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Weetabix Limited

Weetabix Ltd., trading under the name Weetabix Food Company, is a food processing company that is responsible for the production of breakfast cereal brands, including Weetabix, Alpen, Crunchy Bran and Ready Brek. The company also produces Puffins cereal and Snackimals snacks through their Barbara's Bakery division.

History

 * See History of Weet-Bix

The food product was originally invented in Australia in the 1920s by Bennison Osborne. Osborne and his friend Malcolm MacFarlane successfully launched Weet-Biscs in Australia and New Zealand under the sponsorship of the owner of Grain Products Ltd., who soon sold the Australasian rights to the Australasian Conference Association Limited Sanitarium Health and Wellbeing Company. Osborne and MacFarlane decided to expand into South Africa and while there, they began the establishment of the British & African Cereal Company, Ltd., a Private Company, to start a venture in England under the Companies Act 1929 (Company No. 267687), where they became joint Managing Directors until MacFarlane left the Company in 1932/1933, after which Osborne became the sole managing director until 1936, when he left the Company for the United States of America. The first Directors of the Company were Bennison Osborne, Malcolm MacFarlane, Alfred Richard Upton and Arthur Stanley Scrutton. Frank George, who had offered them the use of a disused flour mill in Burton Latimer, Northamptonshire, subsequently requested and was granted shares in the Company and was offered a place on the Board.

The company holds a royal warrant from Queen Elizabeth II.

For the purpose of differentiating between the various countries, it was decided that the product, when introduced into the United Kingdom, should be known as "Weetabix". On 13 August 1936, with the approval of the Board of Trade, the Company name was changed to Weetabix Limited.

Alpen was invented in 1971, when a company executive was on holiday in Switzerland and tasted a local delicacy.

In November 2003, the company was bought from Weetabix Limited, by the American private equity firm HM Capital of Dallas. From 29 January 2004, it was owned by Lion Capital LLP, until 3 May 2012 when the Chinese company Bright Food bought a 60% controlling stake, valuing the company at £1.2bn ($1.9bn).

In 2012 the company was bought by the Chinese Government through the state-run Bright Food, and the equity firm Baring Private Equity Asia, with Bright Food having the controlling interest.

In July 2017, the American company Post Holdings bought the company for £1.4 billion.

The company does not have the rights to the product in Australia, New Zealand or South Africa. In these countries, the brand is still known as Weet-Bix and is still made by Sanitarium Health Food Company in Australia and New Zealand and Bokomo in South Africa.

In 2019, Weetabix was fined £140,000 by the Environment Agency for leaking thousands of liters of diesel fuel into the River Ise. The clean-up cost the company £500,000.

In 2021, Weetabix faced strike action over a decision to make workers redundant and re-employ them on lower wages, a practice known as fire-and-rehire. Workers at two of the company's factories went on a four-day strike in November 2021 over wages and working conditions.

Several of Weetabix's PR campaigns have attracted attention online, sparking debates about eating Weetabix topped with Heinz Baked Beans in 2021, the creation of a new county called ‘Weetabixshire’, and the "correct way to eat your bix" in 2023.

In April 2023, Weetabix announced that it had achieved its goal of 100% recyclable packaging two years ahead of schedule. According to the company, the move to all paper packaging would reduce its carbon footprint by 648.4 tons per year.

In December 2023, Weetabix acquired Deeside Cereals, based in North Wales, from Wholebake.

Awards
It has won three Queen's Awards for Export, lastly in 2004.

Company structure
The company is headquartered in Burton Latimer, Kettering, Northamptonshire, England, and its 75 acre site is next to the A14 junction with the A6. It also has a factory in Ashton-under-Lyne. The company produces 3 billion Weetabix breakfast biscuits every year from its Kettering site. Weetabix is also one of the major manufacturers of generic cereals for the major supermarkets.

Weetabix has factories in Europe, East Africa and North America. It is the largest producer of breakfast cereals in the UK. It exports to eighty countries. As of 2012 it employed around 2,000 people.

The company's managing director is Sally Abbott.

Brands

 * Alpen
 * Barbara's Bakery: The California-based natural-foods company was purchased by Weetabix in 1986, eventually moving operations to Marlborough, Massachusetts. They are particularly well known for their Puffins Cereal line. In 2019-2020 the packaging for Barbara's Bakery cereals was revamped,  and on the new packaging all references to "The Weetabix Company, Inc." have been replaced with references to "Three Sisters Cereal".
 * Crunchy Bran
 * GrainShop: Sold primarily in the North American market, the GrainShop brand has two cereals, High Fibre Crisp and Honey Almond Crunch. High Fibre Crisp is a blend of four grains, wheat and corn, bran and oats, while Honey Almond Crunch is a combination of crunchy oats, flakes, almonds and honey.
 * Oatibix: Products in the Oatibix range are made from oats, as opposed to the company's preference to wheat-based food. The original Oatibix cereal is physically very similar to the company's flagship Weetabix but made of whole grain oats. Oatibix Bitesize is a variant of Oatibix with smaller biscuits and is available as Oatibix Bitesize Sultana & Apple or Oatibix Bitesize Chocolate & Raisin in addition to the original flavour.
 * Oatibix Flakes
 * Ready Brek: an oat-based breakfast cereal that is intended to be served hot, and comes in three varieties; 'Original', 'Chocolate' and 'Seriously Oaty'. A butterscotch flavour was marketed during the 1970s.
 * Weetabix: a whole grain wheat breakfast cereal that comes in the form of palm-sized biscuits. It is Weetabix Food Company's flagship product, introduced in 1932 and is officially the top-selling breakfast cereal in the United Kingdom, accounting for 8% of the country's total cereal sales. The cereal, which is manufactured in facilities in Kettering, England and Canada, is exported to 80 countries and has annual sales worth over £95 million. Weetabix Bitesize is essentially a smaller "bite-sized" version of Weetabix that can be easily poured into a bowl, more like a traditional breakfast cereal. Weetabix Minis are sweeter variant of the Weetabix Bitesize, with various additions depending upon the variety; Chocolate Crisp, Banana Crisp, Fruit & Nut Crisp, and Honey & Nut Crisp. Outside of the UK, Weetabix Minis has been re-launched and renamed at least twice in a relatively short period of time following their launch. Previously, they were known as Fruitibix, Bananabix, and Chocobix (depending upon the additions), then as Minibix.
 * Weetaflakes
 * Weetos

Sponsorship
Weetabix was the title sponsor of the Women's British Open between 1987 and 2006. It has also previously sponsored Northamptonshire Police, most recently providing a mobile police station in 2004. It was one of the sponsors of the World Cup in Argentina in 1978. Weetabix was the main sponsor of the first BMX World Championships to be held in the UK in 1986. These Championships were held at Slough in Berkshire, attracting over 2,000 racers from across the world.

title: Weetabix Limited


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Topiramate

Topiramate, sold under the brand name Topamax among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy and prevent migraines. It has also been used in alcohol dependence and essential tremor. For epilepsy this includes treatment for generalized or focal seizures. It is taken orally (by mouth).

Common side effects include tingling, feeling tired, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss, and decreased cognitive function such as trouble concentrating. Serious side effects may include suicide, increased ammonia levels resulting in encephalopathy, and kidney stones. Topiramate can cause birth defects including cleft lip and palate. Risk/benefit should be carefully discussed with the full treatment team. Topiramate is considered "probably compatible" with lactation and is not contraindicated in breastfeeding, though monitoring of the infant for diarrhea or poor weight gain may be considered. The mechanism of action is unclear.

