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Dale Murphy

Dale Bryan Murphy (born March 12, 1956) is an American former professional baseball player. During an 18-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1976 to 1993, he played as an outfielder, catcher, and first baseman for the Atlanta Braves, Philadelphia Phillies, and Colorado Rockies; Murphy is best noted for his many years with the Braves. His entire MLB career was spent in the National League (NL), during which time he won consecutive Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards (1982–1983), the Silver Slugger Award for four straight years (1982–1985), and the Gold Glove Award for five straight years (1982–1986). Murphy is a member of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame, Georgia Sports Hall of Fame, and World Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame.

Early life
Dale Murphy was born in Portland, Oregon, on March 12, 1956, to parents Charles and Betty. He had a sister, Sue. Murphy played American Legion Baseball and attended Woodrow Wilson High School.

Playing career
In 1976, Murphy began his major league career with a nineteen-game stint catching with the Atlanta Braves. He appeared in only eighteen games the following season. In 1978, Murphy played first base mostly; at the plate he had a .226 batting average, though he also showed hints of his future power by hitting 23 home runs.

Murphy switched to the outfield in 1980, a move that would help initiate a decade of highly productive play in the National League. Beginning in left field, he soon switched to center field, the position at which he would find his greatest success. By 1982, the most decorated year of Murphy's career, the former catcher had transformed himself into an All-Star MVP outfielder who appeared in each of Atlanta's 162 games. His turnaround as a fielder was equally stark. In 1978, Murphy led all National League first basemen in errors. In 1982, spending time at each of the three outfield positions, he won the first of five consecutive Gold Gloves, as well as the first MVP award by a Brave since 1957, when Hank Aaron won the award with the then-Milwaukee Braves.

Playing in the decade before the Braves began their dominance of the National League East, Murphy also made his only postseason appearance in 1982. Although he performed well, the eventual World Series-champion St. Louis Cardinals eliminated the Braves in the 1982 National League Championship Series. The league's most valuable player failed to translate his regular season preeminence into October success, hitting safely only three times and scoring one run. Murphy rebounded from the postseason sweep with another MVP award in 1983. This time period ultimately proved the high-water era of Murphy's career. Each year during the four season span from 1982 to 1986 he won a Gold Glove, appeared in the All-Star Game, and placed in the top ten in MVP voting.

In 1988, however, despite being voted to what would be his final All-Star appearance, Murphy's production began a slide downward. Murphy saw his batting average free-fall from .295 in 1987 to .226 in 1988. Only once more, in 1991, would Murphy bat above .250. Once a consistent source of power at the plate, he never again hit 25 home runs or more in a season.

During his 15th season with the Braves, Murphy was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies on August 3, 1990. Murphy's time with the Phillies was mostly uneventful. A degenerative, arthritic condition in his left knee limited Murphy to only 18 games in the 1992 season with the Phillies, although he did hit two home runs in that time to bring his career total to 398. He was released by the Phillies at the end of 1993 Spring Training and, on the same day, signed a Minor League contract with the Colorado Rockies for their inaugural season. He was used mostly as a pinch hitter.

After going 0-for-3 with a strikeout in the Rockies' 8–0 road loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers on May 21, 1993 (a rare start and, even more rare, only the fourth time all season he was in a game from the first pitch to the final out), Murphy did not play in the next 4 games. On the morning of May 27, 1993, while the Rockies were in Houston to begin a series with the Astros, he suddenly announced his retirement from baseball at age 37. He explained the Rockies were needing to make a 25-man roster move and informed him ahead of time he was going to be released. The team gave him the chance to retire instead of being released, which he did.

Murphy finished at 398 career home runs, failing to homer for the Rockies in 49 plate appearances and reach the 400-homer milestone. At the time of his retirement, he was 27th on the all-time home run list and 4th among active players, two behind Andre Dawson of the Boston Red Sox.

Career summary and honors
Murphy finished his career with 398 home runs, 1,266 RBI, and a .265 lifetime batting average. His MVP awards in 1982 and 1983 make him one of only four outfielders in MLB history with consecutive MVP years; at the time, he was the youngest to have accomplished the feat. His many honors include seven All-Star appearances, five Gold Gloves, and four Silver Sluggers. Murphy led the National League in home runs and runs batted in (RBI) twice; he also led the major leagues in home runs and RBI over the 10-year span from 1981 to 1990.

During the 1980s, Murphy led the National League in games, at bats, runs, hits, extra base hits, RBIs, runs created, total bases, and plate appearances. His 308 home runs during the decade is second only to Mike Schmidt's 313. He also accomplished a 30–30 (30 home runs with 30 stolen bases) season in 1983. Murphy played in 740 consecutive games, at the time the 11th longest such streak in baseball history. His jersey number ("3") was retired by the Atlanta Braves on June 13, 1994, in his honor as opposed to that of even Babe Ruth, who wore Boston Braves number 3 during the partial season with which his career concluded. Murphy was inducted into both the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame and the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.

Public persona
Murphy's clean-living habits off the diamond were frequently noted in the media. A devout member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Murphy did not drink alcoholic beverages, would not allow women to be photographed embracing him, and paid his teammates' dinner checks as long as alcoholic beverages were not on the tab. He also refused to give television interviews unless he was fully dressed. Murphy had been introduced to the LDS Church early in his career by teammate Barry Bonnell.

For several years The Atlanta Constitution ran a weekly column, wherein Murphy responded to young fans' questions and letters. In 1987 he shared Sports Illustrated's "Sportsmen and Sportswomen of the Year" award with seven others, characterized as "Athletes Who Care", for his work with numerous charities, including the Make-a-Wish Foundation, the Georgia March of Dimes and the American Heart Association.

One of his more memorable incidents was reminiscent of a scene from the classic black-and-white baseball film The Pride of the Yankees:

Before a home game against San Francisco on June 12, 1983, Murphy visited in the stands with Elizabeth Smith, a six-year-old girl who had lost both hands and a leg when she stepped on a live power line. After Murphy gave her a cap and a T shirt, her nurse innocently asked if he could hit a home run for Elizabeth. "I didn't know what to say, so I just sort of mumbled 'Well, O.K.,' " says Murphy. That day he hit two homers and drove in all the Braves' runs in a 3–2 victory.

He was ultimately granted several honors because of his integrity, character, and sportsmanship, including the Lou Gehrig Memorial Award (1985), "Sportsman of the Year" (1987), Roberto Clemente Award (1988), Bart Giamatti Community Service Award (1991), and World Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame (1991 induction).

Hall of Fame candidacy
Despite his reputation as a star five-tool player superstar and multiple MVP awards, Murphy has not been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. He first appeared on the writers' ballot in 1999. He has failed to gain election, joining Barry Bonds, Roger Maris, and Juan González as the only Hall of Fame-eligible recipients of multiple MVP awards not in the Hall. His failed candidacy has drawn particular notice due to his reputation as a clean-living player whose career was immediately followed by baseball's scandal-plagued "steroids era".

Baseball writer Rob Neyer feels that the former MVP's candidacy has been hurt by a career that "got a late start and suffered an early end." Stuart Miller, baseball writer for The New York Times, also notes the "sharp decline" in production that plagued Murphy after the age of 31 in arguing, "Players who were great for a short time do not receive much [Hall of Fame] recognition." Finding "one of baseball's best players in the 1980s" to be "undervalued", Miller nonetheless writes that the Brave great "is typically considered a 'close but no' guy." Statistician Bill James says of Murphy, "It certainly wouldn't offend me to have him in the Hall of Fame. I just wouldn't advocate it." James set a metric for Hall induction as 300 Win Shares, a statistic weighing what players contribute to their team's victories. Murphy has 253 Win Shares. James ranks eight Hall of Famers below Murphy.

A writer for the Charlotte Observer wrote, "Murphy's incredible nine-year run in Atlanta was every bit as good as anyone else during his era". Neyer notes that the explosion of power during the steroids-fueled era that began after Murphy's retirement may have caused Murphy's numbers to pale in comparison for many voters. Some have argued that Murphy's reputation for clean living may encourage voters to "look more favorably on what Murphy did without using performance-enhancing drugs." (Murphy has asserted that Barry Bonds "without a doubt" used performance-enhancing drugs.) Sports Illustrated's Joe Posnanski has endorsed Murphy as an "emotional pick … a larger-than-life character who signed every autograph, spoke up for every charity and played brilliant baseball every day for mostly doomed teams." The Baseball Project, a supergroup composed of Peter Buck, Mike Mills, Scott McCaughey, Steve Wynn and Linda Pitmon, wrote the song “To The Veterans Committee” advocating his election and praising him for meeting the voting criteria: ability, integrity, sportsmanship, character, and contributions to the team(s) on which the player played.

Although he continued to earn the requisite 5% to remain on the ballot, Murphy averaged only 13.6% over the first twelve years of voting. (Election to the hall requires 75%.) In the first decade of his eligibility, he "peaked at 23% in 2000 and fell to 11.5% in 2009." Moreover, as writers may only vote for ten players each year, some have argued that the candidacy of stars from the 1980s, such as Murphy, will become imperiled as a wave of more recently retired players with more statistically impressive credentials becomes eligible in the 2010s. Noting his low vote totals, Murphy has said, "Since I'm not that close [to election] … I don't think about it that much." On January 9, 2013, in his 15th and final appearance on the Hall of Fame ballot, Murphy secured 18.9% of the vote, falling well short of the 75% necessary to enter the Baseball Hall of Fame on the BBWAA ballot. Since Murphy's removal from the BBWAA ballot, his Hall of Fame candidacy has been considered twice by the Modern Era Baseball Committee, in 2018 and 2020, and once by the Contemporary Baseball Era Players Committee in 2022.

