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Talk:Piccolo (Dragon Ball)

Proposed Merge
I propose that Piccolo be merged with List of characters in Dragon Ball. The article has no character reception or and more than 90% of the character is written in universe. Much text about the character within the plot which can be say much easier and faster at Dragon Ball series article SSJ 5 (talk) 01:10, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Hate to say it but I think you're only doing this because the Yamcha page (which you worked hard on) was merged. Sorry but WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS is really an illegitimate argument. If all Piccolo needs is reception data and some trimming, then a merger is not appropriate at this time. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 14:35, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm agreeing with Sesshomaru here; Piccolo is in good enough shape to stand on it's own. It needs a good clean up, but what article doesn't? Reception info is hard to get, Trunks (Dragon Ball) is missing it too, but it's enough to condemn the article for.-- Koji †  16:39, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think I made some good arguments. You can accept them or reject them. Arguments have nothing to do with Yamcha article, although that was the reason for the nomination (it is legit anywayz, because the page is not satisfying). The article is in terrible shape, and cleanup was requested (by me, on DB project) a few months ago, but no one responded. Thus, I think that the article would be a good candidate for a merge. If anyone can find verifiable reception info, please do so. SSJ 5 (talk) 17:15, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Started working in the reception from the article.Tintor2 (talk) 21:51, 21 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Much better. SSJ 5 (talk) 03:29, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Fictional Demons
Since piccolo was never technically a demon (he was only believed to be one) does he really belong in the Fictional Demons category? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.134.68.102 (talk) 19:57, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The article relates his origin to that nature. Toriyama even said he initially made him a demon. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 08:02, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

yes but he didn't turn out to be a demon Goku isn't listed under a fictional humans category even though he was first thought to be human —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.134.68.102 (talk) 04:13, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I can see where you're going with this, and I'm telling you that he can be classified as such. Do keep in mind that we're dealing with a fictional character here, not an actual person. And must I point out again that we have references citing this concept? Go ahead and categorize Goku as a fictional human (given there's a reliable citation for that). There's no point in talking about this anymore. Folks browsing through a category may expect to come across articles which support the inclusion of that category. Finally, it should be noted that Piccolo and Vegeta are categorized as fictional supervillains because they have become distinctive with these roles (and just because Vegeta is no longer a fictional mercenary doesn't mean we avoid categorization either). Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 02:52, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Vegeta is classified as a villain because he WAS a villain Piccolo was NEVER a demon and listing him under that category makes no sense. Most people browsing that category are not looking for characters once thought to be demons. If you can find enough characters in fiction that were once thought to be demons I suggest you create such a category. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.134.84.84 (talk) 03:05, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Whatever, please cite a reliable citation supporting your "findings". I'm through with this, however, I'd think twice about taking measures into your own hands if I were you... Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 00:27, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, Sesshomaru, the burden of proof is up to you. The anon is correct in that Piccolo is not a demon, and nothing in the article mentions Toriyama's intentions. The only "references" you have for the demon origins is the manga itself, which is in-universe and later contradicts intself. Ω  pho  is  04:27, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
 * And judging by a recent attempt to remove it that you reverted, and this anon's argument, it appears that the current consensus is to remove it. Ω  pho  is  04:38, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not sure exactly what Wikipedia's policies are regarding these things, but I think that Piccolo could be considered a fictional demon for two reasons: one is that he is introduced as such; the second is that at least the senior Piccolo was a member of the Makyo, a clan of demons. This may not be explicitly dealt with in the manga, but it is dealt with in the anime, in the Garlic, Jr. story arc, though that may not be seen as canon anymore. To what extent extent this makes this incarnation of Piccolo a 'fictional demon' is up for debate, but I think that a case exists, and the issue should not be shrugged off simply because he is later revealed to be a Namekian. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.96.148.51 (talk) 16:18, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Gender
A while ago I stated in the infobox that Piccolo was male, but three of my edits were undone and the editor who undid my edits said "Namekians don't have genders unless it was retconned". There are three reasons why I added Piccolo's gender:

 * 1) Piccolo is often referred to as "he" inbetween sentences.
 * 2) Piccolo has always been voiced by a male in the anime (Toshio Furukawa and Christopher Sabat).
 * 3) If i'm correct, there are no female Namekians, which means they are all male. DBZFan30 (talk) 15:29, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

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Difference between gender and biological sex
I know this is a controversial topic but the infobox should either list Piccolo's gender as male or simply remove that heading to prevent confusion. It's true that Namekians have no biological sex but gender is different to sex as it's more of a social concept and Piccolo clearly identifies himself with male traits and is referred to with male pronouns by himself and others, which means his gender should technically be listed as male. DekuHero (talk) 16:58, 31 May 2019 (UTC)

"Piccolo (Hero)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Piccolo (Hero). Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 18:15, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Move?
The character's full name is Piccolo Daimaoh Jr. at least what I remember considering how he is introduced. It will allow us to get rid of the ambiguation which is often recommended by the manual of style. What do you think? Tintor2 (talk) 22:15, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

The problem is that Piccolo Daimaoh Jr. isn’t the character’s common name either. In fact, I can’t really think of any secondary sources that specifically spell out his full title since his introduction, Toriyama and co. themselves rarely use the shortened Piccolo Jr. even, so it’s a really obscure name compared to say, Son Gohan or Son Goku. I guess it’s unfortunate that compared to other DB characters, the character’s name is a pedestrian word like Trunks (Dragon Ball) or Cell (Dragon Ball), but it is what it is. Haleth (talk) 11:01, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I see. In the movie he is fully called Piccolo Daimaoh but Piccolo answers he is now just Piccolo.Tintor2 (talk) 14:31, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Piccolo (Dragon Ball)


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Frank Knight

Frank Hyneman Knight (November 7, 1885 – April 15, 1972) was an American economist who spent most of his career at the University of Chicago, where he became one of the founders of the Chicago School.

Nobel laureates Milton Friedman, George Stigler and James M. Buchanan were all students of Knight at Chicago. Ronald Coase said that Knight, without teaching him, was a major influence on his thinking. F.A. Hayek considered Knight to be one of the major figures in preserving and promoting classical liberal thought in the twentieth century.

Paul Samuelson named Knight (along with Harry Gunnison Brown, Allyn Abbott Young, Henry Ludwell Moore, Wesley Clair Mitchell, Jacob Viner, and Henry Schultz) as one of the several "American saints in economics" born after 1860.

Life and career
Knight (BA, Milligan College, 1911; BS and AM, Tennessee, 1913; PhD, Cornell, 1916) was born in 1885 in McLean County, Illinois, the son of Julia Ann (Hyneman) and Winton Cyrus Knight. After his early study at the University of Tennessee, most of his academic career was spent at the University of Chicago, where he was the Morton D. Hall Distinguished Service Professor of Social Science and Philosophy. Knight was one of the world's leading economists, having made significant contributions to many problems of both economic theory and social philosophy. He is best known for his Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, a study of the role of the entrepreneur in economic life. In 1950 he was president of the American Economic Association and in 1957 the recipient of its coveted Francis A. Walker Award, given "not more frequently than once every five years to the living (American) economist who in the judgment of the awarding body has during his career made the greatest contribution to economics." His ashes are interred in the crypt of First Unitarian Church of Chicago.

Knight is best known as the author of the book Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921), based on his PhD dissertation at Cornell University. In that book, he carefully distinguished between economic risk and uncertainty. Situations with risk were those where the outcomes were unknown but governed by probability distributions known at the outset. He argued that these situations, where decision making rules such as maximising expected utility can be applied, differ in a deep way from "uncertain" ones, in which not only the outcomes, but even the probability models that governed them, were unknown. Knight argued that uncertainty gave rise to economic profits that perfect competition could not eliminate.

While most economists now acknowledge Knight's distinction between risk and uncertainty, the distinction has not resulted in much theoretical modelling or empirical work. However, the Knightian concept of uncertainty has been recognized in a variety of works: John Maynard Keynes discussed it at length in his Treatise on Probability; Armen Alchian relied on it for discussing market behavior in his seminal paper Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory; Paul Davidson incorporated it as an essential element in the Post Keynesian school of economics he co-founded; and G.L.S. Shackle explored the methodological consequences of Knight's and Keynes's fundamental uncertainty in his Epistemics and Economics. A more model-oriented contribution is the "Markets from Networks" model developed by sociologist Harrison White from 2002.

Knight also famously debated A. C. Pigou about social costs. He also contributed to the argument for toll roads. He said that rather than congestion justifying government tolling of roads, privately owned roads would set tolls to reduce congestion to its efficient level. In particular, he developed the argument that forms the basis of analysis of traffic equilibrium, which has since become known as Wardrop's Principle:

"Suppose that between two points there are two highways, one of which is broad enough to accommodate without crowding all the traffic which may care to use it, but is poorly graded and surfaced; while the other is a much better road, but narrow and quite limited in capacity. If a large number of trucks operate between the two termini and are free to choose either of the two routes, they will tend to distribute themselves between the roads in such proportions that the cost per unit of transportation, or effective returns per unit of investment, will be the same for every truck on both routes. As more trucks use the narrower and better road, congestion develops, until at a certain point it becomes equally profitable to use the broader but poorer highway."

Knight was a co-founder and vice president of the Mont Pelerin Society of like-minded economists.

Knight was raised Christian, but later became an atheist.

Notable works

 * Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Press

Awards

 * 1957, Francis A. Walker Medal by the American Economic Association
 * 1961, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Frank Knight


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Daniel Alfredsson

Daniel Alfredsson (born 11 December 1972), nicknamed "Alfie", is a Swedish-Canadian former professional ice hockey player and Assistant Coach for the Ottawa Senators. He spent 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), primarily with the Senators. He also briefly played for the Detroit Red Wings before his retirement in 2014.

Alfredsson was captain of the Senators, serving from 1999 to 2013. With the Senators, Alfredsson usually played on the first line, which was formerly nicknamed the "CASH" or "Pizza" line with centre Jason Spezza and left winger Dany Heatley, before Heatley's trade to the San Jose Sharks. He had traditionally been the fourth forward on the ice in the role of pointman on Ottawa's power play unit. One of the league's top two-way players, he holds the Senators' franchise records for goals (426), assists (682) and points (1,108) with 1,178 games played. He had played for Sweden internationally 14 times, including the 2006 gold medal and 2014 silver medal-winning Olympic teams. He was the 75th player to reach 1,000 career points in the NHL, doing so after scoring three goals in a win over the Buffalo Sabres on 22 October 2010.

