text:
Talk:Bridgwater

Untitled
Wow! That last revision was fantastic; really added a lot to the entry. I'm originally from Bridgwater (obviously) and didn't know much about the town's wartime history, so thanks for that. Is the large fenced area of wasteland on Colley Lane the POW camp?

Rayray 14:37 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

What a great page! Anyone got any photos, though?Redlentil 21:03, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I have added one image - the British Cellophane advertisement - and when I get chance this weekend, will scan some more recent images of the town. Rayray 14:02, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bridgwater in the Victoria County History
For navigation click on the phrase "A History of the County of Somerset: Vol 6" to get the index for the complete book - covers North Petherton etc. Alternatively, each page has a link after the endnotes to the previous and succeeding sections. Apwoolrich 19:36, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Sedgmoor History - Local Interest
I live in the Bridgwater area (Cannington) and was born in the South West, but am now accomodated at the DSFC, and am very interessted on the millitary history (particularly WW2) of Bridgwater and it's surrounding area, mainly the Taunton stop line. I'd be grateful of any info on the POW camp as altough I live so close I've never found much out about it. Also is there much in the way of naval history during this period for the Sedgmoor area, as Brigwater was an important port (even if it lost it's importance at the begginging of the 20th century)?

Point of detail - Gerber
Last time I tried to alter an article I got flamed, so only want to point out that under "Present" the article refers to Gerber Foods on Express Park, this being linked to an article about Gerber Products Company. In fact the company on Express Park is Gerber Foods (Soft Drinks) Ltd, a juice and drink manufacturer which has no connection to Gerber Products Company.

 * D666D 17:59, 9 October 2007 (UTC) I redirected this link away from Gerber Products a few weeks back, (not having read this page). I don't know when the above anon comment was added, but all appears OK now (although no article on the correct Gerber Foods appears to exists on Wikipedia at the moment, but I added them onto the Gerber disambiguation page with a link to their parent company Hanover Acceptances Group )

Guy Fawkes
im a resident in bridgwater and i go to the carnival every year, im wuite dedicated to the town and enjoy alot about it, However, i think you are wrong, although we are rebels i think that the carnvial is to celebrate Guy fawkes getting caught and therfor preventing it, why would you want to celebrate somebody theying to murder out majisty.

 * This comment appears to be out of date as the article does not mention that it is a celebration of the attempt to blow-up paliament (or the monarch). Indeed, all 5th of November events (including bonfire, carnivals and fireworks) across the UK is a celebration of the failure. D666D 18:09, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Revision & refs
I have edited this article to more closely fit with the guidelines at WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements. I've also added a few pictures & lots of references. Therefore I've removed the "ref improve" tag but I've left ""citation needed"" at a few points where I think further refs would be useful. If anyone has any local history books or other sources which can verify these statements that would be great. Once those are done I think it would be on the way to meeting the Good article criteria, with some further copy editing, and could join the growing collection of Good articles at WikiProject Somerset.— Rod talk 20:48, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Bridgwater docks - date last used
The current version of the page says "The last commercial use of the docks was when coal imports ceased on July 31, 1971" - not citation given. According to the January 2009 edition of Somerset Life, page 118, "Bridgwater Docks finally closed in 1969, when the local cellophane plant switched from coal to fuel oil". Clearly a discrepancy here that needs resolving. Perhaps coal imports ended in '69 and the docks closed in '71? 213.218.216.132 (talk) 23:33, 28 December 2008 (UTC)
 * You could change it using the Somerset Life ref given above, but I've been trying to find some further data/corroboration. There is nothing on Port of Bridgwater from Sedgemoor Dist Council and Victoria County History from British History Online (generally a reliable source) says "In 1953 tonnage had fallen to 52,766, the last year when commercial shipping passed the telescopic bridge to berth at the riverside quays. The whole port, exporting an average of 5,000 tons in the 1930s, exported none in 1968. The docks, their future already uncertain, took no more coal after 1966 and were closed in 1971." A brief history of Bridgwater also gives 1971 as the closure date, as does the Somerset Historic Environment Record. I can't find the source for July 31 but on balance I think 1971 is correct - does anyone have better/more detailed info?— Rod talk 09:52, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Henry II
The site states that "William Briwere was granted the lordship of the Manor of Bridgwater by Henry II in 1201"

Henry II died in 1189. John was on the throne in 1201.

134.160.145.2 (talk) 00:11, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Well spotted. I'm going to the library today & will try to get a copy of the book cited as the reference for this.— Rod talk 08:06, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I've now got a copy of the book cited & it does say John rather than Henry, therefore I've changed the article.— Rod talk 11:08, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Concrete folly?
I would love to see something added regarding Castle House, the fascinating concrete folly in the town. Was it the first all-concrete building to be erected in the UK or something? There's little to be found on the Internet, but a picture can be seen here. Clash frontman Joe Strummer apparently wanted to help save the building from crumbling by raising money - see this article for further info. Careful With That Axe (talk) 11:01, 29 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I think with the Independent source above + the Images of England & Somerset Historic Environment Record entries there is plenty for you to add something to this article & it is notable enough for it's own article.— Rod talk 07:36, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I've made a start at Castle House, Bridgwater, feel free to improve & if anyone has a photo that would be great.— Rod talk 21:31, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I have uploaded a photo taken last year, showing the supporting webbing. This can be used, if you wish.— Careful With That Axe, Eugene 07:58, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Careful With That Axe, Eugene (talk • contribs) 07:58, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

What else is needed to get this article to GA?
I've been editing this article to try to bring it closer to the guidelines at WP:UKCITIES and would be interested in what other editors think is need to get it to meet the Good article criteria? Obviously we need to revise the lead to summarise the article & reference (or remove) the uncited claims, but is there anything else which would be required?— Rod talk 22:50, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Minor Inaccuracies
At a glance, the name of the parish church needs to be corrected in more than one place and, also, where is the Chapel in Church Street? The only 'church' thing that was ever in Church Street to my knopwledge, was the 'Admiral Blake Coffee Tavern' before it moved to Eastover. Peter Randle (talk) 12:10, 19 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi Peter, Thanks for your comment. Can you be a little more specific - what name should Church of St Mary, Bridgwater have? This source says "Church of St Mary" or are we talking about another church? The one on church street is described by this source as "Elim Pentecostal Church GV II Public house, now a shop" this may be out of date however. You can of course change the article your self (by clicking on the edit tab), particularly if you can find references to back up the changes you wish to make.— Rod talk 12:19, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

Rod, Wow - that was quick. No, to clarify I meant that St Mary's Church is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, not St. Mary Magdalene under which name it is referred to more than once. I think that the Elim Pentecostal Church was and still is in Penel-Orlieu, and not Church Street. (It is so easy to write a publication and change history) I would prefer someone with better key-board control to change the article as it is basically very good and I don't want to take the blame for ruining it! Peter Randle (talk) 12:38, 19 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Looking at the church web site I can't see any indication of which St Mary it is dedicated to. St Mary redirects to Mary (mother of Jesus) are you saying this is the right one rather than Mary Magdalene?— Rod talk 16:12, 19 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm also confused about the Elim Pentecostal church this ref says "54 High Street" in the header but then if you click the "Listing Text" tab it says Clare Street. The scale of the tsreet map I'm looking at is not detailed enough to resolve it.— Rod talk 17:24, 19 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The listing text is wrong, as you can quickly see if you read it through. 54 Clare Street is the 'English Raj' Indian restaurant. The listed building is at 54 High Street in the wide part at the west end of Clare Street; indeed, it is next door to 62, Clare Street. More recently it was The Gallery and is now the Palace nightclub. What is it that was in Church Street - on the east bank? 86.130.154.102 (talk) 00:00, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

