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Bandai

Bandai Co., Ltd. (株式会社バンダイ) is a Japanese multinational toy manufacturer and distributor headquartered in Taitō, Tokyo. Its international branches, Bandai Namco Toys & Collectables America and Bandai UK, are respectively headquartered in Irvine, California, and Richmond, London. Since 2006, Bandai is the toy production division of Bandai Namco Holdings. Between 1981 and 2001, Bandai was a manufacturer of video game consoles.

Bandai was founded by World War II veteran Naoharu Yamashina as Bandai-Ya on July 5, 1950, as the corporate spin-off of a textile wholesaler. The company began as a distributor of metallic toys and rubber swimming rings, before moving to metal cars and aircraft models. It was renamed Bandai Co., Ltd. in 1961 and achieved considerable success with its action figures based on the anime Astro Boy.

Origins and success with toys (1947–1968)
In 1947, Naoharu Yamashina began working for a Kanazawa-based textile wholesaler. The eldest son to a rice retailer, Yamashina had studied business in high school and was enlisted in World War II, where an impact from a grenade shrapnel blinded him in his right eye. The textile business, ran by his wife's brother, was struggling financially as a result of Japan's post-war economy. He made little money working, and as he was having a difficult time finding ways to allow the business to pick up, a neighbor told him about the potential of the toy industry and the financial success that could be generated from it. Intrigued, Yamashina convinced his wife to travel to Tokyo with him to begin studying the potentially lucrative market for toys. With little money or exposure in the field, the two worked long hours to establish a small toy distribution division within the textile business.

Yamashina assumed full control of the toy division on July 5, 1950, when it was spun-off as a separate company named Bandai-ya (株式会社万代屋商店) in Taitō, Tokyo. The name was derived from Japanese reading of Chinese phrase "bandai fueki" (万代不易), meaning "eternally unchanging" or "things that are eternal." Being assisted by Atsuko Tatsumi, publisher of the Weekly Toy News in Tokyo, Bandai-ya distributed and imported celluloid dolls, metallic toys, and rubber swimming rings. The company released its first original product the same year, the Rhythm Ball, a beach ball with a bell inside that suffered from numerous quality defects. Bandai-ya improved the quality of its products as it continued designing new kinds of toys, such as inexpensive metal cars and aircraft models. Several of these were exported to the United States and elsewhere as a result of their popularity, being among the earliest "Made In Japan" products exported outside the country.

As its revenue increased, Bandai-ya began expanding its operations. A new shipping and warehouse facility was constructed in spring 1953, followed by research and development (R&D) and product inspection departments later that year. A manufacturing facility, Waraku Works, was opened in early 1955 to increase the production of toys. In the same year, it implemented the toy industry's first quality assurance system; the first toy approved by this was the 1956 Toyopet Crown model car, which was also Bandai-ya's first product with a guarantee. The growing company worked on creating a friendly corporate image for itself, introducing a new logo, slogan, and television commercials that emphasized its quality products. Bandai-ya was renamed Bandai in July 1961, the same time it started spreading its operations overseas, beginning with the establishment of Bandai Overseas Supply in New York City.

While its toys often sold well in Japan, Bandai didn't achieve considerable success until 1963, when it began producing action figures based on the anime Astro Boy. The toy line's success prompted Bandai to reorganize and rethink its business strategies, as the company transitioned from working on original products to funding the creation of new television series and acting as a sponsor during their run, with advertisements that showed off Bandai's tie-in action figures and costumes. A similar blockbuster hit was found with action figures in the likenesses of Ultraman characters, largely due to the popularity of the television series at the time; the figures were later released in North America to little fanfare. In July 1966, it released Crazy Foam, a line of bubble blowing canisters that sold 2.4 million units in three months, thanks to the backing of an extensive marketing campaign. Bandai's other products included the Thunderbird electrical vehicles, the Water Motor bath toys, and the Naughty Flipper, the last of which received a gold medal at the 1968 New York International Innovative productions Exhibition. An additional manufacturing plant was acquired in late 1969 to further increase the production of toys.

Continuing expansion and Mobile Suit Gundam (1971–1983)
Bandai continued its expansion throughout the 1970s. The company established a joint venture with model car manufacturer Tonka in 1970 and established Tonka Japan K.K., as part of Bandai's continuing mission in establishing ties with foreign companies. A subsidiary named Popy was formed a year later that specialized in the manufacturing of toys based on popular children's characters. Though Bandai became a major player in the Japanese toy industry, competing with companies such as Takara and Epoch, executives believed the company needed to further spread out into international territories to help increase worldwide brand awareness.

Bandai continued to expand in the 1970s with the creation of several subsidiaries; Tonka Japan in 1970 following a joint venture with Tonka, Bandai Models being established in 1971, and finally Popy, who specialized in the manufacturing of toy characters. Although not their most profitable range, Bandai's 1/48 scale AFV models dominated that segment of the model kit market. Bandai America Inc. was established as local US sales/marketing operation in 1978. Spacewarp, a line of build-it-yourself toy rolling ball "roller coasters" was introduced by Bandai in the 1980s.

In May 1980, Makoto Yamashina, son of the founder, became president of Bandai. Naoharu Yamashina became chairman of the board. Upon his arrival, Makoto Yamashina completely changed the ageing staff of Bandai and replaced them with younger employees with the intent of not only bringing new ideas, but also revisiting the strategy of the group. The new president took a different commercial approach by selling directly to retailers rather than going through intermediates.

In July 1980, Bandai launched the 'Gundam Plastic Model' based on the animated series Mobile Suit Gundam which gave birth to the Gunpla range of scale model kits. In November, the subsidiary Celent was created.

Entry into the video game market (1983–1989)
Bandai became one of the first third-party developers for the Nintendo Family Computer in 1985. Among its first titles was Tag Team Match: MUSCLE, a video game adaptation of the Kinnikuman manga, which sold over one million copies. Bandai also produced the Family Trainer Pad, released outside Japan as the Power Pad, which also performed well commercially. A series of games was released both in the US and in Japan, including Athletic World and Stadium Events for the NES. Shortly after its release, Nintendo purchased the rights to the FFF mat in North America, replacing it with their own redesign, the Power Pad. In order to maintain branding continuity, Stadium Events was pulled from shelves after a short period of availability at Woolworth's stores. Because the game was pulled from shelves and discontinued before many copies were sold, Bandai's Stadium Events is universally accepted as the rarest licensed NES game released in North America. A shrink-wrapped copy of the game sold for $41,270 on eBay in February 2010. The sister game to Stadium Events, called Athletic World was initially released with a label that indicated compatibility with the Family Fun Fitness mat, but was later re-released with an updated label that mentions the Power Pad instead. Stadium Events was not released by name again, but instead was slightly modified and relaunched as the Power Pad pack-in game, World Class Track Meet. Since the 1980s, Bandai has become the leading toy company of Japan, and to this day, has the main toy licenses in Japan to popular properties including Daikaiju, Ultraman, Super Robot, Kamen Rider, the Super Sentai and Power Rangers series (which it took part in creating), Gundam, and many others. In February 1989, it acquired arcade game developer Coreland and reorganized it into Banpresto, which became Bandai's coin-operated entertainment division. In the early 1990s, Bandai published games for Nintendo in the United Kingdom, including Street Fighter II on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.

Financial decline and failed merger with Sega (1995–1999)
In January 1997, Bandai announced it would merge its operations with Japanese video game developer Sega. The merger, a $1 billion stock swap where Sega would acquire Bandai and dissolve the company, would have established a new entertainment conglomerate named Sega Bandai Ltd. with an estimated $6 billion in revenue. The announcement followed a ¥9 billion loss from Bandai the same month, attributed to declining game sales and the poor reception of the Apple Pippin console. Bandai felt Sega was an appropriate company to merge with, as it possessed an American management model and several international offices, in addition to owning several successful franchises like Sonic the Hedgehog. Opposition arose within Bandai's employees and midlevel executives, as neither felt the company's family-friendly work ethic meshed well with Sega's top-down corporate culture. As a result, Bandai called off the merge in May before its finalization in October. President Makoto Yamashina took responsibility for its failure, publicly apologizing and resigning his position within the company. Bandai instead agreed to a business alliance with Sega.

Namco takeover and restructuring (2005–present)
After its merger with game developer and amusement facility operator Namco in 2005, Bandai Company is now under the management and a member of Bandai Namco Holdings (Bandai Namco Group). Following a group reorganisation in 2006, Bandai heads the group's Toys and Hobby strategic business unit (SBU). Bandai Entertainment announced it would cease its distribution operations in January 2012. Beez Entertainment is no longer releasing new anime in Europe.

In February 2018, Saban Brands and Bandai's US division jointly announced a mutual agreement to not renew their Power Rangers master toy license, effective Spring 2019, after which competing toy company Hasbro will inherit the license. This transition will not affect Bandai Japan's Super Sentai (the series from which Power Rangers takes footage) master toy license with Toei.

A sister company, Bandai Spirits, was established on 15 February 2018. On 1 April 2018, the division of Bandai Co., Ltd that dealt with products for adult customers (including figures and plastic models) as well as Banpresto's prizes business were transferred over to Bandai Spirits.

