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Yonkers Raceway & Empire City Casino

Yonkers Raceway & Empire City Casino, founded in 1899 as the Empire City Race Track, is a one-half-mile standardbred harness racing dirt track and slots racino located at the intersection of Central Park Avenue and Yonkers Avenue in Yonkers, New York, near the New York City border. It is owned by Vici Properties and operated by MGM Resorts International.

History
The original horse racing facility was opened in 1899 as Empire City Race Track by William H. Clark's 'Empire City Trotting Club. Clark died in 1900 and, with much litigation by his heirs over its proposed sale, the track remained closed for most of the next seven years except for special events. One such event occurred in 1902 when Barney Oldfield set a one-mile (1.6 km) record in an automobile at Empire City Race Track. Driving the Ford '999', he covered the distance in 55.54 seconds.

The facility was purchased by New York grocery store magnate James Butler, who reopened it for Thoroughbred horse racing in 1907. Among the notable thoroughbreds who raced at Empire City, in 1936 Seabiscuit won the Scarsdale Handicap. After Butler's death in 1934, the track continued to host "the flats" until 1942 when it was converted back to being a harness track. Some of its feature races were taken over by other New York area racetracks.

In 1950, William H. Cane, for whom the Cane Pace is named, headed a syndicate formed as the Algam Corporation which acquired Empire City and converted it to Yonkers Raceway. Its popularity having greatly declined since the 1960s (when crowds would occasionally reach 50,000), the entire property, according to some, had become an eyesore due to its owners leaving it in a state of disrepair.

In 1972, the Rooney family acquired Yonkers Raceway. It underwent some cosmetic changes in the late 1990s. It was used as a flea market, and hosted the annual Westchester County Fair, sponsored by the county's Parks Department. In 1996, the finish line was relocated to the end of the stretch, increasing the length of the stretch from 440 ft to the current 660 ft. The following year, the grandstand was demolished. There was consideration on selling the site to the National Football League’s New York Jets which would have included a stadium; however, the plan was shelved after the environmental impact statement showed there would be significant traffic from elsewhere in the metropolitan area, and there was not enough political support for it.

In 2015, Yonkers Raceway applied for permission from the New York State Gaming Commission to relocate its finish line back by approximately 100 feet. This proposal was endorsed by the New York division of the Standardbred Owners Association. As of 2018, the new finish line has been in use for a considerable period of time. In January 2018, Yonkers eliminated the "passing lane" in the stretch that allowed horses to be in the second spot on the inside in the stretch to move inside one spot and come up in the inside.

In January 2019, MGM Resorts International bought the racetrack and casino from the Rooney family for $850 million in cash and stock. MGM then immediately sold the land and buildings to its affiliated REIT, MGM Growth Properties, for $625 million, leasing back the property and structures for $50 million per year. Vici Properties acquired MGM Growth, including Empire City, in 2022.

Historic Thoroughbred flat races

 * Empire City Handicap (1900–1953)
 * Yonkers Handicap (1907–1946)
 * Fleetwing Handicap (1908–1953)
 * Whirl Stakes (1908–1930)
 * Empire City Derby (1917–1933)
 * Scarsdale Handicap (1918–1947)
 * Butler Handicap (1935–1953)
 * Empire City Gold Cup (1947–1953)

Empire City Casino at Yonkers Raceway
Yonkers Raceway had a $225-million renovation designed by EwingCole to put in more than 7,500 slot machines. The first phase opened on October 11, 2006, with 1,870 machines. Despite a "soft opening", with no major advertising or promotional campaigns, Yonkers netted $3.8 million in revenue in its first week, outpacing its nearest competitor, Saratoga Casino and Raceway, by two-thirds. The second phase of the project, which opened on December 28, 2006, added 120000 sqft of space to bring the total number of slot machines to 4,000. On March 12, 2007, the third phase opened to bring the slot machine total to 5,300. Because the facility falls under state lottery laws, the minimum age to play the slot machines at Empire City is 18, unlike the other area casinos, where it is 21.

In a report released in 2012, Empire City Casino at Yonkers Raceway was the state's "most successful casino and racing venue". Through 2011, the facility provided more than 3,000 jobs and contributed $262 million in "economic output".

In January 2013, Empire City Casino completed a new $50 million expansion designed by Studio V Architecture that added 66,000 square feet to the casino. The expansion featured a porte-cochere sculptural entrance; the largest window in the Northeast, a 300-foot-long and 27-foot-high depiction of the New York City skyline made entirely of nails; a new gaming floor with nearly 700 slot machines; and two new restaurants.

As of 2015, the casino hosts blackjack, craps, roulette, and baccarat tables in addition to the slot machines. The games are fully automated.

Restaurants

 * Dan Rooney's Café & Bar: The first restaurant to open in Empire City Casino's $50 million expansion is an Irish Pub styled after the original Dan Rooney’s Café & Bar which was established in Pittsburgh in the early 1900s by the Rooney family. The train car dining room hosts 35 flat-screen televisions and nightly dueling pianos. “Two-time Michelin star winner and local New Yorker, Chef Christopher Lee” created the pub's menu which contains a burger that won the Greenwich Food & Wine Festival Burger Battle in 2012.
 * Pinch: The second restaurant in Empire City Casino's expansion, Pinch, was created by Ducasse Studio, the consulting service of the “French chef and culinary impresario”, Alain Ducasse. The name, Pinch, is “a playful take on pintxo (pronounced PEEN-cho), a type of Basque tapa, as well as a hint that the menu mixes a bit of this and a bit of that.” Pinch seats 250 people and has an international menu.
 * Alley 810: A Craft cocktail lounge, opening in 2013, that will have two bowling lanes.
 * Nonno's Trattoria: A staple of Empire City, Nonno's Trattoria is a classic Italian Restaurant.
 * Empire Terrace: A restaurant the overlooks the racetrack, allowing gamblers to dine while watching live races.

History
Yonkers used to be the site of the Cane Pace, one of the legs of the Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers. It is now the host track for another leg, the Messenger Stakes. Yonkers is also home to the Yonkers Trot, one of the legs of the Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Trotters. Due to the renovations at Yonkers, the Messenger and Yonkers Trot were moved to different racetracks for the 2004 and 2005 editions. The Messenger was moved to Harrington Raceway in Delaware in both years, and the Yonkers Trot was moved to Hawthorne Race Course in Stickney, IL in 2004, and Freehold Raceway in New Jersey in 2005.

Yonkers Raceway ran the Yonkers Trot and the Messenger on November 25, 2006, becoming the first harness track in America to host two Triple Crown races on the same day. Glidemaster, by virtue of winning the $728,000 Yonkers Trot, became the eighth horse to clinch the Trotting Triple Crown; the trotter would go on to be named 2006 Harness Horse of the Year.

Yonkers Raceway is also home to the Art Rooney Pace for three-year-olds. However, continued delays in the reopening of the track forced the 2006 edition of the race to be moved to Monticello Raceway. The final of the 2007 Art Rooney Pace, run on June 2, 2007, was the richest race in Yonkers history, with a $1 million purse. It was won by Southwind Lynx, driven by Tim Tetrick, with a late outside run in 1:52 3/5. The current track record for a trotting race horse is 1:54 3/5 set by Shutter Boy on October 30, 2009, with the trainer John McDermott and driver Yannick Gingras; this was not a stakes race.

Notable stakes races

 * George Morton Levy Memorial Pacing Series
 * Blue Chip Matchmaker
 * Art Rooney Pace
 * Lawrence B. Sheppard Pace
 * Lismore Pace
 * Yonkers Trot
 * Hudson Filly Trot
 * Messenger Stakes
 * Lady Maud Pace
 * New York Night of Champions
 * Several New York Sire Stakes Events

Transportation
The Metro-North Railroad offers a “one-day-getaway” package that includes a $10 free play and $10 food voucher, as well as free shuttle service to Empire City Casino from the Mount Vernon West train station.

Several Bee-Line bus routes make stops at Empire City Casino as well, including routes 7, 20, BxM4c, 430, 440, and 470.

Cross Country
The track was the site of the 1941 USA Cross Country Championships.

title: Yonkers Raceway & Empire City Casino


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Talk:Samuel Doe

Method of execution
I was looking through gettyimages from Liberia and found some pics displaying Samuel Doe's dead body in the middle of the streets. He is laying dead in a stretcher and his head is clearly not detached from his body, so he was not executed by decapitation as the article says. https://www.gettyimages.es/detail/fotograf%C3%ADa-de-noticias/liberian-soldiers-display-the-dead-body-of-fotograf%C3%ADa-de-noticias/542378218 92.56.37.129 (talk) 21:09, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

Cooked and eaten?
His body was full eaten by the soldiers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.216.62.42 (talk) 17:50, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
I change the word dictator to president as for npov, I believe we refer to Saddam as president and not dictator User:Smith03

419 scam warnings?
So there's a 419 scammer referring potential victims to this page: "I know this mail will come to you as a surprise, nevertheless i am Mrs. Grace Doe, a 59 years old widow of Major Philip Doe, the half brother and cabinet member of one time Liberian President, Samuel Doe. This web page will help you to understand my background better: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kanyon_Doe".

