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Superuser

In computing, the superuser is a special user account used for system administration. Depending on the operating system (OS), the actual name of this account might be root, administrator, admin or supervisor. In some cases, the actual name of the account is not the determining factor; on Unix-like systems, for example, the user with a user identifier (UID) of zero is the superuser, regardless of the name of that account; and in systems which implement a role-based security model, any user with the role of superuser (or its synonyms) can carry out all actions of the superuser account. The principle of least privilege recommends that most users and applications run under an ordinary account to perform their work, as a superuser account is capable of making unrestricted, potentially adverse, system-wide changes.

Unix and Unix-like
In Unix-like computer OSes (such as Linux), root is the conventional name of the user who has all rights or permissions (to all files and programs) in all modes (single- or multi-user). Alternative names include baron in BeOS and avatar on some Unix variants. BSD often provides a toor ("root" written backward) account in addition to a root account. Regardless of the name, the superuser always has a user ID of 0. The root user can do many things an ordinary user cannot, such as changing the ownership of files and binding to network ports numbered below 1024.

The name root may have originated because root is the only user account with permission to modify the root directory of a Unix system. This directory was originally considered to be root's home directory, but the UNIX Filesystem Hierarchy Standard now recommends that root's home be at /root.  The first process bootstrapped in a Unix-like system, usually called init, runs with root privileges. It spawns all other processes directly or indirectly, which inherit their parents' privileges. Only a process running as root is allowed to change its user ID to that of another user; once it has done so, there is no way back. Doing so is sometimes called dropping root privileges and is often done as a security measure to limit the damage from possible contamination of the process. Another case is login and other programs that ask users for credentials and in case of successful authentication allow them to run programs with privileges of their accounts.

It is often recommended that root is never used as a normal user account, since simple typographical errors in entering commands can cause major damage to the system. Instead, a normal user account should be used, and then either the su (substitute user) or sudo (substitute user do) command is used. The su approach requires the user to know the root password, while the sudo method requires that the user be set up with the power to run "as root" within the /etc/sudoers file, typically indirectly by being made a member of the wheel, adm, admin, or sudo group.

For a number of reasons, the sudo approach is now generally preferred – for example it leaves an audit trail of who has used the command and what administrative operations they performed.

Some OSes, such as macOS and some Linux distributions (most notably Ubuntu ), automatically give the initial user created the ability to run as root via sudo – but this is configured to ask them for their password before doing administrative actions. In some cases the actual root account is disabled by default, so it can't be directly used. In mobile platform-oriented OSs such as Apple iOS and Android, superuser access is inaccessible by design, but generally the security system can be exploited in order to obtain it. In a few systems, such as Plan 9, there is no superuser at all.

Microsoft Windows
In Windows NT and later systems derived from it (such as Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Vista/7/8/10/11), there must be at least one administrator account (Windows XP and earlier) or one able to elevate privileges to superuser (Windows Vista/7/8/10/11 via User Account Control). In Windows XP and earlier systems, there is a built-in administrator account that remains hidden when a user administrator-equivalent account exists. This built-in administrator account is created with a blank password. This poses security risks as local users would be able to access the computer via the built-in administrator account if the password is left blank, so the account is disabled by default in Windows Vista and later systems due to the introduction of User Account Control (UAC). Remote users are unable to access the built-in administrator account.

A Windows administrator account is not an exact analogue of the Unix root account – Administrator, the built-in administrator account, and a user administrator account have the same level of privileges. The default user account created in Windows systems is an administrator account. Unlike macOS, Linux, and Windows Vista/7/8/10 administrator accounts, administrator accounts in Windows systems without UAC do not insulate the system from most of the pitfalls of full root access. One of these pitfalls includes decreased resilience to malware infections. To avoid this and maintain optimal system security on pre-UAC Windows systems, it is recommended to simply authenticate when necessary from a standard user account, either via a password set to the built-in administrator account, or another administrator account.

In Windows Vista/7/8/10/11 administrator accounts, a prompt will appear to authenticate running a process with elevated privileges. Usually, no user credentials are required to authenticate the UAC prompt in administrator accounts but authenticating the UAC prompt requires entering the username and password of an administrator in standard user accounts. In Windows XP (and earlier systems) administrator accounts, authentication is not required to run a process with elevated privileges. This poses a security risk that led to the development of UAC. Users can set a process to run with elevated privileges from standard accounts by setting the process to "run as administrator" or using the runas command and authenticating the prompt with credentials (username and password) of an administrator account. Much of the benefit of authenticating from a standard account is negated if the administrator account's credentials being used has a blank password (as in the built-in administrator account in Windows XP and earlier systems), hence why it is recommended to set a password for the built-in administrator account.

In Windows NT, 2000 and higher, the root user is the Administrator account.

Novell NetWare
In Novell NetWare, the superuser was called "supervisor", later "admin".

OpenVMS
In OpenVMS, "SYSTEM" is the superuser account for the OS.

Older personal systems
On many older OSes on computers intended for personal and home use, anyone using the system had full privileges. Many such systems, such as DOS, did not have the concept of multiple accounts, and although others such as Windows 95 did allow multiple accounts, this was only so that each could have its own preferences profile – all users still had full administrative control over the machine.

title: Superuser


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Zero of a function

In mathematics, a zero (also sometimes called a root) of a real-, complex-, or generally vector-valued function $$f$$, is a member $$x$$ of the domain of $$f$$ such that $$f(x)$$ vanishes at $$x$$; that is, the function $$f$$ attains the value of 0 at $$x$$, or equivalently, $$x$$ is a solution to the equation $$f(x) = 0$$. A "zero" of a function is thus an input value that produces an output of 0.

A root of a polynomial is a zero of the corresponding polynomial function. The fundamental theorem of algebra shows that any non-zero polynomial has a number of roots at most equal to its degree, and that the number of roots and the degree are equal when one considers the complex roots (or more generally, the roots in an algebraically closed extension) counted with their multiplicities. For example, the polynomial $$f$$ of degree two, defined by $$f(x)=x^2-5x+6=(x-2)(x-3)$$ has the two roots (or zeros) that are 2 and 3. $$f(2)=2^2-5\times 2+6= 0\text{ and }f(3)=3^2-5\times 3+6=0.$$

If the function maps real numbers to real numbers, then its zeros are the $$x$$-coordinates of the points where its graph meets the x-axis. An alternative name for such a point $$(x,0)$$ in this context is an $$x$$-intercept.

Solution of an equation
Every equation in the unknown $$x$$ may be rewritten as

 * $$f(x)=0$$

by regrouping all the terms in the left-hand side. It follows that the solutions of such an equation are exactly the zeros of the function $$f$$. In other words, a "zero of a function" is precisely a "solution of the equation obtained by equating the function to 0", and the study of zeros of functions is exactly the same as the study of solutions of equations.

Polynomial roots
Every real polynomial of odd degree has an odd number of real roots (counting multiplicities); likewise, a real polynomial of even degree must have an even number of real roots. Consequently, real odd polynomials must have at least one real root (because the smallest odd whole number is 1), whereas even polynomials may have none. This principle can be proven by reference to the intermediate value theorem: since polynomial functions are continuous, the function value must cross zero, in the process of changing from negative to positive or vice versa (which always happens for odd functions).

Fundamental theorem of algebra
The fundamental theorem of algebra states that every polynomial of degree $$n$$ has $$n$$ complex roots, counted with their multiplicities. The non-real roots of polynomials with real coefficients come in conjugate pairs. Vieta's formulas relate the coefficients of a polynomial to sums and products of its roots.

