text:
Kernicterus

Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. The term was coined in 1904 by Christian Georg Schmorl. Bilirubin is a naturally occurring substance in the body of humans and many other animals, but it is neurotoxic when its concentration in the blood is too high, a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia. Hyperbilirubinemia may cause bilirubin to accumulate in the grey matter of the central nervous system, potentially causing irreversible neurological damage. Depending on the level of exposure, the effects range from clinically unnoticeable to severe brain damage and even death.

When hyperbilirubinemia increases past a mild level, it leads to jaundice, raising the risk of progressing to kernicterus. When this happens in adults, it is usually because of liver problems. Newborns are especially vulnerable to hyperbilirubinemia-induced neurological damage, because in the earliest days of life, the still-developing liver is heavily exercised by the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin as it is replaced with adult hemoglobin and the blood–brain barrier is not as developed. Mildly elevated serum bilirubin levels are common in newborns, and neonatal jaundice is not unusual, but bilirubin levels must be carefully monitored in case they start to climb, in which case more aggressive therapy is needed, usually via light therapy but sometimes even via exchange transfusion.

Acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE)
ABE is an acute state of elevated bilirubin in the central nervous system. Clinically, it encompasses a wide range of symptoms. These include lethargy, decreased feeding, hypotonia or hypertonia, a high-pitched cry, spasmodic torticollis, opisthotonus, setting sun sign, fever, seizures, and even death. If the bilirubin is not rapidly reduced, ABE quickly progresses to chronic bilirubin encephalopathy.

Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (CBE)
CBE is a chronic state of severe bilirubin-induced neurological lesions. Reduction of bilirubin in this state will not reverse the sequelae. Clinically, manifestations of CBE include: These impairments are associated with lesions in the basal ganglia, auditory nuclei of the brain stem, and oculomotor nuclei of the brain stem. Cortex and white matter are subtly involved. Cerebellum may be involved. Severe cortical involvement is uncommon.
 * 1) movement disorders – dyskinetic CP with often spasticity.  60% have severe motor disability (unable to walk).
 * 2) auditory dysfunction – auditory neuropathy (ANSD)
 * 3) visual/oculomotor impairments (nystagmus, strabismus, impaired upward or downward gaze, and/or cortical visual impairment). In rare cases, decreased visual acuity(blindness) can occur.
 * 4) dental enamel hypoplasia/dysplasia of the deciduous teeth,
 * 5) gastroesophageal reflux,
 * 6) impaired digestive function.
 * 7) slightly decreased intellectual function: Although most individuals (approximately 85%) with kernicterus fall in normal or dull-normal range.
 * 8) epilepsy is uncommon.

Subtle bilirubin encephalopathy (SBE)
SBE is a chronic state of mild bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND). Clinically, this may result in neurological, learning and movement disorders, isolated hearing loss and auditory dysfunction.
 * In the past it was thought that kernicterus (KI) often causes an intellectual disability. This was assumed due to difficulty with hearing which is typically not detected in a normal audiogram, accompanied by impairments of speech with choreoathetosis. With advances in technology this has proven to not be the case, as those living with KI have repeatedly demonstrated their intelligence using Augmentative Communication devices. Although most individuals with kernicteric cerebral palsy have normal intelligence, some children with mild choreoathetosis develop dull normal intelligence or mild intellectual disability even without auditory dysfunction.

Causes
In the vast majority of cases, kernicterus is associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia during the neonatal period. The blood–brain barrier is not fully functional in neonates and therefore bilirubin is able to cross into the central nervous system. Moreover, neonates have much higher levels of bilirubin in their blood due to:
 * 1) Rapid breakdown of fetal red blood cells immediately prior to birth, with subsequent replacement by normal adult human red blood cells. This breakdown of fetal red blood cells releases large amounts of bilirubin.
 * 2) Severe hemolytic disease of the newborn. Many children who survive exhibit permanent mental impairment or damage to motor areas of the brain because of precipitation of bilirubin in neurons.
 * 3) Neonates have a limited ability to metabolize and excrete bilirubin. The sole pathway for bilirubin elimination is through the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase isoform 1A1 (UGT1A1) enzyme, which performs a reaction called "glucuronidation". This reaction adds a large sugar to the bilirubin, which makes the compound more water-soluble, so it can be more readily excreted via the urine and/or the feces. The UGT1A1 enzyme is not active in appreciable amounts until several months after birth. Apparently, this is a developmental compromise since the maternal liver and placenta perform glucuronidation for the fetus.
 * 4) Administration of aspirin to neonates and infants. Aspirin displaces bilirubin from serum albumin, thus generating an increased level of free bilirubin which can cross the developing blood brain barrier. This can be life-threatening.

Bilirubin is known to accumulate in the gray matter of neurological tissue where it exerts direct neurotoxic effects. It appears that its neurotoxicity is due to mass-destruction of neurons by apoptosis and necrosis.

Risk factors
Gilbert's syndrome and G6PD deficiency occurring together especially increases the risk for kernicterus.
 * Premature birth
 * Rh incompatibility
 * Polycythemia – often present in neonates
 * Sulfonamides (e.g. co-trimoxazole) – displaces bilirubin from serum albumin
 * Crigler–Najjar syndrome, type I
 * G6PD deficiency
 * Bruising

Diagnosis
In neonates with kernicterus, the Moro reflex may be absent or symmetrically reduced.

Prevention
Measuring the serum bilirubin is helpful in evaluating a baby's risk for developing kernicterus. These numbers can then be plotted on the Bhutani nomogram. In neonates with hyperbilirubinemia, light therapy may be effective in reducing the serum bilirubin level. More severe cases may require the use of exchange transfusion.

Treatment
Currently no effective treatment exists for kernicterus. Future therapies may include neuroregeneration. A handful of patients have undergone deep brain stimulation, and experienced some benefit. Drugs such as baclofen, clonazepam, gabapentin, and artane are often used to manage movement disorders associated with kernicterus. Proton pump inhibitors are also used to help with reflux. Cochlear implants and hearing aids have also been known to improve the hearing loss that can come with kernicterus (auditory neuropathy – ANSD).

title: Kernicterus


text:
Talk:Eaton Corporation

Copyright violation
Possible copyright violation. The first paragraph of this entry looks like it's taken more or less exactly from a press release (e.g. this page states:

 * Eaton Corporation is a global diversified industrial manufacturer with 2002 sales of $7.2 billion that is a leader in fluid power systems; electrical power quality, distribution and control; automotive engine air management and fuel economy; and intelligent systems for fuel economy and safety in trucks. Eaton has 51,000 employees and sells products in more than 50 countries.

The paragraph is taken from the Form 8-K report on the SEC website http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/31277/000003127703000012/etn2q2003earningsrelease.txt and is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Removing copyright violation notice and referencing the SEC page.

 * I am not a copyright lawyer, but in general the rule is anything that is published is copyrighted unless stated otherwise. I see no mention on that SEC filing that it is not copyrighted. Chadloder 16:13, Aug 6, 2003 (UTC)

At http://www.sec.gov/security.htm item 3 states "Information presented on www.sec.gov is considered public information and may be distributed or copied." The filing is presented on www.sec.gov so I interpret that as meaning anything in the filing is now public domain.

 * Works for me. Thanks. Chadloder 16:29, Aug 6, 2003 (UTC)

University
There is an Eaton University off of Route 6 in Willoughby Hills, Ohio. Comment placed in article by HBot3 Feb 19, 2006. Moved here by C J Cowie 16:59, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The best place to find detailed information about a business is on the web site of that business. There isn't much point in putting such information on Wilipedia. There are too many details and they change too often. From http://eaton.com: "Our commitment to fostering a high performance culture at Eaton is also illustrated by our investment in training and development. In 2003, we broke ground on a state-of-the-art training and conference center near our headquarters city of Cleveland, Ohio.The 48,000 square-foot facility is now home to Eaton University, the company’s primary source for technical and professional development." --C J Cowie 17:10, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Is Alexander 'Sandy' Cutler related to Harry Cutler?
Alexander 'Sandy' Cutler (chairman and CEO of Eaton), Cutler-Hammer is one of Eaton Corporation's Subsidiaries, Cutler-Hammer was found in 1893 by Harry Cutler (and Edward Hammer). Is Alexander 'Sandy' Cutler related to Harry Cutler? Or just coincidence? Best Regards DynamoDegsy (talk) 16:24, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Eaton Against the People
The story is out.And the people will know the truth.

2405:9800:BC31:E3E0:C4B6:8E4C:7DE5:D496 (talk) 00:27, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Eaton Corporation


text:
User:Jimbreed

I add information and make factual corrections when I can, but in general, I'm not much of a writer. I mostly limit myself to menial tasks like fixing links to disambiguation pages (see Disambiguation pages with links). Just today I've started fixing broken links by adding redirect pages (see User:Daniel Quinlan/redirects).

I may not be adding much to the quality of Wikipedia (in terms of the knowledge it contains and how well that knowledge is expressed), but I like to think that I am adding to the quality of the user experience (in terms of how useful the links are).

If you have questions, either send me email or ask on my discussion page.

Boilerplate
''This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it.''

title: User:Jimbreed


text:
User:Ruitelmo

For the last month that I am trying to get an answer to a question raised by a friend: "How is closed the ball used to play soccer!..." In the mean time I have learn interesting things as: "The traditional football's outer covering consists of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons of leather sewn together. The ball is like the corresponding polyhedron (designated a truncated icosahedron, see picture there), except that it is more spherical, because the faces bulge due the pressure", etc, etc... But I am without answer to the question: "The 20 hexagons and the 12 pentagons swen together HOW ARE THEY CLOSED? HOW IS THE LAST ONE PUT INSIDE?...

I am thanking so much in advance if someone is in position to spend a couple of minutes to let me know the answer that I guess it is very easy!

title: User:Ruitelmo


text:
Talk:Kernicterus

note
NB: the key to understanding scientific/medical terms is to understand the roots, because the same word roots/structures are used over and over. "Kern" is Greek for "nut" or "nucleus" (from which we get the English word "kernel") and "icterus" is Greek for jaundice. The Latin "nucleus," in turn, has three scientific applications: the nucleus of the atom; the nucleus of the cell; and the nuclei of the brain, various collections of nerve bodies which can be readily identified at autopsy, or can be seen in other tissue preparations.

Likewise "polycythemia" breaks down into the Greek "poly," "many;" "cyt," "cell;" and "hem," "blood": [too] many blood cells.