I wonder if it'd be appropriate to have some kind of standard banner for Wikipedia pages like this, saying "Note: if someone claiming to be a relative of this person writes to you with a business proposal and points you to this page, they are lying criminals and you should just ignore them if you value your life and property" or other words to that effect. Or would that be too meta? -- User:Orbst

01/03/2006 - Does anyone know where i can find a genuine list of relatives for Samuel Doe. Having read the above notes, i wish to check various details, as i myself have recently been contacted by someone claiming to be a relative of S. Doe. Any assistance in this matter would be much appreciated.
 * Just in case anyone is reading this, anyone emailing you claiming to be a relative of Doe is lying. Do not send them any money or financial information. Check out the article on Advance fee fraud for an explanation of how this scam works.--Banana (talk) 04:18, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Gurmant Grewal
I wonder if this page should have some kind of refernce to Canadian Politian Gurmant Grewal who in 1995 was quoted as saying he had been an advisor to Samuel Doe in an interview which has been haunting him during a recent scandal ? Dowew 20:13, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The videotape
Where can one find this videotape of Doe being interrogated?

On the streets of West Africa. Many people overthere got to see his butal execution through this videotape.

Rank
Didn't Doe continue to be referred to as "Sergeant Doe" or some such even after he assumed the powers of military dictator? Ellsworth 01:04, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Doe's previous rank and title was Master-Serseant Doe. Shortly after his successful coup, he named himself Field Marshal Doe. He also"invited" the University of Liberia to confer an honorary doctorate on him, which they duly did--so he became Field Marshal Doctor Samuel Doe--PeadarMaguidhir 19:32, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Succeeded by who then ?
The panel on right says Charles G. Taylor but bottom box states Dr. Amos Sawyer. Can someone correct that or atleast state why it is so and was the Dr.Amos Sawyer only de jure for short period or smth.

Evidence
Does anyone have evidence for this:

"Trained by U.S. Army Special Forces"

?

TuckerResearch (talk) 02:38, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Portrait
Okay, is it just me, or is the picture photoshopped?? The President of Cool (talk) 20:39, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

The videotape still available?
Is the videotape still available from this horrible assassination? Any keywords for Google? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.133.85.96 (talk) 15:25, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Who killed William R. Tolbert?
The Samuel Doe page says that "Doe disemboweled President Tolbert in his bed while he slept", but the William R. Tolbert, Jr. page says that Tolbert was savagely murdered by Harrison Pennoh, an unstable solider. Which is correct? -- Motley Fool (talk) 16:55, 25 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Marked with Contradict-other for now. -- 21:44, 26 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Motley Fool (talk • contribs)

Age at Death
This is small, but the math on the age of Samuel is wrong. He was 49, fwiw. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Patmikekurtz (talk • contribs) 20:20, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1951 to 1990 is 39. Nyttend (talk) 15:45, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. Content has been removed that was copied from. This text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 21:17, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Problem with "Theories on the genesis of the coup"
there is a long, unsourced first person account of events leading up to the coup that forms the second paragram of this second. Can someone more well versed in Wikistuff report/attribute/remove this? 70.88.213.74 (talk) 21:59, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Changing birth year
Citations for the gradual change in his official birth year (more will come as I think of it):
 * <"Editorial: Time for Cautioning". The Sunday People 1980-04-13: 1/8.>  Introducing readers to the members of the PRC, including the 29-year-old Doe, who had taken power the previous day.
 * <"Doe Turns 30 Today". The Liberian Inaugural 1981-05-06: 1/8.>  "Today is Master Sergeant Doe's birthday.  The Head of State is 30 years old today..."
 * <"An Act of Mercy". The Sunday People 1981-05-10: 5.>  Doe releases three political prisoners "in commemoration of his 30th birth anniversary".  Page seven of the same issue is nothing except ads placed by large companies congratulating him on being 30 years old.
 * <"Hail to the Chief: Happy Birthday!" Express Special 1982-05-06: 1.>  Celebrating the natal anniversary of someone who was "born May 6, 1951" and later rose to be Commander in Chief.
 * <"Hail to the Chief: Congratulations on Your Natal Day". Express Special 1983-05-06: 1.>  "Today, May 6, is the 33rd Birth Anniversary of CIC Dr Samuel Kanyon Doe".
 * <"Happy Birthday!! Dr. Doe is 34 TODAY" Sunday Express 1984-05-06: 1/6-7.>  "Today is the 34th birthday of the Head of State..."
 * <"Happy Birthday Mr. President: Dr. Doe Is 37 Years Old". Monrovia Weekend 1987-05-8/11: 1-6.>  Pretty much just celebrating his birthday.
 * <"Congrats Mr. President!" Monrovia Tribune 1989-05: 1/12.>  Celebrating the 39-year-old president's completion of a college degree — years after he began using the style of "Dr. Doe".

Nyttend (talk) 15:44, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

Terminology
I think it is more accurate to call him a "ruler" than a "leader." Nicmart (talk) 19:19, 9 July 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:38, 18 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Samuel K Doe.png

Honorary degree
The sidebar states that Doe’s honorary PhD is from Seoul National University, while the article body describes him as having received it from the University of Seoul. These are different universities; which is correct? Scientistpatrick (talk) 10:22, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Samuel Doe


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Fish (cryptography)

Fish (sometimes capitalised as FISH) was the UK's GC&CS Bletchley Park codename for any of several German teleprinter stream ciphers used during World War II. Enciphered teleprinter traffic was used between German High Command and Army Group commanders in the field, so its intelligence value (Ultra) was of the highest strategic value to the Allies. This traffic normally passed over landlines, but as German forces extended their geographic reach beyond western Europe, they had to resort to wireless transmission.

Bletchley Park decrypts of messages enciphered with the Enigma machines revealed that the Germans called one of their wireless teleprinter transmission systems "Sägefisch" ('sawfish') which led British cryptographers to refer to encrypted German radiotelegraphic traffic as "Fish." The code "Tunny" ('tuna') was the name given to the first non-Morse link, and it was subsequently used for the Lorenz SZ machines and the traffic enciphered by them.

History
In June 1941, the British "Y" wireless intercept stations, as well as receiving Enigma-enciphered Morse code traffic, started to receive non-Morse traffic which was initially called NoMo. NoMo1 was a German army link between Berlin and Athens, and NoMo2 a temporary air force link between Berlin and Königsberg. The parallel Enigma-enciphered link to NoMo2, which was being read by Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, revealed that the Germans called the wireless teleprinter transmission systems "Sägefisch" (sawfish). This led the British to use the code Fish dubbing the machine and its traffic Tunny.

The enciphering/deciphering equipment was called a Geheimschreiber (secret writer) which, like Enigma, used a symmetrical substitution alphabet. The teleprinter code used was the International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2)—Murray's modification of the 5-bit Baudot code.

When the Germans invaded Russia, during World War II, the Germans began to use a new type of enciphered transmission between central headquarters and headquarters in the field. The transmissions were known as Fish at Bletchley Park. (See Lorenz cipher, Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher.) The German army used Fish for communications between the highest authorities in Berlin and the high-ranking officials of the German Army in the field. The Fish traffic which the personnel at Bletchley Park intercepted, contained discussions, orders, situation reports and many more details about the intentions of the German Army. However, these transmissions were so challenging to decrypt that even with the assistance of the high speed Colossus computer, the messages could not be read until several days later. “Vital intelligence was obtained about Hitler’s intentions in the run up to D-Day 1944.”

Tunny
The NoMo1 link was initially named Tunny (for tunafish), a name which went on to be used both for the Lorenz SZ40/42 machines and for the Bletchley Park analogues of them. The NoMo1 link was subsequently renamed Codfish. A large number of Tunny links were monitored by the Y-station at Knockholt and given names of fish. Most of these were between the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (German High Command, OKW) in Berlin and German army commands throughout occupied Europe.

The Tunny links were based on two central transmitting and receiving points in Strausberg near Berlin for Army generals in the West and one in Königsberg in Prussia for the Eastern Front. The number of radio links jumped from eight in mid-1943 to fourteen or fifteen. In 1941 the initial experimental Tunny link was between Berlin and Athens/Salonoka. By D-Day in 1944 there were twenty-six links, based on Konigsberg and Straussberg. Other links were usually mobile; in two trucks, one with radio equipment and one with a "send" Tunny machine and a receive "Tunny" machine. The links carried very high-grade intelligence: messages from Hitler and the High Command to various Army Group commanders in the field.

Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher at Bletchley Park was assisted initially by a machine called Heath Robinson and later by the Colossus computers yielded a great deal of valuable high-level intelligence.

