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Safety

Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected from harm or other danger. Safety can also refer to the control of recognized hazards in order to achieve an acceptable level of risk.

Meanings

The word 'safety' entered the English language in the 14th century. It is derived from Latin salvus, meaning uninjured, in good health, safe.

There are two slightly different meanings of "safety". For example, "home safety" may indicate a building's ability to protect against external harm events (such as weather, home invasion, etc.), or may indicate that its internal installations (such as appliances, stairs, etc.) are safe (not dangerous or harmful) for its inhabitants.

Discussions of safety often include mention of related terms. Security is such a term. With time the definitions between these two have often become interchanged, equated, and frequently appear juxtaposed in the same sentence. Readers are left to conclude whether they comprise a redundancy. This confuses the uniqueness that should be reserved for each by itself. When seen as unique, as we intend here, each term will assume its rightful place in influencing and being influenced by the other.

Safety is the condition of a "steady state" of an organization or place doing what it is supposed to do. "What it is supposed to do" is defined in terms of public codes and standards, associated architectural and engineering designs, corporate vision and mission statements, and operational plans and personnel policies. For any organization, place, or function, large or small, safety is a normative concept. It complies with situation-specific definitions of what is expected and acceptable.

Using this definition, protection from a home's external threats and protection from its internal structural and equipment failures (see Meanings, above) are not two types of safety but rather two aspects of a home's steady state.

In the world of everyday affairs, not all goes as planned. Some entity's steady state is challenged. This is where security science, which is of more recent date, enters. Drawing from the definition of safety, then:

Security is the process or means, physical or human, of delaying, preventing, and otherwise protecting against external or internal, defects, dangers, loss, criminals, and other individuals or actions that threaten, hinder or destroy an organization’s "steady state," and deprive it of its intended purpose for being.

Using this generic definition of safety it is possible to specify the elements of a security program.

Limitations
Safety can be limited in relation to some guarantee or a standard of insurance to the quality and unharmful function of an object or organization. It is used in order to ensure that the object or organization will do only what it is meant to do.

It is important to realize that safety is relative. Eliminating all risk, if even possible, would be extremely difficult and very expensive. A safe situation is one where risks of injury or property damage are low and manageable.

When something is called safe, this usually means that it is safe within certain reasonable limits and parameters. For example, a medication may be safe, for most people, under most circumstances, if taken in a certain amount.

A choice motivated by safety may have other, unsafe consequences. For example, frail elderly people are sometimes moved out of their homes and into hospitals or skilled nursing homes with the claim that this will improve the person's safety. The safety provided is that daily medications will be supervised, the person will not need to engage in some potentially risky activities such as climbing stairs or cooking, and if the person falls down, someone there will be able to help the person get back up. However, the end result might be decidedly unsafe, including the dangers of transfer trauma, hospital delirium, elder abuse, hospital-acquired infections, depression, anxiety, and even a desire to die.

Types
There is a distinction between products that meet standards, that are safe, and that merely feel safe. The highway safety community uses these terms:

Normative
Normative safety is achieved when a product or design meets applicable standards and practices for design and construction or manufacture, regardless of the product's actual safety history.

Substantive
Substantive or objective safety occurs when the real-world safety history is favorable, whether or not standards are met.

Perceived
Perceived or subjective safety refers to the users' level of comfort and perception of risk, without consideration of standards or safety history. For example, traffic signals are perceived as safe, yet under some circumstances, they can increase traffic crashes at an intersection. Traffic roundabouts have a generally favorable safety record yet often make drivers nervous.

Low perceived safety can have costs. For example, after the 9/11 attacks in 2001, many people chose to drive rather than fly, despite the fact that, even counting terrorist attacks, flying is safer than driving. Perceived risk discourages people from walking and bicycling for transportation, enjoyment or exercise, even though the health benefits outweigh the risk of injury.

Perceived safety can drive regulation which increases costs and inconvenience without improving actual safety.

Security
Also called social safety or public safety, security addresses the risk of harm due to intentional criminal acts such as assault, burglary or vandalism.

Because of the moral issues involved, security is of higher importance to many people than substantive safety. For example, a death due to murder is considered worse than a death in a car crash, even though in many countries, traffic deaths are more common than homicides.

Risks and responses
Safety is generally interpreted as implying a real and significant impact on risk of death, injury or damage to property. In response to perceived risks many interventions may be proposed with engineering responses and regulation being two of the most common.

Probably the most common individual response to perceived safety issues is insurance, which compensates for or provides restitution in the case of damage or loss.

System safety and reliability engineering
System safety and reliability engineering is an engineering discipline. Continuous changes in technology, environmental regulation and public safety concerns make the analysis of complex safety-critical systems more and more demanding.

A common fallacy, for example among electrical engineers regarding structure power systems, is that safety issues can be readily deduced. In fact, safety issues have been discovered one by one, over more than a century in the case mentioned, in the work of many thousands of practitioners, and cannot be deduced by a single individual over a few decades. A knowledge of the literature, the standards and custom in a field is a critical part of safety engineering. A combination of theory and track record of practices is involved, and track record indicates some of the areas of theory that are relevant. (In the US, persons with a state license in Professional Engineering in Electrical Engineering are expected to be competent in this regard, the foregoing notwithstanding, but most electrical engineers have no need of the license for their work.)

Safety is often seen as one of a group of related disciplines: quality, reliability, availability, maintainability and safety. (Availability is sometimes not mentioned, on the principle that it is a simple function of reliability and maintainability.) These issues tend to determine the value of any work, and deficits in any of these areas are considered to result in a cost, beyond the cost of addressing the area in the first place; good management is then expected to minimize total cost.

Measures
Safety measures are activities and precautions taken to improve safety, i.e. reduce risk related to human health. Common safety measures include:
 * Chemical analysis
 * Destructive testing of samples
 * Drug testing of employees, etc.
 * Examination of activities by specialists to minimize physical stress or increase productivity
 * Geological surveys to determine whether land or water sources are polluted, how firm the ground is at a potential building site, etc.
 * Government regulation so suppliers know what standards their product is expected to meet.
 * Industry regulation so suppliers know what level of quality is expected. Industry regulation is often imposed to avoid potential government regulation.
 * Instruction manuals explaining how to use a product or perform an activity
 * Instructional videos demonstrating proper use of products
 * Root cause analysis to identify causes of a system failure and correct deficiencies.
 * Internet safety or online safety, is protection of the user's safety from cyber threats or computer crime in general.
 * Periodic evaluations of employees, departments, etc.
 * Physical examinations to determine whether a person has a physical condition that would create a problem.
 * Process safety management is an analytical tool focused on preventing and managing releases of hazardous materials in industrial plants.
 * Safety margins/safety factors, for instance, a product rated to never be required to handle more than 100 kg might be designed to fail under at least 200 kg, a safety factor of two. Higher numbers are used in more sensitive applications such as medical or transit safety.
 * Self-imposed regulation of various types.
 * Implementation of standard protocols and procedures so that activities are conducted in a known way.
 * Statements of ethics by industry organizations or an individual company so its employees know what is expected of them.
 * Stress testing subjects a person or product to stresses in excess of those the person or product is designed to handle, to determining the "breaking point".
 * Training of employees, vendors, product users
 * Visual examination for dangerous situations such as emergency exits blocked because they are being used as storage areas.
 * Visual examination for flaws such as cracks, peeling, loose connections.
 * X-ray analysis to see inside a sealed object such as a weld, a cement wall or an airplane outer skin.

Research
Today there are multiple scientific journals focusing on safety research. Among the most popular ones are Safety Science and Journal of Safety Research.