Verbatim content
Someone had taken verbatim content of kernicterus straight from eMedicine.com (see here), so I removed it. -- theSpectator talk 22:30, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

So, you tell us that elevated bilirubin can cause kerniecterus, but you don't tell us what levels or duration of elevated levels of bilirubin will cause kernicterus. E.g. when do we get worried about the level???

75.194.132.136 01:52, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Incorect Isomer depicted
The image presently displayed depicts the E,E isomeric form of bilirubin, which is not the much less soluble Z,Z isomeric form of bilirubin primarily responsible for kernicterus

65.207.69.2 (talk) 17:06, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Blood brain barrier
This article seems to dwell too much on the so-called "immature" development of the BBB in newborns as one of the main explanations as to why kernicterus is not associated to adult incidence of the disease. I would like to point out that the BBB is fully functional in the fetus well before birth; evidence suggests no significant difference between adult and newborn permeability. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12955493 http://www.springerlink.com/content/jv3cwr6a87aqm5fp/?MUD=MP http://www.livestrong.com/article/307566-infant-development-of-the-blood-brain-barrier/ http://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=blood+brain+barrier+development+timeline&oq=blood+brain+barrier+development+tim&aq=0w&aqi=q-w1&aql=&gs_l=serp.3.0.33i21.16020.21978.0.23660.4.4.0.0.0.0.148.514.0j4.4.0...0.0.oFWKZ-I14Qc&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=a026b5e33ed2fa7&biw=1366&bih=639 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7323/full/nature09513.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2471140 http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v27/n9/full/nbt0909-804.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7452231 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7114247 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10065326 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.48.191.146 (talk) 13:12, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

I fully agree with the above comment. The blood-brain barrier in the late term human fetus and newborn is not "immature". It is fully formed with patent tight junctions that restrict the movement of solutes and has all of the inward and outward transport system that are present in the adult. The explanation for increased bilirubin entry into the CNS is to do with albumin binding capacity. In some infants the metabolic pathways for processing bilirubin in the liver have not fully developed and there is an excess of bilirubin in blood. Bilirubin is lipid soluble and if it is not bound to albumin it can cross any cell membranes including the blood-brain barrier. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.201.34.138 (talk) 11:00, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

etymology?
is it a combination of German (Kern) and something else (-us looks Latin)?

why is nothing about that name in the article? 2A02:908:F61:1640:ED5F:6F04:A7F3:151B (talk) 15:00, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kernicterus


text:
Erín Moure

Erín Moure (born 1955 in Calgary, Alberta) is a Canadian poet and translator with 18 books of poetry, a coauthored book of poetry, a volume of essays, a book of articles on translation, a poetics, and two memoirs.

She has translated or co-translated 21 books of poetry and two of biopoetics from French, Spanish, Galician, Portuguese, and Ukrainian, by poets such as Nicole Brossard (with Robert Majzels), Andrés Ajens, Chantal Neveu, Rosalía de Castro, Chus Pato, Uxío Novoneyra, Lupe Gómez (with Rebeca Lema Martínez and on her own), Fernando Pessoa, and Yuri Izdryk (with Roman Ivashkiv).

Three of her own books have been translated; one each in German, Galician, and French. Her work has received the Governor General’s Award twice, Pat Lowther Memorial Award, A. M. Klein Prize twice, and has been a three-time finalist for the Griffin Prize and three-time finalist in the USA for a Best Translated Book Award (Poetry).

Her latest literary work is The Elements (2019) and Theophylline: an a-poretic migration will appear in 2023. Her work is rooted in a philosophical mix that accepts mystery, not always immediately accessible.

She has won several prizes, including the Governor General's Award twice.

Early and personal life
Her mother was born in 1924 in present-day western Ukraine, and emigrated to Canada in 1929. Her father, born in Ottawa, Ontario in 1925 was a great-grandson of the painter George Théodore Berthon. Erín Moure is the oldest of three, having two younger brothers.

In 1975, Moure moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, where she took her second year classes at the University of British Columbia in philosophy. After only one academic year, she left the University of British Columbia and got a job at Via Rail Canada where she continued to write poetry. This is where she learned French.

She learned Galician in the early 21st century in order to translate the poetry of Chus Pato. She also translates from Portuguese, Spanish and English.

She lives in Montreal, Quebec.

Writing and style
During an interview in the early 1990s, she has cited four major influences which led her to become a writer, other than the work of other writers or poets: "Landscape of cars, her mother going to work, her mother teaching her to read, and in a small way losing her sense of touch."

Many years ago, Melissa Jacques wrote, "Erin Moure's poetry is fragmented, meta-critical, and explicitly deconstructive. Folding everyday events and ordinary people into complex and often irresolvable philosophical dilemmas, Moure challenges the standards of accessibility and common sense. Not surprisingly, her work has met with a mixed response. Critics are often troubled by the difficult and therefore alienating nature of the writing; even amongst Moure's advocates, the issues of accessibility and political efficacy are recurrent themes."

Moure has been nominated for and won several literary awards for her writing and her translation. These include the Pat Lowther Memorial Award, the Governor General's Award for poetry, the A. M. Klein Prize for Poetry, the Best Translated Book Award for poetry, and the Nelson Ball Prize.

Her most recent poetry book, The Elements, appeared in 2019.

Awards and honours

 * 1988 Governor General's Award for English-language poetry for the volume Furious.
 * 2014 Best Translated Book Award, poetry, shortlist for White Piano by Nicole Brossard, from the French
 * Griffin Poetry Prize biography
 * 2017 Harvard University 2017 WPR Creative fellowship, RESONANCE: A MODERNISM with Erin Moure
 * 2021 Governor General's Award for French to English translation - This Radiant Life (Chantal Neveu, La vie radieuse)

Works of poetry

 * Empire, York Street, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1979 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
 * The Whisky Vigil, Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing, 1981
 * Wanted Alive, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1983
 * Domestic Fuel, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1985 (winner of the Pat Lowther Award)
 * Furious, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1988 (winner of the 1988 Governor General's Award for poetry)
 * WSW, Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1989 (winner of the A. M. Klein Prize for Poetry
 * Sheepish Beauty, Civilian Love, Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1992
 * The Green Word: Selected Poems: 1973–1992, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1994
 * Search Procedures, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1996 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
 * A Frame of the Book, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1999
 * Pillage Laud, Montreal: Moveable Type Books, 1999
 * O Cidadán, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2002 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
 * Little Theatres, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2005 (winner of the A. M. Klein Prize for Poetry, nominated for a Governor General's Award, nominated for the Pat Lowther Award, shortlisted for the 2006 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize)
 * O Cadoiro, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2007
 * Expeditions of a Chimæra (collaboration with Oana Avasilichioaei), Toronto: Book*hug Press, 2009 (shortlisted for the 2011 A. M. Klein Prize for Poetry)
 * O Resplandor, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2010 (shortlisted for the 2011 A. M. Klein Prize for Poetry)
 * The Unmemntioable, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2012
 * Insecession a dual book with Chus Pato's Secession, Toronto: Book*hug Press, 2014
 * Kapusta, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2015
 * The Elements, Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2019

Translations from other languages

 * Installations – 2000, translation with Robert Majzels from French of Nicole Brossard's Installations
 * Sheep's Vigil by a Fervent Person translation from Portuguese of Fernando Pessoa / Alberto Caeiro's O Guardador de Rebanhos- 2001 (shortlisted for the 2002 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize)
 * Museum of Bone and Water – 2003, translation with Robert Majzels from French of Nicole Brossard's Musée de l'os et de l'eau
 * Notebook of Roses and Civilization – 2007, translation with Robert Majzels from French of Nicole Brossard's Cahier de roses & de civilisation (nominated for a Governor General's Award; shortlisted for the 2008 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize)
 * Charenton – 2007, translation from Galician of Chus Pato's Charenton
 * Quase Flanders, Quase Extremadura – 2008, translation from Spanish of excerpts from the poetry of Andrés Ajens
 * m-Talá – 2009, translation from Galician of Chus Pato's m-Talá
 * Hordes of Writing – 2011, translation from Galician of Chus Pato's Hordas de escritura
 * Just Like Her – 2011, translation from French of Louise Dupré's Tout come elle
 * White Piano – 2013, translation with Robert Majzels from French of Nicole Brossard's Piano blanc
 * Galician Songs – 2013, translation from Galician of Rosalia de Castro's Cantares Gallegos
 * Secession – 2014, translation from Galician of Chus Pato's Secesión
 * Flesh of Leviathan – 2016, translation from Galician of Chus Pato's Carne de Leviatán
 * New Leaves – 2016, translation from Galician of Rosalia de Castro's Follas Novas
 * My Dinosaur – 2016, translation from French of François Turcot's Mon dinosaure
 * Paraguayan Sea – 2017, translated from Portunhol and Guarani to Frenglish and Guarani of Wilson Bueno's Mar paraguayo
 * Camouflage – 2019, translated from Galician of Lupe Gómez's Camuflaxe
 * The Uplands: Book of the Courel and other poems – 2020, translated from Galician of Uxío Novoneyra's Os Eidos and other poems
 * This Radiant Life – 2020, translated from French of Chantal Neveu's La vie radieuse
 * The Face of the Quartzes – 2021, translated from Galician of Chus Pato's Un libre favor

Essays, Letters and Memoirs

 * Two Women Talking: Correspondence 1985–1987 – 1994 (with Bronwen Wallace)
 * My Beloved Wager essays – 2009
 * Sitting Shiva on Minto Avenue, by Toots, Vancouver: New Star Books, 2017
 * A Century in the North Peace: Life and Times of Anne and John Callison, Montreal: Zat-So Productions, 2018

title: Erín Moure


text:
Badger (occupation)

A badger was, in English, a term of uncertain derivation (possibly derived from bagger, a bag or person carrying one) for a dealer in food or victuals which he had purchased in one place and carried for sale in another place. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the earliest entry as being from Bristol in 1500, but there were bager(s)gates at York in 1243 and in Lincoln by 1252. It continued in use until the 19th century in Great Britain.

The term badger was specifically applied to those dealing in grain for food, but was also applied generically to food commodity dealers. These included those dealing in grain for brewing (maltsters) or meal for bread-making (mealmen), while others specialised in butter and cheese. Other grains, beans, peas or even vetch were traded in years when wheat and barley prices were high. The legislation also referred to kidders, drovers of livestock, laders, and carriers.

