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Jesse (biblical figure)

Jesse or Yishai (יִשַׁי – Yīšay, in pausa יִשָׁי – Yīšāy, meaning "King" or "God's gift";  – Eshai; Ἰεσσαί – Iessaí; Issai, Isai, Jesse) is a figure described in the Hebrew Bible as the father of David, who became the king of the Israelites. His son David is sometimes called simply "Son of Jesse" (Ben Yishai). The role as both father of King David and ancestor of Jesus has been used in various depictions in art, e.g. as the Tree of Jesse or in hymns like "Lo, how a rose e'er blooming."

Narrative
According to the Bible, Jesse was the son of Obed and the grandson of Ruth and of Boaz. He lived in Bethlehem, in Judah, and was of the Tribe of Judah, he was a farmer, breeder and owner of sheep. He was a prominent resident of the town of Bethlehem. Jesse is important in Judaism because he was the father of the most famous King of Israel. He is important in Christianity, in part because he is in the Old Testament and mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus. Later rabbinic traditions name him as one of four ancient Israelites who died without sin, the other three being Benjamin, Chileab and Amram.

The Book of Samuel states that Jesse had eight sons, naming the first three as Eliab, Abinadab and Shammah, and David as the youngest. The Book of Chronicles names seven sons of Jesse—Eliab, Abinadab, Shimea, Nethanel, Raddai, Ozem and David—as well as two daughters, Zeruiah and Abigail. Among his grandchildren were the three sons of Zeruiah: Abishai, Joab and Asahel; and Amasa, the son of Abigail.

One day the prophet Samuel came to Bethlehem sent by God, to anoint the next king of Israel. Ostensibly, his visit to Bethlehem was to offer a sacrifice to God. He used that excuse because he was afraid that King Saul might kill him if he suspected the true reason for his arrival in Bethlehem. Samuel offered a sacrifice with Jesse and then went to his house, where he sanctified him and his family. The prophet asked Jesse to present his sons. When Samuel saw Eliab, Jesse's eldest son, he was impressed by his stature and convinced that he must be God's anointed king, however, God said to Samuel, "Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. The Lord does not look at the things man looks at. Man look at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart" (1 Samuel 16:7 NIV). When Jesse presented his second son, Abinadab, God told Samuel, "The Lord has not chosen this one either" (1 Samuel 16:8 NIV). This happened again with his third son, Shammah, then his fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh sons. Finally, Samuel inquired of Jesse if he had any other sons. Jesse told him that David the youngest was tending the flock. The prophet then asked for him to be brought in from tending the sheep. Samuel waited, and when he arrived God asked the prophet to anoint David as king over Israel (1 Samuel 16:13).

Some time later, Saul, suffering from depression and melancholy, asked Jesse for his son David to play the harp for him, since he had heard that David played the harp beautifully. Jesse sent his son along with some gifts for the King. The King was so taken with David's harp playing that he asked Jesse to keep him in his court to play for him whenever he was depressed. Later on Jesse sent his son David with gifts to be given to his older brothers who were to fight in the war against the Philistines in Saul's army. Years later David fled to the desert away from Saul, who sought to kill David in order for him to stay in power and not have his throne be taken away from him. David, worried about the safety of his parents, went to Mizpah in Moab, to ask permission from the King to allow his father Jesse and his mother to stay under the royal protection of the King. They stayed there until David's fortunes took a turn for the better.

In prophecy
The name Jesse is referenced in the Old Testament, and in particular the passages of the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 11, Verses 1–3: "1. And there shall come forth a shoot from the stump of Jesse, and a branch shall grow out of his roots. 2. And the Spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and the fear of the Lord. 3. And his delight shall be in the fear of the Lord. He shall not judge by what his eyes see, or decide by what his ears hear;"

Also Chapter 11, Verse 10: "10. In that day the root of Jesse shall stand as an ensign to the peoples; him shall the nations seek, and his dwellings shall be glorious."

These are two of the verses regarded by Christians as prophecy of the advent of Jesus, whom they consider to be the Christ and Messiah. These two prophecies are regarded by Bahá'ís as referring to Bahá'u'lláh, alleged to also have arisen from "the stump of Jesse". These prophecies are also regarded in Latter-Day Saint Movement about the coming Root of Jesse, an ensign who holds special priesthood keys and a gathering of the Lord's people.

Tomb of Jesse
The Tomb of Ruth and Jesse is an old stone structure on a hilltop in Hebron which today serves as a synagogue. It receives numerous visitors every year, especially on the Jewish holiday of Shavuot when the Book of Ruth is read. The 1537 book Yihus HaAvos V'Neviim (Lineage of the Patriarch and the Prophets) describes the tomb as "a handsome building up on the mount, where Jesse, the King David's father is buried." It includes a drawing of the site, and notes an "ancient Israelite burial ground" nearby and Crusader courtyard. Rabbi Moshe Basola wrote in his travel journal that the site houses a cave which connects to the Tomb of Machpela, an assertion postulated by many over the years. The site was refurbished in 2009.

title: Jesse (biblical figure)


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Rimmer

Rimmer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Anne Rimmer (born 1947), New Zealand conservationist and writer
 * Eve Rimmer (1937–1996), New Zealand athlete
 * Jimmy Rimmer, English footballer
 * Jodie Rimmer (born 1974), New Zealand voice and performer actress
 * John Rimmer (1878–1962), British athlete
 * Lasse Rimmer (born 1972), Danish entertainer
 * Marie Rimmer, British Labour Party politician, Member of Parliament (MP) for St Helens South and Whiston May 2015
 * Michael Rimmer (born 1986), English middle distance runner
 * Robert Rimmer, author of The Harrad Experiment
 * Simon Rimmer (born 1962), English Celebrity chef and television presenter
 * Shane Rimmer (1929–2019), Canadian actor
 * William Rimmer, English-born American artist
 * William Rimmer (music), English composer of brass band music

Fictional characters:
 * Arnold Rimmer, a fictional character in the BBC sitcom Red Dwarf
 * Michael Rimmer, fictional anti-hero of the film The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rimmer


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User:Songwriter

Could a sysop have a look at this please?

It seems as if this page has somehow got bits added in from someone else's edits of something else.

In the Rain;Keith Wikes witness to Sweating performance of Clifford Sweat Nick/named Keith ,Impersonation by cousian/nepfew writer and singer used talent contest to impersonate ,and currently music fraud. Cliff or Kieth wore Brown contact eye lens but was the orginal writer singer performer of In the Rain tape and album with Marlyn London whom caneled role to Janet Jackson while Tisha Campbell stop Latoya and David then Tisha and Michael

back to son and Ms Gray,little Kim, question the jacksons tace the event to clean soul Christian ;start temple GREATER CHRIST TEMPLE grandmother Ebony /singer may she green or brown and Grandfather grandson fOGY;gREEN eYES firey eyes laughly as devil;freed at last speaks he hads new mate Ms Tex Reed.

title: User:Songwriter


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User:Cliffordfreeman

Must add quickly Larry songwriter speaks with drug blood iron low calcium Bone Blood Ghost Shell time. Larry Levert

IT HAS BEEN BROUGHT TO MY ATTENTION: To addiction,claim'Joe Campbell;Tisha Campbell,Macy Gray Iron transdiction Low count mass glacoma 1961/mal-pactice, refering to Shell Ghost / to Josephine Carr;Camaron Carr;car/carr Blank sperm;count/load up;mis count recharge church;Little Kim;Holy Ghost correction 1tim/6 ,JoshUA 10,12 and the lite of Paul verses Saul;le

Park Ave SAC ChoirExchange 0002;00011/0001,00012,0002/2539641860 203 374 27<27>203/3374/5611

title: User:Cliffordfreeman


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Lapland (Finland)

Lapland (Lappi ; Lappi; Lappi; Lappland; Lapponia; Skolt Sami: Ла̄ппӣ мäддкåҍддь, Lappi mäddkå'dd) is the largest and northernmost region of Finland. The 21 municipalities in the region cooperate in a Regional Council. Lapland borders the region of North Ostrobothnia in the south. It also borders the Gulf of Bothnia, Norrbotten County in Sweden, Finnmark County and Troms County in Norway, and Murmansk Oblast and the Republic of Karelia in Russia. Topography varies from vast mires and forests of the South to fells in the North. The Arctic Circle crosses Lapland, so polar phenomena such as the midnight sun and polar night can be viewed in Lapland.

Lapland's cold and wintry climate, coupled with its relative abundance of conifer trees such as pines and spruces, means that it has become associated with Christmas in some countries, most notably the United Kingdom, and holidays to Lapland are common towards the end of the year. However, the Lapland region has developed its infrastructure for year-round tourism. For example, in the 2019 snow-free period tourism grew more than in the winter season. In recent years, Lapland has also become a major tourist destination for world-class celebrities as well as royalty.

Rovaniemi is the main regional centre of Lapland, and the Rovaniemi Airport is the second busiest airport in Finland. Besides tourism, other important sectors are trade, manufacturing and construction. Like Rovaniemi, Inari is also one of the most important tourist destinations in Lapland for foreign tourism.

Lapland has been connected with the legendary "North Pole" home of Santa Claus (Father Christmas or Saint Nicholas) since 1927, when Finnish radio host Markus Rautio said that Santa Claus lived on Korvatunturi, a fell (mountain) in the region. Later, Rovaniemi staked a claim as Santa's "official hometown" and developed the Santa Claus Village attraction to encourage tourism.

Geography
The area of the Lapland region is 100,367 km², which consists of 92,667 km² of dry land, 6,316 km² fresh water and 1,383 km² of seawater. In the south it borders the Northern Ostrobothnia region, in the west, Sweden, in the north and west Norway, and in the east, Russia. Its borders follow three rivers: the Tana, Muonio and Torne. The largest lake is Lake Inari, 1,102 km². The region's highest point is on Halti, which reaches 1,324 m (4,344 ft) on the Finnish side of the border and is the highest point in Finland.

