text:
List of IATA-indexed railway stations

This is a list of IATA-indexed railway stations, which are assigned codes by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), similar to IATA airport codes. Such railway stations are typically used in air-rail alliances or code sharing agreements (commonly known as "Rail Fly") between airlines and rail lines, particularly in Europe. By assigning railway stations an IATA code, passengers on trips involving those stations can be ticketed all the way. Sometimes they can get checked straight through to their final destination, without the bother of having to claim their baggage and check-in again when changing between the rail and air portions of a trip. At other places passengers have to carry their baggage on the train, but anyway need no separate train booking process.

Airports
Rail lines at airports include:

 * Austria
 * Vienna International Airport

 * Belgium
 * Brussels Airport using Belgian Railways
 * Brussels-South railway station

 * Denmark
 * Copenhagen Airport, air tickets usable for Swedish State Railways (not Danish State Railways).

 * Finland
 * Helsinki Airport, served by the I and P lines of the Helsinki commuter rail network.

 * France
 * Charles de Gaulle Airport near Roissy, France, with SNCF French Rail and Eurostar.
 * Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry, the first airport to be served by a high-speed line.

(AIRail Service with Deutsche Bahn).
 * Germany
 * Frankfurt Airport
 * Cologne Bonn Airport
 * Düsseldorf Airport
 * Leipzig/Halle Airport

 * Italy
 * Milan Malpensa Airport
 * Netherlands
 * Schiphol Airport near Amsterdam, Netherlands. Air France-KLM offers tickets including flights to and from Amsterdam or Paris with corresponding trains and/or buses to Belgium.

 * Norway
 * Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (Flytoget)
 * Trondheim Airport, Værnes (Vy)

 * Sweden
 * Stockholm-Arlanda Airport, air tickets usable for Swedish State Railways.

 * Switzerland
 * Geneva Cointrin International Airport railway station (Swiss Federal Railways)
 * Zurich International Airport railway station (Swiss Federal Railways)

 * Turkey
 * İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport railway station (İZBAN)

 * United Kingdom
 * Birmingham International railway station
 * London
 * Gatwick Airport railway station has connections to London and other points on the National Rail Network
 * Heathrow Airport stations (Heathrow Express and London Underground Piccadilly line)
 * Stansted Airport (Stansted Express)
 * London City Airport (Docklands Light Railway)
 * Manchester Airport railway station
 * Glasgow Prestwick Airport railway station

 * United States

 * Newark Liberty International Airport, Newark, New Jersey, United States (near New York, New York), with Amtrak.
 * Baltimore/Washington International Airport, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, with Amtrak.

Railway station codes
The IATA codes for railway stations normally begin with Q, X or Z, except when the station shares the code with an airport. For some smaller cities the railway station in the city has the same code as the airport outside the city (several kilometers distance). A connection involving transfer between them can appear when searching travel possibilities. A taxi ride, a train, or a bus transfer is usually needed then.

 * A
 * ADB: Adnan Menderes Airport railway station, İzmir, Turkey
 * AMS: Schiphol Airport railway station on the Weesp–Leiden railway line near Amsterdam, Netherlands; high-speed trains (Thalys and Intercity Direct) to Rotterdam, Brussels and Paris using HSL-Zuid stop at the station as well
 * ARN: Stockholm-Arlanda Airport railway station, Sweden (located between terminals 4 and 5)

 * B

 * BHX: Birmingham International railway station, England, United Kingdom (600 m by rail from the airport)
 * BNJ: Bonn Hauptbahnhof, Sankt Augustin, Germany (at Bonn-Hangelar Airport )
 * BOO: Bodø Station, Norway (5 km from airport)
 * BRS: Bristol, England, United Kingdom (13 km from airport)
 * BRU: Brussels Airport-Zaventem railway station, Belgium

 * C
 * CBG: Cambridge railway station, England, United Kingdom
 * CDG: Aéroport Charles de Gaulle 2 TGV station, Roissy, Paris, France (LGV Interconnexion Est (high-speed line) with TGV/Thalys services)
 * CGN: Cologne/Bonn Airport station, Germany (walking distance from the airport). The ICE trains stop here as well.
 * CPH: Copenhagen Airport railway station, Denmark (underneath airport T3)

 * D
 * DUS: Düsseldorf Airport station, Germany on the Cologne–Duisburg railway line (SkyTrain people mover).

 * E
 * EWR: Newark Liberty International Airport (NJT station), New Jersey, United States (2 km from the airport via monorail)

 * F
 * FRA: Frankfurt Airport long-distance station in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on the Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line (walking distance from the airport)
 * FVS: Finland Station, Saint Petersburg, Russia

 * G
 * GGZ: Graz Hauptbahnhof, Graz, Austria
 * GVA: Geneva Airport railway station

 * H
 * HEC: Helsinki Central railway station, Helsinki, Finland
 * HVT: Tikkurila railway station, Helsinki, Finland

 * I
 * IOB: Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof, Innsbruck, Austria

 * J
 * JKG: Jönköping railway station, Sweden (11 km from the airport)

 * K
 * KGV: Klagenfurt Hauptbahnhof, Klagenfurt, Austria
 * KLR: Kalmar railway station, Sweden (6 km from the airport)
 * KSD: Karlstad railway station, Sweden (17 km from the airport)

 * L
 * LEJ: Leipzig/Halle Airport railway station, Germany (walking distance from the airport)
 * LHR: London Heathrow stations: Central, T2,3, T4 tube, T4 rail, T5 (all inside London Heathrow Airport perimeter).
 * LPI: Linköping railway station, Sweden (3 km from the airport)
 * LPL: Liverpool Lime Street railway station, England, United Kingdom
 * LYS: Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Lyon, France
 * LZS: Linz Hauptbahnhof, Linz, Austria

 * M
 * MAN: Manchester Airport railway station
 * MHG: Mannheim Hauptbahnhof, Mannheim, Germany

 * N
 * NCL: Newcastle railway station, England, United Kingdom

 * O
 * OSD: Östersund railway station, Sweden (9 km from the airport)
 * OSL: Oslo Airport Station, Norway (walking distance from the airport)

 * P
 * PIK: Prestwick Airport railway station, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * POK: St. Pölten Hauptbahnhof, St. Pölten, Austria
 * Q
 * QDH: Ashford International, Ashford, Kent, England, United Kingdom
 * QDU: Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof, Düsseldorf, Germany
 * QFB: Freiburg Hauptbahnhof, Freiburg, Germany
 * QFV: Bergen station, Bergen, Norway
 * QJZ: Gare de Nantes, Nantes, France
 * QKL: Köln Hauptbahnhof, Cologne, Germany
 * QLJ: Lucerne railway station, Lucerne, Switzerland
 * QLS: Lausanne, Switzerland
 * QPP: Berlin Hauptbahnhof, Berlin, Germany
 * QQK: King's Cross railway station, London, England, United Kingdom
 * QQM: Manchester Piccadilly station, Manchester, England, United Kingdom
 * QQN: Birmingham New Street railway station, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
 * QQP: Paddington railway station, London, England, United Kingdom
 * QQS: St Pancras railway station, London, England, United Kingdom
 * QQU: Euston railway station, London, England, United Kingdom
 * QQW: Waterloo International railway station, London, England, United Kingdom
 * QQY: York railway station, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
 * QRH: Rotterdam Centraal railway station, Rotterdam, Netherlands
 * QRZ: Breda railway station, Breda, Netherlands
 * QXB: Aix-en-Provence TGV station, Aix-en-Provence, France
 * QXG: Angers-Saint-Laud station, Saint-Laud, Angers, France
 * QYG: collective code for all German railway stations
 * QYX: Uppsala Central Station, Uppsala, Sweden

 * R
 * RWA: Warsaw Central station, Warsaw, Poland

 * S
 * SGS: Shinagawa Station, Tokyo, Japan
 * SIA: Southend Airport railway station at London Southend Airport, England, United Kingdom
 * SOO: Söderhamn railway station, Sweden (same code as the old airport which has no scheduled flights anymore)
 * STN: Stansted Airport railway station (Stansted Express, underneath airport of same code), England, United Kingdom
 * SWS: Swansea railway station, Wales, United Kingdom

 * T
 * THN: Trollhättan railway station, Sweden (6 km from the airport)
 * TRD: Trondheim Airport Station, Norway (walking distance from the airport)
 * TTK: Tottenham Hale station, London, England, United Kingdom (no airport)
 * TYQ: Tokyo Station, Tokyo, Japan

 * V
 * VIE: Vienna Airport railway station, Austria
 * VST: Västerås railway station, Sweden (6 km from the airport)
 * VXO: Växjö railway station, Sweden (9 km from the airport)

