text:
Talk:Tiny Toon Adventures

Original Concept
Wasn't the original idea/characters credited to some teenage girls who met Spielberg? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.251.53.59 (talk • contribs) 02:44, 27 September 2006.

Yes, I remember seeing a special on this, and there was even an episode of the show where the two girls "guest starred" and they talked about this fact. They had created most of the original characters, locations, etc. Weird that I can't find any source that actually talks about this...24.63.178.51 05:44, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

The reason you can't find a source that talks about it is because it isn't true. There was an *episode* which was written by some teenage girls ("Buster & Babs Go Hawaiian") and, in the series typical 4th-wall-breaking style, the girls appeared in the episode as animated versions of themselves, but the girls did not invent the entire "Tiny Toon Adventures" concept or characters themselves.

They totally did. I was there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.235.205.125 (talk) 18:42, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

banned episodes
ive been told that one of the episodes was banned after airing once. i didnt see anyone mention it here.Kooshkaboose

character name
Fifi Le Fume --> Fifi La Fume. Either a typo or someone was confused. -Z

 * It is Fifi Le Fume. -- goatasaur

 * I've seen it spelled both ways all over the net, but most official sources (like text in the show) has been "Fifi La Fume". zorin

 * The IMDB entry for the show even lists it as Fifi Le Fume. I am not completely sure what the credits in the show actually show, but give me a couple days and I'll have that answer for you.  I think it's Le, instead of La. Eric42 18:25, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * @%$Sk IMDB. Why in the world would they give Fifi l'article masculin? Kwantus 21:47, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC)

Hamton J. Pig is also spelled without a P if you are referring to the character on the show, Tiny Toon Adventures! Thus, I have fixed it and redirected Hampton J. Pig to the right spelling. Eric42 18:25, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I have now started a "character page" for all the characters that appeared in TTA. I am not yet sure how to do the page just yet, but it'll be up soon. Eric42 00:41, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Are people for or against adding TTA to Category:Child versions of cartoon characters? I can see merits for both inclusion and exclusion, but I'm leaning towards inclusion. --Carl 03:39, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm against it. TTA are characters in their own right and are not child versions of Looney Tunes. While many characters were based on Looney Tunes characters (Buster, Hampton, Plucky, Fifi, Dizzy Devil, Furball, etc.), many other characters have no parallel in the Looney Tunes universe (most notably Elmyra, Montana Max, Merrie Melody, and Babs Bunny). The mere fact that the original Looney Tunes characters are teachers of the Tiny Toons indicates they both exist at the same time.

 * Elmyra is the counterpart of Elmur Fudd (similar first names, her last name is his reversed, and they share similar facial features in addition to often chasing/hunting the animal characters), and Montana Max is that of Yosamite Sam (similar name theme, bad tempered).

 * They are child versions of themselves, though. Maybe Category:Child versions of cartoon characters needs to be moved to Category:Child versions of adult cartoon characters. Dave 19:05, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The child versions of the Looney Tunes have their own series in Baby Looney Tunes. -- Redfarmer 21:32, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Weasel Tag
I added the weasel tag mostly because of the Reputation & Legacy section, though the entire article needs to be beefed up with some source citation--Interviews with writers, creators, critics, etc. I will see what sources I can find but if some of the articles contributors could trace their footsteps that would be ideal. Just a few of the weasel sections...

 * ''Critics of the series considered the Tiny Toons characters to be little more than knock-offs of the original Termite Terrace creations,

 * ''The many animation studios to work on Tiny Toons were Tokyo Movie Shinsha (usually regarded as the best), Wang Film Productions, AKOM, Freelance Animators New Zealand, Encore Cartoons, StarToons, and Kennedy Cartoons, considered by both the fandom and the cast and crew of the show to be the worst animation house that worked on Tiny Toons

 * The classic cartoons from Warner, Disney, and so on from Hollywood's Golden Age of Animation used storyboards only; when scripts emerged in the animation industry in the late 1960s, many animation veterans felt (and to this very day, still feel) that script-driven cartoons are inferior to storyboard-driven cartoons. Agne27 04:23, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * These may not be completely 100% resolved as of now, but the whole article has been dramatically cleaned up. Still need citations, but the "weasel-word" areas have been addressed for the most part. — KieferSkunk (talk) — 01:08, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Steven Spielberg
What was his actual involvement?
 * Spielberg was head and founder of Amblin Entertainment, which co-produced the show. He is also generally credited as being the chief creator of the Tiny Toons series, and he guided much of the creative process (both in terms of character design and script writing). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by KieferSkunk (talk • contribs) 21:16, 7 December 2006 (UTC).
 * OK, but from where did you get this info? Gak Blimby 22:10, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
I've just done some light cleanup on this article, fixing some tone issues, removing speculation, and (temporarily) removing statements that have been tagged as needing citations for quite some time. They may well be true, but a reliable source is still needed before they should be restored. Additionally, some of the sources currently in use are unsatisfactory- links to message boards and Usenet are not acceptable per the guideline on reliable sources. Brendan Moody 20:16, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Possible Teen toons
I was wondering if anyone would ever think they can make up an idea bout a version of this for the more teenage generation of today? Either that or tiny toon adventures was suppose to be the representation of teen hood in its wackiest? Mialover730 07:23, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Save it for a message board, which Wikipedia is NOT! WAVY 10 12:21, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Elephant Issues

 * The episode "Elephant Issues" (an educational episode meant to address the issue of peer pressure) was banned from Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network because of the episode's final short, "One Beer," which depicted Buster, Plucky, and Hamton drinking beer. Although the short was intended to illustrate the dangers of drinking, the networks believed that it delivered the wrong message to the show's primary audience, predominantly young children — according to them, the object lesson was delivered in such an exaggeratedly heavy-handed manner as to be downright sarcastic.

The way this is phrased suggests that the episode's lessons were meant to be sincere, but everything I've heard about it suggests it really was meant to be a parody of "very special episodes" (the title certainly implies this). I can't be sure, however, because I don't remember seeing that episode, and it would appear to be unlikely I ever will now. Daibhid C 21:30, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

What's This?
"Tyrone Turtle was based on Cecil Tortoise and was voiced by Edan Gross."

I've never even heard of this one. Assuming this is a real character; where was he because I would imagine he wasn't in a lot of episodes. WAVY 10 15:42, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

End credits image
Ilse@ has expressed concern that the image of Buster Bunny in the closing credits needs to be removed from the article as "ending credits are not discussed in the article, and the fact there is already an image of the logo of Tiny Toon Adventures."Gak Blimby 22:02, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I think that the image should be kept because the article does talk about the closing credits in the section 'Credit gag.' So, I think we should keep the image, but move it to that section where it will be more useful. We should also change the caption of the image if we decide to do this, to make it consistent with the section.Gak Blimby 22:02, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I moved the image. I think it is better now, although the image does not "significantly increase [the] readers' understanding of the topic in a way that words alone cannot" (WP:NFCC #8). – Ilse@ 22:13, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't worry; it shows the reader about the layout of the closing credit gag without having to give a long, detailed description.Gak Blimby 22:18, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Can you maybe add to the image caption on what moment this scene can be seen in the cartoon? – Ilse@ 22:28, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * You mean the end of the credits? OK. Gak Blimby 22:34, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the image caption is much better like this, thank you. – Ilse@ 03:46, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The text below the image is wrong ayway. The text says that the picture comes from the end credits.  It actually appears just before the start of a Buster bunny solo cartoon.  In Buster's solo end tag in the series, he didn't have a carrot at all.  Another giveaway is that the name 'Tiny Toon Adventures' is around Buster.  In the end credit gags, the name of the show never appeared. Looneyman 19:24, 10 July 2007 (British time zone)

Image Inaccuracy
The image at the end credits section is NOT an end credit screen. The image is actually an introduction for cartoons featuring Buster (but not Babs) before the title card. What needs to be done? WAVY 10 18:34, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I mentioned this before. It did get changed by someone else but then got changed back again.  It really does need to be corrected if Wikipddia is to be accurate.  Alternatively, delete the picture altogether.  Looneyman 12:48, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Banned Episodes Section
On July 14, an edit was made to the banned cartoon section to add on that "the episode was eventually shown on Nickelodean." This information was a repeat of the sentence that references source 8. Perhaps a rewording of the sentences are necessary to make it more clear what the two are referring to. Cadwal 05:55, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

In 1997-1997,Cartoon Network aired it on Cartoon network
I removed the mentioned section of text from the article. It was under the broadcast histor section. I removed it since it makes no sense whatsoever. Looneyman 20:50, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Also, it makes no sense because the series NEVER AIRED on Cartoon Network. At all. Animaniacs, Taz-Mania, Road Rovers, Waynehead, and Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries aired on Cartoon Network, but as far as cable goes, Tiny Toons were only on Nickelodeon and Nicktoon Network. Nemalki (talk) 20:45, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

