text:
Talk:Prison sexuality

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Not a European problem
My understanding is that this is mostly an American problem, and these things do not happen in Good Old Europe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.111.84.180 (talk • contribs) 07:29, July 15, 2003 (UTC
 * Whatever. Ask any Turkish inmate about custodial rape being a mostly 'American' problem. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.230.102.76 (talk) 08:18, March 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Midnight Express was not a documentary Mzzl 07:39, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Ouch! :) - Jacottier 01:04, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's because solitary confinement is the norm in Europe: one inmate per cell --Mzzl 18:04, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * American prisons are overcrowded, Europe, being a nation of higher standards runs their prisons like a hotel, with computers and carpets. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.228.69.178 (talk) 21:25, October 26, 2006 (UTC)
 * Europe is one nation? News to me... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 63.27.203.170 (talk) 03:45, 22 March 2007 (UTC).

Oh yeah the nation of Europe sure knows how to run a prison! 98.196.78.26 (talk) 05:55, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Does this happen in female prisons also?
Is it possible to get a mention in this article about whether or not this happens in female prisons? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.3.160.7 (talk) 11:15, September 2, 2005 (UTC
 * Yes it happens in female prisons too. However, in female prisons rape among prisoners is secondary to rape of prisoners by gaurds. That also happens in male prisons, too, BTW, and along with consentual sex and masturbation, has been left out of the article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 63.27.203.170 (talk) 03:47, 22 March 2007 (UTC).

NPOV problems
This article takes a drastic switch after the first paragraph. Rarely is the approach taken in other articles that is taken here - a "setting aside another viewpoint." It sounds bad and makes the article seem inconsistent. In addition, the bit about human nature and animal-based archetypes should be either re-worded or better investigated and cited - the phrase it's "human nature" is an absurdity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.148.243.249 (talk) 00:33, December 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with the NPOV problems. This article seems very biased.  For instance, "Consent in prison" is argued to be inherently illusory." Even if that is true, I feel the article should start out less argumentative.
 * Xiphoris 21:48, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I also agree insofar as it's NPOV issues. I'm currently too fried to really add much to the conversation, or article but some quick googling has produced this article on the topic, which does make reference to voluntary same-sex relations between inmates.  It references a study, which I have not been able to find, called: "An ethnosemantic study of the culture of prison sexuality".  Since I haven't read the study, or checked out its sources, I'm not parituclarly inclined to use it as a source.  However, would it make a decent external link?  --Scandalous 06:40, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

The article's title
The article seems to be mainly about sexual abuse between males in prison. Not only are we missing some pieces about women prisons, but I also think that the article's title is misleading and wrong. It would be better to just name it Sexual abuse in Prison, since in my view Sexual abuse is not about sexuality. The article clearly states that the abuse occuring very often has nothing to do with the Prioners' sexuality. ❝Sverdrup❞ 13:34, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If the focus is to remain in that direction, perhaps, but I feel that the topic of Prison Sexuality itself should be dealt with, and this article would be the appropriate place to do so. --Scandalous 06:43, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Maybe call it sexual behaviour in prisons, since, it doesn't just cover abuse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.27.55.215 (talk) 11:26, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

"Bubba"
See Talk:Bubba. - 70.109.72.185 23:37, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Low quality
This whole article is just a very condensed, slightly inaccurate, summary of the No Escape website. No Escape is a good page, but only a Male Prisoner Rape awareness site; this article should cover historical, international, male and female prison sexuality (prisoner-to-prisoner rape, guard-to-prisoner rape, and voluntary). It needs many more sources... honestly it would be better to remove what's there and let us start over IMO. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.158.187.109 (talk) 11:13, July 6, 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. As is, this article is extremely un-encyclopedic. 207.6.31.6

 * This entry is so bad that it might be better to have nothing, or at least cut everything that is not reliably sourced. There's very little contiguity other than the fact that it's full of subjective assertions.  If source material is contradictory, the article should acknowledge a lack of consensus among experts/researchers and elucidate those contradictions, not hit emotional arguments back and forth like a (very juvenile) tennis match.  --Anniika 18:05, 15 March 2010 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Anniika (talk • contribs)

Voluntary arrangements not mentioned
There didn't seem to be a mention of how some of the "victims" enter into an arangement with a "rapist" willingly in order to procure protection from the prison population.--Johnnyarbogast 23:12, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Merger with Prison rape
Prison Rape and Prison Sexuality should probably be merged together, as much of the info is repeated and prison sexuality is basically about prison rape. Justinmeister 07:16, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It Should because it ecplains the same things!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.8.79.71 (talk) 23:43, December 16, 2006 (UTC)

I think Prison Rape should be a section that is apart of Prison sexuality. Prison Rape is a type of prison sexuality.Gfrench55clu (talk) 02:11, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Gfrench55clu, good point. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 02:42, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

 * That article is certainly currently small enough to be merged into this article. There would be no WP:SIZE issues. If the prison rape material gets too big, it can be re-split into its own article. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 02:50, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

Ethnocentric article
This article totally only looks at the american viewpoint, here. No world view. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.167.48.192 (talk) 13:35, January 7, 2007 (UTC)

Agree, and the article is still poorly referenced.--ChrisJMoor 02:08, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Ive reviewed this article and...
Having been in prison (TDCJ), I can verify most of this as being reliable, although (no, really) the percentage of rape seems a bit high. I was on several different prison units and I assure you the people who were getting it there was because they wanted it. This page could use some cleaning up though its a bit messy IMO. I am considering adding a section on guard-offender relationships, although this isn't in the article it is imperative to ones understanding of prison sexuality and it occurs more often than people know. Species2112 16:25, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Although as someone said earlier, this mainly reflects an american view on the subject... Would be nice to get someone who has been in prison in a foreign country possibly to add a subsection on observations or experiences in other countries.Species2112 16:37, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

DO NOT merge this article with prison rape, it is not the same thing.
If anything make prison rape a redirect to this article, as it is more comprehensive and covers a broader scope of things to be considered with prison rape.Species2112 16:35, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

US vs. Worldwide
Unless I'm missing something, this article talks exclusively about this issue in the United States, and in a manner assuming that this is understood. I suggest the title be changed to something like "Sexuality In US Prisons", at least until the wording is changed and global information is added -- MQ Duck 03:28, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Updated template due to accuracy dispute
For a subject this sensitive and serious, I have updated the template, as the article has very few citations and really needs the input of an expert on the subject. Also, the use of language is especially critical to avoid misrepresentation and discrimination.--Soulparadox (talk) 08:42, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

Predators who will 'meet Bubba.'
I read the talk on 'Bubba,' but it's from 2006 and neither it, nor the main article, deals with the subject of frequent, approving comments by 'laypersons,' that some person who is convicted and imprisoned for child sexual abuse that he will 'meet Bubba' --that is, will be deservedly subjected to the same sexual abuse (by other inmates) to which he subjected a child or children. Note that the issue is not the reliability of such comments, but rather, what is the actual information, and what are the statistics, on inmates who are raped because they were child molesters. (For that matter, should there be a separate article about 'Treatment of child sex abusers in prison?')

JWMcCalvin (talk) 05:52, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

bull queer
The The Shawshank Redemption article links to this one using "bull queer". There is no mention of "bull" or "queer" on the Prison sexuality article. Queer has its own article. Google for "bull queer" is inconclusive in that it gets hit but nothing that looks remotely like a WP:RS. --Marc Kupper|talk 03:23, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

Further on Reationships
Bibliography CHRISTOPHER HENSLEY, & RICHARD TEWKSBURY. (2002). Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 3(3), 226-243. doi:10.1177/15248380020033005 Bibliography

CHRISTOPHER HENSLEY, & RICHARD TEWKSBURY. (2002). Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 3(3), 226-243. doi:10.1177/15248380020033005

Gibson, Lauren E., and Christopher Hensley. 2013. "The Social Construction of Sexuality in Prison." The Prison Journal 93 (3): 355.

Timbre Wulf-Ludden. (2016) Pseudofamilies, Misconduct, and the Utility of General Strain Theory in a Women's Prison. Women & Criminal Justice 26:4, pages 233-259.

Timbre article for relationships, such as family life and why they form pseudofamilies. Ideas: -Prisoner types of relationships and how they develop -Why does the need to engage in sexual activities allow these heterosexuals to become homosexual?

I have added these ideas and topics to this article because I didn't see too much if any on these points. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giselleduran (talk • contribs) 18:07, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

more categories and details needed
I would like to extend this topic by adding a few new sections on different sexual acts. So far this article mainly focuses on rape. I have found info on masturbation, celibacy and a different view of rape & coercion. This article could also benefit from making different sections for male and females since they are separated in prison. Info on gender roles and race playing into prison sexuality is also something that could be added. The history of sexuality in prisons is also missing and how it has evolved may be interesting to tie in if possible. Some sources I have found include: Money, John, and Carol Bohmer. "Prison Sexology: Two Personal Accounts of Masturbation, Homosexuality, and Rape." The Journal of Sex Research 16.3 (1980): 258-66. Web.

Coggeshall, John M. "'Ladies' Behind Bars: A Liminal Gender as Cultural Mirror." Anthropology Today 4.4 (1988): 6-8. Web.

Struckman-Johnson, Cindy, David Struckman-Johnson, Lila Rucker, Kurt Bumby, and Stephen Donaldson. "Sexual Coercion Reported by Men and Women in Prison." The Journal of Sex Research 33.1 (1996): 67-76. Web.

Chenier, Elise. "Prisons, Jails, and Reformatories: Men's." Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered History in America. Ed. Marc Stein. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. 423-426. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.

