text:
Battle of Ratan

The Battle of Ratan was the last battle fought on Swedish soil during the Russian-Swedish War of 1808 - 1809. It took place a day apart from the Battle of Sävar, on 20 August 1809. Having conquered Finland from Sweden, the Russians had a small force in the northern areas of Sweden. The Swedes sought to eliminate this through a combined assault from land and sea, but the Russians moved more rapidly, defeating the Swedish force landed at Ratan at Sävar on 19 August. The next day, on 20 August, the Swedish riflemen was attacked and pushed out of Ratan, turning to the flotilla and starting the evacuation. At the same time, artillery fire from Swedish warships kept the Russians at bay. Peace negotiations followed the heavy fighting.

Prelude to the battle
The Russians had successfully captured the city of Umeå and driven the Swedish army commanded by Sandels south, to Härnösand. Tsar Alexander I of Russia demanded that Sweden cede all of Finland. To achieve a better negotiating position, the Swedish army command planned to land troops north of the Russian positions in Umeå to attack the Russian army from the rear, while the mainland army of 3,400 men under Fabian Wrede attacked them from the front.

Chosen to lead the sea-borne task force was Lieutenant-General Gustav Wachtmeister. Battle proven in the Prussian army, in the Russo-Swedish War 1789-1790, and in the Pomeranian War just two years earlier. There was talk on giving the command to von Döbeln, but Wachtmeister was chosen.

There was no threat from the Russians possible on the waters, as the combined force of the Swedish navy and the Royal Navy had the Russian fleet at bay. The task force left Stockholm on 8 August and sailed north towards Ratan 45 km north from Umeå. To avoid detection by the Russian army in Umeå, the task force sailed east of Holmön. It arrived at Ratan 16 August. The attack was planned for 19 August.

The Swedish task force sent was included the following vessels from both the navy and the archipelago fleet: On 17 August the Swedish army disembarked from their ships in Ratan. Later the same day, they destroyed a small Russian detachment in Djäkneboda. The Russian commander, Lieutenant-General Nikolay Mikhailovich Kamensky, was marching south when he learned of the Swedish task force. He quickly wheeled around and marched north to face Wachtmeister's army before Wrede's arrived.
 * 2 ships of the line (Adolf Fredrik and Försiktigheten)
 * 1 frigate (Jarramas)
 * 44 gunboats and bomb vessels
 * 6 galleys
 * 20-40 troop transport ships
 * 6,800 soldiers

The Swedish force under Wachtmeister was delayed at Sävar 20 km north of Umeå. The Russians attacked Wachtmeister's force in Sävar at 07:30 on 19 August. The Russian force took possession of high ground immediately and the Swedes counterattacked the Russians uphill. A fierce battle broke out and despite Swedish success in the fighting, Wachtmeister ordered his forces to retreat back to Ratan. The Battle of Sävar was over at 15:00. Although the Battle of Sävar turned out as a Russian victory, the Russian army was too damaged to dare face Wrede advancing from the south.

At Sävar, Sweden suffered casualties of 396 men dead and around 450 wounded, the Russians suffered around 600 men dead and around 1000 wounded.

Description of the battle
After the Battle of Sävar, the Swedish force fell back to the village of Ratan, in which they immediately prepared for another battle. On 20 August Kamensky ordered his army to attack the Swedes in a delaying battle to secure the Russian supply wagons' retreat north. This time Sweden had support from their artillery, not only the ground-based, but also the cannons loaded on the Swedish fleet. Altogether, around 100 cannons were available for the Swedish army. The artillery barrage destroyed large parts of the village and its surroundings.

During the Battle of Ratan, Wachtmeister, due to support of the flotilla, managed to hold off Kamensky, who afterwards retreated north towards Piteå. Shortly after, Swedish troops entered Umeå.

Casualties at Ratan numbered 150 to 181 Swedes (26 dead, 2 prisoners). About 150 Russians were lost according to Kamensky, while Swedish reports mention 500–700 Russian casualties.

Aftermath
The Russians managed to take Ratan, but then were forced to abandon it due to Swedish flotilla fire. The Russian cannonballs did not reach the Swedish fleet. A forward line of Russian jägers stood in the woods. The Swedish field force was not defeated thanks to the fleet, boarded the ships unhindered, and sailed away to safety. The Russian army could not stay with the enemy advancing from the south having just suffered so many casualties. Instead it retreated north after the battle, easing the situation for the Swedish army. It has also been argued that the outcomes of the battles helped Sweden to achieve a better position in the peace negotiations with Russia. Czar Alexander of Russia had demanded all of Österland, Åland, the parts of Norrland in present-day Finland and parts of Norrland in present-day Sweden. The Czar's demand was for the border to be drawn at the Kalix River. The engagements in Sävar and Ratan have been argued to have helped move the border north to the Tornio and Muonio rivers in the peace talks.

Having the border further north than demanded by the Russians in the initial talks turned out to be fortunate for Sweden in the long run as major findings of iron ore were discovered in these areas later.

title: Battle of Ratan


text:
Talk:Channel

source and communications channel
Source: from Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188

i moved the communications-specific stuff here to channel (communications), see talk: channel (communications) for some details, questions, and remaining issues. Burgher 20:56, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Internet Relay Chat
Currently the article for Internet Relay Chat is semi-hidden two-articles deep in this section. Would anyone mind if I moved the disambiguation text to this main article? Does it warrant such a position? -- Derfy 20:28, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * support 74.132.209.231 21:40, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Clean-up
page needs some organizing into sections and alpha-sorting etc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Channel


text:
Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon

Françoise d'Aubigné (27 November 1635 – 15 April 1719), known first as Madame Scarron and subsequently as Madame de Maintenon, was a French noblewoman and the second wife of Louis XIV of France from 1683 until his death in 1715. Although she was never considered queen of France, as the marriage was carried out in secret, Madame de Maintenon had considerable political influence as one of the King's closest advisers and the governess of the royal children.

Born into an impoverished Huguenot noble family, Françoise married the poet Paul Scarron in 1652, which allowed her access to the Parisian high society. She was widowed in 1660, but later saw her fortunes improve through her friendship with Louis XIV's mistress, Madame de Montespan, who tasked her with the upbringing of the king's extramarital children. She was made royal governess when the children were legitimised, and in 1675 Louis XIV granted her the title Marquise de Maintenon. By the late 1670s, she had essentially supplanted Montespan as the king's maîtresse-en-titre.

After the death of Queen Maria Theresa in 1683, Madame de Maintenon married Louis in a private ceremony. She came to be regarded as the second most powerful person in France, and her piety had a strong influence on her husband, who became firmer in his Catholic faith and had no more open mistresses. In 1686, she founded the Maison royale de Saint-Louis, a school for girls from impoverished noble families, which had a significant influence on female education under the Ancien Régime. After Louis XIV's death in 1715, Madame de Maintenon retired to Saint-Cyr, where she died four years later at the age of 83.

Birth at Niort
Françoise d'Aubigné was born on 27 November 1635, in Niort, France. A plaque suggests her birthplace was at the Hotel du Chaumont, but some sources indicate she was born in or just outside the local prison, where her Huguenot father Constant d'Aubigné was incarcerated for conspiring against King Louis XIII's powerful chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu. Her mother, Jeanne de Cardilhac, was the daughter of the prison director and was probably seduced by the incarcerated Constant. She was a fervent Catholic and had her child baptised in her religion. Her paternal grandfather was Agrippa d'Aubigné, a former intimate servant of the late king Henry IV well known for his roles as Protestant general and propagandist. Her godmother was the nine-year-old Suzanne de Baudéan, daughter of the comtesse de Neuillant and the governor of Niort, and her godfather was the duc de la Rochefoucauld, father of François de La Rochefoucauld, the author of the famous Maxims.

Protestant upbringing
In 1639, Constant was released from prison and went with Jeanne and Françoise to the French island colony of Martinique in the West Indies. Jeanne was a strict mother, allowing her children few liberties. She gave them a Protestant education despite their Catholic baptism. Constant returned to France, leaving his family behind in Martinique, causing Jeanne to try to be "mother and father" to their children until they also returned to France, in 1647. Within months of the family's return, both parents died, and the children went to the care of their paternal aunt, Madame de Villette. The Villettes' home, Mursay, became a happy memory for Françoise, who had been in the care of her aunt and uncle before leaving for Martinique. The de Villettes were wealthy and took good care of the children, but were ardent Protestants and continued to school their nieces and nephews in their beliefs. When this became known to the family of Françoise's godmother, an order was issued that she had to be educated in a convent.

Education
Françoise disliked convent life, mainly because she received only limited education and freedom. Her lessons included basic mathematics, French, Latin, and domestic work. The main emphasis was on religion and liturgy, with no opening onto the secular world. Despite her disgust, Françoise grew to love one of the nuns there, Sister Céleste, who persuaded the young girl to receive her first communion. In her older days, Maintenon would say, "I loved [Sister Céleste] more than I could possibly say. I wanted to sacrifice myself for her service." Françoise would also prove adept in the art of writing, going on to send more than 90,000 letters in her lifetime.

Madame de Neuillant, the mother of Françoise's godmother, then brought the girl to Paris and introduced her to sophisticated people, who became vital contacts that she would use in the future.

Marriage
In her excursion with Madame de Neuillant, Françoise met accomplished poet Paul Scarron, who was 25 years her senior, and began to correspond with him. He counted King Louis XIII's favourites among his patrons and offered her marriage or pay her dowry so that she might enter a convent. Although Scarron suffered from chronic and crippling pain, Françoise accepted his proposal and the two married in 1652. The match permitted her to gain access to the highest levels of Parisian society, something that would have otherwise been impossible for a girl from an impoverished background. For nine years, she was more a nurse than a wife to Paul who, in turn, gave her exposure to education and a vocation as a teacher.

