text:
Talk:Gus Hall

Comment by 208.124.62.19
I notice that this article says that the Smith Act was overturned by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional, Wikipedia's own article on the Smith Act says that, while convictions under the act have been thrown out by the Supreme Court, the Smith Act itself still stands. Might be worthwhile to investigate this discrepancy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.124.62.19 (talk) 06:17, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Someone please do some additional research. This article seems POV in the pro-Gus Hall side. --Jiang 19:34, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Please feel free to raise specific questions that concern you. Jose Ramos 19:54, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

There seem to a few small facts missing from this article - do the names Earl Browder, Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev ring any bells? This is a People's Weekly World editorial at the moment: I will revisit some time and try to NPOV it a bit. Adam 15:03, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I have never heard anything about Hall having any Jewish ancestry. Citations please? Prairie Dog 02:05, 10 Aug 2005 (UTC)

This all seems like anti-communist bias. "soviet-controlled", I call foul. Any person who actually reads about the history of the Soviet Union, the nature of the Soviet Union's international relations, and studies the history of the CPUSA can recognize bias against the CPUSA.

Anti-Christianism?
On several sites I came across with the quote below allegedely from Hall. Can anyone comment on this if it is really his quote? Particularly what was his view on Christianity?

"The Christians are always singing about the blood. Let us give them enough of it! Let us cut their throats and drag them over the altar! And let them drown in their own blood! I  dream of the day when the last priest is strangled on the guts of the last preacher." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.223.128.227 (talk) 19:08, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

That simply does not sound like Hall. If the subject of religion came up in interviews, he usually said that while he was himself not religious, he respected other people's right to follow the faith of their choice.76.199.15.175 (talk) 15:09, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

See p. 44 of They Never Said It by Paul Boller (footnote 38), and discussion here: Kenneth Goff.--Cloudcurver (talk) 19:01, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

Jewish?
I added that he was a finnish Jew and it was removed. For what reason? JJstroker 11:02, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Presumably because he was not jewish. --BluePlatypus 14:53, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah... for yucks, check out JJstroker's comment on my user talk page, in which he assures me that he knows Hall is Jewish, so I shouldn't worry about a source for that claim. If you look at his contribution history, it's pretty much this hodgepodge of anti-semitism and anti-communism, and I think he doesn't want to go to the trouble of hating two different things, so he assumes they're the same. Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 15:59, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that seems to be the case. But FWIW, I'll adress that claim: "Halberg" is not a common Jewish name. I've never heard of a jewish person named that, and I think you'd be hard-pressed to find one. "Halberg" is an anglicized spelling variant of "Hallberg", a quite common Swedish name. "Gustav" is also a very common, distinctly Swedish name (although borrowed into French as "Gustave"). A Google search for "Gustav Hallberg" gives 160,000 hits, which gives you an idea of the commonality. "Arvo" is Finnish. So it's clearly a Finland-Swedish name. Then there's the fact that Finland barely even has a Jewish minority at all. According to this (course material from Åbo Akademi), they numbered a mere 700 persons in the late 19th century (out of 2.3 million). --BluePlatypus 17:48, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Just curious, is "Halberg" Hall's family name? It sounds plausible enough, but that's not in the article, is it? Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 20:11, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's in the article. That much doesn't seem to be disputed by anyone. --BluePlatypus 14:43, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Duh. I'm afflicted with hysterical blindness, I think :-).  Of course it's right there in the article. Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 18:05, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I grew up in Yonkers, NY. My best friend was "Gus's" neighbor. I saw him frequently. It's funny he didn't look Jewish. That's good enough for me. He sure didn't "act' jewish. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Azzoy (talk • contribs) 16:07, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * You mean he didn't go to synagogue and such? (No, he isn't Jewish, man. Calm down.) - 166.216.128.76 (talk) 06:36, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Being his grandson, I can assure you he was not Jewish. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rconway28 (talk • contribs) 02:22, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Halberg not Jewish? Atheist Jew.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.229.196.163 (talk) 17:21, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Timing of military service
Presumably he joined the army after Pearl Harbor (and so after Operation Barbarossa had started), therefore not when the Hitler-Stalin pact was still in force. The wording "when WW2 broke out" is ambiguous. AnonMoos 12:40, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

I dont see how it is ambiguous. Assuming that Hall joined after Pearl Harbor, at the same time that the rest of the United States entered the war, then, from an American point of view, Hall joined "when WW2 broke out". Marcus22 11:16, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Where are the citations for this page?
While most of the information on the Gus Hall article are correct, there is absolutely no citation for any of it, not even from his autobiography which is presumably the source of much of the info. Nor is there info from scholarly sources (neither pro or con). Can we address this? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ldellapiana (talk • contribs) 18:52, 21 April 2007 (UTC).

Driver's licence abuse?
I heard the US legal system was so much abused during the cold was that comrade Hall actually got banned from driving a car for life, because the FBI hoped the high cost of having a permanent chaffeur for every communist party official would bankrupt the CPUSA. I see no mention of this in the article. 82.131.210.162 (talk) 12:50, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

PS: I had not heard this, and, although I do not know about Hall's driving himself (he apparently had volunteer drivers who served double duty as body guard and applause-leader), I do know that other prominent members of the CPUSA had driver's licenses. Sussmanbern (talk) 19:55, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Hall's lifestyle and effect on the CPUSA
Although Gus Hall affected the appearance of being a blue collar kind of guy, his residence and private life was kept a secret even to the Party membership. Shortly after his death, however, it became known that he had an extremely expensive suburban home and a yacht and other creature comforts commonly associated with the ruling class. It was supposed that this lavish lifestyle was partly paid for by the USSR (notwithstanding Hall's pretences that the CPUSA was entirely American) and partly by the funds collected from the CPUSA members. This revelation had a profound effect on the Party membership, many of whom were living threadbare lives in their devotion to Hall's leadership. I wish the WIKI article had covered this matter. Sussmanbern (talk) 19:55, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

A yacht? Really? He was my grandfather and my family owned a small18 ft. fishing boat with an outboard motor for a few years. He owned a house in Yonkers that they bought in the 1950's. A good investment, yes. An extremely expensive suburban home?? He wrote dozens of books and had numerous speaking engagements worldwide every year. Rconway28 (talk) 02:31, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Alice Neels portrait of Hall
Practically the only thing available on google books on Gus Hall seems to be a book, which deals with a Alice Neel painting of Hall. Neel is an interesting painter and respected, I think, even if her aesthetics will be considered dated by the avant-garde.--Radh (talk) 10:30, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Hall gave his support to the pro-Soviet regime of Pol Pot
The regime of Pol pot was not pro-Soviet, it was pro-Chinese. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alex Kudry (talk • contribs) 13:40, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

I was comming here to make that correction myself, thank you for catching it  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.66.235.55 (talk) 02:10, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

 * The "pro-Soviet regime of Pol Pot" claim still exists in the article despite the fact that, as Alex Kudry noted, it clearly wasn't. Even the source it cites (Far Left of Center by Harvey Klehr) doesn't claim it was pro-Soviet. In fact I can't find any evidence that the CPUSA supported the Khmer Rouge besides that one work, which doesn't cite any sources on the subject. Accordingly, I'm removing it. --Ismail (talk) 06:06, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

Gus Hall Speaks at the University of Minnesota in 1965
I believe Gus Hall's 1965 speech at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Campus, was broadcast by at least one local radio station. At the conclusion of his speech, a woman spectator was asked what she thought of his speech; and I recall that she said, "A man like that should not be allowed to speak in a free country." The recording of this 1965 broadcast and the content of the interviews that followed it would be a valuable addition to this encyclopedia. 71.195.7.90 (talk) 20:18, 29 December 2013 (UTC) TheRobScar@cs.com

Right wing - left wing
Gus Hall's parents emigrated to USA from a Finnish region "Lapua". This region is know for being the most right wing region in the entire country. Even the Finnish fascist movement in the 30's started from there (the Lapua Movement). The fascist leader of this movement was Vihtori Kosola, a second cousin of Gus Hall. Funny. ¨¨¨¨Eric — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:14BB:140:7FAE:A062:E7AB:275D:4DE8 (talk) 14:00, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gus Hall


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Stark Young

Stark Young (October 11, 1881 – January 6, 1963) was an American teacher, playwright, novelist, painter, literary critic, translator, and essayist.

