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John Ritter

Johnathan Southworth Ritter (September 17, 1948 – September 11, 2003) was an American actor. He was a son of the singing cowboy star Tex Ritter and the father of actors Jason and Tyler Ritter. He is best known for playing Jack Tripper on the ABC sitcom Three's Company (1977–1984), and received a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for the role in 1984. Ritter briefly reprised the role on the spin-off Three's a Crowd, which aired for one season, producing 22 episodes before its cancellation in 1985.

He appeared in over 100 films and television series combined and performed on Broadway, with roles including adult Ben Hanscom in It (1990), Problem Child (1990), Problem Child 2 (1991), a dramatic turn in Sling Blade (1996), and Bad Santa in 2003 (his final live action film, which was dedicated to his memory). In 2002, Don Knotts called Ritter the "greatest physical comedian on the planet". His final roles include voicing the title character on the PBS children's program Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000–2003), for which he received four Daytime Emmy Award nominations, and as Paul Hennessy on the ABC sitcom 8 Simple Rules (2002–2003).

Early life
Johnathan Southworth Ritter was born on September 17, 1948, at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California. Ritter had a birth defect known as a coloboma in his right eye. His father, Tex Ritter, was a singing cowboy and matinee star, and his mother, Dorothy Fay (née Southworth), was an actress. He had an older brother, Thomas "Tom" Ritter. Ritter attended Hollywood High School, where he was student body president. He attended the University of Southern California and majored in psychology with plans to have a career in politics. He later changed his major to theater arts and attended the USC School of Dramatic Arts (formerly School of Theatre). Ritter was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity at USC. While still in college, Ritter traveled to the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and West Germany to perform in plays. Ritter graduated in 1970.

Film and television
Ritter headlined several stage performances. After his graduation from USC in 1970, his first television acting experience was as a campus revolutionary in the television series Dan August starring Burt Reynolds and future Three's Company co-star Norman Fell. Ritter made his film debut in the 1971 Disney film The Barefoot Executive. He made guest appearances on the television series Hawaii Five-O, M*A*S*H, and many others. He had a recurring role as the Reverend Matthew Fordwick on the drama series The Waltons from October 1972 to December 1976. Because he was not a weekly cast member, he had time to pursue other roles, which he did until December 1976, when he left for a starring role in the hit sitcom Three's Company (the Americanized version of the 1970s British Thames Television series Man About the House) in 1977. In 1978, Ritter played Ringo Starr's manager on the television special Ringo. In 1982, Ritter provided the voice of Peter Dickinson in the animated film The Flight of Dragons. Ritter became a household name on Three's Company, portraying struggling culinary student Jack Tripper with two female roommates. Ritter co-starred opposite Joyce DeWitt and Suzanne Somers, and then later Jenilee Harrison and Priscilla Barnes. Much of the comedy centered around Jack's pretending to be gay to keep the old-fashioned landlords appeased over the co-ed living arrangements. The series spent several seasons near the top of the ratings in the United States before ending in 1984. A year-long spin-off, Three's a Crowd, ensued, as the Jack Tripper character has a live-in girlfriend and runs his own bistro. The original series has been seen continuously in reruns and is available on DVD. During the run of Three's Company, Ritter appeared in the films Hero at Large, Americathon, and They All Laughed. In 1986, he played the role of Dad in the music video for Graham Nash's song "Innocent Eyes" from the album of the same name.

Hooperman was Ritter's first regular television role after Three's Company. Detective Harry Hooperman inherits a run-down apartment building and hires Susan Smith (Debrah Farentino) to run it. A relationship follows, and Hooperman must juggle work, love, and the antics of Bijoux the dog. In 1988, John was nominated for both an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his work on Hooperman. Ritter won a People's Choice Award for this role. From 1992 to 1995, Ritter returned to television for three seasons as John Hartman, aide to a U.S. Senator, in Hearts Afire. This series starred Markie Post as Georgie Anne Lahti and Billy Bob Thornton as Billy Bob Davis. He also played Garry Lejeune / Roger Tramplemain in the production Noises Off in 1992.

After his time on television, he appeared in a number of movies, most notably Problem Child and its first sequel. He co-starred with Jim Belushi in 1987's Real Men and played the lead role in Blake Edwards' 1989 film Skin Deep. He appeared in the film version of Noises Off, rejoined Billy Bob Thornton in the Oscar-winning Sling Blade (playing a kindhearted, gay, discount-store manager), and co-starred with Olivier Gruner in the 1996 action film Mercenary.

Ritter starred in many made-for-TV movies, including Gramps (1995), co-starring with Andy Griffith, Rob Hedden's The Colony (1995) with Hal Linden, Stephen King's It, Danielle Steel's Heartbeat with Polly Draper, and It Came from the Sky in 1999 with Yasmine Bleeth. Ritter also made guest appearances on television shows, such as Felicity, Ally McBeal, Scrubs, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He also provided the voice of the title character in the animated children's show Clifford the Big Red Dog and its animated film adaptation Clifford's Really Big Movie (2004), a role for which he received four Emmy nominations. His final film was Stanley's Dinosaur Round-Up (2006), an animated direct-to-DVD film based on the television series, which was dedicated to his memory. At the time of his death, he was starring in 8 Simple Rules... for Dating My Teenage Daughter.

Theater
In 2000, Ritter co-starred with Henry Winkler in Neil Simon's The Dinner Party at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway, portraying Claude Pichon. It ran for 364 performances. Ritter won the Theatre World Award in 2001 for his performance in that work. In 2003, Ritter made his final stage appearance in All About Eve at the Ahmanson Theatre.

J For J at LA's Court Theatre March 14-April 21, 2002. Starring John Ritter, Jeff Kober and Jenny Sullivan. Directed by Joseph Fuqua. Written by Jenny Sullivan.

Personal life
On October 16, 1977, Ritter married actress Nancy Morgan, with whom he had three children: Jason Carly, and Tyler. They divorced on September 1, 1996. He married actress Amy Yasbeck on September 18, 1999, at the Murphy Theatre in Wilmington, Ohio. They had a child born in 1998. Yasbeck played his love interest in the first two Problem Child movies, though as two different characters. Yasbeck also played Ritter's wife in two sitcom appearances. In 1991, both were guest stars on The Cosby Show, in which Yasbeck played the in-labor wife of Ritter's basketball coach character. In 1996, Ritter guest-starred on Yasbeck's sitcom, Wings, as the estranged husband of Yasbeck's character, Casey.

Death
On September 11, 2003, Ritter was rehearsing for 8 Simple Rules... for Dating My Teenage Daughter on the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank, California when he suddenly fell ill and began to experience problems with his heart. Sweating profusely, vomiting, and complaining of chest pain, he was taken across the street to the Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center (the same hospital where he had been born) at 6:00 pm. Ritter was initially treated by emergency room physicians for a heart attack; however, his condition quickly worsened. Ritter was then diagnosed with aortic dissection and was taken into surgery, but was pronounced dead at 10:48 p.m., at the age of 54.

A private funeral for Ritter was held in Los Angeles on September 15, 2003, after which he was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills.

In 2008, Ritter's widow Amy Yasbeck, on behalf of herself and Ritter's children, filed lawsuits against doctors involved in Ritter's treatment and Providence St. Joseph Medical Center. A number of those lawsuits were settled out of court, for a total of $14 million, including a settlement for $9.4 million with Providence St. Joseph. A $67 million wrongful-death lawsuit against two of the physicians, radiologist Matthew Lotysch and cardiologist Joseph Lee, went to trial in 2008. Yasbeck accused Lee, who treated Ritter on the day of his death, of misdiagnosing his condition as a heart attack and Lotysch, who had given him a full-body scan two years earlier, of failing at that time to detect an enlargement of Ritter's aorta. In 2008, at the Los Angeles County Superior Court, the jury concluded that the doctors who treated Ritter the day he died were not negligent and thus were not responsible for his death.

Response and legacy
Many of Ritter's colleagues expressed sorrow following the news of his death. Zach Braff, who worked with Ritter on Scrubs, called Ritter a "comic hero" of his and said he had approached series creator Bill Lawrence to get Ritter to play his character J.D.'s father (which Ritter did for two episodes and was slated to return for a third the week following his death). Katey Sagal testified in the wrongful death lawsuit, calling Ritter a "funny man who was funny like nobody's business". His Three's Company co-star Joyce DeWitt remarked he was "impossible to forget. Impossible not to love".

8 Simple Rules... for Dating My Teenage Daughter was later retitled 8 Simple Rules following Ritter's death and continued for one and a half more seasons before its cancellation in 2005. Ritter's character, Paul Hennessy, was said to have died after collapsing in a grocery store while buying milk. ABC aired the first three episodes of the show's second season that had been taped before his death, each of which was introduced by Katey Sagal. The remainder of the show dealt with the family trying to grapple with Paul's death. New male characters, played by James Garner and David Spade, were later added to the main cast as Ritter's replacements. Shortly before his death, Ritter had done a week-long taping with Hollywood Squares, which was aired as a tribute to him, introduced by Henry Winkler, the executive producer of the show and a very close friend of Ritter's. Four days after Ritter's death, Nick at Nite ran an all-night Three's Company marathon dedicated to his memory.

In 2004, Ritter was posthumously given an Emmy nomination for playing Paul Hennessy in 8 Simple Rules... for Dating My Teenage Daughter but lost to Kelsey Grammer for playing the title character of Frasier. Upon accepting his trophy, Grammer's remarks included comments made in tribute and remembrance of Ritter. Ritter's final films, Bad Santa and Clifford's Really Big Movie, along with a Season 4 episode of Scrubs (his character in this series died, as well), the Season 8 King of the Hill episode "Stressed for Success" (in which he played music teacher Eugene Grandy) and Stanley's Dinosaur Round-Up (in which he played Great Uncle Stew) were all dedicated to his memory.