Hamp
Any objection to changing the redirect Hamp from North Petherton to HAMP (disambiguation)? Vchimpanzee ·  talk  ·  contributions  · 20:55, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Midsummer Fair
The source given says that the Midsummer fair was granted by King John in 1200 (not 1201) and confirmed by subsequent monarchs in 1371, 1400, 1539, and 1587. Therefore it is impossible that a new Midsummer Fair could have been added in 1554. Also the source given does not mention any Michaelmas fair (Sept 21) added in 1554 either. Ehrenkater (talk) 15:21, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I should have checked more carefully. I just searched for Midsummer fair. For old charters etc I often go to Victoria County Histoies which are available from British History Online (relevant page http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol6/pp192-206 however this doesn't help on this occasion. This page talks about the charter being renewed 1488, 1495, and 1512. The GUNUKI page does say there is a Michaelmas fair under Royal Charter but doesn't give a date, as does This page. Local fairs are listed here. The first insertion of info about fairs was added (by an IP) on 26 June 2003 and St Matthews (September 21) added with this edit on 9 January 2004.— Rod talk 20:00, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I have reduced the detail in the uncited claims re fairs & added references.— Rod talk 19:26, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Sources for future article expansion
Further reading sections are almost always a bad idea on Wiki since they're uncurated and tend to bloat unhelpfully. Kindly restore these sources— —once they are being used to verify statements in the running text or once they've been glossed to explain to readers how they are important or helpful. — Llywelyn II   01:27, 13 June 2016 (UTC)
 *  "Bridgwater with and without the 'e' " ', Roger Evans, ISBN 0-9525674-0-7
 * A History of Bridgwater, J.C. Lawrence, ISBN 1-86077-363-X
 * Bridgwater Victorian Days, Philip James Squibbs, ISBN 0-9501022-1-0
 * Somerset in the Age of Steam, Peter Stanier, ISBN 0-86183-481-X
 * "Remember Remember". The Story of Bridgwater Carnival, written by Chris Hocking who is president of Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival Committee
 * A History of the County of Somerset: Vol 6: Bridgwater (1992)
 * The Somerset Urban Archaeological Survey: Bridgwater, by Clare Gathercole

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Why are the Geology and Climate subsections under Governance?
Shouldn't it be under Geography or something along those lines? Goldclock (talk) 15:28, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bridgwater


text:
User:Yonash

Yonash known as Jonasz at polish Wikipedia. On this site mainly adding links to my articles on polish site.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Yonash


text:
Talk:Finch

Woodpecker finch illustration
I see nothing wrong with this illustration that I made of a woodpecker finch. I don't understand the accusation user's have made that it is a "parody" or "cartoon." I understand how it could be interpreted as "cartoony" but I assure you it was meant as an illustation. What exactly makes it "inappropriate" for this article? MB 14:46 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it would be more obvious why this pic is unacceptable to the serious bird writers and illustrators of Wikipedia if I put up two real pics of a woodpecker finch, alongside yours .......

Unhappily both my pics are copyright so in a few days I will have to have them deleted. But do you now understand why your most excellent piece of clip art is not suitable for serious bird pages? You drew it very well and probably took a long time over it but time spent doesn't count with Wikipedia, only accuracy and usefulness. Could I recognise the finch off your pic? No! Just look at your beak shape, it's wrong. And is the birds front yellow? No! Does it have very thick legs? No! I withdraw my silly "troublemaker" remark but not my remark that this pic just looks so very wrong on the page. Sorry but I have to say what I think. Adrian Pingstone 16:49 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Alright, I have read your response, I will now delete the copyrighted images. You could have just provided a link, it would have been as effective.  It's kind of upsetting that you uploaded copyrighted images to the wikipedia.  MB 03:28 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Please don't be upset, the only fair way to compare your drawing to the actual bird was to have them properly alongside each other. So that's what I did. I will now ask a Sysop to delete the two pics and no harm has been done..
 * Here are the two URL's ........

 * http://www.worldbirder.com/photo/photo.asp?PID=216

 * http://www.abdn.ac.uk/zoohons/lecture5/sld015.htm

 * Best Wishes,
 * Adrian Pingstone 08:19 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I already deleted them (I'm an admin). You really didn't have to upload them to make your point.  Please don't do this again.  Thanks.  MB 14:18 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I'll do exactly what I wish, and if proves useful to do a brief upload of a copyright pic following by a full deletion that's what I'll do! Admins do not dictate to contributors what to do, they suggest (big difference)!
 * Adrian Pingstone 21:04 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Maybe so, but Admin's enforce the rules that make it possible for the wikipedia to exist. One such rule, on the Copyrights page states "Never use materials that infringe the copyrights of others."  You blaitantly did this, and I asked you not to do it again.  I did not tell you you couldn't do it again.  I didn't request that you be banned for breaking the rules.  I asked you to please not do it again.  I honestly don't understand why you are being so defensive, but I am willing to let this go as a mistake or misunderstanding.  I just ask that in the future, when you click the box next to "I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright" you ensure that you indeed have the right to upload the file to the Wikipedia, and you aren't just clicking it to get your file uploaded.  Thanks.  MB 21:17 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm slowly learning the proper behaviour on Wikipedia so I apologise for my language to you recently. In future, I'll try to express my thoughts straightforwardly and honestly but without emotion. Best Wishes,
 * Adrian Pingstone 07:08 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * No problem, miscommunication is common on the internet, and exceedingly so on Wikipedia. MB 13:54 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Burrica
The American "rosefinches" are shown as a distinct clade here on the same level as the multigeneric arid-zone clade, but are still placed in Carpodacus, which as all wikipedia articles acknowledge as having been found to be quite different. Can they be given their own genus, Burrica? (this is a subgeneric name from an old AOU checklist, which according to Taxonomy in Flux is the available name for these species) At what pace does wikipedia proceed on such issues? For now I'll just add Burrica as a synonym and maybe make a note on this page, etc., etc.--Innotata 17:57, 18 October 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Innotata (talk • contribs)
 * I don't know what I meant by this: see the relevant articles Innotata 19:19, 2 November 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Innotata (talk • contribs)

Scientific Classification?
Just wondering, but how come they are in the family "finch"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.207.85.146 (talk) 21:38, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

North American finches
I have recently read that as of 1929 – a long time ago – at least 62 finch species had been discovered in Nearctic North America. I think that’s not a negligible number. In the first paragraph the Southern Hemisphere, the Neotropics, the Hawaiian Islands and the Palearctic are mentioned as their home, but it might be a good idea to say something about North American finches as well, not necessarily in the introduction if you don’t consider that number of species to be important enough, but perhaps in a distribution section. --186.108.175.201 (talk) 20:22, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I suspect the taxonomy is out of date; excluding introductions and rarities, there are about 16 finches in the US/Canada, and six of those also occur in Eurasia  Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  06:30, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Finch is not in class Reptilia
Hello, In the right hand illustration, Finch is shown to be in Class: Reptilia. That is not correct. Can someone please remove that classification since I am not sure how to edit it. Thank you, Peter — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:196:4802:B930:28E9:686A:F443:95D0 (talk) 19:26, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

Darwin's use of finches, as mentioned here
"Originally, Darwin did not discern that all the finches were the same species..." reads the summary.

