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Chaves, Portugal

Chaves is a city and a municipality in the north of Portugal. It is 10 km south of the Spanish border and 22 km south of Verín (Spain). The population of the entire municipality in 2011 was 41,243, in an area of 591.23 km2. The municipality is the second most populous of the district of Vila Real (the district capital, Vila Real, is 60 km south on the A24 motorway). With origins in the Roman civitas Aquæ Flaviæ, Chaves has developed into a regional center. The urban area or city proper has 17,535 residents (2001).

History
Artefacts discovered in the region of Chaves identify the earliest settlement of humans dating back to the Paleolithic. Remnants discovered in Mairos, Pastoria and São Lourenço, those associated with transient proto-historic settlements and castros, show a human presence in the Alto Tâmega dating to the Chalcolithic. The region has seen persistent human settlement since Roman legions conquered and occupied the fertile valley of the Tâmega River, constructing a nascent outpost and taking over the existing castros in the area. The settlement was located at the convergence of three important Roman roads: the Bracara Augusta, Asturica, and Lamecum that crossed the Roman Province of Gallaecia, linking Rome to the region's natural resources. It was a military centre known for its baths, which lasted until the 16th century. This civilization constructed protective walls to protect the local population; spanned the river with the bridge; promoted the baths (with its warm medicinal waters); exploited local mines and alluvial deposits and other natural resources. Its importance led to the urban nucleus being elevated to the status of municipality in 79 AD, during the reign of the first Flavian Caesar, Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus. Its benefactor consequently influenced its toponymy, becoming known as Aquae Flaviae. Artefacts from the area around the Matriz church indicate that Aquae Flaviae's centre was located in this place, in addition to an ancient headstone showing gladiatorial combat.

Rome's hegemony lasted until the 3rd century, when, successively, the proto-Germanic tribes of the Suebi and Visigoths as well as the Alani colonized the imperial settlements of Chaves. Wars between Remismund and Frumar followed over their claims to the throne, which almost completely destroyed the village (it was settled in favour of Frumar, who imprisoned Idácio, the notable Bishop of Aquae Flaviae). Ironically, the Romans were complicit in Aquae Flaviae's near destruction. Barbarian dominion lasted until the Moors invaded from North Africa, defeating the Visigoth King Roderic at the beginning of the 8th century.

In course, the name of Aquae Flaviae began to disappear, being supplanted by the more Hispanic-sounding Aquae Calidae (hot waters).

The area around Chaves surrendered to invading Islamic forces at around 714-716, forcing many resisting Christians to escape from Chaves into the mountains in the northwest. The city was conquered by Alfonso I of Asturias in 773, alongside Braga, Porto and Lamego, and repopulated in 868 by Alfonso III of Asturias. Battles between the Christians and Muslim forces then continued until the 11th century, when Alfonso V of León permanently reconquered Coimbra, establishing a firm buffer-zone to the south. He reconstructed, settled and encircled the settlement of Chaves with walls, in addition to establishing a Jewish quarter in the community. It was in the reign of Afonso I of Portugal that it was taken from León and firmly integrated into the Kingdom of Portugal domain (1160). Owing to its geographic location (on Portugal's northern frontier with Spain), King Denis, ordered the construction of a castle to protect the kingdom's border.

During the reign of Afonso II, when the king continued to provoke the ire of the Papacy, Portuguese knights attacked the Galician tenancy of his half-brother Martin Sanches (who lived in the kingdom of Alfonso IX of León), possibly since the Bishop of Braga had estates in that region. Provoking Sanches to invade northern Portugal. The Leonese fought battles in Barcelos, Braga and Guimarães, where they defeated Portuguese forces, before retiring to Galicia with their spoils. At the same time, Alfonso IX of León seized Chaves, which remained in Leonese hands until the reign of King Sancho II, when he and Ferdinand III met in 1230/1231. This was likely a self-serving decision on Fernando's part, as he was fearful that Leonese barons would support Sancho against him. Alfonso IX continued to occupy Chaves as a method of ensuring his wife, Teresa, would be able to enjoy her properties in Portugal.

During the Portuguese Interregnum, the nobility of Chaves supported Beatrice of Portugal, as she was heir presumptive to King Ferdinand I, since he left no male heirs. The potential loss of independence of Portugal, through her marriage to John I of Castile resulted in the rebellion by the Master of the Order of Aviz (later King John I of Portugal), who would garner the support of the Portuguese Cortes, thus laying the seeds for his triumph at the Battle of Aljubarrota. Yet, many nobles refused to break their oaths of fealty to Beatrice (including in Chaves), necessitating John's travel to Porto in force and scaring the nobles of Chaves and Bragança into capitulating.

The remnants of the Roman baths, and the houses used to assist the invalid, were demolished by the Count of Mesquitella at the end of the 17th century, in order to reinforce the defense of Chaves.

French forces invaded and attacked in 1807, during the Siege of Chaves, part of the Peninsular Wars. On 7 March 1808, Soult's forces invaded northern Portugal to remove British forces from Iberia. Brigadier Francisco Silveira was charged with the defense of Chaves, but his 6000 men were unable to support its defense, and quickly abandoned the castle. An attempt to defend Chaves by Francisco Pizarro was futile, and the city surrendered to French forces shortly after the engagement. With too many troops to imprison Soult released many under oath, in order to continue the attack on the main forces who had retreated to the south. But Francisco Silveira did not quit, and as the main French went on to defeat the Anglo-Portuguese alliance at the First Battle of Porto, Silveira retook Chaves.

On 20 September 1837, the Convention of Chaves, which followed the Battle of Ruivães and which ended Chartist or Marshall's Revolt, was signed in Chaves. Chaves was also a site of various religious apparitions, during the decade of 1830, eventually resulting in the construction of the Santuário da Nossa Senhora Aparecida (Sanctuary of Our Lady Revealed).

On 8 July 1912, forces loyal to the former monarchy, under the command of Henrique Paiva Couceiro, confronted government forces, commanded by Colonel Ribeiro de Carvalho, during the second monarchist incursion.

On 12 March 1929, the town of Chaves was elevated to the category of city.

Physical geography
Chaves is in the extreme north of Portugal, bounded on the north by Galicia (Spain), on the east by the municipalities of Vinhais and Valpaços, on the south by the municipality of Vila Pouca de Aguiar and on the west by the municipalities of Montalegre and Boticas. Chaves is one of the six municipalities of the Alto Tâmega, situated in the district of Vila Real, strategically positioned in the northwest of the Iberian peninsula and accessed by important international highways.

The region is dominated by the Quaternary Chaves sedimentary basin, a graben aligned on a north-northeast to south-southwest orientation bounded by the Hercynian massif and metamorphic schistose formations. Mixed with the schistose complex, there are bands of graphitic slates, mainly in the southern part of the urbanized area of Chaves and south-east of Faiões. To the north, and into Galicia, the basin extends into the depression of the Verin Basin. One of the oldest formations in the region, it dates back to the Ordovician period ( between 488.3±1.7 to 443.7±1.5 million years ago), is composed of schist and graywacke deposits. During the Ordovician-Silurian geological periods quartzites and schists were formed, metamorphosed by Hercynian granitic intrusions, at the end of the Paleozoic.

The Alpine orogeny was the main cause of extensive tectonic activities and it was responsible for the formation of the hydrothermal field within the region. The Chaves graben was formed by the relative motion of the block with different types of sediments being settled. The most recent formations are a sedimentary series (lacustrine, alluvial, colluvial, detritic, etc.) with variable thickness that had their origin during the Miocene. Two main faults cross and influence the tectonic activities: the north-northeast by south-southeast Chaves-Verin Fault and a fault system crossing near Faiões and Santo Estêvão. The first fault developed from late Hercynian tectonic episode occurring between 280 and 300 million years ago, that developed into an almost north–south direction into the lithosphere. Intense neotectonic activity reactivated these old fractures, originating in a complex pattern of faults in the sedimentary basin.

Thermal springs
Mineral waters are the clearest evidence of these recent tectonic fractures. The Penacova-Régua-Verín Fault, is an active formation that extends longitudinally for 500 kilometres, intermingled with other faults resulting in subterranean hydrology. The thermal springs, principally those in Campilho and Salus Vidago (in Vila de Vidago) have developed from this mixture of circumstances. With temperatures reaching 73 °C, these mineral springs (bicarbonates, sodium, silicates and fluoride) in the vicinity of the city of Chaves, have provided a potential source of income.

The hot springs (Caldas) were known since the Roman period, when the town was Aquae Flaviae; the Waters of Flavius were an important social gathering point, but fell into disuse as the town was slowly abandoned by attacks. The spas belong to a vast area of hydrothermal springs that stretch from Verín (in Galicia) to Pedras Salgadas, 30 km from Chaves (on the road to Vila Real). Despite its vastness and abundance of water, this thermal system is little utilized; of the nine groups of thermal springs there are only adequate installations in four of them: Chaves, Carvalhelhos, Vidago, Pedras Salgadas, and Verín. The waters of the spring, that are captured in three springs within Chaves, have mean temperatures of 73 °C (the hottest bicarbonate waters in Europe). The modern spa industry in Chaves use these waters for numerous treatments, including stomach, liver, intestinal, and kidney ailments, through oral ingestion. Many small guesthouses in the old part of the town are dependent on the influx of these visitors. The thermal spas are located between the castle and the river, in front of a large area of grass-covered park with playgrounds and tennis courts.