Scale models
(incomplete list)

Star Wars
Bandai has developed kits of the following Star Wars vehicles and figures:
 * Millennium Falcon
 * X-Wing
 * Y-Wing
 * Tie fighter

Toys

 * SH Figuarts line
 * Kira Yamato
 * Lacus Clyne
 * Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Action Figures
 * Tanjiro and Nezuko (2024)

Corporate structure
Bandai's headquarters is in Taitō, Tokyo, Japan. The company owns offices in the United States (Bandai America), Mexico (Bandai Corporación Mexico), the United Kingdom (Bandai UK), Indonesia (Bandai Namco Indonesia), France, Spain, Taiwan, and mainland China. In the past, it owned offices in Hong Kong, South Korea, Thailand, Germany, and East Asia, which acted as distributors for Bandai products in their respective countries. Bandai is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings and heads its parent's Toy and Hobby Content Strategic Business Unit (CSBU).

Bandai is among the largest and most profitable toy companies worldwide, alongside Mattel and Hasbro. The company focuses on creating unique and innovative products for its consumers, and to bend established conventions within the industry; its slogan, "Break out of the box" was made in reference to this.

Subsidiaries of Bandai
Bandai Spirits Co., Ltd. produces figurines and plastic models targeted towards older demographics, utilizing popular licenses such as Mobile Suit Gundam, One Piece, Pokémon, Kirby, Disney, Star Wars, Hatsune Miku, Dragon Ball, Demon Slayer, Kamen Rider, Super Sentai, Ultraman, and My Hero Academia.

Bandai produces confectioneries, board games, and capsule toys through its subsidiary MegaHouse Corporation, which also releases toys and figurines under its MegaToy label. MegaHouse also holds the license for the Rubik's Cube in Japan, and has created multiple variations of the toy specifically for Japanese audiences. Manga series, television shows, and character-themed products are created by the Plex subsidiary.

title: Bandai


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Shannon switching game

The Shannon switching game is a connection game for two players, invented by American mathematician and electrical engineer Claude Shannon, the "father of information theory" some time before 1951. Two players take turns coloring the edges of an arbitrary graph. One player has the goal of connecting two distinguished vertices by a path of edges of their color. The other player aims to prevent this by using their color instead (or, equivalently, by erasing edges). The game is commonly played on a rectangular grid; this special case of the game was independently invented by American mathematician David Gale in the late 1950s and is known as Gale or Bridg-It.

Rules
The game is played on a finite graph with two special nodes, A and B. Each edge of the graph can be either colored or removed. The two players are called Short and Cut, and alternate moves. On Cut's turn, Cut deletes from the graph a non-colored edge of their choice. On Short's turn, Short colors any edge still in the graph. If Cut manages to turn the graph into one where A and B are no longer connected, Cut wins. If Short manages to create a colored path from A to B, Short wins. The game always terminates after a finite number of moves, and one of the two players has to win. Either Short, Cut, or the player moving first is guaranteed the existence of a winning strategy on any given graph.

The Short and Cut games are a duality; that is, the game can be restated so that both players have the same goal: to secure a certain edge set with distinguished edge e. Short tries to secure the edge set that with e makes up a circuit, while Cut tries to secure an edge set that with e makes up a cutset, the minimal set of edges that connect two subgraphs.

Variants
Versions of the Shannon switching game played on a directed graph and an oriented matroid have been described for theoretical purposes; but no corresponding commercial games have been published.

Gale
In this game invented by American mathematician David Gale and described in Martin Gardner's column in Scientific American Oct. 1958, two grids of differently-colored dots are overlaid at an offset. One player links orthogonally adjacent dots on one grid, and the other player uses the other. One player attempts to link the top of their grid to the bottom, while the other tries to link their left side to the right. The game is equivalent to the Shannon switching game played on a rectangular grid. No draw can result; the first player can always win with correct play.

A commercial board game implementing the scheme was marketed in 1960 by Hassenfeld Brothers under the name Bridg-It. The game consisted of a plastic board with two interleaved 5x6 rectangular grids of pedestals (one set yellow, the other red), two sets of 20 each red and yellow plastic bridges, and matching pegs to mount them on. Players alternate placing a bridge across any two adjacent pedestals of matching color until one player connects the two opposite sides of the board marked in the player's color. A variant of the game is described in the instructions: each player gets a limited number of bridges, say 10. If neither player has won when all the bridges are placed, a player in his turn, may reposition one of his bridges until a winner results. The game is long out of production.

An electronic implementation of the Game of Gale is available in the Ludii Games Portal.

Relationship to other games
The Shannon switching game can be seen as a special case of a Maker-Breaker game, in which the winning patterns for the Maker are connecting paths.

A weakly-related connection game Hex is played on a grid of hexagons, and has 6-connectivity. Generalized Hex is played on a graph, just like the Shannon game, but instead of coloring the edges, in Hex the players color the vertices. These games have completely different structure and properties.

Another connectivity game played with paper and pencil on a rectangular array of dots (or graph paper) is the children's game of "dots and boxes". Players alternate drawing in a vertical or horizontal line connecting any two adjacent dots. When a line completes a square, the player initials the square. After all the lines have been filled in, the player who has taken the most squares is the winner.

An extension of Gale, called Qua, is played by three players on a 3D game board cube composed of a grid of N3 cells. N is an odd number equal to the number of cells along the edges of the game board cube. The initial Qua Cube game board layout and rules are described at its Board Game Geek entry.

Computational complexity
An explicit solution for the undirected switching game was found in 1964 for any such game using matroid theory. Short should aim for a position in which there exists a set of vertices $$S$$ including the two distinguished vertices, as well as two disjoint subsets of the remaining unchosen edges supported on $$S$$, such that either of the two subsets (together with already chosen edges) would connect all vertices in $$S$$. If Short can make a move that results in a position with this property, then Short can win regardless of what the other player does; otherwise, Cut can win.

Unlike some other connection games, which can be PSPACE hard, optimal moves for the undirected switching game can be found in polynomial time per move. After removing from the graph the edges chosen by Cut, and contracting the edges chosen by Short, the resulting graph is a minor of the starting graph. The problem of testing for the existence of two disjoint trees, each connecting the distinguished vertices, can be represented as a matroid partitioning problem, which can be solved in polynomial time. Alternatively, it is possible to solve the same problem using network flow algorithms.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shannon switching game


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William Higinbotham

William Alfred Higinbotham  (October 22, 1910 – November 10, 1994) was an American physicist. A member of the team that developed the first nuclear bomb, he later became a leader in the nonproliferation movement. He also has a place in the history of video games for his 1958 creation of Tennis for Two, the first interactive analog computer game and one of the first electronic games to use a graphical display.

Early life
Higinbotham was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and grew up in Caledonia, New York. His father was a minister in the Presbyterian Church. He earned his undergraduate degree from Williams College in 1932 and his studies at Cornell University. He worked on the radar system at MIT from 1941 to 1943.

Career
During World War II, he was working at Los Alamos Laboratory and headed the lab's electronics group in the later years of the war, where his team developed electronics for the first atomic bomb. His team created the bomb's ignition mechanism as well as measuring instruments for the device. Higinbotham also created the radar display for the experimental B-28 bomber. Following his experience with nuclear weapons, Higinbotham helped found the nuclear nonproliferation group Federation of American Scientists, serving as its first chairman and executive secretary. From 1974 until his death in 1994, Higinbotham served as the technical editor of the Journal of Nuclear Materials Management, published by the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management.

In 1947, Higinbotham took a position at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where he worked until his retirement in 1984. In 1958, as Head of the Instrumentation Division at Brookhaven, he created a computer game called Tennis for Two for the laboratory's annual exposition. A tennis simulator displayed on an oscilloscope, the game is credited with being one of the first video games. The game took Higinbotham a few weeks to complete, and was a popular attraction at the show. It was such a hit that Higinbotham created an expanded version for the 1959 exposition; this version allowed the gravity level to be changed so players could simulate tennis on Jupiter and the Moon. Higinbotham never patented Tennis for Two, though he obtained over 20 other patents during his career.

He recalled in 1983, "The instruction book that came with the computer described how to plot trajectories and bouncing shapes, for research. I thought, "Hell, this would make a good game." [Working with colleague Dave Potter], it took me four hours to design one and a technician a couple of weeks to put it together. ... Everybody stood in line to play [at the open house]. The other exhibits were pretty static, obviously. ... The game seemed to me sort of an obvious thing. Even if I had [wanted to patent it], the game would've belonged to the government."

Legacy
In the 1980s, critics and historians began to recognize the significance of Tennis for Two in the development of video games. In 1983, David Ahl, who had played the game at the Brookhaven exhibition as a teenager, wrote a cover story for Creative Computing in which he dubbed Higinbotham the "Grandfather of Video Games". Independently, Frank Lovece interviewed Higinbotham for a story on the history of video games in the June 1983 issue of Video Review.

In 2011, Stony Brook University founded the William A. Higinbotham Game Studies Collection, managed by Head of Special Collections and University Archives Kristen Nyitray and Associate Professor of Digital Cultural Studies Raiford Guins. The Collection is explicitly dedicated to "documenting the material culture of screen-based game media", and in specific relation to Higinbotham: "collecting and preserving the texts, ephemera, and artifacts that document the history and work of early game innovator and Brookhaven National Laboratory scientist William A. Higinbotham, who in 1958 invented the first interactive analog computer game, Tennis for Two." As part of preserving the history of Tennis for Two, the Collection is producing a documentary on the history of the game and its reconstruction by Peter Takacs, physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Higinbotham remained little interested in video games, preferring to be remembered for his work in nuclear nonproliferation. After his death, as requests for information on Tennis for Two increased, his son William B. Higinbotham told Brookhaven: "It is imperative that you include information on his nuclear nonproliferation work. That was what he wanted to be remembered for." For this work the Federation of American Scientists named their headquarters Higinbotham Hall in 1994.

title: William Higinbotham


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Neo Geo Pocket Color

The Neo Geo Pocket Color (ネオジオポケットカラー) (NGPC) is a 16-bit color handheld game console developed and manufactured by SNK. It is a successor to SNK's monochrome Neo Geo Pocket handheld which was released in 1998 in Japan, with the Color being fully backward compatible. The Neo Geo Pocket Color was released on March 19, 1999 in Japan, August 6, 1999 in North America, and October 1, 1999 in Europe, entering markets all dominated by Nintendo, competing with Nintendo's Game Boy Color.