How's that? First, there are many species, not just one. Second, the Galapagos finches Darwin used to create a model of organic evolution aren't even true finches, as the Wikipedia page on them declares. Mucketymuck (talk) 06:16, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finch


text:
Talk:Morrissey/Archive 1

The table is rumbling. The glass is moving. No, I was NOT pushing that time. It spells S-T-E-V-E-N!

OK...THE SUBTLE HINTS ARE NOT WORKING!!! CORRECT THE SPELLING OF HIS FUCKING NAME!!!!

 * Stop swearing and do it yourself. How to rename (move) a page. -- Tim Starling 04:34 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * And silence descends once more, and peace is restored to the little Valley of The Smiths Fans...

Why isn't this at Morrissey or Morrissey (musician)? RickK 05:00, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not at Morrissey because there are other people with that name. Bryan 23:52, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I oppose your moving the page back to Steven Morrissey. Naming conventions (common names) states that one should "Use the most common name of a person or thing that does not conflict with the names of other people or things." Since (AFAIK) neither Paul Morrissey nor Neil Morrissey goes by the stage name "Morrissey" (alone), while Steven Morrissey does, the Morrissey page should be a page for the singer instead of a disambiguation page.

 * Acegikmo1 02:20, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morrissey/Archive 1


text:
User:Wapcaplet/Accessibility sandbox

This sandbox is especially for working on temporary experiments in order to make Wikipedia more accessible. Others are welcome, and encouraged, to modify anything here, use it for their own experiments, and leave comments or suggestions.

This is an accessibility experiment for the Hydrogen article. In particular, I'm working on ways of making the table less complicated, easier to edit, and nicer-looking (especially in text-only browsers like Lynx).

Full table

General

 * Name, Symbol, Number: Hydrogen, H, 1
 * Chemical series: nonmetals
 * Group, Period, Block: 1 (IA), 1, s
 * Density, Hardness: 0.0899 kg/m3, NA
 * Appearance: colorless

Atomic Properties

 * Atomic weight: 1.00794 amu
 * Atomic radius (calc): 25 (53) pm
 * Covalent radius: 37 pm
 * van der Waals radius: 120 pm
 * Electron configuration: 1s1
 * e- 's per energy level: 1
 * Oxidation states (Oxide): 1 (amphoteric)
 * Crystal structure: hexagonal

Physical Properties

 * State of matter: gas
 * Melting point: 14.025 K (-434 °F)
 * Boiling point: 20.268 K (-423 °F)
 * Molar volume: 11.42 ×10-3 m3/mol
 * Heat of vaporization: 0.44936 kJ/mol
 * Heat of fusion: 0.05868 kJ/mol
 * Vapor pressure: 209 Pa at 23 K
 * Speed of sound: 1270 m/s at 298.15 K

Miscellaneous

 * Electronegativity: 2.2 (Pauling scale)
 * Specific heat capacity: 14304 J/(kg*K)
 * Electrical conductivity: __ 106/m ohm
 * Thermal conductivity: 0.1815 W/(m*K)
 * Ionization potential: 1312 kJ/mol

Most Stable Isotopes

 SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Hydrogen is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol H and atomic number 1. A colorless, odorless, non-metal, univalent, highly flammable diatomic gas, hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe and is present in water and in all organic compounds and living organisms. Hydrogen is able to chemically react with most elements. Stars in their main sequence are overwhelmingly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. This element is used in ammonia production, as a lifting gas, an alternative fuel, and more recently as a power-source of fuel cells.

Notable Characteristics
Hydrogen is the lightest chemical element with its most common isotope consisting of just a single proton and electron. At standard temperature and pressure conditions, hydrogen forms a diatomic gas, H2, with a boiling point of only 20.27 K and a melting point of 14.02 K. Under exceedingly high pressures, like those found at the center of gas giants, the molecules lose their identity and the hydrogen becomes a liquid metal. Under the exceedingly low pressure conditions found in space, hydrogen tends to exist as individual atoms, simply because there is no way for them to combine; clouds of H2 form and are associated with star formation.

This element plays a vital role in powering the universe through the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle (these are nuclear fusion processes that release huge amounts of energy through combining two hydrogen atom into one helium).

Applications
Large quantities of hydrogen are needed industrially, notably in the Haber process for the production of ammonia, the hydrogenation of fats and oils, and the production of methanol. Other uses that require hydrogen:

 * hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking.
 * manufacture of hydrochloric acid, welding, rocket fuels, and the reduction of metallic ores.
 * liquid hydrogen is used in cryogenic research including superconductivity studies,
 * tritium is produced in nuclear reactors and is used in hydrogen bomb construction.
 * It is fourteen and a half times lighter than air and at one time was widely used as a lifting agent in balloons and zeppelins until the Hindenburg disaster convinced the public that the gas was too dangerous for this purpose.
 * Deuterium is used in nuclear applications as a moderator to slow down neutrons, and deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects.
 * Tritium is used as an isotopic label in the biosciences, as a radiation source in luminous paints.

Hydrogen can be burned in internal combustion engines, and a fleet of hydrogen burning cars is maintained by Chrysler-BMW. Hydrogen fuel cells are being looked into as a way to provide potentially cheap, pollution- free power.

History
Hydrogen (French for water-maker, from Greek hudôr, "water and gennen "generate") was first recognized as a distinct substance in 1776 by Henry Cavendish. Antoine Lavoisier gave the element its name.

Occurrence
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms. This element is found in great abundance stars and gas giant planets. Relative to its great abundance elsewhere, hydrogen is very rare in the earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume). The most common source for this element on earth is water which is composed two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (H2O). Other sources are; most forms of organic matter which includes all known life forms, coal, fossil fuels and natural gas. Methane (CH4), which is a byproduct of organic decay, is an increasingly important source of hydrogen.

Hydrogen is prepared in several different ways; steam on heated carbon, hydrocarbon decomposition with heat, action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum, water electrolysis, or by displacement from acids with certain metals.

Compounds
The lightest of all gases, hydrogen combines with most other elements to form compounds. Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.2, so it forms compounds where it is the more non-metallic and where it is the more metallic element. The former are called hydrides, where hydrogen either exists as H- ions or just as a solute within the other element (as in Palladium hydride). The latter tend to be covalent, since the H+ ion would be a bare nucleus and so has a strong tendency to pull electrons to itself. These both form acids. Thus even in an acidic solution one sees ions like H3O+ as the protons latch on to something.

Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water, H2O, and releases a lot of energy in doing so, burning explosively in air. Deuterium oxide, or D2O, is commonly referred to as heavy water. Hydrogen also forms a vast array of compounds with carbon. Because of their association with living things, these compounds are called organic compounds, and the study of the properties of these compounds is called organic chemistry.