Article assessment
I've assessed this article for WP:TV as requested here. I have rated this article as B-class because it is reasonably comprehensive and as mid importance because of the apparent influence of the show on those that followed it. The most obvious section missing from the article is critical response, I understand sources may be hard to gather but perhaps DVD reviews will come with the release in 2008 or historical sources can be found. These categories are subjective and may be reviewed by any member of WP:TV who feels confident to do so. Please note that a more formal assessment by other editors is required to achieve good article or featured article status. I used criteria from the television wikiproject guidelines here, article about TV series guidelines here and the assessment guidelines here.--Opark 77 19:59, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Gak Blimby 20:03, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Graduation
So did they ever graduate in the show, and become full-fledged cartoon characters? The only ones who ever went on to appear in any of their own cartoons were Plucky and Elmyra, and neither of those was really a proper vehicle eh? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 03:16, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Musical episodes on DVD? There were two MTV take offs "Toon TV" and "Top Ten Countdown" both which were issued on VHS as Tiny Toon Music Television The songs in the first episode included "Istanbul" and "Particle Man" by They Might Be Giants Respect by Aretha Franklin "Money (That's What I Want") don't know who's version but it was lip synched by Montana Max. A classical music section. Someone on You Tube said these were a response to the fact that Looney Tunes cartoons always used classical music. The second episode (1991?) "The Shoop Shoop Song" lip-synched by Babs A new version of The Name Game by Elmyra A Nutcracker spoof featuring Plucky Duck at the video arcade A short version of Shirley McLoon as "Pinhead O'Connor" a take off on Sinéad O'Connor Do You Love Me? lip-synched by Buster Yakety Yak by the Coasters with Plucky and the Hitch guy I remember reading that there might be some issues with the rights to the original songs. If not will the episodes be included? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.239.72.25 (talk) 13:33, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Should the 'criticism' section be removed?
As of right now, it's just John K.'s personal criticism, and he complains about everything, so that's not really notable. Unless some other criticism is turned up, I say we remove that bit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.225.222.83 (talk) 17:01, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * No, we shouldn't remove the criticism just because John K is a critic, aside from being a cartoonist (it's what he does). Furthermore, John K is not only a VERY influential figure in the animation industry, he is a source of contemporary analysis of Tiny Toons, and his comments need to stay to give the reader full perspective on the article. Gak Blimby (talk) 02:54, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * John K's one to talk, considering how he 'superbastardized' Ren & Stimpy into one of the worst shows ever made a few years ago. There should be a critcism section, but it seems way too big, especially with that hypocrite's mudslinging. 75.66.233.162 (talk) 02:22, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll concede that the section is too long, but I don't think that John K bastardized his show when it was done after he was fired from Nick. But the section is too long, especially for one opinion.  So I'll trim it and include a response that I found from a Tiny Toons Director. Gak Blimby (talk) 00:54, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Gross Out Humor?
I watched all the Tiny Toons, and I don't remember any bodily function "gross out" humor. We sure we got that right?Aaaronsmith (talk) 04:50, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Nickelodeon
This show definitely aired on Nickelodeon in the early '90s, but the article makes it seem as though it never appeared on the network till 2001. Someone may want to correct that. (Not it.) Henryrothschild (talk) 21:55, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Looking for Episodes
There were a couple of episodes that aired that had Plucky Duck as a baby. (They were sub-parts of other episodes.) One was titled "The Potty Years" and the other was "Minister Golf" Does anyone know which seaseon & episodes they were in?? Monicamouse (talk) 15:32, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Give characters their own article
I think that there are entirely too many characters listed in this article, filling the article with too much specific info that's not needed for the general article about the show. I say we move most of the characters over to a new section, to be titled "List of characters in Tiny Toon Adventures" like they did for the simpsons article.
 * The characters have been moved to their own article Gak Blimby (talk) 21:22, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
 * And most of them have gone to Afd, where the verdict was to keep. Some were then redirected, wrongly. Not saying it was necessarily wrong to redirect, but it was wrong without explicit consensus. I will be reverting those redirects. But if there is consensus, someone show me where. DGG (talk) 05:01, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Characters
I removed the character list from this article, because we don't need the list. We already have List of characters in Tiny Toon Adventures. Per WP:SUMMARY, the characters section needs to be just a summary of the major characters, which is pretty much what I've done. I've removed the sections about who was based on what, as without a source, it's original research to say that Character X is based on Character Y. Ten Pound Hammer  and his otters • (Broken clamshells • Otter chirps • HELP) 02:27, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

theme music
I see no information listed in the article regarding the theme music. The theme song is exactly one minute in length, but who wrote it and when? Is there an official title? Etc. Including this information would help to improve the article. allixpeeke (talk) 23:08, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

About the first season of Tiny Toon Adventures...
...how the deuce did you know that the first season aired on CBS instead of in first-run syndication? Don-Don (talk) 06:26, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Locations of Tiny Toons Adventures
I have just added a combined list of the main settings of Tiny Toon Adventures. This list includes Acme Acres, Acme Loonerversity, Perfecto Prep, and Wackyland and is only a beginning list and needs expansion. I also created a template for the series as well.

Rhatsa26X (talk) 20:45 (CDT) / 01:45 (UTC), 21 September 2009 / 22 September 2009

The CW?
I noticed the CW was listed as a network Tiny Toons had aired on. I remember removing the edit earlier this year but see it's returned. Correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't the "network" section of the infobox usually reserved for whatever network/networks the show ORIGINALLY aired on? WAVY 10 Fan (talk) 15:06, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Game?
Didn't these guys have their own video game or something? I think I can remember the blue one in a game.--Project Harbinger (talk) 17:29, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * There was many video games based on Tiny Toon Adventures. See List of Tiny Toon Adventures video games.  --Mysdaao talk 17:31, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Banned Episode Proof!
The episode was indeed banned from Nick, I watched it on YouTube and it says "the episode never aired on Nick"! --74.96.217.130 (talk) 23:49, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

International broadcast
I can't remember enough details to edit, but Tiny Toon Adventures was shown for quite some while on CITV in the United Kingdom. Loganberry (Talk) 00:51, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

It also reaired in Russia last year, according to several Tiny Toon Adventures fans from there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.228.78.72 (talk) 05:51, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Comic Books
Tiny Toon Adventures did in fact get a comic book series. It is made by Warner Bros and DC. Look it up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.228.78.72 (talk) 09:07, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

Link
Some scholar from Transilvania has just published an article on Tiny Toons, it could help to expand the references section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.60.13.205 (talk) 18:39, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

FA?
Hello. I am considering a possible proposal to take this article up to FA status. For a good example of how an FA on an animated series should be written, see The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest. There are a couple of issues here: All are welcome to assist in this process, and if anyone wants to provide suggestions, please do so here. Thanks, Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 23:51, 5 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Marketing - we should include a marketing section.
 * Creative direction - we should merge the characters and season changes into this section
 * Music - we should expand the section with interviews as well.

Article Needs Improvement
This article, Paragraph 1, Sentence 1 (which states the series ended May 28, 1995) is in plain contradiction to Paragraph 2 sentence 3 (Which states the series ended regular production in 1992.) Obviously, both cases CANNOT be true. Therefore, this article needs to be revised to reflect accurate information. 72.192.72.19 (talk) 02:21, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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No reception?
So... nothing about the reception of the show? This really needs to be added, I mean, have you seen how popular this show got?! --Scratchu90 (talk) 23:59, 12 August 2021 (UTC)

Tiny Toons Looniversity
As more information comes out about sequel series Tiny Toons Looniversity; at what point would it be wise to move all information about that series to a separate article? WAVY 10 Fan (talk) 18:42, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I think the section is borderline close to having its own article instead. I think the main key missing is an actual premiere date, I don't think "Fall 2023" is going to cut it for GNG purposes. - SanAnMan (talk) 18:38, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The show is set to premiere on Max on September 8, 2023, and on Cartoon Network the following day. Now where is that article? Brian K. Tyler (talk) 22:49, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Tiny Toons Looniversity premiered it's first episode, please make a separate article VeryFirst (talk) 00:32, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Seriously now. Just make a separate article already. It's ridiculous the show premiered since two days ago and we are still in this phase.--CuldeSac12 (talk) 20:52, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll go ahead and make one.  Yoshiman6464 ♫🥚 16:38, 14 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Disregard my last message, there is a draft - Draft:Tiny Toons Looniversity.  Yoshiman6464 ♫🥚 16:46, 14 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Good. Also, you should know that Cartoon Network is the reboot's main home. It is not billed anyway whatsoever as a "Max Original", so Idk why you keep saying it's original channel is Max.--CuldeSac12 (talk) 20:43, 14 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Go check my sandbox - User:Scoophole2021/sandbox P/ K/ L. inc (talk) 13:14, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * So far, so good. Though I would remove Matthew Janzsen from the Theme Music Composer section, because he was just the producer of the show’s theme, which is not the same as a composer. And while the lyrics have been altered, the melody is still pretty much the same as the original. Brian K. Tyler (talk) 16:03, 23 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Where is that 'Also known as Steven Spielberg Presents Tiny Toons Looniversity' coming from? there's no press release or publication whatsoever calling it that way at all. 2800:A4:1E86:4900:FCFE:CFC9:74D5:CFE8 (talk) 16:11, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

A more complete draft is here Draft:Tiny Toons Looniversity Fan Of Lion King 🦁 (talk) 17:40, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Pretty good, so far. One error I found. Sweetie is called "Sweetie Bird" in the show. Not "Sweetie Pie". Brian K. Tyler (talk) 18:50, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tiny Toon Adventures


text:
Cagayan Valley

Cagayan Valley (Tanap ti Cagayan; Lambak ng Cagayan), designated as Region II, is an administrative region in the Philippines. Located in the northeastern section of Luzon, it is composed of five Philippine provinces: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, and Quirino. The region hosts four chartered cities: Cauayan, Ilagan, Santiago, and Tuguegarao.

Most of its land area lies in the valley between the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. The eponymous Cagayan River, the country's largest and longest, runs through the region, flows from the Caraballo Mountains, and ends in Aparri. Cagayan Valley is the second-largest Philippine administrative region by land area. According to a literacy survey in 2019, 93% of Cagayan Valley's citizens (ages 10 to 64) are functionally literate, which is 5th out of the seventeen regions of the Philippines.

