text:
Clifford Brown

Clifford Benjamin Brown (October 30, 1930 – June 26, 1956) was an American jazz trumpeter, pianist and composer. He died at the age of 25 in a car crash, leaving behind four years' worth of recordings. His compositions "Sandu", "Joy Spring", and "Daahoud" have become jazz standards. Brown won the DownBeat magazine Critics' Poll for New Star of the Year in 1954; he was inducted into the DownBeat Hall of Fame in 1972.

Early career
Brown was born into a musical family in Wilmington, Delaware. His father organized his four sons, including Clifford, into a vocal quartet. Around age ten, Brown started playing trumpet at school after becoming fascinated with the shiny trumpet his father owned. At age thirteen, his father bought him a trumpet and provided him with private lessons. In high school, Brown received lessons from Robert Boysie Lowery and played in "a jazz group that Lowery organized", making trips to Philadelphia.

Brown briefly attended Delaware State University as a math major before he switched to Maryland State College. His trips to Philadelphia grew in frequency after he graduated from high school and entered Delaware State University. He played in the fourteen-piece, jazz-oriented Maryland State Band. In June 1950, he was injured in a car crash after a performance. While in the hospital, he was visited by Dizzy Gillespie, who encouraged him to pursue a career in music. For a time, injuries restricted him to playing the piano.

Brown was influenced and encouraged by Fats Navarro. His first recordings were with R&B bandleader Chris Powell. He worked with Art Blakey, Tadd Dameron, Lionel Hampton and J. J. Johnson, before forming a band with Max Roach.

One of the most notable developments during Brown's period in New York was the formation of Art Blakey's Quintet, which would become the Jazz Messengers. Blakey formed the band with Brown, Lou Donaldson, Horace Silver, and Curley Russell, and recorded the quintet's first album live at the Birdland jazz club. During one of the rehearsal sessions, fellow trumpeter Miles Davis listened and joked about Clifford Brown's technical ability to play the trumpet. The live recording session ultimately spanned two days with multiple takes needed on only a couple of the tunes.

A week at Club Harlem in May 1952 featured alto saxophonist Charlie Parker and Brown. Brown later noted that Parker was impressed by his playing, saying privately to the young trumpeter "I don't believe it."

Just before the formation of the Clifford Brown/Max Roach Quintet, journalist Nat Hentoff and Brown interviewed for a DownBeat article titled "Clifford Brown – the New Dizzy".

Later career
Roach's stature had grown as he recorded with a host of other emerging artists (including Bud Powell, Sonny Stitt, Miles Davis and Thelonious Monk) and co-founded Debut, one of the first artist-owned labels, with Charles Mingus. Having participated in the legendary Jazz at Massey Hall concert of 1953, the drummer had relocated to the Los Angeles area and had replaced Shelly Manne in the popular Lighthouse All Stars. Roach and Brown formed the joint Clifford Brown/Max Roach Quintet in the mid-1950s with tenor saxophonist Harold Land, pianist Richie Powell, and bassist George Morrow, with Rollins taking Land's place in 1955. Brown was in the L.A. area from March to August 1954, on the invitation of Roach, who arrived on the West Coast with other well-regarded jazz musicians including Miles Davis and Charles Mingus. Prior to their first outing, the 1954 Pasadena Auditorium Concert, Roach included Brown on the basis that the two would be co-leaders.

The band started when Brown and Roach rented a studio in California. With Brown able to play piano and drums in addition to trumpet, the co-leaders could experiment extensively with these instruments in the studio. They settled on the standard bebop quintet of trumpet, saxophone, piano, bass, and drums, with sax, piano, and bass players needed. When first choice tenor player Sonny Stitt chose his own musical direction, the bandleaders settled on sax player Teddy Edwards, former Count Basie bassist George Morrow, and unconventional pianist Carl Perkins. Though the lineup was short-lived, the group "sent shock waves throughout the jazz community," according to Sam Samuelson.

As the band was still deciding on its personnel, Brown and Roach met alto player and multi-instrumentalist Eric Dolphy, who had his own apartment where he hosted jam sessions. Among the jam sessions' musicians were future quintet members Harold Land and George Morrow. Bud Powell's brother Richie arrived in the L.A. area around this time and was recruited as the quintet's pianist. The band accepted recording session offers and Brown composed several tunes that were adopted by the new quintet. Meanwhile, a larger, fully arranged band was organized for one of the upcoming recording sessions by Jack Montrose of Pacific Coast Jazz Records. The session "embrace[d] West Coast cool" with "immaculately performed charts," according to reviewer Gordon Jack of Jazz Journal.

An early session of the Brown/Roach Quintet, Clifford Brown & Max Roach, featured the new lineup performing several of Brown's latest compositions. Samuelson referred to the album as a "nice gamut between boplicity and pleasant balladry." Other albums featuring the Brown/Roach collaboration included Brown and Roach, Inc. and Study in Brown.

Brown also recorded albums outside the quintet including the Pacific Coast Jazz session and two albums with jazz vocalist Dinah Washington. Both were recorded from a jam session setting and featured other jazz trumpeters including Maynard Ferguson and Clark Terry. Following the Dinah Washington recordings, Brown slowed the pace of his recordings and returned to the East Coast, recording an album with Sarah Vaughan in December 1954.

The experiments in bop continued in the 1955 session Study in Brown, such as use of instrument sounds to mimic an inner city environment in "Parisian Thoroughfare" and "international flavor" in "George's Dilemma". Jazz critic Scott Yanow referred to the album as "premiere early hard bop" and noted the quintet's "unlimited potential."

A 1955 live performance by Brown with Billy Root and Ziggy Vines (sometimes mistakenly thought to have been recorded just before Brown's death a year later) was released on tape in 1973. Following this session, with Blakey temporarily replacing Roach following a car accident, the group toured, visiting Chicago and then Rhode Island for the Newport Jazz Festival. Roach returned for this performance and jam session at Newport.

Released in 1956, At Basin Street – the quintet's final "official album" – introduced tenor saxophonist Sonny Rollins. The album was called a "hard bop classic" and "highly recommended" by Scott Yanow. While previous quintet albums included original compositions, this one consisted mainly of jazz standards, although it did include a couple of Richie Powell compositions.

Personal life
In June 1954, Brown married Emma LaRue Anderson (1933–2005), whom he called "Joy Spring". The two had been introduced by Max Roach. Clifford and LaRue celebrated their marriage vows three times, partly because their families were on opposite coasts and partly because of their different religious denominations – Brown was Methodist and Anderson was Catholic. They were first married in a private ceremony June 26, 1954, in Los Angeles (on Anderson's 21st birthday). They again celebrated their marriage in a religious setting on July 16, 1954, with the certificate being registered in Los Angeles County. A reception was held at the Tiffany Club where the Art Pepper/Jack Montrose Quintet had been replaced, a few days earlier, by the Red Norvo Trio with Tal Farlow and Red Mitchell. Anderson's parish priest followed them to Boston where, on August 1, 1954, they performed their marriage ceremony at Saint Richards Church in the Roxbury neighborhood.

Brown stayed away from drugs and was not fond of alcohol. Rollins, who was recovering from heroin addiction, said that "Clifford was a profound influence on my personal life. He showed me that it was possible to live a good, clean life and still be a good jazz musician." Brown's enthusiasm for practicing the trumpet was noted by Lou Donaldson, who said Clifford would "do lip exercises and mouth exercises all day."

Death
In June 1956, Brown and Richie Powell embarked on a drive to Chicago for their next appearance. Powell's wife Nancy was at the wheel so Clifford and Richie could sleep. While driving at night in the rain on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, she presumably lost control of the car which went off the road west of Bedford, killing all three in the resulting crash. Brown is buried in Mt. Zion Cemetery, in Wilmington, Delaware.

Legacy
Jazz historian Ira Gitler said of Brown, "l'm sorry I never got to know him better. Not that it necessarily follows that one who plays that beautifully is also a marvelous person, but I think one can discern in Clifford Brown's case that the particular kind of extraordinary playing was linked to an equally special human being ... Photographs of Clifford Brown reveal some of that inner self; the shots in which he is depicted in a playing attitude show his intensity, that utter concentration and total connection with his instrument."

In the 1990s, video from the TV program Soupy's On (starring comedian Soupy Sales, who was a big jazz fan and booked several top musical stars for his show) was discovered of Clifford Brown playing two tunes. This is the only video recording known to exist of Brown.

Brown's nephew, drummer Rayford Griffin (né Rayford Galen Griffin; b. 1958), modernized Brown's music on his 2015 album Reflections of Brownie. Brown's grandson, Clifford Benjamin Brown III (b. 1982), plays trumpet on one of the tracks, "Sandu".

As leader/co-leader

 * 1953: New Faces, New Sounds with Lou Donaldson (Blue Note, 1953)[10 inch]
 * 1953: New Star on the Horizon (Blue Note, 1953)[10 inch]
 * 1953: A Study In Dameronia (Prestige, 1955)[10 inch]
 * 1953: Clifford Brown and Art Farmer with The Swedish All Stars with Art Farmer (Prestige, 1954)[10 inch]
 * 1954: Clifford Brown & Max Roach (EmArcy, 1954)[10 inch]
 * 1954: Brown and Roach Incorporated (EmArcy, 1955)
 * 1954: Clifford Brown All Stars (EmArcy, 1956)
 * 1954: Best Coast Jazz (EmArcy, 1956)
 * 1954: Jam Session with Clark Terry and Maynard Ferguson (EmArcy, 1954) – live
 * 1955: Clifford Brown with Strings (EmArcy, 1955)
 * 1955: Study in Brown (EmArcy, 1955)
 * 1956: Clifford Brown and Max Roach at Basin Street (EmArcy, 1956)

Posthumous releases plus A Study In Dameronia Also released as Live at The Bee Hive (Columbia, 1979)[2LP]
 * Memorial Album (Blue Note, 1956) – LP version of New Faces, New Sounds plus New Star on the Horizon
 * Memorial (Prestige, 1956) – LP version of Clifford Brown and Art Farmer with The Swedish All Stars
 * Jazz Immortal featuring Zoot Sims (Pacific Jazz, 1960)
 * The Clifford Brown Sextet In Paris (Prestige, 1970) – recorded in 1953
 * The Beginning And The End (Columbia, 1973) – compilation
 * Raw Genius - Live at Bee Hive Chicago 1955 Vol. 1 & Vol. 2 with Max Roach (Victor, 1977) – live recorded in 1955. Japan only.
 * Pure Genius (Volume One) with Max Roach (Elektra Musician, 1982) – live recorded in 1956
 * More Study in Brown (EmArcy, 1983)
 * Jams 2 (EmArcy, 1983) – recorded in 1954
 * Alternate Takes (Blue Note, 1984) – recorded in 1953