Forms
Under normal conditions hydrogen gas is a mix of two different kinds of molecules which differ from one another by the "direction" that their electrons' and nuclei spin. These two forms are known as ortho- and para-hydrogen (this is different than isotopes, see below). At standard conditions normal hydrogen is comprised of 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form can't be prepared in its pure state. The two forms of hydrogen differ in energy and this results in slightly different physical properties. For example, the melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1 ° K lower than orthohydrogen (the so-called "normal" form).

Isotopes
The most common hydrogen isotope, protium, has no neutrons, although there are two others - deuterium with one, and radioactive tritium with two neutrons. The two stable isotopes are protium (H-1) and deuterium (H-2, D). Deuterium comprises 0.0184-0.0082% of all hydrogen (IUPAC); ratios of deuterium to protium are reported relative to the VSMOW standard reference water. A radioactive isotope, tritium (T or H-3) has one proton and two neutrons.

Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes.

Precautions
Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas. It also reacts violently with chlorine and fluorine. D2O, or heavy water, is toxic to many species. The quantity required to kill a human, however, is substantial.

title: User:Wapcaplet/Accessibility sandbox


text:
Talk:Farm

Farm ownership
Rmherman,

I believe that the concept of a farm being both owned and run by a "person or family" is definitional. Agriculutural businesses owned by a corporation and run by its employees are really not farms in the traditional sense; they may be plantations or ranches; the more inclusive term "grower" or "producer" is also sometimes used. A look in a good dictionary might help. I have M-W but it is a print edition and 40 miles away at the moment. Anthere might have an OED or some other more international reference.
 * It is certainly normal usage in the Midwest of America - anywhere you do agriculture is a "farm", a farm owned by a family is a "family farm". Why else would we have come up with the second term? Rmhermen 15:43 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * Well, we use "ferme" (farm) to talk about small (usually family) businesses. And "exploitation agricole" (farming business) as a general term which encompass both family farms and bigger businesses. So, my feeling differs slightly from Kat here, as I give a more general definition to agricultural business. However, Kat's definition of farm is rather fine by me. I would say perhaps, person, family or small company (to take into account rather common situations of association of two men not from the same family). Ant

The Australian view In Australia family farming is very much on the decline. Many previous family farmers are becoming contractors to large agribusiness organisations such as Dalgettys, Elders, etc. as the cost of land, machinery, and infrastructure rapidly escalate. They may become contract managers, general laborers, or take up a specific segment of the farming enterprise (contract sowing, contract harvesting, contract fencing, contract spraying, etc).

The word farm is still used regardless of who owns/operates it.

For sheep/beef/cropping, a farm of 10,000 acres is becoming marginal for family farm operations (according to Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Landline program). This does not apply to intensive operations like dairy, poultry, feedloting, or market gardening where a "family operation" may still manage on tens of acres. But even these are being swallowed up with various companies buying out egg production licences and milk supply contracts. Garrie 22:50, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Have changed to "gallery" picture format
Photos were put in various places and of various sizes, making the Wikipedia article look pretty untidy. Also removal of one picture took place without explaining why, as one image was removed alltogether as editor obviously didn't see a farm in the picture. For the sake of unity, have used the gallery format. Large photos really only suit articles with large enough text area, so they can be aligned at the side of the text, but if there isn't enough text the images look as though they have been piled in. Readers of Wikipedia will know to zoom into pictures to appreciate their quality. Hope this OK.Dieter Simon 21:16, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think (and I admit to being biased) that there should be at least one large image. Therefore I've removed the only FP from the gallery and made it larger --Fir0002 style="color:#C6CACC; background:#F8FCFF">www 07:31, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Fir0002, you see the trouble is where is the farm? This should go under agriculture logically. When we talk about "farm" we should have the buildings of a farm in sight. The lack of farm buildings is also apparent in three of the other images of this article. Cows or sheep and fields do not make a farm, they part of farming of agriculture, sure, but this way they are quite incongruous. I'll come back to this in a minute. Dieter Simon 22:55, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I really feel we should have a number of actual farms of different characteristic styles, such as European ones, South American haciendas, Australian type farm buildings, and yes the different styles of buidlings cum silos and stabling in North American farms and ranches, so we can actually get an image of them in our mind. If we are not very carefully, someone will move these pictures into "agriculture", I would say quite rightly so.
 * The article also discussed "feedlots" and "rangeland", expressions which aren't really used in European farms, again they belong to the description of a type of farming, North-American farming to be precise. if you are going to talk a particular type of farming practice, that again should go under "farming" which redirects to "agriculture" in Wikipedia. I think this should be looked at.
 * Dieter Simon 23:10, 16 May 2006 (UTC). Dieter Simon
 * The British usage is "farm" rather than "farmstead". Dieter Simon 13:15, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The images which show a farm should have more prominence. The Hereford cows pic is already at Agriculture and Hereford (cattle) where it is more appropriate --Astrokey 44 15:09, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * A small Australian grazing farm is now 1,000 acres (one thousand if the comma is confusing you). Generally you can only see the homestead (not that anyone uses that term anymore) from a small portion of the farm. But in Australia as I understand in the UK, as much as possible the farmhouse, machinery shed, shearing shed, dairy, etc, are all clustered together so you can walk back to the kitchen to eat. (but usually, there is enough distance that the noise and smell wouldn't usually make it back to the house). Or the cook can walk to where you are working and feed you. So the concept of a ground-level photo showing "all the buildings" doesn't apply too well.Garrie 22:50, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

'In England there is a vague point when a large farm ceases to be referred to as a farm and becomes an estate;' (from the article) I am not sure there is any connection between estate and farm in Britain (and why England? many of the largest estates in Britain are in Scotland). Chambers dictionary simply calls an estate a large piece of land. The word is more often associated with private ornamental deer parks and wooded areas for shooting. An estate needn't include any farms, though they usually do. And the largest farm imaginable, if it included only agricultural land, would not necessarily be an estate. Can some other Brit back me up on this, please.--Will peters 09:00, 27 June 2006 (UTC) NB See

'Farm', a verb primarily, not a noun?
I think that a lot of the definitional issues in this discussion arise from the fact that 'farm' as a noun is a case of 'back-formation' from 'farmer' and eventually from the verb 'to farm'. The verb itself relates to a financial relation, in particular a capitalist (contractual) financial relation. There were no farms in feudal times, except as in France, tax farms. In France, the right to collect taxes was farmed out to syndicates, who aimed to make a profit on the deal.

In England, the Black Death (after 1346) so reduced the peasant population that wage labour began to supplant feudal servitude, owing to competition among landowners for peasants to work the land. Eventually sheep farming for profit replaced feudal subsistence agriculture altogether, especially in eastern England (cf., Thomas More, Utopia). Rather than administer their entire estates themselves, landowners, in what became known as the 'Enclosure Movement', would farm out portions of their land to tenant farmers, (in return for money rents, not a share of the produce ). The fields farmed out to the farmers became known as farms. So while it is true that today the word 'farm' refers to a basic unit of agriculture, it should be recognised that this reference is historically specific, and depends primarily on the existence of capitalist relations in agriculture. The main entry does correctly identify the etymology of the word as relating to rent. However it fails, IMHO, to recognise the significance of this.