Alfredsson holds an Honorary Degree from Carleton University and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2022. He was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2018.

Ottawa Senators (1994–2013)
Drafted 133rd overall in the sixth round of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft, Alfredsson was a serendipitous pick by the Ottawa Senators. He had been overlooked by many NHL scouts, but one man in Ottawa's front office, John Ferguson, saw the potential and pushed management for his selection. Though largely unheralded entering his first NHL training camp, he would go on to win the Calder Memorial Trophy as rookie of the year in his first NHL season in 1995–96 and was the Senators' representative at the 1996 NHL All-Star Game. In 1996–97, he improved on his rookie totals and played in the All-Star Game again. He finished second in team scoring, contributing to the Senators' first modern qualification to the Stanley Cup playoffs.

Alfredsson missed the beginning of the 1997–98 season due to a contract dispute. On 24 August 1997, he demanded a trade from the Senators after the five-year contract offered to him was worth $1 million less annually than that teammate Alexei Yashin received per season. Alfredsson eventually signed a new contract on 12 October worth $14 million over four years. After missing the first five games of the season, he was greeted by a standing ovation in his first game back in Ottawa. Alfredsson would later be named the Senators' representative at the All-Star Game for the third consecutive season. During that season, Alfredsson would play in only 55 games, due to the earlier contract dispute and a late season ankle injury. The Senators qualified for the playoffs again and defeated the New Jersey Devils, but lost to the surging Washington Capitals in the second round; Alfredsson scored 7 goals in 11 playoff games.

In the 1998–99 season, Alfredsson missed 24 games due to an injury and was limited to only 11 goals. The club once again qualified for the playoffs, and Alfredsson hoped to have a good post-season, but was limited to one goal and three points in a sweep at the hands of the Buffalo Sabres. The next season, he was named captain of the Senators after Alexei Yashin was stripped of the captaincy for refusing to honour his contract. After two somewhat disappointing seasons, Alfredsson's scoring totals improved, with 21 goals and 59 points in 57 games. In the 2000 playoffs, the Senators met the Toronto Maple Leafs in the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals. The Senators would lose the inaugural "Battle of Ontario", although Alfredsson contributed three goals in the six-game series.

In 2000–01, Alexei Yashin returned to the Ottawa lineup but the team captaincy remained with Alfredsson, who would score 24 goals and 70 points in 68 games. The Senators again met the Maple Leafs in the first round of the 2001 playoffs, and Alfredsson was limited to one goal in a four-game series sweep by Toronto. In 2001–02, Alfredsson set a personal best with 37 goals and 71 points in 78 games. In the 2002 playoffs, the Senators once again met the now arch-rival Maple Leafs in the second round, where they lost in seven games. Alfredsson led the team in playoff scoring with 7 goals and 13 points in 12 games.

Alfredsson signed a new two-year contract prior to the 2002–03 season. He increased his scoring totals, finishing with 27 goals and 78 points. The club won the Presidents' Trophy that season as the NHL's top regular season team, despite the organization filing for bankruptcy protection, and qualified for the Eastern Conference Finals before losing to the eventual Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils. Alfredsson scored 4 goals and 8 points in 18 games.

In 2003–04, Alfredsson finished the season with 32 goals and 80 points in 78 games. The club lost in the first round of the 2004 playoffs to Toronto, and Alfredsson was limited to one goal and three points in the seven-game series. Mid-season, Alfredsson signed a new five-year contract with the Senators.

Like many NHL players, Alfredsson played for a European team during the 2004–05 NHL lockout. He returned to Sweden to play for Frölunda HC, the team he had played for prior to beginning his NHL career. He played on an all-NHL line with P. J. Axelsson and Samuel Påhlsson, helping the club win the Swedish championship. Alfredsson was a major contributor during the playoffs, scoring 12 goals and 18 points in 13 games.

On 5 October 2005, the opening night of the 2005–06 NHL season, the Senators played the Maple Leafs, with the newly acquired Dany Heatley playing on the top line with Jason Spezza and Brandon Bochenski. The Senators were down by a goal with five minutes remaining in the third period, when Alfredsson, replacing Bochenski on the top line, scored the tying goal. This line combination would remain intact and became known as the "CASH line". Later in the same game, Heatley and Alfredsson scored the first goals in a regular season NHL shootout when they scored against Maple Leafs goaltender Ed Belfour for a 3–2 victory. With Alfredsson scoring in the shootout, he became the first captain in the NHL history to do so. Alfredsson and Heatley's sticks were subsequently sent to the Hockey Hall of Fame. Alfredsson capped off the 2005–06 regular season with a career-high 103 points (43 goals and 60 assists) tied for first on the Senators alongside Heatley. Perhaps the best game of his NHL career took place on 3 November 2005 against the longtime rival Buffalo Sabres, in which he scored a then career-high four goals and six points. After a disappointing 2006 playoffs, Alfredsson became the subject of trade rumours from the beginning of the 2006–07 season.

Because of his poor play to start the 2006–07 season, Alfredsson considered retirement in November 2006. However, after switching to using teammate Chris Kelly's used skates, his performance improved, scoring in the next four games, and ending the season with 29 goals and 58 assists. Alfredsson, notably picky about his skates, would continue to use Kelly's freshly broken-in skates until the latter was traded to the Boston Bruins in 2011.

On 23 December 2006, against the Philadelphia Flyers, Alfredsson scored his 600th career point, scoring two goals and adding an assist. In the 2007 playoffs, Alfredsson was the Senators' leading scorer with 14 goals and 22 points in 20 games. His leadership and strong play helped the Senators as they advanced past the Pittsburgh Penguins, the New Jersey Devils and the Buffalo Sabres, to reach the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in modern franchise history. He became the first European-born-and-raised captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup finals. When presented with the Prince of Wales Trophy, he touched the trophy while posing with it, which many hockey players consider a form of bad luck.

Alfredsson was arguably Ottawa's best player in the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals, which the Senators ultimately lost to the Anaheim Ducks in a five-game series. In a controversial incident in game four, an Alfredsson slap shot hit Ducks captain Scott Niedermayer at the end of the second period, leading to speculation that Alfredsson intended to injure Niedermayer. Alfredsson dismissed the notion, saying that he had glanced up at the clock to see if he had time to move in for a better shot, and then quickly fired in the heat of an important game.

Along with the rest of the Senators, Alfredsson's 2007–08 season was marked by highs and lows. On 24 January 2008, he scored three goals and four assists in an 8–4 victory over the Tampa Bay Lightning, setting the Senators' record for most points in one game. It vaulted him into the NHL scoring lead at the All-Star break. He was named NHL Player of the Week and the week's First Star. Alfredsson and his linemates, Heatley and Spezza, were named to the Eastern Conference All-Star Game roster, although Heatley would not play due to injury. Injuries reduced Alfredsson's playing time and effectiveness in the latter half of the season. First, Alfredsson suffered a hip pointer injury, and on 3 April 2008, Mark Bell of the Maple Leafs hit him with a shoulder that left Alfredsson on the ice, unable to get up for several minutes. He missed the final game of the regular season and the beginning of the 2008 playoffs; he had played in every modern Senators playoff game up to that point. On 14 April 2008, with the Senators trailing 2–0 in their playoff series to the Pittsburgh Penguins, Alfredsson made his return in game three of the series, four weeks earlier than initially expected. He was welcomed with a lengthy standing ovation at Scotiabank Place. However, the Senators gave up four unanswered goals (three in the third period) to lose the game 4–1. The Senators lost game four 3–1. Afterwards, in an interview on CBC, he admitted that he had been playing with a ruptured medial collateral ligament (MCL).

In October 2008, Alfredsson underwent arthroscopic surgery on his right knee to remove a bone chip and returned less than a week later. On 30 October 2008, Alfredsson signed a new four-year contract with Ottawa worth US$21.6 million. The contract, intended to allow Alfredsson to finish his playing career with the Senators, included a no-movement clause.

The 2008–09 season was a disappointing one for both Alfredsson and the Senators. The team failed to make the 2009 playoffs, and Alfredsson registered only 24 goals and 74 points in 79 games. On 8 July 2009, Alfredsson became the longest-serving active captain in the NHL, as former Montreal Canadiens captain Saku Koivu signed with the Anaheim Ducks and former Colorado Avalanche captain Joe Sakic announced his retirement.

The 2009–10 season saw Alfredsson's point total dip again as he scored only 20 goals and had 71 points in 70 games. On 6 April, Alfredsson reached an important milestone, playing in his 1,000th regular season NHL game. Even though the Senators lost to Pittsburgh in the first round of the 2010 playoffs, Alfredsson still scored two goals and added six assists to lead the team in scoring (tied with Matt Cullen). He later admitted that he had been bothered by a sports hernia since February, which could explain his reduced effectiveness in the last weeks of the season and the playoffs.

During the 2010–11 season, Alfredsson recorded his 1,000th career NHL point in a victory over the Buffalo Sabres on 22 October 2010. At season's end, Alfredsson underwent back surgery and was released from hospital the same day. At a 14 June 2011 news conference introducing new Senators' head coach Paul MacLean, Alfredsson stated that the surgery went well and that he was moving around fine.

Alfredsson began the 2011–12 season healthy, but was diagnosed with a concussion for the first time in his career after receiving a blow to the head from New York Rangers forward Wojtek Wolski on 29 October 2011. He returned on 11 November after missing five games, in a game against the Buffalo Sabres. On 30 December 2011, against the Calgary Flames, Alfredsson scored his 400th career goal, the game winner in overtime. Alfredsson was chosen to represent the Senators again at the 2012 NHL All-Star Game held at Scotiabank Place in Ottawa. Alfredsson was captain of "Team Alfredsson", scoring twice within one minute and 31 seconds in a 12–9 loss to "Team Chara". Widely assumed to be a candidate to be moved to a Stanley Cup contender at the 2012 NHL trade deadline, Ottawa's strong play resulted in Alfredsson not being placed on the trade market. "I was just really happy we didn't have to make that decision", said Alfredsson of the possibility of leaving Ottawa. In the first round of the 2012 playoffs, Alfredsson and the Senators were eliminated by the first-place New York Rangers in seven games. Speculation was rampant during early summer of 2012 that Alfredsson would announce his retirement, but on 31 July, he confirmed that he would be returning for his 17th season with the Senators.

