text:
Tammy Faye Messner

Tamara Faye Messner (née LaValley, formerly Bakker ; March 7, 1942 – July 20, 2007) was an American evangelist. She co-founded the televangelist program The PTL Club with her husband Jim Bakker in 1974. They had hosted their own puppet-show series for local programming in the early 1960s; Messner also had a career as a recording artist. In 1978, she and Bakker built Heritage USA, a Christian theme park.

During her career Messner was noted for her eccentric and glamorous persona, as well as for moral views that diverged from those of many mainstream evangelists, particularly her advocacy for LGBT persons and reaching out to HIV/AIDS patients at the height of the AIDS epidemic. She released three autobiographies during her lifetime, I Gotta Be Me in 1978, Tammy: Telling it My Way in 1996, and I Will Survive and You Will Too! in 2003.

Jim Bakker was indicted, convicted, and imprisoned on numerous counts of fraud and conspiracy in 1989, resulting in the dissolution of The PTL Club. She divorced Bakker in 1992, while he was in prison, and married Roe Messner. She was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1996, from which she suffered intermittently for over a decade before dying of the disease in 2007.

1942–1959: Early life
She was born Tamara Faye LaValley in International Falls, Minnesota, to Pentecostal preachers Rachel Minnie (née Fairchild; 1919–1992) and Carl Oliver LaValley, who married in 1941. Shortly after she was born, a painful divorce soured her mother against ministers, alienating her from the church. Both of her parents remarried, her mother to Fred Willard Grover, forming a large blended family, of which she was the eldest.

1960–1973: Marriage to Jim Bakker; early work
In 1960, she met Jim Bakker while they were students at North Central Bible College in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tammy Faye worked in a boutique for a time while Jim found work in a restaurant inside a department store in Minneapolis. They were married on April 1, 1961. The next year, they moved to South Carolina, where they began their ministry together, initially traveling around the United States; Jim preached, while Tammy Faye sang songs and played the accordion. In 1970, she gave birth to their daughter Tammy Sue "Sissy" Bakker, and in 1975 gave birth to their son Jamie Charles Bakker.

Jim and Tammy Faye had been involved with television from the time of their departure from Minneapolis until they moved to the Charlotte area via Virginia Beach, Virginia, where they were founding members of The 700 Club. While in Portsmouth, they were hosts of the popular children's show Jim and Tammy. They then created a puppet ministry for children on Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), which ran from 1964 to 1973.

1974–1987: The PTL Club
Jim and Tammy Faye co-founded The PTL Club (Praise The Lord) in 1974, a televangelist Christian news program that they initially hosted in an abandoned furniture store in Charlotte. The series mixed "glitzy entertainment with down-home family values" and preached a prosperity gospel' which put a divine seal of approval on both the growing affluence of American evangelicals and the showy lifestyles of their television ministers." The PTL Club soon grew into its own network and a corporate enterprise within a year of its founding, generating $120 million annually in the 1970s. In 1978, the Bakkers used $200 million of PTL funds to build Heritage USA, a Christian retreat and theme park that, at the time, ranked alongside Disney World and Disneyland as one of the most popular theme parks in the United States.

Throughout the series, Tammy Faye provided a sentimental and emotive touch to stories, and also often sang Christian songs. She was also noted for her candid discussion of topics considered taboo amongst many of her Evangelist peers, ranging from penile implants to acceptance and compassion for the LGBT community.

At the height of the AIDS epidemic in the mid-1980s, she conducted an emotional interview with Steven Pieters, a gay Christian minister with AIDS on "Tammy's House Party," a segment of The PTL Club, during which they discussed his sexuality, coming out, diagnosis with AIDS, and the death of his partner. During the program, Tammy Faye addressed her viewership, saying: "How sad that we as Christians, who are to be the salt of the earth, we who are supposed to be able to love everyone, are afraid so badly of an AIDS patient that we will not go up and put our arm around them and tell them that we care." Throughout the AIDS epidemic, she advocated for viewers of The PTL Club to follow Christ and show compassion and pray for the ill, and also invited drug addicts onto the show to interview them about substance abuse. In 1987, it was reported that Tammy Faye was herself being treated for a prescription drug addiction.

Bakker's friend, the Reverend Mel White, commented on her presence on The PTL Club: Her fans were people who grew up in a very fundamentalist tradition, not being able to wear make-up, or dance, or go out in public. So here comes Tammy, with her dyed hair and make-up, her ebullient spirit and outspoken ways with both men and women. She talked about sex, and flirted with Jimmy. She took on the caricature of an obedient wife, and blasted it. You have never seen Pat Robertson's wife, or Jerry Falwell's wife. They stay at home, doing what those wives do.

1988–1995: Collapse of The PTL Club and aftermath
The Bakkers' control of PTL collapsed in 1987 after revelations that $287,000 had been paid from the organization to buy the silence of Jessica Hahn, who claims Jim Bakker raped her. In his 1997 book, I Was Wrong, Jim Bakker disputed Hahn's account, claiming that he was "set up" and that their sex was consensual. The revelations invited scrutiny of the Bakkers, and charges made about their opulent lives, including media reports of an air-conditioned doghouse at their Tega Cay, South Carolina, lakefront parsonage as well as gold-plated bathroom fixtures, dominated newscasts in the 1980s. When asked about her income, Tammy Faye told reporters in 1986: "We don't get what Johnny Carson makes, and we work a lot harder than him." The couple's Tega Cay home was later sold by the ministry and burned to the ground not long thereafter. Jim wrote in his book I Was Wrong that he watched the home burn on live television while incarcerated. The Charlotte Observer subsequently ran exposés of PTL's finances and management practices. PTL went bankrupt after being taken over by Lynchburg, Virginia-based Baptist televangelist Jerry Falwell, who offered to step in following the scandals in 1988.

Tammy Faye stood by Jim Bakker through the scandal, including several instances when she cried on camera. In 1989, Bakker was sentenced to 45 years in prison on 24 fraud and conspiracy counts (he served 5). In 1992, while Jim was in prison, Tammy Faye filed for divorce, saying in a letter to the New Covenant Church in Orlando, Florida: "For years I have been pretending that everything is all right, when in fact I hurt all the time... I cannot pretend anymore."

On October 3, 1993, she married property developer Roe Messner in Rancho Mirage, California, after he divorced his first wife. They moved to the Charlotte suburb of Matthews, North Carolina. Tammy Faye and Roe were neighbors to Christian recording star and friend David L Cook. Roe, who had a contracting business, Messner Enterprises in Andover, Kansas, had built much of Heritage USA as well as many large churches and had been a family friend to the Bakkers throughout the PTL years. Roe was the one who produced the money for the $265,000 payment to Hahn, later billing PTL for work never completed on the Jerusalem Amphitheater at Heritage USA. In the Bakkers' fraud trial, Roe Messner testified for Bakker's defense, saying that Bakker had no knowledge of the payment to Jessica Hahn, and that Falwell had sent him to the Bakker home in Palm Springs, California, to offer generous compensation "if he kept his mouth shut."

1996–2007: Later life and illness
In 1996, Roe Messner was convicted of bankruptcy fraud, having claimed to owe nearly $30 million to over 300 creditors in 1990. As he faced sentencing in 1996, he said he could not afford to treat his prostate cancer because he lacked health insurance. He was sentenced to and served 27 months in prison.

With her first husband fresh out of jail and her current partner now serving his sentence, Tammy Faye was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1996, and she re-entered the public eye in a series of books, movies, and television appearances. That year she published her autobiography, Tammy: Telling It My Way, and co-hosted a TV talk show titled The Jim J. and Tammy Faye Show with Jim J. Bullock.

She appeared twice on The Drew Carey Show in 1996 and 1999, playing the mother of character Mimi Bobeck (Kathy Kinney), who was also known for wearing excessive amounts of makeup. On September 11, 2003, Messner published a new autobiography, I Will Survive... and You Will, Too!, in which she described her battles with cancer and her life with Roe Messner.

She was the subject of a documentary titled The Eyes of Tammy Faye (2000), narrated by RuPaul, and a follow-up film titled Tammy Faye: Death Defying (2004).

Despite her background in Christian fundamentalism, Messner became a gay icon after parting from PTL, appearing in Gay Pride marches with figures such as Lady Bunny and Bruce Vilanch. Unlike many American Christian fundamentalists, she "had long refused to denounce homosexuals" and publicly expressed compassion toward, and urged support for Americans with HIV/AIDS when it was still a much-feared and unknown disease. She was benevolently referred to as "the ultimate drag queen," and said in her last interview with Larry King that, "When I went – when we lost everything, it was the gay people that came to my rescue, and I will always love them for that."

In early 2004, she appeared on the second season of the VH1 reality television series The Surreal Life. The show chronicled a twelve-day period wherein she, Ron Jeremy, Vanilla Ice, Traci Bingham, Erik Estrada, and Trishelle Cannatella lived together in a Los Angeles house and were assigned various tasks and activities. Together, the six put on a children's play and managed a restaurant for a day. She also attended a book signing for her best-seller, I Will Survive... And You Will Too.

At the end of the show, Messner said she thought of Vanilla Ice and Trishelle Cannatella as her children and could relate to them deeply because she had similar feelings and problems when she was their age.

In July 2007, on more solid financial footing, the Messners relocated to Loch Lloyd, Missouri, a suburb of Kansas City. Jim Bakker had relocated his operations to Branson, Missouri, in 2003. She told Entertainment Tonight they had moved to the "dream house" to be closer to Roe's children and grandchildren from his first marriage.

Death
Messner's 11 years with cancer were highly publicized. She was first diagnosed with colon cancer in March 1996, but later revealed she had endured bleeding for a year out of embarrassment at the prospect of seeing a male doctor. The disease went into remission by the end of that year.

In March 2004, Messner made an appearance on Larry King Live and announced that she had inoperable lung cancer and would soon begin chemotherapy. She continued to receive chemotherapy throughout mid-2004. In November 2004, also on Larry King Live, she announced that she was cancer-free once again. She described the details of her chemotherapy and continued to appear regularly on King's show.

