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Talk:Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins

POV alert
POV alert: this article is mainly about effects and laws in the US. Compare the french article, which is just as guilty (but talks about mainly france). Some cross-pollination is required! -- Tarquin 20:25 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

The article states that dioxin "cannot travel long distances." This statement may have been meant to indicate something about the tendency for bioaccumulation, but as worded, the statement is just wrong. Nothing prevents these compounds from being put on a plane and being flown across the globe, for instance.

Incineration
This section was purely political. I've rewritten it to accurately reflect the tremendous reductions in dioxin emissions from U.S. municipal waste combustors over the past ten years, as demonstrated by the EPA.

Dioxins and Olestra
Supposedly, consumption of olestra can help decrease dioxin levels in the body; however, I do not know if this has been completely confirmed.

Comment: Apparently, the one way to lower one's body burden of dioxin is to lose fat in which the dioxin bio-accumulates.

If Olestra is a fat substitute, and if, as charged, a side-effect of Olestra is diarrhea, that may be the source of claims about Olestra decreasing dioxin levels. For that matter, dieting or a long walk, run, or bike ride would reduce dioxin levels...unless you did the exersises along an exhaust spewing highway.

Wrong....Olestra works because it is a fat. Dioxin is lipophilic. Walking etc would have no affect on dioxin levels.

Actually, excercise or any other mobilization of fat reserves (such as breast feeding) will serve to temporarily increase an individual's circulating dioxin level (as well as any other lipophilic compound) as the fat is moved to the blood stream. Might be a mechanism to increase circulating dioxin concentrations to toxic levels. Jed 06:13, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Two Austrian women poisoned by Dioxin where put on a diet of fat-free Pringles, doctors hypothesized that the indigestible Olestra fat would mop up fat soluble TCDD, but they stopped eating Pringles after a few weeks, proving that eating Pringles for a month is more unpleasant that Chloracne. But a guy in Australia ate Pringles for 2 years and his dioxin levels dropped dramatically. --Diamonddavej (talk) 03:06, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Dioxins in Spolana
I added a note about dioxins in the Spolana chemical plant. I have written that parts of the factory are contaminated since 60's. This was changed to "were contaminated in 60's". I want to be sure that this mean the same: certain parts of the factory are still contaminated even after 40 years. Is it clear? Miraceti 11:39, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have found MOS:TENSE to be very interesting. "were contaminated in 60's" is an event, so past tense. That is the contaminating event. So, they mean different things, but both are correct at the same time. Does that help? Gah4 (talk) 01:49, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

Please, do not use Dioxin Wikipedia page for political claims
Please, misterious story about Mr. Yuschenko poisoning is not a good example for the Dioxin page. There is no consensus about this case, and it have very strong political background. I saw a lot of refutations of this Dioxin poisoning version on Web. Sena 22:57 12 Dec 2004
 * The evidence in favour of dioxin poisoning in that case is now overwhelming. -- FirstPrinciples 03:13, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not really and even if it is NPOV says that we should not go beyond reporting what the doctors said.Geni 02:24, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * There is consensus from independent toxicologists including John Henry; lab tests in Vienna have showed 1000 times the normal dioxin levels in his blood; and the severe chloracne is undeniable. There is little doubt that Yushchenko was somehow poisoned. However, the circumstances surrounding the poisoning (e.g. was it deliberate?) are still unclear. -- FirstPrinciples 03:52, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * FWIW, NPR is carrying the story as "[He] was poisoned", quoting his physicians by name, as of 13 Dec 04. Baylink 04:18, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The blood which was analyzed by "independent" toxicologists was not taken in official way. Mr. Yushchenko poisoning version is not proved officialy, as it should be done to be accepted as a proof in court. AFAIK all necessary procedures (like biopsy) are not done till now! I think current version is not balanced and makes somebody think that poisoning was somehow proved. --Sena 10:07, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Whether the blood taken was analysed by independent toxicologists or not, the fact remains that chloracne is the one human clinical effect universally linked to dioxin exposure. Although there is some environmental exposure to dioxins wherever you are in the world, 10μg is the lowest level which is thought to produce chloracne and this is really not possible purely from environmental levels. People found with these levels in their body have generally have had very high exposure to dioxins (like an industrial accident), something Mr. Yushchenko would probably not have been exposed to. Unfortunately all this probably points to deliberate exposure.

Removed sentence
There is no 'safe level'; exposure to any dose can lead to cancer. This is ridiculous, it implies that a single molecule of dioxin may cause cancer, which is very unlikely and entirely unproven. See hormesis. -- FirstPrinciples 03:20, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

The hormesis article itself states this. It is well known that a single mutation event, whatever its cause (single molecule of carcinogen, single ionised particle) can lead to cancer. It's just highly unlikely, with the chances increasing linearly with dose.

 * I've re-read the hormesis article and it says no such thing. It merely describes the deficient 'linear' model. It is a mistake to assume that the dose response curve is infinitely linear; we are able to cope with a small amount of dioxin via cytochrome p450 and DNA repair mechanisms. -- FirstPrinciples 01:18, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

However it's not really relevant to point this out in the dioxin article, so I'm not restoring it. Dan100 23:30, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Please don't delete relevant and accurate information from the article. (e.g. the hormesis link.) -- FirstPrinciples 01:13, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Actually, even a single molecule can cause cancer. It is not very probable but it may happen.Miraceti 22:45, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Can you supply scientific evidence for this claim, rather than just making an unsupported assertion?-- FirstPrinciples 23:03, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Can you supply scientific evidence for the opposite claim?
 * I don't know how many molecules are needed in order to corrupt RNA and DNA processing in the cell in such a way that the cell will become a cancer cell. But I am afraid, in theoretical case, the single one is more than enough. Prove, that you need at least 2 (or n) molecules. However, this is a quite stupid discussion. I would rather write "the lowest harmless amount of dioxine in a body is very low" or something similar. Miraceti 22:11, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It's simply a matter of logic and common sense. To interpolate that one molecule causes cancer, we would have to possess a technique that could deliver a single molecule of substance to a study subject. We would also have to possess a technique to ensure they had no other molecules of the same type in their body. Also, the study sample would have to be an order of magnitude larger than the population of the earth. You are free to speculate, extrapolate and "theorise" all you want, but you can not say any definitive claim has been made; nor can you say that such an event is even remotely likely.
 * Cancer is a highly multi-factorial disease. It occurs as a combination of genetic predisposition, immune system malfunction, DNA repair failure leading to multiple mutations, and repeated exposure to a significant and varied range of chemicals and radiation. To say that a single molecule of dioxin can cause cancer on its own with no other intervening factors simply denies our current understanding of oncology and biochemistry. (OK... it may happen; but its also true that a man from Mars may land on my lawn tomorrow. That doesn't mean we should attach any credence to either claim, and certainly we should not state them as facts, except with very explicit disclaimers.)
 * The EPA itself has set an absolute safe limit of 20 parts per billion. Below this the risk is irrelevant. If I eat nothing but fatty, relatively dioxin-rich food for the rest of my life, I will still recieve 10,000 times less than the minimum to feel any adverse affect. In fact, the average daily burden of dioxin is 2 parts per quadrillion which is 100,000 times less than the EPA danger limit.
 * So, in conclusion I simply dispute the claim that there is no safe limit. Any given population can go their whole life receiving the normal daily dioxin dose and suffer no ill effects. However, I completely agree that the toxic limit is relatively low, and when the threshold is reached the effects are extremely adverse. -- FirstPrinciples 23:41, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

I agree with FirstPrinciples that while one molecule MAY cause cancer, it is extremely unlikely. Also one thing to consider about any ultra-small dosage of a carcinogen, is that our bodies have self-repair mechanisms for wayward DNA/protein mishaps - this happens constantly to everybody - otherwise we'd all be dead.Joeylawn 23:54, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Experience shows (when experiments are possible) that the linear interpolation do not work for canceriogenes and mutagenes. The statistics are suspect since only shortlived small animals and plants can be experimented with in enough numbers and duration to give god data. Fact remains that epidemological statistics show that there are probably a drop to zero with low but nonzero concentrations. One example with plenty of data is radiation which seems to show that effect is lowest at radiation levels abowe normal background radiation. (One example I like is comparing cancer in Denver Colorado with Miami Florida. Miami very low due to: 1: almost no ground radiation due to chalk ground. 2: low cosmisk radiation due to deep in thick atmosphere. Denver opposite, specially ground because of high levels of uranium in ground. Smoking, drinking and other known risks about the same. Cancer levels much higher in Miami!)

The whole subject hotly debated!!!!Seniorsag (talk) 13:16, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

Well, you can get cancer with zero molecules of TCDD, so it makes sense that you can also get cancer with one. As well as I can tell, though, the connection between TCDD and cancer is not well understood. That is, any connection between amounts and cancer probabilities. Until there is, it doesn't seem useful to make such arbitrary statements about it. Gah4 (talk) 02:01, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

Body Burden?
What is "body burden"? I guess it is some kind of technical term, but is not defined in the article. Can it be either defined or replaced with non-technical language please? Quasicharacter 05:13, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Body burden means the total concentration of a (toxic) substance in the body at a given time. Graufuchs 20:07, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dioxins and birth defects
This article claims that dioxins have no effect on the unborn child, and takes 2,4,5-T (a component of Agent Orange) as an example (the massive use in the Vietnam war). I read that there are MANY birth defects, probably due to the byproducts of the herbicide, which is TCDD. I refer to the Wikipedia page for Agent Orange and two websites about people still having to cope with the effects: http://vietnam-dioxine.org http://vava.portal.vinacomm.com.vn
 * Neither of those sites are in English so they're probably not going to be of much help. -- FP 17:03, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * They are in English as soon as you click the appropriate links...