The goal of this research is to identify, understand, and mitigate risks to human health and well-being in various environments. This involves systematically studying hazards, analyzing potential and actual accidents, and developing effective strategies to prevent injuries and fatalities. Safety research aims to create safer products, systems, and practices by incorporating scientific, engineering, and behavioral insights. Ultimately, it seeks to enhance public safety, reduce economic losses, and improve overall quality of life by ensuring that both individuals and communities are better protected from harm.

Standards organizations
A number of standards organizations exist that promulgate safety standards. These may be voluntary organizations or government agencies. These agencies first define the safety standards, which they publish in the form of codes. They are also Accreditation Bodies and entitle independent third parties such as testing and certification agencies to inspect and ensure compliance to the standards they defined. For instance, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) formulated a certain number of safety standards in its Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) and accredited TÜV Rheinland to provide certification services to guarantee product compliance to the defined safety regulations.

American National Standards Institute
A major American standards organization is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Usually, members of a particular industry will voluntarily form a committee to study safety issues and propose standards. Those standards are then recommended to ANSI, which reviews and adopts them. Many government regulations require that products sold or used must comply with a particular ANSI standard.

Government agencies
Many government agencies set safety standards for matters under their jurisdiction, such as:
 * the Food and Drug Administration
 * the Consumer Product Safety Commission
 * the United States Environmental Protection Agency

Testing laboratories
Product safety testing, for the United States, is largely controlled by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. In addition, workplace related products come under the jurisdiction of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which certifies independent testing companies as Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTL), see.

Institutions

 * the European Commission (EC)
 * the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
 * the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
 * the European Safety Federation (ESF)

Testing laboratories
The European Commission provides the legal framework, but the different Member States may authorize test laboratories to carry out safety testing.

Standards institutions

 * British Standards Institution
 * Canadian Standards Association
 * Deutsches Institut für Normung
 * International Organization for Standardization
 * Standards Australia

Testing laboratories
Many countries have national organizations that have accreditation to test and/or submit test reports for safety certification. These are typically referred to as a Notified or Competent Body.

title: Safety


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Technical University of Applied Sciences Augsburg

Technical University of Applied Sciences Augsburg (Technische Hochschule Augsburg or simply THA) is a German university located in Augsburg. It was founded in 1971, but its institutional roots as an art academy go back to 1670. With more than 7,000 students it is one of the largest institutions of its kind in Bavaria. 190 Professors as well as 352 lecturers in 7 faculties are employed there. Currently 36 undergraduate and 12 master courses are offered.

It hosts the Bibliotheca Augustana website which features a catalogue of electronic texts.

Faculties

 * Architecture and Civil Engineering
 * Computer Science
 * Design
 * Business
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Liberal Arts and Sciences
 * Mechanical and Process Engineering

History
The first institution linked to the university, the "Reichsstädtische Kunstakademie Augsburg", a college for art students, was founded in 1710. In 1833, the "Königlich Polytechnische Schule" was founded, now being a predecessor of the Engineering faculties. Other institutions, namely the "Königliche Industrie Schule" (Royal Industrial School), the Augsburg Rudolf Diesel School of Building and Engineering (Academy for Applied Technology) and the Augsburg School of Art and Design can be mentioned as roots of the university. In 1971 the university was officially founded containing a design and an engineering faculty. The other faculties and institutes followed as the university expanded to its current size.

In July 2022, the Bavarian Minister President Markus Söder awarded the then Augsburg University of Applied Sciences the title of "Technical University" in recognition of its scientific achievements in the technical field. At the start of the summer semester 2023, the university was officially renamed Technical University of Applied Sciences Augsburg.

Campuses
The university has two main sites, centrally located in Augsburg and 500 metres apart from each other.

The Brunnenlech campus (buildings A to H), located between Brunnenlechgäßchen and Baumgartnerstraße, contains the faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, the faculty of Electrical Engineering, the faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences and the faculty of Mechanical and Process Engineering. Also located at Brunnenlech campus are the administration, the library and computing center.

The Red Gate campus (buildings J to M and W), located along Friedberger Straße, contains the faculties of Computer Science, Design and Business as well as the presidential and public relations offices.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Colugo

Colugos are arboreal gliding mammals that are native to Southeast Asia. Their closest evolutionary relatives are primates. There are just two living species of colugos: the Sunda flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus) and the Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans). These two species make up the entire family Cynocephalidae and order Dermoptera (not to be confused with Dermaptera, an order of insects known as earwigs).

Characteristics
Colugos are nocturnal, tree-dwelling mammals.

Appearance and anatomy
They reach lengths of 35 to 40 cm and weigh 1 to 2 kg. They have long, slender front and rear limbs, a medium-length tail, and a relatively light build. The head is small, with large, front-focused eyes for excellent binocular vision, and small rounded ears.

The incisor teeth of colugos are highly distinctive; they are comb-like in shape with up to 20 tines on each tooth. The incisors are analogous in appearance and function to the incisor suite in strepsirrhines, which is used for grooming. The second upper incisors have two roots, another unique feature among mammals. The dental formula of colugos is:

Movement
Colugos are proficient gliders, and thought better adapted for flight than any other gliding mammal. They can travel as far as 70 m from one tree to another without losing much altitude, with a Malayan colugo (Galeopterus variegatus) individual having been observed traveling about 150 m in one glide.

Their ability to glide is possible because of a large membrane of skin that extends between their paired limbs. This gliding membrane, or patagium, runs from the shoulder blades to the fore paws, from the tip of the rear-most fingers to the tip of the toes, and from the hind legs to the tip of the tail. The spaces between the colugo's fingers and toes are webbed. As a result, colugos were once considered to be close relatives of bats. Today, on account of genetic data, they are considered to be more closely related to primates.

Colugos are unskilled climbers; they lack opposable thumbs. They progress up trees in a series of slow hops, gripping onto the bark with their small, sharp claws. They spend most of the day resting. At night, colugos spend most of their time up in the trees foraging, with gliding being used to either find another foraging tree or to find possible mates and protect territory.

Behavior and diet
Colugos are shy, nocturnal, solitary animals found in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Consequently, very little is known about their behavior. They are herbivorous and eat leaves, shoots, flowers, sap, and fruit. They have well-developed stomachs and long intestines capable of extracting nutrients from leaves and other fibrous material.

As part of Colugos' evolution into a nocturnal species, they developed night vision. Colugos spend their days resting in tree holes and are active at night time; traveling around 1.7 km at night. Colugos may also be a territorial species.

Life cycle
Although they are placental mammals, colugos raise their young in a manner similar to marsupials. Newborn colugos are underdeveloped and weigh only 35 g. They spend the first six months of life clinging to their mother's belly. The mother colugo curls her tail and folds her patagium into a warm, secure, quasipouch to protect and transport her young. The young do not reach maturity until they are two to three years old. In captivity, they live up to 15 years, but their lifespan in the wild is unknown.

Status
Both species are threatened by habitat destruction, and the Philippine flying lemur was once classified by the IUCN as vulnerable. In 1996, the IUCN declared the species vulnerable owing to destruction of lowland forests and hunting. It was downlisted to least-concern status in 2008 but still faces the same threats. In addition to the ongoing clearing of its rainforest habitat, it is hunted for its meat and fur. It is also a favorite prey item for the critically endangered Philippine eagle; some studies suggest colugos account for 90% of the eagle's diet.

Taxonomy
Their family name Cynocephalidae comes from the Greek words κύων kyōn "dog" and κεφαλή kephalē "head" because their heads are broad with short snouts like dogs.