Computing roots
Computing roots of functions, for example polynomial functions, frequently requires the use of specialised or approximation techniques (e.g., Newton's method). However, some polynomial functions, including all those of degree no greater than 4, can have all their roots expressed algebraically in terms of their coefficients (for more, see algebraic solution).

Zero set
In various areas of mathematics, the zero set of a function is the set of all its zeros. More precisely, if $$f:X\to\mathbb{R}$$ is a real-valued function (or, more generally, a function taking values in some additive group), its zero set is $$f^{-1}(0)$$, the inverse image of $$\{0\}$$ in $$X$$.

Under the same hypothesis on the codomain of the function, a level set of a function $$f$$ is the zero set of the function $$f-c$$ for some $$c$$ in the codomain of $$f.$$

The zero set of a linear map is also known as its kernel.

The cozero set of the function $$f:X\to\mathbb{R}$$ is the complement of the zero set of $$f$$ (i.e., the subset of $$X$$ on which $$f$$ is nonzero).

Applications
In algebraic geometry, the first definition of an algebraic variety is through zero sets. Specifically, an affine algebraic set is the intersection of the zero sets of several polynomials, in a polynomial ring $$k\left[x_1,\ldots,x_n\right]$$ over a field. In this context, a zero set is sometimes called a zero locus.

In analysis and geometry, any closed subset of $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ is the zero set of a smooth function defined on all of $$\mathbb{R}^n$$. This extends to any smooth manifold as a corollary of paracompactness.

In differential geometry, zero sets are frequently used to define manifolds. An important special case is the case that $$f$$ is a smooth function from $$\mathbb{R}^p$$ to $$\mathbb{R}^n$$. If zero is a regular value of $$f$$, then the zero set of $$f$$ is a smooth manifold of dimension $$m=p-n$$ by the regular value theorem.

For example, the unit $$m$$-sphere in $$\mathbb{R}^{m+1}$$ is the zero set of the real-valued function $$f(x)=\Vert x \Vert^2-1$$.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zero of a function


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Root (linguistics)

A root (or root word or radical) is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements. In morphology, a root is a morphologically simple unit which can be left bare or to which a prefix or a suffix can attach. The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (this root is then called the base word), which carries aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Content words in nearly all languages contain, and may consist only of, root morphemes. However, sometimes the term "root" is also used to describe the word without its inflectional endings, but with its lexical endings in place. For example, chatters has the inflectional root or lemma chatter, but the lexical root chat. Inflectional roots are often called stems. A root, or a root morpheme, in the stricter sense, may be thought of as a monomorphemic stem.

The traditional definition allows roots to be either free morphemes or bound morphemes. Root morphemes are the building blocks for affixation and compounds. However, in polysynthetic languages with very high levels of inflectional morphology, the term "root" is generally synonymous with "free morpheme". Many such languages have a very restricted number of morphemes that can stand alone as a word: Yup'ik, for instance, has no more than two thousand.

The root is conventionally indicated using the mathematical symbol √; for instance, the Sanskrit root "√bhū-" means the root "bhū-".

Examples
English verb form running contains the root run. The Spanish superlative adjective amplísimo contains the root ampli-. In the former case, the root can occur on its own freely. In the latter, it requires modification via affixation to be used as a free form. English has minimal use of morphological strategies such as affixation and features a tendency to have words that are identical to their roots. However, such forms as in Spanish exist in English such as interrupt, which may arguably contain the root -rupt, which only appears in other related prefixd forms (such as disrupt, corrupt, rupture, etc.). The form -rupt cannot occur on its own.

Examples of (consonantal roots) which are related but distinct to the concept developed here are formed prototypically by three (as few as two and as many as five) consonants. Speakers may derive and develop new words (morphosyntactically distinct, i.e. with different parts of speech) by using non-concatenative morphological strategies: inserting different vowels. Unlike 'root' here, these cannot occur on their own without modification; as such these are never actually observed in speech and may be termed 'abstract'. For example, in Hebrew, the forms derived from the abstract consonantal roots ג-ד-ל (g-d-l) related to ideas of largeness: gadol and gdola (masculine and feminine forms of the adjective "big"), gadal "he grew", higdil "he magnified" and magdelet "magnifier", along with many other words such as godel "size" and migdal "tower".

Roots and reconstructed roots can become the tools of etymology.

Secondary roots
Secondary roots are roots with changes in them, producing a new word with a slightly different meaning. In English, a rough equivalent would be to see conductor as a secondary root formed from the root to conduct. In abjad languages, the most familiar of which are Arabic and Hebrew, in which families of secondary roots are fundamental to the language, secondary roots are created by changes in the roots' vowels, by adding or removing the long vowels a, i, u, e and o. (Notice that Arabic does not have the vowels e and o.) In addition, secondary roots can be created by prefixing (m−, t−), infixing (−t−), or suffixing (−i, and several others). There is no rule in these languages on how many secondary roots can be derived from a single root; some roots have few, but other roots have many, not all of which are necessarily in current use.

Consider the Arabic language:
 * مركز [mrkz] or [markaza] meaning ‘centralized (masculine, singular)’, from [markaz] ‘centre’, from [rakaza] ‘plant into the earth, stick up (a lance)’ ( ر-ك-ز | r-k-z). This in turn has derived words مركزي [markaziy], meaning 'central', مركزية [markaziy:ah], meaning 'centralism' or 'centralization', and لامركزية, [la:markaziy:ah] 'decentralization'
 * أرجح [rjh] or [ta'arjaħa] meaning ‘oscillated (masculine, singular)’, from ['urju:ħa] ‘swing (n)’, from [rajaħa] ‘weighed down, preponderated (masculine, singular)’ ( ر-ج-ح | r-j-ħ).
 * محور [mhwr] or [tamaħwara] meaning ‘centred, focused (masculine, singular)’, from [mihwar] meaning ‘axis’, from [ħa:ra] ‘turned (masculine, singular)’ (ح-و-ر | h-w-r).
 * مسخر [msxr], تمسخر [tamasxara] meaning ‘mocked, made fun (masculine, singular)', from مسخرة [masxara] meaning ‘mockery’, from سخر [saxira] ‘mocked (masculine, singular)’ (derived from س-خ-ر[s-x-r])." Similar cases may be found in other Semitic languages such as Hebrew, Syriac, Aramaic, Maltese language and to a lesser extent Amharic.

Similar cases occur in Hebrew, for example Israeli Hebrew √m-q-m ‘locate’, which derives from Biblical Hebrew  måqom ‘place’, whose root is  √q-w-m ‘stand’. A recent example introduced by the Academy of the Hebrew Language is midrúg ‘rating’, from  midrág, whose root is  √d-r-g ‘grade’."

According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "this process is morphologically similar to the production of frequentative (iterative) verbs in Latin, for example:
 * iactito ‘to toss about’ derives from iacto ‘to boast of, keep bringing up, harass, disturb, throw, cast, fling away’, which in turn derives from iacio ‘to throw, cast’ (from its past participle iactum).

Consider also Rabbinic Hebrew √t-r-m ‘donate, contribute’ (Mishnah: T’rumoth 1:2: ‘separate priestly dues’), which derives from Biblical Hebrew  t'rūmå ‘contribution’, whose root is  √r-w-m ‘raise’; cf. Rabbinic Hebrew √t-r-' ‘sound the trumpet, blow the horn’, from Biblical Hebrew  t'rū`å ‘shout, cry, loud sound, trumpet-call’, in turn from  √r-w-`." and it describes the suffix.

