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Glyndebourne

Glyndebourne is an English country house, the site of an opera house that, since 1934, has been the venue for the annual Glyndebourne Festival Opera. The house, located near Lewes in East Sussex, England, is thought to be about six hundred years old and listed at grade II.

History of the house
"There had been a manor house at Glynde Bourne (as it was often spelt) since the fifteenth century", but the exact age of the house is unknown. Some surviving timber framing and pre-Elizabethan panelling makes an early 16th-century date the most likely. In 1618, it came into the possession of the Hay family, passing to James Hay Langham in 1824. He inherited his father's baronetcy and estate in Northamptonshire in 1833 which under the terms of his inheritance should have led to him relinquishing Glyndebourne, but as a certified lunatic he was unable to do so. After litigation the estate passed to a relative, Mr Langham Christie, but he later had to pay £50,000 to persuade another relative to withdraw a rival claim.

Langham Christie's son, William Langham Christie, made substantial alterations to the house in the 1870s. First, a brick extension hid its 17th-century façade, while ornate stonework and balustrading was added. Then, in 1876, the architect Ewan Christian was engaged to install bay windows and add decorative brickwork to give the house the Jacobethan appearance which can still be seen from the gardens today. Some of the exterior of the older parts of the house can be seen from the driveway next to the theatre.

Swiss origins of the Christie family
Langham Christie was the son of one Daniel Christin, a Swiss of obscure origins who anglicised his name to Christie on entering the army of the East India Company. According to frequently published accounts, Daniel Christin joined the Bombay Engineers rising to the rank of major, and the family fortune was made when he was given a hoard of gems by a Sultan in thanks for having prevented his troops from pillaging a harem.

Unfortunately none of these claims finds ready support in the records of East India Company or indeed in any accounts of the period. The rank of major seems to have been a later invention. There was indeed a Major Christie of the Madras Engineers, however he was shot dead by a Cossack near the river Aras in 1812, some three years after Daniel Christie had died. In his will, Daniel Christie refers to himself as formerly a captain in the service of the English East India Company under the presidency of Bombay, there being no mention of higher rank or of an engineering connection. The Christie family pedigree cites Daniel Christie's dates of promotion, first to Lieutenant in 1781 and to Captain in 1783, however no records to support these claims have been offered or traced thus far.

The only Daniel Christie to be found for this period in the East India Company records is a surgeon's mate of the Sixth Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. The Christie family pedigree claims that in 1782 Christin served in the war against Hyder Ali in Mysore. That Hyder Ali died in that year and that there was extensive looting by East India Company soldiers from Ali's palace, as was commonplace throughout the Anglo-Mysore Wars, is perhaps suggestive.

Whatever the truth regarding his origins, rank or source of sudden wealth, Daniel Christie undoubtedly returned to England with a fortune estimated at £20,000 (equivalent to about £35 million in 2021 values), and his second marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Purbeck Langham, ultimately brought Glyndebourne into the Christin/Christie family.

Origins of the opera house
John Christie obtained the use of the house in 1913 after the death of William Langham Christie, his grandfather. He came into full legal possession of the estate in 1920. Among other renovations, he added to the house an organ room, 80 ft long, in the process almost doubling the length of the south façade of the house. This room contained one of the largest organs outside of a cathedral in the country. It was built by the firm of Hill, Norman & Beard Ltd (bought by Christie in 1923). After the Second World War, John Christie made a gift of sections of the soundboards, pipes and structural parts to the rebuilt Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks (which had been destroyed in the Blitz); the case and console remain at Glyndebourne.

John Christie's fondness for music led him to hold regular amateur opera evenings in this room. At one of these evenings in 1931, he met his future wife, the Sussex-born Canadian soprano Audrey Mildmay, a singer with the Carl Rosa Opera company who had been engaged to add a touch of professionalism to the proceedings. They were married on 4 June 1931. During their honeymoon, they attended the Salzburg and Bayreuth festivals, which gave them the idea of bringing professional opera to Glyndebourne, although Christie's original concept was for it to be similar to the Bayreuth Festival. As their ideas evolved, the concept changed to focus on smaller-scale productions of operas by Mozart more suited to the intimate scale of the planned theatre.

The first theatre
As an annex to the organ room, the Christies built a fully equipped and up-to-date theatre with a 300-seat auditorium and an orchestra pit capable of holding a symphony orchestra. Christie engaged conductor Fritz Busch as the first music director, Carl Ebert, the Intendant of Berlin's Städtische Oper as artistic director, and Rudolf Bing became general manager until 1949. All three men were exiles from Nazi Germany.

After extensive rehearsals, the first six-week season opened on 28 May 1934 with a performance of Le nozze di Figaro followed by Così fan tutte. Boyd Neel had conducted the first music heard in the renovated Glyndebourne opera house in 1934, in private performances, at John Christie's invitation.

John Christie's original theatre was soon enlarged and improved many times after its initial construction. As early as 1936 its capacity was increased to 433; by 1952 it held nearly 600, and finally, in 1977, it held 850 people. In addition, a rehearsal hall was constructed.

Productions were interrupted by the Second World War, during which time the house became an evacuation centre for children from London. After 1945 the festival slowly began again. Until 1951, the entire burden of financing the opera festival was undertaken by John Christie himself, but, in 1952, the Glyndebourne Festival Society was formed to take over the financial management. Christie's death in 1962 resulted in his son George (later Sir George) taking over, and additional changes and improvements to the theatre continued.

Hill, Norman and Beard built the pipe organ in 1924, and it gradually expanded over the years. John Christie owned a considerable share in the company. Currently, the organ is a gutted shell, the pipes having been donated to various churches for the construction of new organs after World War II. The organ originally contained four manuals and 46 stops, but this was eventually expanded to 106 stops, unusual for an English-built organ in having multiple diapason chorus ranks of pipes.

A short semi-documentary film was made in 1955 entitled On Such a Night, featuring excerpts from that year's production of Le nozze di Figaro and with glimpses of John Christie, Vittorio Gui and Carl Ebert, interwoven with fictional story about an American going there for the first time.

The present theatre
By the late 1980s the theatre's expansion, which had proceeded in a somewhat piecemeal fashion, included an agglomeration of outbuildings which housed restaurants, dressing rooms, storage and other facilities. It became clear to George Christie that a completely new theatre - and not just an enlargement of the old one - was necessary. Having chosen the architects Michael and Patty Hopkins of Hopkins Architects in a design competition, Christie announced in 1990 that a new theatre, capable of seating 1,200 people, would be constructed in 1992.

The old theatre hosted its last festival in 1992, and construction of a brand-new 1,200-seat theatre was under way. It was completed at a cost of £34 million, 90 per cent of which was raised through donations, which gave the donors control of 28% of the seats. The inaugural performance in the new theatre on 28 May 1994, given 60 years to the day after the old theatre's first performance, was Le nozze di Figaro.

The design of the theatre, a large brick oval building, has resulted in a four-level, horseshoe-shaped auditorium with main level seating, two balconies, and a gallery topped with a circular roof. The over 60 foot high stage building is semi-circular in shape and allows for the efficient flying and storage of scenery. The acoustics, by Derek Sugden and Rob Harris of Arup Acoustics, have received praise.

Education
Since its establishment in 1986, Glyndebourne's education department has undertaken an array of projects within the local community. Schools around the Sussex and Kent area often visit the venue for performances and workshops. Youth opera projects are also undertaken such as the recent production of Knight Crew for 14- to 19-year-olds and the previous Hip H'Opera project in 2006 - timed to coincide with the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth. The department has also worked with HMP Lewes since 1988 in projects such as inmate-designed puppet shows influenced by works such as Verdi's Falstaff.

Wind turbine
Glyndebourne has featured windmills for many years. A post-mill, erected in 1706, was used until 1921, but collapsed in 1925, and the trestle timbers were blown down in 1964.

Glyndebourne applied for planning permission to Lewes District Council for a wind turbine in January 2007. The council granted permission in July 2007, but the decision was called in by the Secretary of State because of the wider implications of the proposal for renewable energy development in the South Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and strong opposition from countryside protection groups and local residents. On 10 July 2008, the Secretary of State granted planning permission.

In 2008–9, Glyndebourne erected a temporary 50 m mast on Mill Plain to monitor meteorological conditions for a year, prior to erection of the turbine. The data collected showed lower wind levels than had been predicted at this location, perhaps because 2008–9 had lower wind levels than usual. The turbine was launched in January 2012. In the first five years since it was launched, the turbine generated the equivalent of 102% of Glyndebourne's annual electricity requirements, outperforming its annual target of 90%.

title: Glyndebourne


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Talk:World War II casualties

Luxembourg's numbers are wrong
hi, the numbers of luxembourgish casualties are a little wrong. As often described in multiple books, the percentage of casualties compared to the total 1939 population of luxembourg is around 2%, making it the highest loss suffered by a country in western europe. this is mainly due to the battle of the bulge ravaging half of the country. Anyway i have the following numbers out of this book: Michel Pauly : Geschichte Luxemburgs, 2013, ISBN-978-3-406-62225-0 p.102: 2848 dead luxembourgers forcefully serving in the german Wehrmacht 2048 dead civilians due to military actions (mainly Battle of the Bulge) 1208 dead deported luxembourgish jews (in concentration camps) 791 dead deported luxembourghish political prisoners (in concentration camps) 154 dead luxembourgish civilians who were forcefully resettled in the east 57 dead luxembourgers due to military actions serving in various allied forced

7106 total casualties -> which brings it to 2,45% of the total prewar population of luxembourg, like described in many books: highest perecentage loss  of any western-european country.

This information is in my opinion very important, because the very high death-toll luxembourg had to endure during WWII made the allies recognize Luxembourg's important contribution to the allied war effort and with it Luxembourg's independence was never questioned again. (like after WWI when Belgium and France questionned the commitment of luxembourg to the Entente cause.)

Can somebody please put this right ?

Thank you very much Letzebuergerr

Update citations
hi, citation #11's link is actually http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm instead of the one that's currently on the article. the website switched domains and I would like to see an edit reflecting that.