On June 6, 2008, Hollywood High School dedicated a mural of Ritter painted by Eloy Torrez. In March 2010, the Thoracic Aortic Disease (TAD) Coalition, in partnership with Yasbeck and the John Ritter Foundation (JRF), announced the creation of the "Ritter Rules" which are life-saving reminders to recognize, treat and prevent thoracic aortic dissection. The purpose of the JRF is to provide accurate information to the general public about the disease and its risk factors, provide support to individuals who have thoracic aortic disease or have lost a loved one to the disease and improve the identification of individuals at risk for aortic dissections and the treatment of thoracic aortic disease through medical research. Yasbeck worked with the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) to establish the John Ritter Research Program in Aortic and Vascular Diseases with the goal of preventing premature deaths due to aortic dissection by identifying genetic mutations that predispose individuals to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections.

Awards and honors

 * 1983: Star on the Walk of Fame – 6627 Hollywood Boulevard; he and Tex Ritter were the first father-and-son pair to be so honored in different categories.

title: John Ritter


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Malaga (disambiguation)

Málaga, or Malaga, is a port city in the province of Málaga in Andalusia, Southern Spain.

Malaga may also refer to

Geography

 * Málaga, port city in the province of Málaga in Andalusia, Southern Spain
 * Málaga (province), the province that takes its name from that city
 * Vélez-Málaga, Málaga, smaller city in the east of the same Spanish province
 * Malaga, Western Australia, suburb of Perth, Western Australia
 * Málaga, Santander, municipality in Colombia, capital of the Province of García Rovira, Santander Department, Colombia
 * Malaga, California, community in Fresno County, California
 * Malaga Island, an island in Maine that housed a small interracial community after the American Civil War
 * Malaga, New Jersey, unincorporated area in Franklin Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey
 * Malaga, New Mexico, unincorporated area in Eddy County, New Mexico
 * Malaga, Ohio, unincorporated area in Ohio
 * Malaga, Washington, unincorporated area in Chelan County, Washington

Films

 * Malaga (1954 film), a film directed by Richard Sale
 * Malaga (1960 film), starring Trevor Howard and Dorothy Dandridge

Other

 * 352834 Málaga, asteroid named after the Spanish port city
 * Málaga (Spanish Congress Electoral District) electoral district covering the Spanish province
 * Málaga (Andalusian Parliament Electoral District) electoral district covering the Andalusian province
 * Malaga (wine), fortified wine originating in Málaga
 * Malaga DO, Spanish wine region
 * Málaga CF, football club in Málaga
 * FC Málaga City, football club in Vélez-Málaga
 * CD Málaga, former football club in Málaga
 * SEAT Malaga, model of car

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Malaga (disambiguation)


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Matthew Leydt

Matthew Leydt (1755–1783) was the first graduate of Queen's College (now Rutgers University) in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Matthew was the son of Syntje Slegt (1729–1763) (also spelled Tryntje Slecht or Sleight) and the Rev. Johannes Leydt (1718–1783), minister of the Dutch Reformed congregation at New Brunswick and at Six Mile Run in Franklin Township (both from 1748 until his death), and Trustee of Queen's College Matriculating as a sophomore when instruction began in 1771, he graduated at the age of 19 with a Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) degree in 1774 —constituting the college's entire first graduating class. While at Queen's, Leydt studied under Frederick Frelinghuysen, the college's first tutor and was instructed in theology by the Rev. Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, who became the college's first president in 1786.

After graduation, Leydt was licensed to enter the ministry of the Dutch Reformed Church in 1778. He served at the Southampton Dutch Reformed Church in Neshaminy in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, until his death on November 24, 1783 in North Hampton, Pennsylvania, at the age of twenty-eight.

title: Matthew Leydt


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European Graduate School

The European Graduate School (EGS) is a private graduate school that operates in two locations: Saas-Fee, Switzerland, and Valletta, Malta.

History
It was founded in 1994 in Saas-Fee, Switzerland by the Swiss scientist, artist, and therapist, Paolo Knill. It was co-founded by the Swiss Canton of Valais, which is represented in its board.

The school initially offered programs in Expressive Arts Therapy, as part of a broader initiative to develop a network of training institutes in Expressive Arts Therapy. A division of Media and Communication (later renamed Philosophy, Art and Critical Thought) was established in 1998 by Wolfgang Schirmacher.

EGS is licensed as a university in Malta and is recognized in the Swiss canton where it operates, but is not recognized by the Swiss University Conference, the main regulatory body for universities in Switzerland.

Teaching is mostly remote, with required attendance for short periods at the school; ad hoc meetings in various cities also take place.

Notable faculty members have included Giorgio Agamben, Chantal Akerman, Pierre Alféri Judith Butler, Achille Mbembe, Avital Ronell, and Sandy Stone.

Notable alumni and attendees have included Lara Khaldi, John Maus, Gael García Bernal, Ariana Reines, Micah White, Pablo Iglesias Turrión, Bruce Barber and Duane Rousselle.

title: European Graduate School


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Talk:European Graduate School

Redundancy
This is writing style issue. The second paragraph in the lead section and the stand-alone paragraph in the "Status" section contain verbatim text (italicized below). Verbatim writing is lazy, makes for bad style, and is not appropriate for an encyclopedia.

Lead Section

[...]

It is recognised as a university institute in the Canton of Valais where one of its two campuses is located,[3] but does not hold federal recognition as a university in Switzerland.[4] It is accredited as a university in Malta.[3] In the US, the State of Texas includes the European Graduate School on its published list of institutions that issue "fraudulent or substandard degrees" and notes that it is illegal to use an EGS degree to obtain employment within the state.[5]

Status Section

EGS is licensed as a university in Malta[22] and is recognized in the Swiss canton where it operates,[23] but is not recognized by the Swiss University Conference, the main regulatory body for universities in Switzerland.[4] In the US, the State of Texas includes the European Graduate School on its published list of institutions that issue "fraudulent or substandard degrees" and notes that it is illegal to use an EGS degree to obtain employment within the state.[5]

-- Solarmancer (talk) 05:24, 24 August 2018 (UTC) — Solarmancer (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * Please read WP:LEAD; the lead is not redundant. Jytdog (talk) 06:48, 24 August 2018 (UTC)

Non-contentious import of faculty from French Wikipedia pages.
Hi there In order to improve the accuracy of this article I would propose that we add the faculty members from the French site. link is below. I also propose that we change the sentence: Existing: Teaching is mostly remote, with required attendance for short periods at the school; ad hoc meetings in various cities also take place.[12] Addition: Theses are required and are supervised by the faculty. Note: A thesis is required, as spelled out on the EGS page, but as this is a "primary" source, I am not sure it qualifies as a reference?

I propose to add all the faculty from the French pages that have references to the list of notable faculty. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Graduate_School#Professeurs_associés_célèbres

That is add them to this list if they are not already there, and if they are, add the additional references: (change to bullet points?)

Notable faculty members have included Giorgio Agamben,[13] Chantal Akerman,[14] Pierre Alféri[15] Judith Butler,[16] Achille Mbembe,[17] Avital Ronell,[18] and Sandy Stone.[19]

I hope this is not contentious at all and does not bring up any memories of what seem to be bitter battles of the past.

Serenest (talk) 17:24, 8 November 2018 (UTC)
 * yes we are staying away from using the school's website as a source; doing so just turns this page into a proxy for their website.
 * The "famous associated faculty" thing is not straightforward, as you are aware from past discussions here. There are lots of people who have guest taught maybe once, and it is not reasonable to list them with people whose main teaching appointment is there. The list at fr-WP makes no distinction and that sort of thing was already rejected here, as you know. Jytdog (talk) 18:22, 8 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree this is already well discussed. I have reviewed the history and am prepared to escalate based on these three items: one Texas list is mention is misleading, two, there should be reference to faculty supervision of thesis, that is the whole point of a graduate school, and the list of faculty should be as appears on the French side, provided there is adequate documentation. No sense continuing here. No animosity, but this page is substandard, and imho, these changes would improve it. cheers Serenest (talk) 22:21, 9 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Whatever. Two of issues you raise have been beat to death; what you are most likely to get out of re-opening them yet again is a topic ban. on the third issue; yes it is common as dirt for faculty to supervise theses and it is not even worth saying. Jytdog (talk) 22:37, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

The European Graduate school is no university
There is no campus at all in Saas fee and otherwere. In Malta got the EGS her approval, after the Swiss Universities did not recognize her. The picture in the article does not show the European Graduate school. It is taken from the from a brochure of the Hotel Allalin in Saas Fee and shows some rooms. They are part of the Conférence center of Hotel Allalin. . The insertion of the picture was fraudulently. There was a similar article in the German wikipia. It was deleted in 2012. --Nordlicht3 (talk) 08:55, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Here is the link of the officially accredited "Hautes Ecoles" (incl. Universities) in Switzerland : https://www.swissuniversities.ch/fr/themes/etudes/hautes-ecoles-suisses-accreditees.
 * Obviously, the EGS is not part of it – it cannot therefore, legally, call itself a "University" (which is a protected denomination under the LEHE). The page should reflect it. 130.223.244.68 (talk) 12:15, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * This is already reflected in the article, which states "EGS is licensed as a university in Malta and is recognized in the Swiss canton where it operates, but is not recognized by the Swiss University Conference, the main regulatory body for universities in Switzerland". Cordless Larry (talk) 12:29, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:European Graduate School


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Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations

Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals.

Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly. For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation. An alternative method is to use techniques from calculus to obtain a series expansion of the solution.

Ordinary differential equations occur in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and economics. In addition, some methods in numerical partial differential equations convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which must then be solved.

The problem
A first-order differential equation is an Initial value problem (IVP) of the form,

where $$f$$ is a function $$f:[t_0, \infty) \times \R^d \to \R^d$$, and the initial condition $$y_0 \in \R^d $$ is a given vector. First-order means that only the first derivative of y appears in the equation, and higher derivatives are absent.

Without loss of generality to higher-order systems, we restrict ourselves to first-order differential equations, because a higher-order ODE can be converted into a larger system of first-order equations by introducing extra variables. For example, the second-order equation y ′′ = −y can be rewritten as two first-order equations: y ′ = z and z′ = −y.

In this section, we describe numerical methods for IVPs, and remark that boundary value problems (BVPs) require a different set of tools. In a BVP, one defines values, or components of the solution y at more than one point. Because of this, different methods need to be used to solve BVPs. For example, the shooting method (and its variants) or global methods like finite differences, Galerkin methods, or collocation methods are appropriate for that class of problems.

