text:
Talk:Hussein of Jordan

2010 POV dispute
The article, especially the intro, looks like it was written by a pro-Hussein propagandist. The intro is filled with poorly referenced propaganda. Also, sections in which he should appear less than perfect to a pro-democracy Westerner, such as should be found in the Six-Day War, Black September, and The Gulf War sections, is minimal. Also, the article focuses on relatively unimportant. Hussein was the de facto and de juro king of an important country of six million citizens for 63 years, yet the half the article is about his personal life, family, and death. I'll help try to fix this. dm yers t urnbull   ⇒ talk 05:36, 2 May 2010 (UTC) Well, there have been some corrections made, but if anything the history of King Hussein's reign now reads as if written from a very particular political POV. The reference to Black September suggests he called the US and Israel on the phone and agreed to throw the Palestinians out. The link to the main article is there, but the summary omits the reasons for conflict between several Communist Palestinian groups and a nearly absolute monarchy.EclecticGeek (talk) 01:28, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I just completed a major edit of this article to get it to standards. I removed much of the unencyclopedic material and controversial claims.  I removed most of his speeches, only noting that he made them (if they were notable) and added qualifiers to other claims. Although it is still not a very good article, I think it should be an improvement. If anyone feels that these edits were unfair feel free to revert and we can discuss. But as I noted before, I think it is better now than it was before.  Poyani (talk) 21:41, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Talal of Jordan which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 17:45, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

'President Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt often referred to Hussein as "an "imperialist lackey".'
There is even a pretty little footnote given linking an article to cite this statement. Except that the article on the other end of the link says nothing of the kind. It is a reference to an article about Nasser and Hussein meeting to sign their treaty prior to the Six Day War. Nasser is quoted saying a couple of things, but the words "imperialist lackey" aren't there. This should be marked "citation needed" at least, and removed if an accurate citation is not provided in support. — Preceding unsigned comment added by EclecticGeek (talk • contribs) 01:32, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I just did a quick google search and this source came up. Feel free to add it. Although, instead of "had often referred to" it should probably say "had previously referred to".  Poyani (talk) 21:37, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Black September
Right now there is a link to the main article on the topic and not a very good summary, ending in a sentence fragment. A better (and hopefully unbiased) short summary needs to be written. Sergivs-en (talk) 07:53, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

HM King Hussein of Jordan did receive the highest Dansh order "The Order of The Elephant" on the 27th of April 1998.
In April 1998 HM King Hussein visited Denmark. On the 27th of April 1998 HM King Hussein of Jordan did receive the highest Dansh order "The Order of The Elephant". The order is given almost exclusively to heads of state and to members of royal familes related to the Dansk Rpyal family. Exceptins were Winston Churchil, General Mongommery and General Eisenhower who all received the order at the end of the second world war. Four non-royal Danes have received the order: The language scientist Vilhelm Thomsen (1912), the founder of the Danish East Asiatic Company H. N. Andersen (1919), the nuclear scientist and Nobel Prize winner Niels Bohr (1947) and Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller (2000). Reference: http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefantordenen Peter Henrik Horsten Copenhagen, Denmark. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.191.211.114 (talk) 23:11, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

King Hussein and the 1990-1991 Gulf War
There is a notable gap in this article for the 1990-1991 Gulf War. This would be a valuable addition to the King's biography, and helpful for the lay scholar.76.92.141.104 (talk) 03:34, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

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Descent from Muhammad
The descent from Muhammad itself does not confer any special status. It has recently been noted that the Queen of the United Kingdom is a descendant but that is hardly news since every European is descended from Muhammad. What entitled Hussein's ancestors to the Meccan Sharifate and gave political legitimacy to his regime was his agnatic descent from Muhammad's daughter, i.e. the status of sayyid. That's what sets his descent apart from that of millions of other. Surtsicna (talk) 21:29, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
 * How and why on earth do you think Europeans are deacended from Muhammad?! Again, I am using the terminology present in most sources. Makeandtoss (talk) 22:05, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It's simple mathematics: "everyone of European ancestry must descend from Muhammad." The man lived 14 centuries ago and his immediate descendants were quite prolific. Similarly we are all descended from Charlemagne. There are sources that specify that Hussein was a male-line descendant of Muhammad's daughter (eg. ). It would not hurt to be more precise. Surtsicna (talk) 22:25, 8 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Ok, I now see what you meant. Lets leave this bit away from the lede, I restored the rest. Makeandtoss (talk) 08:18, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It's the direct male lineage that matters. According to traditional genealogy, they are direct descendants of Muhammad's daughter and Ali. Also, his direct ancestors were the rulers of Hijaz, the region that includes Mecca and Medina. --Yomal Sidoroff-Biarmskii (talk) 05:24, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
 * And that is exactly what I wrote. Surtsicna (talk) 10:25, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

Bad source

 * How about we refrain from using an Israeli think tank as a reliable source? What does majority even mean? 90%? 51%? Makeandtoss (talk) 22:46, 7 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but the Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies is a reliable source. You give no legitimate reason why we shouldn't consider it reliable.  The fact that it is based in Israel is irrelevant for several reasons:

 * 1) The geographic location of a source does not impact a source's reliability. To argue otherwise is distasteful to say the least.
 * 2) The think tank was founded by a Canadian and has an international staff.
 * 3) The author of the article is a Jordanian.
 * 4) We cite Israelis throughout the article. --GHcool (talk) 00:33, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

Maiden
It should be noted that Hussein underwrote the voyage of the Maiden during the 1989-1990 Whitbread Round the World Race, skippered by Tracy Edwards whom he'd met years before. Without his funding via Jordan Airlines the trip would not have happened.

How many wars with Israel?
"Jordan fought three wars with Israel under Hussein, including the 1967 Six-Day War, ..."

I'm not aware of any war other than the 1967 one that Jordan actually fought with (or rather against) Israel. Laugh Tough (talk) 05:50, 5 April 2021 (UTC)
 * War of Attrition and Yom Kippor. Makeandtoss (talk) 16:27, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:09, 2 March 2023 (UTC)
 * ACC stamp 1990 B2.jpg

Requested move 18 May 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. (non-admin closure) SilverLocust (talk) 00:47, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

Hussein of Jordan → Hussein, King of Jordan – Per WP:PRECISION "Hussein of Jordan" could also refer to his grandson, Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan and pageviews analysis demonstrates this as the two are relatively close in pageviews and the latter surpasses the former on occasion.