Tunny decrypts provided high-grade intelligence in an unprecedented quality. Walter Jacobs, a US Army codebreaker who worked at Bletchley Park, wrote in an official report on the operation to break Tunny that in March 1945 alone 'upward of five million letters of current transmission, containing intelligence of the highest order, were deciphered'.

Sturgeon
This was the name given to traffic encoded with the Siemens and Halske T52 Geheimschreiber. In May 1940, after the German invasion of Norway, the Swedish mathematician and cryptographer Arne Beurling used traffic intercepted from telegraph lines that passed through Sweden to break this cipher. Although Bletchley Park eventually diagnosed and broke Sturgeon, the relatively low value of the intelligence gained, compared to the effort involved, meant that they did not read much of its traffic.

Thrasher
This was the name used for traffic enciphered on a Geheimschreiber that was probably the Siemens T43 one-time tape machine. This was used only on a few circuits, in the later stages of the war and was diagnosed at Bletchley Park, but considered to be unbreakable.

List of senior staff involved at Bletchley Park
Including both executives and cryptographers on FISH (Tunny) in the Testery.

 * Ralph Tester —   linguist and head of the Testery

 * Peter Benenson — codebreaker
 * John Christie —      codebreaker
 * Tom Colvill —        general manager
 * Peter Edgerley —     codebreaker
 * Peter Ericsson —     shift-leader, linguist and senior codebreaker
 * Peter Hilton —   codebreaker and mathematician
 * Roy Jenkins —    codebreaker and later cabinet minister
 * Victor Masters —     shift-leader
 * Max Newman —     mathematician and codebreaker who later set up the Newmanry
 * Denis Oswald —       linguist and senior codebreaker
 * Jerry Roberts —  shift-leader, linguist and senior codebreaker
 * John Thompson —      codebreaker
 * John Tiltman —   senior codebreaker and intelligence officer
 * Alan Turing -    mathematician, mainly on Enigma traffic
 * W.T. Tutte —     codebreaker and mathematician

title: Fish (cryptography)


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Ciutat Vella

Ciutat Vella (, meaning in English "Old City") is a district of Barcelona, numbered District 1. The name means "old city" in Catalan and refers to the oldest neighborhoods in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Ciutat Vella is nestled between the Mediterranean Sea and the neighborhood called l'Eixample ("the Extension").

There are four administrative neighborhoods (some of them include former or traditional neighborhoods):
 * La Barceloneta
 * El Gòtic
 * El Raval
 * Sant Pere, Santa Caterina i la Ribera:
 * Sant Pere
 * Santa Caterina
 * La Ribera

Les Rambles
Running down the center of the Ciutat Vella (dividing the Raval and Barri Gòtic) are the boulevards Les Rambles, popularly known as La Rambla (in singular) since they are continuous, like a single street. Les Rambles stretches from Plaça Catalunya to the Mediterranean Sea and, since the 1990s, now extends out over the sea into one of Barcelona's newest centers of entertainment, Maremàgnum. Each of Les Rambles has its own specialty. La Rambla de les Flors (The Flowers Rambla) is devoted to flower stands, another Rambla to animal vendors (selling mainly birds), and the lowest Rambla hosts temporary art fairs. El Mercat de Sant Josep (more commonly known as La Boqueria) and Gran Teatre del Liceu (Barcelona's Opera House) are both located here. Les Rambles are among the most frequently travelled streets by pedestrians in Barcelona.

At the bottom, there is the Museu Marítim (naval museum), which chronicles the history of life on the Mediterranean, including a full-scale model of a galley. The museum is housed in the medieval Drassanes (shipyards), where the ships that made Catalonia a great sea power in the Mediterranean were built.

Raval
This portion of the city is often referred to as el Barri Xinès, or Chinatown. The Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona (Contemporary Art Museum of Barcelona), the Rambla del Raval (a walkway to the sea) and the Filmoteca de Catalunya are in this neighborhood.

Gothic Quarter
On the other side of La Rambla, is the Gothic Quarter. This neighborhood houses the Barcelona Cathedral, the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya, and the Barcelona City Hall. Tourists visit this neighborhood to see Royal Square (a Spanish-style plaza) and to shop in one of the tourist shops along Ferran street. The Museu Picasso can be found in the area known as el Born, within the Barri Gótic, in addition to the historic restaurant Els Quatre Gats (The Four Cats), which was a popular hang-out for artists, including Pablo Picasso.

To the north of the Gothic Quarter lie the Jardins de Fonseré i Mestre which contain modernist buildings housing zoological and geological collections. The adjacent Parc de la Ciutadella includes both the Parliament of Catalonia and the Barcelona Zoo whose most famous resident was an albino gorilla, Snowflake, who died in 2003 of skin cancer.

title: Ciutat Vella


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Talk:Flap

It would be nice to include a definition for the UFOlogist "flap" (a series of similar sightings in a small area over a short amount of time). I'll try to put something together. Or would it be better to put this sort of thing in the Wiktionary? I see that they don't have any entry for "flap" at all. Ricia

This really should be split and turned into a disambiguation page   — Gwalla | Talk 19:45, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This should include the modern networking / computer usage of a service, routing table entry, or interface going up and down. — Hobart 15:02, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Aaron Brenneman 6 July 2005 06:23 (UTC)
 * Does this entire page actually need to exist? Refer Wikipedia is not a dictionary
 * I'm an idiot, this is a disambiguation page. I blame the booze.

 * While I do accknowledge the term "flap" for labia majora/minora, I think both the terms 'lady' and 'stretched out of control' need to go.

Changing wording and wiki-fying link.

List of major UFO sightings
I can't find any references to the use of the word "flap" to refer to a mass ufo sighting, other than in the "controversial" sense. Not sure if it is appropriate usage. Mapetite526 20:32, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

From Operation Trojan Horse, John Keel notes; March 30, 1966, was a flap date, and local newspapers from coast to coast carried dozens of other Type I sightings that day. Many of them involved police officers, pilots, and other above-average witnesses.

what about
lady flaps? 87.102.34.99 (talk) 21:09, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Flapping http://flapping.istheshit.net/ as seen in the film Up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.225.2.143 (talk) 09:58, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flap


text:
Srinagar

Srinagar (English:, ) is a city in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (d), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). (a) (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b)  (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c)  C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; (g)  Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (h) Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (i)  Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." It is the largest city and summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administered union territory. It lies in the Kashmir Valley along the banks of the Jhelum River, and the shores of Dal Lake and Anchar Lakes, between the Hari Parbat and Shankaracharya hills. The city is known for its natural environment, various gardens, waterfronts and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts like the Kashmir shawl (made of pashmina and cashmere wool), papier-mâché, wood carving, carpet weaving, and jewel making, as well as for dried fruits. It is the second-largest metropolitan area in the Himalayas (after Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal).

Founded in the 6th century during the rule of the Gonanda dynasty according to the Rajatarangini, the city took on the name of an earlier capital thought to have been founded by the Mauryas in its vicinity. The city remained the most important capital of the Kashmir Valley under the Hindu dynasties, and was a major centre of learning. During the 14th–16th centuries the city's old town saw major expansions, particularly under the Shah Mir dynasty, whose kings used various parts of it as their capitals. It became the spiritual centre of Kashmir, and attracted several Sufi preachers. It also started to emerge as a hub of shawl weaving and other Kashmiri handicrafts. In the late 16th century, the city became part of the Mughal Empire, many of whose emperors used it as their summer resort. Many Mughal gardens were built in the city and around Dal lake during this time, of which Shalimar and Nishat are the most well-known.

After passing through the hands of the Afghan Durranis and the Sikhs in the late 18th and early 19th century, it eventually became the summer capital of the Dogra kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir in 1846. The city became a popular tourist destination among Europeans and Indian elites during this time, with several hotels and its iconic houseboats being built. In 1952, the city became the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, a region administered by India as a state, with Jammu being its winter capital. It was the flashpoint of violence during the 1990s and early 2000s insurgency in the region. In 2019, it became the summer capital of a smaller region which is administered by India as a union territory, after the former state's reorganisation.

Name
The earliest records, such as Kalhana's Rajatarangini, mentions the Sanskrit name shri-nagara which have been interpreted distinctively by scholars in two ways: one being "The city of "Shri" (श्री), the Hindu goddess of wealth, meaning "City of Lakshmi"    and other being sūrya-nagar, meaning "City of the Surya" (trans) "City of Sun."    The name was used for an older capital in the vicinity of the present-day city, before being used for it. Between the 14th and 19th centuries, and especially during Mughal rule, the city was also referred to simply as Kashmir or Shahr-i-Kashmir (lit. 'City of Kashmir').

