have been really hopeless". According to Mason, the band arrived at one gig in Aachen, Germany, only to discover they had left the sheet music behind, forcing tour manager Tony Howard to go back to London and get it.

A later arrangement without brass or choir, and pared down from 25 minutes to fifteen by omitting the "collage" sections and closing reprise of the main theme, remained in their live repertoire into 1972. The first live performance of The Dark Side of the Moon suite in Brighton was abandoned partway through; after a break, the band played Atom Heart Mother instead. Pink Floyd's last live performance of the suite took place on 22 May 1972 at the Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Legacy
Stanley Kubrick wanted to use the album's title track in A Clockwork Orange. The group refused permission, primarily because Kubrick was unsure of exactly which pieces of music he wanted and what he wished to do with them. In retrospect, Waters said "maybe it's just as well it wasn't used after all". Nevertheless, the album is visible behind the counter in the record store scene of the film.

On 14 and 15 June 2008, Geesin performed "Atom Heart Mother" with Italian tribute band Mun Floyd over two nights as part of the Chelsea Festival. Geesin introduced it with a history and slide show. The performances featured the chamber choir Canticum, brass and cellist Caroline Dale, who has worked with Gilmour. The second night saw Gilmour join Geesin on stage for the performance, which was extended to 30 minutes.

In 2013, Geesin produced a book, The Flaming Cow, which documented his experience with working with Pink Floyd, including the making of this album from his point of view.

Personnel
Taken from sleeve notes. Track numbers noted in parentheses below are based on CD track numbering.

Pink Floyd
 * David Gilmour – electric guitar (1, 2, 4 and 5), slide guitar (1, 2), pedal steel guitar (4, 5), acoustic guitar (3-5), classical guitar (3), bass and drums (4), vocals (4)
 * Nick Mason – drums (1-3, 5), percussion, sound effects (1, 5)
 * Roger Waters – bass (1-3, 5), classical guitar (2), vocals (2), sound effects (1, 5)
 * Richard Wright – piano (1-3, 5), Farfisa organ (1, 4), Hammond organ (1-5), Mellotron (1), vocals (3)

Additional musicians
 * EMI Pops Orchestra – brass and orchestral sections (uncredited)
 * Hafliði Hallgrímsson – cello (1) (uncredited)
 * John Alldis Choir – choir (1)
 * Alan Styles – voice and sound effects (5) (uncredited)

Production
 * Ron Geesin – orchestration and co-composition (1) (uncredited)
 * Peter Bown – engineering
 * Alan Parsons – engineering (misspelled as "Allan Parsons" on the original sleeve)
 * Doug Sax, James Guthrie – 1994 remastering at The Mastering Lab, L.A.
 * James Guthrie, Joel Plante – 2011 remastering at das boot recording

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atom Heart Mother


text:
Glassworks (composition)

Glassworks is a chamber music work of six movements by Philip Glass. Following his larger-scale concert and stage works, it was Glass's successful attempt to create a more pop-oriented "Walkman-suitable" work, with considerably shorter and more accessible pieces written for the recording studio.

The LP and cassette were released in 1982, each with its own separate mix: the record album intended for home listening and the tape for personal cassette players. The headphone-specific mix, previously only available on cassette, was reissued digitally 2016. Glassworks was intended to introduce my music to a more general audience than had been familiar with it up to then.

Movements
1. "Opening" (piano, with horn at end) 6:24

2. "Floe" (2 flutes, 2 soprano saxophones, 2 tenor saxophones, 2 horns, synthesizer) 5:59

3. "Island" (2 flutes, 2 soprano saxophones, tenor saxophone, bass clarinet, 2 horns, viola, violoncello, synthesizer) 7:39

4. "Rubric" (2 flutes, 2 soprano saxophones, 2 tenor saxophones, 2 horns, synthesizer) 6:04

5. "Façades" (2 soprano saxophones, synthesizer, viola, violoncello) 7:20
 * This movement has its origins in the film score Koyaanisqatsi, but was ultimately not used in the film; it is often performed as a work in its own right (ISWC T-010.461.089-0).

6. "Closing (flute, clarinet, bass clarinet, horn, viola, violoncello, piano) 6:03
 * A reprise of "Opening".

"Opening"
"Opening" uses triplet eighth notes, over duple eighth notes, over whole notes in 4/4 time. Formally it consists of three groups of four measure phrases of three to four chords repeated four times each, ABC:||ABC, which then merges with the next movement, "Floe" with the entrance of the horns.

"Floe"
There are two formulaically identical sections to the movement. Although rhythmically driven, the melodic implications of "Floe" occur somewhat coincidentally by orchestration. There is no modulation, but the harmonic progression simply repeats over and over again. The layering of contrasting timbres is characteristic of the piece as a whole. Floe borrows a theme from Jean Sibelius's fifth symphony.

In popular culture
"Rubric" and "Façades" both appeared in the 2008 documentary about Philippe Petit, Man on Wire. "Floe" was featured on the soundtrack of the 1989 Italian horror film The Church.

Release and reception
The album was commercially successful, introduced Glass's music to a large audience, and gave Glass widespread name recognition.

title: Glassworks (composition)


text:
Patty Smyth

Patricia Smyth (born June 26, 1957) is an American singer and songwriter. She first came into national attention with the rock band Scandal and went on to record and perform as a solo artist. Her distinctive voice and new wave image gained broad exposure through video recordings aired on cable music video channels such as MTV. Her debut solo album Never Enough was well received, and generated a pair of Top 100 hits. In the early 1990s she reached the top 10 with the hit single "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough," a duet with Don Henley of Eagles. She performed and co-wrote with James Ingram the song "Look What Love Has Done" for the 1994 motion picture Junior. The work earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Song Written for Visual Media, as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song.

With Scandal
After growing up in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Gerritsen Beach, Smyth joined Scandal as lead vocalist in 1981. The band released a self-titled debut EP the next year. Featuring the song "Goodbye to You," it went on to become Columbia Records' biggest selling EP. In 1984, they put out their follow-up, Warrior. Buoyed by MTV airplay, the album peaked at No. 17 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, and the first song off the release, also titled "The Warrior," was a Top 10 hit. However, despite their success, internal strife within the band led to their break-up soon afterward.

Solo career
Following the end of Scandal, Smyth was invited by her friend Eddie Van Halen to join the band Van Halen to replace David Lee Roth as lead singer. However, she declined the offer, because she was eight months pregnant and "It was just not the right time for me," she says now. "I was a New Yorker, I didn't want to live in L.A. ... and those guys were drunk and fighting all the time". In a 2023 interview on "Steve O's Wild Ride", Sammy Hagar stated that Eddie Van Halen and Patti Smyth were having a sexual relationship at the time. She guest-appeared on the Hooters 1985 album Nervous Night on the song "Where Do the Children Go" as an accompanying vocalist.

