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User:General Wesc/List of Middle-earth articles

I've been collecting Middle-earth related articles on my watchlist for some time now. It makes a half-decent listing itself, but it's not sorted, it's not complete, and it has non-M-e articles mixed in.

That's why I'm making this list. Hopefully other people will find this useful as well. Feel free to add entries or help sort what's already listed.

Characters

 * Aegnor
 * Aldamir
 * Aldarion
 * Aldor
 * Amandil
 * Amlaith
 * Anaire
 * Anardil
 * Anárion
 * Ancalime
 * Angrod
 * Ar-Adûnakhôr
 * Ar-Gimilzôr
 * Ar-Pharazôn
 * Ar-Sakalthôr
 * Ar-Zimrathôn
 * Arador
 * Araglas
 * Aragorn
 * Aragorn I
 * Aragost
 * Arahad (disambiguation) -> Arahad I, Arahad II
 * Arahad I
 * Arahad II
 * Arahael
 * Aranarth
 * Arantar
 * Aranuir
 * Araphant
 * Araphor
 * Arassuil
 * Arathorn (disambiguation) -> Arathorn I, Arathorn II
 * Arathorn I
 * Arathorn II
 * Araval
 * Aravir
 * Aravorn
 * Argeleb (disambiguation) -> Argeleb I, Argeleb II
 * Argeleb I
 * Argeleb II
 * Argonui
 * Arien
 * Arveleg (disambiguation) -> Arveleg I, Arveleg II
 * Arveleg I
 * Arveleg II
 * Atanatar (disambiguation) -> Atanatar I, Atanatar II
 * Atanatar I
 * Atanatar II
 * Aulë
 * Balin
 * Barahir
 * Bard the Bowman
 * Bard
 * Beleg
 * Beor
 * Beorn
 * Beren
 * Bilbo Baggins
 * Bill Ferny
 * Boromir
 * Brego
 * Brytta Léofa
 * Bullroarer Took
 * Calimehtar
 * Calmacil
 * Caranthir
 * Castamir the Usurper
 * Celeborn
 * Celebrimbor
 * Cemendur
 * Ciryandil
 * Déagol
 * Denethor
 * Déor
 * Dior
 * Durin VI
 * Durin
 * Eärendil (Gondor)
 * Eärendil
 * Eärnil II
 * Eärnil I
 * Eärnur
 * Edain
 * Eldacar of Gondor
 * Elendil
 * Elfwine
 * Elladan
 * Elrohir
 * Elrond
 * Elros
 * Elwing
 * Éomer
 * Eorl the Young
 * Éowyn
 * Erendis
 * Eru Ilúvatar
 * Eru
 * Estë
 * Faramir
 * Female hobbits
 * Fengel
 * Finarfin
 * Fingolfin
 * Finrod Felagund
 * Finwë
 * Folca
 * Folcwine
 * Fréa
 * Fréaláf Hildeson
 * Fréawine
 * Fredegar Bolger
 * Frodo Baggins
 * Galadriel
 * Gandalf
 * Gerontius Took
 * Gil-galad
 * Gimli (Middle-earth)
 * Glaurung
 * Gloin
 * Glorfindel
 * Goldberry
 * Goldwine
 * Gollum
 * Gorlim
 * Gothmog
 * Gram (Rohan)
 * Gríma
 * Helm Hammerhand
 * Hyarmendacil I
 * Hyarmendacil II
 * Imrahil
 * Indis
 * Isildur
 * King under the Mountain
 * Legolas
 * Léod
 * Lúthien
 * Maedhros
 * Maglor
 * Mandos
 * Manwë
 * Melian
 * Meneldil
 * Meriadoc Brandybuck
 * Minardil
 * Míriel
 * Morgoth
 * Nain
 * Narmacil I
 * Narmacil II
 * Nessa
 * Nienna
 * Nori
 * Nori (Middle-earth)
 * Ondoher
 * Orodreth
 * Oromë
 * Ossë
 * Ostoher
 * Pelendur
 * Peregrin Took
 * Pippin (disambiguation) -> Peregrin Took
 * Radagast (Middle-earth)
 * Radagast (disambiguation) -> Radagast (Middle-earth)
 * Rómendacil I
 * Rómendacil II
 * Sam Gamgee
 * Saruman
 * Sauron
 * Shelob
 * Siriondil
 * Smaug
 * Tarannon Falastur
 * Tarondor
 * Telemnar
 * Telumehtar
 * The Mouth of Sauron
 * Thengel
 * Théoden
 * Thingol
 * Thorin
 * Thranduil
 * Tom Bombadil
 * Treebeard
 * Tulkas
 * Tuor
 * Turambar
 * Turgon
 * Túrin Turambar
 * Uinen
 * Ulmo
 * Ungoliant
 * Vairë
 * Valacar
 * Vána
 * Varda
 * Walda
 * Witch-king of Angmar
 * Wulf
 * Yavanna

Places

 * Adorn
 * Aglarond
 * Akallabêth
 * Almaren
 * Aman
 * Andrast
 * Andúnië
 * Anfalas
 * Angband
 * Angmar
 * Annúminas
 * Anórien
 * Araman
 * Ard-galen
 * Arda
 * Arnor
 * Arthedain
 * Avathar
 * Bag End
 * Bagshot Row
 * Barad-dûr
 * Baranduin
 * Belegaer
 * Beleriand
 * Belfalas
 * Black Gate
 * Bree (disambiguation) -> Bree (Middle-earth)
 * Bree (Middle-earth)
 * Buckland (disambiguation) -> Buckland (Middle-earth)
 * Buckland (Middle-earth)
 * Calenardhon
 * Cardolan
 * Crack of Doom
 * Cuivienen
 * Dol Amroth
 * Dol Guldur
 * Doriath
 * Dunland
 * Ekkaia
 * Enedwaith
 * Ered Luin
 * Eriador
 * Esgaroth
 * Field of Celebrant
 * Fornost
 * Forodwaith
 * Gladden Fields
 * Gondor
 * Grey Mountains (Middle-earth)
 * Gwathló
 * Harad
 * Helm's Deep
 * Hithlum
 * Hobbiton
 * Iron Mountains (Middle-earth)
 * Isengard
 * Isenmouthe
 * Ithilien
 * Khand
 * Kingdom of Rhovanion
 * Lake Evendim
 * Lamedon
 * Lebennin
 * Lefnui
 * Lindon
 * Lonely Mountain
 * Long Lake
 * Lorien
 * Lossarnach
 * Meduseld
 * Menegroth
 * Mering Stream
 * Middle-earth
 * Minas Morgul
 * Minhiriath
 * Mithlond
 * Moon (Middle-earth)
 * Mordor
 * Moria (disambiguation) -> Moria (Middle-earth)
 * Moria (Middle-earth)
 * Morthond
 * Mount Doom
 * Nargothrond
 * Nogrod
 * Númenor
 * Orthanc
 * Osgiliath
 * Ossiriand
 * Paths of the Dead
 * Pelargir
 * Pelori Mountains
 * Prancing Pony
 * Realms of Arda
 * Rhovanion
 * Rhudaur
 * Rivendell
 * River Narog
 * River Sirion
 * Rivers of Gondor
 * Sea of Rhûn
 * Shire (Middle-earth)
 * Sun (Middle-earth)
 * Taniquetil
 * The Burrow
 * The Prancing Pony
 * Timeless Halls
 * Tirion
 * Tol Eressëa
 * Túna
 * Umbar
 * Undying Lands
 * Utumno
 * Valimar
 * Valinor
 * Weathertop
 * Westmarch
 * White Mountains (Middle-earth)

Creatures and Affiliations

 * Ainur
 * Avari
 * Balrog
 * Bill the Pony
 * Black Númenóreans
 * Drúedain
 * Durin's Bane
 * Calaquendi
 * Dúnedain
 * Dragon (Middle-earth)
 * Dwarves (Middle-earth)
 * Easterlings
 * Elves (Middle-earth)
 * Ent
 * Éothéod
 * Eye of Sauron
 * Fellowship of the Ring
 * Hobbit
 * Istari
 * Last Alliance of Elves and Men
 * Maia
 * Maiar
 * Men (Middle-earth)
 * Nandor
 * Noldor
 * Oliphaunt
 * Orc
 * Ringwraith
 * Rohan
 * Sindar
 * Smaug
 * Southrons
 * Teleri
 * Three Houses of Men
 * Troll
 * Valaquenta
 * Valar
 * Vanyar
 * Warg
 * Wizards (Middle-earth)

Families, Titles & Offices

 * Baggins
 * Brandybuck
 * Chieftains of the Dúnedain
 * Kings of Gondor
 * Kings of Númenor
 * Kings of Arnor
 * Kings of Arthedain
 * List of Kings of Rohan
 * Lords of Andúnië
 * Master of Buckland
 * Mayor of Michel Delving
 * Ringbearer
 * Sons of Feanor
 * Steward Kings
 * Thain
 * Took
 * Thains of the Shire (listing)

Objects

 * Anglachel
 * Arkenstone
 * Dome of Stars
 * Laurelin
 * Mirror of Galadriel
 * Mithril
 * Morgul-blade
 * Narsil
 * Narya
 * Nenya
 * One Ring
 * Oath of Eorl
 * Orcrist
 * Palantír
 * Red Arrow (Middle-earth)
 * Red Book (Middle-earth)
 * Rings of Power
 * Silmaril
 * Sting (Middle-earth)
 * Telperion
 * Two Trees
 * Vilya
 * Warning beacons of Gondor

