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Tectonics

Tectonics are the processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time.

These processes include those of mountain-building, the growth and behavior of the strong, old cores of continents known as cratons, and the ways in which the relatively rigid plates that constitute the Earth's outer shell interact with each other. Principles of tectonics also provide a framework for understanding the earthquake and volcanic belts that directly affect much of the global population.

Tectonic studies are important as guides for economic geologists searching for fossil fuels and ore deposits of metallic and nonmetallic resources. An understanding of tectonic principles can help geomorphologists to explain erosion patterns and other Earth-surface features.

Extensional tectonics
Extensional tectonics is associated with the stretching and thinning of the crust or the lithosphere. This type of tectonics is found at divergent plate boundaries, in continental rifts, during and after a period of continental collision caused by the lateral spreading of the thickened crust formed, at releasing bends in strike-slip faults, in back-arc basins, and on the continental end of passive margin sequences where a detachment layer is present.

Thrust (contractional) tectonics
Thrust tectonics is associated with the shortening and thickening of the crust, or the lithosphere. This type of tectonics is found at zones of continental collision, at restraining bends in strike-slip faults, and at the oceanward part of passive margin sequences where a detachment layer is present.

Strike-slip tectonics

Strike-slip tectonics is associated with the relative lateral movement of parts of the crust or the lithosphere. This type of tectonics is found along oceanic and continental transform faults which connect offset segments of mid-ocean ridges. Strike-slip tectonics also occurs at lateral offsets in extensional and thrust fault systems. In areas involved with plate collisions strike-slip deformation occurs in the over-riding plate in zones of oblique collision and accommodates deformation in the foreland to a collisional belt.

Plate tectonics

In plate tectonics, the outermost part of the Earth known as the lithosphere (the crust and uppermost mantle) act as a single mechanical layer. The lithosphere is divided into separate "plates" that move relative to each other on the underlying, relatively weak asthenosphere in a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from the Earth's interior. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, where plates move apart from each other and new lithosphere is formed in the process of sea-floor spreading; transform, where plates slide past each other, and convergent, where plates converge and lithosphere is "consumed" by the process of subduction. Convergent and transform boundaries are responsible for most of the world's major (Mw > 7) earthquakes. Convergent and divergent boundaries are also the site of most of the world's volcanoes, such as around the Pacific Ring of Fire. Most of the deformation in the lithosphere is related to the interaction between plates at or near plate boundaries. The latest studies, based on the integration of available geological data, and satellite imagery and Gravimetric and magnetic anomaly datasets have shown that the crust of the Earth is dissected by thousands of different types of tectonic elements which define the subdivision into numerous smaller microplates which have amalgamated into the larger Plates.

Salt tectonics
Salt tectonics is concerned with the structural geometries and deformation processes associated with the presence of significant thicknesses of rock salt within a sequence of rocks. This is due both to the low density of salt, which does not increase with burial, and its low strength.

Neotectonics
Neotectonics is the study of the motions and deformations of the Earth's crust (geological and geomorphological processes) that are current or recent in geological time. The term may also refer to the motions and deformations themselves. The corresponding time frame is referred to as the neotectonic period. Accordingly, the preceding time is referred to as palaeotectonic period.

Tectonophysics
Tectonophysics is the study of the physical processes associated with deformation of the crust and mantle from the scale of individual mineral grains up to that of tectonic plates.

Seismotectonics
Seismotectonics is the study of the relationship between earthquakes, active tectonics, and individual faults in a region. It seeks to understand which faults are responsible for seismic activity in an area by analysing a combination of regional tectonics, recent instrumentally recorded events, accounts of historical earthquakes, and geomorphological evidence. This information can then be used to quantify the seismic hazard of an area.

Impact tectonics
Impact tectonics is the study of modification of the lithosphere through high velocity impact cratering events.

Planetary tectonics
Techniques used in the analysis of tectonics on Earth have also been applied to the study of the planets and their moons.

title: Tectonics


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New class

New class is a polemic term by critics of countries that followed the Soviet-type state socialism to describe the privileged ruling class of bureaucrats and Communist party functionaries which arose in these states. Generally, the group known in the Soviet Union as the nomenklatura conforms to the theory of the new class. The term was earlier applied to other emerging strata of the society. Milovan Đilas' new-class theory was also used extensively by anti-communist commentators in the Western world in their criticism of the Communist states during the Cold War.

Red bourgeoisie is a pejorative synonym for the term new class, crafted by leftist critics and movements like the 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade. New class is also used as a term in late 1960s post-industrial sociology.

Milovan Đilas' analysis
A theory of the new class was developed by Milovan Đilas the Vice President of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under Josip Broz Tito, who participated with Tito in the Yugoslav People's Liberation War but was later purged by him as Đilas began to advocate democratic and egalitarian ideals, which he believed were more in line with the way socialism and communism should look like. There were also personal antagonisms between the two men, and Tito felt Đilas undermined his leadership. The theory of the new class can be considered to oppose the theories of certain ruling Communists, such as Joseph Stalin, who argued that their revolutions and/or social reforms would result in the extinction of any ruling class as such. It was Đilas' observation as a member of a Communist government that Party members stepped into the role of ruling class, a problem which he believed should be corrected through revolution. Đilas' completed his primary work on his new class theory in the mid-1950s. While Đilas was in prison, it was published in 1957 in the West under the title The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System.

Đilas posited that the new class' specific relationship to the means of production was one of collective political control, and that the new class' property form was political control. For Đilas, the new class not only seeks expanded material reproduction to politically justify its existence to the working class but also seeks expanded reproduction of political control as a form of property in itself. This can be compared to the capitalist who seeks expanded value through increased sharemarket values, even though the sharemarket itself does not necessarily reflect an increase in the value of commodities produced. Đilas used this argument about property forms to indicate why the new class sought parades, marches and spectacles despite this activity lowering the levels of material productivity. Đilas proposed that the new class only slowly came to self-consciousness of itself as a class. On arriving at a full self-consciousness the initial project undertaken would be massive industrialisation in order to cement the external security of the new class' rule against foreign or alternative ruling classes. In Đilas' schema, this approximated the 1930s and 1940s in the Soviet Union. As the new class suborns all other interests to its own security during this period, it freely executes and purges its own members in order to achieve its major goal of security as a ruling class. After security has been achieved, the new class pursues a policy of moderation towards its own members, effectively granting material rewards and freedom of thought and action within the new class, so long as this freedom is not used to undermine the rule of the new class. Đilas identified this period as the period of Khrushchev's government in the Soviet Union. Due to the emergence of conflicts of policy within the new class, the potential for palace coups, or populist revolutions is possible, as experienced in Poland and Hungary, respectively. Finally, Đilas predicted a period of economic decline, as the political future of the new class was consolidated around a staid programme of corruption and self-interest at the expense of other social classes. This can be interpreted as a prediction of the Leonid Brezhnev so-called Era of Stagnation by Đilas. Đilas also heavily criticized Soviet imperialist practices for violating the national sovereignty of Eastern European countries and the unequal price exchange in trade between the USSR and these republics. He predicted that these countries would desire more sovereignty and independence from the totalitarian communist imperialist system. This can be interpreted as the prediction of Revolutions of 1989. Djilas also predicted that the Titoist resistance of the USSR and the development of national communism would eventually lead to the renounce of communism and the demise of the international communist order as a whole.

While Đilas posited that the new class was a social class with a distinct relationship to the means of production, he did not claim that this new class was associated with a self-sustaining mode of production. This claim, within Marxist theory, argues that the Soviet-style societies must eventually either collapse backwards towards capitalism, or experience a social revolution towards real socialism. This can be seen as a prediction of the downfall of the Soviet Union. Robert D. Kaplan's 1993 book Balkan Ghosts: A Journey through history also contains a discussion with Đilas, who used his model to anticipate many of the events that subsequently came to pass in the former Yugoslavia. Đilas also argues that a communist society has three phases: the revolutionary phase, the dogmatic phase, and the non-dogmatic phase. The new class does not perish despite attempts to moderate communist practices such as Yugoslavia’s workers' self-management or the reversal of Stalinist totalitarian policies of Khrushchev Thaw. Djilas argues these moderations are only concessions of the communist bureaucracy to appease the working class and therefore consolidate their new class rule. Marxists like Ernest Mandel have criticised Djilas for ignoring the existence of a new socio-economic system, which cannot be reconciled with the old class system.