The lockout-shortened 2012–13 season was a successful one for Alfredsson and the Senators. The team made the 2013 playoffs despite losing several key players to injury for extended periods, and defeated the rival Montreal Canadiens in the first round. Alfredsson was third in team scoring during the regular season with 10 goals and 16 assists in 47 games, and he led the Senators in scoring through the playoffs with 4 goals and 10 points in 10 games. At season's end, there was again speculation that Alfredsson might announce his retirement. On 28 June 2013, Senators general manager Bryan Murray confirmed that he had been informed by agent J. P. Barry that Alfredsson "is committed to play next year for the Senators". While Alfredsson negotiated a new contract with Ottawa, Boston Bruins' general manager Peter Chiarelli reached out to him in an attempt to gauge his interest in signing with Boston. Chiarelli attempted to convince Alfredsson that Boston could be a good destination for an older player looking to win a Stanley Cup prior to retirement.

Detroit Red Wings (2013–2014)
On 5 July 2013, after 17 seasons with the Senators, Alfredsson signed a one-year, $5.5 million contract with the Detroit Red Wings. Alfredsson's Ottawa teammates were taken aback by the news. Alfredsson phoned Chris Phillips so that he would not hear the news at the same time as everyone else; Phillips said he was shocked. Marc Methot said many teammates were caught off guard. "We all were pretty adamant that he was going to return because he is grounded in this city (Ottawa) and so well-loved that everyone figured something would work out", said Methot. Ex-Senators' head coach Jacques Martin, at the time a hockey analyst on TVA Sports, compared Alfredsson's departure to Ray Bourque's decision to move to the Colorado Avalanche from the Boston Bruins to win a Stanley Cup. Alfredsson confirmed a day later that his decision to leave Ottawa was motivated by a desire to win a Stanley Cup prior to retirement. "I had not won a Stanley Cup and that’s a big priority for me," Alfredsson said. He later explained that his departure from Ottawa was due to a contract impasse, though Senators' general manager Bryan Murray had expected Alfredsson to remain in Ottawa. Alfredsson returned to Ottawa for the first time with the Red Wings on 1 December 2013, and was greeted with a video tribute and loud cheers from the home crowd. He also scored an empty net goal in the Red Wings victory.

The 41-year-old recorded 18 goals and 49 points during his only season with the Red Wings during the 2013–14 season, tying for the team lead in scoring. Back problems kept Alfredsson from attending training camp and starting the 2014–15 season. On 27 November 2014, Alfredsson announced to Swedish press that he had retired as a player.

Retirement
On 4 December 2014, Alfredsson signed a one-day contract to officially retire as a member of the Ottawa Senators. Alfredsson took part in the pre-game warm-ups and took the ceremonial face-off as the Senators faced the New York Islanders, a game the Senators lost 2–1.

During Alfredsson's career with the Senators, he played in 1,178 games, had 426 goals, 682 assists and 1,108 points, all franchise records. Chris Phillips broke Alfredsson's games-played record two months later. On 29 December 2016, Alfredsson became the first player of the current Senators franchise to have his jersey number retired.

International play
Alfredsson has participated in 14 international tournaments for Sweden:
 * 1995 World Championships (silver medal)
 * 1996 World Championships
 * 1996 World Cup of Hockey
 * 1998 Winter Olympics
 * 1999 World Championships (bronze medal)
 * 2001 World Championships (bronze medal)
 * 2002 Winter Olympics
 * 2004 World Championships (silver medal)
 * 2004 World Cup of Hockey
 * 2005 World Championships
 * 2006 Winter Olympics (alternate captain, gold medal)
 * 2010 Winter Olympics (alternate captain)
 * 2012 World Championships (captain)
 * 2014 Winter Olympics (alternate captain, silver medal)

At the 2006 Olympics, Alfredsson set personal highs in goals (5), assists (5) and points (10) and played on the second line with Mats Sundin and Henrik Zetterberg. After an injury to Peter Forsberg, Alfredsson took Forsberg's spot as the alternate captain, along with Captain Sundin and defenseman Nicklas Lidström. Alfredsson was named captain of Sweden for the first time at the 2012 IIHF World Championship.

Hockey operations career
After retiring as a player, Alfredsson joined the Ottawa Senators as senior advisor of hockey operations. Alfredsson and the Senators did not agree to a new contract in July 2017.

Ottawa Senators (2023–present)
On 13 October 2023 it was announced that Alfredsson had re-joined the Ottawa Senators organization in a player development coaching role. On 18 December 2023 the Ottawa Senators relieved head coach D. J. Smith of his duties and announced the appointment of Jacques Martin as head coach, and Alfredsson as assistant coach. Alfredsson made his coaching debut in a game on 19 December against the Arizona Coyotes. After interim coach Martin was replaced by the new permanent head coach, Travis Green, it was announced the Alfredsson would remain as part of Green's staff.

Personal life
Alfredsson married long-time girlfriend Birgitta (née Backman) on 31 July 2004. They are the parents of four sons. The family resides in Ottawa and Särö, Sweden. Alfredsson's parents are Hasse and Margareta Alfredsson.

Alfredsson's younger brother Henric Alfredsson played with the Ontario Hockey League's Ottawa 67's as a 19-year-old during their 1999 Memorial Cup-winning season. Henric decided to stay in Ottawa after his junior hockey career with the 67's was complete and now works for the Ottawa Police Service.

On 5 March 2015, Alfredsson was presented with the key to the city by Ottawa Deputy Mayor Bob Monette; Mayor Jim Watson was recuperating from a broken pelvis suffered in a snowmobiling accident and was unavailable. The key to the city is the city's highest honour, reserved only for the people who make the greatest impact on Ottawa residents. The honour was in recognition not only of Alfredsson's accomplishments with the Senators, but also for his off-ice leadership and advocacy with the Ottawa Senators Foundation, the Royal Ottawa Foundation for Mental Health and the Boys and Girls Club of Ottawa.

Alfredsson became a Canadian citizen at a special ceremony at the 2016 World Cup of Hockey on 20 September 2016.

Regular season and playoffs
Bold indicates led league

Outside of ice hockey
On 7 June 2016 Alfredsson received an honorary degree from Carleton University for his outstanding contributions to Canadian hockey and, in particular, his commitment to the community through philanthropic efforts that include mental health awareness and advocacy for equality of athletes, regardless of their sexual orientation. On 25 November 2016, he was awarded the Meritorious Service Cross by Governor General David Johnston.

Records

 * Holds the Senators record for regular season goals, assists and points.
 * Holds the Senators record for highest +/- rating in a season, set in 2006–07 with +42.
 * Holds the Senators record for most points in a regular season game, set in 2007–08, with 3 goals and 4 assists for 7 points.
 * Holds the Senators playoff records for most games played, goals, assists and points.

Milestones

 * Scored the 300th goal of his career on 10 November 2007.
 * Recorded the 500th assist of his career on 24 January 2008.
 * Played in his 1,000th NHL game (all with the Ottawa Senators) on 6 April 2010 against the Florida Panthers.
 * Reached the 1,000-point milestone with a hat-trick against the Buffalo Sabres on 22 October 2010.
 * Scored his 400th career goal in OT against the Calgary Flames on 30 December 2011.

Nominations

 * Finished 2nd in Lady Byng Memorial Trophy voting in 2003–04.
 * Finished 3rd in Selke Trophy voting as the best defensive forward in 2005–06.
 * Finished 4th in Lady Byng Memorial Trophy voting as the NHL's most gentlemanly player in 2005–06.
 * Finished in the top 3 in voting for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy in 2011–2012.

Other

 * Scored the first shootout goal in NHL history during the 2005–06 season.
 * Led the Swedish Gold Medal-winning Olympic hockey team in scoring (with 5 goals and 5 assists in 8 games played) during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy.
 * 10 April 2010 was officially declared as "Daniel Alfredsson Day" in Ottawa, in honour of his 1,000th NHL game.
 * Was the first European-born and trained captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup Finals in 2007.
 * Improved his point totals for six consecutive seasons from 1998–99 to 2005–06 inclusive, a franchise record.
 * Appears on the cover of the Swedish version of the EA Sports NHL 09 video game.
 * Won the first major award in modern Senators history when he was awarded the Calder Memorial Trophy in 1995–96.
 * He has played in 119 of the playoff games of the modern Senators.
 * He led the league in goals during the 2006–07 playoffs and tied linemates Jason Spezza and Dany Heatley with 22 points to lead the league in playoff scoring.
 * Daniel Alfredsson became the first player in modern Senators history to have his jersey number retired in December 2016.
 * He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2022.

title: Daniel Alfredsson


text:
François-Alphonse Forel

François-Alphonse Forel (February 2, 1841 – August 7, 1912) was a Swiss physician and scientist who pioneered the study of lakes, and is thus considered the founder, and the Father of limnology. Limnology is the study of bodies of fresh water and their biological, chemical, and physical features.

Childhood and family
Forel was born in Morges, Switzerland on Lake Geneva. His father, François Marie Etienne Forel (1765-1865) was a well-respected historian and a jurist and was a strong influence in Forel's life. From a young age, François-Alphonse Forel became involved in some of archaeological studies of his father's colleagues. Several of Forel's family members were also respected scholars and scientists.

Education
Forel began his education at the Collège de Morges. Eventually, he left Morges for secondary school in Geneva at the Gymnase de Genève. There, he studied the natural sciences and medicine. Then he attended university at Académie de Genève where he obtained a Bachelor of Letters and a Bachelor of Physical and Natural Sciences. When he turned 18, he left his home country to attend the Académie de Montpellier in Montpellier, France. He studied at the university for two years and spent a portion of time after that, studying medicine on his own in Paris, France. Later, he moved to Germany and studied at the University of Würzburg. In the year 1865 when Forel was 24 year old, he obtained a doctorate degree in medicine and obstetrics.