After a good sales start in both the U.S. and Japan with 14 launch titles (a record at the time), subsequent low retail support in the U.S., lack of communication with third-party developers by SNK's American management, the popularity of Nintendo's Pokémon franchise and anticipation of the 32-bit Game Boy Advance, and strong competition from Bandai's WonderSwan in Japan, led to a sales decline in both regions.

Meanwhile, SNK had been in financial trouble for at least a year; the company soon collapsed, and was purchased by American pachinko manufacturer Aruze in January 2000. However, Aruze did not support SNK's video game business enough, leading to SNK's original founder and several other employees leaving to form a new company, BrezzaSoft. Eventually on June 13, 2000, Aruze decided to quit the North American and European markets, marking the end of SNK's worldwide operations and the discontinuation of Neo Geo hardware and software there. The Neo Geo Pocket Color (and other SNK/Neo Geo products) did however, last until 2001 in Japan. It was SNK's last video game console, as the company went bankrupt on October 30, 2001.

Despite its financial failure, the Neo Geo Pocket Color has been regarded as an influential system. Many highly acclaimed games were released for the system, such as SNK vs. Capcom: The Match of the Millennium, King of Fighters R-2, and other quality arcade titles derived from SNK's MVS and AES. It also featured an arcade-style microswitched 'clicky stick' joystick, which was praised for its accuracy and being well-suited for fighting games. The system's display and 40-hour battery life were also well received.

U.S. release and marketing
The U.S. version of the Neo Geo Pocket Color had an exclusive launch on the website eToys in 1999. eToys also sold the initial launch titles in the plastic snap lock cases. The system debuted in the United States with six launch titles (twenty promised by end of year) and retail price of $69.95. Six different unit colors were available: Camouflage Blue, Carbon Black, Crystal White, Platinum Blue, Platinum Silver, and Stone Blue. In its first two months, the NGPC sold a successful 25,000 units.

Prior to SNK's acquisition by Aruze, the Neo Geo Pocket Color was being advertised on U.S. television and units were being sold nationwide at Wal-Mart, Best Buy, Toys "R" Us, and other major retail chains. For the Christmas Holiday season in 1999, SNK spent $4 million on television advertisements that aired on channels including MTV, Comedy Central, Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon.

By May 2000, the NGPC had a 2% market share in the U.S. handheld console market; although tiny compared to the Game Boy and Game Boy Color, it was enough to turn a profit for SNK USA.

NNGPC

On 21 October 1999, a redesigned, slimmer version called New Neo Geo Pocket Color was released in Japan, selling at ¥6800. It is 13% smaller than the original Neo Geo Pocket Color, with dimensions 125 x 73 x 27 mm, and also features improved sound output.

Post-Western discontinuation
In June 2000, Aruze (parent of SNK) decided to discontinue all SNK operations outside Japan. As a result, remaining stock was bought back by SNK for repackaging in Asia. SNK were recalling most of the back-stock of systems and games to be flashed and re-sold in Asia where the system would continue to be sold and supported. Some of the back-stock of American NGPC hardware and software began to resurface on the American and Asian markets in 2003. These units frequently appeared bundled with six games stripped of their cases and manuals. Two games often included, Faselei! and The Last Blade: Beyond the Destiny were never previously released in United States, meaning that they have no U.S.-localized box or manual; however, these titles did receive a European release, incorporating an English translation.

After the bankruptcy of SNK on October 30, 2001, the intellectual property rights were collectively transferred to the successor company SNK Playmore (later the second generation SNK), but the development of Neo Geo Pocket Color was discontinued after bankruptcy.

Features
Closely modeled after its predecessor, the Neo Geo Pocket Color design sports two face buttons on the right hand side of the system, and an eight-direction microswitched digital D-pad on the left. It is horizontally designed like the Game Gear, as opposed to the Game Boy's vertical setup and the WonderSwan's hybrid of both. Upgraded from the Neo Geo Pocket, it has a color screen in the middle.

Similar to the Game Boy and its successors, the Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance, the Neo Geo Pocket Color does not have a back-lit screen, and games can only be played in a well-lit area. Like the Game.com before it, the Neo Geo Pocket Color uses a CR2032 battery to retain backup memory and keep the clock active, as well as the usual AA batteries to power the system during usage. The Neo Geo Pocket Color has no regional lockout.

The system has an on-board language setting, and games display text in the language selected (provided the cartridge supports that language). Other settings include time and date, and the system can provide customized horoscopes when one's birth date is entered.

Cables for linking multiple systems were available, as well as a cable to connect the NGPC and the Dreamcast, as part of a partnership between SNK and Sega. Games that featured this option include King of Fighters R-2 (links with King of Fighters '99 Dream Match and King of Fighters Evolution); SNK vs. Capcom: Match of the Millennium (links with Capcom vs. SNK); SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash (links with King of Fighters Evolution); SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters 2 Clash Expand Edition (links with Capcom vs SNK) and Cool Cool Jam (links with Cool Cool Toon).

Game library
A total of 73 games were released for the Neo Geo Pocket Color. Most of the system's games were produced by SNK themselves, featuring well-received titles from franchises such as Fatal Fury, Metal Slug and The King of Fighters. Several large third-party developers also contributed to the system; the most well known of these is Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, a title heavily based on Sonic the Hedgehog 2 that is often considered one of the greatest games produced for the system. Taito contributed a port of their successful arcade game ''Densha de Go! 2 and Puzzle Bobble Mini, also known as Bust-A-Move Pocket''. Capcom worked in conjunction with SNK on several crossover games featuring their characters, including SNK vs. Capcom: Match of the Millennium and the SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash series of games. Namco published a conversion of Pac-Man, which came with a plastic cross ring that restricted the system's clicky stick to four directions; this version is often seen as one of the best home ports of the game to be released. Compile, Data East and ADK also produced ports of Puyo Pop, Magical Drop and Crush Roller respectively. Success published Cotton: Fantastic Night Dreams, a successful port of the arcade game of the same name.

Similar to the Neo Geo AES console, Neo Geo Pocket Color games were packaged in large clamshell-like black cases, fitted with bright, colorful cover art on them. As a way to reduce costs, in North America the games were instead shipped in cardboard boxes, a move that has been negatively received due to their general poor quality. Japanese games were later released in the same cardboard boxes, while all European releases used the clamshell cases. Towards the end of the system's short lifespan in North America, games were often bundled together in blister packs and sold in stores to clear out inventory, often including previously-unreleased titles such as Faselei!.

Several Neo Geo Pocket Color games were re-released for the first time via emulation on Nintendo Switch, beginning with ''Samurai Shodown! 2 in 2019 as a pre-order incentive for Samurai Shodown'' (2019). These re-releases were later compiled into Neo Geo Pocket Color Selection Vol. 1 (2021) and Vol. 2 (2022), which were also released for Windows.

Reception
SNK sold over 25,000 Neo Geo Pocket Color systems in Japan and over 100,000 in Europe by the end of 1999. By May of 2000, the Neo Geo Pocket Color retained a 2% market share in the North American handheld market; although minuscule compared to the Nintendo's Game Boy Color, it was enough to turn a profit for SNK America.

Retrospective feedback for the Neo Geo Pocket Color has been positive. USGamer writer Jeremy Parish considers it an important and influential handheld for being a "technological bridge" between the 8-bit portable era and the Game Boy Advance, and for its "clicky stick" having been used for modern video game consoles. He praised the game's small library for its quality and wide selection of genres, specifically titles such as SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash, Sonic Pocket Adventure, Magical Drop and Pac-Man, and for the system's build quality being robust and well-built. Parish blamed the system's commercial failure on both SNK's large lack of retail presence and for Aruze acquiring the company in 2000, concluding the article with: "Neo Geo Pocket Color's life may have been painfully brief, but it was nevertheless memorable for those who experienced it. Perhaps all the more so for the system's brevity, in fact." Ryan Lamble of Den of Geek felt that the Neo Geo Pocket Color was the best rival to Nintendo's Game Boy Color for its "brilliant" game library, design and overall quality. Lamble expressed somber towards the system's early defeat in the handheld market, saying: "It was a premature end for a system that, although doomed to remain a distant second to the Game Boy, could have forged a great little niche of its own." NintendoLife's Damien McFerran said that both it and the WonderSwan served as some of the most "interesting challengers" towards Nintendo. He commended the system for its game library and clamshell boxes, hardware capabilities, battery life and lasting legacy on future systems, writing: "Like the WonderSwan, the Neo Geo Pocket Color may not have succeeded in its goal of wrestling market share away from Nintendo, but that doesn't automatically mean it was a failure. Many fans will argue that the quality of the software available was far in advance of that on the Game Boy Color, and the fantastic controls, amazing battery life, cool PDA features and excellent screen combine to make a system which is still hard to put down, even today."

title: Neo Geo Pocket Color


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Spencer

Spencer may refer to:

People

 * Spencer (surname)
 * Spencer family, British aristocratic family
 * List of people with surname Spencer
 * Spencer (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name)

