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Glenn Tipton

Glenn Raymond Tipton (born 25 October 1947) is an English guitarist. Often noted for his complex playing style and classically influenced solos, he is best known as one of the lead guitarists for the heavy metal band Judas Priest. He is the second longest-serving member of the band, after bassist and co-founder Ian Hill. Tipton and Hill are the only two members of the band who have appeared on every studio album.

Early life
Tipton was born on 25 October 1947, in Blackheath, Staffordshire, to Olive and Doug Tipton. He attended Olive Hill Primary School when he was about five years old. His brother, Gary, was a guitar player for a local band called the Atlantics. Early on, Tipton was taught to play the piano by his mother.

Tipton learned to play guitar at age 19 with his first guitar being a Hofner acoustic guitar. He would then play a Rickenbacker until he was able to afford a Fender Stratocaster. This guitar would become his main live guitar until it was stolen after a show in Newcastle. Tipton soon bought a black Stratocaster and, later, a Gibson SG Special afterwards with money he received to replace his stolen guitar. He can be seen playing both of these guitars during Judas Priest's appearance on the Old Grey Whistle Test in 1975.

Career
Tipton's first band was Shave 'Em Dry, with future Starfighters and Ozzy Osbourne drummer Barry Scrannage, which became Merlin, later becoming The Flying Hat Band. This band soon broke up due to management issues. In May 1974, Tipton joined Judas Priest, and coincidentally Scrannage had joined the band Bullion with earlier Judas Priest members Ernest Chataway and Bruno Staphenhill. This was during the recording for Rocka Rolla, so Tipton quickly added his guitar parts to the album. On Sad Wings of Destiny, Tipton showed off more of his guitar work on songs like "Tyrant", "Dreamer Deceiver" and "Victim of Changes". Tipton also presented his own songwriting on the songs "Prelude", "Epitaph" and "The Ripper". He frequently played keyboards on the early albums, although those were no longer featured on any songs after Killing Machine. He is credited with introducing a more metal sound to the band with those songs, as Rocka Rolla was composed of largely blues rock and psychedelic songs left over from the band's former frontman Al Atkins. Although Tipton wrote the lyrics for the songs shortly after joining Judas Priest, producer Rodger Bain rejected putting them on the first album as being not commercial enough. From then onward, Halford and Tipton would be the band's principal songwriters with occasional contributions from Downing.1980's British Steel was Judas Priest's commercial breakthrough. This album combined the band's trademark heavy metal sound with pop-style song structures and hooks. "United" and "Breaking the Law" were some of Judas Priest's first guitar-driven songs not to include any solo sections. Judas Priest quickly shot to rock superstar status during the 1980s with their albums Point of Entry, Screaming for Vengeance, Defenders of the Faith, Turbo and Ram It Down, entering the 1990s with the album Painkiller.

Rob Halford left Judas Priest in 1992 and the band went on hiatus. During their split, Tipton wrote material for a solo project he formed in the mid-1990s. His first solo effort was the album Baptizm of Fire, which was released in 1997, followed by Edge of the World in 2006, which was a project from the sessions for Baptizm of Fire released under the name Tipton, Entwistle and Powell in tribute to John Entwistle and Cozy Powell who contributed to the initial sessions. In 1996, Judas Priest reformed with new vocalist Tim "Ripper" Owens. This new version of the band recorded the albums Jugulator in 1997 and Demolition in 2001. Both of these albums experimented with new sounds that distinguished them from the records with Halford. In 2003, Judas Priest reunited with Rob Halford and toured in celebration of his return in 2004. The band released Angel of Retribution in 2005 and Nostradamus in 2008. In 2010, Judas Priest announced their Epitaph World Tour, which was to be the last major world tour, which was also their first tour without original guitarist K. K. Downing, and the first to feature his replacement, Richie Faulkner. The band later retracted this announcement, and released their seventeenth album Redeemer of Souls in July 2014, as well as supporting the album with a world tour.

On 12 February 2018, Tipton announced that he would step down from touring when he revealed that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He stated that he was still a member of the band despite his diagnosis and would not rule out future on-stage appearances. Producer and guitarist Andy Sneap replaced him on tour. On 9 March 2018, the eighteenth album Firepower was released. At the 20 March 2018 show in Newark, New Jersey, Tipton joined the band on stage to perform "Metal Gods", "Breaking the Law" and "Living After Midnight", then "Victim of Changes" and "No Surrender" on later dates. Prior to the band's performance, he expressed uncertainty regarding his future role in Judas Priest, "It's an unanswerable question, really. It's in the lap of the metal gods." After performing on stage with the band, he described it as "emotional", and being overwhelmed with support from the band members and from fans worldwide, "You don’t like to see a grown man cry, but we did." Tipton did not make any more appearances on the remaining dates of the band's world tour due to his illness, as explained by bassist Ian Hill.

Personal life and illness
Tipton lives in the village of Romsley, Worcestershire, in the West Midlands near Birmingham, England, and has a state-of-the-art recording studio built next to his home. During the 1980s he also bought a property in Spain. He is or was married and has two children—Karina and Rick—born in 1981 and 1986, respectively, both of whom were featured on his solo album Baptizm of Fire. Tipton and former Judas Priest bandmate K.K. Downing are long-time tennis players and also both of them took up golf during an early 1980s American tour with Def Leppard.

On 12 February 2018, Tipton revealed that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, with which he was first diagnosed in 2008, thus ceasing his duties to perform on tour as the disease's progression left him unable to play the more challenging material. Rob Halford said that Tipton rejected the idea of having to be assisted with an additional guitarist backstage on tour for cover on some of his guitar parts or to use backing tracks. He then said that he witnessed first-hand the struggles Tipton experienced during the making of Firepower. Halford later said that Tipton made his decision five days prior to his public announcement, adding that Tipton would be "with us in spirit – every show, every song" on tour, and being overwhelmed by positive support and responses from fans. Bassist Ian Hill explained that Tipton faced a similar situation during rehearsals for the Redeemer of Souls Tour in 2014. At the time of the announcement, he said that Tipton made the decision to step off the stage due to his health, which caused emotional heartache for the band. Tipton said that he was shocked to hear the news of his diagnosis and "made me even more determined to fight. I could still play, so I just continued recording and touring." He would later say that he was "sort of shocked", describing it as "a pretty cruel disease."

In June 2018, Judas Priest launched the Glenn Tipton Parkinson's Foundation in Tipton's honour, in which they would sell specially designed t-shirts featuring Tipton playing guitar on the front and with the slogan "No Surrender" on the back with the Judas Priest cross on it. Tipton explains that the foundation would help raise money in hopes of finding a cure for Parkinson's disease. He also says that a new "pioneering treatment" from his personal specialist would also help treat other sufferers of the disease. Hill said that the band had known for some time that Tipton was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease before his announcement, again recalling the difficulties during the first days of the Redeemer of Souls Tour, but improved as time progressed. He says that Tipton's "as good as anyone can be given the situation. Glenn is out with us most of the time, anyway. And when he's feeling well enough he'll get on stage, and I can't promise anything, but he'll get up and do the encores with us."

Tipton's daughter, Karina Greenin, took part in an annual marathon in Barcelona to help raise funds for her father's foundation, which exceeded her £3,500 goal. Richie Faulkner recalled that Tipton was diagnosed during the Redeemer of Souls Tour, "maybe, actually, a bit before. So, after the 'Epitaph' tour, but before the 'Redeemer Of Souls' tour he got diagnosed, and they told him that he had it for quite a few years before that, but he didn't know. He kept it quiet, which is his business… He chose to go and check it out and they told him that it was the onset Parkinson's, and he told us. But he was able to do the 'Redeemer Of Souls' tour." He then said that the set had to be slightly changed in order to accommodate him. The band did not perform a few songs on the first part of the tour, but upon their appearance in Australia, they began to perform them due to Tipton's resurgence in his health and managed to successfully perform the entire tour, but stepped down during rehearsals for the Firepower World Tour due to the disease's progression which caused emotional heartbreak for the band. Tipton expressed his heartfelt gratitude to the fans for their support for him, "particularly over the past year which has been a tough one for me.....thank you all so much! No surrender!!"

Faulkner provided an update on Tipton in July 2020, saying that he was still in good spirits, but was "going a bit nuts" due to the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Former Judas Priest guitarist K.K. Downing and drummer Les Binks joined the band on stage for the first time in over a decade to perform alongside Tipton during their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in November 2022.

Tipton joined Judas Priest in the Power Trip show on October 7 2023. Judas Priest played an encore with "Hell Bent for Leather," then Halford welcomed Tipton to the stage for the final three songs of the set - "Metal Gods," "Breaking The Law" and "Living After Midnight."

Influences

Tipton quotes: "It goes without saying that I love playing and performing heavy metal, and have for most of my career. Going right back though, I've listened to a lot of early blues players, and I think the first band I saw live that really made an impression on me, was The Spencer Davis Group. I remember going to see them play at an all-nighter at Birmingham Town Hall. Steve Winwood was a great all round vocalist, guitarist and keyboard player and I remember trying to learn 'Georgia' on the piano after I had seen them play. They had great songs like 'Keep on Running' and although you could try and categorize them as blues or R&B, they really had their own sound going for them, mainly due I believe to Steve Winwood".

Other early influences were Jimi Hendrix, Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. "I still can't believe where Hendrix came from. OK Seattle maybe but he just suddenly appeared, as if from nowhere, this black guy playing guitar in a way no one had imagined it could be played. He was more than a genius in my eyes, someone very, very special. I loved early Purple and the combined sound of organ and guitar gave them a very powerful sound, again unique at the time. As for Zeppelin, what can you say, 'Whole Lotta Love', 'Communication Breakdown', 'Black Dog', and the epic 'Kashmir' again a unique band with great songs. All these bands formed an impression on me going back to those early days.

"I liked the early Fleetwood Mac with Peter Green and Jeremy Spencer. I thought Peter Green was a great white blues player and song-writer. He not only penned such greats as 'Green Manalishi' and 'Oh Well' but more delicate compositions such as 'Need Your Love So Bad' or 'Albatross' I saw them several times and it was great to watch them perform songs like 'Stop Messin' Around' or songs featuring slide guitar such as 'Dust My Broom'.

"As I've said before, as a guitar player my main inspiration was Rory Gallagher. I saw him play in Taste many times and he really inspired me, not just musically but also in the amount of energy and feel he put out".

"I've always loved The Rolling Stones. They have so many classic songs such as 'Jumping Jack Flash', 'Honky Tonk Women', 'Sympathy for the Devil', 'Brown Sugar', or their earlier stuff like 'This Could Be The Last Time', 'Paint It, Black', 'It's All Over Now' the list goes on and on. The Stones have great attitude and that rebel quality that's so appealing. I recently saw them at the Isle of Wight festival and they were as good as ever after all these years".