The Graph
Can someone please replace or remove the graph showing ww2 deaths by country? Not only does it not count the Indians that died due to the Bengal Famine, it also downplays the deaths of Filipinos by putting the their deaths in "others" despite a million deaths, man this is really disgusting. If someone doesn't replace or remove that graph I'll do it myself. FIX IT NOW!! 120.29.86.230 (talk) 10:21, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

The Graph #2
Placing Lithuania and Latvia into Allied nations is dubious at best. Nazis were welcomed as liberators and the resistance was almost entirely foreign (poles and russians along with Jewish partisans). Casualties numbers are completely unreliable as the only census data available was from 1923 (nearly 20 years before the war) and 1959 (15 years after the war). The only point of consensus is that vast majority of casualties were Jewish, Polish and Russian.

Semi-protected edit request on 27 May 2024
retrned = returned 2603:8000:D300:3650:AD45:E6EE:7A8:8B7C (talk) 20:22, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ M.Bitton (talk) 23:56, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:World War II casualties


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Milt Jackson

Milton Jackson (January 1, 1923 – October 9, 1999), nicknamed "Bags", was an American jazz vibraphonist. He is especially remembered for his cool swinging solos as a member of the Modern Jazz Quartet and his penchant for collaborating with hard bop and post-bop players.

A very expressive player, Jackson differentiated himself from other vibraphonists in his attention to variations on harmonics and rhythm. He was particularly fond of the twelve-bar blues at slow tempos. On occasion, Jackson also sang and played piano.

Biography
Jackson was born on January 1, 1923, in Detroit, Michigan, United States, the son of Manley Jackson and Lillie Beaty Jackson. Like many of his contemporaries, he was surrounded by music from an early age, particularly that of religious meetings: "Everyone wants to know where I got that funky style. Well, it came from church. The music I heard was open, relaxed, impromptu soul music" (quoted in Nat Hentoff's liner notes to Plenty, Plenty Soul). He started on guitar when he was seven, and then on piano at 11.

While attending Miller High School, he played drums in addition to timpani and violin and also sang in the choir. At 16, he sang professionally in a local touring gospel quartet called the Evangelist Singers. He took up the vibraphone at 16 after hearing Lionel Hampton play the instrument in Benny Goodman's band. Jackson was discovered by Dizzy Gillespie, who hired him for his sextet in 1945, then his larger ensembles. Jackson quickly acquired experience working with the most important figures in jazz of the era, including Woody Herman, Howard McGhee, Thelonious Monk, and Charlie Parker.

In the Gillespie big band, Jackson fell into a pattern that led to the founding of the Modern Jazz Quartet: Gillespie maintained a former swing tradition of a small group within a big band, and his included Jackson, pianist John Lewis, bassist Ray Brown, and drummer Kenny Clarke (considered a pioneer of the ride cymbal timekeeping that became the signature for bop and most jazz to follow) while the brass and reeds took breaks. When they decided to become a working group in their own right, around 1950, the foursome was known at first as the Milt Jackson Quartet, becoming the Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) in 1952. By that time Percy Heath had replaced Ray Brown.

Known at first for featuring Jackson's blues-heavy improvisations almost exclusively, in time the group came to split the difference between these and Lewis's more ambitious musical ideas. Lewis had become the group's musical director by 1955, the year Clarke departed in favour of Connie Kay, boiling the quartet down to a chamber jazz style, that highlighted the lyrical tension between Lewis's mannered, but roomy, compositions, and Jackson's unapologetic swing.

The MJQ had a long independent career of some two decades until disbanding in 1974, when Jackson split with Lewis. The group reformed in 1981, however, and continued until 1993, after which Jackson toured alone, performing in various small combos, although agreeing to periodic MJQ reunions. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, Jackson recorded for Norman Granz's Pablo Records, including Jackson, Johnson, Brown & Company (1983), featuring Jackson with J. J. Johnson on trombone, Ray Brown on bass, backed by Tom Ranier on piano, guitarist John Collins, and drummer Roy McCurdy.

In 1989, Jackson was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from the Berklee College of Music.

His composition "Bags' Groove" is a jazz standard ("Bags" was a nickname given to him by a bass player in Detroit. "Bags" referred to the bags under his eyes). He was featured on the NPR radio program Jazz Profiles. Some of his other signature compositions include "The Late, Late Blues" (for his album with Coltrane, Bags & Trane), "Bluesology" (an MJQ staple), and "Bags & Trane".

Jackson died of liver cancer in Manhattan, New York, at the age of 76. He was married to Sandra Whittington from 1959 until his death; the couple had a daughter.

As leader/co-leader

Compilations
 * All Star Bags (Blue Note, 1976)[2LP] – rec. 1952-1957
 * Milt Jackson (Quintessence Jazz Series) (Pickwick, 1979)
 * The Best of Milt Jackson (Pablo, 1980)

As leader of the Modern Jazz Quartet

 * Vendome (Prestige, 1952)
 * Modern Jazz Quartet, II (Prestige, 1955)
 * Concorde (Prestige, 1955)
 * Fontessa (Atlantic, 1956)
 * The Modern Jazz Quartet at Music Inn (Atlantic, 1956)
 * The Modern Jazz Quartet Plays No Sun in Venice (Atlantic, 1957)
 * The Modern Jazz Quartet (Atlantic, 1957)
 * Third Stream Music (Atlantic, 1957) – recorded in 1959–1960, including Sketch for Double String Quartet (1959)
 * The Modern Jazz Quartet and the Oscar Peterson Trio at the Opera House (Verve, 1957)
 * The Modern Jazz Quartet at Music Inn Volume 2 (Atlantic, 1958)
 * Music from Odds Against Tomorrow (United Artists, 1959) – soundtrack
 * Pyramid (Atlantic, 1960)
 * The Modern Jazz Quartet & Orchestra (Atlantic, 1960)
 * European Concert (Atlantic, 1960) – live
 * The Comedy (Atlantic, 1962) – recorded in 1960-1962
 * Lonely Woman (Atlantic, 1962)
 * A Quartet is a Quartet is a Quartet (Atlantic, 1963)
 * Collaboration with Laurindo Almeida (Atlantic, 1964)
 * The Modern Jazz Quartet Plays George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess (Atlantic, 1965) – recorded in 1964–1965
 * Jazz Dialogue with the All-Star Jazz Band (Atlantic, 1965)
 * Concert in Japan '66 (Atlantic [Japan], 1966)
 * Blues at Carnegie Hall (Atlantic, 1966)
 * Place Vendôme with The Swingle Singers (Philips, 1966)
 * Under the Jasmin Tree (Apple, 1968) – recorded in 1967
 * Space (Apple, 1969)
 * Plastic Dreams (Atlantic, 1971)
 * The Legendary Profile (Atlantic, 1972)
 * In Memoriam (Little David, 1973)
 * Blues on Bach (Atlantic, 1973)
 * The Last Concert (Atlantic, 1974)
 * The Only Recorded Performance of Paul Desmond With The Modern Jazz Quartet with Paul Desmond (Finesse/Columbia, 1981) – recorded in 1971
 * Reunion at Budokan 1981 (Pablo, 1981)
 * Together Again: Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival '82 (Pablo, 1982)
 * Echoes (Pablo, 1984)
 * Topsy: This One's for Basie (Pablo, 1985)
 * Three Windows (Atlantic, 1987)
 * For Ellington (East West, 1988)
 * MJQ & Friends: A 40th Anniversary Celebration (Atlantic, 1994) – recorded in 1992–1993
 * Dedicated to Connie (Atlantic, 1995) – live recorded in 1960

As sideman
With Miles Davis
 * Quintet / Sextet (Prestige, 1956) – recorded in 1955
 * Bags' Groove (Prestige, 1957) – recorded in 1954
 * Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants (Prestige, 1959) – recorded in 1954–1956

With Dizzy Gillespie
 * The Complete RCA Victor Recordings (Bluebird, 1995) – recorded in 1937–1949
 * Dee Gee Days: The Savoy Sessions (Savoy, 1976) – recorded in 1951–1952
 * The Dizzy Gillespie Big 7 (Pablo, 1975)
 * Dizzy Gillespie Jam (Pablo, 1977)
 * Musician, Composer, Raconteur (Pablo, 1982) – recorded in 1981

With Oscar Peterson
 * Very Tall (Verve, 1962) – recorded in 1961
 * Reunion Blues (MPS, 1971)
 * The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at the Montreux Jazz Festival 1975 (Pablo, 1975)

With others
 * Cannonball Adderley, Things Are Getting Better (Riverside, 1959) – recorded in 1958
 * Count Basie, Count Basie Jam Session at the Montreux Jazz Festival 1975 (Pablo, 1975)
 * Dee Dee Bridgewater, Dear Ella (Verve, 1997)
 * Wini Brown, Miss Brown For You (Savoy Jazz, 1986) – recorded in 1947–1949
 * Benny Carter, The King (Pablo, 1976)
 * Kenny Clarke, Telefunken Blues (Savoy, 1955) – recorded in 1954–1955
 * Roy Eldridge, What It's All About (Pablo, 1976)
 * Quincy Jones, I/We Had a Ball (Limelight, 1965) – recorded in 1964-1965
 * Steve Miller, Born 2 B Blue (Capitol, 1988)
 * Hank Mobley, Hank Mobley and His All Stars (Blue Note, 1957)
 * Don Sebesky, Giant Box (CTI, 1973)
 * The Temptations, For Lovers Only (Motown, 1995)
 * Big Joe Turner, Nobody In Mind (Pablo, 1976)
 * Stanley Turrentine, Cherry (CTI, 1972)
 * Dinah Washington, Mellow Mama (Delmark, 1992) – recorded in 1945

title: Milt Jackson


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SSP

SSP is an abbreviation that may stand for:

Arts and entertainment

 * Silversun Pickups, an American alternative rock band
 * Super Sonic Power, a line of toys by Kenner Products in the 1970s
 * Scottish Society of Playwrights, trade union

Companies

 * E. W. Scripps Company, stock symbol
 * SSP Group, British company

Economics and finance

 * Single Shared Platform, the basis of the TARGET2 real-time gross settlement system
 * South Sudanese pound (by ISO code)
 * Statutory sick pay, in the United Kingdom

Political parties and organizations

 * Party of Freedom and Justice (Stranka slobode i pravde), a political party in Serbia
 * Samyukta Socialist Party, in India from 1964 to 1972
 * Scottish Socialist Party, founded in 1998
 * Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan
 * Sehajdhari Sikh Party, founded in 2001

Other uses in government

 * Secretariat of Public Security, a federal ministry of the Mexican Executive Cabinet
 * Ministry of Public Security (Mexico City)
 * Senior Superintendent of Police, a senior rank in Indian Police Service

Organizations

 * Summer Science Program, an academic summer program
 * Satellite Sentinel Project, to deter atrocities
 * Scottish Society of Playwrights, a trade union
 * Sigma Sigma Phi, an osteopathic medical honor society
 * Society for Science & the Public
 * Society for Scholarly Publishing
 * Swiss Society of Physiology, see Life Sciences Switzerland

Places

 * Sham Shui Po station, Hong Kong metro (by station code)

Biology and ecology

 * Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, for greenhouse gas scenarios
 * Species Survival Plan, to home endangered animals in a zoo
 * Subspecies, abbreviated ssp.

