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Terrence McNally

Terrence McNally (November 3, 1938 – March 24, 2020) was an American playwright, librettist, and screenwriter. Described as "the bard of American theater" and "one of the greatest contemporary playwrights the theater world has yet produced," McNally was the recipient of five Tony Awards. He won the Tony Award for Best Play for Love! Valour! Compassion! and Master Class and the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical for Kiss of the Spider Woman and Ragtime, and received the 2019 Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement.  He was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1996, and he also received the Dramatists Guild Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011 and the Lucille Lortel Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2018, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the highest recognition of artistic merit in the United States. His other accolades included an Emmy Award, two Guggenheim Fellowships, a Rockefeller Grant, four Drama Desk Awards, two Lucille Lortel Awards, two Obie Awards, and three Hull-Warriner Awards.

His career spanned six decades, and his plays, musicals, and operas were routinely performed all over the world. He also wrote screenplays, teleplays, and a memoir. Active in the regional and off-Broadway theatre movements as well as on Broadway, he was one of the few playwrights of his generation to have successfully passed from the avant-garde to mainstream acclaim. His work centered on the difficulties of and urgent need for human connection. He was vice-president of the Council of the Dramatists Guild from 1981 to 2001.

He died of complications from COVID-19 on March 24, 2020, at Sarasota Memorial Hospital in Florida.

Early life and education
McNally was born November 3, 1938, in St. Petersburg, Florida, to Hubert Arthur and Dorothy Katharine (Rapp) McNally, two transplanted New Yorkers from Irish Catholic backgrounds. His parents ran a seaside bar and grill called The Pelican Club, but after a hurricane destroyed the establishment, the family briefly relocated to Port Chester, New York, then to Dallas, Texas, and finally to Corpus Christi, Texas. There Hubert McNally purchased and managed a Schlitz beer distributorship, and McNally attended W.B. Ray High School. Despite his distance from New York City, McNally's parents enjoyed Broadway musicals. When McNally was eight years old, his parents took him to see Annie Get Your Gun, starring Ethel Merman, and on a subsequent outing, McNally saw Gertrude Lawrence in The King and I. McNally later said: "When I saw On the Town, with Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly and Jules Munshin with the Staten Island Ferry and the Empire State Building, I said: 'That's where I want to live.' I've never regretted it." In high school McNally was encouraged to write by a gifted English teacher, Maurine McElroy (1913–2005).

He enrolled at Columbia College in 1956. There he especially enjoyed Andrew Chiappe's two-semester course on Shakespeare in which students read Shakespeare's plays in roughly the order of their composition. He joined the Boar's Head Society and wrote Columbia's annual Varsity Show, which featured music by fellow student Edward L. Kleban and directed by Michael P. Kahn. He graduated in 1960 with a B.A. in English and membership in Phi Beta Kappa Society. In 1961, McNally was hired by novelist John Steinbeck to tutor his two teenage sons as the Steinbeck family took a cruise around the world. On the cruise McNally completed a draft of what became the opening act of And Things That Go Bump in the Night. Steinbeck asked McNally to write the libretto for Here's Where I Belong, a musical version of the novel East of Eden.

Early career
After graduation, McNally moved to Mexico to focus on his writing, completing a one-act play which he submitted to the Actors Studio in New York City for production. While the play was turned down by the acting school, the Studio was impressed with the script, and McNally was invited to serve as the Studio's stage manager so that he could gain practical knowledge of theater. His earliest full-length play, This Side of the Door, deals with a sensitive boy's battle of wills with his overbearing father and was produced in an Actors Studio Workshop in 1962, featuring a young Estelle Parsons. Starting a career that covered both off-Broadway and Broadway, his plays cried out against Vietnam, satirized stale family dynamics, mocked sexual mores and became a part of the social protest movement of the 1960s and early 1970s.

In 1964, his next play And Things That Go Bump in the Night put homosexuality squarely on stage which brought him the ire of New York City's conservative theatre critics. It opened at the Royale Theatre on Broadway to generally negative reviews. The play explores the psycho-social dynamic of anxiety that leads one to preemptively and defensively accuse others of creating problems that in actuality result from one's own insecurity. McNally later said, "My first play, Things That Go Bump in the Night, was a big flop. I had to begin all over again." Nevertheless, the producer, Theodore Mann dropped the price of tickets to $1.00 which allowed the production to run with sold-out houses for three weeks.

Next (1968), which brought him his greatest early acclaim and was directed by Elaine May and starred James Coco, follows a married, middle-aged, businessman who has been mistakenly drafted into the armed forces. Botticelli (1968) centers on two American soldiers standing guard in the jungle while making a game of the great names in Western Civilization. ¡Cuba Si! (1968) satirizes the disdain that many Americans feel for the idea of revolution though United States was itself born out of a revolution. It starred Melina Mercouri. In Where Has Tommy Flowers Gone? (1971) he celebrates while mourning the ineffectiveness of the American youth movement's conviction to "blow this country up so we can start all over again." Sweet Eros (1968) is about a young man who professes his love to a naked woman he has gagged and bound to a chair. In Let It Bleed (1972) a young couple showers and becomes convinced an intruder is lurking on the other side of the shower curtain. These and his other early plays, including Tour (1967), Witness (1968), and Bringing It All Back Home (1970), and Whiskey (1973), form a dark satire on American moral complacency.

McNally turned to comedy and farce, beginning with Noon (1968), a sexual farce revolving around five strangers who are lured to an apartment in lower Manhattan by a personal advertisement. Bad Habits, which satirizes American reliance upon psychotherapy, premiered at the John Drew Theatre in East Hampton, New York, in 1971 starring Linda Lavin. It transferred to the Booth Theatre on Broadway in 1974 and garnered an Obie Award. The Ritz is a farce centering on a straight man who inadvertently takes refuge in a Mafia-owned gay bathhouse. It opened at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C., and moved to the Longacre Theatre on Broadway in 1975. Robert Drivas, then McNally's romantic partner, directed both productions. McNally adapted the play for the motion picture, The Ritz (1976), directed by Richard Lester. In 1978, McNally wrote Broadway, Broadway, which failed in its Philadelphia try-out starring Geraldine Page. Rewritten and retitled It's Only a Play, it premiered in off-Broadway in 1985 at Manhattan Theatre Club directed by John Tillinger and starring Christine Baranski, Joanna Gleason, and James Coco.

Mid-career
After the failure of Broadway, Broadway and living briefly in Hollywood, he returned to New York City and formed an artistic relationship with Manhattan Theatre Club. The rapid spread of AIDS fundamentally changed his writing. McNally only became truly successful with works such as the off-Broadway production of Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune and its screen adaptation with stars Al Pacino and Michelle Pfeiffer. His first Broadway musical was The Rink in 1984, a project he joined after the score by composer John Kander and lyricist Fred Ebb had been written. In 1990, McNally won an Emmy Award for Best Writing in a Miniseries or Special for Andre's Mother, a drama about a woman coping with her son's death from AIDS. A year later, in Lips Together, Teeth Apart, two married couples spend the Fourth of July weekend at a summer house on Fire Island. They are all afraid to use the pool given that its owner has just died of AIDS. It was written for Christine Baranski, Anthony Heald, Swoosie Kurtz (taking the place of Kathy Bates), and frequent McNally collaborator Nathan Lane, who had also starred in The Lisbon Traviata.

With Kiss of the Spider Woman (based on the novel by Manuel Puig) in 1992, McNally returned to the musical stage, collaborating with Kander and Ebb on a script which explores the complex relationship between two men jailed together in a Latin American prison. Kiss of the Spider Woman won the 1993 Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical, the first of McNally's four Tony Awards. He collaborated with Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens on Ragtime in 1997, a musical adaptation of the E. L. Doctorow novel, which tells the story of Coalhouse Walker Jr., a black musician who demands retribution when his Model T is destroyed by a mob of white troublemakers. The musical also features such historical figures as Harry Houdini, Booker T. Washington, J. P. Morgan, and Henry Ford. For his libretto, McNally won his third Tony Award. Ragtime finished its Broadway run on January 16, 2000. A revival in 2009 closed after only two months.

McNally's other plays from this period include 1994's Love! Valour! Compassion!, with Lane and John Glover, which examines the relationships of eight gay men; it won McNally his second Tony Award; and Master Class (1995), a character study of legendary opera soprano Maria Callas, which starred Zoe Caldwell and won the Tony Award for Best Play, McNally's fourth.

McNally's Corpus Christi (1997) became the subject of protests. In this retelling of the story of Jesus' birth, ministry, and death, he and his disciples are portrayed as homosexual. The play was initially canceled because of death threats against the board members of the Manhattan Theatre Club, which produced the play. The board relented after several other playwrights, including Athol Fugard, threatened to withdraw their plays if Corpus Christi was not produced. A crowd of almost 2,000 protested the play as blasphemous at its opening. After it opened in London in 1999, a group called the "Defenders of the Messenger Jesus" issued a fatwa sentencing McNally to death. In 2008, the play was revived in New York City at Rattlestick Playwrights Theatre. Reviewing this production for The New York Times, Jason Zinoman wrote that "without the noise of controversy, the play can finally be heard. Staged with admirable delicacy... the work seems more personal than political, a coming-of-age story wrapped in religious sentiment."

Late career
In 2000, McNally partnered with composer and lyricist David Yazbek to write the musical The Full Monty, which was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell. It had an initial run at The Old Globe Theatre and then transferred to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on Broadway. The opening night cast included Patrick Wilson, Andre De Shields, Jason Danieley, Kathleen Freeman, Emily Skinner, and Annie Golden. It was nominated for 12 Tony Awards including for McNally's book. It later transferred to the Prince of Wales Theater in London's West End.