Similarity to other analyses
Mikhail Bakunin had made a point in his International Workingmen's Association debates with Marx in the mid-to-late 19th century of bureaucrats becoming a new oppressive class in socialist states. This idea was repeated after the Russian revolution by anarchists like Peter Kropotkin and Nestor Makhno, as well as some Marxists. In 1911, Robert Michels first proposed the Iron law of oligarchy, which described the development of bureaucratic hierarchies in supposedly egalitarian and democratic socialist parties. It was later repeated by a leader of the Russian Revolution, Leon Trotsky through his theory of degenerated workers state. Mao Zedong also had his own version of this idea developed during the Socialist Education Movement to criticize the Chinese Communist Party under Liu Shaoqi. This wide range of people over the decades had different perspectives on the matter, but there was also a degree of core agreement on this idea.

Đilas' New Class has also been likened to the professional–managerial class seen in advanced capitalist societies. In fact, originating with James Burnham's famous discussion thereof, there is a whole tradition that posits a purportedly very troublesome convergence between especially the Chinese and Western political order along such lines.

John Kenneth Galbraith and post-industrial sociology
Canadian-American economist John Kenneth Galbraith also wrote about a similar phenomenon under capitalism, the emergence of a technocratic layer in The New Industrial State and The Affluent Society. The new-class model as a theory of new social groups in post-industrial societies gained ascendency during the 1970s as social and political scientists noted how new-class groups were shaped by post-material orientations in their pursuit of political and social goals. New-class themes "no longer have a direct relationship to the imperatives of economic security."

Articles

 * Registan (October 1/06) – The "New Class": The Rise and Fall of NGOs in Central Asia. Quotes extensively from a presentation by Laurence Jarvik to the Central Eurasian Studies Society, held the University of Michigan. Founding editor Nathan Hamm was a Peace Corps volunteer in Uzbekistan. Published as "NGOs: A 'New Class' in International Relations" (Orbis, 2007).
 * Mutualist.org – Liberalism & Social Control: The New Class' Will to Power. Most New Class criticism comes explicitly from either the Left or the Right. Rarely does one seem to come from both at once.
 * The New Criterion (October 1999) – Remembering Milovan Đilas
 * The New York Review of Books (December 7/67) – Same Old New Class. A reply by Christopher Lasch

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New class


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Dazed and Confused (Jake Holmes song)

"Dazed and Confused" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Jake Holmes in 1967. Performed in a folk rock-style, he recorded it for his debut album "The Above Ground Sound" of Jake Holmes. Although some concluded that it was about a bad acid trip, Holmes insists the lyrics refer to the effects of a girl's indecision on ending a relationship.

After hearing Holmes perform the song in August 1967, English rock group the Yardbirds reworked it with a new arrangement. It soon became a centerpiece of their tours, several recordings of which have been released, including on Yardbirds '68, produced by guitarist Jimmy Page.

In 1968 "Dazed and Confused", with new lyrics and vocal line, was recorded by Page's new group for their debut album, Led Zeppelin. It became a signature song and concert staple for much of the group's career. Holmes attempted to contact Page in the 1980s regarding the songwriting credit, but received no response. In 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit and the matter was settled out of court, with the credit on Led Zeppelin releases being changed to "Jimmy Page, inspired by Jake Holmes".

Background and composition
Jake Holmes began his music career in the early 1960s, and recorded and performed with several different groups. He was influenced by psychedelic rock and groups such as the Byrds and the Blues Project, and wrote "Dazed and Confused" in a similar style with a blues influence. In early1967, he recorded the song for his debut solo album "The Above Ground Sound" of Jake Holmes, as a trio of acoustic guitar, electric guitar, and bass. On July 10, it was released on the Tower Records label.

The arrangement is a modular dirge in the key of E minor built on a descending chromatic bass line alternating between the 3rd (E-G-F#-F-E) and the 7th (E-D-C#-C-B). Holmes' singing has been described as "pained", and the lyrics ("you're out to get me/you're on the right track") and ("I'm being abused/I'm better off dead"), coupled with the arrangement led some people to think the song was about a bad acid trip. However, Holmes said it was a song about a girl.

In August 1967, Holmes opened for the Yardbirds at a Greenwich Village gig in New York. According to Holmes, "That was the infamous moment of my life when 'Dazed and Confused' fell into the loving arms and hands of Jimmy Page." He was aware of the song appearing on Led Zeppelin's eponymous debut album less than two years later, but did not take any action at the time. In the early 1980s, he wrote to the group and asked for a co-credit, but received no reply.

In June 2010, Holmes sued Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page for copyright infringement, claiming to be the author of "Dazed and Confused" In court documents, he cited a 1967 copyright registration for the song, which was renewed in 1995. On January 17, 2012, the case was "dismissed with prejudice" after the parties reached an undisclosed settlement out of court.

Background
By late 1966, English rock group the Yardbirds had moved away from recording hit singles towards regular touring. In July 1967, they began their second tour of the US as a quartet, with Jimmy Page as the sole guitarist. The group performed at more countercultural venues, such as the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco. Their sets became more varied with extended medleys and featured guitar instrumentals by Page, such as "White Summer" and "Glimpses".

On August 25, 1967, the group headlined at the Village Theater in New York City, with opening acts the Youngbloods and Jake Holmes. Yardbirds drummer Jim McCarty was the only Yardbird to catch Holmes' performance. He liked "Dazed and Confused" and bought the album the next day, subsequently playing it to the rest of the band. They reworked the song, focusing the arrangements based on the descending bass line. Page added additional guitar riffs in the middle of the song.

Composition
The Yardbirds began to develop a new arrangement for "Dazed and Confused" while still on tour in the U.S. Holmes' brooding atmosphere and descending bass line were retained, as well as most of the lyrics. Page doubled the bass line, echoing Holmes' live performances with two acoustic guitarists. However, propelled by drums and an overdriven Fender Telecaster, the song quickly took on a new, distinctly non-folk sound.

Singer Keith Relf initially followed Holmes' verses, but later often changed the order or mixed lines from different verses. Led Zeppelin biographer Mick Wall feels that Relf only "slightly altered" the lyrics, while Page biographer Martin Power credits Relf with "writing new lyrics". Yardbirds chronicler Greg Russo describes that gradually the song "moved from Holmes' original lyrics to an alternate set of lyrics that combined words from Jake Holmes and Keith Relf."

The Yardbirds' major innovations were the instrumental breaks and an extended instrumental middle section. Writer-educator Susan Fast describes the breaks, appearing between the verses and after Page's solo, as "a detail that contributes significantly to the drama of the piece, creating enormous tension at the end of each verse before moving on to the next.

It begins with a bowed electric guitar phrasings by Page, answered by vocal and harmonica interjections by Relf. Page attributed the idea of using a violin bow on the guitar to a suggestion from violinist David McCallum, Sr., whom he met in his pre-Yardbirds days as a session musician. The bowed section gives way to Page's riff-laden guitar solo, propelled by a bass ostinato and fast driving 4/4-meter. The song returns to the slow tempo 12/8 verse structure before the coda. The Yardbirds' new arrangement, contributed by the four members, soon amounted to a major reworking of Holmes' original piece. Bassist Chris Dreja later said, "We found it, arranged it and played it. In a way, it was a great epitaph, because we were feeling very dazed and confused about what the hell was going on!"

Performances
"Dazed and Confused" was a regular part of the Yardbirds' performances during their final tours in 1967 and 1968. The song debuted during their short US tour in late 1967, which included a date at the Village Theater. When they returned to England, the group performed a nine-minute version in January 1968, around the time the full quartet recorded their last single, "Think About It". On March 5–6, the Yardbirds performed "Dazed and Confused" for BBC Radio. In his Led Zeppelin biography When Giants Walked the Earth, Wall notes that the relatively concise 5:48 version "sounds almost identical musically to the number Page would take credit for on the first Zeppelin album". (Led Zeppelin's studio version lasts 6:28.) Another short (5:46) performance was filmed by French television on March 9 for Bouton Rouge. AllMusic critic Bruce Eder notes it "comes off much better than the official [sic] Anderson Theater version from later the same month."