Classification and evolution
It is estimated the ancestors of the colugos split from other mammals about 80 million years ago, leading to the present day forms that consist of 7 to 14 extant species. The Mixodectidae and Plagiomenidae appear to be fossil Dermoptera. Although other Paleogene mammals have been interpreted as related to dermopterans, the evidence for this association is uncertain and many of the fossils are no longer interpreted as being gliding mammals. At present, the fossil record of definitive dermopterans is limited to two species of the Eocene and Oligocene cynocephalid genus Dermotherium.

Molecular phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that colugos emerged as a basal Primatomorpha clade – which, in turn, is a basal Euarchontoglires clade. Scandentia are widely considered to be the closest relatives of Primatomorpha, within Euarchonta. Some studies, however, place Scandentia as sister of Glires (lagomorphs and rodents), in an unnamed sister clade of the Primatomorpha.

 * Order Dermoptera
 * †Family Plagiomenidae?
 * †Planetetherium
 * †Planetetherium mirabile
 * †Plagiomene
 * †Plagiomene multicuspis
 * †Family Mixodectidae?
 * †Dracontolestes
 * †Dracontolestes aphantus
 * †Eudaemonema
 * †Eudaemonema cuspidata
 * †Mixodectes
 * †Mixodectes pungens
 * †Mixodectes malaris
 * Family Cynocephalidae
 * Cynocephalus
 * Philippine flying lemur, Cynocephalus volans
 * Galeopterus
 * Sunda flying lemur, Galeopterus variegatus
 * †Dermotherium
 * †Dermotherium major
 * †Dermotherium chimaera

title: Colugo


text:
Talk:Disney comics

"Disney" comics vs. "Disney Comics"
I'm not sure this page makes much sense. We do need an entry about Disney Comics, but currently that entry stands only for the publishing company that held that name some time ago.

I think a Disney_Comics_(publisher) should be created and the current references to Disney Comics moved to that. So this one could redirect to a new Disney Comics page that would contain a better version of this page. What do you think? Lazarus Long 10:52 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I did it. (no need for "publisher" since "Disney Comics" is different than "Disney comics").Lazarus Long 11:24 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Artists and schools
We should probably have some info about major artists and schools of Disney Comics, such as:

Carl Barks

Don Rosa

Floyd Gottfredson

Paul Murry

Al Taliaferro

Egmont School (Vicar, Branca et. al)

Italian School (Cavazzano, Scarpa et. al)

Dutch School (Daan Jippes et. al, Freddy Milton?(He's danish, though))

Well, these are some names and schools I could think of, for now...

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.198.149.226 (talk • contribs) 22:13, 28 November 2004

comic strips
How about a list of Disney comic strips? At one point there were quite a few, some obscure. Also maybe a brief description of the annual Christmas strip that was done with Disney characters for some years. Those often had unusual crossovers, with various chaacters interacting who seldom did (like Big Bad Wolf and the three fairies from Sleeping Beauty). Artists for this included Floyd Gottfredson and Tony Strobl. Another historically significant strip was the adaptation of the movie The Black Hole for the Sunday Disney Treasures strip drawn by Jack Kirby.

Dgabbard (talk) 18:52, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Good idea. I was thinking that perhaps we should divide the section on American Disney comics into a section on comic books and a section about comic strips. 96T (talk) 20:38, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

I've made a start at listing the comics strips. Maybe we need to provide some information on who wrote and drew these. Having separate sections sounds like a good idea. Dgabbard (talk) 01:55, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Brazil section
I know the French article's Brazil section says something like "style underground", but after checking up the artist on Inducks, the style doesn't look much like Underground Comix, but rather as popular modernist mainstream cartoon design from the same era. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 12:16, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Stories by Canini, the main Brazilian artist in early times, really have an underground flavor. Lerichard (talk) 20:31, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Depends on your definition of Underground, I guess. It's different from the standard Disney style, but it's certainly less gritty than a lot of UC. Looks more like hip cartoon design to me. (Granted, I haven't read any of his stories, just checked out his style on the Inducks galleries.) 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 01:10, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi! I'm from Brazil and I've sincerely never considered Disney comic stories made in Brazil as having an underground flavor, except for the stories of Jose Carioca by Renato Canini, which really are unusual for Disney comics in terms of comic script and mainly drawing style. But, in a general way, Brazilian cartoonists and comic writers rarely created something too different from the Disney comics developed outside of Brazil. Of course they used to add a Brazilian flavor to their own Disney comic stories, but I don't think this means that they should be classified as alternative ones. In addition, it's true that they also dared to change a bit the personality of characters like Daisy Duck and Hard Haid Moe, but nothing too radical. And, as you probably know, Brazilian Disney Studio was a place where many characters forgotten by American and European readers of Disney comics like Double-O Duck, Hustler Duck and Gotrocks continued being used in comic stories. These American characters were simply adopted by Brazilian Disney comic artists, who also developed some great characters, such as Dugan Duck, Firmina and Gloria (Fethry's girlfriend). Erasurian (talk) 17:26, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

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Germany
Did Germany really produce comics on their own, or did they mostly import comics from elsewhere. There has been magazines produced in many countries in the world, and I think the list should be limited to countries with a notable production on their own. Otherwise, I think the article would merely be a cluttered list of countries. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 16:12, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * They produced some comics themselves (codes start with G, see here). I agree that the current text is however slightly off-topic, as it doesn't talk about that production. Lerichard (talk) 09:30, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh, yeah, that album series "Abenteuer aus Onkel Dagoberts Schatztruhe" was quite good, IIRC (even if it appears most artist behind it were Spanish or Latin Americans). Thanks for the reply. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 11:21, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
 * There's one or two notable German Donald Duck artists, de:Volker Reiche and de:Jan Gulbransson. --80.187.113.170 (talk) 14:05, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

New Article
What about moving the rather voluminous section on the US to a new article Disney comics in the USA and only leaving a short summary over here? It'd make it much easier to structurize that huge bulk of information with further sub-section headings. --79.193.43.100 (talk) 03:31, 3 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The US section seems rather verbose to me. Also, I don't find it necessary to include sections about countries with no particular production of their own. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 14:05, 17 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, it would be mostly sort of a history article, sadly, what I had in mind, akin to Golden Age of Comic Books, Silver Age of Comic Books, or Bronze Age of Comic Books. All three "Ages" are definitely a thing of the past, and look at the size of their own articles! Especially considering that up until the early 1970s, funny animals publications including Disney's by far outnumbered the production and sale of superhero comics on the US market.

 * Barks, Rosa, Strobl, Murray, Van Horn would be names of creators that come to mind, and then there's publishers such as Dell, Gold Key, Whitman, Gladstone I, Disney Comics, Gladstone II, Gemstone, Boom! And then there's the 7 main titles, most of them running for decades:

 * Mickey Mouse and Friends
 * Walt Disney's Comics and Stories
 * Donald Duck Four Color
 * Uncle Scrooge
 * Huey, Dewey and Louie Junior Woodchucks
 * Uncle Scrooge Adventures
 * Donald Duck Adventures

 * So you see, there's plenty of stuff to include in an article entitled Disney comics in the USA. --37.82.147.190 (talk) 18:21, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

"Films" for reprints
The section Story code currently mentions "films or other reproducible materials to facilitate said reprinting" of a comic story. If it's put just like that, it sounds a bit confusing, as if Disney USA would send the licensee an MPEG-DVD or a projectable 35mm movie print. Could it be that what's meant here is really a microfiche copy of b/w inks? --2003:71:4E6A:B430:A401:F490:A08:533 (talk) 23:06, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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New section
I have added a short 'Criticism' section. focusing on the book 'How to read Donald Duck: Imperialist ideology in the Disney Comic', by Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart, as this seems notable. BobBadg (talk) 20:03, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you, what a good idea. — Toughpigs (talk) 22:43, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disney comics


text:
Talk:Disney Comics (publishing)

Untitled
See discussion on talk:Disney_Comic_Book. Lazarus Long 10:54 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * Are all these links really referring to the comic books, and not tv series, characters etc?
 * No, they link to whatever they're based off of.