Early life
Young was born on October 11, 1881, in Como, Mississippi. His father, Alfred Alexander Young, was a physician. His mother, Mary Clark Starks, was a direct descendant of the McGehees, an old planter family; she died when he was nine years old. Shortly after her death, Young was sent to live at the McGehee Plantation in Senatobia, Mississippi.

Young entered the University of Mississippi at the age of 15 and graduated from that institution in 1901. He completed his Master's Degree at Columbia University in New York in 1902.

Career
Young taught at the University of Mississippi in 1905-1907, and then moved to the University of Texas at Austin. There he established the Texas Review and became involved with theater. In 1915 he moved to Amherst College in Massachusetts, where he taught English until 1921.

He resigned to pursue other interests and moved to New York City. In New York, he was appointed as an editor of Theatre Arts Magazine and as drama critic for The New Republic. Young worked at The New Republic until his retirement in 1947. During this period he was also professionally involved with the theater in New York and wrote several plays. Young's plays include: Guenevere, Addio, Madretta, At The Shrine, The Star In The Trees, Twilight Saint, The Dead Poet, The Seven Kings and the Wind, and The Queen of Sheba, to name a few.

In 1926 Stark Young wrote his first novel Heaven Trees. In 1930, Young contributed to the agrarian manifesto, I'll Take My Stand. He was one of 12 Southern writers, a group including Allen Tate, known as the Southern Agrarians. Young drew on the traditions of his Southern upbringing for inspiration. He wrote essays, journalistic articles, and collections of stories that drew on these sources. He also published four novels dealing with Southern themes.

So Red the Rose (1934), perhaps Young's finest novel, had a brief period of popularity as the archetype of the Southern Civil War novel and dealt with the aftermath of the war. In 1935, his novel was adapted as a film of the same name directed by King Vidor and starring Margaret Sullavan. Described by its author as a novel of the affections, the book is still in print. The phenomenal successes of Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind (1936) and its film adaptation of 1939 pushed Young's book into the background.

Young translated a number of plays by Anton Chekhov, including The Sea Gull, Uncle Vanya, The Three Sisters, and The Cherry Orchard, all of which were published in 1956 by The Modern Library as Best Plays by Chekhov.

In the 1940s Young, a self-taught artist, began painting. He had two one-man exhibitions in New York. His paintings were shown in four important venues, including the Art Institute of Chicago, which purchased one of his works for its permanent collection.

In 1951 Young published his memoir, The Pavilion, dedicated to his friend Allen Tate.

Young was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame, as well as the New York University Hall of Fame. He was the recipient of Creative Arts Medallion from Brandeis University and the Southeastern Theatre Conference's Distinguished Career Award. Additionally, he received the Order of the Crown of Italy for a series of lectures on American theater. He gave them in Italian as a Westinghouse Lecturer in Italy. He served on the board of New York University and was a theater critic for the New York Times.

Death
Young suffered a stroke in May 1959 and died four years later. He was buried in Friendship Cemetery in Como, Mississippi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stark Young


text:
User:Jose Ramos

José Ramos is an activist, teacher, and writer living in Tucson, AZ USA. He is interested in many things, including Marxism, labor movement, history, science, natural history, literature, and chess.

title: User:Jose Ramos


text:
Nicolaus Bruhns

Nicolaus Bruhns (also Nikolaus, Nicholas; late 1665 – 8 April 1697 in Husum) was a Danish-German organist, violinist, and composer. He was one of the most prominent organists and composers of his generation.

Biography
Bruhns was born in Schwabstedt (Danish: Svavsted), a small settlement near Husum. He came from a family of musicians and composers. His grandfather, Paul Jakob Bruhns (died 1655), worked as lutenist in Lübeck. His three sons all chose musical careers; Bruhns' father, also named Paul (1640–c. 1689), became organist at Schwabstedt, possibly after studying with Franz Tunder. Nicolaus was apparently a child prodigy: according to Ernst Ludwig Gerber, he could play the organ and compose competent works for keyboard and voice already at an early age. He probably received his first music lessons from his father. At age sixteen, Bruhns, together with his younger brother Georg (1666-1742), was sent to Lübeck to live with their uncle Peter, who would teach Bruhns the violin and the viola da gamba. The two brothers also studied the organ and composition; Georg under Bernhard Olffen, organist of St. Aegidien, and Nicolaus under Dieterich Buxtehude. The latter, one of the best composers of his time, was so impressed with Bruhns' talents and progress that he considered him his best pupil and eventually recommended him for Copenhagen. There Bruhns worked as organist and violinist. On 29 March 1689 he competed for the position of organist of the Stadtkirche in Husum and was unanimously accepted. In a few months he was offered a position at Kiel, but declined when the authorities at Husum increased his salary. Bruhns remained in Husum until his untimely death in 1697, at the age of 31. His only son, Johan Paul, chose a career in theology. Bruhns was succeeded in Husum by his brother Georg.

Works
Bruhns' surviving oeuvre is unfortunately small: only 12 vocal and 5 organ pieces are extant. The vocal works include four sacred concertos that established a new level of virtuosity in the genre, and three sacred madrigal cantatas that represent a direct link with the next century and the work of Johann Sebastian Bach. Although the instrumental writing in most of these works suggests that Bruhns could only rely on musicians of average skill, there are movements, such as the opening sonatina of the solo cantata Mein Herz ist bereit, that feature highly developed, virtuosic textures. Bruhns almost certainly wrote chamber music, which may have been of the same high quality, but none of these works survive.

The organ works comprise four praeludia and a chorale fantasia on the hymn "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland". The most significant of these pieces is the larger of the two E minor praeludia, which is usually cited as one of the greatest works of the North German organ tradition. Although Johann Sebastian Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach claimed that his father admired and studied Bruhns' work, no direct influence has been traced by scholars.

Vocal

 * Muss nicht der Mensch auf dieser Erden in stetem Streite sein
 * O werter heil'ger Geist
 * Hemmt eure Traenenflut
 * Ich liege und schlafe
 * Jauchzet dem Herren
 * Wohl dem, der den Herren fürchtet
 * De profundis
 * Paratum cor meum
 * Die Zeit meines Abschieds ist vorhanden
 * Erstanden ist der heilige Christ
 * Der Herr hat seinen Stuhl im Himmel bereitet
 * Mein Herz ist bereit – [[Image:Sound-icon.png|16px]] Example and sheet music

Instrumental

 * Organ works
 * Großes Praeludium in E minor – [[Image:Sound-icon.png|16px]] Example (info), sheet music
 * Kleines Praeludium in E minor – [[Image:Sound-icon.png|16px]] Example and sheet music
 * Chorale Fantasy on "Nun Komm der Heiden Heiland"
 * Praeludium in G major
 * Fragment of Praeludiums in D major
 * Praeludium in G minor (also attributed to Brunckhorst)

Other sources

 * The most recent and concise summary of Bruhns' life and works available in English.
 * The most recent and concise summary of Bruhns' life and works available in English.

 * Webber, Geoffrey. North German church music in the age of Buxtehude. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-816212-X.
 * Covers a wide variety of topics related to church music, with considerable space given to Bruhns.

 * Snyder, Kerala J. Dieterich Buxtehude: Organist in Lübeck. New York: Schirmer Books, 1987. ISBN 0-02-873080-1.
 * This definitive biography of Buxtehude includes significant discussion of Bruhns' early life and context.

 * Fosse, R.C. "Nicolaus Bruhns", pp. 92–107 in The Musical Heritage of the Lutheran Church, ed. T. Hoelty-Nickel. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959.
 * The first substantial consideration of Bruhns in English.

 * Geck, Martin. Nicolaus Bruhns: Leben und Werk. Köln: Musikverlag H. Gerig, 1968.
 * Somewhat dated, this remains the central study of Bruhns to date.

