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Talk:Stanislaus County, California

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Economy
This is kind of a weird paragraph....it says "Agriculture is Stanislaus County's number two industry, with wine grapes being the primary agricultural product." Well, that's nice, but then what's the number one industry? 24.6.66.193 (talk) 11:45, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

You know, I was going to ask the same exact question. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.19.12.68 (talk) 20:53, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Updated Politics section
Updated Overview paragraph in the Politics section. It incorrectly asserted that Stanislaus is "generally a Republican county in Presidential and congressional elections" when the data presented in the table does not bear that out. It shows Democrats have won more times than Republicans, both recently and historically.

Old: Stanislaus is a generally Republican county in Presidential and congressional elections. In 2012, however, Barack Obama won the county with 49.9 percent of the vote. The last Democrat to win a majority in the county was Jimmy Carter in 1976, although Barack Obama won a plurality in 2008 and 2012, as did Bill Clinton in both 1992 and 1996. Just like the neighbouring Merced County, Stanislaus is considered a bellwether county. It voted for the winning candidate for president in every election from 1972-2012.

New: Just like the neighbouring Merced County, Stanislaus is considered a bellwether county in presidential elections. It voted for the winning candidate for president in every election from 1972-2012. In 2012, Barack Obama won the county with 49.9 percent of the vote. The last Democrat to win a majority in the county was Jimmy Carter in 1976, although Barack Obama won a plurality in 2008 and 2012, as did Bill Clinton in both 1992 and 1996. In 2016, Hillary Clinton won the county but lost the election, the first time Stanislaus backed the losing candidate since 1968 when it voted for Hubert Humphrey. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mwehman (talk • contribs) 14:48, 24 July 2018 (UTC)

Etymology
I'm not sure if this is actually named after Estanislau. It might be for St. Stanislaus Kostka, and there is a St.Stanislaus Catholic Church in Modesto. — Preceding unsigned comment added by General I80 (talk • contribs) 05:29, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

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Talk:Sutter County, California

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That photo of the Feather River crossing could not possibly have been taken in Sutter County; Sutter County is entirely flat except for the buttes. The feather river crossing was probably in Plumas or Butte County. Perhaps that photo should be removed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by MINGESELLE299 (talk • contribs) 20:25, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

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Urnfield culture

The Urnfield culture (c. 1300–750 BC) was a late Bronze Age culture of Central Europe, often divided into several local cultures within a broader Urnfield tradition. The name comes from the custom of cremating the dead and placing their ashes in urns, which were then buried in fields. The first usage of the name occurred in publications over grave sites in southern Germany in the late 19th century. Over much of Europe, the Urnfield culture followed the Tumulus culture and was succeeded by the Hallstatt culture. Some linguists and archaeologists have associated this culture with a pre-Celtic language or Proto-Celtic language family. By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Urnfield Tradition had spread through Italy, northwestern Europe, and as far west as the Pyrenees. It is at this time that fortified hilltop settlements and sheet‐bronze metalworking also spread widely across Europe, leading some authorities to equate these changes with the expansion of the Celts. These links are no longer accepted.

Chronology
It is believed that in some areas, such as in southwestern Germany, the Urnfield culture was in existence around 1200 BC (beginning of Hallstatt A or Ha A), but the Bronze D Riegsee-phase already contains cremations. As the transition from the middle Bronze Age to the Urnfield culture was gradual, there are questions regarding how to define it.

The Urnfield culture covers the phases Hallstatt A and B (Ha A and B) in Paul Reinecke's chronological system, not to be confused with the Hallstatt culture (Ha C and D) of the following Iron Age. This corresponds to the Phases Montelius III-IV of the Northern Bronze Age. Whether Reinecke's Bronze D is included varies according to author and region.

The Urnfield culture is divided into the following sub-phases (based on Müller-Karpe sen.):

The existence of the Ha B3-phase is contested, as the material consists of female burials only. As can be seen by the arbitrary 100-year ranges, the dating of the phases is highly schematic. The phases are based on typological changes, which means that they do not have to be strictly contemporaneous across the whole distribution. All in all, more radiocarbon and dendro-dates would be highly desirable.

Origin

The Urnfield culture grew from the preceding Tumulus culture. The transition is gradual, in the pottery as well as the burial rites. In some parts of Germany, cremation and inhumation existed simultaneously (facies Wölfersheim). Some graves contain a combination of Tumulus-culture pottery and Urnfield swords (Kressbronn, Bodenseekreis) or Tumulus culture incised pottery together with early Urnfield types (Mengen). In the North, the Urnfield culture was only adopted in the HaA2 period. 16 pins deposited in a swamp in Ellmoosen (Kr. Bad Aibling, Germany) cover the whole chronological range from Bronze B to the early Urnfield period (Ha A). This demonstrates a considerable ritual continuity. In the Loire, Seine, and Rhône, certain fords contain deposits from the late Neolithic onward up to the Urnfield period.

The origins of the cremation rite are commonly believed to be in Hungary, where it was widespread since the first half of the second millennium BC. The neolithic Cucuteni–Trypillia culture of modern-day northeastern Romania and Ukraine were also practicing cremation rituals as early as approximately 5500 BC. Some cremations begin to be found in the Proto-Lusatian and Trzciniec culture.

