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Alan Campbell (pastor)

Joseph Alan Johnston Campbell (7 August 1949 – 11 June 2017) was a Northern Irish Pentecostal pastor and Orangeman from Belfast. He founded and served as pastor and director of the Restored Open Bible Ministries in Northern Ireland. He was an author on Bible studies, a lecturer in the British Israelism movement and an advocate of white supremacy. Strongly opposed to Catholicism, Campbell published anti-Catholic literature and argued that the white Celto Anglo Saxon peoples of the world represent the lost tribes of the northern kingdom of Israel. He was known in Historicist circles due to his denial of the Westminster Confession of Faith, while Fundamentalist Protestants rejected his teachings as not being biblical.

Although not a leading figure, Campbell was unapologetically loyalist and racist in his views. He was connected to activities by loyalists, including terrorism, from the early days of the Troubles. Although not named, Campbell was often referred to as "The Pastor". He had a strong association with prominent paedophiles John McKeague and William McGrath. Later he was friends with convicted loyalist paramilitaries Clifford Peeples, in particular, and Kenny McClinton. These four associates of Campbell's have been named as British agents. Loyalist politician and UVF member George Seawright was also a close friend. With Peeples and McClinton, Campbell worked to undermine the fledgling Northern Ireland peace process that led to the Good Friday Agreement and power-sharing in Northern Ireland by smearing the political representatives of the loyalist paramilitaries, namely the Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) and Ulster Democratic Party (UDP). Campbell was instrumental in Billy Wright establishing the LVF, after his expulsion from the UVF for breaking the loyalist ceasefire. Former loyalist Roy Garland considered Campbell an expert in stirring up trouble via letter-writing and making bogus phone calls.

In his early 20s, Campbell sexually assaulted a boy and was put on trial before being acquitted in suspicious circumstances. Three years later he became the chief suspect in the paedophile murder of Belfast boy Brian McDermott in September 1973 but left Belfast very soon afterwards to start a degree course in London. One journalist has stated: "It’s important the public know the full story about this evil man", while a book refers to Campbell as a "child rapist".

Early life
Joseph Alan Johnston Campbell was born in on 7 August 1949 to parents Joseph (a stevedore) and May into a staunchly Presbyterian, well-to-do home in Wheatfield Crescent off the upper Crumlin Road, a Protestant district of North Belfast where Roman Catholic families also lived. He spent much of his life in the north of the city. His grandmother was a firm adherent of the doctrine of British Israelism, and thus he was exposed to this teaching from an early age. Despite his upbringing, he did not convert to Christianity until 19 September 1965, in the Ravenhill Free Presbyterian Church, after listening to a sermon by Rev. Ian Paisley. He had first listened to Paisley in the latter's tiny gospel hall some years before. In the early 1970s, Campbell disavowed his affiliation to the Free Presbyterian faith for what he considered Paisley's weak opposition to Irish nationalism.

Because of his "Kingdom Identity" views (which hold that Israel, not the church, is the bride of Christ, in contradiction to the teachings of the Westminster Confession of Faith) and his acceptance of Pentecostal beliefs, Campbell left the Free Presbyterian Church and no longer promoted Paisley.

He left Belfast in September 1973 to study History at the University of London, where he graduated with a 2.2 degree in 1976. He subsequently received a certificate in Biblical Studies from Queen's University Belfast.

Although Campbell denied to fellow loyalist Roy Garland that he was homosexual, he claimed in a police interview that he was a celibate homosexual. Former unionist councillor John Carson had heard rumours about Campbell's homosexuality. Campbell's name came up in statements made by others about alleged unwanted homosexual advances towards young boys. In the late 1960s, he took a girlfriend as cover for his homosexuality. She later admitted that the relationship had never gone anywhere.

Preaching and Ulster
Campbell began preaching in May 1974 and delivered his first sermon on Bible prophecy on 24 September 1978. He was officially ordained to the ministry by Dr Francis Thomas on 18 July 1988. He was the author of a number of Bible study books and lectured throughout the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Australia.

His ministry centred in Ulster and many of his messages dealt with the political situation there. Amongst his best-known publications was Five Things Every Ulster Protestant Needs To Know, published by Open-Bible Ministries in 1997. In 1989, when he led Covenant People's Fellowship, Campbell opined that the people of Ulster possessed their own identity "separate from the so-called Irish identity that everybody's trying to foist upon us against our will", but that identity and heredity had become neither Irish nor English. Campbell also had contact with the Christian Assemblies International.

Lost tribes of Israel
Campbell, a "British Israelite", believed that the people of Ulster form part of the lost tribes of Israel taken into exile by the Assyrians. Further, his sermons on this subject taught his listeners that the Protestant people of Ulster and the white race in South Africa represent Israel's lost tribes. He argued that the hand of the Lord had seen a Calvinist race, descended from the people of Israel, settle in each place well over 500 years previously and form an ethnic nation. God's plan, he contended, is that each race has a special duty to convert non-believers and remain immovable in defence of the truth of the gospel.

Campbell, an outspoken Ulster-Israelite, preached about the movement of lost tribes of Israel through Western Europe. He considered himself amongst the third-generation of followers of the British-Israeli cause he espoused. In 1988, he observed that Ulster people had felt pressurised into feeling shame for their patriotic and loyalist views. British-Israelism, by contrast, rejects such teaching: "Britain is part of God's vineyard, Ulster is our own Promised Land, peopled by the very seed of Israel planted here as a light in darkest Ireland, and we must occupy until Jesus comes".

He was also a prominent figure in the Association of Covenant People, which teaches that Anglo-Celto-Saxon peoples can trace their lineage back to the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Reformed Evangelical Protestants decried Campbell's views on British Israel as being contrary to scripture.

In the late 1990s, the British Israel movement forbade Campbell from addressing any of its gatherings.

Anti-Catholicism
Campbell held fiercely anti-Catholic views and mentored "anti-Catholic sectarian bigot" Clifford Peoples. Campbell once referred to Catholics as worshipping a "wafer God" and used his website to disseminate such sentiments; he also authored a number of anti-Catholic pamphlets, including Rome Watch. Campbell once linked a protest to the ancient conflict between Protestant beliefs and the Beast of Rome. Critics of Campbell noted that he fomented opposition to Catholics. In August 2002, a unionist Catholic journalist noted that Campbell had referred to him as "that Romanist who writes for the Belfast Telegraph".

Campbell's website also recounted tales of Catholic clergy in various countries making the news for involvement in crimes of a sexual nature. The Church of Rome, he argued, was carrying out a jihad against the Protestant religion. He directed his ire towards Tony Blair on account of the Prime Minister's spouse being a Catholic. One commentator observed that Campbell had failed to draw attention to activities of that nature undertaken by the likes of McGrath or McKeague.

A flavour of Campbell's views can be seen in a sermon delivered in October 1985 at the Cregagh Pentecostal Fellowship in which he attacked all major tenets of the Catholic faith. In Campbell's opinion, there is no single Antichrist but, instead, it is seen in the entire succession of Bishops of Rome. In the struggle against the Antichrist, the soul of Ulster would be a key battleground.

Campbell likened the Harryville church protest to the historical struggle between the true believers of God's word and the idolatry of Catholicism. This was "a battle to the finish" to deny popery a devastating victory over Protestantism. Open Bible Ministries, led by "notorious anti-Catholic figure Campbell", was Ulster's primary British Israeli movement. Its theological and political focus was stridently Protestant and anti-Catholic in nature.

White supremacy and racism
Campbell opposed miscegenation. In a lecture in the US, he stated that the races had separate origins and distinct biblical destinies and that black people were the "beasts of the field" referred to in the Bible. In North America, he received a warm welcome from white-supremacist bodies including the Ku Klux Klan. Campbell supported apartheid in South Africa, was critical of unionist politicians meeting Nelson Mandela and called Desmond Tutu a "little black man". Campbell used his website to promote the views of his colleague Sheldon Emery, an author with white supremacist views. He also faced the charge of supporting racist opinions held by a South African colleague who argued that God did not want different races to be joined together; a Free Presbyterian minister charged Campbell with holding "abhorrent" views and with disseminating "racist and blasphemous" information. Former South African leader F.W. de Klerk was excoriated by Campbell for betraying white people to "black heathens".

Campbell employed terminology such as non-white Christians needing to keep to "their own little Negro Churches". In autumn 2003, Campell, who was anti-Islamic in outlook, told a gathering in London that the threat from Islam was not make believe. Campbell was a frequent contributor to the racist Euro Folk Radio.

Shankill Defence Association
In May 1969, Campbell was involved in the creation of the Shankill Defence Association. This organisation, led by McKeague, was the precursor to the UDA.

Protestant Unionist Party
Campbell was also an early member of the Protestant Unionist Party, established by Paisley in 1966. When it became the DUP, Campbell was one of that party's earliest members and became secretary to one of its branches.

Loyal Orders
As well as being a lifetime member of the Orange Order and Apprentice Boys, Campbell was cited as an authority on the Orange Order as seen through the publication Let The Orange Banners Speak.

George Seawright
Campbell attached himself to firebrand Shankill loyalist George Seawright, who came to prominence around 1980. He was also key in the re-establishment of the Ulster Protestant League under Seawright in early 1985. Campbell later wrote a book on Seawright after the latter's murder by republicans in 1987.

