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Tayasal (archaeological site)

Tayasal is a Maya archaeological site located in present-day Guatemala. It was a large Maya city with a long history of occupation. Tayasal is a corruption of Tah Itza ("Place of the Itza"), a term originally used to refer to the core of the Itza territory in Petén. The name Tayasal was applied in error to the archaeological site, and originally applied to the Itza capital. However, the name now refers to the peninsula supporting both the archaeological site and the village of San Miguel. The site was occupied from the Middle Preclassic period (c. 1000–350 BC) through to the Late Postclassic (c. 1200–1539 AD).

The site is a protected national monument.

Location
The Tayasal archaeological site is situated on a peninsula on Lake Petén Itzá a short distance to the north of the modern town of Flores, separated from it by a 270 m wide stretch of water, and falls within the municipality of Flores, in the department of Petén in northern Guatemala. The site covers an area of approximately 2.75 km2. The southern portion of the peninsula also hosts the modern village of San Miguel, which probably covers a portion of the Postclassic occupation of the site. The peninsula fell within the core of the Postclassic Itza territory.

The protected area of the archaeological site is defined by the lakeshore to the north and west, and by the modern village of San Miguel to the south and east.

Site history
The Tayasal peninsula showed intense activity during the Late Preclassic (c. 400 BC - 250 AD). At this time, the city fully reflected ongoing developments in the Maya region, such as monumental architecture that included typical Preclassic Maya architectural forms such as the triadic pyramid and the E-Group ceremonial complex. Activity at the site continued right through to the Postclassic period. Investigations have identified that most Postclassic and colonial activity was concentrated on the southern shore of the peninsula. Very little is known about the use of the peninsula during the time of first contact with the Spanish, although early colonial accounts reported that the Itza frequently conducted rituals there. Evidence of Spanish contact includes a musketball excavated at the site. In 1702 and 1703, shortly after the Spanish conquest of Petén, Spanish missions were established on the Tayasal peninsula at San Miguel and San Bernabé, although the population of San Bernabé dropped off sharply through the course of the 18th century due to high infant mortality.

Modern history
The Tayasal archaeological site was declared a national monument in 1931. The University of Pennsylvania mapped the site in 1971, and its limits were defined by the Instituto de Antropología e Historia (Institute of Anthropology and History) in 1994. Tayasal has been excavated sporadically since the 1920s, beginning with Guthe's excavations in 1921–1922, continuing with Morley's dig in 1937 to 1938, by several others in the 1950s and 60s. The University of Pennsylvania undertook excavations in 1971, and again in 1977. The Proyecto Maya Colonial undertook a month-long investigation of the site in 1996. The Proyecto Arqueológico Tayasal was launched in 2009, with particular emphasis on the period of contact with the Spanish, and the early colonial years. The project also remapped the site with the objective of correcting any errors from the 1971 mapping project.

Site description
The University of Pennsylvania project mapped 339 structures; the city possessed large open plazas, palaces, pyramid-temples, an acropolis, defensive walls, residential buildings, and a cenote. As many as fifty burials and twelve caches have been recovered from Tayasal. The site core includes a number of large structures dating to the Classic period.

Mirador del rey Can'Ek "King Kan Ek's Lookout" (Structures T65-T67) was a triadic pyramid, consisting of a massive pyramidal platform with a single access stairway, supporting two lesser structures flanking a principal structure. This architectural form dates it to the Late Preclassic. It was built on the higher portion of the peninsula.

Cerro Moo (Structures T256-T258) was another triadic pyramid, dating to the Late Preclassic, also built on the higher ground of the peninsula.

Group 23 is located to the southwest of the acropolis. It appears to have been built in the Late Preclassic as an E-Group. The E-Group axis is oriented 9° to the south of the east–west line, leading investigators to conclude that it was never used as an astronomical observatory as at other sites, but rather served a purely ceremonial function. It consists of a radial structure to the west and a long basal platform to the east that supported three buildings. At Tayasal, the radial structure appears to have been covered by later construction, including a group of structures dating to the Late Postclassic.

San Bernabé
The San Bernabé portion of the site occupies the northwestern area of the Tayasal peninsula. Various structures in this area have been dated to the Late Preclassic. After the Spanish conquest, San Bernabé was one of two Spanish missions established on the peninsula.

Structure T29 was a platform measuring 23 by and has a height of 0.5 m. It was built in the Late Preclassic and was reused in the Postclassic. It continued in use into the colonial period, and excavators recovered a number of colonial artefacts around the structure, including a silver Spanish coin, probably a real, Maiolica pottery, a lead bullet. It is likely that the platform supported a colonial-period residence.

Structure T30 was a circular structure in the northwestern portion of the site. It was elongated, measuring 23 m east-west by 18.7 m north-south, and stood 1 m high. It dates to the Preclassic, and served as the basal platform for four structures (denominated T-30a to T30d).

Structure T30a is a circular platform measuring 5.17 m across, and standing 22 cm high. Its wall consists of three courses of soft limestone blocks, and its fill consists of a mix of soil and small stones. Recovered potsherds are dated to the Late Preclassic Chicanel Phase. A number of ritual deposits were excavated that date to the Late to Terminal Classic period, indicating continued use of the platform long after its construction. Although the majority of the building's fill was Late Preclassic, the fill on the east side was dated to the Terminal Classic.

Iconography
Tayasal iconography is typical of Maya artefacts found in the surrounding Petén region that date approximately to the same time period. Examples of the imagery can be found on three excavated vases. The vases accompanied an individual who was interred at Tayasal during the Terminal Classic period; circa 8th century AD. The vases' images are thought to represent the elite status concerns, similar to those as depicted on carved stelae at neighbouring sites.

title: Tayasal (archaeological site)


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Clapham Junction railway station

Clapham Junction is a major railway station and transport hub near St John's Hill in south-west Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is sited 2 mi from London Victoria and 3 mi from London Waterloo; it is on both the South West Main Line and Brighton Main Line, as well as numerous other routes and branch lines passing through or diverging from the main lines at this station. Despite its name, Clapham Junction is not located in Clapham, a district situated approximately 1 mi to the south-east.

Routes from London's south and south-west termini, Victoria and Waterloo, funnel through the station, making it the busiest in Europe by number of trains using it: between 100 and 180 per hour, except for the five hours after midnight. The station is also the busiest UK station for interchanges between services, as well as the only railway station in Great Britain with more interchanges than entries or exits.

History

On 21 May 1838, the London and Southampton Railway became the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR), and opened its line from Nine Elms as far as Woking. The second line, initially from Nine Elms to Richmond, opened on 27 July 1846. Nine Elms was replaced in 1848 as the terminus by Waterloo Bridge station, now Waterloo. The line to Victoria opened by 1860.

Clapham Junction opened on 2 March 1863, a joint venture of the L&SWR, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) and the West London Extension Railway (WLER) as an interchange station for their lines.

The railway companies, to attract a middle- and upper-class clientele, seized the nonindustrial parish calculating that being upon the slopes of Clapham's plateau would only reinforce this distinction, leading to a long-lasting misunderstanding that the station is in Clapham.

Discontinued proposals
A £39.5 million planning application from Metro Shopping Fund was withdrawn before governmental planning committee consideration on 20 May 2009.

A 'Heathrow Airtrack' to reduce the 95-minute journey by tube and Gatwick Express to Gatwick Airport and unite the Great Western Main Line with Heathrow, Gatwick and the South West Main Line was cancelled in 2011 following improvements to the 2005-built Heathrow Connect track from Hayes and Harlington and practical impediments, such as pressure for continued high-frequency services on the three deemed-'entrenched' semi-fast and slow services between Clapham Junction and Staines. Overground, the change would have been at Clapham Junction.

Clapham rail disaster
On the morning of 12 December 1988, two collisions involving three commuter trains occurred slightly south-west of the station due to a defective signal. 35 people died and 484 were injured.

Track bombing
On the morning of 16 December 1991, a bomb ripped through tracks on one of the station's platforms, causing major disruption to the rail network. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) claimed responsibility.

The Junction
The station is named Clapham Junction because it is at the junction of several rail lines. The name is not given to any rail junction near the station which, without end-on intercompany junctions, are:

 * Falcon Junction at the south end of the station, where the West London Line (WLL) joins the Brighton Slow Lines
 * Ludgate Junction at the eastern end of the Windsor Line platforms to the WLL
 * Latchmere SW Junction connecting the WLL to the Windsor lines at Ludgate Junction.
 * Latchmere Main Junction connecting the WLL to the Brighton Line at Falcon Junction.
 * West London Extension Junction and Junction for Waterloo, relaid for Eurostar empty-stock moves from the Windsor Lines to the WLL.
 * Pouparts Junction where the low-level and high-level approaches to Victoria split.

The station today
Each day more than 2,000 trains, over half of them stopping, pass through the station, more than through any other station in Europe. At peak times up to 200 trains per hour pass through of which 122 stop. It is not the busiest station by number of passengers, most of whom (about 430,000 on a weekday, of which 135,000 are at rush hours) pass through. Interchanges make some 40% of the activity and on that basis too it is the busiest station in the UK.

In 2011, the station had three entrances, all with staffed ticket offices:
 * Only the south-east entrance is open 24 hours a day; it is the most heavily used of the three, leading from St John's Hill via a small indoor shopping centre into a subway, some 15 ft wide, that connects to the eastern ends of all platforms.
 * The north entrance, which has restricted opening hours, leads from the Winstanley Estate on Grant Road to the same subway. The subway is crowded during rush hours, with the ticket barriers at the ends being pinch points.
 * The south-west entrance, also known as the Brighton Yard entrance, as the buildings still bear signage for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, has a more traditional appearance, with a Victorian station building set at the back of a large forecourt. This entrance leads to a very wide covered footbridge, which joins the western ends of all platforms. This entrance includes cycle parking and a taxi rank. It was re-opened in May 2011 as part of a wider programme of access improvements that included installing lifts to the platforms.

There are public and disabled toilets at the south-west entrance. There are refreshment kiosks in the subway, on the footbridge and on some platforms; and a small shopping centre, including a small branch of Sainsbury's supermarket, in the south-east entrance.

British Transport Police maintain a neighbourhood policing presence, whereas the Metropolitan Police Service and the part-Transport for London funded Safer Transport Command provides a police presence in the area outside the station.

On 9 December 2012, a new platform for the East London Line opened, creating an orbital railway around inner London.

Overcrowding is most frequent in the often convenient but narrow cross-platform subway. Using this rather than the wide, elegant flying concourse for interchange, a visitors' eyes assessment of fabric and environment listed Clapham Junction in the most needy 10% of Department for Transport category B stations.

