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Talk:West Midlands (county)

Untitled
In an official local government Order it declares that, throughout the document, the term West Midlands "means the metropolitan county of West Midlands", implying that "metropolitan county" is descriptive and not part of the official name. Andy G

 * I read that as having the opposite meaning. Andy Mabbett 11:04, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Surely they'd have written "Metropolitan County of West Midlands" (i.e. with a leading capital) if that was the full name? Andy G 19:23, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Are the Euro constituency and the "Region" different areas? Andy G 01:23, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * As far as I was aware, no, but I haven't looked into the matter. Morwen 08:56, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Given that the region is "sometimes considered to spread as far as Cheshire, Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire" and that the constituency has explicitly defined borders, how can they be the same? Andy Mabbett 11:04, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I took that question as meaning are the constituency and the governmental region are the same, not the unofficial region. Morwen 11:07, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we should "disambiguate" the region and the, er, region? Andy Mabbett 11:21, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Yes - when I posed the question I meant the official government Region (as in Regions of England), not the generalised region/area/zone. The "Region" is well-defined; the "region" is the one that sometimes includes Cheshire etc. I s'pose the use of a capital R is too subtle. Or maybe we should call the "region" the "West Midlands area". Andy G 19:23, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * the West Midland Bird Club uses West Midland Region (singular Midland) for the four counties of Staffs, Warks, Worcs and the WM county.

 * my favourite is the West Mercia police, who cover staffs, worcs, and herefordshire. Morwen 19:40, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * actually the West Mercia police cover Shropshire, Worcestershire and Herefordshire. Staffordshire has its own police force. David

Who considers Oxon and Glos to be part of the Midlands, anyway? Mercian imperialists, or the residents of such counties? Morwen 11:24, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * First define "Midlands" ;-)

 * TV regions? Railway regions? Post Office regions? I know of organisations which include Lincs or Cheshire in the Midlands. Andy Mabbett 11:30, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Obviously I'll have to go on a trip to Oxon and Glos to survey the people. ;) Btw, anyone else thing the Midlands page could do with a discussion of the tendency of southerners to deny the existence of the Midlands, and the annoyance this causes? or is that just me who has come across it? Morwen 11:41, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * There used to be "South Midland" busses in Oxfordshire. Andy G 19:23, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

History
In the history section of this article, it states that certain districts were absorbed by the County Boroughs in 1966.

This isn't quite correct, as a large number of the districts were in fact split. For example, Wolverhampton did not absorb the entirety of Bilston MB, Wednesfield UD and Tettenhall UD, but a large proportion of each. Quite large parts of Tettenhall UD are now in South Staffordshire district, a reasonable-sized part of Wednesfield UD are now in South Staffordshire, and a smaller part is now in Walsall MBC, and parts of Bilston UD are now in Dudley MBC and in Walsall MBC. A small part of Willenhall UD isn't in Walsall MBC, but in Wolverhampton CC.

This section therefore should be rephrased. Steven J 14:20, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject: West Midlands proposal
I have proposed the creation of WikiProject: West Midlands at WikiProject Council/Proposals. If you are interested in participating in the project, if created, please add your name to the list. Thank you. - Erebus555 18:49, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Historical boundary changes
The list of 1966 boundary changes is somewhat enormous, and potentially very confusing. Does anyone have any ideas about improving it? The best idea I can come up with is to change to a table layout, and switch the data around so that it relates to the pre-1966 local authorities and what happened to them rather than the make-up of the post 1966 authorities. There's also little point in including Birmingham or Solihull in the list, as they were pretty much unchanged (bar tiny changes like The Hawthorns moving entirely into West Bromwich CB rather than being split between West Bromwich CB and Birmingham CB as before). Fingerpuppet (talk) 21:36, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I found this map highly informative, and if there is a way to include pre-1966 boundaries as well on that map (or maybe on a separate map), I would really appreciate it. Unfortunately, the original creator of the map seems to have gone on a wikibreak, but maybe someone else is up to the task? //Essin (talk) 21:31, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello there, I was just informed of this discussion by Essin at my talk page. I'd be more than willing to help produce a map or table for this article. However, I'd need some kind of source material to work from. This map was drawn by using material in a book (cited on its description). That book doesn't have the pre-1966 districts I'm afraid though, so we need an alternative. If something could be found, then sure, I think I can help.

 * That all said, as one of, if not the most important industrial region in England, I'd be keen to see this article develop towards GA and FA, and it would be best practice from an editorial stance to at least keep a consistent structure of headings with that of Greater Manchester. --Jza84 | Talk  16:52, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I have a map of the pre 1966 districts involved in the amalgamation I can scan. Lozleader (talk) 22:54, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Would you be able to e-mail it to me? Or else post it somewhere public? --Jza84 | Talk  00:12, 26 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I will do that as time permits :-) Lozleader (talk) 10:27, 26 June 2009 (UTC)
 * In the post! Lozleader (talk) 14:22, 26 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Great! I'm looking forward to see the map! //Essin (talk) 15:23, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

a geographic frame of reference
Could this unusual expression be explained? Does it mean a ceremonial county? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.140.57.113 (talk) 10:51, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Flag
Am I the only person who's never seen the recently added flag before? After a couple of quick searches online, I can't even see any indication that there actually is one. Matthew (talk) 22:25, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * No, you're not the only one. I find it, erm, unlikely that any of the metropolitan county councils survived long enough and had enough time on their hands to start creating flags. Fingerpuppet (talk) 08:24, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

 * It is simply a banner of the arms of the former county council: the design of the shield turned into a flag. Any armigerous body is free to make and fly a flag like this. However, as the county council has been extinct for 13 years now (a year longer than it existed!) it is hardly a current emblem. Also, it should be noted that the arms (and therefore flag) were the property/symbol of the council, not the county and are so are obsolete. I think it can safely be removed from the infobox. If there is any evidence that such a flag was ever made and flown by the council it can go down in the Local Government section where the county council is discussed.Lozleader (talk) 08:45, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

This invented flag keeps reappearing and I have taken it off again. The last time it appeared a justification was its appearance on another WP article: please see WP:COPYWITHIN. Howard Alexander (talk) 13:26, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

 * It's not invented, a version of the flag appears on the crest of the West Midlands Police and the West Midlands Fire Service among other organisations. G-13114 (talk) 17:21, 22 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Those are emblems used on crests of organisations that operate within the metropolitan county. Neither means that the design is the "flag of the county". The design is a banner of the arms of the former county council. It's not a flag. --Inops (talk) 17:27, 22 March 2018 (UTC)
 * So how come you can buy the said flag from various retailers such as herehere here or here? G-13114 (talk) 19:08, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * As far as I understand it, flag retailers are free to label any design as the flag of a particular area. A good percentage of these from flagpoleexpress.co.uk are novel designs. --Inops (talk) 21:16, 24 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Other Metropolitan Counties have their flags on their respective pages; all are in the same legal standing. In the view of consistency, the West Midlands one should remain - or all should be removed. Sammich28 (talk) 22:22, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * The flag passes the 'real world test' in that we have established that it is real and not made up as some have claimed; it is is used on the crests of several existing organisations, the former county council, and you can buy versions of the flag from various retailers. I can't therefore see any reason not to use it. G-13114 (talk) 03:11, 22 May 2018 (UTC)
 * As mentioned, flag retailers are free to sell any design they want. They could sell a pink on yellow pokerdot design as the "flag of the West Midlands" if they wanted. The "flag" is really the charge of the arms of West Midlands County Council -- some councils use/used this charge as a banner. None of that indicates that it is the county's "flag", merely that some institution uses it in their heraldry. That's the situation with the flag of Worcestershire, flag of Gloucestershire, flag of County Durham. In none of those situations do we recognise the (former) council banner as the county's flag. --Inops (talk) 11:17, 28 May 2018 (UTC)
 * So why is the said flag used on the crests of the West Midlands Police and the West Midlands Fire Service if its made up and doesn't exist? The flag retailers haven't made it up, what we have is something which is verifiably described in outside sources as the flag of the West Midlands, it therefore passes Verify it isn't original research. G-13114 (talk) 12:09, 28 May 2018 (UTC):
 * I never said its use in heraldry was "made up". The design is however wholly unofficial as a flag and shouldn't be included because of that. The arms of the former county council don't make it the flag of a county. For comparison, the Union Jack isn't in the Royal arms -- they have nothing to do with each other. Flag retailers don't meet the criteria of "[verifiable]...outside sources". --Inops (talk) 12:49, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

Not a county like other counties
To state bluntly that the West Midlands is a county (without any qualification) and talk about it bordering other counties like Worcestershire, etc. implies it has the same status as those counties (administrative and historic). Rather it is a rump, used only for statistical purposes and some rump administrative functions. The description of the West Midlands as a county should be qualified early in the article, otherwise it is misleading for people who are trying to get to grips with UK political geography. Note that the city-region stuff is now well out of date. Urbanewarrior (talk) 23:19, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Please have a look at WP:UKCOUNTIES, and in particular the bit about metropolitan counties. The West Midlands is a metropolitan county and continues to have a full legal existence, albeit without a county council. It is not a "rump", it is just as much a county as Worcestershire in statute, still has a lord lieutenant and a high sheriff. Historic or ancient counties have zero "status", and the lead clearly identifies that it was formed from parts of Staffs, Warks and Worcs in 1974. The fact that the boroughs act in most ways as unitary authorities is also clearly stated. Describing it as not being a county would in fact be "misleading for people who are trying to get to grips with UK political geography" and would make things *more* confusing. :-) . Lozleader (talk) 17:48, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Hagely
There is an editor who uses IP addresses to edit articles to state that Hagley is in the West Midlands. It is not it is in Worcestershire on the borders of the West Midlands. In this case the IP address used was 31.205.37.45.