A television documentary of her struggle with cancer was produced in 2004. It was on King's program again that she announced in July 2005 that her cancer had returned. In a March 2006 appearance on the show, she said she was continuing to suffer from lung cancer, which had reached stage 4, and that she was continuing to receive treatment for it. She also mentioned having difficulty swallowing food, suffering from panic attacks, and enduring substantial weight loss. As her health continued to worsen, a "Talk of the Town" article in an October 2006 issue of The New Yorker stated that she was dying in hospice care, and a December 2006 article in Walter Scott's column in Parade reported that her son Jay was "at a North Carolina hospice with his mom, [who is] gravely ill with colon cancer".

Messner was a guest by phone on Larry King Live in December 2006, and said that she was receiving hospice care in her home. She appeared in her son Jay's documentary series One Punk Under God, wherein they talked about her cancer treatments. In one episode, she required the use of oxygen in order to talk.

In May 2007, she issued a statement on her website saying that chemotherapy had stopped, and she urged her fans to continue to pray for her. The story was reported on NBC's The Today Show, and a feature in which fans and well-wishers could post get-well messages to Tammy was added to her website.

On July 18, 2007, Messner made her final appearance on Larry King Live. At the time, she said she weighed 65 pounds (29.5 kg) and was unable to eat solid food. Messner's husband later said that he believed she chose to do the interview to say a final goodbye to her fans.

Two days later, on July 20, 2007, Messner died at her home in Loch Lloyd, near Kansas City, Missouri, after an eleven-year bout with cancer. She was 65 years old. A family service was held on the morning of July 21, at the Messner family plot in Waldron, Kansas. The ceremony was officiated by Rev. Randy McCain, the pastor of Open Door Community Church in Sherwood, Arkansas. According to CNN, the family requested that King officially report the news of her death. Her remains were cremated and her ashes were returned to Waldron Cemetery where they were subsequently buried.

In popular culture
In June 2006, a stage musical titled The Gospel According to Tammy Faye opened at the Cincinnati Fringe Festival and was subsequently developed as a larger professional production. The show features songs by J. T. Buck and a book by Fernando Dovalina. The musical is described as a fantasia which takes a balanced and fair look at its subject. The impetus for the show was provided by a lengthy interview that Messner gave the authors in March 2005. The musical aired in August 2006 in Portland, Oregon and Hood River, Oregon, and it was presented on stage at Houston's Alley Theatre at the end of July 2007 under direction of Les R. Wood. Industry readings presented by the Columbia Gorge Repertory Company were held at the Manhattan Theatre Club in December 2007, the cast including Tony nominee Sally Mayes and veteran Broadway performers William Youmans, Ken Land, Julie Foldesi, James T. Lane and Heather Parcells. The readings were directed by Mindy Cooper. Seth Farber provided musical direction.

Another musical following her life, titled Big Tent, debuted in May 2007, at off-Broadway's New World Stages, in New York City. The show features music and lyrics by Ben Cohn and Sean McDaniel, a book by Jeffery Self, and direction by Ryan J. Davis. A star-studded concert of songs from the show opened in February 2008, at New York's Metropolitan Room.

A play about her final hours, Tammy Faye's Final Audition by Merri Biechler, premiered at the Cincinnati Fringe Festival in June 2015. The play takes place in a fevered dream at the end of her life, wherein she enlists the men in her life for one final TV talk show audition.

A musical about the life of BeBe Winans, Born for This, debuted on June 25, 2018, at the Emerson Cutler Majestic Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts. Tammy Faye and Jim Bakker appear as supporting characters who give BeBe and his sister CeCe their first big break as singers on The PTL Club.

At one time, Broadway actress Kristin Chenoweth was planning a musical based on Messner's life.

In the 2021 movie The Eyes of Tammy Faye, based on the 2000 documentary of the same name, Jessica Chastain plays Tammy Faye, with Andrew Garfield as Jim. The Eyes of Tammy Faye opened on September 17, 2021. Chastain won a Critics Choice Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.

British playwright James Graham also wrote the book for a new musical about Tammy Faye, with music by Elton John and lyrics by Jake Shears. The musical, titled Tammy Faye, opened in October 2022 at the Almeida Theatre in London, directed by Rupert Goold.

title: Tammy Faye Messner


text:
Cherie Blair

Cherie, Lady Blair, (Booth; born 23 September 1954), also known professionally as Cherie Booth, is an English barrister and writer. She is the spouse of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair.

Early life and education
Booth was born on 23 September 1954 at Fairfield General Hospital, Bury, Lancashire, England, and brought up in Ferndale Road, Waterloo, Merseyside, just north of Liverpool. Although her birth was registered as 'Cherie', owing to her maternal grandmother's influence, she was christened 'Theresa Cara' in deference to the requirement that she be given a saint's name. Her father, British actor Tony Booth, left her mother, actress Gale Howard (née Joyce Smith; 14 February 1933 – 5 June 2016), when Cherie was 8 years old. Cherie and her younger sister Lyndsey were then brought up by Gale and their paternal grandmother Vera Booth, a devout Roman Catholic of Irish descent. The sisters attended Catholic schools in Crosby, Merseyside. Cherie Booth attended Seafield Convent Grammar, which is now part of Sacred Heart Catholic College, where she achieved four As in her A Levels.

She read law at the London School of Economics and graduated with First-Class Honours. Later she was enrolled at the College of Law and passed her Bar Vocational Course. She came at the top of her year in the bar exams, while teaching law at the Polytechnic of Central London (University of Westminster). She was the Labour candidate for the Conservative safe seat of North Thanet in Kent in the 1983 general election, losing to Roger Gale.

Legal career
A member of Lincoln's Inn, she became a barrister in 1976 and Queen's Counsel in 1995. Until 1988, her head of chambers was George Carman. In 1999, she was appointed a recorder (a permanent part-time judge) in the County Court and Crown Court.

She was a founding member of Matrix Chambers in London but no longer practises there. Matrix was formed in 2000 specialising in human rights law, though members also practise in a range of areas of UK public and private law, the Law of the European Union and European Convention on Human Rights, in addition to public international law. She is Founder and chair of law firm Omnia Strategy LLP. She specialises in employment, discrimination, as well as public law; in this capacity, she has occasionally represented claimants taking cases against the UK Government.

Blair has appeared in a number of leading cases. A notable example, Lisa Grant v South West Trains Ltd, before the European Court of Justice concerned discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation.

In January 2010, when sentencing a defendant, Shamso Miah, for assault, Blair announced that she would suspend his prison sentence after describing him as a "religious man". The court heard that Miah had been to a mosque shortly before he broke a man's jaw following a row in a bank queue. Blair told Miah: "You are a religious man and you know this is not acceptable behaviour." This was interpreted by some observers as special leniency given on account of the criminal's religiosity. The Office for Judicial Complaints released an initial statement saying they had "received a number of complaints in relation to the comments" that Blair had made when sentencing Shamso Miah and that the matter was under investigation. On 10 June 2010, the OJC released a statement saying that the investigation had "found that Recorder Booth's observations did not constitute judicial misconduct" and accordingly "no disciplinary action is necessary". A private letter to the National Secular Society said, however, that the OJC had taken action in the form of "informal advice" from a more senior judge.

In 2015, Blair defended Rwandan spy chief Emmanuel Karenzi Karake against accusations that he had conspired to murder three Spanish NGO workers and a Canadian priest. Karake had allegedly done so because the workers knew about the Rwandan Patriotic Front killing Hutu civilians in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Blair launched a company called Mee Healthcare with an American business partner Gail Lese in 2011. In June 2015, it ceased trading and all staff were dismissed without notice.

In 2021, Blair worked as an ethics adviser for Israeli security firm NSO Group.

Career in academia
Blair was the third Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University from 1999 to 2006. On 26 July 2006, she was awarded the honorary title of Emerita Chancellor, as well as the university honorarily naming its new Cherie Booth Building. She is also Governor of the London School of Economics and the Open University. On 2 March 2011, Blair was appointed the Chancellor of the Asian University for Women.

Blair is regularly invited to speak at legal and leadership conferences, and has in the past participated in the World Law Forum, ET Women's Forum, Yidan Prize Summit and the Commonwealth Africa Summit, amongst others.

Honours and charity work
In July 1999, Blair was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of the University (DUniv) from the Open University. Blair is a patron of Breast Cancer Care, a UK breast cancer information and support charity, Jospice, the international hospice organisation based in her home town of Crosby, and disability charity Scope. She is also involved with the British branch of Child in Need India (CINI UK), and is the organisation's patron.

In 2008, she launched her foundation, the Cherie Blair Foundation for Women, a development organisation that aims to support women entrepreneurs in developing countries. "Our mission is to provide women with the skills, technology, networks and access to capital that they need to become successful small and growing business owners, so that they can contribute to their economies and have a stronger voice in their societies," says its mission statement.

In 2010, Blair spoke at WE Day, an event held by WE Charity as part of their ongoing effort to empower youth and encourage them to get involved in their communities.

Also in 2010, Blair founded the Africa Justice Foundation alongside barristers Suella Braverman and Philip Riches.

She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to women's issues and charity.

In June 2018, "Cherie Blair Foundation for Women" was inducted into Power Brands LIFE – Hall of Fame at the London International Forum for Equality.

Controversies
In 2002, Blair purchased two flats in Bristol with the assistance, it was alleged but later denied, of Peter Foster, a convicted Australian conman and boyfriend of Blair's friend Carole Caplin, who negotiated a discount for Blair. Blair publicly apologised for her embarrassing connection to Foster, stating "I did not think it was my business to choose my friends' friends".