Gibson, Lauren E., and Christopher Hensley. "The Social Construction Of Sexuality In Prison." Prison Journal 93.3 (2013): 355-370. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.

Hensley, Christopher, and Richard Tewksbury. "Inmate-To-Inmate Prison Sexuality: A Review Of Empirical Studies." Trauma, Violence & Abuse 3.3 (2002): 226. Academic Search Premier. Web. 30 Sept. 2016. --Bridgetclu (talk) 04:59, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

I would also like to add
 * how sexually transmitted diseases are much more prevalent and easier to contract in prisons. I also added the name of the bill that was passed in 2014 to distribute condoms to "inmate contraception."  I added a couple paragraphs about how HIV and AIDs is a serious issue in prison and how health is a major concern when prisoners get released and return to the community.
 * Cameryncorcoran (talk) 06:25, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

 * "California to Make Condoms Available in Prisons Statewide." FSRN. Free Speech Radio News, 4 Feb. 2015. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. .

 * Grinstead, Olga, et al. "HIV And STD Testing In Prisons: Perspectives Of In-Prison Service Providers." AIDS Education And Prevention: Official Publication Of The International Society For AIDS Education 15.6 (2003): 547-560. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 17 Feb. 2017.

 * Hammett, Theodore M. "HIV/AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases among Correctional Inmates: Transmission, Burden, and an Appropriate Response." American Journal of Public Health, vol. 96, no. 6, June 2006, pp. 974-978. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.callutheran.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mnh&AN=16449578&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

 * Kinner, Stuart A and Emily A Wang. "The Case for Improving the Health of Ex-Prisoners." American Journal of Public Health, vol. 104, no. 8, Aug. 2014, pp. 1352-1355. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301883. FUll Text Web 9 March. 2017

 * Sevcik, JC. "California Law to Provide Condoms to Inmates in State Prisons Passes." UPI. United Press International, 06 Nov. 2014. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. .

 * Cameryncorcoran (talk) 18:09, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

social constructionist perspective
This page is vague and lacking subsections. I would like to expand this article to include the subsection of the social constructionist approach to the topic.

Social- Constructionist Approach: (section already on the live page by another user. I would move this paragraph to the new subsection)[Some explanations for prison sexuality include the social constructionist theory by Groth. He implies that sexuality is not only an "inherent part" of a person but also that it may be a "construct of that person's society".[6] Additionally, he mentions that you cannot classify the prisoners sexuality as heterosexual or homosexual during their prison time because it could not be accurate; their sexuality is on hold meanwhile because they act rather on personal needs than interpersonal needs. This, however does not fully conclude that this is the sole reason for prison relationships because they also feel the genuine connection that can turn into a serious relationship.[5]]

A similar perspective was penned by Clemmer in 1940, who theorized that inmates engaged in homosexual behavior partly as they, "were deprived of a heteronormative sexual identity" (Gibson). As sexuality has been historically separated into heterosexual, or homosexual categories, this deprivation model of an inmate satisfying their needs at the cost of changing from heterosexual to homosexual fits (Gibson)

I am hoping to receive feedback on the direction I am headed before expanding this further.

Abigailgillmore (talk) 22:24, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

Possible New Section
I would like to either add a new section to this article or add on the section "Potential for Rape Activity" about how the media's view on prison rape changed over time in the U.S., considering that prison rape is an notorious issue in the US corrections system. So far I have one or two ideas to add to the section which I highly think would add more context on different perspectives to this issue.

Kcueva (talk) 08:20, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

Biased Wording
Hello I'm new and doing this for a college course. I would like to help this page to the best of my abilities. I think some of the wording in the article could be considered biased. An example is in the Female Prisoners section, "like a real family would" is used to describe a pseudo family. This is assuming that there are real families compared to fake families. I think the wording should be changed to "like traditional families" or something without negative/positive connotation to the adjectives.

Another place is in Male Prisoners, "sexual abuse is higher than the amount it actually happens" is used. I propose a change to "the fear of sexual abuse is high, the actual number of sexual assaults in prisons is lower."

If people find other phrased or paragraphs that could use rewording, feel free to let everyone know here.Gfrench55clu (talk) 02:09, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

Possible LGBT section
Hey everyone! I was thinking about adding a new section on sexuality regarding LGBT relationships in prison. Although there is some discussion about male prisoners and "situational homosexual acts" I think this should be a section of its own, including more detail about males and females LGBT relationships. Let me know what you guys think. I know there is a related page on LGBT people in prison but its more about issues and discriminations LGBT people face in the prison system. Let me know some thoughts! I am interacting with this page for a college course and I would like to contribute as much as possible.Erumpfsnavely (talk) 06:44, 16 February 2017 (UTC) Upon further thought I am thinking of reorganizing the information here. To have sections on female prisoners, male prisoners and then a separate heading on LGBT in prison. Also the second part of the intro needs some reworking. Some of the statistics used here are bit outdated as well, from 1999. I would like to make a lot of changes on here involving organization and quality of input. Please give me any comments you can in ways that would help. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erumpfsnavely (talk • contribs) 05:25, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

New Section - Prison Rape
I plan on adding this section and replacing the Title "potential for rape activity' to "Prison Rape" because it is a type of sexuality. I will also add this subsequent information below.

Prison is a community sexologically characterized by overt masturbation and by homosexual couplings that may be either consensual, coercive or assaultive (rape)[1]. Prison rape, like rape on it's own, is defined differently from state to state but is understood to be non consensual or unwanted sexual contact between individuals.[2] Prison rape can be between inmates or inmates and staff of the prison. This is a form of sexuality because these individuals use their capacity for sexual feelings to intimidate or control their victims which causes sociological properties of the prison to change[3].

Prisoners have two overarching reasons to rape a victim, one is to satisfy their overt sexual and need based desires that self pleasure can not. The second is to use the assault as a sort of intimidation factor to grant the rapist power in a place where these actions generally go unpunished. In prison, the phrase "a**-hole bandit" is used to describe such an inmate that would rape another (in the male case). There seems to be no shown correlation that men who are abusive to their partners outside of prison are more likely to be rapist in prisons. Such men are not known to have history of sexual assault before prison [1].

In 2003, for the first time ever, the United States government moved to protect prisoners from sexual violence. With pressure for human rights groups, the US house of representatives and senate unanimously passed the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) to protect prisoners from sexual violence[3].

Multiple types of forced sexual contact happen in prison. A few are listed. "Kids" are kept in servitude by an owner and are a sign of the owners prestige and power. "Gumps" are a used as prostitutes by a gang or group of inmates who sell the gumps sexual favors for money and prison currency. Gumps tend to be in their position because they volunteered for it at one time for purposes of coming into their sexual orientation in prison or for survival in the incarceration system. Punks are individuals who hesitate to participate in homosexual behavior, but are turned over by coercion. [4]

^ Jump up to: a b Money, John (1980). The Journal of Sex Research. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. pp. 258–266. Jump up ^ Capers, Bennett (2011). California Law Review. California Law Review, Inc. pp. pp. 1259–1307. ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, Jessi Lee (2013). SIgns. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 197–220. Jump up ^ Coggeshall, John M. (1988). Anthropology Today. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. pp. 6–8. Gfrench55clu (talk) 22:35, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review
This articles needs more nuance in regard to conversations of race I would say that is a big part that is missing from the article. But the technicalities of the article are good such as the links, and sources with each of the facts.

--Kiessence (talk) 00:15, 21 October 2021 (UTC)Kiessence Bassett

UK Section Revert
The edit at seemed an excellent balance to the US-POV of the article. I did not write or revert it, but I'd like a discussion on whether it should have been reverted and whether it can be replaced or somehow integrated into the US-biased section above it. It reads: Multiple types of forced sexual contact happen in prison in the United Kingdom. A few are: "Kids" are kept in servitude by an owner and are a sign of the owners prestige and power. "Gumps" are used as prostitutes by a gang or group of inmates who sell the gumps sexual favors for money and prison currency. Gumps tend to be in their position because they volunteered for it at one time for purposes of coming into their sexual orientation in prison or for survival in the incarceration system. Punks are individuals who hesitate to participate in homosexual behavior, but are turned over by coercion. (REF can be found in original) Last1in (talk) 00:12, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prison sexuality


text:
Metro Daily

Metro Daily was the Hong Kong edition of Metro, which publishes free newspapers around the world with 25 editions in 16 countries in 14 languages. It was the first free newspaper in Hong Kong.

The Hong Kong version was first launched on 15 April 2002; it is distributed for free in the racks located in 49 Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations except the Airport Station.

According to the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations in September 2002, the daily circulation of the newspaper was 302,197 copies, making it the third largest daily newspaper in Hong Kong. The paper is distributed from Monday to Friday (except for public holidays), by hand or from the newspaper stands in 49 MTR stations and 11 other key central locations, such as big shopping malls owned by MTR Corporation Limited like Paradise Mall, Telford Plaza, and Luk Yeung Galleria.

Though around one tenth size of other newspapers printing local first-hand news reported by fresh journalists, its main news sources are actually the television, radio news, press releases and wired news. The paper is in Chinese in most parts, together with an English international section. Although the paper is a tabloid, i.e. a minute-sized newspaper giving the stories in a condensed form, it includes many sections, which make the paper very rich in contents. These sections include:
 * local news (including one page written in Simplified Chinese);
 * Chinese news;
 * international news;
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 * English news digest;
 * editorial column;
 * television program schedule; and
 * film section.