Work and professional life
Shortly after obtaining his doctoral decree, Forel returned to Lake Geneva in Switzerland. There, he began his own study of the lake which encompassed zootomy, physics, chemistry, biology, natural history, and even economics. In 1869, he became a science professor at the University of Lausanne (then known as the Academy of Lausanne) which was located near his home at Lake Geneva. He taught histology, anatomy, and physiology.

But his real love was the lake; his investigations of biology, chemistry, water circulation, and sedimentation, and most importantly their interactions, established the foundation of a new discipline. He named his activity limnology in analogy with oceanography ("limnography" could have been confused with the limnograph, which measures water level in lakes).

In his chief work, Le Léman was published in three volumes between 1892 and 1904. The volumes covered a range of topics including the definition of limnology, as well as the geographic settings, geology, climatology, hydrology and bathymetry of lake systems. The Monograph then went on to describe lacustrine hydraulics, seiches, waves and currents, temperature stratification, optics, acoustics and chemistry. This was cemented by his publication of a handbook on the topic. He discovered the phenomenon of density currents in lakes, and explained seiches, the rhythmic oscillations observed in enclosed waters.

He is also known for his work on the optical phenomenon the Fata Morgana which can be seen when looking out across Lake Geneva among other places.

In collaboration with Wilhelm Ule, developed the Forel-Ule scale, used to evaluate the color of a body of water. In a totally different field, in cooperation with the Italian seismologist Michele Stefano de Rossi, he developed the Rossi–Forel scale to describe the intensity of an earthquake.

End of life and legacy
By the time of his death in 1912, he had amassed a total of 288 academic publications.

So wide was his knowledge that he was referred to as "the Faraday of Lakes" in his obituary in Nature Magazine. He was well regarded by the Scottish scientific community, visiting at least once, and also being elected as an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

The Institute F.-A. Forel of the University of Geneva is named after Forel.

Foreltinden, a mountain at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, is named after him.

Forel (station) in Maule, Chile is named after him after he lived close to the station.

The submersible F.-A. Forel (PX-28) is named after him and has been used to make scientific measurements in Lake Geneva.

title: François-Alphonse Forel


text:
Jason Spezza

Jason Rocco Anthony Spezza (born June 13, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre and current assistant general manager of the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League. Spezza played 19 career seasons in the NHL from 2002 to 2022.

After beginning his major junior career at the early age of 15 in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), Spezza was selected second overall in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft by the Ottawa Senators, eventually serving as their team captain following the departure of Daniel Alfredsson. Playing in the American Hockey League (AHL) in 2004–05 due to the NHL lockout, he won the Les Cunningham Award as league MVP with the Binghamton Senators. In 2005–06, Spezza set an Ottawa Senators franchise record with 71 assists, while hitting the 90-point mark for the first of two times in his NHL career. He later played for the Dallas Stars and Toronto Maple Leafs. Following his retirement, he spent a year in the Maple Leafs' front office, before taking his current role with the Penguins.

Internationally, Spezza represented Canada at three World Junior Championships and two World Championships. When he made his World Junior debut in 2000, he became the third 16-year-old in history to make the team, after Wayne Gretzky and Eric Lindros.

Early life
Spezza was born on June 13, 1983, in Mississauga, Ontario. He was born to Italian parents Rino and Donna Spezza along with twin siblings Michelle and Matthew. Growing up in the Toronto area, he watched the Toronto Maple Leafs, but has cited Mario Lemieux as his favourite player as a child. Spezza attended St. Michael's College School.

At age one, Spezza won a baby contest and began his youth modelling career. The victory resulted in Spezza becoming the poster boy for Baby, a Broadway musical that played at Toronto's O'Keefe Centre in the summer of 1984. At age five, Spezza was chosen for a Minute Maid commercial. Two years later, he modelled clothing for stores Woolco and Kmart.

Junior
Spezza played for the Toronto Marlboros in 1997, recording 114 points in 54 games. At age 15, Spezza began his major junior career in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) with the Brampton Battalion in 1998–99, under a rule permitting the then-underage player to play on his hometown team. He scored at more than a point-per-game pace as an underaged player with 71 points in 67 games. He subsequently became the youngest player ever to participate in an OHL All-Star game at age 15. After one season with the Battalion, he was required to enter the OHL Priority Draft and was selected by the Mississauga IceDogs in the team's second season in 1999–2000. He recorded 61 points in 52 games that season before requesting a trade and subsequently being dealt 15 games into the 2000–01 season to the Windsor Spitfires. Spezza went on to record an OHL career-high 116 points in 66 games that season.

Entering the 2001 NHL Entry Draft having been named the Top CHL Prospect, Spezza was drafted second overall by the Ottawa Senators, after Ilya Kovalchuk was selected by the Atlanta Thrashers. The second overall pick originally belonged to the New York Islanders but was traded to Ottawa (along with Zdeno Chára and Bill Muckalt) in exchange for Alexei Yashin on the day of the Draft. During the summer of 2001, Spezza passed on an invitation to the Canadian junior team's summer camp because he said he wanted to prepare for his first NHL camp.

After one more OHL season split between the Spitfires and the Belleville Bulls, resulting in a 105-point season, Spezza began his professional career in the American Hockey League (AHL). He signed his first professional contract with the Senators, a multi-year deal, on September 5, 2001.

Ottawa Senators (2002–2014)
Following Spezza's fourth OHL season in 2001–02, he was assigned to the Senators' AHL affiliate the Grand Rapids Griffins for the 2002 Calder Cup playoffs, where he made his professional debut, playing in three playoff games and scoring one goal. He made his NHL debut the next season in 2002–03 with Ottawa, playing in 33 games and recording 21 points, and scored his first NHL goal on October 29, 2002, in a 2–1 loss against the Philadelphia Flyers. However, he played the majority of the season in the AHL with Ottawa's new affiliate, the Binghamton Senators, and was called-up regularly to replace injured Ottawa players. He also competed in three Stanley Cup playoff games with Ottawa during his rookie season, helping the team in its 2003 playoff run to the Eastern Conference Finals. In his playoff debut on May 21, 2003, Spezza assisted on the game-winning goal in Game 3. The Senators came within one game of the Stanley Cup Finals, losing to the eventual Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils.

Spezza played his first full NHL season with the Senators in 2003–04 and scored 22 goals and 55 points in 78 games. However, due to the subsequent NHL lockout, Spezza returned to the AHL in 2004–05. Scoring 117 points with Binghamton, he outscored Michael Cammalleri of the Manchester Monarchs by eight points to capture the John B. Sollenberger Trophy as the league's leading scorer. Spezza was also awarded the Les Cunningham Award as league MVP.

With NHL play set to resume in 2005–06, Spezza returned to Ottawa. Having traded centres Radek Bonk and Todd White during the off-season, the Senators started Spezza on the first line between Dany Heatley and rookie Brandon Bochenski, who was Spezza's linemate in Binghamton. Captain Daniel Alfredsson quickly replaced Bochenski on the top line (Bochenski was soon thereafter traded) and the new trio become nicknamed the "CASH" line and "Pizza" line. Wingers Alfredsson and Heatley both finished tied for fourth in league scoring with 103 points, while Spezza tallied 90 points despite an injury-shortened 68-game season. His 71 assists established a team single-season record and was second in the league behind Joe Thornton of the San Jose Sharks (96 assists). In the 2006 playoffs, the Senators defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in the first round, but fell to the Buffalo Sabres in five games. Spezza added 14 points in 10 playoff games.

During the summer of 2006, Spezza underwent successful back surgery. The following season, he continued on the same pace with Heatley and Alfredsson before suffering another injury. He managed a career-high 34 goals and finished with 87 points in 67 games. On May 19, 2007, he scored a goal and an assist as the Senators defeated the Buffalo Sabres in the Eastern Conference Final four games to one. Ottawa moved to the Stanley Cup Finals against the Anaheim Ducks, but lost in five games in large part because the Spezza–Heatley–Alfredsson line failed to perform against Samuel Påhlsson's checking line, backed by star defencemen Scott Niedermayer and Chris Pronger. Spezza finished the 2007 playoffs with a franchise-record 22 points, tied with linemates Alfredsson and Heatley. Beginning the 2007–08 season in the final year of his contract, on November 2, 2007, Spezza signed a new seven-year, $49 million contract with the Senators effective from the 2008–09 season through to the 2014–15 season. Late that season, on February 9, 2008, Spezza scored his first NHL hat-trick during a 6–1 Senators victory over the Montreal Canadiens. Spezza contributed to all of his team's goals for a career-high six-point game. He finished the season tying his career-high in goals with 34 and establishing a new personal mark for points with 92. However, the Senators failed to advance past the first round following their Stanley Cup run the previous season, falling to the Pittsburgh Penguins in four games.

The 2008–09 season was a disappointing one for both Spezza and the Senators. Though he managed to remain injury-free and played in all of his team's 82 games for the first time in his NHL career, his point production decreased. Spezza managed 73 points in 82 games, and while still respectable, the numbers were his lowest totals since his first full NHL season in 2003–04. The team struggled all season long and would miss the playoffs for the first time since 1995–96.

Despite missing 22 games due to injury in the 2009–10 season, Spezza still managed to score 23 goals and pick-up 34 assists for 57 points in 60 games to finish second on the team in scoring. In the first round of the 2010 playoffs, the Senators lost to the Pittsburgh Penguins four games to two. Spezza finished with one goal and six assists for seven points in the six games. He also led the team in shots on goal with 24. However, Spezza's poor defensive play and costly turnovers in that series resulted in him being booed by fans at Scotiabank Place, and the following off-season was rife with speculation that he would be traded. Spezza himself admitted that he would not object to a trade from Ottawa. Ultimately, no trade occurred.

On December 26, 2010, in a 3–1 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins, Spezza was checked from behind into the boards by Penguins defenceman Kris Letang. Letang received a two-minute penalty for boarding and Spezza was expected to miss four-to-six weeks due to a consequent shoulder injury.