The primary statutes were the Forestallers Act 1551 (5 & 6 Edw. 6. c. 14), 'An Act against Regrators, Forestallers and Ingrossers', 1552, and the Corn, etc. Act 1562 (5 Eliz. 1, c. 12), 'An Act touching Badgers of Corn, and Drovers of Cattle to be licensed', 1563. These prescribed penalties against the offences of engrossing (speculative accumulation), forestalling (buying produce before it was offered in market), and regrating (buying and re-selling within the same market or within four miles). They required badgers to be licensed by three justices of the peace at quarter sessions and required them to be married householders, of 30 years of age or more, and a resident in the county for at least three years. Household servants or retainers could not be badgers. In some counties justices seem to have regularly imposed limits on licences, specifying the markets where badgers could buy or sell, the quantities they could buy or the number of packhorses they could use for carrying goods between markets.

The preamble to the statute of 1562 declared that many people took up the trade of badgering seeking only to live easily and to leave their honest labour. As with much of the Tudor regulatory legislation enforcement this may better reflect the fears of central government than the reality of the trade. Although there were complaints about abuses by badgers, enforcement action was variable. There are few surviving records of licensing before the Civil War, and it may not have been comprehensive. In that period most prosecutions for breaching the statutes were brought by common informers, whose reputation was poor. The licensing system is best seen as one of the powers which were available to the county justices of the peace, which they used when local conditions required or when ordered to so by the Privy Council. The legislation was repealed in 1772, but forestalling remained a common law offence until 1844.

The contribution made by badgers to the provisioning of provincial cities and industrial towns is hard to calculate. However, they must have been significant, as local justices complained when neighbouring justices or over-zealous informers restricted their activities. There are also records of local communities petitioning the justices for a nominated person to be licensed specifically to buy grain to supply their market.

The term is now obsolete.

title: Badger (occupation)


text:
Badger

Badgers are short-legged omnivores in the family Mustelidae (which also includes the otters, wolverines, martens, minks, polecats, weasels, and ferrets). Badgers are a polyphyletic rather than a natural taxonomic grouping, being united by their squat bodies and adaptions for fossorial activity. All belong to the caniform suborder of carnivoran mammals.

The fifteen species of mustelid badgers are grouped in four subfamilies: four species of Melinae (genera Meles and Arctonyx) including the European badger, five species of Helictidinae (genus Melogale) or ferret-badger, the honey badger or ratel Mellivorinae (genus Mellivora), and the American badger Taxideinae (genus Taxidea). Badgers include the most basal mustelids; the American badger is the most basal of all, followed successively by the ratel and the Melinae; the estimated split dates are about 17.8, 15.5 and 14.8 million years ago, respectively.

The two species of Asiatic stink badgers of the genus Mydaus were formerly included within Melinae (and thus Mustelidae), but more recent genetic evidence indicates these are actually members of the skunk family (Mephitidae).

Badger mandibular condyles connect to long cavities in their skulls, which gives resistance to jaw dislocation and increases their bite grip strength. This in turn limits jaw movement to hinging open and shut, or sliding from side to side, but it does not hamper the twisting movement possible for the jaws of most mammals.

Badgers have rather short, wide bodies, with short legs for digging. They have elongated, weasel-like heads with small ears. Their tails vary in length depending on species; the stink badger has a very short tail, while the ferret-badger's tail can be 46 - 51 cm long, depending on age. They have black faces with distinctive white markings, grey bodies with a light-coloured stripe from head to tail, and dark legs with light-coloured underbellies. They grow to around 90 cm in length, including tail.

The European badger is one of the largest; the American badger, the hog badger, and the honey badger are generally a little smaller and lighter. Stink badgers are smaller still, and ferret-badgers are the smallest of all. They weigh around 9 - 11 kg, while some Eurasian badgers weigh around 18 kg.

Etymology
The word "badger", originally applied to the European badger (Meles meles), comes from earlier bageard (16th century), presumably referring to the white mark borne like a badge on its forehead. Similarly, a now archaic synonym was bauson 'badger' (1375), a variant of bausond 'striped, piebald', from Old French bausant, baucent 'id.'.

The less common name brock (Old English: brocc), (Scots: brock) is a Celtic loanword (cf. Gaelic broc and Welsh broch, from Proto-Celtic *brokkos) meaning "grey". The Proto-Germanic term was *þahsuz (cf. German Dachs, Dutch das, Norwegian svintoks; Early Modern English dasse), probably from the PIE root *tek'- "to construct," so the badger would have been named after its digging of setts (tunnels); the Germanic term *þahsuz became taxus or taxō, -ōnis in Latin glosses, replacing mēlēs ("marten" or "badger"), and from these words the common Romance terms for the animal evolved (Italian tasso, French taisson—blaireau is now more common—Catalan toixó, Spanish tejón, Portuguese texugo).

A male European badger is a boar, a female is a sow, and a young badger is a cub. However, in North America the young are usually called kits, while the terms male and female are generally used for adults. A collective name suggested for a group of colonial badgers is a cete, but badger colonies are more often called clans. A badger's home is called a sett.

Classification
The following list shows where the various species with the common name of badger are placed in the Mustelidae and Mephitidae classifications. The list is polyphyletic and the species commonly called badgers do not form a valid clade.
 * Family Mustelidae
 * Subfamily Melinae
 * Genus Arctonyx
 * Northern hog badger, Arctonyx albogularis
 * Greater hog badger, Arctonyx collaris
 * Sumatran hog badger, Arctonyx hoevenii
 * Genus Meles
 * Japanese badger, Meles anakuma
 * Asian badger, Meles leucurus
 * European badger, Meles meles
 * Caucasian badger, Meles canescens
 * Subfamily Helictidinae
 * Genus Melogale
 * Burmese ferret-badger, Melogale personata
 * Javan ferret-badger, Melogale orientalis
 * Chinese ferret-badger, Melogale moschata
 * Formosan ferret-badger, Melogale subaurantiaca
 * Bornean ferret-badger, Melogale everetti
 * Vietnam ferret-badger, Melogale cucphuongensis
 * Subfamily Mellivorinae
 * Honey badger, Mellivora capensis
 * Subfamily Taxidiinae:
 * †Chamitataxus avitus
 * †Pliotaxidea nevadensis
 * †Pliotaxidea garberi
 * American badger, Taxidea taxus
 * Family Mephitidae
 * Subfamily Mydainae
 * Genus Mydaus
 * Indonesian or Sunda stink badger (teledu), Mydaus javanensis
 * Palawan stink badger, Mydaus marchei

Distribution
Badgers are found in much of North America, Great Britain, Ireland and most of the rest of Europe as far north as southern Scandinavia. They live as far east as Japan, Korea and China. The Javan ferret-badger lives in Indonesia, and the Bornean ferret-badger lives in Malaysia. The honey badger is found in most of sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian Desert, southern Levant, Turkmenistan, Pakistan and India.

Behaviour
The behaviour of badgers differs by family, but all shelter underground, living in burrows called setts, which may be very extensive. Some are solitary, moving from home to home, while others are known to form clans called cetes. Cete size is variable from two to 15.

Badgers can run or gallop at 25 – for short periods of time. Some species, notably the honey badger, can climb well. In March 2024, scientists released footage of a wild Asian badger climbing a tree to a height of 2.5 m in South Korea. Badgers are nocturnal.

In North America, coyotes sometimes eat badgers and vice versa, but the majority of their interactions seem to be mutual or neutral. American badgers and coyotes have been seen hunting together in a cooperative fashion.

Diet
The diet of the Eurasian badger consists largely of earthworms (especially Lumbricus terrestris), insects, grubs, and the eggs and young of ground-nesting birds. They also eat small mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds, as well as roots and fruit. In Britain, they are the main predator of hedgehogs, which have demonstrably lower populations in areas where badgers are numerous, so much so that hedgehog rescue societies do not release hedgehogs into known badger territories. They are occasional predators of domestic chickens, and are able to break into enclosures that a fox cannot. In southern Spain, badgers feed to a significant degree on rabbits.

American badgers are fossorial carnivores – i.e. they catch a significant proportion of their food underground, by digging. They can tunnel after ground-dwelling rodents at speed.

The honey badger of Africa consumes honey, porcupines, and even venomous snakes (such as the puff adder); they climb trees to gain access to honey from bees' nests.

Badgers have been known to become intoxicated with alcohol after eating rotting fruit.

Hunting
Hunting badgers for sport has been common in many countries. The Dachshund (German for "badger hound") dog breed was bred for this purpose. Badger-baiting was formerly a popular blood sport. Although badgers are normally quite docile, they fight fiercely when cornered. This led people to capture and box badgers and then wager on whether a dog could succeed in removing the badger from its refuge. In England, opposition from naturalists led to its ban under the Cruelty to Animals Act of 1835 and the Protection of Badgers Act of 1992 made it an offence to kill, injure, or take a badger or to interfere with a sett unless under license from a statutory authority. The Hunting Act of 2004 further banned fox hunters from blocking setts during their chases.

Badgers have been trapped commercially for their pelts, which have been used for centuries to make shaving brushes, a purpose to which it is particularly suited owing to its high water retention. Virtually all commercially available badger hair now comes from mainland China, though, which has farms for the purpose. The Chinese supply three grades of hair to domestic and foreign brush makers. Village cooperatives are also licensed by the national government to hunt and process badgers to avoid their becoming a crop nuisance in rural northern China. The European badger is also used as trim for some traditional Scottish clothing. The American badger is also used for paintbrushes and as trim for some Native American garments.

Culling
Controlling the badger population is prohibited in many European countries since badgers are listed in the Berne Convention, but they are not otherwise the subject of any international treaty or legislation. Many badgers in Europe were gassed during the 1960s and 1970s to control rabies.

Until the 1980s, badger culling in the United Kingdom was undertaken in the form of gassing, allegedly to control the spread of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Limited culling resumed in 1998 as part of a 10-year randomised trial cull, which was considered by John Krebs and others to show that culling was ineffective. Some groups called for a selective cull, whilst others favoured a programme of vaccination. Wales and Northern Ireland are currently (2013) conducting field trials of a badger vaccination programme. In 2012 the government authorised a limited cull led by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. However it was later deferred and a wide range of reasons given. In August 2013 a full culling programme began, whereby it was expected that about 5,000 badgers would be killed over six weeks in West Somerset and Gloucestershire using a mixture of controlled shooting and free shooting (some badgers were to be trapped in cages first). The cull caused many protests, with emotional, economic and scientific reasons being cited. The badger is considered an iconic species of the British countryside and it has been claimed by shadow ministers that "The government's own figures show it will cost more than it saves...", and Lord Krebs, who led the Randomised Badger Culling Trial in the 1990s, said the two pilots "will not yield any useful information".