The Picard–Lindelöf theorem states that there is a unique solution, provided f is Lipschitz-continuous.

Methods
Numerical methods for solving first-order IVPs often fall into one of two large categories: linear multistep methods, or Runge–Kutta methods. A further division can be realized by dividing methods into those that are explicit and those that are implicit. For example, implicit linear multistep methods include Adams-Moulton methods, and backward differentiation methods (BDF), whereas implicit Runge–Kutta methods include diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta (DIRK),  singly diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta (SDIRK), and Gauss–Radau (based on Gaussian quadrature ) numerical methods. Explicit examples from the linear multistep family include the Adams–Bashforth methods, and any Runge–Kutta method with a lower diagonal Butcher tableau is explicit. A loose rule of thumb dictates that stiff differential equations require the use of implicit schemes, whereas non-stiff problems can be solved more efficiently with explicit schemes.

The so-called general linear methods (GLMs) are a generalization of the above two large classes of methods.

Euler method
From any point on a curve, you can find an approximation of a nearby point on the curve by moving a short distance along a line tangent to the curve.

Starting with the differential equation ($$), we replace the derivative y′ by the finite difference approximation

which when re-arranged yields the following formula
 * $$ y(t+h) \approx y(t) + hy'(t) $$

and using ($$) gives:

This formula is usually applied in the following way. We choose a step size h, and we construct the sequence $$t_0, t_1 = t_0 + h, t_2 = t_0 + 2h,...$$  We denote by $$y_n$$ a numerical estimate of the exact solution $$y(t_n)$$. Motivated by ($$), we compute these estimates by the following recursive scheme

This is the Euler method (or forward Euler method, in contrast with the backward Euler method, to be described below). The method is named after Leonhard Euler who described it in 1768.

The Euler method is an example of an explicit method. This means that the new value yn+1 is defined in terms of things that are already known, like yn.

Backward Euler method
If, instead of ($$), we use the approximation

we get the backward Euler method:

The backward Euler method is an implicit method, meaning that we have to solve an equation to find yn+1. One often uses fixed-point iteration or (some modification of) the Newton–Raphson method to achieve this.

It costs more time to solve this equation than explicit methods; this cost must be taken into consideration when one selects the method to use. The advantage of implicit methods such as ($$) is that they are usually more stable for solving a stiff equation, meaning that a larger step size h can be used.

First-order exponential integrator method
Exponential integrators describe a large class of integrators that have recently seen a lot of development. They date back to at least the 1960s.

In place of ($$), we assume the differential equation is either of the form

or it has been locally linearized about a background state to produce a linear term $$-Ay$$ and a nonlinear term $$\mathcal{N}(y)$$.

Exponential integrators are constructed by multiplying ($$) by $e^{A t}$, and exactly integrating the result over a time interval $$[t_n, t_{n+1} = t_n + h]$$:
 * $$ y_{n+1} = e^{-A h } y_n + \int_{0}^{h} e^{ -(h-\tau) A } \mathcal{N}\left( y\left( t_n+\tau \right) \right)\, d\tau. $$

This integral equation is exact, but it doesn't define the integral.

The first-order exponential integrator can be realized by holding $$\mathcal{N}( y( t_n+\tau ) )$$ constant over the full interval:

Generalizations
The Euler method is often not accurate enough. In more precise terms, it only has order one (the concept of order is explained below). This caused mathematicians to look for higher-order methods.

One possibility is to use not only the previously computed value yn to determine yn+1, but to make the solution depend on more past values. This yields a so-called multistep method. Perhaps the simplest is the leapfrog method which is second order and (roughly speaking) relies on two time values.

Almost all practical multistep methods fall within the family of linear multistep methods, which have the form $$\begin{align} &{} \alpha_k y_{n+k} + \alpha_{k-1} y_{n+k-1} + \cdots + \alpha_0 y_n \\ &{} \quad = h \left[ \beta_k f(t_{n+k},y_{n+k}) + \beta_{k-1} f(t_{n+k-1},y_{n+k-1}) + \cdots + \beta_0 f(t_n,y_n) \right]. \end{align}$$

Another possibility is to use more points in the interval $$[t_n,t_{n+1}]$$. This leads to the family of Runge–Kutta methods, named after Carl Runge and Martin Kutta. One of their fourth-order methods is especially popular.

Advanced features
A good implementation of one of these methods for solving an ODE entails more than the time-stepping formula.

It is often inefficient to use the same step size all the time, so variable step-size methods have been developed. Usually, the step size is chosen such that the (local) error per step is below some tolerance level. This means that the methods must also compute an error indicator, an estimate of the local error.

An extension of this idea is to choose dynamically between different methods of different orders (this is called a variable order method). Methods based on Richardson extrapolation, such as the Bulirsch–Stoer algorithm, are often used to construct various methods of different orders.

Other desirable features include:
 * dense output: cheap numerical approximations for the whole integration interval, and not only at the points t0, t1, t2, ...
 * event location: finding the times where, say, a particular function vanishes. This typically requires the use of a root-finding algorithm.
 * support for parallel computing.
 * when used for integrating with respect to time, time reversibility

Alternative methods
Many methods do not fall within the framework discussed here. Some classes of alternative methods are:
 * multiderivative methods, which use not only the function f but also its derivatives. This class includes Hermite–Obreschkoff methods and Fehlberg methods, as well as methods like the Parker–Sochacki method or Bychkov–Scherbakov method, which compute the coefficients of the Taylor series of the solution y recursively.
 * methods for second order ODEs. We said that all higher-order ODEs can be transformed to first-order ODEs of the form (1). While this is certainly true, it may not be the best way to proceed. In particular, Nyström methods work directly with second-order equations.
 * geometric integration methods are especially designed for special classes of ODEs (for example, symplectic integrators for the solution of Hamiltonian equations). They take care that the numerical solution respects the underlying structure or geometry of these classes.
 * Quantized state systems methods are a family of ODE integration methods based on the idea of state quantization. They are efficient when simulating sparse systems with frequent discontinuities.

Parallel-in-time methods
Some IVPs require integration at such high temporal resolution and/or over such long time intervals that classical serial time-stepping methods become computationally infeasible to run in real-time (e.g. IVPs in numerical weather prediction, plasma modelling, and molecular dynamics). Parallel-in-time (PinT) methods have been developed in response to these issues in order to reduce simulation runtimes through the use of parallel computing.

Early PinT methods (the earliest being proposed in the 1960s) were initially overlooked by researchers due to the fact that the parallel computing architectures that they required were not yet widely available. With more computing power available, interest was renewed in the early 2000s with the development of Parareal, a flexible, easy-to-use PinT algorithm that is suitable for solving a wide variety of IVPs. The advent of exascale computing has meant that PinT algorithms are attracting increasing research attention and are being developed in such a way that they can harness the world's most powerful supercomputers. The most popular methods as of 2023 include Parareal, PFASST, ParaDiag, and MGRIT.

Analysis
Numerical analysis is not only the design of numerical methods, but also their analysis. Three central concepts in this analysis are:
 * convergence: whether the method approximates the solution,
 * order: how well it approximates the solution, and
 * stability: whether errors are damped out.

Convergence
A numerical method is said to be convergent if the numerical solution approaches the exact solution as the step size h goes to 0. More precisely, we require that for every ODE (1) with a Lipschitz function f and every t* > 0,

 * $$ \lim_{h\to0^+} \max_{n=0,1,\dots,\lfloor t^*/h\rfloor} \left\| y_{n,h} - y(t_n) \right\| = 0. $$

All the methods mentioned above are convergent.

Consistency and order
Suppose the numerical method is

 * $$ y_{n+k} = \Psi(t_{n+k}; y_n, y_{n+1}, \dots, y_{n+k-1}; h). \, $$

The local (truncation) error of the method is the error committed by one step of the method. That is, it is the difference between the result given by the method, assuming that no error was made in earlier steps, and the exact solution:

 * $$ \delta^h_{n+k} = \Psi \left( t_{n+k}; y(t_n), y(t_{n+1}), \dots, y(t_{n+k-1}); h \right) - y(t_{n+k}). $$

The method is said to be consistent if
 * $$ \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\delta^h_{n+k}}{h} = 0. $$

The method has order $$p$$ if
 * $$ \delta^h_{n+k} = O(h^{p+1}) \quad\mbox{as } h\to0. $$

Hence a method is consistent if it has an order greater than 0. The (forward) Euler method (4) and the backward Euler method (6) introduced above both have order 1, so they are consistent. Most methods being used in practice attain higher order. Consistency is a necessary condition for convergence, but not sufficient; for a method to be convergent, it must be both consistent and zero-stable.

A related concept is the global (truncation) error, the error sustained in all the steps one needs to reach a fixed time $$t$$. Explicitly, the global error at time $$t$$'' is $$y_N - y(t)$$ where $$N = (t - t_0)/h$$. The global error of a $$p$$''th order one-step method is $$O(h^p)$$; in particular, such a method is convergent. This statement is not necessarily true for multi-step methods.

Stability and stiffness
For some differential equations, application of standard methods—such as the Euler method, explicit Runge–Kutta methods, or multistep methods (for example, Adams–Bashforth methods)—exhibit instability in the solutions, though other methods may produce stable solutions. This "difficult behaviour" in the equation (which may not necessarily be complex itself) is described as stiffness, and is often caused by the presence of different time scales in the underlying problem. For example, a collision in a mechanical system like in an impact oscillator typically occurs at much smaller time scale than the time for the motion of objects; this discrepancy makes for very "sharp turns" in the curves of the state parameters.

Stiff problems are ubiquitous in chemical kinetics, control theory, solid mechanics, weather forecasting, biology, plasma physics, and electronics. One way to overcome stiffness is to extend the notion of differential equation to that of differential inclusion, which allows for and models non-smoothness.

History
Below is a timeline of some important developments in this field.

 * 1768 - Leonhard Euler publishes his method.
 * 1824 - Augustin Louis Cauchy proves convergence of the Euler method. In this proof, Cauchy uses the implicit Euler method.
 * 1855 - First mention of the multistep methods of John Couch Adams in a letter written by Francis Bashforth.
 * 1895 - Carl Runge publishes the first Runge–Kutta method.
 * 1901 - Martin Kutta describes the popular fourth-order Runge–Kutta method.
 * 1910 - Lewis Fry Richardson announces his extrapolation method, Richardson extrapolation.
 * 1952 - Charles F. Curtiss and Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder coin the term stiff equations.
 * 1963 - Germund Dahlquist introduces A-stability of integration methods.