On March 28, 1968, the Yardbirds returned to New York to begin their final US tour. Before their March 30 concert at the Anderson Theater, representatives from Epic Records, the group's American label, informed them that it was going to be recorded for a live album. The group felt that it was not sufficiently prepared, but proceeded, with "Dazed and Confused" as their third number. Disappointed with the playbacks, the Yardbirds rejected any idea of releasing the recordings as a live album. However, after Page's rise to fame in Led Zeppelin, Epic released the album in 1971, with "Dazed and Confused" retitled "I'm Confused" (with no composer credit or performance rights organization). (Within a week, Page responded with an injunction, which prevented further sales of the album.) Although the recording and the group's performance is a bit rough, in a review Eder singled out the song as "something new, a slow blues as dark, forbidding, and intense as anything that the band ever cut – it showed where Page, if not his band, was heading." In 2017, Page remixed the Anderson Theater recordings and the song (with the correct title) was issued on Yardbirds '68.

Recordings and releases
The Yardbirds never attempted to record the piece in the studio. However, Page used an abbreviated version of his guitar solo from "Dazed and Confused" for the middle-section guitar solo of "Think About It".

Several live recordings of "Dazed and Confused" are in release. If the song was introduced, it was announced as "Dazed and Confused" – it is unknown why Epic re-titled it "I'm Confused".
 * Unknown venue, England (January 1968) – Glimpses 1963–1968, released 2011
 * BBC Radio broadcast, England (March 5–6, 1968) – Glimpses 1963–1968, released 2011
 * Bouton Rouge television broadcast, France (March 9, 1968) – Cumular Limit, released 2000
 * Anderson Theatre, New York City (March 30, 1968) – Live Yardbirds: Featuring Jimmy Page, released 1971, Yardbirds '68 (2017)
 * Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles (May 31 & June 1, 1968) – Last Rave-Up in L.A.

Led Zeppelin
When the Yardbirds disbanded in 1968, Page planned to record the song in the studio with the successor group he had assembled that summer. According to Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones, the first time he heard the song was at the band's first rehearsal session at Gerrard Street in London, in 1968: "Jimmy played us the riffs at the first rehearsal and said, 'This is a number I want us to do'." The future Led Zeppelin recorded their version in October 1968 at Olympic Studios, London, and the song was included on their debut album Led Zeppelin (1969). "Dazed and Confused" was the second song recorded at the Olympic sessions.

The group recorded the song in two takes. Page played a Telecaster and violin bow as he had performed it with the Yardbirds. Singer Robert Plant wrote a new set of bluesier lyrics, according to Page, though Plant is not credited on the album, due to contractual obligations to Chrysalis Records. Plant's vocal is raw and powerful, delivered with "unrelenting passion". Other than the lyrics and vocal, the song remained very similar to that performed by the Yardbirds earlier that year.

As of 2002, the 1969 promotional EP using "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You" as the A-side track and "Dazed and Confused" as B-side had been one of top ten Led Zeppelin music collectibles. A collector Rick Barrett, dedicated to his Led Zeppelin memorabilia, sold several copies of the promo EP for US$300–500 each, "depending on the condition of the sleeve and of the record itself," said Barrett.

In June 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit in US federal court, alleging copyright infringement and naming Page as a co-defendant. The suit was "dismissed with prejudice" on January 17, 2012, after an undisclosed settlement between Page and Holmes was reached out of court in the fall of 2011. Subsequent Led Zeppelin albums, such as Celebration Day (2012) and the remastered and deluxe editions of the group's debut album (2014), expanded the songwriter's credit for "Dazed and Confused" to "By Page – Inspired by Jake Holmes."

Live performances
"Dazed and Confused" was the most regularly performed song by Led Zeppelin, appearing at over 400 concerts. It was played on every tour up to and including their 1975 shows at Earls Court. It was greatly expanded to include more improvisation, including short portions of other songs, and live performances could exceed 30 minutes. It was subsequently removed from their live set, although Page continued to perform parts of the bowed guitar segment during solo spots on subsequent tours, as preludes to "Achilles Last Stand" (1977 tour) and "In the Evening" (Knebworth 1979 and Tour Over Europe 1980). It was part of the group's set at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert on December 10, 2007.

A live version of "Dazed and Confused" recorded July 1973 at New York's Madison Square Garden was featured in the 1976 Led Zeppelin concert film The Song Remains the Same. Other live recordings are found on the following official releases:
 * Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions (1997), two versions from 1969 and 1971.
 * Led Zeppelin DVD (2003), three versions filmed, March 17, 1969 (Gladsaxe Teen Club, Denmark), March 25, 1969 (Staines Studio, London), June 19, 1969 (Olympia Theatre, Paris) and January 9, 1970 (Royal Albert Hall, London)
 * How the West Was Won (2003), recorded June 25, 1972 (LA Forum)
 * Celebration Day (2012), recorded at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute.
 * Led Zeppelin (Deluxe Edition) remastered series (2014), recorded at the Paris Olympia and released as a companion disc to the studio remaster.

Accolades
(*) designates unordered lists

Personnel
According to Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin:
 * Robert Plant – vocals
 * Jimmy Page – guitars, bow
 * John Paul Jones – bass, organ
 * John Bohnam – drums

title: Dazed and Confused (Jake Holmes song)


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Atomization

Atomization refers to breaking bonds in some substance to obtain its constituent atoms in gas phase. By extension, it also means separating something into fine particles, for example: process of breaking bulk liquids into small droplets.

Atomization may also refer to:

Science and technology

 * The making of an aerosol, which is a colloidal suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas
 * An apparatus using an atomizer nozzle
 * Sprays, mists, fogs, clouds, dust clouds and smoke, which appear to be atomized
 * A nebulizer, which is a device used to administer medication in the form of a mist inhaled into the lungs
 * An electronic cigarette atomiser is a component which employs a heating element to vaporize a flavored solution, that may or may not contain nicotine, for inhalation into the lungs
 * The conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components in atomic spectroscopy

Sociology

 * Atomization is frequently used as a synonym for social alienation.

The arts

 * Atomizer (album), a 1986 album by Big Black
 * Atomizer (band), a British synthpop duo
 * Atomised, a 1998 novel by Michel Houellebecq
 * In fiction, the complete disintegration of a targeted object into the atoms which constitute it is accomplished by shooting it with a disintegrator ray

Places

 * Atomizer Geyser, a cone geyser in Yellowstone National Park.

title: Atomization


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User talk:John NRW

Hello John, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and style guide pages are also useful. There is a sandbox which you can use to experiment in. If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. Angela 01:16, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Glad to see you liked my border! Angela

title: User talk:John NRW


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Marine park

A marine park is a designated park consisting of an area of sea (or lake) set aside to achieve ecological sustainability, promote marine awareness and understanding, enable marine recreational activities, and provide benefits for Indigenous peoples and coastal communities. Most marine parks are managed by national governments, and organized like 'watery' national parks, whereas marine protected areas and marine reserves are often managed by a subnational entity or non-governmental organization, such as a conservation authority.

The largest marine park used to be the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia, at 350,000 km² until 2010, when the United Kingdom announced the opening of the Chagos Marine Park or Chagos Archipelago.

Although for many uses it is sufficient to designate the boundaries of the marine park and to inform commercial fishing boats and other maritime enterprises, some parks have gone to additional effort to make their wonders accessible to visitors. These can range from glass-bottomed boats and small submarines, to windowed undersea tubes.

In New Zealand a marine reserve is an area which has a higher degree of legal protection than marine parks for conservation purposes.

In New South Wales, there are planned marine parks which will stretch along the coastline of the entire state.

France and its territories are home to nine marine parks, known as .