Royal governess
After Paul Scarron's death in 1660, the Queen Mother Anne of Austria continued his pension to his widow and even increased it to 2,000 livres a year, thus enabling Françoise to remain in literary society. After his mother's death in 1666, Louis XIV suspended the pension. Once again in straitened circumstances and having spent several years living off the charity of her friends, Madame Scarron prepared to leave Paris for Lisbon as a lady-in-waiting to the new queen of Portugal, Marie-Françoise de Nemours. Before setting off, however, she met Madame de Montespan, who was secretly already the king's mistress. Montespan took such a fancy to Scarron that she had the king reinstate her pension, which enabled the latter to stay in Paris.

In 1669, Madame de Montespan placed her second child by Louis XIV with Madame Scarron in a house on Rue de Vaugirard, provided with a large income and staff of servants. Scarron took care to keep the house well-guarded and discreet, doing many duties as secretary and caretaker. Her care for the infant Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine (born 1670) first brought her to the attention of Louis XIV, though he was initially repelled by her strong temper and strict religious practice. After Louis Auguste and his siblings were legitimised on 20 December 1673, she moved to the Château de Saint-Germain and became the Governess of the Children of France, one of the very few people permitted to speak candidly with the king as an equal. Madame de Sévigné observed that Louis XIV was charmed by having someone who would speak to him in this way. Due to her hard work, the king rewarded Scarron with 200,000 livres, which she used to purchase the property at Maintenon in 1674. In 1675, Louis XIV gave her the title of Marquise de Maintenon after the name of her estate. Such favours incurred the jealousy of Madame de Montespan, who began to spar frequently over the children and their care. In 1680, the king made Madame de Maintenon the second mistress of the robes to his daughter-in-law, the Dauphine. Soon after the Affair of the Poisons, Montespan left the court and was unofficially replaced by de Maintenon, who proved to be a good influence on Louis XIV. His wife, Queen Marie Thérèse, who for years had been rudely treated by Madame de Montespan, openly declared she had never been so well-treated as at this time.

Secret marriage to Louis XIV
"Madame de Maintenon knows how to love. There would be great pleasure in being loved by her," said the king, Louis XIV. He probably asked her to become his mistress at that time. Though she later claimed she didn't yield to his advances ("Nothing is so clever as to conduct one's self irreproachably,") the king spent much of his spare time with the royal governess by the late 1670s, discussing politics, economics, and religion. After the death of Marie-Thérèse, Françoise married Louis in a private ceremony by François de Harlay de Champvallon, archbishop of Paris. It is believed that in attendance were Père la Chaise, the king's confessor, the Marquis de Montchevreuil, the Chevalier de Forbin and Alexandre Bontemps, a valet with whom the groom was very close. Owing to the disparity in their social status, the marriage was morganatic, meaning that Madame de Maintenon wasn't openly acknowledged as the king's wife and didn't become queen. No official documentation of the marriage exists, but that it took place is nevertheless accepted by historians. Biographers have dated the wedding to 9 October 1683 or January 1684.

In his memoirs, the duc de Saint-Simon (himself only a boy at the time of the event) wrote the following: "But what is very certain and very true, is, that some time after the return of the King from Fontainebleau, and in the midst of the winter that followed the death of the Queen (posterity will with difficulty believe it, although perfectly true and proved), Père de la Chaise, confessor of the King, said mass at the dead of night in one of the King's cabinets at Versailles. Bontemps, governor of Versailles, chief valet on duty, and the most confidential of the four, was present at this mass, at which the monarch and La Maintenon were married in presence of Harlay, Archbishop of Paris, as diocesan, of Louvois (both of whom drew from the King a promise that he would never declare this marriage), and of Montchevreuil... The satiety of the honeymoon, usually so fatal, and especially the honeymoon of such marriages, only consolidated the favour of Madame de Maintenon. Soon after, she astonished everybody by the apartments given to her at Versailles, at the top of the grand staircase facing those of the King and on the same floor. From that moment the King always passed some hours with her every day of his life; wherever she might be she was always lodged near him, and on the same floor if possible."

The Marquise of Montespan wrote the following in her memoirs about the marriage between her former friend and ex-lover: "The following week, Madame de Maintenon... consented to the King's will, which she had opposed in order to excite it, and in the presence of the Marquis and Marquise de Montchevreuil, the Duc de Noailles, the Marquis de Chamarante, M. Bontems and Mademoiselle Ninon, her permanent chambermaid, was married to the King of France and Navarre in the chapel of the château. The Abbé de Harlay, Archbishop of Paris, assisted by the Bishop of Chartres and Père de la Chaise, had the honour of blessing this marriage and presenting the rings of gold. After the ceremony, which took place at an early hour, and even by torchlight, there was a slight repast in the small apartments.  The same persons, taking carriages, then repaired to Maintenon, where the great ceremony, the mass, and all that is customary in such cases were celebrated. At her return, Madame de Maintenon took possession of an extremely sumptuous apartment that had been carefully arranged and furnished for her. Her people continued to wear her livery, but she scarcely ever rode anymore except in the great carriage of the King, where we saw her in the place, which had been occupied by the Queen. In her interior, the title of Majesty was given her, and the King, when he had to speak of her, only used the word Madame, without adding Maintenon, that having become too familiar and trivial."

Political influence
Historians have often remarked upon Madame de Maintenon's political influence, which was considerable. She was regarded as the next most powerful person after the king, considered the equivalent of a prime minister after 1700. Without an official position as queen, she was more easily approached by those wishing to have an audience with the king. However, her judgment wasn't infallible and some mistakes were undoubtedly made; replacing the military commander Nicolas Catinat by the Duke of Villeroi in 1701 may be attributed to her, but certainly not the Spanish Succession.

As a strongly religious person, Madame de Maintenon had a strong influence on her husband, who no longer had open mistresses and banned operas during Lent. Some have accused her of responsibility for the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and for the dragonnades, but recent investigations have shown that she opposed the cruelties of the dragonnades, though she was pleased with the conversions they produced. She told her confessor that in view of her own Protestant upbringing, she feared that a plea for tolerance on behalf of the Huguenots might lead her enemies to claim that she was still a secret Protestant. In 1692, Pope Innocent XII granted her the right of visitation over all the convents in France. Unlike what others believed, Madame de Maintenon mainly used her power for personal patronage- for example, in the frequent economical assistance she gave to her brother Charles d'Aubigné, Comte d'Aubigné. In the latter years of her life, she encouraged her husband to promote her previous charges, the children of the king by Madame de Montespan, to high positions at court intermediate between the prince and princesses du sang and the peers of the realm.

Educational efforts

Madame de Maintenon founded the Maison royale de Saint-Louis, a school for girls of impoverished noble families, who were becoming increasingly numerous because many provincial noblemen died in wars or expended their fortunes in the King's service. The school began at Rueil and moved to Noisy-le-Roi until the King endowed Saint-Cyr, a village 5 km west of Versailles, at her request by using the funds of the Abbey of St. Denis. According to her wishes, the education would be different from that traditionally practised in convents, where education was minimal and principally centred on religion: her students were educated to be ladies of the nobility, receiving an education that was severe but showed proof of the era's modernity. Madame de Maintenon was considered a born teacher and a friendly, motherly influence on her pupils, who included Dauphine Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy.

Madame de Maintenon drew up the rules of the institution and attended to every detail. The school buildings housed 250 students, cared for by 36 lay female educators or "professes", 24 "converses" sisters carrying out domestic tasks, and some priests. The students, aged 7 to 20, were divided by their uniform colour: red for 7 to 10 years old; green for 11 to 14; yellow for 15–16; blue for 17–20, and black for the most talented and disciplined from the "blues". Each class had a timetable appropriate to its students' age: the "reds" learned arithmetic, geometry, reading and writing, along with receiving the rudiments of Catechism, Latin, and religious history; the "greens" continued in these subjects, along with geography and history; the "yellows" also learned drawing and dancing; the "blues" were initiated into heraldry, the history of the Catholic Church and more detailed teaching in morality; and the blacks were in charge of helping the teachers in classes, accounts, hospital, refectory, and sewing clothes for their fellow students or the teachers. Leisure time was also important for Maintenon, who encouraged the students to play intellectual games such as chess and checkers, though card games were banned. She asked Jean Racine to write Esther and Athalie for the girls at Saint-Cyr.

Influence in education
Maison royale de Saint-Louis is considered to have greatly influenced the demands of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, the first women's political interest group founded in 1793. Their successful attempt to link gender equality through the educational system's reformation and the enforcement of the 1724 royal ordinance that imposed compulsory universal primary education, was inspired by the 17th-century treatises by Madame de Maintenon and François Fénelon. In the Revolutionary context, Madame de Maintenon's ideas were used by local officials and philanthropists who successfully established neighbourhood primary schools that accepted many young poor girls. Her work had a lasting impact on the original feminist movement, which gathered in Parisian salons and during the Age of Enlightenment, one aim of which was to promote educational equality between sexes to both improve society with more capable workers and help lower-class women escape their condition and prostitution.

Later life
After her husband's death in 1715, Françoise retired to the Maison royale de Saint-Louis at Saint-Cyr-l'École with a pension of 48,000 livres by the Duc d'Orléans and regent of France. She continued to receive visitors at Saint-Cyr, including Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. He was seated at a chair by the foot of her bed and asked what her illness was, to which she replied, "Old age". She asked what brought him to her room, to which he replied, "I came to see everything worthy of note that France contains." He later remarked to his aides that she had rendered a great service to the King and nation.