In an attempt to reduce overcrowding, a staircase to platforms 13 and 14 was replaced with a new wider staircase in April 2023.

Platforms
The station has seventeen platforms, numbered 1 to 17. In general, platforms 1 and 2 are used by London Overground trains, platforms 3–11 by South Western Railway trains and platforms 12–17 by Southern trains. Non-stop Gatwick Express trains pass through platforms 12 and 13. Sidings leading into railway sheds at the west of the station are located between platforms 6 and 7.
 * Platforms 1 and 2 are north-east facing bay platforms connected to West London and South London Lines, respectively used by London Overground services to and from Stratford via Willesden Junction and Dalston Junction via Peckham. Usually, platform 1 is served by trains on the West London line, while platform 2 is used by services on the South London line, although this usage can be reversed.
 * Platforms 3 and 4 are through platforms on the Waterloo–Reading line towards London Waterloo.
 * Platforms 5 and 6 are through platforms on the Waterloo–Reading line towards Reading.
 * Platform 7 is a through platform located at a siding off the South West Main Line fast line towards London Waterloo, used by stopping trains.
 * Platform 8 is a through platform on the South West Main Line fast line towards London Waterloo, used by non-stop trains passing through this station.
 * Platform 9 is a through platform on the South West Main Line fast line towards Woking.
 * Platform 10 is a through platform on the South West Main Line slow line towards London Waterloo.
 * Platform 11 is a through platform on the South West Main Line slow line towards Woking.
 * Platform 12 is a through platform on the Brighton Main Line fast line towards London Victoria.
 * Platform 13 is a through platform on the Brighton Main Line fast line towards East Croydon.
 * Platform 14 is a through platform on the Brighton Main Line slow line towards London Victoria.
 * Platform 15 is a through platform on the Brighton Main Line slow line towards East Croydon.
 * Platforms 16 and 17 are platforms connecting the Brighton Main Line slow line and the West London Line, used by Southern services. Platform 16 is the northbound platform (towards Watford Junction) and platform 17 is the southbound platform (towards East Croydon). Platform 17 can also be used by some terminating London Overground services as well.

Platform 8 must not be used for stopping trains, unless in an emergency, because the platform gap is too wide.

Services
All South Western Railway services from Waterloo pass through the station, as do Southern and Gatwick Express trains from Victoria. The West London line and South London line services of London Overground have Clapham Junction as one of the termini.

The typical off-peak service of 118 trains an hour comprises:

South Western Railway:
 * 35 tph to London Waterloo
 * 1 tph to Alton
 * 1 tph to Basingstoke (slow)
 * 1 tph to Exeter St Davids via Salisbury
 * 1 tph to Haslemere
 * 1 tph to Portsmouth and Southsea via Haslemere
 * 1 tph to Salisbury (roughly 1tp2h extended to Yeovil Pen Mill)
 * 1 tph to Weymouth
 * 2 tph to Chessington South
 * 2 tph to Dorking via Wimbledon
 * 2 tph to Guildford via Cobham & Stoke d'Abernon
 * 2 tph to Guildford via Epsom
 * 2 tph to Hampton Court via Surbiton
 * 2 tph to Shepperton via Wimbledon
 * 2 tph to Woking (slow)
 * 2 tph to London Waterloo by the Kingston Loop via Wimbledon, Kingston and Richmond
 * 2 tph to London Waterloo by the Hounslow Loop via Brentford, Hounslow and Richmond
 * 2 tph to London Waterloo by the Hounslow Loop via Richmond, Hounslow and Brentford
 * 2 tph to London Waterloo by the Kingston Loop via Richmond, Kingston and Wimbledon
 * 2 tph to Reading via Wokingham
 * 2 tph to Weybridge via Brentford, Hounslow and Staines
 * 2 tph to Windsor & Eton Riverside

Southern:
 * 18 tph to London Victoria
 * 2 tph to Bognor Regis and Portsmouth Harbour dividing at Horsham
 * 2 tph to Littlehampton
 * 2 tph to East Grinstead via Oxted
 * 2 tph to Eastbourne, with 1 continuing to Ore
 * 2 tph to Reigate
 * 2 tph to Dorking via Sutton and Epsom, of which one continues to Horsham
 * 2 tph to Epsom Downs
 * 2 tph to London Bridge via Crystal Palace
 * 2 tph to West Croydon
 * 1 tph to East Croydon via Norbury
 * 1 tph to Watford Junction via Kensington Olympia

London Overground:
 * 4 tph to Dalston Junction via Canada Water
 * 4 tph to Stratford via Highbury & Islington

During peak hours on weekdays express services on the South West Main Line and outer suburban services to Alton and Basingstoke typically do not stop at the station.

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Future proposals
In the 2010s, a Clapham Junction station was proposed as part of the Crossrail 2 project. A large underground station dug underneath the existing station was proposed to serve Crossrail 2 service. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the project was indefinitely postponed in 2020, although the route has been safeguarded.

The Northern line extension to Battersea Power Station was criticised for not extending to Clapham Junction. During the public inquiry into the extension in 2014, it was noted that although an extension to Clapham would be desirable, it was unnecessary to meet the needs of the Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea regeneration area. Additionally, it was noted that a further extension could overwhelm the extension, due to the high demand. However, provision has been made for a future extension of the line to the station, with a reserved course underneath Battersea Park.

Government and Network Rail funding for in the early 2010s of £50 million of improvements was granted. This comprised an upgrade to the main interchange: new entrances and more retail.

In a Network Rail study in 2015, it was proposed that platform 0 could reopen for 8-car operations of the West London Line.

Connections
London Buses routes 35, 37, 39, 49, 77, 87, 156, 170, 219, 295, 319, 337, 344, 345, 639, 670, C3 and G1 and night routes N19, N31, N35 and N87 serve the station.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clapham Junction railway station


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Talk:Michael Jordan

MVP and DPOY
In the "Pistons Roadblock" section, it reads: "Jordan again led the league in scoring during the 1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting,[40] and he won his first league MVP Award. He was also named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year...". A seemingly important detail left out was that this was the first time a player won both MVP and DPOY in the same season in NBA history (and has only, as of 2022, been repeated twice). I don't have permissions to edit this page, but could this detail be added? https://www.statmuse.com/nba/ask/players-named-mvp-and-dpoy-in-same-season

Semi-protected edit request on 30 April 2024
This guy averaged 2.8 steals per game (ranks second all time). In the infobox, you should give information about his stats for steals. Rebounds or assists, one of them should be removed.

Please see: Hakeem Olajuwon (points, rebounds, blocks). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.221.84.53 (talk) 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Consider discussing this at the WikiProject NBA talk page. FWIW, Clyde Drexler shows rebounds and assists.—Bagumba (talk) 12:09, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Picture from playing days in infobox
Would it be a good idea to have a picture from his playing career in the infobox up top, rather than the current pic from 2014. That pic of him dunking circa 1987-88 looks like a good fit. Shamus248 (talk) 18:21, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

Gold medals
My question is, how come under all those accomplishments and random ACC first team stuff , you don’t even list that he won a gold medal twice. He won 2 Olympic gold medals and that isn’t as important as some of those random achievements? I would argue the dream team helped push Micheal into being the greatest player which won him those awards later. Just sad to see that Olympic gold medals don’t rank as high as ACC player of the year. I think it’s a sad site. 2601:19C:4A01:E4E5:C00C:4829:2BF1:E7BC (talk) 02:22, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Jordan


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Bruun's FFT algorithm

Bruun's algorithm is a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm based on an unusual recursive polynomial-factorization approach, proposed for powers of two by G. Bruun in 1978 and generalized to arbitrary even composite sizes by H. Murakami in 1996. Because its operations involve only real coefficients until the last computation stage, it was initially proposed as a way to efficiently compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of real data. Bruun's algorithm has not seen widespread use, however, as approaches based on the ordinary Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm have been successfully adapted to real data with at least as much efficiency. Furthermore, there is evidence that Bruun's algorithm may be intrinsically less accurate than Cooley–Tukey in the face of finite numerical precision.

Nevertheless, Bruun's algorithm illustrates an alternative algorithmic framework that can express both itself and the Cooley–Tukey algorithm, and thus provides an interesting perspective on FFTs that permits mixtures of the two algorithms and other generalizations.

A polynomial approach to the DFT
Recall that the DFT is defined by the formula: $$X_k = \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} x_n e^{-\frac{2\pi i}{N} nk } \qquad k = 0,\dots,N-1. $$

For convenience, let us denote the N roots of unity by ωNn (n = 0, ..., N − 1): $$\omega_N^n = e^{-\frac{2\pi i}{N} n }$$ and define the polynomial x(z) whose coefficients are xn: $$x(z) = \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} x_n z^n.$$

The DFT can then be understood as a reduction of this polynomial; that is, Xk is given by: $$X_k = x(\omega_N^k) = x(z) \mod (z - \omega_N^k)$$ where mod denotes the polynomial remainder operation. The key to fast algorithms like Bruun's or Cooley–Tukey comes from the fact that one can perform this set of N remainder operations in recursive stages.

Recursive factorizations and FFTs
In order to compute the DFT, we need to evaluate the remainder of $$x(z)$$ modulo N degree-1 polynomials as described above. Evaluating these remainders one by one is equivalent to the evaluating the usual DFT formula directly, and requires O(N2) operations. However, one can combine these remainders recursively to reduce the cost, using the following trick: if we want to evaluate $$x(z)$$ modulo two polynomials $$U(z)$$ and $$V(z)$$, we can first take the remainder modulo their product $$U(z)$$ $$V(z)$$, which reduces the degree of the polynomial $$x(z)$$ and makes subsequent modulo operations less computationally expensive.

The product of all of the monomials $$(z - \omega_N^k)$$ for k=0..N-1 is simply $$z^N-1$$ (whose roots are clearly the N roots of unity). One then wishes to find a recursive factorization of $$z^N-1$$ into polynomials of few terms and smaller and smaller degree. To compute the DFT, one takes $$x(z)$$ modulo each level of this factorization in turn, recursively, until one arrives at the monomials and the final result. If each level of the factorization splits every polynomial into an O(1) (constant-bounded) number of smaller polynomials, each with an O(1) number of nonzero coefficients, then the modulo operations for that level take O(N) time; since there will be a logarithmic number of levels, the overall complexity is O (N log N).

