text:
Talk:Stalemate

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Will people who are changing the image markup please note that in order for the article to make sense, it is necessary to have the second diagram (the Gelfand-Kramnik one) to the right of the part that says "The position to the right..." (in the Gelfand-Kramnik paragraph). I realise that as things stand this means having a certain amount of white-space in the article at certain resolutions. Maybe by shuffling around or adding some text this can be overcome, but it's not worth making nonsense of the article for. --Camembert

I do not understand why the position in the lower left corner of the first diagram is a stalemate -- if Black is to move, the pawn can capture the queen. -- Zack

 * Black moves down the board. That's the convention used in all chess diagrams, unless otherwise stated. -- Arvindn

 * Oh. Of course.  I think the pawn being on rank 2 threw me off.  -- Zack

At the bottom of the article we have "There have been calls to make a stalemate a win for the stalemater." I don't think I remember hearing anything about this. Who has made such calls, and when? --Camembert

http://www.worldchessnetwork.com/English/chessNews/evans/040726.php
 * This Larry Evans article doesn't say who, but it does mention it (calling it crude):
 * "A crude proposal that keeps popping up is to award a loss to the player who is stalemated. " --Bubba73 05:56, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I think at sometime in the past, a stalemate was a LOSS for the stalemater! And at another it was 3/4 win for the stalemater, something like that.  Bubba73 (talk), 04:18, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

"silly" paragraph removed
The edit comment was: (you can't move the king on the first few moves, obviously, so do those people believe that all games are instant stalemates?)

I see this misconception all the time in scholastic players, even in tournaments. Even in a tournament 6 days ago. I know it is obvious, but it is still a common misconception. Bubba73 (talk), 21:38, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * What if we say that it is a fairly common misconception among novices? That is a true statement.  Bubba73 (talk), 21:50, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess I don't understand correctly what the paragraph said. The next time I play chess, whatever my opponent does on their first move (unless they move their king's pawn), before their second move I'm going to declare "Your king has no legal move, so it's stalemate". I'd bet that, no matter how novice they are, they'll understand I'm teasing them.
 * If the myth is actually different from what I understood, then it would have to be re-added, but reworded in order to make its meaning clearer. BTW, I've never heard of this in Italy. --Army1987 13:24, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It happens fairly at the scholastic level here (at young as 5 or 6 years old). (and they only seem to think so near the end of the game.) Last month a kid from my daughter's school aparantly fell for it and got talked into a draw. I had to give a lesson to it to her school's chess club two weeks ago.  At a tournament one week ago, a kid tried to claim a stalemate on my daughter that wasn't a stalemate.  Bubba73 (talk), 00:54, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I saw it was readded, in a better form. At the scholastic tournaments around here, for the 4th grade and under, if they think the posisiton is a checkmate or stalemate, they have to raise their hand for the director to confirm it.  There are quite a few instances of wrong claims.  Bubba73 (talk), 15:20, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Army1987, actually a move of the queen's pawn or king bishop's pawn also lifts the "stalemate." This section strikes me as silly, even if young beginners do sometimes have this misconception.  The definition of stalemate given in the article shows that this misconception is wrong. It also makes no sense, since as pointed out in the text the opening position would be a stalemate if it were true. But if others are OK with it I'm not going to take it upon myself to remove it. Besides, I like Bubba73. :-) Krakatoa 04:03, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I put that (more or less) in there originally, I think. Someone took it out as being silly, there was some discussion, and it was put back, with a few changes.  I wouldn't mind if it was left out.  But my 9-year-old daughter has been playing for nearly three years, and I've seen this misconception a few times in her age group.  One in her school got tricked into it in a tournament, so I gave a little lesson on it to her school club.  I even had someone try to pull it on me at the National High School Championship in 1970.  I don't know if they just didn't know the rule, or were hoping that I didn't or didn't notice that they had anothr piece that could move.  I don't object to it being taken out.  Bubba73 (talk), 04:20, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I've decided to take that paragraph out, because it is "original research" on my part. I have no reference for this, which is just my experience.  Bubba73 (talk), 16:26, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * This results from sloppy definition. I've often heard it stated, even by people who should know better, that "If the King has no legal moves and is not in check, a stalemate results," and that's just wrong.  Instead, state it this way: "When a player on the move cannot move, further play is obviously impossible.  It's a draw -- unless the inability to make a legal move is the result of a checkmate, in which case the player has lost." WHPratt (talk) 16:27, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Perhaps there could be an early paragraph that goes something like: "It is a common misconception that stalemates occur only in the endgame, or only result from an intense but incomplete attack upon either king. In fact, any time that the player on the move has no legal moves, a stalemate results, even though both kings may be quite safe at the time.  This can happen due to other chessmen being pinned, or even simply blocked in theit paths irrespective of any threat to the king)."  (I'm trying to strike a balance between legalese and plain talk here, not always a good idea!) WHPratt (talk) 16:14, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Based on m experience, it is a common misconception in kids,but that would be wp:OR. I don't know a source.  Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 03:30, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I thought that if any of my books had something about this, A World Champion's guide to chess by Susan Polgar would - but it doesn't. Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 19:14, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Effect on endgames
There is a section about what effects would the change have if a stalemate would be a win for one side. Why does the "Stalemate positions are possible with a king plus a lone bishop or a lone knight against a king." line appear there? It is not about any of the effects of a possible rule change. I have once deleted it, but it was reverted because "it is true and stalemate is possible with king+bishop or king+knight against king". I know it is possible, but it is irrelevant! We were talking about the effects of possible rule change could have on the endgame. So I suggest again to remove that line. It can only cause confusion. --V. Szabolcs 13:03, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well perhaps, since it doesn't really affect endgame theory much. I put it in there because if one of these positions came up, under the current rules it would be a draw.  If a stalemate was not a draw then these positions would not be a draw.  Bubba73 (talk), 18:02, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, with your latest addition it seems much clearer now. We could continue to argue that it is impossible to force a stalemate in those positions so they would still be a draw.. :) but I think that line is good enough now as it is. --V. Szabolcs 18:48, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Deleted the line concerning king and two knights v king because:
 * (a) There was no citation for @Bubba73's conclusion (only for the antecedent)
 * (b) The conclusion is false:
 * (i) The endgame (as a classification) is already not a draw; there are 736 positions that are won for White.
 * (ii) The antecedent doesn't say that two knights and a king can always stalemate a lone king. In fact in the majority of positions where the lone king can capture a knight or fork the undefended knights on adjacent different cloured squares or on the same diagonal he can't. There are also other positions such as the following where the lone king can ensure a dead position or a draw by repetition before stalemate can be forced.

Also added a "citation needed" to the comment on the Saavedra position, since that is also missing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Martin Rattigan (talk • contribs)

 * I've restored the referenced part of the line about two knights. There are usually these very rare positions that are exceptions, but they are obviously talking about in general.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 23:22, 6 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Your source may make it obvious that they're not talking about all two knights positions, but your reinstated text does not. Assuming your source does not (incorrectly) say it applies to all positions you should say something along the lines of, "Two knights and a king can sometimes stalemate a lone king". You should't comment on how rare or otherwise the positions where it doesn't apply are unless you have a citation for your assertion.Martin Rattigan (talk) 00:37, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

 * There are 736 positions where the two knights win. There are on the order of 1,000,000 where they don't win.  That is 99.9+ percent of the time. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 00:29, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * That's irrelevant. Not winning doesn't mean being able to force stalemate. Martin Rattigan (talk) 00:41, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

Deleted the line concerning king and pawn v king because:
 * (a) There was no citation for @Bubba73's first sentence and it's false.
 * (b) There is a citation for the second sentence but it's also false. It's also not what Fine Basic Chess Endgames says, so I doubt whether it's what Fine and Benko say either.
 * In this diagram, for example, with either side to play Black cannot capture the pawn, but it would be a draw whether or not the stalemate rule were changed.

 * How do you get a draw here? For example, with White to move, 1. h4 Kf5 2. h5 Kf6 3. Kh7 Kf7 4. h6 and now if 4 ... Kf8 5. Kg6 with stalemate coming, or 4 ... Kf6 5. Kg8 and White queens the pawn.  Same conclusion with Black to move.  Bruce leverett (talk) 19:19, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * You don't. I'd been up for over 24 hours when I posted and obviously the little grey cells had packed in. But you do with the pawn on the 6th. rank as you pointed out.

Deleted the final sentence, "If the proposed rule change were made, both of these situations would become wins for the superior side instead of draws.", because:
 * (a) There is no citation
 * (b) it's false (with the meaning of superior side that @Bubba73 has previously used).
 * In this diagram, for example, the defending player can use stalemate as a defensive technique to avoid losing but if the rule were changed he would win, not the superior side (again with @Bubba73's meaning of superior).

Martin Rattigan (talk) 01:40, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

 * The appropriate remedy for the problems you have found is not to delete the text, but to fix the problems. In particular, the outcome of king + pawn vs. king is widely acknowledged to be the most important potential consequence of changing stalemate to a win for the stalemating side, because so many endgames boil down to that one.  You can't just delete that item in the list.  If you think the problems with it are important enough to be worth fixing, fix them.  If you don't feel up to fixing them, create a new section in this talk page and describe them, so that perhaps somebody else can fix them.  Bruce leverett (talk) 02:07, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

Why do I need to create a new section, what's wrong with this one? I've described the problems (i.e. what I've deleted is both unreferenced and incorrect). Feel free to fix it. Anything I insert will be immediately deleted anyway, so there's not much point in me trying. Martin Rattigan (talk) 02:34, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

And the remedy, if material is deleted that is patently false and has no citation, so should not have been there in the first place, is not to immediately reinstate it. Martin Rattigan (talk) 02:46, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

 * There are two reasons I suggested creating a new section. First, because whenever anyone looks in the talk page about some current dispute, they look at the end of the talk page first.  That's what I did, and that's why I didn't at first find your comments.  I apologize for the confusion, but I would ask that you do the conventional thing here, as a courtesy to other editors following the discussion.  Second, because as you may have noticed, the topic of what happens if the stalemate rule is changed has already come up in several discussions on this talk page during the last 18 years, so, even if I expected you to add to some existing discussion, I wouldn't know where to look.