 * Kölsch, Heinz. Nicolaus Bruhns. Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag, 1958. Issued in 1938 as thesis, Kiel.
 * The first landmark study of Bruhns' life and works.

 * Fructus, Michel. L'oeuvre d'orgue de Nicolaus Bruhns (1665-1697), Essai sur la persuasion musicale dans l'Allemagne baroque du XVIIe siècle, DEA de Musicologie, Lyon, 1999, 2 vol.
 * Fructus, Michel. Les cantates de Nicolaus Bruhns (1665-1697), Thèse de Doctorat de Musicologie, Lyon, 2009, 3 vol.

title: Nicolaus Bruhns


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Jeb Stuart Magruder

Jeb Stuart Magruder (November 5, 1934 – May 11, 2014) was an American businessman and high-level political operative in the Republican Party who served time in prison for his role in the Watergate scandal.

He served President Richard Nixon in various capacities, including acting as special assistant to the President for domestic policy development, and later as deputy director of the president's 1972 re-election campaign, Committee for the Re-Election of the President (CRP). In August 1973, Magruder pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to wiretap, obstruct justice and defraud the United States. He served seven months in federal prison.

Magruder later attended Princeton Theological Seminary and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister. He spoke publicly about ethics and his role in the Watergate scandal. In the 1990s and early 2000s, he gave interviews in which he changed his accounts of actions by various participants in the Watergate coverup, including claiming that Nixon ordered the break-ins.

Early life
Jeb Stuart Magruder was born and grew up on Staten Island, New York. His father, a Civil War buff, named him for Confederate general J.E.B. Stuart. His great-grandfather smuggled shoes for the Civil War Confederate States of America. His grandfather was convicted of bank fraud related to the construction of WWI cargo ships. He was an honor student at Curtis High School. Magruder was an excellent junior tennis player and swimmer, among the best in the greater New York area.

After two years at Williams College, he served in the U.S. Army, but was kicked out of Officer Candidate School of the United States Army, only weeks before graduation, for going AWOL by not going to class so as to take the daughter of a colonel out in a new Chevrolet. He was then stationed in South Korea. He later earned a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1958 from Williams College, where he competed on the varsity swimming team and set several regional records.

Magruder started at IBM after college, but dropped out of its training program after only a few days. He went to California and married a Berkeley student, Gail Barnes Nicholas, then took a job with the Crown Zellerbach, selling paper goods in Kansas City. Later, he started his own consumer products company. Later, he earned a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Chicago.

Marriage and family
He married Gail Barnes Nicholas on October 17, 1959, in Brentwood, California. The couple had four children. They were divorced in 1984.

Magruder married Patricia Newton on February 28, 1987, in Columbus, Ohio. They were divorced in May 2003.

Business career and politics
In the late 1950s, Magruder moved to Kansas City with Jewel Tea, in a transfer for work. He became involved there as a campaign manager for the Republican Party during the 1960 election campaign, working as chairman of an urban ward.

Magruder moved to Chicago for his MBA studies. Afterward he shifted from IBM to the consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton.

In Chicago, he again, was involved with the Republican Party. Magruder was a ward chairman, for Donald Rumsfeld's 1962 Illinois's 13th congressional district United States House of Representatives Republican primary campaign. Rumsfeld won the primary and the seat in Congress.

In 1962 Magruder moved from Booz Allen Hamilton to Jewel, a regional grocery firm. During his nearly four years with them, he was promoted to merchandise manager.

Magruder became involved with the Illinois organization of the Barry Goldwater presidential campaign in late 1963, but became disillusioned with Goldwater's political views. He worked briefly as campaign manager for Richard Ogilvie's 1966 campaign for president of the Cook County Board of Supervisors. The political workload, combined with work pressures, caused Magruder to end employment with Jewel.

In mid-1966, he returned to California, to begin a job with the Broadway Stores. In mid-1967, he served as Southern California coordinator for the Richard Nixon presidential campaign. He left early in 1968 due to internal organizational problems.

Magruder entered partnership during early 1969 with two other entrepreneurs to start two new businesses, and became president and chief executive officer of these firms.

Joins White House staff
Magruder was appointed to the White House staff in 1969, as special assistant to the president, and moved with his family to Washington, D.C. He worked for Nixon operatives H.R. Haldeman and Herbert G. Klein, communications director for the Executive Branch. Magruder's formal title was deputy director of White House Communications.

Committee to Re-elect the President
Magruder served in the White House until the spring of 1971, when he left to manage the Committee for the Re-Election of the President (CRP, also known as CREEP), first as director. By early 1972 in the election year, Attorney General John N. Mitchell took over as director of CREEP and Magruder acted as his deputy. As Mitchell became preoccupied with a scandal involving the ITT Corporation and by his efforts to restrain his outspoken wife Martha, Magruder took on more of the management of the CREEP.

The 1972 campaign to re-elect the President won 49 of 50 states. Nixon lost only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia to Democrat George McGovern. The final tally of Nixon's victory was 520 to 17 electoral votes, the second largest Electoral College (United States) margin in history up until then, after Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1936 victory over Alf Landon, (523 to 8).

Manages 1973 Inaugural
Magruder worked as inaugural director from October 1972 to arrange Nixon's United States presidential inauguration ceremony and celebration in January 1973. In March 1973, he began a job as director of policy planning with the United States Department of Commerce. He resigned soon afterward, as the Watergate scandal began to heat up and become scrutinized again by media following James McCord's disclosures of perjury during the original Watergate trial of the five burglars; the former Watergate burglar wrote about this to the Washington Star.

Watergate scandal
Magruder, in his role with CRP, was involved with the Watergate matters from an early stage, including its planning, execution, and cover-up.

Liddy plan
Magruder met with White House Counsel John Dean and John Mitchell on January 27 and February 4, 1972, to review preliminary plans by G. Gordon Liddy (Counsel to CRP) for intelligence gathering ideas for the 1972 campaign. The Watergate burglaries would evolve from those meetings. From the day they met in December 1971, Magruder and Liddy (who had been hired by Mitchell and Dean) had a conflicted personal relationship.

Cooperates with prosecutors
During April 1973, Magruder began cooperating with federal prosecutors. In exchange, Magruder was allowed to plead guilty in August 1973 to a one-count indictment of conspiracy to obstruct justice, to defraud the United States, and to illegally eavesdrop on the Democratic Party's national headquarters at the Watergate Hotel and Office Building. During this time, Magruder also engaged in a speaking tour on college campuses and in other public spaces, inspiring some critics to suggest he had profited from the scandal and his decision to turn state's evidence. On May 21, 1974, Magruder was sentenced by Judge John Sirica to ten months to four years for his role in the failed burglary of Watergate and the following cover-up. After his sentencing, Magruder said, "I am confident that this country will survive its Watergates and its Jeb Magruders." In the end, he served three months of his sentence at a Federal minimum security prison in Allenwood, Pennsylvania, and was moved for the remaining four months (before Sirica's pardon) to a "safe house prison" at the Fort Holabird Base in Baltimore Harbor, along with Chuck Colson, John Dean and Herb Kalmbach, due to threats on the four by inmates at Allenwood.

Magruder originally testified that he knew nothing to indicate that President Nixon had any prior knowledge of the Watergate burglary.

In his book, An American Life: One Man's Road to Watergate (1974), he wrote, "I know nothing to indicate that Nixon was aware in advance of the plan to break into the Democratic headquarters. It is possible that Mitchell or Haldeman told him in advance, but I think it's likelier that they would not have mentioned it unless the operation had produced some results of interest to him." This book was published before Magruder's sentencing on May 21, and before Nixon resigned as the president.

Magruder had testified that he thought that he was helping establish a legal intelligence-gathering operation. In his book Magruder wrote about former attorney general John Mitchell and Fred LaRue meeting in late March 1972 in Key Biscayne, Florida. He wrote that Mitchell approved the plan to eavesdrop on the Watergate complex soon after this meeting.