WP:NCROY permits both forms "X of Y" or "X, King/Queen of Y" to be used, so that guideline is neutral on this matter. estar8806 (talk) ★ 20:06, 18 May 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 07:30, 5 June 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. —usernamekiran (talk) 10:17, 13 June 2023 (UTC)  — Relisting. - 🔥𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒆 (𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒌)🔥 12:44, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. Seems to be an improvement in clarity. Walrasiad (talk) 22:13, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Tim O'Doherty (talk) 22:19, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support If his grandson ever ascends to the throne he will mostly likely become Hussein II and this page can be moved to "Hussein I of Jordan". But until then, it's perfectly natural to have it titled "Hussein, King of Jordan". We have precedence in the form of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, Edgar, King of England, Christina, Queen of Sweden, etc. none of whom had regnal names with ordinal numbers. Also, if this page gets moved, we should consider moving Talal of Jordan as well for the sake of consistency and due to the fact that there's a living Jordanian prince with the same first name. Keivan.f  Talk 00:37, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Move to King Hussein - already redirects there and is sufficient to identify the subject. Interstellarity (talk) 16:59, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Violates WP:SOVEREIGN. Tim O'Doherty (talk) 20:24, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
 * There’s a clause in there that says exceptions can be made on a case by case basis. Interstellarity (talk) 17:57, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Exceptions can be made on a case-by-case basis, taking account of general article titling policy - Is your proposed title (King Hussein) WP:RECOGNIZABLE? Is it WP:CONSISTENT? estar8806 (talk) ★ 18:13, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * there is a clear WP:COMMONNAME here, which is "King Hussein" - see . So there is no need to appeal directly to the individual naming criteria. Policy favours this name. Cheers — Amakuru (talk) 10:42, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Plenty of Kings and Queens are commonly known by their titles, but are not known by their titles on Wikipedia per WP:CONCISE and to avoid clutter - WP:NCROY is somewhat like WP:HONORIFIC in this. Iskandar323 (talk) 17:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose There is no need for a name change. Leave it as is until a change is actually needed. GandalfXLD (talk) 20:09, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment - If/when his grandson ascends the Jordanian throne & he chooses the name "Hussein II"? This page would eventually be named "Hussein I of Jordan". PS - What about King Hussein's father's page. -- GoodDay (talk) 00:09, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I did bring up his father's page. If this page gets moved, that one should be moved as well per WP:TITLECON IMO. Keivan.f  Talk 22:19, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Loytra (talk) 03:20, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support The name is unambiguous for the time being. Векочел (talk) 16:27, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Векочел: Did you mean oppose here? Iskandar323 (talk) 10:28, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I am supporting the move. Sorry, I meant the new name was unambiguous. Векочел (talk) 16:50, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Move to King Hussein or King Hussein of Jordan per WP:COMMONNAME. I have never heard him referred to as "Hussein, King of Jordan", and it would not be at all helpful for readers to use that title. He is overwhelmingly known as King Hussein in sources, more so than other monarchs. — Amakuru (talk) 10:30, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Relisted per consensus at Move review/Log/2023 May. The previous close was: "Moved to King Hussein. WP:BARTENDER." Extraordinary Writ (talk) 07:30, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment / Note to closer - this has been relisted following a move review, but a reminder of the ngram evidence I presented above - - we can see from this that "King Hussein" is overwhelmingly the WP:COMMONNAME, with maybe five times as many usages as the next nearest contender, which is "King Hussein of Jordan". The other two options on the table, "Hussein of Jordan" (the status quo) and "Hussein, King of Jordan" barely register at all in book sources (we can see that "Hussein of Jordan by itself isn't used, because its ngram runs entirely neck-and-neck with the longer "King Hussein of Jordan", while the proposed namd is rock bottom with four orders of magnitude fewer usages than the next contender). There is simply no usage whatsoever for the proposed or existing name, and the decision comes down to two options only - "King Hussein" or "King Hussein of Jordan". Naming conventions can't override the policy at WP:COMMONNAME when the evidence of actual real-world usage is this overwhelming.  — Amakuru (talk) 10:13, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * King Hussein is a very bad idea, because it ambiguously can refer to Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz - a figure noted in the move review, and partially accounting for those Ngrams results, including all of the results prior to the 1950s. Iskandar323 (talk) 10:27, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, as you'll see if you follow the link, King Hussein is already a redirect to this title, so the question of primary topic is already established. There is no need to give it a more awkward title given that scenario. The |Hussein_of_Jordan page view lead is fairly convincing too. Anyway, as I say, King Hussein of Jordan might be a plausible second choice, it's mainly the other two proposed titles which are not compliant with the policy. — Amakuru (talk) 12:04, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Both King Hussein of Jordan and plain King Hussein are violations of WP:NCROY, which is part of WP:CONSISTENCY, a policy just as much as common name. estar8806 (talk) ★ 12:13, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * As I've told you repeatedly, COMMONNAME is an overarching policy which supersedes any of the individual criteria listed at WP:AT. The wording reads: "Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it generally prefers the name that is most commonly used (as determined by its prevalence in a significant majority of independent, reliable English-language sources) as such names will usually best fit the five criteria listed above. When there is no single, obvious name that is demonstrably the most frequently used for the topic by these sources, editors should reach a consensus as to which title is best by considering these criteria directly". In this case, however, there is an "obvious name that is demonstrably the most frequently used for the topic by these sources", or perhaps two such - "King Hussein" and "King Hussein of Jordan"; it's not even close. Your proposed name, which barely any sources use, merely to satisfy a guideline that has lots of exceptions already, is a clear violation of the naming policy. — Amakuru (talk) 21:11, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * "King Hussein" is too vague because there is another king with that name. This is an encyclopedia and we should not give preferential treatment to certain individuals. Yes, it redirects to this page just like Queen Adelaide that redirects to Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. That doesn't mean that Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen's page should be at "Queen Adelaide" as there were other queens with that name and it would go against WP:NCROY. "King Hussein of Jordan" also goes against WP:SOVEREIGN. I cannot find any pages on any monarchs from any countries that is titled this way. Keivan.f  Talk 15:22, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose: WP:SOVEREIGN (4.) supports the format "Name, title of country" absent an ordinal, but the current title is already perfectly recognizable, not realistically ambiguous and far more common than the proposed, and the potential confusion with the crown prince is extremely minor: very few people are going to think this is his son, and, if he is crowned, it will become Hussein I and Hussein II. Iskandar323 (talk) 10:38, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * very few people are going to think this is his son I think you mean his grandson, right? Because his son and the current monarch is Abdullah II. Just asking for the sake of clarification. Keivan.f  Talk 20:41, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, my bad. Just re-read it and was going to correct it, but then saw you'd posted this. Iskandar323 (talk) 06:45, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Neutral re: the proposal, but strong oppose King Hussein, which violates normal rules about avoiding starting titles with honorifics and has recognizability issues. That you can use "King Hussein" in running text (as per ngrams) is neither here nor there. That kind of approach would lead to lopping off a lot of first names from biographical articles. Srnec (talk) 21:02, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Support either "Hussein, King of Jordan" or "Hussein bin Talal, King of Jordan", per WP:PRECISION and WP:SOVEREIGN, particularly since there already is an article "Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz". Including the patronymic would avoid ambiguity if and when there's a "Hussein bin Abdullah, King of Jordan" (his grandson, the current king's son), without the need to add "I"/"II". – . Raven  .talk 03:46, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * (Incidentally, both Abdullah I and Abdullah II had fathers named Hussein, so their numbers will probably have to be kept.) – . Raven  .talk 03:52, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose current naming convention follows WP:SOVEREIGN for monarchs, I see no reason to change it now, especially as there is King Hussein of the Hejaz. Crown prince Hussein isn't a monarch, and when he becomes one, he will be Hussein II, so there is no room for confusion, similar to Abdullah I of Jordan and Abdullah II of Jordan. Makeandtoss (talk) 08:55, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Hussein of Jordan clearly refers to the king, not the crown prince. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:25, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:SOVEREIGN. In time, Crown Prince Hussein will be Hussein II, no confusion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Richiepip (talk • contribs) 17:55, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Jordan has been notified of this discussion. - 🔥𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒆 (𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒌)🔥 12:43, 20 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Biography has been notified of this discussion. - 🔥𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒆 (𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒌)🔥 12:43, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

"Hussein de Jordanie" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hussein_de_Jordanie&redirect=no Hussein de Jordanie] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. estar8806 (talk) ★ 16:10, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hussein of Jordan


text:
Operation Shylock

Operation Shylock: A Confession is a 1993 novel by American novelist Philip Roth.

Plot
The novel follows narrator "Philip Roth" on a journey to Israel, where he attends the trial of accused war criminal John Demjanjuk and becomes involved in an intelligence mission—the "Operation Shylock" of the title.

While in Israel, the narrator seeks out an impersonator who has appropriated his identity. This man has Roth's facial features, goes by the same name, and uses Roth's status as a celebrity author to spread "Diasporism", a counter-Zionist ideology advocating the return, to Europe, of all formerly European Jews who have become Israeli.

The ensuing struggle between this doppelgänger-like stranger and "Roth", played against the backdrop of the Demjanjuk trial and the First Intifada, constitutes the book's primary storyline. Roth becomes romantically involved with Jinx Posseski, his doppelgänger's lover and partner in crime. This makes it harder for him to hold the line against the imposter, because he feels guilty. He also has several unsuccessful face-to-face confrontations with his double; each time, the other "Philip Roth" (whom Roth dubs "Moishe Pipik") gets the better of the original, genuine Roth by accusing him of taking his fame too lightly, and eschewing his responsibilities to people in the real world.

Because the central proposition of "Diasporism" is highly amenable to the PLO, a former friend named George Ziad, who knew the real Philip Roth in college, attempts to put Roth in contact with the actual PLO. (Ziad thinks Roth is a Diasporist, thanks to Moishe Pipik.) Roth intends to refuse until he is contacted by agents of Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency. They urge him to accept Ziad's offer, so that he can become an undercover agent and gather intelligence for Israel.

Roth apparently does so, but the end of the book reveals that Operation Shylock is (supposedly) missing an excised chapter where Roth describes the details and outcome of his Mossad mission. The book ends without resolving the questions the "lost" chapter raises, including whether Roth continues to support the Israeli cause, and whether or not it is important for Roth to tell his readers such details about his life. The revelation that Mossad has been watching Roth (largely through disguised agents) and trying to involve him in Israel's political intrigues leaves Roth looking rather hapless and myopic in terms of his ability to understand realpolitik and the way power functions in his present-day (the year 1988).

Connections
A major concern of Roth's fiction since the 1970s has been the relationship between a novelist's life and work. Though this topic is thoroughly explored in Roth's series of Zuckerman novels, Operation Shylock even more radically attacks the distinction between art and life by making a fairly mimetic version of the author the protagonist of an obviously invented (though plausible) story.

Despite this effort, separating the real from the fictional in Operation Shylock is not wholly impossible. For example, several minor characters from the novel are actual people including John Demjanjuk, Claire Bloom, and Israeli writer and Roth friend Aharon Appelfeld. The post-operative nervous breakdown mentioned in the prologue and in other books by or about Roth  was drawn from Roth's real-life experience of the temporary side-effects of a post-operative sedative (triazolam) which was later banned in several countries after discovery that the manufacturer had not published studies showing a high risk of short term psychiatric disturbance.

Roth's "confession"
In March 1993, Roth maintained the veracity of his novel to The New York Times' Esther B. Fein, who wrote, "Operation Shylock, Roth insists with a post-modern straight face, is a 'confession,' not a novel, and he means for us to take this every bit as seriously as the contents labels demanded by the strictures of the Food and Drug Administration. 'The book is true,' Roth said the other day. 'As you know, at the end of the book a Mossad operative made me realize it was in my interest to say this book was fiction. And I became quite convinced that it was in my interest to do that. So I added the note to the reader as I was asked to do. I'm just a good Mossadnik.'"

Reception
Roth's long-time professional acquaintance John Updike gave the novel a famously caustic review in The New Yorker. Updike found the book "an orgy of argumentation...this hard-pressed reviewer was reminded not only of Shaw but of Hamlet, which also has too many characters, numerous long speeches, and a vacillating, maddening hero who in the end shows the right stuff." Updike closed with the admonition, "It should be read by anyone who cares about (1) Israel and its repercussions, (2) the development of the postmodern, deconstruction-minded novel, (3) Philip Roth." In The New York Times Book Review, novelist and poet D. M. Thomas called the novel "an impassioned quarrel...Despite the seriousness of its theme, the book carries the feeling of creative joy. One feels that Roth feels that he's let rip."

The novel appears to have grown in stature since publication. In 2006, when New York Times Book Review editor Sam Tanenhaus mailed a short letter to "a couple of hundred prominent writers, critics, editors," asking that they identify the best work of American fiction published in the preceding quarter-century, several respondents named Operation Shylock. (The eventual winner was Toni Morrison's 1987 Beloved.) Reporting upon Roth's reception of the 2011 Man Booker International Prize, critic Jonathan Derbyshire of the New Statesman wrote, "The judging panel make the inevitable reference in their summing-up to Roth's extraordinary fecundity over the past 15 years or so, at a stage in his life when 'most novelists are in decline'. The most notable fruits of Roth's Indian summer, 1995's Sabbath's Theater and American Pastoral, published two years later, are certainly among his most luminous achievements. But two slightly earlier novels stand out for me, both of them hectically metafictional works partly set in Israel: The Counterlife (1986) and Operation Shylock."