 * I am sorry you got the impression that "anything that I insert will be immediately deleted anyway". You should expect that when you delete something, someone will object, unless you give your reason for deleting it in the edit summary; or, if the edit summary is not an appropriate place (because it's too short), use the edit summary to link to the talk page, and give your reason in the talk page.  If you don't give an adequate reason (or even sometimes if you do), the person who objects to what you have done will just revert it.  At the risk of explaining something to you that you already know, there is actually an explicitly described protocol for content disputes in Wikipedia, here: WP:BRD.  But, the comments you have added to this talk page have already greatly improved matters.  Evidently you have done the first hard part, which is chasing down the cited references and comparing them with what the article says, and you have found some discrepancies.  The next hard part is to fix the article to avoid the discrepancies.  This can be tricky, but I would encourage you to try it, since you evidently know a little something about chess endgame literature.  But as I said in my previous comment, just blowing away the erroneous text is not a step forward.  Bruce leverett (talk) 03:09, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I may as well continue here now. My impression is based on plenty of past experience, so I'm not going to be expending any serious effort on fixes. Someone's already made a fix. I've added a minor correction to say the rook's pawn should be behind the 7th. rank, otherwise it would be a win (albeit for the lone king), and I've added a citation needed flag (because a citation is needed).
 * I've also added a citation needed flags to the following Fine and Benko references, because I don't believe they discuss the effects of a change in the stalemate rule for the endgames mentioned, so the conclusions they purport to support are actually @Bubba73's.
 * I've also added a flag to the Hooper and Whyld reference because I don't believe the current wording is an accurate representation, as discussed above.
 * Added a correction to the above mentioned correction. Martin Rattigan (talk) 06:31, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

Deleted the line concerning king and pawn v king because:
 * (a) There citation was clearly bogus.
 * (b) The line is false and misleading.
 * (i) "since either the pawn could be promoted or the defending king could be forced into a stalemate" is incorrect. The pawn could also be captured and the attacking king could also be forced into a stalemate.
 * (ii) It's not made clear that there are more possible outcomes than in the standard game.
 * (iii) "The endgame ... would be a win in almost all cases" is questionable since there are a substantial number of cases such as the one below that would still be drawn and probably account for about half of the 6% of draws in the standard game.

Martin Rattigan (talk) 10:04, 8 September 2021 (UTC) Changed "If the defending king is cornered, a single bishop or knight may be able to stalemate the king, although these cannot be forced in general" to "One knight or one bishop may be able to bring about a stalemate". This may be slightly misleading, but it's all the reference actually says. The replaced text was also misleading, because the stalemate can be forced either way for example in the positions below:

It cannot of course be forced from any KBK or KNK position because that would require at least two ply and the position is already dead.

--Martin Rattigan (talk) 11:23, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

Deleted the line concerning king rook v king and bishop because:
 * (a) The citation doesn't even say what is quoted in the standard case.
 * (b) The conclusion is false:

These are the first two diagrams in the rook v bishop section in Fine,

How would Black force stalemate from either of those?

There are 4,169,048 positions in the endgame that are won for White in the standard KRKB game. Obviously Black cannot force stalemate in any of those. --Martin Rattigan (talk) 15:50, 8 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I have reverted all these edits that fail to understand the (pretty obvious, I should add) condition behind this sort of language in chess books: that there is no tactical gain of material from the opening position, and that the material forces remain the same throughout. (Considering that the same sort of stuff dots other pages like Talk:Two knights endgame and Talk:Bishop and knight checkmate, and dates back over a decade, I have to wonder if there is some WP:POINT behind it.) And it even fails to understand the inherent assumption behind the KBK and KNK situations: if the rule were that stalemate was a win, the positions may become alive. And it is obvious that in the R vs B example what is meant is that positions that were not already wins for the rook become wins under the considered rule change because those cases allow for forced stalemates. Double sharp (talk) 18:19, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

Disambiguate page?
The current lede's final paragraph describes the more general usage of the term, outside of its chess meaning (although they are obviously related). In principle, this should best be handled by breaking out the term into two distinct pages. Now, if we do this, we have three four five options as I see it.
 * 1) Use a disambiguation page, with two links to the general page and to the chess page.
 * 2) Have the general page be the default, with a "for the concept in chess, see Stalemate (chess)" message at the top (the "otheruses4" tag, I think)
 * 3) Have the chess page be the default, with a similar "for the general concept..." message at the top.
 * 4) (addendum) Leave things as they are.

 * 5.  Update per User:SyG: Have the chess page be the default with an otheruses link to a similar word such as "Deadlock", "Impasse", or somesuch. See below.  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 17:23, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Now clearly I do not espouse (4). Given that currently there are only two possible content pages, I think an explicit disambiguation page is overkill. In lieu of that, this leaves having just the two pages, with the top note about the other usage on both. But here is where I am not clear: which should be the default page? In general, the general language usage page should be in most cases, with the more specific (chess) one referred to in the top message (option 2). But in this case, the chess article is far more developed, and because of this I assume this usage is searched for far more than the general usage. This suggests option (3) is preferable.

I do feel strongly that some action here will improve the encyclopedia, vs. leaving this as it is. But I would like some discussion before I do anything as rash as these. Thoughts? Baccyak4H (Yak!) 16:10, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I favor #3. I agree that the article should be split into chess and the general one.  The general one should mention chess, of course.  But I think that most people looking up Stalemate will be looking for the chess one and I think that the fact that the bulk of the article is about chess reflects that as the most common use.  I think it is a bus silly to have to have the section "stalemate in chess" and have that section be the bulk of the article, even though I think I was the one that did that.  So split - definitely!  I would like for the chess one to be the main one, however I prefer the title stalemate (chess), which would not make it the main one.  All of the chess articles could be made to link to the right one.  Bubba73 (talk), 16:35, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I've thought about it a little more, and changed my mind a little. Option 4 can be ruled out - chess needs to be split out.  Option 1 is easy to rule out.  A disamb between only two articles doesn't make sense, and usually the artcles in a disambig are unrelated, unlike these two articles.  So which of #2 and #3 fit better into the structure of WP?   I now think #2 is the best way to go.  Stalemate (chess) can be listed at the top under "other uses" and also in the body of the article.  It is better to go from general to specific.  Anyone looking for the chess part would easily see it at the general article.  So I think #2 is clearly the way to go.  Bubba73 (talk), 17:13, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The way you outlined your thought process made me see something else. If the chess article is the main one, the one that searching on "stalemate" would take you to first, what would the general article be named?  The fact that this will be some awkward name (stalemate (word) hehe!) suggests #2 makes sense, even though most readers will have to click again on the other uses link after arriving on the main page. I am willing to wait a few days for more input, but if you are bold, I won't object.  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 17:25, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, right. Although the chess article would be bigger, it would not work well for it to be stalemate and the other be stalemate (word) or stalemate (other uses).  I think there is no choice but to make the gemeral one stalemate and then have stalemate (chess), just as there is king and king (chess), etc.  If someone is looking for stalemate in chess, they will find it easily enough from the general article with "other uses" and it being briefly described in the text.  Bubba73 (talk), 18:04, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Most of the talk can be moved over, but I don't think history can. But it doesn't matter much.  Bubba73 (talk), 18:36, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Very logical. I concur with your reasoning—stalemate (chess) seems the best way to go.  I think it's possible that someone might expand the non-chess usage of stalemate in the future.  It's a very important concept in negotiation (labor and politics) and warfare, and these topics could be expanded into good articles on their own.  Maybe someday wikipedia will have stalemate (warfare) as well.  Quale (talk) 20:33, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There are nearly 200 links to stalemate, and probably most of them are chess. So those will need to be updated, preferably by someone who knows how to use AWB.  Bubba73 (talk), 20:38, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I have no clear opinion on the subject, even if the current consensus of "split and put the general first" sounds very reasonable. Some thoughts:
 * Quale's remark that there could be one day "Stalemate (warfare)" would be a case for a disambiguation page, as it seems there can be more than two meanings. Still we can always create the disambiguation page later.
 * It is a shame that the chess meaning now becomes "second-in-order" just because it has gone into usual language. This is not exactly the same as "king" and "king (chess)", as the word "king" does not come from chess but the other way round.
 * Another idea would be to direct the people searching for the general meaning towards the other words for the same idea, e.g. a redirect to Deadlock. This could be done via a disambiguation page or via another way. SyG (talk) 21:26, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Good points, things to consider. Bubba73 (talk), 23:50, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, especially this redirect to another word altogether. This would eliminate the awkward naming issue.  Impasse might be another choice.  My kneejerk reaction is this (a to-be-determined alternate word as the otheruses link) is the preferable solution, allowing this page to remain with the same name, but I would like to hear further comments.  (I updated the options at the top to reflect this one.)  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 17:23, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I sort of favor stalemate (chess), etc, however both the Oxford American Dictioary and Merriam Webster's dictionary list the chess definition first. The latter also gives deadlock as a synonym.  Also, both Stalemate and Zugzwang went from use in chess to more general useage.   Bubba73 (talk), 18:05, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I clarified my position right above your reply: keep this page as named (i.e., without the parenthetical "(chess)") and have an otheruses link to another word (e.g., deadlock). This means that the chess page is the default page as per those dictionaries and per word lineage.  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 18:18, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Zugzwang is in a very similar situation. There is some discussion in the introduction about Zugzwang in game theory, but the bulk of the article is about chess, and is in one long section "Zugzwang in chess". Bubba73 (talk), 17:03, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Once we decide on this article, Zugzwang should be the same way, but it is a simplier case. The only other use is zugzwang (game theory) or zugzwang (combinatorial game theory). Bubba73 (talk), 18:42, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree they should follow the same pattern on both articles, whatever it may turn out to be. Baccyak4H (Yak!) 18:52, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There's insufficient non-chess content in both Stalemate and Zugzwang to justify a split. Until someone adds significant non-chess content to Stalemate, I suggest the intro should say:
 * Stalemate is a situation in chess where the player whose turn it is to move has no legal moves but is not in check.

