text:
Talk:Folke Bernadotte

Untitled
The article is as usual written by the sort of people Adorno described, for whom to use "I" is an impertinence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.102.79.50 (talk) 01:02, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

Too much genealogy
There is far too much here on the count's descendants and his wife's family. Far too much to be relevant to his bio. I will be doing a major hatchet job on that section soon, unless anyone strongly objects and can show me how all that can be relevant here. SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:29, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree - hatchet away! Wikipeterproject (talk) 19:09, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I've transferred the genealogical text (without deleting it) to my sandbox User:Shakescene/Bernadotte, to see if I can format it as a table in the way I did with Lennart's genealogy. That doesn't mean the result wouldn't deserve some pruning, but it might be clearer what's what and who's who. By the way, I collapsed (and shrunk) the family table at Lennart Bernadotte, combining it with the collapsed ahnentafel. It should make the stubby thinness of the other material more apparent. —— Shakescene (talk) 21:25, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Good work! SergeWoodzing (talk) 22:47, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I finished the change for Folke, but it would be useful for others to check it over for errors, omissions, misunderstandings, inconsistencies and redundancies, some of which are inevitable. See Folke Bernadotte. The treatment of offspring at the equivalent articles at Wikiswedia is very brief, although that shouldn't be the limiting factor here. —— Shakescene (talk) 07:31, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Very good work. SergeWoodzing (talk) 08:35, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

We have still not landed anywhere near normalcy in this regard. Now, his sons have a special hidden info box, where again, all kinds of irrelevant info has been added about grandchildren etc. Names are bolded all over as if these people's names are more important than Bernadotte's biographical accomplishments. His extramarital daughter is not in the box, so now she is visible as a child of his but the others aren't visible unless a box is specially opened. Very screwy if you ask me. SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:49, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ as well as I had time for right now. SergeWoodzing (talk) 13:05, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Bernadotte talking to Australian PoW's.
Pardon my ignorance, but in relation to the picture of Bernadotte talking to Australian PoW's... Australia had no army personnel in Europe during WWII - but rather RAAF personnel; the slouch hats hint at these men being in the army. Yeah, here are tildes, showing the post is my own  58.164.23.227 (talk) 23:54, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * You might be right, but can you just provide with a reliable sourse, just to be on a safe side.--  Jim Fitzgerald   post  16:07, 25 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Australian POWs were taken to Germany from North Africa and other places. There is even a book about it. Zerotalk 07:01, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

Rescue in late states
Perhaps the Rescuing POW's in the late stages of WW II  could be called a rescue ??? Also, the article doesn't make it clear its a late stages of the war thing.. He didn't do ANY rescues in 1942 or 1943... It doesn't say that his involvement in negotiating surrender was ended by the end of the war, the  Allies military invasion  of Berlin..

It all seems weasily at present, as if to exagerate his value.. "Look, its a man who can negotiate with the Nazi's ... " But only when the nazis were looking at how to die gracefully.

101.174.81.128 (talk) 04:04, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

From the Britannica Reference Suite 2010 article on Folke Bernadotte
"Bernadotte (af Wisborg), Folke, Greve (count)." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010:

"Appointed mediator in Palestine by the UN Security Council on May 20, 1948, Bernadotte obtained the grudging acceptance by the Arab states and Israel of a UN cease-fire order, effective June 11. He soon made enemies by his proposal that Arab refugees be allowed to return to their homes in what had become the State of Israel. After a number of threats against his life, he and André-Pierre Serot, a French air force colonel and UN observer, were murdered by members of the Jewish extremist Stern Gang. Bernadotte's efforts laid the foundation for both the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, which monitors cease-fires and assists peacekeeping operations in the region, and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees, which was created to provide relief services for Palestinians who lost their homes and means of livelihood following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948."

(Just in case anyone's interested:

"Stern Gang." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010:

also called Stern Group, or  Lehi , formally  Loḥamei Ḥerut Yisraʾel (Hebrew: “Fighters for the Freedom of Israel”)

Zionist extremist organization in Palestine, founded in 1940 by Avraham Stern (1907–42) after a split in the right-wing underground movement, Irgun Zvai Leumi)

   ←   ZScarpia  16:40, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

maybe you could help me re the saving of my mother from aushwitz
Hi

My name is michael roth and my late step mother told me of the way she was saved during from exterminatiion in aushwitz before the end of the war

my understanbding is that Himmler did a deal with Count Folke Bernadotte where a thousnad jewsih lives were traded for 1000 swedish trucks

My step mother told me one day she was called to roll call and she was loaded into a convoy which was straffed either bty the american or british airforces, many of the prisoners were killed in ths raid but she arrived in denmark and was transported to sweden

Maybe you can direct me to some hsitorical records of this event

if you cn assist i would be most appreciative

my email address is michael.roth@bigpond.com

thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.180.157.112 (talk) 06:35, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

Extended family charts
Biographical articles about notable persons are supposed to be about the person himself. They are not about his ancestors or his wife's ancestors. I deleted the unsourced material that was taking up an undue amount of space in this article. Even it was sourced, it would not be appropriate here.--Geewhiz (talk) 12:47, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Dear Gilabrand/Geewhiz: While you were writing this I was writing to you. I have seen to it that the excessive genealogy once in this article (and many others) has been edited and reduced considerably. So I fully agree with your edit summary comment. But isn't it customary to mention the children of a person with a WP biography? --SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:54, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, of course. Children and maybe a famous relative or two is fine. It was just this huge referenceless section that caught my eye. Please feel free to add whatever material you feel is relevant and not excessive. Best--Geewhiz (talk) 13:07, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅. SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:45, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

notes on two sources
"The Secret War on the Jews", by Aarons and Loftus is a standard sort of conspiracy tract. Its main "revelation" is that the British government has a secret department which keeps tabs on every Jew in the world. Almost every factual claim it makes about Bernadotte is wrong. Believe it at your peril. The book "Nazi millionaires" claims to have new evidence on Bernadotte but it is only that he had a personal relationship with the Walter Schellenberg. This is old news, read about it already at White Buses. Without Schellenberg's support, the White Buses would not have happened and thousands would have died. Later Schellenberg tried to negotiate a German surrender using Bernadotte as a reluctant messenger (this should be in the article, though with a proper source). Calling this "Nazi collaboration" on Bernadotte's part is somewhat disgusting. Neither book comes close to satisfying WP:RS. Zerotalk 11:02, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

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Avraham Steinberg
The last of Bernadotte's assassins, Avraham Steinberg (nicknamed 'Gingi') died this month aged 97. Zerotalk 08:52, 18 February 2017 (UTC)

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There is an error in the Related Articles section. "Levi" should be "Lehi". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:A040:199:3133:2833:6642:2104:E4D5 (talk) 10:28, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I can't find it. Zerotalk 11:27, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

I should have pointed that I see the "Levi" error in the mobile version. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:A040:199:3133:2833:6642:2104:E4D5 (talk) 19:42, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

The "Levi" error seems to originate from https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2904138. I have just fixed it there. I don't see the change reflected in this page, yet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:A040:199:3133:2833:6642:2104:E4D5 (talk) 20:21, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Now it is correct, "Lehi". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:A040:199:3133:2833:6642:2104:E4D5 (talk) 13:40, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

Correction to Bernadotte travel and negotiation on release of French women, 1945
I do not have enough edits to qualify to make corrections for this article. Nevertheless, I wish to point one problem (completely unrelated to the Arab-Israeli issue) that needs correction.

Bernadotte’s write-up contains this paragraph:

“Bernadotte recounted the White Buses mission in his book The End. My Humanitarian Negotiations in Germany in 1945 and Their Political Consequences, published on June 15, 1945 in Swedish. In the book, Bernadotte recounts his negotiations with Himmler and others, and his experience at the Ravensbrück concentration camp.”

The first problem is the book title. The one given is correct-- but only for the original Swedish title translated into English. When it was published in English and other languages the title was changed and is cited further down as:

Bernadotte, Folke (1945). The Curtain Falls. Translated by Count Eric Lewenhaupt. New York: A. A. Knopf. LCCN 45008956. (Swedish title: Slutet.)

Here’s the problem: If you search for a copy of “The End: My Negotiations et al” you cannot find it except in the Library of Congress. You can’t buy it anywhere; no library can lend you a copy. It more or less doesn’t exist. That’s because the tile was changed to the second version, which are variations based on “The Curtain Falls.” The write-up needs to make clear that “The End” is “The Curtain Falls.” It does not currently do this in at least two places. This must be fixed and made clear. Also, the full title of the book needs to be given: It is “The Curtain Falls: The Last Days of the Third Reich.” You can find it many places, such as Amazon, https://www.amazon.com/Curtain-Falls-Last-Third-Reich-ebook/dp/B01BXA10OK/ref=sr_1_6?dchild=1&keywords=the+curtain+falls&qid=1596123477&s=books&sr=1-6

Here is the second problem: The Wikipedia write-up quoted above says “...and his experience at the Ravensbrück concentration camp.”

In fact, the book does NOT mention “his experience” at Ravensbruck; there is no indication anywhere in this book that he ever went near the place.