Françoise died on 15 April 1719, at the age of 83. Her will expressed her wishes to be buried in the choir at Saint-Cyr and bequeath her Château de Maintenon to her niece, Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, Duchess of Noailles and her brother Charles' only daughter. In her honour, a small island, off the coast of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada, which at that time was known as "L'Île Royale", was attributed to her; this island was named Isle Madame (first noted as l'Isle de la Marquise).

In popular culture

 * Madame de Maintenon is briefly mentioned in Alexandre Dumas' book Twenty Years After. She converses with Raoul, the fictional Vicomte de Bragelonne, at Abbe Scarron's party.
 * Madame de Maintenon is featured by Arthur Conan Doyle in his novel The Refugees, which includes the story of her midnight marriage ceremony.
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald references Madame de Maintenon in The Great Gatsby in describing "Ella Kaye, the newspaper woman," who apparently murders Gatsby's father figure Dan Cody.
 * Madame de Maintenon was portrayed by Catherine Walker in the TV series Versailles.
 * Irène Silvagni depicted Madame de Maintenon in the French film The Death of Louis XIV (2016).
 * Mme de Maintenon is featured in the novel The King's Way, where she explains her life to one of her students at Saint Cyr.
 * A cropped version of a portrait of Madame de Maintenon (File:Mme de Maintenon.jpg) is used as the logo of the reverse engineering software IDA Pro. The portrait is similar to a miniature painting of Madame de Maintenon attested to a painter in the circle of Pierre Mignard.
 * Madame Scarron is also mentioned in Angélique, a series of thirteen historical adventure romance novels written by French author Anne Golon.


text:
François de Neufville, 2nd Duke of Villeroy

François de Neufville, 2nd Duke of Villeroy (7 April 1644 – 18 July 1730) was a French Royal Army officer and nobleman.

Biography
Villeroy was born in Lyon into noble family which had risen into prominence in the reign of Charles IX. His father Nicolas V de Neufville, Marquis of Villeroy, Marshal of France (1598–1685) was governor of the young King Louis XIV who later made him a duke.

François was brought up in close relations with Louis XIV and became a member of his inner circle. As a young child, he played with the King and his younger brother the Prince Philippe in the Palais Royal (home of Louis XIV and his mother Anne of Austria) and the nearby Hôtel de Villeroy (the home of the young François de Villeroy and his father the governor Nicolas V de Villeroy, the historic Hôtel de Villeroy is a 500 m walk from the Palais-Royal on 34 rue des Bourdonnais or 9 rue des Déchargeurs). Even though Francois de Villeroy was six years younger than Louis XIV, they were friends, probably because the young Louis XIV enjoyed the role of protector to a younger child.

An intimate of the king, a finished courtier, and leader of society and a man of great personal gallantry, Villeroy was marked out for advancement in the French Royal Army, which he loved, but career soldiers had a more just appreciation of his abilities than Louis. In 1693, without having exercised any really-important or responsible command, he was made Marshal of France. In 1695, when François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg died, he obtained the command of the army in Flanders (see War of the Grand Alliance); William III found him a far easier opponent than the "little hunchback" (the duc de Luxembourg). Villeroy was responsible for the senseless bombardment of Brussels in 1695, which occasioned its reconstruction in the 18th century by giving it the regularity and unity of architecture seen today although it was again damaged in both World Wars.

In 1701, Villeroy was sent to Italy to supersede Nicolas Catinat and was soon beaten by the inferior army of Prince Eugene of Savoy at the Battle of Chiari (see War of the Spanish Succession). In February 1702 he was made prisoner at the surprise of the Battle of Cremona.

In the following years he was pitted against John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough in the Low Countries. Marlborough's own difficulties with the Dutch and other allied commissioners, rather than Villeroy's own skill, put off the inevitable disaster for some years, but in 1706 Marlborough attacked him and thoroughly defeated him at the Battle of Ramillies. Louis consoled his old friend with this remark: "At our age, one is no longer lucky". However, Louis superseded Villeroy in the command, and Villeroy lived the life of a courtier and, although suspected of being involved in plots, maintained his friendship with Louis. During this time, his secretary was Pierre-François Godard de Beauchamps.

Under the Régence Villeroy was governor of the child King Louis XV and held several other high posts between 1717 and 1722, when he fell in disgrace for plotting against Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France (regent for Louis XV) and was sent to be governor of Lyon, virtually in exile. His family suffered a further disgrace when two younger members, the duc de Retz and the marquis d'Alincourt were exiled for having homosexual relations in the gardens at Versailles. Louis XV recalled Villeroy into high office when he came of age.

Villeroy died in Paris in 1730.

Marriage and children
He married on March 28, 1662 with Marguerite Marie de Cossé (1648–1708), and had 7 children:
 * 1) Louis Nicolas de Neufville (1663–1734), Duke of Villeroy, who married Marguerite Le Tellier, daughter of the Marquis of Louvois;
 * 2) Camille de Neufville
 * 3) François Paul de Neufville (1677–1731), Archbishop of Lyon (1714) ;
 * 4) François Catherine de Neufville (died 1700) ;
 * 5) Madeleine Thérèse de Neufville (1666–1723), a nun ;
 * 6) Françoise Madeleine de Neufville, married João de Sousa, 3rd Marquis of Minas ;
 * 7) Catherine Anne de Neufville  (1674–1715), a nun ;


text:
Economic Geology (journal)

Economic Geology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal about economic geologies published by the Economic Geology Publishing Company from 1905 until 2001, when the company merged with the Society of Economic Geologists (SEG). The Publications Board of the SEG now manages the journal.

title: Economic Geology (journal)


text:
Nicolas Catinat

Nicolas Catinat (, 1 September 1637 – 22 February 1712) was a French military commander and Marshal of France under Louis XIV.

Life
The son of a magistrate, Catinat was born in Paris on 1 September 1637. He entered the Gardes Françaises at an early age and distinguished himself at the Siege of Lille in 1667.

He became a brigadier ten years later, maréchal de camp in 1680, and lieutenant-general 1688. He served with great credit in the campaigns of 1676–1678 in Flanders during the Franco-Dutch War, and was later employed in the persecution of the Vaudois in 1686. After taking part in the Siege of Philippsburg at the opening of the Nine Years War, he was appointed to command the French troops in the south-eastern theatre of war. In 1691 he crossed into the County of Nice, and captured the towns Nice and Villefranche.

His victories against Victor Amadeus of Savoy at the Battle of Staffarda in 1690, and the Battle of Marsaglia in 1693, were amongst his greatest achievements, (Victor Amadeus II later abandoned the Allied coalition and concluded peace with King Louis by signing the Treaty of Turin on 29 August 1696). In 1693 Catinat was made a marshal of France and in 1697 he led the French forces in the victorious Siege of Ath.

At the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession, Catinat was placed in charge of operations in northern Italy, but he was much hampered by the orders of the French court and the weakness of his forces. Outmanoeuvred by Prince Eugene of Savoy, Catinat suffered a reverse at Carpi and was soon afterwards superseded by Marshal Villeroi. With Catinat acting as Villeroi's second-in-command, French forces were again defeated by Eugene's Imperialists at the Battle of Chiari. Catinat died at Saint-Gratien in 1712. His memoirs were published in 1819.

The British historian Geoffrey Treasure sums up Catinat:

"Catinat was not the typical soldier of this period. He had begun life as a lawyer, with no advantage of birth, and made his way by sheer merit. He was a careful general, thorough and sparing of the lives of his men, unambitious and something of a philosopher.  After his failure in the Italian campaign of the next war [i.e., the War of the Spanish Succession], he retired to the country to cultivate his garden."

Legacy
The aphorism "No man is a hero to his valet" is sometimes attributed to Catinat, as well as other sources, including Michel de Montaigne and Madame de Sévigné.

title: Nicolas Catinat


text:
Talk:Vegetable oil

"Partially hydrogenated oil" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partially_hydrogenated_oil&redirect=no Partially hydrogenated oil] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Jay 💬 05:20, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vegetable oil


text:
Talk:Quantum state

Error in article?
I think there is a severe problem with the part of this article between the phrases "A more complicated case is given" and "the particles are arbitrarily far apart."

The problem is with the premise "superposition of joint spin states for two particles with spin 1/2".

In particular, the problem is that a requirement that the two particles be entangled, that is, that they share a single quantum state, is omitted.

The problem can be seen in the case of two particles with spin 1/2 that are not entangled. For any two such particles, this section is incorrect. For example, both particles can be measured with their spins in the down direction. David Spector (talk) 13:18, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The article is perfectly correct. The state in question is the singlet, and it is defined in an equation. The properties that are mentioned are properties of the singlet, not of any quantum state. It wouldn't hurt to mention that this state is entangled, though. Tercer (talk) 15:35, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I went to edit this myself, but then realised that the entire lead is a catastrophe and needs to be rewritten anyway. Tercer (talk) 15:39, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, that bit of the lead is technically correct, but the lead overall is a disorganized, overgrown mess. It's hard to tell how even to start fixing it; quite possibly, the best thing to do would be to ignore it and start an entirely new write-up in a sandbox. XOR'easter (talk) 18:18, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, I tried my hand at shortening the introduction. I think it's better than it was before (which is of course not the same thing as being good outright). XOR'easter (talk) 19:38, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your work! It did improve, although I concur that it's still not good. It is still too long, and I'm skeptical of putting equations in a lead. Most of the material should me merged into the body of the article. I'll get to it eventually, but I can't make promises as I'm rather busy IRL. Tercer (talk) 21:06, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I can imagine times when putting an equation in the lead would make sense, but this isn't really one of them — why that vector instead of any of the other equally famous examples? This is a busy time off-wiki for me, too, and not a week/month when I should be starting big new projects here, and planning out a new organization for this article (which might be what's necessary) sounds at least moderately big. XOR'easter (talk) 14:55, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I waded right in here. Please review the new lead, but perhaps reply on the following topic to avoid getting too deep. Johnjbarton (talk) 03:23, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

"Quantum" but not "state".
The lede is pretty good here, but all of the rest of the article fall strong on "quantum". There is no beginner level discussion of "state" and no link to address this question either.