McNally collaborated on several new American operas. His voice may be more familiar with opera fans than theater-goers, as for nearly 30 years (1979–2008) he was a member of the Texaco Opera Quiz panel that fielded questions during the weekly Live from the Met radio broadcasts. He wrote the libretto for Dead Man Walking, his adaptation of Sister Helen Prejean's book, with a score by Jake Heggie. The opera had its world premiere at San Francisco Opera in 2000 and subsequently received two commercial recordings and over 40 productions worldwide, making it "one of the most successful American operas in recent decades." In 2007, Heggie composed a chamber opera, Three Decembers, with a libretto by Gene Scheer based on a text McNally had created in 1999 for a Christmas concert to benefit Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, Some Christmas Letters (and a Couple of Phone Calls, Too). In October 2015, Dallas Opera presented Great Scott with an original libretto by McNally and a score by Heggie. The new opera starred Joyce DiDonato and Frederica von Stade and was directed by Jack O'Brien.

The Kennedy Center presented three of McNally's plays that focus on opera under the heading Nights at the Opera, in March 2010. It included a new play, Golden Age; Master Class, starring Tyne Daly; and The Lisbon Traviata, starring John Glover and Malcolm Gets. Golden Age subsequently ran Off-Broadway at the Manhattan Theatre Club New York City Center – Stage I from November 2012 to January 2013.

In 2001, McNally started what became a 15-year developmental process towards Broadway with the musical The Visit, for which he wrote the book. The music is written by John Kander and the lyrics by Fred Ebb. Adapted from Friedrich Dürrenmatt's 1956 satire, The Visit is the story of a widow who has amassed enormous sums of wealth and returns to her hometown to seek revenge on the villagers who scorned her in her youth. The project originally starred Angela Lansbury who departed the process to care for her ailing husband. Chita Rivera became the new star and The Visit had its first production at The Goodman Theater in Chicago in 2001. The first preview was held just ten days after the September 11 attacks, and the producers were unable to get many investors or critics from New York City to fly to Chicago. In 2004, Fred Ebb, the lyricist, died. Its next regional production occurred in 2008 at The Signature Theatre outside of Washington, D.C. In 2014, under the direction of John Doyle and starring Chita Rivera and Roger Rees, The Visit had a new production at Williamstown Theatre and then transferred to Broadway at The Lyceum Theatre in 2015. The musical was nominated for five Tony awards including for McNally's book.

Continuing his work on librettos, McNally partnered with his collaborators on Ragtime, Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens, to write the musical A Man of No Importance which premiered at Lincoln Center in 2002 and was directed by Joe Mantello. He also wrote the libretto for Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life, in 2005, another collaboration with Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens, which began at The Old Globe and subsequently transferred to Broadway at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre.

In 2004, Primary Stages presented McNally's The Stendhal Syndrome, which according to McNally explores "how art can affect us emotionally, psychologically, and erotically." The play starred Isabella Rossellini and Richard Thomas and was directed by Leonard Foglia. In 2007, Philadelphia Theatre Company presented Some Men, which explores the evolution of gay relationships and same-sex marriage. It went on to Second Stage Theatre in New York and was directed by Trip Cullman. That same year McNally's drama Deuce ran on Broadway at the Music Box Theater for a limited engagement in 2007 for 121 performances. Directed by Michael Blakemore, the play starred Angela Lansbury, in her return to Broadway after more than 20 years, and Marian Seldes. And Away We Go premiered Off-Broadway at the Pearl Theatre in November 2013, with direction by Jack Cummings III and featured Donna Lynne Champlin, Sean McNall and Dominic Cuskern. The play takes place over several millennia covering the most pivotal moments in dramatic history entwined with a modern-day story of a struggling theatre company. McNally said that "It's very much written for the Pearl, the company that has kept the faith for the great classic plays. There are whole seasons in New York when I don't think a single classic play would have been performed if it hadn't been for the Pearl... I think it's really important. I write new plays for a living; I certainly don't think theatre should be just revivals, but there has always got to be a place for Chekhov, Ibsen, Shakespeare, Moliere and Aeschylus."

Mothers and Sons starring Tyne Daly and Frederick Weller opened on Broadway at the John Golden Theatre, where Master Class had its premiere, on March 24, 2014 (February 23, 2014, in previews). Mothers and Sons premiered at the Bucks County Playhouse (Pennsylvania) in June 2013. Vermont Stage opened its production January 27, 2016 at FlynnSpace in Burlington, Vermont. The play is an expansion on his 1988 drama Andre's Mother, which was set at a memorial service for a victim of the AIDS crisis. Mothers and Sons also marked the first time a legally wed gay couple was portrayed on Broadway. It was nominated for two Tony Awards including for Best Play.

McNally's Fire and Air premiered Off-Broadway at Classic Stage Company on February 1, 2018. The play explores the history of the Ballets Russes, the Russian ballet company, with a particular focus on Sergei Diaghilev, the ballet impresario, and Vaslav Nijinsky, the dancer and choreographer. It featured the actors Douglas Hodge, Marsha Mason, Marin Mazzie, John Glover, and Jay Armstrong Johnson and was directed by Tony Award-winner John Doyle.

On May 29, 2019, a revival of Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre. The production starred Audra McDonald and Michael Shannon, and was directed by Arin Arbus in her Broadway debut.

In June 2019, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots, an event widely considered a watershed moment in the modern LGBTQ rights movement, Queerty named him one of the Pride50 "trailblazing individuals who actively ensure society remains moving towards equality, acceptance and dignity for all queer people".

McNally received a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2019.

Personal life
In his early years in New York City, McNally's interest in theatre brought him to a party where, departing, he shared a cab with Edward Albee, who had recently written The Zoo Story and The Sandbox. They functioned as a couple for over four years during which Albee wrote The American Dream and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? He was frustrated by Albee's lack of openness about his sexuality. McNally later said: "I became invisible when press was around or at an opening night. I knew it was wrong. It's so much work to live that way." After his relationship with Albee, McNally entered into a long-term relationship with the actor and director Robert Drivas. Drivas and McNally broke up as a couple in 1976; they remained close friends until Drivas died of AIDS-related complications ten years later.

McNally was partnered to Tom Kirdahy, a Broadway producer and a former civil rights attorney for not-for-profit AIDS organizations, following a civil union ceremony in Vermont on December 20, 2003. They married in Washington, D.C., on April 6, 2010. In celebration of the Supreme Court's decision to legalize same-sex marriage in all 50 states, they renewed their vows at New York City Hall with Mayor Bill de Blasio, Kirdahy's college roommate, officiating on June 26, 2015.

As a young man, McNally was a heavy drinker. He relates that while attending a party in 1980 he spilled a drink on Lauren Bacall. "Then someone I hardly knew, Angela Lansbury, [said] 'I just want to say, I don't know you very well, but every time I see you, you're drunk, and it bothers me.'...She was someone I revered, and she said this with such love and concern. I went to an A.A. meeting, and within a year, I had stopped drinking."

When given his Tony for Lifetime Achievement in June 2019, he began his acceptance speech saying "Lifetime achievement. Not a moment too soon." He wore a cannula and appeared short of breath. McNally died at Sarasota Memorial Hospital in Sarasota, Florida, on March 24, 2020, at the age of 81, from complications of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic. He had previously overcome lung cancer in the late 1990s that cost him portions of both his lungs due to the disease, and he was living with COPD at the time of his death.

On theater
For McNally, the most important function of theatre was to create community and bridge rifts opened between people by differences in religion, race, gender, and particularly sexual orientation.

In an address to members of the League of American Theatres and Producers he remarked, "I think theatre teaches us who we are, what our society is, where we are going. I don't think theatre can solve the problems of a society, nor should it be expected to ... plays don't do that. People do. [But plays can] provide a forum for the ideas and feelings that can lead a society to decide to heal and change itself."

Archive
McNally donated his papers to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. The archive includes all of his major works for stage, screen, and television, as well as correspondence, posters, production photographs, programs, reviews, awards, speeches, and recordings. It is an open archive. He had previously deposited his papers at the University of Michigan. His high school English teacher, Maurine McElroy, who had since become head of freshman English at the University of Texas, influenced his choice of Texas.

Documentary
Terrence McNally: Every Act of Life, a documentary about McNally's life and career, aired on PBS on June 14, 2019, as part of their American Masters series. The film features new interviews with McNally in addition to conversations with his friends and collaborators, including F. Murray Abraham, Christine Baranski, Tyne Daly, Edie Falco, John Kander, Nathan Lane, Angela Lansbury, Marin Mazzie, Audra McDonald, Rita Moreno, Billy Porter, Chita Rivera, Doris Roberts, John Slattery and Patrick Wilson, plus the voices of Dan Bucatinsky, Bryan Cranston and Meryl Streep. Charles McNulty, reviewing the film for the Los Angeles Times, wrote, "If you can know a person by the company he keeps, you can judge a playwright by the talent that sticks by him. By this measure, Terrence McNally was one of the most important dramatists of the last 50 years."

