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Talk:Metabolism

circular definition
The first sentence of the second paragraph for the definition of "Life" begins "Living organisms undergo metabolism,..." The first sentence here ends "...to sustain life" Now I know that it is very easy to find thousands of examples of this in all dictionaries; however, in the definition here for metabolism, the word "life" is the most crucial word. The definition for "Life" (in Wikipedia) is dependent on listing the processes that define it--metabolism being one. I will be giving an assignment to my class which will require taking the stand that rocks are living. An argument to the contrary would not be helped by these circular definitions. And no, I'm not sure how to fix it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.180.62.14 (talk) 20:23, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

someone apparently doesn't like wiki
"all this stuff is fake so yeah...don't belive any thimg we say"
 * I found this under external links and can't find where in the article they put the dang thing. Can somebody get rid of it? -- brickdude  ^ _  ^  07:40, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * did you find it yet? Vicchu24 (talk) 10:29, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

Image
What is the relevance of the picture?
 * It's a drawing of the original doctor to study metabolism. There may be something more relevant, like a fire or a stomach or a person in movement for example. Those would be good to add to or replace the current picture.

Fast metabolism
In layman's terms, when someone says "I have a fast metabolism", i.e. they can eat a lot and not put on weight, what does that mean?
 * It means that energy ingested (food) is not stored in the body as fat, but used in other ways or excreted. There is no difference in the "speed" of metabolism, but rather the relative amount and utilisation of metabolic products Onco p53 09:45, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, they might still metabolize things faster. Tyciol 19:37, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

fast metabolism needs to be in the article

I'd like to know how metabolism affects a person's perception of time ie is the reason why children experience time as dragging, and old people feel that time is flying by. --Totorotroll (talk) 10:11, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Metabolism as design
I know that metabolism is a biological term, but it is also used in defining post-modernism. I know it was a design strategy used in the 1960's, but is there any other information on it?
 * I haven't actually heard of that... if you do have knowledge of it, it would be a great thing to research to add. Tyciol 19:37, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Citric acid cycle
Anyone object if I move it to the Catabolism section? --Arcadian 20:25, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems like it has it's own article now, which is neat. Tyciol 19:37, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Metabolism during Pregnancy
There is need to describe the metabolic changes that go on in the mother's body during pregnancy.
 * Belongs to pregnancy.   A n d r e a s    (T) 23:27, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Anabolism and catabolism
These are already mentioned in the box at the bottom of the page, so no more links are necessary. Andreas (T) 03:01, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Alcohol tolerance
How does the metabolism affect alcohol tolerance? For example, will someone with a "fast" metabolism get drunk quicker, or recover quicker, or what? Some guy 09:10, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

General theory of metabolism
This edit by 66.215.123.233 looks like a general theory of metabolism. However, it is not backed by sources. The description of biological systems as Dissipative systems is important. The formulation by 66.215.123.233, although well-meant, looks like original research. Andreas (T) 23:02, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Suggested merges
I propose merging both cell metabolism and total metabolism with this page and replacing these articles with redirects. TimVickers 23:38, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Total metabolism
(also called metabolism) is all of a certain living organism's chemical processes. The organism's metabolism can be dichotomized into the synthesis of organic molecules (anabolism) and their breakdown (catabolism). This is to be distinguished from cell metabolism which is those processes of metabolism that occur within a single cell. The study of total metabolism is called metabolomics.

Some organisms can reduce their metabolism to almost zero for certain periods of time. Spores of fungi can survive thousands of years in that state. But every lifeform is bound to have metabolism at some point of its life cycle.

Human cells obtain most of their energy from chemical reactions involving oxygen. A starting point in measuring human metabolism is with basal metabolic rate. Some microbes metabolise the wrought iron on shipwrecks, forming structures known as rusticles with the waste compounds they produce.

 * Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology —The preceding unsigned comment was added by TimVickers (talk • contribs) 17:24, 6 March 2007 (UTC).

Plan for expanded article
Proposed major sections in new version TimVickers 19:25, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Introduction

 * Thermodynamics
 * First law and redox processes
 * Second law and organisms as dissipative systems

 * Coenzymes as the critical intermediates in metabolism
 * Small molecules as group-transfer intermediates (NAD(P)H, SAM, AcetylCoA, folates)

 * Catabolism
 * Overview - general types of energy metabolism in animals, plants and microbes
 * Extracellular digestion
 * Intracellular catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Shared pathways to CoenzymeA.
 * Oxidative phosphorylation
 * Inorganic electron donors and acceptors in bacteria and archaea
 * Direct ATP generation by photophosphorylation
 * Nucleotide catabolism

 * Anabolism
 * Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
 * Nucleotide synthesis and salvage
 * Photosynthesis in plants, bacteria and archaea

 * Xenobiotic metabolism and redox metabolism

 * Regulation
 * Intrinsic
 * Allosteric control, flux control coefficients
 * Post-translational modifications of enzymes
 * Compartmentalization
 * Extrinsic
 * Hormonal/nervous control

 * Evolution
 * Origin of metabolism and life
 * Evolution of novel pathways
 * Parasite metabolism and loss of functions

