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Maritime museum

A maritime museum (sometimes nautical museum) is a museum specializing in the display of objects relating to ships and travel on large bodies of water. A subcategory of maritime museums are naval museums, which focus on navies and the military use of the sea.

The great prize of a maritime museum is a historic ship (or a replica) made accessible as a museum ship, but as these are large and require a considerable budget to maintain, many museums preserve smaller or more fragile ships or partial ships within the museum buildings. Most museums exhibit interesting pieces of ships (such as a figurehead or cannon), ship models, and miscellaneous small items associated with ships and shipping, like cutlery, uniforms, and so forth.

Ship modellers often have a close association with maritime museums; not only does the museum have items that help the modeller achieve better accuracy, but the museum provides a display space for models larger than will comfortably fit in a modeller's home, and of the museum is happy to take a ship model as a donation. Museums will also commission models.

There are thousands of maritime museums in the world. Many belong to the International Congress of Maritime Museums, which coordinates members' efforts to acquire, preserve, and display their material. There is a risk that too many maritime museums might dilute the experience for the public, while a poorly managed museum might put other municipalities off from the idea of hosting such a museum.

At 80 acre the Chatham Historic Dockyard in Kent, UK can lay claim to being the largest maritime museum in the world, incorporating numerous dockyard buildings, including a 1/4 mile long ropewalk, spinning rooms, covered slips, dry docks, smithery, sail loft, rigging house, mould loft, church, as well as three historic warships, it is the best preserved dockyard from the Age of Sail. However, the UK's National Maritime Museum in Greenwich is also a contender, with many items of great historical significance, such as the actual uniform worn by Horatio Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar. The largest in the United States of America is 19 acre, Mystic Seaport in Mystic, Connecticut; it preserves not only a number of sailing ships, but also many original seaport buildings, including a ship chandlery, sail loft, ropewalk, and so forth.

A recent activity of maritime museums is to build replicas of ships, since there are few survivors that have not already been restored and put on display. Another is operating a museum harbour, most notably in Germany and the Netherlands but elsewhere too, that offers mooring to privately owned historical vessels, which can be watched but not boarded.

Preservation of ships
The preservation of ships in museums ensures that ancient and historic vessels are preserved for posterity in optimum conditions and are available for academic study and for public education and interest.

Remains of ancient and historic ships and boats can be seen in museums around the world. Where a ship is in a good state of preservation it can sometimes act as a museum in its own right. Many museum ships, such as HMS Victory are popular tourist attractions. Some ships are too fragile to be exposed outdoors or are incomplete and must be preserved indoors. The remains of the Mary Rose for example are kept in a purpose designed building so that conservation treatment can be applied.

In some cases, archaeologists have discovered traces of ships and boats where there are no extant physical remains to be preserved, such as Sutton Hoo, where museum displays can show what the vessel would have looked like, although the vessel itself no longer exists.

Africa

 * Admiral Nevelskoi Maritime Museum, Admiral Nevelskoi Yacht, Mauritius
 * Alexandria Maritime Museum, Alexandria, Egypt
 * Musée de la Mer, Gorée, Senegal
 * Oceanographic Museum of Salammbô, Carthage, Tunisia
 * South African Naval Museum, Simon's Town, South Africa

Asia

 * AIMS Museo Maritimo, Pasay, Philippines
 * Brunei Darussalam Maritime Museum, Kota Batu, Brunei
 * Evergreen Maritime Museum, Taipei, Taiwan
 * Hoods Tower Naval Museum, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
 * Hong Kong Maritime Museum, Central, Hong Kong, China
 * Kure maritime Museum, Kure, Japan
 * Kursura Submarine Museum, Visakhapatnam, India
 * Kobe Maritime Museum, Kobe, Japan
 * Maritime Museum, Macau, China
 * Maritime Museum, Malacca, Malaysia
 * Maritime Museum, Tranquebar, India
 * Maritime Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
 * Maritime Museum of Kuwait, Kuwait City, Kuwait
 * Museum of Maritime Science, Tokyo, Japan
 * National Maritime Museum, Busan, South Korea
 * National Maritime Museum, Galle, Sri Lanka
 * Naval Aviation Museum, Vasco da Gama, India
 * Pakistan Maritime Museum, Karachi, Pakistan
 * Quanzhou Maritime Museum, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
 * Sea Culture Museum, Okinawa, Japan
 * Tamkang University Maritime Museum, New Taipei, Taiwan
 * Visakha Naval Maritime Museum, Visakhapatnam, India
 * YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Oceania

 * Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, Australia
 * Maritime Museum of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
 * Maritime Museum of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
 * National Maritime Museum, Auckland, New Zealand
 * Queensland Maritime Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 * Sydney Heritage Fleet, Sydney, Australia
 * Torpedo Bay Navy Museum, Auckland, New Zealand
 * Western Australian Maritime Museum, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia

Europe

 * Aalborg Søfarts- og Marinemuseum, Aalborg, Denmark
 * Aberdeen Maritime Museum, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * Central Naval Museum, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
 * Chatham Historic Dockyard, Chatham, Kent, England, United Kingdom
 * Cité de la Mer, Cherbourg-Octeville, France
 * Danish Maritime Museum, Kronborg Castle, Helsingør, Denmark
 * Dutch Navy Museum, Den Helder, Netherlands
 * Estonian Maritime Museum, Tallinn, Estonia
 * Fisheries and Maritime Museum, Esbjerg, Denmark
 * Forum Marinum, Turku, Finland
 * Fries Scheepvaart Museum, Sneek, Netherlands
 * Galata Museo del Mare, Genoa, Italy
 * German Maritime Museum, Bremerhaven, Germany
 * German Naval Museum, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
 * Hull Maritime Museum, Kingston upon Hull, England, United Kingdom
 * Internationales Maritimes Museum, Hamburg, Germany
 * Istanbul Naval Museum, Istanbul, Turkey
 * Jersey Maritime Museum, Saint Helier, Jersey
 * The Frigate Jylland, Ebeltoft, Denmark
 * Kiel Maritime Museum, Kiel, Germany
 * Lancaster Maritime Museum, Lancaster, England, United Kingdom
 * Lowestoft Maritime Museum, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom
 * Malta Maritime Museum, Birgu, Malta
 * Marinemuseet, Karljohansvern, Horten, Norway
 * Marinmuseum, Karlskrona, Sweden
 * Maritime Center Vellamo, Kotka, Finland
 * Maritime Museum, Stockholm, Sweden
 * Maritiman, Gothenburg, Sweden
 * Maritime Museum of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
 * Maritime Museum Ria de Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain
 * Maritime Museum Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
 * Merseyside Maritime Museum, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
 * Musée national de la Marine, Paris, France
 * Musée national de la Marine in Brest, Brest, France
 * Musée national de la Marine in Port-Louis, Port-Louis, France
 * Musée national de la Marine in Rochefort, Rochefort, France
 * Musée national de la Marine in Toulon, Toulon, France
 * Musée Mer Marine Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
 * Museo Naval de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
 * Museo Storico Navale, Venice, Italy
 * Technical Naval Museum, La Spezia, Italy
 * Museu de Marinha, Lisbon, Portugal
 * Museum of Military History of the Black Sea Fleet, Sevastopol, Ukraine
 * Museum of the World Ocean, Kaliningrad, Russia
 * Museum of the Sea, Cascais, Portugal
 * National Maritime Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
 * National Maritime Museum, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom
 * National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk, Poland
 * National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England, United Kingdom
 * National Maritime Museum of Ireland, Dún Laoghaire, Ireland
 * National Maritime Museum, Szczecin, Poland
 * Naval Museum of the Northern Fleet, Murmansk, Russia
 * Northern Maritime Museum, Arkhangelsk, Russia
 * Oceanographic Museum of Monaco
 * Passage West Maritime Museum, Cork, Ireland
 * Rauma Maritime Museum, Rauma, Finland
 * Royal Danish Naval Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark
 * Schifffahrtsmuseum Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
 * Scottish Maritime Museum, Irvine, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * Southampton Maritime Museum, Southampton, England, United Kingdom
 * Vasa Museum, Stockholm, Sweden
 * Vikin Maritime Museum, Reykjavík, Iceland
 * Westfjords Heritage Museum, Ísafjörður, Iceland

North America
The Council of American Maritime Museums serves as network for museum professionals in North America.
 * Battleship USS Iowa Museum, Los Angeles, California, USA
 * Bermuda Maritime Museum, Sandys Parish, Bermuda
 * Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, Buffalo, New York, USA
 * Calvert Marine Museum, Solomons, Maryland, USA
 * Camden Shipyard & Maritime Museum, Camden, New Jersey, USA
 * Columbia River Maritime Museum, Astoria, Oregon, USA
 * Coral World Ocean Park, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
 * Dossin Great Lakes Museum, Detroit, Michigan, USA
 * Florida Maritime Museum, Cortez, Florida, USA
 * Great Lakes Floating Maritime Museum, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
 * H. Lee White Marine Museum, Oswego, New York, USA
 * Hampton Roads Naval Museum, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
 * Herreshoff Marine Museum, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
 * Historic Ships in Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
 * Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
 * Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum, New York City, USA
 * Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, Basin Harbor, Vermont, USA
 * Long Island Maritime Museum, Long Island, New York, USA
 * Los Angeles Maritime Museum, Los Angeles, California, USA
 * Maine Maritime Museum, Bath, Maine, USA
 * Mariners' Museum, Newport News, Virginia, USA – National Maritime Museum
 * Maritime Heritage Centre, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada
 * Maritime Museum, Belize City, Belize
 * Maritime & Seafood Industry Museum, Biloxi, Mississippi, USA
 * Maritime Museum of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
 * Maritime Museum of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
 * Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Maritime Museum, San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, California, USA
 * Museo Naval México, Veracruz, Mexico
 * Mystic Seaport, Mystic, Connecticut, USA
 * National Museum of Naval Aviation, Pensacola, Florida, USA
 * National Museum of the United States Navy, Washington, D.C., USA
 * Nauticus, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
 * Naval Undersea Museum, Keyport, Washington, USA
 * Naval War College Museum, Newport, Rhode Island, USA
 * New Bedford Whaling Museum, New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
 * PT Boat Museum, Fall River, Massachusetts, USA
 * Salem Maritime National Historic Site, Salem, Massachusetts, USA
 * Santa Barbara Maritime Museum, Santa Barbara, California, USA
 * Site historique maritime de la Pointe-au-Père, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
 * South Street Seaport, New York City, USA
 * Tahoe Maritime Museum, Homewood, California, USA
 * Tuckerton Seaport, Tuckerton, New Jersey, USA
 * United States Naval Academy Museum, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
 * U.S. Navy Submarine Force Library and Museum, Groton, Connecticut, USA
 * USS Constitution Museum, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
 * Vancouver Maritime Museum, Vancouver British Columbia, Canada
 * Wisconsin Maritime Museum, Manitowoc, Wisconsin, USA
 * National Museum of the Great Lakes, Toledo, Ohio, USA
 * Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum, Whitefish Point Light, Michigan, USA
 * Ships of the Sea Maritime Museum, Savannah, Georgia, USA