Time and Events

 * Ages of Middle-earth
 * Battle of Erui
 * Battle of Five Armies
 * Battle of Fornost
 * Battle of Pelennor Fields
 * Battle of Nanduhirion
 * Dagor-nuin-Giliath
 * Dagor Bragollach
 * First Age
 * Fourth Age
 * Kin-strife
 * Nirnaeth Arnoediad
 * Second Age
 * Siege of Angband
 * Scouring of the Shire
 * Third Age
 * Timeline of Arda
 * Timeline of Middle-earth
 * War of the Dwarves and Orcs
 * War of Wrath

Texts

 * Ainulindalë
 * Quenta Silmarillion
 * Morgoth's Ring
 * Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age
 * The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
 * The Fellowship of the Ring
 * The History of The Lord of the Rings
 * The Hobbit
 * The Lord of the Rings
 * The Return of the King
 * The Silmarillion
 * The Two Towers
 * Unfinished Tales

Films

 * The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (film)
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (film)
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (film)

Actors & Production

 * Bernard Hill
 * Billy Boyd
 * Cate Blanchett
 * Christopher Lee
 * Dominic Monaghan
 * Elijah Wood
 * Hugo Weaving
 * Ian Holm
 * Ian McKellen
 * John Rhys-Davies
 * Orlando Bloom
 * Peter Jackson
 * Sean Astin
 * Viggo Mortensen
 * Miranda Otto

Languages

 * Aulëan
 * Adûnaic
 * Cirth (writing system)
 * Elvish language
 * Languages of Middle-earth
 * Quenya
 * Sindarin
 * Tengwar
 * Westron

Redirects

 * Ainulindale --> Ainulindalë
 * Adunaic --> Adûnaic
 * Atani --> Men (Middle-earth)
 * Balchoth --> Easterlings
 * Barad-Dûr --> Barad-dûr
 * Battle of Azanulbizar --> Battle of Nanduhirion
 * Battle of the Five Armies --> Battle of Five Armies
 * Bëorn --> Beorn
 * Bree (Middle Earth) --> Bree (Middle-earth)
 * Ciryaher --> Hyarmendacil I
 * Corsairs of Umbar --> Southrons
 * Cuiviénen --> Cuivienen
 * Dior (Middle-earth) --> Dior
 * Dwarves (Middle-Earth) --> Dwarves (Middle-earth)
 * Eärendil(Gondor) --> Eärendil (Gondor)
 * Earendil --> Eärendil
 * Eldacar --> Eldacar of Gondor
 * Eorl --> Eorl the Young
 * Erebor --> Lonely Mountain
 * Ered Lindon --> Ered Luin
 * Finrod Felegund --> Finrod Felagund
 * Finwe -> Finwë
 * Greyflood --> Gwathló
 * Haradrim --> Southrons
 * Hobbits --> Hobbit
 * Ice-Bay of Forochel --> Forodwaith
 * J. R. R. Tolkein --> J. R. R. Tolkien
 * J.R.R. Tolkein -> J. R. R. Tolkien
 * J.R.R. Tolkien --> J. R. R. Tolkien
 * JRR Tolkien --> J. R. R. Tolkien
 * JRRTolkieN --> J. R. R. Tolkien
 * JRR Tolkien/Middle Earth --> Middle-earth
 * Khazad-dum --> Moria (Middle-earth)
 * Kings of Rohan --> List of Kings of Rohan
 * Kinstrife --> Kin-strife
 * Languages of Middle-Earth --> Languages of Middle-earth
 * Last Alliance --> Last Alliance of Elves and Men
 * Lothlorien --> Lorien
 * Lothlórien --> Lorien
 * LotR --> The Lord of the Rings
 * Middle Earth --> Middle-earth
 * Middle-Earth --> Middle-earth
 * Middle Earth/Adunaic --> Adûnaic
 * Middle Earth/Aragorn --> Aragorn
 * Middle Earth/Bilbo Baggins --> Bilbo Baggins
 * Middle Earth/Bill the Pony --> Bill the Pony
 * Middle Earth/Boromir -- Boromir
 * Middle Earth/Deagol --> Déagol
 * Middle Earth/Denethor --> Denethor
 * Middle Earth/Earendil --> Eärendil
 * Middle Earth/Elrond --> Elrond
 * Middle Earth/Elves --> Elves (Middle-earth)
 * Middle Earth/Eye of Sauron --> Eye of Sauron
 * Middle Earth/Faramir --> Faramir
 * Middle Earth/Fellowship of the Ring --> Fellowship of the Ring
 * Middle Earth/Frodo Baggins --> Frodo Baggins
 * Middle Earth/Galadriel --> Galadriel
 * Middle Earth/Gandalf --> Gandalf
 * Middle Earth/Gimli --> Gimli (Middle-earth)
 * Middle Earth/Gollum --> Gollum
 * Middle Earth/Hobbits --> Hobbit
 * Middle Earth/Isildur --> Isildur
 * Middle Earth/King Theoden --> Théoden
 * Middle Earth/Languages --> Languages of Middle-earth
 * Middle Earth/Legolas --> Legolas
 * Middle Earth/Lotlorien --> Lorien
 * Middle Earth/Men --> Men (Middle-earth)
 * Middle Earth/Meriadoc Brandybuck --> Meriadoc Brandybuck
 * Middle Earth/Merry --> Meriadoc Brandybuck
 * Middle Earth/Mordor --> Mordor
 * Middle Earth/Morgoth --> Morgoth
 * Middle Earth/Moria --> Moria (Middle-earth)
 * Middle Earth/Olorin --> Gandalf
 * Middle Earth/One Ring --> One Ring
 * Middle Earth/Orcs --> Orc
 * Middle Earth/Palantiri --> Palantír
 * Middle Earth/Peregrin Took --> Peregrin Took
 * Middle Earth/Pippin --> Peregrin Took
 * Middle Earth/Quenya --> Quenya
 * Middle Earth/Ringwraiths --> Ringwraith
 * Middle Earth/Rivendell --> Rivendell
 * Middle Earth/Sam Gamgee --> Sam Gamgee
 * Middle Earth/Saruman --> Saruman
 * Middle Earth/Sauron --> Sauron
 * Middle Earth/Shelob --> Shelob
 * Middle Earth/Shire --> Shire (Middle-earth)
 * Middle Earth/sindarin --> Sindarin
 * Middle Earth/Sindarin --> Sindarin
 * Middle Earth/Smeagol --> Gollum
 * Middle Earth/Sting --> Sting (Middle-earth)
 * Middle Earth/The Rings --> Rings of Power
 * Middle Earth/The Shire --> Shire (Middle-earth)
 * Middle Earth/The Silmarilli --> Silmaril
 * Middle Earth/Tom Bombadil --> Tom Bombadil
 * Middle Earth/Trolls --> Troll
 * Middle Earth/Ungoliant --> Ungoliant
 * Middle Earth/Valar --> Valar
 * Middle Earth/Vilya --> Vilya
 * Middle Earth/Wizards --> Wizards (Middle-earth)
 * Minas Ithil --> Minas Morgul
 * Mines of Moria --> Moria (Middle-earth)
 * Morannon -> Black Gate
 * Mouth of Sauron --> The Mouth of Sauron
 * Nazgûl --> Ringwraith
 * Nazgul --> Ringwraith
 * Numenor --> Númenor
 * Numenorean --> Númenor
 * Olorin --> Gandalf
 * Old Took --> Gerontius Took
 * Orc (Middle-earth) --> Orc
 * Orodruin --> Mount Doom
 * Palantir --> Palantír
 * Pelori --> Pelori Mountains
 * Radagast, Tolkiens --> Radagast (Middle-earth)
 * Rangers of the North --> Chieftains of the Dúnedain
 * Ring Bearer (Middle-earth) --> Ring-bearer
 * Sauron Defeated --> The History of The Lord of the Rings
 * Seven Rivers of Gondor --> Rivers of Gondor
 * Shire (Middle Earth) --> Shire (Middle-earth)
 * Sméagol -> Gollum
 * Silvan Elves --> Nandor
 * Sirion --> River Sirion
 * The Return of the Shadow --> The History of The Lord of the Rings
 * The Shire --> Shire (Middle-earth)
 * The Treason of Isengard --> The History of The Lord of the Rings
 * The Two Towers (movie) --> The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (movie)
 * The War of the Ring --> The History of The Lord of the Rings
 * Theoden --> Théoden
 * Thorin Oakenshield --> Thorin
 * Tolkien -> J. R. R. Tolkien
 * Tolkien Metal -> Tolkien metal
 * Ulfang --> Easterlings
 * Wainriders --> Easterlings
 * Weather Hills --> Weathertop
 * Wilderland --> Rhovanion
 * Witch King --> Witch-king of Angmar
 * Wizard (Middle-earth) --> Wizards (Middle-earth)

Not Yet Classified

 * Blind Guardian
 * Christopher Tolkien
 * User:General Wesc/List of Middle-earth articles
 * Great Plague (Middle-earth)
 * Isengard (band)
 * J. R. R. Tolkien
 * Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game
 * Middle Earth Role Play
 * "Misty Mountain Hop"
 * Moria (disambiguation) -> Moria (computer game)
 * Moria (computer game)
 * Nightfall in Middle-Earth
 * "Over the Hills and Far Away"
 * "Ramble On"
 * Riddle Game
 * Summoning
 * "The Battle of Evermore"
 * Tolkien metal

Category:Lists of Middle-earth articles


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House of Zogu

The House of Zogu, or Zogolli during Ottoman times and until 1922, is an Albanian dynastic family whose roots date back to the early 20th century. The family provided the first president and the short-lived modern Albanian Kingdom with its only monarch, Zog I of Albania (1928–1939).