Hopefully, this also answers Will Peters query. An 'estate' would be the personal demesne of the landowner, (sometimes referred to as 'Home Farm'). Any other farms on the estate would be farmed by tenants of that landowner. --Paulredfern1 11:18, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * the whole etymology section is missing the linguistic factor that the french word ferme means close, closed, enclosure because small farmers would use their buildings and connected additional walls to make a protected farming area. I will try to find linkable source cite for this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.34.194.233 (talk) 19:12, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

Specialized farms
It appears to me that every farm is meant for specific purpose, whether it be cattle, hogs, sheep, ostriches, mink, etc. Would it be fair to say that every farm is specialized in some way shape or form? If that would be the case, should more farm types be added to the specialized farm section? -- Blind Eagle  talk ~ contribs  15:55, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Agropedia
I've replaced farming/Agriculture, which was getting VERY long and therefore less useful, with Agropedia--Doug.(talk • contribs) 17:40, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I guess I don't understand what portalpar is. Care to explain?  Sorry, I'm kind of a newbie at Wikipedia.  --PaladinWriter (talk) 21:53, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Future of farming
Why not have a section in the article about the future of farming? --PaladinWriter (talk) 21:51, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, & refer to the future of farming in "The End of Work" by Jeremy Rifkin which shows that all farming will be automated. Stars4change (talk) 04:36, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Farmer suicides
Do you think something could be added about the desperate plight of farmers in India: http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2005/07/seeds_of_suicid.html?

I'm trying to find similar info about American farmers committing suicide but that info is kept out of the news. Stars4change (talk) 04:36, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

 * that might be appropriate for a page specifically about India; as for the second comment it makes me wonder if you know anything at all about the subject...Fuzbaby (talk) 22:05, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Changed protection level
Changed protection level: Excessive vandalism edit=autoconfirmed (expires 23:20, 22 october 2009) Dieter Simon (talk) 23:26, 8 October 2009 (UTC) I don't think that was nice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.65.203.253 (talk) 19:53, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

Unnecessary Link: Semi Trucks
Why do we have linked to this page on Farming a page on Semi Trucks? It seems unnecessary, so unless someone comes to its defense I'm going to delete it. Deus Ex Logica (talk) 22:43, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Tax Farming
Might it be a good idea to have a link or mention of 'tax farming'? Also economics under various regimes of subsidy. Privatisation of profits and state subsidy of loss? SovalValtos (talk) 21:19, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi, SV. My feeling is it would be better under Agriculture (if not already - I haven't checked). Might be worth a brief mention if you have any reliable sources.  Tony Holkham   (Talk)  01:26, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

Lead section
I think the lead section is ok - can I remove the tag?--Fwarre (talk) 02:36, 5 June 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅. 204.234.74.238 (talk) 17:07, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

History
The map shown in the History section appears to be inaccurate. According to recent archaeological finds, farming began independently in India.

Source: http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/17/revealing-indias-ancient-art-and-inventions/

Quote: 'Discoveries at sites like Bhirrana and Girawad in India showed such early farming communities that it forced scholars to rethink how farming in the Indus Valley began. “The old model of people moving in from the west, bringing agriculture and technology has been discarded,” Shinde said.' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 105.184.146.95 (talk) 19:48, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 21:21, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

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text:
Karen Connelly

Karen Marie Connelly (born 12 March 1969) is a Canadian travel writer, novelist and poet who has written extensively about her experiences living in Greece, Thailand and Canada.

Life and work
Connelly was born in Calgary, Alberta. At seventeen, she lived in a Thai village thanks to a Rotary exchange scholarship. She returned to Canada a year later. At nineteen, she left for Spain, where she lived almost two years. Having no work visa, she supported herself by, among other things, teaching English as a second language. In her spare time, she wrote about her experiences and took photographs with which to illustrate her writing. She also reworked the letters and journals, which she had written in Thailand, into a manuscript that was to become Touch the Dragon by Karen Connelly.

In 1991, she moved to France and settled in Montclar, Avignon, where she studied French and Spanish. Soon after, she travelled to Greece, spending most of her time on the island of Lesbos, to which she has occasionally returned. She then moved back to Canada for an extended period, writing and promoting her work.

Her first book, a poetry collection entitled The Small Words in My Body (1990), won the Pat Lowther Award for poetry in 1991. Her second book, Touch the Dragon: A Thai Journal (1992), won the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction.

Three poetry collections followed, This Brighter Prison (1993) The Disorder of Love (1997) and The Border Surrounds Us (2000). She also compiled a book of letters, One Room in a Castle, detailing her experiences in Europe.

In 1996, she returned to Thailand and also visited Myanmar (she prefers the older name, Burma). Her experiences there served as the basis for her novel about a political prisoner, The Lizard Cage, which won the Orange Award for New Writers and was longlisted for the 2007 International Dublin Literary Award.

Connelly remained in Thailand for two years before returning to Canada, where she married. She lives in Toronto.

Recognition / Literary Prizes

 * Touch the Dragon, Governor General’s Award
 * The Small Words in My Body, Pat Lowther

Critical reception
Globe and Mail Review, reviewer called The Lizard Cage, "one of the best Canadian novels".

Her most successful and widely published book is The Lizard Cage.

title: Karen Connelly


text:
Nad Tatrou sa blýska

"Nad Tatrou sa blýska" ("Lightning over the Tatras") is the national anthem of Slovakia. The origins of it are in the Central European activism of the 19th century. Its main themes are a storm over the Tatra mountains that symbolized danger to the Slovaks, and a desire for a resolution of the threat. It used to be particularly popular during the 1848–1849 insurgencies.

It was one of Czechoslovakia's dual national anthems and was played in many Slovak towns at noon; this tradition ceased to exist after Czechoslovakia split into two different states in the early 1990s with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

Background

23-year-old Janko Matúška wrote the lyrics of "Nad Tatrou sa blýska" in January and February 1844. The tune came from the folk song "Kopala studienku" ("She was digging a well") suggested to him by his fellow student Jozef Podhradský, a future religious and Pan-Slavic activist and gymnasial teacher and a similar Hungarian folk song, "Azt mondják, nem adnak engem galambomnak" (English: "They say, they won't let me marry my love"). Shortly afterwards, Matúška and about two dozen other students left their prestigious Lutheran lyceum of Pressburg (preparatory high school and college) in protest over the removal of Ľudovít Štúr from his teaching position by the Lutheran Church under pressure from the authorities. The territory of present-day Slovakia was part of the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austrian Empire then, and the officials objected to his Slovak nationalism.

"Lightning over the Tatras" was written during the weeks when the students were agitated about the repeated denials of their and others' appeals to the school board to reverse Štúr's dismissal. About a dozen of the defecting students transferred to the Lutheran gymnasium of Levoča. When one of the students, the 18-year-old budding journalist and writer Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, wrote down the oldest known record of the poem in his school notebook in 1844, he gave it the title of Prešporskí Slováci, budúci Levočania (Pressburg Slovaks, Future Levočians), which reflected the motivation of its origin.

The journey from Pressburg (present-day Bratislava) to Levoča took the students past the High Tatras, Slovakia's and the then Kingdom of Hungary's highest, imposing, and symbolic mountain range. A storm above the mountains is a key theme in the poem.