Writing credits
Plays:
 * And Things That Go Bump in the Night (1964)
 * Botticelli (1968)
 * Sweet Eros (1968)
 * Witness (1968)
 * ¡Cuba Si! (1968)
 * Bringing It All Back Home (1969)
 * Noon (1968), second segment of Morning, Noon and Night
 * Apple Pie
 * Three one-act plays: Tour, Next (in two versions), and Botticelli
 * Next (1969)
 * Where Has Tommy Flowers Gone? (1971)
 * Bad Habits (1974)
 * Two one act plays: Ravenswood and Dunelawn
 * Whiskey (1973)
 * The Tubs (1974), early version of The Ritz
 * The Ritz (1975)
 * Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune (1982)
 * It's Only a Play (1986)
 * Hope (1988), second segment of Faith, Hope and Charity
 * Andre's Mother (1988)
 * The Lisbon Traviata (1989)
 * Prelude and Liebestod (1989)
 * Later presented as half of The Stendhal Syndrome (2004)
 * Lips Together, Teeth Apart (1991)
 * A Perfect Ganesh (1993)
 * Hidden Agendas (1994)
 * Love! Valour! Compassion! (1994)
 * By the Sea, By the Sea, By the Beautiful Sea (1995)
 * Master Class (1995)
 * Corpus Christi (1998)
 * The Stendhal Syndrome (2004)
 * Two one-act plays: Full Frontal Nudity and Prelude and Liebestod
 * Dedication or The Stuff of Dreams (2005)
 * Some Men (2006)
 * The Sunday Times (2006)
 * Deuce (2007)
 * Unusual Acts of Devotion (2008)
 * Golden Age (2009)
 * And Away We Go (2013)
 * Mothers and Sons (2014)
 * Fire and Air (2018)

Musical Theatre:
 * Here's Where I Belong (1968)
 * The Rink (1984)
 * Kiss of the Spider Woman (1992)
 * Ragtime (1996)
 * The Full Monty (2000)
 * The Visit (2001)
 * A Man of No Importance (2002)
 * Chita Rivera: The Dancer's Life (2005)
 * Catch Me If You Can (2011)
 * Anastasia (2016)

Opera:
 * The Food of Love (1999), music by Robert Beaser
 * Dead Man Walking (2000), music by Jake Heggie
 * Three Decembers  (2008), music by Jake Heggie, libretto by Gene Scheer
 * Great Scott (2015), music by Jake Heggie

Film:
 * The Ritz (1976)
 * Frankie and Johnny (1991)
 * Love! Valour! Compassion! (1997)

TV:
 * Mama Malone (1984)
 * Andre's Mother (1990)
 * The Last Mile (1992)
 * Common Ground (2000)

Other awards

 * 1966, 1969 Guggenheim Fellowship
 * 1974 Obie Award Winner, Distinguished Play – Bad Habits
 * 1992 Lucille Lortel Award Winner, Outstanding Play – Lips Together, Teeth Apart
 * 1992 Lucille Lortel Award Winner, Outstanding Body of Work
 * 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama Nomination – A Perfect Ganesh
 * 1995 Obie Award Winner, Playwriting Award – Love! Valour! Compassion!
 * 1996 inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.
 * In 1998, McNally was awarded an honorary degree from the Juilliard School in recognition of his efforts to revive the Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program with fellow playwright John Guare.
 * In 2011 he received the Dramatists Guild Lifetime Achievement Award.
 * In 2013 he was the keynote speaker for the Columbia College class of 2013.
 * In 2016, Lotos Club State Dinner honoree
 * In 2018, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the highest recognition of artistic merit in the United States.
 * 2019 an honorary doctorate from New York University.

title: Terrence McNally


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Talk:Afrikaans

Geographic distribution
Is it relevant to point out that there are 36 speakers in Mauritius and 122 in Finland? I think we should stick to countries that have at least 1,000 speakers on the table. 2600:1702:6D0:5160:59CC:F3DA:7940:1F39 (talk) 01:51, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

@ 41.198.147.59 (talk) 07:53, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure there aren't 54 million native speakers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:A03F:8185:5900:D539:399:882D:11D7 (talk) 14:24, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

Error(s) with respect to diminutive forms
The current article text contains:

”The diminutive suffix in Afrikaans is -tjie, -djie or -ie, whereas in Dutch it is -tje or dje, hence a "bit" is ŉ bietjie in Afrikaans and beetje in Dutch.”

This contains certainly one error and probably several errors.

 * There is definitely no Dutch diminutive suffix form “-dje”. If “dje” occurs as the last part of a diminutive form, the “d” is part of the root of the word, e.g. liedje, lidje, leedje, ledje, meidje, stuudje, studje, huidje, bloedje, broodje, bodje, woudje, paadje, padje, deugdje, voogdje, maagdje, smaragdje, schildje, beeldje, speldje, schuldje, koboldje, naaldje, wereldje, beemdje, hemdje, vriendje, kindje, eendje, endje, eindje, rundje, hondje, maandje, mandje, duizendje, zwoerdje, lieverdje, nerdje, boordje, bordje, gaardje, gardje, honderdje, etc.

 * The rules for the Dutch diminutive forms are moderately complicated. Suffice it to say that the diminutive suffix surfaces as one of (only) five forms: -je, -pje, -tje, -kje and -etje.

 * According to https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ie#Afrikaans, Afrikaans similarly has: -jie, -pie, -tjie, -kie and -etjie. Under the assumption that this is the full list of forms, “-ie” and “-djie” are not diminutive forms.

Who can confirm the Afrikaans diminutive forms?Redav (talk) 12:16, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Afrikaans


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Chequers

Chequers is the country house of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. A 16th-century manor house in origin, it is near the village of Ellesborough, halfway between Princes Risborough and Wendover in Buckinghamshire, at the foot of the Chiltern Hills, 40 mi north-west of central London. Coombe Hill is 2/3 mile northeast. Chequers has been the country home of the serving Prime Minister since 1921 after the estate was given to the nation by Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham by a Deed of Settlement, given full effect in the Chequers Estate Act 1917. The house is listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England.

Origin of the name
The name "Chequers" may derive from an early owner of the manor of Ellesborough in the 12th century, Elias Ostiarius (or de Scaccario). The name "Ostiarius" meant an usher of the Court of the Exchequer and scacchiera means a chessboard in Italian. Elias Ostiarius's coat of arms included the chequer board of the Exchequer, so the estate may be named after his arms and position at court. The house passed through generations of the Scaccario family (spelt many different ways) until it passed into the D'Awtrey family, whose name was eventually anglicised to Hawtrey.

Alternatively, the house could have been named after the chequer trees (Sorbus torminalis) that grow in its grounds. There is a reference to this in the book Elizabeth: Apprenticeship by David Starkey, which describes the early life of Elizabeth I.

History
William Hawtrey built the current mansion around 1565, and it may have involved the reconstruction of an earlier building. A reception room in the house bears his name today. Soon after its construction, Hawtrey acted as a custodian at Chequers for Lady Mary Grey, younger sister of Lady Jane Grey and great-granddaughter of King Henry VII. Lady Mary had married without the monarch's consent, and as punishment was banished from court by Queen Elizabeth I and kept confined. Lady Mary remained at Chequers for two years. The room where she slept from 1565 to 1567 remains in its original condition.

Through descent in the female line and marriages, the house passed through several families: the Wooleys, the Crokes and the Thurbanes. In 1715, the then owner of the house married John Russell, a grandson of Oliver Cromwell. The house is known for this connection to the Cromwells, and still contains a large collection of Cromwell memorabilia.

In the 19th century, the Russells (by now the Greenhill-Russell family) employed Henry Rhodes to make alterations to the house in the Gothic style. The Tudor panelling and windows were ripped out, and battlements with pinnacles installed. Toward the end of the 19th century, the house passed through marriage to the Astley family. Between 1892 and 1901, Bertram Astley restored the house to its Elizabethan origins, with advice from Reginald Blomfield. The restoration and design work was completed by John Birch, architect.

20th century
In 1909, the house was taken on a long lease by Arthur Lee and his wife Ruth (an American heiress). Lee immediately re-engaged Blomfield to undertake a restoration of the interior. At the same time, Henry Avray Tipping undertook the design of several walled gardens from 1911 to 1912. In 1912, after the death of the last of the house's ancestral owners Henry Delaval Astley, Ruth Lee and her sister purchased the property and later gave it to Arthur Lee.

During the First World War, the house became a hospital and then a convalescent home for officers. After the war, Chequers became a private home again (now furnished with many 16th-century antiques and tapestries and the Cromwellian antiquities), and the childless Lees formed a plan. While previous Prime Ministers had always belonged to the landed classes, the post-First World War era was bringing in a new breed of politician. These men did not have the spacious country houses of previous prime ministers in which to entertain foreign dignitaries or a tranquil place to relax from the affairs of state. After long discussions with then Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Chequers was given to the nation as a country retreat for the serving Prime Minister under the Chequers Estate Act 1917.

The Lees, by this time Lord and Lady Lee of Fareham, left Chequers on 8 January 1921 after a final dinner at the house. A political disagreement between the Lees and Lloyd George soured the handover, which went ahead nonetheless.

A stained glass window in the long gallery of the house commissioned by Lord and Lady Lee of Fareham bears the inscription:

"This house of peace and ancient memories was given to England as a thank-offering for her deliverance in the great war of 1914–1918 as a place of rest and recreation for her Prime Ministers for ever."

The property houses one of the largest collections of art and memorabilia pertaining to Oliver Cromwell in the country. It also houses many other national antiques and books, held in the famous "long room", including a diary of Admiral Lord Nelson. However, the collection is not open to the public.

Nearby Coombe Hill was part of the estate until the 1920s, when it was given to the National Trust. Coombe Hill and the Chequers Estate are part of the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, designated in 1965. The landscaped park, woodlands and formal gardens surrounding Chequers are listed Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

During the early part of the Second World War, it was considered that security at Chequers was inadequate to protect the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. Therefore, he used Ditchley in Oxfordshire until late 1942, by which time the approach road, clearly visible from the sky, had been camouflaged and other security measures had been put in place.

Chequers under Neville Chamberlain had one telephone – in the kitchen; but Churchill "at once installed a whole battery on his desk and had them in constant use", according to Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Portal of Hungerford, who served as Chief of the Air Staff during the Second World War.

21st century
On 1 June 2007, the Chequers estate was designated as a protected site under Section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. This specifically criminalised trespass into the estate. In July 2018, Prime Minister Theresa May held a Cabinet meeting at Chequers to agree on the UK's approach to Brexit which became known as the proposed "Chequers plan". In April 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson chose to recover at Chequers after being hospitalised at St Thomas's, London, with respiratory complications from COVID-19 which included a three-night stay in ICU.

Chequers as a gift
Arthur Lee donated the Chequers Ring, one of the few surviving pieces of jewellery worn by Elizabeth I. Lee donated the Chequers estate after discussions with the then Prime Minister David Lloyd George. Lee noted a new type of politician was emerging, one without large country homes to retreat to and entertain foreign dignitaries. The Chequers Estate Act 1917 contains his reasoning and thoughts for the gift:

"It is not possible to foresee or foretell from what classes or conditions of life the future wielders of power in this country will be drawn. Some may be as in the past men of wealth and famous descent; some may belong to the world of trade and business; others may spring from the ranks of the manual toilers. To none of these in the midst of their strenuous and responsible labours could the spirit and anodyne of Chequers do anything but good. In the city-bred man especially, the periodic contact with the most typical rural life would create and preserve a just sense of proportion between the claims of town and country. To the revolutionary statesman the antiquity and calm tenacity of Chequers and its annals might suggest some saving virtues in the continuity of English history and exercise a check upon too hasty upheavals, whilst even the most reactionary could scarcely be insensible to the spirit of human freedom which permeates the countryside of Hampden, Burke and Milton.

Apart from these more subtle influences, the better the health of our rulers the more sanely will they rule and the inducement to spend two days a week in the high and pure air of the Chiltern hills and woods will, it is hoped, benefit the nation as well as its chosen leaders. The main features of this scheme are therefore designed not merely to make Chequers available as the official country residence of the Prime Minister of the day, but to tempt him to visit it regularly and to make it possible for him to live there, even though his income should be limited to his salary."

Location
Downing Street and Chequers are approximately 41 mi apart, roughly an hour and a half drive.

The Ridgeway National Trail crosses the private drive.

title: Chequers


text:
José Meiffret

José Meiffret (1913–1983, born Boulouris, France) was a cyclist who set a world motor-paced speed record of 204.73 km/h (127.243 mi/h) behind a Mercedes-Benz 300SL on the German Autobahn on July 19, 1962 at Freiburg Germany. This record was set on a bicycle setup with a 130-tooth chainring, weighing 20 kg and equipped with wooden rims.

title: José Meiffret


text:
L'Arc-en-Ciel

L'Arc-en-Ciel (ラルク アン シエル), stylized as L'Arc〜en〜Ciel and abbreviated as Laruku, is a Japanese rock band formed in Osaka in 1991 by bassist Tetsuya and vocalist Hyde. Following the departure of original members Hiro and Pero, guitarist Ken and drummer Sakura were recruited to replace them in 1992 and 1993, respectively. While they first got their start as a visual kei band, L'Arc-en-Ciel have not had any association with the movement since their major label debut in 1994. Sakura left the band in 1997 and was replaced by Yukihiro in January 1998, completing the current line-up.

With a reported 40 million records sold, L'Arc-en-Ciel are one of the best-selling music artists in Japan. Their 1999 simultaneously-released albums Ark and Ray are each one of the best-selling albums of all time in Japan. L'Arc-en-Ciel have had seven number one studio albums and 21 number one singles. They were ranked number 58 on a 2003 list of the top 100 Japanese pop musicians by HMV Japan, and were the first Japanese act to headline Madison Square Garden in New York City.

1991–1997: Formation, major label debut and sakura's departure
In February 1991, bassist Tetsuya (then known as TETSU) recruited vocalist Hyde (then known as HIDE), guitarist Hiro and drummer Pero. Together, they formed a band and named themselves L'Arc-en-Ciel. A year later, after gaining popularity in their hometown of Osaka, Hiro left the band on June 12, 1992. Tetsuya then convinced his friend Ken to quit his university studies and join the band as guitarist. However, Pero then left the group on December 30, 1992. The following year, Sakura joined as L'Arc-en-Ciel's new drummer.

On April 1, 1993, the band released their debut album Dune on the independent, but well-known, record label Danger Crue. The album was a success and ranked number one on the Oricon indies charts. This caught the attention of some major labels. In 1994, L'Arc-en-Ciel signed a contract with Sony Music Entertainment Japan's Ki/oon division. They released their major debut album Tierra that same year. Their third album Heavenly followed in 1995. In 1996, their fourth album, True, became their first to sell over a million copies.

On February 24, 1997, drummer Sakura was arrested for violating the Stimulants Control Law. In May, he received a two year prison sentence suspended for three years. When news of the arrest became public, the group's CDs were removed from the shelves in record shops. Their song "The Fourth Avenue Cafe" was replaced as the fourth ending theme of the Rurouni Kenshin anime after only four episodes and its single release was halted. (It was eventually released in 2006.)

Over the next few months, the group continued to be featured in magazines as a trio. On October 17, the single "Niji" was released without Sakura. Instead, it features former Zi:Kill and Die in Cries drummer Yukihiro as a support member. Sakura officially announced his departure from L'Arc-en-Ciel on November 4. The remaining members formed "The Zombies", which was advertised as a "copy band" singing L'Arc-en-Ciel songs. The end of their hiatus was marked by a concert at the Tokyo Dome on December 23, 1997, entitled Reincarnation. It was the band's first performance at the venue and had an attendance of 56,000 people, with the tickets sold out in a record-breaking four minutes.

1998–2003: Blockbuster success and hiatus
Yukihiro officially joined L'Arc-en-Ciel as their drummer on January 1, 1998. The single "Winter Fall", which was released at the end of the month, became the group's first number one on the Oricon Singles Chart. They subsequently released their album Heart on February 25, 1998. The band was also included in the Japanese and Philippine releases of the official movie soundtrack of Godzilla. It was released on May 19, 1998, through Epic Records and mainly consists of alternative rock songs. They provided the track titled "Lose Control."

On July 1, 1999, the group released two albums, Ark and Ray, simultaneously. These two albums became the first Japanese albums to be released simultaneously in other Asian countries outside Japan. Both albums topped the Oricon music charts, with Ark occupying number one and Ray number two and each selling over two million copies. This, along with the 1999 Grand Cross Tour which united over 650,000 people in 12 concerts, marked the commercial high point of the group's career.

In 2000, two of the band's songs were included in the soundtrack for Ring 0: Birthday. Their next album Real, released on August 30, 2000, was their last studio album for some time. Its song "Stay Away" was featured in the arcade game DrumMania 4th Mix. The compilation album Clicked Singles Best 13 was released on March 14, 2001. It includes twelve songs chosen online by the group's fans. It also includes an additional thirteenth song, "Anemone". Their album Real was re-released as a Super Audio CD on July 4, 2001. "Spirit Dreams Inside (Another Dream)", released on September 5, 2001, was L'Arc-en-Ciel's last single before a long period of inactivity. The English-language version of the single's title track was adopted as Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within's ending theme song.

During this period of inactivity, the members began working on solo careers and side projects. In 2001, Tetsuya started his solo career under the name Tetsu69 and Yukihiro formed the band Acid Android. The following year, Ken founded Sons of All Pussys with L'Arc-en-Ciel's former drummer Sakura. Hyde released two solo albums, Roentgen (2002) and 666 (2003), and co-starred in the 2003 movie Moon Child. He also played the part of Adam in the film Kagen no Tsuki (2004).

Three compilation albums; The Best of L'Arc-en-Ciel 1994–1998, The Best of L'Arc-en-Ciel 1998–2000 and The Best of L'Arc-en-Ciel C/W, were released on March 19, 2003. The album series included all of their previous singles, with the exception of "Spirit Dreams Inside (Another Dream)".

2003–2006: Comeback and international activities
After two and a half years, L'Arc-en-Ciel performed a series of seven concerts, entitled Shibuya Seven Days, in Tokyo in June 2003. During this event, the group announced that a new album would be released the following year. "Ready Steady Go", the group's first single in more than three years, was released in February 2004. This song was used as an opening theme song for the Fullmetal Alchemist anime. The single topped the Oricon weekly singles charts. Additionally, a sample of this song was also used in a Nintendo DS game called Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan. The group subsequently released another single, "Hitomi no Juunin", in early March 2004. This was followed by the group's album, Smile, on March 31. Shortly after, on June 2, the single "Jiyuu e no Shoutai" was the first to feature a song by P'unk-en-Ciel.

On July 31, 2004, L'Arc-en-Ciel made their North American debut at the anime convention Otakon. Approximately 12,000 people attended the concert, which was held at the 1st Mariner Arena. They were the first Japanese band to perform at the arena. On May 31, 2005, Tofu Records, Sony Music Japan's U.S. label, released a DVD of their 2004 Otakon concert. On June 25, 2007, L'Arc-en-Ciel signed a record deal with HMV America.

In 2005, the band released various singles, including "Killing Me", "New World" and "Jojoushi". These were later complied onto the album Awake, which was released on June 22, 2005. It features twelve tracks, including "Lost Heaven", the ending theme song of Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa. Another of the band's single, "Link", was released on July 20, 2005. This song was also featured in the movie as the opening theme song, and was included on their next album, entitled Kiss.

In August 2005, the band went on a nationwide tour for their album Awake. It was followed by another tour titled Asia Live 2005, which had the band performing in Seoul and Shanghai and ended at the Tokyo Dome. Following these two tours, L'Arc-en-Ciel's members turned their attention back to their own solo projects. Tetsuya began recording with Morrie for his solo project Creature Creature. Yukihiro regrouped his band Acid Android and released the single "Let's Dance" on April 5, 2006. Acid Android joined Mucc to perform two concerts in Shanghai in April 2006. Hyde composed "Glamorous Sky", the theme song of the film adaption of the manga Nana. The song was sung by pop singer Mika Nakashima, the first time hyde composed music for another vocalist. In addition, his own solo album, Faith, was released on April 26, 2006. Hyde also went on a five-month tour throughout Japan to publicize his album. After signing with Tofu Records, he held four small concerts in the United States in July 2006, making his US debut. This was the first of L'Arc-en-Ciel's solo projects to be held outside Japan. On August 23, 2006, ken released a solo single entitled "Speed".