After Watergate
After his prison term, Magruder published a Christian-oriented memoir, From Power to Peace in 1976. He earned a Master of Divinity (M.Div.) degree from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1981 and became ordained as a Presbyterian minister. He served as associate minister at the First Presbyterian Church in Burlingame, California and First Community Church of Columbus, Ohio. (While there, Magruder chaired that city's Commission on Ethics and Values for a time.) In May 1983, President Ronald Reagan denied a request from Magruder for a presidential pardon.

In 1990 Magruder was called as senior pastor at the First Presbyterian Church of Lexington, Kentucky. In 1995, Kentucky Governor Brereton Jones reinstated Magruder's right to vote, and campaign for public office in the state.

Continued controversy
In 1990 Magruder consented to interviews with authors Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin while the two were conducting research for their 1991 book Silent Coup: The Removal of a President (St. Martin's Press). Magruder admitted that he had lied to prosecutors, to the Senate's Watergate Committee, and in his 1974 book An American Life: One Man's Road to Watergate, concerning aspects of the early cover-up.

To Colodny and Gettlin, he said that he had called John Dean several hours after the (second) Watergate break-in was discovered, and that Dean set in motion several cover-up strategies. This version of events tallied closely with that of Liddy, as set out in his 1980 book Will. Books published earlier by others, however, such as Magruder's in 1974 and Dean's Blind Ambition (1976), had become the accepted 'truth' of the cover-up. These versions had very profound and damaging effects on the reputations of senior figures such as Haldeman, John Ehrlichman and Mitchell.

To Colodny and Gettlin, Magruder admitted specifically instructing Liddy on the second Watergate break-in, something which he had earlier denied. At the time these interviews were conducted, Magruder was a Presbyterian minister in Columbus, Ohio.

In 2003 Magruder was interviewed again, by PBS researchers and the Associated Press. According to his account in a PBS documentary, Watergate Plus 30: Shadow of History, and in an interview with the Associated Press, he asserted that Nixon knew about the Watergate burglary early in the process, and well before the scandal broke. During the 2003 interviews, Magruder said that he had attended a meeting with Mitchell on March 30, 1972, at which he heard Nixon tell Mitchell by telephone to begin the Watergate plan. This account, however, has been contested by Fred LaRue. LaRue, who was the only other person present at the meeting in which the alleged telephone call from Nixon to Mitchell occurred, has said that no telephone call from Nixon to Mitchell took place during this meeting. Magruder is the only direct participant of the scandal to claim that Nixon had specific prior knowledge of the Watergate burglary, and that Nixon directed Mitchell to proceed with the burglary. These statements contradict Magruder's earlier accounts that the cover-up had reached no higher in the Administration than Mitchell.

In his 1974 book, Magruder had said that the only telephone call from the White House during this meeting came from H.R. Haldeman's aide, Gordon C. Strachan. Sixteen years later, in the August 7, 1990 interview with Colodny and Gettlin, Magruder changed his account, claiming that the telephone call from the White House came from Haldeman himself. In 2003, Magruder changed his account again, saying that President Nixon had telephoned Mitchell at the Key Biscayne meeting.

Later years
Magruder retired first to Colorado Springs and later to the Short North area of Columbus, Ohio. On July 23, 2007, Magruder was hospitalized after crashing his car into a motorcycle and a truck on State Route 315 in Columbus. It was reported that Magruder had suffered a stroke while driving. He was charged with failure to maintain an assured clear distance and failure to stop after an accident or collision. Magruder pleaded guilty in January 2008 to a charge of reckless operation stemming from the crashes with two vehicles in July. His license was suspended and he was fined $300.

Death
Magruder moved to be near family in Danbury, Connecticut in 2012, and died at age 79 on May 11, 2014, due to complications from a stroke.

title: Jeb Stuart Magruder


text:
Reflection

Reflection or reflexion may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Reflection (physics), a common wave phenomenon
 * Specular reflection, reflection from a smooth surface
 * Mirror image, a reflection in a mirror or in water
 * Signal reflection, in signal transmission
 * Elastic scattering, a process in nuclear and particle physics
 * Reflection nebula, a nebula that is extended and has no boundaries
 * Reflection seismology or seismic reflection, a method of exploration geophysics

Mathematics

 * Reflection principle, in set theory
 * Point reflection, a reflection across a point
 * Reflection (mathematics), a transformation of a space
 * Reflection formula, a relation in a function
 * Reflective subcategory, in category theory
 * Reflection symmetry, the property of being unchanged by a reflection

Computing

 * Reflection (computer graphics), simulation of reflective surfaces
 * Reflection mapping, an efficient image-based lighting technique for approximating the appearance of a reflective surface by means of a precomputed texture
 * Reflection (computer programming), a program that accesses or modifies its own code
 * Reflection, terminal emulation software by Attachmate

Film and television

 *  The Reflection (TV series), an anime series created by Stan Lee and Hiroshi Nagahama
 * "Reflection", an episode of Power Rangers: SPD
 * Reflection (2018 film), a Burmese film
 * Reflection (2021 film), a Ukrainian film

Albums

 *  Reflection (Brian Eno album) or the title song, 2017
 * Reflection (Demis Roussos album), 1984
 * Reflection (Derek Minor album), 2016
 * Reflection (Loraine James album), 2021
 *  Reflection (Fifth Harmony album) or the title song, 2015
 * Reflection (Hooverphonic album), 2013
 *  Reflection (Pentangle album) or the title song, 1971
 * Reflection (Redrama album), 2014
 *  Reflection (The Rubyz album) or the title song, 2011
 * Reflection (Steamhammer album), or Steamhammer, 1969
 * Reflection (Tofubeats album) or the title song, 2022
 *  Reflection (Unashamed album) or the title song, 1996
 * Reflection: Axiom of the Two Wings, by Mari Hamada, 2008
 *  The Reflection (album) or the title song, by Keb' Mo', 2011
 * Reflection, by Mr. Children, 2015
 * Reflection, by the Shadows, 1990
 * Reflection, by Rophnan, 2018
 * Reflection, by Kelly Chen, 2013

Songs

 * "Reflection" (song), from the soundtrack of the Disney film Mulan, 1998
 * "Reflection", by As I Lay Dying from Shadows Are Security, 2005
 * "Reflection", by Bleeding Through from Dust to Ashes, 2001
 * "Reflection", by BTS from Wings, 2016
 * "Reflection", by Prince from Musicology, 2004
 * "Reflection", by Seduce the Heaven, 2013
 * "Reflection", by Tool from Lateralus, 2001
 * "Reflection", by Young Dolph and Key Glock from Dum and Dummer, 2019
 * "Reflection", by Bobbie Singer
 * "Reflection", by Mirror, 2019
 * "The Reflection", by the Haunted from The Dead Eye, 2006

Other art

 * Reflection, installation art by Shane Cooper
 * The Reflection, a work of fiction by Hugo Wilcken

Other uses

 * Self-reflection, the ability to witness and evaluate our own cognitive, emotional, and behavioural processes
 * Reflection, a tool used in reflective practice and education
 * Reflective surfaces (climate engineering)

title: Reflection


text:
Talk:Reflection

Reflection in psychology
I removed the following from the Psychology section: "Human self-reflection, the process of thoughtful meditation or rumination", because it merely redirects to Introspection. .`^) Painediss`cuss (^`.  07:42, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Reflection
It seems to me that the link to Reflection (physics) should be more prominent and perhaps identified more broadly. Isn't this a MAJOR use of the word and its encyclopedic meaning? The (physics) is one way to describe it, but it's also an optical subject and I worry that buried at the bottom of the disambig. it's not easy to find. Can we put it at the top as the most obvious link with a clarification that people looking for the subject of reflected images can find the subject covered there? ChildofMidnight (talk) 19:03, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

philippine politics governance
elections 110.54.200.82 (talk) 13:53, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reflection


text:
Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Temp5/Votes archive

Moved from Talk:Main Page/Layout design on 13 August 2003

Should Temp5 replace the current main page?
(see vote above)

Eloquence suggested editing this to reflect pros and cons of the new design, as expressed in comments. I'll probably do that at some point.

 * Switch to Temp5-style layout
 * It's got a picture! :) Martin
 * Merphant
 * Angela
 * LDan That page looks much better and is a lot more informative.
 * Eloquence
 * SimonP, It works now, I'm changing my vote.
 * MB
 * I like it better than current Marshman 23:13, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Like the explanations. More human. --Menchi 00:23, Aug 8, 2003 (UTC)
 * I think this page is much better, however, I'd rather see a main page contest before we make a major change -- Ram-Man 02:05, Aug 8, 2003 (UTC)
 * Arvindn We computery people might not mind the current concise listing, but Temp5 with its catchy "Featured Articles" section is likely to appeal much better to a wider audience :)
 * Schnee I like this one. Maybe a few tweaks are needed, but generally, it looks really good to me.
 * Bill Speaking as a contributor, I prefer the current page, but for a user (especially a new user) I think the proposed new format more inviting. The contributor side of me is using the "Recent changes" page as a starting point much more than the main page anyway. However, if we're going to have a contest anyway, leave things the way they are until after that happens.
 * Ellmist Temp5 has some possible flaws, but I consider it overall much better than the current main page.
 * Nixdorf rock and roll.
 * Jwrosenzweig -- it goes farther than the current main page to make Wikipedia attractive to end-users, in my opinion.
 * Pascal 13:16, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC) -- I like this new look!

 * Keep current Main Page layout
 * It's colorful, but looks more like Yahoo then like Google, i.e. I find it to stuffed and confusing. till we *)
 * For now at least. See below. --mav
 * Too much detail. FearÉIREANN 01:57, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Agree with User:Tillwe. --wshun 17:55, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Delirium 22:28, Aug 7, 2003 (UTC)
 * I vote against any design that uses tables for layout. This one is especially table-intensive. -- Wapcaplet 22:37, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm with both wapcaplet and jtdirlDanKeshet 22:44, Aug 7, 2003 (UTC)
 * I prefer the current look. Mintguy 23:31, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I really don't like the horizontal rule that runs across the entire page and thus through the right-hand box in Temp5 (Netscape 6.2 under Windows), and I'm still not thrilled with how small the "other language" links are, though either it's a bit better than when I last commented or my eyes are having a very good day. Vicki Rosenzweig 23:36, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * The horizontal rule is only there to separate the temp links from the design. It will not be used in the live version.—Eloquence 00:36, Aug 8, 2003 (UTC)
 * Temp5 is too detailed and looks cluttered. -- nknight 01:15, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Too cluttered. The current main page is much easier to navigate. - Efghij 03:19, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I agree it is too detailed and confusing but I like the pictures. Rmhermen 04:08, Aug 8, 2003 (UTC)
 * Temp 5 is too cluttered and confusing. The current main page needs a larger "welcome newcomers" heading like what Temp 5 has, but Temp 5 has too much stuffed into the "featured articles" section. --Jiang 05:12, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Temp5 is uglier and wider. 212 09:36, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I like the current design better. Keep it. [[User


text:
Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal

The Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal is the highest award for atmospheric science of the American Meteorological Society.

Background
It is presented to individual scientists, who receive a medal. Named in honor of meteorology and oceanography pioneer Carl-Gustaf Rossby, who was also its second (1953) recipient.

Previous names
The prize was initially called Award for Extraordinary Scientific Achievement. In 1958 it was renamed The Carl-Gustaf Rossby Award for Extraordinary Scientific Achievement, and after 1963, its current name.