 * X
 * XAT: Antibes station, Antibes, France
 * XAX: Dorval, Montréal, Canada (2 km from Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport )
 * XBF: Gare de Bellegarde, Bellegarde-sur-Valserine, France
 * XBK: Gare de Bourg-en-Bresse, Bourg-en-Bresse, France
 * XCG: Gare de Cagnes-sur-Mer, Cagnes-sur-Mer, France
 * XDB: Gare de Lille Europe, Lille, France
 * XDH: Jasper railway station, Jasper, Alberta, Canada
 * XDS: Ottawa Train Station, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
 * XDV: Prince George railway station, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
 * XDW: Prince Rupert railway station, Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada
 * XDZ: The Pas railway station, The Pas, Manitoba, Canada
 * XEA: Pacific Central Station, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * XED: Gare de Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, Chessy, Seine-et-Marne, France (for Disneyland Paris)
 * XEF: Union Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
 * XEV: Stockholm Central Station, Stockholm, Sweden
 * XEW: Flemingsberg railway station (formerly Stockholm Syd Flemingsberg), Flemingsberg, Sweden
 * XFF: Gare de Calais-Fréthun, Calais, France
 * XFJ: Eskilstuna Central station, Eskilstuna, Sweden
 * XFP: Malmö Central Station, Malmö, Sweden
 * XGB: Gare Montparnasse, Paris, France
 * XGC: Lund Central Station, Lund, Sweden
 * XGH: Flåm Station, Flåm, Norway
 * XGJ: Cobourg station, Cobourg, Canada
 * XGZ: Bregenz railway station, Bregenz, Austria
 * XHJ: Aachen Hauptbahnhof, Aachen, Germany
 * XHK: Gare de Valence TGV railway station, Valence, Drôme, France
 * XIA: Guelph Central Station, Guelph, Canada
 * XIK: Milano Centrale Railway Station, Milan, Italy
 * XIT: Leipzig Hauptbahnhof, Leipzig, Germany
 * XIZ: Gare de Champagne-Ardenne TGV, Reims, France
 * XJY: Gare de Massy TGV, Massy, France
 * XKL: KL Sentral railway station, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 * XLM: Saint-Lambert (AMT) station, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 * XLV: Niagara Falls (VIA) station, Niagara Falls, Canada
 * XOC: Madrid Atocha railway station, Madrid, Spain
 * XOP: Poitiers railway station, Poitiers, France
 * XPG: Gare du Nord, Paris, France
 * XPH: Port Hope railway station, Port Hope, Canada
 * XPJ: Gare de Montpellier Saint-Roch, Montpellier, France
 * XQE: Ebbsfleet International railway station, Ebbsfleet Valley, England, United Kingdom (Eurostar)
 * XQT: Lichfield Trent Valley railway station, England, United Kingdom
 * XRG: Rugeley Trent Valley railway station, England, United Kingdom
 * XRF: Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles, Marseille, France
 * XRJ: Roma Termini railway station, Rome, Italy
 * XRK: Paveletsky Rail Terminal, Moscow, Russia
 * XSH: Tours Saint-Pierre-des-Corps railway station, Tours, France
 * XVQ: Venezia Santa Lucia railway station, Venice, Italy
 * XWC: Wien Hauptbahnhof, Vienna, Austria
 * XWG: Gare de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
 * XWK: Karlskrona railway station, Karlskrona, Sweden
 * XWL: Gothenburg Central Station, Gothenburg, Sweden
 * XWR: Örebro railway station, Örebro, Sweden
 * XWW: Wien Westbahnhof, Vienna, Austria
 * XXL: Lillehammer Station, Lillehammer, Norway
 * XXQ: Keleti Pályaudvar, Budapest, Hungary
 * XXZ: Sundsvall railway station, Sundsvall, Sweden
 * XYB: Borlänge railway station, Borlänge, Sweden
 * XYD: Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu, Lyon, France
 * XYG: Praha hlavní nádraží, Prague, Czech Republic
 * XYH: Helsingborg railway station, Helsingborg, Sweden
 * XYJ: Praha-Holešovice, Prague, Czech Republic
 * XYL: Gare de Lyon-Perrache railway station, Lyon, France
 * XYM: Falkenberg Railway Station, Falkenberg, Sweden
 * XZI: Gare de Lorraine TGV, Metz–Nancy area, France
 * XZL: Edmonton station, Edmonton, Canada
 * XZN: Avignon TGV station, Avignon, France
 * XZO: Oslo Central Station, Oslo, Norway
 * XZT: Trondheim Central Station, Trondheim, Norway
 * XZV: Gare de Toulon, Toulon, France

 * Y
 * YBZ: Toronto Union Station, Ontario, Canada (about 3 km) from Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport by ferry and tunnel)
 * YCM: St. Catharines railway station, Ontario, Canada
 * YJD: Barcelona França railway station, Barcelona, Spain
 * YJH: San Sebastián railway station, San Sebastián, Spain
 * YJL: Santander railway station, Santander, Spain
 * YJV: Estació del Nord (Valencia), Valencia, Spain
 * YMY: Montreal Central Station, Quebec, Canada (about 19 km from Montréal–Trudeau International Airport)

 * Z
 * ZAQ: Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof, Nuremberg, Germany
 * ZBA: Basel Badischer Bahnhof, Basel, Switzerland
 * ZBP: Pennsylvania Station, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
 * ZBJ: Fredericia Station, Fredericia, Denmark
 * ZDH: Basel SBB railway station, Basel, Switzerland
 * ZDJ: Bern railway station, Bern, Switzerland
 * ZDU: Dundee railway station, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * ZEP: Victoria station, London, England, United Kingdom
 * ZEU: Göttingen railway station, Göttingen, Germany
 * ZFJ: Gare de Rennes, Rennes, France
 * ZFQ: Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean, Bordeaux, France
 * ZFT: Fort Lauderdale station, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
 * ZFV: 30th Street Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
 * ZFZ: Buffalo–Depew station, Depew, New York, United States
 * ZGD: New London Union Station, New London, Connecticut, United States
 * ZGG: Glasgow Central station, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * ZGH: Copenhagen Central Station, Copenhagen, Denmark
 * ZHC: North Philadelphia station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
 * ZIN: Interlaken Ost railway station, Interlaken, Switzerland
 * ZIV: Inverness railway station, Inverness, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * ZKD: Leningradsky Rail Terminal, Moscow, Russia
 * ZLN: Le Mans railway station, Le Mans, France
 * ZLS: Liverpool Street Station, London, England, United Kingdom
 * ZLY: Albany–Rensselaer station, Rensselaer, New York, United States
 * ZMB: Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, Hamburg, Germany
 * ZME: Metropark station, Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, United States
 * ZMI: Napoli Mergellina railway station, Naples, Italy
 * ZML: Milwaukee Intermodal Station, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
 * ZMS: Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station, Florence, Italy
 * ZMU: München Hauptbahnhof, Munich, Germany
 * ZPY: Siegburg/Bonn railway station, Siegburg, Germany
 * ZRA: Atlantic City Rail Terminal, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
 * ZRB: Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof, Frankfurt, Germany
 * ZRD: Richmond Main Street Station, Richmond, Virginia, United States
 * ZRH: Zurich International Airport railway station, Zürich, Switzerland (same code as the airport)
 * ZRL: Lancaster (Amtrak station), Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States
 * ZRP: Pennsylvania Station, Newark, New Jersey, United States
 * ZRT: Hartford Union Station, Hartford, Connecticut, United States
 * ZRU: Route 128 station, Westwood, Massachusetts, United States
 * ZRV: Providence Station, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
 * ZRZ: New Carrollton station, New Carrollton, Maryland, United States
 * ZSB: Salzburg Hauptbahnhof ÖBB station, Salzburg, Austria
 * ZSF: Springfield Union Station, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States
 * ZSV: Gateway Transportation Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
 * ZTD: Schenectady station, Schenectady, New York, United States
 * ZTE: Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station, Rochester, New York, United States
 * ZTF: Stamford Transportation Center, Stamford, Connecticut, United States
 * ZTJ: Princeton Junction (NJT station), Princeton Junction, New Jersey, United States
 * ZTN: Trenton Transit Center, Trenton, New Jersey, United States
 * ZTO: South Station, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
 * ZTY: Back Bay station, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
 * ZUA: Utica Union Station, Utica, New York, United States
 * ZUG: Harrisburg Transportation Center, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States
 * ZUN: Chicago Union Station, Chicago, Illinois, United States
 * ZVE: Union Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
 * ZVM: Hannover Messe Bahnhof, Hanover, Germany
 * ZVR: Hannover Hauptbahnhof, Hannover, Germany
 * ZWB: Williamsburg Transportation Center, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States
 * ZWC: Stavanger station, Stavanger, Norway
 * ZWI: Wilmington Station, Wilmington, Delaware, United States
 * ZWP: West Palm Beach station, West Palm Beach, Florida, United States
 * ZWS: Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, Stuttgart, Germany
 * ZWU: Washington Union Station, Washington, D.C., United States
 * ZWW: Newport News station, Newport News, Virginia, United States
 * ZXA: Aberdeen railway station, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * ZXE: Edinburgh Waverley railway station, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * ZXS: Buffalo–Exchange Street station, Buffalo, New York, United States
 * ZYA: Amsterdam Centraal station, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
 * ZYH: Den Haag Centraal railway station, The Hague, The Netherlands
 * ZYN: Nîmes railway station, Nîmes, France
 * ZYP: Pennsylvania Station, New York City, New York, United States
 * ZYQ: William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center, Syracuse, New York, United States
 * ZYR: Brussels-South railway station, Brussels, Saint-Gilles, Belgium

title: List of IATA-indexed railway stations


text:
Puck (magazine)

Puck was the first successful humor magazine in the United States of colorful cartoons, caricatures and political satire of the issues of the day. It was founded in 1876 as a German-language publication by Joseph Keppler, an Austrian immigrant cartoonist. Puck 's first English-language edition was published in 1877, covering issues like New York City's Tammany Hall, presidential politics, and social issues of the late 19th century to the early 20th century.