Category-neutral roots
Decompositional generative frameworks suggest that roots hold little grammatical information and can be considered "category-neutral". Category-neutral roots are roots without any inherent lexical category but with some conceptual content that becomes evident depending on the syntactic environment. The ways in which these roots gain lexical category are discussed in Distributed Morphology and the Exoskeletal Model.

Theories adopting a category-neutral approach have not, as of 2020, reached a consensus about whether these roots contain a semantic type but no argument structure, neither semantic type nor argument structure, or both semantic type and argument structure.

In support of the category-neutral approach, data from English indicates that the same underlying root appears as a noun and a verb - with or without overt morphology.

In Hebrew, the majority of roots consist of segmental consonants √CCC. Arad (2003) describes that the consonantal root is turned into a word due to pattern morphology. Thereby, the root is turned into a verb when put into a verbal environment where the head bears the "v" feature (the pattern).

Consider the root √š-m-n (ש-מ-נ).

Although all words vary semantically, the general meaning of a greasy, fatty material can be attributed to the root.

Furthermore, Arad states that there are two types of languages in terms of root interpretation. In languages like English, the root is assigned one interpretation whereas in languages like Hebrew, the root can form multiple interpretations depending on its environment. This occurrence suggests a difference in language acquisition between these two languages. English speakers would need to learn two roots in order to understand two different words whereas Hebrew speakers would learn one root for two or more words.

Alexiadou and Lohndal (2017) advance the claim that languages have a typological scale when it comes to roots and their meanings and state that Greek lies in between Hebrew and English.

title: Root (linguistics)


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Sheremetyevo International Airport

Sheremetyevo Alexander S. Pushkin International Airport (Международный аэропорт Шереметьево имени А. С. Пушкина) is one of four international airports that serve the city of Moscow. It is the busiest airport in Russia, as well as the 11th-busiest airport in Europe. Originally built as a military airbase, Sheremetyevo was converted into a civilian airport in 1959. The airport was originally named after a nearby village, and a 2019 contest extended the name to include the name of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin.

The airport comprises six terminals: four international terminals (one under construction), one domestic terminal, and one private aviation terminal. It is located 29 km northwest of central Moscow, between towns of Lobnya and Khimki in Moscow Oblast.

In 2019, the airport handled about 49.9 million passengers. Sheremetyevo serves as the main hub for Russian flag carrier Aeroflot as well as its subsidiaries Rossiya Airlines and Pobeda, for Nordwind Airlines and its subsidiariy Ikar, and for Smartavia.

Soviet era
The airport was originally built as a military airfield called Sheremetyevsky (Шереметьевский), named after a village of the same name, as well as the Savelov station on the railway of the same name. The decree for the construction of the Central Airdrome of the Air Force near the settlement of Chashnikovo on the outskirts of Moscow was issued on 1 September 1953 by the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. The airport became operational on 7 November 1957 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution.

In August 1959, the Council of Ministers made a decree to terminate the airbase's use for military purposes, where it would be handled over to the Principal Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet to be converted as a civilian airport. Sheremetyevo's civilian purposes started on 11 August 1959 when a Tupolev Tu-104B landed onto the airport from Leningrad. The first international flight took place on 1 June 1960 to Berlin Schönefeld Airport using an Ilyushin Il-18. Sheremetyevo was officially opened on the day after, where a two-story terminal occupying 1820 m² was commissioned. On 3 September 1964, the Sheremetyevo-1 terminal was opened. Of that year, 18 foreign airlines had regular flights to Sheremetyevo, with up to 10 different types of aircraft involved. By the end of 1964, Sheremetyevo handled 822,000 passengers and 23,000 tons of mail and cargo, including 245,000 passengers and 12,000 tons of cargo that were transported internationally. Soon, by the end of 1965, a majority of international flights to the USSR was achieved through Sheremetyevo thanks to Aeroflot's air traffic agreements with 47 countries.

In the early 1970s, a second runway was constructed at Sheremetyevo, with the first airliner to land being an Ilyushin Il-62. In preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics, construction of a second terminal for Sheremetyevo, Sheremetyevo-2, was approved by the Ministry of Civil Aviation in early 1976. Construction of Sheremetyevo-2 started on 17 November 1977.

On 1 January 1980, Sheremetyevo-2 was put into operation, with a capacity to serve an annual 6 million passengers, or 2,100 passengers per hour. Despite this, its official opening ceremony was held much later, on 6 May 1980. During the Olympics, Sheremetyevo served more than 460,000 international passengers.

Contemporary era
On 11 November 1991, Sheremetyevo International Airport received its legal status as a state-owned enterprise, amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 9 July 1996, Sheremetyevo became an open joint-stock company. In 1997, the airport renovated one of its runways with a 30–35 cm thick concrete surface.

In the early 2000s, Sheremetyevo saw growing competition from the rapidly expanding Moscow Domodedovo Airport, which was more modern and convenient to access, and the neighbouring Vnukovo Airport. Sheremetyevo saw 24 of its airlines, notably domestic airlines such as Sibir, KrasAir, Transaero, Pulkovo Airlines, and UTAir, as well as international airlines Air Malta, Adria Airlines, Swiss, British Airways, and Emirates, move their services to Domodedovo. As a result, Aeroflot pushed for a third terminal for the airport, Sheremetyevo-3, to increase the airport's passenger capacity as well as be able to fulfill its requirements to join Skyteam.

In the late 2000s, Sheremetyevo oversaw rapid planning and expansion of the airport. On 12 March 2007, the airport opened Terminal C to maximise the airport's international passenger capacity. On 5 March 2008, the airport renovated its second runway to receive all types of aircraft, including the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. An Aeroexpress line was constructed between Sheremetyevo and Savyolovsky Railway Station on 10 June 2008, quickening traveling time from the airport to central Moscow in 30 minutes. In January 2009, Sheremetyevo finalised a master plan where it would increase passenger capacity to an annual 64 million per year and build a second airfield with a third runway. On 15 November 2009, construction of Terminal D was completed, with a total surface area of 172000 m², an annual capacity of 12 million passengers, and operation being putting forth in the beginning of next year. Sheremetyevo-2 was renamed Terminal F on 25 December 2009 with terminal identification using international (Latin) lettering. Expansion of Sheremetyevo continued into 2010. Sheremetyevo-1 was renamed Terminal B on 28 March. Terminal E was opened on 30 April, connecting Terminal D and Terminal F and increasing the airport's capacity to 35 million passengers per year. In June, construction started for Terminal A, a private aviation terminal. In July, a walkway opened between Terminals D, E, F, and the Aeroexpress railway terminal on the public access side. In November, a walkway opened between Terminals D, E, and F on the security side. Both of have simplified transfer between transit flights. Ultimately, after the northern the recent construction work, the airport now has the capacity to receive more than 40 million passengers annually.

On 28 March 2011, a separate airfield that would serve as Sheremetyevo's third runway was approved. On 13 December 2011, the Federal Agency for State Property Management approved an agreement that merged the airport operators OAO Terminal (operator of Terminal D) and OJSC Sheremetyevo, consolidating control of the airport under one entity. On 26 December 2011, a new area control centre (ACC) was opened for Sheremetyevo, consolidating operations of the airport's different control centres to increase efficiency. The situational centre was also created as part of the ACC for joint work of top-managers, heads of state bodies, and partners of Sheremetyevo to resolve emergencies.

Continued expansion
On 30 December 2013, TPS Avia successfully won a competitive tender to develop Sheremetyevo International Airport's northern area, including a new passenger terminal, a new freight terminal, a refuelling area and a tunnel linking the passenger terminal to three other terminals.