Readers can read the on-line edition of Metro all over the world by simply registering as users at its official site, and it is totally free. Besides, there is also a club called "Club Metro" offering discounts in films, sports and travel to its members.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Metro Daily


text:
Chi-Chi

Chi-Chi or variations thereof may refer to:

Geography

 * Chichi (village) or Çiçi, in the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan
 * Chi-chi, Nantou, a township in Taiwan

People

 * Chi Chi Gonzalez (born 1992), American baseball pitcher
 * Chi-Chi Olivo (1928–1977), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Rafael Quintero (1940–2006), American CIA operative
 * Chi-Chi Rodríguez (born 1935), Puerto Rican golfer
 * Chi Chi DeVayne, stage name of American drag queen Zavion Michael Davenport (1985–2020)
 * Chi Chi LaRue, a drag queen persona of director of gay and bisexual pornography Larry David Paciotti (born 1959)
 * Chi Chi (record producer), Nigerian-American record producer and songwriter Chidi Osondu
 * Chi Chi, a ring name of American professional wrestler Allan Funk (born 1971)
 * Chi Chi, nickname of Bollywood actor Govinda (born 1963)

Characters

 * Chi-Chi (Dragon Ball), Chichi or Chi Chi, a character in Dragon Ball media
 * Chi Chi, a character in the Scarface universe

Music

 * "Chi Chi" (Azealia Banks song), 2017
 * "Chi Chi" (Trey Songz song), 2019

Other uses

 * Chi-Chi's, an international Tex-Mex restaurant chain
 * Chi Chi (giant panda) (1957–1972), star attraction at London Zoo from 1958 to 1972
 * Chi Chi, a variant of the piña colada cocktail
 * Diaprepes abbreviatus, a species of weevils colloquially called chichí

title: Chi-Chi


text:
User:H0044328

student of Fuzheado

see User:H0119907

title: User:H0044328


text:
Ismoil Somoni Peak

Ismoil Somoni Peak (Қуллаи Исмоили Сомонӣ; ; Пик Исмои́ла Сомони́) is the highest mountain in Tajikistan. Because it was within the territory of the former Russian Empire and the former Soviet Union, it was the highest mountain in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union before Tajikistan became independent. The mountain is named after Ismail Samani, a ruler of the Samanid dynasty. It is located in the Pamir Range.

Name
When the existence of a peak in the Soviet Pamir Mountains higher than Lenin Peak was first established in 1928, the mountain was tentatively identified with Mount Garmo. However, as the result of the work of further Soviet expeditions, it became clear by 1932 that they were not the same, and in 1933 the new peak, in the Academy of Sciences Range, was named Stalin Peak (Пик Ста́лина), after Joseph Stalin. In 1962, as part of Khrushchev's nationwide de-Stalinization process, the name was changed to Communism Peak (Пики Коммунизм Пик Коммуни́зма), a name by which it is still commonly known. The name Communism Peak was officially dropped in 1998 in favour of the current name, commemorating the 9th-10th century Samanid emir, Ismail Samani.

History
By the end of the 1880s, a Russian expedition, led by V.F. Oshanin, conducted research named various regions in the area. He noted in his diary: "I believe that the eastern peak has a height of up to 25,000 ft." The central Pamirs would continue to be visited by the expeditions of Kosineko, Korzhenevsky, Lipsky, Novitsky, Musketov, and others, but they failed to reach the Academy of Sciences Range.

In 1913, the central part of the Pamirs was explored by an expedition led by the German mountain explorer and climber Willi Rickmer Rickmers. The expedition penetrated the upper reaches of the Obikhingou River, where they saw a 6650 m peak. It was given the name Garmo Peak, according to the name given by the Tajiks from Pashimgar. Subsequent expeditions to the area of the Range of the Academy of Sciences took place in Soviet times.

In 1928, the long-term Tajik-Pamir expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR began to operate, which began with the Soviet-German expedition with the participation of Willy Rickmers. As a result of topographic survey, it was found that one of the peaks visible in the west of the Fedchenko glaciers reaches a height of 7495 m. Having compared the survey results with a schematic map compiled by Korzhenevsky back in 1925, and with other data, the members of the expedition of the Academy of Sciences decided that this peak is Garmo Peak, which was mapped by the German expedition of 1913. However, this led to the "mystery of the Garmo", as there was a discrepancy between the heights: 6650 m and 7495 m. This was solved only during the expeditions of 1931 and 1932, when two detachments of climbers and topographers (led by Gorbunov and Krylenko) penetrated the area from the east and from the west. The 6650 m peak was determined to be the real Garmo, and the unnamed 7495 m peak was conclusively discovered and mapped, and given the name Stalin Peak in honor of Stalin's upcoming 55th birthday.

The first ascent (to the then Stalin Peak) was made on 3 September 1933 by the Soviet mountaineer Yevgeniy Abalakov, during the Tajik-Pamir expedition of 1933.

The first woman to ascend to the peak was Lyudmila Agranovskaya in 1969.

The first winter ascent was made in February 1986 by 24 climbers (7 from Uzbekistan, and 17 from the rest of the USSR).

title: Ismoil Somoni Peak


text:
Tyranni

The Tyranni (suboscines) are a suborder of passerine birds that includes more than 1,000 species, the large majority of which are South American. It is named after the type genus Tyrannus. These have a different anatomy of the syrinx musculature than the oscines (songbirds of the larger suborder Passeri), hence the common name of suboscines.

The suboscines originated in South America about 50 million years ago and dispersed into the Old World likely via a trans-Atlantic route during the Oligocene. Their presence in the early Oligocene of Europe is well documented by several fossil specimens.

Systematics
The suborder Tyranni is divided into two infraorders: the Eurylaimides and the Tyrannides. The New Zealand wrens in the family Acanthisittidae are placed in a separate suborder Acanthisitti.

The phylogenetic relationships of the 16 families in the Tyranni suborder is shown below. The cladogram is based on a large molecular genetic study by Carl Oliveros and collaborators published in 2019: The families and the species numbers are from the list maintained by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).

The Eurylaimides contain the Old World suboscines – mainly distributed in tropical regions around the Indian Ocean – and a single American species, the sapayoa: The Tyrannides contain all the suboscines from the Americas except the broad-billed sapayoa. The families listed here are those recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union.
 * Philepittidae: asities
 * Eurylaimidae: typical broadbills
 * Calyptomenidae: African and green broadbills
 * Sapayoidae: broad-billed sapayoa
 * Pittidae: pittas
 * Pipridae: manakins
 * Cotingidae: cotingas
 * Tityridae: tityras, sharpbill, becards (includes Oxyruncus and Onychorhynchus)
 * Tyrannidae: tyrant-flycatchers (includes Piprites, Platyrinchus, Tachuris and Rhynchocyclus)
 * Melanopareiidae: crescent chests
 * Conopophagidae: gnateaters and gnatpittas
 * Thamnophilidae: antbirds
 * Grallariidae: antpittas
 * Rhinocryptidae: tapaculos
 * Formicariidae: antthrushes
 * Furnariidae: ovenbirds and woodcreepers (includes Dendrocolaptidae)

This group has been separated into three parvorders by Sibley & Ahlquist. However, DNA:DNA hybridization did not reliably resolve the suboscine phylogeny. It was eventually determined that there was a simple dichotomy between the antbirds and allies (tracheophones), and the tyrant-flycatchers and allies. Given that the "parvorder" arrangement originally advanced is obsolete (see e.g. Irestedt et al. 2002 for tracheophone phylogeny) — more so if the Eurylaimides are elevated to a distinct suborder — it is better to rank the clades as superfamilies or, if the broadbill group is considered a separate suborder, as infraorders. In the former case, the name Furnarioidea would be available for the tracheophones, whereas "Tyrannoidea", the "bronchophone" equivalent, has not yet been formally defined. In the latter case, the tracheophones would be classified as "Furnariides", while the Tyrannides would be restricted to the tyrant-flycatchers and other "bronchophone" families.

The tracheophones contain the Furnariidae, Thamnophilidae, Formicariidae (probably including most tapaculos), and Conopophagidae. The tyrant-flycatcher clade includes the namesake family, the Tityridae, the Cotingidae, and the Pipridae.

title: Tyranni


text:
List of metropolitan areas in Europe

This list ranks metropolitan areas in Europe by their population according to three different sources; it includes metropolitan areas that have a population of over 1 million.

Metropolitan areas
{{legend|#CFECEC|Areas within the European Union|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

Regional and country-specific lists

 * Largest metropolitan areas in the Nordic countries
 * List of metropolitan areas in Belgium
 * List of metropolitan areas in France
 * List of metropolitan areas in Germany
 * List of metropolitan areas in Italy
 * List of metropolitan areas in Poland
 * List of metropolitan areas in Romania
 * List of metropolitan areas in Spain
 * List of metropolitan areas in Sweden
 * List of metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom

title: List of metropolitan areas in Europe


text:
University of Oulu

The University of Oulu (Oulun yliopisto) is one of the largest universities in Finland, located in the city of Oulu. It was founded on July 8, 1958. The university has around 13,000 students and 2,900 staff. 21 International Master's Programmes are offered at the university. The university is often ranked as one of the best universities in Finland and in the top 400 worldwide.