The local sorting office for Hagley used to be in Stourbridge which was itself in Worcestershire. When the West Midlands metropolitan county was created, the Post office did not move its sorting offices, instead it changed its addressing method. The postal address was changed from "Hagley, nr Stourbridge, Worcestershire" to "Hagley, Stourbridge, West Midlands" because Stourbridge was now in the West Midlands metropolitan county -- no inference shoudl be drawn from that, Hagley and the other villages in Worcestershire (such as Clent) that were/are served by the Stourbridge sorting remain in Worcestershire.

If another editor reinstates Hagley in this article then please revert the edit, point them to this section and ask them to explain why it should be included here. -- PBS (talk) 10:06, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose History of the West Midlands be merged into West Midlands (county) on several grounds: 1. the county article already has a dedicated history section (West Midlands (county)) and this could be 'fleshed out' with the topics discussed in History of the West Midlands, 2. there are several points duplicated between the two articles, and 3. History of the West Midlands has a confusing title which could refer to the region, while the article itself refers to the metropolitan county. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sammich28 (talk • contribs) 19:25, 27 July 2015

 * This isn't at all sensible, give that the county was only formed in 1974, while the history article covers all periods. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 17:40, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

 * No it does not. History of the West Midlands only covers the metropolitan county, not the region. I suggest you re-read the article thoroughly. Sammich28 (talk) 01:05, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

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Infobox collage
Hello! I've just made a BOLD edit to the infobox collage to reduce the number of images from eight to four. The previous layout had an image for each metropolitan borough, which was equitable but made for rather cramped images; I've reduced it to the four images of the largest settlements in the county: Birmingham, Coventry, Wolverhampton, and Solihull. While I acknowledge the old layout was more representative, I think think is a good compromise between fairness and image quality. A.D.Hope (talk) 18:13, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

 * It seems to be seven images today: and what do they tell me about the county? That it has a lot of buildings. No open spaces. No particularly exciting individual buildings. Really the list of town/district names does the same job as that set of images. Nothing gives a newcomer to the article much impression of modern vitality, industrial heritage, open spaces, culture, etc. Pam  D  11:49, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Although the present collage is an improvement on some versions that went before, it leaves me rather Steve Austin. As you say, surely, these collages need to reflect something more than non-descript shopping parades, town hall and aerial shots. Then again, perhaps the general image of the West Midlands is bland and these images reflect a neutral POV? Anyway, here's links to possible replacement images. Just ideas. Birmingham bull, Sutton Park Black Country Museum (to represent the Black Country as a whole, canals and history)  and Coventry Cathedral, symbol of history and recovery after WWII bombing . Rupples (talk) 23:53, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:West Midlands (county)


text:
Nicholas Ridley (martyr)

Nicholas Ridley (c. 1500 – 16 October 1555) was an English Bishop of London (the only bishop called "Bishop of London and Westminster" ). Ridley was one of the Oxford Martyrs burned at the stake during the Marian Persecutions, for his teachings and his support of Lady Jane Grey. He is remembered with a commemoration in the calendar of saints (with Hugh Latimer) in some parts of the Anglican Communion (Church of England) on 16 October.

Early years and advancement (c.1500–50)
Ridley came from a prominent family in Tynedale, Northumberland. He was the second son of Christopher Ridley, first cousin of Lancelot Ridley and grew up in Unthank Hall from the old House of Unthank located on the site of an ancient watch tower or pele tower. As a boy, Ridley was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle, and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he proceeded to Master of Arts in 1525. Soon afterward he was ordained as a priest and went to the Sorbonne, in Paris, for further education. After returning to England around 1529, he became the senior proctor of Cambridge University in 1534. Around that time there was significant debate about the Pope's supremacy. Ridley was well versed on Biblical hermeneutics, and through his arguments the university came up with the following resolution: "That the Bishop of Rome had no more authority and jurisdiction derived to him from God, in this kingdom of England, than any other foreign bishop." He graduated B.D. in 1537 and was then appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, to serve as one of his chaplains. In April 1538, Cranmer made him vicar of Herne, in Kent.

In 1540–1, he was made one of the King's Chaplains, and was also presented with a prebendal stall in Canterbury Cathedral. In 1540 he was made Master of Pembroke College and in 1541 was awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity. In 1543 he was accused of heresy, but he was able to beat the charge. Cranmer had resolved to support the English Reformation by gradually replacing the old guard in his ecclesiastical province with men who followed the new thinking. Ridley was made the Bishop of Rochester in 1547, and shortly after coming to office, directed that the altars in the churches of his diocese should be removed, and tables put in their place to celebrate the Lord's Supper. In 1548, he helped Cranmer compile the first Book of Common Prayer and in 1549 he was one of the commissioners who investigated Bishops Stephen Gardiner and Edmund Bonner. He concurred that they should be removed. John Ponet took Ridley's former position. Incumbent conservatives were uprooted and replaced with reformers.

When Ridley was appointed to the see of London by letters patent on 1 April 1550, he was called the "Bishop of London and Westminster" because the Diocese of London had just re-absorbed the dissolved Diocese of Westminster.

Vestments controversy (1550–3)
Ridley played a major part in the vestments controversy. John Hooper, having been exiled during King Henry's reign, returned to England in 1548 from the churches in Zürich that had been reformed by Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger in a highly iconoclastic fashion. When Hooper was invited to give a series of Lenten sermons before the king in February 1550, he spoke against Cranmer's 1549 ordinal whose oath mentioned "all saints" and required newly elected bishops and those attending the ordination ceremony to wear a cope and surplice. In Hooper's view, these requirements were vestiges of Judaism and Roman Catholicism, which had no biblical warrant for Christians since they were not used in the early Christian church.

Summoned to answer to the Privy Council and archbishop—who were primarily concerned with Hooper's willingness to accept the royal supremacy, which was also part of the oath for newly ordained clergy—Hooper evidently made sufficient reassurances, as he was soon appointed to the bishopric of Gloucester. Hooper declined the office, however, because of the required vestments and oath by the saints. The king accepted Hooper's position, but the Privy Council did not. Called before them on 15 May 1550, a compromise was reached. Vestments were to be considered a matter of adiaphora, or Res Indifferentes ("things indifferent", as opposed to an article of faith), and Hooper could be ordained without them at his discretion, but he must allow that others could wear them. Hooper passed confirmation of the new office again before the king and council on 20 July 1550 when the issue was raised again, and Cranmer was instructed that Hooper was not to be charged "with an oath burdensome to his conscience".

Cranmer assigned Ridley to perform the consecration, and Ridley refused to do anything but follow the form of the ordinal as it had been prescribed by Parliament. Ridley, it seems likely, had some particular objection to Hooper. It has been suggested that Henrician exiles like Hooper, who had experienced some of the more radically reformed churches on the continent, were at odds with English clergy who had accepted and never left the established church. John Henry Primus also notes that on 24 July 1550, the day after receiving instructions for Hooper's unique consecration, the church of the Austin Friars in London had been granted to Jan Laski for use as a Stranger church. This was to be a designated place of worship for Continental Protestant refugees, a church with forms and practices that had taken reforms much further than Ridley would have liked. This development—the use of a London church virtually outside Ridley's jurisdiction—was one that Hooper had had a hand in.

The Privy Council reiterated its position, and Ridley responded in person, agreeing that vestments are indifferent but making a compelling argument that the monarch may require indifferent things without exception. The council became divided in opinion, and the issue dragged on for months without resolution. Hooper now insisted that vestments were not indifferent, since they obscured the priesthood of Christ by encouraging hypocrisy and superstition. Warwick disagreed, emphasising that the king must be obeyed in things indifferent, and he pointed to St Paul's concessions to Jewish traditions in the early church. Finally, an acrimonious debate with Ridley went against Hooper. Ridley's position centred on maintaining order and authority; not the vestments themselves, Hooper's primary concern.

Hooper–Ridley debate
In a Latin letter dated 3 October 1550, Hooper laid out his argument contra usum vestium. With Ridley's reply (in English), it marks the first written representation of a split in the English Reformation. Hooper's argument is that vestments should not be used as they are not indifferent, nor is their use supported by scripture, a point he takes as self-evident. He contends that church practices must either have express biblical support or be things indifferent, approval for which is implied by scripture. Furthermore, an indifferent thing, if used, causes no profit or loss. Ridley objected in his response, saying that indifferent things do have profitable effects, which is the only reason they are used. Failing to distinguish between conditions for indifferent things in general and the church's use of indifferent things, Hooper then all but excludes the possibility of anything being indifferent in the four conditions he sets:

 * 1) An indifferent thing has either an express justification in scripture or is implied by it, finding its origin and foundation in scripture.

Hooper cites Romans 14:23 (whatever is not faith is sin), Romans 10:17 (faith comes from hearing the word of God), and Matthew 15:13 (everything not "planted" by God will be "rooted up") to argue that indifferent things must be done in faith, and since what cannot be proved from scripture is not of faith, indifferent things must be proved from scripture, which is both necessary and sufficient authority, as opposed to tradition. Hooper maintains that priestly garb distinguishing clergy from laity is not indicated by scripture; there is no mention of it in the New Testament as being in use in the early church, and the use of priestly clothing in the Old Testament is a Hebrew practice, a type or foreshadowing that finds its antitype in Christ, who abolishes the old order and recognises the spiritual equality, or priesthood, of all Christians. The historicity of these claims is further supported by Hooper with a reference to Polydore Vergil's De Inventoribus Rerum.