Distribution and local groups

The Urnfield culture was located in an area stretching from western Hungary to eastern France, from the Alps to near the North Sea. Local groups, mainly differentiated by pottery, include:

South-German Urnfield culture Lower-Rhine Urnfield culture
 * Northeast-Bavarian Group, divided into a lower Bavarian and an upper Palatinate group
 * Lower-Main-Swabian group in southern Hesse and Baden-Württemberg, including the Marburger, Hanauer, lower Main and Friedberger facies
 * Rhenish-Swiss group in Rhineland-Palatinate, Switzerland and eastern France, (abbreviated RSFO in French)
 * Lower Hessian Group
 * North-Netherlands-Westphalian group
 * Northwest-Group in the Dutch Delta region

Middle-Danube Urnfield culture

 * Velatice-Baierdorf in Moravia and Austria
 * Čaka culture in western Slovakia
 * Gáva culture
 * Belegiš culture
 * Piliny culture
 * Kyjatice culture
 * Milavce culture in southeastern Bohemia
 * Unstrut culture in Thuringia
 * Virovitica in Slovenia and Croatia
 * Lusatian culture in northern Bohemia, Lusatia and Poland

Sometimes the distribution of artifacts belonging to these groups shows sharp and consistent borders, which might indicate some political structures, like tribes. Metalwork is commonly of a much more widespread distribution than pottery and does not conform to these borders. It may have been produced at specialised workshops catering for the elite of a large area.

Important French cemeteries include Châtenay and Lingolsheim (Alsace). An unusual earthwork was constructed at Goloring near Koblenz in Germany.

Related cultures
The central European Lusatian culture forms part of the Urnfield tradition, but continues into the Iron Age without a notable break.

The Piliny culture in northern Hungary and Slovakia grew from the Tumulus culture, but used urn burials as well. The pottery shows strong links to the Gáva culture, but in the later phases, a strong influence of the Lusatian culture is found.

In Italy the late Bronze Age Canegrate and Proto-Villanovan cultures and the early Iron Age Villanovan culture show similarities with the urnfields of central Europe. The Italic peoples are descended from the Urnfield and Tumulus culture, who inhabited Italy from at least the second millennium BC onwards. Latins achieved a dominant position among these tribes, establishing the ancient Roman civilization. During this development, other Italic tribes adopted the Latin language and culture in a process known as Romanization.

Urnfields are found in the French Languedoc and Catalonia from the 9th to 8th centuries. The change in burial custom was most probably influenced by developments further east.

Evidence for an association between the Urnfield culture and a hypothetical Italo-Celtic language group has been discussed by scholars such as Peter Schrijver.

Placename evidence has also been used to point to an association of the Urnfield materials with the Proto-Celtic language group in central Europe, and it has been argued that it was the ancestral culture of the Celts. The Urnfield layers of the Hallstatt culture, "Ha A" and "Ha B", are succeeded by the Iron Age "Hallstatt period" proper: "Ha C" and "Ha D" (8th-6th centuries BC), associated with the early Celts; "Ha D" is in turn succeeded by the La Tène culture, the archaeological culture associated with the Continental Celts of antiquity.

The Golasecca culture in northern Italy developed with continuity from the Canegrate culture. Canegrate represented a completely new cultural dynamic to the area expressed in pottery and bronzework, making it a typical western example of the Urnfield culture, in particular the Rhine-Switzerland-Eastern France (RSFO) Urnfield culture. The Lepontic Celtic language inscriptions of the area show the language of the Golasecca culture was clearly Celtic making it probable that the 13th-century BC language of at least the RSEF area of the western urnfields was also Celtic or a precursor to it.

The influence of the Urnfield culture spread widely and found its way to the northeastern Iberian coast, where the nearby Celtiberians of the interior adapted it for use in their cemeteries. Evidence for east-to-west early Urnfield (Bronze D-Hallstatt A) elite contacts such as rilled-ware, swords and crested helmets has been found in the southwest of the Iberian peninsula. The appearance of such elite status markers provides the simplest explanation for the spread of Celtic languages in this area from prestigious, proto-Celtic, early-Urnfield metalworkers.

Migrations

The numerous hoards of the Urnfield culture and the existence of fortified settlements (hill forts) were taken as evidence for widespread warfare and upheaval by some scholars. Written sources describe several collapses and upheavals in the Eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia and the Levant around the time of the Urnfield origins:
 * End of the Mycenean culture with a conventional date of c. 1200 BC
 * Destruction of Troy VI c. 1200 BC
 * Battles of Ramses III against the Sea Peoples, 1195–1190 BC
 * End of the Hittite empire 1180 BC
 * Settlement of the Philistines in Canaan c. 1170 BC

Some scholars, among them Wolfgang Kimmig and P. Bosch-Gimpera have postulated a Europe-wide wave of migrations. The so-called Dorian invasion of Greece was placed in this context as well (although more recent evidence suggests that the Dorians moved in 1100 BC into a post Mycenaean vacuum, rather than precipitating the collapse).

Ethnicity

The variety of regional groups belonging to this culture makes it possible to exclude the presence of ethnic uniformity. Marija Gimbutas connected the various Central European regional groups to as many proto-populations: proto-Celts, proto-Italics, proto-Veneti, proto-Illyrians and proto-Phrygians (as well as proto-Thracians and proto-Dorians), who would establish themselves later, through migrations, in their historic locations. This migration (disputed by some) occurred during the period called late Bronze Age collapse and was perhaps caused by climate changes. Communities of peasants and herders, led by a warrior aristocracy, introduced the new rite of cremation, new ceramic styles and the mass production of metal objects as well as a new religion and Indo-European languages in various regions of Western and Southern Europe.

Settlements

The number of settlements increased sharply in comparison with the preceding Tumulus culture. Few of them have been comprehensively excavated. Fortified settlements, often on hilltops or in river-bends, are typical for the Urnfield culture. They are heavily fortified with dry-stone or wooden ramparts. Excavations of open settlements are rare, but they show that large 3-4 aisled houses built with wooden posts and wall of wattle and daub were common. Pit dwellings are known as well; they might have served as cellars.

Fortified settlements

Fortified hilltop settlements become common in the Urnfield period. Often a steep spur was used, where only part of the circumference had to be fortified. Depending on the locally available materials, dry-stone walls, gridded timbers filled with stones or soil or plank and palisade type pfostenschlitzmauer fortifications were used. Other fortified settlements used river-bends and swampy areas.

Metal working is concentrated in the fortified settlements. On the Runder Berg near Urach, Germany, 25 stone moulds have been found.