Computing and telecommunications

 * Sakura Script Player, for Ukagaka mascot software
 * Secure Simple Pairing, a Bluetooth pairing mechanism
 * Security Service Provider
 * Sender Signing Practices, later Author Domain Signing Practices for E-mail
 * Serial SCSI Protocol, for SAS disk drives
 * Service switching point
 * Storage service provider
 * Supplementary Special-purpose Plane, in Unicode
 * System Service Processor
 * System Support Program, the operating system of the IBM System/34 and System/36 computers
 * Synchronous Serial Port
 * Supply-side platform, for web advertising
 * Subset sum problem, an NP-complete decision problem
 * Six-state protocol, a quantum key distribution protocol

Medicine and psychology

 * Specialist in School Psychology
 * Swedish Universities Scales of Personality
 * Single Specific Primer, in SSP-PCR

Spaceflight

 * Space-based solar power
 * Space Studies Program, at the International Space University
 * Surface Science Package, part of the Huygens probe

Other uses in science and technology

 * Sardar Sarovar Project, dam project in India
 * Sonority Sequencing Principle, in linguistics

Other uses

 * Volkswagen Group Scalable Systems Platform, a car platform
 * Special Service Package, for North American police vehicles
 * Specialist schools programme, educational programme in the United Kingdom
 * Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya MRT Line, a rapid transit line in Malaysia
 * Needle and syringe programmes, also known as Syringe Service Programs (SSP)

title: SSP


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Health claim

A health claim on a food label and in food marketing is a claim by a manufacturer of food products that their food will reduce the risk of developing a disease or condition. For example, it is claimed by the manufacturers of oat cereals that oat bran can reduce cholesterol, which will lower the chances of developing serious heart conditions. Vague health claims include that the food inside is "healthy," "organic," "low fat," "non-GMO," "no sugar added," or "natural".

Health claims are also made for over-the-counter drugs and prescription drugs, medical procedures, and medical devices, but these generally have a separate, much more stringent set of regulations.

Health claims in the United States
In the United States, health claims on nutrition facts labels are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), while advertising is regulated by the Federal Trade Commission. Dietary supplements are regulated as a separate type of consumer item from food or over-the-counter drugs.

FDA guidelines
According to the FDA, "Authorized health claims in food labeling are claims that have been reviewed by FDA and are allowed on food products or dietary supplements to show that a food or food component may reduce the risk of a disease or a health-related condition." An authorized health claim is limited to evidence for reducing the risk of a disease, and does not apply to the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, or treatment of disease. It must be reviewed, evaluated, and publicly-announced by the FDA prior to use.

Approval of a health claim by the FDA requires significant scientific agreement (SSA) among reputable scientists that the claim is based on publicly-available evidence that a relationship exists between an element and a disease. The SSA standard provides a high degree of confidence that the relationship between the element and the disease is valid.

Based on scientific evidence, such claims may be used for marketing on foods or dietary supplements. The authorized health claim must be written in a way that helps consumers understand the importance of including the element in their daily diet.

The FDA has guidelines for what is considered a misleading label, and also monitors and warns food manufacturers against labeling foods as having specific health effects when no evidence exists to support such statements, such as for one manufacturer in 2018.

A qualified health claim is supported by some scientific evidence, but does not meet the significant scientific standard of evidence required for an authorized health claim. Qualified health claims must be accompanied by a disclaimer or other qualifying language to accurately communicate the level of scientific evidence supporting the claim.

Consumer advocacy
The use of the label “Healthy” on a variety of foods has been a particular issue for many food quality advocacy groups. In general, claims of health benefits for specific foodstuffs are not supported by scientific evidence and are not evaluated by national regulatory agencies. Additionally, research funded by manufacturers or marketers has been criticized to result in more favorable results than those from independently funded research.

Dietary supplements
In the United States, these claims, usually referred to as "qualified health claims", are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the public interest.

The rule in place before 2003 required "significant scientific consensus" before a claim could be made, applying characterization of a hierarchy of degrees of certainty:
 * A: "There is significant scientific agreement for [the claim]."
 * B: "Although there is some scientific evidence supporting [the claim], the evidence is not conclusive."
 * C: "Some scientific evidence suggests [the claim]. However, the FDA has determined that this evidence is limited and not conclusive."
 * D: "Very limited and preliminary scientific research suggests [the claim]. The FDA concludes that there is little scientific evidence supporting this claim."

See the Wikipedia article on dietary supplements for a description of current FDA policy.

Health claims in Europe
In the European Union, the European Food Safety Authority provides regulations on food labeling to address the quality of possible health foods.

In the United Kingdom by law any health claim on food labels must be true and not misleading. Food producers may optionally use the (discontinued in 2010) Joint Health Claims Initiative to determine whether their claims are likely to be legally sustainable.

In early 2005 the European PASSCLAIM project (Process for the Assessment of Scientific Support for Claims on Foods), sponsored by the European Union and coordinated by ILSI-Europe (https://web.archive.org/web/20090822045739/http://europe.ilsi.org/), ended. The aim of this project was to develop criteria for the scientific substantiation of claims on foods. Several hundreds of scientists from academia, research institutes, government and industry have contributed to the project. All the resulting papers can be downloaded for free from http://www.ilsi.org/Europe/Pages/PASSCLAIM_Pubs.aspx. The final consensus paper, comprising the final set of criteria, has been published in June 2005 in the European Journal of Nutrition.

title: Health claim


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Averoigne

Averoigne is a fictional counterpart of a historical province in France, detailed in a series of short stories by the American writer Clark Ashton Smith. Smith may have based Averoigne on the actual province of Auvergne, but its name was probably influenced by the French department of Aveyron, immediately south of Auvergne, due to the similarity in pronunciation. Sixteen of Smith's stories take place in Averoigne. In Smith's fiction, the Southern French province is considered "the most witch-ridden in the entire country." The most well-known citizen is Gaspard du Nord of Vyones, a wizard who translated The Book of Eibon into Norman French.

Fictional history
In ancient times, Smith depicts Averoigne as having been settled by the fictional Gallic tribe called the Averones. They established a number of settlements in the region, many of which were fortified when the Roman Empire absorbed the region. When Christianity spread through the Empire, many churches and monasteries were established among the ruins of Druidic temples. Greatest among these was a great cathedral constructed in Vyones, completed in 1138.

Fictional geography
Averoigne is depicted by Smith as being located in the southern half of France. The northern half of the territory is dominated by the walled city of Vyones, site of an impressive cathedral. In the southern half is located the town of Ximes; the main road of Averoigne runs between Ximes and Vyones, straight through the thick, dark forest that blankets the province. A river called Isoile flows from the mountains in the northern part of the province to feed into a swamp in the south.

Other towns and villages depicted by Smith as being located in Averoigne include: Moulins, Les Hiboux, La Frenâie, Touraine, Sainte Zenobie, and Périgon. In the forest can be found haunted ruins, such as the Château of Fausseflammes and the stronghold of Ylourgne. (It was from that abandoned abode of evil robber barons, that the horrific events of The Colossus of Ylourgne had their start.)

Reception
In 1993, Stefan Dziemianowicz wrote in Dark Eidolon: The Journal of Smith Studies that "The Colossus of Ylourgne, with its series of increasingly bizarre events culminating in the rampage of the most awesome monster to appear in Smith's fiction, comes closest of any of the Averoigne tales to evoking the sense of wonder in Smith's otherworldly fantasies... Smith appears to be saying that even the sorcerors of Averoigne are unable to transcend their flawed humanity."

Fragments
A number of other Averoigne stories exist in outline form, incomplete at the time of Smith's death. These include:
 * "The Gargoyle of Vyones"
 * "The Sorceress of Averoigne/The Tower of Istarelle"
 * "Queen of the Sabbat"
 * "The Doom of Azédarac"
 * "The Oracle of Sadoqua"
 * "The Werewolf of Averoigne"

Other writers
Other writers have set stories in Averoigne, including:

 * "Out of the Aeons", by H.P. Lovecraft (with Hazel Heald), 1933
 * "The Butcher of Vyones", by Michael Minnis (The Sorcerer's Apprentices, Sunken Citadel/Tenoka Press, 1998)
 * "The Circumstances of Ghostly Cats", by Michael Minnis (Apocalypse Rhythm: The Complete Cthulhu Mythos Tales of Michael Minnis, Volume 1, Lindisfarne Press)
 * "Gros Vert", by Michael Minnis (Apocalypse Rhythm: The Complete Cthulhu Mythos Tales of Michael Minnis, Volume 1, Lindisfarne Press)
 * "Symposium of the Gargoyle: A Tale of Nineteenth Century Averoigne", by Simon Whitechapel
 * "The Passing of Belzévuthe" by Simon Whitechapel
 * "Hugh the Discerning" by Garnett Elliott
 * "The Doom of Azédarac" "posthumous collaboration" by Ron Hilger
 * "The Oracle of Sadoqua" "posthumous collaboration" by Ron Hilger
 * The Dungeons & Dragons module X2, Castle Amber, designed by Tom Moldvay, contains numerous references to and includes Averoigne and several of its characters as a temporary adventure setting

In Other Media
Averoigne appears in several other works, including:

