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Software art

Software art is a work of art where the creation of software, or concepts from software, play an important role; for example software applications which were created by artists and which were intended as artworks. As an artistic discipline software art has attained growing attention since the late 1990s. It is closely related to Internet art since it often relies on the Internet, most notably the World Wide Web, for dissemination and critical discussion of the works. Art festivals such as FILE Electronic Language International Festival (São Paulo), Transmediale (Berlin), Prix Ars Electronica (Linz) and readme (Moscow, Helsinki, Aarhus, and Dortmund) have devoted considerable attention to the medium and through this have helped to bring software art to a wider audience of theorists and academics.

Selection of artists and works

 * Scott Draves is best known for creating the Electric Sheep in 1999, the Bomb visual-musical instrument in 1995, and the Fractal flame algorithm in 1992.
 * Robert B. Lisek, creator of NE5T – Citizens Intelligent Agency and GGGRU worm, datamining software for searching hidden patterns and links between people, groups, objects, events, places /based on LANL's and GRU's antiterrorist software
 * Bob Holmes is an artist who creates websites that are signed, exhibited and sold in galleries and Museums as autonomous artworks.
 * Netochka Nezvanova is the author of nebula.m81, an experimental web browser awarded at Transmediale 2001 in the category "artistic software". She is also the creator of the highly influential nato.0+55+3d software suite for live video manipulation.
 * Marc Lee is an artist who focuses on software art, awarded in the categories "Interaction" and "Software" at Transmediale 2002 and won Viper International awards 2002 and 2005.
 * Jason Salavon is known for the creation of "amalgamations" that average dozens of images to create individual, ethereal "archetype" images.
 * Alexei Shulgin is well known for this 386DX performance group, but is also credited with early software art-inspired creations.
 * Adrian Ward has won several awards for his Signwave Auto-Illustrator, a generative art graphic design application, which parodies Adobe Photoshop.
 * Martin Wattenberg is one of the pioneers of data visualization art, creating works based on music, photographs, and even Wikipedia edits.
 * Corby & Baily were early experimenters in this field, producers of the reconnoitre web browser which won an honorary mention in the net art section of Ars Electronica in 1999.
 * LIA is one of the early pioneers of Software and Net Art. Her website, re-move.org (1999–2003) received an Award of Distinction in the Net Vision/Net Excellence Category of Ars Electronica in 2003.

title: Software art


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Unobservable

An unobservable (also called impalpable) is an entity whose existence, nature, properties, qualities or relations are not directly observable by humans. In philosophy of science, typical examples of "unobservables" are the force of gravity, causation and beliefs or desires. The distinction between observable and unobservable plays a central role in Immanuel Kant's distinction between noumena and phenomena as well as in John Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities. The theory that unobservables posited by scientific theories exist is referred to as scientific realism. It contrasts with instrumentalism, which asserts that we should withhold ontological commitments to unobservables even though it is useful for scientific theories to refer to them. There is considerable disagreement about which objects should be classified as unobservable, for example, whether bacteria studied using microscopes or positrons studied using cloud chambers count as unobservable. Different notions of unobservability have been formulated corresponding to different types of obstacles to their observation.

Kant on noumena
The distinction between "observable" and "unobservable" is similar to Immanuel Kant's distinction between noumena and phenomena. Noumena are the things-in-themselves, i.e., raw things in their necessarily unknowable state, before they pass through the formalizing apparatus of the senses and the mind in order to become perceived objects, which he refers to as "phenomena". According to Kant, humans can never know noumena; all that humans know is the phenomena.

Locke on primary and secondary qualities
Kant's distinction is similar to John Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Secondary qualities are what humans perceive such as redness, chirping, heat, mustiness or sweetness. Primary qualities would be the actual qualities of the things themselves which give rise to the secondary qualities which humans perceive.

Philosophy of science
The ontological nature and epistemological issues concerning unobservables are central topics in philosophy of science. The theory that unobservables posited by scientific theories exist is referred to as scientific realism. It contrasts with instrumentalism, which asserts that we should withhold ontological commitments to unobservables even though it is useful for scientific theories to refer to them.

The notion of observability plays a central role in constructive empiricism. According to van Fraassen, the goal of scientific theories is not truth about all entities but only truth about all observable entities. If a theory is true in this restricted sense, it is called an empirically adequate theory. Van Fraassen characterizes observability counterfactually: "X is observable if there are circumstances which are such that, if X is present to us under those circumstances, then we observe it".

A problem with this and similar characterizations is to determine the exact extension of what is unobservable. There is little controversy that regular everyday-objects that we can perceive without any aids are observable. Such objects include e.g. trees, chairs or dogs. But controversy starts with cases where unaided perception fails. This includes cases like using telescopes to study distant galaxies, using microscopes to study bacteria or using cloud chambers to study positrons.

Some philosophers have been motivated by these and similar examples to question the value of the distinction between observable and unobservable in general.

Kinds of unobservables
W. V. Metcalf distinguishes three kinds of unobservables. One is the logically unobservable, which involves a contradiction. An example would be a length which is both longer and shorter than a given length. The second is the practically unobservable, that which we can conceive of as observable by the known sense-faculties of man but we are prevented from observing by practical difficulties. The third kind is the physically unobservable, that which can never be observed by any existing sense-faculties of man.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Unobservable


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Iajuddin Ahmed

Iajuddin Ahmed (1 February 1931 – 10 December 2012) was the President of Bangladesh, serving from 6 September 2002 until 12 February 2009. From late October 2006 to January 2007, he also served as Chief Advisor of the caretaker government. From October 2006 to early 2008, his responsibilities as president included the Defense Ministry of the caretaker government.

With a doctorate in soil science, Ahmed became a full professor at the University of Dhaka and chairman of the department. Beginning in 1991, he started accepting appointments to public positions, as chairman of the Public Service Commission (1991 to 1993) and of the University Grants Commission (1995 to 1999). In 2002 he won election as president. In 2004 he helped establish the private university, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology (ADUST).

Early life and education
Ahmed obtained his BSc and MS at the University of Dhaka in 1952 and 1954, respectively. He later received his MS and PhD degrees in 1958 and 1962, respectively, from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the United States.

Teaching
Returning to the University of Dhaka, Ahmed joined the faculty as an assistant professor in the Department of Soil Science. He moved up in the ranks until he became a full professor in the department. He held the posts at the university of chairman of the Soil Science Department of Dhaka University and dean of the Faculty of Biological Science, Dhaka University. He was also provost of Salimullah Muslim Hall.

Ahmed is credited with developing a process that preserved nutrients in soil and later released them according to the needs of the vegetation. In 1984, Professor Ahmed was a visiting professor at Cornell University in the United States and the German Technical University and University of Göttingen in Germany.

Political career
Ahmed was an adviser in the caretaker government in 1991. He was also chairman of the Public Service Commission from 1991 to 1993. He served as chairman of the University Grants Commission from 1995 to 1999.

During the 1990s Professor Ahmed was the president of the Federation of University Teachers Association in Bangladesh (FUTA). He led the anti-autocratic movement.

Presidency
Ahmed became President of Bangladesh in 2002 after becoming the only candidate to register for presidential elections. By that time, the position of prime minister was considered the top political role in the Bangladesh government.

During his presidency, Ahmed directed the writing and publication of two books about the nation, Hundred Years of Bangabhaban and Bangabhabaner Shatabarsha. These were published in 2006 by Bangabhaban's press wing, under the initiative of his advisor, Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury.

Chief Advisor, 2006–2007 Caretaker Government
According to the constitution, the immediate past Chief Justice is appointed as Chief Advisor during a caretaker government. After Justice KM Hasan declined the position, reportedly because of ill health, five other men were considered for the position. The last option was for the President to take over, as provided for in the constitution. Ahmed was sworn in as the Chief Advisor of the Caretaker Government at 8:00 pm (Bangladesh standard time) on 29 October 2006 after the main political parties failed to agree on another candidate. The opposition parties resisted his appointment, because he had been elected by the majority-BNP parliament. Iajuddin Ahmed as Chief Advisor was to oversee the forthcoming elections, planned for 22 January 2007, while continuing his responsibilities as president.

Sheikh Hasina of the Awami League and her allies demanded Ahmed's resignation, but he declined. At first the Awami League and its allies announced they would boycott the planned election because of BNP influence.

The President's advisor, Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury, met with Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia in an attempt to convince both parties to take part in the election. Finally on 23 December they both agreed to participate in the 22 January 2007 polls. At the last minute, on 3 January, Awami League and its allies withdrew from the election, jeopardising the country's stability. The European Union and UN withdrew its election overseers, saying AL's actions made a fair election impossible.

Concerned that a one-party election would jeopardise the nation's lucrative participation in United Nations' peacekeeping mission and that the caretaker government would have difficulty resisting takeover by the BNP, the military intervened on 11 January 2007. A group including General Moeen U Ahmed, Army Chief, persuaded Iajuddin Ahmed to declare a state of emergency and resign, appointing an Interim Chief Advisor. Opponents of the military intervention were concerned about the threat to democracy, but many others were relieved to have professional technocrats leading efforts to stabilise the country and reduce corruption in the government. On 12 January, Fakruddin, formerly with the World Bank, was appointed as Chief Advisor.