Donald the Attention Thief
Anybody else find it odd that, out of all the new Disney Comics titles (that means not counting WDC&S and Uncle Scrooge) that got cancelled in 1991, Donald Duck Adventures was the only one that survived? I'm not surprised that they brought a quick end to Goofy's comic, and the DuckTales and Rescue Rangers comics probably would've ceased production after the shows stopped airing. But I'm pretty sure Roger Rabbit was still popular enough back then, and given Mickey Mouse's status as the company's mascot, I'm surprised they killed off his comic so early! What do you suppose was the thing Donald had that justified his comic being more purchase-worthy than the others? - Nintendo Maximus
 * Higher number of Donald Duck collectors? Bigger overseas sales numbers? 惑乱 分からん 12:34, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Disney has done other comics
I'm about to reorient this part of the lede: "since 1994 the only publication containing comics and published by Disney themselves in the USA is Disney Adventures (which ended in 2007), as well as some Hyperion-published publications such as W.I.T.C.H.." Thing is, it simply isn't true; Disney Adventures had a sister magazine, Comic Zone. Secondly, that except-for-Hyperion statement makes it rather pointless; Disney has published a number of books that are far more what-one-thinks-of-as-Disney-comicsish than WITCH, such as six Disney Junior Graphic Novels, Comic Zone: Disney's Lilo & Stitch, Comic Zone: Gorilla Gorilla, a number of thick hardcover volumes of reprints and translations for the remainder tables (such as the two volumes of Out of This World Cartoon Tales), reprints of the Slave Labor Disney material (at least Wonderland). It's not an insignificant amount of work. --Nat Gertler (talk) 04:04, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Didn't buy it, but I ran across a Lizzie McGuire and a Hanna Montana comic book (what I mean, two different books, but one issue each). I think the comics were graphic novels or something. I couldn't find anything on Google or Amazon, and there's a chance it may or may not be official Disney. Just wondering mostly. Apple8800 (talk) 03:26, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I believe that what you found were books that weren't published by Disney, but were licensed out to TokyoPop, so that would not violate the problematic lede sentence that has since been edited. --Nat Gertler (talk) 05:15, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

"Disney Comics" and "W. D. Publications, Inc."
What was the relationship between "Disney Comics" and "W. D. Publications, Inc."? The first sentence of the Disney Comics article says, "Disney Comics was a comic book publishing company operated by The Walt Disney Company which ran from 1990 to 1993." However, the publication information (indicia) in the eleven 1991 Disney Comics TaleSpin issues says that they were published by "W. D. Publications, Inc., a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company". Furthermore, some sources on the Internet indicate that Disney Comics was a comic line or brand published by W. D. Publications, Inc.: Other sources indicate that Disney Comics was a company created by W. D. Publications, Inc.: So, was Disney Comics a comic line / brand published by the company W. D. Publications, Inc., or was W. D. Publications, Inc. the parent company of a "Disney Comics" company? There was obviously a relationship between Disney Comics and W. D. Publications, Inc. The lead section (perhaps including the first sentence) of the Disney Comics article should be edited to mention this relationship. In addition, perhaps a W. D. Publications, Inc. article should be created, or at least a redirect page leading to the Disney Comics article. -- Davoniac (talk) 23:42, 13 October 2013 (UTC)
 * According to The Comic Book Database, W. D. Publications, Inc. was "A subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, published 'Disney Comics' from 1990 to 1993."
 * According to The Grand Comics Database (GCD) pages about W. D. Publications and Disney Comics, Disney Comics was a brand published by W. D. Publications, Inc.
 * In his article "Disney Comics: Back to Long Ago!", David Gerstein says, "Revoking Gladstone’s comics license in early 1990, WD Publications assembled talent from Gladstone, DC, Marvel and the Studio Program to produce its own titles as Disney Comics, Inc." (Gerstein, David. "Disney Comics: Back to Long Ago!" Comic Book Marketplace, Vol. 3, no. 103, June 2003, Gemstone Publishing, p. 52).
 * I have edited the article to mention the relationship between Disney Comics and W. D. Publications, Inc. using the Internet sources that I mentioned in my above post. -- Davoniac (talk) 21:59, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

"Classic" Disney
An editor just tried to remove the term "classic" from describing Disney characters, and I understand that instinct - it sounds POVy. However, this is the standard way of describing one set of characters (the Mice, the Ducks, Goofy, Pluto, etc.) from other characters (say, Pixar characters, Sofia the First, Gargoyles, Pirates of the Carribean, or a range of other characters that may have come out under the Disney name or a Disney-owned line.) This differentiation is important in the history of US Disney comics, as those rights have generally been treated as a separate package, in different publishing hands than the other material. We may need to find a different term to describe them, or we may need to accept that it's a standard term of art (much like we may refer to Golden Age comics, a term which itself is POVy but accepted), but if we're going to discuss Disney comics, the distinction needs to be maintained. As such, I've restored the "classic" references until better terminology can be established. --Nat Gertler (talk) 15:01, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disney Comics (publishing)


text:
Wheelbarrow

A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled load-bearing vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear. The term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "Barrow" is a derivation of the Old English "barew" which was a device used for carrying loads.

The wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. As such it is a second-class lever. Traditional Chinese wheelbarrows, however, had a central wheel supporting the whole load. Use of wheelbarrows is common in the construction industry and in gardening. Typical capacity is approximately 100 L of material.

A two-wheel type is more stable on level ground, while the almost universal one-wheel type has better maneuverability in small spaces, on planks, in water, or when tilted ground would throw the load off balance. The use of one wheel also permits greater control of the deposition of the load upon emptying.

China

The earliest wheelbarrows with archaeological evidence in the form of a one-wheel cart come from second-century Han dynasty Emperor Hui's tomb murals and brick tomb reliefs. The painted tomb mural of a man pushing a wheelbarrow was found in a tomb at Chengdu, Sichuan province, dated precisely to 118 AD. The stone carved relief of a man pushing a wheelbarrow was found in the tomb of Shen Fujun in Sichuan province, dated circa 150 AD. And then there is the story of the pious Dong Yuan pushing his father around in a single-wheel lu che barrow, depicted in a mural of the Wu Liang tomb-shrine of Shandong (dated to 147 AD). Earlier accounts dating to the 1st century BC and 1st century AD that mention a "deer cart" (luche) might also have been referencing a wheelbarrow.

The 5th-century Book of Later Han stated that the wife of the once poor and youthful imperial censor Bao Xuan helped him push a lu che back to his village during their feeble wedding ceremony, around 30 BC. Later, during the Red Eyebrows Rebellion (c. 20 AD) against Xin dynasty's Wang Mang (45 BC–23 AD), the official Zhao Xi saved his wife from danger by disguising himself and pushing her along in his lu che barrow, past a group of brigand rebels who questioned him, and allowed him to pass after he convinced them that his wife was terribly ill. The first recorded description of a wheelbarrow appears in Liu Xiang's work Lives of Famous Immortals. Liu describes the invention of the wheelbarrow by the legendary Chinese mythological figure Ko Yu, who builds a "Wooden ox".

Nevertheless, the Chinese historical text of the Sanguozhi (Records of the Three Kingdoms), compiled by the ancient historian Chen Shou (233–297 AD), credits the invention of the wheelbarrow to Prime Minister Zhuge Liang (181–234 AD) of Shu Han from 197–234. It was written that in 231 AD, Zhuge Liang developed the vehicle of the wooden ox and used it as a transport for military supplies in a campaign against Cao Wei.