Hillforts are interpreted as central places. Some scholars see the emergence of hill forts as a sign of increased warfare. Most hillforts were abandoned at the end of the Bronze Age.

Examples of fortified settlements include Bullenheimer Berg, Ehrenbürg, Hünenburg bei Watenstedt, Heunischenburg, Hesselberg, Bürgstadter Berg, Farrenberg, Gelbe Burg and Ipf in Germany, Burgstallkogel, Thunau am Kamp and Oberleiserberg in Austria, Corent and Gannat in France, Hořovice and Plešivec in the Czech Republic, Biskupin in Poland, Ormož in Slovenia, Corneşti-Iarcuri, Sântana and Teleac in Romania, Gradište Idoš in Serbia, and Velem and Csanádpalota–Földvár in Hungary.

The 30.5 ha plateau of the Bullenheimer Berg in Germany was the site of a "large, walled, city-like fortification" in the later Urnfield period. Excavations have revealed a dense settlement across the whole plateau, including courtyard-type buildings located on artificially raised terraces. The fortified settlement on the Ehrenbürg, also covering about 30 ha and surrounded by a timber and stone wall, was another regional centre and the residence of a regional elite. At the hill fort of Hořovice near Beroun (Czech Republic), 50 ha were surrounded by a stone wall. Most settlements were much smaller however.

Corneşti-Iarcuri in Romania was the largest prehistoric settlement in Europe, at almost 6 km across, with four fortification lines and an inner settlement with a diameter of c. 2 km. Magnetic mapping and excavations have indicated the existence of a well-organised settlement of proto-urban character during the Urnfield period. An estimated 824,00 tonnes of earth had to be moved for the construction of the fortification walls alone. Magnetometric surveys at Sântana have revealed the existence of buildings with lengths exceeding 40 m, including a building approximately 60 m long and 40 m wide.

"Mega forts" such as Corneşti-Iarcuri, Sântana and Gradište Idoš were surrounded by numerous smaller settlements, including fortified sites. They formed part of a general movement towards large fortified sites across Europe in the Late Bronze Age, possibly in response to new styles of warfare. The general uniformity in design, material culture, and the density of settlements in Romania and Serbia at this time is indicative of societies that were organized under a common political framework. Kristiansen and Suchowska-Ducke (2015) describe these mega-sites as "part of a political centralisation process, a complex chiefdom, or archaic state".

In 2018 the remains of a Late Bronze Age 'feasting hall' were excavated at the site of Lăpuş in Romania.

Open settlements
Urnfield period houses were one or two-aisled. Some were quite small, 4.5 m × 5 m at the Runder Berg (Urach, Germany), 5-8m long in Künzig (Bavaria, Germany), others up to 20 m long. They were built with wooden posts and walls of wattle and daub. At the Velatice-settlement of Lovčičky (Moravia, Czech Republic) 44 houses have been excavated. Large bell shaped storage pits are known from the Knovíz culture. The settlement of Radonice (Louny) contained over 100 pits. They were most probably used to store grain and demonstrate a considerable surplus-production.

Pile dwellings
On lakes of southern Germany and Switzerland, numerous pile dwellings were constructed. They consist either of simple houses made of wattle and daub, or log-built. The settlement at Zug, Switzerland, was destroyed by fire and gives important insights into the material culture and the settlement organisation of this period. It has yielded a number of dendro-dates as well.

Pottery
The pottery is normally well made, with a smooth surface and a normally sharply carinated profile. Some forms are thought to imitate metal prototypes. Biconical pots with cylindrical necks are especially characteristic. There is some incised decoration, but a large part of the surface was normally left plain. Fluted decoration is common. In the Swiss pile dwellings, the incised decoration was sometimes inlaid with tin foil. Pottery kilns were already known (Elchinger Kreuz, Bavaria), as is indicated by the homogeneous surface of the vessels as well. Other vessels include cups of beaten sheet-bronze with riveted handles (type Jenišovice) and large cauldrons with cross attachments. Wooden vessels have only been preserved in waterlogged contexts, for example from Auvernier (Neuchâtel), but may have been quite widespread.

Tools and weapons

The early Urnfield period (1300 BC) was a time when the warriors of central Europe could be heavily armored with body armor, helmets and shields all made of bronze, most likely borrowing the idea from Mycenaean Greece.

The leaf-shaped Urnfield sword could be used for slashing, in contrast to the stabbing-swords of the preceding Tumulus culture. It commonly possessed a ricasso. The hilt was normally made from bronze as well. It was cast separately and consisted of a different alloy. These solid hilted swords were known since Bronze D (Rixheim swords). Other swords have tanged blades and probably had a wood, bone, or antler hilt. Flange-hilted swords had organic inlays in the hilt. Swords include Auvernier, Kressborn-Hemigkofen, Erbenheim, Möhringen, Weltenburg, Hemigkofen and Tachlovice-types.

Protective gear like shields, cuirasses, greaves and helmets are rare and almost never found in burials. The best-known example of a bronze shield comes from Plzeň in Bohemia and has a riveted handhold. Comparable pieces have been found in Germany, Western Poland, Denmark, Great Britain and Ireland. They are supposed to have been made in upper Italy or the Eastern Alps and imitate wooden shields. Irish bogs have yielded examples of leather shields (Clonbrinn, Co. Wexford). Bronze cuirasses are known since Bronze D (Čaka, grave II, Slovakia).

Complete bronze cuirasses have been found in Saint Germain du Plain, nine examples, one inside the other, in Marmesse, Haute Marne (France), fragments in Albstadt-Pfeffingen (Germany). Bronze dishes (phalerae) may have been sewn on a leather armour. Greaves of richly decorated sheet-bronze are known from Kloštar Ivanić (Croatia) and the Paulus cave near Beuron (Germany).