"Stalemate" has become a widely used metaphor for other situations where there is a conflict or contest between two parties, such as war or political negotiations, and neither side is able to achieve victory, resulting in what is also called a dead heat, standoff, or deadlock. Unlike in chess, this usage allows for the situation to be a temporary one and thus ultimately resolved, even if it seems currently intractable.

In "normal" chess, Stalemate ends the game, with the result a draw. Often during the endgame the player who is behind in material seeks stalemate in order to avoid losing the game.

In certain chess variants, such as suicide chess, stalemate is not necessarily a draw. Depending on the variant, stalemate can be a win for either the player with fewer pieces (a draw results if the players have the same number of pieces) or for the stalemated player.
 * then change the following heading to "Stalemate in normal chess". Philcha (talk) 11:45, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * (1) I don't think it is necessary so use "normal" in either of those places. "Normal chess" is assumed, unless it is stated otherwise.  (2) both Stalemate and Zugzwang have the bulk of the article (all except the intro, references, see also, and external links) in one long section "XXX in chess", which is pretty awkward.  So if the articles are not to be split, I think they need to be reformatted to have either a non-chess segment or list it in the intro, and then the remainder assumed to be about chess.  Bubba73 (talk), 01:34, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

With no clear consensus to rename at the moment, I'm going to take out the "Stalemate in chess" section header, and make the bulk of the article about chess. It may be renamed, etc later. Bubba73 (talk), 01:32, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Diagrams
Since stalemate is such basic concept, the article needs to be clear to beginners. I suggest the relevant diagrams should all show how the unoccupied squares around the Black K are "in check" - example to right.

The next diagram gave me spots before the eyes, and would bewilder a beginner - "how many kings?" I think they should be split. They could then be displayed in a row, by wrapping them in a table. Or they could be displayed vertically on the right but wrapped in show/hide boxes with captions to which the text can refer. -- Philcha (talk) 10:30, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, I agree with that. I am the one that put the dots in there so separate the four individual positions. They need to not take up too much space.  I don't know how to wrap them in a table.  The article probably also needs an example where the stalemated side has more pieces. (added: well there are some later in the article.)  Bubba73 (talk), 15:36, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll put them in a 2x2 table for now.
 * It seems wasteful to use full-board diagrams for such small examples - page layout would be easier if only 4x4 boards were shown, because then one could have all the examples across the top of the section and it would work OK at almost any reasonable browser window width. I'll see if there's any way to produce a template tht shows only part of the board -- Philcha (talk) 16:30, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think that is really necessary. I think the 2x2 format is fine.  Bubba73 (talk), 16:54, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I found a simpler way to save space - omit the photo and push the diagrams up alongside the TOC.
 * Feel free to revert if you don't like the result.
 * (you'll never get a better offer)    :-) -- Philcha (talk) 16:58, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I didn't like the photo, even though I took it and uploaded it. Someone put up a really crummy-looking photo, so I decided to replace it with a better one.  But I don't think a photo adds anything beyond what a diagram does.  Bubba73 (talk), 17:04, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Space could also be saved by putting positions from the same game side by side - can't remember whether ther are 2 or 3 instances. Again it's a table. Would you like me to try this out? -- Philcha (talk) 17:07, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, and in the games I think it would be useful to show a diagram of the stalemate position (in addition to the position already given), rather than just say that it happens after these moves... Bubba73 (talk), 17:19, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I've done the easy ones.
 * I don't fancy doing Gelfand-Kramnik blindfold and don't have a chess set or program handy; it also has 2 drawing varations. If you produce the diagrams you want, I'll arrange them.
 * For "Effect of stalemate on endgame theory" I suggest labelling the diagrams and referrig to the labels in the text. Then I can put them side-by-side.
 * I also think it would be a good idea to make all the diagrams small except the one in the lead. -- Philcha (talk) 18:21, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll do Gelfand-Karmnik diagram (later). I'll label the "effect on endgame" diagrams.  I don't really see a need to make the diagrams small, but I'll go either way.  Bubba73 (talk), 18:32, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

GA?
Since this is listed as "top importance", I think we should get it to GA class. I think it is at least close now. Bubba73 (talk), 18:34, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Philcha's comments

 * My biggest concern is that the headings and order of the game examples don't explain what the point of each example is. For example how about this:
 * "Matulovic-Minev" -> "A clever escape"
 * "Williams-Harrwitz" and "Gelfand-Kramnik" ->"Multiple escape routes"
 * "Bernstein-Smyslov" ->"Missing the opponent's clever escape"
 * ""The desperado" (keep title)
 * "Korchnoi-Karpov" -> "Pride and spite" (should be last because it was nothing to do with chess logic)
 * "Anand-Kramnik" - what point does this make? Right now I'd omit it.

 * In "Effect of stalemate on endgame theory":
 * I don't understand "... but it is also sometimes a defensive technique." The hypothetical rule changes turns draws (defensive stalemate) into wins (attacking stalemate) ✅
 * Might be good to explain that these are well-known book draws that players in inferior posiotns often use to avoid loss.
 * I expanded on this in that section and it is also in the lead. Bubba73 (talk), 00:49, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

The current section "History of the stalemate rule" ends by reporting proposals to change the rule. How about:
 * On a second look the whole section looks odd, talking about a hypothetical situation. I'd be surprised if all the literature cited in this section deals with the hypothetical case rather than simply pointing out the effects of the current stalemate rule.
 * Re-titling "Effect of stalemate on endgame theory" to "Proposals to change the stalemate rule"
 * Moving the last sentence of "History of the stalemate rule" to become the first of "Proposals to change the stalemate rule".
 * The endgame examples then become consequences of a more clearly-defined hypothetical situation.
 * You can include Evans' comment in the text to illustrate the other side of the case, and thus be outstandingly WP:NPOV.

 * You are right. Probably best to have a section about the proposed change to make it a win instead of a draw, and then a subsection about how that would affect the endgame. Bubba73 (talk), 14:18, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * In "History of the stalemate rule"
 * H. J. R. Murray's A History of Chess needs an inline citation.
 * may omit? Bubba73 (talk), 23:34, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * These days reviwers often want page numbers for cited books, alas.
 * Impact(s) of changing stalemate from draw to win for stalemater need citations.
 * The link to Michigan Chess article in the paragraph is supposed to be the reference for that.  Bubba73 (talk), 23:37, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The cite "Harvcol|Murray|1913|pp=388-89" has a glitch. I'm not familiar wiht Harvard refs, so it's better that you fix it.
 * The parenthesis in the last bullet is very long, accounting for most of the item, and includes a nested parenthesis for the ref. Can you sort this out?

 * Lead:
 * ✅ Should mention importance in studies & problems.
 * Should summarise game examples. Pointing out the themes in the game examples (above) would make this easier. I don't the lead need refer to "Pride and spite".
 * ✅ Variation in effect of stalemate before current rules were standardised.
 * I've re-ordered the paragraphs as I think it reads better that way. What do you think?
 * The main text says nothing about "stalemate" outside chess. The possible solutions I can see right now are:
 * A separate article about the political / social meaning(s), plus an "other uses" header. This is normally the preferred solution, but in this case IMO it has drawbacks: the separate article would be a stub and someone might even delete it on the grounds that WP is not a dictionary; it would be hard to use the Soltis quote.
 * A short section about other uses. To justify this, I think a ref would be needed to show that non-chess uses are derived from the chess use; the etymology in The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000 should be enough. Then the Soltis quote would show how the meaning was changed in the borrowing.

 * We talked about this last year, and decided that there wasn't enough for an article on non-chess stalemate. But a section would be good.  Bubba73 (talk), 14:19, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Quick reply: I put Anand-Kramnik in there because (1) it is a simple example from a game where the defender has more than just a king, and (2) I like to show examples from top, famous players, especially World Champions/contenders and games from World Championships. Bubba73 (talk), 19:19, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * No quarrel with using top players, but can you extract a point from it? E.g. didi either side do anything clever / dumb in the preceding 5 moves? If not, the the game was heading for a draw anyway.