Traditional medicine
Badgers have been used in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia and Africa.

Food
Although rarely eaten today in the United States or the United Kingdom, badgers were once a primary meat source for the diets of Native Americans and European colonists. Badgers were also eaten in Britain during World War II and the 1950s. In some areas of Russia, the consumption of badger meat is still widespread. Shish kebabs made from badger, along with dog meat and pork, are a major source of trichinosis outbreaks in the Altai Region of Russia. In Croatia badger meat is rarely eaten, but when it is, it is usually smoked, dried, or served in goulash. In France, badger meat was used in the preparation of several dishes, such as Blaireau au sang, and it was a relatively common ingredient in countryside cuisine. Badger meat was eaten in some parts of Spain until recently.

Pets
Badgers are sometimes kept as pets. Keeping a badger as a pet or offering one for sale is an offence in the United Kingdom under the 1992 Protection of Badgers Act.

In popular culture

In Europe during the medieval period, accounts of badgers in bestiaries described badgers as working together to dig holes under mountains. They were said to lie down at the entrance of the hole holding a stick in their mouths, while other badgers piled dirt on their bellies. Two badgers would then take hold of the stick in the badger's mouth, and drag the animal loaded with dirt away, almost in the fashion of a wagon. The moralizing component of Bestiaries often took precedence over their function as natural history texts, and this description of badgers most likely reflects an allegorical exemplar rather than what everyday people in the Middle Ages might or might not have believed about how badgers behave in the wild.

The 19th-century poem "The Badger" by John Clare describes a badger hunt and badger-baiting. The character Frances in Russell Hoban's children's books, beginning with Bedtime for Frances (1948–1970), is depicted as a badger. Trufflehunter is a heroic badger in the Chronicles of Narnia book Prince Caspian (1951) by C. S. Lewis.

Badger characters are featured in author Brian Jacques' Redwall series (1986–2011), they are depicted as feared warriors most often falling under the title of Badger Lord or Badger Mother. A badger character is featured in The Immortals (1992–1996) by Tamora Pierce and "The Badger" is a comic book hero created by Mike Baron. The badger is the emblem of the Hufflepuff house of the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter book series (1997–2007), it is chosen as such because the badger is an animal that is often underestimated, because it lives quietly until attacked, but which, when provoked, can fight off animals much larger than itself, which resembles the Hufflepuff house in several ways.

Many other stories featuring badgers as characters include Kenneth Grahame's children's novel The Wind in the Willows (1908), Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Mr. Tod (1912; featuring badger Tommy Brock), the Rupert Bear adventures by Mary Tourtel (appearing since 1920), T. H. White's Arthurian fantasy novels The Once and Future King (1958, written 1938–41) and The Book of Merlyn (1977), Fantastic Mr. Fox (1970) by Roald Dahl, Richard Adams's Watership Down (1972), Colin Dann's The Animals of Farthing Wood (1979), and Erin Hunter's Warriors (appearing since 2003). In the historic novel Incident at Hawk's Hill (1971) by Allan W. Eckert a badger is one of the main characters.

Badgers are also featured in films and animations: a flash video called Badgers shows a cete doing calisthenics. The 1973 Disney animated film Robin Hood depicts the character of Friar Tuck as a badger. In the Doctor Snuggles series, Dennis the handyman was a badger.

In Europe, badgers were traditionally used to predict the length of winter.

The badger is the state animal of the U.S. state of Wisconsin, though this is a reference to the state's early miners rather than the animal itself, and Bucky Badger is the mascot of the athletic teams at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The badger is also the official mascot of Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada; The University of Sussex, England; and St Aidan's College at the University of Durham.

In 2007, the appearance of honey badgers around the British base at Basra, Iraq, fueled rumours among the locals that British forces deliberately released "man-eating" and "bear-like" badgers to spread panic. These allegations were denied by the British army and the director of Basra's veterinary hospital.

On 28 August 2013, the PC video game Shelter was released by developers Might and Delight in which players control a mother badger protecting her cubs.

An internet meme (Badger, badger, badger) appeared viral in the early years of YouTube, later initiating other versions of the animation.

As a sub-series of the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise, Sticks the Badger is one of the main characters of the Sonic Boom series.

title: Badger


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Patricia Hewitt

Patricia Hope Hewitt (born 2 December 1948) is a British government adviser and former politician, who was the Secretary of State for Health from 2005 to 2007. A member of the Labour Party, she had previously been the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry from 2001 to 2005.

Hewitt's political career began in the 1970s, as a high-profile left-winger and supporter of Tony Benn. She was even classified by MI5 as an alleged communist sympathiser. After nine years as General Secretary of the National Council for Civil Liberties, she became press secretary to Neil Kinnock, whom she assisted in the modernisation of the Labour Party. In 1997, she became the first female MP for Leicester West, a safe Labour seat in the East Midlands, which she represented for thirteen years.

In 2001 she joined Blair's cabinet, the first of the 1997 intake of MPs to do so, as President of the Board of Trade and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, before becoming Health Secretary in 2005. During her tenure, the ban on smoking in public places became legally enforceable. In March 2010, Hewitt was suspended from the Parliamentary Labour Party over the question of political lobbying irregularities, alleged on the Channel 4 Dispatches programme.

She is a former school governor at the Kentish Town Primary School.

In November 2022, British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Jeremy Hunt, announced that Hewitt would serve in an advisory role to the then Conservative Government.

Early life
Hewit was born in Canberra, Australia. She is the daughter of Sir Lenox Hewitt, a leading Australian civil servant and later chairman of Qantas, and the former Hope Tillyard. Her maternal grandfather was entomologist Robert John Tillyard.

Hewitt was privately educated at Canberra Church of England Girls' Grammar School and the Australian National University. She then studied for degrees in English Literature at Newnham College, Cambridge, where she graduated BA (later promoted to MA). She became a visiting fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford, and was awarded an honorary Oxford MA. She speaks French and is a keen gardener.

In 1970, Hewitt married David Julian Gibson-Watt, second son of David Gibson Watt, Conservative MP for Hereford, and Diana Hambro. The couple divorced in 1978. Originally a Conservative, by the time of her divorce she had moved to the left, becoming a committed feminist. MI5 classified her as a "Communist sympathiser" in the 1970s because of her relationship with William (Bill) Jack Birtles, a radical lawyer. In 1981, she married Birtles in Camden; they have a daughter (born September 1986) and a son (born February 1988). In 1971, she became Age Concern's Press and Public Relations Officer, before joining the National Council for Civil Liberties (now Liberty), initially as a women's rights officer in 1973, and for nine years from 1974 as the general secretary.

In 1990, the Council of Europe ruled that MI5 surveillance of both Hewitt and the NCCL legal officer, Harriet Harman, had breached the European Convention of Human Rights.

Pre-Parliamentary career
Hewitt joined the Labour Party in the 1970, and was initially a follower of Tony Benn; she publicly condemned those left-wing MPs who abstained in the deputy leadership election of 1981, giving Denis Healey a narrow victory. She was selected as the Labour candidate in Leicester East constituency at the 1983 general election, following the defection of the sitting Labour MP, Tom Bradley, to the Social Democratic Party. Bradley stood for the SDP at the election, but it was the Conservative candidate, Peter Bruinvels, who defeated Hewitt, who came second, by just 933 votes.

Following her defeat in Leicester, she became press secretary to the Leader of the Opposition, Neil Kinnock. In this role she was a key player in the first stages of the 'modernisation' of the Labour Party and, along with Clive Hollick, helped set up the Institute for Public Policy Research and was its deputy director 1989–1994.

Following Labour's defeat in 1992, Hewitt was asked by the new Labour leader, John Smith, to help establish the Commission on Social Justice, of which she became deputy chair. She became head of research with Andersen Consulting, remaining in the post during the period 1994–1997.

Hewitt was elected to the House of Commons as the first female MP for Leicester West at the 1997 general election, following the retirement of the Labour MP Greville Janner. She was elected with a majority of 12,864 and remained the constituency MP until stepping down in 2010. She made her maiden speech on 3 July 1997. Hewitt's constituency of Leicester West is a safe Labour seat, with a majority of 9,070 votes in the 2005 general election.

Parliamentary career
In 1997, Hewitt was a member of the social security select committee for a year, before becoming a member of Tony Blair's government in his first reshuffle in 1998, as the Economic Secretary to the Treasury. She was promoted in 1999 to become a Minister of State for Small Business and E-Commerce at the Department of Trade and Industry, and created the Social Enterprise Unit for similar new companies. While in office Hewitt initiated a White Paper on telecommunications and broadcasting, jointly published by the DTI and DCMS; this proposed the merger of seven or more different regulators to create a single converged regulator, OFCOM. Hewitt was then responsible for appointing its first chairman, Lord Currie.

She joined the Blair Cabinet for the first time following the 2001 general election as the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry and Minister for Women and Equality. She spent four years in this post and was seen as a fairly effective Trade and Industry Secretary despite controversial policies affecting her own constituency. However, she was seen as lacking leadership, particularly on consumer issues. Hewitt was then moved sideways to Health Secretary in May 2005.

Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
Hewitt became a member of the Privy Council in 2001 and was Secretary of State for Trade and Industry from June 2001 until May 2005. During her time at the DTI, Hewitt introduced the "say on pay" laws, which require public companies to hold an annual shareholders' vote on the Remuneration Committee report on senior executive pay.

Hewitt defended outsourcing public sector support jobs to countries such as India in May 2004, arguing that outsourcing supported poorer communities in India and opposing protectionist proposals.

In September 2005, a Judicial Review found Hewitt "guilty of unlawful sex discrimination" when she employed a female applicant for a DTI position ahead of a significantly stronger male candidate. The judge ruled that Malcolm Hanney had lost out to a candidate ranked third by the interview panel and that the failure to appoint him was "in breach of the code of practice for ministerial appointments to public bodies". Hewitt had quoted the Code of Practice on Public Appointments, which said: "Ministers will wish to balance boards in terms of diversity as well as skills and experience", although the panel had clearly stated that Mr Hanney was "much the strongest candidate". The DTI apologised and Hanney was awarded £17,967.17 costs. However, the appointment was not overturned, and Hewitt herself did not apologise and claimed not to have realised she had been in breach of the law. Rod Liddle, writing in The Times, juxtaposed Hewitt's claim with the fact that Hewitt's department was itself responsible for the Sex Discrimination Act, suggesting that she believed the purpose of sex discrimination legislation "was intended to be of benefit only to women", rather than "maltreated job applicants ... foolish enough to be born with a penis".