After Roth's death, The New York Times asked several prominent writers to name their favorite book by him. Daniel Mendelsohn cast his vote for Operation Shylock, writing: "Here, the coruscating linguistic brilliance, the profanity and playfulness (and the deep, often irritated engagement with Jewishness) that characterizes his earlier novels rise to new — and, I would say, philosophical — heights. For the two Roths finally meet in a Jerusalem that is anxiously hosting the trial of John Demjanjuk, the Ukrainian-born Ohio autoworker who was revealed to have been a sadistic guard at a Nazi death camp: a setting that amplifies the significance of Roth's favorite themes of identity and imposture, truth and fictionality, and gives the ostensibly zany, Quixote-esque plot an ultimately tragic historical resonance."

Awards
Operation Shylock received the 1993 PEN/Faulkner Award for best novel. Roth would eventually become the first three-time winner of the award: for Shylock, 2001's The Human Stain, and 2007's Everyman.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Operation Shylock


text:
Aben Humeya

Aben Humeya (1520–1569), also known as Muhammad ibn Umayyah (محمد بن أمية), was a Morisco leader who commanded the Morisco Revolt against Philip II of Spain in the Alpujarras region, near Granada.

Early life
Aben Humeya was born Fernando de Válor into a Morisco family and claimed to be of noble lineage, descended from the Umayyad dynasty. The name Aben Humeya is the Hispanicized version of the Arabic name Ibn Umayya, meaning "Son of Umayya" and hinting to a descent from the Umayyads.

Prior to the commencement of the Morisco revolt, Aben Humeya had been a town councilor of Granada and had been under house arrest for pulling out a dagger in the city council.

The Morisco revolt (1568–1571)
It is alleged that to provoke a rebellion which would give him a proper reason to expel the Moriscos of southern Spain, Philip II broke his promises previously made in treaties made with the Muslims and issued an edict requiring Moriscos to give up their Arabic names, their traditional Moorish dress, and even prohibited the speaking of Arabic. They were also told that they would have to give up their children to be educated by Christian priests.

The increasing persecution of the remaining Morisco population of the former Emirate of Granada, led to the outbreak of armed rebellion. The revolt was planned by Ferag ben Ferag, descended from the royal house of Granada and Diego López Ben Aboo. They carefully ascertained the dispositions of the inhabitants of the Alpujarras, where the best stand could be made against the royal forces, solicited aid from the kings of Morocco, and persuaded the local bandits to embrace their cause. On Christmas Eve 1568, representatives of the Crypto-Muslims from Granada, from the Alpujarras, and from elsewhere clandestinely assembled at the Vale de Lecrin to acclaim de Valor as their king whom they renamed Aben Humeya, and apostatized. Aben Humeya also took four wives, hailing from many areas, in order to strengthen the political alliances on which he relied.

The insurrection led by Aben Humeya took the form of guerrilla warfare against the Castillan forces in the Alpujarra mountains. Initially numbering only about 4,000 men, the rebel forces quickly grew to about 25,000.

Downfall and murder
Diego Alguacil, a prominent Muslim from Ugíjar, was said to have harbored resentment against Aben Humeya for having forcibly abducted a widowed cousin and making her his mistress, when with her social status he should have taken her as his wife. Alguacil eventually married her in Tétouan six years later. In order to avenge his cousin's honor, Alguacil began plotting Humeya's downfall.

Aben Humeya had also long distrusted his Turkish and African allies, whom he removed from his camp to the frontier in Almeria and placed under the command of his cousin, Aben Aboo.

Alguacil began to play on the tensions that Humeya had reportedly had with the Turkish contingent of his army for quite some time. He went to the Turks and claimed that "he had supplied Hashish to Aben Humeya in order that it be given to the Turkish captains so that they would be sedated and later, killed that night". The Turks refused the offer, explaining that the Turkish Caliphate had sent them "not to become kings but to assist the king of the Moors." The captains suggested that the best course was, after securing approval from Algiers, to put power in the hands of a local man of noble descent in whom one might have confidence, someone who would serve the interests of the Muslims.

On 20 October 1569 Aben Humeya was strangled to death in a coup engineered by the Turkish military experts. Aben Aboo was proclaimed as Chief of the Moriscos under the name Mulley Abdalla. Aben Aboo was also eventually killed by his own men.

The deaths of Aben Humeya and Aben Aboo coupled with the arrival of 20,000 soldiers under the command of John of Austria, Philip's illegitimate half-brother, to quash the rebellion, brought an end to over two years of vicious guerilla warfare in the Alpujarras. Almost the entire population of the Alpujarras was then deported to Castille or Kingdom of Seville and some 270 villages and hamlets were repopulated with settlers brought in from Northern Spain. The remaining villages were abandoned. This led to the destruction of the silk industry over the course of several centuries.

King Philip II had ordered the dispersal of 80,000 Moriscos of the Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile) to other parts of Castile, expecting that this would fragment the Morisco community and accelerate their assimilation into the Christian population, although actually also had some influence on the local Moriscos who had until then become more assimilated. This eventually culminated with the overall Expulsion of the Moriscos.

title: Aben Humeya


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Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne

Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, (14 January 1845 – 3 June 1927), was a British statesman who served successively as Governor General of Canada, Viceroy of India, Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

In 1917, during the First World War, he wrote the "Lansdowne Letter", advocating in vain a compromise peace. A millionaire, he had the distinction of having held senior positions in Liberal and Conservative Party governments.

Early years, 1845–1882
A great-grandson of British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne (later 1st Marquess of Lansdowne) and the eldest son of Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne, and his wife, Emily, 8th Lady Nairne (née de Flahaut), Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice was born in 1845 at Lansdowne House, their family seat in London. His maternal grandfather, Count Charles de Flahaut, was an important French general to Napoleon Bonaparte, and a member of his family. He fought along his side during many battles and later occupied the functions of Ambassador and Senator of the Empire. Through his mother Emily, Lansdowne was half-nephew of Emperor Napoleon III, a step-grandson of Queen Hortense Bonaparte, and a great-grandson of Prince Talleyrand, the Emperor's foreign minister. His maternal great-grandfather, George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith, was also the Admiral who prevented Napoleon's escape from France after the Battle of Waterloo, and who received and supervised his final surrender to St. Helena in 1815.

Lord Lansdowne was a member of the Fitzmaurice/Petty-Fitzmaurice family, a cadet branch of the House of FitzGerald of Ireland. He held the courtesy title Viscount Clanmaurice from birth to 1863 and then the courtesy title Earl of Kerry until he succeeded as Marquess of Lansdowne in 1866. Upon his mother's death in 1895, he succeeded her as the 9th Lord Nairne in the Peerage of Scotland. He was estimated to be the sixteenth richest peer in the United Kingdom, and the fourth largest landowner.

After studying at Eton and Oxford, he succeeded his father as 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (in the Peerage of the United Kingdom) and 6th Earl of Kerry (in the Peerage of Ireland) at the relatively early age of 21 on 5 June 1866. He inherited a vast estate (including Bowood House, a Wiltshire estate of over 142,000 acres) and great wealth. At one of his inherited properties, Derreen House (Lauragh, County Kerry, in the present-day Republic of Ireland), Lord Lansdowne started to develop a great garden from 1871 onwards. For most of the rest of his life, he spent three months of the year at Derreen.

Lord Lansdowne entered the House of Lords as a member of the Liberal Party in 1866. He served in William Ewart Gladstone's government as a Lord of the Treasury from 1869 to 1872 and as Under-Secretary of State for War from 1872 to 1874. He was appointed Under-Secretary of State for India in 1880 and, having gained experience in overseas administration, was appointed Governor General of Canada in 1883, replacing John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, the son-in-law of Queen Victoria. The present-day town of Lansdowne, in Uttarakhand, India, was established in 1887 and named after him.

He was a member and trustee of the Brooks's Club in London, along notable members such as Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire of Chatsworth House, Lord Rosebery of Mentmore Towers, and Baron Lionel de Rothschild of Tring Park, son of Nathan Mayer of Gunnersbury Park, and grandson of Mayer Amschel, founder of the House of Rothschild. His great-grandfather, Lord Shelburne, had previously founded the Boodle's Club, which had as members Adam Smith, the Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill, and Ian Fleming, among others, and is now the second oldest club in the world.

In 1897, he also became a founding trustee of the National Gallery of British Art, with the Earl of Carlisle of Castle Howard, Lord Brownlow of Belton House, Alfred de Rothschild of Halton House, Sir Charles Tennant of Glen House, John Postle Heseltine of Walhampton House, and Sir John Murray Scott.

Governor General of Canada, 1883–1888
Lord Lansdowne was Governor General during turbulent times in Canada. His Protestant Irish connections made him unpopular with the Catholic Irish element. He was appointed GCMG in January 1884.

Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald's government was in its second term and facing allegations of scandal over the building of the railway (the Pacific Scandal), and the economy was once again sliding into recession. The North-West Rebellion of 1885 and the controversy caused by its leader, Louis Riel, posed a serious threat to the equilibrium of Canadian politics. To calm the situation, he travelled extensively throughout Western Canada in 1885 and met many of Canada's First Nations peoples. He publicly objected to the treatment of the Indigenous by Indian Agents, and supported Chiefs Crowfoot and Poundmaker. His experiences in Western Canada gave Lansdowne a great love of the Canadian outdoors and the physical beauty of Canada. He was an avid fisherman and was intensely interested in winter sports. His love of the wilderness and the Canadian countryside led him to purchase a second residence (first Cascapedia House, built in 1880, later renamed Lorne Cottage, and then New Dereen Camp, built in 1884 ) on the Cascapédia River in the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. The same area was previously used by the past Viceroy of Canada, John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, and his wife, Princess Louise, the daughter of Queen Victoria.

Lansdowne proved to be an adept statesman in helping to settle a dispute over fishing rights between Canada and the United States in 1886–1887. He successfully negotiated a new trade agreement with U.S. President Grover Cleveland (though it later failed to pass in the Senate). He was also a supporter of scientific development and presided over the inaugural session of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1884. In Quebec, he was very popular, as he spoke French fluently, which gained him the admiration of French-Canadians, and a big round of applause during his first speech. His French came from his maternal grandfather, Count Charles de Flahaut, who had been a French general to Napoleon Bonaparte. Lord Lansdowne also made multiple speeches at the Citadelle of Quebec, near Château Frontenac, and joined the Montreal Winter Carnival, making him and his wife, the first vice-royal couple to skate at that event.