Centrally mounted wheel
Further annotations of the text by Pei Songzhi (430 AD) described the design in detail as a large single central wheel and axle around which a wooden frame was constructed in representation of an ox. Writing later in the 11th century, the Song dynasty (960–1279) scholar Gao Cheng wrote that the small wheelbarrow of his day, with shafts pointing forward (so that it was pulled), was the direct descendant of Zhuge Liang's wooden ox. Furthermore, he pointed out that the third century 'gliding horse' wheelbarrow featured the simple difference of the shaft pointing backwards (so that it was pushed instead).

Wheelbarrows in China came in two types. The more common type after the third century has a large, centrally mounted wheel. Prior types were universally front-wheeled wheelbarrows. The central-wheeled wheelbarrow could generally transport six human passengers at once, and instead of a laborious amount of energy exacted upon the animal or human driver pulling the wheelbarrow, the weight of the burden was distributed equally between the wheel and the puller. European visitors to China from the 17th century onwards had an appreciation for this, and it was given a considerable amount of attention by a member of the Dutch East India Company, Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest, in his writings of 1797 (who accurately described its design and ability to hold large amounts of heavy baggage). These wheelbarrows continued in use into the twentieth century, and a good example of this is the 'Piepkar', which is a wheelbarrow on rails, and was found in Sumatra on Billiton Island. However, the lower carrying surface made the European wheelbarrow clearly more useful for short-haul work. As of the 1960s, traditional wheelbarrows in China were still in wide use.

Chinese sailing carriage
Although there are records of Chinese sailing carriages from the 6th century these land sailing vehicles were not wheelbarrows, and the date of which the sail assisted wheelbarrow was invented is uncertain. Engravings are found in van Braam Houckgeest's 1797 book.

European interest in the Chinese sailing carriage is also seen in the writings of Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest in 1797, who wrote:

"Near the southern border of Shandong one finds a kind of wheelbarrow much larger than that which I have been describing, and drawn by a horse or a mule. But judge by my surprise when today I saw a whole fleet of wheelbarrows of the same size. I say, with deliberation, a fleet, for each of them had a sail, mounted on a small mast exactly fixed in a socket arranged at the forward end of the barrow. The sail, made of matting, or more often of cloth, is 5 or high, and 3 or broad, with stays, sheets, and halyards, just as on a Chinese ship. The sheets join the shafts of the wheelbarrow and can thus be manipulated by the man in charge."

Ancient Greece and Rome
M. J. T. Lewis surmised the wheelbarrow may have existed in ancient Greece in the form of a one-wheel cart. Two building material inventories for 408/407 and 407/406 B.C. from the temple of Eleusis list, among other machines and tools, "1 body for a one-wheeler (hyperteria monokyklou)", although there is no evidence to prove this hypothesis. (ὑπερτηρία μονοκύκλου in Greek):

"Since dikyklos (δίκυκλος) and tetrakyklos (τετράκυκλος) mean nothing but 'two-wheeler' and 'four-wheeler,' and since the monokyklos (μονόκυκλος) body is sandwiched in the Eleusis inventory between a four-wheeler body and its four wheels, to take it as anything but a one-wheeler strains credulity far beyond breaking point. It can only be a wheelbarrow, necessarily guided and balanced by a man...what does now emerge as certainty is that the wheelbarrow did not, as is universally claimed, make its European debut in the Middle Ages. It was there some sixteen centuries before."

M. J. T. Lewis admits that the current consensus among technology historians, including Bertrand Gille, Andrea Matthies, and Joseph Needham, is that the wheelbarrow was invented in China around 100 AD and spread to the rest of world. However, Lewis proposes that the wheelbarrow could have also existed in ancient Greece. Based on the Eleusis list, Lewis states that it is possible that wheelbarrows were used on Greek construction sites, but admits that evidence for the wheelbarrow in ancient farming and mining is absent. He surmised that wheelbarrows were not uncommon on Greek construction sites for carrying moderately light loads. He speculates the possibility of wheelbarrows in the Roman Empire and the later Eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire, although Lewis concludes that the evidence is scarce, and that "most of this scenario, perforce, is pure speculation." The 4th century Historia Augusta reports emperor Elagabalus to have used a wheelbarrow (pabillus from pabo, one-wheeled vehicle ) to transport women in his frivolous games at court. While the present evidence does not indicate any use of wheelbarrows into medieval times, the question of continuity in the Byzantine Empire is still open, due to a lack of research yet. Currently, there is no evidence for the wheelbarrow in ancient Greece and Rome.

Medieval Europe
The first wheelbarrows in medieval Europe appeared sometime between 1170 and 1250. In contrast to the ones which typically have a wheel in the center of the barrow and were preferred in China, the types mostly used in Europe featured a wheel at or near the front, the arrangement of most wheelbarrows today.

Research on the early history of the wheelbarrow is made difficult by the marked absence of a common terminology. The historian of technology M.J.T. Lewis has identified in English and French sources four mentions of wheelbarrows between 1172 and 1222, three of them designated with a different term. According to the medieval art historian Andrea Matthies, the first archival reference to a wheelbarrow in medieval Europe is dated 1222, specifying the purchase of several wheelbarrows for the English king's works at Dover. The first depiction appears in an English manuscript, Matthew Paris's Vitae duorum Offarum, completed in 1250.

By the 13th century, the wheelbarrow proved useful in building construction, mining operations, and agriculture. However, going by surviving documents and illustrations the wheelbarrow remained a relative rarity until the 15th century. It also seemed to be limited to England, France, and the Low Countries.

The oldest wheelbarrows preserved from Central Europe were found in 2014 and 2017 during archaeological excavations in Ingolstadt, Germany. The felling dates of the trees that make up the wheelbarrow boards could be dendrochronologically dated to 1537 for one wheelbarrow and the 1530s for the other.

Modern wheelbarrows
Modern day wheelbarrows are generally made from plastic or metal and generally come with either a pneumatic tire, semi-pneumatic tires, or solid tire. Modern wheelbarrows come in four standard shapes, the home gardener shallow-tray variety, the builder's barrow, the square tray utility barrow and the brick barrow.

Plastic wheelbarrows can be beneficial as they are light in weight reducing physical demand on the user. But plastic wheelbarrows are also suited to lighter loads.

Steel wheel barrows can handle heavier loads with carrying capacities of up to 110 L wet, or 160 L dry. Steel wheelbarrows more effectively transport heavy, jagged material without damaging the wheelbarrow and are often better suited to construction applications.

Modern variations
In the 1970s, British inventor James Dyson introduced the Ballbarrow, an injection-molded plastic wheelbarrow with a spherical ball on the front end instead of a wheel. Compared to a conventional design, the larger surface area of the ball made the wheelbarrow easier to use in soft soil, and more laterally stable with heavy loads on uneven ground.

The Honda HPE60, an electric power-assisted wheelbarrow, was produced in 1998. Power-assisted wheelbarrows are now widely available from a number of different manufacturers. Powered wheelbarrows are used in a range of applications; the technology has improved to enable them to take much heavier loads, beyond weights that a human could transport alone without assistance. Motorized wheelbarrows are generally either diesel powered or electric battery powered. Often used in small-scale construction applications where access for larger plant machinery might be restricted.

title: Wheelbarrow


text:
Leon Uris

Leon Marcus Uris (August 3, 1924 – June 21, 2003) was an American author of historical fiction who wrote many bestselling books, including Exodus (published in 1958) and Trinity (published in 1976).

Life and career
Uris was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Jewish American parents Wolf William and Anna (née Blumberg) Uris. His father, a Polish-born immigrant, was a paperhanger, then a storekeeper. His mother was first-generation Russian American. William spent a year in Palestine after World War I before entering the United States. He derived his last name from Yerushalmi, meaning "man of Jerusalem". (His brother Aron, Leon's uncle, took the name Yerushalmi.) "He was basically a failure", Uris later said of his father. "I think his personality was formed by the harsh realities of being a Jew in Czarist Russia. I think failure formed his character, made him bitter."