 * In the novel A Case of Conscience, James Blish includes a character named "Lucien le Comte des Bois d'Averoigne." This name means, "Lucien, the Count of the Woods of Averoigne."
 * In the manga The Case Study of Vanitas Volume 1, the protagonist Noé Archiviste is said to come from Averoigne.

title: Averoigne


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Sarai

Sarai, Serai, or Saraj may refer to:

Places

 * Sarai (city), a large medieval city, and the capital city of the Golden Horde
 * Saray-Jük, the Little Sarai of the Golden Horde

Azerbaijan

 * Sarai Village, an old Turkic village in Absheron, Baku
 * Saray, Qubadli a village in Karabakh, occupied by Armenians
 * Sarai Masjid, is a mosque of the 15th century, which is included in Shirvanshah's palace complex in Baku, Azerbaijan
 * Gulustan Palace (Gülüstan Sarai) during the Soviet era is the main state convention center of the Azerbaijani government

Afghanistan

 * Chaga Serai, (Asadabad) in the Kunar River valley, at the confluence of the Pech River

Eritrea

 * Serai, An ancient province in the state of Eritrea

India

 * Aminagar Sarai, Uttar Pradesh
 * Bal-Sarai, a village in Amritsar District of Punjab, India
 * Ber Sarai, Delhi
 * Begusarai, Bihar
 * Sarai Khas, a village in Jalandhar District of Punjab, India
 * Jia Sarai, Delhi
 * Kheta Sarai, Uttar Pradesh
 * Laheria Sarai, Darbhanga, Bihar
 * Mughal Sarai, a popular railway junction in Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh
 * Mughal Serai, Punjab
 * Mughal Serai, Doraha, Punjab
 * Sarai, Raebareli, a village in Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh
 * Sarai Aquil, Uttar Pradesh
 * Sarai Kale Khan, Delhi
 * Sarai Mir, Uttar Pradesh
 * Sarai Rohilla railway station, Delhi
 * Sarai Shishgaran, Uttar Pradesh
 * Siraz, a region of Jammu division, Jammu and Kashmir
 * Sulem Sarai, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
 * Nampally Sarai, Andhra Pradesh
 * Yusuf Sarai, a locality in Delhi
 * Ekangar Sarai, a place in Nalanda district Bihar

Iran

 * Sarai Village, East Azerbaijan, Iran
 * Sarai, East Azerbaijan, Iran
 * Sarai, Isfahan, Iran
 * Sarai, Iran, Kermanshah Province, Iran

North Macedonia

 * Saraj municipality, a municipality in Greater Skopje
 * Saraj, Skopje, a village near Skopje; seat of the Saraj municipality
 * Saraj, Bosilovo, a village
 * Saraj (Resen), a neoclassical estate in Resen built by Ahmed Niyazi Bey

Pakistan

 * Sarai Alamgir, a town in northern Pakistan
 * Sarai Alamgir Tehsil, a tehsil in the Gujrat District in Punjab, Pakistan
 * Serai Naurang, a town in Lakki Marwat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan

Russia

 * Sarai, Russia, name of several inhabited localities in Russia

Turkey

 * Saray, Van, also spelled Sarai

People

 * Sarai, the original name of the biblical Sarah
 * Sarai (rapper) (born 1981), female rapper
 * Sarai (tribe), a Jat clan from Punjab, mostly of the Sikh faith
 * Sarai Bareman, a Samoan New Zealand born former footballer
 * Sarai Givaty (born 1982), an Israeli actress and model

Other

 * Sarai (resting place) or caravanserai, a caravan station where travellers would rest
 * Sarai, a common name of Shorea robusta, a tree native to the Indian subcontinent
 * The Sarai Programme at CSDS (the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, an Indian research institute for the social sciences and humanities in Delhi)
 * Sarai Records, an independent label founded by Teena Marie

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Common gull

The common gull or sea mew (Larus canus) is a medium-sized gull that breeds in the Palearctic. The closely related short-billed gull is sometimes included in this species, which may be known collectively as "mew gull". Many common gulls migrate further south in winter.

Taxonomy
The common gull was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the current binomial name Larus canus. Linnaeus specified the type locality as Europe but this is now restricted to Sweden. The genus name is a Latin word for a seabird, probably a gull. The specific epithet canus is also Latin and means "grey". The name "common gull" was coined by Thomas Pennant in 1768 because he considered it the most numerous of its genus. John Ray earlier used the name common sea-mall.

There are many old British regional names for this species, typically variations on maa, mar, and mew. The original English word mew is related to German möwe and Dutch meeuw. In Norse influenced regions of Britain, variations include maw or sea-maw, the old Norfolk form being mow. The word gull comes from a Celtic root, with the first recorded usage in English from the 1400s; the modern Welsh form is gwylan.

Subspecies
There are three subspecies, with the Kamchatka gull (L. (c.) kamtschatschensis) being considered a distinct species by some authorities.
 * L. c. canus – Linnaeus, 1758 – common gull. nominate, found in Europe and western Asia. Small; mantle medium grey (palest subspecies); wingtips with extensive black; iris dark. First-year birds develop white feathers on the head and belly with fine dark markings. Wingspan 110 –; mass 290 –.
 * L. c. heinei – Homeyer, 1853 – Russian common gull. Found in central northern Asia. Larger than canus with a more sloping forehead which gives the appearance of a smaller bill. Eyes are usually paler, bill and legs deeper yellow than canus with weaker dark bill markings in winter. The wings are proportionally longer with more black on p5-p8 than canus with narrow white spots forming a conspicuous "string of pearls". p4 has black markings which are rare in canus. First-year immatures have a whiter head, belly and underwings than canus at the same age, with an unmarked rump and more defined black tail band.  Intergrades are common in west Russia. Mass 315 –.
 * L. c. kamtschatschensis – Bonaparte, 1857 ; syn. L. kamtschatschensis – Kamchatka gull. Found in northeastern Asia. The largest subspecies, its size is intermediate between common and ring-billed gulls with the largest males approaching the size of black-tailed gull. Head is squarer with a flatter forehead and the bill is thicker and longer than canus, with paler eyes and deeper yellow bill and legs. Mantle medium-dark grey; wingtips with extensive black, with markings on p5-p8 forming a "string of pearls". Plumage development is generally slower than canus; first-year immatures retain juvenile feathers through the winter, appearing darker and browner overall, and the tail has more extensive black. Brown covert wing feathers are still retained in the second winter. Mass 394 –.

The North American short-billed gull was formerly widely considered conspecific with this species (as Larus canus brachyrhynchus), but most authorities now recognize it as a distinct species, L. brachyrhynchus, based on differences in genetics, morphology and vocalizations. Though "mew gull" was formerly used as a name for Larus canus sensu lato in North America and not commonly used outside North America, the name "short-billed gull" was chosen for L. brachyrhynchus by the American Ornithological Society (AOS) due to the usage of mew gull in recent literature to denote all forms of the L. canus complex, the revival of the name short-billed gull in some of the same literature for brachyrhynchus, and the fact that short-billed gull was historically used for brachyrhynchus when it was treated as a distinct species in the first through third editions of the AOU (now AOS) checklist (in which the name mew gull, contrary to more recent usage, was specifically reserved for the Old World forms).

Description
Adult common gulls are 40 – long, noticeably smaller than the herring gull and slightly smaller than the ring-billed gull. It is further distinguished from the ring-billed gull by its shorter, more tapered bill, which is a more greenish shade of yellow and is unmarked during the breeding season. The body is grey above and white below. The legs are yellow in breeding season, becoming duller in the winter. In winter, the head is streaked grey and the bill often has a poorly defined blackish band near the tip, which is sometimes sufficiently obvious to cause confusion with ring-billed gull. They have black wingtips with large white "mirrors" on the outer primaries p9 and p10, which are smaller than those in the short-billed gull. Young birds have scaly black-brown upperparts and a neat wing pattern, and pink legs which become greyish in the second year before tuning yellow. By the first winter, the head and belly are white, with fine streaks and greyish feathers grow on the saddle. They take three years (up to four in the Kamchatka subspecies ) to reach maturity. The call is a high-pitched "laughing" cry.

Distribution
The common gull breeds in the northern Palearctic from Iceland eastwards to northeast Siberia. It is mainly migratory and winters in Europe, the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, Persian Gulf; [Sea of Okhotsk]], Japan, Korean Peninsula to southeast China.

It occurs as a scarce winter visitor to coastal eastern Canada and as a vagrant to the northeastern USA. The Kamchatka gull is occasionally seen in northwestern North America mainly in spring, and there is one autumn record in Newfoundland.

Breeding
The common gull usually breeds colonially, but can be solitary. Both sexes make a lined nest on the ground or in a small tree near water or in marshes. Usually three eggs are laid (sometimes just one or two). They are incubated by both parents and hatch after 24–26 days. The chicks are precocial but remain in the vicinity of the nest. They are cared for by both parents and fledge when aged around 35 days.

Food and feeding
Like most gulls, they are omnivores and will scavenge as well as hunt small prey. The global population is estimated to be about one million pairs; they are most numerous in Europe, with over half (possibly as much as 80-90%) of the world population. By contrast, the short-billed gull population in Alaska is only about 10,000 pairs.

title: Common gull


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Talk:List of ley lines

Untitled

 * song lines are not really the same as ley-lines... need to make a song line page and link back to aboriginal culture
 * This page needs some maps.

When did Germany become part of England!!?

Where does it say that Germany became part of England - I can't see it!!!

 * Since when is the Long Man of Wilmington a Ley Line? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.211.78.60 (talk) 05:12, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed - I've removed it Dom Kaos (talk) 22:06, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of ley lines


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Mew gull

Mew gull has been split into the following two species:
 * Common gull, Larus canus
 * Short-billed gull, Larus brachyrhynchus

The name can also refer to:
 * Percival Mew Gull, 1930s British racing aircraft

title: Mew gull


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Wye, Kent

Wye is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Wye with Hinxhill, in the Ashford district, in Kent, England, 5 mi from Ashford and 12 mi from Canterbury. It is the main settlement in the parish of Wye with Hinxhill. Hop varieties including Wye Challenger were bred at Wye College and named for the village.