Prehistory and early history
Archaeology indicates that Cagayan has been inhabited for half a million years, though no human remains of any such antiquity have yet appeared. The earliest inhabitants are the Agta, or Atta, food-gatherers who roam the forests without fixed abodes. A large tract of land has lately been returned to them. The bulk of the population are of Austronesian origin. For centuries before the coming of the Spanish, the inhabitants traded with Indians, Malays, Chinese, and Japanese.

Spanish colonial era
During the Spanish era, Cagayan Valley had a larger territory than today, then named Provincia de Cagayan. Then it included the territories of the above-mentioned provinces and the eastern parts of the Cordillera provinces of Apayao, Kalinga, Ifugao and Benguet, and the north part of Aurora. Historian and missionary Jose Burgues said, "The old Cagayan Valley comprises the province of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya as well as the military Districts of Apayao, Itaves, Quiangan, Cayapa and Bintangan, plus the area of the Sierra Madre to the Pacific Ocean in the said trajectory." The exception is Palanan, which was established in 1625 by Spanish forces who arrived by ship from the Pacific coastal town of Baler in Tayabas province (now part of Aurora). Thus, Palanan was originally a part of Pampanga, then to Laguna, Tayabas (now Quezon Province; Tayabas became independent from Laguna), and Nueva Ecija, before being transferred to Nueva Vizcaya and finally Isabela. Also, unlike the rest of Cagayan Valley, it was served by Franciscan missionaries from Baler rather than the Dominicans. The population of the town was natively Paranan, then subsequently augmented by local Negritos, migrants from Baler who are Tagalogs and outlaws from Cagayan Valley, with the lingua franca of the settlement being Tagalog as opposed to Ilocano or Ibanag. In 1818, Nueva Ecija annexed the towns of Palanan from Isabela, as well as Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Baler, Casiguran, Infanta (formerly called Binangonan de Lampon) and Polillo Islands from Tayabas, and part of Rizal. In the nineteenth and 20th centuries, the prosperity found in tobacco cultivation caused many Ilokano people to settle here, it was only in this large-scale Ilocano settlement that made Ilocano language replace Ibanag as the lingua franca of the region. Tobacco is still a major factor in the economy of Cagayan, though a special economic zone and free port has been created to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy.

During World War II
During World War II, at Balete Pass in Nueva Vizcaya, the retreating Japanese Imperial Army under General Tomoyuki Yamashita dug in and held on for three months against the American and Filipino forces who eventually drove them out; the pass is now called Dalton Pass in honor of General Dalton, USA, who was killed in the fighting.

During the Marcos dictatorship
Loan-funded government spending to promote Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 reelection campaign caused the Philippine economy to take a sudden downwards turn in the form of the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis,  which in turn led to social unrest throughout the country. Cagayan Valley became one of the flashpoints of conflict, with many previously-moderate young people joining the armed resistance against Marcos after being radicalized by various crackdowns.

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses, particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.

In Isabela, protests erupted when Marcos crony Danding Cojuangco managed to block a Spanish-era grant which was supposed to see the return of Hacienda San Antonio and Hacienda Santa Isabel in Ilagan to local farmers, displacing tens of thousands of farmers who were supposed to get those lands back a hundred years after the Spanish accosted them. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ilagan led efforts to support the farmers in their cause, succeeding in forcing the Marcos administration to finally concede land titles to 4,000 farmers, but earning the ire of the dicatatorship against leading church figures such as Ilagan Bishop Miguel Purugganan, Diocesan Social Action Center researcher Sabino "Abe" Padilla, and the various nuns and lay workers of the Diocese.

Also during that time, logging concessions were awarded to Juan Ponce Enrile, Herminio Disini, and other cronies, leading to the severe degradation of forest cover in the region, which contributed to widespread flooding and other environmental issues that persist today.

Later 20th Century
After the People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement against Marcos decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks. However, anti-left sentiment in her new cabinet, which included individuals who had aligned themselves with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult. Negotiations eventually collapsed, and unrest in Cagayan valley persisted.

When the Cordillera Administrative Region was formed in 1987 under Corazon Aquino, the indigenous provinces of Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao (later divided into the provinces of Kalinga and Apayao) were transferred into the newly formed region.

COVID-19 pandemic
During the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus reached Cagayan Valley on March 21, 2020, when the first case of the disease was confirmed in Tuguegarao. All provinces have confirmed at least one COVID-19 case, with Batanes being the last province to confirm a COVID-19 case on September 28, 2020.

Extreme climate events
In November 2020, Typhoon Vamco (known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ulysses) crossed the island of Luzon, causing dam operators from all around the island to release large amounts of water into their impounds as they neared their spilling points. All seven of Magat Dam's gates were opened to prevent dam failure, but the overflow into the Cagayan River and caused widespread floods in Cagayan and Isabela. This event was worsened by the information gap had developed b as a result of the recent shutdown of the ABS-CBN broadcast network, because those areas had previously gotten weather updates primarily from the network.

Geography
Cagayan Valley is the large mass of land in the northeastern region of Luzon, comprising the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and the Batanes group of islands. It is bordered to the west by the Cordillera mountain range, to the east by the Sierra Madre, to the south by the Caraballo Mountains, and to the north by the Luzon Strait.

The region contains two landlocked provinces, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya, which are ruggedly mountainous and heavily forested. Nueva Vizcaya is the remnant of the southern province created when Cagayan Province was divided in two in 1839. They are ethnically and linguistically diverse, with a substrate of Agtas, Negritos who are food-gatherers with no fixed abodes, overlaid by Ilongots and others in a number of tribes, some of whom were fierce head-hunters (they have given up the practice), with the latest but largest element of the population being the Ilocanos, closely followed by the Ibanags.

Administrative divisions
Cagayan Valley comprises five provinces, one independent city, three component cities, 89 municipalities, and 2,311 barangays.

Cities and Municipalities
Regional center

Languages
Ilocano is the main lingua franca (orally) of the region. Other languages include Ibanag and Ivatan, the main language of Batanes. The use of Tagalog and English also serve as the region's language in education, governance, tourism, popular culture, and commerce inside and outside the region.

Economy

The province of Isabela and the city of Santiago are notably the most progressive province and richest city in the region, respectively. Isabela was the 9th richest province in the Philippines in 2021, being the only province from the region to be included in the list.

The city of Tuguegarao is the center of excellence in education, commerce, trade and culture and as the economic center of the region, the city continuously aims for outstanding performance and competence in administration, citizen participation, community and economic development, cultural arts, education, fiscal management, infrastructure, intergovernmental cooperation, planning, public safety, recreation and leisure services, social services, and technology. Its economy gradually shifted from agriculture to secondary/tertiary economic activities such as trading, commerce and services. The shift was ushered by city's role as the Regional Government Center and Center of Commerce in Northern Luzon.

Tuguegarao City was included to be one of the digital cities for 2025 to sustain the rapid growth of the Information Technology and Business Process Management and to promote development in the city. The program (Digital Cities 2025) was created through a partnership between the DICT, the IT and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP), and Leechiu Property Consultants (LPC).

Cauayan is a component city in the province of Isabela. It is dubbed as the Ideal City of the North and the host city for the proposed Isabela Special Economic Zone and the Regional Agro-Industrial Growth Center. It is the home of Cosmos Bottling Corporation, now acquired by the giant multinational business conglomerate San Miguel Corporation manufactures soft drinks in the area and the Mega Asia Bottling Corporation with its newly built plant for RC Cola brand. It is also here where the regional sales offices of several multi-national companies are located. As a young city, it has enormous potential for small to large enterprises and its real estate industry is just beginning. Medium size commercial centers or subdivisions are the appropriate ventures to put up.

Ilagan is a component city and the capital of the province of Isabela. The city is the Corn Capital of the Philippines and has been considered as the Primary Growth Center of Region 2. Most of the industries in the city are agri-based. Over the past decades, there has been a great number of local investments in poultry and hog raising. There are several poultry contract growers and small and medium scale hog raisers in the city. Other support facilities, warehouses and small and big rice mills, strategically located in the different barangays of the city to address the storage needs of farmers during the harvest season. Of all cities in the country, Ilagan ranks as the top producer of corn. As an agriculture-based city, it produces ample supply of corn, rice, vegetables and legumes. Fruits like the banana are year-round products especially in the mountainous areas of the city. Ilagan also produces seasonal fruits such as mangoes and pomelo. Commerce and trade is considered to be the city's second economic-based income. It is also the hub of the Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc., one of the industrial complexes in the region.

Solano is a first class municipality and the main commercial and financial center of the province of Nueva Vizcaya. It also has the most fast food restaurants chains and the most banks among the municipalities in the entire region. According to the 2016 Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index conducted by the National Competitiveness Council, Solano took the 25th spot overall and ranked 30th among the first class and second class municipalities in the Philippines. This further solidified the status of Solano as the undisputed premier town of Cagayan Valley being the premier town in Nueva Vizcaya and the fastest-growing municipality in the region.

Cagayan has several attractions which include beaches, swimming, snorkeling, skin-diving, fishing in the river and the sea, hiking in primeval forest, mountain-climbing, archaeological sites, the collection of the provincial museum, the Callao Caves, and many churches. The Cagayan Economic Zone Authority (CEZA) is situated in Santa Ana, Cagayan.

