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Generations of Chinese leadership

Generations of Chinese leadership is a term historians use to characterize distinct periods of the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and, by extension, successive changes in the ideology of the CCP. Historians have studied various periods in the development of the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) by reference to these "generations".

Origins and terminology
Shortly after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Deng Xiaoping gave a speech which referred to Mao Zedong, himself, and Jiang Zemin as the respective "core" of the first, second, and third generations of leadership. This method of dividing Chinese leadership generations became popular. Political scientist Joseph Fewsmith says that this division "distorts history" as Mao and Deng belonged to the same generation, both being veterans of the Chinese Civil War, and that Jiang could be regarded as being from the second generation.

The closest equivalent to the term "leadership generation" used officially in China is "leadership collective" (for example: "first generation leadership collective".) The collective is viewed as leaders of the party (the CCP) rather than of the state (the PRC.) Deng used the term "core" to legitimize Jiang's unexpected appointment to General Secretary and to emphasize the collective nature of the leadership; Frederick Teiwes says that Deng's application of the concept of collective leadership to the first and second generations was historically inaccurate.

Transitions between generations and core leaders is not always clear when authority is divided across generations. When Jiang became General Secretary in 1989, Deng - through enormous prestige - continued to hold unchallenged ultimate authority. Jiang, in turn, remained chairman of the Central Military Commission after being succeeded as General Secretary by "fourth" generation" Hu Jintao. Official generational labels are not always used. The term "fourth generation of leaders" stopped being used officially in the summer of 2002 shortly before that generation assumed power. Similarly, "fifth generation of leaders" was not used officially through 2003.

The party leader (the General Secretary, and formerly Chairman) leads the collective, which typically includes the Politburo Standing Committee.

First generation
The first generation was drawn from the veterans of the revolutionary period, where most had either worked closely with or been in the armed forces. The close relationships and shared political-military experience made it easy for civilian leaders to intervene in military matters and vice versa, so the line between civilian and military leader was blurred even as greater specialization evolved.

Mao was the paramount leader from the founding of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976. His rule was unfettered by collective leadership. Mao exercised undisputed power over the party-state, including unilateral authority to decide policy, law, and political appointments. Teiwes suggests that Mao's position was secured by being a revolutionary symbol; the other leaders could not oppose Mao without undermining their own self-image as revolutionaries.

Senior offices were predominantly held by Mao's associates from the Long March and other civil war veterans. These included - at various times - Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Dehuai, and Lin Biao.

With the demise of Liu, Mao promoted Lin Biao as his deputy, and the "Gang of Four" to fill the role of his trusted allies. Lin fell out of favour, however, and died in 1971 while attempting to escape to the Soviet Union. The Gang of Four, which consisted of Jiang Qing (Madame Mao), and three other members meteorically promoted in the late 1960s, were the only members of the first generation of leadership to remain after Mao's death in 1976. Their demise came shortly afterwards in a political coup managed by what became the second generation of leaders.

Of the other members identified above, Chen Yun was sidelined from the early 1960s, lost his party position in 1969, but survived to play an influential role in the second generation of leadership. Peng Dehuai was denounced in 1959, made a brief return to government in 1965, but was detained by Red Guards from 1966 and died in prison from torture and maltreatment in 1974. Deng Xiaoping, the core of the second generation of leadership, also played a key role in the first generation at various times, mainly as an ally of Zhou and Peng, but was purged from government in 1976 and remained sidelined at the time of Mao's death.

Second generation
The death of Mao, Zhou and Zhu in 1976, and soon afterwards the coup that resulted in the arrest of the Gang of Four, ushered in the era now identified as the "second generation" of leaders. The era began with Hua Guofeng as the successor to Mao, but his position was soon eclipsed by the ascendancy of Deng Xiaoping as the paramount leader, in which position he remained at least until 1989 when he resigned from his leadership positions. During this period the most power and influence was held by a group of old party veterans, known as the Eight Elders, whose main members were Li Xiannian and Chen Yun, together with Deng. All of them had more than 40 years of political experience.

Thus, in official discourse, the second generation of leadership lasted from 1976 to 1992. The official discourse of the CCP today identifies Deng Xiaoping as the "core" of this second generation, but Deng was never formally the leader of the party during this period. Instead, the formal party leaders during this time were, successively, Hua Guofeng, Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang and Jiang Zemin. Other prominent leaders of this generation were Chen Yun, Li Xiannian, Ye Jianying, Peng Zhen and Wang Zhen. These leaders were also involved in the Chinese revolution, but with the exception of Deng Xiaoping, served in more junior roles, as they were all born from 1897 to 1921 (that is, some were born after the demise of the Qing Empire in the Xinhai Revolution). Like the first generation, many were educated overseas, particularly in France. Their young formative experiences were similar to the first generation. Most had some position of authority during the Cultural Revolution, although as a rule those that held power after the 1980s were purged during that decade. This generation turned the focus from class struggle and political movements to economic development and pioneering Chinese economic reform. The dominant political ideology of the era was Deng Xiaoping Theory.

The transition towards the third generation of leadership began with the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. The purges that followed led to the promotion of what became the third generation of leadership. Soon afterwards, Deng resigned his last major party post, as chairman of the central military committee, although he remained influential behind the scenes until his death in 1997.

Third generation
Between 1989 and 1992, Jiang was believed to be simply a transitional figure to protect the party from a power vacuum (or even an Eastern Bloc style collapse) until a more stable successor government to Deng Xiaoping could be put in place. Because of this, the era of the "third generation" is not regarded to have begun until 1992, with the election of the new CCP Politburo standing committee and Jiang consolidating his power without Deng. CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin played an important role in the period between 1989 and 2002, when as Chinese president he subverted the existing constitution and turned the presidency from a symbolic role into an executive one by his power of general secretary.

Thus, the "third generation" lasted from 1992 to 2002, with Jiang Zemin as core, and other leaders including Li Peng, Zhu Rongji, Qiao Shi, Li Ruihuan, Liu Huaqing, Hu Jintao, Wei Jianxing, and Li Lanqing. These leaders were born before the revolution from 1924 to 1934 but were educated afterwards before the Sino-Soviet split. Most of them received education in the Soviet Union as engineers and entered the party initially as factory managers. As a result, many of them did not wield any significant political power prior to the 1980s, spending their time during the Cultural Revolution and its aftermath working for the civil infrastructure of the state and were protected from the purges, as opposed to their predecessors. Unlike their predecessors, there is a split between the political and military leadership. Their formative experiences included the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Korean War. This generation continued economic development while China saw the emergence of various serious social issues. The political ideological innovation officially associated with this period was Jiang's "Three Represents".

The initial members of the third generation were mostly survivors from before 1989, including Jiang Zemin, Li Peng (who continued as premier), Qiao Shi and Li Ruihuan. Notable changes to the leadership were the elevation of Zhu Rongji in place of Li Peng as premier in 1998 and the elevation of Hu Jintao as vice president. For the first time since 1982, the three centres of power of the presidency, the party general secretaryship and the chairmanship of the central military commission were concentrated in a single person, Jiang Zemin. This enabled him to declare himself the "core" of the third generation of leadership.

During this period, while Deng Xiaoping had retired from all leadership positions, he remained influential. In 1992, Deng's informal intervention ensured that market-orientated reforms were not halted by resurgent conservative elements. (See also Deng Xiaoping's southern tour) Deng also played an important role in nominating Hu Jintao as Jiang's successor as party secretary.

Fourth generation
2002 saw the first orderly transition of power in the Chinese Communist Party in accordance with rules on term limits. The new leaders were elected to the Communist Party's Politburo in November 2002, and took up their governmental positions in March 2003, while the most prominent of their "third generation" predecessors stepped down at the same time. But Hu Jintao did not become the chairman of the Central Military Commission until September 2004.

The Chinese Government considers the Hu-Wen administration to be a continuation of the Third generation, and the Xi-Li administration to be the start of the Fourth generation.

Thus, the era of the "fourth generation" is officially regarded to have begun in 2002, and lasted until 2012, when the next election for the party leadership occurred. The prominent leaders included Hu Jintao (as General Secretary), Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Zeng Qinghong, Huang Ju, Wu Guanzheng, Li Changchun, Luo Gan, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang, and Zhou Yongkang. It is also known as the "republican generation" or the Hu-Wen Administration. These were promoted to top leadership at the 16th Party Congress and remained in power until the 18th Party Congress in 2012. This generation of leaders, born mainly in the World War II years from 1939 to 1944, represented a new technocratic style governance and a less centralized political structure. The majority of this generation of leaders were engineers whose academic lives were disrupted by the Cultural Revolution and, unlike both their predecessors and likely successors, have spent very little time overseas. The dominant political ideology of this era was Hu's Scientific Development Concept and a goal for a Socialist Harmonious Society.