In 2013, Sunday Times readers voted Wye the third best place to live in the UK.

History
The village's name comes from the Old English "Wēoh" meaning idol or shrine. Wye may have been used for worship by the pre-Christian Angles. Wye became an important communications centre because of a ford across the River Great Stour connecting with ancient trackways across the North Downs. Romans constructed a road between Canterbury and Hastings using the gap through the North Downs and there have been suggestions the straight Olantigh Road may have been built by them as a separate route from Wye to Canterbury on the east of the River Stour. Remains of an ironworks at the west bank of the river, from that period, have been found. By medieval times, Wye had a market and hosted the local hundred court.

In 1798, Hasted described Wye as:-

"...a neat well-built town, consisting of two parallel and two cross streets, the whole unpaved. There is a large green in it, built round, on one side of which is the church and college close to it."

Later in the 18th century a turnpike had bypassed the village on the west bank of the River Stour, which the A28 road still does today. Wye railway station was built for the South Eastern Railway line from Ashford to Margate and opened on 1 December 1846.

RAF Wye

During World War I the Royal Flying Corps established an unpaved aerodrome off Bramble Lane near Wye Railway Station. It became RAF Wye in 1918 but closed the following year. , it is farmland.

Wye Racecourse
Wye Racecourse's inaugural 1849 meeting was held in Fanscombe Valley, an isolated coombe and natural amphitheatre directly north of Wye Crown, and 1 mi as the crow flies from Wye village. Flat racing took place annually on Oak Leaf Day, 29 May coinciding with Wye Fair.

By 1878, Wye's racing had moved to the National Hunt course on Harville Road. Steeplechase meetings were held in September, January, March, and May until 1974, and the course closed permanently by June 1975. , both former courses are farmland.

Wye Court
As early as the 6th century Wye was a royal vill, and the royal court would have resided in the vicinity of Wye Court for part of the year. In the 13th century it was a Royal Manor whose Liberty extended as far as Hawkhurst. The Palace complex by then was at Wye Court.

Wye was important for being the first ford over the River Stour that travellers could cross on their route from the West Country to Dover.

In 1307, King Edward II spent Christmas at Wye Court between the death of his father King Edward I, and his own coronation the following February. The father had received his Seal from the Officer of State there. Young King Henry VI visited Wye Court in 1428 when Cardinal Kempe of Olantigh was his Lord Chancellor.

The Manor House at Wye Court was a large building, with a circular dungeon that was extant as late as the 19th century and known locally as the Lollard's Hole.

Wye was not isolated from Wat Tyler's 1381 uprising or Jack Cade's rebellion of 1450. In the 15th century, church officials were ordered especially to address lollardy in Maidstone, Tenterden, Faverisham and Wy. In 1553, two Protestants were executed by burning in front of Wye Church. The disturbances and associated use of the dungeons may have led to the name.

Queen Elizabeth I granted Wye Court to the Boleym related Hunsden family but by the time of King Charles I, ownership had passed to the Finches, a distant branch of the Earls of Winchilsea.

Following the 1572 lightning strike at Wye Church, yeoman farmer Roger Twysden of Wye Court provided timber for reconstruction of the tower. He became High Sheriff of Kent in 1599 but following a fire at his own home he moved from Wye Court to a family dwelling at Chelmington, and then Roydon Hall.

A 1648 Civil War skirmish involving Rich's men and cavaliers took place at the entrance to Wye Court on Olantigh Road. Accounts identify four casualties of the encounter being buried at Wye, and three others killed.

By 1732, Wye Court, along with other land near Wye at Harville, Coldharbour, Wye Downs and Naccolt had fallen into the ownership of miser, John "Vulture" Hopkins. Once his affairs had been unravelled the properties were inherited by Benjamin Bond Hopkins (1745–1794). He sold them to John Sawbridge of Olantigh whose son owned Wye Court by 1798.

Wye Court formerly extended beyond the present day farm, including land to Churchfield Way. Wye College purchased parts of Wye Court for expansion along Olantigh Road in 1925. In 1917, Wye Church agreed to purchase a parcel of Wye Court, to extend its graveyard, from Wanley Elias Sawbridge Erle-Drax, a descendant of John Sawbridge. The Long family purchased their present Wye Court farm and former racecourse on Harville Road in 1925.

Entomologist Frederick Theobald lived at Wye Court until he died in 1930. He had moved to Wye to teach at the South Eastern Agricultural College when it opened in 1894. Apart from his work at the college he spent much of his time curating economic zoology and mosquito collections at the British Museum, and ceased lecturing from 1920 in favour of agricultural extension. Theobald's research on mosquitos and tropical sanitation earned him international recognition including the Order of Osmanieh and Mary Kingsley Medal.

In September 1940, a Spitfire of No 19 Squadron from RAF Duxford crashed at Wye Court injuring the pilot and writing the aircraft off. The crash site was excavated in 1974 by the RAF Museum.

Wye College

Wye College was founded in 1447 as a chantry by Cardinal Kempe. From 1627, a grammar and charity school operated from the premises. In 1894 the buildings re-opened as the South Eastern Agricultural College, offering University of London degrees from 1898, and in 1948 incorporated as Wye College. It merged with Imperial College in 2000 but the campus was progressively closed between 2005 and 2009.

Imperial College scheme

In 2005, Imperial College promoted a controversial scheme to develop Wye College as a centre for renewable fuel research / production, and to build 4,000 house in the Kent Downs.The plan was seen as a test case for other attempts to build on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In 2006, Ashford Borough Council withdrew support, and Imperial College abandoned its plans. Campaigners hailed the decision to preserve the status of protected areas, and Wye village.

Landscape
Wye stands in the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, on the Great Stour at the point where it cuts through the North Downs between Ashford and Canterbury. The village is overlooked by the Wye Downs, an area of chalk downland and woodland within the Wye and Crundale Downs SSSI that includes the Devil's Kneading Trough and other coombes formed by periglacial action.

Wye Farmers Market
51.18329°N, 0.93801°W

A farmers' market, founded by former Wye College student and environmentalist Richard Boden, is held by The Green in Wye on the first and third Saturday of every month. There are typically 15 vendors. During COVID-19 restrictions the market operated a virtual shop.

Wye Village Hall
51.18379°N, 0.93216°W

Wye Village Hall on Bridge Street was extensively refurbished between 2014 and 2019. There are three function rooms of which the largest can accommodate 180 people.

Wye Library
51.18227°N, 0.93728°W

Wye Library is at the top of Bridge Street.

Wye Church

51.18449°N, 0.93791°W

The present Anglican Church of Saint Gregory and Saint Martin at the junction of High Street, Church Street and Churchfield Way is grade I listed. Its original dedication was solely to Pope Gregory the Great. Saint Martin was added c. 1475, possibly to recognise the role of Battle Abbey which was itself dedicated to Saint Martin and owned the Manor of Wye, and to be consistent with Wye College.

A church on the present site was first constructed in 1290, and considerably more extensive than the present building. There was a longer nave and much larger chancel. The Steeple had a tall wooden spire clad with lead. Of this church, only the outer nave walls, built of whole flints, survive. The original door and window openings have all been replaced.

In the 15th century Cardinal Kempe constructed Wye College and rebuilt the church. New, perpendicular style door and window openings matched the college, and the walls were faced with the flat surfaces of split flints. The stronger structure supported a clerestory and fine roof.

In 1548, the Reformation dictated images of the saints be removed, and following 1549's introduction of the Anglican prayer book, newly redundant silverware was sold. The rood screen however, between the nave and chancel survived, as did extensive gilded and painted glass.

Five years later, Catholic Queen Mary (1553–8) reinstated ornamentation and the lighting of candles, but papist resurgence did not stop there. Richard Thornden, Bishop of Dover and Nicholas Harpsfield, Archdeacon of Canterbury committed 10 Protestants to be burnt. Two of them, John Philpot of Tenterden, and Thomas Stephens of Biddenden were consumed by fire at Wye Church gate in January 1557. The next year however, cautiously Anglican Queen Elizabeth I was crowned and Protestant communion restored.

In 1572, the steeple was struck by lightning and burned, melting the lead cladding of the spire. Extensive repairs were finally paid for by 1579, but the structure was reported to be in much ruin and decay again by 1581. That may have been caused by the 1580 Dover Straits earthquake. In any event, further repairs to the steeple were carried out in 1582 and 1584.

The five great bells had been damaged by the 1572 fire and were finally, satisfactorily recast in 1593, though once raised back into place their weight would have added considerably to stresses on the steeple. In 1628, the wooden spire was replaced once again, but concerns about the state of the chancel, and risk of the steeple falling were not addressed.

On 22 March 1686, the steeple tower collapsed. Almost all the transepts; most of the chancel, and part of the nave were destroyed. The gilded and painted glass windows were gone, as were grand tombs of Cardinal Kempe and his father Thomas. Between 1700 and 1711 the church was reconstructed in its present, smaller form. Charles Finch, 4th Earl of Winchilsea, as holder of the tithes, was required to rebuild the chancel and the parish had to pay the remainder. While the new chancel was finely crafted, work on the much reduced tower prioritised strength and economy. The new church was barely half the size of its predecessor. Lady Joanna Thornhill, for whom the Lady Joanna Thornhill School is named, died during the period of reconstruction and was buried in the new building she had helped fund.

Since 2011, and, the incumbent (vicar) of the Wye benefice, and area dean of the Deanery of Stour Valley, is the Reverend Ravi Holy. He is an Old Etonian, and formerly an alcoholic; drug abuser; satanist; punk rock musician, member of a pentacostal congregation. Holy has performed an Elvis themed funeral at Wye. Participation in a Comedy For Clergy workshop led to him appearing on BBC London and BBC Breakfast. He performs in the trio White Collar Comedy whose tagline is: "They're Middle Class, Middle Aged and Middle England. And all three are working vicars"

Saint Ambrose Catholic Church

51.18153°N, 0.93763°W

Saint Ambrose Catholic Church, off Oxenturn Road, is a chapel of ease built in 1954 for the Parish of Saint Teresa of Avila, Ashford. Mass was celebrated in Wye for the first time since the reformation during World War II, when Wye College's dining hall was made available to Catholic servicemen and local residents. Subsequently, and before the present building was constructed, a former stable at the Old Vicarage on Bridge Street was used as a chapel.