 * Investigation and manipulation
 * Biochemical techniques - nutritional studies, radioactive tracers, metabolite analysis, gene knockouts.
 * In silico models and metabolic networks
 * Metabolic engineering

 * History

 * That looks awesome!!!1!eleven When shall we start? - Zephyris Talk 23:46, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The first section has been added, but to get this up to FA level this is going to take a long time. TimVickers 00:28, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * True, but it is a worthy goal for such a central article. - Zephyris Talk 08:03, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm really glad someone else is interested in this article. I was upset by how weak it's been but felt overwhelmed by the thought of revamping the whole thing alone! Some comments:
 * There are a LOT of terrible 'daughter' articles that need work, especially the '..... metabolism' articles.
 * ATP deserves its own (sub)section, given how hugely important it is. Same with glucose, in my opinion.
 * I'm not sure about the regulation section.. How much can we really talk about this without describing how specific organisms regulate metabolism? It seems we should work on integration first, but don't let me stop you.
 * I'm not sure the strict division between catabolism and anabolism is helpful for all the classes of molecules... for example, protein catabolism is a function of digestion & ubiquitination, and serves primarily to provide amino acids for protein synthesis. On the other hand, amino acid catabolism often provides energy.
 * We need at least a brief introduction to the classes of biochemical molecules and the roles they play.
 * There are several well-wiki'd pathways such as Glycolysis, it would be nice to have prominent links to those instead of half-baked articles like carbohydrate catabolism.
 * There's a lot of mixing up between the metabolism of monomer subunits (e.g. glucose) and their polymeric storage forms (e.g. complex carbohydrates). These are very different processes, and mixing them together obscures the important idea that glucose is a central player in many, many pathways. Put another way: nucleotide metabolism and DNA synthesis are very, very different.
 * You're editing the page too fast for me to keep up! I'll help out when you take a break.
 * Robotsintrouble 01:35, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Argh I thought you were done! Here's my revision of the new 'classes of molecules' section before your recent revisions:
 * ===Amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids===

Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from three basic classes of molecule: amino acids (which make up proteins), carbohydrates and lipids (often called fats). From individual molecules are formed diverse biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides from simple sugars and proteinss from amino acids; these macromolecules are essential parts of all living organisms and participate in every process within cells. Lipids are not typically polymerized as are carbohydrates and amino acids, instead their hydrophobic nature causes them to self-segregate in the formation of micelles and the plasma membrane.

As these macromolecules are vital for life, metabolism encompasses numerous processes necessary to build and maintain them: synthesizing the individual "building blocks", linking these monomers into functional macromolecules in the construction of cells and tissues, transforming excess molecules into deficient nutrients, detoxification of waste and toxins, and extracting energy from food to drive all the above processes.

Amino acids and proteins
Proteins are relatively large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions, and are vital to metabolism. Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which forms a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Protein is also a necessary component in our diet, since animals cannot synthesise all the amino acids and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that can be used for protein synthesis.

Robotsintrouble 05:25, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Citric acid cycle "universal"?
"A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways between even vastly different species. For example, the series of chemical steps in a pathway such as the citric acid cycle is universal among living cells as diverse as the unicellular bacteria Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants."

Maybe I'm nitpicking, but I'm not sure what is meant by "universal" here. Does it mean that the citric acid cycle is found in all organisms? Many bacteria appear to be missing several genes encoding the enzymes of the citric acid cycle. Several bacteria don't seem to encode any of these enzymes. NighthawkJ 03:09, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * re-reading the reference (it's free on-line) I've re-worded this to "For example, the set of chemical intermediates in the citric acid cycle are found universally, among living cells as diverse as the unicellular bacteria Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants." TimVickers 03:38, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Group transfer reactions
The wikilinking of 'group transfer reactions' is incorrect. A wikilink must take you to an article expanding that term or containing its explanation. In this case it takes one to functional groups. If no wiki on group transfer reactions exists, it should be made. The functional groups wiki will naturally occur in the explanatory text of what the group transfer reactions are. Even a stub with a few lines is preferable to an inappropriate wikilink. Regards, AshLin 20:05, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Good point, reworded to use the "functional groups" link correctly. Tim Vickers 20:35, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

hyacieth- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.198.82.183 (talk) 12:38, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