Box set
 * The Complete Blue Note and Pacific Jazz Recordings of Clifford Brown (Mosaic Records, 1984)[5LP]
 * Brownie: The Complete EmArcy Recordings of Clifford Brown (EmArcy / Nippon Phonographic, 1989)[10CD]

As sideman

 * Art Blakey, Live Messengers (Blue Note, 1978)
 * J. J. Johnson, Jay Jay Johnson with Clifford Brown (Blue Note, 1953), reissued as The Eminent Jay Jay Johnson Volume 1
 * Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers, A Night at Birdland Vol. 1 (Blue Note, 1954)
 * Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers, A Night at Birdland Vol. 2 (Blue Note, 1954)
 * Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers, A Night at Birdland Vol. 3 (Blue Note, 1954)
 * Helen Merrill, Helen Merrill (EmArcy, 1955) – recorded in 1954
 * Sonny Rollins, Sonny Rollins Plus 4 (Prestige, 1956) (also issued in Brown's name as Three Giants)
 * Sarah Vaughan, Sarah Vaughan (EmArcy, 1955) – recorded in 1954
 * Dinah Washington, Dinah Jams (EmArcy, 1955) – live recorded in 1954

Filmography

 * 1988: Let's Get Lost – "Joy Spring" and "Daahoud"

title: Clifford Brown


text:
Aztalan State Park

Aztalan State Park is a Wisconsin state park in the Town of Aztalan, Jefferson County. Established in 1952, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The park covers 172 acre along the Crawfish River.

Aztalan is the site of an ancient Mississippian culture settlement that flourished during the 10th to 13th centuries. The indigenous people constructed massive earthwork mounds for religious and political purposes. They were part of a widespread culture with important settlements throughout the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries. Their trading network extended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast, and into the Southeast of the present-day United States.

Pre-history (900–1300)
Aztalan was first settled around 900 CE by a Native American culture known as the Middle Mississippian tradition. The chief center of a Middle Mississippian settlement is at Cahokia, in present-day Illinois, a city that at its peak had 20,000–30,000 people. This was not surpassed by Europeans in North America until after 1800. These settlements are characterized by the construction of earthwork mounds, stockades, and houses, by decorated Mississippian culture pottery, and agricultural practices. There are also elements of the Woodland culture found there.

The residents of Aztalan had long-distance trading relationships with other settlements, linked by their use of the rivers for transportation. For example, items found at the settlement include copper from Michigan's Upper Peninsula, seashells from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and stone such as Mill Creek chert from other areas of the Midwest.

Sometime between 1200 and 1300 CE, the Aztalan settlement was abandoned. Archeologists and historians surmise they may have outgrown environmental resources, or encountered more warfare from other cultures, but do not know for sure. The Little Ice Age occurred soon after 1300 and may have contributed to farming difficulties, putting too much stress on the local chiefdoms.

Life in Aztalan
Most of the residents lived in circular or rectangular houses which they built between the river and the eastern secondary wall. The placement of the structures suggests that the layout was planned. The dwellings were built around a central ceremonial plaza likely used for rituals and public gatherings, as has been found at similar locations. Posts for the house frames were placed either in individual holes, or in a trench dug slightly narrower than the posts. The walls were completed with wattle and daub, a plaster mixture of grass and clay. The roof was covered with bark or thatch. The doorway usually faced south to keep out the winter's north winds. Inside, a single family slept on pole-frame beds, covered with tamarack boughs, deer skins, and furs. Sometimes a fire was kept in the middle of the house and a hole in the roof let out the smoke. Storage pits dug in the earthen floor of the house held foods such as corn, nuts, and seeds in woven bags. Perishable foods such as meat were most likely stored outside prior to cooking. Refuse pits for garbage and community storage pits were located outside.

The site was well chosen to provide a variety of food sources, and other resources. The staple of the diet was cultivated corn (maize), and other plants were also gathered as food, such as acorns, hickory nuts, and berries. Tobacco was grown at this time for sacred rituals, as tobacco seeds have been found at this site. The main source of meat was deer, especially in the winter. The people also caught and ate beaver, elk, fox, muskrats, and raccoons. They hunted birds and turtles, collected mussels, and caught fish in the Crawfish River directly next to the site. To help with fishing, the people set up rock barriers called fish weirs at key points, one of which is visible when the river is low. They caught catfish, bass, suckers, buffalo fish, pike, drum fish, and gar. They disposed of the thousands of shells from consumed mussels in middens. These have layers of shells several feet thick.

The people living here gathered food and resources for tools and building. Other materials were obtained through trade. Trees nearby provided wood for posts for house walls and stockades, bows and arrow shafts, and firewood. Smaller tree branches and grass were used for bedding and roofs. Shells were used to make jewelry, beads, spoons, and digging tools. The people dug river clay to use in fashioning fired pottery. Traded items, used for ornamental or ceremonial purposes, were an attribute of status because of their rarity.

Physical features
The most obvious features of Aztalan are its pyramid-shaped, flat-topped platform mounds and the stockades, believed to have served both ceremonial and defensive functions.

Mounds
Three platform mounds remain on the site. The largest is the one in the southwest corner of the stockade; one almost as large is located in the northwest corner. The smallest of the three is along the east side of the settlement, near the Crawfish River (labeled "West Branch of Rock River" on the plates). The hill in the southeast corner is a natural gravel knoll, not built by the inhabitants.

The largest mound was built in three stages, with a set of steps leading to the top, where a structure was built over the entire flat top. The mound was covered with a clay cap, probably to enhance its appearance. Corn was stored in pits inside the structure. Scholars have several theories about why the corn was kept there, and the overall purpose of the structure. It may have been the storage facility for the entire village, or storage for food just for the top village officials; it may have been used for ceremonies and rituals; or it could have been a house for the village officials. This topmost structure was rebuilt each time a larger stage of the mound was built on top of the old.

The northwestern mound, used for formal burial, was also built in three stages. A special structure, approximately 4 m by 2 m, with its long axis towards the northeast–southwest, was built on the west side of the mound. Its doorway was in its southwest corner, and the structure was covered with a mixture of clay, willow branches, and grass. The floor was covered with a mat of what may have been cattails. The bodies of ten people were placed side by side on this, with their heads toward the doorway. The bones of another person were bundled together with cord and placed near them. Once this construction was complete, and the bodies were inside, the building was burned.

The eastern mound had a large open-walled structure, about 12 m by 27 m, built on top of it, with firepits lined with white sand inside. The function of this mound and structure remain unclear.

Additionally, to the northwest of the stockaded area, a row of round mounds extends northward. When archaeologists excavated in these mounds during the 1920s, they did not find the burial sites they had expected. Instead, each mound had a large post set in a pit in its center, surrounded by gravel and soil, with the pit capped with clay and gravel to hold the post steady. These mounds have been termed "marker mounds" because they may have been used to mark the site for travelers, but this is not certain. They may also have been used for announcements, message relays, or for calculations of astronomical phenomena, as has been found at other Mississippian sites, such as Cahokia.

Stockade
The settlement was surrounded on the north, west, and south sides by a palisade, a wall of logs set vertically into the ground. Narrow holes were dug into the ground, then the posts were lifted into position and set into the holes. The stockade was finished by people weaving flexible willow branches through the posts, and plastering the whole with a mixture of clay and grass to fill in the gaps, a technique similar to wattle and daub.

At some point, a smaller stockade was built within the outer one to delimit the dwelling areas. Archeologists have not been able to determine whether both stockades existed simultaneously, for a layered defense, or one was built after the other fell into disuse.

In 1850, Increase A. Lapham, an author, scientist, and naturalist, surveyed the site on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, which was surveying ancient mounds. He described the outer stockade as being "631 ft long at the north end, 1149 ft long on the west side and 700 ft on the south side; making a total length of wall of 2750 ft. The ridge or wall is about 22 ft, and from 1 ft to 5 ft) in height". It had at least 33 square bastions at regular intervals along its length, similar in form and placement to some European fortifications, to allow defensive warriors to cover that area by shooting arrows. In addition, others were built along the secondary walls. Rather than having a gate to protect the entrance, the builders constructed the entrance so that it was camouflaged from direct view and blended in with the wall on either side.

During the time Aztalan was inhabited, two sets of outer stockades were built. The posts of the first one eventually rotted, and the second one burned and was never rebuilt. It is not clear whether the purpose of the stockade was to keep out invaders, or if the occupants built it for another reason.

Modern discovery (1835–1919)
A young man named Timothy Johnson discovered the ruins of the ancient settlement in December 1835. In January 1836, N. F. Hyer conducted the first rough survey of the site, and published his discovery in the Milwaukie Advertiser of January 1837.

According to Lapham: "The name Aztalan was given to this place by Mr. Hyer, because, according to Humboldt, the Aztecs, or ancient inhabitants of Mexico, had a tradition that their ancestors came from a country at the north, which they called Aztalan; and the possibility that these may have been remains of their occupancy, suggested the idea of restoring the name. It is made up of two Mexican words, atl, water, and an, near; and the country was probably so named from its proximity to large bodies of water. Hence the natural inference that the country about these great lakes was the ancient residence of the Aztecs."

Hyer wrote, "We are determined to preserve these ruins from being ruined." However, in 1838, President Martin Van Buren refused a request by Massachusetts statesman Edward Everett to withdraw the site from public sale, and it was sold for $22. In the following years, the surface was plowed, the mounds were leveled for easier farming, pottery shards and "Aztalan brick" were hauled away by the wagonload to fill in potholes in township roads, and souvenir hunters took numerous artifacts.

In 1850, Lapham urged the preservation of the stockade. At the time, the stockade was still standing, though not in the condition it had once been.