"As do many people, I think The Beatles were a great band. We were all lucky that fate put these guys together in our time. It totally amazes me that they came up with such an abundance of classic songs in such a relatively short amount of time. The Beatles changed everything. To start with they were the first band to write their own material. They were so prolific and the endless melodies they invented will live forever".

Tipton is a big fan of soundtrack music, something that is evident in listening to Judas Priest's metal opera Nostradamus. "I love people like Hans Zimmer," Tipton told Attention Deficit Delirium. "Some of the stuff that they do is incredible." (He's a big fan of the Gladiator soundtrack.) "One day when I'm good enough to, I wouldn't even call it a film score, but do music for film, I'd like that opportunity. It would be really exciting for me to do. Whether that will happen or not, I'm not sure. I would certainly welcome the opportunity to do something like that as long as it were something that I liked or had respect for visually."

Tone
In the late 1980s, around the time of the Turbo album, Priest began incorporating guitar synths. Starting with the comeback album Jugulator, Glenn switched to Rocktron preamps, the Rocktron Intellifex for effects, and Crate heads and cabs. Tipton used SGs and a Stratocaster with two DiMarzio Super Distortion humbuckers as his main instruments until the mid 80s when he started using various Hamer guitars including some signature models, which were used almost exclusively in live performances until 2009 when the Stratocaster and one of the SGs was brought out of retirement for the British Steel 30th anniversary tour. Most of his guitars are equipped with Kahler tremolos. Glenn uses standard-light (10–46) gauge strings produced by Ernie Ball and thin picks. Throughout his career, Glenn has used many tunings, most frequently standard tuning (almost all of the songs written before Rob Halford left the band were originally in E-standard). Ever since Rob Halford rejoined Judas Priest, both Glenn and KK have used E-flat tuning during live shows, while still using standard tuning extensively on studio albums.

Guitars
Tipton has used numerous guitars over the years. These include a 1960s Fender Stratocaster up until about 1978. During the period from 1978 to 1979, he used a black Gibson Les Paul Custom, and he started using a modified CBS-era Fender Stratocaster with Dimarzio Super-Distortion (humbucking) pickups. For the Screaming for Vengeance tour, he added a chrome pickguard. For this tour, he also played a Gibson SG Special that he spray-painted black himself. The SG also had a chrome pickguard and stock PAF humbuckers. Around 1984, he switched to a Hamer Phantom GT model, which was fitted with one EMG humbucker, a Kahler tremolo, and one volume pot. A signature model of this was developed and sold to public from 1984 to 1986. Tipton still uses this guitar model, but now with Seymour Duncan Blackouts active pickups. In 2009, Tipton took his Fender Stratocaster and Gibson SG Special out of retirement for the British Steel 30th Anniversary tour. As of late 2015, he is now officially endorsing ESP guitars, with his own signature model, the GT-600, which is part of ESP's LTD series of guitars and in terms of shape is modeled after ESP's Viper series of guitars.

He has also used various guitars over the years
 * ESP LTD GT-600 – using currently
 * Fender Telecaster – For studio use
 * ESP Eclipse acoustic – For stage use
 * Ibanez 7621 seven-string guitar – In the studio for Demolition (Possibly used for the song "In Between")
 * Gibson Explorer – Could be seen on the Classic Albums: British Steel documentary and was used sparingly during the Nostradamus tour
 * Legends custom-built acrylic Jaguar-shaped guitar – Tipton jokingly admitted that he wanted to make a lamp out of it, but liked the tone of it and was used for recording Demolition),
 * Roland G-707 synth guitar – was mostly used in the studio, used a Hamer Phantom GT with a Roland Hex pickup for stage use

Amplification
Tipton has almost exclusively used Marshall Amplifiers for live performances. Tipton used 50 and 100 watt Marshall heads without a master volume until 1981, when the JCM 800 head was developed. The JCM 800 was used by Tipton and fellow Judas Priest guitarist K.K. Downing for many years. During the Jugulator and Demolition era, Tipton was endorsed by Crate amplifiers, using their Blue Voodoo heads in the studio, home, and when touring. He would drop this endorsement during the 2004 reunion tour for live performances switching to a large rack unit with multiple preamps and effects processors with a Marshall 9100 power amp.

In 2008, Tipton began using ENGL amps. Of the brand, he comments, "ENGL is the first ampline that I have ever used that not only has balls, but attitude, right out of the box". When he first used Engl amps, he played through the ENGL Midi Tube Preamp E 580 and the ENGL Tube Poweramp E 850/50. For the Epitaph tour, he switched to using ENGL Invaders that are modified to use 6L6 power tubes.

Glenn uses for his home studio in England (and primary practice amp) the generation 1: Crate Blue Voodoo BV 120H all tube, all American head with the blue tolex (not the black or red tolex of later generations). This amp is seen in several of his demonstration videos and guitar collection tour videos online and caused a run on this amp by fans forcing the prices to rise rapidly in the used market for shrinking supply of the amp (due to its age and limited production run) ...this phenomenon is not unlike the fan run situation on the small marshall amps (5005) used by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top.

Effects
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Tipton used a Pete Cornish custom pedalboard with an overdrive unit, flanger, MXR distortion unit, MXR Phase 100, MXR digital delay, MXR 12-band EQ, Maestro Echoplex, line boosters between each effect to preserve the signal from input to output, and a Rangemaster-based custom treble boost connected to the bass channel of Marshall 50 and 100 watt heads with no master volume.

Around the time of the reunion with Rob Halford, Tipton only used a modified Crybaby 535Q Wah, Digitech Tone Driver, DigiTech Main Squeeze, and a Yamaha midi board controlling other effects and sounds in a rack unit.

Since the beginning of the 2008 world tour, Glenn has gone back to mostly using a rack system, sans the current use of Engl amp heads. He currently uses a Korg rack tuner, Furman power unit, Dunlop Custom Shop Rackmounted Crybaby, Rocktron Intellifex and Yamaha SPX-90 multi-effects units, and a dbx 166A compressor and noise gate.

Guitar rig and signal flow
A detailed gear diagram of Glenn Tipton's 2004 Judas Priest guitar rig is well-documented.

Recognition and honours

 * He was ranked No. 19 on rock magazine Hit Parader's list of 100 greatest metal guitarists.
 * He was ranked No. 28 on Gigwise's Top 50 Guitarists.
 * He was ranked No. 9 on MusicRadar's The 20 Greatest Metal Guitarists Ever.
 * He was ranked No. 25 on Joel Mclver's 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists.
 * Sun Kil Moon released a song titled "Glenn Tipton" on their album Ghosts of the Great Highway.
 * In the popular video game Guitar Hero II, a playable character called Izzy Sparks, wears clothes very similar to the ones Glenn Tipton used during the Screaming for Vengeance tour 1983.
 * Kerry King of Slayer has stated that Tipton is one of the most underrated guitarists in the world. He stated that Tipton is one of his earliest guitar influences.
 * Jeff Waters: "Glenn Tipton, along with partners KK Downing and Rob Halford, has come up with the most killer metal riffing, with elite, groundbreaking, original songwriting, and with blues-influenced lead guitar shredding. Judas Priest and Tipton's work are arguably more worthy of the term metal than any other, with Tony Iommi and Black Sabbath their only close rivals".

Solo

 * Baptizm of Fire (1997)
 * Edge of the World (2006) (with John Entwistle and Cozy Powell)

Judas Priest
See the Judas Priest discography for the complete list of Judas Priest albums, as Tipton played guitar for all Priest's album releases.

Contributions

 * Guest musician on the 1995 album Foma by post-grunge band The Nixons.
 * Guest musician on the song "Spirit of America" by Samantha Fox.
 * Glenn recorded guitar licks for the video game Brütal Legend.

title: Glenn Tipton


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Jamie Oliver

Jamie Trevor Oliver MBE OSI (born 27 May 1975) is an English celebrity chef, restaurateur and cookbook author. He is known for his casual approach to cuisine, which has led him to front numerous television shows and open many restaurants.

Oliver reached the public eye when his series The Naked Chef premiered in 1999. In 2005, he opened a campaign, Feed Me Better, to introduce schoolchildren to healthier foods, which was later backed by the government. He was the owner of a restaurant chain, Jamie Oliver Restaurant Group, which opened its first restaurant, Jamie's Italian, in Oxford in 2008. The chain went into administration in May 2019.

His TED Talk won him the 2010 TED Prize. In June 2003, Oliver was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for "services to the hospitality industry".

Early life
Jamie Trevor Oliver was born and raised in Clavering, Essex. His parents, Trevor and Sally ( Palmer) Oliver, ran a pub/restaurant, the Cricketers, where he practised cooking in the kitchen with his parents. He has one sibling, sister Anne-Marie, and he was educated at Newport Free Grammar School.

He left school at the age of 16 with two GCSE qualifications in art and geology and went on to attend Westminster Technical College (now Westminster Kingsway College). He earned a City & Guilds National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) in home economics.

Career
Oliver's first job was a pastry chef at Antonio Carluccio's Neal Street restaurant, where he first gained experience at preparing Italian cuisine, and developed a relationship with his mentor Gennaro Contaldo; later in his career Oliver employed Contaldo to help run his collection of high street restaurants, Jamie's Italian. Oliver moved to The River Café, Fulham, as a sous-chef. He was noticed there by the BBC in 1997, after making an unscripted appearance in a documentary about the restaurant, Christmas at the River Cafe.

In 1999, his BBC show The Naked Chef debuted, and his cookbook became a bestseller in the United Kingdom. That same year, Oliver was invited to prepare lunch for the then-Prime Minister Tony Blair at 10 Downing Street.

After three series of Naked Chef programmes (The Naked Chef, Return of the Naked Chef & Happy Days with The Naked Chef) for the BBC, Oliver moved to Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, where his first series was a documentary, Jamie's Kitchen, which followed the setting up of Fifteen restaurant in London. The restaurant, in Westland Place, London continued to train young adults who have a disadvantaged background for careers in the restaurant business until its closure on 21 May 2019.

In June 2003, Oliver was awarded an MBE for his services to the hospitality industry. Although it is customary to wear morning dress or a lounge suit for the event, Oliver did not wear a tie with his brown Paul Smith suit, saying: "I like ties but I prefer not to wear one when I am nervous."