Terminal B, previously Sheremetyevo-1, was demolished in August 2015 to be reconstructed as a newer and more modern terminal, which began in October 2015. By the end of 2015, Sheremetyevo surpassed its competitor Domodedovo as Russia's busiest airport, serving 31.28 million passengers, compared to Domodedovo's 30.05 million. This trend continued in 2016, where Sheremetyevo saw growth while Vnukovo and Domodedovo showed losses in passengers. A growing number of airlines launched new operations to Sheremetyevo, such as Tianjin Airlines, Tunisair, Nouvelair, and Air Malta, which back in the 2000s moved its operation to Domodedovo.

In February 2016, TPS Avia combined its assets with Sheremetyevo Airport and committed to invest US$840 million to upgrade and expand the airport's infrastructure – as a result TPS Avia secured a 68% stake in Sheremetyevo Airport. Part of the plan includes demolishing Terminal C for a newer reconstruction of the terminal, which came to effect on 1 April 2017. Sheremetyevo International Airport was the official airport of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Sheremetyevo completed re-construction of its first northern terminal, Terminal B, in May 2018, to handle more passengers for the tournament. In 2018, the Airport reported revenues of €194.9 million, a 6% increase year over year. Profit increased 7.4% year over year. These increases are attributed in part to increased air traffic due to the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

In late 2018, SVO enacted a series of changes to its flight traffic. Aeroflot subsidiary Rossiya Airlines announced the transfer of its flights from Vnukovo to Sheremetyevo starting 28 October 2018. British Airways also launched direct flights from London Heathrow to Sheremetyevo on the same day. Syria-based Cham Wings Airlines began direct flights from Damascus to SVO in November 2018 as well. In December 2018, following the results of the Great Names of Russia contest, Sheremetyevo was named after the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. The ceremony took place on 5 June 2019, which was the 220th anniversary of Pushkin's birth year. The airport is now officially named Sheremetyevo Alexander S. Pushkin International Airport.

In 2019, the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) began testing an automated passport control system at SVO. This system relies on biometric data and foreign passport recognition to allow Russian passengers to move through border control with fewer movement restrictions. If successful, the FSB may implement this system in other Russian airports.

Fraud
OCCRP reports that the airport has been used for laundering money. It purchased fuel from a broad network of middlemen between 2003 and 2008, which greatly increased the price. Court records show that just in 2006 and 2007, phantom corporations made at least $200 million in pointless markups. The scam cost the Russian government approximately 1 billion rubles ($40 million) in missing tax income. The cost of fuel increased, which also increased the cost of airline tickets for the general people.

Terminals
Sheremetyevo International Airport has four operating passenger terminals and one special terminal reserved for the use of private and business aviation. The airport's four passenger terminals are divided into two groups based on geographical location: the Northern Terminal Complex and the Southern Terminal Complex. The current terminal naming system was introduced in December 2009; previously, the terminals were numbered: Sheremetyevo-1 (now Terminal B), Sheremetyevo-2 (now Terminal F), and Sheremetevo-3 (now Terminal D).

Terminal A
Opened on 16 January 2012, Terminal A handles servicing of business and private aviation out of Sheremetyevo. The terminal occupies an area of 3000 m2 and can carry an annual capacity of 75,000 passengers.

Terminal B

Terminal B – originally named Sheremetyevo-1 – has two iterations.

The first iteration was constructed and opened on 3 September 1964. The terminal, as Sheremetyevo-1, was known for its "flying-saucer"-like design, and was nicknamed "shot glass" by locals. Being 200 m long and 40 m wide, as well as having a volume exceeding 100000 m3, the terminal can hold up to 800 people per hour. Formerly serving international flights, Sheremetyevo-1 would transition to serving domestic flights. Along with other Sheremetyevo terminals that underwent Latin lettering conventions, Sheremetyevo-1 was renamed Terminal B on 28 March 2010. Terminal B was then demolished in August 2015 to be reconstructed as a larger and more modern terminal which began in October 2015.

The new terminal B commenced its operations on 3 May 2018, with the Aeroflot's flight to Saratov. All airlines that have domestic flights from Sheremetyevo and some flights of Aeroflot began shifting to Terminal B from Terminal D. Compared to the previous terminal B, that was demolished, new terminal will have an increased passenger capacity of 20 million passengers and will serve domestic flights only. As of November 2018, Aeroflot has consolidated all of its domestic services at Terminal B, with the exception of flights to far eastern destinations in Vladivostok, Khabarovsk and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Flights to the eastern Russian shore and some short-haul (including all domestic flights served by widebodies) continue out of SVO's Terminal D.

The terminal is connected by an interterminal underground passage with Sheremetyevo's southern terminals and the Aeroexpress railway station.

Terminal C
On 12 March 2007, Sheremetyevo opened the former Terminal C for the servicing of international charter flights to maximize location convenience for all areas in the airport. Located adjacent to the former Terminal B, Terminal C served from 5 to 6 million passengers. The role of Terminal C diminished as passengers for international flights for the airport were distributed among Terminal D and Terminal E. As part of Sheremetyevo's long-term redevelopment plan, Terminal C was closed on 1 April 2017 to be demolished for construction of a newer terminal.

Integrated with the now-reconstructed domestic Terminal B, the new Terminal C was designed to serve up to 20 million passengers.

The first section of the new Terminal C opened on 17 January 2020, with a planned capacity of 20 million passengers. It is called Terminal C1, and some international flights were transferred to that new terminal. Another part called Terminal C2 is scheduled to be opened in 2026, and will add another 10 million passengers capacity.

Terminal D
Terminal D, opened in November 2009, is adjacent to Terminal F. The 172000 m2 building is a hub for Aeroflot and its SkyTeam partners, with capacity for 12 million passengers per year. Aeroflot had been trying to implement the project of a new terminal (Sheremetyevo-3) since January 2001. However, construction only began in 2005, with commissioning of the complex finally taking place on 15 November 2009. The acquisition of its own terminal was a condition of Aeroflot's entry into the SkyTeam airline alliance, thus necessitating the construction. The main contractor for the build was a Turkish company Enka. Terminal D has 22 jetways and 11 remote stands. On 15 November 2009 at 9:15 a.m., the first flight from Terminal D (the new official name of Sheremetyevo-3) departed for the southern resort city of Sochi. Despite this, Aeroflot took a number of months (due to unexpected administrative delays) to transfer all of its international flights from Terminal F to D (a full transfer was originally planned for February 2010). Whilst previously Terminal D had remained a separate legal entity from the rest of Sheremetyevo Airport, in spring 2012, it became an integrated unit of "Sheremetyevo International Airport" JSC. As part of the deal, Aeroflot, VEB Bank, and VTB Bank, all of which had invested in the construction of Terminal D, became part shareholders in the airport as a whole. The basis for the architectural and artistic image of Terminal D is that of a giant swan with outstretched wings. There is an official multi-storey parking at Terminal D connected with the main building by means of a pedestrian bridge. The parking size is about 4100 lots, however it has a relatively dense layout.

Between August 2015 and May 2018, Terminal D used to be the only terminal at Sheremetyevo that was able to serve domestic flights. Even since new Terminal B was opened and commenced its services, Terminal D continues to operate non-Aeroflot domestic flights.

On 28 October 2018, Terminal D started handling all of Rossiya Airlines' Moscow-originating domestic flights and its international service to Indonesia.

On 15 March 2022, the Terminal D was closed, but it was reopened on 1 June 2024.