More explicitly, suppose for example that $$z^N-1 = F_1(z) F_2(z) F_3(z)$$, and that $$F_k(z) = F_{k,1}(z) F_{k,2}(z)$$, and so on. The corresponding FFT algorithm would consist of first computing xk(z) = x(z) mod Fk(z), then computing xk,j(z) = xk(z) mod Fk,j(z), and so on, recursively creating more and more remainder polynomials of smaller and smaller degree until one arrives at the final degree-0 results.

Moreover, as long as the polynomial factors at each stage are relatively prime (which for polynomials means that they have no common roots), one can construct a dual algorithm by reversing the process with the Chinese remainder theorem.

Cooley–Tukey as polynomial factorization
The standard decimation-in-frequency (DIF) radix-r Cooley–Tukey algorithm corresponds closely to a recursive factorization. For example, radix-2 DIF Cooley–Tukey factors $$z^N-1$$ into $$F_1 = (z^{N/2}-1)$$ and $$F_2 = (z^{N/2}+1)$$. These modulo operations reduce the degree of $$x(z)$$ by 2, which corresponds to dividing the problem size by 2. Instead of recursively factorizing $$F_2$$ directly, though, Cooley–Tukey instead first computes x2(z ωN), shifting all the roots (by a twiddle factor) so that it can apply the recursive factorization of $$F_1$$ to both subproblems. That is, Cooley–Tukey ensures that all subproblems are also DFTs, whereas this is not generally true for an arbitrary recursive factorization (such as Bruun's, below).

The Bruun factorization
The basic Bruun algorithm for powers of two N=2n factorizes z2 n -1 recursively via the rules:

$$z^{2M}-1 = (z^M - 1) (z^M + 1) \,$$ $$z^{4M} + az^{2M} + 1 = (z^{2M} + \sqrt{2-a}z^M+1) (z^{2M} - \sqrt{2-a}z^M + 1)$$

where a is a real constant with |a| ≤ 2. If $$a=2\cos(\phi)$$, $$\phi\in(0,\pi)$$, then $$\sqrt{2+a}=2\cos\tfrac\phi2$$ and $$\sqrt{2-a}=2\cos(\tfrac\pi 2-\tfrac\phi 2)$$.

At stage s, s=0,1,2,n-1, the intermediate state consists of 2s polynomials $$p_{s,0},\dots,p_{s,2^s-1}$$ of degree 2n-s - 1 or less, where $$\begin{align} p_{s,0}(z)&= p(z) \mod \left(z^{2^{n-s}}-1\right)&\quad&\text{and}\\ p_{s,m}(z) &= p(z)\mod \left(z^{2^{n-s}}-2\cos\left(\tfrac{m}{2^s}\pi\right)z^{2^{n-1-s}}+1\right)&m&=1,2,\dots,2^s-1 \end{align}$$

By the construction of the factorization of z2 n -1, the polynomials ps,m(z) each encode 2n-s values $$X_k=p(e^{2\pi i\tfrac{k}{2^n}})$$ of the Fourier transform, for m=0, the covered indices are k=0, 2k, 2∙2s, 3∙2s,…, (2n-s-1)∙2s, for m>0 the covered indices are k=m, 2s+1-m, 2s+1+m, 2∙2s+1-m, 2∙2s+1+m, …, 2n-m.

During the transition to the next stage, the polynomial $$p_{s,\ell}(z)$$ is reduced to the polynomials $$p_{s+1,\ell}(z)$$ and $$p_{s+1,2^s-\ell}(z)$$ via polynomial division. If one wants to keep the polynomials in increasing index order, this pattern requires an implementation with two arrays. An implementation in place produces a predictable, but highly unordered sequence of indices, for example for N=16 the final order of the 8 linear remainders is (0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 7, 3, 5).

At the end of the recursion, for $s = n-1$, there remain $2^{n-1}$ linear polynomials encoding two Fourier coefficients $X_{0}$ and $X_{2^{n-1}}|undefined$ for the first and for the any other $k$th polynomial the coefficients $X_{k}$ and $X_{2^{n}-k}$.

At each recursive stage, all of the polynomials of the common degree $4M-1$ are reduced to two parts of half the degree $2M-1$. The divisor of this polynomial remainder computation is a quadratic polynomial zm, so that all reductions can be reduced to polynomial divisions of cubic by quadratic polynomials. There are $N/2 = 2^{n−1}$ of these small divisions at each stage, leading to an $O(N log N)$ algorithm for the FFT.

Moreover, since all of these polynomials have purely real coefficients (until the very last stage), they automatically exploit the special case where the inputs xn are purely real to save roughly a factor of two in computation and storage. One can also take straightforward advantage of the case of real-symmetric data for computing the discrete cosine transform.

Generalization to arbitrary radices
The Bruun factorization, and thus the Bruun FFT algorithm, was generalized to handle arbitrary even composite lengths, i.e. dividing the polynomial degree by an arbitrary radix (factor), as follows. First, we define a set of polynomials $φ_{N,α}(z)$ for positive integers $N$ and for $α$ in $[0, 1)$ by: $$\phi_{N, \alpha}(z) = \begin{cases} z^{2N} - 2 \cos (2 \pi \alpha) z^N + 1 & \text{if } 0 < \alpha < 1 \\ \\ z^{2N} - 1 & \text{if } \alpha = 0 \end{cases} $$

Note that all of the polynomials that appear in the Bruun factorization above can be written in this form. The zeroes of these polynomials are $$e^{2\pi i ( \pm\alpha + k ) / N}$$ for $$k = 0, 1, \dots, N-1$$ in the $$\alpha \neq 0$$ case, and $$e^{2\pi i k / 2N}$$ for $$k = 0, 1, \dots, 2N-1$$ in the $$\alpha = 0$$ case. Hence these polynomials can be recursively factorized for a factor (radix) $r$ via:

$$\phi_{rM, \alpha}(z) = \begin{cases} \prod_{\ell=0}^{r-1} \phi_{M,(\alpha+\ell)/r} & \text{if } 0 < \alpha \leq 0.5 \\ \\ \prod_{\ell=0}^{r-1} \phi_{M,(1-\alpha+\ell)/r} & \text{if } 0.5 < \alpha < 1 \\ \\ \prod_{\ell=0}^{r-1} \phi_{M,\ell/(2r)} & \text{if } \alpha = 0 \end{cases} $$

title: Bruun's FFT algorithm


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S-IVB

The S-IVB (pronounced "S-four-B") was the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB launch vehicles. Built by the Douglas Aircraft Company, it had one J-2 rocket engine. For lunar missions it was fired twice: first for Earth orbit insertion after second stage cutoff, and then for translunar injection (TLI).

History
The S-IVB evolved from the upper stage of the Saturn I rocket (the S-IV) and was the first stage of the Saturn V to be designed. The S-IV used a cluster of six RL-10 engines but used the same fuels as the S-IVB – liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. It was also originally meant to be the fourth stage of a planned rocket called the C-4, hence the name S-IV.

Eleven companies submitted proposals for being the lead contractor on the stage by the deadline of 29 February 1960. NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan decided on 19 April that Douglas Aircraft Company would be awarded the contract. Convair had come in a close second but Glennan did not want to monopolize the liquid hydrogen-fueled rocket market as Convair was already building the Centaur stage of the Atlas-Centaur rocket.

In the end, the Marshall Space Flight Center decided to use the C-5 rocket (later called the Saturn V), which had three stages and would be topped with an uprated S-IV called the S-IVB featuring a single J-2 engine, as opposed to the cluster of 6 RL-10 engines on the S-IV. Douglas was awarded the contract for the S-IVB because of the similarities between it and the S-IV. At the same time, it was decided to create the C-IB rocket (Saturn IB) that would also use the S-IVB as its second stage and could be used for testing the Apollo spacecraft in low Earth orbit.

12 200-series and 16 500-series S-IVB stages were built, alongside 3 test stages. NASA was working on acquiring 4 additional 200-series stages (as part of 4 new Saturn IB rockets, SA-213 to 216), but funding never materialized and the order was canceled in August 1968 before S-IVB hardware was assembled. Similarly, an order for two additional 500-series stages (for Saturn V rockets 516 and 517) was canceled around the same time.

Configuration
Douglas built two distinct versions of the S-IVB, the 200 series and the 500 series. The 200 series was used by the Saturn IB and differed from the 500 in that it did not have a flared interstage and it had less helium pressurization on board since it did not have to be restarted. In the 500 series, the interstage flared out to match the larger diameter of the S-II stage of the Saturn V. The 200 series also had three solid rockets for separating the S-IVB from the S-IB during staging. On the 500 series this was reduced to two, and two small Auxiliary Propulsion System (APS) thruster modules were added as ullage motors for restarting the J-2 engine and to provide attitude control during coast phases of flight.

The S-IVB carried 73,280 L of liquid oxygen (LOX), massing 87,200 kg. It carried 252,750 L of liquid hydrogen (LH2), massing 18,000 kg. Empty mass was 10,000 kg

Auxiliary Propulsion System
Attitude control was provided by J-2 engine gimbaling during powered flight and by the two APS modules during coast. APS modules were used for three-axis control during coast phases, roll control during J-2 firings, and ullage for the second ignition of the J-2 engine. Each APS module contained two 150 lbf thrusters providing thrust for roll and pitch, another 150-pound-force thruster for yaw, and one 70 lbf thruster for ullage. Each module contained its own propellant tanks of 150 lbs dinitrogen tetroxide and 115 lbs monomethyl hydrazine as well as compressed helium to pressurize its propellants.

Uses
A surplus S-IVB tank, serial number 212, was converted into the hull for Skylab, the first American space station. Skylab was launched on a Saturn V on May 14, 1973, and it eventually reentered the atmosphere on July 11, 1979. A second S-IVB, serial number 515, was also converted into a backup Skylab, but this one never flew.

From Apollo 13 onward, the S-IVB stages were crashed into the Moon to perform seismic measurements used for characterizing the lunar interior.

Stages built
(* See List of artificial objects on the Moon for location.)

Derivatives
The second stage of the Ares I rocket and the proposed Earth Departure Stage (EDS) would have had some of the characteristics of the S-IVB stage, as both would have had an uprated J-2 engine, called the J-2X, with the latter performing the same functions as that of the Series 500 version of the stage (placing the payload into orbit, and later firing the spacecraft into trans-lunar space).

The MS-IVB was a proposed modification of the S-IVB that would have been used on a Mars flyby, but it was never produced.

title: S-IVB


text:
User:Hephaestos/hipu

Hipparchus (Greek Ἳππαρχος) (circa 194 B.C. - circa 120 B.C.) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician and geographer.

An astrometric project, the Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), was named after him.