 * Also (3) an actual stalemate from a high-level game, not an agreed draw because of inevitable stalemate or another line that was a draw because the other line led to stalemate. Bubba73 (talk), 19:43, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * If you mean Gelfand-Kramnik, that's a nice one - sac leading to 1 of 3 draws saves K from a long, hard defence (check the game's notes or Krakatoa to see if my headline fits). Would make a nice match for Williams-Harrwitz - 3 escape routes each, I think. -- Philcha (talk) 20:11, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't have a copy of Murray's book. It is out of print and copies are expensive.  I'll see if I can get it on inter-library loan.  Or maybe someone knows if the text is available online, because it is old.  Bubba73 (talk), 19:48, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Ask Krakatoa, he says he has 1,500 books. :-)
 * I don't have 1,500, but would you be interested if I could find some nice examples from high-class play in the mid-Jurassic? -- Philcha (talk) 20:11, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Our library has a direct link to a system of 250 others, but none of them have Murray's book. I'll have to go down and make a special request.  I don't remember if I wrote that or not.  If I did, I was quoting some other source saying that Murray said that.  It might be in Davidson's book.  Bubba73 (talk), 21:05, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Davidson doesn't cite Murray, but he does say it on page 64 (except that he doesn't say that it was in England.) I can't find my copy of the Chess Life article by McCrary right now, it might be there.  Bubba73 (talk), 21:19, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I got a second source for what Murray says. Actually the sentence about what Murray says is duplicated in the list below it.  Therefore it is unnecessary, but I didn't delete it.  Bubba73 (talk), 23:23, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

I've added more comments, at the appropriate places in the list above. Sorry for being such a pain - I should have been more attentive the first time. -- Philcha (talk) 08:01, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

All agreed
OK, I'm happy with the outcome.

I've also pushed the simple examples down a bit so that the 1st 2 are just above the section in the dead space beside the TOC and the lower 2 are alongside the text. This is the best compromise I can find: higher forces the user to scroll up out of the text to see al of the top2 diagrams; lower creates huge whitespace after the section.

I have a wide monitor, and have tested the layout at full width, my normal browser window width and a bit narrower. The layout looks OK to me in Firefox, Internet Explorer (not sure if 6 or 7, I don't normally use IE) and Opera, all under Win XP SP2. That selection covers over 95% of the browser market.

By far the most important browser on which I can't test the layout is Safari on the Mac. It would be helpful if someone could test it on this.

If anyone wants to adjust the vertical position of these diagrams, the controller is  - increase the number for down, decrease for up. -- Philcha (talk) 10:08, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

comment on examples from games
I look at the examples from a different angle. I add four of the six examples in the section on examples from games (not including desperado). I might have had a little to do with the desperado section, but it was mostly or all done by Krakatoa.

For examples, some of my criteria are:
 * I prefer a paper reference rather than one to the internet, even ChessGames.com. I prefer a book to a magazine.  Of course, I don't always follow this.
 * I strongly prefer picking them from accessible references. I prefer books that are recent and easily found to ones that are old, out of print, or hard to find.  (Again, I don't always do that.) This is so that the reader can go into more detail if they want to.  (That also tends to make recent games more likely to be used.)
 * I somewhat prefer games by top/famous players, especially world champions or candidates. I also somewhat prefer games from top-level competition, such as the World Championship and Candidates matches, etc.

I think the Gelfand-Kramnik and Williams-Harrwitz games were already in the article when I added the other four in that section, along and along. I added Anand-Kramnik because of some of the criteria above, but also I put it first because it is a simple example of the defender having more than a king. I also think it is interesting because Black is forced to stalemate White, otherwise he actually loses! I added Korchnoi-Karpov, and before I added Anand-Kramnik, this was the first example at that point. You are right about it being an intentional spite stalemate, and it is interesting, with an interesting story. I made it second because it is more complicated than Anand-Kramnik because of references to fortress and wrong rook pawn. I left Gelfand-Kramnik alone (actually it is sort of a despardo.) I added Bernstein-Smyslov because it is interesting that the defending king is not on the edge of the board. then Matulovic-Minev is sort of a sequel to it in Minev's book; he talked about the blunder by Smyslov and how this one didn't involve a blunder. I left Williams-Harrwitz alone, putting it last because it is the most complex.

So those were my thoughts on those examples.

I think I had only a little to do with the desperado section. I think these are quite distinct from the others, and there is a main article about them, and I think it should stay a section.

Of course, we are not married to this structure or these examples. We all are here to improve the article. Bubba73 (talk), 15:32, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Interesting reading! I think it shows that there are stories to tell about these - maybe yours, maybe mine, perhaps a combination. - That would prevent a real reviewer form complaining "this is just a list" (I've had this recently at Small shelly fauna, from a reviewer I get on well with and who is by no means an obsessive nit-picker). In terms of the storyline I suggested, which is not the only possible one, your account of Anand-Kramnik suggests it might come after the "clever escapes", as a case where stalemate becomes part of a Mexican standoff.
 * Whichever storyline you prefer, use and develop it! -- Philcha (talk) 16:33, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

History section move
I am not in favor of the move of the history section from near the end to being the first section, for two reasons (1) I think most readers would rather go directly into some more simple examples than the history of the rule, and (2) with the simple examples section first, the diagrams can be placed to use the space more effectively (to the side of the TOC). Bubba73 (talk), 03:47, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know. I moved it there, maybe mainly because it seemed more "encyclopedic." I'm not wedded to the section's current placement, but it seems kind of weird just tacking it on at the end, which is how it was placed before. Anyone else have a thought on this? Krakatoa (talk) 21:28, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with Bubba73 on this. The history is interesting, butit's the least notable aspect - 99% of the literature about stalemate is about the modern game. -- Philcha (talk) 23:31, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The history is very interesting to me, and Murray has a lot more than my book by Davidson. Krakatoa has done a great job adding more material and referencing it.  But unless there are objections, I think it should be moved to the end.  Bubba73 (talk), 00:36, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I noticed that History has been moved, as well as "chess variants" and "other uses" (or what ever it is called). I'm happy with this structure (and probably everything else).  Bubba73 (talk), 02:55, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

automated peer review
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, Bubba73 (talk), 03:57, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Consider adding more links to the article; per Manual of Style (links) and Build the web, create links to relevant articles.[?]
 * This article has no or few images. Please see if there are any free use images that fall under the Image use policy and fit under one of the Image copyright tags that can be uploaded. To upload images on Wikipedia, go to Special:Upload; to upload non-fair use images on the Wikimedia Commons, go to commons:special:upload.[?]
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 * You may wish to consider adding an appropriate infobox for this article, if one exists relating to the topic of the article. [?] (Note that there might not be an applicable infobox; remember that these suggestions are not generated manually)
 * Per Manual of Style (headings), headings generally should not repeat the title of the article. For example, if the article was Ferdinand Magellan, instead of using the heading  ==Magellan's journey== , use  ==Journey== .[?]
 * As done in WP:FOOTNOTE, footnotes usually are located right after a punctuation mark (as recommended by the CMS, but not mandatory), such that there is no space in between. For example, the sun is larger than the moon [2]. is usually written as the sun is larger than the moon.[2][?]
 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.[?]

 * I think it has enough links. I think the diagrams suffice for images, I don't know what good a photo would do.  (I do have a photo of a stalemate, but I don't think there is much point in having it.)  Bubba73 (talk), 03:59, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Nominate for A-class?
This is a well-done article. Should we nominate it for A-class? Krakatoa (talk) 21:50, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * At least GA. As I understand it, though, if it doesn't make it as "A", one of the recommendations is for it to be GA.  I'm through tweaking it.  If everyone else is through tweaking it?  If so, we can go forward.  Bubba73 (talk), 23:28, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm done tweaking it, too. I know that "A" is higher than "GA", but I think we usually nominate articles for A first, on the theory that if it passes A review (i.e. satisfies the chess people), then it's likelier to pass GA successfully, too. First-move advantage in chess and Howard Staunton, for instance, were A-reviewed (the first successfully, the second not), before going to GA review - which each passed (and FA review, as well, in the case of First-move advantage in chess). Krakatoa (talk) 05:02, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Simple example 4
The text says. "even if it were White's move, there is no way to avoid this stalemate without allowing Black's pawn to promote. But he might be able to win the Q-vs-Q ending ...". As far as I can see in diagram 4, White to move wins by 1. Qc3+ Kb1; 2. Kd3 when 2. ... a1(Q) allows mate and Black must under-promote to N, after which White should win. Did I get the calculation right? -- Philcha (talk) 00:38, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, in this case the white king is close enough. When this diagram had the four parts in different corners, the white king did not appear in this part.  I stuck in a white king.  I'll move the king farther away.  Bubba73 (talk), 01:05, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but, I don't get this example either. I don't see how it is a stalemate. Black to play, if the pawn can take on the white queen, the move is legal and does not result in a mate. The stalemate would only happen much later when there are only two kings left (provided the pawn failed to promote). So yeah we can foresee the stalemate, but as is it's not. Or am I getting something wrong ? User:Miniclash - 20 may 2011   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.103.150.178 (talk) 07:35, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The pawn can't take the queen. Pawns don't move backwards.  And if it gets down to just the two kings, that is a draw, but it isn't stalemate. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 13:19, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

Who wrote this?
"This rule will often upset you when playing a game of chess with your father and you are about to dominate him, but then this stalemate crap comes up and ruins all your happiness." My father died when I was young and I've never played chess in my life. (not really, but statements that address the reader as "you" are weird and someone should change this...) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.121.39.202 (talk) 00:39, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The sentence was added by an anonymous user at 21:59 UTC yesterday and removed as vandalism the next minute by Epbr123. If you still see it, it must mean you see a cached version of the page. Bypass your cache might be of interest. -- Jao (talk) 09:01, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * If the vandalized version is in his own cache it means that he loaded it in that minute that it was up that way. He made this comment several hours after it was reverted.  Bubba73 (talk), 02:45, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

 * So he did. Then I must say I am at a loss for an explanation. -- Jao (talk) 11:22, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Stalemate metaphor
Quote: "Stalemate has become a widely used metaphor for other situations where there is a conflict or contest between two parties, such as war or political negotiations, and neither side is able to achieve victory, resulting in what is also called a dead heat, standoff, or deadlock. Golombek and Soltis note that this usage is a misnomer since, unlike in chess, the situation is often a temporary one that is ultimately resolved, even if it seems currently intractable."