At the end of the 2010–11 season, Spezza was named an interim alternate captain for Ottawa after the team traded away Mike Fisher. In 2011–12, Spezza was named as a permanent alternate captain for the Senators. He remained injury-free and finished fourth in league scoring, earning consideration for the Hart Memorial Trophy. Spezza was ultimately not a finalist for the award, finishing sixth in voting. Spezza spent time with Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the Swiss National League A during the 2012–13 NHL lockout and returned to the Senators once a resolution had been negotiated. He registered two goals and three assists in five games before a back injury sidelined him. The Senators announced on January 31, 2013, that Spezza would be out of the Ottawa line-up for a minimum of two months (and possibly longer) as he required surgery for a herniated disc in his back. The injury occurred in a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins on January 27. Spezza ultimately missed the remainder of the regular season and the first round of the 2013 playoffs. He returned to action on May 19, 2013, for the third game of Ottawa's Eastern Conference Semi-final series against Pittsburgh.

On September 14, 2013, Spezza was named the eighth captain in Senators' franchise history, replacing long-time teammate Daniel Alfredsson, who joined the Detroit Red Wings as a free agent on July 5, 2013.

After the conclusion of his first season as the Senators captain in 2013–14, it was revealed by Senators general manager Bryan Murray that Spezza had requested a trade from the Senators. At the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, a potential trade to the Nashville Predators was negotiated by Murray but rejected by Spezza as the Predators were one of the teams listed in his limited contractual no-trade clause.

Dallas Stars (2014–2019)
On July 1, 2014, Spezza was traded to the Dallas Stars (along with Ludwig Karlsson) in exchange for Alex Chiasson, Alex Guptill, Nick Paul and a second-round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft. On November 21, Spezza signed a four-year contract with Dallas (effective from the 2015–16 season through to the 2018–19 season) worth an annual average value of $7.5 million. He recorded 17 goals, 45 assists and 62 points in all 82 games in his first season with the Stars, as they missed the 2015 playoffs.

His offensive production improved the following season, scoring 33 goals, 30 assist and 63 points in 75 games as the Stars qualified for the 2016 playoffs as the top seed in the Western Conference. Spezza and the Stars would defeat the Minnesota Wild in six games in round 1 and then lose to the St.Louis Blues in seven games.

Spezza recorded 15 goals, 35 assists and 50 points in 68 games during the 2016-17 NHL season as the Stats as a team would struggle with injuries to players across the roster and miss the playoffs by 15 points.

In 2017-18, Speeza played 78 games with 8 goals and 18 assists and the Stars improved drastically as a team, missing the playoffs by just 3 points.

On October 30, 2018, in a 4–1 win over the Montreal Canadiens, Spezza played in his 1,000th career NHL game. He finished the 2018-19 NHL season with 8 goals, 18 assists and 27 points in 76 games and the Stars got back into a playoff spot for the first time in 3 years. In the 2019 playoffs he played 11 games with 3 goals and 2 assists with Spezza upsetting the Nashville Predators in the first round in six games before getting defeated by the St. Louis Blues in the second round in seven games like 2016.

Toronto Maple Leafs (2019–2022)
On July 1, 2019, as a free agent, Spezza signed a one-year, $700,000 contract for the 2019–20 season with the Toronto Maple Leafs, the team he supported as a child. On signing, Spezza said, "Just to have a chance to put on a Leaf jersey is going to be pretty special for me." However, Spezza was scratched for Toronto's opening night game against his former team, the Ottawa Senators, in a highly criticized move by Toronto's head coach Mike Babcock. Spezza made his debut with the Maple Leafs in the following game on October 5, against the Columbus Blue Jackets.

On October 5, 2020, Spezza signed a one-year, $700,000 extension with the Maple Leafs.

On January 17, 2021, the Maple Leafs placed Spezza on waivers after 3 games for salary cap reasons. Spezza's agent indicated that Spezza would retire if claimed by another team. Ultimately, he went unclaimed and cleared waivers to remain with the Maple Leafs. Two and a half weeks later, Spezza would go on to record his eighth and final career hat trick in a 7–3 victory over the Vancouver Canucks on February 4.

On June 16, 2021, Spezza re-signed with the Maple Leafs to a one-year contract extension worth league minimum again, $750,000. Spezza's deal was seen as another hometown discount for the salary cap strapped club, stating "if I could take less, I would" to help the team win. Spezza continued his strong play in a depth role before being suspended six games on December 8 for a hit to the head of Winnipeg Jets defender Neal Pionk that occurred three days prior after Pionk injured teammate Rasmus Sandin with a knee-on-knee hit. Spezza, who had a reputation as a clean player that had never been suspended or fined once in his 19 seasons in the NHL appealed the decision, with NHL commissioner Gary Bettman reducing the suspension to four games on December 17. Following the Leafs' elimination in the first round of the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs by the Tampa Bay Lightning, Spezza announced his retirement after 19 seasons in the NHL. Spezza retired with 995 career NHL points, the most of any player who never hit 1,000. The Maple Leafs offered him a new position as special assistant to general manager Kyle Dubas, which Spezza accepted, saying he was "very grateful to the Leafs for the amazing opportunity to transition into this new role. It enables me to continue to follow my passion; learn and live new experiences within the game I love." Spezza's loyalty to his hometown Maple Leafs factored into his decision, stating that he believed that it was best for the on-ice product for him to retire and open opportunity for young offensive players.

International play
As a junior, Spezza represented Canada's national junior team three consecutive years. He made his debut at the 2000 World Junior Championships, becoming just the third 16-year-old to make the team in Team Canada history, after Wayne Gretzky and Eric Lindros (this feat was also accomplished the same year by defenceman Jay Bouwmeester and Sidney Crosby in 2004). Spezza contributed 2 assists in 7 games as Canada captured a bronze medal. He returned in 2001 for a second consecutive bronze medal, while improving to three goals and three assists. Spezza made it to the gold medal game with Canada in his third and final World Junior appearance in 2002, but lost to Russia to earn the silver.

As a member of the Senators, Spezza was made a reserve for Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, but did not play. He would make his men's debut for Canada at the 2008 World Championships, being named to the team along with Senators linemate Dany Heatley. He earned a silver medal, losing to Russia in the gold-medal game. With the Senators failing to make the NHL playoffs the following year, Spezza again represented Canada at the 2009 World Championships. He won another silver medal, losing to Russia in the gold medal game for the second consecutive year. Spezza, along with Finland's Niko Kapanen and fellow Canadian Steven Stamkos, finished the tournament tied for first in goals scored with seven.

Despite his success with the national team in the two previous World Championships, as well as being named a reserve for the 2006 Olympic team, Spezza was left off Canada's initial summer camp roster in preparation for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. However, after veteran Joe Sakic announced his retirement and Ryan Getzlaf declared that he required more time to recover from injury, Spezza was invited to fill in one of the vacant spots.

As the 2012–13 NHL lockout continued, Spezza was named to Canada's roster for the 2012 Spengler Cup held in Davos, Switzerland. Spezza joined fellow NHL stars John Tavares, Tyler Seguin, Patrice Bergeron, Ryan Smyth, and Matt Duchene in the Canadian line-up, helping Canada defeat host team HC Davos to capture its first Spengler Cup title since 2007.

At the 2015 World Championships, where Canada won the gold medal for the first time since 2007 with a perfect 10–0 record, Spezza was named best forward and a member of the all-star team; he was the tournament's leading scorer.

Executive career
For the 2022–23 Toronto Maple Leafs season, Spezza was hired as special assistant to the general manager, Kyle Dubas. Spezza resigned from his position with the Maple Leafs on May 19, 2023, following Leafs president Brendan Shanahan's decision to remove Dubas as general manager.

Shortly afterward, Dubas was hired by the Pittsburgh Penguins as president of hockey operations. On June 14, 2023, Spezza joined that organization as an assistant general manager.

Community programs
Spezza participates in numerous activities outside of hockey, especially the "Spelling with Spezza" program. Winners received a poster of Spezza and a pair of tickets to an Ottawa Senators' home game. The program recognizes the importance of spelling. Spezza visited selected classes registered for the program. In his last season with the Senators, over 600 classes in the Ottawa-Gatineau area participated in Spelling with Spezza. He also contributes to Ronald McDonald House Charities.

Personal life
Spezza wed his girlfriend, Jennifer Snell, in Ottawa on July 25, 2009. The ceremony took place at Notre Dame Cathedral Basilica and the reception was held across the street at the National Gallery of Canada. Many of his then-current and past teammates were in attendance, including Ray Emery, Antoine Vermette, Brendan Bell, Chris Phillips and Chris Neil, as well as Senators owner Eugene Melnyk.

The couple have four daughters. Spezza and his family resided in the west-end of Ottawa during his tenure with the Senators, but sold the home when he was traded to Dallas.

Spezza's younger brother Matthew was a goaltender who last played for the Flint Generals of the International Hockey League (IHL). He died of an accidental drug overdose in 2024 at the age of 37.

Endorsements
Spezza was on the cover of the NHL 2K8 video game for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox and the Xbox 360 video game consoles.

Regular season and playoffs
Bold indicates led league

title: Jason Spezza


text:
FHM

FHM (For Him Magazine) was a printed British multinational men's lifestyle magazine that was published in several countries. It contained features such as the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World.

The final printed issue of British FHM was produced in December 2015, after which the magazine moved to a digital-only platform, with updated daily content on topics such as dating tips, style advice, viral news, sports and entertainment.

History
The magazine began publication in 1985 in the UK under the name For Him Magazine and changed its title to FHM in May 1992, although the full For Him Magazine continued to be printed on the spine of each issue. The first woman to appear on the cover was Gina Bellman in February 1993. The trend towards female cover stars grew over the following year, with both Naomi Campbell and Andie MacDowell appearing.

Circulation expanded to newsagents as a quarterly by the spring of 1987 and then monthly in 1994. EMAP Consumer Media bought the magazine in 1994 and it subsequently went on to dominate the UK men's market and began to expand internationally, being published in 32 countries including India.

FHM High Street Honey competition (2002—) awards £10,000, a FHM TV presenting job and get the chance to appear on the FHM front cover.