Drumcree protest and LVF
Campbell attended the protests at Drumcree in 1995-96, taking advantage of the gathering of thousands of loyalists and the high-profile nature of the protest to restate his uncompromising credentials. Another longtime fundamentalist preacher stressed that Campbell had never played a central role in loyalism, on account of his extreme non-biblical views, but had resurfaced at Drumcree.

Campbell was instrumental in Billy Wright setting up the LVF, after his and his brigade's expulsion from the UVF for shooting dead a Catholic civilian and thereby fracturing the loyalist ceasefire. Playing on the UVF's lack of enthusiasm for what was going on at Drumcree and, in particular, on Wright's evangelical Christian outlook, Campbell argued that a new organisation would be akin to "army of God" undertaking a holy war.

Paramilitary ceasefires
In summer 1996, Campbell, then chaplain of a branch of the Apprentice Boys named after Seawright, observed that the loyalist ceasefire had been a betrayal. He considered the IRA ceasefire insincere and a threat to unionist hegemony.

Three years later, an unknown group called the Nationalist Defence Force sent a bullet to Campbell, apparently as a threat to his life.

Good Friday Agreement
Campbell was viscerally opposed to the Good Friday Agreement. A "self-appointed pastor", Campbell was considered the "spiritual head" of a loose association of loyalist religious and paramilitary extremists that came together to fight the agreement and see the loyalist ceasefire break down.

On 24 April 1998, Campbell joined Peeples in speaking at a loyalist gathering in Antrim to protest at the Good Friday Agreement. During the rally, members of the crowd were heard to chant "Burn Fenians". A few hours later a Catholic man was shot dead in a nearby town by members of the LVF police believed were present at the protest meeting in Antrim. Campbell also joined other loyalists in a protest against the Ulster Unionist Party discussing peace moves in spring 1998. Following the Good Friday Agreement, Campbell urged a gathering in England to reject the forthcoming referendum and never to countenance the sharing of power or giving the Irish government a say in Northern Ireland. Ulster Unionist leader David Trimble was denounced by him: "He is to Ulster what De Klerk was to South Africa. He is the traitor of all traitors". Campbell continued to campaign for a referendum vote against the agreement.

Campbell was spotted paying a visit in early 2001 to his longtime friend Peeples, who was serving a ten-year term in Maghaberry jail for possession of weapons.

Orange Volunteers/Red Hand Defenders
Campbell, described as a "hate-filled bigot", was named as one of the founders of the Orange Volunteers, a "shadowy quasi-religious terror group" established to counter the peace process in and which engaged in attacks on Catholics and Catholic property. He was also closely involved with the Red Hand Defenders, a group with similar aims, writing a number of its press releases and offering biblical support for that group's murderous activities.

Harryville Church protest
Campbell was a participant in the loyalist Harryville Church street protests in Ballymena in the late 1990s.

Flag protests
Campbell participated in, and was photographed at, loyalist street protests in 2013 in Belfast city centre at a decision not to fly the Union flag each day over Belfast City Hall.

MI5 and agent provocateur
Both commentators and prominent political figures like David Ervine portrayed Campbell as an "agent provocateur", controlled by British intelligence, who inflamed passions among young loyalists. Journalist Henry McDonald, an authority on loyalism, opined that Campbell, while on the periphery of the loyalist agenda for many years, was one of a number of "false prophets" who would never get their hands dirty but rather persuade others to engage in a "brand of holy war" by stoking sectarian feelings. In that regard, Campbell advocated the use of weapons in defence of Ulster. Campbell, clearly identified as "The Pastor" who came and went as crises arose, may have been blackmailed to become a British agent or "puppet"; however, others went to prison for many years for acting on his words. Campbell's role in "dirty tricks" is seen in an arson attack on a Baptist church in Templemore Avenue on 1 April 1997. This outrage was initially blamed on Catholics from the nearby nationalist Short Strand. However, David Ervine confirmed three weeks later that it was the work of people connected to the LVF in an attempt to derail peace efforts.

Garland, a former member of Tara (a shadowy organisation Campbell never joined), described Campbell as being involved in anonymous letters and making nasty phone calls. While Campbell kept a low profile, his veneer of respectability, it was alleged, was destroyed by the extremist content of his online publications.

Schoolteacher
Campbell held the post of head of religious studies at Newtownabbey Community High School in greater Belfast. The Newsletter, a unionist newspaper, noted that Campbell had faced questions over his role in loyalist material being disseminated online when a "respected RE teacher" was required to be sensitive towards what others believe. One newspaper had contacted Campbell's employers for those publications having encouraged sectarianism.

Background
Campbell was a close friend of William McGrath and a frequent visitor to his house; John McKeague was another of his close associates. All three men were named as a member of the Belfast paedophile network controlled by British intelligence. He was the youngest member of this paedophile network and lived a "charmed life" as a "protected agent of the British state". Campbell was believed to be an important suspect in the disappearance of a number of boys in the Belfast area in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Unionist politician John Carson was allegedly aware that Campbell was believed to be involved in those of 1969.

Investigative journalist and author on the Kincora scandal, Chris Moore, believes "it’s important the public know the full story about this evil man", whom another author terms "a child rapist".

Indecent assault prosecution
On 3 November 1970, Campbell, aged 21, picked up a boy on public transport in Belfast city centre. He brought the child to Ross House, a complex of flats on Belfast's Shore Road. There he sexually abused the boy in the flat of his friend and fellow paedophile Ken Larmour who was in hospital at the time and had given Campbell a key to his flat. Campbell threatened to knife the boy if he ever revealed what had happened. At that time the victim was attending Bawnmore Boys Home and was later sent to Kincora Boys' Home, where he was abused by McGrath. Campbell was charged with gross indecency with a child but not convicted due to a fake alibi that was later withdrawn. Campbell had earlier sought advice from McGrath, and from Larmour who worked as a magistrates’ court clerk. Larmour coached Campbell on how to beat this charge: he advised Campbell to admit that he had brought the boy to the flat but to deny that anything untoward had taken place. Larmour was suspected of doctoring court papers to help Campbell escape conviction.

Despite Campbell's recollection that at the time he had been "a man clutching at straws in an emergency", when the matter came before a magistrate in Belfast in May 1971, the case was dismissed. Protestant Unionist Party councillor Margaret Miskimmin, who visited Larmour's flat with Campbell and others on 11 November 1970, provided Campbell with a bogus alibi. Miskimmin only retracted this evidence years later when she realised she could be get into trouble for "telling lies to the police". It was recommended in August 1982 that Campbell be prosecuted for suborning Miskimmin and her husband to commit perjury, but the DPP ordered that no charges be levied against Campbell.

Although Campbell was prosecuted at magistrate's court level only, he was defended by leading QC and DUP co-founder Desmond Boal.

It is clear that discussion of the police's recommendations about prosecuting Campbell took place at ministerial level in London. In a document seen by the attorney-general, Campbell was noted as a member of the DUP who was still worshipping at Paisley's church at the time of the 1971 assault and that perjured evidence had led to his escaping conviction.

Detective Superintendent G.R. Harrison of Sussex Police, who investigated Kincora and related matters in May 1983 (the Terry Report), reported that the failure and "poor memory" of RUC Detective Chief Inspector Matchett to act effectively over Campbell having suborned a number of people over this prosecution supported press claims that Campbell was being protected.

Police records relating to Campbell were destroyed as required by operating procedures, while the evidential file against him was believed lost in a bomb attack. The 1971 prosecution being dismissed had no negative consequences for Campbell, who later obtained a teaching job at a secondary school.

Campbell asserted that this prosecution was a conspiracy on the part of the RUC "to shut me up". The court case was not reported in the local press.

Murder of Brian McDermott
Campbell was named as the chief suspect in the murder of Brian McDermott, a ten-year-old boy who disappeared from near his East Belfast home in September 1973. Campbell left Belfast very soon afterwards to begin a history degree course at the University of London. He is believed to have failed to disclose information about the boy's disappearance, and a former British Army officer is quoted as stating that Campbell deserved "very close examination" about this murder and similar matters. In a BBC interview c. 2020, former members of the RUC claimed that they had been told not to take Campbell into custody to be interviewed about evidence linking him to the boy's death. Therefore, he avoided arrest or questioning. Years later the BBC withdrew at a very late stage the showing of a documentary on Campbell's likely involvement in the McDermott murder.

Bethel Pentecostal Church
Campbell was one of those involved in an attempted ousting of Rev. John Hull, pastor of Bethel Pentecostal Church in Berlin Street off the Shankill Road, by Peeples and UVF Miami Showband killer John Somerville in 2005. Key to the dispute was Peeples’ promotion of Campbell’s Rome Watch publication. Pastor Hull was eventually restored as minister after the involvement of legal experts.

Closure of church
It was reported in December 2013 that Campbell's church had shut down. Campbell had been very ill earlier that year with kidney trouble. In his absence, financial difficulties and irregularities had led to Open Bible Ministries having to close. Campbell was put in the spotlight over assertions that a shady person connected to him had stolen over £20,000 in a twelve-month period. Campbell refuted these claims.