Fifth generation (current)
The fifth generation came to power at the 18th Party Congress in 2012, when Hu Jintao stepped down as CCP General Secretary and CMC Chairman. In the fifth generation, one sees fewer engineers and more management and finance majors, including successful entrepreneurs. Most of the fifth generation of civilian leadership, born in the postwar years 1945 to 1955, were educated at top Chinese universities. Former leader Hu Jintao's Communist Youth League faction, and the Crown Prince Party (or "Princelings") are seen to be the two dominant factions within the leadership.

Following his elevation to General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, which oversees the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army, the Princeling and current CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping succeeded Hu Jintao as the paramount leader of this generation. Premier Li Keqiang took the place of former Premier Wen Jiabao and served until 2023. Others who have been top figures in the 5th generation include former Congress Chairmen Zhang Dejiang and Li Zhanshu, Conference Chairmen Yu Zhengsheng and Wang Yang, Secretariat First Secretaries Liu Yunshan and Wang Huning, former vice president and Discipline Secretary Wang Qishan, former Discipline Secretary and current Congress Chairman Zhao Leji, first Vice Premiers Zhang Gaoli and current Vice President Han Zheng, former Vice President Li Yuanchao, and its leading females, former Vice Premiers Liu Yandong and Sun Chunlan.

After the 20th National Congress in 2022, the prominent leaders included Xi Jinping, Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Wang Huning, Cai Qi, and Li Xi.

Sixth generation
The sixth generation of leaders had been expected to come to power at the 20th Party Congress in 2022. However, following Xi Jinping's consolidation of power at the 19th Party Congress, the future of the "sixth generation" was cast into doubt as clear successor figures failed to be named to senior leadership posts, particularly the Politburo Standing Committee. Xi Jinping was re-elected as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2022.

In preceding years, Hu Chunhua (a Vice-Premier from 2018 to 2023) was seen as a possible core figure. Hu and Sun Zhengcai were the only Politburo members named at the 18th Party Congress in 2012 who were born after 1960, making their further advancement seem like a certainty, but Sun was purged before the 19th Party Congress and Hu was dropped from the Politburo at the 20th. U.S.-based newspaper Duo Wei Times also listed four figures who have since fallen from grace, former Fujian Governor Su Shulin, former President of the Supreme People's Court Zhou Qiang, former Heilongjiang Party Secretary Zhang Qingwei, and former Minister of Natural Resources Lu Hao, as other potential figures in this generation of leadership. Others in this rough age group ascending in the ranks include Zhang Guoqing (now a Vice-Premier) and Chen Min'er (party secretary of Chongqing and then Tianjin).

Ding Xuexiang is the only person from this age bracket to have reached the Standing Committee, but the 20th Politburo includes eight other members born between 1960 and 1964.

Seventh generation
Born in the 1970s (or in the late 1960s if loosely defined), the seventh generation of leaders includes Yin Yong, Mayor of Beijing; Zhong Shaojun, Director of the General Office of the Central Military Commission; Zhuge Yujie, Deputy Party Secretary of Hubei; Liu Hongjian, Party Secretary of Kunming, the provincial capital of Yunnan; and Guo Ningning, Party Secretary of Fuzhou, the provincial capital of Fujian and Executive Vice Governor of Fujian.

No leader born in the 1970s has served as a full member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. As of mid-2023, most leaders born in the 1970s served in positions at the deputy provincial-ministerial level. Only two were full provincial-ministerial leaders: Li Yunze, Director of the National Administration of Financial Regulation, and A Dong [zh], First Secretary of the Communist Youth League of China.

title: Generations of Chinese leadership


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Nykarleby

Nykarleby (Uusikaarlepyy, ) is a town in Finland, located on the west coast of the country. Kronoby is situated in Ostrobothnia, along the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Nykarleby is approximately 0, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 0. It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

Nykarleby is a bilingual municipality with Finnish and Swedish as its official languages. The population consists of NaN Finnish speakers, NaN Swedish speakers, and NaN speakers of other languages.

The largest employers in the town are Prevex (member of KWH Group), a packaging and piping products manufacturer, Westwood, which manufactures wooden staircases, and in the village of Jeppo, KWH Mirka, a coated abrasives manufacturer. A Swedish-speaking art school (Svenska Konstskolan) is located in Nykarleby town.

History
The town is located at the mouth of the Lapua River. The name of the place was Lapuan Joensuu or 'mouth of Lapua river'. The municipality was founded in 1607 by merging parts of Pedersöre and Vörå into a new parish. In 1620, the small village of Lepua was chartered as a city, with the Swedish name Nykarleby, which means 'New Karleby'; the Finnish name is a Finnicized version of the same. The town was chartered in the same year as the nearby city of Kokkola, or in Swedish, Gamlakarleby (later, Karleby).

The battles of Nykarleby and Jutas were fought there between Swedish and Russian troops during the Finnish War in 1808.

Zacharias Topelius, an important author in Finland, was born in Nykarleby.

In 1995, the small, idyllic town was ranked as "the happiest city in Finland" in a controversial article in Helsingin Sanomat, the leading newspaper of Finland. Nykarleby has the highest concentration of Ukrainian speakers in Finland.

Politics
Results of the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election in Nykarleby:

 * Swedish People's Party 63.8%
 * Social Democratic Party 24.9%
 * Christian Democrats 4.6%
 * True Finns 2.0%
 * Centre Party 1.6%
 * Left Alliance 1.5%
 * National Coalition Party 0.7%
 * Green League 0.6%

Notable people
List of notable people that were born in, or have lived in, Nykarleby.
 * Zacharias Topelius (1818–1898), author
 * Erik Bergman (1911–2006), composer
 * Gösta Ågren (1936–2020), poet and director
 * Leo Komarov (born 1987), ice hockey player
 * Sandra Eriksson (born 1989), a middle distance runner
 * Rory Penttinen (born 1979), racing driver
 * Alma Hongell (1849–1935) ,children's literature author

Twin towns – sister cities
Nykarleby is twinned with:

 * Hammel, Denmark
 * 🇳🇴 Steinkjer, Norway
 * 🇸🇪 Sollefteå, Sweden

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nykarleby


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Hans Purrmann

Hans Marsilius Purrmann (April 10, 1880 – April 17, 1966) was a German artist. He was born in Speyer where he also grew up. He completed an apprenticeship as a scene painter and interior decorator, and subsequently studied in Karlsruhe and Munich before going to Paris in 1906. It was here he became a student and later a friend of Henri Matisse whom he set up a painting school with. After 1916, Purrmann lived in Berlin and Langenargen (Lake Constance), moving from there in 1935 to run the German art foundation at the Villa Romana in Florence. He lived there until 1943, then in Montagnola (Switzerland). He died in Basel. Typical of Purrmann's style are colourful, sensitively painted landscapes, still lifes and portraits. There are large collections of his works in Langenargen Museum and in the Purrmann House, Speyer.

title: Hans Purrmann


text:
Scott Baio

Scott Vincent Baio (born September 22, 1960) is an American actor. He is known for playing Chachi Arcola on the sitcom Happy Days (1977–1984) and its spin-off Joanie Loves Chachi (1982–1983), the title character on the sitcom Charles in Charge (1984–1990), Dr. Jack Stewart in the medical-mystery-drama series Diagnosis: Murder (1993–1995), and the title role of the musical film Bugsy Malone (1976), his onscreen debut. Baio has guest-starred on various television programs, appeared in several independent films, and starred on the Nickelodeon sitcom See Dad Run (2012–2015).

Early life
Baio was born in the Bay Ridge neighborhood of the Brooklyn borough of New York City in 1960, the son of Italian immigrants Rose, a homemaker, and Mario Baio, who worked as his manager. He and his siblings were raised in Bensonhurst. He went to Xaverian High School.

Career
In 1976, Baio played the title character Bugsy Malone in the children's gangster musical directed by Alan Parker, which also co-starred Jodie Foster. Baio and Foster later worked together again in the teen girl drama Foxes (1980), helmed by Adrian Lyne.

When he was 16, Baio was cast as The Fonz's cousin Chachi Arcola on Happy Days. During his time on Happy Days, Baio earned two Daytime Emmy Award nominations, for his lead performances in the television movies Stoned (1981) and All the Kids Do It (1985). He won two Young Artist Awards during the Third Annual Youth in Film Awards (1980–1982) as Best Young Actor in a Television Special for Stoned and Best Young Comedian in Television or Motion Pictures for Happy Days. He also starred in the made-for-television youth drama specials The Boy Who Drank Too Much and Senior Trip.

From March 1982 to May 1983, Baio starred with his Happy Days co-star Erin Moran in the show's spin-off, Joanie Loves Chachi. The show was canceled after 17 episodes and Baio (and Moran) returned to Happy Days. During this period, Baio, who played an aspiring singer on Joanie Loves Chachi, was signed to a record contract with RCA Victor, who used his TV role to push his music career. He released two albums and three singles, and his self-titled album peaked at number 181 on the Billboard 200, but his recording career never took off.