Numerical solutions to second-order one-dimensional boundary value problems
Boundary value problems (BVPs) are usually solved numerically by solving an approximately equivalent matrix problem obtained by discretizing the original BVP. The most commonly used method for numerically solving BVPs in one dimension is called the Finite Difference Method. This method takes advantage of linear combinations of point values to construct finite difference coefficients that describe derivatives of the function. For example, the second-order central difference approximation to the first derivative is given by:

 * $$ \frac{u_{i+1}-u_{i-1}}{2h} = u'(x_i) + \mathcal{O}(h^2), $$

and the second-order central difference for the second derivative is given by:

 * $$ \frac{u_{i+1}- 2 u_i + u_{i-1}}{h^2} = u''(x_i) + \mathcal{O}(h^2). $$

In both of these formulae, $$ h=x_i-x_{i-1}$$ is the distance between neighbouring x values on the discretized domain. One then constructs a linear system that can then be solved by standard matrix methods. For example, suppose the equation to be solved is:

 * $$\begin{align}

&{} \frac{d^2 u}{dx^2} -u =0,\\ &{} u(0)=0, \\ &{} u(1)=1. \end{align}$$

The next step would be to discretize the problem and use linear derivative approximations such as

 * $$ u''_i =\frac{u_{i+1}-2u_{i}+u_{i-1}}{h^2} $$

and solve the resulting system of linear equations. This would lead to equations such as:

 * $$ \frac{u_{i+1}-2u_{i}+u_{i-1}}{h^2}-u_i = 0, \quad \forall i={1,2,3,...,n-1}.$$

On first viewing, this system of equations appears to have difficulty associated with the fact that the equation involves no terms that are not multiplied by variables, but in fact this is false. At i = 1 and n − 1 there is a term involving the boundary values $$u(0)=u_0 $$ and $$ u(1)=u_n $$ and since these two values are known, one can simply substitute them into this equation and as a result have a non-homogeneous system of linear equations that has non-trivial solutions.


text:
Libation

A libation is a ritual pouring of a liquid as an offering to a deity or spirit, or in memory of the dead. It was common in many religions of antiquity and continues to be offered in cultures today.

Various substances have been used for libations, most commonly wine or other alcoholic drinks, olive oil, honey, and in India, ghee. The vessels used in the ritual, including the patera, often had a significant form which differentiated them from secular vessels. The libation could be poured onto something of religious significance, such as an altar, or into the earth.

In East Asia, pouring an offering of rice into a running stream symbolizes the detachment from karma and bad energy.

Etymology
The English word "libation" derives from the Latin libatio, an act of pouring, from the verb libare, "to taste, sip; pour out, make a libation" (Indo-European root , "pour, make a libation").

Ancient Sumer
The Sumerian afterlife was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground. This bleak domain was known as Kur, where the souls were believed to eat nothing but dry dust and family members of the deceased would ritually pour libations into the grave through a clay pipe, thereby allowing the dead to drink.

Ancient Egypt
Libation was part of ancient Egyptian society where it was a drink offering to honor and please the various divinities, sacred ancestors, humans present and humans who are alive but not physically present, as well as the environment. It is suggested that libation originated somewhere in the upper Nile Valley and spread out to other regions of Africa and the world. According to Ayi Kwei Armah, "[t]his legend explains the rise of a propitiatory custom found everywhere on the African continent: libation, the pouring of alcohol or other drinks as offerings to ancestors and divinities."

Milk libations for Osiris may have originated at Philae and spread southwards into Meroe. It is also possible the reverse occurred; as milk libation was already known to Nubians, they may have introduced it to Philae.

Ancient Greece
Libation (σπονδή, spondȇ, ) was a central and vital aspect of ancient Greek religion, and one of the simplest and most common forms of religious practice. It is one of the basic religious acts that define piety in ancient Greece, dating back to the Bronze Age and even prehistoric Greece. Libations were a part of daily life, and the pious might perform them every day in the morning and evening, as well as to begin meals. A libation most often consisted of mixed wine and water, but could also be unmixed wine, honey, oil, water, or milk.

The typical form of libation, spondȇ, is the ritualized pouring of wine from a jug or bowl held in the hand. The most common ritual was to pour the liquid from an oinochoē (wine jug) into a phiale, a shallow bowl designed for the purpose. After wine was poured from the phiale, the remainder of the oinochoē's contents was drunk by the celebrant. A libation is poured any time wine is to be drunk, a practice that is recorded as early as the Homeric epics. The etiquette of the symposium required that when the first bowl (krater) of wine was served, a libation was made to Zeus and the Olympian gods. Heroes received a libation from the second krater served, and Zeús Téleios (Ζεύς Tέλειος, lit. "Zeus who Finishes") from the third, which was supposed to be the last. An alternative was to offer a libation from the first bowl to the Agathos Daimon and from the third bowl to Hermes. An individual at the symposium could also make an invocation of and libation to a god of his choice.

Libation generally accompanied prayer. The Greeks stood when they prayed, either with their arms uplifted, or in the act of libation with the right arm extended to hold the phiale.

In conducting animal sacrifice, wine is poured onto the offering as part of its ritual slaughter and preparation, and then afterwards onto the ash and flames. This scene is commonly depicted in Greek art, which also often shows sacrificers or the gods themselves holding the phiale.

The Greek verb spéndō (σπένδω), "pour a libation", also "conclude a pact", derives from the Indo-European root , "make an offering, perform a rite, engage oneself by a ritual act". The noun is spondȇ (plural spondaí), "libation." In the middle voice, the verb means "enter into an agreement", in the sense that the gods are called to guarantee an action. Blood sacrifice was performed to begin a war; spondaí marked the conclusion of hostilities, and is often thus used in the sense of "armistice, treaty." The formula "We the polis have made libation" was a declaration of peace or the "Truce of God", which was observed also when the various city-states came together for the Panhellenic Games, the Olympic Games, or the festivals of the Eleusinian Mysteries: this form of libation is "bloodless, gentle, irrevocable, and final".

Libations poured onto the earth are meant for the dead and for the chthonic gods. In the Book of the Dead in the Odyssey, Odysseus digs an offering pit around which he pours in order honey, wine, and water. For the form of libation called choē (χεῦμα, cheuma, "that which is poured"; from IE ), a larger vessel is tipped over and emptied onto the ground for the chthonic gods, who may also receive spondai. Heroes, who were divinized mortals, might receive blood libations if they had participated in the bloodshed of war, as for instance Brasidas the Spartan. In rituals of caring for the dead at their tombs, libations would include milk and honey.

The Libation Bearers is the English title of the center tragedy from the Orestes Trilogy of Aeschylus, in reference to the offerings Electra brings to the tomb of her dead father Agamemnon. Sophocles gives one of the most detailed descriptions of libation in Greek literature in Oedipus at Colonus, performed as atonement in the grove of the Eumenides:

First, water is fetched from a freshly flowing spring; cauldrons which stand in the sanctuary are garlanded with wool and filled with water and honey; turning towards the east, the sacrificer tips the vessels towards the west; the olive branches which he has been holding in his hand he now strews on the ground at the place where the earth has drunk in the libation; and with a silent prayer he departs, not looking back.

Hero of Alexandria described a mechanism for automating the process by using altar fires to force oil from the cups of two statues.

Ancient Rome

In ancient Roman religion, the libation was a religious act in the form of a liquid offering, most often unmixed wine and perfumed oil. The Roman god Liber Pater ("Father Liber"), later identified with the Greek Dionysus or Bacchus, was the divinity of libamina, "libations," and liba, sacrificial cakes drizzled with honey.

In Roman art, the libation is shown performed at a mensa (sacrificial meal table), or tripod. It was the simplest form of sacrifice, and could be a sufficient offering by itself. The introductory rite (praefatio) to an animal sacrifice included an incense and wine libation onto a burning altar. Both emperors and divinities are frequently depicted, especially on coins, pouring libations. Scenes of libation commonly signify the quality of pietas, religious duty or reverence.

The libation was part of Roman funeral rites, and may have been the only sacrificial offering at humble funerals. Libations were poured in rituals of caring for the dead (see Parentalia and Caristia), and some tombs were equipped with tubes through which the offerings could be directed to the underground dead.

Milk was unusual as a libation at Rome, but was regularly offered to a few deities, particularly those of an archaic nature or those for whom it was a natural complement, such as Rumina, a goddess of birth and childrearing who promoted the flow of breast milk, and Cunina, a tutelary of the cradle. It was offered also to Mercurius Sobrius (the "sober" Mercury), whose cult is well attested in Roman Africa and may have been imported to the city of Rome by an African community.

Ancient Judaism
Libations were part of ancient Judaism and are mentioned in the Bible: "And Jacob set up a Pillar in the place where he had spoken with him, a Pillar of Stone; and he poured out a drink offering on it, and poured oil on it."

In Isaiah 53:12, Isaiah uses libation as a metaphor when describing the end of the Suffering Servant figure who "poured out his life unto death".

Libations of wine were offered at the Jerusalem temple, and a double libation of wine and water was offered during Sukkot, possibly as a rain making ritual.

Idolatrous libations were forbidden, along with the Torah's prohibitions on idolatrous sacrifice and worship generally.

Early Christianity
Libation is present and in Christianity appears in the New Testament and is the practice of Jesus and other biblical figures.

"In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, 'This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you."

This phrasing in Luke refers to the act of libation as the new covenant, to the blood of Jesus to be poured out in death.

"But even if I am being poured out like a drink offering on the sacrifice and service coming from your faith, I am glad and rejoice with all of you."Libations were normally conducted in a spirit of peace, the Greek term for libation, σπονδή (spondȇ), became synonymous with "peace treaty".

Africa
Libation was part of ancient Egyptian society where it was a drink offering to honor and please the various divinities, sacred ancestors, humans present and humans who are alive but not physically present, as well as the environment. It is suggested that libation originated somewhere in the upper Nile Valley and spread out to other regions of Africa and the world. According to Ayi Kwei Armah, "[t]his legend explains the rise of a propitiatory custom found everywhere on the African continent: libation, the pouring of alcohol or other drinks as offerings to ancestors and divinities."