In response, Ridley rejected Hooper's insistence on biblical origins and countered Hooper's interpretations of his chosen biblical texts. He points out that many non-controversial practices are not mentioned or implied in scripture. Ridley denies that early church practices are normative for the present situation, and he links such primitivist arguments with the Anabaptists. Joking that Hooper's reference to Christ's nakedness on the cross is as insignificant as the clothing King Herod put Christ in and "a jolly argument" for the Adamites, Ridley does not dispute Hooper's main typological argument, but neither does he accept that vestments are necessarily or exclusively identified with Israel and the Roman church. On Hooper's point about the priesthood of all believers, Ridley says it does not follow from this doctrine that all Christians must wear the same clothes.

 * 2) An indifferent thing must be left to individual discretion; if required, it is no longer indifferent.

For Ridley, on matters of indifference, one must defer conscience to the authorities of the church, or else "thou showest thyself a disordered person, disobedient, as [a] contemner of lawful authority, and a wounder of thy weak brother his conscience." For him, the debate was finally about legitimate authority, not the merits and demerits of vestments themselves. He contended that it is only accidental that the compulsory ceases to be indifferent; the degeneration of a practice into non-indifference can be corrected without throwing out the practice. Things are not, "because they have been abused, to be taken away, but to be reformed and amended, and so kept still."

 * 3) An indifferent thing's usefulness must be demonstrated and not introduced arbitrarily.

For this point, Hooper cites 1 Corinthians 14 and 2 Corinthians 13. As it contradicts the first point above, Primus contends that Hooper must now refer to indifferent things in the church and earlier meant indifferent things in general, in the abstract. Regardless, the apparent contradiction was seized by Ridley and undoubtedly hurt Hooper's case with the council.

 * 4) Indifferent things must be introduced into the church with apostolic and evangelical lenity, not violent tyranny.

In making such an inflammatory, risky statement (he later may have called his opponents "papists" in a part of his argument that is lost), Hooper may not have been suggesting England was tyrannical but that Rome was—and that England could become like Rome. Ridley warned Hooper of the implications of an attack on English ecclesiastical and civil authority and of the consequences of radical individual liberties, while also reminding him that it was Parliament that established the "Book of Common Prayer in the church of England".

In closing, Hooper asks that the dispute be resolved by church authorities without looking to civil authorities for support—although the monarch was the head of both the church and the state. This hint of a plea for a separation of church and state would later be elaborated by Thomas Cartwright, but for Hooper, although the word of God was the highest authority, the state could still impose upon men's consciences (such as requiring them not to be Roman Catholic) when it had a biblical warrant. Moreover, Hooper himself addressed the civil magistrates, suggesting that the clergy supporting vestments were a threat to the state, and he declared his willingness to be martyred for his cause. Ridley, by contrast, responds with humour, calling this "a magnifical promise set forth with a stout style". He invites Hooper to agree that vestments are indifferent, not to condemn them as sinful, and then he will ordain him even if he wears street clothes to the ceremony.

Outcome of the controversy
The weaknesses in Hooper's argument, Ridley's laconic and temperate rejoinder, and Ridley's offer of a compromise no doubt turned the council against Hooper's inflexible convictions when he did not accept it. Heinrich Bullinger, Pietro Martire Vermigli, and Martin Bucer, while agreeing with Hooper's views, ceased to support him for the pragmatic sake of unity and slower reform. Only Jan Laski remained a constant ally. Some time in mid-December 1550, Hooper was put under house arrest, during which time he wrote and published A godly Confession and protestation of the Christian faith. Because of this publication, his persistent nonconformism, and violations of the terms of his house arrest, Hooper was placed in Thomas Cranmer's custody at Lambeth Palace for two weeks by the Privy Council on 13 January 1551. Hooper was then sent to Fleet Prison by the council, who made that decision on 27 January. On 15 February, Hooper submitted to consecration in vestments in a letter to Cranmer. He was consecrated Bishop of Gloucester on 8 March 1551, and shortly thereafter, preached before the king in vestments.

Downfall (1553–5)
On 2 February 1553 Cranmer was ordered to appoint John Knox, a Scot, as vicar of All Hallows, Bread Street in London, placing him under the authority of Ridley. Knox returned to London in order to deliver a sermon before the king and the court during Lent, after which he refused to take his assigned post. That same year, Ridley petitioned Edward VI to give some of his empty palaces over to the City of London (governed by the City of London Corporation) to house homeless women and children. The subsequent royal charter of 1553 (26 June, 7 Edw. VI) created three institutions Christ's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital and the Bridewell Hospital. The latter subsequently changing its name to King Edward's School, Witley.

Edward VI became seriously ill from tuberculosis and in mid-June the councillors were told that he did not have long to live. They set to work to convince several judges to put on the throne Lady Jane Grey, Edward's cousin, instead of Mary, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon and a Roman Catholic. On 17 June 1553 the king made his will noting Jane would succeed him, contravening the Third Succession Act.

Ridley signed the letters patent giving the English throne to Lady Jane Grey. On 9 July 1553 he preached a sermon at St Paul's cross in which he affirmed that the princesses Mary and Elizabeth were bastards. By mid-July, there were serious provincial revolts in Mary's favour and support for Jane in the council fell. As Mary was proclaimed queen, Ridley, Jane's father, the Duke of Suffolk and others were imprisoned. Ridley was sent to the Tower of London.

Through February 1554 Jane and her leading supporters were executed. After that, there was time to deal with the religious leaders of the English Reformation and so on 8 March 1554 the Privy Council ordered Cranmer, Ridley, and Hugh Latimer to be transferred to Bocardo prison in Oxford to await trial for heresy. The trial of Latimer and Ridley started shortly after Cranmer's with John Jewel acting as notary to Ridley. Their verdicts came almost immediately: they were to be burned at the stake.

Death and legacy
The sentence was carried out on 16 October 1555 in Oxford. Cranmer was taken to a tower to watch the proceedings. Ridley burned extremely slowly and suffered a great deal: his brother-in-law had put more tinder on the pyre in order to speed his death, but this only caused his lower parts to burn. Latimer is supposed to have said to Ridley, "Be of good comfort, and play the man, Master Ridley; we shall this day light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out." This was quoted in Foxe's Book of Martyrs.

A metal cross in a cobbled patch of road in Broad Street, Oxford, marks the site. Eventually Ridley and Latimer were seen as martyrs for their support of a Church of England independent from the Roman Catholic Church. Along with Thomas Cranmer, they are known as the Oxford Martyrs.

In the Victorian era, his death was commemorated by the Martyrs' Memorial, located near the site of his execution. As well as being a monument to the English Reformation and the doctrines of the Protestant and Reformed doctrines, the memorial is a landmark of the 19th century, a monument stoutly resisted by John Keble, John Henry Newman and others of the Tractarian Movement and Oxford Movement. Profoundly alarmed at the Romewardizing intrusions and efforts at realignment that the movement was attempting to bring into the Church of England, Protestant and Reformed Anglican clergymen raised the funds for erecting the monument, with its highly anti-Roman Catholic inscription, a memorial to over three hundred years of history and reformation. As a result, the monument was built 300 years after the events it commemorates.

In 1881, Ridley Hall in Cambridge, England, was founded in his memory for the training of Anglican priests. Ridley College, a private university-preparatory school located in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, was founded in his honour in 1889. Also named after him is Ridley College (Melbourne), an evangelical Anglican theological college in Australia, founded in 1910. There is a Church of England church dedicated to him in Welling, southeast London. The words spoken to Ridley by Latimer at their execution are used. Ridley and Latimer are remembered with a commemoration in the calendar of saints in some parts of the Anglican Communion on 16 October.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nicholas Ridley (martyr)


text:
Talk:German submarine U-869

Untitled
This article originally contained:
 * The German U-boat 869 was supposly sunk off the coast of Africa. It was latter found by some deep sea divers off the coast of New Jersey.  It was at a depth of 230 ft, 100 ft. below the safe diving depth.  The crew of divers that found it lost three memebers while trying to identfy it.  It took them the better part of seven years to even find a clue as to which boat it was.  The first clue was a knife that had a name of one of the crew memebers' name on it.  Two divers traveled to Germany to the U-boat Archive to find out which boat that crew memeber had been on when it whent down.  They discovered that he had been on U 869.  The boat that had been sunk off the coast of Rabat.  They continued their search and finally gaind access to the eletric engine room that contained boxes of spare parts that had the U-boats's number on it.  The entrance to the room was blocked by an oil drum that had fallen off the celing and there wasn't enough room for a diver and his tanks to fit.  One of the divers went down with only one tank and pushed it in front of him while he squeezed through the opening between the top of the oil drum and the top of the room.  The box of parts that he recovered identified the boat as U 869.  The most likely explanation is that the boat never recived a change in orders telling it to head to Africa.  It was sunk by a torpedo.  It is believed that it was hit by one of it's own torpedoes.  There are no real clear explantions as to how, the accepted one is that it was a torpedo circle, a malfunction of the gyro that steered the torpedo.

 * writers comment: I belive that the torpedo struck an abject that was extremly close to the U-boat and exploded takeing the sub with it.