2006–2010: 15th anniversary and concert hiatus
On November 25 and 26, 2006, L'Arc-en-Ciel played two shows at the Tokyo Dome to celebrate their 15th anniversary. The tickets for these concerts sold out in two minutes, breaking the previous record, which was also set by them. A poll was created on their official website, during the weeks before the concert, which allowed fans to pick the songs they would like to hear at the show. The concert was later broadcast on the WOWOW channel on December 23, 2006, and was subsequently broadcast on Korean MTV on February 8, 2007.

L'Arc-en-Ciel recorded the song "Shine", which was to be used as the opening song for the NHK anime Moribito: Guardian of the Spirit. In the spring of 2007, the group kicked off their Mata Heart ni hi wo Tsukero 2007 tour in Japan. They also released the single "Seventh Heaven" on May 30, 2007, which topped the Oricon charts. Their song "My Heart Draws a Dream", which was used in a Subaru commercial, was also released as a single on August 29, 2007. This single also topped the Oricon charts.

L'Arc-en-Ciel subsequently recorded the song "Daybreak's Bell", which was used as the first opening theme for the anime Mobile Suit Gundam 00. This song was released as a single on October 10, 2007, later topping the Oricon weekly charts. From November 14 to December 25, 2007, they released a limited edition single titled "Hurry Xmas", along with two new DVDs, titled 15th L'Anniversary Live and Chronicle 3. Their studio album Kiss was released on November 21, 2007, and debuted at number one on the Oricon charts.

L'Arc-en-Ciel then performed the Theater of Kiss tour, which was held from December 22, 2007, to February 17, 2008. The song "Drink It Down" was used as the Japanese opening song for the PS3/Xbox 360 game Devil May Cry 4. It was released as a single on April 2, 2008, and topped the Oricon weekly charts. The band went on a tour, entitled Tour 2008 L'7: Trans Asia via Paris, which covered several major Asian cities, as well as Paris, France. On this tour, a live show hiatus until 2011 was announced, although new material would still continue to be released.

Their double A-side single "Nexus 4/Shine" and the DVD Tour 2007-2008 Theater of Kiss were released together on August 27, 2008. On May 20, 2009, L'Arc-en-Ciel released the DVD of their live concert in Paris, titled Live in Paris. hyde and K.A.Z formed the hard rock group Vamps and released their self-titled first album, Vamps, on June 10, 2009. On December 1, 2009, L'Arc-en-Ciel announced the release of a new single named "Bless" on January 27, 2010. This was used as the theme song for NHK's broadcast of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. Also, tetsu announced that he had changed his stage name to "tetsuya" and released his first artist book. The book, which ranked number six amongst the Talent Book Charts, featured early live pictures and a 30,000 character interview with the bassist.

On March 10, 2010, L'Arc-en-Ciel released their fifth "best of" album, entitled Quadrinity: Member's Best Selections. It contains 4 CDs with 7 tracks per band member, chosen and remastered by each of them. The first press edition of this compilation also came with a DVD that includes a variety quiz show with the band titled The L'Arquiz.

2011–2013: 20th anniversary and world tour
Ending their live show hiatus on January 1, 2011, L'Arc-en-Ciel celebrated both their 20th anniversary and the New Year with the midnight concert L'A Happy New Year! at Makuhari Messe. On February 16, they released the compilation album Twenity, which consists of three parts: Twenity 1991-1996, Twenity 1997-1999, and Twenity 2000-2010. The albums are an all-around "best of" collection of the band, covering everything from the formation of the group, including their hit singles up to their newest works. A box set entitled Twenity Box was later released on March 9 and contains all three of the albums. It also came with a special digest DVD that covered the 20-year history of the band, a deluxe booklet, and a special music box that contained either "Flower", "Anata", "New World", or "My Heart Draws a Dream" at random.

Later, it was announced that L'Arc-en-Ciel would provide the theme song for Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: The Sacred Star of Milos, entitled "Good Luck My Way". This is their fourth contribution to the Fullmetal Alchemist franchise. The song was released as their first 20th L'Anniversary single on June 29, 2011. To further celebrate their 20 years together, L'Arc-en-Ciel put on a 20th L'Anniversary Concert at Ajinomoto Stadium in Tokyo on May 28–29, 2011, with each day dedicated to one half of their career. All of the proceeds from the concerts were donated to the Great East Japan earthquake relief efforts. Additionally, at the end of the concert, it was announced that there would be a L'Anniversary Japan Tour in 2011, as well as a world tour in 2012. On October 12, 2011, the second 20th L'Anniversary single was released, entitled "XXX". L'Arc-en-Ciel was subsequently approached by the producers of the Wild 7 live-action film to perform the movie's theme song. Entitled "Chase", the song was released as the group's third L'Anniversary single on December 21.

L'Arc-en-Ciel then announced that they would be releasing their twelfth studio album, and gave fans who bought "Chase" a sneak peek with a live internet broadcast of the band mastering the album on December 26 on Ustream. They also announced that their alter ego band P'unk-en-Ciel would be releasing their first album, titled P'unk is Not Dead, the same day. The band's twelfth album, Butterfly, was released on February 8, 2012. It includes all their singles from the single "Drink it Down" onwards and four new songs.

The band's 2012 world tour took them to Hong Kong on March 3, Bangkok on March 7, Shanghai on March 10, Taipei on March 17, New York on March 25, London on April 11, Paris on April 14, Singapore on April 28, Jakarta on May 2, Seoul on May 5, Yokohama on May 12–13, Osaka on May 19–20, Tokyo on May 26–27, and Honolulu on May 31. Their show in New York was originally scheduled to be at The Theater at Madison Square Garden on March 23, but was later moved to the main arena, making L'Arc-en-Ciel the first Japanese artist to be the headlining act at the legendary venue. They ended the tour by returning to the US for two nights in Honolulu, Hawaii on May 31 and June 1, the latter being for the group's fan club members only. At the first day, the mayor of Honolulu Peter Carlisle made a surprise appearance and declared May 31 "L’Arc~en~Ciel Day", saying he felt the band "made a great contribution to cultural activities, and built a bridge of friendship between Hawaii and Japan".

2014–2022: 25th and 30th anniversaries
On March 21 and 22, 2014, the band played a two-day concert at the Japan National Stadium in Tokyo, where they also played and announced the future release of their new single "Everlasting". In June 2015, the band announced a two-day concert under the name of L'ArCasino, held at Umeshima Outdoor Special Stage, Osaka, on September 21 and 22. As they did with the previous live performances in Tokyo, they played a single for a Christmas release, "Wing's Flap". In December 2016, the single "Don't be Afraid" was released. The song was used as the theme song for the film Resident Evil: The Final Chapter, and the video game Resident Evil 7. To promote their release, the band recorded a VR music video for the PlayStation 4, which features the band members fighting zombies in the franchise's fictional Racoon City.

In 2017, L'Arc-en-Ciel celebrated their 25th anniversary with two shows at the Tokyo Dome on April 9 and 10. Only 110,000 seats were available for the almost 600,000 fans who signed up for the ticket lotteries. In December 2018, L'Arc-en-Ciel's first Christmas live was held at the Tokyo Dome. In late 2019 the band reinforced their presence on social media, opening an official account on Instagram, as well as an official channel in YouTube. They also released most of their music albums across different music streaming services, including Apple Music and Spotify.

On January 9, 2020, the band started a new arena tour, the first one in eight years. A total of twelve live shows were to be held across five cities between January and March, starting with their home town at the Osaka-jō Hall. However, the last four concerts were cancelled due to coronavirus outbreak-related concerns.

For the band's 30th anniversary in 2021, a partnership with Japanese TV-broadcasting station WOWOW was made. Starting in February 2021, the station broadcast most of L'Arc-en-Ciel's past concerts for several months. On May 29 and 30, the band played two concerts named L'Appy Birthday at Chiba's Makuhari Messe. On May 31, the band digitally released "Mirai", their first new song in almost five years. The single was used as the theme of the Bandai Namco video game Blue Protocol. A second single, "Forever", was announced as the second opening theme of the anime adaptation of Edens Zero on the day of its broadcast on July 3. The song was digitally released on August 8, 2021. while the physical version was released on September 21, 2021.

The national 30th L'Anniversary Tour saw the band play 19 concerts across Japan from September 5 to December 26. The tour's two final concerts were held at the Tokyo Dome on May 21 and 22, 2022.

On May 18, 2022, the band released L'Album Complete Box -Remastered Edition-, a compilation box containing remastered versions of all their albums from 1994 to 2012.

2023–present: 2024 Arena Tour
On May 30, 2023, for its 20th anniversary, the band released a remastered edition of their first album Dune, released originally in 1993.

On December 7, 2023, the band announced a 10 dates national stadium tour titled 'Arena Tour 2024 Underground', which is set to start on February 8, 2024 until April 14, 2024.

Legacy and influence
With 40 million records sold, L'Arc-en-Ciel are one of the best-selling music artists in Japan. Their 1999 simultaneously-released albums Ark and Ray are each one of the best-selling albums of all time in Japan. In 2003, L'Arc-en-Ciel were ranked number 58 on a list of the top 100 Japanese pop musicians by HMV Japan. In 2012, they became the first Japanese act to headline Madison Square Garden in New York City. Hiroki Kamemoto, lead guitarist of Glim Spanky, became interested in music after hearing L'Arc-en-Ciel and Glay. Vocalist Eye and bassist Rio of the heavy metal band Mary's Blood both started bands because of L'Arc-en-Ciel. Masato Hayakawa of Coldrain, D vocalist Asagi, Vistlip vocalist Tomo and guitarist Yuh, and American disc jockey DJ Heavygrinder have all cited L'Arc-en-Ciel as an influence.

P'unk-en-Ciel
P'unk-en-Ciel (stylized as P'UNK〜EN〜CIEL) is an alter ego of L'Arc-en-Ciel. Introduced in 2004, Hyde takes over the guitar, Ken the drums, Yukihiro plays the bass, while Tetsuya performs the vocals. P'unk-en-Ciel's songs have a more punk sound and their music is usually heavier and faster with a different tone due to Tetsuya's vocals. Hyde wears a pirate patch over his left eye in P'unk-en-Ciel performances. Yukihiro is known to wear a gas mask; however, this has only been seen once at a live concert during their Smile tour in 2004.

Each member is called in capital letters; T.E.Z P'UNK (formerly TETSU P'UNK), KEN P'UNK, HYDE P'UNK and YUKI P'UNK. Each member produces one song of their choice, and they alternate their productions.

P'unk-en-Ciel is the re-visitation of D'ark-en-Ciel (stylized as D'ARK〜EN〜CIEL), a special event that took place during concerts in the years when Sakura was their drummer. The only material released from D'ark-en-Ciel is the 18-minute self-titled B-side found on the (then) unreleased "The Fourth Avenue Cafe" single. Each member was called; DARK TETSU, HYDE DARK, Suck・D'ark・La and Kën D'Ark.

P'unk-en-Ciel songs have been recorded and used as B-sides on singles since 2004 and their performances can be found on live DVDs. They also featured television personality Sayaka Aoki (called P'UNK 青木) in the song "Round and Round 2005". On February 8, 2012, P'unk-en-Ciel released their first album P'unk is Not Dead, which contains all twelve songs they released up to that point.

P'unk-en-Ciel songs
Recorded versions released on singles:
 * "Milky Way", found on the "Jiyuu e no Shoutai" single (Produced by HYDE P'UNK).
 * "Round and Round 2005", found on the "Killing Me" single (Produced by KEN P'UNK).
 * "Kasou Heisei 17 Nen", found on the "New World" single (Produced by HYDE P'UNK).
 * "Heaven's Drive 2005", found on the "Jojoushi" single (Produced by YUKI P'UNK).
 * "Promised land 2005", found on the "Link" single (Produced by TETSU P'UNK).
 * "Honey 2007", found on the "Seventh Heaven" single (Produced by KEN P'UNK).
 * "Feeling Fine 2007", found on the "My Heart Draws a Dream" single (Produced by YUKI P'UNK).
 * "Natsu no Yuu-utsu [Sea in Blood 2007]", found on the "Daybreak's Bell" single (Produced by HYDE P'UNK).
 * "I Wish 2007", found on the "Hurry Xmas" single (Produced by TETSU P'UNK - it also has a PV).
 * "Dune 2008", found on the "Drink It Down" single (Produced by KEN P'UNK).
 * "Route 666 -2010-", found on the "Bless" single (Produced by YUKI P'UNK).
 * "Metropolis -2011-", found on the "Good Luck My Way" single (Produced by T.E.Z P'UNK).

Commercially released live performances:
 * Smile Tour 2004 ("Milky Way")
 * Asia Live 2005 ("Round and Round 2005")
 * Are You Ready? 2007 Mata Heart ni hi wo Tsukero! ("Honey 2007" and "Feeling Fine 2007")
 * Tour 2007-2008 Theater of Kiss ("Natsu no Yuutsu [Sea in Blood 2007]" and "I Wish 2007")
 * Tour 2008 L'7: Trans Asia via Paris ("Feeling Fine 2007" and "Milky Way 2004")
 * Five Live Archives 2 (Are You Ready? 2007 Mata Heart ni hi wo Tsukero!) ("Feeling Fine 2007" and "Honey 2007")

Members

 * Hyde – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards, harmonica (1991–present)
 * Tetsuya – bass, keyboard, backing vocals, bandleader (1991–present)
 * Ken – guitars, keyboard, tambourine, vibraphone, autoharp, lap steel guitar, backing vocals (1992–present)
 * Yukihiro – drums, percussion. synthesizers (1998–present)

 * Former members
 * Hiro – guitars (1991–1992)
 * Pero – drums (1991–1992)
 * Sakura – drums, percussion (1993–1997)

Discography

 * Dune (1993)
 * Tierra (1994)
 * Heavenly (1995)
 * True (1996)
 * Heart (1998)
 * Ark (1999)
 * Ray (1999)
 * Real (2000)
 * Smile (2004)
 * Awake (2005)
 * Kiss (2007)
 * Butterfly (2012)
 * P'unk Is Not Dead (2012) (as P'unk-en-Ciel)

title: L'Arc-en-Ciel


text:
User:AHands

Adrian Hands Raleigh, NC USA

Avid Cyclist and bike commuter, just a few years, but a LOT of miles! Car-free for a couple of years now!

My Bicycling Pages

Some of the articles I've initiated:

 * Dervla Murphy
 * Jose Meiffret
 * Simpson Chain
 * Brevet
 * Major Taylor
 * Fausto Coppi
 * Thomas Stevens

title: User:AHands


text:
User talk:AHands

Welcome to the Wikipedia. If you have questions, stop by the Village Pump. By the way, your articles haven't just been "submitted"--they're automatically part of the Wikipedia as soon as you tell it to save the file. Vicki Rosenzweig 23:00 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 23:13 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Stub text: Wikipedia%3ABoilerplate_text

I think that Bicycle Chain is a reasonable redirect to bicycle chain, so I don't think it really needs to be deleted. When you are signed in, you can use the "Move this page" feature to move a page from the wrong place to the right one, without cutting and pasting the text. Using that feature is nicer, because it preserves the edit history of the page all in one place. Now that I come to look at this particular case, it doesn't really matter, because there was no edit history apart from what you'd done anyway, but in general it is a good idea, so that when people look at the edit history they can see it all in one place. Oh yes, and welcome to the Wikipedia. :) -- Oliver P. 21:24 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hey, thanks! Questions: --Adrian
 * What's the proper way to respond to User talk? Like this? or should I respond in User_talk:Oliver_Periera ?
 * (I just noticed the  button ! Cool ! I wouldn't have saved so many bad edits if I'd noticed it before! )
 * Is that timestamp at the end of your post generated automagically? Is there some meta-thingee to do that?
 * I want to add an entry that contains a Spanish "enye" character - Bun~ol - should the entry/filename be:
 * Bun~ol
 * Bu + whatever hex unicode thing it takes + ol
 * Bunyol (English phonetic)
 * Bunol (just pretend the tilde isn't there)

 * Hi Adrian. Whether you respond here or Oliver's talk page seems to be a matter of preference. Some people prefer to keep a conversation in one place so they reply on the same page. If the conversation's important, the other person can add this page to their watchlist, so they will know when you've replied to them. On the other hand, the advantage to replying on Oliver's page is that he will get the You have new messages appear at the top of the page straight away, so he will definitely get your message.

 * The timestamp is automatic. Just put four tildes (~) and it will change to your signature followed by the time. Three tildes just does your signature without the time.

 * I'm afraid I can't help with the special characters thing. You might get a response quicker if you ask at the Village pump.

Good luck with your editing. Angela 23:32 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks! AHands 12:04 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hello, AHands! Sorry for my delay in replying. I think it's okay for you to reply on this page, because I usually remember to check for replies to messages I leave for people. :) If I forget, you can always pester me on my talk page. But be sure to spell my surname correctly, or you'll end up at the wrong place. :) I've replied to your question about naming conventions at the village pump. -- Oliver P. 16:39 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
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To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
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Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below: AHands 05:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
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 * 1) Felice Gimondi -

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Parc Étang listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:AHands


text:
Ball python

The ball python (Python regius), also called the royal python, is a python species native to West and Central Africa, where it lives in grasslands, shrublands and open forests. This nonvenomous constrictor is the smallest of the African pythons, growing to a maximum length of 182 cm. The name "ball python" refers to its tendency to curl into a ball when stressed or frightened.

Taxonomy
Boa regia was the scientific name proposed by George Shaw in 1802 for a pale variegated python from an indistinct place in Africa. The generic name Python was proposed by François Marie Daudin in 1803 for non-venomous flecked snakes. Between 1830 and 1849, several generic names were proposed for the same zoological specimen described by Shaw, including Enygrus by Johann Georg Wagler, Cenchris and Hertulia by John Edward Gray. Gray also described four specimens that were collected in Gambia and were preserved in spirits and fluid.

Description
The ball python is black, or albino and dark brown with light brown blotches on the back and sides. Its white or cream belly is scattered with black markings. It is a stocky snake with a relatively small head and smooth scales. It reaches a maximum adult length of 182 cm. Males typically measure eight to ten subcaudal scales, and females typically measure two to four subcaudal scales. Females reach an average snout-to-vent length of 116.2 cm, a 44.3 mm long jaw, an 8.7 cm long tail and a maximum weight of 1.635 kg. Males are smaller with an average snout-to-vent length of 111.3 cm, a 43.6 mm long jaw, an 8.6 cm long tail and a maximum weight of 1.561 kg. Both sexes have pelvic spurs on both sides of the vent. During copulation, males use these spurs for gripping females. Males tend to have larger spurs, and sex is best determined by manual eversion of the male hemipenes or inserting a probe into the cloaca to check the presence of an inverted hemipenis.

Distribution and habitat
The ball python is native to west Sub Saharan Africa from Senegal through Cameroon to Sudan and Uganda. It prefers grasslands, savannas, and sparsely wooded areas.

Behavior and ecology
Ball pythons are typically nocturnal or crepuscular, meaning that they are active during dusk, dawn, and/or nighttime. This species is known for its defense strategy that involves coiling into a tight ball when threatened, with its head and neck tucked away in the middle. This defense behavior is typically employed in lieu of biting, which makes this species easy for humans to handle and has contributed to their popularity as a pet.

In the wild, ball pythons favor mammal burrows and other underground hiding places, where they also aestivate. Males tend to display more semi-arboreal behaviors, whilst females tend towards terrestrial behaviors.