"Puckish" means "childishly mischievous". This led Shakespeare's Puck character (from A Midsummer Night's Dream) to be recast as a charming near-naked boy and used as the title of the magazine. Puck was the first magazine to carry illustrated advertising and the first to successfully adopt full-color lithography printing for a weekly publication.

Puck was published from 1876 until 1918.

Publication history
After working with Leslie's Illustrated Weekly in New York – a well-established magazine at the time – Keppler created a satirical magazine called Puck,. The weekly magazine was founded by Keppler in St. Louis, Missouri. Keppler had begun publishing German-language periodicals in 1869, though they failed. In 1871, he attempted another cartoon weekly, Puck, which lasted until August 1872. Then in 1876, he again began publishing Puck in German. Interested backers wanted Puck in English so he published it in both languages for 15 years until he ceased the German version.

In 1877, after gaining wide support for an English version of Puck, Keppler published its first issue in English. The first English edition was 16 pages long and was sold for 16 cents.

Sometime before 1887, Puck moved its editorial offices from St. Louis to New York City.

In May 1893, Puck Press published A Selection of Cartoons from Puck by Joseph Keppler (1877–1892) featuring 56 cartoons chosen by Keppler as his best work. Also during 1893, Keppler temporarily moved to Chicago and published a smaller-format, 12-page version of Puck from the Chicago World's Fair grounds. Shortly thereafter, Joseph Keppler died, and Henry Cuyler Bunner, editor of Puck since 1877 continued the magazine until his own death in 1896. Harry Leon Wilson replaced Bunner and remained editor until he resigned in 1902. Joseph Keppler Jr. then became the editor.

The English-language magazine continued in operation for more than 40 years under several owners and editors, until it was bought by the William Randolph Hearst company in 1916 (ironically, one 1906 cartoon mocked Hearst's bid for Congress with his newspapers' cartoon characters). The Hearst conglomerate discontinued the political material and switched to fine art and social fads. Within 2 years, subscriptions fell off and Hearst stopped publication; the final edition was distributed on September 5, 1918.

London edition
A London edition of Puck was published between January 1889 and June 1890. Amongst contributors was the English cartoonist and political satirist Tom Merry.

Content
The magazine consisted of 16 pages measuring 10 inches by 13.5 inches with front and back covers in color and a color double-page centerfold. The cover always quoted Puck saying, "What fools these mortals be!" The jaunty symbol of Puck is conceived as a putto in a top hat who admires himself in a hand-mirror. He appears not only on the magazine covers but over the entrance to the Puck Building in New York's Nolita neighborhood, where the magazine was published, as well.

Puck gained notoriety for its witty, humorous cartoons and was the first to publish weekly cartoons using chromolithography in place of wood engraving, offering three cartoons instead of one. In its early years of publication, Puck's cartoons were largely printed in black and white, though later editions featured colorful, eye-catching lithographic prints in vivid color. A typical 32-page issue contained a full-color political cartoon on the front cover and a color non-political cartoon or comic strip on the back cover. There was always a double-page color centerfold, usually on a political topic. There were numerous black-and-white cartoons used to illustrate humorous anecdotes. A page of editorials commented on the issues of the day, and the last few pages were devoted to advertisements.

Contributors
Over the years, Puck employed many early cartoonists of note, including, Louis Dalrymple, Bernhard Gillam, Friedrich Graetz, Livingston Hopkins, Frederick Burr Opper, Louis Glackens, Albert Levering, Frank Nankivell, J. S. Pughe, Rose O'Neill, Charles Taylor, James Albert Wales, and Eugene Zimmerman.

Puck Building
Puck was housed from 1887 in the landmark Chicago-style, Romanesque Revival Puck Building at Lafayette and Houston streets, New York City. The steel-frame building was designed by architects Albert and Herman Wagner in 1885, as the world's largest lithographic pressworks under a single roof, with its own electricity-generating dynamo. It takes up a full block on Houston Street, bounded by Lafayette and Mulberry streets.

Legacy
Years after its conclusion, the "Puck" name and slogan were revived as part of the Comic Weekly Sunday comic section that ran on Hearst's newspaper chain beginning in September 1931 and continuing until the 1970s. It was then revived again by Hearst's Los Angeles Herald Examiner, which folded in 1989.

Archives
A collection of Puck cartoons dating from 1879 to 1903 is maintained by the Special Collections Research Center within the Gelman Library of The George Washington University. The Library of Congress also has an extensive collection of Puck Magazine prints online. The Florida Atlantic University Libraries Special Collections Department also maintains a collection of both English and German edition Puck cartoons dating from 1878 to 1916.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Puck (magazine)


text:
Talk:Bess of Hardwick

Untitled
Removed:

 * In some episodes of the BBC TV series Lovejoy, Charlotte Cavendish runs an auction house and often works with Lovejoy, as does D.C. Hardwick of the local police force. Is this mere coincidence or an insiders' reference to the importance of the Cavendish and Hardwick families in collecting antiquities and displaying them to the public?

This appears to be baseless speculation. -- Oliver P. 03:36 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Re: Bibliography: Note
Of Houshold Goods was the correct spelling, given that Elizabethans were somewhat variant in their practice.

User: Calibanu 12: 14, 08 July 2006

No Citation Needed.
The statement in the article, "...but Bess eventually ended up with a descendant on the throne: Queen Elizabeth II," is true. If you visit Queen Elizabeth's ancestry article, and look at the ancestry chart you can trace Lord William Charles Augustus Cavendish-Bentinck (number 28) back to William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where in his article it states he is "the grandson of Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick."

kkarma 05:58, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

New file File:Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury from NPG.jpg
Recently the file File:Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury from NPG.jpg (right) was uploaded and it appears to be relevant to this article and not currently used by it. If you're interested and think it would be a useful addition, please feel free to include it. Dcoetzee 12:45, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Lady Alathea Talbot
Lady Alathea Talbot was married with Thomas Howard, 21th Earl of Arundel and not with Thomas Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk I think there is a wrong link - somebody with more knowlegde about wikipedia should correct it... --Atlantica0705 (talk) 10:32, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Arbella & court
|Queen++Court&hl=en&ei=wnqtTvSJA8zLsgbog9T2Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bess%20arabella%20Elizabeth|Queen%20%20Court&f=false and |Queen++Court&hl=en&ei=DXutTsbENYrusgaZ48DWDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bess%20arabella%20Elizabeth|Queen%20%20Court&f=false Dougweller (talk) 17:24, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Wrong Portrait
The 2nd portrait, Bess of Hardwick, 1550s, seems to be the one of Queen Mary.

Just make the dark part of the portrait lighter and you'll read "Maria Regina"!

FEW, user of French Wikipedia, Sept 10, 2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.29.239.30 (talk) 14:46, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Edits by Tasmn
Tasmn has now been reverted by 3 editors. I reverted partially because of the poor English, but I note that Tasmn also removed sourced text in the last edit. Here's the edit that was added:

The greatest problem in Bess marriage was that she was married to the jailor of Mary Queen of Scots but that also would be Bess greatest contribution in the saving of Protestant England, Bess first met Mary in 1569.Mary was brought from Bolton castle in a litter under heavy guard in the harsh winter of 1569,Lady Livingston collapsed on the road and Mary herself was very sad because she was a prisoner for life after her trial in England which did not find her innocent from the charge that she murdered her husband and very sick because of the very harsh conditions of her captivity. Elizabeth instruction to Bess and her husband was that Mary should be respected but also cut from any contact with the outside world. Mary finally reached her new prison Tutbury castle in February 1569, the castle was a dismal place, it had been chosen as Mary's prison with security rather than comfort in mind, little Bess would imagine in that morning that the tall beautiful very large woman she saw getting out of the litter with the help of her servants with many guards around her would be in her husband custody for 15 years and that her presence would not only would destroy her marriage but specially destabilize the reign of Elizabeth herself. Bess and her husband did not own the castle of Tutbury, it was a royal castle who was leased to them, Mary complained to Bess that the two rooms allowed to her were very small, not fit for a royal prisoner, that they were damp,very cold, that even the sun could not reached her barred windows. Bess herself admit that the castle was subject to continual stench under Mary window because it didn't have any privies system, for all these reasons Mary was removed in a litter with a lot of guards by Bess and her husband first to Wingfield then to Bess own castle Chatsworth. Elizabeth wanted Bess and her husband to keep Mary a close prisoner and not to allow her any contact with the outside world, the couple was given around 2500 pounds per year to guard Mary while the cost of keeping was more than 10000 pounds per year which in time would cause great financial difficulties for the couple and is one of the main reasons in the breakup of their marriage. Bess and her husband wanted to keep Mary in their custody in order to benefit at all levels, the Earl of Shrewsbury was nominated a member of the privy council, than he became Earl Marshal the highest military position in England; Bess on the other hand would learn from Mary the latest fashions and trends specially from Paris in addition Bess would spent much of her time talking with Mary and working with her on her embroidery. Both women loved to sew and Bess learned a lot from Mary, indeed all Mary work would go to be part of Bess historical collection at Hardwick Hall. Bess and her husband were moderate Protestants who were loyal to Elizabeth yet they didn't like the puritans and at first they believed like many moderate aristocrats that a compromise between Elizabeth and Mary was possible, yet this policy failed for two reasons: first Elizabeth jealousy and suspicion of Mary and second Mary wanted not only her liberty but mainly to be the queen of a Catholic England. Under the nose of Bess and taking advantage of the limited freedom she was granted by the couple in 1569,Mary told Phillip the king of Spain that with his help she could be the queen of England in 3 months and that the Mass could be said all over England. The Catholics raised the standard of revolt in the North of England, their purpose was to liberate Mary and to marry her to the Duke of Norfolk, it was only the swift action of Bess and her husband that prevented the rebels to reach Mary on time, almost put by force by her guards in her litter in spite of being a very big fat double chin and sick woman unable to move alone, Mary was taken by Bess and her husband in a litter under heavy guard to the city of Coventry, Mary who was not given the permission to look outside her litter or have any contact with any person did not know that Bess and her husband have received an order to kill her if somebody tried to liberate her ; at first Mary was imprisoned in an inn than in the great hall of the city. Bess and her husband were able to play a very important role in the saving of Elizabeth because if Mary escaped them and was able to be helped by Spanish troops, Elizabeth could have lost her throne because England was not ready at that period of time to face both an internal rebellion and a foreign invasion.