Versions
No authorized version of Matúška's lyrics has been preserved and its early records remained without attribution. He stopped publishing after 1849 and later became clerk of the district court. The song became popular during the Slovak Volunteer campaigns of 1848 and 1849. Its text was copied and recopied in hand before it appeared in print in 1851 (unattributed, as Dobrovoľnícka – Volunteer Song), which gave rise to some variation, namely concerning the phrase zastavme ich ("let's stop them") or zastavme sa ("let's stop"). A review of the extant copies and related literature inferred that Matúška's original was most likely to have contained "let's stop them." Among other documents, it occurred both in its oldest preserved handwritten record from 1844 and in its first printed version from 1851. The legislated Slovak national anthem uses this version, the other phrase was used from 1920 to 1993 (as the second part of the anthem of Czechoslovakia with Kde domov můj).

National anthem
On 13 December 1918, only the first stanza of Janko Matúška's lyrics became half of the two-part bilingual Czechoslovak anthem, composed of the first stanza from a Czech operetta tune, Kde domov můj (Where Is My Home?), and the first stanza of Matúška's song, each sung in its respective language and both played in that sequence with their respective tunes. The songs reflected the two nations' concerns in the 19th century when they were confronted with the already fervent national-ethnic activism of the Hungarians and the Germans, their fellow ethnic groups in the Habsburg monarchy.

During the Second World War, "Hej, Slováci" was adopted as the unofficial state anthem of the puppet regime Slovak Republic.

When Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic in 1993, the second stanza was added to the first and the result legislated as Slovakia's national anthem.

Lyrics

Only the first two stanzas have been legislated as the national anthem.

Poetics
One of the trends shared by many Slovak Romantic poets was frequent versification that imitated the patterns of the local folk songs. The additional impetus for Janko Matúška to embrace the trend in Lightning over the Tatras was that he actually designed it to replace the lyrics of an existing folk song. Among the Romantic-folkloric features in the structure of Lightning over the Tatras are the equal number of syllables per verse, and the consistent a−b−b−a disyllabic rhyming of verses 2-5 in each stanza. Leaving the first verses unrhymed was Matúška's license (a single matching sound, blýska—bratia, did not qualify as a rhyme):

 * — Nad Tatrou sa blýska
 * a - Hromy divo bijú
 * b - Zastavme ich bratia
 * b - Veď sa ony stratia
 * a - Slováci ožijú

Another traditional arrangement of Matúška's lines gives 4-verse stanzas rhymed a−b−b−a with the first verse made up of 12 syllables split by a mid-pause, and each of the remaining 3 verses made up of 6 syllables:
 * a - Nad Tatrou sa blýska, hromy divo bijú
 * b - Zastavme ich bratia
 * b - Veď sa ony stratia
 * a - Slováci ožijú

title: Nad Tatrou sa blýska


text:
Wallpaper

Wallpaper is used in interior decoration to cover the interior walls of domestic and public buildings. It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper" to help cover uneven surfaces and minor wall defects, "textured", plain with a regular repeating pattern design, or with a single non-repeating large design carried over a set of sheets.

The smallest wallpaper rectangle that can be tiled to form the whole pattern is known as the pattern repeat. Wallpaper printing techniques include surface printing, rotogravure, screen-printing, rotary printing press, and digital printing.

Modern wallpaper
Modern wallpaper is made in long rolls which are hung vertically on a wall. Patterned wallpapers are designed so that the pattern "repeats", and thus pieces cut from the same roll can be hung next to each other so as to continue the pattern without it being easy to see where the join between two pieces occurs. In the case of large complex patterns of images this is normally achieved by starting the second piece halfway into the length of the repeat, so that if the pattern going down the roll repeats after 24 inches, the next piece sideways is cut from the roll to begin 12 inches down the pattern from the first. The number of times the pattern repeats horizontally across a roll does not matter for this purpose. A single pattern can be issued in several different colorways.

History
The main historical techniques are: hand-painting, woodblock printing (overall the most common), stencilling, and various types of machine-printing. The first three all date back to before 1700.

Wallpaper, using the printmaking technique of woodcut, gained popularity in Renaissance Europe amongst the emerging gentry. The social elite continued to hang large tapestries on the walls of their homes, as they had in the Middle Ages. These tapestries added color to the room as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were extremely expensive and so only the very rich could afford them. Less well-off members of the elite, unable to buy tapestries due either to prices or wars preventing international trade, turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms.

Early wallpaper featured scenes similar to those depicted on tapestries, and large sheets of the paper were sometimes hung loosely on the walls, in the style of tapestries, and sometimes pasted as today. Prints were very often pasted to walls, instead of being framed and hung, and the largest sizes of prints, which came in several sheets, were probably mainly intended to be pasted to walls. Some important artists made such pieces - notably Albrecht Dürer, who worked on both large picture prints and also ornament prints - intended for wall-hanging. The largest picture print was The Triumphal Arch commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and completed in 1515. This measured a colossal 3.57 by 2.95 metres, made up of 192 sheets, and was printed in a first edition of 700 copies, intended to be hung in palaces and, in particular, town halls, after hand-coloring.

Very few samples of the earliest repeating pattern wallpapers survive, but there are a large number of old master prints, often in engraving of repeating or repeatable decorative patterns. These are called ornament prints and were intended as models for wallpaper makers, among other uses.

England and France were leaders in European wallpaper manufacturing. Among the earliest known samples is one found on a wall from England and is printed on the back of a London proclamation of 1509. It became very popular in England following Henry VIII's excommunication from the Catholic Church - English aristocrats had always imported tapestries from Flanders and Arras, but Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church had resulted in a fall in trade with Europe. Without any tapestry manufacturers in England, English gentry and aristocracy alike turned to wallpaper.

During the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, the manufacture of wallpaper, seen as a frivolous item by the Puritan government, was halted. Following the Restoration of Charles II, wealthy people across England began demanding wallpaper again - Cromwell's Puritan regime had imposed a repressive and restrictive culture on the population, and following his death, wealthy people began purchasing comfortable domestic items which had been banned under the Puritan state.

18th century
In 1712, during the reign of Queen Anne, a wallpaper tax was introduced which was not abolished until 1836. By the mid-eighteenth century, Britain was the leading wallpaper manufacturer in Europe, exporting vast quantities to Europe in addition to selling on the middle-class British market. However this trade was seriously disrupted in 1755 by the Seven Years' War and later the Napoleonic Wars, and by a heavy level of duty on imports to France.

In 1748 the British Ambassador to Paris decorated his salon with blue flock wallpaper, which then became very fashionable there. In the 1760s the French manufacturer Jean-Baptiste Réveillon hired designers working in silk and tapestry to produce some of the most subtle and luxurious wallpaper ever made. His sky blue wallpaper with fleurs-de-lys was used in 1783 on the first balloons by the Montgolfier brothers. The landscape painter Jean-Baptiste Pillement discovered in 1763 a method to use fast colours.

Hand-blocked wallpapers like these use hand-carved blocks and by the 18th century designs include panoramic views of antique architecture, exotic landscapes and pastoral subjects, as well as repeating patterns of stylized flowers, people and animals.

In 1785 Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf had invented the first machine for printing coloured tints on sheets of wallpaper. In 1799 Louis-Nicolas Robert patented a machine to produce continuous lengths of paper, the forerunner of the Fourdrinier machine. This ability to produce continuous lengths of wallpaper now offered the prospect of novel designs and nice tints being widely displayed in drawing rooms across Europe.

Wallpaper manufacturers active in England in the 18th century included John Baptist Jackson and John Sherringham. Among the firms established in 18th-century America: J. F. Bumstead & Co. (Boston), William Poyntell (Philadelphia), John Rugar (New York).

High-quality wallpaper made in China became available from the later part of the 17th century; this was entirely handpainted and very expensive. It can still be seen in rooms in palaces and grand houses including Nymphenburg Palace, Łazienki Palace, Chatsworth House, Temple Newsam, Broughton Castle, Lissan House, and Erddig. It was made up to 1.2 metres wide. English, French and German manufacturers imitated it, usually beginning with a printed outline which was coloured in by hand, a technique sometimes also used in later Chinese papers.

France and America
Towards the end of the 18th century the fashion for scenic wallpaper revived in both America and France, leading to some enormous panoramas, like the 1804 20 strip wide panorama, Sauvages de la Mer du Pacifique (Savages of the Pacific), designed by the artist Jean-Gabriel Charvet for the French manufacturer Joseph Dufour et Cie showing the Voyages of Captain Cook. This famous so-called "papier peint" wallpaper is still in situ in Ham House, Peabody, Massachusetts. It was the largest panoramic wallpaper of its time, and marked the burgeoning of a French industry in panoramic wallpapers. Dufour realized almost immediate success from the sale of these papers and enjoyed a lively trade with America. The Neoclassical style currently in favour worked well in houses of the Federal period with Charvet's elegant designs. Like most 18th-century wallpapers, the panorama was designed to be hung above a dado.

Beside Joseph Dufour et Cie (1797 - c. 1830) other French manufacturers of panoramic scenic and trompe-l'œil wallpapers, Zuber et Cie (1797–present) and Arthur et Robert exported their product across Europe and North America. Zuber et Cie's c. 1834 design Views of North America hangs in the Diplomatic Reception Room of the White House.

Among the firms begun in France in the 19th century: Desfossé & Karth. In the United States: John Bellrose, Blanchard & Curry, Howell Brothers, Longstreth & Sons, Isaac Pugh in Philadelphia; Bigelow, Hayden & Co. in Massachusetts; Christy & Constant, A. Harwood, R. Prince in New York.

The earliest known American wallpaper sample book that has survived to present day resides in the collection of Old Sturbridge Village in Sturbridge, MA. It was produced by the firm Janes & Bolles of Hartford, Connecticut, between 1821 and 1828.

England

During the Napoleonic Wars, trade between Europe and Britain evaporated, resulting in the gradual decline of the wallpaper industry in Britain. However, the end of the war saw a massive demand in Europe for British goods which had been inaccessible during the wars, including cheap, colourful wallpaper. The development of steam-powered printing presses in Britain in 1813 allowed manufacturers to mass-produce wallpaper, reducing its price and so making it affordable to working-class people. Wallpaper enjoyed a huge boom in popularity in the nineteenth century, seen as a cheap and very effective way of brightening up cramped and dark rooms in working-class areas. It became almost the norm in most areas of middle-class homes, but remained relatively little used in public buildings and offices, with patterns generally being avoided in such locations. In the latter half of the century Lincrusta and Anaglypta, not strictly wallpapers, became popular competitors, especially below a dado rail. They could be painted and washed, and were a good deal tougher, though also more expensive.

Wallpaper manufacturing firms established in England in the 19th century included Jeffrey & Co.; Shand Kydd Ltd.; Lightbown, Aspinall & Co.; John Line & Sons; Potter & Co.; Arthur Sanderson & Sons; Townshend & Parker. Designers included Owen Jones, William Morris, and Charles Voysey. In particular, many 19th century designs by Morris & Co and other Arts and Crafts Movement designers remain in production.

20th century
By the early twentieth century wallpaper had established itself as one of the most popular household items across the Western world. Manufacturers in the USA included Sears; designers included Andy Warhol. Wallpaper has gone in and out of fashion since about 1930, but the overall trend has been for wallpaper-type patterned wallcoverings to lose ground to plain painted walls.

21st century
In the early 21st century wallpaper evolved into a lighting feature, enhancing the mood and the ambience through lights and crystals. Meystyle, a London-based company, invented LED-incorporated wallpaper. The development of digital printing allows designers to break the mould and combine new technology and art to bring wallpaper to a new level of popularity.

Historical collections
Historical examples of wallpaper are preserved by cultural institutions such as the Deutsches Tapetenmuseum (Kassel) in Germany; the Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris) and Musée du Papier Peint (Rixheim) in France; the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the UK; the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt, Historic New England, Metropolitan Museum of Art, U.S. National Park Service, and Winterthur in the USA. Original designs by William Morris and other English wallpaper companies are held by Walker Greenbank.

Types and sizes
In terms of methods of creation, wallpaper types include painted wallpaper, hand-printed blockwood wallpaper, hand-printed stencil wallpaper, machine-printed wallpaper, and flock wallpaper.

Modern wallcoverings are diverse, and what is described as wallpaper may no longer actually be made from paper. Two of the most common factory trimmed sizes of wallpaper are referred to as "American" and "European" rolled goods. American rolled goods are 27 in by 27 ft in length. European rolled goods are 52 cm wide by 10 m in length, approximately 5.2 m2. Most wallpaper borders are sold by length and with a wide range of widths therefore surface area is not applicable, although some may require trimming.

The most common wall covering for residential use and generally the most economical is prepasted vinyl coated paper, commonly called "strippable" which can be misleading. Cloth backed vinyl is fairly common and durable. Lighter vinyls are easier to handle and hang. Paper backed vinyls are generally more expensive, significantly more difficult to hang, and can be found in wider untrimmed widths. Foil wallpaper generally has paper backing and can (exceptionally) be up to 36 in wide, and be very difficult to handle and hang. Textile wallpapers include silks, linens, grass cloths, strings, rattan, and actual impressed leaves. There are acoustical wall carpets to reduce sound. Customized wallcoverings are available at high prices and most often have minimum roll orders.

Solid vinyl with a cloth backing is the most common commercial wallcovering and comes from the factory as untrimmed at 54 in approximately, to be overlapped and double cut by the installer. This same type can be pre-trimmed at the factory to 27 in approximately.

Custom printing
New digital inkjet printing technologies using ultraviolet (UV) cured inks are being used for custom wallpaper production. Very small runs can be made, even a single wall. Photographs or digital art are output onto blank wallpaper material. Typical installations are corporate lobbies, restaurants, athletic facilities, and home interiors. This gives a designer the ability to give a space the exact look and feel desired.

High-tech
New types of wallpaper under development or entering the market in the early 21st century include wallpaper that blocks certain mobile phone and WiFi signals, in the interest of privacy. The wallpaper is coated with a silver ink which forms crystals that block outgoing signals.