Post-baseball life
From 1997 to 2000, Murphy served as president of the Massachusetts Boston Mission of the LDS Church.

In 2005, Murphy started a non-profit organization called the iWontCheat Foundation to promote ethical behavior, and deter steroid use and cheating in youth athletics. Since 2008 all players from the participating teams at the Little League World Series wear the "I WON'T CHEAT!" embroidered patch above the Little League Baseball logo on the left sleeve of their jerseys.

In 2008, he was appointed to the National Advisory Board for the national children's charity, Operation Kids. Murphy serves as a national advisor to ASCEND: A Humanitarian Alliance. Murphy is a long time supporter of Operation Smile and also currently serves on the organization's Board of Governors.

During the 2012 MLB season, Murphy was a part of the Atlanta Braves TV broadcasting crew and participated in the telecast of at least 14 games.

He was the first-base coach for the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic.

In 2017 he opened a restaurant, Murph's, in Atlanta near Truist Park, where the Braves have played since the 2017 season. He lives in Alpine, Utah.

Author
Murphy has written three books. The first, The Scouting Report on Professional Athletics, is about the professional athlete's lifestyle. Murphy discusses balancing career and family, working with agents, managing business affairs, serving one's community, and preparing for retirement. In his second book, an autobiography titled Murph, he talked about his religious faith. He discussed the struggles of his early baseball career and how he overcame problems. In 2007 Murphy wrote his third book, The Scouting Report for Youth Athletics, in response to what he saw as the increase in negative behavior in youth sports resulting from poor examples set by professional athletes. Included with each book is a 50-page insert which includes contributions from, among others, Peyton Manning, Dwyane Wade, Tom Glavine, and Danica Patrick. In a question-and-answer format, they discuss the lessons they learned from youth sports and how they apply the lessons today. There is also a physician-penned section about illegal performance-enhancing drug use in sports.

Personal life
Murphy and his wife, Nancy, have eight children: sons Chad, Travis, Shawn, Tyson, Taylor, Jake, and McKay and daughter Madison.

title: Dale Murphy


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Rotary International

Rotary International is one of the largest service organizations in the world. The mission of Rotary, as stated on its website, is to "provide service to others, promote integrity, and advance world understanding, goodwill, and peace through [the] fellowship of business, professional, and community leaders". It is a non-political and non-religious organization. Membership is by application or invitation and based on various social factors. There are over 46,000 member clubs worldwide, with a membership of 1.4 million individuals, known as Rotary members.

Rotary International is the organization of service clubs with the largest membership in the world, with 1.9 million volunteers, including all the members of clubs that make up the Rotary family, namely Rotary, Interact and Rotaract clubs.

The first years of the Rotary Club
The first Rotary Club was formed when attorney Paul P. Harris called together a meeting of three business acquaintances in downtown Chicago, United States, at Harris's friend Gustave Loehr's office in the Unity Building on Dearborn Street on February 23, 1905. In addition to Harris and Loehr (a mining engineer and freemason ), Silvester Schiele (a coal merchant), and Hiram E. Shorey (a tailor) were the other two who attended this first meeting. The members chose the name Rotary because initially they rotated subsequent weekly club meetings to each other's offices, although within a year, the Chicago club became so large it became necessary to adopt the now-common practice of a regular meeting place.

The next four Rotary Clubs were organized in cities in the western United States, beginning with San Francisco, then Oakland, Seattle, and Los Angeles. The National Association of Rotary Clubs in America was formed in 1910. On November 3, 1910, a Rotary club began meeting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, marking the beginning of Rotary as an international organization. On 22 February 1911, the first meeting of the Rotary Club Dublin was held in Dublin, Ireland. This was the first club established outside of North America. In April 1912, Rotary chartered the Winnipeg club, marking the first establishment of an American-style service club outside the United States. To reflect the addition of a club outside of the United States, the name was changed to the International Association of Rotary Clubs in 1912.

In August 1912, the Rotary Club of London received its charter from the Association, marking the first acknowledged Rotary club outside North America. It later became known that the Dublin club in Ireland was organized before the London club, but the Dublin club did not receive its charter until after the London club was chartered. During World War I, Rotary in Britain increased from 9 to 22 clubs, and other early clubs in other nations included those in Cuba in 1916, the Philippines in 1919 and India in 1920. In 1922, the name was changed to Rotary International. From 1923 to 1928, Rotary's office and headquarters were located on E 20th Street (now E Cullerton Street) in the Atwell Building. During this same time, the monthly magazine The Rotarian was published mere floors below by Atwell Printing and Binding Company. By 1925, Rotary had grown to 200 clubs with more than 20,000 members. During the 1930s there was an expanding conflict in Asia between Japan and China and the fear of a confrontation between Japan and the United States. In hopes of helping resolve these issues, a leading Japanese international statesman, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, was chosen as the Honorary Keynote Speaker at Rotary's 25th Anniversary Convention held in 1930 in Chicago. Prince Tokugawa held the position of president of Japan's upper house of congress, the National Diet, for 30 years. Tokugawa promoted democratic principles and international goodwill. It was only after his death in 1940 that Japanese militants were able to push Japan into joining the Axis Powers in WWII.

World War II era in Europe
Rotary Clubs in Spain ceased to operate shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.

Clubs were disbanded across Europe as follows:
 * Netherlands (1923)
 * Belgium (1923)
 * Finland (1926)
 * Germany (1927)
 * Austria (1938)
 * Italy (1939)
 * Czechoslovakia (1940)
 * Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Yugoslavia and Luxembourg (1941)
 * Hungary (1941/1942)

Rotary International has worked with the UN since the UN started in 1945. At that time Rotary was involved in 65 countries. The two organizations shared ideals around promoting peace. Rotary received consultative status at the UN in 1946–47.

During the Third Reich, Rotary Clubs were grouped with Freemasonry as secret societies associated with Jews, and Nazi officials were banned from joining them. This was reversed in July 1933 after appeals but the club was forced to ban all Jews from membership. This led to several non-Jews quitting in solidarity. In order to survive, the members tried to show their loyalty to the Nazi leadership, inviting government officials and high-standing businesspeople. These included Hermann Schlosser, a business manager for Degesch – which supplied Zyklon B for use at death camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau. After 1945, the Rotary club tried to control the damage by preventing members such as Hans Globke and Wolfgang A. Wick from being appointed presidents.

From 1945 onward
Rotary clubs in Eastern Europe and communist nations were disbanded by 1945–46, but new Rotary clubs were organized in many other countries, and by the time of the national independence movements in Africa and Asia, the new nations already had Rotary clubs.

On January 11, 1951, a decree of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, published by L'Osservatore Romano, forbade Catholics clergy to accept membership of Rotary clubs. On January 27, 1951, a second decree of the Holy Office specified that warning against membership by laymen applied in some countries but not in the U.S.

Relationships with the Roman Catholic Church were changed again by Paul VI and John Paul II.

After the relaxation of government control of community groups in Russia and former Soviet satellite nations, Rotarians were welcomed as club organizers, and clubs were formed in those countries, beginning with the Moscow club in 1990.

In 1985, Rotary launched its PolioPlus program to immunize all of the world's children against polio. As of 2011, Rotary had contributed more than 900 million US dollars to the cause.

, Rotary had more than 1.4 million members in over 36,000 clubs among 200 countries and geographical areas, making it the most widespread by branches and second largest service club by membership, behind Lions Clubs International. The number of Rotarians has slightly declined in recent years: Between 2002 and 2006, they went from 1,245,000 to 1,223,000 members. North America accounts for 450,000 members, Asia for 300,000, Europe for 250,000, Latin America for 100,000, Oceania for 100,000 and Africa for 30,000.

Rotary International Presidents 2001–present

 * Richard D. King (2001–02)
 * Bhichai Rattakul (2002–03)
 * Jonathan B. Majiyagbe (2003–04)
 * Glenn E. Estess, Sr. (2004–05)
 * Carl-Wilhelm Stenhammar (2005–06)
 * William Boyd (2006–07)
 * Wilfrid J. Wilkinson (2007–08)
 * Dong Kurn Lee (2008–09)
 * John Kenny (2009–10)
 * Ray Klinginsmith (2010–11)
 * Kalyan Banerjee (2011–12)
 * Sakuji Tanaka (2012–13)
 * Ron D. Burton (2013–14)
 * Gary C.K. Huang (2014–15)
 * K.R. Ravindran (2015–16)
 * John F. Germ (2016–17)
 * Ian H. S. Riseley (2017–18)
 * Barry Rassin (2018–19)
 * Mark Daniel Maloney (2019–20)
 * Holger Knaack (2020–21)
 * Shekhar Mehta (2021–22)
 * Jennifer E. Jones (2022–23)
 * Gordon McInally (2023–24)

Other notable past Presidents

 * Paul P. Harris (1910–12)
 * Clinton Presba Anderson (1932–33)
 * Herbert J. Taylor (1954–55)
 * Nitish Chandra Laharry (1962–63)
 * Richard L. Evans (1966–67)
 * Luther H. Hodges (1967–68)
 * Sir Clem Renouf (1978–79)
 * Carlos Canseco (1984–85)
 * Royce Abbey (1988–89)

Organization and administration
In order to carry out its service programs, Rotary is structured in club, district and international levels. Rotarians are members of their clubs. The clubs are chartered by the global organization Rotary International (RI) headquartered in Evanston, Illinois. For administrative purposes, the more than 46,000 clubs worldwide are grouped into 529 districts, and the districts into 34 zones.