There's quite a bit here that wouldn't belong in the article in any case as it appears to be original research (WP:NOT), starting with the first sentence, text such as "little Bess would imagine in that morning", etc. It isn't a question of correcting the English - it would need to be completely rewritten. It also isn't clear to me what was meant by " before my contribution there was nothing here". Dougweller (talk) 16:05, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok this is a dictatorship and a place to steal the contribution of other, good luck I'm stopping all my contributions and resigning.Tasmn — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tasmn (talk • contribs) 16:16, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Noting that Tasmn continued to try to edit war his/her edits into the article without discussion. Dougweller (talk) 21:15, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Hey guys -- I know edit wars are a blast, but can you please be careful about what you revert to? The section in question had, as I found it, numerous broken links. It seems a vandal copied the text from the rendered page into the source editor, and that was the version that kept getting reverted to.

Incidentally, Tasmn: Read WP:OWN. 192.91.171.42 (talk) 10:12, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

Okay already there are two major mistakes in the article, first Mary main prison was Sheffield castle not Tutbury, second the cost of keeping Mary was around 10.000 Pounds while Elizabeth provided only 2500 pounds, which means one quarter not one tenth. Also I have seen WP:OWN,I'm not claiming this article as my own but my contribution was completely used by others to completely rewrite the article, they even used my sources ,I have spent a lot of time and money to find these books and facts only to see them used and taken completely by others, you have only to see the article before my contribution, Mary captivity was mentioned into 2 lines, although it was the main event in Bess life. I wanted to offer a lot more but frankly know I want simply to see what other contributions these gentlemen's could make to the article, for myself if my article is restored even with some changes, I'm ready to add more than 500 words to this article alone.Tasmn — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tasmn (talk • contribs) 11:10, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * You may have read WP:OWN, but you didn't understand it. Others using your contributions and references and possibly rewriting them is how Wikipedia works. You explicitly allow your work to be used in this way when you click "Save page". Or maybe you'd also better read the terms of use and the license.

 * Frankly, you're not that good a writer. Until you improve, it's enough to add information, and let others put it into a readable form.68.170.190.61 (talk) 08:59, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

Edits to Bess's Fourth Marriage
I am the person who made the big changes to Bess of Hardwick's "fourth marriage" section. I was not trying to vandalize the article, or otherwise upset anyone, or take credit for anyone else's work; it is just that I did not know what I was doing. I tried to make some edits, but it was more difficult that I thought it would be. I often use Wikipedia, but this is the first time I have ever tried to edit an article. I have a great interest in the Tudors, which includes Queen Elizabeth's contest with Mary Stuart. So, to find out a little more about Mary's guardians, I looked up Bess of Hardwick, and read the article. I noticed that the grammar was quite bad, worse than any Wikipedia article I had ever read. And "it" says that anyone can edit an article. So I merely thought to fix the verbs, and the possessive cases, and put in periods at the ends of sentences, and start new proper sentences, and things like that. But then, I began to notice that it did not seem to be an encyclopedia quality article, but ran far afield from the subject, more like creative writing in its tone, including a lot of speculation and personalized adventures. So, I just started taking out little bits and pieces, that did not seem to belong in the article, and before you know it, poof, it was a lot different. Even though I knew I didn't know what I was doing, I think the article seemed a bit better. I did not mean to chop out references, or links. So I started reading all of the Wikipedia information about how to edit, and reference articles, and almost immediately, the article was restored exactly as it had been before. So, I copied and pasted my changes back. (There is probably where I made my biggest mistake). When I started to make the editorial changes, I did not think of anybody else who might have written the article, or who might be seeking to restore it; it didn't occur to me. And through, this, I have not been able to announce myself, communicate, or apologize, since I don't know what I am doing. But, finally now, I have an account. Finally, I am here on this page explaining myself. Let me say, that my only intention has been to improve the article. I surely did not mean to use other's work and take credit for it as my own. It is just that when I whittled the text down, I did not take everything out, I just edited and changed what seemed inappropriate to me, so some of it is "theirs' and some of it is mine. I am very interested in learning how to cite references. I am quite interested in this subject and willing to read the books and do the research to make proper references to give the article credibility. Most of the adventures associated with Mary's movement from house to house, and her possible association with plots to escape might all be referenced under the separate article "Mary Queen of Scotts."  And the special circumstances of the "Northern Rebellion" might also be referenced in a separate article.  It hardly seems plausible to me that Bess saved the Tudor dynasty from defeat during the Northern Rebellion.  From now on, I will be more careful and try to "talk" my way through this before making changes. With my sincere apologies to anyone that I may have offended.Grinbriar (talk) 21:18, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you for that explanation, and for your efforts to tidy up the poor English. In answer to your question about references, have a look at WP:Referencing for beginners. - David Biddulph (talk) 21:04, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok fine what you are saying is fair and honest to a large degree, Mary daily life in captivity is very important when we are talking about her jailors ,the article Mary Queen of scots (see Talk :Mary)is to long to add details about plots and her life, there is an article about the Northern Rebellion ,here we are only talking about Bess role in it; finally I agree with you that Bess did not save the Tudor dynasty but she played an important role, for historical fiction you could read Phillipia Gregory "The other queen",so I propose we work together either on this article or an article about Mary queen of scots in captivity that could be created see(Mary Talk),ok I'm sorry if I hurt anybody with my comments but the honesty of Grinbiar changed everything.Tasmn — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tasmn (talk • contribs) 05:01, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

I have already read "The Other Queen." I have a lot of knowledge on this subject. But I do not have, off the top of my head, where it all comes from. However, I would like to reference all of this stuff eventually. I also think, that, yes, maybe a new article entitled "The captivity of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotts"  would be a good idea. I could help you with your grammar and punctuation.Grinbriar (talk) 13:50, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

After Bess's fourth husband, the Earl of Shrewsbury, died, the article ends. But shouldn't it keep going until her death, which was some years later? Grinbriar (talk) 14:00, 23 August 2013 (UTC) Ok great we'll work together, I'll give you all the references ,I'll combine your article with mine and I 'll finish Bess who died in 1608,of course we 'll work together and you could correct it and rewrite it when I finish writting in the next few days.Tasmn — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tasmn (talk •Tasmn (talk) 08:05, 24 August 2013 (UTC)]

changes to text 30 September 2013 by QueenMarieStuart and possible point of view problem
I would like to add some notes here about QueenMarieStuart's edits to my text. I do not necessarily want to change it back, but I would like to give some thoughts and see if there are any comments, since I am new at this. I will sign off for now to collect my thoughts to put here later.Grinbriar (talk) 19:00, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

First of all, this article is about Bess of Hardwick, not about Queen Elizabeth nor Mary Queen of Scots. They are mentioned because their struggle effected Bess's life. "QueenMaryStuart" indicates that Bess held Mary Stuart in captivity:

"An accomplished needlewoman, Bess joined her captive charge, Queen Mary Stuart, at Chatsworth House for extended periods in 1569, 1570, and 1571, during which time they worked together on the Oxburgh Hangings."

However Bess was no one's jailer and held no one in captivity. It is true that Queen Elizabeth's government held Mary Stuart in indefinite house arrest, under the guardianship of the Earl of Shrewsbury, but that only make Bess the hostess to anyone staying at their several residences and not their jailer. Surely this made for a sort of social awkwardness that contributed to Bess's marital troubles.

