text:
Talk:List of Ford vehicles

Request
Can a Ford passenger vehicle timeline be made? Is there a reason Ford is the only manufacture that does not have this feature? Lincoln, Mercury and even Edsel divisions all have them. Why no Ford? Or, if there is one, why is it hidden? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Grilk (talk • contribs) 14:57, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
This list is fairly complete for US cars. Probably needs many more non-US names. Anyone want to help? Rmhermen 14:34 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Shouldn't this really be the "List of Ford vehicles"? RedWolf 04:17, Nov 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * Not a bad idea. Let's.  --Morven 04:38, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

This should be changed to two sections; Current vehicles and vehicles no longer made. MrDrew508

I added seperate sections to seperate the stock cars, concept cars, and the Fordson Tractor. The Helper S

Ford L-Series & Lousiville
IMPORTANT NOTE: Ford L-Series trucks, and Louisville Trucks are actually the same models. DanTD 09:01, 9 June 2006 (EST)

Cars shuold be devided between Coops, Sedans, and Sports Wagons.

Proposal
Can we make this page a list of Ford, Mercury, Lincoln and the such (all Ford makes) - NOT saying list all the models here, simply a link to Ford vehicles, a link to Mercury vehicles, etc. etc. This way we can keep it Ford Motor Company vehicles, and it can branch off to the different Ford makes, and the article won't be too long, any thoughts? Ejfetters 11:28, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Getting a B
I understand Ford had a B-cab panel early on, around 1915. Can anybody confirm & add? Trekphiler (talk) 15:20, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Ford Metropolitan
As a kid, my best friends folks used to drive us around in a huge old Ford Metropolitan... Can't find any photos of it though. Why isn't that here?12.24.60.12 (talk) 19:12, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction Tag
The original contradiction tag was placed in this article on 08:34, 6 December 2007 67.100.45.5 (talk) (12,396 bytes) (embed templates, use columns, note contradictions). This article has undergone many transitions since that time. I personally printed out the list of all cars and compared it to both the American cars chart and the European cars chart and could find no contradictions. I am therefore removing the contradiction tag and getting this article out of the backlog. If a contradiction still exists, please feel free to either mark this article with a new date, or even better, please fix the contradiction immediately to avoid lengthy tags. Thanks so much for all your hard work on this article. Kjnelan (talk) 00:28, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Illustration for lede

I added this old French Ford ad to the lede recently. Another editor reverted, commenting he didn't see the point of that advert. OK, but I think a lede illustration helps any article, even a list. So I think we need *something* here. Other ideas? --Pete Tillman (talk) 20:46, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

Tractors
The middle sentence of the three in the paragraph in the end of the section doesn't make sense. Seems like something is missing... --J. P. Fagerback (talk) 19:04, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

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new car to add
Can someone please add Ford Nugget to this article's list? thanks. --Sm8900 (talk) 16:31, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I changed it to Ford Transit Custom Nugget since that's its official name. --Vossanova o< 17:26, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * that's terrific. thanks. --Sm8900 (talk) 14:59, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of Ford vehicles


text:
Cadborosaurus

Cadborosaurus, nicknamed Caddy by journalist Archie Wills, is a sea serpent in the folklore of regions of the Pacific Coast of North America. Its name is derived from Cadboro Bay in Greater Victoria, British Columbia, and the Greek root word "saurus" meaning lizard or reptile.

Description
Cadborosaurus willsi is said by witnesses to resemble a serpent with vertical coils or humps in tandem behind the horse-like head and long neck, with a pair of small elevating front flippers, and either a pair of hind flippers, or a pair of large webbed hind flippers fused to form a large fan-like tail region that provides forward propulsion.

Dr. Paul LeBlond, director of Earth and Ocean Sciences at UBC, and Dr. Edward Blousfield, retired chief zoologist of the Canadian Museum of Nature, state every elongated animal has been put forward as an explanation for Caddy. These animals include Conger eels, humpback whales, elephant seals, ribbon or oarfish, basking sharks, and sea lions. LeBlond and Blousfield state no known creature matches the characteristics found in over 200 sightings collected over a century, noting that Caddy is described as having flippers both anteriorly and posteriorly. Darren Naish contends that LeBlond and Blousfield are engaging in "bad science" and have incorrectly assumed that different, conflicting eyewitness reports are all descriptions of one species when various accounts "are most parsimoniously interpreted as descriptions of many things."

Sea lion
In 1943, two police officers, Inspector Robert Owens, and Staff Sergeant Jack Russell, saw a "huge sea serpent with a horse-like head" in Georgia Strait. Later, "with a pair of binoculars, Sgt. Russell saw that the strange apparition was a huge bull sea lion leading a herd of six sea lions... Their undulations as they swam appeared to form a continuous body, with parts showing at intervals as they surfaced and dived. To the naked eye, the sight perfectly impersonated a sea monster."

Giant oarfish
Some suggestions have been made that Caddy could be an example of the king of herrings or giant oarfish (Regalecus glesne). This species can reach 17 m in length and weigh up to 300 kg. "They're long and silvery and they undulate like a serpent would as they swim through the water," said H. J. Walker, a senior museum scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, which has several oarfish in its collection.

Basking shark
The carcass of a decomposing basking shark is often mistaken for Caddy and has fooled experts and laymen. A rotting basking shark may also resemble a decomposing plesiosaur.

First Nations accounts
A native image that fits Caddy's description has been traditionally used throughout Alaska. The image indicates that Caddy or a Caddy-like creature moves north to Vancouver when the waters warm. The Inuit of Alaska have even put the picture on their canoes to keep the creature away. The Cadborosaurus is called hiyitl'iik by the Manhousat people who live on Sidney Inlet, t'chain-ko in Sechelt mythology, and numkse lee kwala by the Comox band of Vancouver Island. However, it has also been argued that these Native stories reflect a diversity of different animals. Some mythical, some real, and to just lump them into the Cadborosaurus category ignores their diverse origins and often independent backgrounds.

Sightings
There have been more than 300 claimed sightings during the past 200 years, including Deep Cove in Saanich Inlet, and Island View Beach, both of which are also on the Saanich Peninsula, and at San Francisco Bay, California.

Kelly Nash video
In 2009, fisherman Kelly Nash purportedly filmed several minutes of footage featuring ten to fifteen (including young) creatures in Nushagak Bay. In 2011, a very short segment of the footage was shown on the Discovery TV show Hilstranded, where the Hilstrand brothers (from Deadliest Catch) apparently saw Nash's footage and unsuccessfully attempted to find one of the creatures.

Carcasses associated with Cadborosaurus

 * 1930: On 10 November at Glacier Island near Valdez a skeleton was found in ice. The skeleton was 24 ft long with flippers. Some of the remains were preserved in Cordova for scientific study. The creature is thought to be a whale.
 * 1934: In November on Henry Island near Prince Rupert, badly decomposed remains about 30 ft long were found. Dr. Neal Carter examined the remains. The creature was identified as a basking shark.
 * 1937: In October a purported Cadborosaurus carcass was retrieved from the stomach of a sperm whale in Naden Harbour and photographed. A sample of this carcass was sent to the BC Provincial Museum, where it was tentatively identified as a fetal baleen whale by museum director Francis Kermode.
 * 1941: A carcass called "Sarah the sea hag" was found on Kitsilano Beach. W.A. Clemens and Ian McTaggart-Cowan identified it as a shark.
 * 1947: In December at Vernon Bay, Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island a 45 ft creature was found. It was identified as a shark.
 * 1950: In Delake, Oregon a creature was found with 4 tails and thick hair. It was identified as a whale shark.
 * 1956: Somewhere near Dry Harbour south of Yakutat, Alaska a 100 ft long carcass was found with 2 in long hair. Trevor Kincaid is quoted as saying "description fits no known creature." W.A. Clemens identified the carcass as a Baird's beaked whale.
 * 1962: In April near Ucluelet a 14 ft long carcass was found with elephant like head. The carcass was dragged ashore by Simon Peter and later thought to be an elephant seal.
 * 1963: In September near Oak Harbor, Whidbey Island a carcass was found with a head resembling a horse. A. D. Welander of Fisheries thought it was a basking shark.

Purported live capture

 * 1968: In August, W. Hagelund claims to have caught a baby Caddy near De Courcy Island only to return it to the water.
 * 1991: In July, on Johns Island (San Juan Islands), Phyllis Harsh claims to have caught a small, 2 ft baby Caddy and returned it to the water.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cadborosaurus


text:
Ovenbird (family)

Ovenbirds or furnariids are a large family of small suboscine passerine birds found from Mexico and Central to southern South America. They form the family Furnariidae. This is a large family containing around 315 species and 70 genera. The ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), which breeds in North America, is not a furnariid – rather it is a distantly related bird of the wood warbler family, Parulidae.

The ovenbirds are a diverse group of insectivores which get their name from the elaborate, vaguely "oven-like" clay nests built by the horneros, although most other ovenbirds build stick nests or nest in tunnels or clefts in rock. The Spanish word for "oven" (horno) gives the horneros their name. Furnariid nests are always constructed with a cover, and up to six pale blue, greenish or white eggs are laid. The eggs hatch after 15 to 22 days, and the young fledge after a further 13 to 20 days.

They are small to medium-sized birds, ranging from 9 to 35 cm in length. While individual species often are habitat specialists, species of this family can be found in virtually any Neotropical habitat, ranging from city parks inhabited by rufous horneros, to tropical Amazonian lowlands by many species of foliage-gleaners, to temperate barren Andean highlands inhabited by several species of miners. Two species, the seaside and the surf cinclodes, are associated with rocky coasts.

Taxonomy and systematics
The woodcreepers (formerly Dendrocolaptidae) were merged into this family, following analysis of sequences. While confirming the overall phylogenetic pattern, other scientists instead opted for maintaining the woodcreepers as a separate family, while splitting the ovenbirds (as traditionally defined) into two families, Furnariidae and Scleruridae.

The cladogram below showing the subfamilies of the ovenbirds is based on a molecular genetic studies that revealed that Sclerurinae was the first group to diverge The species numbers are from the list maintained by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).

The phylogeny of the Furnariidae is now well understood thanks to multiple analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Among other discoveries, the classification of several genera had to be revised. The taxonomic arrangement presented below is based on molecular genetic studies of ovenbird relationships. However, because ovenbirds and woodcreepers are treated here as a single family some taxonomic ranks were modified. For more detail see "List of ovenbird species".