Terminal E
Terminal E opened in 2010 as a capacity expansion project, connecting terminals D and F. The terminal's construction has allowed for the development of terminals D and F, as well as the railway station, into a single south terminal complex. The terminals of this complex are connected by a number of pedestrian walkways with travelators, thus allowing for passengers to move freely between its constituent facilities. In December 2010, a new chapel dedicated to St. Nicholas opened on the second floor of Terminal E. The terminal was used for international flights, primarily by Aeroflot and its SkyTeam partners. Terminal E has 8 jetway equipped gates. The V-Express Transit Hotel between security/passport check-ins provided short-term accommodations for passengers changing planes without having to present a visa for entering Russia. The hotel drew international attention in June 2013 when Edward Snowden checked into the hotel while seeking asylum.

In March 2020, Terminal E was closed due to a decrease in passenger flow and due to COVID-19 in Russia.

Terminal F
Opened on 6 May 1980 for Moscow's Summer Olympics, Terminal F, previously Sheremetyevo-2, has 15 jetways and 21 remote aircraft stands. The terminal was designed to service 6 million passengers per year. Until the completion of the original Terminal C, it was the only terminal that serviced international flights. The design is a larger version of the one of Hannover–Langenhagen Airport by the same architects and constructed by Rüterbau, a company located in Hanover. All materials, except the bricks which came from Poland, and every piece of equipment, was transported from Germany to Moscow by lorry. A major reconstruction of the terminal and its interior space was completed by late 2009. For the convenience of passengers, the departures lounge and duty free zone were thoroughly modernised, whilst a number of partition walls were removed to create extra retail and lounge space.

It was announced that terminal F will be re-constructed after the construction of terminal C is completed.

On 30 December 2021, at 0:00 by Moscow Time, the terminal F was closed for reconstruction.

Terminal G
In November 2019, it was announced that a new Terminal G will also be built. Construction is planned to begin in 2024-2025.

Passenger
The following airlines serve regular scheduled and charter destinations at Sheremetyevo International Airport.

Rail

Aeroexpress, a subsidiary of Russian Railways operates a nonstop line, connecting the airport to Belorussky station in downtown Moscow. A one-way journey takes 35 minutes. The trains offer adjustable seats, luggage compartments, restrooms, electric outlets. Business-class coaches available.

The service started in November 2004, when express train connection was established from Savyolovsky station to Lobnya station, which is 7 km from the airport, with the remainder of the journey served by bus or taxi. On 10 June 2008, a 60,000 m2 rail terminal opened in front of Terminal F, with direct service from Savyolovsky station. A shuttle bus service ferried passengers to terminals B and C. From 28 August 2009, the line was extended to Belorussky station with plans to serve all three of Moscow's main airports from a single point of boarding, and service to Savyolovsky station terminated.

Interterminal underground

The airport's Automated Passenger Transportation System (APTS) connects the Terminal B and C with the Terminals D, E, F and the Aeroexpress railway station.

At the 1st floor of the Terminal B there is an entrance to Sheremetyevo 1 — the northern station. The entrance to Sheremetyevo 2 — the southern station — is at the passage between the terminals D and E.

The APTS is a part of the Interterminal underground passage (Sheremetyevo) — a dual tunnel transportation system in the airport. One of the tunnels is dedicated to the transportation of people and featuring an automated people mover (APM). The other tunnel is used for automated baggage transportation.

Bus
Moscow can be reached by the municipal Mosgortrans bus lines: 817 to station Planernaya of Moscow Metro Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line (#7), 851 to station Rechnoy Vokzal of Zamoskvoretskaya Line (#2), departures every 10 minutes, travel time 33–55 minutes by schedule depending on the terminal served. At night time bus N1 (Н1) (departures every 30 minutes between 3am and 5:40am) connects the airport to Moscow's Leningradsky Avenue, downtown area and Leninsky Avenue. Travel time 30–90 minutes, fare is 57 rubles (as of February 2021).

Other buses serve the connections to the nearby cities: Lobnya (route 21), Zelenograd, Khimki (routes 43,62), Dolgoprudny.

Road
The main road leading to the airport—Leningradskoye Highway—has experienced large traffic jams. Since 23 December 2014, a toll road to the airport has been opened. It connects with MKAD near Dmitrovskoe Highway. Now it is possible to reach the airport in ten minutes, avoiding traffic jams.

Official airport taxis are available from taxi counters in arrivals. Prices to the city are fixed based on zones.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 26 September 1960, Austrian Airlines Flight 901 crashed 11 km short of the runway at Sheremetyevo Airport. Of the 37 people on board, 31 died.
 * On 27 November 1972, Japan Airlines Flight 446, a DC-8-62, crashed while in an initial climb on a route from Sheremetyevo International Airport to Haneda Airport. There were 14 crew members and 62 board the aircraft. A total of 9 crew and 52 passengers died, with a total of 61 of 76 occupants dead.
 * On 28 November 1976, Aeroflot Flight 2415, a Tupolev Tu-104 crashed shortly after takeoff as result of artificial horizon failure. All 67 passengers and six crew members died in the crash.
 * On 6 July 1982, Aeroflot Flight 411, an Ilyushin Il-62, crashed on takeoff; all 90 on board died.
 * On 22 July 2002, Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise Flight 9560, an Ilyushin Il-86, crashed on takeoff; 14 of the 16 occupants on board died.
 * On 3 June 2014, Ilyushin Il-96 RA-96010 of Aeroflot was damaged beyond economical repair in a fire whilst parked.
 * On 5 May 2019, Aeroflot Flight 1492, a Sukhoi Superjet 100, crash-landed and caught fire after returning to the airport due to an on-board malfunction shortly after takeoff, killing 41 of the 78 passengers and crew on board and injuring 11 others.

Awards and accolades
In 2018, Sheremetyevo International Airport has been recognized for the best customer service in the busiest airports in Europe category by ACI's global Airport Service Quality (ASQ) program. In 2018, Sheremetyevo enter the list of the world's best airports – ACI Director General's Roll of Excellence. The Official Aviation Guide (OAG) ranked Sheremetyevo International Airport as the most punctual major airport (20 – 30 million departing seats) in the world for 2018 with an on-time performance of 87%.

In February 2019, SVO won an award for strengthening Russia's national security with its perimeter protection system. In February 2019, Sheremetyevo on top in on-time departure performance in the Major Airports category for February 2019, with 93.65% flights departed on time. In March 2019, Sheremetyevo International Airport was officially awarded a 5-star terminal rating from Skytrax, with Terminal B receiving the 5-star rating after a comprehensive audit.

In January 2020, Sheremetyevo International Airport has been named by the travel data and analytics expert Cirium as the world's most punctual airport in the annual On-Time Performance (OTP) review, with 95% of its flights departing on-time.

Sheremetyevo International Airport was recognized as the best airport for service quality in 2020 among airports with 2019 passenger traffic of more than 40 million by the Airports Council International's (ACI) global program for researching the level of service at airports Airport Service Quality (ASQ). At the end of 2020, Sheremetyevo topped the rating in the category of the largest airports in Europe for the third time. At the same time, this year Sheremetyevo was included in the list of the Voice of the Customer of the Airports Council International – the 140 most active airports in the implementation of the ASQ ACI program during the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Sheremetyevo International Airport


text:
Talk:Sheremetyevo International Airport

Untitled
If someone knows Russian and can get the list of airlines, can you please do that?

I do not have a complete list of the airlines. Can someone who knows Russian please get them? Thank you.