The disambiguation page has "State, a complete description of a system in classical mechanics," which as exactly zero content on "state". There is Phase space and it has pretty pictures, but again nothing at a beginner level for "state".

Since almost 100% of QM discussions are about "state", it's easy to overlook the fundamental strangeness of the concept for beginners. I wonder if anyone has any good resources to use as references to write more about "state"? Johnjbarton (talk) 16:28, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I hijacked the lead to address this issue. Please review.
 * The hijacking did some damage to the pure/mixed content which was already a muddle. I'll take that up next. Johnjbarton (talk) 03:25, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I ended the lead with a summary paragraph that serves as an outline and thus as a plan for revising the article. The concept that emerged was to use this article as an overview of concepts and as gateway, a summary for the many other pages discussing "quantum state". I will proceed along that plan until someone stops me ;-) Johnjbarton (talk) 14:49, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I reorganized along the lines I outlined, with major sections "Wave function" and "Formalism" then pure and mixed underneath. Some content in the wave function part still needs to move to Formalism.
 * Broadly I hope the Wave function part will be more approachable matching how QM is mostly taught. I'm leaning pretty heavy on Messiah's classic which might not be everyone's favorite but reliable.
 * I feel like I have cleaned up the damage I did earlier; I believe the material that was in the article previous is in as good a shape as it was and now it sits in a better context. Suggestions and comments welcome. Johnjbarton (talk) 17:30, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

photon travel
The current revision has this (unreferenced) sentence in the section on superposition:

The photon state is a superposition of two different states, one corresponding to the photon travel through the left slit, and the other corresponding to travel through the right slit.

As is typical in many cases where "photon" appears, this description misleads readers to imagine tiny balls flying through slits. "travel" implies time and the interference effect in the double-slit experiment is not based on time. Or tiny balls.

I will correct this and try to re-point the content towards addressing "quantum state". Johnjbarton (talk) 23:55, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

Pure states
@Roffaduft I reverted a couple of edits related to pure states. You may have a valid point but I don't think changes help the article. If you have a reference maybe we can agree on a better solution. Johnjbarton (talk) 17:33, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Regarding pure states, please read the first answer on this stackexchange page. It’s explained in full the point I was trying to get across Roffaduft (talk) 18:57, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Much of the content on stackexchange is excellent, but it is often obscure and difficult to confirm with reliable sources. The page you point illustrates this point. The issue of pure states is a side comment to a discussion on another topic. I don't think it help us.
 * I think the "Formalism in quantum physics" section of the article is poorly presented. I almost deleted several sections with zero refs. The article is confused on "pure states", referring to them in different ways, mostly unsourced. I put the Messiah ref in to at least give one ref that discusses the topic. Johnjbarton (talk) 19:24, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I do agree that the section “Formalism..” could do with a good cleanup. Mixed states are discussed in two different subsections throughout the article for example, which makes it a bit messy overall.
 * I personally prefer to have a clear “mathematical definition” and “quantum physical definition” when it comes to topics in quantum mechanics. That is because quite ofter there is a lot of ambiguous use of terminology (something we’ve discussed earlier on the topic of Wave function collapse).
 * Regardless, all I wanted to do with the clarification was to emphasize the mathematical nuance between pure states and bound states.
 * If you feel it is too technical, I’m ok with removing the subsection “pure states vs bound states” all together and just include the notion of pure states being bound states in the subsection “eigenstates” Roffaduft (talk) 19:46, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Tercer instead of making a rude remark, you could perhaps point out where on page 204 of Messiah it is stated that “Any state that is not pure is called a mixed state”
 * I couldn’t find it. The reason I subsequently removed the claim is because the terminology can become quite ambigous, i.e., use of “eigenstates”, “states”, “pure states” etc.
 * The phrasing would suggest that any eigenstate that is not a pure state is automatically a mixed state for example, which doesn’t make much sense Roffaduft (talk) 19:36, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to waste my time leafing through references to find an exact quote to support the blinding obvious. The quote is true by definition.
 * As for "eigenstate", the author must have meant any state (pure or mixed) belonging to the (possibly degenerate) eigenspace of the measured eigenvalue. So yeah, any eigenstate which is not a pure state is automatically a mixed state. Tercer (talk) 19:55, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * so the eigenstate of the position operator; the dirac delta function, is a mixed state then? As it is clearly not in $$L^2$$, not bounded and hence not a pure state. Roffaduft (talk) 20:04, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It is my understanding that you cannot answer the question "is the eigenstate of the position operator a mixed state?" A pure state requires all compatible observables to be eigenvalues. Pure states are common in theory and rare in experiment. The section "Eigenstates and pure states" was attempting to get that across so if there is some way to clarify that would be great.
 * Many presentations of QM delay pure/mixed states discussions, I suppose for these reasons of confusion. They are something of a different axis than issues about eigenstates/values. For example you can discuss energy levels and transitions with just eigenstates. To do any comparison with experiment or discuss statistics you have to move on to pure/mixed states. Johnjbarton (talk) 21:20, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, it's not that I don't know what a mixed state is. The only issue I had is with the phrasing of the sentence: "Any state that is not pure is called a mixed state" in addition to this claim not being mentionned in Messiah p.204. The phrasing is just a bit too strong and context dependent to my liking.
 * For example, I prefer the definition used in "Hall, Brian C. (2013). Quantum theory for mathematicians"
 * A density matrix ρ ∈ B(H) is a pure state if there exists a unit vector ψ ∈ H such that ρ is equal to the orthogonal projection onto the span of ψ. The density matrix ρ is called a mixed state if no such unit vector ψ exists.
 * It just leaves a lot less room for ambiguity.
 * The reason I reverted your reversion was because you summarized it as: "it has a references and page number". Yeah, I know. I read the reference, which is what led me to making the edit in the first place.
 * The example of the position operator eigenstate was just in response to the rather rude and dismissive remarks by @Tercer Roffaduft (talk) 04:24, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The eigenvectors of the position operator are not normalizable, and hence they are not states at all. Not eigenstates, not pure states, and not mixed states. Tercer (talk) 22:28, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * This is just nonsense. The position operator has an eigenfunction: the Dirac delta, which is also referred to as a (generalized) eigenstate.
 * It sounds like "leafing throough references" would not be such a waste of your time at all. Roffaduft (talk) 03:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not my job to teach you quantum mechanics. If you want to wallow in your ignorance, be my guest. Don't try to put it in Wikipedia, though. Tercer (talk) 06:43, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank god it's not your job indeed. Given that you've contributed absolutely nothing to this discussion other than being very rude and dismissive, I don't feel I am missing out on much.
 * As you have no intention to engage in polite conversation, I am not going to waste my time continuing this discussion with you. Turning a talk page into a toxic environment doesn't benefit anyone.
 * I wish you all the best. Roffaduft (talk) 07:33, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the misunderstanding here is whether you regard operators and their eigenvalues and eigenfunctions (i.e. eigenstates) as purely mathematical constructs or subject them to the axioms of quantum mechanics first.
 * Roughly speaking, I consider QM as an application of more general mathematical theory, with QM borrowing a lot of terminology from mathematics. That is perfectly fine, but a consequence is that certain words have a much more restrictive meaning in QM than they do in mathematics.
 * A strong claim like: "Any state that is not pure is called a mixed state" might make complete sense from a QM point of view, but it may also lead to ambiguity about the definition of a "state" down the line.
 * I used the eigenfunction of the position operator as an example, where the physicist has to jump through hoops in order to explain why the dirac delta function is "somewhat like" a normalizable eigenvector in the "continuous sense" Roffaduft (talk) 06:48, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we need to change the section "Eigenstates and pure states" to "Eigenstates and mixed states". The section needs to help readers relate eigenstates, the result of a measurement, into the overall "quantum state" topic. Pure states are not directly needed for that goal. Johnjbarton (talk) 15:51, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * At this point I’m honestly fine with whatever. My initial edit was primarily based on the reference not backing the “strong claim” (mathematically speaking) and only secondly the on “strong claim” itself. An extra reference has been added which resolves most of the issue I had. That is, if one wants extra context, one can look up the reference. Roffaduft (talk) 16:48, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quantum state


text:
Talk:Duncan I of Scotland

Untitled
Macbeth established himself on the throne after his cousin King Duncan I died in battle against Macbeth and his troups near Elgin, Moray, Scotland / Pitgoveny -not, as in Shakespeare, by murdering Duncan in bed--on Aug. 14, 1040.

The article text needs work
The second para says "Duncan was slain in battle by Macbeth, near Elgin in Morayshire on August 15, 1040." The third para says "He was killed at Bothnguane and buried at Iona."

Which is it?