Quirino is the youngest province in the region. With its agricultural based nature, the vast vegetative agricultural covers reveal the major source of living of the people. Farming has been the main industry in the province, with rice and corn as major crops as with other provinces in the region. Virgin forest and wealthy bodies of water have been great contributors in its development. Small scale industries like furniture making, basketry, rattan craft, and dried/fossilized flower production, where the province was famously known, are prevalent. Banana products also sold in and out the province and also for export purposes. The small scale business and associations also make their own products like banana chips, peanuts, patupats and others. The province also produces a substantial amount of fruits/crops like mango, citrus, pineapple, coffee, coconut, papaya, lanzones, rambutan and vegetables.

The province of Nueva Vizcaya has basically an agricultural economy with commerce, trade, and industry contributing to its growth and development. Among other major economic activities are farming and cattle and swine raising. Primary crops are palay and corn. The province produces quality onions and vegetables often sold in Metro Manila. Oranges and mangoes are now major crops being exported fresh to other Asian countries; earning its title as the Citrus Capital of the Philippines.

Batanes is the northernmost and smallest province in the region as well as in the whole Philippines. It is the only province located outside the mainland Cagayan Valley. Due to its geographical location, fishing is considered as a major industry and source of livelihood for the people. Garlic and cattle are major export crops. Ivatans also plant camote (sweet potato), cassava, gabi or tuber and a unique variety of white uvi. Sugarcane is raised to produce palek, a kind of native wine, and vinegar. Tourism also contributes to the province's thriving economy.

Agriculture
Cagayan Valley being the country's second largest region in terms of land area. As of 2022, Cagayan Valley region remains to be the top producer of corn in the whole country and second in rice production. Isabela is now dubbed as the top producer of Corn in the Philippines and the Rice Granary of the North.

Trade and industry
In 2014, retail giants like Robinsons Land and SM Prime opened its pioneer malls in the region, the Robinsons Place Santiago and SM City Cauayan in Santiago City and Cauayan respectively. The two retail companies further strengthened their presence in the region with the opening of SM Center Tuguegarao Downtown in 2017 and Robinsons Place Tuguegarao in 2018, both are located in the region's capital, Tuguegarao City. In 2022, SM Prime opened SM City Tuguegarao, its third in the region and second in Tuguegarao City.

In 2018, Vista Land and Life Scapes, Inc. announced the establishment of its first high-end mall in the region that is Vista Mall Santiago in Santiago City, and they are also putting up Vista Mall in Tuguegarao City it will be second on the region after Vista Mall Santiago.

Aquaculture and fishing industry
On January 11, 2008, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) stated that tilapia (species of cichlid fishes from the tilapiine cichlid tribe) production grew and Cagayan Valley is now the Philippines' tilapia capital (Saint Peter's fish). Production supply grew 37.25% since 2003, with 14,000 metric tons (MT) in 2007. The recent aquaculture congress found that the growth of tilapia production was due to government interventions: provision of fast-growing species, accreditation of private hatcheries to ensure supply of quality fingerlings, establishment of demonstration farms, providing free fingerlings to newly constructed fishponds, and the dissemination of tilapia to Nueva Vizcaya (in Diadi town). Cagayan Valley is one of the largest tilapia producing regions in the country, with Isabela as the leading producer. The development of the tilapia farming industry in the province came about with the water supply provided by the Magat Reservoir for irrigating rice fields. The high demand for food fish in the region was also a contributing factor. Based on the data from the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in 2020, there are about 1,000 hectares of freshwater ponds in Isabela, producing around 16,000 metric tons of tilapia a year.

Cagayan's coastline is one of the longest in the country having almost 73% of Cagayan Valley Region's coastal seaboards. This is aside from the large rivers and their tributaries, lakes, creeks and streams which are also rich fishing and aquaculture grounds. Untapped coastal fishing grounds stretch from the towns of Santa Praxedes in the west to Santa Ana on the east, on its northern coast facing the Babuyan Channel; and from Santa Ana down to Peñablanca on its eastern coast facing the Philippine Sea. Despite this endowment, the province's fish production is not even enough to supply and sustain its own fish requirements. Deep sea fishing is not a common occurrence in the province – thus, foreign poachers are the ones reaping the bounties of its seas. Cagayan's deep seas are known for species like tuna, tuna-like fishes, hairtail, snapper, scad, slipmouth, mullet, grouper, shrimp, squid, and lobsters. The inland waters are used primarily by subsistence fishermen. Few privately-operated fishponds and fish cages contribute to the overall fish supply of the Province.

The coastal waters of Isabela are big sources of marine life that could supply the fish requirements of the region, according to a study commissioned by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). The study stated that Isabela waters are rich in untapped fisheries and marine resources and also has extensive sea grass beds and coral reefs that are home to variety of fish species which include sardines and mackerel and have sizable chunks of oceanic tunas, which thrive throughout the year. The fishing ground has 238 marine fish species. High species diversity could be an indication that the habitat is still good and undisturbed.

The fishing industry in Cagayan Valley has been in perturbed condition owing to the declining pattern of production for the past years. Since 2015, average annual reduction in fisheries production in the region was estimated at three thousand metric tons or more than five percent decrease per year. In 2020, the latest estimated production at 45,382 metric tons is 4.6 percent lower than the 2018 total fish production of 47,572 metric tons and almost one third lower than the highest production realized in 2011 at 64,876 metric tons.

By fishing grounds classification in the region, there is an inland municipal fisheries production and marine municipal fisheries production, the latter, particularly in provinces with coastal areas in the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela and Batanes. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), inland municipal production for 2021 has gone up close to 2,000 metric tons, while marine municipal production reached close to 3,300 metric tons, both as an initial production in the first quarter of 2020.

According to the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), since 2010 to 2015, the fish sufficiency level in Cagayan Valley is on downtrend level because of the various threats to the industry. Several problems have affected the sector in the recent years including the weather disturbances, use of illegal fishing gears and methods and the increasing demand of a fast-growing population. The provinces of Batanes and Cagayan have passed the 100 percent sufficiency level at 138 percent while Cagayan recorded 96 percent. However, the performances of Isabela, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya at 17 percent, 11 percent and 10 percent, respectively, have affected the total performance of the region. Data obtained from the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources showed that from 2006 to 2015, the sufficiency level has dropped significantly in 2010 until it reached its lowest level at 44 percent in the last five years. However, the overall fisheries production in the region grew by one percent in 3rd Quarter of 2020. From the total output of 11,954 metric tons in 2019, it accelerated to 12,075 metric tons in 2020.

Citrus industry
Cagayan Valley is positioned to become the country's Citrus Capital through a program undertaken by the Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU) with funding from the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology (DoST-PCAARRD). The country's domestic supply of citrus is currently insufficient to meet local demand, according to DoST-PCAARRD, due to "high incidence of pest and diseases, poor orchard management, and low adoption of improved management practices, among many other factors." The NVSU's citrus research and development program includes yield improvement, setting up a gene bank, and value chain analysis. It targets a 233% increase in yield — from 4.5 tons per hectare ha (t/ha) to 15 t/ha — and a 60% reduction in post-harvest losses from 25% to 10% by 2019. The targets are part of the Citrus Industry Strategic S&T Program (ISP) of DoST-PCAARRD. By the end of 2017, the program team is expected to produce value chain maps for calamansi, orange, and pomelo in the region; characterize fifteen species for the database system of the gene bank study; improve NVSU and Municipal Agriculture Office (MAGRO) citrus nurseries producing 10,000 and 2,000 budded seedlings, respectively; establish new 1-hectare orchard with planting materials from NVSU; and generate data on the description of local citrus pests and diseases.

Roads and Bridges

 * Pigalo Bridge - The Pigalo Bridge traverses over the Cagayan River in Angadanan, Isabela. This bridge also connects the two municipalities of Angadanan, Northeast Isabela and San Guillermo, Isabela at Southwest. The proposed construction of the Pigolo Bridge approaches the span of about 450 lin. meters across the Cagayan River, the project started on April 10, 2017, and was completed on April 29, 2019.
 * Buntun Bridge - Buntun Bridge took three administrations to finish the construction from 1960 to 1969 connecting the municipality of Solana and Tuguegarao City. considered to be one of the longest bridge in the country crossing the longest river in the country called Cagayan River also known as the Rio Grande de Cagayan. The bridge was stretched to 1,369 m (meters) in length.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cagayan Valley


text:
Langston University

Langston University (LU) is a public land-grant historically black university in Langston, Oklahoma. It is the only historically black college in the state and the westernmost HBCU in the United States. The main campus in Langston is a rural setting 10 mi east of Guthrie. The University also serves an urban mission, with University Centers in Tulsa (at the same campus as the OSU-Tulsa facility) and Oklahoma City. The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.

History
The school was founded in 1897 and was known as the Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University. From 1898 to 1916 its president was Inman E. Page. Langston University was created as a result of the second Morrill Act in 1890. The law required states with land-grant colleges (such as Oklahoma State University, then known as Oklahoma A&M) to either admit African Americans, or provide an alternative school for them to attend as a condition of receiving federal funds. The university was renamed as Langston University in 1941 in honor of John Mercer Langston (1829–1897), civil rights pioneer, first African-American member of Congress from Virginia, founder of the Howard University Law School, and American consul-general to Haiti.

Through the years, Langston University has developed slowly but surely. Some of the most serious problems have been political influences, financial stress, and lack of adequate space and equipment. During the 1960s, the campus underwent a complete makeover. New buildings appeared, and additions were made to the library and auditorium.

Poet Melvin B. Tolson taught at Langston from 1947 until 1964. Tolson was portrayed by Denzel Washington in the film The Great Debaters.

In August 2021, university President Kent J. Smith Jr announced the university would use COVID-19 relief money to forgive the debt of students enrolled between spring 2020 and summer 2021, forgiving $4.65 million in student debt.