The pews are from E. W. Pugin's original, demolished church of St Teresa in Ashford. Two possibly 18th century benches came from the chapel at Calehill House, Little Chart, itself demolished in 1952.

Sport
Wye Cricket Club plays at Horton Meadow off Cherry Garden Lane. In 2014, it received a £2,000 grant from the Wye Children's Playing Field Charity

Wye Tennis Club's five courts, and a Multi-Use Games Area are located at the Wye Village Hall recreation ground on Bridge Street. The club began in 1971 with two locally constructed courts and use of a football club's changing room. A 1980 Portacabin was replaced in 2008 with the present purpose built clubhouse, and by 2012, there were five floodlit courts.

Wye Juniors FC plays football from the former Wye College recreation ground off Cherry Garden Lane. A fire destroyed its pavilion in 2022.

Lady Joanna Thornhill School

51.18327°N, 0.93292°W

Lady Joanna Thornhill Primary School, on Bridge Street, is named after the daughter (1635–1708) of Sir Bevil Grenville, second wife of Richard Thornhill of Olantigh, and Woman of the Bedchamber to Queen Catherine of Braganza. Thornhill's will funded a charity school for Wye in 1708. She is buried at Wye Church.

Her trust purchased part of Cardinal Kempe's chantry buildings at Wye College, and other investment property with which to endow her education institution. Sir George Wheler, who some sources claim was Lady Joanna Thornhill's nephew, acquired the buildings south of the chantry's cloister in 1713.

Boys attending Lady Thornhill's charity school were taught in the Old Hall, and girls the Parlour. Their schoolmaster received £30 per annum salary and the school mistress £20, from rent on property purchased in Wye and on Romney Marsh.

Nevertheless, the situation was poor. In spite of the trust's "munificent" annual endowment income of £200, an inspector passed the facilities "but with the greatest reluctance". He observed the Old Hall used as boys' schoolroom "though a fine old room, is ill-adapted for a school and requires constant repair", and bemoaned that "as long as they are allowed to use this old room, the inhabitants of Wye will not lift a finger towards the erection of new schools". His conclusion was that Wye "has about the worst schools in the neighbourhood".

In 1892, Kent and Surrey County Council purchased the old school premises for £1,000, to establish the South Eastern Agricultural College there, the school ultimately moving to its current location.

, Lady Joanna Thornhill School is operated by The Care Foundation Trust.

Wye School
Wye School is a mixed, secondary free school that opened on Olantigh Road in 2013, and expanded into new buildings in 2017. It is operated by United Learning and includes the former Wye College Kempe Centre and Department of Hop Research site.

Spring Grove School
51.18311°N, 0.92069°W

Spring Grove School on Harville Road is an independent, fee paying nursery and preparatory school for boys and girls aged 2–11. Its 14 acre site includes a forest school.

The 10-bedroom 17th century mansion was formerly home of author Joseph Conrad, politician Baroness Trumpington, and clergyman Thomas Brett.

Wye Bridge

51.18474°N, 0.93017°W

The present grade II* listed bridge over the River Stour was built in 1638 to replace a wooden structure; repaired in 1684, and altered in 1881. It has five stone arches over the river, and secondary ones between the river and railway line. The stone parapet was removed in 1881 when an iron roadway was constructed to reinforce the original stone structure. A stone memorial plaque recording the 1683 construction and 1684 repairs is preserved in the Church of Saint Gregory and Saint Martin.

The weir downstream of the bridge was constructed in 1962 to replace an earlier one.

Wye Mill

51.18442°N, 0.9304°W

The 18th century brick built mill house; timber framed mill building, and mill race are grade II listed. It was originally a water mill for grinding corn. T Denne and Sons operated the premises from 1930 for the production of animal feed, and then as an agricultural merchant's depot through to c. 1990. , it is a guest house.

Wye Crown

To the east of the village, Wye Crown is a hill figure cut into the North Downs chalk, by Wye College students in 1902, to commemorate the coronation of Edward VII. It is part of the Wye and Crundale Downs Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Olantigh
Olantigh has been home to the Kempe, Thornhill, Sawbridge, Sawbridge-Erle-Drax and Loudon families.

Withersdane Hall

In 2019, Imperial College sold the former Wye College Withersdane Hall to private, for profit, Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano who intend to accommodate approximately 250, mainly Italian and French, students there.

Other listed buildings
, there are 139 separately designated listed buildings in Wye with Hinxhill Parish, including:

Railway

Until 2022, the level crossing gates at Wye railway station had been manually operated. Road closures of typically 10–12 minutes, and sometimes up to 15 minutes, for trains to pass had been reported. One resident produced a telephone app to advise residents when the barrier was closed, and help them choose when to travel.

Walking
Wye is on the southern route of the North Downs Way where it crosses the Stour Valley Walk and follows the path of the Pilgrims Way.

Cantii Way
The Cantii Way is a 145 mile, circular cycling route that uses cycle paths, bridleways and quiet roads. It begins and ends in Wye where it links with National Cycle Route 18. Cycling UK inaugurated the Cantii Way in 2022, partly to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

The route also passes through Canterbury, Whitstable, Dungeness, Hythe, Tenterden, Folkestone and Dover – the former land of the Cantii for whom it is named.

People
• Aphra Behn (1640–1689), Restoration dramatist and spy

• Evelyn Mary Dunbar (1906–1960), artist

• John Kemp (c. 1380–1454), cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor

• Bryan Keith-Lucas (1912–1996), political scientist

• Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791), historian and republican

• Ernest Stanley Salmon (1871–1959), hop breeder, mycologist and tennis player

• Alex Loudon (born 1980), cricketer

• Thomas Kempe (died 1489), Bishop of London

• Thomas Brett (1667–1743), nonjuring clergyman and author

• Joseph Conrad (1857–1924), author

• Sir Charles Scudamore (1779–1849), physician

• Robert Billing (1834–1898), Bishop of Bedford

• Arthur Willink (1850–1913), theologian and author

• John Richardson (born 1950), Dean of Bradford

• John Sawbridge (1732–1795), politician

• Samuel Elias Sawbridge (1769–1850), politician

• John Erle-Drax (1800–1887), landowner and politician

• Jacob Sawbridge (1665–1748), banker, politician and scoundrel

• Mark Deller (born 1938), conductor and countertenor

• Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea (1661–1720), poet

• Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Winchilsea (1657–1726), nonjuror

• John Locke (1632–1704), philosopher and physician

• Caleb Banks (1659–1696), politician

• Sir John Banks, 1st Baronet (1627–1699), merchant and politician

• Ethel Gabain (1883–1950),   lithographer and war artist

• Tobias Boshell (born 1950), musician

• Eve Billing (1923–2019), plant pathologist

• Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington (1922–2018), politician

• Frederick Vincent Theobald (1868–1930), entomologist

Riddley Walker
Author Russell Hoban repurposes Wye as "How" in his 1980, post apocalyptic novel Riddley Walker. Withersdane becomes "Widders Dump"; The Devil's Kneading Trough, "Mr Clevvers Roaling Place", and Pet Street, "Pig Sweet".

The Perfect Village
In 2006, Wye featured in the BBC Television show The Perfect Village.

Cape Wrath
2007 television drama Cape Wrath includes scenes filmed at Wye College. The Old Lecture Theatre's steeply tiered oak benches masquerade as a London academic institution.

Gadget Man
Richard Ayoade and Phill Jupitus look out over the Weald to Romney Marsh during Channel 4's 2014 series of Gadget Man. The episode was filmed at the Devil's Kneading Trough in Wye's National Nature Reserve, as they test powered leg exoskeletons.

Female war artists
World War II British official war artists Evelyn Dunbar and Ethel Gabain also produced landscapes of the scenery around Wye.

Centennial
1978 American miniseries Centennial, and the 1974 book it is based upon, reference a fictional British aristocratic investor, Lord Venneford of Wye.

Civil parish
In 1961 the parish had a population of 1989. On 1 April 1987 the parish was abolished and merged with Hinxhill to form "Wye with Hinxhill".

title: Wye, Kent


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Talk:Indian Institutes of Technology

Student numbers?
Student numbers? --188.171.57.108 (talk) 23:22, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

A post-caste meritocracy
The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India, Ajantha S., Harvard University Press has fascinating data on the role played by caste in these institutes esp. focusing on IIT Madras. Anticipating no opposition, I will try adding relevant details. TrangaBellam (talk) 21:15, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Missing
IIT Manipur is missing in your map! 103.199.202.167 (talk) 12:13, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

 * There is no IIT Manipur. Amitscorpio (talk) 08:28, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Protection from Vandalism
Please mark this article as semi-protected article. The page has been vandalized multiple times in the recent times.