Topiramate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 66th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 10million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Topiramate is used to treat epilepsy in children and adults, and it was originally used as an anticonvulsant. In children, it is indicated for the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a disorder that causes seizures and developmental delay. It is most frequently prescribed for the prevention of migraines as it decreases the frequency of attacks. Topiramate is used to treat medication overuse headache and is recommended by the European Federation of Neurological Societies as one of the few medications showing effectiveness for this indication.

Pain
A 2018 review found topiramate of no use in chronic low back pain. Topiramate has not been shown to work as a pain medicine in diabetic neuropathy, the only neuropathic condition in which it has been adequately tested.

Other
One common off-label use for topiramate is in the treatment of bipolar disorder. A review published in 2010 suggested a benefit of topiramate in the treatment of symptoms of borderline personality disorder, however the authors noted that this was based only on one randomized controlled trial and requires replication.

Topiramate has been used as a treatment for alcoholism. The U.S. Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense 2015 guidelines on substance use disorders list topiramate as a "strong for" in its recommendations for alcohol use disorder.

Other uses include treatment of obesity, binge eating disorder, and off-setting weight gain induced by taking antipsychotic medications. In 2012, the combination of phentermine/topiramate was approved in the United States for weight loss.

Adverse effects
People taking topiramate should be aware of the following risks:
 * Avoid activities requiring mental alertness and coordination until drug effects are realized.
 * Topiramate may impair heat regulation, especially in children. Use caution with activities leading to an increased core temperature, such as strenuous exercise, exposure to extreme heat, or dehydration.
 * Topiramate may cause visual field defects.
 * Topiramate may decrease effectiveness of oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives.
 * Taking topiramate in the first trimester of pregnancy may increase risk of cleft lip/cleft palate in infant.
 * As is the case for all antiepileptic drugs, it is advisable not to suddenly discontinue topiramate as there is a theoretical risk of rebound seizures.
 * Some studies have attributed loss of appetite and upper respiratory tract infection to topiramate, but studies have concluded their adverse events are not difficult to tolerate for most individuals.

Frequency
Adverse effects by incidence:

Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include: • Dizziness

• Weight loss

• Paraesthesia – e.g., pins and needles

• Somnolence

• Nausea

• Diarrhea

• Fatigue

• Nasopharyngitis

• Depression

Rarely, the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase may be strong enough to cause metabolic acidosis of clinical importance.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has notified prescribers that topiramate can cause acute myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma in a small subset of people who take topiramate regularly. The symptoms, which typically begin in the first month of use, include blurred vision and eye pain. Discontinuation of topiramate may halt the progression of the ocular damage and may reverse the visual impairment.

Preliminary data suggests that, as with several other anti-epileptic drugs, topiramate carries an increased risk of congenital malformations. This might be particularly important for women who take topiramate to prevent migraine attacks. In March 2011, the FDA notified healthcare professionals and patients of an increased risk of development of cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts) in infants born to women treated with Topamax (topiramate) during pregnancy and placed it in Pregnancy Category D.

Cognitive and word-finding difficulties, as they may occur in some patients, may respond to piracetam.

Carbonation dysgeusia (distortion of the sense of taste-sensation of carbonation) may respond to and/or be prevented to with zinc.

Topiramate has been associated with a statistically significant increase in suicidality, and "suicidal thoughts or actions" is now listed as one of the possible side effects of the drug "in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500."

Overdose
Symptoms of acute and acute on chronic exposure to topiramate range from asymptomatic to status epilepticus, including in patients with no seizure history. In children, overdose may also result in hallucinations. Topiramate has been deemed the primary substance that led to fatal overdoses in cases that were complicated by polydrug exposure. The most common signs of overdose are dilated pupils, somnolence, dizziness, psychomotor agitation, and abnormal, uncoordinated body movements.

Interactions
Topiramate has many drug-drug interactions. Some of the most common are listed below:
 * As topiramate inhibits carbonic anhydrase, use with other inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase (e.g. acetazolamide) increases the risk of kidney stones.
 * Enzyme inducers (e.g. carbamazepine) can increase the elimination of topiramate, possibly necessitating dose escalations of topiramate.
 * Topiramate may increase the plasma-levels of phenytoin.
 * Topiramate itself is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C19 and induces CYP3A4; a decrease in plasma levels of estrogens and digoxin has been noted during topiramate therapy. This can reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives (birth control pills); use of alternative birth control methods is recommended. Neither intrauterine devices (IUDs) nor Depo-Provera are affected by topiramate.
 * Alcohol may cause increased sedation or drowsiness, and increase the risk of having a seizure.
 * As topiramate may result in acidosis other treatments that also do so may worsen this effect.
 * Oligohidrosis and hyperthermia were reported in post-marketing reports about topiramate; antimuscarinic drugs (like trospium) can aggravate these disorders.

Pharmacology
The topiramate molecule is a sulfamate modified sugar, more specifically, fructose diacetonide, an unusual chemical structure for a pharmaceutical.

Topiramate is quickly absorbed after oral use. It has a half life of 21 hours and a steady state of the drug is reached in 4 days in patients with normal renal function. Most of the drug (70%) is excreted in the urine unchanged. The remainder is extensively metabolized by hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes more than 5% of an administered dose.

Several cellular targets have been proposed to be relevant to the therapeutic activity of topiramate. These include (1) voltage-gated sodium channels; (2) high-voltage-activated calcium channels; (3) GABA-A receptors; (4) AMPA/kainate receptors; and (5) carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. There is evidence that topiramate may alter the activity of its targets by modifying their phosphorylation state instead of by a direct action. The effect on sodium channels could be of particular relevance for seizure protection. Although topiramate does inhibit high-voltage-activated calcium channels, the relevance to clinical activity is uncertain. Effects on specific GABA-A receptor isoforms could also contribute to the antiseizure activity of the drug. Topiramate selectively inhibits cytosolic (type II) and membrane associated (type IV) forms of carbonic anhydrase. The action on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes may contribute to the drug's side-effects, including its propensity to cause metabolic acidosis and calcium phosphate kidney stones.

Topiramate inhibits maximal seizure activity in electroconvulsive therapy and in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures as well as partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in the kindling model, findings predictive of a broad spectrum of activities clinically. Its action on mitochondrial permeability transition pores has been proposed as a mechanism.

While many anticonvulsants have been associated with apoptosis in young animals, animal experiments have found that topiramate is one of the very few anticonvulsants [see: levetiracetam, carbamazepine, lamotrigine] that do not induce apoptosis in young animals at doses needed to produce an anticonvulsant effect.

Detection in body fluids
Blood, serum, or plasma topiramate concentrations may be measured using immunoassay or chromatographic methods to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients, or to assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Plasma levels are usually less than 10 mg/L during therapeutic administration, but can range from 10 to 150 mg/L in overdose victims.

History
Topiramate was discovered in 1979 by Bruce E. Maryanoff and Joseph F. Gardocki during their research work at McNeil Pharmaceuticals. Topiramate was first sold in 1996. Mylan Pharmaceuticals was granted final approval by the FDA for the sale of generic topiramate in the United States and the generic version was made available in September 2006. The last patent for topiramate in the U.S. was for use in children and expired on 28 February 2009.

Research
Topiramate is being studied as a potential treatment for post traumatic stress disorder.