Her relationship with Caplin gave rise to headlines in some newspapers, as Caplin is credited with introducing Blair to various New Age symbols and beliefs. Reports of Blair's New Age practices included an account of her 2001 holiday in Mexico, when she and her husband, wearing only swimming costumes, privately took part in a rebirthing procedure that involved smearing mud and fruit over each other's bodies while sitting in a steam bath.

In 2002, she apologised after saying within hours of a Jerusalem blast that killed at least 19 people in reference to the Palestinian suicide bombers: "As long as young people feel they have no hope but to blow themselves up, we're never going to make progress, are we?"

On 12 December 2008, Blair gave a lecture alternatively entitled "The Church and Women's Rights: time for a fresh perspective?" or "Religion as a Force in protecting Women's Human Rights" at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum, in Rome.

In summer 2015, in the wake of the Hillary Clinton email controversy, Blair was revealed by The Guardian to have lobbied Clinton in 2009 on behalf of prominent members of the Qatari monarchy; Clinton was US Secretary of State at the time. In a letter to the newspaper, Blair denied this characterisation of her mediation efforts, describing their story as "sensationalist and inaccurate". Precisely two months later, the release of another batch of Clinton's private emails confirmed that Blair had, indeed, arranged meetings with Clinton for the Qataris outside normal diplomatic channels, with discussions to involve "the US/Qatar relationship generally", not merely joint philanthropic efforts. In one case, Blair herself stated that her purpose was to help the eldest of Sheikha Mosah's sons, Jassim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, "build up an international profile".

In summer 2015, Blair's law firm accepted a large fee to advise the Maldives government as it faced a challenge from former Maldivian president Mohamed Nasheed over his imprisonment for "terrorism". Nasheed, who served from 2008 to 2012 as his country's first democratically elected leader, had received a 13-year prison sentence after a widely criticised trial.

Family
In 1976, while she was studying to become a barrister, she met future prime minister and husband Tony Blair. She obtained a pupillage in the chambers of Derry Irvine ahead of him, although he was also taken on. Married on 31 March 1980, the Blairs have three sons and one daughter: Euan (born 1984), Nicholas (born 1985), Kathryn (born 1988), and Leo (born 2000).

Leo was the first child born to the wife of a serving British prime minister in over 150 years, since Rollo Russell was born to Lady Frances Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound and Lord John Russell on 11 July 1849. Another pregnancy at the age of 47 ended in miscarriage in early August 2002. The Blair children attended Catholic secondary schools, including The London Oratory School. All four children have Irish passports, by virtue of Tony Blair's mother, Hazel Elizabeth Corscadden, a Protestant, the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher and Orangeman who moved to Glasgow in 1916 but returned to Ballyshannon in 1923, where Hazel was born to George and Sarah Margaret (née Lipsett), above her family's grocery shop. Via her father, Blair and her younger sister Lyndsey have six half-sisters, including British journalist Lauren Booth.

Her first grandchild (a girl) was born in October 2016.

Political and religious views
Blair has described herself as a socialist and, at times, has appeared to have views further to the left than those of her husband. She is a republican and reportedly chooses to handshake rather than curtsy when meeting royals, including Elizabeth II. According to the royal historian Carolyn Harris, Blair's preference for a handshake "attracted controversy as it was seen as making a statement about her republican views". Elizabeth herself was said to take amusement from Blair's refusal to curtsey and has been quoted as stating "I can almost feel Mrs Blair's knees stiffening when I come into the room".

In March 2008, Blair chaired the Street Weapons Commission on behalf of the broadcaster Channel 4. She toured the UK and took evidence from people affected by street crime and published a report and practical advice in June 2008.

She is a practising Roman Catholic. In 2009, Blair urged the Catholic Church to reconsider its opposition to contraception, suggesting it could be holding some women back from pursuing a career.

In George W. Bush's 2010 autobiography Decision Points, Blair is briefly described as a fierce opponent of the death penalty.

Writings, portrayals, and coverage in books, film and theatre
Blair co-authored, with Cate Haste, the 2004 book The Goldfish Bowl: Married to the Prime Minister. The book is a compilation history of the lives of spouses of British prime ministers for most of the second half of the 20th century. It covers the spouses of former prime ministers Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, James Callaghan, Margaret Thatcher, and John Major.

Blair wrote a book of her memoirs, published in late May 2008, entitled Speaking for Myself: The Autobiography, and the book was listed as a Sunday Times best-seller. Interviewed about the book by Carole MacNeil on the Canadian network CBC Television on 1 June 2008, Blair stated that she felt most of the controversy about her in the British media was due to her pioneering role as the first wife of a British prime minister who had her own career, with the media simply not knowing how to treat her fairly and objectively.

Played by Helen McCrory, Blair features as a character in The Queen (2006), starring Helen Mirren, about the aftermath of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, and is portrayed as a fierce anti-monarchist. McCrory played her again in the 2010 HBO film The Special Relationship. Blair also features as a character in Chris Bush and Ian McCluskey's production TONY! The Blair Musical. Phoebe Nicholls played her in The Trial of Tony Blair (2007). She was also portrayed in the music video of "Shoot the Dog", a song by George Michael that is critical of Tony Blair and George W. Bush. Blair is portrayed by Lydia Leonard in the fifth and sixth seasons of ''The Crown.

In June 2019, Blair signed on as an executive producer for Jerusalem-set drama feature film The Rock Pile, a first try into film production for her.

Recognition
She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2013. In 2023, she was awarded the 40 over 40 award by Monaco Voice.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cherie Blair


text:
Radio propagation

Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the atmosphere. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization, and scattering. Understanding the effects of varying conditions on radio propagation has many practical applications, from choosing frequencies for amateur radio communications, international shortwave broadcasters, to designing reliable mobile telephone systems, to radio navigation, to operation of radar systems.

Several different types of propagation are used in practical radio transmission systems. Line-of-sight propagation means radio waves which travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. Line of sight transmission is used for medium-distance radio transmission, such as cell phones, cordless phones, walkie-talkies, wireless networks, FM radio, television broadcasting, radar, and satellite communication (such as satellite television). Line-of-sight transmission on the surface of the Earth is limited to the distance to the visual horizon, which depends on the height of transmitting and receiving antennas. It is the only propagation method possible at microwave frequencies and above.

At lower frequencies in the MF, LF, and VLF bands, diffraction allows radio waves to bend over hills and other obstacles, and travel beyond the horizon, following the contour of the Earth. These are called surface waves or ground wave propagation. AM broadcast and amateur radio stations use ground waves to cover their listening areas. As the frequency gets lower, the attenuation with distance decreases, so very low frequency (VLF) to extremely low frequency (ELF) ground waves can be used to communicate worldwide. VLF to ELF waves can penetrate significant distances through water and earth, and these frequencies are used for mine communication and military communication with submerged submarines.

At medium wave and shortwave frequencies (MF and HF bands), radio waves can refract from the ionosphere, a layer of charged particles (ions) high in the atmosphere. This means that medium and short radio waves transmitted at an angle into the sky can be refracted back to Earth at great distances beyond the horizon – even transcontinental distances. This is called skywave propagation. It is used by amateur radio operators to communicate with operators in distant countries, and by shortwave broadcast stations to transmit internationally.

In addition, there are several less common radio propagation mechanisms, such as tropospheric scattering (troposcatter), tropospheric ducting (ducting) at VHF frequencies and near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) which are used when HF communications are desired within a few hundred miles.

Frequency dependence
At different frequencies, radio waves travel through the atmosphere by different mechanisms or modes:

Free space propagation
In free space, all electromagnetic waves (radio, light, X-rays, etc.) obey the inverse-square law which states that the power density $$\rho\,$$ of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to the inverse of the square of the distance $$r\,$$ from a point source or:

 * $$\rho \propto \frac{1}{r^2}~.$$

At typical communication distances from a transmitter, the transmitting antenna usually can be approximated by a point source. Doubling the distance of a receiver from a transmitter means that the power density of the radiated wave at that new location is reduced to one-quarter of its previous value.

The power density per surface unit is proportional to the product of the electric and magnetic field strengths. Thus, doubling the propagation path distance from the transmitter reduces each of these received field strengths over a free-space path by one-half.

Radio waves in vacuum travel at the speed of light. The Earth's atmosphere is thin enough that radio waves in the atmosphere travel very close to the speed of light, but variations in density and temperature can cause some slight refraction (bending) of waves over distances.

Direct modes (line-of-sight)
Line-of-sight refers to radio waves which travel directly in a line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna, often also called direct-wave. It does not necessarily require a cleared sight path; at lower frequencies radio waves can pass through buildings, foliage and other obstructions. This is the most common propagation mode at VHF and above, and the only possible mode at microwave frequencies and above. On the surface of the Earth, line of sight propagation is limited by the visual horizon to about 40 mi. This is the method used by cell phones, cordless phones, walkie-talkies, wireless networks, point-to-point microwave radio relay links, FM and television broadcasting and radar. Satellite communication uses longer line-of-sight paths; for example home satellite dishes receive signals from communication satellites 22,000 mi above the Earth, and ground stations can communicate with spacecraft billions of miles from Earth.

Ground plane reflection effects are an important factor in VHF line-of-sight propagation. The interference between the direct beam line-of-sight and the ground reflected beam often leads to an effective inverse-fourth-power ($1/distance^{4}$) law for ground-plane limited radiation.

Surface modes (groundwave)
Lower frequency (between 30 and 3,000 kHz) vertically polarized radio waves can travel as surface waves following the contour of the Earth; this is called ground wave propagation.

In this mode the radio wave propagates by interacting with the conductive surface of the Earth. The wave "clings" to the surface and thus follows the curvature of the Earth, so ground waves can travel over mountains and beyond the horizon. Ground waves propagate in vertical polarization so vertical antennas (monopoles) are required. Since the ground is not a perfect electrical conductor, ground waves are attenuated as they follow the Earth's surface. Attenuation is proportional to frequency, so ground waves are the main mode of propagation at lower frequencies, in the MF, LF and VLF bands. Ground waves are used by radio broadcasting stations in the MF and LF bands, and for time signals and radio navigation systems.