History
The dynasty was founded by Zogu Pasha, who migrated to the region of Mat in north-central Albania during the early 13th century.

The most famous member of the dynasty is Zog I, who in 1928 proclaimed himself King of the Albanians and ruled until he was deposed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy following the Italian invasion of 1939. Victor Emmanuel subsequently assumed the Albanian throne. With the death in exile of King Zog in 1961, he was succeeded as claimant to the throne and head of the House of Zogu by his only son Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1939), who was proclaimed King of the Albanians by the Albanian National Assembly in exile. Leka I remained head of the house and claimant to the throne until his death in 2011 when he was succeeded by his only son, Leka II.

Leka II has no sons and is the only living male descendant of King Zog. The current heir presumptive to Prince Leka is Skënder Zogu, his first cousin once removed.

Situation
Prince Leka II, the only living male descendant of King Zog I and the head of the royal house, has no sons. The current heir presumptive to Prince Leka is Skënder Zogu, his first-cousin once removed. :

Family tree

 * Mahmud Pasha Zogolli
 * Xhelal Pasha Zogolli, Hereditary Governor of Mati, married Ruhije Alltuni
 * Hedije Hanem, married Yusuf Bej Biçakçi, had issue, three sons and five daughters
 * Riza Bej Zogolli, Hereditary Governor of Mati
 * Khairuddin Bey Zogolli
 * Liman Bey Zogolli
 * Khalid Bey Zogolli
 * Hasan Bej Zogolli, had issue, three sons and two daughters
 * Zia Pasha Zogolli
 * Fehim Ziya Bey Zoga, had issue, three sons and one daughter
 * Omer Naïm Bey Burel, had issue, one son and three daughters
 * Nevin Khanum, had issue, two sons and two daughters
 * Xhemal Pasha Zogu, Hereditary Governor of Mati, married Zenja Malika Hanem then Sadije Toptani
 * Prince Xhelal Zogu, married Ruhije Doshishti, Ikbal Pekkini, Faika Minxhalliu and Hyrijet Allaj
 * Said Zogu
 * Melek Zogu
 * Elvira Zogu
 * Skënder Zogu, married Jacqueline Cosme
 * Virginie Alexandra Geraldine Zogu
 * Melite Zogu
 * Vera Zogu
 * Mirgin Zogu
 * Genc Zogu
 * Unknown child
 * Princess Adile Zogu, married Emin Bey Agolli, had issue, three sons and two daughters
 * [[Image:Simple gold crown.svg|15px]] Zog I, King of Albania, married Geraldine of Albania
 * Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, married Susan Cullen-Ward
 * Leka, Prince of Albania, married Elia Zaharia
 * Princess Geraldine
 * Princess Nafije, married Ceno Kryeziu, had issue, one son
 * Tati, Prince of Kosovo
 * Unknown Son
 * Princess Senije, married Şehzade Mehmed Abid, no issue
 * Princess Myzejen, unmarried, no issue
 * Princess Ruhije, unmarried, no issue
 * Princess Maxhide, unmarried, no issue

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: House of Zogu


text:
SN Brussels Airlines

SN Brussels Airlines (SNBA) was the flag carrier of Belgium, which mainly operated from Brussels Airport. SNBA was the trading name of the Belgian airline Delta Air Transport. SNBA was a full-service airline, connecting Brussels with the rest of Europe. It also flew to Africa, continuing Sabena's extensive network there. The airline merged with Virgin Express into Brussels Airlines which started operations on 25 March 2007. The airline had its head office in Airport Building 117 in Brussels Airport, Zaventem, near Brussels.

History
The airline was founded in 2002, when a group of Belgian investors (companies, financial institutions and regional investment companies, as well as the Brussels and Walloon governments) set up SN Airholding, headed by Étienne Davignon. After the 2001 collapse of Sabena, Belgium's then flag carrier airline, Belgium was left without a national airline for a few months. In February 2002, SN Airholding took over the Belgian airline DAT, a subsidiary of Sabena, and changed its trading name to SN Brussels Airlines.

In 2002, a strategic reorganization started, led by the former CEO Peter Davies. On 12 April 2005 SN Brussels took holding control of Virgin Express and on 31 March 2006 they announced their merger. On 7 November 2006 they announced at a press conference held at Brussels Airport that the new airline would be called Brussels Airlines.

Fleet

Before merging, SN Brussels Airlines operated the following aircraft:

Codeshare agreements
SN Brussels Airlines had codeshare agreements with the following airlines:
 * American Airlines
 * Etihad Airways
 * Hainan Airlines
 * Jet Airways
 * Malmö Aviation

Livery
The airline had various color schemes before finally settling on a uniform scheme for the fleet. The upper fuselage is white, while the belly and engines were painted lilac. An orange cheat line runs between the white and lilac parts of the fuselage. The tail shows the old Sabena "S". The website address is near the end of the fuselage. There are differences in livery between the Avro planes and the Airbus planes: most notably, the company name is written on the white part of the fuselage for the Airbus planes, but on the lilac part on the Avro.

Both this livery and the Virgin Express livery were replaced with the Brussels Airlines livery.

title: SN Brussels Airlines


text:
Elyakim Rubinstein

Elyakim Rubinstein (אליקים רובינשטיין; born June 13, 1947) is a former Vice President of the Supreme Court of Israel. Beforehand, he served as the Attorney General of Israel from 1997 to 2004. Rubinstein, a former Israeli diplomat and long-time civil servant, has had an influential role in that country's internal and external affairs, most notably in helping to shape its peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan.

Early life
Born in Tel Aviv and raised in Givatayim, he graduated from the Tzieltin religious high school in Tel Aviv and earned his bachelor's (1969) and master's (1974) degrees from Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Career
Rubinstein launched a career in law, serving as a legal advisor to the ministries of Defense and Foreign Affairs during the mid-1970s. His diplomatic career started in 1977, and from then through 1979 he was a member of Israel's delegation to the peace talks with Egypt that led to the signing of the Camp David Accords between the two countries. Upon their completion, he became in 1980 an assistant director-general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in charge of implementing the normalization of relations with Egypt.

During the early 1980s he served in a variety of capacities in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1981-1985 served as Legal adviser for the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in 1985-1986 served as Deputy Chief of Mission of the Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C. In 1986 he was appointed Cabinet Secretary and in this capacity he served in various roles relating to Israel–United States relations.

In 1991 he was again a member of an Israeli peace negotiating team, traveling as part of the Israeli delegation to the Madrid Peace Conference that opened the negotiations (for which he served as chairman of the Israeli delegation) that would eventually lead to the 1993 Oslo Accords, a major breakthrough in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Following the conclusion of these talks, he chaired the Israeli delegation to peace talks with Jordan, which concluded successfully with the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty.

He then turned towards domestic Israeli jurisprudence, serving as a judge on Jerusalem's District Court from 1995 to 1997, and then as Attorney General of Israel, a position he held until January 25, 2004. He has written several books on Israel's Supreme Court, especially focusing on the relation of Judaism to Israeli political and legal life. In this role he has gained a reputation for being somewhat of a liberal reformer, going up against the established might of Orthodox Judaism in favor of religious pluralism to represent all factions of Judaism. His most important success in this endeavor has been to gain Reform and Conservative Judaism seats on Jerusalem's religious council, previously controlled entirely by the Orthodox. He has proposed opening a section of the Western Wall for non-Orthodox religious services, but this has not yet been successful.

Rubinstein has been criticized for being too hesitant or indecisive in cases involving powerful Israeli officials. In particular, he was criticized for having moved too slowly on corruption charges involving Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and his son Gilad. In the weeks following Rubinstein's end of term as Attorney General The State Attorney, Edna Arbel, was quick to recommend that Sharon be indicted on bribery charges, however Rubinstein's replacement Menachem Mazuz subsequently exonerated Sharon and his sons and did not press charges of corruption due to insufficient evidence.

In May 2004, Rubinstein was appointed to Israel's Supreme Court. In January 2015 he was appointed Vice President of the Court, a position he held until his statutory retirement at the age of 70, in 2017.

As Attorney General
Rubinstein gained a reputation for being somewhat of a liberal reformer, going up against the established might of Orthodox Judaism in favor of religious pluralism to represent all factions of Judaism. His most important success in this endeavor came when Reform and Conservative Judaism gained seats on Jerusalem's religious council, previously controlled entirely by the Orthodox. He has proposed opening a section of the Western Wall for non-Orthodox religious services, but this has not yet been implemented.

In 1999, Rubinstein decided not to investigate former Sephardi Chief Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, the founder and spiritual leader of the ultra-Orthodox Shas party, for calling Supreme Court justices "evildoers", "empty-headed and reckless" and various other harsh epithets. A year later, however, he did order an investigation after Rabbi Yosef compared the secular education minister, Yossi Sarid, to the Pharaoh of the Book of Exodus and said he should be "extirpated from the Earth" like Haman in the Book of Esther.

In January 2000, Rubinstein asked President Ezer Weizman to hand over financial documents after it was disclosed in the press that he failed to report $450,000 he received as a "gift" from a friend to the Knesset and tax authorities. Weizman ultimately resigned six months later.

Despite this, Rubinstein was often criticized for being too hesitant or indecisive in cases involving powerful Israeli officials, in particular for moving too slowly on those corruption charges involving Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and his son Gilad. In the weeks following the end of his term as Attorney General, the State Attorney, Edna Arbel, was quick to recommend that Sharon be indicted on bribery charges. Rubinstein's initial hesitancy, however, was subsequently vindicated by his replacement, Menachem Mazuz, who decided not to press charges of corruption against Sharon and his son due to insufficient evidence.