Rotary Clubs
The Rotary Club is the basic unit of Rotary activity, and each club determines its own membership. Clubs originally were limited to a single club per city, municipality, or town, but Rotary International has encouraged the formation of one or more additional clubs in the largest cities when practical. Most clubs meet weekly, usually at a mealtime on a weekday in a regular location, when Rotarians can discuss club business and hear from guest speakers. Each club also conducts various service projects within its local community, and participates in special projects involving other clubs in the local district, and occasionally a special project in a "sister club" in another nation. Most clubs also hold social events at least quarterly and in some cases more often.

Each club elects its own president and officers among its active members for a one-year term. The clubs enjoy considerable autonomy within the framework of the standard constitution and the constitution and bylaws of Rotary International. The governing body of the club is the Club Board (sometimes called Club Council), consisting of the club president (who serves as the Board chairman), a president-elect, club secretary, club treasurer, and several Club Board directors, including the immediate past president and the President Elect. The president usually appoints the directors to serve as chairs of the major club committees, including those responsible for club service, vocational service, community service, youth service, and international service.

Rotarians may attend any Rotary club around the world at one of their weekly meetings.

Rotaract Clubs
Rotaract: It is an organization of young adults (university age and young professionals) who take action through community and international service, learn leadership skills, and participate in professional development. Rotaract clubs are either community or university based. "Rotaract" stands for "Rotary in Action", and its motto is "Self Development – Fellowship through Service".

Rotaract began as a program of Rotary International, and its first club was founded in 1968 by Charlotte North Rotary Club, located in Charlotte, North Carolina.

In 2019, Rotaract went from being a program of Rotary International to being a membership type of Rotary International, elevating its status to resemble that of Rotary clubs. As of 1 July 2020, Rotaract clubs can exist on their own, or may be sponsored by Rotary and/or Rotaract clubs. This makes them true "partners in service" and key members of the family of Rotary. A Rotaract club may, but is not required to, establish upper age limits, provided that the club (in accordance with its bylaws) obtain the concurrence of its members.

District level
A District Governor (DG), who is an officer of Rotary International and represents the RI board of directors in the field, leads their respective Rotary district. Each DG is nominated by the clubs of their district, and elected by all the clubs meeting in the annual RI District Conference held each year. The DG appoints Assistant Governors (AGs) from among the Rotarians of the district to assist in the management of Rotary activity and multi-club projects in the district. AGs act as liaisons between the DG and the clubs, to make communication flow more smoothly throughout the District.

As part of a DG's duties, they must visit every club in their District at least once during their year as DG in order to spread the RI President's message and theme for that year. The AGs are assigned specific clubs to be under their purview, and they must accompany the DG on their official club visits to those particular clubs.

Zone level
Approximately 15 Rotary districts form a zone. A zone director, who serves as a member of the RI board of directors, heads two zones. The zone director is nominated by the clubs in the zone and elected by the convention for the term of two consecutive years.

Rotary International
Rotary International is governed by a board of directors composed of the international president, the president-elect, the general secretary, and 17 zone directors. The nomination and the election of each president is handled in the one- to three-year period before the president takes office, and is based on requirements including geographical balance among Rotary zones and previous service as a district governor and board member. The international board meets quarterly to establish policies and make recommendations to the overall governing bodies, the RI Convention and the RI Council on Legislation.

Rotary International President
Rotary’s president presides over the Board of Directors and is elected to a one-year term.

Current President: R. Gordon R. McInally is president of Rotary International. He was educated at the Royal High School in Edinburgh and at the University of Dundee, where he earned his graduate degree in dental surgery. He operated his own dental practice in Edinburgh until 2016. Gordon was chair of the East of Scotland branch of the British Paedodontic Society and has held various academic positions. He has also served as a presbytery elder, chair of the Queensferry parish congregational board, and commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

Rotary International has a general secretary, who also acts as chief executive officer and leads the Rotary Foundation. The current holder of the post is John Hewko.
 * General Secretary / CEO

Membership
According to its constitutions ("Charters"), Rotary defines itself as a non-partisan, non-sectarian organization. Membership is open to "adult persons who demonstrate good character, integrity, and leadership; possess good reputation within their business, profession, occupation, and/or community."

One can contact a Rotary club to inquire about membership and it was a traditional method that a person can join a Rotary club only if invited; there is the ability to join without an invitation but it is recommended to attend a meeting to ensure a suitable fit to the club.

Active membership
Active membership is by invitation from a current Rotarian, to professionals or businesspersons working in diverse areas of endeavour. Each club may limit up to ten percent of its membership representing each business or profession in the area it serves. The goal of the clubs is to promote service to the community they work in, as well as to the wider world. Many projects are organised for the local community by a single club, but some are organised globally.

Honorary membership
Clubs may award honorary membership in recognition of a person's distinguished efforts in furtherance of Rotary ideals or otherwise in support of Rotary's cause. As the highest distinction a Rotary club can confer on an individual, it is exercised only in exceptional cases. Honorary members are exempt from the payment of admission fees and dues. They have no voting privileges and are not eligible to hold any office in their club. Honorary membership is time-limited and terminates automatically at the end of the term, usually one year. It may be extended for an additional period or may also be revoked at any time. Examples of honorary members are heads of state or former heads of state, scientists, members of the military, and other famous figures. However, as each club may establish different rules for honorary members, there will be some variation in terms of selection and privileges of honorary members.

Female membership
From 1905 until the 1980s, women were not allowed membership in Rotary clubs, although Rotarian spouses, including Paul Harris's wife Jean, were often members of the similar "Inner Wheel" club. Women did play some roles, and Jean Thomson Harris made numerous speeches. Dale Carnegie's biographer Carlos Roberto Bacila describes that in 1955 when women were not permitted to attend Rotary meetings, the Brooklyn Rotary Club made an exception and finally allowed Marilyn Burke, Carnegie's secretary, to accompany him in a lecture inside the Rotary. In 1963, it was noted that the Rotary practice of involving wives in club activities had helped to break down female seclusion in some countries. Clubs such as Rotary were predated by women's service organisations, which started in the United States as early as 1790.

The first Irish clubs discussed admitting women as members in 1912, but the proposal foundered over issues of social class. Gender equity in Rotary moved beyond the theoretical question when in 1976, the Rotary Club of Duarte, California, admitted three women as members. After the club refused to remove the women from membership, Rotary International revoked the club's charter in 1978. The Duarte club filed suit in the California courts, claiming that Rotary Clubs are business establishments subject to regulation under California's Unruh Civil Rights Act, which bans discrimination based on race, gender, religion or ethnic origin. Rotary International then appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. The RI attorney argued that "... [the decision] threatens to force us to take in everyone, like a motel". The Duarte Club was not alone in opposing RI leadership; the Seattle-International District club unanimously voted to admit women in 1986. The United States Supreme Court, on 4 May 1987, confirmed the Californian decision supporting women, in the case Board of Directors, Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte. Rotary International then removed the gender requirements from its requirements for club charters, and most clubs in most countries have opted to include women as members of Rotary Clubs. The first female club president to be elected was Sylvia Whitlock of the Rotary Club of Duarte, California in 1987. By 2007, there was a female trustee of Rotary's charitable wing The Rotary Foundation while female district governors and club presidents were common. Women currently account for 22% of international Rotary membership. In 2013, Anne L. Matthews, a Rotarian from South Carolina, began her term as the first female vice-president of Rotary International. Also in 2013, Nan McCreadie was appointed as the first female president of Rotary International in Great Britain and Ireland (RIBI). The first woman to join Rotary in Ghana, West Africa was Hilda Danquah (Rotary Club of Cape Coast) in 1992. The first woman president in Ghana was Dr. Naana Agyeman-Mensah in 2001 (Rotary Club of Accra-Airport). Up until 2013, there has been 46 women presidents in the 30 Rotary clubs in Ghana. In 2013, Stella Dongo from Zimbabwe was appointed District Governor for District 9210 (Zimbabwe/Zambia/Malawi/Northern-Mozambique) for the Rotary year 2013–14 making her the first female District Governor in the region. She had previously held the offices of Assistant Governor (2006–08), District Administrator (2008–09) and President of The Rotary Club of Highlands (2005–06). She was also Zimbabwe's Country Coordinator (2009–10). Stella, who is a Master PRLS 5 Graduate has been recognised and awarded various District awards including Most Able President for year 2005–06 and Assistant Governor of the year 2006–07 and a Paul Harris Fellow. The first female to be President of Rotary International will be Jennifer E. Jones of the Windsor Roseland Rotary Club in Windsor, Ontario Canada.

The change of the second Rotarian motto in 2004, from "He profits most who serves best" to "They profit most who serve best", 99 years after its foundation, illustrates the move to general acceptance of women members in Rotary.

Racial and sexual orientation diversity
The first Rotary Clubs in Asia were in Manila in the Philippines and Shanghai in China, each in July 1919. Rotary's office in Illinois immediately began encouraging the Rotary Club of Shanghai to recruit Chinese members "believing that when a considerable number of the native business and professional men have been so honoured, the Shanghai Club will begin to realize its period of greatest success." As part of considering the application of a Club to be chartered in Kolkata (then Calcutta), India in January 1920 and Tokyo, Japan in October 1920, Rotary formally considered the issue of racial restriction in membership and determined that the organization could not allow racial restrictions to the organization's growth. In Rotary's legislative deliberations in June 1921, it was formally determined that racial restrictions would not be permitted. Non-racialism was included in the terms of the standard constitution in 1922 and required to be adopted by all member Clubs.

Rotary and other service clubs in the last decade of the 20th century became open to gay members.

Affiliates
Rotary Clubs sponsor a number of affiliated clubs that promote the goals of Rotary in their community.

