text:
Talk:Balhae

Following Population History of Liaodong Needs to be Included
-Sloane's figure of 30 meng'an units.

Also try considering incorporating Henry Serruy's translation about Ming observance of Jianzhou and Maolien as descendants of Balhae Da family The populations in Liaodong were not necessarily sinicized until much later in the Ming

Not necessarily any insinuations of showing Balhae transformed into Jurchens The wars and campaigns between Mongolian Yuan remnants, Red Turbans, Jurchens, Koryo created lots of disruption, so that census figures were not able to reliably record populations of Liaodong until Ming and Joseon were established. Solid definitions of ethnicity were not there or imposed until much later through policies enacted during the Ming

It is likely the populations of Liaoyang during the Yuan were absorbed among later Mongols also, and not just Jurchens and Liaodong Chinese populations. Also the fact the Khitans were present there. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Liao This is also important because it could mean that those in Liaoyang who did not feel any attachment to Yelu Liuge vacuated with Puxian Wannu to Eastern Xia

Also. There were contingents of Uriankha Mongols who were attached to Naghachu, that many present day Mongol communities in Liaoning can actually trace back to

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:F140:8801:0:0:0:1:102 (talk) 22:16, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Your WP:OR of Sloane's content and addition of uncited and badly sourced (no page number) content does not fill me with confidence. And frankly much of the events you cite here post-Mongol Empire was part of the uncited material and only tangentially relevant to Balhae at best. Qiushufang (talk) 23:13, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Eventually if we have concrete information, data and argumentation backing Bohai assimilation into Jurchens pre-Ming, through scholarly, academic articles or books we can include them, including the Serruys passage.
 * I think Sloane left of at a important point that by Yuan - since the name "Bohai" disappeared, it shows less prominence as in terms of relating the term to a singular identity 2607:F140:8801:0:0:0:1:102 (talk) 23:29, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Please provide more complete citations for content for it to be verifiable and adding material that is not backed by sources is original research, which is not permitted on Wikipedia. Qiushufang (talk) 23:31, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Also no mention of disappearance of Bohai as a geographic term during the Jin. That is clearly a reference to Bohai county, Shandong in the next part of Sloane's article titled "The Disappearance of the Bohai Identity under the Mongol Order" and needs to be moved to the next section of the Wikipedia article 2607:F140:8801:0:0:0:1:102 (talk) 23:47, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * All these changes to Bohai identity in the Jin were not as abrupt, specific and confidently stated as conveyed in the Sloane article. The language and style of the Wkipedia subsection does not accurately reflect the author's intents and wishes 2607:F140:8801:0:0:0:1:102 (talk) 23:54, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Also another interesting point is linguistics. If Jianzhou dialects and varieties of Jurchenic can be effectively be separated from more "northern" varieties.  Jin dynasty Jurchen actually is a more complex and formal variant of Jurchen than Manchu.  And using those benchmarks and standards, one can attempt linguistics works to effectively connect back to them 2607:F140:8801:0:0:0:1:102 (talk) 23:33, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

Please delete "During the Jin era, Balhae was no longer geographically identified with Liaodong.", as it is not verified within the article by Sloane. It should belong to the next subsection Mongol Empire. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:F140:8801:0:0:0:1:102 (talk) 00:21, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Without any sources, page numbers, or quotations it's impossible to verify whether any of what you have written is true. On what page does Sloane's article does mention Bohai county, Shandong and what relation does it have to the separation of Bohai from Liaodong, which is what the article claims? What relevance does Jurchen linguistics have on a page about Balhae? The article never makes the claim that the end of Balhae identity was abrupt but occurred over multiple generations. The article also never makes the claim that Balhae identity ended in the Jin dynasty. On p. 368: Due to the demographic predominance of the Bohai in Liaodong, the terms "Bohai" and "Liaodong" were sometimes used interchangeably. On p.388: Under the Jin a significant shift appears to have taken place regarding the Liaodong region: often referred to interchangeably with "Bohai" under the Liao, it had by the late twelfth century become dominated by other identities. So "Liaodong" and "Bohai" went from being almost interchangeable (one was an ethnicity and polity while the other a region) with each other to not during the later Jin period. I took this to mean the geographical linkage was broken but perhaps a better description would be a decline in association with one another. Qiushufang (talk) 12:58, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you. All good 2607:F140:8801:0:0:0:1:125 (talk) 21:04, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

Important changes
I've made some important changes to this article for more neutrality. I see Balhae as a transformative age when Koreans left Manchuria for good, but it is biased to believe that Koreans had no role in the formation of Balhae and its continued rule. I am the IP editor who made the recent changes. Please address any concerns to me. Thank you and God Bless. Signed, Taejina
 * Koreans were an ethnic minority in the south of the country. Like Mexicans in the US. But was the US founded by the Mexicans? Were the Mexicans the backbone of the US in the 1940s for example? TTACH (talk) 01:10, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

 * That is not a fair comparsion at all, most outsider academics from say the West for example often characterize Balhae as a Goguryeoic-Mohe State or a Manchurian-Korean State, a lot of non-nationalistic academics and scholars from China, Russia, Korea and Japan also hold this view. The Goguryeoic and Mohe elements clearly worked together to help found the state, it says a lot that the founder was allegedly a Sumo Mohe who also allegedly was the son of a Goguryeo General, and that the state was multi-ethnic just proves this point.
 * To say it was just Korean or just Manchurian is applying modernity over a medieval state. Sunnyediting99 (talk) 16:48, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

 * You probably belong to the Korean ultra-nationalists or are influenced by their propaganda. But not in Russia, not in China, where the main archaeological sites of this state are located, NONE of the scientists recognize these states as being to some extent Korean.

 * All scientific works indicate only that this is the first state of the ancestors of the Jurchens. As well as the presence of national minorities in it. And not only Korean - Koguryeo people, but also Mongolian - Khitans, Tungus - Evenks and Solones, and even Ainu and Japanese in Posyet Bay, as well as Fuyu (Hongshan) and Teli (unknown Paleo-Asians). The divergence between the Russians and the Chinese was only a different assessment of relations with Fuyu, Teli and Khitan. But it was decided in favor of the Russian theory of their only tributary dependence on the Bohai after finding three credential tags (paizi) from the Tang Empire. The Chinese said that they entered Bohai directly. They made a mistake and are gradually admitting it.

 * All the influence of the Koreans comes down to the fact that the Koreans lived on the territory of modern North Korea where the Southern Capital of this state was - one of the five. And yes, it was built by the Koreans, and the Koreans also built many fortifications in the south of Bohai against the Korean state of Silla.

 * The influence of even the Japanese was no less. As well as the influence of the Khitans. BUT 75% of the population and the ruling class of Bohai were Jurchen, and the downfall of the state was caused by an attempt by a Korean ethnic minority to seize power using the fact that Wang Ai's mother was Korean. This led to conflict first with the Mongols, then with Fuyu and Teli. As a result, the Jurchens also refused to fight under the leadership of the Korean commanders, who were appointed by Emperor Ai.

 * A completely different state is recognized as Korean, which used the name of this state after the fall of Bohai in 926. Late Bohai. - Its territory was limited solely to the places where the Koreans physically lived - Changbaishan and the territory of the DPRK, without North Hamgyon where the Jurchens lived and the lands of Silla. The joint work of Russian and North Korean scientists prove that there was a state that used the same hieroglyphs in the name from 927-1010. And the descendants of Emperor Ai ruled there, but the generals constantly seized power. It claimed all of Bohai, but these claims were never recognized by anyone, and as a result, it entered Goryeo as a vassal. But this is purely a state on the territory of the DPRK !!! . Well, and what do you call "Gando". This is not the state that is here in the article. This state was the state of the Jurchens.TTACH (talk) 09:53, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Accusing someone just for having an opposing opinion of being "Korean ultra-nationalists or influenced by their propaganda" is a personal attack and also just flat out wrong in this case. The Korean Nationalist position would likely advocate that Balhae was ruled solely by the Koreans or that it was even majority Korean in the most radical fringe wings, I am merely reiterating the points held by the majority of scholars in the West and elsewhere, that Balhae was a mixed Korean-Manchurian state with a diverse ethnic composition that is hard to lump into a single category, it should be pointed out that North Korea, which also has its share of Balhae sites, has taken the opposite approach and claimed it is purely Korean, which is also wrong.
 * The Russian position is that Balhae had a 1/5 population of Goguryeoic-Koreans, whereas the Korean position is that it was 2/5. Having even 20% of a population be a part of a group would by many standards lead to its recognition as a leading minority group in any country for its composition. Regardless, that still points to a significant ethnic composition and if anything adds to the credence that Balhae was a multi-ethnic/cultural society. The fact that a significant portion of the ruling class did flee to Goryeo later including the last Crown Prince (estimated between 100,000 to 200,000 by most accurate estimates from Pamela Crossley, Alexander Kim, etc) also suggests that the state was very multi-ethnic and had both Koreans and Mohe/Jurchens ruling the state. And Later Balhae/Jeongan if anything adds support to that point, that the state splintered into both Jurchen parts (that later lead to the rise of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty) and the Korean parts (that first arose as Later Balhae/Jeongan, which later was assimilated into Goryeo). It's entirely possible for states to have a senior-junior ruling partnership, whether it be the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Norman England, etc, for multiple ethnic groups.
 * I don't think anyone claims that Balhae was a vassal of Goryeo, or the same with Later Balhae/Jeongan, and this is not about territorial claims over Gando. The vast majority of Koreans have no interest in revanchism and neither Korean state has any desire for territorial expansion.
 * I do find your statements fascinating on Wang Ai, and I was familiar with the topic of Later Balhae/Jeongan, if you have any academic articles on that conducted by the Russian-North Korean academics please post them and I would be interested in reading them, as I have read a few English translated works done by Russian academia, mostly from Alexander Kim but I would be open to reading others if just for the sake of more knowledge. Sunnyediting99 (talk) 13:43, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