The areas of Enontekiö and Utsjoki in northern Lapland are known as Fell-Lapland. The bulk and remaining Lapland is known as Forest-Lapland. Lake Inari, the many fens of the region and the Salla-Saariselkä mountains are all part of Forest-Lapland. Fell-Lapland lies in the fells of the Scandinavian Mountains. It is not made up of barren ground like blockfields but instead has the vegetation of birch forests, willow thickets or heath. Common soil types in Forest-Lapland are till and sand with conifer forests growing on top. These forests show little variation across Lapland. Compared to southern Finland forest tree species grow slower. The understory typically consists of blueberries, lichens, crowberries and lings.

The landscape of large parts of Lapland is an inselberg plain. It has been suggested the inselberg plains were formed in the Late Cretaceous or Paleogene period by pediplanation or etchplanation. Relative to southern Finland Lapland stands out for its thick till cover. The hills and mountains are typically made up of resistant rocks like granite, gneiss, quartzite and amphibolite. The ice sheet that covered Finland intermittently during the Quaternary grew out from the Scandinavian Mountains. The central parts of the Fennoscandian ice sheet had cold-based conditions during times of maximum extent. This means that in areas like northeast Sweden and northern Finland, pre-existing landforms and deposits escaped glacier erosion and are particularly well preserved at present. Northwest to the southeast movement of the ice has left a field of aligned drumlins in central Lapland. Ribbed moraines found in the same area reflects a later west-to-east change in the movement of the ice. During the last deglaciation ice in Lapland retreated from the north-east, east and southeast so that the lower course of the Tornio was the last part of Finland to be deglaciated 10,100 years ago. Present-day periglacial conditions in Lapland are reflected in the existence of numerous palsas, permafrost landforms developed on peat.

The bedrock of Lapland belongs to the Karelian Domain occupying the bulk of the region, the Kola Domain in the northeast around Lake Inari and the Scandinavian Caledonides in the tip of Lapland's northwestern arm. With few exceptions rocks are of Archean and Proterozoic age. Granites, gneiss, metasediments and metavolcanics are common rocks while greenstone belts are recurring features. More rare rock associations include mafic and ultramafic layered intrusions and one of the world's oldest ophiolites. The region hosts valuable deposits of gold, chromium, iron and phosphate.

Climate
The first snowflakes fall to the ground in late August or early September over the higher peaks. The first ground-covering snow arrives on average in October or late September. Permanent snow cover comes between mid-October and the end of November, significantly earlier than in southern Finland. The winter is long, approximately seven months. The snow cover is usually thickest in early April. Soon after that the snow cover starts to melt fast. The thickest snow cover ever was measured in Kilpisjärvi on 19 April 1997 and it was 190 cm. The annual mean temperature varies from a couple of degrees below zero in the northwest to a couple of degrees above zero in the southwest (Kemi-Tornio area). Lapland exhibits a trend of increasing precipitation towards the south, with the driest parts being located at the two arms.

In summer months, the average temperature is consistently over 10°C. Heat waves with daily temperatures exceeding 25°C occur on an average of 5-10 days per summer in northern Finland.

History
The area of Lapland was split between two counties of the Swedish Realm from 1634 to 1809. The northern and western areas were part of Västerbotten County, while the southern areas (so-called Peräpohjola) were part of Ostrobothnia County (after 1755 Oulu County). The northern and western areas were transferred in 1809 to Oulu County, which became Oulu Province. Under the royalist constitution of Finland during the first half of 1918, Lapland was to become a Grand Principality and part of the inheritance of the proposed king of Finland. Lapland Province was separated from Oulu Province in 1938.

During the Interim Peace and beginning of the Continuation War the government of Finland allowed the Nazi German Army to station itself in Lapland as a part of Operation Barbarossa. After Finland made a separate peace with the Soviet Union in 1944, the Soviet Union demanded that Finland expel the German army from its soil. The result was the Lapland War, during which almost the whole civilian population of Lapland was evacuated. The Germans used scorched earth tactics in Lapland before they withdrew to Norway. 40 to 47 per cent of the dwellings in Lapland and 417 km of railroads were destroyed, 9500 km of roadways were mined, destroyed or were unusable, and 675 bridges and 3700 km of telephone lines were also destroyed. Ninety per cent of Rovaniemi, the capital of Lapland, was burned to the ground, with only a few pre-war buildings surviving the destruction.

After the Second World War, Petsamo municipality and part of Salla municipality were ceded to the Soviet Union. The decades following the war were a period of rebuilding, industrialisation and fast economic growth. Large hydroelectric plants and mines were established and cities, roads and bridges were rebuilt after the destruction of the war. In the late 20th century the economy of Lapland started to decline, mines and factories became unprofitable and the population started to decline rapidly across most of the region.

The provinces of Finland were abolished on 1 January 2010, but Lapland was reorganised as one of the new regions that replaced them.

Municipalities
The region of Lapland consists of 21 municipalities, four of which have city status (marked in bold).

Sub-regions
Kemi-Tornio sub-region Rovaniemi sub-region Torne Valley sub-region
 * Kemi.vaakuna.svg Kemi
 * Keminmaa.vaakuna.svg Keminmaa
 * Simo.vaakuna.svg Simo
 * Tervola.vaakuna.svg Tervola
 * Tornio.vaakuna.svg Tornio
 * Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg Rovaniemi
 * Ranua.vaakuna.svg Ranua
 * Pellon vaakuna.svg Pello
 * Ylitornio.vaakuna.svg Ylitornio

Eastern Lapland sub-region Northern Lapland sub-region Fell Lapland sub-region
 * Kemijärvi.vaakuna.svg Kemijärvi
 * Pelkosenniemi.vaakuna.svg Pelkosenniemi
 * Posio.vaakuna.svg Posio
 * Salla.vaakuna.svg Salla
 * Savukoski.vaakuna.svg Savukoski
 * Inari.vaakuna.svg Inari
 * Sodankyla.vaakuna.svg Sodankylä
 * Utsjoki.vaakuna.svg Utsjoki
 * Enontekiö.vaakuna.svg Enontekiö
 * Kittilä.vaakuna.svg Kittilä
 * Kolari.vaakuna.svg Kolari
 * Muonio.vaakuna.svg Muonio

Population
Lapland is the home of about 3.4% of Finland's total population and is by far the least densely populated area in the country. The biggest towns in Lapland are Rovaniemi (the regional capital), Tornio, and Kemi. In 2011, Lapland had a population of 183,320 of whom 177,950 spoke Finnish, 1,526 spoke Sami, 387 spoke Swedish and 3,467 spoke some other languages as their mother tongue. Of the Sami languages, Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami are spoken in the region. Pelkosenniemi is the smallest municipality in mainland Finland in terms of population, while Savukoski is sparsely populated in terms of population density.

Lapland's population has been in decline since 1990.

Regional council
The 21 municipalities of Lapland are organised into a single region, where they cooperate in the Lapland regional council, Lapin liitto or Lapplands förbund.

Politics
Lapland has seven seats in the 200-seat parliament of Finland. In the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election, three seats went to Centre Party, and the Finns Party, the Left Alliance, the Social Democratic Party and the National Coalition Party got one seat each.

The votes were distributed as follows:
 * Centre Party 29.20%
 * Finns Party 17.19%
 * Left Alliance 14.16%
 * Social Democratic Party 13.51%
 * National Coalition Party 11.26%
 * Green League 9.72%
 * Movement Now 1.99%
 * Christian Democrats 1.08%
 * Seven Star Movement 0.67%
 * Blue Reform 0.48%
 * Swedish People's Party 0.11%
 * Other parties 0.63%

Sámi homeland
The northernmost municipalities of Lapland where the Sámi people are the most numerous form the Sámi homeland. Sámi organisation exists in parallel with the provincial one.

Roads
Three European roads pass through Lapland: E8, E63 and E75, the latter of which runs almost 600 kilometres from the southernmost municipality of Simo to the northernmost municipality of Utsjoki.

Airports
Kemi-Tornio, Rovaniemi, Kittilä, Ivalo and Enontekiö airports are located in Lapland. The flight time from Helsinki is about 1,5 hours.

Railways
In the western part, the Laurila–Kelloselkä railway runs from Tornio to Kolari, and the eastern line runs from Keminmaa via Rovaniemi and Kemijärvi to the eastern border of the country at Salla's Kelloselkä.

title: Lapland (Finland)


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Direct Client-to-Client

Direct Client-to-Client (DCC) (originally Direct Client Connection  ) is an IRC-related sub-protocol enabling peers to interconnect using an IRC server for handshaking in order to exchange files or perform non-relayed chats. Once established, a typical DCC session runs independently from the IRC server. Originally designed to be used with ircII it is now supported by many IRC clients. Some peer-to-peer clients on napster-protocol servers also have DCC send/get capability, including TekNap, SunshineUN and Lopster. A variation of the DCC protocol called SDCC (Secure Direct Client-to-Client), also known as DCC SCHAT supports encrypted connections. An RFC specification on the use of DCC does not exist.

DCC connections can be initiated in two different ways:
 * The most common way is to use CTCP to initiate a DCC session. The CTCP is sent from one user, over the IRC network, to another user.
 * Another way to initiate a DCC session is for the client to connect directly to the DCC server. Using this method, no traffic will go across the IRC network (the parties involved do not need to be connected to an IRC network in order to initiate the DCC connection).

History
ircII was the first IRC client to implement the CTCP and DCC protocols. The CTCP protocol was implemented by Michael Sandrof in 1990 for ircII version 2.1. The DCC protocol was implemented by Troy Rollo in 1991 for version 2.1.2, but was never intended to be portable to other IRC clients.

DCC CHAT
The CHAT service enables users to chat with each other over a DCC connection. The traffic will go directly between the users, and not over the IRC network. When compared to sending messages normally, this reduces IRC network load, allows sending of larger amounts of text at once, due to the lack of flood control, and makes the communication more secure by not exposing the message to the IRC servers (however, the message is still in plaintext).