Lansdowne departed Canada "with its clear skies, its exhilarating sports, and within the bright fire of Gatineau logs, with our children and friends gathered round us" to his regret. He gave his wife a great deal of the credit for his success in Canada. One of her happiest and most successful endeavours at Rideau Hall was a party that she threw for 400 Sunday school children. Lady Lansdowne was decorated with the Order of Victoria and Albert and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India. Lord Lansdowne's military secretary, Lord Melgund, later became Lord Minto and served as Governor General between 1898 and 1904. Parc Lansdowne and Lansdowne Avenue in Westmount, Montreal, next to Westmount Park, was named in his honor, as well as Lansdowne Ridge and Upper-Lansdowne, both located on Westmount's summit next to Villa Sainte-Marcelline and Saint Joseph's Oratory.

Viceroy of India, 1888–1894
Lord Lansdowne was appointed Viceroy of India the same year that he left Canada. In December 1888 he was appointed GCSI and GCIE The office, which he held from 1888 to 1894, was offered to him by the Conservative prime minister, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury of Hatfield House, and marked the pinnacle of his career. He worked to reform the army, police, local government and the mint. There was an Anglo-Manipur War in 1890 in which Manipur was subjugated. Lansdowne securing the death penalty for the instigator in the face of considerable opposition from Britain. His attempt in 1893 to curtail trial by jury was, however, overruled by home government. He returned to England in 1894. His policies exacerbated tensions between Hindu and Muslims.

Secretary of State for War, 1895–1900
Upon his return, as a Liberal Unionist, he aligned with the Conservative Party. Prime Minister Lord Salisbury appointed Lansdowne to the post of Secretary of State for War in June 1895. The unpreparedness of the British Army during the Second Boer War brought calls for Lansdowne's impeachment in 1899. His biographer, P. B. Waite, considers that he was unjustly criticised for British military failures, but ever the good minister, he took full responsibility and said nothing.

Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1900–1905
After the Unionist victory in the general election of October 1900, Salisbury reorganised his cabinet, gave up the post of Foreign Secretary and appointed Lansdowne to replace him. Lansdowne remained at the Foreign Office under Salisbury's successor Arthur Balfour. As British Foreign Secretary, he approved of protectorate Commissioner Wilson's 1901 Anglo-Ankole agreement in Uganda, he also signed the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance at his London home, the back half of which still exists as the Lansdowne Club, and negotiated the 1904 Anglo-French Entente Cordiale with French Foreign Minister Theophile Delcassé. According to G. W. Monger's summary of the Cabinet debates in 1900 to 1902:"Chamberlain advocated ending Britain's isolation by concluding an alliance with Germany; Salisbury resisted change. With the new crisis in China caused by the Boxer rising and Landsdowne's appointment to the Foreign Office in 1900, those who advocated a change won the upper hand. Landsdowne in turn attempted to reach an agreement with Germany and a settlement with Russia but failed. In the end Britain concluded an alliance with Japan. The decision of 1901 was momentous; British policy had been guided by events, but Lansdowne had no real understanding of these events. The change of policy had been forced on him and was a confession of Britain's weakness."

Big Revolver
On 15 June 1903, he made a speech in the House of Lords defending fiscal retaliation against countries with high tariffs and governments subsidising products for sale in Britain (known as 'bounty-fed products', also called dumping). Retaliation was to be done by threatening to impose tariffs in response against that country's goods. His Liberal Unionists had split from the Liberals, who promoted Free Trade, and the speech was a landmark in the group's slide towards protectionism. Landsdowne argued that threatening retaliatory tariffs was similar to getting respect in a room of armed men by showing a big revolver (his exact words were "a rather larger revolver than everybody else's"). The "Big Revolver" became a catchphrase of the day and was often used in speeches and cartoons.

Unionist leader in Lords
In 1903, Lord Lansdowne became the leader of Unionists (Conservative and Liberal Unionist peers) in the House of Lords. This was followed shortly by the Liberal victory in the January 1906 general elections. In his new role as head of the opposition peers, he was instrumental in the Unionist leader Arthur Balfour's plans to obstruct Liberal policies through the Unionist majority in the upper house. Although he and Balfour had some misgivings, he led the Lords to reject the People's Budget of 1909. After the Liberals won two elections in 1910 on the pledge to reform the House of Lords and to remove its veto power and after a series of failed negotiations in which Lansdowne was of key importance, the Liberals moved forward to end the Lords veto, if necessary by recommending to the King to create hundreds of new Liberal peers. Lansdowne and the other Conservative leaders were anxious to prevent such an action by allowing the bill, distasteful as they found it, to pass, but soon, Lansdowne found that he could not count on many of the more reactionary peers, who planned on a last-ditch resistance. Ultimately, enough Unionist peers either (like Lansdowne himself) abstained from the vote ("hedgers") or even voted for the bill ("rats") to ensure its passage into the Parliament Act 1911.

In the following years, Lansdowne continued as Opposition Leader in the Lords, his stature increasing when Balfour, the party leader in the Commons, resigned and was replaced by the inexperienced Bonar Law, who had never held cabinet office. In 1914, the suffragettes Flora Drummond and Norah Dacre Fox (later known as Norah Elam) besieged Lansdowne's home and argued that Ulster's incitement to militancy had passed without notice, but suffragettes were charged and imprisoned. In 1915, Lansdowne joined the wartime coalition cabinet of H. H. Asquith as a Minister without Portfolio but was not given a post in the Lloyd George government formed the following year, despite Conservative pre-eminence in that government. In 1917, having discussed the idea with colleagues for some time with no response, he published the controversial "Lansdowne Letter", which called for a statement of postwar intentions from the Entente Powers, and an end to the war on the basis of a return to the status quo ante. He was criticised as acting contrary to cabinet policy.

Death
Lord Lansdowne died at Clonmel, Ireland on 3 June 1927 at the age of 82. The probate on his estate was granted with the value sworn at GB£1044613 1927 in land and another £233,888 in other assets. His widow died in 1932, and their tombs are in the churchyard at Derry Hill, near their Bowood estate in Wiltshire.

Family
Henry Petty-FitzMaurice married Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton, a daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn and his wife Lady Lady Louisa Jane Russell, daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford in 1869. The couple had four children:

 * Lady Evelyn Emily Mary Petty-Fitzmaurice (27 August 1870 – 2 April 1960), married Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire.
 * Henry William Edmund Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne (14 January 1872 – 5 March 1936), was cousin of Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough, cousin of Winston Churchill and husband of Consuelo Vanderbilt.
 * Lord Charles George Francis Petty-Fitzmaurice (12 February 1874 – 30 October 1914), his widow, Baroness Violet Astor, remarried to John Jacob Astor V.
 * Lady Beatrix Frances Petty-Fitzmaurice (25 March 1877 – 5 August 1953), married firstly Henry Beresford, 6th Marquess of Waterford and secondly Osborne Beauclerk, 12th Duke of St Albans.

Honorific eponyms
Geographic locations:
 * 🇮🇳 The town of Lansdowne in India
 * Ontario: Lansdowne Avenue, Toronto
 * Ontario: Lansdowne Street, Sudbury
 * Ontario: Lansdowne Park, Ottawa
 * Ontario: Lansdowne Street, Peterborough
 * Ontario: Lansdowne Avenue, Sarnia
 * New Brunswick: Lansdowne Street, Campbellton
 * New Brunswick: Lansdowne Street, Fredericton
 * Quebec: (Upper) Lansdowne Avenue, Westmount
 * Saskatchewan: Lansdowne Avenue, Imperial
 * : Mount Lansdowne, Yukon 60.50991°N, -134.55546°W
 * 🇮🇳 Lansdowne Road, Kolkata, India.
 * Lansdowne, Nova Scotia
 * British Columbia:Lansdowne Road, Saanich

Schools:
 * Ontario: Lansdowne Public School, Sudbury
 * Ontario: Lord Lansdowne Public School, Toronto
 * Manitoba: Lansdowne Public School, Winnipeg
 * Ontario: Lansdowne Public School, Sarnia

Bridges:
 * Lansdowne Bridge, Lansdowne, New South Wales, Australia – a bridge built in 1834–1835 and has the largest span of all Australian masonry bridges
 * 🇵🇰 Lansdowne Bridge, Rohri, Sindh, Pakistan – a rigid girder bridge built 1879–1887 used by railway traffic

Buildings:
 * 🇮🇳 Lansdowne Building, Mysore, Karnataka, India, c. 1892 – a market being repaired and restored after a partial collapse in 2012
 * 🇮🇳 Lansdowne Court, Kolkata, India – residential development
 * 🇮🇳 Lansdowne Hall, Cooch Behar, India – Community Hall, Library, Masonic Purposes. now Cooch Behar District Magistrate's Office

Market:
 * 🇮🇳 Lansdowne Market, Kolkata, India.

Station:
 * Lansdowne (TTC), Toronto
 * Lansdowne station (SkyTrain), Vancouver

Education:
 * McGill University, Montreal, 1884, honorific Doctor of law


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User talk:Chris scholz

Hello Chris, welcome to Wikipedia. I'm looking forward to reading your first article. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and style guide pages are also useful. There is a sandbox which you can use to experiment in. If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. Angela 22:39, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chris scholz


text:
The Paradine Case

The Paradine Case is a 1947 courtroom drama with elements of film noir set in England, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and produced by David O. Selznick. Selznick and an uncredited Ben Hecht wrote the screenplay from an adaptation by Alma Reville and James Bridie of the 1933 novel by Robert Smythe Hichens. The film stars Gregory Peck, Ann Todd, Alida Valli, Charles Laughton, Charles Coburn, Ethel Barrymore, and Louis Jourdan. It tells of an English barrister who falls in love with a woman who is accused of murder, and how it affects his relationship with his wife.

Plot
In London, Maddalena Anna Paradine (Alida Valli) is a very beautiful and enigmatic young Italian woman who is accused of poisoning her older, blind husband, a wealthy retired colonel. It is not clear whether she is a grateful and devoted wife who has been falsely charged or a calculating and ruthless femme fatale.