Inner Wheel Clubs
Inner Wheel is an international organization founded in 1924 to unite wives and daughters of Rotarians. Inner Wheel Clubs exist in over 103 countries. Like Rotary, Inner Wheel is divided into local clubs and districts. Female spouses of Rotary members are traditionally called "Partners" or "Spouse".

Programs and activities of Rotary International
Rotary concentrates on seven areas: promoting peace, improving health through disease prevention and treatment, improving the health of mothers and children, water and sanitation, education, economic development, and supporting the environment.

PolioPlus
The most notable current global project, PolioPlus, is contributing to the global eradication of polio. Sergio Mulitsch di Palmenberg (1923–1987), Governor of RI District 204 (1984–1985), founder of the RC of Treviglio and Pianura Bergamasca (Italy), was the man who inspired and promoted the RI PolioPlus vaccination campaign. Mulitsch made it possible shipping the first 500,000 doses of antipolio vaccine to the Philippines at the beginning of 1980. This project later gave rise to the NGO "Nuovi Spazi al Servire" co-ordinated by Luciano Ravaglia (RC Forlì, Italy). Since beginning the project in 1985, Rotarians have contributed over US$850 million and hundreds of thousands of volunteer-hours, contributing to the inoculation of more than two billion of the world's children. Inspired by Rotary's commitment, the World Health Organization (WHO) passed a resolution in 1988 to eradicate polio by 2000. Now a partner in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) with WHO, UNICEF and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rotary is recognized by the United Nations as the key private partner in the eradication effort.

In 2008, Rotary received a $100 million challenge grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Rotary committed to raising $100 million. In January 2009, Bill Gates announced a second challenge grant of $255 million. Rotary again committed to raising another $100 million. In total, Rotary will raise $200 million by 30 June 2012. Together, the Gates Foundation and Rotary have committed $555 million toward the eradication of polio. At the time of the second challenge grant, Bill Gates said:

"We know that it's a formidable challenge to eradicate a disease that has killed and crippled children since at least the time of the ancient Egyptians. We don't know exactly when the last child will be affected. But we do have the vaccines to wipe it out. Countries do have the will to deploy all the tools at their disposal. If we all have the fortitude to see this effort through to the end, then we will eradicate polio."

There has been some limited criticism concerning the program for polio eradication. There are some reservations regarding the adaptation capabilities of the virus in some of the oral vaccines, which have been reported to cause infection in populations with low vaccination coverage. As stated by Vaccine Alliance, however, in spite of the limited risk of polio vaccination, it would neither be prudent nor practicable to cease the vaccination program until there is strong evidence that "all wild poliovirus transmission [has been] stopped". In a 2006 speech at the Rotary International Convention, held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Bruce Cohick stated that polio in all its known wild forms would be eliminated by late 2008, provided efforts in Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India all proceed with their current momentum. As of October 2012, Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan still had wild polio, but it had been eliminated in India.

In 2014, polio survivor and Rotarian Ramesh Ferris met with the Dalai Lama to discuss the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The meeting went viral via a selfie taken by Ferris with the Dalai Lama.

Interact
Interact is Rotary International's service club for young people ages 12 to 18. Interact clubs are sponsored by Rotary clubs (and may be co-sponsored by Rotaract clubs), which provide support and guidance, but they are self-governing and self-supporting.

Club membership varies greatly. Clubs can be single gender or mixed, large or small. They can draw from the student body of a single school or from two or more schools in the same community, and welcome home-schooled students.

Each year, Interact clubs complete at least two community service projects, one of which furthers international understanding and goodwill. Through these efforts, Interactors develop a network of friendships with local and overseas clubs and learn the importance of
 * Developing leadership skills and personal integrity
 * Demonstrating helpfulness and respect for others
 * Understanding the value of individual responsibility and hard work
 * Advancing international understanding and goodwill

As one of the most significant and fastest-growing programs of Rotary service, with more than 15,000 clubs in more than 145 countries and geographical areas, Interact has become a worldwide phenomenon. Almost 340,000 young people are involved in Interact. Interact stands for “International Action”.

RYLA
RYLA, or, is a leadership program for young people aged 14 to 30. The Rotary Youth Leadership Awards program offers Rotarians an opportunity to personally participate in developing qualities of leadership, good citizenship, and personal and professional development in the young people of their communities. RYLA program content and format can be customized to target limited age groups in order to address varying needs and interests within the community.

Rotary Community Corps
The Rotary Community Corps (RCC) is a volunteer organization which facilitates non-Rotarians who want to help meet community needs. As of 2021, there were close to 12,000 RCC members in over 100 countries.

Exchanges and scholarships
Some of Rotary's most visible programs include Rotary Youth Exchange (RYE), a student exchange program for students in secondary education. The Rotary Foundation's oldest program, Ambassadorial Scholarships ended in 2013. Effective July 2009, the Rotary Foundation previously ended funding for the Cultural and Multi-Year Ambassadorial Scholarships as well as Rotary Grants for University Teachers.

Rotary Fellowships, paid by the foundation launched in honor of Paul Harris in 1947, specialize in providing graduate fellowships around the world, usually in countries other than their own in order to provide international exposure and experience to the recipient.

Recently, a new program was established known as the Rotary peace and Conflict Resolution program which provides funds for two years of graduate study in one of eight universities around the world. Rotary is naming about 75 of these scholars each year. The applications for these scholarships are found on line but each application must be endorsed by a local Rotary Club. Children and other close relatives of Rotarians are not eligible.

Adults up to the age of 30 may participate in New Generations Service Exchange for up to six months and may be organized for individuals or groups. The minimum age of the participants shall be the age of majority in the host country, but not be younger than age 18. New Generations Service Exchanges must have a strong humanitarian or vocational service component.

Rotary Peace Centers
Starting in 2002, The Rotary Foundation partnered with eight universities around the world to create the Rotary Centers for International Studies in peace and conflict resolution. The universities included International Christian University (Japan), University of Queensland (Australia), Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) (France), University of Bradford (UK), Universidad del Salvador (Argentina), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US), Duke University (US), and University of California, Berkeley (US) Since then, the Rotary Foundation's Board of Trustees has dropped its association with the Center in France at the Paris Institute of Political Studies, the Center in Argentina at the Universidad del Salvador, and the Center in the US at the University of California. In 2006, a new Rotary Peace Center at Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) began offering a three-month professional development program in peace and conflict studies for mid-level and upper-level professionals. In 2011, the Rotary Peace Center at Uppsala University (Sweden) was established and began offering a two-year master's program in peace and conflict studies.

Up to 100 Rotary Peace Fellows are selected annually to earn either a professional development certificate in peace and conflict studies or a master's degree in a range of disciplines related to peace and security. Each Rotary Peace Center offers a unique curriculum and field-based learning opportunities that examine peace and conflict theory through a variety of different frameworks. The first class graduated in 2004. As with many such university programs in "peace and conflict studies", questions have been raised concerning political bias and controversial grants. The average grant was about $75,000 per fellow for the two-year program and $12,000 per fellow for the three-month certificate program.

Literacy programs
Rotary clubs worldwide place a focus on increasing literacy. Such importance has been placed on literacy that Rotary International has created a "Rotary Literacy Month" that takes place during the month of March. Rotary clubs also aim to conduct many literacy events during the week of September 8, which is International Literacy Day. Some Rotary clubs raise funds for schools and other literacy organizations. Many clubs take part in a reading program called "Rotary Readers", in which a Rotary member spends time in a classroom with a designated student, and reads one-on-one with them. Some Rotary clubs participate in book donations, both locally and internationally. As well as participating in book donations and literacy events, there are educational titles written about Rotary Clubs and members, such as Rotary Clubs Help People, Carol is a Rotarian by Rotarian and children's book author Bruce Larkin and "Rhoda's Rescue" by Maine author Barbara Walsh in conjunction with Rotary Club of Waterville, Maine's Rhoda Reads early literacy program.

Publications
Rotary International publishes an official monthly magazine now named Rotary in English (first published in 1911 as The National Rotarian). From April 1923 to August 1928, the official magazine was managed and printed from the same building – the Atwell Building – as Rotary's office and headquarters; the building was designed for Atwell Printing and Binding Company by famed Chicago architect, Alfred S. Alschuler.

Other periodicals are independently produced in more than 20 different major languages and distributed in 130 countries. One of them is Rotary Norden which is distributed in four language editions in five countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.

Honors

 * Honorary-Member of the Order of Merit, Portugal (2 February 2005)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rotary International


text:
Yū Asakawa

Yū Asakawa (浅川 悠) is a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan. She also provides the voice samples for Crypton Future Media's Vocaloid character, Megurine Luka. Asakawa is currently a freelance voice actress and was previously attached to Arts Vision (as of October 1, 2014).

She was previously married to fellow voice actor Showtaro Morikubo but the two are now divorced. She served as a co-host of an internet webshow Otaku Verse Zero with Patrick Macias, a previous editor-in-chief of Otaku USA.

She is best known for her role as Rider and her various other incarnations of the character from the Fate/stay night franchise.