In 2005, Oliver initiated a campaign originally called "Feed Me Better" to move British schoolchildren towards eating healthy foods and cutting out junk food. As a result, the British government also pledged to address the issue. His public campaign for changes in nutrition resulted in people voting him as the "Most Inspiring Political Figure of 2005", according to a Channel 4 News annual viewer poll. His emphasis on cooking fresh, nutritious food continued as he created Jamie's Ministry of Food, a television series where Oliver travelled to inspire everyday people in Rotherham, Yorkshire, to cook healthy meals. Another television series is Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution (2010–11), where he travelled first to Huntington, West Virginia and then to Los Angeles to change the way Americans eat, and address their dependence on fast food.

Oliver's holding company, Jamie Oliver Holdings Ltd., earned enough for Oliver to have been listed on The Sunday Times list of richest Britons under 30. Oliver's net worth was estimated in 2014 at £240 million. A decade later, his net worth was estimated at £200 million.

Oliver was chosen by Disney Pixar to provide the voice of the health inspector in the UK version of Ratatouille.

In December 2009, Oliver received the 2010 TED Prize.

He hosted Jamie's 15 Minute Meals on Channel 4, which aired for 40 episodes in 2012.

Oliver is the second-best-selling British author, behind J. K. Rowling, and the best-selling British non-fiction author since records began. , Oliver has sold more than 14.55 million books, generating just under £180m for the chef.

Jamie Oliver Restaurant Group
In June 2008, Oliver launched a restaurant, Jamie's Italian, his first high street business venture, in Oxford, England. At its peak, there were 42 Jamie's Italian restaurants in the UK. The brand was franchised via the Jamie Oliver Restaurant Group (JORG), and included branches in Australia (which Oliver part-bought back in November 2016 after its founders went bankrupt), Canada, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Qatar, Russia, Taiwan, Turkey, the UAE and Singapore.

In January 2017, Chief Executive Simon Blagden announced the closure of six restaurants in the UK affecting 120 jobs, at sites in Aberdeen, Cheltenham, Exeter, Royal Tunbridge Wells, and in London at Ludgate and Richmond.

In January 2018, as part of an agreement with creditors to secure £71.5M of debt, JORG proposed to enter the UK company Jamie's Italian Ltd into a company voluntary arrangement, seeking rent reductions on eight outlets and closing a further 12 in Bath, Bristol, Bluewater, Chelmsford, Harrogate, Kingston, Milton Keynes, Reading, and St Albans, and Greenwich, Piccadilly and Threadneedle Street in London. As part of the agreement, court papers revealed that Jamie's Italian had debts of £71.5m, including £2.2m in wages owed to staff; £30.2m of overdrafts and loans; £41.3m owed to landlords, HM Revenue and Customs, suppliers and other creditors; with £47m of the debts covered by loans from HSBC Bank and Oliver's other companies.

In 2009, Oliver's chain of cooking school/delis, Recipease, opened in several locations in the UK including Brighton, Battersea, and Notting Hill in London. By the end of 2015, all stores had been closed.

In 2011, Oliver set up Barbecoa, a barbecued meat-based restaurant with his friend, American barbecue expert Adam Perry Lang. There were two outlets, both in London, one in Piccadilly and a second in St Pauls. In 2014 the Piccadilly outlet voluntarily closed for 24 hours after hygiene inspectors gave it the second-lowest rating. The Times reported they had found mouse droppings, mouldy carcasses and out-of-date meat. In February 2018, JORG confirmed that they had "instructed a firm of real estate agents to ascertain the potential value and market suitability of two of our sites". On 19 February 2018, Barbecoa Ltd went into administration, with Oliver immediately buying back the St Paul's site in a pre-packed agreement via a new subsidiary.

The group went into administration on 21 May 2019 with 22 of 25 restaurants closed and 1,000 jobs lost. Jamie's Italian restaurants and Jamie Oliver's Diner at Gatwick Airport continued operations until they were sold to catering company SSP Group. Jamie Oliver's Fifteen Cornwall at Watergate Bay, as well as 61 overseas locations and the catering services operated by Aramark in the U.S., are all operated by franchisees so they were unaffected.

In January 2020, KPMG, the firm administrators, said that most of the £80 million Jamie Oliver's restaurant chain owed after its collapse in May 2019 will not be recovered. Hundreds of suppliers, as well as some town councils, will bear the brunt of the losses. In 2020 an employment tribunal ruled that Oliver's restaurants broke labour laws by failing to consult employees prior to making them redundant. He partnered with Toronto restaurateur King Street Co. and executive chef Rob Gentile to open Jamie's Italians including a location in Yorkdale Shopping Centre.

In November 2023, Jamie Oliver opened a new restaurant in London, his first since the collapse of his restaurant chain. Jamie Oliver Catherine Street was launched in partnership with Andrew Lloyd Webber’s LW Theatres at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.

In March 2024, Oliver opened a restaurant in Serbia, Jamie’s Italian Belgrade, his first in this part of Europe, located in the Belgrade Waterfront quarter.

Advertising
From June 2000, Oliver became the public face of the Sainsbury's supermarket chain in the UK, appearing on television and radio advertisements and in-store promotional material. The deal earned him an estimated £1.2 million every year, although neither J. Sainsbury nor Oliver has ever discussed the exact figure. By 2004, the company had made 65 advertisements with him, but the arrangement was not without controversy. Oliver was reported to have admitted that he does not use supermarkets, despite regularly having "product placement" in his early TV series.

He criticised Sainsbury's CEO Justin King when Oliver slammed the "junk" sold by supermarkets that ends up in the lunchboxes of millions of children. King reportedly hit back, saying: "Dictating to people—or unleashing an expletive-filled tirade—is not the way to get engagement." In July 2011, after eleven years, the partnership between Oliver and Sainsbury's ended. The final television advertisement was for Christmas 2011.

Oliver also markets a line of non-stick pans and cookware for Tefal and has appeared in Australian television commercials for Yalumba wines, using Del Boy's catchphrase of "Lovely Jubbly".

In August 2013, Oliver and Canadian supermarket chain Sobeys announced a partnership in improving nationwide nutrition and advertising campaigns. In October 2013, he began a partnership with the Australian chain Woolworths Supermarkets on a series of better nutrition initiatives and advertising campaigns.

In January 2016, Oliver and HelloFresh, an international meal kit subscription service, announced a partnership to incorporate his recipes to the weekly subscription deliveries. Customers receive one recipe written by Jamie Oliver with all the exact ingredients and steps for the dish. HelloFresh also agreed to the Jamie Oliver Food Foundation per Meal Box in addition to supporting other Foundation activities.

In September 2018, Oliver created a series of recipes and tips for Tesco and participated in the promotion of the company's food products.

Controversies
In 2005, Oliver was widely criticised by animal rights groups for slaughtering a lamb on his TV show without first stunning it, with PETA stating that it showed to the public problems with the methods used within slaughterhouses. PETA spokesman Sean Gifford said that it was hoped the footage "could turn the more die-hard carnivore into a vegetarian". British TV regulator Ofcom reported seven complaints from the public. Oliver has commented on other chefs and has spoken out against Marco Pierre White, who has been critical of Oliver in the past, and the swearing of Gordon Ramsay.

In 2011, Oliver, an advocate of cooking meals from scratch and using local produce, caused controversy after it turned out the sauces used in Jamie's Italian in Glasgow were from an industrial park almost 400 mi away in Bicester. That same year, he came under fire for lack of food safety protections in his restaurants and illnesses associated with under-cooking mincemeat that may have been contaminated with E. coli.

Oliver and Gordon Ramsay are spokespeople for the "Big Fish Fight", which campaigns for sustainable seafood, but were criticised for their use of endangered fish.

Oliver was criticised for underestimating the cost of supposedly cheap food he encouraged poor people to prepare for themselves, as well as for an unrealistic view of poverty in Britain and round the Mediterranean. Cookery writer and poverty campaigner Jack Monroe stated that Oliver's comments "support damaging myths that poor people are only poor because they spend their money on the wrong things, rather than being constrained by time, equipment, knowledge or practicalities".

In 2014, Oliver became the culinary face of Woolworths Supermarkets. Oliver came under strong criticism over the funding of the advertising surrounding his relationship with the supermarket. "'Moreover, in this case he is not a spectator but effectively a beneficiary of these demands on our farmers. If he doesn't approve of Woolworths' ethics, he can withdraw from the campaign, and refund his endorsement fee. In the last 12 months, the average vegetable grower has gone from making a small profit to making a loss. In the same 12 months, Mr Oliver's wealth rose by an estimated £90 million. Now we know how.'"

In February 2017, Oliver criticised the Red Tractor scheme, earning the ire of farming leaders, such as Minette Batters, the president of the NFU. Oliver said: "Chickens are bred to grow fast with a high ratio of meat to bone, but this makes them heavy so they can struggle to walk...I think people would be shocked by the reality of what we are buying...I personally wouldn't feed it to my kids." Batters pointed out that: "There are a lot of people on tight budgets and they must not be disadvantaged in all of this. It is about making sure we can provide quality affordable, safe, traceable food to everybody regardless of budgets, regardless of background."

In 2019, Oliver partnered with Royal Dutch Shell to offer a Jamie Oliver Deli by Shell branded range at 500 Shell petrol stations in the UK for £5 million. The deal was criticised as a way to improve their image due to Shell's lack of action on climate change, corruption and bribery allegations and damaged Oliver's image of working in the interests of children and for action on climate change.

Charity work and campaigning
Oliver conceived and established the Fifteen charity restaurant, where he trained disadvantaged young people to work in the hospitality industry. Following the success of the original restaurant in London, more Fifteens have opened around the globe: Fifteen Amsterdam opened in December 2004, Fifteen Cornwall in Newquay in May 2006 and Fifteen Melbourne in September 2006 with an Australian friend and fellow chef Tobie Puttock. Fifteen Melbourne has since closed, as has Fifteen Cornwall.

Oliver began a formal campaign to ban unhealthy food in British schools and to get children eating nutritious food instead. Oliver's efforts to bring radical change to the school meals system, chronicled in the series Jamie's School Dinners, challenged the junk-food culture by showing schools they could serve healthy, cost-efficient meals that kids enjoyed eating. His efforts brought the subject of school dinners to the political forefront and changed the types of food served in schools.

Oliver's Ministry of Food campaign began in 2008 with the Channel 4 series of the same name and the opening of the first Ministry of Food Centre in Rotherham. More MoF Centres have since opened in Bradford, Leeds, Newcastle/North-East, Stratford (now known as Food Academy) and Alnwick. Ministry of Food Centres and trucks have opened in Australia in Ipswich, near Brisbane and Geelong, near Melbourne. State governments in Australia provided funding for these Centres.