History

 * 1919 Oulu College Association was founded to manage the establishment of a university in the town
 * 1958 Oulu University Act
 * 1959 Activities begin. Faculty of Philosophy (programs in biology and mathematics), Faculty of Technology (architecture, civil and industrial engineering) and Oulu Teaching School
 * 1960 Faculty of Medicine
 * 1965 Teaching begins in humanities
 * 1965 Departments of Electrical Engineering and Machine Engineering added to the Faculty of Technology
 * 1972 The Faculty of Humanities and the Faculty of Natural Sciences founded with the division of the Faculty of Philosophy
 * 1974 Faculty of Education
 * 1985 Professorship in Telecommunications Technology established at the Faculty of Technology
 * 1994 Biotechnology, Information Technology and Northern Issues defined as focus areas
 * 2000 Founding of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
 * 2006 Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
 * 2007 Oulu Mining School
 * 2008 Martti Ahtisaari Institute of Global Business and Economics
 * 2009 Center for Internet Excellence (CIE)
 * 2010 New University Act, new focus areas
 * 2011 Center of Microscopy and Nanotechnology founded by joining the Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre and the Institute for Electron Microscopy
 * 2011 University of Oulu Graduate School (from 1.8.2011)
 * 2014 Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (from 1.1.2014)
 * 2014 Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (from 1.1.2014)
 * 2014 Oulu School of Architecture (from 1.1.2014)

Campuses
There are two campus areas:

 * The main campus is located in Linnanmaa, about 5 km north of Oulu city centre. It includes six faculties, four focus institutes, Botanical Gardens and Museum, and university library Pegasus, and Tellus Innovation Arena.
 * Faculty of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine are located at the Kontinkangas Campus 2 km southeast from the city center, Kontinkangas, Oulu. Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Centre (MRC) and Biocenter Oulu are also located there.

The University has a number of research units and shared locations. In Linnanmaa Campus there are:

 * Thule Institute
 * Martti Ahtisaari Institute
 * Giellagas Institute
 * Open University

Elsewhere in Northern Finland:

 * Kajaani University Consortium
 * Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory
 * Oulanka Biological Research Station (Kuusamo)
 * Kerttu Saalasti Institute (Nivala) (former Oulu Southern Institute),
 * Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi
 * Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius

Faculties
The University of Oulu is divided into eight faculties

International cooperation
The University of Oulu aims to promote mobility among its students. It takes part in a number of international exchange programmes, such as Erasmus Programme (Europe), Nordplus (Nordic Countries), FIRST (Russia), ISEP and International to International ISEP (USA, South America, Asia), UNC-EP (USA), north2north (USA, Canada, Russia, Nordic Countries), North-South-South (Africa). Besides, the University of Oulu has about 50 bilateral agreements with partner universities around the world.

Research
University works in 70 research areas. There are five research focus areas which are coordinated by four focus institutes. About 60 invention disclosures are done yearly from the University of Oulu. The university has also served as a birthing place for over 60 research-based companies.

Academic rankings and statistics
The University of Oulu has been consistent in gender equality securing a ratio of 53 men to 47 women. The University has also consistently increased in citation per faculty ratio over the years, with positive increases each year.

The University of Oulu has rapidly risen in rankings in recent years, and is ranked in the top 3 Finnish Universities according to the QS 2024 World University rankings. Overall, the university is a popular choice for both international and domestic applicants in Finland and has been steadily improving in academic reputation.

In the year 2022, The University of Oulu received 17,667 domestic applications, and accepted 2,497 new students, making the University's 2022 domestic acceptance rate 14%. Because of this, The University of Oulu is a competitive university to get accepted into.

Notable alumni

 * Martti Ahtisaari, M.Sc., former President of Finland, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (2008)
 * Helena Aksela, Ph.D., first female professor of physics in Finland.
 * Leena Ala-Kokko, Ph.D., professor, biochemist, molecular biologist; co-founder and president of Connective Tissue Gene Tests.
 * Jarkko Oikarinen, D.Sc., the developer of Internet Relay Chat (IRC).
 * Leena Palotie, D.Sc., professor, geneticist
 * Jussi Pesonen, M.Sc. (Tech.), CEO of UPM-Kymmene Oyj.
 * Sakari Orava, D.Sc., professor, surgeon specializing in sports related injuries. Famous for operating surgeries on many top athletes such as David Beckham.
 * Vuokko Hirvonen, Ph.D., professor and author, noted scholar of Sámi literature and education policies
 * Lasse Lehtinen, Ph.D., former Member of the Finnish Parliament and former Member of the European Parliament.
 * Pekka Aikio, M.Sc., president of the Sami Parliament of Finland for three terms from 1996 to 2008.
 * Tytti Isohookana-Asunmaa, Ph.D. Finnish Minister of Culture (1991–1995), member of the Finnish parliament, from the Centre Party (1983).
 * Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, M.D., Ph.D., epidemiologist and professor
 * Tuija Lehtinen, B.Sc., (Stat.), writer, freelance author. Known for Mirkka, Laura and Janne novel series, chief scriptwriter of The Dibidogs animation series.
 * Sami Lopakka, M.A. musician and writer, one of two guitarists for the band Sentenced (1989-2005).
 * Hannu Rajaniemi B.Sc. (Math), author of science fiction and fantasy. Known novel, The Quantum Thief.
 * Ago Silde M.A., Estonian politician, governor of Ida-Viru County 2004-2007.
 * Jari Vilén M.A., politician and a diplomat, served in the Finnish Parliament, representing the National Coalition Party and the district of Lapland(1999–2007).
 * Sauli Vuoti Ph.D. (Chem), musician, chemist, and freelance writer, vocalist and guitarist of the band Kinetik Control, founder of Inferno magazine.
 * Juha Sipilä M.Sc. (Tech.), former Prime Minister of Finland
 * Pirkko Mattila M.Sc., Member of the Finnish Parliament and Minister of Social Affairs and Health
 * Tytti Tuppurainen M.A., Finnish Minister for European Affairs (2019-), member of the Finnish parliament from the Social Democratic Party
 * Jaana Bäck Ph.D., Finnish plant ecologist and professor of forest-atmosphere interactions at the University of Helsinki

University of Oulu alumni body is over 55,000.

Student services
Student Union of the University of Oulu (Oulun yliopiston ylioppilaskunta; OYY) provides services to and supervises the interests of all undergraduate degree students in the University of Oulu. All bachelor's and master's degree students at the University of Oulu belong to the Student Union. By paying the Student Union membership fee, students are entitled to a student card which allows them to get student services and discounts. This way, students get inexpensive or free medical and dental care from Finnish Student Health Services, (Ylioppilaiden terveydenhoitosäätiö; YTHS) traveling discounts in trains and buses, student meals reduction, etc.

There are a number of students organizations or so-called student guilds presented within the University.

Student housing
Student Housing Foundation of Northern Finland (Pohjois-Suomen opiskelija-asuntosäätiö; PSOAS) is the leading provider of student accommodation in Oulu. The organization operates on a foundation basis which ensures affordable rents for students. Following its mission, PSOAS offers housing services for people studying in Oulu as economically as possible. The residents of PSOAS houses in different areas around the city elect tenant committee for that area, which e.g. organises different activities, maintains club rooms and does other related issues, depending on the active members.

The new international student house, named Aurora, was built next to PSOAS housing office in downtown Oulu. The building was finished during the spring of 2013. The house is supposed to be accommodated both by international degree students and Finnish students. The main purpose of the new building is to support the internationalization of Oulu and give the international students better access to Finnish culture and local people. The premises will also support these efforts: More space is dedicated for casual get-togethers, as there is a lounge space on every floor and a café of high level will be serving both Finnish and foreign customers on the ground floor.

The International Student Barometer 2019 ranked the University of Oulu first in the world when it comes to internet access and sixth in overall life satisfaction.

title: University of Oulu


text:
Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon

The Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenschafften und Künste (Great Complete Encyclopedia of All Sciences and Arts) is a 68-volume German encyclopedia published by Johann Heinrich Zedler between 1731 and 1754. It was one of the largest printed encyclopedias ever, and the first to include biographies of living people in a systematic way.

Title
The bookseller and publisher Zedler published this book in Leipzig under the name:"Great Complete Encyclopedia of All Sciences and Arts Which So Far Have Been Invented and Improved by Human Mind and Wit: Including the Geographical and Political Description of the Whole World with All Monarchies, Empires, Kingdoms, Principalities, Republics, Free Sovereignties, Countries, Towns, Sea Harbors, Fortresses, Castles, Areas, Authorities, Monasteries, Mountains, Passes, Woods, Seas, Lakes ... and also a Detailed Historical and Genealogical Description of the World's Brightest and Most Famous Family Lines, the Life and Deeds of the Emperors, Kings, Electors and Princes, Great Heroes, Ministers of State, War Leaders... ; Equally about All Policies of State, War and Law and Budgetary Business of the Nobility and the Bourgeois, Merchants, Traders, Arts."Zedler himself called his encyclopedia "Zedler's Encyclopedia" (Zedlersches Lexikon). Many previous encyclopedias were associated with the names of their authors, but the Universal Lexicon was the first to be associated with the name of its publisher.

Editors
The main editors were Jacob August Franckenstein (volumes 1-2), Paul Daniel Longolius (volumes 3-18), and Carl Günther Ludovici (volumes 19-64 and supplements). Each seems to have taken a different approach to encyclopedia-making. From volume 18 onward, for example, the encyclopedia contains numerous biographies of living people, presumably because of Ludovici's appointment as editor around the same time.

In his introduction to volume 1, Zedler himself claimed to have had the encyclopedia compiled by nine anonymous "muses." Scholars continue to debate over how many or few collaborators he actually had. In fact, almost nothing certain is known about the individual authors of the encyclopedia. Heinrich Winkler wrote many medical articles, and Friedrich August Müller probably wrote articles on philosophy. Lorenz Christoph Mizler (1711–1778) claimed to have written mathematical articles. Johann Heinrich Rother and Johann Christoph Gottsched have also been suggested as possible collaborators, though both denied it.