Theatrical animation

 * Cyber Team in Akihabara: 2011 Summer Vacation (1999) as Tsugumi Higashijujo
 * Azumanga Daioh: The Animation (2001) as Sakaki
 * Hamtaro film series (2001–2004) as Tongari
 * RahXephon: Pluralitas Concentio (2003) as Shinobu Miwa
 * Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam: A New Translation (2005) as Rosamia Badam
 * Hells Angels (2008) as Kuronora
 * Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2010) as Rider
 * K-ON! the Movie (2011) as Norimi Kawaguchi
 * Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel (2017–2020) as Rider
 * Detective Conan: The Fist of Blue Sapphire (2019) as Sherilyn Tan

Tokusatsu

 * Tetsuwan Tantei Robotack (1998) as Mimeena
 * Chousei Kantai Sazer-X (2005) as Water General Aqual

Anime television
• Those Who Hunt Elves 2 (1997) as Rena

• Chō Mashin Eiyūden Wataru (1997) as Mario

• Record of Lodoss War: Chronicles of the Heroic Knight (1998) as Shiris

• Cyberteam in Akihabara (1998) as Tsugumi Higashijujo

• Bubblegum Crisis: Tokyo 2040 (1998) as Priscilla S. "Priss" Asagiri

• Space Pirate Mito (1999) as Shin

• Gokudo (1999) as Nanya

• Shin Hakkenden (1999) as Rei

• Jibaku-kun (1999) as Alibaba

• Seraphim Call (1999) as Kasumi Kurenai

• Boogiepop Phantom (2000) as Nagi Kirima

• Love Hina (2000) as Motoko Aoyama

• Vandread (2000) as Jura Basil Elden

• Shin Getter Robo vs. Neo Getter Robo (2000) as Sho

• Viper GTS (2001) as Carrera

• Beyblade (2001) as Raju

• Immoral Sisters (2001) as Rumi Kitazawa

• Vandread: The Second Stage (2001) as Jura Basil Elden

• Gekito! Crush Gear Turbo (2001) as Hiroomi Taki

• Hikaru no Go (2001) as Yūki Mitani

• Angel Blade (2001) as Nailkaizer

• RahXephon (2002) as Shinobu Miwa

• Love Hina Again (2002) as Motoko Aoyama

• Azumanga Daioh (2002) as Sakaki

• Detective Conan (2002) as Terumi Hoshino

• Hikaru no Go: Heian Gensou Ibunroku (2002) as Motoyori Mitani

• Crush Gear Nitro (2003) as TB

• Immoral Sisters 2 (2003) as Rumi Kitazawa

• Kaleido Star (2003) as Pamela

• Zatch Bell! (2003) as Kiyami Tsukishi

• Gravion Zwei (2004) as Mizuki Tachibana

• Kyo kara Maoh! (2004) as Berma

• Pugyuru (2004) as Kanato

• Samurai 7 (2004) as Sanae

• DearS (2004) as Eiko

• Lupin III: Stolen Lupin (2004) as Rebecca Lambert

• Sweet Valerian (2004) as Pop

• Detective Conan (2004) as Shunya Ogata

• School Rumble (2004) as Itoko Osakabe

• Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny (2004) as Krista Awbrooke

• Black Jack (2004) as Tom

• Angel Blade Punish! (2004) as Nailkaizer

• Starship Operators (2005) as Renna Satomi

• Buzzer Beater as Lazuli

• MÄR (2005) as Sarah Band

• Tsubasa: RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE (2005) as Caldina

• Idaten Jump (2005) as Whip

• Gunparade Orchestra (2005) as Momoka Kudou

• Perfect Dark Zero (2005) as Mayhem

• School Rumble: 1st Semester Extra Class (2005) as Itoko Osakabe

• Brighter than the Dawning Blue (2006) as Karen Clavius

• Fate/stay night (2006) as Rider/Medusa

• Kyo no Gononi (2006) as Koji Imai

• School Rumble: 2nd Semester (2006) as Itoko Osakabe

• Spider Riders (2006) as Beerain

• Naruto: Shippuden (2007) as Fūka

• Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn (2007) as Yeoha

• Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny (2007) as Shiryū Chō'un

• Buzzer Beater II (2007) as Lazuli

• Bamboo Blade (2007) as Konishi

• Our Home's Fox Deity (2008) as Enju

• Ikki Tousen: Great Guardians (2008) as Shiryū Chō'un

• Mission-E (2008) as Katsuura Miharu

• Chu-Bra!!! (2010) as Takatō

• The Qwaser of Stigmata (2010) as Eva Silver)

• Ikki Tousen: Xtreme Xecutor (2010) as Shiryū Chō'un

• K-ON!! (2010) as Norimi Kawaguchi

• Amagami SS (2010) as Hibiki Tsukahara

• Rio: Rainbow Gate! (2011) as Queen

• Freezing (2011) as Arnett Macmillan

• Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan: Demon Capital (2011) as Jami Yokoshima

• Twin Angel: Twinkle Paradise (2011) as Ms. Saijō

• Manyū Hiken-chō (2011) as Mizuki

• Carnival Phantasm (2011) as Rider

• Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! (2011) as Momoyo Kawakami

• Amagami SS+ (2012) as Hibiki Tsukahara

• Brave10 (2012) as Anastasia

• Upotte!! (2012) as Ms. Fujiko

• Tanken Driland (2012) as Angela

• Aikatsu! (2012) as Honoka Tsukikage

• Love, Election and Chocolate (2012) as Satsuki Shinonome

• Senran Kagura (2013) as Daidōji

• Sasami-san@Ganbaranai (2013) as Juju Tsukuyomi

• Ore no Imōto ga Konnani Kawaii Wake ga Nai (2013) as Misaki Fujima

• Arata: The Legend (2013) as Osome

• Love Lab (2013) as Yoshida

• Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya (2013) as Rider

• Nobunagun (2014) as Isaac Newton/Jess Beckham

• The World Is Still Beautiful (2014) as Mina

• Riddle Story of Devil (2014) as Irena

• Akame ga Kill! (2014) as Leone

• Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (2014) as Rider

• The Testament of Sister New Devil (2015) as Chisato Hasegawa

• Minna Atsumare! Falcom Gakuen SC (2015) as Ilya Plate

• The Testament of Sister New Devil BURST (2015) as Chisato Hasegawa

• Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid (2015) as Micaiah Chevelle

• Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia (2016) as Zelshione

• Schoolgirl Strikers Animation Channel (2017) as Tierra〈Yukako Odagiri〉)

• Nora, Princess, and Stray Cat (2017) as Shachi Yuuri

• Killing Bites (2018) as Kaori Rikujō

• Today's Menu for the Emiya Family (2018) as Rider

• Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia (2019) as Ana, Gorgon

• Azur Lane (2019) as Ranger

• Getter Robo Arc (2021) as Sho Tachibana

• Shin Ikki Tousen (2022) as Shiryū Chō'un

• Arknights: Prelude to Dawn (2022) as PRTS

• Brave Bang Bravern! (2024) as Heidemarie Barrow

Video games
• Amagami series as Hibiki Tsukahara

• Maimai series as Otohime

• Summon Night 4 as Aroeri

• Super Robot Wars series as Shou Tachibana, Mizuki Tachibana

• Tokyo Majin Gakuen Denki series as Komaki Sakurai

• White Album 2 as Mari Kazaoka

• Yoake Mae yori Ruriiro na as Karen Clavius

• Galaxy Angel (2000) as Riserva Chianti

• Gunparade Orchestra series (2000) as Momoka Kudou

• Robot Alchemic Drive (2002) as Saki Kyono

• Armored Core 3 (2002) Rain Myers

• Ever 17: The Out of Infinity (2002) as Tsugumi Komachi

• Harukanaru Toki no Naka de series (2002–2003) as Kazuhito, Phantom, Sefuru, Taira no Kiyomori

• Jak II (2003) as Ashelin (Japanese dub)

• Star Ocean: Till the End of Time (2003) as Nel Zelpher

• Muv-Luv: Alternative (2003) as Misae Munakata

• Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean (2003) Eime

• Demonbane (2003) as Makoto

• Onimusha 3: Demon Siege (2004) as Michelle Aubert

• Fate/stay night (2004) as Rider/Medusa

• Symphonic Rain (2004) as Cordell

• Sudeki (2004) as Rini

• Lovely Idol (2005) as Sayuki Katagiri

• Fate/hollow ataraxia (2005) as Rider/Medusa, Stheno, Euryale

• Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn (2005) as Rolf, Mia

• D.C. II: Da Capo II (2006) as Maika Mizukoshi

• Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII (2006) as Shalua Rui

• Fighting Beauty Wulong (2006) as Lucky Shimoda

• Growlanser: Heritage of War (2006) as Sherrice

• Prism Ark series (2006) as Sister Hell/Theresa

• Twinkle Crusaders (2006) as Riesling Tōyama

• Eternal Sonata (2007) as Rondo

• Luminous Arc (2007) as Mavi

• Kimi ga Aruji de Shitsuji ga Ore de (2007) as Natose

• Ikki Tousen: Shining Dragon (2007) as Shiryū Chō'un

• Kingdom of Paradise (2008) as Yen Lan

• Ikki Tousen: Eloquent Fist (2008) as Shiryū Chō'un

• 11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Shōjo (2009) as Misuzu Kusakabe

• Final Fantasy XIII series (2009) as Reburo

• Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! (2009) as Momoyo Kawakami

• Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA (2009) as Luka Megurine

• Wizardry: Labyrinth of Lost Souls (2009) as Odoriasu Ruby Blood

• Alan Wake (2010) as Sarah Breaker

• Ar tonelico Qoga: Knell of Ar Ciel (2010) as Harvestasha

• Future Diary (2010) as Azami Kirisaki/13th

• The Legend of Heroes: Trails from Zero (2010) as Ilya Platiere

• Love, Elections & Chocolate PSP (2010) as Satsuki Shinonome

• Ikki Tousen: Xross Impact (2008) as Shiryū Chō'un

• Senran Kagura series (2011) as Daidōji

• Max Anarchy (2012) as Sasha Ivanov

• Killer Is Dead (2013) as Betty

• Mind Zero (2013) as Reika Kisaki

• Monster Monpiece (2013) as Beauty of the Mask

• Tears to Tiara II: Haō no Matsuei (2013) as Aemiria

• Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare (2014) as Ilona (Japanese dub)

• Freedom Wars (2014) as Natalia "9" Woo

• Granblue Fantasy (2014) as Anthuria, Predator

• Ima Sugu Oniichan ni Imōto da tte Iitai! (2014) as Satsuki Shinonome

• Fate/Grand Order (2015) as Stheno, Euryale, Medusa, Gorgon

• Another Eden (2017) as Radias

• Azur Lane (2017) USS Ranger, ROC Yat Sen

• Path to Nowhere (2022) as Nightingale

• Blue Archive (2024) as Makoto Hanuma

title: Yū Asakawa


text:
Mirage Resorts

Mirage Resorts (formerly Golden Nugget Companies) was an American company that owned and operated hotel-casinos. It was acquired by MGM Grand, Inc. in 2000, forming MGM Mirage (now MGM Resorts International).