Africa

 * Glorioso Islands Marine Natural Park, Glorioso Islands
 * Kisite-Mpunguti Marine National Park, Kenya
 * Mayotte Marine Natural Park, Mayotte

Americas

 * Bonaire National Marine Park, Bonaire
 * Half Moon Caye Natural Monument, Belize
 * Hol Chan Marine Reserve, Belize
 * Montego Bay Marine Park, Jamaica
 * Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park, Brazil
 * Martinique Marine Natural Park, Martinique
 * Saba National Marine Park, Saba

Chile

 * Juan Fernández National Marine Park, Juan Fernández Islands
 * Nazca-Desventuradas National Marine Park, Desventuradas Islands
 * Motu Motiro Hiva National Marine Park, Rapa Nui
 * Cabo de Hornos e Islas Diego Ramírez National Marine Park, Cape Horn
 * Francisco Coloane Marine and Coastal Protected Area, Brunswick Peninsula
 * Islas Damas Conservation Area Reserve
 * Isla Chañaral Conservation Area Reserve, Chañaral Island
 * Putemún Conservation Area Reserve, Chiloé Island
 * Pullinque Conservation Area Reserve, Ancud
 * La Rinconada Conservation Area Reserve, Antofagasta

Canada

 * Fathom Five National Marine Park
 * Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve
 * Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area
 * Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park

Mexico

 * Alto Golfo de California Biosphere Reserve
 * Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park
 * Cabo Pulmo National Park, Mexico
 * San Lorenzo Marine Archipelago National Park

United States

 * Allan H. Treman State Marine Park
 * Dry Tortugas National Park
 * John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
 * Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
 * Biscayne National Park

Cambodia

 * Koh Rong Marine National Park

China

 * Changdao National Marine Park
 * Meizhoudao National Marine Park
 * Weizhou Coral Reef National Park

Hong Kong

 * Marine parks in Hong Kong:
 * Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve
 * Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park
 * Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park
 * Tung Ping Chau Marine Park
 * Yan Chau Tong Marine Park

India

 * Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, Tamil Nadu
 * Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat

Indonesia

 * Karimunjawa National Park, Java
 * Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Java
 * Komodo National Park, Nusa Tenggara
 * Bunaken National Park, Sulawesi
 * Kepulauan Togean National Park, Sulawesi
 * Kepulauan Wakatobi National Park, Sulawesi
 * Taka Bone Rate National Park, Sulawesi
 * Teluk Cenderawasih National Park, Papua

Japan

 * Inubōsaki Marine Park

Malaysia

 * Perhentian Islands
 * Redang Island
 * Pulau Tenggol
 * Tioman Island
 * Pulau Sibu
 * Pulau Pemanggil
 * Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park
 * Tun Mustapha Marine Park
 * Tun Sakaran Marine Park
 * Turtle Islands National Park

Philippines

 * Apo Reef
 * Tubbataha Reef
 * Ocean Adventure

Singapore

 * Sisters' Island Marine Park

Taiwan

 * Dongsha Atoll National Park
 * South Penghu Marine National Park

Thailand

 * Tarutao National Marine Park

Europe

 * Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park, Albania
 * Marine Natural Park of Cap Corse and the Agriate, Cap Corse and the Agriates, Corsica
 * Arcachon Bay Marine Natural Park, Arcachon Bay, France
 * Gironde Estuary and Pertuis Sea Marine Natural Park, western France
 * Gulf of Lion Marine Natural Park, Gulf of Lion, France
 * Iroise Marine Natural Park, Brittany, France
 * Marine Natural Park of the Picardy Estuaries and the Opal Sea, Picardy and Côte d'Opale, France
 * Zakynthos Marine Park, Greece
 * Alonnisos Marine Park, Greece
 * Kosterhavet National Park, Bohuslän, Sweden
 * Ytre Hvaler National Park, Norway
 * Færder National Park, Norway
 * Jomfruland National Park, Norway
 * Raet National Park, Norway
 * Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, Wales
 * Plymouth Sound National Marine Park, England
 * Ponta Do Pargo Marine Natural Park, Madeira, Portugal
 * Cape Girão Marine Natural Park, Madeira, Portugal

High seas
Nearly all existing marine reserves have been set close to shore, mostly in territorial waters. A main reason for this lies in the fragmented nature of maritime governance in international waters, the poor enforcement of existing regulations in the High seas, plus the difficult co-management that would be required of countries often in conflict. How to circumvent such obstacles? In 2011, based on unique biological, geological and oceanographic features, the Mediterranean Science Commission proposed the creation of eight large international, coast-to coast "Marine Peace Parks" in the Mediterranean Sea where no coastal point is farther than 200 nautical miles from waters under another jurisdiction. The trans-frontier structure of such 'Peace' Parks puts this problem aside, encouraging the local Governments involved to join forces in the pursuit of a cause higher than their national interest without prejudice to current national claims.

Greenpeace is campaigning for the "doughnut holes" of the western pacific to be declared as marine reserves. They are also campaigning for 40 percent of the world’s oceans to be protected as marine reserves.

Australian government
The Australian Government manages an estate of marine protected areas (MPA) that are Commonwealth reserves under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).
 * Ashmore Reef Marine National Nature Reserve
 * Cartier Island Marine Reserve
 * Cod Grounds Commonwealth Marine Reserve
 * Coringa-Herald National Nature Reserve
 * Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Nature Reserve
 * Great Australian Bight Commonwealth Marine Reserve
 * Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
 * Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve
 * Kimberley Marine Park
 * Lihou Reef National Nature Reserve (Coral Sea Island Territory)
 * Lord Howe Island Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters)
 * Macquarie Island Marine Park
 * Mermaid Reef Marine National Nature Reserve
 * Ningaloo Marine Park (Commonwealth waters)
 * Solitary Islands Marine Reserve (Commonwealth Waters)
 * South-east Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network

New South Wales

 * Solitary Islands Marine Park

Queensland

 * Moreton Bay Marine Park

South Australia
As of December 2013, the following marine parks have been declared under the Marine Parks Act 2007 (SA) :

 * Eastern Spencer Gulf Marine Park
 * Encounter Marine Park
 * Far West Coast Marine Park
 * Franklin Harbor Marine Park
 * Gambier Islands Group Marine Park
 * Investigator Marine Park
 * Lower South East Marine Park
 * Lower Yorke Peninsula Marine Park
 * Neptune Islands Group Marine Park
 * Nuyts Archipelago Marine Park
 * Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park
 * Southern Kangaroo Island Marine Park
 * Southern Spencer Gulf Marine Park]]
 * Thorny Passage Marine Park
 * Upper Gulf St Vincent Marine Park
 * Upper South East Marine Park
 * Upper Spencer Gulf Marine Park
 * West Coast Bays Marine Park
 * Western Kangaroo Island Marine Park

Victoria
The state of Victoria has protected approximately 5.3% of coastal waters. In June 2002, legislation was passed to establish 13 Marine National Parks and 11 Marine Sanctuaries. Victoria is the first jurisdiction in the world to create an entire system of highly protected Marine National Parks at the same time. Additional areas are listed as Marine Parks or Marine Reserves, which provides a lower level of protection and allows activities such as commercial and recreational fishing.

The marine national parks are:
 * Bunurong Marine National Park
 * Cape Howe Marine National Park
 * Churchill Island Marine National Park
 * Corner Inlet Marine National Park
 * Discovery Bay Marine National Park
 * French Island Marine National Park
 * Ninety Mile Beach Marine National Park
 * Point Addis Marine National Park
 * Point Hicks Marine National Park
 * Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park
 * Twelve Apostles Marine National Park
 * Wilsons Promontory Marine National Park
 * Yaringa Marine National Park

Western Australia
Kimberley region: Gascoyne region:
 * Bardi Jawi Marine Park (proposed), in Bardi Jawi country.
 * Lalang-gaddam Marine Park (in planning stages; formerly Great Kimberley Marine Park), which will cover Dambimangari waters:
 * Lalang-garram / Camden Sound Marine Park
 * Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls Marine Park
 * North Lalang-garram Marine Park
 * Maiyalam Marine Park (gazetted 2020/21), covering the Buccaneer Archipelago
 * North Kimberley Marine Park, in Uunguu waters.
 * Shark Bay Marine Park

Micronesia

 * Enipein Pah, near Pohnpei

New Zealand

 * Hauraki Gulf Marine Park
 * Mimiwhangata Marine Park
 * Tawharanui Marine Park

Papua New Guinea

 * Papua Barrier Reef

title: Marine park


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Lady and the Tramp

Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated musical romance film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Film Distribution. Based on Ward Greene's 1945 Cosmopolitan magazine story "Happy Dan, the Cynical Dog", it was directed by Hamilton Luske, Clyde Geronimi, and Wilfred Jackson. Featuring the voices of Peggy Lee, Barbara Luddy, Larry Roberts, Bill Thompson, Bill Baucom, Stan Freberg, Verna Felton, Alan Reed, George Givot, Dallas McKennon, and Lee Millar, the film follows Lady, the pampered Cocker Spaniel, as she grows from puppy to adult, deals with changes in her family, and meets and falls in love with the homeless mutt Tramp.