Printing
The Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon is sometimes considered the first modern encyclopedia in the German language. At the time, it was the largest printed encyclopedia in the Western world, and it remains one of the largest. It was originally supposed to be printed in about 12 volumes, an estimate later extended to 24, but it was finally printed in 64 volumes plus four supplements, with about 284,000 articles on 63,000 two-column pages. Ludovici had even intended to write a further four supplements.

Initial production was funded through subscription, where buyers paid in advance and received a discount on the volume that was later delivered. The pressrun of the Universal Lexicon was undoubtedly small. Scholars have estimated that only around 1500 sets were printed.

Zedler arranged to have the encyclopedia printed in the Halle Waisenhaus ("orphanage"), not far from Leipzig. This printshop belonged to August Hermann Francke's Francke Foundations.

Later, between 1961 and 1964, the book was republished in Graz, Austria.

Online copy
The Bavarian State Library's digitisation center in Munich (Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum, MDZ) has digitized the encyclopedia completely, including the four supplements, in the form of images and PDF files. The 68 volumes have an index and readers can browse through the pages.

title: Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon


text:
Talk:Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon

[Untitled]
Can someone who knows German translate the title and put the English rendition in parentheses? Babelfish gets most of it, but chokes on a few words. --Delirium 08:21 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks! --Delirium 08:33 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)~
 * The "Universal-" is missing in the English version. Do you think it should be there? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.202.27.133 (talk • contribs) 15:22, 3 May 2005
 * Well, eight years later... still: "Universal-Lexicon" translates roughly as "encyclopedia" (which incorporates the "universal" aspect), so I think the translation is fine. Gestumblindi (talk) 21:22, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

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text:
Candace Bushnell

Candace Bushnell (born December 1, 1958) is an American author, journalist, and television producer. She wrote a column for The New York Observer (1994–96) that was adapted into the bestselling Sex and the City anthology. The book was the basis for the HBO hit series Sex and the City (1998–2004) and two subsequent movies.

Bushnell followed this with the international bestselling novels 4 Blondes (2001), Trading Up (2003), Lipstick Jungle (2005), One Fifth Avenue (2008), The Carrie Diaries (2010) and Summer and the City (2011). Two of her novels have been adapted for television: Lipstick Jungle (2008–09) on NBC, and The Carrie Diaries (2013–2014) on The CW. One Fifth Avenue has been optioned by the Mark Gordon Company and ABC for another television show.

Early life
Bushnell was born in Glastonbury, Connecticut. She is the daughter of Calvin L. Bushnell and Camille Salonia. Her father was one of the inventors of the air cooled hydrogen fuel cell that was used in the Apollo space missions in the 1960s. Her Bushnell ancestors in the United States can be traced back to Francis Bushnell, one of the signatories of the Guilford Covenant, who emigrated from Thatcham, Berkshire, England in 1639. Her mother was of Italian descent.

While attending Glastonbury High School, Candace was accompanied to her senior prom by Mike O'Meara, later a nationally syndicated radio host, who also dated Candace's sister, "Lolly." She attended Rice University and New York University. She moved to New York in the late 1970s and often frequented Studio 54. In 1995, she met publishing executive Ron Galotti, who became the inspiration for Sex and the City's Mr. Big.

Career
At the age of 19, Bushnell moved to New York City and sold a children's story (which was never published) to Simon & Schuster. She continued writing and worked as a freelance journalist for various publications, struggling to make ends meet for many years. Bushnell began writing for The New York Observer in 1993. She created a humorous column for the paper (1994–1996) called "Sex and the City". The column was based on her own personal dating experiences and those of her friends. In 1997, Bushnell's columns were published in an anthology, also called Sex and the City, and soon after became the basis for the popular HBO television series sharing the same name. The series aired from 1998 through 2004, and starred Sarah Jessica Parker as Carrie Bradshaw, a socially active New York City sex and lifestyles columnist, a character whom Bushnell has stated was her alter ego. The series entered syndication and was also made into two films: Sex and the City (2008) and Sex and the City 2 (2010). A third film was announced in December 2016, but was ultimately cancelled and replaced by the sequel miniseries, And Just Like That…, on HBO Max. Bushnell went on to publish several international and The New York Times Bestselling novels, including Four Blondes, Trading Up, Lipstick Jungle and One Fifth Avenue.

In 2005, Bushnell served as one of three judges for the reality television show Wickedly Perfect on CBS. Bushnell began hosting a live weekly talk show on Sirius Satellite Radio in 2007. The show, called "Sex, Success and Sensibility," was canceled in late 2008 after the merger of Sirius and XM Satellite Radio, when Bushnell was asked to continue the show with a 50% pay cut and refused. She is the winner of the 2006 Matrix Award for books, and a recipient of the Albert Einstein Spirit of Achievement Award. In 2009 she wrote a web series, The Broadroom, a comedic series about women over 40 dealing with workplace issues, starring Jennie Garth which was created in partnership with the magazine publisher Meredith Corporation's Meredith 360 division.

Bushnell's 2005 novel, Lipstick Jungle, was adapted for television and aired on NBC in 2008. The series Lipstick Jungle starred Brooke Shields in the leading role, and ran for 20 episodes. In 2009, she wrote articles for Meredith's More magazine.

Bushnell was contracted by HarperCollins in 2008 to write a series of two books for young adults, about the high school years of Sex and the City character Carrie Bradshaw. The first of these, The Carrie Diaries, was published in April 2010. The other, Summer and the City (Carrie Diaries Series #2), was published in April 2011. The Carrie Diaries was a number one New York Times Bestseller.

In 2012, Bushnell was sued in federal court by her former friend and manager Clifford Streit (who served as the inspiration for Sex and the City character, Stanford Blatch) who claimed that Bushnell reneged on a prior settlement in which she agreed to pay him 7.5 percent of anything she earned from the Sex and the City TV series and the two Sex and the City movies, an amount Streit estimated at least $150,000.

Personal life
From 2002 to 2012, Bushnell was married to Charles Askegard, a principal dancer with the New York City Ballet who was ten years her junior, and whom she had met eight weeks before. They divorced in 2011. She found the experience disorienting, telling The Guardian, "When I got divorced, I couldn’t get a mortgage; I didn’t fit into a computer model. All of a sudden, I was invited to no more couple things. Being single is hard and there’s something a bit heroic about it."

She owned a co-op in Greenwich Village until 2015. From 2005 to 2016 she owned a historic Victorian farmhouse in Roxbury, Connecticut. In 2016, she bought a co-op on East 74th Street in Manhattan.

title: Candace Bushnell


text:
Meyers Konversations-Lexikon

Meyers Konversations-Lexikon or Meyers Lexikon was a major encyclopedia in the German language that existed in various editions, and by several titles, from 1839 to 1984, when it merged with the Brockhaus Enzyklopädie.

Joseph Meyer (1796–1856), who had founded the publishing house Bibliographisches Institut in 1826, intended to issue a universal encyclopaedia meant for a broad public: people having a general knowledge as well as businessmen, technicians and scholars, considering contemporary works like those of Pierer and Brockhaus to be superficial or obsolete.

First edition
The first part of Das Grosse Conversations-Lexikon für die gebildeten Stände ("Great encyclopaedia for the educated classes") appeared in October 1839. In contrast to its contemporaries, it contained maps and illustrations with the text.

There is no indication of the planned number of volumes or a time limit for this project, but little headway had been made by the otherwise dynamic Meyer. After six years, 14 volumes had appeared, covering only one fifth of the alphabet. Another six years passed before the last (46th) volume was published. Six supplementary volumes finally finished the work in 1855. Ultimately numbering 52 volumes, Das Grosse Conversations-Lexikon für die gebildeten Stände was the most comprehensive completed German encyclopedia of the 19th century, also called "der Wunder-Meyer" (The marvellous Meyer). The complete set was reprinted 1858–59.

Later editions
The son of Joseph Meyer, Hermann Julius (1826–1909), published the next edition (which is officially the first), entitled Neues Conversations-Lexikon für alle Stände, 1857–60, that would only count 15 volumes. To avoid a long-time project, subscribers were promised it would be completed within three years, and all volumes appearing later would be given free. Of course, it was finished right on time. The 2nd edition, Neues Konversations-Lexikon, ein Wörterbuch des allgemeinen Wissens, appeared 1861–67; the 3rd edition, now from Leipzig, was issued as ''Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. Eine Encyklopädie des allgemeinen Wissens'' 1874–78; both had 15 volumes.

The 4th edition, consisting of 16 volumes, appeared in 1885–90, with 2 supplements of update pages, volume 17 (1891) and volume 18 (1892). The 5th edition had 17 volumes, ''Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. Ein Nachschlagewerk des allgemeinen Wissens'', 1893 to 1897. This edition sold no less than 233,000 sets.

The 6th edition, entitled Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, was published 1902–08. It had 20 volumes, and the largest sale of all Meyer editions, with 240,000 sets. The First World War prevented an even bigger success. There was also the small 1908 edition, Meyers Kleines Konversations-Lexikon.

The 6th edition of the encyclopedia, and all previous editions, are in the public domain in Germany, the United States, and all countries where the copyright term of anonymous or pseudonymous works is 100 years or fewer since publication.

World Wars and destruction
The 7th and 8th editions were both briefly named Meyers Lexikon. The 7th edition counted only 12 volumes, due to the economic depression of the 1920s. It appeared in 1924–30. It came with a condensed single-volume version known as the Blitz-Lexikon.