Instances this week:

 * 1) Removal of huge content without explanation
 * 2) Correction: Removal of a random youtube channel url added

@Materialscientist Can you help with this, or tag the relevant person? Waonderer (talk) 08:22, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg Not done: requests for increases to the page protection level should be made at Requests for page protection. Deactivated request though Materialscientist might respond here. NotAGenious (talk) 08:55, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

Bad formatting
The overall formatting of the page places the map of the schools inline on the article, causing poor formatting and tons of whitespace when viewed on desktop. I'm too dumb to figure out how to format an image that is being referenced with curly braces. I tried moving it into the info box but that didn't look good. Would appreciate if somebody smarter could could fix this. Thanks! 17jmumford (talk) 21:11, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian Institutes of Technology


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Wye

Wye may refer to:

Place names

 * Wye, Kent, a village in Kent, England
 * Wye College, agricultural college, part of University of London before closure in 2009
 * Wye School, serving the above village
 * Wye railway station, serving the above village
 * Wye Racecourse, former horse racing venue
 * RAF Wye, former aerodrome near the above village
 * Wye, Montana, a town in Missoula County, Montana, US
 * Wye, South Australia, a town in South Australia, Australia
 * Wye River (plantation), was the home of William Paca, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland
 * Wye River, Victoria, a coastal town in Victoria, Australia
 * Wye Marsh, a wetland area on the south shores of Georgian Bay in Ontario, Canada
 * Wye Road, Strathcona County, Alberta
 * Wye House, a large Southern frame plantation house in Talbot County, Maryland
 * Wye, a fictional province in Isaac Asimov's Foundation series

Rivers

 * River Wye, the major river, flowing through both Wales and England, rising on Plynlimon to the River Severn
 * Wye Valley, the scenic area around the lower part of the river
 * Wye Valley Walk, a footpath or hiking trail in Wales and England
 * Wye Valley Brewery, in Herefordshire, England
 * River Wye, Derbyshire, a river flowing from Axe Edge Moor, Buxton to the River Derwent
 * River Wye, Buckinghamshire, a river flowing from the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire to Bourne End where it meets the River Thames
 * Wye River (New Zealand), a minor river in the South Island of New Zealand
 * Wye River (Maryland), in Maryland, US
 * Wye River (Tasmania), a river of Tasmania, Australia
 * Wye River (Victoria), Australia

Other uses

 * The letter Y
 * Wye (rail), a term used in North American railroading equivalent to an English railway triangle
 * Wye ("Y"), a fitting for piping and plumbing
 * Wye River Memorandum, a series of accords between Israel and the Palestinian Authority agreed at Wye River in Maryland
 * A "wye" connection (from "Y") in electrical engineering, a type of three-phase power connection
 * A directional T interchange (or "wye interchange" or "Y interchange") between two or more roads or highways
 * Wye, a powerful sector on the capital planet of Trantor in Isaac Asimov's novel, Prelude to Foundation

title: Wye


text:
The Brown Bunny

The Brown Bunny is a 2003 film written, directed, produced, photographed and edited by Vincent Gallo. Starring Gallo and Chloë Sevigny, it tells the story of a motorcycle racer on a cross-country drive who is haunted by memories of his former lover. It was photographed with handheld 16 mm cameras in various locations throughout the United States, including New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ohio, Missouri, Utah, Nevada, and California.

Following a world premiere at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival, the film garnered a great deal of media attention because of an explicit scene where Sevigny performs unsimulated fellatio on Gallo, as well as a feud between Gallo and the film critic Roger Ebert. Ebert stated that The Brown Bunny was the worst film in the history of Cannes, although he later gave a re-edited version his signature "thumbs up", awarding the film three out of four stars.

The film received mixed and heavily polarized reviews from critics, and was nominated for several accolades, including the Palme d'Or. The film has since gained a small cult following.

Plot
Motorcycle racer Bud Clay undertakes a cross-country drive, following a race in New Hampshire, in order to participate in a race in California. All the while he is haunted by memories of his former lover, Daisy. On his journey he meets three women, but Bud seems to be a lost soul, and he is unable to form an emotional connection with any of them. He first meets Violet at a gas station in New Hampshire and persuades her to join him on his trip. They stop at her home in order to get her clothes, but he drives off as soon as she enters the house.

Bud's next stop is the home of Daisy's parents, the location of Daisy's brown bunny. Daisy's mother does not remember Bud, who grew up in the house next door, nor does she remember having visited Bud and Daisy in California. Next, Bud stops at a pet shelter, where he asks about the life expectancy of rabbits (he is told it is about five or six years). At a highway rest stop, he meets a distressed woman, Lilly. He comforts and kisses her, before starting to cry and eventually leaving her. Bud appears more distressed as the road trip continues, crying as he drives. He stops at the Bonneville Speedway to race his motorcycle. In Las Vegas, he drives around prostitutes on street corners, before deciding to ask one of them, Rose, to join him for a lunch. She eats McDonald's food in his truck until he stops, pays her, and leaves her back on the street.

After having his motorcycle checked in a Los Angeles garage, Bud stops at Daisy's house, which appears abandoned. He leaves a note on the door frame, after sitting in his truck in the driveway remembering about kissing Daisy in this place and checks in at a hotel. Daisy eventually appears there. She seems nervous, going to the bathroom twice to smoke crack cocaine, while Bud waits for her, sitting on his bed. As she proposes to go out to buy something to drink, Bud tells her that, because of what happened the last time they saw each other, he does not drink anymore.

They have an argument about Daisy kissing other men. At this point, Bud undresses Daisy and she fellates him. Once done, he insults her as they lie in bed, talking about what happened during their last meeting. Bud continuously asks Daisy why she had been involved with some men at a party. She explains that she was just being friendly and wanted to smoke marijuana with them. Bud becomes upset because Daisy was pregnant, and it transpires that the baby died as a result of what happened at this party.

Through flashback scenes, the viewer understands that Daisy was raped at the party, a scene witnessed by Bud, who did not intervene. Daisy asks Bud why he did not help her, and his feelings of guilt about this are considerable. He tells her that he did not know what to do, and so he decided to leave the party. After he came back a bit later, he saw an ambulance in front of the house and Daisy explains to Bud that she is dead, having passed out prior to the rape and then choked to death on her own vomit. Bud awakens the next morning, alone; his encounter with Daisy turns out to have been a figment of his imagination. The movie ends as Bud is driving his truck in California, alone again and still not with what he needs.

Cast

 * Vincent Gallo as Bud Clay
 * Chloë Sevigny as Daisy Lemon
 * Cheryl Tiegs as Lilly
 * Elizabeth Blake as Rose
 * Anna Vareschi as Violet
 * Mary Morasky as Mrs. Lemon

Production and release
Gallo conceived the film's title before writing its story. He is fond of the color brown, and rabbits are his favorite animal.

The film was shot in 16 mm and then blown up in 35 mm, which gives the photography a typical "old-school grain". Gallo reportedly shot the film using two Aaton 16mm cameras, Super Baltar lenses, a Nagra IV-STC recorder, and an Angénieux zoom lens purchased from The Stanley Kubrick Estate. Vincent Gallo credited himself as director of the photography as well as one of the three camera operators along with Toshiaki Ozawa and John Clemens.

During the film's production, Gallo stated that he became "almost maniacal" in trying to create the film. He personally painted Bud's motorcycle, which appears in the film's opening race sequence, "dozens of times to get just the right shade of gold." Gallo stated that he fainted twice during the film's production, due to exhaustion from working.

The film's opening race scene was shot at the New Hampshire Motor Speedway. The U.S. theatrical version of the film has been cut by about 25 minutes compared to the version shown at Cannes, removing a large part of the initial scene at the race track (about four minutes shorter), about six minutes of music and black screen at the end of the film, and about seven minutes of driving before the scene in the Bonneville Speedway.

Neither Anna Vareschi nor Elizabeth Blake, both in the film, were professional actresses. Kirsten Dunst and Winona Ryder were both attached to the project but left. In an interview from The Guardian, Sevigny said of the sex scene: "It was tough, the toughest thing I've ever done, but Vincent was very sensitized to my needs, very gentle. . . . And we'd been intimate in the past." Actress Jennifer Jason Leigh was initially set to play the role that Sevigny played, including the unsimulated oral sex scene, but ultimately turned the role down due to being in a relationship at the time.

For the film's promotion, a trailer was released featuring a split screen in the style of Andy Warhol's Chelsea Girls, depicting on one side of the screen a single point-of-view-shot of a driver on a country road, and the other side various scenes from the end of the film featuring Chloë Sevigny. Neither side of the screen had any audio tracks attached, although the song "Milk and Honey" by folk singer Jackson C. Frank played over the trailer's duration.

Themes and analysis
Gallo, a conservative and teetotaler, has stated that he views The Brown Bunny as "a celebration of America that is virulently anti-drug and anti-pornography." The film explores themes of masculinity, depression, loneliness, social alienation, romantic love, and self-esteem.

The film also uses flower motifs, with Bud Clay's four female romantic interests each being named after flowers: Daisy, Lily, Rose, and Violet.

The film's title is evoked three time within the film, referencing Daisy's pet bunny, a bunny seen in a pet store by Clay, and to a chocolate bunny that Bud once gave to Daisy. Film critic Richard von Busack of Metroactive interpreted that when Clay asks "'How long do these bunnies live?'...he's really asking, 'How long does love last?' and he's chilled by the pet-store owner's answer: 'Five or six years at the most.'"

On the film's sex scene, Randy Kennedy of The New York Times wrote that the film's "sex scene does seem like the antithesis of pornography. The camera and microphones are so close to the characters that the familiar sense of voyeuristic distance is impossible to maintain." Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that the film's controversial sex scene "and its dialogue, and a flashback to the Daisy character at a party, work together to illuminate complex things about Bud's sexuality, his guilt, and his feelings about women...Gallo takes the materials of pornography and repurposes them into a scene about control and need, fantasy and perhaps even madness. That scene is many things, but erotic is not one of them."

The Georgetown Voice also called the sex scene "Raw, gripping and slightly repulsive", comparing it to a similar scene in Requiem for a Dream, while emphasizing the un-erotic nature of both. The Chicago Tribune reached a similar conclusion, describing the sex scene as "almost nothing really sexy or pleasurable. It’s desperate, hollow: a lover reaching for emotions that have shriveled up."

In 2018, Gallo further explained the film's anti-pornographic themes, writing in an open letter:

"The Brown Bunny was an attempt at maintaining illusions and simultaneously presenting a heightened and enhanced version of reality, while hoping to result in new forms of insight into pathological behavior.

I was also interested in a character that even during sex could not let his mind go blank and fill up with the sex. Instead, while having sex he is rapidly thinking and his thoughts have a range of emotions far away from pleasure. This strange behavior juxtaposed against graphic real sex is disturbing.

The common purpose of pornography is to enhance sexual pleasure or sexual fantasy...I chose to use imagery common in pornography but placed these images in the emotional context which included intense guilt, anger, regret, anguish, and confusion. In this context, it is difficult for the images to enhance sexual pleasure or sexual fantasy. Instead, the graphic images work better to enhance the discomfort of intimacy."

The Georgetown Voice concluded that "Whether Bud Clay represents the modern individual condemned to mechanical sex, like T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, or serves as a reflection of the male condition at the intersection of love, sex and possession, The Brown Bunny is Gallo’s brutal depiction of one man’s tragic reality."