Langston University commemorated the opening of a state-of-the-art Allied Health Facility on its Tulsa Campus on March 30, 2023. The 17,000 square-foot building is home of the Langston University School of Nursing and Health Professions. The facility includes simulation labs with mannequins powered by artificial intelligence, spacious classrooms, a lecture hall, conference and meeting rooms, and department and administrative office spaces.

President Kent J. Smith Jr announced his retirement as the University's 16th President effective at the end of the Spring 2023 semester. The Oklahoma Agricultural & Mechanical Colleges Board of Regents unanimously appointed Ruth Ray Jackson as interim president beginning July 6, 2023. In 2024, she became its 17th president.

Academics
Six schools house the degree programs of Langston University: Sherman Lewis School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences; School of Arts and Sciences; School of Business; School of Education and Behavioral Sciences; School of Nursing and Health Professions; and the School of Physical Therapy. A total of 30 undergraduate and six graduate degree programs are offered at LU.

The university offers the Edwin P. McCabe Honors Program for highly motivated undergraduate students with exceptional academic records.

The university was accredited with a Doctorate of Physical Therapy (DPT) program in 2005. It is the university's only doctoral program and one of two DPT programs in the state. Students learn in the School of Physical Therapy building.

Langston University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Several programs are accredited by accreditors specific to that discipline.

Athletics
The Langston athletic teams are called the Lions. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Sooner Athletic Conference since the 2018–19 academic year. The Lions previously competed as a member of the Red River Athletic Conference (RRAC) from 1998–99 to 2017–18. They were also a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) from 1931–32 to 1956–57, which is currently an NCAA Division I FCS athletic conference.

Langston competes in nine intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, football and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cheer, softball, track & field and volleyball.

There is also a co-ed club soccer program. The present athletic director is Donnita Rogers. The Lions won the 1939 and 1941 HBCU National Championships in football. Langston won two HBCU National Championships in basketball in 1944 and 1946. In February 2023, the Langston University Lions made history clinching its first men's basketball Sooner Athletic Conference tournament championship and being the first HBCU to win the men's basketball Sooner Athletic Conference regular season and tournament championship in the same season.

Marching Pride

Langston's marching band is known as the "Langston University Marching Pride". It is a major ambassador of the university, a supporter at athletic events, and serves as a training center for students interested in pursuing a career in music and/or developing pertinent life skills. Charlie Wilson, of The Gap Band, once served as Drum Major. The band currently consists of over 210 members. Langston also has a jazz band, concert band, wind ensemble, Bahamian band, and trombone ensemble.

The Langston Marching Pride Band has won three bids to the Honda Battle of the Bands in the Georgia Dome since the inaugural event in 2003. The Band was one of eight bands selected for the 2023 Pepsi National Battle of the Bands in Houston, Texas.

title: Langston University


text:
Calcium channel blocker

Calcium channel blockers (CCB), calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists are a group of medications that disrupt the movement of calcium through calcium channels. Calcium channel blockers are used as antihypertensive drugs, i.e., as medications to decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension. CCBs are particularly effective against large vessel stiffness, one of the common causes of elevated systolic blood pressure in elderly patients. Calcium channel blockers are also frequently used to alter heart rate (especially from atrial fibrillation), to prevent peripheral and cerebral vasospasm, and to reduce chest pain caused by angina pectoris.

N-type, L-type, and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channels are present in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal gland, and CCBs can directly influence the biosynthesis of aldosterone in adrenocortical cells, with consequent impact on the clinical treatment of hypertension with these agents.

CCBs have been shown to be slightly more effective than beta blockers at lowering cardiovascular mortality associated with stroke, but they are associated with more side effects. Potential major risks however were mainly found to be associated with short-acting CCBs.

Dihydropyridine
Dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium channel blockers are derived from the molecule dihydropyridine and often used to reduce systemic vascular resistance and arterial pressure. Sometimes when they are used to treat angina, the vasodilation and hypotension can lead to reflex tachycardia, which can be detrimental for patients with ischemic symptoms because of the resulting increase in myocardial oxygen demand. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers can worsen proteinuria in patients with nephropathy.

This CCB class is easily identified by the suffix "-dipine".
 * Amlodipine (Norvasc)
 * Aranidipine (Sapresta)
 * Azelnidipine (Calblock)
 * Barnidipine (HypoCa)
 * Benidipine (Coniel)
 * Cilnidipine (Atelec, Cinalong, Siscard) Not available in US
 * Clevidipine (Cleviprex)
 * Efonidipine (Landel)
 * Felodipine (Plendil)
 * Isradipine (DynaCirc, Prescal)
 * Lacidipine (Motens, Lacipil)
 * Lercanidipine (Zanidip)
 * Manidipine (Calslot, Madipine)
 * Nicardipine (Cardene, Carden SR)
 * Nifedipine (Procardia, Adalat)
 * Nilvadipine (Nivadil)
 * Nimodipine (Nimotop) This substance can pass the blood-brain barrier and is used to prevent cerebral vasospasm.
 * Nisoldipine (Baymycard, Sular, Syscor)
 * Nitrendipine (Cardif, Nitrepin, Baylotensin)
 * Pranidipine (Acalas)

Phenylalkylamine

Phenylalkylamine calcium channel blockers are relatively selective for myocardium, reduce myocardial oxygen demand and reverse coronary vasospasm, and are often used to treat angina. They have minimal vasodilatory effects compared with dihydropyridines and therefore cause less reflex tachycardia, making it appealing for treatment of angina, where tachycardia can be the most significant contributor to the heart's need for oxygen. Therefore, as vasodilation is minimal with the phenylalkylamines, the major mechanism of action is causing negative inotropy. Phenylalkylamines are thought to access calcium channels from the intracellular side, although the evidence is somewhat mixed.
 * Fendiline
 * Gallopamil
 * Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin)

Benzothiazepine

Benzothiazepine calcium channel blockers belong to the benzothiazepine class of compounds and are an intermediate class between phenylalkylamine and dihydropyridines in their selectivity for vascular calcium channels. By having both cardiac depressant and vasodilator actions, benzothiazepines are able to reduce arterial pressure without producing the same degree of reflex cardiac stimulation caused by dihydropyridines.
 * Diltiazem (Cardizem) (also used experimentally to prevent migraine)

Nonselective
While most of the agents listed above are relatively selective, there are additional agents that are considered nonselective. These include mibefradil, bepridil, flunarizine (BBB crossing), fluspirilene (BBB crossing), and fendiline.

Others
Gabapentinoids, such as gabapentin and pregabalin, are selective blockers of α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channels. They are used primarily to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain.

Ziconotide, a peptide compound derived from the omega-conotoxin, is a selective N-type calcium channel blocker that has potent analgesic properties that are equivalent to approximate 1,000 times that of morphine. It must be delivered via the intrathecal (directly into the cerebrospinal fluid) route via an intrathecal infusion pump.

Naturally occurring compounds and elements such as magnesium have also been shown to act as calcium channel blockers when administered orally.

Side effects
Side effects of these drugs may include but are not limited to:
 * Constipation
 * Peripheral edema, which can occur in as much as 70% of people receiving calcium channel blocker, is caused by calcium channel blockers' preferential arteriolar or precapillary dilation without commensurate dilation in the venous or postcapillary circulation.    Since lymphatic drainage relies on contraction of the smooth muscle inside the lymphatic vessel supported by voltage-gated calcium channels, inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channel poses a threat towards lymphatic removal of interstitial fluid essential for normal lymphatic system functioning. (See also: Lymphedema.)
 * Gingival overgrowth

Toxicity

Mild CCB toxicity is treated with supportive care. Nondihydropyridine CCBs may produce profound toxicity, and early decontamination, especially for slow-release agents, is essential. For severe overdoses, treatment usually includes close monitoring of vital signs and the addition of vasopressive agents and intravenous fluids for blood pressure support. Intravenous calcium gluconate (or calcium chloride if a central line is available) and atropine are first-line therapies. If the time of the overdose is known and presentation is within two hours of ingestion, activated charcoal, gastric lavage, and polyethylene glycol may be used to decontaminate the gut. Efforts for gut decontamination may be extended to within 8 hours of ingestion with extended-release preparations.

Hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia therapy has emerged as a viable form of treatment. Although the mechanism is unclear, increased insulin may mobilize glucose from peripheral tissues to serve as an alternative fuel source for the heart (the heart mainly relies on oxidation of fatty acids). Theoretical treatment with lipid emulsion therapy has been considered in severe cases, but is not yet standard of care.

Caution should be taken when using verapamil with a beta blocker due to the risk of severe bradycardia. If unsuccessful, ventricular pacing should be used.

Ethanol

Research indicates ethanol is involved in the inhibition of L-type calcium channels. One study showed the nature of ethanol binding to L-type calcium channels is according to first-order kinetics with a Hill coefficient around 1. This indicates ethanol binds independently to the channel, expressing noncooperative binding. Early studies showed a link between calcium and the release of vasopressin by the secondary messenger system. Vasopressin levels are reduced after the ingestion of alcohol. The lower levels of vasopressin from the consumption of alcohol have been linked to ethanol acting as an antagonist to voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Studies conducted by Treistman et al. in the aplysia confirm inhibition of VGCC by ethanol. Voltage clamp recordings have been done on the aplysia neuron. VGCCs were isolated and calcium current was recorded using patch clamp technique having ethanol as a treatment. Recordings were replicated at varying concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mM) at a voltage clamp of +30 mV. Results showed calcium current decreased as concentration of ethanol increased. Similar results have shown to be true in single-channel recordings from isolated nerve terminal of rats that ethanol does in fact block VGCCs.