"QueenMaryStuart" also indicates that Mary Stuart had a legitimate claim to the English throne, and that Queen Elizabeth treated her unjustly and regarded her with ill-will and deception. However, these are controversial opinions, not necessarily of encyclopedic quality. The fact is that under the renaissance monarchies of Europe, the medieval tradition of legitimacy was not set in stone, was not black and white, and was subject to much interpretation, depending upon who was in power, and under what rules you were operating. For example, there were the rules as seen through Protestant eyes, and the rules as seen through Catholic eyes. We know that Queen Elizabeth depended upon a Protestant worldview as the basis of legitimacy, but we also know that compared to her contemporaries, especially someone like Mary Stuart, that she had an almost modern sense of toleration between the two opposing sides, and sought above all else, to quieten the religious strife of the time. Of course Elizabeth would find Mary's claim to the English throne a threat. But on the other hand, Queen Elizabeth did not like the idea of Lords deposing a monarch, and she did not like the idea of casting her own blood kin aside. In short, we know that Queen Elizabeth was conflicted about the status of her cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, and put her origianlly under house arrest as a temporary measure until some resolution could be found. And out of procrastination and indecision, she let Mary remain under house arrest, for many years. From Queen Elizabeth's point of view, she was not hurting her, but was actually treating her well, as a monarch should be.

For these reasons, I think my original wording, which was slightly less detailed, was better because it showed a real confusion and miscommunication between the Queens and a conflicted anxiety on the part of Queen Elizabeth. "QueenMaryStuart" gives a more black-and-white portrayal, which some people may believe, but which does not match the historical consensus.Grinbriar (talk) 21:08, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

Additional comments added December 3, 2013

"Mary had a legitimate claim to the throne" is an untrue statement. She had a legitimate claim as Elizabeth's successor, since Elizabeth had no children, but Queen Elizabeth was Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII. Only if you work through the complex struggle between Catholics and Protestants, and take sides, as though there is any legitimacy at all in this mayhem of religious conflict, can you say that Queen Mary had legitimate claim to the throne. And this point of view cannot be the point of of view an encyclopedia.

"The Babbington Affair" is Mary's story, not Bess's.  And it makes no sense to mention it out of the blue, and not to explain it.

The purpose in holding the York Conference is unclear. To assert unclear speculation as truth deviates from an encyclopedic point of view. The fact that Queen Elizabeth convened this strange conference indicates her indecision over Queen Mary. In fact, indecision and procrastination are marked personality traits of Queen Elizabeth, throughout her very long reign, rather than any supposed malevolent scheming and conniving. The truth is that Queen Elizabeth could have done away with Queen Mary at any time, but she did not. The truth is that Queen Elizabeth was horrified that Scottish Lords had deposed their Queen; it undermined the institution of monarchy, in general. Plus, she had some sentiment for Queen Mary as a blood relative. The best outcome for Queen Elizabeth would have been to restore Queen Mary to her throne in Scotland. More likely, the York Conference was an attempt to exonerate Queen Mary from any involvement in the assassination of her husband, and to set the stage for returning her to her throne, hardly a malevolent intention. However, the evidence, real or concocted, was steadily mounting against Queen Mary, so the conference was dissolved without resolution. In my version, I added a link to the York Conference, which helped explain all of this. And by the way, let us not forget once again, that this is the story of Bess, not of the "adventures of Mary Queen of Scots", nor of the "mad Queen Elizabeth." Grinbriar (talk) 16:44, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

contribs) 14:30, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

Pinterest external link
The only citation for the coat of arms jpg is a link to a Pinterest search result. Surely we could do better? Matuko 14:05, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

Who is Dugdale?
Who is Dugdale? There is no explanation or documentation for this name anywhere, in the article. It sounds like it belongs to an early biographer. 2600:1012:B05F:1D8E:D4DE:3853:8529:5ABF (talk) 06:28, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

Eight lines of verse
Back in a previous century I read, probably in Smithsonian magazine, a big story called "England's Other Queen Bess" about this lady and Hardwick Hall and all, including eight lines of popular doggerel celebrating her prowess as wife and businesswoman. Can anyone find this for us? J S Ayer (talk) 20:17, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

Fourteen lines, not eight: J S Ayer (talk) 02:56, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

Four times the nuptial bed she warm'd, And every time so well perform'd, That when death spoil'd each husband's billing, He left the widow every shilling. Fond was the dame, but not dejected; Five stately mansions she erected With more than royal pomp, to vary The prison of her captive Mary. When Hardwicke's towers shall bow their head, Nor mass be more in Worksop said; When Bolsover's fair fame shall tend Like Olcotes, to its mouldering end; When Chatsworth tastes no Ca'ndish bounties, Let fame forget this costly countess.

Death and Burial
"Bess of Hardwick died at 5 pm on Saturday 13 February 1608... On 6 February her body was placed in a vault in All Saints Church, Derby..."

Surely there's a contradiction here. The date 13 February 1607/8 seems to be the accepted date of her death. Can someone correct the other date please and post a note here when it's done. Mike Spathaky (talk) 21:32, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

“Sometime keeper to the captive…”
It fullerly reads… “sometime keeper to the captive Mary, Queen of Scots”

The word “keeper” needs ‘belinking’ to wherever explaining the aforesaid “keeper” word it’s meaning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:9C97:5D01:250D:F82F:CDE5:1D2F (talk) 16:30, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bess of Hardwick


text:
Puck Building

The Puck Building is a historic building in the Nolita neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It occupies the block bounded by Lafayette, Houston, Mulberry and Jersey Streets. The building is owned by Kushner Properties.

An example of the German Rundbogenstil style of architecture, the building was designed by Albert Wagner, and was constructed in two parts. The north section was built in 1885–86 and the south addition in 1892–93. The front of the building on Lafayette Street was relocated in 1899 when the street – then called Elm Place – was widened, this was supervised by Herman Wagner. The building was rehabilitated in 1983–84 and further renovated in 1995 by Beyer Blinder Belle. The building sports two gilded statues by sculptor Henry Baerer of Shakespeare's character Puck, from A Midsummer Night's Dream, one on the northeast corner at Houston and Mulberry, and one over the main entrance on Lafayette.

History

The building was constructed as the printing facility of J. Ottmann Lithographic Company as a seven-story structure. A nine-story annex was added in 1892.

The building was the longtime home of Puck magazine, which gave the building its name; Founded in St. Louis in 1871, the magazine moved into the building in 1887 and remained there until it ceased publication in 1918.

A June 1887 fire caused significant damage, estimated as high as $30,000, including water damage to Puck magazine's editorial rooms. A fire in November caused $50,000 in damage after a can of turpentine caught on fire inside a finishing room where workers were producing Christmas cards.

The building later housed numerous independent printing firms and related printing services such as typesetters and a printing ink company, Superior Printing Ink. The odor of printing ink permeated the building for many years. An office stationery company, S. Novick & Son, once occupied the second floor. Notable among that firm's salesmen was Alger Hiss, the former Assistant Secretary of State, who was brought down in a spy scandal in the 1950s.

The Serra family bought the building in 1978 and allowed the building to empty out as tenants left over the years as their leases expired. A proposed 1981 conversion of the building eliminated the inclusion of residential space based on the economics of paying displaced commercial tenants a fee of $9 per square foot. The building reopened in April 1983 after an $8 million renovation and restoration project that created condominium spaces for businesses primarily related to the arts.

On November 5, 1982, author and artist Theresa Hak Kyung Cha was raped and killed by security guard and serial rapist Joey Sanza in The Puck Building. Cha had gone there to meet her husband, photographer Richard Barnes, who was documenting the renovation of the building. Cha died a week after the publication of her book Dictee. Sanza was convicted after five years and three trials.

Owner Jared Kushner sought approval from the Landmarks Preservation Commission to erect six penthouse apartments at the top of the red-brick building. After initially being turned down in October 2011, Kushner made two modifications and his plans were approved. The first of the six units closed in May 2014, selling for $28 million.

Tenants
In the 1980s, the Puck Building was the original home of Spy Magazine. Starting in 1986, the building housed the Manhattan Center of Pratt Institute. Pratt used the additional space for computer and technical labs for the School of Computer, Information, and Library Science (SCILS).

Since 2004, the building has been used by New York University for the Wagner Graduate School of Public Service and the department of sociology.

The building contains both office and retail space as well as ballrooms for large events on both the top and ground floors. The Skylight Ballroom can accommodate 250 guests, while the Grand Ballroom can fit up to 1,000.

The building underwent a large-scale renovation beginning in October 2011. That year, REI opened a 35000 sqft store spanning the building's first three levels. The renovation was designed by architects Callison and includes an area that showcases the history of the Puck Building.

Thrive Capital, the venture capital firm run by Charles Kushner's son and Jared Kushner's younger brother Josh, has its office in the building. Several portfolio companies in which Thrive is invested are also headquartered in the Puck Building, including Cadre and Oscar.