State park foundation and reconstruction (1919–present)
In 1919, archeological excavations began at Aztalan under the direction of Dr. S. A. Barrett. In 1920, the Landmarks Committee of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, under Publius V. Lawson, started a new effort to save what remained of Aztalan, supported by the Friends of Our Native Landscape and the Wisconsin Archeological Society. They made their first purchase of some of the land in 1921, three acres (12,000 m2) west of the stockade and containing eight conical mounds, and presented it to the Wisconsin Archeological Society.

Work for preservation continued. In 1936, the state's archeological and historical societies petitioned the federal government for funds to reconstruct the stockade, without success, although during the Great Depression the US funded archeological work and preservation at numerous ancient sites around the country. In 1941, the newly founded Lake Mills-Aztalan Historical Society began an energetic campaign to preserve the stockade area.

In 1945, the Wisconsin State Assembly passed a bill directing the State Planning Board to study the possibility of establishing a state park at Aztalan. In 1947, the Wisconsin State Legislature passed a resolution requesting the State Conservation Commission to purchase Aztalan. 120 acres (490,000 m2) were purchased to this end in 1948, and the Wisconsin Archeological Society and the Lake Mills-Aztalan Historical Society donated their holdings. Aztalan opened to the public in 1952 as Aztalan State Park.

Aztalan was designated a registered National Historic Landmark in 1964 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. In 1968, the state reconstructed portions of the stockade wall by placing new posts in the original holes. A section of this was also covered with the wattle and daub, but this has since worn away or been removed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aztalan State Park


text:
Mikhail Sholokhov

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (Михаил Александрович Шолохов; 24 May 1905 – 21 February 1984) was a Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is known for writing about life and fate of Don Cossacks during the Russian Revolution, the civil war and the period of collectivization, primarily in his most famous novel, And Quiet Flows the Don.

Life and work
Sholokhov was born in the Russian Empire, in the "land of the Cossacks" – the Kruzhilin hamlet, part of stanitsa Vyoshenskaya, in the former Administrative Region of the Don Cossack Host. His father, a Russian, Aleksander Mikhailovich Sholokhov (1865–1925), was a member of the lower middle class, at various times a farmer, a cattle trader, and a miller. Sholokhov's mother, Anastasia Danilovna Chernikova (1871–1942), the widow of a Cossack, came from Ukrainian peasant stock (her father was a peasant in the Chernihiv oblast). She did not become literate until a time in her life when she wanted to correspond with her son. His family were not Don Cossacks, but inogorodnye ("outlanders"), the rather disparaging term used by the Don Cossacks for outsiders who settled in their territory by the banks of the Don. The inogorodyne tended to be much poorer than the Don Cossacks and were excluded from voting for officials in the Host government (the Don Cossack Host were allowed to elect their leaders, except for the ataman who headed the Host, who was always appointed by the Emperor).

Sholokhov attended schools in, Moscow, Boguchar, and Veshenskaya until 1918, when he joined the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War at the age of 13. He spent the next few years fighting. During the Russian Civil War, the inogorodnye  tended to support the Reds while the Don Cossacks tended to support the Whites. Sholokhov began writing at 17. He completed his first literary work, the short story "The Birthmark", at 19. In 1922 Sholokhov moved to Moscow to become a journalist, but had to support himself through manual labour. He was a stevedore, a stonemason, and an accountant from 1922 to 1924, but he also intermittently participated in writers' "seminars". His first published work was a satirical article, The Test (19 October 1923). In 1924 Sholokhov returned to Veshenskaya and devoted himself entirely to writing. In the same year he married Maria Petrovna Gromoslavskaia (1901–1992), the daughter of Pyotr Gromoslavsky, the ataman of Bukanovskaya village. They had two daughters and two sons.

Sholokhov's first book was Tales from the Don, a collection of stories largely based on his personal experiences in his native region during World War I and the Russian Civil War; it was published in 1926. The story "Nakhalyonok", partly based on his own childhood, was later made into a popular film.

In the same year, Sholokhov began writing And Quiet Flows the Don, which took him fourteen years to complete (1926–1940). It became the most-read work of Soviet historical fiction, and it earned him the 1941 State Stalin Prize. It deals with the experiences of the Cossacks before and during World War I and the Russian Civil War. Another novel, Virgin Soil Upturned, which earned a Lenin Prize, took 28 years to complete. It is composed of two parts, Seeds of Tomorrow (1932) and Harvest on the Don (1960), and reflects life during collectivization in the Don area. It was heralded as a powerful example of socialist realism. Virgin Soil Upturned was translated and widely read in China, where it influenced China's socialist literature.

The short story "The Fate of a Man" (1957) was made into a popular Russian film.During World War II, Sholokhov wrote about the Soviet war effort for various journals. He also covered the devastation caused by Wehrmacht troops along the Don. His mother was killed when Veshenskaya was bombed in 1942.

Sholokhov's unfinished novel They Fought for Their Country is about World War II (known in the Soviet Union, and now in Russia, as the Great Patriotic War).

Sholokhov's collected works were published in eight volumes between 1956 and 1960, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965.

Authorship of texts
First rumors of Sholokhov's supposed plagiarism appeared in 1928 following the success of the first two volumes of And Quiet Flows the Don: it was speculated that the author stole the manuscript from a dead White Army officer. Sholokhov asked the Pravda newspaper to prove his authorship, submitting his manuscripts of the first three volumes of And Quiet Flows the Don and the plan of the fourth one. In 1929 a special commission was formed that accepted Sholokhov's authorship. In the conclusion signed by four experts, the commission stated that there was no evidence of plagiarism on the one hand, and on the other hand the manuscripts' style was close to that of Sholokhov's previous book, Tales from the Don.

The allegations resurfaced in the 1960s with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn as a notable proponent, possibly in retaliation for Sholokhov's scathing opinion of Solzhenitsyn's novella One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Several other writers have been proposed as the 'original' author, although Fyodor Kryukov, a Cossack and Anti-Bolshevik who had died in 1920 has emerged as the leading candidate.

In 1984 Norwegian Slavicist and mathematician Geir Kjetsaa, in a monograph written with three other colleagues, provided statistical analyses of sentence lengths showing that Mikhail Sholokhov was likely the true author of And Quiet Flows the Don.

The debate focused on the published book, because Sholokhov's archive was destroyed in a bomb raid during the Second World War and no manuscript material or drafts were known. 143 pages of the manuscript of the 3rd & 4th books were later found and returned to Sholokhov; since 1975, they have been held by the Pushkin House in St Petersburg. Then, in 1987, several hundred pages of notes and drafts of the work were discovered, including chapters excluded from the final draft. The writing paper dates back to the 1920s: 605 pages are in Sholokhov's own hand, and 285 are transcribed by his wife, Maria, and sisters. Sholokhov had had his friend Vassily Kudashov look after it, and after he was killed at war his widow took possession of the manuscript, but she never disclosed it. The manuscript was finally obtained by the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1999 with assistance from the Russian government.

In 1999 the Russian Academy of Science carried out an analysis of the manuscript and came to the conclusion that And Quiet Flows the Don had been written by Sholokhov himself. A lengthy analysis by Felix Kuznetsov of the creative process visible in the papers provides detailed support for Sholokhov's authorship.

During the 2000s a Russian-Israeli linguist Zeev Bar-Sella once again stated that Sholokhov was not the true author of And Quiet Flows the Don as well as the other works attributed to him. Based on his own textual analysis of the novel he asserts that the manuscripts were written by Sholokhov not earlier than 1929 and names the writer Viktor Sevsky (real name Veniamin Krasnushkin) as the true author.

Political and social activity
Sholokhov met Joseph Stalin in 1930, and subsequently was one of very few people who dared to give the dictator a truthful account of what was happening in the country and nonetheless was not punished. In the 1930s, he wrote several letters to Stalin from his home in Veshenskaya about the appalling conditions in the kolkhozes and sovkhozes along the Don, requesting assistance for the farmers. In January 1931, he warned: "Comrade Stalin, without exaggeration, conditions are catastrophic!" On 4 April 1933, he sent a long letter in which, among many other details, he named two OGPU officers whom he accused of torturing prisoners from his district. Stalin reacted by sending a senior official, Matvei Shkiryatov, to investigate. The two officers were arrested and sentenced to death; their sentences were later revoked, but they were banned from working in Sholokhov's home village. Stalin also arranged for extra food to be sent to Veshenskaya and the neighbouring district.

Sholokhov joined the CPSU in 1932, and in 1937 he was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. In August 1937, his best friend, the secretary of the Veshenskaya party committee, P.K. Lugovoi, was arrested. Sholokohov was due to take part in an international writers' conference, but he refused to leave the country while Lugovoi was being held. Stalin sent another official, Vladimir Stavsky, to investigate, and invited Sholokhov to visit him in the Kremlin. After their meeting, on 4 November 1937, Lugovoi and two other prisoners on whose behalf Sholokhov had interceded were released, but in a subsequent letter to Stalin, he complained that the people responsible for wrongfully arresting them had not been punished.

On a visit to Moscow in 1938, Sholokhov met Yevgenia Yezhova, wife of Nikolai Yezhov, the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (NKVD), and checked into a hotel room with her, unaware that the room was bugged. Yezhov heard the recording and attacked Yezhova. On 23 October 1938, Sholokhov met Stalin in the Kremlin to complain that he had been put under surveillance in Veshenskaya, but when Yezhov was summoned to explain, he claimed not to know why. They met again on 31 October: this time the officer who had been investigating Sholokhov was also summoned. He said his orders had come from Moscow, but Yezhov again denied giving the order. Sholokhov claimed that he completed the fourth and last volume of And Quiet Flows the Don and its sequel on 21 December 1939, the day when the USSR was celebrating what was supposedly Stalin's 60th birthday, and celebrated by opening a bottle of wine that Stalin had given him. He then wrote to Stalin to say how he had marked the special day.

In 1959 he accompanied Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev on a trip to Europe and the United States. He became a member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1961, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1939, and was a member of the USSR Supreme Soviet. He was twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and later became vice president of the Union of Soviet Writers.

He commented on the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial at the 23rd Congress by saying that the prison terms meted out to Sinyavsky and Daniel had been much too lenient compared to the "revolutionary understanding of what is right" during the 1920s, which turned part of the Soviet intelligentsia against him and resulted in two open letters by Lydia Chukovskaya and Yuri Galanskov addressed to Sholokhov.