In December 2009, Oliver was awarded the 2010 TED Prize for his campaigns to "create change on both the individual and governmental levels" to "bring attention to the changes that the English, and now Americans, need to make in their lifestyles and diet". In 2010, he joined several other celebrity chefs on the series The Big Fish Fight, in which Oliver and fellow chefs Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall and Gordon Ramsay made a variety of programmes to raise awareness about the discarding of hundreds of thousands of saltwater fish because the fishermen are prohibited from keeping any fish other than the stated target of the trawl. He is a patron of environmental charity Trees for Cities.

In 2017, Oliver was approached by senior managers asking if he was interested in becoming a supporter for a campaign to tackle food waste called "Fresh Thinking for Forgotten Food" an idea invented by the British Domestic Appliance manufacturer Hotpoint. As well as the company allowing Oliver to have a free of charge Electric Single Oven and Gas Hob with their latest technologies to advertise. In 2018, Hotpoint built a pop up cafe based around on their campaign in London with Oliver opening it.

In January 2022, Oliver protested outside Downing Street with an Eton mess dessert following a government decision to delay implementing parts of its obesity strategy.

In April 2022, he co-organized together with Ukrainian chef Yurii Kovryzhenko a charity dinner in London within an initiative #CookForUkraine to raise money for Ukrainians who suffered from Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Awards and honours
On 13 May 2001, Oliver's series The Naked Chef won the BAFTA award for Best Feature at the prestigious 2001 British Academy Television Awards, held at the Grosvenor House Hotel in Park Lane, London.

In June 2003, Oliver was awarded the MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours. A proponent of fresh organic foods, Oliver was named the most influential person in the UK hospitality industry when he topped the inaugural Caterersearch.com 100 in May 2005. The list placed Oliver higher than Sir Francis Mackay, the then-chairman of the contract catering giant Compass Group, which Oliver had soundly criticised in Jamie's School Dinners. In 2006, Oliver dropped to second on the list behind fellow celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay.

In July 2010, Oliver regained the top spot and was named as the most powerful and influential person in the UK hospitality industry once again.

On 21 August 2010, Oliver won an Emmy for Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution at the 62nd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. The series tackled the problem of childhood obesity in America.

In 2013, Oliver was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the Royal College of General Practitioners for his work in tackling childhood obesity by improving the nutritional value of school dinners.

On 29 October 2015, Oliver was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 2 in the list of 100 Most Influential British Entrepreneurs.

In 2019, Oliver was awarded the Order of the Star of Italy with the rank of Knight. The investiture took place at the Italian embassy in 2021.

Personal life
In July 2000, Oliver married former model and writer Juliette Norton, usually known as "Jools". They have five children: Poppy Honey Rosie (born 18 March 2002), Daisy Boo Pamela (born 10 April 2003), Petal Blossom Rainbow (born 3 April 2009), Buddy Bear Maurice (born 15 September 2010), and River Rocket Blue Dallas (born 7 August 2016).

Oliver has severe dyslexia, and read his first novel, Catching Fire, by American novelist Suzanne Collins (the second book in the three-book The Hunger Games series) in 2013, at the age of 38.

During the summer of 2019, Jamie and his family moved into Spains Hall, the 16th-century mansion in Finchingfield, Essex. The £6m property is located on a 70 acre estate and includes a six-bedroom farmhouse, three-bedroom lodge, swimming pool, tennis court and converted stables.

Other media appearances
Oliver has twice guest-hosted Channel 4's The Friday Night Project and has made two appearances in the "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" segment of BBC Two's Top Gear. In his first appearance he attempted to make a green salad in the back of his Volkswagen Microbus, which was fitted with a Porsche engine, while the Stig drove it around the Top Gear test track.

Oliver is the second British celebrity chef (after Robert Irvine) to appear as a challenger on Iron Chef America, taking on Iron Chef Mario Batali in 2008 in a losing battle with cobia as the theme ingredient.

Oliver was one of the judges in the Oprah's Big Give hosted by Oprah Winfrey in the United States in 2008.

The Happy Days Live tour was Oliver's first live show in 2001 and included several dates in the UK and Australasia. Performing to sold-out venues, he cooked on stage and interacted with the audiences with competitions, music and special effects only usually seen in pop concerts. He took the audiences by surprise by singing and drumming to a song called Lamb Curry written by his longtime friend Leigh Haggerwood.

Oliver took to the road once more in 2006 on an Australian tour where he performed in Sydney and Melbourne. Following the entertaining format of his first live show, the 2006 Australian tour featuring special guests including mentor Gennaro Contaldo, and students from Fifteen London. He performed a new song written by Leigh Haggerwood called Fish Stew which Oliver cooked to and also drummed along to at the end of the show. The shows were featured in a one-off TV documentary called Jamie Oliver: Australian Diary.

On 27 December 2022 Oliver was the Guest Editor on the Today Programme on BBC Radio 4.

Books

 * The Naked Chef (Michael Joseph, 1999) ISBN 9780718143602
 * The Return of the Naked Chef (Michael Joseph, 2000) ISBN 9780718144395
 * Published in the United States as The Naked Chef Takes Off (Hachette, 2001) ISBN 9780786867554
 * Happy Days with the Naked Chef (Michael Joseph, 2001) ISBN 9780718144845
 * Jamie's Kitchen (Michael Joseph, 2002) ISBN 9780718145644
 * Funky Food for Comic Relief (Penguin, 2003) ISBN 9780141014074
 * Jamie's Dinners (Michael Joseph, 2004) ISBN 9780718146863
 * Jamie's Italy (Michael Joseph, 2005) ISBN 9780718147709
 * Something for the Weekend (Penguin, 2005) ISBN 9780141022581
 * Cook with Jamie: My Guide to Making You a Better Cook  (Michael Joseph, 2006) ISBN 9780718147716
 * Jamie's Little Book of Big Treats (Penguin, 2007) ISBN 9780141031460
 * Jamie at Home: Cook Your Way to the Good Life (Michael Joseph, 2007) ISBN 9780718152437
 * Jamie's Ministry of Food: Anyone Can Learn to Cook in 24 Hours (Michael Joseph, 2008) ISBN 9780718148621
 * Published in the United States as Jamie's Food Revolution: Rediscover How to Cook Simple, Delicious, Affordable Meals (Hachette, 2008) ISBN 9781401323592
 * Jamie's Red Nose Recipes (Penguin, 2009) ISBN 9780141041780
 * Jamie's America (Michael Joseph, 2009) ISBN 9780718154769
 * Jamie does...Spain, Italy, Sweden, Morocco, Greece, France (Michael Joseph, 2010) ISBN 9780718158545
 * Jamie's 30-Minute Meals (Michael Joseph, 2010) ISBN 9780718157678
 * Jamie's Great Britain (Michael Joseph, 2011) ISBN 9780718156817
 * Jamie's Monster Bake Sale (Penguin, 2011) ISBN 9780241954256
 * Jamie's 15-Minute Meals (Michael Joseph, 2012) ISBN 9780718157807
 * Save with Jamie (Michael Joseph, 2013) ISBN 9780718158149
 * Jamie's Comfort Food (Michael Joseph, 2014) ISBN 9780718159535
 * Everyday Super Food (Michael Joseph, 2015) ISBN 9780718181239
 * Super Food Family Classics (Michael Joseph, 2016) ISBN 9780718178444
 * Jamie Oliver's Christmas Cookbook (Michael Joseph, 2016) ISBN 9780718183653
 * 5 Ingredients – Quick & Easy Food (Michael Joseph, 2017) ISBN 9780718187729
 * Jamie Cooks Italy (Michael Joseph, 2018) ISBN 9780718187736
 * Jamie's Friday Night Feast Cookbook (Michael Joseph, 2018) ISBN 9780241371442
 * Veg: Easy & Delicious Meals for Everyone (Michael Joseph, 2019) ISBN 9780718187767
 * 7 Ways (Michael Joseph, 2020) ISBN 9780241431153
 * Together (Michael Joseph, 2021) ISBN 978-0241431177
 * One: Simple One-Pan Wonders (Michael Joseph, 2022) ISBN 978-0241431108
 * 5 Ingredients Mediterranean (Michael Joseph, 2023) ISBN 978-0241431160
 * ''Simply Jamie (Penguin, 2024) ISBN 978-0241657805

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jamie Oliver


text:
Mad Max 2

Mad Max 2 (released as The Road Warrior in the United States) is a 1981 Australian post-apocalyptic dystopian action film directed by George Miller, who co-wrote it with Terry Hayes and Brian Hannant. It is the second installment in the Mad Max franchise. The film stars Mel Gibson reprising his role as "Mad Max" Rockatansky and follows a hardened man who helps a community of settlers to defend themselves against a roving band of marauders. Filming took place in locations around Broken Hill, in the Outback of New South Wales.

Mad Max 2 was released in Australia on 24 December 1981 to widespread critical acclaim, with particular praise given to Gibson's performance, the musical score, cinematography, action sequences, costume design and sparing use of dialogue. It was also a box office success, and the film's post-apocalyptic and punk aesthetics helped popularise the genre in film and fiction writing. At the 10th Saturn Awards, the film won Best International Film and was nominated for five more awards: Best Director, Best Actor for Gibson, Best Supporting Actor for Bruce Spence, Best Writing, and Best Costumes for Norma Moriceau. Mad Max 2 is widely hailed as both one of the greatest action movies of all time and one of the greatest sequels ever made, and fan clubs for the film and "road warrior"-themed activities continue into the 21st century.

Preceded by Mad Max in 1979, the film was followed by Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome in 1985, Mad Max: Fury Road in 2015 and Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga in 2024.

Plot
After a global war results in widespread oil shortages and ecocide, civilization collapses, and the world descends into barbarism. Former policeman Max Rockatansky, haunted by the death of his family, drives around the desert wilderness of Australia, scavenging for food and petrol with his dog. He outmaneuvers a group of marauders led by biker Wez using his driving skills and a shotgun. He steals gasoline from the wrecked vehicles of one of his pursuers and inspects a wrecked semi-trailer and prime mover.

Later, Max tries collecting an apparently abandoned gyrocopter's fuel, but is ambushed by the pilot. Max overpowers the man with his dog's help, sparing his life in return for being led to a working oil refinery the pilot has discovered. They arrive during the daily attack on the facility by a motorised gang, of which Wez is a member.

The next day, Max witnesses cars leave the besieged compound and get chased down by marauders. He rescues Nathan, the sole survivor of one car, and strikes a deal to return him to the complex in exchange for fuel, but the man dies after Max gets him back, and the leader of the settlers, Pappagallo, says the deal died with Nathan. The settlers are about to confiscate Max's car and cast him out of their compound when the marauders return to negotiate. A feral child who lives in the refinery compound kills Wez's partner with a metal boomerang and Wez wants revenge, but the gang's leader, a masked man called "Lord Humungus", offers to spare the settlers' lives in exchange for their fuel supply and leaves for the day. However, the settlers are divided over whether or not they can trust Humungus.