On 17 November 2015, British FHM announced their intention to suspend publication alongside that of fellow men's magazine ZOO, leaving the publication available via its website at FHM.com.

The final print edition appeared in February 2016, with Holly Willoughby as its cover model.

In August 2016, under the guidance of BauerXcel Media, a property of Bauer Media Group, Nick Dimengo took over as the senior editor of FHM.com.

FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World
Each of FHM's international editions publish yearly rankings for the sexiest women alive based on public and editorial voting through the magazine's website. Dates of magazine issues, winners, ages of winners at the time of selection, and pertinent comments are listed below. The data below refer only to the British edition (the rankings for the international editions vary widely, with many top-ranking women in some editions not appearing at all in others).

FHM International
FHM was published in the following territories.

title: FHM


text:
Talk:Jook-sing

Reduce
To avoid the warning at the top of this article, I'd like to suggest we reduce this to a definition article and have a separate article entitled Culture of Westernized Chinese. Yes it's multicultural "trivia" but significant literature (c.f. Joy Luck Club or Double Happiness) are rooted in this culture and it's a very important topic for families caught up in this culture. Samw 02:56 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Who?
Could you put in who uses the term Jook-sing? I've never heard of it, so it must be common in communities that I don't have contact with.

Also, I'd prefer to put in the cultural aspects into the articles on American-born Chinese or Canadian-born Chinese. the problem with "Westernized Chinese" is that it contains a huge number of assumptions for the term to make sense.

User:Roadrunner

 * How about changing this to North American, because it's not only Canada. I'm surprised it was changed to that. - Fuzheado 02:22 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The problem is that I've never heard the term so I don't know where it is used. I know where it not used and that's in any of the social circles I'm familiar with.

 * Could this be a West Coast thing?

Roadrunner

 * FYI the term is widely used in Hong Kong. --218.191.131.92 13:26, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * When I immigrated to the USA almost 30 years ago, I'd never heard of it in Hong Kong. But it was widely used in the East Coast and San Francisco.  I'd say the usage in Hong Kong is an import from the USA.  Kowloonese 01:00, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

The term is also used in New York City amongst Chinese-speaking communities.

Disclaimer
Not sure what the point of the disclaimer is.....

Warning: "multicultural trivia" or "ethnic stereotypes", though fairly interesting sometimes, are by no means edifying subjects, and may distort serious understanding of reality and erode respect for individuals.

Metaphor
I don't get the metaphor. Water poured in one end of a bamboo container doesn't come out the other... fine... but what does that have to do with not being in either culture? --ESP 08:44, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I jut tried expanding the explanation in the article. I don't claim I understand it either.  Samw 12:52, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Wiktionary
There's been an attempt to move this to Wiktionary. Please continue discussion at Talk:Egg (person). Samw 03:17, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

I'm the one who transwiki'd this article to Wiktionary and replaced the current version with a soft-redirect. Instantnood reverted that edit with the comment ''Reverted. More than dictionary definitions.''

I don't think we can consolidate these discussions. Each article will stand or fall on the basis of the specific facts and content of the article. Some articles are expandable past mere dic-def status. Others are not.

I've read and now re-read the article. The contents of this article are a detailed discussion of the meanings, origins and usage of a word. It includes synonyms and related words. Those are components of a dictionary definition. It is not the content that I would expect to see in a truly great, unabridged encyclopedia. It is, however, the content that I would expect to see in a truly great, unabridged dictionary. I believe that the content belongs in Wiktionary, not in Wikipedia because Wikipedia is not a dictionary has been established policy since long before I joined the project.

I see no possibility that this article can be expanded past a dictionary definition and into an encyclopedia article. I would be happy to be proven wrong, though. If you can show me what in this article is more than a discussion of the meanings, origins and/or usage of the word or if you can expand the article past that state, I will withdraw my objections. Rossami (talk) 00:33, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

FOB
I don't think FOB is perjorative any more. When you see a CBC use the term "fobby" non-perjoratively, it is very difficult to justify calling "FOB" "perjorative". —Wing 00:57, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Be bold! Feel free to elaborate the article. Samw 03:16, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Usage in HK
The article content here does not seem to agree with the usage I see in HK. Jook-sing is not terribly perjorative and there are several other points of disagreement with the facts in this article. Thoughts anyone? novacatz 11:02, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Pejorative isn't "terrible" but it's definitely not intended to be positive/praise. See the first reference.  (It's available under Google Print, per the first footnote).  However, I'm surprised this term would be used in HK; presumably everyone in HK is fluent in Cantonese?  :-)  And yes, by all means start re-writing some of the generic stereotypes in the rest of the article.  Samw 00:43, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Why is the usage in Hong Kong significant to this American term? The word originated from Chinatowns outside of China.  How this term evolved after being imported back to China is really irrelavant to the original meaning.  Kowloonese 01:51, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Jook-sing represent different status in different place. In the original meaning coming from Chinatown, Jook-sing means someone who cannot fit in which by definition is perjorative. When a Jook-sing goes to Hong Kong (which has been a Chinese community welcoming Western things), he/she receives a special status.  A jook-sing represents someone who could speak better English, has experienced more than just the 400 square miles territory known as Hong Kong.  To some people of Hong Kong, Jook-sing is someone special and admirable.  Of course, by definition, jook-sing in Hong Kong is not pejorative. Should this wikipedia written in the English speaking people's perspective?  Or in the Hong Kong people's perspective?  Kowloonese 02:01, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to disagree that the term is used in HK as some form of praise and that a Jook-sing is considered "special and admirable". Firstly, the term isn't in very common usage to begin with.  Jook-sings or Westernised Chinese in HK is much more commonly referred to as simply Gwailo or Gwaijai, meaning, locals in HK refer to Westernised Chinese as simply westerners.  Some do it because they feel it is a matter of fact, others to make fun of Westernised Chinese.  Hong Qi Gong 19:17, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as I know it's equally common in Hong Kong to call such people jook sing jai. — Instantnood 19:56, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Associated term
Isn't there a slightly different term for Western-born Chinese who are also ignorant of their ancestral culture? I'm sure I've heard it. 24.92.241.215 21:46, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * What? As far as I know, jook sing are western-born.  What is jook kiew?  Is that 竹僑?  I've never heard of this term.

 * Also, as far as I know, immigrants are the ones that are considered "first generation". Immigrant children are called "second generation".  Hong Qi Gong 22:07, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've only heard the term, never seen it written. First generation refers to any and all immigrants, be they adult or children. An entire family of grandparents, parents and children immigrating at the same time would all be first generation Chinese-Americans, not first, second and third generation. You're second generation only if you were American-born to immigrant parents. Which is why the two aren't lumped together into one term even when both are equally ignorant of Chinese culture. Jook sing refers to the first, and it's the more pejorative of the terms, because it applies to someone who had at least some first-hand exposure to China but rejected it in favor of Western culture. The native-born Chinese-Americans carry less of a stigma since they weren't born in the old country and thus aren't really expected to know as much about it. 24.92.241.215 23:00, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Please see the new External links which I've added. They clearly uses "jook sing" or "juk sing" to refer to American-born Chinese.  Unless sources can be found to say otherwise, please do not change the reference of "jook sing" to American-born Chinese.  Hong Qi Gong 10:07, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Suit yourself. Although I don't believe Wikipedia considers a student-generated webpage to be a reliable citation. I'll just keep going with actual usage. In point of fact, it appears both usages were included in Menchi's version of this article in 2003, but deleted by user Fuzheado. I also noticed you did a wholesale reversion of the article, complete with bad grammar and imprecise wording. Whatever. I'm done here. 24.92.241.215
 * I tried to find references to "jook sing" as immigrants and not American-born Chinese, but I couldn't find any. I found plenty of references to "jook sing" as American-born Chinese though.  Can you find us references to show the contrary?  Preferably references online that we can access?  I also could not find any references to this so called "jook kiew".  --Hong Qi Gong 21:10, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you can be born abroad and still be Jook Sing if you came as a very young child and you identify yourself with western culture. I really doubt that you can take the Jook Sing card away from someone like former Canadian Governor-General, Adrienne Clarkson.  Writerchick (talk) 19:12, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Stereotyped values and cultures doesn't sound NPOV
The entire "Stereotyped values and cultures" section doesn't sound NPOV at all. Can we cite some sources for what's in that section to back up those claims? Hong Qi Gong 10:24, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Edits by User:User2001
This user is persistently and repeatedly making major changes (mostly deletions) to the article, without Edit summary or Talk page discussion, despite repeated requests to do so in Edit summaries and on the users Talk page.

We seem to be facing an insoluble communication problem which indicates possible competency problems.

It's equivalent to vandalism. I intend to simply revert the most recent and any future such edits, without any further attempt to explain. HiLo48 (talk) 02:52, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jook-sing


text:
Tsarist Russia

Tsarist Russia may refer to:
 * Grand Duchy of Moscow (1480–1547)
 * Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
 * Russian Empire (1721–1917)

title: Tsarist Russia


text:
User:Suisui

Suisui is a Japanese Wikipedian living in Tokyo, Japan. Mainly acticve on meta and Japanese wikipedia.

Project Articles
Manual of Style Votes for deletion Deletion policy WikiProject User scripts/Scripts

Other Projects

 * User META WMF q b t src com spc

nl:Gebruiker:Suisui ja:利用者:Suisui

title: User:Suisui


text:
Rafet El Roman

Rafet Yaşdut (born 25 August 1968), better known by his stage name Rafet El Roman, is a Turkish pop singer. He holds German citizenship.

Biography
When El Roman's parents moved to Germany in 1970, he lived with his grandmother until he was 7 years old at Uzunköprü. After he finished first grade at primary school in the village, he was sent to his parents to Germany. He completed his education in Germany. He speaks German, English, Italian and Turkish. He started writing his first lyrics at 16 years old.

In 1984 he contacted Stefan Somogyfoki from Midnight Entertainment and in 1987 he played the leading role in the fantasy movie Defender. At this time he learned a lot about film making and acting. Also, he started to co-direct his own fighting scenes in movies. Everyone could see his talent for acting and the art of making movies. At this time he started to write his first songs "Benimlen" and "Seni Seviyorum".