In popular culture

 * An exterior shot of the Puck Building is seen in the American television sitcom Will & Grace, as the building where the title character Grace Adler (played by Debra Messing) works.
 * In the 1989 film When Harry Met Sally..., the building is the site of a big fight between Harry (Billy Crystal) and Sally (Meg Ryan) during the wedding of their best friends Marie (Carrie Fisher) and Jess (Bruno Kirby), as well as the site of a New Year's Eve party at the end of the film where Harry says that he loves Sally.
 * The Puck Building serves as the venue for a black-tie party in the 1991 Bret Easton Ellis novel American Psycho.
 * The music video of The Alan Parsons Project's song "Stereotomy" was filmed inside the Puck Building. The video was directed by Zbigniew Rybczyński.
 * The National recorded parts of their 2003 album Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers in an empty penthouse in the building. Two of the band's members, Matt Berninger and Scott Devendorf worked in the building at the time.

title: Puck Building


text:
Talk:Data haven

Origin of the Term
I'm not so sure about the origin of the term that is listed here.. I recall the term being used in the first few chapters of Count Zero by William Gibson (when Turner is taken to an oil rig in international waters, it is said that it was once used as a data haven), and that book was released in 1986, three years before Bruce Sterling's book. Can anyone confirm if I am wrong? --Anticrash 14:36, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

--

Is there such a thing as a Data Hell?

Germany? What does Germany censor? --Mrowlinson 05:37, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Like many other European countries, Germany censors "hate speech", especially, like France, most anything pertaining to Nazism. While this is understandable given the history of these countries, it still constitutes censorship. - Tzaquiel 21:10, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Germany bans many things, William Gibson's books are being demonized currently, Final Fantasy 7 has been banned after two teenagers claimed to have been influenced by it after a spreekilling, etc75.173.83.232 (talk) 22:22, 14 June 2009 (UTC) --- "There is an understood rule amongst most of those who establish or favour data havens that they should not be used to facilitate spam, terrorism, or child pornography."

Isn't this somewhat non-NPOV? If there are only two actual examples of data havens, it seems questionable to talk about "most of those .."?

It also seems reasonable to distinguish between moral choices made by the operators of data havens and practical choices - e.g., maybe data haven operators don't care about spam one way or the other, but would quickly see their connections to the net cut off if they were to allow it.

Also, Freenet seems like a bad example, since it doesn't protect content by legal means, only technical means.

Freenet was explicitly designed to have helpful legal properties. Chandon 16:51, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

--- Why has the United States been made an example here? I know of no ISP's that filter other than school or work accounts. And also, the government is FAILING to "censor" stuff. Better examples are Saudi Arabia and Singapore, which still do it. WhisperToMe 01:50, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

I agree. Even with the cite stating "the US isn't the best," the way the article is set up now seems to imply that China and America are on equal footing in terms of internet censorship. And if DMCA style laws are enough to get one on the list, many other countries should be their too.

Rough Towers: why is this even in an entry on data havens? The article should explain what a data haven is, not talk about some aspect of Havenco's history. Perhaps the section should be moved to Havenco's entry. I'm removing it. Jebba 03:48, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

HavenCo
The article claims that HavenCo is not hosted on Sealand anymore. Can anyone provide a reference? Wmahan. 00:21, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed the claim. Wmahan. 15:55, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Existing data havens?
Does there exist any data havens today? which are them?
 * The article mentioned Havenco. Then there are various companies providing "offshore" hosting like . I think these are mostly used to get around US laws on things like gambling or as tax havens or corporate havens. Anonymous networks like Tor and I2P aim to provide havens in a more P2P-like manner. Wmahan. 15:55, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Good data haven
Data stored in strong cascade encrypted files cleverly stored steganographically on a encrypted partition. In a bullet-proof, burglar-resistant, fire-resistant, air-tight, water-proof, radiation-shielded multi-factor authentication safe - made of space-grade metal alloys. Concealed under the floor or in the wall of a secret vault/strong-room filled with VX gas, located in the center of a secret floor located at the bottom of steel-reinforced secret underground bomb-proof facility located in the desert, under a lake or under a mountain of an obscure isolated private island heavily guarded 24/7 by redundant security systems incorporating CCTV, radar, sonar, satellite, tripwires, lasers, motion-detectors, vibration-detectors, sound-detectors, smoke-detectors, heat-detectors, nightvision, infra-red sensors and heavily armed security guards. Add some turrets and SAM-sites too... and sharks with frickin' laser beams attached to their heads.

Though if an underground facility on a private island isn't exactly what you're looking for, then perhaps an underwater base on the bottom of the Mariana Trench at 10911 meters depth would be something? Or perhaps something similar but on a black-coated stealth space station equipped with thermonuclear warheads, hidden far away in deep space?

My tinfoil hat has triple-layered tinfoil coating with rubber on the inside.

Space
Imagine putting a data haven on a satellite or space station up in the space with satellite link.

 * OK. It'd be low-bandwidth, hard to access, expensive, fragile, and probably could be DOSed easily. --Gwern (contribs) 22:51 10 March 2007 (GMT)
 * Maybe not low-bandwidth. But yeah, it could be easily destroyed by any modern country and thus not worth the trouble of putting it into space in the first place... and maintenance/upgrades would be a bitch. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.71.40.121 (talk) 07:18, 11 April 2007 (UTC).
 * But you could put anything on there, as there's be no rules, as space has no website laws1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fivexthethird (talk • contribs) 03:10, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

As far as I know it already exists but it doesn't legally help since the law is the one of the launching country. You can also not put anything into orbit without prior validation by governments so... it sounds pretty much impossible to use this solution. Utopiah (talk) 01:54, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Nonprofit
re: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_haven&curid=168753&diff=375857233&oldid=366528441

Worth keeping? The nonprofit has barely any Google visibility whatsoever, which is hardly 'well-known': http://www.google.com/#hl=en&q="DataHaven"+-"data+haven" --Gwern (contribs) 04:12 4 August 2010 (GMT)

 * An anon has taken it upon itself to remove the whole bit. I guess that takes care of that. --Gwern (contribs) 07:38 11 August 2010 (GMT)

title: Talk:Data haven


text:
JAR (file format)

A JAR ("Java archive") file is a package file format typically used to aggregate many Java class files and associated metadata and resources (text, images, etc.) into one file for distribution.

JAR files are archive files that include a Java-specific manifest file. They are built on the ZIP format and typically have a  file extension.

Design
A JAR file allows Java runtimes to efficiently deploy an entire application, including its classes and their associated resources, in a single request. JAR file elements may be compressed, shortening download times.

A JAR file may contain a manifest file, that is located at. The entries in the manifest file describe how to use the JAR file. For instance, a Classpath entry can be used to specify other JAR files to load with the JAR.

Extraction
The contents of a file may be extracted using any archive extraction software that supports the ZIP format, or the  command line utility provided by the Java Development Kit.

Security
Developers can digitally sign JAR files. In that case, the signature information becomes part of the embedded manifest file. The JAR itself is not signed, but instead every file inside the archive is listed along with its checksum; it is these checksums that are signed. Multiple entities may sign the JAR file, changing the JAR file itself with each signing, although the signed files themselves remain valid. When the Java runtime loads signed JAR files, it can validate the signatures and refuse to load classes that do not match the signature. It can also support 'sealed' packages, in which the Classloader will only permit Java classes to be loaded into the same package if they are all signed by the same entities. This prevents malicious code from being inserted into an existing package, and so gaining access to package-scoped classes and data.

The content of JAR files may be obfuscated to make reverse engineering more difficult.

Executable JAR files
An executable Java program can be packaged in a JAR file, along with any libraries the program uses. Executable JAR files have the manifest specifying the entry point class with  and an explicit Class-Path (and the -cp argument is ignored). Some operating systems can run these directly when clicked. The typical invocation is  from a command line.

Native launchers can be created on most platforms. For instance, Microsoft Windows users who prefer having Windows EXE files can use tools such as JSmooth, Launch4J, WinRun4J or Nullsoft Scriptable Install System to wrap single JAR files into executables.

Manifest
A manifest file is a metadata file contained within a JAR. It defines extension and package-related data. It contains name–value pairs organized in sections. If a JAR file is intended to be used as an executable file, the manifest file specifies the main class of the application. The manifest file is named. The manifest directory has to be the first entry of the compressed archive.

Specifications
The manifest appears at the canonical location. There can be only one manifest file in an archive and it must be at that location.

The content of the manifest file in a JAR file created with version 1.0 of the Java Development Kit is the following.

Manifest-Version: 1.0

The name is separated from its value by a colon. The default manifest shows that it conforms to version 1.0 of the manifest specification.

The manifest can contain information about the other files that are packaged in the archive. Manifest contents depend on the intended use for the JAR file. The default manifest file makes no assumptions about what information it should record about other files, so its single line contains data only about itself. It should be encoded in UTF-8.

Special-Purpose Manifest Headers
JAR files created only for the purpose of archiving do not use the  file.

Most uses of JAR files go beyond simple archiving and compression and require special information in the manifest file.

Features
The manifest allows developers to define several useful features for their jars. Properties are specified in key-value pairs.

Applications
If an application is contained in a JAR file, the Java Virtual Machine needs to know the application's entry point. An entry point is any class with a  method. This information is provided in the manifest Main-Class header, which has the general form:

Main-Class: com.example.MyClassName

In this example  executes at  application launch.