South America

 * Mar del Plata Museum of the Sea, Mar del Plata, Argentina
 * Museo Nao Victoria, Punta Arenas, Chile
 * Museu Nacional do Mar, São Francisco do Sul, Brazil
 * Museu Náutico, Rio Grande, Brazil
 * Museu Naval, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * Museum of the Sea, Bogotá, Colombia
 * Museum of the Sea, La Barra, Uruguay
 * Naval Museum of Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
 * Naval Museum of Peru, Callao, Peru

title: Maritime museum


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AMR

Amr or AMR may refer to:

Science, environment and medicine

 * Antimicrobial resistance, of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites) to antimicrobials
 * Anisotropic magnetoresistance, resistance varying with magnetic field
 * Accelerating Moment Release, an earthquake precursor
 * Advanced Modular Reactor, a proposed Small modular reactor design

Information technology

 * Abstract Meaning Representation, a semantic annotation framework for natural language text
 * Audio/modem riser, on a computer motherboard
 * Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec for speech coding
 * Adaptive mesh refinement in numerical analysis
 * AMR radiotelephone network (Czechoslovakia) (in Czech, Automatizovaný městský radiotelefon)
 * Automatic meter reading, for utility meters
 * Autonomous mobile robot, portable robots used in industrial applications

Companies

 * Abbingdon Music Research, a UK audio manufacturer
 * American Medical Response, a private ambulance operator
 * AMR Corporation, former parent company of American Airlines
 * Arcata and Mad River Railroad

Financial

 * Applicable Margin Reset, a procedure for changing the interest rate on CLOs

People

 * Amr (name), an Arabic male given name

Military

 * AMR 35, a French light tank
 * Andrew Mlangeni Regiment, an infantry regiment of the South African Army
 * Anti-materiel rifle, high caliber rifle

Other uses

 * Advanced meat recovery or mechanically recovered meat
 * amr, ISO 639-3 code for the Amarakaeri language of Peru
 * Amersham station, UK National Rail Code
 * Àmr, the seventh solo album by progressive black metal musician Ihsahn
 * Aston Martin Racing, UK motor racing team

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AMR


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Audio/modem riser

The audio/modem riser (AMR) is a riser expansion slot found on the motherboards of some Pentium III, Pentium 4, Duron, and Athlon personal computers. It was designed by Intel to interface with chipsets and provide analog functionality, such as sound cards and modems, on an expansion card.

Technology
Physically, it has two rows of 23 pins, making 46 pins total. Three drawbacks of AMR are that it eliminates one PCI slot, it is not plug and play, and it does not allow for hardware accelerated cards (only software-based).

Technologically, it has been superseded by the Advanced Communications Riser (ACR) and Intel's own communications and networking riser (CNR). However, riser technologies in general never really took off. Modems generally remained as PCI cards while audio and network interfaces were integrated on to motherboards.

title: Audio/modem riser


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Carl Stokes

Carl Burton Stokes (June 21, 1927 – April 3, 1996) was an American politician and diplomat of the Democratic Party who served as the 51st mayor of Cleveland, Ohio. Elected on November 7, 1967, and taking office on January 1, 1968, he was one of the first black elected mayors of a major U.S. city.

Early life
Stokes was born in Cleveland's Central neighborhood, the son of Louise (Stone) and Charles Stokes, a laundryman who died when Carl was around two or three years old. He and his brother, politician Louis Stokes, were raised by their mother at the CMHA's Outhwaite Homes. Stokes was a strong student, but in 1944, he dropped out of high school and took up work at Thompson Products (later TRW). At 18, he joined the U.S. Army and returned to Cleveland after his discharge in 1946. After earning his diploma at East Technical High School the following year, Stokes, who was inspired by civil rights activist Paul Robeson, decided to pursue a career in public service. After attending several colleges, he earned his bachelor's degree in 1954 from the University of Minnesota. In 1956, he graduated from Cleveland-Marshall College of Law and in 1957, was admitted to the Ohio State Bar Association. While studying law, he served as a probation officer. He served as assistant prosecutor for four years, eventually becoming a partner in the law firm of Stokes, Stokes, continuing that practice into his political career; it was successful after one year.

Career
Stokes served in the Ohio House of Representatives. He narrowly lost a bid for mayor of Cleveland in 1965. His victory two years later drew national attention, as he was the first black mayor of one of the ten biggest cities in the United States.

A charismatic political figure, Stokes had the ability to mobilize both black and white voters. With a 50.5% margin, he defeated Seth Taft, the grandson of former President William Howard Taft in 1967. At the time of his election, Cleveland was a majority white city with a 37% black population. A crucial part of his support came from local businessmen. After his election, Stokes said, "I can find no more fitting way to end this appeal, by saying to all of you, in a more serious and in the most meaningful way that I can, that truly never before have I ever known to the extent that I know tonight, the full meaning of the words, 'God Bless America', thanks a lot."

As mayor, Stokes "opened city hall jobs to blacks and women." He was known as a strong administrator and reformer, and is remembered for his vision and motivation. Stokes feuded with City Council and the Police Department for much of his tenure. He also initiated Cleveland: Now!, a public and private funding program aimed at the revitalization of Cleveland neighborhoods. Despite fallout over the Glenville shootout, Stokes pulled through and was reelected in 1969. As mayor, he also played a pivotal role in the effort to restore Cleveland's Cuyahoga River in the aftermath of the river fire of June 1969 that brought national attention to the issue of industrial pollution in Cleveland.

Stokes received the "NNPA Award," highest honor of the National Newspaper Publishers Association in 1971.

After his mayoral administration, Stokes gave lectures to colleges around the country. In 1972, he became the first black anchorman in New York City after securing a job with WNBC-TV. While at WNBC New York, Stokes won a New York State Regional Emmy for excellence in craft, for a piece about the opening of the Paul Robeson play, starring James Earl Jones on Broadway. In 1979, he briefly visited Cleveland to endorse Mayor Dennis Kucinich in the 1979 Cleveland mayoral election, warning that "if Voinovich wins, the Democrats might as well forget about the state of Ohio in 1980." After accusing NBC of failing to promote him to a national brief, he returned to Cleveland in 1980 and took up a stint with United Auto Workers, serving as general legal counsel.

Stokes became a municipal judge in Cleveland in 1983. Subsequently, President Bill Clinton appointed him U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Seychelles in 1994. Stokes received several civic awards, 12 honorary degrees, and served as a U.S. representative "on numerous goodwill trips abroad by request of the White House." He was elected the first black president of the National League of Cities in 1970.

Stokes was diagnosed with cancer of the esophagus while serving as Ambassador to the Seychelles and placed on medical leave. He returned to Cleveland and died at the Cleveland Clinic. His funeral was held at Cleveland Music Hall, presided over by the Rev. Otis Moss. The funeral was carried on WERE radio. Stokes was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.

Legacy
The US Federal Courthouse Tower in downtown Cleveland, completed in 2002, was named the Carl B. Stokes Federal Court House Building. There are many other buildings, monuments and a street named for his memory within the City of Cleveland including the CMHA Carl Stokes Center, Stokes Boulevard, and the eponymous Carl Stokes Brigade club. Members of the Brigade celebrate his birthday every year at Lakeview Cemetery with gravesite services.

In November 2006, the Western Reserve Historical Society opened an exhibit entitled Carl and Louis Stokes: from Projects to Politics. Focusing on the brothers' early life at the Outhwaite projects, service in World War II, and eventual rise to politics, the exhibit ran until September 2008.

Perhaps Stokes' greatest legacy was his work to save and preserve Cleveland's Cuyahoga River. Of his efforts, the National Park Service wrote:

title: Carl Stokes


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Freyung-Grafenau

Freyung-Grafenau is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Passau, Deggendorf and Regen, the Czech Republic and by Austria.

History
The district was established in 1972, by merging the former districts of Grafenau and Wolfstein. In medieval times Wolfstein (east of the Ilz River) was the property of the bishop of Passau and the site of Wolfstein Castle, now a schloss. Grafenau (west of the Ilz River) successively belonged to different countries, before it was annexed by Bavaria in 1438. Wolfstein became a part of Bavaria two years after the dissolution of the clerical states in Germany (1803).

Geography
Freyung-Grafenau is the easternmost district of Bavaria. It is located in the southern part of the Bavarian Forest and is partially occupied by the Bavarian Forest National Park. The source of the Ilz River is situated in the district.

Coat of arms
The wolf represents the area of Wolfstein, while the bear stands for Grafenau (as it was ruled from the castle of Bärnstein, and Bär means "bear"). At the bottom sits the blue and white lozengy pattern of Bavaria.

title: Freyung-Grafenau


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AC'97

AC'97 (Audio Codec '97; also MC'97 for Modem Codec '97) is an audio codec standard developed by Intel Architecture Labs and various codec manufacturers in 1997. The standard was used in motherboards, modems, and sound cards.

The specification covers two types of components, and the AC-Link digital interface between them:
 * 1) an AC'97 digital controller (DC97), which is typically built into the southbridge of the chipset, and
 * 2) an AC'97 audio and/or modem codec, available from several vendors, which contains the analog components of the architecture.

AC'97 defines a high-quality, 16- or 24-bit audio architecture with 5.1 surround sound support for the PC. AC'97 supports a 96 kHz sampling rate at 24-bit stereo resolution and a 48 kHz sampling rate at 24-bit stereo resolution for multichannel recording and playback.