Max offers his own deal: he will bring them the semi-truck he saw earlier so they can try to haul away their tanker full of oil, if they return his car and give him as much fuel as he can carry. The settlers agree, and that night Max sneaks past the marauders on foot carrying fuel for the truck. He encounters the Gyro Captain and forces him to fly him to the truck, which he gets started. It is somewhat damaged as Max passes through the marauders' encampment en route to the refinery, but he makes it, followed by the gyrocopter.

Max refuses Pappagallo's entreaty to accompany the settlers to a fabled northern paradise, opting instead to collect his fuel and leave. Wez catches him using Humungus's nitrous oxide-equipped vehicle and causes him to crash. A Marauder kills Max's dog and is about to kill the seriously-injured Max when Marauder Toadie attempts to siphon the fuel from the tanks of Max's car, triggering the vehicle to self-destruct. Left for dead, Max is rescued by the Gyro Captain and returned to the compound.

Despite his injuries, Max insists on driving the repaired truck during the escape. His support consists of the Gyro Captain, Pappagallo in a separate vehicle, three of the settlers on the outside of the armoured tanker, and the Feral Kid, who jumps on the truck as it is leaving. The marauders pursue the tanker, allowing the remaining settlers to flee their compound in a caravan of smaller vehicles after rigging the refinery to explode.

Pappagallo and the three settlers are killed and the Gyro Captain is shot down. Max turns the truck around and, as he is fighting with Wez, Humungus collides with the truck head on, killing Wez and himself. The truck rolls off the road and the surviving marauders survey the scene, only to abandon their chase when they see the tanker leaking sand and not gas. As Max carries the Feral Kid from the wrecked tanker, he inspects the sand pouring out. The Gyro Captain drives up and the two share a grin as Max realizes the tanker had been a diversion the whole time. They rendezvous with the settlers, who transported the fuel in oil drums inside their vehicles.

The Gyro Captain succeeds Pappagallo as leader of the settlers and takes them north. The Feral Kid becomes "Chief of the Great Northern Tribe" when he grows up. He, however, never sees "the Road Warrior" again.

Cast

 * Mel Gibson as "Mad Max" Rockatansky, a former member of the Australian highway patrol (the Main Force Patrol, MFP) who, after a biker gang killed his family, left the force and hunted down and killed all of the gang members. The trauma of the events of Mad Max transformed him into an embittered "shell of a man", but he still elects to assist the settlers with their plan in this film.
 * Bruce Spence as The Gyro Captain, a wanderer who searches for fuel and supplies using a ramshackle old gyrocopter. He, too, decides to throw in his lot with the settlers and help defend their compound. Writing for Time, Richard Corliss called the Captain "a deranged parody of the World War I aerial ace: scarecrow skinny, gaily clad, sporting a James Coburn smile with advanced caries".
 * Mike Preston as Pappagallo, the idealistic leader of a group of settlers barricaded in an oil refinery. Even though the settlers' compound is besieged by a violent gang, Pappagallo "carries the weight of his predicament with swaggering dignity." The novelization of the film expanded on Pappagallo's history, describing him as a top executive for one of the "7 Sisters" major petroleum firms who lost his family in the war and escaped to the wastelands, where he would join up with other refugees and become a leader of their efforts to establish a new civilization.
 * Max Phipps as The Toadie, the crier of Humungus's gang and a classic sycophant.
 * Vernon Wells as Wez, a mohawked, leather-clad biker who serves as Humungus's lieutenant. Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times, called Wez the "most evil of The Humungus's followers...[a] huge brute who rides around on his bike, snarling psychotically." In a 1985 interview with Danny Peary, Miller said the characters of Wez and Max are near mirror images of each other. In 2011, Empire magazine listed Wez as the greatest movie henchman of all time.
 * Kjell Nilsson as Lord Humungus, the violent, yet charismatic and articulate, leader of a "vicious gang of post-holocaust, motorcycle-riding vandals" who loot, rape, and kill the few remaining wasteland-dwellers. In the interview with Danny Peary, Miller posited that he thought the character "was a former military officer who suffered severe facial burns", and that he "might have served in the same outfit as his counterpart, Pappagallo."
 * Emil Minty as The Feral Kid, an eight-year-old boy who lives in the wasteland near the oil refinery. He speaks only in growls and grunts, wears shorts and boots made from hide, and defends himself with a metal boomerang that he can catch using an improvised mail glove.
 * Virginia Hey as Warrior Woman, a settler who initially distrusts Max.
 * William Zappa as Zetta, a settler.
 * Arkie Whiteley as The Captain's Girl, a beautiful young settler who chooses to stay with her compatriots rather than escape with the Gyro Captain, prompting him to stay as well.
 * Steven J. Spears as The Mechanic, a settler who is paraplegic.
 * Syd Heylen as Curmudgeon, an elderly settler who wears a military helmet and decorations.
 * Moira Claux as "Big" Rebecca, a settler who wields a bow and arrow and initially wants to take Humungus's offer of safe passage if they abandon their compound.
 * David Downer as Nathan, one of the settlers who leaves the compound to look for a truck to tow the oil tanker. He is wounded by some of Humungus's bikers and dies shortly after Max brings him back to the refinery.
 * David Slingsby as Quiet Man, a settler.
 * Kristoffer Greaves as Mechanic's Assistant, a settler.
 * Max Fairchild as Broken Victim, a settler who is caught and tied to the front of Humungus's car. Gibson and Fairchild are the only two actors who appear in both Mad Max and Mad Max 2, though Fairchild portrays a different character in each film.
 * Tyler Coppin as Defiant Victim, a settler who is caught and tied to the front of Humungus's car.
 * Jerry O'Sullivan (credited as Jimmy Brown) as The Golden Youth, Wez's companion, who is killed by the Feral Kid's boomerang.

Development
Following the release of Mad Max, director George Miller tried to develop a rock and roll movie, the working title of which was Roxanne. After working together on the novelization of Mad Max, Miller and Terry Hayes teamed up in Los Angeles to write Roxanne, but the script was ultimately shelved. Miller then became intrigued with the idea of returning to the world of Mad Max, as a larger budget would allow him to be more ambitious. He said: "Making Mad Max was a very unhappy experience for me. I had absolutely no control over the final product", but "There was strong pressure to make a sequel, and I felt we could do a better job with a second movie." Inspired by Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces and the work of Carl Jung, as well as the films of Akira Kurosawa, Miller recruited Hayes to join the production as a scriptwriter. Brian Hannant also came on board as co-writer, first assistant director, and second unit director.

Filming
Principal photography took place over the course of twelve weeks in the winter of 1981 near Broken Hill, New South Wales. The scene where the Pursuit Special rolls over and explodes was shot at Wilangee Road near the Mundi Mundi Plains lookout, just outside of Silverton. Filming also took place at the Pinnacles, which is where the set of the oil refinery compound was constructed.

In one scene, stunt coordinator Guy Norris broke his femur when he flew off his motorcycle and his leg hit the car. His injury is visible in the released film.

Music
The musical score for Mad Max 2 was composed and conducted by Australian composer Brian May, who had also composed the music for Mad Max. A soundtrack album was released by Varèse Sarabande in 1982.

Censorship
The original cut of the film was more bloody and violent, but it was cut down heavily to receive an "M" rating from Australian censors. Entire scenes and sequences were deleted completely, and others were edited. When the film was submitted to the MPAA in the United States, two additional scenes were shortened (the scene in which Wez pulls an arrow out of his arm and the one in which he pulls the boomerang out of the Golden Youth's head). Although the version of the film that includes those scenes before they were trimmed down for the MPAA survives, no version without the previous deletions exists.

Box office
Mad Max 2 was a commercial success, grossing A$10.8 million in Australia alone, which was double what Mad Max had earned in the country to become the highest-grossing Australian film at the Australian box office. Despite making more than its predecessor, however, Mad Max 2 never held that record, because Gallipoli was released earlier in 1981 and grossed A$11.7 million in Australia.

In the United States, with a gross of US$23.6 million and theatrical rentals of $11 million, the film also outperformed Mad Max. When that film was released in the U.S. in 1980, it did not receive a proper release from its distributor, American International Pictures, as AIP was in the final stages of a change of ownership after being bought by Filmways, Inc. a year earlier, and its box office was affected. Warner Bros. decided to release Mad Max 2 in the United States, but, recognising the first film was not well-known in North America (although it was becoming more popular through cable channel showings), they decided to change the name of the sequel to The Road Warrior. The advertising for the film, including print ads, trailers, and TV commercials, did not refer to the Max character at all and shied away from the fact that the film was a sequel. For the majority of American viewers, their first inkling of The Road Warrior being a sequel to Mad Max was when they saw the black and white, archival footage from the first film during the prologue of the second. When Vestron Video later released Mad Max on home video, they capitalized by labeling it "the thrilling predecessor to The Road Warrior".

Outside of the U.S., the film earned rentals of $25 million (including Australia), for a worldwide total of $36 million, making it the highest-grossing Australian film worldwide.

Critical response
The film received positive reviews and is regarded by many critics as one of the best films of 1981. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 94% based on reviews from 62 critics, with an average rating of 8.40/10; the site's "critics consensus" reads: "The Road Warrior is everything a bigger-budgeted Mad Max sequel should be: bigger, faster, louder, but definitely not dumber." On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 77 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews".

Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, praised its "skillful filmmaking", and called it "a film of pure action, of kinetic energy", which is "one of the most relentlessly aggressive movies ever made". While Ebert pointed out the film does not develop its "vision of a violent future world ... with characters and dialogue", and uses only the "barest possible bones of a plot", he praised its action sequences. Ebert called the climactic chase sequence "unbelievably well-sustained" and stated that the "special effects and stunts ... are spectacular", creating a "frightening, sometimes disgusting, and (if the truth be told) exhilarating" effect.

In his review for The New York Times, Vincent Canby wrote: "Never has a film's vision of the post-nuclear-holocaust world seemed quite as desolate and as brutal, or as action-packed and sometimes as funny as in George Miller's apocalyptic The Road Warrior, an extravagant film fantasy that looks like a sadomasochistic comic book come to life". Writing for Newsweek, Charles Michener praised Mel Gibson's "easy, unswaggering masculinity", saying that "[his] hint of Down Under humor may be quintessentially Australian but is also the stuff of an international male star".