At even lower frequencies, in the VLF to ELF bands, an Earth-ionosphere waveguide mechanism allows even longer range transmission. These frequencies are used for secure military communications. They can also penetrate to a significant depth into seawater, and so are used for one-way military communication to submerged submarines.

Early long-distance radio communication (wireless telegraphy) before the mid-1920s used low frequencies in the longwave bands and relied exclusively on ground-wave propagation. Frequencies above 3 MHz were regarded as useless and were given to hobbyists (radio amateurs). The discovery around 1920 of the ionospheric reflection or skywave mechanism made the medium wave and short wave frequencies useful for long-distance communication and they were allocated to commercial and military users.

Measuring HF propagation
HF propagation conditions can be simulated using radio propagation models, such as the Voice of America Coverage Analysis Program, and realtime measurements can be done using chirp transmitters. For radio amateurs the WSPR mode provides maps with real time propagation conditions between a network of transmitters and receivers. Even without special beacons the realtime propagation conditions can be measured: A worldwide network of receivers decodes morse code signals on amateur radio frequencies in realtime and provides sophisticated search functions and propagation maps for every station received.

Practical effects
The average person can notice the effects of changes in radio propagation in several ways.

In AM broadcasting, the dramatic ionospheric changes that occur overnight in the mediumwave band drive a unique broadcast license scheme in the United States, with entirely different transmitter power output levels and directional antenna patterns to cope with skywave propagation at night. Very few stations are allowed to run without modifications during dark hours, typically only those on clear channels in North America. Many stations have no authorization to run at all outside of daylight hours.

For FM broadcasting (and the few remaining low-band TV stations), weather is the primary cause for changes in VHF propagation, along with some diurnal changes when the sky is mostly without cloud cover. These changes are most obvious during temperature inversions, such as in the late-night and early-morning hours when it is clear, allowing the ground and the air near it to cool more rapidly. This not only causes dew, frost, or fog, but also causes a slight "drag" on the bottom of the radio waves, bending the signals down such that they can follow the Earth's curvature over the normal radio horizon. The result is typically several stations being heard from another media market – usually a neighboring one, but sometimes ones from a few hundred kilometers (miles) away. Ice storms are also the result of inversions, but these normally cause more scattered omnidirection propagation, resulting mainly in interference, often among weather radio stations. In late spring and early summer, a combination of other atmospheric factors can occasionally cause skips that duct high-power signals to places well over 1000 km (600 miles) away.

Non-broadcast signals are also affected. Mobile phone signals are in the UHF band, ranging from 700 to over 2600 MHz, a range which makes them even more prone to weather-induced propagation changes. In urban (and to some extent suburban) areas with a high population density, this is partly offset by the use of smaller cells, which use lower effective radiated power and beam tilt to reduce interference, and therefore increase frequency reuse and user capacity. However, since this would not be very cost-effective in more rural areas, these cells are larger and so more likely to cause interference over longer distances when propagation conditions allow.

While this is generally transparent to the user thanks to the way that cellular networks handle cell-to-cell handoffs, when cross-border signals are involved, unexpected charges for international roaming may occur despite not having left the country at all. This often occurs between southern San Diego and northern Tijuana at the western end of the U.S./Mexico border, and between eastern Detroit and western Windsor along the U.S./Canada border. Since signals can travel unobstructed over a body of water far larger than the Detroit River, and cool water temperatures also cause inversions in surface air, this "fringe roaming" sometimes occurs across the Great Lakes, and between islands in the Caribbean. Signals can skip from the Dominican Republic to a mountainside in Puerto Rico and vice versa, or between the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, among others. While unintended cross-border roaming is often automatically removed by mobile phone company billing systems, inter-island roaming is typically not.

Empirical models
A radio propagation model, also known as the radio wave propagation model or the radio frequency propagation model, is an empirical mathematical formulation for the characterization of radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance and other conditions. A single model is usually developed to predict the behavior of propagation for all similar links under similar constraints. Created with the goal of formalizing the way radio waves are propagated from one place to another, such models typically predict the path loss along a link or the effective coverage area of a transmitter.

The inventor of radio communication, Guglielmo Marconi, before 1900 formulated the first crude empirical rule of radio propagation: the maximum transmission distance varied as the square of the height of the antenna.

As the path loss encountered along any radio link serves as the dominant factor for characterization of propagation for the link, radio propagation models typically focus on realization of the path loss with the auxiliary task of predicting the area of coverage for a transmitter or modeling the distribution of signals over different regions.

Because each individual telecommunication link has to encounter different terrain, path, obstructions, atmospheric conditions and other phenomena, it is intractable to formulate the exact loss for all telecommunication systems in a single mathematical equation. As a result, different models exist for different types of radio links under different conditions. The models rely on computing the median path loss for a link under a certain probability that the considered conditions will occur.

Radio propagation models are empirical in nature, which means, they are developed based on large collections of data collected for the specific scenario. For any model, the collection of data has to be sufficiently large to provide enough likeliness (or enough scope) to all kind of situations that can happen in that specific scenario. Like all empirical models, radio propagation models do not point out the exact behavior of a link, rather, they predict the most likely behavior the link may exhibit under the specified conditions.

Different models have been developed to meet the needs of realizing the propagation behavior in different conditions. Types of models for radio propagation include:

 * Models for free space attenuation
 * Free-space path loss
 * Dipole field strength in free space
 * Friis transmission equation

 * Models for outdoor attenuation
 * Terrain models
 * ITU terrain model
 * Egli model
 * Longley–Rice irregular terrain model (ITM)
 * Two-ray ground-reflection model
 * City models
 * Okumura model
 * Hata model
 * COST Hata model

 * Models for indoor attenuation
 * ITU model for indoor attenuation
 * Log-distance path loss model

title: Radio propagation


text:
Talk:Annapolis County, Nova Scotia

 * see Talk:Colchester County, Nova Scotia for copyright info

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Annapolis County, Nova Scotia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070313173645/http://ns1763.ca:80/annapco/annapcondx.html to http://ns1763.ca/annapco/annapcondx.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:19, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Band number
Hi im 34 years old and a single father. A couple years ago i found out my background and im trying to find out more about my family/bloodline. 76.68.85.33 (talk) 15:09, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Annapolis County, Nova Scotia


text:
Talk:2channel

Link ERROR
Hi, in the part on the left where you click to check the page in different languages, the Japanese one doesn't link to the Japanese 2chn Wiki article. It instead links to a murder case (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E8%89%AF%E5%B0%8F1%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%90%E6%AE%BA%E5%AE%B3%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6) Idk how to correct that myself, if anybody could, that'd be cool — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2806:103E:1A:2C77:8162:6AD9:53BF:8838 (talk) 16:41, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

Severe neutrality problems, Nishimura's claims not being given enough weight

 * We are not giving Hiroyuki Nishimura's claims enough, or any, weight. ja:2ちゃんねる is more neutral, which is really saying something. Even to say that the site has been rebranded as 5channel without further context is, in and of itself, WP:POV-pushy in my humble opinion.
 * The only mention to Nishimura's [2ch.sc], the other claimant to the "2channel" name, is in § History. It was later revealed that 2channel was suffering from financial setbacks prior to the takeover.—Nishimura specifically denies this in his legal briefs, and our citation here is a WP:SPS, a messageboard post by Watkins.
 * It is very unclear which parts of the article are historical, pre-succession controversy, and no longer apply.
 * § Impact on the Internet is laughable. Jim Watkins and co. are horrible at internet security, this I know from personal experience, but I have no idea how we could in any good conscience write that in wiki voice.

And here are some possible solutions:

 * Limit the scope of the 2channel article to pre-2014, pre-succession controversy only. 2channel is a historical, defunct message board. Create new articles, 5channel and 2ch.sc, or perhaps one for both, perhaps 2channel succession controversy.
 * Give 2ch.sc and Hiroyuki's claims to legitimacy much more weight, but allow the article to be about all three messageboards, viz., the defunct historical 2channel, 5channel, and 2ch.sc.

I might have a WP:COI, so am holding off on fixing it (at least for the moment), as I wrote at User talk:GRuban. Psiĥedelisto (talk) 22:51, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Interesting critiques, if they are well-sourced and you clear CoI I would be very pleased to see them implemented (this article, like you mentioned, has been neglected on the English Wiki, I suspect mostly due to difficulty finding accessible sources). I support the second solution you listed, as I think those splits in the first option would be excessive and spreading the material too thin. — Goszei (talk) 23:05, 15 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I guess the best way for me to get started on this is to start a user-space draft, then open a WP:ER? This is going to be a major change to the article, I want to change almost every section, and the lead. A lot needs to be removed IMO as well. Especially § "Impact on the Internet" and § "Impact on the network society", but also § "Social impact" rewritten shorter and to refer better to the date it refers, to § "Conflict of interest" renamed (and 便所の落書き added with e.g. nihongo2), § "Contribution to the fairness of academic research" removed as WP:INDISCRIMINATE, or else consolidated to § "Social impact"...§ "Operation" needs a lot of clarification for what refers to what version of the site. The lone note probably needs to be removed, it's not even correct romaji and what I think they mean, 鳥獣戯画, doesn't refer to a specific panting. I'm happy to start on this, I do think that I can get this article up to WP:GA status via a rewrite, there are a lot of sources out there, in English and Japanese. But without review of what is likely to be a complicated change by a non-involved editor, I don't know that I want to take time on the rewrite. Psiĥedelisto (talk) 01:07, 16 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I can't make any promises that I would take part in a review, but maybe there is someone interested in one of the 3 connected WikiProjects. Regardless of that, I think WP:BOLD would be the guiding principle here, this article needs a lot of work, and most of what you proposed (if well-sourced) sounds like it would only need review if challenged. — Goszei (talk) 03:00, 16 May 2020 (UTC)
 * OK. I don't think my conflict is even that severe in this case, and WP:IAR also provides some guidance. So, I'll write a draft and copy it over and just be mindful while we're establishing consensus on any tricky sections in the new version to allow other editors to take the lead. Psiĥedelisto (talk) 20:46, 16 May 2020 (UTC)
 * As on my talk, I actually do think you have a sufficient COI, I'm afraid. Do write a draft in your userspace, but then please do ping one or both of us and/or place an edit request here so someone who doesn't have a (rather serious, I think you'll agree?) ongoing dispute with a former owner can approve, before copying it over. You're a (surprisingly!) experienced editor, and I'm sure you'll do a good job, but do let it be vetted. Thanks. --GRuban (talk) 13:01, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