Soltis notes that another Chess term can be used: Such situations ought to be termed, e.g., "A political Zugswang" rather than "a politrical stalemate." WHPratt (talk) 16:31, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * "...what is also called a dead heat"? Never heard that expression in this context; only to mean a dead level finish in a race. Can anyone else confirm?

 * Also, the article states that Korchnoi-Karpov is the only game from a World Chess Championship to end in stalement, but also states that the Anand-Kramnik game was from a World Chess Championship. 213.249.135.36 (talk) 17:14, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I fixed the world championship thing (it was correct at the time the source was written). Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 17:42, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * "Dead heat" is not in the Golombeck reference. I don't have the Soltis reference, but I took out "dead heat" and refactored the paragraph.  Bubba73 (You talkin' to me?), 00:52, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Here's the reference:

 * There is a world of difference between no choice … and a poor choice. Editorial writers often talk about a political stalemate when the analogy they probably have in mind is a political “zugswang.”  In stalemate a player has no legal moves, period.  In zugswang he has nothing pleasant to do.  The rules force the “zugswangee” to make a move, any move.  And every move he considers leads to disaster.

 * - - Soltis, Andrew. Chess to Enjoy. New York: Stein and Day, 1978. Page 54-55.

 * (The part of the quote that I omitted was “White’s plight in the latter stages of the last game,” which is relevant only in context.)

WHPratt (talk) 14:20, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

Removed some vandalism
I removed a short phrase containing a personal attack. Most likely a random piece of vandalism but someone may want to keep an eye out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.81.161.115 (talk) 18:30, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

King vs Pawn stalemate
How does it not affects endgame theory? Doesn't it currently says that a bare king can't win? I know it can't be forced, but the king and knight/bishop can't either and they are here! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.93.89.43 (talk) 19:37, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * It would not affect endgame theory because it can't be forced. Theory is about what can be forced against optimal play.  The player would not be playing optimally if he allowed himself to be stalemated that way.  For example, it is possible to checkmate with two knights versus a king, but it cannot be forced, so it is a theoretical draw. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 20:21, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * So why is the king and knight/bishop stalemate here? It can't be forced either... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.93.89.43 (talk • contribs)

It can't be forced in general, but there are positions in which stalemate can be forced, for instance this one on the left: 1.Nd7 Kh8 2. Nf6, stalemate. Back up from the king and pawn versus king position you gave, and you have to blunder to get stalemated stalemate.

A second reason is that it is in the reference. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 00:22, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

History of the rule
The history section is too long. I don't see the need to talk about countless variations of the rule when all the section needs to highlight are it's origins and the current format it is used in. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.164.82.13 (talk) 01:47, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I disagree. It is interesting and only one screen.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 02:21, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Williams versus Harrwitz
This section needs a source for the analysis. I searched through most of my books that are indexed by players and I didn't find it. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 01:35, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Evans-Reshevsky can't end in 50-move rule, right?
My first post on wikipedia, so excuse me if this is not the right procedure.

Under #More_complicated_examples, it is stated "The game would inevitably end in a draw by agreement, by threefold repetition, or by an eventual claim under the fifty-move rule (Averbakh 1996:80–81)."

Part of threefold repetition is that the position does not have to occur in succession. I don't think Evans could make a draw by the 50-move rule, because the game would proceed thus:

50. Rxg7+ Kh8 Rh7 Kg8 Rg7 Kf8 Rf7 Ke8 Re7 Kd8 55. Rd7 Kc8 Rc7 Kb8 Rb7 Ka8 Ra7 Kb8 Rb7 Kc8 60. Rc7 Kd8 Rd7 Ke8 Re7 Kf8 Rf7 Kg8 Rg7 Kh8 65. Rh7 Kg8 Rg7 draw

Because 50. Rxg7 was a capture, we start counting from there, although there are several ways to defend, the longest way is only 16 moves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hudapri (talk • contribs) 04:44, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Theoretically the fifty-move rule could be used. For both the threefold repetition and the fifty-move rule, one of the players has to claim it.  A threefold repetition must occur in this position before the fifty-move rule can be invoked, but didn't claim the threefold repetition - then they could claim the fifty-move rule.  It seems that no reasonable person would do this, but it has happened.  In order to clam threefold repetition, you have to have a scoresheet showing the moves to prove it.  Players in time trouble don't have to record the moves.  But sometimes they put check marks to count the moves, and some clocks can count the moves.  So it sometimes happens that they don't have an oppertunity to claim threefold, but eventually the fifty-move rule comes up.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 14:37, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Roycroft problem
The Roycroft problem solution was mixed up, I think I straighted it out, someone w/ the source material s/ confirm, however. Ok, Ihardlythinkso (talk) 06:31, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I made it more like the source. There are some side lines that aren't in the source. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 20:16, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for doing. Ok, Ihardlythinkso (talk) 21:32, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

other meanings
It would be useful to mention something like "'stalemate' is a member of the class of situations known as 'draw'" but I don't think I can write it clearly. (talk) 18:01, 30 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Do you think the article needs more than this bit that is already at the end of the lead?
 * "The word stalemate is also used for a metaphor when a conflict has reached an impasse and resolution seems difficult or impossible (i.e. a no-win situation)."
 * That seems satisfactory to me. If more needs to be said I think it can be done in the linked articles impasse and no-win situation. Quale (talk) 19:34, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

How endgames would be affected by making stalemate a win
Did the sources mention any other endgames? It would be nice to mention the impact on R+P vs. R, as it's so common. Double sharp (talk) 05:47, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I got those from several sources but I don't remember R+P vs. R listed. The idea is that the stronger side can force stalemate.  Offhand (without thinking about it much), I don't see that White can do that, except by exchanging rooks first, which reduces it to K+P vs. K.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 06:30, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

OK. Another point: how would this often-proposed rule (stalemate becomes a win because any move would get your king taken) change affect this position?

(I copied this from a 2002 comment in the Chess Variant Pages). White is stalemated, but only because he is blocked: he cannot move his king, not even into check. Double sharp (talk) 02:44, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

 * It would seem that White's previous move must have been to advance one of the pawns, permitting Black to lock him in, although there must have been alternatives. I'd say that White deserves whatever penalty a stalemate includes! WHPratt (talk) 13:44, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, this position would only occur if White blundered. :-) But ruling it as a loss for White would still not really be a logical consequence of the rules. Double sharp (talk) 13:02, 4 December 2014 (UTC)

 * An alternative stalemate rule seems unfair/illogical because players tend to think of stalemate as an intense but incomplete attack on either king. In fact, there are (admittedly unusual) stalemate positions wherein one side's moves are totally blocked, even though the king seems quite safe. Therefore, one could argue that the one great rule is "move or lose." That is, the player on the move has to move, and if said player simply cannot move, the game is over, of course.

 * Under present rules, we either have a checkmate or a draw whenever this happens, but philosophically, one could argue that the side that cannot move loses for failure to meet the minimum requirement of moving, never mind how his or her king is doing. After all, that's what happens if you fail to move before your clock time expires.

 * (I don't have a problem with the current stalemate rule, but would maintain that an alternative could be logically and ethically defensible.) WHPratt (talk) 14:36, 4 December 2014 (UTC)