Seismic
In 2012 scientists at the Institute of Solid Construction and Construction Material Technology at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology announced that they had developed a wallpaper that can help keep a masonry wall from failing in an earthquake. The wallpaper uses glass fibre reinforcement in several directions and a special adhesive which forms a strong bond with the masonry when dry.

As a means of artistic expression
Tsang Kin-Wah, one of Hong Kong's best-known painters, creates large-scale wallpaper installations that evoke the floral designs of William Morris in a style that has become known as word-art installation.

Installation
Like paint, wallpaper requires proper surface preparation before application. Additionally wallpaper is not suitable for all areas. For example, bathroom wallpaper may deteriorate rapidly due to excessive steam (if is not sealed with a specific varnish). Proper preparation includes the repair of any defects in the drywall or plaster and the removal of loose material or old adhesives. For a better finish with thinner papers and poorer quality walls the wall can be cross-lined (horizontally) with lining paper first. Accurate room measurements (length, width, and height) along with number of window and door openings is essential for ordering wallpaper. Large drops, or repeats, in a pattern can be cut and hung more economically by working from alternating rolls of paper.

After pre-pasted wallpaper is moistened, or dry wallpaper is coated with wet paste, the wet surface is folded onto itself and left for a few minutes to activate the glue, which is called "booking wallpaper."

Besides conventional installation on interior walls and ceilings, wallpapers have been deployed as decorative covering for hatboxes, bandboxes, books, shelves, and window-shades.

Wallpaper adhesives
Most wallpaper adhesives are starch or methylcellulose based.

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Albert Hall (actor)

Albert W. Hall (born November 10, 1937) is an American actor. He portrayed Chief Phillips in the 1979 war film Apocalypse Now and Judge Seymore Walsh in Ally McBeal and The Practice. He also played Brother Baines in the 1992 Spike Lee film Malcolm X.

Early life and education
Hall was born and raised in Brighton, Alabama. He graduated from the Columbia University School of the Arts.

Early work
After portraying Pointer in Willie Dynamite (1974), Hall had a part in the 1976 biopic Leadbelly. He played a co-pilot in the 1978 film The Bermuda Triangle. Hall had a small role in the 1979 miniseries Roots: The Next Generations.

Apocalypse Now
Hall gained mainstream attention for his role as Chief Phillips in Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 war classic Apocalypse Now, in which his character leads the rest of crew upriver from Vietnam to Cambodia so that Captain Willard (Martin Sheen) can complete his mission to assassinate Colonel Kurtz (Marlon Brando). To prepare for the role, Hall did research to accurately portray someone experiencing the Vietnam War first hand. The actor described filming in the Philippines as "exotic" and added that "it was all fun."

When Hall's Separate but Equal (1991) co-star Jeffrey Wright told him that Apocalypse Now is his favorite film, he gave him a book in which he wrote inside, "Jeffrey, evolution is when a young actor comes up to you and says, 'I've seen your work, you know, a hundred so times, and it has meaning to me.'"

According to Slate, some of Hall's dialogue in Apocalypse Now Redux is semi-improvised. Hall's performance in both versions has been praised by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and Variety respectively.

Later work
Hall appeared in the 1981 miniseries The Sophisticated Gents. In 1983, Hall had his first regular role in the short-lived series Ryan's Four. Hall also appeared alongside Sidney Poitier in the 1991 television movie Separate but Equal.

Throughout the 1990s, Hall appeared in a range of films, starting with memorable performances in Malcolm X (1992) and Rookie of the Year (1993). He collaborated with Spike Lee, the director of the former film, again in Get on the Bus (1996). Other films Hall appeared in during that decade include Major Payne (1995), Devil in a Blue Dress (1995), Courage Under Fire (1996) and Beloved (1998).

In the late 1990s, Hall became known by television audiences for his recurring role as Judge Seymore Walsh in the series The Practice and Ally McBeal, both of which were created by David E. Kelley. Coincidentally, he portrayed the role of a judge in soap operas such as The Young and the Restless and Days of Our Lives.

Hall has portrayed real life figures such as Hank Aaron in the 1998 television film The Tiger Woods Story and Elijah Muhammad in Michael Mann's 2001 biopic Ali. Hall played the recurring role of Bruce in the series Men of a Certain Age.

Filmography

 * Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970) - Background Detective (uncredited)
 * Willie Dynamite (1974) - Pointer
 * Leadbelly (1976) - Dicklicker
 * Apocalypse Now (1979) - Chief Phillips
 * Cry Freedom (1987) - Haraka
 * The Night They Saved Christmas (1984) - Loomis
 * Trouble in Mind (1985) - Leo
 * Betrayed (1988) - FBI Agent Al Sanders
 * The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989) - Henry
 * Music Box (1989) - Mack Jones
 * Malcolm X (1992) - Baines
 * Rookie of the Year (1993) - Martinella
 * Major Payne (1995) - Gen. Decker
 * Devil in a Blue Dress (1995) - Odell
 * The Great White Hype (1996) - Roper's Manager
 * Courage Under Fire (1996) - Speaker
 * Get on the Bus (1996) - Craig
 * Jimi (1996) - Boxcar
 * Anarchy TV (1998) - Bobby
 * Beloved (1998) - Stamp Paid
 * Apocalypse Now Redux (2001)
 * Ali (2001) - Elijah Muhammad
 * Honeydripper (2007) - Reverend Cutlip
 * National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007) - Dr. Nichols
 * Not Easily Broken (2009) - Bishop Wilkes

title: Albert Hall (actor)


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User talk:Wapcaplet/Accessibility sandbox

I think this is better. It's unnecessary to use a table cell for each item when they can be conveniently typed up as list items. The left column of the old version is distinguished by the blue wikilinks. --Menchi 15:21 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I concur; this definitely appears more accessible. There's a slight rendering error: the "Most Stable Isotopes" table breaks the boundary of the frame but this isn't too important. (I'm using Mozilla Firebird/Phoenix 0.6, if it helps.) I think the original hydrogen article looks better than this, but this looks better in this "reduced" context. --212.229.115.84 19:59 27 Jun 2003 (BST)


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Hugh Cook (Canadian novelist)

Hugh Cook (born 1942) is a Canadian novelist.

Born in The Hague, Netherlands, his family emigrated to Canada in 1950, settling in Burnaby, British Columbia.

Cook holds degrees from Calvin College, Simon Fraser University and the University of Iowa. In 1982, he joined the English faculty at Redeemer College, now Redeemer University College, in Ancaster, Ontario, teaching Canadian, American literature, and creative writing. He retired from full-time teaching in 2005 to devote time to his writing.

Cook's stories have been published in Canada's leading literary journals. His stories in Home in Alfalfa were adapted into a stage play which was performed by the Redeemer University College Theatre Arts department in the fall of 2007. Cook's novel The Homecoming Man has been translated into Dutch under the title Een Man Komt Thuis. His novel Heron River  will appear in Dutch translation in 2015 under the title De Tuin van Adam. Cook lives in Hamilton, Ontario. He gives frequent readings from his work and speaks at writers' conferences.

title: Hugh Cook (Canadian novelist)


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User:Sue Michael Canuck

This user is under a hard ban -- see User:Joe Canuck/ban for details. All edits by this user will be reverted. Please do not reinstate any edits made by this user. The Anome 18:35 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: User:Sue Michael Canuck