In African cultures and African traditional religions the ritual of pouring libation is an essential ceremonial tradition and a way of giving homage to the ancestors. Ancestors are not only respected in such cultures, but also invited to participate in all public functions (as are also the gods and God). A prayer is offered in the form of libations, calling the ancestors to attend. The ritual is generally performed by an elder. Although water may be used, the drink is typically some traditional wine (e.g. palm wine), and the libation ritual is accompanied by an invitation (and invocation) to the ancestors, gods and God. In the Volta region of Ghana, water with a mixture of corn flour is also used to pour libation.

Libation is also commonly recognized as the break within the famous performance of Agbekor, a ritual dance performed in West African cultures. It is also poured during traditional marriage ceremony, when a child is born and funeral ceremony. Traditional Festivals like Asafotu and Homowo of the Ga Adangbe people of Ghana and Togo. Also during installment of kings, queens, and chiefs, libation is poured.

As recently as the 1920s, it was a custom in Lower Nubia for women to go to the graves of relatives every Friday and pour a libation of water into a red bowl at the head of the grave. For widows, it was also once a custom for them to pour a libation of milk on their husband's grave the second day after his death.

Similarly, it has been Coptic tradition for women to visit graves and make water libations, both in intervals during the first 40 days after a death, and during a few annual occasions, such as Nayrouz.

Americas
In the Quechua and Aymara cultures of the South American Andes, it is common to pour a small amount of one's beverage on the ground before drinking as an offering to the Pachamama, or Mother Earth. This especially holds true when drinking Chicha, an alcoholic beverage unique to this part of the world. The libation ritual is commonly called challa and is performed quite often, usually before meals and during celebrations. The sixteenth century writer Bernardino de Sahagún records the Aztec ceremony associated with drinking octli: "Libation was done in this manner: when octli was drunk, when they tasted the new octli, when someone had just made octli...he summoned people. He set it out in a vessel before the hearth, along with small cups for drinking. Before having anyone drink, he took up octli with a cup and then poured it before the hearth; he poured the octli in the four directions. And when he had poured the octli then everyone drank it."

Hinduism
In Hinduism libation ritual is part of Tarpan and also performed during Pitru Paksha (Fortnight of the ancestors) following the Bhadrapada month of the Hindu calendar, (September–October). In India and Nepal, Lord Shiva (also Vishnu and other deities) is offered abhisheka with water by devotees at many temples when they go visit the temple, and on special occasions elaborately with water, milk, yogurt, ghee, honey, and sugar.

Burmese Buddhism
In Burmese Buddhism, the water libation ceremony, called yay zet cha (MY ရေစက်ချ), which involves the ceremonial pouring of water from a vessel of water into a vase, drop by drop, concludes most Buddhist ceremonies, including donation celebrations, shinbyu, and feasts. This ceremonial libation is done to share the accrued merit with all other living beings in all 31 planes of existence. The ceremony has three primary prayers: the confession of faith, the pouring of water, and the sharing of merits. While the water is poured, a confession of faith, called the hsu taung imaya dhammanu (MY ဆုတောင်း ဣမာယ ဓမ္မာနု), is recited and led by the monks.

Then, the merit is distributed by the donors (called ahmya wei MY အမျှဝေ) by thrice saying the following:

"(To all those who can hear), we share our merits with all beings (Kya kya thahmya), ahmya ahmya ahmya yu daw mu gya ba gon law (MY (ကြားကြားသမျှ) အမျှ အမျှ အမျှ ယူတော်မူကြပါ ကုန်လော)"

Afterward, in unison, the participants repeat thrice a declaration of affirmation: thadu (MY သာဓု, sadhu), Pali for "well done", akin to the Christian use of amen. Afterward, the libated water is poured on soil outside, to return the water to Vasudhara. The earth goddess Vasudhara is invoked to witness these meritorious deeds.

Prior to colonial rule, the water libation ceremony was also performed during the crowning of Burmese kings, as part of procedures written in the Raza Thewaka Dipani Kyan, an 1849 text that outlines proper conduct of Burmese kings.

Although the offering of water to Vasudhara may have pre-Buddhist roots, this ceremony is believed to have been started by King Bimbisara, who poured the libation of water, to share his merit with his ancestors who had become pretas.

This ceremony is also practiced at the end of Thai and Laotian Buddhist rituals to transfer merit, where it is called kruat nam (กรวดน้ำ) and yaat nam respectively.

China
In Chinese customs, rice wine or tea is poured in front of an altar or tombstone horizontally from right to left with both hands as an offering to gods and in honour of deceased. The offering is usually placed on the altar for a while before being offered in libation. In more elaborate ceremonies honouring deities, the libation may be done over the burning paper offerings; whereas for the deceased, the wine is only poured onto the ground.

Japan
In Shinto, the practice of libation and the drink offered is called Miki (神酒), lit. "The Liquor of the Gods". At a ceremony at a Shinto shrine, it is usually done with sake, but at a household shrine, one may substitute fresh water which can be changed every morning. It is served in a white porcelain or metal cup without any decoration.

Among the Ainu, libations are offered by means of the ikupasuy, a carved wooden implement with a "tongue," the pointed end from which millet beer or sake is dripped upon the venerated object.

Siberian shamanism
Shamanism among Siberian peoples exhibits the great diversity characteristic of shamanism in general. Among several peoples near the Altai Mountains, the new drum of a shaman must go through a special ritual. This is regarded as "enlivening the drum": the tree and the deer who gave their wood and skin for the new drum narrate their whole lives and promise to the shaman that they will serve him. The ritual itself is a libation: beer is poured onto the skin and wood of the drum, and these materials "come to life" and speak with the voice of the shaman in the name of the tree and the deer. Among the Tubalar, moreover, the shaman imitates the voice of the animal, and its behaviour as well.

Modern customs
In Cuba, a widespread custom is to spill a drop or two of rum from one's glass while saying "para los santos" (‘for the Saints’). An identical practice is found in Brazil when cachaça is drunk, with the drops being offered "para o santo" or "para o santinho". These customs are similar to the practice among Visayans of Mindanao, the Philippines, where rum is spilled upon opening of the bottle, accompanied by "para sa yawa" ('for the Devil').

In Russia and some parts of the Commonwealth of Independent States, there is a tradition of pouring vodka onto a grave, an act possibly connected with dziady custom. In Georgia, where wine plays a more culturally significant role, it is common to pour a glass of wine on graves, especially around Easter in commemoration of all deceased.

In the contemporary United States, libations are occasionally offered in the name of a deceased person on various occasions, usually when drinking socially among friends in a private setting. There is also a tradition of pouring libations of malt liquor before drinking, which is particularly associated with African American rappers. This is referred to as "tipping" to one's deceased friends, or "pouring one out". This practice has been recorded in film, such as Boyz n the Hood, and referenced in various songs, such as the 1993 "Gangsta Lean (This Is For My Homies)" by DRS ("I tip my 40 to your memory") and the 1994 "Pour Out a Little Liquor" by 2Pac. As with similar practices worldwide, various symbolic sayings accompany the pouring.

In Rabbinic Judaism, drops of wine are taken from one's glass at the Passover Seder by pouring them out or dipping one's finger into the glass, either 10 for each plague, or 16; ten for the ten plagues, three for "Blood, Fire and Columns of Smoke", and three for "Detzach, Adash, B’achav". Explanations vary, but the common one is regret that the freeing of the Jewish people came at the cost of many Egyptians suffering and dying, and out of respect to "not rejoice the downfall of an enemy". However, this is a more modern interpretation originally created by Rabbi Yirmiyahu Löw's grandfather, sometime in the late 18th or early 19th century, though with precedent from Sanhendrin 39b:5.

title: Libation


text:
Saint Anthony

Saint Anthony, Antony, or Antonius most often refers to Anthony of Padua, otherwise known as Saint Anthony of Lisbon, who is the patron saint of lost things in Christianity. This name may also refer to:

People

 * Anthony of Antioch (266–302), martyr under Diocletian
 * Anthony the Great (251–356), Egyptian Christian saint and Desert Father
 * Anthony the Hermit (c. 468 – c. 520), also known as Antony of Lérins
 * Antony the Younger (785–865), Byzantine monk
 * Anthony of Kiev (983–1073), also known as Anthony of the Caves
 * Anthony of Rome (died 1147), also known as Antony Rimlyanin
 * Anthony of Padua (1195–1231), Doctor of the Church, also known as Saint Anthony of Lisbon
 * Antoninus of Florence (1389–1459), also known as Anthony of Florence
 * Anthony of Siya (1479–1556), founder of the Antonievo-Siysky Monastery
 * Anthony of St. Ann Galvão (1739–1822), also known as Frei Galvão
 * Anthony Mary Claret (1807–1870), founder of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary

Orders

 * Order of Saint Anthony (Ethiopia), an Ethiopian religious order founded in 370
 * Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony, a religious medical order founded c. 1095
 * Order of Saint Anthony (Bavaria), a Bavarian military order founded in 1382
 * St. Anthony Hall, a U.S. college literary society founded in 1847

Canada

 * St. Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador

England

 * St Anthony-in-Meneage, Cornwall
 * St Anthony in Roseland, Cornwall
 * St Anthony Head, Roseland Peninsula, Cornwall

Spain

 * Sant Antoni de Calonge, part of the city of Calonge, Catalonia, Spain.