Death and funeral
Campbell collapsed at his home in an apartment block off Belfast's Shore Road before an ambulance took him to hospital, where he could not be saved. He died on 11 June 2017 and was buried five days later at Roselawn Cemetery in the east of the city. His funeral service in north Belfast, presided over by Pastor Ken Davidson of Christ Encounters Tabernacle, was attended by approximately 40 mourners. Campell left more than £60,000 to his live-in carer Raffi (Albert Leca). Amongst tributes to Campbell was one from the Association of the Covenant people which noted that the "Irish Warrior", although very ill in recent times, had assisted their work. Other death notices included "Will be missed . I know my Redeemer liveth" from close friends Tommy Doyle and Lily Green and their wider families.

title: Alan Campbell (pastor)


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Lulworth Cove

Lulworth Cove is a cove near the village of West Lulworth, on the Jurassic Coast in Dorset, southern England. The cove is one of the world's finest examples of such a landform, and is a World Heritage Site and tourist location with approximately 500,000 visitors every year, of whom about 30 per cent visit in July and August. It is close to the rock arch of Durdle Door and other Jurassic Coast sites.

Geology
The cove has formed as a result of bands of rock of alternating geological resistance running parallel to the coastline (a concordant coastline). On the seaward side the clays and sands have been eroded.

A narrow (less than 30 m) band of Portland limestone rocks forms the shoreline. Behind this is a narrow (less than 50 m) band of slightly less-resistant Purbeck limestone. Behind this are 300 to 500 m of much less-resistant clays and greensands; Weald Clays, Gault and Upper Greensand.

Forming the back of the cove is a 250 m band of chalk, which is considerably more resistant than the clays and sands, but less resistant than the limestones. The entrance to the cove is a narrow gap in the limestone bands, formed by wave action and weathering. The wide part of the cove is where the weak clays and greensands have been eroded.

Stair Hole, less than 0.5 mi to the west, is an infant cove which suggests what Lulworth Cove would have looked like a few hundred thousand years ago. The sea has made a gap in the Portland and Purbeck limestone here to the Wealden clays and begun eroding them.

Geography
The shape of the cove is a result of wave diffraction. The narrow entrance to the cove causes waves to bend into an arc shape, as is visible in the panorama photograph.

Conservation
As well as the cove, across Hambury Tout (the large chalk hill to the west) is Durdle Door, a natural arch. To the east there is a fossilised forest. Lulworth is also close to Kimmeridge, famous for its rocky shore and fossils. Geologists and geographers have been interested in the area since the beginning of the 19th century, and in the 1830s the first serious study of the area took place. Since then the area has drawn students from all over the world.

The area suffers from trampling from its many visitors. Wooden steps, fences and steps have been put in place to limit this surface damage. Each year over 250,000 people walk across the hill linking the cove to Durdle Door.

In 2001 the coast was granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO. Experts at UNESCO have been working on preserving the shape of Lulworth Cove. Lulworth was one of a number of gateway villages on the coast with a Heritage Centre—part visitor centre, tourist information and natural history museum; in 2002 the last received 418,595 visitors.

The coast and land to the north and around the village is privately owned and managed by the Lulworth Estate. Land to the east, including Tyneham, is owned by the Ministry of Defence and used for tank training; it is open only at weekends and holidays.

In popular culture

 * Four Sided Triangle (1953)
 * Nuts in May (1976)
 * The Boys in Blue (1982)
 * The Curse of Fenric (1989)
 * Seven Natural Wonders (2005)
 * Walking Through History (2013)
 * World War Z (2013)

Miscellaneous
The bay of Lulworth Sinus in the largest hydrocarbon sea, Kraken Mare, on Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is named after Lulworth Cove.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lulworth Cove


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Happily Ever After

Happily Ever After may refer to:

Film

 * Happily Ever After (1985 film), a Brazilian romantic drama film directed by Bruno Barreto
 * Happily Ever After (1989 film), an animated movie continuing the adventures of Snow White and her prince
 * Happily Ever After (2004 film) (Ils se marièrent et eurent beaucoup d'enfants), a French film
 * Happily Ever After, a 2005 Filipino film featuring Yasmien Kurdi
 * Happily Ever After (2007 film) (Jigyaku no Uta), a Japanese film by Yukihiko Tsutsumi
 * Happily Ever After (2009 film), a Hong Kong film by Azrael Chung and Ivy Kong
 * Happy Ever Afters, a 2009 Irish film by Stephen Burke
 * Happily Ever After, a 2016 film starring Janet Montgomery and Sara Paxton

Television

 * Happily Ever After (1961 TV series), a British sitcom
 * Happily Ever After (2007 TV series), a Singaporean Chinese drama
 * Happily Ever After? (Brazilian TV series) or Felizes para Sempre?, a 2015 miniseries
 * Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child, a 1995-2000 animated series on HBO
 * Happily Ever After?, a spin-off of the American reality series The Bachelor
 * Happily Ever After (2020 TV series), an Indian web series

Episodes

 * "Happily Ever After" (Charmed)
 * "Happily Ever After" (How I Met Your Mother)
 * "Happily Ever After" (Law & Order)
 * "Happily Ever After" (Lost)
 * "Happily Ever After" (Shameless)

Literature

 * "Happily ever after", a stock phrase used in fairy tales to signify a happy ending
 * Happily Ever After, a 1997 children's book by Anna Quindlen
 * Happily Ever After, a 1993 play by Elliott Hayes
 * "Happily Ever After", a short story by Aldous Huxley, included in his 1920 collection Limbo

Albums

 * Happily Ever After (Rose Chronicles album), 1996
 * Happily Ever After, by the Cure, 1981
 * Happily Ever After (G.E.M. album), 2019
 * Happily Ever After, by Mount Sims, 2009
 * Happily Ever After (EP), by NU'EST, 2019
 * Happily Ever After, an EP by Andrew Sandoval (recording as "Andrew")

Songs

 * "Happily Ever After" (song), by Case
 * "Happily Ever After", by David Choi
 * "Happily Ever After", by He Is We from My Forever
 * "Happily Ever After", by Donna Summer from Once Upon a Time
 * "Happily Ever After", by Red Velvet from Rookie, 2017
 * "Happily Ever After", written by Stephen Sondheim for the musical Company and later used in the musical revue Marry Me a Little
 * "Happily Ever After", written by Mary Rodgers and Marshall Barer for the musical Once Upon a Mattress
 * "Happily Ever After", from Steven Universe: The Movie
 * "Happily Ever After (Now and Then)", by Jimmy Buffett from Banana Wind
 * "Happily Ever After", by TXT from The Name Chapter: Freefall, 2023

Other uses

 * Happily Ever After (Magic Kingdom), a nightly pyrotechnic show at the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort

title: Happily Ever After


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ATR 72

The ATR 72 is a twin-engine turboprop, short-haul regional airliner developed and produced in France and Italy by aircraft manufacturer ATR (Avions de transport régional or Aerei da Trasporto Regionale), a joint venture formed by French aerospace company Aérospatiale (now part of Airbus) and Italian aviation conglomerate Aeritalia (now Leonardo S.p.A.). The number "72" in its name is derived from the aircraft's typical standard seating capacity of 72 passengers.

During the 1980s, French aerospace company Aérospatiale and Italian aviation conglomerate Aeritalia merged their work on a new generation of regional aircraft. A new jointly owned company, ATR, was established to develop, manufacture, and market their first airliner, which was later designated as the ATR 42. On 16 August 1984, the first model of the series, designated as the ATR 42-300, performed the type's maiden flight. During the mid-1980s, the ATR 72 was developed as a stretched variant of the ATR 42. On 27 October 1989, Finnish airline Finnair became the first airline to operate the type in revenue service. The ATR 72 has also been used as a corporate transport, cargo aircraft, and maritime patrol aircraft.

To date, all of the ATR series have been completed at the company's final assembly line in Toulouse, France; ATR benefits from sharing resources and technology with Airbus SE, which has continued to hold a 50% interest in the company. Successive models of the ATR 72 have been developed. Typical updates have included new avionics, such as a glass cockpit, and the adoption of newer engine versions to deliver enhanced performance, such as increased efficiency and reliability and reductions in operating costs. The aircraft shares a high degree of commonality with the smaller ATR 42, which remains in production as of January 2023.

Origins
During the mid-1980s, ATR sought to introduce a larger airliner with increased capacity over its earlier products. This new regional airliner, designated as the ATR 72, was directly developed from the earlier ATR 42 and had much in common with it; the principal difference between the two airliners was an increase in the maximum seating capacity from 48 to 78 passengers. This was principally achieved by stretching the fuselage by 4.5 m, along with an increase of the wingspan, the use of more powerful engines, and increased fuel capacity by about 10%.

On 15 January 1986, the launch of the stretched ATR 72 programme was announced. On 27 October 1988, the first prototype performed its maiden flight. One year later, on 25 September 1989, the ATR 72 received airworthiness certification from the French Directorate General for Civil Aviation. During the following month, on 27 October 1989, Finnish airline Finnair became the first airline to introduce the aircraft into service. Since the ATR 72 is assembled on the same production line as the smaller ATR 42, along with sharing the majority of subsystems, components, and manufacturing techniques, the two types support each other to remain in production. This factor may have been crucial as, by 2015, the ATR 42 was the only 50-seat regional aircraft that was still being manufactured.