History
Golden Nugget Companies Inc. was formed by Steve Wynn in 1973. The company was created after Wynn acquired majority control of the Golden Nugget in Las Vegas, Nevada.

In 1980, the company opened the Golden Nugget Atlantic City in New Jersey but in 1987, Wynn's and the company's interest in Atlantic City did not last very long due to frustration with state gaming regulators. The property was sold to Bally's Entertainment, and eventually became Bally's Grand Hotel and Casino.

In 1989, the company acquired the Nevada Club casino in Laughlin, Nevada, and re-branded it as the Golden Nugget Laughlin.

The Mirage and Treasure Island (1990s)
Wynn's first major casino on the Las Vegas Strip was The Mirage, which opened in November 1989. It was the first time Wynn was involved with the design and construction of a casino, and he financed the $630 million project largely with high-yield bonds issued by Michael Milken. The resort's high cost and emphasis on luxury meant that it was considered high risk at the time, though the project ended up being enormously lucrative. The hotel, with its erupting volcano and South Seas theme, ignited a $12 billion building boom on the Strip. Its construction is also considered noteworthy in that Wynn had set a new standard for Vegas resorts, and when it opened The Mirage was the first casino to use security cameras full-time on all table games. Known for its entertainment, the hotel became the exclusive venue for the Siegfried & Roy show in 1990, and in 1993 the hotel hosted the Cirque du Soleil show Nouvelle Expérience. Afterwards Wynn decided to invite Cirque to create Mystère for the soon-to-be-built Treasure Island resort next door.

Following the completion of The Mirage in 1989 Steve Wynn changed the name of the company to Mirage Resorts, Inc. Much of the financing for the Mirage was obtained in cooperation with Michael Milken.

After the Mirage, Wynn built the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino, which he opened in the Mirage's old parking lot in 1993, and overall cost $450 million. Intended to be family-friendly, the resort featured pools in front of the casino enacted the Battle of Buccaneer Bay with two full-scaled ships, the pirate ship 'Hispaniola' and the British Royal Navy frigate 'HMS Britannia,' while the inside featured romantic tropical theming and 18th century Caribbean pirate theming. The establishment was the home of the first permanent Cirque du Soleil show in Las Vegas, and the show went on to be voted nine times as the best production show in the city by the Las Vegas Review-Journal reader's poll.

In 1994, Gold Strike Resorts announced a partnership with Mirage Resorts to build a $250-million casino targeted at budget-conscious visitors, on part of the site of the demolished Dunes on the Las Vegas Strip. It ultimately opened in 1996, following Gold Strike's merger with Circus Circus Enterprises as Monte Carlo Resort and Casino and was built as a joint venture between Mirage Resorts and Circus Circus Enterprises, and cost US$344 million to build. The resort sits on 44 acre, occupied by the Dunes Hotel golf course until its demolition in October 1993.

In 1995, the company proposed to build the Le Jardin hotel-casino in the marina area if the state of New Jersey built a road that connected to the hotel-casino. The company had also agreed to allow Circus Circus Enterprises and Boyd Gaming to build casinos on the site, but later reneged on the agreement. While the road, called the Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector, was eventually built, Le Jardin was cancelled after the company was acquired in 2000 by MGM Grand Inc., which later built the Borgata, in a joint venture with Boyd Gaming, on the site.

Boardwalk Hotel and Casino was later acquired by Mirage Resorts in 1997.

Bellagio and Beau Rivage debuts (1998–1999)
In October 1998, Wynn opened the even more opulent Bellagio, a $1.6 billion resort considered among the world’s most spectacular hotels. The architect was Jon Jerde of The Jerde Partnerships, and construction was handled by Mirage Resorts, Inc. When built, the Bellagio was the most expensive hotel in the world. In front of the hotel are the Fountains of Bellagio—shooting fountains choreographed to music that “dance” on the hotel’s 8.5 acre man-made lake—which are now considered Las Vegas landmarks. The Bellagio is credited with starting a new spree of luxurious developments in Las Vegas. Among these developments include The Venetian, Mandalay Bay, and Paris Las Vegas.

Wynn brought Mirage Resorts’ style to Biloxi, Mississippi in 1999, where he oversaw development of the 1,835-room Beau Rivage. Themed to blend Mediterranean beauty with Southern hospitality, the resort was part of a building boom that established Biloxi as a regional tourism center along the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Beau Rivage was originally the name Wynn wanted to give the Bellagio, though he had decided on Bellagio after vacationing in the Italian region of the same name. Beau Rivage opened as the largest hotel-casino to be built outside Nevada. The casino was initially located on a series of floating barges as required by local law confining all casinos to mobile marine vessels at the time of the resort's construction. The hotel, restaurants, and associated facilities were constructed on land.

The company was acquired in 2000 by MGM Grand Inc., which then changed its name to MGM Mirage, for $6.4 billion, including $2 billion in assumed debt, after an initial all-cash offer of $17 per share and a final offer of $21 per share. The company was majority owned by Wynn.

Hotel and casinos owned at acquisition

 * Bellagio
 * Beau Rivage
 * Boardwalk Hotel and Casino
 * Golden Nugget Las Vegas
 * Golden Nugget Laughlin
 * Announced Le Jardin in Atlantic City. This turned into a 50% interest in what is now Borgata.
 * Monte Carlo (50% joint venture with Circus Circus Enterprises)
 * The Mirage
 * Treasure Island Hotel and Casino

Previous properties

 * Golden Nugget Atlantic City
 * Dunes

title: Mirage Resorts


text:
MGM Grand

MGM Grand is a casino and hospitality brand owned by MGM Resorts International (formerly MGM Grand, Inc.). It may refer to:

Hotels and casinos

 * MGM Grand Las Vegas, the current MGM Grand in Las Vegas
 * MGM Grand Garden Arena
 * MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park
 * Horseshoe Las Vegas, a property previously named the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino from 1973 to 1985
 * MGM Grand fire, a major disaster that occurred at that hotel in 1980
 * MGM Grand Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, now Skycity Darwin
 * MGM Grand Detroit, Michigan
 * MGM Grand at Foxwoods, now The Fox Tower, Connecticut
 * MGM Grand Macau, China, now MGM Macau
 * MGM Grand Reno, Nevada, now Grand Sierra Resort
 * MGM Grand Sanya, a property of MGM Resorts International in China

Other uses

 * MGM Grand Air, later Champion Air, the former MGM Grand in-house airline
 * "MGM Grand" (song), a 2000 rock single by Grandaddy

title: MGM Grand


text:
Talk:Project Xanadu

Needs references: Lots of!
In the current state the Xanadu article is really messy. The history section is vague, full of weasle words and lacks references. For example, a sentence like "...completed a version of the software, ..., though the software did not work the way they wanted" makes no sense -- software is only complete once it works.

Could someone knowledgable on the subject help? -- Syzygy (talk) 08:45, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

reference
Here's a reference --- "hypertext (sic)" -- (word processing and computer storage)

Hyper text did not exist in the 60s. The word was used to mean "really electronic".

There is a cult of people who think the word is an invention. It's hyper-bole. The invention of hypertext (proper) was the advent of a new punctuation TO text, rather than just "really electronic" display and editing.

The advent of typesetting software was important because it helped to streamline publishing and computer use. But it was not hyper text. It was just editing and file storage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.69.141.250 (talk) 14:35, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Does anyone know if Wikipedia uses bots to verify the accuracy of its inline quotes?
When I think of Xanadu I mainly think of it like a way to solve a lot of the problems Wikipedia has, like how do you know when you are reading a quote is is not misquoted (without doing a lot of manual labor.) Sure an edit that changes only a part of a quote jumps out to patrollers, but in general it would be much cleaner if quoted documents, especially ones in the commons website, were directly attributed via something like transclusion. Ted Nelson has a lot of other ideas that he casually mixes up with Xanadu for reasons I don't quite understand why; editing documents, demos with 3D elements traces everywhere, yet one where text should be navigable through many different pathways would really benefit Wikipedia because right now its basically who ever is the biggest psychopath makes the call on what goes on the front facing documents. That's not sustainable--184.63.132.236 (talk) 18:51, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

On Editing
Editing is fundamentally important. It's not a casual mixup. It's an integral part of a hypertext architecture. This one of the reasons why I do not see the WWW as a true hypertext architecture (the one we desperately need) and neither does Ted Nelson, as we know. A few thoughts:

 * Would you want to edit xanalogical structures in linear text? That would be pain, especially when transcluding content. Writing is as important as reading, one cannot exist without the other, so why separate them? What would be a better suitable environment for editing documents if not Xanadu itself?

 * When researching (or carefully reading) a topic, I have my own structure. I want the documents I read to follow that structure, otherwise I would get lost in my research. Usually, only a few paragraphs from other documents are relevant for my research, and being able to rearrange documents, when viewing them, in order to create summaries, would be really helpful. And maybe others would like to see my summaries. With the current version of wikipedia, I simply can't have my own versions and share them.

 * It's fun to make connections. Connections between similar discoveries in distant fields are more than often the source for great insight. It should be able to form connections between text in an instant, when I see them. This should require no effort (really, why should it?) and god forbid editing textually represented graph structures. I believe, just as Bush did, enabling everyone to making these connections (editing any document) will create a new kind of profession, the trail blazer.

 * In short, if you don't include editing concepts in your hypertext architecture, you will have a fragmented (eco)system with barriers, impeding everyone's creativity. I am sorry, if I can't express it any clearer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.115.10.81 (talk) 00:21, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

Suggestion: move "Original 17 rules" to the top?
I read the whole "History" part, before I saw the actual concept described in section "Original 17 rules". Maybe it's a good idea to move this section to the top. What do you think? BWR (talk) 08:40, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

Interview with Ted Nelson
- Bevo (talk) 04:13, 23 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Interview with Ted Nelson on Aug 18th 2014

Proposed merge of Tumbler (Project Xanadu) into Project Xanadu
Topic better handled within the context of the larger topic. UtherSRG (talk) 14:30, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed. There have been no objections in several weeks, if none come forward soon, I think it is fine to boldly merge. Boleyn (talk) 23:54, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Now merged. Boleyn (talk) 08:35, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Project Xanadu


text:
Satsuki Yukino

Yuki Inoue (井上 由起), better known by her stage name Satsuki Yukino (ゆきの さつき) (previously 雪乃 五月, 雪野 五月), is a Japanese voice actress from Kyoto. She was a member of Ken Production until 2016.

OVA

 * Virgin Fleet (1998), Satsuki Yukimizawa
 * Love Hina Again (2002), Mutsumi Otohime
 * Ultra Maniac (2003), Ayu Tateishi
 * Hitsuji no Uta (2003), Shou Yaegashi
 * Higurashi no Naku Koro ni: Gaiden Nekogoroshi-hen (2007), Mion Sonozaki
 * Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Rei (2009), Mion Sonozaki, Shion Sonozaki

Video games

 * 1996
 * Kidou Senshi Gundam: The Blue Destiny, Marion Welch (EXAM System)
 * Heroine Dream, Koyomi Tokimori
 * 1998
 * Exodus Guilty, Will
 * Sound Novel Machi, Shiori Aso
 * 1999
 * Kagayaku Kisetsu e, Misaki Kawana
 * Seisyoujokantai Virgin Fleet, Satsuku Yukimisawa
 * Maboroshi Tsukiyo, Tamako Amano
 * SpikeOut: Final Edition, Linda
 * Revive... Sosei, Nozomiharu Ogawa
 * Langrisser Millennium, Rumati Murph
 * 2000
 * Gensou no Artemis: Actress School Mystery Adventure, Aoi Sasamoto
 * Karan Koron Gakuen: Doki Doki Hen, Tsukasa Yuuki
 * Natsuiro Kenjutsu Komachi, Sagiri Sendo
 * Aitakute...Your Smiles in My Heart, Michiru Watase
 * Karan Koron Gakuen: Munekyun Hen, Izumi Saki
 * Karan Koron Gakuen: Byuarabu Hen, Haruka Hojo
 * Love Hina: Ai wa Kotoba no Chuu ni, Mutsumi Otohime
 * Love Hina: Totsuzen no Engeji Happening, Mutsumi Otohime
 * Love Hina 2: Kotoba wa Konayuki no You ni, Mutsumi Otohime
 * 2001
 * 21: TwoOne, Yuina Tachibana
 * Canary ~Kono Omoi o Uta ni Nosete~, Megumi Chigasaki
 * Inuyasha — Kagome Higurashi
 * 2002
 * Groove Adventure Rave: Mikan no Hiseki, Cattleya Glory
 * Tales of Destiny 2, Limuru, Young Loni
 * Inuyasha: Sengoku Otogi Kassen, Kagome Higurashi
 * Hikaru no Go: Insei Choujou Kessen, Harumi Ichikawa
 * Unlimited Saga, Girl in silver, Jean Moore
 * 2003
 * Zone of the Enders: The 2nd Runner, Ken Marinerisu
 * Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits, Paulette Van Lloyd
 * Ai Yori Aoshi, Tina Foster
 * Love Hina Gorgeous: Chiratto Happening!!, Mutsumi Otohime
 * 2004
 * Inuyasha: Juso no Kamen, Kagome Higurashi
 * Crimson Tears, Asuka
 * Futakoi, Miyabi Hinagiku
 * 2005
 * Invisible Sign -Isu-, Rin Kimura, Young Makoto Miyake
 * Romancing SaGa, Farah, Diana
 * Fushigi Yuugi Genbu Kaiden Gaiden -Kagami no Miko-, Takiko Okuda
 * Futakoi: Koi to Mizugi no Survival, Miyabi Hinagiku
 * Lucky Star: Moe Drill, Patricia Martin
 * Tales of the Abyss, Arietta
 * 2006
 * Clannad, Misae Sagara
 * Mystereet, Aki Fujimichi, Marta Arugerichi
 * Blue Blaster, Elsa Lothringen
 * Wrestle Angels Survivor, Mimi Yoshiwara, Miyuki Sanada
 * Blood+: One Night Kiss, Sayumi Isojima
 * High School Girls Game's-High!!, Akari Kōda
 * Utawarerumono: Chiriyukusha e no Komoriuta, Soboku
 * 2007
 * Zero no Tsukaima: Shou-akuma to Harukaze no Concerto, Haruna Konagi, Akina
 * Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Matsuri, Mion Sonozaki, Shion Sonozaki
 * Shin Lucky Star Moe Drill: Tabidachi, Patrica Martin
 * Hot Shots Golf: Out of Bounds, Lina
 * 2008
 * The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky the 3rd, Erica Russell
 * Wrestle Angels Survivor 2, Mimi Yoshiwara, Miyuki Sanada
 * 2009
 * Chou Gekijouban Keroro Gunsou: Gekishin Dragon Warriors de Arimasu!, Pururukankocho
 * Utawarerumono, Sopoku
 * 2010
 * Fullmetal Alchemist - Yakusoku no Hi e, Rose
 * Another Century's Episode: R, Kaname Chidori
 * 2012
 * Zone of the Enders HD Collection, Ken Marinellis
 * Saint Seiya Omega: Ultimate Cosmo, Yuna Aquila
 * 2014
 * Super Heroine Chronicle, Mion Sonozaki, Shion Sonozaki
 * 2017
 * Super Robot Wars V, Kaname Chidori
 * 2018
 * Tokyo Afterschool Summoners, Suzuka
 * 2019
 * Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown, Avril Mead
 * 2021
 * Jump Force, Yoruichi Shihōin (DLC)
 * Girls' Frontline, FX-05 and VP1915
 * Arknights, Justice Knight
 * 2023
 * Mahjong Soul, Kurone Toujou
 * Granblue Fantasy, Kaguya

Dubbing

 * Catscratch (2005), Katilda

Drama CDs

 * 7 Seeds (2003), Hana Suguruno
 * Cyborg 009 Drama CD: Love Stories, Francoise Arnoul
 * Hayate Cross Blade, Ayana Mudou
 * Inuyasha Jigoku de Matteita Shichinintai, Kagome Higurashi
 * Fushigi Yūgi Genbu Kaiden series, Takiko Okuda

title: Satsuki Yukino


text:
Labyrinth seal

A labyrinth seal is a type of mechanical seal that provides a tortuous path to help prevent leakage. An example of such a seal is sometimes found within an axle's bearing to help prevent the leakage of the oil lubricating the bearing.

A labyrinth seal may be composed of many grooves that press tightly inside another axle, or inside a hole, so that the fluid has to pass through a long and difficult path to escape. Sometimes screw threads exist on the outer and inner portion. These interlock, to produce the long characteristic path which slows leakage. For labyrinth seals on a rotating shaft, a very small clearance must exist between the tips of the labyrinth threads and the running surface. The "teeth" of the labyrinth seal may be on the rotating shaft (Teeth On Rotor - TOR) or on the stator (TOS), or both, in an interlocking configuration.

Labyrinth seals on rotating shafts provide non-contact sealing action by controlling the passage of fluid through a variety of chambers by centrifugal motion, as well as by the formation of controlled fluid vortices. At higher speeds, centrifugal motion forces the liquid towards the outside and therefore away from any passages. Similarly, if the labyrinth chambers are correctly designed, any liquid that has escaped the main chamber becomes entrapped in a labyrinth chamber, where it is forced into a vortex-like motion. This acts to prevent its escape, and also acts to repel any other fluid. Because these labyrinth seals are non-contact, they do not wear out.

Many gas turbine engines, having high rotational speeds, use labyrinth seals due to their lack of friction and long life. Because liquid-filled labyrinth seals still generate heat due to the viscosity of the seal oil, and because seal oil can contaminate the process fluids, modern high-performance gas turbines use dry gas seals which use spring-loaded rings with an inert gas in between the faces of the rings to provide the seal. This creates even lower friction and provides a liquid-free seal. However, such engines often have detectable oil leakage into the compression chamber. Indeed, many gas turbine engine seals leak by design.