Hewitt was criticised for a 2003 report by the Women and Equality unit, which was run by Hewitt, in which it was suggested that there was a "real problem" with mothers who stayed at home to bring up their children.

Secretary of State for Health
Hewitt was appointed Secretary of State for Health following the 2005 general election, having previously been tipped for the Work and Pensions department. She had a turbulent two years in office, during which several difficult issues arose, such as the controversy over the Medical Training Application Service computer system and her decision to allow women with early breast cancer to have access to trastuzumab (Herceptin), for which it was not at that time a licensed indication and in the absence of NICE guidance. However, she also achieved several pieces of Labour's 2005 manifesto legislation during her time in office, including persuading MPs to vote for a complete smoking ban in public places in England in 2006.

In April 2006, Hewitt made a speech in which she quoted the forewird to the 2014 NHS Annual Report by Nigel Crisp, the then current NHS chief executive, stating the NHS had had "its best year ever", and citing a reduction in waiting times for hospital treatment. However, this claim came at a time when thousands of jobs were being cut across the country, as a number of NHS trusts attempted to cope with budget deficits. This comment did not go down well, and at the Royal College of Nursing's 2006 Congress in Bournemouth, Hewitt was heckled and booed by health workers. Delegates at the conference called for a halt to job cuts and bed closures, part of planned NHS reforms aimed at improving the effectiveness of the service, predicting that the number of posts lost could reach 13,000, and said that a work to rule was possible. BMA chairman, Mr. James Johnson, claimed that 2006 was actually one of the worst years on record, and that "2006 has been full of bleak moments for the NHS – job losses, training budgets slashed, trusts delaying operations in order to save money, and hospital closures announced at the same time as new PFI developments. Added to this the government's fixation with introducing the private sector into primary care which risks destabilising the well-respected UK system of general practice."

In January 2007, Hewitt criticised the pay of general practitioners (GPs), which had increased to an average of £106,000 per annum, as a result of the contract the Government had implemented in 2004. Her department claimed that GPs had unfairly taken money out of their practices, when the new contract was actually intended to increase investment in practices, although statements from Lord Warner in 2004 appeared to contradict this claim. He said that "The better services GPs provide, the more pay they will receive, as rewards will be directly linked with patients' experiences."

On 17 March 2007 over 12,000 doctors went to London to take part in a march, objecting to the 'Medical Training Application Service' (MTAS), a job application system for junior doctors, which was subsequently investigated by the Department of Health, and the programme 'Modernising Medical Careers', for revealing the personal data of applicants. The Conservative Leader of the Opposition, David Cameron, joined the march and gave a speech.

On 23 May 2007, Hewitt survived a vote of no confidence in the House of Commons led by the Conservatives, winning by 63 votes. A number of her cabinet colleagues joined her on the front bench to express solidarity. Despite this, pressure continued to mount on her to resign as Health Secretary. As Blair had already announced his imminent resignation for 27 June, it was widely expected Hewitt would step down.

On 3 April 2007, Hewitt apologised on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, saying that the application scheme had caused terrible anxiety for junior doctors. However, the change offered by the Government to the scheme was not accepted by the BMA, and she was accused by Andrew Lansley, the Conservative Shadow Minister for Health, of failing to express genuine regret. Hewitt also made another apology on 1 May 2007 in the House of Commons, after the suspension of the MTAS website, owing to security breaches, which she called "utterly deplorable".

Front-line health workers also lobbied against Hewitt, sending her petitions opposing cuts to the NHS and privatisation plans, which the Department of Health wanted to follow up. Andy Belfield of East Midlands Unison stated that waiting list reductions achieved before the 2005 election were now at risk, owing to expansion of private sector involvement. A survey from October 2006 showed that only 37% of workers from the Department of Health were confident in the leadership provided by Hewitt, compared with 57% across Whitehall.

Despite the criticism, Hewitt managed to balance the books of the NHS, which had previously been in huge debt. After having vowed to resign should the NHS complete another year with debts, Hewitt ensured that the Health Service ended 2006/2007 with a £510 million surplus. However, to do this she was forced to cut 17,000 jobs, cut public health spending, although that had previously been at a high level, and reduce study budgets for NHS staff. By June 2007, although the overall budget was balanced, one in five NHS hospital trusts were still in debt.

As Health Secretary, Hewitt lobbied hard for a complete ban on smoking in public places, which came into force on 1 July 2007. Her predecessor, John Reid, had been in favour of limiting the Government's proposed smoking ban as much as possible, and Labour's 2005 election manifesto had included only a limited pledge, proposing only to ban smoking in places where food was served. Even though he had been moved to Secretary of State for Defence, Reid was the main opponent of her proposals, and a leading figure in the decision of the Cabinet to grant an exemption for private clubs and pubs that did not serve food. However, the exemption in the Cabinet proposals did not find favour with MPs, and the Government gave them a free vote on the issue. Hewitt voted with the rebels to defeat the Cabinet's partial ban, which was replaced by the outright ban that she had always wanted. Sir Liam Donaldson described the ban as "a momentous move, which would prevent the deaths of both smokers and non-smokers." In June 2010, it was announced that there had been a 2.4% fall in heart attack admissions in the year following the ban. She also called for a tax increase on alcopops, although none ultimately took place. She also introduced the NHS Choices website.

Hewitt was known as a reliable Blairite within the cabinet and voted loyally with the Government in Parliament. However, she once notably broke ranks on the BBC's Question Time, expressing her concern about Government plans to introduce ID cards. She ruled herself out of the Deputy Leadership of the Labour Party, declaring her support for Harriet Harman, who was the successful candidate. On 27 June 2007 it was announced that Hewitt would not be Health Secretary in Gordon Brown's new cabinet, an announcement that had been widely expected.

Retirement from the cabinet
On 27 June 2007, with the appointment of Gordon Brown as Prime Minister, Hewitt announced her retirement from frontline politics, citing 'personal reasons'. On resigning from the cabinet, Hewitt was asked by the Prime Minister to head an EU manifesto group, developing European policy for the next general election manifesto.

After cabinet – consultancies and directorships
In January 2008, Hewitt was appointed special consultant to the world's largest chemists, Alliance Boots. Such an appointment was controversial, given Hewitt's former role as Health Minister, resulting in objections to her appointment by members of a Parliamentary committee. Hewitt also become the special adviser to private equity company Cinven, which paid £1.4 billion for Bupa's UK hospitals.

Hewitt joined the BT Group board as a non-executive director on 24 March 2008. and retired from the position in 2015, after six years as a director and five as senior independent director and chair of the remuneration committee.

In July 2009, Hewitt joined the UK India Business Council as its chair and was reappointed to the role in 2014. She stepped down from this role in 2017.

In July 2017, Hewitt was appointed the chair of the NHS Sustainability and Transformation Plan (STP) Oversight Board for Norfolk and Waveney. In this capacity she also attends the Health and Wellbeing Board, Norfolk.

Stepping down and suspension from Parliamentary Labour Party
In May 2009, The Daily Telegraph reported that Hewitt had claimed £920 in legal fees when she had moved out of a flat in her constituency, stayed in hotels, and then rented another flat in Leicester. Claims for furniture included £194 for blinds delivered to her London home. In June 2009 Hewitt announced that she would be stepping down from the House of Commons. She said she was leaving the Commons for personal reasons as she wanted to spend more time with her family.

On 6 January 2010, she and fellow ex-minister Geoff Hoon jointly called for a secret ballot on the future of the leadership of Gordon Brown. The following day Hoon said that it appeared to have failed and was "over". Brown later referred to the call for a secret ballot as a "form of silliness".

In March 2010, Hewitt was suspended from the Parliamentary Labour Party over the question of political lobbying irregularities, alleged in the Channel 4 Dispatches programme.

At the 2010 general election Hewitt was succeeded as MP for Leicester West by Liz Kendall, who had been her Special Adviser (SpAd) during her time in Cabinet.

Dispatches Lobbyist investigation
Hewitt was one of the MPs named in the 2010 sting operation into political lobbying in the Channel 4 Dispatches programme, in which she appeared to claim that she had been paid £3,000 a day to help a client obtain a key seat on a Government advisory group. On 22 March 2010, Hewitt, along with Geoff Hoon and Stephen Byers, was suspended from the Parliamentary Labour Party over the allegations. Hoon and Byers were both banned from the House of Commons for five and two years respectively, but no further action was taken against Hewitt for her part in the "Cash for Access" affair.

Later career
Since September 2020, Hewitt has been an adviser to the British Board of Trade.

In November 2022, the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Jeremy Hunt, announced that Hewitt would serve in an advisory role to the Conservative Government on NHS administration.

PIE and the NCCL controversy
In February 2014, the NCCL's connection with the Paedophile Information Exchange, an affiliated group during Hewitt's period as the pressure group's general secretary, gained media attention, to which Harriet Harman and her partner Jack Dromey also responded. A document in Hewitt's name stated: "NCCL proposes that the age of consent should be lowered to 14, with special provision for situations where the partners are close in age or where the consent of a child over ten can be proved”. The document also called for incest to be legalised. On 27 February 2014, Hewitt in a statement apologised and took responsibility for the "mistakes" made, saying that she and the NCCL had been "naive" about PIE, while insisting that she had never "supported or condoned the vile crimes of child abusers".