During 2000, the combined global ATR fleet reached its 10,000,000th flight, during which a distance around 4 billion km (2.5 billion statute miles) had been flown and around 450 million passengers had flown on board ATR-built aircraft. The 2007 production set a new record for the programme's sales; a total of 113 new ATR aircraft had been ordered during a single year. By the end of 2014, ATR had received 1,000 orders for the type and delivered a total of 754, leaving a backlog of 246 aircraft.

Within the ATR company, various organisational changes were implemented. On 10 July 1998, ATR launched its new Asset Management Department. In June 2001, EADS and Alenia Aeronautica, ATR's parent companies, decided to reinforce their partnership, regrouping all industrial activities related to regional airliners into the ATR consortium. On 3 October 2003, ATR became one of the first aircraft manufacturers to be certified under ISO 9001-2000 and EN/AS/JISQ 9100, the worldwide quality standard for the aeronautics industry. During July 2004, ATR and Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer announced a co-operation agreement on the AEROChain Portal for the purpose of delivering improved customer service. During April 2009, ATR announced the launch of its 'Door-2-Door' service as a new option in its comprehensive customer services range. In 2017, the 72-600 unit cost was US$ million.

Further development

As of October 2007, the current production version is the ATR 72-600 series. On 2 October 2007, ATR CEO Stéphane Mayer announced the launch of the -600 series aircraft; the ATR 42-600 and ATR 72-600 featured various improvements to increase efficiency, dispatch reliability, lower fuel burn and operating costs. While broadly similar to the earlier -500 model; differences include the adoption of improved PW127M engines, a new glass cockpit, and a variety of other minor improvements.

Since 2008, ATR has been a participant in the European Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative. On 8 July 2015, an ATR 72-600 'green' technology demonstrator performed its first flight; the demonstrator was used for testing new composite materials for insulation, air conditioning systems, electrical distribution systems, and energy dispersal modifications to evaluate their effect on the aircraft's overall efficiency as a contribution to the Clean Sky initiative. ATR's senior vice-president for engineering Alessandro Amendola indicated that the elimination of all uses of bleed air was a key aim in the designing of an all-electric architecture as well as improving engine efficiency; the minimising of peak electrical loads was also a stated priority. During March 2016, a second round of flight trials dedicated the testing of all-electric systems architecture using the demonstrator was completed; analysis is set to continue.

As a consequence of strong demand for the -600 series, ATR decided to invest in the establishment of a second, more modern final assembly line and acquisition of more hangar space at its Toulouse site, along with a new large completion and delivery area; overall, the manufacturing operation expanded to four times the footprint that it had in 2005. Speaking in October 2015, ATR CEO Patrick de Castelbajac stated that the firm was set to produce in excess of 90 aircraft that year, and that the new manufacturing facilities could support a production rate of up to 120 per year. At the time, the company had a backlog of orders for 300 aircraft, sufficient for three years of production. During 2017, a new in-house financing and leasing division was established by ATR in order to offer customers a greater degree of support and expand the company's range of services.

In December 2015, the EASA approved a new high-density seating layout, raising the maximum capacity from 74 to 78 seats. During the 2021 Dubai Airshow in mid-November 2021, ATR debuted the new ATR 72-600 engine which is powered by new PW127XT powerplants with 20% lower maintenance cost and 3% lower fuel consumption than the predecessor PW127M powerplant.

Considerable emphasis has been placed upon the continuous development of ATR's aircraft models. Speaking at the Farnborough Airshow in July 2016, the CEO of ATR Patrick de Castelbajac stated that the company was currently examining the possibility of replacing the current Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127 engine with either a new offer from P&WC, or a GE38 derivative from GE Aviation. Although expressing satisfaction with the PW127 engine and its supplier, Castelbajac noted the design's age and the need to remain competitive with the latest regional jets. To be a worthwhile exercise, any re-engine exercise would require a 15 per cent improvement in fuel-burn and 20-25 per cent reduction of direct maintenance costs. Additionally, Castelbajac sees the potential re-engine as a "bridge" to the eventual development of a larger 100-seat aircraft. During the mid-2010s, reports emerged that the development of a further stretched 90-seat ATR model was under consideration as well; allegedly, shareholder Airbus was relatively unenthusiastic on proceeding with such a development, while Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier favoured a focus on resolving manufacturing issues. However, in January 2018, ATR's parent company Leonardo announced that the 100-seat program has been formally brought to a close.

Design
The ATR 72 is a turboprop-powered regional airliner, capable of accommodating a maximum of 78 passengers. It is powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100 turboprop engines, which drive an arrangement of four or six-bladed propellers supplied by Hamilton Standard. Earlier models of the ATR 72 are equipped with the older PW124B engine, rated at 2400 shp, while later-built aircraft are powered by the newer PW127 engine, rated at a maximum of 2,750 shp to achieve improved "hot and high" takeoff performance. It can land and takeoff in high airports with short runways like Andorra Airport. It employs carbonfibres for 30% of the wing by weight, for a 20% weight reduction.

In a standard configuration, the aircraft does not have an auxiliary power unit; when present it is installed within the C4 cargo section. Most operators of the ATR 72 equip their aircraft with a propeller brake (referred to as "Hotel Mode") that stops the propeller on the No. 2 (right) engine, allowing the turbine to continue running and provide both airflow and electrical power to the aircraft while on the ground.

In the majority of configurations, passengers board the ATR 72 using the rear door, a relatively unusual configuration for a passenger aircraft, while the front door is typically used for the loading and unloading of cargo; early customer Finnair intentionally ordered its ATR 72s with a front passenger door so that it could utilize the jet bridges at Helsinki Airport, while operator Air New Zealand's standard rear door aircraft can use jet bridges at airports with this equipment. While passengers are boarding or disembarking the aircraft, a tail stand is set into place as standard procedure to guard against the aircraft nose lifting off the ground.

Operational history
2011 was a record-breaking year for sales at ATR. According to ATR's CEO Filippo Bagnato, sales had continued to grow during the Great Recession despite the downturn experienced by most aviation companies as "fuel consumption that can be half that of the alternatives and [with] lower maintenance costs". Bagnato noted the strength of Africa as a market for the type, as well at the firm's aircraft being capable of serving destinations that would otherwise be inaccessible to other aircraft due to the austere conditions of many airstrips and runways in the region, as well as the ability to operate autonomously without any reliance upon ground support equipment.

For 2013, ATR claimed a 48 percent global market share for regional aircraft deliveries between 50 and 90 seats (comprising both turboprops and jets), making it the dominant manufacturer in this market segment. That same year, during which firm orders for 10 ATR 42-600s and 79 ATR 72-600s were recorded, leasing companies were responsible for 70 per cent of these; according to ATR's CEO Filippo Bagnato: "Years ago, we were not even considered by the lessors; now they see ATRs as a good investment". Several major leasing companies operate their own ATR fleets, such as Dubai Aerospace Enterprise (DAE), who placed an order for 20 ATR 72s along with options for another 20 in February 2014, and Nordic Aviation Capital (NAC), who ordered a fleet of 30 ATR 72s during June 2013, along with options for up to 55 further airliners. Placing their first order during 2011, by December 2012, Singaporean leasor Avation had a combined total of 20 ATR 72s on order; by February 2016, the number on order for Avation had risen to 35 aircraft.

During May 1997, ATR achieved their first breakthrough sale in China, placed by operator China Xinjiang Airlines and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). By 2013, while the Asia Pacific region had comprised the majority of ATR's sales when geographically ranked; however, orders from Chinese airlines remained elusive; Bagnato ascribed this anomaly to local market conditions dictating the typical use of larger aircraft, as well as a Chinese government policy of imposing high tariffs on the import of foreign-built fixed-wing aircraft. During late 2014, ATR set up a new office in Beijing and hired several former Airbus sales personnel with the aim of launching the type in the Chinese market. ATR believed that many of the already-flown routes did not suit larger 150-seat aircraft; however, of the roughly 2,600 commercial aircraft flying in China at that time, only 68 had a capacity of less than 90 seats and of these, fewer than 20 were powered by turboprop engines.

In response to airlines often wanting to replace their early production ATR models with the latest generation ATR series, as well as to answer demand from cargo operators for the type, ATR has operated two separate dedicated freighter conversion programmes, known as the Bulk Freighter (tube version) and the ULD Freighter. Both conversions involve complete stripping of furnishings along with the addition of floor strengthening, new window plugs and 9 g restraining nets, six additional longitudinal tracks for added flexibility, and an E-Class cabin; the ULD model can accommodate standard ULD-packaged cargo, such as LD3 containers or 88 by pallets, which were loaded via a large cargo door located on the port forward side. Undertaken by a range of companies, such as Alenia subsidiary Aeronavali, Texas-based M7 Aerospace; French firms Indraéro Siren and Aeroconseil, Canadian Infinion Certification Engineering, and Spanish company Arrodisa, by October 2012, in excess of one-fifth of all first-generation ATR 42 and ATR 72 aircraft had already been converted to freighters.