Mrs. Paradine's solicitor, Sir Simon Flaquer (Charles Coburn), hires Anthony Keane (Gregory Peck), a brilliant and successful barrister, to defend her in court. Although Keane has been happily married for eleven years, he instantly becomes deeply infatuated with his client. Keane's wife, Gay (Ann Todd), sees his obsession, and although he offers to relinquish the case, presses him to continue. She knows that a "guilty" verdict, followed by Mrs. Paradine's hanging, will mean that she will lose her husband emotionally forever. The only way that she can regain her husband's love and devotion is if he is able to obtain a "not guilty" verdict for Mrs. Paradine.

Meanwhile, Keane himself starts to focus his legal efforts on Colonel Paradine's mysterious servant, André Latour (Louis Jourdan). Keane sees Latour as a scapegoat on whom he can pin the crime of murder, but this strategy backfires. After Keane pressures Latour in court, triggering an angry outburst, word comes that Latour has killed himself. Mrs. Paradine is coldly furious that Keane has destroyed Latour, who was her lover. On the witness stand, she tells Keane that she hates him and that he has murdered the only person she loved. She goes so far as to say that she poisoned her husband in order to be with Latour.

Keane is overwhelmed. Attempting to summarize, he improvises a brief and faltering speech, admitting how poorly he has handled the case, but cannot continue speaking, and has to leave the court. He stays overnight at Sir Simon's office, feeling that his career is in ruins. Finding him there, his wife offers reconciliation and hope for the future.

Cast

 * Cast notes
 * It is reported that Hitchcock originally wanted Greta Garbo to play Mrs. Maddalena Anna Paradine, but she turned down the role after the screen test, which allowed Alida Valli to step in for her American film debut. However Hitchcock denied this in a 1972 interview on The Dick Cavett Show. The Paradine Case was also the American film debut of Louis Jourdan. Both Valli and Jourdan hoped that the film would give them the status in the U.S. that they enjoyed in their home countries (Italy and France, respectively), but that did not happen, though Jourdan later made many U.S. films.

Production
David O. Selznick had purchased the rights to Robert Smythe Hichens' novel in 1933, before it was published, when Selznick was still at MGM, with Greta Garbo in mind to star – indeed, Garbo was Hichens' inspiration for the creation of Mrs. Paradine. Garbo did consider doing the film, but ultimately turned it down. She had decided to retire from acting. (Garbo had also turned down I Remember Mama at about the same time, and is reputed to have said "No murderesses, no mamas". )

Howard Estabrook was assigned to write the script at that time, and it was announced that John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Diana Wynyard would star in the film. A draft of the script was submitted by MGM to the censors at the Hays Office, who warned that the script would likely be rejected since Mrs. Paradine was guilty of murder, adultery and perjury, and later committed suicide. They also objected to the judge being portrayed as a sadist who enjoyed sending people to their deaths. A new draft of the script was submitted, but not for some years, in 1942, and this script was approved. In 1946, another version was sent in, and this was also approved after the suicide was removed from the story.

In 1946, it was announced that Alfred Hitchcock would direct the film, and that Laurence Olivier would star as the barrister, but Olivier eventually turned the project down, as he was preparing for his production of Hamlet. Hitchcock was interested in Ronald Colman for the part as well as Garbo (who had not yet turned down the project) or Ingrid Bergman for Mrs. Paradine. Other actors who were considered for the film include: Maurice Evans, Joseph Cotten, Alan Marshal, James Mason for Anthony Keane; Hedy Lamarr for Mrs. Paradine; Claude Rains for Lord Thomas Horfield; and Robert Newton for Mrs. Paradine's lover. In the end, Hitchcock pushed for Gregory Peck, then at the peak of his box-office appeal; Ann Todd was borrowed from the Rank Organisation to play his wife; and Selznick settled on Alida Valli, considered one of the more promising actresses in the Italian cinema for Mrs. Paradine.

The Paradine Case was the last film made under Hitchcock's seven-year contract with Selznick, as Hitchcock may have tired of the association by that time. In an interview with François Truffaut, Hitchcock said that he and his wife Alma Reville wrote the first draft of the script together, before bringing in Scottish playwright James Bridie to do some polishing, but that Selznick, dissatisfied with the result, would view the previous day's rushes, do a rewrite, and send the new scenes to the set to be shot. According to his biographer Donald Spoto "...Hitchcock's disgust with the content and method that were forced upon him conspired to produce an uneasy atmosphere from which Hitchcock could scarcely wait to extricate himself." Gregory Peck said of the director, "He seemed really bored with the whole thing..."

The film was in production from December 19, 1946, to May 7, 1947, with retakes done in November of that year. Although some external shots show the Lake District in Cumbria, the rest of the footage was shot on three sets at Selznick's lot in Culver City, California, a first in Selznick's career as an independent producer. Selznick reportedly spared no expense. The set for the courtroom scenes exactly duplicated a courtroom in London's Old Bailey, photographed, with permission, by unit manager Fred Ahern, and built in 85 days at the cost of $80,000. Unusually, the set had ceilings to allow for low camera angles.

For the courtroom sequence, Hitchcock used more than one camera, a technique which had been used in the past, but only to shoot the same subject. Here, Hitchcock used four cameras shooting simultaneously, each focused on one of the principal actors in the scene. This set-up, including elaborately choreographed crane shots, allowed Hitchcock to shoot longer takes of about ten minutes, something he would push to the limit on his next two films, Rope (1948) and Under Capricorn (1949).

The completed film cost an estimated $4,258,000 to make, almost as much as Gone with the Wind. Selznick maintained close supervision on the production, and interfered with Hitchcock's normally carefully budgeted process by demanding extensive re-takes. When Hitchcock insisted on receiving his contractual $1000/day fee, Selznick took over post-production, supervising the editing and the scoring of the film. The producer went through eighteen different title changes for the picture before rechristening it The Paradine Case, just hours before the premiere.

The Paradine Case opened December 29, 1947, in Los Angeles and in two theaters across the street from each other in Westwood, California followed by its New York City premiere on January 8, 1948. The film was initially 132 minutes long, Selznick having editing down Hitchcock's rough cut of almost three hours. Before general release, however, Selznick further reduced the running time to 114 minutes, which is also the current length of the DVD release. In 1980, a flood reportedly destroyed the uncut original version of the film, making a restoration unlikely.

The Paradine Case was not a box office success, worldwide receipts barely covering half of the cost of production.

Hitchcock put in a cameo appearance in most of his films. In this film, he can be seen leaving the Cumberland train station, carrying a cello, at about 38 minutes.

Hitchcock described The Paradine Case as "...a love story embedded in the emotional quicksand of a murder trial".

Production credits
The production credits on the film were as follows:
 * Director - Alfred Hitchcock
 * Producer - David O. Selznick
 * Writing - David O. Selznick (screenplay), Alma Reville (adaptation)
 * Cinematography - Lee Garmes (director of photography)
 * Music - Franz Waxman
 * Art direction - Joseph McMillan Johnson (production design), Thomas N. Morahan (art director), Joseph B. Platt (interiors), Emile Kuri (set decoration)
 * Costumes - Travis Banton (gowns)
 * Editor - Hal C. Kern (supervising film editor)
 * Sound - James G. Stewart (sound director), Richard Van Hessen (recorder)
 * Assistant director - Lowell J. Farrell
 * Unit manager - Fred Ahern
 * Special effects - Clarence Slifer
 * Hair styles - Larry Germain

Critical reception
Bosley Crowther, film critic for The New York Times, liked the film, the acting, and Hitchcock's direction, and wrote, "With all the skill in presentation for which both gentlemen are famed, David O. Selznick and Alfred Hitchcock have put upon the screen a slick piece of static entertainment in their garrulous The Paradine Case... Gregory Peck is impressively impassioned as the famous young London barrister who lets his heart, cruelly captured by his client, rule his head. And Ann Todd, the pliant British actress, is attractively anguished as his wife. Alida Valli, an import from Italy, makes the caged Mrs. Paradine a compound of mystery, fascination and voluptuousness with a pair of bedroom eyes, and Louis Jourdan, a new boy from Paris, is electric as the badgered valet."

Variety wrote, "high dramatics...Hitchcock's penchant for suspense and unusual atmosphere development get full play. There is a deliberateness of pace, artful pauses and other carefully calculated melodramatic hinges upon which he swings the story and players. Time Out says "Bleak in its message (those who love passionately inevitably destroy the object of their desire), the movie only half works. The intricate, triangular plot is finally overburdened by the courtroom setting."

Leonard Maltin said "talk, talk, talk in complicated, stagy courtroom drama;"

Despite the mixed reviews the movie received, most critics noted the strong performances of Ann Todd and Joan Tetzel.

Awards and honors
Ethel Barrymore was nominated for a 1947 Oscar for Best Supporting Actress as Lady Sophie Horfield.

Adaptation
Lux Radio Theatre broadcast a radio adaptation of the film on 9 May 1949, starring Joseph Cotten, with Alida Valli and Louis Jourdan reprising their roles.

title: The Paradine Case


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Cemetery of the Evergreens

The Cemetery of the Evergreens, also called The Evergreens Cemetery, is a non-denominational rural cemetery along the Cemetery Belt in Brooklyn and Queens, New York City. It was incorporated in 1849, not long after the passage of New York's Rural Cemetery Act spurred development of cemeteries outside Manhattan. For a time, it was the busiest cemetery in New York City; in 1929 there were 4,673 interments. Today, the Evergreens is the final resting place of more than 526,000 people.

The cemetery borders Brooklyn and Queens and covers 225 acre of rolling hills and gently sloping meadows. It features several thousand trees and flowering shrubs in a park-like setting. Cypress Hills Cemetery lies to its northeast.

History
The Evergreens was built on the principle of the rural cemetery. Two of the era's most noted landscape architects, Andrew Jackson Downing and Alexander Jackson Davis, were instrumental in the layout of the cemetery grounds.

The Evergreens has a monument to six victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of March 25, 1911 who were unidentified for nearly a century. In 2011, Michael Hirsch, a historian, completed four years of research that identified these victims by name (see ).