In the midst of the Sharon investigation Rubinstein suspended a state prosecutor for leaking to a Haaretz reporter a document that outlined corruption allegations against Sharon and his son while the matter was sub judice.

"I am not a disciple of investigations into leaks, mainly because in the past they have not shown results. Two reasons led me to decide upon the investigation: ... the obstruction and damage caused to the investigation by the leak, and the suspicion, which unfortunately came true, that a source from the government made a political move in this sensitive period prior to the elections."

During the 2003 legislative election campaign, Attorney General Rubinstein supported the Central Election Committee's decision to ban the anti-Zionist Balad party and its leader, Azmi Bishara, as well as Baruch Marzel of the right-wing Yamin Yisrael party from running, but he objected to its decision to disqualify Ahmad Tibi on account of his public support for Yasser Arafat, which it viewed as tacit support for terrorism. The Committee based its opinion on Article 7 of the Basic Law on the Knesset, which states that candidates for Knesset cannot oppose the Jewish and democratic character of the state, preach racism or support armed attacks by an enemy state or terrorist organization. Rubinstein even submitted to the Court information gathered by the Shin Bet to support the ban on Bishara (who subsequently fled the country before he was charged with treason and espionage for advising Hezbollah during the 2006 Lebanon War and stealing millions of shekels from Arab aid organizations). Balad, Bishara, and Marzel, however, were ultimately allowed to participate in the elections when the decisions against them were overturned by the Supreme Court.

On the Supreme Court
In 2012, Rubinstein, who is regarded by many as a "relative conservative" on the Court, openly supported the right of his Arab-Christian colleague, Justice Salim Joubran, not to sing the national anthem, Hatikvah, at an official ceremony:

"Non-Jewish citizens must respect the anthem by standing for it… but one cannot demand that Arab citizens sing words that do not speak to their hearts and do not reflect their roots… Of course whoever wants to join in the singing of the anthem is welcome to do so, but the decision is personal."

In his capacity as chairman of the 2013 Knesset election committee, Rubinstein forced the removal of several television ads, one from Shas, which he viewed as insulting to Russian-speaking immigrants, and the others from Otzma LeYisrael, which he viewed as racist against Arabs.

Landmark rulings

 * CA 4243/08 Assessment Officer - Dan Region v. Vered Peri of April 30, 2009: Rubinstein joined four colleagues in a landmark decision that upheld a Tel Aviv District Court decision allowing working parents to deduct childcare expenses from their taxes. In his concurring opinion, he quoted a commentary by Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher rebbe, on the obligation of charity in Halakha, or Jewish religious law, to apply a parallel obligation in Israeli civil law, and concluded:

"The emerging picture is that Halakha regards necessary expenses, including expenses for a caregiver, as appropriate for deduction from the basis of tithes (ma’aser kesafim), and the analogy to our case is clear."

 * HCJ 746/07 Ragen v. Ministry of Transport of January 5, 2011: Speaking for the High Court of Justice, Rubinstein ruled that public buses could not bow to pressure from Haredim (ultra-Orthodox) Jews and segregate passengers by gender without their consent, citing the American civil rights movement as his precedent:

"A public transportation operator, like any other person, does not have the right to order, request or tell women where they may sit simply because they are women. They must sit wherever they like. As I now read over these lines emphasizing this I am astounded that there was even a need to write them in the year 2010. Have the days of Rosa Parks, the African-American woman who collapsed the racist segregation on an Alabama bus in 1955, returned?"

 * HCJ 6298/07 Ressler v Knesset of February 21, 2012: Rubinstein sided with the High Court's majority declaring the so-called Tal Law unconstitutional.The law provided special exemption from mandatory military service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to ultra-Orthodox Jews and extended mandatory military service to Israeli-Arabs. Rubinstein, who is religious, included numerous texts from traditional Jewish texts in his written ruling. This prompted former Chief Rabbi Yosef to label the High Court "a court of gentiles," call Rubinstein and his colleagues "wicked" and declare that they should not be allowed to lead synagogue prayers.

"Nevertheless, we need to admit the truth, [that] unlike in Jewish-Haredi society in other countries, which has understood that only a few brilliant individuals can live under the tent of Torah all their lives, in Israel a whole complicated sociological system has been built that even its leaders know, deep in their hearts, is not good and not appropriate, that because of military duty thousands of people sit in the yeshivot, where it is not their place... These people, if they served in IDF, and if they worked like any other person while also making time for Torah... would be efficient both to the state, to their community and to themselves."

While sitting on the High Court, Rubinstein ruled in favor of evicting residents of two of the 46 unrecognized Bedouin villages inside Israel that were established illegally, without official administrative or planning approval.

 * HCJ 3094/11 Ibrahim Farhood Abu al-Qi’an et al v. the State of Israel of May 5, 2015: In ruling on the case of Umm al-Hiran, Rubinstein wrote:

"The state is the owner of the lands in dispute, which were registered in its name in the framework of the arrangement process; the residents have acquired no rights to the land but have settled them [without any authorization], which the state cancelled legally. In such a situation, there is no justification for intervention in the rulings of the previous courts."

 * CA 3094/11 Al-Qi'an v. the State of Israel of May 5, 2015: In a case involving Al-Araqeeb, the court stated that the 2007 United Nations General Assembly’s Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and a pro-indigenous peoples’ rights 1992 Australia court ruling were not binding and did not reflect codified customary international law. In his decision, Rubinstein, together with Justice Neal Hendel, approved the removal of the village, stating:

"This is not expulsion and not expropriation, but the proposed evacuation involves various proposals of moving, construction, compensation and the possibility of homes, whether in the town of Hura where most of the residents of the illegal villages involved will be moved, or in the community of Hiran, which is to be built."

 * AAA 5875/10 The Conservative Movement and the Movement for Progressive Judaism in Israel v. Be'er Sheva Religious Council and the Ministry of Religious Services of February 11, 2016: In this landmark decision, Rubinstein ruled that all of Israel’s public ritual baths (mikva'ot) must allow access to groups wishing to perform non-Orthodox conversions. A month later, he joined with the majority in another landmark ruling that held that immigrants who converted to Judaism through independent conversion courts outside the auspices of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel must be recognized as Jews under the country's Law of Return.
 * HCJ 4374/15 The Movement for Quality Government v. The Prime Minister of Israel of March 27, 2016: Rubinstein wrote the High Court's decision invalidating Israel's natural gas plan, siding with the appellants, which included the Movement for Quality Government in Israel, the Israel Union for Environmental Defense, and the Israel Labor Party and Meretz. The ruling was criticized by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who said in response that "the court's decision seriously threatens the development of gas reserves of the State of Israel. Israel is seen as a state in which excessive judicial intervention makes it difficult to do business with." Rubinstein wrote:

"The stability clause in this chapter of the plan, in which the government undertakes for a decade to not only not legislate but to also fight any legislation against the plan’s provisions, was determined without authority – and as such is rejected. It was determined in contrast to the general principle of administrative law regarding the prohibition of shackling the authority’s ability to judge. The government does not have the power to decide not to decide and not to act."

 * HCJ 5304/15 Israel Medical Association v. Israel Knesset of September 11, 2016: Rubinstein, joined by other justices on the High Court, denied petitions on behalf of Palestinian hunger strikers imprisoned on terrorism-related charges, challenging an amendment to the law that permits their force-feeding by physicians. Declaring the amendment constitutional, Rubinstein, writing for the Court, declared that a hunger striker "is not an ordinary patient but a person who knowingly and willingly places himself in a dangerous situation as a protest or a means of attaining a personal or public goal." He also noted that laws in France, the United States, Australia, Germany, and Austria enable forced artificial feeding under exceptional cases that vary from country to country. Moreover, he argued, relevant decisions of the European Court of Human Rights do not completely prohibit forced feeding. Although security considerations by themselves do not justify the use of forced treatment, Rubinstein stated, such considerations may be weighed when a treating physician has already determined that the prisoner’s medical status is grave and that there is a real danger to his or her life or that lack of treatment will expose the prisoner to an irreversible serious handicap.

Certain Israeli human rights organizations and the appellant, the Israel Medical Association (IMA), opposed the Court's decision. The IMA announced that it would instruct its members to ignore it. "This is a case in which medical ethics unequivocally trump the law, and the message we wish to convey to physicians is that forced feeding is tantamount to torture and that no doctor should take part in it," stated the association's president.

Personal life
Rubinstein's wife, Miriam, is also an advocate, a former director of the Civil Division at the Office of the State Attorney and, like her husband, a former Jerusalem District Court judge. They had four daughters, one of whom, Sari, died from cancer on October 25, 2016 at the age of 39. A mother of two small daughters herself, Sari, like her parents, studied law and became a licensed advocate upon passing the bar examination, after which she was accepted as a cadet at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Elyakim and Miram Rubinstein have 11 grandchildren.

title: Elyakim Rubinstein


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Talk:Venture capital

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Aegukka

"Aegukka" (Chosŏn'gŭl: 애국가; lit. 'Song of Patriotism'), officially translated as "Patriotic Song", is the national anthem of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, more commonly known as North Korea. It was composed in 1945 as a patriotic song celebrating independence from Japanese occupation and was adopted as the state anthem in 1947.

Performance of this anthem is strictly prohibited in the Republic of Korea, more commonly known as South Korea, under the National Security Act.

Etymology
"Aegukka" is a Romanized transliteration of "The Patriotic Song"; the song is also known by its incipit Ach'imŭn pinnara or "Let Morning Shine" or in its Korean name 아침은 빛나라 or alternatively as the "Song of a Devotion to a Country".

The Encyclopedia of Korean Culture defines "Aegukka" as "the song to wake up the mind to love the country". "Aegukka" in itself is differentiated from a national anthem. While a national anthem or gukka (lit. 'country song') is an official symbol of the state, aegukka refers to any song, official or unofficial, that contains patriotic fervor towards its country, such as Hungary's "Szózat" or the U.S. "The Stars and Stripes Forever". However, the nationally designated "Aegukka" plays the role of symbolizing the country. In general shorthand, the term aegukka refers to the national anthem of North Korea.

History
Originally, the Korean exile government (1919–1945) in Shanghai, China adopted as their national anthem "Aegukga" (which has the same name with a different Romanization) to the tune of "Auld Lang Syne". After World War II, South Korea kept the words, put to a new tune (changed from "Auld Lang Syne"), while North Korea adopted this newly written piece in 1947. The words were written by Pak Se-yong and the music was composed by Kim Won-gyun.

In the early 1980s, Kim Jong Il sought to reduce the song's importance to the benefit of "Song of General Kim Il Sung".

The complete version of "Aegukka" consists two verses. On official occasions, when only the first verse is performed, it is customary to repeat the last four bars. However, if both verses are performed, it is the last four bars of the second verse that are repeated instead. "Song of General Kim Il Sung" and "Song of General Kim Jong Il" have since taken the place of de facto national anthems domestically, and "Aegukka" is reserved for representing North Korea internationally: when foreign dignitaries visit the country or North Korean athletes compete at international sporting competitions. "Aegukka" is almost unique among most North Korean patriotic songs, as it praises neither the Workers' Party of Korea nor the Kim family, but rather the whole of Korea itself. "Aegukka" is played at the start of each of Korean Central Television's broadcast days.

In February 2024, in line with Kim Jong Un's announcement of officially abandoning efforts to peacefully reunifying Korea, the lyrics were partially modified, with the phrase "three thousand ri" referring to the Korean Peninsula being replaced by "this world".

On 17 April 2024, a ceremony was held to celebrate the completion of 10,000 new homes in Hwasong District, Pyongyang, in which the national anthem was performed. This was broadcast on Korea Central Television, and was rebroadcast on the next day, 18 April. However, during the rebroadcast, the title was changed from Aegukka to simply "National Anthem of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". It has been speculated that this was done to further strengthen the division between the north and south after North Korea abandoned the idea of peaceful reunification, by giving the national anthem a different title to that of South Korea. However, the Constitution of North Korea, in Article 171, still mentions that the national anthem is Aegukka, and there have been no reports regarding revision of this article.

title: Aegukka


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Talk:Aegukka

Untitled
Bold text== 2003-2005 messages ==

I guess this is a national Hymn, can anyone add some info of which country? Pascal 21:50, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

By the way, I can't see these characters, but perhaps thats my fault. Pascal 21:50, 7 Aug 2003 (UTC)

It's korean char.. --207.145.33.62 22:16, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Should the title of this page be changed to "Aegukka (North Korea)" according to strict McCune-Reischauer rules?
 * Ditto. Or just Aegukka, because South Korean Aegukga uses no parenthesis, and without the disambiguation messages on the top anyone would be confused by these two songs under a same title. --Puzzlet Chung 15:03, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops. According to McCune-Reischauer system, Aekukka is correct. --Puzzlet Chung 15:11, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * How so? The romanization tables show that "k" becomes "g" in between two vowels, which is the case here. Are you saying that the "k" is glottalized here? Unless it can be proven that the "k" between the "ae" and "u" is tensed, the title should be "Aegukka". --207.156.196.242 18:44, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
 * My bad. In fact, I'm not used to McCune-Reischauer. --Puzzlet Chung 19:27, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Copyright status of Aegukka
Does anyone know the copyright status of Aegukka? I would like to know it before adding the lyric to Wikisource where fair use is practically limited even further than Wikipedia.--Jusjih 08:31, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Anything that is created by the DPRK government is public domain and free of copyright. Illegitimate Barrister (talk) 06:16, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The copyright status of DPRK government works is a bit complex. You can read the copyright act of 2001 in Korean at 조선민주주의인민공화국 저작권법, and there is an English budget translation (with a few mistranslations) at Copyright Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The copyright law was changed in 2006, and you can read an English budget translation (possibly containing mistranslations) at WIPO's website. Unfortunately, no one has been able to find the 2006 copyright act in Korean, so there is no way to get around the issue with the mistranslations. In the budget translation of the 2006 act, it looks as if the government part has been changed into something non-commercial, so the PD-DPRKGov template was deleted on Commons following Commons:Commons:Deletion requests/Template:PD-DPRKGov. The sound recording is currently up for deletion at Commons:Deletion requests/File:The National Anthem of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Converted MIDI).ogg for violation of Kim Wŏn'gyun's copyright and it may be necessary to remove the lyrics for violation of Pak Seyŏng's copyright. --Stefan2 (talk) 15:48, 7 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I think it is public domain in the U.S. because the two countries probably do not have a copyright treaty in place. It probably falls under Template:PD-US-not renewed. – Illegitimate Barrister, 08:59, 16 March 2016 (UTC)
 * That claim requires evidence in the form of a court ruling in a United States court. Note in particular that 17 U.S.C. § 104 (b) uses the wording 'treaty party', not 'country' as in the Berne Convention, and not 'country with diplomatic ties'. This implies that a 'treaty party', within the meaning of United States copyright law, can be something which is not a country and also something which is not a country with diplomatic ties. --Stefan2 (talk) 14:00, 16 March 2016 (UTC)
 * On second thought, the anthem actually predates the creation of the DPRK. So it could be in public domain for that? The northern portion of the country was under Soviet occupation, whereas the southern part was under U.S. control. So, could Soviet and U.S. copyright laws have been in place at the time? – Illegitimate Barrister (talk), 06:43, 18 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I'd assume that the occupation didn't have the result that any laws were changed unless the Soviet Union and the United States formally declared that the law was changed. I'd assume that the Japanese copyright law from 1899 applied in North and South Korea until the governments decided to change the law. The current Taiwanese and South Korean copyright rules seem to be fairly similar to the current Japanese copyright rules, so presumably the three countries have just amended the old Japanese law. On the other hand, the current North Korean law is a bit more different. --Stefan2 (talk) 16:24, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

HUGE ERROR.
Please make the title of this page "The Aegukga of North Korea". Some people will think that this Aegukk(g)a is for both countries.

 * P.S. It should be Aegukga, not Aegukka. Orthodoxy 00:49, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * North Korea and South Korea have different accents, or dialects, and thus some words will be pronounced differently. The English spellings account for this discrepancy. Illegitimate Barrister (talk) 06:18, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

Illegitimate Barrister (talk) 18:38, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Aegukga = South Korea
 * Aegukka = North Korea
 * Same word, same pronunciation, different transcription systems. I hope you're not trying to pronounce "Aegukga" and "Aegukka" differently or anything... --Stefan2 (talk) 20:54, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * See: North–South differences in the Korean language. Illegitimate Barrister (talk) 23:01, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The article North–South differences in the Korean language only deals with differences in pronunciation, differences in han'gŭl spelling, differences in sorting and other differences between the Sŏul and P'yŏngyang dialects. The contents in that article are completely irrelevant for the aegukka/aegukga transcription difference. Both songs are called [ɛguk͈a] in all different dialects of Korean. --Stefan2 (talk) 18:35, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

I noticed that in the Hangeul version of the text, 역사 was written 력사 in the North Korean manner. Wouldn't that make 怒濤 로도 instead of 노도? (성낼 로) I am not entirely sure about this and would like someone to verify that this is correct before I change it. 74.184.211.170 (talk) 09:50, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Lyrics
Why are there no lyrics on the page? Steel Wool Killer / Lanolжeð Renforsdfer Tyklovon (talk) 00:52, 12 February 2015 (UTC)
 * See WP:C. You can't include copyrighted lyrics. --Stefan2 (talk) 12:35, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Is this unique to North Korea? All the other national anthems have their lyrics. Maybe it's just North Korea being the nutcases they are, but why only them? Steel Wool Killer / Lanolжeð Renforsdfer Tyklovon (talk) 19:34, 13 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Most post-1923 national anthems are copyrighted in the United States. If the lyrics to copyrighted national anthems are included in other articles, then the lyrics should be removed there too. --Stefan2 (talk) 14:14, 30 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I have added a fair use music sample to the article, I hope this is alright - TheChampionMan1234 23:11, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Also, compare with Qaumi Taranah, there is a fair use music sample, after commons:Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:National_Anthem_of_Pakistan, but there are still lyrics on the page, should they be removed as well, I wonder? - TheChampionMan1234 23:23, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
 * The South Korean Wikipedia has the lyrics on there, though. I think the anthem may be PD in the U.S., since the two countries do not have diplomatic ties. It probably is covered under Template:PD-US-not renewed. – Illegitimate Barrister, 11:02, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

Official translation ?
Translating 아침은 빛나라 이 강산 은금에 자원도 가득한 삼천리 아름다운 내 조국 as Let morning shine on the rivers and mountains of this land, Three thousand ri abundant with natural wealth. This is my beautiful fatherland

is not faithful, since 강산 is either "gang san" i.e. 'rivers and mountains', may be 'our rivers and mountains' or 'gangsan' i.e. countryside or landscape, may be 'our country' but is not gangsan-ui gangsan !