Subfamily: Sclerurinae – miners and leaftossers
 * Genus Geositta – miners (11 species)
 * Genus Sclerurus – leaftossers (7 species)

Subfamily: Dendrocolaptinae – woodcreepers
 * Tribe: Sittasomini – "intermediate" woodcreepers
 * Genus Dendrocincla – woodcreepers (6 species)
 * Genus Deconychura – long-tailed woodcreepers (3 species)
 * Genus Sittasomus – olivaceous woodcreeper
 * Genus Certhiasomus – spot-throated woodcreeper (genus introduced in 2010 for Deconychura stictolaema)
 * Tribe: Dendrocolaptini – "strong-billed" woodcreepers
 * Genus Glyphorynchus – wedge-billed woodcreeper
 * Genus Nasica – long-billed woodcreeper
 * Genus Dendrexetastes – cinnamon-throated woodcreeper
 * Genus Dendrocolaptes – woodcreepers (5 species)
 * Genus Hylexetastes – woodcreepers (3 species)
 * Genus Xiphocolaptes – woodcreepers (4 species)
 * Genus Dendroplex – straight-billed woodcreepers (2 species, formerly in Xiphorhynchus)
 * Genus Xiphorhynchus – woodcreepers (13 species)
 * Genus Lepidocolaptes – narrow-billed woodcreepers (11 species)
 * Genus Drymornis – scimitar-billed woodcreeper
 * Genus Drymotoxeres – greater scythebill
 * Genus Campylorhamphus – scythebills (6 species)

Subfamily: Furnariinae – Neotropical ovenbirds and allies
 * Genus: Xenops – xenops (4 species)
 * Genus Berlepschia – point-tailed palmcreeper
 * Tribe Pygarrhichini
 * Genus Pygarrhichas – white-throated treerunner
 * Genus Microxenops – rufous-tailed xenops
 * Genus Ochetorhynchus – earthcreepers (4 species formerly included in Upucerthia)
 * Tribe Furnariini – horneros and allies
 * Genus Pseudocolaptes – tuftedcheeks (3 species)
 * Genus Premnornis – rusty-winged barbtail
 * Genus Tarphonomus – (genus introduced in 2007 for 2 species formerly included in Upucerthia)
 * Genus Geocerthia – striated earthcreeper (genus introduced in 2009 for U. serrrana)
 * Genus Upucerthia – earthcreepers (4 species)
 * Genus Cinclodes – cinclodes (15 species)
 * Genus Furnarius – horneros (8 species)
 * Genus Lochmias – sharp-tailed streamcreeper
 * Genus Phleocryptes – wren-like rushbird
 * Genus Limnornis – curve-billed reedhaunter

 * Tribe Philydorini – foliage-gleaners and allies
 * Genus Megaxenops – great xenops
 * Genus Anabazenops – foliage-gleaners (2 species)
 * Genus Ancistrops – chestnut-winged hookbill
 * Genus Cichlocolaptes – (2 species)
 * Genus Heliobletus – sharp-billed treehunter
 * Genus Philydor – foliage-gleaners (5 species)
 * Genus Dendroma – foliage-gleaners (2 species)
 * Genus Anabacerthia – foliage-gleaners (5 species)
 * Genus Syndactyla – foliage-gleaners (8 species)
 * Genus Clibanornis – (5 species)
 * Genus Thripadectes – treehunters (7 species)
 * Genus Automolus – foliage-gleaners (11 species)
 * Tribe Synallaxini – spinetails and allies
 * Genus Margarornis – treerunners (4 species)
 * Genus Premnoplex – typical barbtails (2 species)
 * Genus Aphrastura – rayaditos (3 species)
 * Genus Hellmayrea – white-browed spinetail
 * Genus Sylviorthorhynchus – (2 species)
 * Genus Leptasthenura – tit-spinetails (9 species)
 * Genus Phacellodomus – thornbirds (10 species)
 * Genus Anumbius – firewood-gatherer
 * Genus Coryphistera – lark-like brushrunner
 * Genus Pseudoseisura – cacholotes (4 species)
 * Genus Pseudasthenes – false canasteros
 * Genus Spartonoica – bay-capped wren-spinetail
 * Genus Asthenes – canasteros (29 species)
 * Genus Certhiaxis – spinetails (2 species)
 * Genus Mazaria – white-bellied spinetail
 * Genus Schoeniophylax – chotoy spinetail
 * Genus Synallaxis – spinetails (37 species)
 * Genus Siptornis – spectacled prickletail
 * Genus Metopothrix – orange-fronted plushcrown
 * Genus Xenerpestes – graytails (2 species)
 * Genus Acrobatornis – pink-legged graveteiro
 * Genus Limnoctites – reedhaunters (2 species)
 * Genus Thripophaga – softtails (4 species)
 * Genus Cranioleuca – typical spinetails (20 species)
 * Genus Roraimia – Roraiman barbtail

The phylogenetic tree shown below is based on a large-scale genetic 2020 study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and collaborators. The tawny tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura yanacencis) has been moved to the genus Sylviorthorhynchus, the sulphur-bearded spinetail (Cranioleuca sulphurifera) has been moved to the genus Limnoctites and its English name changed to the sulphur-bearded reedhaunter, and the white-bellied spinetail (Synallaxis propinqua) has been placed in the monotypic genus Mazaria. These changes are included in the tree shown below. The remaining paraphyletic genera are flagged in the tree by an asterisk.

In 2009, the large ovenbird family was divided into tribes by Robert Moyle and collaborators. The tribes as defined in the 2009 article do not fit well with the revised taxonomy of Harvey and are not included here. For example, the tribe Furnariini as defined in the 2009 article is not monophyletic in the Harvey phylogeny. The species numbers in the cladogram are from the list maintained by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).

Fossil Record
Furnariids boast a notable fossil for a passerine family. Numerous fossils comprising multiple skeletal elements, including cranial remains, have facilitated the identification and description of five distinct fossil species. Among these, two have been classified within the extant genera Cinclodes and Pseudoseisura, while the remaining three belong into the extinct genus Pseudoseisuropsis. All fossil are of Pleistocene age.

 * †Pseudoseisuropsis nehuen Noriega 1991, early Pleistocene of Argentina.
 * †Pseudoseisuropsis cuelloi Claramunt & Rinderknecht 2005, late Pleistocene of Uruguay.
 * †Pseudoseisuropsis wintu Stefanini et al. 2016, Early Pleistocene of Argentina.
 * †Cinclodes major Toni 1977, Pleistocene of Argentina.
 * †Pseudoseisura cursor Toni & Noriega, 2001, Pleistocene of Argentina.

title: Ovenbird (family)


text:
Schwarzschild metric

In Einstein's theory of general relativity, the Schwarzschild metric (also known as the Schwarzschild solution) is an exact solution to the Einstein field equations that describes the gravitational field outside a spherical mass, on the assumption that the electric charge of the mass, angular momentum of the mass, and universal cosmological constant are all zero. The solution is a useful approximation for describing slowly rotating astronomical objects such as many stars and planets, including Earth and the Sun. It was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916.

According to Birkhoff's theorem, the Schwarzschild metric is the most general spherically symmetric vacuum solution of the Einstein field equations. A Schwarzschild black hole or static black hole is a black hole that has neither electric charge nor angular momentum (non-rotating). A Schwarzschild black hole is described by the Schwarzschild metric, and cannot be distinguished from any other Schwarzschild black hole except by its mass.

The Schwarzschild black hole is characterized by a surrounding spherical boundary, called the event horizon, which is situated at the Schwarzschild radius ($$ r_\text{s}$$), often called the radius of a black hole. The boundary is not a physical surface, and a person who fell through the event horizon (before being torn apart by tidal forces) would not notice any physical surface at that position; it is a mathematical surface which is significant in determining the black hole's properties. Any non-rotating and non-charged mass that is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius forms a black hole. The solution of the Einstein field equations is valid for any mass $M$, so in principle (within the theory of general relativity) a Schwarzschild black hole of any mass could exist if conditions became sufficiently favorable to allow for its formation.

In the vicinity of a Schwarzschild black hole, space curves so much that even light rays are deflected, and very nearby light can be deflected so much that it travels several times around the black hole.

Formulation
The Schwarzschild metric is a spherically symmetric Lorentzian metric (here, with signature convention $(+, -, -, -)$), defined on (a subset of) $$\mathbb{R}\times \left(E^3 -O\right) \cong \mathbb{R} \times (0,\infty) \times S^2$$ where $$E^3$$ is 3 dimensional Euclidean space, and $$S^2 \subset E^3$$ is the two sphere. The rotation group $$\mathrm{SO}(3) = \mathrm{SO}(E^3)$$ acts on the $$E^3 - O$$ or $$S^2$$ factor as rotations around the center $$O$$, while leaving the first $$\mathbb{R}$$ factor unchanged. The Schwarzschild metric is a solution of Einstein's field equations in empty space, meaning that it is valid only outside the gravitating body. That is, for a spherical body of radius $$R$$ the solution is valid for $$r > R$$. To describe the gravitational field both inside and outside the gravitating body the Schwarzschild solution must be matched with some suitable interior solution at $r = R$, such as the interior Schwarzschild metric.

In Schwarzschild coordinates $$(t, r, \theta, \phi)$$ the Schwarzschild metric (or equivalently, the line element for proper time) has the form $${d s}^{2} = c^2 \,{d \tau}^{2} = \left(1 - \frac{r_\mathrm{s}}{r} \right) c^2 \,dt^2 - \left(1-\frac{r_\mathrm{s}}{r}\right)^{-1} \,dr^2 - r^2 {d \Omega}^{2},$$ where $$ {d \Omega}^{2}$$ is the metric on the two sphere, i.e. ${d \Omega}^{2} = \left(d\theta^2 + \sin^2\theta \, d\phi^2\right)$. Furthermore,
 * $$d\tau^2$$ is positive for timelike curves, in which case $$\tau$$ is the proper time (time measured by a clock moving along the same world line with a test particle),
 * $$c$$ is the speed of light,
 * $$t$$ is, for $r > r_\text{s}$, the time coordinate (measured by a clock located infinitely far from the massive body and stationary with respect to it),
 * $$r$$ is, for $r > r_\text{s}$, the radial coordinate (measured as the circumference, divided by 2$\pi$, of a sphere centered around the massive body),
 * $$\Omega$$ is a point on the two sphere $S^2$,
 * $$\theta$$ is the colatitude of $$\Omega$$ (angle from north, in units of radians) defined after arbitrarily choosing a z-axis,
 * $$\phi$$ is the longitude of $$\Omega$$ (also in radians) around the chosen z-axis, and
 * $$r_\text{s}$$ is the Schwarzschild radius of the massive body, a scale factor which is related to its mass $$M$$ by $r_\text{s} = {2GM}/{c^2}$, where $$G$$ is the gravitational constant.

The Schwarzschild metric has a singularity for $r = 0$, which is an intrinsic curvature singularity. It also seems to have a singularity on the event horizon $r = rs$. Depending on the point of view, the metric is therefore defined only on the exterior region $$r > r_\text{s}$$, only on the interior region $$r < r_\text{s}$$ or their disjoint union. However, the metric is actually non-singular across the event horizon, as one sees in suitable coordinates (see below). For $r \gg r_\text{s}$, the Schwarzschild metric is asymptotic to the standard Lorentz metric on Minkowski space. For almost all astrophysical objects, the ratio $$\frac{r_\text{s}}{R}$$ is extremely small. For example, the Schwarzschild radius $$r_\text{s}^{(\text{Earth})}$$ of the Earth is roughly $8.9 mm$, while the Sun, which is $3.3$ times as massive has a Schwarzschild radius $$r_\text{s}^{(\text{Sun})}$$ of approximately 3.0 km. The ratio becomes large only in close proximity to black holes and other ultra-dense objects such as neutron stars.

The radial coordinate turns out to have physical significance as the "proper distance between two events that occur simultaneously relative to the radially moving geodesic clocks, the two events lying on the same radial coordinate line".

The Schwarzschild solution is analogous to a classical Newtonian theory of gravity that corresponds to the gravitational field around a point particle. Even at the surface of the Earth, the corrections to Newtonian gravity are only one part in a billion.

History
The Schwarzschild solution is named in honour of Karl Schwarzschild, who found the exact solution in 1915 and published it in January 1916, a little more than a month after the publication of Einstein's theory of general relativity. It was the first exact solution of the Einstein field equations other than the trivial flat space solution. Schwarzschild died shortly after his paper was published, as a result of a disease he developed while serving in the German army during World War I.

Johannes Droste in 1916 independently produced the same solution as Schwarzschild, using a simpler, more direct derivation.

In the early years of general relativity there was a lot of confusion about the nature of the singularities found in the Schwarzschild and other solutions of the Einstein field equations. In Schwarzschild's original paper, he put what we now call the event horizon at the origin of his coordinate system. In this paper he also introduced what is now known as the Schwarzschild radial coordinate ($r$ in the equations above), as an auxiliary variable. In his equations, Schwarzschild was using a different radial coordinate that was zero at the Schwarzschild radius.

A more complete analysis of the singularity structure was given by David Hilbert in the following year, identifying the singularities both at $r = 0$ and $r = r_{s}$. Although there was general consensus that the singularity at $r = 0$ was a 'genuine' physical singularity, the nature of the singularity at $r = r_{s}$ remained unclear.

In 1921, Paul Painlevé and in 1922 Allvar Gullstrand independently produced a metric, a spherically symmetric solution of Einstein's equations, which we now know is coordinate transformation of the Schwarzschild metric, Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates, in which there was no singularity at $r = r_{s}$. They, however, did not recognize that their solutions were just coordinate transforms, and in fact used their solution to argue that Einstein's theory was wrong. In 1924 Arthur Eddington produced the first coordinate transformation (Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates) that showed that the singularity at $r = r_{s}$ was a coordinate artifact, although he also seems to have been unaware of the significance of this discovery. Later, in 1932, Georges Lemaître gave a different coordinate transformation (Lemaître coordinates) to the same effect and was the first to recognize that this implied that the singularity at $r = r_{s}$ was not physical. In 1939 Howard Robertson showed that a free falling observer descending in the Schwarzschild metric would cross the $r = r_{s}$ singularity in a finite amount of proper time even though this would take an infinite amount of time in terms of coordinate time $t$.

In 1950, John Synge produced a paper that showed the maximal analytic extension of the Schwarzschild metric, again showing that the singularity at $r = r_{s}$ was a coordinate artifact and that it represented two horizons. A similar result was later rediscovered by George Szekeres, and independently Martin Kruskal. The new coordinates nowadays known as Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates were much simpler than Synge's but both provided a single set of coordinates that covered the entire spacetime. However, perhaps due to the obscurity of the journals in which the papers of Lemaître and Synge were published their conclusions went unnoticed, with many of the major players in the field including Einstein believing that the singularity at the Schwarzschild radius was physical. Synge's later derivation of the Kruskal–Szekeres metric solution, which was motivated by a desire to avoid "using 'bad' [Schwarzschild] coordinates to obtain 'good' [Kruskal–Szekeres] coordinates", has been generally under-appreciated in the literature, but was adopted by Chandrasekhar in his black hole monograph.

Real progress was made in the 1960s when the mathematically rigorous formulation cast in terms of differential geometry entered the field of general relativity, allowing more exact definitions of what it means for a Lorentzian manifold to be singular. This led to definitive identification of the $r = r_{s}$ singularity in the Schwarzschild metric as an event horizon, i.e., a hypersurface in spacetime that can be crossed in only one direction.

Singularities and black holes
The Schwarzschild solution appears to have singularities at $r = 0$ and $r = r_{s}$; some of the metric components "blow up" (entail division by zero or multiplication by infinity) at these radii. Since the Schwarzschild metric is expected to be valid only for those radii larger than the radius $R$ of the gravitating body, there is no problem as long as $R > r_{s}$. For ordinary stars and planets this is always the case. For example, the radius of the Sun is approximately $700,000 km$, while its Schwarzschild radius is only $3 km$.

The singularity at $r = r_{s}$ divides the Schwarzschild coordinates in two disconnected patches. The exterior Schwarzschild solution with $r > r_{s}$ is the one that is related to the gravitational fields of stars and planets. The interior Schwarzschild solution with $0 ≤ r < r_{s}$, which contains the singularity at $r = 0$, is completely separated from the outer patch by the singularity at $r = r_{s}$. The Schwarzschild coordinates therefore give no physical connection between the two patches, which may be viewed as separate solutions. The singularity at $r = r_{s}$ is an illusion however; it is an instance of what is called a coordinate singularity. As the name implies, the singularity arises from a bad choice of coordinates or coordinate conditions. When changing to a different coordinate system (for example Lemaître coordinates, Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates, Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates, Novikov coordinates, or Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates) the metric becomes regular at $r = r_{s}$ and can extend the external patch to values of $r$ smaller than $r_{s}$. Using a different coordinate transformation one can then relate the extended external patch to the inner patch.

The case $r = 0$ is different, however. If one asks that the solution be valid for all $r$ one runs into a true physical singularity, or gravitational singularity, at the origin. To see that this is a true singularity one must look at quantities that are independent of the choice of coordinates. One such important quantity is the Kretschmann invariant, which is given by
 * $$R^{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta} R_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta} = \frac{12 r_\mathrm{s}^2}{r^6} = \frac{48 G^2 M^2}{c^4 r^6} \,.$$

At $r = 0$ the curvature becomes infinite, indicating the presence of a singularity. At this point the metric cannot be extended in a smooth manner (the Kretschmann invariant involves second derivatives of the metric), spacetime itself is then no longer well-defined. Furthermore, Sbierski showed the metric cannot be extended even in a continuous manner. For a long time it was thought that such a solution was non-physical. However, a greater understanding of general relativity led to the realization that such singularities were a generic feature of the theory and not just an exotic special case.

The Schwarzschild solution, taken to be valid for all $r > 0$, is called a Schwarzschild black hole. It is a perfectly valid solution of the Einstein field equations, although (like other black holes) it has rather bizarre properties. For $r < r_{s}$ the Schwarzschild radial coordinate $r$ becomes timelike and the time coordinate $t$ becomes spacelike. A curve at constant $r$ is no longer a possible worldline of a particle or observer, not even if a force is exerted to try to keep it there; this occurs because spacetime has been curved so much that the direction of cause and effect (the particle's future light cone) points into the singularity. The surface $r = r_{s}$ demarcates what is called the event horizon of the black hole. It represents the point past which light can no longer escape the gravitational field. Any physical object whose radius $R$ becomes less than or equal to the Schwarzschild radius has undergone gravitational collapse and become a black hole.

Alternative coordinates
The Schwarzschild solution can be expressed in a range of different choices of coordinates besides the Schwarzschild coordinates used above. Different choices tend to highlight different features of the solution. The table below shows some popular choices.

In table above, some shorthand has been introduced for brevity. The speed of light $c$ has been set to one. The notation
 * $$ g_\Omega= d\theta^2+\sin^2\theta \,d\varphi^2$$

is used for the metric of a unit radius 2-dimensional sphere. Moreover, in each entry $v = −∞$ and $u = ∞$ denote alternative choices of radial and time coordinate for the particular coordinates. Note, the $R$ or $T$ may vary from entry to entry.

The Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates have the form to which the Belinski–Zakharov transform can be applied. This implies that the Schwarzschild black hole is a form of gravitational soliton.

Flamm's paraboloid

The spatial curvature of the Schwarzschild solution for $R$ can be visualized as the graphic shows. Consider a constant time equatorial slice $T$ through the Schwarzschild solution by fixing $r > r_{s}$, $t$ = constant, and letting the remaining Schwarzschild coordinates $H$ vary. Imagine now that there is an additional Euclidean dimension $w$, which has no physical reality (it is not part of spacetime). Then replace the $θ = π⁄2$ plane with a surface dimpled in the $w$ direction according to the equation (Flamm's paraboloid)
 * $$w = 2 \sqrt{r_\mathrm{s} \left( r - r_\mathrm{s} \right)}.$$

This surface has the property that distances measured within it match distances in the Schwarzschild metric, because with the definition of w above,
 * $$dw^2 + dr^2 + r^2\, d\varphi^2 = \frac{dr^2}{1 - \frac{r_\mathrm{s}}{r}} + r^2\, d\varphi^2=-ds^2$$

Thus, Flamm's paraboloid is useful for visualizing the spatial curvature of the Schwarzschild metric. It should not, however, be confused with a gravity well. No ordinary (massive or massless) particle can have a worldline lying on the paraboloid, since all distances on it are spacelike (this is a cross-section at one moment of time, so any particle moving on it would have an infinite velocity). A tachyon could have a spacelike worldline that lies entirely on a single paraboloid. However, even in that case its geodesic path is not the trajectory one gets through a "rubber sheet" analogy of gravitational well: in particular, if the dimple is drawn pointing upward rather than downward, the tachyon's geodesic path still curves toward the central mass, not away. See the gravity well article for more information.

Flamm's paraboloid may be derived as follows. The Euclidean metric in the cylindrical coordinates $(r, φ)$ is written
 * $$-ds^2 = dw^2 + dr^2 + r^2 \,d\varphi^2 \,.$$

Letting the surface be described by the function $(r, φ)$, the Euclidean metric can be written as
 * $$-ds^2 = \left( 1 + \left(\frac{dw}{dr}\right)^2 \right) \,dr^2 + r^2\,d\varphi^2 \,,$$

Comparing this with the Schwarzschild metric in the equatorial plane ($(r, φ, w)$) at a fixed time ($t$ = constant, $w = w(r)$)
 * $$-ds^2 = \left(1-\frac{r_\mathrm{s}}{r} \right)^{-1} \,dr^2 + r^2\,d\varphi^2 \,,$$

yields an integral expression for $θ = π⁄2$:
 * $$w(r) = \int \frac{dr}{\sqrt{\frac{r}{r_\mathrm{s}}-1}} = 2 r_\mathrm{s} \sqrt{\frac{r}{r_\mathrm{s}}- 1} + \mbox{constant}$$

whose solution is Flamm's paraboloid.

Orbital motion

A particle orbiting in the Schwarzschild metric can have a stable circular orbit with $dt = 0$. Circular orbits with $r$ between $w(r)$ and $r > 3r_{s}$ are unstable, and no circular orbits exist for $1.5r_{s}$. The circular orbit of minimum radius $3r_{s}$ corresponds to an orbital velocity approaching the speed of light. It is possible for a particle to have a constant value of $r$ between $r < 1.5r_{s}$ and $1.5r_{s}$, but only if some force acts to keep it there.

Noncircular orbits, such as Mercury's, dwell longer at small radii than would be expected in Newtonian gravity. This can be seen as a less extreme version of the more dramatic case in which a particle passes through the event horizon and dwells inside it forever. Intermediate between the case of Mercury and the case of an object falling past the event horizon, there are exotic possibilities such as knife-edge orbits, in which the satellite can be made to execute an arbitrarily large number of nearly circular orbits, after which it flies back outward.

Symmetries
The isometry group of the Schwarzchild metric is $\mathbb R\times \mathrm{O}(3)\times \{\pm 1\}$, where $$\mathrm{O}(3)$$ is the orthogonal group of rotations and reflections in three dimensions, $$\mathbb R$$ comprises the time translations, and $$\{\pm 1\}$$ is the group generated by time reversal.

This is thus the subgroup of the ten-dimensional Poincaré group which takes the time axis (trajectory of the star) to itself. It omits the spatial translations (three dimensions) and boosts (three dimensions). It retains the time translations (one dimension) and rotations (three dimensions). Thus it has four dimensions. Like the Poincaré group, it has four connected components: the component of the identity; the time reversed component; the spatial inversion component; and the component which is both time reversed and spatially inverted.

Curvatures
The Ricci curvature scalar and the Ricci curvature tensor are both zero. Non-zero components of the Riemann curvature tensor are
 * $$R^{t}{}_{rrt}=2R^{\theta}{}_{r\theta r}=2R^{\phi}{}_{r\phi r}=\frac{r_\text{s}}{r^2(r_\text{s}-r)}, $$
 * $$2R^{t}{}_{\theta\theta t}=2R^{r}{}_{\theta\theta r}=R^{\phi}{}_{\theta\phi\theta}=\frac{r_\text{s}}{r},$$
 * $$2R^{t}{}_{\phi\phi t}=2R^{r}{}_{\phi\phi r}=-R^{\theta}{}_{\phi\phi\theta}=\frac{r_\text{s} \sin^2(\theta)}{r},$$
 * $$R^{r}{}_{trt}=-2R^{\theta}{}_{t\theta t}=-2R^{\phi}{}_{t\phi t}= c^2 \frac{r_\text{s} (r_\text{s} - r)}{r^4}

$$ Components which are obtainable by the symmetries of the Riemann tensor are not displayed.

To understand the physical meaning of these quantities, it is useful to express the curvature tensor in an orthonormal basis. In an orthonormal basis of an observer the non-zero components in geometric units are
 * $$R^{\hat{r}}{}_{\hat{t}\hat{r}\hat{t}}= -R^{\hat{\theta}}{}_{\hat{\phi}\hat{\theta}\hat{\phi}} = -\frac{r_\text{s}}{r^3}, $$
 * $$R^{\hat{\theta}}{}_{\hat{t}\hat{\theta}\hat{t}}= R^{\hat{\phi}}{}_{\hat{t}\hat{\phi}\hat{t}} = -R^{\hat{r}}{}_{\hat{\theta}\hat{r}\hat{\theta}} = -R^{\hat{r}}{}_{\hat{\phi}\hat{r}\hat{\phi}} = \frac{r_\text{s}}{2r^3}. $$

Again, components which are obtainable by the symmetries of the Riemann tensor are not displayed. These results are invariant to any Lorentz boost, thus the components do not change for non-static observers. The geodesic deviation equation shows that the tidal acceleration between two observers separated by $$\xi^{\hat{j}}$$ is $$D^2 \xi^{\hat{j}}/D\tau^2 = -R^{\hat{j}}{}_{\hat{t}\hat{k}\hat{t}} \xi^{\hat{k}}$$, so a body of length $$L$$ is stretched in the radial direction by an apparent acceleration $$(r_\text{s}/r^3)c^2 L$$ and squeezed in the perpendicular directions by $$-(r_\text{s}/(2r^3)) c^2 L$$.

title: Schwarzschild metric


text:
1812 in science

The year 1812 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Chemistry

 * Humphry Davy publishes Elements of Chemical Philosophy in London.
 * John Davy first describes the synthesis of phosgene.
 * Friedrich Mohs introduces his system of classifying minerals and his scale of mineral hardness.
 * Heinrich Vogel (1778–1867) recognizes that glucose is a product of hydrolyzing lactose.

Geophysics

 * February 7 – The last New Madrid earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude of over 8.
 * March 26 – An earthquake destroys Caracas, Venezuela.

Mathematics, statistics and metrology

 * February 11 – Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry invents gerrymandering.
 * February 12 – Napoleon authorises the usage of Mesures usuelles, the basis of the Metric System.
 * Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes Théorie analytique des probabilités in which he lays down many fundamental results in statistics.

Medicine

 * January – The New England Journal of Medicine is founded in Boston, by Dr John Collins Warren as the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science.
 * January 21 – John Parkinson and his father James first describe appendicitis and resultant peritonitis in English.
 * Benjamin Rush publishes Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind in Philadelphia, the first textbook on psychiatry issued in the United States.
 * James Barry qualifies as a medical doctor at the University of Edinburgh; born Margaret Ann Bulkley, this makes her the first British woman with such a qualification.
 * Cholera in Jessore, India.
 * Coffee is banned in Sweden.

Paleontology

 * Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring publishes his description of Pterodactylus which he names Ornithocephalus antiquus.
 * Georges Cuvier publishes Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes in Paris.

Technology

 * February 27 – British poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against Industrialism in his home county of Nottinghamshire.
 * March 15 – Luddites attack the wool factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire, England.
 * May 25 – Felling mine disaster: Mine explosion at Felling colliery near Jarrow, England – 96 dead.
 * August – Henry Bell's PS Comet begins a passenger service on the River Clyde in Scotland, the first commercially successful steamboat service in Europe.
 * August 12 – The Middleton Railway, serving coal pits at Leeds in England, becomes the first to use steam locomotives successfully in regular service. The first locomotive, Salamanca, is also the first to use two cylinders and has a rack railway mechanism devised by John Blenkinsop and built by Matthew Murray.
 * August 19 – War of 1812: USS Constitution defeats the British frigate Guerrière off the coast of Nova Scotia. British shot is said to have bounced off Constitution's sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".
 * Philippe Girard invents a flax-spinning machine.
 * The Old Oscar Pepper Distillery (the modern-day Labrot & Graham Distillery), the oldest Kentucky Bourbon whiskey distillery, is established along Glenn's Creek in Woodford County, Kentucky.

Awards

 * Copley Medal: Not awarded
 * Humphry Davy receives a knighthood

Births

 * March 12 – Joseph Prestwich, English geologist (died 1896)
 * March 20 – Charles Vincent Walker, English telegraph engineer (died 1882)
 * March 24 – Robert Gordon Latham, English ethnologist and philologist (died 1888)
 * May 10 – William Henry Barlow, English railway civil engineer (died 1902)
 * June 9 – Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer (died 1910)
 * September 12 – Richard March Hoe, American inventor (died 1886)
 * October 27 – Abraham Dee Bartlett, English zoologist (died 1897)

Deaths

 * February 24 – Étienne-Louis Malus, French physicist (born 1775)
 * April 7 – Robert Willan, English dermatologist (born 1757)
 * May 9 – Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt, French naturalist (born 1751)
 * June 22 – Richard Kirwan, Irish scientist (born 1733)
 * July 10 – Carl Ludwig Willdenow, German botanist (born 1765)

title: 1812 in science


text:
Barbara Haworth-Attard

Barbara Haworth-Attard (born 25 July 1953) is a Canadian children's writer who lives in London, Ontario, Canada.

Works

 * The Three Wishbells (1995)
 * Dark of the Moon (1995)
 * Home Child (1996)
 * TruthSinger (1996)
 * Buried Treasure (1998)
 * WyndMagic (1999)
 * Love-Lies-Bleeding (1999)
 * Flying Geese (2001)
 * Irish Chain (2002)
 * Theories of Relativity (2003) (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
 * A Trail of Broken Dreams: The Gold Rush Diary of Harriet Palmer (Dear Canada) (2004)
 * Forget-Me-Not (2005)
 * A Is For Angst (2007)
 * My Life from Air-Bras to Zits (2009)
 * Haunted (2009)
 * To Stand on My Own: The Polio Epidemic Diary of Noreen Robertson (Dear Canada) (2010)

title: Barbara Haworth-Attard


text:
Cozia Monastery

Cozia Monastery, erected close to Călimănești by Mircea the Elder in 1388 and housing his tomb, is one of the most valuable monuments of national medieval art and architecture in Romania.

History
The name of the monastery is of Cuman origin and it means "walnut grove", from Turkic word koz, meaning walnut. The original name of the place was the Romanian equivalent, Nucetul, but already in 1387, a document of Mircea cel Bătrân uses the current name.

The fortified cloister dates from the foundation (1388) and is the only in Byzantine style preserved in Romania. Two chapels are incorporated in the side toward the Olt River and their Byzantine cupolas are reflected in the water, creating one of the most iconic cultural - natural landmarks in Romania.

The church façades' decorations with stone rosettes, horizontal Byzantine-style rows of brick and stone and vertical frames are unprecedented in Wallachian architecture and are typical from the Serbian Morava School, which flourished in central Serbia between the 14th century and the 15th century. In fact, the strong resemblance with the Lazarica church indicates that Mircea cel Bătrân employed Serbian craftsmen.

The appearance of the church was modified under Neagoe Basarab (1517), Şerban Cantacuzino and Constantin Brâncoveanu (1707), who added a veranda, a new fountain, a chapel and a watch tower, adding to its architecture the 'brâncovenesc style'.

Of great value is the hospital church, 'bolnița' (1543), with original well-preserved indoor frescoes like the votive portrait of ruler Mircea cel Bătrân and his sons.

Cozia was painted between 1390 and 1391. Some of the original frescoes (1390) are still well preserved.

The church of the monastery was put on a Romanian stamp in 1968.

Museum
Cozia features a museum of exhibiting old art: old manuscripts and prints, embroideries and objects of worship.

Burials

 * Mircea I of Wallachia
 * Carol Hohenzollern

title: Cozia Monastery


text:
Xiaowen

Xiaowen may refer to:

 * King Xiaowen of Qin (reigned 250 BC)
 * Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei (467–499)
 * Emperor Wen of Han (202 BC–157 BC)
 * Jiang Xiaowen
 * Ye Xiaowen (born 1950), Chinese politician who held various top posts relating to state regulation of religion from 1995 to 2009
 * Xiaowen Zeng, Chinese author living in Toronto, Canada
 * Zhou Xiaowen (born 1954), Chinese filmmaker
 * Xiao Wen Ju (born 1992), Chinese fashion model

title: Xiaowen


text:
Deluxe Paint

Deluxe Paint, often referred to as DPaint, is a bitmap graphics editor created by Dan Silva for Electronic Arts and published for the then-new Amiga 1000 in November 1985. A series of updated versions followed, some of which were ported to other platforms. An MS-DOS release with support for the 256 color VGA standard became popular for creating pixel graphics in video games in the 1990s.

Author Dan Silva previously worked on the Cut & Paste word processor (1984), also from Electronic Arts.

History
Deluxe Paint began as an in-house art development tool called Prism. As author Dan Silva added features to Prism, it was developed as a showcase product to coincide with the Amiga's debut in 1985. Upon release, it was quickly embraced by the Amiga community and became the de facto graphics (and later animation) editor for the platform. Amiga manufacturer Commodore International later commissioned EA to create version 4.5 AGA to bundle with the new Advanced Graphics Architecture chipset (A1200, A4000) capable Amigas. Version 5 was the last release after Commodore's bankruptcy in 1994.

Early versions of Deluxe Paint were available in protected and non copy-protected versions, the latter retailing for a slightly higher price. The copy protection scheme was later dropped. Deluxe Paint was first in a series of products from the Electronic Arts Tools group—then later moved to the ICE (for Interactivity, Creativity, and Education) group—which included such Amiga programs as Deluxe Music Construction Set (preceded by Music Construction Set for the Apple II), Deluxe Video, and the Studio series of paint programs for the Mac.

With the development of Deluxe Paint, EA introduced the ILBM and ANIM file format standards for graphics. While widely used on the Amiga, these formats never gained widespread end user acceptance on other platforms, but were heavily used by game development companies. Deluxe Paint was used by LucasArts to make graphics for their adventure games such as The Secret of Monkey Island, and the name of a particular filename used to store the main protagonist Guybrush Threepwood was probably at the origin of his peculiar name. One of the main artist developer of the game, Mark Ferrari, in an interview for The Making of Monkey Island 30th Anniversary Documentary remembers that "there was a pulldown menu in DPaint called brushes, so character sprites were referred to as brushes", and the male protagonist was simply "the guy.brush" until the artist Steve Purcell suggested to take the very name "Guybrush". The author Ron Gilbert remembers that the PC DOS version of the file was named "guybrush.bbm".

Amiga
Deluxe Paint I was released in 1985. A major feature was animation by using color cycling. The Amiga natively supports indexed color, where a pixel's color value does not carry any RGB hue information but instead is an index to a color palette (a collection of unique color values). By adjusting the color value in the palette, all pixels with that palette value change simultaneously in the image or animation, creating cyclic movement in the image. In the Christmas demo files on the Deluxe Paint I disk, this kind of animation (which is toggled by pressing the tab key) is used to depict falling snowflakes, a blinking Christmas tree, and a roaring fire in the fireplace.

In 1986, Deluxe Paint II was introduced, which added many convenient features such as pattern and gradient fill, which could be selected by right-clicking on a fill tool. An effects menu with e.g. perspective transformation was also added. The screen format could now be changed from a dedicated selection page.

Deluxe Paint III appeared in 1989 and added support for Extra Halfbrite. New editing modes allowed one to stencil certain colors to protect them, so it is possible to e.g. paint a landscape from front to back, with the foreground protected by a stencil. A major new feature of Deluxe Paint III was the ability to create cel-like animation, and animbrushes. These let the user pick up a section of an animation as an "animbrush", which can then be placed onto the canvas while it animates. Deluxe Paint III was one of the first paint programs to support animbrushes. This is similar to copy and paste, except one can pick up more than one image.

Deluxe Paint IV (introduced in 1991), which did not include Silva as the lead programmer, offered significant new features like non-bitplane-indexed Hold-and-Modify support for creating images with up to 4,096 colors. Animation support was improved by adding a light table, i.e. onion skinning, and AnimBrush morphing. The color mixer was now a HAM region at the bottom of the screen (instead of a floating window as before) and allowed mixing adjacent colors similar to a real palette.

Deluxe Paint 4.5 AGA appeared the following year, addressing the stability issues and providing support for the new A1200 and A4000 AGA machines and a revamped screen mode interface. It appeared in both standalone and Commodore-bundled versions.

The final release, Deluxe Paint V, in 1995, supported true 24-bit RGB images. However, using only the AGA native chipset, the 24-bit RGB color was only held in computer memory, the on-screen image still appeared in indexed color.

Apple IIGS
DeluxePaint II for the Apple IIGS was developed by Brent Iverson and released in 1987.

MS-DOS
Deluxe Paint II for PC came out in 1988, requiring MS-DOS 2.0 and 640 kB of RAM. It supported CGA, EGA, MCGA, VGA, Hercules and Tandy IBM-compatible PC graphic cards.

Deluxe Paint II Enhanced was released in 1989, requiring MS-DOS 2.11 and 640 kB of RAM.

Deluxe Paint II Enhanced 2.0, released in 1994, was the most successful PC version, and was compatible with ZSoft's PC Paintbrush PCX image format file. The MS-DOS conversion was carried out by Brent Iverson and its enhanced features were by Steve Shaw. It supported the CGA, EGA, MCGA and VGA IBM-compatible PC graphic cards, the Hercules, Tandy and Amstrad proprietary video cards and the main of the first Super VGA video cards (manufacturer dependent) modes, enabling it to support up to 800×600 pixel screen resolution with 256 (from 262,144) colors and 1024×768 pixels with 16 colors.

The sister product Deluxe Paint Animation (only for 320×200 pixels and 256 colors) was widely used, especially in the videogame industry.

Atari ST
Deluxe Paint ST was developed by ArtisTech Development, published by Electronic Arts, and was released in 1990, supporting features such as the STE 4096-color palette.

Workflow
"[" and "]" hotkeys could step through the indexed palette, turning indexed-pixel-painting into a fast two-handed mouse+keys process, and the right mouse button would paint with the background colour (instead of bringing up a context sensitive menu as is common in modern packages)

For example, transparency was obtained as simply as selecting a background colour index (a single right click on the palette GUI to change). Colours could be locked from editing by use of a stencil (a list of colour indexes whose pixels should not be altered in the image data). And simple colour-cycling animations could be created using contiguous entries in the palette. It was easy to change the hue and tone of a section of the image by altering the corresponding colours in the palette. (The specific section needed to use a dedicated part of the palette for this technique to work.)

Brushes can be cut from the background by using the box, freehand, or polygon selection tools. They can then be used in the same manner as any other brush or pen. This functionality is simpler to use than the "stamp" tool of Photoshop or Alpha Channels as provided in later programs. Brushes can be rotated and scaled, even in 3D. After a brush is selected, it appears attached to the mouse cursor, providing an exact preview of what will be drawn. This allows precise pixel positioning of brushes, unlike brushes in Photoshop CS3 and lower, which only show an outline.

Animations stored in IFF ANIM format were delta compressed (only the differences between current and previous frames are stored), making animations smaller and faster on playback.

Reception
Compute! criticized the documentation of the first release of DeluxePaint as inadequate, but stated that "DeluxePaint is a visual arts program of immense scope and flexibility". In later versions the documentation was much improved; for instance DeluxePaint IV came with a 300-page manual.

Deluxe Paint was a hit for EA. The main line of the series, particularly installments one to three, has won a total of at least nine awards from independent publications and organizations,   including three Amiga-specific awards. Deluxe Paint III also won Commodore International's Enterprise and Vision award in 1990, becoming the first software to win the award, for what the company's judges believed to be best utilizing the Amiga's graphical capabilities.

Deluxe Paint for Atari ST won multiple awards from the publication: ST Format for "Best Application Software Of 1990" and "Best Art/Graphics Package."

ST Format's Andrew Hutchinson writes, "It (Deluxe Paint) first appeared in November 1985 and soon more than 50 percent of all Amiga owners had a copy of the package. Since then it's undergone two revisions, but the current version available for the ST far outstrips all earlier incarnations.  It's the best version there is!"

ST Review writes, "Amiga owners have been sniggering for years at basic packages like Neochrome (NEOchrome) and even the mighty Degas (DEGAS (software)), as they tinkered with the enormously successful Deluxe Paint series. Now ST owners have their day."

Uses
Deluxe Paint was frequently used for making graphics for home computer games from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s, and was used for games such as Another World, Dark Seed, Eye of the Beholder, The Secret of Monkey Island, Sim City 2000, Wolfenstein 3D, DOOM, and Quake.

The music video for the 2003 single "Move Your Feet" by Danish alternative dance duo Junior Senior was created entirely using the Amiga version of Deluxe Paint by the art collective Shynola.

The webcomic "Unicorn Jelly" by Jennifer Diane Reitz was completed over the course of three years using Deluxe Paint 2, one panel posted every night at midnight.

British author and artist Molly Cutpurse used Deluxe Paint to create the video graphics for the 1989 film Murder on the Moon, starring Brigitte Nielsen.

Legacy
After leaving EA in 1989, Silva went on to join the Yost Group, which developed Autodesk's 3D Studio.

In 2015, Electronic Arts released via the Computer History Museum the source code of "Deluxe Paint I" for historical reasons.

title: Deluxe Paint


text:
Talk:Revolutionary Communist Party

Comment
Despite the fact of my opposition to Maoism in general and the RCP in particular, I cannot help but note that this article is POV in the extreme. --Daniel C. Boyer

 * How so? --Jiang

 * I would have thought it was obvious. Check my revisions.  By the way, given the company this group keeps, what activities have they been up to?  Have they been involved in violence themselves? --Robert Merkel

title: Talk:Revolutionary Communist Party


text:
New Boston, Michigan

New Boston is an unincorporated community in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community is located within Huron Charter Township. As an unincorporated community, New Boston has no legally defined boundaries or population statistics of its own.

New Boston is located close to three divisions of the Huron–Clinton Metroparks system: Lower Huron, Oakwoods, and Willow. The Huron River runs through New Boston. The community has its own post office with the 48164 ZIP Code, which also serves the communities of Waltz and Willow, as well as smaller portions of Sumpter Township to the west and Brownstown Charter Township to the east. The community is served by Huron School District.

History
New Boston was first settled in 1827 and was originally called "Catville" after the initials of the proprietor, C. A. Trowbridge. It received a post office with that name in 1860. On March 20, 1868, it was renamed New Boston, after Boston, Massachusetts.

Transportation
Interstate 275 passes through the middle of the community with three exits within the New Boston ZIP Code area: Will Carleton Road (exit 8), South Huron Road (exit 11). Clark Road makes the border with the Township of Sumpter, and Sibley Road (exit 13). The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is just north of New Boston in the city of Romulus.

The Waltz Road–Huron River Bridge is a bridge crossing the Huron River just south of the central business district of New Boston.

title: New Boston, Michigan


text:
1st Commonwealth Division

The 1st Commonwealth Division was the military unit that commanded Commonwealth land forces in the Korean War. The division was a part of the multinational British Commonwealth Forces Korea, with infantry units of the British Army, Canadian Army and Australian Army forming the bulk of the division. Additionally, the New Zealand Army supplied artillery contingents and an Indian medical unit was also attached. As with the "Korean Augmentation To the United States Army" (KATUSA) programme, numerous South Korean troops were seconded to the Commonwealth division to make up numbers under a scheme known as "KATCOM".

Background
Following the outbreak of the Korean War, the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade, which was the initial parent formation of Commonwealth army units in Korea, arrived in the peninsula with two British Infantry battalions in August 1950. It was reinforced by the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) in September, and by the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI), in February 1951.

The brigade was subsequently re-constituted as the 28th Commonwealth Brigade in April 1951. Meanwhile, in November 1950, the brigade was joined by the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade, and in May 1951 by the 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade.

Formation
In July 1951, the infantry brigades were combined to form the 1st Commonwealth Division, wherein the unit was 58% British forces, 22% Canadian forces, 14% Australian forces, 5% New Zealander forces, and 1% Indian forces.

The 1st Commonwealth Division was part of the US I Corps, which also included the US 1st Cavalry Division, the US 3rd and 25th Infantry Divisions, and the ROK 1st Division. The division occupied the strategically important sector of front on the Jamestown Line, stretching from the Kimpo peninsula on the Yellow Sea coast to a point east of Kumhwa about 6.3 mi, and just 30 mi from the South Korean capital, Seoul.

Dissolution
It was deactivated in 1954 as part of the demobilisation of forces in Korea in the aftermath of the war, being reduced to a Commonwealth Brigade Group, and from May 1956 until its final withdrawal in August 1957 to a Commonwealth Contingent of battalion strength.

Commanders

 * Commanding officers
 * Major-General James Cassels, 28 July 1951 – 7 September 1952
 * Major-General Michael West, 7 September 1952 – 1953
 * Major-General Horatius Murray, 1953–1954
 * Divisional Commander Royal Artillery (CRA)
 * Brigadier William Pike, July 1951 – 1952
 * Brigadier Guy Gregson, 1952
 * Divisional Commander Royal Engineers (CRE)
 * Colonel ECW Myers, RE
 * Divisional Commander Royal Signals (CRSigs)
 * Lt Col AC Atkinson, Royal Sigs
 * Divisional Commander Royal Army Service Corps (CRASC)
 * Lt Col MGM Crosby, RASC
 * Assistant Director Medical Services (ADMS)
 * Col G Anderton, RAMC
 * Divisional Commander Royal Army Ordnance Corps (CRAOC)
 * Lt Col MR Maclean, RAOC
 * Lt Col GJH Atkinson, RNZAOC
 * Divisional Commander Royal Army Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (CREME)
 * Lt Col HG Good, REME

Order of battle

 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company 1st Commonwealth Division
 * Divisional troops
 * Signals
 * 1st Commonwealth Division Signals (July 1951–July 1953)
 * Artillery
 * 45th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (July–November 1951) (25 pdr)
 * 11th (Sphinx) Battery, Royal Artillery (July–November 1951) (4.2 inch mortars)
 * 170th Light Battery, Royal Artillery (July–November 1951) (4.2 inch mortars)
 * 14th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (November 1951 – December 1952) (25 pdr)
 * 120th Light AA Battery, Royal Artillery (October 1951 – December 1952) (4.2 inch mortars)
 * 42nd Light AA Battery, Royal Artillery (November 1951 – February 1952) (4.2 inch mortars)
 * 61st Light Field Regiment (January 1952 – July 1953) (4.2 inch mortars)
 * 20th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (December 1952 – July 1953) (25 pdr)
 * 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery (July 1951 – July 1953) (25 pdr)
 * 42nd Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (December 1953– ) (25 pdr)
 * 2nd Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery (July 1951 – May 1952) (25 pdr)
 * 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery (May 1952 – April 1953) (25 pdr)
 * 81st Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery (April 1953 – July 1953) (25 pdr)
 * 74th (Battleax Company) Medium Battery, Royal Artillery (March–November 1953) (5.5 inch medium guns)
 * 1903 Independent Air Observation Post Flight, Royal Artillery (July 1951 – July 1953)
 * Engineers
 * 28th Field Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers (July 1951 – July 1953)
 * 64th Field Park Squadron, Royal Engineers (July 1951 – July 1953)
 * Armour
 * 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars (July 1951 – December 1951) (Centurion tank, Cromwell tank)
 * C Squadron, 7th Royal Tank Regiment (July 1951 – October 1951) (Churchill tank)
 * 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards (December 1951 – December 1952) (Centurion tank)
 * 1st Royal Tank Regiment (December 1952 – December 1953) (Centurion tank)
 * 5th Royal Tank Regiment (December 1953 – December 1954) (Centurion tank)
 * C Squadron, Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (2nd Armoured Regiment) (May 1951 – June 1952) (M4 Sherman)
 * B Squadron, Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (2nd Armoured Regiment) (June 1952 – May 1953) (M4 Sherman)
 * A Squadron, Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (2nd Armoured Regiment) (December 1953– ) (M4 Sherman)
 * Medical
 * 60th (Para) Indian Field Ambulance (November 1950 – August 1953)
 * 26th Field Ambulance, RAMC (December 1950–)
 * No. 25 Field Ambulance, RCAMC (May 1951 – April 1952)
 * No. 25 Canadian Field Dressing Station (July 1951–)
 * No. 37 Field Ambulance, RCAMC (April 1952 – May 1953)
 * No. 38 Field Ambulance, RCAMC (May 1953–)
 * Logistics
 * Ordnance
 * No. 25 Canadian Infantry Brigade Group Ordnance Company (May 1951 – Jan 1952)
 * 28th Commonwealth Infantry Brigade Ordnance Field Park
 * 24th British Infantry Brigade Group Ordnance Field Park
 * 1st Commonwealth Division, Stores Distribution Detachment
 * Workshops
 * 10th Infantry Workshops, REME
 * 11th Infantry Workshops, REME
 * 16th Infantry Workshops, REME
 * 25 Canadian Support Workshop, RCEME (May 1951 – Jan 1952)
 * 191 Infantry Workshop, RCEME (May 1951 – Apr 1955)
 * 40 Canadian Infantry Workshop, RCEME (Apr 1953 – Dec 1953)
 * 42 Infantry Workshop, RCEME (Mar 1955 – Feb 1955)
 * 1st Commonwealth Division, Tank Workshop
 * 1st Commonwealth Division, Signals Workshop
 * 1st Commonwealth Division, Recovery Unit
 * Transport
 * 54 Company, RCASC
 * 57 Company, RASC
 * 78 Company, RASC
 * 10 Company, RNZASC 1951–1956
 * Infantry
 * 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment (April 1952 – November 1953)
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment (May 1951 – April 1952)
 * 3rd Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment (March 1953 – March 1954)
 * 1st Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (October 1951 – November 1952)
 * 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (December 1950 – November 1951)
 * 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (October 1952 – October 1953)
 * 1st Battalion, Royal 22e Régiment (April 1952 – April 1953)
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal 22e Régiment (May 1951 – April 1952)
 * 3rd Battalion, Royal 22e Régiment (April 1953 – April 1954)
 * 27th Infantry Brigade (aka 27th British Commonwealth Brigade):
 * 1st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
 * 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (December 1950 – April 1951)
 * 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (September 1950 – April 1951)
 * 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery (January 1951 – April 1951)
 * 60th Indian Field Ambulance
 * 28th Commonwealth Infantry Brigade (previously organised as 27th British Commonwealth Brigade):
 * 1st Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers (April 1951 – August 1952)
 * 1st Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry (July 1951 – September 1952)
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (August 1952 – July 1953) 2RAR withdraw to DMZ Korea 1953 (AWM157687).jpg withdraw to the DMZ Korea 1953]]
 * 1st Battalion, Durham Light Infantry (September 1952 – July 1953)
 * 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) (July 1951 – July 1953)
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1 RAR) (June 1952 – March 1953)
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR) (April 1953 – July 1953)
 * 29th Infantry Brigade (previously organised as 29th Independent Infantry Brigade):
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (July 1951 – October 1951)
 * 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (July 1951 – November 1951)
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles (July 1951 – October 1951)
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment (October 1951 – September 1952)
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Leicestershire Regiment (October 1951 – June 1952)
 * 1st Battalion, Welch Regiment (November 1951 – November 1952)
 * 1st Battalion, Black Watch (June 1952 – July 1953)
 * 1st Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool) (September 1952 – July 1953)
 * 1st Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment (September 1952 – July 1953)
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Scots (July 1953)

title: 1st Commonwealth Division


text:
Premier Election Solutions

Premier Election Solutions, formerly Diebold Election Systems, Inc. (DESI), was a subsidiary of Diebold that made and sold voting machines.

In 2009, it was sold to competitor ES&S. In 2010, Dominion Voting Systems purchased the primary assets of Premier, including all intellectual property, software, firmware and hardware for Premier's current and legacy optical scan, central scan, and touch screen voting systems, and all versions of the GEMS election management system from ES&S.

At the time ES&S spun off the company due to monopoly charges its systems were in use in 1,400 jurisdictions in 33 states and serving nearly 28 million people.

History
DESI was run by Bob Urosevich, starting in 1976. In 1979, Bob Urosevich founded, and served as the president (through 1992) of, American Information Systems, now known as Election Systems & Software, Inc. (ES&S), becoming a chief competitor to DESI. Todd Urosevich, Bob's brother, was vice president, aftermarket sales, of Election Systems & Software, Inc.

In 1995, Bob Urosevich started I-Mark Systems, whose product was a touch screen voting system utilizing a smart card and biometric encryption authorization technology. Global Election Systems, Inc. (GES) acquired I-Mark in 1997, and on 31 July 2000, Bob Urosevich was promoted from Vice President of Sales and Marketing and New Business Development, to president and chief operating officer. On January 22, 2002, Diebold announced the acquisition of GES, then a manufacturer and supplier of electronic voting terminals and solutions. The total purchase price, in stock and cash, was $24.7 million. Global Election Systems subsequently changed its name to Diebold Election Systems, Inc.

Name change
In late 2006, Diebold decided to remove its name from the front of the voting machines in what its spokesperson called "a strategic decision on the part of the corporation". In August 2007 Diebold Election Systems changed its name to "Premier Election Solutions" ("PES").

Acquisition by Election Systems & Software
Election Systems & Software (ES&S) acquired Premier Election Solutions on September 3, 2009. ES&S President and CEO Aldo Tesi said combining the two companies would result in better products and services for customers and voters.

Acquisition by Dominion
Following the acquisition, the Department of Justice and 14 individual states launched investigations into the transaction on antitrust grounds. In March 2010, the Department of Justice filed a civil antitrust lawsuit against ES&S, requiring it to divest voting equipment systems assets it acquired from Premier Election Solutions in order to restore competition. The company sold the assets to Dominion Voting Systems.

Dominion Voting Systems acquired Premier on May 19, 2010. "We are extremely pleased to conclude this transaction, which will restore much-needed competition to the American voting systems market and will allow Dominion to expand its capabilities and operational footprint to every corner of the United States," said John Poulos, CEO of Dominion. The transaction was approved by the Department of Justice and nine state attorneys general.

O'Dell's fundraising
In August 2003, Walden O'Dell, chief executive of Diebold, announced that he had been a top fundraiser for President George W. Bush and had sent a get-out-the-funds letter to Ohio Republicans. In the letters he said he was "committed to helping Ohio deliver its electoral votes to the president next year." Although he clarified his statement as merely a poor choice of words, critics of Diebold and/or the Republican party interpreted this as at minimum an indication of a conflict of interest, at worst implying a risk to the fair counting of ballots. He responded to the critics by pointing out that the company's election machines division is run out of Texas by a registered Democrat. Nonetheless, O'Dell vowed to lower his political profile lest his personal actions harm the company. O'Dell resigned his post of chairman and chief executive of Diebold on December 12, 2005, following reports that the company was facing securities fraud litigation surrounding charges of insider trading.

Security and concealment issues
In January 2003, Diebold Election Systems' proprietary software, and election files, hardware and software specifications, program files, voting program patches, on its file transfer protocol site, were leaked, later 7 August 2003 leaked to Wired (magazine).

In 2004, Avi Rubin, a professor of computer science at Johns Hopkins University and Technical Director of the Information Security Institute, analyzed the source code used in these voting machines and reported "this voting system is far below even the most minimal security standards applicable in other contexts." Following the publication of this paper, the State of Maryland hired Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) to perform another analysis of the Diebold voting machines. SAIC concluded "[t]he system, as implemented in policy, procedure, and technology, is at high risk of compromise."

In January 2004, RABA Technologies, a security company in Columbia, Maryland, did a security analysis of the Diebold AccuVote, confirming many of the problems found by Rubin and finding some new vulnerabilities.

In June 2005, the Tallahassee Democrat reported that when given access to Diebold optical scan vote-counting computers, Black Box Voting, a nonprofit election watchdog group founded by Bev Harris, hired Finnish computer expert Harri Hursti and conducted a project in which vote totals were altered, by replacing the memory card that stores voting results with one that had been tampered with. Although the machines are supposed to record changes to data stored in the system, they showed no record of tampering after the memory cards were swapped. In response, a spokesperson for the Florida Department of State said, "Information on a blog site is not viable or credible."

In early 2006, a study for the state of California corroborated and expanded on the problem; on page 2 the California report states that:

"Memory card attacks are a real threat: We determined that anyone who has access to a memory card of the AV-OS, and can tamper it (i.e. modify its contents), and can have the modified cards used in a voting machine during election, can indeed modify the election results from that machine in a number of ways. The fact that the results are incorrect cannot be detected except by a recount of the original paper ballots" and "Harri Hursti's attack does work: Mr. Hursti's attack on the AV-OS is definitely real. He was indeed able to change the election results by doing nothing more than modifying the contents of a memory card. He needed no passwords, no cryptographic keys, and no access to any other part of the voting system, including the GEMS election management server."

A new vulnerability, this time with the TSx DRE machines, was reported in May 2006. According to Professor Rubin, the machines are "much, much easier to attack than anything we've previously said... On a scale of one to 10, if the problems we found before were a six, this is a 10. It's a totally different ballgame." According to Rubin, the system is intentionally designed so that anyone with access can update the machine software, without a pass code or other security protocol. Diebold officials said that although any problem can be avoided by keeping a close watch on the machines, they are developing a fix.

Michael I. Shamos, a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University who is a proponent of electronic voting and the examiner of electronic voting systems for Pennsylvania, stated "It's the most severe security flaw ever discovered in a voting system." Douglas W. Jones, a professor of computer science at the University of Iowa, stated "This is the barn door being wide open, while people were arguing over the lock on the front door." Diebold spokesman David Bear played down the seriousness of the situation, asserting that "For there to be a problem here, you're basically assuming a premise where you have some evil and nefarious election officials who would sneak in and introduce a piece of software. I don't believe these evil elections people exist."

On October 30, 2006, researchers from the University of Connecticut demonstrated new vulnerabilities in Diebold AccuVote-OS optical scan voting terminal. The system can be compromised even if its removable memory card is sealed in place.

On September 13, 2006, Director of the Center for Information and Technology Policy at Princeton University, Professor Edward Felten, and graduate students Ariel Feldman and Alex Halderman discovered severe security flaws in a Diebold AccuVote-TS voting machine. Their findings claimed, "Malicious software running on a single voting machine can steal votes with little if any risk of detection. The malicious software can modify all of the records, audit logs, and counters kept by the voting machine, so that even careful forensic examination of these records will find nothing amiss."

On November 2, 2006, HBO premiered a documentary entitled "Hacking Democracy", concerning the vulnerability of electronic voting machines (primarily Diebold) to hacking and inaccurate vote totals. The company argued that the film was factually inaccurate and urged HBO to air a disclaimer explaining that it had not verified any of the claims. However, corroboration and validation for the exploits shown in Hacking Democracy was published in a report for the state of California (see above).

In January 2007, a photo of the key used to open Diebold voting machines was posted in the company's website. It was found possible to duplicate the key based on the photo. The key unlocks a compartment which contains a removable memory card, leaving the machine vulnerable to tampering.

A report commissioned by Ohio's top elections official on December 15, 2007, found that all five voting systems used in Ohio (made by Elections Systems and Software; Premier Election Solutions (formerly Diebold Election Systems); and Hart InterCivic) have critical flaws that could undermine the integrity of the 2008 general election.

On July 17, 2008, Stephen Spoonamore made the claim that he had "fresh evidence regarding election fraud on Diebold electronic voting machines during the 2002 Georgia gubernatorial and senatorial elections." Spoonamore is "the founder and until recently the CEO of Cybrinth LLC, an information technology policy and security firm that serves Fortune 100 companies." He claims that Diebold Election Systems Inc. COO Bob Urosevich personally installed a computer patch on voting machines in two counties in Georgia, and that the patch did not fix the problem it was supposed to fix. Reports have indicated that then Georgia Secretary of State Cathy Cox did not know the patch was installed until after the election.

States rejecting Diebold
In 2004, after an initial investigation into the company's practices, Secretary of State of California Kevin Shelley issued a ban on one model of Diebold voting machines in that state. California Attorney General Bill Lockyer, joined the state of California into a false claims suit filed in November 2003 by Bev Harris and Alameda County citizen Jim March.

The suit charged that Diebold had given false information about the security and reliability of Diebold Election Systems machines that were sold to the state. To settle the case, Diebold agreed to pay $2.6 million and to implement certain reforms. On August 3, 2007, California Secretary of State Debra Bowen decertified Diebold and three other electronic voting systems after a "top-to-bottom review of the voting machines certified for use in California in March 2007."

In April 2007, the Maryland General Assembly voted to replace paperless touchscreen voting machines with paper ballots counted by optical scanners, effective in time for the 2010 general (November) elections. The law, signed by the Governor in May 2007, was made contingent on the provision of funding by no later than April 2008. The Governor included such funding in his proposed budget in January 2008, but the funding was defeated by the state House in July 2008.

In March 2009, California Secretary of State Debra Bowen decertified Diebold's GEMS version 1.18.19 after the Humboldt County Election Transparency Project discovered that GEMS had silently dropped 197 ballots from its tabulation of a single precinct in Eureka, California. The discovery was made after project members conducted an independent count using the ballot counting program Ballot Browser.

Leaked memos
In September 2003, a large number of internal Diebold memos, dating back to 1999, were posted to the BlackBoxVoting.org web site, resulting in the site being shut down due to a Diebold cease and desist order. Later, other website organizations Why War? and the Swarthmore Coalition for the Digital Commons, a group of student activists at Swarthmore College posted the memos. U.S. Representative Dennis Kucinich, a Democrat from Ohio, placed portions of the files on his websites.

Diebold attempted to stop the publication of these internal memos by sending cease-and-desist letters to each site hosting these documents, demanding that they be removed. Diebold claimed the memos as their copyrighted material, and asserted that anyone who published the memos online was in violation of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act found in §512 of the United States Copyright Act.

When it turned out that some of the challenged groups would not back down, Diebold retracted their threat. Those who had been threatened by Diebold then sued for court costs and damages, in OPG v. Diebold. This suit eventually led to a victory for the plaintiffs against Diebold, when in October 2004 Judge Jeremy Fogel ruled that Diebold abused its copyrights in its efforts to suppress the embarrassing memos.

Stephen Heller
In January and February 2004, a whistleblower named Stephen Heller brought to light memos from Jones Day, Diebold's attorneys, informing Diebold that they were in breach of California law by continuing to use illegal and uncertified software in California voting machines. California Attorney General Bill Lockyer filed civil and criminal suits against the company, which were dropped when Diebold settled out of court for $2.6 million. In February 2006, Heller was charged with three felonies for this action. On November 20, 2006, Heller made a plea agreement to pay $10,000 to Jones Day, write an apology, and receive three years probation.