Iran Air
During February 2016, ATR signed a deal with flag carrier Iran Air for a batch of 20 ATR 72-600s, along with options for 20 more aircraft and post-purchase services, such as engine maintenance. Made possible by a negotiated relaxation of international sanctions against Iran, during June 2017, a €1 billion Iranian contract was finalized for the firm 20 airliners and 20 options;  the delivery of the first four aircraft occurred within weeks of the deal being completed. US sanctions against Iran were reimposed in August 2018, by which time 13 of the order of 20 aircraft had been delivered. In April 2019 the US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued a two-year licence to ATR to allow it to supply spare parts and other essentials to keep the fleet of 13 ATR 72-600s in operation. However, the remaining 7 ATR 72-600s from the 2016 order remain sanctioned and in storage.

Turkish Navy
While primarily used as a civil aircraft, some ATR 72s have been adapted to perform in various military functions, such as utility aircraft and maritime patrol aircraft (MPA). The Turkish Navy, which initially decided to purchase ten ATR 72-500 MPA, later changed its order to eight aircraft: Two ATR 72-600 TMUA (Turkish Maritime Utility Aircraft) versions, and six ATR 72-600 TMPA (Turkish Maritime Patrol Aircraft for MP/ASW/ASuW duties) versions. The armed ATR 72 TMPA variant was developed in cooperation with Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI), and incorporated additional sensors and mission systems to perform its intended combat role. During 2013, the two ATR 72-600 TMUA aircraft were delivered to the Turkish Navy. The first ATR 72-600 TMPA was delivered in December 2020 and the second one in March 2021 was already in service with Turkish Navy. As of May 2021, 3 ATR 72-600 TMUA aircraft are being operated by the Turkish Navy.

Italian Air Force
The Italian Air Force selected the ATR 72-600 MP, designated as the P-72A, to serve as a multirole maritime patrol, electronic surveillance and C4 platform. The original Italian requirement for a Breguet Atlantic replacement had also called for ASW and anti-surface warfare (ASuW) capabilities, however, during 2014, the contract was renegotiated to a configuration that excluded these capabilities. An anticipated variant for ASW and ASuW operations may later be pursued; accordingly, provisions were made to allow for the four P-72As on order to be adapted to the ASW configuration. In December 2016, the first pair of P-72A aircraft were delivered to the Italian Air Force. The last aircraft was delivered to the Italian Air Force in February 2021.

Guardia di Finanza
A single ATR 72 MP was ordered by Italy's paramilitary Guardia di Finanza (GdF) in July 2019, followed by an order for a further three ATR 72s in October 2019. The aircraft, called P-72B by Guardia di Finanza, will supplement the GdF's existing force of four ATR-42s in the border surveillance, maritime patrol and search and rescue roles.

FedEx Express
On 8 November 2017, FedEx Express launched the -600 cargo variant with 30 firm orders plus 20 options, in a freighter configuration from the factory.

As of September 2018, 187 early variants had been produced with 172 operated by 55 carriers, 365 -500s were delivered with more than 350 in service at 75 operators, 444 -600s were produced and are operated by 74 carriers with a backlog of orders. By then, with more than 60 -500s and 40 -600s in storage, new aircraft leases fell to $130,000 per month from $170,000. The -600 list price of $26.8M is typically discounted by 25% for a $M value, a 2012 aircraft is valued $13.3M and leased $115,000, falling to $10.2M and $100,000 in 2021, a D check costs $0.5M and the engine overhaul costs $0.3-1.0M.

Germany
The ATR 72 was a candidate to replace the German Navy's P-3, at least as a stopgap solution from 2025 to 2032. Germany ultimately selected the P-8A Poseidon in 2021.

ATR 72-100
Two sub-types were marketed as the 100 series (-100).
 * ATR 72-101
 * Initial production variant with front and rear passenger doors, powered by two PW124B engines and certified in September 1989.

 * ATR 72-102
 * Initial production variant with a front cargo door and a rear passenger door, powered by two PW124B engines and certified in December 1989.

ATR 72-200
Two sub-types were marketed as the 200 series (-200). The -200 was the original production version, powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW124B engines rated at 2400 shp.
 * ATR 72-201
 * Higher maximum take-off weight variant of the -101, a PW124B-powered variant certified in September 1989.

 * Higher maximum take-off weight variant of the -102, a PW124B-powered variant certified in December 1989.
 * Higher maximum take-off weight variant of the -102, a PW124B-powered variant certified in December 1989.

ATR 72-210
Two sub-types were marketed as the 210 series (-210): the -211 (and with an enlarged cargo door, called the -212) is a -200 with PW127 engines producing 2750 shp each for improved performance in hot and high-altitude conditions. The sub-types differ in the type of doors and emergency exits
 * ATR 72-211
 * PW127-powered variant certified in December 1992.

 * ATR 72-212
 * PW127-powered variant certified in December 1992.

ATR 72-212A
Certified in January 1997 and fitted with either PW127F or PW127M engines, the -212A is an upgraded version of the -210 using six-bladed propellers on otherwise identical PW127F engines. Other improvements include higher maximum weights and superior performance, as well as greater automation of power management to ease pilot workload.

 * ATR 72-500
 * Initial marketing name for the ATR 72-212A.

 * ATR 72-600
 * Marketing name for ATR 72-212A with different equipment fit. The -600 series aircraft was announced in October 2007; the first deliveries were planned for the second half of 2010. The prototype ATR 72-600 first flew on 24 July 2009; it had been converted from an ATR 72-500.

 * The ATR 72-600 features several improvements. It is powered by the new PW127M engines, which enable a 5% increase in takeoff power via a "boost function" used only when called for by takeoff conditions. The flight deck features five wide LCD screens (improving on the EFIS of earlier versions). A multi-purpose computer (MPC) aims at increasing flight safety and operational capabilities, and new Thales-made avionics provide Required Navigation Performance (RNP) capabilities. It also features lighter seats and larger overhead baggage bins. In December 2015, the EASA approved a new high-density seating layout, raising the maximum capacity from 74 to 78 seats.
 * During the 2021 Dubai Airshow in mid-November 2021, ATR debuted the new ATR 72-600 engine which is powered by new PW127XT powerplants with 20% lower maintenance cost and 3% lower fuel consumption than the predecessor PW127M powerplant.

ATR 72-600 HighLine Editions
The ATR 72-600 HighLine is the same as the ATR 72-600 however it featured an executive cabin layout.

ATR 72MP
The ATR 72MP is an ATR 72-600 derivative developed by Leonardo for search and rescue, maritime patrol, command and control, communication, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR). Leonardo Electronics designed its Airborne Tactical Observation and Surveillance (ATOS) backbone to manage its sensors, combine their output in a tactical situation presented on up to four workstations.

The main sensors are
 * a multimode radar, also with active electronically scanned array (AESA) like the Leonardo Electronics Seaspray 7300;
 * an electro-optical turret (EO/IR);
 * an automatic identification system (AIS);
 * an airborne search and rescue direction finder (ASARS DF).

A tactical display is added to the glass cockpit and can be integrated with INS/GPS positioning systems and IFF transponder. Three U/VHF radios, one HF radio and a wideband SATCOM are used for communications. Other sensors, systems and communications equipment can be integrated, like an electronic support measure (ESM) system. A defensive aids sub-system (DASS) is optionally available for operation in hostile areas.

 * ATR 72 ASW
 * The ATR 72 ASW integrates the ATR 72 MP (Maritime Patrol) mission system with similar on-board equipment, but with additional anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities. A variant of the -600 (itself a version of the maritime patrol model of the ATR 42-600) is also in production. For the ASW and ASuW missions, it is armed with lightweight aerial torpedoes. They are equipped with the Thales AMASCOS (Airborne Maritime Situation and Control System) surveillance system as well as electronic warfare and reconnaissance systems, enabling the type to perform maritime search and rescue duties.

 * ATR 72-600 MAR
 * The ATR 72-600 MAR is an unarmed maritime surveillance version equipped with ELI-3360MPA system designed by Elbit Systems for the Philippine Air Force. Its capabilities are airborne ocean surface surveillance, telemetry recording and relay. Modified with AN/APS-143 Multi-Mode X-Band Maritime Surveillance Radar with Integrated IFF Interrogator to detect objects in the West Philippine Sea and Benham Rise, the aircraft can detect a person in a life raft up to 128 km away in the water. It downlinks this telemetry data to a ground-based surveillance center which is to be integrated to the National Coast Watch Center system.  It has the capability to relay four airborne UHF frequencies over the horizon to ground sites. Additional Mission Management System (MMS), L-3 Wescam MX-20HD electro-optical sensor system for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) capabilities.

 * -600F
 * A purpose-built freighter variant of the -600, 8 November 2017 launch with 30 firm orders from FedEx plus 20 options. The first flight of the variant took place on 16 September 2020; it was EASA certified by early December. In December 2020, FedEx Express received the first one of its order of 30, to be operated by ASL Airlines Ireland between Paris Charles de Gaulle and the Czech Republic. FedEx should receive six aircraft per year until 2025, later freighters will fly in the US and in Latin America. Compared to the passenger airliner, windows are removed, the floor is reinforced and a large front cargo door is added to load seven LD3 containers. ATR forecasts a market for 460 converted or new-build turboprop freighters over 20 years.