Australia

 * Spencer, New South Wales, on the Central Coast
 * Spencer Gulf, one of two inlets on the South Australian coast

United States

 * Spencer, Idaho
 * Spencer, Indiana
 * Spencer, Iowa
 * Spencer, Massachusetts
 * Spencer (CDP), Massachusetts
 * Spencer, Missouri
 * Spencer, Nebraska
 * Spencer, New York
 * Spencer (village), New York
 * Spencer, North Carolina
 * Spencer, Ohio
 * Spencer, Oklahoma
 * Spencer, South Dakota
 * Spencer, Tennessee
 * Spencer, Virginia
 * Spencer, West Virginia
 * Spencer, Wisconsin
 * Spencer (town), Wisconsin
 * Spencer County, Indiana
 * Spencer County, Kentucky

Ireland

 * Spencer Dock, North Wall, Dublin

Fictional characters

 * Spencer, character in Beyblade
 * Spencer, character from Final Fantasy Mystic Quest
 * Spencer family (General Hospital), on General Hospital
 * Spencer, on Hallo Spencer
 * Spencer (Pinocchio 3000), from Pinocchio 3000
 * Spencer, railway engine in Thomas the Tank Engine
 * Spencer Hastings, in Pretty Little Liars
 * Spencer Strasmore, from Ballers
 * Spencer Shay, from iCarly
 * Dr. Spencer Reid on Criminal Minds
 * Ozwell E. Spencer in Resident Evil game franchise
 * Frank Spencer, principal character in British TV sitcom Some Mothers Do 'Ave Em
 * Oliver Spencer, in American TV series The Six Million Dollar Man
 * Spencer Olham, in 2001 film Impostor
 * Shawn Spencer, in the American comedy series Psych

Works of art

 * Spencer (album), a 2013 album by Spencer Albee
 * Spencer (film), a 2021 drama film about Princess Diana
 * Spencer (TV series), a 1984–1985 American sitcom

Businesses

 * Spencer's (department store), a department store chain in British Columbia, Canada (1873 to 1948)
 * Spencer Gifts, a retail chain in the United States and Canada

Maritime and military

 * Spencer repeating rifle, a U.S. Army weapon popular from the American Civil War through the Plains Indian Wars
 * Spencer or trysail, a small low sail used to maintain control of a sailing vessel in very high winds
 * HMS Spencer (1800), a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy
 * HMS Spencer (1795), a ship that sailed with HMS Esperance

Other uses

 * Spencer (clothing), a type of short jacket
 * Spencer Carriage House and Stable, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
 * Spencer steak, another name for rib eye steak
 * Spencer's 15-Points, a series of weights to perform moving average smoothing

title: Spencer


text:
List of Christian democratic parties

Christian democratic parties are political parties that seek to apply Christian principles to public policy. The underlying Christian democracy movement emerged in 19th-century Europe, largely under the influence of Catholic social teaching and Neo-Calvinist theology. Christian democracy continues to be influential in Europe and Latin America, though in a number of countries its Christian ethos has been diluted by secularisation. In practice, Christian democracy is often considered centre-right on cultural, social and moral issues, but centre-left "with respect to economic and labor issues, civil rights, and foreign policy" as well as the environment, generally supporting a social market economy. Christian democracy can be seen as either conservative, centrist, or liberal / left of, right of, or center of the mainstream political parties depending on the social and political atmosphere of a given country and the positions held by individual Christian democratic parties. In Europe, where their opponents have traditionally been secularist socialists, Christian democratic parties are moderately conservative overall, whereas in the very different cultural and political environment of Latin America they tend to lean to the left. It is the dominant centre-right political movement in Europe, but by contrast, Christian democratic parties in Latin America tend to be left-leaning. Christian democracy includes elements common to several other political ideologies, including conservatism, liberalism, and social democracy. In the United States, Christian democratic parties of Europe and Latin America, deemed conservative and liberal respectively in their geopolitical regions, are both generally regarded as farther left-wing of the mainstream.

A

 * 🇦🇱 Albania
 * Albanian Christian Democratic Movement
 * Christian Democratic Party of Albania
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia
 * Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party
 * Christian Democratic Union of Armenia
 * National Christian Party
 * 🇦🇼 Aruba
 * Aruban People's Party
 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * Democratic Labour Party
 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * Austrian People's Party

B

 * 🇧🇾 Belarus
 * Belarusian Christian Democracy
 * BPF Party
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * Christian Democratic and Flemish
 * Christian Social Party
 * ProDG
 * Citizens' Movement for Change
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Croatian Democratic Union 1990
 * Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Croatian Christian Democrats
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * Christian Democracy
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
 * Union of Democratic Forces
 * Christ Democratic Party of Bulgaria
 * Reformist Bloc
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi
 * Christian Democratic Party

C

 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Christian Heritage Party of Canada
 * 🇨🇻 Cape Verde
 * Movement for Democracy
 * União Caboverdeana Independente e Democratica (Cape Verdean Union for an Independent Democracy) – UCID
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * Christian National Party
 * Christians for Community
 * Christian Social Democratic Party
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * Reform Party
 * Social Christian Unity Party
 * Social Christian Republican Party
 * Christian Democratic Alliance
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * Croatian Democratic Union
 * Croatian Peasant Party
 * Croatian Christian Democratic Party
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * Christian Democratic Party of Cuba
 * Christian Liberation Movement
 * 🇨🇼 Curaçao
 * National People's Party
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * Democratic Rally
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
 * KDU-ČSL

D

 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Christian Democratic Party (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 * Convention of Christian Democrats
 * Democratic Social Christian Party
 * Federalist Christian Democracy – Convention of Federalists for Christian Democracy
 * Movement for the Liberation of the Congo
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark
 * Christian Democrats
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
 * Christian Democratic Union
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * Social Christian Reformist Party

E

 * East Timor
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * Christian Democratic Union of Timor
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador
 * Christian Democratic Party (Ecuador)
 * Social Christian Party
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * Christian Democratic Party (Egypt), a Coptic party in Egypt founded in the 1950s.
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia
 * Pro Patria and Res Publica Union
 * Party of Estonian Christian Democrats
 * 🇪🇺 European Union
 * European Christian Political Movement
 * European People's Party

F

 * 🇫🇴 Faroe Islands
 * Centre Party
 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * Christian Democrats
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * The Republicans
 * Christian Democratic Party

G

 * Georgia
 * Christian-Democratic Movement
 * Alliance of Patriots of Georgia
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * Christian Democratic Union of Germany
 * Christian Social Union in Bavaria
 * Centre Party
 * Family Party of Germany
 * Alliance C – Christians for Germany
 * 🇬🇮 Gibraltar
 * New Gibraltar Democracy
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Christian Democratic Party of the Overthrow
 * New Democracy

H

 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * Christian Democratic Party of Honduras
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * Christian Democratic People's Party

I

 * 🇮🇪 Ireland
 * Fine Gael
 * Fianna Fáil
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Chaldean Democratic Party
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Forza Italia
 * Popular Alternative
 * Populars for Italy
 * Solidary Democracy
 * South Tyrolean People's Party
 * Union of the Centre

K

 * Kosovo
 * Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo

L

 * 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein
 * Fatherland Union
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania
 * Lithuanian Christian Democracy Party
 * Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats
 * Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania
 * Christian Union
 * National Alliance
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * Kataeb Party
 * Lebanese Forces
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg
 * Christian Social People's Party

M

 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * Nationalist Party
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * National Action Party
 * 🇲🇩 Moldova
 * Christian-Democratic People's Party

N

 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * Alliance
 * Christian Democratic Appeal
 * Christian Union
 * Farmer–Citizen Movement
 * New Social Contract
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * Social Christian Party
 * North Macedonia
 * VMRO–DPMNE
 * VMRO – People's Party
 * 🇳🇴 Norway
 * Christian People's Party

P

 * 🇵🇦 Panama
 * People's Party
 * 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * 🇵🇾 Paraguay
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * 🇵🇪 Peru
 * Christian People's Party
 * Democratic Party "We are Peru"

 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * Lakas–CMD (Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats)
 * Bangon Pilipinas Party
 * Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines
 * Liberal Party (Philippines) (factions)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * Agreement
 * Christian Democracy of the 3rd Polish Republic
 * Civic Platform
 * Law and Justice
 * Polish People's Party
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party

R

 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party
 * National Liberal Party
 * Force of the Right
 * People's Movement Party
 * 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Christian Democratic Party of Russia
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda
 * Christian Democratic Party

S
Sint Maarten
 * 🇸🇲 San Marino
 * Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party
 * Union for the Republic
 * 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia
 * United Workers Party
 * São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Christian Democratic Front
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * Christian Democratic Party of Serbia
 * Democratic Party of Serbia

 * St. Maarten Christian Party
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * Christian Democratic Movement
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia
 * New Slovenia – Christian Democrats
 * Slovenian People's Party
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * African Christian Democratic Party
 * Christian Democratic Party
 * United Christian Democratic Party
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * People's Party
 * Basque Nationalist Party
 * Democrats of Catalonia
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * Christian Democrats
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland
 * Christian Social Party of Obwalden
 * Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland

U

 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * Batkivshchyna
 * European Solidarity
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * Conservatives
 * Christian Peoples Alliance
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * American Solidarity Party
 * Prohibition Party
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay
 * National Party
 * Christian Democratic Party of Uruguay

V

 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela
 * Project Venezuela
 * Political Electoral Independent Organization Committee (COPEI)
 * National Convergence

Other entities
European Christian Political Movement
 * Global – Centrist Democrat International – headquartered in Brussels
 * European Union – European People's Party – Centrist Democratic regional in Europe; and the largest group in European Parliament
 * Americas – Christian Democrat Organization of America – Centrist Democratic regional in the Americas, North and South

Related philosophies

 * Catholic social teaching
 * Communitarianism
 * Distributism
 * Neo-Calvinism
 * Social conservatism
 * Social market economy
 * Political Catholicism
 * Christian politics
 * Christian Zionism
 * Liberal Conservatism
 * Abolitionism
 * New World Order

Indices

 * List of generic names of political parties
 * List of political parties by country

title: List of Christian democratic parties


text:
Diana Kennedy

Diana Kennedy MBE (3 March 1923 – 24 July 2022) was a British food writer. The preeminent English-language authority on Mexican cuisine, Kennedy was known for her nine books on the subject, including The Cuisines of Mexico, which changed how Americans view Mexican cuisine. Her cookbooks are based on her fifty years of travelling in Mexico, interviewing and learning from several types of cooks from virtually every region of the nation.