Recipients
Source: American Meteorological Society (Enter award name and click "submit")
 * 1951: Hurd Curtis Willett for his contributions to dynamic meteorology leading to a better understanding of atmospheric motions and thermodynamics.
 * 1953: Carl-Gustaf Rossby for his contributions to dynamic meteorology leading to a better understanding of atmospheric motions and thermodynamics.
 * 1955: Jerome Namias for his contributions to, and stimulation of, research in the principles and application of extended and long-range forecasting techniques.
 * 1956: John von Neumann for his farsighted contribution to the science of meteorology and the national interests in developing the modern, high-speed electronic computer with meteorological application as an ultimate aim, and for his support and encouragement in organizing the world's first research group in numerical weather prediction.
 * 1960: J. Bjerknes and Erik Palmén for their pioneering and distinguished research contributions in atmospheric dynamics and synoptic aerology, which have given a unified picture of the general circulation of the atmosphere.
 * 1961: Victor P. Starr for his more than a decade of outstanding fundamental research leading to a better understanding of the general circulation of the atmosphere.
 * 1962: Bernhard Haurwitz for the substantial advances due to his research in dynamic meteorology over a wide range of subjects, including among many the long waves in the westerlies, the circulation of the high atmosphere, local and diurnal effects, and hurricanes.
 * 1963: Harry Wexler (posthumously) for his contributions to knowledge of the atmosphere heat balance and dynamic anticyclogenesis, for his interdisciplinary studies in meteorology, oceanography, and glaciology, and for his outstanding leadership in international programs in the atmospheric sciences.
 * 1964: Jule G. Charney for his long and distinguished record of outstanding contributions to theoretical meteorology and related atmospheric sciences. Apart from acting as a strong scientific stimulus to the development of dynamical weather prediction, Professor Charney's research has led the way to a more fundamental understanding of the atmosphere's general circulation, hydrodynamical instability, the structure of hurricanes, the dynamics of ocean currents, the propagation of wave energy, and many other aspects of geophysical fluid mechanics. In its scientific depth and breadth, Professor Charney's work has contributed significantly to the study of meteorology as an exact science.
 * 1965: Arnt Eliassen for his many important contributions to dynamical meteorology, through which he has brought a new elegance and clarity into the subject. Noteworthy among these are his research on free and thermally driven circulations, on numerical weather prediction, on frontogenesis, and on shear and gravitational–acoustic wave propagation in stratified media.
 * 1966: Zdenek Sekera for his numerous contributions to the dynamics of the atmosphere, which comprise studies of waves at interfaces, of the dynamics of the atmospheric jet stream, and especially of the brightness and polarization of sky light in a scattering atmosphere which led to the extension and application of Chandrasekhar's general theory of radiative transfer to atmospheric problems. This work led to the computation of tables by Sekera and his coworkers. With the publication of these tables, in Chandrasekhar's words, 'The problem that was formulated by Rayleigh in 1871 has now at last found its complete solution.'
 * 1967: Dave Fultz for his outstanding and pioneering research over the past 20 years, which has resulted in laboratory experimental techniques in dynamic meteorology. Through example and personal instruction, these techniques have been the root of nearly all of the modeling studies of the general circulation that have been carried out to date.
 * 1968: Verner E. Suomi for his imagination, ingenuity, and versatility in conceiving and designing diverse meteorological sensors which have helped to transform the satellite as a meteorological probe from a dream to a reality. His Spin-Scan camera has given us our most comprehensive views of the atmosphere as an entity, and has already led to revised ideas concerning the circulation in lower latitudes.
 * 1969: Edward N. Lorenz for his fundamental innovations in dynamic meteorology and his enlightening perspectives in advancing our understanding of the atmosphere as a physical system.
 * 1970: Hsiao-Lan Kuo for his fundamental research in atmospheric dynamics, beginning with his thesis on the stability of barotropic flow and continuing on the general circulation, the theory of hurricane formation, thermal convection, interaction of the atmosphere with the earth's surface, and on many other topics of great importance.
 * 1971: Norman A. Phillips for his introduction of new lines of study which have served to enlarge the scope of dynamic meteorology, his construction of a two-layer model making numerical prediction of developing systems feasible, and his diagnosis of nonlinear instability and prescription for dealing with it, permitting numerical simulation of the general circulation, which he had previously pioneered to be extended to infinite range.
 * 1972: Joseph Smagorinsky for his creative leadership in numerical modeling of the general circulation of the atmosphere.
 * 1973: Christian E. Junge for his productive investigations and international leadership in the study of atmospheric aerosols and atmospheric chemistry that have increased our knowledge of the stratospheric sulphate layer, the background tropospheric aerosol, the intricacies of marine aerosol distribution, and other topics important to the chemical budgets of the atmosphere.
 * 1974: Heinz H. Lettau for his outstanding research achievements leading to a fuller understanding of the atmosphere's first mile. From his original concept of the stability length scale to his pioneering contributions in boundary-layer dynamics, turbulent transfer, climatology, and microscale surface modification, his work has been characterized by remarkable ingenuity and extraordinary dedication to purpose.
 * 1975: Charles H. B. Priestley for his fundamental contributions to the understanding of turbulent processes and the links between small-scale and large-scale dynamics in the atmosphere.
 * 1976: Hans A. Panofsky for his many fundamental contributions to the understanding of turbulent processes and the links between small-scale and large-scale dynamics in the atmosphere.
 * 1977: Akio Arakawa for his formulation of physically realistic methods to incorporate convective clouds and boundary-layer processes into large-scale prediction models of the atmosphere and for his contributions in numerical methods of weather prediction.
 * 1978: James W. Deardorff for his imaginative research on the structure of the convective atmospheric boundary layer and its applications to prediction models and diffusion.
 * 1979: Herbert Riehl for his outstanding analyses of tropical phenomena, ranging from studies of individual clouds, tropical depressions, and hurricanes, to the trade-wind inversion and the Hadley circulation. These studies have greatly advanced our understanding of a major portion of the atmosphere.
 * 1980: Sean A. Twomey for extensive contributions to the development of many areas of atmospheric science, including aerosol and cloud physics, radiative transfer, and remote sensing from satellites.
 * 1981: Roscoe R. Braham, Jr. for his notable contributions in research and effective leadership in the study of complex convective systems.
 * 1982: Cecil E. Leith, Jr. for his fundamental contributions to the theory of statistical hydrodynamics and its application to the assessment of weather and climate predictability.
 * 1983: Joanne Simpson for her outstanding contributions to our understanding of convective clouds, and the role of convection in the formation and maintenance of hurricanes and other wind systems over tropical oceans.
 * 1984: Bert R. Bolin for his outstanding research enlarging our understanding of the atmosphere and oceans as a milieu, for valuable contributions to the understanding of global geochemical cycles, and for his international leadership in scientific planning of the Global Atmospheric Research Programme.
 * 1985: Tiruvalam N. Krishnamurti for fundamental contributions to the understanding of the structure and evolution of the tropical atmosphere, especially the monsoons, and for international leadership in the Global Atmospheric Research Programme.
 * 1986: Douglas K. Lilly for sustained contributions and skilled leadership in establishing the scientific foundations of small- and mesoscale meteorology including convection, gravity waves, and boundary layer turbulence.
 * 1987: Michael E. McIntyre for his original and innovative works furthering our theoretical and conceptual understanding of the stratosphere.
 * 1988: Brian J. Hoskins for numerous major contributions to numerical modeling and to the understanding of atmospheric dynamics.
 * 1989: Richard J. Reed for major contributions to our understanding of polar lows, tropical waves, and the tropical lower stratosphere.
 * 1990: Yale Mintz for preeminent leadership in the global modeling of climate, and for inspiring tutelage of several generations of scientists.
 * 1991: Kikuro Miyakoda for outstanding contributions toward extending the time range of numerical weather prediction to weeks, months, and seasons.
 * 1992: Syukuro Manabe for his contributions to the understanding of climate dynamics and his pioneering role in numerical prediction of climate change.
 * 1993: John M. Wallace for innovative and consequential contributions to the understanding of large-scale atmospheric circulations.
 * 1994: Jerry D. Mahlman for pioneering work in the application of general circulation models to the understanding of stratospheric dynamics and transport.
 * 1995: Chester W. Newton for fundamental research contributions in the areas of the structure and dynamics of jet streams, fronts, cyclones, severe storms, and mesoconvective systems; and the behavior of the general circulation of the atmosphere.
 * 1996: David Atlas for brilliant and sustained leadership in the field of radar meteorology, for important contributions to cloud physics and mesoscale meteorology, and for inspiring new generations of scientists in these fields.
 * 1997: Robert E. Dickinson for his wide-ranging and important contributions to atmospheric dynamics and to earth system science.
 * 1998: Barry Saltzman for his lifelong contributions to the study of the global circulation and the evolution of the earth's climate.
 * 1999: Taroh Matsuno for fundamental contributions to the theory of waves and wave mean flow interaction in geophysical systems.
 * 2000: Susan Solomon for fundamental contributions to understanding the chemistry of the stratosphere and unraveling the mystery of the Antarctic ozone hole.
 * 2001: James R. Holton for outstanding advances in the dynamics of the stratosphere through theoretical advances, perceptive use of models, and contributions to key measurement programs.
 * 2002: V. Ramanathan for fundamental insights into the radiative roles of clouds, aerosols, and key gases in the earth's climate system.
 * 2003: Keith A. Browning for leadership in international programs and synthesis of observations and models dealing with synoptic and mesoscale systems, and for pioneering research on short-range forecasting.
 * 2004: Peter J. Webster for enduring contributions to understanding the general circulation of the tropical atmosphere-ocean system, through insightful research and exemplary scientific leadership.
 * 2005: Jagdish Shukla for fundamental contributions and inspired leadership in understanding the variability and predictability of the climate system on seasonal-to-international time scales.
 * 2006: Robert A. Houze for fundamental and enduring contributions towards the understanding of the broad spectrum of precipitation systems, their interactions with larger scale circulations, and for his leadership of field programs.
 * 2007: Kerry Emanuel for fundamental contributions to the science of moist convection that have led to a new and deeper understanding of tropical cyclones, midlatitude weather systems, and climate dynamics.
 * 2008: Isaac M. Held for fundamental insights into the dynamics of the Earth's climate through studies of idealized dynamical models and comprehensive climate simulations.
 * 2009: James E. Hansen for outstanding contributions to climate modeling, understanding climate change forcings and sensitivity, and for clear communication of climate science in the public arena.
 * 2010: Tim Palmer for fundamental contributions to understanding the role of nonlinear processes in the predictability of weather and climate, and for developing tools for estimating such predictability.
 * 2011: Joseph B. Klemp for illuminating the dynamics of mountain waves and thunderstorms, and for his contributions to improvements in numerical techniques and community models.
 * 2012: John C. Wyngaard for outstanding contributions to measuring, simulating, and understanding atmospheric turbulence.
 * 2013: Dennis L. Hartmann for significant contributions to the synthesis of knowledge of radiative and dynamical processes leading to a deeper understanding of the climate system.
 * 2014: Owen Brian Toon for fundamental contributions toward understanding the role of clouds and aerosols in the climates of Earth and other planets.
 * 2015: Bin Wang 王斌 for creative insights leading to important advances in the understanding of tropical and monsoonal processes and their predictability.
 * 2016: Edward J. Zipser for fundamental contributions to tropical meteorology through insightful analysis of observed moist convective systems, and for sustained leadership in airborne field programs.
 * 2017: Richard Rotunno for elegant, rigorous work that has fundamentally increased our understanding of mesoscale and synoptic-scale dynamics, especially the role of vorticity in the atmosphere.
 * 2018: Kuo-Nan Liou, for intellectual leadership and seminal contributions to improving the theory and application of atmospheric radiative transfer and its interactions with clouds and aerosols
 * 2019 Inez Y. Fung, for fundamental and pioneering contributions to understanding biosphere-atmosphere interactions through modeling and data assimilation approaches to synthesizing surface and space-based measurements
 * 2020 Julia M. Slingo, for cutting-edge research on the physics and dynamics of the tropical atmosphere, leading to significant advances in seamless weather and climate modeling
 * 2021 David S. Battisti, For original, insightful contributions to understanding climate variability for phenomena ranging from the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation to paleoclimate
 * 2022 Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, For original and highly influential leadership providing fundamental insight into radiative-climate interaction among greenhouse gases, aerosols and clouds
 * 2023 Bruce Albrecht, For fundamental contributions to the measurement and understanding of boundary layer clouds and the turbulent and microphysical processes controlling them

title: Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal


text:
Talk:Israel/Archive 2

Jewish refugees
Re-added the following removed sentence: Starting in 1947 600,000 Jewish refugees from arab countries whom were forced to leave their native arab lands, were absorbed by Israel. This was removed as "unsubstantiated", but it is in fact quite well-substantiated that several hundred thousand Jews were forced to leave Egypt, Morocco, Libya, and Tunisia, among other countries; at least as well-substantiated as the claim that there are Palestinian refugees, which remains (correctly) in the article. --Delirium 17:16, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

State vs. Nation
In the editing process, one important factual distinction was lost that goes to the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian issue, that the Israeli nation covers a different smaller area than the state. In the 19th century the belief grew up that every nation (a shared collection of identity, history, culture, heritage and identification) should have its own state(independent governmental unit), and every state should be based around a nation. That is not always the case. The post-war boundaries of the two Germanies (now one) did not cover everyone who viewed themselves as German. The boundaries of the state of Poland did not cover every area whose population viewed themselves as Polish, nor indeed was every Russian in Russia. Éire originally dealt with the existence of hundreds of thousands of people who defined themselves as Irish but who lived in Northern Ireland by its controversial Articles 2 and 3, where it talked about the island of Ireland (all 32 counties) as being the "national territory" (ie, territory of the Nation) whereas the state of Éire (now the Republic of Ireland) covered 26 counties. The current problem is Israel is not one of having Israel only, or replacing Israel with Palestine, but in finding structures that allow the significant minority within the Israeli state boundaries who view themselves as part of the Palestinian rather than Israeli nation, to have their identification recognised in structures of a state also, what is often called self-determination or national determination. And how to do that in a way that does not destabilise the Israeli state through the danger that such a national Palestinian state might be used to attack Israel. The Oslo Accord was an attempt to reconcile the one state, two nations problem by allowing a second state to evolve in those areas where the majority aren't part of the Israeli but the Palestinian nation. It is important that the article in passing mentions the distinction between state and nation in Israel because their difference is at the heart of the problem and will in whatever form be at the heart of the solution, if one is found. I have included a sentence on this. FearÉIREANN 19:36, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

While I generally agree that your view of this is correct, it seems that Israel is in some ways being singled out in the encyclopedia for this comment -- Turkey, for example, does not have a similar sentence distinguishing "Turkey" as a national identity from "Turkey" as a state (which includes Pontian Greek, Kurdish, and other national identities within it). --Delirium 19:47, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

It is only mentioned because here it is relevant, and the point didn't strike me until I noticed it had been in an earlier draft and lost when a paragraph was shortened. Ideas often dawn on people that way and later on get used elsewhere. It isn't singling out Israel and certainly shouldn't be interpreted that way. It is just that Israel is almost an identikit example of the problems that arise where nation and state aren't coterminus. (I suppose Israel is also on my wiki mind right now because I spent part of the day dealing with the vandalism of Israeli topics by a user whom, after I appealed for it, Jimbo banned.) I don't know if there is an article on Nation-state but the issue could well be a worthwhile topic, expanding the idea and using Turkey, Ireland, Poland, Israel, Germany, Russia etc as examples of states smaller than nations, nations smaller than states, and most places where they pretty much match. FearÉIREANN 20:21, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Now that you've put this strange notion into the article itself, I guess I have to answer it, no matter how little sense it makes.
 * If you understood political science you would know it is perfectly straight-forward term.

There is no such thing as an "Israeli nation" which is distinct from the state of Israel. There is a Jewish People (or Nation) - and Israel is its national state. Israel, like many other national states, has minorities in it. The Arab Israelis are not Jews - however the are Israelis. They carry an Israeli passport, and enjoy full civil right just like any other Israeli. They take part in Israeli political life, and they are represented in the Knesset by several parties.

 * People in Northern Ireland can have British passports and view themselves as part of the Irish nation. The Scottish have British passports but still belong to the Scottish nation. It is a patently ludicrous claim.

The term "Nation" has basically two meanings: one refers to a group of people (and therefore, has no geographical meaning, and can not be compared (in size, or otherwise) to a geographical entity such a state). The other meaning is just a synonym for a country or state. You cannot draw the borders of the Jewish nation, the Irish nation (in its meaning as "the Irish People"), or the Arab nation. You can speak about "areas populated mainly by Xs" (where Xs can be Jews, Arabs, or Irish) - but such areas do not usually have distinct borders, and it makes absolutely no sense to compare them with countries.

 * Again that is a gross misunderstanding of the terms.

Also, by your definitions, you should also mention that there are are around 200,000 people who see them selves as part of the Jewish People ("the Israeli Nation" by your terms) and live in the areas of Judea, Samaria, and the Gaza Strip (which you probably do not regard to be part of Israel). Hence the "Israeli nation" is not only smaller than the state of Israel, it is also larger at the same time.

I would revert your change myself, but I know the result will just be an edit war. So I'll let other people read your explanation and mine, and I'm sure the article will end up with your paragraph massivly rewritten, and moved down as a comment about the Demographic composition of the Country.

uriber 20:37, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I don't know enough about Israelis and non-Israeli Jews to know the answer to this question -- do non-Israeli Jews consider themselves essentially part of the same "Jewish Nation", or is there a strong separate "Israeli" identity? I know, for example, that the Greek diaspora consider themselves to be of one nationality with the residents of Greece. If that's the case with Jews/Israelis as well, then Israel would be both an example of a state larger than its nation, and of a state smaller than its nation -- one could argue, for example, that certain parts of Egypt that had majority-Jewish areas should've been part of the Israeli nation so defined. --Delirium 20:41, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

It is a fair point, but it proves the nonsense of Uriber's rather weird comprehension of what the term nation means. For example, Popular monarchy is based on the idea of monarchs linking their title not to a state but a nation, eg, King of the Belgians, not King of Belgium. And Kings of Greece called themselves Kings of the Hellenes linking them with the broader Greek community and not just the state. It is an elementary aspect of political science. That Uriber can't grasp that is simply his problem. Israel is unusual in so far as nationality incorporates religion, which is not a usual aspect in the equation. Normally 'national identity' is taken to mean the broadest sense of nationhood, incorporating those living in a state, those is the diaspora, etc. 'nation' is often seen in a narrower sense as a community grouped together in a territorial area. In the 19th century, and in particular after World War One, the concept of matching state to nation developed, with the replacement of the supra-national states like the Austro-Hungarian Empire by separate states like Austria, Hungary, Czechlovakia, etc. The creation of Israel was an example of nation-state building, however the complexities of having in effect two nations on the same geographic area, the wars that changed boundaries, etc made Israel a particularly complex case because the Israeli state and Israeli/Jewish nation are not coterminus. It is a simple problem to describe but a nightmare to try and come up with a solution to. FearÉIREANN 21:39, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * The sentence removed from the article was

 * The Modern day nation of Israel, on a much smaller territory than the modern Israeli state, was established in 1948 after the British government agreed to withdraw from their mandate of Palestine.

 * I believe this was refering to the fact that the State of Israel was orginally proclaimed only in the territory that the UN partition plan granted for the "Jewish State". Therefore I rewrote the section as

 * In 1947, the British government agreed to withdraw from their mandate of Palestine. The 1947 UN Partition Plan split the mandate into two states, giving about half the land to each state. Arab authourities rejected the plan.

 * On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed in territory given for the Jewish state in the UN plan. The armies of five Arab nations attacked the new state. Israel captured an additional 20% of the mandate territory, and annexing it to the new state.

 * That Israel contains a large minority of Arabs and that a number of Israelis live in the Palestinian Territories is important information, but would be more aprorate in the "Demographics of Israel" section. - Efghij 21:04, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

While Jtdirl seems to know quite a lot about 19-century Europe, he is somewhat less knolwdgeable about the subject discussed here - namely, national identities in Israel. I've happen to live in this country for my entire life. I am a proud member of the Jewish People, and a loyal citizen of the State of Israel. The above statements describe my national identity and my citizenship, respectively. The vast majority of Israeli Jews would agree with these statements. I have never heard the term "the Israeli Nation" (which in Hebrew would translate into ha-le'om ha-Yisra'eli or Ha-umma ha-Yisra'elit) spoken by an Israeli. Arab Israelis identify themselves as such: "Arab Israelis" (or, sometimes, "Palestinian Israelis") - reflecting the fact that their nationality is Arab, and their citizenship is Israeli. When asked whether they would agree to turn in their Israeli citizenship for a (future) Palestinian one, most of them reject the idea completely.