At age six, Uris reportedly wrote an operetta inspired by the death of his dog. He attended schools in Norfolk, Virginia, and Baltimore, but never graduated from high school, and failed English three times. When he was 17 and in his senior year of high school, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. He served in the South Pacific with the 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines Regiment, where he was stationed in New Zealand, and fought as a radioman in combat on Guadalcanal and Tarawa from 1942 through 1944. He was sent to the US after suffering from dengue fever, malaria and a recurrence of asthma that made him miss the devastation of his battalion at the Battle of Saipan, which was featured in Battle Cry. While recuperating from malaria in San Francisco, he met Betty Beck, a Marine sergeant; they married in 1945.

Released from service he worked for a newspaper, and wrote in his spare time. Esquire magazine bought an article in 1950, and he began to devote himself to writing more seriously. Drawing on his experiences in Guadalcanal and Tarawa, he produced the best-selling Battle Cry, a novel depicting the toughness and courage of U.S. Marines in the Pacific. He then went to Warner Brothers in Hollywood helping to write the eponymous movie which was extremely popular with the public, but not the critics. He went on to write The Angry Hills, a novel set in war-time Greece.

His best-known work may be Exodus, which was published in 1958. Most sources indicate that Uris, motivated by an intense interest in Israel, financed his research for the novel by selling the film rights in advance to MGM and by writing newspaper articles about the Sinai campaign, which is said to have involved two years of research, and thousands of interviews. It was a worldwide best-seller, translated into a dozen languages, and was made into a feature film in 1960, starring Paul Newman, directed by Otto Preminger, as well as into a short-lived Broadway musical, Ari, in 1971, for which Uris wrote the book and lyrics.

Exodus illustrated the history of Palestine from the late 19th century through the founding of the state of Israel in 1948. Exodus was also extraordinarily influential among Russian Refuseniks. Two typewritten Russian translations were circulated as samizdat – illegal, hand-copied works that were passed secretly from hand to hand – and the story was retold orally in the prison camps, with the oral version eventually being written in a notebook which was passed from one generation of prisoners to the next.

Uris's 1967 novel Topaz was adapted for the screen and directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1969. His subsequent works included Mila 18, about the Warsaw ghetto uprising; Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin, a chronicle which ends with the lifting of the Berlin Blockade in 1949; Trinity, about Irish nationalism, and the sequel, Redemption, covering the early 20th century and World War I.

QB VII, about the role of a Polish doctor in a German concentration camp, is a dramatic four-part courtroom novel written by Uris that was published in 1970, highlighting the events leading to a libel trial in the United Kingdom. It is loosely based on a court case for defamation (Dering v Uris) that arose from Uris's earlier best-selling novel Exodus, in which he was sued for defamation after naming a doctor for crimes of sadism; as with the novel, Uris loses but is found to only have to pay a half-penny. It was Uris's second consecutive #1 New York Times Best Seller. The Haj was set in the history of the Middle East. He also wrote the screenplays for Battle Cry and Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.

Personal life
Uris was married three times. His first wife was Betty Beck, whom he married in 1945. They had three children before divorcing in 1968. He then married Marjorie Edwards in 1968, who committed suicide by gunshot the following year.

His third and last wife was photographer Jill Peabody, daughter of Frances Gleason and Alfred Peabody of Boston. They had two children. They married in 1970, when Jill was 22 years old and he was 45. He and wife Jill worked together on his book Ireland: A Terrible Beauty, for which she provided illustrations and on Jerusalem: A Song of Songs. They divorced in 1988, and soon after Uris settled in New York City.

Death
Leon Uris died of kidney failure at his Long Island home on Shelter Island in 2003, aged 78. His papers can be found at the Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas in Austin, where the University of Texas Press published a literary biography about him. The collection includes all of Uris's novels, with the exception of The Haj and Mitla Pass, as well as manuscripts for the screenplay, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. He was survived by his five children and two grandchildren.

Selected titles

 * Battle Cry, 1953
 * The Angry Hills, 1955
 * Exodus, 1958
 * Exodus Revisited, 1960 (GB title: In the Steps of Exodus)
 * Mila 18, 1961
 * Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin, 1963
 * Topaz, 1967
 * The Third Temple (with Strike Zion by William Stevenson), 1967
 * QB VII, 1970
 * Ireland, A Terrible Beauty, 1975 (with Jill Uris)
 * Trinity, 1976
 * Jerusalem: A Song of Songs, 1981 (with Jill Uris)
 * The Haj, 1984
 * Mitla Pass, 1988
 * Redemption, 1995
 * A God in Ruins, 1999
 * O'Hara's Choice, 2003

title: Leon Uris


text:
Kyodo News

Kyodo News (共同通信社) is a nonprofit cooperative news agency based in Minato, Tokyo. It was established in November 1945 and it distributes news to almost all newspapers, and radio and television networks in Japan. The newspapers using its news have about 50 million subscribers. K. K. Kyodo News is Kyodo News' business arm, established in 1972. The subdivision Kyodo News International, founded in 1982, provides over 200 reports to international news media and is located in Rockefeller Center, New York City.

Their online news site is in Japanese, Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Korean, and English.

The agency employs over 1,000 journalists and photographers, and maintains news exchange agreements with over 70 international media outlets.

Satoshi Ishikawa is the news agency's president.

Kyodo News was formed by Furuno Inosuke, the president of the Domei News Agency, following the dissolution of Domei after World War II.

title: Kyodo News


text:
Rosenheim

Rosenheim is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is an independent city located in the centre of the district of Rosenheim (Upper Bavaria), and is also the seat of its administration. It is located on the west bank of the Inn at the confluence of the rivers Inn and Mangfall, in the Bavarian Alpine Foreland. It is the third largest city in Upper Bavaria with over 64,000 inhabitants. Rosenheim is the economic centre and the busiest place in the region.

Geography
The population of the actual city is approximately 60,000 inhabitants with up to 125,000 in the surrounding area. Rosenheim is situated in the Upper-Bavarian Alpine Foothills, 450 m above sea level and covers an area of 37.52 km2. The capital of Bavaria, Munich, is 52 km North-West of Rosenheim. Rosenheim station is at the junction of the Munich–Rosenheim, the Rosenheim–Salzburg and the Munich–Innsbruck lines.

The landscape around Rosenheim was formed during the last ice age from the advancement of the Inn Valley Glacier and later the Rosenheim lake. The lake existed about 10,000 years ago, covering the whole Inn valley as far as Wasserburg am Inn, about 25 km north of Rosenheim.

Even today in many places around the city the former shoreline can be recognised where the former flat lake bed changes suddenly into relatively steep embankment.

History
Rosenheim's development can be traced from its location on intersecting major trade routes. Even in early times, the town's intersecting traffic stimulated its development as a market town. It subsequently evolved from a market to a salt trade and then railway town to today's wood and college city.

Pons Aeni
Crucial to the establishment of Rosenheim were the Inn and the corresponding Inn valley. The Romans arrived in the year 15 BC under the leadership of Drusus and Tiberius. They founded the province Noricum to the East of the Inn and Rhaetia to the west of the Inn. The colonizers built a road through the Brenner to Castra Regina, and an east–west road from Iuvavum to Augusta Vindelicum. The intersection of these two enormously important trade routes were protected by a military station whose name was "Pons Aeni". Less frequently used terms were "Ponte Aoni", "Ad enum" or "stations Enensis". The Romano Celtic settlement existed for some 500 years with that name. Pons was between Aeni Isinisca (Aying) and Bedaium (today part of Seeon-Seebruck), as shown on the Roman road map Tabula Peutingeriana from the 4th century. The name "Pons Aeni" can still be recognised in local place names, "Pfunzen" in the name of the district "Langenpfunzen" and "Leonhardspfunzen".