There are also seventeen British Commonwealth service personnel buried in the cemetery: thirteen from World War I and four from World War II.

The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2007.

Individual graves

 * John Bunny (1863–1915), actor
 * George C. Bennett (1824–1885), newspaper publisher and New York State assemblyman
 * Albert Levi Burt (1843–1913), eponymous founder of the publisher A. L. Burt.
 * Anthony Comstock (1844–1915), censor (see Comstock Law)
 * William C. Cooper (1853–1918), silent-film actor
 * Bill Dahlen (1870–1950), Major League Baseball player, one of the outstanding early 20th century players. Lies in an unmarked grave.
 * James E. Davis (1962–2003), New York City councilman (he was originally interred in Green-Wood Cemetery, but after it was realized that his assassin was also interred there, he was moved to the Cemetery of the Evergreens)
 * Thomas Dilward (1817–1887), Minstrel performer credited with having invented the word "hunky-dory"
 * George Henry Ellis (1875–1898), A chief yeoman on the USS Brooklyn
 * Alice Fleming Day (1882–1952), actress, stage and screen
 * Effie Germon (1845–1914), Stage actress descended from the Germons of Baltimore, an old theatrical family
 * John D. Germon (1840–1901), Stage actor descended from the Germons of Baltimore, an old theatrical family; brother of Effie Germon
 * Adelaide Hall (1901–1993), singer, actress, dancer, nightclub chanteuse
 * George Hall (1849–1923), Major League Baseball player, banned from baseball for life
 * Yusef Hawkins (1973–1989), murder victim
 * Martin Johnson Heade (1819–1904), artist
 * Lucille Hegamin (1894–1970), singer, female pioneer of the Blues
 * William Hickey (1927–1997), actor
 * Martin Hildebrandt (1825–1890), early tattoo artist
 * Fanny Janauschek (1829–1904), Czech-born stage actress
 * Joseph Forsyth Johnson (1840–1906), landscape architect and great-grandfather of Bruce Forsyth
 * George H. Lindsay (1837–1916), congressman
 * George W. Lindsay (1865–1938), congressman, his son
 * Winsor McCay (1872–1934), cartoonist and animated cartoon pioneer
 * Antonio "Tony" Pastor (1837–1908), vaudevillian
 * Charles A. Read (1837–1865), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 * Julia Smitten Reinhardt (1844–1924), stage actress and suffragist
 * Sante Righini (1883–1912), died on the Titanic
 * Bill "Bojangles" Robinson (1878–1949), tap dancer
 * Stephen A. Rudd (1874–1936), congressman
 * Assotto Saint (1947–1994), poet, publisher and performance artist
 * Joseph Thuma Schenck (c. 1891–1930), vaudevillian, better known as "Joe" Schenck, of the comedy singing team Van and Schenck
 * Gardiner Spring (1785–1873), American minister and author
 * William Steinitz (1836–1900), world chess champion
 * Bob Thiele (1922–1996), record producer
 * Amy Vanderbilt (1908–1974), journalist, etiquette authority
 * Oscar Walker (1854–1889), Major League Baseball player
 * John William Warde (c. 1912–1938), his widely publicized suicide inspired the movie Fourteen Hours.
 * Horace Weston (1825–1890), banjo player
 * Thomas "Blind Tom" Wiggins (1849–1908), musician
 * Lester Young (1909–1959), jazz musician

Group monument

 * Triangle Shirtwaist fire – the bodies of six victims of the 1911 fire to be identified were buried under a monument of a kneeling woman. They could not be identified after the inferno because they were burned beyond recognition, and had been buried without names.  A century after the tragedy, in 2011, they were identified by historian Michael Hirsch as Maria Giuseppa Lauletti, Max Florin, Concetta Prestifilippo, Josephine Cammarata, Dora Evans, and Fannie Rosen.

title: Cemetery of the Evergreens


text:
Marie Trintignant

Marie Trintignant (21 January 1962 – 1 August 2003) was a French film and stage actress. She appeared in over 30 movies during her 36-year career. Her family was deeply involved in France's film industry, as her father was an actor and her mother was a director, producer, and screenwriter.

In 2003, Trintignant began an affair with Bertrand Cantat, the lead singer of French rock band Noir Désir. That same year, Cantat, Trintignant, and Trintignant's mother traveled to Lithuania so Trintignant and her mother could finish work on a television movie. On 26 July 2003, while in their shared hotel room, Cantat flew into a jealous rage during an argument over a text message sent to Trintignant by her husband, from whom she was separated; Cantat proceeded to beat Trintignant severely about the head and face. She died days later from cerebral edema brought about by her injuries. Cantat was convicted of "murder with indirect intent" in her death and received an eight-year prison sentence, of which he served four before his early release. Trintignant's case became a cause célèbre in the discussion of domestic violence and leniency towards perpetrators.

Early life
Trintignant was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, the daughter of actor Jean-Louis Trintignant and his second wife, French film director, producer, and screenwriter Nadine Marquand. When Marie's baby sister Pauline died when Marie was nine, she became withdrawn and virtually stopped speaking. Her parents divorced in 1976. Throughout her early life, she was afflicted by severe shyness, but by her mid-teens, she decided to commit to acting. She had a strong affection for animals and considered becoming a veterinarian, but in the end pursued a career in acting.

Career
She first appeared on screen aged four in My Love, My Love, which was directed by her mother and starred her father. Trintignant's first film to generate significant critical acclaim was Série noire, in which she starred alongside Patrick Dewaere.

In 1988, Trintignant worked under French director Claude Chabrol in the film Une Affaire de Femmes, in which she played a young prostitute in wartime Vichy France. Of the role and Chabrol's impact on her career, Trintignant later reflected, "Until then, I had always felt that I was a fraud if I did not go to extremes in showing my characters' pain, but he taught me lightness. He showed me how to grow without false tragedy." She worked with Chabrol again in 1991 on the film Betty, an adaptation of a book by Georges Simenon.

In 1990, Trintignant was involved in a serious car accident which she narrowly survived. The accident hardly impacted the pace of her career, and she starred in 21 films afterwards, including Les Amants du Pont-Neuf in 1991 and Wild Target in 1993, starring alongside Jean Rochefort and Guillaume Depardieu. She starred opposite her then-husband François Cluzet in the 1995 film The Apprentices, and in 1998, she appeared again with Depardieu in White Lies. Two of Trintignant's films were released posthumously: Janis et John, a biographical film directed by her estranged husband Samuel Benchetrit, in which Trintignant starred as Janis Joplin, and Colette, une femme libre, a biographical miniseries in which Trintignant played the lead role of French novelist Colette.

Trintignant stated that she enjoyed portraying marginalized women and tragic heroes on film; she enjoyed playing characters who allowed her to speak "for those who don't deserve being spoken for." She performed in both comedies and tragedies.

Personal life
Trintignant was the mother of four sons:

 * Roman, with drummer
 * Paul, with actor and former husband François Cluzet
 * Léon, with Mathias Othnin-Girard
 * Jules, with her husband director Samuel Benchetrit

Trintignant was still married to Benchetrit at the time of her death, although the two had separated earlier in 2003.

Two of Trintignant's sons, and, are actors.

Death
In 2003, Trintignant traveled to Vilnius, Lithuania, with her mother and her boyfriend, Bertrand Cantat, so she and her mother could finish work on Colette, une femme libre, a television movie in which Trintignant played the starring role. On 26 July, Trintignant was in a hotel room in Vilnius when, according to Cantat, Trintignant received a text from her husband. Cantat flew into a jealous rage, and he beat Trintignant severely. Seven hours later, Trintignant's brother summoned emergency services to check the hotel room. When they arrived, Trintignant had slipped into a deep coma. She was transported to a hospital in Vilnius the next day; later, she was moved to the Hartmann Clinic, a hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, as her mother stated, "If she is to die, I want her to die in France." Trintignant died in Neuilly from swelling of the brain at the age of 41 on 1 August 2003.

Aftermath
When authorities first arrived at the hotel room, Cantat told them and Trintignant's parents that Trintignant had fallen backwards during their argument and hit her head against a wall. An autopsy revealed that Cantat actually struck Trintignant in the head and face at least 19 times. After the autopsy countered Cantat's version of events, Cantat would only admit to having "slapped" Trintignant four times and then putting her to bed while not knowing that she had incurred severe and irreversible brain damage due to the assault.

Although Cantat attempted to argue in court that he should be convicted of manslaughter, he was convicted of the slightly more severe "murder with indirect intent" and sentenced to eight years in prison. At the request of his lawyers, Cantat was moved from the Lithuanian Lukiškės prison, to a prison near Muret, France, in September 2004. He was released on parole after serving four years of his sentence. Cantat's parole drew widespread criticism from women's rights activists and Trintignant's parents, who had failed to persuade French President Nicolas Sarkozy and French judges to block Cantat's conditional release.

Several writers criticized the media for sensationalizing Trintignant's death and her relationship with Cantat, as, despite the elements of domestic violence in their relationship, rock journalists frequently compared them to Romeo and Juliet, as well as Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen.

Trintignant's death resurfaced in the media years after Cantat's release when, in 2010, Cantat's ex-wife Krisztina Rády died by suicide. Cantat was present at Rády's house at the time of her death. Before her death, Rády had complained that Cantat subjected her to physical and mental abuse. Magistrates in Bordeaux conducted an investigation against Cantat to adjudge if he should be charged for culpability in Rády's death, but ultimately, they decided against pressing charges.

Marie Trintignant has been the subject of several documentaries, including Enquete Exclusive – Affaire Bertrand Cantat (2019) and Marie Trintignant: Tes rêves brisés (2022). The former deals with her death and Cantat's subsequent trial; it also shows, for the first time on French television, images of Bertrand Cantat's hearing before the Lithuanian court. The latter, which was directed by Trintignant's mother, recalls her life.