Resignation as Chief Adviser
On 11 January 2007, Dr. Iajuddin Ahmed resigned from his position as Chief Advisor of the Caretaker Government, having already received the resignations of his advisors. He retained his position as president and responsibilities for the Defense Ministry in the caretaker government. He issued a statement acknowledging that the Election Commission and his government had been unable to achieve an election. He appointed the former Justice Fazlul Haque as Interim Chief Advisor and imposed a state of emergency. The next day, in consultation with the military, Ahmed appointed Fakhruddin Ahmed as the new Chief Advisor. He is a prominent banker who had been with the World Bank and Bangladesh National Bank.

Iajuddin Ahmed's term as president was due to end on 5 September 2007. The government announced at that time that he would remain in office until after the national election (planned by then to be held by late 2008). This was to elect new members of parliament, who would elect a president.

The Awami League and its Grand Alliance won two-thirds of the seats in parliament. It formed a government in 2009, headed by Sheikh Hasina as prime minister. Ahmed left office on 12 February 2009, after Zillur Rahman, an Awami League leader, was sworn in to succeed him as President of Bangladesh.

Bypass operation
On the afternoon of 23 May 2006, President Ahmed was admitted to the Combined Military Hospital (CMH) in Dhaka. Sources said he was seriously ill and being treated by a team of elite doctors. On their advice, President Ahmed was taken to Singapore on Wednesday, 24 May 2006. The 75-year-old president underwent a successful by-pass heart operation at the Mount Elizabeth Hospital in Singapore. During President Ahmed's illness and recovery, in May–July 2006, rumours were reported in the media that he had died, or was going to be removed.

Personal life
Ahmed and his second wife, Anwara Begum, adopted a son, Imtiaz Ahmed Babu. Ahmed also has children from his first marriage: Susan and Adam. He has a total of four grandchildren: Aurora, Beryl, Adam and Arin.

Imtiaz Babu was arrested on 9 January 2012 on assault charges, for having attacked the registrar at the Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, a private university founded by his father. Babu is on the trustee board of ADUST.

Illness and death
Ahmed had additional heart surgery on 28 October 2012. After developing kidney-related complications, he spent more than a month on life support before dying on 10 December 2012 at Bumrungrad International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

Statements of mourning were issued by President Zillur Rahman, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, Leader of the Opposition Khaleda Zia and former Advisor to the President Mukhles Chowdhury. Iajudiin Ahmed's body was transported to Dhaka from Bangkok on 12 December 2012.

Four namaz-e-janazas were held for him. His first was held in Bangkok on 11 December 2012, the second namaz-e-janaza at his ancestral home in Munshiganj on 13 December, the third janaza in Dhaka University Central Masjid, and the fourth and last one was at Baitul Mukarram national masjid. Ahmed was buried in Banani graveyard.

title: Iajuddin Ahmed


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Talk:Julia Child

WGBH open vault content
WGBH open vault content is open to be linked to and is not region blocked like some other archives (I'll check on this in detail, but I've checked with folks at the vault - they say it's not region blocked). There may be more of the half-hour videos of JC in action, but I've just added one "French Chef; Lasagne a la Francaise" (1970), but please choose from the others if you like them better "French Chef; Bouillabaisse A La Marseillaise" (1970) or French Chef; Asparagus From Tip to Butt (1966) Theoretically, I can put in all three in just a bit more space, but I wouldn't want overkill here. Smallbones( smalltalk ) 20:16, 15 September 2016 (UTC)
 * By all means, let us have more Bouillabaisse in our lives :-) Mary Mark Ockerbloom (talk) 13:46, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

Discussion: "Good article nomination"
Greetings, The article is in my watchlist for quite a while. From the improvements I see, is this article ready for GA Nomination? Let's discuss. Regards, — JoeHebda • (talk) 07:31, 5 October 2016 (UTC)
 * The lead is insufficient, and there are numerous citations needed throughout; paragraph-sized chunks of unsourced text in several areas. That stuff would get hacked up at GAN, especially if you get a stickler reviewer. INeverCry (talk) 22:12, 5 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I may throw together a navbox for her works too. INeverCry (talk) 22:15, 5 October 2016 (UTC)

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Allegations of alcoholism
I have heard that she was a heavy drinker and on her food shows she seemed to often slur her speech. Is this information noble? Midgetlavalamp (talk) 19:04, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 April 2019
Good Story Headline 75.138.79.243 (talk) 21:36, 25 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 13:53, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

Not a chef
Julia Child was never a chef, that is, someone who runs a restaurant kitchen. I have corrected the lead, and removed the appropriate categories. I have left in the TV chef categories, because "TV chef" is a widely used misnomer for people who aren't chefs, but who teach cooking on TV. --Macrakis (talk) 19:59, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

 * She was as much of a chef as anyone who ever lived. She earned tons of money by teaching people how to cook.  That makes her a professional cook.  Which is a "chef" by any reasonable definition. 73.6.96.168 (talk) 21:38, 20 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Though some chefs teach cooking and write books, not everyone who teaches cooking is a chef. A chef is someone who runs a commercial kitchen -- a restaurant or a catering operation. Fannie Farmer was not a chef. Mme. Saint-Ange (pseud. for Marie Ébrard) was not a chef. --Macrakis (talk) 22:19, 20 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Those might be your personal feelings, but according to the current definition (even the one in Wikipedia!), a chef is any cook, though usually a professional cook. Training and commercial kitchen optional. There are no requirements. Anyone can call themself a chef. It's not protected, it's not a degree, it's not well-defined.--77.181.158.146 (talk) 18:18, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Good Morning America
I haven't seen a single mention in this article about her role on GMA. One would think that would be worthy of mention, especially since she was the first "chef" to be featured on GMA. ABC seems to be very proud to have her in their canon. At least a line or perferably a paragraph about her years at GMA would be in order. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.228.146.101 (talk) 13:57, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

Reference in a novel
Craig Silvey's fictional novel Honeybee includes a good amount of references to Julia Child. Should this be referenced somewhere in this article? 14.201.163.187 (talk) 12:03, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julia Child


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Pixie

A pixie (also called pisky, pixy, pixi, pizkie, piskie, or pigsie in parts of Cornwall and Devon) is a mythical creature of British folklore. Pixies are speculated to be particularly concentrated in the high moorland areas around Devon and Cornwall, suggesting some Celtic origin for the belief and name. However, the word 'pixie' (under various forms) also appears in Dorset, Somerset and to a lesser extent in Sussex, Wiltshire and Hampshire.

Similar to the Irish and Scottish Aos Sí (also spelled Aos Sidhe), pixies are believed to inhabit ancient underground sites such as stone circles, barrows, dolmens, ringforts, or menhirs. In traditional regional lore, pixies are generally benign, mischievous, short of stature, and childlike; they are fond of dancing and wrestling outdoors, of which they perform through the night.

In the modern era, they are usually depicted with pointed ears, often wearing a green outfit and pointed hat. Traditional stories describe them as wearing dirty, ragged bundles of rags, which they discard for gifts containing new clothes. In other depictions, their eyes are described as being pointed upwards at the outer end. These, however, are Victorian era conventions and not part of the older mythology.

Etymology and origin
The origin of the word pixie is uncertain. It could have come from the Swedish dialectal pyske, meaning 'small fairy'. Others have disputed this, given there is no plausible case for Nordic dialectal records in southwest Britain, claiming instead—in view of the Cornish origin of the piskie—that the term is more Celtic in origin, though no clear ancestor of the word is known. The term Pobel Vean (Little People) is often used to refer to them collectively. Because of its location of origin, it is possible it comes from the Proto-Brythonic *bɨx, which has become bych, little, in Middle Welsh and bihan, in Breton. The change from b to p can be easily explained by a sandhi that occurs after the use of the old article or a pronoun.

Very similar analogues exist in closely related Irish (Aos Sí), Manx (Mooinjer veggey), Welsh Tylwyth Teg ('Fair Family'), and Breton (korrigan) culture. Although their common names are unrelated, there is a high degree of local variation of names. In west Penwith, the area of late survival of the Cornish language, spriggans are distinguished from pixies by their malevolent nature, while knockers are distinct for their association with tin mining in Cornwall.

Pixie mythology is believed to pre-date Christian presence in Britain. Romano-British Hooded Spirits genii cucullati are a possible ancient Celtic forebear—such dwarfish sprites wore traditional hooded cloaks associated with the British and concealed phallic daggers. In the Christian era, they were sometimes said to be the souls of children who had died unbaptised (similar to the belief in Limbo). These children would change their appearance to pixies once their clothing was placed in clay funeral pots used in their earthly lives as toys. A common idea in the Victorian era was that pixies were a folk memory of the Pictish people, but that has largely been disproven and is viewed in academia as Norse propaganda against the Picts This suggestion is still referenced in contemporary writing, but there is no proven connection, and the etymological basis is considered ambiguous. Some 19th-century researchers made more general claims about pixie origins, or have connected them with the Puck (Cornish Bucca), a mythological creature sometimes described as a fairy; the name Puck (Irish: Púca, Welsh: Pwca) is also of uncertain origin.

The earliest published version of The Three Little Pigs story is from Dartmoor in 1853 and has three little pixies in place of the pigs. In older Westcountry dialect, modern Received Pronunciation letter pairs are sometimes transposed from the older Saxon spelling (waps for wasp, aks for ask, etc.) resulting in piskies in place of piksies (pixies) as commonly found in Devon and Cornwall in modern times.

Until the advent of contemporary fiction, pixie mythology was mostly localised to Britain. Some have noted similarities to "northern fairies", Germanic and Scandinavian elves, or Nordic Tomte, but pixies are distinguished from them by the myths and stories of Devon and Cornwall.