Her documentation of native edible plants has been digitized by National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity. Due to her style of work, Kennedy was called a "culinary anthropologist" and self-identified as an "ethno-gastronomer". Kennedy received numerous awards for her work, including the Order of the Aztec Eagle from the Mexican government, and was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire.

Life
Kennedy was born Diana Southwood in Loughton, Essex, in the southeast of England, on 3 March 1923. Her father was a salesman, and her mother was a schoolteacher who loved nature and wanted to live quietly in the countryside.

Kennedy attended South Hampstead High School. She did not go on to university because of World War II and instead, at age 19, joined the Women's Timber Corps: a civilian organisation that took over forestry duties from men who had gone off to fight. Kennedy did not like cutting down trees, so she was assigned to measuring tree trunks instead.

In 1953, Kennedy emigrated to Canada, where she lived for three years while doing a number of jobs, including running a film library and selling Wedgewood china.

On a last-minute decision, Kennedy decided to visit Haiti in 1957. There she met Paul P. Kennedy, a correspondent for The New York Times in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. The two moved to Mexico in 1957, and there they married some time later, remaining together until his death from cancer in 1967, aged 62. Kennedy had no children, but two step-daughters from Paul's first marriage.

In Mexico, Kennedy became enamoured of the food, and dedicated her subsequent career to its preservation and promotion. However, she still maintained her British accent and took tea each day. When she was not teaching, she was either writing or working in the kitchen on recipes. She was noted for her brusque, no-nonsense demeanor, having pulled out tape recorders when police have tried to get bribes from her on her Mexican travels.

She visited every state in Mexico, and used diverse forms of transportation, from buses, to donkeys to her Nissan pickup truck with no power steering (and a shovel to dig it out of the mud). She travelled to many isolated areas of Mexico to visit markets and cooks to ask about cooking ingredients and methods. In the 1970s, she decided to build her house near Zitácuaro, Michoacán, in an area with orchards. The land allowed her to grow many of her own ingredients. While she was not technophobic, she was against electronic forms of cookbooks, believing in the need to make notes over printed recipes.

Kennedy died at her home on 24 July 2022, at the age of 99.

First exposure to Mexican cuisine
During her first years in Mexico City with her husband in the late 1950s, she learned quickly that the best food in Mexico was not in fancy restaurants but rather in markets, traditional family restaurants called "fondas" and in homes. In addition, she was impressed with what she saw in local, traditional markets. She also came to appreciate that recipes varied from region to region, travelling with her husband when he was on assignment, and he would collect recipes when she could not accompany him. In Mexico City, she asked her friends about cooking these dishes, and was referred to their maids. These maids then encouraged her to visit their villages, which she subsequently would. Kennedy also began researching documentation on Mexican cuisine, and credited the work of Josefina Velázquez de León for her having been a pioneer, who had done similar work collecting recipes by visiting church groups. Kennedy's focus became the food that was not documented, such as that found in villages, markets and homes, eventually to preserve native ingredients and traditional recipes being lost as Mexicans move from rural areas to urban centers.

Kennedy began to share what she learned informally among expats and her husband's colleagues when they came to Mexico. This included taking women on tours of traditional markets, including the stands with animal heads, which shocked Americans. When New York Times food writer Craig Claiborne was in town, she tried to give him a book of Mexican recipes, but he refused it, saying "I'll only read a Mexican cookbook once you have written one".' At the time, Kennedy thought this was a crazy idea.

Cooking classes and cookbook writing
At the end of 1965, Kennedy and her husband moved to New York City, where he died the following year from cancer. In 1969, Kennedy began to teach classes in Mexican cooking in her apartment in the Upper West Side, with the encouragement of Craig Claiborne. This was the beginning of a decades-long teaching career, which began as her own venture, then in collaboration with other institutions such as the Peter Kump Cooking School in New York, as well as offering Mexican cooking "boot camps" at her home in Michoacán. Her classes focused on the most traditional cooking techniques and ingredients. For example, while most Mexican cooks now use pre-ground corn or corn flour, she insisted on teaching students how to soak kernels with lime overnight, remove the skins and grind with lard to make corn dough (masa). She had the most success with this since the 1970s, when cooking schools grew in popularity.

The work with the cooking classes led to her first cookbook. From her time in Mexico City to her time in New York City, she had been supported in her work with Mexican cooking by Claiborne. She did not have experience writing, but after Fran McCullough, poetry editor at Harper and Row at the time, took one of her classes, she offered to help Kennedy put the book together and eventually collaborated on Kennedy's first five books. To complete the first one, Kennedy decided to return to Mexico to do further research. This research, she believed, was what separated her from other cookbook writers in that she took the time and effort to explore Mexico and do field research on how the cuisine varies. Her inexperience led to rewriting the book several times but the result was The Cuisines of Mexico, published in 1972. This book became a best-seller and is still one of the most authoritative single volumes on Mexican cooking. It began to change Americans' understanding of Mexican food, expanding it beyond Tex-Mex into the various regional cuisines and dishes, and is the basis of establishing authentic food in the U.S. The 1986 revision of the book is still in print.

She later published eight other volumes on Mexican cooking, a number of which have been translated into Spanish. Her initial influence is the work of Josefina Velázquez de León, but she credited much of her writing style to the work of English cookbook author Elizabeth David. Kennedy did not consider herself a writer, but rather as someone who documented what she saw in about fifty years of travelling Mexico, including remote areas, to talk to cooks of all kinds. She financed her own book research and travels, often sleeping in her old Nissan truck. She preferred the food of central and southern Mexico, which is more complex and varied. She registered a wide variety of edible plants, and included more exotic recipes such as those using brains, iguanas, insects and even whole animals such as oxen. She regularly interviewed and cooked with a variety of cooks, but especially those from rural areas, cooking for family and friends. She even apprenticed in a bakery in Mexico City to learn the all-male trade. Her preference for traditional home cooking means that her books revolve around foods made with corn dough; she dedicated an entire book to tortillas. Her insistence on field research led to books full of picaresque stories. It also led to unconventional formats. Her book on Oaxaca is not divided by types of dishes but rather the eleven regions of the state.

Her work made her one of the foremost authorities on Mexican cuisine, not only in authentic ingredients and techniques, but the loss and disuse of various ingredients as Mexico shifts from a primarily rural to primarily urban society. One loss is the use of local and regional produce. "As far as I can see," said Kennedy, "I write oral history that is disappearing with climate change, agribusiness, and loss of cultivated lands. In the past people had a sense of taste and a sense of where they came from. They were conscious of what they were eating and what they consumed and about not wasting." In the introduction of Oaxaca al Gusto, Kennedy wrote ... "Trying to record the ethnic foods as well as the more sophisticated recipes of the urban centers presented an enormous challenge and responsibility … I am sure that if I had known what it would entail to travel almost constantly through the year, and often uncomfortably, to research, record, photograph and then cook and eat over three hundred recipes, I might never have had the courage to start the project in the first place..."

In addition to travelling in Mexico, Kennedy's work required frequent travel abroad, especially to the United States, where she gave classes and spoke about Mexican cuisine. She starred in a 26-part television series on Mexican cooking for The Learning Channel. She was an influence in the development of Mexican cooking in the United States and on chefs such as Rick Bayless. She taught Paula Wolfert, who recommended her to her editor. Chefs in Texas and New Mexico who came to prominence in the mid 1980s credit her work as a base for their Southwestern U.S. cuisine. However, Kennedy dismissed most chefs doing Mexican food during her time because they had not done the travelling and research that she had and innovated rather than preserved original methods. She criticized chefs who waste food and who encourage the unnecessary use of plastic, foil, and other items that only get thrown in the trash. She also did not like culinary writers who do not live in Mexico, but question her authority because of her ethnicity. Some of her conflicts received significant press: she threw chef Rick Bayless out of her car for being "brash"; her criticisms of Maricel Presilla were pungent. She was careful to credit the people who have shared their understanding of Mexican regional foods with her, including, for example, anthropologist and restaurateur Raquel Torres Cerdán.

Her influence was not limited to the United States as her work was very well received in Mexico. She received numerous awards in this country including the Order of the Aztec Eagle, which is the highest honour awarded to foreigners in the country. The National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) has digitized her research including a vast collection of recipes, drawings and notes both on cooking and native edible plants, resulting in a section of their website dedicated to her.