Hi, I'm not an expert, but in NZ we had some alleged (but highly likely) cases of many birth defects as a result of dioxin poisoning. The govt sprayed gorse using 2,4,5-T containing dioxin and soon after a number of cases of birth defects started popping up, including spina bifida and acephalism (children born without brains). We had 8 quite localised cases in a month; 8 times the national yearly average for these types of birth defects. There was even one street that had 3 cases of acephalism. This is very strong inductive evidence; although it is not scientific evidence.--124.197.33.229 06:52, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

There is a very thourough report published by the National Academies Press on the effects of Agent Orange on US Veterans that includes a huge amount of data. I've not digested it but here it is: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309086167/html/ Jed 06:13, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Sources of Dioxin
When this article menstions "Residential wood burning" it implies that burning wood creates dioxins when in fact it is the burning of trash and treated wood products in fireplaces that creates dioxins.

In actuallity Dioxins can be found in all residue from burning, even a simple non-polluted tree limb. There have been tests conducted on many pottery fragments and earthenware fragments dating back to the era of the fertile crescent that have shown the presence of Dioxins (albeit trace amounts due to half-lifes). Dioxins are one of the key chemical classes focused upon in courses covering toxic substances in the environment, and are some of the oldest poisonous compounds known (even though they were not known as to what they were until modern science). Das Nerd 02:11, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Dioxins can be formed in the low temperature combustion (burning) of organic matter along with chlorine. Thus, in particular, burning plastic trash bags containing polyvinylchloride will produce significant amounts of dioxin. It turns out that even burning trees that have been soaked in salt water (non-organic form of chlorine) can produce measureable amounts of dioxin (Environmental Science and Technology, 2005 I think). So, it does appear to have "natural" (ie non-anthropogenic) sources. However, naturally produced concentrations are likely to be vanishingly small. Dioxin does not have a half-life except as regards to biological alteration (eg bacterial). Jed 06:13, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Plastic trash bags are typically made of some form of polyethylene, not polyvinyl chloride. Polyethylene does not have chlorine in its chemical structure.  H Padleckas 20:37, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Dioxin Debunk
Definitely POV, but I wanted to link to this. I genuinely don't know if it's accurate, but I came to Wiki for more information on its claims, and this article neither debunks nor affirms it:

http://www.junkscience.com/foxnews/fn081800.htm

Dioxin's effect on biological processes
Could someone who knows add more technical information on the effect of dioxin on biological processes? Exactly why is it toxic in a certain dosage? Thanks. Anonymous 23:14, 27 Apr 2006

Well, a discussion of how dioxin affects biological processes cannot occur without introduction of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). What makes dioxin the paradigm in toxicology is that dioxin (2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) is thought to mediate most if not all of its effects through one target in the cell: AhR, a nuclear receptor. "Nuclear" refers to the fact that AhR can move out of the cytoplasm and into the nucleus of the cell to turn on certain genes, most notably the cytochrome P450s.

AhR is a very fascinating protein, and toxicologists can use dioxin to study how the AhR works in living systems. To date, every species of fish and animal studied has some form of the AhR. So it stands to reason that because AhR is so widely conserved across species, that AhR must be extremely important. Indeed, AhR has been shown to participate in the normal development of the major blood vessels in the livers of mice. Other roles for AhR in development and in other natural processes are still be investigated.

So the short answer to your first question (what is the effect of dioxin on biological processes) is that dioxin activates the AhR - dioxin binds to AhR and AhR is then able to move into the nucleus to interact with genes in the nucleus. Thus, Activation of AhR by dioxin turns on certain genes. Many of these "certain genes" encode proteins which are involved in xenobiotic metabolism (the cytochrome P450s). In essence, xenobiotic metabolism is how cells rid themselves of foreign compounds.

The short answer to your second question (why is it toxic in a certain dose range) is that higher doses of dioxin means more molecules of AhR will be activated and this can severly disrupt a cell's normal function by inappropriately turning on genes. Another explanation is that excessive activation of AhR disturbs the normal distribution of ARNT, a protein that partners with the AhR. This imbalance in ARNT can be detrimental to the cell because ARNT interacts with several other proteins which affect gene expression in the cell. Adipocytes 02:49, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

To add to this: it is believed, although still a matter of signficant scientific debate, that some of the principal routes of dioxin toxicity are via various cytochrome p450 (CYP) enzymes. Mouse gene knockout studies have confirmed that AhR is required for dioxin toxicity, but there is conflicting evidence for mice and zebrafish on the specific roles of varous CYP enzymes. One hypothesis is that attempted oxidative metabolism of the dioxin goes awry due to the chlorines sticking into the CYP enzymes incorrectly, resulting in the release of reactive oxygen that in high enough fluxes causes protein, lipid, and DNA oxidation.Jed 06:13, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

More clarification, please
I am completely ignorant on this subject, so could someone who knows please expand the article to answer these questions? First, do dioxins only occur naturally in the environment or are they also manufactured? If they are manufactured, what are they used for? The article as it stands today only seems to address the health effects on people, nothing more. Thanks! --Wspencer11 (talk to me...) 13:39, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Dioxins are not naturally found in the environment, they are a result of unintentional man-made chlorination processes. 2,3,7,8 TCDD has no uses, but Dioxane does.Joeylawn 06:03, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

See above - dioxins can be the result of low temperature burning of plastics, household trash (containing plastics) and even just seawater-soaked logs. Thus, while significant dioxin contamination is the result of human activities, very very low levels of dioxin may have existed as long as there were salty seas and combustable organic matter (ie high enough atmospheric oxygen levels - maybe 550 million years?) Jed 06:13, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Good point, Jed, about possible natural dioxin production. Dioxin seems to be easily formed when burning organic material with chlorinated substances. Joeylawn 22:22, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Chemical structure
In the section "Chemical structure" there is this sentence which confuses me:

"Chlorine atoms are attached to the basic structure at any of 8 different places on the molecule, numbered from 1 to 10."

As I said, this confuses me. The numbers seem to not add up. But, hey, I'm no chemist.

- Misha

216.254.12.114 20:09, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Misha.

 * This is a confusing sentence. I'll reword it.  The numbering of dioxins follows this pattern:

 * [[Image:Dibenzo-p-dioxin-numbering-2D-skeletal.png|200px|The [[skeletal formula]] of dibenzo-p-dioxin, with its numbering scheme annotated]]

 * Ben 22:56, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, thank you, Ben.

 * This is now understandable. The only thing I don't know now is what the white spheres in the graph at the top represent. I'm guessing this is one of those times when it's assumed one understands how to fill in the blanks...

 * -Misha

 * 216.254.12.114 19:46, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Each white circle is a letter O, representing the position of an oxygen atom.

Or do you mean the white spheres in the image below?

Those are hydrogen atoms.

Ben 19:53, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Congeners
The statement that there are 75 cogeners is not referenced. My own count suggests there should be 40. ...

I would like to know where the number 75 comes from. When I googled it, all I found were copies of the wikipedia page.

This is similar to the question voiced above:

"Chlorine atoms are attached to the basic structure at any of 8 different places on the molecule, numbered from 1 to 10."

err... you will not find anyone mentioning a 2,3,5,7,8 - PCDD. Nomad sotnos (talk) 14:59, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

The French version says:

On a identifié 210 types de composés apparentés à la dioxine (appelés « congénères »), dont 17 seulement sont considérés comme ayant une toxicité importante, la 2,3,7,8-TCDD étant la plus toxique[1].

I propose that the number 210 is also incorrect. Unfortunately, the dioxin-cogener page attempts to consider many many different structures. Nomad sotnos (talk) 15:07, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

 * There are 75 congeners of PCDD and 135 congeners of PCDF (210 in total). --Leyo 16:01, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Yes, that would explain the number 210. Do you ahve a reference for these numbers, or an argument or something? I can imagine that I'm wrong, but it does me little good to imagine it... I should see it, eh? Nomad sotnos (talk) 15:47, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * See here or here. --Leyo 06:51, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Thanks, I see it now.Nomad sotnos (talk) 13:50, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Here are a couple of references for numbers of congeners: Poland A, Knutson JC. 1982. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Annual Review of Pharmacology & Toxicology 22:517-554. Safe S. 1990. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). Crit Rev Toxicol 21(1):51-88. 15:07, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Why only animal sources of fat?
Many, many vegetables contain fat, wouldn't dioxins accumulate in them? This smacks of vegan propaganda to me.--Rotten 15:53, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Dioxin, like other fat soluble pollutants, tend to bioaccumulate and biomagnify - that is, they stay in fat and are passed up the food chain as animals eat other animals, with total concentrations increasing up the food chain. Thus, while the ultimate origin of the dioxin in a food chain is with the 'vegetables' (since dietary dioxin usually comes from fish, this mean marine plants), intake concentrations are too low to be significant to most herbivores (unless they're very very large, eat a lot of food, and live a long time). Jed 17:31, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Other dioxins
Are dioxins with fluorine, bromine, or iodine as toxic as the polychlorinated dioxins? Also, is the base compound dibenzo-p-dioxin (C12H8O2, without any halogen atoms) toxic? Polonium 15:22, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD) and dibenzo-p-furans (PBDF) have been studied and found to be as toxic or more toxic than their chlorinated versions. Because of the increased use of brominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants, environmentla PBDD and PBDF concentrations are on the increase, and thus more studies are being done. Fluorinated dioxins are probably less toxic, as they have much faster elimination kinetics (minutes versus days for half-life in mice. However, as fluorinated, and iodinated dioxins aren't present in the environment they've not been studied much. Jed 23:29, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Reversion of the "first line for the layman"
I spent a great deal of time considering this change. Since a citation is still missing from the "cancer" line item under "health effects", the portion stating that dioxin has been shown to cause cancer was patently incorrect (at least it is, insofar as the project is concerned, until a reference is added). Having removed that, and unable to come up with a NPOV way to state both that some people have asserted it causes cancer and that no references for that exist, I was left with Dioxin is the popular name for a family of chemicals released from a wide array of sources. I hope you agree with me that that communicates very little information at all, so I reverted the change wholesale. I would strongly support a good one- or two-sentence summary at the top of the article, but I cannot support this particular one. I hope I have made it clear why. Jouster (  whisper  ) 18:58, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Cancer
Reading the page closely, we have two links that say cancer is NOT a result of human exposure to dioxin, and none saying that it is. Any opposition to changing "health effects" to remove cancer and reword the "cancer in lab animals" statement, using the existing two sources as refs? TBH, I'm terrible with the <ref> tag, so if someone else is reading this and feeling nice.... Jouster (  whisper  ) 19:02, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think I need to read further into some of the specific literature to find a reference. This is still a hotly debated and researched topic - does dioxin cause cancer in humans? The new update of the "Veterans and Agent Orange" NAS report may have something to say on the topic. It's due out shortly, I believe. Jed 03:44, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Someone was nice enough to drop in a <ref>, but it was, again, for lab animals. I edited the line accordingly, for now.  The real problem is, it's pretty darn hard to run a credible, controlled study on something like this in a human population without violating every medical ethics rule in existence.  I guess I'll wait for the report, and go from there.  Jouster  (  whisper  ) 08:21, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Toxicity
This modification changed "Dioxins are carcinogenic in higher amounts" to "Dioxins are carcinogenic at very small concentrations". Since neither one was sourced, and one was the exact opposite of the other, I just removed the statement wholesale. Feel free to re-add with a citation. Jouster (  whisper  ) 20:40, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Added Picutre
I added a better looking TCDD picture drawn with Chem3d. Demantos 17:29, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it's worse. Why remove a skeletal formula.  They're standard - people want skeletal formulae in articles.

 * Ben 23:04, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with Ben. Each chemistry article should at least have a standardized skeletal formula with consistent appearance throughout Wikipedia's chemistry articles.  Guidelines for such can be found at WikiProject Chemistry/Structure drawing.  For additional images such as 3D pictures, etc., I think there can be some flexibility depending what is visually best to represent the compound.  In this case, there is already a good 3D image too.  I'd recommend returning it to the previous state.  --Ed (Edgar181) 23:39, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Intro statement wrong
As currently stated "Dioxin is the common name for the family of halogenated organic compounds, the most common consisting of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs)." Dioxin is the common name for...polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, not furans. This needs to be clarified. Likewise, why is there now a picture of a furan on the dioxin page. That needs to be removed as well. I also think the space filling model needs to be removed from the intro section since that is for a specific compound. Demantos 18:56, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Additionally, all the furan statements should be removed from the opening paragraphs. Furans should have their own page. Demantos 19:09, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll blithely assume you know what the hell you're talking about and heartily endorse this cleanup! Jouster  (  whisper  ) 19:26, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * He does. Furans should have their own page, even though the toxicity, decontamination, etc are essentially the same.Jed 14:27, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Cleaned it up a little. This should make more sense. I will try to find the missing citations later today. Demantos 14:18, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Rename
I wonder, whether this article [entitled "Dioxin" as of Oct. 16, 2007] should be renamed to Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin, and a disambiguation page be created under its current [as of Oct. 16, 2007] name Dioxin, with the following contents:

The name Dioxin can describe several diferent chemical substances:

 * Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (in short PCDD)
 * Polybrominated dibenzodioxin
 * 1,2-Dioxin
 * 1,4-Dioxin
 * Dibenzodioxin
 * 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzodioxin (also known as Sevesodioxin)

What do you think?--77.234.80.83 13:37, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe, but I'm not sure that we need a disambiguation page when only one of the possible substances has an existing article. --Itub 09:26, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * As there is no particular enthusiasm for a disambiguation page I have edited Description, and Chemical structure to include 1,4-Dioxin. Pages will be created for this and for Dibenzodioxin, which is currently redirected to Dioxin without any information of its properties on that page. The redirection will have to be removed. LouisBB 03:56, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe change the article name to Polyhalogenated dibenzodioxin with Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and Polybrominated dibenzodioxin as REDIRECTS going to this article. H Padleckas 21:13, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I do not currently see anything in this article about polybrominated dibenzodioxins, and I doubt they are discussed anywhere else in Wikipedia. Therefore, I think we need not bother making a Polyhalogenated dibenzodioxin article or a Polybrominated dibenzodioxin REDIRECT.  Moving this article to Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin would be good enough.  H Padleckas 06:57, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Both LouisBB and I (H Padleckas) have been working on the introductory section of this article to inform the Wikipedia-reading public that dioxins originally and most correctly still refer to the two compounds with the following structures:

 * and that most if not all "popular" mentions of dioxins are simplifications that should more correctly say polychlorinated dibenzodioxins or something similar. My recommendation is as follows: (1) Move this current article to Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins with appropriate simplification of the introductory section.  (2) Recreate the "Dioxin" article with the current introductory section and a link to the Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins article.  If nobody does this or objects, I might just do this myself in a few days.  H Padleckas 07:18, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I support your proposal, good idea.

 * Ben 15:11, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Happy to agree LouisBB 15:17, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I started working offline on the above-proposed Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins intro section. H Padleckas 21:46, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I just made the move I proposed based on the concurrence of User:Benjah-bmm27 and User:LouisBB. Also as I proposed, I re-created a short Dioxin article from the previous intro section of the former unmoved "Dioxin" article.  The Talk page has been moved too, and this last Section on this Talk page relevant to the re-creation of the Dioxin article included on the latest Talk:Dioxin page.  H Padleckas 01:31, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Since the December 08 Irish pork contamination incident...

 * This comment was misplaced at Talk:Dioxin (chemical) (orginally [Talk:Dioxin] before page move). I have copied it here Power.corrupts (talk) 09:13, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

I've had a look at various sources of information. There is information at the UK's HPA web site here; and at the Food Standards Agency of Ireland website.

It seems to me (as a public health/health protection consultant, but not one with great knowledge specifically about dioxins) that:

 * Dioxin, above certain levels is toxic. As you drop below these levels the toxicity drops, and at low levels it is probably harmless (or, more technically, if it does any harm, it's such a small amount of harm that it's next to impossible to detect or measure it).
 * Dioxins occur naturally as well as industrially.
 * There is a certain level of dioxin in food.
 * Your body can clear dioxin, but only slowly.
 * As long as the amount of dioxin you consume, over a period of time, is less than the amount your body can clear during that period, it is unlikely to be harmful.
 * If you consume more dioxin than your body can clear, and continue to do so, the level of dioxin will gradually build up in your body (at least until you stop consuming dioxin at a greater rate than you can clear it). If you continue to do this for long enough, dioxin levels could start to reach the levels at which it becomes significantly toxic.

For this reason, "safe" levels in food are very low indeed - otherwise people who consume a lot of a contaminated product could start to build up dioxin. But, as long as you don't continue to eat it over a long period of time, it is not dangerous to consume food with dioxin levels that exceed these safety levels by a considerable margin.

I'm not 100% certain that all of the facts above are correct, but I think they're about right. Thinking it through did raise some questions about the toxicodynamics (is that a word? - pharmacodynamics doesn't seem quite right when discussing a toxin) of dioxins. HPA guidance says it has a half-life of years (I don't have it in front of me, something like 4-7 years IIRC). Is it cleared by 1st order kinetics - at a rate proportionate to the concentration of dioxin in the body, as the statement about half life implies? Or is it more like zero-order kinetics, as is the case with alcohol (cleared at a constant rate, regardless of the blood alcohol concentration). Or does it approximate more to first-order dynamics at higher concentrations, and more to zero-order at very low concentrations? --peter_english (talk) 09:50, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * With a controversial and complicated subject its best to stick to consensus reports, and provide a few quality papers that show differing points of view in order to illustrate areas of disagreement & a lack of knowledge. Dioxins remind me of the controversy over Radiation - Linear No Threshold, threshold and hormesis (Vitamin-R). Well anyway, I see Zambon et al. (2007) are claiming that incinerators producing 4.2 fg/m3 Dioxin increase cancer rate, this is ~12,500 times lower than the dioxin levels in tobacco smoke (Muto & Takazawa 1989). Sounds a little suspicious. It illustrates why an article should to stick to consensus reports, as people can select any old paper from any old journal supporting whatever point they like to promote. --Diamonddavej (talk) 02:53, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

New page - List of dioxins
The many types dioxins are quite confusing. I have created the page List of dioxins a a first attempt to provide an overview, also of the toxicity equivalents. Comments please? Power.corrupts (talk) 15:38, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Natural Sources of Dioxins
Two claims are made in this article-

1.) Dioxins are created whenever organic compounds are burnt at low temperatures in the presence of chlorine or chlorine compounds;

2.) Dioxins are persistent in soil.

If both of these are true, we would expect parts of the world where wildfires are common (and have been historically) to have extremely high concentrations of dioxins in the soil, since chlorine salts are present naturally in plant material. Is it true that such parts of the world have high concentrations of dioxins in their soil, and does it cause problems for the flora and fauna living there? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dom.uk.1 (talk • contribs) 19:59, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Italian incident
I'm not sure I buy this paragraph from the article:

 * "In 2007 in Italy thousands of tonnes of foul-smelling refuse are piled up in Naples and its surrounding villages, defacing entire neighbourhoods. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins are found in animals and humans over lethal dose[63].Sources of Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins was identified in refuse and pvc combustion and industrial refuse disposal in uncontrolled industrial waste disposal. In numbers animals and humans was found lethal dose. "

First sentance, so far so good. Second sentance, not so good. It is completely false. After reading the link in [63], all I can deduce is that higher than acceptable levels were found in animal by-products, but not in the animals themselves or in humans. The third sentance isn't sourced, and judging by it's grammatical construction, seems to be fabricated from thin air. The article even goes on to mention that there's been no scientific evidence to link the two events. The fourth sentance sounds equally made-up. Heck, what it's suggesting isn't even possible- that lethal (ie, enough to kill you) doses were found in animals and humans (when nothing died or was even tested). I'll leave it in for a while in case someone honestly meant to add this, but had a really loose grip of the English language (and better sources). Lime in the Coconut  19:50, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Joined up thinking
I'm looking over all the articles relating to dioxin, and it's a bit of a mess at the moment. This article for instance is entitled polychlorinated dibenzodioxins(PCDDs) yet contains information relating to "dioxin" contamination incidents where often the contribution to the overall level of dioxin toxicity from PCDDs is very low, relative to the toxic contribution from furans or PCBs, even more so in terms of absolute concentration of congeners, mostly relating to the Irish incident, and the Belgian incident here, but many other occasions.

I think it's wrong to include the broad discussion of "dioxin" as a toxic class of chemicals including PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs under such a specific and in some cases inappropriate heading.

I would recommend moving this sort of information to the article dioxin and dioxin-like compounds and linking from there to this article for specific chemical and physical properties etc, as with other chemistry articles.

Arthurbagwaste (talk) 15:37, 8 September 2010 (UTC)
 * There is an article called Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. You might be interested in this discussion. --Leyo 16:41, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree entirely with your approach, and also that the chemical monomer 1,2-dioxin is of much less importance to readers than the toxic TCDD, TCDF and PCBs. IMO wikipedia is currently NEXT TO USELESS as a reference source for the study of the toxicity of dioxin-like compounds. Arthurbagwaste (talk) 13:13, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

 * This is unfortunate, because my only interest in dioxin-like compounds is their toxicity. For example, my mother constantly implores me to remove every shred of plastic from food before I microwave it, lest I expose myself to dire risks of poisoning. I regard this in the same class of seriousness as getting cancer from overhead power lines.

 * At one point, I had hoped that Wikipedia could be a reference for readers looking for information on toxicity of our food supply, commonly used insecticides, secondhand smoke and so on. Not that WP could settle controversies, but that it could summarize both sides and point readers to sources. Then we could make up our own minds. --Uncle Ed (talk) 18:23, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

 * As far as PCDDs and PCDFs go, their only relevance is as toxins, they have no other use and are produced only as the unintended side-products of combustion and other processes. Incidentally it is unlikely that you would ingest any dioxin-like compounds by microwaving plastics, the compounds released in that process would be more likely to be phthalates and bisphenol A for example FYI.

Arthurbagwaste (talk) 14:03, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Clone
http://wikidraft.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins looks like a not correct licensed copy. --Itu (talk) 03:30, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

Cleanup: redundance on dioxins
There are now several articles on dioxins, mechanisms are mostly under 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, general features of the group as well as toxic equivalence factors under dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, and there is a short article on polychlorinated dibenzofurans. It would be easier to the readers to concentrate the specific material under 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, and material relevant to all compounds of the group under dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. There could be a short description of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, similar to that of polychlorinated dibenzofurans.Viinamakelainen (talk) 19:29, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * See also two threads above and here. BTW: In de.wikipedia, the relevant article is on PCDD and PCDF together. --Leyo 20:37, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Several problems in this article on PCDDs
 * It is not clear which data are specific for PCDDs and which apply for all dioxin-like compounds
 * Both in sources and in effects, major and trivial sources and effects are not clearly indicated
 * There is a misunderstanding of the tolerable intakes of breast-fed children. Tolerable daily intake 1-4 pg/kg/day is set such that in a future mother the body burden of dioxins will not increase to a level that would be harmful to the child either during pregnancy or during breast-feeding. In other words, TDI is not set for adults for their own sake but for the child (see WHO Consultation and Assessment, Food Additives and Contaminants 17 (2000) 223-240).
 * As correctly stated, the main source of dioxins is food. There exists no good evidence that inhalation near incinerators or other point sources would be important. The case-control study refered (Zamben et al 2007) on soft-tissue sarcoma is dubious, because dioxins were not measured. Exposure was only based on the assumption that distance from industrial plants correlates with exposure. Food is not usually local, and therefore this assumption is very weak and the conclusions shaky. There are studies actually measuring dioxins, and within the range of present dioxin concentrations there were less sarcomas when the concentrations were higher (Tuomisto et al. Int J Cancer 108 (2004) 893-900). As also indicated by animal studies, cancer may be a high-dose risk. This was also concluded by the WHO Consultation group concluding that developmental risks are more important, and cancer is taken care of adequately, if TDI is based on developmental risks.
 * The chapter "Health effects in humans" fails to tell the reader which health effects might be plausible at present low intake levels or moderately increased levels, and which are only based on severe accidents or poisonings or decades of high occupational exposures leading to hundredfold body burdens as compared with the present very low levels in populations. As stated above, developmental effects may be the only risk to be worried about.
 * Health effects in animals is better in the article on 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Most animal data concerns TCDD anyway, there is little on other PCDDs.
 * The recent German dioxin episode seems to be dioxin and not PCB episode contrary to the Belgian catastrophe in 1999. Compared with the Belgian case the concentrations in Germany seem to have been very modest, two to fivefold in only a few eggs of hundreds measured, and up to twofold in meat, again in just individual samples of hundreds measured (http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/dioxin_germany_information_note_en.pdf). Because environmental samples are much cleaner now than before the Belgian case, these concentrations would have been "normal" in 1990s. This means that it is a question of discipline and law enforcement, i.e. rules that exist must be obeyed, but it is not a health problem. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.167.195.60 (talk) 17:00, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Something should be done

The more I read this article, the more obvious is its patchy character. It contains material that really concerns TCDD and should be in the article 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. Further it contains material that is common to all dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, and should be there. Scientifically this chapter is not very coherent, some points are well documented, some are at public media level. Probably some material should be moved to the above-mentioned articles, and only stuff relevant to PCDDs specifically should be here (compare Polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Viinamakelainen (talk) 15:19, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Spolana 2,4,5-T sales to the US
The article mentions "Spolana stopped manufacture of 2,4,5-T (most of which was supplied to the US military in Vietnam)." While I don't doubt the manufacture of 2,4,5-T at Spolana and it's subsequent contamination, I find the claim that the US was purchasing 2,4,5,-T from a Soviet block country in the 1960's to use against the Soviet-supported North Vietnamese very suspect. The reference (which seems to be only a blog entry anyway) does mention Vietnam, but I am unable to read the entire reference as it is in Czech. Can anyone provide any insight into this claim? 24.121.33.200 (talk) 03:58, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

"1,4-dioxin" is wrong!! The proper name is 1,4-dioxane.
"1,4-dioxin" (actually, 1,4-dioxane) should not be linked to this page. It is a completely different chemical!

Deana Crumbling, M.S. USEPA crumbling.deana@epa.gov — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.67.29.5 (talk) 13:13, 12 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The chemical nomenclature of these compounds is being used properly in this article. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins are derivatives of 1,4-dioxin, not 1,4-dioxane.  Dioxanes do not have the double bonds that dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzodioxin derivatives have.  -- Ed (Edgar181) 13:20, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

Agent Orange
I've edited this section a little. All of the information was duplicated in Agent Orange, and the section did not make it clear that the actual herbicides are not dioxins themselves, and the concern was dioxin contamination as a result of the manufacture process. -- Will-h (talk) 12:02, 23 November 2014 (UTC)

Relative toxicity
The article mentions toxicity as a contaminant of 2,4,5-T, but not the fact that 2,4,5-T is also toxic. Seems to me, that would also be important. Gah4 (talk) 02:05, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins


text:
Mountain zebra

The mountain zebra (Equus zebra) is a zebra species in the family Equidae, native to southwestern Africa. There are two subspecies, the Cape mountain zebra (E. z. zebra) found in South Africa and Hartmann's mountain zebra (E. z. hartmannae) found in south-western Angola and Namibia.

Taxonomy
The mountain zebra comprises two subspecies:

In 2004, C. P. Groves and C. H. Bell investigated the taxonomy of the zebras (genus Equus, subgenus Hippotigris). They concluded that the Cape [sic] mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) and Hartmann's mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae) are distinct, and suggested that the two would be better classified as separate species, Equus zebra and Equus hartmannae.

However, in a sexual genetic study that included 295 mountain zebra specimens, Moodley and Harley (2005) found nothing to support the separation of the two mountain zebra populations into separate species. They concluded that the Cape mountain zebra and Hartmann's mountain zebra should remain as subspecies.

This is consistent with the third edition of Mammal Species of the World (2005), which lists the mountain zebra as a single species (Equus zebra) with two subspecies.

Appearance
The mountain zebra has a dewlap, which is more conspicuous in E. z. zebra than in E. z.  hartmannae. Like all extant zebras, mountain zebras are boldly striped in black or dark brown, and no two individuals look exactly alike. The whole body is striped except for the belly. In the Cape mountain zebra, the ground colour is effectively white, but the ground colour in Hartmann's zebra is slightly buff.

Adult mountain zebras have a head-and-body length of 2.1 to 2.6 m and a tail of 40 to 55 cm long. Wither height ranges from 1.16 to 1.5 m. They weigh from 204 to 372 kg.

Groves and Bell found that Cape mountain zebras exhibit sexual dimorphism, females being larger than males, whereas Hartmann's mountain zebras do not. Hartmann's zebra is on average slightly larger than the Cape mountain zebra.

Habitat
Mountain zebras are found on mountain slopes, open grasslands, woodlands, and areas with sufficient vegetation, but their preferred habitat is mountainous terrain, especially escarpment with a diversity of grass species.

Ecology
Mountain zebras live in hot, dry, rocky, mountainous and hilly habitats. They prefer slopes and plateaus as high as 2000 m above sea level, although they do migrate lower during winter. Their preferred diet is tufted grass, but in times of shortage, they browse, eating bark, twigs, leaves, buds, fruit, and roots.

They drink every day. When no surface water is available due to drought, they commonly dig for ground water in dry river beds.

The Cape mountain zebra and Hartmann's mountain zebra are now allopatric, meaning that their present ranges do not overlap, which prevents them from crossbreeding. This was not always so, and the current situation is a result of their populations being fragmented when hunters exterminated them throughout the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Historically, mountain zebras could be found across the entire length of the escarpments along the west coast of southern Africa and in the fold mountain region in the south. However, they generally inhabited poorly productive land and were nowhere really numerous in comparison to those species of zebras or antelope that inhabited the plains, for example.

Behavior and life cycle
Mountain zebras do not aggregate into large herds like plains zebras; they form small family groups consisting of a single stallion and one to five mares, together with their recent offspring. Bachelor males live in separate groups, and mature bachelors attempt to capture young mares to establish a harem. In this they are opposed by the dominant stallion of the group.

Mares give birth to one foal at a time, for about 3 years baby foals gets weaned onto solid forage. Cape mountain zebra foals generally move away from their maternal herds sometime between the ages of 13 and 37 months. However, with Hartmann's mountain zebra, mares try to expel their foals when they are aged around 14 to 16 months. Young males may wander alone for a while before joining a bachelor group, while females are either taken into another breeding herd or are joined by a bachelor male to form a new breeding herd.

Threats
The main threats to the species are the loss of habitat to agriculture, hunting, and persecution. Poaching for food (for example, during guerrilla fighting) has decreased their numbers.

Conservation
The species is listed as vulnerable under the IUCN Red List and both sub-species are included in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The Cape mountain zebra was hunted to near extinction. In the 1930s, their population was reduced to about 100 individuals. However, consistent and vigorous conservation measures have succeeded in reversing the decline, and in 1998, the population of the Cape mountain zebra was estimated to have increased to some 1200, about 540 in national parks, 490 in provincial nature reserves, and 165 in other reserves. However, the population has increased to about over 2,700 in the wild due to conservation efforts.

Though both mountain zebra subspecies are currently protected in national parks, they are still threatened. The European Zoos Endangered Species Program and co-operative management of zoo populations worldwide have been set up for them.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mountain zebra


text:
Major League Lacrosse All-Star Game

Major League Lacrosse All-Star Game is the all-star game of the MLL.

2001
The inaugural 2001 All-Star Game, was titled the Major League Lacrosse LacrosseStar Game. From 2001–2003, the All-Star Game had the National Division playing the American Division. It did not schedule an All-Star Game in 2004.

2005
The 2005 game took place in Denver, Colorado on Saturday, July 2, 2005. The format for the 2005 game was "Old School" vs. "Young Guns". The rosters were determined by both fan and MLL team voting. Team "Old School" was composed of players who began their MLL careers in the league’s inaugural 2001 season. Members of the "Young Guns" team began their playing careers in 2002 through the present.

2006

The 2006 Major League Lacrosse All-Star game took place on July 6, 2006 at Boston University’s Nickerson Field. The MLL and US Lacrosse partnered to create the format for this All-Star game, pitting the MLL All-Stars against the United States National Team. The game was a final tune-up for the U.S. Team before they played in the 2006 World Lacrosse Championship.

2007
The 2007 game was played on July 8 in Boston for the second year in row, but this time at Harvard Stadium and was the Western Conference All-Stars against the Eastern Conference All-Stars.

2008
The 2008 game was played in Denver, Colorado, in front of 10,124 people, with the Western Conference defeating the Eastern Conference 31–15, setting a league record for most points scored by an all-star team. Game MVP Ryan Powell scored a record six goals, and also had one assist.

2009
The 2009 game used the "Young Guns vs Old School" format. The "Young Guns" squad was composed of players from the 2007–2009 classes, while the "Old School" squad was made up by those players from the classes prior to and including 2006.

2010
The 2010 game switched it up from their past years teams by having the national lacrosse team, Team USA vs. MLL All-Stars.

2011
The 2011 game, the teams were selected by a pair of honorary captains, who earned the privilege after winning the "Ultimate MLL Fan Fantasy" Contest. "Team Warrior" by Nathan Solomon, a 14-year-old Chesapeake Bayhawks fan from Alpharetta, Georgia and "Team Authority" by Michael Hatala, a 13-year-old Long Island Lizards fan of Glen Cove, New York, selected the teams on the Friday night before the game.

2012
For the 2012 game, MLL returned to the Young Guns vs. Old School teams as in years past.

2013
The 2013 game featured new team names: Team Supernova vs. Team Eclipse.

2016
The 2016 game featured two new team names: Team Riptide vs. Team Rolling Thunder. With only 4,217 fans attending, it was the lowest attendance for a MLL All-Star Game.

2019
The 2019 All-Star Game, the 19th addition, players were voted into the contest by MLL fans and then drafted into teams called Fire and Ice. Team captains were Rob Pannell with B.J. O'Hara as the coach (Fire) and Lyle Thompson with Bill Warder as the coach (Ice). The game took place on Saturday July 27 at Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis, Maryland. Team Ice won by a sudden victory overtime goal by 21-year-old rookie Brendan Sunday 16–15. Even though Team Fire was defeated, Dylan Molloy of Fire earned the MVP honors with a check for $10,000 from sponsor New Balance. Molloy had 5 goals, 1 assist and 6 points.

title: Major League Lacrosse All-Star Game


text:
Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham

Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham, (13 September 1799 – 19 September 1841) was a British businessman, politician, diplomat and the first Governor General of the united Province of Canada.

Early life, family, education
Born at Waverley Abbey House, near Farnham, Surrey, Thomson was the son of John Buncombe Poulett Thomson, a London merchant, by his wife Charlotte, daughter of John Jacob. His father was the head of J. Thomson, T. Bonar and Company, a successful trading firm that had dealings with Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, and was a principal merchant house in the Russian–Baltic trade.

After attending private schools until age 16, Thomson entered the family firm at Saint Petersburg. In 1817 he came home due to poor health, and embarked on a prolonged tour of Southern Europe. He returned to Russia in 1821 and over the next three years travelled extensively in Eastern Europe. He established permanent residence in London in 1824 but frequently visited the Continent, especially Paris.

Political career
Thomson was returned to the House of Commons as MP for Dover in 1826. In 1830 he joined Earl Grey's government as Vice-President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy, an office he held until 1834. In November 1831 Thomson accompanied Lord Durham to Paris to negotiate a new commercial treaty with July Monarchy France, but the project was not accomplished. He was then President of the Board of Trade under Lord Melbourne in 1834 and succeeded Lord Auckland as president, and again between 1835 and 1839. A free-trader and an expert in financial matters, he was elected MP for Manchester in 1832, a seat which he held until 1839. He was continuously occupied with negotiations affecting international commerce until 1839, when he accepted the Governorship of Canada. After his appointment as a governor general of British North America, he persuaded the legislature of Upper Canada to consent to a union with Lower Canada, and framed the constitution of the united province. In 1832 he organised a special statistical department at the board of trade, and in 1837 instituted the school of design at Somerset House, in accordance with the recommendation of a select committee of the House of Commons made in 1835.

Governor General of Canada
Sydenham succeeded Lord Durham as Governor General of Canada in 1839. He was responsible for implementing the Union Act in 1840, uniting Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Province of Canada, and moving the seat of government to Kingston. Upper Canadians were given a choice in the matter of union, which they accepted; Lower Canada had no say, and as a result, many French Canadians were opposed to both the union and Sydenham himself.

Later that year, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Sydenham, of Sydenham in the County of Kent and of Toronto in Canada and was appointed knight grand cross of the Order of the Bath.

Sydenham was just as anti-French as Lord Durham had been, and he encouraged British immigration to make the French Canadian population less significant. French Canadians referred to him as le poulet, "the chicken". Realising he had almost no support in Lower Canada (at this time Canada East), he reorganised electoral ridings to give the Anglo-Canadian population more votes, and in areas where that was infeasible, he allowed English mobs to beat up French candidates. Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine was one such candidate who suffered from Sydenham's influence; Lafontaine eventually left Canada East to work with Robert Baldwin in creating a fairer union for both sides. The new constitution, after being carried through the colonial parliaments and ratified by the House of Commons, came into force on 10 February 1841. It led ultimately to the great confederation of 1867. In addition to this measure he carried another for local government, and he set on foot improvements in the matters of emigration, education, and public works. Charles Greville, in his Memoirs wrote about Thomson: In spite of his vanity he had many admirable qualities: tact, judgment, and prudence, firmness and decision, indefatigable and well-ordered application, and, above all, a disinterested devotion to the service of his country.

Sydenham also settled the Protestant land dispute over the clergy reserves in Upper Canada (at this time Canada West), which the Family Compact had interpreted to refer only to the Anglican Church. Sydenham convinced the legislators to pass an Act whereby half of the land set aside for Protestant churches would be shared between Anglicans and Presbyterians, and the other half would be shared between the other Protestant denominations.

Sydenham wanted to make Canada more financially independent, so that there would less danger of annexation by the United States. He had been working on this policy throughout the 1830s, when he was President of the Board of Trade in Britain, though he had little time to implement any economic reforms once he had arrived in Canada.

Death
After less than two years as Governor General, Sydenham died in 1841, at age 42. He had been described as sickly and an autopsy revealed severe gout. Shortly before his death, he had resigned his position and was due to return to England within weeks. However, on 4 September, Sydenham was "riding a spirited horse near Parliament House, but could not, for a long time, get the animal to pass that building. After a severe application of spur and whip, however, the horse proceeded, but immediately after, put his foot upon a large stone ... not being able to recover, fell and dragged his rider with him, fracturing the leg, and lacerating it above the knee." This apparently led to a deadly infection. For fifteen days, Sydenham was described as suffering extreme pain, then died the morning of 19 September 1841. As he was unmarried, his peerage became extinct. He was buried at Kingston, in the crypt of St George's Cathedral.