Package Sealing
Optionally, a package within a JAR file can be sealed, which means that all classes defined in that package are archived in the same JAR file. A package might be sealed to ensure version consistency among the classes in the software or as a security measure.

To seal a package, a Name entry needs to appear, followed by a Sealed header, such as: The Name header's value is the package's relative pathname. Note that it ends with a '/' to distinguish it from a filename. Any headers following a Name header, without any intervening blank lines, apply to the file or package specified in the Name header. In the above example, because the  header occurs after the   header with no intervening blank lines, the   header applies (only) to the package.

The feature of sealed packages is outmoded by the Java Platform Module System introduced in Java 9, in which modules cannot split packages.

Package Versioning
Several manifest headers hold versioning information. One set of headers can be assigned to each package. The versioning headers appear directly beneath the Name header for the package. This example shows all the versioning headers:

Multi-Release
A jar can be optionally marked as a multi-release jar. Using the multi-release feature allows library developers to load different code depending on the version of the Java runtime. This in turn allows developers to leverage new features without sacrificing compatibility.

A multi-release jar is enabled using the following declaration in the manifest:

Dependencies
The  file can be used to specify all the classes that must be loaded for an application to be able to run.

Note that Class-Path entries are delimited with spaces, not with the system path delimiter:

Apache Ant Zip/JAR support
The Apache Ant build tool has its own package to read and write Zip and JAR archives, including support for Unix filesystem extensions. The org.apache.tools.zip package is released under the Apache Software Foundation license and is designed to be usable outside Ant.

Related formats
Several related file formats build on the JAR format:
 * WAR (Web application archive) files, also Java archives, store XML files, Java classes, JavaServer Pages and other objects for Web Applications.
 * RAR (resource adapter archive) files (not to be confused with the RAR file format), also Java archives, store XML files, Java classes and other objects for J2EE Connector Architecture (JCA) applications.
 * EAR (enterprise archive) files provide composite Java archives that combine XML files, Java classes and other objects including JAR, WAR and RAR Java archive files for Enterprise Applications.
 * SAR (service archive) is similar to EAR. It provides a  file and accompanying JAR files.
 * APK (Android application package), a variant of the Java archive format, is used for Android applications.
 * AAR (Android archive) is used for distribution of Android libraries, typically via Maven.
 * PAR (plan archive) – supported by Eclipse Virgo OSGi application server, allows the deployment of multi-bundle OSGi applications as a single archive and provides isolation from other PAR-based applications deployed in the same server.
 * KAR (Karaf archive) – supported by Apache Karaf OSGi application server, allows the deployment of multi-bundle, multi-feature OSGi applications.

title: JAR (file format)


text:
Global variable

In computer programming, a global variable is a variable with global scope, meaning that it is visible (hence accessible) throughout the program, unless shadowed. The set of all global variables is known as the global environment or global state. In compiled languages, global variables are generally static variables, whose extent (lifetime) is the entire runtime of the program, though in interpreted languages (including command-line interpreters), global variables are generally dynamically allocated when declared, since they are not known ahead of time.

In some languages, all variables are global, or global by default, while in most modern languages variables have limited scope, generally lexical scope, though global variables are often available by declaring a variable at the top level of the program. In other languages, however, global variables do not exist; these are generally modular programming languages that enforce a module structure, or class-based object-oriented programming languages that enforce a class structure.

Use
Interaction mechanisms with global variables are called global environment (see also global state) mechanisms. The global environment paradigm is contrasted with the local environment paradigm, where all variables are local with no shared memory (and therefore all interactions can be reconducted to message passing).

Global variables are used extensively to pass information between sections of code that do not share a caller/callee relation like concurrent threads and signal handlers. Languages (including C) where each file defines an implicit namespace eliminate most of the problems seen with languages with a global namespace though some problems may persist without proper encapsulation. Without proper locking (such as with a mutex), code using global variables will not be thread-safe except for read only values in protected memory.

Environment variables
Environment variables are a facility provided by some operating systems. Within the OS's shell (ksh in Unix, bash in Linux, COMMAND.COM in DOS and CMD.EXE in Windows) they are a kind of variable: for instance, in unix and related systems an ordinary variable becomes an environment variable when the  keyword is used. Program code other than shells has to access them by API calls, such as  and.

They are local to the process in which they were set. That means if we open two terminal windows (Two different processes running shell) and change value of environment variable in one window, that change will not be seen by other window.

When a child process is created, it inherits all the environment variables and their values from the parent process. Usually, when a program calls another program, it first creates a child process by forking, then the child adjusts the environment as needed and lastly the child replaces itself with the program to be called. Child processes therefore cannot use environment variables to communicate with their peers, avoiding the action at a distance problem.

Global-only and global-by-default
A number of non-structured languages, such as (early versions of) BASIC, COBOL and Fortran I (1956) only provide global variables. Fortran II (1958) introduced subroutines with local variables, and the COMMON keyword for accessing global variables. Usage of COMMON in FORTRAN continued in FORTRAN 77, and influenced later languages such as PL/SQL. Named COMMON groups for globals behave somewhat like structured namespaces. Variables are also global by default in Forth, Lua, Perl, and most shells.

C and C++
The C language does not have a  keyword. However, variables declared outside a function have "file scope," meaning they are visible within the file. Variables declared with file scope are visible between their declaration and the end of the compilation unit ( file) (unless shadowed by a like-named object in a nearer scope, such as a local variable); and they implicitly have external linkage and are thus visible to not only the   file or compilation unit containing their declarations but also to every other compilation unit that is linked to form the complete program. External linkage, however, is not sufficient for such a variable's use in other files: for a compilation unit to correctly access such a global variable, it will need to know its type. This is accomplished by declaring the variable in each file using the  keyword. (It will be declared in each file but may be defined in only one.) Such  declarations are often placed in a shared header file, since it is common practice for all   files in a project to include at least one   file: the standard header file   is an example, making the   variable accessible to all modules in a project. Where this global access mechanism is judged problematic, it can be disabled using the  keyword which restricts a variable to file scope, and will cause attempts to import it with   to raise a compilation (or linking) error.

An example of a "global" variable in C: As the variable is an external one, there is no need to pass it as a parameter to use it in a function besides main. It belongs to every function in the module.

The output will be: 3 5 5 5

Java
Some languages, like Java, don't have global variables. In Java, all variables that are not local variables are fields of a class. Hence all variables are in the scope of either a class or a method. In Java, static fields (also known as class variables) exist independently of any instances of the class and one copy is shared among all instances; hence public static fields are used for many of the same purposes as global variables in other languages because of their similar "sharing" behavior:

PHP
PHP has a  keyword and a number of unusual ways of using global variables. Variables declared outside functions have file scope (which is for most purposes the widest scope). However, they are not accessible inside functions unless imported with the  keyword (i.e., the keyword accesses global variables, it does not declare them).

However, some predefined variables, known as superglobals are always accessible. They are all arrays. A general purpose one is the  superglobal, which contains all the variables defined out of function scope. Changes to its elements change the original variables, and additions create new variables. The superglobals  and   are widely used in web programming.

Other languages

 * In Python and MATLAB a global variable can be declared anywhere with the  keyword.
 * Ruby's global variables are distinguished by a ' ' sigil. A number of predefined globals exist, for instance  is the current process ID.

title: Global variable


text:
Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992

Prior to the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 (CSPA), President George H.W Bush issued Executive Order 12711 in 1990. This policy implementation was solidified by the actual Act in 1992. The Act's main sponsors were Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) for the House of Representatives and Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA) for the Senate. The Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 was passed on May 21, 1992, by the Senate, and passed by the House of Representatives on August 10, 1992. President George H. W. Bush signed it into law on October 9, 1992. The Chinese Student Protection Act became Public Law 102-404, 106 Stat. 1969.

The Chinese Student Protection Act established permanent residence for Chinese nationals that came to the United States from June 5, 1989, to April 11, 1990. The Act was targeted towards students. The CSPA was prompted by the political repression the Chinese faced after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. Chinese students who were in the United States during the time of the protests participated in TV interviews, demonstration rallies, and were featured in newspaper articles. Chinese nationals were eligible to apply for permanent residency, even with expired passports. Over the years, the Act granted green cards to an estimated number of 54,000 Chinese nationals.

The green cards were called "blood cards" by the Chinese, as a “pejorative term for the green cards awarded to their countrymen who, by virtue of their presence in the U.S. at the time, were eligible for the Chinese Student Protection Act.”

Criticisms and Pitfalls of the Act
Although CSPA was enacted to prevent political persecution of Chinese students, the act also extended its protection to immigrants that came to America illegally, with which many Americans disagreed. Additionally, the permanent resident statute of the Act subtracted spots for Chinese immigrants to come in later years.

The executive director of Asia Watch, a large human-rights organization presence in China, spoke out against the CSPA, calling it unnecessary. According to the executive director, the only students that may have needed protection from their native country would be those that participated in televised or advertised speeches and those who wrote articles.

A document from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization noted, “According to a cable from the U.S. Consul in Shanghai, China, over 120 returning [students]… who had come to China for various reasons were interviewed [as they prepared to go back to the U.S.]. Not one of them reported a problem.” These students that returned home for a visit during the time that this Act was in effect were still eligible to apply for green cards.