Steven Hyden of Grantland similarly opined that "The Brown Bunny can be viewed as a depiction of the neediness and alienation at the core of traditional masculinity. Its final scene is perhaps best read as a critique of pornographic imagery, and a demonstration of how disturbing real live sex onscreen can be when human feeling isn’t forcibly removed."

Filmmaker Josh Safdie also wrote that "No matter how many times you run it over in your head, no matter how many times you act it out, ride a motorcycle, hit the road, you're alone with yourself and you always come back to the same thoughts and that is loneliness...That is why the Brown Bunny is Gallo's best work. Self expression at its dire straights and most important. Filmmaker David Lowery described the film as a self-flagellation of "male ego".

Film critic Tony McKibbin also observed the film's focus on American culture, writing: "As [Clay] travels from St Louis to Salt Lake City, Gallo shows us the ‘Other America’, the offscreen space of a Hollywood cinema that usually suggests all the fret and anxiety lies at the end of a gun rather than in bills to pay, poor diets, low salaries and illness. This the reality Gallo is attuned to as he conveys the pockets of a life."

Charles Taylor of Salon.com similarly wrote that "Anyone who has ever driven for any stretch through any part of America will recognize the look of the film immediately...the view driving through suburban neighborhoods, the feel of entering some quiet enclave simply by turning a corner, the sense that everything is sleeping yet alive...It's all so familiar it feels as if the images have been plucked from your brain, and yet I can't recall any movie that has gotten the look of America that this one has...Even the hookers who approach Bud's van at every corner aren't the usual overdone movie hookers. They look like real people in awful circumstances, and each one makes you wonder, what's her story?".

Cannes reception
The film was entered into the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. It was reportedly heckled as the film began, with the crowd jeering every time Gallo's name appeared during the credits. Seiichi Tsukada, an executive at Kinetique, the Japanese company that provided the financing for The Brown Bunny, said “I was at Cannes. I felt injustice. The bashing in Cannes is not for Brown Bunny. I think they’re bashing Vincent. I don’t know why.”

Upon ending, Gallo stated that the film also received a 15-minute standing ovation. Sevigny's publicist, Amanda Horton, also stated that the film was applauded for 10 minutes.

Gallo later stated that the Cannes premiere was "the worst feeling I ever had in my life." Upon his return to the US, Gallo took a defiant stance, defending the film and finishing a new edit that clarified and tightened the storyline.

Gallo-Ebert feud
After the Cannes premiere, a war of words erupted between Gallo and film critic Roger Ebert, with Ebert writing that The Brown Bunny was the worst film in the history of Cannes. Ebert also wrote that Sevigny “reportedly cried during the screening”, a statement repudiated by both Gallo and Sevigny's publicist, Amanda Horton.

Gallo retorted by calling Ebert a "fat pig with the physique of a slave trader." Paraphrasing a statement attributed to Winston Churchill, Ebert responded with, "It is true that I am fat, but one day I will be thin, and he will still be the director of The Brown Bunny." Gallo then claimed to have put a hex on Ebert's colon, cursing the critic with cancer. In response, Ebert quipped that watching a video of his colonoscopy had been more entertaining than watching The Brown Bunny.

Gallo subsequently stated that the hex had actually been placed on Ebert's prostate and that he had intended the comment to be a joke which was mistakenly taken seriously by a journalist. He also conceded to finding Ebert's colonoscopy comment to be an amusing comeback.

A shorter, re-edited version of the film played later in 2003 at the Toronto International Film Festival (although it still retained the controversial sex scene). The new version was regarded more highly by some, even Ebert, who gave the new cut three stars out of a possible four.

In 2004, Gallo appeared on The Howard Stern Show, and discussed his feud with Ebert, saying they had made peace. Ebert called into the show and talked with Gallo, and the two laughed and joked about their feud. However, Gallo continued to push back on Ebert's claim that the original and re-edited versions of the film were vastly different.

On the August 28, 2004 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Ebert gave the new version of the film a "thumbs up" rating. In a column published about the same time, Ebert reported that he and Gallo had made peace. According to Ebert:

Gallo went back into the editing room and cut 26 minutes of his 118-minute film, or almost a quarter of the running time. And in the process he transformed it. The film's form and purpose now emerge from the miasma of the original cut, and are quietly, sadly, effective. It is said that editing is the soul of the cinema; in the case of The Brown Bunny, it is its salvation.

In 2018 (five years after Ebert's death), however, Gallo once again rebuked Ebert's statement, calling it "both far-fetched and an outright lie." According to Gallo, "If you didn’t like the unfinished film at Cannes, you didn’t like the finished film, and vice versa." Gallo went on to speculate that Ebert wanted to distance himself from "a brutal, dismissive review of a film that other, more serious critics eventually felt differently about." In addition, Gallo incorrectly claimed, contrary to media reports, that the film's final cut was only eight minutes shorter than the Cannes cut, not 26 minutes shorter as Ebert had noted.

Sex scene
The film's infamous sex scene, in which Sevigny performs unsimulated oral sex upon Gallo, received an overwhelmingly negative critical response at its Cannes premiere. It became a media scandal, with many critics speculating whether Sevigny had been pressured into performing a sex act by Gallo.

In August 2004, upon the film's limited theatrical release in the United States, Sevigny took to defending the film and its final scene, stating, "It's a shame people write so many things when they haven't seen it. When you see the film, it makes more sense. It's an art film. It should be playing in museums. It's like an Andy Warhol movie.

Despite the negative backlash toward Sevigny's involvement in the film, some critics praised her decision. New York Times reviewer Manohla Dargis said: Even in the age of Girls Gone Wild, it's genuinely startling to see a name actress throw caution and perhaps her career to the wind. But give the woman credit. Actresses have been asked and even bullied into performing similar acts for filmmakers since the movies began, usually behind closed doors. Ms. Sevigny isn't hiding behind anyone's desk. She says her lines with feeling and puts her iconoclasm right out there where everyone can see it; she may be nuts, but she's also unforgettable.

Seven years later, in an interview for Playboy's January 2011 issue, Sevigny talked about the oral sex scene in the film: "What's happened with that is all very complicated. There are a lot of emotions. I'll probably have to go to therapy at some point. But I love Vincent. The film is tragic and beautiful, and I'm proud of it and my performance. I'm sad that people think one way of the movie, but what can you do? I've done many explicit sex scenes, but I'm not that interested in doing any more. I'm more self-aware now and wouldn't be able to be as free, so why even do it?"

Billboard promotion
The Brown Bunny also attracted media attention over a large billboard erected over Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood, California in 2004 promoting the film. The billboard featured a black-and-white image taken from the fellatio sequence, drawing complaints from residents and business owners. The image showed Gallo standing with Sevigny on her knees, but did not show any explicit sexual content. It was eventually removed nonetheless. In 2011, a similar image featuring in the billboard of another French film, The Players (Les infidèles), triggered a similar controversy.

Critical response
The Brown Bunny received mixed reviews from critics and holds a rating of 47% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 96 reviews with an average score of 5.3/10. The website's critics consensus states "More dull than hypnotic, The Brown Bunny is a pretentious and self-indulgent bore." Metacritic gives the film a score of 51 out of 100 based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "Mixed or average reviews".

French cinema magazine Les Cahiers du Cinéma voted The Brown Bunny one of the ten best films of 2004. American publication Film Comment included it among the best unreleased films of 2003, ranking it 14th. In 2010, The Daily Telegraph went on to list The Brown Bunny as one of the 100 "defining" films of the decade, calling it the decade's "most reviled" film, but saying it was "destined to become a future lost classic."

The film won the FIPRESCI Prize at the Vienna International Film Festival for its "bold exploration of yearning and grief and for its radical departure from dominant tendencies in current American filmmaking". The film, aside from the feud with Roger Ebert, gained some positive reaction from American critics as well. Neva Chonin of the San Francisco Chronicle called it "a somber poem of a film sure to frustrate those who prefer resolution to ambiguity... like an inscrutably bad dream, [it] lingers on."

Conversely, Moria McDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film a negative review, calling it a "self-indulgent and seemingly endless road movie".

The film was praised by other filmmakers including Claire Denis, Jean-Luc Godard, John Waters, Sean Penn, and Werner Herzog who called it "the best portrayal of the particular loneliness a man feels." Filmmaker Josh Safdie listed it among the top 10 greatest films of all time, in the 2012 Sight & Sound poll. In 2023, filmmaker David Lowery listed The Brown Bunny among his top five favorite films.

Box office
According to The Numbers, the film grossed $366,301 domestically, and $264,126 internationally, for a worldwide total of $630,427. It was domestically released in 19 theaters.

The Numbers also reported that the film had a production budget of $10 million, though this has not been confirmed by Gallo. Gallo declined to reveal the exact cost of the film, but stated "most of the money that was spent on the movie was spent to do very technical things that are very modern, like intermediary digital processing, uncompressed editing, film composition techniques." He also added that the film's crew never exceed three people during production.

Multiple publications have referred to the film's production budget as very low, contrasting greatly with the reported $10 million number.

Soundtrack
The motion picture soundtrack to The Brown Bunny was released exclusively in Japan. The first five tracks come from artists Gordon Lightfoot, Jackson C. Frank, Matisse/Accardo Quartet, Jeff Alexander and Ted Curson. The last five tracks are performed by John Frusciante.

Soundtrack re-release
Australian indie label Twelve Suns re-issued The Brown Bunny soundtrack on deluxe gatefold vinyl on April 26, 2014. This reissue was fully authorized by Vincent Gallo and remastered from his master recordings. The re-issue was limited to 1000 copies. The first 5 tracks are from the film The Brown Bunny. The last 5 tracks were written before the movie and used as inspiration during filming.

Home media
In the U.S., Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on DVD on August 16, 2005.

title: The Brown Bunny


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Talk:History of the British Empire

Why has the page been moved here, and not remained at the more logical British Empire which is now a redirect!? Mintguy 13:27 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

It has been cut and paste here, all the history has been lost. Mintguy

Reverse the cut-paste operation then!

I pondered this one when it happened. Most of the article is history, and so the redir is kind of a ham-handed attempt to reflect that. It would be better to leave "what was the British Empire" answer at the main location, and just split out the long narrative of its formation. Stan 13:36 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:British Empire which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:03, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of the British Empire