Other versions

 * Cargo
 * Bulk Freighter (tube versions) and ULD Freighter (Large Cargo Door). ATR unveiled a large cargo door modification for all ATR 72 at Farnborough 2002, coupled with a dedicated cargo conversion. FedEx, DHL, and UPS all operate the type.

 * Corporate
 * A VIP version of the -500 is available with a luxury interior for executive or corporate transport.

 * ATR 82
 * During the mid-1980s, the company investigated a 78-seat derivative of the ATR 72. This would have been powered by two Allison AE2100 turboprops (turbofans were also studied for a time) and would have had a cruising speed as high as 330 kn. The ATR-82 project (as it was dubbed) was suspended when AI(R) was formed in early 1996.

 * ATR 82 TF
 * ATR also studied a turbofan version of the proposed ATR 82 (stretched version of the ATR 72) in the early 1990s. Powered by either the Allison GMA 3012 or the General Electric CF34, the aircraft would have a range of about 1,000 nmi and cruise at 375 kn at an altitude of 25,000 ft.

 * ATR Quick Change
 * This proposed version targeted the increasing demand of worldwide cargo and express mail markets, where the aim is to allow operators to supplement their passengers flights with freighter flights. In Quick Change configuration, the smoke detector is equipped alongside other modifications required in order to meet the certification for full freight operations. The aircraft was equipped with a larger cargo door (1.27 m [50 in] wide and 1.52 m [60 in] high) and low door-sill height of an average 1.2 m (4 ft), facilitating containerised freight loading. It takes 30 minutes to convert the ATR 42, and 45 minutes to convert the ATR 72. Each optimized container has 2.8 m3 of usable volume and maximum payload is 435 kg (960 lb).

Civilian operations
See List of ATR 72 operators. Primary ATR 72 airline operators (with 15 aircraft or more) were: • Iran Air

• Wings Air (Lion Group): 70

• IndiGo: 40

• Azul Brazilian Airlines: 36

• Air New Zealand: 29

• Swiftair: 22

• Firefly: 20

• Binter Canarias: 20

• ASL Airlines Ireland: 18

• Alliance Air: 18

• Lao Airlines: 15

• Air Algérie: 15

• Bangkok Airways: 15

• Sillavia :15

• Utair: 15

• Maldivian: 2

• Air Serbia : 10

• Cebgo: 15

• Silver Airways, LLC 5

• Caribbean Airlines 10

• FedEx Feeder 36

• Braathens Regional Airlines: 13

Military operators

 * Italian Air Force
 * Guardia di Finanza
 * Guardia di Finanza

 * Pakistan Navy
 * Pakistan Navy

 * Turkish Navy
 * Turkish Navy

 * Royal Malaysian Air Force
 * Royal Malaysian Air Force

 * Philippine Air Force
 * Philippine Air Force

Accidents and incidents

The ATR 72 has been involved in 66 aviation accidents and incidents, including 40 hull losses, resulting in fatalities. As of January 2023, there have been 12 accidents with at least one fatality reported. The most recent fatal accident was Yeti Airlines Flight 691, which also is the deadliest ATR 72 accident with 72 casualties.

title: ATR 72


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Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Temp6

Umm, interesting choice of colors here. What inspired this? -- Merphant 23:25, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * At least it hides some of those edit links. See also temp 5 with hidden edit links. Angela 00:04, 31 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * As soon as they upgraded the software I turned them off in my preferences; they're too ugly. Right-clicking a header works fine for me. -- Merphant

People said Temp2 was too boring, when I liked that one... I glanced at the others and disliked the unbordered... the colors are essentailly random, and I have thought of making them more muted. This is just something I started on as a test, didn't come near finishing what I intended. I might do more with it later. -- Jake 14:17, 2003 Jul 31 (UTC)

Superfluous neologism.
I think the neologism creating an alleged noun (the "Howto" or the "How-to") is an atrocity and an abomination.

In what way does that simplistic "substantive" say, as or more effectively, whatever is already meant by any one or more of these words and others: instruction, advice, tip, hint, direction, recipe, prescription, process, procedure, method, means, way, rules, explanation?

Thank you.

John Gibson

title: Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Temp6


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Faroese

Faroese or Faroish  may refer to anything pertaining to the Faroe Islands, e.g.:
 * the Faroese language
 * the Faroese people

title: Faroese


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Ladislaus Hunyadi

László Hunyadi or Ladislaus Hunyadi (Slovak: Ladislav Huňady; 1431 – 16 March 1457) was a Hungarian nobleman.

Ladislaus Hunyadi was the elder of the two sons of John Hunyadi, voivode of Transylvania and later regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, and Elizabeth Szilágyi. He was the older brother of Matthias Hunyadi, who would later become the king of Hungary. At a very early age he accompanied his father in his campaigns. After the Battle of Kosovo (1448) he was left for a time, as a hostage for his father, in the hands of George Brankovic (1427–1456), despot of Serbia. In 1452 he was a member of the deputation which went to Vienna to receive back the Hungarian king Ladislaus V. In 1453 he was already ban of Croatia and Dalmatia. At the diet of Buda (1455) he resigned all his dignities, because of the accusations of Ulrich II, Count of Celje, and other enemies of his house, but a reconciliation was ultimately patched together and he was betrothed to Anna, the daughter of the palatine, Ladislaus Garai.

After his father's death in 1456, he was declared by his enemy Ulrich II (now Captain General of Hungary with significant power) responsible for the debts allegedly owed by the elder Hunyadi to the state; but he defended himself so ably at the diet of Futak (October 1456) that Ulrich feigned a reconciliation, promising to protect the Hunyadis on condition that they first surrendered all the royal castles entrusted to them. A beginning was to be made with the fortress of Nándorfehérvár (now Belgrade, Serbia) of which Hunyadi was commandant. While admitting Ladislaus V and Ulrich, Hunyadi excluded their army of mercenaries. On the following morning (9 November 1456), Ulrich was killed by Hunyadi's men in unclear circumstances. Later Hunyadi served as master of the horse (lovászmester) until his death.

The terrified young king thereupon pardoned Hunyadi, and at a subsequent interview with his mother at Temesvár swore that he would protect the whole family. As a pledge of his sincerity he appointed Hunyadi lord treasurer and captain-general of the kingdom. Suspecting no evil, Hunyadi accompanied the king to Buda. But on arriving there he was arrested on a charge of plotting against the king, condemned to death without the observance of any legal formalities, and beheaded on 16 March 1457.

He is the protagonist of a popular Hungarian opera, Hunyadi László by Ferenc Erkel.

title: Ladislaus Hunyadi


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Lulworth

Lulworth is the popular name for an area on the coast of Dorset, South West England notable for its castle and cove. However, there is no actual place or feature called simply "Lulworth", the villages are East and West Lulworth and the coastal feature is Lulworth Cove.

See:
 * East Lulworth (village)
 * Lulworth Castle
 * Lulworth Cove (a tourist location / bay)
 * Lulworth Estate
 * Lulworth Ranges and associated Lulworth Camp
 * West Lulworth (village)
 * S/Y Lulworth (1920 yacht)

title: Lulworth


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Vanitas

Vanitas (Latin for 'vanity', in this context meaning pointlessness, or futility, not to be confused with the other definition of vanity) is a genre of art which uses symbolism to show the transience of life, the futility of pleasure, and the certainty of death, and thus the vanity of ambition and all worldy desires. The paintings involved still life imagery of transitory items. The genre began in the 16th century and continued into the 17th century. Vanitas art is a type of allegorical art representing a higher ideal. It was a sub-genre of painting heavily employed by Dutch painters during the Baroque period (c.1585–1730). Spanish painters working at the end of the Spanish Golden Age also created vanitas paintings.

Etymology
The word vanitas comes from Latin and means vanity. In this context vanity means pointlessness, or futility, not to be confused with the other definition of vanity. Vanity is referenced in the Bible's Old Testament in Ecclesiastes 12:8, "Vanity of Vanities, saith the preacher, all is vanity". In some versions vanity is translated as "meaningless" to avoid the confusion with the other definition of vanity, that being inflated pride in oneself or one's appearance. The message is that human action is temporary and faith is forever. Memento mori is a similar theme which when translated from Latin means, "remember that you will die."

History
A group of painters in Leiden began to produce vanitas paintings in the beginning of the 16th century and they continued into the 17th century. Vanitas art is an allegorical art representing a higher ideal or containing hidden meanings. Vanitas are very formulaic and they use literary and traditional symbols to convey mortality. Vanitas often have a message that is rooted in religion or the Christian Bible.

In the 17th century the vanitas genre was popular among Dutch painters. The paintings often have symbolic imagery which attempts to convey the message that all people die, encouraging the viewer to think about the futility of our earthly pursuits. The well known Spanish vanitas refer to Spain's rulers and the politics of Spain. It was popular to include skulls in vanitas paintings as a symbol of the ephemeral nature of life.

Outside visual art

 * The first movement in composer Robert Schumann's 5 Pieces in a Folk Style, for Cello and Piano, Op. 102 is entitled Vanitas vanitatum: Mit Humor.
 * Vanitas vanitatum is the title of an oratorio written by an Italian Baroque composer Giacomo Carissimi (1604/05–1674).
 * Vanitas is the seventh album by British Extreme Metal band Anaal Nathrakh.
 * Vanitas is the name of a character from the Kingdom Hearts franchise.
 * Vanitas is the name of one of the two main characters from Vanitas no Carte
 * Vanitas is the motto of The Harvard Lampoon
 * Vanitas is the second album by New Jersey Power Metal band Platinum.

In modern times

 * Jana Sterbak, Vanitas: Flesh Dress for an Albino Anorectic, artwork, 1987.
 * Alexander de Cadenet, Skull Portraits, various subjects, 1996 – present.
 * Philippe Pasqua, series of skulls, sculpture, 1990s – present.
 * Anne de Carbuccia, One Planet One Future, various subjects, 2013 – present.

title: Vanitas


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Hunyadi

Hunyadi may refer to:
 * Hunyadi family, a Hungarian noble family from the Middle Ages
 * John Hunyadi, Hungarian general and Regent-Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary
 * Laszlo Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman
 * Matthias Corvinus (Hunyadi Mátyás or Corvin Mátyás), King of Hungary
 * Hunyadi, the 29th day of the month in the Pataphysical calendar

title: Hunyadi


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Kosava, Belarus

Kosava or Kossovo (Косава; Коссово; Kosovas; קאסעוו), formerly known as Kosava-Palyeskaye (Косава-Палескае, Kosów Poleski), is a town in Ivatsevichy District, Brest Region, Belarus. As of 2024, it has a population of 1,862.

The nearby village of Merechevschina is the birthplace of Tadeusz Kościuszko. Kosava is the birthplace of Rabbi Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz. Nearby is the ruined Kosava Castle, built by the Pusłowski family in 1830, and a replica of Tadeusz Kościuszko's house in Mereczowszczyzna.

History
The first settlements in the area are known since the 10th and 11 centuries as part of Kievan Rus'. The first mention of the town was in 1494, when it was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After 1795, it became part of the Russian Empire. From 1915 to 1918, the town was under German occupation and then was occupied by Poland after the Polish–Soviet War. On 3 February 1927, as Polish newspaper Robotnik reported, Polish policemen shot manifestation of peasants that claimed to release imprisoned deputies.

title: Kosava, Belarus


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Khajuraho Group of Monuments

The Khajuraho Group of Monuments are a group of Hindu and Jain temples in Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India. They are about 175 km southeast of Jhansi, 10 km from Khajwa, 9 km from Rajnagar, and 49 km from district headquarter Chhatarpur. The temples are famous for their Nagara-style architectural symbolism and a few erotic sculptures.

Most Khajuraho temples were built between 885 CE and 1000 CE by the Chandela dynasty. Historical records note that the Khajuraho temple site had 85 temples by the 12th century, spread over 20 km2. Of these, only about 25 temples have survived, spread over 6 km2. Of the surviving temples, the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple is decorated with a profusion of sculptures with intricate details, symbolism, and expressiveness of ancient Indian art. The temple complex was forgotten and overgrown by the jungle until 1838 when Captain T.S. Burt, a British engineer, visited the complex and reported his findings in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

When these monuments were built, the boys in the place lived in hermitages, by being brahmacharyas (bachelors) until they attained manhood and these sculptures helped them to learn about the worldly role of 'householder'. The Khajuraho group of temples were built together but were dedicated to two religions, Hinduism and Jainism, suggesting a tradition of acceptance and respect for diverse religious views among Hindus and Jains in the region. Because of their outstanding architecture, diversity of temple forms, and testimony to the Chandela civilization, the monuments at Khajuraho were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986.

Etymology
The name Khajuraho, or Kharjuravāhaka, is derived from ancient Sanskrit (kharjura, खर्जूर means date palm, and vāhaka, वाहक means "one who carries" or bearer ). Local legends state that the temples had two golden date-palm trees as their gate (missing when they were rediscovered). Desai states that Kharjuravāhaka also means scorpion bearer, which is another symbolic name for deity Shiva (who wears snakes and scorpion garlands in his fierce form).

Cunningham's nomenclature and systematic documentation work in 1850s and 1860s have been widely adopted and continue to be in use. He grouped the temples into the Western group around Lakshmana, Eastern group around Javeri, and Southern group around Duladeva.

Location
The Khajuraho monuments are located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, in Chatarpur district, about 620 km southeast of New Delhi. The temples are located near a small town also known as Khajuraho, with a population of about 24,481 people (2011 Census).

Khajuraho is served by Civil Aerodrome Khajuraho (IATA Code: HJR), with services to Delhi, Agra, Varanasi and Mumbai. The site is also linked by the Indian Railways service, with the railway station located approximately six kilometres from the entrance to the monuments.

The monuments are about ten kilometres off the east-west National Highway 75, and about 50 kilometres from the city of Chhatarpur, which is connected to the state capital Bhopal by the SW-NE running National Highway 86.

The 10th-century Bhand Deva Temple in Rajasthan was built in the style of the Khajuraho monuments and is often referred to as 'Little Khajuraho'.

History
The Khajuraho group of monuments was built during the rule of the Chandela dynasty. The building activity started almost immediately after the rise of their power, throughout their kingdom to be later known as Bundelkhand. Most temples were built during the reigns of the Hindu kings Yashovarman and Dhanga. Yashovarman's legacy is best exhibited by the Lakshmana Temple. Vishvanatha temple best highlights King Dhanga's reign. The largest and currently most famous surviving temple is Kandariya Mahadeva built in the reign of King Vidyadhara. The temple inscriptions suggest many of the currently surviving temples were complete between 970 and 1030 CE, with further temples completed during the following decades.

The Khajuraho temples were built about 35 miles from the medieval city of Mahoba, the capital of the Chandela dynasty, in the Kalinjar region. In ancient and medieval literature, their kingdom has been referred to as Jijhoti, Jejahoti, Chih-chi-to and Jejakabhukti.

The first documented mention of Khajuraho was made in 641 by Xuanzang, a Chinese pilgrim who described encountering several dozen inactive Buddhist monasteries and a dozen Hindu temples with a thousand worshipping brahmins. In 1022 CE, Khajuraho was mentioned by Abu Rihan-al-Biruni, the Persian historian who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni in his raid of Kalinjar; he mentions Khajuraho as the capital of Jajahuti. The raid was unsuccessful, and a peace accord was reached when the Hindu king agreed to pay a ransom to Mahmud of Ghazni to end the attack and leave.

Khajuraho temples were in active use through the end of the 12th century. This changed in the 13th century; after the army of Delhi Sultanate, under the command of the Muslim Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak, attacked and seized the Chandela kingdom. About a century later, Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan traveller in his memoirs about his stay in India from 1335 to 1342 CE, mentioned visiting Khajuraho temples, calling them "Kajarra" as follows:

"...near (Khajuraho) temples, which contain idols that have been mutilated by the Moslems, live a number of yogis whose matted locks have grown as long as their bodies. And on account of extreme asceticism they are all yellow in colour. Many Moslems attend these men in order to take lessons (yoga) from them."

The central Indian region, where Khajuraho temples are, was controlled by various Muslim dynasties from the 13th century through the 18th century. In this period, some temples were desecrated, followed by a long period when they were left in neglect. In 1495 CE, for example, Sikandar Lodi's campaign of temple destruction included Khajuraho. The remoteness and isolation of Khajuraho protected the Hindu and Jain temples from continued destruction by Muslims. Over the centuries, vegetation and forests overgrew the temples.

In the 1830s, local Hindus guided a British surveyor, T.S. Burt, to the temples and they were thus rediscovered by the global audience. Alexander Cunningham later reported, few years after the rediscovery, that the temples were secretly in use by yogis and thousands of Hindus would arrive for pilgrimage during Shivaratri celebrated annually in February or March based on a lunar calendar. In 1852, F.C. Maisey prepared earliest drawings of the Khajuraho temples.

Description
The temple site is within Vindhya mountain range in central India. An ancient local legend held that Hindu deity Shiva and other gods enjoyed visiting the dramatic hill formation in Kalinjar area. The center of this region is Khajuraho, set midst local hills and rivers. The temple complex reflects the ancient Hindu tradition of building temples where gods love to pray.

The temples are clustered near water, another typical feature of Hindu temples. The current water bodies include Sib Sagar, Khajur Sagar (also called Ninora Tal) and Khudar Nadi (river). Local legends state that the temple complex had 64 water bodies, of which 56 have been physically identified by archeologists so far.

All temples, except one (Chaturbhuja) face the sunrise – another symbolic feature that is predominant in Hindu temples. The relative layout of temples integrate masculine and feminine deities and symbols highlight the interdependence. The artworks symbolically highlight the four goals of life considered necessary and proper in Hinduism – dharma, kama, artha and moksha.

Of the surviving temples, six are dedicated to Shiva, eight to Vishnu and his affinities, one to Ganesha, one to Sun god, three to Jain Tirthankars. For some ruins, there is insufficient evidence to assign the temple to specific deities with confidence.

An overall examination of site suggests that the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle of square and circles is present each temple plan and design. Further, the territory is laid out in three triangles that converge to form a pentagon. Scholars suggest that this reflects the Hindu symbolism for three realms or trilokinatha, and five cosmic substances or panchbhuteshvara. The temple site highlights Shiva, the one who destroys and recycles life, thereby controlling the cosmic dance of time, evolution and dissolution.