The first of only two references says this [p. 102]: “He [Himmler] also showed genuine interest in my proposal that the Swedish Red Cross be allowed to remove all French women interned at the Ravensbruck concentration camp. He said that he not only assented to this, but that he also wished us to remove the women of all nationalities, as the camp in question was shortly to be evacuated. I promised him that I would immediately give our detachment orders to this effect.” [In the end, 300 French women were exchanged for 453 German women held by the French. They were taken by white buses to Switzerland, where they were put oin a train to Paris met by Gen. de Gaulle himself, in person, who had hoped his niece -- a member of the French resistance and a prisoner at Ravensbruck -- was on the train. She was not. Eleven women died en route from the camp to Paris. The story of de Gaulle meeting the train is told by the famous New Yorker correspondent Janet Flanner, who was an eye-witness. The story is told on page 80 of "Left Bank: Art, Passion and the Rebirth of Paris, 1940-50" by Agnès Poirier, Henry Holt and Company 2018.]

The second reference on the very next page says: “I departed for Friedrichsruh immediately after breakfast. After a short visit to our headquarters, where I made arrangements for the removal of the women interned at Ravensbruck, I started for Denmark to be precise, for the small town of Padborg, just north of the Danish-German frontier. There I had the opportunity of inspecting the excellent arrangements made by the Danish Red Cross and the Danish authorities for the reception and quartering of prisoners before they were removed to other places in Denmark.”

It very clearly says he “made arrangements for” the transfer, and that he immediately left to go not to Ravensbruck but to Padborg.

There is no other reference to Ravensbruck. A further problem is the date of this conversation, which appears to be April 21 or April 22, 1945. In fact, the first evacuation of French women from Ravensbruck occurred on April 8, and is amply documented in many sources, including the well-documented fact they were greeted at Gare de Lyon by Gen. de Gaulle, on April 22 (and it took the women 16 days to get there). Other women -- the now famous “Lilacs,” Polish Catholics -- were soon evacuated, before August 22. Then, approximately 20,000 to 25,000 other women were sent on a death march across Germany (most did not survive). The Russians arrived at and occupied Ravensbruck on April 30, 1945, when only about 4,000 were left inside.

Bill Swanson1946 (talk) 18:11, 29 July 2021 (UTC) Bill Swanson

 * Thank you for your comments. Regarding the book, we permit non-English sources and there is no rule again citing the original Swedish edition. On the other hand, English sources of equal reliability are preferred, so the best outcome will be to name and cite the English edition. I believe I have electronic access and I'll work on this. (As an aside, you are incorrect that the original title was used only in Swedish. I located German, Finnish, Danish, Italian, French, Spanish and Esperanto editions using the original title in translation.) Zerotalk 03:44, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

UN mediator
The phrasing "unilateral Israeli Declaration of Independence" is inappropriate. The declaration was based on the UN resolution 181 (II) and was neither unilateral not multilateral. I suggest the word unilateral be dropped. Jony (talk) 21:08, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

 * It was unilateral, DoI's typically are (unless you count the backdoor chicanery with Truman who recognized Israel more or less instantaneously). Just search, one can quickly find several sources containing that expression. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/gend15288 for example. Selfstudier (talk) 21:27, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

The issue as to who hired the Lehi assassins
Declassified British document suggests that the Israeli state itself hired the killers. British National Archives FO 371/75266 contains a 1949 letter about the then Belgium Consul-General, M. Jean Niewenhuys, detailing a "source, whom I consider to be reliable, [who] has been in secret communication with a certain Czech employee" in the Consulate. According to the source, the assassins were indeed Lehi, but they were working for Israel, not Lehi. "It appeared that the Czech Consul-General had been approached by Mr Shiloah* of the Israeli Foreign Office … about a week before the murder, to arrange Czech visas and air passage for seven Jews in a Czech air line for the late afternoon flight to Prague … Shiloah, acting on behalf of the Israeli Government, was the organiser of the murder. [*Reuven Shiloah, who would become the first director of the Mossad] Source: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20221019-did-israel-not-lehi-murder-un-mediator-folke-bernadotte-in-1948/ 185.236.184.175 (talk) 23:37, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Interesting, but too conjectural for us and a better source is needed. Zerotalk 01:50, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

Pronunciation of Bernadotte
Should one say the final 'e', for example? 142.205.202.71 (talk) 18:51, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * No. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 11:19, 8 December 2023 (UTC)--SergeWoodzing (talk) 11:19, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Folke Bernadotte


text:
Talk:Gay square dance

Concerning capitalization of gay/Gay and lesbian/Lesbian, etc.
I suppose I stepped out on a limb here by returning these words to lower case after someone else had made them all upper case. I tried to do some research on this subject, and the best I could come up with was that in general usage these words, when used as a simple adjective, are still being written in lower case. The general exception to this was in reference to the Gay and Lesbian community, or more typically the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender (GLBT) community in current parlance. The words seem to be generally used in lower case in Wikipedia, see for example the article entitled gay, and the corresponding article entitled lesbian. The only real discussion I could find on this subject was in the article "The l-word, or the L-word?" at.

Dan 13:34, 9. januar 2003

Templates
I put up four tags today. First off this article sites no refernces. There is no lead paragraph and there should be another one right after that, that is why I put the restructuring tag and lead paragraph tag. Also I put a neutrality tag on here because of the tone of the article, especially statements like "Energy level: The energy level tends to be higher in gay square dancing—tempos may be higher, more flourishes added, longer dances with shorter breaks." Gorky malorki  18:38, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Can you explain how energy level is non-neutral --Shimonnyman 19:36, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * "A Guide to IAGSDC Conventions" was published online. Here is the link: http://www.danceinfo.org/articles/guide.html
 * Also, Gay Square Dance Convention has unique "tips". "Tips" in square dance term mean "dance".  "Leather Tip" in IAGSCD convention probably can be classified as "high energy".  One must be present to feel the "Leather Energy".  It's a gay thing, I suppose.  You can see a photo of the "leather tip" on the above mentioned "A Guide to IAGSDC Conventions", page 4.
 * Page 7 talks about the differences between traditional SD and Gay SD.
 * "Moonshine Tip" is also unique to Gay Square Dance. Yes, it means dancing naked.  Everyone in the dance room must be naked, no exception.  You can literally "see" the energy.  What more evidence do you need?  (lol)  Sdinpdx 22:22, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Support Organizations should be replaced with the names and links to the organizations
alljoinhands.org All Join Hands Foundation, LTD All Join Hands Canada Society Foundation — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davedecot (talk • contribs) 09:32, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gay square dance


text:
Albania in the Middle Ages

When the Roman Empire divided into east and west in 395, the territories of modern Albania became a part of the Byzantine Empire. At the end of the 12th century, the Principality of Arbanon was formed which lasted until mid 13th century, after its dissolution it was followed with the creation of the Albanian Kingdom after an alliance between the Albanian noblemen and Angevin dynasty. After a war against the Byzantine empire led the kingdom occasionally decrease in size until the Angevins eventually lost their rule in Albania and led the territory ruled by several different Albanian chieftains until the mid 14th century which for a short period of time were conquered by the short-lived empire of Serbia. After its fall in 1355 several chieftains regained their rule and significantly expanded until the arrival of the Ottomans after the Battle of Savra.

After the Battle of Savra in 1385 most of local chieftains became Ottoman vassals. In 1415–1417 most of the central and southern Albania was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire and its newly established Sanjak of Albania. In 1432-36 local Albanian chieftains dissatisfied with losing their pre-Ottoman privileges organized a revolt in southern Albania. The revolt was suppressed until another revolt was organized by Skanderbeg in 1443, after the Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Niš, during the Crusade of Varna. In 1444, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg was proclaimed as the leader of the regional Albanian chieftains and nobles united against the Ottoman Empire in the League of Lezhë disestablished in 1479. Skanderbeg's rebellion against the Ottoman Empire lasted for 25 years. Despite his military valor he was not able to do more than to hold his own possessions within the very small area in the North Albania where almost all his victories against the Ottomans took place. By 1479 the Ottomans captured all Venetian possessions, except Durazzo which they captured in 1501. Until 1913 the territory of Albania would remain part of the Ottoman Empire.

Komani-Kruja culture
The Komani-Kruja culture is an archaeological culture attested from late antiquity to the Middle Ages in central and northern Albania, southern Montenegro and similar sites in the western parts of North Macedonia. It consists of settlements usually built below hillforts along the Lezhë (Praevalitana)-Dardania and Via Egnatia road networks which connected the Adriatic coastline with the central Balkan Roman provinces. Its type site is Komani and its fort on the nearby Dalmace hill in the Drin river valley. Kruja and Lezha represent significant sites of the culture. The population of Komani-Kruja represents a local, western Balkan people which was linked to the Roman Justinianic military system of forts. The development of Komani-Kruja is significant for the study of the transition between the classical antiquity population of Albania to the medieval Albanians who were attested in historical records in the 11th century.