Cornwall, Devon and Somerset
Before the mid-19th century, the towns Cornwall and Devon had numerous cultural depictions of pixies and fairies. Books devoted to the homely beliefs of the peasantry were filled with incidents of pixie manifestations. Some locales were named for the pixies associated with them. In Devon, near Challacombe, a group of rocks were named after the pixies said to dwell there. At Trevose Head in Cornwall, 600 pixies were said to have gathered dancing and laughing in a circle that had appeared upon the turf until one of them, named Omfra, lost his laugh. After searching amongst the barrows of the ancient kings of Cornwall on St Breock Downs, he wades through the bottomless Dozmary Pool on Bodmin Moor until his laugh is restored by King Arthur in the form of a Chough.

In the legends associated with Dartmoor, pixies (or piskeys) are said to disguise themselves as a bundle of rags to lure children. The pixies of Dartmoor are fond of music, dancing, and riding on Dartmoor colts. These pixies are generally said to be helpful for humans, sometimes helping needy widows and others with housework. They are not completely benign, however, as they have a reputation for misleading travellers known as being "pixy-led", and it can be cured by turning a coat inside-out.

The queen of the Cornish pixies is said to be Joan the Wad (torch), and she is considered to bless people with good luck. In Devon, pixies are said to be "invisibly small, and harmless or friendly to man."

In some of the legends and historical accounts, they are presented as having an anthropomorphic stature. For instance, a member of the Elford family in Tavistock, Devon, successfully hid from Cromwell's troops in a pixie house. Though the entrance has narrowed with time, the pixie house, a natural cavern on Sheep Tor, is still accessible.

At Buckland St. Mary, Somerset, pixies and fairies are said to have been in a war. The pixies were victorious and visit occasionally, whilst the fairies are said to have left after their loss.

By the early 19th century, their contact with humans had diminished. In Samuel Drew’s 1824 book Cornwall, Drew states: "The age of pixies, like that of chivalry, is gone. There is, perhaps, at present hardly a house they are reputed to visit. Even the fields and lanes which they formerly frequented seem to be nearly forsaken. Their music is rarely heard."

Pixie Day
Pixie Day is an old tradition which takes place annually in June at the East Devon town of Ottery St. Mary. The day commemorates a legend of pixies being banished from the town to local caves known as the "Pixie's Parlour".

The Pixie Day legend originates from the early days of Christianity, when a local bishop decided to build a church in Otteri (Ottery St. Mary), and commissioned a set of bells, or bell ringers, to come from Wales, of whom were escorted by monks on their journey.

The pixies were worried, as they knew that once the bells were installed it would be the death knell of their rule over the land. They cast a spell over the monks to redirect them from the road to Otteri to the road leading them to the cliff's edge at Sidmouth. Just as the monks were about to fall over the cliff, one of the monks stubbed his toe on a rock and said "God bless my soul", breaking the spell.

The bells were then brought to Otteri and installed. However, the pixies' spell was not completely broken; each year on a day in June, the "pixies" come out and capture the town's bell ringers, later imprisoning them in Pixies' Parlour to be rescued by the Vicar of Ottery St. Mary. This legend is re-enacted each year by the Cub and Brownie groups of Ottery St. Mary, with a specially constructed Pixies' Parlour in the Town Square—the original Pixie's Parlour can be found along the banks of the River Otter.

Characteristics

Pixies are described in folklore and fiction in various ways, most commonly as ill-clothed or naked. In 1890, William Crossing noted a pixie's preference for bits of finery: "Indeed, a sort of weakness for finery exists among them, and a piece of ribbon appears to be... highly prized by them."

Some pixies are said to steal children or lead travellers astray. This seems to be a blend from fairy mythology not originally attached to pixies; in 1850, Thomas Keightley noted that much of Devon pixie mythology may have originated from fairy myth. Pixies are said to reward consideration and punish neglect on the part of larger humans, for which Keightley gives examples. By their presence, they bring blessings to those who are fond of them.

Pixies are said to have a spiritual connection to horses, riding them for pleasure and making tangled ringlets in the manes of those horses.

In mythology, pixies are sometimes said to be of human origin or to "partake of human nature", in distinction to fairies whose mythology is traced to immaterial and malignant spirit forces. In some discussions, pixies are presented as wingless, pygmy-like creatures. However, this is probably a later accretion to the mythology.

One British scholar stated his belief that "Pixies were evidently a smaller race, and, from the greater obscurity of the ... tales about them, I believe them to have been an earlier race."

Literary interpretations
Many Victorian-era poets saw pixies as magical beings. An example is Samuel Minturn Peck. In his poem, "The Pixies", he writes:

 * ’Tis said their forms are tiny, yet
 * All human ills they can subdue,
 * Or with a wand or amulet
 * Can win a maiden’s heart for you;
 * And many a blessing know to stew
 * To make to wedlock bright;
 * Give honour to the dainty crew,
 * The Pixies are abroad tonight.

The late 19th-century English poet Nora Chesson summarised pixie mythology in a poem entitled "The Pixies". She gathered all the speculations and myths into verse: Pixies are "in-between", not cursed by God or especially blessed. They do the unexpected, they bless the land, and are forest creatures whom other wild creatures find alluring and non-threatening. They love humans, taking some for mates, and are nearly ageless. They are winged, flitting from place to place.

The Pixie Day tradition in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s hometown of Ottery St Mary in East Devon was the inspiration for his poem "Songs of the Pixies".

The Victorian-era writer Mary Elizabeth Whitcombe divided pixies into tribes according to personality and deeds. The novelist Anna Eliza Bray suggested that pixies and fairies were distinct species.

title: Pixie


text:
Clone Wars (Star Wars)

The Clone Wars is a fictional conflict in the Star Wars franchise by George Lucas. Though mentioned briefly in the first Star Wars film (A New Hope, 1977), the war itself was not depicted until Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005). The Clone Wars are also the setting for three eponymous projects: a 2D animated series (2003–2005), a 3D film (2008), and a 3D animated series (2008–2014, 2020). They have featured in numerous Star Wars books and games.

Within the Star Wars narrative, the Clone Wars involve a three-year war fought to prevent thousands of planetary systems from seceding from the Galactic Republic and forming their Confederacy of Independent Systems, often referred to as Separatists. The Republic uses an army of clone troopers led by the Jedi Order against the Separatist battle droid army. The conflict was a scheme by the Republic's Supreme Chancellor Palpatine, secretly the evil Sith Lord Darth Sidious, seeking to implement the Sith's long-term plans to wipe out all Jedi and take over the galaxy. Palpatine intended this by giving the clone troopers a secret command known as "Order 66" embedded in their brains, instantly making clones perceive their Jedi officers as traitors and kill them. He succeeded in issuing the command in Revenge of the Sith promptly leading to the deaths of numerous Jedi around the galaxy, allowing Palpatine to gain total power and ultimately convert the democratic Galactic Republic into the autocratic Galactic Empire, a reign controlled through a military–industrial complex and featured in the original trilogy.

Lucas used the Clone Wars narrative to answer questions about the original trilogy, such as how the Empire originated and how Anakin Skywalker became Darth Vader. The political and military events of the Clone Wars draw inspiration from such real-world conflicts and historical events, as transition of the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire, the American Civil War, the First and Second World Wars, as well as contemporary events such as the War on Terror and the Bush administration during the early 21st century.

Concept and development
The first reference to the Clone Wars is in Star Wars creator George Lucas' third draft of the first film, which mentions the grizzled cyborg General Kenobi's "diary of the Clone Wars". The wars were mentioned twice briefly in the final version of the film, referring to Obi-Wan Kenobi as a general who served Leia Organa's (then-unnamed) father Bail Organa during the conflict. In drafting The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Lucas considered introducing a clone character who had been involved with the Clone Wars. Leigh Brackett's first draft of the film initially developed Lando Calrissian as a clone from a planet of clones involved in the Clone Wars mentioned in A New Hope and were nearly made extinct by the war. Boba Fett was also initially considered as being from a group of shocktroopers nearly wiped out by Jedi during the Clone Wars. However, these concepts were not included in the final version of the film. Lucas was more guarded about the details of the Clone Wars than any other element of Star Wars, even making them off-limits to licensed products and books.

Lucas has noted that Palpatine's rise to power is similar to that of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany; as Chancellor of Germany, the latter was granted "emergency powers", as is Palpatine. Lucas has also said that one of the primary influences for the political backdrop behind the Clone Wars, and all of Star Wars, was the Vietnam War and Watergate scandal era, when leaders embraced corruption for what they thought was the best course of action. In 2002, Lucas said:

"All democracies turn into dictatorships—but not by coup. The people give their democracy to a dictator, whether it's Julius Caesar or Napoleon or Adolf Hitler. Ultimately, the general population goes along with the idea. What kinds of things push people and institutions in this direction? That's the issue I've been exploring: how did the Republic turn into the Empire? ... How does a good person go bad, and how does a democracy become a dictatorship?"

The clone forces shown at the conclusion of Attack of the Clones comprised the largest digital army created for a film at that point. Lucas proposed to concept artists that Revenge of the Sith would open with a montage of seven battles on seven planets. Lucas then radically re-organized the plot; instead of opening the film with various Clone Wars battles, Lucas decided instead to focus on Anakin Skywalker. The absence of the "seven battles on seven planets" in part led to Lucas's decision to launch the CGI-animated Clone Wars television series; Lucas said the cartoon could "do better" at depicting the conflict.

Depiction
The Clone Wars was first depicted in Attack of the Clones, the release of which brought an end to Lucas's embargo on licensed material set during the era. Numerous novels, comic books, and video games exploring the conflict have been sanctioned by Lucas Licensing.