DCC CHAT is normally initiated using a CTCP handshake. The user wishing to establish the connection sends the following CTCP to the target,, where ip and port are the IP address and port number of the sender, and are expressed as integers. protocol is chat for standard DCC CHAT. The receiving party can then connect to the given port and IP address.

Once a connection is established, the protocol used for DCC CHAT is very simple: users exchange CRLF-terminated messages. Messages that begin with an ASCII 001 (control-A, represented below by [^A]) and the word ACTION, and are terminated by another ASCII 001, are interpreted as emotes:.

DCC Whiteboard
This is an extension to DCC CHAT, allowing simple drawing commands to be sent as well as lines of text. DCC Whiteboard is initiated with a handshake similar to DCC CHAT, with the protocol chat replaced by wboard: .

Once the connection is established, the two clients exchange CRLF-terminated messages. Messages that begin (and optionally end) with ASCII 001 are interpreted as special commands; the command ACTION represents an emote, while others cause lines to be drawn on the user's whiteboard surface, or allow the two clients to negotiate a set of features.

DCC SEND
The SEND service allows users to send files to one another. The original specification for the handshake did not allow the receiver to know the total file size nor to resume a transfer. This has made clients introduce their own extensions to the handshake, many of which have become widely supported.

The original handshake consisted of the sender sending the following CTCP to the receiver:.

As with DCC CHAT, ip and port are the IP address and port where the sending machine will be listening for an incoming connection. Some clients enclose filenames with spaces in double quotes. It is common practice to add the file size as a last argument:.

At this point, the original specification had the receiver either connect to the given address and port and wait for data, or ignore the request, but for clients supporting the DCC RESUME extension, a third alternative is to ask the sender to skip part of the file by sending the CTCP reply:.

If the sending client supports DCC RESUME, it will reply with,, and the receiver can connect to the given address and port and listen for data to append to an already existing file.

Data is sent to the client in blocks, each of which the client must acknowledge by sending the total number of bytes received in the form of a 32-bit network byte order integer. This slows down connections and is redundant because of TCP. The send-ahead extension relieves this problem somewhat by not waiting for the acknowledgements, but since the receiver still has to send them for every block it receives, in case the sender expects them, it is not solved completely.

Another extension, TDCC, or turbo DCC, removes the acknowledgements, but requires a slightly modified handshake and is not widely supported. Older versions of TDCC replaced the word SEND in the handshake with TSEND; later versions use the word SEND but append a T after the handshake, making this version of TSEND compatible with other clients (as long as they can parse the modified handshake).

DCC SEND exploit
The "DCC send exploit" can refer to two bugs: a variant buffer overflow error in mIRC triggered by filenames longer than 14 characters, and an input validation error in some routers manufactured by Netgear, D-Link and Linksys, triggered by the use of port 0. The router exploit, in particular, may be triggered when the phrase 'DCC SEND' followed by at least 6 characters without spaces or newlines appears anywhere in a TCP stream on port 6667, not just when an actual DCC SEND request has been made. In the 2000s it was possible to combine multiple exploits into a single string, DCC SEND startkeylogger 0 0 0, which if posted in a public channel could cause multiple users to disconnect (either by crashing IRC clients, crashing routers, or triggering overly strict default settings in antivirus software).

DCC XMIT
The XMIT service is a modified version of DCC SEND that allows for resuming files and cuts down on wasteful traffic from the ACK longs. XMIT is not widely supported.

The XMIT handshake differs somewhat from the SEND handshake. The sender sends a CTCP offering a file to the receiver:

Square brackets here enclose optional parts. protocol is the protocol to use for the transfer; only clear is defined presently. Unlike standard DCC SEND, ip can be in the additional forms of standard dotted notation for IPv4, or either hexadecimal or mixed notation for IPv6. To leave an early parameter empty, but still supply a later one, the earlier one can be specified as -. If the receiver does not implement the protocol used, it will send back a CTCP reply of the format:.

CHAT is used here to maintain compatibility with the error messages sent by the extended DCC CHAT. If the receiver declines the transfer, it sends the following CTCP reply:.

Other errors are reported in the same fashion. If the receiver is willing and capable of receiving the file, it will connect to the given address and port. What happens then depends on the protocol used.

In the case of the clear protocol, the XMIT server will, upon receiving a connection, send a 32-bit  in network byte order, representing the file's modification time. Presumably based on the modification time of the local file, the client will then send another network byte order, an offset which the server should seek to when sending the file. This should be set to zero if the whole file is wanted, or the size of the local file if the client wishes to resume a previous download.

While faster than SEND, XMIT carries one of the same limitations in that it is impossible to tell how big the file is, unless its size is specified in the CTCP negotiation or known beforehand. Furthermore, it is not possible to resume a file past the two gigabyte mark due to the 32-bit offset.

Passive DCC
In a normal DCC connection the initiator acts as the server, and the target is the client. Because of widespread firewalling and reduction of end-to-end transparency because of NAT, the initiator might not be able to act as a server. Various ways of asking the target to act as the server have been devised:

DCC Server
This extension to normal DCC SEND and CHAT was introduced by the IRC client mIRC. DCC Server has moderate support, but is not standard on all clients (see Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients).

It allows the initiation of a DCC connection by IP address, without the need of an IRC server. This is accomplished by the receiving client acting as a server (hence the name) listening (usually on port 59) for a handshake from the sender.

For a CHAT, the initiator sends. The target then replies with,, and the rest proceeds according to standard DCC CHAT protocol.

For a SEND, the initiator sends. The target replies with,, where resume position is the offset in the file from which to start. From here the transfer proceeds as a normal DCC SEND.

DCC Server also supports mIRC-style file servers and DCC GET.

RDCC
DCC Server provides no way specifying the port to use, so this has to be negotiated manually, which is not always possible, as one of the sides may not be a human. RDCC is a handshake mechanism for DCC Server, which in addition to the port also provides the IP address of the server, which the client might not be able to find otherwise because of host masking. It is not widely supported.

The initiator requests the port the target is listening on by sending the CTCP query,, where function is c for chat, s for send, or f for file server.

The target may then CTCP reply with,, where ip and port have the same meanings as for normal DCC SEND and CHAT. After this the initiator connects to the ip and port, and a DCC Server handshake follows.

DCC REVERSE
Unlike DCC Server, where the handshake is handled over a direct IP connection, DCC REVERSE has a normal CTCP handshake, similar to the one used by DCC SEND. This is not widely implemented. The sender offers a file to the receiver by sending the CTCP message:. key is a 1–50 characters-long string of ASCII characters in the range 33–126, and acts as an identifier for the transfer.

If the receiver accepts, it sends the CTCP reply,

Here, start is the position in the file from which to start sending, ip is the IP address of the receiver in standard dotted notation for IPv4, or hexadecimal notation for IPv6. The sender then connects to the ip address and port indicated by the receiver, and a normal DCC SEND follows. Both the sender and receiver can cancel the handshake by sending the CTCP reply,.

DCC RSEND
This is the KVIrc client's alternative to DCC REVERSE. The sender offers a file by sending the CTCP:. The receiver can then accept by CTCP replying with,, and the sender connects to the receiver and sends as during a normal DCC SEND.

Reverse / Firewall DCC
This passive DCC mechanism is supported by at least mIRC, Visual IRC, HexChat, KVIrc, DMDirc, Klient, Konversation, and PhibianIRC. The sender offers a file by sending the CTCP message,. ip is the IP address of the sender in network byte order, expressed as a single integer (as in standard DCC). The number 0 is sent instead of a valid port, signaling that this is a Reverse DCC request. token is a unique integer; if TSEND is being used (by a client that supports it), the letter T is appended to the token, letting the receiver know it doesn't need to send acknowledgements.

The receiver can accept the file by opening a listening socket and responding with the CTCP message,. This is identical to the original Reverse DCC message, except the ip and port identify the socket where the receiver is listening. token is the same as in the original request, letting the sender know which request is being accepted. (Because this message follows the same format as a regular DCC send request, some servers which filter DCC requests may require the sender to add the receiver to their "DCC allow" list.)

The sender then connects to the receiver's socket, sends the content of the file, and waits for the receiver to close the socket when the file is finished.

When the RESUME extension to the SEND protocol is used, the sequence of commands becomes (with >> indicating an outgoing message on the initiating side, and << response by its peer):

After which the protocol proceeds as normal (i.e. the sender connects to the receiver's socket).

File servers (FSERVs)
A DCC fserve, or file server, lets a user browse, read and download files located on a DCC server.

Typically, this is implemented with a DCC CHAT session (which presents the user with a command prompt) or special CTCP commands to request a file. The files are sent over DCC SEND or DCC XMIT. There are many implementations of DCC file servers, among them is the FSERV command in the popular mIRC client.

title: Direct Client-to-Client


text:
Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden

Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden, PC (18 July 1864 – 15 May 1937) was a British politician. A strong speaker, he became popular in trade union circles for his denunciation of capitalism as unethical and his promise of a socialist utopia. He was the first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer, a position he held in 1924 and again between 1929 and 1931. He broke with Labour policy in 1931, and was expelled from the party and excoriated as a turncoat, as the party was overwhelmingly crushed that year by the National Government coalition that Snowden supported. He was succeeded as Chancellor by Neville Chamberlain.

Early life: 1864–1906
Snowden was born on 18 July 1864 in Cowling in the West Riding of Yorkshire. His father John Snowden had been a weaver and a supporter of Chartism, and later a Gladstonian liberal. Snowden later wrote in his autobiography: "I was brought up in this Radical atmosphere, and it was then that I imbibed the political and social principles which I have held fundamentally ever since". Although his parents and sisters were involved in weaving at the Ickornshaw Mill, he did not join them; after attending a local board school (where he received additional lessons in French and Latin from the schoolmaster) he stayed on as a pupil-teacher. When he was 15 he became an insurance office clerk in Burnley. During his seven years as a clerk, he studied and then passed the civil service entry examination; in 1886, he was appointed to a junior position at the Excise Office in Liverpool. Snowden moved on to other posts around Scotland and then to Devon.