Studies done by Katsura et al. in 2006 on mouse cerebral cortical neurons, show the effects of prolonged ethanol exposure. Neurons were exposed to sustained ethanol concentrations of 50 mM for 3 days in vitro. Western blot and protein analysis were conducted to determine the relative amounts of VGCC subunit expression. α1C, α1D, and α2/δ1 subunits showed an increase of expression after sustained ethanol exposure. However, the β4 subunit showed a decrease. Furthermore, α1A, α1B, and α1F subunits did not alter in their relative expression. Thus, sustained ethanol exposure may participate in the development of ethanol dependence in neurons.

Other experiments done by Malysz et al. have looked into ethanol effects on voltage-gated calcium channels on detrusor smooth muscle cells in guinea pigs. Perforated patch clamp technique was used having intracellular fluid inside the pipette and extracellular fluid in the bath with added 0.3% vol/vol (about 50-mM) ethanol. Ethanol decreased the current in DSM cells and induced muscle relaxation. Ethanol inhibits VGCCs and is involved in alcohol-induced relaxation of the urinary bladder.

Agatoxin in spider venom
Research on the desert grass spider, Agelenopsis aperta, has shown that agatoxins IVA and IVB found in their venom selectively block calcium channels. These agatoxins are found in other spider species as well. Desert grass spider bites to insects result in rapid paralysis, but bites to humans are not considered medically significant.

Mechanism of action
In the body's tissues, the concentration of calcium ions outside cells is normally about 10,000-fold higher than the concentration inside cells. Embedded in the membrane of some cells are calcium channels. When these cells receive a certain signal, the channels open, letting calcium rush into the cell. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium has different effects in different types of cells. Calcium channel blockers prevent or reduce the opening of these channels and thereby reduce these effects.

Several types of calcium channels occur, with a number of classes of blockers, but almost all of them preferentially or exclusively block the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel.

Voltage-dependent calcium channels are responsible for excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle and for regulating aldosterone and cortisol secretion in endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex. In the heart, they are also involved in the conduction of the pacemaker signals. CCBs used as medications primarily have four effects:
 * By acting on vascular smooth muscle, they reduce contraction of the arteries and cause an increase in arterial diameter, a phenomenon called vasodilation (CCBs do not work on venous smooth muscle).
 * By acting on cardiac muscles (myocardium), they reduce the force of contraction of the heart.
 * By slowing down the conduction of electrical activity within the heart, they slow down the heart beat.
 * By blocking the calcium signal on adrenal cortex cells, they directly reduce aldosterone production, which correlates to lower blood pressure.

Since blood pressure is in intimate feedback with cardiac output and peripheral resistance, with relatively low blood pressure, the afterload on the heart decreases; this decreases how hard the heart must work to eject blood into the aorta, so the amount of oxygen required by the heart decreases accordingly. This can help ameliorate symptoms of ischaemic heart disease such as angina pectoris. Reducing the force of contraction of the myocardium is known as the negative inotropic effect of calcium channel blockers.

Slowing down the conduction of electrical activity within the heart, by blocking the calcium channel during the plateau phase of the action potential of the heart (see: cardiac action potential), results in a negative chronotropic effect, or a lowering of heart rate. This can increase the potential for heart block. The negative chronotropic effects of CCBs make them a commonly used class of agents in individuals with atrial fibrillation or flutter in whom control of the heart rate is generally a goal. Negative chronotropy can be beneficial when treating a variety of disease processes because lower heart rates represent lower cardiac oxygen requirements. Elevated heart rate can result in significantly higher "cardiac work", which can result in symptoms of angina.

The class of CCBs known as dihydropyridines mainly affect arterial vascular smooth muscle and lower blood pressure by causing vasodilation. The phenylalkylamine class of CCBs mainly affect the cells of the heart and have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects. The benzothiazepine class of CCBs combine effects of the other two classes.

Because of the negative inotropic effects, the nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers should be avoided (or used with caution) in individuals with cardiomyopathy.

Unlike beta blockers, calcium channel blockers do not decrease the responsiveness of the heart to input from the sympathetic nervous system. Since moment-to-moment blood pressure regulation is carried out by the sympathetic nervous system (via the baroreceptor reflex), calcium channel blockers allow blood pressure to be maintained more effectively than do beta blockers. However, because dihydropyridine CCBs result in a decrease in blood pressure, the baroreceptor reflex often initiates a reflexive increase in sympathetic activity leading to increased heart rate and contractility.

Ionic calcium is antagonized by magnesium ions in the nervous system. Because of this, bioavailable supplements of magnesium, possibly including magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate, and magnesium aspartate, may increase or enhance the effects of calcium channel blockade.

N-type calcium channels are found in neurons and are involved in the release of neurotransmitter at synapses. Ziconotide is a selective blocker of these calcium channels and acts as an analgesic.

History
Calcium channel blockers came into wide use in the 1960s, having been first identified in the lab of German pharmacologist Albrecht Fleckenstein in 1964.

title: Calcium channel blocker


text:
Talk:Lists of airlines

Turkey
Turkey is in continental Asia.

 * Turkey is partially in Asia and partially in Europe. The Asian part is bigger, I guess by population as well as area.  I think Russia would have a larger population in its European part.  But really I don't see why this list needs to be classified by continent, when airlines are not exactly constrained by such boundaries.   ( 19:12 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * Basically agree. Economic ties (which is also largely affected by geography) is more relevant than boundaries of continents. — Instantnood 10:15, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably for no other reason then helping to create a more manageable list. And yes, I would classify turkey under Asia too.--Huaiwei 10:18, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Difficult question. The accession of Turkey to the EU will make it more complicated. Fortunately it's still long time to go. :-D — Instantnood 10:47, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is indeed difficult, but as far as geographic regions are concerned, Turkey is still largely considered Asian. Until major atlas publications around the world start listing Turkey as European and not Asian, wikipedia should not be the one making definitions for them.--Huaiwei 16:38, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

The biggest city on European soil is in Turkey: Istanbul - so when the biggest European city is located in Turkey how can anyone consider Turkey not to be a European country? --2003:74:CF3A:7E3E:E165:5E82:9733:D826 (talk) 08:10, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

Sorted by sovereign States
This begins with User:Huaiwei's edit to move Hong Kong and Macao under the PRC, (and Greenland under Denmark on the list of national airlines). While I don't entirely agree with it, for consistent sake I moved all non-sovereign entities (e.g. Guam, Cayman Islands, Faroe Islands) to their corresponding sovereign States. Comments and opinion are welcome on whether they should be sorted by country (the general sense of the meaning of "country"), or by sovereign States, as it is at the time being. See also talk:list of national airlines. — Instantnood 10:15, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Meanwhile if there is any dependent territory which is not generally part of their corresponding sovereign States, please modify it accordingly (e.g. the Cayman Islands is not listed under "United Kingdom" but "Overseas territories of the United Kingdom"). — Instantnood 10:20, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * The most important thing surely is the ease of finding the country (however you define it). The majority of users wouldn't know how to find a country through its sovereign state, but would expect to see it listed in the area it belongs. Ardfern 19:05, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I noticed most of these edits on this list, except for Hong Kong and Macao, were undone, but grouping under sovereign states is still an ongoing event being done by user:Huaiwei on other lists by countries. — Instantnood 07:42, 21 September 2005 (UTC) (modified 17:11, 23 September 2005 (UTC))

 * I agree, they should be listed under their soverign state, with a heading for the country/area itself. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 17:03, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm fine with both ways, as long as it's a community consensus, and is applied to all current lists by country on Wikipedia (with the title renamed from ..by country to ..by sovereign state if necessary). — Instantnood 17:11, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Quite curious, but was there concensus to undo what was done before whereby entities were grouped according to sovereign state? --Huaiwei 17:28, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps not.. but that's obviously a norm, if not unwritten conventions, for lists by countries (note: countries ≠ sovereign states) on Wikipedia to be presented in this way, until some started targeting at Hong Kong and Macao. — Instantnood 17:39, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * "unwritten conventions"? Seems like a paradox in itself.--Huaiwei 18:17, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Republika Srpska in the list
I think Republika Srpska should be removed from the list, since it is not an independent country. However, dependencies such as the Faeroe Islands should be kept on the list because the Faeroes are very autonomous. "Air Srpska" should be put into the list for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Helicopters
A debate from Template talk: Airlines of Canada. Are helicopter companies airlines? There was one listed on here, but I removed it. -- Spinboy 06:57, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * As the other side of the debate, I believe scheduled helicopter companies are airlines (though there are an incredibly low number of such companies), as they transport people through the air. HeliJet was listed here (and incidentally does provide some fixed wing passenger service but this isn't the majority). Ben W Bell 07:38, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It is the opinion of the WikiProject_Airlines that they are an airline if they have an IATA code. Ben W Bell 07:11, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * So what about all the airlines that have ICAO codes only?? There a very large number in the List. Ardfern 18:58, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * My mistake, it goes for ICAO codes as well I just forgot to mention that. Ben W Bell 07:01, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes indeed, helicopter companies are airlines. Remember, the reason a company may use a helicopter is because it operates in a mountainous region unable to support airstrips. This is common in Kazakhstan. Savevp