Joconnor 05:47, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Errr... False dichotomy... Bothnagowan is very near Elgin. Freuchie (talk) 18:04, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

date of death
not only where but also when: It says here that he was killed on the 15th of August, but http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1040 and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14 list it to be the 14th. JanCK 11:19, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Alan Orr Anderson reckoned (Early Sources of Scottish History, vol 1, p. 579) that it was the Feast of the Assumption (15 August), although what Marianus Scotus actually wrote was "the 19th day before the Kalends of September" (14 August) and "the Feast of St Mary" (8 September). I'll take Anderson's word for it. Angus McLellan (Talk) 13:17, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
All of the following name changes are being discussed at Talk:Cináed I of Scotland:

 * Cináed I of Scotland → Kenneth I of Scotland
 * Cináed II of Scotland → Kenneth II of Scotland
 * Cináed III of Scotland → Kenneth III of Scotland
 * Domnall I of Scotland → Donald I of Scotland
 * Domnall II of Scotland → Donald II of Scotland
 * Domnall III of Scotland → Donald III of Scotland
 * Donnchad I of Scotland → Duncan I of Scotland
 * Donnchad II of Scotland → Duncan II of Scotland
 * Máel Coluim I of Scotland → Malcolm I of Scotland
 * Máel Coluim II of Scotland → Malcolm II of Scotland
 * Máel Coluim III of Scotland → Malcolm III of Scotland

An approval poll is in-process, as of August 28. All interested editors are invited to participate. --Elonka 01:27, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Date of birth?
The article give a date of birth of 15 August 1001. As currently laid out, it looks as though Broun's DNB article is the reference for the fact that he was 38 when he died, but according to my notes that's not the case. Broun agrees with the supposed death date, 14 August 1040. If Broun gave a date of birth, I'm sure I'd have written it down ... Angus McLellan (Talk) 22:29, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Broun: he was killed by Macbeth in battle at Both Gobhanán (probably Pitgaveny, near Elgin, in Moray) on 14 August 1040. He was perhaps only in his mid-twenties; certainly not the old man depicted in Shakespeare's Macbeth. A late and debatable source claims that he was buried on Iona. So unless Dr Broun doesn't know what he's talking about, his birthday is not known. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 22:55, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Wife's name
The article implies that the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba is unreliable on this point. If, as its article relates, it was written in the early 11th century, why can't it be taken at face value on a contemporary's name? Or is it a later continuation that is referred to? Srnec (talk) 03:43, 25 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I think the problem is that the article is a bit vague in what the problem was. The issue is discussed more clearly on Malcolm III's article; "According to John of Fordun, whose account is the original source of part at least of William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Malcolm's mother was a niece of Siward, Earl of Northumbria,[8][9] but an earlier king-list gives her the Gaelic name Suthen.[10] Other sources claim that either a daughter or niece would have been too young to fit the timeline, thus the likely relative would have been Siward's own sister Sybil, which may have translated into Gaelic as Suthen." Psunshine87 (talk) 06:00, 25 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The name Suthen is of no consequence. The lady's real name was Bera. She was born in Norway and was Siward's niece. The claim made here is ridiculed by David I's sister Edith being called Matilda when she married Henry I. This sort of thing was par for the course in those days - especially as being Viking was not exactly an advantage in the Scotland of that time. Freuchie (talk) 18:03, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

Do you know a girl named genesee?
O 2601:601:0:F6D0:DD28:7223:B2AE:3792 (talk) 04:16, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

Ancestry and parentage of king Duncan I
Hello, I don't agree that indication of Frederic Van Bossen parentage of king Duncan I that he is a descendant great-grandson of Crinan abbot of Dunkeld rather than his son and grandson of king Malcolm II is a serious reason to doubt a traditional version that Duncan I was a son of Crinan and grandson of Malcolm II. Dmitry Azikov (talk) 23:00, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

I also have idea to add this his ancestry with 2 genealogical sources:

title: Talk:Duncan I of Scotland


text: Talk:Melissa Joan Hart

title: Talk:Melissa Joan Hart


text:
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent

Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick; born 9 October 1935) is a member of the British royal family. The elder son of Prince George, Duke of Kent, and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, he is a grandson of George V, nephew of Edward VIII and George VI, and first cousin of Elizabeth II. Edward's mother was also a first cousin of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, consort of Elizabeth II, making him both a second cousin and first cousin once removed to Charles III. He is 41st in the line of succession to the British throne.

Prince Edward has held the title of Duke of Kent for over 57 years. He inherited the title at the age of six, after the death of his father in a plane crash in 1942. Edward carried out engagements on behalf of Elizabeth II and is involved with over 140 charitable organisations. He was president of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, presenting the trophies to the Wimbledon champion and runner-up, and served as the United Kingdom's Special Representative for International Trade and Investment, retiring in 2001. He is joint president of The Scout Association, and president of the Royal United Services Institute and the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and since 1967 Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England. The Duke of Kent has been Chancellor of the University of Surrey since June 1976. Much of his charity work revolves around war remembrance, technology, and the growth of British industry.

Early life and education
Prince Edward was born on 9 October 1935, at No. 3 Belgrave Square, London, to Prince George and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, the Duke and Duchess of Kent. Home Secretary Sir John Simon was present to verify the birth. His father was the fourth son of King George V and Queen Mary. His mother was the daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia. He was baptised in the Private Chapel of Buckingham Palace on 20 November 1935 by Archbishop of Canterbury Cosmo Lang. His godparents were his grandparents, King George V, Queen Mary and Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark; as well as the Prince of Wales; the Princess Royal, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (whose son, Prince Arthur of Connaught, stood proxy); and the Duchess of Argyll.

Prince Edward began his education at Ludgrove, a preparatory school in Berkshire, before going on to Eton College and then Le Rosey in Switzerland. After school he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where he won the Sir James Moncrieff Grierson prize for foreign languages. Edward speaks fluent French, having been raised in a house where, according to the words of his younger brother, Prince Michael of Kent, his mother and aunts spoke French as a matter of preference.

On 25 August 1942, Prince Edward's father, the Duke of Kent, was killed when his plane crashed in bad weather in Caithness. Prince Edward, at six years old, succeeded his father as Duke of Kent, Earl of St Andrews and Baron Downpatrick. As a member of the royal family, Prince Edward began performing engagements at an early age. In 1952, at the age of 16, he walked behind the coffin of his uncle, George VI, at his state funeral. In 1953, he attended the coronation of his cousin, Elizabeth II, and was the third to pay homage at her throne, following the dukes of Edinburgh and Gloucester.

Military service
On 29 July 1955, the Duke of Kent graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst as a second lieutenant in the Royal Scots Greys, the beginning of a military career which lasted over 20 years. He was promoted to captain on 29 July 1961.

From 1962 to 1963, the Duke of Kent served in Hong Kong, later serving on the staff in Eastern Command. He was promoted to major on 31 December 1967. In 1970, the Duke commanded a squadron of his regiment in Cyprus as part of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. During the early 1970s, the Duke also served briefly in Northern Ireland with his regiment. It was revealed in a 2022 book, that the Queen intervened in 1971 to prevent the kidnapping of her cousin, the Duke of Kent. The then 35-year-old Duke, an Army officer with the Royal Scots Greys, was sent to Northern Ireland with his unit but the Queen alerted Edward Heath, the prime minister, during her private audience, and he relayed a warning to his ministers. Commanding officers were told the Duke was not to be sent to Belfast without special orders. A few weeks later, he was posted back to Britain. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 30 June 1973.

The Duke retired from the army on 15 April 1976. He was subsequently accorded the honorary rank of major-general on 11 June 1983, and of field marshal on 11 June 1993.

Marriage and personal life

At York Minster on 8 June 1961 the Duke of Kent married Katharine Worsley, the only daughter of Sir William Worsley, 4th Baronet, by his wife Joyce Morgan Brunner. She converted to Catholicism in 1994, but because the conversion occurred after their marriage, it did not cause the Duke to lose his place in the line of succession, as the Act of Settlement 1701 only applied where the spouse was a Catholic at the time of marriage. The disqualification by marrying a Catholic was removed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013.

The couple have three living children:

 * George, Earl of St Andrews, born 26 June 1962 at Coppins; married Sylvana Tomaselli
 * Lady Helen Taylor, born 28 April 1964 at Coppins; married Timothy Taylor
 * Lord Nicholas Windsor, born 25 July 1970 at King's College Hospital in London; married, 2006, Paola Doimi de Lupis de Frankopan

Katharine had a miscarriage in 1975 owing to rubella and gave birth to a stillborn son, Patrick, in 1977.

The Duke and Duchess of Kent reside at Wren House, Kensington Palace, in London.

In 2011, close associates of Jonathan Rees, a private investigator connected to the News International phone hacking scandal, stated that he had penetrated Edward and Katharine's bank accounts.

The Duke had a mild stroke on the morning of 18 March 2013. In April 2015, he suffered from a hip injury and was hospitalised at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for further treatments.

Activities
The Duke of Kent performed engagements on behalf of his cousin, the Queen, for over 50 years. The Duke represented the Queen during independence celebrations in the Commonwealth countries of Sierra Leone, Uganda, Guyana, Gambia, and Ghana, to commemorate its 50th independence anniversary celebration. He also acted as Counsellor of State during periods of the Queen's absence abroad.

One of the Duke's major public roles for many years was vice-chairman of British Trade International, formerly known as the British Overseas Trade Board, and later as the United Kingdom's Special Representative for International Trade and Investment. This position saw the Duke travel abroad to represent the British government in fostering trade relations with foreign countries and organisations. Prince Andrew, Duke of York succeeded him in this position, which is today known as UK Trade & Investment (or UKTI), although Prince Andrew resigned from the post in 2011. He was also the vice-chairman of the British Overseas Trade Board. In that capacity, he became the first member of the royal family to visit China in 1979 with his focus being on the British Energy Exhibition in Beijing.