Chariots and wagons

About a dozen wagon-burials of four wheeled wagons with bronze fittings are known from the early Urnfield period. They include Hart an der Altz (Kr. Altötting), Mengen (Kr. Sigmaringen), Poing (Kr. Ebersberg), Königsbronn (Kr. Heidenheim) from Germany and St. Sulpice (Vaud), Switzerland. In Alz, the chariot had been placed on the pyre, and pieces of bone are attached to the partially melted metal of the axles. Bronze (one-part) bits appear at the same time. Two-part horse bits are only known from late Urnfield contexts and may be due to eastern influence. Wood- and bronze spoked wheels are known from Stade (Germany), a wooden spoked wheel from Mercurago, Italy. Wooden dish-wheels have been excavated at Courcelettes, Switzerland and the Wasserburg Buchau, Germany (diameter 80 cm). In Milavče near Domažlice, Bohemia, a four-wheeled miniature bronze wagon bearing a large cauldron (diameter 30 cm) contained a cremation. This exceptionally rich burial was covered by a barrow. The wagon from Acholshausen (Bavaria) comes from a male burial.

Such wagons are known from the Nordic Bronze Age as well. The Skallerup wagon, Denmark, contained a cremation as well. At Peckatel (Kr. Schwerin) in Mecklenburg a cauldron-wagon and other rich grave goods accompanied an inhumation under a barrow (Montelius III/IV). Another example comes from Ystad in Sweden. South-eastern European examples include Kanya in Hungary and Orăştie in Romania. Clay miniature wagons, sometimes with waterfowl, were known there since the middle Bronze Age (Dupljaja, Vojvodina, Serbia).

The Lusatian chariot from Burg (Brandenburg, Germany) has three wheels on a single axle, on which waterfowl perch. The grave of Gammertingen (Kr. Sigmaringen, Germany) contained two socketed horned applications that probably belonged to a miniature wagon comparable to the Burg example, together with six miniature spoked wheels.

Bronze spoked wheels from Hassloch and Stade (in Germany) have been described as "the most ambitious craft endeavour of all Bronze Age bronze objects", representing "the highest achievement of prehistoric bronze casters in non-Greek Europe ... In terms of casting technique, they are on a par with the casting of a Greek bronze statue."

Hoards
Hoards are very common in the Urnfield culture. The custom was abandoned at the end of the Bronze Age. They were often deposited in rivers and wet places like swamps. As these spots were often quite inaccessible, they most probably represent gifts to the gods. Other hoards contain either broken or miscast objects that were probably intended for reuse by bronze smiths. As Late Urnfield hoards often contain the same range of objects as earlier graves, some scholars interpret hoarding as a way to supply personal equipment for the hereafter. In the river Trieux, Côtes du Nord, complete swords were found together with numerous antlers of red deer that may have had a religious significance as well.

Iron

An iron knife or sickle from Ganovce in Slovakia, possibly dating from the 18th century BC, may be the earliest evidence of smelted iron in Central Europe. Other early finds include an iron ring from Vorwohlde (Germany) dating from c. the 15th century BC (Reinecke B), and an iron chisel from Heegermühle (Germany) dating from c. 1000 BC. During the late Bronze Age, iron was used to decorate the hilts of swords (Schwäbisch-Hall-Gailenkirchen, Unterkrumbach, Kr. Hersbruck), knives (Dotternhausen, Plettenberg, Germany), pins and some other ornaments. The Carpathian Basin was an early centre of iron technology, with iron artefacts dating from the 10th century BC, and possibly as early as the 12th century BC. Regular use of iron for weapons and tools in Central Europe began with the Hallstatt culture.

Economy
Cattle, pigs, sheep and goats were kept, as well as horses, dogs and geese. The cattle were rather small, with a height of 1.20 m at the withers. Horses were not much bigger with a mean of 1.25 m.

Forest clearance was intensive in the Urnfield period. Probably open meadows were created for the first time, as shown by pollen analysis. This led to increased erosion and sediment-load of the rivers. New crops and more intensive agrarian regimes are introduced, transforming landscapes on a large scale.

Wheat and barley were cultivated, together with pulses and the horse bean. Poppy seeds were used for oil or as a drug. Millet and oats were cultivated for the first time in Hungary and Bohemia, and rye was already cultivated; further west it was only a noxious weed. Flax seems to have been of reduced importance, maybe because mainly wool was used for clothes. Hazel nuts, apples, pears, sloes and acorns were collected. Some rich graves contain bronze sieves that have been interpreted as wine-sieves (Hart an der Alz). This beverage would have been imported from the South, but supporting evidence is lacking. In the lacustrine settlement of Zug, remains of a broth made of spelt and millet have been found. In the lower-Rhine urnfields, leavened bread was often placed on the pyre and burnt fragments have thus been preserved.

Wool was spun (finds of spindle whorls are common) and woven on the warp-weighted loom; bronze needles (Unteruhldingen) were used for sewing.

Weighing scales were used for trade and weighed metal was used as a form of payment or money. Bronze sickles are also thought to have served as a form of commodity money.

There is some suggestion that the Urnfield culture is associated with a wetter climatic period than the earlier Tumulus cultures. This may be associated with the diversion of the mid-latitude winter storms north of the Pyrenees and the Alps, possibly associated with drier conditions in the Mediterranean basin.

Numerals
Large hoards of sickles dating from the Bronze Age have been excavated across central Europe which feature a range of cast markings. An analysis of the Frankleben hoard and other sickle hoards from Germany dating from the Tumulus and Urnfield periods found that markings on the sickles constitute a numeral system related to the lunar calendar. According to the Halle State Museum of Prehistory:

"'Many sickles carry line-shaped markings. The scope and order of these brands follows a defined pattern. This sign language can be interpreted as a pre-form of a writing system. There are two types of symbols: line-shaped marks below the button and marks at the angle or at the base of the sickle body. The archaeologist Christoph Sommerfeld examined the rules and realized that the casting marks are composed of one to nine ribs. After four left-hand, individually counted strokes there follows a bundle as a group of five on the right side. This creates a counting system that reaches to 29. The Synodic Moon orbit lasts 29 days or nights. This number and the lunar shape of the sickle suggest that the stroke groups should be interpreted as pages of a calendar, as a point in the monthly cycle. The sickle marks are the oldest known sign system in Central Europe.'"