The 8th edition (1936–42) remained incomplete due to wartime circumstances: out of 12 planned volumes only volumes number 1 through 9 plus the atlas volume number 12 could be issued. Due to its brown binding in addition to the fact that it was filtered through the Nazi censorship it has come to be known as Der Braune Meyer ("The Brown Meyer"), as brown became the colour associated with the Nazis.

The buildings of the company were completely destroyed by the bombing raids on Leipzig in 1943–44 and the company itself expropriated in 1946 without compensation. In 1953 the place of business was moved to Mannheim in West Germany (Bibliographisches Institut AG); a "VEB Bibliographisches Institut" remained in Leipzig.

9th edition and Neues Lexikon
The 9th edition, now from Mannheim, entitled Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon in 25 Bänden (in 25 volumes), appeared in 1971–79. Just like the first, this final Mannheim edition was the most comprehensive German encyclopaedia of the century.

From Leipzig (then in East Germany) came Meyers Neues Lexikon (1961–64, 8 volumes; 2nd edition 1971–78, 18 volumes), embedded in the Marxist ideology.

Merger with Brockhaus
In 1984, the Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim amalgamated with its biggest competitor in field of reference books F.A. Brockhaus of Wiesbaden, in a so-called "Elefantenhochzeit" (wedding of elephants). Being aware that the new firm's program did not provide room for two similar works of this magnitude, it was decided that the big serial reference works coming from Mannheim would henceforth be marketed under the name of Brockhaus.

title: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon


text:
Talk:Breed

Scope
Isn't this just a definition? --Tb 08:42 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, though in this case it seems to also serve as a disambiguation page of sorts to point to the various pages on cat/dog/etc. breeds. --Delirium 08:44 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Ok, so I'm too new here to judge well all by myself. Seems to me that the right thing is to mark it as a disambiguation page and just turn it into one. But hey--is it really needed as such? (I recall a guideline that suggests not creating unneeded disambiguation pages, and this one seems kinda remote to me.) So if it's not needed, then it shouldn't exist.

Though perhaps there would be good content here that I just don't know yet, in which case, the creator and others should get a chance to add some before it is deleted or turned into a disambiguation page proper, right? --Tb 08:47 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I'm not too sure either. There is some history of breeds that could be discussed, but I'm not qualified to write it. A link to selective breeding covers some of it. --Delirium 08:49 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hmmm. Good points. I didn't put the "stub" warning in because I modelled it on the cultivar article which has existed since January, and doesn't have one. Done now. Is there something about the cultivar article I've missed? I also take your point that a lot of what might go into this article is already in selective breeding. Perhaps this should become a redirect to there, and the definition moved to that article. We could then have a separate list of breeds which will surely grow with time. Andrewa 13:59 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. Is that better? I've now removed the stub warning. There's a lot more to be said, but with the links I think it's useful. The selective breeding article is a bit hard to read just because there's so much in it, so there's room for several articles on the topic I think. Andrewa 22:47 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Looks great to me! --Tb 22:48 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Looks ok to me too. I will be linking to this article page from several articles I'm working on. The page does need work though. I find that I disagree with the description given for a Strain. I'll start a different discussion below and give my interpretation of how the reference to Strain should read. Sting_au |

 * /"A breed is a domesticated subspecies or infrasubspecies of an animal"

 * This cannot be a definition! The breed term applies to domesicated animals only. Breeds are created by breeder, who intentionally mates domesticed animals to each other. --Afru (talk) 07:13, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. We need to change this somehow? A breed is a variety of a species created by breeder directed selection within a specific species genepool so that desired characteristics are homozygous for that variety. Tweak it around if you wish? We will eventually arrive at something that fits better. Sting au  Buzz Me...   09:40, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Bird Breeds
Can we not have a list of bird breeds too?

20:13, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Pigeons and Chickens are birds. But I gather they were added after your comment? Sting_au | Talk 09:13, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Strain
Ok, my problem with the articles reference to a Strain is that it says this results from descendants of a single significant individual. I see a Strain coming more from a group or original Genepool of individuals of the particular breed. Another way of looking at a Strain is seeing it as a Family within the breed being discussed. Strains are generally known by the prominant breeder who put all the work into creating the strain. So for example people could say that is the Hughes Strain of Tippler pigeon bred by Gordon Hughes. I also disagree with the reference to "a strain may not remain entirely within a breed"? To my way of thinking once an individual of a breed (whatever strain) is mated outside of the breed then this automatically creates crossbreds and as such are no longer to be considered part of the original strain. What do others think about my comments please. Sting_au | Talk 09:13, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

The problem with that is that the connotation of a strain involves significant genetic mutation from the parent individual usually occurring due to an environmental stimulus, where a breed doesn't involve a genetic mutation at all. e.g. "strain" of the flu virus, which only has two significant "breeds" referred to as type A and type B. 66.90.153.184 (talk) 03:20, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

Last edit
The breed is not exactly "homogenious", but is a group of animals undergoing constant changes, depends on enviromental and economy factors. that is reflected by changes to breed standard.

The vest majority of animals selected to establish a breed are initially chosen for working qiualities, and/or production, not appearance. Such as cattle.

The domestication happened thousands years before the breeds originated. "Breed" is a term that can possibly apply ONLY to a group of animals, that was ALREADY domesticated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Afru (talk • contribs) 06:08, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well you still need to define breed specific. Some mention of selective breeding with the appropriate wikilink needs to go back in there. The "breed" didn't just happen all by itself! You gutted the human connection out of the description. It's humans that make breeds via selection. That fact needs to go back in. Sting au  Buzz Me...   06:44, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Entire selective breeding needs an major edit, and most likely a merge.

There is a professional description of what the breed is, and the effort is to write a desription of vital term charasteristics in a plain and simple language. term "breed" is mostly about selection and creating, thus this is not the easiest task.

Most breeds originated without human interference, while humans develop and maintain breeds the way they want. Humans selected certain domesticated animals that differ from others, for given example, a hairless cat. Than they try to breed her to other cats to get more hairless cats. Than they keep the most hairless, describe it in writing and call it "The-Unique-Hairless Cat BREED". Than they inbreed or outcross cats to each other, selecting the most hairless for further breeding stock aka "foundation stock" and spay the rest. For this reason using a term "homogenious" does not exactly fit. --Afru (talk) 20:44, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Breeds don't originate without humans. In the wild species and subspecies evolve. Subspecies also known as varieties. Breeds are called breeds because they have been developed by breeders. Homogenous fits a breed pretty well in that the members of the breeds genepool are pretty much homozygous for the necessary genes that make up the breed milieu. Sting au  Buzz Me...   10:57, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Hardyplants please don't add plant information to this article. Add it to Variety (plant) where it belongs. Remember not plant breed but plant variety. Recent unhelpful edits are being reverted. Sting au  Buzz Me...   11:06, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * See also Variety (botany). Sting au  Buzz Me...   11:10, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * You are correct, plant variety and plant breeds are NOT the same thing, so retuning referenced material. Hardyplants (talk) 18:36, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Breeds do originate without human interference, such as Dingo or New Guinea Singing Dog in dogs, Texas Longhorn cattle, etc. Speaking of origination, it has a "start", what is a point of appearance of certain trait within a specie or  subspecies. The breeder does not make the breed from scratch; he does not shave the cat to make it hairless, he needs to find one to make it the breed foundation animal. Next, developing and maintaince. And sometimes The End, if and when there is either no demand for it, or it is overcrowded with inbreeding-caused genetic problems.

The breed is never a group of “same” or “identical” animals, but a population, consisting of complimentary groups (“lines“ or “strains“), undergoing constant changes, stages of development. It is fairly homogenous, but shall never be such to the point this term shall be used without detailed clarification, to avoid common misleading point. Differences between individual animals as well as between established “lines” within any breed are vital for its existence. Otherwise, there is a “dead end”.

OK, another attempt to clarify the definition. --Afru (talk) 00:52, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Cultivars are not breeds, breeds are a subset of cultivators ( which are just names for cultivated plants) that are produced in a very specific way. See thses google searches for the use of breeds in relation to plants: http://www.google.com/search?num=20&hl=en&safe=off&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&hs=i8J&q=%22plant+breeds%22&btnG=Search and Hardyplants (talk) 03:05, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Hardyplants, please add specific plant details to Variety (plant) and/or cultivars, just provide a link to it from this article. Per Google search, term "plant breed" is used mostly in translated foreign articles. This is not an encyclopedic term --Afru (talk) 04:22, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Plant variety is a taxonomic rank and should not be confused with breeds which are purposely produced and maintained...cultivars is a large and divergent group of plants that share one thing- they are grown and named plants. I am going to add the information to plant breeding, which is a more developed page than this one.  Look up corm or rice breeds, the term "Plant breed" is now mostly used by academics, and seems to also have a stronger historical usage. Hardyplants (talk) 04:38, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Although the term 'breed' for plants is less common in modern times, the usage still exists, and it provides needed functionality that the other available terms do not. I'm not saying you disagreed with this point, but I mean to emphasize it. 75.174.116.47 (talk) 05:46, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Followup, several year later: Agreed, if I'm reading you correctly. Cultivar is the conventional botanical/horticultural term for the concept of the breed, in plants; it only applies to domesticates or domesticate × wild hybrids (nothospecies with a culitvar ancestor), and some sources have used "breed" itself for this. I have yet to find any evidence they're not synonymous, and I've been looking for a couple of years now, off and on.  Never once seen a botanical distinction between breed and cultivar, just a shift from the former term to the latter.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  00:59, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

Hybrid animals
I removed this:

"Recently, crossbreed animals, especially dogs and cats, have also come to be referred to as hybrids as well, for unknown reasons."