 * No, not 1/5. And this is not a position, but real scientific research on the territories and population density there. Less than 20% is significant. - Approximately 10% -12%, since there were also Tongliao Khitans, Evenks, Solons, Japanese, Ainu, Chinese, Fuyu and Teli (in addition to the vassal dependence of these peoples from Bohai.), they lived compactly. An analogue of the Bukhara Emirate, or Tatars in the Russian Empire. But it is difficult to call the Russian Empire an Uzbek-Russian state or a Tatar-Russian state. This is a multinational state based on the Russian people. It was founded by the Russians. Alexander Kim is a teacher of Korean at FENU, and not an authority in Russian science. He has his own pro-South Korean stance. In Russia, unlike South Korea, it is possible to have a position that is contrary to the scientific mainstream. and by the way, Alexander Kim is the Primorsky State Agricultural Academy.That is, he is a purely conventional historian. Here they describe the DPRK's ideas about Bohai. Everything is simple there - the ruling elite are Koreans. But even they do not claim that the population is Koreans. Moreover, the DPRK does not recognize that Heishui Mohe were actually Mohe. This is part of the theory from 1992 that Goguryeo was the large as it is drawn in South Korea, and subordinated all Mohe, and since Heishui Mohe did not enter Goguryeo, they were not real Mohe. To be clear, until 1992, when Goguryeo in the DPRK more corresponded to the borders of North Korea. And there were fewer in China. And of course it is not on the territory of Russia, not then, not now. For in the DPRK, Kraskino has been known since 1966, and there it is in textbooks as in the reality of Bohai. But Bohai itself is a state led by the Korean people. In 1992, South Korean Goguryeo maps began to be accepted in the DPRK. Although Silla remained a "small state of Traitors to the Nation, Chinese puppets".
 * And the story of Ai has nothing to do with the DPRK. They call him Mar Wang. And they draw him a whole genealogy of descendants. They don't have Lee Sun-sin as a hero. But they have Hero Kang Gam Chan. Defeated the Khitans in 1019, Unifier of Korea and he is a descendant of Mar Wang. And his son in 1039 raised the Heungyo rebellion. TTACH (talk) 14:22, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Kang Gam Chan in South Korea you called he Gang Gam-chan. According to the DPRK, he died and was born in Pyongyang. I was at his grave. And according to your version, he was born in Seoul (although Seoul did not exist then.) . nothing is as unpredictable as Korean versions of history. TTACH (talk) 14:57, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I disagree and I don't think either of us should use blanket terms saying that the positions of Russia or Korea represent either you or me. For example, Russian Wikipedia directly contradicts your position, Russian Wikipedia states the following when I ran it through English Translation.
 * "The national composition differed greatly depending on the region. In the southern regions in the area of the southern capital - presumably Puncheon (DPRK) - lived mainly Goguryeo with a small number of Sillas, who for some reason left Silla. The Koguryeo people also dominated the entire territory of Bohai, now part of the DPRK, and in the mountainous regions of Jilin (China). With only about 1.3 million people or 18%, they were the largest minority with active influence on Bohai's government policy and technology. In the rest of the country, in addition to Tongliao, the Mohe , the people of the Tungus-Manchu group, prevailed, numbering 4 million people, or a little more than 60% of the population."
 * (Russian Wikipedia: Бохай)
 * So the article from the Russian Wikipedia says it is 18% which is much larger than the 10-12% you proposed (and a bit lower but around the ballpark of what numbers I said Russian scholars stated) and also stated they were the largest active minority in Balhae's Gov policy and technology.
 * Please do not conflate Korean Nationalists or the position of the ROK and DPRK with my positions, I do not agree with the Nationalist position, I believe as mentioned before that Balhae was a multi-ethnic state with the Mohe (Ancestors of the Jurchens) and Goguryeoic (Ancestors of Northern Koreans/Koreans) ruling the state together rather than believing it was purely a "Korean" or "Jurchen" state. Also while I disagree with the DPRK position, their position is arguably the one most lacking in the Balhae article. The Chinese and South Korean positions are pretty throughly written, the Russian and Japanese positions might need more work but the North Korean position regardless of what substance it may or may not provide doesn't have much content and arguably should be represented eventually.
 * I disagree with the assertions on Alexander Kim, who has provided excellent articles on the topic of Balhae and also has actually worked a lot on dispelling nationalistic Chinese and Korean narratives in his articles. Also Crossley and other Western historians also largely do cite the 100k-200k numbers as well, with Crossley on the lower end, and some others on the middle or higher ends. Sunnyediting99 (talk) 15:57, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a reliable source. See Wikipedia rules. In addition, there is a Q-bit administrator on the Russian-language Wikipedia who banned me from the Russian-language Wikipedia for pointing out with reference to a scientific article that Hwandan Gogi is a falsification of 1979 and is promoted by the Korean ultra-nationalist sect Cheungsando. And it was a work with a citation of the VAK. But this administrator is a radical believer that the Hwandan Gogi is a historical document . TTACH (talk) 15:37, 4 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Yet the Wikipedia itself is backed by sources, and also accusing the Russian language Wikipedian admins for being "Korean ultranationalists" is very much a slanderous position as you have continued to use personal attacks against me and now you are promoting it to others. Also please stop citing this document which neither I nor Wikipedia as a website have taken for accuracy, as it is clearly mentioned on its page that it is likely a forgery. Sunnyediting99 (talk) 02:20, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The population of 4 million or the ones that Crossley recently formulated could be extreme compared to the conventional "few hundreds of thousands" of households from Tang sources. Skeptic717 (talk) 16:36, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Where is evidence of a distinct "Fuyu" ethnic group and a "Tieli" group separate from Tungusic Mohe-Jurchen groups and their separate linguistic identities being determined?
 * Also where are concrete historical records for this Wang Ai / "Mar Wang" existing or evidence of Jeongan or Later Pohai being predominantly Koguryo in ethnicity?
 * Also how can Khitans, Northern Tungusic / Tungus including groups such as Solon, Ainu or Paleo-Siberians have a de jure status of direct subjects of the realm as opposed to being mere neighboring satellite tributaries, that had more of a trade dependency on the Pohai centers?
 * The problem does not seem to be centered on distinctions between Koguryo and Mohe, but on the unique characteristics and qualities of the Mohe themselves. Mohe are not exactly identical to Jurchens and included a broad range of smaller groups including the Heishui, which is not to be directly equated with Jurchens according to many scholars on the subject.  Some Mohe could have fallen under more Koguryo influence throughout the ages, while others lacked much foreign influence, while some could even be influenced by Tang, as some Sumo Mohe were deported near Tang population centers.
 * Also there does not seem to be historical sources that mention migration from Jeongan and Later Pohai directly to states within the Korean peninsula / Koryo. There are more concrete sources that mention relationships between this region and the Eastern Capital / Liaoyang of the Liao Dynasty
 * One of the leading archaeologists of the subject Olga Dyakova shows that Koguryo remnants or refugees played occupational roles as craftsmen, engineers or construction workers primarily in her excavational work and research all from the Primorsky Territory (51st Meeting, 2008: “The Role of Koguryo Residents in Pohai State“). And, how they would most likely be assimilated in the Tungusic populations here as residing in the urban centers scattered throughout the region.  This shows that the Koguryo contingent in Pohai would most likely be urbanized, or at the core centers of agricultural / agrarian components of the kingdom, since the distinction in the population between those who employed agrarian ways of life vs hunter-gathering and pastoral is an important topic in studies on Pohai and later on in the greater region. Skeptic717 (talk) 16:31, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting points you raise, for the "Also there does not seem to be historical sources that mention migration from Jeongan and Later Pohai directly to states within the Korean peninsula / Koryo." The primary source/record for the history of Goryeo, the Goryeosa, mentions that in 979 AD that several tens of thousands of Balhae/Goguryeo refugees fled into Goryeo. Historians note it was the largest exodus of Balhae people into Goryeo since the 936 AD exodus that the Balhae Crown Prince had led. I think Crossley's research isn't completely accurate tho because this topic is obscure it's not that well studied in the West, but Crossley is wrong because she says migration never happened on a mass scale "Balhae refugees only arrived in groups of a few hundred to a few thousand" but tens of thousands of immigrants coming twice (936, 979) does indicate it had spikes of large-scale immigration.
 * Some of the points you raised I can't answer because TTACH (who is banned because they were using alternate accounts which had been banned) raised them, but they are good points. A lot of research indicates the Mohe elements of Balhae were much more rural and to the east (where present day Chinese Manchuria and Russian Primorsky Krai), whereas the Goguryeo elements of Balhae were more urban and towards the south (where southern Chinese Manchuria and northern Korea are). Sunnyediting99 (talk) 19:42, 19 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Just wanted to add, the 979 AD migration was from Jeongan/Later Balhae into Goryeo Sunnyediting99 (talk) 19:43, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Hyeonjong of Goryeo 귀주 대첩 - This was the battle for the annexation of Later Bohai, which the Liao empire did not recognize. But she was forced to admit after the defeat. Well, in the DPRK, this is considered as the reunification of the Nation. And Hyeonjong is a Korean Hero. By the way, you shoot a lot of dramas on this topic, but you bypass it? Why ? In the north, I saw a performance on this subject. TTACH (talk) 10:15, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

I also want to add it is a logical fallacy to retroactively "claim" an ethnic group from the past or that belongs to the past at a certain point, within nation-based historiography. Just because one or the other culture became "tinged" by Chinese or Koreanic or Korean-ish culture or has a strong or feint resemblance to aboriginal cultures that dwelt in the region does not mean they can be essentialized or periodized to fit or become one under a category. This should be apparent in practice throughout historical and prehistoric Eurasia Skeptic717 (talk) 13:31, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

The Balhae people considered themselves different from the Koreans and akin to the Jurchens which in fact the mainstream Balhae populace was of Mohe Origins
''' The sudden impulse of Mohe and the spread of Mohe culture according to many Russian archaeologists is connected with the Xianbei due to lifestyles surrounding horses. Also genetic studies show that the Mohe may have been related to modern populations in Inner Mongolia like Mongola. They had nothing to do with Koreans, Koguryo or their ancestors who come from an entirely different genetic stock.'''

The Chinese Tongdian and Korean Samguk sagi said that Balhae's origin was of the Sumo Mohe people and its leader Dae Joyeong founded the state using a Mohe name Zhendan 震旦, and later abolished the Mohe title and changed the name to Balhae.

The Japanese Ruijū Kokushi said that when Dae Joyeong established Balhae, it was entirely made out of Mohe tribes, the majority of the population was Mohe and the original natives were rare.

The Chinese Old Book of Tang said Dae Joyeong was a different kind of "Gogoryeoan" from normal Goguryeo people. The Chinese New Book of Tang says that Dae Joyeong was a Sumo Mohe.

The Korean Samguk yusa said Dae Joyeong was Mohe people. The Goryeosa said in 918 the people residing in Pyongyang were barbarians and not Koreans. The Goryeo said in 993 the people between Liaoyang and Pyongyang were Jurchens. Western historians have said Balhae was founded by a Mohe family, of "non-Korean ethnic origins".

Balhae culture
In a newly added section, it was mentioned that "according to the Old Book of Tang, the customs of Balhae such as coming of age cermonies, marriages, funerals and memorial rites, were the same of Goguryeo."

I cannot access the Korean publication cited but the OBT itself is accessible. In fact, this is the original quote:

風俗瑟高麗及契丹同，頗有文字及書記. "The customs and habits were the same as in Goryeo and Khitan. It had its script, books and documents."

Esiymbro (talk) 20:28, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) Nowhere is "coming of age cermonies, marriages, funerals and memorial rites" mentioned in the book.
 * 2) More importantly, either the pubication or the editor omitted "Khitan" from the quote. In my opinion this defeats all the credibility of this statement. How could the customs of Goryeo (either Goguryeo or the later Goryeo) be similar to those of the nomadic Khitans?
 * It is interesting that many Russians were banned here for indications of this fact several years ago. And the one who banned today in the administration of Wikipedia.TTACH (talk) 01:02, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Additional note on Goguryeo succession: the title "Prince of Kyeru Commandery" was granted by the Tang to Balhae princes, not kings. For kings the title was always "Prince of Bohai Commandery" or "King of Bohai". Another title to kings is "Governor of Huhan Prefecture" which signified a degree of subordinacy to the Tang. For balance, either we leave both Kyeru and Huhan out (as the article stands now), or we give at least equivalent WP:Weight to Huhan which was by any account more significant to both the Tang and Balhae. Esiymbro (talk) 20:44, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Esiymbro, I think that is a reasonable point and thank you for pointing this out. I did not know about the latter, for now I agree with you then that we can keep the status quo of leaving both Kyeru and Huhan out, but perhaps then we can add these onto the Balhae Controversies section as this is perhaps a good way to highlight the complex multiethnic nature of Balhae, which clearly had Korean, Mohe and Chinese influences and hertiage. Thank you for pointing out, as for the first point let me look more into it. Sunnyediting99 (talk) 23:02, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Balhae


text:
Provinces of China

Provinces are the most numerous type of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC and one province that is claimed, but not administered, which is Taiwan, currently administered by the Republic of China (ROC).

The local governments of Chinese provinces consists of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as the executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a Party Secretary and a Provincial Standing Committee.