 * In fact, the position I posted above suggests a "worst possible move" puzzle (left), as pointed out in this Stack Exchange question: 1.e7+!! (obviously, these exclamation marks are contextual) 1...Ke8 stalemate. Wow! (In a real game, of course, 1.Bd6# seems to recommend itself instead. ^_^ Double sharp (talk) 08:03, 10 October 2019 (UTC))
 * Noam Elkies also suggests in an answer to the aforementioned question a position where this strange sort of stalemate happens to both players (right): Double sharp (talk) 15:58, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, you can call such positions "double stalemates," but the obligation is still upon one player to move, and you can't fault the other player at the moment. You can argue that the player on the move isn't complying with The One Great Rule (Move or You Lose). WHPratt (talk) 16:21, 20 February 2016 (UTC)
 * That's an interesting idea: changing the objective of the game from the king to making your opponent unable to move. (That would be the only possible generalisation if we were to posit a chess variant with no royal pieces, like Nemoroth – which I highly recommend, BTW.) Obviously the king must still enter into it somehow, or else we could imagine the position (wRa8, Kg6; bBg8, Kh8), where Black would simply move his bishop around the board and not care about his king!
 * (In a certain sense, this is already echoed in Losing Chess: then you win if you cannot move, regardless of whether this is because you don't have any pieces, or are just stalemated by blockage. Under international rules, anyway.) Double sharp (talk) 08:25, 10 October 2019 (UTC)
 * My personal rationalisation for the stalemate rule is to argue that when one player cannot move, the game is over. It cannot continue legally as there is no possible follow-up. (Moves that expose your king to check are illegal, just as illegal as moving a rook diagonally.) How can you be faulted for not making a move when there is not one to be made? Then we have to look at the situation of the king. Since it is the objective piece, we then see if it is under attack or not. If it is, we have a checkmate; if it isn't, we have a stalemate. Simple. But I don't know if either of our rationalisations are actually new or just rediscoveries. Double sharp (talk) 16:53, 20 February 2016 (UTC)
 * P.S. What I wrote above is actually similar in spirit to FIDE article 9.7: "The game is drawn when a position is reached from which a checkmate cannot occur by any possible series of legal moves. This immediately ends the game, provided that the move producing this position was in accordance with Article 3 and Articles 4.2 – 4.7." Logically, since checkmate is considered to be the winning condition, any position that cannot legally lead to checkmate must be an instant draw. A stalemate obviously qualifies as it cannot legally lead to checkmate: it cannot even legally lead anywhere. Article 5.2b goes further: "The game is drawn when a position has arisen in which neither player can checkmate the opponent’s king with any series of legal moves. The game is said to end in a ‘dead position’. This immediately ends the game, provided that the move producing the position was in accordance with Article 3 and Articles 4.2 – 4.7." These are two of my favourite articles in the FIDE Laws of Chess (my least favourite is probably 9.6b). In fact, I would argue that if you want to have checkmate be the winning condition, it must follow that stalemate be a draw. If you want it to be otherwise, you have to change the winning condition – perhaps to capturing the king, or rendering your opponent unable to move (as you have it), accepting restrictions on the king stepping into check. All these premises immediately determine the result of a stalemate through a chain of logical reasoning. Double sharp (talk) 16:58, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm just having fun in trying to define our terms. Well up the page, I offered this ...
 * 'This results from sloppy definition. I've often heard it stated, even by people who should know better, that "If the King has no legal moves and is not in check, a stalemate results," and that's just wrong. Instead, state it this way: "When a player on the move cannot move, further play is obviously impossible. It's a draw -- unless the inability to make a legal move is the result of a checkmate, in which case the player has lost." WHPratt (talk) 16:27, 23 October 2009 (UTC) Perhaps there could be an early paragraph that goes something like: "It is a common misconception that stalemates occur only in the endgame, or only result from an intense but incomplete attack upon either king. In fact, any time that the player on the move has no legal moves, a stalemate results, even though both kings may be quite safe at the time. This can happen due to other chessmen being pinned, or even simply blocked in theit paths irrespective of any threat to the king)." (I'm trying to strike a balance between legalese and plain talk here, not always a good idea!) WHPratt (talk) 16:14, 4 March 2010 (UTC)'
 * So, something like "When no further moves are possible, a checkmate position wins and anything else draws." WHPratt (talk) 17:10, 20 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Simple and clear! Though perhaps it could be made even clearer. Perhaps "When a player has no legal moves, he loses if he is checkmated, but otherwise he draws." (Because in your proposal, it isn't made clear that we have to look at the legal moves possible for the player to move, and that he is the one being checkmated or stalemated.)
 * It strikes me that FIDE could save some articles by creating one that reads as follows: "A position is drawn if no legal sequence of moves from it can lead to checkmate". This would cover stalemate, insufficient material, and blockage (e.g. wKe1, Pa4, d4, g4; bKe8, Pa5, d5, g5) all in one go. Failing that, you can agree to a draw, signifying that neither player has the intention of reaching checkmate. Unfortunately, threefold repetition and the fifty-move rule cannot be subsumed into this, as it is possible that one player wants to achieve checkmate but the other doesn't: here is a particularly sad example (after 121.Bc5, it is mate in 2, but the fifty-move rule was claimed first). This is why I dislike Article 9.6b (automatic 75-move draw rule). OTOH 9.6a is fine: if you are not breaking the repetition even after you refused to claim it, you obviously want a draw now, IMHO. Making threefold an automatic draw would be fine with me too: there obviously can't be wins that force you to pass through a threefold, because it would have been possible to make the winning sequence the first time. (Castling and en passant rights must be the same each time to claim threefold.) Double sharp (talk) 07:51, 21 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I have two (admittedly old, 1978 and 1987) USCF Rule Books that give the FIDE Rules of Chess. In the earlier book, Article 4.1 (just after the board and the pieces are described) reads "The two players must alternate in making one move at a time." "The won Game," which introduces checkmate, is Article 11. In the later book, Article 3.1 says "The player with the white pieces commences the game. The players alternate in making one move at a time until the game is completed." Checkmate is introduced in Article 10, "The Completed Game." Thus, the obligation to move in turn is (once ther board is set up) one of the first things emphasized. WHPratt (talk) 16:50, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

George Jelliss, in an article in Variant Chess 4, gives terms for this kind of thing:

"A position in which there is no legal move, is a mate. If the player to move is in check the position is a checkmate, if not it is a stalemate. [The term 'mate' unfortunately tends to be used also as an abbreviation for 'checkmate', so that its own meaning gets lost.] A special type of mate is a lock in which no move is possible (i.e. considerations of avoiding self-check are not involved). Lock with check is checklock, a special case of checkmate, while lock without check is deadlock, a special case of stalemate. In checklock a player is forced to leave his King in check – but this is not an illegal move, since it is not a 'move' at all." He notes without explanation that A good case has also been made for checklock to be considered a draw. I can only assume that he is imagining taking Kaufman's logic to the letter: in normal checkmates and stalemates, any move would get your king taken. But in checklocks and deadlocks, there are no moves, and so your king never gets taken...

(For a checklock position, take the deadlock at the start of this section, and add a Black knight on f7. This is basically Wolfgang Heidenfeld's 1956 construction, only on e8–h8 instead of e1–h1, and with colours reversed.) Double sharp (talk) 09:55, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

Stalemating your opponent because other strategies lose
What are some examples of positions in which one side forces stalemate on the opponent (so the opponent has no moves) because all other strategies lose? I found some artificial positions but they are very artificial. Also are there any known cases of this happening in tournament play? The positions I found go only one move deep. That is, one move forces stalemate on the opponent and all other moves lose. It seems plausible there are examples with greater move depth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Synesthetic (talk • contribs) 06:37, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Examples of forcing the stronger side into stalemate are at least close to non-existent. But see Desperado (chess) where capturing the desperado piece puts the defender in stalemate (and if the desperado piece isn't captured, another type of draw is reached). Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 07:17, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I think it has likely occurred in tournament play. Here is a scenario.  The opponent has a knight which is threatening to deliver checkmate and the only defense is to pin the knight to the opponent's king causing stalemate.  I think a similar situation involving more than one move could make for a good chess puzzle.  Are there any known multi-move examples?  For example, White to stalemate in 3 (in an otherwise losing position).

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Synesthetic (talk • contribs) 08:06, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

Forced self-stalemates are impossible in chess today because the position would already be dead (impossibility of checkmate) and the game would be over. Double sharp (talk) 05:36, 14 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see the section was really about forcing the stronger side into stalemate. Well, that really seems implausible, apart from Jasper Deng's example... Double sharp (talk) 15:02, 5 January 2020 (UTC)

There is a lot of theory presented
about what chess would be like if stalemate were counted as a loss for the player in stalemate. From the viewpoint of how Chess is actually played today, however, much more logical (however illogical on the very first view) would be to treat it as a win (or "two points out of three") for the stalemated player (maybe with exception of "real draws" such as king and pawn versus king in not-winning position etc.), to punish the negligence of the stalemater (at least when I play it is usually that) and to reward the fact he has been able to safe himself into a stalemate. Is there no discussion around what the effect of such a change were?--131.159.76.173 (talk) 13:59, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * At high enough levels of play, this kind of accidental stalemate is essentially unheard of, so that stalemate becomes merely a last-ditch possibility of defense. Since the whole idea of playing good chess is to be able to analyse things accurately a few moves ahead, factoring this in is rewarded and negligence is punished. In casual games a 2/3-1/3 rule may make sense, but I presume this is why professionals tend to favour retaining the 1/2-1/2 score: there, it essentially never arises through the negligence of the player with the superior position. Double sharp (talk) 10:34, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

How endgames would be affected by stalemated player forfeit his turn?
Two knights and a king can force checkmate a lone king in this rule. Do you know any other endgames be affected by this alternative rule? --Ticgame (talk) 08:34, 14 May 2017 (UTC)
 * For starters, KP vs K becomes a forced win always for the stronger side, and KQ vs KP similarly. (I assume you want to make passing only legal when the player is actually stalemated; otherwise even KR vs K cannot be won, as it relies on zugzwang to confine the enemy king.) This is not surprising: stalemate tricks are usually pulled off by the weaker side, because it is easier for him to engage in self-paralysis. The stronger side would have a hard time paralysing all her pieces on an open board and no pins from the opponent possible to help her. So removing stalemate tends to remove any last hopes for a weaker side in an endgame. Double sharp (talk) 10:31, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Correction: KP vs K would still be drawn when the superior side's king is stuck in front of a rook pawn. Double sharp (talk) 16:35, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

Example stalemate that would remain stalemate if you could move into check
Would it be interesting to have a diagram of a situation that is not only stalemate, but would remain stalemate if the king could move into check? It might be interesting considering that some of the quoted comments suggesting stalemate should be a win seems to disregard that case. MathHisSci (talk) 20:23, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