Late years
Sholokhov almost stopped writing after 1969 and spent the late years at the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa. He used his Order of Lenin money to build a local school and his Nobel Prize to take the family on a road trip over Europe and Japan. In 1972 he became a vocal critic of Alexander Yakovlev, then a head of the Central Committee Propaganda Department, and his article "Against Antihistoricism" which attacked Russian nationalism; this resulted in a Politburo meeting and removal of Yakovlev from his position (he was then sent as an ambassador to Canada).

Mikhail Sholokhov died on 21 February 1984, from laryngeal cancer. He was buried in the grounds of his house at the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa along with his wife Maria Petrovna Sholokhova (nee Gromoslavskaya, 1902—1992).

Honours and awards

 * Soviet Union

 * Foreign

Legacy

 * An asteroid in main-belt is named after him, 2448 Sholokhov.
 * Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities bears his name.
 * His house at the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa was turned into the National Sholokhov Museum-Reserve.
 * Monuments in Moscow and Rostov-on-Don.
 * Grigory and Aksinya and Grigory and Aksinya in a boat sculptures in the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa and Rostov-on-Don, respectfully.
 * The Moscow National Guard Presidential Cadets School is named after him.

Selected publications

 * Donskie Rasskazy, 1925 – Tales of the Don.
 * Lazorevaja Step, 1926.
 * Tikhii Don, 4 vol., 1928–1940 (The Quiet Don) – And Quiet Flows the Don (1934); The Don Flows Home to the Sea (1940); Quiet Flows the Don (1966).  A three-part film version, directed by Sergei Gerasimov and starring P. Glebov, L. Khityaeva, Z. Kirienko and E. Bystrltskaya, was produced in 1957–1958.
 * Podnyataya Tselina, 1932–1960 – Virgin Soil Upturned (1935); Harvest on the Don (1960).
 * Oni Srazhalis Za Rodinu, 1942 – They Fought for Their Country.
 * Nauka Nenavisti, 1942 – Hate / The Science of Hatred.
 * Slovo O Rodine, 1951.
 * Sudba Cheloveka, 1956–1957 – Fate of a Man. A film version, Destiny of a Man, directed by Sergei Bondarchuk and starring Sergei Bondarchuk, Pavlik Boriskin, Zinaida Kirienko, Pavel Volkov, Yuri Avelin, and K. Alekseev, was produced in 1959.
 * Sobranie Sochinenii, 1956–1958 – collected works (8 vols.)
 * Oni Srazhalis Za Rodinu, 1959 – They Fought for their Country
 * Sobranie Sochinenii, 1962 – collected works (8 vols.)
 * Early Stories, 1966.
 * One Man's Destiny, and Other Stories, Articles, and Sketches, 1923–1963, 1967
 * Fierce and Gentle Warriors, 1967.
 * Po Veleniju Duši, 1970 – At the Bidding of the Heart
 * Sobranie Sochinenii, 1975 (8 vols.)
 * Rossiya V Serdtse, 1975.
 * SLOVO O RODINE, 1980.
 * Collected Works, 1984 (8 vols.)
 * Sobranie Sochinenii, 1985 (collected works) (8 vols.)
 * Sholokhov I Stalin, 1994.

title: Mikhail Sholokhov


text:
Yarmouth, Nova Scotia

Yarmouth is a town in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. A port town, its industries include fishing and tourism. It is the terminus of a ferry service to Bar Harbor, Maine, run by Bay Ferries.

History
Originally inhabited by the Mi'kmaq, the region was known as "Keespongwitk" meaning "Lands End" due to its position at the tip of the Nova Scotia peninsula.

European settlement
The region was visited in 1604 by Samuel de Champlain, who named it "Cap-Fourchu", meaning "forked or cloven cape." The first Europeans to make a settlement on these shores were the French Acadians. They set up a small fishing settlement known as "Tebouque" in the mid 1600s and by 1750 the population was 50 people. During the Seven Years' War, New England Planters settled at what is now the town of Yarmouth in 1759; the grantees were from Yarmouth, Massachusetts and they requested that Yarmouth be named after their former home. Yarmouth was founded on June 9, 1761, when a ship carrying three families arrived from Sandwich, Massachusetts. The ship carried the families of Sealed Landers, Ebenezer Ellis, and Moses Perry. During the American Revolution, some in Yarmouth were sympathetic to the rebellion. Following the war, Acadians originally from the Grand-Pré district who returned from exile in 1767 settled in the Yarmouth area.

American Revolution
There were a number of inhabitants of Yarmouth who supported the American patriots. Despite the American privateer raids in the Raid on Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (1775), the inhabitants still sheltered American prisoners after the Battle off Yarmouth (1777).

After the American Revolution, substantial numbers of United Empire Loyalists arrived in 1785.

Shipbuilding

Through the 19th century, the town was a major shipbuilding centre, at one point boasting more registered tonnage per capita than any other port in the world. From 1874 to 1885, Yarmouth was the second largest port of registry in Canada following Saint John, New Brunswick. In 1878, Yarmouth's tonnage peaked at 453 vessels aggregating 166,623 tons, and in 1879, the town had the second largest registered tonnage in Canada.

Yarmouth ships were found in most major ports throughout the world at this time, including ships noted for courageous crews such as the ship Research in 1861 and ships noted for great size such as the ship County of Yarmouth in 1884, one of the largest wooden hull ships ever built in Canada. John Patch, the son of a Yarmouth sea captain, developed and built one of the first modern screw propeller driven ships in 1832 (4 years before John Ericsson's patent). First demonstrated in Yarmouth Harbour during the summer of 1833, Patch was unsuccessful in a patent application in that year, but he continued to improve his propeller and received an American patent in 1849 which drew praise in American scientific circles. However, by 1849 there were multiple competing versions of the screw propeller. Patch never received money or recognition and died a poor man at Yarmouth in 1861.

The town of Yarmouth was incorporated on August 6, 1890.

Railways

As wooden shipbuilding declined in the late 19th century, Yarmouth's shipowners re-invested their capital into factories, iron-hulled steamships, and railways. The town's first railway was the locally owned Western Counties Railway which was built from Yarmouth to Digby in the 1870s. It eventually was merged into the Dominion Atlantic Railway (DAR), with a network extending into the Annapolis Valley, Halifax and Truro; the DAR later became a subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The Halifax and Southwestern Railway was built along the south shore linking Yarmouth with Shelburne, Liverpool, Bridgewater and Halifax in the early 20th century; the H&SW was eventually merged into the Canadian National Railway (CNR). While iron-hulled steamships had led to the decline of Yarmouth's once-thriving wooden shipbuilding industry, they also made the port a vital connection between Nova Scotia's rail lines and steamships destined for Boston and New York. Rail services were abandoned to Yarmouth in stages, beginning in 1982 (CNR) and ending in 1990 (CPR).

Steamships and ferries
Tourism has been a major industry in Yarmouth since the 1880s when Loran Ellis Baker founded the Yarmouth Steamship Company. Steamship and railway promotion based in Yarmouth created the first tourism marketing in Nova Scotia. Baker's steamships operated between Yarmouth and Boston until 1900, when the company was purchased by the Dominion Atlantic Railway. The DAR and Halifax and Southwestern Railway offered connections for passengers arriving in Yarmouth with steamship services operating to New York City and Boston.

In 1939, examiners at Yarmouth's Merchant Marine Institution made seafaring history by issuing master's papers to Molly Kool, the first female ship captain in the Western World.

Steamship connections between Yarmouth and Boston / New York were maintained by Eastern Steamship Lines but were suspended with the start of World War II; the SS Yarmouth Castle was one of many vessels which served this route. The service resumed a few years after the war with the S.S. Yarmouth, under the same company. This service continued into the mid 1950s and was then replaced with the M.V. Bluenose.

CNR, CN Marine and Marine Atlantic
Following the war, as the economy of western Nova Scotia improved, the need for a year-round daily service was made evident. The service was needed as a more timely route for transport of goods between markets in Nova Scotia and the United States. Demand increased for passenger traffic as well. This led citizens of southwestern Nova Scotia to undertake an extensive lobbying effort with the federal government to establish a ferry service in the Gulf of Maine connecting Yarmouth with a port in New England. In 1949 the Canadian Maritime Commission began to study the possibility of a ferry service connecting with a port in the US. After some controversy as to whether to return to the traditional Boston or New York service, a decision was made to focus the effort on a service from Yarmouth to Bar Harbor, Maine. In 1954, the federal government contracted Davie Shipbuilding to construct MV Bluenose which was launched in 1955 and began service in 1956 under the management of Canadian National Railway (CNR) and later (1977-1982) under the management of a federal Crown corporation named CN Marine.

In 1978 CN Marine started operating MV Marine Evangeline on a service from Yarmouth to Portland, Maine. In 1982 the old Bluenose was retired from the Bar Harbor service and sold. CN Marine replaced her with a newer vessel MV Stena Jutlandica which was renamed MV Bluenose to prevent confusion in tourism marketing literature.

In 1986, CN Marine was reorganized into the Crown corporation Marine Atlantic and in 1997, the federal government decided to end its financial support for the Gulf of Maine ferry service, soliciting proposals from private sector ferry companies to operate the route.

Lion Ferry, Prince of Fundy Cruises, Scotia Prince Cruises
The growth of post-war automobile-based tourism saw the provincial government encourage additional ferry service with New England, a region with many family connections to the Maritimes dating to the 18th century and which accelerated during the first half of the 20th century. In 1970 the MV Bluenose service operated by CNR was joined by the MS Prince of Fundy on a route connecting Yarmouth with Portland, Maine operated by Lion Ferry. The service was supplemented between 1973 and 1976 by MS Bolero, however by 1976 both vessels were replaced by the MS Caribe. Lion Ferry sold Yarmouth's second ferry service to Prince of Fundy Cruises who purchased MS Stena Olympica and renamed it MS Scotia Prince. The service underwent another ownership change in 2000 and was renamed Scotia Prince Cruises. In 2004 the company discovered toxic mould in its Portland terminal, owned by the City of Portland, canceling its 2005 season. The City of Portland subsequently canceled the company's lease and evicted Scotia Prince Cruises, thus ending this ferry service.