The sickles also feature other marks or symbols which the archaeologist Christoph Sommmerfeld (1994) suggests may represent 'conceptual signs', or a type of proto-writing. Markings on sickles and tools from across Bronze Age Europe have been interpreted by other authors as ownership marks, sign systems, number systems or "units of information" of unknown meaning.

'Counting marks' have also been identified on bronze armrings and ingots from the Urnfield period, possibly related to trade. Similar markings found on pottery have been interpreted as serving a calendar function.

Simple numerals in the form of lines and dots are found on identical 'ritual objects' from Haschendorf in Austria and Balkåkra in Sweden, which are thought to represent assembly instructions for the objects. The decorated discs on both objects have been interpreted as solar calendars.

The archaeologist Mikkel Hansen (2019) has suggested that the Urnfield sickle-numeral system may be related to 'hand signs' found among petroglyphs from the Nordic Bronze Age, which may have a similar numerical and calendrical meaning.

Golden hats

Four elaborate cone-shaped hats made from thin sheets of gold have been found in Germany and France dating from c. 1500-800 BC (the Tumulus culture to Urnfield period). They may have been worn as ceremonial hats by individuals described by researchers as "king-priests" or oracles.

The gold hats are covered in bands of ornaments or symbols along their whole length and extent. The symbols – mostly disks and concentric circles, sometimes wheels, crescents, pointed oval shapes and triangles – were punched using stamps, rolls or combs. The discs and concentric circles are interpreted as solar and possibly lunar symbols.

An analysis of the Berlin Gold Hat found that the symbols numerically encode a lunisolar calendar based on the 19-year Metonic cycle. According to Wilfried Menghin "The symbols on the hat are a logarithmic table which enables the movements of the sun and the moon to be calculated in advance." Similar information is thought to be encoded on the hats from Ezelsdorf-Buch, Schifferstadt and Avanton.

According to the Neues Museum the Berlin Gold Hat could also be used to predict lunar eclipses. Astronomers Rahlf Hansen and Christine Rink have argued that the Berlin hat encodes knowledge of Saros lunar eclipse cycles. Evidence for knowledge of these cycles is also known from the later Hallstatt period.

The various ornaments on the Berlin hat include a band of 19 'star and crescent' symbols, placed above 19 pointed-oval symbols which are thought to represent the planet Venus. Similar 'Venus' symbols are found on the gold hats from Ezelsdorf-Buch and Schifferstadt. According to some researchers a Venus calendar is encoded on the gold hats.

Circular symbols similar to those on the gold hats are also found on gold bowls dating from the Middle to Late Bronze Age, including those from the Eberswalde hoard. Some of these are also thought to contain calendrical information.

Astronomical and calendrical interpretations have been proposed for a variety of other decorated artefacts dating from the Middle to Late Bronze Age, including gold artefacts from the Bullenheimer Berg in Germany, a gold diadem from Velem in Hungary, gold appliqués from Lake Bled in Slovenia, gold discs and a gold belt from the Czech Republic,   the Trundholm Sun Chariot from Denmark,  bronze discs from Germany and Denmark,  and bronze urns from Germany (including Seddin, Gevelinghausen and Herzberg), Denmark and Poland.

The gold hats and diadems have also been linked to the Casco de Leiro from Spain and the Comerford Crown from Ireland, as well as to gold diadems from Mycenae in Greece, all of which bear similar symbols.

In his analysis of the Velem diadem, archaeologist Gabor Ilon writes: "high-ranking members of the elite in Bronze Age Europe were proud owners of gold foil-covered costume adornments and symbols of status and power as well as of golden vessels, objects of social display, decorated with an identical set of symbols ... embodying what was presumably an identical and coherent spiritual background." According to the Musée d'Archaeologie Nationale, "these precious and remarkably executed objects evoke a complex society, undoubtedly strictly hierarchical, with advanced technical and astronomical knowledge, organized around work in the fields".

Graves

In the Tumulus period, multiple inhumations under barrows were common, at least for the upper levels of society. In the Urnfield period, inhumation and burial in single flat graves prevails, though some barrows exist.

In the earliest phases of the Urnfield period, man-shaped graves were dug, sometimes provided with a stone lined floor, in which the cremated remains of the deceased were spread. Only later, burial in urns became prevalent. Some scholars speculate that this may have marked a fundamental shift in people's beliefs or myths about life and the afterlife.

The size of the urnfields is variable. In Bavaria, they can contain hundreds of burials, while the largest cemetery in Baden-Württemberg in Dautmergen has only 30 graves. The dead were placed on pyres, covered in their personal jewellery, which often shows traces of the fire and sometimes food-offerings. The cremated bone-remains are much larger than in the Roman period, which indicates that less wood was used. Often, the bones have been incompletely collected. Most urnfields are abandoned with the end of the Bronze Age, only the Lower Rhine urnfields continue in use in the early Iron Age (Ha C, sometimes even D).

The cremated bones could be placed in simple pits. Sometimes the dense concentration of the bones indicates a container of organic material, sometimes the bones were simply shattered.

If the bones were placed in urns, these were often covered by a shallow bowl or a stone. In a special type of burial (bell-graves) the urns are completely covered by an inverted larger vessel. As graves rarely overlap, they may have been marked by wooden posts or stones. Stone-pacing graves are typical of the Unstrut group.

Grave gifts
The urn containing the cremated bones is often accompanied by other, smaller ceramic vessels, like bowls and cups. They may have contained food. The urn is often placed in the centre of the assemblage. Often, these vessels have not been placed on the pyre. Metal grave gifts include razors, weapons that often have been deliberately destroyed (bent or broken), bracelets, pendants and pins. Metal grave gifts become rarer towards the end of the Urnfield culture, while the number of hoards increase. Burnt animal bones are often found, they may have been placed on the pyre as food. The marten bones in the grave of Seddin may have belonged to a garment (pelt). Amber or glass beads (Pfahlbautönnchen) are luxury items.