Research greatly expanded after 2009 and the first survey of Komani's topography was produced in 2014. Until then, except for the area of the cemetery the size of the settlement and its extension remained unknown. In 2014, it was revealed that Komani occupied an area of more than 40 ha, a much larger territory than originally thought. Its oldest settlement phase dates to the Hellenistic era. Proper development began in the late antiquity and continued well into the Middle Ages (13th-14th centuries). It indicates that Komani was a late Roman fort and an important trading node in the networks of Praevalitana and Dardania. Participation in trade networks of the eastern Mediterranean via sea routes seems to have been very limited even in nearby coastal territory in this era. In the Avar-Slavic raids, communities from present-day northern Albania and nearby areas clustered around hill sites for better protection as is the case of other areas like Lezha and Sarda. During the 7th century as Byzantine authority was reestablished after the Avar-Slavic raids and the prosperity of the settlements increased, Komani saw increase in population and a new elite began to take shape. Increase in population and wealth was marked by the establishment of new settlements and new churches in their vicinity. Komani formed a local network with Lezha and Kruja and in turn this network was integrated in the wider Byzantine Mediterranean world, maintained contacts with the northern Balkans and engaged in long-distance trade.

Byzantine Empire
After the region fell to the Romans in 168 BC it became part of Epirus Nova that was in turn part of the Roman province of Macedonia. Later it was part of provinces of the Byzantine empire called themes.

When the Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395, the territories of modern Albania became part of the Byzantine Empire. Beginning in the first decades of Byzantine rule (until 461), the region suffered devastating raids by Visigoths, Huns, and Ostrogoths. In the 6th and 7th centuries, the region experienced an influx of Slavs.

The Albanians appear in medieval Byzantine chronicles in the 11th century, as Albanoi and Arbanitai, and in medieval Latin sources as Albanenses and Arbanenses, gradually entering in other European languages, in which other similar derivative names emerged. At this point, they are already fully Christianized. In later Byzantine usage, the terms Arbanitai and Albanoi, with a range of variants, were used interchangeably, while sometimes the same groups were also called by the classicising name Illyrians.

The Albanians, during the Middle Ages, referred to their country as Arbëria (Arbënia) and called themselves Arbëreshë (Arbëneshë).

Barbarian Invasions
In the first decades under Byzantine rule (until 461), Epirus nova suffered the devastation of raids by Visigoths, Huns, and Ostrogoths. Not long after these barbarian invaders swept through the Balkans, the Slavs appeared. Between the 6th and 8th centuries they settled in Roman territories. In the 4th century, barbarian tribes began to prey upon the Roman Empire. The Germanic Goths and Asiatic Huns were the first to arrive, invading in mid-century; the Avars attacked in AD. 570; and Slavs invaded in the 6th and 7th century. About fifty years later, the Bulgars conquered much of the Balkan Peninsula and extended their domain to the lowlands of what is now central Albania. In general, the invaders destroyed or weakened Roman and Byzantine cultural centers in the lands that would become Albania.

Bulgarian Empire
In the mid-9th century most of eastern Albania became part of the First Bulgarian Empire, during the reign of Khan Presian. The area, known as Kutmichevitsa, became an important Bulgarian cultural center in the 10th century with many thriving towns such as Devol, Glavinitsa (Ballsh) and Belgrad (Berat). Coastal towns such as Durrës remained in the hands of the Byzantines for most of that period. When the Byzantines managed to conquer the Bulgarian Empire in 1018–19, the fortresses in eastern Albania were some of the last Bulgarian strongholds to be submitted by the Byzantines. Durrës was one a centre of a major Bulgarian uprising in 1040–41 following the discontent of the Bulgarian population by the heavy taxes levied by the Byzantines. Soon the rebellion encompassed the whole of Albania, but it was quelled in 1041, after which Albania again came under Byzantine rule. In 1072 another uprising broke out under Georgi Voiteh but it was also crushed.

Later the region was recovered by the Second Bulgarian Empire. The last Bulgarian Emperor to govern the whole territory was Ivan Asen II (1218–1241) but after his successors the Bulgarian rule diminished.

Serbian Empire
The Serbs controlled parts of what is now northern and eastern Albania toward the end of the 12th century. In 1204, after Western crusaders sacked Constantinople, Venice won nominal control over Albania and the Epirus region of northern Greece and took possession of Durrës. A prince from the overthrown Byzantine ruling family, Michael Comnenus, made alliances with Albanian chiefs and drove the Venetians from lands that now make up southern Albania and northern Greece, and in 1204 he set up an independent principality, the Despotate of Epirus, with Ioannina in northwest Greece) as its capital. In 1272 the king of Naples, Charles I of Anjou, occupied Durrës and formed an Albanian kingdom that would last for a century. Internal power struggles further weakened the Byzantine Empire in the 14th century, enabling Serbian most powerful medieval ruler, Stefan Dusan, to establish a short-lived empire that included all of Albania except Durrës.

Principality of Arbanon

Arbanon was an autonomous principality that existed between the late 12th century and the 1250s. Throughout its existence, the principality was an autonomous dependency of its neighbouring powers, first Byzantium and, after the Fourth Crusade, Epirus, while it also maintained close relations with Serbia. Arbanon extended over the modern districts of central Albania, with the capital at Kruja, and it did not have direct access to the sea. Progon was the first ruler, believed to have ruled in ca. 1190. He was succeeded by his sons Gjin (r. c. 1200–08) and Dimitri (r. 1208–16). After this dynasty, the principality came under Greek lord Gregory Kamonas and then his son-in-law Golem. Dimitri's widow, Serbian princess Komnena Nemanjić, had inherited the rule and remarried Kamonas. Arbanon declined after a rebellion against Nicaea in favour of Epirus in 1257–58.

Kingdom of Albania
After the fall of the Principality of Arber in its territories and in territories captured by the Despotate of Epiros was created the Kingdom of Albania, which was established by Charles of Anjou. He took the title of King of Albania in February, 1272. The kingdom extended from Durazzo (modern Durrës) south along the coast to Cape Linguetta, with vaguely defined borders in the interior. A Byzantine counter-offensive soon ensued, which drove the Angevins out of the interior by 1281. The Sicilian Vespers further weakened the position of Charles, and the Kingdom was soon reduced by the Epirotes to a small area around Durrës. The Angevins held out here, however, until 1368, when the city was captured by Karl Thopia.

After the fall of the Principality of Arber in territories captured by the Despotate of Epirus, the Kingdom of Albania was established by Charles of Anjou. He took the title of King of Albania in February 1272. The kingdom extended from the region of Durrës (then known as Dyrrhachium) south along the coast to Butrint. After the failure of the Eighth Crusade, Charles of Anjou returned his attention to Albania. He began contacting local Albanian leaders through local catholic clergy. Two local Catholic priests, namely John from Durrës and Nicola from Arbanon, acted as negotiators between Charles of Anjou and the local noblemen. During 1271 they made several trips between Albania and Italy eventually succeeding in their mission.

On 21 February 1272, a delegation of Albanian noblemen and citizens from Durrës made their way to Charles' court. Charles signed a treaty with them and was proclaimed King of Albania "by common consent of the bishops, counts, barons, soldiers and citizens" promising to protect them and to honor the privileges they had from Byzantine Empire. The treaty declared the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin: Regnum Albanie) with the Kingdom of Sicily under King Charles of Anjou (Carolus I, dei gratia rex Siciliae et Albaniae). He appointed Gazzo Chinardo as his Vicar-General and hoped to take up his expedition against Constantinople again. Throughout 1272 and 1273 he sent huge provisions to the towns of Durrës and Vlorë. This alarmed the Byzantine Emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos, who began sending letters to local Albanian nobles, trying to convince them to stop their support for Charles of Anjou and to switch sides. However, the Albanian nobles placed their trust on Charles, who praised them for their loyalty. But Charles of Anjou imposed a military rule on Kingdom of Albania.

Throughout its existence the Kingdom saw armed conflict with the Byzantine empire. By 1282 the Angevins were weakened by the Sicilian Vespers but held control of the nominal parts of Albania and even recaptured some and held out until 1368 when the kingdom's territory was reduced to a small area in Durrës. Even before the city of Durrës was captured, it was landlocked by Karl Thopia's principality. Declaring himself as Angevin descendant, with the capture of Durrës in 1368 Karl Thopia created the Princedom of Albania. During its existence Catholicism saw rapid spread among the population which affected the society as well as the architecture of the Kingdom.A Western type of feudalism was introduced and it replaced the Byzantine Pronoia.

Albanian principalities
The 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century was the period in which sovereign principalities were created in Albania under Albanian noblemen. Those principalities were created between the fall of the Serbian Empire and the Ottoman invasion of Albania.

In the summer of 1358, Nikephoros II Orsini, the last despot of Epirus of the Orsini dynasty, fought against the Albanian chieftains in Acheloos, Acarnania. The Albanian chieftains won the war and they managed to create two new states in the southern territories of the Despotate of Epirus. Because a number of Albanian lords actively supported the successful Serbian campaign in Thessaly and Epirus, the Serbian Tsar granted them specific regions and offered them the Byzantine title of despotes in order to secure their loyalty.

The two Albanian lead states were: the first with its capital in Arta was under the Albanian nobleman Pjetër Losha, and the second, centered in Angelokastron, was ruled by Gjin Bua Shpata. After the death of Pjetër Losha in 1374, the Albanian Despotate of Arta and Angelocastron were united under the rule of Despot Gjin Bua Shpata. The territory of this despotate was from the Corinth Gulf to Acheron River in the North, neighboring with the Principality of Gjon Zenevisi, another state created in the area of the Despotate of Epirus.

From 1335 until 1432 four main principalities were created in Albania. The first of them was the Muzakaj Principality of Berat, created in 1335 in Berat and Myzeqe. The most powerful was the Princedom of Albania, formed after the disestablishment of Kingdom of Albania, by Karl Thopia. The principality changed hands between the Thopia dynasty and the Balsha dynasty, until 1392, when it was occupied by the Ottoman Empire. When Skanderbeg liberated Kruja and reorganised the Principality of Kastrioti, the descendant of Gjergj Thopia, Andrea II Thopia, managed to regain control of the Princedom. Finally, it was united with other Albanian Principalities forming the League of Lezhë in 1444.

Another principality was the Principality of Kastrioti, created by Gjon Kastrioti, and later captured by the Ottoman Empire. Finally, it was liberated by the national hero of Albania, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg. The Principality of Dukagjini extended from the Malësia region to Prishtina in Kosovo.

League of Lezhë
Under pressure by the Ottoman Empire, the Albanian Principalities were united into a confederation, created in the Assembly of Lezhë on 2 March 1444. The league was led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, and by Lekë Dukagjini following his death. Skanderbeg organized a meeting of Albanian nobles: the Arianiti, Dukagjini, Spani, Thopias, Muzakas, and the leaders of the free Albanian principalities from high mountains, in the town of Lezhë, where the nobles agreed to fight together for mutual gain against the common Turkish enemy. They voted Skanderbeg as their suzerain chief. The League of Lezhë was a confederation and each principality kept its sovereignty.

In the light of the modern geopolitical science, the League of Lezhë represented an attempt to form a state union. In fact, this was a federation of independent rulers who undertook the duty to follow a common foreign policy, to jointly defend their independence and recruit their allied armed forces. Naturally, it required a collective budget for covering the military expenditures; each family contributed their mite to the common funds of the League. At the same time, each clan kept its possessions and autonomy, to solve internal problems within its own estate. The formation and functioning of the League, of which Gjergj Kastrioti was the supreme feudal lord, was the most significant attempt to build up an all-Albanian resistance against the Ottoman occupation and, simultaneously, an effort to create, for the span of its short-lived functioning, of some sort of a unified Albanian state. Under Skanderbeg's command, the Albanian forces marched east, capturing the cities of Dibra and Ohrid. For 25 years, from 1443 – 1468, Skanderbeg's 10,000 men army marched through Ottoman territory, winning victory after victory against the consistently larger and better supplied Ottoman forces. Threatened by Ottoman advances in their homeland, Hungary, and later Naples and Venice, their former enemies, provided the financial backbone and support for Skanderbeg's army.

On 14 May 1450, an Ottoman army, larger than any previous force encountered by Skanderbeg or his men, stormed and overwhelmed the castle of the city of Krujë. This city was particularly symbolic to Skanderbeg as he had been previously appointed suba of Krujë in 1438 by the Ottomans. The fighting lasted four months, with an Albanian loss of over 1,000 men and over 20,000 for the Ottomans. The Ottoman forces were unable to capture the city and had no choice but to retreat before winter set in. In June 1446, Mehmed II, known as "the conqueror", led an army of 150,000 soldiers back to Krujë, but failed to capture the castle. Skanderbeg's death in 1468 did not end the struggle for independence, and fighting continued until 1481, under Lekë Dukagjini, when Albanian lands were finally forced to succumb to the Ottoman forces.

Medieval culture
In the latter part of the Middle Ages, Albanian urban society reached a high point of development. Foreign commerce flourished to such an extent that leading Albanian merchants had their own agencies in Venice, Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik, Croatia), and Thessalonica (now Thessaloniki, Greece). The prosperity of the cities also stimulated the development of education and the arts. Albanian, however, was not the language used in schools, churches, and official government transactions. Instead, Greek and Latin, which had the powerful support of the state and the church, were the official languages of culture and literature. The new administrative system of the themes, or military provinces created by the Byzantine Empire, contributed to the eventual rise of feudalism in Albania, as peasant soldiers who served military lords became serfs on their landed estates. Among the leading families of the Albanian feudal nobility were the Thopia, Shpata, Muzaka, Arianiti, Dukagjini and Kastrioti. The first three of these rose to become rulers of principalities that were practically independent of Byzantium.

title: Albania in the Middle Ages


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Saab 9-3

The Saab 9-3 (pronounced nine-three) is a compact executive car initially developed and manufactured by the Swedish automaker Saab.

The first generation 9-3 (1998–2003) is based on the GM2900 platform, changing to the GM Epsilon platform with the introduction of the second-generation car (2003–2012). Other vehicles using this platform include the Opel Vectra, Chevrolet Malibu, and Cadillac BLS.

Saab's parent company during 2013 and 2014, National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS), briefly assembled a few 9-3 sedans.

Overview
The car was badged as 93 starting in the 1998 model year when Saab revised the naming of the smaller car to match that of the larger 95 version. The model was marketed as 9-3, pronounced as "nine three.” The Saab 9-3 was launched in 1998 for the 1999 model year essentially as a rebadged second-generation Saab 900 (1994–1998 model) and succeeded by a redesigned 9-3 for the 2003 model year. It is not related to the Saab 93 ("ninety-three"), a car produced by Saab from 1955 until 1960.

First generation (1998–2003)
The first generation 9-3, an updated Saab 900 (NG), was launched in 1998 for the 1999 model year. It is sometimes referred to as the 'OG' (old generation) 9-3 and internally as body style 9400. Production ended on 8 May 2002 at the Trollhättan plant and on 25 April 2003 at the Valmet plant in Finland.

Saab claimed that 1,100 changes were made between the outgoing NG 900 and the 9-3 such as revised suspension with more wheel travel and quicker steering. The 9-3 received revised styling with some models included a rear spoiler, while the underbody mounted 'snow & gravel flaps' were removed. It was available as a three or five-door hatchback, and as a two-door convertible. Further improvements over the Saab 900 (NG) included better crashworthiness courtesy of more extensive A-pillar reinforcements, stronger door sills and frames, standard torso/head side airbags, and Saab Active Head Restraints. Other changes included a bigger AC compressor, higher flow cabin ventilation system, a CAN bus based electrical architecture similar to the one in the 9-5, and a switch to a hydraulically operated convertible roof rather than an electric powered.

The 9-3 was available with a new variant of the B204 engine (B204E, 154 hp), a low-pressure turbo (LPT) engine based on the B204L used in the last generation Saab 900. For the U.S. market, all 9-3s received turbocharged petrol engines with the "full pressure turbo" (B204L, 185 hp) as the standard offering, and a "HOT" (B204R, 200 hp) variant in the SE models for the 1999 model year. The 2000 model year saw a revision from SAAB's Trionic T5.5 to Trionic 7 engine management system. The T7 based engines were the B205E, the B205L with 185 hp and the B205R HOT engine with 205 hp. The first generation 9-3 was also the first Saab available with a diesel engine, a unit also found in the Opel Vectra, Astra G, Signum, and Zafira A.

A Saab innovation is the 'Night Panel', carried over from the Saab 900, which permits dousing of the instrument panel lighting, except for essential information, for less distraction when night driving.

A total of 326,370 first-generation 9-3s were built. As with the preceding generation, convertibles were built by Valmet in Uusikaupunki, Finland. Valmet was also the only plant assembling the 9-3 Viggen, in all three body styles. After production at Saab's main plant ended, Valmet kept producing non-Viggen hatchbacks until 2003. Altogether, Valmet built 7789 Hatchbacks of all models.

Saab 9-3 Viggen

Between 1999 and 2002, Saab offered a limited edition and higher-performance version of the 9-3. The 'Viggen' (English: Thunderbolt) is named after the Saab 37 Viggen aircraft, and was developed by Saab with input from the Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR) Group.

The Viggen production car draws upon the earlier 230 bhp Saab 900 Concept Coupe that had been developed by the Saab Special Vehicle Operations (SVO) group. For Saab, the team was led by Peter Leonard and John-Gustav Gudmundsson. Only 4,600 9-3 Viggen specification cars were produced.

Mechanical features
The Viggen is powered by Saab's 2.3 L B235R engine, running at a 9.3:1 compression ratio and fitted with Nimonic valves. Initially rated at 225 bhp, power later increased to 230 bhp on 1.0 bar of boost from its Mitsubishi TD04-HL15-5 turbocharger.

The cars are equipped with a higher capacity intercooler, performance-tuned ECU, flow-through muffler and tip, stiffer gearbox casing and stronger output shaft, a heavy-duty clutch and pressure plate, stiffened and lowered springs with revised spring rates, firmer dampers, as well as stronger CV joints and driveshafts.

The Viggen is only available with a five-speed manual transmission which features an electronic torque-sensing function to prevent damage to the gearbox.

In 1999, the Viggen was the first 9-3 to use Saab's Trionic 7 engine management system. The 2001 model year introduced a Traction Control System (TCS). The TCS was later made available in the SE line.

Exterior and interior features
The exterior of the Viggen features a larger rear wing that also located the radio antenna to the rear of the roof, aerodynamically designed bumpers and side skirts, model-specific 17-inch alloy wheels, and upgraded brakes. Paint options include Black, Metallic Silver, Steel Grey, Monte Carlo Yellow, Laser Red, and the exclusive Viggen 'Lightning Blue'.

The interior offers special bolstered and coloured leather seats and door cards in four colours: black with black inserts ('Charcoal'), black with blue inserts ('Deep Blue'), black with orange inserts ('Flame Ochre'), and tan with tan inserts.

Other interior features include a CD player with four or six-speaker, amplifier and CD-changer options, power moonroof, and what were initially Viggen-specific motorized and heated leather seats with the Viggen delta logo embossed in the backrest. The Viggen seats later became available in the Aero model (U.S. market 'SE' model) without the embossed Viggen logo. Some colors feature carbon-fibre interior trim, offered between 1999 and the middle of the 2001 model year. Cars built afterward came with a less expensive printed grey pattern for the dash and standard trim.

Buyers of new Viggen models in the U.S. were offered two days of advanced driving instruction at Road Atlanta and an opportunity to dine with Saab USA executives from nearby Norcross, Georgia.

Production summary
A total of 4,600 Viggens were manufactured by Valmet Automotive in Finland until production ended in June 2002; of which 500 units were produced for the UK market. For 1999, 426 3-door Viggens were imported into the U.S.; of those 420 were blue, two were silver, two were Monte Carlo yellow, and two were black.

Reception
Some journalists have criticised the Viggen, in particular for untamed torque steer in low gears, with Britain's Evo Magazine naming the car as one of its 10 worst cars ever tested. Other commentators, however, have named the Viggen a 'classic'. US reviewers at Motor Trend (writing in 2000) noted the crisp turn-in and grip on offer. Jalopnik has named the Viggen "The Last Great True Saab".

First generation 9-3 engines

All the petrol engines offered in the first generation 9-3 were versions of the Saab H engine. The Saab 9-5 and the first generation 9-3 were the last Saab cars to utilize this all-Saab DOHC 16-valve fuel injection design. The non-turbo models use a distributor that leads to each spark plug, while the turbocharged engines utilize Saab's Trionic engine management system with a Direct Ignition Module (or cassette) mounted at the top of the engine, directly connecting to the spark plugs. Trionic 5 was used on the B204 Engines, and Trionic 7 was introduced with the B2x5 Engines. The latter two technologies were migrated into other GM products during the ten years that GM controlled Saab. All of the engines, other than the normally aspirated version and the low-pressure turbo, had high specific power outputs. The B205R generated 102.5 hp per litre and 210 lbft of torque.

Notes:
 * Turbochargers used: B204E, B204L: Garrett T25; B204R, B205E & B205L: Garrett GT17; B205R & B235R: MHI TD04-HL15T with 5 cm? exhaust port.
 * The Primary differences between the B204E and the B204L are the use of a Boost Pressure Control Valve and the ECU tuning.
 * The primary differences between the B204L and the B204R are with the intercooler and the ECU tuning.
 * The primary differences between the B205L and the B205R are the upgrade to the TD04-HL15T turbo from the GT17 and the ECU tuning.
 * B204L with automatic gearbox has 185 hp @ 5500rpm and 250Nm @ 1900rpm
 * B205R with automatic gearbox has 205 hp @ 5750rpm and 250Nm @ 1900rpm.

Second generation (2003–2014)
The 9-3X concept, a preview of the next-generation 9-3, premiered in January 2002 at the North American International Auto Show. Originally, the 9-3 was due to début with the Opel Vectra in October 2001, at the Frankfurt Motor Show, but in July 2001, it was announced that delays had forced General Motors to postpone the introduction. The new 9-3 was eventually launched in July 2002 for the 2003 model year. The convertible version of the second-generation 9-3 began with the MY04, and SportCombi with MY05.

The new 9-3 remained an exclusively front-wheel drive powertrain at launch. The most significant aesthetic change from the previous generation cars was the elimination of the hatchback design. The second-generation 9-3 was available as a four-door saloon, an estate (introduced in late 2005 as a 2006 model, known as the SportWagon, SportCombi, or Sport-Hatch depending on the market), and a two-door convertible (introduced in 2004). It included Saab Active Head Restraints (SAHR II) to reduce whiplash and ReAxs, a feature of the rear suspension bushings which changes the toe angle to help reduce understeer under heavy braking.

The new 9-3 departed from the Saab H / EcoPower engine used previously for a new 2.0 L inline-four engine Ecotec engine from General Motors' for the petrol-powered models. There are three different versions of the turbocharged inline-four, with the amount of turbo boost determining the power output: 1.8T (112 kW), 2.0t (131 kW) and 2.0T (157 kW). The engines were mated with a 5-speed manual transmission or a 5-speed 'Sentronic' which is a traditional automatic, not to be confused with SAAB's earlier 'Sensonic' which was a clutchless manual transmission that retained a conventional H-pattern shifter, but the clutch system was hydraulically actuated. In 2003 models, the standard manual transmission was a 5-speed gearbox with the 6-speed optional. The 6-speed manual was standard on US 2.0T (Vector) models.

There were four trim levels: the entry-level Linear, mid-range Vector and Arc (with emphasis on sporty appeal and luxury), and a top-of-the-range Aero model. In non-US markets, any trim level except the Aero (which was exclusively available with the 210 hp 2.0T) was available with any engine the buyer opted for. However, in the US, the Linear was exclusively available with the 2.0t engine, the Arc and Vector trims were exclusively available with the 2.0T, and the Aero model offered more options, such as a sunroof, larger wheels, and a 6-speed manual while retaining the same engine as the 2.0T, the B207R. It would be given a 2.8 L turbocharged V6 in 2006. No diesel models were sold in the US, neither were the 1.8T nor any BioPower engines.

The 9-3 and the Opel Vectra were the first of the global GM Epsilon platform, which was then lengthened to accommodate four new cousins, the Chevrolet Malibu/Malibu Maxx, the Pontiac G6, and the Saturn Aura. A proprietary fiber-optic electric/electronic system, the possibility of AWD (exploited from 2008 on, dubbed Saab XWD), and ReAxs were features exclusive to the 9-3.

On 22 February 2012, the final 47 Saabs were built. All the cars were 9-3 'Independence Edition' convertible models assembled by one of Sweden's largest car dealers, ANA, in Trollhättan. Of the 47 cars assembled, 21 were LHD, and 26 RHD. The final Saab was a Saab 9-3 Aero Independence Edition TTiD convertible.

2004

The Vector trim level was replaced with the Aero in the United States. The Arc trim level received the five-speed manual in place of the six-speed. In the UK, the 9-3 Aero 2.0T was made available with a six-speed manual transmission.

2005
The 2.2 TiD engine was replaced with the common rail 1.9 TiD engine, sourced from Fiat. The 1.9 TiD was available both as an 8-valve version with 120 PS and a 16-valve version with 150 PS. The 8V version was available exclusively with a 6-speed manual, while the 16V was also available with a 6-speed automatic. The 16V was equipped with a diesel particulate filter as standard, while it was optional on the 8V for the 2005 MY. Like the 2.2 TiD, the 1.9 TiD was not available in the US.

US versions were sold with 16-inch wheels standard (17-inch for the Aero), unlike the 15-inch wheels which were previously found in the Linear version. In the United States, but not in most countries, 2005 was the last year of the Linear and Arc versions. In addition, the 6-speed manual was dropped and both the Arc and Aero received the 5-speed manual.

2006
A new 2.8-liter turbocharged V6 engine, branded as 2.8T by Saab, was introduced for the Aero. The 2006 Aero was exclusively available with the V6 in the US, replacing the 2.0T engine. In other markets, the 2006 Aero was available with both the four-cylinder 2.0T and the 6-cylinder 2.8T engine. The 2.0T had 12.3 psi maximum turbo boost pressure and turned out 210 hp, while the 2.8T had 8.7 psi boost and turned out 250 hp. In certain markets, like Switzerland, a 230 hp variant of the 6-cylinder was also offered in Vector trim.

In the United States, the Linear model and the 175 hp engine was dropped, thus all four-cylinder 9-3 models had the 210 hp engine. The Arc designation was discontinued, and replaced by a trim level called 2.0T, which was similar to the 2005 Arc except that Linear wheels were used. A "20 Years Edition Aero Convertible" for the American market was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 2006 to celebrate 20 years since the introduction of the Saab 900 convertible. All of these models were finished in metallic electric blue.

2007
The dashboard was revamped for 2007, with the Saab Information Display moved from its high-mounted position to the main instrument binnacle. The button-heavy climate control system was discontinued and replaced by the Saab 9-5 system, OnStar was re-introduced and required when Nav was ordered in North America, and the corporate GM head unit debuted, which allowed for satellite radio and MP3 CD capability. Steel Gray was also replaced with Titan Gray as an exterior color choice. For the 2007 model year, the 9-3 was also available with Biopower versions of the 1.8t and 2.0t engines, able to run on E85 as well as petrol.

In the U.S. market, only the 210 hp 2.0 L 16-valve turbo engine and the 250 hp 2.8 L V6 turbo were available. The manual transmission in the 2.0T model was changed from a 5-speed to a 6-speed.

A 60th Anniversary Edition was also offered for the sedan, wagon, and convertible body styles for 2007 to celebrate 60 years of SAAB. The package was available on 2.0T cars. It included unique five-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels, black leather sport seats with grey inserts and SAAB embossments on the front seats, dark walnut trim, black floormats with grey binding, front fog lamps, and a BOSE audio system with 6-disc CD changer and satellite radio. Sedan and convertible models also received trunk-lid spoilers. An Ice Blue metallic paint was offered for the edition, as well as standard SAAB paint colors.

2008 facelift
Saab claimed over 2,000 changes were made to the model year 2008 cars. Introduced at the Saab Festival in Trollhättan, Sweden on 10 June 2007, the 2008 models included new frontal styling inspired by the Saab Aero-X and Saab 9-2X, Saab's first use of LED "signature" lighting in the revised headlamps, new door panels, a new clamshell bonnet, new rear bumper, and clear tail lamps, dubbed "ice block". Black replaced charcoal gray as an interior color choice. Snow Silver became a new exterior color. The 2.8T V6 received a mild output boost from 250 hp to 255 hp. Some additional exterior modifications are available on the limited-edition XWD 280 hp 9-3 Turbo X, presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show (9/07). The Turbo X made its North American debut at the New England Auto show in late November. Saab also released an all-wheel-drive version of the Aero, with the system dubbed "XWD", in March 2008.

A new twin-turbo diesel engine with 180 PS, dubbed 1.9 TTiD, was introduced. The TTiD engine was also available in Aero trim. The TTiD Aero marked the first time Saab had used a diesel engine in a car with the Aero designation.

Saab Turbo X
Offered in either Sport Sedan, or Sportcombi (wagon) It was made to celebrate SAAB's 30 years of turbocharging. All Turbo X models were offered in metallic jet black with matte grey trim. The Turbo X is SAAB's first production car with the XWD all-wheel drive system from Haldex Traction and eLSD. It is powered by a 2.8 L V6 producing 280 PS mated to a six-speed manual or automatic gearbox. It has larger brakes as well as stiffer springs and shocks. The dash, shift lever, and door panels have a carbon fiber look and the turbo boost gauge draws its inspiration from the Saab 900.

2009
The 2009 9-3 series expanded the trim levels while dropping the limited-edition Turbo X saloon and estate from the lineup. The 2.0T and Aero saloon and estate models are now available with Saab's all-wheel drive (XWD). The convertible range lacked the all-wheel-drive option. The 2009 Saab 9-3 was mostly unchanged from the 2008 model, although the Aero trim level came standard with the XWD system, eLSD, and 280-horsepower power increase, all formerly reserved for the discontinued Turbo X. During 2009 the 9-3X was launched at the Geneva auto show. The 9-3X is a four-wheel-drive XUV version of the 9-3 SportWagon. The new 9-3X came with two engine choices: the 1.9 L diesel (producing 180 bhp) and the 2.0 L petrol engine (producing the 210 bhp). Only the 2.0 L petrol engine is equipped with the XWD while the diesel version is available only with front-wheel-drive.

2010
For 2010, the Saab 9-3 Aero's turbocharged V6 was eliminated. All models used the 2.0-liter turbo-4.

Saab 9-3 Aero Carlsson

2010 marked the 50th anniversary of Erik Carlsson's first win for Saab on the RAC Rally in a Saab 96. A total of 96 Aero Carlsson 9-3 were built. The 9-3 Aero Carlsson featured Saab's cross wheel drive (XWD) system, a turbocharged engine, 2.8 L V6 producing 280 hp, and 400Nm of torque through a 6-speed "Sentronic" hydraulic automatic transmission.

Saab 9-3 ePower
The Saab 9-3 ePower electric car was unveiled at the 2010 Paris Motor Show as Saab's electric vehicle. The concept car is based on the 9-3 SportWagon, has a 35.5 kWh lithium-ion battery pack, a top speed of 150 km/h, and an estimated driving range of 200 km. Saab had scheduled to run a two-year trial with 70 ePower demonstrators in Sweden by late 2011. The new owner of the Saab estate, National Electric Vehicle Sweden, initially stated that they intended to start producing the all-electric 9-3 ePower to be launched in China by late 2013 or early 2014.

The production version was slated to be unveiled at the 2014 Frankfurt Motor Show and market launch for 2015. In April 2014, NEVS began production on a batch of 200 units to be tested in Qingdao, China by mid-2014. After the test, sales were scheduled to begin in Sweden in 2015.

2011
For the 2011 model year, the single-turbo TiD diesel engines were replaced by twin-turbo diesel engines (TTiD), which increased the power output of the 8V version from 120 to 130 PS, and the 16V from 150 to 160, respectively.

2012

The 9-3 received some revisions in 2011 for the 2012 model year. Changes were in the engine range with an overall reduction in diesel and petrol engine fuel consumption of 12% and 7% respectively. An entry-level 163 hp, 2.0 L gasoline/BioPower engine was added for 9-3 saloon, estate, and 9-3X models with Saab XWD. Other changes included rear badging in line with the new Saab 9-5 saloon, 'ice block' style headlights, a new bumper design, titanium metallic-effect trim around the instrument panel, gearshift, doors, and glove box. The Aero included a graphite fiber effect and contrast stitching on leather upholstery.

In most markets, the car was badged 'Griffin'. The three-spoke alloy wheel returned in 16- to 18-inch choices. An "Independence Edition" convertible was released with a total of 366 units to commemorate the first anniversary of the sale to Spyker Cars.

Motorsports

After the demise of the Saab Automobile and the 9-3 phasing out of the market, the heavily modified 9-3s complied to TTA – Racing Elite League regulations have been raced in 2012 TTA season and from 2013 to 2016 STCC season.

Second-generation 9-3 engines
Note: Diesel, biopower, and certain petrol engines were not available in North America. Starting from late 2004, diesel engines are Fiat-sourced common-rail units.

2014 (NEVS)

National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) restarted production of the Saab 9-3 Aero Sedan MY14 on 2 December 2013, in Saab's former Trollhättan assembly plant. The only exterior difference on the MY14 model is the lack of the Griffin badge, to which NEVS does not own the rights. The Griffin is replaced with a badge displaying the Saab logotype, as well as new seats. The 9-3 Aero MY14 features a 220-horsepower 2.0-liter direct-injected twin-scroll turbocharged engine and went on sale in Sweden on 10 December. The first cars were to deliver in Spring 2014 as a "Limited Edition" model. Only two colors were available, black and Silver.

The 9-3 no longer meets the latest Euro NCAP tests regarding pedestrian safety; therefore, only 1,000 cars of each body model could be sold in Europe, as a low-volume manufacturer. The only other market was China. An electric version was to be launched in spring 2014 in the Chinese market. The updated 9-3 have been tested favourably by motoring magazines. Vi Bilägare wrote that it feels modern and feels sporty yet comfortable.

Saab automobile production ended as of May 2014 because Qingbo Investment, one of NEVS shareholders, was not able to reach a financing agreement. By the end of 2014, India's Mahindra & Mahindra agreed to buy a majority stake in NEVS. In February 2015, it was announced that the remaining 100 cars that were stuck on the halted production line since May 2014 would be completed.

Production of the electric 9-3 in China was started in 2017.

Third generation

Work on a third-generation Saab 9-3 started in 2007, when designers in General Motors facilities in Rüsselsheim and Detroit began work on a design study. The design language was supervised by Simon Padian, and the design team managed to produce a clay model and several computer models before General Motors announced it had put the Saab brand "under review" in December 2008.

After an intended sale of Saab to Swedish supercar manufacturer Koenigsegg ultimately failed in 2009, General Motors reached an agreement with Dutch manufacturer Spyker N.V. in January 2010. The sale of Saab to Spyker was completed in late February 2010 and work on a replacement for the 9-3 was restarted virtually immediately. The new management of Saab, headed by CEO Victor Muller, felt, however, that a new design language was needed to distance a newly independent Saab from General Motors.

Muller hired Jason Castriota in June 2010 to work on a scalable car platform that would serve as the basis for future Saabs, beginning with the replacement for the 9-3. In October 2010 a number of prototypes were produced and evaluated against the prototypes made in 2007. Eventually, Castriota's prototype was chosen and the design team was instructed to develop a five-door combi coupé, a convertible, and a crossover on the new platform.

The work on the new platform culminated in the unveiling of the Saab PhoeniX concept car at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2011. By that time, Saab had run into serious cash flow problems, but work on the PhoeniX platform and the 9-3 replacement continued to the point that bankruptcy papers were filed in late 2011.

The replacement of the 9-3, which had been renamed 900 by that time, was to have a 1.6 liter turbo engine supplied by BMW, who would have also supplied the cars' start-stop system. The car was to have a hybrid drivetrain and was to be released in both a premium Aero and an economy Vector variant.

When Saab finally filed for bankruptcy in December 2011, Castriota and his team had already finished most of the work on the car's body and its engineering, with the interior being the only part yet to be developed. The car was set to be completed by fall of 2012. The main assets of the bankrupt company were acquired by National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS), which may revisit the PhoeniX platform. NEVS was focusing its efforts on producing an electric variant of the second generation 9-3.

Awards and recognition
2010
 * Saab 9-3 received an award as the most reliable vehicle in the middle class. With 50,000 km, 93.1% of Saab's showed no defect requiring the service and for the 100,000 km, this percentage is still respectable and is 84.2%.

2009
 * US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) 'Top Safety Pick Award' in the midsize luxury category.

2008
 * US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) 'Top Safety Pick Award' in the midsize luxury category.

2007
 * US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) 'Top Safety Pick Award' in the midsize luxury category.

2006
 * US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) 'Top Safety Pick Gold Award' in the midsize luxury category.
 * Wards Automotive list the 2.8 L V6 in the 9-3 among their 10 Best Engines of 2006.

title: Saab 9-3


text:
Non-gonococcal urethritis

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by gonorrheal infection.

For treatment purposes, doctors usually classify infectious urethritis in two categories: gonococcal urethritis, caused by gonorrhea, and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU).

Symptoms and signs
The symptoms of urethritis can include pain or a burning sensation upon urination (dysuria), a white/cloudy discharge and a feeling that one needs to pass urine frequently. For men, the signs and symptoms are discharge from the penis, burning or pain when urinating, itching, irritation, or tenderness. In women, the signs and symptoms are discharge from vagina, burning or pain when urinating, anal or oral infections, abdominal pain, or abnormal vaginal bleeding, which may be an indication that the infection has progressed to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.

NGU is transmitted by touching the mouth, penis, vagina or anus by penis, vagina or anus of a person who has NGU.

NGU is more common in men than women. Men may have a discharge (strange liquid) from the penis, pain when urinating, and itching, irritation or tenderness around the opening of the penis. Women might not have any symptoms and may not know they have NGU until severe problems occur. Women might have discharge from the vagina, burning or pain when urinating, pain in the abdominal (stomach) area, or bleeding from the vagina that is not from a monthly period. (This may be an sign that NGU has become worse and turned into Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, or PID).

Causes
There are many causes of NGU. This is in part due to the large variety of organisms living in the urinary tract. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium are some of the culprits. NGU is also associated with reactive arthritis, in which the triad of arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis is seen.

Bacterial
The most common bacterial cause of NGU is Chlamydia trachomatis, but it can also be caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum, Haemophilus vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria meningitidis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and E.coli.

Viral
Herpes simplex virus, Adenovirus, Cytomegalovirus

Fungi
Candida Albicans

Parasitic
Parasitic causes include Trichomonas vaginalis (rare).

Noninfectious
Urethritis can be caused by mechanical injury (from a urinary catheter or a cystoscope), or by an irritating chemical (antiseptics or some spermicides).

Diagnosis
It has been easy to test for the presence of gonorrhea by viewing a Gram stain of the urethral discharge under a microscope: The causative organism is distinctive in appearance; however, this works only with men because other non-pathogenic gram-negative microbes are present as normal flora of the vagina in women. Thus, one of the major causes of urethritis can be identified (in men) by a simple common test, and the distinction between gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis arose for this reason.

Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is diagnosed if a person with urethritis has no signs of gonorrhea bacteria on laboratory tests.

In men, the most frequent cause of NGU (15%-55% of cases) is C. trachomatis.

Idiopathic urethritis or non-specific urethritis
Historically, the terms idiopathic urethritis (US English) or non-specific urethritis (British English) have been used as synonyms for nongonococcal urethritis. "Idiopathic" and "non-specific" are medical term meaning "specific cause has not been identified", and in this case refers to the detection of urethritis, and the testing for but found negative of gonorrhea. In this sense, the most likely cause of NSU is a chlamydia infection.

However, the term NSU is sometimes distinguished and used to mean that both gonorrhea and chlamydia have been ruled out. Thus, depending on the sense, chlamydia can either be the most likely cause or have been ruled out, and frequently detected organisms are Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.

However, in 20-50% of cases, a specific cause for urethritis can't be identified, in which case a diagnosis of idiopathic urethritis is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Treatment
Treatment is based on the prescription and use of the proper antibiotics depending on the strain of the ureaplasma.

Because of its multi-causative nature, initial treatment strategies involve using a broad range antibiotic that is effective against chlamydia (such as doxycycline). It is imperative that both the patient and any sexual contacts be treated. Women infected with the organisms that cause NGU may develop pelvic inflammatory disease. If symptoms persist, follow-up with a urologist may be necessary to identify the cause.

According to a study, tinidazole used with doxycycline or azithromycin may cure NGU better than when doxycycline or azithromycin is used alone.

If left untreated, complications include epididymitis and infertility. Consistent and correct use of latex condoms during sexual activity greatly reduces the likelihood of infection.

title: Non-gonococcal urethritis


text:
Talk:List of Latin names of countries

Untitled
Shouldn't "Britannica" be "Britannia"? "Britannica" is an adjective, cf "Encyclopaedia Britannica" --Jeff Anonymous 22:20, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC) ---

The title that seems more appropriate is the already-existing "Roman province." Wouldn't it make more sense to compile a complete list of Roman provinces, spelled correctly and divided among senatorial provinces and imperial one, under the various reassignments? That could be both historical and useful.

Or is this incomplete and redundant entry actually just a front for the Trojan horse entry of a "Thrace" province equated here with "Bulgaria?" User:Wetman

Ugh. Okay, so was Asia (presently the western chunk of Asia Minor or Turkey) a province, a Prefecture, a Diocese -- or just precisely what? The reason for my outburst is that I'm getting grumpy about all of these references to this small chunk of Asia Minor/Turkey getting mixed up with an article about the largest continent on Earth. And it would be nice to be able to link to something not quite as misleading. -- llywrch 01:36, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

-

The page now says:
 * Belgica	Belgium
 * Belgium	The Netherlands

This isn't just a prank, is it? Just to make sure.

Also,
 * Bohemia	Czechia and Slovakia

I thought it was just Czechia? --Shallot 16:24, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for the move
I've moved this article from Roman place names to Latin names of European countries because:

 * nobody really knew what it was supposed to be about (Roman provinces, Latin place names or what?), and
 * therefore was a total mess (included both former Roman provinces and places which were never part of the Roman Empire).

It still needs a lot of cleanup. --Kpalion 23:42, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Ruthenia
Perhaps Ruthenia also belongs here? — Monedula 14:44, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Europe?
Tunisia and Egypt are Europe? -Branddobbe 07:06, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)

Iberia
According to the article about Hispania, Iberia is the greek name for Hispania. So, I'm going to remove it from the list, I hope that's okay?

Albion
As far as I was aware, Roman sources used the name Albion in reference to all of Great Britain, not just England. England in Latin is Anglia.

Caledonia did not encompass all of Scotland either. The southern uplands and a good portion of the central belt were not part of the wild north. Perhaps Caledonia should be qualified as only the northern parts of Scotland...--82.41.97.8 01:27, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

And now signed in --Breadandcheese 01:28, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Defining purpose of this article
It seems a bit schizophrenic at the moment. Is the article intended to be a list of country names know to the Roman world, as most of it appears to be, or an exercise in latinisation of all countries today?

Bangladesh, Australia, New Zealand kind of leap out of the list as incongruous, unless the intention is to latinise the world. There are also a few regions in there which may have counted as countries in Roman times, but not today (Cornwall, eg.) and there are duplicate entries from different political perspectives (Israel, Palestine manages to achieve two entries).

May be useful to agree on what the article should primarily be attempting to achieve, and cleanup accordingly. Best regards Haruth (talk) 10:30, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

Duplicates
This article contains duplicates of "Dalmatia" as well as "Phoenicia/Foenicia" 108.59.79.158 (talk) 23:19, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

Japan
Japan was known by Romans? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.168.13.98 (talk) 11:40, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

New/Renaissance Latin
Add names for New/Renaissance Latin names by scholars? 162.157.81.204 (talk) 04:23, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

Should we rename this list to "List of Latin region names"?
Many of the names in this list are not for current countries, and often overlap multiple modern countries. "Region" is much more general and fits well. Prad Nelluru (talk) 20:48, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Nova Celia
I'm no expert but I'm fairly sure the Roman Empire never made it as far as New Zealand 208.83.229.89 (talk) 06:51, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Latin names of countries


text:
Talk:Hagåtña, Guam

Old talk
The name of the village was changed in 1998 (I was living there at the time). The census data is available at American FactFinder at http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/BasicFactsServlet - (you have to look under Hagatna, Guam to find the information) -

the population figures are sometimes "adjusted" by including population from some of the surrounding, continguous villages such as Agana Heights, Barrigada, Chalan-Pago-Ordot, Dededo, Mangilao, Mongmong-Toto-Maite, Sinajana, Tamuning or Yigo.

bob

How about a SAMPA pronunciation? --FOo 22:15, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Also I find the spelling somewhat dubious, as Å I've only ever encountered as a special letter in the Norwegian alphabet.--TVPR 09:55, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It's certainly not dubious to the people of Guam who speak Chamorro, which uses it. It's well documented in the Wikipedia article on the language, so why exactly would you find it dubious? --Sturmde 21:29, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Why does this redirect from Agana Heights? Agana Heights != Agana, right?

Agana Heights shouldn't link to Hagåtña. The village should have its own page. Mongmong-Toto-maite and Sinajana need pages too. Onionhound 16:34, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Agana Heights and Sinajana seem to be okay now. Mongmong-Toto-Maite is still redirecting here, though. Can somebody change that? Backspace 21:07, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Picture
Can we have a more colorful picture than one from WWII, please? Shandristhe azylean 16:07, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Chamorro Scouting
Can someone render "Be Prepared", the Scout Motto, into Chamorro? Thanks! Chris 08:24, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * According to one native speaker I've talked to, "Prepara hao" seems to fit. - BanyanTree 08:04, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Article name
Why is this article called "Hagåtña, Guam" rather than just "Hagåtña"? Are there any other Hagåtñas? 194.80.106.135 (talk) 15:18, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
 * That's the naming convention of all US cities and towns including Guam villages. HkCaGu (talk) 19:58, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:22, 13 February 2019 (UTC)
 * GuamGovernorsComplex.jpg
 * RenovatedGuamCongressBuilding.jpg

title: Talk:Hagåtña, Guam


text:
Nina Hartley

Marie Louise Hartman (born March 11, 1959), known professionally as Nina Hartley, is an American pornographic film actress and sex educator. By 2017 she had appeared in more than one thousand adult films. She has been described by Las Vegas Weekly as an "outspoken feminist" and "advocate for sexual freedom", and by CNBC as "a legend in the adult world".

Early life and education
Hartley was born on March 11, 1959, in Berkeley, California, to a Lutheran father, Louis Hartman, and a Jewish mother, Blanche Hartman (née Gelders), Her grandfather was a University of Alabama physics professor who was a Communist Party USA (CPUSA) party member in the 1930s. Hartley's parents were members of the CPUSA who converted to Buddhism when she was young. Her father was blacklisted in 1957 for his communist beliefs.

Hartley grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area, and as a teenager self-identified as a feminist, influenced by the slogan "my body, my rules". After graduating from Berkeley High School in 1977, she attended San Francisco State University's undergraduate nursing school and graduated magna cum laude in 1985, receiving a Bachelor of Science in Nursing. She was a registered nurse until her license expired in 1986.

Adult film career
Hartley sought a career in pornography as a way to make a living by having sex, later telling Las Vegas Weekly, "Porn gave me easy access to women without having to date them or have a relationship." She writes that part of her reason for choosing sex work was to be able to indulge her exhibitionistic and voyeuristic streak. She has said she chose her life's work when she saw the 1976 erotic film The Autobiography of a Flea alone at a theater in San Francisco. In 1982, during her sophomore year of nursing school, she started working as a stripper at the Sutter Cinema and then the Mitchell Brothers O'Farrell Theatre. She told an interviewer that she chose the name "Nina" because it was easy for Japanese tourists to say during the time she was a dancer in San Francisco, and "Hartley" because it was close to her own last name, and she "wanted a name that sounded like that of a real person."

Her pornographic film debut was in Educating Nina (1984), where she was cast and directed by fellow performer Juliet Anderson. For many years, she toured the United States and Canada as a stripper and made personal appearances at sex shops. In 2013 she described her father's reaction upon learning about her occupation:

"He asked, 'Why sex? Why not the violin?' I know now that I'm sexual the way that Mozart was musical [...] a life of public sexuality has, from my very first time on stage, been as natural to me as breathing.'"

In the 1980s and early 1990s, Hartley starred in several of the Debbie Does Dallas film series spin-offs such as Debbie Duz Dishes (1986) and Debbie Does Wall Street (1991). In 1992, she directed her first movie, Nina Hartley's Book of Love. She also produced and starred in a series of sex education videos for Adam & Eve. In 1994, she began her line of instructional videos marketed under the Nina Hartley's Guide brand. Hartley played the part of Hillary Clinton in the 2008 satirical pornographic film Who's Nailin' Paylin?, with Lisa Ann in the role of Sarah Palin. , Hartley was still actively performing, and by 2017 she had appeared in more than one thousand pornographic films. She has been described by news outlets as "one of the best-known actresses in the industry" and "a legend in the adult world".

Mainstream media appearances
Hartley acted in the 1996 Canadian film Bubbles Galore and has appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show. In the 1997 film Boogie Nights, she played William H. Macy's character's serially unfaithful wife who is murdered. She later remarked, "The only movie I ever died in for having sex was a mainstream movie."

Hartley has appeared in several documentary films: she was interviewed in The Naked Feminist (2003) was featured in After Porn Ends (2012), and appears in Sticky: A (Self) Love Story (2016), in which she discusses masturbation with regards to education, the forced resignation of Joycelyn Elders, and her opinions on the blackballing of comedian Paul Reubens after his arrest for masturbating in a public theater.

Activism
Las Vegas Weekly has described Hartley as an "outspoken feminist, sex educator and advocate for sexual freedom" and "a guiding force for a generation of feminist porn stars". Describing herself as a "classical liberal feminist", Hartley began engaging in feminist activism in the 1980s. Regarding her understanding of feminism, she has said:

"Based on my experience as a woman and a sexual being, and my understanding that I had the right to decide for myself what to do with my lifethat’s what I understood to be feminist, to give everybody choicesI didn’t choose to be a mother but I chose this [porn] because it suits me."

Hartley has also been involved in socialist activism and has long been affiliated with the Adult Performer Advocacy Committee (APAC), a labor union founded in 2014 for pornographic film actors. Politically, Hartley describes herself as a democratic socialist, saying, "There are some things the federal government is essential for and some things best left to local government."

Hartley was elected to the board of the Free Speech Coalition in 1995, and is a long-time board member of the Woodhull Freedom Foundation (founded in 2003). She has made frequent appearances at academic conferences, workshops, and in the media to promote sex positivity. She has given lectures at Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the University of California.

Writing
In 2006, Hartley co-authored Nina Hartley's Guide to Total Sex with her husband Ira Levine. The book includes sections on sex toys, swinging, threesomes, dominance and submission, and erotic spanking. Library Journal called the book a "well-written guide" that is "strong on both safe sex and a permissive approach", saying Hartley "handles the material frankly, accurately, and with sensitivity".

Personal life
Hartley is a self-described bisexual, swinger, and exhibitionist. For two decades until the early 2000s, she was involved in a three-way relationship with her first husbanda former Students for a Democratic Society leaderand a woman. She married her male partner in 1986, a marriage she says was regrettable; their divorce was finalized in 2003. The same year, Hartley married Ira Levine, a director of porn films under the name Ernest Greene. They are openly polyamorous.

AVN Awards
Hartley has received eight Adult Video News Awards, including:

XRCO Awards
Hartley has won a number of XRCO Awards:

title: Nina Hartley


text:
NSU

NSU may refer to:

U.S.

 * Nevada State University, Nevada
 * New School University, New York
 * Northeastern State University, Oklahoma
 * Nicholls State University, Louisiana
 * Northwestern State University, Louisiana
 * Northern State University, South Dakota
 * Norfolk State University, Virginia
 * Nova Southeastern University, Florida

Japan

 * Nagoya Sangyo University, a private university in Owariasahi, Aichi, Japan
 * Niigata Sangyo University, a private university in Kashiwazaki, Niigata, Japan
 * Niigata Seiryo University, a private university in Niigata, Niigata, Japan

Other countries

 * Namangan State University, Namangan, Uzbekistan
 * Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
 * Naval State University, Biliran, Philippines
 * Nepal Sanskrit University, Beljhundi, Dang, midwestern Development Region, Nepal
 * Netaji Subhas University, Jharkhand, India
 * Nordic Summer University, Scandinavia
 * North South University, first privately run University of Bangladesh
 * Novosibirsk State University, Siberia, Russia

Political groups

 * National Socialist Underground, German far-right terrorist group
 * Non-Partisan Solidarity Union, a political party in Taiwan
 * Nepal Student Union, one of the major student political wings in Nepal
 * Norwegian Seafarers' Union, a trade union in Norway

Vehicles

 * NSU Motorenwerke, a German manufacturer of cars and motorcycles
 * NSU Sulmobil, a three-wheeled car, 1905 to 1909
 * NSU Delphin III, a streamliner motorcycle that set the motorcycle land speed record in 1956
 * Commonwealth Railways NSU class, an Australia class of diesel-electric locomotive
 * NSU station, a Tide Light Rail station in Norfolk, Virginia, Norfolk State University
 * Nakajima-Fokker Super Universal, Fokker Super Universal, an airplane produced in the U.S., 1920s

Other uses

 * Garda National Surveillance Unit (NSU), Irish police intelligence agency
 * NASA Space Universe, American punk rock band
 * Narail Sadar Upazila, Narail District, Khulna, Bangladesh
 * Noakhali Sadar Upazila, Noakhali District, Chittagong, Bangladesh
 * Non-specific urethritis, non-gonococcal urethritis
 * Norske Skog Union, a paper mill located in Skien in Norway
 * NSU University School, pre-K through 12 school in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 * "N.S.U.", a song by Cream from the 1966 album Fresh Cream

title: NSU


text:
NGU (disambiguation)

NGU may refer to:
 * Non-gonococcal urethritis
 * Nitroguanidine: a low explosive chemical
 * ngu: ISO code of the Guerrero Nahuatl language

Persons

 * ʻUelingatoni Ngū: a 19th-century Tongan Crown Prince
 * Victor Anomah Ngu: a Cameroonian professor

Science

 * Geological Survey of Norway (Norges geologiske undersøkelse in Norwegian)

Universities

 * North Greenville University: a university in South Carolina, USA
 * Nagoya Gakuin University: a private university located in Nagoya, Japan
 * New Giza University: a private university in Giza, Egypt

Other

 * National Guard of Ukraine

title: NGU (disambiguation)