Bay Ferries

In 1997 Bay Ferries, a subsidiary of Northumberland Ferries Limited, was the successful bidder for the federal government's Gulf of Maine ferry service. Only the operating licence was transferred as well as the right to be the primary user of the federal government-owned ferry terminals in Yarmouth and Bar Harbor; the service would receive no subsidy from the federal government. Bay Ferries purchased MV Bluenose from Marine Atlantic and used that vessel for the remainder of the 1997 season before selling it.

In 1998 Bay Ferries introduced the first high speed catamaran passenger-vehicle ferry service in North America when it purchased HSC Incat 046 from Incat in an aggressive bid to expand the Yarmouth - Bar Harbor ferry service. Throughout the 1990s the market for ferry services in southwestern Nova Scotia was threatened by significant expansions of 4-lane expressways in northern Nova Scotia and across southern New Brunswick so it was theorized that the Yarmouth - Bar Harbor ferry service could maintain market share if the ferry voyage time was shortened. Marketed as "The Cat", the use of the ferry service grew largely due to Bay Ferries' investment and the novelty of riding the ultra-modern high speed catamaran. In 2002 Bay Ferries traded in HSC Incat 046 for a larger vessel HSC The Cat which was also marketed as "The Cat". Beginning in 2003, Bay Ferries began operating HSC The Cat during the winter months on services in the Caribbean.

Following the end of the service offered by Scotia Prince Cruises in 2004, Bay Ferries began operating HSC The Cat in 2006 between Yarmouth to Portland, in addition to Bar Harbor; the old Portland ferry terminal being replaced by the newly built Ocean Gateway International Marine Passenger Terminal. Following a decline in American tourism to Nova Scotia, as well as record-high fuel prices, Bay Ferries sought subsidies from the federal and provincial governments for its Gulf of Maine ferry service. The federal government refused to provide a subsidy, having removed itself from operating such a service in 1997. However, the provincial government offered a subsidy to cover the operating loss and this was subsequently provided in 2007, 2008 and 2009. In 2009 the provincial government canceled the subsidy and Bay Ferries announced in December 2009 that it was ending its ferry service and sold the vessel.

Nova Star Cruises
In 2013 the provincial government posted a request for proposals for re-establishing a Yarmouth - Maine ferry service, stating that a successful proponent would receive a $21 million subsidy over a 7-year period. In September 2013 it was announced that Nova Star Cruises was the successful proponent and in November 2013 it was confirmed that the service would start May 1, 2014 with the MV Nova Star offering daily round trips between Yarmouth and Portland. Nova Star Cruises also announced it was examining the possibility of using the vessel during the winter months on a service between Colombia and Panama, bypassing the Darién Gap. Nova Star's contract to provide ferry services between Yarmouth and Portland was not renewed for 2016.

Return of The Cat

On March 24, 2016, Bay Ferries Limited announced that it had reached an agreement with the U.S. Maritime Administration and the U.S. Navy for a multi-year charter of HST-2. The vessel will be operated for a passenger/vehicle ferry service in the Gulf of Maine between Portland, Maine and Yarmouth. The service and vessel will be branded as The CAT to align with the previous branding used by Bay Ferries. The vessel underwent a refit at a shipyard in South Carolina and the service began on June 15, 2016.

Second World War
During the first year of the Second World War, Yarmouth was selected as the location for a British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) facility. RCAF Station Yarmouth was originally opened in 1940 as three separate training sites (the East Camp, the West Camp and the Air Base).

The East Camp was home to a detachment of the Royal Air Force's No. 34 Operational Training Unit (from RCAF Station Pennfield Ridge), who trained bomber crews, as well as the Royal Navy's No. 1 Naval Air Gunners School who were located at Yarmouth from 1 January 1943 to 30 March 1945.

The West Camp was home to an RCAF Anti-Submarine Bomber Reconnaissance Squadron and several Eastern Air Command Bomber Reconnaissance Squadrons, such as 162 Squadron.

The Air Base was home to the 9th Light Anti-Aircraft Artillery, various RCAF and RAF Bomber Squadrons and an Army Co-operation Reconnaissance Flight. Its primary function was as an administrative and logistical support base to the RAF and RCAF squadrons in the area, in addition to providing a Weather Information Section, an Armament Section and a firing range.

A Hudson bomber from Royal Canadian Air Force Bomber Reconnaissance Squadron 113 in Yarmouth became the first aircraft of RCAF's Eastern Air Command to destroy a submarine, sinking U-754 about 100 mi south of Yarmouth on July 31, 1942. The sinking resulted in 43 casualties and no survivors.

Several smaller installations associated with RCAF Station Yarmouth were located in southwestern Nova Scotia, including a bombing range at Port Maitland, a fuel depot at Digby, and radar detachments at Plymouth, Tusket, Bear Point, Port Mouton and Rockville. In 1944, a detachment of the US Navy briefly came to Yarmouth to test the effectiveness of a blimp service. After a crash, the RCAF decided against this venture.

RCAF Station Yarmouth closed in 1945. The airfield was sold to the Department of Transport in 1946 and became the Yarmouth Airport. A Canadian Army training camp (known as Camp 60) on Parade Street also provided basic and artillery training for 20,000 soldiers during the war.

Culture
The Western Branch of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia is located in Yarmouth. The town is also home to the Yarmouth County Museum & Archives which preserves the history of the town and surrounding county and operates the Killam Brothers building on the waterfront. The Firefighters Museum of Nova Scotia, part of the Nova Scotia Museum system is located on Main Street. The privately run Sweeney Fisheries Museum is also located in Yarmouth.

The Izaak Walton Killam Memorial house, founded in 1963, serves as the town's public library. It is the largest branch of Western Counties Regional Library and houses the regional library's headquarters.

The Yarmouth Arts Regional Council was established in 1974, under the leadership of Lydia Davison, a local music teacher. Over the next five years, with the assistance of the Canada Council and many volunteers, the Yarmouth Arts Regional Centre (Th'YARC) was constructed on the site of a former garage on Parade Street. Th'YARC continues to operate to this day, with the 350-seat Lydia Davison Theatre, an art gallery and a print-making shop.

A popular but unsupported cultural belief in Yarmouth holds that the American composer Meredith Willson wrote his well-known song "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" while staying in Yarmouth's Grand Hotel.

In August 2004, a record mako shark was caught off the coast of Yarmouth during the Yarmouth Shark Scramble. It weighed 1082 lb and set a new Canadian record. It is considered one of the largest mako sharks ever caught.

Seafest is an annual 7 day festival organized since 1979.

Buildings and structures
Yarmouth is known for some of the most exuberant examples of Victorian houses in the Maritimes, a legacy of the wealthy captains and shipowners of the town's seafaring Golden Age. A heritage district preserves several blocks of these residences, including the Lovitt House and Eakin/Hatfield House. On the waterfront, two historic warehouses survive from the sailing era, the Killam Brothers and Parker-Eakin's buildings, each with an associated wharf, which are the focal points of summer waterfront events.

Yarmouth's Main Street is marked by several distinctive Victorian commercial buildings such as the turreted Yarmouth Block Building. The largest building in the town is a 1970s hotel, the Rodd Grand Hotel. It is built on the site of the original Grand Hotel, a Second Empire hotel which was the town's landmark for many years.

A landmark for Yarmouth Harbour is the large Cape Forchu Lighthouse which is located a few kilometers away at the headland of Cape Forchu, the peninsula that guards Yarmouth Harbour. The tall "apple core" style is a notable example of modernist style light tower.

Climate
Yarmouth has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), closely bordering on an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), typical of climates surrounded by the sea but close to large continents such as southern Norway and coastal Hokkaido but with latitude variations. Being near the -3 °C isotherm in the average of the coldest month (east of the city), causing that in peninsular areas like Yarmouth Bar and Cape Forchu are between a transition band for the oceanic climates (Cfb). Winters are cool and rainy with a January average of -2.6 C though owing to strong maritime influences, temperatures below -20 C are very rare, and the average high never drops to below freezing at any point in the year. During this period of time, the weather can be unsettled and cloudy due to the Nor'easters coming up the coast from the southwest. As a result, Yarmouth averages only 68–100 hours of sunshine from December to February or 25%–34% of possible sunshine. The average annual snowfall is 207 cm, which can come from Nor'easters from the southwest with a maximum snow depth of 7 cm in January, owing to its mild winters, among the mildest in Canada east of the Rockies.

Yarmouth's summers are cool due to the strong coastal influence from the sea which keeps summer temperatures cool, meaning temperatures above 30 C are very rare. The average temperature in the warmest month, August is 17.5 C. Spring and fall are transitional seasons in which falls are warmer than spring since the waters are at the warmest temperatures in fall and the coldest during early spring. Precipitation is significant, averaging over 1290 mm a year, with July and August the driest months on average and November the wettest month on average. An outstanding feature is Yarmouth's late-fall to early-winter precipitation maximum, owing to the combination of intense storm activity from November to January and relatively more-stable summers, with thunderstorm activity here much less frequent than in the U.S. Northeast, Mid-Atlantic and points southward. Yarmouth averages 1898 hours of sunshine or 42% of possible sunshine with summer being the sunniest and winter being the cloudiest. Yarmouth averages 191 days of fog each year.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Yarmouth was 32.5 C on 16 July 2013. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -24.4 C on 14 February 1894.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Yarmouth had a population of living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of. With a land area of 10.57 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

The town has long held the highest teen pregnancy rate in the province. Many studies have been done using teenagers in the town to examine the phenomenon.

Notable people

 * Sara Corning (1872–1969), humanitarian, nurse, and orphanage founder during the Greco-Turkish War.
 * Ryan Graves, professional hockey player
 * Keith R. Porter (1912–1997), pioneer in biological electron microscopy, was born in Yarmouth.

Media
Yarmouth has been featured as a playable location in the 2014 video game Assassin's Creed Rogue, which takes place during the French and Indian War, and the Seven Years' War.

title: Yarmouth, Nova Scotia


text:
Talk:Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Does Bork think the US should have a notwithstanding clause?
Noted right-wing jurist and nominee to the United States Supreme Court, Robert Bork, has advocated for the adoption of a similar clause in the Constitution of the United States.