Upper-class graves

Upper-class burials were placed in wooden chambers, rarely stone cists or chambers with a stone-paved floor and covered with a barrow or cairn. The graves contain especially finely made pottery, animal bones, usually of pigs, sometimes gold rings or sheets, and in exceptional cases miniature wagons. Some of these rich burials contain the remains of more than one person. In this case, women and children are normally seen as sacrifices. Until more is known about the status distribution and the social structure of the late Bronze Age, this interpretation should be viewed with caution, however. Towards the end of the Urnfield period, some bodies were burnt in situ and then covered by a barrow, reminiscent of the burial of Patroclus as described by Homer and the burial of Beowulf (with the additional ship burial element). The grave of Seddin (c. 9th century BC) has been described as a "Homeric burial" due to its close similarity to contemporary elite burials in Greece and Italy. In the early Iron Age, inhumation became the rule again.

Cult
An obsession with waterbirds is indicated by numerous pictures and three-dimensional representations. Combined with the hoards deposited in rivers and swamps, it indicates religious beliefs connected with water. This has led some scholars to believe in serious droughts during the late Bronze Age. Sometimes the water-birds are combined with circles, the so-called sun-barque or solar boat motif. Moon-shaped clay firedogs or 'moon idols' are thought to have a religious significance, as well as crescent shaped razors.

The Kyffhäuser caves in Thuringia contain headless skeletons and animal bones that have been interpreted as sacrifices. Other deposits include grain, knotted vegetable fibres and hair and bronze objects (axes, pendants and pins). The Ith-caves (Lower Saxony) have yielded comparative material.

Genetics

A genetic study published in Nature in March 2015 examined the remains of an Urnfield male buried in Halberstadt, Germany ca 1100-1000 BC. He was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup R1a1a1b1a2 and the maternal haplogroup H23.

A genetic study published in Science in March 2019 found a significant increase in north-central European ancestry in Iberia during the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The authors of the study suggested that the spread of the Urnfield culture was associated with this transition, during which the Celtiberians may have emerged. A Celtiberian male examined in the study was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup I2a1a1a.

title: Urnfield culture


text:
Talk:Tehama County, California

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Anti-Chinese activities in the 19th Century
There was a discussion of such on my user talk page, now archived at User talk:Jeff G./Archives/2015/October. —  Jeff G. ツ (talk)   13:40, 5 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Tehama County is a hotbed of hate groups in the 21st century. They even claim "we don't have a lot of Chinese, Mexicans, blacks, Jews, Arabs and Native Americans". They said Covid-19 rates are very low compared to most CA counties in the 2020 pandemic, again "it has to do with racial composition of our county". Actually, there are racial minority groups in the county, but they're not like L.A. and SF Bay areas in higher ratio and percentage of minorities. I think Tehama County residents are 99% good, its just they have an issue with racist hate group activity like most of rural Northern California (beyond Yuba City-Yuba county and the state capital Sacramento). 2605:E000:100D:C571:7D82:A683:E434:DB3D (talk) 23:26, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Who are "they" and I'd like to see sources. Not that I don't think the area has "hate groups", but for it to be included in the article there has to be legitimate sources and it would have to be unique to the area to be included in the first place IMO. Otherwise, every other Northern California county/town could have a "hate group" section. Since like you say it's everywhere and I don't think it needs mentioning in that case. Unless Tehama County just has more of them then everywhere else or there was a specifically notable action by a "hate group" taken there. BTW, it's also worth mentioning that there has been plenty of discussion in the news on both sides that some of the cases of Covid-19 came from European travelers and that blacks/other minority groups could or have been hit harder by it so far then whites. Even scientists are saying so. So, while I agree those types of statements could be racist depending, context really matters and Wikipedia is suppose to be neutral on such things. --Adamant1 (talk) 05:24, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

To add to article
Basic information to add to this article: information about Tehama County's economy and industries. There's not even a single word about this in the current version of this article, and our articles are supposed to be encyclopedic? 204.11.186.190 (talk) 16:55, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tehama County, California


text:
Talk:Trinity County, California

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Darnit!
Article needs an Infobox, I'll get to that this evening... Edit Centric 12:55, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Error on lack of chains: An A&W drive-in was active when I moved to Weaverville in 1975 and remained active into the mid 1980s at least; I think the Ace Hardware (still open) has been there since 1975 too; I think the Longs Drugs has been there much longer than since 1999 - though in a different location at first. Other facts that could be incorporated: it is the second least populated county in California (after Alpine); the Joss House is the oldest Taoist temple in the western hemisphere; the Trinity Alps Wilderness makes up a large portion of the county. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Theothersideofthenet (talk • contribs) 04:38, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Trinity County, California
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Trinity County, California's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "USCensus2020": From List of largest cities in California by population:  From Lakeport, California:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 01:33, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trinity County, California


text:
Talk:Tulare County, California

Comment
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Films
Wasn't The Apple Dumpling Gang set in this county?Vampromero (talk) 17:04, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Poverty and National Parks?
Quote from article: "Tulare County bears the unfortunate distinction of being the one of the most impoverished counties in California, despite its proximity to Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks."

I don't think that being close to a National Park would by itself make a place less impoverished. They are not generally high-income generating, and, since most National Parks are located in remote rural areas, I would expect that the opposite would be true, that they would be expected to have lower incomes. Backspace (talk) 18:32, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Collapsible wikitable
I recommend a complete rework on every collapsible table ("wikitable collapsible collapsed"), most of them have obsolete data. They need to display what the 'numbers' meaning (since you have a basic description but no info on what is what unless you 'source edit' it); also the 'hide out' table is a pain in the arse to edit; M. (talk) 22:49, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tulare County, California


text:
Talk:Tuolumne County, California

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title: Talk:Tuolumne County, California


text:
Talk:Ventura County, California

Resignation of the housing bureau chief
I could not find a source for the reason for the resignation of the housing bureau chief. Can anyone provide a link?