Publications

 * Your Rights by Patricia Hewitt, 1973, Age Concern Books, Age Concern England, ISBN 0-904502-08-2
 * Danger Women at Work: Conference Report Edited by Patricia Hewitt, National Council for Civil Liberties, ISBN 0-901108-30-8
 * Equality for Women: Comments on Labour's Proposals for an Anti-Discrimination Law, Edited by Patricia Hewitt, National Council for Civil Liberties, ISBN 0-901108-33-2
 * Step-by-Step Guide to Rights for Women by Patricia Hewitt, 1975, National Council for Civil Liberties, ISBN 0-901108-49-9
 * Your Rights by Patricia Hewitt, 1976, Age Concern Books, Age Concern England, ISBN 0-904502-62-7
 * Your Rights: For Pensioners by Patricia Hewitt, 1976, Age Concern Books, Age Concern England, ISBN 0-904502-66-X
 * Civil Liberties by Patricia Hewitt, 1977
 * The Privacy Report by Patricia Hewitt, 1977
 * Privacy: The Information Gatherers by Patricia Hewitt, 1978, National Council for Civil Liberties, ISBN 0-901108-68-5
 * Your Rights at Work by Patricia Hewitt, 1978, National Council for Civil Liberties, ISBN 0-901108-71-5
 * Computers, Records and the Right to Privacy by Patricia Hewitt, 1979, Input Two-Nine, ISBN 0-905897-27-7
 * Income Tax and Sex Discrimination: Practical Guide by Patricia Hewitt, 1979, Civil Liberties Trust, ISBN 0-901108-84-7
 * Your Rights at Work by Patricia Hewitt, 1980, National Council for Civil Liberties, ISBN 0-901108-88-X
 * Prevention of Terrorism Act: The Case for Repeal by Catherine Scorer and Patricia Hewitt, 1981, National Council for Civil Liberties, ISBN 0-901108-94-4
 * The Abuse of Power: Civil Liberties in the United Kingdom by Patricia Hewitt, 1981, Blackwell Publishers, ISBN 0-85520-380-3
 * A Fair Cop: Reforming the Police Complaints Procedure by Patricia Hewitt, 1982, Civil Liberties Trust, ISBN 0-946088-01-2
 * Race Relations: A Practical Guide to the Law on Race Discrimination by Paul Gordon, John Wright, Patricia Hewitt, 1982, Civil Liberties Trust, ISBN 0-946088-02-0
 * Your Rights: For Pensioners by Patricia Hewitt, 1982, Age Concern England, ISBN 0-86242-014-8
 * Your Rights at Work by Patricia Hewitt, 1983, National Council for Civil Liberties, ISBN 0-946088-06-3
 * Your Rights: For Pensioners by Patricia Hewitt, 1984, Age Concern England, ISBN 0-86242-029-6
 * The New Prevention of Terrorism Act: The Case for Repeal by Catherine Scorer, Sarah Spencer, Patricia Hewitt, 1985, Civil Liberties Trust, ISBN 0-946088-13-6
 * Your Rights: For Pensioners by Patricia Hewitt, 1986, Age Concern England, ISBN 0-86242-047-4
 * A Cleaner, Faster London: Road Pricing, Transport Policy and the Environment by Patricia Hewitt, 1989, Institute for Public Policy Research, ISBN 1-872452-00-0
 * Women's Votes: The Key to Winning Edited by Patricia Hewitt and Deborah Mattinson, 1989, Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-1353-7
 * Your Rights: A Guide to Money Benefits for Retired People by Patricia Hewitt, 1989, Age Concern England, ISBN 0-86242-080-6
 * The Family Way: A New Approach to Policy-Making by Anna Coote, Harriet Harman, Patricia Hewitt, 1990, Institute for Public Policy Research, ISBN 1-872452-15-9
 * Your Second Baby by Patricia Hewitt and Wendy Rose-Neil, 1990, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-04-440608-8
 * Next Left: An Agenda for the 1990s by Tessa Blackstone, James Cornford, David Miliband and Patricia Hewitt, 1992, Institute for Public Policy Research, ISBN 1-872452-45-0
 * About Time: Revolution in Work and Family Life by Patricia Hewitt, 1993, Rivers Oram Press, ISBN 1-85489-040-9
 * Social Justice, Children and Families by Patricia Hewitt and Penelope Leach, 1993, Institute for Public Policy Research, ISBN 1-872452-76-0
 * A British Bill of Rights by Anthony Lester, Patricia Hewitt et al., 1996, Institute for Public Policy Research, ISBN 1-86030-044-8
 * The Politics of Attachment: Towards a Secure Society by Sebastian Kraemer, preface by Patricia Hewitt, 1996, Free Association Books Ltd, ISBN 1-85343-344-6
 * Defence for the 21st Century: Towards a Post Cold-War Force Structure by Malcolm Chalmer, foreword by Patricia Hewitt, 1997, Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-3040-7
 * Information Age Government: Delivering the Blair Revolution by Liam Byrne, foreword by Patricia Hewitt, 1997, Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0582-8
 * Pebbles in the Sand by Patricia Hewitt, 1998, Dorrance Publishing Co., ISBN 0-8059-4272-6
 * Winning for Women by Harriet Harman and Deborah Mattinson, foreword by Patricia Hewitt, 2000, Fabian Society, ISBN 0-7163-0596-8
 * Unfinished Business: The New Agenda for the Workplace by Patricia Hewitt, 2004, Institute for Public Policy Research, ISBN 1-86030-259-9
 * The Future of the NHS (contributed a chapter) edited by Dr Michelle Tempest, xpl Publishing, ISBN 1-85811-369-5

title: Patricia Hewitt


text:
Asinius

Asinius is the nomen of the plebeian Gens Asinia of ancient Rome. Local tradition holds that the Italian town of Assignano derives its name from the gens, as well as the French town of Assignan.
 * Gaius Asinius Pollio, orator, poet, historian, consul 40 BC
 * Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus, consul 8 BC, died 30, father of Asinius Celer
 * Gaius Asinius Pollio, consul 23
 * Marcus Asinius Agrippa, consul 25
 * Marcus Asinius Marcellus, consul 54
 * Marcus Asinius Pollio Verrucosus, consul 81
 * Marcus Asinius Atratinus, consul 89
 * Gaius Asinius Frugi, monet. of Phrygia between 98 and 116
 * Marcus Asinius Marcellus, the Younger, consul 104, son of Marcus Asinius Marcellus
 * Gaius Asinius Rufus, notable in Lydia 134/135, senator 136
 * Gaius Asinius Protimus Quadratus, proconsul of Achaea ca. 211 or 220 – son of the above
 * Gaius Asinius Quadratus, historian of 3rd century – who may be identical with Gaius Asinius Quadratus Protimus
 * Gaius Asinius Lepidus Praetextatus, consul of AD 242.

title: Asinius


text:
Williams County

Williams County is the name of some counties in the United States of America

 * Williams County, North Dakota
 * Williams County, Ohio

title: Williams County


text:
Stowe

Stowe may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Stowe, Buckinghamshire, a civil parish and former village
 * Stowe House
 * Stowe School
 * Stowe, Cornwall, in Kilkhampton parish
 * Stowe, Herefordshire, in the List of places in Herefordshire
 * Stowe, Lincolnshire, a hamlet in Barholm and Stowe parish
 * Stowe, Shropshire, a small village and civil parish
 * Stowe-by-Chartley, Staffordshire, a village and civil parish
 * Stowe Pool, a reservoir in Lichfield, Staffordshire
 * Stowe, a corner of the Silverstone Circuit

United States

 * Stowe Township, Pennsylvania
 * Stowe, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place
 * Stowe, Vermont, a town
 * Stowe Mountain Resort ski area
 * Stowe Recreation Path
 * Lake Stowe, Vermont
 * Stowe, West Virginia, an unincorporated community

Elsewhere

 * Stowe, Alberta, Canada
 * Stowe, Dominica

People

 * Barry Stowe (born 1957), American businessman
 * Calvin Ellis Stowe (1802–1886), American biblical scholar, husband of Harriet Beecher Stowe
 * Dorothy Stowe (1920–2010), social activist, environmentalist and a founder of Greenpeace
 * Emily Stowe (1831–1903), women's rights activist and the first female doctor in Canada
 * Hal Stowe (born 1937), American baseball player
 * Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811–1896), American abolitionist and author
 * Harry Stovey (1856–1937), American Major League Baseball player born Harry Duffield Stowe
 * Irving Stowe (1915–1974), American lawyer, activist and a founder of Greenpeace; husband of Dorothy Stowe
 * John Stowe (born 1966), American Catholic bishop
 * Kenneth Stowe (1927–2015), British senior civil servant
 * Leland Stowe (1899–1994), Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist
 * Lyman Maynard Stowe (1914–1965), American physician and academic administrator
 * Madeleine Stowe (born 1958), American actress
 * Marilyn Stowe (born 1957), English solicitor
 * Otto Stowe (born 1949), former National Football League wide receiver
 * Reid Stowe (born 1952), American artist and sailor
 * Tyronne Stowe (born 1965), American retired National Football League linebacker
 * William Stowe (rower) (1940–2016), American rower
 * William Henry Stowe (1825–1855), British scholar and journalist
 * William McFerrin Stowe (1913–1988), American bishop of the Methodist and United Methodist Churches

Other uses

 * Stowe Open, a defunct tennis tournament
 * Stowe, Southern Railway (UK) SR V Schools class locomotive no. 928

title: Stowe


text:
The Joy of Painting

The Joy of Painting is an American half-hour instructional television show created and hosted by painter Bob Ross which ran from January 11, 1983, to May 17, 1994. In most episodes, Ross taught techniques for landscape oil painting, completing a painting in each session. Occasionally, episodes featured a guest artist who would demonstrate a different painting technique. The program followed the same format as its predecessor from 1974 to 1982, The Magic of Oil Painting, hosted by Ross's mentor Bill Alexander. In 2024, new episodes featuring paintings Ross had completed before his death and hosted by Nicholas Hankins were released.

Production
The show was aired and produced by non-commercial, public television stations. The first season aired in early 1983 and was produced by WNVC in Falls Church, Virginia. Starting in the second season in late 1983, the show was produced by WIPB in Muncie, Indiana, until its end in 1994, and later by Blue Ridge Public Television in Roanoke, Virginia. The show is currently being distributed by American Public Television. Reruns began syndication at PBS stations in the United States in 1992, under the moniker The Best of The Joy of Painting, featuring a collection of Bob Ross's favorite paintings from past seasons. By the early 1990s, nearly 300 episodes of The Joy of Painting were on the air in the United States on PBS and in Canada on CBC Television. The Joy of Painting would later begin broadcasting in different places around the world, such as Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, the United Kingdom, Latin America, Greece, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Turkey, Iran, South Korea, Australia, and Japan.