The divers' discovery and research might make an interesting separate article -- let's put details about the boat itself here and start a new article at, maybe, Discovery of U-869 for descriptions of the dives and so on. --the Epopt 16:28 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Feldman and Rouses
I don't have any really strong views on it, but are Feldman and the Rouses notable enough for their own Wikipedia articles other than the fact of their deaths on U-869? If not, presumably they can be covered in a sub-section within this article? --Legis (talk - contribs) 17:02, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Discrepancy between the end of the war and loss date of U-869.
"The United States Coast Guard, in its official evaluation of the evidence, discarded the circle-running torpedo theory and awarded the sinking to the two destroyers.This was confirmed by Marlyn Berkey who was on a destroyer as part of the Pacific fleet entering NY harbor after the war was over, the submarine showed up on radar and his destroyer depth charged the sub and sank it as evidenced by him of oil and debris floating on the surface, they were allowed to place a broom upside down coming into New York which meant "clean sweep". Contributing to their findings was the fact that there are two damage holes in the wreck of U-869. This was more consistent with the attack reports that cited two explosions versus the circle runner theory which would only explain one hole. The official records state that U-869 was destroyed on February 11, 1945 by two U.S. destroyer escorts, Howard D. Crow and Koiner.[4]"

"U-869 conducted one World War II war patrol without success. It suffered no casualties to its crew until it was lost in February 1945, with all but one of 56 crew members dead."

If WW2 didin't end until the 15th of August 1945 then how can Marlyn Berkey be onboard a destroyer returning from the Pacific after the war was over when the U-869 is destroyed on the 11th of February 1945? Is a correction needed here? EI PJK (talk) 21:00, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Spelling of Helmut Neuerburg's Name
I'm seeking some advice on a possible edit for this article, which lists the commander of U-869 as one Hellmut Neuerburg. I've been reading Shadow Divers and there his first name is spelled "Helmuth"- (Shadow Divers, Chapter 12). To make matters more confusing, there is a picture in the book of the crew list, which spells his name as "Helmut", with one "L" (Shadow Divers, photo insert 2). I am unclear as to which source I should use as the correct source. What would be the correct procedure? I know this seems like a minor detail, but we must strive for accuracy, no? -Fogelmatrix (talk) 18:10, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

UPDATE- At the end of Shadow Divers, the author has notes about the spelling of Neuerburg's first name- and Neuerburg spelled it "Helmuth", which is why the author chose that spelling. I have updated the page. -Fogelmatrix (talk) 15:53, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:German submarine U-869


text:
Heidi Fleiss

Heidi Lynne Fleiss (born December 30, 1965) is an American former procurer. She ran an upscale prostitution ring based in Los Angeles and is often referred to as the "Hollywood Madam". Fleiss has also worked as a columnist and was a television personality regularly featured in the 1990s in American media.

Early life
Fleiss was born and raised in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles. Her father, Paul M. Fleiss (1933–2014), was a pediatrician and her mother, Elissa (née Ash), was an elementary school teacher. Their marriage ended in divorce. She has two brothers: Jesse (born in 1977), and Jason (born in 1968), who drowned at age 41 in 2009; and three sisters: Amy, Kim, and Shana.

Prostitution and tax evasion
At the age of 22, Fleiss began managing a prostitution ring under Madam Alex after meeting her in 1987 via Fleiss's film-director boyfriend Iván Nagy. Fleiss stated in 2002 that Alex and she had "a very intense relationship" and that Alex's view of Fleiss "was kind of like the daughter she loved and hated, so she was abusive and loving at the same time". In the same interview, Fleiss said she worked as a prostitute for a short period to learn all aspects of the trade. At the time she was learning to take over Alex's business there was a labor shortage, as most of Alex's prostitutes were approaching middle age and planning to retire from prostitution. Alex had Fleiss revitalize the business by recruiting a new batch of young, attractive women.

By 1990, Fleiss severed her links with Madam Alex and began her own prostitution ring. Fleiss has stated that she made her first million dollars after only four months in the business as a madam and that on her slowest night, she made $10,000. By 1991, Fleiss was so successful that she was able to reject women who wished to work for her. In June 1993, she was arrested on charges including attempted pandering.

Federal charges were filed in 1994, and Fleiss posted $1 million bail; the state trial began the same year and Fleiss was convicted. In May 1996, her state conviction was overturned and her appeal bond was set at $200,000. She was convicted of federal charges of tax evasion in September 1996 and sentenced to seven years in prison. Fleiss served 20 months at the Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin, California. She was released to a halfway house on November 19, 1998 and ordered to perform 370 hours of community service.

Fleiss's ring reportedly had numerous prominent and wealthy clients. When questioned by British television presenter Davina McCall about revealing the names of her clients, she replied "It's not my style".

Media appearances
In 1995, Nick Broomfield made a documentary about her prostitution ring titled Heidi Fleiss: Hollywood Madam. In 2004, a TV movie was produced titled Call Me: The Rise and Fall of Heidi Fleiss.

In 1996, after having been convicted of being a madam, and shortly before her incarceration for such offences, she was interviewed by Ruby Wax.

Fleiss and reality-TV personality Victoria Sellers hosted and produced an instructional DVD titled Sex Tips with Heidi Fleiss and Victoria Sellers in 2001.

In January 2010, Fleiss was the third housemate to enter the final Channel 4 series of Celebrity Big Brother in the UK; she was the second to be evicted. She did not return for the finale.

Business interests
In 2005, Fleiss announced plans to open a brothel in Pahrump, Nevada named Heidi Fleiss's Stud Farm" In 2007, Fleiss opened a laundromat named Dirty Laundry in Pahrump as her plans for the brothel had been put on hold due to a "slight complication". In 2009, she said that she had abandoned her plans to open such a brothel because she did not want to "deal with all the nonsense in the sex business". Instead, she said she would focus on renewable energy, which she described as "perfect for Nevada" and "the wave of the future". She opened a fashion boutique in Los Angeles after being released from prison.

, and since at least January 2017, Fleiss owns and manages the Flying S Ranch Ultralight Flightpark, an ultralight private use airport in Pahrump, with FAA designation NV54.

Personal life
In 2003, Fleiss accused actor Tom Sizemore, her ex-boyfriend, of domestic violence. Sizemore was convicted of the charge.

Fleiss eventually moved to Pahrump, Nevada, a small town near Death Valley while caring for 25 parrots. Drew Pinsky, who treated Fleiss for substance abuse, performed brain scans on her that showed significant frontal lobe dysfunction, which Pinsky surmised was behind her inability to empathize with people, and her propensity for doing so with birds.

In 2009, Fleiss was treated for substance abuse at the Pasadena Recovery Center, which was filmed for the third season of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew. One of her fellow patients was Sizemore, against whom her prior restraining order had lapsed. Both Fleiss and Sizemore consented to appear together on the show before filming began, and their reunion, depicted in the third episode, was amicable, though Fleiss subsequently expressed mixed feelings about his presence there. During the filming of the program, Fleiss left the center, and she was involved in an accident with her SUV near her home in Nevada. She subsequently returned to rehab.

After completing treatment for substance abuse, Fleiss briefly became engaged to Dennis Hof, owner of Nevada's Moonlite BunnyRanch. Fleiss said in 1994 that she is a vegetarian.

In August 2013, Nevada police found nearly 400 marijuana plants growing at her home in Pahrump, Nevada, but did not arrest Fleiss and submitted their report to the district attorney's office.

In 2022 Fleiss announced that she would be moving to Missouri after someone shot one of her parrots with a pellet gun.

In media
In 2022, Fleiss was the subject of HeidiWorld: The Heidi Fleiss Story, an iHeartRadio podcast produced, written and hosted by Molly Lambert.

title: Heidi Fleiss


text:
Talk:Nipple

Cripple
User:24.215.89.228's edit about "nipple cripple" nipple twisting as an school yard torture is interesting, but does not seem to fit in with the formal tone of this article. I am moving it to List of school pranks where there is a section on nipple cripple/purple nurple, and add a link to there from here. -Unsigned

"Trackdad" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Trackdad. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 April 22 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Talk 05:33, 22 April 2021 (UTC)

Remove Nipple Picture
I do not care if Wikipedia proclaims itself “not censored”. There is no reason or justification for a photo of a woman’s bare breast with nipple to be shown. It is not encyclopedic nor does Encyclopedia Britannia show any pornographic pictures in their articles. This is disgusting. 2600:1006:B0E8:7518:3C93:20B4:313E:E440 (talk) 17:17, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

I don't agree that this article shouldn't have a picture of a female nipple, but I do think it may be more encyclopedic to change the main image. At the time of my writing this, it is a skew-angled shot with bad lighting and poor contrast. It is more of an artistically-styled shot than I think is fitting for an encyclopedia. It may be more useful to have a front-on shot with proper lighting.

198.101.118.150 (talk) 13:16, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

Nipple erection and the sympathetic nervous system
The first bullet point in Secondary sex characteristic is
 * Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples.

The Nipple stimulation article mentions erect nipples several times.

I went to this article and was surprised the word "erect" never appears in it. This article mentions "stimulated as part of sexual arousal" but beyond that does not hint at what happens, nor why, beyond a couple of points in the Appearance section:
 * Inverted nipples – This is normal if the nipples have always been indented inward and can easily point out when touched. If the nipples are pointing in and this is new, this is an unexpected change.
 * Retracted nipples – The nipple was raised above the surface but changes, begins to pull inward, and does not come out when stimulated.

I had also thought that both male and female nipples become erect when exposed to cool or cold air. I don't think it's a medical class WP:RS but https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/weird-reason-your-nipples-go-8870754 includes "The science behind our nipples responding to cold environments is well-known – our skin tightens and contracts during chilly weather, causing them to shrink and harden".

The mirror.co.uk article also has "Researchers at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have found that nipples have their very own "special nerve" that causes goose bumps and nipple erection." The "special nerve" is claimed to be part of the Sympathetic nervous system. The Wikipedia article on Nipple does not mention the word "Sympathetic" and the Sympathetic nervous system article does not include any of "breast", "areola", nor "nipple." This article includes the phase "special nerves" but links to Nerve rather than sympathetic nervous system.