East-west section
The whole east-west section is problematic. "Because of this, its private low-key location, its country feel, and its close proximity to Los Angeles, the Conejo Valley area has become a very attractive place to live. [emphasis added]" If I Google the italicised bit in quotes will the Conejo Valley Association of Realtors (or some such) come up? Maybe someone just read too many of their brochures. In any case, if there is no justification within Wikipedia's three content policies (WP:V, WP:NPOV, WP:NOR) for the unconventional geographic split, I will be deleting content that is merely duplicative of content in the Conejo Valley (and associated communities) articles or redundant in this article. There should be a way to explain growth along the 101 and 118 corridor (probably the 126 by now), and efforts to control growth (whether through "master planned communities" or "smart growth") without raising this parochial issue. Any volunteers?

.s

X ile 10:10, 22 June 2007 (UTC) - Talk

proposed merge of Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura
There is nothing in the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, California article that cannot be merged here. As noted at Proposed_mergers, Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura is the only single-county Core Based Statistical Area in California that has its own article. — X ile 03:50, 15 July 2007 (UTC) - talk

Ventura County's status in California
Someone took considerable liberty in describing Ventura county's reputation (vis-a-vis safety and quality of life) within the State of California and completely fabricated the county's ranking by per capita personal income. If one were to check the most recent county level personal income data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (here: California Personal Income) one will see that Ventura County ranks 13th or lower by per capita income for at least the past three years.

The introductory section just makes this article sound like a fluff piece to California residents. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.8.187.2 (talk) 00:51, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

NEED: Ventura County Government: Board of Supervisors!!!
Can we get some help adding Board of Supervisors past and present information to the Ventura County Pages?

Entertainment Section Seems Sketchy
Why is the first topic in entertainment about a guy getting his head chopped off by a helicopter? Shouldn't we mention all the famous actors who have lived in Thousand Oaks over the years, or about Erin Brockovich (sp?) who is from Ventura County or something more significant than a random helicopter crash in the 80s? 76.173.186.149 (talk) 09:25, 27 May 2010 (UTC)Ryan

East County / West County
Some of the East County / West County material in the "History - Modern period" section should probably be moved into the Geography section, where it is also referred to, albeit in rather different terms. Nurg (talk) 01:56, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

Ventura County eastern boundary moves westward in late 1950s/early 1960s
This is per Thomas Brothers maps of the era. Does anyone know when, how and why? It's an important change. The eastern boundary used to cross Topanga Canyon Blvd twice, and Calabasas used to be in Ventura County. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Don Williams (talk • contribs) 18:36, 30 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Interesting point, I don't know a source but this article about the formation of Orange County links to a map that shows the former boundary between Los Angeles and Ventura counties. How Orange County Seceded from Los Angeles Fettlemap (talk) 18:33, 1 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I found some more information: The Creation of Our 58 Counties by California State Association of Counties Fettlemap (talk) 00:54, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

No economy section?
Very odd. Added to my list. Tourism, real estate, retail, govt, oil ....

Specifically, I came her looking for info on the Ventura Basin oilfields. Here's a good, recent source: http://www.thomasldavisgeologist.com/resources/Ventura-Basin-PS-AAPG-GdBk-May-2015.pdf

--Pete Tillman (talk) 18:39, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CALIFORNIA DREAMING, THE GOLDEN STATE'S RHETORICAL APPEALS
— Assignment last updated by Phrynefisher (talk) 01:01, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

Ventura County General Plan
I'm not sure why the 2040 General Plan keeps getting deleted off of here, and it's been marked "not notable"--this is a meaningful county governance document showing the plans an expectations local officials have for the county in the coming decades, and reveals quite a bit about local politics and demographics. @Magnolia677 has cited WP:Crystal as the reason, but per that policy "forecasts and theories stated by reliable, expert sources or recognized entities in a field may be included"--the county's approved plan for the next decades is precisely this. Phrynefisher (talk) 15:53, 21 March 2023 (UTC) (for more on what a General Plan is, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_planning )
 * From that same policy: "Individual scheduled or expected future events should be included only if the event is notable and almost certain to take place." Ventura County 2040 General Plan does not have a Wikipedia article; it is not notable. Magnolia677 (talk) 17:53, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The county's General Plan is an existing comprehensive planning document which contains a notable set of facts about the county (exactly what a reader wants to see on a county's Wikipedia page!)--it's not merely speculation, but a policy document that tells people about the county's plans and expectations. I do agree that this general plan should not have its own page--it is clearly a sub-topic of information about the county more generally--but see no reason why this document shouldn't be included in Ventura County's page. I  understand if you'd like to delete the General Plan's conjecture about population growth, but the fact that the county has issued a General Plan for 2040 is not a matter of prognostication but a publicly available document containing relevant information on this topic. Phrynefisher (talk) 18:02, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't agree that anything from the county's plan for 17 years in the future should be included in this article. Perhaps other editors will join the discussion, or you could try dispute resolution. Magnolia677 (talk) 18:19, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I think there's a mistake here. The legislation is in effect right now, has been since 2020. It is the most important piece of legislation in terms of urban planning. This is not speculation or a future event, it simply alludes to a date in the future where it's expected to be into full effect and to be reviewed, which is very common in this type of legislation. Rkieferbaum (talk) 13:06, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Change of education links.
The pleasant valley school district gets linked to the wrong school district. It needs to be linked to the school district in Camarillo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_School_District_(California) StormRojas (talk) 17:26, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. Cheers, 〜 Adflatuss  •  talk  19:17, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * No problem. StormRojas (talk) 22:32, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ventura County, California


text:
Talk:Yolo County, California

WikiProject US Counties
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rambot (talk • contribs) 21:46, 26 July 2003