Climate

Chaves has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with continental and oceanic influences.

The mountains between the Minho region and Trás-os-Montes serve as a climatic barrier and lessen rainfall closer to the interior. Places such as the Peneda-Gerês National Park, only 50 km away, can have up to five times the amount of precipitation Chaves gets in a year. Winters can be cold; January highs rarely surpass 15 C and lows are often below zero. Fog often hovers over the valley during the winter, usually lifting by midday, but on rare occasions can last for days. Cold fronts in the winter can often cause daytime temperatures to drop below 5 C. Snow is infrequent, especially in recent years although the surrounding hills often receive a dusting. Temperatures in July and August frequently pass 30 C with nighttime temperatures dropping to 13 - 14 °C. Summer brush fires can often make this season unpleasant although in recent years they have diminished, perhaps because most of the forest cover has been burnt. Chaves is one of the few places in Portugal with a dry March. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Chaves was -8.5 C on 22 January 1983.

Human geography
Government is administered by the Municipal Chamber of Chaves (Câmara Municipal de Chaves), while locally the municipality is divided into the following parishes (freguesias):

 * Águas Frias
 * Anelhe
 * Bustelo
 * Calvão e Soutelinho da Raia
 * Cimo de Vila da Castanheira
 * Curalha
 * Eiras, São Julião de Montenegro e Cela
 * Ervededo
 * Faiões
 * Lama de Arcos
 * Loivos e Póvoa de Agrações
 * Maços
 * Madalena e Samaiões
 * Mairos
 * Moreiras
 * Nogueira da Montanha
 * Oura
 * Outeiro Seco
 * Paradela
 * Planalto de Monforte (Oucidres e Borbadela)
 * Redondelo
 * Sanfins
 * Santa Cruz-Trindade e Sanjurge
 * Santa Leocádia
 * Santa Maria Maior
 * Santo António de Monforte
 * Santo Estêvão
 * São Pedro de Agostém
 * São Vicente
 * Soutelo e Seara Velha
 * Travancas e Roriz
 * Tronco
 * Vala de Anta
 * Vidago, Arcossó, Selhariz e Vilarinho das Paranheiras
 * Vila Verde da Raia
 * Vilar de Nantes
 * Vilarelho da Raia
 * Vilas Boas
 * Vilela do Tâmega
 * Vilela Seca

Demographics
In the past 127 years, the municipality has seen a 29% increase in local population (from 31815 in 1864 to 40940 in 1991). This was not a gradual nor homogeneous increase, since there were periods of extreme growth or rapid decline. During the 20th century, growth after 1920 is notably influenced by the restriction of trans-Atlantic emigration, just like after 1991, the population decreases were associated with liberal emigration policies as a result of the Maastricht Treaty.

The parish populations have seen fluctuations, although the most recent census show that 31 of these agglomerations had population levels in 1991 much lower than their first tabulation. Further, analysis of the data identifies that the municipal increase (29%) was primarily from the more urbanized parishes, while peripheral rural/mountainous parishes show net decreases. Many of the local people have emigrated to settlements in northern Europe in addition to France, but commonly return or visit their villages for weddings or village festivals. Many residents of Chaves have also immigrated to Connecticut and New Jersey in the United States.

Chaves has been isolated from the coastal urban centers and has suffered from a lack of convenient road communications. Recently, a new four-lane highway (A24) was opened to traffic. It links Chaves to Vila Real, and to the border with Spain. In Vila Pouca de Aguiar the highway also connects with the A7 that leads to Porto.

City
The population of the city encompasses 17,535 residents in the parishes of Santa Cruz-Trinidade, Madalena, and Santa Maria Maior: these parishes form the urbanized population of the city of Chaves.

Although many of the older buildings outside the historical walls were demolished to make way for apartment blocks, the medieval quarter with its Rua Direita and Rua de Santo António have been declared historic zones. In these areas there are narrow multi-story dwellings, whose origin has been limited by the walled city. Historically, the old quarter was the city, and few buildings were located outside its walls, since its frontier location and the imminent risk of invasion impeded the construction of homes outside the barriers. Consequently, space was limited and land primarily used for multi-purpose dwellings, resulting in very narrow streets and multi-story structures (with balconies that extend over the streets and protected the citizenry). Many of the lower floors were occupied by shops or small businesses, while the residents lived in the upper stories. Remnants of these verandas are still visible in the medieval quarter.

The walled city was at the forefront of the political turmoils during the Reconquista, transited by armies and sacked by enemies. Chaves was built, destroyed, and rebuilt several times by either faction (Christian and Muslim), when they occupied the castle (it is likely that for some periods the town was completely abandoned). In 1253, Afonso III supported the reconstruction of the castle. By 1258, Chaves was granted the status of a vila (or town). While the walls were eventually rebuilt, the advent of artillery would make the castle's fortifications obsolete, and its importance waned, while the historical battlements fell into ruins.

On 15 November 2009 an extensive green space on the east side of the Tâmega River, between the Engenheiro Carmona Bridge and the Public Gardens, was opened to the public. It is an area with playgrounds, pedestrian and cycling paths, a beach football pitch, and a large grassy area. A modern pedestrian bridge was constructed to link the park and recreational area with the hot springs on the west bank of the river. At the same time cycling and walking paths were built on both banks of the river extending north for several kilometers. The pedestrian bridge, which is approximately 90 ft, is Chave's tallest and most expensive bridge.

Economy
Agriculture and services are still the main sources of income. The traditional prosperity of Chaves comes, mainly, from a highly fertile plain, nine kilometres long and three to five wide, referred to as the"veiga". Since the land can be irrigated with canals there is intensive farming of potatoes, corn, rye, hay, while plots of vegetables are also commonplace in the local market. The main canal begins near Vila Verde da Raia and crosses the valley on the right bank of the Tâmega as far as Nantes. On the whole, the land is made up of small plots that are rarely economically viable. There is some dairy farming, and a milk production unit on the south side of town, but few cows can be seen in the valley. In general most of the farmers are of retirement age and farming is often pursued more as a hobby than as a profession.

In addition to agriculture there are some small industries producing glass, tiles, and food products. Like Vila Pouca de Aguiar, located thirty kilometres south, this is a land of granite; there are several granite extraction and finishing industries located in Chaves, in addition to three brickworks, located on the south side of the city. Further, two mineral water plants, located in Vidago, belong to the municipality.

Transportation
It is serviced by A24 motorway, which links Chaves with the south, to Viseu, Coimbra and Figueira da Foz, connecting to Vila Pouca de Aguiar by the A7 (which acts as the gateway to the southern Trás-os-Montes), and the N103 from Bragança to Braga. Chaves is located 415 kilometres from Lisbon, 105 kilometres from Porto and just 55 kilometres from the district capital, Vila Real.

Between 1921 and 1990 Chaves was the northern terminus station of the Corgo line, a narrow gauge railway line which linked Chaves with Vila Real and Regua (the junction station for main line trains to Porto). The section between Chaves and Vila Real closed in 1990 and the remainder of the line closed in 2009.

Chaves Airport, a small, single runway airport for light aircraft, also serves the town.

Architecture
The town of Chaves is built upon a long military history, that includes many fortifications or vestiges of battlements. Apart from the medieval castle and 17th century forts (Forte de São Francisco andForte de São Neutel), two medieval fortifications still exist: Santo Estêvão Tower (in the village of the same name north of Chaves) and Monforte Castle (in the hills east of the town).

Prehistoric

 * Bulideira Stone (Pedra Bulideira/Pedra Bolideira)
 * Castro of Alto do Vamba (Povoado do Alto do Vamba)
 * Castro of Curalha (Povoado fortificado da Curalha/Castelo)
 * Castro of Muradal (Povoado fortificado de Loivos/Povoado fortificado Muradal)
 * Castro of Outeiro dos Mouros (Povoado do Outeiro dos Mouros)
 * Castro of Santiago do Monte (Povoado fortificado de Santiago do Monte/Crastas de Santiago)
 * Castro of Vale de Lagares (Vale de Lagares)
 * Prehistoric Rock-Art Site of Bustelo (Santuário Rupestre de Bustelo/Fraga das Passadas)
 * Prehistoric Rock-Art Site of Eiras (Santuário Rupestre de Eiras)
 * Prehistoric Rock-Art Site of Outeiro Machado (Gravuras rupestres de Outeiro Machado/Estação rupestre de Outeiro Machado/Outeiro dos Machados)