Film
The Clone Wars are first mentioned in A New Hope when Obi-Wan explains to Luke that his father fought in them, to which Luke expresses doubt. It is later mentioned by Leia in her message that Obi-Wan served her father, who will later be identified as Bail Organa, in the Clone Wars.

Attack of the Clones, set at the beginning of the Clone Wars, opens with the Galactic Republic's rising concern about the secession of thousands of star systems to the Confederacy of Independent Systems, which is publicly led by Count Dooku. Chancellor Palpatine manipulates Jar Jar Binks and the rest of the Galactic Senate into granting him emergency powers. Investigating two attempted assassinations of Senator Padmé Amidala, Obi-Wan Kenobi discovers Dooku used the identity of a dead Jedi Master to secretly arrange the creation of a massive clone army on the Republic's behalf. Yoda leads the clone army to rescue Obi-Wan, Padmé, and Anakin Skywalker from the Separatists on Geonosis, and the first battle of the war ensues. At the battle's conclusion, Yoda declares: "Begun, the Clone War has." In the final scene of the movie, Anakin and Padmé get married in secret, in violation of Anakin's Jedi vows.

Revenge of the Sith shows the waning days of the three-year Clone Wars, in which clone troopers and their Jedi generals fought against the Separatist droid army. After killing Dooku and rescuing Palpatine from the Separatists during their assault on Coruscant, Anakin learns Padmé is pregnant. He becomes troubled by visions of her death in childbirth, and Palpatine lures Anakin to the dark side of the Force by promising to teach him how to prevent her premature demise. Meanwhile, Yoda is dispatched to Kashyyyk to stave off a Separatist invasion, and Obi-Wan Kenobi is dispatched to Utapau where he kills General Grievous. Anakin discovers Palpatine is the elusive Sith Lord Darth Sidious, but he defends him against Mace Windu because he needs Sidious' knowledge to save Padmé. After Sidious murders Windu, he dubs Anakin his new apprentice Darth Vader. Sidious orders the clone troopers to execute Order 66, and clones kill their Jedi generals across the galaxy. Sidious then dispatches Vader to the Jedi Temple along with several clone troopers to kill the remaining Jedi and Padawans in the temple, before sending Vader to kill the Separatist leaders on Mustafar and to issue a "shutdown command" to their droid army. With their demise, Sidious declares an end to the Clone Wars and the Republic's reformation into the Galactic Empire.

Clone Wars
The 2D-animated Clone Wars series (2003–2005) depicts several Clone Wars battles and was meant to generate interest in Revenge of the Sith. It also depicts the prelude to the opening battle of Revenge of the Sith and Palpatine's capture by General Grievous. It was released on home video in two volumes.

The original Clone Wars TV series is no longer considered canonical, since on 25 April 2014, The Walt Disney Company declared that all the existing Star Wars works and products except for the original and prequel films and the later The Clone Wars were now part of the separate Star Wars Legends continuity.

The Clone Wars
Several years later, Lucas chose to reboot the series as a 3D CGI series developed by Dave Filoni. After several years of production on the new television series, Lucas decided to spin off the first four episodes as a standalone film. The film, released in 2008, introduces Ahsoka Tano as Anakin's apprentice and depicts the Republic and the Separatists battling and attempting to gain permission to travel through Jabba the Hutt's territory.

The television series that followed (2008–2014, 2020) is likewise set against the backdrop of the Clone Wars, with the series finale taking place at the same time as the climax of Revenge of the Sith. The show offers additional details about the clone army's creation, establishes each of the clones as distinct characters, depicts numerous confrontations and developments from the conflict, and portrays the interaction between the clone troopers and their Jedi commanders. For example, the series reveals that each clone has an "inhibitor chip" in his body that makes most of them obey Order 66.

The Bad Batch
The Bad Batch begins shortly after the immediate end of the Clone Wars with the issuing of Order 66, which marks the Jedi as traitors and leads to their widespread extermination by their own clone troopers, who have been programmed to obey this order. The Bad Batch, being genetically distinct and having developed resistance to the programming, find themselves grappling with their identities and loyalties in the wake of the Republic's demise.

The series explores the fallout of Order 66, the rise of the Galactic Empire, and how the galaxy changes under Emperor Palpatine's rule. The series also explores the transition from clone troopers to stormtroopers in the Star Wars universe, as the Empire shifts from clone production to conscription

The Mandalorian
The series The Mandalorian features both flashback scenes to the Separatist Droid Army during the Clone Wars, as well as Grogu's memories of Order 66 on Coruscant.

Ahsoka
The Clone Wars are featured in Ahsoka Episode 5, where a flashback suggests the scene occurs on Ryloth, referencing Ahsoka's experiences in The Clone Wars, in live-action form. Additionally, scenes from the iconic Siege of Mandalore are featured.

Novels
The 2008 novelization of The Clone Wars by Karen Traviss begins a series of five novels by Traviss and Karen Miller published by Del Rey Books between 2008 and 2010. The Clone Wars: Wild Space (2008) was written by Miller and focuses on Obi-Wan and Bail Organa. Traviss returned to write The Clone Wars: No Prisoners (2009), in which Ahsoka is temporarily assigned to Captain Rex. Finally, Miller wrote the two-part Clone Wars Gambit (2010), subtitled Stealth and Siege, which deals with a bioweapon threat by Neimoidian general Lok Durd.

Dark Disciple (2015) novelizes a story arc about Asajj Ventress and Quinlan Vos from eight unfinished episodes of The Clone Wars. Catalyst: A Rogue One Novel (2016) is set during the Clone Wars and the subsequent couple of years. Thrawn: Alliances (2018) features flashbacks to the last year of the war featuring Anakin, Padmé, and Thrawn. Brotherhood (2022) is set during the Clone Wars, focusing on Obi-Wan and Anakin.

Comics
Dark Horse Comics published various comics set during the era, many of which were collected in a series of trade paperbacks over nine volumes. Dark Horse also published a ten-volume graphic novella series titled Clone Wars – Adventures (2004–07), utilizing the style of the 2D animated series and depicting original stories set during the era. A series of comics tying into the 3D animated series was released from 2008 to 2010, collected in three volumes, and was supplemented by an 11-volume series of graphic novellas released between 2008 and 2013.

Marvel's comic series Kanan (sometimes subtitled The Last Padawan) depicts the Star Wars Rebels character Kanan Jarrus as Jedi Padawan Caleb Dume during the conflict.

Video games
LucasArts also produced video games like Republic Commando and The Clone Wars that depict the conflict.

Analysis
Comparisons have been made between the political aspects of the Clone Wars and the events leading up to World War II. Radio host Clyde Lewis' article on historical similarities in Star Wars claims that Palpatine's tactics parallel those of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany; both leaders used wars and scapegoats to manipulate society's emotional state, thus providing the leadership with support and power. Another writer compares the Clone Wars with World War II in general, basing his argument on the fact that Lucas was a baby boomer, and the dark times featured in the original trilogy rival the dark, uncertain Cold War. Referring to Lucas's statements that the conflict in Star Wars was inspired by the cultural backdrop of the Vietnam War, journalist Chris Taylor said the Clone Wars are a parallel to World War II. Anne Lancashire from the University of Toronto also points out some similar nomenclature between the Clone Wars and the American Civil War.

Several publications compared the political context of the Clone Wars to the Iraq War. In claiming that the Star Wars galaxy under the deceitful Palpatine parallels the modern issues of the United States, an editorial on Antiwar.com states that Star Wars "establishes first the generally agreeable premise that it's right to overthrow oppressive government, before bringing into focus something more discomforting – that the corrupt tyranny referred to is our own". Additionally, an article from Wiretap claims that "like Palpatine, the Bush administration has been able to feed on people's fears to gain more power". Lucas stated that the Iraq war "didn't exist" when he developed the Clone Wars, but he did see parallels between the Vietnam War that inspired Star Wars and the war in Iraq. Star Wars producer Rick McCallum corroborated that the Clone Wars was developed before the Iraq War, adding that Lucas "is a product of Vietnam".

Impact and critical response
The author of How Star Wars Conquered the Universe, Chris Taylor, calls the Clone Wars "a major part of Star Wars lore". In its attempt to keep its Star Wars line of toys active after Return of the Jedi (1983), Kenner devised a storyline that would involve the return of an exiled "genetic terrorist" and his Clone Warriors.

Timothy Zahn said the clones' unexpected appearance fighting for "the good guys" in Attack of the Clones—despite many years of fan speculation that the clones were an invading force—was "wonderfully blindsid[ing]". After seeing the CGI Clone Wars television show, Zahn was grateful that Lucasfilm rejected his initial Heir to the Empire draft, which involved an insane clone of Obi-Wan created during the conflict.

title: Clone Wars (Star Wars)


text:
Apple Mail

Mail is an email client included by Apple Inc. with its operating systems macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and visionOS. Mail grew out of NeXTMail, which was originally developed by NeXT as part of its NeXTSTEP operating system, after Apple's acquisition of NeXT in 1997.

The current version of Mail utilizes SMTP for message sending, POP3, Exchange and IMAP for message retrieval and S/MIME for end-to-end message encryption. It is also preconfigured to work with popular email providers, such as Yahoo! Mail, AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook and iCloud (formerly MobileMe) and it supports Exchange. iOS features a mobile version of Mail with added Exchange ActiveSync (EAS) support, though it notoriously missed the functionality of attaching files to reply emails until the release of iOS 9. EAS is not supported in the macOS version of Apple's Mail app, the main issue being that sent messages will incorrectly be duplicated in the sent messages folder, which then propagates via sync to all other devices including iOS.