From 1971 to 2000, the Duke of Kent was president of English football's governing body, The Football Association. The Duke has served as the president of The Scout Association since 1975. Along with Prince William of Wales, the Duke visited the Centenary World Scout Jamboree at Hylands Park, Chelmsford in July 2007. He also served as the president of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club between 1969 and 2021, a position in which he succeeded his late mother, Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent. He was also president of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission from 1970 until 2023. His other roles include president of the RAF Benevolent Fund, the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, the Stroke Association, the Royal United Services Institute, the Royal Institution, the British Racing Drivers' Club, and patron of the American Air Museum in Britain, Royal West Norfolk Golf Club, Kent County Cricket Club, Opera North, and Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance. He is also on the advisory panel for the Mountbatten Medal and presents the medal once the decision has been made. The Duke of Kent is one of the Royal Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

For almost 29 years, the Duke has been the patron of Endeavour, a national youth organisation. He has also served as Royal Patron of The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn since 2001, a position previously occupied by his father. In 2015, the Duke received the Dresden Peace Prize for "his contribution to British-German reconciliation."

On 2 June 2022, the Duke appeared alongside the Queen on the balcony of Buckingham Palace during the 2022 Trooping the Colour as part of the Platinum Jubilee celebrations.

Upon the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Kent became the oldest living descendent of King George V, and the last surviving descendent born in George V's lifetime.

The Duke was colonel of the Scots Guards for fifty years from 9 September 1974 to 14 April 2024, being succeeded by the Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of his retirement, he was the regiment's longest serving colonel.

Freemasonry
The Duke was initiated into Royal Alpha Lodge No. 16 on 16 December 1963, and was elected its Worshipful Master for 1965 and 1966.

Having been appointed Senior Grand Warden in 1966, he was elected as Grand Master the following year, and was installed on 14 June 1967 during United Grand Lodge of England's 250th anniversary celebrations at the Royal Albert Hall. He is the 10th, and longest-serving Grand Master of UGLE, the governing body of Freemasonry in England and Wales.

In December 2013, the Duke celebrated 50 years as a freemason. In October 2017 he presided over the tercentenary celebrations of UGLE, marking the 300th anniversary of the founding of the original Grand Lodge, one of two which merged to form UGLE in 1813. The main ceremony was held in the Royal Albert Hall, in the year which also marked the Duke's 50th anniversary of installation as Grand Master.

Titles and styles

 * 9 October 1935 – 25 August 1942: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of Kent
 * 25 August 1942 – present: His Royal Highness The Duke of Kent

Military ranks

 * 29 July 1955: Second Lieutenant, Royal Scots Greys
 * 29 July 1957: Lieutenant, Royal Scots Greys
 * 29 July 1961: Captain, Royal Scots Greys
 * 31 December 1967: Major, Royal Scots Greys
 * 30 June 1973: Lieutenant Colonel, Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. Retired on 15 April 1976
 * 11 June 1983: Major General
 * 11 June 1993: Field Marshal

Honours

 * UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg 12 May 1937: King George VI Coronation Medal
 * UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg 2 June 1953: Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
 * UK Royal Victorian Order ribbon.svg 1960: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
 * Sierra leone independence medal.png 1961: Sierra Leone Independence Medal
 * GUY Independence Medal ribbon.png 1966: Guyana Independence Medal
 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
 * 1967: Grand Master and First and Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * UK Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg 6 February 1977: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
 * Order of the Garter UK ribbon.svg 1985: Royal Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter (KG)
 * UK Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg 6 February 2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal
 * QEII Diamond Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg 6 February 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
 * Ribbon - Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (Military).png Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal with 3 Bars
 * CD-ribbon and 3 bars.png Canadian Forces' Decoration with 3 Clasps (CD)
 * UK Queen EII Platinum Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg 6 February 2022: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal
 * Coronation of Charles III Medal ribbon.png 6 May 2023: King Charles III Coronation Medal

Foreign

 * 🇺🇳 UNFICYP Medal bar.svg 1970: United Nations Medal for the UNFICYP mission
 * 🇯🇵 Golden Pheasant Award ribbon.svg 1992: Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan
 * 🇸🇪 Order of Charles XIII Ribbon bar.svg 6 November 2000: Knight of the Order of Charles XIII
 * 🇬🇷 GRE Order of Saints George and Constantine ribbon.svg: Order of Saints George and Constantine First class (civil division)
 * 🇯🇴 JOR Order of the Renaissance GC.SVG: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance (special class)
 * 🇯🇴 Order of the Star of Jordan - Grand Cordon.png: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan
 * 🇱🇷 Order of the Star of Africa (Liberia) - ribbon bar.png: Knight Grand Band of the Order of the Star of Africa
 * Order of Tri Shakti Patta.svg: Order of the Three Divine Powers First Class (Jyotirmaya-Subikhyat-Tri-Shakti-Patta)
 * 🇳🇴 St Olavs Orden storkors stripe.svg 1988: Grand Cross of the Order of St Olav
 * 🇵🇱 POL Order Zaslugi RP kl1 BAR.svg: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
 * Saxony DE-SAX Der Verdienstorden des Freistaates Sachsen BAR.png 21 May 2015: Order of Merit of the Free State of Saxony

Civilian appointments

 * 1 August 1966: Personal Aide-de-Camp to the Sovereign (ADC)
 * 🏴 June 1976: Chancellor of the University of Surrey
 * 1990: Royal Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)

Wear of orders, decorations, and medals
The ribbons worn regularly by Edward in undress uniform are as follows: With medals, Edward normally wears the breast stars of the Garter, St Michael and St George, and Royal Victorian Order. When only one should be worn, he wears the Order of the Garter star. Foreign honours are worn in accordance with British customs and traditions when applicable.

Military appointments

 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 🇨🇦 11 June 1977: Colonel-in-Chief, of The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment)

 * United Kingdom
 * 22 October 1974 – 14 April 2024: Colonel, of the Scots Guards
 * Colonel-in-Chief, of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
 * Royal Colonel, 1st Battalion, of The Rifles
 * Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards
 * 1993 – 31 March 2015: Honorary Air Commodore, of the RAF Leuchars
 * 15 June 1985 – 30 June 1996: Honorary Air Vice Marshal RAF
 * 1 July 1996: Honorary Air Chief Marshal RAF

title: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent


text:
Mark Herron

Truman "Mark" Herron (8 July 1928 – 13 January 1996) was an American actor and the fourth husband of singer and actress Judy Garland. They were married on November 14, 1965, in Las Vegas, Nevada, but they separated after five months of marriage. Seventeen months later, Garland was granted a divorce after testifying that Herron had beaten her. He said he had "only hit her in self-defense."

Herron appeared in films such as Federico Fellini's 8½ (1963), Girl in Gold Boots (1968) and Eye of the Cat (1969).

He also appeared on the TV western series Gunsmoke in 1960 as an Army Major in the S5E38's "The Deserter".

Gerald Clarke, in his biography of Garland, Get Happy, and in an interview about the book, reported that Herron had an affair with Tallulah Bankhead, prior to meeting Garland.

Garland put Herron to work as producer of her two London Palladium concerts with her daughter Liza Minnelli in 1964, as well as some appearances in Canada in 1965.

Aside from providing Gerold Frank information for his 1975 biography Judy, Herron remained silent on the topic of Garland. He continued acting, often appearing in summer stock productions.

Herron had a long-lasting relationship with fellow actor Henry Brandon, which was only briefly interrupted by his marriage to Garland. The two men remained together until Brandon's death in 1990.

title: Mark Herron


text:
Confidence interval

Informally, in frequentist statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is an interval which is expected to typically contain the parameter being estimated. More specifically, given a confidence level $$\gamma$$ (95% and 99% are typical values), a CI is a random interval which contains the parameter being estimated $$\gamma$$% of the time. The confidence level, degree of confidence or confidence coefficient represents the long-run proportion of CIs (at the given confidence level) that theoretically contain the true value of the parameter; this is tantamount to the nominal coverage probability. For example, out of all intervals computed at the 95% level, 95% of them should contain the parameter's true value.

Factors affecting the width of the CI include the sample size, the variability in the sample, and the confidence level. All else being the same, a larger sample produces a narrower confidence interval, greater variability in the sample produces a wider confidence interval, and a higher confidence level produces a wider confidence interval.

Definition
Let $$X$$ be a random sample from a probability distribution with statistical parameter $$\theta$$, which is a quantity to be estimated, and $$\varphi$$, representing quantities that are not of immediate interest. A confidence interval for the parameter $$\theta$$, with confidence level or coefficient $$\gamma$$, is an interval $$(u(X), v(X))$$ determined by random variables $$u(X)$$ and $$v(X)$$ with the property:
 * $$P(u(X) < \theta < v(X)) = \gamma \quad \text{ for every } (\theta, \varphi).$$

The number $$\gamma$$, whose typical value is close to but not greater than 1, is sometimes given in the form $$1 - \alpha$$ (or as a percentage $$100%\cdot(1 - \alpha)$$), where $$\alpha$$ is a small positive number, often 0.05.

It is important for the bounds $$u(X)$$ and $$v(X)$$ to be specified in such a way that as long as $$X$$ is collected randomly, every time we compute a confidence interval, there is probability $$\gamma$$ that it would contain $$\theta$$, the true value of the parameter being estimated. This should hold true for any actual $$\theta$$ and $$\varphi$$.