Civic

 * Agrarian School of Alves Teixeira (Escola Agrária Móvel Alves Teixeira/Escola Agrícola de Vidago/Centro de Formação Técnico Profissional Agrária Alves Teixeira)
 * Agricultural Cooperative of Chaves (Edifício da Adega Cooperativa de Chaves/Cooperativa Agrícola de Chaves)
 * Agricultural School of Chaves (Escola Agrícola, de Artes e Ofícios/Escola Agrícola de Chaves)
 * Bridge of Arco (Ponte do Arco)
 * Bridge of Erdevedo (Ponte em Ervededo)
 * Bridge of Guilherme (Ponte Guilherme)
 * Bridge of Meirinho (Ponte do Meirinho)
 * Bridge of Missa (Ponte da Missa)
 * Bridge of Ribela (Ponte das Caldas/Ponte do Ribelas)
 * Bridge of Oura (Ponte de Oura)
 * Bridge of Santiago (Ponte de Santiago)
 * Bridge of Trajan (Ponte de Trajano), a symbol of Chaves, the bridge was constructed during the reign of Emperors Vespasian and Trajan to span the Tâmega River and connect the Roman provincial towns of Astorga and Bracara Augusta, identifiable by columns, that identify the bridge and its dedication to Emperor;
 * Caixa Geral de Depósitos (Edifício da Caixa Geral de Depósitos, CGD, de Chaves)
 * Cine-Theatre of Chaves (Cine-Teatro de Chaves)
 * Estate of Macieira em Casas Novas (Quinta da Macieira em Casas Novas)
 * Forest Administration of Chaves (Edifício da Administração Florestal de Chaves)
 * Frontier Station of Vila Verde da Raia (Estação Fronteiriça de Vila Verde da Raia)
 * Fountain of Águas da Facha (Fonte das Águas da Facha)
 * Fountain of Casa dos Montes (Fonte Velha em Casas dos Montes)
 * Fountain of Castelões (Fonte de Mergulho de Castelões)
 * Fountain of Couto (Fonte de Mergulho no Lugar do Couto)
 * Fountain of Cruzeiro (Fonte do Cruzeiro)
 * Fountain of Curalha (Fonte Nova da Curalha)
 * Fountain of Lagoinha (Fonte da Lagoinha)
 * Fountain of Mina (Fonte e Tanque da Mina)
 * Fountain of Olmo (Fonte do Largo do Olmo)
 * Fountain of Povo de Castelões (Forno do Povo de Castelões)
 * Fountain of Quinta de Humberto Teixeira (Fonte da Quinta de Humberto Teixeira)
 * Fountain of Santo António de Monforte (Fonte de Mergulho de Santo António de Monforte)
 * Fountain of Santa Marinha (Fonte de Santa Marinha)
 * Fountain of Vila Frade (Fontes de Vila de Frade)
 * Hospital of the Santa Casa da Misericóridia (Hospital da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Chaves/Lar da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Chaves)
 * Hospital of São João de Deus (Hospital Real e Igreja de São João de Deus), also known as the Church of Madalena, this 18th-century building was built during the reign of King John VI (his coat-of-arms appears on the main door), as a chapel and military hospital, but includes many Neoclassic and Baroque elements (including a high facade).
 * Hotel-Palace of Vidago (Hotel Palace em Vidago)
 * Kiln of Povo de Castelões (Forno do Povo de Castelões)
 * Markers of Ervededo (Marcos do Couto de Ervededo)
 * Manorhouse of Azeredo (Solar dos Azeredo em Oura)
 * Manorhouse of the Braganzas (Solar no Largo do Eirão/Solar dos Braganças)
 * Manorhouse of the Machados (Solar dos Machados)
 * Manorhouse of the Montalvões (Solar dos Montalvões)
 * Manorhouse of the Viscounts of Rosário (Solar dos Viscondes do Rosário/Solar do Conde de Penamacor/Hotel Rural de Casas Novas)
 * Municipal Council of Chaves (Casa do Morgado de Vilar de Perdizes/Câmara Municipal de Chaves)
 * Municipal Council of Ervededo (Câmara Municipal e Cadeia de Torre de Ervededo/Associação Cultural e Recreativa da Torre de Ervededo)
 * Municipal Stadium Eng. Manuel Branco Teixeira (Estádio Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco Teixeira)
 * Palace of the Dukes of Braganza (Quartel da Guarda Principal/Paços dos Duques de Bragança/Museu Flaviense/Repartição de Finanças de Chaves)
 * Pillory of Chaves (Pelourinho de Chaves)
 * Pillory of Erdevedo (Pelourinho de Ervededo)
 * Pillory of Monforte (Pelourinho de Monforte de Rio Livre)
 * Poldrado da Curalha
 * Pombal de Vila de Frade
 * Primary School Count Ferreira Chaves (Escola Conde Ferreira de Chaves/Centro Social e Paroquial de Chaves)
 * Primary School of Águas Ferias (Escola Primária e cantina escolar de Águas Frias/Escola Alfredo e Teresa Soares e Cantina Matilde Soares Mesquita/Escola Básica do 1.º Ciclo de Águas Frias)
 * Primary School of Casas dos Montes (Escola Primária de Casas dos Montes/Jardim de Infância de Casa dos Montes)
 * Primary School of Casas Novas (Escola Primária de Casas Novas/Centro de Convívio de Casas Novas)
 * Primary School of Faiões (Escola Primária de Faiões/Escola Básica do 1.º Ciclo e Jardim de Infância de Faiões)
 * Primary School of Loivos (Escola Primária de Loivos)
 * Primary School of Outeiro Jusão (Escola Primária de Outeiro Jusão)
 * Primary School of Outeiro Seco (Escola Primária de Outeiro Seco)
 * Primary School of Santo António de Monforte (Escola Primária de Santo António de Monforte)
 * Primary School of São Estêvão (Escola Primária de Santo Estêvão/Escola Básica do 1.º Ciclo de Santo Estêvão)
 * Primary School of São Lourenço (Escola Primária de São Lourenço/Jardim de Infância de São Lourenço)
 * Primary School of Selhariz (Escola Primária de Selhariz)
 * Primary School of Vilar de Nantes (Escola Primária de Vilar de Nantes)
 * Primary School of Vilarinho de Paranheiros (Escola Primária de Vilarinho de Paranheiros)
 * Primary School of Vilela do Tâmega (Escola Primária de Vilela do Tâmega/Centro de Convívio e Lavandaria Social de Vilela do Tâmega)
 * Railway Bridge of Tâmega (Ponte Ferroviária do Tâmega)
 * Railway Station of Chaves (Estação Ferroviária de Chaves)
 * Railway Station of Tâmega (Estação Ferroviária de Tâmega)
 * Railway Station of Vidago (Estação Ferroviária do Vidago)
 * Residence of Abade de Baçal (Casa na Rua do Abade de Baçal/Casa Onde Viveu o Abade de Baçal)
 * Residence of Bastos (Casa e Capela da família Bastos em Oura)
 * Residence of Meio do Povo (Casa do Meio do Povo)
 * Residence of Quinta da Mata (Casa da Quinta da Mata)
 * Residence of Vilar de Nantes (Casa em Vilar de Nantes com Pinturas no Interior)
 * Roman Thermal Spa of Chaves (Termas Medicinais Romanas de Chaves)
 * Secondary School Dr. Júlio Dinis (Escola Comercial e Industrial de Chaves/Escola Secundária Dr. Júlio Dinis)
 * Watermills of Curalha (Moinho de Água da Curalha)

Military

 * Castle of Chaves (Castelo de Chaves e restos da fortificação abaluartada na cidade), classified as a Monumento Nacional since 22 March 1938, the 14th century castle was constructed in the reign of King D. Dinis, but today only the keep tower remains;
 * Castle of Ervededo (Castelo de Ervededo)
 * Castle of Mau Vizinho (Castelo do Mau Vizinho/Castelo dos Mouros)
 * Castle of Monforte de Rio Livre (Castelo de Monforte/Castelo de Monforte de Rio Livre/Castelo e cerca urbana de Monforte)
 * Castle of Santo Estêvão (Castelo de Santo Estêvão)
 * Fort of São Francisco (Forte de São Francisco), plans for a hill fort had persisted since the Middle Ages, but this fort was only constructed following the Portuguese Restoration War, and saw service during the Napoleonic Invasion and Liberal Wars;
 * Fort of São Neutel (Forte de São Neutel), built on a northern hill for a perceived possible Spanish invasion, during the Portuguese Restoration War, the fort was connected to the defensive line of Chaves.

Religious
In addition to the old Church of São Francisco (which for three centuries was resting place of the first Duke of Braganza), there are other buildings which have been artistically converted into hotel rooms, and which served the army as barracks for many years.