Life and work
Hipparchus was born in Nicaea (Greek Νικαία), ancient district Bithynia, (modern-day Iznik) in province Bursa, in what today is Turkey.

The exact dates of his life are not known for sure, but he is believed to have made his observations from 162 B.C. to 127 B.C.. The date of his birth (circa 190 B.C.) was calculated by Delambre, based on clues in his work. We don't know anything about his youth either. Most of what is known about Hipparchus is from Ptolemy's Almagest (The Clock), from Strabo's Geographia (Geography) and from Pliny the Elder's Naturalis historia (Natural history). He probably studied in Alexandria.

Hipparchus is believed to have died on the island of Rhodes, where he spent most of his later life.

His main original works are lost. His only major preserved work is the (Commentary) on the Phaenomena of Eudoxus and Aratus or Commentary on Aratus, a critical commentary in 2 books on a popular poem by Aratus, which describes the constellations and the stars that form them. This work contains many measurements of stellar positions and was translated by Karl Manitius (In Arati et Eudoxi Phaenomena, Leipzig, 1894). Aside from this survives the list he made of his complete works, and apparently he wrote fourteen other major books, all presumably lost in the burning of the Great Royal Alexandrian Library in 642.

Hipparchus is recognized as the originator and father of scientific astronomy. He is believed to be the greatest Greek astronomic observer, and many regard him at the same time as the greatest astronomer of ancient times, although Cicero still gave preferences to Aristarchus of Samos. Some put in this place also Ptolemy of Alexandria.

Brightness of stars
Hipparchus had in 134 B.C. ranked stars in six magnitude classes according to their brightness: he assigned the value of 1 to the 20 brightest stars, to weaker ones a value of 2, and so forth to the stars with a class of 6, which can be barely seen with the naked eyes. This was later adopted by Ptolemy, and modern astronomers with telescopes, photographic plates and other measuring devices for the light as they extended a luminosity with a density of light current j of a star on the Earth and put it on a qunatitative base. (See Apparent magnitude.) Observations with measuring devices for the light had shown that the density of light current of a star with a apparent magnitude 1m is hundred times greater of a star with a magnitude 6m. If we consider a property of an eye that a response is proportional with a logarithm of irritation, we get Pogson's physiological law (also called Pogson's ratio) from 1854 (other sources 1858):
 * $$m - m_0 = -2.5 \log_{10}{\left(\frac{j}{j_0}\right)}$$

Astronomical instruments and astrometry
Hipparchus is credited with the invention or improvement of several astronomical instruments, which were used for a long time with naked-eye observations. About 150 B.C. he made the first astrolabion, which may have been an armillary sphere or the predecessor of a planar instrument astrolabe, which was improved in 3rd century by Arab astronomers and brought by them in Europe in 10th century. With an astrolabe Hipparchus was among the first able to measure the geographical latitude and time by observing stars. Previously this was done at daytime by measuring the shadow cast by a gnomon, but the way this was used changed during his time. They put it in a metallic hemisphere, which was divided inside in concentric circles, and used it as a portable instrument, named scaphion, for determination of geographical coordinates from measured solar altitudes. With this instrument Eratosthenes of Cyrene 220 B.C. had measured the length of Earth's meridian, and after that they used this instrument to survey smaller regions as well. Ptolemy reported that Hipparchus invented an improved type of theodolite with which to measure angles.

Hipparchus had proposed to determine the geographical longitudes of several cities at solar eclipses. An eclipse does not occur simultaneously at all places on Earth, and their difference in longitude can be computed from the difference in time when the eclipse is observed. His method would give the most accurate data as would any previous one, if it would be correctly carried out. However, it was never properly applied, and for this reason maps remained rather inaccurate until modern times.

Geometry and trigonometry
It is known that that Hipparchus compiled one of the first catalogue of stars. He also thought to have compiled the first trigonometry tables, when computing the eccentricity of the orbit of the Sun. He tabulated values for the chord function, which gave the length of the chord for each angle. In modern terms, the chord of an angle equals twice the sine of half of the angle, e.g., chord(A) = 2 sin(A/2).

He had a method of solving spherical triangles. The theorem in plane geometry called "Ptolemy's theorem" was developed by Hipparchus. This theorem was elaborated on by Carnot. Hipparchus was the first to show that the stereographic projection is conformal, and that it transforms circles on the sphere that do not pass through the center of projection to circles on the plane. This was the basis for the astrolabe.

Precession of the equinoxes (146 B.C.-130 B.C.)
Hipparchus is perhaps most famous for having been the first to measure the precession of the equinoxes. There is some suggestion that the Babylonians may have known about precession but it appears that Hipparchus was to first to really understand it and measure it. According to al-Battani Chaldean astronomers had distinguished the tropical and sidereal year. He stated they had around 330 B.C. an estimation for the length of the sidereal year to be SK = 365d 6h 11m (= 365.2576388d) with an error of (about) 110s. This phenomenon was probably also known to Kidinnu around 314 B.C.. A. Biot and Delambre attribute the discovery of precession also to old Chinese astronomers.

Hipparchus and his predecessors mostly used simple instruments for astronomical calculations, such as the gnomon, astrolabe, armillary sphere etc.

Before him Meton, Euktemon and their students had determined 440 B.C. (431 B.C., or June 27, 432 BC proleptic julian calendar) the two points of the solstice. Aristarchus of Samos is said to have done so in 280 B.C. Hipparchus found observations of the moment of equinox more accurate, and he observed many during his lifetime. Hipparchus on his own in Alexandria 146 B.C. determined the equinoctial point, using Archimedes' observations of solstices. Hipparchus himself made several observations of the solstices and equinoxes. From these observations a year later in 145 B.C. he also on his own determined the length of the tropical year to be TH = 365.24666...d = 365d 5h 55 m 12 s (365d + 1/4 - 1/300 = 365.24666...d = 365d 5h 55 m), which differs from the actual value (modern estimate) T = 365.24219...d = 365d 5h 48m 45s by only 6m 27s (6m 15s) (365.2423d = 365d 5h 48m, by only 7m).

We do not know the correct order for the precision of this value but most probably he was not able to make measurements within seconds so the correct value of his discovery was 365d 5h 55 m.

Between the solstice observation of Meton and his own, there were 297 years spanning 108478 days. This implies a tropical year of 365.24579... days = 365d;14,44,51 (sexagesimal; = 365d + 14/60 + 44/602 + 51/603), and this value has been found on a Babylonian clay tablet [A.Jones, 2001]. This is an indication that Hipparchus' work was known to Chaldeans.

Another value for the year that is attributed to Hipparchos is 365 + 1/4 + 1/288 days (= 365.253472... days = 365d6h5m), but this may be a corruption of another value attributed to a Babylonian source: 365 + 1/4 + 1/144 days (= 365.25694... days = 365d6h10m). It is not clear if this would be a value for the sidereal year (actual value at his time (modern estimate) 365.2565d).

Before him the Chaldean astronomers knew the lengths of seasons are not equal. Hipparchus made equinox and solstice observations, and according to Ptolemy (Almagest III.4) determined that spring (from spring equinox to summer solstice) lasted 94 + 1/2 days, and summer (from summer solstice to autumn equinox) 92 1/2 days. This is an unexpected result given a premise of the Sun moving around the Earth in a circle at uniform speed. His solution was to place the Earth not at the center of the Sun's motion, but at some distance from the center. Thus he introduced the concept of eccentricity. This model described the apparent motion of the Sun fairly well (of course today we know that the planets like the Earth move in ellipses around the Sun, but this was not discovered until Johannes Kepler published his first two laws of planetary motion in 1609). The value for the eccentricity attributed to him by Ptolemy is that the offset is 1/24 of the radius of the orbit (which is too large), and the direction of the apogee would be at longitude 65.5&degree; from the vernal equinox. Hipparchus may also have used another set of observations (94 1/4 and 92 3/4 days), which would lead to different values. The question remains if Hipparchus is really the author of the values provided by Ptolemy. With his estimation of the length of seasons he tried to determine, as of today, the eccentricity of Earth's orbit, and according to John Dreyer he got the incorrect value e = 0.04166 (which is too large).

After that from 141 B.C. to 126 B.C. he lived mostly on the island of Rhodes, again in Alexandria and in Siracuse, and around 130 B.C. in Babylon, during which period he made a lot of precise and lasting observations. When he measured the length of gnomon shadow at solstice he determined the length of tropical year and he was finding times of the known bright star sunsets and times of sunrises. From all of these measurements he found in 134 B.C. the length of sidereal year to be SH = 365d 6h 10m (365.2569444...d), which differs from today's S = 365.2563657...d = 365d 6h 9m 10s for 50s. Hipparchus also had measurements of the times of solstices from Aristarchus dating from 279 B.C. and from the school of Meton and Euctemon dating from 431 B.C.. This was a long enough period of time to allow him to calculate the difference between the length of the sidereal year and the tropical year, and led him to the discovery of precession. When he compared both lengths, he saw the tropical year is shorter for about 20 minutes from sidereal.

Additionally, as first in the history he correctly explained this with retrogradical movement of vernal point γ over the ecliptic for about 45", 46" or 47" (36" or 3/4' according to Ptolemy) per annum (today's value is Ψ'=50.387", 50.26") and he showed the Earth's axis is not fixed in space.

Star catalogue
After that in 135 B.C., enthusiastic about a nova star in the constellation of Scorpius, he measured with an equatorial armillary sphere ecliptical coordinates of about 850 (falsely quoted elsewhere as 1600 or 1080) and in 129 B.C. he made first big star catalogue.

This map served him to find any changes on the sky but unfortunately it is not preserved today. His star map was thoroughly modified as late as 1000 years later in 964 by Al Sufi and 1500 years later (1437) by Ulugh Beg. Later, Halley would use his star catalogue to discover proper motions as well. His work speaks for itself. Another loss is that we know almost nothing about Hipparchus' life (this was stressed by Fred Hoyle).

In his star map Hipparchus drew the position of every star on the basis of its celestial latitude (its angular distance from the ecliptic plane) and its celestial longitude (its angular distance from an arbitrary point, for instance as is custom in astronomy from vernal equinox). The system from his star map was also transferred to maps for Earth. Before him longitudes and latitudes were used by Dicaearchus of Messana, but they got their meanings in coordinate net not until Hipparchus.

By comparing his own measurements of the position of the equinoxes to the star Spica during a lunar eclipse at the time of equinox with those of Euclid's contemporaries (Timocharis of Alexandria (circa 320 B.C.-260 B.C.), Aristyllus 150 years earlier, the records of Chaldean astronomers (especially Kidinnu's records), and observations of a temple in Thebes, Egypt that was built in around 2000 BC) he still later observed that the equinox had moved 2° relative to Spica. He also noticed this motion in other stars. He obtained a value of not less than 1° in a century. The modern value is 1° in 72 years.

He also knew the works Phainomena (Phenomena)—Hipparchus' commentary contains many precise times for rising, culmination, and setting of the constellations treated inn the Phaenomena, and these are likely to have been based on measurements of stellar positions—and Enoptron (Mirror of Nature) of Eudoxus of Cnidus, who had near Cyzicus on the southern coast of the Sea of Marmara his school and through Aratus' astronomical epic poem Phenomena Eudoxus' sphere, which was made from metal or stone and where there were marked constellations, brightest stars, tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn. These comparisons embarrassed him because he couldn't put together Eudoxus' detailed statements with his own observations and observations of that time. From all this he found that coordinates of the stars and the Sun had systematically changed. Their celestial latitudes λ remained unchanged, but their celestial longitudes β had reduced as would equinoctial points, intersections of ecliptic and celestial equator, move with progressive velocity every year for 1/100'.

After him many Greek and Arab astronomers had confirmed this phenomenon. Ptolemy compared his catalogue with those of Aristyllus, Timocharis, Hipparchus and the observations of Agrippa and Menelaus of Alexandria from the early 1st century and he finally confirmed Hipparchus' empirical fact that poles of the celestial equator in one Platonic year (approximately 25,777 sidereal years) encircle the ecliptical pole. The diameter of these cicles is equal to the inclination of ecliptic. The equinoctial points in this time traverse the whole ecliptic and they move 1° in a century. This velocity is equal to that calculated by Hipparchus. Because of these accordances Delambre, P. Tannery and other French historians of astronomy had wrongly jumped to conclusions that Ptolemy recorded his star catalogue from Hipparchus' with an ordinary extrapolation. This was not known until 1898 when Marcel Boll and others had found that Ptolemy's catalogue differs from Hipparchus' not only in the number of stars but in other respects.

This phenomenon was named by Ptolemy just because the vernal point γ leads the Sun. In Latin praecesse means "to overtake" or "to outpass", and today also means to twist or to turn. Its own name shows this phenomenon was discovered practically before its theoretical explanation, otherwise it would have been given a better term. Many later astronomers, physicists and mathematicians had occupied themselves with this problem, practically and theoretically. The phenomenon itself had opened many new promising solutions in several branches of celestial mechanics: Thabit ibn Qurra's theory of trepidation and oscillation of equinoctial points, Isaac Newton's general gravitational law (which had explained it in full), Leonhard Euler's kinematic equations and Joseph Lagrange's equations of motion, Jean d'Alembert's dynamical theory of the movement of the rigid body, some algebraic solutions for special cases of precession, John Flamsteed's and James Bradley's difficulties in the making of precise telescopic star catalogues, Friedrich Bessel's and Simon Newcomb's measurements of precession, and finally the precession of perihelion in Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.

Lunisolar precession causes the motion of point γ by the ecliptic in the opposite direction of the apparent solar year's movement and the circulation of celestial pole. This circle becomes a spiral because of additional ascendancy of the planets. This is planetary precession where the ecliptical plane swings from its central position for ±4° in 60,000 years. The angle between ecliptic and celestial equator ε = 23° 26' is reducing for 0.47" per annum. Also, the point γ slides by equator for p = 0.108" per annum now in the same direction as the Sun. The sum of precessions gives an annual general precession in longitude Ψ = 50.288" which causes the origination of tropical year.

Apparent motion of the Sun
Hipparchus also undertook to find the distances and sizes of the Sun and the Moon. He determined the Moon's horizontal parallax, which leads to a distance for the Moon.

Distance to the Sun

 * ...to be written ...

Size of the Moon

 * ...to be written ...

Motion of the Moon
Hipparchus also studied the motion of the Moon and confirmed the accurate values for some periods of its motion that Chaldean astronomers (especially Kidinnu) had obtained before him, while obtaining more accurate measurents of other periods than had previously existed. The traditional value for the mean synodic month is 29d;31,50,28,20 (sexagesimal) = 29.53059429... d. Expressed as 29d + 12h + 793/1080 h this value has been used later in the Hebrew calendar (possibly from Babylonian sources). The Chaldeans also knew that 251 synodic months = 269 anomalystic months. Hipparchus extended this period by a factor of 17, because after that interval the Moon also would have a similar latitude, and it is close to an integer number of years (345). Therefore eclipses would reappear under almost identical circumstances. The period is 126007d1h (rounded). Hipparchus could confirm his computations by comparing eclipses from his own time (139 BC), with eclipses from Babylonian records 345 years earlier (Ptolemy, Almagest IV.2; [G.J.Toomer 1981]; [A.Jones 2001]). From modern ephemerides [Chapront et al. 2002] and taking account of the change in the length of the day (see Delta-T) we estimate that the error in the assumed length of the synodic month was less than 0.2s in the 4th BC and less than 0.1s in Hipparchus' time.

While undertaking to find the distances and sizes of the Sun and the Moon, Hipparchus determined the length of synodic month to 23/50s = 0.46s about 139 B.C. in Babylon according to Strabo of Amaseia in Pontus. He determined the Moon's horizontal parallax. He discovered the irregularity in lunar movement, which changes medium lunar longitude and today is called the equalization of the center with a value:

 * I = 377' sin m + 13' sin 2m,

where m is medium anomaly of the Moon.

Celestial coordinate systems
Delambre in his Histoire de l'Astronomie Ancienne (1817) concluded that Hipparchus knew and used a real (celestial) equatorial coordinate system, directly with the right ascension and declination (or with its complement, polar distance). Later Otto Neugebauer (1899-1990) in his A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy (1975) rejected Delambre's claims.

See also:
 * Apparent magnitude
 * Astrometry
 * Geminus (of Rhodes) (10 BC - circa 60)
 * Mira
 * Mithraism
 * Star catalogues

Literature

 * Edition and translation: Karl Manitius: In Arati et Eudoxi Phaenomena, Leipzig, 1894.
 * G.J.Toomer (1978): Hipparchus in "Dictionary of Scientific Biography" 15, 207..224
 * G.J.Toomer (1981): "Hipparchus' Empirical Basis for his Lunar Mean Motions", Centaurus 24, 97..109.
 * A.Jones: Hipparchus in "Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics", Nature Publishing Group, 2001.
 * J.Chapront, M.Chapront Touze, G.Francou (2002): "A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant, and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements". Astron.Astrophys. 387, 700..709.

title: User:Hephaestos/hipu


text: User:Hephaestos/hipo

title: User:Hephaestos/hipo


text:
José María Reina Barrios

José María Reyna Barrios (December 24, 1854 – February 8, 1898) was President of Guatemala from March 15, 1892 until his assassination on February 8, 1898.

He was a moderate of Guatemala's Liberal Party, who worked to solidify the less controversial of the reforms of late president Justo Rufino Barrios.

Early life
José María Reyna Barrios was born in San Marcos, Guatemala and was nicknamed Reynita, the diminutive form, because of his short stature. He is the son of Celia Barrios de Reyna and Joaquín Reyna. He has three siblings, Manuel, María and María Antonia.

Political life
Reyna Barrios was nephew of Justo Rufino Barrios, and as such he started his political career while his uncle was still President of Guatemala. After Barrios sudden death in Chalchuapa, El Salvador on April 2. 1885, Reyna Barrios increased his political activity under the government of Manuel Lisandro Barillas, who was jealous of his popularity and sent him to Europe under false pretenses that there was a diplomatic appointment for him. The appointment never materialized and Reina Barrios was stuck in Europe and then in the United States for a few years.

1892 Presidential elections
Reyna Barrios finally made it back to Guatemala, in time to run for office in the 1892 presidential elections. It was the first election in Guatemala that allowed the candidates to advertise in the local newspapers. The candidates who ran for office were:

Barillas Bercian was unique among all liberal presidents of Guatemala between 1871 and 1944: he handed over power to his successor peacefully. When election time approached, he sent for the three Liberal candidates to ask them what their government plan would be. The following anecdote recounts better what happened then:

First arrived lawyer Francisco Lainfiesta, and General Barillas, with the friendliest of smiles, said: "Mr. Lainfiesta: you are one of the candidates in the upcoming elections and perhaps the more likely to win. Therefore, I would like to know what your attitude and your political system of government will be, if you get to win. Especially, I would like to know your attitude about my person; because I have made my mistakes, I do not deny it. I was a simple worker at my carpentry when General Justo Rufino Barrios sent for me to be appointed second presidential designate. I would therefore, Mr. Lainfiesta, know what conduct you will observe towards me." Mr. Lainfiesta said: "General Barillas: if luck would favor me with the election victory, my government will be based on strict adherence to the Constitution; the law would be the law and anyone who has acquired some responsibility, will have to answer for it before the relevant courts. A firm and righteous compliance with the constitutional provisions shall be the standard of my conduct as president". "Very well" said general Barillas, and both parted cordially.

Barillas then brought in Dr. Montúfar and interrogated him in the same or similar way as he had done Mr. Lainfiesta. Dr. Montúfar responded in similar terms as Lainfiesta, stressing his claims to obedience of the Constitution and strict enforcement.

Finally general Reyna Barrios came in; when in the midst of pleasant conversation, General Barillas repeated his question, and Reyna replied, with a sincere smile: "We should not even talk about that, general; because you and I are the same. Rest assured that I will know how to respect and protect you." And then both shook hands with effusion. By the election period, the first two days of voting favored Lainfiesta. But by the third day, a huge column of Quetzaltenango and Totonicapán Indigenous people came down from the mountains to vote for general Reyna Barrios. The official agents did their job: Reyna was elected president and, not to offend the losing candidates, Barillas gave them checks to cover the costs of their presidential campaigns. Reyna Barrios, of course, received nothing, but he went on to become President on March 15, 1892.

Government
During Barrrios's first term in office, the power of the landowners over the rural peasantry increased. He oversaw the rebuilding of parts of Guatemala City on a grander scale, with wide, Parisian style avenues built. He oversaw Guatemala hosting the first "Exposición Centroamericana" ("Central American Fair") in 1897. During his second term, Barrios printed bonds to fund his ambitious plans, fuelling monetary inflation and the rise of popular opposition to his regime.

Infrastructure

As part of the efforts for the Central American Expo, his government embellished the city with avenues and monuments following Parisian style and built the Northern Railroad of Guatemala. Due to the 1917-1918 earthquakes most of these structures were lost.

His administration also work on improving the roads, installing national and international telegraphs and introducing electricity to Guatemala City. Completing a transoceanic railway was a main objective of his government, with a goal to attract international investors at a time when the Panama Canal was not built yet.

Death

In a very strange coincidence, Barrios was assassinated on February 8, 1898 at No. 8 on 8th Street in Guatemala City at 8:00 PM local time by Edgar Zollinger, a British citizen and administrator of the Aparicio Family business, who shot him with a .38 caliber revolver. After shooting the president, he was shot eight times by defenders. Zollinger took revenge since back on September 13, 1897 Reina Barrios had Juan Aparicio killed in an unlawful manner. Aparicio was the former Mayor of Quetzaltenango. His assets included the Zunil Electrical Plant, The Los Altos Railroad, Coffee Plantations and Local Bank. These businesses were appropriated illegally, leaving the Aparicio family in ruins for decades. The population mourned the death of Aparicio as he was loved for helping and aiding others. Reina Barrios lived his last moments as a criminal. His actions caused irreversible damage to Guatemalan infrastructure.

title: José María Reina Barrios


text:
User talk:Ktsquare/Archive I

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need any questions answered about the project then check out Help or drop me a line. BTW, great job disambiguating Jin Dynasty -- I had no idea there were two of them. Cheers! --maveric149

Thanks for asking about my field trip -- I had a great time! Yosemite is... well, words fail. You should be happy to find out that the number of times a page has been accessed is already at the bottom of each page here in wikipedia (right above the search bar). For example just before I hit edit, I saw that this talk page has been accessed 14 times since it was created and the main page has been accessed 313,347 times (yikes! That's just since February). BTW, 50 is a rather small number to have on the most popular page listing: It might be a good idea to suggest a similar format for the popular pages as we now have for RecentChanges -- "View the most popular 50 | 100 | 250 | 500 | 1000 pages"... You want to suggest this feature on wikipedia feature requests or should I? Power to the wiki! --maveric149

Sorry, I don't know when the bugs will be worked out on the move feature. User:Brion VIBBER is the developer that is most active as a regular contributor (like you and me) to wikipedia. I will ask him about it. I for one won't move Tables of Chinese Sovereigns until you are finished with all the major changes/additions you are working on. Of course, you or anyone else could do a manual move/redirect and then the history of Tables of Chinese Sovereigns would be left totally intact yet hidden behind a redirect. If this is done the person making the move can mention that user:Ktsquare first created this page (under ip 24.100.81.xxx) someplace else and has done much of the work on it. You could also put a link to the history of Tables of Chinese Sovereigns in the talk of the new page. --maveric149

No, there really is no official watchlist for naughty users other than RecentChanges (hit "show last 5000 changes" and then search for the person's IP). What I do is just copy down the visible part of the IP and place that on my user page. Of course, if this person is doing a systemic attack then please add this person's visible IP to VANDALISM IN PROGRESS to elicit the help of others to undo the harm the vandal is doing (if an administrator is around then the vandal will be warned and then blocked if the warning is ignored). As a matter of policy though, defacing a single page is not usually considered to be vandalism -- it is oftentimes just tagging by a person who doesn't have a clue what the project is about and is just experimenting. Most of these people leave after a single "incident" and never come back -- as your example seems to have done. When you see a newly created page like History of Indochina that has nothing but garbage on it, simply delete the garbage and either vote to delete the page or create a short stub to replace the garbage. Of course, always check the history to make sure an article isn't hiding behind in the page's history. --maveric149

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Hi! Please see recent Talk:Wu Hu

Well, it wasn't much help really; you're obviously much more knowledgeable about it. :-) Cheers, Koyaanis Qatsi

Do you know whether the term Rape of Nanking was in use before the book of that name was published? I sort of recall that it was, but I'm not an expert in history. --Ed Poor

 * Before that book was published, the term only means rapes of women during the 2 months of atrocities inside the city but the book used the term for referring to the Nanjing Massacre. Such a use is acceptable. In other words, the term means only part of atrocities before the publish and the book generalized to the whole massacre. -- Ktsquare
 * Not true. Rape has always had the meaning of destruction and murder over a large area. For instance, the Glencoe Massacre is refered to as the rape of Glencoe. I'm fairly certain Rape of Nanking was in use for quite a while too. --rmhermen

I agree that the term Rape of Nanking was in use quite a while but my previous point was on what the term is referring to, not on how long it has lasted. Research on Google and my knowledge gave me contradictory results. I have always believed that the term was a western term for Nanjing Massacre. Some webpages used it only for rape of women during those 2 1/2 months, some refer to the whole incident anmd some don't even bother to use it at all. Since Nanjing Massacre can only refer to the incident, I prefer using that instaed of the Rape of Nanking. Some research papers in US are now using Nanjing Massacre and some invented a new term Nanjing Atrocities, adding more confusion to the confusing enough nomenclature.

an example. search "rape" and "massacre". They refer to the same incident.

II. The Death Toll ? Current Estimates: 1st paragraph: ....The notion here is that if the figure of 300,000 (or any higher end of the estimates for that matter) does not stand, it is no longer the Nanking Atrocities (or the Nanjing Massacre or the Rape of Nanking)....

Ktsquare -- please be aware that the Hull genealogy website is CRAP. It is not accurate and we have had many problems with people using it (and most other genealogical websites) as reference material. No professional European historian I know (and I know lots of them -- and am one myself) would trust it. As a history student, you should really avail yourself of the opportunity to use sources critically. Remember, genealogy isn't history, and most amateur genealogists (certainly not all, but most) usually don't have the language skills or background to be as trustworthy as many other sources available. JHK

Thanx very much for your helpful advice.

Your concern probably arised from your comment on talk:Charles. I personally don't trust the Hull website and those material on Charles are direct reposts of existing wikipedia articles. The link was just an old shortcut which was probably created during my high school years. IMO accuracy of genealogical records depends on 1) how accurate is the source, 2)expertise of the amatuer, 3) how detailed are those records. Just out of curiosity, is "Europaische Stammtafeln" a trustworthy source? I heard of the title before and trust me, I'm not going to copy those materials onto wikipedia. BTW I have already stopped collecting genealogical data since I entered university. Thanx again. --Ktsquare
 * Which edition? There are several excellent prosopographical works out there in German -- depends on the subject and time period as to how good they are.   I honestly would not rely on anything absolutely, unless it clearly demonstrates how it came to the conclusions it does, and what primary sources are used.  JHK
 * IMO The latest edition would be the best by common sense. BTW do you use prosographical material frequently during your years of research? --Ktsquare

I wouldn't agree that latest is always best -- the original wasn't written with genealogists in mind -- I don't know about the Neue Folge. I think it is probably helpful in tracing family trees, but dangerous in the hands of people who don't know what they're looking at. For example, many German genealogical and prosopographical sources will use a "von somewhere" after a name. The historian understands that this is usually not part of a title nor indicates heritable lands -- at least before the late 10th c., because there weren't all that many inheritable titles, outside of royalty, before then. So where I see that (for example only) Welf, a graf in Alemannia, married Gerswintha v. Sachsen in 810, I see that Welf held the title of comes -- which may or may not have been connected to a permanent office, possibly not in Alemannia (that might be where his family was from), who married a woman who was either from Saxony (not the same as today's Saxony) or was of Saxon descent. HJ, on the other hand, would see this as Welf, Count of Alemannia, married a noblewoman named Gerswintha von Sachsen. Believe me, the differences could be vast.

And yes, if you hadn't figured it out by now, I do use a lot of prosopographical stuff in my research. And I do dislike most amateur genealogy, because the aim in most cases seems not to learn for the sake of finding out more about history and the people who contributed to it, but seems more to be a purely egotistical attempt to claim noble blood and sometimes to prove longtime claims to lands that have changed hands many times over the years. Personally, I would rather do something interesting and important myself than say that by no fault of my own, I'm related to some long dead king. But maybe my priorities are mixed up ;-) JHK

Good to know Euroepean history researchers use a lot of prosopographical material. However it seems like not a single book you could totally rely on when conducting researches, from understanding of your words. Shouldn't there be some stuff (prosopographical or not) that are universally accepted as accurate sources regardless of how detail it is? Say what material you would trust when writing your dissertion on Carolingians?

Fabricating connection to noble blood could serve as a logical groud for legally claiming land or property. Even Bruce Lee (for example only) could claim himself of royal blood if one intends to make up connections. LOL. I just ignore them.--Ktsquare

Hi -- I'll answer the above when I have a sec. In the meantime, I would say that, for the House of Savoy, i'd certainly not translate Arcim- or Arcibaldo into English. Not that the translation is wrong, but that it sounds funny. I can't even say why, except that it's probably just a usage/comfort thing, and that Archibald sounds Scottish. JHK

Thanks for the images of, for example, Ellsworth Bunker; but please go read Image use policy and help us keep the quality of images here high. In particular, it's a bad idea to mix photographic images and text; photos should be in JPEG format, drawings in PNG format. GIF is deprecated. Further, please describe where these images came from on the description page so we can be sure we have the right to use them. --LDC

Okay.

 * Most of the sources you list offer public domain images, so there's probably no copyright problem, but we should at least mention the web site where you got the images.

-

In case you hadn't noticed it before, you might want to take a look at How to rename a page; using the "move page" link in the sidebar you can more easily move a page to a new title, keeping the edit history and talk page with it intact. --Brion 02:21 Oct 8, 2002 (UTC)

Reading your comment at Talk%3AChristopher_Columbus, I thought briefly that JHK had come back, and got all excited. Shame on you. ;-) --KQ

Excuse me, Shame on me? I don't get your joke.
 * Eh, sorry. I've been up too long and had a few.  Don't mind me.  I meant no offense.  --KQ
 * That's okay. BTW now I understand what you mean.

Good ides about the WikiProject Battles! I was thinking of that when I adapted the box from WikiProject Elements. Nevertheless the new user User:TeunSpaans deserves a great deal of credit. If you look at his earlier version of Battle of L¡§©ötzen (1632) he had put the basics of this battle in point form at the beginning. All I did was adapt an existing Wikipedia concept of boxes.

When I set up the box I resisted the temptation of copying it elsewhere since this was indeed a primitive first attempt. I even resisted splitting off the 2nd battle of the same name. Do you have any suggestions about the box structure itself? Additional material that should appear there? Colour coding for the box heading (geographical or time period)? Eclecticology 19:02 Oct 20, 2002 (UTC)

Regarding Magnus I genealogy: I do have it, and will also develop this on the Swedish pages aswell on the english. Is there any standard of how tp present genealogy on the english wikipedia? Dan Koehl
 * Followed your advice and made a suggestion at WikiProject_Genealogy, now how can I find the proper people to discuss this topic with? Or do I mention the suggestion at the village pump/ meta pages? Dan Koehl 14:36 Dec 9, 2002 (UTC)

 * HI, and thanks for your message. I understood from the discussions reg this topic that there was "from above" a reluctant interest to settle genalogical standards on the Wikipedia, which might minimize errors. The interest to correct false genealogy or errors as well. It seems for me to great an effort to convince someone who doesnt want, or need structures that may avoid errors, and I am somehow tired of time vasting "fight againt windmills". So I happily develop this system on the Swedish wikipedia (for Gustav I of Sweden at http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskussion:Gustav_Vasa as one example) until I get signals from any sort of active constructive interest to develop this on the english wikipedia. But "Politics" on the English wikipedia is not my problem, I was just trying to help. Now, developing a system on the swedish wikipedia, I can check the genealogy up, and eventually correct the one on the english one.

Your words is nevertheless nice to get, and I thank you. Dan Koehl 09:10 Dec 16, 2002 (UTC), a :) visitor in Yosemite in 1964.

Check out my comment on Talk:List of compounds -- Tim

Hopefully, you'll find some more light on mineral classification by composition here Talk:Mineral. user:anthere -- There is a message for you at Talk:Stephen V of Hungary --mav

-

Hi, is Qin Zhao Xiang Wang (秦昭襄王) romanized as "Qin Zhao Shang Wang" on page "Qin Dynasty" because it's the version most popularly known to the West or it's a typo? --Menchi 08:22 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * You said "I used 'Xiang' because it's the pinyin romaization for '襄'". But that wasn't why I asked you. I understood why you used Xiang, but not Shang. Are you saying that Shang (殤) is another posthumous name for Ying Ze? But exact (quoted) searches for 秦昭殤王, Qing Zhao Shang Wang, 秦殤王, and Qing Shang Wang return no results, except the one Wikipage "Qin Dynasty" created by you. Of course, the lack of web page does not necessarily mean the nonexistence of the term. But according to my source, in addition to Zhao Xiang Wang, the only other posthumous name for Ying Ze is Xi Di (西帝). Where does this "Shang" come from? Thx for explaining. --Menchi 21:27 Feb 15, 2003 (UTC)

傳媒 vs. 媒體

On the page Wikipedia 对话:命名常规, you used the term "傳媒". I've never heard of it, and I can't find it in my Chinese-English dictionaries. I suspect it means "media", but the usual word for "media" I hear is 媒體. What's the difference between the two? --Menchi 07:57 Feb 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * Just wondering where have you heard of 媒體? Do the Chinese-Canadian media use that term also?

 * I used to hear the term 媒體 in Taiwan. It's also the root for the word "多媒體" (multimedia). What's the dictionary you use that contains "傳媒"? --Menchi 20:26 Feb 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * "傳媒" is used in Cantonese. Just add the terms to [各地華人詞匯對照 at the zhongwen wiki page]

Zhou Dynasty table division

Why is the table for Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD) subdivided into horizontally two parts: First spanning from the beginning of the Dynasty to Zaichu period, second from Tianshou period to the end of the Dynasty? But both parts are ruled by Empress Wu with the same temple name. --Menchi 21:40 Feb 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * Feel free to change it if you prefer.

 * Ok, I'll change. --Menchi 20:26 Feb 25, 2003 (UTC)

海不讓水，以成其大

Does 『海不讓水，以成其大。』 mean "Ocean does not yield to water, so it is immense"? It doesn't really make sense to me. (It's from the Chinese 'pedia Main Page.) Is it considered a Chinese proverb? If so, maybe we should add it to the proverb page list, after we find out its metaphorical meaning. --Menchi 00:39 Feb 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * It's discussed on that talk page. One supporter quoted the phrase from an encyclopedia. It looks more like a passable choice than appropiate. Any idea to use another phrase instead?

 * Maybe we can use a saying that has something to do (more explicitly) with the sharing and exchange knowledge? I can't think of one off the top of my head. --Menchi 20:26 Feb 25, 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for pointing out that Rebecca Rodriguez's nickname is La Azteca. I had forgotten that detail.

God bless you!

Sincerely yours, Antonio Tattoo me everywhere, baby! Martin

 * Thanx. User:kt2

Copyrights on music are fairly complicated. (I am not a copyright lawyer, just a film student. Consult a real lawyer for legal advice.) Suffice to say that not only is the recording copyrighted, and the lyrics are copyrighted, but also the sequence of notes is copyrighted. If you hum a copyrighted song in public, technically you're probably liable for paying royalties. :) Certainly a MIDI representation of the tune of an entire copyrighted song would not be acceptable for Wikipedia (unless that copyrighted song is also licensed under the GFDL, which is not very likely...) Brief extracts as samples may be acceptable under fair use, however fair use is a tricky thing and I don't personally recommend it.

Complete MIDI files (or recordings as OGG or similarly compressed audio) of songs that are in the public domain are A-OK. National anthems... Some countries may copyright them, I don't know. I would imagine most are safe, though particular recordings may be under copyright -- this is true also of classic music! -- so it's safest to sequence or record them yourself unless you know the recording or file is in the clear. --Brion 08:38 Apr 3, 2003 (UTC)

Thanx for letting me know but I am just disappointed that I can't upload my favorite songs here. Some are either downloaded from file sharing softwares like KaZaa, especially Leslie Cheung's that I wish to offer as condolences. :-)User:kt2

-- Why are you inserting hr lines into articles? They are ugly and not at all needed when you have a clearly bordered table. Hr lines are used to separate talk threads and different meanings of a single term. --mav

 * They aren't ugly IMO. Anyhow check the new Mustafa II and see if you like it.

 * It looks great! --mav

Manchu/Mongol names

The sovereign tables of the Yuan Dynasty and Qing Dynasty adopt "{surname} {given name}" as Born Names. The Mongols and Manchus did have surnames (or clan names), but I nerver heard Borjigin Temüjin or Aisin Gioro Nurhaci. They are called just Temüjin or Nurhaci. I don't think that they used the Chinese style naming convention.

 * Both Borjigin and Aisin Gioro were adopted AFTER these dynasties moved into China proper. If I recalled correctly, Gioro was a Manchurian clan name and the prefix Aisin was added to specifiy the decendents of Nurhaci. BTW do you know the original clan names of the two royal families? Drawing relationships between the original and adopted clan names might explain why they would adopted the names. --- kt2

 * No. They had those clan (obugh) names before they conquered China. Just clan names were not parts of personal names. Borjigin seems a subclan of Kiyan (pl. Kiyad). Chinggis's rival Tayichuud (Tayichighud) clan are his distant relatives. -- Nanshu

BTW, do you know why some Western sources call Hong Taiji "Abahai"? My Mongolian dictionary says that abakhai (авхай Avhay) means daughter of a nobleman/aristocrat. Pretty odd to me. -- Nanshu 03:00 Apr 29, 2003 (UTC)

 * I plead my lack of knowledge here. If my reconcilation is correct, Abahai could mean a son or daughter of a nobleman. Affix(es) specify the sex of a gender-less Manchu word. With that said, that weird dictionary entry becomes obvious as Hong Taiji was obviously a son of a nobleman. -- kt2

 * Uhm. I found Abakhai refer to the second son of Dayan Khan. Anyway, I cannot find Hong Taiji be called Abahai in Manchu or Chinese documents. The mystery isn't solved yet. -- Nanshu 04:55 May 1, 2003 (UTC)

The War at the Great Wall

In Song Zheyuan's biography, you mentioned "The War at the Great Wall", is that 長城之戰 in Chinese? It'd be useful if we add the Chinese term if we know, since there's no article on that war yet. --Menchi 20:48 May 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * No problemo. I'll take care of that after I finished editing on Yuan Shikai.

 * ban talk to User talk:Dewlaylomo/ban

Hey, what is "Yoshihito Taisho"? --Nanshu

 * It's apparently a redirect from Images with missing articles. Taisho Emperor was never referred to as Yoshihito Taisho. I'll forward this message to Taku for more comments. -- kt2

I agree with you, so please ask Ms. K to refrain from using derogatory language. It certainly does nothing to advance the discussion. Triton

Well I presume every wikipedian (including myself) friendly and politely discusses issues. Petty lapses on any side of the arguments are excusable. :) User:kt2

I am puzzled as to what you are doing to the Patriarchs of Constantinople. Putting them in as name ordinal of Constantinople is having them follow royal naming conventions but they aren't royalty. Religious leaders in many cases on wiki use their religious title, including popes and cardinals, eg Pope Paul III, etc. Is there agreement on this move? If there isn't this should be discussed before a wholescale move. It is important that naming conventions are clear, precise and common. Please explain the reason for your changes. FearÉIREANN 17:34 4 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * The only relevant "guideline" on systematic naming convention is Naming conventions (names and titles), which has no reference to the patriarchs of constantinople, let alone other patriarchs in Near East and Eastern Europe. Given that, article nomenclature on these articles is a mess. Some use name ordinal of a place, some use name of Constantinople , other use name only (ex.John Chrysostom) I was trying to modify the list of Constantinople Patriarchs to collect as much links to these articles as possible and at the same time modify the articles as name ordinal of Constantinople . I will post a discussion thread on Naming conventions (names and titles).

 * BTW Anyway to draw more attention to Wikipedia talk:Naming_conventions_(chinese). My posts on talk:China and Village pump only draw john's, Menchi's and your attention to the page. Any standard would be viewed as a agreement of a small group and would not be respected. But if we procastinate, the mess of chinese convention (especially the pinyin vs wade-giles issue) would worsen. Just take a look at History of China, which has become a colony of direct and wrong transliteration of Chinese words, for instance, Yellow Lord instead of the Yellow Emperor. --kt2

It is correct that the naming conventions on clerical titles is sparce. What little is there was my work. I've found the best route for a change is to outline a suggestion on the naming conventions talk page first. That is not a criticism by the way. I'm glad to hear your suggestions on this area. Naming conventions on royalty was utter mess, far worse than on religious titles. It took a lot of work starting on the talk page for debate to get some semblance of logic and co-ordination.

Re the History of China it is a complete mess. I suggested on the talk page that we revert to an earlier version and begin working from that. What is your view? You know a lot more about the topic than I do. FearÉIREANN 22:03 8 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I checked with various people about the above page and the consensus was that in its current form the page is littered with too many mistranslations, inaccuracies and poor grammar to be salvageable. I have reverted to the 31st May version which was generally viewed as the last well written, community contributed to version of this page. I hope that suits you. lol FearÉIREANN 02:34 9 Jun 2003 (UTC)

You've been nominated as a sysop on Requests for adminship. Please respond there to accept/reject the nomination. --Eloquence 17:10 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Congratulations, you have just been made a sysop! Sysops basically can't do anything: They cannot delete pages arbitarily (only obvious junk like "jklasdfl,öasdf JOSH IS GAY"), they cannot protect pages in an edit war they are involved in, they cannot ban signed in users. What they can do is delete junk as it appears, ban anonymous vandals, remove pages that have been listed on Votes for deletion for more than a week, protect pages when asked to by other members, and help keep the few protected pages there are, among them the precious Main Page, up to date.

Note that almost everything you can do can be undone, so don't be too worried about making mistakes. You will find more information at Administrators, please take a look before experimenting with your new powers. Drop me a message if there are any questions or if you want to stop being a sysop (could it be?). Have fun! --Eloquence 19:17 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanx for info and looking forward to helping wikipedia even more. User:kt2

What do you think of Hui Chinese→Hui? --Menchi 20:39 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

--Go ahead with the change kt2 00:24 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

We may soon have a new admin/sysop of Chinese ancestry, User:Jiang. His knowledge on contemporary Chinese politics is quite good. Have you come across him before? Could you give a word on Requests for adminship? --Menchi 00:43 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * And of course, please don't feel pressured into giving blind opinions. It's just that I thought you may have seen him on your Watchlist and saw his works, liked I did so many times before even knowing who he is. --Menchi 00:49 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Frankly I came across him only several times; still I would support his nomination. kt2 00:56 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I noticed you added some defunct provinces but couldn't find some abbreviations. They can be found at the Taiwanese Guoyu Cidian, which has one-sentence intros to, among other things, most Chinese placenames, historical and modern.

It has "Chinese Communism", but lacks "Communism" for some reason!

--Menchi 05:01 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanx for your help. :) kt2

Hi KT, I noticed the extensive work you're doing in the Eastern Orthodox patriarchs and Catholic popes, looks great! One question about John Chrysostom - the first paragraph ends with a statement about him being honored as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox church. He is also considered a Saint in the Catholic church, as well as a "Doctor of the Church". Being new here at Wikipedia, I wasn't sure if I should go ahead and add this information, and whether I need to cite references, such as: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08452b.htm and http://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/DOCTORS.HTM ? Harris7 13:37 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanx for your kind words. Anyway it's okay to add those informations of JC, which, I think, are considered rather trivial. Those references can be listed under External Links. I often either find a public domain source or produce materials that would be copyrighted under other sources. Verbatim copy-and-paste is an absolute "no" unless the source is not copyrighted or an authorization is granted. Here are some links you may find useful: Public domain resources -- Boilerplate request for permission -- Public domain image resources kt2 04:24 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi Kt, re the renaming of the Patriarchs of Constantinople. I think it might be a mistake to direct the patriarch name to common name. Clerical titles are still evolving on wiki (I've been working on ways of sorting out the cardinal problem, which seems to have worked.) As the patriarchs follow on from each other, it would I think make more sense to keep their pages at their patriarchal name (so showing that they form a chain, not merely a collection of unrelated names) and set up a redirect for their commonly known name. We faced the same problem with Mary, Queen of Scots, whose page is redirected to Mary I of Scotland to keep her as part of the 'set' of Scottish monarchs, something that would be more difficult for people to follow if we had her main page at M,Q of S. (well actually in that case it acts as a disambigulation page for references to books, films and the main page about Mary I but could also be a redirect.) One thing I learned when working on the Naming conventions (names and titles) was that keeping things together in a chain (with redirects for off chain names) worked better than putting the main page at the common name, with chain redirects. And of course the patriarchs were isolated individuals but were directly impacted upon by those in the chain before them. FearÉIREANN 06:14 20 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * see Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (names and titles) kt2 00:36 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

- You might be interested in some current activity at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Battles --mav 21:08, 31 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * replied. I.H.S.V. (talk)

- Dear ktsquare, Llwyrch just told me that you might be interested in Roman issues. I would apreciate your opinion on my Ancient Rome Proposal Cheers, Muriel Gottrop 10:12, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I am interested in the medieval Hellenic civilization of Byzantine Empire but the important school year may keep me from some significant contributions. Input at times are okay though. :) kt2 22:31, 6 Sep 2003 (UTC)

WYK alumni

Yes, I am a WYK alumni. I left WYK in 2001. You know the school? Gakmo, 24 Sept 2003

 * yeap I do know. A close friend of mine is an alumnus.kt2

How did he describe the school? He liked it or not? I am interested.... :p Gakmo, 25 Sept 2003

 * His impression was decent. His school years in WYK were certainly enjoyable and funny; I will definitely visit the school if given the chance. But He also mentioned feuds and intrigues among fellow students from lower forms (F. 1-3) and higher forms (F.6 and 7). IMO it's pretty normal as I never get along with some pals in high school. :p

You can sign after your comment with You can sign your name with ~ (or just to leave out the date stamp). kt2 09:08, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I will also provide you with positive evaluation of my alma mater. I really enjoy studying there. Gakmo 13:10, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Replied on Talk:Zhou Dynasty Colipon 04:40, 27 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * replied. I.H.S.V. (talk)

Just out of curiosity, where did you get your information about the children of emperors? Colipon 04:54, 27 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Sources vary. May I know which emperor in particular? kt2 05:27, 27 Sep 2003 (UTC)

You can distinguish trad. & simp. interlanguage links by -ch & -tw suffixes, like &. --Menchi 05:48, 27 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Great, thanx. kt2 05:54, 27 Sep 2003 (UTC)

King Wu of Zhou: Father and son ambiguity
Isn't it ambiguous to say:

 * Father: second son of King Wen of Zhou

Instead of:

 * Father: King Wen of Zhou (second son)

Since the former can mean that Wu is the second son of Wen's son. --Menchi 06:06, 10 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * true, reverted. kt2 06:10, 10 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Sorry, how to correct entry title? It should be Wah Yan College, Kowloon but not 'Wan Yan College Kowloon'. Gakmo 16:07, 11 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Well, simply click "Move this page" on the left panel of the page, which should then ask you to type it the new title. The old title will automatically become a redirect. kt2 23:49, 11 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Qin kings
Could you shed some lights on your choices of including Talk:Qin_Dynasty? --Menchi 00:42, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * replied there kt² 21:56, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Song of Righteousness
Are you gonna continue annotating &? If so, we'll move it to as the first Chinese text, if not, we'll move it to Wikisource. --Menchi 05:37, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I have been considering the continuation but severe lack of interest from fellow wikipedians of annotating 正气歌 prompted some second guesses. Since I have started the twelve subtitles of annotations, I would annonate them for the sake of completion. BTW you seem to be pretty informed about current development of Wikipedia, I wonder how you knew all these informations. For instance, where and how did you know about wikibooks and wikisources? kt² 20:27, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I heard about Wikibooks from Announcements. I came across wikisources when glancing wikiquotes' main page. It is apparently not linked to WP's main page yet for some reason. --Menchi 01:35, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * check recnt talk at http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%A5 kt² 01:28, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It's basically the format of a chapter of Zhongwen textbook of TW senior high schools. It's more suitable at wikibooks:Main Page:&. I'll move the annotated copy there & leave the wikisource unannotated. --Menchi 01:35, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Naming conventions of warring states
Your comments are needed at Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(Chinese). --Jiang 07:44, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * replied. I.H.S.V. (talk)

Hi Ktsquare, as you have contributed to Baseball/temp, I'd like to ask for your opinion whether it's time to move the rewritten article to Baseball. Please comment at Talk:Baseball/temp. Thanks, Kosebamse 16:56, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * replied there 大将军, 都督中外诸军事 (talk) 20:26, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

dan boone?
hi. over the summer you added Dan Boone to the list of baseball players, and you added him as a Hall of Famer. But he is not. Did you mean someone else? Or did you mean a different hall of fame? Simply curious. :) Kingturtle 01:01, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I don't clearly know what I had done at that particular moment but I think I was trying to copy and paste Dan Brouthers from the Phillies article which was then mixed up with the Boone's. Thanx for letting me know. BTW how did u find out I actually make the mistake. Just curious. :) 大将军, 都督中外诸军事 (talk) 01:47, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Tarasius
Ktsquare,

I've noticed that you've changed the name of an article I was creating from Patriarch Tarasius to Saint Tarasius. I don't particularly care what name it has, except that we should strive for consistancy. Looking at List of Patriarchs of Constantinople, Tarasius is (now) the only Patriarch of Constantinople since 451 who is listed as "Saint" so-and-so. Was he the only one who later became a saint? Or will you be changing others in a similar fasion?

Perhaps a better naming convention to follow would be "so-and-so of Constantinople"? Or, if you've got a better idea I'm all ears.

BTW, I saved some changes I was making over your original redirect, so I wouldn't lose them. They can be merged back into whatever page name it lands on.

 * -Anthropos 13:16, 30 Dec 2003 (PST)

Why did you move only the discussion page on Patriarch Tarasius without moving the page itself? Also, did you intend to drop the first "s" from Tarasius or only to change Patriarch to Saint? Michael Hardy 13:41, 30 Dec 2003 (PST)

 * Michael: This is my fault, not Ktsquare's. He changed the page to a redirect, and moved things appropriately. At that time I was in the process of editing the page, and I decided to save over his redirect as a temporary solution (I suppose I could've merged, leaving the #redirect active, but I didn't think of it in time). At the moment, I'm trying to sort out what Wikipedia standard (if any) applies to naming of Patriarchs. There's a relevant discussion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (names and titles).
 * -Anthropos 13:56, 30 Dec 2003 (PST)

I particluarly care the proper name of Tarasius for a consistent "so-and-so of Constantinople" format, which has still not been implemented. Orthodox nomenclature had not been consistent, such as John Chrysostom (in common name format) and Patriarch Tarasius (in Patriarch so-and-so format). Please also refer to Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(names_and_titles).

I was told that Tarasius was the only Saint Tarasius in the list of Constantinople Patriarchs, exactly why I moved the page to Saint Tarasius. IMO I would prefer a consensus but "Patriarch Tarasius" yields more results in Google. 大将军, 都督中外诸军事 (talk) 14:08, 30 Dec 2003 (PST)

title: User talk:Ktsquare/Archive I