Quinta Diana/Diana Kennedy Center
Kennedy permanently returned to Mexico in 1976, initially living in Mexico City. In 1980, she moved to eastern Michoacán, about three hours west of the capital, after a friend introduced her to the area. There she bought property which she initially called "Quinta Diana"  near the small village of San Francisco Coatepec de Morelos (colloquially known as San Pancho), in the municipality of Zitácuaro.

Her homestead was on a forested hill at the end of a long dirt road, and could be reached only by pickup or four-wheel drive. However, this did not stop a steady stream of visitors from arriving at her cobblestone driveway.

Quinta Diana is an ecologically minded establishment. Kennedy stated in My Mexico (1998) that she wanted a house built of local materials and a lifestyle similar to that of her neighbors. The nearly three hectares are almost off the grid; the house is made of adobe. It was built by local architect, Armando Cuevas, and is centered on a large boulder, almost the size of a Volkswagen Beetle, which Kennedy decided not to remove from the site. Around the boulder is an atrium adjacent to the open living room, from which stairways lead to various parts of the house. In her home Kennedy tested recipes dictated by the seasons, working often with what grew on her property. Her cooking spaces consist of an outdoor space with wood-fired grills and adobe beehive-shaped ovens, and an indoor kitchen, which she called her "laboratory". The latter centers on a long cement counter, which is covered in blue and white tiles, with inlaid gas burners. This kitchen is filled with various ingredients and implements including burnished copper and clay pots on the walls,  herbs and vegetables in wicker baskets, various varieties of dried chili peppers, and her own condiments, including a pineapple vinegar similar to balsamic. For her table, she has authentic Talavera pottery from Puebla, and near the kitchen window, there are binoculars and a bird book.

Her bedroom is upstairs, which opens to her study, filled with books and papers about, and with windows on three sides to look out over the gardens towards the mountains.

Kennedy grew much of her own food organically. She had a greenhouse to grow various edible plants, such as herbs and even coffee. The gardens include grapefruit, apricot and fig trees, chayote vines from Veracruz, and a section dedicated to the corn she used for masa. Manure is the fertilizer. All the water used on the property is from tanks that collect wastewater, with a patch of land serving as a filter for wastewater. Much of the energy is solar.

Since 1980, money from her books and speaking engagements have funded the property and its operations. However, Kennedy established the Diana Kennedy Foundation to have tax-free status with the Mexican government, and to work on projects focusing on the environment as well as food. Her interest in the environment was related to food in the sense that when the environment is destroyed, foods disappear. It also had roots in her mother's love for nature and experience with scarcity in wartime England. She argued against the use of genetically modified seeds, excessive use of packaging and use of bleach for white linens in hotels and restaurants. The Foundation is also geared toward preservation, not only of Mexico's food heritage, but of Quinta Diana, with its immense collection of Mexican cookbooks, other publications and pottery, along with the gardens.

Publications

 * The Cuisines of Mexico, Harper & Row, 1972, revised HarperCollins, New York, 1986 (ISBN 978-0-06-181481-5)
 * Spanish translation: Las Cocinas de México, 1991

 * The Tortilla Book, Harper & Row 1975, revised Harper Collins, New York, 1991 (ISBN 978-0-06-012347-5)
 * Recipes from the Regional Cooks of Mexico, Harper & Row 1978, revised as Mexican Regional Cooking, Harper Collins, New York, 1990 (ISBN 978-0-06-012348-2)
 * Spanish translation: Cocina regional mexicana, 1990

 * Nothing Fancy (a book of personal recipes) Dial Press 1984, paperback North Point Press, 1989, Ten-Speed Press, Berkeley, 1999 (ISBN 978-0-385-27859-1), revised University of Texas Press, Austin, 2016 (ISBN 978-1-4773-0828-8)
 * Spanish translation: Recetas del Alma, 2006

 * The Art of Mexican Cooking, Bantam Books, 1989/ re-issued by Clarkson Potter, 2008 (ISBN 978-0-307-38325-9)
 * Spanish translation: El Arte de la Cocina Mexicana, 1993

 * My Mexico, Clarkson Potter, New York, 1998 (ISBN 978-0-609-60247-8), reissued University of Texas Press, Austin, 2013 (ISBN 978-0-292-74840-8)
 * Spanish translation: México—Una Odisea Culinaria, 2001

 * The Essential Cuisines of Mexico (a compilation of the first three books), Clarkson Potter, New York, 2000 (ISBN 978-0-307-58772-5)
 * Spanish translation: Lo Esencial de las Cocinas Mexicanas, 2003

 * From My Mexican Kitchen—Techniques and Ingredients, Clarkson Potter, New York, 2003 (ISBN 978-0-609-60700-8)
 * Oaxaca al Gusto: An Infinite Gastronomy, University of Texas Press, Austin, 2010 (ISBN 978-0-292-72266-8)
 * Spanish translation: Oaxaca al gusto: El mundo infinito de su gastronomía, 2008

Recognition
Kennedy was called the "grand dame of Mexican cooking", with comparisons to Julia Child in the United States and Elizabeth David in the UK, and a "dogged, obsessive pop anthropologist." Her comparison to Julia Child comes from her promotion of Mexican cuisine, much the way that Child did for French cuisine; however, while flattered, she dismissed it. She was a common name among foodies in the United States for decades, but did not receive notice in her native England until Prince Charles came to Quinta Diana in 2002, to eat and to appoint her a Member of the Order of the British Empire.

 * 1971: Silver Medal from the Tourism Secretariat for the promotion of Mexican culture through its foods.
 * 1980: Amando Farga Font special award from the Mexican Food Writers Association
 * 1981: Decorated with The Order of the Aztec Eagle by Mexican Government.
 * 1984: Award of The Jade Molcajete from Tourism Secretariat and the Holiday Inn hotel chain
 * 1991: Amando Farga Font special award from the Mexican Restaurant Association
 * 1992: Named Academic Researcher by the Mexican Society of Gastronomy
 * 1995: Recognition by the Domecq Cultural Institute
 * 1999: Recognition by the Mexican Restaurant Association
 * 2000: A special Gold Medal Award from the Mexican Restaurant Association
 * 2001: Special recognition in La Feria de Puebla by the state Secretariat of Culture and Tourism
 * 2001: A silver medal from the National Chamber of the Food and Restaurant Industry (CANIRAC)
 * 2002: Appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by the British Government for furthering cultural relations between the UK and Mexico
 * 2003: Life Achievement Award from the International Association of Cooking Professionals
 * 2003: Recognition for work in sustainable foods by the Monterey Bay Aquarium
 * 2011: James Beard Foundation Award—Cookbook of the Year for Oaxaca al Gusto
 * 2012: Gold Medal from the Vatel Club of Mexico
 * 2013: Silver Molcajete Award from the Mexican Gastronomic Association, Brotherhood of Zona Rosa Gourmets and the Industrialists' Club
 * 2014: James Beard Cookbook Hall of Fame

title: Diana Kennedy


text:
Christian Democratic Party (Norway)

The Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti, Kristeleg Folkeparti, lit. 'Christian People's Party', KrF; Risttalaš Álbmotbellodat) is a Christian-democratic   political party in Norway founded in 1933. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP). It currently holds three seats in the Parliament, having won 3.8% of the vote in the 2021 parliamentary election. The current leader of the party is Olaug Bollestad.

The Christian Democrats' leader from 1983 to 1995, Kjell Magne Bondevik, was one of the most prominent political figures in modern Norway, serving as Prime Minister from 1997 to 2000 and 2001 to 2005. Under the old leadership of Bondevik and Valgerd Svarstad Haugland, the party was to some extent radicalized and moved towards the left. Due largely to their poor showing in the 2009 elections, the party has seen a conflict between its conservative and liberal wings. Until 2019, the leader was Knut Arild Hareide, who led the party into a more liberal direction as part of a "renewal" process, and introduced climate change and environmentalism as the party's most important issues. However, the liberal turn ended in 2019 and the party has since moved sharply to the right. Hareide wanted the party to cooperate with the social democrats, but narrowly lost an internal struggle to the faction that wanted to collaborate with the far-right and anti-immigrant Progress Party. Since 2019 the party has opposed LGBT rights and been criticized as "the voice of transphobia" by LGBT rights groups and centre-left parties.

History
The Christian Democratic Party was founded as a reaction to the growing secularism in Norway in the 1930s. Cultural and spiritual values were proposed as an alternative to political parties focusing on material values. The immediate cause of its foundation was the failure of Nils Lavik, a popular figure in the religious community, to be nominated as a candidate for the Liberal Party, for the parliamentary elections in 1933. In reaction to this, Kristelig Folkeparti was set up, with Lavik as their top candidate in the county of Hordaland. He succeeded in being elected to Stortinget, the Norwegian parliament. No other counties were contested. At the next elections, in 1936, the party also ran a common list with the Liberal Party in Bergen, and succeeded in electing two representatives from Hordaland with 20.9% of the local votes. In 1945, at the first elections after the Nazi occupation of Norway, the party was organised on a nationwide basis, and won 8 seats.

The Christian Democrats became part of a short-lived non-socialist coalition government along with the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party and the Centre Party in 1963. At the elections of 1965, these four parties won a majority of seats in Stortinget and ruled in a coalition government from 1965 to 1971.

The Christian Democrats opposed Norwegian membership in the European Community ahead of the referendum in 1972. The referendum gave a no-vote, and when the pro-EC Labour government resigned, a coalition government was formed among the anti-EC parties, the Christian Democrats, the Liberal Party and the Centre Party. Lars Korvald became the Christian Democrats' first prime minister for a year, until the elections of 1973 restored the Labour government.

The party's historic membership numbers peaked with 69,000 members in 1980.

The 1981 elections left the non-socialists with a majority in parliament, but negotiations for a coalition government failed because of disagreement over the abortion issue. However, this issue was later toned down, and from 1983 to 1986 and 1989 to 1990, the Christian Democrats were part of coalitions with the Conservative Party and the Centre Party.

In 1997, the Christian Democrats received 13.7% of the votes, and got 25 seats in the Storting. Kjell Magne Bondevik served as prime minister between 1997 and 2000, in coalition with the Liberal Party and the Centre Party, and then between 2001 and 2005 with the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.

In the 2005 election, the Christian Democrats received only 6.8%, and the party became part of the opposition in the Storting. In 2013, the Conservative Party and the Progress Party formed a new government based on a political agreement with the Christian Democrats and the Liberal party with confidence and supply. In the 2017 election, the party got only 4.2% and did not sign a new agreement, but got a politically strategic position as the conservative minority government mainly depended on their votes to get a majority.

In late 2018, the Christian Democrats were split over the question of a potential government participation and the future direction of the party. At a party meeting in early November 2018, the delegates were asked whether to stay in opposition or to join either a "red" or a "blue" government coalition with party leader Knut Arild Hareide favouring a centre-left government with Labour and Centre parties, and deputy leaders Olaug Bollestad and Kjell Ingolf Ropstad wanting to join the existing right-leaning cabinet of Erna Solberg. The delegates decided with a narrow majority of eight votes to join the existing Solberg's Cabinet with Conservatives, Liberals and the Progress Party. In January 2019, after successful negotiations with the coalition parties the Christian Democrats eventually joined the government and Hareide resigned as party leader. In April 2019, 33-year-old Minister of Children and Family Kjell Ingolf Ropstad was elected new party leader.

The Christian Democrats failed to pass the 4% election threshold for leveling seats in the 2021 election and won only three seats in parliament. The party leader Ropstad, facing controversy over his use of a parliamentary commuter home, resigned from the cabinet and as party leader on 24 September and Olaug Bollestad assumed leadership of the party.

Ideology
The Christian Democratic Party has been described as centrist and centre-right. The party holds European Christian democratic positions, including family values. While founded on the basis of advocating moral-cultural Christian issues, the party has broadened its political profile over time, although Christian values remain its core distinction. It is considered an overall centrist party, combining socially conservative views with more left-leaning economic positions.

Religion
As a party centred on Christian values, the party draws support from the Christian population. Their policies that support Christian values and oppose same-sex marriage appeal to the more conservative, religious base.

Geographically, the Christian Democrats enjoy their strongest support in the so-called Bible Belt, especially Southern Norway. In the 2005 elections, their best results were in Vest-Agder with 18.9% of the vote, compared to a national average of 6.8%.

Since the party was established, a declaration of Christian faith had been required for a person to be a representative in the party. Membership had no such requirement. The increase of support for the party from other religious groups, such as Muslims, stimulated efforts to abolish this rule. At the 2013 convention the rule was modified. The new rules require that representatives work for Christian values but do not require them to declare a Christian faith. This latter point was considered the "last drop" for some conservative elements of the party, who as a result broke away and founded The Christians Party. It has been claimed that KrF have lost votes to the Christians.

Social values
The Christian Democratic Party is generally socially conservative.

The party opposes euthanasia and abortion, except in cases of rape or when the mother's life is at risk. The party supports accessibility to contraception as a way of lowering abortion rates.

KrF wishes to ban research on human foetuses and has expressed scepticism of proposals to liberalise biotechnology laws in Norway. Bondevik's second government made the biotechnology laws of Norway among the strictest in the world, with support from the Socialist Left Party and the Centre Party, but a 2004 case involving a child with thalassemia brought the laws under fire.

LGBT rights
On LGBT issues, the party supports permitting same-sex couples to live together but opposes same-sex marriage and adoption rights. The party has criticized the Polish government's policy towards LGBT people, and supported the Norwegian government's decision to withdraw financial support to Polish municipalities that have declared themselves as LGBT-free zones. The party's leader at the time, Kjell Ingolf Ropstad, stated: "To not be discriminated against because of one's sexual orientation is a fundamental human right. Therefore, it is important that the government now is clear about the terms of receiving financial support through the EEA funds. We want to support a policy that protects diversity and freedom." The party maintains neutrality on the issue of gay clergy, calling that an issue for the Church.

Foreign policy
In foreign policy, the party marks itself as a supporter of NATO and the European Economic Area (EEA) but they oppose Norwegian membership in the European Union (EU). The party supports Norway's signature and ratification of the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and want stricter rules for Norwegian arms sales abroad.

Development aid
Since the turn of the millennium, the Christian Democratic Party has had a major influence on development aid policy in Norway. The first Minister of International Development was Reidun Brusletten (KrF) in 1983. Hilde Frafjord Johnson held the position from 1997 to 2000 and again from 2001 to 2005, during Bondevik's First and Second Cabinet.

Dag Inge Ulstein, the third Christian Democrat to hold the position, addressed the need to take care of vulnerable minorities in foreign policy and by the use of humanitarian aid. He described these group as: women, children, people with disabilities and sexual and religious minorities.

The Christian Democratic Party is a strong supporter of increased development aid and more cooperation with developing countries. They want 1 percent of the GNI to be spent on development aid, and a larger share of the sum to be spent on poverty reduction and climate change adaptation.

COVID-19
Ulstein has played a prominent role in the global handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on fair distribution of vaccines to poor and middle income countries. As Minister of International Development, he has been the governments spokesperson regarding Norway's contribution in the global fight against COVID-19, which involves the contribution of 2.2 billion Norwegian kroner to vaccine development through CEPI, in March 2020, and Norway's entry in the global vaccine cooperation COVAX in August 2020, as one of the first European countries.

In March 2021, it became clear that the Norwegian government had donated 700,000 vaccine doses to low income countries in February the previous year. This created big reactions from other parties, who thought Norway instead should have given the doses to the Norwegian population. The Christian Democratic Party received a lot of criticism, from among others, the leaders of the Progress Party and the Centre Party, Sylvi Listhaug and Trygve Slagsvold Vedum, respectively. Party leader, Kjell Ingolf Ropstad, condemned the criticism and stated: "The last thing the world needs now is more egoism and competition between countries. Instead we need to help each other. We will not succeed in the fight against COVID-19 if we only say "Norway first".

Immigration and refugees
On questions surrounding immigration, integration and refugee policy, the party has a liberal stance. The Christian Democratic Party wants to base Norway's intake of refugees on the UN High Commissioner for Refugees' recommendations. In 2021, they announced that they want Norway to take in 5,000 refugees annually, plus 500 extra from the Moria refugee camp on Lesbos, Greece.

They have also criticized what they believe is an unfair distribution of refugees fleeing the Syrian civil war due to the fact that Syria's neighbouring countries (Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon) have received a higher number of refugees than many European countries. Therefore, they want Norway, and western European countries at large, to retrieve a larger amount of refugees from Syria.

Climate change
The Christian Democratic Party describes climate change and global warming as one of humanity's greatest challenges. They base their climate policy on climate research and the UN's sustainability goals.

The Christian Democratic Party support international climate goals and climate agreements, like the Paris agreement. They want to cut Norwegian emissions of carbon by at least 55% by 2030, compared with 1990 levels, and they aim for a climate-neutral Norway by 2050. They have addressed the need for restructuring in the Norwegian petroleum industry and want to end oil and gas exploration in new areas.

Protection of the vulnerable areas of Lofoten, Vesterålen and Senja from oil drilling, has been an important matter for the Christian Democratic Party. After the 2017 Norwegian parliamentary election, Knut Arild Hareide, party leader at the time, announced that the Christian Democratic Party would withdraw their support of Solberg's Cabinet if they opened the areas for oil drilling. When the Christian Democratic Party became part of Solberg's coalition government in January 2019, it was decided that the areas were to be protected until the next election.

At the national congress in 2021, the party proposed the creation of a Norwegian climate fund. The goal of the fund was to outcompete the use of coal power, by investing in renewable energy in developing countries. The Christian Democrats got the proposal through in the Storting, and a few months later the government decided to establish a climate fund consisting of 1.15 billion dollars. Experts estimated that the fund could result in more than 10 billion dollars in private investment in renewable energy. The deputy leader of the Norwegian environmental organisation ZERO, Dagfrid Froberg, described the fund as: "Maybe the most important Norwegian measurement in order to fight climate change."

The Christian Democratic Party wants increased funding of public transport projects outside Oslo, like the Bergen Light Rail. They want to accomplish this by making the government finance a larger share of the cost of developing local public transport systems, in order to make public transport more accessible and efficient, especially for people with disabilities.

Local chapters

 * Christian people's party
 * Østfold
 * Akershus (1945-)
 * Asker (1937-)
 * Oslo (1937-)
 * Hedmark (1954-)
 * Oppland (1939-)
 * Buskerud (1945-)
 * Vestfold (1946-)
 * Telemark
 * Aust-Agder
 * Vest-Agder (1945-)
 * Rogaland (1939-)
 * Hordaland (1933-)
 * Voss (1936-)
 * Sogn og Fjordane
 * Møre og Romsdal
 * Sør-Trøndelag
 * Nord-Trøndelag (1946-)
 * Nordland
 * Troms (1947-)
 * Finnmark

List of party leaders

 * Ingebrigt Bjørø (1933–38)
 * Nils Lavik (1938–51)
 * Erling Wikborg (1951–55)
 * Einar Hareide (1955–67)
 * Lars Korvald (1967–75)
 * Kåre Kristiansen (1975–77)
 * Lars Korvald (1977–79)
 * Kåre Kristiansen (1979–83)
 * Kjell Magne Bondevik (1983–95)
 * Valgerd Svarstad Haugland (1995–2004)
 * Dagfinn Høybråten (2004–11)
 * Knut Arild Hareide (2011–19)
 * Kjell Ingolf Ropstad (2019–21)
 * Olaug Bollestad (2021–)

Party Congresses

 * ?. landsmøte august 1945
 * ?. landsmøte Høsten 1946 6-8 dec Blå kors gården
 * ?. landsmøte 1947 11–13 April Bergen
 * ?. landsmøte 1949 Trondheim
 * ?. landsmøte 1953 Kristiansand
 * ?. landsmøte 1955 Hamar
 * ?. landsmøte 1957 Oslo
 * ?. landsmøte 1959 Skien
 * ?. landsmøte 1960 2–3 April Stabekk, Holtekilen folkehøgskole
 * ?. landsmøte 1961 Bodø
 * ?. landsmøte 1962 Stavanger, Solborg folkehøgskole
 * ?. landsmøte 1963 14-16 juni Oslo
 * ?. landsmøte 1965 Molde, Rauma
 * 13. landsmøte 1967
 * ?. landsmøte 1969 Stavanger, Solborg folkehøgskole
 * ?. landsmøte 1971 21-23 Mai Verdal
 * ?. Ekstraordinært landsmøte 1972 april Oslo
 * ?. landsmøte 1973 Araendal
 * ?. landsmøte 1975 Lillehammer, Maihaugen
 * ?. landsmøte 1981 Tøndsberg

 * ?. landsmøte 1983 Oslo
 * ?. landsmøte 1985 Tronheim
 * ?. landsmøte 1989 Haugesund
 * ?. landsmøte våren 1991
 * ?. landsmøte 1993 Ålesund
 * ?. landsmøte 1997 10–13 April
 * ?. landsmøte 2001 Hell
 * ?. ekstraordinært landsmøte January 2004
 * ?. landsmøte 2005 Tønsberg
 * ?. landsmøte 2009
 * ?. landsmøte 2013 25.-28 april Trondheim
 * ?. landsmøte 2015
 * ?. landsmøte 27-30.april 2017
 * ?. landsmøte 26-28.april 2019.
 * ?. ekstraordinære landsmøtet 2018
 * ? landsmøte 2021 29.April-1.May
 * ?. ekstraordinært landsmøte 13. november 2021
 * ?. landsmøte 2023 21-23 april Scandic Hamar

Notable people

 * Harald Sødal (born 1938), Norwegian politician

title: Christian Democratic Party (Norway)


text:
Brooklyn (disambiguation)

Brooklyn is a borough of New York City.

Brooklyn may also refer to:

Australia

 * Brooklyn, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
 * Brooklyn, New South Wales, a fishing town on the edge Sydney
 * Brooklyn, Tasmania a suburb of Burnie
 * Brooklyn Park, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide
 * Brooklyn Sanctuary, a nature reserve of Queensland

Canada

 * Brooklyn, Newfoundland and Labrador, a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Brooklyn, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, a small village north of Yarmouth
 * Brooklyn, Queens County, Nova Scotia, a village near Liverpool
 * Brooklyn, Hants County, Nova Scotia, a rural community located in western Hants County
 * Brooklyn, Prince Edward Island, one of two settlements

Netherlands

 * Breukelen, a town north-west of Utrecht

New Zealand

 * Brooklyn, Wellington, a suburb of Wellington
 * Brooklyn (New Zealand electorate), a parliamentary constituency
 * Brooklyn, Tasman District, a settlement and rural valley in the Tasman District

South Africa

 * Brooklyn, Pretoria, a suburb of Pretoria
 * Brooklyn, Cape Town, a suburb of Cape Town

United States

 * Brooklyn (Jacksonville), a neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida
 * Brooklyn, California, former city annexed to Oakland
 * Brooklyn, California, former name of Red Dog, California
 * Brooklyn, Connecticut, a New England town
 * Brooklyn (CDP), Connecticut, the central village in the town
 * Brooklyn Green Historic District, at the center of the village
 * Brooklyn (Waterbury), a neighborhood of Waterbury, Connecticut
 * Brooklyn, a settlement that eventually became Dayton, Kentucky
 * Brooklyn, Illinois
 * Brooklyn, Indiana
 * Brooklyn, Iowa
 * Brooklyn, Baltimore, a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland
 * Brooklyn Park, Maryland, in Anne Arundel County but adjacent to Brooklyn, Baltimore
 * Brooklyn, Michigan
 * Brooklyn, an early name for the settlement that eventually became Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Brooklyn Center, Minnesota (derived from Minneapolis)
 * Brooklyn Park, Minnesota (derived from Minneapolis)
 * Brooklyn, Missouri
 * Brooklyn, East Otto, New York, a hamlet in Cattaraugus County
 * Brooklyn, Franklin, Delaware County, New York, a former hamlet
 * Brooklyn, a neighborhood in Charlotte, North Carolina
 * Brooklyn, part of Glenwood-Brooklyn Historic District in Raleigh, North Carolina
 * Brooklyn, Ohio
 * Old Brooklyn, Cleveland, Ohio
 * Brooklyn, Portland, Oregon
 * Brooklyn, Washington
 * Brooklyn, West Virginia (disambiguation)
 * Brooklyn, Wisconsin (disambiguation)
 * Brooklyn Township (disambiguation)

Film and television

 * Brooklyn (film), a 2015 film based on Colm Tóibín's novel (see below)
 * Brooklyn Nine-Nine, an American police procedural sitcom airing from 2013-2021
 * Wyatt Cenac: Brooklyn, a standup comedy special by Wyatt Cenac
 * Brooklyn, a Gargoyles character
 * Brooklyn Masefield, a Beyblade character

Songs

 * "Brooklyn", by Jesse Malina from The Fine Art of Self Destruction, 2002
 * "Brooklyn", by Mos Def from Black on Both Sides, 1999
 * "Brooklyn", by Woodkid from Iron, 2011
 * "Brooklyn", by the Youngblood Brass Band from Center:Level:Roar, 2003
 * "Brooklyn (If You See Something, Say Something)", by Taking Back Sunday from Louder Now, 2006
 * "Brooklyn", by Maisie Peters from You Signed Up for This, 2021

Other media

 * Brooklyn (musical), a 2004 Broadway musical
 * Brooklyn (novel), a 2009 novel by Colm Tóibín

People

 * Brooklyn (given name)
 * Mary J. Blige (b. 1971), singer who uses the moniker "Brook Lynn" when rapping

Ships

 * USS Brooklyn, various ships
 * Brooklyn, which brought Mormon pioneers to San Francisco in 1846

American football

 * Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC), 1946 to 1949
 * Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL), 1930 to 1944
 * Brooklyn Lions / Horsemen (1926), a National Football League and first American Football League merged franchise
 * Brooklyn Tigers, later Rochester Tigers, members of the second American Football League 1936–1937

Other sports

 * Brooklyn (cycling team), an Italian professional cycling team 1970–1977
 * Brooklyn Dodgers, Major League Baseball team that became the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1958
 * Brooklyn Nets, a professional basketball team in the NBA
 * Brooklyn, a term used in bowling

Other uses

 * Brooklyn (cocktail), a whiskey cocktail
 * Apache Brooklyn, software in Apache Incubator

title: Brooklyn (disambiguation)


text:
Connectix Virtual Game Station

The Virtual Game Station (VGS, code named Bonestorm ) was an emulator by Connectix that allows Sony PlayStation games to be played on a desktop computer. It was first released for the Macintosh, in 1999, after being previewed at Macworld/iWorld the same year by Steve Jobs and Phil Schiller. VGS was created by Aaron Giles. The recompiling CPU emulator was written by Eric Traut.

Released at a time when the Sony PlayStation was at its peak of popularity, Virtual Game Station was the first PlayStation emulator, for any platform, that enabled games to run at full speed on modestly powerful computer hardware, and the first that supported the vast majority of PlayStation games. It was advertised as running at full speed on the original 233 MHz iMac G3 system (relying on its built-in ATi graphics hardware).

The impact of this product changed the available Macintosh game library from a very small, select group to nearly the entire collection of PlayStation games. Graphics could be run full screen, at full speed. Several PlayStation-type hand controllers became available with VGS in mind. The only lacking features were the ability to receive DualShock force-feedback or use light-guns.

VGS was initially released for NTSC based PlayStation games but later versions were made for PAL based games. Like the PS1, the system was region locked, and copied games would not work either, although it didn't take too long for the hacker community to release a "Mod Chipped" version. Versions 1.1 and 1.2 of VGS attempted to make "modding" more difficult but were soon modified as well.

VGS proved to be extremely popular, as it cost less than half the price of a PlayStation and did not require any extra hardware. VGS was later ported to Microsoft Windows. It was slightly less popular there due to competition with other emulators such as bleem!, though it did have better compatibility.

Sony perceived VGS as a threat, and filed a lawsuit against Connectix for copyright infringement. The case was eventually closed in favor of Connectix, but Connectix was unable to sell the software in the meantime because Sony had been awarded a temporary injunction. Soon thereafter, Sony purchased VGS from Connectix and discontinued it. By then, the PlayStation 2 was nearly out and the original PlayStation was at the end of its peak, with people looking toward the next-generation consoles.

title: Connectix Virtual Game Station