 * Chapel of Espírito Santo (Capela do Espírito Santo)
 * Chapel of Granjinha (Capela da Granjinha)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora das Brotas (Capela de Nossa Senhora das Brotas)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Capela de Nossa Senhora da Conceição)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora das Dores (Capela de Nossa Senhora das Dores)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Encarnação (Capela de Nossa Senhora da Encarnação)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Lapa (Capela de Nossa Senhora da Lapa)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Loreto (Capela de Nossa Senhora do Loreto/Capela de Santa Cabeça)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Penha (Capela de Nossa Senhora da Penha)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Piedade (Capela de Nossa Senhora da Piedade)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Pópulo (Capela de Nossa Senhora do Pópulo)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Rosário (Capela de Nossa Senhora do Rosário)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Sanjurg(Capela de Nossa Senhora do Rosário)
 * Chapel of Pai Mogo (Capela de Tariz/Capela de Pai Mogo)
 * Chapel of Santa Catarina (Capela de Santa Catarina)
 * Chapel of Santa Marinha (Capela de Santa Marinha)
 * Chapel of Santa Marta (Capela de Santa Marta)
 * Chapel of Santo António (Capela de Santo António)
 * Chapel of Santiago (Capela de Santiago)
 * Chapel of São Bartolomeu (Capela de São Bartolomeu)
 * Chapel of São Bento (Capela de São Bento)
 * Chapel of São Bernardino (Capela de São Bernardino)
 * Chapel of São Geraldo (Capela de São Geraldo)
 * Chapel of São João Baptista (Capela de São João Baptista)
 * Chapel of São Martinho (Capela de São Martinho)
 * Chapel of São Miguel (Capela de São Miguel)
 * Chapel of São Nicolau (Capela de São Nicolau)
 * Chapel of São Roque (Capela de São Roque)
 * Chapel of São Sebastião (Capela de São Sebastião)
 * Chapel of São Simão (Capela do Olmo/Capela de São Simão)
 * Chapel of São Tiago (Capela de São Tiago)
 * Chapel of Senhor dos Aflitos (Capela do Senhor dos Aflitos)
 * Chapel of Senhor do Bom Caminho (Capela do Senhor do Bom Caminho)
 * Chapel of Senhor do Calvário (Capela do Senhor do Calvário)
 * Chapel of Senhor dos Desamparados (Capela do Senhor dos Desamparados)
 * Chapel of Senhor dos Passos (Passos da Via Sacra de Chaves/Capela do Senhor dos Passos)
 * Chapel of Senhora de Livração (Capela da Senhora da Livração)
 * Chapel of Senhora de Portela (Capela da Senhora da Portela)
 * Church of Castelões (Igreja Paroquial de Castelões)
 * Church of the Divino Salvador (Igreja Paroquial de Vilar de Nantes/Igreja do Divino Salvador)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção (Igreja Paroquial de Eiras/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Assunção)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção (Igreja Paroquial de Vilela do Tâmega/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Assunção)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Azinheira (Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Azinheira)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Igreja Paroquial de Lama de Arcos/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Igreja Paroquial de Vidago/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Expectações (Igreja Paroquial de Mairos/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Expectação)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Expectações (Igreja Paroquial de Roriz/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Expectação)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Natividade (Igreja Paroquial de São Vicente/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Natividade)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora das Neves (Igreja Paroquial de Cela/Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora das Neves (Igreja Paroquial de Paradela de Monforte/Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora das Neves (Igreja Paroquial de Vila Verde da Raia/Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves)
 * Church of the Sagrada Família (Igreja Paroquial de Santa Cruz e Trindade/Igreja da Sagrada Família)
 * Church of the Santa Casa da Misericórida (Igreja e Provedoria da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Chaves), this 17th-century Baroque church, was the main chapel of the Dukes of Bragança, that included four Greek columns and mythological sculptures, surmounted by an image of Nossa Senhora da Misericórdia (Our Lady of Mercy), while the interior was covered in 18th century blue-and-white azulejo that depicted biblical scenes, while the wooden ceiling has a scene of the Visitation, painted by Jerónimo Rocha Braga (1743).
 * Church of Santo André (Igreja Paroquial da Curalha/Igreja de Santo André)
 * Church of Santo André (Igreja Paroquial de Oucidres/Igreja de Santo André)
 * Church of Santo António (Igreja Paroquial de Curral de Vacas/Igreja Paroquial de Santo António de Monforte/Igreja de Santo António)
 * Church of Santo António (Igreja Paroquial de Soutelinho da Raia/Igreja de Santo António)
 * Church of Santa Clara (Igreja Paroquial de Sanjurge/Igreja de Santa Clara)
 * Church of Santo Estêvão (Igreja Paroquial de Santo Estêvão/Igreja de Santo Estêvão)
 * Church of Santa Eulália (Igreja Paroquial de Anelhe/Igreja de Santa Eulália)
 * Church of Santa Leocádia (Igreja Paroquial de Santa Leocádia/Igreja de Santa Leocádia)
 * Church of Santa Luzia (Igreja Paroquial de Santa Luzia / Capela Espanhola)
 * Church of Santa Maria (Igreja Paroquial de Calvão/Igreja de Santa Maria)
 * Church of Santa Maria (Igreja Paroquial de Moreiras/Igreja de Santa Maria)
 * Church of Santa Maria (Igreja Paroquial de Soutelo/Igreja de Santa Maria)
 * Church of Santa Maria Maior (Igreja Paroquial de Chaves/Igreja de Santa Maria Maior), the 12th century Romanesque parochial church and former-cathedral (decommissioned when the bishopric was moved to Vila Real and abandoned after 716 A.D. during the Moorish invasion), was renovated in the 16th century, but the three nave church conserves many of the sturdy solid granite features and austere facade on the exterior and interior (such as the cylindrical columns supporting eight arches, a stone-ribbed dome covering the main chapel, stained glass and an unpainted oak ceiling).
 * Church of Santa Marta (Igreja Paroquial de Calvão/Igreja de Santa Maria)
 * Church of Santa Marta (Igreja Paroquial de Vila de Frade/Igreja de Santa Marta)
 * Church of Santiago (Igreja Paroquial de Oura/Igreja de Santiago)
 * Church of São Bartolomeu (Igreja Paroquial de Póvoa de Agrações/Igreja de São Bartolomeu)
 * Church of São Bartolomeu (Igreja Paroquial de Travancas/Igreja de São Bartolomeu)
 * Church of São Francisco (Igreja Paroquial de Vilarinho de Paranheiras/Igreja de São Francisco)
 * Church of São Gonçalo (Igreja Paroquial de Vilas Boas/Igreja de São Gonçalo)
 * Church of São Geraldo (Igreja Paroquial de Loivos/Igreja de Santa Bárbara/Igreja de São Geraldo)
 * Church of São João Baptista (Igreja Paroquial de Cimo de Vila de Castanheira/Igreja de São João Baptista)
 * Church of São Julião (Igreja Paroquial de São Julião de Montenegro/Igreja de São Julião)
 * Church of São Martinho (Igreja Paroquial de Ervededo/Igreja de São Martinho)
 * Church of São Miguel (Igreja Paroquial de Nogueira da Montanha/Igreja de São Miguel)* Church of São Pedro (Igreja Paroquial de Águas Frias/Igreja de São Pedro)
 * Church of São Pedro de Sanfins (Igreja Paroquial de São Pedro de Sanfins)
 * Church of São Tiago (Igreja Paroquial de Seara Velha/Igreja de São Tiago)
 * Church of São Tiago (Igreja Paroquial de Tronco/Igreja de São Tiago)
 * Church of São Tiago (Igreja Paroquial de Vilarelho da Raia/Igreja de São Tiago)
 * Church of São Tomé (Igreja Paroquial de Arcossó/Igreja de São Tomé)
 * Church of São Vicente (Igreja Paroquial de Redondelo/Igreja de São Vicente)
 * Convent of São Francisco (Convento de São Francisco/Pousada de São Francisco)
 * Cross of Calvão (Cruzeiro com Alminhas em Calvão)
 * Cross of Eiras (Cruzeiro de Eiras)
 * Cross of Lugar do Couto (Cruzeiro do Lugar do Couto)
 * Cross of Nossa Senhora da Piedade (Cruzeiro de Nossa Senhora da Piedade)
 * Cross of Outeiro Seco (Cruzeiro em Outeiro Seco)
 * Cross of Sanjurge (Cruzeiro de Sanjurge)
 * Cross of São Bento (Cruzeiro de São Bento)
 * Cross of São Sebastião (Cruzeiro de São Sebastião)
 * Cross of Senhora da Piedade (Cruzeiro do Senhor da Piedade, em Castelões)
 * Cross of Senhora da Portela (Cruzeiro da Senhora da Portela)
 * Cross of Vidago (Cruzeiro Alpendrado em Vidago)
 * Cross of Vilela Seca (Cruzeiro do Cemitério de Vilela Seca)
 * Monastery of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Mosteiro de Nossa Senhora da Conceição/Liceu Fernão Magalhães/Liceu Nacional de Chaves/Escola Secundária Fernão de Magalhães)
 * Sanctuary of Alto do Coto (Capela do Côto/Capela de Nossa Senhora da Saúde/Santuário do Alto do Côto)
 * Sanctuary of Nossa Senhora da Aparecida (Capela de Nossa Senhora Aparecida/Santuário de Nossa Senhora da Aparecida), constructed on the site of an 1833 Marian apparition, when three shepherd children (similar to the events in Fátima, Portugal) witnessed the Virgin Mary.
 * Sanctuary of São Caetano (Capela de São Caetano/Santuário de São Caetano), constructed in honour of Saint Cajetan (a Catholic Theatine orator from the Counter Reformation), it is the centre of annual (7 August) celebrations, when seven images of the saint are carried in religious processions.
 * Sanctuary of Senhora de Engaranho (Capela da Senhora do Engaranho/Capela da Senhora das Necessidades/Santuário da Senhora do Engaranho), a sanctuary dedicated to an uncommon invocation to the image of Mary (responsible for aiding those with diseased-, crooked-/crossed-legs, or afflictions associated with walking, such as rickets), families with young children would visit the sanctuary and bathe their children in a carved granite stone with "miraculous waters". In addition to chapel to Our Lady of Necessities there are smaller chapels dedicated to St. Catejan, St. Blais and St. Benedict, and religious cross.

Notable citizens

 * João Gonçalves da Costa, (PT Wiki) (1720–1820), an explorer and conquistador, he went to Brazil aged 16, conquering lands in the Sertão da Ressaca, (PT Wiki), fighting local native tribes, and founding the village of Vitória da Conquista, in the state of Bahia;

 * Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho, 1st Count of Linhares (1755–1812) a nobleman and politician.

 * Inácio Luís Madeira de Melo (1775–1833) a military officer, served in the office of Governor of Arms, and led Portuguese troops based in Salvador, Bahia

 * Agostinho de Sousa Pinto de Barros Cachapuz, (PT Wiki) (1786–1864), an officer during the Peninsular Wars and Liberal Wars, decorated for his defence of legitimist ideals;

 * José Celestino da Silva (1849–1911) an Army officer, colonial administrator and governor of the colony of Portuguese Timor 1894-1908.

 * Manuel Maria Coelho (1857–1943) a military officer during the Portuguese First Republic. He became Prime Minister in 1921 after the Noite Sangrenta (Bloody Night)

 * António Granjo (1881 – Lisbon, 1921), a lawyer and politician, assassinated as Minister of the Interior, during the infamous Noite Sangrenta (Bloody Night);

 * Fernando de Quintanilha e Mendonça Dias (1898-1992) member of the Portuguese Navy and a political and colonial administrator during the Estado Novo. Minister of the Navy from 1958 to 1968 and created the Hydrographic Institute.

 * Francisco da Costa Gomes, ComTE, GOA (Chaves; 1914–Lisbon 2001) a military officer, politician, the 15th President of the Portuguese Republic (the second after the Carnation Revolution), known for his brokered military agreement in Portuguese West Africa, and his refusal to swear public loyalty to the President of the Council of Ministers Marcello Caetano;

 * Gentil de Valadares, (PT Wiki) (1916–Alvor 2006), a poet, known as the poet traitor during the Estado Novo regime for his work Coração against the Colonial Wars, and imprisoned by the PIDE (secret police);

 * Mário Carneiro, (PT Wiki) (1917– 2008), a surgeon and director of the Caldas de Chaves; promoted a modern thermal park system in the Alto Tâmega region, that includes the Chaves spa;

 * Nadir Afonso, GOSE (1920–2013) a geometric abstractionist painter, formally trained in architecture, became a pioneer in the Kinetic art movement;

 * António Marto (born 1947) a prelate of the Catholic Church, Bishop of Leiria-Fátima from 2006 to 2022, became a cardinal in 2018.

 * Fernando Pereira (1950–1985), freelance photographer and Greenpeace activist, killed when French intelligence (DGSE) detonated a bomb and sank the Rainbow Warrior ship.

Sport

 * Carlos Manuel Pereira Pinto (born 1960) known as Adão, is a Portuguese former footballer with 410 club caps and 11 for Portugal
 * Fernando Aguiar (born 1972) a Canadian former soccer player with 395 club caps and 13 for Canada
 * Vítor Castanheira (born 1977) a retired footballer with 351 club caps
 * João Alves (born 1980) a retired footballer with 361 club caps and 3 for Portugal
 * João Fernandes (born 1983) a footballer with about 350 club caps.

title: Chaves, Portugal


text:
Rutan Voyager

The Rutan Model 76 Voyager was the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling. It was piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager. The flight took off from Edwards Air Force Base's 15,000 foot (4,600 m) runway in the Mojave Desert on December 14, 1986, and ended 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds later on December 23, setting a flight endurance record. The aircraft flew westbound 26,366 statute miles (42,432 km; the FAI accredited distance is 40,212 km) at an average altitude of 11,000 feet (3,350 m).

Design and development

The aircraft was first imagined by Burt Rutan and his brother Dick Rutan in 1980. Burt sketched his concept for the aircraft for Dick and Jeana Yeager during a lunch in 1981. The idea was sketched out on the back of a napkin. Voyager was built in Mojave, California over a period of five years, mainly by volunteers working under both the Rutan Aircraft Factory and an organization named Voyager Aircraft. Burt Rutan served as the lead designer for the project.

The airframe made of fiberglass, carbon fiber, and Kevlar weighed 939 lb when empty. With the engines included, the unladen weight of the plane was 2250 lb. When it was fully loaded with fuel for its historic flight it weighed 9694.5 lb. The aircraft had an estimated lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) of 27. The canard and wing airfoils were custom-designed, and the aircraft was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. Vortex generators were added to the canard to reduce sensitivity to surface contamination by rain.

Voyager had front and rear propellers, powered by separate engines. It was originally flown on June 22, 1984, powered by Lycoming O-235 engines with fixed-pitch propellers. In November 1985, the aircraft was rolled out, fitted with world-flight engines, an air-cooled Teledyne Continental O-240 in the forward location and a liquid-cooled Teledyne Continental IOL-200 in the aft location. Both were firstly fitted with wooden, variable-pitch electrically actuated MT-Propellers. The plan was for the rear engine to be operated throughout the flight. The front engine was intended to provide additional power for takeoff and the initial part of the flight under heavy load.

On July 15, 1986, Dick Rutan and Yeager completed a test flight off the coast of California, in which they flew for 111 hours and 44 minutes, traveling 11857 mi in twenty circuits between San Luis Obispo and Stewarts Point, breaking the previous record held since 28 May 1931 by a Bellanca CH-300 fitted with a Packard DR-980 diesel engine, piloted by Walter Edwin Lees and Frederic Brossy which had set a record by staying aloft for 84 hours and 32 minutes without being refueled. The first attempt at the Voyager test flight was ended by the failure of a propeller pitch-change motor that resulted in an emergency landing at Vandenberg Air Force Base. On a test flight on September 29, 1986, the airplane had to make an emergency landing due to a propeller blade departing the aircraft. As a result, the decision was made to switch to aluminium Hartzell hydraulically actuated propellers. In a crash program, Hartzell made custom propellers for the aircraft, which were first flown on November 15, 1986.

World flight
Voyager's world flight takeoff took place on the longest runway at Edwards AFB at 8:01 am local time on December 14, 1986, with 3,500 of the world's press in attendance. As the plane accelerated, the tips of the wings, which were heavily loaded with fuel, were damaged as they unexpectedly flew down and scraped against the runway, ultimately causing pieces (winglets) to break off at both ends (the pilot had wanted to gain enough speed for the inner wings, rather than the fragile outer wings, to lift the plane; in 67 test flights, the plane had never been loaded to capacity). The aircraft accelerated very slowly and needed approximately 14,200 feet (2.7 mi; 4.3 km) of the runway to gain enough speed to lift from the ground, the wings arching up dramatically just before take-off. The two damaged winglets remained attached to the wings by only a thin layer of carbon fiber and were removed by flying the Voyager in a slip, which introduced side-loading, tearing the winglets off completely. Some of the carbon fiber skin was pulled off in the process, exposing the blue foam core. Burt Rutan following with pilot Mike Melvill determined that Voyager was still within its performance specifications despite the damage and decided to allow the flight to continue. During the flight, the two pilots had to deal with extremely cramped quarters. To reduce stress, the two had originally intended to fly the plane in three-hour shifts, but flight handling characteristics while the plane was heavy prevented routine changeovers, and they became very fatigued. Dick Rutan reportedly stayed at the controls without relief for almost the first three days of the flight.

The plane also continuously reminded the pilots of its pitch instability and fragility. They had to maneuver around bad weather numerous times, most perilously around the 600 mi Typhoon Marge. Libya denied access to the country's airspace in response to Operation El Dorado Canyon earlier that year. There were contentious radio conversations between the Rutan brothers as Dick flew around weather and, at one time, turned around and began doubling back. As they neared California to land, a fuel pump failed and had to be replaced with its twin pumping fuel from the other side of the aircraft.

In front of 55,000 spectators and a large press contingent, including 23 live feeds breaking into scheduled broadcasting across Europe and North America, the plane safely came back to earth, touching down at 8:06 a.m. at the same airfield 9 days after take-off. Rutan made three low passes over the landing field before putting Voyager down. The average speed for the flight was 116 mph. There were 106 lb of fuel remaining in the tanks, only about 1.5% of the fuel they had at take-off.

Sanctioned by the FAI and the AOPA, the flight was the first successful aerial nonstop, non-refueled circumnavigation of the Earth that included two passes over the Equator (as opposed to shorter ostensible "circumnavigations" circling the North or South Pole). This feat has since been accomplished only one other time, by Steve Fossett in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer (also designed by Rutan). For the feat, Yeager, the Rutans, and crew chief/builder Bruce Evans received the 1986 Collier Trophy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rutan Voyager


text:
Block size (cryptography)

In modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on a fixed length string of bits. The length of this bit string is the block size. Both the input (plaintext) and output (ciphertext) are the same length; the output cannot be shorter than the input – this follows logically from the pigeonhole principle and the fact that the cipher must be reversible – and it is undesirable for the output to be longer than the input.

Until the announcement of NIST's AES contest, the majority of block ciphers followed the example of the DES in using a block size of 64 bits (8 bytes). However, the birthday paradox indicates that after accumulating several blocks equal to the square root of the total number possible, there will be an approximately 50% chance of two or more being the same, which would start to leak information about the message contents. Thus even when used with a proper encryption mode (e.g. CBC or OFB), only 232 × 8 B = 32 GB of data can be safely sent under one key. In practice a greater margin of security is desired, restricting a single key to the encryption of much less data — say a few hundred megabytes. At one point that seemed like a fair amount of data, but today it is easily exceeded. If the cipher mode does not properly randomise the input, the limit is even lower.

Consequently, AES candidates were required to support a block length of 128 bits (16 bytes). This should be acceptable for up to 264 × 16 B = 256 exabytes of data, and would suffice for many years after introduction. The winner of the AES contest, Rijndael, supports block and key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits, but in AES the block size is always 128 bits. The extra block sizes were not adopted by the AES standard.

Many block ciphers, such as RC5, support a variable block size. The Luby-Rackoff construction and the Outerbridge construction can both increase the effective block size of a cipher.

Joan Daemen's 3-Way and BaseKing have unusual block sizes of 96 and 192 bits, respectively.

title: Block size (cryptography)


text:
Solidarity Federation

The Solidarity Federation, also known by the abbreviation SolFed, is a federation of class struggle anarchists active in Britain. The organisation advocates a strategy of anarcho-syndicalism as a method of abolishing capitalism and the state, and describes itself as a "revolutionary union". In 1994 it adopted its current name, having previously been the Direct Action Movement since 1979, and before that the Syndicalist Workers' Federation since 1950.

Along with the Anarchist Federation it is one of the two anarchist federations active in the UK.

History
The Syndicalist Workers' Federation was a syndicalist group in active in post-war Britain.

Direct Action Movement
The Direct Action Movement was formed in 1979, when the one remaining SWF branch, along with other smaller anarchist groups, decided to form a new organisation of anarcho-syndicalists in Britain. The DAM was highly involved in the Miners' Strike as well as a series of industrial disputes later in the 1980s, including the Ardbride dispute in Ardrossan, Scotland, involving a supplier to Laura Ashley, for which the DAM received international support. From 1988 in Scotland, then England and Wales, the DAM was active in opposing the Poll Tax.

In the early 1990s, DAM members set up the Despatch Industry Workers Union, which successfully organised workers for a number of inner-city courier firms. In March 1994, DAM changed its name to the Solidarity Federation.

Activities
Solidarity Federation's 2012 national campaign against workfare initially focused specifically on Holland and Barrett, a health supplement corporation making use of placements staffed by unpaid benefits claimants. On 5 July 2012, after a sustained series of pickets at Holland and Barrett stores across the UK, the company announced via social media and its website that it was pulling out of the workfare scheme, citing negative publicity.

title: Solidarity Federation


text:
Police Service of Northern Ireland

The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI; Seirbhís Póilíneachta Thuaisceart Éireann; Ulster-Scots: Polis Service o Norlin Airlan), is the police service responsible for law enforcement and the prevention of crime within Northern Ireland.

It is the successor to the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) after it was reformed and renamed in 2001 on the recommendation of the Patten Report.

The PSNI is the third largest police service in the United Kingdom in terms of officer numbers (after the Metropolitan Police and Police Scotland) and the second largest in terms of geographic area of responsibility, after Police Scotland. The PSNI is approximately half the size of Garda Síochána in terms of officer numbers.

Background
As part of the Good Friday Agreement, there was an agreement to introduce a new police service initially based on the body of constables of the RUC. As part of the reform, an Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland (the Patten Commission) was set up, and the RUC was replaced by the PSNI on 4 November 2001. The Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 named the new police service as the Police Service of Northern Ireland (incorporating the Royal Ulster Constabulary); shortened to Police Service of Northern Ireland for operational purposes.

Although the majority of PSNI officers are Ulster Protestants, this dominance is not as pronounced as it was in the RUC because of positive action policies. The RUC was a militarised police force  and played a key role in policing the violent conflict known as the Troubles.

Initially, Sinn Féin, which represented about a quarter of Northern Ireland voters at the time, refused to endorse the PSNI until the Patten Commission's recommendations were implemented in full. However, as part of the St Andrews Agreement, Sinn Féin announced its full acceptance of the PSNI in January 2007. All major political parties in Northern Ireland now support the PSNI.

Organisation
The senior officer in charge of the PSNI is its chief constable. The chief constable is appointed by the Northern Ireland Policing Board, subject to the approval of the Minister of Justice for Northern Ireland. The Chief Constable of Northern Ireland is the third-highest paid police officer in the UK (after the Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police). The current chief constable is Jon Boutcher, who was appointed on an interim basis after the resignation of Simon Bryne in September 2023 and successful in being officially confirmed as chief constable on 7 November 2023.

The police area is divided into eight districts, each headed by a chief superintendent. Districts are divided into areas, commanded by a chief inspector; these in turn are divided into sectors, commanded by inspectors. In recent years, under new structural reforms, some chief inspectors command more than one area as the PSNI strives to make savings.

In 2001 the old police divisions and sub-divisions were replaced with 29 district command units (DCUs), broadly coterminous with local council areas. In 2007 the DCUs were replaced by eight districts ('A' to 'H') in anticipation of local government restructuring under the Review of Public Administration. Responsibility for policing and justice was devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 9 March 2010, although direction and control of the PSNI remains under the chief constable.

In addition to the PSNI, there are other agencies which have responsibility for specific parts of Northern Ireland's transport infrastructure:
 * Belfast Harbour Police
 * Belfast International Airport Constabulary

Jurisdiction
PSNI officers have full powers of a constable throughout Northern Ireland and the adjacent United Kingdom waters. Other than in mutual aid circumstances they have more limited powers of a constable in the other two legal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom—England and Wales, and Scotland. Police staff, although non-warranted members of the service, contribute to both back-office, operational support and front-line services, sometimes operating alongside warranted colleagues.

Co-operation with Garda Síochána
The Patten Report recommended that a programme of long-term personnel exchanges should be established between the PSNI and the Garda Síochána, the national police force of Ireland. This recommendation was enacted in 2002 by an Inter-Governmental Agreement on Policing Cooperation, which set the basis for the exchange of officers between the two services. There are three levels of exchanges:
 * Personnel exchanges, for all ranks, without policing powers and for a term up to one year
 * Secondments: for ranks from sergeant to chief superintendent, with policing powers, for up to three years
 * Lateral entry by the permanent transfer of officers for ranks above inspector and under assistant commissioner

The protocols for these movements of personnel were signed by both the Chief Constable of the PSNI and the Garda Commissioner on 21 February 2005.

Accountability
The PSNI is supervised by the Northern Ireland Policing Board.

The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland deals with any complaints regarding the PSNI, and investigates any allegations of misconduct by police officers. Police staff do not fall under the ombudsman's jurisdiction. The current Police Ombudsman is former Oversight Commissioner Michael Maguire, who took over from Al Hutchinson in July 2012. The Oversight Commissioner was appointed to ensure that the Patten recommendations were implemented 'comprehensively and faithfully', and attempted to assure the community that all aspects of the report were being implemented and being seen to be implemented. The oversight role ended on 31 May 2007, with the final report indicating that of Patten's 175 recommendations, 140 had been completed with a further 16 "substantially completed".

The PSNI is also internally regulated by its Professional Standards Department, who can direct local "professional standards champions" (superintendents at district level) to investigate relatively minor matters, while a "misconduct panel" will consider more serious misconduct issues. Outcomes from misconduct hearings include dismissal, a requirement to resign, reduction in rank, monetary fines and cautions.

Recruitment
The PSNI was initially legally obliged to operate an affirmative action policy of recruiting 50% of its trainee officers from a Catholic background and 50% from a non-Catholic background, as recommended by the Patten Report, in order to address the under-representation of Catholics that had existed for many decades in policing; in 2001 the RUC was almost 92% Protestant. Many unionist politicians said the "50:50" policy was unfair, and when the Bill to set up the PSNI was going through Parliament, Minister of State Adam Ingram stated: "Dominic Grieve referred to positive discrimination and we hold our hands up. Clause 43 refers to discrimination and appointments and there is no point in saying that that is anything other than positive discrimination." However, the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission cited international human rights law to show that special measures to secure minority participation were in accordance with human rights standards and did not in law constitute 'discrimination'.

By February 2011, 29.7% of the 7,200 officers were from a Catholic background, but among the 2,500 police staff (non-warranted members), where the 50:50 rule operated only for larger recruitment drives, the proportion of Catholics was just 18%. The British Government nevertheless proposed to end the 50:50 measure, and provisions for 'lateral entry' of Catholic officers from other police forces, with effect from the end of March 2011. Following a public consultation the special measures were ended in respect of police officers and police staff in April 2011.

Deloitte conducted recruitment exercises on behalf of the PSNI, and was the dominant firm in the Consensia Partnership which existed from 2001 to 2009.

As of 2017, the PSNI have announced that it will be introducing new schemes to increase the number of Catholics in the force. The PSNI is focusing on tackling the fear factor of joining the service as violent dissident Republicans are discouraging Catholics from joining and continue to attack Catholic officers.

Policies
In September 2006 it was confirmed that Assistant Chief Constable Judith Gillespie approved the PSNI policy of using children as informants including in exceptional circumstances to inform on their own family but not their parents. The document added safeguards including having a parent or "appropriate adult" present at meetings between juveniles and their handler. It also stressed a child's welfare should be paramount when considering the controversial tactics and required that any risk had been properly explained to them and a risk assessment completed.

Structure
As of April 2023, the PSNI is structured with the following departments:
 * Crime Department
 * Organised Crime Branch
 * Serious Crime Branch
 * Intelligence Branch
 * Specialist Operations Branch
 * Crime Support Branch
 * Public Protection Branch

 * Justice Department
 * Legacy and Disclosure Branch
 * Criminal Justice Branch
 * Contact Management
 * Custody

 * Local Policing
 * Operational Support
 * Armed Response Unit
 * Close Protection Unit
 * Dog Section
 * Emergency Planning Unit
 * Firearms and Explosives Branch
 * Information Security Unit
 * Operational Planning Hub
 * Operational Policy Unit
 * Police Search Advisor
 * Operational and Tactical Development Unit
 * Tactical Support Group
 * Road Policing Unit
 * Scientific Support

 * People and Organisational Development
 * Strategic Planning and Transformation
 * Professional Standards Department
 * Discipline Branch
 * Anti-Corruption Unit
 * Service Vetting Unit

 * Corporate Services

Armed Response Unit
Specially-trained Armed Response Unit (ARU) officers support other parts of PSNI when faced with people who are carrying weapons such as knives and firearms.

Headquarters Mobile Support Unit
Headquarters Mobile Support Unit (HMSU) is the tactical unit of the PSNI. HMSU officers are trained to Specialist Firearms Officer (SFO) and Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officer (CTSFO) standards. They undergo a 26-week training program including firearms, unarmed combat, roping, driving and photography.

Tactical Support Group
Tactical Support Group (TSG) officers provide a range of core and specialist services to district policing teams.

Core TSG functions include public order, counter terrorism and crime reduction, community safety, crime scene response, and surveillance capability.

Specialist TSG skills include:
 * specialist search teams
 * police search advisors (pölsa)
 * method of entry – gain entry to premises
 * specialist counter terrorist / anti-crime patrols
 * marine response
 * enhanced medical aid
 * high risk escorts
 * chemical biological radiological nuclearesponse
 * close protection
 * roads policing
 * mutual aid to other uk police services
 * public order

Uniform

The colour of the PSNI uniform is bottle green. Pre-1970s RUC uniforms retained a dark green called rifle green, which was often mistaken as black. A lighter shade of green was introduced following the Hunt Report in the early 1970s, although Hunt recommended that British blue should be introduced. The Patten report, however, recommended the retention of the green uniform (Recommendation No. 154). The RUC officially described this as 'rifle green'. When the six new versions of the PSNI uniform were introduced, in March 2002, the term 'bottle green' was used for basically the same colour to convey a less militaristic theme. In 2018 a formal review was launched about the current uniform after officers gave feedback on it.

On 31 January 2022, a new uniform was introduced for frontline officers. This change replaced the white shirt and tie that was worn since 2001 with a green wicking material t-shirt. This new style shirt is embroidered with the PSNI crest on the left breast and the word Police on the left collar and both sleeves. The new shirt also facilitates the wearing of epaulettes to display rank and numerals. This modern workwear is similar to that of Police Scotland aside from colour and to uniforms of some police services in England and Wales. Officer headwear has remained the same and traditionally consists of peaked caps for males and kepi style hats for females. Baseball style caps are worn by tactical units.

Badge and flag
The flag of the PSNI is the badge in the centre of a dark green field. Under the Police Emblems and Flags Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002 no other flag can be used by the PSNI and it is the only one permitted to be flown on any PSNI building, vehicle, aircraft or vessel.

Body armour
PSNI officers wear overt body armour vests featuring RF1 standard ballistic plates, designed to stop high-velocity rifle rounds.

Beginning in December 2007 body armour was required for PSNI officers operating in the Greater Belfast and Greater Derry City areas owing to the threat from dissident republicans.

As of 2020, all officers are issued with ballistic body armour, however in some lower-risk areas officers are permitted, on an optional basis, to wear stab vests, such as those worn by most UK police officers and the Gardaí.

In 2019 the PSNI introduced a new integrated body armour system similar to the Osprey body armour used by the British Army, intended to be lighter and more comfortable to wear.

Firearms
Due to the elevated threat posed by armed paramilitary groups, and in contrast to the majority of police services in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, all PSNI officers are routinely armed while on duty, with officers also permitted to carry firearms while off-duty.

Historically, RUC officers were issued with the Ruger Speed-Six revolver and had access to the Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun and the Heckler & Koch G3 and Heckler & Koch HK33 rifles (which replaced the earlier Sterling submachine guns and Ruger AC-556 select-fire rifles between 1992 and 1995), with the PSNI inheriting these weapons upon formation.

The PSNI's standard issue firearm is the Glock 17 pistol, which is carried by every operational officer on the ground. The Glock 17 began superseding the Ruger Speed-Six revolvers from 2002 onwards, with only fifteen revolvers remaining in service by 2012.

The primary long-arm used in the service is the Heckler & Koch G36K carbine, which was procured to supplement and eventually replace the MP5, G3, and HK33.

L104 riot guns are available for crowd control purposes.

Long arms are still routinely carried in areas of higher threat such as Derry, Belfast (particularly north and west), and various border areas.

Vehicles
The best known PSNI vehicle is the Land Rover Tangi, used extensively during the volatile period of the Troubles.

In 2011 it was announced that some of the aging Tangi fleet were to be replaced, due to the ongoing security threat, and all but a handful have now been retired. This led to the creation of the PANGOLIN – Armoured Public Order Vehicle – designed and built by OVIK Special Vehicles (part of the OVIK Group), 60 Mk1 and 90 Mk2 variants have been delivered and are currently in service. Also a number of Public Order Land Rovers made by Penman are currently in service.

In addition to other cars, vans and motorcycles, the PSNI also have a fleet of 242 bicycles which are used for city centres and walkway patrols.

Air support
In 2014 the Air Support Unit responded to over 4,000 callouts, 12 were Casualty evacuations and participated in over 250 missing people searches. All aircraft are used for investigations, anti-crime operations, traffic management, search and rescue, public order situations, crime reduction initiatives and tackling terrorism.

Helicopters
In May 2005, the PSNI took delivery of its first helicopter, a Eurocopter EC 135, registration G-PSNI and callsign Police 44. In 2010, the PSNI took delivery of its second aircraft, a Eurocopter EC 145 registration G-PSNO and callsign Police 45 at a cost of £7million. In July 2013, a third helicopter entered service, Eurocopter EC 145, registration G-PSNR and callsign Police 46.

Fixed wing aircraft
The PSNI operates two fixed wing aircraft for aerial surveillance. In August 1992, a Britten-Norman BN-2T Islander entered service with registration G-BSWR and callsign Scout 1. In July 2011, the aircraft sustained damage during a crash-landing at Aldergrove. In June 2013, prior to the G8 summit, a Britten-Norman Defender 4000 entered service with registration G-CGTC and callsign Scout 2.

Until 2019 when NPAS purchased four planes, the PSNI was for many years the only UK police service operating fixed-wing aircraft.

Other items
Other items of equipment include:
 * Folding Hiatt Speedcuffs
 * Monadnock 26" friction-lock baton with Hindi cap
 * First Aid pouch
 * TETRA radio (Motorola MTP3550)
 * Torch with traffic wand
 * Limb-restraints, also known as fast-straps

The PSNI previously issued BlackBerry devices to officers, which have now been replaced by various models of Android smartphones.

As of 2019 the service began replacing the previously-issued CS spray with PAVA spray.

Headquarters
The service's headquarters are located in Knock, an area in east Belfast.

Ranks
In the PSNI there are also part-time Special constables known as a Reserve Constable. In contrast to most Special constables elsewhere in the UK, this is a paid position.

The ranks and their insignia correspond to those of other UK police services, with a few modifications: Sergeants' chevrons are worn point-up as is done in the United States, rather than point-down as is done in other police and military services of the United Kingdom. The six-pointed star & saltire device from the PSNI badge is used in place of the Crown in the insignia of superintendents, chief superintendents and the chief constable.

The rank insignia of the chief constable, unlike those in other parts of the UK, are similar to those of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and the Commissioner of the City of London Police.

Officer misconduct
In 2021 the BBC reported on news of 39 internal investigations into sexual misconduct or domestic abuse by PSNI officers over the past five years.

In January 2023 9 PSNI officers were fired in for sexual misconduct or domestic abuse.

In 2023 the Northern Ireland Public Prosecution Service (PPSNI) charged two PSNI officers for taking pictures of dead bodies. This was first reported on in 2022 by the BBC news program Spotlight, after they spoke with family members of a man who committed suicide in 2017. The family of the man was concerned about the behaviour of officers on the scene.

This 2023 disciplinary decision came about as a result of an internal investigation titled "Operation Warwick", by the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland. For these charges, one officer was dismissed, and one was suspended.

2023 data breaches
The PSNI suffered two data breaches in 2023, in which personal details of thousands of PSNI officers and staff was inadvertedly published on a public website.

Following the 2023 data breaches, a LucidTalk opinion poll revealed that 38% of people in Northern Ireland had "no" or "mostly no" confidence in the PSNI. The poll also found that unionist voters were more likely to have confidence in the police service than nationalists, though support for the PSNI was highest amongst "other" voters.

Police Fund
The Fund was set up in 2002 to provide care and financial assistance to police officers and ex-officers who have been injured or disabled from being the direct target of a terrorist attack and to the widows, widowers and families of police officers killed or injured through terrorism.

title: Police Service of Northern Ireland


text:
Wikipedia talk:FAQ/Technical

Editing Wikipedia articles using Firefox - difficulty with text search on editing page
I recently converted from Internet Explorer to Firefox, and have been very happy with Firefox for a number of reasons (the convenience of the tabs, the ability to change text size in any webpage, etc.)

Everything was wonderful until I tried to edit a Wikipedia article in Firefox. When I'm reading an article and find a part I want to change, I go to the edit page, and click CTRL+F to locate the sentence I want to edit. Firefox doesn't allow me to do this - i.e. the text search feature doesn't seem to allow you to search within text input fields. I've searched various internet discussion forums to find a solution to this, but with no luck.

Surely, surely, there is a way of doing this? I really don't want to have to go back to Explorer, but this is such a terrible flaw in Firefox that it looks like I might have to.

Does anyone know the solution?

Palefire 13:13, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * This page may not be watchlisted by too many people and I am an IE user myself. I'd suggest you ask this question either at the reference desk or the village pump. You are likely to get a quicker reply there -- Lost (talk) 15:18, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

What you seek is at Tools/Browser tools/Mozilla Firefox/Search within Textarea Extension with regex. Check also the parent Tools/Browser tools/Mozilla Firefox. jnestorius(talk) 15:21, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * And indeed see also Browser notes jnestorius(talk) 15:54, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I installed the extension and it works perfectly. Thanks a million. Palefire 15:57, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Reset Password Without Email Address
How can you prove that you are the owner of the username if you did not enter an email address with your username and are therefore unable to get a new password emailed to you?

download.wikipedia.org
There's a link to download SQL dumps from http://download.wikipedia.org/ -- is it down? Is it still (or ever) available?

Wikipedia Visitor Browser Statistics?
Where can browser statistics for visitors to the Wikipedia sites be found?

Can this be made available if not already so? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.147.96 (talk) 00:01, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * here.©Geni 14:58, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

Read Block?
Hi. I was recently blocked from Wikipedia for disruptive editing. Could that possibly have something to do with the fact that I often get a "could not connect to en.wikipedia.org" error? I mean when I try to edit logged in (or immediately after logging out), it says that I "can't edit", but "still read" pages on Wikipedia. But I get this eerie feeling that somebody doesn't want me to even read. Is there anyone in the Wikipedia power structure that can selectively deny access to the site? Or is it just something technical about Wikipedia's/my network connection? Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.92.109.28 (talk) 05:05, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

P.S. If there's some rule that I should refrain from editing Wikipedia, don't waste your time telling me that. Cause I'll simply ignore it!.......59.92.109.28 (talk) 05:08, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Could not connect is normally a hardware issue - e.g. your ISP or Wikimedia servers having troubles. This is unrelated to the concept of blocking which prevents users from problematic editing the encyclopedia, but not from reading it.  Please try to remain civil with your comments, because some people may be troubled by comments like "I'll simply ignore it".  Thanks.  7  06:15, 8 April 2010 (UTC)
 * p.s. - in the future please use this link to find out how to ask questions and get answers.  7  06:16, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

There is no facility that allows you to be blocked from reading Wikipedia, even by sysops or stewards. The only ones who can ban IP addresses from even reading Wikipedia are sysadmins, and they'll only do it if you're seriously draining Wikimedia's resources (e.g., running an aggressive bot of some kind that's reading tons of pages in a short timeframe). Some users will normally get error messages from time to time due to various system failures, not because anyone's blocked you. —Aryeh Gregor (talk • contribs) 16:51, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

TM's
please i need to know what is in TM's twitter,facebook,youtube channel What is the kind of posts ? What is the responses and the number of it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.32.19.138 (talk) 11:51, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

Newer figures
Why don't you provide newer figures of the size of the wikipedia database? --112.198.82.168 (talk) 11:42, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

MariaDB or MySQL?
It was widely reported that the WMF replaced MySQL with MariaDB in 2013, yet this FAQ still lists MySQL only. Has MariaDB completely replaced MySQL or are they both used?Greenman (talk) 21:46, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

cookie to expire in 180 or 365 days?
Does Wikipedia use cookies? on the page says cookies expire after "180 days" but the login special page says "[k]eep me logged in (for up to 365 days)". That seems to be a conflict. If so, one should be edited. Elsewise, perhaps one should explain the other. Nick Levinson (talk) 22:54, 12 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I have updated it to say 365 days. I remember when it was 30 days. PrimeHunter (talk) 23:10, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

Which versions of software in use?
Is there a way to find out which versions of software are in use? I'm particularly interest in which version of WikiMedia.--agr (talk) 20:13, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * @agr: Wikimedia is the foundation which runs Wikipedia, or the community of contributors. I guess you mean MediaWiki. Special:Version shows the version of MediaWiki and some other software. Wikimedia wikis change version during three consecutive days. See mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap. PrimeHunter (talk) 20:53, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the quick response. Yes, sorry, I meant MediaWiki. Any reason not to mention Special:Version in the FAQ?--agr (talk) 22:03, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I have added it to FAQ/Technical[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FAQ/Technical&diff=870935508&oldid=867632812] PrimeHunter (talk) 22:10, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Random article selection
I just read the description of how random articles are selected and, coincidentally, a similar process came up at the Math Help Desk, see Reference desk/Archives/Mathematics/2019 June 21. The upshot is that the probabilities of various articles being selected is very highly skewed toward 0, in other words most articles are extremely unlikely to be selected at all while a relative few will be selected over and over. It is implied in the 'Is the "random article" feature really random?' section, one of the uses of this feature is quality assurance, but the method isn't really suited for that. Now someone is going to say that section already says that some articles are more likely to be selected than others, but the difference is multiple orders of magnitude. In practice most articles will never be selected and the few that are will probably have already been selected, checked and corrected, giving a misleadingly optimistic view of WP's overall quality. I can think of a few ways that the algorithm might be tweaked to make the distribution more even, so it's probably not too hard to fix. For now though, the random article feature should not be used for QA. --RDBury (talk) 12:18, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:FAQ/Technical


text:
American System

American System may refer to:

 * American System (economic plan), an 1800s economic program of Henry Clay and the Whig Party based on the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton
 * American system, an informal name for the Universal Numbering System dental notation introduced in the US in the 1800s
 * American system of manufacturing, a set of manufacturing methods that evolved in the 19th century in the US
 * American system passenger coach or "open coach", a style of railway passenger coach first introduced in the 1800s in the US
 * United States customary units, a system of measurement used in the US

title: American System


text:
Talk:Hasbro

Hospital
I wondered if anybody knew or thought it relevant that Hasbro founded a children's hospital here in RI...it's truly wonderful and called the Hasbro Children's Hospital. I don't actually know to what extent it was funded by the hasbro company, but assume it must have been substantial to have provided the name.

Semi-protected edit request on 6 May 2020
Hi I would like to make a edit because I found this link saying that hasbro has reported a lost, and it wasn’t because of the Coronavirus (I wasn’t doing anything wrong). Link:https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/05/06/1-factor-took-hasbro-to-loss-hint-not-coronavirus.aspx.2600:1004:B01E:280B:9948:A0D9:F8DF:A54B (talk) 20:37, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

 * ❌. It's not clear what changes you want to make. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 21:12, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I want to do it on the history 2008-percent section, I want to add stuff.2600:1004:B01E:280B:9948:A0D9:F8DF:A54B (talk) 21:16, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 May 2020 (2nd attempt)
I want to add this piece of information just recently released about hasbro reporting a loss from buying Entertainment One. Link:https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/05/06/1-factor-took-hasbro-to-loss-hint-not-coronavirus.aspx.2600:1004:B01E:280B:9948:A0D9:F8DF:A54B (talk) 21:20, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

 * ❌. It's still not clear what changes you want to make. Edit requests must be precise, as in the exact text you want to add or change, and where.  –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 22:18, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

Vandalism by User:Aoi
This page needs admin attention from this vandal that seems to wish to get into a edit war with other users, because they disagree with something being added ot the article. To my knowledge Wikipedia was about a consensus, not one user rules the entire site, and several users are trying to include news, while one user says they re not allowed to and constantly deleted their edits through reversion. Recent events are not able to updated instantly, and other editors must give people time to find proper and relevant sources, and should not be allowed to start an edit war over them, so why is this user constantly doing this for the past week on this article? shadzar-talk 03:41, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi, if you would like to report me for vandalism, please do so at Administrator intervention against vandalism. However, I would advise that you read what constitutes vandalism before you do. In any case, I found a source that meets WP:RS and edited the text in a way that should meet the reliable sourcing policy. Thank you. Aoi (青い) (talk) 04:06, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

Sweatshop labor
If there are better refs to be found, we should probably mention something about this. As it was, it appears to be simply soapboxing for business-humanrights.org, which I can find no RSN discussions on, and appears to be something to be treated as a primary source with no weight of it's own. I don't see it mentioned in either of the independent sources, so there's nothing to give it any weight.

Since years have passed since the reports were released, we need better refs to demonstrate encyclopedic value. --Hipal (talk) 18:18, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hasbro