 * Does anyone have a citation for this? scc 00:01 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * This appears to show that he is of the opinion stated in the article . — Alex756 04:46, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * That does not actually have Bork come right out and say he'd like to have a notwithstanding clause. I couldn't find a source for that at all.  I deleted it and replaced it with a "Comparisons with other human rights instruments" section.  CanadianCaesar 01:12, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Popular support for the Charter?
"Although the Charter was originally greeted with great indifference, the Canadian electorate adopted it as its own once it saw the Charter in action. Polls of the electorate tend to promise a painful political death to politicians or even complete political parties that mess with their Charter."

POV wishful thinking, I think. I question whether these claims are actually true. Certainly Albertan majority opinion isn't well described by "adopt[ing] it as its own once it saw the Charter in action", and the second sentence is simply silly ("that mess with their Charter"?). I'd request some evidence for the latter claim.

AlexKepler 02:46, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Discussion of the Use of the notwithstanding clause
The sections on the use of the notwithstanding clause leave a lot to be desired in this article.

It gives the impression that the s.33 has only been used three times, when in fact it is more than 15 since 1985. It also ignrores the fact that between 1982 and 1985 the Quebec National Assembly added the notwithstanding clause to ALL its laws as a protest to the Charter.

Can s. 33 lapse?
What's more, the contention that Canada's constitution is unwritten isn't factually correct. Canada's constitution is made up of the Constitution Act 1867 and the Constitution Act 1982 as it's written part along with the subsequent body of case law that surrounds them. The notwithstanding clause is section 33 of the Constitution Act 1982 - it's written. It can't 'lapse'.

No source is given for the contention that it could become a lapsed provision. I'd contend that is because no such source exists.

I can only assume the confusion comes from the fact that, once invoked, the notwithstanding clause has effect for only 5 years after its enactment, and will lapse unless re-enacted. The article, however, gives the impression that should sec. 33 come into disuse, it may disappear completely from Canada's constitutional framework, which is simply incorrect.

 * You're absolutely right. I have found that many parts of the Canadian Constitution related articles leaving much to be desired. Nevertheless, it's an evolutionary process and we add when we can. Given the poor state of some segments and the occational omissions, any change to them would be more than welcome. Cheers! PullUpYourSocks 13:48, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

move
Now that we have articles on other Charter sections, I've moved this one to conform to the style. Obviously we have redirects from Notwithstanding Clause, etc. - Montréalais 05:24, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

comments on the 2006 federal election
''The results of the 2006 federal election may suggest a shift in public attitudes toward the Supreme Court. The public reaction towards Paul Martin's futile proposal to restrict the federal government's power to invoke the notwithstanding clause in the middle of the 2006 election campaign may further reinforce this perceived shift. However, both of these possibilities are highly speculative.''

The above section should only be placed in the article with citation.-- metta, The Sunborn  22:30, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow, didn't even see that. Yep, original research.  The same anon also reworded stuff to make it more like Hogg's book, although it wasn't word-for word copying. CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 22:52, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Never mind; on second inspection, it was so close, I've reverted. CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 09:20, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

comparison to Israel
Removed: Outside Canada, Israel added a device similar to the notwithstanding clause to its Basic Law in 1992. This power, however, could be used only in respect to freedom of occupation.

The source says nothing about Israel, and the word occupation makes the meaning ambiguous as to whether it refers to "occupations as in things one may do for a living", and as in "of Palestinian territories". Furthermore this is an article about Canada, and a note like this to show its application somewhere else should have a valid, verifiable source. The source given originally: Hogg, Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada.  2003 Student Ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003, does not seem to have anything to do with Israel   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.52.240.246 (talk) 16:26, 15 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Please actually check the source before removing stuff. Hogg's book may not be about Israel, but in discussing the notwithstanding clause, he does mention Israel.  A comparison of laws section is valid. 24.64.165.129 (talk) 15:39, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The section is specifically about how s. 33 compares with other jurisdictions, and makes references to other Canadian provincial human rights legislation and whether there is anything similar outside of Canada (in this case, only Australia and Israel). Therefore, it is completely relevant and useful to the section. If the section is relevant to the purpose of the article (and I believe it is), then it should remain. Singularity42 (talk) 17:39, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

limited application of s. 33
Funny how section 33 only covers section 2 and 7-15, but not the language sections.So my legal and equality rights can be overriden, but I have the right to have them overriden in french or english.It makes me think ole Pierre was just trying to appease the sepertists and realy didn't care about fundamental freedoms at all.

Deleted
This portion of the article is likely OR unless sourced. LastOthello (talk) 03:23, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

The argument has been made that if fundamental rights—such as freedom of expression and freedom of association—can be overridden, then it is questionable whether the Charter really provides a check on parliamentary power. However, scholars of British constitutional law, upon which much Canadian constitutional jurisprudence is based, stress that if the fundamental jus commune or law of the land was to be overridden in such a cavalier way by a Parliament exercising such arbitrary parliamentary supremacy the people would have the ability to revolt against their government much as the rebels revolted against the Crown in the thirteen colonies. This type of reasoning was used by the jurists who developed the theory of the Implied Bill of Rights before the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Against this reasoning, however, the introduction of the Charter coincided with the final, full independence of Canada from Britain and the 'Patriation of the Constitution,' so arguments concerning British Constitutional law now have a much weaker force than they would have had before Canada's autonomy was complete. Also, whether a modern constitutional design should have no better mechanism than the possibility of a popular uprising to protect fundamental human rights from legislative tyranny may be questioned. Finally, preserving a legal tradition of Parliamentary supremacy by the notwithstanding clause may today seem less morally imperative than protecting fundamental human rights from legislative attack.

Rename?
Should we rename this article Notwithstanding clause per Common name? It should still appear in the template as 33, though. LastOthello (talk) 03:32, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I do agree with that as "The Notwithstanding Clause" is how a majority of people refer to it. Very few people know the number of the section. Celynn (talk) 02:49, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * WP:Common name is just one criteria to consider in the overall WP:NAMINGCRITERIA. Another factor is consistency.  Given that every other article on the sections of the Charter are worded the same way as above, and there is nothing wrong with a redirect, I think the title should stay as is without a consensus otherwise. Singularity42 (talk) 04:05, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

False claim
"Moreover, the manner in which the clause was invoked by the Quebec legislature in the late 1980s has significantly diminished public respect in the rest of the country for Section 33"...the link for this claim says nothing of the kind; it mentions a few non-Quebec politicians criticizing Quebec, but says nothing about "public respect" for Section 33. The statement violates NPOV and is patently false. Many Canadians see Sect. 33 as the only thing left of Canadian democracy after the Canada Act nullified the supremacy of Parliament and handed it over to unelected judges.77Mike77 (talk) 12:57, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Sask. to use notwithstanding clause to override Catholic school ruling
Saskatchewan's premier says the province will use the notwithstanding clause to defy a court ruling that said the government could no longer pay for non-Catholic students to attend Catholic schools. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-notwithstanding-catholic-1.4093835 Jabrwock (talk) 19:32, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

Clarification requested Alberta and Quebec sections
I tagged some parts of the Alberta and Quebec sections as needed clarification [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms&diff=814724504&oldid=808831362].

The first one is very confusingly worded. "Alberta once abandoned an attempt to use the notwithstanding clause" - this sounds like Alberta is trying to use the notwithstanding clause after originally abandoning their attempt. I'm guessing what it really means is Alberta once attempted to use the notwithstanding clause, but eventually abandoned their attempt. However since the source is offline I'm lazy to dig it up to confirm so am reluctant to change it myself.

As for Quebec. The article says (and the law seems to support this) that you need to specify what parts of the charter you are overriding. So what did Quebec do? Did they insert a clause into every law saying the whole act operated notwithstanding all provisions in section 2 and sections 7 to 15? I don't know the precise timings but did they renew and of the notwithstanding parts before they stopped?

Nil Einne (talk) 15:20, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Political correctness from Wikipedia
What is it with the POV that there are no similarities between these and the laws that were abused in the Weimar Republic in 1936?

173.179.38.104 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:39, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:37, 15 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.jpg


text:
Macroprolactin

Macroprolactin is the term used to describe complexed forms of the pituitary hormone prolactin which are found in blood. The most common complex found in blood consists of prolactin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). While the free prolactin hormone is active, prolactin in the macroprolactin complex does not have any biological activity in the body and is considered benign. However, macroprolactin is detected by all Laboratory tests that measure prolactin in blood. This leads to misdiagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia in many people, especially those with other symptoms, such as infertility or menstrual problems.

"Macroprolactin" is most commonly a complex of prolactin and IgG (typically IgG4), displaying a molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa (which is hence 6–7 fold higher that the native molecule). Polymeric aggregate of highly glycosylated prolactin monomers or prolactin-IgA complexes (i.e. non-IgG-type macroprolactin) act similarly and also count as "macroprolactin".

In patients with hyperprolactinemia, the serum pattern of prolactin isoforms usually encompasses 60%–90% monomeric prolactin, 15%–30% big-prolactin (40–60 kDa: usually prolactin dimers or big-big degradation products) and 0%–10% big-big prolactin (>100 kDa). The condition of macroprolactinaemia is hence defined as predominance (i.e. >30%–60%) of circulating prolactin isoforms with molecular weight >100 kDa.

There are certain chemicals, such as polyethylene glycol, that can be added to remove macroprolactin from a suspicious sample. The sample can then be re-analysed to see if the prolactin levels are still high. The gold standard test to diagnose macroprolactin is gel-filtration chromatography.

Literature

 * Sadideen H, Swaminathan R. (2006): "Macroprolactin: what is it and what is its importance?" Int J Clin Pract. 60(4):457-61.

title: Macroprolactin


text:
Talk:Disjunction elimination

It's been a while, but I seem to remember being taught that there was a second type of disjunction elimination:

A ∨ B ¬A ∴ B

It's obviously logically valid. Does it have a different name? I can't find it listed on propositional calculus. Evercat 00:07 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

While I'm at it, does this look like a valid derivation of the above? It's been a while since I've done a derivation...