The temples have a rich display of intricately carved statues. While they are famous for their erotic sculpture, sexual themes cover less than 10% of the temple sculpture. Further, most erotic scene panels are neither prominent nor emphasized at the expense of the rest, rather they are in proportional balance with the non-sexual images. The viewer has to look closely to find them, or be directed by a guide. The arts cover numerous aspects of human life and values considered important in the Hindu pantheon. Further, the images are arranged in a configuration to express central ideas of Hinduism. All three ideas from Āgamas are richly expressed in Khajuraho temples – Avyakta, and.

The Beejamandal temple is under excavation. It has been identified with the Vaidyanath temple mentioned in the Grahpati Kokalla inscription.

Of all temples, the Matangeshvara temple remains an active site of worship. It is another square grid temple, with a large 2.5 m high and 1.1 m diameter lingam, placed on a 7.6 m diameter platform.

The most visited temple, Kandariya Mahadev, has an area of about 6,500 square feet and a shikhara (spire) that rises 116 feet.

Jain temples
The Jain temples are located on east-southeast region of Khajuraho monuments. Chausath yogini temple features 64 yogini, while Ghantai temple features bells sculptured on its pillars.

Architecture of the temples
Khajuraho temples, almost all Hindu temple designs, follow a grid geometrical design called vastu-purusha-mandala. This design plan has three important components – Mandala means circle, Purusha is universal essence at the core of Hindu tradition, while Vastu means the dwelling structure.

The design lays out a Hindu temple in a symmetrical, concentrically layered, self-repeating structure around the core of the temple called garbhagriya, where the abstract principle Purusha and the primary deity of the temple dwell. The shikhara, or spire, of the temple rises above the garbhagriya. This symmetry and structure in design is derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles.

The circle of mandala circumscribe the square. The square is considered divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of knowledge and human thought, while circle is considered earthly, human and observed in everyday life (moon, sun, horizon, water drop, rainbow). Each supports the other. The square is divided into perfect 64 sub-squares called padas.

Most Khajuraho temples deploy the 8x8 (64) padas grid Manduka Vastupurushamandala, with pitha mandala the square grid incorporated in the design of the spires. The primary deity or lingas are located in the grid's Brahma padas.

The architecture is symbolic and reflects the central Hindu beliefs through its form, structure, and arrangement of its parts. The mandapas, as well as the arts, are arranged in the Khajuraho temples in a symmetric repeating patterns, even though each image or sculpture is distinctive in its own way. The relative placement of the images are not random but together they express ideas, just like connected words form sentences and paragraphs to compose ideas. This fractal pattern that is common in Hindu temples. Various statues and panels have inscriptions. Many of the inscriptions on the temple walls are poems with double meanings, something that the complex structure of Sanskrit allows in creative compositions.

All Khajuraho temples, except one, face sunrise, and the entrance for the devotee is this east side.

Above the vastu-purusha-mandala of each temple is a superstructure with a dome called Shikhara (or Vimana, Spire). Variations in spire design come from variation in degrees turned for the squares. The temple Shikhara, in some literature, is linked to mount Kailash or Meru, the mythical abode of the gods.

In each temple, the central space typically is surrounded by an ambulatory for the pilgrim to walk around and ritually circumambulate the Purusa and the main deity. The pillars, walls, and ceilings around the space, as well as outside have highly ornate carvings or images of the four just and necessary pursuits of life – kama, artha, dharma, and moksa. This clockwise walk around is called pradakshina.

Larger Khajuraho temples also have pillared halls called mandapa. One near the entrance, on the east side, serves as the waiting room for pilgrims and devotees. The mandapas are also arranged by principles of symmetry, grids, and mathematical precision. This use of same underlying architectural principle is common in Hindu temples found all over India. Each Khajuraho temple is distinctly carved yet also repeating the central common principles in almost all Hindu temples, one which Susan Lewandowski refers to as "an organism of repeating cells".

Construction
The temples are grouped into three geographical divisions: western, eastern and southern.

The Khajuraho temples are made of sandstone, with a granite foundation that is almost concealed from view. The builders didn't use mortar: the stones were put together with mortise and tenon joints and they were held in place by gravity. This form of construction requires very precise joints. The columns and architraves were built with megaliths that weighed up to 20 tons. Some repair work in the 19th Century was done with brick and mortar; however, these have aged faster than original materials and darkened with time, thereby seeming out of place.

The Khajuraho and Kalinjar region is home to superior quality of sandstone, which can be carved precisely. The surviving sculpture reflect fine details such as strands of hair, manicured nails, and intricate jewelry.

While recording the television show Lost Worlds (History Channel) at Khajuraho, Alex Evans recreated a stone sculpture under four feet that took about 60 days to carve in an attempt to develop a rough idea of how much work must have been involved. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. They concluded that these temples would have required hundreds of highly trained sculptors.

Chronology
The Khajuraho group of temples belong to Vaishnavism school of Hinduism, Saivism school of Hinduism and Jainism – nearly a third each. Archaeological studies suggest all three types of temples were under construction at about the same time in the late 10th century, and in use simultaneously. Will Durant states that this aspect of Khajuraho temples illustrates the tolerance and respect for different religious viewpoints in the Hindu and Jain traditions. In each group of Khajuraho temples, there were major temples surrounded by smaller temples – a grid style that is observed to varying degrees in Hindu temples in Angkor Wat, Parambaran and South India.

The largest surviving Shiva temple is Khandarya Mahadeva, while the largest surviving Vaishnava group includes Chaturbhuja and Ramachandra.

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple plan is 109 ft in length by 60 ft, and rises 116 ft above ground and 88 ft above its own floor. The central padas are surrounded by three rows of sculptured figures, with over 870 statues, most being half life size (2.5 to 3 feet). The spire is a self-repeating fractal structure.

Arts and sculpture
The Khajuraho temples feature a variety of artwork, of which 10% is sexual or erotic art outside and inside the temples. Some of the temples that have two layers of walls have small erotic carvings on the outside of the inner wall. Some scholars suggest these to be tantric sexual practices. Other scholars state that the erotic arts are part of the Hindu tradition of treating kama as an essential and proper part of human life, and its symbolic or explicit display is common in Hindu temples. James McConnachie, in his history of the Kamasutra, describes the sexual-themed Khajuraho sculptures as "the apogee of erotic art": "Twisting, broad-hipped and high breasted nymphs display their generously contoured and bejewelled bodies on exquisitely worked exterior wall panels. These fleshy apsaras run riot across the surface of the stone, putting on make-up, washing their hair, playing games, dancing, and endlessly knotting and unknotting their girdles. ... Beside the heavenly nymphs are serried ranks of griffins, guardian deities and, most notoriously, extravagantly interlocked maithunas, or lovemaking couples."

The temples have several thousand statues and artworks, with Kandarya Mahadeva Temple alone decorated with over 870. Some 10% of these iconographic carvings contain sexual themes and various sexual poses. A common misconception is that, since the old structures with carvings in Khajuraho are temples, the carvings depict sex between deities; however, the kama arts represent diverse sexual expressions of different human beings. The vast majority of arts depict various aspects the everyday life, mythical stories as well as symbolic display of various secular and spiritual values important in Hindu tradition. For example, depictions show women putting on makeup, musicians making music, potters, farmers, and other folks in their daily life during the medieval era. These scenes are in the outer padas as is typical in Hindu temples.

There is iconographic symbolism embedded in the arts displayed in Khajuraho temples. Core Hindu values are expressed in multitude of ways. Even the Kama scenes, when seen in combination of sculptures that precede and follow, depict the spiritual themes such as moksha. In the words of Stella Kramrisch,

"This state which is "like a man and woman in close embrace" is a symbol of moksa, final release or reunion of two principles, the essence (Purusha) and nature (Prakriti)."

The Khajuraho temples represent one expression of many forms of arts that flourished in Rajput kingdoms of India from 8th through 10th century CE. For example, contemporary with Khajuraho were the publications of poems and drama such as Prabodhacandrodaya, Karpuramanjari, Viddhasalabhanjika and Kavyamimansa. Some of the themes expressed in these literary works are carved as sculpture in Khajuraho temples. Some sculptures at the Khajuraho monuments dedicated to Vishnu include the Vyalas, which are hybrid imaginary animals with lions' bodies, and are found in other Indian temples. Some of these hybrid mythical artwork include Vrik Vyala (hybrid of wolf and lion) and Gaja Vyala (hybrid of elephant and lion). These Vyalas may represent syncretic, creative combination of powers innate in the two.

Tourism and cultural events
The temples in Khajuraho are broadly divided into three parts: the Eastern group, the Southern Group and the Western group of temples of which the Western group alone has the facility of an audio-guided tour wherein the tourists are guided through the seven-eight temples. There is also an audio guided tour developed by the Archaeological Survey of India which includes a narration of the temple history and architecture.

The Khajuraho Dance Festival is held every year in February. It features various classical Indian dances set against the backdrop of the Chitragupta or Vishwanath Temples.

The Khajuraho temple complex offers a son et lumière (sound and light) show every evening. The first show is in English language and the second, in Hindi. It is held in the open lawns in the temple complex, and has received mixed reviews.

title: Khajuraho Group of Monuments