Switzerland

 * St. Antoni, a former municipality in the canton of Fribourg

United States

 * St. Anthony, Idaho
 * Saint Anthony, Indiana
 * St. Anthony, Iowa
 * St. Anthony, New Orleans, Louisiana
 * St. Anthony, former twin city of Minneapolis; see History of Minneapolis
 * St. Anthony, Minnesota, in Hennepin County
 * St. Anthony, Stearns County, Minnesota
 * Saint Anthony, Missouri
 * Saint Anthony, North Dakota
 * San Antonio, Texas
 * Saint Anthony, Wisconsin
 * Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis, Minnesota, highest waterfall on the Mississippi River

Caribbean region

 * Saint Anthony Parish, Montserrat

Africa

 * San Antonio de Palé on Annobón, particularly in reference to the British fort there in the 19th century

Other

 * St. Anthony College, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
 * St. Anthony Dining Room, a charitable organization in San Francisco, California that provides meals to the homeless
 * St Anthony (ship), wrecked in 1527

title: Saint Anthony


text:
Talk:Northern Epirus

Link to discussion about Northern Epirus artcile on Wikiproject Greece page
Link to discussion about Northern Epirus article on Wikiproject Greece page

Incident not relating to this article
@Alexikoua I am not going to continue this, but the reason for "Northern Epirus" being mentioned is due to the specific low-quality outlet you've chosen. In the same way, I could provide numerous news articles from Albanian outlets that do not mention it. It would be more informative to see how authoritative, serious news outlets reported the news, like "Associated Press" (one of those you've included yourself). Associated Press did not mention "Northern Epirus", because it's unrelated. FierakuiVërtet (talk) 20:18, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * There is no issue about the sources I've provided, they are RS, they mention that Himara is part of the region known as Northern Epirus. If one out of many sources does not mention N.E that's obviously not an excuse to claim that the events are unrelated. You should not rely exclusively on Albanian newspapers, that's the English wikipedia.Alexikoua (talk) 20:27, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Alexikoua APN is not Albanian, and it seems that neither Ta Nea (Greek) nor other authoritative European newspapers make any mention of it. In addition, the newspapers you've provided placed the story (of NE) in a specific section without wanting to establish any explicit link. This tells us a lot about the quality of these publications. FierakuiVërtet (talk) 20:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree, the event of the arrest pf Fredi Beleri has essentially nothing to do with the geopolitical concept of Northern Epirus. I will go ahead and remove it until Alexikoua can provide a reason as to how these two subjects are linked. Alltan (talk) 20:52, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Beleri's arrest was reported in multiple international news sources and is very notable. Of course it is related to Northern Epirus. No explanation has been provided as to how it is not related. Until then it should stay. Khirurg (talk) 21:46, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Khirurg Before writing, it’s important to read and understand the context. While this incident has been covered by various newspapers, it does not pertain to Northern Epirus as a geopolitical entity. Authoritative news outlets such as Associated Press News do not mention NE. That is simply because it is unrelated. Simply stating "of course it is related" is not sufficient. On the other hand, some low-quality Greek newspapers have mentioned NE in a separate section, but without establishing any explicit connection. FierakuiVërtet (talk) 21:58, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * some low-quality Greek newspaper? What exactly makes the newspaper "low-quality"? Is it the fact that it's Greek? Besides, Providence, which is not Greek, also mentions Northern Epirus and explicitly connects it. Khirurg (talk) 22:11, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Khirurg You know what determines the authority of a newspaper, so don't play that card. Instead, can you provide any evidence that the arrest of Bejleri was not a coincidence and that it was due to him supporting Northern Epirus? Even the least reputable of the news outlets would not explicitly make such a claim. FierakuiVërtet (talk) 22:39, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Khirurg To make things clear: Beleri was arrested for vote-buying and nothing else, which is why it is not relevant to this article. FierakuiVërtet (talk) 22:10, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * How is it not relevant? As one of the sources makes clear, there were 31 cases of alleged vote-buying, yet only Beleris was arrested. It's not a coincidence. Khirurg (talk) 22:12, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * How is it relevant to this article specifically? Was he arrested because he supported an idea of Northern Epirus? Was he voted in because of the same reason? This is what would make the even fit in the WP:SCOPE of the article. Alltan (talk) 22:14, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * If you read the sources you removed, you would see how the matter falls within the scope of the article. It's the latest installment in a long history of repression of the Greek minority, and fits within the pattern of the content described in the article. Khirurg (talk) 23:48, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Instead of "repression", I see a person buying votes in a video. Wait until/if reliable academic sources say sth on the issue. Ktrimi991 (talk) 00:03, 4 July 2023 (UTC)
 * And he was not a "Greek minority candidate" because the main party of his coalition was Berisha's party. Beleri's own party won a small fraction of the votes for the municipality council. Ktrimi991 (talk) 00:14, 4 July 2023 (UTC)
 * As one of the sources makes clear, there were 31 cases of alleged vote-buying, yet only Beleris was arrested Absolutely not true. Several people were arrested for vote buying throughout Albania, and that can be easily sourced. Ktrimi991 (talk) 01:24, 4 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Khirurg No, it does not. In all 5 instances, its mention is either a quote from or related to a written letter by Greek Ioannis Lagos to the European Commission. Instead, along the article, the focus is on the "violation" of minority rights in Greece, which is why this incident should be taken to Greeks in Albania or to Albania-Greece relations. FierakuiVërtet (talk) 07:58, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

Map
started in March a topic about the infobox map (Talk:Northern Epirus/Archive 12). I didn't have the time then to read about the subject, but it requires a more in-depth discussion. According to Alltan, but I think that the issue should be discussed differently:
 * The map doesn't depict any Greek claims and it doesn't represent Greek historiography as represented in major specialist sources which are used in many articles. It is based on a single map from a source which is not academic, but a newspaper. It is an exampled of WP:UNDUE and cherry-picking.
 * summarizes the extent of local Greeks in the vilayet of Janina in the late Ottoman era:
 * [Translation:Albanian was the dominant spoken language to the north of a line that started from the region of Agioi Saranda, passing by the towns of Delvino and Argyrokastro (between the villages of Kolortsi and Dervicani) and reaching Politsani, where the northernmost tip of the province Pogoniou, it turned towards the southeast and roughly followed the course of the current Greek-Albanian border53. The lands south of this line, i.e. the largest part of the Dropoli valley, the northern villages of Pogonio, most of the villages of the Riza of Delvinos (Droviani, Maltsani, Dibri, Lesinitsa) and the plain of Bourkos between Delvinos and Agioi Saranda still define the extent of the Greek minority areas in Albania. (...) a. The solid Greek-speaking population occupied all the territories to the south and east of the Greek-Albanian linguistic border, as we described above, with the exception of the Vlach-speaking areas of Pindos, the Albanian-speaking areas of Tsamouria and some more isolated linguistic islands (the Albanian-speaking villages of Dropoli, Frastani and Muzina ) This included most of the urban Muslim and Jewish populations of Ioannina, Arta and Konitsa. b. The scattered Greek-speaking population included the Greek-speaking islands that were beyond the main Greek-Albanian language border, i.e. some coastal villages in the area of Tsamouria (Sayada-Mavroudi), three in Heimarra (Heimarra-Drymades-Paliasa), two in Avlona (Arta and Svernetsi ) and a small number of families in the urban centers of Argyrokastro and Avlona.] This description by Kokolakis is what all relevant sources - including Greek authors like Giakoumis and Kallivretakis - in relevant article discuss except for this one. The map created by overextends the area inhabited by Greeks to areas where no Greeks lived and Greek was never spoken. As such, the point of view advocated by Alexikoua's map doesn't reflect Greek, Albanian or international historiography. I exclusively referred to Kokolakis (2008) without presenting the consensus in Albanian historiography in order to highlight that the consensus in Greek historiography doesn't support Alexikoua's opinions in the slightest. If Alexikoua is willing to change the map according to Kokolakis (2003), then I can wait for a week for him to apply necessary changes to the map. If Alexikoua isn't willing to change the map then I will remove it as this is what is explicitly expected to be done in such cases. If Alexikoua doesn't even respond - as has happened in the past - then it's a WP:SILENT negative response and I will remove the map.--Maleschreiber (talk) 11:36, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The map was created by Future Perfect and it's stated in the maps description, I just made some minor adjustments without changing any borders/regions. I suggest it should be wise you inform the creator. Alexikoua (talk) 03:43, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * My opinion is to change the area to the one based on Le Monte Diplomatique. On the other hand Kokolakis doesn't provide a map on this and creating a map simply being based on partial geographic descriptions isn't the best option and OR is a possibility. Le Monte Dimplatique has provided a solid map on this case.Alexikoua (talk) 04:17, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The earliest version of the map shows as the creator. Le Monde Diplomatique is not an academic source and anything published by any newspaper doesn't have any WP:WEIGHT when compared to historiographical sources which specialize in the specific subject. I'll remove the map per the consensus in bibliography and I will expand part of the article based on Kokolakis (2003).--

Maleschreiber (talk) 15:57, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Maleschreiber: A say it again: this is the original map: [] & creator is Fut. This is also stated that in the later version []. I usually try to be kind and inform the creators if there are issues with their images. I suggest you should follow that advice.Alexikoua (talk) 00:28, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
 * A map in the infobox is essential for an article such as this. We can modify the map, or replace it with something like this, with a caption along the lines of "Maximal territorial claim of Northern Epirus" or something similar. I note that similar articles, like Chameria, have a map in the infobox. Khirurg (talk) 23:24, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Btw, here is the original version by . Not sure why it's in Spanish though. Khirurg (talk) 23:25, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Le Monde Diplomatique is wp:RS it's actually one of the best modern sources about international relations and diplomacy, nothing wrong on it. We can use the Greek minority border without hesitation.Alexikoua (talk) 00:31, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The map in the infobox of Chameria is completely different to the map used here; if you'd like to propose something similar, sure, we can see what options there are. Nonetheless, this map is incorrect, misleading and gives the wrong impression in regards to Greeks in Albania. The distribution of Greeks in Albania (which as was previously stated is incorrect and misleading in this map) is also not worthy of inclusion in this article's infobox. We don't have an ethnographic map of the historical distribution of Chams in Chameria for the Chameria article. Botushali (talk) 01:52, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The map in the infobox of Chameria (that's my creation indeed) also includes areas where Albanians were tiny minorities and its based on a map of Kokolakis, as such it's not OR. On the other hand Kokolakis doesn't offer a map on the Greek speaking population. Kokolakis just provides a partial picture of areas with compact Greek presence of the mid-19th century. Kallivretakis a partial picture of the end of the 20th century. Le Monte Diplomatique is quite helpfull to provide a clear picture on this by providing a map with the areas of Greek presence in s.Albania. The region should include areas where Greeks are also a local minority (Leskovik, Korce, Permet etc) not just the majority ones.Alexikoua (talk) 03:03, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

 * 's proposal about a map which depicts just the geographical limits of the concept solves many issues. Neither Kokolakis, nor Kallivretakis describe a partial picture. They describe where Greeks/Greek-speakers live(d) from the 19th century to today and where they didn't. This excludes all areas northeast of Biovizhdë, which is a Vlach village, all of Konispol, much of Delvinë, Lukovë and other areas. The map was removed because it depicted all of these areas as inhabited by Greeks/Greek-speakers. As this is not the case, the map was removed. If a realistic map which doesn't contradict many other articles was created, it wouldn't be opposed. One thing which I'm starting to realize by comparing different authors is that differences between authors from Albania and Greece are far fewer than what they're made to be by Alexikoua's edits. There are differences in interpretation - as expected - and these differences generate different POVs, but the gap between the POVs doesn't correspond to narratives which come up here.--Maleschreiber (talk) 21:59, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northern Epirus


text:
Mehdi Mahdavikia

Mehdi Mahdavikia (born 24 July 1977) is an Iranian professional football coach and former player usually played as a right winger or right back.