Government
Provinces are the most common form of province-level governments. The legislative bodies of the provinces are the Provincial People's Congresses. The executive branch is the Provincial People's Government, led by a governor. The People's Government is answerable to both the State Council and the Provincial People's Congress. The provincial branch of the CCP has a Provincial Party Congress every five years, and elects a Standing Committee to exercise its authority when not in session. The Provincial Party Secretary is the de facto most important position in the province.

History
The first provinces were created in the Yuan dynasty, and have remained one of the most stable forms of Chinese government since then. They were created to help the Imperial court manage local county governments, which were too numerous and far-flung to be managed directly. The number of provinces grew steadily during subsequent dynasties, reaching 28 by the time of the Republic of China. During the Warlord Era, provinces became largely or completely autonomous and exercised significant national influence. Province-level units proliferated and under the early People's Republic there were over 50. Political boundaries are, in part, established to counterbalance the influence of economic factors. For instance, the Yangtze Delta is divided among the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui. This division ensures that economic strength is distributed, preventing any single region from potentially overpowering the state.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Provinces of China


text:
Broadcast (disambiguation)

Broadcasting is the transmission of audio and video signals.

Broadcast or Broadcasting may also refer to:

Music

 * Broadcast (band), an English electronic music band
 * The Broadcast (band), an American Americana/soul band
 * Broadcast (Cutting Crew album), 1986
 * Broadcast (Meese album), 2009
 * Broadcasting..., an album by Comeback Kid, 2007
 * "The Broadcast", a song by Wings from Back to the Egg, 1979
 * Broadcast Twelve Records, a British record label of the 1920s

Magazines

 * Broadcast (magazine), a weekly newspaper for the UK television and radio industry
 * Broadcasting, original name of Broadcasting & Cable, a weekly magazine for the US television and radio industry

Computing

 * Broadcast address, an IP address allowing information to be sent to all machines on a given subnet
 * Broadcasting (networking), transmitting a packet that will be received by every device on the network
 * Broadcast (parallel pattern), communication pattern to distribute a message to all machines in a cluster
 * Broadcast domain, a logical area where any computer connected to the network can directly transmit to any other

Other uses

 * All pages with titles beginning with Broadcast
 * Broadcast sowing, a method of hand sowing of seeds:
 * Sowing § Hand sowing
 * Broadcast seeding
 * Radio program
 * Television show
 * Broadcast.com

שיטות הפצה בתקשורת נתונים

title: Broadcast (disambiguation)


text:
Proof of Bertrand's postulate

In mathematics, Bertrand's postulate (now a theorem) states that, for each $$n \ge 2$$, there is a prime $$p$$ such that $$n<p<2n$$. First conjectured in 1845 by Joseph Bertrand, it was first proven by Chebyshev, and a shorter but also advanced proof was given by Ramanujan.

The following elementary proof was published by Paul Erdős in 1932, as one of his earliest mathematical publications. The basic idea is to show that the central binomial coefficients must have a prime factor within the interval $$(n, 2n)$$ in order to be large enough. This is achieved through analysis of their factorizations.

The main steps of the proof are as follows. First, one shows that the contribution of every prime power factor $$p^r$$ in the prime decomposition of the central binomial coefficient $$\textstyle\binom{2n}{n}=(2n)!/(n!)^2$$ is at most $$2n$$; then, one shows that every prime larger than $$\sqrt{2n}$$ appears at most once.

The next step is to prove that $$\tbinom{2n}{n}$$ has no prime factors in the interval $$(\tfrac{2n}{3}, n)$$. As a consequence of these bounds, the contribution to the size of $$\tbinom{2n}{n}$$ coming from the prime factors that are at most $$n$$ grows asymptotically as $$\theta^{\!\;n}$$ for some $$\theta<4$$. Since the asymptotic growth of the central binomial coefficient is at least $$4^n\!/2n$$, the conclusion is that, by contradiction and for large enough $$n$$, the binomial coefficient must have another prime factor, which can only lie between $$n$$ and $$2n$$.

The argument given is valid for all $$n\ge427$$. The remaining values of $$n$$ are by direct inspection, which completes the proof.

Lemmas in the proof
The proof uses the following four lemmas to establish facts about the primes present in the central binomial coefficients.

Lemma 1
For any integer $$n>0$$, we have
 * $$\frac{4^n}{2n} \le \binom{2n}{n}.$$

Proof: Applying the binomial theorem,
 * $$4^n = (1 + 1)^{2n} = \sum_{k = 0}^{2n} \binom{2n}{k}=2+\sum_{k = 1}^{2n-1} \binom{2n}{k} \le 2n\binom{2n}{n},$$

since $$\tbinom{2n}{n}$$ is the largest term in the sum in the right-hand side, and the sum has $$2n$$ terms (including the initial $$2$$ outside the summation).

Lemma 2
For a fixed prime $$p$$, define $$R = R(n,p)$$ to be the p-adic order of $$\tbinom{2n}{n}$$, that is, the largest natural number $$r$$ such that $$p^r$$ divides $$\tbinom{2n}{n}$$.

For any prime $$p$$, $$p^{R }\le 2n$$.

Proof: The exponent of $$p$$ in $$n!$$ is given by Legendre's formula
 * $$\sum_{j = 1}^\infty \left\lfloor \frac{n}{p^j} \right\rfloor\!,$$

so
 * $$R=\sum_{j = 1}^\infty \left\lfloor \frac{2n}{p^j} \right\rfloor - 2\sum_{j = 1}^\infty \left\lfloor \frac{n}{p^j} \right\rfloor=\sum_{j = 1}^\infty \left(\left\lfloor \frac{2n}{p^j} \right\rfloor - 2\!\left\lfloor \frac{n}{p^j} \right\rfloor\right)$$

But each term of the last summation must be either zero (if $$n/p^j \bmod 1<1/2$$) or one (if $$n/p^j\bmod 1\ge1/2$$), and all terms with $$j>\log_p(2n)$$ are zero. Therefore,
 * $$R \le \log_p(2n),$$

and
 * $$p^R \le p^{\log_p(2n)} = 2n.$$

Lemma 3
If $$p$$ is an odd prime and $$\frac{2n}{3} < p \leq n$$, then $$R(n,p) = 0.$$

Proof: There are exactly two factors of $$p$$ in the numerator of the expression $$\tbinom{2n}{n}=(2n)!/(n!)^2$$, coming from the two terms $$p$$ and $$2p$$ in $$(2n)!$$, and also two factors of $$p$$ in the denominator from one copy of the term $$p$$ in each of the two factors of $$n!$$. These factors all cancel, leaving no factors of $$p$$ in $$\tbinom{2n}{n}$$. (The bound on $$p$$ in the preconditions of the lemma ensures that $$3p$$ is too large to be a term of the numerator, and the assumption that $$p$$ is odd is needed to ensure that $$2p$$ contributes only one factor of $$p$$ to the numerator.)

Lemma 4
An upper bound is supplied for the primorial function,
 * $$n\#=\prod_{p\,\le\,n}p,$$

where the product is taken over all prime numbers $$p$$ less than or equal to $$n$$.

For all $$n\ge1$$, $$n\#<4^n$$.

Proof: We use complete induction.

For $$n=1,2$$ we have $$1\#=1<4$$ and $$2\#=2<4^2=16$$.

Let us assume that the inequality holds for all $$1\le n\le2k-1$$. Since $$n=2k>2$$ is composite, we have
 * $$(2k)\#=(2k-1)\#<4^{2k-1}<4^{2k}.$$

Now let us assume that the inequality holds for all $$1\le n\le2k$$. Since $$\binom{2k+1}{k}=\frac{(2k+1)!}{k!(k+1)!}$$ is an integer and all the primes $$k+2\le p\le2k+1$$ appear only in the numerator, we have
 * $$\frac{(2k+1)\#}{(k+1)\#}\le\binom{2k+1}{k}=\frac12\!\left[\binom{2k+1}{k}+\binom{2k+1}{k+1}\right]<\frac12(1+1)^{2k+1}=4^k .$$

Therefore,
 * $$(2k+1)\#=(k+1)\#\cdot\frac{(2k+1)\#}{(k+1)\#}\le4^{k+1}\binom{2k+1}{k}<4^{k+1}\cdot4^k=4^{2k+1}.$$

Proof of Bertrand's Postulate
Assume that there is a counterexample: an integer n ≥ 2 such that there is no prime p with n < p < 2n.

If 2 ≤ n < 427, then p can be chosen from among the prime numbers 3, 5, 7, 13, 23, 43, 83, 163, 317, 631 (each being the largest prime less than twice its predecessor) such that n < p < 2n. Therefore, n ≥ 427.

There are no prime factors p of $$\textstyle\binom{2n}{n}$$ such that: Therefore, every prime factor p satisfies p ≤ 2n / 3.
 * 2n < p, because every factor must divide (2n)!;
 * p = 2n, because 2n is not prime;
 * n < p < 2n, because we assumed there is no such prime number;
 * 2n / 3 < p ≤ n: by Lemma 3.

When $$p > \sqrt{2n},$$ the number $$\textstyle {2n \choose n} $$ has at most one factor of p. By Lemma 2, for any prime p we have pR(p,n) ≤ 2n, and $$\pi(x)\le x-1$$ since 1 is neither prime nor composite. Then, starting with Lemma 1 and decomposing the right-hand side into its prime factorization, and finally using Lemma 4, these bounds give:
 * $$\frac{4^n}{2n}\le\binom{2n}{n}=\left(\,\prod_{p\,\le\,\sqrt{2n}}p^{R(p,n)}\right)\!\!\left(\prod_{\sqrt{2n}\,<\,p\,\le\,2n/3}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!p^{R(p,n)}\right)<\left(\,\prod_{p\,\le\,\sqrt{2n}}\!\!2n\right)\!\!\left(\prod_{p\,\le\,2n/3}\!\!p\right)\le(2n)^{\sqrt{2n}-1}4^{2n/3}.$$

Therefore
 * $$4^{n/3}\le(2n)^\sqrt{2n}$$, which simplifies to $$2^\sqrt{2n}\le(2n)^3.$$

Taking logarithms yields
 * $$\sqrt{2n}\le3\log_2(2n).$$

By concavity of the right-hand side as a function of n, the last inequality is necessarily verified on an interval. Since it holds true for $$n=426$$ and it does not for $$n=427$$, we obtain
 * $$n<427.$$

But these cases have already been settled, and we conclude that no counterexample to the postulate is possible.

Addendum to proof
It is possible to reduce the bound to $$n=50$$.

For $$n\ge17,$$ we get $$\pi(n)<\frac{n}{2}-1$$, so we can say that the product $$p^R$$ is at most $$(2n)^{0.5\sqrt{2n}-1}$$, which gives

 * $$\begin{align}&\frac{4^n}{2n}\le\binom{2n}{n}\le(2n)^{0.5\sqrt{2n}-1}4^{2n/3}\\&4^{\sqrt{2n}}\le(2n)^3\\&2\sqrt{2n}\le3\log_2(2n)\end{align}$$

which is true for $$n=49$$ and false for $$n=50$$.

title: Proof of Bertrand's postulate


text:
1845 in music

Events

 * March 13 – Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto is premièred in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist.
 * April 21 – Albert Lortzing's opera Undine debuts in Magdeburg.
 * June 4 – William Fry's opera Leonora debuts in Philadelphia.
 * July – Pas de Quatre is premièred in London, bringing together four of the greatest ballerinas of the time: Lucile Grahn, Carlotta Grisi, Fanny Cerrito, and Marie Taglioni.
 * July 19 – The National Anthem of Uruguay is first performed with music composed by Francisco José Debali with the collaboration of Fernando Quijano.
 * October 19 – Richard Wagner's opera Tannhäuser debuts at the Dresden Hoftheater.
 * Composer Henry Hugo Pierson goes to live in Germany.
 * The Hutchinson Family Singers tour England with Frederick Douglass.
 * Theodore Thomas arrives in the United States. The conductor would eventually become the Father of American Symphonic culture.
 * Austrian pianist Leopold von Meyer (1816–1883) begins a tour of the United States.
 * The saxhorn family of valved brass instruments is patented by Adolphe Sax in France.