Features of Mail include the ability to configure the software to receive all of a user's email accounts in the one list, ability to file emails into folders, ability to search for emails, and ability to automatically append signatures to outgoing emails. It also integrates with the Contacts list, Calendar, Maps and other apps.

NeXTMail
Mail was originally developed by NeXT as NeXTMail, the email application for its NeXTSTEP operating system. It supported rich text formatting with images and voice messaging, and MIME emails. It also supported a text-based user interface (TUI) to allow for backwards compatibility.

When Apple began to adapt NeXTSTEP to become Mac OS X, both the operating system and the application went through various stages as it was developed. In a beta version (codenamed "Rhapsody") and various other early pre-releases of Mac OS X, Mail was known as MailViewer. However, with the third developer release of Mac OS X, the application had returned to being known simply as Mail.

First release
Mail was included in all versions of macOS up to and including Mac OS X Panther, which was released on October 24, 2003. It was integrated with other Apple applications such as Address Book, iChat, and iCal. Some of its features that remain in the most recent version of Mail include rules for mailboxes, junk mail filtering and multiple account management.

Mac OS X Tiger (10.4)
In Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4), Mail version 2 included a proprietary single-message-per-file format (with the filename extension .emlx) to permit indexing by Spotlight. Additional features were:
 * "Smart mailboxes" that used Spotlight technology to sort mail into folders.
 * the ability to flag messages with a low, normal or high priority and to use these priorities in mailbox rules and smart mailboxes.
 * tools for resizing photos before they are sent to avoid oversized email attachments.
 * the ability to view emailed pictures as a full-screen slideshow.
 * parental controls to specify who is allowed to send email to children.
 * HTML message composition.

The new version also changed the UI for the buttons in the toolbar. Whereas previous buttons had free-standing defined shapes, the new buttons featured shapes within a lozenge-shaped capsule. According to many users, and even Apple's own human interface guidelines at the time, this was worse for usability. An open-source third-party application that reverted the icons to their former shapes was available. Nevertheless, Apple updated their guidelines to include capsule-shaped buttons, and the new UI persisted.

Mac OS X Leopard (10.5)
In Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5), Mail version 3 included personalized stationery, handled in standard HTML format. In addition, it offered notes and to-dos (which could be synced with iCal) as well as a built-in RSS reader. It also introduced IMAP IDLE support for account inboxes.

Mac OS X Snow Leopard (10.6)
Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6) brought Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 support.

Mac OS X Lion (10.7)
In Mac OS X Lion (version 10.7), Mail featured a redesigned iPad-like user interface with full-screen capabilities, an updated message search interface, support for Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 and Yahoo! Mail (via IMAP). Also added was the capability to group messages by subject in a similar fashion to Mail on iOS 4. The bounce function, where unwanted emails could be bounced back to the sender, was dropped, as was support for Exchange push email.

OS X Mountain Lion (10.8)
In OS X Mountain Lion (version 10.8), Mail received VIP tagging, Safari-style inline search for words within an email message, the ability to sync with iCloud and new sharing features. Notes was split off into a stand-alone application. The RSS reader and to-dos were discontinued.

OS X Mavericks (10.9)
In OS X Mavericks (version 10.9), Mail ceased support for plain-text MIME multipart/alternative messages and solely retained the HTML or rich-text version.

OS X Yosemite (10.10)
In OS X Yosemite (version 10.10), Mail introduced Markup (inline annotation of PDF or image files) and Mail Drop (automatically uploads attachments to iCloud, and sends a link in the message instead of the whole file).

OS X El Capitan (10.11)
In OS X El Capitan (version 10.11), a filter was added to the message list to filter by various options such as Unread, Flagged, or messages with attachments. The conversation display was also redesigned and various disk space saving optimizations were implemented. Streaming notification support for Exchange accounts was also added.

macOS High Sierra (10.13)
In macOS 10.13 (High Sierra) Mail reached version 11.5, a version that was not further upgraded (in High Sierra, at least until 2021).

macOS Mojave (10.14)
Support for macOS's new "dark mode" was added to Mail.

macOS Catalina (10.15)
Added support for Block Sender, Unsubscribe, Mute Thread and layout options.

macOS Big Sur (11.0)
In macOS Big Sur, Mail was updated alongside the other first-party apps to feature the new design language of Big Sur, with a full-height sidebar and updated icons that match the blue color of the app's icon. The Mail app icon was changed to be more consistent with the iOS version, depicting a white envelope on a blue background, albeit with a more "3D" look that has the text "Apple Park California 95014" subtly etched on the envelope. Mail now also supports interactive notifications and integrates with the Reminders app to let Siri suggest possible reminders based on who you are emailing.

macOS Monterey (12.0)
Mail now has an option to block trackers in emails from viewing a user's IP address and being notified of whether they have read an email. Extensions from the Mac App Store can now integrate with the Mail app, and iCloud+ subscribers can easily create a new email address that forwards to their primary address.

macOS Ventura (13.0)
Mail has been updated to include features from popular competitors, such as allowing a user to undo sending an email for up to 10, 20, or 30 seconds, scheduling an email to be sent at a user-set time, reminding the user to follow up to an email, and notifying the user to add an attachment or recipient if they seemed to forget to do themselves. Search has been improved by using synonyms for search terms and automatically correcting typos. It also shows shared content and previous search terms when invoked. Messages you sent which haven't received a reply will also move to the top of the inbox to send a follow-up. Emails from companies now show their logo using BIMI support.

title: Apple Mail


text:
ILife

iLife is a discontinued software suite for macOS and iOS developed by Apple Inc. It consists of various programs for media creation, organization, editing and publishing. At various times, it included: iTunes, iMovie, iPhoto, iDVD, iWeb, and GarageBand. Only iMovie and GarageBand remain and are now freely available on Apple's Mac App Store. iDVD and iWeb have been discontinued while iTunes and iPhoto have been succeeded by Music and Photos respectively.

iLife was preinstalled on new Mac computers and was previously also sold as a bundle on DVD. With the introduction of the Mac App Store, Apple discontinued the DVD bundle and turned to selling the apps separately. Photos, the app that superseded iPhoto, is now an essential part of macOS, while iMovie and GarageBand, although they ship pre-installed on any new Mac computer or iOS device, can be uninstalled if not needed. Updates for iLife apps purchased on the Mac App Store are available for free, while the pre-App Store model required buying the entire suite when a new version had been released.

Origins
iMovie has the longest legacy of the applications included with iLife. It was marketed by Apple as an easy-to-use video editing application that allowed novice users to quickly create professional-quality movies. The first version of the software was released in October 1999 and bundled with the iMac DV. On April 28, 2000, Apple began allowing users to download iMovie free of charge from its website. iMovie remained free until 2003, when it became part of the first iLife release, which was sold for $49. Apple continued to update and develop the existing iMovie software until the release of iLife '08 in 2007, when a new version, iMovie '08, was released. iMovie '08 was completely rewritten as a new application and introduced significant changes to the user interface.

iPhoto was the second application in iLife that began as a free application available for download from Apple's website. The first version of iPhoto was announced at the Macworld Conference & Expo January 3, 2002, and released January 7, 2002. It was billed as being the "missing link" in photography. In addition to allowing users to import, organize, and perform basic edits on their photos, iPhoto also let users print photos in a variety of ways, including as a bound book. Subsequent versions of iPhoto have added a number of features, including automatic organization by events, faces (using facial recognition technology), and places. iPhoto also includes a full-screen editing mode and a feature called "Photocasting" (a way to share photos with others directly from within iPhoto).

iDVD was first announced on January 9, 2001. It was bundled with the Power Mac G4, the first Mac model with a SuperDrive that could read and write both CDs and DVDs. The first version of iDVD introduced a simple way to design customized DVDs with menus, backdrops, slideshows and home movies that could be played back on most DVD players. iDVD was never released as a download. Instead, it was bundled with the first version of iLife, released in 2003.

The remaining two applications in the iLife suite were first introduced as part of iLife '04 and iLife '06, respectively. Released in 2004, the first version of GarageBand was designed as an easy way for both beginner and advanced musicians to create and edit music on their computers. iWeb was introduced at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 10, 2006 and was promoted as a way for Mac users to create their own professionally designed websites without having to know or write HTML or any other code. The last version of iWeb was released with iLife '11.

On January 6, 2011, iLife '11 was made available to purchase on the Mac App Store. From October 22, 2013, iLife '13 was made available for free download on the Mac App Store.

After iPhoto was discontinued in 2015, newest versions of GarageBand and iMovie, the only remaining components of iLife suite, became distributed separately on the Mac App Store, making iLife suite itself discontinued.

Releases and history
Notes about specific releases:

 * iLife '06: This was the last release to include iTunes. It now comes with every Mac computer and account, as well as every Apple device (i.e. iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, Apple TV).
 * iLife '08: This release included a completely reprogrammed iMovie with a new user interface which omitted some of the features of the previous version. In response to criticism, Apple released iMovie HD 6 as a free download to anyone who purchased this version of iLife.
 * iLife '09: With this release of iLife the free download of iMovie HD 6 was discontinued.
 * iLife '11: PowerPC Macs are not compatible with iLife '11. Although iLife '11 originally supported Snow Leopard, the latest updates to iPhoto 9 and iMovie 9 require Yosemite, and GarageBand requires Mavericks.

iMovie
iMovie is a digital video editor. The process of film capture by a digital camera via FireWire is automated, with iMovie allowing users to split up their videos, add titles and special effects, and reorganize them into movies. It is also compatible with MPEG 4 cameras, AVCHD camcorders, HDV cameras, and Apple's iSight webcams. Photographs may also be used, and a soundtrack may be added using tracks from the user's iTunes music library. These can then be exported into a variety of viewable formats, including the .mov format used by Apple's QuickTime Player.