Approximate confidence intervals
In many applications, confidence intervals that have exactly the required confidence level are hard to construct, but approximate intervals can be computed. The rule for constructing the interval may be accepted as providing a confidence interval at level $$\gamma$$ if

 * $$P(u(X) < \theta<v(X)) \approx\ \gamma \quad \text{ for every }(\theta,\varphi)$$

to an acceptable level of approximation. Alternatively, some authors simply require that

 * $$P(u(X) < \theta < v(X)) \ge\ \gamma \quad \text{ for every }(\theta,\varphi),$$

which is useful if the probabilities are only partially identified or imprecise, and also when dealing with discrete distributions. Confidence limits of the form

 * $$P(u(X) < \theta) \ge\ \gamma$$  and   $$P(\theta < v(X)) \ge \gamma$$

are called conservative; accordingly, one speaks of conservative confidence intervals and, in general, regions.

Desired properties
When applying standard statistical procedures, there will often be standard ways of constructing confidence intervals. These will have been devised so as to meet certain desirable properties, which will hold given that the assumptions on which the procedure relies are true. These desirable properties may be described as: validity, optimality, and invariance.

Of the three, "validity" is most important, followed closely by "optimality". "Invariance" may be considered as a property of the method of derivation of a confidence interval, rather than of the rule for constructing the interval. In non-standard applications, these same desirable properties would be sought:

Validity
This means that the nominal coverage probability (confidence level) of the confidence interval should hold, either exactly or to a good approximation.

Optimality
This means that the rule for constructing the confidence interval should make as much use of the information in the data-set as possible.

One way of assessing optimality is by the width of the interval so that a rule for constructing a confidence interval is judged better than another if it leads to intervals whose widths are typically shorter.

Invariance
In many applications, the quantity being estimated might not be tightly defined as such.

For example, a survey might result in an estimate of the median income in a population, but it might equally be considered as providing an estimate of the logarithm of the median income, given that this is a common scale for presenting graphical results. It would be desirable that the method used for constructing a confidence interval for the median income would give equivalent results when applied to constructing a confidence interval for the logarithm of the median income: Specifically the values at the ends of the latter interval would be the logarithms of the values at the ends of former interval.

Methods of derivation
For non-standard applications, there are several routes that might be taken to derive a rule for the construction of confidence intervals. Established rules for standard procedures might be justified or explained via several of these routes. Typically a rule for constructing confidence intervals is closely tied to a particular way of finding a point estimate of the quantity being considered.

Summary statistics
This is closely related to the method of moments for estimation. A simple example arises where the quantity to be estimated is the population mean, in which case a natural estimate is the sample mean. Similarly, the sample variance can be used to estimate the population variance. A confidence interval for the true mean can be constructed centered on the sample mean with a width which is a multiple of the square root of the sample variance.

Likelihood theory
Estimates can be constructed using the maximum likelihood principle, the likelihood theory for this provides two ways of constructing confidence intervals or confidence regions for the estimates.

Estimating equations
The estimation approach here can be considered as both a generalization of the method of moments and a generalization of the maximum likelihood approach. There are corresponding generalizations of the results of maximum likelihood theory that allow confidence intervals to be constructed based on estimates derived from estimating equations.

Hypothesis testing
If hypothesis tests are available for general values of a parameter, then confidence intervals/regions can be constructed by including in the 100 $p$ % confidence region all those points for which the hypothesis test of the null hypothesis that the true value is the given value is not rejected at a significance level of (1 − $p$).

Bootstrapping
In situations where the distributional assumptions for the above methods are uncertain or violated, resampling methods allow construction of confidence intervals or prediction intervals. The observed data distribution and the internal correlations are used as the surrogate for the correlations in the wider population.

Central limit theorem
The central limit theorem is a refinement of the law of large numbers. For a large number of independent identically distributed random variables $$X_1, ..., X_n,$$ with finite variance, the average $$\overline{X}_n$$ approximately has a normal distribution, no matter what the distribution of the $$X_i$$ is, with the approximation roughly improving in proportion to $$\sqrt{n}$$.

Example

Suppose $${X_1, \ldots, X_n}$$ is an independent sample from a normally distributed population with unknown parameters mean $$\mu$$ and variance $$\sigma^2.$$ Let

 * $$\bar{X} = \frac,$$

 * $$S^2 = \frac\sum_{i=1}^n (X_i - \bar{X})^2.$$

Where $$\bar{X}$$ is the sample mean, and $$S^2$$ is the sample variance. Then

 * $$T = \frac$$

has a Student's t distribution with $$n - 1$$ degrees of freedom. Note that the distribution of $$T$$ does not depend on the values of the unobservable parameters $$\mu$$ and $$\sigma^2$$; i.e., it is a pivotal quantity. Suppose we wanted to calculate a 95% confidence interval for $$\mu.$$ Then, denoting $$c$$ as the 97.5th percentile of this distribution,

 * $$P_T(-c \leq T \leq c) = 0.95.$$

Note that "97.5th" and "0.95" are correct in the preceding expressions. There is a 2.5% chance that $$T$$ will be less than $$-c$$ and a 2.5% chance that it will be larger than $$+c.$$ Thus, the probability that $$T$$ will be between $$-c$$ and $$+c$$ is 95%. $$P_T$$ is the probability measure under the student $$t$$ distribution.

Consequently,

 * $$P_{\mu}\left(\bar{X} - \frac \leq \mu \leq \bar{X} + \frac\right) = 0.95,$$

and we have a theoretical (stochastic) 95% confidence interval for $$\mu.$$ Here $$P_{\mu}$$ is the probability measure under unknown distribution of $$\mu$$.

After observing the sample we find values $$\bar{x}$$ for $$\bar{X}$$ and $$s$$ for $$S,$$ from which we compute the confidence interval

 * $$\left[\bar{x} - \frac{cs}{\sqrt{n}}, \bar{x} + \frac{cs}{\sqrt{n}}\right].$$

Interpretation
Various interpretations of a confidence interval can be given (taking the 95% confidence interval as an example in the following).
 * The confidence interval can be expressed in terms of a long-run frequency in repeated samples (or in resampling): "Were this procedure to be repeated on numerous samples, the proportion of calculated 95% confidence intervals that encompassed the true value of the population parameter would tend toward 95%."
 * The confidence interval can be expressed in terms of probability with respect to a single theoretical (yet to be realized) sample: "There is a 95% probability that the 95% confidence interval calculated from a given future sample will cover the true value of the population parameter." This essentially reframes the "repeated samples" interpretation as a probability rather than a frequency.
 * The confidence interval can be expressed in terms of statistical significance, e.g.: "The 95% confidence interval represents values that are not statistically significantly different from the point estimate at the .05 level."

Common misunderstandings

Confidence intervals and levels are frequently misunderstood, and published studies have shown that even professional scientists often misinterpret them.

 * A 95% confidence level does not mean that for a given realized interval there is a 95% probability that the population parameter lies within the interval (i.e., a 95% probability that the interval covers the population parameter). According to the frequentist interpretation, once an interval is calculated, this interval either covers the parameter value or it does not; it is no longer a matter of probability. The 95% probability relates to the reliability of the estimation procedure, not to a specific calculated interval. Neyman himself (the original proponent of confidence intervals) made this point in his original paper: "It will be noticed that in the above description, the probability statements refer to the problems of estimation with which the statistician will be concerned in the future. In fact, I have repeatedly stated that the frequency of correct results will tend to α. Consider now the case when a sample is already drawn, and the calculations have given [particular limits]. Can we say that in this particular case the probability of the true value [falling between these limits] is equal to α? The answer is obviously in the negative. The parameter is an unknown constant, and no probability statement concerning its value may be made..."

 * A 95% confidence level does not mean that 95% of the sample data lie within the confidence interval.
 * A 95% confidence level does not mean that there is a 95% probability of the parameter estimate from a repeat of the experiment falling within the confidence interval computed from a given experiment.

Confidence procedure for uniform location
Welch presented an example which clearly shows the difference between the theory of confidence intervals and other theories of interval estimation (including Fisher's fiducial intervals and objective Bayesian intervals). Robinson called this example "[p]ossibly the best known counterexample for Neyman's version of confidence interval theory." To Welch, it showed the superiority of confidence interval theory; to critics of the theory, it shows a deficiency. Here we present a simplified version.

Suppose that $$X_1,X_2$$ are independent observations from a uniform $$(\theta - 1/2, \theta + 1/2)$$ distribution. Then the optimal 50% confidence procedure for $$\theta$$ is

 * $$\bar{X} \pm \begin{cases}

\dfrac{|X_1-X_2|}{2} & \text{if } |X_1-X_2| < 1/2 \\[8pt] \dfrac{1-|X_1-X_2|}{2} &\text{if } |X_1-X_2| \geq 1/2. \end{cases} $$

A fiducial or objective Bayesian argument can be used to derive the interval estimate
 * $$\bar{X} \pm \frac{1-|X_1-X_2|}{4},$$

which is also a 50% confidence procedure. Welch showed that the first confidence procedure dominates the second, according to desiderata from confidence interval theory; for every $$\theta_1\neq\theta$$, the probability that the first procedure contains $$\theta_1$$ is less than or equal to the probability that the second procedure contains $$\theta_1$$. The average width of the intervals from the first procedure is less than that of the second. Hence, the first procedure is preferred under classical confidence interval theory.

However, when $$|X_1-X_2| \geq 1/2$$, intervals from the first procedure are guaranteed to contain the true value $$\theta$$: Therefore, the nominal 50% confidence coefficient is unrelated to the uncertainty we should have that a specific interval contains the true value. The second procedure does not have this property.