I suspect we should have a section on the mechanism behind physical changes to nipples.--Marc Kupper|talk 20:30, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nipple


text:
Talk:Uranium

Atomic weight should be 238.028906 ±0.00027, not 238.02891 ±0.0003
We reproduce a rounded figure here from the 2013 CIAAW report, but the 2000 report (https://www.ciaaw.org/pubs/EXER-2000.pdf) included a more precise figure before rounding. I tried to edit the underlying wikidata entry but do not see the changes reflected here. Anomalistic (talk) 16:53, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Physics
Gy Abeeb olasupo (talk) 19:56, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Physics
Which metal is used for containers that store radioactive sources? Answer in words not symbols. Abeeb olasupo (talk) 19:57, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Lead storage containers can be used to store and transport radioactive material. The standard outside and inside finishing is coated lead so there is no exposure to the lead by personnel. A stainless steel finishing is also available to provide a stronger housing. Rawsar6 (talk) 22:17, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

Answers.com?
What is with the references being answer.com? Seems cheesy and is rather indirect.

Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with the exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature.

As little as 15 lb of uranium-235 can be used to make an atomic bomb.

He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel. --Smokefoot (talk) 17:54, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:44, 25 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Nuclear Power Plant 2.jpg

Semi-protected edit request on 15 June 2023
urainum is found in most cheeses 86.13.252.226 (talk) 11:16, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Actualcpscm (talk) 11:24, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

"...and poses significant health threat and environmental impact." should be "...and poses a significant health threat..." or "...and poses significant health threats..." — Preceding unsigned comment added by YSWEISS (talk • contribs) 15:52, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

"...The development and deployment of these nuclear reactors continue on a global base as they are powerful sources of CO2-free energy." Should be "The development and deployment of these nuclear reactors continue on a global base as they are powerful sources energy." The fuel cycle of nuclear plants is not CO2-free. Mining, enrichment, and disposal are high CO2 pollutants. Only the operating part of the cycle is free of CO2 emissions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:1C0:6701:C850:DF0C:A1ED:F89C:E4BC (talk) 21:48, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 December 2023
The final sentence in the first paragraph states that uranium can be eaten and is an extremely dense source of calories. This is patently false; uranium is toxic, the energy referred to here is the energy released upon fission and hence not usable by the human body, and the citation used says little if anything to support the statement. Please remove the sentence entirely. 82.0.251.175 (talk) 13:05, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * ✔ by ; thanks for pointing this out. Complex / Rational  13:39, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

Clutter
In the article "Isotopes of uranium", i edited out an astonishing amount of unnecessary verbiage, particularly from the section "Uranium-234". Okay? Solomonfromfinland (talk) 05:54, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uranium


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Walibi Holland

Walibi Holland (previously called Flevohof, Walibi Flevo, Six Flags Holland and Walibi World) is a theme park in Biddinghuizen, Netherlands.

History
The park was opened in 1971 as 'Flevohof'. It was an educational theme park themed after agriculture and farming. Having struggled to compete with more modern family attractions, Flevohof went bankrupt in 1993, and was subsequently purchased by the Walibi Group that autumn, who redeveloped the site as an amusement park. After a major winter-long programme of reconstruction the park reopened as Walibi Flevo on 7 May 1994, featuring the world's first Vekoma suspended looping coaster (SLC), El Condor. The park also adopted the wallaby mascot of its sister park, Walibi Wavre in Belgium created in 1975 by Eddy Meeùs, a Belgian businessman. (The name 'Walibi', incidentally, is derived from the first two letters of three towns in Belgium put together to form a single word: Wavre - Limal - Bierges).

The Walibi parks, including Bellewaerde in Belgium, were purchased by Premier Parks Inc. in 1998, who subsequently overhauled the Flevo park, removing the 'Walibi' branding and building thirty new attractions as part of its transformation into Six Flags Holland in 2000. Six Flags's nominal expansion into Europe saw a similar refurbishment of the Belgian Walibi theme park, which was renamed to Six Flags Belgium. Both parks benefiting from the group's rights to use Warner Brothers characters within them, leading to the creation of a Looney Tunes-themed area and a powered-launch coaster themed around popular comic figure Superman, later changed to the Xpress.

In 2004, Six Flags Holland and its sister parks were purchased by financiers Palamon Capital Partners, who grouped the attractions under the name "StarParks". The park reverted to Walibi branding in 2005; numerous attractions having been rebranded as the sale of the parks also meant the loss of any references to Looney Tunes and DC Comics characters rights.

In the second half of 2006, the parks were sold for the second time in as many years to the French group Grévin & Cie (Compagnie des Alpes), most notably the operators of the French themed resort Parc Astérix, who also purchased two other Dutch attractions - the Dolfinarium Harderwijk and Avonturenpark Hellendoorn. In 2011 the park was renamed as Walibi Holland, which introduced new mascots.

The adjacent associated event grounds were originally developed with Scouting Nederland for the EuroJam 1994 and the 18th World Scout Jamboree in 1995. It is or has been the location of many festivals such as the Lowlands music festival and the Defqon.1 music festival.

title: Walibi Holland


text:
Six Flags Great Adventure

Six Flags Great Adventure is an amusement park located approximately 20 miles southeast of Trenton in Jackson, New Jersey. Owned and operated by Six Flags, the park complex is situated between New York City and Philadelphia and includes a water park named Hurricane Harbor. It first opened to the public as simply Great Adventure in 1974 under the direction of restaurateur Warner LeRoy. Six Flags acquired the park in 1977. The park is located right off of Interstate 195 and is along Monmouth Road (County Route 537).

In 2012, Six Flags combined its 160 acre Great Adventure with its 350 acre Wild Safari animal park to form Six Flags Great Adventure & Safari. At 510 acre, it is the second-largest theme park in the world following Disney's Animal Kingdom.

Warner LeRoy era (1974–1977)
In 1972, entrepreneurial businessman Warner LeRoy developed concept plans for the Great Adventure entertainment complex, proposing seven parks be built within the complex: An amusement park, a safari park, a show park, a floral park, a sports complex, a shopping district, and a campground with beach/waterpark and stables. His proposal also included plans for hotels, which were connected to the parks and could be reached by boats, buses, a sky ride and/or a monorail. LeRoy wanted his parks to flow naturally through the forest and lakes, capitalizing on the back-to-nature movement of the era. He chose a property then owned by the Switlik family, in an area centrally located between the New York City and Philadelphia regions. The property on County Route 537 had easy access to the newly constructed Interstate 195, which connected central New Jersey to the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95) and would eventually (in 1981) connect to the Garden State Parkway.

Since the park's opening, it has been served by in-house emergency services composing of the Fire Department (Ocean County Station 58) and Emergency Medical Service (Ocean County Squad 80).

LeRoy collaborated with Hardwicke Industries, who previously built safari parks in Canada and Europe. Together, they set out to open the seven parks in stages over a 5-year period. After a 4,500 invitation-only guest opening on June 30, 1974, the Great Adventure entertainment complex opened to the general public on July 1, 1974, at a price tag of $10 million. At the time of the opening, only the Enchanted Forest area and Safari park were operational, with elements from five of the other planned parks being used to create the Enchanted Forest.

The Enchanted Forest was designed and built to look bigger-than-life. A Big Balloon was a tethered hot-air balloon that loomed over the park's entrance and was the biggest of its kind in the world. The Log Flume was the longest log ride constructed in the world at that time and it was accompanied by a giant "Conestoga Wagon", an over-sized log cabin restaurant called "Best of the West" and a huge Western Fortress, in the park's Rootin' Tootin' Rip Roarin' section. The Giant Wheel (now Big Wheel), then the tallest Ferris wheel in the world, and the Freedom Fountain, then the largest spraying fountain in the world, were located on the opposite end of the park. One of the few smaller-than-real life attractions was an outdoor walk-through attraction called the Garden of Marvels. It used working G-scale (o-g scale) LGB trains and boats among models of American landmarks and 1/25-scale recreations of European castles.

This miniature village was an idea taken from LeRoy's proposed Over the Rainbow floral park. A tree filled with snakes, a carousel, antique cars, koi pond, children's playground (called Kiddie Kingdom), petting zoo (named Happy Feeling) and a restaurant named Gingerbread Fancy (now Granny's Country Kitchen) were also borrowed from the floral park concept to create a section of The Enchanted Forest. This section created the park's main midway named Dream Street.

Shoppe Lane was named after a proposed "shopping extravaganza" park, which LeRoy had designed for the property. It lent its large open squares, huge fountain (Main Street Fountain), street performers (clowns and stilt walkers) and shops to the Enchanted Forest. Fairy Tales was the name of a shop that opened with the park in one of the park's over-sized bazaar tents. It sold stuffed animals and toys, including Superman. Other influences from LeRoy's proposal would surface in the years to come.

Neptune's Kingdom was a concept for a lakeside, aquatic show park. From its design came Aqua Spectacle, the home for dolphin performances and high dive shows. Today, the stadium later known as Fort Independence is demolished. Neptune's Kingdom was designed to run the length from Runaway Train to Northern Star Arena, but most of its influences appear in the park's Lakefront area.

Rootin' Tootin' opened with Runaway Mine Train on the grand opening on Independence Day. A small compact coaster named Big Fury opened later in the season. The Skyride connected two ends of the park with stations in Rootin' Tootin' and Dream Street. The double skyway ran originally at the 1964–65 New York World's Fair. The Great Train Ride was a small train ride that brought guests through a loop of the woods, rather than to a destination of another gate. A small handful of spin rides were located in the Strawberry Fair section and were as close to any thematic journey as the guests were going to take. The Fantasy Fling is older than the park and is the only survivor of these spin rides in 2008.