I would like for this page to be unprotected because I have information to add to it. I have a list of airlines now. WhisperToMe 23:27, 14 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I copied in the list of (apparently) international airlines, but I didn't want to bother transcribing what seems to be a list of minor domestic airlines that probably don't exist in Wikipedia anyway. FWIW, here it is: Aeroflot, Аэрофлот-Дон, Аэрофрахт, Континентальные Авиалинии, Авиалинии Кубани, КМВ-КавМинВодыавиа, Самара, Ямал, Пулково, Якутия, Атлант Союз, Авиаэнерго, Владивосток авиа, Комиинтеравиа, Архангельские воздушные линии, Рус Эйр Белавиа, Кыргыз Эйр, Аэросвит, Эйр Астана, Узбекские авиалинии -Smack 23:38, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Belavia, Aerosvit, Air Astana and Uzbekistan Airlines are national flag carriers of Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan respectively. Kyrgyz Air flies from Domodedovo. Aeroflot-Don is an Aeroflot subsidiary in southern Russia flying out of Rostov (Aeroflot hopes to make them big some day, let's see). All the others aren't worth mentioning - apoivre 19:38, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

apoivre, Is MOW something new? I was last through SVO in Jan, and I've never seen that code. Is it used for both SVO and DME?

Also, I'm not sure what you're trying to say about the domestic flights. My understanding is that all CIS flights out of SVO are actually treated as domestic flights (IOW there's no difference between flying to Yerevan, Kiev, and, say, St. Petersburg), and depart SVO-1, including the countries you listed, as well as the rest of the CIS. I don't know about the Baltic states though; I would assume those are int'l. -TimeLord mbw 20:02, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * MOW is an area code, it stands for SVO, DME, VKO and BKA. If you don't care which airport to arrive just put MOW in Amadeus, Sabre and such - the search will list flights to all airports serving Moscow. Treating flights to the CIS as domestic wouldn't be very PC, I guess. Anyway, I haven't flown domestic in Russia for ages but when you fly to, say, Yerevan, you do clear customs and get stamped out of the country. AFAIK, flights to the four CIS countries I listed are the only flights from SVO1. For the rest of them you have to go to DME or VKO (BKA is purely domestic/charter). Although I remember flying to Georgia from SVO1 a couple of years ago. apoivre 09:53, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Gotcha, as far as MOW. And, no its not very PC to treat the other CIS countries as domestic flights, but frankly Russia's not very PC with the other CIS countries.  I know for a fact that flights to Yerevan depart SVO-1; I also know for a fact that you do not clear Russian customs to make the transfer; I've done it twice round trip in the past six months.  (There's PC for you; Russia doesn't acknowledge CIS visas for transit purposes like they're supposed to.)  Now, if you're in Russia on a visa, and go to Yerevan then, sure, you get your passport stamped.  But my understanding is that, at least for air traffic purposes, that CIS flights are considered domestic.  I'll do a little more research and make sure that's true for all of them. -TimeLord mbw 19:00, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Russia may be not very PC with the other CIS countries but there's no reason Wikipedia should follow suit. And why should Russia acknowledge CIS visas for transit purposes? Imagine I want to fly to Mexico on my Russian passport via the US - I must fork out $100 for the US visa even if I don't change terminals. As to flights to Yerevan, you're right, Aeroflot (SU193) flies there out of SVO1 (Siberia and Armavia depart DME). And everytime I fly to Yerevan I do clear Russian customs and do get stamped out of the country -- apoivre 07:16, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm just talking about reporting things the way they stand, not commenting on whether the Russians are being very nice about it; facts are just facts and can't be PC or not. My understanding is that, for all practical purposes, at least from SVO, that flights to all CIS cities are treated as domestic flights.  In other words, JFK-SVO-EVN is more like JFK-SVO-LED, than say JFK-SVO-PRG.  For the last one (if for some crazy reason you did it) you would stay in SVO-2, but for the other two you would have to change from SVO-2 to -1.  See http://www.aeroflot.ru/eng/info.asp?ob_no=764 and "from foreign countries to Russia and CIS".

 * My transit visa comment stems from an agreement that was supposed to take place where a CIS visa would function as a transit visa for other CIS countries. Several of the countries (not Russia or, I think, Ukraine) participate in this.  If I were to travel to Armenia via Belarus (or vice versa) with a tourist visa and plane ticket for my final destination, I would not need a transit visa to leave the airport on a layover.  That doesn't work in Moscow, which is unfortunate considering that Moscow is a major hub for int'l travel to CIS countries, and the situation at SVO.

 * Based on the above link, I could change the sentence to something along the lines of "Flights to Russian and CIS cities... arrive and depart SVO-1", if you object to using the word domestic. Understand, I don't like the SVO situation; I think it's pretty heavyhanded and paternalistic of Russia, but its just the way it seems to be. -TimeLord mbw 18:16, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I just don't want the article to create the impression you have to travel via SVO1 to go to a CIS country. DME is actually more important in terms of CIS flights. SU flies out of SVO but most CIS flag carriers and major Russian airlines other than SU fly out of DME. So in case you have to transit Moscow, you'd better fly on BA, LX, EK, etc., metal to DME and then on to whichever CIS city you need to go to. But then again, this is not a travel guide -- apoivre 07:33, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The SVO situation is actually the legacy of good ol' Soviet times when flights to Yerevan, Kiev and such used to be domestic. So SVO1 was a purely domestic terminal and SVO2 was int'l. -- apoivre 07:36, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, if that's what this is about, I think mentioning the other airports and the fact that we're just talking about the way SVO is structured should cover that. For that matter, I wouldn't want people to think you have to go through Moscow at all to get to a CIS country.  It is just a Soviet holdover, like you say, just like Hammer and Sickle airlines.  :-)

 * However, as long as SU is waay cheaper than most other carriers, and more reliable (!) than many CIS national carriers Armavia, then SVO (and the dreaded terminal switch) will be important to people heading toward the transcaucasus and central asian CIS countries, and, I think, is worth mentioning. -TimeLord mbw 15:35, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The airport layout is rather impractical and complicated with its bus connections all around the airport to get to the other side when you have to change terminals. What that airport needs would be an underground express peoplemover between the terminals. Vilnius is served from terminal C, by the way, which is next to terminal 1. (Strange usage of numbers and letters there.)

Friends of mine from Prague will have to go via Sheremetyevo, and change terminals by bus, to get to Barnaul, because CSA is Aeroflot's partner airline and using the SU hub. --84.115.129.76 (talk) 23:08, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

There is no physical connection
Quote from the article: ”There is no physical connection between the two terminals; they are essentially separate airports using the same set of runways. Such a layout is rather unusual worldwide; Perth Airport in Western Australia, Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska, and Davao International Airport in Davao City, Philippines are other examples.”