Moreover, when the first procedure generates a very short interval, this indicates that $$X_1,X_2$$ are very close together and hence only offer the information in a single data point. Yet the first interval will exclude almost all reasonable values of the parameter due to its short width. The second procedure does not have this property.

The two counter-intuitive properties of the first procedure – 100% coverage when $$X_1,X_2$$ are far apart and almost 0% coverage when $$X_1,X_2$$ are close together – balance out to yield 50% coverage on average. However, despite the first procedure being optimal, its intervals offer neither an assessment of the precision of the estimate nor an assessment of the uncertainty one should have that the interval contains the true value.

This example is used to argue against naïve interpretations of confidence intervals. If a confidence procedure is asserted to have properties beyond that of the nominal coverage (such as relation to precision, or a relationship with Bayesian inference), those properties must be proved; they do not follow from the fact that a procedure is a confidence procedure.

Confidence procedure for ω2
Steiger suggested a number of confidence procedures for common effect size measures in ANOVA. Morey et al. point out that several of these confidence procedures, including the one for ω2, have the property that as the F statistic becomes increasingly small—indicating misfit with all possible values of ω2—the confidence interval shrinks and can even contain only the single value ω2 = 0; that is, the CI is infinitesimally narrow (this occurs when $$p\geq1-\alpha/2$$ for a $$100(1-\alpha)\%$$ CI).

This behavior is consistent with the relationship between the confidence procedure and significance testing: as F becomes so small that the group means are much closer together than we would expect by chance, a significance test might indicate rejection for most or all values of ω2. Hence the interval will be very narrow or even empty (or, by a convention suggested by Steiger, containing only 0). However, this does not indicate that the estimate of ω2 is very precise. In a sense, it indicates the opposite: that the trustworthiness of the results themselves may be in doubt. This is contrary to the common interpretation of confidence intervals that they reveal the precision of the estimate.

History
Methods for calculating confidence intervals for the binomial proportion appeared from the 1920s. The main ideas of confidence intervals in general were developed in the early 1930s, and the first thorough and general account was given by Jerzy Neyman in 1937.

Neyman described the development of the ideas as follows (reference numbers have been changed):

[My work on confidence intervals] originated about 1930 from a simple question of Waclaw Pytkowski, then my student in Warsaw, engaged in an empirical study in farm economics. The question was: how to characterize non-dogmatically the precision of an estimated regression coefficient? ...

Pytkowski's monograph ... appeared in print in 1932. It so happened that, somewhat earlier, Fisher published his first paper concerned with fiducial distributions and fiducial argument. Quite unexpectedly, while the conceptual framework of fiducial argument is entirely different from that of confidence intervals, the specific solutions of several particular problems coincided. Thus, in the first paper in which I presented the theory of confidence intervals, published in 1934, I recognized Fisher's priority for the idea that interval estimation is possible without any reference to Bayes' theorem and with the solution being independent from probabilities a priori. At the same time I mildly suggested that Fisher's approach to the problem involved a minor misunderstanding.

In medical journals, confidence intervals were promoted in the 1970s but only became widely used in the 1980s. By 1988, medical journals were requiring the reporting of confidence intervals.

Confidence interval for specific distributions

 * Confidence interval for binomial distribution
 * Confidence interval for exponent of the power law distribution
 * Confidence interval for mean of the exponential distribution
 * Confidence interval for mean of the Poisson distribution
 * Confidence intervals for mean and variance of the normal distribution
 * Confidence interval for predicted response in simple linear regression

title: Confidence interval


text:
David Rose (songwriter)

David Daniel Rose (June 15, 1910 – August 23, 1990) was a British-born American songwriter, composer, arranger, pianist, and orchestra leader. His best known compositions were "The Stripper", "Holiday for Strings", and "Calypso Melody". He also wrote music for many television series, including It's a Great Life, The Tony Martin Show, Little House on the Prairie, Highway to Heaven, Bonanza, Leave It to Beaver, and Highway Patrol, some under the pseudonym Ray Llewellyn.

Rose's work as a composer for television programs earned him four Emmys. In addition, he was musical director for The Red Skelton Show during its 21-year run on the CBS and NBC networks. He was a member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men in music.

Career

Rose was born in London, England, to Jewish parents, and raised in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The family name was originally Rosenberg. Rose's career in music began when he worked with Ted Fio Rito's band when he was sixteen. Rose also worked as a standby pianist for NBC Radio. It was there, in the early 1930s, that he first gained a reputation, while arranging for the Frank Trumbauer orchestra, and later leading a house band at station WGN.

He composed several early swing originals, such as "Break It Down", with Frankie Trumbauer, "Transcontinental," "Plantation Moods," and a piece recorded under three different titles: "I've Got It", "Itchola", and "Jigsaw Rhythm", his original version with the WGN band including Louis Prima.

Radio
Rose was asked to work in Hollywood, where he formed his orchestra, doing a twice-weekly radio show for Mutual Broadcasting System called California Melodies, writing all the broadcast arrangements. He worked his way up to becoming music director of the Mutual network. Rose's first try at composing was his hit song "Holiday for Strings". During World War II, Rose entered the Army, first meeting Red Skelton while both were enlisted. Skelton asked Rose to become the conductor for his Raleigh Cigarette Program. Rose joined the cast in 1948 and worked with Skelton on his television show for over 20 years.

In 1942, Rose and his orchestra provided the music for Tune Up, America! on Mutual. The program provided "recognition of the efforts of women engaged in war work".

Recording
In 1955, Rose was commissioned by MGM Studios to compose the score for their forthcoming science fiction project Forbidden Planet. The music was completed and recorded and, based on the surviving track, it combined conventional instrumentation with some electronic elements. Rose was discharged from the project at the end of 1955 after the producers heard the electronic music of Louis and Bebe Barron and hired them to provide the final all-electronic soundtrack. A 7" single of Rose's unused theme from the film, backed by Bronislaw Kaper's theme for the MGM film The Swan (1956), was released during 1956 on MGM Records on which it was credited as being "inspired" by the film. Reportedly, Rose later destroyed all the original session recordings of his Forbidden Planet music.

In 1957, his rendition of Larry Clinton's "Calypso Melody" became Rose's second million-selling record and was awarded a gold disc.

"The Stripper", released in 1962, was composed by Rose in 1958 for a television special saluting burlesque. The song featured especially prominent trombone lines, giving the tune its lascivious signature, evoking the feel of music used to accompany burlesque striptease artists. Four years after the song was recorded, MGM Records wanted to rush-release Rose's recording of "Ebb Tide" as a 45-rpm single but needed a B-side. An office boy perused Rose's tapes searching for one, and "The Stripper" was chosen. It became a surprise hit, receiving considerable radio play.

"Holiday for Strings" became well known as the theme for Red Skelton's programs. A parody version, retitled "Holiday for States", was recorded as a vocal by Allan Sherman, with the straight melody but with ersatz lyrics consisting of the names of American states.

Personal life

Rose was married on October 8, 1938, to actress Martha Raye. The couple divorced on May 19, 1941.

Rose married for a second time, on July 28, 1941, to actress and singer Judy Garland. They had no children, though Garland, according to biographer Gerald Clarke, underwent at least one abortion during the marriage, at the insistence of her mother, her husband, and her motion picture studio, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Garland and Rose divorced in 1944.

He had two daughters with his third wife, Betty Bartholomew (m. 1948 until his death in 1990). His granddaughter is singer-songwriter Samantha James.

Rose was a live steam hobbyist, with his own backyard railroad.

Death
Rose died of a heart attack in Burbank, California, at the age of 80. He was buried in Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Hollywood Hills, California.

Films

 * Bright Road (1953)
 * Confidentially Connie (1953)
 * Hombre (1967)
 * Never Too Late (1965)
 * Operation Petticoat (1959)
 * Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960)
 * Public Pigeon No. 1 (1957)
 * Quick Before It Melts (1964)
 * Sam's Son (1984)
 * The Birdmen (1971)
 * The Clown (1953)
 * The Princess and the Pirate (1944)
 * The Underworld Story (1950)
 * This Rebel Breed (1960)
 * Young Man with Ideas (1952)

Television

 * Bonanza (1971 Emmy)
 * Dundee and the Culhane
 * Father Murphy
 * Highway Patrol
 * Highway to Heaven
 * Little House on the Prairie (1979 and 1982 Emmys)
 * Men into Space
 * Mr. Adams and Eve
 * Sea Hunt
 * The High Chaparral
 * The Red Skelton Show

Broadway

 * Winged Victory

Singles

 * "Calypso Melody" (US No. 42, 1957)
 * "Holiday For Strings" (US No. 2, 1944)
 * "Poinciana (Song of the Tree)" (US No. 11, 1944)
 * "Swinging Shepherd Blues" (US No. 50, 1958)
 * "The Stripper" (US No. 1, 1962)

Albums

 * Like Blue (with André Previn) – MGM Records 1960

title: David Rose (songwriter)


text:
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction

The PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction is awarded annually by the PEN/Faulkner Foundation to the authors of the year's best works of fiction by living Americans, Green Card holders or permanent residents. The winner receives US$15,000 and each of four runners-up receives US$5000. Judges read citations for each of the finalists' works at the presentation ceremony in Washington, D.C.. The organization claims it to be "the largest peer-juried award in the country." The award was first given in 1981. Mary Lee Settle was one of the founders of the PEN/Faulkner Award following the controversy at the 1979 National Book Award, when PEN America voted for a boycott on the grounds that the award had become too commercial.

title: PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction