text:
Talk:Carlism

Comments
Hi Error,

Wow, this may not be "finished" but it is a lot more than a stub!

The sentence

 * the political situation oscillated between the supporters of the Ancien régime and the Liberals influenced by the French Revolution of 1789, though many of them have fought the Napoleonic occupation.

is a little ambiguous. Who exactly fought the Napoleonic occupation? I think the Liberals no? And they wanted similar changes in Spain but without Napoleon???

 * Spaniards reacted to the French occupation:
 * afrancesados, who thought that Napoleon and Joseph I would bring the good side of French Revolution (with Napoleonic corrections)
 * fighting for independence. Guerrillas and regular military.
 * longing for the king and the ancien regime with the Inquisition
 * longing for a liberal monarchy (see Spanish Constitution of 1812)

 * Once Ferdinand won, the Afrancesados went into exile to France. The King oscillated between the Liberals and the Conservatives, there were several Constitutions. After his death, the dispute became a war. -- Error 05:58, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Do we talk about Carlism in the present or past-tense? I mean, Carlos-Hugo de Borbón-Parma still has hopes... Or not?

 * I don't know whether he is alive. Carlism has no practical importance today. And the fascist branch even less. I doubt that most young Spanish extreme-rightists do even know about Carlism. The Socialist branch of his brother (?) shows on some elections. I'd put it in a similar rank as those Brazilian, French (Bourbon and Bonaparte) or Italian monarchists. Certainly less important than Bulgarian monarchists. -- Error 05:58, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Carlos Hugo was the leader of the socialist branch, Sixto (his brother) was the leader of one of the far-right splinters. The main group -relatively speaking- on the far far right (but don't call them fascists) the "Comunion Tradicionalista Carlista", didn't like any of them, IIRC --Wllacer 17:09, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

One other thing I don't entirely understand: the Spanish Civil War was a Carlist war, Franco was a conservative, yet he put a non-Carlist on the throne?... -- Viajero 08:07, 11 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * The Civil War was a Carlist war... for Carlists; for others it was a Crusade, or a proletarian revolution, a fight for secession, or a prequel to WW2. I have included it as a Carlist war but it is not canonically included in the three Carlist wars.

 * There was a lot of fighting between Franco and Don Juan for Juanito's control. There's a quote from the last years of Franco: Todo está atado y bien atado. ("Everything is tied and well tied"). Franco probably didn't expect the breadth of changes that Juan Carlos introduced.

 * I don't know why he didn't trust the Carlist pretenders (there were several at some time). What you may not know is that Franco's daughter (or was it granddaughter?) married a Bourbon, son of one of Juan's elder brothers who had renounced. It's said that Carmen Polo (Franco's wive) wanted her descendants to be kings of Spain. So Franco had several Carlist pretenders, Juan, Juan Carlos and the Duke of Cádiz (?) to restore monarchy into. -- Error

 * Putting a carlist pretendant was never in Franco's mind, they were just tools used to make pressure on Don Juan.
 * For the military there was no question which branch was the rightful heir to the throne (for most of the XIX century the carlist were the enemies to fight)
 * the carlists inside Franco's regime (the absolute majority of the Carlism) had accepted the return of the dynastic rights to Alfonso XIII, and deeply mistrusted the Parma princes.--Wllacer 17:09, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Just for the record, after my current knowledge, the last paragraph should be heavily qualified. It was based on personal remembrances of the late 1970's, and most probably doesn't reflect much of the prior forty years --Wllacer 16:41, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I made some clean-up about the fate of the carlism. When I have time I'll try to to add more content into the article --Wllacer 17:09, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hi error ... thanks for your corrections --Wllacer 09:04, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Spell check
I only corrected the first word that I found, but this page needs a good spell checking. I will try to come back to do it, but not tonight. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 06:47, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Feel free to do it (and to improve the contents )English is not my native language, and no english spellchecker seems to work on my computer :-) --Wllacer 09:26, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I just installed the "SpellBound" extension into to my Firefox web browser, and used this article to test the program. It worked quite nicely for me. (The default language is American English, but you can also add other versions of English, as well as Spanish Spanish and Mexican Spanish dictionaries, among other choices.) There were a few words, however, that I had troubles with. Doctrinarian (do you mean dogmatic?), uniformists (do you mean conformist?), anti-uniformism, Particularist, autogestionary, integrism, and soutuer. Also, for the phrase "extreme right's gunman", if I understand the sentence, I think it should be changed to "extreme right-wing gunman". gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 05:37, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Will check the extension. I just got today the OpenOffice spellchecker working, but is a PITA to edit articles this way.
 * Your're right about the gunman correction. It reads better.
 * So(u)tuer is an heraldic term, synonym of Saltire. As this last seems to be the most common in English, I'll substitute.
 * As for the rest of the terms you cite, they're what i intended to write. Some (or their usage) will be explained, as I progress in the article. I wasn't able to find in dictionary.com: Uniformist, Autogestionary and integrism. The last has a very special usage i'll have to explain, the middle should be how the particular way of Titoist Socialism was called. A synonym for uniformist could be "Leveller". but for an english speaking audience has very diferent notes --194.224.160.129 13:37, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

References and biblography
I enhanced the reference links provided bu Idiazabal. It's funny to see the so diverging POV of the self styled modern members of Carlism. BTW, for the interested, the only one with a minimally decent history timeline is that of the Carlist Party; but a treasure trove of information is the "forum" hosted by the "Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista". As for the biblography, I'm still in doubt. My idea is to include a couple of introductory texts, G. Alferez's "Historia del Carlismo" (Ed. Actas), with a traditionalist POV, something easy available from J.C. Clemente,(he publishes too much ;-)) with his "leftist" twist, and a couple of more neutral works, Jordi Canal's "Carlismo" (Alianza) or S.G.Payne's "Historia del Carlismo". What do you think?. Sadly, everything is in Spanish, has anybody a decent introductory reference in English or German? Wllacer 12:35, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I was going to propose the articles by Marx, but marxists.org does not have them, and probably they are not insightful enough. What I have quoted in the article is from La clarificación ideológica del Partido Carlista, by María Teresa de Borbón-Parma, which I bought cheap this weekend. It has an almost Marxist POV ("class struggle"), but I hope that her quotes are accurate. -- Error 02:05, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The "Red Princess", shudder ;-) She is an interested party. To take isolate citations is dangerous - if you have, as she, an axe to grind. For instance, read the article Figaro de vuelta ...(1836) Larra seems to have a very different view (of course not on the ideology) on Carlism than on 1833

 * The Larra paragraph is not in María Teresa, it's out from my memory.
 * I don't read that. Larra keeps a bad impression on Carlism, but the article shows that the French an Spanish societies are also horrible in their own ways. -- Error 01:29, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * As for the Marx citation, I found this reference about the "history" (and misuse) of the citation and got worried. I checked the german edition of Marx-Engels works], I found the 1854 article, without the citation, but no 1849 article, nor book about Spain. So i also believe it's a long running fake. We should either delete it in the article, or somehow point to this factual error.

 * Thank you. I'll try. -- Error 01:29, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The Unamuno citation is harmless compared to the one in the Carlismo Spanish wikipedia. The latter, belongs to a serie of articles in 1898, written in response to Angel Ganivet. I had the idea that he was a rabid anti-carlist (as was also Pio Baroja), and he is pointed as the originator of the aphorism "El carlismo se cura leyendo, el nacionalismo viajando" (Carlism is cured by reading, nationalism by travelling). I'll have to reread the 98'ers (its about time)

 * This 'dangerous' "Views" subheading should be converted into something like "Carlism and Literature", and could be an interesting subarticle, but i don't feel capable. Anyone out there ?
 * --Wllacer 10:43, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Manuel Fal Conde
I deleted the changes by Error about a death sentence imposed to Manuel Fal Conde on 1936. I'm afraid it's a factual error. I hope his info comes not from the same source we've talked prior. I'm still in doubt in some elements of Manuel Fal's activities during the critical period December 1936- August 1937, but let's try to make a calendar (exact dates are still dubious)
 * Yes, it is from María Teresa. -- Error 01:37, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * (deep silence).The only other resource I've found a similar statement is, of all places, on a FAQ at [the CTC webpage]. Unless there is something I still haven't found, this a doublet to the Marx citation, about a surprisingly badly documented moment. To be fair, the memories I had was that Fal went to exile after the unification (and this is what most books/pages seem to imply), when in fact he already was by then. The timeline I wrote yesterday, is based on Jordi Canal's book and scattered info on the web.--Wllacer 11:13, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * ( 8 ?) December 1936. The Carlists decide to create a Royal Officer's Academy. This move irritates Franco up to the point that
 * General Varela has to talk to Fal and recommends him to cross to Portugal to avoid a court martial for high treason
 * (20 ?) December 1936 Fal follows -obviously- the counsel and crosses the border
 * 22 december 1936, all the militias are put efectively under ordinary military control
 * 17 February 1937, there are conversations in Lisboa between Falange and Fal.
 * (12 ?) April 1937, some carlist leaders (the navarrese under Rodezno) are informed of the purported unification.
 * (17 ?) April 1937, Fal is informed in Portugal
 * 19 April 1937. Unification Decret
 * (22 ?) April 1937, Don Javier and Fal reject the Unification in a note to Franco
 * Fal returns to the interior the 11 of August
 * Meanwhile, the carlist are offered some posts into the structure, culminating in an offer of "Consejero Nacional" (and some say also a ministery) that month to Fal-Conde, who rejects the "honor". In the meantime, Rodezno and some (but not all) collaborators are excluded from the carlist party.

This timeline leaves little if any support (even in that troubled times) for a court martial, a death penalty (even in absence) and an amnesty. This what not the case with Manuel Hedilla, the leader of the Falange, which suffered the whole cycle after the unification. BTW the best online resource I could find for dates is about this last person

I moved the info about Don Javier's fate during WWII to the pretenders subsection
 * Check it. It is also from María Teresa. --Error 03:04, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't let us be too overcritical ;-) It's his daughter. I have read that before and I can safely asume that this tragical event is true.BTW I found references about it in the dutch wikipedia Xavier van Bourbon-Parma. The carlist house hadn't much luck during both WW. Don Jaime was house arrested in Austria for a couple of years during WWI

--Wllacer 10:37, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Trivia (?). Indiana Jones
A bit of trivia: I think that in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Indy meets two youths, Sixtus and other, in a WWI front. --Error 04:12, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If it's true, it was a good pun on part of the screenwriters. Anybody volunteering to write an article about the "Sixtus Affair"? --Wllacer 16:41, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * According to Indiana Jones, Indy joined the Belgian army, and the series featured historic people. So they were probably the real brothers. I remember no mention of Carlism though.--Error 02:32, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No wonder about it. In 1916, Don Jaime was still in his prime (IIRC, some 46 years old), so any part played in Carlism by his Parma cousins had to be secondary. And at that time, Sixtus and Javier were only cadet princes (4th and 5th male sons of Duke Robert from Parma -14th and 15th siblings of 24 !!!). Don Javier only became titular Duke of Parma in 1974, after the extintion of all prior branches, and not without some troubles, because of his somewhat unequal marriage (how times have changed for monarchists ;-).--Wllacer 09:55, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A proposal
We have three partly overlapping articles, this, Carlist Wars, and First Carlist War. There is something good in it, as their reflections on the origins of Carlism are very different (of course it's easy to know which I prefer ;-)) and any interested reader can have a comprehensive (if scattered) view of the discussion. But the fact is we duplicate other information, and findings in one article don't go into the others (the Marx quotation, for instance). Also, the articles are not so strong in regards to military history (just compare with the spanish wikipedia article about the first war ).

Therefore I make to the usual contributors (and whoever want to join) following proposal. To avoid an edit war, and trying to keep a NPOV, the specific question of basque Foralism in the origins of carlism (using the first carlist war article as base) could, either go into a separate subheading, or as the first topic on the Talk page, which I would prefer (referencing it in the main body, if doable)
 * Move all the information about the general origins of Carlism to this article.

 * The Talk page is for discussion among contributors, not for encyclopedic text. If you can't make it NPOV,
 * don't write it
 * write in the article and wait for fixers. Be bold.
 * Propose a text in the Talk page as a sketch with the intention of moving it into the article.
 * --Error 02:23, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Write a short and standard introduction to the causes into the other articles, so people who wanders into any of them, can have, at least, an overview, without navigating to the main article.
 * The article on Carlist Wars ought to be a general introduction to the three wars from the military history POV, on the line of most of the "Carlist at war" subheading here, and ,if separate articles for each war are not deemed necessary, all the details inside it.
 * For each war (or war article) a standart military history article, with an introduction to the specific issues leading to the start of the war (clearly short on the first), the contenders, a military history, and the outcome and short term influence ... For the first the spanish article is an excellent starting point, for the rest we have to build it.

What do yo think ?--Wllacer 09:46, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK. Start :) --Error 02:23, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Gossip removed from article body
I removed following sentence : "They cited the doubts over Alfonso XII's paternity to dismiss him as illegitimate and his descendants as thus ineligible for the throne."

Formally, no carlist leader has ever made this claim to disqualify the offspring of Isabel II to the throne of Spain.

It's a widely held belief, though, as D. Francisco de Asis (Isabel's husband) had some physical dysfunctions and, probably with reason, was libelled as homosexual. If you follow carlist (and republican) propaganda you'll find a lot of references to the currently reigning family as the "Puig-Moltó"'s, as that was the family name of the (presumed) lover of Isabel II at the time of Alfonso's conception.

There are a lot of spanish Borbons of all branches and sexes, who have lead a "peculiar" (to be prude) lifestyle. But I'm not so sure "gossip" (and sometimes libel) belongs to an encyclopedia, unless it has had a public impact or has produced offspring; as it's customary to cite the Royal bastards, and they appear in most genealogical lists.

One case in question i want to put forward to the fellow wikipedianers. Charles (VII), duke of Madrid, led for some years after 1876 a "crazy life", which involved him in several scandals, some of them well publicised, even to the point to become the main figure of a french "vaudeville". Beside the PR desaster, this period saw the Pretender almost inactive, and overlaps with the Nocedal's ascendancy in the party. I have only sketchy details (via Jordi Canal's book), but ... does it belongs to Wikipedia ? Is this relevant ?

--Wllacer 10:31, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Wiki was screwing the page, deleting everything else than the section I tried to edit.

Leandro GFC Dutra 18:22, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Recent Changes POV
I've seen with dismail that a host of small changes have been made lately. The net result has been to give it a POV stance: Please refrain from further slanted contributions. And a plea to all to recover the article to is former (and better, i think) state --Wllacer 12:12, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The article now contains the ordinals of the "carlists pretenders" without parenthesis, and those of the actual kings and queens of Spain enclosed. This is contrary to ALL style conventions in encyclopedic works
 * There are a host of small wordings which give the article a definitive "Sixtine" stance (plus all the links newly added, without giving notice of it)
 * It has erased references (f.i. in Offshots and influence) to the left variant of Carlism (the so called "Carlos-Hugo")

Relevance of images
What do the pictures illustrating the Ten Commandments and Universal Declaration of Human Rights have to do with this article? They don't seem to be mentioned in, or related to, the sections where they're included. Are they merely decorative? 67.158.75.219 04:15, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, there is relevance. The paragraph dealing with that was removed.  I have re inserted it.  It makes sense now. Stijn Calle 16:18, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Salic law
From the current version of the article, the traditional succession in Castile was Salic law (female exclusion). Philip V would have changed it to Semi-Salic. I though the Castilian tradition was the Siete Partidas (first-male preference among siblings). Otherwise, Ferdinand's brother Charles would have been preferred over Isabella. So I think the article got it backwards. Could you check the actual rules for the succession? --Error 00:07, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * No need to recheck. You're right, someone botched it up. I'll change it. Prior to 1713 the regular order of succession was that of the Siete Partidas; in this order: direct line precedence (offspring preferred to siblings of the current monarch) with right of representation (offspring of a predeceased takes its place), male precedence, age precedence, just as today. From that date up to 1789/1830 (excluding the years the 1812 constitution -which reverted to the old order- was acknowledged), semi-salic ruled: women -or their descendants- were to be considered only on extintion (or disqualification) of all branches of Felipe V descendancy. (The actual law can be found at the Novisima Recopilación book 3, Title I, Law 5)
 * This last paragraph has also some bearing on the wicked affair of who is the legitimate Pretender after 1936
 * The article seems to suffer a little 'bit-rot' lately.--Wllacer 09:30, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * If the law was indeed semi-salic as you set out above, then the carloctavistas have it. Jess Cully (talk) 14:10, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Just FYI. The changes which introduced the error were inducted on April 15, 2007 by User:Stijn_Calle (btw. they were marked as minor ...). Pls, can this user stand up, and tell us where on Hell did he got info that any Spanish kingdom was using any variant of the Salic system?Wllacer 14:11, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

De-linking "legitimist"
"Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain" "Legitimist" was linked to Legitimists (redirects from Legitimism), which says "Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law." Legitimists (disambiguation) lists: Legitimists, Royalists in France ... Jacobitism, the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland Carlists, a traditionalist, legitimist political movement in Spain ... Miguelistas, legitimists of Portugal Legitimists (Nicaragua) Under the circumstances, I have de-linked. -- 201.53.7.16 (talk) 19:30, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * "Legitimist" is most associated with the French but the term can and has been used for equivalent movements in other countries such as the Carlists or the British Jacobites. They have in common that they're all cases of a more purist order of succession that rejects outside (and sometimes inside) interference with the line, and their pretender and his followers are more associated with political absolutism, religious clericalism and cultural traditionalism than the rival monarchists. Timrollpickering (talk) 12:53, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

The Flag
The Carlists -and the Liberals- used basically the red-over-yellow-over-red flag in the 3rd Carlist War (1872-76). Take into account that before October 1843 that flag was only the naval ensign (warships and coastal defences). Despite the popular legend, the cross of Burgundy was marked down as the Carlist badge in the mid-1930s, and not in 1833. In fact, many official Spanish army colours in the 19th century bore the red ragged saltire: The infantry, artillery and engineers battalion colours -used on paper until 1843, and in fact beyond 1843-, and the red-yellow-red regimental colours issued in December 1843 (and used until April 1931). All these colours were used by the regulars against the Carlist forces. Perhaps incidentally some Carlist units flew these colours as well, but remember those flags were official army colours, not Carlist colours.

Red Berets...or White Berets
In Basque, at least in the first war (1833-39), the Carlists were known as Txapelzuriak (White Berets) rather than as Red Berets (although incidentally most of the Carlist infantrymen were issued perhaps with blue berets). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.8.98.118 (talk) 12:24, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * This may be wrong, but I think female Carlists today wear white, while the men wear royal red. - Yorkshirian (talk) 08:51, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

As a matter of fact, the current standard color codes for the berets (red for male, white for women) is a XX century (D. Jaime era) evolution and only universal during the II republic (with the Requete Ordinance) and afterwards.

During the third war (1873-76) berets (in all possible colors) where THE standard headgear of the carlist units and afterward  the outwardly mark of the party but with local color codes. Staff officers and royals (like D. Margarita) wore always white (huge) berets with golden cord and tassel.

Uniformity in the first war (1834-1841) was local. Berets were at first only popular in the northern front, spreading later to Catalonia and the "Center front" (Maestrazgo). It seems that the only quasi standard color code was white for staff officers, and on the northern front anything (usually deep blue) but red; because red berets were -at least in Biscay- the headgear of the foral liberal militae/police force (the migueletes, aka chapelgorris)

The red saltire as distinctive party banner is also a late addition --Wllacer (talk) 02:05, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Names
Why on Earth should we refer to Alfonso XIII of Spain as Alfonso de Borbón y Austria? Why should we call his cousin Carlos Hugo de Borbón-Parma y Borbón-Busset when he is known as "Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma" or "Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma"? Why should Austrians such as Archduke Anton of Austria be called "Antonio de Habsburgo-Lorena y Borbón"?

Why should an English language encyclopaedia use names that are commonly used by Spanish language sources and not by English language sources?

And what does Los Angeles has to do with this case? Los Angeles is the name used by English language sources. That can't be disputed. On the other hand, Alfonso de Borbón y Austria is not a name used by English language sources. The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (talk) 16:03, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

This seems sensible to me. john k (talk) 16:25, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, could you be a bit more specific? Should we use Spanish names or English names? The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (talk) 16:33, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * What you are saying seems sensible to me. john k (talk) 16:36, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

The proper encyclopedic position would be to give both sets of names, rather than to choose one or the other. μηδείς (talk) 20:39, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * No, the proper encyclopedic position would be to give only the names used in English because this encyclopaedia is in English. Why do we need invented Spanish names for the Germans? If it's "proper" to give Spanish names, why not give German names to the Austrians? Calling Alfonso XII "Alfonso de Borbón y Austria" is in no way helpful. The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (talk) 21:00, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

What part of "encyclopedic" is unclear to you? Add both the English and the Spanish names, they are both relevant. (I am travelling or I would do it myself.) Does it not occur to you that someone might come here seeking to find out just this very information? Why would giving this factual information be a problem?μηδείς (talk) 21:45, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The part that says that we can add all sorts of irrelevant stuff into article. I highly doubt that the name "Antonio de Habsburgo-Lorena y Borbón" is a factual information. It seems like an original research, as I doubt Archduke Anton ever held Spanish nationality. No, why would it occur to me that someone would come here looking precisely for an invented Spanish name of an Austrian man? The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (talk) 22:04, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

Francisco de Paula, Treason and the Siete Partidas.
I have added some brief information, under the "The Succession after Alfonso Carlos" and "Alfonso de Borbón" sections, concerning the legal argument on the exclusion of Infante Francisco de Paula and his descendants from the throne on account of treason, as specified in the "Siete Partidas", the "Ordenamiento de Alcalá" and the "Novísima Recopilación". I have also added two footnotes that explain this in greater detail. I believe I have provided sufficient reference, but I'd be glad to add more should anyone think it necessary. -Waakzaamheid — Preceding unsigned comment added by Waakzaamheid (talk • contribs) 20:58, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

Line of Succession
If, hypothetically speaking, Carlos Javier, his brother Jaime, and their uncle Sisto Enrique were all to fail to produce a legitimate son between them, who would be the next heir to the Carlist claim? 137.158.152.213 (talk) 11:30, 28 April 2011 (UTC)x
 * Well. in the case of D. Sixto it is not hypotetical; as he is unmarried (OTOH He has always stated that he considers himself as a caretaker for his nephew(s), shall they ever return to the Cause). But i don't know if the current titular duke of Parma or his brothers, have any interest in the Carlist Cause in any of their shades. In case of troubled succession in a Pretender's line; there is hardly a venue where the question could be solved (be it by law or by war), so a number of claimants could come forward and the validity of their claims would always remain unsolved.
 * It's exactly what happened after it was clear that D. Jaime would not marry; that the direct carlist line was about to be die out. The conversations during the 30's of Alfonso Carlos with Alfonso XIII in order to recognize him as heir did not fructified in the end. In his will, D. Alfonso Carlos, only named a Regent (the only Borboun prince still identified with the Cause, prince François-Xavier of Parma). After some years some carlists began to press prince Xavier to assume the Spanish Claim, which he did in 1952/1965 definitively (dates might be wrong, as i write from memory) and was accepted by a great number of Carlists. At that point his right to the Crown was at best tenuous, but he was the only Bourbon prince still identified with the cause. Most of the "legitimity of exercise" theories of the Carlist right of Succession are products of the need to give a formal justification for it.
 * Others went to recognize, according to straight dinastical succession, D. Juan; others to the "future king of Spain" after Franco; others (the Carloctavistas) claimed that it was legal to invoke female succession, and sought a prince descendant from D. Nieves (sister to Carlos (VIII)re); and others abstained to accept a claimant for the time being (as of now, this is the official police of the main still existing carlist group)

--Wllacer (talk) 22:18, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

Las Margaritas
That is, The Daisies, because margarita is the Spanish for daisy. They seem to be named after Queen Margarita of Modena, one of Charles VII's wives. She was rather popular among the Carlist supporters, In the 1872-76 civil war some Carlist flags bore a daisy in each corner (although the fleur-the-lys was more common).Same for some Carlist decorations. More or less from the 1930s onwards there is a badge with a red cross of Burgundy with a daisy in the middle. In the early 1910s it was decided that Carlist females should use a white beret (and males a red one), although many Carlist women used the red beret as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.8.98.118 (talk) 12:23, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

See also: Jacobitism?
The page is protected so I can't add it, but Jacobitism was a similar movement in Britain and should be added to the see also section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.169.212.76 (talk) 00:01, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

And List_of_movements_that_dispute_the_legitimacy_of_a_reigning_monarch should also be referenced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.169.212.76 (talk) 00:05, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

Cruzadistas
Yipes! Back when I read Carlist history I learned quite a bit about this branch of supporters of Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, but forgot as they seemed to have lost the rivalry for the claim to the Bourbon-Parmas. But they were a genuine splinter group who sought to offer an alternative to the Bourbon-Parma claimants and should, for the sake of accuracy, be mentioned, at some point -- although only briefly, lest the article skew unduly. Don't think I have much in my library drawn from RS, but surely somebody does? FactStraight (talk) 21:53, 12 September 2011 (UTC)
 * They are mentioned in the article as Habsburg-Borbon claim; and are usually refered as carloctavistas (never ever heard the cruzadista apellation). As a tendency (rather than organized group) its prime was in the mid 40' - early 50's (it is, previous to any Parma claim to the Throne) But the disinterest of the Tuscany princes (only one of the junior princes did for some time posed as Pretender) and the common perception that they were a "Troyan Horse" of the Movimiento, reduced them very soon to a marginal status--Wllacer (talk) 10:08, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

Part of a series on Toryism?
Carlism is a counter-revolutionary ideology and should not be part of the series on Toryism, as Toryism represents a conservative, yet still revolutionary ideology usually opposing a more liberal but still revolutionary ideology, while Carlism wasn't at all revolutionary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.17.113.211 (talk) 22:41, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

understanding Carlism
It is often difficult understanding Carlist ideas and values. But one important key to understand Carlism, often forgotten, is that traditions in Spain are very different from a province to another province. So, when we say "Carlism supports traditions" we mustnt forget these differences. Decade after decade Carlists have supported an idea in a province (or region) and the contrary idea in other provinces. Remember that many provinces in Spain have traditions that could well be called "Socialist" or even "Anarchist".79.146.12.60 (talk) 15:14, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

Header section
"This line descended from Infante Carlos, Count of Molina (1788–1855), and was founded due to dispute over the succession laws and widespread dissatisfaction with the Alfonsine line of the House of Bourbon."

How could that be, when Carlism originated and was strongest decades before any Alfonso was even born? The reason Carlism existed is simple: Immovilism and a desire to go back to the time before the French Revolution, propagated mainly by the Church. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.26.120.40 (talk) 03:17, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

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Other Carlism Flag
Why is the other Carlism Flag not shown

Left-wing nationalist?
Carlism today is not a conservative ideology many Carlists today are left wing nationalist like Carlist Party (1970) promoting nationalism, socialism and federalism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jcisawesomeguy (talk • contribs) 05:12, 12 September 2018 (UTC)
 * That is a late, splinter group (one of many). Carlism is not left-wing nationalist. Iñaki LL (talk) 08:23, 12 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Both true and false. Just as Carlism also was founded upon and then abandoned Spain's Salic law -- that's why it's called "Carlism" (as in "Don Carlos)". Carlism has evolved in contradictory ways, being both an ultra-traditionalist movement of principle and a dynastic claim of princes. FactStraight (talk) 09:18, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

"Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 17 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. – MJL  ‐Talk‐☖ 21:42, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Mistakes and misbehavings
The flag depicted, what blessed nun Anna Catherina Emmerich called 'Raked Cross', it is also in the UK flag, but in plain straight lines, is the Cross of Burgundians, people coming from Bornholm island, and was for quite long the Spanish army and the Spanish national flag, until the current red and yellow flag, from Bourbon fleet, was adopted. Thus 'Carlism' had no preferent nor historical rights or traditions to wear this flag. During the first carlist war, in the 'Battle of Luchana', died a son of José Aymerich Varas, minister of war on duty from August 1824 to June 1825. A man who had his son, an army officer, in charge of personal safety of Felipe, son of Juan Carlos ('Ferdinand the undesirable') was already not a Bourbon from male line, said about 'Requetés', the Carlist and Traditionalist soldiers who fought in the carlist wars and in the Revolution war 1931-39: 'Seres bajos, morenos, peludos, con cresta roja, que reunidos en manadas y aullando 'rediós', atacan al hombre' ('Short, dark, furry beings, with a red crest, who gathered in herds, and roaring 'rediós', attack humans'. 'Red crests' are from the 'Red berets' of these fighters.

General Franco, same surname of Yusif Franco, an hebrew sent to stake by inquisition in Seville, 15th century, in imitation of the 'Reunification' rule that built the nsdap from Deustche Arbeiters Partei and National Sozialist Partei, emitted an 'Unification decree', building 'Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS' -'Juntas de ofensiva nacional-sindicalista', aka 'Movimiento Nacional' an organization to control possible overacting elements, MN never had a true political activity. Falange was a short lived group, from foundation by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in November 1933, to his imprisonment in april 1939, to his fusillade in november 1936, under charges of 'being the intellectual author of July 18 uprising'.

In february 1936, when the 'Popular Front' didn't win ballot, even with the massive fraud they implemented, Falange had some 20'000 affiliates, roughly same as communist party of Spain by Santiago Carrillo and Pasionaria, but in may 1939, there was 300'000 'falangists'.

Requetés, traditionalists, were never very much organized, just some had affinities, in part coming from landlords, employers and some conservatives, had participated in 'Carlist' wars before their more notorious intervention in the counter-revolution war. Very recently, an Orange man, akin to family acting on Dutch throne, signed an agreement in Barcelona to become 'Head of Carlism', shortly after Franco died, in a never explained event in 'Montejurra', during a Carlits-traditionalist meeting, some deaths by gun resulted. Carlism is today impossile to resuscitate, thus, thee performace of the Orange man could be just an act of psychological warfare, but: against who? Blessings + --Caula (talk) 23:06, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carlism


text:
Whakaari / White Island

Whakaari / White Island (, Te Puia Whakaari, lit. "the dramatic volcano" ), also known as White Island or Whakaari, is an active andesite stratovolcano situated 48 km from the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, in the Bay of Plenty. The island covers an area of approximately 325 ha, which is just the peak of a much larger submarine volcano.

The island is New Zealand's most active cone volcano, and has been built up by continuous volcanic activity over the past 150,000 years. The nearest mainland towns are Whakatāne and Tauranga. The island has been in a nearly continuous stage of releasing volcanic gas at least since it was sighted by James Cook in 1769. Whakaari erupted continually from December 1975 until September 2000, and also erupted in 2012, 2016, and 2019.

Sulphur was mined on the island until the 1930s. Ten miners were killed in 1914 when part of the crater wall collapsed.

A large eruption occurred at 14:11 on 9 December 2019, which resulted in 22 fatalities, including two people who were missing and ruled to be dead by a coroner. Twenty-five survivors were injured, many critically and with severe burns. Forty-seven people were reportedly on the island when it erupted. A second eruption closely followed the first.

Geography
Whakaari / White Island is an irregular oval in shape, with a length (northwest–southeast) of 3 km and a width of 2 km, and covers an area of approximately 325 ha. It lies in the Bay of Plenty 48 km from the North Island mainland, due north of the town of Ōpōtiki and north-northeast of Whakatāne. The island's active crater lies slightly southeast of the island's centre, and contains an acidic lake. The crater has a sharp rim to the northwest, with its highest point (also the island's highest point) being the 321 m Mount Gisborne in the west. The 283 m Mount Percival forms the northern part of the rim. An older vent, the 310 m Mount Ngatoro, lies to the northwest. The exposed island is only the peak of a much larger submarine volcano, which rises up to 1600 m above the nearby seafloor.

The island is generally rugged, with cliffs surrounding most of the coast. The only exceptions are to the southeast of the crater, where ash and boulder slopes descend to Te Awapuia Bay (also known as Crater Bay), the site of derelict buildings and the island's wharf. This bay lies between a prominent headland, Troup Head, at the island's southeastern extreme, and the island's southernmost point, Otaketake, which is the site of one of the island's gannet colonies. Another colony exists at Te Hokowhitu, the cliff which forms much of the western coast of the island.

Several rock reefs and islets are located along the island's northeast coast, and there is also a rock reef at Troup Head. A small islet, Club Rocks, lies 800 m south of Otaketake Point. It consists of a set of four sea stacks rising to more than 20 m above sea level. In addition, four sea stacks collectively known as Te Paepae o Aotea or Volkner Rocks lie 5 km northwest of Whakaari / White Island. Three of these sea stacks rise precipitously from the sea floor (less than 100 m below sea level) to a maximum height of 113 m m above sea level. The fourth sea stack is just an eroded stump.

Geology
Whakaari / White Island is an andesite–dacite stratovolcano that consists of two overlapping volcanic cones, which are the Ngatoro and Central cones. The Ngatoro Cone is extinct and partially eroded. The amphitheatre-shaped Central Cone is an active cone. The crater of Central Cone is open to the southeast as the result of major, past flank landslides involving hydrothermally altered rock and past phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions. the Ngatoro Cone and Central cones are both constructed of alternating layers of lava flows, tuffs, agglomerates, tephra, igneous dikes, and breccias. Some of these strata have been altered to varying degrees by highly corrosive and acid hydrothermal fluids and gases.

The modern crater floor of Whakaari / White Island lies less than 30 m above sea level and is largely covered by material from the 1914 debris avalanche. The main crater contains three coalescing sub-craters. The sub-craters are aligned NW-SE within the amphitheatre-shaped Central Cone. The open sea breaches the south-eastern crater wall in three places to form Shark, Te Awapuia, and Wilson bays, which Troup Head and Pinnacle Head separate from each other. Long-lived, semi-continuous, weak, hydrothermal explosions, similar to those occurring in the Western sub-crater today, are regarded to have formed these three bays as hydrothermal explosion craters.

Whakaari / White Island and the sea stacks that form Club Rocks and Volckner Rocks are the emergent summits of a larger, 16 by, submarine volcano. It is known as White Island Volcano and has a total volume of 78 km3. The bathymetry surrounding the emergent summit of Whakaari / White Island consists of a broad, sloping shelf extending from sea level to approximately 80 m depth. Steep margins define the extent of the submarine volcano at a depths of 300-400 m

The amphitheatre-shaped crater of the modern Central Cone is argued to have been created by the collapse of the former cone of the White Island Volcano to the southwest. Based on extrapolating 20 m GIS contour data to enclose the present crater and upwards with a maximum slope angle of 30°, the former pre-collapse summit was inferred to have been 500-600 m high. Side-scan and bathymetric data indicate possible debris flows associated with its collapse that can be traced back to the current crater on White Island. One of these debris flows exited the crater on the southern side of Troup Head and towards the southeast. It produced well-defined boulder-covered lobes on the seafloor. Another debris flow exited the modern crater on the northern side of Troup Head and through several submarine valleys towards the east into deep water. It produced boulder-covered valley-fill deposits. The latter debris flow was large enough to have produced a significant tsunami. As a result of the collapse of the former cone of the White Island Volcano, it is suspected to have generated a 7 m high tsunami that flooded the coast of Bay of Plenty as much as 7 km inland between 3,000 and 2,200 B.P.

Volcanology
Whakaari / White Island lies in the northern end of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. The Taupō Volcanic Zone forms the southernmost segment of the 2800 km-long Tonga–Kermadec–Taupō volcanic arc system and the Lau Basin–Havre Trough–Ngatoro Basin back-arc basin system.

Geological history
For the past few thousand years, Whakaari / White Island has been the location for an open, highly reactive hydrothermal system. This hydrothermal system expresses itself as hot springs and mud pools, fumaroles, and acid streams and lakes. The present centre for volcanic activity and outgassing is a large crater lake of boiling acidic waters located in the western subcrater. The intermixing mélange of marine waters, meteoric waters, and hot magmatic fluids generate acid brines, with pH as low as 2, that outgas and form numerous and often transitory hot springs and mud pools, fumaroles, and acid streams and lakes. The crater lake of boiling acidic water, which occupies the western subcrater, appears to vary in volume due to changing meteorological conditions and fluctuating levels of hydrothermal activity.

Although Strombolian activity occurred from the late seventies to the mid-eighties, explosive eruptions at Whakaari / White Island are typically phreatic or phreatomagmatic in style. The lava flows, ash, and pyroclastic flows produced by historic and prehistoric eruptions are andesitic and dacitic in composition. These eruptions also produce discrete craters within crater-fill deposits of the Central Cone. Since 1826, there has been a minimum of 28 phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruptions. In addition, prehistoric eruptions have also extruded lava. The lava flows from these prehistoric eruptions are exposed crater walls of the Central Cone. Whakaari / White Island's frequent activity and easy access attract scientists and volcanologists as well as many tourists. For example, this volcano provides a readily studied example of the type of volcanic magmatic–hydrothermal system involved in the generation of porphyry copper deposits.

Volcanologists from the GeoNet Project continually monitor the volcano's activity via surveillance cameras. Survey pegs, magnetometers and seismography equipment for early earthquake warnings via radio were installed on the crater walls in 1976. At most times the volcanic activity is limited to steaming fumaroles and boiling mud, but gas and ash emissions are common, and the island is typically on an alert level rating of 1 or 2 on a scale of 0 to 5; as "Level 2 is the highest alert level before an eruption takes place and indicates 'moderate to heightened volcanic unrest' with the 'potential for eruption hazards.'" The volcano is also monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.

In March 2000, three small vents appeared in the main crater and began belching ash which covered the island in fine grey powder. An eruption on 27 July 2000 blanketed the island with mud and scoria and a new crater appeared. Major eruptions in 1981–83 altered much of the island's landscape and destroyed the extensive pōhutukawa forest. The large crater created at that time now contains a lake, whose level varies substantially.

Between July and August 2012 the island showed signs of increased activity with lake and gas levels rising from inside the crater. On 5 August 2012 a minor eruption occurred, sending ash into the air. More eruptions have followed since.

Ongoing volcanic activity and tremors on 25 January 2013 suggested another eruption was imminent. A small eruption occurred on 20 August 2013 at 10:23 am, lasting for ten minutes and producing mostly steam.

2019 eruption
In November 2019, background activity at Whakaari increased and gas, steam and mud was being ejected from the crater.

At 14:11 NZDT on 9 December 2019, Whakaari / White Island erupted. It was reported that there were forty-seven people on the island when the eruption happened. Twenty-two people were killed, including two people who are missing and confirmed dead on 23 January 2020, and a further twenty-five were seriously injured, many critically. The bodies of two victims have not been recovered and may have been lost to the sea. The ongoing seismic and volcanic activity in the area and subsequently heavy rainfall as well as low visibility and toxic gases all hampered recovery efforts.

Experts identified the event as a phreatic eruption: a release of steam and volcanic gases which caused an explosion, launching rock and ash into the air. Minor ash emissions were observed on 23 and 26 December, but no further eruptions occurred. Visual observations conducted in January showed that lava had been extruded into the vents created by the eruption on 9 December.

Name
The Māori name Whakaari is recorded in multiple 19th century texts by Europeans, with one mention dating back to 1849, though spelling varied including Wakaari, Whakari, and Whaka ari. The name Whakaari means "to make visible" or "exposed to view". The full Māori name for the island is te puia whakaari, meaning "The Dramatic Volcano".

Whakaari was named "White Island" by Captain Cook on 1 November 1769, Cook noted in his journal I have named it White Island because as such it always appeared to us. According to LINZ this name came from the dense clouds of white steam emanating from it. Alternatively, he may have been alluding to the guano deposits that once covered the island. Although Cook sailed close to the island, he did not record that it was a volcano.

The island's official name was changed from "White Island (Whakaari)" to "Whakaari / White Island" in 1997. This makes it one of many places in New Zealand with dual Māori and English names.

Mythology
Some Māori myths describe Whakaari as part of Ngātoro-i-rangi's ascent of Tongariro. In one account, he called on his ancestors for warmth; the fire was kindled on Whakaari and brought to him. Other versions of this story are similar but it is his sisters, or the gods, who send him warmth from Whakaari.

Other stories give origin stories for the island. One states that it rose from the deep after the god Māui, having first touched fire was so greatly tortured by the pain that he instantly dived under water to calm his pain; and in the place where he shook the fire from him arose Whakaari. Another tells that Moutohora Island and Whakaari / White Island were peaks in the Huiarau Range near Waikaremoana but were jealous of each other, and rushed towards the ocean, leaving behind them the tracks that now form the Whakatane valley and either the Tauranga or Te Waimana valley. Whakaari was faster, so got to the better position where it stands today.

Industry
Attempts were made in the mid-1880s, again from 1898 to 1901, and then from 1913 to 1914, to mine sulphur from Whakaari / White Island, with the island at first being owned by John Wilson. Mining came to a halt in September 1914, when part of the western crater rim collapsed, creating a lahar that killed all 10 workers, who disappeared without a trace. Only a camp cat survived, found some days afterwards by the resupply ship and dubbed "Peter the Great".

In 1923, mining was again attempted but, learning from the 1914 disaster, the miners built their huts on a flat part of the island near a gannet colony. Each day they would lower their boat into the sea from a gantry, and row around to the mining factory wharf in Crater Bay. If the sea was rough they had to clamber around the rocks on a very narrow track on the crater's edge.

Before the days of antibiotics, sulphur was used as an antibacterial agent in medicines, in the making of match-heads, and for sterilising wine corks. The sulphur was hauled to the crushing plant in small rail trucks, and a bagging facility was also constructed. However, there was not enough sulphur in the material mined at the island, so the ground-up rock was used as a component of agricultural fertiliser. Mining ended in the 1930s, because of the inadequate mineral content in the fertiliser. The remains of the buildings involved can still be seen, heavily corroded by the sulphuric gases.

Ownership
The ownership of Whakaari / White Island was one of the first two cases heard by the Native Land Court of New Zealand (now called the Māori Land Court), the other being ownership of nearby Motuhora. Retireti Tapihana (Tapsell) brought the case in 1867, claiming ownership. Retireti was the son of Phillip Tapsell and Hine-i-tūrama Ngātiki. Ownership was awarded jointly to Retireti Tapihana and his sister Katherine Simpkins.

In 1874, the island was sold to the partnership John Wilson and William Kelly by the estate of Retireti Tapihana (Tapsell). Wilson and Kelly subsequently leased it to the Auckland-based partnership of Stewart and Appleby, but after the conditions of the lease were unfulfilled, it was put up for lease again.

The island is now privately owned by the Buttle family trust, having been bought by George Raymond Buttle, a stockbroker, in 1936. Buttle later refused to sell it to the government, but agreed in 1952 that it be declared a private scenic reserve. In 2012, the island's title was transferred to the Whakaari Trust, whose shareholders are Peter, Andrew and James Buttle.

Local government
The island is not included in the boundaries of a territorial authority council (district council) and the Minister of Local Government is its territorial authority, with support from the Department of Internal Affairs. The functions of the territorial authority are limited, as the island is uninhabited, the land is undeveloped and it is privately owned. The island is within the boundaries of the Bay of Plenty Regional Council for regional council functions.

Natural life
Whakaari / White Island is one of New Zealand's main breeding colonies for Australasian gannets. Thousands of gannets come to the island each year to mate, raise chicks, and feed on the fish in the water around it. There is little vegetation on the island itself, but seaweed grows in the waters around it and gannet parents harvest it to cool off chicks. An ornithologist who visited in 1912 found five species and identified four; in addition to gannets they found red-billed gulls, great-winged petrels, and white-fronted terns.

BirdLife International has declared the island to be an Important Bird Area because of the gannets' nesting colony.

Access
Whakaari / White Island is privately owned. It was declared a private scenic reserve in 1953, and is subject to the provisions of the Reserves Act 1977. Visitors cannot land without permission. However, it is easily accessible by authorised tourist operators.

The waters surrounding the island are well known for their fish stocks. Yellowtail kingfish abound all year, while there is deep-water fishing for hapuka and bluenose (a type of warehou) in the winter. In the summer, blue, black and striped marlin, as well as yellowfin tuna can be caught. A small charter fleet, offering day trips and overnight or longer trips, operates from the nearby port at Whakatāne.

On-land tours of the island have not been operating since the 2019 eruption.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Whakaari / White Island


text:
Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford

Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (1176 – 1 June 1220) of Pleshey Castle in Essex, was an Anglo-Norman nobleman who became Hereditary Constable of England from 1199.

Origins
He was the son and heir of Humphrey III de Bohun (pre-1144-1181) of Trowbridge Castle in Wiltshire and of Caldicot Castle in south-east Wales, 5th feudal baron of Trowbridge, who served King Henry II as Lord High Constable of England. His mother was Margaret of Huntingdon, widow of Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (d.1171) and a daughter of Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, son of King David I of Scotland by his wife Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon. Henry's half-sister was Constance, Duchess of Brittany.

Earldom
His paternal grandmother was Margaret of Hereford, a daughter of Miles FitzWalter of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford, Lord of Brecknock (died 1143), Sheriff of Gloucester and Constable of England. After the male line of Miles of Gloucester failed, in 1199 King John created Henry de Bohun Earl of Hereford and Constable of England. His lands lay chiefly on the Welsh Marches, and from this date the Bohuns took a foremost place among the Marcher barons.

Henry de Bohun was one of the twenty-five barons elected by their peers to enforce the terms of Magna Carta in 1215. He was subsequently excommunicated by the Pope. In the civil war that followed Magna Carta, he was a supporter of King Louis VIII of France and was captured at the Battle of Lincoln in 1217.

Marriage and issue
He married Maud de Mandeville (alias Maud FitzGeoffrey), daughter and heiress of Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex, of Pleshey Castle in Essex, by whom he had issue including:
 * Humphrey IV de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, 1st Earl of Essex (1204–1275), eldest son and heir, created Earl of Essex in 1239, who married Maud de Lusignan, by whom he had at least three children.
 * Henry de Bohun, who died young.
 * Ralph de Bohun.

Death
He died in June 1220 while on crusade to the Holy Land.

title: Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford


text:
User:Sushimatsuda

Sushi Matsuda is an editor at http://www.electronicorphanage.com

He lives in Los Angeles

title: User:Sushimatsuda


text:
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton

William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, KG (c. 1312 – 16 September 1360) was an English nobleman and military commander.

Lineage
He was the fifth son of Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan. He had a twin brother, Edward. His maternal grandparents were Edward I of England and his first wife, Queen consort Eleanor of Castile.

Life
William de Bohun assisted at the arrest of Roger Mortimer in 1330, allowing Edward III to take power. After this, he was a trusted friend and commander of the king and he participated in the renewed wars with Scotland.

In 1332, he received many new properties: Hinton and Spaine in Berkshire; Great Haseley, Ascott, Deddington, Pyrton and Kirtlington in Oxfordshire; Wincomb in Buckinghamshire; Longbenington in Lincolnshire; Kneesol in Nottinghamshire; Newnsham in Gloucestershire, Wix in Essex, and Bosham in Sussex.

In 1335, he married Elizabeth de Badlesmere (1313 – 8 June 1356). Her parents Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, and Margaret de Clare had both turned against Edward II the decade before. Elizabeth and William were granted some of the property of Elizabeth's first husband, who had also been Mortimer's son and heir.

William was created Earl of Northampton in 1337, one of the six earls created by Edward III to renew the ranks of the higher nobility. Since de Bohun was a younger son, and did not have an income suitable to his rank, he was given an annuity until suitable estates could be found.

In 1349 he became a Knight of the Garter. He served as High Sheriff of Rutland from 1349 until his death in 1360.

Campaigns in Flanders, Brittany, Scotland, Sluys and Crecy
In 1339 he accompanied the King to Flanders. He served variously in Brittany and in Scotland, and was present at the great English victories at Sluys and Crécy, the latter as a commander. His most stunning feat was leading an English force to victory against a much bigger French force at the Battle of Morlaix in 1342. Some of the details are in dispute, but it is clear that he made good use of pit traps, which stopped the French cavalry.

Diplomat
In addition to being a warrior, William was also a renowned diplomat. He negotiated two treaties with France, one in 1343 and one in 1350. He was also charged with negotiating in Scotland for the freedom of King David Bruce, King of Scots, who was held prisoner by the English.

Senior naval command
From the 8 March 1352 to 5 March 1355 he was appointed Admiral of the Northern Seas, Fleet.

Issue
1. Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (1341–1373) 2. Elizabeth de Bohun (c. 1350–1385); married Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel

In historical fiction
In Bernard Cornwell's series The Grail Quest, the Earl of Northampton plays a minor role as protagonist Thomas of Hookton's lord. The Earl of Northampton is also a major character in Dan Jones' debut novel Essex Dogs and it's sequel Wolves of Winter.


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Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province

Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro is a historical province of Portugal located in the northeastern corner of the country, known for its scenery, which includes plateaux, river valleys, mountains, and castles.

History
A first attempt to register its constitution was made under the reign of King Sancho II (1223–1248). A second was made in the reign of his son and successor, Afonso III (1248–1279), under the Inquirições or royal commissions in 1258, intending to base the territory of Trás-os-Montes on so-called "new towns" under direct control of the Crown. Afonso III gave it its charter in 1253, referring to the town, "a hill opposite the Crespos", which already had a core of settlements organized around the Church of St. Facundo.

Since 1833 the region has been divided into two districts on the right (northern) bank of the Douro river — Vila Real and Bragança, with 5 other municipalities on the south bank of the Douro river included in the districts of Viseu and Guarda. The name — Beyond-the-Mountains and Upper Douro — refers to the location on the "other" (eastern) side of such mountains as Marão, Alvão and Gerês, which separate the coast from the interior, and along the upper valley of the Douro River. This isolation kept the province poor and underpopulated for centuries, causing many people to move to the coast or emigrate to other European countries such as France, Luxembourg and Switzerland, and to Brazil.

The most important towns in the region are Vila Real, Bragança, Chaves, Mirandela, Macedo de Cavaleiros, Lamego, Peso da Régua, Mogadouro, Miranda do Douro and Valpaços. All are relatively small, with less than 50 000 inhabitants. Many people in the region still live in small villages. Traditionally these villages were cut off from the coast due to the lack of good roads, and suffered the effects of poverty and isolation. Emigration was often the only option. Today the situation has improved with better roads, but most villages are still losing population as youngsters there move to bigger towns for a better life.

In small villages the ageing inhabitants still eke out a living from small farms. Corn, rye, potatoes, wheat, olive oil, chestnuts, and grapes for wine (namely Port wine) have been the main agricultural products. Granite and mineral water are also important industries.

There is a popular saying: "Beyond Marão, those who rule are those who're there" ("Para lá do Marão mandam os que lá estão"). Lisbon has paid little attention to this area until recent years. According to Padre Fontes, a local ethnographer, "in this centuries-old "corner of the corner of Europe", alone, in a struggle against the harsh soil and inclement climate, a character was formed: "that of the sad demeanor, the mistrusting air, courageous, daring, hardworking, loyal, and with strength of character a way of life." Etnografia Transmontana, Lisbon, 1992

The Transmontanos are known in Portugal for their often plentiful table, usually filled with wine, olive oil, sausage and bread.

Municipalities
The historical province of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro included 31 municipalities, divided between four districts (Vila Real, Bragança, Viseu and Guarda), that include:
 * Vila Real (14 municipalities):

 * Alijó
 * Boticas
 * Chaves
 * Mesão Frio
 * Mondim de Basto
 * Montalegre
 * Murça
 * Peso da Régua
 * Ribeira de Pena
 * Sabrosa
 * Santa Marta de Penaguião
 * Valpaços
 * Vila Pouca de Aguiar
 * Vila Real

 * Bragança (12 municipalities)

 * Alfândega da Fé
 * Bragança
 * Carrazeda de Ansiães
 * Freixo de Espada-à-Cinta
 * Macedo de Cavaleiros
 * Miranda do Douro
 * Mirandela
 * Mogadouro
 * Torre de Moncorvo
 * Vila Flor
 * Vimioso
 * Vinhais

 * Viseu (4 of 24 municipalities)

 * Armamar
 * Lamego
 * São João da Pesqueira
 * Tabuaço

In 1998 there was a referendum on the creation of new Administrative Regions. The proposed region of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro included these 31 municipalities, plus Mêda, also from the District of Guarda. The referendum had low participation (less than the required 50% to be mandatory), but the No won and the Administrative Regions were not created.
 * Guarda (1 of 14 municipalities)
 * Vila Nova de Foz Côa

Culture
Due to the region's isolation from outside influence, many folkloric forms have remained preserved up to the modern day. One example would be the area's distinctive traditional bagpipe, the gaita transmontana. Not only did Trás-os-Montes maintain a piping tradition as bagpipes in general declined throughout Europe, but the regional bagpipe also shows many aspects of pre-modern musical scales which have been preserved. Also, it's in this region that is spoken the second official language of Portugal, the Mirandese language.

title: Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province


text:
Seoul Metropolitan Subway

The Seoul Metropolitan Subway is a metropolitan railway system consisting of 23 rapid transit, light metro, commuter rail and people mover lines located in northwest South Korea. The system serves most of the Seoul Metropolitan Area including the Incheon metropolis and satellite cities in Gyeonggi province. Some regional lines in the network stretch out beyond the Seoul Metropolitan Area to rural areas in northern Chungnam province and western Gangwon Province, that lie over 100 km away from the capital.

The network consists of multiple systems that form a larger, coherent system. These being the Seoul Metro proper, consisting of Seoul Metro lines 1 through 9 and certain light rail lines, that serves Seoul city proper and its surroundings; Korail regional rail lines, which serve the greater metropolitan region and beyond; Incheon Metro lines, operated by Incheon Transit Corporation, that serve Incheon city proper; and miscellaneous light rail lines, such as Gimpo Goldline and Yongin Everline, that connect lower-density areas of their respective cities to the rest of the network. Most of the system is operated by three companies – Seoul Metro, Korail (Korea Railroad Corporation), and Incheon Metro - with the rest being operated by an assortment of local municipal corporations and private rail companies.

Its first metro line, Line 1, started construction in 1971 and began operations in 1974, with through-operation to Korail's suburban railways. As of 2022, the network has 331.5 km of track on lines 1–9 alone.

Most of the trains were built by Hyundai Rotem, South Korea's leading train manufacturer.

Overview
The first line of the Seoul Subway network started construction in 1971. The first section of subway was built using the cheaper cut and cover construction method. Initial lines relied heavily on Japanese technology, and subsequent lines (until the early-2000s) procured technological imports from Japan and the United Kingdom (in particular, GEC Traction equipment used on wide-width Lines 2, 3 and 4 rolling stock from the 1980s). For example, Line 1 opened in 1974 with through services joining surrounding Korail suburban railway lines influenced by the Tokyo subway. Today, many of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway's lines are operated by Korail, South Korea's national rail operator.

It has been described as the world's longest multi-operator metro system by route length, beating out the slightly older Beijing Subway and more recent Shanghai Metro in China by over one-third. The subway has free WiFi accessible in all stations and trains. All stations have platform screen doors. These safety doors were completed by 2017, however many stations previously had metal barriers installed decades beforehand. The world's first virtual mart for smartphone users opened at Seolleung station in 2011.

All directional signs in the system are written in Korean using Hangul, as well as English and Katakana/Chinese characters for Japanese and Mandarin Chinese. However the maps on the walls are in Korean and English only. In the trains, there are in addition many LCD screens giving service announcements, upcoming stop names, YTN news, stock prices and animated shorts. There are also prerecorded voice announcements that give the upcoming station, any possible line transfer, and the exiting side in Korean, followed by English. At major stations, this is followed by Japanese, then Mandarin Chinese, as well.

Seoul Subway uses full-color LCD screens at all stations to display real-time subway arrival times, which are also available on apps for smartphones. Most trains have digital TV screens, and all of them have air conditioning and climate controlled seats installed that are automatically heated in the winter. In 2014, it became the world's first metro operator to use transparent displays for ads when it installed 48 transparent displays on major stations of Line 2 in Gangnam District. All lines use the T-money smart payment system using RFID and NFC technology for automatic payment by T-money smart cards, smartphones, or credit cards and one can transfer to any of the other line within the system for free.

Trains on numbered lines and light rail lines generally run on the right-hand track, while trains on the named heavy-rail lines (e.g. Shinbundang Line, Suin–Bundang Line, and AREX) run on the left-hand track. The exceptions are the trains on Line 1, as well as those on Line 4 south of Namtaeryeong station. These lines run on the left-hand track because these rail lines are government-owned via Korail or through-run to government-owned lines and follow a different standard to the metro, one that is followed by all national rail lines (with the exception of the otherwise self-contained Ilsan Line) because much of the Korean Peninsula's early rail network was constructed during Japanese rule.

History
Line 1, from Seongbuk station to Incheon station and Suwon station, opened on 15 August 1974. On 9 December 1978, the Yongsan-Cheongnyangni line via Wangsimni (now part of the Jungang Line) was added to Line 1. Line 2 opened on 10 October 1980. Line 4 opened on 20 April 1985, and Line 3 on 12 July. On 1 April 1994, the Indeogwon-Namtaeryeong extension of Line 4 opened. The Bundang Line, from Suseo station to Ori station, opened on 1 September. On 15 November 1995, Line 5 opened. The Jichuk-Daehwa extension of Line 3 opened on 30 January 1996. On 20 March, the Kkachisan-Sindorim extension of Line 2 opened. Line 7 opened on 11 October, and Line 8 on 23 November. On 6 October 1999, Incheon Subway Line 1 opened.

Seoul Subway Line 6 opened on 7 August 2000. In 2004 the fare system reverted to charging by distance, and free bus transfers were introduced. The Byeongjeom-Cheonan extension of Line 1 opened on 20 January 2005. On 16 December, the Jungang Line from Yongsan station to Deokso station opened. The Uijeongbu-Soyosan extension of Line 1 opened and shuttle service from Yongsan station to Gwangmyeong station began (with the route now shortened from Yeongdeungpo to Gwangmyeong) on 15 December 2006. On 23 March 2007, AREX opened. The Deokso-Paldang extension of the Jungang Line opened on 27 December. On 15 December 2008, the Cheonan-Sinchang extension of Line 1 opened. The magnetic paper ticket changed to an RFID-based card on 1 May 2009. On 1 July the Gyeongui Line from Seoul Station to Munsan station opened, and on 24 July Line 9 from Gaehwa station to Sinnonhyeon station opened.

The Byeongjeom-Seodongtan extension of Line 1 opened on 26 February 2010, and the Gyeongchun Line opened on 21 December. On 28 October 2011, the Shinbundang Line from Gangnam station to Jeongja station opened. The Suin Line, from Oido station to Songdo station, opened on 30 June 2012. The U Line opened on 1 July, the Onsu-Bupyeong-gu Office extension of Line 7 on 27 October and the Gongdeok-Gajwa extension of the Gyeongui Line on 15 December, and on 26 April 2013, EverLine opened. On 27 December 2014, the Gyeongui Line was extended to Yongsan and started through running to the Jungang Line, forming the Gyeongui–Jungang Line. The Sinnonhyeon-Sports Complex extension of Line 9 opened on 28 March 2015. On 30 January 2016 the Jeongja-Gwanggyo extension of the Shinbundang Line opened, followed by the Songdo-Incheon extension of the Suin Line on 27 February. Incheon Subway Line 2 opened on 30 July, and the Gyeonggang Line on 24 September. The Gyeongui–Jungang Line is extended one station east to Jipyeong station on 21 January 2017, with 4 round trips to Jipyeong station. On 16 June 2018 the Seohae Line opened. Magongnaru station on Line 9 became an interchange station with AREX on 29 September 2018. Bundang line was extended northeastward to Cheongnyangni station, allowing for connections to the Gyeongchun Line and regional rail services on 31 December 2018. On 28 September 2019, the Gimpo Goldline opened. On 12 September 2020, the Suin Line extension between Hanyang Univ. at Ansan and Suwon, beginning the interlining with Line 4 between Oido and Hanyang Univ. at Ansan, as well as through-running with the Bundang Line to form the Suin–Bundang Line. On May 24, 2022, the Sillim Line opened, becoming the newest addition to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.

Lines and branches
The system is organized such that numbered lines, with some exceptions, are considered as urban rapid transit lines located within the Seoul National Capital Area (SNCA), whereas wide-area commuter lines operated by Korail provide a metro-like commuter rail service that usually extends far beyond the boundaries of the SNCA, rather similar to the RER in Paris. The AREX is an airport rail link that links Incheon International Airport and Gimpo Airport to central Seoul, and offers both express service directly to Incheon International Airport and all-stop commuter service for people living along the vicinity of the line. While operating hours may vary depending on the line and station in question, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway generally operates every day from 5.30 a.m. until midnight, with some lines operated by Seoul Metro ending services around 1 a.m. on weekdays.

Fares and ticketing
The Seoul Metropolitan Subway system operates on a unified transportation fare system, meaning that subways and buses in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi Province are treated as one system when it comes to fares. For example, a subway rider can transfer to any other line for free (with the exception of Shinbundang Line, EverLine and U Line, the latter two adding a flat charge of 200 and 300 won respectively). One can also transfer to any Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi-do, or some South Chungcheong Province city buses for free and get discounted fares on the more expensive express buses.

In the case of Shinbundang Line, charges vary depending on the section used. The Sinsa - Gangnam section always charges 500 won, while the Gangnam - Jeongja section or the Jeongja - Gwanggyo section charges 1,000 won when used alone, and 1,400 altogether when used in conjunction with another. In total, the maximum added fee one can be charged is 1,900 won, which can be achieved by using all three sections.

From 1974 until 1985, the subway's fare system was distance-based and Edmondson railway tickets, originally introduced for the Korean railways during Japanese rule, were used for fare validation. In 1985, the fare system changed to a zone-based system and magnetic-stripe paper tickets were introduced to replace the Edmondson system.

In 1996, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway became the first subway system in the world to roll out contactless smart cards, called Upass, for fare validation. These cards were issued up till October 2014, when they were discontinued in favour of the newer T-money cards.

Currently, the fare system is distance-based and accepted payment methods are single-use tickets, transportation cards including T-money and Cash Bee. Transportation cards can also be used on buses, taxis, convenience stores and many other popular retail places. Riders must tap in with a smartphone (KakaoPay and Samsung Pay/Wallet only), contactless-equipped credit or debit cards or other prepaid metro card at the entry gates. Popular methods of payments are using NFC-enabled Android smartphones (topped up or billed to the owner's credit/debit card via the T-money app) or credit or check (debit) cards with built-in RFID technology issued by the bank or card company.

The current single-use ticket is a credit card-sized plastic card with RFID technology, which can be obtained from automated machines in every subway station. A 500 won deposit fee is included in the price, and is refunded when the ticket is returned at any station. Multiple use cards are sold in convenience stores and the functionality is included in many credit/debit cards.

Fares (except for single-use tickets) are currently 1,400 won for a trip up to 10 km (6.2 mi), with 100 won added for each subsequent 5 km (3.1 mi). Once 50 km (31.1 mi) has been passed, 100 won will be added every 8 km (5.0 mi). Single-use ticket users must pay RFID deposit 500 won plus 100 won surcharge to fare.

Half-priced children's tickets are available. The city government also uses Seoul Citypass as a transportation card. Senior citizens and disabled people qualify for free transit and can get a free ticket with a valid ID card or enter with a registered transportation card without having the fare deducted.

International travelers can also use a Metropolitan Pass (MPASS) which provides up to 20 trips per day during the prepaid duration of 1 day to 7 days. Depending on where you purchase the card, the service is limited to the Seoul metropolitan area or Jeju Island and does not work in taxis or certain convenience stores.

Opening 2024

 * Line 8 will be extended by August 2024 north from Amsa station to Byeollae station on the Gyeongchun Line, with a transfer to the Gyeongui-Jungang Line at Guri station. It was originally planned to open in June but got delayed to August.
 * GTX A opened between Dongtan station and Suseo station on 30 March 2024, and will open between Seoul station and Unjeong station by December. The first phase of GTX A Line will ultimately include 11 stations over 83.3 km (51.77 mi), after the section between Seoul station and Suseo station is connected by 2025, and GTX A’s part of Samseong station is opened by 2028.
 * The Seohae Line is set to extend South from Wonsi station to Seohwaseongnamyang Station by December 2024.

Opening 2025

 * The Sinansan Line will open April 2025. The line will start at Yeouido station and split into two branches: one to Hanyang University ERICA Campus station, and one to Songsan station on the Seohae Line. The latter branch will partially share tracks with the Seohae Line and the Gyeonggang Line.
 * The Incheon Subway Line 1 will be extended north in May 2025 by 6.8 km (4.226 mi), from Gyeyang station to Geomdan station, with 3 new stations. Geomdan station is later expected to become a transfer station with the Gimpo Goldline and the Incheon Subway Line 2, for which extensions are in planning.
 * The Wirye Line, another light metro line in southeastern Seoul, will open in September 2025 between Macheon station on Line 5 and will have two branches: one will head to Bokjeong station on Line 8 and Suin-Bundang line, and one at Namwirye station, also a station on Line 8, with 12 stations planned in total. While technically part of the subway system, the Wirye Line will actually be a tramway line.
 * GTX A will open its central section between Seoul station and Suseo station (15.3 km) by November 2025, completing the entire GTX A Line. However, Samseong Station will still be under construction at the time of the opening, and there will be no intermediary stop between Seoul station and Suseo station.

Opening 2026

 * The Dongbuk Line, a light metro line in northeastern Seoul, is scheduled to open in July 2026 with 14 stations between Wangsimni station and Eunhaeng Sageori station.
 * Hagik station, between Songdo station and Inha University station on the Suin–Bundang Line, will open as an in-fill station once the redevelopment of the surrouneding area is completed. This area will feature cultural, commercial, and medical facilities along with new residential areas.
 * Changneung station, between Daegok station and Yeonsinnae station will open as an in-fill station on the GTX A Line, to go along with urban development in the area.

Opening 2027 or later

 * Line 7 will be extended 3 stations northwards to Okjeong station in Yangju by 2027, with a transfer at Tapseok station with the U Line. It is also scheduled to extend from Seongnam station to Cheongna International City station in 2027, with a transfer with AREX.
 * Samseong station will open as an in-fill station on GTX-A, between Seoul station and Suseo station on April 2028. The opening of the GTX-A part of the station was delayed due to the construction delay of the Yeongdongdaero Transfer Complex, a complex that will connect Samseong station of Line 2, Samseong station of GTX-A, GTX-C, and Wirye-Sinsa Line, and Bongeunsa Station on Line 9.
 * Line 9 will be extended 4 stations eastwards from VHS Medical Center station to Saemteo Park station, with a transfer with Godeok station on Line 5 by 2028.
 * The Gyeonggang Line will be extended to the west, from Pangyo station to Wolgot station by 2028. The extension will be 49.6 km long, and partly share tracks with the Sinansan Line. There will be 11 additional stations to the line, including transfers available at Wolgot station (Suin-Bundang Line), Siheung City Hall station (Seohae Line, Sinansan Line), Gwangmyeong Station (Line 1, Sinansan Line), Anyang station (Line 1), Indeogwon station (Line 4, Indeogwon-Dongtan Line). Service may then be further extended further west towards downtown Incheon using the tracks of the Suin-Bundang Line.
 * The Dongtan-Indeogwon Line will open between Dongtan Station and Indeogwon Station by December 2028. The Line will have 17 stops and a length of 38.1 km.

Approved for construction
The following lines have not started construction, but are considered to be approved after their plans and their financing have been finalized. Most of these lines are scheduled to start construction in the next couple of years.

 * The Wirye–Sinsa Line, a light metro line in southeastern Seoul, will open between Sinsa station and Wirye with 11 stations planned.
 * Line 7 will also be further extended 3 stations northwards from Okjeong station in Yangju, currently under construction, to the city of Pocheon, with a terminus at Pocheon station.
 * Line 9 will also be further extended to the East, with 6 new stations across the Han river and northwards from Saemteo Park station to Pungyang station.
 * The Shinbundang Line will be extended north from Sinsa station to Yongsan station, with 3 new stations over 5.3 km. Construction will begin upon the completion of the transfer of ownership of the Yongsan Garrison to the Korean government.
 * The Shinbundang Line will also be extended south from Gwanggyo Jungang station to Homaesil station, with 5 new stations and 11 km of tracks. Construction will begin in 2023.
 * The Seobu Line is a new light metro line, which will have a length of 18 km and go through 16 stations, starting at Gwanaksan station, which is also the last station of the Sillim Line, and then go North-West across the Han River and up to Saejeol station on Line 6. Construction will begin in 2023.
 * GTX B and GTX C have been approved, and will offer new express commuter rail service to complement the existing subway service. GTX C should start construction in 2023, and will go from Suwon Station to Deokjeong Station. Construction of GTX B, which will go from Songdo station to Maseok station, should begin in 2024.

Seoul City
The Seoul Metropolitan government published a ten-year plan for expansion of the subway with the following projects under consideration.

 * Gangbukhoengdan Line, a new line running in an arc north of Seoul between Cheongnyangni station and Mok-dong station with 19 stations planned. The line will provide transfers to Lines 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, AREX, Gyeongui–Jungang, Gyeongchun, Bundang and Ui line.
 * Ui LRT will open a branch line from Solbat Park station to Banghak station on Line 1, the extension will open with 3 stations.
 * Myeonmok Line is a light metro in the northeastern area of Seoul running between Cheongnyangni station and Sinnae station with 12 stations and connections to the Gyeongchun Line and Line 6.
 * Nangok Line is a branch of the light metro Sillim Line in the southwestern area of Seoul running between Nangok-dong and Boramae Park with 5 stations planned.
 * Mok-dong Line is a light metro in southwestern Seoul running between Sinwol-dong and Dangsan station on line 2, with 12 stations planned.
 * Line 4 will start running express services between Danggogae station and Namtaeryeong station.
 * Line 5 will start running shuttle services connecting Gubeundari station on the mainline and Dunchon-dong station on the Macheon Branch.
 * The Sillim Line will be connected to Seobu Line with a track between Seoul National University station (Line 2) and Gwanaksan(Seoul National Univ.).

Incheon City
The Incheon Metropolitan government is working on the Second Incheon Metro Network Construction Plan that inherits the Incheon Metro Network Construction Plan published in 2016. It includes the construction of five new tram lines. The draft is expected to be released in October 2020.

 * Incheon Subway line 3 is planned to be a semi-circular subway line of Incheon. It will intersect Seoul Line 1 at Dowon station and to Incheon Line 1 at Dongmak station.

title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway


text:
Ling

Ling may refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Ling, an ally of James Bond's from the film You Only Live Twice
 * Ling, a fictional character from the Mulan series
 * Ling, a playable character from the mobile game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang
 * Ling Bouvier, a fictional character from The Simpsons
 * Ling Woo, a fictional character from Ally McBeal
 * Ling Xiaoyu, a fictional character from the Tekken series
 * Ling Yao, a character from the manga series Fullmetal Alchemist and its 2009 anime adaptation Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood
 * Bàba, Māma, and Gwen Ling, characters from American Dad!

Fish

 * Atlantic cod, formerly called ling when salted
 * Blue ling (Molva dypterygia)
 * Burbot (Lota lota) or freshwater ling
 * Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)
 * Common ling (Molva molva)
 * Pink cusk-eel (Genypterus blacodes), pink ling or northern ling

Plants

 * Calluna, a flowering plant in the heather family
 * Water caltrop or ling nut

Religion

 * Ling (Chinese religion), the notion of the sacred in Chinese religions
 * Lingam or ling, a representation of the Hindu deity Shiva

Other uses

 * Ling (surname), a surname of various origins
 * County magistrate or xian ling, a government official in imperial China
 * Lings Wood Nature Reserve, or Lings, Northampton, England

title: Ling


text:
Talk:Interstate 71

I-80
While I-71 crosses I-80 there is no interchange between the two so there is no direct way from one highway to the other. StinKerr 09:12, 11 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * This can be addressed when a routebox is added to the article. --Rschen7754 21:30, September 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, there is a direct interchange between I-71 and I-80.

 * I concur. Exit 233 on I-71 is a direct connection to I-80/Ohio Turnpike.  I used the interchange yesterday!  Dforthofer (talk) 13:24, 10 April 2010 (UTC)dforthofer

I-71 reconstruction and widening between Columbus and Cleveland?
Under the History section under the Ohio part, I see no mention of the reconstruction and widening of I-71 (from four lanes to six lanes with three lanes in each direction) between Columbus and Cleveland. The I-71 reconstruction and widening project from Columbus to just north of US 36/Ohio 37 (Exit 131) and from the Richland/Morrow County line to Cleveland has already been completed over the last 15 years. The current I-71 reconstruction and widening project that is going on right now is from just north of US 36/Ohio 37 (Exit 131) to the Richland/Morrow County line. The project was approved by the Ohio Department of Transportation in 1998. OHWiki (talk) 13:20, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

New Section
I noticed earlier that I-71 goes through a short section of Trimble County in Kentucky. Could we have that editing to reflect that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by OhCoolItsChris (talk • contribs) 17:23, 29 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Go for it. –Fredddie™ 00:25, 30 June 2016 (UTC)
 * @Fredddie Got it Cards84664 (talk) 01:09, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

Fossil retrieval during construction
"Scientists scrambled to save a treasure trove of specimens as construction crews dug a path for I-71 through one of the world's richest fossil beds" Is this related directly enough to I-71 for a mention? Mapsax (talk) 17:12, 1 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030219122926/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/techservsite/availpro/Road_%20Infor/SLD/ to http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Techservsite/availpro/Road_%20Infor/SLD/

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Exit Update
I-71, exit 24, in Mason OH has updated.

There is a full interchange; on-off ramps for both northbound and southbound

However, Western Row Road and Kings Island Drive serve northbound; while Western Row Road and Innovative Way serve southbound — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hraines46 (talk • contribs) 01:17, 2 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interstate 71