He gave his first stage performances in 1988. In 1992, he was voted "Best of the Year" by Saarlaendischer Rundfunk Radio. In 1994, he was awarded with Media Artist Award in Frankfurt Cultural Festival. In August 1995, he returned to Turkey and released his first solo album. The album Gençliğin Gözyaşı (The Tears of the Youth) sold over one million having hits like "Sorma Neden", "Seni Seviyorum" and "Amerika". In October 1997, he released his second album En Güzel Günler Senin Olsun (Have The Most Beautiful Days). In 1998, he released his first solo album in Europe. In 1998, he played in the film Propaganda with major stars of the Turkish cinema history such as Kemal Sunal and Metin Akpınar.

In May 1999, he had a huge success with his third album Hayat Hüzünlü (Sorrowful Life). In 2000, Rafet El Roman vocalized the song Bir Gol Daha (One More Goal) with Mehmet Ali Erbil for the Turkey national football team's Euro 2000 campaign. In 2000, he was the principal actor in the cinema film Offside (Dar Alanda Kısa Paslaşmalar) with co-star Müjde Ar. In 2001, with his own lyrics and song, he sang a duet with Aşkın Nur Yengi titled "Peşindeyim" (I Am in the Pursue of You).

He released the fourth album Hanimeli (Lonicera) in January 2001 and his fifth album ''5 Nr. Aşk (Love Nr. 5'') in April 2002. He released his 6th album, Sürgün (Exile), in the summer of 2004 and this album sold the best. The album had been one of the favorite albums of 2004 with many hit songs. In summer 2005, he released the seventh album Kalbimin Sultanı (The Sultan of My Heart) in honour of his 10th Year. The album became the top seller after initial release. He received the MÜ-YAP "Golden Butterfly", POPSAV "The Most Successful Pop Singer of the Year" awards. In summer 2006, he released the album Gönül Yarası (Heart Pain).

Rafet El Roman aims to introduce new names to the music market with his music production company "RER" established in 2000. Also, it is among the greatest desires of Rafet El Roman to be a scenarist and director of his own film.

Personal life
He has two daughters with former wife, beauty contest winner Tuğba Altıntop. The couple divorced in 2003. They received wide interest in the media with the custody battle over their daughters. He also has a son with his former partner Yeşim Eryıldız. In 2014, he married his second wife Ceren Kaplakarslan in Germany. The two got divorced in August 2017.

Singles

 * 2000 - Peşindeyim (feat. Aşkın Nur Yengi)
 * 2012 - Senden Sonra
 * 2014 - Adımla Seslendi
 * 2015 - Şipşak
 * 2016 - Suç Bende mi
 * 2016 - Teşekkürler Türkiyem
 * 2017 - Sen Olmazsan (feat. Hülya Avşar)
 * 2018 - Özledim
 * 2018 - Unuturum Elbet (feat. Derya)
 * 2019 - Bağışla Beni (feat. Faridam)
 * 2019 - Bahçede Yeşil Çınar (feat. Ayşe Nur Keskin)
 * 2019 - Anlamazdın (Fikret Şeneş Şarkıları) (2019)
 * 2019 - Seveni Suçlama
 * 2020 - Paramparça (feat. Burak King)
 * 2020 - Öldüğün Gün İnanırsın (Kitaplara İnanmayan)
 * 2021 - İki Dakika (feat. Nur Usta)
 * 2021 - Bağışla Beni
 * 2021 - Şubat (feat. Ayten)
 * 2022 - Milyon Yara

Filmography

 * 1999 – Propaganda (Adem) (1999)
 * 2000 – Dar Alanda Kısa Paslaşmalar (Serkan) (2000)
 * 2002 – Asayiş Berkemal (Berkemal) (2002)
 * 2007 – Senin Uğruna (Kemal) (2007)

title: Rafet El Roman


text:
The Baltimore Sun

The Baltimore Sun is the largest general-circulation daily newspaper based in the U.S. state of Maryland and provides coverage of local, regional, national, and international news.

Founded in 1837, the newspaper was owned by Tribune Publishing until May 2021, when it was acquired by Alden Global Capital, which operates its media properties through Digital First Media. David D. Smith, the executive chairman of Sinclair Broadcast Group, closed a deal to buy the paper on January 15, 2024.

19th century
The Sun was founded on May 17, 1837, by Arunah Shepherdson Abell and two associates, William Moseley Swain from Rhode Island, and Azariah H. Simmons from Philadelphia, where they had started and published the Public Ledger the year before.

Abell became a journalist with the Providence Patriot and later worked with newspapers in New York City and Boston.

20th century
The Abell family and descendants owned The Sun until 1910, when the local Black and Garrett families invested in the paper at the suggestion of former rival owner/publisher of The News, Charles H. Grasty, and they, along with Grasty gained a controlling interest; they retained the name A. S. Abell Company for the parent publishing company. That same year The Evening Sun was established under reporter, editor and columnist H.L. Mencken (1880–1956).

From 1947 to 1986, The Sun was the owner and founder of Maryland's first television station, WMAR-TV (channel 2), which was a longtime affiliate of CBS until 1981, when it switched to NBC. The station was sold off in 1986, and is now owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, and has been an ABC affiliate since 1995. A. S. Abell also owned several radio stations, but not in Baltimore itself (holding construction permits for WMAR sister AM/FM stations, but never bringing them to air).

The newspaper opened its first foreign bureau in London in 1924. Between 1955 and 1961, it added four new foreign offices.

As Cold War tensions grew, it set up shop in Bonn, West Germany, in February 1955; the bureau was later moved to Berlin. Eleven months later, The Sun was one of the first U.S. newspapers to open a bureau in Moscow. A Rome office followed in July 1957, and a New Delhi bureau was opened four years later, in 1961. At its height, The Sun ran eight foreign bureaus, giving rise to its boast in a 1983 advertisement that "The Sun never sets on the world."

The paper was sold by Reg Murphy in 1986 to the Times-Mirror Company of the Los Angeles Times.

The same week, a 115-year-old rivalry ended when the oldest newspaper in the city, the News American, a Hearst paper since the 1920s with roots dating back to 1773, folded. A decade later in 1997, The Sun acquired the Patuxent Publishing Company, a local suburban newspaper publisher that had a stable of 15 weekly papers and a few magazines in several communities and counties.

In the 1990s and 2000s, The Sun began cutting back its foreign coverage. In 1995 and 1996, the paper closed its Tokyo, Mexico City and Berlin bureaus. Two more—Beijing and London—fell victim to cost-cutting in 2005. The final three foreign bureaus—Moscow, Jerusalem, and Johannesburg, South Africa—fell a couple of years later. All were closed by 2008, as the Tribune Co. streamlined and downsized the newspaper chain's foreign reporting. Some material from The Sun's foreign correspondents is archived at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.

21st century
In the 21st century, The Sun, like most legacy newspapers in the United States, has suffered a number of setbacks in the competition with Internet and other sources, including a decline in readership and ads, a shrinking newsroom staff, and competition from 2005-2007 with the free daily The Baltimore Examiner, along with a similar Washington, D.C.-based publication of a small chain recently started by new owners that took over the San Francisco Examiner. In 2000, the Times-Mirror company was purchased by the Tribune Company of Chicago. In 2014, it transferred its newspapers, including The Sun, to Tribune Publishing.

The Sun introduced a new layout design in September 2005, and again in August 2008. By 2010 daily circulation had fallen to 195,561 and 343,552 for the Sunday edition. On April 29, 2009, the Tribune Company announced the lay off of 61 of the 205 staff members in the Sun newsroom. On September 23, 2011, it was reported that the Baltimore Sun would be moving its web edition behind a paywall starting October 10, 2011.

The Baltimore Sun is the flagship of the Baltimore Sun Media Group, which also produces the b free daily newspaper and more than 30 other Baltimore metropolitan-area community newspapers, magazines and Web sites. BSMG content reaches more than one million Baltimore-area readers each week and is the region's most widely read source of news.

On February 20, 2014, The Baltimore Sun Media Group announced that they would buy the alternative weekly City Paper. In April, the Sun acquired the Maryland publications of Landmark Media Enterprises.

In February 2021, as part of the planned merger between Tribune Publishing and Alden Global Capital, Tribune announced that Alden had reached a non-binding agreement to sell The Sun to the Sunlight For All Institute, a nonprofit backed by businessman and philanthropist Stewart W. Bainum Jr. The deal was contingent on approval by Tribune shareholders of the merger deal. It fell apart in talks over operating agreements with Tribune for functions including human resources and customer service. Bainum then led a failed bid to acquire all of Tribune Publishing. Bainum subsequently founded The Baltimore Banner, pledging $50 million to the nonprofit outlet.

In February 2022, the editorial board of The Sun published a lengthy apology for its racism over its 185–year history, including specific offenses such as accepting classified ads for selling enslaved people and publishing editorials that promoted racial segregation and disenfranchisement of Black voters.

In January 2024, David D. Smith, executive chairman of Sinclair Broadcast Group, reached an agreement to acquire the paper, with conservative commentator Armstrong Williams holding an undisclosed stake. Though the transaction is independent of Sinclair, Smith said he foresees partnerships between the paper and Sinclair properties like its flagship station, Fox affiliate WBFF-TV (channel 45). Smith said he believed he could grow subscriptions and advertising through a greater focus on community news and integrating technology in ways other print media publishers are not going. In his first visit to the newsroom, he sparred with reporters and said the paper should emulate WBFF's news philosophy, including through non-scientific reader polls and aggressive coverage of Baltimore City Public Schools. He dismissed newsroom concerns about the future of public service journalism.

Since Smith's acquisition of The Sun, the paper has become more conservative, and has published more stories on Baltimore mayor Brandon Scott and his administration, as well as crime in Baltimore. Williams said the paper's editorial page would cease endorsing political candidates and start including more conservative viewpoints, but not at the expense of liberal ones. He said at the time that the newspaper may run his syndicated column "on its merits." The paper's opinion page now regularly publishes Wiliiams' columns and video commentaries. In June 2024, The Sun began republishing content from channel 45's website, provoking protests from staffers and the Baltimore Sun Guild, which released a statement expressing concern with the lack at the paper and criticizing language used in the station's articles and Williams' editorial articles, particularly toward immigrants and transgender people.