1      1  P v Q            A 2       2  -P               A 3       3  P                A (for v-E) 4      4  -Q               A (for RAA) 2,3    5  P & -P           &-I 2,3 2,3,4  6  (P & -P) & -Q    &-I 4,5 2,3,4  7  P & -P           &-E 6 2,3    8  --Q              RAA 7,4 2,3    9  Q                DNE 8 10    10  Q                A (for v-E) 1,2   11  Q                v-E 1,3,9,10,10

I worked this out myself. :-)

Still, looking at my notes I can't actually find this as a 2nd type of or-elimination, so I'll just leave this lying in the talk page for now... Evercat 16:56 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Disjunction elimination. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150418093657/https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Rule_of_Or-Elimination to https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Rule_of_Or-Elimination

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:30, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disjunction elimination


text:
Brandon, Manitoba

Brandon is the second-largest city in the province of Manitoba, Canada. It is located in the southwestern corner of the province on the banks of the Assiniboine River, approximately 214 km west of the provincial capital, Winnipeg, and 120 km east of the Saskatchewan border. Brandon covers an area of 77.41 km2 with a population of 51,313, and a census metropolitan area population of 54,268. It is the primary hub of trade and commerce for the Westman Region as well as parts of southeastern Saskatchewan and northern North Dakota, an area with a population of over 190,000 people.

The City of Brandon was incorporated in 1882, having a history rooted in the Assiniboine River fur trade as well as its role as a major junction on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Known as The Wheat City, Brandon's economy is predominantly associated with agriculture, as well as health care, manufacturing, food processing, education, business services, and transportation.

Brandon's post-secondary institutions include Brandon University, Assiniboine Community College, Robertson College, and the Manitoba Emergency Services College. Canadian Forces Base Shilo is located 30 km east of Brandon and maintains close ties with the city. Brandon's Keystone Centre, is one of the largest consolidated entertainment, recreation, convention, and agriculture complexes in Canada and is the home of the Brandon Wheat Kings and the Royal Manitoba Winter Fair.

History
Prior to the influx of people from Eastern Canada, the area around Brandon was primarily used by the Sioux people, the Bungays, the Yellow Quills, and the Bird Tails. In the 1870s and early 1880s, the Plains Bison were nearly wiped out by over-hunting. With the destruction of their staff of life, the buffalo, the nomadic Sioux people began to agree to settle in reservations such as the Sioux Valley Dakota Nation, or left the area entirely.

French Canadians also passed through the area on river boats on their way to the Hudson Bay Post, Fort Ellice located near present-day St. Lazare, Manitoba. The city of Brandon gets its name from the Blue Hills south of the city, which got their name from a Hudson's Bay trading post known as Brandon House, which got its name from a hill on an island in James Bay where Captain James had anchored his ship in 1631.

During the 1870s it was believed by most that the transcontinental railway would take a northwesterly direction from Portage la Prairie. Many thought that the route would most likely go through either Minnedosa or Rapid City, Manitoba because they were both located at natural river crossings. Rapid City was the front runner for the site of the new railway and had prepared for the impending building boom accordingly. But suddenly, in 1881, the builders of the railway decided to take a more westerly route from Winnipeg, towards Grand Valley. Grand Valley was located on the northern side of the Assiniboine, opposite the side of the river where present-day Brandon sits.

Grand Valley was originally settled by two brothers John and Dougal McVicar, and their families. With the expectation of the new railroad, settlers and prospectors now rushed to an area they had previously avoided. Around 1879 a few settlers led by Reverend George Roddick had begun to build their new homes about 10 mi south of Grand Valley, at the foot of the Brandon Hills.

Meanwhile, in Grand Valley with the promise of the railway, the town began to boom. Regular voyages were made by steam sternwheelers to the city, each bringing more and more settlers. In the spring of 1881, General Thomas L. Rosser, Chief Engineer of the Canadian Pacific Railway arrived in Grand Valley. It was Rosser's job to choose the townsites for the railway. Rosser approached Dougald McVicar of Grand Valley and offered him $25,000 for the railway in Grand Valley. McVicar countered with $50,000 to which Rosser replied that "I'll be damned if a town of any kind is ever built here". So instead Rosser crossed the Assiniboine river and built the site of the railway on the high sandy south of the River, 2 mi west of Grand Valley. So the site was then moved to a site just west of today's current First Street bridge in Brandon. A shanty had been built there by a man named J.D. Adamson, and it was on this quarter section Adamson claimed that Rosser chose as the townsite for the CPR Railway and named Brandon. After the location of the railway was once again changed, there was still hope that Grand Valley could become a rival neighbour to Brandon. But late in June 1881 it became clear that Grand Valley would not have lasted as a city long term. A flood hit in late June, and as the city was built on a low-lying part of the river, flooded quickly and dramatically. Because Grand Valley was built on a low flood plain, and Brandon was built on the heights on the other side, it became apparent that Brandon was the best place for a city in the area.

Rosser had chosen Brandon as the townsite in May 1881, within a year settlers had flocked to Brandon in such numbers that it was incorporated as a city. Brandon never spent any time as a town or village but has only existed as a city.

An internment camp was set up at the Exhibition Building in Brandon from September 1914 to July 1916. Post World War II, Brandon experienced a minor disaster when an explosion at the Manitoba Power Commission's steam plant caused the 40 metre (130 ft) brick chimney to collapse, killing two workers in the process.

In contemporary times, Shari Decter Hirst defeated incumbent Dave Burgess in the 2010 municipal election to become the first female mayor of the city.

Geography
Brandon is located in south-western Manitoba, on the banks of the Assiniboine river. It is located in the Canadian Prairies and resides in the aspen parkland ecoregion of the prairies. The terrain is generally flat and rolling surrounding Brandon, and there is a large valley located within the city. The Brandon hills are located to the southeast, from which Brandon got its name. Brandon is 214 km west of the provincial capital, Winnipeg; and 120 km east of the Saskatchewan border.

Climate
Brandon has a dry continental climate (Köppen Dfb, USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 2b ) with warm, sometimes hot summers and cold, dry winters. Daytime temperatures range from 26.0 C in July to -10.5 C in January. Brandon has a fairly dry climate, with 462 mm of precipitation annually, and as such is located in the Palliser's Triangle region of the Prairies. There is measurable rainfall on 56.0 days throughout the year, and 38.8 days with snowfall. Snow falls from October to April; however, snow has fallen as late as May and as early as September. The highest temperature ever recorded in Brandon was 43.3 C on 11 July 1936, during the 1936 North American heat wave. The lowest temperature ever recorded was -46.7 C on 1 February 1893.

General seasons
 * Winter: November to March
 * Spring: April to May
 * Summer: June to August
 * Fall: September to October

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brandon had a population of 51,313 living in 21,203 of its 22,526 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 48,883. With a land area of 79.04 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

The median age is 36.3 years old which is almost 5 years younger than the national average at 41.2 years old. There are 22,526 dwellings in Brandon with an occupancy rate of 94.1%, and the median cost of a dwelling at $264,781, much lower than the national average at $341,556.

As far as education goes, for those between 25 and 64 years old, 57.0% have a post-secondary schooling degree, 29.8% have a high school degree (or equivalent) and 13.2% have no certificates, diplomas or degrees. The unemployment rate is 7.3% in Brandon, lower than the national average at 7.7%. The median household income before taxes is $65,960, and after taxes at $57,008.

As of 2016, 88.8% of Brandon's residents are Canadian citizens. About 5.5% of residents are recent immigrants (from 2011 to 2016).

Ethnicity
Brandon is 70.1% white, 16.3% visible minorities and 13.6% aboriginal. The largest visible minority groups in Brandon are Latin American (5.0%), Chinese (3.8%), South Asian (3.0%), Black (2.1%) and Filipino (1.1%).

Language
English is the mother tongue of 80.3% of residents. Other common first languages were Spanish (4.5%), Chinese Languages (3.2%) French (1.3%), Ukrainian (1.3%), Gujarati (1.2%), and German (1.2%).

Language
The 2021 census found that English was the mother tongue of 80.6% of the population. The next most common mother tongues were Spanish (4.2%), Gujarati (2.8%), Mandarin (2.0%), French (1.4%), Tagalog (1.2%), Ukrainian (1.1%), Punjabi (0.9%), German (0.7%), Cantonese (0.7%), Amharic (0.7%), Yoruba (0.4%), Russian (0.4%), Tigrigna (0.4%), Arabic (0.3%), Cree (0.2%), Hindi (0.2%), Korean (0.2%), and Urdu (0.2%).

Education
Public schools in Brandon are governed by the Brandon School Division. There are approximately 7,200 students, 900 staff, 22 schools and a budget exceeding $50 million. There are four high schools: Vincent Massey High School, Crocus Plains Regional Secondary School, and Neelin High School, and Prairie Hope High School (formerly BSD Off-Campus). Brandon is also home to four post-secondary institutions: Brandon University, Assiniboine Community College, Robertson College, as well as the Manitoba Emergency Services College.

Local teams

 * Brandon University Bobcats (Basketball/CWUAA)
 * Brandon University Bobcats (Volleyball/CWUAA)
 * Brandon Wheat Kings (Hockey/Western Hockey League)
 * Wheat City Whiskey Jacks (Baseball/Expedition League)

Major sporting events

 * The Brier – Canadian Men's Curling Championship (1963, 1982, 2019)
 * U-18 Baseball World Cup – International U-18 Baseball Competition (1991, 1994)
 * The Scott Tournament of Hearts – Canadian Women's Curling Championship (1993, 2002)
 * World Curling Championship – Men's & Women's World Curling Championship (1995)
 * Canadian Olympic Curling Trials – Men's & Women's Olympic Curling Trials (1997)
 * Canada Winter Games – Canada Winter Games (1979)
 * Canada Summer Games – Canada Summer Games (1997)
 * Special Olympics Canada – Canada Special Olympics Summer Games (2006)
 * Memorial Cup – MasterCard Memorial Cup (2010)

Sports venues

 * Keystone Centre
 * Brandon Community Sportsplex
 * Andrews Field
 * Ashley Neufeld Softball Complex

Transportation

 * Brandon is serviced by Brandon Municipal Airport.
 * Rider Express provide intercity bus service from Regina and Winnipeg once a week, also Brandon Air Shuttle provide bus service from Winnipeg Airport 4 times a day.
 * Taxi service is available from numerous local taxi companies.
 * The city of Brandon runs Brandon Transit, which provides daily bus service throughout the city, with 10 routes that operate seven days a week.
 * Brandon has a system of walking/bike trails throughout the city.
 * The Canadian Pacific Railway runs through Brandon; the station is a historic landmark.
 * Cando Rail & Terminals is headquartered in Brandon.