In August 1891, when he was aged 27, Snowden severely injured his back in a cycling accident in Devon and was paralyzed from the waist down. He learned to walk again with the aid of sticks within two years. His Inland Revenue job was kept open for him for two years following the accident; however, owing to his condition, he decided to resign from the civil service. While he was convalescing at his mother's house at Cowling he began to study socialist theory and history.

Snowden joined the Liberal Party, and followed his parents in becoming a teetotaller. In 1893, in the aftermath of the formation of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in neighbouring Bradford, he was asked to give a speech for the Cowling Liberal Club on the dangers of socialism. Whilst researching the subject, Snowden instead became convinced by the ideology. He eventually joined the executive committee of the Keighley ILP in 1899, and went on to chair the ILP from 1903 to 1906. He became a prominent speaker for the party, and wrote a popular Christian socialist pamphlet with Keir Hardie in 1903, entitled The Christ that is to Be. His strident rhetoric, well-laced with statistics and evangelical themes, contrasted the evil conditions under capitalism with the moral and economic utopia of future socialism. He condemned as "bloodsuckers and parasites" local textile company executives. In 1898, he launched the Keighley Labour Journal, using it to denounce waste, pettiness, and corruption. However, he ignored the concerns of the trade unions, which he judged to be conservative and fixated on wages. By 1902, he had moved his base to Leeds and toured Britain as a lecturer on politics and corruption, with his own syndicated column and short essays in numerous working class outlets. By the time he was elected Labour MP for Blackburn in 1906, he had become a well-known socialist figure, standing at the national level alongside both Keir Hardie, Professor Arnold Lupton and Ramsay MacDonald.

Snowden married Ethel Annakin, a campaigner for women's suffrage, in 1905. He supported his wife's ideals, and he became a noted speaker at suffragist meetings and other public meetings.

Member of Parliament: 1906–1924
Snowden unsuccessfully contested the Wakefield constituency in West Yorkshire in a by-election in March 1902, where he received 40 percent of the votes. In 1906, he became the Labour MP for Blackburn. He continued his writing and lectures, and now was advocating more radical measures than the ruling Liberal government was implementing. He even devised his own "Socialist budget" to rival David Lloyd George's 1909 "People's Budget".

Snowden was in Australia on a worldwide lecture tour when the Britain entered World War I in August 1914; he did not return to Britain until February 1915. He was not a pacifist; however, he did not support recruiting for the armed forces, and he campaigned against conscription. His stance was unpopular with the public and he lost his seat in the 1918 general election. In 1922, he was elected to represent Colne Valley.

Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1924
Upon Ramsay MacDonald's appointment as Prime Minister in January 1924, Snowden was appointed as the Labour Party's first ever Chancellor of the Exchequer and sworn of the Privy Council. Despite his socialist rhetoric, Snowden believed that in order to transition towards a socialist society the capitalist British economy had to recover from World War I and the Depression of 1920–1921. He therefore cut taxes and tariffs in order balance the national budget, and continued to commit the government to reentering the gold standard by 1925.

In his budget, Snowden lowered the duties on tea, coffee, cocoa, chicory and sugar; reduced spending on armaments; and provided money for council housing. However, he did not implement the capital levy. Snowden claimed that because of the lowering of duties on foodstuffs consumed by the working class, the budget went "far to realize the cherished radical idea of a free breakfast table". He profoundly believed in the morality of the balanced budget, with rigorous economy and not a penny wasted. He grasped how serious unemployment was becoming, but differed with the rising belief in deficit spending as a way to combat it. A. J. P. Taylor said his budget "would have delighted the heart of Gladstone".

In his first budget, Snowden earmarked £38 million for the reduction of food taxes, the introduction of pensions for widows, and a reduction in the pensionable age to 65. However, only the first of these measures was realized during the first Labour Government's time in office.

Opposition: 1924–1929
Although he had chaired the ILP for a second time, from 1917 to 1920, Snowden resigned from the party in 1927 because he believed it was "drifting more and more away from... evolutionary socialism into revolutionary socialism". He was also opposed to the new Keynesian economic ideas which provided a rationale for deficit spending, and criticized their expression in the Liberals' manifesto for the 1929 election, titled We can Conquer Unemployment.

Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1929–1931
Snowden was again appointed Chancellor after Labour formed a government in 1929, after emerging as the largest party in the general election. His economic philosophy was one of strict Gladstonian Liberalism rather than socialism. His official biographer wrote, "He was raised in an atmosphere which regarded borrowing as an evil and free trade as an essential ingredient of prosperity".

He was the principal opponent to any radical economic policy to tackle the Great Depression, and blocked proposals to introduce protectionist tariffs. In 1930 he rejected the Mosley Manifesto issued by junior Labour ministers led by Oswald Mosley proposing a programme of high spending on public works and autarkic Imperial Preference to combat unemployment. The government eventually collapsed over arguments about a budget deficit when Snowden accepted the Committee on National Expenditure's recommendations for budget cuts while a significant minority of ministers led by Arthur Henderson, the National Executive Committee, and the General Council of the Trades Union Congress refused to enact cuts in unemployment benefits.

Snowden retained the position of Chancellor during the National Government of 1931. As a consequence he was expelled from the party, along with MacDonald and Jimmy Thomas. In a BBC Radio broadcast on 16 October 1931, he called Labour's policies "Bolshevism run mad" and contrasted them unfavourably with his own "sane and evolutionary Socialism". Snowden decided not to stand for parliament in the election of November 1931. At that election, Labour's number of seats declined catastrophically from 288 to 52. It was during that year he had prostate gland surgery, following which his health and mobility declined.

Robert Skidelsky is representative of the Keynesians who have charged that Snowden and MacDonald were blinded by their economic philosophy that required balanced budgets, sound money, the gold standard and free trade, regardless of the damage that Keynesians thought it would do to the economy and the people. However, with the decline of Keynesianism as a model after 1968, historians have re-evaluated Snowden in a more favourable light. Ross McKibbin argues that the Labour government had very limited room to manoeuvre in 1929–31, and it did as well as could be expected; and that it handled the British economy better than most foreign governments handled theirs, and the Great Depression was less severe in Britain than elsewhere. Future Prime Minister Harold Wilson would also be inspired by Snowden's policies to resist a devaluation of the pound sterling in 1967.

Later life: 1931–1937
In the 1931 Dissolution Honours he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Snowden of Ickornshaw, in the West Riding of the County of York, and served as Lord Privy Seal in the National government from 1931 to 1932, when he resigned in protest at the enactment of a full scheme of Imperial Preference and protectionist tariffs. That year, Snowden said there was never a greater mistake than to say that Cobdenism was dead: "Cobdenism was never more alive throughout the world than it was to-day ... To-day the ideas of Cobden were in revolt against selfish nationalism. The need for the breaking down of trade restrictions, which took various forms, was universally recognized even by those who were unable to throw off those shackles".

He subsequently wrote his Autobiography in which he strongly attacked MacDonald. In the 1935 general election, Snowden supported the Keynesian economic programme proposed by Lloyd George ("Lloyd George's New Deal"), despite it being a complete repudiation of Snowden's own liberal fiscal policies. Snowden claimed that he was returning to long-held economic views, but that these had been "temporarily inadvisable" during the crisis of 1931, when "national necessity" demanded cutting public expenditure.

Lord Snowden died of a heart attack at his home, Eden Lodge, Tilford, Surrey, on 15 May 1937, aged 72. After cremation at Woking Crematorium his ashes were scattered on Cowling Moor near Ickornshaw. His library of books and pamphlets was presented to Keighley Public Library by his widow, and a cairn was erected to his memory on Ickornshaw Moor in 1938.

His viscountcy died with him. Lady Snowden died in February 1951, aged 69.

title: Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden


text:
Talk:Jesse (biblical figure)

Untitled
Is this person's appearance in the Bible the only evidence we have for their existence, or are there other accounts or archaeological evidence as well?--Robert Merkel 00:02 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

There is no archeological evidence. I found his name alraedy wikified on King David's entry. You think it should be removed? Perhaps enter it to David's entry as a sub-entry titled "ancestry"? - Nahum —Preceding undated comment added at 00:17, 13 July 2003 (UTC)
 * If his story is told "at length" in the Book of Ruth, a summary of that story and a bit of clarification of his historicity would make a very acceptable wikipedia entry IMO. --Robert Merkel 00:23 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I just had a flick through Ruth. He is mentioned only briefly in one passage.  I say redirect the article to David and mention David'd ancestry there. --Robert Merkel 00:26 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Ok, Done. Nahum 00:52 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Disambig may be necessary. There was a sitcom called Jesse starring Christina Applegate. Mike H 05:11, Aug 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok IZAK 05:34, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Ha, someone changed it... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.230.179.55 (talk) 06:24, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Do we have any citation regarding Jesse's supposed hottness? 147.253.163.29 05:46, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

"Yishai" actually means "God's gift." "Shai" is another word for gift in Hebrew (still used today), and the "Yi" prefix is another name for God. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.51.55.246 (talk) 20:51, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

It Doesn't Have To Be This Way
They could be a chance someone could be out there with a new stuff. I mean the game has not not been released yet. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.176.197.219 (talk) 22:18, 2 March 2007 (UTC).

my names jesse —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.186.106.220 (talk) 12:51, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Headline text
(moved to here for readability Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 13:25, 5 April 2010 (UTC))

Jesus = Jesse
I know this looks to be original research. I wouldn't be at all surprised to be reverted, but i hope, instead, someone will come up with a citation. I know the information to be accurate from years of conversations w/hispanics-latinos, and i think the info germaine to the subject. I hope someone will come 2 my rescue here. Ragityman (talk) 03:27, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry about the blanking: totally unintentional. No vandalism was intended.  Don't know anything about the bot that produced the gibberish in the next edit.  Maybe vandalism, or maybe an automatic response triggered by my blanking.  I will attempt to redo my previous edit, this time w/o blanking.
 * Ragityman (talk) 06:04, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I found a source for citation! It's old, but i wouldn't think outdated, as we're dealing w/antiquities.  Will place it here and then attenpt to create a ref.  Haven't done that b4, so if i mess it up, please feel free to fix it.
 * p. 11, Addresses on the Book of Joshua by H.A. Ironside, Litt. D., (c) 1950 Loizeaux Bros., Inc., N.Y.
 * Ragityman (talk) 07:17, 4 September 2010 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by "Jesus = Jesse"? --Willthacheerleader18 (talk) 18:52, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, according to Semiticist Edward Lipinski in his book, Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar..."For example, David's patronymic *Yeššay (Greek Iεσσαι) probably preserves an old Afro-Asiatic noun attested in Amharic as wəšša, "dog", in East Cushitic as wišš-, "dog", in Tuareg as uššən, "jackal", in Egyptian as wnš, "wolf", "jackal". Of course, the name may also become meaningless to later generations and degenerate into a mere label or tag. This loss of lexical meaning affects especially names borrowed from one language into another. A name may also be reinterpreted and receive a new meaning; e.g. the name of Jehu's grandfather Nmšy, certainly related to Amorite Na-am-se-e-dIM /Namšē-Hadda/, was vocalized Nimšī by the Masoretes who thought of Arabic nims, "ichneumon", while it was pronounced Nαμεσσι in the Hellenistic period, what shows a connection with Babylonian nammaššū, "beast"."
 * I think this is one of those names that has been reinterpreted. Also Online Etymology Dictionary - etymonline.com has- Jesse masc. proper name, biblical father of David, from Latin, from Greek Iessai, from Hebrew Yishay, of unknown origin. It appears that the etymology given in the Wikipedia article is a folk etymology. A.Tamar Chabadi (talk) 14:59, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

Jesse's Sons
"Evidently (from 1 Samuel 16) Jesse had more sons than these seven, and ... " What is the basis for this statement? Does 1Sam 16 v 10 suggest that there were seven sons in addition to all those named? If so, it might be likely that Jesse had more than one wife and that David grew up in a polygamous household (which might explain certain aspects of his own later life). Douglasson (talk) 10:43, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 5 April 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) 🐶 EpicPupper (he/him | talk) 03:00, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

– As Biblical figures go, this one is lesser known and not particularly important—certainly not the first thing that comes to mind when the name "Jesse" is mentioned. I strongly doubt that there is a primary topic of this reasonably common name. BD2412 T 21:26, 5 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Jesse → Jesse (biblical figure)
 * Jesse (disambiguation) → Jesse
 * Note: I would not object terrible to making Jesse (given name) the primary topic either, but I think it's a pretty close call. BD2412  T 21:28, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support strongly per nom. This isn't a situation like Abraham etc. In this case, the biblical figure is NOT the primary topic — I'd say there's no primary topic overall. So, I'd say the safest bet would be to move the disambiguation page to the basename. Paintspot Infez (talk) 23:55, 5 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 01:37, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and Paintspot. I can also see the case for moving Jesse (given name) to the primary title, but I think Jesse (disambiguation) is a marginally better choice. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 19:34, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. The biblical figure article does get |Jesse_(TV_series)|Jesse_(Carly_Simon_song)|Jesse_(given_name)|Jesse_(album)|Jesse_(film)|Jesse_(novel)|Jesse_(picture_book)|Jesse,_West_Virginia just barely more than 50% of pageviews. Not quite enough for me to say more than all the others combined, though, given the basename bump. Long-term significance would probably bolster the primarytopic argument here, but overall a dab page is best. Definitely do not make the given name article primary. Dohn joe (talk) 20:44, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. There does not appear to be a primary topic. Egsan Bacon (talk) 00:55, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination, Paintspot Infez, Ortizesp, ModernDayTrilobite, Dohn joe and Egsan Bacon. There are 16 entries upon the Jesse (disambiguation) page, with no indication that the Biblical figure's historical / biblical renown, such as it is, overwhelms the combined notability of the remaining 15 entries. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 01:29, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Pageviews indicate this lesser-known Biblical figure is not the clear primary topic with the television series getting decent page views as well. Support Jesse as a disambiguation page. AusLondonder (talk) 15:00, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jesse (biblical figure)


text:
Naruhito

Naruhito (born 23 February 1960) is Emperor of Japan. He acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne on 1 May 2019, beginning the Reiwa era, following the abdication of his father, Akihito. He is the 126th monarch according to Japan's traditional order of succession.

He was born in Tokyo during the reign of his grandfather Emperor Shōwa as the eldest child of Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko. Emperor Shōwa passed away in January 1989, at which point Naruhito became the heir apparent after his father. He was formally invested as crown prince in 1991. He attended Gakushūin schools in Tokyo and later studied history at Gakushuin University and English at Merton College, Oxford. In June 1993, he married diplomat Owada Masako. They have one daughter: Aiko.

Continuing his grandfather's and father's boycott over the enshrinement of convicted war criminals, Naruhito has never visited Yasukuni Shrine. He is interested in water policy and water conservation and likes to play the viola. He was an honorary president of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics and is a supporter of the World Organization of the Scout Movement.

Name
Before becoming emperor, he was generally referred in the Japanese press by his princely title Kōtaishi (Crown Prince, 皇太子 lit. "Great Imperial Son"). Upon succeeding to the throne he is referred to as "His Majesty the Emperor" (天皇陛下), which may be shortened to "His Majesty" (陛下). In writing, the emperor is also referred to formally as "The Reigning Emperor" (今上天皇). The era of his reign bears the name "Reiwa" (令和), and according to custom he will be referred to as Emperor Reiwa (令和天皇) by order of the Cabinet after his death.

The name of the next era under his successor will be established after his death or before his abdication.

Early life

He was born on 23 February 1960 at 4:15 p.m. in the Imperial Household Agency Hospital in Tokyo Imperial Palace. As a prince, he later quipped, "I was born in a barn inside the moat". His parents, Akihito and Michiko, were then crown prince and crown princess of Japan, while his paternal grandfather, Emperor Shōwa, reigned as emperor. Reuters news agency reported that Naruhito's paternal grandmother, Empress Kōjun, had driven her daughter-in-law and grandchildren to depression in the 1960s by persistently accusing Michiko of not being suitable for her son.

His childhood was reported to be happy, and he enjoyed activities such as mountain climbing, riding, and learning the violin. He played with the children of the royal chamberlain, and he was a fan of the Yomiuri Giants in the Central League, his favorite player being No. 3, later team manager, Shigeo Nagashima. One day, Naruhito found the remains of an ancient roadway on the palace grounds, sparking a lifelong fascination with the history of transportation, which would provide the subject of his bachelor's and master's degrees in history. He later said, "I have had a keen interest in roads since childhood. On roads, you can go to the unknown world. Since I have been leading a life where I have few chances to go out freely, roads are a precious bridge to the unknown world, so to speak."

In August 1974, when the prince was 14, he was sent to Melbourne, Australia, for a homestay. His father, then the crown prince Akihito, had a positive experience there on a trip the year before and encouraged his son to go as well. He stayed with the family of businessman Colin Harper. He got along with his host brothers, riding around Point Lonsdale, playing the violin and tennis, and climbing Uluru together. Once he even played the violin for dignitaries at a state dinner at Government House hosted by Governor-General Sir John Kerr.

Education
When the prince was four years old he was enrolled in the prestigious Gakushūin school system, where many of Japan's elite families and narikin (nouveaux riches) send their children. In senior high, Naruhito joined the geography club.

He graduated from Gakushuin University in March 1982 with a Bachelor of Letters degree in history. In July 1983, he undertook a three-month intensive English course before entering Merton College, Oxford University, in the United Kingdom, where he studied until 1986. He did not, however, submit his thesis A Study of Navigation and Traffic on the Upper Thames in the 18th Century until 1989. He later revisited these years in his book, The Thames and I – a Memoir of Two Years at Oxford. He visited some 21 historic pubs, including the Trout Inn. He joined the Japan Society and the drama society, and became the honorary president of the karate and judo clubs. He played inter-college tennis, seeded number three out of six on the Merton team, and took golf lessons from a pro. In his three years at Merton he also climbed the highest peaks in three of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom: Scotland's Ben Nevis, Wales's Snowdon and Scafell Pike in England.

While at Oxford, he also was able to go sightseeing across Europe and meet much of its royalty, including the British royal family. The relatively relaxed manners of the United Kingdom's royals amazed him: "Queen Elizabeth II, he noted with surprise, poured her own tea and served the sandwiches." He also went skiing with Liechtenstein's Prince Hans-Adam II, holidayed in Mallorca in the Mediterranean with Spain's King Juan Carlos I, and sailed with Norway's Crown Prince Harald and Crown Princess Sonja and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.

Upon his return to Japan, he enrolled once more in Gakushūin University to earn a Master of Humanities degree in history, successfully earning his degree in 1988.

Marriage and family
He first met Owada Masako, a staff member working at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at a tea gathering for Infanta Elena of Spain in November 1986, during her studies at the University of Tokyo. The prince was immediately captivated by her, and arranged for them to meet several times over the next few weeks. Because of this, they were pursued relentlessly by the press throughout 1987.

Despite the Imperial Household Agency's disapproval of her, and her attending Balliol College, Oxford, for the next two years, he remained interested in her. He proposed to her three times before the Imperial Palace announced their engagement on 19 January 1993. The wedding took place on 9 June the same year at the Imperial Shinto Hall in Tokyo before 800 invited guests, including many of Europe's heads of state and royalty.

By the time of their marriage, his father had ascended the throne, so the prince had been invested as the crown prince with the title Prince Hiro (浩宮) on 23 February 1991.

Her first pregnancy was announced in December 1999, but she miscarried. They finally had one daughter, Aiko, Princess Toshi (敬宮愛子内親王), born 1 December 2001 at the Imperial Household Agency Hospital at Tokyo Imperial Palace.

The Japanese imperial succession debate started around the time when it became increasingly clear over the following years that Princess Aiko would be their only child. The emperor made unprecedented remarks on the issue on June 19, 2024 at a news conference in the imperial palace.

Hobbies and interests
He is interested in water policy and water conservation. In March 2003, in his capacity as honorary president of the Third World Water Forum, he delivered a speech at the forum's opening ceremony titled "Waterways Connecting Kyoto and Local Regions". Visiting Mexico in March 2006, he gave the keynote address at the opening ceremony for the Fourth World Water Forum, "Edo and Water Transport". And in December 2007, he gave a commemorative talk at the opening ceremony for the First Asia-Pacific Water Summit, "Humans and Water: From Japan to the Asia-Pacific Region".

He plays the viola, having switched from the violin because he thought the latter "too much of a leader, too prominent" to suit his musical and personal tastes. He enjoys jogging, hiking, and mountaineering in his spare time.

According to Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, the emperor and King Charles III's families share an "intimate relationship".

Crown Prince
As the crown prince he was a patron of the 1998 Winter Olympics and 1998 Winter Paralympics. He is also a supporter of the World Organization of the Scout Movement and in 2006 attended the 14th Nippon Jamboree, the Japanese national jamboree organized by the Scout Association of Japan. The crown prince had also been an honorary vice-president of the Japanese Red Cross Society since 1994. In 2001, the crown prince visited the United Kingdom; he met Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh at Windsor Castle.

For two weeks in 2012, the crown prince temporarily took charge of his father's duties while the emperor underwent and recovered from heart bypass surgery. Naruhito's birthday was named "Mount Fuji Day" by Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures because of his reported love of the mountain.

Emperor
On 1 December 2017, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced that Naruhito's father, Emperor Akihito, would abdicate on 30 April 2019, and that Naruhito would become the 126th Emperor of Japan as of 1 May 2019. Following an abdication ceremony on the afternoon of 30 April, Akihito's reign and the Heisei era continued until the end of the day. Naruhito then succeeded him as emperor at the beginning of the day on 1 May, ushering in the Reiwa era. The transition took place at midnight, and Naruhito formally began his reign in a ceremony later that morning. In his first statement as emperor, he pledged to reflect deeply on the course followed by his father, and fulfill his constitutional responsibility "as the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people of Japan".

Under Article 4 of the Constitution, the emperor's role is defined as entirely ceremonial and representative. Unlike most other constitutional monarchs, the emperor lacks even nominal powers related to government; he is barred from making political statements. His role is limited to performing ceremonial duties as delineated by the constitution, and even then he is constrained by the requirements of the constitution and the binding advice of the cabinet. For instance, while he formally appoints the prime minister, he is required to appoint the person designated by the National Diet.

The enthronement ceremony took place on 22 October 2019, where he was duly enthroned in an ancient-style proclamation ceremony. On 23 July 2021, the new emperor opened the 2020 Summer Olympics (originally scheduled to be played in 2020, postponed by the COVID-19 pandemic) hosted in Tokyo, just as his grandfather, Emperor Shōwa, had done in 1964.

The imperial couple's first trip abroad as emperor and empress took place in September 2022, to the United Kingdom to attend the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II. They visited Indonesia in June 2023, their first state visit.

In February 2024, the emperor marked his 64th birthday with a message mourning the victims of the Noto earthquake, and expressed desire to visit the affected areas. He had previously received condolences for the victims from King Charles III of the United Kingdom in early January. The emperor and empress visited Wajima and Suzu, two earthquake-stricken cities in the Noto Peninsula on 22 March. The couple later visited an evacuation center in Anamizu on 12 April.

In April 2024, the Imperial Household Agency launched an Instagram account for the imperial family, which received 300,000 followers by the end of its debut on the platform. The account was reportedly launched to "reach out" to Japan's younger generations.

The emperor and empress embarked on a three-day state visit to the United Kingdom in late June 2024, at the invitation of King Charles III. The imperial couple had originally planned to visit in 2020 as guests of Queen Elizabeth II, but the state visit was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rescheduled visit went ahead despite concerns of postponement due to the British general election campaign that began in late May. It was the first state visit in modern times to take place during an active election campaign.

Selected works

 * 1993 – Temuzu to tomoni: Eikoku no ninenkan (テムズとともに: 英国の二年間)
 * 2006 – The Thames and I: A Memoir of Two Years at Oxford with Hugh Cortazzi. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-905246-06-9;

Titles and styles

 * 23 February 1960 – 7 January 1989: His Imperial Highness The Prince Hiro (浩宮徳仁親王殿下 Hiro-no-miya Naruhito shinnō denka)
 * 7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019: His Imperial Highness The Crown Prince (皇太子殿下 Kōtaishi denka)
 * 1 May 2019 – present: His Majesty The Emperor (天皇陛下 Ten'nō heika)

National

 * JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 May 2019)
 * JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (23 February 1980)
 * JPN Toka-sho BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (1 May 2019)
 * JPN_Zuiho-sho_1Class_BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (1 May 2019)
 * JPN Bunka-kunsho BAR.svg The Order of Culture (1 May 2019)
 * Golden Pheasant Award ribbon.svg The Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan (1989)
 * Red Cross Order of Merit (Japan).svg The Golden Medal of Merit of the Japanese Red Cross (1 May 2019)
 * Red Cross Order of Merit (Japan).svg The Golden Medal of Honorary Member of the Japanese Red Cross (1 May 2019)

Foreign

 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria (1999)
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (2004)
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2000)
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia: Honorary Grand Commander of the Most Esteemed Order of the Defender of the Realm (2012)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines: Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna, Rank of Raja (3 December 2002)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ (2 December 1993)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III (8 November 2008)
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga:
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Crown of Tonga (1 August 2008)
 * Coronation Medal of H.M. King George Tupou V (1 August 2008)
 * 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates: Member First Class of the Order of Zayed (23 January 1995)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Stranger Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (25 June 2024)

Honorary degrees

 * University of Oxford, Doctor of Law

title: Naruhito


text:
The London Free Press

The London Free Press is a daily newspaper based in London, Ontario, Canada. It has the largest circulation of any newspaper in Southwestern Ontario.

History
The London Free Press began as the Canadian Free Press, founded by William Sutherland. It first began printing as a weekly newspaper on January 2, 1849. In 1852, it was purchased for $500 by Josiah Blackburn (and Stephen Blackburn), who renamed it The London Free Press and Daily Western Advertiser. In 1855 Blackburn turned the weekly newspaper into a daily.

From 1863 to 1936 The London Free Press competed for readership with the London Advertiser, which was a daily evening newspaper. The Free Press has usually been a morning paper, but for many years, it also published an evening paper. Both morning and evening editions were published from the 1950s through to 1981, when the evening edition was permanently retired.

The Blackburn family was also involved in other forms of media in London. They established CFPL in 1933, CFPL-FM in 1948 and CFPL-TV in 1953. The radio stations are now owned by Corus Entertainment, and the television station is owned by Bell Media as a CTV 2 station.

The sudden death of publisher Martha Blackburn in the summer of 1992, due to a heart attack after water skiing on Lake Huron, set the stage for the eventual sale of the family owned newspaper. In 1997 the Blackburn family sold the newspaper to Sun Media Corporation, with new, London-born publisher John Paton introducing a Sunday edition. Later the same year, Sun Media was acquired by Quebecor Inc.

In late August 2005, Quebecor announced that, starting in 2007, The London Free Press would no longer be printed locally at its press at 369 York Street; instead it would be printed at a new press facility to be built north of Toronto, resulting in a loss of 180 local jobs. However, in September 2007, the move was suspended to allow the Free Press to present a business case for the printing department and staff's retention. The Free Press has one of the few printing presses in southern Ontario and it prints several papers for Sun Media newspapers in the area, including the Chatham Daily News, the Sarnia Observer, the Simcoe Reformer, the St. Thomas Times-Journal, the Stratford Beacon Herald, the Woodstock Sentinel-Review and the Londoner, along with the Free Press. In 2015, Sun Media was acquired by Postmedia. On May 31, 2016 Sun Media announced that they will outsource the printing of the Free Press to Metroland Media Group's printing facility in Hamilton.

Circulation
The London Free Press has seen like most Canadian daily newspapers a decline in circulation. Its total circulation dropped by 0 percent to 60,426 copies daily from 2009 to 2015.

 * Daily average

Notable former staff

 * Victoria Grace Blackburn (1865–1928)
 * Bob Ferguson (1931–2014), sports journalist and writer
 * Morley Safer (1931–2016)
 * Merle Tingley (1921–2017), the newspaper's main editorial cartoonist from 1948 to 1986

title: The London Free Press


text:
Hämeenlinna

Hämeenlinna (Tavastehus; Hämienlinna; Tavastum or Croneburgum ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Kanta-Häme. It is located in the southern interior of the country and on the shores of Lake Vanajavesi. The population of Hämeenlinna is approximately 0, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 0. It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the 14th most populous urban area in the country.

Hämeenlinna is the oldest inland city in Finland and was one of the most important Finnish cities until the 19th century. Hämeenlinna was located in the heart of the historic province of Tavastia. Since then, Hämeenlinna has remained an important regional centre. The medieval Häme Castle (also known as Tavastia Castle) is located in the town.

Hämeenlinna is known as the birthplace of Finnish national composer Jean Sibelius. Today, it belongs to the region of Kanta-Häme, and before 2010 it was the residence city for the Governor of the province of Southern Finland. Nearby cities include the capital Helsinki (98 km), Tampere (73 km) and Lahti (72 km), the regional centre of Päijänne Tavastia (Päijät-Häme).

The neighbouring municipalities of Hämeenlinna are Akaa, Asikkala, Hattula, Hausjärvi, Hollola, Janakkala, Loppi, Padasjoki, Pälkäne, Tammela, Urjala and Valkeakoski. The former municipalities, Hauho, Kalvola, Lammi, Renko and Tuulos, were consolidated with Hämeenlinna on 1 January 2009; with these municipal associations, the Hattula municipality is almost completely surrounded by Hämeenlinna.

The coat of arms of Hämeenlinna is based on the 17th-century town seal, which in turn refers to the Häme Castle built by the Lake Vanajavesi in the Middle Ages, near which the city was founded. The current coat of arms was designed by Gustaf von Numers on the basis of the old coat of arms, and was confirmed on September 21, 1956.

History
Vanaja is the name of a settlement next to Vanajavesi that had been in existence since the Viking Age. The castle was built in the late 13th century to secure Swedish power in central Finland. A village was established near Häme Castle to provide services and goods to its inhabitants.

The village was granted city rights on January 19, 1639, but Hämeenlinna, which still after that looked more like a rural village, developed very slowly, which was a typical problem for inland cities in Finland compared to the most prosperous coastal cities. In 1777, King Gustav III of Sweden moved it one kilometre (1 km) south to the hill on which it still stands.

The city is known for its schools and academies where many famous Finns have studied. Schools, government and the military have characterised the life of Hämeenlinna throughout history. Finland's first railway line, the Finnish Main Railway (Suomen päärata, Stambanan), opened between Hämeenlinna and Helsinki on March 17, 1862. The current Hämeenlinna railway station (Rautatieasema in Finnish) was built in 1921.

During the Finnish Civil War in 1918, Hämeenlinna was initially in the area controlled by the Reds, but the Whites captured the city with the help of the Germans in the Battle of Hämeenlinna. After the war, the Hämeenlinna prison camp established for red prisoners operated in the Poltinaho barracks area, and it was known as one of the most notorious high-discipline camps in the history of the Civil War, where female prisoners were also kept. By mid-September, over 2,000 Red prisoners died in the prison camp, mainly for communicable diseases such as smallpox, scarlet fever, typhus and Spanish flu.

Geography
There are a total of 339 lakes in whole or in part in the area of the city of Hämeenlinna. The largest of them are Lake Vanajavesi, Lake Kukkia and Lake Kuohijärvi. The main features of the Hämeenlinna landscape are the Häme Lake Plateau, the Vanajavesi Valley and the Kanta-Häme Grove Center. In many places, the landscapes are marked by the prosperous Tavastian agricultural culture.

The city has several nature reserves, the largest of which are located in the popular recreation areas of Aulanko and Ahvenisto on the outskirts of the city. In total, there are 31 Natura 2000 areas in the city of Hämeenlinna. In addition, Hämeenlinna has Finland's first national urban park, established in 2001.

Cityscape
The center of Hämeenlinna is located on the Saarinen Hill on the shores of Lake Vanajavesi, and is bordered on the west by Highway 3 (E12), while Highway 10 bypasses the city to the south and east. The street network in the center is based on a grid pattern drawn up by C. L. Engel in 1832 with the Market Square as its center. On the edge of the market square are the town hall, Hämeenlinna Church and the Häme County Government House. The city center is divided into four districts, which are Linnanniemi, Koilliskulma, Hämeensaari and Saaristenmäki. Raatihuoneenkatu, which has been partially transformed into a pedestrian street, is the most significant shopping street in the city center; for example, at the western end of the street, the Goodman Shopping Center was completed in October 2014.

There are plenty of buildings of different styles in the city center, and in proportion to the city's population, it is quite large and densely built. The most significant expansion direction in the city center in the 2010s has been the Keinusaari district on the other side of Lake Vanajavesi, where, for example, the city's railway station is located. Supplementary construction has also been carried out in the city center on an ongoing basis. The center of Hämeenlinna has been ridiculed as the "Finland's largest lit cemetery".

Population
The city of Hämeenlinna has 0 inhabitants, making it the most populous municipality in Finland. The Hämeenlinna region has a population of 0. In Hämeenlinna, 6.0% of the population has a foreign background, which is below the national average.

Languages
Hämeenlinna is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. The majority of the population – 0 people or NaN% – speak Finnish as their first language. There are 0 Swedish speakers in Hämeenlinna, or NaN% of the population. NaN of the population of Hämeenlinna have a mother tongue other than Finnish or Swedish. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 40 different languages are spoken in Hämeenlinna. The most common foreign languages are Estonian (0.7%), Russian (0.7%), Arabic (0.7%) and Farsi (0.5%).

Immigration
, there were 4,677 persons with a migrant background living in Hämeenlinna, or 6.8% of the population. The number of residents who were born abroad was 4,536, or 6.6% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Hämeenlinna was 3,293. Most foreign-born citizens came from the Estonia, former Soviet Union, Iraq and Poland.

The relative share of immigrants in Hämeenlinna's population is below to the national average. However, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

Religion
In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 67.8% of the population of Hämeenlinna. Other religious groups accounted for 2.5% of the population. 29.7% of the population had no religious affiliation.

Economy
The economic structure of Hämeenlinna is close to the national average. In 2015, there were 28,270 jobs in the city. Of these, 75% were in the service sector, 3% in primary production (agriculture, forestry and fisheries) and 21% in processing. The share of the unemployed was 13,6%.

Largest employers
Source:

By number of employees:

 * City of Hämeenlinna: 2,490
 * State of Finland: 2,480
 * Kanta-Häme Hospital District: 1,460
 * Ruukki (Rautaruukki Oyj): 1,030
 * Huhtamäki Oyj: 700
 * HAMK University of Applied Sciences (an institution offering tertiary degree education): 510
 * Kansanterveystyön ky: 490
 * Patria Vehicles Oy: 430
 * Konecranes Standard Lifting Oy: 330
 * Koulutuskeskus Tavastia: 270
 * Aina Group Oyj: 250
 * Lindström Oy: 175

Education
Hämeenlinna is home to HAMK Häme University of Applied Sciences' headquarters. Founded in 1873, Hämeenlinna Lyceum has many cultural influencers. The school is one of the most famous educational institutions in Finland, as many well-known Finns have graduated from the institution; examples include master composer Jean Sibelius and president J. K. Paasikivi. Hämeenlinna Lyceum has a middle school (grades 7–9) and a high school. Another of the high schools in Hämeenlinna's inner city is Kauriala High School. Hämeenlinna's Lyceum and Kauriala High School were to be combined in the fall of 2018 to form a large high school with more than a thousand students on the Hattelmala campus of the Tavastia Education Consortium. However, the city council decided to cancel the high school project in the spring of 2018, and the high schools will continue to be separate.

Food
In the 1980s, the following dishes were named Hämeenlinna's traditional cuisine: as a daily meal, smoked ham and sourdough bread; as a festive meal, the herring wrapped in rye dough or kalaleipä, i.e. "fish bread", buttermilk and beer, and the riistansylttääjän lintupaisti, which is pheasant stuffed with almonds, potato and apple slices.

Sport

 * Elite level ice hockey teams HPK of the SM-liiga and HPK Kiekkonaiset of the Naisten Liiga
 * Football teams FC Hämeenlinna and the men's representative team of Hämeenlinnan Härmä, which play in the third-tier Kakkonen, and the women's representative team of Hämeenlinnan Härmä of the second-tier Naisten Ykkönen
 * The city hosted the modern pentathlon competition for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.
 * Hämeenlinna hosted the first round of the Underwater Rugby Euroleague in October 2012 and again in 2015.
 * The Ahvenisto Race Circuit, opened in 1967, hosts many motorsport happenings. Track has an FIA Grade 4 license.
 * Steelers Sailbandy(Floorball) Club which play in the F-liiga.

Notable natives or residents

 * Jouko Ahola (strongman/actor)
 * Antony Hämäläinen (vocalist)
 * Eino Leino (poet)
 * Marko Mäkilaakso (music video and film director)
 * Antti Miettinen (NHL player); won a bronze medal with Finland in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics
 * Victorine Nordenswan (painter)
 * J. K. Paasikivi (7th President of Finland)
 * Kimi Räikkönen (Formula One driver) and Jenni Dahlman (married in 2004 in Hämeenlinna)
 * Juuse Saros (NHL goaltender)
 * Jean Sibelius (composer)
 * Turisas (metal band)

Twin towns – Sister cities
Hämeenlinna is twinned with:

title: Hämeenlinna


text:
List of railway stations

The following is a list of railway stations (also known as railroad stations in the United States), which is indexed by country.

Africa

 * Railway stations in Angola
 * Railway stations in Benin
 * Railway stations in Botswana
 * Railway stations in Burkina Faso
 * Railway stations in Cameroon
 * Railway stations in Chad
 * Railway stations in Republic of the Congo
 * List of railway stations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Railway stations in Côte d'Ivoire
 * Railway stations in Djibouti
 * Railway stations in Egypt
 * Railway stations in Eritrea
 * Railway stations in Ethiopia
 * Railway stations in Ghana
 * Railway stations in Guinea
 * Railway stations in Kenya
 * Railway stations in Lesotho
 * Railway stations in Liberia
 * Railway stations in Libya
 * Railway stations in Madagascar
 * Railway stations in Malawi
 * Railway stations in Mali
 * Railway stations in Mauritania
 * Railway stations in Mauritius
 * Railway stations in Morocco
 * Railway stations in Mozambique
 * Railway stations in Namibia
 * Railway stations in Nigeria
 * Railway stations in Réunion
 * Railway stations in Rwanda
 * Railway stations in Senegal
 * Railway stations in Sierra Leone
 * South Africa: Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa
 * Railway stations in Sudan
 * Railway stations in Swaziland
 * Railway stations in Tanzania
 * Railway stations in Togo
 * Railway stations in Tunisia
 * Railway stations in Uganda
 * Railway stations in Zambia
 * Railway stations in Zimbabwe

Asia

 * Railway stations in Armenia
 * List of railway stations in Bangladesh
 * List of railway stations in Cambodia
 * Category:Railway stations in China
 * List of railway stations in Pakistan
 * Railway stations of Hong Kong
 * List of railway stations in India
 * List of railway stations in Indonesia
 * List of railway stations in Iran
 * List of railway stations in Japan
 * List of railway stations in North Korea
 * Category:Railway stations in South Korea
 * Category:Railway stations in Malaysia
 * List of railway stations in Pakistan
 * List of railway stations in the Philippines

Singapore

 * Woodlands train checkpoint

Thailand
Category: Railway stations in Thailand
 * List of Southern Line (Thailand) stations

Turkmenistan

 * Ashgabat railway station
 * Turkmenbashi railway station

Austria

 * Category:Railway stations in Austria

Azerbaijan

 * Category:Railway stations in Azerbaijan

Belgium

 * Category:Railway stations in Belgium

Czech Republic

 * Category:Railway stations in the Czech Republic

France

 * Category:Railway stations in France

Germany
See German railway station categories for more information.

Hungary

 * Budapest
 * Eastern Railway Station (Keleti pályaudvar)
 * Western Railway Station (Nyugati pályaudvar)
 * Southern Railway Station (Déli pályaudvar)
 * Miskolc
 * Tiszai Station (Tiszai pályaudvar)
 * Gömöri Station (Gömöri pályaudvar)

Poland

 * List of busiest railway stations in Poland
 * Category:Railway stations in Poland

Romania

 * Brașov
 * Brașov railway station
 * Bucharest
 * Gara de Nord
 * Basarab railway station
 * Cluj-Napoca
 * Cluj-Napoca railway station
 * Constanța
 * Constanţa railway station
 * Craiova
 * Craiova railway station
 * Iaşi
 * Iaşi railway station
 * Satu Mare
 * Satu Mare railway station
 * Sibiu
 * Sibiu railway station
 * Sinaia
 * Sinaia railway station
 * Timișoara
 * Timișoara Nord railway station

Russia

 * Moscow
 * Moscow Passazhirskaya (1851)
 * Moscow Yaroslavskaya (1862, rebuilt 1904)
 * Moscow Kazanskaya (1864, rebuilt 1913–40)
 * Moscow Smolenskaya (1870, rebuilt 1909)
 * Moscow Kurskaya (1896, rebuilt 1972)
 * Moscow Savyolovskaya (1899)
 * Moscow Paveletskaya (1900)
 * Moscow Rizhskaya (1903)
 * Moscow Kiyevskaya (1912–18)
 * Saint Petersburg
 * Moskovsky (1851)
 * Vitebsky (1837, rebuilt 1904)
 * Baltiysky (1857)
 * Varshavsky (1860)
 * Finland Station (1870, rebuilt 1960)
 * Ladozhsky (2003)
 * Krasnodar
 * Krasnodar-1 railway station (1889)
 * Samara
 * Samara railway station (1876, rebuilt 1996–2001)

Spain

 * Barcelona - List of railway stations in Barcelona
 * Madrid - Atocha Railway Station
 * Madrid - Chamartín Railway Station
 * Sevilla - Santa Justa Railway Station
 * Toledo - Toledo Railway Station
 * Valencia - Norte Railway Station

Sweden

 * Stockholm - Stockholm Central Station

Switzerland

 * Basel
 * Basel SBB
 * Basel Badischer Bahnhof
 * Bern - Bern railway station
 * Geneva - Genève-Cornavin railway station
 * Lausanne - Lausanne railway station
 * Zürich - Zürich Hauptbahnhof

Ukraine

 * Darnytsia Railway Station
 * Kharkiv Railway Station
 * Kyiv Passenger Railway Station
 * Lviv Rail Terminal
 * Odessa Railway Station
 * Uzhhorod Central Rail Terminal

United Kingdom

 * UK railway stations A B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z
 * List of London railway stations
 * List of busiest railway stations in Great Britain
 * List of closed railway stations in Britain
 * List of Parkway railway stations in Britain
 * Category:Lists of railway stations in Great Britain

Vatican City

 * Railway Station in the Vatican City

North America

 * Category:Railway stations in Canada
 * Category:Railway stations in the United States
 * Category:Railway stations in Mexico

Australia

 * Adelaide - List of Adelaide railway stations
 * Adelaide station
 * Brisbane - List of Brisbane railway stations
 * Central station
 * Roma Street station
 * Melbourne - List of Melbourne railway stations
 * Flinders Street station
 * Southern Cross station (formerly Spencer Street)
 * Perth - List of Perth railway stations
 * Perth station
 * New South Wales
 * List of Sydney Trains railway stations
 * List of NSW TrainLink railway stations
 * List of closed Sydney railway stations
 * Victoria
 * List of closed regional railway stations in Victoria

New Zealand

 * Auckland - List of Auckland railway stations
 * Britomart Transport Centre
 * Dunedin station
 * Wellington - List of Wellington railway stations

title: List of railway stations


text:
Daniel Chatto

Daniel St George Chatto (born Daniel Chatto St George Sproule; 22 April 1957) is a British artist and former actor. He is the husband of Lady Sarah Chatto, the daughter of Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, niece of Queen Elizabeth II and cousin of King Charles III.

Biography
Daniel was born on 22 April 1957 in London as Daniel Chatto St George Sproule. He is the son of Tom Chatto and Rosalind Joan Chatto. His cousin is Mae Martin.

Marriage
On 14 July 1994, Chatto married Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones. The couple have two sons.

Filmography

 * The Marquise (1980, TV film) as Miguel
 * Quartet (1981, directed by James Ivory) as Guy
 * Priest of Love (1981) as Aquitania Officer
 * To the Manor Born (series finale, 1981) as Heatherington-Poole
 * Nancy Astor (1982; based on the life of Nancy Astor) as Billy Grenfell
 * Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982, TV film) as Prince Andrew
 * A Shocking Accident (1982, Short) as Paul
 * Juliet Bravo (1983, TV series) as Billy Braithwaite
 * Heat and Dust (1983, by James Ivory, based on a novel by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala) as Party Guest
 * The Razor's Edge (1984; based on a novel by Somerset Maugham) as Wounded French Soldier #1
 * A Christmas Carol (1984, TV movie, based on a novel by Charles Dickens) as William
 * The Shooting Party (1985) as John
 * Dutch Girls (1985, TV movie) as Fforde
 * The Death of the Heart (1985, TV film, based on a novel by Elizabeth Bowen) as Eddie
 * Little Dorrit (1987; based on a novel by Charles Dickens) as Tip Dorrit (final film role)

title: Daniel Chatto


text:
Talk:Chinese era name

Yuan (元)
The most relevant meaning of Yuan here is probably "the first", as in Yuan Year (元年). It seems to have taken on the metonymous and secondary meaning of "the era name", but literally, I think yuan isn't a synomyn of "era name" or "nian hao".

For example, Romance of the Three Kingdoms says "All civil and martial officials hail "Long live!". And after the ceremonial dance ended, it was 改元ed into the first tear of Zhangwu period." (文武各官，皆呼萬歲。拜舞禮畢，改元章武元年。) (chapter 80). The quote definitions shows that 改元 was not used literally anymore by the 14th century (2 Yuans), but since we're revealing the literal, original meanings, I think "the first" may be more appropriate here (its real meaning was very clearly stated in the article already).

--Menchi 00:25 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Good oberveation. According to dictionary entries, yuan did literally mean the first and, in some instances, isn't a synonym of "era name" as in yuanshi tianzun "元始天尊". But when it comes to gaiyuan or jianyuan, the secondary meaning of era name is also applicable. :) kt2 22:19, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I happened on this article and just couldn't help making some changes in the English. In my minor edits I decided, for consistency, to italicize every occurrence of "nian hao", and to leave it unchanged for the plural.

JerryFriedman 20:55, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Japanese emperor?
The article's second paragraph states:

 * When an emperor ascended to the throne, he would adopt a throne name (for example, the throne name for Akihito, current Emperor of Japan, is Heisei).

Why, may I ask, is a Japanese example being used on the page about Chinese era names? This is by no means my area of expertise, but perhaps someone who knows more about this subject could replace the reference to Akihito with an equivalent Chinese example.

Alkari 04:22, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Done. I picked Zhu Yuanzhang mainly because he was the one who started the system of a single era name for the whole reign. - Roo

Well, the era name thing is actually shared by few of the nations. Just that the title here is abit incline to the Chinese. I guess it is more accurate to title this topic as "Era name", without the "Chinese". Regards ChowHui 10:36, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Doubled era names?
The text reads: When more than one monarch used the same motto, the name of the specific monarch or dynasty has to be mentioned.... In traditional literature, one can therefore find references like "the first month of the thirteenth year of Jianyuan" (建元十三年元月).

However, the dynasty is not mentioned here. How is it expressed? (Furthermore, I have never come across 元月. Is that correct, or is it a mistake for 正月?)Stone-turner (talk) 14:08, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Era? Wrong transaltion ?
In English era means a very long period of time — tens or hunderds of years. But so called Chinese eras (年號) are quite short periods of time — from several days to several years. How can one call them eras, when they do not corespond with meaning and usage of the word era? These periods are barely any eras at all. There should be better naming for 年號. --126.148.144.250 (talk) 05:41, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Dionysian Era?
I've never heard it called that; and not even the article it links to uses that term. Yes, Dionysius Exiguus originated the Anno Domini system of reckoning; but he still managed to get Jesus' year of birth wrong, or at least inexact. Nuttyskin (talk) 15:05, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese era name


text:
Jim Breen

James William Breen (born 1947) is a Research Fellow at Monash University in Australia, where he was a professor in the area of IT and telecommunications before his retirement in 2003. He holds a BSc in mathematics, an MBA and a PhD in computational linguistics, all from the University of Melbourne. He is well known for his involvement in several popular free Japanese-related projects: the EDICT and JMDict Japanese–English dictionaries, the KANJIDIC kanji dictionary, and the WWWJDIC portal which provides an interface to search them.

His EDICT dictionary and WWWJDIC server have been described as "reliable and close to comprehensive". The 195,000-term lexicon is used by popular apps such as ImiWa (iOS) and AEDict (Android), and has been used to build other Japanese language learning sites such as Rikai and Jisho.org.

He remains a board member of the Japanese Studies Centre at Monash University.

title: Jim Breen