Owen Sound
Soon after its founding, the present-day city of Owen Sound, Ontario, was named Sydenham in 1842 in honour of the recently deceased Governor of Canada; in 1856, the community became a town and was renamed Owen Sound after the adjacent body of water. Sydenham is the name of the principal river that runs through Owen Sound. Sydenham was also the name of the former Township of Sydenham, which bordered Owen Sound to the east, and in 2001 amalgamated into the municipality of Meaford, Ontario. Sydenham Community School is in Owen Sound. For more than half a century, Owen Sound's main street was called Poulett Street; in 1909, the community's street names were renumbered on the New York City model, and Poulett Street became 2nd Avenue East.

Kingston
Sydenham Public School in Kingston, Ontario, which has operated as an educational facility since its construction in 1853 as the Kingston County Grammar School, was renamed in the 1890s in memory of Lord Sydenham. It is in downtown Kingston, and is an Ontario-designated heritage building.

Sydenham High School, Ontario, a regional high school, is in the village of Sydenham, Frontenac County, Ontario, northwest of Kingston.

Sydenham Street, in downtown Kingston, runs north-south, and is a two-section street. Its southern section runs from West Street to Brock Street. Its northern section runs from Princess Street to Raglan Road. The two sections are separated by a block of buildings between Brock and Princess Streets.

Sydenham Road, also in Kingston, runs from outer Princess Street northwards to Highway 401 and beyond, to the village of Sydenham.

Sydenham Ward, a municipal electoral district in Kingston, is one of twelve such districts in the city, and this designation has been used in Kingston municipal politics since the 1840s, albeit with its boundaries modified several times over the ensuing years.

The Old Sydenham Heritage Conservation District, in the southeastern sector of Downtown Kingston, was formally designated by the city council on 24 March 2015.

Rest of Ontario
Sydenham Street in Simcoe, Ontario, is named in his honour.

Sydenham Street in London, Ontario, which runs between Wellington and Talbot Streets, north of Oxford Street, is also named after him.

Dixie was once named Sydenham.

Memoirs
His memoirs were published by his brother, G. J. Poulett Scrope, in 1844.


text: Talk:Anchorage Municipality, Alaska

title: Talk:Anchorage Municipality, Alaska


text:
Riverdale, Bronx

Riverdale is a residential neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the New York City borough of the Bronx. Riverdale, which had a population of 47,850 as of the 2000 United States Census, contains the city's northernmost point at the College of Mount Saint Vincent. Riverdale's boundaries are disputed, but it is commonly agreed to be bordered by Yonkers to the north, Van Cortlandt Park and Broadway to the east, the Kingsbridge neighborhood to the southeast, either the Harlem River or the Spuyten Duyvil neighborhood to the south, and the Hudson River to the west. Riverdale Avenue is the primary north–south thoroughfare through Riverdale.

The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community District 8, and its ZIP Codes include 10463 and 10471. The area is patrolled by the 50th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

History
Legend states that in 1664, Anthony Van Corlaer (later determined to be a fictional character) died while attempting to swim across the Harlem River from nearby Spuyten Duyvil. In the legend, a witness to Van Corlaer's death stated that "the devil" in the shape of a giant fish swam up and proceeded to "seize the sturdy Anthony by the leg and drag him beneath the waves." This fictional account may be a reference to the earliest recorded shark attack in the New World. In the late 17th century, Frederick Philipse, the lord of Philipse Manor in Westchester County, received permission to construct a bridge across Spuyten Duyvil Creek and charge tolls. "King's Bridge", located roughly south of and parallel to where West 230th Street lies today, opened in 1693.

Early in its residential development, Riverdale was a 19th-century estate district where many of Manhattan's moguls built their country estates; for example, in northern Riverdale, what is now Fieldston was part of the estate of Major Joseph Delafield, who purchased 250 acre in 1829, and named it after his family's estate in England. At the turn of the century, the new popularity of railroad commutes enabled wealthy businessmen to make Riverdale their year-round residence. Fieldston, owned by a private association, is a particularly intact example of a turn-of-the-century upper-class suburb. The Hudson Hill neighborhood retains many historic mansions. Riverdale's elite private schools and historic churches also reflect this past. Development of the neighborhood began in the latter half of the 19th century once the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad came through. The tracks originally crossed Spuyten Duyvil Creek and into Manhattan on the west side, but Cornelius Vanderbilt wanted to consolidate his railroad operations into one terminal. He had tracks laid along the north side of the Harlem River so that trains coming south from Albany could join with the Harlem and New Haven lines and come into Manhattan down the Park Avenue main line, along modern-day Park Avenue, into his new Grand Central Depot. This is the route still used by the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line.

The Delafield family laid out lots in Fieldston in 1909 – the year after the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (present-day ) was extended to Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street, intending to develop the land, which at first was called "Delafield Woods". Rather than use a grid plan, civil engineer Albert E. Wheeler, following the suggestions made by Frederick Law Olmsted and James R. Croes in 1876, designed a street plan which followed the contours of the land and preserved as much of the wooded areas as possible. The first house was begun in 1910 and finished in 1911; by the beginning of the 21st century, Fieldston, a privately owned community, was one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in New York City. Leland Weintraub, the commissioner who moved for the district's creation, noted that "most of the features commonly associated with the American romantic suburb of the mid-19th century", including "a picturesque site, landscaping and architecture; connection to the city by accessible transportation and a layout adapted to the topography" are present in the area.

In 1928, Genevieve Ludlow Griscom, who was a member of a small religious group called the Outer Court of the Order of the Living Christ, built a 15000 sqft mansion at 360 West 253rd Street – also addressed as 5200 Longview Place – for the express purpose of housing Jesus Christ when the Second Coming occurred. After being derelict for a number of years under successive owners, the mansion was bought in 1987 by entrepreneur Jerry Galuten, who renovated it into an even more opulent 17 room home. After being on- and off-the market for eight years, with an asking price as high as $15 million, the house sold in January 2017 for $6.25 million.

As the 20th century progressed, upscale apartment buildings and smaller houses were added to the neighborhood. To this day, Riverdale continues to maintain its character as an affluent enclave in the city of New York. The rich history of Riverdale has led to the creation of the Riverdale Historic District.

In May 2009, the FBI ran a sting operation to prevent a bombing plot in which two Riverdale synagogues were the suggested targets. This followed a Molotov cocktail attack in 2000 on a different Riverdale synagogue and the 1989 firebombing of the Riverdale Press.

On July 26, 2010, the National Weather Service confirmed that an EF1 tornado had hit Riverdale the day before. There were no fatalities, but seven people were injured.

On December 1, 2013, a train derailment near Spuyten Duyvil station resulted in four deaths and over 70 injuries, of which 11 were critical.

Geography
Riverdale covers about 3 mi2 in area. It has one of the highest elevations in New York City, affording it views of the Empire State Building, George Washington Bridge, Hudson River and New Jersey Palisades. It is also noted for the numerous parks and expanses of greenery and original forest that complement its hilly landscape. The neighborhood is bordered on the north by the city of Yonkers in Westchester County, and on the west by the Hudson River, but its eastern and southern boundaries are frequently disputed. The AIA Guide to New York City gives Broadway as the eastern boundary, and the Harlem River as the southern. There are several long-debated subsections of Riverdale:

 * Central Riverdale (the "downtown" area of Riverdale – from Manhattan College Parkway to West 232nd Street and from the Henry Hudson Parkway to Riverdale Avenue and Waldo Avenue)
 * Fieldston (Riverdale south of West 250th Street, east of the Henry Hudson Parkway, north of Manhattan College Parkway, and west of Tibbett Avenue)
 * Hudson Hill (Riverdale above West 246th Street and west of Henry Hudson Parkway)
 * North Riverdale (Riverdale above West 254th Street and west of Fieldston Road)
 * Mosholu (Riverdale East of Fieldston Road and above West 254th Street, includes Spencer Ave, Huxley Rd, Post Rd, and Broadway)
 * Spuyten Duyvil / South Riverdale (the southernmost section of Riverdale, below West 232nd Street or West 239th Street by some definitions. Also included is the business, commercial and shopping district located at West 231st Street and Broadway)
 * Villanova Heights (a sub-division bounded by Fieldston Road on the east, 250th Street on the south, and the Henry Hudson Parkway on the west and north)

The leafy, scenic enclave of Fieldston was designated a historic district by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2006. There is also a 15-acre Riverdale Historic District in the northwest of the neighborhood, designated in 1990.

Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Riverdale was 27,860, a change of −153 (−0.5%) from the 28,013 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1139.68 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 24.4 PD/acre.

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 67.5% (18,794) White, 7.7% (2,136) African American, 0.1% (26) Native American, 5.3% (1,468) Asian, 0% (4) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (91) from other races, and 1.6% (446) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.6% (4,895) of the population. The neighborhood has a substantial Jewish presence. In 2003, a majority of the Jewish population in the Bronx lived in Riverdale.

The entirety of Community District 8, which comprises Riverdale, Fieldston, and Kingsbridge, had 102,927 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 80.9 years. This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 20% are between the ages of between 0–17, 28% between 25–44, and 25% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 18% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 8 was $53,986. In 2018, an estimated 15% of Riverdale residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 52% in Riverdale, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Riverdale is considered high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Housing
Riverdale is home to the modernist landmark Saul Victor house, designed by Ferdinand Gottlieb in 1967. Other famous mansions in the Hudson Hill neighborhood include: Greyston (1864), Alderbrook (1880), Stonehurst (1861) and Oaklawn (1863). Since 2005, Central Riverdale has experienced a building boom with the addition of many mid- and high-rise condominium buildings. With a median residence value of $579,196 as of 2013, Riverdale is one of the most expensive neighborhoods in New York City and is considered one of the most sought-after residential neighborhoods.