Moreover, the '3000 lis' are on the third line, not the second.

Is there an official translation of this anthem in any language ? It would be nice to see how the '3000 lis' are translated into kilometers.

NB: this later remark applies to both Korean anthems! Pldx1 (talk) 10:32, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

Copyright status updated
It is not copyrighted, but public domain, per copyright Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
 * Article 24. The property rights to a copyrighted work or a copyrighted visual art work whose author is an institution, enterprise or organization shall be protected for up to 50 years from the moment of its publication. (1947)
 * Article 32: A copyrighted work may be used without the permission of the copyright owner, in the following cases: (...) When a copyrighted work is performed free of charge, (...)

Oppashi (talk) 15:17, 4 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Sorry, Aegukka is not public domain, it is still protected by copyright. The authors of Aegukka's lyrics and music were not an institution, enterprise or organization, so Article 24 does not apply (they were Pak Se-yong and Kim Won-gyun, respectively). The copyright term in North Korea is life+50 years, so the lyrics will be protected until January 1, 2040 (Pak Se-yong died in 1989). Article 32 is about North Korea's equivalent of fair use, i.e. when a copyrighted work can be used without the permission of copyright owner, not about public domain (in fact you can see this since it refers to works still protected by copyright, i.e. "A copyrighted work may....",  "When a copyrighted work is...", etc.). —RP88 (talk) 00:21, 5 January 2017 (UTC)
 * 'kay but I don't even understand how can a national anthem be copyrighted nowadays. Oppashi (talk) 19:08, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The song was created before North Korea existed, so check Japanese copyright law since Korea was controlled by Japan at the time. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 05:23, 25 May 2017 (UTC)
 * It's funny for people here use my tune (On Anthem of China) to fill the "Lyrics" blank, lol. But I think the lyrics on Korean page should be deleted as well, for it is still on the server located in the U.S.A..
 * p.s. Mr./Mrs. Illegitimate Barrister, you should not regard Korea as a part of Japan, for the gov't and constitution of Imperial Japan is no longer available. In fact, the DPRK Guerrilla is part of Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army in China. So you can even use Chinese (or Republic of China on Taiwan, or even the Soviet, for the guerrillas finally retreat to Khabarovsk of USSR) laws, rather than Japanese laws. There are not an succession relationship.Ulysses Faye Ohkiph (talk) 05:54, 13 November 2017 (UTC)
 * De jure, if nothing else, Korea *was* part of Japan, and Japanese laws applied until the end of the Government-General. Where anti-government rebels are based has no impact on this... the Japanese laws applied. 2Q (talk) 16:38, 20 January 2018 (UTC)
 * actually Article 24 won't apply until 2052, as the composer of the music (Kim Won-gyun) died in 2002... that said, I do think Article 32 applies here. The Japanese-era laws won't apply to the lyrics, as they weren't written until 1946, per the infobox; the music was composed in 1945, but the wording of the article implies that it happened *after* the end of Japanese rule, so once again, the Japanese laws wouldn't apply. I'm not sure we can ever determine exactly what day the music was composed? In any event I don't think this is particularly relevant in this case, because the fair use conditions set out by Article 32 of the DPRK law seem to be more than sufficient to allow us to show the lyrics... 2Q (talk) 16:50, 20 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I have reinstated the lyrics per this discussion given it should be eligible under Article 32 of DPRK copyright law. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 01:21, 8 July 2018 (UTC)
 * If 1945, then it (the music at least) would either would fall Japanese or Soviet law, methinks. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 06:39, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

Anthem adopted in 1947 or 1948?
With this edit you changed the lead and infobox to say the anthem was adopted in 1948, but left the sentence in the body that says "...adopted this newly written piece in 1947" (which cites the CIA's World Factbook for the 1947 date). I think the date of 1947 was correct, so I reverted your edit. The "National Anthem:" subsection of the "Government" section of the "Korea, North" page of the online version of the CIA's World Factbook says "note: adopted 1947" (see also here). Similarly, David Kendall's national anthem site says "A year before the establishment of North Korea in 1948, the government of the then Soviet-controlled sector of Korea adopted a new anthem...". —RP88 (talk) 23:35, 26 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I was confused as to how North Korea could've adopted it as their state anthem when it did not exist yet. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 06:40, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

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I love Koreans
I am worried that you don't show a lot of things about Koreans 41.114.125.91 (talk) 13:23, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

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New lyrics
The lyrics of this anthem slightly changed https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/430fa0a872c3bd5c6317b79c8d82e6e1087d883d 126.146.17.93 (talk) 09:58, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

Title change
On a KCTV program about the event marking the completion of the second stage of the Hwasŏng Area, broadcast on 17 April, the national anthem was sung and the title “애국가” was displayed. However, in the rebroadcast on the next day, it was titled “조선민주주의인민공화국 국가”, possibly to distance itself from the ROK whose anthem has the same title. Do we have any official announcements yet about this change? OosakaNoOusama (talk) 18:52, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aegukka


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Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?

Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? is an American live action/animated television series based on the series of computer games. The show was produced by DIC Productions L.P. and originally aired from February 5, 1994 to January 2, 1999, on Saturday mornings during FOX's Fox Kids Network block. Reruns aired on the Qubo television network from June 9, 2012 (alongside Animal Atlas) to May 26, 2018.

The series won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program in 1995, and in the same year was spun-off into a Where in the World-styled video game entitled Carmen Sandiego Junior Detective. Its theme song uses the melody from the chorus "Singt dem großen Bassa Lieder" ("Sing Songs of the Great Pasha") from Mozart's opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio).

Production and broadcast (1994–1999)
The script for every Earth episode had to meet the approval of Broderbund, which created and, at the time, owned the Carmen franchise. Their cause for concern was the level of the violence on other FOX children's shows such as X-Men and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. Broderbund did not require this of the creators of the World and Time game shows that aired on PBS, presumably since PBS, as the distributor of such shows as Sesame Street, had a long-standing reputation for non-violent educational children's programming. The lead characters of Earth were featured in Carmen Sandiego Junior Detective, released in 1995. The opening theme song for the show is "Singt dem großen Bassa Lieder" from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail, with new lyrics, pop instrumentation, and a backbeat. The Rainbow Animation Group (later renamed Galaxy World, Inc., not to be confused with the Italian studio Rainbow S.p.A.), and Han Yang Productions contributed some animation for this series.

Home media releases
Fox Video originally released the series on VHS through their Fox Kids Video label, which contained two episodes each.

In November 2001, Lions Gate Home Entertainment and Trimark Home Video released two VHS tapes, Carmen's Revenge and Time Traveler, consisting of the show's three-part episodes ("Retribution" and "Labyrinth") in a feature-length format. Time Traveller was also released on DVD, and alongside the "Labyrinth" episode, also came with a demo of ''Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? Treasures of Knowledge''. A video of the episode "Timing is Everything" was included with some versions of the mentioned game.

In September 2003, Sterling Entertainment released Into the Maelstrom and No Place like Home on VHS and DVD. Into the Maelstrom contained the three part "Retribution" episode, while No Place like Home contained the episode "The Remnants" and the two-part episode "Can You Ever Go Home Again?" The DVD versions contained "When it Rains..." and "Follow My Footprints" as bonus episodes, respectively. NCircle Entertainment reissued both DVDs in 2007.

In June 2006, Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment released the first season on DVD. Due to poor sales, no further seasons were released.

Mill Creek Entertainment released ''Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? – The Complete Series'' on DVD in Region 1 on February 21, 2012. This four-disc set contains all forty episodes of the series. They also released a ten-episode best-of collection the same day. These releases have been discontinued and are now out of print. Mill Creek re-released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 in June 2017.

PIDAX, a German company, released the complete series on DVD for Region 2 in 3 Volumes in 2019 in English and German.

The whole series is available to stream on Paramount+ in some territories.

Plot
Following the plot of the Carmen Sandiego franchise, Earth sees international thief Carmen Sandiego (voiced by Rita Moreno) lead the organization V.I.L.E. in stealing treasures from around the world and leaving clues behind for ACME agents Zack (voiced by Scott Menville) and Ivy (voiced by Jennifer Hale), under the guidance of the Chief (voiced by Rodger Bumpass), to find, in order to capture her. In this version, Carmen Sandiego was a former agent of ACME who left to seek a greater challenge, and has a strong code of ethics when stealing items. The Player is an unseen live-action character who bookends acts by communicating with Carmen; it is implied that the television series is a video game that they are playing from a computer.

While Carmen is originally presented as the show's antagonist, she becomes more like an anti-hero as the series progresses; she even helps Zack and Ivy against mutual enemies.

Main characters

 * Carmen Sandiego (voiced by Rita Moreno) – An international thief and the head of V.I.L.E. Despite the name of her organization, she has a strong code of morals and only steals for the challenge of it. She was a former agent of the ACME Detective Agency.
 * Chief (voiced by Rodger Bumpass) – The head of ACME. Short for Computerized Holographic Imaging Educational Facilitator, his role consisted of providing exposition, information, alerts of Carmen's recent crime, and comic relief. He had a very intimate professional and personal relationship with Carmen. He once also had a robotic body while working with Carmen back when she was still part of the ACME Detective Agency.
 * Ivy (voiced by Jennifer Hale) – An 18-year-old woman who has short red hair and green eyes. She and Carmen seem to have a past history, although it is only hinted at in the series. Her skills include having multiple black belts in martial arts and being an expert pilot. She can get frustrated easily, such as hating it when Zack calls her "sis" or when Carmen is getting away.
 * Zack (voiced by Scott Menville) – Ivy's 14-year-old brother, who has blond hair and blue eyes. He takes cases less seriously than his sister Ivy. Zack's jacket has his name misspelled as Zak.
 * Player (portrayed by Jeffrey Tucker in season 1, Justin Shenkarow in season 2, Asi Lang and Joanie Pleasant in seasons 3–4) – The only live-action character on the program, always seen from behind as a computer user at the beginning and ending of the show. They are the ones who transport Zack and Ivy to their locations and summon ACME detectives to their aid.