He is currently under contract by Hamburger SV as a youth coach, and also manages his own youth academy, FC KIA.

Mahdavikia currently represents Asian Football Confederation (AFC) in the Football Advisory Panel of International Football Association Board (IFAB), joining the body in 2019. On 15 May 2013, Mahdavikia was appointed as AFC Grassroots Ambassador.

During his playing career, Mahdavikia internationally represented Iranian national team, which he captained from 2006 to 2009, and currently is the fourth most capped player of all-time. He played for Iranian clubs Bank Melli, Persepolis, Steel Azin and Damash Gilan, as well as German clubs VfL Bochum, Hamburger SV and Eintracht Frankfurt, spending 12 consecutive seasons in Bundesliga.

He won the Asian Young Footballer of the Year award in 1997 as well as the Asian Footballer of the Year award in 2003. He was known for his crossing, speed and dribbling.

Early career
Mahdavikia first played for Persepolis in his native Iran before moving to VfL Bochum in Germany. After Bochum's relegation, he signed for Bundesliga side Hamburg where he stayed for the next eight seasons.

Hamburger SV
Hamburger Morgenpost estimated market value of Mahdavikia in 1999 as DM6.5 million.

His initial position for HSV was right fullback, from which he was known for his attacking runs, as he has previous experience as a right winger and at times has played as a striker. He also played some matches for Pas in Asian games as help for the club. Under coach Frank Pagelsdorf Mahdavikia used to play wide striker. For the 2006–07 Bundesliga season he moved back to his natural position of right wing, in support of Central Midfielder Rafael van der Vaart. He was awarded Hamburg Player of the Year in 2003 and 2004 by the fans, and also attained the title of the top assister of goals in the Bundesliga.

In 2003, Die Welt wrote that Mahdavikia is worth €8–10 million.

However, compared to his previous season, he had a poor season in 2004–05 and was benched. In the 2005–06 season he gained his old form back and was able to regain his spot as a starter, being influential in many of Hamburg's victories, such as scoring the winning goal against then Bundesliga heavyweights Schalke.

Mahdavikia's strongest points were his vision, passing skills, fast-paced runs (his nickname in Iran is "The Rocket"), and set-pieces such as corners, spotkicks and free kicks. He usually was the right-footed alternative to Van der Vaart's well known left foot. Apart from being a total professional on the pitch, he is also known as a perfect gentleman off the pitch, always finding the time for fans and reporters to answer questions or sign autographs.

His nickname in Hamburg is The Carpet (der Teppich) for his ability to "magically glide past" his opponents like the enchanted carpet.

Eintracht Frankfurt
On 8 June 2007, Mahdavikia signed a three-year contract with Eintracht Frankfurt.

In his first season, he had two bad injuries that forced him to miss many matches. In the second season he was mostly benched and not used in many matches which showed that the club did not want him anymore. After 255 Games (26 goals, 55 assists) in the Bundesliga for HSV, Bochum and Eintracht Frankfurt, left Germany to sign for Steel Azin in January 2010.

Return to Iran
On 4 July 2011, Mahdavikia signed a contract with Amir Abedini, President of the Damash Gilan to join to the club for one year but he was joined to his beloved club, Persepolis in mid-season to play for club in his last year of playing football. He extended his contract with Persepolis for another season on 19 June 2012.

Retirement
On 2 March 2013, Mahdavikia announced that he would retire at the end of the 2012–13 season. Persepolis also announced that Mahdavikia's farewell match would be in a pre-season friendly match against A.C. Milan in June 2013, played in the Azadi Stadium, but it was later announced that Mahdavikia's last match would be against his former side, Hamburger SV in June 2013 in the same stadium.

Mahdavikia confirmed on 14 March 2013 that he ended his active football career. He played his last match as a football player in the 2013 Hazfi Cup Final, coming on extra time as a substitute. On 28 November 2013, he played a farewell match at Azadi Stadium between Persepolis XI and A.C. Milan XI. Participants in the match included former teams' legends like Hamid Derakhshan, Mohammad Panjali, Farshad Pious, Karim Bagheri, Hamid Estili, Nasser Mohammadkhani, Pejman Jamshidi, Edmond Bezik which played for Persepolis and Franco Baresi, Paolo Maldini, Daniele Massaro, Gennaro Gattuso and Alberigo Evani for A.C. Milan. Persepolis were managed by the club's most successful manager Ali Parvin. When Mahdavikia came on as a substitute in the 32nd minute, Pious gave his shirt to Mahdavikia, in a remarkable replay after seventeen years that Pious did so in Mahdavikia's first match for Persepolis. The match was won by A.C. Milan XI 3–1 with Mahdavikia assisting the only goal.

International career
Having been awarded the Asian Young Footballer of the Year award in 1997, Mahdavikia was considered Iran's best player in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and was named in the list from which the team of the tournament was chosen. In 2003, he was awarded Asian Player of the Year by the Asian Football Confederation. He was also the top assister in the 2004 Asian Cup, exhibiting stunning form to steer Iran's attack to superb attacking football. He played in four Asian Cups (1996, 2000, 2004, 2007) and two World Cups (1998, 2006).

Mahdavikia was one of the influential players that played in Iran's crucial 1–0 victory over Bahrain to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup held in Germany. Following the FIFA World Cup in Germany, 2006, Mahdavikia was expected to assume the role of Captain in the Iranian national side, replacing Ali Daei and Yahya Golmohammadi who had publicly announced their intention to retire after the tournament. Mahdavikia was given the captain's band on 16 August 2006 in an Asian Cup qualifier versus Syria.

Mahdavikia has reportedly been forced to "retire" from international football after wearing a green bracelet in the final World Cup 2010 qualification match against the Republic of Korea. The green bracelet was a sign of support for those protesting the highly contested Iranian presidential election. He was forced to retire from Team Melli after 13 years and playing in two World Cups (1998, 2006), four Asian Cups (1996, 2000, 2004, 2007), one Asian Games tournament (1998), four World Cup qualifying campaigns (1998, 2002, 2006, 2010), three Asian Cup qualifying campaigns (2000, 2004, 2007) and one AFC/OFC Cup.

Managerial career
Mahdavikia was the manager of the Iranian youth teams. In 2015, he founded the KIA Football Academy with Ali Doustimehr. He currently has a role as a youth coach with Hamburger SV.

In May 2019, Mahdavikia obtained UEFA A Licence and plans to enter DFB's Fußballlehrer course.

Famous matches
Mahdavikia's most prolific club match was Hamburger SV's match against Juventus in the Champions League. He was the impetus that rallied Hamburg back after being down 3–1 by scoring once, assisting one and winning a penalty for Hamburg that saw Hamburg take a 4–3 lead; Juve managed to equalise with an Inzaghi penalty.

Another famous game in the HSV shirt came in week 30 of the 2002–03 season. Mahdavikia scored one and assisted another two goals in Hamburg's 4–0 win over 1. FC Nuremberg. Kicker gave him a much rare perfect note of 1.0.

Mehdi's greatest national team match, arguably, was against South Korea in the 2004 Asia Cup where he assisted three goals in Iran's 4–3 win. Many also point to his dynamic game against the United States in World Cup 1998 that saw him score Iran's second and winning goal, as his best ever. Another excellent match where he scored two great goals was against China in the qualification round for the 1998 World Cup when he was just 20 years old.

Personal life
Mahdavikia played several sports as a youngster and was exceptionally talented at handball, even being named captain of Iran's under 14 team.

Mahdavikia is married to Sepideh and has a daughter, Asal.

In April 2006, Mahdavikia caused a stir when it came out he married a second wife named, Samira Samii, while being in his native Iran in December 2005, thus practising bigamy. He himself stated that he made a "big mistake", and they divorced after a short while.

Mahdavikia's younger brother, Hadi played for Homa F.C. and Persepolis F.C., and now is the head coach of KIA Football Academy. Mahdavikia's nephew Mostafa is also a football player in Iran.

International

 * 1.Excluding a friendly match against Ghana U-23 that is not considered a full international.

 * Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Mahdavikia goal.

Honours
Persepolis
 * Azadegan League: 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99

Hamburger SV
 * DFB-Ligapokal: 2003
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005

Iran
 * Asian Games: 1998
 * AFC Asian Cup third place: 1996, 2004
 * AFC–OFC Challenge Cup: 2003

Individual
 * AFC Goal of the Month: September 1997
 * AFC Youth Player of the Year: 1997
 * Bundesliga top assist provider: 2002–03
 * AFC Player of the Year: 2003
 * Asian Cup All-Star Team: 2004
 * Hamburger SV All-time Team: 2012
 * AFC Asian Cup Fans' All-time Best XI: 2018
 * IFFHS Asian Men's Team of All Time: 2021
 * AFC Asian Cup All-time XI: 2023

title: Mehdi Mahdavikia


text:
Aristides

Aristides (Ἀριστείδης, ; 530–468 BC) was an ancient Athenian statesman. Nicknamed "the Just" (δίκαιος, díkaios), he flourished at the beginning of Athens' Classical period and is remembered for his generalship in the Persian War. The ancient historian Herodotus cited him as "the best and most honourable man in Athens", and he received similarly reverent treatment in Plato's Socratic dialogues.