Classical music

 * Francesco Florimo – La Tarantella
 * Louis Moreau Gottschalk – Bamboula: A Fantasy for solo piano.
 * Hans Christian Lumbye – Champagne Galop, Op. 14
 * Robert Schumann – Piano Concerto in A minor
 * Pedro Soler – Premier Air varié sur un thème original
 * Václav Veit – Les adieux, Op. 26
 * Giuseppe Verdi – Seste Romanze II
 * Samuel Sebastian Wesley – Morning and Evening Service in E major

Opera

 * W. H. Fry – Leonora
 * Albert Lortzing – Undine
 * Giovanni Pacini – Stella di Napoli, premiered December 11 in Naples
 * Temistocle Solera – La Hermana de Palayo
 * Giuseppe Verdi
 * Alzira
 * Giovanna d'Arco
 * Richard Wagner – Tannhäuser

Births

 * January 17 – Erika Nissen, pianist (died 1903)
 * February 25 – Eugène Goossens, père, conductor (d. 1906)
 * March 5 – Alphonse Hasselmans, harpist and composer (d. 1912)
 * March 7 – Edward Lloyd, concert tenor (d. 1927)
 * March 13 – Joséphine Daram, opera singer (died 1926)
 * March 14 – August Bungert, opera composer (d. 1915)
 * May 12 – Gabriel Fauré, composer (d. 1924)
 * May 22 – Francis Hueffer, music writer (died 1889)
 * June 13 – Effie Germon, actress and singer (d. 1914)
 * July 1 – Ika Peyron, composer (d. 1922)
 * July 6 – Ángela Peralta, operatic soprano (d. 1883)
 * August 10 – Abay Qunanbayuli, poet, composer and philosopher (d. 1904)
 * August 25 – King Ludwig II of Bavaria, the great patron of Richard Wagner
 * November 6 – Beniamino Cesi, pianist (d. 1907)
 * November 8 – Madeline Schiller, pianist (d. 1911)
 * date unknown
 * Annie Jessy Curwen, writer of children's music books (died 1932)
 * Antonio Galassi, operatic baritone (d. 1904)

Deaths

 * January 19 – Carl Borromäus von Miltitz, composer (born 1781)
 * March 29 – Victor Lhérie, librettist (born 1808)
 * May 11 – Carl Filtsch, pianist and composer (b. 1830)
 * July 10 – Juan Paris, composer and priest (born 1805)
 * July 15 – Joseph Augustine Wade, conductor and composer (b. 1796)
 * September 23 – Matija Ahacel, collector of folk songs (b. 1779)
 * October 7 – Isabella Colbran, soprano and first wife of Gioacchino Rossini (b. 1785)
 * October 16 – Martha Llwyd, hymn-writer (b. 1766)
 * October 26 – Carolina Oliphant Nairne, songwriter (born 1766)
 * November 2 – Chrétien Urhan, violinist and organist (b. 1790)
 * December 2 – Simon Mayr, composer (b. 1763)
 * December 25 – Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach, composer (b. 1759)
 * date unknown – Alexander Juhan, violinist, conductor and composer (b. 1765)

title: 1845 in music


text:
User:Dramamine

someone was just playing around on here, this isn;t a real page, it needs to be deleted but i donl't know how

cool,hehehe

title: User:Dramamine


text:
List of sociologists

This list of sociologists includes people who have made notable contributions to sociological theory or to research in one or more areas of sociology.

A

 * Peter Abell, British sociologist
 * Andrew Abbott, American sociologist
 * Margaret Abraham, Indian-American sociologist
 * Mark Abrams (1906–1994), British sociologist, political scientist and pollster
 * Janet Abu-Lughod (1928–2013), American sociologist
 * Jane Addams (1860–1935), American social worker, sociologist, public philosopher and reformer
 * Theodor Adorno (1903–1969), German philosopher and cultural sociologist
 * Richard Alba, American sociologist
 * Francesco Alberoni, Italian sociologist
 * Martin Albrow, British sociologist
 * Jeffrey C. Alexander, American sociologist
 * David Altheide, American sociologist
 * Louis Althusser, French philosopher and sociologist
 * Edwin Amenta, American sociologist
 * Nancy Ammerman, American sociologist
 * Elijah Anderson, American sociologist
 * Eric Anderson, American-British sociologist
 * Kevin B. Anderson, American sociologist
 * Stanislav Andreski, Polish-British sociologist
 * Robert Cooley Angell, American sociologist
 * Aaron Antonovsky, Israeli sociologist
 * Arjun Appadurai, Indian sociologist
 * Andrew Arato, Hungarian-American sociologist
 * Margaret Archer, British sociologist
 * Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), German political theorist
 * Alcira Argumedo (1940–2021), Argentine sociologist
 * Aristoteles (384-322 BCE), Ancient Greek philosopher and sociologist
 * Signe Arnfred, Danish sociologist
 * Raymond Aron (1905–1983), French philosopher and sociologist
 * Stanley Aronowitz, American sociologist
 * Giovanni Arrighi, Italian sociologist
 * Johan Asplund (1937–2018), Swedish sociologist
 * Vilhelm Aubert (1922–1988), Norwegian sociologist
 * Francisco Ayala, Spanish sociologist and novelist

B

 * Élisabeth Badinter (born 1944), French philosopher and historian
 * Patrick Baert, British sociologist
 * Sergio Bagú, Argentinian sociologist
 * Kenneth D. Bailey, American sociologist
 * Georges Balandier, French sociologist
 * Emily Greene Balch, American professor of sociology and Nobel Peace laureate
 * Robert Balch, American sociologist
 * E. Digby Baltzell, American sociologist
 * Jack Barbalet, Australian sociologist
 * Teresita de Barbieri, Uruguayan-born Mexican feminist sociologist
 * Eileen Barker (born 1938), British sociologist and professor
 * Barry Barnes, British sociologist
 * Liberty Barnes, American sociologist
 * Roland Barthes (1915–1980), French literary critic, literary and social theorist, philosopher, and semiotician
 * Robert Bartholomew (born 1958), American medical sociologist living in New Zealand
 * Roger Bartra, Mexican sociologist
 * Roger Bastide, French sociologist
 * Georges Bataille, French philosopher and sociologist
 * Gregory Bateson (1904–1980), English/American cybernetician
 * Jean Baubérot (born 1941), French historian and sociologist
 * Christian Baudelot, French sociologist
 * Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007), French cultural theorist
 * Zygmunt Bauman (1925–2017), Polish/British sociologist
 * Frank Bean, American sociologist
 * Peter Bearman (born 1956), American sociologist
 * Ulrich Beck (1944–2015), German sociologist
 * Gary Becker, American economist
 * Howard P. Becker, American sociologist
 * Howard S. Becker (1928–2023), American sociologist
 * Jens Beckert, German sociologist
 * Richard F. Behrendt (1908–1973), German sociologist
 * Daniel Bell (1919–2011), American sociologist
 * Wendell Bell, American sociologist
 * Robert N. Bellah, American sociologist
 * Walden Bello, Filipino sociologist
 * Edvard Beneš, Czechoslovak sociologist and politician
 * Reinhard Bendix, German-American sociologist
 * Walter Benjamin (1892–1940), German cultural writer and sociologist
 * Albert Benschop (1949–2018), Dutch sociologist
 * Joseph Berger, American sociologist
 * Peter L. Berger (1929–2017), Austro-American sociologist
 * Solveig Bergman (born 1955), Finnish sociologist active in gender studies
 * Pierre L. van den Berghe, Belgian sociologist
 * Henri Bergson (1859–1941), French philosopher
 * Jessie Bernard, American feminist sociologist
 * Eduard Bernstein, German politician and intellectual
 * Jean-Michel Berthelot, French sociologist
 * Andre Beteille, Indian sociologist
 * Gurminder K. Bhambra, British sociologist
 * Krishna Bhattachan, Nepalese sociologist
 * Robert Bierstedt, American sociologist
 * Norman Birnbaum, American sociologist
 * Margunn Bjørnholt (born 1958), Norwegian sociologist and economist
 * Donald Black, American sociologist
 * Peter Blau (1918–2002), American sociologist
 * Kathleen M. Blee (born 1953), American sociologist
 * Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg (born 1929), German sociologist, ethnologist, and sexologist
 * Danielle Bleitrach (born 1938), French sociologist and journalist
 * Fred L. Block, American sociologist
 * David Bloor, British sociologist
 * Herbert Blumer (1900–1987), American sociologist
 * Olivier Bobineau (born 1972), French sociologist
 * Sophie Body-Gendrot (1942–2018), French sociologist
 * Luc Boltanski, French sociologist
 * Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, American sociologist
 * Scott Boorman (born 1949), American sociologist
 * Charles Booth, British social researcher
 * Ernst Borinski (1901–1983), German sociologist
 * Atilio Borón, Argentinian sociologist
 * Thomas Bottomore (1920–1992), British sociologist
 * Raymond Boudon, French sociologist
 * Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002), French sociologist
 * Victor Branford (1863–1930), British sociologist
 * Ronald Breiger, American sociologist
 * John David Brewer (born 1951), British sociologist
 * Carl Brinkmann (1885–1954), German sociologist
 * David G. Bromley, American sociologist
 * Rogers Brubaker, American sociologist
 * Hauke Brunkhorst, German sociologist
 * José Joaquín Brunner, Chilean sociologist
 * Hans Henrik Reventlow Bruun, Danish sociologist
 * Walter F. Buckley, American sociologist
 * Michael Burawoy, American sociologist
 * Ernest Burgess (1886–1966), Canadian sociologist
 * Tom R. Burns, European-American sociologist
 * Ronald Burt, American sociologist
 * Judith Butler (born 1956), American gender theorist

