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Virginia Pep Band

The Virginia Pep Band was a student-run musical ensemble at the University of Virginia (UVA). In the tradition of scatter or scramble bands, like those at Stanford, Rice and the Ivy League, the Pep Band preferred irreverent humor and individuality to marching in uniform formations. Founded in 1974, this group of students served as UVa's band supporting athletics in an official capacity until 2003. After being banned from official athletic events in 2003, the group continued to perform at sporting events such as swimming, field hockey, and ice hockey. The ensemble has also performed at Charlottesville community events including the Charlottesville 10-miler, the Alzheimer's Walk, and the United Way Day of Caring.

History

The earliest appearance of the organization which became the Virginia Pep Band was in 1909, when the East Lawn Chowder Society appeared in the University of Virginia yearbook, Corks and Curls. The East Lawn Chowder Society was a secret society that engaged in general tomfoolery, often involving their rivals, the West Lawn Chowder Society. Later, the East Lawn Society formed a band, which evolved over time into the most recently recognized format. The style and appearance of the organization has changed over time; at some point it even performed a traditional marching band style as the University of Virginia Marching Band (this is why both "award-winning" and "marching" appear in the band's name). In the fall of 1974, under the leadership of Stephen F. Mershon, Hugh Riley, and Franklin Seney, the band adopted the Ivy League scramble band style, beginning the modern era of the band. In the early scramble-band seasons, the band did, in fact, march for the opening and closing numbers in more-or-less straight lines. Marching was later abandoned entirely. The one thing common to all of the current group's predecessors was student governance—complete control by its members rather than University faculty.

The "Revolution of '93"
In 1993, UVa's then–athletic director, Jim Copeland, announced that the Pep Band would be run by a professional band director. In response, the band went on strike, and its leaders argued they were standing up for student self-governance. Called the "Revolution of '93" by Pep Band members, the clash with the athletic department garnered national attention. Columns and letters in news sources such as The New York Times, the Washington Post, and USA Today addressed the conflict.

During the strike, the athletic department replaced the Pep Band with a faculty-run group called the "UVa Sports Band," a 24-member band which included several hired musicians. The Sports Band proved unpopular with fans, and was introduced at Scott Stadium only once (when it was resoundingly booed). During this game, Pep Band members protested on "The Hill". The athletic department reinstated the Pep Band to athletic events in time for the last home game of the season against Virginia Tech.

The Expulsion of 2003
The band's performance at the 2002 Continental Tire Bowl prompted West Virginia Governor Bob Wise to demand an apology from the band and the school for its portrayal of West Virginia residents. The show's script was the result of student writing followed by Athletics Department censorship and approval, and is available online. The Pep Band was permanently banned from ever playing at the bowl again. This prompted emails and phone calls to the UVa Athletics Department, some suggesting the elimination of the Pep Band and the creation of a university marching band.

In the spring of 2003, after the last issue of the Cavalier Daily was published for the year, the Athletics Department banned the Pep Band from performing at official UVa athletic events. Athletics Department officials locked the Pep Band's storage closet without warning, effectively confiscating the band's instruments, both University owned and private. The formation of a new marching band, the Cavalier Marching Band, to debut for the 2004 football season was announced, although the 2003 season was left with no official band. The new band would be run by a professional band director and staff, as opposed to the Pep Band, whose director and managing board were elected from among its student members.

The University of Virginia student council passed a resolution in February 2004 asking for the cooperative "coexistence of two bands," both the faculty and the student-run organizations. Specifically, they asked for the Pep Band's return to athletic events, especially those where the marching band would not perform, but the Athletics Department made no official response to the resolution, leading Pep Band advocates to decry what they saw as an outright dismissal of student governance. The Athletics Department cited several reasons for the change, including fan disinterest in, or fan outrage at, their performances, which were intended to be provocative. Pep Band Director Adam Lorentson said at the time that "cost is the key reason the University does not have a traditional marching band."

Advocates for the Virginia Pep Band, including some in the Cavalier Daily editorial section, claimed that there was strong student support for the organization and that the administration of the University of Virginia and its Athletics Department were exerting more control over something that was historically student-run. They saw the elimination of a "student-run" band as a departure from what they considered to be the Jeffersonian ideals of self-government and freedom of speech that the University of Virginia inherited from its founder. They point out that all the scripts for their performances had been approved by the UVa Athletics Department and, in the case of the Tire Bowl, by the bowl officials themselves. Some columnists downplayed the offensiveness of the band's performances; one Washington Post columnist wrote that the Pep Band was "banned not for the crime of political incorrectness, but for the potential to possibly, just maybe, somehow, somewhere, some day commit it."

Despite the ban, the Pep Band remained active from 2003 to 2011, performing its traditional roles in Charlottesville events and supporting University of Virginia student athletes outside the jurisdiction of the athletic department, such as at club sporting events. For some years on football game day, the Pep Band performed regularly for the UVa Alumni Association at Alumni Hall, as well as performing what they call a "pre-game scramble" for tailgating fans outside Scott Stadium. They also performed for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League and the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball.

Current status
The Virginia Pep Band ceased being an official student group at UVa in 2011. The band was incorporated as Virginia Pep Band inc. in 2011, which consists of a board of alumni charged with maintaining the band's property and legacy.

title: Virginia Pep Band


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Correlation function (astronomy)

In astronomy, a correlation function describes the distribution of galaxies in the universe. By default, "correlation function" refers to the two-point autocorrelation function. The two-point autocorrelation function is a function of one variable (distance); it describes the excess probability of finding two galaxies separated by this distance (excess over and above the probability that would arise if the galaxies were simply scattered independently and with uniform probability). It can be thought of as a clumpiness factor - the higher the value for some distance scale, the more clumpy the universe is at that distance scale.

The following definition (from Peebles 1980) is often cited:

 * Given a random galaxy in a location, the correlation function describes the probability that another galaxy will be found within a given distance.

However, it can only be correct in the statistical sense that it is averaged over a large number of galaxies chosen as the first, random galaxy. If just one random galaxy is chosen, then the definition is no longer correct, firstly because it is meaningless to talk of just one "random" galaxy, and secondly because the function will vary wildly depending on which galaxy is chosen, in contradiction with its definition as a function.

Assuming the universe is isotropic (which observations suggest), the correlation function is a function of a scalar distance. The two-point correlation function can then be written as $$\xi_2(\left| \mathbf x_1 - \mathbf x_2 \right|) = \langle \delta(\mathbf x_1) \delta(\mathbf x_2) \rangle,$$ where $$\delta(\mathbf x) = (\rho(\mathbf x) - \bar\rho)/\bar\rho$$ is a unitless measure of overdensity, defined at every point. Letting $$\Delta = \left| \mathbf x_1 - \mathbf x_2 \right|$$, it can also be expressed as the integral $$\xi_2(\Delta) = \frac{1}{V} \int d^3 x \, \delta(\mathbf x) \delta(\mathbf x + \mathbf \Delta) .$$

The spatial correlation function $$\xi(r)$$ is related to the Fourier space power spectrum of the galaxy distribution, $$P(k)$$, as $$\xi(r) = \frac{1}{2\pi^2} \int dk \, k^2 P(k) \, \frac{\sin(kr)}{kr}$$

The n-point autocorrelation functions for n greater than 2 or cross-correlation functions for particular object types are defined similarly to the two-point autocorrelation function.

The correlation function is important for theoretical models of physical cosmology because it provides a means of testing models which assume different things about the contents of the universe.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Correlation function (astronomy)


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Talk:Arts and Crafts movement

Old comments
I own a craftsman bungalow in Grant Park (Atlanta) and am attempting restoration with limited funds; a slow but steady process. I love the clean lines and simple artistry of solid heart pine carpentry. I'm looking to share resources, salvage goods sources, and tips and techniques with others out there. I'm learning as I go along, reading a book or two, and genuinely trying to get this right. Please post a response if interested. Michael Beavers

Does garden design form a part of this movement?KRS 17:59, 24 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Gertrude Jekyll's gardens are Arts and Crafts classics. In fact the idea of a "cottage garden" is allied to the movement. Wetman 21:05, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

There was a redirect at the beginning of this page before I started editing it. Now it is missing. It is not there in the previous version. Could someone look into it?KRS 18:02, 24 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Sorry its there when you come from Arts and Crafts MovementKRS 18:05, 24 Aug 2003 (UTC)

"Sentimental socialism"
We're not permitted this recently-deleted phrase—too pat, anyway, just as it was— so would someone with a good grasp of the intellectual atmosphere of non-rigorous socialist-tending concepts and feelings espoused in the Arts and Crafts movement please give us a paragraph on Arts and Crafts and socialism? Maybe with some evocative quotes. It mustn't employ the word "sentimental". Thank you. --Wetman 22:18, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Wrong annotation
quote: This article does not deal with the American usage of the term.

What is this good for? I mean, the "Arts and Crafts movement" to me has always been a British movement. There is a use of that term in the US, but that should refer to the article Arts and Crafts. There is no such thing as a American Arts and Crafts movement. Or am I wrong? -- 217.233.130.26 15:01, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * There indeed was an American Arts and Crafts movement slightly later in time. It generally encompassed architecture and interior design. Think Frank Lloyd Wright in architecture and Gustav Stickley in furniture. Ironically, the Stickley article links back to this one which disclaims to discuss American A&C.

 * The Arts and Crafts Society has some very useful links. Perhaps I'll research some of this (I have several texts at home) and come up with a few paragraphs. Ruidh 21:32, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Capitalisation?
Are "Arts and Crafts" or "Arts and Crafts Movement" proper nouns? Otherwise, suggest this and similarly-named articles/categories capitalmoved accordingly. Regards, David Kernow 22:35, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not a movement called the "Arts and Crafts", it's a movement called the "Arts and Crafts Movement" isn't it? So "Movement" is part of a proper noun, not a descriptor of a proper noun, so it should be capitalised?