Awards
Trintignant was nominated for France's most prestigious acting honor, the César Award, five times, for her roles in:
 * Comme elle respire - 1999 (best actress)
 * Le Cousin - 1998 (best supporting actress)
 * Le cri de la soie - 1997 (best actress)
 * Les Marmottes - 1994 (best supporting actress)
 * Une affaire de femmes - 1989 (best supporting actress)

Partial filmography

 * Mon Amour, Mon Amour (1967)
 * It Only Happens to Others (1971)
 * Défense de savoir (1973) - La petite fille Marie
 * Le voyage de noces (1976) - La jeune fille au marriage
 * Série noire (1979) - Mona
 * La terrazza (1980) - Isabella
 * Premier voyage (1980) - Marie Lambert
 * Un matin rouge (1982) - Marie
 * Les îles (1983) - Nathalie
 * Next Summer (1985) - Sidonie
 * Noyade interdite (1987) - Isabelle
 * La maison de Jeanne (1988) - Martine
 * Story of Women (1988) - Lulu / Lucie
 * Wings of Fame (1990) - Bianca
 *  (1990) - Emilie / Woman
 * Alberto Express (1990) - Clara
 * Les Amants du Pont-Neuf (1991) - (voice)
 * Contre l'oubli (1991) - Herself (segment "Pour José Ramón Garciá Gómez, Mexique")
 * Betty (1992) - Betty Etamble
 * L'instinct de l'ange (1993) - La jeune veuve
 *  (1993) - Renée Dandrieux
 * Les marmottes (1993) - Lucie
 * Hoffman's honger (1993) - Irena Nova
 * Fugueuses (1995) - Marina
 * Les apprentis (1995) - Lorette
 * Des nouvelles du bon Dieu (1996) - Evangile
 * Le cri de la soie (1996) - Marie Benjamin
 * Ponette (1996) - La mère
 * Portraits chinois (1996) - Nina
 * Les démons de Jésus (1997) - Levrette
 * Le cousin (1997) - Juge Lambert
 * White Lies (1998) - Jeanne
 * Deep in the Woods (2000) - La mère
 * Harrison's Flowers (2000) - Cathy
 * Le prince du Pacifique (2000) - Moeata
 * Una lunga lunga lunga notte d'amore (2001) - Irene
 * Petites Misères (2002) - Nicole
 * Total Kheops (2002) - Lole
 * Corto Maltese, la cour secrète des arcanes (2002) - La Duchesse Marina Seminova (voice)
 * Corto Maltese - Sous le signe du capricorne (2002) - Bouche Dorée
 * Les Marins perdus (2003) - Mariette
 * Janis et John (2003) - Brigitte Sterni
 * Ce qu'ils imaginent (2004) - Juliette
 * Colette, une femme libre (2004, TV mini-series, also writer) - Colette (final appearance)

Appearances in other media
Not long before her death, she sang a duet in the song "Pièce montée des grands jours" by French folksinger Thomas Fersen in 2003.

title: Marie Trintignant


text:
The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog

The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog is a 1927 British silent thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Marie Ault, Arthur Chesney, June Tripp, Malcolm Keen and Ivor Novello. Hitchcock's third feature film, it was released on 14 February 1927 in London and on 10 June 1928 in New York City. The film is based on the 1913 novel The Lodger by Marie Belloc Lowndes and the play Who Is He? co-written by Belloc Lowndes. Its plot concerns the hunt for a Jack the Ripper-like serial killer in London.

The film was Hitchcock's first thriller, and established his reputation as a director. Upon its release, the trade journal Bioscope wrote: "It is possible that this film is the finest British production ever made".

Plot
A young blonde woman screams. She is the seventh victim of a serial killer known as the Avenger, who targets young blonde women on Tuesday evenings.

That night, blonde model Daisy Bunting is at a fashion show when she and the other showgirls hear the news. The blonde girls are horrified, hiding their hair with dark wigs or hats. Daisy returns home to her parents and her policeman sweetheart Joe, who have been reading about the crime in the newspaper.

A handsome but secretive young man bearing a strong resemblance to the description of the murderer arrives at the Bunting house and asks about their room for rent. Mrs. Bunting shows him the room, which is decorated with portraits of beautiful young blonde women. He pays her a month's rent in advance. The lodger turns all the portraits around to face the wall and requests that they be removed. Daisy enters to remove the portraits and is attracted to the lodger. The women return downstairs, where they hear the lodger's heavy footsteps as he paces the floor.

The relationship between Daisy and the reclusive lodger gradually becomes serious, making Joe, who is newly assigned to the Avenger case, unhappy. Mrs. Bunting is awoken late at night by the lodger leaving the house. She attempts to search his room, but a small cabinet is locked tight. In the morning, another blonde girl is found dead, just around the corner.

The police observe that the murders are moving towards the Buntings' neighbourhood. The Buntings believe that the lodger is the Avenger, and they try to prevent Daisy spending time with him. The next Tuesday night, Daisy and the lodger sneak away for a late-night date. Joe tracks them down and confronts them, and Daisy breaks up with him. Joe begins to piece together the events of the previous weeks and convinces himself that the lodger is indeed the Avenger.

With a warrant and two fellow officers, Joe returns to search the lodger's room. They find a leather bag containing a gun, a map plotting the location of the murders, newspaper clippings about the attacks and a photograph of a beautiful blonde woman, whom Joe recognizes as the Avenger's first victim. The lodger is arrested despite Daisy's protests, but he manages to run off into the night. Daisy finds him handcuffed, coatless and shivering. He explains that the woman in the photograph was his sister, a beautiful debutante murdered by the Avenger at a dance, and that he had vowed to his dying mother that he would bring the killer to justice.

Daisy takes the lodger to a pub and gives him brandy to warm him, hiding his handcuffs with a cloak. The suspicious locals pursue them, quickly becoming a mob. The lodger is surrounded and beaten, while Daisy and Joe, who have just heard that the real Avenger has been caught, try in vain to defend him. When all seems lost, a paperboy interrupts with the news that the real Avenger has been arrested. The mob releases the lodger, who falls into Daisy's waiting arms. Some time later, the lodger is shown to have fully recovered from his injuries and he and Daisy are happily living together.

Hitchcock's common themes
The Lodger showcases many of the themes of Hitchcock's previous and future works; according to Philip French, writing in The Guardian, Hitchcock borders themes of "the fascination with technique and problem-solving, the obsession with blondes, the fear of authority, the ambivalence towards homosexuality" in The Lodger.

Cast

 * Marie Ault as The Landlady (Mrs. Bunting)
 * Arthur Chesney as Her Husband (Mr. Bunting)
 * June Tripp as Daisy Bunting, a Model
 * Malcolm Keen as Joe Chandler
 * Ivor Novello as Jonathan Drew (The Lodger)
 * Eve Gray as Showgirl Victim (uncredited)
 * Alfred Hitchcock as Extra in newspaper office (uncredited)
 * Reginald Gardiner as Dancer at Ball (uncredited)
 * Alma Reville as Woman Listening to Wireless (uncredited)

Alfred Hitchcock's cameo occurs when he is sitting at a desk in the newsroom with his back to the camera and operating a telephone (4:44 minutes into the film). This is Hitchcock's first recognisable film cameo, and it became a standard practice for the remainder of his films. Hitchcock said that his cameo came about because the actor who was supposed to play the part of the telephone operator failed to appear, so Hitchcock filled in for him. Film scholar William Rothman notes that Hitchcock's cameo from behind is shot in a very similar manner to that of the titular lodger. According to some sources, including the French filmmaker François Truffaut, Hitchcock makes another cameo at the very end of the film in the angry mob, but this has been disputed.

Pre-production
The Lodger is based on a novel of the same name by Marie Belloc Lowndes about the Jack the Ripper murders, as well as the play Who Is He?, a comic stage adaptation of the novel by Horace Annesley Vachell that Hitchcock saw in 1915. News of the film was announced by the British press at the start of 1926 and Ivor Novello was announced as the lead in February. Originally, the film was to end with ambiguity as to the lodger's innocence. However, when Novello was cast, the studio demanded alterations to the script. Hitchcock recalled: "They wouldn't let Novello even be considered as a villain. The publicity angle carried the day, and we had to change the script to show that without a doubt he was innocent." In recollections such as these, Hitchcock presented himself as having been dissatisfied, but in fact Who is He? has a similarly happy ending.

Principal photography
Filming began on 25 February 1926 and principal photography was completed within six weeks. Because Hitchcock practised film methods that mirrored those of German expressionism, scenes would not run for much longer than three minutes each. According to Tripp: "Fresh from Berlin, Hitch was so imbued with the value of unusual camera angles and lighting effects with which to create and sustain dramatic suspense that often a scene which would not run for more than three minutes on the screen would take a morning to shoot."

Tripp had recently undergone an operation at the start of the shoot. She wrote in her autobiography that as a result of Hitchcock making her perform repeated takes of one scene, she felt a "sickening pain somewhere in the region of my appendix scar", and had to return to hospital.

Directorial style and cinematography
In framing the shots, Hitchcock was heavily influenced by post-war horror, social unrest and the emotional fear of abnormality and madness. The film is entirely silent, but words were not necessary given the visual method of storytelling.

A memorable scene occurs when the Buntings look up at their kitchen ceiling, listening to the lodger pacing above. The ceiling then becomes transparent and the lodger is then seen walking on it (a thick sheet of toughened glass was used). According to the Criterion Collection review by Philip Kemp, this scene was composed of "sixty-five shots in just over six minutes, with no title cards to interrupt. Some disconcerting camera angles, including one straight down the staircase as we see the lodger’s disembodied hand sliding down the banister."

Early in the film, the lodger's room is shown filled with paintings by Edward Burne-Jones of nude blonde women who resemble the Avenger's victims, but among them is a painting of Saint George freeing a woman from being sacrificed; this may be Hitchcock's use of foreshadowing to suggest that the lodger is not the actual killer.

Post-production
Upon viewing Hitchcock's finished film, producer Michael Balcon was reportedly furious and nearly shelved it. After considerable argument, a compromise was reached and film critic Ivor Montagu was hired to salvage the film. Hitchcock was initially resentful of the intrusion, but Montagu recognised the director's technical skill and artistry and made only minor suggestions, mostly concerning the title cards and the reshooting of a few minor scenes.