Error on first line
Yolo County is NOT in the "southern" part of California. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.232.219.232 (talk) 05:47, 21 May 2006

Mary Koompin
Sheriff Koompin does not work at the Yolo County Coroner's office anymore. That's good. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.212.157.39 (talk) 14:12, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Cheese farm
I removed the cheese farm part from the following in the history portion-- "Yolo County was one of the original cheese farm counties of California, created in 1850 at the time of statehood." from the history. It appears to be vandalism or somebody's failed attempt to actually add information... Killiondude (talk) 21:13, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Second paragraph
That's the craziest sentence construction I've seen in a long while. Considering I went to Davis and graduated with an English degree, I'll take a whack at it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.235.203.91 (talk) 03:35, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

County roads
Great to see CR's addressed in this article. I went to Sac State,just across the river a bit. But I am from San Diego, and our county roads are signed the typical California way ("Ln", for example S10 or S80). But Yolo County just uses numbers, except with a letter at the end in certain circumstances. I went to Sac State in the late 90's, and then moved away. So, maybe things have changed, but don't locals tend to refer to a CR as "Road xxx", rather than "County Road xxx"? The signage on I-80 out there seemed to indicate that. I don't want tomodify the article if that's not the case these days. YellowAries2010 (talk) 23:57, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

Tomatoes
I believe the figure about Yolo county processing 90% of the nation's canned and processed tomatoes may no longer be true after the closure of the Hunt's tomato plant in Davis ten years ago. There are certainly still a lot of tomatoes grown around here, but most of them are processed elsewhere, and I think tomato growing in Yolo county has declined somewhat as a result. But that's mostly uneducated guesswork, I don't have a source. 76.20.12.54 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 08:05, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

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Talk:Adams County, Colorado

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Talk:Alamosa County, Colorado

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Talk:Arapahoe County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Arapahoe County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Archuleta County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Archuleta County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Baca County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Baca County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Bent County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Bent County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Boulder County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Boulder County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Chaffee County, Colorado

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photos
Copied from Talk:Granite,_Colorado:

Anna Frodesiak (talk) 22:59, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

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Presidential elections results box has been hacked
The numbers visible there contradict the text in the "Politics" section stating the county has voted for the winner in 8 out of the previous 11 Presidential elections.Amyzex (talk) 21:56, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

Disregard previous message, the results in the Presidential elections box are actually correct. What needs to change is the article List of election bellwether counties in the United States which claims that Chaffee County has voted for 10 (rather than 8) of the last 11 winners of Presidential elections in the US.Amyzex (talk) 22:09, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chaffee County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Cheyenne County, Colorado

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Antipode
On Tuesday November 3, User:olleicua (not logged in at the time) added the following to the Geography section:

Antipode
Cheyenne County is home of the Antipode of Île Saint-Paul making one of the few places in the continental United States where digging a hole directly through the earth's center would not require scuba gear.

One minute later User:Mr. Granger reverted with the following message: "needs a secondary source to indicate significance"

I'm assuming this was done by a bot. If you genuinely don't think this is significant please tell me in more detail why you think so. If I don't hear in a few days I'll unrevert.

Olleicua (talk) 02:51, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi Olleicua, thanks for starting this discussion. I don't think the information is significant—most Wikipedia articles about cities and counties don't discuss antipodes, and I don't see any reliable secondary sources discussing the antipode of Cheyenne County, so I don't see any evidence that it's particularly important. If there is such a secondary source, I won't object to re-adding the content. —Granger (talk · contribs) 03:27, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I found this source discussing these antipodes: http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/antipode/. I agree that most towns don't have antipodes listed but it seems notable to me specifically because it is one of three towns in the U.S. outside of Hawaii to have an atipode on land.  According to Notability this is not an issue with notability but rather with due weight.  Having read Neutral_point_of_view and given your comment here, I'm guessing that with this additional source it would be reasonable to add this back.  I will be making similar additions to Rudyard, Montana and Prowers_County,_Colorado.  If you revert any or all of these again I will respect that. Olleicua (talk) 06:07, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cheyenne County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Clear Creek County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Clear Creek County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Conejos County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Conejos County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Costilla County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Costilla County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Crowley County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Crowley County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Custer County, Colorado

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State Capital
The text says that Silver Cliff "was one of the cities considered for the site of the state capital of Colorado." This is a very vague statement. Considered by whom for the site? Was it so considered by anyone outside Silver Cliff? Plazak (talk) 14:44, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Custer County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Delta County, Colorado

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rambot (talk • contribs) 21:50, 26 July 2003 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
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External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Delta County, Colorado. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070205102713/http://www.stanwyck.com/cogenweb/cocounties.html to http://www.stanwyck.com/cogenweb/cocounties.html

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title: Talk:Delta County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Denver County, Colorado

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title: Talk:Denver County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Dolores County, Colorado

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rambot (talk • contribs) 21:50, 26 July 2003 (UTC)

The Utes signed the Brunot Agreement in 1873. President Ulysses S. Grant signed the treaty into law in "1874" not "1878" . Ulysses S. Grant was President from 1869 to 1877 .

 — Preceding unsigned comment added by J.Weeth (talk • contribs) 11:55, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

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 * Added tag to http://www.scan.org/4
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111004180957/https://edis.commerce.state.nc.us/docs/countyProfile/CO/08033.pdf to https://edis.commerce.state.nc.us/docs/countyProfile/CO/08033.pdf

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070205102713/http://www.stanwyck.com/cogenweb/cocounties.html to http://www.stanwyck.com/cogenweb/cocounties.html

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I have just modified 2 external links on Dolores County, Colorado. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

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title: Talk:Dolores County, Colorado


text:
Talk:Eagle County, Colorado

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Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rambot (talk • contribs) 21:51, 26 July 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eagle County, Colorado