ACME detectives
The following are ACME detectives who assist Zack and Ivy:

 * Aileen (voiced by Janice Kawaye) – A Hawaiian detective. Her older brother Max is a TV news reporter where they appear in "Curses, Foiled Again".
 * Amati – A Black detective and archaeologist who appears in "A Higher Calling" and "Follow My Footprints".
 * Armando Arguella – An Argentinian detective and gaucho who appears in "The Good Old Bad Old Days," "Scavenger Hunt," "Just Like Old Times," and "Can You Ever Go Home Again?" Pt. 2.
 * Billy Running Bird – A Native American detective who appears in "Shaman Spirits".
 * Chester – An young American detective and amateur ornithologist who appears in "Birds of a Feather".
 * Gro (voiced by Chadwick Pelletier) – A Norwegian detective and friend of Zack who appears in "Retribution" Pt. 2.
 * Jasmine – A Jamaican detective who appears in "Skull and Double-Crossbones".
 * Josha – An American detective and computer expert who appears in "Retribution" Pt. 3, "The Trial of Carmen Sandiego," "Cupid Sandiego," and "Can You Ever Go Home Again?" Pt. 1. He has a crush on, and later dates, Ivy.
 * Ketut – An Indonesian detective from Bali who enjoys hang-gliding. He appears in "Hot Ice".
 * Li – A detective from Macao who appears in "Skull and Double-Crossbones" and "Can You Ever Go Home Again?" Pt. 2.
 * Maria (voiced by Kath Soucie) – A Brazilian detective from ACME's Rio de Janeiro office who seems to have a crush on Zack. She appears in "Music to My Ears".
 * Marco – An Italian detective and friend of Ivy who appears in "Split Up".
 * Michelle – A young African American Space Camp Florida participant in "Moondreams" and later becomes an ACME detective in "Follow My Footprints".
 * Reggis and Barrow – A team of Black/White British detectives who appear in "Just Like Old Times".
 * Tatiana (voiced by Candi Milo) – A Russian ACME detective whom Zack has a crush on as seen in "Just Like Old Times," "Scavenger Hunt," and "Can You Ever Go Home Again?" Pt. 2.
 * Wahidullah – An Afghan detective ("Birds of a Feather").

V.I.L.E. agents
The following are agents who work for Carmen Sandiego's organization, V.I.L.E.:

 * Abe L. Body – A V.I.L.E. agent and an athlete who's a team player to V.I.L.E. who likes to steal items from the Olympics and any other sports. He was mentioned in "Follow My Footprints" to have been arrested by authorities for trying to steal some volcanic ashes as a possible answer to one the clues to a contest on who will succeed Carmen Sandiego following her apparent death. His name is a play on "able body".
 * Al Loy – A hotheaded American metallurgist who appears in "A Date with Carmen" Pts. 1 & 2, "All for One". His name is a play on "alloy."
 * Archie Ology – A white American archaeologist who appears in "Follow My Footprints" and "The Trial of Carmen Sandiego". His name is a play on "archaeology."
 * Auntie Bellum – A white American agent from the South who appears in "Timing Is Everything". Her name is a play on "Antebellum."
 * Buck N. Bronco – A white American agent from the West who appears in "The Good Old Bad Old Days". His name is a play on "bucking bronco."
 * Clair E. Net and Cora Net (both voiced by Kath Soucie) – White American twin sister musicians: Clair is a singer, while Cora is a pianist and electric guitarist. They were once "busted in a lip-synching scandal" as mentioned by the Chief when they appeared in "Music to My Ears". Their names are plays on "clarinet" and "cornet."
 * Clay Tandoori – An Indian agent who appears in "Dinosaur Delirium" and "Labyrinth" Pt. 1. His name is a reference to tandoors, traditionally made of clay.
 * Dara Riska – An equally hotheaded white American agent and rival of Al Loy who appears in "All for One". Her name is apparently a play on "dare a risk."
 * Dee Tritus – A white American gemologist who appears in "Hot Ice". Her name is a play on "detritus."
 * Four Chin Hunter – An Asian American treasure hunter who appears in "A Higher Calling" and "A Date with Carmen" Pt. 1. His name is a play on "fortune hunter."
 * Frank M. Poster – A white British master of disguise who appears in "By a Whisker" and "Birds of a Feather". His name is a play on "frank impostor."
 * Hannah Lulu – A superstitious Hawaiian agent who appears in "Curses, Foiled Again". She was later mentioned in "Can You Ever Go Home Again?" Pt. 2. Her name is a play on "Honolulu."
 * Lars Vegas – A greedy, vain white American agent who appears in "Follow My Footprints," "Just Like Old Times," and "Cupid Sandiego". His name is a play on "Las Vegas."
 * Lee Galese – Carmen Sandiego's lawyer who acts as executor of her estate in "Follow My Footprints" and as her defense attorney in "The Trial of Carmen Sandiego." His name is a play on "legalese."
 * Manny Mistakes – An absent-minded computer technician who appears in "Just Like Old Times". His name is a play on "many mistakes", though his last name is never spoken in the episode.
 * Moe Skeeter – A bumbling white American agent who always appears with Lars Vegas in "Follow My Footprints," "Just Like Old Times," and "Cupid Sandiego". His name is a play on "mosquito."
 * Paige Turner – A white American literature expert who appears in "Chapter and Verse". Her name is a play on "page-turner."
 * Pearl Diver – An American underwater diver who appears in "A Date with Carmen" Pts. 1 & 2.
 * Pop A. Wheelie and Iggy Nition – A team of white American agents and motorcyclists who appear in "The Remnants". Their names are plays on "pop a wheelie" and "ignition."
 * R.B. Traitor – Supposedly a judge turned criminal who hunts crooks down and sentences them to a secret jail while stealing their loot, he is in fact a V.I.L.E. agent assisting Carmen by using Zack and Ivy to lead her past security measures to her desired loot, an original copy of the Magna Carta as seen in "The Trial of Carmen Sandiego". His name is a play on "arbitrator."
 * Rip Shipoff – A white pirate who has a pet parrot who appears in "Skull and Double-Crossbones". His name seems to mean "rip off a ship."
 * Stu L. Pijin – A bird trainer who appears in "Birds of a Feather". His name is a play on "stool pigeon."
 * Touriste Classé – A French "international con man and master art thief" who appears in "The Stolen Smile" and "Labyrinth" Pt. 1. His name is a play on "tourist class."
 * An unnamed pair of agents, one man and one woman, presumably Chinese, whose hideout is a junk on the Yangtze River. Each has a tattoo of half of a yin and yang symbol, and the man has a pet cormorant. They only appear in "Moondreams".
 * A substantial number of unnamed henchmen who work for Carmen Sandiego and other V.I.L.E. agents. They wear head-to-toe blue outfits with goggles and boots and appear in most episodes.

Other villains
As Carmen Sandiego became less villainous and evolved into more of an antihero, other characters began to fill her original role as the show's antagonist. The following villains are:

 * Dr. Sara Bellum – Carmen Sandiego's former robotics and computer expert who appears in "Split Up" and "Chapter and Verse". She betrays V.I.L.E., impersonating Carmen in an attempt to become known as the world's greatest thief in "When It Rains", but later appears to be a V.I.L.E. member again in "Follow My Footprints" where she competes to become Carmen's successor following her apparent death. Her name is a play on "cerebellum."
 * Ira Gation (voiced by Michael Earl) – Sara's sole henchperson during her time away from V.I.L.E. who appears in "When It Rains". His name is a play on "irrigation."
 * Dr. Gunnar Maelstrom (voiced by Tim Curry) – A hostile and extremely violent criminal who considers Carmen Sandiego his archenemy and appears in the three part "Retribution" episodes. As an ACME detective, Carmen pursued him and eventually put him in prison following his attempt to steal the wreck of the Titanic. Years later, following his escape from prison and apparent death, Carmen had come to consider him a rolemodel, but his escape was in fact part of a plot for revenge on her. His last name is a reference to maelstroms, a term for powerful oceanic whirlpools.
 * Bilge – Maelstrom's lead henchman who appears in "Retribution" Pts. 1–3.
 * Mason Dixon – A V.I.L.E. agent and avowed Southerner who resents Carmen's success and appears in "Timing Is Everything". In 1989, the two were partners in an art theft in Amsterdam, but Mason was arrested and Carmen escaped when he turned the wrong way down a street and was captured by police. He uses her time machine to change the outcome of that incident, allowing him to take over V.I.L.E. and leaving Carmen exceedingly meek, and to attempt to overturn the outcome of the Civil War. His name is a reference to the Mason–Dixon line.
 * Lee Jordan (voiced by David Coburn) – The first ACME agent to have captured Carmen Sandiego, he was among ACME's most accomplished employees, making him arrogant and womanizing. Embittered by his fame and the lack of challenge in fighting crime, he left ACME and helped Carmen Sandiego escape in order to train to be a V.I.L.E. agent. However, his impulsive and violent nature clashed greatly with Carmen's more refined, pacifistic approach, leading her to fire him. One plot had him getting close to Ivy in "Boyhood's End" Pts. 1 & 2 so that he can have his revenge on Carmen Sandiego. In "Can You Ever Go Home Again?" Pt. 1 and 2, Lee sought his latest revenge on her, eventually kidnapping Malcolm Avalon, a businessman she believed to be her birth father, in order to blackmail her into stealing for him.
 * Cruiser – Lee Jordan's lead henchman ("Can You Ever Go Home Again?" Pts. 1&2).