First, it was not cited. Second, it was unencyclopedic (for unknown reasons). Third, it sounds like BS to me.

If someone can cite a source, go ahead and bring it back.

97.113.105.182 (talk) 22:48, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Late note: What it (whoever wrote it) was trying to get at is that some things that certain registries accept as "breeds" are really domestic × wild hybrids, e.g. the wolfdog, and the Bengal cat. We're kinda-sorta covering this, with a source now, but only with regard to plants. Can be sourced in minutes, but I'm going to bed. Maybe tomorrow if I remember.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  06:03, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Merge discussion is consolidated at the other article here:Talk:Race_(biology). Montanabw (talk) 06:45, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

Huh?
Paragraph one tells us that there is no accepted definition of a breed. Paragraph two, first sentence, gives us a requirement to be considered a breed. These two are the same thing. Paragraph one should have attempted to include some definitions - it is not as if these are hard to find, and the common ones look very much similar to the first sentence in paragraph two. This article needs a lot of work.  William Harris talk  09:08, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Clutton-Brock 1987 definition added to underscore what is written in the second paragraph. Page number required on what is written in the first paragraph.  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 09:21, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Set theory
Hello I'm surprised to see  removed. It's obviously relevant to this article. Invasive Spices (talk) 9 April 2022 (UTC)

 * @Invasive Spices The referenced source is relevant, which is why i didn't remove it from an earlier sentence, but I don't think the maths deserve a full elaboration in the lede as it seems more of a 'quirky' investigation rather than a reflection of the field and practiced scientific methods. Suggesting that pure mathematics and set theory is a legitimate method for studies of genetics and biology is not appropriate in my view. Just imagine it being applied to humans in areas like gender and race and the criticisms that follow. Jiaminglimjm (talk) 15:18, 9 April 2022 (UTC)
 * On second examination I'm even more confused by the edit. I agree that too much of anything is undeserved in the lede however surprise at seeing maths and set theory together with genetics and biology suggests a lack of familiarity with the subject – this would be normal and appropriate in the article body if we had a real source. Additionally I don't understand why the other mathematical text is acceptable if that would not be. Unfortunately in any case I now notice that the source is of unusably low quality. Invasive Spices (talk) 9 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Breed


text:
Talk:Amiga 500

Challenge the "Open Architecture" line
I believe this article references another article (on Tom's Hardware) that is incorrect. I have tried changing it many times but have been warned that I am not allowed to change something with a reference. Even though I believe the reference is wrong. It was suggested that I challenge the reference. I'm not quite sure how to do that so I am trying here.

The line I would like to change is:

While not the first computer to have an open architecture, the Amiga is considered due to its expandability as one of the early examples.

While I do believe the Amiga has an "open architecture", I don't believe it was "one of the first" computers to have that feature or an "early example".

The reference to Tom's Hardware is here:

https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/history-of-computers,4518-31.html

Towards the bottom of the article, the author states:

'''Amiga was one of the first computers with an open architecture. It had two expansion slots, one on the side and one on the bottom'''

My issue is that I don't believe it was "one of the first". I thought it was widely known that the Apple 1, Apple II and the IBM 5150 were designed around an open architecture and they were released to the general public many years before the first Amiga was released. I believe the Amiga 1000 was released in late 1986. Whereas the Apple 1 & II were released late 1976. 10 years is not "close enough" in my opinion. Especially in the computer industry. If someone claimed the Amiga was "one of the first" computers to support color then that claim would quickly be rejected.

Here are a couple references to the IBM 5150 and the Apple computers talking about their open architecture. I believe these references are more accurate.

Apple 1 ("single peripheral slot") https://apple2history.org/history/ah02/

Apple II ("It became one of the most important and unique features of the Apple II, and a significant part of its open design")

https://apple2history.org/history/ah03/

IBM 5150 (several references to open design of the 5150).

https://www.filfre.net/2012/05/the-ibm-pc-part-1/

What I would like to happen is the reference to the Tom's Hardware article be removed. I have even contacted the original author to see if he could correct his article. But I received no response. The reference should be removed and the line supporting it as well. A more generic term like "The Amiga was designed around an open architecture" would be much more accurate. I've tried changing it to this several times but my edits keep getting removed.

Please let me know if there is a better way to challenge this reference. Or, if you think I'm wrong. I just feel that the Amiga was many great things...but "one of the first" with an open architecture is not.

cbmeeks 13:00, 6 August 2018 (UTC)

cbmeeks

Untitled
Mmmmm, very fond memories of my Amiga 500. Nice work. -- LukeyBoy

 * Support renaming this article as Amiga 500 in the interest of uniformity. Related articles, such as Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000, are not abbreviated or concatenated.  Can't sleep, clown will eat me 18:38, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Support — Pix el8  12:56, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Support - Assuming I'm allowed to say anything in the matter, I say rename it. Fred26 15:52, 5 March 2006 (UTC) :)
 * Support I also suggest to rename this article as Amiga 500 in the interest of uniformity. All the related articles, such as Amiga 500+, Amiga 600, Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000, are listed this way. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Garvanit (talk • contribs).
 * Support strongly. The Amiga 500 is simply not referred to as "the A500" anywhere I've ever seen. Look at the incoming links: the majority link to the Amiga 500 redirect. Rename A500 to Amiga 500 asap. Haakon 20:57, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Move completed. Nacon kantari  e |t||c|m 21:03, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Naconkantari. Haakon 21:05, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

A500 release date
Does anyone have any (US based) articles from March to July 1987 about the A500? I have looked through the google groups archive from Jan to July '87, but it doesn't make any specific mention of a release date. The impression I get from the archive is around June. — Pix el8 14:42, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Odd
It looks like a PC owner wrote the summary. Amigas have had an interrupt system called "IRQs". This is IBM PC and compatibles terminology. Likewise, why mention that there's no Port-mapped I/O? As this is purely an Intel/Zilog phenomenon, why say it? It would be like saying there was no segmented memory or 640KB memory limit - these things are purely IBM PC topics and the fact they're not on other computers is indicative of the other computers not being IBM PCs. Should I say that the Amiga 500 doesn't contain pork because it's not a pork sausage?

 * PC-users may be limited in their view of computer architecture :-) Electron9 (talk) 23:37, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

A600/A1200 and PC/Macs
In Release section, "neither the A1200 nor the A600 replicated the commercial success of its predecessor as, by this time, the market was definitively shifting from the home computer platforms of the past to commodity Wintel PCs and the new "low-cost" Macintosh Classic, LC and IIsi models", I added tag. I dont dispute its message but wording is historically inaccurate. In 1992-1995 MS-DOS was still prominent on PCs (so, why Wintel PC?) and I dont recall Macs were competing against Amiga 500 at all since Amiga (500) was mostly a gaming machine. And what about consoles? Amiga and Amiga 500 was losing the market but better sources could be used. Xorxos (talk) 21:18, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

Rock Lobster??
This article claims that it is commonly known as "Rock Lobster" in the lead, but it doesn't mention it anywhere in the body or cite the claim. Can anyone cite the claim or shall I delete it? Chrisrus (talk) 17:59, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

 * "B52/ROCK LOBSTER" is literally printed on the board. Zac67 (talk) 19:54, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Maybe so, but this picture you've provided doesn't seem to show it. Chrisrus (talk) 22:14, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Erm - have you looked at the bottom right edge of the board just below the FDD? Zac67 (talk) 06:22, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Ok, I see it now. And this picture proves that it "is commonly known as" that? Chrisrus (talk) 06:27, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

 * The article just states "also known as" which the picture doesn't exactly prove but printing on the board pretty much suggests the code name's no secret. Zac67 (talk) 20:04, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

 * That may be the codename and it clearly printed on the board. But has anyone, ever, referred to any Amiga as the "Rock Lobster".  As in, "Hey Frank!  Let's go to my house and play Shadow of the Beast on my new Rock Lobster!" cbmeeks cbmeeks 13:16, 6 August 2018 (UTC)

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Price of the A500
You mentioned the price of the A500 being in the region of £499, i'm pretty sure it was a lot less than that, i bought my first A500 in 87 and i'm certain i only paid £199, £499 would have been well out of my price range, i also bought a second one in 89 and i know for sure i only paid £99.99 for it then. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.66.82.95 (talk) 07:08, 25 August 2017 (UTC)
 * In 1987 it may have dropped to £199 at some point (but that seems lower than I'd expect, or is supported by the article which has a BYTE magazine stating the A500 was $649 in 1987) - but when launched it was £499. Here is a link to a launch advert that states ""Incredibly only £499.99 including VAT"  Chaheel Riens (talk) 12:17, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

Maximum RAM

 * "0.5 MB of ChipRAM in the early Amiga 500, 1 MB in the late ones and 2MB, if BigFatAgnus is installed. 8 MB of FastRAM. 1.5 MB of "Trapdoor" SlowRAM. This is a sum of 10 MB in the early Amiga 500 and 10.5 in the late ones and 11.5 in those who have a BigFatAgnus."

Highly unlikely. SlowRAM is a kind of ChipRAM that just can't be used by the chipset. You can't have 2 MB Chip and 1.5 Slow at the same time. We'll need a good source for that claim above. --Zac67 (talk) 19:05, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

 * First, Slow RAM is not "some kind of Chip RAM", it is actually Fast RAM, as it can be only accessed by the CPU, but it is very slow, so it is called Slow RAM. But that is only applies if it's attached via the A500 trapdoor. Theoretically it is possible for RAM and CPU cards to map real Fast RAM to that address space.
 * Second, you must have misunderstood something, nobody stated, that Slow RAM can be used by the chipset. Same applies for the Z2 Fast RAM. This is about the maximum amount of RAM and not the maximum amount of Chip RAM. The maximum Chip RAM is 0.5 MB in Agnus Amigas, 1 MB in Fat Agnus and 2 MB in Big Fat Agnus or Alice. Also, the Chip RAM's address space starts from 0x00000000, the Fast RAM starts from 0x00200000 and the "Slow RAM" starts from 0x00C00000, all of these RAM-s can be present at the same time.