Integrated audio is implemented with the AC'97 Codec on the motherboard, a communications and networking riser card, or an audio/modem riser card.

The first shipping system was in the Cyrix MediaGX, in 1997. Intel started shipping the initial I/O Controller Hub support in 1999, and it wasn't until public shaming in 2000, that most PC OEMs started shipping AC'97 audio as the default.

In 2004, Intel released Intel High Definition Audio (HD Audio) which is a successor that is not backward compatible with AC'97. HD Audio has the capability to define up to 15 output channels, but in practice most motherboards provide no more than 8 channels (7.1 surround sound).

Revisions
AC'97 has had several revisions:

 * AC'97 1.x compliant indicates fixed 48 kHz sampling rate operation (non-extended feature set)
 * AC'97 2.1 compliant indicates extended audio feature set (optional variable rate, multichannel, etc.)
 * AC'97 2.2 compliant indicates extended audio, enhanced riser audio support, and optional Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format
 * AC'97 2.3 compliant indicates extended configuration information and optional jack sensing support

AC'97 revision 2.3 enables Plug and Play for the end user. This revision provides means for the audio codec to supply parametric data about its analog interface much like Intel High Definition Audio.

AC-Link
The AC-Link is a digital link that connects the DC97 (the controller) with the audio "codecs." It is composed of five wires: the 12.288 MHz clock, a 48 kHz sync signal, a reset signal, and two data wires which carry the actual audio data: sdata_out and sdata_in. The first four are outputs from the controller, while sdata_in carries input from the codec. The link carries a bidirectional serial data stream at a fixed bitrate (12.288 Mbit/s) between the controller and one or more codecs.

Each 12.288 Mbit/s stream is divided into 256-bit frames (frame frequency is 48 kHz). This is therefore a time-division multiplexing scheme.

Every frame is subdivided in 13 slots. The first (slot 0) is 16 bits long and contains validity flags for the remaining slots, while the remaining 240 bits are divided in twelve 20-bit slots (slots 1–12), used as data slots.

Slots 1, 2 and 12 are used for non-audio data, while slots 3–11 carry up to nine channels of raw pulse-code modulation audio signals. Normally, six channels are used for 5.1 surround sound, and three channels are available for modem use. However, slots can be combined to provide a 96 kHz sampling rate for the L, R and C channels.

Lower sample rates (such as 44.1 kHz) are implemented using a handshake protocol between the controller and codec which skips data during certain frames. (This capability depends on the codec. Alternatively, sample rate conversion could be performed in the DC97 (controller) or in the software driver.)

Codec chips
Codec chips have an AC'97 interface on one side and analog audio interface on the other. They are usually small square chips with 48 pins (48-pin QFP package). They are D/A and A/D or only D/A.

 * Analog Devices AD1819B, AD1881A, AD1885, AD1886, AD1887, AD1980, AD1981, AD1981A, AD1985. Since then, ADI have gotten out of the PC Audio business, either obsoleting or selling off devices to Conexant, (which is now Synaptics).
 * AKM (Asahi Kasei Microsystems) AK 4540, 4543, 4544A, 4545
 * Avance Logic (now Realtek) ALC201A, ALC202/A, ALC650, ALC655, ALC658, ALC101, ALC202A, ALC250, ALC850, ALC888
 * Conexant Cx20468 - with a modem,
 * Cirrus Logic CrystalWare 4236, CrystalClear SoundFusion CS4297, CS4299
 * Creative Technology
 * Crystal Semiconductors CS4205, CS4202
 * C-Media CMI9738, 9739, 9761, 9880
 * ESS ES1988 (with a modem)
 * Empia EMP202 (2 channel, 20-bit DAC and 20-bit ADC, full duplex AC'97 2.2 compatible stereo audio CODEC)
 * Integrated Device Technology (IDT)
 * Intersil HMP9701 (obsolete, 48 kHz fixed sample rate)
 * National Semiconductor LM4550, LM49321, LM49350, LM49352
 * Philips UCB 1400 (with touchscreen controller)
 * Realtek ALC5610 ALC5611
 * SigmaTel (now IDT) C-Major STAC 9460 (D/A only), 9461, 9462, 9463, 9200, 9202, 9250, 9251, 9220, 9221, 9223, 9750
 * Silicon Labs Si3036, Si3038, Si3046, Si3048 (modem only, two part chipset consists of Si3024 or Si3025 and Si3012 or Si3014)
 * TriTech Microelectronics TR28022, 28026
 * Yamaha YMF 743, 752, 753
 * VIA VT1612, VT1616 (VIA Six-TRAC Vinyl Audio)
 * Winbond W83971
 * Wolfson Microelectronics WM9701, WM9703, WM9704, WM9705 (w/touchscreen), WM9707, WM9708, WM9709 (DAC only), WM9711, WM9712 (w/touchscreen), WM9713 (w/touchscreen), WM9714

Front panel connector
Computer motherboards often provide a connector to bring microphone and headphone signals to the computer's front panel with standard color jack. Intel provides a specification for that header; the signal assignments are different for AC'97 and Intel High Definition Audio headers.

Operating system support
AC'97 is supported by most operating systems, such as Windows (starting with Windows 95) and Linux. Under DOS, applications access the sound hardware directly instead of through the operating system, and most DOS applications do not support AC'97. 64-bit versions of Windows 7 and later require a third-party driver for AC'97 support.

title: AC'97


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Party platform

A political party platform (American English), party program, or party manifesto (preferential term in British and often Commonwealth English) is a formal set of principal goals which are supported by a political party or individual candidate, to appeal to the general public, for the ultimate purpose of garnering the general public's support and votes about complicated topics or issues. A component of a political platform is often called a plank – the opinions and viewpoints about an individual topic, as held by a party, person, or organization. The word "plank" depicts a component of an overall political platform, as a metaphorical reference to a basic stage made of boards or planks of wood. The metaphor can return to its literal origin when public speaking or debates are actually held upon a physical platform.

In the United Kingdom and certain other countries, the party platform is referred to as the party's "manifesto" or political programme. The manifesto contains election pledges, or election promises. Across the Western world, political parties in power are highly likely to fulfill their election promises, research has found.

Origins
The first known use of the word platform was in 1535. The word platform comes from Middle French plate-forme, literally meaning "flat form". The political meaning of the word to reflect "statement of party politics" is from 1803, probably originally an image of a literal platform on which politicians gather, stand, and make their appeals.

Fulfilling platforms
A 2017 study in the American Journal of Political Science that analyzed 12 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States) found that political parties in government fulfill their election promises to voters to a considerable extent. The study determined that:

"Parties that hold executive office after elections generally fulfill substantial percentages, sometimes very high percentages, of their election pledges, whereas parties that do not hold executive office generally find that lower percentages of their pledges are fulfilled. The fulfillment of pledges by governing executive parties varies across governments in ways that reflect power-sharing arrangements. The main power-sharing arrangement that impacts pledge fulfillment distinguishes between single-party governments and coalitions, not between governments with and without legislative majorities. We found the highest percentages of pledge fulfillment for governing parties in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Canada, most of which governed in single-party executives. We found lower percentages for governing parties in Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Bulgaria, Ireland, and Italy, most of which governed in coalitions. Pledge fulfillment by U.S. presidential parties lies at the higher end of coalition governments, which suggests that U.S. presidents are more constrained than governing parties in single-party parliamentary systems, but less constrained than most governing parties in multiparty coalitions."

Other research on the United States suggests that Democratic Party and Republican Party congresspeople voted in line with their respective party platforms 74 per cent and 89 per cent of the time, respectively.

Famous political platforms

 * The Ninety-Five Theses of Martin Luther in 1517, opposed practices of the Catholic Church at that time (both a religion and a political territory), and led to the establishment of Protestantism
 * Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense (1776) advocated freedom from the rule of Great Britain for the American Colonists and proposed a constitution for the new United States
 * Tamworth Manifesto in 1834, a political manifesto issued by Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, in a run-up to the British general election of 1835 that laid down the principles upon which the modern Conservative Party was founded from the old Tory party.
 * Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx's 1848 Communist Manifesto, called for the abolition of private property and applied a scientific understanding to the development of society through socialism into a society without money-usage, social classes, or state coercion, which would be called "communism"
 * The 1875 Gotha Program of the recently united Social Democratic Party of Germany, subject to a famous critique by Karl Marx
 * Franklin Roosevelt's 1932 New Deal
 * The 1948 United States Democratic Party's platform including civil rights
 * Lyndon Baines Johnson's War on Poverty, 1965
 * The 1993 Liberal Party of Canada Red Book
 * The 1994 Republican congressional Contract with America
 * Mike Harris's 1995 Common Sense Revolution
 * 100-Hour Plan of the United States Democratic Party in 2006
 * Clause IV Socialism, a focus of debate in the UK Labour Party

title: Party platform


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Talk:Nashville, Michigan

who is the mayor of Nashville?

Nashville's Village President is Frank Dunham. Garaudus (talk) 15:30, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Nashville, Michigan


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Oncilla

The oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), also known as the northern tiger cat, little spotted cat, and tigrillo, is a small spotted cat ranging from Central America to central Brazil. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and the population is threatened by deforestation and conversion of habitat to agricultural land.

In 2013, it was proposed to assign the oncilla populations in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina to a new species: the southern tiger cat (L. guttulus), after it was found that it does not interbreed with the oncilla population in northeastern Brazil.

Characteristics
The oncilla resembles the margay (L. wiedii) and the ocelot (L. pardalis), but it is smaller, with a slender build and narrower muzzle. Oncillas are one of the smallest wild cats in South America, reaching a body length of 38 to 59 cm with a 20 to 42 cm long tail. While this is somewhat longer than the average domestic cat, the oncilla is generally lighter, weighing 1.5 to 3 kg. The fur is thick and soft, ranging from light brown to dark ochre, with numerous dark rosettes across the back and flanks. The underside is pale with dark spots and the tail is ringed. The backs of the ears are black with bold white spots. The rosettes are black or brown, open in the center, and irregularly shaped. The legs have medium-sized spots tapering to smaller spots near the paws. This coloration helps the oncilla blend in with the mottled sunlight of the tropical forest understory. The oncilla's jaw is shortened, with fewer teeth, but with well-developed carnassials and canines.