Labyrinth seals are also found on pistons, which use them to store oil and seal against high pressure during compression and power strokes, as well as on non-rotating shafts. In these applications, it is the long and difficult path and the formation of controlled fluid vortices plus some limited contact-sealing action that creates the seal.

title: Labyrinth seal


text:
Viriconium

Viriconium is a series of novels and stories written by English author M. John Harrison between 1971 and 1984, set in and around the fictional city of the same name.

In the first novel in the series, the city of Viriconium exists in a future Earth littered with the technological detritus of millennia (partly inspired by Jack Vance's Dying Earth series, Mervyn Peake's Gormenghast series and the poems of T. S. Eliot). However, variations of the city appear throughout the series (most frequently as Uriconium and Vriko), in an attempt by Harrison to subvert the concept of thoroughly mapped secondary worlds featured in certain works of fantasy, particularly those by J. R. R. Tolkien and his host of successors.

Both universal and in particular, the city has a shifting topography and history, and is sometimes known by names such as 'Uroconium' (though there does not seem to be any association with the old Roman town of Viroconium).

The Pastel City
The first Viriconium novel, The Pastel City (1971), presents a civilization in decline where medieval social patterns clash with advanced technology and superscience energy weapons that the citizens of the city know how to use but have forgotten how to engineer. Harrison's leading character, Lord tegeus-Cromis, fancies himself a better poet than swordsman; yet he leads the battle to save Viriconium, the Pastel City, from the brain-stealing automatons known as the geteit chemosit from Earth's past.

The decadence Harrison describes is reminiscent of Michael Moorcock's vision of the far future in The End of All Songs. David Pringle wrote of the novel: "This is a sword-and-sorcery tale, yet it borders on sf by virtue of its distant future setting and the conceit that most of the 'magic' is in fact ancient, little-understood science. Despite its obvious debts to Jack Vance and Michael Moorcock, it's a very moody and stylish entertainment." Reviewing the novel for Delap's F & SF, Michael Bishop opined that "my own gut feeling is that M. John Harrison is wasting his time and his gift with this sort of material" but that "if you like elegantly crafted, elegantly written sword and sorcery, this book is all you could ask for."

A Storm of Wings
The more complex second novel of the Viriconium sequence, which is also borderline sf, is A Storm of Wings (1980). It is set eighty years later than The Pastel City and stylistically it is far denser and more elaborate than the first novel. Fay Glass and Alstath Fulthor of the Reborn Men, awoken from their long sleep, try to alert the powers of Viriconium that the northern highlands are overrun by insectile armies. A race of intelligent insects is invading Earth as human interest in survival wanes. Fay brings the severed head of an invading locust-like giant insect to show the extent of the disaster. The story is told through both human and alien points of view and perceptions. The main characters are a resurrected man, an assassin, a magician, a madwoman, and Tomb, the Iron Dwarf. Harrison depicts the workings of civilization on the verge of collapse and the heroic efforts of individuals to help it sustain itself a little longer.

In Viriconium
The novel In Viriconium (1982) (US title: The Floating Gods) was nominated for the Guardian Fiction Prize during 1982. Savoy Books catalogs referred to it as "Pre-raphaelite sword and sorcery". It is a moody portrait of Viriconium beset by a mysterious plague. As artist Audsley King slowly dies from the plague, her friend Ashlyme tries to save her. It is a desperate, misconceived enterprise which draws Ashlyme into unwilling alliance with the sinister dwarf The Grand Cairo, and which goes bizarrely wrong. Yet out of the shambles comes the clue to lifting the plague, which symbolises a paralysis of will.

Where the previous books in the series held some sword and sorcery elements, In Viriconium goes beyond black humour into a coma of despair. The novel parodies Arthurian motifs. The novel is divided into sections named after cards of an imaginary Tarot. Resonances in the text include the art of Aubrey Beardsley, post-Impressionist art, Mervyn Peake and Wyndham Lewis.

Short stories
The short fiction of the Viriconium sequence replays the attrition of the novels; finally, in "A Young Man's Journey to Viriconium" (later retitled "A Young Man's Journey to London"), Viriconium has become little more than a dream.

Harrison has frequently used the Tarot as a motif in his work, as in Viriconium Nights (which is divided into sections named after cards of an imaginary Tarot) and in his story The Horse of Iron (and How We Can Know It and Be Changed by It Forever). The collection Viriconium Nights consists of various stories (the number varies depending whether one considers the Ace 1984 edition or the Gollancz 1985 edition). All are vignettes of night life in the Pastel City.

In "The Lamia and Lord Cromis", tegeus-Cromis (who recurs in "Lords of Misrule" and is the protagonist of The Pastel City), a dwarf, and a man named Dissolution Kahn travel to a poisonous bog to destroy a dangerous Lamia. The mission ends in confusion and despair.

In the story "Viriconium Knights", the elderly swordsman Osgerby Practal is defeated in a duel by Ignace Retz, an unpopular servant of the Queen. Retz uses a power knife, a relic of previous times when high technology was used, but which is now ill understood; the badly-functioning power knife gives off floating motes which harm the wielder. (In this, Harrison invents his own variant of Moorcock's soul-draining magic swords in the Elric stories). The Queen is the grotesque Mammy Vooley, whose "body was like a long ivory pole about which they had draped the faded purple gown of her predecessor. On it was supported a very small head which looked as if had been partly scalped, partly burned, and partly starved to death in a cage suspended above the Gabelline Gate. One of her eyes was missing. She sat on an old carved wooden throne with iron wheels, in the middle of a tall limewashed room that had five windows." Retz has ambitions to seek treasure in the broad wastes south and west of Viriconium, and petitions the Queen to allow him to keep the power knife so he may defend himself against his enemies. When she refuses, he uses the knife to cut off her hand, and flees, hunted through the city by various factions of "aristocratic thugs" such as the Locust Clan and the Yellow Paper Men. Taking refuge in the house of an old man who shows him a strange tapestry, he beholds various visions of himself, seemingly at different periods in the city's history, before trying to steal a metal eagle from the old man's room. The metal eagle comes to life, attacking him, and Retz barely escapes. Later, he finds himself on a wasteland where some men are trying to bury a body with a fish-mask on its head. Retz steals the clothes and mask from the body and continues on his way.

In "The Luck in the Head", in the Artists' Quarter, the poet Ardwick Crome has been having a recurring dream about a ceremony called "the Luck in the Head." He wants these disturbing dreams to stop, so he goes looking for one of the women in the dream.

"Strange Great Sins" is the story of the weak and silly man Baladine Prinsep, who becomes enamored with the ballet dancer Vera Ghillera and wastes away. The story is told at one remove through the memories of his nephew, an unnamed sin-eater, and through those of his mother and of the singer Madame de Maupassant. In this story the motif of the Mari Lwyd is central. This story looks at the city of Viriconium from the perspective of outsiders who know that those who go there either are, or will become, decadent and self-absorbed.

In "The Dancer From the Dance" the ballerina Vera Ghillera from "Strange Great Sins" visits Allman's Heath where strange things are afoot.

"A Young Man's Journey to Viriconium", set in our world, explains that Viriconium is a real place and tells you exactly how to get there, in case you want to go. The doorway is a mirror in a bathroom in a café in England.

"Lords of Misrule", narrated in the first person by Harrison's continuing character Lord Cromis, deals with Cromis's visit to a country house where the Yule Greave, formerly a fighter with the Feverfew Anschluss faction of Viriconium, and his wife, live with their young servant Ringmer. An unidentified enemy is gradually encroaching on the country lands and Cromis appears to be surveying their progress. During his visit, he is shown one of the ancient and highly decorated Mari - a version of the Mari Lwyd - used by the people in the 'mast horse ceremony', which Ringmer's father used to operate.

The graphic novel The Luck in the Head adapts the short story of that name and is illustrated by Ian Miller.

Works

 * The Pastel City (novel, 1971).
 * A Storm of Wings (novel, 1980). Various editions have different dedicatees. The US first edition (Doubleday, 1980) is dedicated to Harlan Ellison. The Sphere 1980 edition is dedicated to various staff of Savoy Books including Michael Butterworth, John Mottershead and David Britton. The Unwin 1987 printing is dedicated to Christopher Fowler.
 * In Viriconium (novel, 1982). The novel was nominated for the Guardian Fiction Prize in 1982. The US edition, retitled The Floating Gods (Timescape, Feb 1983) is dedicated to Fritz Leiber (the UK edition had been dedicated to two of Harrison's friends). The US edition also has a three paragraph 'Author's Note' regarding Viriconium which did not appear in the UK editions.
 * Viriconium Nights (short stories, 1985), consisting of the following stories in this order:
 * "The Luck In the Head". This story was adapted as a graphic novel by illustrator Ian Miller and published by VG Graphics in 1991 (distributed in the US by Dark Horse Comics).
 * "The Lamia & Lord Cromis"
 * "Strange Great Sins"
 * "Viriconium Knights"
 * "The Dancer From the Dance"
 * "Lords of Misrule"
 * "A Young Man's Journey To Viriconium"

A 1988 omnibus entitled  Viriconium omits the first two novels; it consists of the third novel, In Viriconium, and the full contents of the short story collection Viriconium Nights. The stories in this omnibus are in the same running order as in the 1985 first edition. The omnibus has an introduction by Iain Banks.

All four works of the sequence were published in the U.K in a single omnibus volume called Viriconium in 2000.. The stories are arranged in a different sequence (presumably chronological) which see the Viriconium Nights stories in a different running order than in the 1985 first edition and the 1988 omnibus. An American edition of all four was published in 2005, with an introduction by Neil Gaiman. The novels are sequenced in publication order, but the short stories are in a different sequence. This edition was published in audio in late 2011 by Neil Gaiman Presents, read by Simon Vance.

title: Viriconium