Diet
The diet of the ball python in the wild consists mostly of small mammals and birds. Young ball pythons of less than 70 cm prey foremost on small birds. Ball pythons longer than 100 cm prey foremost on small mammals. Males prey more frequently on birds, and females more frequently on mammals. Rodents make up a large percentage of the diet; Gambian pouched rats, black rats, rufous-nosed rats, shaggy rats, and striped grass mice are among the species consumed.

Reproduction
Females are oviparous and lay three to 11 rather large, leathery eggs. The eggs hatch after 55 to 60 days. Young male pythons reach sexual maturity at 11–18 months, and females at 20–36 months. Age is only one factor in determining sexual maturity and the ability to breed; weight is the second factor. Males breed at 600 g or more, but in captivity are often not bred until they are 800 g, although in captivity, some males have been known to begin breeding at 300-400 g. Females breed in the wild at weights as low as 800 g though 1200 g or more in weight is most common; in captivity, breeders generally wait until they are no less than 1500 g. Parental care of the eggs ends once they hatch, and the female leaves the offspring to fend for themselves.

Parthenogenetic reproduction was demonstrated in a pet ball python. A genetic comparison of a mother and her early-stage embryos demonstrated the parthenogenetic origin of the latter.

Threats
The ball python is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List; it experiences a high level of exploitation and the population is believed to be in decline in most of West Africa. The ball python is primarily threatened by poaching for the international exotic pet trade. It is also hunted for its skin, meat and use in traditional medicine. Other threats include habitat loss as a result of intensified agriculture and pesticide use. Rural hunters in Togo collect gravid females and egg clutches, which they sell to snake ranches. In 2019 alone, 58 interviewed hunters had collected 3,000 live ball pythons and 5,000 eggs.

In captivity
Ball pythons are the most popular pet snake and the second most popular pet reptile after the bearded dragon. According to the IUCN Red List, while captive bred animals are widely available in the pet trade, capture of wild specimens for sale continues to cause significant damage to wild populations. Wild-caught specimens have greater difficulty adapting to a captive environment, which can result in refusal to feed, and they generally carry internal or external parasites. This species can do quite well in captivity, regularly living for 15–30 years with good care. The oldest recorded ball python in captivity is 62 years, 59 of those at the Saint Louis Zoo.

Breeding
Captive ball pythons are often bred for specific patterns that do not occur in the wild, called "morphs." Breeders are continuously creating new designer morphs, and over 7,500 different morphs currently exist. Most morphs are considered solely cosmetic with no harm or benefit to the individual animal. However, the "spider" morph gene has been linked to neurological disease, typically involving symptoms such as head tremors and lack of coordination that are collectively referred to as "wobble syndrome." Due to the ethical concerns associated with intentionally breeding a color pattern linked to genetic disease, the International Herpetological Society banned the sale of spider morphs at their events beginning in 2018.

In culture
The ball python is particularly revered by the Igbo people in southeastern Nigeria, who consider it symbolic of the earth, being an animal that travels so close to the ground. Even Christian Igbos treat ball pythons with great care whenever they come across one in a village or on someone's property; they either let them roam or pick them up gently and return them to a forest or field away from houses. If one is accidentally killed, many communities on Igbo land still build a coffin for the snake's remains and give it a short funeral. In northwestern Ghana, there is a taboo towards pythons as people consider them a savior and cannot hurt or eat them. According to folklore a python once helped them flee from their enemies by transforming into a log to allow them to cross a river.

title: Ball python


text:
John Foster McCreight

John Foster McCreight, (1827 – November 18, 1913) was a jurist and the first premier of British Columbia.

Early life
McCreight was born in Caledon, County Tyrone, Ireland, to a well-established and well-connected family. After completing law studies at Trinity College Dublin, he was called to the bar in 1852. Shortly thereafter, McCreight left Ireland to establish a practice in Melbourne, Australia. McCreight left Australia in 1859 and sailed first to San Francisco and then to Victoria, British Columbia.

Life and career in British Columbia
At the time of McCreight's arrival in Victoria in 1860, it was the capital of the Colony of Vancouver Island, which at the time was governed by the powerful and autocratic Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sir James Douglas. In 1862, McCreight was called to the British Columbia bar and opened a practice in Victoria. By all accounts, he led a quiet and solitary life in the city, his main occupations outside of his work being his involvement in the local Masonic Lodge and as an active layperson in the congregation of the local Anglican cathedral.

By 1866, the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia had merged. Although the united colony did not join the Canadian confederation when it was effected in 1867, the worrisome economic and strategic situation soon made such an arrangement attractive. British Columbia joined confederation on July 20, 1871, and McCreight joined the interim transitional cabinet as Attorney General. During the first provincial general election that October, McCreight won a seat for Victoria City in the legislature, and Sir Joseph Trutch, the Lieutenant Governor, chose him to be British Columbia's first premier. He continued to hold the attorney-generalship as well.

By all accounts, McCreight was temperamentally ill-suited to public life. His colleague, Henry Pering Pellew Crease, described the Premier as "bad tempered and queer...by fits & turns extremely credulous & extremely suspicious...excessively obstinate in the wrong places...close and reserved in his daily life...[and] utterly ignorant of politics". Nonetheless, McCreight's administration was a productive one, passing three dozen pieces of legislation in less than a year. His inability to form alliances and mollify the sometimes narrow and sectional interests of MLAs led to a loss of support, however, and in 1872, he resigned after losing a motion of no confidence following the Speech from the Throne.

He served as the first Treasurer (chief elected officer) of the incorporated Law Society of British Columbia from 1874 to 1880.

Supreme Court Justice and retirement
McCreight remained in the legislature until 1875, after which he returned to his law practice as a Queen's Counsel. Five years later, he was made a justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia. In that capacity, he served in the Cariboo, Victoria, and finally in 1883 New Westminster before retiring in 1897, at the age of 70. He experienced a crisis of faith, sometime in the 1880s and converted to Roman Catholicism in 1883. McCreight returned to the United Kingdom, dying at Hastings, East Sussex at the age of 86.

Legacy
McCreight Lake, north west of Campbell River, British Columbia is named for him.

title: John Foster McCreight


text:
Talk:Scottish Enlightenment

Education, poverty
Eh? "Most backword country in Europe" ? During that time Scotland, with a school and a teacher in every parish, had the highest literacy rates of any country in Europe. That is why the "enlightenment" was able to take place. -- Anonymous —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.252.128.7 (talk • contribs) 23:14, 18 July 2003 (UTC)

Scotland's economic situation has always been exaggerated by the English in order to make us feel grateful for their miserable union. But common sense (in short supply south of the border)would tell you the New Town of Edinburgh was not built on pennies; the sheer scale of our ruined abbeys and palaces like Linlithgow (destroyed by jealous English scum) are further concrete proof that we were far from poverty-striken. As for this brainless numptie Derek Ross, he needs to stop making spurious comments on subjects about which he clearly knows nothing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.78.254.144 (talk) 01:11, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Absolutely agreed. Scotland was noted as "the poorest country in Europe" at that time, not "the most backward". -- Derek Ross |  Talk 14:36, 30 July 2004 (UTC)

 * Point 1) The first education Act in modern Europe with any measure of cumpulsion was the Scottish Education Act of 1496, the second one in 1696 ensured provision of education in every parish.  It is not clear from the article that the educational provision mentioned was Scottish only and PRE the Union of 1707.  By contrast England had and continued to have, for over a hundred years, one of the poorest educational records in Europe.

 * Point 2) That Scotland was poor at the time of Union is beyond doubt, however, the existence of a much larger hostile nation on its border had more than a little to do with that. Naval blockades, trade embargos and tariffs, the Alien Act, the refusal to help the Darien Colony, the false information supplied by the English navy regarding the feasibility of the Darien scheme, the announcement that any trade done with Scotland would be regarded as an 'act of War'.  Also Scotland was not always poor before the Union.

 * Point 3) The notion that Scotland's record of World class intellectual contribution began with the Union may be commonly believed in the chattering class meeting places of Glasgow or Edinburgh, but it is completely wrong. Duns Scotus in theology/philosophy, The long line of Makaris (from whose flour Chaucer feasted), Napier. The astonishing Gregory family, especially James Gregory who invented the reflecting telescope, and developed the calculus both acredited to Newton.  He also was the first to derive a proof of the calculus and to devise what later would be called Taylor's series.  He was the first to define a series for calculating PI, attributed to Leibniz and he was the first to recognise diffraction gratin spectra.  That these facts are not at all well known does not change their existence.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.17.149.4 (talk • contribs) 18:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes Scotland may well have suffered from poverty but it certainly was not the poorest country in Western Europe. Ireland was easily the poorest out of the three kingdoms of the British Isles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.131.177.179 (talk • contribs) 14:54, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Ruddiman
Would Thomas Ruddiman be properly considered a Scottish Enlightenment figure? --Dpr 08:08, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I would think so.Fenton Robb 10:08, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * One paper sees it in terms of "three generations, overlapping and closely related," with Ruddiman among the early precursor figures, and a bibliography says his publications place him in it.  (Ruddiman lived 1674-1757; the span of the Scottish Enlightment is given variously as 1740s-1800, 1730-1800, etc.)  — Athaenara  ✉  06:30, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

List of Scottish Enlightenment philsophers and other writers
Would it be appropriate to add to this article a section listing the various philosophers and other writers who comprise the Scottish Enlightenment? If so, could someone who knows this subject (I don't) essay the task? I could start by clicking on "what links here" and finding articles about persons so identified, but I cannot add others, if any exist. Michael Hardy 19:15, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I added rudimentary descriptions and a baker's dozen or so more listees this morning. — Athaenara  ✉  00:05, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

John Locke
Firslty sorry about the poor formating im new to this, but i've noticed that in the article John Locke is listed as a scotish enlightenment figure, to my knowledge he was wholely anglo-saxon being born outside of bristol, allthough he probally had quite a lot of influence on scotlish liberal thinkers, i think its unfair to consider him a member of the scotish enlightenment. - Thefranzkafkafront 19:25, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. Locke lived (1632-1704) elsewhere some two generations before the Scottish Enlightenment and was not a member of it.  A statement in the Locke article, that his writings "along with those of many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers" influenced the American Revolution, clearly places him outside the SE as well.  I have removed Locke from the list in the SE article; I will be interested to learn what SE thinkers considered his role, if any, to have been.  — Athaenara  ✉  03:28, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Leaving John Locke out of a discussion of Scottish Enlightenment is simply wrong! His writings influenced many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers. And the whine below about him as "wholely anglo-saxon" is just plainly bigoted. His racial background had no bearing on the interest that thinkers of this period had in his writings. --Veralto (talk) 19:38, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Inaccuracy
Urgh. After finding this paragraph, I wonder about the rest of this article.