Biography

Aristides was a member of a family of moderate fortune; his father's name was Lysimachus. Early in life he became a follower of the statesman Cleisthenes. He probably first came to notice as strategos in command of his native tribe Antiochis at the Battle of Marathon of 490 BC. In consequence of the distinction which he then achieved he is said to have won the election as archon eponymos for the ensuing year (489–488). Pursuing a conservative policy to maintain Athens as a land power, he was one of the chief opponents of the naval policy proposed by Themistocles.

According to Plutarch, the rivalry between Aristides and Themistocles began in their youth. The conflict between the two leaders ended in the ostracism of Aristides at a date variously given between 485 and 482 BC. It is said that, on this occasion, an illiterate voter who did not recognise Aristides approached the statesman and requested that he write the name of Aristides on his voting shard to ostracize him. The latter asked if Aristides had wronged him. "No," was the reply, "and I do not even know him, but it irritates me to hear him everywhere called 'the Just'." Aristides then wrote his own name on the ballot.

Early in 480, Aristides profited by the decree recalling exiles to help in the defence of Athens against Persian invaders, and was elected strategos for the year 480–479 BC. In the Battle of Salamis of September 480 BC, he gave loyal support to Themistocles, and crowned the victory by landing Athenian infantry on the island of Psyttaleia and annihilating the Persian garrison stationed there.

In 479 BC, he was re-elected strategos, and given special powers as commander of the Athenian forces at the Battle of Plataea of August 479 BC; he is also said to have suppressed a conspiracy among some in the army. He so won the confidence of the Ionian allies that, after they had revolted from the Spartan admiral Pausanias, they gave him the chief command and left him with absolute discretion in fixing the contributions of the newly formed (478 BC) confederacy, the Delian League. His assessment, universally accepted as equitable, continued as the basis of taxation for the greater part of the League's duration. He continued to hold a predominant position in Athens. At first he seems to have remained on good terms with Themistocles, whom he allegedly helped in outwitting the Spartans over the rebuilding of the walls of Athens.

Some authorities state that Aristides died at Athens, others that he perished on a journey to the Black Sea; the date of his death is given by Nepos as 468 BC. He lived to witness the ostracism of Themistocles, towards whom he always displayed generosity, but he died before the rise of Pericles. His estate seems to have suffered severely from the Persian invasions, for apparently he did not leave enough money to defray the expenses of his burial, and it is known that his descendants – even in the 4th century – received state pensions.

Authorities
Herodotus is not the only ancient author to evaluate Aristides' life. He is also the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives, although Plutarch, writing during the Roman Empire, was several centuries removed. Aristides is praised by Socrates in Plato's dialogues Gorgias and Meno as an exceptional instance of good leadership.

In Plato's dialogue Theaetetus, Socrates refers to Aristides, the grandson of the famous Aristides, less positively, bringing him as an example of a student who leaves his care too soon and realizes later that he is a fool.

Memorials and representations
There is a statue of Aristides in Louisburg Square in the American city of Boston. An 1806 painting of Aristides by is at the Musée des Augustins in the French City of Toulouse.

title: Aristides


text:
Green heron

The green heron (Butorides virescens) is a small heron of North and Central America. Butorides is from Middle English butor "bittern" and Ancient Greek -oides, "resembling", and virescens is Latin for "greenish".

It was long considered conspecific with its sister species the striated heron (Butorides striata), and together they were called "green-backed heron". Birds of the nominate subspecies (no matter which taxonomic arrangement is preferred) are extremely rare vagrants to western Europe—for example, a sighting in Pembrokeshire in 2018 was only the second recorded sighting in Wales; individuals from the Pacific coast of North America may similarly stray as far as Hawaii.

Description
The green heron is relatively small; adult body length is about 44 cm. The neck is often pulled in tight against the body. Adults have a glossy, greenish-black cap, a greenish back and wings that are grey-black grading into green or blue, a chestnut neck with a white line down the front, grey underparts and short yellow legs. The bill is dark with a long, sharp point. Female adults tend to be smaller than males, and have duller and lighter plumage, particularly in the breeding season. Juveniles are duller, with the head sides, neck and underparts streaked brown and white, tan-splotched back and wing coverts, and greenish-yellow legs and bill. Hatchlings are covered in down feathers, light grey above, and white on the belly.

The green heron's call is a loud and sudden kyow; it also makes a series of more subdued kuk calls. During courtship, the male gives a raah-rahh call with wide-open bill, makes noisy wingbeats and whoom-whoom-whoom calls in flight, and sometimes calls roo-roo to the female before landing again. While sitting, an aaroo-aaroo courtship call is also given.

Measurements:

 * Length: 16.1 - 18.1 in
 * Weight: 8.5 oz
 * Wingspan: 25.2 - 26.8 in

Taxonomy
As noted above, this species was formerly included in B. striata, which at that time was erroneously known as B. striatus. The Early Pleistocene B. validipes, whose fossil remains were discovered in Florida, might have been the ancestor of the green heron as the living species seems to replace the extinct relative in the fossil record.

Subspecies distinction is uncertain at best. The color variation between populations is less pronounced than between birds of the same population. Migratory populations are longer-winged than those resident year-round, but this cannot be used to delimit subspecies as it is quite obviously a consequence of differing habits and can be expected to undergo convergent evolution in unrelated populations of this species that just share the same habits. Thus, thorough molecular phylogenetic studies would be required to resolve the question of subspecies delimitation.

The following subspecies are commonly listed, though the validity of most of them is seriously disputed:
 * Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns, 1895)
 * Breeds in the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, south to northern Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Some resident, most migrate to western Mexico in winter.

 * Butorides virescens bahamensis (Brewster, 1888)
 * Bahamas. Resident.

 * Butorides virescens frazari (Brewster, 1888)
 * Southern Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Resident.

 * Butorides virescens maculata (Boddaert, 1783) – formerly maculatus
 * Southernmost US through Central America to central Panama, Caribbean. Resident.

 * Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus, 1758)
 * Breeds from southeastern Canada to central and southern US east of the Rocky Mountains. Winters from southernmost US to northern South America.

Much of the dispute hinges upon the distinctness of the Caribbean and Central American populations, the second taxon in this species to be described. To describe the two most extreme views, some authors assemble the bulk of the mainland population in the nominate subspecies but treat the parapatric populations as distinct subspecies, while others place all resident populations in maculata and all migratory ones in virescens.

Ecology
The habitat and foraging area of the green heron includes riparian zones, wetlands, ponds, and lakes, as well as human-made canals and ditches. Green herons do not exhibit a particular preference for diurnal or nocturnal foraging, often engaging in both. Shore-living individuals adapt to the rhythm of the tides. They mainly eat small fish, frogs and aquatic arthropods, but may take any invertebrate or vertebrate prey they can catch, including such animals like leeches, earthworms, dragonflies, damselflies, waterbugs, grasshoppers, spiders, crayfish, prawns, mice, other rodents, lizards, tadpoles and snakes. Some of the many fish eaten are: minnows, sunfish, catfish, perch, eels and, in urban areas, goldfish. Green herons are intolerant of other birds – including conspecifics – when feeding and are not seen to forage in groups. They typically stand still on shore or in shallow water or perch upon branches and await prey. They are able to hover briefly to catch prey. Green herons have been observed using captured prey (e.g. mayflies) or other objects (bread, feathers) to "bait-fish" – using a lure on the water's surface to attract fish. This bait-fishing behavior is common among herons.

The northern population moves to its breeding ranges during March and April; near the northernmost limit of the green heron's range, breeding is well underway by the end of May. The migration to the winter quarters starts in September; by late October, the birds are absent from regions where they do not stay all year. At least the northward migration does not seem to be affected by global warming; birds appear in their breeding ranges at the same time they did 100 years ago.

Individuals of non-migratory populations abandon their territories after breeding season to roam about the region. They may or may not return to the previous year's breeding location, depending on whether they found better habitat during these wanderings. In these populations, the breeding season is determined by rainfall and consequent prey availability.

Green herons are seasonally monogamous. The pairs form in the breeding range, after an intense courtship display by the males, who select the nesting sites and fly in front of the female noisily and with puffed-up head and neck plumage. They nest in forest and swamp patches, over water or in plants near water. Nests are a platform of sticks, often in shrubs or trees, sometimes on the ground. Locations in trees are preferred, with some nests built up to 20 m off the ground although heights of several meters are more common. Rarely, large numbers of these birds congregate in heronries for nesting.

The clutch is usually 2–6 pale green eggs, which are laid in 2-day intervals (though the second egg may be laid up to 6 days later than the first). After the last egg has been laid, both parents incubate for about 19–21 days until hatching, and feed the young birds. The frequency of feedings decreases as the offspring near fledging. The young sometimes start to leave the nest at 16 days of age, but are not fully fledged and able to fend for themselves until 30–35 days old. Sometimes – particularly in the tropical parts of its range – the green heron breeds twice a year.

Tool use
Green herons are one of the few species of bird known to use tools. In particular, they commonly use bread crusts, insects, or other items as bait. The bait is dropped onto the surface of a body of water to lure fish. When a fish takes the bait, the green heron then grabs and eats the fish.

title: Green heron


text:
Smithfield ham

Smithfield ham is a specific form of country ham finish-cured in the town of Smithfield in Isle of Wight County in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia, U.S.

History
The first record of the commercial sale of cured "Smithfield Ham" is a receipt to Ellerston and John Perot on the Dutch Caribbean Island of St Eustatius, dating from 1779. The Commonwealth of Virginia first regulated usage of the term "Smithfield Ham" in a 1926 Statute passed by its General Assembly stating:

The "peanut-fed" and "peanut-belt" stipulations were removed in 1966. The present statute reads:

While it is unclear whether the green pork (the raw product of the cured ham) may come from hogs raised and slaughtered in other than Smithfield, Virginia, the statute stipulates that the six-month (minimum duration) curing clock is to begin when the green pork is "introduced to dry salt", and that through the entire duration of the process, the ham and its processing must occur within Smithfield, Virginia. The statute also commands that any richer or more intense cure, obtained from an aging that is in excess of six months, must also be done within Smithfield, Virginia.

title: Smithfield ham