There is some evidence for the use of topiramate in the management of cravings related to withdrawal from dextromethorphan.

A 2023 systematic review of seizure treatment for infants aged 1 to 36 months identified three studies that evaluated the use of topiramate. Though its adverse effects including upper respiratory tract infection and loss of appetite were rarely severe enough for the medication to be discontinued in this age group, its effectiveness in reducing seizures was inconclusive. The available research suffers from small sample sizes, inconsistent findings, and inadequate comparison groups.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Topiramate


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Border checkpoint

A border checkpoint is a location on an international border where travelers or goods are inspected and allowed (or denied) passage through. Authorization often is required to enter a country through its borders. Access-controlled borders often have a limited number of checkpoints where they can be crossed without legal sanctions. Arrangements or treaties may be formed to allow or mandate less restrained crossings (e.g. the Schengen Agreement). Land border checkpoints (land ports of entry) can be contrasted with the customs and immigration facilities at seaports, international airports, and other ports of entry.

Checkpoints generally serve two purposes:
 * To prevent entrance of individuals who are either undesirable (e.g. criminals or others who pose threats) or simply unauthorized to enter.
 * To prevent entrance of goods that are illegal or subject to restriction, or to collect tariffs.

Checkpoints are usually staffed by a uniformed service (sometimes referred to as customs service or border patrol agents).

In some countries (e.g. China) there are border checkpoints for both those entering and those exiting the country, while in others (e.g. U.S. and Canada), there are border checkpoints only when entering the country. (There are also United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints.)

Definitions in European Union (Schengen) law

The Schengen Borders Code, which forms part of the law of the European Union, defines some terms as follows (particularities with respect to the EU are left out, in order to emphasize general usability of those definitions): These definitions mean that a place where a road crosses an internal Schengen border is legally not a "border crossing point".
 * "Border crossing point" means any crossing point authorized by the competent authorities for the crossing of external borders (Article 2 sec. 8 of the Schengen Borders Code);
 * "Border control" means the activity carried out at a border, [...] in response exclusively to an intention to cross or the act of crossing that border, regardless of any other consideration, consisting of border checks and border surveillance (Article 2 sec. 9 of the Schengen Borders Code);
 * "Border checks" means the checks carried out at border crossing points, to ensure that persons, including their means of transport and the objects in their possession, may be authorised to enter the territory [...] or authorised to leave it (Article 2 sec. 10 of the Schengen Borders Code);
 * "Border surveillance" means the surveillance of borders between border crossing points and the surveillance of border crossing points outside the fixed opening hours, in order to prevent persons from circumventing border checks (Article 2 sec. 10 of the Schengen Borders Code).
 * "Second line check" means a further check which may be carried out in a special location away from the location at which all persons are checked (first line)

Land
This is a list of the busiest land border checkpoints in the world, handling more than 35 million travelers in both directions annually. These travelers (or individual crossings) comprise pedestrians, drivers and vehicle passengers. International border checkpoints are in green.

Notes:
 * As the United States does not have border checkpoints for outgoing traffic, incoming traffic figures are doubled to give a fair comparison. See detailed notes in table.
 * El Paso Port of Entry has been excluded, as its total represents the sum of six individual checkpoints at the end of six separate bridges, with no single checkpoint meeting the minimum number of crossings required for this list.

Air
This is a list of the busiest airports in the world, by international passenger traffic, as of 2018. Airports serving international passengers are effectively checkpoints, and have the proper customs, immigration and quarantine facilities. Airports Council International's (January–December) preliminary figures are as follows.

Sea
This is a list of the busiest seaports in the world, with proper customs, immigration and quarantine facilities to be deemed as maritime checkpoints. Although figures simply represent total passenger traffic, most (if not, all) of the passengers served at these ports are bound for other countries and have to pass through checkpoint (i.e. the port is not a domestic one). This list only includes ports that handle more than 4 million passengers annually.

Note:
 * The four passenger ports in China, Hong Kong and Macau in this list operate services to and from each other. These passenger ports are effectively checkpoints, as they have the proper customs, immigration and quarantine facilities.

title: Border checkpoint


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Julian Tuwim

Julian Tuwim (13 September 1894 – 27 December 1953), known also under the pseudonym Oldlen as a lyricist, was a Polish poet, born in Łódź, then part of the Russian Partition. He was educated in Łódź and in Warsaw where he studied law and philosophy at Warsaw University. After Poland's return to independence in 1918, Tuwim co-founded the Skamander group of experimental poets with Antoni Słonimski and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. He was a major figure in Polish literature, admired also for his contribution to children's literature. He was a recipient of the prestigious Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature in 1935.

Life and work
Tuwim was born into a family of assimilated Jews. The surname comes from the Hebrew tovim meaning "good ones". His parents, Izydor and Adela, provided Julian with a comfortable middle-class upbringing. He was not a particularly diligent student and had to repeat the sixth grade. In 1905 the family had to flee from Łódź to Wrocław (Breslau) in order to escape possible repercussions following Izydor's involvement in the Revolution of 1905.

Initially, Tuwim's poetry, even more than that of the other Skamandrites, represented a decisive break with turn-of-the-20th-century mannerism. It was characterized by an expression of vitality, optimism, in praise of urban life. His poems celebrated everyday life in the city, with its triviality and vulgarity. Tuwim often used vernacular language in his work, along with slang as well as poetic dialogue.

His collections Czyhanie na Boga ("In Lurking for God"; 1918), Sokrates tańczący ("Dancing Socrates"; 1920), Siódma jesień ("Seventh Autumn"; 1922), and Wierszy tom czwarty ("Poems, Volume Four"; 1923) are typical of his early work. In his later collections – Słowa we krwi ("Words in the Blood"; 1926), Rzecz Czarnoleska ("The Czarnolas Matter"; 1929), Biblia cygańska ("The Gypsy Bible"; 1933) and Treść gorejąca ("A Burning Matter"; 1933) – Tuwim became restless and bitter, and wrote with fervour and vehemence about the emptiness of urban existence. He also drew more heavily from the romantic and classicist traditions, while perfecting his form and style, and becoming a virtuoso wordsmith.

From the very beginning and throughout his artistic career, Tuwim was satirically inclined. He supplied sketches and monologues to numerous cabarets. In his poetry and articles, he derided obscurantism and bureaucracy as well as militaristic and nationalistic trends in politics. His burlesque Bal w Operze ("The Ball at the Opera"; 1936) is regarded as his best satirical poem.

In 1918, Tuwim co-founded the cabaret (comedy troupe) named Picador and worked as a writer or artistic director with many other comedy troupes, such as Czarny Kot (1917–1919), Quid pro Quo (1919–1932), Banda, Stara Banda (1932–1935), and finally Cyrulik Warszawski (1935–1939). Since 1924, Tuwim was a staff writer at Wiadomości Literackie where he wrote a weekly column titled Camera Obscura. He also wrote for the satirical magazine Szpilki.

Tuwim displayed his caustic sense of humour and unyielding individuality in works such as "Poem in which the author politely but firmly implores the vast hosts of his brethren to kiss his arse." Here, Tuwim systematically enumerates and caricatures various personalities of the European social scene of the mid-1930s -- 'perfumed café intellectuals', 'drab socialists', 'fascist jocks', 'Zionist doctors', 'repressed Catholics' and so on, and ends every stanza by asking each to perform the action indicated in the title. The poem ends with a note to the would-be censor who would surely be tempted to expunge all mention of this piece for its breach of 'public standards.'

His poem Do prostego człowieka (To the Common Man), first published on 7 October 1929 in Robotnik, provoked a storm of attacks on Tuwim both from left-wing circles, which criticized the poem's "bourgeois expression of pacifist sentiment", and from right-wing groups which accused Tuwim of calling for the disarmament of the young state.

Julian's aunt was married to Adam Czerniaków, and his uncle from his mother's side was Arthur Rubinstein.

World War II and after
In 1939, at the beginning of World War II and the German occupation of Poland, Tuwim emigrated through Romania first to France, and after France's capitulation, to Brazil, by way of Portugal, and finally to the US, where he settled in 1942. In 1939–1941, he collaborated with the émigré weekly "Wiadomości Polskie", but broke off the collaboration due to differences in views on the attitude towards the Soviet Union. In 1942–1946, he worked with the monthly "Nowa Polska" published in London, and with leftist Polish-American newspapers. He was affiliated with the Polish section of the International Workers Organization from 1942. He was also a member of the Association of Writers From Poland (a member of the board in 1943).

During this time he wrote "Kwiaty Polskie" (Polish Flowers), an epic poem in which he remembers with nostalgia his early childhood in Łódź. In April 1944 he published a manifesto, entitled "My, Żydzi Polscy" (We, Polish Jews).

Tuwim returned to Poland after the war in 1946 but did not produce much in Stalinist Poland. He died in 1953 at the age of 59 in Zakopane. Although Tuwim was well known for serious poetry, he also wrote satirical works and children's poems, for example Lokomotywa (The Locomotive (poem); 1938, tr. 1940), translated into many languages. He also wrote well-regarded translations of Pushkin and other Russian poets.

Russian Soviet poet Yelizaveta Tarakhovskaya translated most of Tuwim's children's poetry into Russian.

Notable poems

 * Czyhanie na Boga (Lurking for God, 1918)
 * Sokrates tańczący (Dancing Socrates, 1920)
 * Siódma jesień (The Seventh Autumn, 1921)
 * Wierszy tom czwarty (Poems, volume four, 1923)
 * Murzynek Bambo (The little black boy, Bambo, 1923 or 1924, published 1935)
 * Czary i czarty polskie (Sorcery and Deuces of Poland, 1924)
 * Wypisy czarnoksięskie (The Sorcery Reader, 1924)
 * A to pan zna? (And do you know this, sir?, 1925)
 * Czarna msza (Black Mass, 1925)
 * Tysiąc dziwów prawdziwych (A thousand true wonders, 1925)
 * Słowa we krwi (Words in the blood, 1926)
 * Tajemnice amuletów i talizmanów (Secrets of amulets and talismans, 1926)
 * Strofy o późnym lecie (stanzas on a late summer)
 * Rzecz czarnoleska (The Czarnolas affair, 1929)
 * Jeździec miedziany (The brazen rider, 1932)
 * Biblia cygańska i inne wiersze (The Gypsy Bible and other poems, 1932)
 * Jarmark rymów (The rhyme market, 1934)
 * Polski słownik pijacki i antologia bachiczna (The Polish drunk's lexicon and anthology of Bacchus, 1935)
 * Treść gorejąca (A Burning Matter, 1936)
 * Lokomotywa (The Locomotive, 1938)
 * Rzepka (The Turnip, 1938)
 * Bal w Operze (A ball at the opera, 1936, published 1946)
 * Kwiaty polskie (Flowers from Poland, 1940–1946, published 1949)
 * Pegaz dęba, czyli panoptikum poetyckie (Oaken Pegasus, or the poetical panoply, 1950)
 * Piórem i piórkiem (With pen and quill, 1951)

Tuwim's poems set to music

 * Karol Szymanowski - Słopiewnie for voice and piano, op. 46bis (1921)
 * Witold Lutosławski - Piosenki dziecinne (Children's Songs) (1952); Spóźniony słowik (The overdue nightingale, 1947), O Panu Tralalińskim (About Mr. Tralalinski, 1947), for voice and piano (also arr. for orchestra)
 * Several of his poems were set to music by Zygmunt Konieczny and sung by Ewa Demarczyk, including "Tomaszów" and "Grande Valse Brillante" (this text is part of the Kwiaty Polskie poem, which references the Chopin composition several times)
 * Mieczysław Weinberg - Symphony No. 8 Polish Flowers, Op. 83 (1964)
 * Krzysztof Meyer - Quartettino for voice, flute, cello and piano (1966); Symphony No. 2 (1967); Spiewy polskie (Polish Songs) for voice and orchestra (1974)
 * David Bruce - Piosenki for soprano, baritone and ensemble (2006) - setting of 11 songs. Piosenki at David Bruce's website
 * Akurat - Do Prostego Człowieka
 * Czesław Niemen - Wspomnienie
 * Marek Grechuta - Mandarynki i pomarańcze

title: Julian Tuwim


text:
Puerto Morelos

Puerto Morelos is a municipality, town, and seaport in Quintana Roo, Mexico's easternmost state, on the Yucatán Peninsula. The town is located in the northeast of the state, about 36 km south of the resort city of Cancún, and about 30 km north of the city of Playa del Carmen.

Puerto Morelos merged with the village of Leona Vicario on December 6, 2015, to become the 11th municipality in Quintana Roo, separating from its former municipality of Benito Juarez.

History
It has historically been the main port between the mainland of Yucatán and the Island of Cozumel, and an automobile ferry used to run from Puerto Morelos to Cozumel. The town is named after Independence leader José María Morelos.

Resorts are abundant in the Puerto Morelos region along the Riviera Maya and attractions, such as the Crococun Crocodile Zoo, the Botanical Garden, and a host of cenotes are also increasing in number. Recently new smaller inns have been built which offers an evening programs of Talks on local history, marine biology, and healthy living practices.

One hundred meters off shore lies the Puerto Morelos portion of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, designated as a National Marine Park in 1998 due to local environmental activists.

Geography
Puerto Morelos is divided by a highway and a mangrove swamp into three sections. The section west of the highway is known as "Colonia Joaquin Zetina Gazca". The section east of the highway is called "Colonia Pescadores". The section on the coast east of the mangrove swamp is "Puerto" or "Antiguo (old) Puerto Morelos". This original coastal fishing village is now a quiet, mixed-use neighborhood of private homes, hotels, condominiums, restaurants, and tourist shops.

The second part is about 2 km. inland and adjacent to Highway 307, on the western side. The inland portion is mainly single level dwellings for local workers. New residential developments have sprung up in recent years adding to the housing mix. There are now multi-story apartment buildings, and private residential developments between the highway and the mangrove where one can buy lots and build a house of one's own design.

Climate
Classified by Köppen-Geiger system as tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), because its driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation and also less than 100 − (total annual precipitation [mm]/25), also because each month has a mean average above 18 °C.

Demographics
Puerto Morelos has grown rapidly with the development of tourism and as of the 2010 census is the home to 9,188 people.

Infrastructure
The marine terminal at Puerto Morelos is equipped to handle containers and is an important seaport in the state of Quintana Roo. The volume of cargo handled in the port of Puerto Morelos amounted to 41.2 thousand metric tons in 2019.

In addition, there is a Tren Maya station that opened to the public on 15 March 2024 just outside Puerto Morelos.

title: Puerto Morelos


text:
Michael Shanks

Michael Garrett Shanks (born December 15, 1970) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for his role as Daniel Jackson in the long-running military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 and as Dr Charles Harris in the Canadian medical drama Saving Hope. He is also known for his work on low budget genre work filmed in Canada.

Early life
Shanks was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, and grew up in Kamloops. After witnessing Richard Dean Anderson prepare for a scene of MacGyver, Shanks "decided to pursue [acting] a little further", opting to attend the University of British Columbia's fine arts program until 1994. He later appeared in several stage productions while serving a two-year apprenticeship with the prestigious Stratford Festival in Ontario.  His television career began with guest appearances on shows including Highlander and The Commish.  Parts in the television movies A Family Divided and The Call of the Wild preceded his casting in his breakthrough role as Daniel Jackson in Stargate SG-1.

Stargate franchise
Shanks played archaeologist Dr Daniel Jackson throughout the first five seasons of Stargate SG-1 before leaving the show at the end of its fifth season, citing creative differences concerning the under-use of his character and the direction of the show as a whole. He made several guest appearances throughout the sixth season playing his own character, as well as voicing the Asgard character Thor. Shanks returned for the seventh and subsequent seasons, winning the Leo Award for Best Lead Performance By A Male in a Dramatic Series in 2004 for the seventh season episode "Lifeboat". During the series' tenth and final season, he signed up for 16 of the 20 episodes, taking some time off in March 2006 for the birth of his third child (second with wife and occasional co-star Lexa Doig).

He appeared in both direct-to-DVD Stargate films released in 2008, Stargate: The Ark of Truth and Stargate: Continuum, and won the 2009 Leo Award for Lead Performance by a Male in a Feature Length Drama for Continuum.

In 2004, Shanks made a crossover appearance (as Daniel Jackson) in the Stargate Atlantis pilot, "Rising". He also appeared in the tenth and eleventh episodes of Atlantis' fifth and final season, and made a cameo appearance in the pilot of the third Stargate series Stargate Universe. He also appeared in the episodes "Human" and "Subversion".

Other appearances
In 2001, Shanks guest starred in the episode "Star-Crossed" in the Sci-Fi series Andromeda, during which he met his future wife, Lexa Doig. Coincidentally, they played two androids who fell in love with each other. In 2002, Shanks starred in the German/UK/South African co-production Sumuru, a science fiction B-movie, as astronaut Adam Wade. He also auditioned for the role of Shinzon in Star Trek: Nemesis.

In 2007, Shanks joined the Fox Network series 24, guest-starring as lobbyist Mark Bishop in a three-episode arc for season 6. In 2008–2009, Shanks had a recurring role on the second season of the USA Network spy series Burn Notice, playing Victor Stecker-Epps, a fellow burned spy and maniacal counterpoint to series lead Jeffrey Donovan's character. In 2008, Shanks had a guest starring role in one episode of the SciFi Channel series Eureka, as an alchemist somewhat responsible for the near destruction of the town due to a student's mixing chemicals in his lab and thereby creating the "Alchemist curse". He appeared in the episode "All That Glitters...", with a mention of his character in the episode "A Night At Global Dynamics".

Shanks was featured in a lead role in the SciFi Channel's adventure film, The Lost Treasure of the Grand Canyon as Jacob Thain opposite Beverly Hills, 90210 and Charmed alumna Shannen Doherty. The film premiered on the cable network on December 20, 2008. In 2010, Shanks appeared in an episode of Sanctuary, which stars fellow Stargate actor Amanda Tapping. In the same year he starred in the film Arctic Blast, a disaster film, as physicist Jack Tate.

Shanks' latest television guest roles were as archaeologist Carter Hall, DC Comics' superhero Hawkman, in the Smallville episode "Absolute Justice". He later reprised the role in the final episode of the ninth season.

Shanks then in guest spots during the tenth season episodes "Shield" and "Icarus" as well as appearing in Supernatural season 5 episode "99 Problems".

Shanks stars in the Canadian thriller Faces in the Crowd.

Shanks has also starred in the Fox comedy The Good Guys as the pompous leader of the Strike Force. In 2011, Shanks was the guest star in the third episode of the Showcase show Endgame, where he plays an amnesiac.

In 2012, Shanks returned to primetime as Charles "Charlie" Harris on Saving Hope, reuniting with Stargate SG-1 and Smallville co-star Erica Durance.

In 2019, Shanks played the role of Horace Axley on the second season of the Netflix science-fiction series Altered Carbon.

Personal life
Shanks' eldest daughter, Tatiana Shanks, (b. Aug 10 1998) is from his relationship with model and actress Vaitiare Bandera, who portrayed Sha're, his character's wife on Stargate SG-1.

On August 2, 2003, Shanks married actress Lexa Doig, whom he met in 2001 while guest-starring on the series Andromeda. (They would also work together on Stargate SG-1, when Doig was cast as Dr Carolyn Lam, a recurring character in seasons nine and ten). They have two children.

Shanks enjoys playing ice hockey, and once considered playing professionally. He was on the Stargate SG-1 hockey team, competing against the teams of other Vancouver-based productions such as Smallville, and also displayed his aptitude for the sport in the 2006 television film Under the Mistletoe, in which he played the part of a school hockey coach. This aptitude was also highlighted in his 2013 role as the title character in the television film Mr. Hockey: The Gordie Howe Story.

title: Michael Shanks


text:
User:Jnc

Hi, I am Noel Chiappa. As of September 29, 2022, that page contains two errors. Have fun trying to work out what they are! (I refuse to look at it, to see if they are still there - it would just piss me off.)

On break
I am on indefinite Wiki-break since October, 2005, although I occasionally putter around. If you need to reach me, please email me, as I'm not reading my Talk: page here. Do not leave messages for me on my Talk: page; I do not want any messages left there.

I was badly affected by having to deal with a particular problematic user (who has since, ironically, left Wikipedia), and even more upset at what I perceive(d) to be a lack of support from the community in dealing with a clueless, argumentative, biased, stubborn nitwit who persisted in trying to fill major articles with erroneous, highly-biased POV, based on ignorance, prejudice, and personal research (which I can only characterize as incompetent, sketchy, worse-than-amateurish, incomplete, and pathetic) - the conclusions of which were, needless to say, not supported by the standard reference works on the field.

A wonderful example of him displaying all these traits in action (in a pointless argument with another editor) may be found here.

I just don't need that kind of grief, and I don't see the point of working hard on articles if some ignorant moron can come along and trash them. If that's the situation, I'd rather spend the time working on academic papers (a conclusion, alas, that many other good contributors before me have come to). So, I have concluded that for the moment my time will be more profitably spent working on a number of papers I need to write and/or finish off, on important topics such as endpoints.

In homage to Professor Steve Ward of MIT, who wrote an incredibly funny parody of his testimony and cross-examination as an expert witness in a civil trial, I have created a parody of my own. Believe it or not, much of this is actually taken from real events here on Wikipedia; for example, check out this and then read this.

I've been on extended Wiki-breaks before (I was gone from the fall of '03 to the middle of '04), and may decide to continue contributing in the future, but I cannot reliably predict the future, so we'll have to see. (Note to bureaucrats: I will be monitoring the account to make sure it is not broken into, so don't change its status.)

About Me
I've been a Wikipedian (not to mention a Wikipediholic :-) since August, 2003. I've been an admin since September, 2003. I managed to make it into the 10,000 edit club on 30 May, 2005; I later made it up to about #174 on the English Wikipedia edit list at the time I went on Wikibreak.

I used to do article creation and editing on a random and broad range of topics (an encyclopaedia is the perfect project for me :-). As David Gerard so pithily and perfectly puts it:

 * My life has been spent filling my head with unbelievable quantities of trivia and rubbish. Here's a chance to get some of it out.

I used to lend a hand with the boring maintainence work, particularly on Redirects for deletion, and also Cut and paste move repair holding pen (fixing cut-and-paste bogo-moves was something of a passion, and a specialty, of mine). I took care of Administrators' noticeboard for quite a while, but I finally "hit the wall" on doing that. (Plus to which, I wanted to work on articles, and I didn't have much time for that anymore!)

My Wikipediholic score (as of July, 2005) was 194 - but I claim I should get bonus points for writing an special Epsilon extension in EEL for Wikipedia editing, something I reckon should be worth about 15 points or so, bringing my total score to 209.

For more about me, look at my home page here:

http://www.chiappa.net/~jnc/

When I am not logged in, my contributions show up at 68.10.112.83, 68.10.115.135 and 68.10.244.80.

Useful stuff
Naming conventions (common names) Naming conventions (use English) Blocking policy

Block user List of blocked IP addresses and usernames Block log Protected pages Protection log

User stats My database entry My edit count Another edit counter

Purge cached page No redirect What links here

Cleaning department

Redirects from : to User: Missing redirects

WikiProject Early computers WikiProject Early computers/Books

MediaWiki Meta Wikidev Commons Wiktionary Wikiquote Wikisource Wikinews Wikibooks

Kate

MAM full

Music
Duane Allman - David Clark (guitar player) - E. Power Biggs - Nicholas Bruhns - Shakti (band)

Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor - Toccata and Fugue in D Minor - I Remember Clifford (song) - Layla

At Carnegie Hall - Jazz at Oberlin - Time In - I Remember Clifford (album) - Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs - Shakti (album)

Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould

Japanese Woodblock Prints / Japan
Kunisada - Kuniyoshi - Sharaku - Toyokuni - Yoshitoshi

Art-name - Utagawa school

Snow Country - Shugaku-in imperial villa

Medici / Florence
Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (The Gouty) - Giuliano di Piero de' Medici - Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici (Duke of Nemours) - Lorenzo II de' Medici (Duke of Urbino) - Alessandro de' Medici - Giulio di Alessandro de' Medici - Giulia de' Medici - Ippolito de' Medici - Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici - Gian Gastone de' Medici - Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici

Belvedere - Palazzo della Signoria - Pitti Palace - Pazzi Conspiracy - Donatello's David - Pontormo

Bermuda / Virginia
Virginia Historical Society

Egypt
Djhutmose - KV60

History / Military / Cryptography / Espionage
Robert C. Duncan - Anatoly Marchenko Tom Loyless - Desmond Morton - Ralph Wigram - Horace John Wilson John Earl Haynes - Harvey Klehr - Pavel Sudoplatov - Vladimir Vetrov Alphonso II of Naples - Frederick IV of Naples - Prince Christopher of Greece

Committee of Imperial Defence - Moscow Helsinki Group - Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam - Two-state solution

Brigade of Guards - Highland Brigade (Scottish) - Lowland Brigade (Scottish)

Secure voice

Castle Romeo - Castle Union - Castle Yankee

Special Tasks

The Gathering Storm (1974 film) - Warm Springs (film)

Nautical
Boom vang - Deadeye - Foresail - Headsail - Luff - Spinnaker pole

Nanthaniel Stebbins - Reliance - USCGC Tamaroa

Computers / Networking
Byte stream - Congestive collapse - Endocentric environment - Exocentric environment - Packet switch - Retransmission (data networks)

Bean Scripting Framework - Bravo - Gypsy - runoff - XMLTV

ITS - WAITS - VM

EFTP - List of assigned Class A IP addresses - Network Control Program - PARC Universal Packet

Bob Braden - Wesley A. Clark - André Danthine - Charles M. Herzfeld - Peter T. Kirstein - H. T. Kung - Charles E. Leiserson - Brian Randell - Martin Richards - John Shoch

ISO 8652 - Charles Babbage Institute - Internet Experiment Note - Sorcerer's Apprentice Syndrome - Stanford AI Lab - SIGCOMM

- Booting (computer slang)

- Hack - Tiger team - Template:Jargon

Cars / Planes
European Championship (auto racing)

Manfred von Brauchitsch - Griffith Borgeson

Virginia Beach Airport - Military Aviation Museum

Random
Suzanne Farrell - Darci Kistler - Robert Woodruff (director) Henry Cust - Calvin Griffith - Clark Graebner - Howard Kinsey - Frank Kovacs - Welby Van Horn - Joe Whalen

1458 (number) - Lithium hydride - Water pressure

Geronticus - Peruvian Torch cactus - Pseudibis - Scirpus

Castel Sant'Angelo

Dosso, Niger - Strait of Canso

Firbank Grammar School - School of American Ballet

Levels of the Game - The Traveler (novel) House & Garden - Condé Nast Traveler

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie) - Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult - Romani ite domum - Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat

Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse - Dark Seed (computer game)

Engineer's degree - Exocentric - Game point - Gold coins - Jirga

- Mountbatten - Municipal water system - Placeholder - River journey - Substantive title - Syedna Burhanuddin - Tamaroa (tribe) - Underground government

Administrators' noticeboard/3RR - Cut and paste move repair holding pen

Music
Johann Sebastian Bach - List of compositions of Johann Sebastian Bach - Johann Nikolaus Forkel

Allman Brothers Band - At Fillmore East - Eat a Peach - Love in Vain - W. C. Handy - Clifford Brown

Japanese Woodblock Prints / Japan
Hokusai - Utamaro

47 Ronin - Ronin - Seppuku - The Master of Go - Yasunari Kawabata

Medici / Florence
Baptistery - Medici

Michelozzo - Cosimo de' Medici (Pater Patriae) - Lorenzo de' Medici (Il Magnifico) - Cosimo I de' Medici (Grand Duke Cosimo I) - Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici (the Unfortunate)

Bermuda / Virginia
History of Bermuda - Politics of Bermuda - Transportation in Bermuda - St. George, Bermuda - Bermudian English - Third Supply

Jamestown, Virginia - Bartholomew Gosnold

Egypt
Amarna - Valley of the Kings - Burials in the Valley of the Kings - Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt - KV5 - KV55

Akhenaten - Nefertiti - Tadukhipa - Tutankhamun

History / Military / Cryptography / Espionage
Ferdinand II of Naples - Lady Jane Grey James Somerville - Isoroku Yamamoto Zachary Lemnios W. T. Tutte Judith Coplon

We shall fight on the beaches - This was their finest hour - Never was so much owed by so many to so few - Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote

Beirut Summit - Director of Defense Research and Engineering - History of Laos - International Helsinki Federation - Pathet Lao - Vientiane Treaty

Amber Room - Attack on Pearl Harbor - USS Grunion (SS-216)

Project Babylon - Paris Gun - Supergun - Browning 1919A4 - Malmö MFI-9 - Focke-Wulf Fw 190 operational history

Operation Ivy - Ivy Mike - Operation Castle - Castle Bravo

Colossus computer - Fish (cryptography) - Lorenz SZ 40/42 - Siemens and Halske T52

Lady Jane (movie) - The Gathering Storm (2002)

Nautical
Downhaul - Mechanical traveller - Outhaul - Parts of a sail - Sheet (sailing)

Deutschland - HMS Hood (51) - Pocket battleship

Computers / Networking
Input/output - Instruction pointer - Integrated circuit - Multi-user - Virtual machine - Virtual memory - Word processor

RUNOFF - roff - nroff BCPL - PL/I

Pilot ACE - DEUCE PDP - PDP-6 - PDP-10 - PDP-11 - PDP-20

Multics - CTSS - OS/360 - VM/CMS - CMS

E-mail - Internetworking - OSI model - Packet - Packet switching - Reliable byte stream - Router - Truncated binary exponential backoff

Asynchronous Transfer Mode - Multiprotocol Label Switching

ARPANET - CHAOSnet - CYCLADES - History of the Internet - Xerox Network Services

Internet Architecture Board - Internet Engineering Task Force - Internet Society - Request for Comments

Classful network - Classless Inter-Domain Routing - EIGRP - Internet Control Message Protocol - Internet protocol suite - Internet Protocol - IPv4 - IPv4 address exhaustion - Subnetwork - Transmission Control Protocol - Trivial File Transfer Protocol

Fernando Corbato - Vint Cerf - Jack Dennis - Bob Kahn - Leonard Kleinrock - Butler Lampson - J. C. R. Licklider - Jon Postel - David P. Reed - Jerry Saltzer

MIT AI Lab - Boat anchor - Hacker - Xerox PARC

Cars / Planes
Engine displacement

Lotus Elite - Auto Union

Colin Chapman - Harry Arminius Miller - Hans Stuck - Gilles Villeneuve

2005 United States Grand Prix

Random
1Time - BA Comair - Brighton Grammar School - Canonical - Chinese and English compared - Condé Nast Publications - Displacement (fluid) - Endocentric - Hierarchy - Irish Cream - Orion Syndicate

- Reservoir - Towednack - Treasure hunt - University of Liège

Capability Brown - David G. Clark - Stefano Garzelli - Clonie Gowen - Kay Redfield Jamison - Paul Neil Milne Johnstone - Elizabeth Morgan - Condé Montrose Nast - Bonnie Somerville - Horace Wilson

Architectural Digest

Day of the Fight - Flying Padre - Ronin (movie) - The Good Shepherd (film) List of Frasier episodes

Cleaning department - Requested moves - Redirects for deletion - Administrators' noticeboard - Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents

Images I Provided
Incomplete

Layla Cover - Shakti Cover - At Carnegie Hall Cover - I Remember Clifford Cover Hokusai Chushingura - Hiroshige Chushingura - Yoshitoshi Climber Old Woman Rats - Sharaku Two Actors Actor - Kunisada Spiderweb Box - Toyokuni III Actor - Toyokuni Actor Kabuki duo Porter Internet map 1982 - Internet map circa '85 Yacht Reliance Brighton Grammar logo - Firbank Grammar logo

Removed From WatchList
Network Control Protocol - Sant'Angelo - The Fillmore Concerts - The Layla Sessions - Whirlwind

Disambiguation pages
Doing maintainence on WP:RfD, I wind up creating many Disambiguation pages. Lots of disambiguation pages. So many I have moved them all to a separate page!

Subpages

 * /LinkFarm - Links to images (as opposed to inclusion) don't show up in 'what links here' tables
 * /Disambiguation - A rant about disambiguation
 * /CryptoDictIndex - Alphabetical index to the Cryptographic Dictionary, July 1944
 * /wiki.e - Epsilon editor extension for writing Wikipedia text

 * /ToDo - Things I might actually work on someday
 * /Test - Small test area, usually for template hackery
 * /Sandbox - Sandbox

 * /Welcome - My personalized welcome message
 * /ReplyMyTalk - Message about where I see replies
 * /NewReplyMyTalk - Version for new users

 * /RedirMissingTarget - Templates for warning message
 * /MvRedirMissingTarget - Template for redir left by a move
 * /DelRedirMissingTarget - Template for redir left hanging by a delete
 * /NeverRedirMissingTarget - Template for redir to something never existing

Fun stuff

 * /TooManyBoxes - A classic, should have been kept IMO
 * /Cold War Classic - A classic, lengthy, and hilarious hoax
 * Slow Blind Driveway - Another
 * San Serriffe - The original, before Ed Poor discovered it and (reluctantly) nuked it.

title: User:Jnc


text:
Free Church of England

The Free Church of England (FCE) is an episcopal church based in England. The church was founded when a number of congregations separated from the established Church of England in the middle of the 19th century.

The doctrinal basis of the FCE, together with its episcopal structures, organisation, worship, ministry and ethos are recognisably Anglican although it is not a member of the Anglican Communion. Its worship style follows that of the Book of Common Prayer or conservative modern-language forms that belong to the Anglican tradition.

The Church of England acknowledges the FCE as a church with valid orders and its canons permit a range of shared liturgical and ministerial activities.

History
The Free Church of England was founded principally by Evangelical Low Church clergy and congregations in response to what were perceived as attempts (inspired by the Oxford Movement) to re-introduce traditional Catholic practices into the Church of England, England's established church. The first congregation was formed by the Reverend James Shore at St John's Church Bridgetown, Totnes, Devon, in 1844.

In the early years, clergy were often provided by the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion which had its origins in the 18th-century Evangelical Revival. By the middle of the 19th century the connexion still retained many Anglican features such as the use of the surplice and the Book of Common Prayer.

The first bishop was Benjamin Price, who initially had oversight of all the new congregations.

In 1874 the FCE made contact with the newly organised Reformed Episcopal Church in North America.

In 1956, the FCE published a revision of the Book of Common Prayer to form the primary text of the denomination's liturgy. The stated intention of the revision was to remove or explain "particular phrases and expressions" from the Church of England's 1662 edition of the prayer book that "afford at least plausible ground for the teaching and practice of the Sacerdotal and Romanising Party".

In 2003, due to differences in theology and practice, two bishops and ten congregations split from the main church and formed the Evangelical Connexion of the Free Church of England. Despite its name, the body is not part of the official denomination. Three of these congregations returned to the FCE - those in Exeter (which subsequently left the FCE again in April 2023 ), Middlesbrough (which eventually closed in 2021) and Oswaldtwistle. Leigh-on-Sea retund to the FCE in 2023. Two churches in Farnham and Teddington having become independent altogether, the ECFCE currently has four churches in Fleetwood, Leeds, Tuebrook (Liverpool) and Workington.

Ordained ministry
The church holds a threefold ministry of deacons, presbyters and bishops and only ordains men. Its orders have been recognised as valid by the Church of England since 2013.

Organisation
The provision of contemporary language liturgies has been approved by convocation and a process of drafting and authorisation has begun. The church has continued to ordain bishops in the apostolic succession, with Moravian, Church of England and Malabar Independent Syrian Church bishops taking part on occasion.

Dioceses
The united church enjoyed modest growth in the first part of the 20th century, having at one point 90 congregations, but after the Second World War, like most other denominations in the UK, suffered a decline in numbers, though there has been a modest increase in the number of congregations in recent years. The 18 UK churches are located as follows.