GarageBand
GarageBand is a music and podcast creation application that includes over 1,000 pre-recorded audio loops for use in projects. The program also supports software instruments and importation from real instruments, such as guitars and keyboards.

iPhoto
iPhoto was an application that allowed users to store, view, edit, and share their digital photos. Users could organize their photos in a number of ways. Events automatically grouped photos taken around the same time. Faces uses facial recognition to identify photos containing faces, which can then be tagged by users and sorted according to who is in the photo. Places takes advantage of geotagging technology. Many cameras today embed metadata into their digital photos containing information about the location where the photo was taken. Places allowed users to browse and see their photos on a map. iPhoto included tools to crop photos, reduce red-eye, add effects such as sepia and black and white, and to adjust the exposure, saturation, contrast and black and white balance of photos. In addition, users could have their photos printed, create books (hard bound copies of which can be ordered), calendars and greetings cards. As of April 8, 2015, Apple discontinued and removed iPhoto from the Mac App Store with the release of the new Photos app bundled with OS X Yosemite 10.10.3. As of 2017, iPhoto was unable to sync with iCloud but Photos can.

iDVD
iDVD, integrated with iMovie, allows the burning of movies onto a DVD and the user to customize their DVD with custom menus based on themes (many of which make use of the content of the movies) and custom chapter points. It contains the MPEG-2 encoder functionality needed to produce DVD-compatible content. Each new version added more menu themes. In iLife '09 and iLife '11, iDVD was not updated (with the exception of a few bug fixes). There is no support for Blu-ray disc burning in the current version of iDVD. As of July 20, 2011, Apple discontinued iDVD and it is neither included with new Apple computers nor for sale.

iWeb
iWeb, released at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 10, 2006, provided the ability to easily turn content from the other iLife applications into websites using Apple-designed templates with one-click uploading to Apple's MobileMe sharing service. iWeb also allowed users to create links to their own podcasts and photocasts from the webpage. iWeb was the latest addition to the iLife suite when it was discontinued in June 2011. As of July 20, 2011, Apple discontinued iWeb and it is no longer included with new Apple computers nor for sale.

MobileMe Web Gallery
MobileMe Web Gallery was a feature designed for easy photo sharing from directly within the iLife suite. It allowed users to create events or photo albums using the Web Gallery feature of their MobileMe account, and permitted visitors to a user's Gallery to view the photos. As of July 1, 2012 MobileMe and its Gallery was discontinued.

title: ILife


text:
Dione Lucas

Dione Lucas (pronounced dee-OH-nee; born Dione Wilson; 10 October 1909 – 18 December 1971) was an English chef, and the first female graduate of Le Cordon Bleu. Her father was the architect, jeweller and designer Henry Wilson, and her sister was the violinist Orrea Pernel (1906–1993). She married another architect, Colin Lucas (1906–1984).

Life
Dione Lucas was fundamental in establishing an extension of the famous Paris culinary school in London in the 1930s. She married the architect Colin Lucas. on 9 April 1930. In 1931 she and Rosemary Hume (with whom she has trained in Paris), set up a cookery school in Sloane Street, London, the interior of which was designed by Colin Lucas. They had a flat in Chelsea and they would reputedly serve their students' creations to passing trade at chairs and tables on the pavement. Lucas is thought to have helped Hume create her first cookery book, as Hume's spelling was known to be poor.

Lucas worked as a hotel chef in Hamburg before World War II, and later claimed that Adolf Hitler often dined there and had a taste for stuffed squab. She later opened a Cordon Bleu restaurant and a cooking school in New York, on the ground floor of 117 E. 60th St. She also ran the Egg Basket restaurant by Bloomingdale's in New York. One of the earliest television cook-show hosts, Lucas's To The Queen's Taste was broadcast on CBS in 1948-1949 from the restaurant. She had another show in the 1950s.

Dione Lucas was the first woman featured in a cooking show on television on WPIX-11 in New York. In one of her New York restaurants, The Gingerman, Lucas helped to introduce the omelette to the American palate. She can be seen as a predecessor and influence to Julia Child. Dione Lucas authored several cookbooks on French cuisine.

Quotes

 * "The preparation of good food is merely another expression of art, one of the joys of civilized living."
 * "I do not mean to spoil your appetite for stuffed squab, but you might be interested to know that it was a great favorite with Mr. Hitler, who dined at the hotel often. Let us not hold that against a fine recipe though."

Books

 * Au Petit Cordon Bleu: an array of recipes from the École du Petit cordon bleu (1936, with Rosemary Hume) (29 Sloane Street, London)
 * The Cordon Bleu Cook Book (1947)
 * The Dione Lucas Meat and Poultry Cook Book (1955, with Anne Roe Robbins) 324 pages. Illustrated.
 * Good Cooking. (1960) 64 pages.Illustrated. (Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney)
 * Gourmet Cooking School Cookbook (1964) (Bernard Geis Associates)
 * The Dione Lucas Book of French Cooking (1973 with Marion Gorman)
 * The Dione Lucas Book of Natural French Cooking (1977, with Marion & Felipe Alba)
 * Gourmet Cooking School Cookbook (1982 with Darlene Geis)

Television

 * To The Queen's Taste (December 1946 – 1948) ABC
 * The Dione Lucas Cooking School (February 25, 1948 – December 29, 1949) CBS
 * The Dione Lucas Cooking Show (1950–1956) CBS
 * The Dione Lucas Hour (1956–1958) Syndicated
 * Dione Lucas's Gourmet Club (1958–1960) Syndicated
 * Dollars and Sense Cooking (1960–1962) Syndicated

title: Dione Lucas


text:
Ego

Ego or EGO may refer to:

Social sciences

 * Ego (Freudian), one of the three constructs in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche
 * Egoism, an ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of morality
 * Egotism, the drive to maintain and enhance favorable views of oneself
 * Egocentrism, the inability to differentiate between self and other
 * Self-concept, a collection of beliefs about oneself that embodies the answer to "Who am I?"

Music

 * Egó, an Icelandic band
 * Ego (Oomph! album), 2001
 * Ego (Tony Williams Lifetime album), 1971
 * E.G.O. (album), a 2018 album by Lucie Silvas
 * "Ego" (Big Bang song), 2012
 * "Ego" (Beyoncé song), 2009
 * "Ego" (Ella Eyre song), 2017
 * "Ego" (Elton John song), 1978
 * "Ego" (Kim Wilde song), 1982
 * "Ego" (Lali Espósito song), 2016
 * "Ego" (The Saturdays song), 2010
 * "Ego" (Spunge song), 2000
 * "Ego" (Willy William song), 2015
 * "Ego", a 2021 song by Anson Lo
 * "Ego", a 2023 song by Conrad Sewell from Precious
 * "Outro: Ego", a 2020 song by BTS
 * EGO, a record label founded by Joe Haider

Other uses in arts and media

 * Ego (2013 film), an Indian (Tamil) film
 * Ego (2018 film), a Telugu language film
 * Ego (2021 film), a Spanish film
 * Ego (game engine), a video game engine developed by Codemasters
 * Ego (magazine), a defunct online magazine for Indian Americans
 * Ego (TV channel), an Israeli digital cable television channel
 * Ego the Living Planet, a character in the Marvel Comics universe
 * European History Online, an academic website

People

 * Ego Lemos (born 1972), East Timorese musician
 * Ego Leonard, Dutch visual artist
 * Ego Nwodim (born 1988), American actress and comedian
 * Ego Plum (born 1975), American film composer
 * Paul Ego (born 1966), New Zealand comedian
 * Prosper Ego (1927–2015), Dutch political activist
 * Yuna Ego (born 2000), Japanese idol and member of music group SKE48

Science and technology

 * Ego (fish), a genus of gobiid fishes
 * Ego (game engine), a video game engine developed by Codemasters
 * EGO sensor, an oxygen sensor in gasoline engines
 * EGOT (gene), previously known as EGO
 * European Gravitational Observatory, or EGO

Other uses

 * Belgorod International Airport, in Russia
 * Energica Ego, a motorcycle

title: Ego


text:
Calendar (Apple)

Calendar is a personal calendar app made by Apple Inc. for its macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and watchOS operating systems. It offers online cloud backup of calendars using Apple's iCloud service, or can synchronize with other calendar services, including Google Calendar and Microsoft Exchange Server.

The macOS version was known as iCal before the release of OS X Mountain Lion in July 2012. Originally released as a free download for Mac OS X Jaguar on September 10, 2002, it was bundled with the operating system as iCal 1.5 with the release of Mac OS X Panther. iCal was the first calendar application for Mac OS X to offer support for multiple calendars and the ability to intermittently publish/subscribe to calendars on WebDAV servers. Version 2 of iCal was released as part of Mac OS X Tiger, Version 3 as part of Mac OS X Leopard, Version 4 as part of Mac OS X Snow Leopard, Version 5 as part of Mac OS X Lion, Version 6 as part of OS X Mountain Lion, Version 7 as part of OS X Mavericks, Version 8 as part of OS X Yosemite and OS X El Capitan, and version 9 as part of macOS Sierra.