In 1982, he appeared in the film Zapped! and starred as Francis Geminiani in the special HBO presentation of Gemini, an adaptation of the Broadway comedy-drama Happy Birthday, Gemini. From 1979 to 1984, Baio made seven appearances on Battle of the Network Stars; six as a competitor for the ABC team (once as team captain) and one as co-host. From 1984 until 1990, Baio starred in the syndicated comedy series Charles in Charge. In 1985, he was part of an ensemble cast for Alice in Wonderland, where he portrayed Pat the Pig. From 1987 through 1991, he was a director of the children's comedy series Out of This World.

During the 1990s, Baio appeared in various television programs, including the short-lived Look Who's Talking small screen spin-off Baby Talk. In 1991, he appeared in the NBC Monday Night Movie Perry Mason and the Case of the Fatal Fashion, as a young prosecutor. Between 1993 and 1995, he portrayed Dr. Jack Stewart in the medical mystery series Diagnosis: Murder. Baio was a guest-star on a variety of series, including Full House, Touched by an Angel, Veronica's Closet and The Nanny. He also starred in several films on television and video releases such as Detonator, Bar-Hopping, Dumb Luck, Face Value and Mixed Blessings.

Baio was in the independent films Very Mean Men (2000), Face to Face (2001), and The Bread, My Sweet (2001). In 2004, Baio starred in Superbabies: Baby Geniuses 2 with Bob Clark. The film was widely panned by critics and nominated for four Razzie Awards. Baio played himself in the 2005 Wes Craven film Cursed. In 2005, Baio appeared in four episodes of Arrested Development as the Bluth family's lawyer, Bob Loblaw, taking over the role from his former Happy Days co-star Henry Winkler; the Online Film and Television Association nominated him as Best Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for the role. In 2007, Baio starred in the VH1 celebrity reality series Scott Baio Is 45...and Single and its successor the following year, Scott Baio Is 46...and Pregnant. Baio was also the co-host of the VH1 reality show Confessions of a Teen Idol, in which former teen idols attempt to resurrect their careers.

Baio starred in and produced the Nick at Nite situation comedy See Dad Run, which ran from 2012 to 2015. Baio guest starred in a 2014 episode of Sam & Cat as a police officer who arrests the title characters.

Personal life
In 2001, Baio got engaged to his girlfriend Jeanette Jonsson.

In 2007, shortly before the birth of their daughter, Baio married Renée Sloan, whom he met in the 1990s at the Playboy Mansion. Renée was carrying twins, but lost one of the babies in the 11th week of her pregnancy. Their daughter, Bailey, was born in 2007, five weeks premature. After Bailey tested positive for a rare metabolic disorder, the family started the Bailey Baio Angel Foundation to provide financial support to other families who are dealing with metabolic disorders. Renée Baio was diagnosed with a meningioma brain tumor in June 2015, with a second tumor discovered later. In 2017 she was also diagnosed with cerebral microvascular disease. Baio is also the stepfather to Renée's daughter Kalyn, born in 1989.

He is a cousin of former actor Jimmy Baio, New York Mets outfielder Harrison Bader, and Vampire Weekend bassist Chris Baio.

Political views
Baio is a registered Republican and has described his politics as conservative. He campaigned for Ronald Reagan in his youth and attended Reagan's state funeral. Upon Reagan's death in 2004, he was quoted by the New York Daily News as saying, "President Reagan made me feel proud to be an American. Today, I feel sadness."

Baio endorsed Republican presidential candidates Mitt Romney in 2012 and Donald Trump in 2016, and he spoke at the opening night of the 2016 Republican National Convention. He also supported Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election.

On December 15, 2016, Baio accused Nancy Mack, wife of Chad Smith, drummer for Red Hot Chili Peppers, of physically assaulting him at their children's elementary school function. Baio claims Mack began berating and cursing him over his support of Trump and at one point attacked him, grabbing him under his arms and then shaking and pushing him. Mack claimed she was trying to show Baio how Trump hugs women and denied any intentional physical aggression.

On August 26, 2017, Baio re-tweeted a Sandy Hook conspiracy theory meme, insinuating that the 2017 killing of Heather Heyer in Charlottesville and the Sandy Hook shooting of 2012 were linked hoaxes.

Allegations of abuse
On January 29, 2018, sexual misconduct allegations made by Nicole Eggert against Baio surfaced. In 2013, Eggert stated on the Nik Richie Radio show that she and Baio had a one-time encounter "years" after Charles in Charge ended, which would have been after 1990. In the more elaborated account, discussed on The Dr. Oz Show and Megyn Kelly Today, Eggert claimed that Baio molested her beginning in 1986 when she was 14, and that when she was 17, she had intercourse with him. Baio contends that he had sexual relations with Eggert only once, and that the encounter occurred after she had turned 18. Baio explained that Eggert's own words to Richie proved he did not have intercourse with Eggert while she was a minor, since the final episode of Charles in Charge aired in November 1990, ten months after Eggert turned 18.

Several months later, Alexander Polinsky, another co-star in Charles in Charge, accused Baio of verbally abusing and physically assaulting him while on set.

title: Scott Baio


text:
User:Synthetik/Scratch/Sharp Zaurus

 * 1) The PI series used a Sharp made CPU called SC60215 officially known as ESR-L as the main processor and a Z-80 offshot for the HWR; Most of the MI series seems to use a Hitachi SH3 CPU; confirmation needed on both claims!
 * 2) Dimensions are without the lid
 * 3) Weight is including the batteries
 * 4) Unofficial from a news group posting
 * 5) Unofficial from a news group posting
 * 6) Unconfirmed; source: News group posting
 * 7) CPU information for MI-500 series, MI-100 series, MI-600 series, MI-310, and MI-EX1 originate from hp.vector.jp
 * 8) ZR-3000 information was collected from www.pathcom.com
 * 9) Informatin for SL-5000D taken from sharp tech journal and the gadgeteer
 * 10) Screensize for PI-4000, 4500 and 5000 is using an educated guess, I found an old screen protector that can be used all the way from the PI-3000 up to the PI-5000 (Product name: サンワサプライ株式会社 PDA-FILM1 BC: 4 969887 270981)

title: User:Synthetik/Scratch/Sharp Zaurus


text:
User:Chenghui~enwiki

Use Detail

Date of Encouter wikipedia:July 21,2003

 * Chenghui 15:09 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User:Chenghui~enwiki


text:
User:Atreyu42

Who am I
"On the Internet, nobody knows you are a dog." -- New Yorker

Atreyu42 is a pseudonym I use to hide my identity on the Internet, because I don't want people googling nor data mining me. Call me paranoid.

Atreyu is the name of a character in Michael Ende's book The Neverending Story. And what about the 42? Well, because it is the Answer to the great question of life, the universe, and everything! (See The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy) :-)

title: User:Atreyu42


text:
HTML element

An HTML element is a type of HTML (HyperText Markup Language) document component, one of several types of HTML nodes (there are also text nodes, comment nodes and others). The first used version of HTML was written by Tim Berners-Lee in 1993 and there have since been many versions of HTML. The current de facto standard is governed by the industry group WHATWG and is known as the HTML Living Standard.

An HTML document is composed of a tree of simple HTML nodes, such as text nodes, and HTML elements, which add semantics and formatting to parts of document (e.g., make text bold, organize it into paragraphs, lists and tables, or embed hyperlinks and images). Each element can have HTML attributes specified. Elements can also have content, including other elements and text.

Elements vs. tags
As is generally understood, the position of an element is indicated as spanning from a start tag and is terminated by an end tag. This is the case for many, but not all, elements within an HTML document. The distinction is explicitly emphasised in HTML 4.01 Specification: "Elements are not tags. Some people refer to elements as tags (e.g., "the P tag"). Remember that the element is one thing, and the tag (be it start or end tag) is another. For instance, the HEAD element is always present, even though both start and end HEAD tags may be missing in the markup."

Similarly the W3C Recommendation HTML 5.1 2nd Edition explicitly says: "Tags are used to delimit the start and end of elements in the markup. (...) The start and end tags of certain normal elements can be omitted, (...) The contents of the element must be placed between just after the start tag (which might be implied, in certain cases) and just before the end tag (which again, might be implied, in certain cases)."

and: "Certain tags can be omitted. NOTE: Omitting an element's start tag (...) does not mean the element is not present; it is implied, but it is still there. For example, an HTML document always has a root element, even if the string doesn't appear anywhere in the markup."