Response to RfC
There has not been a clearly stated discussion on this page for a few months, but given the edit history I assume that the question is whether territories such as Greenland and Hong Kong, which are part of a larger country such as Denmark or China, should be listed alphabetically or directly under their home country. I favor an alphabetic listing - reading through the list, I would either expect to see Hong Kong based airlines within the China list or, most likely, alphabetically under H. Having H after China but before East Timor seems out of place to me! InvictaHOG 07:03, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I would think this discussion is not so much about where someone would expect an entry to be, but why this expectation arises. If there is a preference for one display option, please do indicate the reasoning behind it as well. Thanks! ;)--Huaiwei 17:19, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I like the current arrangement of listing territories separately, but there should be more pointers like the one that points from China to Hong Kong and Macau. Every country should point to it's territories and vice-versa. ironcito 04:07, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Instantnood and Huaiwei
I've banned you both from this article, it is quite obvious it is in order, you both continue to revert each other with comments being made in edit summaries instead of where they belong -- on the talk page. You haven't posted anything here in over two weeks yet continue to revert each other, hence, I'm banning you both from editing this one. --Wgfinley 05:24, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks Guy. This is actually discussed above, but user:Huaiwei has failed to accept the outcome. — Instantnood 20:34, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * And what was the outcome?--Huaiwei 10:56, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

AJ Air of Malaysia?
I never heard about AJ Air before. Last time I was in KL, the only airlines operate out of KUL are Air Asia and MAS. And if this airline did exist, it should mention in news, but I couldn't find anything about AJ Air in news. I think this is just another vandalism. Please remove it.141.213.66.173 06:32, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

North America Stolen
Anybody know who has moved North America and South America into America when this is a list of airlines by continent ! (presumably they will come back and correct the heading links! MilborneOne 22:52, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Vandalisim
Removed 'Eric Sucks' from United Kingdom airlines. Not an airline so far as I know. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.142.141.111 (talk) 14:19, 27 March 2007 (UTC).

Photos
Anybody know why this list is turning into a photo gallery ! - I think most them can be removed. Any comments before I delete the majority of them ? do we need just one or two for each continent ? this article is large enough without photographs that dont really add to the value. MilborneOne 11:16, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Air jazz.jpg
Image:Air jazz.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 19:13, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Russia
Is their a reason why all the russian airlines have been removed and replaced with just a link? MilborneOne 21:22, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Is it to shorten the list? Probably to make it easier to download the page so it doesn't take so long.
 * I was wondering, why is russia under "Europe", not "Asia"? mathwhiz  29  23:08, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Costa Rica
Since when is Costa Rica a part of Africa? --Hubertgui 15:28, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Costa Rica was in twice - merged. MilborneOne 17:09, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Canada
WHERE IS CANADA? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.240.83.76 (talk) 06:57, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Canada appears to have been deleted by an IP user - I have put it back as it was. MilborneOne 14:04, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Airline Ticketing Codes
May I suggest adding, to the standard airline information box for each airline article, a field containing each airline's ticketing code? For example, American Airlines is 001, Lufthansa is 220, Air China is 999, etc.

Here is a list, though I do not know if it is accurate or complete. http://www.siber.com/sib/travel/airline-codes.txt —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.15.62.34 (talk) 00:27, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This page is really for talking about the list of airlines, if you have a suggestion about airline articles then please bring it up in Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Airlines. MilborneOne 14:07, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Contents error
How do you make "Australasia and the Pacific" link properly from the contents list to the body? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jddriessen (talk • contribs) 16:30, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Split sections
An IP user has added a request to split out Canada, China and the United States, would appreciate if he/she could add something to the talkpage on why they think they should be, thank you. MilborneOne (talk) 17:34, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a request to split United Kingdom to a single section. The sections of Canada, China, United Kingdom and United States are too large and the size is too big. -- 12:47, January 7, 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.97.197.90 (talk)
 * If the split article was going to have more detail or a table comparing them (size, # of aircraft, passenger numbers, etc.), I'd vote yes, but as it is now, I think it would create confusion to separate them out. (Then we have to debate what the size cut-off for splitting the lists out is and make sure we're fair to all other countries, etc. More trouble than helpful.) cluth (talk) 22:58, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Sort of this is what I was thinking. It already exists, but it's different than splitting out the plain list, as the list includes minor airlines that aren't on this page. No need to duplicate what's already there, and the article titles could get confusing (actually, I would vote to move the article I linked to to "Comparison of large North American airlines" or similar). cluth (talk) 23:04, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * OK I would agree it is to large, just dont agree that splitting of the big countries would help. Users can use the Category structure to find airlines of each country. It could be split into Asia/Europe/Africa etc but even then it should not be more than a simple lists. It is just to help users find articles and should be kept simple. Nothing wrong with adding links to a see also section to articles with details like the Largest Airline in foo type stuff. MilborneOne (talk) 23:39, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Please refer to List of airlines in Ukraine, List of airlines in Serbia, and List of airlines in Russia. I actually Afd'ed the Ukraine and Serbian lists, using the same line of thinking about categories, but the community at large believes these structured lists are preferable over simply lists. Therefore I have no problem with ALL countries having their own lists, as it can also be a useful article development tool --Russavia (talk) 11:20, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, I think Russavia has a good point it might help develop redlinks, should this article just be a link to each List of airlines of foo articles ? MilborneOne (talk) 12:52, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Although I am converted to the idea of Russavias about links to airlines of - I do not think the inclusion of random navboxes is the right idea! I have removed them pending discussion . MilborneOne (talk) 13:09, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

This whole airline section is a mess
the list boxes offer a far more expediant and effective way of looking up airline information by country.... I tried!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.215.26.172 (talk) 18:26, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your input - I would suggest you read the comments above where it has been suggested that we link to List of airlines of foo and not to navboxes. A page full of navboxes is, in my opinion, not a good way to go. Not sure why you think it is a mess, is it wrong, not complete or you just dont like it? MilborneOne (talk) 19:16, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

WP:AIRPORTS has a related page: List of airports. That page would be enormous if it just listed all airports like this page, so they've turned it into a disambig page, with links to a variety of list pages; List of airports by IATA code (which is in turn divided up into 26 pages by alphabet), Category:Lists of airports, etc. I think that sort of thing would work here. - Trevor MacInnis (Contribs) 15:21, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Any further thoughts in dividing this page up? - Trevor MacInnis (Contribs) 15:47, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree we should create List of airlines of foo and refer out to them as well as the other lists listed at the top of the page. MilborneOne (talk) 13:06, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

I have created List of airlines in Iran, and I see that MilborneOne has created List of airlines in the United Kingdom. I am currently working on the Chinese airline list, and will take on board the Japanese list after that, and then will get the CIS airline lists done. Perhaps other editors can also take a few on board, but advise what lists will be worked on here, so that others aren't working on the same lists at the same time as others. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Russavia (talk • contribs) 17:55, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Excellent, I'll pitch in too. One question, is it "List of airlines in..." or "List of airlines of..." ? - Trevor MacInnis (Contribs) 23:01, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

I created List of airlines of the United States. This section was big and I moved to its own article. -- ApprenticeFan (talk) 12:31, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

I also created List of airlines of Canada page. This section was very big from this article. -- ApprenticeFan (talk) 12:44, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

I created List of airlines of Germany earlier today. This section from this article was a medium size and I moved it on its own article. -- ApprenticeFan (talk) 01:42, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

List formats
I'll bring it up at WikiProject Airlines, but I'm wondering how the lists should be formated. A number of varieties exist. - Trevor MacInnis (Contribs) 04:58, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I've created Template:Airlines list boilerplate, which can be subst'd to quickly start new airline list pages, and keep them uniform. - Trevor MacInnis (Contribs) 01:46, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Hong Kong is a country?
When did Hong Kong become a country? Why aren't the Hong Kong airlines listed with the PRC airlines? Readin (talk) 15:47, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region not a country - but it still has its own Civil Aviation Department which for the purpose of this list still issues Hong Kong Air Operators Certificates not PRC ones. MilborneOne (talk) 19:19, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Please add Air Algerie
Please someone add the algerian airline. The related page exists already. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.167.180.75 (talk) 02:58, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Caucasian countries
Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan are Asian countries, not European ones. They share neither history, nor religion, nor language families with Europe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Abacos (talk • contribs) 14:43, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * As far as the ICAO are concerned Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan are in the ICAO European Region. MilborneOne (talk) 16:56, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Proposed total rewrite of this page
This is a horribly messy and uneven page. I'd like to reorganize it, and bring uniform organization of all airline lists. I've created a template List of airlines for this task. My idea is to replace the content of this page with this template, and move all the content to other pages, essentially making it a disambig-type page, much in the same way List of airports in Canada is organized. I'll put the template here as well so you can have a look at it. Comments? - Trevor MacInnis (Contribs) 01:42, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I've added the template to the page, and am considering starting to move content to the individual list pages, are there any objections? - Trevor MacInnis (Contribs) 17:49, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

New Discussion
A discussion has been started at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries/Lists of countries which could affect the inclusion criteria and title of this and other lists of countries. Editors are invited to participate. Pfainuk talk 13:37, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Seriously?
The only way to get a list is to go to the individual lists of each country's airlines? That's genuinely awful. john k (talk) 19:53, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

Lead
a tiny bit short - maybe adding an estimated number of airlines (even ballpark) and country with the most would buff it a bit. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 05:17, 12 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I've added a sentence or two. Thanks for the suggestions. Nathan121212 (talk) 07:15, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

Which one is the biggest airline?
I need a list ordered by size of airlines. --2003:74:CF3A:7E3E:E165:5E82:9733:D826 (talk) 08:17, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Have you looked at World's largest airlines. MilborneOne (talk) 14:50, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of airlines


text:
Recreational vehicle

A recreational vehicle, often abbreviated as RV, is a motor vehicle or trailer that includes living quarters designed for accommodation. Types of RVs include motorhomes, campervans, coaches, caravans (also known as travel trailers and campers), fifth-wheel trailers, popup campers, and truck campers.

Typical amenities of an RV include a kitchen, a bathroom, and one or more beds. RVs can range from utilitarian – containing only sleeping quarters and basic cooking facilities – to luxurious, with features like air conditioning (AC), water heaters, televisions and satellite receivers, and quartz countertops, for example.

RVs can either be trailers (which are towed behind motor vehicles) or self-propelled vehicles. Most RVs are single-deck; however, double-deck RVs also exist. To allow a more compact size while in transit, larger RVs often have expandable sides (called slide-outs) or canopies that are deployed when stationary. Self-powered RVs can further be divided into pushers (where the motor is as the back) or pullers (front mount), where the pushers tend to be diesel powered versus gasoline powered.

History
The first recreational vehicles were horse-drawn. They evolved during the second half of the nineteenth century as adaptations of vehicles used for other purposes, including public transport caravans (UK, also known as stage wagons), gypsy vardos (Europe), living vans (UK), ambulance wagons (US) and sheep herders wagons (US).

The first, currently-known, purpose-built RV was the horse-drawn Wanderer (UK), commissioned from the Bristol Wagon Works Company by Dr. Gordon Stables in 1884. Stables was a pioneer of the UK's Gentlemen Gypsy movement (1885–1914) which promoted the restorative benefits of horse-drawn leisure caravanning and inspired the formation of the world's first RV club, The Caravan Club (UK), in 1907. The Wanderer was closely followed by the McMaster Camping Car (US,1889).Camping-vehicle In the 1890s, US RV pioneers self-built timber 'houses on wheels' for health, leisure and hunting purposes. The most widely reported of these were those of Morgan Lasley and his family. Horse-drawn RV use declined after the First World War as many horses were killed during the war and automobiles became cheaper, more powerful and more widely available.

The first powered RVs were steam-drawn trailers from France including the Grande Diligence of Prince Oldenburg (1896) and the De Dion Bouton trailer of Monsieur Rénodier (1898). The first steam-driven motorhome was the Quo Vadis (France,1900) and the first gasoline-driven motorhome was the Passe Partout (France, 1902). The first recorded powered motorhomes in America were the 'camp cars' of Roy Faye and Freeman Young of 1904–06 (a 1904 Rambler, 1905 Thomas Flyer and 1906 Matheson). Lightweight tent trailers were especially popular in the US from 1911, thanks to improved roads, new national parks and the affordability of tow vehicles such as the Ford Model T. At the other end of the price scale, luxury touring limousines, developed in France by De Dietrich in 1904, were built in small numbers in the US by Welch (1909) and Pierce Arrow (1910). The first US RV club, the Tin Can Tourists, was formed in 1919. The first known, recreational fifth wheeler was the Auto Salon Deluxe built in Belgium for Baron Crawhez by Auto-Mixte Pescatore in 1913.

In the early twentieth century RV builders in the UK (Navarac, Piggott Bros, Eccles, Bertram Hutchings), the US (Detroit Trailer Company, Welch, Graham Brothers, Pierce-Arrow) and France (De Dietrich, Cadel) experimented with a wide range of RV types including caravans and trailers, motorhomes, touring limousines, tent trailers and fifth wheelers. Early motorhomes ('house cars' in the US) were usually converted goods trucks and were heavy, noisy, inflexible and expensive, restricting their use to the wealthy or self-builders. The 'one box' RV was not seen in large numbers until the small, lightweight Volkswagen Kombi of 1950. During the 1920s and 1930s, caravans (travel trailers) became the dominant form of RV in the UK due to their low cost, weather-resistance and flexibility. There was likewise a travel trailer boom in the US in the 1930s as automobile production-line manufacturing techniques were used in travel trailer manufacturing to meet growing demand from recreational users and those seeking low-cost housing during The Great Depression. Self-built trailers were highly popular in the US during the 1930s and travel trailers featured in a number of Hollywood movies including Mickey's Trailer (1938).

The 1920s and 1930s, saw some influential, maverick builders construct innovative RVs in small numbers. These included Bertram Hutchings (UK, 1930–39, streamlined caravans), Charles Louvet (France, 1924–34, aircraft-inspired, coach-built motorhomes and trailers), Noel Pemberton Billing (UK, 1927, Road Yacht motorhome), Glenn Curtiss (US, 1918–30, Adams Motorbungalo, Curtiss Aerocar, Aero Coupler hitch) and William Hawley Bowlus (US, 1934, aluminum monocoque trailers). Wally Byam's Airstream (US, 1931 onwards) was a successful trailer builder of the period and is the only survivor of over 400 pre-WW2 US RV manufacturers. These trailers, with their distinctive, shiny exteriors, were not only aesthetically pleasing but also highly functional. Its aerodynamic shape and sturdy construction made it a favorite among travelers. These early advancements in RV and trailer design established the foundation for a burgeoning industry that would continue to develop over the subsequent decades.

Prior to WW2 a number of other countries developed their own small-scale RV manufacturing industries including Germany, Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands. Germany had a particular focus on small, lightweight caravans towable by low-cost automobiles whilst Australia developed 'pop-top' caravans with good ventilation, ample water storage and high ground clearance. During WW2 RV production was halted in most countries except when required as accommodation for military personnel or essential workers.

Between 1945 and 1960, RVs flourished in many western countries as disposable income and leisure time grew. Dedicated RV parks were established to cater to the needs of both short and long-term RV users. Improvements in RV technology including batteries, fridges, gas cookers, toilets and lightweight construction techniques dramatically improved RV comfort levels. More powerful gasoline and diesel engines allowed RVs to increase in size, weight and speed. Regulations were introduced in many countries to control how RVs were manufactured and used.

Industry
In the United States, about 85 percent of recreational vehicles sold are manufactured in Indiana, and roughly two-thirds of that production in Elkhart County, which calls itself "the RV Capital of the World", population 206,000. The industry has US$32.4 billion annual economic impact in Indiana, pays US$3.1 billion in taxes to the state and supports 126,140 jobs and US$7.8 billion in wages, according to the RV Industry Association.

The recreational vehicle industry around Elkhart is part of a large network of related transport equipment companies, including utility trailer makers and specialty bus manufacturers, who source from the same supply chains. The industry has taken hits from US tariffs on steel and aluminum and other duties on RV parts made in China, from plumbing fixtures to electronic components to vinyl seat covers. Tariff-related price hikes forced manufacturers to pass on some of the increased costs through higher RV prices, which in turn has contributed to slower sales. Shipments of RVs to dealers fell 22% percent in the first five months of 2019, compared to the same period a year earlier, after dropping 4% in 2018.

Some trailer companies are using innovative materials in new ways to make trailers lighter, more durable and more cost efficient. Cortes Campers LLC has filed for multiple new patents and have improved manufacturing techniques to address issues such as frequent repairs, supply chain issues, mold, mildew and catastrophic failures of key components of travel trailers. The new double hulled completely redesigned travel trailer is made of fiberglass and built much in the way airplanes and boats are built

Usage

RVs are most commonly used for living quarters while traveling. People may choose to take a road trip in their RV and use the RV to sleep in, rather than a hotel room. They may even decide to tow their car from the back of the RV so they can use that to travel around more easily when they reach their destination.

Although the most common usage of an RV is as temporary accommodation when traveling, some people use an RV as their main residence. In fact, one million Americans live in RVs. In the United States and Canada, traveling south each winter to a warmer climate is referred to as snowbirding. In Australia, the slang term for a retired person who travels in a recreational vehicle is a "grey nomad".

There are local and national RV rental companies, such as Adventure KT and Outdoorsy that specialize in renting RVs to families for vacationing purposes. People enjoy the road trip and luxuries an RV provides while traveling without having a long-term expense. This is similar to home vacation rentals but is cheaper and also offers the flexibility of itinerary planning.

While it is legal in all of the United States to live in an RV, there are laws regarding where and for how long RVs can be parked.

Some owners fit solar panels to the roof of their RV. It is possible for RV users to live off the electrical grid while still having access to internet, making remote working feasible.

Usage of RVs is common at rural festivals such as Burning Man, but most festivals have strict rules about operating an RV during the event. Burning Man is strict about RV water leaks, and generator usage is another of the restrictions that festivals put on the use of RVs. Bluegrass Festivals regularly host RVs; they become the locations for afterhours jamming by participants.

Recently, RVs have been proposed as a partial solution to the homelessness problems found in cities across the US. RVs for Homeless (https://rvforhomeless.com/) has been formed as a coalition to encourage the donation of older vehicles to alleviate homelessness. This is distinct from the simple use of older vehicles as temporary shelters in homeless encampments.

United States
As of 2016, the average age of RV owners in the United States was 45, a three-year decrease since 2015. Per 2020 research reports, more millennials are interested in buying RVs due to their increased demand for camping and outdoor recreational activities, especially in the US.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, sales of RVs in the United States have increased, and as of March 2021, 11.3 million households own an RV, which is a 26 percent increase over the past ten years. In the month of October 2021, 58,000 RVs were manufactured in North America, the most ever in a single month.

Current trends

 * Wholesale recreational vehicle (RV) shipments during the first four months of 2021 rose more than 86% over 2020, because consumer demand for RVs has soared since the pandemic's onset.
 * Analysts expect industry revenue to increase 1.1% through 2026 as U.S. residents continue to plan domestic trips because of continued travel restrictions around the globe.

title: Recreational vehicle


text:
User:Mcrosby

Hi, I'm Mark Crosby, from Basildon in Essex!

title: User:Mcrosby