Apple licensed the iCal name from Brown Bear Software, who have used it for their iCal application since 1997.

iCal's initial development was quite different from other Apple software: it was designed independently by a small French team working "secretly" in Paris, led by Jean-Marie Hullot, a friend of Steve Jobs. iCal's development has since been transferred to Apple US headquarters in Cupertino.

Features
Calendar tracks events and appointments, allows multiple calendar views (such as calendars for "home", "work", and other calendars that a user can create) to quickly identify conflicts and free time. Users can subscribe to other calendars so they can keep up with friends and colleagues, and other things such as athletic schedules and television programs, as well as set notifications for upcoming events either in the Notification Center, by email, SMS, or pager. Attachments and notes can be added to iCloud Calendar items.

It is integrated with iCloud, so calendars can be shared and synced with other devices, such as other Macs, iPhones, iPads, iPod touch, and PCs over the internet. One can also share calendars via the WebDAV protocol. Google now supports WebDAV for Google Calendar making Calendar easily configurable.

Calendar includes the ability to see travel time and weather at the event's location, with the ability to set an alarm based on the travel time. Different time zones can be selected when entering and editing start and end times. This allows long-distance airplane flight times, for example, to be entered accurately and for that "end" of a visualized time "box" to render accurately on either iOS or macOS when time zone support is turned on in Calendar and the time zone set in Date/Time to the location in question.

Calendar support was added to CarPlay with iOS 13, allowing Siri to display and read out a user's upcoming events while driving.

The app icon shows the device's current date when viewed from the home screen, making it one of the only iOS apps with a dynamic icon (the other being Clock).

title: Calendar (Apple)


text:
Lambretta (disambiguation)

Lambretta can refer to:

 * Lambretta, a petrol-powered scooter made by Innocenti
 * Lambretta (band), a Swedish rock band
 * The Lambrettas, a British mod revival band
 * The Lambretta, an Italian term for the football trick called the "rainbow kick"

title: Lambretta (disambiguation)


text:
User:Dtgm

Be bold in updating pages Editing policy How does one edit a page

Lee's notes on writing style Manual of Style Most common Wikipedia faux pas Policies and guidelines Perfect stub article

For convenience.

whither thou goest, I too shall go

Way too many people have a terminal inability to accept that they just don't fucking believe. Deal with it and move on. Don't try and trick yourself into believing in shit just because you're afraid to think.

Larry Flynt

title: User:Dtgm


text:
Swastika, Ontario

Swastika is a small community founded around a mine site in Northern Ontario, Canada in 1908. Today it is within the municipal boundaries of Kirkland Lake, Ontario. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.

Swastika is a junction on the Ontario Northland Railway, where a branch to Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec leaves the ONR's main line from North Bay, Ontario to Moosonee. Until 2012, the Northlander passenger railway service between Toronto and Cochrane served the Swastika railway station with connecting bus service running along Highway 66 into downtown Kirkland Lake.

History

The town was named after the Swastika Gold Mine staked in the autumn of 1907 and incorporated on January 6, 1908.

James and William Dusty staked the claims alongside Otto Lake for the Tavistock Mining Partnership. The gold mine and town were named after the Sanskrit good-luck symbol swastika. The Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway had an engineers' camp nearby as they had to construct two railway bridges as they advanced northwards. The first usage of the name Swastika occurred in their 1907 Annual Report to indicate a water tank was located at the site to meet the needs of the steam trains that opened up northern Ontario.

Prospectors and miners flocked to the area and after viewing the find at the Swastika Gold Mine they advanced even further throughout the surrounding region. In 1909 the Lucky Cross Mine adjacent to the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway tracks began producing gold. A Mr. Morrisson started a farm and lodging alongside the tracks as early as 1907 and from there the community developed.

Swastika had a population of 450 by 1911, with the Lucky Cross and Swastika Mines in operation. By 1911, a hotel and businesses were flourishing, the area to the east was heavily staked and in 1912 the major gold mines of Kirkland Lake were found and developed by Harry Oakes. Swastika was the main transportation link with the railway and communications centre. Churches, schools, community groups and organisations continued to provide the needs of the residents of the area.

The Swastika Mine was later called the Crescent Mine.

During World War II, the provincial government removed the Swastika sign and replaced it with a sign renaming the town "Winston." The residents removed the Winston sign and replaced it with a Swastika sign with the message, "To hell with Hitler, we came up with our name first."

1930s British socialite Unity Mitford, one of the famous Mitford sisters who were daughters to aristocrat David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, was notorious for her extreme devotion to Adolf Hitler and support of Nazism and fascism. She was conceived in Swastika when her parents were there to investigate a gold claim investment in 1913.

In 2008, the small community of Swastika celebrated the town's centennial.

In 2021, the Ontario Northland Railway's station was demolished. On May 26, 2021 the Province of Ontario announced plans to reinstate the Northlander passenger train between Toronto and Timmins and/or Cochrane.

As of 2023, the population of Swastika is approximately 500 people.

title: Swastika, Ontario


text:
Talk:Barty Crouch Junior

There needs to be SOME sort of distinction between film and book versions. The article currently states that he has brown hair and green eyes, whereas in the book it's stated that he has 'straw blonde' hair and his eye colour isn't mentioned. --Ryttu3k 08:05, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

JeLuF wonders if this is copyvio. I don't think so. I've been following 12.203.10.240 around Wikipedia: he/she is generating a tremedous number of edits with misspellings. The edits are coming awfully quick for OCR, and jump between Harry Potter and Star Wars. I think he/she is writing things from scratch.

Phew, I'm tired from the editing. -- hike395 05:43, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Loyalty
I don't understand the classification of "none, formerly Death Eater". Sirius Black isn't listed as "none, formerly Order of the Phoenix", is he?
 * Fixed this. It's annoying how people treat the situation after the most recent book as if it were "present day".

I suppose one could argue that since Crouch Jr is still technically alive, but has lost all sense of self, he no longer has any loyalties. One might contrast this with Black's situation, because the latter is dead. Dione Maddern 05:35, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Birthdate
I added his birth and deathdate. The deathdate is obviously from GoF, the birthdate is based on the chapter "The Pensieve", where it is said during the Death-Eater trials, that he's around 18 years old. The trials play in late 1981 and probably 1982. Doing the math, that makes his birthyear around 1963. - Sebastian
 * I'm removing the deathdate, because the books make it clear that while the Dementor's Kiss is "worse than death", it isn't death. He's still alive, but has no soul. --Angr/undefined 12:07, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Differences Between Film And Book
I think someone should create a scetion on this as, more than any other character, his was so radically altered. Changes in his behaviour, appearance, and in the plot all deserve mention. I think there should also be a fanart picture of crouch as described in the book, as Tennant's appearance in the film differs so radically.

Someone removed his eyes colour, whick I put blue. His eyes are blue in the mivie.

 * I expanded a very wee bit on the plot difference, but did not create a section. -JohnRDaily 21:06, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

The Edit War on the Color
I see the problem, and I want to help. You see, black letters on gold seems to be the standard "HP template". However, if you click on the link at the bottom of this Barty's page, you can find a list of all the Death Eaters. And, other than Severus Snape (who WAS a Death Eater, but has the Standard HP color template, probably because he's a character that more Harry Potter fans care about) and Draco Malfoy, which are more complicated characters, death eaters DO have the black and white color template. Then there's Draco! He has entirely different colors altogether! Black on Green- very odd, not standard to anything, not even Slytherin colors! See for yourself: Draco Malfoy. So, perhaps we should change ALL the Death Eaters, and Draco, to the Gold and Black. Then no one can complain? I don't know. Help, please! Emily 17:10, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well the standard HP character template has been standardized to use #fc0 background and #000 foreground. That's why I keep reverting the anon IP that keeps reconnecting to change the colours. Every character has this.

 * Explain to me why you are posting this on several HP characters' talk pages when we are more than capable of discussing it on just the one? I have them all in my watchlist. — NathanHP (T • C • W) 07:44, 28 March 2006 (UTC) oops, sorry?

This topic of Info Box Colours is being discussed on the Harry Potter Project talk page please put forth you views there, to try and reach a consensus. Also could I please remind everybody to remain civil and respect other peoples opinions. Thanks. Death Eater Dan    ( Muahaha ) 23:41, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Death Eaters are Black and White. See WikiProject_Harry_Potter/Templates. Any changes to this format should be discussed on the WikiProject's Talk page. Do not revert the colors on this page again. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 00:31, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I was corrected - the correct infobox colours are at WikiProject_Harry_Potter/Templates. There is no problem, just a misunderstanding. Let's work to resolve this without harsh words. — NathanHP (T • C • W) 05:33, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

I saw that too. Sorry. I tried to help by posting this on the talk page(s). I now know that I was wrong, just like nathanHP. I hope I helped anyway! Emily 22:33, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Jr vs Jr.
Why no period after Jr? BTW the movie lists him as Barty Crouch Junior (no abbreviation) and his father as Barty Crouch (no Sr or anything) 68.4.225.187 07:24, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know about American English, but in British English we don't place a stop after an abbreviation if the final letter has been retained. That means approx., but no Mrs.: and Sr, not Sr.. Michaelsanders 12:08, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Identification by his father in film
Identification by his father in film is obvious, the lick of his lips which appears in the court room and previously when he is in moody's form.