 * That doesn't seem to make sense. Most stalemate positions are that stalemates because the king would have to move into check, which is illegal.  If moving into check were legal, it would imply a checkmate.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 03:06, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 * On the surface, that seems impossible. We'd like to see such a position if you have one! WHPratt (talk) 05:14, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I was thinking of a position like the following diagram. MathHisSci (talk) 15:34, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I can't see this happening. What, then, was white's previous move that got him into this? WHPratt (talk) 15:53, 24 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay, I see that a white f-pawn could have captured a black unit on the g file, after which black advanced his pawn or moved his king. It could happen. WHPratt (talk) 15:55, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Where in the article do you think the example belongs? My example is obviously not from a real game, and I am not sure it belongs in the list of simple examples. But the list of simples examples still seems better than any other place in the current article and I don't think it warrants a new section on its own. MathHisSci (talk) 17:26, 24 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I'd say you should start with a reliable source for the stalemate position you want to add. If you think the position has notable features that should be mentioned in the article, that needs a source too. Quale (talk) 22:22, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't have a relaible source that it is notable, at most some Internet discussion where people made the same observation. But we have loads of examples already of Zugzwang positions on the page, sometimes without any particular citation to demonstrate they are notable. The starting simple examples seem to be constructed by wikipedia editors, or might as well have been. I am suggesting adding one position (not the one I showed but rather the diagram Double Sharp showed previously) where the reason it is stalemate is not due to the ban on moving into check, because I think it is an interesting fact that such positions exist and because the current crop of examples combined with the quotation by Grandmaster Kaufman might give the impression that none exist. MathHisSci (talk) 18:00, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The stalemate rule is not about whether or not the king can move into check - it is about no legal move being available. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 18:07, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

 * One thing - the criterion about it being stalemate even if the king could move into check doesn't apply in this position. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 22:47, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I am not sure what you mean? All I wanted to illustrate was that there are positions that remain stalemate even if we changed to rule to make moving into check legal, something that I felt was sometimes overlooked. Eg, the current article contains a suggestion that stalemate should be treated as the ultimate Zugzwang, which does not really make any sense for the position I constructed. MathHisSci (talk) 17:25, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

 * My point is that in the position you gave above, the king can't move into check anyway. But now I think I see your point.  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 17:58, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Well, I made a statement on this page back in 2010 that our definition of stalemate was imperfect. It should be based upon the unavoidable obligation to move in turn. Sometimes "check" is irrelevant! WHPratt (talk) 01:45, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

Change title to "Stalemate (chess)"?
I think the term stalemate, in common usage, refers to a no-win situation more than the specific chess scenario. As per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, it might be a good move to move the page to "Stalemate (chess)". I think it's OK to keep stalemate redirecting to that, rather than replacing it with the disambiguation page; but that way it's clear (e.g. in the visual editor) that this article is about stalemates in chess. What are your thoughts, everyone? --Daviddwd (talk) 14:44, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

 * I think that is probably a good idea. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 17:53, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Definitely not. The term stalemate originated with chess, and it has a very specific meaning. The popular figurative meaning (an impasse) is actually incorrect, and is used by people who don't know chess and don't understand that there are many ways to draw in chess besides stalemate. At best the popular usage deserves a passing mention. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 23:06, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Daviddwd, I think you are under a few misapprehensions. As MaxBrowne2 says, the common meaning of "stalemate" originates from chess. Also "no-win situation" does not capture the common meaning of "stalemate" very accurately as stalemate means "impasse" or "deadlock". In fact "no-win situation" is closer in meaning to the chess term "zugzwang", a very different concept than "stalemate". I reverted your brief description of stalemate not because it didn't agree with the chess definition of the term, I reverted it because it was an incorrect description of stalemate in any usage.  Also there's no need to move this page. No-win situation already has its own page, and it is not synonymous or even closely related to stalemate. Quale (talk) 03:02, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Quale, it doesn't matter whether it's synonymous or even closely related with the chess term; it matters that the same word "stalemate", etymologically derived from the chess term, is more commonly used with that meaning, per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. --Daviddwd (talk) 06:29, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

 * I understand that it originates with chess, but that's not how it's mainly used anymore. I'm OK with the reversion. However, I don't think the (correct) line of reasoning that "stalemate comes from chess" and "another chess term is closer to 'no-win situation' (stalemate's more common meaning today)" is sound, because it doesn't address the point of whether or not it is the primary topic. --Daviddwd (talk) 06:29, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Don't agree that the colloquial/figurative usage is the primary topic. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 09:29, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree with MaxBrowne2. Is there a page on the stalemate (disambiguation) page that you think qualifies as the primary topic in place of chess stalemate? I don't see it. Quale (talk) 04:45, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree that "stalemate" in the colloquial sense isn't the primary topic. For one, sources that use the term "stalemate" don't discuss it in detail when not talking about the chess stalemate. Coverage of the term itself is overwhelmingly about stalemate in chess.--Jasper Deng (talk) 21:29, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * On second thought, "stalemate" not in the context of a game like chess is just a definition and wouldn't merit an article. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 05:15, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

2 types of stalemate...treat differently?
Larry Kaufman's statement that with a stalemate "any move would get your king taken" overlooks another type of stalemate where there is no move that would get your king taken, simply because there are no moves at all…a blockaded position. In discussing how stalemates should be scored, I believe these two types could be treated differently. 108.20.114.62 (talk) 21:18, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * No reliable sources give that treatment, so we shouldn't engage in our own WP:Original research. --Jasper Deng (talk) 21:21, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

 * It's not a matter of original research or reliable sources. If stalemate = win because the king is in check no matter what move is made, and there are no physical moves that CAN be made, then Kaufman's logic of stalemate = win fails. It's patently obvious. 108.20.114.62 (talk) 22:20, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * We can say that not all stalemates rely on not being allowed to move into check, but nothing more; saying these are two "types" of stalemate is original research.--Jasper Deng (talk) 22:22, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * But since Kaufman's logic doesn't apply to all stalemate positions, doesn't that failure alone mean there are different types? 108.20.114.62 (talk) 22:29, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * His statement is not completely accurate, but there is no distinction between "can't put your king in check" and "no move at all". The latter would almost never occur in a game, I think.  Also, he doesn't say that "stalemate = win".  Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 22:42, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * He does advocate for stalemate = win for the player causing the stalemate, though. It is possible to make the distinction; if the object of the game were changed from checkmate to capture the king, then one type of stalemate would be a win under that, while others would be true stalemates. But it's original research to speculate on that. In normal chess there's no distinction between moving into check and other illegal moves.--Jasper Deng (talk) 22:48, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * BTW...if White is stalemated, that doesn't mean Black "caused" it. It could be that White made a move to put itself in a stalemate position and Black had no move to undo the stalemate. Even so, by the FIDE definition of stalemate, it wouldn't be a draw until it was White's move again. 71.184.87.187 (talk) 21:11, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

Bottom line: Kaufman made a mistake in overlooking the kind of stalemate where a move into check is not possible because no move is possible. A mistake cannot be ignored simply by saying that to acknowledge it is original research, not when that mistake is plainly demonstrable, as it is in this case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.104.189.176 (talk) 16:01, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

KPK in Effect on endgame theory
Deleted the line - see section 3, "Effect on endgames" for details. Martin Rattigan (talk) 10:04, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

KBK/KNK in Effect on endgame theory
Changed the text. See section 3, "Effect on endgames" for details. --Martin Rattigan (talk) 11:31, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

KRKB in Effect on endgame theory
Deleted the line. See section 3, "Effect on endgames" for details. --Martin Rattigan (talk) 15:49, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

Changes to "Examples" section.
Deleted the line, "In diagram 5, Black had forced the position to become stalemate, seeing that the white bishop could not force the black king to go away from the queening square of the rook pawn.", because:
 * (a) There is no citation
 * (b) it's false
 * Black cannot force the stalemate shown except by moving a piece (which probably must be a Black queen) to one of the squares occupied by one of the White pieces leaving a position which would be a Black win if White did not capture. The reason in that case would be to avoid loss. (Black can't force the stalemate with the material shown.) Unless Black's move were an exchange it would probably be a half point losing move. Martin Rattigan (talk) 23:57, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

Deleted the sentences, "In that position, even if it were White's move, there is no way to avoid this stalemate without allowing Black's pawn to promote. (White may be able to win the resulting queen versus queen ending, however, if the white king is close enough).", because:
 * (a) There is no citation
 * (b) it's false
 * E.g. 1.Qd1+ Kb2 (forced) 2.Qd2+ Kb1 (forced) 3.Qd1+ Kb2(forced) 4.Qd2+ etc. avoids the stalemate without allowing Black's pawn to promote. Martin Rattigan (talk) 00:24, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

Some citation needed flags.
(a) To the sentence, "In more complex positions, stalemate is much rarer, usually taking the form of a swindle that succeeds only if the superior side is inattentive." Obviously needs one. Don't know the status in terms of truth, suspect no survey has ever been undertaken. (b) To the sentence, "Some regional chess variants have not allowed a player to play a stalemating move.". Obviously needs one and seems improbable. What would happen in this White to play position for example? Or would Black's last move count as stalemate itself, in which case how far might you need to look ahead to determine if a move was not allowed?

(c) To several sentences in the double stalemate section. (No sources given.)

Draws common, stalemate rare?
Directing tournaments among children at neighborhood libraries, I used to see stalemates all the time. I admit, though, the players didn't always notice it or deal with it appropriately, unless the director was right there. Just an amusing recollection.