In June 2024, longtime managing editor Sam Davis announced he would retire at the end of the month. Opinion editor Tricia Bishop, who has worked for the newspaper since 1999, will succeed him. Smith will stay on for a few months as a consultant for The Sun's owners.

On June 10, 2024, the Baltimore Sun Guild raised concern with what it said were ethical breaches committed by management since the takeover, including the use of channel 45's content and Williams columns that did not meet Sun editorial standards. This included language used to describe immigrants and transgender people. The guild demanded the Sun stop republishing WBFF-TV content and asked management to meet with staff to discuss their concerns. Williams said in a statement he respected the guild's opinion but hoped the union "reciprocally appreciates legitimate managerial prerogatives in the journalistic enterprise." In a subsequent Sun column, Williams wrote the guild and the Associated Press had no inherent authority to prescribe the way in which language is used.

Editions
From 1910 to 1995 there were two distinct newspapers, The Sun, which was published in the morning, and The Evening Sun, which was published in the afternoon. Each newspaper maintained separate reporting and editorial staff.

The Evening Sun was first published in 1910 under the leadership of Charles H. Grasty, former owner of the Evening News, and a firm believer in the evening circulation. For most of its existence, The Evening Sun led its morning sibling in circulation. In 1959, the afternoon edition's circulation was 220,174, compared to 196,675 for the morning edition. However, by the 1980s, cultural, technological and economic shifts in America were eating away at afternoon newspapers' market share, with readers flocking to either morning papers or switching to nightly television news broadcasts. In 1992, the afternoon paper's circulation was 133,800. By mid-1995, The Evening Sun's readership—86,360—had been eclipsed by The Sun—264,583. The Evening Sun ceased publication on September 15, 1995.

Daily
After a period of roughly a year during which the paper's owners sometimes printed a two-section product, The Baltimore Sun now has three sections every weekday: News, Sports and alternating various business and features sections. On some days, comics and such features as the horoscope and TV listings are printed in the back of the Sports section.

After dropping the standalone business section in 2009, The Sun brought back a business section on Tuesdays and Sundays in 2010, with business pages occupying part of the news section on other days. Features sections debuting in 2010 included a Saturday "Home" section, a Thursday "Style" section and a Monday section called "Sunrise." The sports article written by Peter Schmuck is published only on weekdays.

Sunday
The Sunday Sun for many years was noted for a locally produced rotogravure Maryland pictorial magazine section, featuring works by such acclaimed photographers as A. Aubrey Bodine. The Sunday Sun dropped the Sunday Sun Magazine in 1996 and now only carries Parade magazine weekly. A quarterly version of the Sun Magazine was resurrected in September 2010, with stories that included a comparison of young local doctors, an interview with actress Julie Bowen and a feature on the homes of a former Baltimore anchorwoman. Newsroom managers plan to add online content on a more frequent basis.

baltimoresun.com
The company introduced its website in September 1996. A redesign of the site was unveiled in June 2009, capping a six-month period of record online traffic. Each month from January through June, an average of 3.5 million unique visitors combined to view 36.6 million Web pages. Sun reporters and editors produce more than three dozen blogs on such subjects as technology, weather, education, politics, Baltimore crime, real estate, gardening, pets and parenting. Among the most popular are Dining@Large, which covers local restaurants; The Schmuck Stops Here, a Baltimore-centric sports blog written by Peter Schmuck; Z on TV, by media critic David Zurawik; and Midnight Sun, a nightlife blog. A Baltimore Sun iPhone app was released September 14, 2010.

b
In 2008, the Baltimore Sun Media Group launched the daily paper b to target younger and more casual readers, ages 18 to 35. It was in tabloid format, with large graphics, creative design, and humor in focusing on entertainment, news, and sports. Its companion website was bthesite.com. The paper transitioned from daily to weekly publication in 2011.

b ceased publication entirely in August 2015, more than a year after the Baltimore Sun Media Group acquired City Paper.

Contributors
The Baltimore Sun has won 16 Pulitzer Prizes. It also has been home to many notable journalists, reporters and essayists, including H.L. Mencken, who had a forty-plus-year association with the paper.

Other notable journalists, editors, photographers and cartoonists on the staff of The Baltimore Sun include:

 * Rafael Alvarez
 * Linda Carter Brinson
 * Richard Ben Cramer
 * Russell Baker
 * A. Aubrey Bodine
 * John Carroll
 * Turner Catledge
 * Edmund Duffy
 * Thomas Edsall
 * John Filo
 * Jon Franklin
 * Jack Germond
 * James Grant
 * Mauritz A. Hallgren
 * David Hobby
 * Brit Hume
 * Gwen Ifill
 * Gerald W. Johnson
 * Kevin P. Kallaugher
 * Murray Kempton
 * Frank Kent
 * Tim Kurkjian
 * Laura Lippman
 * William Manchester
 * Jim McKay
 * Kay Mills
 * Robert Mottar
 * J. Reginald Murphy
 * Thomas O'Neill
 * Drew Pearson
 * Ken Rosenthal
 * Louis Rukeyser
 * Dan Shaughnessy
 * David Simon
 * Michael Sragow
 * John Steadman
 * Jules Witcover
 * William F. Zorzi

Facilities
The first issue of The Sun, a four-page tabloid, was printed at 21 Light Street in downtown Baltimore in the mid-1830s.

In 1851, the newspaper moved to a five-story structure at the corner of Baltimore and South streets. In 1904, in the Great Baltimore Fire, the structure, known as the "Iron Building", was destroyed.

In 1885, The Sun constructed a building for its Washington, D.C. bureau at 1317 F Street, NW, in Washington, D.C. The building is on the National Register.

In 1906, operations were moved to Charles and Baltimore streets, where The Sun was written, published, and distributed for nearly 50 years. In 1950, operations were moved to a larger, modern plant at Calvert and Centre streets. In 1979, ground was broken for a new addition to the Calvert Street plant to house modern pressroom facilities. This facility commenced operations in 1981.

In April 1988, at a cost of $180 million, the company purchased 60 acre of land at Port Covington and built "Sun Park". The new building houses a satellite printing and packaging facility, and also is the newspaper's headquarters for its distribution operations. The Sun's printing facility at Sun Park has highly sophisticated computerized presses and automated insertion equipment in the packaging area. To keep pace with the speed of the presses and automated guided vehicles, intelligent electronic forklifts deliver the newsprint to the presses.

On January 30, 2022, The Baltimore Sun newspaper was printed for the last time at its Sun Park facility. It was reported that The Sun's printing operations would be moved to a printing facility in Wilmington, Delaware.

In December 2022, the Sun announced an agreement to move its offices to 200 St. Paul Place in downtown Baltimore, abandoning Sun Park altogether.

Controversies

 * The paper became embroiled in a controversy involving the former governor of Maryland, Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. (R). Ehrlich had issued an executive order on November 18, 2004, banning state executive branch employees from talking to Sun columnist Michael Olesker and reporter David Nitkin, claiming that their coverage had been unfair to the administration. This led The Sun to file a First Amendment lawsuit against the Ehrlich administration. The case was dismissed by a U.S. District Court judge, and The Sun appealed to the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld the dismissal.
 * Olesker was later forced to resign on January 4, 2006, in a separate incident in which he was accused of plagiarism. The Baltimore City Paper reported that several of his columns contained sentences or paragraphs that were extremely similar (although not identical) to material previously published in The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Sun. Several of his colleagues were highly critical of the forced resignation, taking the view that the use of previously published boilerplate material was common newsroom practice, and that Olesker's alleged plagiarism was in line with that practice.
 * Between 2006 and 2007, Thomas Andrews Drake, a former National Security Agency executive, allegedly leaked classified information to Siobhan Gorman, then a national security reporter for The Sun. Drake was charged in April 2010 with 10 felony counts in relation to the leaks. In June 2011, all 10 original charges were dropped, in what was widely viewed as an acknowledgement that the government had no valid case against the whistleblower, who eventually pleaded to one misdemeanor count for exceeding authorized use of a computer. Drake was the 2011 recipient of the Ridenhour Prize for Truth-Telling.
 * In 2018, in response to the European cookie law, the parent company of The Sun did not enable permission-requesting software, and many European visitors (and those from some non-European countries) were forced to visit the site via proxies, potentially muddling the website's analytics.

Portrayal in The Wire
The Baltimore Sun was featured in the American crime drama television series The Wire in 2008 (season 5), which was created by former Sun reporter David Simon.

Like all of the institutions featured in The Wire, the Sun is portrayed as having many deeply dysfunctional qualities while also having very dedicated people on its staff. The season focuses on the role of the media in affecting political decisions in City Hall and the priorities of the Baltimore Police Department. Additionally, the show explores the business pressures of modern media through layoffs and buyouts occurring at the Sun, on the orders of the Tribune Company, the Sun's corporate owner.

One storyline involves a troubled Sun reporter named Scott Templeton, and his escalating tendency to sensationalize and falsify stories. The Wire portrays the managing editors of the Sun as turning a blind eye to the protests of a concerned line editor, in the managing editors' zeal to win a Pulitzer Prize. The show insinuates that the motivation for this institutional dysfunction is the business pressures of modern media, and working for a flagship newspaper in a major media market like The New York Times or The Washington Post is seen as the only way to avoid the cutbacks occurring at the Sun.

Season 5 was The Wire's last. The finale episode, "-30-", features a montage at the end portraying the ultimate fate of the major characters. It shows Templeton at Columbia University with the senior editors of the fictional Sun, accepting the Pulitzer Prize, with no mention being made as to the aftermath of Templeton's career. Alma Gutierrez is shown being exiled to the Carroll County bureau past the suburbs.

News partnership
In September 2008, The Baltimore Sun became the newspaper partner of station WJZ-TV, owned and operated by CBS; the partnership involves sharing content and story leads, and teaming up on stories. WJZ promotes Baltimore Sun stories in its news broadcasts. The Sun promotes WJZ's stories and weather team on its pages.

title: The Baltimore Sun