I am not quite sure what you mean by ”no physical connection”, but in the New Delhi airport, the domestic and the international terminal are separated by a thirty minutes bus trip. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.16.175.146 (talk) 14:01, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Sheremetyevo Airport: Moscow or Moscow Oblast?
I would like to know wether Sheremetyevo Airport is officially part of Moscow or, on the contrary, is part of Moscow Oblast. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.50.112.57 (talk) 12:58, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

The page says there was a terrorist attack at the airport on Feb 6 2010 but I can see no reference to 100 people dying on any news site. Is this false or a terrorist threat? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.48.150.29 (talk) 00:11, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Sheremetyevo is officially part of Moscow Oblast. Russian Constitution (1993) said that for change of borders between russian regions the mutual consent and a referendum is necessary. But the city government of Moscow in 1995 unilaterally declared the airport as the Town of Moscow (city) territory without the procedures established by the federal law. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nicolay Sidorov (talk • contribs) 13:15, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Air France flight to Paris
I'm not sure how this is usually done, but Air France themselves do not fly to Moscow from Paris. The physical flight is performed by Aeroflot as a code-share. If you look at AF timetable, you'll see the tiny notes confirming that. The same is true for Prague, Karlovy Vary and several others. BadaBoom (talk) 05:14, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Someone added that Aeroflot is terminating Luanda service, but it is not referenced and most likely not true
I saw that next to Luanda it said it would end on October 28, 2012. But I reverted it because there is no reference backing it up at least. The Luanda Airport article does not say that and I looked for references but didn't find any. So unless there is a reliable reference found for that, then make sure it isn't added.72.89.35.142 (talk) 01:51, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Snowden
Is the current Edward Snowden transit zone drama worthy of inclusion? 12.46.106.78 (talk) 20:01, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, but perhaps not in the lead. I've removed it from there. He's still mentioned in the 'accidents and incidents' section of the article. Robofish (talk) 19:11, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

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Better location map !
What possible use do we (anyone) have for this location map ? It seems to me like Moscow itself is removed. I would like to see a map with Moscow's city centre, urban area and location of this airport in relation to the city centre. Not an administration map which this seems to be. Boeing720 (talk) 02:02, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Jsis 193.86.140.65 (talk) 21:33, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

Is it possible to go to Düsseldorf or Frankfurt from Sheremetyevo International Airport?
Is it possible to go to Düsseldorf or Frankfurt from Sheremetyevo International Airport? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.136.154.253 (talk) 11:20, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sheremetyevo International Airport


text:
Talk:William R. King

Controversy
Considering the controversy over exactly whom King County, Washington is named for, should we add a note to this entry? I imagine it's the only major thing still bearing his name, but don't want to suggest a non-NPOV on the question of which King is honored by King County. Just curious: I'm new here, and don't want to step on toes. -- Jwrosenzweig

I don't have a problem with it Smith03

I deleted the reference to being sworn in at Havana. He was sworn in by the American consul at Havana, but the oath was not administered in that city. PedanticallySpeaking

March 4 or March 24
King was sworn in as Vice President on March 24, yet his term began on March 4 (according to the US Constitution). When did he become VP? Mightberight/wrong 19:53, 8 November 2005 (UTC).

When his term began. john k 05:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Just as I thought, March 4. Have you noticed in the articles Vice President of the United States & List of Vice Presidents of the USA length of time in office (also vp vacancies) the date seems to always be March 24? It seems there's 2 interpretations? 1) a person becomes VP when term begins (by date) or 2) a person becomes VP when the oath of office is administered. PS. I agree March 4 is correct Mightberight/wrong 1:52, 12 November 2005 (UTC).

 * I've corrected both lists. March 4 is the correct date.  The Oath does not make someone the officer. --Mark Adler 18:10, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

His Congressional biography indicates his swearing in was also on March 4th, not the 24th. The other independent sources I have found agree with this. It is possible he had multiple oaths (the first one counts, as did Calvin Coolidge's first swearing in by his father who was only a justice of the peace). Given the Congressional biography, we need sourcing for the 24th and that any previous oath he may have taken was invalid, before we can assert that he was not sworn in on the 4th. NoSeptember 02:29, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right. The only support for March 24 seems to be the Senate's web site, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_William_R_King.htm, which states,

''"In November, King began to suffer from a worsening cough. A month later, he described himself as looking like a skeleton and told friends he doubted that he would ever recover. On December 20, two weeks into the short December-March congressional session, King resigned his Senate seat and made plans to regain his health away from wintertime Washington. On January 17, 1853, King left for the more salutary climate of Cuba, by way of Key West, Florida; he reached Havana in early February. Soon realizing that he would be unable to return to Washington in time for the March 4, 1853, inauguration, King requested that Congress permit him to take his oath in Cuba. Consequently, for the only time in this nation's history, Congress passed legislation allowing the vice-president-elect to be sworn in outside the country. On March 24, 1853, near Matanzas, a seaport town sixty miles east of Havana, the gravely ill statesman, too feeble to stand unaided, became the nation's thirteenth vice president. Deciding that he would make every effort to return to the United States, King set sail for Mobile on April 6. He reached his Alabama plantation on April 17, but his struggle was at an end. The sixty-seven-year-old King died there the following day. An opposition newspaper praised his 'purity and patriotism' and concluded, '[t]hough not, perhaps, brilliant, he was better—sensible, honest, never running into ultraism, but in the contests between the State and the federal government, maintaining the true conservative medium, so necessary to the preservation of the constitution, the rights of the States and the Republic.'"''
 * This conflicts with the other sources, however, including the usually-reliable Congressional Bioguide. Here's another source in support of March 4, which User:NoSeptember sent me: http://www.alabamastuff.com/wrk.html. It has this curious statement:

"I am writing to you to give you some more information on the inauguration of Mr. King in Cuba. As reported in your write up, you say that he was inaugurated in Havana Cuba. I would like to clarify that point. He was inaugurated on my great-great grandfathers plantation in Matanzas Cuba. I have investigated this and found an article in the archives of the New York Herald dated March 12, 1853, and again on March 19,1853. He was sworn in at the 'Ariadne' Plantation of Col. John Chartrand. If you desire, I can send you more information in the future. Thank you. C. Richard Chartrand."
 * I recommend we continue to investigate this for a definitive source. I've contacted the Senate's Historian and I'm hoping for a reply soon.
 * As a sidenote, it still remains that his term began on March 4, regardless of the oath. But I don't think that's what we're discussing here.
 * --Mark Adler 11:50, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Part of the problem may be that the constitution does not define who may administer an oath, only that the office holder must take the oath. If King read the oath out loud from a piece of paper on March 4th, he satisfied the constitutional requirement, and if a Cuban official conducted it, he satisfied the requirement also. The subsequent oath taking could have been done for the avoiding of any disputes. There are many instances of office holders taking the oath multiple times (For example, big inauguration ceremonies on Sunday have been avoided for religious reasons, so a private ceremony on Sunday would be followed by the public event on Monday). The solution for this article may be to delete any reference to the oath and just go with the date he took office. NoSeptember 12:14, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the oath is irrelevant for any reason other than interesting history. I think, however, it should be kept in this article (William R. King) only, but not other articles (e.g. List of U.S. Vice Presidents by time in office). --Mark Adler 18:00, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * His physical location outside the US at the start of his term (and the reason for it, illness) is the interesting thing, not the date. If the date can be confirmed, of course, we can easily keep it.  NoSeptember  18:12, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see. Hmmm…  The Havana thing is really interesting.  The date, if true, is still a small bit of trivia worth keeping here and leaving for the sake clarifying future researchers' confusion.  Let's see if we can verify it.  --Mark Adler 18:30, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Senate Historian
An email I received today from the Senate Historian's office, stated: "Hello Mark - I took a look through our files and it is true that there are conflicting sources on this date even at the primary source level (several news sources gave varying reports). It appears that most sources, including the Senate Journal in 1853 and primary correspondence from the National Archives, indicate that the date was March 24, 1853. Mary Baumann Researcher - Writer U.S. Senate Historical Office"