Smyth released her first solo album, Never Enough, in 1987. It contained her version of the Tom Waits song "Downtown Train," which Rod Stewart would make a hit three years later, and the title track "Never Enough," which was co-written with members of the Hooters and based on a song of the same title that Hooters members Eric Bazilian and Rob Hyman had written for their earlier band, Baby Grand. In 1988 she contributed the Diane Warren penned "I Run Right Back" to the Caddyshack II soundtrack. She put out another solo effort in 1992, the eponymous Patty Smyth. Off of that effort, she secured a hit record via a duet with Don Henley of the Eagles, titled "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough." This peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified gold for sales of 500,000. The album, also certified gold, featured an additional US Top 40 hit with "No Mistakes" and also spawned the minor hit "I Should Be Laughing." Smyth had previously recorded with Henley as a backing singer on several songs on his albums Building the Perfect Beast and The End of the Innocence.

Smyth subsequently co-wrote the 1994 song "Look What Love Has Done," nominated for a Grammy and an Academy Award after its inclusion in the soundtrack to the feature film Junior. Further soundtrack commissions resulted in her writing and composing the theme tune, "Wish I Were You," to the 1998 feature film Armageddon. (Her husband, John McEnroe, claimed in his autobiography that she was inspired to write the song by his own attempt at a musical career; she was struck by his excitement at playing music, when her own feelings about the music industry were much more ambivalent.) In 1999, Smyth sang lead vocals on "Ode To Billie Joe," a cover of the 1967 Bobbie Gentry hit, on the album Smokin' Section by Tom Scott & The L.A. Express.

In 2015, to promote the release of her Christmas album called Come On December, she crowd-funded a campaign to support the Headstrong Project with all the money raised on the pre-orders of her album going to the non-profit. The album featured the single "Broken," and the music video for the single was released just before Veterans Day, and was filmed on the grounds of a Veterans of Foreign Wars chapter. The album was released on November 20, 2015.

Reunion with Scandal
In 2004, VH1 recruited Smyth and the surviving members of Scandal for a Bands Reunited episode, resulting in a small reunion tour of concerts on the East Coast of the United States in 2005. The next year, Columbia/Legacy released a new Scandal compilation CD as part of the We Are the '80s series. The compilation contained three unreleased tracks from the 1982 recording sessions ("Grow So Wise", "If You Love Me", "I'm Here Tonight") as well as "All My Life," previously available on the flip side of "Goodbye to You". In July 2008, Billboard reported the upcoming release of new music by the band (featuring original members Keith Mack and Benjy King). They debuted their first single as a band ("Hard for You to Love Me," also referred to as "Make It Hard") in over 24 years on January 17, 2009 in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

Personal life
Smyth was married to musician Richard Hell in 1985–86; they had a daughter. She met tennis player John McEnroe in 1993; their daughter was born in 1995, and the couple married in 1997. They have since had another daughter.

Smyth and McEnroe live in a duplex on the Upper West Side of Manhattan.

title: Patty Smyth


text:
Willem Slijkhuis

Willem Frederik "Wim" Slijkhuis (13 January 1923 – 28 June 2003) was a Dutch athlete. During his career that lasted from 1939 to 1954 he was a world's top middle distance runner, excelling in distances from 1500 to 5000 metres.

Slijkhuis began his international sports career shortly after World War II, having competed nationally since 1939. In 1946, he won a silver medal in the 5000 m at the European Championships in Oslo.

Two years later he took part in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, and was a favourite to win a medal. In the 5000 m he finished third, behind Belgian Gaston Reiff and the legendary Emil Zátopek; nevertheless Slijkhuis was not satisfied. In the 1500 m, his second event, he could have done better, but started his final sprint to the finish line too late to catch the two leading Swedes, who finished narrowly ahead of him. In spite of this, realising 3:50.4 he equalled his own Dutch record, set two years earlier. Slijkhuis' achievements were overshadowed, however, by the performances of compatriot Fanny Blankers-Koen, who won four gold medals at the same Olympics.

In 1950, Slijkhuis did win a major title: the 1500 m at the European championships held in Brussels, with a time of 3:47.2. His personal best at this distance had already been improved to 3:43.8, realised one year earlier in Antwerp and only 0.8 s away from the existing world record at the time.

During his career Willem Slijkhuis didn't just run almost everywhere in Europe, but also in New Zealand, South Africa and the United States. He was the first Dutchman who competed in the US Indoor circuit and the first non-American, who ever succeeded in obtaining the US title over one mile.

Owing to his stubborn behaviour Slijkhuis sometimes clashed with officials of the Dutch Athletics Federation, who he accused of outrageous interference. On the track however he impressed experts and public with his smooth, steady running style. Especially the English were delighted about his beautiful running style, which they lyrically described as "The Poetry of motion".

His second Olympic participation in the 1952 Summer Olympics ended without any successes. Slijkhuis, who won eleven national titles – including eight in the men's 5000 metres – on track, seven in Cross country running and set thirty Dutch records, ended his career in 1954 due to injuries. He died on 28 June 2003 in Badhoevedorp.

title: Willem Slijkhuis


text:
Talk:Spelling Bee

OK. What about spelling bee? --mav

title: Talk:Spelling Bee


text:
User talk:80.225.0.136

OK. What about spelling bee?

title: User talk:80.225.0.136


text:
Talk:Thalidomide

Clinton Nyström obstetrician and gynaecologist
Both my parents were doctors, my father, Clinton Nyström was an obstetrician and gynaecologist, my mother, Berit Nyström a neurologist. My father was one of the people in the world to speak against the medicine, Thalidomide, when it came out in the 50’s. At the time his reasons were purely theoretical, he had three reasons, long before children were born without arms and legs, (and there were internal invisible growth issues affecting sight, hearing, brain etc.). The first reason why was that he had a genuine deep and wide interest in Chemistry. The second reason was that he was an obstetrician, researching folic acid, looking after pregnant mothers and their babies, so he knew how precious that first developmental stages of growth were. And the third reason that linked the two, he researched into folic acid, that is a vitamin encouraging growth. My pappas theoretical reasons to never prescribe Thalidomide, was based on that the chemical formula being the opposite to the growth formula of folic acid. Pappa felt that his many doctors and professors at the time, belittled his theory, as it was mainly based on a vitamin that very few knew of in the 1950, so he tried to write about Foliac acid, no one took notice, as it was felt that it was nutritional issue, not scientifically valuable. So, when Thalidomide came out It should be remembered that Thalidomide was in the 1950’s the wonder drug, said to be totally harmless. It treated masses of symptoms, like colds, flu, headaches, nausea and morning sickness for example. It had been tested on animals and it was virtually impossible to overdose on it, so because of that in some countries, not Sweden, it could be bought over the counter, and no doctors prescription needed. My mother, mamma, was a neurologist, caring for people with brain diseases. And she was daily asked to prescribe this wonder drug by colleagues and patients, but she refused. Many patients left her because of it. Thalidomide was given to patients across the world for 5-11 years, until an Australian obstetrician William McBride warned in a medical journal, the Lancet, that he had observed a link of multiple severe abnormalities in babies and the use of Thalidomide. The scientific world did learn that due to this scandal, we must not just separately assess one factor, like animal testing to guide our research leading to the development of medicines. Pappa taught me, that if someone, anyone, says something, never disregard it, be curious and ask what the knowledge is based on. Pappa and mamma much later did have a paper accepted on the Biochemistry of Folic acid in January 1967 (by Berit Nyström and Clinton Nyström), as they did feel that they had to justify the use of folic acid biochemically, before any other recommendation, step or future use could be accepted in the scientific world. It also taught me there is a vast mystery and total respect when it comes to growth…. and some chemical substances that unless you are really involved in conception and development, chemistry and folic acid, and my mother would add the brain! It must also be remembered that Thalidomide is still a used medicine against Leprosy and Aids, so even if never ever to be used for a pregnant mother, it is good for other ailments. So even though it should be flagged up as a threat in the gentle environment of growth, it should not be a discarded science. On the Biochemistry of Folic Acid, Acta Obstetricia et Gynacolicia Scandinavia, vol 46, 1967, Berit and Clinton Nyström 91.235.59.80 (talk) 08:49, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

Structure
The structure appears to be wrong with R appearing as S and vice versa. If you check it against the pub chem page it was taken from you can see the structures are the other way around. Not ideal, when the thalidomide scandal was to do with its 2 different enantiomer structures 78.19.29.40 (talk) 19:01, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Notable cases
I added Christian Lohr to the list of notable cases, who is probably the only national politician with disabilities due to the drug (definitively in Switzerland). I could not find a statement / source to specifically say that he is the only one worldwide but I wouldnt know of any other. This makes him notable in my eyes and he should be added to the list. --hroest 22:35, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

Two points needing change/clarification
1. I'm sure the following sentence made sense to the writer, but it is more than a little confusing to me: "The German company had been established as a soap maker after World War II ended, to address the urgent market need for antibiotics." [Found in the section labelled "History"] How does a soap company fulfil a need for antibiotics? There must be a connection there that I'm not seeing, because to me that's the equivalent of saying 'My children were hungry so I gave them a towel.'

2. In the 'Quality of Life' section, it is stated that many babies born in the early 60's were affected by this drug and the babies who survived to adulthood are now middle-aged. Accoring to information earlier in the article, this drug was used from 1957 to 1962, so the babies affected by this drug are now 62-66 years old. I don't think 'middle-aged' is an accurate description of this age group, since many buinsesses use 55 or 60 the cut off to be considered a senior. 2607:FEA8:AA80:A400:1A0:5006:4E00:3392 (talk) 19:14, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

3. Was confused at "By the mid-1950s, 14 pharmaceutical companies were marketing thalidomide in 46 countries under at least 37 different trade names". If the drug wasn't released until late 1957, such marketing couldnt realistically happen until 1958, hardly "mid 1950s". Suggest change to "late 1950s"

title: Talk:Thalidomide


text:
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport

Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a major airport in the U.S. state of Alaska, located 5 mi southwest of downtown Anchorage. The airport is named for Ted Stevens, who served as a senator of Alaska from 1968 to 2009. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a medium-hub primary commercial service facility.

History
Built in 1951, the airport was served in the 1950s by Alaska Airlines, Northwest Orient, Pacific Northern Airlines and Reeve Aleutian Airways, using aircraft ranging from Douglas DC-3s to Boeing 377s, and was also a refuelling stop for Canadian Pacific Air Lines service to the Far East (one such aircraft being involved in a 1951 disappearance). From 1955 to 2011, the eastern end of the airport's southernmost runway connected to the Kulis Air National Guard Base.

By the mid-1980s the airport's nickname was "Crossroads of the World". Anchorage was a common stopover for passengers flying between Europe and East Asia, because airspace in China, the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries was off-limits and because the first generation of jets and widebody airliners did not have the range to fly non-stop across the Pacific Ocean. Carriers using Anchorage for this purpose included:

 * Air France, British Airways, Iberia, KLM, Lufthansa, Sabena, Swissair and Spantax all used Anchorage as a stopover point between Europe and the Far East of Asia into the 1980s to 1991.
 * Japan Airlines served Seattle through Anchorage in the early 1960s, and offered service through Anchorage to London, Paris, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, New York City & São Paulo from the 1960s until October 1991. Last JAL flight was JL438 on October 31, 1991, Paris–Charles de Gaulle - Anchorage - Tokyo–Narita.
 * Korean Air used Anchorage as a stopover point for flights between Seoul and both Europe and the continental US in the 1980s. On September 1, 1983, one of these flights, Flight 007 was shot down by a Soviet pilot who had mistaken it for a spy plane, after unintentionally violating Soviet airspace.
 * Northwest Orient, the first airline to operate scheduled trans-Pacific service after World War II, used Elmendorf Field and later Anchorage International as a stopover for service between US points (Seattle, Chicago and Minneapolis at various times) and Tokyo as late as the mid-1970s.
 * Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) began a transpolar flight from Copenhagen to Tokyo via Anchorage on February 24, 1957. A timetable from 11/25/88 - 3/25/89 shows SAS Flight 989 operated to Anchorage from Copenhagen on Wednesday, Friday & Sunday.  Dep: 3:40PM, Arr: 2:40PM.  It left at 3:20PM and arrived at 4:55pm+1 in Tokyo.

In the mid-1980s airport officials knew that the then-new Boeing 747-400, with a longer range than then-existing aircraft, would decrease stopovers. They did not expect that Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost, towards the end of the Cold War, would open Soviet airspace to flights, causing the decrease to occur sooner than planned. By 1988, 16 airline flights that had previously stopped in Anchorage—each bringing almost $80,000 in revenue to the state—instead flew nonstop over Siberia.

Most scheduled passenger service from Anchorage to Europe and Asia ceased in the early 1990s. Korean Air continued to serve Anchorage 3 times a week on a yearly scheduled basis until March 2005 and reduced to 3 times a week for the summer season only in 2006. China Airlines, the last Asian carrier to serve Anchorage on a regular basis, used Anchorage as an intermediate stop on its Taipei-New York route until 2011, when it rerouted these flights to stop in Osaka. While a few charter passenger aircraft still stop at Anchorage on flights between Asia and the eastern United States, scheduled cargo carriers – which benefit from more volume and thus shorter route segments – continue to use Anchorage frequently. Condor still uses the Frankfurt-Anchorage route on a Boeing 767.

In the 1990s, Alaska Airlines and Aeroflot operated services from Anchorage to several destinations in the Russian Far East, including Khabarovsk, Magadan, Petropavlovsk, Vladivostok and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Alaska Airlines pulled out of these markets in 1998 due to insufficient demand, while the Aeroflot services were primarily intended as technical stops en route to Seattle and San Francisco and were cancelled once newer aircraft and nonstop flights became available. Reeve Aleutian Airways, Dalavia and MAVIAL Magadan Airlines also offered service between Anchorage and the Russian Far East at various times, catering to Kamchatka oil exploration and other niche markets.

The airport was renamed in 2000 by the Alaska Legislature to honor then long-standing U.S. Senator Ted Stevens. Stevens survived a crash at the airport in 1978 that also killed his then-wife.

In October 2018, Alaska Governor Bill Walker and Heilongjiang Province Governor Wang Wentao announced plans to connect Anchorage and Harbin Taiping International Airport with year-round, nonstop flights as early as the summer of 2019.

On November 30, 2018, the airport suffered minor damage and was temporarily closed following a magnitude 7.0 earthquake in the area. In June 2019, American Airlines switched the Boeing 737-800 on their seasonal route to Phoenix with the Airbus A321neo making them the first airline to use the A321neo at Anchorage. In January 2023, Delta replaced their Boeing 737-900 and 757-200 in favor of the A321neo for their route to Minneapolis-St. Paul.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the airport was briefly the busiest in the United States due to sustained volume of cargo flights through Alaska while passenger travel sharply decreased at other American airports.

Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent sanctions on airlines, commercial flights between Japan and Western Europe once again overfly Alaska in the Eastbound direction. However, due to the advanced range of the airliners used for these flights, such as the Airbus A350, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner, the stopover in Anchorage is no longer needed and flights are operated nonstop. Some re-routed cargo flights do however stop in Anchorage, such as Nippon Cargo Airlines Flight 51, which operates Amsterdam - Milan - Anchorage - Tokyo four times weekly.

Passenger traffic
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport's passenger traffic hovered around the five million mark between 1998 and 2008, apart from in 2002 when the airport suffered a 13% drop in traffic. Fairbanks and Juneau are the next busiest airports though neither managed more than half a million passengers in 2007. Anchorage traffic peaks in June, July and August when passenger numbers are twice as high as between October and April. Most major U.S. passenger carriers serve ANC, with the majority of passenger flight operations by Alaska Airlines to and from Seattle (an average of 20 flights per day) and Fairbanks (5-7 flights per day).

Anchorage is also envisioned as a future connecting point for air traffic to the Russian Far East. During the summer season of 2008, there was one weekly flight to Russia by Vladivostok Air. Yakutia Airlines resumed summer seasonal service to Russia in 2012. Many of Alaska's North Slope workers live either in Anchorage or elsewhere in the Lower 48 states and fly through the airport to their jobs in Prudhoe Bay.

As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 2,599,313 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 2,282,666 enplanements in 2009, and 2,342,310 in 2010.

The nearest other international airports from Anchorage are Fairbanks International Airport and Juneau International Airport. Fairbanks International Airport is also the second busiest airport in Alaska.

International cargo hub
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a major cargo hub. In 2022, it ranked as the busiest airport in the US and the world's third-busiest airport by cargo traffic. Cargo airlines travelling between Asia and the contiguous US prefer to refuel in Anchorage to carry less fuel and more cargo.

FedEx Express and UPS Airlines operate major hubs at Anchorage International for cargo heading to and from the Far East. NWA Cargo used to operate a major hub at the airport until December 28, 2009, when it closed all operations for Northwest Cargo at all airports. FedEx Express is the airport's largest cargo facility and can handle as many as 13,400 packages per hour, employing more than 1,200 people and providing a full customs clearance system. United Parcel Service's hub handles about 5,000 parcels per hour. Both companies forecast a large growth in traffic over the next several years as trade with China and other Far East countries increases and plan to expand their Anchorage facilities comparatively. The United States Postal Service also operates a large sectional center facility (SCF) for the 995xx ZIP Codes. It processes mail and parcels headed to and from all Alaska cities.

The United States Department of Transportation allows Anchorage and other Alaskan airports to be used as a transfer point for cargo between different aircraft of the same foreign air carrier without applying for special permission, a privilege not available at airports in the contiguous US. In 2020, the airport applied for similar authority for passenger traffic, which would potentially allow foreign airlines to use Anchorage as a connecting hub for international passengers. A similar exemption was previously granted to airports in Puerto Rico.

Facilities and aircraft
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport covers an area of 4,608 acres (1,865 ha) at an elevation of 151 feet (46 m) above mean sea level. It has three runways: 7L/25R is 10,600 by 150 feet (3,231 x 46 m) with an asphalt surface; 7R/25L is 12,400 by 200 feet (3,780 x 61 m) with an asphalt/concrete surface; 15/33 is 10,865 by 200 feet (3,312 x 61 m) with an asphalt surface. The airport also has one asphalt helipad that is 100 by 100 feet (30 x 30 m).

For the 12 months ending April 30, 2019, the airport had 261,961 aircraft operations, an average of 718 per day: 38% scheduled commercial, 32% general aviation, 29% air taxi, and <1% military. At that time there were 109 aircraft based at this airport: 61% multi-engine, 14% helicopter, 15% jet, and 10% single-engine. The FAA projects operations to increase to 334,279 by 2030, or 918.882 operations per day.

The airport also has a seaplane base adjacent to it, so that seaplanes and floatplanes can take off and land. The Lake Hood Seaplane Base, adjacent to Anchorage Airport, is the busiest seaplane base in the world.

Terminals
The South Terminal (domestic) serves Air Canada, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Condor (Departures), Delta Air Lines, Discover Airlines (Departures), Sun Country Airlines, and United Airlines. All regional intrastate carriers also use the South Terminal.

The South terminal contains three concourses: Concourse A, Concourse B, and Concourse C. The area of what is today Concourse C stood the original airport terminal constructed in the 1950s. A hexagonal satellite terminal was constructed across the main structure shortly afterwards. In 1969, the terminal underwent a major expansion, forming what is today Concourse B - notable new features included a curved arrival/departure structure with an elevated departure ramp for vehicles. The sweeping structure was designed to connect with the existing hexagonal satellite, now the end of Concourse B. In 1985, Concourse A was added. In 2009, this portion of the South terminal received seismic and aesthetic upgrades.

Concourse C was completely rebuilt in 2004, designed by McCool Carlson Green Architects, while Concourses A and B were built in 1985 and 1969 respectively and renovated in 2009. Architects HNTB and RIM Architects performed the architectural work for A/B Concourse. The south terminal also contains two L gates, numbered L1 and L2. These gates are outside security on the lower level and adjacent to Concourse A.

The North Terminal (international) serves Condor (Arrivals), Discover Airlines (Arrivals), Japan Airlines, Korean Air, Yakutia Airlines, all international seasonal charter flights, and military flights. In addition to these airlines, a few cargo airlines use the north side of the terminal for parking while their aircraft have small problems that need maintenance for a day or so. This terminal was built in 1982.

Inter-terminal
A shuttle bus runs approximately every 15 minutes between the North and South terminals and the employee and long-term parking lots. A land-side inter-terminal walkway was completed in 2009. Air-side connections between the sterile areas of each terminal are not available.

To/from airport
Route 40 of the Anchorage People Mover bus system serves the airport's North and South terminals every 15 minutes from 6:00am to 7:30pm on weekdays and every 30 minutes until 2:00am, as well as service every 30 minutes all day on Saturday and Sunday, connecting it with the downtown Transit Center.

Taxi queues are available in front of each terminal. Courtesy vans and other ground transportation options pick up from designated areas in front of each terminal.

Major national rental car chains are represented in an on-site consolidated rental car facility attached to the South terminal.

There is a rail station for the Alaska Railroad. It is only available during the summer season for cruise ship service. The depot opened in 2003 after funding was secured by United States Senator Ted Stevens, but commuter service never materialized.

Renovations
Renovations began on the A and B concourses in fall 2006. These renovations are designed to bring the older portions into compliance with current seismic, heating, ventilation, electrical and safety codes, and also include new baggage handling systems and renovations to the interior of the concourses. Since the completion of the construction, all domestic flights are operated out of the South Terminal.

Commissioned art pieces

 * Euphony, 2004: glass artist – Warren Carther

The piece consists of nine towers of glass, collectively adding up to 42 meters (130 ft) of span and reaching 8 meters (26 ft) at its highest point. The series of panels are inspired by Alaska's immensely rugged landscape of glaciers and mountains. The ambiguous images embedded within the sculpture address Alaska's continual balancing of the forces of technology with the vast powers of the natural world.

On November 30, 2018, at 8:29 a.m. AKST (17:29 UTC) was damaged in the 7.1 magnitude earthquake and repaired a few months later. It was damaged again in 2020 by a disgruntled passenger which still has yet to be repaired as of 2022.

Programs
The airport features an innovative customer service program, which partners with most on-site (and some nearby) vendors and concessionaires and aims to promote a positive image of the airport and the State of Alaska in the minds of travellers. This volunteer, self-funded committee mystery shops at partnering companies provides awards of cash, free covered parking, and donated prizes to winning employees.

Accidents and incidents

 * On October 1, 1970, Douglas R4D-6 N47 of the Federal Aviation Administration crashed shortly after take-off and was destroyed in the subsequent fire. The aircraft was operating a local training flight. Both crew members were killed.
 * On November 27, 1970, Douglas DC-8-63 of Capitol Airlines crashed on takeoff from Anchorage, killing 47 of 229 passengers and crew on board, operating as Capitol Flight 3/26.
 * On January 13, 1977, JAL Cargo Flight 8054, a McDonnell-Douglas DC-8-62F, crashed shortly after takeoff with a cargo of live beef cattle for delivery to Tokyo, Japan. The three crew members and the two cargo handlers aboard the aircraft died in the crash, and the aircraft was destroyed. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the accident was a stall that resulted from the pilot's control inputs aggravated by airframe icing while the pilot was under the influence of alcohol.
 * On December 4, 1978, a Learjet 25C en route from Juneau crashed upon landing. On board were Ann Stevens, wife of U.S. Senator Ted Stevens; lobbyist and former Alaska Commissioner of Commerce and Economic Development (and future U.S. Ambassador to Brazil) Langhorne A. Motley, prominent Anchorage lawyer Joseph Rudd, and three others. The party was travelling from the second-term inauguration of Alaska governor Jay Hammond to an Anchorage fundraiser organized by Motley. Motley and Ted Stevens were the only survivors.
 * On June 8, 1983, Reeve Aleutian Airways Flight 8's propeller separated from the Lockheed L-188 Electra and tore a hole in the fuselage over the Pacific Ocean, causing explosive decompression and loss of control. The pilots managed to land the aircraft safely at Anchorage, and all 15 passengers and crew survived. Since the propeller fell into the sea the cause of the separation is undetermined.
 * On December 23, 1983, the 1983 Anchorage runway collision occurred when Korean Air Lines Flight 084, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 freighter bound for Los Angeles, attempted to take off on the wrong runway in dense fog and collided with SouthCentral Air Flight 59, a Piper PA-31 waiting to take off in the opposite direction. Both aircraft were destroyed, the three flight crew of the DC-10 were seriously injured, and three of the nine occupants of the PA-31 sustained minor injuries, but no fatalities resulted.
 * On December 15, 1989, KLM Flight 867 entered a volcanic ash cloud after takeoff from ANC, created by an eruption from Mount Redoubt. The flight suffered a complete loss of engine power and returned to make an emergency landing at ANC.
 * On March 31, 1993, a Boeing 747-121, Japan Air Lines Flight 46E, operated by Evergreen International Airlines, departing Anchorage for Chicago, suffered a complete loss of the number 2 engine pylon at 2,000 ft after encountering severe-to-extreme turbulence after takeoff. The aircraft then experienced an uncommanded left bank of approximately 50 degrees. The flight crew successfully landed the aircraft back at Anchorage International, to discover the number 2 engine and all of the leading edge of the wing between the number 1 and 2 engines had been torn away. The investigation found that the engine pylon had been weakened by metal fatigue cracking, which made the engine more susceptible to separation in severe turbulence.
 * On October 9, 2002, a Boeing 747-451, Northwest Airlines Flight 85 en route from Detroit to Tokyo, suffered a lower rudder hardover. While flying over the Bering Sea, the aircraft abruptly went into a 35- through 40-degree left bank after the lower rudder had swung left 17° and hydraulic failure caused it to be stuck in place. Captain Frank Geib and First Officer Mike Fagan were at the controls at the time, having just taken over from Senior Captain John Hanson and First Officer David Smith. Geib declared an emergency and turned the aircraft back towards Anchorage. Hanson had returned to the cockpit and soon took over the controls. He and Fagan then flew the aircraft for over an hour before successfully landing in Anchorage. To steer the aircraft, they had to use asymmetric engine thrust or varying input into the engines as they were unable to use the ailerons at the time. No passengers or crew were injured, but the incident resulted in an airworthiness directive to prevent the possibility of a future accident.

Media appearances
The airport was the focus of a Smithsonian Channel miniseries Ice Airport Alaska that ran in late 2020. It has also been shown in the Discovery Channel series Deadliest Catch.


text:
Talk:Breast cancer

Merge from Multi-centric breast cancer
I proposed the merger above. Despite being a popular article there was very little discussion and no dissent, so I have completed the merge.

Content from the other article has been included in the section Multiple primary tumours. A lot of the material on the other page duplicated information that was already here so I have deleted a lot. The complete contents of the other page is available here for anyone who wishes to restore any content I have deleted.

The other article had no talk page and no articles linked there.

Hopefully this new section fits well with the existing article. --Mgp28 (talk) 18:46, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

Apparent class assignment

 * In a removed edit, tagged that this page is the subject of an education assignment. A number of other pages have also been edited, per the users in question, because of said assignment. The instructor for this assignment (no known username) has not engaged with WP:Education program. Experienced editors should be prepared for a large number of noncompliant edits from participants. —C.Fred (talk) 13:18, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * This has since been clarified as a class project run by on that user's talk page:
 * I've asked AminMDMA to apply formal educational assignment templates to the articles that they've been asking their students to work on, but they haven't yet done this. Belbury (talk) 17:07, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I've asked AminMDMA to apply formal educational assignment templates to the articles that they've been asking their students to work on, but they haven't yet done this. Belbury (talk) 17:07, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: The Impact of Cancer
— Assignment last updated by 22ilovecats22 (talk) 19:37, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Hello everyone, I am adding to this talk page to explain the edits I am adding for my Wiki Education assignment. I am adding a section on cancer related cognitive impairment to the supportive care (formerly psychological aspects) section of this article as it is a common complaint for breast cancer patients. I think it would be very beneficial to have this on the Wikipedia page as it is often an unexpected and distressing experience. I was trained on how to add to a medical article such as this, and I hope you find my content to be helpful and in line with the existing content in the article. Thank you and it is nice to work with you all of this! 22ilovecats22 (talk) 05:11, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi 22ilovecats22, thanks for explaining your addition here. It's an important topic and the addition looks great. A few small tips to help you blend in here:
 * We write section headings in "Sentence case" rather than "Title Case". So the heading would normally be "Psychological aspects and supportive care". Don't try to find the logic in this, it's just an arbitrary convention. It's documented at our manual of style which has grown so large and complex that you'll never stop running afoul of it in minor-and-fixable ways.
 * You seem to have put a space between each reference in a list, when we typically don't do that.
 * patients up to 10 years [166] [172], fortunately most - we put references after a comma, rather than before.
 * Since biomedicine is such a robust and fast-changing field, we try to use recent reviews instead of older ones to make sure our articles reflect the current medical mainstream. Some of the sources you used are from 2004, 2005, 2007, etc. To make sure the article is reliable for our readers, consider replacing them with more recent sources. This is documented at WP:MEDDATE (a section of the larger guideline Identifying reliable sources (medicine), which you may wish to skim -- although I'm sure you'll find much of it familiar material).
 * Pardon the longish list. Thanks again for the addition, and I hope you decide to stick around when your class is over. If you run into questions/issues, feel free to ask at WT:MED, a noticeboard for medicine-interested editors. Best, Ajpolino (talk) 13:03, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Breast cancer


text:
Talk:Russell Group

POV material
Moved POV material

, though some top research universities (notably the University of Durham and the University of York) are not members

....that's like saying MIT is not a member of the Ivy League - so what? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.78.0.29 (talk) 07:32, 18 July 2003 (UTC)

 * - MIT isn't a member of the Ivy League? I didn't know that.  The perception this side of the Atlantic is that "Ivy League" refers to all of the top universities in America, and the Russell Group like to be thought of in the same way.  It frequently makes public pronouncements, and lobbies the government, on issues such as top-up fees (variable fee rates for students - a big debate in UK HE at the moment) where it claims to represent the UK's prestigious, research-led universities.  Missing out Durham and York, along with St Andrews :- Scotland's oldest university and the place Prince William has chosen to study.  Additionally, there has often been confusion in the press about whether these universities are in the Russell Group:
 * "It has long been a dream of the UK's university leaders to form their own version of the Ivy League. Called the Russell Group, after the hotel in Russell Square, London, where the first meeting of leading institutions was held to discuss the plans, it includes Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Bristol, Imperial College, London, and Durham." (The Observer, 1st of December, 2002)
 * "members of the Russell group of elite universities, which includes Oxford,LSE Cambridge, Bristol, Manchester, Durham and Imperial College London, wanted to be allowed to charge at least £4,000 a year." (The Guardian, 20th of March, 2003)
 * "The Russell Group is made up of the top 20 research universities in the country including universities such as Bristol, Nottingham, York and Durham. The Vice Chancellors of many of these universities are lobbying the government to let them set the fees that they can charge. This would mean that students would pay more to go to a popular university and could end up paying according to their course." (Bristol Students' Union - one of the members of the Aldwych Group of Russell Group Students' Unions)
 * "The Russell Group, which as well as Oxford and Cambridge includes universities such as Durham, Leeds and Manchester, would almost certainly form the basis of the new group." (Sunday Telegraph, 13th of February, 2000)
 * I think it is clear that there is a confusion here that needs to be explicitly addressed. This is, to me, sufficient justification for including the statement that certain Universities, which would generally be considered among the Russell Group in terms of prestige, are not actually members.
 * Robminchin 14:30, 24 October 2003 (UTC)

Statement about quality

 * Quality is a factor, in addition to quality:and many of them also have very high government ratings for the calibre of their research.

I've removed the above from the text, as it doesn't make sense, and adds very little anyway. If there is a genuine point that was trying to be made here, it needs rewording. - IMSoP 19:25, 6 February 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps someone could make the stats more readable
The paragraph detailing the statistics of which universities are where in terms of research funding, etc, is rather verbose at the moment, and reads like part of a discussion, rather than actually expressing the facts. Perhaps someone could refactor it into something more readable. - IMSoP 19:39, 6 February 2004 (UTC)

Study by the CEE
"An example of the mistakes that are made about the constituents of the Russell Group is the study done by the Centre for the Economics of Education that found that graduates from Russell Group universities earn more on average than those from other universities."

- This study lists the constituents of the Russell Group correctly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.78.18.145 (talk) 07:40, 22 November 2004 (UTC)

The emphasis on comparisons with ivy league
The first paragraph states that neither the Ivy league nor the Russel Group are comprehensive lists of the top universities. It then goes on to say that because of this obvious similarity the statement 'the Russel group is a kind of British Ivy League' is wrong. Surely it is correct as they are both self claimed groups of the best universities, neither of which include all of the best ones in their respecitve countries... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.1.70.30 (talk) 12:37, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Out of the five paragraphs in the introduction, two of them are devoted to detailed comparisons of the group to the ivy league. For an introductory paragraph, these comparisons are probably inappropriate. As there is much to be said on the matter, however, perhaps these points could be placed under a separate heading pertaining to comparisons with US university leagues. It would certainly make the introduction more relavent to British readers (to whom the group is mostly of interest to) by removing references to US universities which the reader cannot be expected to have any knowledge on. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.43.98.179 (talk) 03:58, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I really don't think Vanderbilt should be on the list of top US Unis not in the Ivy league. It doesn't have a reputation as a top US Uni in or, as far as I'm aware, outside of the USA (except maybe for some in the Southern US).  I've taken it out, though really I think including a whole list is silly.  The article is "Russell Group," not "Misconceptions About the Ivy League" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.4.148.131 (talk) 10:22, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Changed "best" US universities to "most well-known US universities" in interests of NPOV. Grover cleveland 04:45, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * There should be no reference to the US within the article. See Also only. Shall I go and litter Russell Group references all over the Ivy League page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.25.160.141 (talk) 16:52, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * As an American who only lived in the UK for two years, I won’t argue one way or the other whether it’s germane to compare the Russell Group to American academia in this article. I would point out, however, that the Association of American Universities is probably a better North American analog to the Russell Group than is the Ivy League. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.182.1.4 (talk) 21:14, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