I do wish you would have pinged me. I've spent multiple days now refactoring User:Psiĥedelisto/2channel, and was just coming here to see if was interested in looking it over before I do the final push in the next few days. Please have a look yourself, but remember it's by no means done. The main things that remain to do are: (a) Finish up the end of the history. (b) Add a reference to the Korean DDoS of 2010, I found it reported in AFP via The Telegraph. (c) Figure out the delicate issue of how much it matters that 8chan was DDoS'd in 2015, bringing 2channel down for days. That was widely reported and probably deserves at least a sentence; for many 2channel users it was their first time learning Watkins had acquired 8chan. (d) Clean up the machine translated sections, and figure out what we can cite, and what is just hearsay. From reading them, they make little sense, so I feel that most is hearsay, but I will try to rescue as much as possible.I feel that once you read my draft, you'll see that I'm not overly favoring Nishimura. In fact, I thought that I could be much more gentle on him when I started. Then I started digging into the sources, and they took me places, and I wrote what mattered despite my personal feelings on who is "in the right". Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 09:33, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, pinging per request. Whew, this is a large article. I'm going to take a few passes, first by just reading your article, then in comparison with the sources. I will make minor tweaks that I hope will be uncontroversial in your draft directly, and larger comments that you might dispute on User talk:Psiĥedelisto/2channel. But if you don't like the minor tweaks, please feel free to dispute them on that talk page as well. Thanks for your work.--GRuban (talk) 12:03, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Ouch. I would have let someone else, one of us, for example, do the actual big move of content. It's a huge change, I'll need some time to look it over again. It's strongly recommended, and that's what I did with my CoI articles, and there is a non-zero chance someone will now slap an ugly-looking Template:COI tag on the article. But yes, I do see the WP:IAR note, and I appreciate the effort, which was a good deal of work, and it does look like an improvement, and I believe that it was done with the best intentions, so probably won't undo your change wholesale, and if someone does object you can lean heavily on Goszei's approval. I'm guessing since it's now moved here, comments should go here as well? --GRuban (talk) 10:48, 23 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Sure, although I think it might be simpler to transclude User talk:Psiĥedelisto/2channel since everything is already there. But either way is fine. I understand what you mean, but if someone wants to add COI they should have to say what section is actually the problem; Template:COI/doc is abundantly clear on this issue. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 10:58, 23 May 2020 (UTC)
 * There, I did a WP:SUBST of User talk:Psiĥedelisto/2channel 😎 Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 11:09, 23 May 2020 (UTC)
 * And you nominated it for GA review already?!? You don't waste any time, do you? Wow. I wish you the best of luck, but even my review will likely take a few days, much less the GA reviewer. I'm impressed. --GRuban (talk) 11:35, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

General comments
Thank you GRuban for the below review. I will ping you when I'm ready for you to look again. All your comments are well taken. Perhaps we really can get this up to a WP:GA together, I'd like that. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 03:13, 21 May 2020 (UTC)
 * That would be amazing! --GRuban (talk) 14:19, 21 May 2020 (UTC)
 * It's ready for another look over by you. Please allow me to do the copy over, I want to be credited for my work in XTools and in the page history. may also be interested. If you look at the diff log, you'll see that I've poured more than 24 hours of work into this page. It should be obvious to anyone, COI or no COI, that the article I've written is far superior to what's there right now. As I wrote on Talk:2channel, I will be careful to allow other editors to take the lead if they think my COI has led me to bias this article in some way. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 02:10, 23 May 2020 (UTC)
 * (I moved it to article space, but it's fine to keep discussing it here, perhaps also transcluding this page on Talk:2channel.) Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 08:57, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

GRuban's review
Minor hopefully undisputable tweaks directly in text, larger or possibly disputable ones here. I haven't been following the diffs, so realize that you may not have written all the text these comments are about, so "not my change" is a legitimate response; but if you want to improve the article in this place anyway, that would be great.

Lead
* "In 2009, the site's ownership was transferred to Packet Monster Inc, a company based in Chinatown, Singapore, before its domain, 2ch.net, was repossessed by its registrar, N. T. Technology, in 2014." This is confusing - are you writing that the two events were connected? If so, it's not obvious, it was 5 years in between after all. In fact this is in the same paragraph with "In 2008, the site was reported to have generated an annual revenue in upwards of ¥100 million." which, presumably, means it was very profitable (I'm not up on Yen exchange rates), but the repossession implies that it ran into financial difficulties; if so, that's kind of important and we should say so explicitly. If all these events are unconnected, we should make that more clear as well.
 * Fixed while rewriting lead per Goszei's advice.

* "2ch.sc, owned by its original founder through Packet Monster Inc" - this is even more confusing; earlier lead says ownership was transferred to Packet Monster, but now it's owned by the original founder? Did Packet Monster sell it back, or was PM always owned by Nishimura, and the original sale was just shuffling papers, or what? * Throughout, "Packet Monster Inc" - I think we need to use a period after "Inc." which is at least encouraged if not individually called out in Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations.
 * I see, it is explained later that it was, in fact, quite possibly just shuffling papers. Striking.
 * Fixed.

* "as of May 2020 redirects to 5ch.net" - first, this means 5channel? We should say so, either here or earlier where we first mention 5channel.
 * Fixed as it was moved later in article.

** "... Nishimura... has attempted to repossess the domain" Second, can we get an earlier date than May 2020, since presumably Nishimura's attempts were earlier than just this month?
 * I'd consider restoring 5ch.net to the sentence about 5channel. It's hard to argue that the URL of a web site isn't one of the most important things about it.
 * Yes, I found the exact date the redirect began.

* "Meanwhile, as of May 2020, 2ch.sc had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily,[17] making 2ch.sc about 1% of the size of 5channel." - we need to rephrase something like "in terms of users" or "... posts", because in terms of numbers of boards it seems comparable.
 * Fixed.

* "A year before the credit card leak and subsequent split, " Credit card leak? This is the first time we mention it, we should explain first, or leave it until the body.
 * Good plan, left until body.

* "in 2007 it received more than 2.5 million daily." It's confusing to mix dates with relative times as above. Also, shouldn't we put this paragraph chronologically? I understand you're trying to contrast dramatically, but I think the contrast is sufficient chronologically, while ease of comprehension is more important, we're an encyclopedia, "boring" is almost a synonym.
 * I moved this to sentence one. On further reflection, I realized that the 2008 "Bad Boy" article is talking about revenue from 2007, so it's fine to put them together without mentioning date again.

* "and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net" - was it really known as 2ch.net, or was that just its URL? I mean, I don't think the article about Google says it's also known as Google.com. If you want, "also known as 2ch from its original URL 2ch.net", maybe?
 * In sources which need to differentiate 2ch.net and 2ch.sc, (mostly from before the name change,) how they do it is as 2ちゃんねる (2ch.net) and 2ちゃんねる (2ch.sc). Besides the pleading, however, here are two reliable sources which refer to it as 2ch.net:
 * https://www.wired.com/2008/05/mf-usfans/
 * https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/01/8chan-domain-seized-over-allegations-of-child-abuse-content/

* "was reported to have generated an annual revenue in upwards of ¥100 million" - again WP:WEASEL "was reported to" - is there any conflicting source? If not, I'd remove those; also "in upwards", as not only a grammar error, but not what the sources say, they just say about 100 mill.
 * Fixed.

* "was hosted in San Francisco, California[7][1] by Jim Watkins, a US army veteran, domain registrar and dedicated hosting service provider.[9]" - I removed the veteran bit. It's useful in the body, but not in the intro, which is a summary, and it doesn't really play any part in the story. I'm posting here to ask if there is a way to rephrase to something like "was hosted and domain registered in California by Jim Watkins." while linking appropriately and still being grammatical (I'm not sure if "domain registered" is really a verb that people use) in the interest of conciseness?
 * Perhaps my new wording is better. Domain registered just sounds wrong to me, I'm afraid.

* "Despite widespread use, 2channel and its successors are also more controversial than other social media in Japan": then you list right wing and defamation, how about adding crime announcements, and drug trade, which are each given noticeable weight below? Also I'm not sure if the word "Despite" is appropriate; I hear of plenty of media outlets that try to become controversial in order to gain popularity. Finally are both successors as controversial in these ways as the original was?
 * Removed despite. At least 5channel is as controversial, see source Endō (2018), Sankei Shimbun. I'll think of a way to prove 2ch.sc also has far-right posters? Seems obvious to me...
 * You sure you don't want to mention the crime announcements and/or drug trade in at least part of a sentence in the lead? It takes a noticeable part of the body.

* "Meanwhile, as of May 2020," "making 2ch.sc about 1% of the size of 5channel in terms of posts." - I'd consider leaving both of those bits out, and maybe replacing the first with "At the same time", or combining the sentences with "while". Is there a source comparing the two in terms of size? If not, we probably shouldn't do that so prominently. Finally, is this a summary of the body text? It should be; in other words, this information should also be in the body, possibly even in more detail. I agree it's important enough to also be in the lead.
 * Cut what you asked me to cut, copied to body § Culture. More detail could possibly come later.

Thanks, Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 14:07, 24 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Only 2 unaddressed comments left in the Lead, struck out the rest. Sorry if just leaving them unstruck doesn't make them stand out enough. --GRuban (talk) 01:50, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

Early history
* "2ch was opened on 30 May 1999" - "opened"? Do you "open" a website? Maybe founded, started?
 * I think opened is fine, but don't care either way so changed it.

* " served as the successor to an earlier anonymous textboard known as Ayashii World" In what sense? Also owned by Nishimura? Much frequented by Nishimura but not owned? Something else?
 * In the sense that Ayashii World, a similar site, closed in 1998 and 2channel was founded as a successor.

* the website enjoyed a greater degree of immunity to legal action - pretty controversial statement, needs a source
 * I believe the one's I've added since you looked are sufficient.

* "in comparison to its predecessors" - there were more?
 * Nope, just Ayashii per the sources, so I've removed it.

** We want to explain why 2chan was different from/more successful than its predecessors. I see the Wired article says it wasn't much different from other BBSs, the main difference was the freedom of speech, in closeted Japan. We should say that (and source it).
 * Very good idea, I added this.

* "Jim Watkins, through Race Queen Inc. and N. T. Technology Inc., hosted the site since at least 2004." Since he's going to be a major character, we should write something about him as an introduction. Was he a professional website host, before getting involved with Nishimura? Did he specialize in Japan, textboards, something else?
 * Added a blurb about what he was doing before.
 * Rather than just "an ex-US army officer", I'd repeat the "US army officer host and registrar" or whatever phrasing you had in the lead before. There's more room here in the body, but the host and registrar bits are still the important parts.

* "is allegedly a reference" - is there any doubt of this? Unless the source says something like allegedly, or unless there are other sources that dispute it, we shouldn't MOS:ALLEGED; if there is a dispute we should make the dispute clear.
 * No doubt at all in my mind. I didn't write that, and I've removed it.

* "In 2010," - what?
 * Hehe. You were reading a half-done article, after all.

* "Nishimura announced 2channel on Amezou in May 1999, calling it "Amezou's second channel"." - nice, but needs a bit of clarification ("I don't know" is a possible, but do try to check your sources for these, I can't read the Japanese, I'm afraid)
 * He wasn't actually connected to Amezou in any way, right? It's written as if it might have been an authorized spinoff.
 * How did Amezou's owner feel or react to being told he has a spinoff on his own noticeboard?
 * This was in May 1999 - Nishimura only founded 2ch on 30 May 1999; so this was the very first announcement of its opening?
 * "after violent threats were made on it" - meaning threats to Amezou, to the author, or to unrelated entities or people?
 * Hey - sorry it took me a while to get to this! I was waiting on a source, which I received today! Barubora (2005, Shōeisha KK) goes into a lot of depth. I am currently reading through it and will be transcribing out some quotes from it this month for the article. To answer your questions though, no, he wasn't connected to Amezou. The book actually reprints a discussion between them in its entirety, and it's very interesting to see! Also how he describes 2channel is very interesting, in that it's always going to be in a sense "below" Amezou, thus why it's channel 2 and Amezou is channel 1. Barubora even explains how there was a 1ch and 1.5ch as a backlash against Nishimura, where you had to pay a fee to post, something like Something Awful. Remember "toilet graffiti" guy from § Anonymous posting? Yeah, he made 1ch. Really fascinating work. And yes, he announced the opening on Amezou, the very first time it was mentioned anywhere online according to Barubora and others. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 00:31, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

* " since at least 2004[8] through various corporate identities, including Big-server.com Inc.,[28] Pacific Internet Exchange LLC[29] and N. T. Technology Inc.[30]" - I can't read the Japanese, but at least the Washington Post link doesn't seem to back that N. T. Technology ever hosted 2chan as such, certainly not since 2004. It says "...Loki Technology, owns the popular Japanese message board 5channel." --GRuban (talk) 02:07, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Still not clarified whom the threats were directed at. It's kind of an important point, were people threatening Amezou, Nishimura, or unrelated forum users? --GRuban (talk) 21:56, 25 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the long delay. Getting an answer to this has been an odyssey. I won't bore you with the details, but basically I'm working off a blurry PDF and a single critical kanji evaded me because it's just a blob in my scan. :-) (脅 in 脅迫) I have changed the text of the article. Actually I transcribed almost the entire page, but for copyright reasons tried to trim the quote I put in the ref tag as much as possible. I'll email you the full text and scanned page. Best, Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 07:09, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I know that the layers of shell companies are very confusing. I'm working off this paragraph:But its name, Watkins said in 2015, “didn’t go over well with the wives” who saw it in credit-card statements, so he renamed the enterprise N.T. Technology. (The acronym, he said, means nothing.) The Reno, Nev.-based company is now tied to many of Watkins’s other Web properties worldwide, business records show. Those include a smattering of Manila-based companies focused on computer services and real-world property over the years, including a now-closed organic food restaurant and, in 2005, a business called Race Queen, probably named for the scantily clad models who pose along the tracks of Japanese car races.Race Queen Inc was the Philippine corporation that operated 2ch.net before Loki Technology Inc. The Japanese source, the court ruling, is where I get the "2004" from. You won't see that year in Latin digits in the source, you'll see it as 平成16, see Japanese calendar. Court rulings are one of the few things that is still using the traditional calendar. Perhaps Race Queen Inc. needs to go into this sentence? I feel like this kind of does matter, both of them really love making tons of corporations as we can see. You can also see RQI at the bottom of the homepage as of 2016: Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 04:44, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry to double post. We were just talking about the CNET N. T. Technology apology - couldn't that be a source here? Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 04:45, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

Ownership transfer and government scrutiny
* The section title implies the ownership transfer was specifically to avoid scrutiny. Is this intended? If so we need to say so straight out and source it. An earlier sentence said "greater degree of immunity to legal action" - we should probably make that more explicit and source it as well, as it's not immediately apparent that being a textboard means you are regularly in trouble with the law.
 * Aha, I see there is a whole "Slander and legal issues" section under Culture. I wonder if these separate sections need to be integrated?
 * I've done so :-)

 * "Nishimura allegedly left too many posts seeking to purchase illicit amphetamine" - "left ... posts" is ambiguous, "left a message" means is the author of the message. Is this intended? If not, we should rephrase. Also, was Nishimura personally the only content moderator? If not, we should probably say something like "2chan had many..." I don't like the "too", as it implies that only a few posts buying illegal drugs would have been OK.
 * OK, I've fixed it up.
 * "left" is still there. Maybe "did not delete"? --GRuban (talk) 02:09, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

Credit card leak
* Section title: was the important part the credit card leak, or the personal information leak?
 * You're right, the cards weren't really what mattered to most people.

* " various high level personas such as politicians and writers" - any people with articles here that can/should be named? If all we know is the pop group, who are the politicians? I see one writer named in the source article, but writers are less inherently high level, and 2chan's own attorney, though good to mention, is not really a high level persona
 * I've included a better source, PRESIDENT, but I think there's a cultural thing you're not getting here...it is not appropriate in Japan for a reliable source to really post names like that...the names are on 2channel but I think we should respect that this was essentially a mass act of doxing and not mention names where the sources don't. The reason Karasawa is fair to mention is because everyone already knew he used 2channel, and he willingly talked to media about it, including revealing that his own credit card had been illegally used by 2channel users.

* "It allowed users to read old threads; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts, it would become part of the kako rogu (過去ログ, lit. past log) by a process of ".dat omission" - I like that you're trying to explain the process, but you didn't quite make it clear; why would reading old threads allow access to credit card info, and why is ".dat omission" so important? Omission is leaving out, so why is leaving out info a leak?
 * I feel I explained this better.

* You removed the bit about identity theft and lawsuits. Maybe we could instead restore and source that?
 * I didn't really see any lawsuits worth mentioning. I found one quote of a bemused lawyer wondering how he'd even be able to collect for his clients given past failed collection efforts worth Nishimura. Given it's 2020 now, it seems nothing came of it.

 * "At the time of the leak, Watkins apologized on behalf of N. T. Technology, Inc.," - wait, what? The leak was in August 2013, Watkins only seized the domain in February 2014, no? Was he already officially at least partly in charge? --GRuban (talk) 02:13, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * He was running the servers then. So, I assume the reason he apologized was as it was his company's mistake that the leak happened...or at least he felt that way at the time. This struck me as somewhat odd too. CNET reported that he apologized, and I found the original apology based on the screenshot CNET shared, and the domain it's on, tora3.net, was owned by Watkins at least since 2012, and seems to still be his now, as its nameserver is ns1.nttec.com. If I can just speculate for a bit, perhaps this was the origin of the dispute? No RS states this, but perhaps Hiroyuki got annoyed and wanted to switch hosts. Who knows what went on behind the scenes, I don't believe anything Watkins personally told me about what happened, and even if I did, we can't use that. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 03:50, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

Repossession/Domain seizure and split
* The title "repossession" implies that Watkins owned ... something. The domain name? The hardware running the site? How/why?
 * This is the term most often used in the sources. I find it a bit confusing too. I guess what people mean is, he claimed that it was for financial reasons. Basically, Nishimura owed him money, so he repo'd it. But Nishimura disputes this, and given he had the money to buy 4chan, I'm inclined to believe he didn't owe. He owns the registrar, so he literally just gave himself the domain by editing the WHOIS record, which is something like a title deed for domains. That's why it went to ICANN, which appoints WIPO to arbitrate.
 * Thinking about it more, I think "seizure" fits better. It is a more neutral term and does not imply any legitimacy to the transfer, but it also doesn't imply any illegitimacy; after all, property seizures can in some cases be legal. Wired used the phrasing "wrested control". Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 07:06, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

* I linked to Web scraping and Real-time web to explain the terms, if that's not correct, please redirect, but I think it's not obvious otherwise. Not all of our readers will be web professionals.
 * Scraping is correct, real-time web has slightly different meaning. I attempted to clarify.

* "a domain and trademark owned by Loki Technology, Inc." - also Watkins? Worth a note and cite saying so, or just leaving out if we can't source it. There are more shell corporations here than on an oyster bed!
 * I was able to prove it was Watkins and family. Watkins' own lawyer said he's chairman of Loki, and Washington Post reported his wife is treasurer. Another source said Ron registered the 5channel trademark in Japan.

* "In 2018, Nishimura won a lawsuit against Watkins in the Tokyo District Court." - in what sense, and what effect did it have? Won the rights to the name "2channel", to the URL, or what? --GRuban (talk) 02:20, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Do we want to move this after the next sentences? In fact, they go in reverse order: 2018 lawsuit, then 2017 redirect, then 2016 registration, this seems a counter intuitive ordering. --GRuban (talk) 02:23, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Still not answered. --GRuban (talk) 22:04, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

Tensai kinshi
* I'm not sure this is worth a separate section - so he put a copyright mark on the site, most sites have one. Did it not have one before? Even if it's new with Watkins, this seems like a reaction to the scraping, so seems like worth a sentence in the previous section instead.
 * I put it in Culture instead under matome. It's actually quite important to the site's users and caused a lot of strife. It's more about openness of the data. It could've been partially about scraping, but sources suggest it was more about being anti-matome. After all, Hiroyuki can still scrape, even if he has to parse HTML; there's no real difference for him if he's told to stop and doesn't, it's all just cat and mouse at that point.

* "He makes two contradictory legal claims: [40]" - what?
 * Was half-done, not anymore. I talk more about the source lower.

* "/poverty/" (in Matome section) - what? --GRuban (talk) 02:27, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, slightly better, /poverty/ is the name of a board. Fine. But why is /poverty/ part of the "reproduction prohibited" notice? Is this the board that the notice is supposed to be discussed on, are there more details there, what? --GRuban (talk) 22:06, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

2ch phenomena
* This only has one "Densha Otoko" subsection that can probably be moved up, and definitely needs a reference. I know, not your work, but as long as you're here, could you?
 * Yes.

Source review
Unfortunately, many of the sources are in Japanese, a language I cannot read, and don't know much about. So there is some chance experts will be able to correct my comments here; but many of the sources seem weak for rather controversial information.
 * http://blog.livedoor.jp/freenews7/archives/21746147.html - this seems to be "someone's blog" - are we sure it's an accurate archive of a news article? The JapanTimes sources seem much better to cover this.
 * It is someone's blog, but it's not just someone's blog. If that makes sense. I'm sure it's accurate. The Mainichi article wasn't on archive, so I found someone who had copied and pasted it. If you search exact quotes you'll see other sources agree that's what the article read.

 * https://www.courts.go.jp/app/files/hanrei_jp/327/089327_hanrei.pdf - this seems to be a court document, which is a primary source at best (if the information it is being used for is a court finding), and just not a good source at worst (if it's just an argument made by either party)
 * It's a ruling, not a pleading. It's useful for some things but of course we can't use it to say "Watkins stole 2channel", even though that was essentially what the court ruled.

 * https://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/7997255/ - this seems really short; again I can't read Japanese, but the Google Translate seems to imply this is a speculative news piece full of allegations and rumor. Again, this is Livedoor - is this some guy's blog? We probably need more than this to say the pop group info was leaked
 * I found a better AKB48 source. This is not quite someone's blog, it's more like Forbes, HuffPost or Yahoo! News in USA. Somewhat vetted authors, I guess perhaps due to being popular in the blog section, can get paid to be reporters for Livedoor News.

 * https://www.bengo4.com/c_23/n_7019/ - "lawyer dot com news"? What is this? Is this an authoritative source?
 * It's authoritative but on second thought I decided that a legal discussion is not appropriate. So I just cut the sentence. I believe it's authoritative because the author is a Japanese attorney writing under his real name. It's essentially a trade rag, which we allow. Actually, it's basically a Japanese Abogado.com.ph, funnily enough, just more polished and professional / less clickbaity, more like a legal journal/legal review.

Societal impact
* Some bare links need just a few words of explanation - the link will give more details, of course, but we shold give some minimal warning where the link is going. For example * various news reports often use the phrase "the online bulletin board says" - this needs a citation. :: I tried for two hours to source this and was not able, either via Japanese or English sources. (It came from Japanese Wikipedia and wasn't my writing.) I'm sure it's true as I've watched my fair share of Japanese TV, but that doesn't matter. Instead, I've toned it down. Removed often, the worst word, and added another source that provides a lot of context for 2channel's content appearing in the media. I'm sorry if I seem to be taking your requests out of order: I like to focus on the most difficult stuff first then make many small changes all at once. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 02:34, 5 June 2020 (UTC) * conservative Shokun! magazine, during its operation, formerly ran - don't need both of these qualifiers, either "during its operation" or "formerly", both are redundant. Also, do we need to specify it was conservative?
 * Kids Goo - this is actually explained well, a kid friendly search engine, but is the Kids part of the name?
 * Naoto Kan - maybe "House member and later Prime Minister Naoto Kan"?
 * Taro Aso - similarly, "Prime Minister Taro Aso"?
 * Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka - "perennial candidates Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka" ?
 * Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun's "SPA!" section - newspaper Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun ... I don't even know what an "SPA!" section is, the link doesn't clarify.
 * "the utilization rate of 2channel for primary and secondary students was 12.2%" - meaning 12.2% of 2chan users were kids, or 12.2% of kids were 2chan users?
 * Again, the 3 sentences in this paragraph go 2007, then 2009, then 2008. Is there a good reason to go non-chronologically?
 * Other publications, such as Weekly Bunshun - the source only says this publication, if there are a multitude of others, cite more than one

In general, this work is very well done, and I would be surprised if you can't get this to GA status. --GRuban (talk) 02:46, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I think I just got everything, besides what I mentioned at . Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 03:49, 25 June 2020 (UTC)
 * You got most of it, but missed a few, left unstruck above:

Again, awesome work. --GRuban (talk) 22:15, 25 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Violent threats that closed Amezou: against whom?
 * Nishimura won a lawsuit against Watkins: about what, and with what result? (Apologies if your answer to this is the huge "A legal review..." section, but I'm afraid my eyes glazed over partway through that, and we do need a few words in the actual article, even if they're "with inconclusive results" if you can cite that.)
 * Same place, 2018, 2017, 2016, don't we want to go chronologically?
 * /poverty/ is the name of a board, but why is it in the "reproduction prohibited" notice?
 * OK I believe I've handled everything in my latest edit. (1) was handled earlier, (2) was yes, indeed, exhaustively covered in my section which bored you ...for now, as in that section I do a review of the sources, I cut the line, as I think if we're going to say inconclusive results then Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPO's Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy and through the Japanese court system. already handles it. (3) Seems fixed (4) Tried to fix this too. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 10:59, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

All looks good, impressive work! We can close this section or let it be archived or something like that. Thank you! --GRuban (talk) 19:56, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

Goszei's comments
Great work so far; I have a few comments myself. — Goszei (talk) 19:00, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The lead needs some rewriting to be explicitly clear. It should not dip into the level of detail that it does in the third paragraph, and should be shorter overall.
 * Phrases like "Packet Monster Inc., a Singaporean shell corporation" should be reduced for sake of simplicity (what really matters is who was in charge and when)
 * Basically, the minimum amount of words should be used to relay that ① There was a registrar repossession in 2014 ② There are two websites now ③ Watkins and Nishimura have a legal/business dispute.
 * How does the lead look to you now? Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 19:58, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * A big improvement! Still too heavy on the dates though:
 * "At that time", "In 2007"; perhaps these two periods/claims can be combined? First source seems to be from circa 2008.
 * "In 2008...", should be moved to the first paragraph and/or combined with the other two temporal claims I mentioned
 * "Beginning in at least 2004", should be grouped with other info on ownership in second lead paragraph; I also recommend removing the clause "being in the United States allowed 2chan..." — Goszei (talk) 20:07, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * How about now? Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) 20:48, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Perfect, the rest of the article looks great to me. — Goszei (talk) 20:52, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:37, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
 * 2ch AA Characters.gif

A legal review of the Nishimura–Watkins feud, and how Wikipedia ought to handle it
S'il vous plaît, join me on a journey into the weeds...(this is my reply to, ).

Or, skip the weeds and go right to

My interest in 2channel
I posted on 2channel way before making 8chan or meeting Watkins. I am JLPT N2.

My legal experience, or lack thereof
I like comparative law. I especially like researching how colonized countries adopt the legal systems of their colonizers, and turn them on their heads. I am not a lawyer, but I consider myself a (non-traditional, unorthodox) law student. I may indeed take the California Bar via the mentorship route, or I may not, who even knows if the United States will still exist in 2022. Perhaps California will be sovereign once again!

The system
Japan has a three-tier legal system, plus a bunch of quasi-judicial bodies. For our purposes, at least as of when I'm writing this, the only quasi-judicial body that matters is the Japan Patent Office.

The tiers are: district court, high court, supreme court. Very typical layout. For our purposes, all the cases I know of have been filed in Tokyo. So, it goes Tokyo District Court → Tokyo High Court → Supreme Court of Japan.

It is a civil law system, with some Americanism thrown in due to the country's constitution, which has remained virtually unchanged since that war that went rather badly for them. Although, that could change soon.

Nishimura's claims in a Walnut.png nutshell

 * Watkins stole 2channel
 * He owns 2channel's trademark, therefore he ought to own 2ch.net
 * He paid Watkins on time

Names used in cases

 * Hiroyuki Nishimura
 * Tokyo Plus KK
 * A
 * Packet Monster Pte Ltd.

Watkins' claims in a Walnut.png nutshell

 * The repossession was just, proper, and legal
 * The Japanese trademark doesn't matter, 2channel pre-existed it
 * Even arguendo that the trademark matters, the case is moot and academic because a trademark is not a domain and he now operates the site under the name 5channel, which his son is the registrant of and has given him the legal right to use
 * The repossession was primarily carried out due to unpaid bills

Names used in cases

 * James Arthur Watkins
 * Jim Watkins
 * N.T. Technology LLC
 * Race Queen, Inc. (Philippines)

Deficiencies
The reason it took me so long to get back to you,, is because of how impenetrable the system is. I reached out to two subject matter experts, who I will not mention their names, but say, they both write for well-respected Japanese newspapers, and are both native Japanese speakers. Even they find the system impenetrable, but they helped me get this far.

So, who has won what? That's the question I'm trying to answer. I'm going to engage in some WP:OR which is totally not suitable for inclusion in the article and tell you, my interpretation of the cases, just for background, before I go into possible solutions to this conundrum:

 * Case №1, Heisei 29 №3428, is most legally important, as well as important to the future. It's been going on the longest, the order I link is from 2019 but it's been in process since Heisei 29 (2017). Notice that the ruling I link, which to my knowledge is the latest ruling in the case, by Judge Yoshiaki Shibata, was ruled on after the ruling in Reiwa 1 1140. If it truly has been overturned by the Supreme Court of Japan, why are further rulings still happening?
 * Case №2, the Japan Patent Office (JPO) case, was the cause of action for Case №1. That is to say, with the JPO ruling on the matter, Nishimura could start a court case.
 * Case №3, Reiwa 1 №1140, is the most confusing case. Notice how the source is an WP:SPS: I can't find any mention of this case anywhere online, except Japanese Wikipedia and forums. Let me just say, both Hiroyuki and Watkins have obfuscated information, both have told outright lies, it's so hard to trust either of them. Is this document even real? If real, what does it really mean? My sources told me that to the best of their understanding, it's an entirely separate action from Case №1. So, Nishimura brought two cases: one against Race Queen Inc. and one against N.T. Technology Inc., for different reasons. My sources cautioned that because we don't have the lower court's ruling, we really can't say anything from this document. It could simply have been rejected by the Supreme Court because of jurisdiction: a foreign corporation is being sued, and they felt it didn't rise to the level. It also, though, could be a consolidated petition, and a ruling on Case №1 as well. But, because Case №1 had a ruling after, that seems unlikely.
 * Case №4 is the most practically important. The WIPO would have had the ability to resolve this matter quickly by declaring the domain stolen, but they decided that they didn't have jurisdiction and punted to the courts. Now, the only way that Nishimura can get the domain is through a federal court order. See this interesting pleading by attorneys for ICANN in Netsphere, Inc., et al. v. Jeffrey Baron and Ondova Ltd. which explains in great detail the relationship and authority federal courts have over WIPO, ICANN, et cetera.

Crystal gazing
So, let me stare into the crystal ball and try to figure out what could happen here. Most likely, nothing. Unlikely, if Nishimura gets a finally executory order in Case №1, and Case №3 is truly not an impediment to him and was rejected for some other reason, and despite the move to 5ch.net he wants to keep fighting this battle, he can sue Watkins and N.T. Technology, Inc. in US federal court, and ask the judge to enforce his foreign court order via the Uniform Foreign Money Judgments Recognition Act. Now, question, is the domain a money judgment? Even if not, it still might be possible under the common law, see this treatment of the matter by the International Comparative Legal Guide.

However, exceptions apply, including one to me personally: the SPEECH Act. Any cyberlibel judgment found against me is unenforcable in the United States, where I now live. Does a similar exception exist in this case? We can't say because there's no order yet.

What should Wikipedia do?
OK. Now that I've bored you with my WP:OR WP:CRYSTAL, here's my suggestion for how to change the article.

Thoughts? Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 04:28, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Remove the mention of Heisei 29 №3428 from . No reliable source has reported on it. BuzzPlus News is only pseudo-reliable, sort of like a Gizmodo or perhaps a Buzzfeed. The only other source would be Slashdot via Zaikei Shimbun: . It's not clear to me if Zaikei simply reposts everything from Slashdot, or if they do some fact checking. I think they might repost everything or almost everything. Given the legal uncertainty, it's very hard for me to say what is going on.
 * Only mention that Nishimura owns the trademark, without trying to figure out what this means legally. Reliable sources have reported on that, and the WIPO case is clear that the trademark is his (in Japan at least).
 * Keep ignoring Reiwa 1 №1140. We have no idea what it really means, and we don't have the lower court's judgment. We have no idea if it's just a technical rejection by the Supreme Court or something bigger. We don't even know for sure if it happened, the file could be a forgery. (Unlikely, but let's remember who we're dealing with.)
 * Wait for an actually reliable source to figure this out before considering adding it back.
 * But you nominated 2channel for GA status! Perhaps the GA reviewer can answer the question. - ias postb□x+ 10:01, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I did indeed! Please see 's section above, where we discussed this issue and (I believe) resolved it for now until more sources emerge. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 20:41, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll check out that section. - ias postb□x+ 02:06, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

General corrections

 * "The name "2channel" is a reference to VHF channel 2, the default setting for the RF modulators used in earlier-generation game consoles (such as Nintendo's Family Computer) when connecting to Japanese television sets."

The citation for this statement does not actually explain the website's name in any way, it only discusses 2channel's alleged connection to the 2008 Akihabara massacre. In an archive of a thread where Hiroyuki first advertises 2channel on Amezou, Hiroyuki implies that the name "2channel" was meant to convey how the website was a second channel for Amezou and could house the extra boards that Amezou wouldn't quickly consider for his website.

 * "including 2channel's own attorney, Takahiro Karasawa (唐澤貴洋),"

Takahiro Karasawa does not serve 2channel. He's just a lawyer that 2channel users turned into a meme and there's a long story behind that.

 * "In 2012, due to growing discontentment towards such sites, Nishimura added a board, /poverty/,"

The /poverty/ board was established and announced back in December 28, 2007, not 2012. Hiroyuki had announced this in an /operate/ thread and allowed users to fiddle with its board settings in another thread.

–Nameless(?) 05:04, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I have met Karasawa in real life. He is 2channel's lawyer, and has represented Watkins several times in Japanese courts. Now, I agree with you that he wasn't always 2channel's lawyer. I'm pretty sure the story says that Karasawa is their lawyer as well. Doesn't it? Of course, we can't have things in this article based on my personal experience, so if there's no reliable source, we can remove it. About the Channel 2 thing, I think I know another source for that. And about 2012, feel free to change it if you can find it in a reliable source. Thanks for reading, hope you can review this article under the GA criteria. By the way, your website is excellent and helped me get a general feel for what should be in this article. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 00:29, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, I did two out of three of your requests. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 04:22, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

so many citations in lead?
I tried to find discussion on this, sorry if I searched stupidly -- is there a reason this very recent GA still has so many citations in the lead? —valereee (talk) 13:59, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I am under the impression that having citations in the lead is allowed, but it is also allowed not to have any. Personally, I prefer always have citations in the lead, and I prefer articles written this way. I am on my phone right now but if you are aware of a policy that says citations are no longer allowed in the lead, please do link it and I'm happy to remove all of them. Except for the notes of course. Psiĥedelisto (talk • contribs) please always ping! 02:20, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

AO
Alpha Omega 2603:8080:BB00:3B76:995:9FE5:4B81:3A5 (talk) 07:31, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

 2603:8080:BB00:3B76:995:9FE5:4B81:3A5 (talk) 07:33, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

minecraft
let's play Minecraft 50.106.68.237 (talk) 17:19, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:2channel


text:
Arsacius of Tarsus

Arsacius (Ἀρσάκιος; before 324 – November 11, 405) was the intruding archbishop of Constantinople from 404 to 405, after the violent expulsion of John Chrysostom. His memory is kept on 11 October.

Biography
He was the brother of Nectarius, Chrysostom's predecessor, and had served as archpresbyter under Chrysostom. In earlier life his brother had selected him for the bishopric of Tarsus, and had attributed his refusal to an ambitious design of becoming his successor at Constantinople. On this, Palladius asserts, he swore voluntarily that he would never accept the see of Constantinople.

After he had passed his 80th year, the success of the intrigue of Aelia Eudoxia, queen of emperor Arcadius, and Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria, against Chrysostom opened an unexpected way for his elevation to the archiepiscopal throne. Eudoxia and the party now triumphant wanted for their new archbishop a facile tool, under whose authority they might shelter the violence of their proceedings. Such an instrument they had in Arsacius. Moreover, his hostility to Chrysostom had been sufficiently testified at the synod of the Oak, when he appeared as a witness against him and vehemently pressed his condemnation.

He was consecrated archbishop on June 27, 404. Chrysostom, on hearing of it, denounced him "as a spiritual adulterer, and a wolf in sheep's clothing". The diocese soon made it plain that they regarded the new archbishop as an intruder. With the exception of a few officials, the dependants of the court party, and the expectants of royal favour, the people of Constantinople refused to attend any religious assembly at which he might be expected to be present. Deserting the sacred edifices, they gathered in the outskirts of the city, and in the open air.

Arsacius appealed to the emperor Arcadius, by whose orders, or rather those of Eudoxia, soldiers were sent to disperse the suburban assemblies. Those who had taken a leading part in them were apprehended and tortured, and a fierce persecution commenced of the adherents of Chrysostom. We learn from Sozomenus, that Arsacius was not personally responsible for these cruel deeds; but he lacked strength of character to offer any decided opposition to the proceedings of his clergy. They did what they pleased, and Arsacius bore the blame.

Arsacius' position became intolerable. In vain all the bishops and clergy who, embracing Chrysostom's cause, had refused to recognize him were driven out of the East on November 18, 404. This only spread the evil more widely. The whole Western episcopate refused to acknowledge him, and Pope Innocent I, who had warmly espoused Chrysostom's interests, wrote to the clergy and laity of Constantinople strongly condemning the intrusion of Arsacius, and exhorting them to persevere in their adhesion to their true archbishop. It is no cause for surprise that Arsacius's episcopate was a brief one, and that a feeble character worn out by old age should have soon given way before a storm of opposition so universal.

He died November 11, 405.

title: Arsacius of Tarsus