Cast

 * Rita Moreno as Carmen Sandiego
 * Jennifer Hale as Ivy
 * Scott Menville as Zack
 * Rodger Bumpass as the Chief
 * Justin Shenkarow as the Player (season 1)
 * Jeffrey Tucker as the Player (season 2)
 * Asi Lang as Player #1 (seasons 3–4)
 * Joanie Pleasant as Player #2 (seasons 3–4)

Additional voices

 * James Avery
 * Yoshio Be
 * Jim Belushi – Paul Revere ("A Date with Carmen" Pts. 1&2)
 * Susan Blu
 * Bettina Bush
 * Rocky Carroll
 * Kevin Castro
 * David Coburn – Lee Jordan ("Boyhood's End" Pts. 1 & 2, "Can You Ever Go Home Again?" Pts. 1 & 2)
 * Jesse Corti
 * Tim Curry – Dr. Gunnar Maelstrom ("Retribution" Pts. 1–3)
 * Shelly DeSai
 * Grisha Dimant
 * Feisha Dimetros
 * Michael Earl – Ira Gation ("When it Rains")
 * Jeannie Elias
 * Dave Fennoy
 * Efrain Figueroa
 * John Garry
 * Brian George
 * Dan Gilvezan
 * Fernanda Gordon
 * Kevin Guillaume
 * Alaina Reed Hall
 * Clayton Halsey
 * Jamie Hanes
 * Dorian Harewood
 * Jess Harnell
 * Karen Hartman
 * Phil Hayes
 * Hector Herrera
 * Amy Hill
 * Vien Hong
 * Michael Horse
 * Patricia Van Ingen
 * Robert Ito
 * Marabina Jaimes
 * Nick Jameson
 * Marcia Jeffries
 * Jamie Kaplan
 * Janice Kawaye – Aileen ("Curses, Foiled Again")
 * Gene Kidwell

 * Clyde Kusatsu
 * Alexander Kusnetzsrv
 * Maurice LaMarche
 * Joe Lala
 * Frederick Lopez
 * Danny Mann
 * Dawn McMillan
 * Sidney Miller
 * Candi Milo – Tatiana ("Rules of the Game")
 * Pat Musick
 * Humberto Ortiz
 * Laurel Page
 * Samantha Paris
 * Chadwick Pelletier – Gro ("Retribution" Pt. 2)
 * Stan Phillips
 * Matt Plendl
 * Phil Proctor
 * Lisa Raggio
 * Don Reed
 * Frank Renzulli
 * Kevin Michael Richardson
 * Robbie Rist
 * Brogan Roche
 * Eugene Roche
 * Sean Roche
 * Roger Rose
 * John Rubinow
 * Marco Sanchez
 * Brandon Scott
 * Alan Shearman
 * Stacy Sibley
 * Susan Silo
 * Jane Singer
 * Kath Soucie – Maria, Claire E. Net, Cora Net ("Music To My Ears")
 * David H. Sterry
 * Michael Su
 * Russi Taylor
 * Dierk Torsek
 * Frank Welker
 * Ian Whitcomb
 * Reuven Bar Yotam

Critical reception
The show was given a rating of 4 stars out of 5 by Common Sense Media, noting that the format of the show – which includes trivia sessions between acts, vocabulary definitions, and the use of foreign languages – is "designed to pique kids' interest in these subjects". DVD Talk noted that the show exceeded the obligatory action of comedy of a cartoon, by respecting its audience with an intelligent sensibility rarely seen in children's television.

title: Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?


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US Airways Express

US Airways Express was the brand name for the regional affiliate of US Airways, under which a number of individually owned commuter air carriers and regional airlines operate short and medium haul routes. This code sharing service was previously operated as USAir Express. Mainline carriers often outsource to regional airlines to operate services in order to increase frequency, serve routes that would not sustain larger aircraft, or for other competitive reasons. US Airways Express operations were conducted from smaller markets in the United States, Canada, and the Bahamas primarily centered on US Airways' major hubs and focus cities.

Upon the completion of US Airways' merger process with American Airlines, US Airways Express was rebranded as American Eagle on October 17, 2015.

History
US Airways Express traced its beginnings to 1967, when Henson Airlines began operating as Allegheny Commuter, a feeder carrier for Allegheny Airlines, predecessor to US Airways. The initial route was Baltimore-Hagerstown. This is generally credited as the industry's first code-share agreement and the first major airline to use another airline as its commuter partner.

Throughout the 1970s, many other commuter airlines would join the Allegheny Commuter system providing feeder service from small communities for Allegheny Airlines. Allegheny Airlines was changed to USAir in 1979 however the feeder network still carried the name of Allegheny Commuter until 1989 when it was changed to USAir Express. In 1997 USAir changed its name again to US Airways at which time the feeder network became US Airways Express.

Two major carriers that merged into USAir in the late 1980s, Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) and Piedmont Airlines (1948-1989) had their corporate names retained to protect their trademarks. Henson Airlines later took on the name Piedmont Airlines and another USAir Express carrier, Jetstream International took on the name of PSA Airlines. The aircraft and other characteristics of the rebranded regional carriers bear no relation to their namesakes however many of the routes of Piedmont Airlines are former routes of the original Piedmont Airlines.

The aircraft livery of US Airways Express aircraft was identical to US Airways' mainline colors except for the word Express, which is attached to the basic US Airways livery.

In April 2013, an internal memo distributed to American Eagle employees at American Airlines Group's subsidiaries: (OW) Executive Airlines and American Eagle; indicated the US Airways Express banner and marketing brand, were expected to be discontinued although the remaining and independently operating airline subsidiaries, were expected to continue but operated with American Eagle branded colors.

Historical turboprop fleet
The US Airways Express brand, through its various regional and commuter airline partners, operated a variety of twin turboprop aircraft over the years including the following types:

 * BAe Jetstream 31
 * Beechcraft Model 18
 * Beechcraft Model 99
 * Beechcraft 1300
 * Beechcraft 1900C
 * Beechcraft 1900D
 * Bombardier Dash 8-200
 * Bombardier Q200
 * Cessna 402
 * de Havilland Canada Dash 7
 * Dornier 328
 * Embraer EMB 120
 * Nord 262
 * Saab 340
 * Short 330
 * Short 360

Accidents and incidents

 * January 3, 1992, CommutAir Flight 4281, a Beechcraft 1900C operating for USAir Express, was flying from Plattsburgh to Saranac Lake when it crashed into wooded mountaintop as it was landing at Adirondack Regional Airport. Of the 4 people on board (2 passengers and 2 crew) 2 died while the other 2 sustained serious injuries. The cause of the crash was determined to be pilot error in establishing a stabilized approach and cross-checking instruments.
 * January 8, 2003, Air Midwest Flight 5481, a Beechcraft 1900D operated by Air Midwest as US Airways Express under a franchise agreement, crashed into an airport hangar and burst into flames 37 seconds after leaving Charlotte/Douglas International Airport located in Charlotte, North Carolina for Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport in Greer, South Carolina. All 19 passengers and 2 pilots aboard died in the crash. The NTSB concluded that the standard estimates used when calculating the aircraft’s weight were inaccurate. These estimates were subsequently changed. Additionally, improper maintenance that was performed on the aircraft resulted in the crew’s inability to recover from the stall, caused by a dangerous center of gravity resulting from improper weight estimates.
 * August 26, 2003, Colgan Air Flight 9446 a positioning flight involving a Beechcraft 1900D, crashed just before take-off at Barnstable Municipal Airport in Massachusetts killing both crew members on board. The NTSB stated that the probable cause of the accident was to do with the pilot not noticing maintenance errors with the aircraft.
 * November 16, 2008, Flight 4551, a US Airways Express de Havilland Dash 8 turboprop operated by Piedmont Airlines, took off from Lehigh Valley International Airport at 8:20am heading to Philadelphia International Airport, had to make an emergency landing. The flight crew was indicated that the front nose gear hadn't come down and had to make a flyover the runway for confirmation.  Of 35 passengers and 3 crew, there were no injuries. The aircraft (N326EN) incurred only minor damage and was returned to service shortly thereafter.
 * January 1, 2011, US Airways Express Flight 4352, operated by Piedmont Airlines forced an evacuation of the U.S. Capitol and fighter jets were scrambled from Andrews Air Force Base after Flight 4352, operated by a de Havilland Canada Dash 8-100 suffered radio problems on approach to Washington, DC's Washington–National and strayed into restricted airspace. The Capitol was evacuated for approximately 20 minutes until the Dash 8 aircraft landed at Reagan National Airport.
 * May 18, 2013, Flight 4560 operated by Piedmont Airlines made a belly landing at Newark Liberty International Airport after landing gear would not extend. All passengers and crew members were evacuated safely.

title: US Airways Express


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Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego?

Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego? may refer to:

 * Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (video game), a 1989 Carmen Sandiego Time game
 * Carmen Sandiego's Great Chase Through Time (previously known as Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego?), a 1997 Carmen Sandiego Time game
 * Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show), a PBS gameshow

title: Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego?