text:
Talk:Anhedonia

Re emptiness & boredom
"emptiness is negligibly related to boredom, is closely related to feeling hopeless, pathologically lonely, and isolated, and is a robust predictor of depression and suicidal ideation (but not anxiety or suicide attempts). "

This is problematic.First of all the reference cited does not mention anhedonia. Second of all emptiness and boredom are different from anhedonia. Anhedonia is not related to either Borderline personality disorder or attention deficit disorder - It can be found in those conditionsBut it is neither a criterion nor frequent comorbidity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rberlow (talk • contribs) 19:41, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

Re drugs
Isn't anhedonia considered one of the symptoms of opiate withdrawal? --FOo 21:18 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

no, it is not. it CAN occur but is NOT a criterion

And what about dissociation? 24.205.46.249 02:09, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Can anyone relate of give a clear example of a case where someone now suffers from Anhedonia from the long term use of Crystal Meth, Amphetimine or related drugs?

I have used such for long periods and am questionable as to whether I suffer from this disease as the use of the above drugs can blur lines of reality...both physical and mental.

Any takers?

 * It is not a disease per se, but a symptom. Talk to your physician or pdoc about this. There are ways to combat this problem that do not involve potential damage to the systems involved. Zuiram 03:14, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

there have been experiements with chimpanzies that after dosing them twice a day with mdma they experienced complete anhedonia and starved them selves to death

 * MDMA is not purely dopaminergic. The majority of the damage done by MDMA is to the serotonergic system. Without a reference, or even stating how long this effect took to develop, your statement cannot be used to improve the article. Also, most amphetamines, including MDMA, will suppress the user's apetite. Zuiram 03:14, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. You eventually use up your dopamine and everything gets screwed up. Being spiritual can help offset it. Life becomes a challenge and a chore. I wouldn’t recommend messing with your brain chemistry. But what do I know? 2601:2C1:C801:D3DC:54EF:D271:4A47:C5D2 (talk) 00:35, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

need to cite sources
There are none in this article. Especially the claim that addicts can have anhedonia for life, needs a source, research etc backing it up. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Merkinsmum (talk • contribs) 09:37, 7 January 2007 (UTC).

I will yank the suspicious statements on 20070301, unless sourced. Anhedonia is generally associated with a hypoactive dopaminergic system, whether it has been suppressed by SSRIs or neuroleptics, or desensitized. The mechanism of action of meth and cocaine in causing long-term anhedonia is different, and if I find the reference for that, I'll add it. Zuiram 03:10, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

It's back, without a source I'd suspect its anti-drug propaganda, especially with weezle words "sometimes said", current version says:

"Anhedonia is often experienced by drug addicts following withdrawal; in particular, stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines cause anhedonia and depression by depleting dopamine and other important neurotransmitters. Very long-term addicts are sometimes said to suffer a permanent physical breakdown of their pleasure pathways, leading to anhedonia on a permanent or semi-permanent basis due to the extended overworking of the neural pleasure pathways during active addiction, particularly as regards cocaine and methamphetamine. In this circumstance, activities still may be pleasurable, but can never be as pleasurable to people who have experienced the comparatively extreme pleasure of the drug experience. The result is apathy towards healthy routines by the addict."

I'm not going to edit it because I don't have the time or itnerest to get in an edit war but suggest someone else do it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.83.201.36 (talk) 15:22, 6 June 2009 (UTC) Hopefully people will get that it's un-sourced and comes across wrong. Was going to pull the whole paragraph (it's pure BS/speculation w/o a single reference, of course there aren't any to be used by whoever's re-posting it...gonna pull it anyways, but I'm sure it'll be back.

Romantic causes?
Has anhedonia been studied in relation to such things as, e.g., suicide as a result of failed romantic relationships?

If "feeling sad" and crying is a way to communicate emotional state, then anhedonia could be seen, in these cases, as the opposite of being in love and being loved (instead of feeling "sad" being the opposite), the same way that love and hate are the opposite of indifference. With the loss of the loved one, life could be seen as pointless and not worth living, and suicide is done not with any strong emotion, but because the subject simply does not care about their life anymore. 74.61.41.118 19:30, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Personal Experience with Anhedonia
I am a 34 year old schizophrenic who has anhedonia and is currently being treated for it with Wellbutrin, an antidepressant. I do not have depression, but I have anhedonia as a symptom of my schizophrenia. My doctor told me that it's possible that my anhedonia was worsened by an antipsychotic that I used in the past. I am currently on a different antipsychotic medicine.

Anhedonia has nothing directly to do with romance or lack of romance or love. It is lack or loss of feelings of pleasure/enjoyment/fun/satisfaction. This is exactly what I have experienced before being medicated with Wellbutrin and this is exactly what I still feel to some degree. Looking at artwork and women's bodies used to be pleasurable. Listening to good music used to be pleasurable. Talking with people used to be pleasurable. Now those things give me very very very very little pleasure. Even sex is not very pleasurable anymore for me. Anhedonia is also pronounced with respect to humour. Most jokes are no longer funny to me, and when I do laugh at something slightly funny, I don't have the accompanying good feeling that used to come from laughing. It is as if the laughing is merely a reflex, not anything enjoyable. I also noticed that with anhedonia, anything that touched my skin felt rough, and smooth fabrics no longer felt soft to the skin. This decreased a little bit with medication. Eating food became a mundane experience as well. Looking at nature stopped being a pleasant experience.

When my anhedonia was worse, before the medication, the lack of pleasure emotions was so unpleasant that it made me feel suicidal. I knew something was very wrong when I would see family members whom I love and feel no pleasure at seeing them. It is a very alienating experience to have no feelings of pleasure for anything. For me, life without pleasure is nearly a life not worth living. In order to remain content with living, medication was absolutely necessary. Luckily for me, the medication works somewhat and although I hardly ever feel "good", I am able to feel normal more of the time.

My anhedonia had nothing to do with the loss of a loved one or emotional rejection or depression or sadness. I have been clinically depressed in the past, and I know what real clinical depression feels like. Anhedonia can be a part of depression, but you can be depressed without anhedonia, as I was, and you can have anhedonia without depression if you are schizophrenic. I don't see anhedonia as the opposite of anything. It is the lack or loss of pleasure. The only partial opposite would be the gaining of pleasure. But emotions do not occur in opposites. There are many emotions that do not have an opposite. For example you can be happy and sad at the same time... like when people cry at weddings; it is the loss of childhood and the gaining of a relationship. Anhedonia is NOT an emotion, it is the lack of the pleasure sensation. Feelings of pleasure are part of a reaction. Anhedonia reflects a breakdown or blockage of that reaction.

The anhedonia affects socialising profoundly. A lot of conversation is based upon pleasing experiences and humour designed to make each other feel good. A lot of socialising takes place during meals which are intended to be a pleasurable experience. For the person with anhedonia, all of this without enjoyment is alienating and often annoying and anxiety-producing. Doing things without any pleasing reward can feel like work. As a result, I don't socialise very much at all even though I used to do it quite a lot before my schizophrenia became pronounced. Because I don't really get pleasure from sex, the connotations and innuendos of dating are very different for me now. There are lists and lists of recreational activities that no longer have any reward other than intellectual stimulation perhaps. But many recreations are not at all intellectually stimulating once you take away the pleasure.

I have the feeling it would be very difficult for me to fall in love. Because to fall in love you have to feel love. And to feel love, you have to feel some form of joy/enjoyment/pleasure. Without that I can feel gratitude, but not any of the emotional/sensual intensity of being in love. So there is some indirect connection to a lack of romance to anhedonia. For certain, there is no "Love at First Sight", because there is not much experience of beauty with anhedonia. For me I can know intellectually that something is probably beautiful, but there is no emotional impact and no feelings of pleasure from looking at it. Therefore, I cannot see someone beautiful and fall in love with their beauty.

I take refuge in science. Science doesn't give me pleasure, but it gives me insight and I am thankful for that. And even though I can't really be pleased much at all, I can still be thankful. It is lucky that I can be thankful, because truly having anhedonia can cause one to become sad. It is easy to confuse anhedonia with depression, but they are different from one another. Clinical depression is sometimes comprised partially of anhedonia and other symptoms. But a life with anhedonia is truly depressing. It is depressing because the human experience depends on feeling some feelings of pleasure even if they are minor.

Anhedonia is not dissociation and it's not psychosis. While experiencing anhedonia I am able to distinguish reality from non-reality so I am therefore not psychotic. While experiencing anhedonia my personality is intact as a whole, and my memories and experiences are still integrated into my personal experience, my personality. With anhedonia there is no amnesia or disrupted memory. I can still remember when I felt pleasure (or pain or anything else). To differentiate... People with dissociation may lose pleasure in some activities because of associated feelings related to trauma. However, with eating for example, a person with dissociation would still be able to experience the pleasure of sweet tastes even if their dissociation disrupted or overrode the pleasure with other emotions. A person with anhedonia would get little to no pleasure from sweet tastes regardless of the associated ideas with sweetness or eating or food. It may seem like a subtle distinction, but it is there.

I hope this helps to clarify for others what anhedonia is in reality. HopeMr 04:20, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I know exactly what you're experiencing. Anhedonia is hell. Leave me a message if you want to talk. Roastporkbun (talk) 02:35, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * ditto on that - very well written HopeMR. I'd also like to add that people leaving an addiction (drugs, gambling, etc) can feel ahnedonia for a long, long time.  In these cases it's because their brain has actually changed through years of reinforcing their addiction.  With, say,opiates, the person's brain during addiction is used to very, very intense pleasures with the opioid, despite the user not even subjectively feeling it necessarily.  Once the drug is gone, and the person's body can, say, pass a drug test a month later, many times the brain is not rewired in a way to let them feel pleasure from food/sex/friends/sports/accomplishments/hobbies, they still just want to gamble/shoot up/etc.  I'm potentially going into studying this area but undecided at the moment, however it's been a fascinating topic to study (and horrible feeling to feel - no I did not shoot up drugs but get ahnedonia for extended periods of time).  Oh and again, spot-on with the "leads to anxiety", with me it leads to anxiety if it's bad, and if it goes on strongly for days it can lead to really mini bouts of depression, but even when 100% lucid, with friends, doing something cool, you're just doing the steps you expect you should - like you said, laughing is a reflex, smiling is too, they're things you do and, sadly, start realizing you're laughing because something funny happened and it deserves a laugh, not because you're truly smiling/happy/enjoying anything.

/If I go into this I'll be studying it directly in regards to people who are either currently addicts (not to be confused with dependent - there's a lot of overlap, but dependence doesn't equal addiction, whereas addiction almost always, but not 100%, requires dependence), or people who were addicts and got clean, but are still unable to move on (PAWS is the general descriptor, or "Post-Acute-Withdrawal-Syndrome"). After much personal experience, followed by lots of research, I'm truly in belief that anhedonia is a large part of what causes relapses in people who got fully clean, as their brain hasn't had time to adjust back to something resembling 'normal' - if one did heroin/coke/gambled 4-7days/week for years, even after the horrors of getting off their addiction of choice, the brain's reward pathways are not being hit by "normal" things (food/sex/friends/money/etc), so the person who is 6mo past their past "abuse of choice" will be in a terrible position, feeling that they're already done "dextoxing" (when they're only physically detoxed, not psychologically 'fixed/rewired' yet), and - of paramount importance - feel that since they think they're "back to normal" because they've finished detox 4mo ago, that this new state (of anhedonia) is what life is like, what life would have been like had they never gotten an addiction, and this is my central thesis, that many/most who relapse AFTER a significant period of time PAST their withdrawals/detox are actually relapsing NOT because of PAWS so much as they're relapsing because they don't understand that, for quite some time after withdrawal/detox, that the anhedonia WILL be there, and there will be a very emotionless, non-vivid time period before they can get back to enjoying things like food/sex. If you're unaware of this, it's quite easy to dismiss the (temporary, albeit much more protracted than withdrawal OR EVEN PAWS in many cases) state of anhedonia as "how it must be when to live normally" instead of the truth, that it'll just take some time to rewire your brain so it experiences many little pleasures a day, not an intense shot or two a day, or gambling heavily 3nights/week. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SangerRainsford (talk • contribs) 21:00, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Harry Potter
I've removed the statement "Harry Potter fans however, are aware that anhedonia is actually caused by dementors."

Harry Potter is a work of fiction. The statement doesn't seem to be relevant in any significant way to this article. --Tony Sidaway 19:57, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Damn Potter fans. Ornen (talk) 16:06, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

anybody in his/her life can be —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.108.37.62 (talk) 10:12, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

محمد يوسف محمد زغل بشار سعد سلوم عبدالله علاء امجد اشرف —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.108.37.62 (talk) 10:14, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Weird suggestions
I removed this part of the article:

"Until now international laboratories haven't seen it as a good opportunity, even through it can be very profitable for them. As a SA heal, or as a sex pleasure stimulant. It can be a bigger discovery than Viagra itself."

It isn't relevant information for someone who wants to know more about the condition and the writing itself sounds like someone's forum post. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.50.187.132 (talk) 14:47, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Television Appearance
The US television series "House" explored this ailment in Season5, Episode 6 aired 10/28/2008. Aaron (talk) 19:14, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

Recent Research
Isn't there a lot of relatively recent research suggesting that anhedonia for quite a lot of mood disordered people and schizophrenics is actually a lack of anticipatory'pleasure, i.e. they feel pleasure, but do not actively seek it out because they think they will get no pleasure from things. By no means am I or those who participate in this research suggesting that this is generalizable to all sufferers, but it is a large amount. Anywho, I'm just surprised nobody's written anything on this at, is there anybody who knows about it in greater detail and has relevant sources who can add this please? 149.157.1.154 (talk) 10:51, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Bipolar template
Anhedonia isn't only related with Bipolar disorders. So we should remove the template or use another one. Cheers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.220.58.92 (talk) 18:11, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Stylistic problems
This article's English expression is very uneven. I could correct it but I'd be guessing what was meant by some phrases (which read like translationese).

Example: "Changing of mood are the most likely to observe in psychiatric disorder. They are the significant symptoms of depression but they can be easily seen in other psychiatric disorders during physical illness. In healthy people, changing mood is also prominent when encountering stressful events"

Does it mean "Mood changes are commonly observed in psychiatric disorders. They are significant symptoms of depression but can be easily seen..." etc??? "Changing of mood are" is completely ungrammatical. If someone knows what is meant here (it's footnoted, so I assume there was some sense to the original) please improve it!

Also, I thought the talk page was for discussion of the article, not the condition. This too is confusing...? Proof64 (talk) 11:59, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

"Formerly found enjoyable"
The article defines anhedonia as "the inability to experience pleasure from activities formerly found enjoyable." But what about someone who has never found ANY activities enjoyable? I would suppose that such a person suffers from very severe anhedonia indeed, yet their condition seems to fall outside the scope of the definition. Is there a different term that would apply to such people? Or is there an assumption that absolutely everyone in the world must enjoy something at some point in their life? In either case, it seems that more should be said on this point. Kevin Nelson (talk) 07:25, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * While that's a thing (though I dont know its name), you're looking more at a physiological problem, a change in functioning at a significant level. This article is about the psychological expression which would be described as an abnormal state. 74.132.249.206 (talk) 01:58, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
 * It seems reasonable to me, Kevin, that some people have never experienced pleasure from activities normally considered enjoyable, but I don't know what you'd call that trait. I don't think psychiatry actually acknowledges it. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 02:20, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Anhedonia in Depression (My Personal Experience)
I would like to add my personal experience with anhedonia and what I have discovered about it along the way. I have been anhedonic now for 10 months due to major depression triggered by chronic stress. Anhedonia is my only persistent symptom and is occurring in the absence of any other depressive symptom (I do not feel "depressed," I do not "feel" at all). For this reason, many people experiencing anhedonia (me included) find fault with the technical association with "anhedonia" being only a symptom of another disease rather than a syndrome in itself. Firstly, what I have noticed about every person experiencing anhedonia (me included) is that they seem to mention the inability to experience the same list of things: music/art, sex/romance/dating, and emotional appreciation. To me, all of these are inter-related and so anhedonia really boils down to a flatness of emotional responsivity to anything and a general inability to experience pleasure. The best way to describe it is to make the analogy to the loss of interest in sex as similar to the loss of interest in sex a male might experience soon after ejaculating (refractory period)or the loss of interest in music to the loss of interest one might feel towards a song after having heard the same song repeatedly for several months. I have read many articles on anhedonia and have seen many theories that suggest that anhedonia is a result of the failure to anticipate pleasure rather than experiencing it and that it involves the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinepherine. Firstly I would like to say that I can anticipate having a pleasurable response to something, but the only thing that is missing for me is the response itself. For example, I may get an adrenaline rush from something such as sex, but it is not accompanied by feelings of pleasure. I anticipate the pleasure, but I only experience the adrenaline, not the pleasure itself. I have had partial responses to stimulants and dopaminergic agents but no response to norepinepherine modulating drugs, though I have read many reports of people having success with norepinepherine drugs. Others left no noticeable effect.

Strangely, I would sometimes spontaneously and instantaneously get a “window” of normalcy where my emotional numbness would break for a few minutes and I would feel normal, as if a “light switch” was controlling my emotions and ability to feel pleasure. My libido, my numbed emotions, and that zombie-like feeling I was having – they were all related, they all came from that same part of me that was “turned off.” It’s the same type of sensation that I was missing – whether it was the feeling that I was not getting thinking about a girl, the excitement I was not experiencing thinking about my future, and the enjoyment I was not experiencing being around my family doing activities with them, they all (pleasure) were just “off.” As time passed, I would see fewer and fewer of these windows until they disappeared completely. At first, with much difficulty I felt two windows once while crying shortly after arriving at home and once during a car ride with my mother.

There seems to be two "camps" that psychiatrists fall under. In one camp are the psychiatrists who tend to disregard anhedonia as "just a symptom of the underlying depression/other illness" and not mainly a dopaminergic phenomenon saying "treat the underlying depression/other illness, and the symptoms go away with it like a cascade." These psychiatrists believe that SSRIs are most effective for any type of depression, regardless of symptoms, (usually calling me "obsessive" for researching or disregard science backing it up as "just theories,” and that “nobody knows what’s actually going on in the brain" etc.) and often deny that serotonergics make anhedonia worse (I've been with two of this type). The other "camp" is, in my opinion at least, more reasonable; psychiatrists falling under the second camp listen to symptoms and recognize anhedonia as mainly dopaminergic or to do with norepinepherine.

It's known that the activation of certain serotonin receptors inhibit the release of dopamine, (obviously shown in the blunting effect and loss of libido associated with SSRIs/SNRIs) and it is also known that dopamine plays a crucial role in the processing of emotional responses. Norepinepherine is another key part of the puzzle, in my experience sort of the "second banana" to dopamine, as it is shown in many studies that animals lose preference towards a reward with reductions in norepinepherine - norepinepherine is associated with motivation and arousal.

The treatments that I have found through research to be successful in treating anhedonia are:

Stimulants - Methylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, etc. Dopamine Agonists - Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Cabergoline, Apomorphine, Bromocriptine, Rotigotine, etc. Low Dose Antipsychotics - Aripiprazole, Amisulpride, Sulpride, etc. Serotonin Receptor Antagonists - Buspirone, Low dose Fluoexitine, etc. SSREs - Tianeptine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors - Amineptine, Bupropion, etc. Norepinepherine Reuptake Inhibitors - Desipramine, Atomoxetine, Nortryptaline, Bupropion, etc. MAOIs - Parnate, Nardil, Selegiline, etc. Other - Amantadine, Nicotine, Testosterone, Levodopa, Phenylethylamine, Cyproheptadine, Thyroid Augmenting (lithium for example), L-Tyrosine, L-Theanine, SAM-E, St. John's Wort, etc.

Unfortunately several drugs are not available in the USA such as Tianeptine, Adrafinil, and Amisulpride, and many of these medications have significant drawbacks such as tolerance, addiction, long-lasting side effects, severe reactions, heart problems, heptatoxicity, blood pressure problems, and more.

I have tried Wellbutrin, Abilify, L-Tyrosine, L-Theanine, SAM-E, DLPA, Ritalin, Adderall, and Desipramine. My experience was that I felt no different on Wellbutrin even after being on it for 8 weeks at the highest recommended dose (450mg). Abilify (5-7.5mg) helped me to regain focus and the ability to do something for longer periods of time without feeling anxious, though had little noticeable effect on anhedonia and gave me random twitching and tremors. L-Tyrosine (500-1500mg) had no noticeable effect. L-Theanine (300-1000mg) made me extremely agitated and irritable. SAM-E made me more irritable. DLPA (1000-2000mg) had no noticeable effect. Ritalin (15-30mg 2x daily) was the closest thing to helping my anhedonia, but was unreliable, worked for only about an hour, quickly formed a tolerance, and raised my heart rate substantially. Adderall (5-15mg 2x daily) only raised my heart rate with no noticeable effect on the anhedonia, but I can't help but to feel that this was because of a cross-tolerance with the Ritalin (I had already become tolerant to the Ritalin after only a week, so thus I was also tolerant to other stimulants such as Adderall). Desipramine (200mg) left no noticeable effect after several weeks, but I later found out that due to its heptatoxicity, my liver was reacting poorly to it and thus I have been forced to come off of it.

For anhedonia I would personally suggest a combination of Pramipexole, Cyproheptadine, Busiprone, and Selegiline, though I am not a doctor so do not regard this as educated medical advise without consulting your doctor (just a legal disclaimer). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.84.161.209 (talk) 05:39, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a forum. This is seriously not the place for that.  Lighthead  þ 20:16, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Social anhedonia?
Is social anhedonia a primary component of anhedonia? There seems to be much too much weight given to social anhedonia in this article. The article's lead says something about lack of motivation, but I saw almost none of that referred to in the article proper; perhaps because of the undue weight to social anhedonia? I would like an expert in psychology to tell me if I'm wrong and provide some much needed insight. Thanks.  Lighthead  þ 01:53, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Yes, I agree with the above. I don't understand why the two categories are sexual and social. Loss of enjoyment may often be solely individual, e.g. loss of interest in music or a hobby or a subject where there is no or little social component of it. There is a general loss of all aspects of positive experience. At least that is the case for me. (I've been anhed. for over a decade.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.152.201.23 (talk) 14:28, 12 February 2014 (UTC)

Primary relevance in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
anhedonia refers to acquired loss of interes or pleasure in schizophrenia it is similar but not the same thing negative symptoms can include anhedonia but isolation is different there may be paranoia or delusions causing isolation — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rberlow (talk • contribs) 20:10, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

Also PTSD
Anhedonia is also part of PTSD. See Blunted affect or this article. --Elabeth (talk) 16:27, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

Anhedonia Self-Assessment
I have been diagnosed with Anhedonia. I want to know whether the online self-assessment quizzes are accurate? I feel like these quizzes are symptom based. I have tried a quiz on Illnesstests. They claim that there self-assessment quizzes are accurate. If true, Does it mean that I am dealing with Anhedonia? Here is the Quiz that I took: Anhedonia Quiz: Test Your Emotional Health. Any suggestions? Dbwani (talk) 04:59, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anhedonia


text:
Talk:Regular icosahedron

Stellations
The stellations of the icosahedron are described in University of Toronto Studies Number 6 - The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra - by HSM Coxeter, P Du Val, HT Flather, and JF Petrie - University of Toronto Press 1938  (Derek Locke)

New stat table
I replace stat table with template version, which uses tricky nested templates as a "database" which allows the same data to be reformatted into multiple locations and formats. See here for more details: User:Tomruen/polyhedron_db_testing
 * Tom Ruen 00:54, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

volume vs dodecahedron
(Comment from Trevor: I'd LOVE to see a proof on this. Til then, I don't buy it.)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Btrevoryoung (talk • contribs) 12:38, 14 June 2006

If you refer to the table of volumes in Platonic solid it is relatively easy to calculate. R, the circumradius, corresponds to the radius of the sphere that the polyhedron is inscribed in. If you do some calculations you will find that (volume of dodecahedron with circumradius R)/(volume of sphere with radius R) is greater than (volume of icosahedron with circumradius R)/(volume of sphere with radius R). This is an alternative way of explaining what the article states. This may be counter-intuitive to some because it is unlike the similar situation in regards to circles and polygons. I will leave the math to you.

Proofs for Surface Area and Volume
Proofs for the surface area and volume of an icosahedron can be found here: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Icosahedron.html David Mitchell 17:19, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Icosahedron in 2-D
Shouldn't an icosahedron in two dimensions be a pentagon? Because if you take the tetrahedrons vertex figur, you'll see that it is a triangel, which is in the same family as the tetrahedron. It's the same thing with the octahedron. Another proof is its dual, the dodecahedron, which has pentagonal faces. I couldn't find any of this in the article, so i brought it up here.Chagi 14:33, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * A 2D analogy of the icosahedron? You could consider either facets or vertex figures. If considering vertex figures, the cube {4,3} and dodecahedron {5,3} are then 3D extensions of the triangle {3,3}, like the tetrahedron. And the octahedron {3,4} extends from a square, and icosahedron {3,5} from a pentagon. I don't see much value in this overall. If you have any geometry books that talk about this, feel free to expand this idea here. Tom Ruen 21:31, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * What I ment was, polyhedra (platonic solids only?) with triangles as faces use their vertex figure as a two-dimensional analog of themselfs, and since the icosahedron has triangles, then why would it be diffrent? While the cube in other hands, uses it face as a 2-d analog, then shouldn't the dodecahedron do the same? Chagi 22:20, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I wasn't aware that "polyhedra ... use their vertex figure as a two-dimensional analog of themselfs". Must everything have an analogue in every domain?  —Tamfang 01:13, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I didn't say that everything must have a analog, but if it's possible to figure something out, why not do it? Secondly, I wasn't saying that polyhedra uses their vertex figure as a two-dimensional analog, I was suggesting that polyhedra with equilateral triangles use their vertex figurwe as a 2D analog.Chagi 19:37, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

One relationship which does exist between 2-D and 3-D is polyhedra and tesselations --
 * Triangle series:
 * 3 triangles meeting at a vertex -- tetrahedron
 * 4 triangles meeting at a vertex -- octahedron
 * 5 triangles meeting at a vertex -- icosahedron
 * 6 triangles meeting at a vertex -- regular triangular tesselation of the plane
 * Square series:
 * 3 squares meeting at a vertex -- cube
 * 4 squares meeting at a vertex -- regular square tesselation of the plane
 * Three polygons at a vertex series:
 * 3 triangles meeting at a vertex -- tetrahedron
 * 3 squares meeting at a vertex -- cube
 * 3 pentagons meeting at a vertex -- dodecahedron
 * 3 hexagons meeting at a vertex -- regular hexagonal tesselation of the plane
 * Four polygons at a vertex series:
 * 4 triangles meeting at a vertex -- octahedron
 * 4 squares meeting at a vertex -- regular square tesselation of the plane

There are some similar relationships between semi-regular tesselations and Archimedean polyhedra... AnonMoos (talk) 14:24, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Irregular icosahedra
I wonder why the information about non regular icosahedron is present on the page. Are they popular? The article describes only regular icosahedron and its properties, so if irregular icosahedra are important to be mentioned, let the article be renamed to Regular icosahedron to reflect its actual content. With respect, Animist (talk) 07:40, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Done. Better five years late than never. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 11:18, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Questions (and some answers)
Question: In the article it is written,

"The matrix $$A+\sqrt{5}I$$ induces thus an Euclidean structure on the quotient space $$\mathbb R^6/\ker(A+\sqrt{5}I)$$."

What is the inner product for two elements in this space? Is it,

$$\langle x, y \rangle = x^T (A+\sqrt{5}I)^T (A+\sqrt{5}I) y$$

for two vectors $$x, y \in \mathbb{R}^6$$ (under the equivalence relation $$x_1 \backsim x_2$$ iff $$x_1 - x_2 \in \ker(A+\sqrt{5}I)$$)?

Answer (sort of): Letting $$v_1, \ldots, v_3$$ be an orthonormal basis for $$\ker(A+\sqrt{5}I)^\perp$$ and $$V$$ be the matrix whose columns are these vectors, the vertices of the icosahedron are the rows of$$V$$ (and their negations). This can be verified by computing $$V V^T$$; the resulting matrix has 0.5 on the diagonal (so all points are equidistant from the origin) and plus-or-minus 0.2236 on the off-diagonal (so all dot products and hence all angles are equal).

Nevertheless, I'd appreciate some more motivation for the example given. What would even lead one to think about the given matrix? To what extent do the ideas here generalize? What is the geometric meaning?

Answer (partial): It looks like the given matrix is a Seidel adjacency matrix. See the paper Large equiangular sets of lines in Euclidean space. The corresponding graph is a pentagram graph with an extra vertex that is not adjacent to any other vertex. I'd still like to know if this graph has a more intuitive geometric meaning -- e.g., if nodes and edges correspond to geometric objects somehow...

130.207.237.143 (talk) 21:05, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Other Facts:
Item two of the other facts section states:

If one were to color the icosahedron such that no two adjacent faces had the same color, one would need to use 3 colors.

Could someone please prove this to me with a picture of the object? 98.17.232.45 (talk) 10:39, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Here is the picture. Skarebo (talk) 11:27, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
 * How many solutions are there? Anyone know? —Tamfang (talk) 10:56, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Wow! I feel stupid. Thank you all for your patience with me. I'm sorry for the outburst. 71.28.209.241 (talk) 07:21, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Another thing on the "other facts" section. Why is it strange that an icosohedron occupies less space in a circumsphere than a dodecahedron? Is it because the dodecahedron would have faces of a greater area than the icosohedron? telewatho (talk) 19:11, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes.

Is it correct that an octahedron has 12 edges? Does the article mean to say "duodecahedron"?Mk5384 (talk) 16:42, 26 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes. No. —Tamfang (talk) 23:53, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

Rotating model
The icosahedron model on the right is not rotating for me, even if I click it. The French version has a model that is rotating correctly, maybe someone who knows how (I don't) can replace the English language picture with the French language page's animated version. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.77.192.140 (talk) 10:30, 22 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I think somebody on purpose replaced it with the static version, maybe to reduce "flickering" and improve the loading time, or maybe the images of the article give a clear illustration of the shape. Materialscientist (talk) 10:34, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

 * You have to click the caption (where it says "(Click here for rotating model)"). I think Materialscientist is correct, and the rotating version is far too intrusive for the article. On Wikipedia, if you click the image, you (normally) are sent to the image information page, i.e., the same and non-rotating image. Johnuniq (talk) 01:16, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

How come it's the last platonic solid?
Okay imagine splitting every face of an icosahedron into 9 equilateral triangles with flexable edges like. Now imagine a sphere in the center of this shape getting inflated increasingly larger untill all of these triangles are puffed out to an equal degree, whereas the sphere eventually stops inflating any furthur when it can't do so without detaching any edges or veracies or bending any faces out of shape. Now what should be left is a polyhedron with 180 equilateral faces with equal sides, edges, vertexes and angles. Why isn't this geometrically solid shape a platanic solid? Robo37 (talk) 10:33, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I didn't follow any of the links, but from your description I can tell you it's because in some places six triangles meet at a vertex, while in other places five triangles meet at a vertex (the same answer as for many forms of geodesic dome...). -- AnonMoos (talk) 13:09, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Ah, I see. Robo37 (talk) 13:28, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

If you classify the "last" as the regular polyhedron with the most faces, then it is the last. But the dodecahedron has more vertices and the secret of its construction was the "last" historically. The simple answer to the question of why the icosahedron has the maximum number of faces of all platonic solids is because the equilateral triangle is the regular polygon with the smallest internal angle (60 degrees). Therefore, it is the face which can be joined together about a point the maximum number of times before the next triangle edge meets the triangle edge of the first. I mean considering a square, only 4 can be revolved about a point before the edges of the squares meet up. If you take 6 equilateral triangles, they will join up perfectly on a plane (60 x 6 = 360). However, there will be no peak in 3 dimensions and so 6 cannot be used to generate a polyhedron. The maximum number of equilateral triangles with their vertices joined together about a point while still retaining a peak in 3d dimensions is 5. Five equilateral triangles about a point is what makes a icosahedron. Therefore the icosahedron is the platonic solid with the maximum number of faces. Also note, that 4 equilateral triangles about a point is the regular octahedron and 3 about a point is the regular tetrahedron. 2 equilateral triangles about a point does not make a polyhedron because such a construction would simple be 2 equilateral triangles back to back and therefore would just be an equilateral triangle in itself without volume. All platonic solids can simply be regarded as 3,4 and 5 equilateral triangles joined about a point (tetrahedron, octahedron and icosahedron) and the other 3 (cube, dodecahedron and tetrahedron again) are simply the dual polyhedrons generated by shaving the vertex points down to its bisection (half the length of an edge). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peawormsworth (talk • contribs) 00:42, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Missing orthoganal projection
I noticed that there are 6 possible orthoganal projections for the icosahedron and only 5 are shown. Specifically, the 'edge' projection has only one graph. I think I know how this can be remedied.

First the image of the projection of the edge view should be rotated by 45 degrees in either direction (although I think it should be clockwise). Second, the same image can be rotated 45 degrees in the opposite direction (counter-clockwise) and then pasted into the empty projection spot under the edge view column.

The reason for this is that the projection can be displayed in any rotation perpendicular to the field of view. However, by rotating it 45 degrees, the projection can be then rotated by 90 degrees twords the viewer as the other projections are. The result of this 90 degree rotation is that the image remains the same only it appears as if the image was rotated by 90 degrees horizontal to the viewer.

In any case, I do think there are two separate graph projections that should be displayed. Even if the images are the exactly the same apart from their rotation, it is useful information to let the reader know that such a rotation results in basically the same graph. Leaving it blanks led me to wonder if there was no such rotation possible. But Im sure there is, even if it appears somewhat less unique then the rotations resulting along the A2 and H3 planes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peawormsworth (talk • contribs) 01:02, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Alternate expressions for the circumsphere
I believe it would be useful to express the circumscribed sphere radius in terms of the golden rectangle. Since the golden rectangle splits the icosahedron into 2 along opposite edges, we can see that the diameter is the diagonal of the golden rectangle. The radius is simply 1/2 of this length. Therefore, I think it would be useful to describe the circumscribed sphere radius in terms of 1/2 of the hypotenuse of a right triangle having sides of 1 and Phi. The current formula used "root 5 time Phi" under the root. But I think this should be changed to (or added to include) "Phi^2 + 1" ... and by that I mean "phi squared plus 1".

So the formula would be: ru = (a/2) * root(Phi ^ 2 + 1)

.. sorry the math equation above is not formatted properly. I hope u can infer what I mean.

Primarily, I am saying the the circumscribed sphere radius and the edge has a direct relation to the golden rectangle as 1/2 the diagonal. I think it is important to draw this connection by providing this formula directly under Dimensions category or adding a note to it under the Cartesian Coordinates section.

The current formula telling me that the radius is related to "root 5 times Phi" has no meaning to me. But "Phi squared plus 1" is easily interpreted as "Phi + 2" in my mind. And I know this to be about 3.618 right away. By describing it in this way I can see the root portion as a number and as the diagonal of a right triangle without any problem.

Anyhow... I am not making the change because I am not sure how others would feel about this or which area it should be put under. I hope u will consider this more and make a decision to change this for me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peawormsworth (talk • contribs) 01:16, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Two regular icosahedra
There are two regular icosahedra, one convex and the other star - the great icosahedron.

Should this article be renamed the Convex regular icosahedron or similar? — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 13:19, 24 November 2014 (UTC)

 * No. I think qualifiers can have implicit precendence. At best we'd call the second a regular star. But perhaps a on top is fair. Tom Ruen (talk) 13:45, 24 November 2014 (UTC)

Shouldn't the other Platonic solids (except the cube) also get the regular disambiguation? Double sharp (talk) 07:38, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I have started a wider discussion which embraces this issue at Talk:Regular_polyhedron. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 11:52, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

"Five sets of three concentric golden rectangles"
This might not be the place to ask this, but I went through and formed all the cyclic permutations of (0, ±1, ±ϕ), and ended up with 12 permutations.

How do you divide this into five sets?

Also, please correct me if I'm wrong, but all the permutations of this set are cyclic correct?

I'm planning on taking abstract algebra at some point, but I really just read some lecture pdfs about cyclic permutations so that is about the limit of my knowledge.

Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.128.179.29 (talk) 00:27, 14 August 2016 (UTC)

When does regular becomes unregulated?
Does anyone have thoughts on Buckminister Fuller and the Icosahedron as related to his Design Science of World Game? Perhaps it's a stretch, but in-terms of opening up the dymaxion, there needs to be some "re-freshing" even to as Bucky's Beautiful Mind. All ideas welcome, all ideas shall be respected and given due reference in full of the referrer and/or proposer. Many Thanks Stumbling Monk (talk) 23:51, 20 August 2016 (UTC)!

Rotation matrices?
This material added to the Regular_icosahedron section seems way too much and of unclear value. I expect there are 6 5-fold rotational axes through each pair of vertices. I don't know why these are more important than 10 3-fold rotational axes, or 15 2-fold rotational axes. Tom Ruen (talk) 22:28, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

REPLY: Central inversion is a symmetry of the icosahedron and the last six matrices are the transpose of the first six... so yes, the first six suffice. Whereas the application may determine whether a particular set of generators (of the symmetry group) are "more important" than others, some Cartesian generators should be explicitly provided in the Cartesian coordinates section, and rotation matrices are often useful in applications... Moreover, the matrices are interesting in that their entries are particularly simple: quotients of linear functions of $$\phi$$ with integer coefficients (which is obvious I suppose, yet pleasant to be given here on a silver platter). Whether twelve is "way too much" is a matter of opinion, but I've limited to the first two in my most recent edit (they generate the rotational symmetry group). Sat Mar 10 10:58:56 EST 2018

UPDATE: rationalizing denominators makes matrix entries linear functions of $$\phi$$ with rational corfficients (so I updated matrices on page). Sun Mar 11 14:41:22 EDT 2018 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.61.123.153 (talk) 18:44, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

 * These two matrices are still inverses of each other. It's not at all clear what you mean by "generate the rotation group of order 60". If you gave one order-5 rotation group, and one order-3 rotational group, those two as generators can generate the entire chiral icosahedral group order 60. Overall I'd say this discussion doesn't belong in this article, but rather icosahedral symmetry. As well, you could give 3 reflection matrices, represented in the Coxeter-Dynkin diagram,, where each node is a reflection matrix generator, and the product of the first two matrices make one of your 5-fold rotations, and the product of the last two make a 3-fold rotation matrix, which combined can generate the full rotational group. Tom Ruen (talk) 22:21, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

Here's one set of 3 reflection matrices for with relations: R = R = R = (R0R2)2 = (R0R1)5 = (R1R2)3 = I. So then R0R2, R0R1, R1R2 are rotation matrices. Tom Ruen (talk) 21:12, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

REPLY: The matrices

$$\left[ \begin {array}{ccc} {\frac {\phi}{2}}&{\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi-1}{2}}\\ {\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi-1}{2}}&{\frac {-\phi}{2}}\\ {\frac {\phi-1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\end {array} \right]$$ $$\left[ \begin {array}{ccc} {\frac {\phi}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi}{2}}\\{\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi-1}{2}}&{\frac {-\phi}{2}}\\{\frac {1-\phi}{2}}&{\frac {\phi}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\end {array} \right]$$

are not inverses of each other (by inverses I mean multiplying one by the other yields the identity matrix; multiply them yourself -- better yet, use Maple or Mathematica -- to verify the result is not the identity matrix). They generate the rotation group of order 60 in the standard sense: consider the set of all finite strings over two symbols and substitute the first matrix for the first symbol and substitute the second matrix for the second symbol, then evaluate results (multiply adjacent matrices)... the set of all results (where sets do not contain duplicates -- worth mentioning since some computer algebra systems fail on that point) contains exactly 60 elements (rotation matrices which map the icosahedron into itself and which form a group under matrix multiplication). If you are in doubt, perform the computation yourself; using Maple makes the task easy (be careful about sets and duplicates)... presumably Mathematica (and other computer algebra systems) will also simplify the task. Yes, there are several other choices for generators (as my parenthetic comment on the wiki page states). A previous comment indicated that "too many" matrices should be avoided... I have provided two (note that no smaller collection of rotation matrices can generate the group). 96.61.123.153 (talk) 16:19, 13 March 2018 (UTC) I see, I didn't think of generating from 2 5-fold rotation matrices. I see their product makes a 3-fold rotation matrix. I'd prefer something like this (right), starting with 3 reflection generators, whose products make 3 rotation generators, of 5,3,2-fold. If you have reflection generator matrices, you can build them all, and any two of these rotation matrices also work with the last of 3 a simpler rotation matrix. But overall this may better belong at icosahedral symmetry than here. Tom Ruen (talk) 23:55, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

That this would rather belong in icosahedral symmetry was also my first thought about this. But it is rather not the kind of thing you would expect in an encyclopedia anyway. It reminds me of what I have done for octahedral symmetry in Full octahedral group. Maybe Wikiversity or Wikibooks would be a good place for an article with detailed examples like this. And that can be linked from the Wikipedia article. Watchduck (quack) 01:24, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:54, 18 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Rhombicdodecahedron.jpg

Missing proofs
The formulas for dimensions etc are given with no proof or reference. Andreas (T) 13:48, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Regular icosahedron


text:
No te duermas

No te duermas (Don't Fall Asleep) was a Spanish-language television program, a late-night talk and variety show from Puerto Rico. It started airing in 1990 as a late night show with comedian Antonio Sánchez "El Gangster" in WSTE-TV SuperSiete. Later on, the show moved to Telemundo Puerto Rico, enjoying great success.

History
The idea of the show came from two sources. Originally, producer Gabriel Suau approached Antonio Sánchez with the idea of a talk show called No te Duermas. Suau wanted to have Axel Anderson as host while Sánchez would intervene with comedy sketches, characters and interrupting the interviews. Sánchez, instead, presented Suau an idea he had for a show. Suau then decided to drop his original idea and gave Sánchez the opportunity to lead it.

In February 1990, the show debuted in Channel 7 (Super Siete) instantly peaking at #1 in local popularity charts. After a year, Telemundo made Suau an offer and the show moved in October 1991. The show continued to be #1 for two years, and stayed on the Top 10 for the following years.

In 2005, while negotiating their contract, Telemundo offered Sánchez the chance to do the program from Monday to Friday, and compete directly with Univision's Anda Pa'l Cara. Sánchez accepted, changing also the overall format of the show. In February 2008, the show changed to a Monday through Thursday format, with Esto Esta Kñon, a political discussion and satire show, aired on Friday. This show is produced by Antonio Sánchez himself.

Near the end of 2008, Sánchez announced he would retire the show after almost 19 years. During December 2008, the show featured interviews with people that contributed to the show's success during its history, and shows of old comedy sketches. The last show was aired on December 30, 2008.

Antonio Sánchez "El Gangster" returned with a live show called "No Te Duermas: Una noche más" August 31, 2019 at the Coliseo de Puerto Rico and included a live feed to a location in Orlando, Florida (to accommodate the many Puerto Ricans who have migrated there). The show hosted the same scenery, characters and humor that distinguished the television program, and then was aired on September 17, 2019, on WAPA TV.

Hosts and models
Sánchez has been the host of the show for its duration. However, he has been accompanied during most of the show's history by a female co-host. Some of them have been:

 * Lourdes Collazo (1990)
 * Sandra Vanessa Mercado (1990)
 * Jailene Cintrón (1991–1996)
 * Yizette Cifredo (2003–2004)
 * Laura Hernández (2005–2007)
 * Daniela Droz (2008)

The show has also put models in the spotlight by being on a prime time show. Some of the most famous have been Taína, Glerysbeth, Maripily, La Burbu, Mara Cruz, and others.

Show format
The show features interviews to artists, music performances, curious facts, and comedy sketches featuring mostly characters by Sánchez himself. The show was criticized in its beginnings for its raunchy style and general portrait of women. This, however, has helped the show to maintain a strong male following.

Guests
Some of the show's featured guests have included:
 * Dayivet Aleman
 * Noris Jofre
 * Bad Bunny

Comedy Characters
Here is a list of some of the comedy characters portrayed by Antonio Sánchez in his show:

 * El poeta que todo lo compone (The poet who composes everything): a poet who always find his verses almost ending in obscene words but replaces them with another one.
 * Lindín: an obese man (Sánchez in a suit) who finds himself immensely attractive.
 * Kiko Jones: a spoof of Indiana Jones. His "adventures" are always intercut with scenes of real movies in a campy way to make it funnier.
 * Super Moncho: a Puerto Rican version of Super Dave. A stunt man performing increasingly absurd stunts, before which he will always yell "Pelo power!!!" (he would then rip open his shirt and exposing chest hair made of magic marker and some times very little real hair) and ends up always failing. At the end he will always yells "Estoy vivooo!!!" (I'm alive!!!).
 * Pedro Lambellagas (Pedro Scablicker): a news reporter with a lame voice and a unibrow. Most of his news reports are criticisms of the local government or funny takes on local news.
 * Pepe Pirindingo: a taxi driver who's always faced with crazy situations.
 * Pepín Galarza: a naive and innocent geek. Somehow women are attracted to him putting him in extremely sensual situations. At that point he would always ask to the screen "Gangster, ¿que hago?" (Gangster, what should I do?. After receiving a good advice from Sánchez, he would go and do some stupid thing.
 * Dr. Selástraga: a promiscuous doctor who's always asking his female patients to get undressed.
 * Minga: a gossiping woman who comments on celebrities and other everyday subjects. She would go on to have her own show (Minga y Petraca).
 * Don Remigio: a horny old man who always pursues beautiful women and ends up getting hit. His sketches are usually featured in a silent movie style with fast-tracked editing and old music in the background.
 * Tetron: a giant-breasted figure with flippers who came out of the shore of Puerto Rico's beaches and bathed young girls in milk.
 * Cuco Pasurín: a reporter with a jewfro and a fish tie who uses clips from other interviews to answer his questions. Usually ending his interview with a woman answering that she loves "la morcilla" (the blood sausage).

title: No te duermas


text:
Talk:Devils Tower

Wedding performed on top of Devils Tower 1992, Time magazine carried the story
Copied from help desk,  Chzz  ►  08:58, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

There was a wedding on top of Devil's Tower in 1992. The wedding was performed by the late Justice of the Peace, Ronald E. Waugh, (July 10th 1953 - Aug. 4th, 2008)Time magazine reported it, as did local media, i.e. Sundance Times, Moorcroft Leader, and others. I was once engaged to, and lived with Ron Waugh shortly after this event. I do not recall the names of the couple who were married, or the names of their wedding party. Ron Waugh had never climbed before, so it was quite an event in his very colorful life. He performed numerous weddings around the base of the tower, but to my knowledge, this was the only one ever done on top of the tower. I believe the couple was from Illinois, but I'm not sure. I think this is an event that should appear in the recent history of the Devil's Tower National Monument. Mccattlee (talk) 01:12, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but I'm not convinced that it's sufficiently notable. --Herostratus (talk) 11:38, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Jim Cunningham and his wife Barbara were married on Devil's Tower in 1982. I worked with Jim at Gulf Oil in Casper, WY, and he was an excellent rock climber.

From: https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/deto/history/chap9.htm "The first recorded wedding at the top of the Tower took place on July 26, 1982, between Jim Cunningham and Barbara Noseworthy. All members of the wedding party were experienced climbers, and all except one had previously climbed the Tower, with Cunningham ascending the Tower numerous times. Cunningham wrote a note in the summit register on a later climb, "I got married up here nine years ago (plus about ten days). The "marriage on the rocks" is still going strong (sorry Barb couldn't get away from work to come on this trip). I'll be back for more. Health and Happiness. JC" [1]" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.167.113.96 (talk) 20:39, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

Barb and I retired in Durango and are still climbing. We have not been to the tower in years but we'll get back one of these days :) JC — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.118.211.69 (talk • contribs) 18:49, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * "There was a wedding on top of Devil's Tower in 1992" - So what? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.20.71.135 (talk) 01:31, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

Name not changed and USGS source
re this deletion. The main page of the USGS site does indeed say nothing, but putting Devils Tower into the name search find this page. So I guess it verifies that the name was changed only through implication because Devils Tower is still the title name and Bear Lodge is listed as a variant. It still doesn't explicitly say there was a decision not to change it. SpinningSpark 15:00, 16 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I mean it’s a little difficult to prove a negative but yes, its specific entry does still show the same primary name. That could certainly go there but it really didn’t warrant a silly “failed verification” tag. Reywas92Talk 16:50, 16 March 2020 (UTC)

Devils Tower mentioned in Burnham's Celestial Handbook.
The three volumes of Burnham's Celestial Handbook are always full of surprises! Page 1867 in the third volume has a description of the Pleiades (the seven sisters) and Devils Tower. It's not only astronomy in Burnham's, there's lots of everything in these books! Although these books are from the previous century, they are still valuable sources! Glad I have all three of them. DannyCaes (talk) 18:10, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

Native American names
In this edit you removed this passage,

"Native American names for the monolith include "Bear's House" or "Bear's Lodge" (or "Bear's Tipi", "Home of the Bear", "Bear's Lair"); Cheyenne,, Daxpitcheeaasáao ("Home of Bears" ), "Aloft on a Rock" (Kiowa), "Tree Rock", "Great Gray Horn", and "Brown Buffalo Horn"."

Is there some reason you think Native American names for the rock should not be in the article? SpinningSpark 07:16, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Devils Tower


text:
Devil's Tower (disambiguation)

Devils Tower is a monolith and national monument in Wyoming, U.S.

Devil's Tower may also refer to:
 * Devil's Tower (film), a 2014 film
 * Devil's Tower (Gibraltar), a watchtower in Gibraltar where fossil remains of Neanderthals were discovered
 * Devil's Tower (mast) (Teufelsturm), main antenna mast of Bodenseesender
 * Devil's Tower (oil platform), Gulf of Mexico
 * Devils Tower (Tasmania), an island in northern Bass Strait, Australia
 * Devils Tower, a mountain in NE Wyoming
 * Devil's Tower, a 12th-century watch tower in Yelabuga, Tatarstan, Russia

title: Devil's Tower (disambiguation)


text:
User:Radiojon

this space for rent.

User comments go on talk page.

title: User:Radiojon


text:
Bessie Coleman

Bessie Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926) was an early American civil aviator. She was the first African-American woman and first Native American to hold a pilot license,      and is the earliest known Black person to earn an international pilot's license. She earned her license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale on June 15, 1921.

Born to a family of sharecroppers in Texas, Coleman worked in the cotton fields at a young age while also studying in a small segregated school. She attended one term of college at Langston University. Coleman developed an early interest in flying, but African Americans, Native Americans, and women had no flight training opportunities in the United States, so she saved and obtained sponsorships in Chicago to go to France for flight school.

She then became a high-profile pilot in notoriously dangerous air shows in the United States. She was popularly known as "Queen Bess" and "Brave Bessie", and hoped to start a school for African-American fliers. Coleman died in a plane crash in 1926. Her pioneering role was an inspiration to early pilots and to the African-American and Native American communities.

Early life
Elizabeth (or Bessie) Coleman was born on January 26, 1892, in Atlanta, Texas, the tenth of 13 children of George Coleman, an African American who may have had Cherokee or Choctaw grandparents, and Susan Coleman, who was African American. Nine of the children survived childhood, which was typical for the time. When Coleman was two years old, her family moved to Waxahachie, Texas, where they lived as sharecroppers. Coleman began attending school in Waxahachie at the age of six. She walked four miles each day to her segregated, one-room school, where she loved to read and established herself as an outstanding math student. She completed her elementary education in that school.

Every season, Coleman's routine of school, chores, and church was interrupted for her to participate in bringing in the cotton harvest. In 1901, George Coleman left his family. He moved to Oklahoma, or Indian Territory, as it was then called, to find better opportunities, but his wife and children did not follow. At the age of 12, Bessie was accepted into the Missionary Baptist Church School on scholarship. When she turned eighteen, she took her savings and enrolled in the Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University in Langston, Oklahoma (now called Langston University). She completed one term before her money ran out and she returned home.

Chicago
In 1915, at the age of 23, Coleman moved to Chicago, Illinois, where she lived with her brothers. In Chicago, she worked as a manicurist at the White Sox Barber Shop, where she heard stories of flying during wartime from pilots returning home from World War I. She took a second job as a restaurant manager of a chili parlor to save money in hopes of becoming a pilot herself. American flight schools of the time admitted neither women nor black people, so Robert S. Abbott, founder and publisher of the Chicago Defender newspaper, encouraged her to study abroad. Abbot publicized Coleman's quest in his newspaper and she received financial sponsorship from banker Jesse Binga and the Defender.

France
Bessie Coleman took a French-language class at the Berlitz Language Schools in Chicago and then traveled to Paris, France, on November 20, 1920, so that she could earn her pilot license. She learned to fly in a Nieuport 564 biplane with "a steering system that consisted of a vertical stick the thickness of a baseball bat in front of the pilot and a rudder bar under the pilot's feet."

On June 15, 1921, Coleman became the first black woman and first Native American to earn an aviation pilot's license and the first black person and first self-identified Native American to earn an international aviation license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Determined to polish her skills, Coleman spent the next two months taking lessons from a French ace pilot near Paris and, in September 1921, she sailed for America. She became a media sensation when she returned to the United States.

Airshows
With the age of commercial flight still a decade or more in the future, Coleman quickly realized that in order to make a living as a civilian aviator she would have to become a "barnstorming" stunt flier, performing dangerous tricks in the air with the then-still-novel technology of airplanes for paying audiences. But, to succeed in this highly competitive arena, she would need advanced lessons and a more extensive repertoire. Returning to Chicago, she could not find anyone willing to teach her, so in February 1922, she sailed again for Europe.

Coleman spent the next two months in France completing an advanced course in aviation. She then left for the Netherlands to meet with Anthony Fokker, one of the world's most distinguished aircraft designers. She also traveled to Germany, where she visited the Fokker Corporation and received additional training from one of the company's chief pilots. She then returned to the United States to launch her career in exhibition flying.

"Queen Bess", as she was known, was a highly popular draw for the next five years. Invited to important events and often interviewed by newspapers, she was admired by both blacks and whites. She primarily flew Curtiss JN-4 Jenny biplanes and other aircraft that had been army surplus aircraft left over from the war. She made her first appearance in an American airshow on September 3, 1922, at an event honoring veterans of the all-black 369th Infantry Regiment of World War I. Held at Curtiss Field on Long Island near New York City, and sponsored by her friend Abbott and the Chicago Defender newspaper, the show billed Coleman as "the world's greatest woman flier" and featured aerial displays by eight other American ace pilots, and a jump by black parachutist Hubert Julian.

Six weeks later, Coleman returned to Chicago, performing in an air show, this time to honor World War I's 370th Infantry Regiment. She delivered a stunning demonstration of daredevil maneuvers – including figure eights, loops, and near-ground dips to a large and enthusiastic crowd at the Checkerboard Airdrome – now the grounds of Hines Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, Loyola Hospital, Maywood, and nearby Cook County Forest Preserve.

The thrill of stunt flying and the admiration of cheering crowds were only part of Coleman's dream. Coleman never lost sight of her childhood vow to one day "amount to something". As a professional aviator, Coleman often would be criticized by the press for her opportunistic nature and the flamboyant style she brought to her exhibition flying. She also quickly gained a reputation as a skilled and daring pilot who would stop at nothing to complete a difficult stunt. In Los Angeles, she broke a leg and three ribs when her plane stalled and crashed on February 22, 1923.

Committed to promoting aviation and combating racism, Coleman spoke to audiences across the country about the pursuit of aviation and goals for African Americans. She absolutely refused to participate in aviation events that prohibited the attendance of African Americans.

In the 1920s, she met the Rev. Hezakiah Hill and his wife Viola on a speaking tour in Orlando, Florida. The community activists invited her to stay with them at the parsonage of Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Church on Washington Street in the neighborhood of Parramore. A local street was renamed "Bessie Coleman" Street in her honor in 2013. The couple, who treated her as a daughter, persuaded her to stay, and Coleman opened a beauty shop in Orlando to earn extra money to buy her own plane.

Through her media contacts, she was offered a role in a feature-length film titled Shadow and Sunshine, to be financed by the African American Seminole Film Producing Company. She gladly accepted, hoping the publicity would help to advance her career and provide her with some of the money she needed to establish her own flying school. But upon learning that the first scene in the movie required her to appear in tattered clothes, with a walking-stick and a pack on her back, she refused to proceed. "Clearly ... [Bessie's] walking off the movie set was a statement of principle. Opportunist though she was about her career, she was never an opportunist about race. She had no intention of perpetuating the derogatory image most whites had of most blacks," wrote Doris Rich.

Legacy
Coleman would not live long enough to establish a school for young black aviators, but her pioneering achievements served as an inspiration for a generation of African-American men and women. "Because of Bessie Coleman," wrote Lieutenant William J. Powell in Black Wings (1934), dedicated to Coleman, "we have overcome that which was worse than racial barriers. We have overcome the barriers within ourselves and dared to dream." Powell served in a segregated unit during World War I, and tirelessly promoted the cause of black aviation through his book, his journals, and the Bessie Coleman Aero Club, which he founded in 1929.

Coleman's example proved an inspiration for a number of pioneers in aeronautics and eventually astronautics, including John Robinson, Cornelius Coffey, Willa Brown, Janet Harmon Bragg, Robert H. Lawrence Jr., and Mae Jemison.

Death
On April 30, 1926, Coleman was in Jacksonville, Florida. She had recently purchased a Curtiss JN-4 (Jenny) in Dallas. Her mechanic and publicity agent, 24-year-old William D. Wills, flew the plane from Dallas in preparation for an airshow and had to make three forced landings along the way because the plane had been so poorly maintained. Upon learning this, Coleman's friends and family did not consider the aircraft safe and implored her not to fly it, but she refused. On take-off, Wills was flying the plane with Coleman in the other seat. She was planning a parachute jump for the next day and was unharnessed as she needed to look over the side to examine the terrain.

About ten minutes into the flight, the plane unexpectedly went into a dive and then a spin at 3,000 feet above the ground. Coleman was thrown from the plane at 2000 ft, and was killed instantly when she hit the ground. Wills was unable to regain control of the plane, and it plummeted to the ground. He died upon impact. The plane exploded, bursting into flames. Although the wreckage of the plane was badly burned, it was later discovered that a wrench used to service the engine had jammed the controls. Coleman was 34 years old.

Funeral services were held in Florida, before her body was sent back to Chicago. While there was little mention in most media, news of her death was widely carried in the African-American press. Ten thousand mourners attended her ceremonies in Chicago, which were led by activist Ida B. Wells.

Honors

 * Atlanta, Texas, has a Regional History Museum which displays a downscale reproduction version of Bessie Coleman's yellow bi-plane "Queen Bess." The museum display also includes a uniform and other memorabilia regarding the life and times of Bessie Coleman. Outside the regional history museum is a Texas Historical Marker located at 101 N. East Street in Historic Downtown, Atlanta. The road to the Hall-Miller Municipal Airport in Atlanta is named Bessie Coleman Drive in her honor.
 * A public library in Chicago was named in Coleman's honor in 1993.
 * A memorial plaque has been placed by the Chicago Cultural Center at the location of her former home, 41st and King Drive in Chicago, and it is a tradition for African-American aviators to drop flowers during flyovers of her grave at Lincoln Cemetery.
 * Roads at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Oakland International Airport in California, Tampa International Airport in Florida, and at Germany's Frankfurt International Airport are named for her. A roundabout leading to Nice Airport in the South of France was named after Coleman in March 2016, and there are streets in Poitiers, and the 20th Arrondissement of Paris also named after her.
 * Bessie Coleman Middle School in Cedar Hill, Texas, is named for her.
 * Bessie Coleman Boulevard in Waxahachie, Texas, where she lived as a child is named in her honor.
 * B. Coleman Aviation, a fixed-base operator based at Gary/Chicago International Airport, is named in her honor.
 * Several Bessie Coleman Scholarship Awards have been established for high school seniors planning careers in aviation.
 * The U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp honoring Coleman in 1995. The Bessie Coleman Commemorative is the 18th in the U.S. Postal Service Black Heritage series.
 * In 2001, Coleman was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
 * In 2006, Coleman was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame.
 * In 2012, a bronze plaque with Coleman's likeness was installed on the front doors of Paxon School for Advanced Studies located on the site of the Jacksonville airfield where Coleman's fatal flight took off.
 * Coleman was honored with a toy character in season 5, episode 11a of the children's animated television program Doc McStuffins.
 * Coleman was placed No. 14 on Flying's 2013 list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".
 * In 2014, Coleman was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
 * On January 25, 2015, Orlando renamed West Washington Street to recognize the street's most accomplished resident.
 * On January 26, 2017, the 125th anniversary of her birth, a Google Doodle was posted in her honor.
 * In December 2019, The New York Times featured Coleman in their Overlooked (obituary feature): "Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix"
 * In 2021, when Juneteenth became a federal holiday, a flyover was held in Colorado to honor both her and the new holiday.
 * In 2021, the International Astronomical Union named a mountain (and possible volcano) on Pluto, Coleman Mons, in her honor. It is located on the edge of the heart-shaped Tombaugh Regio.
 * To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Coleman earning her flying license, in August 2022, American Airlines flew a commemorative flight from "Dallas-Fort Worth to Phoenix. The flight was operated by an all-Black Female crew — from the pilots and Flight Attendants to the Cargo team members and the aviation maintenance technician."
 * Coleman was honored on an American Women quarter in 2023.
 * Bessie Coleman Elementary School in Corvallis, Oregon, is named after her.
 * In 2023, Mattel added a Bessie Coleman Barbie doll to its "Inspiring Women" series.
 * In 2023, The Flight, a play inspired by Bessie Coleman, debuted at the Factory Theatre, written and starring Beryl Bain.

title: Bessie Coleman


text:
Citroën C3

The Citroën C3 is a supermini car (B-segment) produced by Citroën since April 2002. It replaced the Citroën Saxo in the model line up, and is currently in its fourth generation. The third generation model made its appearance in June 2016, and went on sale in January 2017.

The C3 is produced in a five-door hatchback body style, with the first generation also being produced in a two-door convertible version, called the C3 Pluriel. A three-door hatchback, with a similar design as the second generation, was available as the Citroën DS3 and marketed as a premium model.

A mini MPV derivative of the C3 was announced in July 2008, called the C3 Picasso. In South America, a mini SUV version called the C3 Aircross, was produced and marketed only locally.

In September 2021, a new, low-cost model was introduced for the Indian and South American markets. During its introduction, Citroën CEO Vincent Cobée mentioned that the "C3" is the trade name for all Citroën B-segment hatchbacks around the world. This model was extensively modified and upgraded for the European market as the fourth-generation C3, which was introduced in October 2023. Both versions of the fourth-generation C3 are available with a battery electric variant.

First generation (FC/FN; 2002)

After Jean-Pierre Ploué was appointed Director of the Citroën Design Center in 2000, he designed the C3 under the leadership of Donato Coco, who was already responsible for Citroën Xsara Picasso.

The first generation of the C3 was launched at the 2001 Frankfurt Motor Show, as well as the 2001 Bologna Motor Show, and began marketing in January 2002, as a five-door hatchback. It was available with 1.1, 1.4 and 1.6 litre petrol engines, and 1.4 and 1.6 litre common rail diesel engines. All models came as standard with a five speed manual transmission, except for the Stop & Start model, which came with the SensoDrive gearbox, a five-speed automated manual transmission with paddle-shifters and manual and automatic modes. The top level was the only version that had the option of a four-speed hydraulic automatic transmission.

In accordance with the PSA Group policy, the C3's chassis was used for the Peugeot 1007 and the Peugeot 207. Many components of the C3 are the same as those of the Peugeot 206. Some versions of the C3 feature a start-stop system that can automatically cut the engine when not needed to save fuel, such as in traffic, and restart it briskly to move on again. The vehicle was loosely styled after the Citroën 2CV.

An offroad-looking model called C3 X-TR was marketed from 2005 to 2009.

Citroën C3 Lumiere
The Citroën C3 Lumiere was a concept car that previewed the production Citroën C3, it was initially released in 1998 as a five-door hatchback, with four seats and rear suicide doors for easy access for passengers to the rear seats. It featured a five-speed manual transmission, and a 1.1 L TU1 I4 petrol engine upfront.

Safety
The C3 in its standard European market configuration received 4 stars for adult occupants and 2 stars for pedestrians from Euro NCAP in 2002.

Facelift
The C3 was given a redesign in October 2005, with the front end featuring a more imposing bumper, wider lower air intake, single air intake slit below the restyled radiator grille, and a repositioned number plate. The rear of the car was also given redesigned light clusters, with crystal coloured midsections.

The passenger compartment was also enhanced, with the fitting of a restyled dashboard with a high-quality finish, as well as a newer, more modern instrument cluster making the driver information easier to read.

The addition of light metallic grey embellishers around the central section of the fascia and air vents contributed to the updated interior, as did the completely redesigned front and rear door panels and trims. The steering was also improved so that it stiffens up with speed. Citroën also added a new 1.6 L 16 valve HDi diesel engine to the range, rated at 110 PS. The Pluriel also received similar interior alterations but was otherwise unchanged.

As with the Peugeot 206+ and Renault Clio Campus, Citroën didn't yet end the original C3 despite the new generation arrival. It stayed offered on selected European markets. During Autumn 2009, the brand announces the first-gen C3 will be marketed under a new name : Citroën C3 Génération. However, a few weeks later, the name is changed to Citroën C3 Classic. This name is used in France but also in other countries like Greece or Italy. Various names are used across Europe like C3 Hit Classic (Belgium), C3 First (UK, Germany) or C3 First+ (Switzerland). The first-gen C3 was manufactured in Spain until 2010, in France until Summer 2011 and sold across Europe until February 2011.

The South-American model was manufactured and sold until 2012.

C3 Pluriel
Citroën marketed the C3 Pluriel from 2003 to 2010 as a convertible with five open top variations, hence the name. The name Pluriel is a cognate with the English plural. This model was developed as a turnkey project by Italdesign. It was exclusively assembled in Spain.

The Pluriel can be configured as a hatchback with a multi-layer insulated top; a full-length landaulet, operable partially or to the back window or any stage in between, with a buffet minimizing wind deflector over the windshield; a fixed profile convertible, with the roof open to the back window, the roof assembly folds into a well in the trunk floor; a full convertible where roof side rails are unlatched and removed. and as a roadster pick up, where the back seats fold to a pickup like bed with a drop-down tailgate. The roof tended to let in water, even from new.

The C3 Pluriel was introduced in July 2003, and was originally offered with a choice of a 1.4 or a 1.6 L petrol engine, and a 1.4 L diesel engine. The 1.6 L petrol came fitted, as standard, with an automated manual gearbox. The Pluriel was withdrawn in July 2010.

In October 2013, Top Gear Magazine placed the C3 Pluriel on its list of "The 13 worst cars of the last 20 years", describing the car as "useful as a chocolate teapot."

Engines

 * 1.1 L (1124 cc) TU1 I4, 45 kW 94 Nm
 * 1.4 L (1360 cc) TU3 I4, 56 kW and 118 Nm
 * 1.4 L (1398 cc) DV4 HDi diesel I4, 51 kW and 160 Nm
 * 1.4 L (1398 cc) DV4 HDi 16-valve diesel I4, 68 kW and 200 Nm (discontinued in 2005; could not meet EURO4 compliance)
 * 1.4 L (1360 cc) ET3 16 valve I4, 66 kW and 133 Nm
 * 1.6 L (1560 cc) DV6 HDi 16 valve diesel I4, 67 kW and 215 Nm
 * 1.6 L (1560 cc) DV6 HDiF 16 valve diesel I4 with diesel particulate filter, 81 kW and 240 Nm
 * 1.6 L (1587 cc) TU5 16 valve I4, 81 kW and 146 Nm

South America
The first generation C3 was manufactured in the Porto Real PSA plant from 2003 to August 2012. This version was sold locally and also exported to other Mercosur markets. The South American C3 significantly differentiated itself from its European counterpart in 2008 when it got a facelift, including exclusive front bumpers.

A limited number of CKD Citroën C3 have been assembled in Uruguay by local assembler Oferol.

Second generation (SC; A51; 2009)
The second generation of the C3 was revealed in June 2009, and made its official debut at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009. It features a new body design, with a 108 degree field of vision windscreen, similar to the one of the larger C4 Picasso, which is available on all versions, except the entry model VT.

The new C3 builds on the curvy profile of the previous model and has a look in keeping with other Citroën models and the older C3, although it is longer and wider than the old model. The lights at the front, bonnet, dashboard assembly, and other components are shared with the DS3.

On the new C3, the instrumentation is a mix of analogue dials beneath a styled cowl and a digital display for the fuel and trip computer. There is no temperature gauge (unlike the DS3), but a red and blue warning lamp to show hot or cold engines which come on as required. The drag coefficient is 0.307 Cd.

In engineering terms, the PSA TU powerplants are carried over from the old car and Citroën also announced a new range of small petrol engines that PSA Peugeot Citroën developed in partnership with BMW. These "Prince" engines have double overhead 16 valve camshafts, on-demand oil and water pumps, and BMW's patent injection and ignition technology.

They are designed for low emissions and for good performance and economy. The economy was improved by the standard-fit cruise control and speed limiter available on the VTR+, Airdream+, and Exclusive models.

All versions have a standard fit "Gear Efficiency Indicator" which graphically states what gear to be in and when to change up to optimise economy. They come in 1.4 L 95 PS and 1.6 L 120 PS versions with low emissions, as well as new diesel engines, all with emissions of under 120 g/km, plus an "Airdream+" model with 99 g/km using a new 1.6 HDI 90 PS engine.

The New C3 was presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009. It was launched in November 2009, as a 2010 model. Across Europe, the advertising slogan was known as "The Visiospace", playing on the merit of the large windscreen and the improved vision afforded.

Facelift
Launched at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2013, the C3 hatchback was revised to featuring updated exterior and interior, and more efficient engines. The C3 facelift comes with updated chevrons and bumper-mounted LED daytime running lights at the front and new tail light clusters combined with new reflectors set underneath the rear bumper.

Safety
The C3 in its most basic Latin American market configuration received 4 stars for adult occupants and 2 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2015.

The C3 in its standard European market configuration received 4 stars from Euro NCAP in 2009.

Variants
There are four trim levels in the C3 range, which range from the entry-level VT (which does not have the panoramic windscreen), the mid-range VTR+ and eco-efficient "Airdream+" (which has lower emissions) to the top of the range Exclusive, which has half cloth half Alcantara seats, extra chrome outside, alloy wheels, an alarm, folding mirrors, and power windows all around.

Trim levels are denoted by a small badge on the rear window frame on the VT/VTR+ and Airdream+ and by a small chrome badge on each front door on Exclusive models. Norev has produced a 1:43 scale model of the new Citroën C3 in Botticelli Blue, Metallic Green, and black.

Engines and transmissions
By 2016, a 100 PS 1.6HDi with 5-speed gearbox was available.

Third generation (SX/SY; 2016)
The official pictures of the new C3 were revealed on 29 June 2016. The C3 takes front styling cues from the facelifted Citroën C4 Picasso, as well as the Grand C4 Picasso. It receives optional side Airbump mouldings as used on the Citroën C4 Cactus.

The new C3 is offered with a choice of nine exterior colours, and three contrast shades that appear on the roof, foglight trims, side mirrors, and Airbump surrounds. Citroën claims the range will offer a total of 36 different colour combinations.

Safety
The C3 in its standard European market configuration received 4 stars from Euro NCAP in 2017.

Facelift (2020)
The restyled version was revealed in February 2020. The main evolutions are on the front and on the headlights with new LEDs. There are two new colours, "Spring Blue" and "Rouge Elixir", and two new interior atmospheres called "Techwood" and "Emeraude".

Launched in 2023, C3 You is the new entry-level version.

Europe (2024)
The fourth-generation C3 was introduced on 17 October 2023. The model was initially introduced in a form of a battery electric vehicle called the ë-C3.

The ë-C3 is based on the Smart Car Platform, which will underpin 7 models produced by Stellantis in the future. It is described as an electric and more efficient alternative to other STLA modular architectures with focus on battery electric models.

Compared to the Indian market C3, the European version C3 features C-shaped LED headlights, an enclosed grille that features Citroën's new logo, triple element LED DRLs, distinct front fenders and door designs, conventional grab door handles, different taillights, a different rear bumper design and the option of larger alloy wheels. The C3 is the first model to feature Citroën's new design language and new logo, which were both previewed by the Oli Concept in 2022.

For the interior, the European version C3 features a layered dashboard layout, opposed to the Indian-market C3 which has an older interior layout with basic controls. It features the C-Zen Lounge concept with Citroën's Heads Up Display (which replaces the traditional instrument cluster) and a flat bottom design steering wheel.

For the first time in history, the C3 is equipped with Citroën Advanced Comfort® Suspension along with new Citroën Advanced Comfort® Seats.

The design of the fourth-generation C3 resembles crossover SUVs, with a 163 mm ground clearance, 28 mm higher than its predecessor. The C3 also features a higher roof line, which creates a larger cabin with 30 mm additional front headroom and 20 mm of added rear knee room, despite being only 19 mm longer and 6 mm wider.

The ë-C3 is equipped with a 44 kWh lithium ferro phosphate (LFP) battery capable of an electric range of up to 320 km measured by the WLTP cycle. The 83 kW electric motor allows the vehicle to reach 0-100 km/h in around 11 seconds.

India and Latin America (2021)
The C3 for Indian and Latin American markets was released ahead of the European fourth-generation model on 16 September 2021. Produced in Brazil and India, the model has been described by Citroën as a "modern hatchback", avoiding the "crossover SUV" branding.

The exterior has crossover SUV styling with its high ground clearance, high bonnet, roof rails and black cladding. There are split headlights connected to Citroen’s double-slat grill, the option of orange accents on the front bumper and side cladding, an upright rear hatch door and rectangular LED taillights.

The interior has a 10 in touchscreen infotainment system, a dimpled-effect on the dashboard panel, a raised driving position and the colour of the dashboard and seat fabrics can be customised.

ë-C3
In January 2023, Citroën unveiled the all-electric ë-C3 in India with a 42 kW electric motor, a 29.2 kWh battery and a range of 199 mi. The ë-C3 has blue 'ë' badges on the front doors, a charging port on front fender, the omission of a tailpipe and the only interior difference is a selector switch instead of a gear knob compared to the regular C3.

Argentina
The fourth-generation C3 was launched in 24 October 2022 with four trim levels: Live, Live Pack, Feel and Feel Pack. Two engine options are available: a EB2DT 1.2-litre PureTech turbocharged petrol with 60 kW and a 1.6-litre Flex Fuel petrol. At launch, there was a First Edition model limited at 1,200 units, it is distinguished by "First Edition" exterior badges.

Brazil
The fourth-generation C3 was launched in Brazil with four trim levels: Live, Live Pack, Feel and Feel Pack. Two engine options are available: a 1.0-litre FireFly petrol by Fiat and a 1.6-litre Flex Fuel petrol. At launch, there was a First Edition model available.

Since 2023, the Brazilian-made C3 has been exported outside of Mercosur, in several Latin America countries such as Chile, Peru and Costa Rica.

India
The fourth-generation C3 was launched in India on 20 July 2022, with two trim levels: Live and Feel. Two engine options are available: a EB2F 1.2-litre PureTech petrol with 60 kW and a EB2DT 1.2-litre PureTech turbocharged petrol with 81 kW. The Shine trim was later added in April 2023.

The Indian-made C3 uses 90% local parts and began exports to ASEAN markets on 31 March 2023.

The ë-C3 was launched in India on 27 February 2023, with two trim levels: Live and Feel. The Shine trim for the ë-C3 was later added in January 2024.

Indonesia
The fourth-generation C3 was launched in Indonesia on 7 December 2022, as part of Citroën's return to Indonesia. In Indonesia, the C3 is powered by a EB2F 1.2-litre PureTech petrol with 60 kW, only available with a 5-speed manual, comes in standard and Plus variants.

The ë-C3 was introduced to Indonesia at the 30th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show in August 2023. The first 500 units of the ë-C3 destined for the Indonesian market commenced imports in April 2024.

South Africa
The fourth-generation C3 was launched in South Africa on 25 May 2023 in a sole Feel trim, powered by a EB2F 1.2-litre PureTech petrol with 60 kW. The Max trim (positioned above the Feel trim) was later added in March 2024.

India
In India, the C3 is fitted with two frontal airbags, anti-lock brakes, seatbelt reminders for front-seat occupants and speed alerts at 80 km/h and 120 km/h as required by Indian AIS safety regulations. Side airbags for the thorax or head are not available, and neither are electronic stability control or a tyre pressure monitor. The rear centre seatbelt is of a dangerous static two-point type and this seating position is not fitted with a head restraint. The rear outboard head restraints are not adjustable. There are no ISOFIX anchorages for child restraints. Although the C3 complies with Indian crashworthiness legislation, it has not been rated by independent consumer testing programmes like Global NCAP.

In February 2024, Citroën India announced that all variants of the Indian C3 would be fitted with six airbags and rear seatbelt reminders by July of the same year.

Latin America
In Brazil, the C3 is fitted with two frontal airbags, anti-lock brakes, electronic stability control, seatbelt reminders for the front seats, ISOFIX anchorages at the rear outboard seats, and adjustable head restraints and three-point inertia-reel seatbelts for all rear seats. It had been tested by Latin NCAP in 2023 (similar to Euro NCAP 2014) and received 0 star because of unstable structure, weak frontal crash protection, lack of lateral head protection and lack of seatbelt reminder.

Awards
In 2023, the Indian and Latin American Citroën C3 won the World Urban Car of the Year.

Sales and production
In May 2021, total production exceeded 4,500,000 units, including 1,000,000 third-gen C3.

title: Citroën C3