Diebold and Kenneth Blackwell's conflict of interest
Ohio State Senator Jeff Jacobson, Republican, asked Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell, also a Republican, in July 2003 to disqualify Diebold's bid to supply voting machines for the state, after security problems were discovered in its software, but was refused. Blackwell had ordered Diebold touch screen voting machines, reversing an earlier decision by the state to purchase only optical scan voting machines which, unlike the touch screen devices, would leave a "paper trail" for recount purposes. Blackwell was found, in April 2006, to own 83 shares of Diebold stock, down from 178 shares purchased in January 2005, which he attributed to an unidentified financial manager at Credit Suisse First Boston who had violated his instructions to avoid potential conflict of interest, without his knowledge. When Cuyahoga county's primary was held on May 2, 2006, officials ordered the hand-counting of more than 18,000 paper ballots after Diebold's new optical scan machines produced inconsistent tabulations, leaving several local races in limbo for days and eventually resulting in a reversal of the outcome of one race for state representative. Blackwell ordered an investigation by the Cuyahoga County Board of Elections; Ohio Democrats demanded that Blackwell, who was also the Republican gubernatorial candidate in 2006, recuse himself from the investigation due to conflicts of interest, but Blackwell did not do so.

The Republican head of the Franklin County, Ohio Board of Elections, Matt Damschroder, said a Diebold contractor came to him and bragged of a $50,000 check he had written to Blackwell's "political interests."

Research and reports

 * Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting Machine, Princeton University
 * Analysis of an Electronic Voting System, Avi Rubin at Johns Hopkins University
 * The Case of the Diebold FTP Site by Douglas W. Jones, Professor of Computer Science at the University of Iowa
 * voting_system_report by Science Applications International Corporation
 * Maryland Voting Systems Study, RTI International, December 2, 2010
 * Top-to-Bottom Review of voting systems by the government of California
 * Online Policy Group v. Diebold case file from Electronic Frontier Foundation
 * Diebold takes down blackboxvoting.org, Egan Orion, The Inquirer, September 24, 2003
 * Con Job at Diebold Subsidiary, Associated Press, Wired, December 17, 2003

title: Premier Election Solutions


text:
Wikiquote

Wikiquote is part of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation using MediaWiki software. The project's objective is to produce collaboratively a vast reference of quotations from prominent people, books, films, proverbs, etc. and writings about them. The website aims to be as accurate as possible regarding the provenance and sourcing of the quotations.

Initially, the project operated only in English from July 2003, expanding to include other languages in July 2004. As of July 2024, there are active Wikiquote sites for languages comprising a total of  articles and  recently active editors.

History

The Wikiquote site originated in 2003. The article creation milestones are taken from WikiStats.

Operation
Wikiquote is one of few online quotation collections that provides the opportunity for visitors to contribute and the very few which strive to provide exact sources for each quotation as well as corrections of misattributed quotations. Wikiquote pages are cross-linked to articles about the notable personalities on Wikipedia.

Multi-lingual cooperation
As of July 2024, there are Wikiquote sites for languages of which  are active and  are closed. The active sites have articles and the closed sites have  articles. There are registered users of which  are recently active.

The top ten Wikiquote language projects by mainspace article count: For a complete list with totals see Wikimedia Statistics:

Use in experiments
It can be possible to utilise Wikiquote as a text corpus for language experiments. The University of Wroclaw team entering Conversational Intelligence Challenge of the 2017 Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2017) used Wikiquote to produce a conversational talker module for extraction of rare words. Researchers have used Wikiquote to train language models to detect extremist quotes.

Reception
Wikiquote has been suggested as "a great starting point for a quotation search" with only quotes with sourced citations being available. It is also noted as a source from frequent misquotes and their possible origins. It can be used for analysis to produce claims such as "Albert Einstein is probably the most quoted figure of our time".

title: Wikiquote


text:
Tomson Highway

Tomson Highway (born 6 December 1951) is an Indigenous Canadian playwright, novelist, children's author and musician. He is best known for his plays The Rez Sisters and Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing, both of which won the Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding New Play and the Floyd S. Chalmers Award.

Highway also published a novel, Kiss of the Fur Queen (1998), which is based on the events that led to his brother René Highway's death of AIDS. He wrote the libretto for the first Cree language opera, The Journey or Pimooteewin.

Biography
Tomson Highway was born on 6 December 1951 in northwestern Manitoba to Pelagie Cook and Joe Highway, a caribou hunter and champion dogsled racer. Cree is his first language and he was raised according to Cree tradition before being sent to residential school. He is related to actor/playwright Billy Merasty.

When he was six, Tomson's father voluntarily enrolled him at Guy Hill Indian Residential School. Until he was fifteen, he was allowed to return home only during the summer months.

Some children who attended residential schools later reported abuse. Highway has said that "Nine of the happiest years of my life I spent it at that school," crediting it with teaching him English and to play piano. He has said that "There are many very successful people today that went to those schools and have brilliant careers and are very functional people, very happy people like myself. I have a thriving international career, and it wouldn't have happened without that school."

He obtained his B.A. in Honours Music in 1975 and his B.A. in English in 1976, both from the University of Western Ontario. While working on his degree, he met playwright James Reaney. For seven years, Highway worked as a social worker on First Nations reserves across Canada. He also was involved in creating and organizing several Indigenous music and arts festivals.

Drawing from these experiences, he has written novels and plays that have won him widespread recognition across Canada and around the world.

In 1986, Highway published The Rez Sisters, which won multiple awards in productions across Canada. It also went to the Edinburgh International Festival in 1988. In 1989, he published Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing, which was the first Canadian play to receive a full production at Toronto's Royal Alexandra Theatre.

Both of these plays explore the community on a fictional First Nation reserve of Wasychigan Hill on Manitoulin Island. The Rez Sisters depicts seven women of the community planning a trip to the "BIGGEST BINGO IN THE WORLD" in Toronto and features a male trickster, called Nanabush. Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing depicts the men's interest in ice hockey and features a female trickster. Rose, written in 2000, is the third play in the heptalogy, featuring characters from each of the previous plays.

Highway was artistic director of Native Earth Performing Arts in Toronto from 1986 to 1992, as well as De-ba-jeh-mu-jig theatre group in Wikwemikong.

Frustrated with difficulties presented by play production, Highway wrote a novel called Kiss of the Fur Queen. The novel presents an uncompromising portrait of the sexual abuse of Native children in residential schools and its traumatic consequences. Kiss of the Fur Queen has won a number of awards and spent several weeks on top of Canadian bestseller lists.

After a hiatus from playwriting, Highway wrote Ernestine Shuswap Gets Her Trout in 2005. Set in 1910, the play revolves around the visit of the "Big Kahoona of Canada" (then Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier) to the Thompson River Valley.

In 2010, Highway re-published The Rez Sisters and Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing in a Cree-language edition. Highway said that "the Cree versions [...] are actually the original versions. As it turns out, the original ones that came out 20 years ago were the translation."

His musical The (Post) Mistress premiered in 2009 as a cabaret titled Kisageetin. It was developed as a full musical, which has since been staged across Canada in both English and French versions. A soundtrack album for the musical was released in 2014; it garnered a Juno Award nomination for Aboriginal Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2015.

In 2022 Cree Country, an album of original Cree-language country songs written by Highway and sung by his frequent collaborator Patricia Cano, was released.

Highway divides his time between residences in Gatineau, Québec, in France and in Italy with his life partner Raymond Lalonde.

Awards and recognition
Highway has been awarded nine honorary degrees, from Brandon University, the University of Winnipeg, the University of Western Ontario (London), the University of Windsor, Laurentian University (Sudbury, Ontario), Lakehead University (Thunder Bay, Ontario), l'Universite de Montreal, University of Manitoba, and the University of Toronto. In addition, he holds two "equivalents" of such honours: from The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto and The National Theatre School in Montreal.

In 1994, he was made a member of the Order of Canada. In 1998, Maclean's named him as one of the '100 most important people in Canadian history'. In 2001, he received a National Indigenous Achievement Award, now the Indspire Awards, in the field of arts and culture.

Although Highway is considered one of Canada's most important playwrights, in recent years both theatre critics and Highway have noted a significant gap between his reputation and the relative infrequency of his plays being produced by theatre companies. According to Highway, theatres frequently face or perceive difficulty in finding a suitable cast of First Nations actors, but are reluctant to risk casting non-Indigenous performers due to their sensitivity to being accused of cultural appropriation. He believes that such companies simply pass over his plays instead.

In 2011, director Ken Gass mounted a production of The Rez Sisters at Toronto's Factory Theatre. As part of an ongoing research project into the effects of colour-blind casting on theatre, he staged two readings of the play — one with an exclusively First Nations cast and one with a colour-blind cast of actors from a variety of racial backgrounds — before mounting a full colour-blind stage production.

His memoir Permanent Astonishment was the winner of the 2021 Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction.

Highway gave the 2022 Massey Lectures.

Plays

 * New Song...New Dance - 1986
 * Aria - 1987
 * The Rez Sisters - first produced 1986; toured nationally 1988 (nominated for a Governor General's Award; won Dora Mavor Moore Award for Best New Play 1986-87)
 * Annie and the Old One - 1989
 * The Sage, the Dancer, and The Fool - 1989
 * Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing - 1989 (nominated for a Governor General's Award; nominated for 7, won 4 Dora Mavor Moore Awards including Best New Play; won Floyd S. Chalmers Award)
 * The Incredible Adventures of Mary Jane Mosquito - 1991
 * Rose - 2000
 * Ernestine Shuswap Gets Her Trout - 2005
 * Kisageetin - 2009
 * The (Post) Mistress - 2010
 * Iskooniguni Iskweewuk - The Rez Sisters in its original version: Cree - 2010
 * Paasteewitoon Kaapooskaysing Tageespichit - Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing in its original version: Cree - 2010
 * The Incredible Adventures of Mary Jane Mosquito - 2016
 * The Incredible Adventures of Mary Jane Mosquito - 2016

Novels

 * Kiss of the Fur Queen - 1998 (shortlisted for the Chapters/Books in Canada First Novel Award and the Canadian Booksellers' Association Fiction Book of the Year Award)

Films

 * Tomson Highway appears in the 2019 documentary Chaakapesh which describes the process by which the Montreal Symphony Orchestra presented a trilingual (Innu, Cree, Inuktitut) chamber opera called Chaakapesh, le périple du fripon, in 2018.

Critical works

 * Comparing Mythologies - 2003
 * From Oral to Written: A Celebration of Indigenous Literature in Canada, 1980-2010 - 2017

Children's books

 * Caribou Song - 2001 (selected as one of the "Top 10 Children's Books" by Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail)
 * Dragonfly Kites - 2002
 * Fox on the Ice - 2003

Libretti

 * Pimooteewin - 2008
 * Chaakapesh: The Trickster's Quest - 2018

Essay

 * A Tale of Monstrous Extravagance: Imagining Multilingualism, with an introduction by Christine Sokaymoh Frederick. Henry Kreisel Memorial Lecture Series - 2015
 * Laughing with the Trickster: On Sex, Death, and Accordions, House of Anansi Press, Massey Lectures, 2022

Memoir

 * Permanent Astonishment - 2021

title: Tomson Highway