Some melanistic oncillas have been reported from the more heavily forested parts of its range.

Distribution and habitat
The oncilla is distributed from a disjunct population in Costa Rica and Panama, and throughout the Amazon basin to central Brazil. It was recorded in Costa Rica's cloud forests, in the northern Andes at elevations of 1500 to 3000 m and in dry Cerrado and Caatinga landscapes of northern Brazil. In Panama, it was recorded in Darién, and in Volcán Barú National Parks. In Colombia, it was recorded in the Cordillera Occidental at elevations of 1900 to 4800 m in Los Nevados National Natural Park, and in Antioquia Department.

Ecology and behavior
The oncilla is a primarily terrestrial animal, but also an adept climber. It is an obligate carnivore and hunts rodents, lizards, birds, eggs, invertebrates, and occasionally also tree frogs. It stalks its prey from a distance, and once in range, it pounces to catch and kill the prey. It is generally nocturnal, but in areas such as Caatinga, where its main food source consists of diurnal lizards, it is more likely to be active during the day. Young oncillas have been observed to purr, while adults are known to make short, gurgling calls when close to one another.

Reproduction
Estrus lasts from three to nine days, with older cats having shorter cycles. Females give birth to one to three kittens after a gestation of 74 to 76 days. The kittens' eyes open after 8 to 17 days, an unusually long period for a cat of this size. Their teeth erupt more or less simultaneously at around 21 days of age. The kittens do not begin to take solid food until they are 38 to 56 days old, but are fully weaned at the age of three months.

Oncillas reach sexual maturity at around two to two and a half years of age. They have a life span of about 11 years in the wild, but there are records of oncillas reaching an age of 17 years.

Taxonomy
The following are the traditionally recognized subspecies:
 * Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus, eastern Venezuela, Guyana, northeastern Brazil; the nominate subspecies
 * Leopardus tigrinus guttulus, Atlantic forest central and southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, northern Argentina (later recognised as a separate species, the southern tigrina)
 * Leopardus tigrinus oncilla, Central America
 * Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides, western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Although the Central American oncilla is listed as a separate subspecies, based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA, Johnson et al. (1999) found strongly supported differences between L.t. oncilla in Costa Rica and L.t. guttulus in southern Brazil, comparable to differences between different neotropical species. Researchers have argued that there should be a splitting of the oncilla into two species, as there is a pronounced difference in appearance between the oncillas in Costa Rica and those in central and southern Brazil. Further samples of L.t. oncilla are needed from northern South America to determine whether this taxon ranges outside Central America, and whether it should be considered a distinct species rather than a subspecies.

In 2013, genetic research revealed that the former subspecies L. t. guttulus is a separate cryptic species that does not interbreed with the other subspecies, and proposes a classification into two species L. guttulus and L. tigrinus.

A zone of hybridization between the oncilla and the colocolo (Pampas cat) has been found through genetic analyses of specimens from central Brazil.

Results of a morphological analysis of 250 samples of skins and skulls indicate that there are three distinct oncilla groups: namely one in South America's northern, north-western and western range countries, one in eastern and one in southern range countries. Based on these results, the eastern group was proposed to be a distinct species Leopardus emiliae. A further phylogenetic study published in 2021 supported the recognition of a third species.

Threats
The oncilla is mainly threatened by deforestation and poaching. Oncillas are killed for their pelts, which are highly prized and often sold or made into clothing. Reports in 1972 and 1982 in South America showed that the oncilla is one of the four most heavily hunted of all the small wild cats.

Another factor contributing to oncilla mortality is human expansion and conversion of land for settlements. Coffee plantations are most often established in cloud forest habitats, causing the reduction of preferred habitats.

Hybridization of the oncilla with the Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) has been found in the southernmost part of its range; hybridization with the Pampas cat (L. colocola) has also been found in central Brazil. Such hybridization may be a natural process, and the extent of this as a threat to the oncilla is unknown.

Conservation
The oncilla has been classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. It is listed on CITES Appendix I, prohibiting all international commercial trade in oncillas or products made from them. Hunting is still allowed in Ecuador, Guyana, Nicaragua and Peru.

title: Oncilla


text:
Talk:WYSIWYG

Initial sentence
I love the fact that the initial sentence here, before i changed it, misquoted its source, and gave the (oops, my bias is showing) Microsoft definition of wysiwyg, or wysinnifacnwyg: what you see is not necessarily, in fact almost certainly not what you get. wysiwyg means the finished product is exactly, precisely, what you see in an onscreen preview. anything short of this cant be called wysiwyg, and if its hard to implement, the software developer doesnt get to move the bar. see Close enough for government work as a corollary term.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 23:55, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Why?
There is no mention in the article of the why; why wysiwyg was developed, what it is best used for and why. The answer is to avoid exclusivity, i.e. for a web page to be editable by as many people as possible, not just people who know html. Inviting the public to edit internet content and then expecting them to know html is counter productive to the stated aim of inclusiveness, and is disciminatory. Oh wait, that's what Wikipedia does! The truth is that Wikipedia itself with its non-wysiwyg editor is exclusive to a certain type of person with certain skills; everyone else is excluded. Why am I not typing this in a wsyiwig? Will my edit even work? Where will this "new section" appear in the page i am now editing? I don't know. The preview button doesn't show me. What if I want to add a picture? "Oh it looks complicated, don't think I'll bother" or "I don't want to muck up the page" is what people think when they choose not to add relevant content to publicly editable pages. I doubt more than one person in one hundred with applicable knowledge on a subject would edit a non-wysiwyg wiki or web page. ```` — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.241.100.51 (talk) 14:12, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Known problem, see this week released Signpost (our own internal newspaper) here. There are also some new editors in development. mabdul 21:41, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the picture may help to illustrate drawbacks of non-wysisyg approaches. Jochen Burghardt (talk) 17:42, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

I concur with the preceeding comment about exclusivity. Right now, I don't know what I'm doing: whether I am editing the correct part of the page and how what I am typing will appear. I remember complaining about wikipedia not using a wysiwyg way back in '04. Since then I have decided not to bother editing wikipedia approximately several thousand times. Wikipedia is dominated by computer nerds who in my opinion enjoy their exclusive access and wikipedia's content reflects their shared world view. Members of the public should not need to learn html or any other code/tag/language in order to participate in the wikipedia project. This is also the primary reason why I will not give one cent to wikipedia. 101.184.70.188 (talk) 00:36, 5 December 2018 (UTC)
 * This original research is wrong. "a web page to be editable by as many people as possible"… wisywig is way older than the web.  Oh, and Wikipedia never used HTML, it always had its own, much simpler markup language.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jae (talk • contribs) 11:51, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

Etymology
The phrase "what you see is what you get" was coined in 1982 by Larry Sinclair This is just wrong. As noted in another point in the same section, it was a popular catchphrase of the 1960s, via Flip Wilson. Presumably the acronym was coined after the phrase was, but it can't be as late as 1982, if there was really a newsletter titled WYSIWYG in the late 1970s. Joule36e5 (talk) 23:45, 23 July 2013 (UTC) Also, in the previous section, there's a reference to a 1981 ad which uses the phrase. sweecoo (talk) 23:37, 27 October 2013 (UTC)

The current revision says "Seybold and the researchers at PARC were simply ...", which is a dangling reference to some deleted text; Seybold is not currently mentioned anywhere else in the article. The text "The first conference on the topic was organized by Jonathan Seybold ..." was removed as part of the edit of 10:28, 7 February 2009 by JulesH. Joule36e5 (talk) 23:50, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

What You See is All You've Got
Back in the '80s, when WYSIWYG editors were more primitive, hadn't yet supported "formats", and encouraged people to directly manipulate the styling of individual words, proponents of document formatting systems used to deride them as "What You See is All You've Got" -- emphasizing that, unlike with document formatting programs, there was no underlying structure in the document and so no easy way to make consistent changes in presentation. I first heard it from Brian Reid (inventor of Scribe) at Stanford in 1982, and he may well have coined the term, although I see it attributed in print (later) to Brian Kernighan. Evank (talk) 16:37, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

The second hatnote
I personally don't think the second hatnote should be there, for two reasons: I didn't just take it out because I'd like to get some feedback first. Eman 235 / talk 05:39, 24 September 2014 (UTC)
 * 1) VisualEditor is not WYSIWYG, it's WYSIAWYG.
 * 2) How many people are actually going to look this up trying to find VisualEditor?

PDFs are a good example
I believe PDFs are a perfect example of WYSIWYG, kind of their very purpose. I will add this somewhere soon.12think (talk) 13:15, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

Some Office suites are great at WYSIWYG, such as between differing devices, operating systems, applications, when on the web and also when printed
The article suggests that office suites are bad at it, this is inaccurate as some are very good at it. Due to the above, people have varying expectations of WYSIWYG in office suites, can we clarify this in the article? 12think (talk) 00:57, 20 February 2022 (UTC)12think (talk) 01:13, 9 January 2022 (UTC)12think (talk) 13:15, 2 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I removed a sentence that said WYSIWYG is not about printed output, this is a consideration for many.
 * Some office suite vendors state they have great at all round WYSIWYG, presumably as a contrasting selling point to other products, their users have a good understanding of how WYSIWYG applies to office suites, a differing viewpoint to many perhaps.
 * Microsoft Office sucks at WYSIWYG, probably intentionally for vendor lock-in reasons, leading to PDFs (Portable Document Format) being supported by default on just about every device type in the world for the last couple of decades.
 * Microsoft competitors struggle with Microsoft's proprietary file formats, even Microsoft often displays their own documents differently between different Office versions.
 * Microsoft's newer OOXML "transitional" file formats are an unnecessarily "interim" complex specification impeding file interoperability (plus restrictive font licensing, etc, although unrelated here).
 * OOXML "strict" (i.e. the standard), is the standard that Microsoft claimed would be used with Office 2010 onwards, they said this when the OOXML specification was ratified in 2007, but is still not the default even in Office 2021, nor the online version.
 * I believe all web based office suites print via PDF, Microsoft stated in 2021 on their website that their printed output is not the same as on screen, this was in https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/servicedescriptions/office-online-service-description/word-online#print-to-pdf this paragraph has since been edited and a link has been added called "printing a document in Word for the web", this is a broken link unfortunately.
 * Basic: An application is WYSIWYG where the document layout does not change when viewing, editing or printing on the same device.
 * Better: The above, also with "differing printer devices".
 * More useful: All of the above, also with differing operating systems.
 * Ideal: All of the above, when used from multiple office suite applications from competing vendors, citing the success of the world wide web (HTML standards).

title: Talk:WYSIWYG


text:
Oxford University Student Union

The Oxford University Student Union is the official students' union of the University of Oxford. It is better known in Oxford under the branding Oxford SU or by its previous name of OUSU. It exists to represent Oxford University students in the university's decision-making, to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body. The president for the 2024–25 academic year is Addi Haran Diman (Lincoln College).

History
In 1961, the University of Oxford Proctors banned the student magazine Isis from publishing reviews of lectures. Students resisted, and legally incorporated the Oxford University Student Representative Council (OUSRC) for the first time. They then agitated for formal university recognition of the OUSRC, and petitioned the United Kingdom's Privy Council, asking the government to amend the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1859. Rather than risk having its hand forced by legislation, the university relented, and formally recognised the OUSRC in 1970.

The OUSRC adopted its contemporary constitution in 1974, changing its name to the Oxford University Student Union, or OUSU. OUSU rebranded itself as Oxford SU in 2017 to improve its image among students at Oxford.

Membership
Reflecting the collegiate nature of the University of Oxford itself, Oxford SU is both an association of Oxford's more than 21,000 individual students and a federation of the constituent organisations: Junior Common Rooms (JCRs), Middle Common Rooms (MCRs), Graduate Common Rooms (GCRs), and other equivalent organisations that represent undergraduate and graduate students at the university's forty-four colleges and permanent private halls and choose to allocate to the students'union.

Individual students can opt out of membership, although this right is rarely exercised. Individual Common Rooms can also disaffiliate, although few have chosen to do so since Oxford SU started being funded from a block grant from the university rather than through affiliation fees. Oriel College's JCR disaffiliated itself from 2001 to 2010, and again on a temporary basis between January and June 2014; a referendum to disaffiliate permanently failed in 2015. Trinity College's JCR disaffiliated in 2007, holding a referendum on affiliation each year, before reaffiliating in 2014. Christ Church's JCR disaffiliated itself from the Student Union in 2021, with Brasenose JCR voting to disaffiliate from both the SU and NUS in 2023.

Finances
OSSL has its own managing director and board of directors, and the corporation's profits are all remanded to Oxford SU. OSSL's primary activities are: Freshers' Fair, the three-day introduction in Oxford's Examination Schools to clubs and societies, held during Freshers' week; publishing, primarily of handbooks for and by students, but also of The Oxford Student newspaper and Oxide Radio, a student radio station.

Governance
Oxford SU is made up an executive committee, which includes six full-time salaried sabbatical officers, who generally serve in the year following completion of their Final Examinations, although this is not a requirement, and various part-time elected student positions. Also elected are Divisional Board Representatives who represent the students within their Division.

Oxford SU Council acts as the sovereign body of the Student Union, and has over 150 eligible voting members, specifically: every Oxford SU Executive Officer; every Divisional Board Representative; three representatives from each affiliated JCR; two or three representatives from each affiliated MCR/GCR; three votes representing each of the five Oxford SU Autonomous Liberation Campaigns and one vote representing each SU affiliated campaign. If a JCR, MCR, or GCR has fewer than 100 members, it receives one fewer Council vote. The Chair of Council is elected by the Council itself in each academic term.

In 2021/22, a governance review was conducted by President Anvee Bhutani which changed all six sabbatical officer positions and notably expanded the VP Women position to VP Liberation and Equality.

Campaigns
The 8 student campaigns are independent student lead organisations that work within the SU, which aim to represent, promote the interests of and hold events for self-identifying demographics.

5 are liberation campaigns, which have voting rights in student council and represent marginalised groups.
 * Campaign for Racial Awareness and Equality (CRAE): BAME & POC Students
 * Class Act: Working Class, Low Income, First Generation, State Comprehensive, Care Leaver and Parentally Estranged Students.
 * Disabilities Campaign (DisCam): Disabled Students.
 * LGBTQ+ Campaign: LGBTQ+ Students.
 * Wom*Cam: Women and Non-Binary Students

The remaining 3 are sectional campaigns, which promote specific interests or represent specific groups.
 * International Students Campaign: For International Students
 * It Happens Here (IHH): Anti Sexual Violence.
 * Suspended Students Campaign (SusCam): For Suspended/Rusticated Students

Protests and occupations
Shortly before the formation of OUSU in 1974, agitation commenced within certain sections of the student body for a Central Students Union building by the Student Representative Council, forerunner of OUSU. The university feared that the existence of such facilities would be used for the promotion of student activism. In 1972, during the miners strike, students had offered their rooms to miners picketing Didcot Power Station and had supported staff who went on strike at St Anne's College.

On 5 November 1973, an open meeting called for direct action against the university on the issue of a Central Students Union building. Later that day students marched to the Examination Schools and commenced a sit in, which lasted seven days. The University Registrar sent an open letter to all Junior Members threatening proceedings in the High Court and disciplinary action against those who could be identified. The occupation was ended by students themselves after the university obtained a writ of possession.

OUSU was recognised by the university in early January 1974, and a meeting was held on 29 January with the Vice-Chancellor and others. The Vice-Chancellor made it clear that the university was facing deep cuts and there was no money for a CSU project.

The university was expecting a second occupation and contingency plans were drawn up. The Bursar of St John's College wrote to the President of the Junior Common Room on 11 February noting, "all the talk that is going on at the present time about occupation", and stating that in future the Bursary would be kept locked. It was reported that over £9,000 worth of damage had been done to the Examination Schools during the occupation the previous November. On 7 February an Extraordinary OUSU Council Meeting was held. Sue Lukes, David Aaronovitch and others attempted to defeat a motion stating that it was the position of OUSU not to support any occupation of university premises in furtherance of the CSU campaign. When this motion was put, Lukes and Aaronovitch resigned, the former making a speech condemning Council.

The following day, an anonymous flyer was circulated, headed 'Remember 5 November', it gave warning to the university that "You have had three months and your time is up. Negotiations have failed, talking has failed, OUSU has failed. Come to the Open Meeting on Monday night in the Union Hall. And don't forget your sleeping bag!"

At 9.15 am on Wednesday 13 February approximately 50 or 60 students entered the Indian Institute building in Catte Street shouting that they were occupying it and demanding that the people working there should leave. The 22 staff inside stayed at their desks while the students milled around after first closing the doors. What happened next was the subject of bitter dispute. The university claimed that at around 11.30 am, about 50 volunteers, 'relatively elderly gentlemen' working in the Clarendon Building decided out of concern for their colleagues to enter the building. A secretary let them in through a rear window, and once inside they confronted the intruders, who left in groups through the front door. The spokesman for the university insisted there was no violence, though it was conceded that there was some scrummaging and, 'ears may have been twisted'.

Those supporting the occupiers claimed that the university had set the Oxford University Police upon them who, goaded on by the Proctors, perpetrated acts of violence against the students, and encouraged the police, who were outside, to wade in also. The supporters of the occupiers asserted it was a 'pre-planned and ugly piece of violence'. It was alleged that at least one of the 'relatively elderly gentlemen' was in fact a serving police officer out of uniform, who was identified at a subsequent demonstration.

The university identified those it believed to have been the ringleaders and moved swiftly against them. Eighteen students were charged with an offence under the University Statutes and were required to attend at the Proctor's Office in cap and gown on 21 February under threat of being rusticated if they did not appear. The eighteen included Sue Lukes and another student from Somerville College, three from Magdalen and two each from Pembroke, St John's and Balliol. They were committed for trial at a Disciplinary Court on 11 March, during the Easter vacation. The chairman of the Court was Barry Nicholas, a Professor of Comparative Law. All who attended agreed that the trial was a travesty of justice. Mike Sullivan wrote an open letter describing how the Court decided every procedural point against the defendants; several were expelled for making objections, including Tariq Ali who was acting as a McKenzie friend to some of the defendants. Gordon Day, President of St John's Junior Common Room reported that even Andrew Turek, an ex-President of the university Monday Club and a virulent supporter of disciplinary action being taken against those who occupied University buildings, described the proceedings as a 'farce' and labelled the University Marshall, Mr Skinner, as 'a maniac who should not be allowed on University property'.

On the testimony, mainly, of a University Police Officer, Philip Berry, all of the defendants were convicted of being present at the occupation. It was admitted in Court that the Proctors were present together with other 'employees' of the university and an 'independent contractor' with two of his men. It was conceded that the 'occupation' amounted to nothing more than possession of the stairs and corridors and no violence was at any time offered to University staff. Nevertheless, the eighteen defendants were all sent down with the sentence suspended for one year. A subsequent appeal by thirteen of the defendants failed.

The CSU campaign continued with declining support through the latter half of the 1970s.

1980s: No Platform Referendum
In December 1985 OUSU adopted a No Platform policy following a controversial invitation to Patrick Harrington to speak at the Brasenose Debating Society. The Oxford University Conservative Association organised a petition of almost 700 signatures, more than the minimum requirement, to put the policy to a referendum of the student union's members. In late February 1986, the No Platform policy was overturned by a vote of 3,152 against with 2,246 in favour.

Protests and occupations 1990s to date
Several student groups participated in protests against the introduction of tuition fees from 1998 onwards, with Oxford students playing a major role in the nationwide Campaign for Free Education. Activities included non-payment campaigns, the occupation of Exam Schools in 1998 and of the Development Office in November 1999, several marches and a short-lived blockade of the University Offices. OUSU support for these protests was limited in 1998, but became more formal during the presidency of Anneliese Dodds (1999). Following another occupation of Exam Schools in January 2004, the university pursued disciplinary action against five OUSU sabbatical officers.

In 2001 and 2007, OUSU led protests against speakers at the Oxford Union. In 2001, Kirsty McNeill led a successful protest to stop the visit of Holocaust denier David Irving to the debating society. In 2007, the Oxford Union attracted condemnation again for inviting Irving and BNP leader Nick Griffin to speak at a "free speech forum". The then OUSU President, Martin McCluskey, led a campaign against the visits which attracted attention and support from national anti-fascist organisations, politicians  and media commentators.

Oxford SU has also been mentioned in a Governmental enquiry of freedom of speech in universities due to one of its liberation campaigns disrupting a talk at St John's College organised by a student anti-abortion rights group on abortion in Ireland. A protest started shortly after one of the organisers introduced the speakers and involved chants such as "Pro-life, that's a lie, you don't care if women die". The police were called after one of the protesters got into a minor altercation with a security guard, although no arrests were made and the talk eventually started after 40 minutes.

Both the SU and the anti-abortion rights group later issued statements about the event with the SU stating that "We do not believe that the speakers invited should be hosted without challenge. We were not protesting Oxford Students for Life or their speakers' right to free speech" and also that "bodily autonomy is not up for debate". The anti-abortion rights group called this "a deliberate attempt to shut down discussion and dialogue through harassment and bullying" and later issued a second statement accusing the SU of breaking the law. One of the speakers later wrote an article for the Irish Times on her experiences of the event.

The SU voted on 10 February 2018 to support Oxford university staff's strike action against proposed changes to the University Superannuation Scheme (USS). Oxford University staff union members voted to join 60 other universities in the national strike action, coordinated by the University and College Union (UCU) after a breakdown in its negotiations with the university employers' representative, Universities UK (UUK), over UUK's proposals to remove the defined benefit element of the USS pension scheme.

Student groups affiliated with the SU have led repeated environmental protests in recent years at the University of Oxford. In 2017, the Paradise Papers showed large Oxford and Cambridge Universities' investments in fossil fuels, prompting student union action, including Cambridge Zero Carbon Society and the Oxford Climate Justice Campaign (an OUSU Environment & Ethics campaign) disrupting the annual Oxford-Cambridge boat race, and the OCJC occupation of St John's College, Oxford, to protest its investments in large multinational fossil fuel companies like BP and Shell. In 2021, the Climate League of Oxford and Cambridge was created to lobby colleges for transparency around climate info.

Rashmi Samant
In 2021, Rashmi Samant, pursuing MSc in Energy Systems at Linacre College, became the first Indian president-elect of Oxford SU. Shortly, several Oxford societies condemned her social media posts for harboring racially insensitive, anti-Semitic, and transphobic sentiments and asked her to resign; Samant apologized and facing multiple successful no-confidence motions at individual colleges, obliged.

Afterwards, Abhijit Sarkar, a postdoctoral scholar of history of S. Asia at New College, posted a photo of Samant's parents framed with the slogan of Jai Shri Ram — that has been increasingly used in India, as a nationalistic war-cry to perpetrate communal violence — and claimed them to be celebrating the destruction of a mosque in India; Sarkar also claimed Samant's alumna institution in India to be a hotbed of Islamophobic far-right forces. Samant has since alleged that she was "cyber-lynched" into resigning, and that her critics were motivated by racism. The Hindu Nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party demanded that the university probe into the anti-Hindu atmosphere; Indian Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar supported Samant and even promised to raise the issue with his British counterparts, if required.

The Oxford Hindu, Indian, and South Asian societies dismissed Samant's allegations as part of a "misleading narrative", that fed into the "fundamentally exclusionary and discriminatory" nature of Hindutva. An Indian-origin Hindu student went on to win the by-election.

Danial Hussain
In 2023, the Oxford Student reported that the current president, Danial Hussain, was suspended after allegedly exposing SU staff to gay pornography via Google Drive, as well as revealing that the President had previously been suspended earlier that year over allegations of serious misconduct. Hussain downplayed the allegations, claiming he was a victim of a "prank" by his friends. This followed earlier calls for impeachment after allegations that the President 'lied' about consulting students over rule changes to the SU's Student Council. Hussain was later reinstated to the role after 4 months, with the SU refusing to "comment on confidential HR matters".

List of former presidents

 * 1971 – Emily Wallace (Somerville) was elected OUSRC president, the first president of Oxford students to be officially recognised by the university.
 * 1982 – John Grogan became the first president to succeed in obtaining a seat for students at the university's governing council, in June 1983. He and two other students chosen by OUSU became observers for most of the council's agenda, and this practice was enshrined in the university's Statutes, Decrees, and Regulations.
 * 1985-86 – Matthew Taylor, subsequently became a Liberal Party Member of Parliament and Member of the House of Lords.
 * 1986-87 – Mark Stephens.
 * 1993 – Akaash Maharaj became the first ever visible ethnic minority president and also the first president from overseas (Canada). He helped lead a successful national campaign that thwarted a 1994 government bill to restrict the ability of students' unions to comment on public policy issues and that contributed to the ultimate dismissal from Cabinet of the then Secretary of State for Education, John Patten.
 * 2003 – Will Straw carried out protests against the government's introduction of tuition fees for students, despite his father Jack Straw being a senior member of the government of the day.
 * 2010/11 – David Barclay
 * 2011/12 – Martha Mackenzie
 * 2013/14 – Tom Rutland
 * 2014/15 – Louis Trup
 * 2016 – Becky Howe
 * 2017/18 – Kate Cole
 * 2020 – Nikita Ma (Trinity) is the first East Asian president and the first president from Asia.
 * 2020/21 – Rashmi Samant Elected but then resigned.
 * 2021 – Anvee Bhutani (Magdalen) led the first all women of colour SU sabbatical officer team. She championed net-zero, support for survivors of sexual assault and spearheaded a comprehensive governance review package that was unanimously approved. Bhutani also helped select the next Vice Chancellor of the university.
 * 2023 – Danial Hussain (LMH). The first foundation year student to be elected President.
 * 2024/25 – Addi Haran (Lincoln). The first trans person and DPhil student to be elected President.

Sabbatical Officers
Prior to 2023, the 6 Sabbatical Officers of the SU were: President, VP for Access and Academic Affairs, VP Charities and Community, VP Welfare and Equal Opportunities, VP Women and VP Graduates. A review instigated by President Anvee Bhutani (2021–22) changed this.

Following Bhutani's review, the VP Sabbatical roles were amended with the purpose of increasing inclusion, particularly of postgraduates. The amendment of VP for women sparked controversy, with the post-holder at the time, Ellie Greaves, critiquing the decision. The following months would see Greaves resign from her position.

Amended roles were first elected in 2023.

title: Oxford University Student Union


text:
Talk:Oxford University Student Union

Rashmi Samant
The deleted text should be reinstated. The resignation of a president elect is an important part of the union's history and this appears to be the first time a resignation has happened.

Student newspapers are regularly cited to document events both on this page and in other pages about student unions. In any case, the resignation has received extensive media coverage beyond the student media in Indian newspapers, Indian television and some UK newspapers. Optimusprimenoodles (talk) 18:45, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * , two things upfront:
 * If an edit to an article (in this case the addition of the "Scandal") is reverted, discuss the matter before reinstating it, you might want to see WP:BRD.
 * Are you the same user as Rashmiisarash (talk)? If so, you have to declare it as per WP:SOCK.
 * Regarding the content itself, I believe to be undue, given that it currently makes up a third of the Union's history. Caius G. (talk) 11:46, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * You deleted saying, "doesn't seem like there is any sustained coverage beyond student newspapers and a couple of notices in bigger ones". How do you quantify "sustained" newspaper coverage ? This has been reported in |"The Indian express" and |"The Times" both of which are reliable sources according to WP:RSP.  μ  Talk  16:23, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi, keep in mind that my reversion was 10 days ago when the event didn't get as much attention as it does now (the Times article you link to is from yesterday, the 15th). While I think it would be sensible to wait for further developments given that it involves an otherwise non-notable living person, policy probably mandates the addition of a sentence or two about the event. Caius G. (talk) 18:20, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I believe coverage is clearly warranted given that the matter has now been discussed in the Indian Parliament. This incident has been covered significantly more than many others on this page. Optimusprimenoodles (talk) 08:18, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

 * It does seem to me unduly long for the article. 2603:7000:2143:8500:E8A8:C776:C241:61F9 (talk) 21:07, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

OSSL
The abbreviation OSSL is used just twice on the page, and on neither occasion is its meaning explained. It should be.

Ditto for MPLS.

Does nobody proofread these articles? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.97.62.77 (talk) 19:04, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

I was about to post the same comment, so seconded! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.97.62.77 (talk) 19:13, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

Mtc
Geometry — Preceding unsigned comment added by 197.239.7.34 (talk) 17:09, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

When did the university recognize the union?
The article says "the university relented, and formally recognised the OUSRC in 1970.[citation needed]"

If so, why did we occupy the Examination Schools in 1973 to agitate for recognition? i.e. citation very much needed otherwise I don't believe it! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.97.62.77 (talk) 19:16, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oxford University Student Union


text:
Porky's

Porky's is a 1981 sex comedy film written and directed by Bob Clark about the escapades of teenagers in 1954 at the fictional Angel Beach High School in Florida. The film influenced many writers in the teen film genre and spawned two sequels: Porky's II: The Next Day (1983) and Porky's Revenge! (1985), and an ashcan copy titled Porky's Pimpin' Pee Wee (2009). Porky's was the fifth highest-grossing film of 1982. The film received generally positive reviews at the time of its release, but reviews have become more mixed-to-negative over time.

Plot
In 1954, each boy in a group of Florida high school students plans to lose his virginity. They go to Porky's, a strip club in the Everglades, believing that they can hire a prostitute to satisfy their sexual desires. The club's proprietor, Porky, takes their money but humiliates the boys by dumping them into the swamp. When the group demands their money back, the sheriff, Porky's brother, drives them away but not before he extorts them for the rest of their money, further embarrassing them.

After Mickey, who returned to Porky's for revenge, is beaten so badly he has to be hospitalized, the gang becomes hellbent on exacting revenge on Porky and his brother, eventually sinking Porky's establishment into the swamp. Porky and his men, joined by the sheriff, chase the group, but the boys make it across the county line, out of Porky's brother's jurisdiction, where local police officers and the high school band meet them. One of the officers, Mickey's older brother, Ted, repeatedly damages Porky's Hudson Hornet, promising to drop all charges against Porky for driving an unsafe vehicle if the night's events are forgiven. Because the boys are too young to have been allowed into Porky's legally, Porky and his brother agree.

In a subplot, the boys peep on co-ed students in the girl's locker room shower, and Tommy, Billy, and Pee Wee see several girls showering. Pee Wee gives them away when he shouts at an obese girl, who has been blocking his view, to move so that he can see. While a few girls run out, most stay, finding the situation funny. To test their attitude, Tommy sticks his tongue out through his peephole but gets it smeared with soap. Infuriated, he drops his pants and sticks his penis through the opening just before female coach Beulah Balbricker, who has a running feud with Tommy, walks into the shower area. Spotting the protruding member, she sneaks up on Tommy, grabs his penis, and pulls with all her might. Tommy pulls free and escapes, but Beulah is determined to prove that the offending member, which has a mole on it, belongs to Tommy, going so far as to request that Principal Carter hold a police-type line-up of the boys in the nude so she can identify it. However, Carter balks at her request. As the other basketball coaches laugh, Coach Brackett suggests asking the police to send a sketch artist and hang wanted posters around the school. When that suggestion gets even Carter laughing, Balbricker leaves in a huff. At the end of the film, she sneaks out of the bushes to ambush Tommy and actually drags his pants down, but she is pulled off him by police and dragged away screaming that she saw "it" and that she can identify its owner. Tommy breaks the fourth wall, saying, "Jeez!" to the camera.

Another subplot involves Coach Brackett taking an interest in the attractive coach, Lynn Honeywell. Coach Warren repeatedly refers to Honeywell as "Lassie" while pointing to the equipment room, much to Coach Brackett's confusion. He quickly finds out why when he and Honeywell hide out in the equipment room after an argument with Balbricker, and Honeywell becomes turned on by the scent of the room. This leads to the pair having quickie sex in the room, as Honeywell begins loudly howling like a dog, thus revealing why she is called Lassie. Her orgasmic howls are heard throughout the entire school, much to the students' and Coach Warren's amusement, but not to Balbricker and head coach Goodenough. Brackett and Honeywell are eventually fired as a result.

Production
Bob Clark got the idea to make the film in 1972. It was based on his experiences with five high school friends in Florida in the 1950s. He based the story on actual occurrences at Boca Ciega High School in Gulfport, Florida, and Fort Lauderdale High School in the early 1960s, and on a venue called Porky's Hide Away in Oakland Park, Florida.

Clark teamed up with Roger Swaybill on a film, Breaking Point. When Clark fell ill with mononucleosis in 1979, he dictated the story of Porky's to Swaybill, who then wrote a draft of the script. Every studio in Hollywood turned down the project. Clark eventually obtained financing from Melvin Simon Productions and a Canadian firm, Astral Bellevue Pathe. The film had to be made in Canada to obtain government tax benefits. This meant Clark, who was an American, got sole screen credit as writer. However, Swaybill was reimbursed with a six-figure sum and was co-writer on the sequel.

"It seems incredible to realize that Porky's, which earned more than $200 million worldwide, was done as a tax shelter, but that's the way it was," Swaybill says.

Kim Cattrall took a small role in the film because she needed the money, and was horrified, at first, to see her name at the top of the poster: "People thought it was the end of my career".

Release
Porky's was released in Colorado Springs, Colorado and Columbia, South Carolina, on November 13, 1981. It then received a wide release in Canada and the United States on March 19, 1982.

In Ireland, the film was banned on February 1, 1982; the decision was overturned nineteen days later.

Critical response
Upon its release, Porky's was viewed as "a likeable lowbrow coming-of-age comedy", but the critical appraisal has been more negative since then. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, which collects both contemporary and modern reviews, gives the film a score of 33% based on reviews from 39 critics and an average rating of 4.8/10. The consensus reads, "Gleeful in its misogyny and celebratory of bad behavior, Porky's is an intermittently funny farce that will leave audiences feeling in need of a shower." On Metacritic the film has a score of 40% based on reviews from 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert in their syndicated At the Movies television series both expressed disdain for Porky's and later called it one of the worst films of 1982. In particular, they criticized the film for what they viewed as its objectification and degradation of women and the childish nature of its antagonists, and they disliked that the film took what they felt was a thin, shallow and off-color stance against anti-Semitism. In his print review for The Chicago Sun-Times, Ebert noted that the film's sexual content per se was not the film's failing, but rather the manner it was used: "Even in an easy scene like the one where the guys spy on the girls in the locker room, the director, Bob Clark, blows it. Peeping Tom scenes can be very funny (remember John Belushi on the ladder in Animal House?) Here, it's just smarmy." Siskel would later go on to call it one of the worst films ever made.

Box office
The film grossed $7.6 million for the weekend when it opened wide in 1982. It grossed a total of $106 million in its initial release in the United States and Canada, including $12 million in Canada. It grossed $25–30 million overseas, for a worldwide gross of over $130 million. Although it was written and directed by an American and was filmed in Miami and Miami Beach Florida, Porky's was produced by the Canadian company Astral Media. As a result, Porky's can be classed as the highest-grossing Canadian film of all time in the United States and Canada, with a total of C$111 million by 1999, including $6 million from a 1983 re-issue prior to the release of the sequel.

Including the re-issue, the film grossed $160 million worldwide.

Home media
On May 22, 2007, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released all three films in an "Ultimate Collection" box set on DVD.

The DVD of the film from the "Ultimate Collection" was also released as a stand-alone release called the "One Size Fits All" Edition and includes a retrospective featurette with Bob Clark, a discussion on how Porky's is a comedy classic, movie commentary by Bob Clark, the theatrical trailer, two television spots, trailers for Porky's II: The Next Day and Porky's Revenge!, and the sales pitch for the Porky's video game.

Porky's was released on Blu-ray on September 25, 2012. The bonus material for the Blu-ray is the bonus material from the "One Size Fits All" Edition that focuses on the movie itself. The trailers for Porky's II: The Next Day and Porky's Revenge!, and the Porky's video game sales pitch were not included as bonus materials for the Blu-ray release.

Sequels and additional media
The first two Porky's films were directed by Bob Clark and produced by Harold Greenberg, who founded Astral Communications (now known as Astral Media). Following the success of Porky's in North America and Europe, a sequel, Porky's II: The Next Day, was released in 1983. It was poorly received by critics and was less commercially successful than the original. Bob Clark did not want to make another film in the series, so director James Komack made the third and last part of the saga. The third film, Porky's Revenge!, was the worst-received of the series both critically and commercially. Although it was not originally part of the series, the film Hollywood Zap! was released as a Porky's film in Europe.

A video game based on the film, also titled Porky's, was released for the Atari 2600 and Atari 8-bit computers by 20th Century Fox in 1983.

The movie was mentioned in Young Sheldon, when Sheldon says that Missy is watching it.

Remake
In 2002, Howard Stern acquired the remake rights and has long hoped to produce a remake of the film. The potential remake ran into legal trouble in 2011 when two other production companies stepped forward claiming to own the rights. In 2013, the parties reached a confidential settlement and agreed to dismiss a claim and counterclaim with prejudice. The terms of the settlement remain confidential, and to date, if it allows for Stern's remake to be made is unknown.

A cheap spinoff, Porky's Pimpin' Pee Wee, was made in order to retain the rights for a further seven years and released via video on demand in 2009.

title: Porky's


text:
Joy Fielding

Joy Fielding (née Tepperman; born March 18, 1945) is a Canadian novelist and actress. She lives in Toronto, Ontario.

Biography
Born in Toronto, Ontario, she graduated from the University of Toronto in 1966, with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature. As Joy Tepperman, she had a brief acting career, appearing in the film Winter Kept Us Warm (1965) and in an episode of Gunsmoke. She later changed her last name to Fielding (after Henry Fielding) and began writing novels.

Fielding is also the screenwriter of the television film Golden Will: The Silken Laumann Story.

In the 1980s, she was also a regular contributor of book reviews to Jack Farr's CBC Radio program The Radio Show.

Personal
At the age of 8, Tepperman wrote her first story and sent it into a local magazine, and at age 12 sent in her first TV script, however both were rejected. She had a brief acting career, eventually giving it up to write full-time in 1972. She has published 30 novels and 1 Novella (as of September 2022), two of which were converted into film. Fielding's process of having an idea to the point the novel is finished generally takes a year, the writing itself taking four to eight months.

Fielding sets most of her novels in American cities such as Boston and Chicago. She has said that she prefers to set her novels in "big American cities, [as the] landscape seems best for [her] themes of urban alienation and loss of identity."

Fielding is a Canadian citizen. Her husband is noted Toronto attorney, Warren Seyffert. They have two daughters, Annie and Shannon, and own property in Toronto, Ontario, as well as Palm Beach, Florida.

Interview
Fielding had an interview with the Vancouver Sun in 2007, just after her publication of Heartstopper. She enjoys catching readers off guard with the endings of her stories, but insists that it "isn't what her fiction is about", but rather more about the development of her characters.

Discussing her novels with the Toronto Star in 2008, she said "I might not write fiction in the literary sense. But I write very well.  My characters are good. My dialog is good. And my stories are really involving. I'm writing exactly the kind of books I like to write.  And they're the kind of books I like to read. They're popular commercial fiction. That's what they are."

Audience
Fielding has been noted as a novelist who is more popular in the United States and foreign countries, rather than in her native Canada. For example, the novel Kiss Mommy Goodbye was more popular in the States, and See Jane Run in Germany. In addition, she had an American agent and publisher, although she has now switched to a Canadian publisher.

title: Joy Fielding


text:
Sylvia Fraser

Sylvia Fraser (born Sylvia Lois Meyers; 8 March 1935 – 25 October 2022) was a Canadian novelist, journalist and travel writer. Fraser was educated at the University of Western Ontario. In Fraser's long year career as a journalist, Fraser wrote hundreds of articles, beginning as a feature writer for the Toronto Star Weekly (1957–68), and continuing with articles for many other magazines and newspapers including The Globe and Mail, Saturday Night, Chatelaine, The Walrus and Toronto Life. Fraser taught creative writing for many years at the Banff Centre and at various university workshops.

Fraser participated in extensive media tours, gave lectures and readings throughout Canada, the United States, Britain and Sweden. Fraser served on the Arts Advisory Panel to the Canada Council and was a member of Canada Council's 1985 cultural delegation to China. Fraser was a founding member of the Writers' Union of Canada and for many years was on the executive of the Writers' Trust of Canada, a charitable organization for the support of Canadian authors and literature. Fraser lived in Toronto, Ontario.

Early life and education
Sylvia Lois Meyers was born in Hamilton, Ontario, the second daughter of George and Gladys Meyers. Her father, a former World War One lieutenant, worked for the Steel Company of Canada and her mother was involved in Livingstone United Church and community work. In 1957, Fraser married Russell Fraser, a lawyer. After Toronto Star Weekly ceased publication in 1968, Fraser began writing novels.

Fraser was repeatedly sexually abused by her father from her early childhood to her late teens, which became a recurring topic in several of her fiction and non-fiction works, including Pandora, My Father's House, The Book of Strange, and The Ancestral Suitcase. However, Fraser repressed these memories for most of her life, and did not remember them until Fraser began writing about it in these works.

Career
Fraser's first novel, Pandora, tells the story of a young girl who is sexually abused by the man who delivers bread to her house. It was highly regarded for its prose and launched Fraser's career in Canadian Literature.

In 1983, while lunching with friends Ms. Fraser suddenly and clearly remembered the abuse she had suffered from her father. Afterward, Fraser divested her possessions and moved to California where she spent the next two years writing the book that helped deal with the pain and trauma of the abuse. The resulting memoir, My Father's House (1987), recounts the sexual abuse she was subject to from her father throughout her childhood. The book had multiple hardcover and paperback printings and was translated into eight languages. It won the Canadian Authors Association Literary Award for non-fiction. Scholars have asserted that it sets an exemplary model of the process of surviving trauma.

Her subsequent books, The Book of Strange (1992, since republished as The Quest for the Fourth Monkey) and The Ancestral Suitcase (1996) deal with nonlinear time, reincarnation, and memory.

In addition to her books, Fraser taught creative writing at the Banff Centre for the Arts and wrote profiles for Toronto Life and other magazines. Fraser also ghostwrote memoirs, including Unsinkable (2014), for Olympic rower Silken Laumann, and Open Heart, Open Mind (2015) for Olympic cyclist and speed skater Clara Hughes.

Awards and honours
Women's Press Club, 1967 and 1968.

President's Medal, for Canadian journalism, 1968.

Canadian Authors' Association Non-Fiction Book Award, 1987 for My Father's House.

Feminist Book Fortnight Selection, U.K., 1987. My Father's House.

American Library Association Booklist Medal,1994, for The Quest for the Fourth Monkey.

National Magazine Gold Medal, 1994, 2004, 2005.

National Magazine Silver Medal, 1996 & 2002.

Western Magazine Gold Medal, 2006.

Phoenix Women Rising Award, 2007 inaugural, Sexual Abuse Centre, London.

The Matt Cohen A Writer's Life Award for lifetime literary achievement.

title: Sylvia Fraser


text:
Dagobert of Pisa

Dagobert (or Daibert or Daimbert) (died 1105) was the first Archbishop of Pisa and the second Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem after the city was captured in the First Crusade.

Early life
Little is known of Dagobert's early life, but he is thought to have originally been ordained by Wezilo, Archbishop of Mainz 1084-88, a leading supporter of the emperor in the Investiture Controversy and of the Antipope Clement III. In 1085, Wezilo was excommunicated for simony by the pro-papal synod of Quedlinburg. Dagobert's own name places his origin in Lombardy/Emilia, site of some staunchly imperial cities.

(Arch)bishop of Pisa
By the late 1080s Dagobert had changed sides, becoming close to Countess Matilda of Tuscany, one of the papacy's staunchest supporters. Pope Urban II cancelled Dagobert's irregular ordination and replaced it with a canonical one, and in 1088 made him Bishop of Pisa. Initially, the appointment of a man with such a controversial past attracted hostility. Peter, Bishop of Pistoia, protested to the pope, and the cathedral chapter opposed it, but Urban's continued support allowed Dagobert to establish his authority. He played an active role in Pisa's civic life, for example joining with other notables in 1090 to regulate the maximum height of houses, and by 1092 the clergy were signing his documents. He seems to have become a well-respected figure in Pisa's political and economic life, adopting a practical approach to the problems he faced both in Pisa and later in his career. He remained close to Urban and Matilda, and in 1092 Urban raised the see to an archbishopric on Matilda's recommendation.

Dagobert spent Christmas of 1094 with Pope Urban, and then accompanied him on his pastoral tour of Italy and France, including the Council of Piacenza, held to reassert the pope's authority after the Investiture Controversy, and the Council of Clermont, at which the pope launched the First Crusade. Dagobert then returned to Pisa to preach the crusade, and received enthusiastic support. In 1098 Urban appointed him legate at the court of King Alfonso VI of Castile, and he proved competent in his organisation of the church in the lands recently conquered from the Moors, although he was rumoured to have kept for himself some treasure sent by King Alfonso to the Pope.

Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
Before the end of 1098 Dagobert set out for the east with a lawless Pisan fleet, which made successful raids on Byzantine owned islands and skirmished with the Byzantine navy, before going on to Syria. One of the Crusader leaders, Bohemond of Antioch, was besieging the Byzantine port of Latakia, and Dagobert and the Pisans agreed to help by blockading the port from the sea. However, the other Crusader leaders, who saw the necessity for cooperation with the Byzantine Emperor and eastern Christians, were horrified and persuaded Dagobert to call off the blockade. Bohemund was forced to abandon the siege, and accompanied Dagobert to Jerusalem, arriving on 21 December 1099.

Dagobert's status when he went east is unclear. Many historians believe that Urban had appointed him apostolic legate to the crusade in succession to Adhemar of Le Puy, who died on 1 August 1098. However, Urban himself died on 29 July 1099, and in a letter to the new pope, Paschal II, in September 1099, Dagobert styles himself simply 'archbishop of Pisa'.

Immediately after Christmas, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Arnulf of Chocques, was deposed on the ground that his election had been uncanonical, and with Bohemund's support, Dagobert was elected in his place. Public opinion had always held that the Holy Land should be the patrimony of the church, but Arnulf had been too weak to establish supremacy. Dagobert's position was stronger, as he was (probably) papal legate and had the support of the Pisan fleet. Immediately after his enthronement, Godfrey of Bouillon knelt before him and was invested with the territory of Jerusalem, and Bohemund did the same for Antioch. Baldwin, the future King of Jerusalem, was at this time Lord of Edessa, but he did not pay homage for it to Dagobert, and their relations do not seem to have been good.

Dagobert was anxious to establish the patriarch's power, and he demanded that Godfrey hand over Jerusalem to him. Godfrey partly yielded, and at a ceremony on Easter Day, 1 April 1100, he announced that he would retain possession until his death, or until he conquered two great cities from the infidel, but he bequeathed Jerusalem to the Patriarch. However, Godfrey died in July, when Dagobert was accompanying a campaign against Jaffa under Bohemund's nephew, Tancred, Prince of Galilee, and the Jerusalem knights offered the lordship to Baldwin, who was Godfrey's brother. With the support of Tancred, Dagobert wrote offering the lordship of Jerusalem to Bohemund, but the letter was intercepted and Bohemund was captured by the Turks.

On 11 November, Baldwin assumed the title King of Jerusalem. Dagobert was forced to accept defeat, and Baldwin, bearing in mind his influence over the Pisan fleet, confirmed him in his see. On Christmas Day 1100, Baldwin paid homage to the Patriarch and was crowned as king. The arrival of a Genoese squadron in April 1101 weakened Dagobert's position, as Baldwin no longer depended for sea power on the Pisan fleet. He needed to control the church, as he was always short of money, and pious symphasisers gave their donations to the church. Complaints had been made about the legality of Dagobert's appointment, and when the pope sent a legate, Maurice, Cardinal-Bishop of Porto, to enquire into the situation, Baldwin accused Dagobert of treachery for urging Bohemond to oppose Baldwin's succession. Dagobert bribed Baldwin to drop the complaint. However, in the autumn Dagobert kept the whole of a donation partly intended for the king for his army, and for this the legate deprived him of his position.

Tancred, who now ruled Antioch, welcomed Dagobert to the city, where he put the Church of St George at his disposal. Maurice died in the spring of 1102, and when Baldwin needed Tancred's military help in the autumn, Tancred insisted on Dagobert's restoration as a condition of his assistance. Baldwin agreed, but then a new legate arrived, Cardinal Robert of Paris. Baldwin and Arnulf of Chocques, whom Dagobert had replaced as Patriarch, engineered further charges before a synod under Robert. He was charged with attacking fellow-Christians in his raids on Byzantine islands on his journey to the east, of conspiring to provoke a civil war between Bohemond and Baldwin, and keeping for himself money given for the welfare of pilgrims, and deposed as Patriarch. Tancred again welcomed him to Antioch but did not further press his claim. In Steven Runciman's view, he had shown himself a corrupt and miserly old man, and his departure was not regretted.

Dagobert later went to appeal to Pope Paschal personally. The appeal was successful, and Dagobert was on his way back to reclaim the patriarchate when he died in Messina in Sicily in 1105. Dagobert was replaced during his absence by a priest called Ehremar, and Ghibbelin of Arles succeeded on Dagobert's death. He was succeeded as Archbishop of Pisa by Pietro Moriconi, who may have been elected by the Pisans before Dagobert's death, suggesting that he might have lost support after his long – and pluralistic – absence, but charters in the cathedral archives show that his actions during his tenure were later repeatedly cited and confirmed.

Reputation
Historians have generally been highly critical of Dagobert's conduct in the Holy Land. Steven Runciman in his history of the First Crusade, describes him as vigorous, but vain, ambitious, dishonest and easily influenced. In a 1998 study Michael Matzke defended Dagobert, arguing that his actions as patriarch were motivated by religious idealism, and that he was trying to carry out the intentions of Pope Urban. Historians have strongly disagreed whether this rehabilitation is convincing. Patricia Skinner, in her survey of Dagobert's career, accepts that he acted against canon law, but argues that in the exceptional circumstances of the time, he had to act pragmatically.

The name of the Holy Sepulchre church in Pisa is a reference to Dagobert's participation to the Crusade.

title: Dagobert of Pisa