The Fun Fair area debuted in 1975 with several new spinning rides, a smaller Ferris wheel, and a Schwarzkopf Jumbo Jet roller coaster. The coaster never opened and was removed at the end of the season. A second flume called the Moon Flume was built by Arrow Dynamics to ease crowds on the Log Flume. It was built on the opposite end of the park and the station turntable is used for the stage of the Wiggles show today. The Fortune Festival was a new game section that was located where the Boardwalk section exists today.

LeRoy's original vision for the amusement park featured many dark rides. Although "Man, Time and Space", "The Keystone Cops" and "(Alice) Down the Wishing Well" (among others) never came to be, the Haunted Castle Across the Moat, which was added a few years later, took its cue from the rooms and monsters of the "Hotel Transylvania".

In the early 1980s, the park's entrance was moved to a new central location, which is still in use today. It was designed with an outer mall called Liberty Court, and its Federal style architecture was influenced by the celebration of the United States Bicentennial. An inner mall called Avenue of States was adorned by fifty state flags in the central corridor. Six flags remain on Main Street today. The Enchanted Forest name on the park was changed to the complex's main name of Great Adventure. The Strawberry Fair and Fun Fair names were discontinued and the attractions in these areas became part of the newly named Enchanted Forest section. More spin rides, "yummy yummy" food, shows, games and the Safari became a part of "the greatest day of your life." The park became a major attraction with dozens of rides, shows, and several steel roller coasters. The Big Balloon, Happy Kid Ride, The Gondola, Pretty Monster, and Super Cat were the first attractions to be removed from the park before a new owner would make big changes.

Penn Central / Bally's / Westray Capital era (1977–1992)
In 1977, construction began on a steel looping shuttle coaster called Lightnin' Loops (which was removed in 1992). Late that year, however, the park was purchased by Six Flags. This regional theme park company was owned then by Penn Central, which had large stakes in the Philadelphia and New York City regions. Six Flags added rides found in bigger theme parks such as the wooden coaster called Rolling Thunder in 1979, The Buccaneer (a swinging ship from Intamin), Roaring Rapids (now Congo Rapids, an Intamin River Rapids ride), Parachuter's Perch (now Parachute Training Center: Edwards AFB Jump Tower, an Intamin Parachute ride) and Freefall (later Stuntman's Freefall, an Intamin First Generation Freefall), all before the park's tenth anniversary.

1980 saw very few changes. In 1981, the park added a water ride called Roaring Rapids (now called Congo River Rapids). In 1983, the park added a Freefall Ride and in 1984, the park added a roller coaster called the Sarajevo Bobsleds but closed and removed Lil' Thunder, a kiddie coaster, keeping the coaster count to four.

Eight teenagers, including four students and one graduate of Franklin K. Lane High School, lost their lives in a fire at the Haunted Castle on May 11, 1984, sparking controversy over the safety of such attractions. After the incident, new fire safety laws were passed for amusement park fun houses and dark rides.

1986 saw the addition of a second looping coaster and the park's fifth roller coaster, Ultra Twister, with spiral inline twists. The ride was built next to Rolling Thunder, partially taking away the area's western theme. Another water ride called Splashwater Falls (which became Movietown Water Effect in 1992 and has since been removed) was added in which riders rode in a large boat which was pulled uphill and then down a steep waterfall, soaking riders. The new addition was made since attendance at the park had lowered since the Haunted Castle fire, and the park realized new additions were needed to keep the park alive.

Attendance dropped even further when an accident occurred on the Lightnin' Loops roller coaster in 1987. A teenage girl was thrown from the train because she was seated on the wrong side of the shoulder restraint. After the accident, new safety features were added not only to Great Adventure's roller coasters but also to roller coasters around the world. Once again, Great Adventure set both a bad and later good example for the amusement park world. However, the accident was not good for the park's attendance. Attendance was so low, in fact, that in 1987 rumors began to spread that the park may close in a few years. At the end of that season, the park was slated to get a new multiple looping coaster but by the end of the year, it was decided that Six Flags Great America would get the coaster since Great Adventure was not seen as a good investment. At the end of 1988, the park was about to lose its license to sell food, and attendance was so low park management realized a big new addition was necessary.

In the spring of 1988, it was announced that the park would indeed get a new coaster. Sarajevo Bobsleds was removed to make room for the new coaster, The Great American Scream Machine, which opened in April 1989. This coaster had multiple loops and for a month was the tallest roller coaster in the world and brought the park back to five roller coasters. The Scream Machine was removed in 2010 to make room for the new Green Lantern stand-up coaster.

In 1990, as part of a ride rotation program, a stand up looping roller coaster called Shockwave was added to the park. Shockwave had previously operated at Six Flags Magic Mountain. However, Ultra Twister was removed at the end of 1989 and sent to Six Flags Astroworld for the 1991 season keeping the park's coaster count at five. In 1991, the park added a huge complex of "dry" waterslides. While guests got wet on them, they could ride these with regular clothes or swimsuits. These slides were themed after the rivers of the world. Roaring Rapids, as well as the second flume ride in the park, were incorporated into this complex. Roaring Rapids became Congo Rapids, and The Hydro Flume became Irrawaddy Riptide.

Time Warner era (1990–1997)
In 1990, Time Warner acquired a 19.5% stake in Six Flags, then by the end of 1991 acquired an additional 30.5% giving them 50% ownership of the corporation, with the remaining divided equally by silent partners, The Blackstone Group and Wertheim Schroder. Time Warner used the opportunity to advertise and promote their movies through the Six Flags parks. Time Warner purchased the remaining 50% in 1993, then in 1995 sold 51% of the corporation to Boston Ventures. Time Warner, however continued to manage the parks through 1997.

In 1992, the eastern area or Fun Fair area of the park was re-themed Action Town, and then Movietown in 1993. A Batman stunt show was added and the announcement that a new inverted looping roller coaster called Batman The Ride would be added. Lightnin' Loops opened for the first half of the season but was disassembled at the end of July to begin construction of Batman. That coaster was sold to Premier Parks, which at the time was a different company than Six Flags (but would eventually buy Six Flags). Premier Parks put one of the Lightnin' Loops tracks in Frontier City located in Oklahoma City and it still operates today. Premier Parks put the other Lightnin' Loops track in their park in Largo, Maryland (near Washington, DC), then called Adventure World. That track was renamed the Python, which would be removed in 1999. At the end of 1992, the roller coaster Shockwave was removed as part of the "Ride Rotation Program" of Six Flags. Shockwave would be sent to Six Flags Astroworld and would reopen there in 1993 as Batman The Escape. So by the end of 1992, the park was down to just three coasters.

Batman, designed by Bolliger & Mabillard, opened in the spring of 1993 bringing the coaster count back up to four. In 1994, a motion simulator theatre ride was added. Initially, it was an airplane flying themed attraction but has since been changed to a Halloween theme in the fall over the years. A dinosaur theme and a three-dimensional dinosaur theme was also used for this attraction. For several years, it operated as SpongeBob the ride and then as Fly Me To The Moon. For the 2010 season, the attraction did not run and that building remained vacant for future use.

1995 saw the addition of Viper, a steel spiral looping roller coaster similar to Ultra Twister and in Ultra Twister's old spot, bringing the coaster count to five again. 1996 saw the addition of an indoor themed junior roller coaster called Skull Mountain. In 1997, a multiple looping dual track shuttle coaster called Batman & Robin: The Chiller was built but only opened for a day and encountered more technical difficulties. This coaster ended up not opening again until the spring of 1998. This coaster ran rather rough and was referred to as a "headbanger" as was Viper and to a lesser extent The Scream Machine. The Mine Train and Rolling Thunder were also rough rides by then. Also, many flat rides were removed over the years and the park was showing signs of wear and tear, as well as obsolete attractions.

Premier era (1998–2005)
Premier Parks purchased Six Flags from Time Warner and Boston Ventures on April 1, 1998. The following year, the new management team added a dozen flat rides to the park and declared a "war on lines". The Adventure River complex was retired but the flume ride and the Congo Rapids remained. A kiddie water play area also remained as part of a new kiddie ride area called Looney Tunes Seaport. A junior roller coaster called Blackbeard's Lost Treasure Train (now known as Harley Quinn Crazy Train) as well as a kiddie roller coaster called Road Runner Railway were also added, but the star attraction was a floorless steel multiple looping roller coaster called Medusa.

No changes were made at the park in 2000, but across the property on a separate parking lot, a Waterpark named Hurricane Harbor was built and opened at the end of May. This was also separately gated and charges a separate admission from Great Adventure. The park consists of a dozen waterslides, a kiddie water play area, and a wavepool.

In 2001, the park added another state of the art roller coaster called Nitro. In 2002, Batman & Robin: The Chiller was renovated and new trains without over the shoulder harnesses were added making it a much smoother ride. In 2003, Superman: Ultimate Flight was added. Exact models of this are found at Six Flags Over Georgia and Six Flags Great America. In 2004, new harnesses were added to the Runaway Mine Train and the up-charge attraction erUPtion was added to the Boardwalk.

In 2005, the park added the world's tallest coaster called Kingda Ka and also dismantled Viper. With the addition of Kingda Ka, the season pass holders entrance to the park was closed because Kingda Ka's footprint went right over it. A new children's play area called Balin's Jungleland was also added. In 2006, a wooden twister coaster called El Toro was added in the spot formerly occupied by Viper, along with a new themed area, and another kiddie ride area to replace Bugs Bunny Land which was retired at the end of 2004.

Shapiro era (2006–2010)
At the end of 2005, a proxy battle resulted in two major stockholders assuming control of the Six Flags Board. The Premier Group was ousted in December and the new board appointed Mark Shapiro as CEO. In 2007, the park added Wiggles World and removed Batman & Robin: The Chiller. The rolls were replaced with banked hills to enhance ride performance. However, the ride closed forever on June 28 due to technical problems with the ride. Disassembling occurred that September. In addition, the path leading to Chiller was blocked off and several rides including Freefall, Splashwater Falls/Movietown Water Effect, and a couple other flat rides were removed.

In 2008, in the area occupied by the Movietown Water Effect, a new junior indoor Wild Mouse rollercoaster was added called The Dark Knight. Motion Simulator Ride ended the SpongeBob theming in favor of Fly Me To The Moon. Also Glow in the Park Parade was added to the entertainment lineup.

Medusa was refurbished over the off-season and returned in 2009 as "Bizarro", a new incarnation of the same ride. The whole coaster, station, and surrounding theme elements were all changed and repainted to go with the new theme of the ride. Bizarro comic strips were put up along the queue line, and special effects and audio were added to the actual ride. The refurbishment brought crowds back to a ride that was beginning to lose its original charm and popularity.

Weber/Anderson era (2010–2019)
The theme park's parent Six Flags emerged from a 2008–2010 bankruptcy with Al Weber Jr. as an interim CEO and subsequently by Jim Reid-Anderson in August 2010. The company parent also moved its corporate headquarters from New York City back to Texas, where the company started.

For the 2010 season, the Motion Simulator ride Fly Me To The Moon did not reopen and was not replaced with anything and remained vacant. In April 2010, rumors also began that the Great American Scream Machine would be removed at the end of the season. By mid-June, rumors were that the coaster would be removed on July 1. That date came and went but on July 5, 2010, via Facebook, Six Flags confirmed the rumored removal of the Great American Scream Machine on July 18, 2010. The ride closed late on that date and was demolished immediately after to make room for "a major new attraction in 2011." On September 16, 2010, the park announced that the Green Lantern, a standup roller coaster formerly known as Chang at the recently closed Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom, would debut in the Boardwalk section for the 2011 season. Green Lantern's lift hill and first drop run parallel to the lift hill of Superman Ultimate Flight, which involved the demolition of a rarely used section of the preferred parking area.

In late 2010, Six Flags began the process of removing licensed theming from attractions. They terminated several licenses including their license with The Wiggles. Wiggles' World was renamed and rethemed to Safari Kids in time for the 2011 season. Also in 2011, eruption was removed. Construction for the new Funtime Slingshot replacing eruption started mid-June 2011 and was recently finished a few weeks after.

In 2012, Great Adventure introduced SkyScreamer, a 242 ft Funtime StarFlyer, that soars riders in a 98 ft circle at speeds over 43 miles per hour (69 km/h), that opened in the spring of 2012, along with bumper cars, flying elephants, and a musical themed scrambler that opened in the newly transformed area Adventure Alley (formerly Fantasy Forest area around the Big Wheel). On February 13, 2012, Six Flags Hurricane Harbor in New Jersey announced a new major water attraction King Cobra, that is the first in the United States. The ride Falls at Hurricane Harbor was proposed to get a transformation, giving it a trapdoor release in 2012, but was later cancelled for the new attraction King Cobra. Furthermore, in 2012, Six Flags Great Adventure removed two of its four Johnny Rockets food stands, one located in Plaza Del Carnival and the other in the Boardwalk. Both were replaced with a new food stand named Totally Kickin' Chicken.

On August 30, 2012, Six Flags combined its 125 acre Great Adventure Park with its 350 acre Wild Safari animal park to form the 510 acre Six Flags Great Adventure & Safari park, the second-largest theme park in the world, after Disney's Animal Kingdom.

A 4th Dimension roller coaster was opened in spring 2016, called The Joker.

In 2017, Six Flags added Justice League: Battle For Metropolis a 4D dark ride.

The ride Cyborg Cyber Spin opened in spring of 2018.

Wonder Woman: Lasso of Truth, a large scale custom Zamperla pendulum ride, was opened in 2019.

During the 2018 off-season, El Diablo was removed from the park and was relocated to La Ronde, where it reopened as Chaos.

In June 2019, the park completed a 23.5 MW solar facility, the largest net-metered solar farm in New Jersey. It produces around 30 million kWh per year, equivalent to most of the park's electricity needs. The facility includes 11 MW of solar canopy over the carpark. The facility was announced in March 2015.

2020–present
On August 29, 2019, Six Flags announced a new coaster, the Jersey Devil Coaster, to be built by Rocky Mountain Construction. Six Flags suspended all operations across all their properties due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. In mid-May, the park announced that they would reopen the Safari Off Road Adventure as a drive-thru, which reopened on May 30, 2020. Following an announcement by Governor Phil Murphy on June 23, 2020, giving permission for amusement parks to reopen, Six Flags Great Adventure announced a day later that it would reopen on July 3, 2020. However, the Jersey Devil Coaster was delayed until the 2021 season because its construction was halted due to the pandemic.

In July 2021, the park re-introduced the ride's old Road Runner Railway kiddie roller coaster to Lil' Devil Coaster, a ride themed to the Jersey Devil, like the nearby Jersey Devil Coaster.

In 2022, the park announced that Bizarro would be re-themed to Medusa, the ride's original theme.

Concerts
Numerous artists have performed concerts at the park, including Bon Jovi, The Ramones, The Beach Boys, Heart, Kansas, Cheap Trick, Joan Jett, and Alice Cooper.

On September 29, 2012, Great Adventure hosted the FestEvil, a festival hosting contemporary metal and hardcore acts; Falling In Reverse and We Came As Romans coheadlined. It was Great Adventure's first and last metal show. At the end of the show, Falling In Reverse frontman Ronnie Radke threw three microphone stands into the crowd, injuring two attendees. Radke was arrested after the show, and a spokesperson for Great Adventure announced that the park would no longer host shows with metal bands.

Main Street
Main Street serves as the entry gate for Six Flags Great Adventure. It was originally entitled Liberty Court and was built when the entrance to the park was moved from near what is now the Boardwalk area to a more central location. Main Street is themed as an Early-American town, somewhere around the 18th century. Later additions to Main Street have formed it into more of a turn-of-the-century town. In the front is Main Street Fountain, which serves as a central hub for the park.

Fantasy Forest
Fantasy Forest serves as the midway for the park and was originally part of the entrance. Fantasy Forest is designed to make its visitors feel like children, and the section's bright colors and fanciful design give it a magical feel. The Yum Yum Cafe, (Previously "The Great Character Cafe"), which is designed to look like a giant ice cream sundae, is in this area along with the colorful Carousel and Enchanted Teacups. Originally, this section was split into two sections; Dream Street, the east side featuring the Carousel, and Strawberry Fair, the west side featuring the Big Wheel and Fantasy Fling. During Time Warner's acquisition of the park, these two sections of the park were combined into one. In 2012, the east side stayed as Fantasy Forest and the west side was re-themed and transformed to Adventure Alley.

Adventure Alley
Adventure Alley, made up of what used to be the right half of Fantasy Forest, opened in 2012 along with SkyScreamer, a FunTime StarFlyer. The area has a retro theme and features several classic family rides. It was built in a formerly barren area in response to complaints about there being a lack of family rides in the park. SkyScreamer, DejaVu (a Scrambler relocated from the shuttered American Adventures in Georgia), and Air Jumbo (a Flying Elephants ride relocated from Balin's Jungleland in the Golden Kingdom) all opened in May, while Fender Benders, a bumper cars attraction, opened in early July. The area was sponsored by the Broadway show Jersey Boys and as such, features songs from the musical as its soundtrack.

The Pine Barrens
The Pine Barrens opened in the park in 2021. It was called Adventure Seaport from 2011 to 2020. It is made up of a children's area, Jr. Thrillseekers, and a small section of the park formerly part of Movietown. Originally, The Pine Barrens also included Looney Tunes Seaport before it was removed in 2020.

Jr. Thrillseekers
Jr. Thrillseekers was known as Wiggles World from 2007 to 2010. Most of the rides were re-themed from Looney Tunes Seaport, while the section itself replaced an aging part of Looney Tunes Seaport and the outdated Riptide flume ride. The area was renamed and re-themed Safari Kids for 2011 when the parks rights to use the Wiggles brand expired. It was renamed to Jr. Thrillseekers in 2022.

Movietown
This section makes up what used to be the "Fun Fair" and "Action Town" sections of the park. It is themed as a Hollywood back lot, complete with Hollywood style buildings, and movie-themed ride, shops, stalls, and other attractions. Most of the attractions include DC Comics (Batman: The Ride). Over the years, many of the movie props have been removed, and all the flat rides in this section of the park have been moved or dismantled. This left the section with very few rides: the addition of The Dark Knight Coaster meant the removal of the Movietown Water Effect, a themed Splashdown ride. Batman and Robin: The Chiller and Stuntman's Freefall (an Intamin free-fall ride) had already been removed, and the "Axis Chemical" themed amphitheater, while still standing, no longer hosts stunt shows. Nitro was included in Movietown until the 2011 season when it became part of Adventure Seaport(The Pine Barrens). For a time this section of the park was essentially a dead-end, forcing patrons to turn back after the Showcase Theater. The park reopened a pathway between this ride and the Justice League attraction, and now patrons can loop through Movietown and re-emerge near the fountain and the park's main entrance. Additionally, Wonder Woman: Lasso of Truth debuted in June 2019, located just next to the old Axis Chemical building.

Metropolis
Themed after Metropolis from Superman. In summer 2016, permits were released for a Justice League: Battle for Metropolis dark ride to be placed where Batman and Robin: The Chiller once stood. The area surrounding Justice League: Battle for Metropolis was rethemed to Metropolis. In 2018, Cyborg Cyber Spin opened in the Metropolis area.

Lakefront
Lakefront, as its name suggests, is found right on the lake in the back of the property. The rides and structures in Lakefront all have a nautical theme. The section also includes an Asian-themed eatery (formerly branded as a Panda Express).

Frontier Adventures
Previously known as "Best of the West" and "Rootin' Tootin' Rip Roarin'", Frontier Adventures is the park's western-themed section. It is home to the Fort and the Best of the West restaurant, as well as some of the park's rides.

It stands on the former location of the Super Teepee and the Conestoga Wagon.

Bugs Bunny National Park
Bugs Bunny National Park opened in 2006 along with El Toro. It has a series of camp-themed rides, all in a rustic area on the lake. Attractions include Bugs Bunny Camp Carousel, Bugs Bunny National Water Park Tower, Bugs Bunny Ranger Pilots, Daffy Duck's Hot Air Balloons, Porky Pig Camp Wagons, and Wile E. Coyote Canyon Blaster.

Plaza del Carnaval
This area was originally part of Frontier Adventures, and was also called "Hernando's Hideaway" for the opening of Rolling Thunder. This section of the park has heavy Spanish influences, including music, lights, and various structures including the station for El Toro. The whole area is very festive and is filled with vibrant colors, stucco buildings, and Spanish tile roofs.

The Golden Kingdom
The Golden Kingdom opened in 2005 with Kingda Ka on what was Bugs Bunny Land, the park's old kiddie-section. This section of the park is themed with many bamboo plants, stone temples, and more. It is also home to three llamas, which are near the entrance to the area on Aldabra Island, formerly home to Aldabra tortoises.

Boardwalk
Previously Fortune Festival, the boardwalk section of Great Adventure has games commonly found on boardwalks, boardwalk restaurants, and many of the park's larger flat rides. This area of the park was also previously themed as Edwards Air Force Base, and many of the theme elements from then still exist now, including "latrines. The section also has a slight boardwalk-influence to its rides.

Fright Fest
During the Halloween season, Six Flags Great Adventure is redecorated with spider webs, smoke machines, and other Halloween related decorations. Actors dress up in scary costumes and walk around to frighten guests, as they once did at the Haunted Castle. Fright Fest typically begins at 6:00 PM, as the zombies parade to a stage to kick off "fright by night." The park does not recommend the nighttime activities for children 13 or under. Fright Fest attracts some of the heaviest crowds of the year, and becomes more and more crowded as the date draws closer to Halloween.

One of the most popular attractions at Fright Fest every year is the theatrical production of Dead Man's Party, a live dance show with popular music that draws hundreds of viewers for every showing and has attained an almost cult-like local following.

The seasonal event includes upcharge walk-through haunted attractions. Recurring attractions include The Manor, Fears, Wicked Woods, Blood Shed, Big Top Terror, Cell Block 6, and Aftermath. Areas of the park known as "scare zones" include free-roaming zombies are The Bloody Fountain (Main Street), Demon District (Movietown), CarnEvil (Boardwalk), Lady Of The Lake Cemetery (Lakefront), and Bone Butcher Terror-tory (Frontier Adventures).

Holiday in the Park
During the Christmas season, Six Flags Great Adventure is redecorated with Christmas related decorations. During this season, only the Main Street, Adventure Alley, Fantasy Forest, Boardwalk, The Pine Barrens, Jr.Trill seekers, Metropolis, and Movie Town sections of the park remain open.

Awards
Many of Six Flags Great Adventure's most thrilling roller coasters have placed in Amusement Today annual Golden Ticket Awards. Below is a table with coasters at Great Adventure and their highest ranking in the Golden Ticket Awards.

In 2012, Six Flags Great Adventure, along with the Garden State Film Festival, was awarded the Tourism Achievement Award. Both were presented the award for their contributions to improving the economy of the bi-county area through the use of tourism.

Attendance
Although Six Flags does not release attendance figures, the Themed Entertainment Association (TEA) and other theme park industry analyst companies estimate attendance numbers for the park.

title: Six Flags Great Adventure


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Talk:Who Moved My Cheese?

rich guy enslave the ppl propaganda
. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ff7777 (talk • contribs) 13:37, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Who Moved My Cheese?


text:
Bus depot

Bus depot may refer to:

 * Bus garage, where buses are stored and maintained
 * Bus station, where buses stop to pick up and drop off passengers

title: Bus depot


text:
Waiting room

A waiting room or waiting hall is a building, or more commonly a part of a building or a room, where people sit or stand until the event or appointment for which they are waiting begins.

There are two types of physical waiting room. One has individuals leave for appointments one at a time or in small groups, for instance at a doctor's office, a hospital triage area, or outside a school headmaster's office. The other has people leave en masse such as those at railway stations, bus stations, and airports. Both examples also highlight the difference between waiting rooms in which one is asked to wait (private waiting rooms) and waiting rooms in which one can enter at will (public waiting rooms).

There are also digital waiting rooms that operate within on-line video conferencing applications such as Zoom developed by Zoom Video Communications. This is a virtual waiting room where participants can be held until such time as the host allows them to enter the meeting.

Order in private rooms
People in private waiting rooms are queued up based on various methods in different types of waiting rooms. In hospital emergency department waiting areas, patients are triaged by a nurse, and they are seen by the doctor depending on the severity of their medical condition. In a doctor's or dentist's waiting room, patients are generally seen in the order in which their appointments are for, with the exception of emergency cases, which get seen immediately upon their arrival. In Canada, where there is publicly-provided health care, controversy has arisen when some important people or celebrities have jumped the line (which is supposed to be based on the appointment order or by severity of condition). In some government offices, such as motor vehicle registration offices or social assistance services, there is a "first-come, first-served" approach in which clients take a number when they arrive. The clients are then seen in the order of their number. In the 2010s, some government offices have a triage-based variant of the first-come, first-served approach, in which some clients are seen by the civil servants faster than others, depending on the nature of their service request and/or the availability of civil servants. This approach can lead to frustration for clients who are waiting, because one client who has been waiting for 30 minutes may see another client come in, take a number, and then be seen within five minutes.

In car repair businesses, clients typically wait until their vehicle is repaired; the service manager can only give an estimate of the approximate waiting time. Clients waiting in the entrance or waiting area of a restaurant for a table normally are seated based on whether they have reservations, or for those without reservations, on a first-come, first-served approach; however, important customers or celebrities may be put to the front of the line. In restaurants, customers may also be able to jump the line by giving a large gratuity or bribe to the maitre d'hotel or head waiter. Some restaurants which are co-located with or combined with a retail store or gift shop ask customers who are waiting for a table to browse in the merchandise section until their table's availability is announced on a PA system or via a pager; this strategy can lead to increased purchases in the retail part of the establishment. One combination restaurant/store is the US Cracker Barrel chain. Some restaurants ask customers who are waiting for a table to sit in the restaurant's bar or its licensed lounge area; this approach may lead to increased sales of alcoholic beverages.

Waiting rooms may be staffed or unstaffed. In waiting rooms that are staffed, a receptionist or administrative staffer sits behind a desk or counter to greet customers/clients, give them information about the expected waiting period, and answer any questions about their appointment time or the appointment process. In doctors' or dentists' waiting rooms, the patients may be able to make additional appointments, pay for appointments, or deal with other administrative tasks with the receptionist or administrator. In police stations, check cashing stores, and some government waiting rooms, the receptionist or administrator is behind a plexiglass barrier, with either small holes to permit communication, or, in higher-security settings, a microphone and speaker. In reception areas with a plexiglass barrier, there may be a heavy-duty drawer to enable the client to provide money or papers to the receptionist and for the receptionist to provide documents to the client. The plexiglass barrier and the drawer system help to protect the receptionists from aggressive or potentially violent clients.

Amenities
Most waiting rooms have seating. Some have adjacent toilets. It is not uncommon to find vending machines in public waiting rooms or newspapers and magazines in private waiting rooms. Also common in waiting rooms in the United States or in airports are public drinking fountains. Some waiting rooms have television access or music. The increasing prevalence of mobile devices has led to many waiting rooms providing electric outlets and free Wi-Fi Internet connections, though cybersecurity is a concern as unsecured connections may be vulnerable to attack, tampering, or even simply by piggybacking users who are within range but not waiting. Sometimes found in airports and railway stations are special waiting rooms, often called "lounges", for those who have paid more. These will generally be less crowded and will have superior seating and better facilities. Waiting rooms for high-end services may provide complimentary drinks and snacks.

In fiction
The films Brief Encounter and The Terminal use waiting rooms as sets for a large part of their duration. They are used elsewhere in the arts to symbolize waiting in the general sense, to symbolize transitions in life and for scenes depicting emptiness, insignificance or sadness. In the play No Exit, by French existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, several strangers find themselves waiting in a mysterious room, where they each wonder why; finally, they each realize that they are in Hell, and that their punishment is being forced to be with each other ("L'enfer, c'est les autres", which translates as "Hell is other people").

In the 2010 Bollywood film The Waiting Room, directed by Maneej Premnath and produced by Sunil Doshi, four passengers waiting in a remote South Indian railway station are stranded there on a rainy night. A serial killer is on the prowl, targeting the passengers of the waiting room, creating intense fear among them.

In video games
The term "waiting room" also extends to the realm of video games as a similar virtual waiting area where players for an online multiplayer game are placed into while waiting for all remaining players for a game session to be present. A virtual waiting room may be a mere, static loading screen (such as the waiting screens in the mobile game Star Wars: Force Arena), or a playable environment in of itself where readied players can practice their skills to pass the time needed for all players to come onboard to begin the session, such as a dedicated "waiting room" arena in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and its subsequent sequels, where players can practice their fighting moves with their chosen character while waiting for other players to arrive.

title: Waiting room