C

 * Alain Caillé, French sociologist
 * Roger Caillois, French sociologist
 * Craig Calhoun, American sociologist
 * Michel Callon, French sociologist
 * Charles Camic, American sociologist
 * Elias Canetti, Bulgaria-born novelist and outsider sociologist
 * Georges Canguilhem, French intellectual
 * Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born 1931), Brazilian sociologist, former President of Brazil
 * Gabriel Careaga Medina, Mexican sociologist
 * Kathleen Carley, American computational sociologist
 * Antonio Caso, Mexican sociologist
 * Robert Castel, French sociologist
 * Julieta Castellanos (born 1952), Honduran sociologist
 * Manuel Castells (born 1942), Spanish sociologist and urban planner
 * Cornelius Castoriadis (1922–1997), Greek philosopher and political theorist
 * Santiago Castro-Gómez, Colombian philosopher and sociologist
 * Michel de Certeau, French cultural sociologist
 * Karen A. Cerulo, American sociologist
 * Francis Stuart Chapin (1888–1974), American sociologist
 * Christopher Chase-Dunn, American sociologist
 * Louis Chauvel (born 1967), French sociologist
 * Albert Chavannes, American sociologist
 * Andrew Cherlin, American sociologist
 * Nancy Chodorow (born 1944), American sociologist, psychoanalyst, and gender theorist
 * Nicholas A. Christakis, American sociologist
 * Ann-Dorte Christensen, Danish sociologist
 * Chua Beng Huat, Singaporean sociologist
 * Aaron Cicourel, American sociologist
 * Dieter Claessens (1921–1997), German sociologist
 * Lars Clausen (1935–2010), German sociologist
 * Marshall B. Clinard (1911–2010), American sociologist (criminology)
 * Clifford Clogg, American sociologist
 * Richard Cloward (1926–2001), American sociologist
 * Philip N. Cohen, American sociologist
 * Ronald L. Cohen, American social psychologist
 * Stanley Cohen, British sociologist (criminology)
 * James Samuel Coleman (1926–1995), American sociologist
 * Harry Collins, British sociologist
 * Patricia Hill Collins (born 1948), American sociologist
 * Randall Collins, American sociologist
 * Auguste Comte (1798–1857), French founder of sociology
 * Nicolas de Condorcet, French mathematician and early sociologist
 * Dalton Conley, American sociologist
 * R.W. Connell (born 1944), Australian sociologist
 * Paul Connerton, British sociologist
 * Karen Cook, American sociologist
 * Charles Cooley (1864–1929), American sociologist
 * Anna Julia Cooper, American sociologist
 * Lewis A. Coser (1913–2003), American sociologist
 * Carl J. Couch (1925–1994), American sociologist
 * Douglas E. Cowan, Canadian sociologist
 * Maxine Leeds Craig, American sociologist
 * Rosemary Crompton, British sociologist
 * Colin Crouch, British sociologist
 * Michel Crozier, French sociologist
 * Agustin Cueva, Ecuadorian sociologist
 * Stefan Czarnowski (1879–1937), Polish sociologist

D

 * Robert Dahl (1915–2014), American political scientist
 * Ralf Dahrendorf (1929–2009), German-British sociologist and politician
 * Dankwart Danckwerts (1933–2012), German sociologist
 * Randy David, Filipino sociologist
 * Leonore Davidoff (1932–2014), American-British sociologist and historian
 * Kingsley Davis (1908–1997), American sociologist
 * Georges Davy (1883–1976), French sociologist
 * François de Singly, French sociologist
 * Régis Debray, French mediologist
 * Alexander Deichsel (born 1935), German sociologist
 * Christine Delphy (born 1941), French sociologist, feminist, and theorist
 * Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995), French philosopher
 * Donatella della Porta, Italian sociologist and political scientist
 * Christine Delphy, French sociologist
 * Bogdan Denitch (1929–2016), American sociologist
 * Norman K. Denzin, American sociologist
 * Régis Dericquebourg (born 1947), French sociologist of religions
 * Jacques Derrida (1930–2004), French philosopher
 * Matthew Desmond, American sociologist
 * Heinz Dieterich, German-Mexican sociologist
 * Bulent Diken, Danish sociologist
 * Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911), German historian, psychologist and sociologist
 * Helen Dinerman (1920–1974), American public opinion researcher
 * Gail Dines, British-American sociologist
 * Paul DiMaggio, American cultural sociologist
 * Georgi Dimitrov Dimitrov, Bulgarian sociologist
 * Thomas A. DiPrete, American sociologist
 * Stuart C. Dodd (1900–1975), American sociologist
 * G. William Domhoff, American sociologist
 * Orna Donath, Israeli sociologist
 * Pierpaolo Donati, Italian sociologist
 * Ronald P. Dore, British sociologist
 * Theotônio dos Santos, Brazilian sociologist
 * Mary Douglas (1921–2007), British anthropologist and sociologist of perception
 * Tommy Douglas (1904–1986), Canadian politician
 * W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963), American sociologist and civil rights leader
 * Denis Duclos, French sociologist
 * Otis Dudley Duncan (1921–2004), American sociologist
 * Mitchell Duneier, American sociologist
 * Eric Dunning (1936–2019), British sociologist
 * Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), French sociologist
 * Troy Duster, American sociologist
 * Maurice Duverger (1917–2014), French sociologist
 * Jean Duvignaud (1921–2007), French sociologist

E

 * Gerald L. Eberlein (1930–2010), German sociologist
 * Alain Ehrenberg, French sociologist
 * Eugen Ehrlich, German sociologist
 * Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt (1923–2010), Israeli sociologist
 * Riane Eisler (born 1931), cultural historian, systems scientist, educator, and attorney
 * Glen Elder, American sociologist
 * Norbert Elias (1897–1990), German sociologist
 * Jacques Ellul (1912-1994), French sociologist
 * Jon Elster, Norwegian sociologist
 * Mustafa Emirbayer, American sociologist
 * Hugo O. Engelmann (1917–2002), American sociologist
 * Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), German socialist philosopher
 * Paula England, American sociologist
 * Ronald Enroth (born 1938), American sociologist
 * Kai T. Erikson (born 1931), American sociologist
 * Fernando Escalante Gonzalbo, Mexican sociologist
 * Gosta Esping-Andersen, Danish sociologist
 * Roger Establet, French sociologist
 * Amitai Etzioni (born 1929), American sociologist
 * Peter B. Evans, American sociologist

F

 * Orlando Fals Borda (1925–2008), Colombian sociologist
 * Frantz Fanon, Martinican intellectual and sociologist
 * Rick Fantasia, American sociologist
 * Thomas Fararo (1933–2020), American mathematical sociologist
 * Sara R. Farris, Italian sociologist of feminism and migration
 * Didier Fassin, French sociologist
 * Paul Fauconnet (1874–1938), French sociologist
 * Joe Feagin, American sociologist
 * Mike Featherstone, British sociologist
 * Fei Xiaotong (1910–2005), Chinese sociologist and anthropologist
 * Anuška Ferligoj, Slovenian mathematical sociologist
 * Florestan Fernandes (1920–1995), Brazilian sociologist
 * Myra Marx Ferree (born 1949), American sociologist
 * Enrico Ferri, Italian sociologist and criminologist
 * Mileva Filipović (1938-2020), Montenegrin sociologist and gender studies pioneer
 * Gary Alan Fine (born 1950), American sociologist
 * Claude Fischer (born 1948), American author of the subcultural theory of urbanism
 * George Fitzhugh (1806–1881), American social theorist
 * Crystal Marie Fleming (born 1981), American sociologist and author
 * Peter Flora, Austrian sociologist
 * Heinz von Foerster (1911–2002), Austrian/American cybernetician
 * Pim Fortuyn (1948–2002), Dutch sociologist author and politician
 * Daniel A. Foss (1940–2014), American sociologist
 * John Bellamy Foster, American sociologist and journalist
 * Michel Foucault (1926–1984), French philosopher
 * Alfred Jules Émile Fouillée, French philosopher and sociologist
 * Charles Fourier (1772–1837), French proto-sociologist
 * Renée Fox, American sociologist
 * Frances Fox Piven, American sociologist
 * Andre Gunder Frank (1929–2005), German economic historian and sociologist
 * Mary Frank Fox, American sociologist
 * Nancy Fraser, American social theorist
 * Hans Freyer (1887–1969), German sociologist and philosopher
 * Gilberto Freyre (1900–1987), Brazilian sociologist
 * Erhard Friedberg, Austrian sociologist
 * Georges Friedmann, French sociologist
 * Steve Fuller, American sociologist
 * Frank Furstenberg, American sociologist
 * Celso Furtado (1920–2004), Brazilian economist

G

 * Luciano Gallino, Italian sociologist
 * Francis Galton (1822–1911), English statistician
 * Johan Galtung, Norwegian sociologist, mathematician, and founder of peace studies
 * Diego Gambetta, Italian sociologist
 * Herbert Gans (born 1927), American sociologist
 * Néstor García Canclini, Argentinian-Mexican sociologist
 * Brígida García Guzmán, Dominican-Mexican sociologist
 * Delphine Gardey (born 1967), French sociologist
 * Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011), American sociologist
 * David W Garland, British sociologist
 * Manuel Antonio Garretón, Chilean sociologist
 * Marcel Gauchet, French sociologist
 * John Gaventa, American-British sociologist
 * Patrick Geddes, Scottish sociologist
 * Clifford Geertz, American anthropologist
 * Arnold Gehlen (1904–1976), German philosopher and sociologist
 * Theodor Geiger (1891–1952), German sociologist
 * Ernest Gellner (1925–1995), Czech-British philosopher and social anthropologist
 * Uta Gerhardt, German sociologist
 * Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1893–1983), Indian sociologist
 * Anthony Giddens (born 1938), English sociologist
 * Franklin Henry Giddings, American sociologist
 * Nigel Gilbert, British sociologist
 * Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American sociologist
 * Paul Gilroy, British sociologist
 * Salvador Giner, Spanish sociologist
 * Corrado Gini (1884–1965), Italian statistician
 * Morris Ginsberg, British sociologist
 * Herbert Gintis, American behavioral scientist
 * Henry Giroux, American sociologist of education
 * Todd Gitlin, American sociologist
 * Barney Glaser, American sociologist
 * David Glass (1911–1978), British sociologist
 * Barry Glassner (born 1952), American sociologist
 * Nathan Glazer, American sociologist
 * Max Gluckman (1911–1975), South African/English social anthropologist
 * Erving Goffman (1922–1982), Canadian interactionistic sociologist
 * Steven J. Gold (born 1955), American sociologist
 * Lucien Goldmann, Romanian/French sociologist
 * Jack Goldstone, American sociologist
 * John H. Goldthorpe (born 1935), British sociologist
 * Yasunosuke Gonda, Japanese sociologist
 * Pablo González Casanova, Mexican sociologist
 * Jeff Goodwin, American sociologist
 * Alvin Gouldner, American sociologist
 * Ziya Gökalp (1876–1924), Turkish sociologist, writer, poet and political activist
 * Isacque Graeber (1905–1984), sociologist and Jewish historian
 * Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937), Italian Marxist and social theorist
 * Mark Granovetter, American sociologist
 * Richard Grathoff (1934–2013), German sociologist and phenomenologist
 * Andrew M. Greeley, American sociologist, priest, writer
 * Liah Greenfeld (born 1954), Russian/American sociologist
 * Leonid Grinin (born 1958), Russian sociologist
 * Wendy Griswold, American sociologist
 * Ramón Grosfoguel, Puerto Rican sociologist
 * Jaber F. Gubrium, American sociologist
 * Ludwig Gumplowicz (1838–1909), Polish sociologist, one of the founders of European sociology
 * Dipankar Gupta (born 1949), Indian sociologist
 * Georges Gurvitch, Russian/French sociologist
 * Dimitrie Gusti (1880–1955), Romanian sociologist, the creator of the sociological monographic method

H

 * Jürgen Habermas (born 1929), German social theorist
 * Jeffrey K. Hadden (1937–2003), American sociologist
 * Maurice Halbwachs (1877–1945), French philosopher and sociologist
 * Drew Halfmann (born 1967), American sociologist
 * Bente Halkier, Danish sociologist
 * John A. Hall (born 1949), British/Canadian sociologist
 * Stuart Hall (1932–2014), British cultural theorist
 * Jean Halley, American sociologist
 * Donna Haraway (born 1944), American gender and technology theorist
 * Eszter Hargittai, Hungarian sociologist
 * Marta Harnecker, Chilean sociologist
 * Chandrakala A. Hate (1903–1990), Indian sociologist, social worker, and author
 * Darnell Hawkins (born 1946), American sociologist, criminologist, and emeritus professor
 * Amos Hawley, American sociologist
 * Peter Hedström, Swedish sociologist
 * Samuel Heilman, American sociologist
 * Peter Heintz, Swiss sociologist
 * Wilhelm Heitmeyer, German sociologist
 * Dirk Helbing, Swiss sociologist
 * Horst Helle, German sociologist
 * Ágnes Heller, Hungarian philosopher and sociologist
 * Celia Stopnicka Heller (1922–2011), American sociologist
 * Will Herberg (1901–1977), American sociologist
 * John Heritage, American sociologist
 * Robert Hertz, French sociologist
 * Danièle Hervieu-Léger, French sociologist
 * Michael D. Higgins, Irish sociologist and current Irish president
 * Reuben Hill, American sociologist
 * Ulf Himmelstrand, Swedish sociologist
 * Travis Hirschi, American sociologist
 * Paul Hirst, British sociologist
 * Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), British philosopher
 * Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, pioneer British sociologist
 * Arlie Russell Hochschild, American sociologist
 * Richard Hoggart (1918–2014), British sociologist
 * John Holloway, Irish sociologist
 * Susanne Holmström, Danish sociologist
 * Robert J. Holton, British sociologist
 * George C. Homans (1910–1989), American behavioral sociologist
 * Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, American sociologist
 * Axel Honneth (born 1949), German social theorist
 * Ida R. Hoos (1912–2007), American sociologist
 * Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), German social theorist
 * Irving Louis Horowitz, American sociologist
 * Eugenio María de Hostos, Puerto Rican sociologist
 * François Houtart, Belgian sociologist
 * Philip N. Howard, Canadian-American sociologist
 * Spomenka Hribar (born 1941), Slovenian sociologist, philosopher politician, and public intellectual
 * Joan Huber, American sociologist
 * Everett Hughes, American sociologist
 * Stephen J. Hunt, British sociologist
 * James Davison Hunter, American sociologist
 * Herbert Hyman, American sociologist

I

 * Octavio Ianni (1926–2004), Brazilian sociologist
 * Ibn Khaldun (1332/ah732–1406/ah808), North African historian, forerunner of modern historiography, sociology, and economics
 * Kancha Ilaiah (born 1952), Indian political scientist and social activist
 * Eva Illouz, Moroccan sociologist
 * Jose Ingenieros, Argentinian sociologist
 * Harold Innis, Canadian sociologist who developed staples theory
 * John Keith Irwin (1929–2010), American sociologist known for his expertise on the American prison system
 * Larry Isaac, American sociologist

J

 * Jacquelyne Jackson (1932–2004), American sociologist and educator
 * Stevi Jackson (born 1951), British sociologist
 * Jane Jacobs, American theorist with wide influence on urban sociology
 * Janet L. Jacobs (born 1948), American sociologist
 * Michael Hviid Jacobsen, Danish sociologist
 * Eliezer Jaffe, Israeli-American sociologist
 * Marie Jahoda (1907–2001), Austrian-British sociologist and social psychologist
 * Marie Jaisson, French sociologist
 * Ayesha Jalal, Pakistani-American historian, sociologist, and professor
 * Fredric Jameson, American philosopher and social theorist
 * Morris Janowitz, American sociologist
 * James M. Jasper (born 1957), American sociologist
 * Guillermina Jasso, American sociologist
 * Gail Jefferson (1938–2008), American sociologist and conversation analyst
 * Yasmin Jiwani, feminist academic and activist
 * Hans Joas, German social theorist
 * Carole Joffe, American sociologist
 * Benton Johnson (born 1928), American sociologist
 * Guy Benton Johnson (1901–1991), American sociologist
 * Miriam M. Johnson (1928–2007), American sociologist
 * Rodrigo Jokisch (born 1946), German-Mexican sociologist and social theorist
 * Frank Lancaster Jones (born 1937), Australian sociologist
 * Lewis Wade Jones (1910–1979), African/American sociologist and educator
 * Danny Jorgensen, American sociologist
 * Paul Jorion, Belgian American sociologist and cognitive scientist
 * Mark Juergensmeyer, American sociologist

K

 * Dirk Kaesler (born 1944), German sociologist
 * Boris Kagarlitsky, Russian sociologist
 * Irawati Karve, Indian anthropologist and sociologist
 * Alexandr Kapto, Russian and Ukrainian scientist, sociologist, and political scientist; a diplomat, journalist, politician, and statesman
 * Elihu Katz, American sociologist
 * Nitasha Kaul, Indian Kashmiri sociologist, writer, and poet
 * Karl Kautsky, Czech Marxist theorist
 * Vytautas Kavolis, Lithuanian-American sociologist and literary critic
 * Frances Kellor (1873–1952), American sociologist, social reformer, and investigator
 * Stephen A. Kent, Canadian sociologist
 * Lane Kenworthy, American sociologist
 * Sherin Khankan, Danish sociologist
 * Abdelkebir Khatibi (1938–2009), Moroccan literary critic, novelist, philosopher, playwright, poet, and sociologist
 * Aquila Berlas Kiani (1921–2012), Indian sociologist and educator
 * Benjamin Kidd, British sociologist
 * Baruch Kimmerling, Israeli sociologist
 * Susan Myra Kingsbury (1870–1949), American sociologist
 * Julieta Kirkwood (1936–1985), Chilean sociologist, political scientist, and feminist activist
 * Evelyn M. Kitagawa (1920–2007), American sociologist, demographer, and educator
 * John Kitsuse, Japanese-American sociologist
 * Gabriele Klein (born 1957), sociologist, dance theorist, and educator
 * Bernardo Kliksberg, Argentinian sociologist
 * Eric Klinenberg, American sociologist
 * Karin Knorr Cetina (born 1944), Austrian sociologist
 * Antonina Kłoskowska (1919–2001), Polish sociologist
 * Karin Knorr Cetina (born 1944), Austrian sociologist
 * Katsuya Kodama (born 1959), Japanese sociologist and peace researcher
 * Martin Kohli, Swiss sociologist
 * Mirra Komarovsky (1905–1999), Russian-American sociologist
 * René König (1906–1992), German sociologist
 * Andrey Korotayev (born 1961), Russian sociologist
 * Reinhart Koselleck (1923–2006), German historian and social theorist
 * Maksim Kovalevsky (1851–1916), Russian sociologist
 * Siegfried Kracauer, German sociologist
 * Julia Kristeva, Bulgarian-French feminist sociologist
 * Alfred L. Kroeber (1876–1960), American anthropologist
 * Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921), Russian anarchist thinker
 * Thomas S. Kuhn (1922–1996), American science theorist
 * Eugene M. Kulischer (1891–1956), Russian/American sociologist
 * Charles Kurzman, American sociologist
 * Martin Kusch, Austrian philosopher and sociologist

L

 * William Labov (born 1927), American sociolinguist and dialectologist
 * Jacques Lacan (1901–1981), French psychoanalyst
 * Richard Lachmann, American sociologist, specialist in comparative historical sociology
 * Ernesto Laclau, Argentinian sociologist
 * Joyce Ladner, American sociologist and activist
 * Imre Lakatos, Hungarian philosopher
 * Janja Lalich (born 1945), American sociologist
 * Michele Lamont, American sociologist
 * Diane Lamoureux (born 1954), Canadian sociologist, professor, and writer
 * Edgardo Lander, Venezuelan sociologist
 * David C. Lane (born 1956), American sociologist
 * Silvia Lara Povedano, Costa Rican politician and sociologist
 * Annette Lareau, American sociologist
 * Ralph Larkin, American sociologist
 * Scott Lash, American sociologist
 * Harold Lasswell, American political sociologist
 * Bruno Latour (born 1947), French sociologist of science
 * Pat Lauderdale, American sociologist
 * Peter Lavrovich Lavrov, Russian sociologist
 * John Law, British sociologist
 * Paul F. Lazarsfeld (1901–1976), Austrian/American sociologist
 * Gustave Le Bon (1841–1931), French social psychologist
 * Frederic Le Play, early French sociologist
 * Anna Leander, Danish sociologist
 * Emil Lederer, German sociologist
 * Henri Lefebvre (1901–1991), French Marxist philosopher
 * Enrique Leff, Mexican sociologist
 * Charles Lemert (born 1937), American sociologist
 * Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary and intellectual
 * Gerhard Lenski, American evolutionary sociologist
 * Magdalena León de Leal (born 1939), Colombian sociologist
 * Wolf Lepenies, German sociologist
 * Yuri Levada, Russian sociologist
 * John Levi Martin, American sociologist
 * Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009), French anthropologist
 * Jack Levin (born 1941), American sociologist/criminologist
 * Barry B. Levine (1941–2020), American sociologist
 * Peggy Levitt, American sociologist
 * Ruth Levitas, British sociologist
 * Daniel Levy, German-American sociologist
 * Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1857–1939), French philosopher, sociologist, and ethnographer
 * Kurt Lewin, German social psychologist
 * Loet Leydesdorff, Dutch sociologist
 * Li Yinhe (born 1952), Chinese sociologist, sexologist, and activist
 * Stanley Lieberson, American sociologist
 * Nan Lin, American sociologist
 * Alfred R. Lindesmith (1905–1991), American sociologist of drug policy
 * Frederick B. Lindstrom (1915–1998), American sociologist of the arts
 * Juan José Linz, Spanish sociologist
 * Gilles Lipovetsky, French philosopher
 * Seymour Martin Lipset (1922–2006), American comparativist sociologist
 * Allen Liska, American sociologist
 * Daniel Little, American philosopher and sociologist
 * Émile Littré, French philosopher and sociologist, disciple of Comte
 * Omar Lizardo, American sociologist
 * John Locke, English philosopher
 * David Lockwood, British sociologist
 * Joseph Lopreato, American sociologist
 * Martina Löw, German sociologist
 * Leo Löwenthal, German sociologist
 * Michael Löwy, Brazilian-French sociologist
 * Nathalie Luca (born 1966), French sociologist
 * Thomas Luckmann (1927–2016), German sociologist
 * Anthony Ludovici (1882–1971), British conservative sociologist and philosopher
 * Niklas Luhmann (1927–1998), German sociologist (systems theory)
 * György Lukács, Hungarian philosopher
 * Steven Lukes, British social theorist
 * George Lundberg (1895–1966), American sociologist (scientific)
 * Rosa Luxemburg (1870–1919), German socialist theoretician
 * Robert Staughton Lynd (1892–1970), American sociologist
 * David Lyon, British sociologist
 * Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998), French philosopher