Northern Diocese
Bishops:
 * –1917: William Troughton
 * 1927–1958: Frank Vaughan
 * 1958–1967: Thomas Cameron
 * 1967–1973: James Burrell
 * 1973–1998: Cyril Milner
 * 1999–2003: Arthur Bentley-Taylor
 * 2003–2006: John McLean
 * 2006–present: John Fenwick

Southern Diocese
Bishops: Churches:
 * 1889–1896: Benjamin Price
 * 1896–1901: Samuel Dicksee
 * 1904–1927: Richard Brook Lander
 * 1927–1934: Joseph Fenn
 * 1934–1955: John Magee
 * 1955–1968: George Forbes-Smith
 * 1968–1971: Ambrose Bodfish
 * 1972–1976: William Watkins
 * 1977–1990: Arthur Ward
 * 1990–2006: Kenneth Powell
 * 2007–present: Paul Hunt

Recognition of orders
In January 2013 it was announced that the Church of England had recognised the holy orders of the Free Church of England. This move followed approximately three years of contact between the bishops of the Free Church of England, the Council for Christian Unity and the Faith and Order Commission. The recognition was approved by the Council for Christian Unity and the Faith and Order Advisory Commission, and endorsed by the standing committee of the House of Bishops. John McLean, the then Bishop Primus of the Free Church of England, said: "We are grateful to the archbishops for this recognition of our common episcopal heritage. I pray that it will not be an end in itself, but will lead to new opportunities for proclaiming the Gospel." Christopher Hill, Bishop of Guildford and chair of the Church of England's Council for Christian Unity, said: "I hope there will be good relations between us and especially in those places where there is a Free Church of England congregation."

Recognition of the orders of the Free Church of England under the Overseas and Other Clergy (Ministry and Ordination) Measure 1967 means that FCE clergy are eligible to be given permission under that measure to officiate in the Church of England, subject to such procedures and authorisations as may be required. A number have been so authorised while remaining clergy of the FCE in good standing. The measure also permits FCE bishops to ordain and perform other episcopal functions at the request of the bishop of a diocese in the provinces of Canterbury and York, subject to the consent of the relevant archbishop.

Relationships
The FCE is in communion with the Reformed Episcopal Church, which itself is now a subjurisdiction of the Anglican Church in North America. Within the UK the FCE is a member of the Free Churches Group and Churches Together in England. From 1992 to 1997 the FCE was in official dialogue with the Church of England, which the 1998 Lambeth Conference saw as a sign of hope. It is a Designated Church under the Church of England's Ecumenical Relations Measure 1988.

FCE bishops have attended the enthronements of George Carey, Rowan Williams and Justin Welby as Archbishops of Canterbury. Since 2013, the Free Church of England has been in dialogue with the conservative Old Catholics of the Union of Scranton; one of the FCE parishes was for several months in 2024 by a priest of the Union of Scranton's Nordic Catholic Church, the former FCE deacon Calvin Robinson.

Anglican realignment
The FCE has been involved in the realignments within the Anglican Communion. In 2009 the church was represented at the launch of the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans (UK and Ireland), the local expression of the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON) movement inaugurated the previous year in Jerusalem. The FCE has been represented at the subsequent GAFCON Conferences – Nairobi (2013), Jerusalem (2018) and Kigali (2023). Its bishops are members of the GAFCON GBE Bishops’ Forum and the Bishop Primus is a member of the GAFCON GBE Regional Council.

In February 2016, Foley Beach, archbishop of the Anglican Church in North America, signed an instrument declaring the Anglican Church in North America to be in full communion with the Free Church of England, and recognising "their congregations, clergy, and sacraments, while pledging to work together for the proclamation of the Good News of Jesus Christ and the making of his disciples throughout the world". Archbishop Beach's declaration was ratified by the provincial council of the ACNA in June 2016.

title: Free Church of England


text:
University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover

The  University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, TiHo) is a university in Hanover and one of the five facilities for veterinary medicine in Germany, and the only one that remains independent. It is often referred to as TiHo by its staff and students.

According to the website, there are currently about 2,400 university students, 2,000 of which study veterinary medicine, and 50 study biology. The staff has 1000 members, for example 63 professors and 250 other scientific assistants. The rest is mostly engaged in the 5 clinics and 13 institutes for pretty much every field of veterinary medicine. The clinics have an average of 49,000 patients a year (hospitalized, outpatient and polyclinical care), and of course, there are a lot of apprentices in related professions.

The school also maintains a botanical garden specializing in medicinal and poisonous plants, the Heil- und Giftpflanzengarten der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover.

History
The TiHo was founded in 1778 under the regency of George III and originally named Roß-Arzney-Schule. This university is also one of the oldest of its kind. The first lecturer was Johann Adam Kersting from Kassel.


text:
Arj Barker

Arjan Singh Āulakh (born August 12, 1974), known by the stage name Arj Barker, is an American comedian and actor from San Anselmo, California. He has toured in North America, Australia, New Zealand and Europe. He was born to an engineer father and artist mother. His father is of Indian Punjabi Sikh descent and his mother is of European descent.

Career
Barker started his career in comedy after graduating from high school in 1989. His first gigs were at a café called Caffe Nuvo in downtown San Anselmo where he hosted stand-up night every Sunday throughout the early 1990s. Barker appeared on Premium Blend in 1997, followed by appearances on the shows Late Night with Conan O'Brien and The Glass House. He twice hosted Comedy Central Presents, first on September 20, 2000, and again on March 31, 2006. Barker was featured in Comedy Central's animated series Shorties Watchin' Shorties. He appeared on the Australian show Thank God You're Here on October 18, 2006, September 19, 2007, and June 17, 2009.

Barker co-wrote and performed in The Marijuana-Logues, an Off-Broadway show in New York City, with Doug Benson and Tony Camin. The title of the show was a parody of The Vagina Monologues. NBC gave Barker the lead role for sitcom Nearly Nirvana, originally scheduled for 2004. However, Barker was replaced in the lead role by the show's creator, Ajay Sahgal, and the show never aired.

Barker appeared in the HBO sitcom Flight of the Conchords, playing Dave. Barker has been successful in Australia for a number of years since first appearing at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival in 2000, and presently resides there. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2019, he won Best Comedy Release for Organic.

During the 2024 Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Barker attracted widespread media attention in Australia for, while on stage in front of a live audience, demanding a mother breastfeeding her 7-month-old baby to leave and have her ticket refunded. Barker claimed the baby was interrupting his train of thought.

Arj and Poopy
Barker also has his own Flash series, Arj and Poopy, based on some of his stand-up material, that stars him and his cat, Poopy, who talks by farting. The series was animated by Bernard Derriman, and has been syndicated to AtomFilms.

The episode "Unlucky in Love" won the Annecy International Animated Film Festival Internet Selection in 2006.

List of episodes

 * 1) "Experimentation"
 * 2) "Venetian Rowing Machine"
 * 3) "Philosopher"
 * 4) "Brutally Ambushed"
 * 5) "Long Distance Relationship"
 * 6) "Shpants"
 * 7) "Unlucky in Love"
 * 8) "Yoga"
 * 9) "Oh, Christmas tree"
 * 10) "Congo Windfall"
 * 11) "Poetreet"

Last Comic Standing
Barker was featured as a contestant on the first episode of the fifth season of Last Comic Standing, where he advanced to the Los Angeles semi-final round. He then failed to progress to the final 10 in the semi-final round.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Barker has won one award from four nominations.

! Ref.
 * 2010
 * Arj Barker Forever
 * rowspan="4"| Best Comedy Release
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4"|
 * 2012
 * Joy Harvest
 * Nominated
 * 2017
 * Get In My Head
 * Nominated
 * 2019
 * Organic
 * Won
 * 2019
 * Organic
 * Won
 * Won

title: Arj Barker