 * As for source, here is a very detailed address space map for all Amigas: http://oscomp.hu/depot/amiga_memory_map.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.236.31.191 (talk) 08:41, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Now, there's the misunderstanding: Slow RAM is controlled by Agnus and lives on the chip bus, making it slower to the CPU than Fast RAM that's living on the CPU bus. Slow RAM is created by connecting the CPU's A23 to Agnus's A19 (at JP2), moving the memory from $080000 to $C00000 (with the help of Gary and the _EXRAM signal). The move doesn't change Agnus access to that RAM ("a kind of Chip RAM") but causes the OS to treat the memory as non-Chipmem, since older Agnus versions don't enable Denise et al to actually address that RAM. So, since $C00000 memory precludes the use of real Chipmem, you can't have both at the same time - without further modifications that is. Yes, you can do some clever remapping using a Gary adapter, but you can never have more than 2.3 Chipmem/Slowmem in total. The current text is telling us that 2 MB Chip and 1.5 MB Slow are possible simultaneously. --Zac67 (talk) 11:37, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Okay, i see the problem now; i did not know about this Agnus remapping, thanks for pointing out. Then it should be "0.5 MB of ChipRAM in the early Amiga 500, 1 MB in the late ones and 2MB, if BigFatAgnus is installed. 8 MB of FastRAM and a further 1.5 MB of Fast RAM mapped into the address space of the "Trapdoor" Slow RAM. This is a sum of 10 MB in the early Amiga 500 and 10.5 in the late ones and 11.5 in those who have a BigFatAgnus."
 * BTW, this interval of 0x00C00000-0x00D7FFFF is a reserved area in all Amigas, except the A4000 (Chipregs' shadow), so this 1.5 MB can be added for all Amigas (save for the A4000), can't it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.143.4.35 (talk) 15:53, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Well, Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, so we don't do original research here. There are sources for having either 512 KiB Chipmem plus 1.8 MiB Slowmem or 1 MiB Chip or 2 MiB Chip (plus 8 MiB Zorro Fastmem, of course). For everything else we'd require a reliable source. Many years back, I tried to rework a 512+1.8M board into a 1M+1M expansion and I failed. I don't say it's impossible but it might. Anyway, without a good source, claims for 11.5 Megs or so will need to be removed again. (In theory, you could override Gary's address decoder and stick Fast RAM in every unused space, but I think the article should stick to what has actually been done - properly sourced, of course.) --Zac67 (talk) 16:47, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

 * In these forumtopics (http://forum.amiga.org/index.php?topic=70580.0, http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=101165) it is stated, that the ACA500 maps it's RAM to 0x00C00000. I have an ACA500. I've booted it and checked it, it's true, here is the photo: http://oscomp.hu/epicz/misc/ACA500_C0_FASTRAM.jpg (Don't mind the time, my A500+'s clock has forgot time again, i really need to replace the battery again...) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.143.4.35 (talk) 17:32, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

 * An accelerator is something different completely – that I didn't think of, actually. It overrides Gary's decoder and enables Fastmem just anywhere. However, plugging in an '020 or '030 breaks the 24-bit limit – ages ago I sold the Derringer that supported 32 MiB Fast. Anyway, this was about Chipmem and (trapdoor) Slowmem, wasn't it? I think we should note the design limit in the infobox (1 MiB Chip/Slow + 8 MiB Fast) and add a footnote with the more complicated variants. --Zac67 (talk) 20:54, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The ACA500 has a 14 MHz 68EC000 on it (http://wiki.icomp.de/wiki/ACA500), there was no 020 or 030 plugged in, this is even visible on the screen (see top left: CPU: 68000), so the 24-bit limit was not breaken. If it would, then the maximum RAM would be roughly almost 2 GB (2040+ MB) in all Amigas, even in the A500 and A1000. This was about the maximum of all kind of RAM in the 24-bit realm. (Altough i admit, that it would be worth to mention, that Amigas with 32-bit address bus can use almost 2 GB RAM. Actually, this applies to A3000s and A4000s by default. Should we mention this?) Also, i don't know if the ACA500 overrides anything, you might be right in that, but still, you can map RAM to 0x00C00000 on a plain RAM card.
 * Why the 1 MB for Chip RAM? All BigFatAgnus Amiga 500s (500+ or upgraded) can have 2 MB of Chip RAM; mine has it too, you can see this on the posted image (right below the CPU), that is not because of the ACA500, my dad "piggybacked" another 1 MB on the top of the other 1 MB nearly 30 years ago. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.143.4.35 (talk) 21:47, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I wasn't only talking about '020 or '030, that was just a reference on how things really get complicated – an accelerator can easily have its own decoding logic and do whatever it wants (ie. add Fast RAM other than Z2, like the $C0 Fastmem on the ACA). A 32-bit accelerator can practically add up to 32 MiB (largest I know of) and theoretically up to 2 GiB. --Zac67 (talk) 06:20, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The M-Tec Viper/E-Matrix 530 (http://amiga.resource.cx/exp/ematrix530) can put 128 MB of RAM into an A500, but if you have an ACA500(+), then you can plug an 1200 turbo card into it, with also up to 128 MB of RAM. (Tried it with Blizzard 1230 and 1260 too and worked. Now i use it with an 1230 with 64 MB of RAM, because i have only one 1260 and one 128 MB module and that is inside the A1200...)
 * Anyway, we are diverting; accelerator or not, it's still only 24-bit and we can do it with a plain RAM card too. Question is, how we sum this up and if we should mention the 32-bit extension and the 2 GB upper limit? (I think the A3000 and A4000 articles should mention this, as the 32-bit address bus is default there.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.143.5.130 (talk) 07:59, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes. As I was proposing above, we should put the by-design maximum memory (without hardware modifications) in the infobox – .5 MiB Chipmem + .5 MiB Slowmem + 8 MiB Fastmem = 9 MiB – and refer to a special Memory section. That section details all the other variants: trapdoor expansion with 1.8 MiB Slowmem, replace Agnus for 1 MB or 2 MB Chip, accelerators with up to 128(?) MiB for 32-bit. (btw: "Fat" Agnus is ambiguous as that was used by C= engineers to refer to the A500's PLCC version already, in contrast to the A1000's "Slim" DIP version.) --Zac67 (talk) 09:59, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

 * How about this text as for the infobox's maximum RAM: "9 MB with no hardware modification, 11.5 MB with 24-bit address bus and 138 MB with 32-bit address bus"? (By combining a Viper 530 (128 MB SIMM) and for example a RocTec RocHard sidecar HDD/RAM addon (i have that actually and it maps it's 8 MB to 0x00200000) and a Big Fat Agnus, you can have 136 MB of Fast RAM and 2 MB of Chip RAM.) Or should we write the theoretical limit (2043.5 MB) for total RAM with 32-bit address bus? How about: "9 MB with no hardware modification or upgrades, (nearly) 2 GB otherwise"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.143.5.130 (talk) 14:54, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Imho, that's too long for the infobox. "9 MiB without hardware modifications" (or maybe "9 to 138 MiB, depending on upgrades"?) and a link to a more detailed section should do. We need the detailed section anyway as there's no way to cram all the necessary details into the infobox in a somewhat intelligible way. I'll whip up a Memory section tonight and then we can go on from there. --Zac67 (talk) 15:34, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

 * "9 to 138 MiB, depending on upgrades" sounds perfect. I've changed it. As for the memory, i think there should be a main article of Amiga memory map which all model's articles can refer to and only discuss the model-specific stuff. For the "global" memory map, i think we can use this doc: http://oscomp.hu/depot/amiga_memory_map.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.143.5.130 (talk) 20:45, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Nice. Yes, maybe we should start a general article about Amiga memory, as it is currently rather poorly covered. After all, the only A500 specialty is the trapdoor expansion. --Zac67 (talk) 03:42, 29 September 2020 (UTC)

 * This article about Chip RAM is containing a section for Fast RAM. This makes no sense. Either the article should be renamed to Amiga memory, or the Fast RAM section should go into another article. IMHO.

 * Yes, I don't like it either. I'm considering an "Amiga memory architecture" article – or even a broader "Amiga architecture" one? Actually, that should go into a new section in the general Amiga article. --Zac67 (talk) 16:32, 29 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The entire Amiga architecture is way too vast to pour it into one article. Maybe it would make sense to create such an article, but only with some sumups of and links to the main articles. For example to the "Amiga memory architecture" article. What do you think? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.21.161.163 (talk) 18:14, 29 September 2020 (UTC)

Logo
I thought that the Amiga 500 had a logo, so I searched the Web and found not one, but several logos used on the various computer packages and front page of A500 manuals. I figured that only one of them had to be the standard logo, and finding it was actually difficult. However, I settled on this logo, with the italicized AMIGA in all caps and the '5' slightly larger than the "00". The reason I think that this is the most commonly used logo for the model is not only due to its apparent ubiquity, but also because its look and feel is clearly shared by the logo of the future Amiga 500 Mini. That is just my guess, and I would appreciate any help on determining the logo.  Free Media  Kid$  12:31, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amiga 500