So now what do we do? --Mark Adler 00:24, 15 November 2005 (UTC) (PS- Thanks to Ms. Baumann for her help!)
 * Perhaps we should report that there is a controversy over exactly when he took the oath. We should find out when Congress passed that bill relating to this inaugural.  Since the VP is the President of the Senate, I would cite the Senate historian's interpretation in the article text itself, and then footnote the fact that there is uncertainty on the issue.  NoSeptember  09:05, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Relationship with Buchanan section
I suggest this section be removed entirely. A U.S. Senator, like King, would have many relationships with people, so singling out one person is deceptive. The quote from Buchanan is unsourced, the Klein biography barely mentions King, and the whole idea that one modern historian "speculates" about the private lives of people who have been dead for 160 years seems inappropriate at best. Since the section says there is no evidence to support the claim, the claim itself should be deleted.Catherinejarvis (talk) 23:07, 23 January 2013 (UTC) Furthermore, the citation of Boller's book is misleading. He uses the Andrew Jackson quote without offering a source for it. Later in the same paragraph he talks about King's winning the vice presidency, and cites Klein, but Klein does not use the Jackson quote. Boller is citing Kein on the vice presidency, so there is no actual source for the derogatory quote. Again, the whole section is unsubstantiated gossip about someone from long ago.Catherinejarvis (talk) 23:14, 23 January 2013 (UTC) The additional source citation for the quote on Buchanan is good and will remain. However, Wikipedia is not a place to print random insults between politicians. If it was, whole articles would be full of accusations among political rivals. The Boller speculation, in particular, must be removed. This is not a forum for gossip. see WP:SOAP and WP:NOTGOSSIP.Catherinejarvis (talk) 17:46, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * The relationship between King and Buchanan is not "random gossip". It is likely it was romantic, and perhaps even physical. Can I suggest you show a degree of more sensitivity to the subject. Contaldo80 (talk) 08:57, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

I am the great, great, great grandson of William Rufus King. For my whole life of 67 years my father and my aunt have spoken of him and our family which is documented in the family Bible. So I do not believe the information of a missing wife and family are accurate. Scraab2001 (talk) 02:07, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I, um, admire your perspicacity in being the direct descendant of a man who had no children. "William Rufus" was a reasonably popular name in that branch of the family, though. Choess (talk) 03:57, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

King County, WA being later renamed for MLK
I added refs for County Ordinance and State Law that resulted in King County, Washington current name source. Also can't resist quoting part of the County Ordinance:

Motion No. 6461

A MOTION setting forth the historical basis for "renaming" King County after the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., instead of William Rufus DeVane King for whom King County is currently named.

WHEREAS, the County of King in the State of Washington was named after William Rufus Devane King by the Oregon Territorial legislature in 1852, and

WHEREAS, William Rufus DeVane King was a slaveowner and a 'gentle slave monger' according to John Quincy Adams, and

WHEREAS, the citizens of King County believe that the ownership of another human being is an injustice against humanity, and

WHEREAS, William Rufus DeVane King earned income and maintained his lifestyle by oppressing and exploiting other human beings, and (etc.)

Doug C., a KC resident --71.231.231.232 (talk) 13:01, 11 December 2013 (UTC)

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"Both men were soft, eccentric, and effeminate"
God knows what the first and the last adjectives are really supposed to mean, but they're not neutral. The language was added by User:Contaldo80 back a couple of years ago, and on top of that it is a direct quote from the source, p. 247, though without page numbers and quotation marks. At any rate, it is so overwhelmingly non-neutral that it needs to go, and it actually incriminates the source as well, which on p. 233 says "historian Paul Boller Jr. agreed that Buchanan was effeminate and something of a wimp"--without batting an eye lid gayness is here equated with being soft, effeminate, and a wimp. I would have expected better from Wikipedia editors, and that it was still in here after over five years is really disappointing. Drmies (talk) 16:09, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:William R. King


text:
Henry Jones Ford

Henry Jones Ford (August 25, 1851 – August 29, 1925) was an American political scientist, journalist, university professor, and government official. He served as president of the American Political Science Association. He was appointed by Woodrow Wilson as the Banking and Insurance Commissioner of New Jersey in 1912.

Biography
He was born on August 25, 1851, in Baltimore, Maryland. He graduated from Baltimore City College at the age of seventeen.

Ford worked as a managing editor and editorial writer from 1872 to 1905, at six different newspapers in three cities Baltimore, New York City, and Pittsburgh.

Later returning to Baltimore, Ford taught at Johns Hopkins University, and afterwards taught at the University of Pennsylvania. Known to say that politics was a "dirty business" unsuitable for women, his students at Penn included suffragist Alice Paul, whose experiences in his classes informed her decision to pursue master's and doctoral degrees in sociology instead of politics. Ford later took a job as professor of politics at Princeton University, at the request of the university's then-president, Woodrow Wilson.

Ford's association with Wilson also took him also into politics. When Wilson became governor of New Jersey, he appointed Ford Commissioner of Banking and Insurance; after Wilson became president, Ford was sent to the Philippines on a special mission, reporting directly to the President, and toward the end of Wilson's presidency, Ford was named to a position on the Interstate Commerce Commission. Their association also resulted in Ford's book Woodrow Wilson, the Man and His Work, which was an account of Wilson's experience on the presidential campaign trail.

Ford served as president of the American Political Science Association from 1918 to 1919.

He died on August 29, 1925, in Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania.

Quote
"The constitutional ideal is noble; but the politicians are vile. If only the checks could be made more effective, if only a just balance of power could be established beyond the strength of the politicians to disarrange ... the constitution would work perfectly."

Selected works
The works marked with (e-book) are freely availables from Project Gutenberg:
 * The Rise and Growth of American Politics: A Sketch of Constitutional Development (1898)
 * The Cost of Our National Government: A Study in Political Pathology (1910)
 * The Natural History of the State: An Introduction to Political Science (1915)
 * The Scotch-Irish in America (1915; ISBN 978-0-7812-6080-0)
 * Woodrow Wilson, the Man and His Work: A Biographical Study (1916)
 * Washington and His Colleagues: A Chronicle of the Rise and Fall of Federalism (1918; ISBN 978-1-932109-14-6; e-book)
 * The Cleveland Era: A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics (1918; ISBN 978-1-4043-4415-0; e-book)
 * Alexander Hamilton (1920)
 * Representative Government (1924)

title: Henry Jones Ford


text:
Ionatana Ionatana

Ionatana Ionatana, CVO OBE CPM (5 November 1938 – 8 December 2000), was a political figure from the Pacific nation of Tuvalu. He represented the constituency of Funafuti in the Parliament of Tuvalu. He was the fifth prime minister, and foreign minister, from 27 April 1999 until his death on 8 December 2000.

Background
He joined the police and rose to become the chief of police in 1976. In 1977 he was appointed the government secretary and adviser to the cabinet. On 26 April 1979, he was appointed as the ambassador to the United States (non-resident).

Ionatana was elected to Parliament in the 1981 Tuvalu general election. Ionatana was noted for his republican leanings.

He held three portfolios in the second government of Bikenibeu Paeniu (1996 to 1998): the Minister for Health, Women and Community Affairs; Minister for Education and Culture; and the Minister for Tourism, Trade and Commerce; and after the 1998 election he retained the first 2 portfolios in the 3rd government of Paeniu.

Prime Minister of Tuvalu
In 1999 Ionatana succeeded Bikenibeu Paeniu as Prime Minister of Tuvalu. Ionatana was elected as prime minister on 27 April 1999. Among the prominent issues of his period of office, he oversaw Tuvalu's entry into the United Nations on 5 September 2000. Also during his term, Tuvalu obtained the lucrative .tv internet country suffix.

Death
On 8 December 2000, shortly after the UN entry was completed, Ionatana suddenly collapsed and died. He had been giving a speech at the Vaiaku Lagi Hotel on Funafuti, and was 62 years old. He was the first prime minister to die in office since Tuvalu became independent. After his death Lagitupu Tuilimu took over as acting prime minister until 24 February 2001.

title: Ionatana Ionatana