Hospitals
The city is served by Brandon Regional Health Centre. The 300 bed hospital is the largest in the Westman Region.

Utilities
Water and sewage services are provided by the City of Brandon. The city draws water from the Assiniboine River where it is then treated and fluoridated at the community's water treatment plant on McDonald Avenue. The Assiniboine River's flow is regulated by the Shellmouth Dam in order to ensure that communities on the river have adequate water supply. Brandon has two emergency groundwater wells to supply water in the event of an emergency situation with water supply or if there are issues with water turbidity or elevated organic water hardness. Like nearly every community in Manitoba, electricity is 98% hydro generated and supplied by Manitoba Hydro. The Brandon Generating Station was a coal powered plant that operated until about 2018. It is now natural gas fueled and runs only as a synchronous condenser to regulate grid voltage in southwest Manitoba.

Media
The Brandon Sun publishes daily newspapers.

Music and the arts
Brandon hosts many art festivals every year, including the Brandon Festival of the Arts, Brandon Jazz Festival, and the Brandon Folk Music Festival. In addition to the music festivals, the Brandon University School of Music hosts the annual 'Pro Series' which has included guests like Bob Brookmeyer, George Crumb, and the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra. In 2009, Brandon hosted the Western Canadian Music Awards.

The "Words Alive" was a yearly literary festival held in downtown Brandon, from 2007–2010. Authors that participated in this festival included Robert J. Sawyer, Maggie Siggins, Fred Stenson and Corey Redekop.

Some of the local arts venues include the Western Manitoba Centennial Auditorium, Lorne Watson Recital Hall, Evans Theatre, and the Art Gallery of Southwestern Manitoba.

Events and exhibitions

 * The Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba is a non-profit organization established in 1872, which is now housed at the city's extensive Keystone Centre complex. It hosts
 * Royal Manitoba Winter Fair (March)
 * Manitoba Summer Fair (June)
 * Manitoba Livestock Expo (November)
 * AgDays – Canada's largest indoor agricultural trade show and program, and one of the premier shows of its kind in North America. Held in mid January each year at Brandon's Keystone Centre.
 * Brandon Folk Music and Arts Festival is a weekend event held annually in late July. The festival is held outdoors on the grounds of the Keystone Centre.
 * The Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum, located at the Brandon Municipal Airport.

Notable people

 * Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner – World War II naval aviator and Battle of Britain pilot
 * William Otway Boger – World War I flying ace
 * Rick Borotsik – politician/ Mayor
 * Turk Broda – ice hockey player
 * Samuel Bronfman – businessman
 * Larry Brown – ice hockey player
 * Michael Cain – pianist
 * Matt Calvert – hockey player
 * Drew Caldwell – politician / provincial cabinet minister
 * Kristen Campbell – ice hockey player
 * Walter Dinsdale – politician / provincial cabinet minister / member of parliament
 * Joseph Donaldson – politician
 * Tommy Douglas – politician
 * Douglas Durkin – writer
 * Joel Edmundson – ice hockey player
 * James Ehnes – violinist
 * Leonard Evans – politician / provincial cabinet minister
 * Bill Fairbairn – hockey player
 * Gathie Falk – artist
 * Russ Ford – baseball player
 * Trent Frayne – sportswriter
 * Glen Hanlon – ice hockey player
 * Scott Gillingham – pastor
 * Dan Halldorson – professional golfer
 * Charles Hefferon – South African athlete
 * Reg Helwer – politician / provincial cabinet minister
 * Jerry Hemmings – basketball coach
 * Ron Hextall – ice hockey player
 * Douglas Hill – science fiction author
 * William G. Hobbs – artist
 * Edna Mayne Hull – writer
 * Israel Idonije – NFL football player
 * Stanley Knowles – politician
 * Keegan Kolesar – ice hockey player
 * Greg Leskiw – guitarist for The Guess Who
 * Kavavaow Mannomee – artist
 * Jordan Martinook – hockey player
 * John Mayhew – cricket player
 * Brad Maxwell – hockey player
 * James McCrae (politician) – politician / provincial cabinet minister
 * Leslie McDorman – politician
 * James Duncan McGregor – agriculturalist
 * Daren Millard – sportscaster
 * Kelsey Mitchell – cyclist
 * Mae Moore – musician
 * Martha Ostenso – writer
 * Art Ross – hockey player and executive
 * Karl Schroeder – science fiction author
 * Damon Severson – ice hockey player
 * Haroon Siddiqui – journalist
 * Shotgun Jimmie – musician
 * Amanda Stott – musician
 * Andrew Unger – writer
 * Zach Whitecloud – ice hockey player
 * J.S. Woodsworth – minister
 * Ken Wregget – hockey player

title: Brandon, Manitoba


text:
User talk:Pizza Puzzle/Archive 2

Explanation of Changes made to calculus with polynomials by hawthorn
1. Deleted the following as unneccessary padding
 * There are only 2 basic things you need to know how to differentiate polynomials, and how to integrate them.

2. Polynomials do not include negative exponents. It is better to keep to the point and deal with other exponents in a generalisation section at the end. Note that only the positive exponent case was proved anyway.

3. Section headed  differentiation. This section was almost all padding. Deleted entire section.

4. Section headed Binomial Expansion was not about the binomial expansion at all. Rather it was a proof of the derivative formula for xr. It was in fact completely redundant as a much more complete and all around better proof of the same fact appears in the next section. Deleted entire section.

5. Section headed Linear Transformation contained in fact a proof of the derivative formula for polynomials. Title was inappropriate and redundant - deleted it. Cleaned up language linking the two sections of the proof. Changed notation to make it consistent throughout.

6. Added generalisations section commenting on the derivative for other exponents (but not including a proof) in order to ensure no overall loss of information for the page.

The result is an entry which has
 * the same informational content
 * is half the length
 * avoids repetition
 * avoids strange unrelated headings
 * is notationally consistent
 * has a shorter and more concise proof
 * is clearly addressed to polynomials

Hi, note the changes I made to your Levi stub. It helps to check the "What links here". Cheers, -- Infrogmation 21:49 15 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Symphony? What symphony? -- Oliver P. 18:25 13 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I really like your parsec diagram. :) -- Oliver P. 05:21 12 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi. About image:parsec.jpg.

Diagrams should really be in .png format.The file size will be smaller and the lines will be sharp without all that fuzzy edges.See How to keep image file sizes as small as possible for more details. Theresa knott 10:17 12 Jun 2003 (UTC)

''What value is there in removing links merely because you determine that they are "silly"? If you don't like the links, then turn them off in your browser. Pizza Puzzle''

 * I believe in making relevant links. So, in an article on Muhammed Ali Jinnah, linking Pakistan, Mohandas Gandhi, or Muslim League all are perfectly sensible, indeed, important to link to.  But linking daughter is extremely confusing, because it leads the reader to believe that there is some special link to the concept of "daughter" from Jinnah.  When I first saw it, I assumed it was a link to Jinnah's daughter herself.  Merely linking every word we have an article for dilutes the meanings of the links. DanKeshet 15:19 10 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Also, it's very important when you link to link to a relevant concept, for example, on the Abu Mazen page, we had a link to pressure, which gives a definition of pressure in the domain of chemistry/physics, not pressure in the domain of politics. When you make links, it's important they go where the reader would expect them to.

 * Also, besides the link thing, I'm happy to see you're working on many articles I care about, including Jinnah and Abu Mazen and Chomsky,etc. Cheers, DanKeshet

How can I turn off the excessive links without turning off the useful ones? Evercat 19:47 10 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Please use the preview feature before saving an edit. Hundreds of small edits clutter our history and the recent changes page. --Eloquence 20:46 14 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I must note that I do have a strong suspicion that you are yet another incarnation of Lir, but if so, you're getting pretty good at hiding it. Not good enough to change your bad habits, though. --Eloquence 00:35 15 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Message for you on User talk:Tim Starling. And to Eloquence I would say: a reformed Lir is as good as no Lir at all. Maybe even better. Pizza Puzzle has made lots of good contributions, and if s/he's got into any fights on talk pages, I haven't seen them. -- Tim Starling 03:12 16 Jun 2003 (UTC)

This is the first mention I have heard of Pizza Puzzle being Lir. To be honest, PP has in my view generally been constructive. If it is Adam, I would urge him to speak to Jimbo and get re-admitted through unbanning, especially as he did promise Jimbo that there would be no more visitations from his 'multiple identities'. But even if PP is Lir (and I have seen no evidence to suggest so) I think on the basis of behaviour so far, we should give him the benefit of the doubt. I certainly have had no problems with PP (apart from calling me a George Bush supporter. That's a bit like calling Billy Graham a catholic! Bush in reality makes my skin crawl!). I would love to see a constructive Adam rather than the destructive version we have seen in his various versions. Whether PP is or is not Adam, they have done good work and should be allowed to prove themselves. But any return to the behaviour of Adam in his past identities would of course lead to an immediate re-ban and the deletion of all their contributions. But lets not rush to judgment on the basis of the non-use of the preview button. I didn't know how to use it when I joined first and made multiple saves. So far PP (whomever they are) is doing a good job and should be allowed to continue in that vein. FearÉIREANN 03:28 16 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Heh, what a lot of attention. Pizza Puzzle

In reply to PP's comment on my talk page: you have to proof read. That means reading your contribution slowly and carefully. Do it twice if you have to. Then click save and go do something else. Come back to it after at least a few hours -- you'll be more able to spot mistakes then. -- Tim Starling 03:44 16 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Adam is getting treatment (still continuing, I hope). Please be compassionate and understanding. Adam has a great stigma attached to him here, I hope Wikipedians can be open-minded. -- Tim Starling 04:12 16 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * re: "getting treatment" link - and people wonder why I'm anti-psychiatry... Martin 15:56 16 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Except for the one shrink with the circular logic, it sounds like more of a problem with insurance than with psychiatry. Koyaanis Qatsi 16:01 16 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Possible copyright violation(s) (I'll list more as I see them): Oscar Gonzales, Pieljekaise Tresticklan nationalpark -- Notheruser 18:23 16 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pizza Puzzle/Archive 2