Etymology
The origin of the city's name is not completely clear. First mentioned in 1234, Rosenheim castle is on the eastern bank of the Inn, on today's castle hill, overlooking a new bridge over the Inn. Perhaps the name comes from the Rosenheim Rose emblem of the Wasserburger Earl Hall, who built the castle. Another theory is that originally the name Ross was derived from the Rössern steeds that were used in medieval times to pull the river transport vessels, and for which there were large stables in Rosenheim. Still in use today the street names Am Esbaum (the tree on which the horses were grazing) or Am Roßacker are possible indications.

Another theory suggests that there could be a kindred word Roas, Roze or Ried, that used to mean swamp and peat bogs, which are still to be found around Rosenheim – evident also by the name of the neighboring town of Rosenheim Kolbermoor. An example of the old names, the nearby village of Riedering. Maybe the name is also derived from Rosenheim personal names Roso/Hrodo. The most beautiful word for word theory is that formerly 'Rose' used to mean a beautiful girl. It was well known among the Inn boatmen that there were many beauties to admire in this town. The sailors of the town liked to control what was called "home of the Rose" – in other words Rosenheim.

Development of Rosenheim
At about the time the first mention of Rosenheim castle in 1234, a settlement of boatmen developed on the western shore. The area around the Inn Bridge was not developed for a long time due to marshy soil at the proximity of the mouth of the river Mangfall, so the settlement was located several hundred meters away. The centre of Rosenheim is therefore not directly on the riverside.

Market Rosenheim
The town quickly grew in importance as a hub for all types of goods that were transported on the Inn (livestock, grain, silk, arms, salt) and in 1328 received Market town status. The Rosenheim ship masters made Rosenheim very wealthy during this era through the transport of goods, due to the location between Hall in Tirol the Inn and onwards to the Danube down to Vienna and Budapest. Until about 1600 the settlement had grown into one of the largest and most important markets in Bavaria, even though town privileges were only attained in 1864 from the Bavarian King Ludwig II.

Rosenheim experienced economic decline during the 17th century in the wake of the decline of Inn Shipping Company and the consequences of the Thirty Years' War. There was also a plague epidemic in 1634 and a market fire in 1641.

In the 19th century Rosenheim developed as an economic centre in the Southeast of Bavaria due to brine. In 1810 an early type of wooden pipeline brought brine from the Reichenhall and Traunstein salt mines to Rosenheim. Boiling the brine to make salt made Rosenheim the centre of Bavarian salt production until 1958.

Expansion of the railways brought early connection to the railway network. In 1858 Rosenheim station was inaugurated, however it would soon be too small and prove a hindrance for further urban development. In 1876 the station moved to its present site. The old railway line was the straight through road (now the city hall and Prince Regent Street, main Rosenheimer transport axis, from the northwest to the southeast of the city), the roundhouse of the original station is now an exhibition centre. The old station is directly opposite the 1878 City Hall and is used in the ZDF evening series "Die Rosenheim-Cops" as the police headquarters backdrop.

The economic boom of the late 19th and early 20th century made the Gründerzeit – and Art Nouveau (and its regional characteristics, the Swiss chalet style) the most important architectural style, which now determines the townscape. The evangelical Church of the Redeemer was built in the neo-Gothic clinker brick style, which is rare for Rosenheim, for the growing Evangelical Lutheran congregation in the official district around today's town hall.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Rosenheim had nine breweries which are preserved in the names of some restaurants (Duschl-, Hof-, Mail-, Pernloher-, Stern-, Weißbräu). The only survivors being "Auerbräu" and "Flötzinger Bräu" who supply the "Märzen" for the "Rosenheimer Herbstfest" as well as the Bierbichler Weißbräu, among others.

Rosenheim in the Nazi era
The number of Jews living in Rosenheim was high compared to other Bavarian cities. At the start of the 20th century the Jewish community consisted of about 50 people. A request was made to the city council for establishment of a separate Jewish religious association, with reference to the Bavarian-Jewish legislation, but it was refused, so the Rosenheim Jews remained attached to the state capital, where their dead also had to be buried. Even the funeral of the First World War fallen son of a Jewish merchant based in Rosenheim at the city cemetery was refused and was "the biggest disappointment and the bitterest pain" for the father.

With the creation of the first local Nazi group outside of Munich in 1920, the Rosenheim Jews saw increasing hostility. Centre of hate campaigns was the Rosenheim School. A scandal occurred in June 1920, after a reader accused the writer of a letter titled "Rosenheimer Jews" in the local press, who wanted to repeal the provisions of the Versailles Treaty and held military exercises at the Rosenheim School. Seven members of the high school and a member of the "Chiemgau" then raided a villa inhabited by Jews in the Herbststrasse. The college of the city of Rosenheim, on 29 July 1920 came to the conclusion that "... es sei bedauerlich, dass die Bewegung zur Bekämpfung eines volksausbeuterischen Judentums [...], die in ihrem Wesen gewiß berechtigt sei, durch solche Auswüchse in Mißkredit komme." "... it was regrettable that the people's movement to fight exploitative Jews[...], which certainly was justified in its nature, has been discredited." Protests of the Bavarian Jewish Central Association were unsuccessful, only an unmistakable message of the Bavarian Interior Ministry September 1920 was able to maintain peace.

On 1 April 1933, shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, guards were set up in front of Jewish shops, warning against buying in these stores but to desist assault and criminal damage. A large proportion of the population ignored these calls. The shops were therefore still frequented, much to the annoyance of Nazi activists who acted with the backing of then-Mayor Gmelch. Despite the support of the population, six of the eleven Jewish business owners gave up their businesses by 1937.

The assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by the Polish Jewish teenager Herschel Grynszpan on 7 November 1938 in Paris was taken as the pretext for Krystallnacht, a final opportunity to strike against the Jews. The SA came with 8 to 10 men on 10 November at 3–4 o'clock in the morning to the last two Jewish shops and destroyed their inventory and merchandise.

The fate of many Rosenheim Jews is documented. Those who could emigrate did so, mostly to the United States. However many failed entry and exit applications and many died in concentration camps.

Bombing during World War II

From the beginning of bombing raids on German cities in the spring of 1942, Rosenheim was not spared. In November 1943 there were shelters for only 650 people for a population of approximately 22,000. However, by February 1944 shelters had been built for about 6400 people and in conjunction with other shelters a total of 10,525 people could be protected.

During 14 bomb attacks, 201 people were killed and 179 injured. The focus of the air attacks was the railway station and the railway tracks, as Rosenheim was an important transportation hub between Munich, Salzburg and Innsbruck. The neighbouring communities of Ziegelberg, Stephanskirchen, Westerndorf St. Peter and Oberpfaffenhofen were also hit. The first air attack was on 20 October 1944 at lunch time from 12:47 to 13:17 o'clock with over a hundred aircraft dropping 1,000 bombs, leaving 27 dead and 59 wounded. The heaviest air raid took place on 18 April 1945. From 14:40 to 14:55 around 200 aircraft dropped around 1300 bombs in the area around the station, resulting in 53 dead and 36 injured. This attack also made 800 people homeless. The station building was almost completely destroyed and railway tracks were destroyed over a length of 20 kilometres. The last air attacks were made on 19 and 21 April 1945. During the war the majority of at least 173 unexploded bombs were recovered. In 1964, the Oberbayerisches Volksblatt reported that the approximate location of 38 undiscovered unexploded ordnance was known.

Population growth

Coat of arms

Rosenheim's coat of arms shows a white rose on a red background. The white rose on a red background can be traced back to the former coat of arms of Wasserburg am Inn, as Wasserburg ruled Rosenheim until 1247. The oldest known seal of Rosenheim was built in 1374 and already shows the rose, which has not changed since. The only exception is a picture by Philipp Apian, which was painted around the year 1568 and shows a border around the rose.

The city of Rosenheim also has a logo and the same rose from the coat of arms can be found on it.

Theatre
The Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Rosenheim (KU'KO) (Culture and Congress Centre) was built on the site of the brine works, demolished in 1967. Inaugurated on 2 October 1982 as the city hall, now the Rosenheim Culture and Congress Centre has evolved over the years into a national event centre. Today in the 3000-square-meter multipurpose building approximately 400 events are held annually.

Museums
Since 1885, the Mittertor has housed the Municipal Museum with a large collection (about 5000 exhibits) of the cultural history of the city and district of Rosenheim, from the prehistory and early history and Roman times to the recent city history in the 20th century. It is one of the most important regional history collections in South East Upper Bavaria.

The Inn Museum houses the hydraulic engineering and marine technology collection of the Rosenheim Water Management Office and is located in the historic river master's Bruckbaustadel at the Inn Bridge. With many original objects, the museum displays the Inn Shipping Company, the source of Rosenheim's prosperity in the Middle Ages, in the past centuries. In addition, the museum provides facts about the river landscape and river engineering, geology, settlement history, marine engineering, bridge design and the development of waterways.

The Wood technology Museum was established in 1990 in the listed Ellmaierhaus. It is housed on the first floor, which is accessed via the so-called Jacob's ladder. Over 400 square meters of exhibition space this unique museum displays wood as a raw material, its importance and processing past and present, which is closely related to the timber town of Rosenheim and its training centres for wood occupations. The exhibition shows not only the end products, but also their production and the necessary tools. Regular special exhibitions complete the offer of the Wood technology Museum.

The Municipal Gallery of 1935–1937 was built by German Bestelmeyer. Every year, six art exhibitions are held here. In addition to contemporary art, also exhibitions of works from the 19th and 20th century are held. A thematic focus is the art from the region and the Munich School.

The Lokschuppen Rosenheim is an internationally renowned exhibition centre with annually changing exhibitions in the former railway locomotive round house.

The brine pump house is one of the few monuments in the city which recall time from 1810 to 1958 of Rosenheim's brine industry. As part of the National Exposition salt makes history, the city renovated the historic listed building and set up an exhibition room about Rosenheim's brine history. Admission is only possible with city guides or by agreement with the Metropolitan Museum.

The Klepper Faltbootwerft museum houses various exhibits, on the one hand the history of the Klepper folding boat, coats and tents. On the other hand, it is also dedicated to the development of the company Klepper, who was once the biggest employer in Rosenheim.

Architecture
The Mittertor (the sole survivor of five market gates) was the eastern gate of the market town before 1350, which was then protected with a double ditch. Since the 15th century, it separated the interior from the exterior of the market town and served as a customs office. Until the 19th century it also contained several municipal facilities such as the city clerk's office. After the great fire in 1641 the Rosenheim onion dome was built and later extended into a long building. At its core is the Mittertor, the oldest building in the city. On the façade facing the square is the emblem of Louis Rosenheim, with the white rose against a red background. The Bavarian crest can also be seen here.

The street Münchener Strasse follows the Gillitzerblock, that is also called "small pedestrian zone." Immediately apparent are the magnificently restored Gründerzeit fronts. The name Gillitzerblock come from its builder Thomas Gillitzer. At the end of the 19th century he obtained a relatively large area of land for its day, and built 15 houses, including the Hotel Deutscher Kaiser. Since the 1960s, the once solely Gründerzeit ensemble has been altered with new construction and renovations. Only the façades in Münchener Strasse have been preserved and restored to the original.

The Quest-Kunstmühle was built from 1855 to 1916 in several phases as industrial complexes. Kunstmühle was at these times the name for technically advanced mills which were generally not powered by water or wind – German Kunst meaning art, therefore implying artificially powered in English (Steam, Diesel, etc.). The mill was renovated in the 1990s and now serves as a restaurant and office space. The Quest-Kunstmühle Power station is located on the Mangfallkanal. The former mill houses the exhibition halls of the Rosenheim arts club. The approximately 200 m2 upper floor holds exhibitions of contemporary artists, exchange exhibitions with other art associations and activities accompanying the exhibition.

The Rosenheim ballroom was built in the former Rosenheim Hofbräus buildings. The hall with ballroom and vaulted cellar was built in 1878. It was renovated in 1994 and since 2001 has been used as an event space, with its many possible uses of the centre of the eastern city of Rosenheim.

The city's landmark is the gothic spire (65 m) of the parish church St. Nikolaus (1450 m) with its baroque onion dome (1641 m).

Parks
The Kunstwiese shows three-dimensional contemporary art works by artists from Rosenheim all year round.

The Riedergarten was created in 1729 as a private herb garden by Rosenheim pharmacist Johann Rieder. It was sold to the town in 1925 by physician Herman Rieder for use as a summer garden. In 2002 the garden was redesigned by the opening up of a previously culverted stream, adding a modern character.

Since 1987 the Salingarten, in front of the Culture and Congress Centre Ku'Ko, has been used as a sculpture garden. Large sculptures by important sculptors from Rosenheim and environment can be seen here.

Transport
There are regular regional train connections to Munich and Salzburg. Rosenheim is also connected to the EuroCity network.

Twin towns – sister cities

Rosenheim is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Lazise, Italy (1974)
 * 🇫🇷 Briançon, France (1979)
 * 🇯🇵 Ichikawa, Japan (2004)

Ice hockey
Starbulls Rosenheim is the local ice hockey club, currently playing in the DEL2, Germany's second highest professional league. Their former team, the Sportbund Rosenheim, won the German championship three times (1982, 1985, 1989).

Football
TSV 1860 Rosenheim and Sportbund Rosenheim are the local football clubs, currently playing in Germany's sixth and ninth highest league, respectively.

Notable people

 * Hermann Göring (1893–1946), political and military leader and convicted war criminal
 * Hans-Ulrich Rudel (1916–1982), World War II pilot, lived and died here
 * Edmund Stoiber (born 1941), politician (CSU) and jurist, former Minister President of Bavaria
 * Ray Manzarek (1939–2013), American musician, member of The Doors, died here
 * Siegfried Fischbacher (1939–2021), magician and entertainer
 * George Dzundza (born 1945), actor
 * Jupp Kapellmann (born 1949), footballer
 * Mark Benecke (born 1970), biologist
 * Mario Jann (born 1980), professional ice hockey player
 * Martin Tomczyk (born 1981), racing driver
 * Tobias Schweinsteiger (born 1982), footballer
 * Danijel Kovacic (born 1987), professional ice hockey player
 * Nadine Samonte (born 1988), actress
 * Lars Bender (born 1989), footballer
 * Sven Bender (born 1989), footballer
 * Philipp Grubauer (born 1991), ice hockey player

title: Rosenheim


text:
Talk:Rosenheim

18 April 1945 air attack
The attack on 18 April 1945 cannot have involved "around 200 to 1300 aircraft". The number must be known with greater precision. Given the size of the town I would guess it would be approximately 200 aircraft only.203.80.61.102 (talk) 03:30, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

 * I have corrected my translation from German. I must have misread Bomben when I did the translation years ago. The German translates to something like 'around 200 aircraft dropped around 1300 bombs...'Lkingscott (talk) 15:19, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rosenheim