"The first major figure of the Scottish Enlightenment was Francis Hutcheson, who held the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Glasgow from 1729 to 1746. A moral philosopher with alternatives to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, he founded one of the major branches of Scottish thinking, and opposed Hobbes' disciple David Hume. Hutcheson's major contribution to world thought was the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which brought the greatest good to the most people."

To some extent, David Hume was utilitarian as well. He was certainly NOT a disciple of Hobbes. I've cut out the sections which give this impression.--Nydas (Talk) 09:14, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Overemphasis on Hume
The overemphasis on Hume, especially the outrageous claim that he was "largely responsible for giving the Scottish Enlightenment its practical hue," is a very obvious problem. Even a merely cursory scan of the still incomplete list of Edinburgh luminaries who included chemists, botanists, geologists, farmers, engineers, etc. reveals that the claim simply isn't true. — Athaenara ✉  08:34, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Consequentialist inconsistency
Slightly strange that this article says Hutcheson, as the first enlightend Scot, invented the consequentialist principle, but the Consequentialism article makes no mention of Hutcheson. Will add this to that discussion too. And add Hutcheson to that page somehow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bob Stein - VisiBone (talk • contribs) 13:23, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Image
Could we have a group picture (these people were a close group, didn't they come together for some social act?)? Or some collective work or meeting place or monument representing them? --84.20.17.84 08:52, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Problem is, there weren't that many cameras around in those days :p Tpacw (talk) 16:50, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Section re Act of Union
After the Act of Union 1707 is very muddled and poorly cited. Both its paragraphs are jumbles. NoNonsenseHumJock (talk) 17:24, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Thomas Carlyle? Doesn't he deserve mention here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.12.126.90 (talk) 22:04, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * This is about the 18th Century Scottish Enlightenment period. Thomas Carlyle was born in 1795, with his most early notable writings in the 1820's, making him a 19th century writer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mediatech492 (talk • contribs) 22:33, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Weblink
I can't see what the New School for Social Research has to do with Scottish Enlightenment. It seems that there is no such "introduction". The link is wrong (mayme it was right centuries ago... ;) ) --13Peewit (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:23, 28 March 2012 (UTC).

Clean up
I am thinking medium term about a clean up and expansion of this article, providing sources and correcting errors, removing repetition etc, but also probably a reorganisation and expansion. I think it would be best to have the listed people mentioned in the text and either remove the list or make it into a list article. I should also say I am not a fan of undigested long quotes in Wikipedia articles. I had in mind splitting the sections after the introductory into perhaps three main areas: Philosophy, Economics and Science. There remains an issue over what to do with the cultural stuff. There were obviously big changes in art, music and architecture, etc., but we don't tend to think in terms of Enlightenment art, music and architecture in the way we do for movements like the Renaissance - so perhaps one general section that mentions these, rather than a major sub-heading for each? Any views or suggestions for subjects that should be here, but which I missed are welcome.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 09:21, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

Reason
The introduction is very misleading from the point of view of any summation of the Scottish Enlightenment's outlook that I've ever seen. Smith, for instance, is scathing about the over-valorisation, as he sees it, of reason that leads to government intervention, supposedly directed towards the well-being of the people. His point is that if people are left alone from the dictates of a universal reason, he/she will be better off. Hume, also, is famous for approximately the phrase: "man isn't rational, he is rationalising." That is, that reason is only a tool used by man to secure a priori desires, rather than a route to a true-for-all-people-at-all-times deduction. Moreover, the difference between the Scottish and general Enlightenment is not made at all clear; to me, it appears that the description, particularly the association with rationalism, which is much more complex than described here, is more in line with continental thought. Descartes had been removed from the Scottish University curriculum some years previously (see Berry, Social Theory of the SE). Bacon and his materialism/empiricism was much more in vogue (hence the "Baconian project"). In all, this is a very poor article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.124.129.148 (talk) 20:19, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

I am glad to see I am not the only one who feels this way. In the Intro,after all the emphasis on reason and rationalism, even to the point of saying that the SE is more rationalistic than the continental, there is a mention that the Scottish were more empirical. I remember in Philosophy 1 that Rationalism and Empiricism are NOT the same thing, and in fact have serious differences, as the previous writer details. This article is misleading if this is not cleared up.Beau in NC (talk) 14:34, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

More further reading
I think that I. Hont and M. Ignatieff Wealth and Virtue: the Shaping of Classical and Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge UP, Cambridge 1983) may be interesting for those who read this article. --13Peewit (talk) 07:30, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Formatting problems
The article has format problems.

The thing about a history of scotland displays on top of the article's content.

108.219.39.17 (talk) 16:44, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for spotting this. Not sure why the last edit did that, but I reverted it.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 17:00, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

The list of major figures
Having started trying to expand this article I am unsure as to what exactly to do with the list of major figures (currently at the foot of the article). It seems clear to me that more about the individuals, explaining their roles, should be built into the main text and I will be trying to do that over the next few weeks, but what do we do with the list once (or as) that is done? We could remove it on the grounds that it is no longer needed; keep it because it provides a useful means of reference; or move it to its own article with a "see also" link here. Any thoughts are welcome.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 08:14, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * A list here will be very useful to readers--they will explore the names and perhaps focus on one or two they would otherwise not know about. The list also will give an immediate impression of the wide range of the Scottish Enlightenment. Rjensen (talk) 08:30, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

Benjamin Franklin
Why is Benjamin Franklin in the list of Key Figures? He may have corresponded with some well known Scottish figures, but beyond that what special influence did he have on Scottish Enlightenment to be listed as a key figure? He was born in Boston; his father was English, not Scots, so he didn't have a Scottish family background. --NoahSpurrier (talk) 18:41, 11 October 2013 (UTC)
 * He did visit Scotland and met with most of the leading figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. However, not a Scot.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 19:54, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

John and William Hunter
Although the Hunters were Scots--and William Hunter's bequest to the University of Glasgow provided a useful teaching collection, both brothers made their careers as teachers in London, not in Scotland. William was only in Edinburgh for about a year as a student; John's medical education was obtained in England. Both died in England after spending most of their lives there. Thus, they did nothing "to make Edinburgh a major centre of medical teaching and research."71.59.243.146 (talk) 23:17, 28 September 2014 (UTC) Margaret DeLacy

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Possible copyright problem
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James Clerk Maxwell
List of Scottish Enlightenment thinkers and scientists appears to have overlooked they very important and influential physicist, 2nd only to Isaac Newton, influencing Albert Einstein and others. 'Tis understandable Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism 'the 2nd great unification in physics' is perhaps overly complex for general consideration. Maxwell's theoretical concepts were unique, leading to developments in practical inventions, like the TV. He changed the world forever - Albert Einstein, referring to Maxwell's discovery that magnetism and electricity were linked. If you use electrons, like mobile phones, EVs etc, Maxwell deserves some credit, along with George Boole and Claude Shannon. Eiger3970 (talk) 12:05, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * James Clerk Maxwell was born in 1831 and was active during the Victorian era (1837-1901). Way too late to be considered part of the Age of Enlightenment (c. 1637-1804). Dimadick (talk) 15:32, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scottish Enlightenment


text:
Pedro Carrasco

Pedro Juan Carrasco García (11 July 1943 – 27 January 2001) was a Spanish boxer whose fame transcended the boxing ring. During the 1970s, he was a media darling in Spain.

Professional career
Carrasco was crowned European Lightweight champion in 1967. This triumph was followed four years later, in 1971, with a victory over Mando Ramos in Madrid by disqualification in 11 rounds for the WBC's world Lightweight title. The victory was marred by controversy because Carrasco won the title while lying on the canvas: he had been hit in the head by Ramos. The fight's referee expressed confusion as to whether the blow was legal, but he decided to call it an illegal blow and raised Carrasco's hand in signal of victory. Carrasco immediately became a national hero in Spain, as Spain's second-ever world boxing champion.

Carrasco, who was a culturally educated fighter, became a sensation with the media, especially with tabloid magazines, and he started to be seen with Spanish show business stars. His picture appeared on the covers of such magazines as ¡Hola! many times. He married the singer Rocío Jurado, with whom he had a daughter, Rocío Carrasco. He was also married to Raquel Mosquera for five years.

In 1971, and because of the controversial nature of his world championship win over Ramos, the WBC ordered a rematch, and it was fought in Los Angeles. There, the fight was controversial again, this time because Carrasco looked to most onlookers and fans to be clearly the winner but the decision was favorable to Ramos and he retook the title. They had another rematch, and Ramos beat Carrasco again.

Carrasco's career boxing record was 106–3–2 (66 KOs). After beginning his career 12–1–1, Carrasco had a streak on which he went 92–0–1. The draw came after Carrasco had won 83 consecutive fights. This undefeated streak was longer than Julio César Chávez's (90–0–1). Chávez's streak, however, was from the beginning of the career, and he was 87–0 before the draw.

Death
Carrasco's died of a heart attack in 2001.

title: Pedro Carrasco


text:
Talk:Bernhardt

That image should be Image:bernhardtcoatofarms.jpg I think. I've not changed the link because the image is terrifyingly huge. -Nommo

title: Talk:Bernhardt