Hitchcock scholar Donald Spoto, who had not viewed the director's earlier two films, described The Lodger as "the first time Hitchcock has revealed his psychological attraction to the association between sex and murder, between ecstasy and death." Spoto also stated: "Montagu's claim that Hitchcock's edit contained up to 500 intertitles seems likely an exaggeration, but he worked with the director during the summer months to tighten up the film. One of the other improvements was to hire American poster artist Edward McKnight Kauffer to design the animated triangular title cards."

A successful trade screening of the reedited film overcame Woolf's prior objections and its theatrical success allowed for the British release of Hitchcock's prior film, The Mountain Eagle.

Significance and legacy
Upon release, the film was a critical and commercial success. In a review of the film in the British trade journal Bioscope, it was called "the finest British production ever made". On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 96% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10.

The Lodger continued themes that would run through much of Hitchcock's later work, such as that of an innocent man on the run for a crime that he did not commit. Hitchcock had reportedly studied contemporary films by Murnau and Lang, whose influence may be seen in the ominous camera angles and claustrophobic lighting. While Hitchcock had made two previous films, in later years the director would refer to The Lodger as the first true "Hitchcock film." Beginning with The Lodger, Hitchcock helped shape the modern-day thriller genre in film.

After arriving in the United States in 1940, Hitchcock was involved with a radio adaptation of the film with Herbert Marshall, Edmund Gwenn and Lurene Tuttle. In its review of the adaptation, Variety wrote: "Hitchcock is a director with an exceptionally acute ear. He achieves his results by a Ravel-like rhythmic pummelling of the nervous system. Music, sound effects, the various equivalents of squeaking shoes, deep breathing, disembodied voices are mingled in the telling of the tale with a mounting accumulation of small descriptive touches that pyramid the tension." The adaptation preserves the original novel's ending rather than that of the film and does not resolve the question of the lodger's identity as the killer.

In early 1942, the Los Angeles Times reported that Hitchcock was considering a colour remake of The Lodger following the completion of Saboteur (1942), but he was unable to obtain the film rights.

The Lodger has been considered by some film critics to be Hitchcock's greatest silent film.

Preservation status and home media
In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Hitchcock's birth, an orchestral soundtrack was composed by Ashley Irwin. The recording with the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg was broadcast over the ARTE TV network in Europe on 13 August 1999. Its first live performance occurred on 29 September 2000 in the Nikolaisaal in Potsdam by the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg under the direction of Scott Lawton. Following several previous restorations, a newly tinted digital restoration of The Lodger was completed in 2012 as part of the BFI's £2 million "Save the Hitchcock 9" project to restore Hitchcock's surviving silent films.

The Lodger has been heavily bootlegged on home video. However, various licensed, restored releases have appeared on DVD, Blu-ray and video-on-demand services worldwide from Network Distributing in the UK, MGM and Criterion in the U.S., and others. At the end of 2022, The Lodger entered the public domain in the United States.

title: The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog


text:
Talk:Shin'ichirō Tomonaga

Untitled
He's one of the few Japanese celeb whose names appear in English media in the Kunrei or Nippon system of Japanese romanization.

Let's have a redirect from Shinichiro Tomonaga

romanization
This type of romanization may have been more common while he was still alive, but today it is no longer considered clear or accurate in terms of guiding non japanese speakers pronunciation. All textbooks currently used to teach japanese to english speakers will transcribe this name as "shinichiro", and I see little reason to confuse the issue by using a romanization style that was abandoned for good reasons.

One problem, Smear. This guy is best known under his Kunrei form name. Therefore, the Kunrei-shiki name is where the article is. WhisperToMe 02:49, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * And again with adventures in romanization. WtM, stop!  STOP this insanity!  You DO NOT NEED to create redirect pages for Japanese topics under every single possible misspelling and romanization you can dream up!  WHY do you persist??!  Sin-Itiro is WRONG WRONG WRONG. Exploding Boy 18:08, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Do a google search. You'll find out quickly why I moved it. The page was here before. WhisperToMe 01:13, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * And I dream up redirects of "ever single misspelling" because in reality people tend to spell Japanese words using a variety of non-standard romanization styles. There ARE on the internet many ways to spell certain names. It's amusing, really. WhisperToMe 01:14, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * "Sin-Itiro is WRONG WRONG WRONG. Exploding Boy 18:08, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC) " - No, it can't be called "wrong" since it is standard Kunrei-shiki. But in most cases, it is not appropriate for a title as most Anglophones use Hepburn and NOT Kunrei-shiki. However, Tomonaga's case is special as that spelling is most common in English and he most likely called himself by that spelling. WhisperToMe 01:25, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sin-Itiro is NOT standard Kunreishiki. Exploding Boy 17:17, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

Hm, you most likely are correct on the dash thing, but that doesn't really matter much in this argument as pops spelled his name with the dash. (The other thing it lacks is the circumflex on "Ichiro") WhisperToMe 01:07, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I realise you find it amusing wasting your time coming up with new and ever more bizarre ways to spell Japanese words in English, but it is unnecessary and frankly serves only to clutter up the Wiki. As you have been told umpteen times, anyone who is going to search for these words using the obscure and often incorrect spellings you create is going to know enough to search under correct romanization.  It's not necessary to preempt people -- if it turns out to be necessary, someone will create it.  I wonder if there's a redirect for Jorge Boosh?  That's akin to what you're doing.  Exploding Boy 18:15, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with user Exploding Boy.
 * User WhisperToMe, you need to learn Japanese, because quite frankly, I don't think you even know what you're talking about. First off, WP:MJ says that We use modified Hepburn, not We use Kunrei-shiki when it's use is most popular. It should be "Shin'ichiro Tomonaga". This page should be moved, but someone should write "He was better known as Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, or something similar. Moocowsrule (talk) 20:15, 31 October 2008 (UTC)moocowsrule

 * And another vote for moving the article to "Shin'ichiro Tomonaga". Wikipedia's policy on romanization is clearly stated in WP:MJ and all articles about Japanese topics should be consistent.24.78.109.120 (talk) 03:32, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The article should remain "Sin-Itiro Tomonaga" per WP:MOS-JP, which clearly states "Use the form publicly used on behalf of the person in the English-speaking world", and seeing as Tomonaga was known as "Sin-Itiro" in the English world, that shall be his name.  moo cows rule talk to moo 05:50, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Some of you people need to actually learn how to speak and study Japanese before deciding on how to romanize this guy's name. It sounds retarded. "Shin'ichiro Tomonaga" is the proper way of romanizing this guy's name and ANYONE who's studied Japanese more than 5 minutes would arrive at this conclusion. Again, this is a perfect example of why Wikipedia is defeated by retards who think the ability to play God by writing articles makes up for knowing dick all in the real world. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.226.181.149 (talk) 05:26, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't know what wikipedia's policy is regarding this but as a native English speaker and an advanced Japanese speaker I can shed some light on the romanisation system. The Japanese use both the Kunrei and modified Hepburn systems of romanisation. It is confusing even for Japanese people as they are taught the Kunrei system in elementary school, (しん＝Sin, つ＝tu) and then from Junior High School onwards they have to re-learn the modified Hepburn system. (しん＝Shin,つ＝tsu). For an English speaker, the modified Hepburn system makes much more sense, as it transliterates the Japanese sounds more accurately into English. For Japanese people either system is equally as good.

 * However, in an English-dominated world the Japanese tend to use the Hepburn system for most purposes. (It is officially used by the Japanese government for example). For my money if Tomonaga used the Kunrei system himself, then that is how it should be rendered. The article has both so I don't see a problem. I do understand why it can irritate some English speakers though, it used to irritate me, but one has to look at it objectively. Certainly in most cases the modified Hepburn system is preferable and should be used. Only in rare cases would I argue for the Kunrei system to be used and this would appear to be one of them if Tomonaga really did use Kunrei himself. Antarctic-adventurer  (talk)  16:45, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

For example, Encyclopedia Britannica defaults to Shin'ichiro: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/599000/Tomonaga-Shinichiro Since his actual name is in kanji, and presumably we don't want to use that, we should use the current romanization system. Beijing used to be Peking. Sin-Itiro should be Shinichiro, or add the apostrophe and macron if you feel you need to. The apostrophe is used to indicate a syllabic N, and the macron a long O. Neither distinction affects the pronunciation when the word is mapped to English phonology, so the two diacritical marks are unnecessary. Yes, they are used in Japanese textbooks for teaching the Japanese language, where they are appropriate, but they shouldn't be used elsewhere. 103.16.26.133 (talk) 04:12, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Having just stumbled onto this page and am a novice in Japanese, but having his name written in this old system does look quite bizarre. I'd never seen Shinichiro romanized like that before, and it is a fairly common Japanese name, so I've seen it written many times.
 * Josephus37 (talk) 00:51, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

first boy?
What's that mean, he was the first boy? He had older sisters who aren't even worth thinking about? Can someone with the info fix this? Thanks. Phr (talk) 04:14, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Shin'ichiro was Sanjuro's second child, with one older sister, one younger brother, one younger sister. "Born ... as the first boy" might come from a possible sentence of 長男として生まれた that could have been in some reference, with the term 長男 (chōnan) literally meaning "eldest boy". Back then, the sex of any children were considered important, so being 長男 was a singnificant matter (and often, that's still the case in Japan). I don't see much problem here, but maybe I should change it to "second child" so it'd be more gender-neutral. --朝彦 (Asahiko) 10:54, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

A year before the americans?
I have read that Sin-Itiro Tomonaga had developed QED theory one year ahead of the americans. Is this true? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.69.73.146 (talk) 23:31, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Sin-Itiro Tomonaga. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20060316092917/http://physics.nobel.brainparad.com/shinitiro_tomonaga.html to http://physics.nobel.brainparad.com/shinitiro_tomonaga.html

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:14, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

magnetron
"During the war he studied the magnetron, meson theory, and his "super-many-time" theory." Is there any evidence that Tomonaga was attracted to magnetron - vacuum tube that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field while moving past a series of open metal cavities (cavity resonators)? Or, was that time the word "magnetron" used as a name for some quantum particle (like for a supposed element of magnetism)? Thanks for explanation. JOb 11:24, 31 March 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by JOb (talk • contribs)

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title: Talk:Shin'ichirō Tomonaga