As HTML (before HTML5) is based on SGML, its parsing also depends on the Document Type Definition (DTD), specifically an HTML DTD (e.g. HTML 4.01 ). The DTD specifies which element types are possible (i.e. it defines the set of element types) and also the valid combinations in which they may appear in a document. It is part of general SGML behavior that, where only one valid structure is (per the DTD), its explicit statement in any given document is not generally required. As a simple example, the tag indicating the start of a paragraph element should be complemented by a  tag indicating its end. But since the DTD states that paragraph elements cannot be nested, an HTML document fragment is thus inferred to be equivalent to. (If one paragraph element cannot contain another, any currently open paragraph must be closed before starting another.) Because this implication is based on the combination of the DTD and the individual document, it is not usually possible to infer elements from document tags but only by using an SGML—or HTML—aware parser with knowledge of the DTD. HTML5 creates a similar result by defining what tags can be omitted.

SGML vs. XML
SGML is complex, which has limited its widespread understanding and adoption. XML was developed as a simpler alternative. Although both can use the DTD to specify the supported elements and their permitted combinations as document structure, XML parsing is simpler. The relation from tags to elements is always that of parsing the actual tags included in the document, without the implied closures that are part of SGML.

HTML as used on the current web is likely to be either treated as XML, by being XHTML, or as HTML5; in either case the parsing of document tags into Document Object Model (DOM) elements is simplified compared to legacy HTML systems. Once the DOM of elements is obtained, behavior at higher levels of interface (example: screen rendering) is identical or nearly so.

vs. box
Part of this CSS presentation behavior is the notion of the "box model". This is applied to those elements that CSS considers to be "block" elements, set through the CSS declaration.

HTML also has a similar concept, although different, and the two are very frequently confused. and  are groups within the HTML DTD that group elements as being either "block-level" or "inline". This is used to define their nesting behavior: block-level elements cannot be placed into an inline context. This behavior cannot be changed; it is fixed in the DTD. Block and inline elements have the appropriate and different CSS behaviors attached to them by default, including the relevance of the box model for particular element types.

Note though that this CSS behavior can, and frequently is, changed from the default. Lists with are   elements and are presented as block elements by default. However, it is quite common to set these with CSS to display as an inline list.

Syntax
In the HTML syntax, most elements are written with a start tag and an end tag, with the content in between. An HTML tag is composed of the name of the element, surrounded by angle brackets. An end tag also has a slash after the opening angle bracket, to distinguish it from the start tag. For example, a paragraph, which is represented by the element, would be written as: However, not all of these elements the end tag, or even the start tag, to be present. Some elements, the so-called void elements, do not have an end tag. A typical example is the (hard line-break) element. A void element's behavior is predefined, and it cannot contain any content or other elements. For example, an address would be written as: When using XHTML, it is required to open and close all elements, including void elements. This can be done by placing an end tag immediately after the start tag, but this is not legal in HTML 5 and will lead to two elements being created. An alternative way to specify that it is a void element, which is compatible with both XHTML and HTML 5, is to put a  at the  of the tag (not to be confused with the   at the  of a closing tag).

HTML attributes are specified inside the start tag. For example, the element, which represents an abbreviation, expects a   attribute within its opening tag. This would be written as:

Informally, HTML elements are sometimes referred to as "tags" (an example of synecdoche), though many prefer the term tag strictly in reference to the markup delimiting the start and end of an element.

Element (and attribute) names may be written in any combination of upper or lower case in HTML, but must be in lower case in XHTML. The canonical form was upper-case until HTML 4, and was used in HTML specifications, but in recent years, lower-case has become more common.

Types of element
There are three kinds of HTML elements: normal elements, raw text elements, and void elements.

Normal elements usually have both a start tag and an end tag, although for some elements the end tag, or both tags, can be omitted. It is constructed in a similar way:
 * a start tag marking the beginning of an element, which may incorporate any number of HTML attributes;
 * some amount of content, including text and other elements;
 * an end tag, in which the element name is prefixed with a slash:.

Raw text elements (also known as text or text-only elements) are constructed with: An example is the element, which must not contain other elements (including markup of text), only  text.
 * a start tag (in the form ) marking the beginning of an element, which may incorporate any number of HTML attributes;
 * some amount of text content, but no elements (all tags, apart from the applicable end tag, will be interpreted as content);
 * an end tag, in which the element name is prefixed with a slash: . In some versions of HTML, the end tag is optional for some elements. The end tag is required in XHTML.

Void elements (also sometimes called empty elements, single elements or stand-alone elements) only have a start tag (in the form ), which contains any HTML attributes. They may not contain any children, such as text or other elements. For compatibility with XHTML, the HTML specification allows an optional space and slash ( is permissible). The slash is required in XHTML and other XML applications. Two common void elements are (for a hard line-break, such as in a poem or an address) and  (for a thematic break). Other such elements are often place-holders which reference external files, such as the image element. The attributes included in the element will then point to the external file in question. Another example of a void element is, for which the syntax is: This element points the browser at a style sheet to use when presenting the HTML document to the user. In the HTML syntax attributes do not have to be quoted if they are composed only of certain characters: letters, digits, the hyphen-minus and the period. When using the XML syntax (XHTML), on the other hand, all attributes must be quoted, and a spaced trailing slash is required before the last angle bracket:

Attributes
HTML attributes define desired behavior or indicate additional element properties. Most attributes require a value. In HTML, the value can be left unquoted if it does not include spaces, or it can be quoted with single or double quotes ( or  ). In XML, those quotes are required.

Boolean attributes, on the other hand, do not require a value to be specified. An example is the  for checkboxes: In the XML (and thus XHTML) syntax, though, a value is required, and the name should be repeated as the value:

Element standards
HTML elements are defined in a series of freely available open standards issued since 1995, initially by the IETF and subsequently by the W3C.

During the browser wars of the 1990s, developers of user agents (e.g. web browsers) often developed their own elements, some of which have been adopted in later standards. Other user agents may not recognize non-standard elements, and they will be ignored, possibly causing the page to be displayed improperly.

In 1998, XML (a simplified form of SGML) introduced mechanisms to allow anyone to develop their own elements and incorporate them in XHTML documents, for use with XML-aware user agents.

Subsequently, HTML 4.01 was rewritten in an XML-compatible form, XHTML 1.0 (eXtensible HTML). The elements in each are identical, and in most cases valid XHTML 1.0 documents will be valid or nearly valid HTML 4.01 documents. This article mainly focuses on real HTML, unless noted otherwise; however, it remains applicable to XHTML. See HTML for a discussion of the minor differences between the two.

Element status
Since the first version of HTML, several elements have become outmoded, and are deprecated in later standards, or do not appear at all, in which case they are invalid (and will be found invalid, and perhaps not displayed, by validating user agents).

In HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0, the status of elements is complicated by the existence of three types of DTD:
 * Transitional, which contain deprecated elements, but which were intended to provide a transitional period during which authors could update their practices;
 * Frameset, which are versions of the Transitional DTDs which also allow authors to write frameset documents;
 * Strict, which is the up-to-date (as at 1999) form of HTML.

HTML5 instead provides a listing of obsolete features to go along with the standardized normative content. They are broken down into "obsolete but conforming" for which implementation instructions exist and "non-conforming" ones that should be replaced.

The first Standard (HTML 2.0) contained four deprecated elements, one of which was invalid in HTML 3.2. All four are invalid in HTML 4.01 Transitional, which also deprecated a further ten elements. All of these, plus two others, are invalid in HTML 4.01 Strict. While the frame elements are still current in the sense of being present in the Transitional and Frameset DTDs, there are no plans to preserve them in future standards, as their function has been largely replaced, and they are highly problematic for user accessibility.

(Strictly speaking, the most recent XHTML standard, XHTML 1.1 (2001), does not include frames at all; it is approximately equivalent to XHTML 1.0 Strict, but also includes the Ruby markup module.)

A common source of confusion is the loose use of deprecated to refer to both deprecated and invalid status, and to elements that are expected to be formally deprecated in the future.

Content vs. presentation and behavior
Since HTML 4, HTML has increasingly focused on the separation of content (the visible text and images) from presentation (like color, font size, and layout). This is often referred to as a separation of concerns. HTML is used to represent the structure or content of a document, its presentation remains the sole responsibility of CSS style sheets. A default style sheet is suggested as part of the CSS standard, giving a default rendering for HTML.

Behavior (interactivity) is also kept separate from content, and is handled by scripts. Images are contained in separate graphics files, separate from text, though they can also be considered part of the content of a page.

Separation of concerns allows the document to be presented by different user agents according to their purposes and abilities. For example, a user agent can select an appropriate style sheet to present a document by displaying on a monitor, printing on paper, or to determine speech characteristics in an audio-only user agent. The structural and semantic functions of the markup remain identical in each case.

Historically, user agents did not always support these features. In the 1990s, as a stop-gap, presentational elements (like and ) were added to HTML, at the cost of creating problems for interoperability and user accessibility. This is now regarded as outmoded and has been superseded by style sheet-based design; most presentational elements are now deprecated.

External image files are incorporated with the or  elements. (With XHTML, the SVG language can also be used to write graphics within the document, though linking to external SVG files is generally simpler.) Where an image is not purely decorative, HTML allows replacement content with similar semantic value to be provided for non-visual user agents.

An HTML document can also be extended through the use of scripts to provide additional behaviors beyond the abilities of HTML hyperlinks and forms.

The elements and, with related HTML attributes, provide style sheets and scripts.
 * In the document head, and  may link to shared external documents, or  and  may contain embedded instructions. (The  element can also be used to link style sheets.)
 * or  can occur at any point in the document (head or body).
 * The  attribute is valid in most document body elements (e.g. ) for inclusion of inline style instructions.
 * Event-handling attributes, which provide links to scripts, are optional in most elements.
 * For user agents which do not operate scripts, the  element provides embedded alternative content where appropriate; however, it can only be used in the document head and in the body as a block-level element.

Document structure elements
html: The root element of an HTML document; all other elements are contained in this. The HTML element delimits the beginning and the end of an HTML document. Both the start and end tags may be omitted (HTML5). Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

head: Container for processing information and metadata for an HTML document. Both the start and end tags may be omitted and inferred from child elements (HTML5). Standardized in HTML 5.0; still current.

body: Container for the displayable content of an HTML document. Both the start and end tags may be omitted and inferred from child elements (HTML5). Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

Document head elements
base: Specifies a base URL for all relative and other links in the document. Must appear before any element that refers to an external resource. HTML permits only one element for each document. This element has HTML attributes, but no contents. A development version of this element (as ) is mentioned in HTML Tags; standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

basefont: Specifies a base font size, typeface, and color for the document. Used together with elements. Deprecated in favor of style sheets. Standardized in HTML 3.2; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict.

isindex: could either appear in the document head or in the body, but only once in a document. See Forms.

link: Specifies links to other documents, such as previous and next links, or alternate versions. A common use is to link to external style sheets, using the form,.

A less-common, but important, usage is to supply navigation hints consistently through use of microformats. Several common relationships are defined, that may be exposed to users through the browser interface rather than directly in the web page, such as:.

A document's element may contain any number of elements. This element has HTML attributes, but no contents. existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

meta: Can be used to specify additional metadata about a document, such as its author, publication date, expiration date, language, page title, page description, keywords, or other information not provided through the other header elements and HTML attributes. Because of their generic nature, elements specify associative key-value pairs. In general, a meta element conveys hidden information about the document. Several meta tags can be used, all of which should be nested in the head element. The specific purpose of each element is defined by its attributes. Outside of XHTML, it is often given without the slash, despite being a void element.

In one form, elements can specify HTTP headers which should be sent by a web server before the actual content. For example, specifies that the page should be served with an HTTP header called   that has a value.

In the general form, a element specifies   and associated   HTML attributes describing aspects of the HTML page. To prevent possible ambiguity, an optional third attribute,, may be supplied to specify a semantic framework that defines the meaning of the key and its value. For example, in the  element identifies itself as containing the   element, with a value of , from the DC or Dublin Core resource description framework. Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

object: Used for including generic objects within the document header. Though rarely used within a element, it could potentially be used to extract foreign data and associate it with the current document. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

script: Can act as a container for script instructions or link to an external script with the optional attribute. Also usable in the document body to dynamically generate either both block or inline content. Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

style: Specifies a CSS style for the document, usually in the form,. Can either act as a container for style instructions or link to external style sheets – for example, in CSS, with directives of the form, Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

title: This tag defines a document title. Required in every HTML and XHTML document. User agents may use the title in different ways. For example: The element must not contain other elements, only text. Only one element is permitted in a document. Existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.
 * Web browsers usually display it in a window's title bar when the window is open, and (where applicable) in the task bar when the window is minimized.
 * It may become the default file-name when saving the page.
 * We can use element only one time in a web page, and when we make another page then we will use again another element with new title (do not take same name for all title tag in website, It can be problem for search engines).
 * Web search engines' web crawlers may pay particular attention to the words used in the title.

Document body elements
In visual browsers, displayable elements can be rendered as either block or inline. While all elements are part of the document sequence, block elements appear within their parent elements: Conversely, inline elements are treated as part of the flow of document text; they cannot have margins, width, or height set, and do break across lines.
 * as rectangular objects which do not break across lines;
 * with block margins, width, and height properties which can be set independently of the surrounding elements.

Block elements
Block elements, or block-level elements, have a rectangular structure. By default, these elements will span the entire width of its parent element, and will thus not allow any other element to occupy the same horizontal space as it is placed on.

The rectangular structure of a block element is often referred to as the box model, and is made up of several parts. Each element contains the following:
 * The content of an element is the actual text (or other media) placed between the opening and closing tags of an element.
 * The padding of an element is the space around the content but which still forms part of the element. Padding should not be used to create white space between two elements. Any background style assigned to the element, such as a background image or color, will be visible within the padding. Increasing the size of an element's padding increases the amount of space this element will take up.
 * The  border of an element is the absolute end of an element and spans the perimeter of that element. The thickness of a border increases the size of an element.
 * The margin of an element is the white space that surrounds an element. The content, padding, and border of any other element will not be allowed to enter this area unless forced to do so by some advanced CSS placement. Using most standard DTDs, margins on the left and right of different elements will push each other away. Margins on the top or bottom of an element, on the other hand, will not stack or will intermingle. This means that the white space between these elements will be as big as the larger margin between them.

The above section refers only to the detailed implementation of CSS rendering and has no relevance to HTML elements themselves.

Basic text
p: Creates a paragraph, perhaps the most common block level element. existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

h1: h2: h3: h4: h5: h6:

Section headings at different levels. delimits the highest-level heading,  the next level down (sub-section),   for a level below that, and so on to. They are sometimes referred to collectively as  tags, n meaning any of the available heading levels.

Most visual browsers show headings as large bold text by default, though this can be overridden with CSS. Heading elements are not intended merely for creating large or bold text – in fact, they should be used for explicitly styling text. Rather, they describe the document's structure and organization. Some programs use them to generate outlines and tables of contents. Headings existed in HTML Tags, and were standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

Lists
dl: A description list (a.k.a. association list or definition list) consists of name–value groups, and was known as a definition list prior to HTML5. Description lists are intended for groups of "terms and definitions, metadata topics and values, questions and answers, or any other groups of name–value data". existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

dt: A name in a description list (previously definition term in a definition list). existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

dd: A value in a description list (previously definition data in a definition list). existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

ol: An ordered (enumerated) list. The attribute can be used to specify the kind of marker to use in the list, but style sheets give more control. The default is Arabic numbering. In an HTML attribute: ; or in a CSS declaration: – replacing   with one of the following: CSS provides several other options not available as pure-HTML markup, including, and options for CJK, Hebrew, Georgian, and Armenian script. The attribute is deprecated in HTML 3.2 and 4.01, but not in HTML 5. existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.
 * A, B, C ... – HTML value: ; CSS value:
 * a, b, c ... – HTML value: ; CSS value:
 * I, II, III ... – HTML value: ; CSS value:
 * i, ii, iii ... – HTML value: ; CSS value:
 * 1, 2, 3 ... – HTML value: ;

ul: An unordered (bulleted) list. The type of list item marker can be specified in an HTML attribute: ; or in a CSS declaration: – replacing  with one of the following (the same values are used in HTML and CSS):   (the default),, or. Only the CSS method is supported in HTML5; the attribute is deprecated in HTML 3.2 and 4.01. CSS also provides, and the ability to replace these bullets with custom images. existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

li: A list item in ordered or unordered lists. existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

dir: A directory listing. The original purpose of this element was never widely supported; deprecated in favor of. existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict.

Other block elements
address: Contact information for the document author. existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

article: Used for articles and other similar content. Standardized in HTML5.

aside: Used for content in a document which is separate from the main page content, for example, sidebars or advertising. Standardized in HTML5.

blockquote: A block level quotation, for when the quotation includes block level elements, e.g. paragraphs. The attribute (not to be confused with the  element) may give the source, and must be a fully qualified Uniform Resource Identifier.

The default presentation of block quotations in visual browsers is usually to indent them from both margins. This has led to the element being unnecessarily used just to indent paragraphs, regardless of semantics. For quotations not containing block level elements see the quote element. existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current. See blockquote element for more information.

center: Creates a block-level center-aligned division. Deprecated in favor of or another element with centering defined using style sheets. Standardized in HTML 3.2; deprecated in HTML 4.0; not supported in HTML5.

del: Marks a deleted section of content. This element can also be used as inline. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

div: A block-level logical division. A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section, usually for purposes such as presentation or behavior controlled by style sheets or DOM calls. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts; Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

figure: Used to group images and captions, along with. Standardized in HTML5.

figcaption: A caption for an image. Always placed inside the element. Standardized in HTML5.

footer: Used for document footers. These might contain author or copyright information, or links to other pages. Standardized in HTML5.

header: Used for document headers. These typically contain content introducing the page. Standardized in HTML5.

hr: A thematic break (originally: horizontal rule). Presentational rules can be drawn with style sheets. Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

ins: Marks a section of inserted content. This element can also be used as inline. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

main: Contains the main content of a document. Standardized in HTML 5.1.

menu: HTML 2.0: A menu listing. Should be more compact than a list. existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict; then redefined in HTML5, removed in HTML 5.2, but is included in the HTML Living Standard in 2019.

nav: Used in navigational sections of articles (areas of webpages which contain links to other webpages). Standardized in HTML5.

noscript: Replacement content for scripts. Unlike script this can only be used as a block-level element. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

pre: Pre-formatted text. Text within this element is typically displayed in a non-proportional font exactly as it is laid out in the file (see ASCII art). Whereas browsers ignore white-space for other HTML elements, in , white-space should be rendered as authored. (With the CSS properties:, other elements can be presented in the same way.) This element can contain any inline element except:, , , , , and . existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

section: Used for generic sections of a document. This is different from in that it is only used to contain sections of a page, which the W3C defines as a group of content with a similar theme. Standardized in HTML5.

script: Places a script in the document. Also usable in the head and in inline contexts. It may be used as with a  attribute to supply a URL from which to load the script, or used as  around embedded script content.

is not itself either a block or inline element; by itself it should not display at all, but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content. Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

Inline elements
Inline elements cannot be placed directly inside the element; they must be wholly nested within block-level elements.

Anchor
a: An anchor element is called an anchor because web designers can use it to "anchor" a URL to some text on a web page. When users view the web page in a browser, they can click the text to activate the link and visit the page whose URL is in the link.

In HTML, an anchor can be either the origin (the anchor text) or the target (destination) end of a hyperlink.

With the attribute, the anchor becomes a hyperlink to either another part of the document or another resource (e.g. a webpage) using an external URL. Alternatively (and sometimes concurrently), with the  or   HTML attributes set, the element becomes a link target. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) can link to this target via a fragment identifier. In HTML5, any element can now be made into a target by using the  attribute, so using  is not necessary, although this way of adding anchors continues to work.

To illustrate: the header of a table of contents section on example.com 's homepage could be turned into a target by writing:.

Continuing with this example, now that the section has been marked up as a target, it can be referred to from external sites with a link like: ;

or with a link on the same page like:.

The attribute  may be set to give brief information about the link:.

In most graphical browsers, when the cursor hovers over a link, the cursor changes into a hand with an extended index finger and the  value is displayed in a tooltip or in some other manner. Some browsers render alt text the same way, although this is not what the specification calls for. existed in HTML Tags, and was standardized in HTML 2.0;

Phrase elements
Phrase elements are used for marking up phrases and adding structure or semantic meaning to text fragments. For example, the  and   tags can be used for adding emphasis to text.

General
abbr: Marks an abbreviation, and can make the full form available: Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

acronym: Similar to the element, but marks an acronym: Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current, not supported in HTML5. Recommended replacement is the tag.

defn: Inline definition of a single term. existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was fully standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

em: Emphasis (conventionally displayed in italics) existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

strong: importance ; originally strong emphasis (conventionally displayed bold).

An aural user agent may use different voices for emphasis. existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current, redefined in HTML5.

Computer phrase elements
These elements are useful primarily for documenting computer code development and user interaction through differentiation of source code ( existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

kbd: Keyboard – text to be entered by the user ( kbd example ). existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

samp: Sample output – from a program or script: ( samp example ). existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

var: Variable ( var example ). existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

Presentation
As visual presentational markup only applies directly to visual browsers, its use is discouraged. Style sheets should be used instead. Several of these elements are deprecated or invalid in HTML 4 / XHTML 1.0, and the remainder are invalid in the current draft of XHTML 2.0. The current draft of HTML5, however, re-includes, , and , assigning new semantic meaning to each. In an HTML5 document, the use of these elements is no longer discouraged, provided that it is semantically correct.

b: In HTML 4, set font to boldface where possible. Equivalent CSS:. The element usually has the same effect in visual browsers, as well as having more semantic meaning, under HTML 4.01.

In HTML5, however, has its own meaning, distinct from that of. It denotes "text to which attention is being drawn for utilitarian purposes without conveying any extra importance and with no implication of an alternate voice or mood." existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current, redefined in HTML5.

i: In HTML 4, set font to italic where possible. Equivalent CSS:. Using  has the same visual effect in most browsers, as well as having a semantic meaning as emphasis, under HTML 4.01. (Purely typographic italics have many non-emphasis purposes, as HTML 5 more explicitly recognized.)

In HTML5, however, has its own semantic meaning, distinct from that of. It denotes "a different quality of text" or "an alternate voice or mood" e.g., a thought, a ship name, a binary species name, a foreign-language phrase, etc. existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current, redefined in HTML5.

u: In HTML 4, underlined text. Equivalent CSS:. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Restored in HTML5.

In HTML5, the element denotes "a span of text with an unarticulated, though explicitly rendered, non-textual annotation, such as labelling the text as being a proper name in Chinese text (a Chinese proper name mark), or labelling the text as being misspelt." The HTML5 specification reminds developers that other elements are almost always more appropriate than and admonishes designers not to use underlined text where it could be confused for a hyper-link. existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, was standardized in HTML 3.2 but was deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional and was invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict. Reintroduced in HTML5.

small: In HTML 4, decreased font size ( smaller text). Equivalent CSS:

In HTML5, the element denotes "side comments such as small print." This has caused some confusion with the <aside ></aside> element. Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

s: In HTML 4, indicated strike-through text ( Strikethrough ) and was equivalent to.

In HTML5, the element denotes information that is "no longer accurate or no longer relevant", and is not to be confused with, which indicates removal/deletion. was deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional (having not appeared in any previous standard), and was invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict. Reintroduced in HTML5, which instead deprecated.

undefined: Increased font size ( bigger text). Equivalent CSS: Standardized in HTML 3.2; not supported in HTML5.

undefined: Strike-through text ( Strikethrough ), (Equivalent CSS: ) was standardized in HTML 3.2; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict.

tt: Fixed-width font (typewriter-like), also known as teletype, thus "tt". (Equivalent CSS: ) existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was Standardized in HTML 2.0; not supported in HTML5. Possible replacements: for marking user input, for variables (usually rendered italic, and not with a change to monospace),  for source code,  for output.

font: Can specify the font color with the attribute (note the American spelling), typeface with the   attribute, and absolute or relative size with the   attribute.

Examples (all uses are deprecated, use CSS equivalents if possible):
 * creates.
 * creates text with hexadecimal color #114499.
 * creates text with size 4. Sizes are from 1 to 7. The standard size is 3, unless otherwise specified in the <body> or other tags.
 * creates text with size 1 bigger than the standard. is opposite.
 * makes text with Courier font.

Equivalent CSS for font attributes: Standardized in HTML 3.2; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict. Not part of HTML5.
 * corresponds to  (the HTML specification does not define the relationship between size N and unit-size Y, nor does it define a unit).
 * corresponds to
 * corresponds to – CSS supports a font stack, of two or more alternative fonts.

Span
span: An inline logical division. A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section, usually for purposes such as presentation or behavior controlled by style sheets or DOM calls. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

Other inline elements
br: A forced line break. Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

bdi: Isolates an inline section of text that may be formatted in a different direction from other text outside of it, such as user-generated content with unknown directionality. Standardized in HTML5.

bdo: Marks an inline section of text in which the reading direction is the opposite from that of the parent element. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

cite: A citation or a reference for a quote or statement in the document. CITE existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current. Note: The HTML 5 specifications have been confusingly forked, including with regard to this element. In HTML 4 and earlier, was for "a citation or a reference to other sources" without any particular limitations or requirements. The W3C HTML 5 spec uses a refinement of this idea, reflecting how the element has historically been used, but now requiring that it contain (but not be limited to) at least one of "the title of the work or the name of the author (person, people or organization) or an URL reference, or a reference in abbreviated form as per the conventions used for the addition of citation metadata." But the WHATWG spec only permits the element to be used around the title of a work. The W3C specs began with the broader definition, then switched to the very narrow one after WHATWG made this change. However, W3C reverted their own change in 2012, in response to negative developer-community feedback; the element was in broadly-deployed use with the broader scope, e.g., various blog and forum platforms wrap commenters' IDs and e-mail addresses in <cite ></cite>, and people using the element for bibliographic citations were (and still are) routinely wrapping each entire citation in this element.