Gary Arnold, in his review for The Washington Post, wrote: "While he seems to let triumph slip out of his grasp, Miller is still a prodigious talent, capable of a scenic and emotional amplitude that recalls the most stirring attributes in great action directors like Kurosawa, Peckinpah and Leone". Pauline Kael called Mad Max 2 a "mutant" film that was "sprung from virtually all action genres", creating "one continuous spurt of energy" by using "jangly, fast editing", but criticised Miller's "attempt to tap into the universal concept of the hero", stating that this attempt "makes the film joyless", "sappy", and "sentimental".

Richard Scheib called Mad Max 2 "one of the few occasions where a sequel makes a dramatic improvement in quality over its predecessor." He called it a "kinetic comic-book of a film" and an "exhilarating non-stop rollercoaster ride of a film that contains some of the most exciting stunts and car crashes ever put on screen." Scheib stated that the film transforms the "post-holocaust landscape into the equivalent of a Western frontier", such that "Mel Gibson's Max could just as easily be Clint Eastwood's tight-lipped Man With No Name" helping protect "decent frightened folk" from the "marauding Redskins".

Christopher John reviewed The Road Warrior in Ares Magazine #13 and commented that "Its taut scripting, exceptional performances, and pulse-pounding pacing, which leaves an audience breathless, combined to make it one of the best SF films of the year. It also has the courage to show what the face of death really looks like. Mel Gibson's portrayal of Max is hard, bitter and realistic; he is neither hero nor coward, but a man caught up in a mad future which he confronts unafraid." The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction says Mad Max 2, "with all its comic-strip energy and vividness ... is exploitation cinema at its most inventive."

Accolades
At the 24th Australian Film Institute Awards, the film won Best Direction, Best Editing, Best Production Design, Best Sound, and Best Costume Design, and it was nominated for Best Cinematography and Best Original Music Score; it received the most nominations and wins of any film at the ceremony, but it was not nominated for Best Film. At the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films' 10th Saturn Awards, the film won the award for Best International Film and generated nominations for Best Director, Best Actor (Mel Gibson), Best Supporting Actor (Bruce Spence), Best Writing, and Best Costumes. Additionally, the film won the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Foreign Film and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, and George Miller won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival for his work on the film.

Legacy
The film's depiction of a post-apocalyptic future has so widely influenced other filmmakers and science fiction writers that its gritty "junkyard society of the future look ... is almost taken for granted in the modern science-fiction action film." The dystopian, apocalyptic, and post-apocalyptic themes and imagery in the Mad Max series of films have inspired some artists to recreate the look and feel of some aspects of the series in their work, and fan clubs and "road warrior"-themed activities continue into the 21st century.

In 2008, Mad Max 2 was selected by Empire magazine as one of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Similarly, The New York Times placed the film on its "Best 1000 Movies Ever" list. Entertainment Weekly ranked Mad Max 2 93rd on its list of the "100 Greatest Movies of All Time" in 1999 and 41st on its updated list of the "All-Time 100 Greatest Films" in 2013, and the publication ranked the character of Mad Max 11th on its list of "The All Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture". In 2016, James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film 11th on a list of "15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than the Originals".

A museum dedicated to Mad Max 2 was established in 2010 in the small town of Silverton (which is 25 kilometres from Broken Hill in New South Wales) by Adrian and Linda Bennett, who had built a collection of Mad Max props and memorabilia after moving to Silverton.

title: Mad Max 2


text:
Ian Hill

Ian Hill (born 20 January 1952) is an English musician, best known as the bassist and the sole continuous member of the heavy metal band Judas Priest. Along with lead guitarist Glenn Tipton, he is the only member who has appeared on all of the band's studio albums.

Judas Priest
In 1970, together with schoolmate K. K. Downing, Hill joined heavy metal band Judas Priest. He has been playing bass with the band ever since and is now the longest-serving member of the band, following Downing's departure in 2011.

During the early years of the band, he played bass by finger-picking, but since the album Killing Machine he has played with a pick.

Hill is credited with playing bass on all of Judas Priest's albums, but on Painkiller bass was double-tracked with Don Airey's bass on a Minimoog synthesizer. Hill is responsible for bringing Rob Halford into Judas Priest. The two met while Hill was dating Halford's sister and mentioned that he needed a new vocalist for his band. Halford accepted, leaving his previous band Hiroshima, and brought along drummer John Hinch, who would later be dropped by the band after one album due to "musical inadequacy", according to Judas Priest's website.

When Hill was asked about his reaction to the 2001 film Rock Star, which was originally inspired by the real-life story of Tim "Ripper" Owens, a singer in a Judas Priest tribute band who was chosen to replace singer Rob Halford when he left the band, in an interview with PopMatters magazine, Hill responded "Well, it was a true work of fiction, you know? When we heard about the production company were going to make a movie based, as far as we knew, about Ripper joining the band we offered our help. We said 'If there's anything you want to know, talk to us at the time.' And certainly our communication was cut off and that was it and they went off on their own tangent." Hill added "I mean, I quite enjoyed the movie. [laughs] It was entertaining, you know?" Hill was quoted as saying "It had nothing to do with Rob Halford, Ripper Owens and Judas Priest, it's got nothing to do with that, whatsoever. It was fiction. Apart from the fact that 'Local Boy Makes Good'? That was the only true aspect of the movie." Hill was quick to add "I watched it once. I don't have the urge to watch it again. [laughs]"

Personal life
Hill learned how to play the double bass from his father, a bass player for local jazz acts. His father died when he was fifteen. Hill married Rob Halford's sister, Sue, in 1976 and they divorced in 1984. Together they have a son, Alex, who was born in 1980. Hill lived in Florida while he was married to his second wife, Letitia. They had a daughter with the same name. He met his present wife, Jean, in 1999, and married in 2006. The couple resides in Staffordshire.

He is a supporter of West Bromwich Albion F.C.

Hill is featured in the 2024 documentary Cover Your Ears produced by Prairie Coast Films and directed by Sean Patrick Shaul, discussing the subliminal message trial Judas Priest were involved with.

Musical equipment
In the early years of Judas Priest, Hill played a 1970s Fender Jazz Bass, switching to Hamer in the mid-1980s. Since the late 1980s, Hill has played Spector basses. Spector currently produce an Ian Hill signature bass guitar, based on Hill's NS-2 and fitted with a narrower neck, with an optional tuning of BEAD. He plays using a nylon flatpick of 0.75 mm thickness.

While Hill has used a wide range of different amplifiers through his career, he has been using SWR products since the late 1990s. His current rig consists of two SWR SM1500 amplifiers and four SWR TRIAD cabinets. During the Jugulator and Demolition recording sessions, Hill used a five-string Spector bass to access the lower registers needed through the use of down tuned guitars by Tipton and Downing.

Discography

 * Rocka Rolla (1974)
 * Sad Wings of Destiny (1976)
 * Sin After Sin (1977)
 * Stained Class (1978)
 * ''Killing Machine (1978)
 * British Steel (1980)
 * Point of Entry (1981)
 * Screaming for Vengeance (1982)
 * Defenders of the Faith (1984)
 * Turbo (1986)
 * Ram It Down (1988)
 * Painkiller (1990)
 * Jugulator (1997)
 * Demolition (2001)
 * Angel of Retribution (2005)
 * Nostradamus (2008)
 * Redeemer of Souls (2014)
 * Firepower (2018)
 * Invincible Shield (2024)

title: Ian Hill


text:
Talk:Admiral

Commodore
Can someone who knows something about these things explain the disappearance of Commodore from among US naval ranks and the "Lower half" and "Upper half" designations? RickK 01:16 7 Jul 2003 (UTC)

It's all actually very well explained in the Commodore article. --Ray Trygstad 22:10, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

British Navy
Does anyone else think it's out of place to have a complete table of British officer ranks on the page for every military and Naval rank? Shouldn't it have it's own entry, perhaps? --Ray Trygstad 22:41, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Vis-a-vis the comments in the table: navy.mil clearly shows all-uppercase abbrevations for ranks. Not sure about Midshipman, though; I'm not sure it's an actual rank. I'll edit the table appropriately. --Eric 05:29, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC) ...or perhaps not. Anyway, the use of all caps in rank abbreviations is standard throughout the US Armed Forces. --Eric 05:31, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dutch Navy
This phrase about the Dutch navy is not correct: "The Dutch navy is unique in that there is only one Admiral in the navy and it is the reigning sovereign. As a result, the highest rank one can achieve in the Dutch navy is Lieutenant Admiral. Also, the Dutch have only two ranks with the title of Admiral, excluding the sovereign." The rank of admiral doesn't exist anymore officially since 1956 and it was only given twice in the 19th century: first in 1839 by King William I who made his son, allready Secretary of State for War and Navy and commander-in-chief, admiral; and the second time somewhere in the 1880's of 1890's when prince Henry was appointed admiral 6 days before his dead by his brother, king William III. There is no law or rule that the rank can only be held by the sovereign, in fact the only two time the rank was used, it was not the king.

 * I rewrote the whole Dutch section due to heavy POV and bad grammer. Im not at all sure of the info contianed within, though, and am trusting that to those who put it in the article.  BTW- What is the translation of "Schout bij Nacht"?  That doesnt seem to me to look like any kind of Admiral rank.  Also Nacht means night?  "Night Admiral"?  We need a Dutch Speaker to tell us. -Husnock 02:43, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Schout bij Nacht originates from the 16th century (or even before). Schout is often translated with "bailiff" or "sheriff". There is a link with the (old) verb "schouwen" wich means "to watch" or "to look after". So, the "Schout-bij-nacht" (Sheriff-at-Night / Watch-at-Night) was the person who supervised the ship by night when the captain was asleep. Later he became the commanding officer of the fleet or a squadron at night when the (vice-) admiral was asleep. And somewhere in the 17th century he was associated with the rear squadron of a battle fleet (comparable to the English rear-admiral). It is an Admiral rank, he uses the same insignia (with 2 stars) as vice-admiral (3 stars) and lieutenant-admiral (4 stars).
 * The rank of admiraal (not 5 stars, but crossed batons) does not exist anymore. It can still be found in navy flag-protocols (tradition ?), but not in goverment decrees since 1956 (but tradition still says that the rank can only be given to a prince of the royal family).
 * Besides two royal princes with the rank in the 19th century there is another royal link: in the 18th century it was ruled that the stadhouder (viceroy or substitute-ruler), a remarkable function in the Dutch Republic, was appointed admiraal-generaal of the navy and kapitein-generaal (captain-general) of the army. But most laws and rules regarding institutions of the Dutch Republic were abolished in the French era (1795-1813) and after the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1813).
 * Found some remarks in English here:
 * http://flagspot.net/flags/nl~rank.html

 * See also here, NATO codes for grades of military personnel, there is no Dutch equivalent (anymore) for OF-10 (Fleet-Admiral, Marshal, General-of-the-Army)
 * http://www.mindef.nl:30280/mpbundels/20_serie/dp_20_10/20_10_bijlage_h.htm

Admiral ranks by seniority
I don't see the point of this section. Its authors seem to have gathered as many variations on the rank of admiral from different navies as they can find (plus at least one rank that never actually existed), then tried to put them in the order they would rank in a hypothetical navy that had the lot. Even if one accepts the validity of the exercise (which is undermined by the fact that rank titles have had different meanings in different times and places: e.g., Admiral in the Royal Netherlands Navy corresponds to Fleet Admiral in the USN, while a Kriegsmarine Admiral is  generally considered to have ranked with a USN Vice Admiral), some of the placings are problematic at best.