I think we should be very careful about declaring what is "common" and what is "rare". But it would be appropriate at this point to clarify why stalemate isn't a good generic synonym for draw, i.e. there are also draws by repetition, draws by insufficient material, and draws by agreement. Bruce leverett (talk) 22:39, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * We shouldn't mythologize "grandmaster level" either, 1200 level play isn't substantially different than "grandmaster level" play, they just make more blunders. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 22:46, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

 * As a chess player you know the statement to be substantially correct, so why remove it? Asking for a cite is fine. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 04:01, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * You're right, the rest of the cited source, which goes on about how stalemate influences all of endgame theory due to its importance in K+PvK, is "textbook chess", and this is as good a chance as any to cite it. Bruce leverett (talk) 05:04, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I used to think this too. But Larry Kaufman did the experiment and detailed the results in one of his books. I added the conclusion to the article: in short, actually stalemate is not as big an influence as you'd think. Apparently the problem is that while K+PvK becomes a forced win for the superior side, K+minor vs K still isn't, and the inferior side can usually steer things into that. So, what you'd really need to do to create a noticeable effect is to reinstate not just the old stalemate=win rule, but also the old bare king rule. Double sharp (talk) 18:22, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

Stalemate vs bare king
When both stalemate and bare king were victories, I really wonder how this position (taken from this chessvariants.com comment) would have been evaluated. In today's chess the only move to draw is 1.Nc2+!, forcing 1...Rxc2+ 2.Kxc2 stalemate. However, when bare king was a victory, 1...Rxc2+ would seem to be a win for Black, because White cannot immediately bare the Black king in retaliation. This also seems unfair, however, because at the time stalemate was also a victory for the stalemating player, and after 2.Kxc2 Black is forced to commit suicide. Unfortunately I cannot recall this situation discussed in any source: I suspect that "legalistically" it would have been a Black win back then, but that if it had ever come up, someone would probably have made an argument. So I put it on this talk page in case someone ever finds an RS discussion of this situation. Double sharp (talk) 18:07, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

"Steelmate" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steelmate&redirect=no Steelmate] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Rusalkii (talk) 21:43, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stalemate


text:
Gillingham

Gillingham may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Gillingham, Dorset
 * Gillingham railway station (Dorset)
 * Gillingham School, a coeducational school situated in Gillingham in North Dorset, England
 * Gillingham Town F.C., a football club
 * Gillingham (ward), an electoral district
 * Gillingham (liberty), a former administrative division
 * Gillingham, Kent
 * Gillingham and Rainham (UK Parliament constituency), existing since 2010
 * Gillingham (UK Parliament constituency), existed from 1918 to 2010
 * Gillingham EMU depot, a train maintenance
 * Fort Gillingham, a former fort
 * Gillingham railway station (Kent)
 * Gillingham F.C., football club
 * Gillingham, Norfolk

United States

 * Gillingham, Wisconsin

People

 * Gillingham (surname)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gillingham


text:
Georgian Military Road

The Georgian Military Road or Georgian Military Highway also known as Ghalghaï Military Road, is the historic name for a major route through the Caucasus from Georgia to Russia. Alternative routes across the mountains include the Ossetian Military Road and the Transcaucasian Highway.

Route

The Georgian Military Road runs for 212 km between Tbilisi (Georgia) and Vladikavkaz (Russia) and follows the traditional route used by invaders and traders throughout the ages. From Vladikavkaz, the road stretches southwards up the valley of the Terek before passing through the Darial Gorge (which marks the border between Russia and Georgia). It then passes Mount Kazbek and Gergeti Trinity Church before heading south-west through the Georgian region of Khevi to the Jvari Pass, where it reaches its maximum altitude of 2379 m (42.5042°N, 44.4538°W). Not long after the pass the road passes the Russia–Georgia Friendship Monument, a large concrete monument built in 1983 to commemorate relations between the two countries and the bicentennial of the Treaty of Georgievsk. The road then turns south-eastwards, following the Tetri Aragvi River through Mtiuleti down to the town of Pasanauri, before heading due south. It then passes below the walls of the medieval fortress of Ananuri before cutting across the wide floodplain of the Tetri Aragvi down to a point just north of Georgia's historic capital, Mtskheta, where it merges into Georgia's main East-West highway (the E60). In this guise, the Georgian Military Road technically continues along the right bank of the Kura (Mtkvari) River before reaching nearby Tbilisi.

The 1914 edition of Baedeker's Russia describes the Georgian Military Road as 'one of the most beautiful mountain roads in the world', and mentions the fact that, as early as its date of publication, 'motor omnibuses of the Société française des transports automobiles du Caucase ply regularly from April 15 to Oct. 15th, [accomplishing] the journey in 10 hrs.'

History
People have used this route since antiquity—both Strabo (in his Geographica) and Pliny the Elder mention it. Russian troops first travelled it in 1769. Pavel Potemkin sent 800 troops to improve the road so that by October 1783 he was able to drive to Tiflis in a carriage drawn by eight horses. The Georgian Military Road in its present form was begun by the Russian military in 1799, after the Georgians had abjured centuries of Persian suzerainty and became a Russian protectorate under the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk. Russian control of the Georgian Military Highway in the center of the Caucasus divided the Caucasian War (1817–1864) into the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864) in the west and the Murid War in the east.

After the Russian Empire officially annexed the Kingdom of Georgia in 1801, Tsar Alexander I ordered General Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, the commander-in-chief of Russian forces in the Caucasus, to improve the road surface to facilitate troop movement and communications. When Yermolov announced the completion of work in 1817, the highway was heralded as the "Russian Simplon". However, work continued until 1863. By this stage, it had cost £4 million (equivalent to £ million in ) but according to Lord Bryce in 1876 the work was of a high quality, with two or three lanes and "iron bridges over the torrents", something he considered astonishing given that within Russia proper at this time decent roads were virtually non-existent.

The Georgian Military Road played an important role in the economic development of Transcaucasia and in the Russo-Circassian War.

The Georgian Military Road today
The importance of the Georgian Military Road as a through route has diminished in recent years, primarily due to delays at the border crossing between Russia and Georgia, natural disasters such as landslides, and the outright closure of the border crossing by Russia in 2006.

However, since 2013, when Russia finally agreed to re-open its side of the border as a result of Armenian demands, the road has once again become an important transport artery, mainly for trailer trucks linking Armenia and Russia.

Various restrictions, however, remained (and still remain) in place, particularly for Georgian citizens, but by 2013 a representative of the Russian side of the border could tell the Interfax news agency that around three million people had passed through the Kazbegi-Verkhni Lars customs checkpoint.

Currently (2024), the Georgian end of the Road is frequently clogged with trucks, apparently due to the length of time needed for vehicles transiting Georgia to be admitted into Russia.

title: Georgian Military Road


text:
Talk:Written language

Overly referential first line
"A written language is the representation of a spoken or gestural language by means of a writing system." Given that this is what comes up on Google when one looks for "define written language", should this first sentence define written language from basic principles instead of relying on the definition of a spoken/gestural language? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.95.103.44 (talk) 17:01, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

Written versus spoken language
Written language is a language whose words and sentences are written in paper instead of being spoken: strange thing, makes the distinction written/spoken appear as strong as the difference between spoken languages, which doesn't look right. So IMO this article should be reworked (and renamed) or deleted. --FvdP 20:50 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I think I fixed your concern. I made a (too?) strong statement about the absence of purely written languages. If anyone has any credible source to discount please let me know.

--Selket 05:38, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

My experience as a person with hyperlexia and Asperger Syndrome is that the difference between spoken and written languages is much wider than most people realize. My first language is written English; I learned to read by the age of 3, and although I did learn to speak before then, I picked up a lot more from books than from lectures or sermons on the same topics. For the first twenty years of my life, I transcribed speech into text in my mind so automatically that it took a neurological shift for me to realize I was doing it. I became fluent in spoken English around the age of twenty, thanks to nightly hour-long intimate conversations with two friends over the course of several months. If we ever contact alien life, I believe this article's assertion that "written language is an invention in that it must be taught to children, who will instinctively learn or create spoken or gestural languages" will only prove true in that we have no natural appendages for writing (crude jokes about yellow snow notwithstanding). --BlueNight (talk) 00:38, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

ASL
Isn't using ASL as an example of a language with a written complement a bit misleading? Is there a standard written form of ASL? If no-one objects I'll delete this from the page. thefamouseccles 07:41, 10 Mar 2006 (UTC)

ASL gloss is a method of writing the ASL language grammar and gestures using English words instead of signs, there is also a dance notation for ASL called SignWriting. Ticklewickleukulele (talk) 21:16, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Most Efficient Writing Style
Does anyone know what the most efficient/advanced writing system/language is? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.205.122.30 (talk) 21:29, 18 August 2007

If you mean pen and ink writing on paper with the fewest number of strokes, then shorthand is the most efficient. If you broaden it to mean any method of printing human speech on paper, then a computer speech recognition system that prints out what you say in a microphone is the most efficient, although the error rate is high. Greensburger 20:48, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Diglossia

 * "However, such diglossia is often considered as one between literary language and other registers, especially if the writing system reflects its pronunciation."

I'd like to help this sentence, but I don't know what it means. "One" is probably "one diglossia"; but "however" suggests a contrast with what precedes it, and I don't see any contrast; and I can't imagine what it could be saying that could be affected in any way by whether or not the writing system reflects its pronunciation. Can anyone suggest what point this sentence is trying to make? Pi zero (talk) 23:44, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

NPOV
I have found this:

 * Written Language refers to communication in its written form - most commonly in the forms of reading and writing. However we are in a need for oral language; speaking and listening skills are acquired naturally by young children remarkably without the need for having to teach them. Language in its written form has become a process that is required in our oral language rules and must be clearly taught. There are many languages in our world that exist, but do not have a written form.

I believe that this is a biased sentence, as it declared the written language as bad and advertises spoken language. Also, Wikipedia is written in a written language. Ticklewickleukulele (talk) 21:15, 9 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I've removed it. I don't find it particularly biased (except maybe for the word "remarkably"), but it doesn't really say anything new. It's basically a platitude. Angr (talk) 16:41, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

ગુજરાતી ભાષામાં ક્લિક બોડૅ મેસેજ લખવા માટે ૧/૪ વાળી ક્લિક બોડૅ ચાલુ રહે તેમ કરવું માટે
Click board should be 1/4 for Gujrati Language to write message in gujrati 2405:205:C906:93C6:61C7:E293:5442:E25B (talk) 07:17, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Written language