New member
Queen's University Belfast has joined as of 6th November 2006, it was announced to our office but I'm not sure when it would be on the website Alastairward 12:36, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Listing of schools
Listing school groups in the see also section. I added the Rubgy Group and the Woodard Schools group since the Eton group was already there. Considering these groups of schools specifically focus on sending their children to Russell Group Universities and together they form the 'top' schools in the country, they are quite relevant to this article. The see also section might want to be cleaned up into sections of european groups, international groups and school groups that focus on Russell Group acceptance. Spanky Deluxe 13:07, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see how these pages have information have help readers to understand the Russell Group. For example, many students who attend the Russell Group's members take A Levels, but we don't link to that page. There's no information on those pages that help with this topic. --Duncan 22:15, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Research Funding
I think we should take initiatives to improve this article. Ive League page can be an idol for this article. Besides, this is a research based university group and research funding and all those stuffs should get emphasized here. Higher Education Funding Council for England has declared its research funding (2007-08) for the uk universities. Top Ten university goes in this way, Higher Education Research Funding for England (2007-08)

I think it will help us to provide some citation and proper data for this article where it lacks extremely. Niaz bd 06:50, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Nature of group
DuncanBCS, it is usually considered good manners on wikipedia to discuss differences in opinion rather than just revert without a work.

You suggested that the information I added was "Untrue and unreferenced. First sentence repeats opening. However, all Russell group universities take part in the QAA, which is the official teaching quality audit". I have re-added my contribution with references, and changed the structure so it sits better in the article.

The point I am trying to get across is that the Russell Group is a lobby group, nothing more - and membership of the Russell Group does not imply anything about the quality of teaching in an institution.

Please respond here rather than revert if you wish to discuss.

Nordelius 16:04, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the guidance. I had throught your edit to be simple enough to revert directly. You had added no references. The article already states that its is a lobby group. Your first sentence did repeat that, and was therefore redundant. You explained that some Russels Group unviversities refuse to take part in official surveys, which is mistaken: the QAA is the official survey. Do we know that membership of the Russell group implies nothing about quality? For example, do we know that QAA ratings are higher at non-Russell Universities? Your edit seems to suggest that teaching quality is lower inside the Russell Group. Having studied at colleges both inside and outside the Group, I don't feel that is true or referenced. --Duncan 17:05, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I have merged your opening sentence into the opening of the article. You've added a useful reference. However, your point about teachning quality is innuendo: we would not add a statement that membership of the group does not prove that the university is not evil, not should be add anything else of that type without references. --Duncan 17:12, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm just trying to add the point that membership of the Russell Group, doesn't tell you anything (good or bad) about the quality of the teaching in an institution. There is often an implication that the Russell Group are the "best" universities, when in fact membership indicates something much more narrow.
 * You are slightly mis-informed regarding the QAA and the NSS - the QAA inspections examine institutional processes that assure the quality of teaching(and ratings are a thing of the far distant past. the NSS talks directly to students as to what they think of the quality of their course. Both are equally official, they just measure different things. Having worked in HE teaching policy for five years, I am often alarmed how few people realised that QAA reports tell you very little about actual teaching quality (at least since 2001-2). Nordelius 12:20, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Let's come back to this if we find a pertinant reference. However, we would not add such a statement to a page like Ivy League and I do not see why we would add it here. --Duncan 08:37, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Crests and Mottos
I have created a new section entitled 'Crests and Mottos'. I could not find some of the universities motto and failed to put them under the university Creast/Logo. It's my request to other wikipedians: please help me by updating those empty fields. (Niaz bd 16:23, 10 May 2007 (UTC))

Comparison to Ivy League
The inclusion of the following in the opening paragraph is utterly bizarre. Clearly the English Premier League is also an athletic conference, and is more famous for being so than the Ivy League.

"It is sometimes referred to as the British equivalent of the Ivy League of the United States,[2] but since the Ivy League is principally an athletic conference, a more apt analogy might be the Premier League in English football." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.175.33.116 (talk) 10:32, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Change the source used for League Tables
Currently The Times is used as the source for the league tables. As the content the reference refers to is behind a paywall, and thus not freely accessible, should an alternative league table be used instead? The Guardian's leagues tables are freely accessible. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Michaeldt (talk • contribs) 12:39, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

I understand that the Times newspaper is not accessible. This should not be the citation. However, the Times rankings are freely available for verification and as they differ it would not be appropriate to simply switch rankings (i.e to the guardian). They should both be listed with appropriate citations.IcyEd (talk) 03:36, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Research applicable information
As the Russell group is primarily a list of research intensive universities it would seem prudent to have as much research specific information as possible.

I intend to add a table on total audited research expenditure. Currently only government contracts are listed and universities obtain substantive external research funding from charities and companies as well as research funded directly by endowments. These figures should be readily comparable from the end of year financial statements that these universities publish by law.

The research information paragraph is now very out of date and I may also add the academic world rankings (shanghai jiao tong). Given that no ranking is perfect I am inclined to say the more comparisons, the better. I expect these changes will take me sometime to upload.IcyEd (talk) 03:32, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The current table of research income states total research income from all sources, not just from government sources. It is also for the most recent year that comparable info is available for all institutions.

 * The article also already includes a table of rankings. The ARWU is not currently included, and I personally have nothing against it being added. Rangoon11 (talk) 17:19, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

I think we disagree on the table of research income. I have set out a small case against your statement below, please let me know if you feel this is incorrect. I hope we can reach a consensus.

You are correct that the figures include research "income", but as it states in the citation for the table, the figure is from “grants and contracts” for example, EPSRC, BBSRC.... I was mistaken to mention Charities (e.g. Wellcome Trust) as these award grants in the same way, and this is included. However, the figure is substantially different from total research "expenditure" because this is not the only source of funding for principle investigators/group leaders. Quality related (HEFCE) funding block grants do not seem to be included and are a large part of the research portfolio for any institution, as determined by the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). Furthermore, substantial research provision is made through restricted endowments; a recurring professorship would be one example and usually include some research expenses. More importantly, however, most universities in this list are in financial surplus and strategically invest in areas of their research portfolio with alternative finance, quite separate from the finance in the list given which is largely project specific. This alternative finance includes the return on endowment investments as well as from university owned intellectual property agreements. International postgraduate student fees are also a quite significant source of research funding (largely unrestricted), particularly in the Sciences where these students pay a cost more representative of the true cost of their work at PhD level (generally speaking). The output of a university is thus only determined in part by the success of individual (principle) investigators being awarded research grants and associated contracts. Total research expenditure includes the total funding of research from all sources for a given year (where figures are available and have been audited). The difference between these institutions in terms of research productivity is as much determined by their ability to attract very diverse sources of funding as it is by their success in grant applications. I still believe that the table of research income stated is an important table but believe a substantial supplement on research expenditure would show significant variation between each institution and help make the article a more informative resource. IcyEd (talk) 15:02, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

New members
This article needs significant updating with the introduction of four new members: Durham, Exeter, Queen Mary and York. The main list and the map have been done, but the other tables with research funding etc. need revision too. —Vanderdecken∴ ∫ξφ 17:31, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Please note that the four new members don't actually join until August. Rangoon11 (talk) 20:22, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The only source I could find for this is the Queen Mary's press release, the other three don't mention it and neither does the actual Russell Group announcement or the two newspaper sources used as references for the claim. Not disputing it, just noting it. I've been having trouble updating the Durham page since it seems the four have left the 1994 group but have not officially joined the Russell Group yet. Personally I think they should be marked as members with a note saying they only officially join in August, but I'm biased. It doesn't help that the Durham press release made it sound as if it took place with immediate effect whilst the others emphasised they had only accepted the invitation.-- 23230 talk 10:28, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
 * It's true that the August date doesn't seem to appear anywhere outside of the Queen Mary's press release, although it is correct. Note that the four universities also haven't yet left the 1994 Group. The 'current members' sections of the Russell Group and 1994 Group websites reflect this: and . Rangoon11 (talk) 18:32, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Aldwych Group
I've redirected the Aldwych_Group page to this one, and merged in the small amount of original content, because WP:BOLD. Do feel free to chip in and add any additional info about the Aldwych Group

82.39.57.207 (talk) 17:26, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

‘from’

 * The Russell Group currently has twenty four members, of which twenty are from England, two from Scotland, and one from each of Wales and Northern Ireland. Of the English members, five are from Greater London; three from the Yorkshire and the Humber region; two from each of the North East, North West, West Midlands, South West and South East regions; and one from each of the East Midlands and East regions.

from? Do they travel much? —Tamfang (talk) 08:32, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

Royal Charter dates
I was wondering what the purpose of these is. At the moment there is a mismash of earliest charters, charters as a University, and charters following recent mergers, which makes no sense. Furthermore, there are a number of group members who don't have charters at all. The current approach is inconsistent, foot example why have Manchester as 2005 (merger with UMIST) but not Cardiff as 1998 (merger with UWIST)? Why have the collegiate charter date for UCL but not for Nottingham (1903)? Why not use UCL's refoundation in 1976, for that matter?

Two approaches would seem to make sense: either having the date of the earliest charter awarded to the institution or its predecessors (although this is still debatable, depending on how predecessors is defined), or replacing it with the institutions claimed date of foundation. Of we need a date, the latter seems most sensible, but we could just remove it all together, as irrelevant to the article.Robminchin (talk) 12:09, 17 February 2016 (UTC)
 * As nobody objected, I've removed the Royal Charter dates and related historical footnotes. If people want to know this information, it's on the pages of the individual universities. This reduced the footnotes to a far more manageable two (once the orphaned footnote referring to a previously-removed column on Vice-Chancellors was also removed). Robminchin (talk) 21:51, 6 March 2016 (UTC)

Content of the lead
I've removed references to the "British Ivy League" as the references cited did not establish that this is a standard alternative name for the Russell Group, and searching for the term online shows or is not used as a synonym for the group. This sort of thing had been discussed at length on the past on this talk page.

I also removed references to the "QS UK T18" and similar which used confusing terminology, only discussed a single ranking (and thus a single pov), and refactored an international ranking as a national ranking.

I removed a sentence claiming that critics pointed to St Andrews not being a member and Queen's being a member that appeared to be WP: Original Research and certainly wasn't in the reference cited.

We need to be sure that this article remains factual and doesn't include conclusions drawn from rankings by editors, as appeared to be the case where these recent additions. Robminchin (talk) 04:31, 19 October 2018 (UTC)

I have removed the term "chosen" from the reference to members who have chosen to join the TEF system since those who did not did not do so because it does not apply to them: Scotland and Northern Ireland have different education systems which TEF is not compatible with so UoE, UoG and UoB, obviously, did not fall within the TEF system (which applies to England and Wales - who have a unified education system). *<:@) 2020-12-10 20:20 (JST) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 42.125.41.18 (talk)

Chairs over time
I've added a list of chairs since 2000 including the new appointment of Nancy Rothwell. It might be nice to add a third column here showing the "host" institution that the chairs were from at the time? Anyone with historian hat on could also look at the more precise date the previous chairs were in place, I only got the from-to- years from the press release.

Stain (talk) 13:33, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

This article reads like advertising,
The article seems not to be a very balanced view. Robski Swain (talk) 09:13, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

 * More balance is always welcome. Do you have specific suggestions of parts that don't appear balanced? Robminchin (talk) 16:30, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

Status / Research
The most recent summary of research assessment cites the following page https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/ref-2021-golden-triangle-looks-set-lose-funding-share

And says 'The top 19 English institutions in terms of funding continued to all be from the Russell Group, with the top 20 being rounded off, as before, by Lancaster. '

To focus on funding - a secondary metric - when the table defaults to listing GPA of the actually assessment seems odd. Funding, as noted a few paragraphs below in the main text, is almost meaningless as it is totally dependent on the subject being assessed. While in some cases it is the only metric to go by, here we have the actual research assessment weighting, which is a much better key to research performance.

My suggestion would be for paragraph to still keep the leading summary on funding, but to summarise the top 20 based on GPA ranking as listed by the source table from the Times Higher (a brief look, the group has 16 of the top 20 places)

Foxdown (talk) 22:37, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Funding is the point of the REF, and how much funding was allocated by the research council is a primary metric – it's an actual number, with no further calculation needed. GPA, on the other hand, is a secondary metric derived by various publications from the REF results. I'm not sure what table you're referring to, as GPA isn't even listed in the table in the article cited. Robminchin (talk) 01:07, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * OK I see that point, though while the REF is primary around funding, this section it titled 'status', so perhaps some way of incorporating quality of research, rather than funding. Re table, when I follow the link i mentioned, several columns are for GPA, and clicking on 'view full table' it shows the ranking order is by GPA. my only thought is that the summary given in the main text does not match the table on the cited article - ie the article lists ICR as second. Foxdown (talk) 09:54, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The citation for that paragraph is to https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/post-92s-gain-research-funding-expense-golden-triangle, which is a different article based on the funding round following the REF rather than the REF results themselves. Possibly the place for a discussion of the REF results would be the paragraph on how funding figures rely on factors other than the research quality, which is currently leaving a citation. Robminchin (talk) 15:21, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russell Group


text:
User talk:Krishnalokam

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 07:41 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

title: User talk:Krishnalokam