In 2022, Joan Kowalski, an executive at Ross' holding company and daughter of business partners Walt and Annette Kowalski, and WDSC-TV commissioned a pilot based on a painting that was unfinished for a 32nd season that was planned when Ross died before production began. Bob Ross Art Worship and Gallery instructor Nicholas Hankins hosted the pilot, which was well-received that a full 13-episode run was filmed in March and June 2023. Originally intended to be filmed as The Best of the Joy of Painting with Bob Ross, WDSC and Bob Ross, Inc. used the eight paintings from the unfinished season and five new paintings to finish the season. The new series is distributed with PBS and American Public Television under the title The Joy of Painting with Nicholas Hankins: Bob Ross's Unfinished Season.

Format
At the beginning of each episode, the canvas was blank. Most episodes would begin with either a blank white canvas, or less often, a canvas pre-painted with black gesso; this blank canvas would be coated with a thin coat of liquid white paint (for a white canvas; Ross used Bill Alexander's proprietary Magic White in earlier seasons before going to a generic name later on) or a dark color (for black). If a painting was expected to take longer than the half-hour time slot, the earliest steps would be prepared before the episode started as Ross gave a cursory explanation of his canvas preparation. For shorter paintings, Ross would fill time by showing off animals such as his pet squirrel Peapod or videos of him at a nature preserve, or footage of Ross at a public event. Within the first few minutes of each show, the blank canvas has turned into a landscape, seascape and winter scenery, using the wet-on-wet technique, in which the painter adds still-wet paint, rather than waiting for each layer of paint to dry. Combining this method with the use of two-inch and other types of brushes, as well as painting knives, allowed him to paint trees, water, clouds, mountains, seascapes and winter scenery in a matter of seconds. The paintings featured colors that Ross had on the show, such as titanium white, phthalo green, phthalo blue, Prussian blue, midnight black, dark sienna, van dyke brown, burnt umber (discontinued in later seasons), alizarin crimson, sap green, cadmium yellow, yellow ochre, Indian yellow and bright red (permanent red in earlier seasons).

Each painting started with criss-cross strokes, that appeared to be nothing more than the smudges of color. As more criss-cross were added, the blotches transformed into intricate paintings. While painting, he instructed viewers regarding the techniques that he was using, he told stories about the "happy little clouds", and "happy little trees", that he was creating. He would often attach human emotions to the objects he was painting; after painting a tree trunk, for example, Ross would usually add another nearby "because it needs a friend". He would occasionally present home video footage of himself with a baby deer, a raccoon and another small animal. Each program was shot in real time with two cameras: a medium shot of Ross and his canvas, and a close-up shot of the canvas or palette. At the end of each episode, Ross was known for saying something akin to, "...so, from all of us here, I'd like to wish you happy painting, and God bless, my friend...". Then, the show's theme song ("Interlude", a stock selection from Network Music, from season 2 onward) played, as the credits rolled over a shot of the finished and successful painting.

Ross created three versions of each painting. The first, done prior to taping, sat on an easel off-camera and was used as a template to create a second, which the viewers actually watched him paint, after taping he painted a more detailed third one for inclusion in his instructional books. All three were then donated to various PBS stations, the Smithsonian Institution, or kept by Bob Ross, Inc.

The show featured many guest appearances from other painters, who painted in Ross's stead, such as Dana Jester, Ross's son Steve, John Thamm, Audrey Golden, Joyce Ortner, Ben Stahl, Dorothy Dent, his business partner Annette Kowalski (who specialized in floral painting) and Diane Andre.

Legacy
In 1994, Ross appeared on Bill Nye the Science Guy, where he did a self-parody segment entitled "The Artistic Eye with Bob Ross”.

As part of its launch of Twitch Creative, Twitch streamed every episode over a nine-day period starting on October 29, 2015 – what would have been Ross's 73rd birthday. Twitch reported that 5.6 million viewers, and due to its popularity, created a weekly rebroadcast of all 31 seasons of The Joy of Painting to air on Twitch each Monday from November 2015 onward, and will have a marathon of episodes each October 29. A portion of the advertising revenue has been promised to charities, including St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. This event was also repeated on October 29, 2016, for his 74th birthday.

In 2015, all 403 episodes of The Joy of Painting were added to the official Bob Ross YouTube channel. In June 2016, Netflix repackaged several 1991–92 episodes of The Joy of Painting under the moniker Beauty Is Everywhere. A second package, titled Chill with Bob Ross, was added in December. In 2020, Tubi added 30 seasons of The Joy of Painting, totaling nearly 400 episodes, to its platform for free.

In November 2017, the first teaser trailer for the 2018 film Deadpool 2 was released, featuring a parody of The Joy of Painting with Ryan Reynolds as Deadpool.

The Joy of Painting has been licensed for merchandise, including a Chia Pet and a breakfast cereal made by the makers of Flutie Flakes.

A comedy television series in Iran called Khande Bazaar had in each episode an item called The Humiliation of Painting which was a parody of the program The Joy of Painting in which Mohammad Reza Khosravi imitated Bob Ross.

The program returned to television on BBC Four as part of Culture Quarantine Programming with its first broadcast on April 20, 2020.

In 2022, Goodfood Market released a parody Bob Ross TV commercial titled "Joy of Cooking".

Ross's painting from the first episode of The Joy of Painting, "A Walk in the Woods", was listed for sale in 2023 priced at $9.85 million.

title: The Joy of Painting


text:
Alice Munro

Alice Ann Munro ( ; 10 July 1931 – 13 May 2024) was a Canadian short story writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. Her work tends to move forward and backward in time, with integrated short fiction cycles.

Munro's fiction is most often set in her native Huron County in southwestern Ontario. Her stories explore human complexities in a simple prose style. Munro received the Man Booker International Prize in 2009 for her life's work. She was also a three-time winner of Canada's Governor General's Award for Fiction, and received the Writers' Trust of Canada's 1996 Marian Engel Award and the 2004 Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize for Runaway. She stopped writing around 2013 and died at her home in 2024.

Early life
Munro was born Alice Ann Laidlaw in Wingham, Ontario. Her father, Robert Eric Laidlaw, was a fox and mink farmer, and later turned to turkey farming. Her mother, Anne Clarke Laidlaw (née Chamney), was a schoolteacher. She was of Irish and Scottish descent; her father was a descendant of Scottish poet James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd.

Munro began writing as a teenager, publishing her first story, "The Dimensions of a Shadow", in 1950 while studying English and journalism at the University of Western Ontario on a two-year scholarship. During this period she worked as a waitress, a tobacco picker, and a library clerk. In 1951, she left the university, where she had been majoring in English since 1949, to marry fellow student James Munro. They moved to Dundarave, West Vancouver, for James' job in a department store. In 1963, the couple moved to Victoria, where they opened Munro's Books, which still operates.

She had three children with James Munro (one died shortly after birth), and when the children were still young she would attempt to write whenever she could; her husband encouraged her by sending her into the book shop while he looked after the children and cooked. In 1961, after she had had a few stories published in small magazines, the Vancouver Sun ran a brief article on her, titled "Housewife Finds Time to Write Short Stories", and called her the "least praised good writer". She found it difficult, even with her husband's help, to find the time among "the pile up of unavoidable household jobs" to write, and found it easier to concentrate on short stories, rather than the novels her publisher wanted her to write.

Career
Munro's highly acclaimed first collection of stories, Dance of the Happy Shades (1968), won the Governor General's Award, then Canada's highest literary prize. That success was followed by Lives of Girls and Women (1971), a collection of interlinked stories. In 1978, Munro's collection of interlinked stories Who Do You Think You Are? was published. This book earned Munro a second Governor General's Literary Award and was short-listed for the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1980 under its international title, The Beggar Maid.

From 1979 to 1982, Munro toured Australia, China and Scandinavia for public appearances and readings. In 1980, she held the position of writer in residence at both the University of British Columbia and the University of Queensland.

From the 1980s to 2012, Munro published a short story collection at least once every four years. First versions of Munro's stories appeared in journals such as The Atlantic Monthly, Grand Street, Harper's Magazine, Mademoiselle, The New Yorker, Narrative Magazine, and The Paris Review. Her collections have been translated into 13 languages. In 2013, Munro was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, cited as a "master of the contemporary short story". She was the first Canadian and the 13th woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Munro had a longtime association with editor and publisher Douglas Gibson. When Gibson left Macmillan of Canada in 1986 to launch the Douglas Gibson Books imprint at McClelland and Stewart, Munro returned the advance Macmillan had paid her for The Progress of Love so that she could follow Gibson to the new company. When Gibson published his memoirs in 2011, Munro wrote the introduction, and Gibson often made public appearances on Munro's behalf when her health prevented her from appearing personally.

Almost 20 of Munro's works have been made available for free on the web, in most cases only the first versions. From the period before 2003, 16 stories have been included in Munro's own compilations more than twice, with two of her works scoring four republications: "Carried Away" and "Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage".

Film adaptations of Munro's short stories include Martha, Ruth and Edie (1988), Edge of Madness (2002), Away from Her (2006), Hateship, Loveship (2013) and Julieta (2016).

Writing
Many of Munro's stories are set in Huron County, Ontario. Strong regional focus is one of her fiction's features. Asked after she won the Nobel Prize, "What can be so interesting in describing small town Canadian life?", she replied: "You just have to be there." Another feature is an omniscient narrator. Many compare her small-town settings to writers from the rural American South. Her characters often confront deep-rooted customs and traditions. Much of her work exemplifies the Southern Ontario Gothic literary subgenre.

A frequent theme of her work, especially her early stories, is the girl coming of age and coming to terms with her family and small hometown. In work such as Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) she shifted her focus to the travails of middle age, women alone, and the elderly. Munro's stories explore human complexities in an uncomplicated prose style. Her prose reveals the ambiguities of life: "ironic and serious at the same time", "mottoes of godliness and honor and flaming bigotry", "special, useless knowledge", "tones of shrill and happy outrage", "the bad taste, the heartlessness, the joy of it". Her style juxtaposes the fantastic and the ordinary, with each undercutting the other in ways that simply and effortlessly evoke life. Robert Thacker wrote:

"Munro's writing creates ... an empathetic union among readers, critics most apparent among them. We are drawn to her writing by its verisimilitude—not of mimesis, so-called and ... 'realism'—but rather the feeling of being itself ... of just being a human being."

Many critics have written that Munro's stories often have the emotional and literary depth of novels. Some have asked whether Munro actually writes short stories or novels. Alex Keegan, writing in Eclectica, answered: "Who cares? In most Munro stories there is as much as in many novels."