Early history
According to the Rajatarangini of Kalhana, a capital city by the name of Srinagari was built in the Kashmir valley by Ashoka. Kalhana calls this capital puranadhisthana, Sanskrit for 'old capital', identified as present-day Pandrethan, 3.5 kilometres south-east of Srinagar. A 'new capital' was built by king Pravarasena, called Parvarapura, in 6th century CE. Srinagari continued to be used as a name for this capital. This new capital was located at the base of the Hari Parbat hill on the right bank of the Jhelum, corresponding to the location of modern-day Srinagar. Kalhana describes the capital having several markets, mansions, wooden houses, grand temples and canals, and also refers to the Dal lake and Jhelum river. A long embankment was constructed on the Jhelum by Pravarasena to protect the city from floods, parts of which have survived to the present day. The two capitals are also mentioned in the chronicle of Chinese traveller Huein Tsang who visited the city in 631 CE. Although several other capitals of Kashmir were constructed by other rulers over the next few centuries, Pravarasena's Srinagar survived as the capital. The city was divided into several parts, each with its own guardian deity, which continue to be worshipped by Hindu Kashmiris. The 8th century scholar Adi Shankara visited the city and founded the Shankaracharya Temple here, at the site of the earlier Jyeshteshwara Temple. The city gradually extended to the left bank of the Jhelum river, and in the early 12th century the royal palace was shifted to this side.

Sultanate period
Rinchana, a Buddhist convert to Islam who briefly ruled Kashmir in the early 14th century, built the first mosque in Kashmir on the site of a Buddhist temple in a colony of Srinagar built by him. The Muslim rulers that came after him established their capitals in areas of present-day old city Srinagar. During the rule of the Sultans, the city became synonymous with the Kashmir valley, and 'Srinagar' fell into disuse as a name for it. During the rule of Qutbuddin, Islamic preacher Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani visited the valley and established his seat of preaching in Srinagar. Sultan Sikandar Shahmiri (1389–1413 CE) built the Khanqah-e-Moula at this location, and also built the Jamia Mosque at Nowhatta in 1402. The oldest surviving example of forcible conversion of a Hindu place of worship into Muslim shrine in Kashmir also appears from Srinagar under Sikandar's rule. Sikandar's successor Zain-ul-Abidin undertook several constructions in and around Srinagar. He built the Zainakadal bridge connecting the two halves of the city on either side of the Jhelum river, the Mar canal and two islands inside Dal lake called Sona Lank and Rupa Lank. He also built a stone shrine for his Islamic teacher at Madin Sahib, and a brick mausoleum for his mother constructed using materials from a Hindu structure and showing Timurid influences, where he was also buried after his death. He is also credited with establishing industries around the arts of shawl and carpet weaving, papier-maché, and wood carving in Srinagar.

Mughal rule
The Mughals annexed Kashmir in 1586 after a period of internal instability in the valley, and added it to their Kabul province. Mughal emperor Akbar visited the valley three times. During his second visit in 1592, an elaborate Diwali celebration was held in Srinagar. On the final such visit, he was accompanied by the first recorded European visitors to the area. Akbar built fortifications around the Hari Parbat hill, and established a township called Nagar Nagar there. He also built a shrine for Hamza Makhdoom, a Sufi mystic of Kashmir's Rishi order, on the southern slope of Hari Parbat which was later expanded several times. His successor Jahangir was particularly fond of the Kashmir valley and frequently visited it. His rule brought prosperity to Srinagar, and several Mughal gardens were built in the city and around the Dal lake during his and his successor Shah Jahan's reign, including the Shalimar and Nishat Bagh. Empress Nur Jahan built the Pathar Mosque on the left bank of Jhelum river opposite the Khānqāh-e-Moula in 1623, the mosque was however deemed unfit for worship soon after its construction and used instead for non-religious purposes. Shah Jahan made Kashmir into a separate Subah (province) with its administrative seat at Srinagar in 1638. The Aali Masjid was built during the reign of Aurangzeb (1658–1707), as was the Safa kadal bridge over the Jhelum. The moi muqaddas, a relic believed to be the hair strand of prophet Muhammad's beard, also arrived in Kashmir during this time, and was housed in a Mughal palace at Hazratbal, which became the Hazratbal Dargah. A number of Europeans visited the city during the later Mughal period.

Afghan and Sikh rule
In 1753, Kashmir passed into the hands of the Afghan Durrani Empire. The Afghans undertook reconstructions in Srinagar and built the palace at Shergarhi at the site of a pre-existing ancient palace, as well as the fort atop Hari Parbat. However, contemporary accounts describe the city as filthy and deteriorating, and it also saw worsening inter-community relations during Afghan rule, with repeated Hindu-Muslim and Shia-Sunni riots, and state persecution of Pandits. In 1819, the Sikh Empire assumed control of Kashmir. Under them, Srinagar, the old name of the city, was restored. The situation in the city did not improve much under Sikh rule, and the city remained in a state of decay. They also imposed several restrictions on Muslim religious expression, and closed the gates of the Jamia Mosque, which remained closed until 1843. A Shia-Sunni riot happened in the city in 1837.

Dogra rule
With the establishment of Dogra rule following the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar, Srinagar became the capital of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. Taxes were increased and the production of silk, saffron, paper, tobacco, wine, and salt, as well as the sale of grain, became the monopoly of the state. It was a capital offence for a Muslim to kill a cow as late as the 1920s; later, the penalty was reduced to ten years of imprisonment and still later to seven years (Section 219 of Ranbir Penal Code). The Dogras found Srinagar deteriorating, filthy and overcrowded. The city used to see several break-outs of cholera, as well as earthquakes, floods, fires and famines. The famine of 1877–79 is said to have halved the city's population. Consequently, due to the famine and forced labour in the villages, a considerable number of people migrated to Srinagar.

The Darbar Move was introduced in 1872 by Ranbir Singh, whereby the capital moved to Jammu for six months during the winter albeit later phased down by Hari Singh who "fixed his headquarters permanently at Jammu". The Ministers and Heads of Departments continued to followed it, nevertheless, it was still a move which was resented by Kashmiris, particularly Pandits. The Raghunath Temple was also completed during Ranbir Singh's rule. With a global decline in shawl trade during late 19th century, the shawl weaving class of the city was upended. Several changes were ushered in during the reign of Pratap Singh (1885–1925). A British Residency was established in Srinagar and direct British influence on the administration of the state grew. During this time, Srinagar, and in turn the Kashmir Valley, was connected to the rest of India via roads, which saw increased trade with Punjab. In 1886, a municipality was established for the city of Srinagar. Works for sanitation and urban development undertaken by the municipality were often met with stiff opposition by the residents, who were averse to changes. In the late 19th and early 20th century, modern tourism began to take hold in the city, especially on and around the Dal lake, with houseboats being built to accommodate British officers and their families who came in the summers seeking respite from the heat of the plains of northern India. The Shergarhi Palace was greatly modified by the Dogras, who used it as their official residence in the city. Pratap Singh and his successor Hari Singh also laid out several parks in the city. The city expanded rapidly between 1891 and 1941, partly due to increased migration from the countryside as a result of famines and due to improvements in sanitation and urban development as well as economic expansion, in particular the growth of the textile and tourism industries in the city. Many Punjabis also settled in Srinagar during this time for trade, commerce and administration.

Srinagar emerged as the hub of political activity within the Kashmir valley during later Dogra rule. Kashmiris at large despised the Dogra rule and considered the dynasty an "alien rule". Many Muslim leaders competed for influence and control over Muslim shrines in the city through which they sought to become representatives of Kashmiri Muslims. Sheikh Abdullah, and his National Conference (NC), eventually succeeded in doing so.

Partition and Independence
In 1947, after the princely state's accession to India following an invasion of the state by Pakistani irregulars in the aftermath of the partition of India, Indian forces were airlifted to Srinagar on 27 October to defend the city and the larger Kashmir valley. The National Conference also established a popular people's militia in the city to aid the army in their defence of the territory. Srinagar became the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir when it was established in 1952.

In 1963–1964, the relic at the Hazratbal Shrine in Srinagar briefly disappeared, causing political turmoil. Following this, the shrine was reconstructed between 1968 and 1979 in a Mughal-inspired style. In 1989, Srinagar became the focus of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. The city saw increased violence against the minority Hindus—particularly the Kashmiri Pandits—during the insurgency which resulted in their ultimate exodus. Kashmiri Hindus constituted 8.39% of Srinagar's population in the 1981 census and 2.75% in the 2011 census. The Gawakadal massacre took place in the city in January 1990, resulting in 50–100 deaths. As a result, bunkers and checkpoints are found throughout the city, although their numbers have come down in the past few years as militancy has declined. However, protests still occur against Indian rule, with large demonstrations happening in 2008, 2010, 2013, and 2016. After revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir and the subsequent devolution of the state into a union territory in August 2019, a lockdown was imposed in Kashmir, including in Srinagar.

Geography
The city is located on both the sides of the Jhelum River, called Vyath in Kashmir. The river passes through the city and meanders through the valley, moving onward and deepening in the Wular Lake. The city is known for its nine old bridges, connecting the two parts of the city.