Bills Related to the Act
October 23, 1997 H.R. 2728, a bill to extend the provisions of the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 to certain aliens who entered the United States without inspection. In summary, the bill wished to grant more Chinese students after the original 1992 Act status. This bill also included that the number of Chinese allowed to enter the country not be lowered due to this bill. The bill was to be cited as the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1997, and was brought before the House of Representatives. The bill was introduced through the Judiciary Committee, but no action was taken.

June 4, 2009 S. 1182, a bill to amend the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992, would “eliminate the provision requiring the reduction of annual People’s Republic of China (PRC) immigrant visas to offset status adjustments under such Act.” The bill was read twice in the Senate and referred to the Judiciary Committee but no other action was made.

2017 Bills entitled "Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2017" were introduced into the House (H.R. 392) and Senate (S. 281) of the 115th United States Congress. These bills would amend the CSPA “to eliminate the provision requiring the reduction of annual Chinese immigrant visas to offset status adjustments under such Act.”

Effects on the Chinese in America
Studies show that the Chinese benefited from the CSPA. “Among those with at least a Bachelor’s degree, workers from mainland China experienced hourly earnings gains of 18 percent during the 1990s relative to the control group. The relative gain was 21 percent among mainland Chinese women and 16 percent among mainland Chinese men. Relative employment rates rose substantially post-CSPA for mainland Chinese male and female college graduates.” (Institute for International Integration Studies, Trinity College Dublin)

Effects on the United States Labor Market
Despite the critiques of the CSPA, studies have shown that there was a largely positive impact in the area of beneficiaries' labor market. Theoretically, benefits for recipients of CSPA work eligibility include higher income, flexibility, the ability to work legally, and possibility for longer-term employment. “The CSPA appears to have raised the employment rate by 7 percentage points among college-graduate PRC immigrants relative to those from Hong Kong, controlling for other factors, and to have boosted relative hourly earnings growth by 17 to 24 percent.” (Institute for International Integration Studies) Women and highly educated immigrants benefited most.

title: Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992


text:
Talk:Congressional power of enforcement

This page has been listed for deletion -Smack 04:31 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Untitled

 * Based on the conversation at the VfD page, it seems to be consensus to keep the article as it has been improved vastly. --Dante Alighieri 01:01 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Moved from Votes for deletion:

 * The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation - a monstrously long title; a disgrace to the name stub. -Smack 04:33 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Unless there's a better or more commonly used name for this particular consitutional phrase, it seems fine to me. Even if there was a more commonly used name, I think a redirect using that long title would still be useful.  It could use a few more links from the specific amendment articles, though. -Daniel Quinlan
 * Deleting an article "just" because its title is long ??? How strange. User:Anthere
 * It also contains nothing that is particularly worthy of being called "information". I support its deletion. -- Oliver P. 09:57 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * How about moving it to Congressional power of enforcement? --Dante Alighieri 09:59 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Someone should add some material on what the congressional power of enforcement is, and what its significance is. At the moment, all it says is, "Here is a phrase. It appears in some articles." That doesn't tell anybody anything. -- Oliver P. 10:04 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * This article should be incorporated into the main United States Constitution article. I don't see a need to start a whole new article for each semi-important phrase. --Jiang 19:06 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm with Jiang. I also object on principle to articles that assume there is only one Congress in the world. jimfbleak
 * It does no such thing. The article explicitly states that it refers to the US Constitution. -- Oliver P. 11:03 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but I don't see US in the title jimfbleak
 * Well, not for nothing, but my suggestion for the title change above leaves the possibility for an article that deals with the enforcement powers of Congresses from many countries. --Dante Alighieri 09:11 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * It's not likely to be an issue under the constitutions of other countries. This really is a very narrow subtopic of federalism in U.S. constitutional law, probably too narrow even to deserve treatment in the United States Constitution article.  If you are reluctant to delete it, maybe the text can be inserted in Talk:United States Constitution.  If any of the people watching that article feel like integrating it into the text of United States Constitution, they can do so. -- Cjmnyc 09:26 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * There's no need to delete an entry because the title is long or because the topic is limited. Wikipedia is not paper. Moreover, unless there is actual ambiguity, Wikipedia convention is to have the article title be as brief as possible (e.g. London refers to London, England). And as the linchpin of federalism, it is one of the more important phrases of the United States governmental structure. --The Cunctator 22:49 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * OK, I'm persuaded, and I've written substantive content so the article now says something meaningful. I haven't moved the page yet, but it definitely needs to be moved to "Congressional power of enforcement" or whatever the consensus is as to an appropriate title.  Is everyone OK with "Congressional power of enforcement", or can someone suggest another alternative?  Once that's done, I'll also add a link from the United States Constitution and Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution pages.  By the way, it appears that the reason for the odd page title is that the page is linked directly from the text of the relevant Constitutional amendments.  Cjmnyc 05:13 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I don't know about you folks, but I think this question has been adequately resolved. Can we remove this entry now? -Smack 00:43 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Seems resolved to me. Remove, unless anyone objects. --Delirium 08:06 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Congressional power of enforcement


text: Non-event

title: Non-event


text:
Talk:Slab gap hypothesis

Hi, mav. Does the use of mantle plume in this article match the commonly accepted geological definition? I've heard mantle plumes as the thingies underneath hot spots, not the big convection currents that drive plate tectonics. For examples of usage, check out or. -- hike395 04:50 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, mantle plumes are thought to cause hot spots but larger ones, or ones under thinner crust, are also thought to be the source of triple junction formation and extention/flood basalts. Some researchers, such as W. Jason Morgan of Princeton University go on to state that mantle plumes alone are able to drive plate tectonics and are in fact the source of mantle convection - that is, many mantle plumes along the line below divergent plate boundaries (as a matter of fact my physical geology professor taught that as if it were an undisputed fact - thus I wrote what I did). I beginning to realize that my lecture notes/professors and textbooks are biased! Good thing the Wikipedia  process is able to work these things out. --mav

 * So, I took a stab at editing. My concern was mostly terminology. I believe standard usage you're looking for is "mantle upwelling", not "mantle plume". I would like to avoid "mantle plume", because it is a controversial topic (see ).. Mantle upwellings are very well established: if you don't believe in mantle convection, you might as well believe in a Flat Earth. :-) . For usage reference for mantle upwelling, you can see (which is neato and maybe we should add to the article). What do you think? -- hike395

 * Another reference for mantle upwelling -- hike395

title: Talk:Slab gap hypothesis


text:
USS Cumberland

Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Cumberland, after the Cumberland River.

 * USS Cumberland (1842) was a 50-gun sailing frigate launched in 1842 and sunk by CSS Virginia in 1862.
 * USS Cumberland (IX-8) was a steel-hulled sailing bark launched 17 August 1904 and disposed of in 1947.
 * USS Cumberland (AO-153) was a fleet oiler launched in 1944 and scrapped in 1972.

title: USS Cumberland


text:
List of Bulgarian musicians and singers

This is a list of notable Bulgarian musicians and singers.

 * 100 Kila
 * Alexander Raytchev
 * Alexis Weissenberg
 * Andrea
 * Angela Tosheva
 * Azis
 * Boris Christoff
 * Boris Karlov
 * Christina Morfova
 * Dara
 * Daniel Spassov
 * Desi Slava
 * Elena Nikolai
 * Emil Dimitrov
 * Galina Savova
 * Gena Dimitrova
 * Georgi Minchev
 * Gery-Nikol
 * Gloria
 * Iren Dimitrova
 * Ivan Yanakov
 * Ivanka Ninova
 * Ivo Papazov
 * Julia Tsenova
 * Kamen Tchanev
 * Kiril Marichkov
 * Kremena Stancheva
 * Krisia Todorova
 * Kristian Kostov
 * Lea Ivanova
 * Lili Ivanova
 * Ljuba Welitsch
 * Ludmilla Diakovska
 * Marius Kurkinski
 * Mariya Neikova
 * Milcho Leviev
 * Milena Slavova
 * Mira Aroyo
 * Nayden Todorov
 * Neva Krysteva
 * Nicola Ghiuselev
 * Nicolai Ghiaurov
 * Pasha Hristova
 * Petia (singer)
 * Petko Staynov
 * Poli Genova
 * Preslava
 * Radka Toneff
 * Raina Kabaivanska
 * Ralitsa Tcholakova
 * Slavi Trifonov
 * Sonya Yoncheva
 * Spens
 * Stefan Valdobrev
 * Svetla Protich
 * Theodosii Spassov
 * Todor Kobakov
 * Valeri Georgiev
 * Valya Balkanska
 * Vasko Vassilev
 * Vassil Naidenov
 * Ventsislav Yankov
 * Vesko Eschkenazy
 * Vesselina Kasarova
 * Yildiz Ibrahimova
 * Yoan Kukuzel
 * Yuri Boukoff
 * Sofi Marinova

General sources

 * Stoyan Petrov (Magdalena Manolova, Milena Bozhikova, revd) (2001) Bulgaria: Art music. Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press
 * Donna A. Buchanan (2001). Bulgaria: Traditional music. Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press

title: List of Bulgarian musicians and singers