M

 * Amin Maalouf, Lebanese author with a degree in sociology
 * Richard Machalek (born 1946), American sociologist and sociobiologist
 * Robert Morrison MacIver (1882–1970), Scottish/American sociologist
 * Donald A. MacKenzie, British sociologist
 * Annie Marion MacLean (1869–1934), Canadian-American applied sociologist
 * Michel Maffesoli, French sociologist
 * Henry Maine (1822–1888), British jurist and legal historian
 * Sinisa Malesevic (born 1969), Irish political and historical sociologist
 * Bronisław Malinowski (1884–1942), Polish social anthropologist
 * Thomas Malthus (1766–1834), English demographer
 * Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Brazilian social theorist
 * Michael Mann (born 1942), British/American sociologist
 * Karl Mannheim (1893–1947), Hungarian/German sociologist
 * Peter K. Manning (born 1940), American sociologist
 * José María Maravall, Spanish sociologist
 * Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979), German/American sociologist (Frankfurt School)
 * Ruy Mauro Marini, Brazilian sociologist
 * Władysław Markiewicz (1920–2017), Polish sociologist
 * Catherine Marry, French sociologist
 * Dennis Marsden, British sociologist
 * Alfred Marshall, English economist
 * Thomas Humphrey Marshall, British sociologist
 * Everett Dean Martin, American sociologist
 * Jean Martin, Australian sociologist
 * John Levi Martin, American sociologist
 * Harriet Martineau (1802–1876), English writer described as 'first female sociologist'
 * Alberto Martinelli, Italian sociologist
 * Vladimir Martynenko (born 1957), Russian sociologist, economist, political scientist
 * Margaret Maruani (born 1954), Tunisian-French sociologist
 * Gary T. Marx, American sociologist
 * Karl Marx (1818–1883), German political philosopher, social theorist
 * Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Czech sociologist
 * Douglas Massey, American sociologist
 * Brian Massumi, Canadian social theorist
 * Humberto Maturana, Chilean biologist and sociologist of knowledge
 * Marcel Mauss (1872–1950), French sociologist
 * Carl R May (born 1961), British medical sociologist
 * Claire Maxwell (born 1975), German-Australian sociologist
 * Renate Mayntz, German sociologist
 * Doug McAdam, American sociologist
 * Fayette Avery McKenzie (1872–1957), American sociologist
 * Robert McKenzie (1917–1981), Canadian Politics professor and psephologist
 * Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980), Canadian educator, philosopher, and scholar
 * George Herbert Mead (1863–1931), American philosopher and social psychologist
 * Margaret Mead (1901–1978), American cultural anthropologist
 * Cecilia Menjívar, Salvadoran-American sociologist
 * Stephen Mennell (born 1944), English sociologist
 * Fatema Mernissi (1940–2015), Moroccan feminist writer and sociologist
 * Robert K. Merton (1910–2003), American sociologist
 * Michael Messner (born 1952), American pro-feminist sociologist
 * John W. Meyer, American sociologist
 * Robert Michels (1876–1936), Italian-German political sociologist
 * Maria Mies, German sociologist
 * Ralph Miliband, British sociologist
 * C. Wright Mills (1916–1962), American sociologist
 * Andrew Milner (born 1950), British-Australian sociologist of literature
 * Ann Mische, American sociologist
 * Munesuke Mita, Japanese sociologist
 * J. Clyde Mitchell (1918–1995), British social anthropologist
 * Shinji Miyadai (born 1959), Japanese sociologist
 * Tariq Modood, British sociologist
 * Abraham Moles (1920–1992), French sociologist, psychologist, and engineer
 * Andres Molina Enriquez, Mexican sociologist
 * Montesquieu, French philosopher
 * James D. Montgomery, American economist and mathematical sociologist
 * Barrington Moore, Jr., American political sociologist
 * Jacob L. Moreno, Romanian-American psychosociologist, founder of sociometry
 * Edgar Morin, French sociologist
 * Aldon Morris, American sociologist
 * Gaetano Mosca (1858–1941), Italian political and social scientist
 * Serge Moscovici, French psychologist and major influence in the study of social representations and social movements
 * Chantal Mouffe, Belgian post-Marxist theorist
 * Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1927–2003), American sociologist, diplomat and politician
 * Radhakamal Mukerjee, Indian sociologist
 * Lewis Mumford, American sociologist
 * Peter A. Munch (1908–1984), Norwegian/American sociologist
 * Richard Münch, German sociologist
 * Charles Murray (born 1943), American sociologist
 * Alva Myrdal, Swedish sociologist
 * Gunnar Myrdal (1898–1987), Swedish economist, sociologist, and politician

N

 * Ashis Nandy, Indian sociologist
 * Vicenç Navarro, Spanish sociologist
 * Victor Nee, American sociologist
 * Antonio Negri, Italian political philosopher and critic of Luhmann
 * Oswald von Nell-Breuning (1890–1991), German Roman Catholic theologian, sociologist and social reformer
 * Otto Neurath (1882–1945), Austrian sociologist and political economist
 * Otto Newman (born Neumann 1922–2015), Austrian-British sociologist
 * Norman H. Nie (1943–2015), Inventor of SPSS
 * Robert Nisbet (1913–1996), American sociologist
 * Helga Nowotny (born 1937), Austrian sociologist

O

 * Ann Oakley, British sociologist
 * Claus Offe (born 1940), German sociologist
 * William F. Ogburn (1886–1959), American sociologist
 * Lloyd Ohlin (1918–2008), American sociologist
 * Orlandina de Oliveira, Brazilian-Mexican sociologist
 * Michael Omi, American sociologist
 * Gail Omvedt (1941–2021), American/Indian sociologist
 * T. K. Oommen, Indian sociologist
 * Franz Oppenheimer (1864–1943), German sociologist and political economist
 * José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955), Spanish philosopher
 * Stanislaw Ossowski (1897–1963), Polish sociologist
 * Dag Østerberg, Norwegian sociologist
 * Moisey Ostrogorsky (1853–1921), Russian sociologist

P

 * Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Italian economist and sociologist
 * Robert E. Park (1864–1944), American sociologist
 * Frank Parkin, British sociologist
 * Talcott Parsons (1902–1979), American sociologist
 * C.J. Pascoe, American sociologist
 * Jean-Claude Passeron, French sociologist
 * Bindeshwar Pathak (born 1943), Indian sociologist
 * Orlando Patterson, Jamaican-American sociologist
 * Karl Pearson (1857–1936), English statistician
 * Willie Pearson Jr, American sociologist
 * Jacqueline Peschard (1965), Mexican sociologist
 * James Petras, American sociologist
 * Jean Piaget (1896–1980), Swiss developmental psychologist
 * Andrew Pickering, British sociologist
 * Trevor Pinch, British sociologist
 * Alessandro Pizzorno, Italian sociologist
 * Michael Plekon, American sociologist
 * Helmuth Plessner, German sociologist
 * Geoffrey Pleyers, Belgian sociologist
 * Joel M. Podolny, American sociologist
 * Karl Polanyi, Hungarian economist
 * Friedrich Pollock, German social scientist
 * Heinrich Popitz, German sociologist
 * Karl Popper, Austrian philosopher
 * Juan Carlos Portantiero, Argentinian sociologist
 * John Porter (1921–1979), Canadian sociologist
 * Alejandro Portes, Cuban-American sociologist
 * Adam Possamai, Belgian Born Sociologist
 * Nicos Poulantzas (1936–1979), Greek political sociologist
 * Émile Poulat, French historian and sociologist
 * Walter W. Powell, American sociologist
 * Ricardo Pozas Arciniega, Mexican sociologist and anthropologist
 * Suzana Prates (1940-1988), Brazilian feminist sociologist and academic
 * Anette Prehn, Danish sociologist
 * Harriet B. Presser (died 2012), American sociologist and demographer
 * Samuel H. Preston, American demographer and sociologist
 * Ilya Prigogine, Belgian chemist, main contribution to sociology is dissipative structures theory
 * Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), French utopian socialist thinker
 * Adam Przeworski, Polish political sociologist
 * Jade Puget (born 1973), American musician
 * Robert Putnam (born 1941), American political scientist

Q

 * Sigrid Quack, German sociologist
 * Enrico Quarantelli (1924–2017), American sociologist
 * Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874), French statistician and sociologist
 * Anibal Quijano (1930–2017), Peruvian sociologist
 * Richard Quinney (born 1934), American sociologist

R

 * Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown (1881–1955), British social anthropologist
 * Charles C. Ragin, American sociologist
 * Gustav Ratzenhofer, Austrian sociologist
 * Stephen Raudenbush, American sociologist and statistician
 * Aviad Raz (born 1968), Israeli sociologist and anthropologist
 * Mark Regnerus, American sociologist
 * Juliette Rennes (born 1976), French sociologist
 * Sal Restivo, American sociologist
 * John Rex (1925–2011), British sociologist
 * James Mahmud Rice (born 1972), Australian sociologist
 * Paul Ricoeur, French philosopher
 * Cecilia L. Ridgeway, American sociologist
 * David Riesman, American sociologist
 * George Ritzer (born 1940), American sociologist
 * Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, Bolivian sociologist
 * Roland Robertson, British sociologist
 * William I. Robinson, American sociologist
 * Guy Rocher, Canadian sociologist
 * Terje Rød-Larsen (born 1947), Norwegian diplomat and sociologist
 * Jesús M. de Miguel Rodríguez (born 1947), Spanish sociologist
 * Stein Rokkan, Norwegian sociologist
 * Hartmut Rosa, German sociologist
 * Arnold Marshall Rose, American sociologist
 * Gillian Rose, British sociologist
 * Nikolas Rose, British sociologist
 * Paul Rosenfels (1909–1985), American psychologist and sociologist
 * Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888–1973), German social philosopher
 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher
 * Peter H. Rossi, American sociologist
 * Guenther Roth, German-American sociologist
 * Rubén G. Rumbaut, Cuban-American sociologist
 * W. G. Runciman, British sociologist
 * Arne Runeberg (1912–1979), Finnish sociologist, anthropologist and linguist

S

 * Harvey Sacks (died 1975), American sociologist and ethnomethodologist
 * Renaud Sainsaulieu (1936–2002), French sociologist concerned with the sociology of organizations
 * Henri de Saint-Simon (1760–1825), French philosopher and social thinker
 * Patricia Salas O'Brien (born 1958), Peruvian sociologist and Minister of Education
 * Robert J. Sampson, American sociologist
 * Pierre Sansot, French sociologist
 * Abdelmalek Sayad, Egyptian-French sociologist
 * Andrew Sayer, British sociologist
 * Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Portuguese sociologist
 * Giovanni Sartori (1924–2017), Italian political scientist
 * Saskia Sassen (born 1949), American sociologist
 * Peter Saunders, Australian sociologist
 * Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), Swiss linguist (structuralism)
 * Albert Schäffle, German sociologist
 * Thomas J. Scheff, American sociologist
 * Emanuel Schegloff, American sociologist
 * Max Scheler, German philosopher and founder of the sociology of knowledge
 * Helmut Schelsky (1912–1984), German sociologist
 * Juraj Schenk (born 1948), Slovak sociologist
 * Herbert Schiller, American sociologist
 * Kurt C. Schlichting, American sociologist
 * Wolfgang Schluchter, German sociologist
 * Sylvia Schmelkes, Mexican sociologist
 * Paul Schnabel, Dutch sociologist
 * Allan Schnaiberg (1939–2009), American environmental sociologist
 * Juliet Schor, American sociologist
 * Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883–1950), Austrian economist
 * Alfred Schütz (1899–1959), Austrian philosopher and sociologist (phenomenology)
 * Michael Schwartz (born 1942), American sociologist
 * John Scott (born 1949), British sociologist
 * Sue Scott, British sociologist
 * Leonard Seabrooke, Australian sociologist
 * Jean Séguy, French sociologist of religions (1925–2007)
 * Steven Seidman, American sociologist
 * Pınar Selek, Turkish sociologist
 * Philip Selznick, American sociologist
 * Amartya Sen, Indian economist influential in the sociology of development
 * Richard Sennett (born 1943), American sociologist and public figure
 * Perla Serfaty (born 1944), Moroccan-born French and Canadian academic, sociologist, psychosociologist, writer
 * William H. Sewell, American sociologist
 * Steven Shapin, American sociologist
 * Jeremy J. Shapiro, American sociologist
 * Ali Shariati (1933–1977), Iranian sociologist and writer
 * Tamotsu Shibutani, Japanese-American sociologist
 * Bahija Ahmed Shihab (1932–2012), Iraqi sociologist and professor
 * Edward Shils, American sociologist
 * Anson Shupe, American sociologist
 * Volkmar Sigusch, German sociologist and sexuologe
 * Charles E. Silberman, American criminologist
 * Beverly J. Silver, American sociologist
 * François Simiand, French sociologist
 * Georg Simmel (1858–1918), German sociologist and philosopher
 * Herbert A. Simon, American social scientist
 * Theda Skocpol (born 1947), American sociologist and political scientist
 * Albion Woodbury Small (1854–1926), American sociologist
 * Neil Smelser, American sociologist
 * Adam Smith (1723–1790), Scottish economist and philosopher
 * Christian Smith (born 1960), American sociologist of religion
 * Dorothy E. Smith (born 1926), British/American sociologist and gender theorist
 * Stephen C. Smith (born 1968), American sociologist and 21st century trend researcher
 * Tom Snijders, Dutch mathematical sociologist
 * David A. Snow (born 1942), American sociologist
 * Werner Sombart (1863–1941), German economist and sociologist
 * Georges Sorel, French philosopher
 * Aage B. Sørensen, Danish-American sociologist
 * Bernardo Sorj (born 1948), Brazilian sociologist
 * Pitirim Sorokin (1889–1968), Russian sociologist
 * Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), English philosopher
 * Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), German philosopher
 * Lynette Spillman, American sociologist
 * Hasso Spode, German sociologist and historian
 * M N Srinivas (1916–1999), Indian sociologist
 * Susan Star, American sociologist
 * Carl Nicolai Starcke, Danish sociologist
 * David C. Stark, American sociologist
 * Rodney Stark, American sociologist
 * Paul Starr, American sociologist
 * Rodolfo Stavenhagen, Mexican anthropologist and sociologist
 * George Steinmetz, American sociologist
 * Ana María Díaz Stevens, Puerto Rican-American sociologist
 * Samuel A. Stouffer, American sociologist
 * Anselm L. Strauss (1916–1996), American sociologist
 * Wolfgang Streeck, German sociologist
 * Sheldon Stryker, American sociologist
 * Lucy Suchman, American sociologist
 * Mark Suchman, American sociologist
 * Thomas Sugrue, American historian and sociologist
 * William Graham Sumner (1840–1910), American sociologist
 * Eilert Sundt (1817–1875), Norwegian sociologist
 * Edwin Sutherland (1893–1950), American criminologist
 * Maristella Svampa, Argentinian sociologist
 * Ian Svenonius, American cultural sociologist
 * Richard Swedberg, Swedish sociologist
 * Ann Swidler, American sociologist
 * Jan Szczepanski (1913–2004), Polish sociologist
 * Iván Szelényi, Hungarian-American sociologist
 * Piotr Sztompka (born 1944), Polish sociologist

T

 * Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893), French positivist historian and critic
 * Yasuma Takada (1883–1972), Japanese sociologist
 * Salim Tamari, Palestinian historical sociologist
 * Lisa Taraki, Palestinian sociologist
 * Alexander Tarasov, Russian sociologist
 * Gabriel Tarde (1843–1904), French sociologist and social psychologist
 * Sidney Tarrow, American sociologist
 * R. H. Tawney (1880–1962), English ethical socialist
 * Dorceta Taylor, American environmental sociologist
 * Ian Taylor (1944–2001), English sociologist and criminologist
 * Laurie Taylor (born 1936), English sociologist and broadcaster
 * Göran Therborn, Swedish-British sociologist
 * W. I. Thomas (1863–1947), American social psychologist
 * E. P. Thompson (1924–1993), British socialist historian
 * John Thompson (1979–2021), British sociologist of culture and media
 * Sarah Thornton (born 1965), Canadian sociologist, writer, and ethnographer
 * Ole Thyssen, Danish sociologist
 * Marta Tienda, American sociologist
 * Charles Tilly (1929–2008), American sociologist
 * Nicholas Timasheff (1886–1970), Russian sociologist
 * Valery Tishkov (born 1941), Russian ethnologist and sociologist
 * Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859), French essayist and political analyst
 * Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936), German philosopher and founder of German sociology
 * Alain Touraine (1925–2023), French sociologist
 * Peter Townsend (1928–2009), British sociologist
 * Judith Treas, American sociologist
 * Renato Treves (1907–1992), Italian sociologist
 * Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923), German sociologist and philosopher
 * Zeynep Tufekci, Turkish-American sociologist
 * Raimo Tuomela (1940–2020), Finnish philosopher and social theorist
 * Sherry Turkle, American sociologist
 * Bryan S. Turner, British sociologist
 * Jonathan H. Turner, American social theorist
 * Stephen Park Turner, American sociologist
 * France Winddance Twine (born 1960), American sociologist and ethnographer

U

 * John Urry (1946–2016), British sociologist

V

 * Mariana Valverde, Canadian sociologist
 * Francisco Varela (1946–2001), Chilean biologist and philosopher
 * Aninhalli Vasavi (born 1958), Indian sociologist
 * Diane Vaughan, American sociologist
 * Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), American sociologist and economist
 * Ruut Veenhoven, Dutch sociologist
 * Calvin Veltman (born 1941), Canadian sociologist, demographer and sociolinguist
 * Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh, American sociologist
 * Eliseo Verón, Argentinian sociologist
 * Alfred Vierkandt (1867–1953), German sociologist
 * George Edgar Vincent (1864–1941), American sociologist
 * Paul Virilio (1932–2018), French philosopher and social theorist
 * Shiv Visvanathan, Indian sociologist and social scientist

W

 * Loïc Wacquant, French sociologist
 * Peter Wagner, German sociologist and social theorist
 * Judy Wajcman, British sociologist
 * Sylvia Walby, British sociologist
 * Immanuel Wallerstein (1930–2019), American sociologist and historian
 * Margit Warburg, Danish sociologist
 * Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913), founder of American sociology
 * Vron Ware, British educator and journalist
 * Mary C. Waters, American sociologist
 * Duncan Watts, American mathematical sociologist and network theorist
 * Emile Waxweiler (1867–1916), Belgian sociologist
 * Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), British socialist and social theorist
 * Sidney Webb (1859–1947), British socialist and social theorist
 * Alfred Weber (1868–1958), German sociologist
 * Marianne Weber (1870–1954), German sociologist
 * Max Weber (1864–1920), German sociologist
 * Frank Webster (born 1950), British sociologist
 * Margaret Weir, sociologist and political scientist
 * Barry Wellman (born 1942), Canadian/American sociologist
 * Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862–1931), American sociologist, journalist, social worker
 * John Westergaard (1931–2003), British sociologist
 * Edvard Westermarck (1862–1939), Finnish sociologist and philosopher
 * Nathan Whetten (1900–1984), American sociologist and academic administrator
 * Douglas R. White (1942–2021), American mathematical sociologist and anthropologist
 * Harrison White, American sociologist
 * William Foote Whyte (1914–2000), American sociologist
 * William H. Whyte (1917–1999), American sociologist, journalist and peoplewatcher
 * Saskia Wieringa (born in 1950), Dutch sociologist and professor
 * Leopold von Wiese (1876–1969), German sociologist
 * Michel Wieviorka (born 1946), French sociologist
 * Jean-Paul Willaime (born 1947), French sociologist of religions
 * Sidney M. Willhelm (1934–2018), American sociologist, author
 * Raymond Williams (1921–1988), British sociologist, novelist, and critic
 * Paul Willis (born 1945), British sociologist and social scientist
 * Helmut Willke, German sociologist
 * William Julius Wilson (born 1935), American sociologist
 * Howard Winant, American sociologist
 * Christopher Winship, American sociologist
 * Louis Wirth (1897–1952), German/American sociologist
 * Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski (1944–2015), Polish sociologist
 * José Woldenberg, Mexican sociologist
 * Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797), British social reformer
 * Steve Woolgar, British sociologist
 * Monroe Work (1866–1945), American sociologist
 * Erik Olin Wright (1947–2019), American sociologist
 * Robert Wuthnow, American sociologist

Y

 * Lewis Yablonsky (1924–2014), American sociologist
 * Kazuo Yamaguchi, Japanese sociologist, Department of Sociology, University of Chicago
 * Masahiro Yamada, Japanese sociologist
 * Hajar Yazdiha, American sociologist
 * John Milton Yinger (1916–2011), American sociologist, president of the American Sociological Association 1976–1977
 * Paul Yonnet (1948–2011), French sociologist
 * Michael Young (1915–2002), British sociologist and Labour politician

Z

 * Benjamin Zablocki (1941–2020), American sociologist and social psychologist
 * Mayer Zald (1931–2012), American sociologist
 * Tatyana Zaslavskaya (1927–2013), Russian sociologist
 * René Zavaleta Mercado (1935–1984), Bolivian sociologist
 * Hans Zeisel, Austrian-American sociologist
 * Viviana Zelizer, American sociologist
 * Eviatar Zerubavel, American cognitive sociologist
 * Jean Ziegler (born 1934), Swiss sociologist
 * Carle C. Zimmerman, American sociologist
 * Florian Znaniecki (1882–1958), Polish/American sociologist
 * Irving Zola (1935–1994), American medical sociologist and disability rights activist
 * Tukufu Zuberi, American sociologist
 * Harriet Zuckerman, American sociologist, specializes in science
 * Sharon Zukin, American sociologist
 * Phil Zuckerman, American sociologist

title: List of sociologists


text:
Kruder & Dorfmeister

Kruder & Dorfmeister, named after members Peter Kruder and Richard Dorfmeister, is an Austrian duo, known for their trip hop/downtempo remixes of pop, hip hop and drum and bass songs.

Career
In 1993, they released their first EP G-Stoned featuring the hypnotic "High Noon" and a cover resembling Simon & Garfunkel's Bookends to critical acclaim especially from the UK. Gilles Peterson played the track at first on his BBC show Worldwide.

In 2007, the duo were commissioned by Nokia to create a set of ringtones and sounds for its luxury Nokia 8800 Arte and Nokia 8800 Sapphire Arte phones.

2010 marked the 16th anniversary of Kruder & Dorfmeister and their record label G-Stone Recordings which resulted in the release of the Sixteen F**king Years Of G-Stone Recordings compilation and the development of the K&D Sessions Live show. The show included visuals by longtime G-Stone VJ collaborator Fritz Fitzke and MC performances by Earl Zinger and MC Ras T-Weed. With performances at The Big Chill, Berlin Festival and other large festivals, the K&D Sessions Live show became successful and a world tour ensued.

Discography

 * 1993 – G-Stoned (EP, G-Stone Recordings)
 * 1996 – Conversions: A K&D Selection (Spray Records/Shadow Records)
 * 1996 – DJ-Kicks: Kruder & Dorfmeister (Studio !K7)
 * 1996 – Black Baby (EP, !K7)
 * 1998 – The K&D Sessions (!K7)
 * 2002 – G-Stone Book (Label compilation)
 * 2008 – Shakatakadoodub (EP, G-Stone, online only)
 * 2010 – Sixteen F**king Years Of G-Stone Recordings (Label compilation)
 * 2013 – Akte Grüninger, sound by Richard Dorfmeister
 * 2020 – Johnson
 * 2020 – 1995

Aliases

 * Tosca (Dorfmeister with Rupert Huber)
 * Discography

 * Peace Orchestra (Kruder)
 * 1999 – Peace Orchestra (G-Stone)
 * 2002 – Reset (G-Stone/Studio !K7)

 * Richard Dorfmeister vs. Madrid de los Austrias (Heinz Tronigger & Michael "Pogo" Kreiner)
 * 2004 – Valldemossa (Sunshine Enterprises)
 * 2006 – "Boogie No More" (EP, Net's Work International)
 * 2006 – Grand Slam (G-Stone)
 * 2006 – "Valldemossa Remixed" (EP, Sunshine Enterprises)

 * Voom:Voom (Kruder with Christian Prommer and Roland Appel)
 * 2000 – "Poppen / Influenza" (EP, Compost Records)
 * 2001 – "Ginger & Fred / Influenza Forte" (EP, Compost)
 * 2003 – "Baby 3" (EP, Compost)
 * 2006 – PengPeng (Studio !K7)

title: Kruder & Dorfmeister