The first PhD thesis on Munro's work was published in 1972. The first book-length volume collecting the papers presented at the University of Waterloo's first conference on her work, The Art of Alice Munro: Saying the Unsayable, was published in 1984. In 2003/2004, the journal ''Open Letter. Canadian quarterly review of writing and sources'' published 14 contributions on Munro's work. In 2010, the Journal of the Short Story in English (JSSE)/Les cahiers de la nouvelle dedicated a special issue to Munro, and in 2012, an issue of the journal Narrative focused on a single story by Munro, "Passion" (2004), with an introduction, summary of the story, and five analytical essays.

Creating new versions
Munro published variant versions of her stories, sometimes within a short span of time. Her stories "Save the Reaper" and "Passion" came out in two different versions in the same year, in 1998 and 2004 respectively. Two other stories were republished in a variant versions about 30 years apart, "Home" (1974/2006/2014) and "Wood" (1980/2009).

In 2006, Ann Close and Lisa Dickler Awano reported that Munro had not wanted to reread the galleys of Runaway (2004): "No, because I'll rewrite the stories." In their symposium contribution An Appreciation of Alice Munro, they say that Munro wrote eight versions of her story "Powers", for example.

Awano writes that "Wood" is a good example of how Munro, "a tireless self-editor", rewrites and revises a story, in this case returning to it for a second publication nearly 30 years later, revising characterizations, themes, and perspectives, as well as rhythmic syllables, a conjunction or a punctuation mark. The characters change, too. Inferring from the perspective they take on things, they are middle-aged in 1980, and older in 2009. Awano perceives a heightened lyricism brought about not least by the poetic precision of Munro's revision. The 2009 version has eight sections to the 1980 version's three, and a new ending. Awano writes that Munro literally "refinishes" the first take on the story with an ambiguity characteristic of her endings, and reimagines her stories throughout her work in various ways.

Personal life
Munro married James Munro in 1951. Their daughters Sheila, Catherine, and Jenny were born in 1953, 1955, and 1957, respectively; Catherine died the day of her birth due to a kidney dysfunction. In September 1966, her youngest daughter, Andrea Sarah, was born.

In 1963, the Munros moved to Victoria, where they opened Munro's Books, a popular bookstore that remains in business. Alice and James Munro divorced in 1972.

Munro returned to Ontario to become writer in residence at the University of Western Ontario, and in 1976 received an honorary LLD from the institution. In 1976, she married Gerald Fremlin, a cartographer and geographer she met during her university days. The couple moved to a farm outside Clinton, Ontario, and later to a house in Clinton, where Fremlin died on 17 April 2013, aged 88. Munro and Fremlin also owned a home in Comox, British Columbia.

In 2009, Munro revealed that she had received treatment for cancer and for a heart condition requiring coronary artery bypass surgery.

In 2002, Sheila Munro published a childhood memoir, Lives of Mothers and Daughters: Growing Up with Alice Munro.

Death
Munro died at her home in Port Hope, Ontario, on 13 May 2024, at age 92. She had dementia for at least 12 years.

Alleged sexual abuse complicity
On 7 July 2024, shortly after Munro's death, her youngest daughter, Andrea Skinner, revealed in an essay in the The Toronto Star that Fremlin had sexually abused her in 1976 when she was nine years old and that she told Munro about the incident in 1992, when Skinner was 25. In the essay, Skinner also disclosed that Fremlin repeatedly exposed himself to her, masturbated in front of her, and made sexually explicit statements to her until her adolescence. Other family members, including Skinner's father, stepmother, stepbrother, and sisters had known about the abuse since 1976, the year it took place, but the family kept it a secret from Munro for 16 years. After learning of the abuse, Munro separated from Fremlin for a few months, but ultimately went back to him. Munro told Skinner that she had been "told too late", while Munro's daughter Sheila said that "Alice wasn't able to sustain being alone and being apart from him. She told me that she couldn't live without him". According to retired detective Sam Lazerevich, when he appeared in 2004 to inform Fremlin of the allegations, Munro accused her daughter of lying and called her names. In 2005, Fremlin pleaded guilty to sexual assault and received a suspended sentence and probation.

According to a letter excerpted in the Toronto Star, Fremlin wrote of the nine-year-old victim: "It is my contention that Andrea invaded my bedroom for sexual adventure." Skinner reports that she and Munro became estranged decades later when, while pregnant, she told Munro that Fremlin could not be around her children." According to Skinner, her mother "chose to stay with and protect my abuser". Author Margaret Atwood, a friend of Munro, explained Munro's decision to stay with Fremlin after learning of his molestation by saying that the acclaimed writer "wasn't very adept at real (practical) life." Time reported that Munro's biographer Robert Thacker was aware of the allegations, but chose not to include them in his book, deeming them private. The Washington Post reported that Douglas Gibson, Munro's longtime editor and publisher, "was aware that Alice and Andrea were estranged for a number of years” and that in 2005 it became clear to him "what the issue was, with Gerry Fremlin's full shameful role revealed."

Legacy
Munro's work has been described as having revolutionized the short story, especially in its tendency to move forward and backward in time, and with integrated short fiction cycles, in which she displayed "inarguable virtuosity". Her stories have been said to "embed more than announce, reveal more than parade". Munro was seen as a pioneer in short story telling, with the Swedish Academy calling her a "master of the contemporary short story" who could "accommodate the entire epic complexity of the novel in just a few short pages". In her New York Times obituary, Munro's works were credited for "attracting a new generation of readers" and she was called a "master of the short story". Her work is often compared with that of the most critically acclaimed short story writers.

Her works and career have been ranked alongside other well-established short story writers such as Anton Chekhov and John Cheever. As in Chekhov, Garan Holcombe writes: "All is based on the epiphanic moment, the sudden enlightenment, the concise, subtle, revelatory detail." Her work deals with "love and work, and the failings of both. She shares Chekhov's obsession with time and our much-lamented inability to delay or prevent its relentless movement forward."

Munro's work has been considered a "national treasure" of Canada as it focuses largely on life in rural Canada from a woman's perspective. Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood called Munro a "pioneer for women, and for Canadians". The Associated Press said that Munro created "stories set around Canada that appealed to readers far away."

Sherry Linkon, professor at Georgetown University, said that Munro's works "helped remodel and revitalize the short-story form". The complexity of the themes explored in her work, such as womanhood, death, relationships, aging, and themes associated with the counterculture of the 1960s, were seen as groundbreaking.

Upon winning the Man Booker International Prize, her works were described by judges of the committee as bringing "as much depth, wisdom and precision to every story as most novelists bring to a lifetime of novels".

Immediately after the news of the sexual abuse of Munro's daughter emerged, the bookstore Munro's Books issued a statement supporting the victim. Novelist Rebecca Makkai wrote, "the revelations don't just defile the artist, but the art itself". The news has caused a reassessment of Munro's legacy as an author.

Original short story collections

 * Dance of the Happy Shades – 1968 (winner of the 1968 Governor General's Award for Fiction)
 * Lives of Girls and Women – 1971 (winner of the Canadian Bookseller's Award )
 * Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You – 1974
 * Who Do You Think You Are? – 1978 (winner of the 1978 Governor General's Award for Fiction; also published as The Beggar Maid: Stories of Flo and Rose; short-listed for the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1980 )
 * The Moons of Jupiter – 1982 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
 * The Progress of Love – 1986 (winner of the 1986 Governor General's Award for Fiction)
 * Friend of My Youth – 1990 (winner of the Trillium Book Award)
 * Open Secrets – 1994 (nominated for a Governor General's Award)
 * The Love of a Good Woman – 1998 (winner of the 1998 Giller Prize and the 1998 National Book Critics Circle Award)
 * Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage – 2001 (republished as Away from Her)
 * Runaway – 2004 (winner of the Giller Prize and Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize)
 * The View from Castle Rock – 2006
 * Too Much Happiness – 2009
 * Dear Life – 2012

Short story compilations

 * Selected Stories (later retitled Selected Stories 1968–1994 and A Wilderness Station: Selected Stories, 1968–1994) – 1996
 * No Love Lost – 2003
 * Vintage Munro – 2004
 * Alice Munro's Best: A Selection of Stories – Toronto 2006 / Carried Away: A Selection of Stories – New York 2006; both 17 stories (spanning 1977–2004) with an introduction by Margaret Atwood
 * My Best Stories – 2009
 * New Selected Stories – 2011
 * Lying Under the Apple Tree. New Selected Stories – 2014
 * Family Furnishings: Selected Stories 1995–2014 – 2014

Awards

 * Governor General's Literary Award for English language fiction (1968, 1978, 1986 )
 * Canadian Booksellers Award for Lives of Girls and women (1971)
 * Canada-Australia Literary Prize, inaugural prize (1977)
 * Shortlisted for the annual (UK) Booker Prize for Fiction (1980) for The Beggar Maid
 * The Writers' Trust of Canada's Marian Engel Award (1986) for her body of work
 * Trillium Book Award for Friend of My Youth (1991), The Love of a Good Woman (1999) and Dear Life (2013)
 * WH Smith Literary Award (1995, UK) for Open Secrets
 * Lannan Literary Award for Fiction (1995)
 * PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in Short Fiction (1997)
 * National Book Critics Circle Award (1998, U.S.) For The Love of a Good Woman
 * Giller Prize (1998 and 2004)
 * Rea Award for the Short Story (2001) given to a living American or Canadian author
 * Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize (2004) for Runaway
 * Libris Award, 1999 Author of the Year and Fiction Book of the Year (The Love of a Good Woman)
 * Edward MacDowell Medal for outstanding contribution to the arts by the MacDowell Colony (2006).
 * O. Henry Award for continuing achievement in short fiction in the U.S. for "Passion" (2006), "What Do You Want To Know For" (2008) and "Corrie" (2012)
 * Man Booker International Prize (2009, UK)
 * Commonwealth Writers Prize, Best Book Award for Canada and the Caribbean Region shortlisted (1991, 2002, 2005, 2007)
 * Nobel Prize in Literature (2013) as a "master of the contemporary short story".

Honours

 * 1993: Royal Society of Canada's Lorne Pierce Medal
 * 1997: Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * 2005: Medal of Honor for Literature from the U.S. National Arts Club
 * 2010: Government of France – Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters
 * 2014: Silver coin released by the Royal Canadian Mint in honour of Munro's Nobel Prize win
 * 2015: Postage stamp released by Canada Post in honour of Munro's Nobel Prize win

title: Alice Munro