Another problem with the element is that WHATWG recommends that it be italicized by default (thus almost all browsers do so), because it (in their view) is only for publication titles. By convention, however, only certain kinds of titles actually take italics, while others are expected to be put in quotation marks, and standards may actually vary by publishing context and language. Consequently, many website authors and admins use a site-wide stylesheet to undo this element's auto-italics.

data: Links inline content with a machine-readable translation. Standardized in HTML5.

del: Deleted text. Typically rendered as a strikethrough: Deleted text. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

ins: Inserted text. Often used to mark up replacement text for material struck with or. Typically rendered underlined: Inserted text. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current. Both and elements may also be used as block elements: containing other block and inline elements. However, these elements must still remain wholly within their parent element to maintain a well-formed HTML document. For example, deleting text from the middle of one paragraph across several other paragraphs and ending in a final paragraph would need to use three separate elements. Two elements would be required as inline elements to indicate the deletion of text in the first and last paragraphs, and a third, used as a block element, to indicate the deletion in the intervening paragraphs.

mark: Produces text that looks like this. Intended for highlighting relevant text in a quotation. Standardized in HTML5.

q: An inline quotation (for block level quotation see ). Quote elements may be nested.

automatically generate quotation marks in conjunction with style sheets. Practical concerns due to browser non-compliance may force authors to find workarounds.

The  attribute gives the source, and must be a fully qualified URI. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current. Lengthy inline quotations may be displayed as indented blocks (as ) using style sheets. For example, with a suitable CSS rule associated with : <q class="lengthy">Lengthy quote here.</q>

rb: Represents the base component of a ruby annotation. Standardized in HTML5.

rp: Provides fallback parenthesis for browsers lacking ruby annotation support. Standardized in HTML5.

rt: Indicates pronunciation for a character in a ruby annotation. Standardized in HTML5.

rtc: Semantic annotations for a ruby annotation. Standardized in HTML5.

ruby: Represents a ruby annotation for showing the pronunciation of East Asian characters. Standardized in HTML5.

script: Places a script in the document. Also usable in the head and in block contexts.

is not itself either a block or inline element; by itself it should not display at all, but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content. Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

sub: sup: Mark subscripted or superscripted text. (Equivalent CSS: and, respectively.) Both were proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts; Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

template: Code fragments to be copied by scripts. Standardized in HTML5.

time: Represents a time on the 24-hour clock or a date on the Gregorian calendar, optionally with time and time zone information. Also allows times and dates to be represented in a machine-readable format. Standardized in HTML5.

wbr: An optional word break. Was widely used (and supported by all major browsers) for years despite being non-standard until finally being standardized in HTML5.

Images and objects
applet: Embeds a Java applet in the page. Deprecated in favor of, as it could only be used with Java applets, and had accessibility limitations. Standardized in HTML 3.2; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict. As of 2011, still widely used as the implementations of the replacing are not consistent between different browsers.

area: Specifies a focusable area in a. Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

audio: Adds playable HTML audio to the page. The audio URL is determined using the attribute. Supported audio formats vary from browser to browser. Standardized in HTML5.

canvas: Adds a canvas whose contents can be edited with JavaScript. Frequently used for online games. Standardized in HTML5.

embed: Inserts a non-standard object (like applet) or external content (typically non-HTML) into the document. Deprecated in HTML 4 in favor of, but then was added back into the HTML5 specification

img: Used by visual user agents to insert an image in the document. The attribute specifies the image URL. The required  attribute provides alternative text in case the image cannot be displayed. (Though  is intended as alternative text, Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 and below render it as a tooltip if no   attribute is given. Safari and Google Chrome, on the other hand, do not display the alt attribute at all.) The  element was first proposed by Marc Andreessen and implemented in the NCSA Mosaic web browser. existed in HTML Internet Draft 1.2, and was standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

map: Specifies a client-side image map. Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

object: Includes an object in the page of the type specified by the attribute. This may be in any MIME-type the user agent understands, such as an embedded HTML page, a file to be handled by a plug-in such as Flash, a Java applet, a sound file, etc. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

param: Originally introduced with, this element is now used with, and should only occur as a child of. It uses HTML attributes to set a parameter for the object, e.g. width, height, font, background color, etc., depending on the type of object. An object can have multiple elements. Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

source: Specifies different sources for audio or video. Makes use of the attribute in a way similar to the  and  elements. Standardized in HTML5.

track: Provides text tracks, like subtitles and captions, for audio and video. Standardized in HTML5.

video: Adds a playable HTML video to the page. The video URL is determined using the attribute. Supported video formats vary from browser to browser. Standardized in HTML5.

Forms
These elements can be combined into a form or in some instances used separately as user-interface controls; in the document, they can be simple HTML or used in conjunction with Scripts. HTML markup specifies the elements that make up a form, and the method by which it will be submitted. However, some form of scripts (server-side, client-side, or both) must be used to process the user's input once it is submitted.

(These elements are either block or inline elements, but are collected here as their use is more restricted than other inline or block elements.)

form: Creates a form. The element specifies and operates the overall action of a form area, using the required  attribute. Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

button: A generic form button which can contain a range of other elements to create complex buttons. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

datalist: A list of s for use in form elements. Standardized in HTML5.

fieldset: A container for adding structure to forms. For example, a series of related controls can be grouped within a, which can then have a added in order to identify their function. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

input: elements allow a variety of standard form controls to be implemented. Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

Input Types:

checkbox: A checkbox. Can be checked or unchecked.

radio: A radio button. If multiple radio buttons are given the same name, the user will only be able to select one of them from this group.

button: A general-purpose button. The element is preferred if possible (i.e., if the client supports it) as it provides richer possibilities.

submit: A submit button.

image: An image button. The image URL may be specified with the attribute.

reset: A reset button for resetting the form to default values.

text: A one-line text input field. The attribute specifies the default width of the input in character-widths. sets the maximum number of characters the user can enter (which may be greater than size).

search: A variation of which produces a search bar.

password: A variation of. The difference is that text typed in this field is – characters are displayed as an asterisk, a dot, or another replacement. The password is still submitted to the server as plaintext, so an underlying secure communication protocol like HTTPS is needed if confidentiality is a concern.

file: A file select field (for uploading files to a server).

tel: A variation of for telephone numbers.

email: A variation of for email addresses.

url: A variation of for URLs.

date: A date selector.

time: A time selector.

number: A variation of for numbers.

range: Produces a slider for that returns a number, but the number is not visible to the user.

color: A color picker.

hidden: inputs are not visible in the rendered page, but allow a designer to maintain a copy of data that needs to be submitted to the server as part of the form. This may, for example, be data that this web user entered or selected on a previous form that needs to be processed in conjunction with the current form. Not displayed to the user but data can still be altered client-side by editing the HTML source.

isindex: could either appear in the document head or in the body, but only once in a document.

operated as a primitive HTML search form; but was de facto obsoleted by more advanced HTML forms introduced in the early to mid-1990s. Represents a set of hyperlinks composed of a base URI, an ampersand and percent-encoded keywords separated by plus signs. existed in HTML Tags; standardized in HTML 2.0; deprecated in HTML 4.0 Transitional; invalid in HTML 4.0 Strict.

keygen: A key pair generator. Standardized in HTML5, but removed in HTML 5.2.

label: Creates a label for a form input, such as. Clicking on the label fires a click on the matching input. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

legend: A legend (caption) for a. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

meter: A meter which needs a attribute. Can also have:, ,  , and. Standardized in HTML5.

option: Creates an item in a list. Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

optgroup: Identifies a group of elements in a list. Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

output: The value of a form element. Standardized in HTML5.

progress: A bar for showing the progress of an action. Standardized in HTML5.

select: Creates a selection list, from which the user can select a single option. May be rendered as a dropdown list. Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

textarea: A multiple-line text area, the size of which is specified by (where a column is a one-character width of text) and   HTML attributes. The content of this element is restricted to plain text, which appears in the text area as default text when the page is loaded. Standardized in HTML 2.0; still current.

Tables
The format of HTML Tables was proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts and the later RFC 1942 HTML Tables. They were inspired by the CALS Table Model. Some elements in these proposals were included in HTML 3.2; the present form of HTML Tables was standardized in HTML 4. (Many of the elements used within tables are neither block nor inline elements.)

table: Identifies a table. Several HTML attributes are possible in HTML Transitional, but most of these are invalid in HTML Strict and can be replaced with style sheets. The attribute is informally required for accessibility purposes, though its usage is not simple. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts; Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

tr: Contains a row of cells in a. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts; Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

th: A header cell; contents are conventionally displayed bold and centered. An aural user agent may use a louder voice for these items. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts; Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

td: A data cell. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts; Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

colgroup: Specifies a column group in a. Proposed in HTML Tables; Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

col: Specifies a column in a. Proposed in HTML Tables; Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

caption: Specifies a caption for a. Proposed in the HTML 3.0 Drafts; Standardized in HTML 3.2; still current.

thead: Specifies the header part of a. This section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media). Proposed in HTML Tables; Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

tbody: Specifies a body of data for a. Proposed in HTML Tables; Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

tfoot: Specifies the footer part of a. Like, this section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media). Proposed in HTML Tables; Standardized in HTML 4.0; still current.