Before the wider development of Riverdale, housing consisted of large, architecturally distinguished mansions built in the early 20th century, mostly in Georgian- and Tudor-revival styles, which recall scenes of "rural Connecticut" rather than the city. These are mostly concentrated in the Fieldston section of Riverdale, known as the estate area. In addition, more affordable pre-war buildings and smaller houses are scattered throughout Riverdale. The 1950s saw the construction of many low-rise (six-story) brick buildings. By the early to mid-1960s, a number of larger brick towers (10–20 stories) started popping up. Many of these full-service buildings featuring doormen were designed by architect Philip Birnbaum, who designed more thn 300 buildings in the city, including Skyview, the Windsors and the Whitehall in Riverdale.

In 1974, a large, fortress-like residential compound and school was established in North Riverdale by the Permanent Mission of the USSR to the United Nations (now the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN) to house diplomats and their families. The 20-story building was constructed from the top down, with the upper floors built first.

By the 1980s, most of the apartment buildings that were owned by single landlords and rented, were converted into cooperatives. Unlike most of the Bronx, Riverdale is mostly owner-occupied housing. Spuyten Duyvil has the greatest concentration of high rises in Riverdale with the Century, 555 Kappock, and Winston Churchill next to one another. Since 2005, Central Riverdale has experienced a building boom with the addition of many mid- and high-rise condominium buildings that contrast with the older brick style.

Arbor
In August 2008, Columbia University purchased an almost-completed apartment building near Henry Hudson Parkway for use as faculty housing. This building would go on to be named the Arbor. The Arbor is located at 3260 Henry Hudson Parkway, at the corner of West 235th Street. It houses Columbia students who take classes at the CUIMC, Morningside, or Manhattanville campuses. Students sign one-year leases for apartments that have between one and three bedrooms.

The Arbor Shuttle operates between Morningside, CUIMC, and the Arbor, using cutaway vans. It is billed as the main means of transport between the Arbor and Morningside, but it only operates on weekdays on an hourly schedule. The shuttle formerly also served the 231st Street station, but has since been cut back to only serve the Arbor.

Media
A Pulitzer-Prize-winning weekly newspaper, the Riverdale Press brings news of interest to residents of the neighborhood.

Political representation
In the United States House of Representatives, Riverdale is located within New York's 15th congressional district, which is represented by Democrat Ritchie Torres. Riverdale is part of 34th district of the New York State Senate, represented by Democrat Alessandra Biaggi, and the 81st Assembly district, represented by Democrat Jeffrey Dinowitz. In the New York City Council, Riverdale is part of District 11, represented by Democrat Eric Dinowitz.

Police and crime
Riverdale is patrolled by the 50th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 3450 Kingsbridge Avenue. The 50th Precinct ranked 13th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 40 per 100,000 people, Riverdale's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 225 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole. Riverdale is known for having some of the lowest crime rates in New York City.

The 50th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 69.9% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported three murders, 22 rapes, 185 robberies, 213 felony assaults, 126 burglaries, 695 grand larcenies, and 288 grand larcenies auto in 2022.

Fire safety
Riverdale contains a New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire station, Engine Co. 52/Ladder Co. 52, at 4550 Henry Hudson Parkway East. Engine Co. 52/Ladder Co. 52 is the only firehouse in Riverdale and the northernmost fire station operated by the FDNY.

Health
, preterm births are slightly more common in Riverdale than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Riverdale, there were 89 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 13.1 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Riverdale has a relatively average population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 16%, higher than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Riverdale is 0.0075 mg/m3, more than the city average. Ten percent of Riverdale residents are smokers, which is lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Riverdale, 24% of residents are obese, 12% are diabetic, and 28% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 21% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-six percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 83% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", higher than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Riverdale, there are 10 bodegas.

The nearest hospitals are James J. Peters VA Medical Center in Kingsbridge Heights, North Central Bronx Hospital and Montefiore Medical Center in Norwood.

Post offices and ZIP Codes
Riverdale is located within two ZIP Codes. The area north of Manhattan College Parkway and 239th Street is in 10471, while the area south of these two streets is in 10463. While 10471 is entirely in Riverdale, 10463 also covers the adjacent neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Bronx, and Marble Hill, Manhattan. The United States Postal Service operates three post offices nearby:
 * Riverdale Station – 5951 Riverdale Avenue
 * Fieldston Station – 444 West 238th Street
 * Spuyten Duyvil Station – 444 West 238th Street

Education

Riverdale generally has a similar rate of college-educated residents to the rest of the city. While 45% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 18% have less than a high school education and 37% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 26% of Bronx residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Riverdale students excelling in math rose from 21% in 2000 to 48% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 28% to 33% during the same time period.

Riverdale's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is about the same as the rest of New York City. In Riverdale, 20% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, higher than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 78% of high school students in Riverdale graduate on time, higher than the citywide average of 75%.

Public schools
The public schools are a part of the New York City Department of Education. The public elementary schools are the Spuyten Duyvil School (P.S. 24) and the Robert J. Christen School (P.S. 81). There is one zoned public middle and high school in Riverdale: M.S./H.S 141, the Riverdale Kingsbridge Academy. Nearby public high schools that serve the community include the Bronx High School of Science, a specialized high school; John F. Kennedy High School Campus, consisting of four separate high schools; and the IN-Tech Academy MS/HS 368, which also contains a middle school.

Private schools
Riverdale is home to three top-tier private schools: Horace Mann, Riverdale Country, and Fieldston, all members of the Ivy Preparatory School League; and two Roman Catholic colleges: The College of Mount Saint Vincent and Manhattan College.

An increase in the Jewish population of the neighborhood in the late twentieth century led to Riverdale now being home to top-ranked Jewish day schools including the SAR Academy (an elementary school), the SAR High School, and Kinneret Day School (pre-K through 8th). Yeshivas include the Yeshiva of Telshe Alumni, Yeshiva Ohavei Torah, Yeshivat Chovevei Torah and Yeshivat Maharat. Catholic elementary schools in the area are Visitation School, St. Gabriel's School, and St. Margaret of Cortona School, where President John F. Kennedy received his Confirmation.

The area also has several preschools including BedRock Preschool, Kinneret Day School's Nursery and Pre-K programs, the Riverdale Temple Nursery School, Spuyten Duyvil Preschool, SAR Academy (Early Learning Center), Riverdale Nursery School and Family Center, the Riverdale Presbyterian Church Nursery School, and Riverdale Montessori School.

The Russian Mission School in New York is located in Riverdale, on the grounds of the Russian Mission Residency.

Libraries
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates three branches near Riverdale.
 * The Van Cortlandt branch is located at 3882 Cannon Place. The two-story, 5800 ft2 branch opened in 2019, replacing a smaller one-story branch a few blocks away, which opened in 1969 and consisted of a single room.
 * The Riverdale branch is located at 5540 Mosholu Avenue. The branch opened in 1967, replacing a smaller library, and is located in a one-story L-shaped brick building surrounded by a garden.
 * The Spuyten Duyvil branch is located at 650 West 235th Street. The one-story branch opened in 1971 and was designed by Giorgio Cavaglieri.

Public transportation

The following MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Riverdale:
 * Bx1: to Third Avenue–138th Street station (via Grand Concourse)
 * Bx7: to 168th Street station, Manhattan (via Riverdale Avenue, and Broadway)
 * Bx9: to West Farms Square–East Tremont Avenue station (via Broadway)
 * Bx10: to Norwood–205th Street station (via Riverdale Avenue, Henry Hudson Parkway, and Johnson Avenue)
 * Bx20: to Inwood–207th Street station, Manhattan (via Henry Hudson Parkway, and Johnson Avenue)
 * : express to Midtown Manhattan (via East Side)
 * : express to Penn Station (via West Side)
 * : express to Midtown Manhattan (via Major Deegan Expressway/East Side)
 * : express to Lower Manhattan

Columbia Transportation's Arbor Shuttle terminates at West 235th Street and Henry Hudson Pkwy. The Queens Riverdale Commuter Route terminates at West 238th Street and Riverdale Avenue.

Riverdale is served by the 1 train of the New York City Subway, at the following stations:
 * 231st Street station
 * 238th Street station
 * Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street station

Riverdale is also served by the following Bee-Line Bus System routes, which run to Westchester County:
 * Bee-Line 1: to Tarrytown, Valhalla, White Plains, or Yonkers
 * Bee-Line 1X: express to Westchester Community College and Westchester Medical Center
 * Bee-Line 2: to South Westchester Executive Park or Yonkers
 * Bee-Line 3 Limited: to Purchase
 * Bee-Line 8: to Tuckahoe station

Metro-North commuter railroad service is available at two stations, both on the Hudson Line: the Spuyten Duyvil station at Edsall Avenue and the Riverdale station between West 254th and 255th Streets. Hudson Rail Link connects the Metro-North stations to the surrounding area, with Routes A, B, C, and D serving Riverdale station, and Routes J, K, L, and M serving Spuyten Duyvil station.

Road
By car, Riverdale is commonly reached by the Henry Hudson Parkway (NY 9A) via the Henry Hudson Bridge, and by Broadway (US 9) via the Broadway Bridge.

Parks

 * Bell Tower Park next to the Henry Hudson Parkway has the Riverdale Monument, a stone war memorial built in 1930. The Bell Tower was designed by architect Dwight James Baum. The plaque that sits on the Bell Tower lists the names of individuals from Riverdale and neighboring areas who served in World War I.
 * Brust Park, on 1.8 acres fronting Manhattan College Parkway and Greystone Avenue, is maintained by Stewards of Brust Park and its volunteers from the community and Manhattan College's Green Club.
 * Gaelic Park, located at West 240th Street, has been owned by Manhattan College since 1991, and is the home field of many of its sports teams, including lacrosse, soccer and softball, as well as the school's intramural sports. Gaelic Park also is headquarters of the New York GAA, where Gaelic football and hurling are played in the New York metropolitan area. Gaelic Park is the home field for Rugby New York in Major League Rugby.
 * Riverdale Waterfront Promenade is a tiny sliver of land along the Hudson River immediately adjacent to the Riverdale Metro-North train station. Inaugurated in 2005 by mayor Michael Bloomberg, the park was created to improve riverside access to local residents. Access to the park is only through the station, crossing the railroad tracks on an elevated walkway. It provides the only local public access to unobstructed views of the Hudson River. Access to the river has been blocked for over 150 years, first by railroads, later by the Major Deegan Expressway. In 2023, plans were announced to expand the Harlem River Greenway north from Manhattan into the Bronx.
 * Seton Park, between 232nd and 235th Street on the west side of Henry Hudson Parkway, formerly the site of Seton Hospital, which was demolished in 1955. The park includes a large green space, tennis courts, two baseball fields, and playgrounds.
 * Wave Hill, a combination botanical garden and outdoor art gallery, is located in the so-called Hudson Hill. Covering 20 acres overlooking the Hudson River, the property was developed in the 1840s by William Lewis Morris. The property was used by Theodore Roosevelt and Mark Twain, and later owned by George Walbridge Perkins. The city parks department describes it as "one of New York City's most beautiful parks".

Houses of worship

 * Chabad of Riverdale
 * Christ Church Riverdale
 * Church of the Visitation
 * Congregation Tehillah
 * Conservative synagogue Adath Israel of Riverdale
 * Edgehill Church at Spuyten Duyvil
 * Hebrew Institute of Riverdale
 * Riverdale Jewish Center
 * Riverdale Presbyterian Church
 * Riverdale Temple
 * St. Gabriel's Roman Catholic Church
 * Saint Margaret of Cortona Church
 * St Peter's Greek Orthodox Church
 * Young Israel of Riverdale
 * Young Israel Ohab Tzedek
 * Kehilah of Riverdale

Community organizations

 * Bronx Community Board 8 is a group of community members working under the mandate of the City Charter to monitor the delivery of city services, establish budget priorities, and influence land-use decisions.
 * Riverdale Hatzalah Volunteer Ambulance Corp. is supported by community donations, and offers fast, reliable medical treatment and transport free of charge.
 * Riverdale YM-YWHA is a community center for youth, adult and senior activities.
 * Riverdale Children's Theater is a local theater company that has performed many pilot productions of musicals. This 501 c-3 theater arts program was founded in 2010 and offers a myriad of theater programs.

Museums

 * Derfner Judaica Museum maintains a collection of approximately 1,400 objects used in traditional Jewish ceremonies and rituals, as well as Jewish art.
 * Wave Hill, the former residence of Mark Twain among others, is a botanical garden featuring two preserved historic mansions. It has exhibit spaces with a rotating series of art exhibitions, and performance spaces with a noted series of concerts.

Notable people

 * Sean Altman (born 1961), musician, songwriter, and founder of Rockapella
 * Baron Ambrosia, real name Justin Fornal, film director
 * William Henry Appleton (1814–1899), publisher, lived at Wave Hill
 * Hannelore Baron (1926–1987), artist known for the highly personal, book-sized, abstract collages and box constructions that she began exhibiting in the late 1960s.
 * Béla Bartók (1881–1945), composer
 * Mario Biaggi (1917–2015), decorated policeman and US Congressman
 * Rudolf Bing (1902–1997), former General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera
 * Jonathan Brewster Bingham (1914–1986), member of the House of Representatives
 * June Bingham Birge (1919–2007), author and playwright
 * Ron Blomberg (born 1948), first designated hitter in baseball history
 * Ted Brown (1924–2005), radio personality
 * Alexander Calder (1898–1976), sculptor, lived in Spuyten Duyvil
 * Alexander Stirling Calder (1870–1945), sculptor, father of Alexander Calder
 * Chris Chambliss (born 1948), former first baseman and hitting coach
 * Ronni Chasen (1946–2010), Hollywood publicist, murder victim
 * R. Inslee Clark Jr. (1935–1999), educator, administrator, and key player in the transition of the Ivy League into co-education in the 1960s.
 * Seth Farber, rabbi and historian
 * Fernando Ferrer (born 1950), former Bronx Borough President
 * Ella Fitzgerald (1917–1996), jazz singer
 * Sidney Frey (1920–1968), Audio Fidelity Records, producer of the first stereo record
 * Fred W. Friendly (1915–1998), former president of CBS News
 * Julia Garner (born 1994), actress
 * Lou Gehrig (1903–1941), New York Yankees baseball player
 * Jordan Gelber (born 1975), actor
 * Mark Goodman (born 1952), one of the five original MTV VJs
 * Blu Greenberg (born 1936), writer specializing in Modern Orthodox Judaism and women's issues
 * Irving Greenberg (born 1933), Modern Orthodox rabbi, Jewish-American scholar and author
 * Nat Holman (1896–1995), Hall of Fame basketball player and CCNY coach
 * Charles Evans Hughes, III (1915–1985), architect
 * H. Stuart Hughes (1916–1999), professor and activist
 * Richard Joel (born 1950), President of Yeshiva University
 * Leatrice Joy (1893–1985), actress
 * Eric Kandel (born 1929), Columbia University neuroscientist, Nobel laureate
 * Ida Keeling (born 1915), runner, World Record holder for 100 meter women ages 96–100
 * Eunice Kennedy (1921–2009), founder of the Special Olympics
 * Joan Bennett Kennedy (born 1936), spouse of Senator Ted Kennedy
 * John F. Kennedy (1917–1963), U.S. president, lived at 5040 Independence Avenue as a child
 * Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (1888–1969), patriarch of the Kennedy Family, US Ambassador to the UK, SEC Chairman
 * Robert F. Kennedy (1925–1968), U.S. Senator, Attorney General and Presidential candidate
 * Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish (1920–1948), Marchionness of Hartington, member of the Kennedy Family
 * Bernard Kerik (born 1955), former New York City Police Commissioner
 * Theodore W. Kheel (1914–2010), labor lawyer
 * G. Oliver Koppell (born 1940), former New York State Attorney General, former member of the New York City Council
 * Fiorello H. La Guardia (1882–1947), Mayor of New York City during the 1930s and 1940s
 * John L. Lahey (born 1946), president of Quinnipiac University
 * Christopher Lehmann-Haupt (1934–2018), journalist, critic, and novelist
 * Timothy "Speed" Levitch (born 1970), tour guide and voice actor
 * Jack Lew (born 1955), United States Secretary of the Treasury
 * Chris Lighty (1968–2012), music industry executive and hip-hop artist manager
 * Sal Maglie (1917–1992), pitcher, played for the Brooklyn Dodgers, New York Giants, and New York Yankees
 * Willie Mays (born 1931), baseball star
 * Sister Margaret McEntee (born 1935), Catholic nun and inspiration for Doubt: A Parable
 * Tim Morehouse (born 1978), Olympic fencer
 * Tracy Morgan (born 1968), comedian and actor
 * Elie Nadelman (1882–1946), Polish/American sculptor
 * Hugh Panero (born 1956), CEO of XM Satellite Radio from June 1998 to August 2007.
 * George Walbridge Perkins (1862–1920), first president of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission
 * Marjorie Perloff (1931–2024), poetry scholar and critic, known for her study of avant-garde poetry
 * Jennifer Raab, president of Hunter College
 * Ed Rendell (born 1944), Governor of Pennsylvania
 * Alfonso Ribeiro (born 1971), actor, television director, dancer and show host
 * Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (1831–1878), banker and father of the U.S. President
 * Jonathan Rosenblatt (born 1956), former rabbi of the Riverdale Jewish Center
 * Herschel Schacter (1917–2013), Orthodox rabbi who was chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
 * Jacob J. Schacter (born 1950), rabbi
 * James H. Scheuer (1920–2005), member of the House of Representatives
 * Ben Schwartz (born 1981), comedic actor
 * David Shapiro (born 1947), poet and literary critic
 * Carly Simon (born 1943), singer/songwriter
 * Joanna Simon (1936–2022), mezzo-soprano
 * Lucy Simon (born 1940), composer
 * Richard L. Simon (1899–1960), co-founder of Simon & Schuster
 * Regina Spektor (born 1980), singer-songwriter
 * Eliot Spitzer (born 1959), former Governor and Attorney General of New York, born in Riverdale, attended Horace Mann
 * U Thant (1909–1974), former United Nations Secretary-General
 * Kool Keith Thornton (born 1964), hip-hop artist and founding member of the Ultramagnetic MCs
 * Arturo Toscanini (1867–1957), conductor
 * Mark Twain (1835–1910), author
 * Steven Tyler (born 1948), lead singer of rock band Aerosmith
 * Neil deGrasse Tyson (born 1958), astrophysicist and television host
 * Rebecca Walker (born 1969), writer
 * Alexander S. Webb (1835–1911), Union Army general, recipient of Medal of Honor
 * Avi Weiss (born 1944), activist Open Orthodox rabbi
 * Tommy Wonder (1914–1993), dancer, actor, choreographer, and artist manager.
 * Mitsuko Alexandra Yabe (born 1991), music editor
 * Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011), Nobel laureate

In popular culture
Riverdale has often been cited in literature, film and television. Exteriors of many of Riverdale's locations have been used in both television and movie production.

Literature
 * In On the Road, Horace Mann School–educated Jack Kerouac writes about getting off at a subway stop in Riverdale: "Filled with dreams of what I'd do in Chicago, in Denver, and then finally in San Fran, I took the Seventh Avenue Subway to the end of the line at 242nd Street, and there took a trolley into Yonkers; in downtown Yonkers I transferred to an outgoing trolley and went to the city limits on the east bank of the Hudson River."

Films
 * In the 2013 remake of the film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, Windsor South, an apartment building along the Henry Hudson Parkway, is shown.

Television
 * On television's Mad Men, Joan Holloway reveals that she and her husband are considering relocating to Riverdale, explaining, "It's close to Columbia Presbyterian. Plus, Greg wants a yard".

title: Riverdale, Bronx