Lady and the Tramp was released to theaters on June 22, 1955, to box office success. It was the first animated film to be filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process, as well as Disney's first animated film to be distributed by their Buena Vista division following their split from RKO Radio Pictures. It initially received generally mixed reviews by film critics, but critical reception for the film has been generally positive in modern times.

A direct-to-video sequel, titled Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure, was released in 2001, and a live-action/CGI hybrid remake premiered in 2019 as a launch title for the Disney+ streaming service. In 2023, Lady and the Tramp was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant."

Plot
In 1909, in a small town, "Jim Dear" gives his wife "Darling" a cocker spaniel puppy as a Christmas present. The puppy, named Lady, grows up pampered by her doting owners, and befriends her neighbors' dogs Jock (a Scottie) and Trusty (an elderly Bloodhound). Meanwhile, across town, a stray terrier-mix named Tramp feeds on scraps and handouts, and frees his friends Peg the Pekingese and Bull the Bulldog from the local dogcatcher.

Fleeing the angry dogcatcher, Tramp finds himself in Lady's neighborhood. He overhears a distraught Lady conversing with Jock and Trusty about her owners' suddenly distant behavior towards her. When Jock and Trusty deduce this is because Darling is pregnant, Tramp inserts himself into the conversation as the "voice of experience", and warns Lady that "when a baby moves in, a dog moves out". Annoyed, Jock drives him from the yard. Tramp's words cause Lady to fret throughout Darling's pregnancy, but when the baby boy arrives, she is allowed to meet and bond with him, dispelling her fears.

Later, Jim Dear and Darling take a short trip, leaving the house, Lady, and the baby in the care of Jim Dear's aunt Sarah, who brings along her two Siamese cats Si and Am. Sarah dislikes dogs, and prohibits Lady from seeing the baby; later, the cats destroy the house, and pin the deed on Lady by pretending she injured them. Sarah takes Lady to the pet shop, and has a muzzle put on her; Lady panics and flees into the street, where she is pursued by three savage dogs, until Tramp intervenes to protect her.

Tramp takes Lady to the zoo to have the muzzle removed by a beaver; he then shows Lady his owner-free lifestyle, and they explore the town. The kindly proprietor of Tony's Restaurant gives them a spaghetti dinner to share, before they end the evening with a walk in the park. The next day, Tramp tries to convince Lady to live "footloose and collar free" with him; despite liking Tramp, she decides her duty is to watch over the baby. As Tramp escorts Lady home, he stops to chase some chickens; the dogcatcher pursues them both, but only Lady is caught. At the pound, she meets Peg, Bull, and some other strays, who all know Tramp. They reveal he has had many girlfriends in the past, and claim that females are his weakness.

Sarah comes to claim Lady, and chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away. Jock and Trusty propose that Lady should marry and come live with one of them, to escape the abuse, but she gently refuses them. When Tramp arrives to apologize to Lady, she berates him for his many girlfriends and sends him away, too. Afterwards, Lady notices a large rat sneaking into the house through the baby's bedroom window. Her attempts to alert Sarah fail, but Tramp hears her barking, returns, and enters the house himself to save the baby. Lady breaks her chain and follows soon after. Tramp is wounded in the battle with the rat, but manages to kill it behind a curtain. During the struggle, the baby's crib overturns, and he begins to cry; Sarah comes to investigate, and assumes the dogs attacked the baby.

Jim Dear and Darling return home to find that Sarah has locked Lady in the cellar and handed Tramp over to the dogcatcher to be euthanized. Disbelieving Sarah's story, Jim Dear frees Lady, who immediately shows them the dead rat. Overhearing the truth, Jock and Trusty pursue the dogcatcher's cart and try to stop it; the horses spook, causing the cart to crash. Jim Dear and Darling arrive with Lady to rescue Tramp, but Trusty is badly injured in the wreck.

Later, at Christmastime, Tramp has become an official part of the family, and he and Lady have four little puppies of their own. Jock and a mostly healed Trusty visit the family; the puppies now provide Trusty a new audience for his old stories, but he has forgotten them, much to his and everyone else's amusement.

Cast

 * Peggy Lee as Darling, Lady's owner and Jim Dear's wife.
 * Lee also voiced Peg, a stray female Pekingese with a Brooklyn Accent whom Lady meets at the pound, as well as Si and Am, Aunt Sarah's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never-ending trouble.
 * Barbara Luddy as Lady, an American Cocker Spaniel, who is the primary character in the film. A Christmas present to Darling from Jim Dear, she quickly becomes the center of their lives, but is then subconsciously neglected due to the birth of a human baby who she comes to love unconditionally. Her experiences outside the household, and her encounter with Tramp force her to question the nature of her relationship with her humans (who she never sees as her owners), and give her a new understanding of the world around her.
 * Larry Roberts as Tramp, a mongrel (with a mixture of a schnauzer and a terrier), with a talent for escaping dog-catchers. He nicknames Lady "Pidge", short for Pigeon, which he calls her owing to her naivety. He never refers to himself by name, although most of the film's canine cast refer to him as the Tramp. Tramp had other names in the film, and when asked by Lady about having a family, Tramp states that he has, "One for every day of the week. Point is, none of them have me." Each family mentioned called him a different name (such as Mike or Fritzi). The families also had different nationalities (such as Irish or German). As he did not belong to a single-family, Tramp implied that it was easier than the baby problems Lady was going through at the time.
 * Bill Thompson as Jock, a Scottish Terrier who is one of Lady's neighbors.
 * Thompson also voiced Joe, Tony's assistant chef; Bull, a stray male bulldog from the dog pound who speaks with a Cockney accent; Dachsie, a stray male dachshund at the dog pound who speaks with a German accent; an Irish-accented policeman; and Jim's friend.
 * Bill Baucom as Trusty, a bloodhound who used to track criminals with his Grandpappy, Old Reliable, until he lost his sense of smell.
 * Stan Freberg as the beaver, a diligent, absent-minded beaver at the zoo who speaks with a lisp. He gnaws off the muzzle that Aunt Sarah had placed upon Lady after Tramp realizes that the muzzle is just what the beaver needs for pulling logs. This character would later serve as the inspiration for Gopher from Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966), down to the speech pattern (a whistling sound when he makes the "S" sound). On the 2-Disc Platinum Edition DVD, Stan Freberg demonstrates how it was done and that a whistle was eventually used because it was hard to continue repeating the effect.
 * Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah, Jim Dear's aunt who babysits for the couple. She is a cat person and dislikes dogs.
 * Alan Reed as Boris, a stray male Borzoi from the dog pound with a Russian accent.
 * George Givot as Tony, the owner and chef of Tony's Italian restaurant.
 * Dallas McKennon as:
 * Toughy, a stray male mutt with a slight Brooklyn accent
 * Pedro, a stray male Chihuahua with a Mexican accent
 * McKennon also voices a professor and a laughing hyena
 * Lee Millar as Jim Dear, Lady's owner and Darling's husband.
 * Millar also voiced the Dogcatcher.
 * The Mellomen (Thurl Ravenscroft, Bill Lee, Max Smith, Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens) as Dog Chorus
 * Ravenscroft also plays Al the alligator

Story development
In 1937, Walt Disney Productions story artist Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady, and how she got "shoved aside" by Joe's new baby. He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady. Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature titled Lady. Through the late 1930s and early 1940s, Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story, taking a variety of approaches, but Disney was not pleased with any of them, primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet, and there was not enough action.

Walt Disney read the short story written by Ward Greene, titled "Happy Dan, the Cynical Dog", in the Cosmopolitan magazine, published in 1945. He thought that Grant's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene's story, and bought the rights to it. The cynical dog had various names during development, including Homer, Rags, and Bozo, before "Tramp" was chosen.

The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned. Lady was to have only one next-door neighbor, a Ralph Bellamy-type canine named Hubert. Hubert was later replaced with Jock and Trusty. Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother-in-law. In the final film, she is softened to a busybody who, though antagonistic towards Lady and Tramp, is well-meaning (she sends a packet of dog biscuits to the dogs at Christmas to apologize for mistreating them). Aunt Sarah's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am. Originally, Lady's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth. These were changed to highlight Lady's point of view. They were briefly referred to as "Mister" and "Missis" before settling on the names "Jim Dear" and "Darling". To maintain a dog's perspective, Darling and Jim's faces are rarely shown, similar to Tom's various owners in the Tom and Jerry cartoons. The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches, but became a great deal more frightening, due to the need to raise dramatic tension. A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says "Everybody knows, a dog's best friend is his human", Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched; the dogs are the masters and vice versa. There was a love triangle among Lady, Tramp, and a Russian wolfhound named Boris (who appears in the dog pound in the final version).

The film's opening sequence, in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside, is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box to make up for having previously forgotten a dinner date with her.

In 1949, Grant left the studio, yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool. A solid story began taking shape in 1953, based on Grant's storyboards and Greene's short story. Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself, at Walt Disney's insistence, so that audiences would be familiar with the story. Due to Greene's novelization, Grant did not receive film credit for his story work, an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition's behind-the-scenes vignette that explained Grant's role.

Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the film.

Animation
As they had done with the deer on Bambi, the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs. Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best-known scene from the film, Walt Disney was prepared to cut it, thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly. Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay-outs. Walt was impressed by Thomas's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept it in. On viewing the first take of the scene, the animators felt that the action should be slowed down, so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create "half numbers" in between many of the original frames.

Originally, the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film. However, she left the studio to become a children's book illustrator in 1953. Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist. Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling's house, and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog's view. Eyvind Earle (who later became the art director of Disney's Sleeping Beauty) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the "Bella Notte" sequence and was a key contributor to the film.

CinemaScope
Originally, Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio. However, due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie-goers, Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process. This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators: the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups. It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse. Longer takes become necessary since constant jump-cutting would seem too busy or annoying. Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique. Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them. Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes, such as Tramp killing the rat.

More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time. Upon learning this, Walt issued two versions of the film: one in widescreen, and another in the Academy ratio. This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen.

Release
Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22, 1955. An episode of Disneyland called "A Story of Dogs" aired before the film's release. The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962, 1972, 1980, and 1986. Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16–18, 2013.

Home media
Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS cassette and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the United Kingdom in 1990. At the end of its initial home video release, it was reported to have sold more than three million copies, becoming the best-selling videocassette at the time. It went into moratorium on March 31, 1988. The video cassette had grossed US$100 million in sales by 1988. Peggy Lee was asked to help promote the release, for which she was paid $500. After its release on videotape, she sought performance and song royalties on the video sales. Disney CEO Michael Eisner refused, thus she filed suit in 1988. Eventually in 1992, the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about 4% of the video sales.

It was released on VHS again in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series. A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23, 1999, for a limited sixty-day time period.

Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28, 2006, as the seventh installment of Disney's Platinum Editions series. On its first day, one million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold. The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31, 2007, along with the 2006 DVD re-issue of the film's sequel Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure.

Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu-ray on February 7, 2012, as a part of Disney's Diamond Editions series. A standalone 1-disc DVD edition was released on March 20, 2012.

Lady and the Tramp was re-released on Digital HD on February 20, 2018, and on Blu-ray February 27, 2018, as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection line.

Critical reception
During its initial release, the film initially received mixed reviews from critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times claimed the film was "not the best [Disney] has done in this line. The sentimentality is mighty, and the CinemaScope size does not make for any less aware of the thickness of the goo. It also magnifies the animation, so that the flaws and poor foreshortening are more plain. Unfortunately, and surprisingly, the artists' work is below par in this film." Time wrote "Walt Disney has for so long parlayed gooey sentiment and stark horror into profitable cartoons that most moviegoers are apt to be more surprised than disappointed to discover that the combination somehow does not work this time." However, Variety deemed the film "a delight for the juveniles and a joy for adults". Harrison's Reports felt the "scintillating musical score and several songs, the dialogue and the voices, the behaviors and expressions of the different characters, the mellow turn-of-the-century backgrounds, the beautiful color and sweep of the CinemaScope process — all these add up to the one of the most enjoyable cartoon features Disney has ever made." Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times described the film as a "delightful, haunting, charmed fantasy that is remarkably enriched with music and, incidentally, with rare conversations among the canine characters."

However, the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic. Both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the film a positive review on their show At the Movies when re-released in 1986, with Ebert in particular praising the opening scene of Lady as a puppy calling it one of the greatest animated sequences Disney ever did. Dave Kehr, writing for The Chicago Tribune gave the film four stars. Animation historian Charles Solomon praised the film. The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti — climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti — is considered an iconic scene in American film history. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received approval rating, with an average rating of, based on  reviews. The website's consensus states, "A nostalgic charmer, Lady and the Tramp's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience."

Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the "100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time" by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years...100 Passions special, as one of only two animated films to appear on the list, along with Disney's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th. In 2010, Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all-time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks. In June 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".

Box office
In its initial release, the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, earning an estimated $6.5 million in distributor rentals. When it was re-released in 1962, it grossed roughly between $6 million and $7 million. During its 1971 re-release, the film grossed $10 million, and when it was re-released again in 1980, it grossed $27 million. During its fourth re-release in 1986, it garnered $31.1 million.

Lady and the Tramp has had a domestic lifetime gross of $93.6 million, and a lifetime international gross of $187 million.

American Film Institute Lists

 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – No. 95

Music
The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace. It was the last Disney animated film for which Oliver Wallace did the score, as the scores for the next six Disney animated films were composed by George Bruns, starting with Sleeping Beauty until Robin Hood. Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well. In the film, she sings "La La Lu", "The Siamese Cat Song", and "He's a Tramp". She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series, explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film's numbers. These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set.

On November 16, 1988, Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract, claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music, arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions. After a protracted legal battle, she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991.

The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9, 1997, and was released as a digital download on September 26, 2006.

Songs
Original songs performed in the film include:

Comics

 * From October 31, 1955 to June 25, 1988 Scamp comic strip was published by King Feature Syndicate.
 * The comic book was also published by Dell Comics' first issue being Four Color #703 (May 1956); this turned into a regular comic book series which had #16 issues ending on December 1960. A second series was launched by Gold Key Comics in 1967-1979; which ran for 45 issues.

Sequel
On February 27, 2001, Disney Television Animation and Disney Video Premiere released a direct-to-video sequel to the film titled Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure. Produced 46 years after its predecessor and set two years and a few months after the events of the first film, it centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp's only son, Scamp, who desires to be a wild dog. He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules. Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative, with critics panning its plot.

Live-action remake
Walt Disney Pictures produced a live-action remake of the film with Justin Theroux and Tessa Thompson in the voice roles of Tramp and Lady respectively. The movie premiered on Disney's new streaming service, Disney+, on its US launch date of November 12, 2019 to mixed reviews.

Video games
In the Kingdom Hearts games, a statue of Lady and Tramp appears in a fountain in Traverse Town.

In the world builder game Disney Magic Kingdoms, Lady, Tramp, Tony, Joe, Jock and Trusty appear as playable characters, along with some attractions based on locations of the film. In the game the characters are involved in new storylines that serve as a continuation of the film.

Disney Parks and Resorts
Walt Disney wanted the setting of the film to be Marceline, Missouri which had been his childhood hometown. Whilst Lady and the Tramp was in production, Walt was also designing Disneyland in California and styled the Main Street, U.S.A. area of the park to Marceline. Tony's Town Square Restaurant is an Italian restaurant inspired by Lady and the Tramp and is located at Walt Disney World, whilst the Pizzeria Bella Notte restaurant is at Disneyland Paris.

title: Lady and the Tramp


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Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure

Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure is a 2001 American animated direct-to-video musical romance film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, and the sequel to Disney's 1955 animated feature film Lady and the Tramp. "Lady And The Tamp II: Scamp's Adventure", the film was released on February 27, 2001, 46 years after its predecessor. It involves Lady and Tramp's only son, Scamp, who runs away from his home and joins a gang of stray dogs called the Junkyard Dogs. There, he falls in love with one of the gang's members, Angel.

Disney re-released the film in the United States on DVD after the Platinum Edition DVD release of the first film on June 20, 2006. The Special Edition DVD went back into the Disney Vault on January 31, 2007. The film was re-released on DVD, and for the first time on Blu-ray on August 21, 2012. The Blu-ray/DVD combo pack went back into the Disney Vault on April 30, 2013.

Plot
In 1911, two days before the Fourth of July, Lady and Tramp have three well-behaved daughters, Annette, Collette, and Danielle, and a rebellious son named Scamp. After Scamp makes a mess in the house, Jim Dear chains him to the doghouse outside as punishment. Tramp tries to reason with Scamp, but soon loses his temper at his son's insistent desire to be a wild dog.

Later, Scamp sees a pack of stray dogs, named the Junkyard Dogs, harassing the dogcatcher outside the yard and becomes intrigued. Scamp breaks free from his chain and runs off to find the pack. He finds a young member of the pack named Angel, who takes him to the rest of the Junkyard Dogs. Meanwhile, Lady notices that Scamp has run away and alerts Tramp.

Scamp attempts to join the Junkyard Dogs, but their leader, Buster, gives him a test in the alley, in which Scamp must successfully grab a tin can from a savage bullmastiff named Reggie. This results in Reggie chasing Scamp, but Reggie ends up getting caught by the dogcatcher. The Junkyard Dogs then head to a park, where Buster reveals that he was friends with Tramp until the latter fell in love with Lady and became a house pet, much to the amazement of Scamp, who was unaware of Tramp's past as a Junkyard Dog.

Meanwhile, Scamp and Angel discover that Scamp's parents, along with Jim Dear, Darling, Jock, and Trusty, are still searching for Scamp. Angel, who was once a house pet herself, is disgusted that Scamp would choose living on the streets over a loving family. The next day, Buster's final test for Scamp is to steal food from his family's picnic. Scamp succeeds; however, Tramp confronts him. Buster convinces Scamp to stay a wild dog, and Tramp leaves disappointed. To prove that Scamp is now a Junkyard Dog, Buster removes Scamp's collar, much to Scamp's delight.

Scamp celebrates his newfound freedom until Angel scolds him for leaving his family and misunderstanding about love. Annoyed, Scamp inadvertently reveals that Angel wants to be a house dog. She runs off, and Scamp tries to find her, to no avail. Scamp is caught by the dogcatcher, and a shocked Angel runs to find Tramp. The two set off to rescue Scamp. At the pound, he is placed in the same cell as a vengeful Reggie. Tramp, arriving just in time, manages to fight Reggie off to rescue Scamp, and the dogcatcher is defeated by Angel. While walking home, Scamp apologizes to his father for running away and not listening in the first place, and Tramp then apologizes in return for losing his temper and yelling at him.

The dogs return to the junkyard, where Scamp retrieves his collar. Scamp then traps Buster under piles of junk, and Buster is abandoned by his former gang members, who all decide to find owners. Tramp then returns home with Scamp, Scamp's family decides to adopt Angel, and the Junkyard Dogs all find new homes with loving owners.

Cast
Many of the original characters make a return, including Tony and Joe from Tony's. Unlike the earlier Disney direct-to-video sequels, none of the original's cast members reprise their roles as decades had past since the release of the first film. Barbara Luddy, who voiced Lady in the original film, was replaced by Jodi Benson, and Larry Roberts, who voiced Tramp in the original film, was replaced by Jeff Bennett.

A non-speaking role includes Scratchy, a Scottish Deerhound who’s plagued by fleas and fur loss. Scratchy is a member of the Junkyard Dogs until the end of the film, when all of the dogs decide to leave the junkyard to find their own homes and families.
 * Scott Wolf as Scamp (or "Whirlwind" as Tramp calls him), Lady and Tramp's rambunctious teenage son who bears a strong resemblance to Tramp. Like his father, Scamp is a mixed-breed dog. He starts out as a playful, frisky, yet stubborn and selfish puppy, but has a total change of heart for his family after learning a lesson in humility, seeing that Buster betrayed him, as well as the fact that he suddenly realized he was not safe out there in the streets, and that his family loves him. Roger Bart provides his singing voice. Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for him.
 * Alyssa Milano as Angel, a Pomeranian/Siberian husky dog who was once a pet and Scamp's love interest. She has a kind, yet spunky personality. At the end of the film, she is adopted by Jim Dear and Darling. She too bares a nickname for Scamp due to his inexperience with the streets, calling him "tenderfoot", which is another reason why she has a crush on him. Susan Egan provides her singing voice for select songs. Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for her.
 * Chazz Palminteri as Buster, a Rottweiler/Doberman Pinscher mix and the smug, sadistic and villainous leader of the Junkyard Dogs. He used to be the protégé of Tramp and is angry that Tramp left to become a house pet with Lady. He thus changes his motto after Tramp left to "Buster's trouble, is Buster's trouble." Jess Harnell provides his singing voice. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for him.
 * Jeff Bennett as Tramp, a mongrel (with a mixture of a schnauzer and a terrier) and the father of Scamp, Annette, Collette, and Danielle. Tramp has become accustomed to living in a home during his time as a pet. He is portrayed as a loving, but firm and concerned father, and has an important role in this film. Nevertheless, he still has a few "street smarts" to fall back on, due to his near-old age. Larry Roberts voiced Tramp in the original film.
 * Bennet also voices Trusty and Jock, a bloodhound and a Scottish Terrier who are the neighbors and friends of Lady and Tramp. They join Scamp's family in a search to find him. Bill Baucom and Bill Thompson voiced Trusty and Jock respectively in the original film.
 * Bennet also voices the dogcatcher who chases after the Junkyard Dogs, determined to capture them.
 * Jodi Benson as Lady (or "Pidge", which Tramp always calls her because of her naivety in the first film), an American Cocker Spaniel who is the mother of Scamp, Annette, Collette, and Danielle, and Tramp's mate. Due to her now being a mother of four, most of her naivety from the first film has been replaced with a sense of responsibility. She views Scamp's behavior in a more understanding light than Tramp does. Lianne Hughes served as the supervising animator for her. Barbara Luddy voiced Lady in the original film.
 * Bill Fagerbakke as Mooch, an Old English Sheepdog who is fairly dim-witted but enthusiastic. He is seen playing with children at the end of the film. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for him.
 * Mickey Rooney as Sparky, an Irish Wolfhound who used to know Tramp. He tells an inaccurate story about Tramp escaping from a group of dogcatchers, which ends with Tramp jumping down a ravine, never to be seen again. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for him.
 * Cathy Moriarty as Ruby, an Afghan Hound who has a soft spot for puppies. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for her.
 * Bronson Pinchot as Francois, a Boston Terrier with a French accent. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for him.
 * Debi Derryberry and Kath Soucie as Annette, Collette and Danielle, three well-behaved and polite Cocker Spaniel puppies who are Scamp's sisters. They greatly resemble their mother Lady but each have different colored collars on their necks. They are prissy, love taking baths, and show no respect for Scamp, until the middle of the film when they actually start to miss him. Annette is blue collared and bossy, Collette is red collared with long ears and a snobbish personality, and Danielle is white collared and rowdy. While they are at odds with Scamp at times, they do love him, due to the fact that he is their brother. Their names are not mentioned in the film, but in the end credits. The pups were voiced by uncredited child actresses in the original film.
 * Rob Paulsen as Otis, a Chinese Crested in the dog pound. His name is not mentioned in the film, but in the end credits.
 * Nick Jameson and Barbara Goodson as Jim Dear and Darling, the owners of Lady, Tramp, Scamp, Annette, Collette, Danielle and by the end of this film, Angel. Lee Millar and Peggy Lee voiced Jim Dear and Darling respectively in the original film.
 * Andrew McDonough as Junior, Jim Dear and Darling's son and the youngest owner of Lady, Tramp, Scamp, Annette, Collette, Danielle and by the end of this film, Angel.
 * Tress MacNeille as Aunt Sarah, Jim Dear’s aunt, Darling’s aunt-in-law, Junior's great aunt and the owner of Si and Am. She shows no respect for Scamp, believing him to be a "monster". Verna Felton voiced Aunt Sarah in the original film.
 * Mary Kay Bergman and Tress MacNeille as Si and Am, Aunt Sarah's two sneaky Siamese cats. They have a much more minor appearance in this film than in the original. However, they are shown to have an unpleasant relationship with Scamp, just like in the comics with Scamp as protagonist. This was Bergman's final film role following her suicide in 1999. Peggy Lee voiced Si and Am in the original film.
 * Jim Cummings as Tony, the owner and chef of Tony's. George Givot voiced Tony in the original film.
 * Michael Gough as Joe, Tony's assistant. Both he and Tony have only minor appearances in this film. Bill Thompson voiced Joe in the original film.
 * Frank Welker as Reggie, an extremely vicious and very large bullmastiff/bulldog mix. He chases Scamp in a street, but gets caught by the dogcatcher, who unexpectedly sends him flying to a tomato stand. Later, he is chained when he attempts to kill Scamp, who is in the pound, but is fought off by Tramp. Reggie can be noticed because of his short tail and chipped canine.
 * April Winchell as Mrs. Mahoney, a woman on the streets who wears a wig and carries around a poodle in a purse. On two occasions involving dog chases, she gets knocked over and her wigs get knocked off at the same time which publicly humiliates her. Of the two rounds in which this happens, she actually ends up completely losing the wig she had on in the first dog chase. Like Annette, Collette, Danielle and Otis, her name is not mentioned in the film, but in the end credits.

Critical reception
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received approval rating with an average rating of  based on  reviews.

Accolades
The film received seven nominations and won one award. It received nominations from the International Animated Film Association (ASIFA) during the 29th Annie Awards in 2001, from DVD Exclusive during the 2001 DVD Exclusive Awards, and the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films during the 28th Saturn Awards in 2002. It won the Video Premiere Award in the 2001 DVD Exclusive Awards for Best Animated Character Performance for Scott Wolf as the speaking voice of Scamp).

Soundtrack
The soundtrack of the film was released through Walt Disney Records. The score for it was mainly composed by Melissa Manchester and Norman Gimbel. But it was never released in stores for unknown reasons. The song Bella Notte from the original film is heard in the end credits sung by Joy Enriquez and Carlos Ponce.


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Hideous Kinky

Hideous Kinky is an autobiographical novel by Esther Freud, daughter of British painter Lucian Freud and Bernardine Coverley and great-granddaughter of Sigmund Freud. It depicts the author's unconventional childhood in Morocco with her mother and her elder sister, Bea. In 1998, a film adaptation was released.

Plot summary
A young mother and her two daughters travel to Marrakech, Morocco, during the 1960s. The mother, Julia, is disenchanted by the dreary conventions of English life, hence the journey. They live in a low-rent Marrakech hotel and make a living out of sewing dresses and with some money sent by the girls' father, an artist in London.

Whilst the mother explores Sufism and quests for personal fulfilment, the daughters rebel. The elder, Bea, attempting to re-create her English life, wants to get an education and insists on going to school. The younger, Lucy, dreams of trivial things, like mashed potatoes, but also yearns for a father. Her hopes settle on a most unlikely candidate.

The girls match their mother with Bilal, a Moroccan acrobat; the relationship turns sexual and he moves in, becoming almost a surrogate father. However, Julia's friend encourages her to travel to Algiers and study with a Sufi master at a school that advocates the "annihilation of the ego." As money vanishes, Julia's response is to claim that "God will provide," albeit in the person of Bilal.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
In 1998, the novel was adapted into a film, Hideous Kinky, directed by Gillies MacKinnon.

Release details

 * 1992, UK, Hamish Hamilton ISBN 0-241-13179-0, Pub date 30 January 1992, hardback (First edition)
 * 1992, USA, Harcourt ISBN 0-15-140216-7, Pub date 1 July 1992, hardback
 * 1993, UK, Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-017412-5, Pub date 25 February 1993, paperback
 * 1998, USA, W.W. Norton ISBN 0-88001-593-4, Pub date ? April 1998, paperback
 * 1999, UK, CSA Word ISBN 1-901768-20-1, Pub date ? January 1999, Audio book cassette (narrated by Esther Freud)
 * 1999, USA, ScreenPress Books ISBN 1-901680-25-8, Pub date 11 March 1999, paperback (Film screenplay)

title: Hideous Kinky


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George Cadle Price

George Cadle Price (15 January 1919 – 19 September 2011) was a Belizean statesman who served as the head of government of Belize from 1961 to 1984 and 1989 to 1993. He was the first minister and premier under British rule until independence in 1981 and was the nation's first prime minister after independence that year. He is considered one of the principal architects of Belizean independence. Today he is referred to by many as the "Father of the Nation". Price effectively dominated Belizean politics from the early 1960s until his 1996 retirement from party leadership, having been the nation's head of government under various titles for most of that period.

He entered politics in 1947 with his election to the Belize City Council. In 1949, with the devaluation of the British Honduran dollar he, together with a group of citizens, formed the People's Committee. It was the start of the "peaceful, constructive Belizean revolution". On 29 September 1950, he co-founded the People's United Party, which he led for four decades and which was devoted to the political and economic independence of the British colony, then known as British Honduras.

Early life and education
George Price was born in Belize City in what was then British Honduras, to William and Irene (née Escalante) Price. He had eight sisters and two brothers.

Price received his early education at Holy Redeemer Primary School and St. John's College High School (SJC). He survived the hurricane of 1931 which destroyed SJC at Loyola Park, swimming away from the wreckage. Under the Jesuits, he was exposed to the teachings of Catholic social justice, in particular the encyclical Rerum novarum. Upon graduation, the young Price felt a call to the priesthood, so he went to study abroad, first attending Saint Augustine's Minor Seminary in Mississippi, United States, and later the Mayor Seminario Conciliar in Guatemala City. Throughout his life Price remained a devout Roman Catholic and attended Mass daily.

The war in Europe prevented him from completing his studies in Rome and, instead, George Price returned to Belize. He was hired by local businessman Robert Sidney Turton as his private secretary. Price also contributed to the Belize Billboard, then run by Philip Goldson.

Political career

After receiving encouragement from Turton, Price ran for election to the Belize City Council in 1944 and 1947, being successful in 1947. Upon the formation of the People's Committee (PC) in 1950, Price was named its Assistant Secretary, and in a famous speech later that year claimed that "National Unity" propelled the PC's actions. With the formation of the PUP, Price's stature rose and he ascended through the party ranks until he became Party Leader following a leadership dispute in 1956.

Elected to the colony's newly created Legislative Assembly in 1954, he also served as mayor of Belize City from 1956 to 1962. In 1956, Price became party leader of the PUP. As First Minister, a post he held since 1961, he led the team which began negotiations over independence with the United Kingdom. He maintained that post as Premier in 1964.

In 1981 Belize gained its independence, and Price served as the country's first prime minister and foreign minister until 1984. The PUP was defeated in the elections by the United Democratic Party under Manuel Esquivel, with Price unexpectedly losing his own House of Representatives seat to a political newcomer. Price continued to lead the PUP from outside the National Assembly while Florencio Marin became the Leader of the Opposition. Price resumed the post of prime minister after successfully returning to the House in the 1989 election, serving until 1993, when he was again succeeded by Esquivel. In October 1996 he announced his resignation as party leader, and on 10 November 1996 was formally succeeded by Said Musa. Price remained a member of the Belize House until the 2003 election.

Honours
In September 2000, Price became the first person to receive Belize's highest honour, the Order of National Hero, for the prominent role he played in leading his country to independence. He has received similar honours in other Caribbean and Central American countries. In 1982, he was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.

Death
Price died on 19 September 2011, at the age of 92. On 26 September 2011, a state funeral was held. Price was laid to rest at the Lord's Ridge Cemetery in Belize City.

title: George Cadle Price