There are a number of lakes and swamps in and around the city. These include the Dal, the Nigeen, the Anchar, Khushal Sar, Gil Sar and Hokersar.

Hokersar is a wetland situated near Srinagar. Thousands of migratory birds come to Hokersar from Siberia and other regions in the winter season. Migratory birds from Siberia and Central Asia use wetlands in Kashmir as their transitory camps between September and October and again around spring. These wetlands play a vital role in sustaining a large population of wintering, staging and breeding birds.

Hokersar is 14 km north of Srinagar, and is a world class wetland spread over 13.75 km2 including lake and marshy area. It is the most accessible and well-known of Kashmir's wetlands which include Hygam, Shalibug and Mirgund. A record number of migratory birds have visited Hokersar in recent years.

Birds found in Hokersar are migratory ducks and geese which include brahminy duck, tufted duck, gadwall, garganey, greylag goose, mallard, common merganser, northern pintail, common pochard, ferruginous pochard, red-crested pochard, ruddy shelduck, northern shoveller, common teal, and Eurasian wigeon.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Srinagar has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. The valley is surrounded by the Himalayas on all sides. Due to influence from the Himalayan rain shadow and western disturbances, Srinagar has year-round precipitation; the spring season is the wettest while autumn is the driest. Winters are colder than most areas with monsoon climates due to this and its elevation, with daily maximum temperatures averaging 7.1 °C in January, and dropping below freezing point at night. Moderate to heavy snowfall occurs in winter and the highway connecting Srinagar with the rest of India faces frequent blockades due to icy roads, landslides and avalanches. Summers are warm to hot with a July daytime average of 30.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is around 697.5 mm.

The highest temperature reliably recorded is 38.3 °C recorded on 10 July 1946, and the lowest is -20.0 °C recorded on 6 February 1895.

Economy
In November 2011, the City Mayors Foundation – an advocacy think tank – announced that Srinagar was the 92nd fastest growing urban areas in the world in terms of economic growth, based on actual data from 2006 onwards and projections to 2020.

Tourism
Srinagar is one of several places that have been called the "Venice of the East". Lakes around the city include Dal Lake – noted for its houseboats – and Nigeen Lake. Apart from Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake, Wular Lake and Manasbal Lake both lie to the north of Srinagar. Wular Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia.

Srinagar has some Mughal gardens, forming a part of those laid by the Mughal emperors across the Indian subcontinent. Those of Srinagar and its close vicinity include Chashma Shahi (the royal fountains); Pari Mahal (the palace of the fairies); Nishat Bagh (the garden of spring); Shalimar Bagh; the Naseem Bagh. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden is a botanical garden in the city, set up in 1969. The Indian government has included these gardens under "Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir" in the tentative list for sites to be included in world Heritage sites.

The Sher Garhi Palace houses administrative buildings from the state government. Another palace of the Maharajas, the Gulab Bhavan, has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel.

The Shankaracharya Temple lies on a hill top in the middle of the city.

In and Around Srinagar

 * Dal Lake and its Houseboats
 * Nigeen Lake
 * Anchar Lake and Shallabugh Wetland, a Ramsar site
 * Hokersar Wetland Ramsar Site
 * Shalimar Garden
 * Nishat Garden
 * Chashme Shahi Garden
 * Pari Mahal
 * Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden
 * Hari Parbat
 * Dachigam National Park
 * Shankaracharya Temple
 * Hazratbal Shrine
 * Jama Masjid
 * Khanqah-e-Moula
 * Pathar Mosque
 * Aali Mosque
 * Burzahom Neolithic and Chalcolithic Site
 * Zain-ul-Abidin's Tomb
 * Sher Garhi Palace
 * Gulab Bhavan
 * Meruvarddhanaswami Temple, Pandrethan

Near Srinagar

 * Wular Lake, a Ramsar site – 46 km.
 * Manasbal Lake – 25 km.
 * Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve, a Ramsar site – 34 km.
 * Pahalgam – 85 km.
 * Gulmarg – 52 km.
 * Anantnag – 54 km.
 * Martand Sun Temple, near Anantnag – 62 km.
 * Achabal Gardens, near Anantnag – 63 km.
 * Verinag – 86 km.

Government and politics
The city is run by the Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC) under the leadership of a Mayor. The Srinagar district along with the adjoining Budgam and Ganderbal districts forms the Srinagar Parliamentary seat.

Stray dog controversy
Srinagar's city government attracted brief international attention in March 2008 when it announced a mass poisoning program aimed at eliminating the city's population of stray dogs. Officials estimate that 100,000 stray dogs roam the streets of the city, which has a human population of just under 900,000. In a survey conducted by an NGO, it was found that some residents welcomed this program, saying the city was overrun by dogs, while critics contended that more humane methods should be used to deal with the animals.

The situation has become alarming with local news reports coming up at frequent intervals highlighting people, especially children being mauled by street dogs.

Demographics
As of 2011 census Srinagar urban agglomeration had 1,273,312 population. Both the city and the urban agglomeration has average literacy rate of approximately 70%. The child population of both the city and the urban agglomeration is approximately 12% of the total population. Males constituted 53.0% and females 47% of the population. The sex ratio in the city area is 888 females per 1000 males, whereas in the urban agglomeration it is 880 per 1,000. The predominant religion of Srinagar is Islam with 96% of the population being Muslim. Hindus constitute the second largest religious group representing 2.75% of the population. The remaining population constitutes Sikhs, Buddhist and Jains. Kashmiri Hindus constituted 21.9% of Srinagar's population as per 1891 census and 2.75% as per 2011 census.

Road
The city is served by many highways, including National Highway 1A and National Highway 1D.

Air
Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport has regular domestic flights to Leh, Jammu, Chandigarh, Delhi and Mumbai and occasional international flights. An expanded terminal capable of handling both domestic and international flights was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 with Air India Express flights to Dubai. Hajj flights also operate from this airport to Saudi Arabia.

Rail
Srinagar is a station on the 119 km long Banihal-Baramulla line that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla to Srinagar, Anantnag and Qazigund. The railway track also connects to Banihal across the Pir Panjal mountains through a newly constructed 11 km long Banihal tunnel, and subsequently to the Indian railway network after a few years. It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30 seconds for a train to cross the tunnel. It is the longest rail tunnel in India. This railway system, proposed in 2001, is not expected to connect the Indian railway network until 2017 at the earliest, with a cost overrun of 55 billion INR. The train also runs during heavy snow.

There are proposals to develop a metro system in the city. The feasibility report for the Srinagar Metro is planned to be carried out by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.

Cable car
In December 2013, the 594m cable car allowing people to travel to the shrine of the Sufi saint Hamza Makhdoom on Hari Parbat was unveiled. The project is run by the Jammu and Kashmir Cable Car Corporation (JKCCC), and has been envisioned for 25 years. An investment of 300 million INR was made, and it is the second cable car in Kashmir after the Gulmarg Gondola.

Boat
Whilst popular since the 7th century, water transport is now mainly confined to Dal Lake, where shikaras (wooden boats) are used for local transport and tourism. There are efforts to revive transportation on the River Jhelum.

Culture
Like the territory of Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar too has a distinctive blend of cultural heritage. Holy places in and around the city depict the historical cultural and religious diversity of the city as well as the Kashmir valley.

Places of worship
There are many religious holy places in Srinagar. They include:
 * Hazratbal Shrine, only domed mosque in the city.
 * Jama Masjid, Srinagar, one of the oldest mosques in Kashmir
 * Khanqah-e-Moula, first Islamic centre in Kashmir
 * Aali Masjid, in Eidgah Locality
 * Hari Parbat hill hosts shrine of Sharika Mata temple
 * Zeashta Devi Shrine a holy shrine for Kashmiri Hindus
 * Shankaracharya temple
 * Gurdwara Chatti Patshahi
 * Pathar Masjid
 * All Saints Church, Srinagar
 * Holy Family Catholic Church (Srinagar)

Additional structures include the Dastgeer Sahib shrine, Mazar-e-Shuhada, Roza Bal shrine, Khanqah of Shah Hamadan, Pathar Masjid ("The Stone Mosque"), Hamza Makhdoom shrine, tomb of the mother of Zain-ul-abidin, tomb of Pir Haji Muhammad, Akhun Mulla Shah Mosque, cemetery of Baha-ud-din Sahib, tomb and Madin Sahib Mosque at Zadibal. Apart from these, dozens of smaller mosques are located all over the city. Several temples and temple ghats are located on the banks of river Jhelum in Srinagar, including Shurayar temple, Gadhadhar temple, Pratapishwar temple, Ganpatyar Ganesh temple, Purshyar temple, Sheshyar temple, Raghunath Mandir, Durga Patshala and Dhar temple. Gurdwaras are located in Rainawari, Amira Kadal, Jawahar Nagar, Mehjoor Nagar, Shaheed Gunj, Maharajpur and Indra Nagar areas of the city. There are three Christian churches in Srinagar.

The Sheikh Bagh Cemetery is a Christian cemetery located in Srinagar that dates from the British colonial era. The oldest grave in the cemetery is that of a British colonel from the 9th Lancers of 1850 and the cemetery is valued for the variety of persons buried there which provides an insight into the perils faced by British colonisers in India. It was damaged by floods in 2014. It contains a number of war graves. The notable interments here are Robert Thorpe and Jim Borst.

Education

Srinagar is home to various premiere Higher Education Institutes including the University of Kashmir, the Cluster University of Srinagar, Central University of Kashmir besides the National Institute of Technology Srinagar formerly known as Regional Engineering College (REC Srinagar). Most of these are among the oldest and earliest Institutions of the country including the University of Kashmir dating back to 1948 while the National Institute of Technology Srinagar was established during the second Five year plan. The educational institutions in the City include:

Schools
 * Tyndale Biscoe School
 * Presentation Convent Higher Secondary School
 * Burn Hall School
 * Khalsa High School, Srinagar
 * Mallinson Girls School
 * Delhi Public School, Srinagar
 * Woodlands House School
 * Little Angels High School, Srinagar
 * Green Valley Educational Institute

Medical colleges
 * Government Medical College, Srinagar
 * SMHS Hospital
 * Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences

Universities
 * University of Kashmir
 * Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
 * Central University of Kashmir
 * Cluster University of Srinagar

General degree colleges
 * Amar Singh College
 * Sri Pratap College
 * Islamia College of Science and Commerce, Srinagar

Broadcasting
Srinagar is broadcasting hub for radio channels in UT which are Radio Mirchi 98.3FM, Red FM 93.5 and AIR Srinagar. State television channel DD Kashir is also broadcast.

Sports
The city is home to the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, where international cricket matches have been played. The first international match was played in 1983 in which West Indies defeated India and the last international match was played in 1986 in which Australia defeated India by six wickets. Since then no international matches have been played in the stadium due to the security situation (although the situation has now improved quite considerably). Srinagar has an outdoor stadium namely Bakshi Stadium for hosting football matches. It is named after Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad. The city has a golf course named Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar located on the banks of Dal lake, which is considered one of the best golf courses of India. Football is followed by the youth of Srinagar and the TRC Turf Ground is redeveloped for the particular sport in 2015. Srinagar is home to professional football club of I-League, Real Kashmir FC and Downtown Heroes FC of I-League 2. There are certain other sports being played but those are away from the main city like in Pahalgam (Water rafting) and Gulmarg (skiing).

Notable people

 * Agha Shahid Ali (1949–2001)
 * Joanna Lumley (1946–present)
 * Bakshi Abdur Rashid (1923–1977)
 * Reshma (1951/1952–2022), singer and transgender activist
 * Pandit Jia Lal Saraf, Sanskrit scholar

title: Srinagar


text:
A5/1

A5/1 is a stream cipher used to provide over-the-air communication privacy in the GSM cellular telephone standard. It is one of several implementations of the A5 security protocol. It was initially kept secret, but became public knowledge through leaks and reverse engineering. A number of serious weaknesses in the cipher have been identified.

History and usage
A5/1 is used in Europe and the United States. A5/2 was a deliberate weakening of the algorithm for certain export regions. A5/1 was developed in 1987, when GSM was not yet considered for use outside Europe, and A5/2 was developed in 1989. Though both were initially kept secret, the general design was leaked in 1994 and the algorithms were entirely reverse engineered in 1999 by Marc Briceno from a GSM telephone. In 2000, around 130 million GSM customers relied on A5/1 to protect the confidentiality of their voice communications.

Security researcher Ross Anderson reported in 1994 that "there was a terrific row between the NATO signal intelligence agencies in the mid-1980s over whether GSM encryption should be strong or not. The Germans said it should be, as they shared a long border with the Warsaw Pact; but the other countries didn't feel this way, and the algorithm as now fielded is a French design."

Description
A GSM transmission is organised as sequences of bursts. In a typical channel and in one direction, one burst is sent every 4.615 milliseconds and contains 114 bits available for information. A5/1 is used to produce for each burst a 114 bit sequence of keystream which is XORed with the 114 bits prior to modulation. A5/1 is initialised using a 64-bit key together with a publicly known 22-bit frame number. Older fielded GSM implementations using Comp128v1 for key generation, had 10 of the key bits fixed at zero, resulting in an effective key length of 54 bits. This weakness was rectified with the introduction of Comp128v3 which yields proper 64 bits keys. When operating in GPRS / EDGE mode, higher bandwidth radio modulation allows for larger 348 bits frames, and A5/3 is then used in a stream cipher mode to maintain confidentiality.

A5/1 is based around a combination of three linear-feedback shift registers (LFSRs) with irregular clocking. The three shift registers are specified as follows:

These degrees were not chosen at random: since the degrees of the three registers are relatively prime, the period of this generator is the product of the periods of the three registers. Thus the period of A5/1 (before repetition) is 2^64 bits (2 to the power of 64).

The bits are indexed with the least significant bit (LSB) as 0.

The registers are clocked in a stop/go fashion using a majority rule. Each register has an associated clocking bit. At each cycle, the clocking bit of all three registers is examined and the majority bit is determined. A register is clocked if the clocking bit agrees with the majority bit. Hence at each step at least two or three registers are clocked, and each register steps with probability 3/4.

Initially, the registers are set to zero. Then for 64 cycles, the 64-bit secret key K is mixed in according to the following scheme: in cycle $$0\leq{i}<64$$, the ith key bit is added to the least significant bit of each register using XOR —
 * $$R[0] = R[0] \oplus K[i].$$

Each register is then clocked.

Similarly, the 22-bits of the frame number are added in 22 cycles. Then the entire system is clocked using the normal majority clocking mechanism for 100 cycles, with the output discarded. After this is completed, the cipher is ready to produce two 114 bit sequences of output keystream, first 114 for downlink, last 114 for uplink.

Security
A number of attacks on A5/1 have been published, and the American National Security Agency is able to routinely decrypt A5/1 messages according to released internal documents.

Some attacks require an expensive preprocessing stage after which the cipher can be broken in minutes or seconds. Originally, the weaknesses were passive attacks using the known plaintext assumption. In 2003, more serious weaknesses were identified which can be exploited in the ciphertext-only scenario, or by an active attacker. In 2006 Elad Barkan, Eli Biham and Nathan Keller demonstrated attacks against A5/1, A5/3, or even GPRS that allow attackers to tap GSM mobile phone conversations and decrypt them either in real-time, or at any later time.

According to professor Jan Arild Audestad, at the standardization process which started in 1982, A5/1 was originally proposed to have a key length of 128 bits. At that time, 128 bits was projected to be secure for at least 15 years. It is now believed that 128 bits would in fact also still be secure until the advent of quantum computing. Audestad, Peter van der Arend, and Thomas Haug says that the British insisted on weaker encryption, with Haug saying he was told by the British delegate that this was to allow the British secret service to eavesdrop more easily. The British proposed a key length of 48 bits, while the West Germans wanted stronger encryption to protect against East German spying, so the compromise became a key length of 54 bits.

Known-plaintext attacks
The first attack on the A5/1 was proposed by Ross Anderson in 1994. Anderson's basic idea was to guess the complete content of the registers R1 and R2 and about half of the register R3. In this way the clocking of all three registers is determined and the second half of R3 can be computed.

In 1997, Golic presented an attack based on solving sets of linear equations which has a time complexity of 240.16 (the units are in terms of number of solutions of a system of linear equations which are required).

In 2000, Alex Biryukov, Adi Shamir and David Wagner showed that A5/1 can be cryptanalysed in real time using a time-memory tradeoff attack, based on earlier work by Jovan Golic. One tradeoff allows an attacker to reconstruct the key in one second from two minutes of known plaintext or in several minutes from two seconds of known plain text, but he must first complete an expensive preprocessing stage which requires 248 steps to compute around 300 GB of data. Several tradeoffs between preprocessing, data requirements, attack time and memory complexity are possible.

The same year, Eli Biham and Orr Dunkelman also published an attack on A5/1 with a total work complexity of 239.91 A5/1 clockings given 220.8 bits of known plaintext. The attack requires 32 GB of data storage after a precomputation stage of 238.

Ekdahl and Johansson published an attack on the initialisation procedure which breaks A5/1 in a few minutes using two to five minutes of conversation plaintext. This attack does not require a preprocessing stage. In 2004, Maximov et al. improved this result to an attack requiring "less than one minute of computations, and a few seconds of known conversation". The attack was further improved by Elad Barkan and Eli Biham in 2005.

Attacks on A5/1 as used in GSM
In 2003, Barkan et al. published several attacks on GSM encryption. The first is an active attack. GSM phones can be convinced to use the much weaker A5/2 cipher briefly. A5/2 can be broken easily, and the phone uses the same key as for the stronger A5/1 algorithm. A second attack on A5/1 is outlined, a ciphertext-only time-memory tradeoff attack which requires a large amount of precomputation.

In 2006, Elad Barkan, Eli Biham, Nathan Keller published the full version of their 2003 paper, with attacks against A5/X сiphers. The authors claim:

In 2007 Universities of Bochum and Kiel started a research project to create a massively parallel FPGA-based cryptographic accelerator COPACOBANA. COPACOBANA was the first commercially available solution using fast time-memory trade-off techniques that could be used to attack the popular A5/1 and A5/2 algorithms, used in GSM voice encryption, as well as the Data Encryption Standard (DES). It also enables brute force attacks against GSM eliminating the need of large precomputed lookup tables.

In 2008, the group The Hackers Choice launched a project to develop a practical attack on A5/1. The attack requires the construction of a large look-up table of approximately 3 terabytes. Together with the scanning capabilities developed as part of the sister project, the group expected to be able to record any GSM call or SMS encrypted with A5/1, and within about 3–5 minutes derive the encryption key and hence listen to the call and read the SMS in clear. But the tables weren't released.

A similar effort, the A5/1 Cracking Project, was announced at the 2009 Black Hat security conference by cryptographers Karsten Nohl and Sascha Krißler. It created the look-up tables using Nvidia GPGPUs via a peer-to-peer distributed computing architecture. Starting in the middle of September 2009, the project ran the equivalent of 12 Nvidia GeForce GTX 260. According to the authors, the approach can be used on any cipher with key size up to 64-bits.

In December 2009, the A5/1 Cracking Project attack tables for A5/1 were announced by Chris Paget and Karsten Nohl. The tables use a combination of compression techniques, including rainbow tables and distinguished point chains. These tables constituted only parts of the 1.7 TB completed table and had been computed during three months using 40 distributed CUDA nodes and then published over BitTorrent. More recently the project has announced a switch to faster ATI Evergreen code, together with a change in the format of the tables and Frank A. Stevenson announced breaks of A5/1 using the ATI generated tables.

Documents leaked by Edward Snowden in 2013 state that the NSA "can process encrypted A5/1".

Using A5/1 as pseudorandom generator
Since the degrees of the three LFSRs are relatively prime, the period of this generator is the product of the periods of the three LFSRs, which represents 2^64 bits (2 to the power of 64).

One might think of using A5/1 as pseudo-random generator with a 64-bit initialization seed (key size), but it is not reliable. It loses its randomness after only 8 MB (which represents the period of the largest of the three registers).

title: A5/1


text:
LCN

LCN can refer to:

 * La Coka Nostra, a hiphop music group
 * La Cosa Nostra ("this thing of ours"): Italian or Italian-émigré organized crime syndicates, including:
 * American Mafia
 * Sicilian Mafia
 * Landing Craft Navigation, a type of watercraft used in World War 2 for surveying landing sites for troops from landing craft
 * Law Centres Network, the peak body for law centres in the UK
 * Le Canal Nouvelles, a television channel in Quebec, Canada
 * Lincoln railway station, whose station code is LCN
 * Load Classification Number, also known as the Pavement Classification Number, a measure of the bearing strength of an airport runway
 * Logical channel number (aka virtual channel), channel numbers used on radio and television sets
 * Logical cluster number of a volume or logical drive of a computer
 * London Centre for Nanotechnology, a nanotechnology research institute in London, England
 * Low copy number, a DNA profiling technique
 * Lcn. (× Laeliocatanthe), a hybrid genus of orchids, corresponding to Cattleya × Laelia × Guarianthe
 * Balcanoona Airport, IATA airport code "LCN"

title: LCN


text:
User talk:Ralmin

Hi, Ralmin, thank you for adding some organizations in Australia. --Gboy 18:16, 11 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Oh, no problem! --Ralmin 07:52, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Chinese measure word
I presume zha is an English loan word. If so, I wonder if it is something of a slang word and ought to be annotated as such to avoid learners using it in formal contexts.

--David Woolley 23:55, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the suggestion. I have added a note as you suggested. -- ralmin 09:58, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

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Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me or ask for help at Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. Thank you. -- Carnildo 07:29, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks Carnildo, I have rectified the problem. ralmin 14:43, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Under Southern Stars
Hey Ralmin thanks for editing the 'under southern stars' page. heyhey gay white male uni student in sydney ;) me 2 .. ok so we're not that rare .. but still, hi :D!

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title: User talk:Ralmin


text:
Taishan, Guangdong

Taishan, alternately romanized in Cantonese as Toishan or Toisan, in local dialect as Hoisan, and formerly known as Xinning or Sunning (新寧), is a county-level city in the southwest of Guangdong province, China. It is administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen. During the 2020 census, there were 907,354 inhabitants (941,095 in 2010), but only 433,266 were considered urban. Taishan calls itself the "First Home of the Overseas Chinese". An estimated half a million Chinese Americans are of Taishanese descent.

Geography
Taishan is in the Pearl River Delta, in southwestern Jiangmen Prefecture. It has 95 islands and islets, including Shangchuan Island, Guangdong's largest island now that Hainan is a separate province. Taishan is one of Guangdong's "Four Counties" (Sze Yup), which excluded Heshan and is now part of the Greater Taishan Region.

History
During the Ming dynasty, the area of present-day Taishan was carved out of Xinhui County on 12 February 1499 as "Xinning County". By the 19th century, Xinning was already a source of migrant and emigrant workers, but a series of subsequent natural and political disasters in the area exacerbated the situation. Aside from the disruption of the Sea Ban regulations (Haijin) themselves, their revocation led to an influx of northern settlers who began long-running feuds with the returning locals; this erupted into full-scale war in the 1850s and '60s. The 1842 Treaty of Nanking that ended the First Opium War opened China to greater foreign trade just before the California Gold Rush made the prospect of emigration to the United States appealing. Many also served as contract workers abroad, as in Hawaii, Peru and Cuba and—most famously—for the Central Pacific half of America's Transcontinental Railroad, where the Chinese made up 80% of the company's workforce as they laid track over the mountains and deserts of the west. By 1870, there were 63,000 Chinese in the U.S., almost all in California.

Chin Gee Hee's Sun Ning Railway Company connected Sun Ning (Xinning) with its hinterland in 1908 and reached Jiangmen (Kongmoon) in 1913. It was notable as one of only three railways financed, built, owned, and run by the Chinese themselves before the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War.

In 1914, the new Republican government renamed the area Taishan County to avoid confusion with other places named Xinning. (Foreign sources now frequently confuse it with Mount Tai in Shandong.) During the Second World War, the Sun Ning Railway was destroyed to prevent its use by the Japanese. Japanese soldiers entered Taicheng, the county seat, in March 1941 and killed nearly 280 people. One quarter of the "Flying Tigers", a joint American and Chinese group of airmen who fought the Japanese before the U.S. entered the Second World War, hailed from Taishan.

Taishan was promoted to county-level city status on 17 April 1992, reflecting its increasing level of urbanization.

Administration
Taishan administers one subdistrict and 16 towns, which in turn are subdivided into 313 administrative villages, and residential communities. The city has 3,655 natural villages, but they do not function as administrative divisions.

Taishan's township-level divisions are:

Some of the city's natural villages include Annanjiangchao, Bihou , Jilong, and Guanbuli.

Demographics
Counting the total Greater Taishan Region or Sze Yap Region, which includes Kaiping, Xinhui, Enping and Taishan, there are about 8 to 9 million Taishanese people worldwide. According to American historian Him Mark Lai, approximately 430,000 or 70% of Chinese Americans in the 1980s were Taishanese according to 1988 data. About 500,000 Chinese Americans claim Taishanese origins today.

While Taishan itself has a population of about 1 million, there are around 1.3 million Taishanese people overseas, distributed in 91 countries and regions. It is estimated that, up to the mid- to late-20th century, over 75% of all overseas Chinese in North America claimed origin in Taishan, so Taishan has been called the "Home of Overseas Chinese".

Language
Taishan's main dialect is Taishanese. Most Taishanese today use Mandarin in school or formal occasions, but Taishanese is the lingua franca. Schools require their students to speak Mandarin in the classroom, and teachers are required to lecture in Mandarin.

Taishanese is a language of the Yue Chinese, a large group that includes, but is broader than, the Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Cantonese and Taishanese are thus related but distinct. Cantonese is also widely known in Taishan, as it serves as Guangdong Province's lingua franca.

Before the 1980s, Taishanese was the predominant Chinese language spoken throughout North America's Chinatowns.

Economy
In 2018, Taishan's GDP reached 43.25 billion Yuan, government revenue was 2.92 billion Yuan, fixed-asset investment was 27.33 billion Yuan, retail sales totaled 25.52 billion Yuan, and foreign trade totaled 13.76 billion Yuan.

Power generation
Taishan is home to two major power plants: the Guohua Taishan Power Station and the Taishan Nuclear Power Plant.

Sports
Taishan is nicknamed the "hometown of volleyball", after the game was introduced to the city in 1915 by Lingnan University student Wu Xiumin. Many prominent Chinese volleyball players have hailed from Taishan. In recent years, local governments in the city have invested in the area's volleyball programs, and the city hosted a number of Volleyball Women's Nations League matches in 2018. 9-man is a form of volleyball from Taishan brought to American Chinatowns by Taishanese immigrants.

Music and Entertainment
Taishan and Guangzhou are the birthplaces of Guangdong music.

Parts of the movie Let the Bullets Fly were filmed in Taishan in 2010.

Education
Education enjoys significant support from Overseas Chinese professionals and businessmen. Many secondary schools were built and financed by Chinese living in China's Special Administrative Regions, as well as various foreign countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Brazil. To honor their benefactors, these schools often bear either their names or the names of said donor's parents.

The Peng Quan School is a prime example, which was constructed during 1999–2001 and is now integrated into Taishan's public school system. It is situated on the west side of Taicheng and was built by a Hong Kong businessman.

There are many middle schools and high schools in Taishan but no academic universities. Students must study rigorously in order to be accepted at universities located in other cities.

Taishan schools include:

University:
 * Taishan Panshi Television University

Secondary schools (including combined junior-senior high schools and senior high schools):

 * Taishan No. 1 High School
 * Taishan Overseas Chinese Middle School
 * Taishan Peiying Vocational Technical School
 * Taishan Taishi Senior High School
 * Taishan City Peng Quan School
 * Taishan Litan Gengkai Memorial Middle School
 * Taishan Peizheng School
 * Taishan Renyuan Middle School
 * Taishan Guang Hai School
 * Taishan Shuibu Middle School
 * Taishan Lishufen Memorial Middle School
 * Taishan Chonglou Middle School
 * Taishan Xueye Junior Middle School
 * Taishan Xinning Middle School
 * Taishan Yizhong Dajiang Experimental Middle School
 * Taishan Najin Middle School
 * Taishan Ningyang Middle School

Transportation
Taishan is accessible by bus with a long-distance bus station in Taicheng, and through a port at GongYi on the Tan River which flows into the Pearl River Delta. The ferry service between GongYi and Hong Kong has been discontinued.

Ferry
Ferry services connect the island of Shangchuan with the mainland, sailing between the Sanzhou Harbor on Shangchuan, and Shanzui Harbor  in the town of Chuandao. There are also daily ferry services between Sanzhou Harbor and the nearby island of Xiachuan.

Rail
In 2018, Taishan railway station opened in Taicheng Subdistrict, connecting the city via rail. The station, located 7 km north of the city center, is a stop on the Shenzhen–Zhanjiang high-speed railway, and has a couple dozen trains a day running to Guangzhou South railway station.

title: Taishan, Guangdong


text:
Talk:Light-emitting diode

LEDs don't NEED
"other components to work". section in question: LEDs usually need electronic support components to function, while an incandescent bulb can and usually does operate directly from an unregulated DC or AC power source.[citation needed]￼

just remove it because it's wrong and gives a false impression. Or could atleast be worded differently. SOME LEDs require other components to work MORE efficiently, while others don't require additional components to work. Some LEDs are designed for the range of 1.5-4.0VDC range and those will work directly to battery power.. unless components = power supply as well.. 24.19.141.129 (talk) 00:08, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
 * One can build a device with a current regulator inside, or even just a resistor. Many are commonly run of small button cell batteries, (or two or three), relying on the internal resistance of the battery. The claim is wrong for incandescent lamps, as they need a somewhat regulated power source. The whole AC power distribution system is designed to regulate voltage enough for them. (Usually tap switching distribution transformers.) Do you have a reference for the 1.5V to 4.0V LED? Gah4 (talk) 08:37, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * One can build a device with a current regulator inside, or even just a resistor. Many are commonly run of small button cell batteries, (or two or three), relying on the internal resistance of the battery. The claim is wrong for incandescent lamps, as they need a somewhat regulated power source. The whole AC power distribution system is designed to regulate voltage enough for them. (Usually tap switching distribution transformers.) Do you have a reference for the 1.5V to 4.0V LED? Gah4 (talk) 08:37, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

PIV
LEDs commonly have a reverse voltage limit in the 5V range. Enough to allow easy multiplexing. For AC operation, you usually need a series silicon diode. A typical data sheet is here. Gah4 (talk) 08:40, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

Reverse voltage and various clarifications.
First we might need clarification as to what LED refers to. Is it: For the rest of this comment I am going to assume an LED is a single P-N junction.
 * is it a single crystal (i.e. a single P-N junction)
 * is it an electronic component, which in most cases includes a single PN junction but can include more than one (e.g a bicolor LED), or include a resistor for current limitation (hence the rating of some LEDs as 5V for instance).

Regarding reverse voltage: Most if not all LED manufacturers will list an absolute maximum reverse voltage as 5V. Yet, many people are driving LEDs directly from an AC power line (120V or 240V) with a resistor for current limiting. And in this case, an LED is subjected to a reverse voltage of √2 x 240 ≈ 339V at its peak, a much higher value than 5V. And I have never seen an LED being damaged for that reason. So, I have been trying to figure why there is such an apparent huge discrepancy between what manufacturers recommend and what reality allows. In other words, why do manufacturers list 5V, when you can obviously go much higher, unlike most other absolute maximum ratings which have a much smaller safety margin. I have found a few hints, but nothing that definitely explains that difference. Does anyone know? and should that be mentioned in the article? Dhrm77 (talk) 12:35, 2 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I did used to drive them directly from 120VAC, but with a series silicon diode. I never tested them for PIV, though. If you have a current limited adjustable source, you can measure the reverse breakdown. Gah4 (talk) 00:14, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I did used to drive them directly from 120VAC, but with a series silicon diode. I never tested them for PIV, though. If you have a current limited adjustable source, you can measure the reverse breakdown. Gah4 (talk) 00:14, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

Allen-Cherry 1961 paper - does not report on light emission
I've read the 1961 Allen & Cherry paper cited in this article. The sentence claiming that this paper reports on light emission isn't correct - that paper mostly discusses photoconductivity. I'll delete the sentence in a day or so. It is possible that Allen & Cherry did observed light emission around then, but that important claim is not backed up by the reference. Easchiff (talk) 03:22, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

 * This paragraph of the article has been revised to expand on the GaAsP devices that were the first visible light LEDs to be commercialized. The full history of visible light LEDs is complex, and there is further discussion later in the article. Easchiff (talk) 15:43, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

"Despite not the inventors of the blue LED..."
This proposed wording would require much better sources to include. The term "inventors" is vague and can have many different meanings, so it's not necessarily obvious what is meant here; and "despite" carries a WP:SYNTHy connection to the award, as though it is somehow of great import that they were awarded it for efficient blue LEDs. Making that connection would require a source saying something roughly comparable. The article already notes the full history of the development of the blue LED, which makes clear what their contribution was; but highlighting this aspect with a "despite" and categorically declaring them to not be the inventors isn't appropriate without a secondary source. --Aquillion (talk) 13:51, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * What I've heard that Shuji Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki, were awarded the prize for the blue LED, not specificantly for the high brightness blue LED. and the information before the awards section, is enough to prove that the Nobel prize in physics 2014 was awarded to the wrong people. זור987 (talk) 14:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * That sounds like WP:RIGHTGREATWRONGS. We definitely can't say or imply that the award itself was awarded to the wrong people unless we have sources supporting that explicitly. Even if they did get it wrong, Wikipedia isn't the place to try and correct that; we're an encyclopedia, so we summarize what other sources say - trying to "prove it" yourself is WP:SYNTH / WP:OR. --Aquillion (talk) 14:47, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * There were, many years ago, experiments with SiC. It was extremely inefficient, so didn't count as an actual LED, at least not for commercial use. The efficient statement is important. That might compare to 0.01% efficient or so. Gah4 (talk) 00:17, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * There were, many years ago, experiments with SiC. It was extremely inefficient, so didn't count as an actual LED, at least not for commercial use. The efficient statement is important. That might compare to 0.01% efficient or so. Gah4 (talk) 00:17, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

Table needed
A table is needed showing the emitted colour of an LED versus things such as typical voltage required, doping material used... 2001:8003:E40F:9601:4D90:A972:FCCB:FA19 (talk) 06:12, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It mostly doesn't depend on the doping, but the actual semiconductor material. Often they are alloys, such as the early GaAsP, which is a crystal mixture of GaAs and GaP, and with gap somewhere in between. But yes, a table would be nice, at least for the common cases. Gah4 (talk) 00:19, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It mostly doesn't depend on the doping, but the actual semiconductor material. Often they are alloys, such as the early GaAsP, which is a crystal mixture of GaAs and GaP, and with gap somewhere in between. But yes, a table would be nice, at least for the common cases. Gah4 (talk) 00:19, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Light-emitting diode