 * JimmyGuano 07:33, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Historicism
Currently this word appears twice in the article. I am not sure what it is supposed to mean in this context. Please elaborate. pmr 10:56, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Substituted "eclectic revival of historic styles". --Wetman 21:57, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Art Nouveau
In the beginning of this article it is stated that the term Arts and Crafts movement is often used to denote the style between the Art Nouveau and Art Deco eras, and in the Influences section essentially that ACM principles inspired Art Nouveau. Please clarify. Sergivs-en 00:18, 1 April 2007 (UTC)Sergivs-en

A thinly-disguised list
"Its best-known practitioners were William Morris, Charles Robert Ashbee, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, Walter Crane, Nelson Dawson, Phoebe Anna Traquair, Herbert Tudor Buckland, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Christopher Dresser, Edwin Lutyens, Ernest Gimson, William Lethaby, Edward Schroeder Prior, Frank Lloyd Wright, Gustav Stickley, Christopher Whall and artists in the Pre-Raphaelite movement."

A thoughtful opening encapsulation of the Arts and Crafts movement and its progress could weave this thread of names into some text. --Wetman 19:13, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arts_and_Crafts_movement&oldid=172080272 The 13:28, 17 November 2007 81.109.194.159 version] of this article was translated into Chinese Wikipedia.--Philopp (talk) 13:51, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Requested move 1

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. JPG-GR (talk) 20:57, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Arts and Crafts movement → Arts and Crafts Movement — The title is itself a proper noun, rather than the word "movement" being a description of a thing called the "Arts and Crafts" (which otherwise means something else - see Arts and crafts). Shouldn't it therefore have a capital M, like Oxford Movement, rather than a small one like Reform movement? —JimmyGuano (talk) 17:33, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

British and American?
The A&C style seems to have been pretty popular here in Australia. I think this needs some clarification, because the article then goes on to talk about A&C in Germany and other places, with illustrations from Sydney and Auckland.

Socialism
The article states that there were "socialist undertones" to the movement, too vague a phrase. It should say who was a socialist. Morris was certainly a socialist but Ruskin most certainly was not, he was a conservative. Marshall46 (talk) 14:51, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I removed this: "There were also socialist undertones to this movement—most explicitly, and primarily, in Great Britain—in that another primary aim was for craftspeople to derive satisfaction from what they did. This satisfaction, the proponents of this movement felt, was totally denied in the industrialised processes inherent in compartmentalised machine production." It has no source and it makes no sense.  Socialism is about public ownership of capital, not about opposition to industry.  I have replaced it with a brief mention of Morris's socialism.  Marshall46 (talk) 17:19, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

B class?
This article is a long way from B class. It lacks inline citations, is far from comprehensive and it needs a lot of cleanup. I have change it to Start Class. Marshall46 (talk) 17:39, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

"Negating historicism"
I deleted the statement that said the arts and crafts movement negated historicism. If historicism in art means the imitation of past styles, then the arts and crafts movement most certainly did not negate it. Marshall46 (talk) 15:05, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

I am not happy
with 1910 as a starting date for the movement in the US. But am not sure that I can fond a source here (work). when I get home, if it is still annoying me, I'll do something. Unless YOu do it first. Einar aka 98.23.211.46 (talk) 22:15, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

 * No, those dates would be completely wrong - although I think it's actually unclear wording, and the point intended was to illustrate the gap between Art Nouveau and Art Deco (vague, and obviously 1925). It needs fixing though. If "US Craftsman" is to mean "Gustav Stickley", then that's 1895(-ish) to around 1915. Earlier if you include Lloyd Wright's Craftsman phase, maybe a later start around 1900 if you're picky. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:16, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Well I am not that picky, but if Boston had a A&C society in 1890, that's going to be what i change it to. After getting a good source, of course. Einar, signed on this time as Carptrash (talk) 00:57, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Can we have some inline citations for the section on the USA? Marshall46 (talk) 08:22, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

External links - preventing link farms
I have just trimmed a couple of the external links in this article. More should be deleted as it is looking like a bit of a link farm. WP:ELNO has some good guidance on what shouldn't be linked. Of particular note is the first of the listed criteria - that the external link should provide extra information over and above what the article would contain were it to be of featured article standard. Just because a website has interesting info on it, it doesn't mean it should be linked. If external link is selling any product or service related to the subject of the article then it should never be linked - spam should not be tolerated on Wikipedia. --Simple Bob (talk) 13:47, 9 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Whilst I'd agree with you that there are bad links that need removal, there's no blanket policy against links to commercial sites. The relevant comment is only 5th in the lists, and even then it states "Links to web pages that primarily exist to sell products or services," Note that it says "pages" and not "sites". If a commercial site that exists to sell products also has some background information on other pages, there's no reason not to link to those pages. Andy Dingley (talk) 14:53, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

"British Isles"
I changed this to "United Kingdom". I see that the editor who put "British Isles" has been banned for it. Apart from WP policy on the matter, it's inaccurate in this context, which refers to England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland (the United Kingdom at the time) and not to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, which are in the BI but not the UK. Apart from this, he has made some useful additions to the article: thanks. Marshall46 (talk) 09:33, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * As far as I can see the historical references are to England and Scotland so Great Britain might be more accurate. If there is material that includes Ireland then British Isles would be appropriate as it avoids explaining and/or pipelinking to different versions of the UK.  Does anyone have access to The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1 who can check this?
 * The banning arose from this ruling of which you need to be aware. Ideally any insertion or removal of BI should be discussed first.  -- Snowded  TALK  09:48, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The last paragraph contains a sourced reference to Ireland. Although Ireland was part of the UK at that time, "British Isles" might be best.  If no objections, I will change it back.  Marshall46 (talk) 09:53, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * No objections from me -- Snowded TALK  09:59, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. Marshall46 (talk) 12:10, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

I was born and live in England and no one I have discussd this with here has any concepttion of what these distinctions are about. This is arid and meaningless pedantry - the sort of thing that might fascinate foreigners, politicians or trainee monarchs who have nothing better to exercise their minds about, but real people simply don't care about it. g4oep

Deletion of unsupported statement
I have deleted the following sentence from the section on the United States: "In the United States, the Arts and Crafts Movement took on a distinctively more bourgeois flavor than in Europe." There is no reference given to support this statement, which seems to be opinion or original research. Given William Morris' class background and the popularity of Arts and Crafts homes among working class and lower middle class Americans of 100 years ago, I don't think that this is an accurate observation at all. Cullen328 (talk) 22:02, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The section on the USA needs more work.  Marshall46 (talk) 09:07, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Good. It's clearly a reference to the current Bungalow revival, which is mostly being applied to fancy country homes. This article can certainly cover that, but it's clearly not focused on what A&C is turning into today, but the formation and history of the movement. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ɖ⊝כ⊙þ Contrib.  03:43, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Use of British Isles
TFOWR 16:34, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Lead image replacement?
I noticed that the lead image was very dark and shadowy, and as a result, doesn't seem to convey much. I would replace it, however, the breadth of the movement means that there are quite a few options of good images, and many potential things to represent it. Any thoughts on what should head it? Morgan Riley (talk) 20:17, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, and in fact most of the objects that can be seen aren't Arts & Crafts at all, but Jacobean & Georgian furniture, or repro, an oriental rug, fussy Victorian china etc etc. Johnbod (talk) 12:54, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
 * In which case it doesn't illustrate the article, and I have deleted it. Marshall46 (talk) 15:02, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

North America
I have re-organised this section so as to bring together similar material in one section. It needs to be edited by someone who is familiar with the North American movement. Marshall46 (talk) 09:14, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was not moved. --BDD (talk) 17:41, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