Sorry, is there a point here? Faithlessthewonderboy 16:23, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I fail to see one Creamypeanutbutter 08:51, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Re: Merging to Minor Harry Potter characters
Merging this article into the one linked above would not be useful. The average description on that page is 40-60 words per character. None of the characters listed on that page are absolutely central to the plot of the books- they may all have been mentioned, however the books would have been nearly the same without their characters. Barty Crouch Junior, however was extremely central to the plot of Goblet of Fire, and should still retain his current article. Creamypeanutbutter 08:51, 18 August 2007 (UTC) Modified Creamypeanutbutter 08:03, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree whole heartedly. Crouch Jr was arguably the second most important character in GoF, after HP obviously. He is absolutely integral to the plot of the novel and in no way is a minor character. Faithlessthewonderboy 21:19, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

I believe Barty Crouch jr. to be the central protaonist for the majority of the book an therefore is not a minor characterE-flah 12:57, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Er, I think you mean antagonist. Therequiembellishere 17:48, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I just wonder who decide to suggest such a merge. In any case, he should be merged with the Minor Dark Wizards, not with Minor Characters. Maybe we can write all the things that Crouch did as Alastor Moody in the Moody article and then write a section for revelations (that the real Moody was kidnaped and captured by Crouch). The article about Barty Crouch Jr shall be merged into the Minor Dark Wizards with only some brief background information, removing the info from the film (that can be placed in the article of differences between book and film). This brief background section in Minor Dark Wizards shall contain who's his father, why he was sent to Azkaban, how he escaped, that he impersonated Moody and then received the Dementor kiss. Lord Opeth 18:57, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * While I might not like it, I can understand the suggested merging of some characters, Narcissa Malfoy, Irma Pince, etc. But I definitely feel that Crouch Jr. is deserving of his own article. Goblet of Fire basically revolved around him, he is certainly not a minor character. faithless   (speak)  00:50, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Faithless.71.92.70.77 04:43, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You're quite welcom, anonymous editor. :) faithless   (speak)  05:15, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barty Crouch Junior


text:
PFP

PFP or PfP may stand for:

Government and politics

 * Partido Federal ng Pilipinas, a right-wing political party in the Philippines
 * People First Party (South Korea)
 * People First Party (Republic of China), a political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan)
 * Peace and Freedom Party (USA)
 * Progressive Federal Party (South Africa)
 * Popular Front Party (Ghana)
 * Federal Preventive Police (Mexico) (Policía Federal Preventiva)
 * Partnership for Peace, a NATO programme for Warsaw Pact countries post-dissolution of the Soviet empire

Science and technology

 * Diphosphate—fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase enzyme
 * Passive fire protection
 * Pentafluorophenyl esters
 * Perfluoropentacene (organic semiconductor)
 * Perforin (formerly PFP gene)
 * Photoelectric flame photometer
 * Plutonium Finishing Plant, at Hanford Site nuclear research complex, Washington, USA
 * Pore-forming proteins

Sports

 * Pitchers' fielding practice (baseball)
 * Pauline Ferrand-Prévot (born 1992), French racing cyclist

Other

 * Profile picture
 * Pay for performance (healthcare)
 * Porno for Pyros
 * Places for People, the largest housing association in England
 * Personal Financial Planner
 * Prep for Prep
 * Pay-for-play

title: PFP


text:
Tsu

Tsu may refer to:

People

 * Tsu (surname) (Chinese: 祖), romanized Zu in Mandarin pinyin
 * Andrew Tsu (朱友渔; 1885–1986), Chinese Anglican bishop
 * Irene Tsu (born 1944), Chinese American actress
 * Raphael Tsu (born 1931), Chinese American physicist
 * Susan Tsu, American costume designer

Characters

 * Tsuyu Asui, from My Hero Academia

Places

 * Tin Shui stop, a Light Rail stop in Hong Kong
 * Tsu, Mie, a city in Japan
 * Tsu Domain, a Japanese domain of the Edo period
 * Tsu Station, in Tsu, Mie Prefecture, Japan

Georgia

 * Tbilisi State University

Philippines

 * Tarlac State University

Russia

 * Tambov State University
 * Tomsk State University
 * Tula State University

Taiwan

 * Taiwan Shoufu University

Turkmenistan

 * Turkmen State University, in Ashgabat

United States

 * Tarleton State University, in Stephenville, Texas
 * Tennessee State University, in Nashville, Tennessee
 * Texas Southern University, in Houston, Texas
 * Texas State University, in San Marcos, Texas
 * Trinity Southwest University, in Albuquerque, New Mexico
 * Tri-State University, now Trine University, in Angola, Indiana
 * Truman State University, in Kirksville, Missouri

Other uses

 * Tsū, a Japanese aesthetic ideal
 * Tsu (kana), つ or ツ, one of the syllables of the Japanese hiragana and katakana syllabaries
 * Tsū (social network), a social networking platform now known as display!
 * The Sunshine Underground, an English indie rock band
 * Taiwan Solidarity Union, a political party in Taiwan
 * Toy Soldiers Unite, an online community and artistic network
 * Trade Services Utility, a banking initiative
 * Tribal Students Union, a student organisation in Tripura, India
 * Truly Strong Universities, a ranking of Japanese universities
 * Tsou language, an Austronesian language of Taiwan
 * "TSU" (song), by Drake from his 2021 album Certified Lover Boy

title: Tsu


text:
North Bay

North Bay may refer to:

Places

 * Antarctica
 * North Bay (Ross Island), a bay
 * Canada
 * North Bay, Ontario, a city in Ontario, Canada
 * CFB North Bay

 * United States
 * North Bay Village, Florida, a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida
 * North Bay, New York, an unincorporated community
 * North Bay, Door County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in Door County, Wisconsin
 * North Bay, Wisconsin, a village in Racine County, Wisconsin
 * North Bay Shore, New York, a census-designated place in Suffolk County, New York
 * North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area), a subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area in California

Others

 * North Bay Aqueduct, a part of the California State Water Project
 * North Bay Breakers, an American football (soccer) team based in Santa Rosa, California
 * North Bay Centennials, a defunct ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League
 * North Bay Battalion, a major junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League (2013 to present)

title: North Bay


text:
João Álvares Fagundes

João Álvares Fagundes (born c. 1460, Kingdom of Portugal – died 1522, Kingdom of Portugal) was an explorer and ship owner from Viana do Castelo in Northern Portugal. He organized several expeditions to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1520–1521.

Fagundes, together with his second captain Pero de Barcelos, and accompanied by colonists (mostly from the Azores and some from mainland Portugal), explored the islands of St Paul near Cape Breton, Sable Island, Penguin Island (now known as Funk Island), Burgeo, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon. He named the latter islands as the Eleven Thousand Virgins, in honor of Saint Ursula.

King Manuel I of Portugal gave Fagundes exclusive rights and ownership of his discoveries on 13 March 1521.

In 1607, Samuel de Champlain identified the remains of a large cross ("an old cross, all covered with moss, and almost wholly rotted away") at what is now Advocate Harbour, Nova Scotia on the Minas Basin. Some historians have attributed the cross to Fagundes, who is presumed to have visited the spot some eight decades earlier.

Fishing colony of Cape Breton
Captain Francisco de Souza (Feitor or governor of the king) of the captaincy of the island of Madeira, and a native of the same island, reported in 1570 that about 45 or 50 years before, "some noblemen [from Viana] joined with the information that they had of the New Land of the Codfish, they were determined to go settle some part of it". They obtained a license From King Manuel for an expedition under the command of João Alvares Fagundes, who led several families and couples, mostly from the Azores, especially from the island of Terceira, who were gathered en route. They reached North America with a nau and a caravel, and "because they considered the coast of Newfoundland very cold, they sailed from east to west" until they reached a new "coast, arranged from northeast to southwest, and there they dwelt, where they lost or ran out of ships". De Souza said that nothing more was known of "the colonists who settled there since they were out of communications with the metropole."

Only later did news of the fate of the colonists come through the reports of Basque fishermen who visited the region. The Basques brought information of the colony and its inhabitants and descendants "and said that they were asked to let the authorities in Portugal know about their situation in the land and to send them priests, because the Gentiles [possibly the Mi'kmaq people] "are peaceful and docile, and from notorious men that are sailing there." According to Souza, it was in Cape Britão (Cape Breton in old Portuguese - already having that name in 1570 due to the expeditions of Jacques Cartier and others), "at the entrance of the north coast, in a beautiful bay", according to the chronicler, "which had a settlement, with very valuable things, and a lot of walnut, chestnut, grapes, and other fruits, where it seems to be good land and so among this company were some couples from the Azores; that they have settled here as is well-known".

The governor of Madeira ended the reference to this colony with a prayer and a plea: "May Our Lord in His mercy pave the way to get them help, and my intention is to go to the said path of coastline when I reach the Island of São Francisco, which we can do on a single trip". This possible colony may have lasted at least until the 1570s, or until the end of the century.

title: João Álvares Fagundes


text:
TN'G

Formally Twist N' Go, TNG is a motor scooter brand of CMSI, an importer, assembler, and distributor in the United States with more than 150 dealers and service centers. CMSI imports motor scooter components from China, Taiwan, Japan and the U.S. It assembles and tests its products in Preston, Washington. TN'G is the only brand whose scooters are assembled and tested in the United States before they are distributed to dealers.

Models include:

 * 49cc:
 * LS 49
 * Venice
 * Venice LX
 * Milano
 * 150cc:
 * Milano
 * Verona
 * Baja
 * DR 150
 * Low Boy
 * Motorcycles:
 * Chicago 250cc

J.D. from the popular TV sitcom Scrubs drives a TN'G Venice.

title: TN'G