 * Admiral of the Fleet is the equivalent of the USN Fleet Admiral in the Royal Navy (and other navies), and belongs on the same line.

 * Flag Admiral never existed. It was proposed in 1945 as a rank in the USN above Fleet Admiral; however, it was never adopted. If it is to be included, it should be on the same line as Admiral of the Navy, to which it is considered an equivalent.

 * Lieutenant Admiral is not just a variation on Vice Admiral; it is a separate rank in the Royal Netherlands Navy, between Admiral and Vice Admiral.

 * Counter Admiral is an alternative rendering of Ger. Konteradmiral, Fr. Contre-amiral, etc., which are usually translated as Rear Admiral; Counter Admiral and Rear Admiral should thus be on the same line.

 * Commodore Admiral was a short-lived USN rank immediately below Rear Admiral; it is thus the equivalent of Flotilla Admiral (Ger. Flotillenadmiral), and belongs on the same line.

So, if we have to have the table, it should more like this:

This is still less than satisfactory, for the following reasons:

 * General Admiral was a Kriegsmarine rank, between Grand Admiral and Admiral; there is some dispute over whether this should be treated as ranking between the USN Fleet Admiral and Admiral, or whether it should be treated as the equivalent of a USN Admiral (making a KM Admiral = USN Vice Admiral, KM Vice Admiral = USN Rear Admiral Upper Half, & KM Rear/Counter Admiral = USN Rear Admiral Lower Half).

 * Admiral in the Royal Netherlands Navy equates to a USN Fleet Admiral, & Lieutenant Admiral to a USN Admiral.

 * Rear Admiral in the USN has since 1985 been split into two separate ranks, Rear Admiral Upper Half and Rear Admiral Lower Half; the former corresponds to Rear Admiral in most other navies, the latter to Flotilla Admiral (or Commodore).

 * Port Admirals appear not to have been admirals at all, but senior captains.

This would give us a table like this:

[1] applies if a Kriegsmarine General Admiral is considered to outrank a USN Admiral; [2] applies if they are considered to be of equivalent rank.

Shouldn't we just scrap the whole section, and point people at Comparative military ranks? — Franey 13:27, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I am not at all for scraping the section. I think it is highly informative.  The first table you mentioned though might be a good substitute, though.  The second seemed a bit complicated. -Husnock 13:42, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is complicated, but the first table can be very misleading. For example, take this section:

 * {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"

 * align="center"| General Admiral
 * align="center"| Admiral
 * align="center"| Lieutenant Admiral
 * }
 * align="center"| Admiral
 * align="center"| Lieutenant Admiral
 * }
 * align="center"| Lieutenant Admiral
 * }
 * }
 * }

 * This leads us to assume that a General Admiral outranks an Admiral, who outranks a Lieutenant Admiral. But:

 * as far as I know, no single navy has or had all three of these ranks;

 * it is not safe to make this assumption across different navies. For example, a Lieutenant Admiral in the Royal Netherlands Navy ranked with a Kriegsmarine General Admiral (under one accepted scheme of equivalencies, anyway), not two grades below. (And a Dutch Admiral would actually outrank the German General Admiral.)

 * So the only point of the table would seem to be:

 * a quick and dirty guide for remembering the relative order of ranks in any one of the USN, RN, Royal Netherlands Navy, Deutsche Marine, or Kriegsmarine;

 * an answer to the question, "If you wanted to invent a navy with as many grades of admiral as possible, what order should you put them in?" — Franey 15:49, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I guess if the Admirals from the different countries were all in the same room at the same time, it would matter who saluted who. It also comes to play in joint-international military operations with who has tactical control of a group fo ships from more than one country. I've served in task forces with U.S., Japanese, and South Korean ships. That was an issue as to which Admiral would have taccon of the whole group. Also, in World War II, the matter came up during surrender ceremonies where General Admiral von Friedeburg went to British HQ and back then the two sides were saluting enemy officers (try that today with Iraqi POWs!). In any event, the British actually said General Admiral was senior to Admiral. Some U.S. text books list it as "a rank between a full Admiral and Fleet Admiral".

I like the suggestions on these tables and I would say just go for it and make the changes in the article. I think the table should say, without a soubt, since this is an article about all Admiral ranks and a comparative table is something that the article needs. -Husnock 16:34, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I take your point about the importance of precedence between officers of different navies, whether in determining the chain of command or for matters of ceremony or protocol. But as I pointed out, the table as it stands is not reliable. It implies (correctly, according to the information you've supplied), that a Kriegsmarine General Admiral outranked a USN or RN Admiral; however, it also implies that the same German General Admiral would outrank an RNN Admiral, when the opposite is in fact true. The table could be expanded to take these kinds of things into account, but as you've said, it would make it significantly more complicated. Furthermore, it woud duplicate a number of the articles listed at Comparative military ranks — in particular Comparative military ranks of World War I and  World War II, British and US military ranks compared, and Ranks and insignia of NATO.

 * I liked your info about the Allies' perception of the relative rank of a General Admiral: this goes against the table at World War II, but you seem to have a better source.

 * I also notice that you started the articles on the U.S. "super-ranks" of Admiral of the Navy and General of the Armies. This page states that at least in 1944–1945, General of the Armies was considered a separate rank above General of the Army; I can't find a reference anywhere, but I can accept that similarly Admiral of the Navy was considered a superior rank to Fleet Admiral at the time of the creation of the latter rank (though this would not have been such a pressing issue, as  Dewey was long dead, unlike the very much alive  Pershing). However, was this accepted by other countries? By the time of his death in 1948, Pershing would have been senior (by time in rank, at least) to any British Field Marshal; but when he was promoted to General of the Armies in 1919, would the British have considered senior to, e.g.  Haig, promoted to Field Marshal two years previously? Similarly, would they consider Dewey superior to an Admiral of the Fleet? — Franey 11:57, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Almost certainly not. The King (when there is one) holds the ranks of Field Marshal, Admiral of the Fleet and Marshal of the Royal Air Force in the UK, and it seems to me extremely unlikely that the British Government would be willing to accept that a rank in another country was senior to that held by the Sovereign. They would almost certainly have been treated as equivalent to Field Marshals and Admirals of the Fleet. Proteus (Talk) 16:50, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Disambig?
What do people think about making this into a disambig page? There are already four countries listed here as well as the listing of ranks by senority. Separate the Admiral articles into ranks by country might be in order at this pont. I just did something similar over at the articles regarding General of the Army and Field Marshal. -Husnock 09:05, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Since each nation has a slightly different version of the rank structure, I'd be tempted to do the opposite: roll them all into one article, and explain the nuances in a section for each nation, or each grade. Please also see my comments about merging at Talk:Fleet Admiral.  —Michael Z. 2005-08-4 16:09 Z

This article should explain what an admiral (with a small 'a') is (in the sense that Fleet Admirals, Vice Admirals, etc., are all 'admirals'), whilst the actual ranks (an 'Admiral' with a big 'A') should be dealt with in separate articles by country: Admiral (United States), Admiral (United Kingdom), etc. Fleet Admiral is currently ridiculously Americo-centric in that it says that 'Fleet Admiral' is the general term for a very senior admiral, which is nonsense. It should be a disambiguation page. Proteus (Talk) 17:11, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What is the problem with Fleet Admiral? Why is it ridiculous and nonesense?  I suggest bringing the issue to the Fleet Admiral Talk Page -Husnock 18:18, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The list article has been created. I think it looks much better, far less bulky, and allows for considerable expansion in the articles on the admiral ranks of the individual countries. -Husnock 17:11, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

What Royal Navy?
I noticed that the British Royal Navy is referred to as 'Royal Navy', whereas the Dutch Royal Navy is referred to as the Dutch Navy. Am i the only one who thinks this is weird? I was about to edit it, then i saw there were already some Dutchspeakers on the talk page, so i'll leave it to you guys. Yeahyeahillmakeanicksoon 2:34 CET 9 aug 2005
 * A longstanding tradition in the English-speaking world, which is why it's at Royal Navy with no modifiers. However, it's often a good idea to add "British" in text where there might be some confusion. Stan 03:08, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Breaking one's flag
Curiously, there's no explanation/wikipage for the naval term "breaking (his) flag", despite it appearing in numerous articles (USS Ranger (CV-4), for a start). I had to go searching over half the Pacific to discover what it meant, since everyone writing the articles assumed it was a known term. I don't know the Wikipedia convention for defining terms, however...Nae'blis 21:18:14, 2005-08-18 (UTC)

Etymology not an indication of antiquity
A paragraph has been added to the end of the etymology to explain that the etymology of a word does not suggest the antiquity of the word as it may have appeared in other languages with entirely different pronunciations. The Greek ναύαρχος, for instance, which is pronounced "naúarkhēs," existed from very ancient times in Greece. While ναύαρχος may be defined as "admiral" as used by Plutarch in his Parallel Lives, the very pronunciation of ναύαρχος demonstrates that it is not a part of the etymology for the English word "admiral." AdmPope (talk) 07:10, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

Origins of the word 'admiral'

 * Admiral is a word from the Arabic term Amir-al-bahr (commander of the sea). Crusaders learned the term during their encounters with the Arabs, perhaps as early as the 11th century. The Sicilians and later Genoese took the first two parts of the term and used them as one word, amiral.

In Germany the term was already traditional before the 11th century. With the emperor Otto III.'s accession to the throne in 983 a. D. an "Oberst Admiral" could be found on the guest list of high dignitaries. (Source John B. Hattendorf, Deutschland und die See: Historische Wurzeln deutscher Seestreitkräfte bis 1815; in: Werner Rahn (Publ.), Deutsche Marinen im Wandel - Vom Symbol nationaler Einheit zum Instrument internationaler Sicherheit, from page 17. [20]) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.166.70.162 (talk) 20:00, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Changed 'lord of the bay' to 'commander of the sea', which is the correct translation of the Arabic. (Amir was originally a generic word for a commander in the armies of the very early Islamic period, although today it has more of the import of a minor sort of royalty, as the Amir of Kuwait, etc.; 'bahr' can only mean 'sea' or 'ocean').