Arts and Crafts movement → Arts and Crafts – This is clearly the main topic (note the upper-case letters), with other uses being secondary and derived from this one, which dates to the mid-to-late 1800s and remains current, due to the A&C revival that's been ongoing for the last 50 years. The lower-case variants arts and crafts and arts & crafts redirect to Arts and crafts (disambiguation), and need to stay that way because of confusing American use meaning "handicrafts". The totally-unsourced-for-seven-years WP:REDUNDANTFORK (actually a WP:POVFORK) at arts and crafts I merged into handicraft. The capitalized variants, Arts and Crafts and Arts & Crafts, presently redirect to Arts and Crafts movement; after the move of Arts and Crafts movement to Arts and Crafts, Arts & Crafts should redir to Arts and Crafts, since when capitalized it can properly only refer to the art movement and its output (we do not capitalize when it's not a proper name, per MOS:CAPS). Obvious precedent for the move: Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Impressionism, Cubism, Bauhaus, etc., etc., etc., are not cumbersomely named with unnecessarily long verbiage like "Art Nouveau movement". It is WP standard operating procedure per WP:AT policy and WP:DAB to not use long-winded, disambiguatory phrasing in article titles unless absolutely necessary, but use the WP:COMMONNAME. The present title conflicts with its own text as well as the rest of the articles of this sort. — SMcCandlish Talk⇒ ɖ⊝כ⊙þ Contrib.  02:57, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Disagree. "Arts and Crafts Movement" is not "long verbiage" but an accepted phrase in art history, referring to what is described here: an influential art and design movement that emerged in the late 19th century and ran until the First World War, with remnants thereafter in the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society and survivals in artists such as Eric Gill, Bernard Leach and Ethel Mairet. "Arts and Crafts" is too general and is more or less synonymous with "handicraft". It is not common usage to signify the specific, local and time-limited professional art movement, associated with certain personalities, that is the subject of this article. You talk about the A&C revival that's been going on for the last 50 years. Presumably you're referring to the interest in the crafts in post-industrial societies, which is not what art historians mean by "the Arts and Crafts movement".  Your proposed name change will create confusion and drag into this article all sorts of contemporary activities that deprive the article of focus.   Pelarmian (talk) 09:35, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Disagree. See V&A Museum or Cheltenham Museum web pages for examples of usage. Likewise the Lion Companion to Church Architecture, 2008, for example, uses 'Arts and Crafts Movement' in both the text and index. The disambiguation is needed in UK usage just as much as in US. (eg. www.leicester.co.uk/dir/Shopping/Arts_and_Crafts_Shops/) Arts and Crafts as a term has a much wider meaning than the Movement, and there needs to be a page properly focussed on the Movement. So I say, keep as it is. RobinLeicester (talk) 23:47, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * oppose Arts and crafts should be a disambig between handicrafts and Arts and Crafts movement. Arts and Crafts movement, as others have noted, has a substantial history as a movement. Also the idea of the disambig being only different from the movement article by capitalisation is obviously confusing to readers. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:17, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Regional variations in the topic name are valid considerations for determining the article title but the conflict of "Arts and Crafts" with "arts and crafts" weighs heavily in favor of a disambiguating this page by appending "movement". Joja  lozzo  00:49, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment - "Arts and Crafts" and "Art & Crafts" should not redirect here. Readers don't normally expect case to matter in a search string so these should redirect to "Arts and crafts (disambiguation)" or "Handcrafts" since I think they are at least as likely if not more likely to be looking for handcrafts as for this page. Joja  lozzo  00:49, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose – that would make the title completely ambiguous. The capitalization is not reliable as an indicator of anything, especially here since "arts and crafts movement" is not consistently capitalized in sources.  A better title would be "Arts and crafts movement.  Dicklyon (talk) 23:12, 17 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose You have to have the "movement." it's like bowel and bowel movement.  Different things.  Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 23:42, 17 January 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Notable examples
The architectural examples section ought to represent a concise list of the most notable examples, which is clearly not the case at present - it needs some work. There are of course thousands of buildings associated with the Arts and Crafts or loosely built in a related style, but the aim here is to give a clear idea of what the style actually consists of. Ideally every entry on the list should refer to an article on Wikipedia, or failing that at least be referenced to back up the claim to notability, and so that readers can follow it up to see what the building looks like. I'm not sure of the exact rule, but WP:Notability is a start. I removed The Lodge, East Suffolk Park because the only references I can find are mirrored from this article (Mindmeister, Answers.com etc.) and give no details. A map search shows this building is probably in Edinburgh, but I could not find any mention of it elsewhere. ProfDEH (talk) 07:52, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I restored this per WP:REDLINK – we should include and link entries on this list whether they currently have WP articles or not. If you're sure that the building just doesn't warrant its place on the list, then I'm happy to see it go. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:08, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

I'm not sure because I can't find anything about it. But that rather tends to indicate it isn't notable. I'm not sure if your interest is architectural or semantic - do you have a lead to anything on the building (or live across the road and can describe it)? ProfDEH (talk) 13:06, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I found East Suffolk Park, Edinburgh, on Google streetview. The buildings look neo-Georgian rather than Arts and Crafts, so in the absence of any sources it does not belong on the list.  Pelarmian (talk) 17:51, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Hello

I am coming to grips with this architectural style, and looking at St Brendan's Cathedral, Loughrea I am wondering about how this building is justified as being within the scope Arts and Crafts architecture. There is no justification for the assertion Melbournemason (talk) 22:32, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Agreed, it's Gothic revival not A&C. Be bold - delete it. Pelarmian (talk) 23:19, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Done. Pelarmian (talk) 20:25, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Buried Lede
I think this article really needs an encapsulation of what the Arts and Crafts movement was as the first paragraph. E.g., what sorts of objects it was applied to, what the aesthetic philosophy was in regard to the creation of those objects. As it is now, it is taken up mainly with names and dates and locations that dance around the heart of the definition, and will be as meaningless to someone without prior knowledge as the term "Arts and Crafts Movement" itself is. And then the first section is more history. It is quite difficult to find what "Arts and Crafts Movement" actually refers to in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Folding Chair (talk • contribs) 01:55, 8 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Quite so. Go ahead an do it. Hafspajen (talk) 01:57, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

The unity of the arts
One of the main ideas of the ACM, but not covered in this article. Needs doing. Pelarmian (talk) 13:57, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

To do list
... please add to this list. Pelarmian (talk) 10:59, 28 December 2014 (UTC)
 * More about the ideas of John Ruskin and William Morris. Also something about Augustus Pugin and the Gothic revival.
 * The unity of the arts. The elevation of applied arts and Ruskin's influential idea that fine art had a moral purpose. The Art Workers Guild.
 * A section on architecture. The central place of architecture in the movement and the architectural training of many of those who designed in other media.
 * The connection to contemporary reform movements. Morris's socialism. "Merry England". The revival of traditions: vernacular architecture, folk song and dance.  Link to "high mindedness and simple living", e.g. Edward Carpenter.
 * Belated influence on art education from the 1880s (e.g. Birmingham School of Arts and Crafts, Central School of Arts and Crafts, reform of the Royal College of Art, 1901) and the dominance of the Arts and Crafts approach in art education in Britain until the post-war reforms in the 1940s. DONE 27 July 2015

 * The industrial revolution and the factory system as the context in which Arts and Crafts ideas flourished.
 * Connection to Romanticism. Pelarmian (talk) 12:20, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

 * More on the movement in countries other than Britain: better summaries with outbound links to longer articles about "Arts and Crafts Movement in xxxxx". Pelarmian (talk) 08:12, 29 July 2015

 * United States. More on Frank Lloyd Wright and C. R. Ashbee's visit to him in the USA. Pelarmian (talk) 10:31, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

Casa Cuseni
I removed the passage without citation about Casa Cuseni, Taormina, which looked like advertising. Pelarmian (talk) 09:36, 23 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Arts and Crafts movement. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100515141802/http://vads.ahds.ac.uk:80/learning/designingbritain/html/crd_desref.html to http://vads.ahds.ac.uk/learning/designingbritain/html/crd_desref.html

 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150221102147/http://www.myfoxtampabay.com:80/story/28143878/new-bigger-art-museum-coming-to-st-pete to http://www.myfoxtampabay.com/story/28143878/new-bigger-art-museum-coming-to-st-pete

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William Morse
There is a great deal of information here about William Morse. I realize his importance to the Arts and Crafts Movement, but couldn't this be condensed here and if readers want to know more about him they can go to his page? This article is already too long without putting duplicate information about Morse here as well. Rissa, Guild of Copy Editors (talk) 05:18, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I assume you mean William Morris. His contribution to the ACM is already condensed and couldn't be shorter. Is the article too long? It's about 8,000 words and is far from complete - see here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Arts_and_Crafts_movement#To_do_list . It was a coherent movement in Britain between 1880 and 1920 and if you split the article into sections about different periods, different media, different organisations or different artists, the reader won't get the sense of its profound influence on design and taste in that period. However, it could be split by country, since the story in Britain was different from that in the USA and on the continent. I'm reverting your tag re: inline citations because, although certain sections are lacking, the article as a whole is well referenced. I'll leave the tag about length subject to discussions here. Pelarmian (talk) 13:15, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Looked again - some of the Morris info could be pruned, you are right. Too busy just at the moment. Pelarmian (talk) 13:24, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Done. Pelarmian (talk)

Removed too long tag - article is only 60k, guidelines provide articles over 100k to be split and sections summarized. If anyone has an inclination to create separate articles for various A&C movements by country or to expand sections into separate articles, then they may summarize the section in this article with a main article link. Cheers Gmcbjames (talk) 05:53, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

Duration
The duration of the movement was altered from "1880 to 1910" to "1850 to 1900". I reverted it. Such dates are approximate, but the source given for the latter dates (Triggs, "Chapters in the history of the arts and crafts movement" doesn't mention them. Pelarmian (talk) 14:29, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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american bungalow magazines
I have about 61 past issues of American Bungalow magazine, #2 up to #70. (some missing in the sequence however) is anyone interested? what are they worth? thank you.

DW — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8800:6081:CF00:C817:31A:D3A3:3290 (talk) 22:20, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arts and Crafts movement


text:
Patrick Wilson (disambiguation)

Patrick Wilson (born 1973) is an American actor.

Patrick Wilson may also refer to:

 * Patrick Wilson (astronomer) (1743–1811), British astronomer, type-founder, mathematician and meteorologist
 * Patrick Wilson (architect) (1798–1871), British architect
 * Patrick Wilson (librarian) (1927–2003), American librarian, information scientist and philosopher
 * Paddy Wilson (1933–1973), Northern Ireland politician
 * Paddy Wilson (footballer) (born 1946), Scottish footballer
 * Patrick Wilson (composer), British musician and composer
 * Patrick Wilson (drummer) (born 1969), American drummer for the band Weezer
 * Patrick Wilson (New Zealand actor)
 * Patrick Wilson (footballer) (born 1994), Australian rules footballer for Adelaide

title: Patrick Wilson (disambiguation)


text:
Scott Shriner

Scott Gardner Shriner (born July 11, 1965) is an American musician best known as a member of the rock band Weezer, with whom he has recorded twelve studio albums. Joining the band in 2001, Shriner is the band's longest serving bass guitarist.

Prior to his musical career, Shriner was a member of the U.S. Marine Corps. At the age of twenty-five, he moved to Los Angeles, California to pursue a career in music, attending the Musicians Institute. Shriner subsequently performed with multiple independent acts, and toured as a member of Vanilla Ice's backing band, in support of the rapper's nu metal album Hard to Swallow.

In 2001, Shriner joined Weezer on a provisional basis, following the sudden departure of bass guitarist Mikey Welsh, who had left the band for personal reasons. Upon becoming Welsh's full-time replacement, Shriner made his recording debut on the band's fourth studio album, Maladroit (2002). During the band's tour in support of its fifth studio album, Make Believe (2005), Weezer frontman Rivers Cuomo would at times relinquish his role as lead vocalist to allow Shriner, and his bandmates, Brian Bell and Patrick Wilson, to sing lead vocals on specific songs. This increased vocal responsibility carried over to the band's 2008 self-titled release (aka the "Red Album"), where Shriner co-wrote and sang lead vocals on "Cold Dark World" and performed lead vocals on "King".

Shriner also performed in his bandmate Patrick Wilson's side-project The Special Goodness for some time.

Early life
Shriner was born in Toledo, Ohio. He took up bass in high school. After being discharged from the U.S. Marine Corps, he found his high school bass teacher Mark Kieswetter, with whom he studied until moving to Los Angeles in 1989. While in Toledo, Shriner and his best friend Rob Weaver started a band called the Seventh Wave with former Newles members Bob Schramm and Bill Whitman. Shriner went on to play with several Toledo bands, namely the Movers, the Fever, the Theresa Harris Band, and Loved by Millions. He then finished his Toledo music experience with Tim Gahagen, Matt Donahue and Brad Coffin in a band called the Great Barbeque Gods.

Shriner also worked at the bittersweet farms non profit organization in the early 90s. Shriner moved to Los Angeles, California at the age of 25 to attend Musicians Institute and went on to play in several bands including Broken, Bomber, Black Elvis, Mystery Train, Electric Love Hogs, Crown and, most notably, Vanilla Ice's backing band, in support of the rapper's nu metal album Hard to Swallow.

Weezer
In the summer of 2001, Shriner joined Weezer on a provisional basis. Following the departure of their second bassist, Mikey Welsh (who left the band due to personal problems), Shriner was made their full-time bassist. In his first show with Weezer, the 2001 KROQ-FM Inland Invasion, he was attacked by a man later found out to be a friend of his, yet continued to play on as security guards pried the man off his back.

According to Shriner, Rivers Cuomo had initially stated that Shriner was "never" going to be a member of the band, as he was just filling in until Welsh returned. It was only during the photo shoot for the Maladroit album artwork that Shriner realized that he was officially a member of Weezer, having previously only been told to show up for gigs and recording. Shriner became Weezer's third bassist, and the longest-running bassist in Weezer history; he has appeared on twelve of Weezer's fifteen studio albums.

On Weezer's third self-titled album, he co-wrote and sang lead vocals on "Cold Dark World," sang lead vocals on "King" (a deluxe edition track), and sang most of the lead vocals for the band's covers of "The Weight" by the Band and "Oddfellows Local 151" by R.E.M.

In 2005, he sang lead vocals on Weezer songs "In the Garage," "Dope Nose," and "Fall Together." In 2008, during the band's Hootenanny Tour, he sang lead vocals on a cover of "Creep" by Radiohead. On the band's 2008 Troublemaker Tour, he sang "Perfect Situation" and "My Name is Jonas", which he sings in a three-way lead vocal second, with Patrick Wilson and Rivers Cuomo singing lead vocals first and last respectively. He also played on the band's EP The Lion and the Witch and numerous b-sides and demos that can be found on the internet. He has also played shows with Patrick Wilson's band The Special Goodness.

On April 11, 2018, several days prior to the Cars' performance at their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction on April 14, Shriner announced that he would perform with the band. Shriner had previously worked with the Cars leader Ric Ocasek when Ocasek produced the 2014 Weezer album Everything Will Be Alright in the End.

In 2020, Shriner voiced himself in The Simpsons episode "The Hateful Eight-Year-Olds", along with the rest of Weezer.

Equipment
Shriner's primary bass guitars are his 1960 and 1962 Fender Precision Bass guitars, and an Electrical Guitar Company Custom Bass; he can also be seen playing Lakland and Warwick Thumb, and more recently, a Rickenbacker bass. His rig setup consists of an early 70's Ampeg SVT Head and Mesa Boogie 8x10 and 4x12 cabinets. For distortion, Scott uses an Electro-Harmonix bass big muff pi. Scott also uses Shure in-ear monitors.

Personal life
On November 9, 2005, Shriner married Jillian Lauren, author and former member of the harem of Prince Jefri Bolkiah of Brunei, in Hawaii. The couple have two adopted children. They have two dogs, Peanut and Calvin, both of whom appeared in a PETA video encouraging people to adopt from shelters.

He guest-starred with the band the Scrantones at the 2007 The Office convention. During this performance, the band played Radiohead's "Creep" with The Office 's Craig Robinson on vocals.

In June 2009, Scott guest-starred with E.J. Wells in a music video of Wells' "There's Something In The Graveyard," which is the first music video ever filmed in the historic Virginia City Cemetery, in Virginia City, Nevada.

He is a fan of Elvis Costello, The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, and Black Sabbath. During the Q&A aboard the Weezer Cruise 2012, Scott cited Elton John as a big influence during his childhood.

With Weezer

 * Maladroit (2002)
 * The Lion and the Witch EP (2002)
 * Make Believe (2005)
 * The Red Album (2008)
 * Raditude (2009)
 * Hurley (2010)
 * Death to False Metal (2010)
 * Everything Will Be Alright in the End (2014)
 * The White Album (2016)
 * Pacific Daydream (2017)
 * The Teal Album (2019)
 * The Black Album (2019)
 * OK Human (2021)
 * Van Weezer (2021)
 * SZNZ: Spring (2022)
 * SZNZ: Summer (2022)
 * SZNZ: Autumn (2022)
 * SZNZ: Winter (2022)

Other appearances

 * Anthony Green's solo debut Avalon (2008)

title: Scott Shriner


text:
Matt Sharp

Matthew Kelly Sharp (born September 22, 1969) is an American songwriter and musician. Until 1998, he was the bassist for the rock band Weezer, which he co-founded in 1992. He appears on their first two albums, the Blue Album (1994) and Pinkerton (1996). In 1994, Sharp founded Rentals, who have released five albums. Sharp has also released an EP and an album as a solo artist.

Early life
Matt Sharp was born in Bangkok, Thailand, to American parents on September 22, 1969. The family moved to Arlington, Virginia, when he was one year old. At the age of nine, he made his first musical purchase, a 45 rpm single of the song "Le Freak" by Chic. At sixteen, he moved to San Diego.

In 1989, Sharp started fronting a goth band, the Clique, which lasted less than a year. A few months after the Clique disbanded, Sharp befriended the drummer Patrick Wilson, with whom he created the band 60 Wrong Sausages. The guitarist Jason Cropper soon joined. Around this time, Wilson was also in another band, Fuzz, with the guitarist and vocalist Rivers Cuomo. For a brief period, Cuomo, Wilson and Sharp shared an apartment. During this time, Sharp worked as a telemarketer.

1991–1999: Weezer and the Rentals
In mid-1991, Sharp moved north to Berkeley, California, to pursue what the Weezer collaborator Karl Koch described as "some sorta symphonic keyboard sequencing music". In January 1992, Wilson showed Sharp material he and Cuomo had been working on. Impressed, Sharp returned to Los Angeles to join the band. Sharp became the group's bassist and de facto manager.

Cuomo, Wilson, Sharp and Cropper formed Weezer on February 14, 1992. Their first show was on March 19, 1992, closing for Keanu Reeves' band Dogstar. Cuomo gave Sharp one year to get the band a record deal before Cuomo accepted a scholarship at the University of California, Berkeley. In November, Weezer recorded a demo, The Kitchen Tape, including a version of the future Weezer single "Say It Ain't So". The demo was heard by Todd Sullivan, an A&R man at Geffen Records, who signed Weezer in June 1993.

Weezer released their self-titled debut album in May 1994. It was certified platinum in January 1995. In early 1994, Sharp founded the Rentals. They released their debut album, Return of the Rentals, the following year, which featured the radio hit "Friends of P". Weezer's second album, Pinkerton, was released in September 1996. With a darker, more abrasive sound, Pinkerton was a commercial and critical failure, but attained critical acclaim later. Following the mixed response to Pinkerton, Weezer went on a five-year hiatus.

In 1998, Sharp left Weezer due to differences with the band members. In 2016, he said of his departure: "I don't really know how to speak on this because I don't know what should be kept private and what should be shared. I certainly have my view of it, as I'm sure everybody else has their sort of foggy things. When you have a group that doesn't communicate, you're going to have a whole lot of different stories."

In 1999, the Rentals released their second album, Seven More Minutes. Among its contributors were Damon Albarn (of Blur and Gorillaz), Donna Matthews (of Elastica), Miki Berenyi (of Lush), and Tim Wheeler (of Ash). Maya Rudolph (later of Saturday Night Live) was a member of the touring band during this time. The track "My Head is in the Sun" was co-written with Cuomo. The album sold considerably less than Return of the Rentals, and the Rentals went on hiatus in late 1999.

2000–2003: Solo records and Weezer lawsuit
Sharp moved to the town of Leiper's Fork, Tennessee, and began recording. In an interview with MTV News, Sharp said he was trying to cut ties to the music world. Sharp went on an acoustic tour in 2002 with former Cake guitarist Greg Brown. In 2003, after a four-year hiatus, Sharp returned with an EP, Puckett's Versus the Country Boy.

On April 19, 2002, Sharp filed a five-count federal lawsuit against Weezer. He alleged he was owed royalties for co-writing Weezer's first hit, "Undone – The Sweater Song", and that he owned a 25% interest in the first nine tracks of Pinkerton, which had been credited solely to Cuomo. Sharp also claimed he had handled most of Weezer's business affairs during their early success, including the hiring of accountants and attorneys, as well as helping the band secure their record deal. The lawsuit also stated that Cuomo was going to ask him to appear in the music video for their 2001 song "Island in the Sun". Finally, Sharp charged his former bandmates with breach of fiduciary duty, legal malpractice, dissolution of partnership, and declaratory relief. The lawsuit was settled out of court.

2003–present: Reunion with Cuomo, re-formation of the Rentals
In 2003, Sharp released a solo EP, followed by a self-titled solo album in 2004. He continued to tour in 2004–2005 with the band Goldenboy. On February 12, 2004, Cuomo sat in during a solo performance by Sharp at California State University, Fullerton. They played four songs together: the Sharp/Cuomo collaborations "Mrs. Young" and "Time Song", and the Weezer songs "Say It Ain't So" and "Undone". Sharp announced at the show that he and Cuomo had reunited and would be working on a record together. Later in 2004, Sharp announced on his website that although he and Cuomo had come up with "15 or 16 new song ideas", their "special brand of dysfunctionality" might keep them from finishing the project. In March 2004, Sharp recorded synthesizer on So Jealous by Canadian indie pop band Tegan and Sara. After a slow period in 2005, Sharp contemplated what to do next, considering either a new solo album or starting a new collaborative partnership. The possibility of him rejoining Weezer was also an option; although this did not happen, in a 2006 interview, Sharp credited these conversations with Cuomo as giving him the idea to return to writing pop music, which eventually led him to re-form the Rentals. These ideas particularly strengthened after meeting Sara Radle. In 2005, six years after 1999's Seven More Minutes, the Rentals re-formed; the new lineup included original backup vocalist Rachel Haden, Sara Radle, Ben Pringle of Nerf Herder, Lauren Chipman, and Dan Joeright. Sharp and the Rentals toured North America in the summers of 2006 and 2007.

The Rentals released The Last Little Life EP on August 14, 2007. Between Rentals tours, Sharp returned to work in early 2007 with Tegan and Sara on their next album, The Con, later appearing at their concerts in 2008 to play bass in a cover of Weezer's "Tired of Sex".

After the three releases in the Songs About Time series in April, July, and October 2009, Sharp and the Rentals went on hiatus. In October 2010, Sharp sold most of his equipment from his Weezer and Rentals days on eBay. His Orange Matamp Lead 200 was purchased by Greg Veerman, bassist of Canadian rock band San Sebastian. In November 2010, Cuomo mentioned in an interview with Spin that "the idea came up" of having Sharp rejoin the band for their "Memories Tour", in which they play The Blue Album and Pinkerton. Cuomo said: "I think we left that idea behind pretty early on. I don't remember. I wasn't involved in the discussion so I don't know what the issues were."

In 2011, Sharp provided guest vocals on the song "FAQ" by Berri Txarrak, a Basque band whose live album Zertarako Amestu (2007) had significant influence on Songs About Time.

Weezer

 * 1994 – Weezer (The Blue Album)
 * 1996 – Pinkerton

The Rentals

 * 1995 – Return of the Rentals
 * 1999 – Seven More Minutes
 * 2007 – The Last Little Life EP
 * 2009 – Songs About Time
 * 2011 – Resilience: A Benefit Album for the Relief Effort in Japan
 * 2014 – Lost in Alphaville
 * 2020 – Q36

Solo

 * 2003 – Puckett's Versus the Country Boy
 * 2004 – Matt Sharp

With Homie

 * 1998 – "American Girls" from the Meet the Deedles Soundtrack

With Tegan and Sara

 * 2004 – So Jealous
 * 2007 – The Con

With Berri Txarrak

 * 2011 – "FAQ"

title: Matt Sharp


text:
Elephant (album)

Elephant is the fourth studio album by the American rock duo The White Stripes. It was released on April 1, 2003, through V2, XL, and Third Man records. The album was produced by the band's guitarist and lead vocalist Jack White, and continues their "back-to-basics" approach seen in White Blood Cells (2001). It was mostly recorded at Maida Vale and Toe Rag Studios across two weeks in April 2002, and was produced without the use of computers, instead utilizing a duct-taped 8 track tape machine and various gear no more recent than 1963.

Elephant peaked at number six on the Billboard 200 and topped the UK Albums Chart. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) have certified the album 2× Platinum and 3× Platinum respectively, and over 4 million copies have been sold worldwide. The album spawned the hit singles "The Hardest Button to Button" and "Seven Nation Army", which became a sports anthem and has continued to experience commercial success. "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" and "There's No Home for You Here" were also released as singles.

Elephant received widespread critical acclaim upon release. The band earned several accolades for the album, including a nomination for Album of the Year and winning Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Song with "Seven Nation Army" at the 2004 Grammy Awards. In 2012, Rolling Stone magazine ranked it 390th on its list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time", and additionally ranked it the fifth-best album of the 2000s decade. Authors and reviewers have praised Elephant as one of the best albums of the 21st century.

Recording
The White Stripes recorded Elephant over two weeks in April through May 2002 in London's modest Toe Rag Studios except for the songs "Well It's True That We Love One Another" and "Hypnotize", which were recorded at Toe Rag in November 5, 2001, and "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself", which was recorded at the BBC's Maida Vale Studios on November 13, 2001. On certain releases, "Hypnotize" was mistakenly marked as recorded in April 2002. Most of these recording dates were corrected on the 20th anniversary release.

Jack produced the album with antiquated equipment, including an eight-track tape machine and pre-1960s recording gear. As stated in the liner notes, he did not use computers during Elephant's writing, recording, or production, and none of the recording equipment was more recent than 1963.

For the track "Seven Nation Army", to replicate a bass-like sound, White connected a semi-acoustic guitar to a DigiTech Whammy pedal (a pitch shift effect), lowering the pitch by an octave. "There's No Home for You Here" was made with the idea "to see how far we could go with an eight track recorder, and I think how far we went is too far."

Meg is featured for the first time on leading vocals in the track "In The Cold, Cold Night", having only performed background vocals for De Stijl and White Blood Cells previously.

Including the song "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" (a Dusty Springfield/Burt Bacharach cover) in their repertoire was Meg's idea, and the band had begun to perform the song live, later recording it for the album.

Composition
Elephant has been described musically as garage rock revival, blues rock, and punk blues. In this album, the White Stripes expanded their style with a bass line alongside lead and rhythm guitar. Jack played guitar or keyboard to fill out the sound. Like other White Stripes records, the cover art and liner notes are exclusively in red, white, and black. According to a review in The New York Times, the White Stripes attempted to achieve the idea of "Back to Basics" and encourage other rockers to try the same; this was a concept seen on their previous album, White Blood Cells (2001). The album's lyrical themes revolve around the idea of the "death of the sweetheart" in American culture.

"You've Got Her in Your Pocket" was written after the release of the band's self-titled debut album (1999). Jack had planned on eventually giving it to a local band to cover, but felt it was too personal to give away and recorded it for the album.

"Girl, You Have No Faith in Medicine" was originally written for White Blood Cells, but it was removed on Meg's request, who found the lyrics to be problematic. After a line was omitted, the song was rerecorded and included in Elephant.

"Little Acorns" was written after the band had found unused tapes of journalist Mort Crim in a recording studio. Crim said in an interview that "My first thought was, well they're just gonna use the words and he's gonna build a song around the words, but then the producer said, 'no, no, no, we want to use your voice. We want to actually build a song around your commentary.'" The resulting song is about preservering through life's hardships, and draws comparisons to a "squirrel storing nuts in the winter".

Artwork
In an interview with Q Magazine in 2007, Jack said, "If you study the picture carefully, Meg and I are elephant ears in a head-on elephant. But it's a side view of an elephant, too, with the tusks leading off either side." He went on to say, "I wanted people to be staring at this album cover and then maybe two years later, having stared at it for the 500th time, to say, 'Hey, it's an elephant!'"

The cryptic symbolism of the album art includes a skull sitting on the floor in the background, as well as peanuts and peanut shells in the foreground, and on the circus travel trunk appears the mark "III," Jack's signature. Jack is displaying a mano cornuta and looking at a light bulb intensely, while Meg is barefoot and appears to be crying, with a rope tied around her ankle and leading out of frame. Both have small white ribbons tied to their fingers. On the reverse side of the U.S. edition, all of the number "3"s are in red (disregarding the authorization notes at the bottom).

The album has been released with at least six different versions of the front cover—different covers for the CD and LP editions in the US, the UK and elsewhere. On the US CD edition, Meg is sitting on the left of a circus travel trunk and Jack is sitting on the right holding a cricket bat over the ground, while on the UK CD edition, the cricket bat touches the ground and the image is mirrored so that their positions on the trunk are reversed. The UK vinyl album cover is the same as the US CD, but differs in that the color hues are much darker. The Record Store Day 2013 vinyl and August 2013 180-gram black vinyl reissues have Meg wearing a black dress instead of the usual white dress; the only other release with Meg wearing the black dress was on the V2 advanced copy back in 2003. The advanced copy was on red and white vinyl, while the RSD copy has red, black and white colored vinyl in 2013. A 20th anniversary limited edition has Jack wearing all white similar to the limited 2003 Australian pressing.

With Elephant, its cover has become iconic, and has appeared on several media listings of the best album covers including Billboard's "The 100 Best Album Covers of All Time".

Release
Elephant was released on April 1, 2003, through V2, XL, and Third Man records; it was their second album to be released by V2 records. In 2013, Third Man Records released a limited edition vinyl reissue of Elephant, in celebration of the album's 10-year anniversary, which were pressed at United Record Pressing in Nashville, TN. In January 2023, a mono remix of the album, titled Elephant XX, was announced and later released exclusively through Third Man Records. In March of that same year, an Elephant deluxe edition was released, which includes live recordings from a performance in Chicago's Aragon Ballroom.

Reviews
Upon its release, Elephant received widespread acclaim from music critics, and has been hailed by critics as one of the defining events of the 2000s garage rock revival. Review aggregating website Metacritic reports a normalized score of 92 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". As of 2023, Elephant is the White Stripes' highest-rated album on the site. Many reviewers believed that it outdid the energy of their earlier albums. David Fricke of Rolling Stone called Elephant "a work of pulverizing perfection," and believed it exceeded "the plantation holler of 2000's De Stijl and 2001's White Blood Cells with blues that both pop and bleed".

Uncut magazine remarked that "Elephant is where the tabloid phenomenon of summer 2001 prove they are no flash in the pan by making a truly phenomenal record." AllMusic said the album "overflows with quality". NME noted that "The eloquence, barbarism, tenderness and sweat-drenched vitality of Elephant make it the most fully- [sic]realised White Stripes album yet." PopMatters said the album cemented "their evolution from Blind Willie McTell cover band with a pop sensibility to full-fledged, honest-to-goodness rock 'n' roll gods." Robert Christgau initially gave the album a three-star honorable mention upon release, but later admitted that he had underrated it, and gave it a new grade of A−. The "gimmicks" that surrounded the White Stripes' music—particularly their insistence on being called siblings—were criticized by Lorraine Ali of Newsweek, although she concluded that "Elephant still sounds great."

"Seven Nation Army" was the standout song of the album, acclaimed for its "ubiquitous" riff and drumbeat and becoming a stadium chant. "The Hardest Button to Button" earned praise from publications such as Far Out and Rough Trade, and spawned an acclaimed music video directed by Michel Gondry. "Ball and Biscuit" was described by Kitty Empire of The Observer as "astonishing" and David Malitz of The Washington Post called it their "definitive statement"; it was voted the best Jack White song by readers of Rolling Stone "by a landslide" even though it was never released as a single. The tracks "Black Math" and "Girl, You Have No Faith in Medicine" were called "sonic ferocities" by Ron Hart of Spin. Meg's vocals on "In The Cold, Cold Night" were deemed "sweet and tender" and "magnetic" by Hart and Tom Breihan of Stereogum, respectively.

Elephant was nominated for Best Album at the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2003, and won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2004. In March 2003, almost a month before its official release, Elephant was ranked 74th in NME's list of the top 100 albums of all time. Rolling Stone deemed it one of the best albums of the decade, and ranked it number 390 on their 2012 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time and number 449 in the 2020 edition. It was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

The White Stripes
 * Jack White – vocals, guitar, piano, production, mixing
 * Meg White – drums, vocals

Guest personnel
 * Mort Crim – vocal
 * Holly Golightly – vocal

Production
 * Liam Watson – engineering, mixing
 * Noel Summerville – mastering
 * Bruce Brand – layout

Artwork
 * "The Third Man" – artwork
 * Patrick Pantano – photography

title: Elephant (album)


text:
De Stijl (album)

De Stijl is the second studio album by the American rock duo the White Stripes, released on June 20, 2000, by the Sympathy for the Record Industry. Produced by the band's guitarist and lead vocalist Jack White, the album was recorded on an 8-track analog tape in his living room following the covert divorce of members Jack and Meg White, who nevertheless continued working together.

The album takes its name from the art movement of the same name, and features their early blues-inspired sound. De Stijl received positive reviews from critics, and earned a gold certification from the British Phonographic Industry. The album became a sleeper hit after appearing on Billboard's Independent Albums chart in 2002, and is considered a cult classic.

Recording
The White Stripes band members Jack and Meg White divorced in 2000, however Meg insisted that they continue working together. De Stijl was recorded by the duo in Jack's living room, exclusively using an 8-track analog tape.

On February 5, 2008, Canadian media reported that former Radio-Canada host Dominique Payette filed a lawsuit against the White Stripes for using a nine-second clip of her interview with a little girl at the beginning of "Jumble, Jumble". She demanded $70,000 in damages and the removal of the album from store shelves. The dispute was settled out of court.

Composition
De Stijl takes its name from the De Stijl ("the style" in English) art movement, which included the painter Mondrian. Jack had been an admirer of the style for some time, especially of furniture designer Gerrit Rietveld, who designed the Rietveld Schröder House which the band had visited. De Stijl was dedicated to both Rietveld and Blind Willie McTell.

De Stijl features the band's early blues-inspired sound, which was prominent on their self-titled debut album. Tom Breihan of Stereogum said the album showcased delta blues, hard and psychedelic rock influences, and Lizzy Goodman of NPR similarly noted its "camp" blues sound.

Artwork
The cover art of De Stijl sets Jack and Meg against an abstract background of rectangles and lines in red, black and white. It utilizes common elements from the aesthetics of its namesake, and had an impact on the band's image, presentation, and visual style.

Release
De Stijl was released on June 20, 2000, through the Sympathy for the Record Industry label. A re-issued vinyl LP version of the record was pressed at United Record Pressing in Nashville, Tennessee and mastered all-analog from the original master tapes. The album was re-issued again for its 20th anniversary.

Reception
De Stijl earned positive reviews from critics, who noted its simplicity and fusion of blues and "scuzzy garage rock". A critic for the New York Times described the album as "what many hip rock fans consider real music."

AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5, writing that "As distinctive as it is diverse, De Stijl blends the Stripes' arty leanings with enough rock muscle to back up the band's ambitions." Pitchfork gave the album a rating of 9.1, writing that the album "contained thunderous, honky-soulful, lacerating pop at various stages of evolution". Rolling Stone gave the album 3.5 stars out of 4, calling it "feisty and clever" and praising the drumming, guitar and vocal performances, stating that "like everything about the White Stripes, it [De Stijl] proves that you don't need bombast to make a blues explosion."

De Stijl was a sleeper hit, earning a following after the White Stripes began to grow popular outside of Detroit. After the band had achieved worldwide fame with their third album, White Blood Cells, De Stijl appeared at number 38 on Billboard's Independent Albums chart in 2002. It has since been considered a cult classic. The song "Why Can't You Be Nicer to Me?" appeared on The Simpsons in 2010, used in the episode "Judge Me Tender" from its twenty-first season. The song "Apple Blossom" was featured in the 2015 Quentin Tarantino film The Hateful Eight.

Track listing
All songs written by Jack White except where noted. All music is composed by Jack and Meg White.

Personnel

 * The White Stripes
 * Jack White – lead vocals, guitar, piano, double bass on "I'm Bound to Pack It Up", production
 * Meg White – drums, tambourine, backing vocals on "Your Southern Can Is Mine", shaker & floortom on "I'm Bound to Pack It Up"

 * Additional musicians
 * John Szymanski – harmonica on "Hello Operator"
 * Paul Henry Ossy – violin on "I'm Bound to Pack It Up", electric violin on "Why Can't You Be Nicer to Me?"

title: De Stijl (album)


text:
The White Stripes (album)

The White Stripes is the debut studio album by American rock duo the White Stripes, released on June 15, 1999. The album was produced by Jim Diamond and vocalist/guitarist Jack White, recorded in January 1999 at Ghetto Recorders and Third Man Studios in Detroit. White dedicated the album to deceased blues musician Son House.

Recording and production
The album was recorded in a week at Ghetto Recorders with "Screwdriver", "Sugar Never Tasted So Good", "St. James Infirmary", and "Astro" recorded at Jack White's home. Johnny Walker of the Soledad Brothers played slide guitar on two songs: "Suzy Lee" and "I Fought Piranhas". Walker is credited with having taught Jack White how to play slide, a technique featured heavily on the White Stripes' first two albums. Walker explains, "[Jack] had a four track in his living room and invited me to come by and do some recording. In return, I showed him how to play slide."

The duo covered "St. James Infirmary Blues" after, according to Jack, he and Meg were introduced to the song from a Betty Boop cartoon.

Critical reception
The album received mostly positive reviews. Norene Cashen of The Metro Times said the LP "serves better to remind us that [Detroit's] local identity has more options than a membership card to the latest cliché...or a one-way ticket to the coast."

Much of the media feedback came two or three years after its initial release, following the duo's fame spreading beyond Detroit. AllMusic said of the album, "Jack White's voice is a singular, evocative combination of punk, metal, blues, and backwoods while his guitar work is grand and banging with just enough lyrical touches of slide and subtle solo work... Meg White balances out the fretwork and the fretting with methodical, spare, and booming cymbal, bass drum, and snare... All D.I.Y. punk-country-blues-metal singer-songwriting duos should sound this good."

BBC DJ John Peel first spotted the album in a record shop and said, "I just liked the look of it and I looked at the titles – you develop an instinct, d'you know what I mean? And it looked like the sort of record I would like, so I took it out and I did like it, and started playing it." His endorsement was key in heightening their popularity in the UK.

Personnel
The White Stripes
 * Jack White – lead vocals, guitar, piano, record producer
 * Meg White – drums

Additional personnel
 * Johnny Walker – second slide guitar on "Suzy Lee" and "I Fought Piranhas"
 * Jim Diamond – production, engineering
 * Ko Melina Zydeko – photography
 * Heather White – photography

title: The White Stripes (album)


text:
CBGB

CBGB was a New York City music club opened in 1973 by Hilly Kristal in the East Village in Manhattan, New York City. The club was previously a biker bar and before that was a dive bar. The letters CBGB were for Country, Bluegrass, Blues, Kristal's original vision for the club. But CBGB soon emerged as a famed and iconic venue for punk rock and new wave bands, including the Ramones, Dead Boys, Television, Patti Smith Group, Blondie, Madonna and Talking Heads.

Other bands affiliated with CBGB included Agnostic Front, Murphy's Law, U.S. Chaos, Cro-Mags, Warzone, Gorilla Biscuits, Sick of It All, and Youth of Today.

One storefront beside CBGB became the "CBGB Record Canteen", a record shop and café. In the late 1980s, "CBGB Record Canteen" was converted into an art gallery and second performance space, "CB's 313 Gallery". CB's Gallery was played by music artists of milder sounds, such as acoustic rock, folk, jazz, or experimental music, such as Dadadah, Kristeen Young, Medeski Martin & Wood and Toshi Reagon, while CBGB continued to showcase mainly hardcore punk, post punk, metal, and alternative rock.

313 Gallery was also the host location for Alchemy, a weekly Goth night showcasing goth, industrial, dark rock, and darkwave bands. On the other side, CBGB was operating a small cafe and bar in the mid-1990s, which served classic New York pizza, among other items.

Around 2000, CBGB entered a protracted dispute over allegedly unpaid rent amounts until the landlord, Bowery Residents' Committee, sued in 2005 and lost the case. Kristal and the BRC reached an agreement whereby CBGB would leave by October 31, 2006.

On October 15, 2006, the club closed with a performance by Patti Smith, who took the stage at 9:30 p.m. and played for 3 1/2 hours until slightly after 1 a.m. on October 16, 2006, closing with her song "Elegie" followed by reading a list of punk rock musicians and advocates who had died in recent years.

CBGB Radio launched on the iHeartRadio platform in 2010, and CBGB music festivals began in 2012. In 2013, CBGB's onetime building, 315 Bowery, was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of The Bowery Historic District (not a New York City Historic District).

20th century
CBGB was founded on December 10, 1973, on the site of Kristal's earlier bar, Hilly's on the Bowery, that he ran from 1969 to 1972. Initially, Kristal focused on his more profitable East Village nightspot, Hilly's, which Kristal closed amid complaints from the bar's neighbors. After Hilly's closure, Kristal focused on the Bowery club. Its full name of CBGB & OMFUG stands for "Country, Bluegrass, Blues, and Other Music For Uplifting Gourmandizers". Although a gourmandizer is usually a ravenous eater of food, what Kristal meant was "a voracious eater of (…) music". Kristal's intended theme of country, bluegrass, and blues music along with poetry readings yielded to the American movement in punk rock. A pioneer in the genre, Ramones played their first shows at CBGB.

In 1973, while the future CBGB was still Hilly's, two locals, Bill Page and Rusty McKenna, convinced Kristal to let them book concerts. In February 1974, Hilly booked local band Squeeze to a residency, playing Tuesdays and Wednesdays, the club's change from country and bluegrass to original rock bands. Squeeze was led by guitarist Mark Suall, later with CBGB's quasi house band the Revelons, which included Fred Smith of Television and JD Daugherty of the Patti Smith Group. Although these bands did not play punk rock, they helped lay its foundation. The August 1973 collapse of the Mercer Arts Center left unsigned bands little option in New York City to play original music. Mercer refugees—including Suicide, The Fast, Ruby and the Rednecks, Jayne County, and the Magic Tramps—soon played at CBGB.

On April 14, 1974, the audience of Television's third gig were Patti Smith and Lenny Kaye, whose Patti Smith Group debuted at CBGB on February 14, 1975. Other early performers included the Dina Regine Band. Dennis Lepri was lead guitarist as well as the Stillettoes which included Deborah Harry on vocals. The newly formed band Angel and the Snake, later renamed Blondie, as well as Ramones arrived in August 1974. Mink DeVille, Talking Heads, The Shirts, The Heartbreakers, The Fleshtones, and other bands soon followed.

In April 1977, The Damned played the club, marking the first time a British punk band had ever played in America.

During 1975 and 1976, Metropolis Video recorded some shows on film. Beginning in 1977, Metropolis Video filmmaker Pat Ivers and partner Emily Armstrong continued to record shows in a project called Advanced TV, later renamed GoNightclubbing. Ivers' and Armstrong's films are available at the New York University Fales Library.

CBGB's two rules were that a band must move its own equipment and play mostly original songs, although regular bands often played one or two covers in set. CBGB's growing reputation drew more and more acts from outside New York City.

In 1978, new wave songwriter Elvis Costello would open shows for The Voidoids, while The Police played at CBGB for their first American gigs. Meanwhile, CBGB became famed for Misfits, Television, Patti Smith Group, Mink DeVille, Dead Boys, the Dictators, the Fleshtones, the Voidoids, the Cramps, the B-52's, Blondie, Joan Jett & the Blackhearts, the Shirts, and Talking Heads. Yet in the 1980s, hardcore punk's New York underground was CBGB's mainstay. Named "thrash day" in a documentary on hardcore, Sunday at CBGB was matinée day, which became an institution, played from afternoon until evening by hardcore bands such as Reagan Youth, Bad Brains, Beastie Boys, Agnostic Front, Murphy's Law, Cro-Mags, Leeway, Warzone, Gorilla Biscuits, Sick of It All, Misfits, Sheer Terror, Stillborn and Youth of Today.

In 1990, violence inside and outside of the venue prompted Kristal to suspend hardcore bookings, although CBGB brought hardcore back at times. CBGB's last several years had no formal bans by genre.

21st century
In 2005, atop its normally-paid monthly rent of $19,000, CBGB was sued for some $90,000 in rent allegedly owed to its landlord, Bowery Residents' Committee (BRC). Refusing to pay until a judge ruled the debt legitimate, Kristal claimed that he had never been notified of scaled rent increases, accruing over a number of years, asserted by BRC's executive director Muzzy Rosenblatt. Ruling the debt false and that BRC had never properly billed the rent increases, the judge indicated that CBGB ought to be declared a landmark, but noted that Rosenblatt did not need to renew the lease, soon expiring. Rosenblatt vowed to appeal.

Expecting Rosenblatt's resistance to lease negotiation, Kristal agreed that the rent ought to rise, but not to the $55,000 monthly that Kristal believed the BRC to want.

A nonprofit corporation housing homeless above CBGB mostly through donations and government funding, the BRC had only one commercial tenant and raised its monthly rent to $35,000. Kristal and the BRC reached an agreement whereby CBGB would leave by September 30, 2006. Planning to move CBGB to Las Vegas, Kristal explained, "We're going to take the urinals. I'll take whatever I can. The movers said, 'You ought to take everything, and auction off what you don't want on eBay.' Why not? Somebody will".

Closure
Many punk rock bands played at CBGB when they found it was going to close in hopes that their support could keep it from closing. Rocks off, a promoter in New York, organized CBGB's final weeks of shows to book "many of the artists who made CB's famous". Avail, the Bouncing Souls, and such newer acts opened during the last week, which included multi-night stands by Bad Brains and the Dictators and an acoustic set by Blondie. The final show, broadcast live on Sirius Satellite Radio on October 15, was played by Patti Smith, helped on some songs by Flea of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Television's Richard Lloyd, too, played in a few, including "Marquee Moon". Nearly-finished, Smith and band playing "Gloria" alternated the chorus with echoes of "Blitzkrieg Bop" by the Ramones—''Hey! Ho! Let's go!''. During "Elegie", her final encore, Smith named musicians and other music figures who had died since playing at CBGB. On October 15, 2006, upon Patti Smith's last show at CBGB, the storied bar and club closed.

Aftermath
After closing, the old CBGB venue remained open as CBGB Fashions—retail store, wholesale department, and an online store—until October 31, 2006. CBGB Fashions moved to 19–23 St. Mark's Place on November 1, and closed nearly two years later in summer 2008.

Hilly Kristal died from complications of lung cancer on August 28, 2007. In early October, Kristal's family and friends hosted a private memorial service in the nearby YMCA. Soon, there was a public memorial, contributed to by CBGB onetime staff and by others.

Kristal's ex-wife Karen Kristal and his daughter, Lisa Kristal Burgman, battled legally over the purported $3 million CBGB estate, and settled in June 2009 with Burgman receiving most of the money left after payment of creditors and estate taxes. In 2011, a group of unknown investors bought the remaining CBGB assets, including the associated intellectual property and original interior. The location is now occupied by John Varvatos fashions.

In December 2015, various news outlets reported on a rebranded CBGB "reopening" at Newark International Airport as CBGB L.A.B. (Lounge and Bar) by New York chef Harold Moore, which had opened as of the end of December 2015.

Venue
By late 2007, fashion designer John Varvatos planned to open a store in CBGB's former space, 315 Bowery, but to tastefully trail CBGB's legacy rock and roll stickers on the walls, and much of the graffiti at the toilets was preserved, as were some playbills, found behind a wall, from shows at the club's 10th anniversary in 1983. The store opened in April 2008.

In 2008, a SoHo art gallery dedicated to music photography, the Morrison Hotel, opened a second location in the onetime CBGB Gallery at 313 Bowery, but the Morrison Hotel gallery closed in 2011. The space was then occupied by a surf-oriented Patagonia store until late 2021.

Called the "Extra Place", the alley behind the building became a pedestrian mall. Dead Boys' Cheetah Chrome rued, "All of Manhattan has lost its soul to money lords", yet reflected, "If that alley could talk, it's seen it all". CBGB's nomination as a landmark drew an explanation: "CBGB was founded in 1973 at 315 Bowery, in a former nineteenth-century saloon on the first floor of the Palace Lodging House. The legendary music venue fostered new genres of American music, including punk and art rock, that defined the culture of downtown Manhattan in the 1970s, and that still resonate today. In this role as cultural incubator, CBGB served the same function as the theatres and concert halls of the Bowery's storied past. The former club, now occupied by a retail business, remains a pilgrimage site for legions of music fans."

Legacy
CBGB's second awning, the one in place when the club closed in 2006, was moved into the lobby of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland.

The CBGB Festival produced large free concerts in Times Square and Central Park on July 7, 2012. They also showcased hundreds of bands in venues across the city. The festival premiered dozens of rock-n-roll movies in theaters around Manhattan.

Directed by Randall Miller and starring Alan Rickman as Hilly Kristal, the film CBGB, about Kristal and the origins of the club, was released in October 2013 to harsh reviews. Iconic in American popular culture, CBGB's image remained storied:
 * CBGB was in a promotional ad aired during New York City's bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games.
 * CBGB appears in the 2010 rhythm game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock.
 * In The Shapers' song "Old School Punk Star", the venue is referenced in the bridge: "...and to rock on at the CBGB ..."
 * Rapper Aesop Rock mentions CBGB in his song "Shrunk", "Telephone uncovered by purveyors of the Ouija/Then checked against the CBGB women's room graffiti"
 * Talking Heads mention CBGB in the song "Life During Wartime", "This ain't no Mudd Club, or C.B.G.B."
 * The Heads, a spin-off band of Talking Heads, mentions CBGB in their song "Punk Lolita," off their album No Talking, Just Head; "She was a punk Lolita, C.B.G.B. era."
 * LCD Soundsystem's 2002 debut single "Losing My Edge" references CBGB, "I was the first guy playing Daft Punk to the rock kids. I played it at CBGB's. Everybody thought I was crazy".

title: CBGB


text:
Ouachita National Forest

The Ouachita National Forest is a vast congressionally-designated National Forest that lies in the western portion of Arkansas and portions of extreme-eastern Oklahoma, USA.

History
The Ouachita National Forest is the oldest National Forest in the southern United States. The forest encompasses 1784457 acre, including most of the scenic Ouachita Mountain Range. Six locations in the forest, comprising 65000 acre, have been congressionally-designated as wilderness areas.

Ouachita is the French spelling of the Indian word Washita, which means "good hunting grounds". The forest was known as Arkansas National Forest on its establishment on December 18, 1907; the name was changed to Ouachita National Forest on April 29, 1926.

Rich in history, the rugged and scenic Ouachita Mountains were explored by Europeans in 1541 by Hernando de Soto's party of Spaniards. French explorers followed, flavoring the region with names like Fourche La Fave River.

The area including the forest nearly became a 165000 acre national park during the 1920s, but a last-minute pocket veto by President Calvin Coolidge ended the effort. The bill had been pushed by U.S. Senator Joseph T. Robinson and U.S. Representative Otis Wingo, both Democrats, and State Representative Osro Cobb, then the only Republican in the Arkansas legislature. Cobb had been invited to meet with Coolidge before the proposal was killed because of opposition from the National Park Service and the United States Department of Agriculture, presumably because of the nearby location of Hot Springs National Park. Coolidge proposed expanding the forest into Oklahoma which would be realized in 1930 when the forest was extended into Le Flore County, Oklahoma.

In a magazine article, Cobb described the area that he had sought to protect for future generations, located approximately midway between Little Rock and Shreveport, Louisiana, as within relatively easy driving distance of 45 million Americans, many of whom could not afford long trips to the national parks in the western states. He compared flora and fauna in the Ouachita forest to those of the southern Alleghenies, a division of the Appalachian Mountains. Cobb continued:

"A visitor standing upon one of the many majestic peaks in the area of the proposed park is thrilled by a panoramic view that cannot be had elsewhere in the South Central States. With cheeks flushed by the invigorating mountain breezes, the mountain climber is rewarded by an inspiring view of countless and nameless peaks, mountain groups, dense forests, and inviting valleys, all merging into the distant horizon. ... there are many mountain streams, now moving slowly in narrow but deep pools, then churning with savage ferocity down some water-worn precipice, leaving in its wake snow-white sprays ... Fed by crystal springs and like so much molten silver these streams flow their turbulent courses unappreciated and rarely visited. ..."

Features
The endangered and rare maple-leaf oak occurs in the forest, which also contains extensive woodlands of stunted Northern Red Oak, White Oak, post oak, and Blackjack Oak at elevations over 2500 ft and on steep, dry slopes. Much of these woodlands, being of little commercial value, were never logged and the extent of old growth forest within them may total nearly 800000 acre. There are also old-growth woodlands of Eastern Redcedar, Gum Bumelia, Winged Elm, and Yaupon along some streams. These vast unbroken reserves of old-growth forest make up the largest virgin forest in the United States, barring only the vast timber reserves in Alaska's Tongass Forest.

The Talimena Scenic Drive, which is Highway 1 in Oklahoma and Highway 88 in Arkansas, is a National Scenic Byway which meanders through the forest. The Scenic Drive passes through old-growth oak woodlands on Winding Stair and Rich Mountains.

Forest headquarters are located in Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Recreation
The forest contains a number of hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding trails. The most extensive hiking trail is the Ouachita National Recreation Trail, which traverses 223 mi across the region. This is a well-maintained backpacking, hiking trail with overnight shelters in several portions of the trail. Mountain biking is also allowed for some sections of the trail.

Camp Clearfork was originally constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). Managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), it is on Clearfork Lake, about 20 miles west of Hot Springs on U.S. 270. Reservations are required for camping and may be made through the Womble USDA Office. The campground has six dorm/cabins which can hold up to 10 people each, three staff cabins that hold five to six people each, a dining hall, a recreation hall and accessible flush toilets and showers.

In the Oklahoma section of the forest, the 26445 acre Winding Stair Mountain National Recreation Area and six other designated areas offer visitors a full range of activities with more than 150 campsites, a 90 acre lake and an equestrian camp.

Southeast of Idabel, the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation manages the Red Slough Wildlife Management Area, a 5,814 acre wetland area donated to the USFS by The Conservation Fund in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Hunting (no lead shot) and fishing are allowed there. The area is also a destination for birdwatchers.

Canoeing and fishing are popular activities on the Mountain Fork River, Caddo River, Little Missouri River and Ouachita River within the bounds of the forest. The Cossatot River, said to be the most difficult whitewater river between the Smoky and Rocky Mountains, also passes through the forest.

Rockhounds frequent a geologic belt several miles wide containing high concentrations of very pure quartz crystals. Visitors and rock collectors are free to pick up loose crystals within the belt for personal use and may dig for quartz with the permission of the district ranger.

Wilderness areas
A network of wilderness areas are found in the national forest, protecting the sections of the forest that have had the least amount of human intervention. These areas harbor some of the most rugged, scenic and secluded places in all of Arkansas and the South.

The 13139 acre Black Fork Mountain Wilderness is located in both Arkansas and Oklahoma and contains significant old-growth forests. It protects beautiful, rugged vistas and clear mountain springs.

The 9754 acre Upper Kiamichi River Wilderness is located solely in Oklahoma.

The 14,290-acre (57.8 km2) Caney Creek Wilderness is located in the southwestern part of the forest in Arkansas. It is known for its rare Appalachian mixed mesophytic forest biome and high levels of biodiversity, as well as rare reserves of moist-hardwood old growth forest.

The 11,141-acre (45.1 km2) Poteau Mountain Wilderness is located in the north-central range of the Ouachita mountains in Arkansas.

The 6,301-acre (25.5 km2) Dry Creek Wilderness is located in the north-central ranges of the Ouachita Mountains near Magazine Mountain. It is the state's second-smallest wilderness is known for scenic overlooks and high, secluded sandstone bluffs.

The 10,181-acre (41.2 km2) Flatside Wilderness is located in the extreme-eastern segment of the Ouachita National Forest, near Lake Maumelle and Little Rock. This rarely-visited wilderness has some of the highest and most panoramic views in Arkansas and winding, tumbling clear mountain streams and waterfalls.

Counties
Ouachita National Forest is located in 13 counties in western and central Arkansas and two counties in southeastern Oklahoma. They are listed here in descending order of forestland within the county. Also given is their area as of 30 September 2007. Roughly 80% of the forest's area is in Arkansas, with the remaining 20% in Oklahoma. In Arkansas, there are local ranger district offices located in Booneville, Danville, Glenwood, Jessieville, Mena, Mount Ida, Oden, Perryville and Waldron. In Oklahoma, they are located in Hodgen, Talihina and north of Broken Bow. Even though the Ouachita National Forest is far from being the largest, its twelve ranger districts are the most of any in the National Forest system. The giant Tongass National Forest in Alaska is second with nine ranger district divisions.

 * 1) Scott County, Arkansas 369,618 acre
 * 2) Montgomery County, Arkansas 335,846 acre
 * 3) Le Flore County, Oklahoma 221,546 acre
 * 4) Polk County, Arkansas 206,400 acre
 * 5) Yell County, Arkansas 188,835 acre
 * 6) McCurtain County, Oklahoma 132,936 acre
 * 7) Garland County, Arkansas 120,553 acre
 * 8) Perry County, Arkansas 99,171 acre
 * 9) Saline County, Arkansas 58,950 acre
 * 10) Sebastian County, Arkansas 18,956 acre
 * 11) Logan County, Arkansas 18,585 acre
 * 12) Pike County, Arkansas 9,535 acre
 * 13) Ashley County, Arkansas 1,675 acre
 * 14) Howard County, Arkansas 1,531 acre
 * 15) Hot Spring County, Arkansas 320 acre

Points of interest

 * Beavers Bend Resort Park
 * Beech Creek National Scenic Area
 * Broken Bow Lake
 * Kerr Arboretum and Botanical Area
 * Ouachita National Recreation Trail
 * Winding Stair Mountain National Recreation Area

title: Ouachita National Forest