"Israeli state and [Jewish] nation are not co[n]terminus" - true. So are the German nation and Germany, the Irish nation and the Republic of Ireland, etc. This does not make Israel a special case. Many (probably most) nation-states have national minorites living within their borders, as well as native nationals living abroad. Israel has both - and is not different than any other national state in this respect.

"It is a simple problem to describe but a nightmare to try and come up with a solution to. " - it is neither a problem, nor a nightmare. It is simply a description of a (quite common) demographic and geographic situation.

Oh - one more thing - my "failing to comprehend" what the term "nation" means. Since we are dealing with definitions here, I can only point you to the tool I usually use when in need of definitions - a dictionary: Senses 2 and 4 are irrelevant to our discussion. Senses 3 and 1 are those I described above in my own words: 3 is "a people" (no geographical aspect), and 1 is a synonym for a country (no ethnical aspect).

uriber 22:43, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I'd like to comment on the following addition:

 * Supporters of Israel argue that the Arabs chose to move. Opponents and critics of Israel claim the mass changes of population were due to ethnic cleansing, with Arab lands allegedly seized by Jewish emigrants moving to Israel. As a result, the nation of Israel (those who identify themselves as part of the broad Israeli identity, culture and heritage) and the state of Israel are not identical, with the state covering a larger area than that which is universally populated by people who identify themselves as Israeli. Though a divergence between state and nation is not unusual it is more usually the case that the state is smaller, not bigger, than the nation. The divergence between both in Israel is a key cause of the conflict between Palestinians and Israelis, as with the Oslo Peace Agreement and others aimed at finding a way to reconcile the conflicting national identities with the territory of the Israeli state.

Yes and no. Supporters of Israel today do not claim that the Arabs chose to leave en masse. They will distinguish between different circumstances. Some examples are: in Haifa, the Arabs left because of promises by the Arab Legion that they would be restored to their homes once the Legion was victorious; in Ikrit and Birim, two villages in the Galilee, the villagers were forced to move by the fledgling Israeli army with the promise that they would be allowed to return to their homes once the fighting was over--despite numerous appeals and several victories in the Israeli Supreme Court (most recently two years ago), the villagers have not yet been allowed to return to their homes; in other instances, such as Ramle and Lydda, even the most die-hard Israeli supporters will agree that they were forced from their homes (in that case by Yitzchak Rabin). Without stating my own position, this is the position taken by the vast majority of Israelis today. Each instance was different and should be adjudged as such.

Also, Jewish emigrants from Arab lands (and post-Holocaust Europe and more recently the former Soviet Union) were settled in Arab lands by the Israeli government after the villagers left. In other words, the government seized the land and settled new immigrants--most of whom had little idea of what had happened--in those Arab lands. The new immigrants did not seize them--they were pawns.

I do not understand what is meant by the nation of Israel and the state of Israel. Does it mean people who identify themselves as Israelis vs. people who identify themselves as Palestinian? In that case I do not understand the next statement: Though a divergence between state and nation is not unusual it is more usually the case that the state is smaller, not bigger, than the nation. Actually, that is not the case. Take Spain, for instance. There are significant Basque, Catalan, Galician, and other minorities, whom, I would venture to say, identify with their own ethnicity more than with the Spanish (Castillian) nation. Most countries have ethnic minorities and similar situations with various degrees of conflict resulting. Of course, I am now speaking of Palestinian Arabs living within the pre-1967 boundaries.

Arabs living outside these boundaries are under occupation, plain and simple. Even the Israeli government recognizes this. In 1977, prime minister Menachem Begin signed peace accords with Egypt that promised "autonomy" to those areas. Without getting into the intentional vaguaries of that promise, it was official recognition that they are not part of the Israeli state proper. Considering it as such is like considering Iraq part of America today because it too is under occupation. This cannot be the "state and nation'' distinction then.

In Israel today, it is common to regard Diaspora Jewry as part of the Israeli nation--Israel calls itself the Jewish State (regardless of whether diaspora Jews accept this assumption or not--many Jews I know would rather identify with the countries in which they live, rather than with Israel, even though Israel considers them "potential" Israelis). In that case, however, the Israeli nation is considerably larger than the Israeli state (more Jews live in the diaspora than in Israel).

BTW, I do think that all these issues and more should be addressed in the Israel article. I do not think, however, that they should be treated in such a perfunctory manner, where the statements do not adequately portray the complexity of the issues. what makes the Palestinian-Israeli conflict so daunting is that the issues are more complex than can be telescoped into one or two sentences. Danny 01:44, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I reinstated the proper distinction. BTW, am I not the only one under the suspicion that these two new users engaging in the edit war with Jtdirl (take a look at their user histories or lack of user histories) are RK? 172 04:42, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Jtdirl's addition does not belong in the "History of Israel" section, because it is not about the history of Israel. It is also POV, in that it does not consider other possible causes of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (economic, religous, etc.) and in some cases factually incorrect.

 * Which two users are you refering to? The only other person to have removed the section is user:Uriber, and he has a long history of contributions (252 since May 30), although he obviously has a similar perspective on this issue as RK. - Efghij 05:06, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

No. Nationhood implies a range of communal links, which often includes shared religious values or respect for difference. That is implied in the difference. You have a problem with it because it did go into detail with the full list. Delirium has a problem because it says too much. Solving the entire Israeli-Palestinian issue is easier than trying to get agreement on this page. FearÉIREANN 09:58, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I've rewritten the section to be shorter and hopefully more to the point. The basic issue as I see it is that there is a significant minority group in Israel that considers itself not really "Israeli," much as the Kurds in Turkey do not consider themselves really "Turkish." I don't think it needs 5 sentences to say this. --Delirium 07:40, Aug 6, 2003 (UTC)

Actually it is much more complex than that and you actually missed the point completely. Israel was created as the classic twentieth century nation state. Like many of those states, the 'nation' (shared sense of identity, culture, religion, ethnicity, history, economy, social structure, etc) and the 'state' (governmental institutions, institutions of state, territorialised economy, etc) are not coterminus, the standard word used in political science. They do not perfectly overlap. While many states do have small ethnic groupings they do not have situation where one nation displaced another in the same geographic area, whether that displacement was deliberate or a result of other's actions. So it is not like the Kurds, unless the Kurds had once covered Turkey and their more extreme elements defined their aim as reclaiming it. It is more akin to Northern Ireland where two communities share a space, but with each side convinced the other "took" it from them, with both communities in Northern Ireland possessing clearly defined 'nation' idenifications; nationalists as Irish, unionists as British. And each side determined (or at least up until recently) to force the other to 'be' part of them; the unionists insisting that the nationalists, as they possessed British passports and were part of the United Kingdom, were British whether they like it or not. And nationalists insisting that because they were born on the island of Ireland, the unionists were Irish whether they liked it or not. The solution, in so far as it is working, in Northern Ireland, is to redefine the the territory so that it can accept each others' 'identity symbols', saying in effect 'we can't agree on the past, but lets agree on mutual respect for each others' differences for the forceable future. That particular framework is not required in Israel, as there is a degree of geographic separation not available in Northern Ireland, and the population sizes of the relative groups are different. But the Israeli state is going to have to be adopted, probably through offering complex self-government with different state symbolisms, to those areas largely made up of Palestinians, in a sense allowing them the structures of their 'nation-state' but in a way which does not endanger the survival of the Israeli state and in a way which does not offend the sense of Israeli national identity. It is far far more complicated that Delirium thinks even cutting it down to 5 sentences is next to miraculous. FearÉIREANN 09:58, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Israel/Archive 2


text:
User:Uriber

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-- (after working together from mutually opposite viewpoints on the intro to Jerusalem). It's great (for me at least) to discuss these things with someone who's knowledgeable and polite. It really makes such a difference. Martin 23:32, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

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title: User:Uriber