 * The rest of the passage is not quite right - the title was first adopted by the Norman kingdom of Sicily in the last few decades of the 11th century, based on the useage of the dispossesed Arab rulers of the island. (I.e., it's incorrect to cite the Crusaders).

 * Changed the etymology to correct the meaning and expand upon it using historic information obtained from Arabic-English texts, and other texts and sources, one of which dates back 422 years. I'm assuming that Arabic people, those that have published Arabic-English lexicons, and people living hundreds of years ago would be more familiar with the ancient meanings of the words.

 * One important thing to note, when it comes to the meaning of the word, is that prior to and during the Ottoman Empire, ranks and titles of many positions were held as "princely" titles, such as princely governors, princely commanders, etc. This is demonstrated, more than once, in The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Vol. 1, and in Encyclopedia of The Ottoman Empire.

 * As stated in the etymology that I provided, during the Ottoman Empire there were only four princely positions that Phanariots were allowed to hold, one of which was dragoman of the fleet. Those who held this position were placed under the command of the Ottoman admiral. This fact demonstrates that the rank of admiral was senior to that of a dragoman of the fleet - a princely title. And, of course, those who held the title of dragoman of the fleet established their own princely lines, such as Nicholas Mavrogenes (Prince of Wallachia), Constantine Mourouzis (Prince of Moldavia), and others.

 * Note also that, in French heraldry, Admirals are listed among the ranks that are entitled to use the same helmet on their coats of arms as used by princes and dukes who are not sovereigns. This is shown in Eugene Zieber's 1895 edition of Heraldry in America (p.332). And in Britain and The Netherlands, admirals were entitled to navally charged coronets of rank (crowns).AdmPope (talk) 14:41, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

Cheezus
The first paragraph of the current "etymology" section covers the bases—English from French, French from Med. Latin mangling of Arabic emir—and then there are 7 loooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooong paragraphs of random nonsense trying to discuss historical folk etymologies as if they were all equally accurate (instead of all already known to be inaccurate) and some attestation history that should just be in a history section before circling back to additional early English forms that belong at the top of the section instead of its tail. I guess some of that silliness is owing to the discussion above, but it seems bizarre whoever wrote it thought Sicilian, Italian, Aragonese, French, Portuguese, and Spanish didn't count as "Latin-based languages" while imagining English does and then went on to write a "Further History" section without an actual "History" section before it.

In any case, the OED actually handles this very well (as usual) but if we need a specific expert on the specific topic specifically calls out the derivation from amir al-anything as nonsense already well known to be nonsense since the 1860s. — Llywelyn II   14:42, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The etymology which you submitted removes quite a bit of information pertinent to the development and use of the term in its early history. You claim that the paragraphs are "of random nonsense," but that would only be the case for someone who is not versed in the science of etymology. You also stated that the information which you replaced is "already known to be inaccurate," but even the oldest of lexicons were cited to substantiate what was written.
 * In addition, your edit also changed the heading of the etymology section to "Name," which makes no sense.
 * I personally hold the rank of admiral, and have researched this topic extensively, as well as other topics relating to naval matters, over the course of more than a decade. I hold a PhD, as well as 12 honorary doctorates. I'm fairly certain that I know how to conduct research. AdmPope (talk) 14:09, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * My response regarding Latham's remarks on the etymology of the term "admiral":
 * To begin, the statement made by Llywelyn that Latham "specifically calls out the derivation from amir al-anything as nonsense" is unfounded. Latham's definition and remarks regarding the term "Admiral" contains absolutely nothing that "calls out the derivation from amir al-anything as nonsense." Yes... I actually read the entire publication by Latham.
 * Latham's argument against the Arabic etymology of the word "admiral" was that "There can be no doubt that the terminations -alius, etc., are Lat. and have no connexion with Ar."
 * The text which preceded Latham's conclusion was dismissive of the fact that "All Latin nouns have gender - they are either masculine, feminine or neuter." According to de Melo, "Those of the second declension end in -us or -um and are masculine and neuter, respectfully." In regards to loanwords - words adopted into the Latin from another language such as Arabic - De Melo gives the following example: "People sometimes stick to these rules in formal writing and on other occasions when they feel observed; but the normal situation is that Virus becomes masculine because all the other Latin loans in -us are, and Email becomes feminine because Post is."
 * Based on the observations of the National Archives and De Melo, and the fact that English, Arabic, and other dictionaries define the term "admiral" as being masculine   , it is understandable how the word "Admirall" could become a loadword in the Latin with the masculie prefix -us, thereby resulting in "Admirallus." AdmPope (talk) 08:09, 22 June 2024 (UTC) AdmPope (talk) 08:09, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

Seniority table
This is an inaccurate, confusing mess.

 * Admiral of the Navy was held by exactly one person, long since dead. Although U.S. Navy tradition may hold that it is senior to the rank of Fleet Admiral, it was created as an equivalent to the British Admiral of the Fleet, the German Grand Admiral, the Russian General Admiral, etc.; I doubt if any British Admiral of the Fleet considered Dewey his senior.

 * Flag Admiral never existed.

 * Grand Admiral may have outranked General Admiral in the German Navy: however, the German Grand Admiral and the Russian General Admiral were equivalent ranks. In any case, both are defunct.

 * Lieutenant Admiral is unique (as far as I know) to the Dutch Navy, and is the equivalent of plain Admiral in other navies; it is not an intermediate rank between (four-star) admiral and (three-star) vice-admiral.

 * Counter Admiral is an alternative translation of ranks usually rendered as Rear Admiral (e.g. the French Contre-Amiral), rather than a distinct rank.

 * Commodore Admiral existed for less than a year in exactly one navy (albeit the world's biggest): only a handful of people ever held it.

 * Port Admiral is a position, not a rank: historically it may have been held by a senior captain, but these days is likely to be an actual admiral of some grade.

What is this table meant to achieve? If it's a clear depiction of the relative ranking of the most common grades of admiral, it fails for the reasons, and should be replaced with a simple list of the near-universal admiral/vice admiral/rear admiral.

If, however, it's supposed to be a kitchen-sink collection of every variation of admiral ever, levered into some strained notional order of precedence, we need to add a few:

 * Lord High Admiral;
 * Vice Admiral of the Fleet;
 * Rear Admiral of the Fleet;
 * Admiral/Vice Admiral/Rear Admiral of the Red/White/Blue;
 * Rear Admiral without distinction of squadron;
 * Squadron Vice Admiral (Vice-amiral d'escadre);
 * Admiral of the Medway;
 * Schout bij Nacht;
 * probably a dozen more used somewhere and sometime....

— Franey 13:07, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well I've done what I can with the information available. GraemeLeggett 14:12, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm a little bit concerned with the above user calling the article a "innaccurate, confusing, mess" and then stating in the edit summary that the edits are "absurd". Where is all this hostility coming from?  On another point, Admiral of the Navy can be argued to be a generic term for a senior Admiral of a naval service.  Its common to see in literature and military history about "Admiral of the Navy so-and-so" even if they don't actually have a rank that is Admiral of the Navy.  I think it should stay in the table to indicate a senior most Admiral position as well as a rank. -Husnock 17:38, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Taking your points in order:
 * It's not the article as a whole I'm talking about, it's the seniority table. Hence the comment's heading.
 * The table is inaccurate: see the list above. "Misleading" may be a better word than confusing, though inaccurate information can and does confuse. "Mess" is, I agree, subjective (though I feel its use here is justifiable).
 * If it wasn't clear from my edit summary, it is specifically the inclusion of the non-rank of Flag Admiral that I regard as absurd. The rank never existed, even on paper. Including it in a list of actual grades of admiral is a nonsense.
 * That is incorrect. Flag Admiral did exist on paper.  It was written up as a proposal and the proposal was forwarded to the War Department at the end of 1944.  A copy of the proposal was then placed on file in the Naval Service Record of Chester Nimitz (which I have seen). -Husnock 13:13, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not hostility, it's the forthright statement of a position. Just to make this unambiguously clear: my comments are not a personal attack on anyone, including you and GraemeLeggett, who's made a reasonable stab at a compromise. Do not confuse disagreement and criticism with animosity.
 * I'm confused by your comment about Admiral of the Navy.
 * Are you saying that Admiral of the Navy is a conventional English translation of a rank or ranks found in some non-English-speaking navies?
 * If so, which navies? What equivalence does it have to U.S.N. or R.N. ranks — is it a four-star, five-star, or "six-star" rank?
 * I know of at least five texts which use the term "Admiral of the Navy" to describe the top Admiral of a service (I dont have time to list them all right now). KArl Donitz is frequently referred to as an Admiral of the Navy in U.S. Naval military texts.  It is an attempt to translate for layman the term Oberbefehlshaber des Kriegsmarine
 * If, however, it is the title of the professional head of the navy, then it doesn't belong here, any more than Chief of Naval Operations or First Sea Lord. Ditto if it is merely a descriptive term for a senior naval officer of unspecified rank.
 * — Franey 09:04, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Right, how about this:

The following are the various grades of Admiral, listed by seniority.

Capitalisation
Surely admiral is not a proper noun and should not be capitalised throughout. Only when part of a specific name. -- Beardo 11:19, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Mongomery Ward appliances?
I will mark this one as fact required....

ADMIRAL Appliances were sold in the US by Admiral Radio, and in Canada by Canadian Admiral Corp. Wards radios used "AIRLINE" as a brand. see for example http://www.scripophily.net/adcode1.html and  http://www.geocities.com/rxtxtubes/pa01077.htm  cmacd 19:14, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Admiralty Officers & Single-Ship Command
Does anybody know if 1- or 2-star admirals -- from any navy -- are ever assigned to single-ship commands? I'm not talking here about commanding squadrons from a flagship; I'm referring to commanding a single vessel on a day-to-day basis, or commanding a mission from a single ship. Sacxpert 07:22, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Duplicate pasted paragraphs
The last 2 paragraphs in the "Etymology" and "Further History" sections are word-for-word identical. The third-from-last paragraphs are also *almost* identical. 69.118.248.228 (talk) 01:12, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

Removal of blank insignia images
In the section titled Admiral insignia by country, the following were showing empty transparent images where rank insignia were once shown: Almirante, Angolan Navy; Amiral, Benin Navy; and Amiral, Congolese Navy. I have remove these three placeholder images.AdmPope (talk) 10:19, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Admiral