Frames
Frames allow a visual HTML browser window to be split into segments, each of which can show a different document. This can lower bandwidth use, as repeating parts of a layout can be used in one frame, while variable content is displayed in another. This may come at a certain usability cost, especially in non-visual user agents, due to separate and independent documents (or websites) being displayed adjacent to each other and being allowed to interact with the same parent window. Because of this cost, frames (excluding the element) are only allowed in HTML 4.01 Frame-set. Iframes can also hold documents on different servers. In this case the interaction between windows is blocked by the browser. Sites like Facebook and Twitter use iframes to display content (plugins) on third party websites. Google AdSense uses iframes to display banners on third party websites.

In HTML 4.01, a document may contain a and a   a  and a, but not both a  and a. However, can be used in a normal document body.

frameset: Contains the set of elements for a document. The layout of frames is given by comma separated lists in the  and   HTML attributes. Standardized in HTML 4.0 Frameset, obsolete in HTML5.

frame: Defines a single frame, or region, within the. A separate document is linked to a frame using the attribute inside the  element. Standardized in HTML 4.0 Frameset, obsolete in HTML5.

noframes: Contains normal HTML content for user agents that do not support elements. Standardized in HTML 4.0 Transitional, obsolete in HTML5.

iframe: An inline frame places another HTML document in a frame. Unlike an element, an can be the "target" frame for links defined by other elements, and it can be selected by the user agent as the focus for printing, viewing its source, and so on.

The content of the element is used as alternative text to be displayed if the browser does not support inline frames.

A separate document is linked to a frame using the  attribute inside the, an inline HTML code is embedded to a frame using the   attribute inside the  element. First introduced by Microsoft Internet Explorer in 1997, standardized in HTML 4.0 Transitional, allowed in HTML5.

attribute
In HTML,   is an attribute used within the, , or elements. It is supposed to be a URL to a document that provides a long description for the image, frame, or iframe in question. This attribute should contain a URL, – as is commonly mistaken – the text of the description itself.

was designed to be used by screen readers to display image information for computer users with accessibility issues, such as the blind or visually impaired, and is widely implemented by both web browsers and screen readers. Some developers object that it is actually seldom used for this purpose because there are relatively few authors who use the attribute and most of those authors use it incorrectly; thus, they recommend deprecating. The publishing industry has responded, advocating the retention of.

Example
Content of :

Linking to the long description in the text
Since very few graphical browsers support making the link available natively (Opera and iCab being the exceptions), it is useful to include a link to the description page near the element whenever possible, as this can also aid sighted users.

Historic elements
The following elements were part of the early HTML developed by Tim Berners-Lee from 1989 to 1991; they are mentioned in HTML Tags, but deprecated in HTML 2.0 and were never part of HTML standards.

listing: This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML. The HTML 2.0 specification recommended rendering the element at up to 132 characters per line. Deprecated in HTML 3.2; obsolete in HTML5.

plaintext: does not have an end tag as it terminates the markup and causes the rest of the document to be parsed as if it were plaintext. existed in HTML Tags; deprecated in HTML 2.0; invalid in HTML 4.0.

xmp: This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML. The HTML 2.0 specification recommended rendering the element at 80 characters per line. Deprecated in HTML 3.2; obsolete in HTML5.

nextid: This element enabled NeXT web designing tool to generate automatic NAME labels for its anchors and was itself automatically generated. existed in HTML Tags (described as obsolete); deprecated in HTML 2.0; invalid in HTML 3.2 and later.

Non-standard elements
This section lists some widely used obsolete elements, which means they are not used in valid code. They may not be supported in all user agents.

blink: Causes text to blink. Introduced in imitation of the ANSI escape codes. Can be done with CSS where supported: (This effect may have negative consequences for people with photosensitive epilepsy; its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines.) originated in Netscape Navigator and is mostly recognized by its descendants, including Firefox; deprecated or invalid in HTML 2.0 and later. The replacement CSS tag, while standard, is not required to be supported.

layer: Creates an absolute positioned and framed layer. Can be done with frames and/or CSS instead. There are attributes, including ID, LEFT, TOP, PAGEX, PAGEY, SRC, Z-INDEX, ABOVE, WIDTH, HEIGHT, BELOW, CLIP, VISIBILITY and CLIP. originated in Netscape 4; deprecated or invalid in HTML 4.01 and later.

marquee: Creates scrolling text. Can be done with scripting instead. (This effect may have negative consequences for people with photosensitive epilepsy; its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines.) There are three options, including Alternate, Scroll and slide. Scrolldelay can also be added. originated in Microsoft Internet Explorer; deprecated or invalid in HTML 4.01 and later.

nobr: Causes text to not break at end of line, preventing word wrap where text exceeds the width of the enclosing object. Adjacent text may break before and after it. Can be done with CSS: is a proprietary element which is recognized by most browsers for compatibility reasons; deprecated or invalid in HTML 2.0 and later.

noembed: Specifies alternative content, if the embed cannot be rendered. Replaced by the content of the or element.

Comments
comment: A comment in HTML (and related XML, SGML and SHTML) uses the same syntax as the SGML comment or XML comment, depending on the doctype.

Unlike most HTML tags, comments do not nest. More generally, there are some strings that are not allowed to appear in the comment text. Those are (the beginning of a comment),(this ends the comment so it trivially follows it can not appear inside it) and. Additionally, the strings and cannot appear at the beginning of a comment and  cannot appear at the end.

As a result, the markup is ill-formed and will yield the comment Xbegin<!--Y and the text Xend--> after it, or sometimes just Xend-->, depending on browser.

Comments can appear anywhere in a document, as the HTML parser is supposed to ignore them no matter where they appear so long as they are not inside other HTML tag structures (i.e., they cannot be used next to attributes and values; this is invalid markup: ).

Comments can even appear before the doctype declaration; no other tags are permitted to do this.

However, not all browsers and HTML editors are fully compliant with the HTML syntax framework and may do unpredictable things under some syntax conditions. Defective handling of comments only affects about 5% of all browsers and HTML editors in use, and even then only certain versions are affected by comment mishandling issues (Internet Explorer 6 accounts for most of this high percentage).

There are a few compatibility quirks involving comments:
 * Placing comments – or indeed any characters except for white-space – before the  will cause Internet Explorer 6 to use quirks mode for the HTML page. None of the   information will be processed.
 * For compatibility with some pre-1995 browsers, the contents of and  elements are still sometimes surrounded by comment delimiters, and CSS- and script-capable browsers are written to specifically ignore that comment markup as not actually a comment. This means that attempts to actually comment out CSS and script markup by change the elements inside the comment to not be recognized, e.g..
 * The BlueGriffon HTML editor, in versions 1.7.x, makes comments that are not embedded in the syntax structure; will show up on-screen. Other HTML editors may have this same defect.

HTML standards

 * HTML 2.0:
 * HTML 3.2:
 * HTML 4.01:
 * (HTML 4.01 superseded 4.0 (1998), which was never widely implemented, and all earlier versions. Superseded in turn on 2018-03-27 by HTML 5.2).
 * XHTML 1.0:
 * XHTML 1.1:
 * (Superseded on 2018-03-27 by HTML 5.2.)
 * (A more detailed version of the above. Also superseded on 2018-03-27 by HTML 5.2.)
 * W3C HTML 5.2:
 * Supersedes all previous versions of HTML and XHTML, including HTML 5.1.
 * WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard:
 * Also available as a Multipage Version, and Developer's Edition (also multi-page, with a search function and other gadgets, and minus details only of interest to browser vendors).
 * Supersedes all previous versions of HTML and XHTML, including HTML 5.1.
 * WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard:
 * Also available as a Multipage Version, and Developer's Edition (also multi-page, with a search function and other gadgets, and minus details only of interest to browser vendors).

Other sources

 *  HTML Tags:
 * (Part of the first published description of HTML.)
 *  HTML Internet Draft 1.2:
 *  HTML 3.0 Drafts:
 * (This is the final draft of HTML 3.0, which expired without being developed further.)
 *  HTML Tables:
 * XML 1.0:
 * CSS 1:
 * CSS 2.1:
 * CSS 3 and 4:
 * (List of active specifications that have superseded CSS 2.1, as of the publication date.)
 * (CSS levels 3 and 4 are developed as independent modules, indexed at that page.)
 * CSS 2.1:
 * CSS 3 and 4:
 * (List of active specifications that have superseded CSS 2.1, as of the publication date.)
 * (CSS levels 3 and 4 are developed as independent modules, indexed at that page.)
 * (CSS levels 3 and 4 are developed as independent modules, indexed at that page.)

title: HTML element