only the cell?
This article is linked to the Swedish article "Metabolism". However, while this article defines metabolism as the processes in the cell, the Swedish word means processes in organisms, including multicellular organisms. I therefore ask whether the english word might also include processes outside the cell, for example trypsin digestion of proteins in the stomach? In that case the definition in the introduction needs to be changed slightly. Etxrge (talk) 19:34, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the Swedish article is right, the OED defines metabolism as "The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life", I've re-jigged the lead a bit to fit this definition. Thanks for the correction! Tim Vickers (talk) 19:55, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Photosynthesis is not catabolism
The kernel meaning of catabolism is that molecules are divided into smaller molecules. See the article, and e.g.. As a consequence energy is (often) extracted. Photosynthesis provides energy but cannot reasonably be seen as dividing molecules. It rearranges atoms. The major end result is glucose, which is much bigger than the input molecules. photosynthesis is not a catabolism. --Etxrge (talk) 13:44, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Photosynthesis is tricky as it is divided into two major parts: the light reactions which are basically water-splitting and energy transduction (light => chemical energy); and the dark reactions which fix carbon into biomolecules. The dark reactions are very clearly anabolic and they're listed in that section. The light reaction splits water into oxygen and electrons with the help of light. Calling that catabolism seems a bit unusual since the term usually refers to the breakdown of biomolecules and the released energy coming from the molecular bonds whereas in this case it is provided by light to force the splitting of the water molecule which requires a lot of energy to do. So in a sense, the light reactions "catabolize" sunlight. The thing they have in common is the generation of energy and electrons in a chemical form that is useful for the cell (ATP, NADPH, NADH). This website also talks about the different ways to generate energy and reducing power (organotrophs, lithotrophs, chemotrophs, phototrophs) under the heading of catabolism. So I guess it is not uncommon to structure it that way.

 * Btw, glucose is not the end product of photosynthesis. The end product of carbon fixation is a 3-carbon sugar (PGAL) that is used to synthesize different kinds of compounds, including sugars, starch, amino acids, and fatty acids. Many textbooks oversimplify the reaction because it can be nicely balanced for glucose leading to the wrong impression that glucose is the end product, but it is only one of many products that can be made using the end product of photosynthesis. - tameeria (talk) 17:05, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The article currently says Photosynthesis is the synthesis of glucose from sunlight. That should be changed. --Etxrge (talk) 15:44, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with all the factual content above, the view of what happens. Even, of course, that glucose is not THE end product of photosynthesis. But the object of this discussion is whether catabolism should be used about photosynthesis. My argument against is that photosynthesis does not divide molecules into smaller parts, which is the definition of catabolism. The referenced website is indeed a good counterargument. I think that web-site is wrong in this respect. Biochemistry, by Campbell and Farrel, 2006, says (p 417) "The breakdown of larger molecules to smaller ones is called catabolism. Small molecules are used as the starting points of a variety of reactions --- Cataboism is an oxidative process that releases energy;" In the gossary: "breakdown of nutrients to provide energy". Biology, by (another) Campbell, 1996, defines Catabolic pathway in the glossary as one "that releases energy by breaking down ..." on p 89 it says that they "release energy by breaking down complex molecules ...". For a process to qualify as catabolism there must be a relation such that the energy is generated by the breaking down of molecules. This is not happening in photosynthesis. Light is not a complex molecule that can be divided into smaller molecules. (Obviously). --Etxrge (talk) 10:40, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Which chapters/headings is photosynthesis under in these books? I will also look at the textbooks I have at the office on Monday to see how they sort it. I think the term catabolism is tricky as it includes the breakdown of molecules as well as the release of energy. There is no question that the light reactions release energy for the cell to use. I find this definition interesting in this context: Catabolism is an oxidative process that releases energy. The light reaction actually is an oxidative process (water oxidation). But anyway, the article should probably go with whatever is most prevalent in textbooks in terms of sorting it, so let's find out. - tameeria (talk) 15:19, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * In Biology, photosynthesis is in Unit Two, The Cell. In Biochemistry (Campbell, Farrel) photosynthesis is a separate chapter under no other heading. So that gives no help. Here is one more citation: Biochemistry, Mathews, van Holde, 1990, "catabolism, the processes related to degradation of complex substances, with concomitant generation of energy.". Photosynthesis does not degrade complex substances. Neither is generation of energy following from such degradation, in photosynthesis. An easy and correct solution would be to just remove this classification from the article. It is in no way central or essential to the subject. --Etxrge (talk) 17:12, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Catabolism is an oxidative process that releases energy. Does not seem to be a definition above. It comes a bit after the definition in that context. --Etxrge (talk) 17:10, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm afraid my textbooks aren't really helpful either. Most don't seem to even bother trying to fit photosynthesis in with the other metabolism in terms of catabolism/anabolism. Here's what I found:
 * Raven (Biology): Photosynthesis has its own chapter, following the chapter How Cells Harvest Energy which deals with respiration etc.
 * Starr/Taggert (Biology): Photosynthesis has its own chapter called How Cells Acquire Energy - interestingly, this chapter talks only about photosynthesis. It is preceded by a chapter called Ground Rules of Metabolism and followed by How Cells Release Stored Energy which basically talks about glycolysis and respiration.
 * Campbell/Reece (Biology): Photosynthesis has its own chapter under The Cell (and so do Metabolism and Cellular Respiration) - I think this is probably the same book that you have, just a later edition.
 * Freeman (Biological Science): Photosynthesis has its own chapter under Cell Structure and Function (and so does Cellular Respiration and Fermentation).
 * Brooker (Biology): Photosynthesis has its own chapter under Cell, following the chapter on Enzymes, Metabolism and Cellular Respiration.
 * Alberts (Molecular Biology of the Cell): This book takes a more cellular approach looking at organelle function and photosynthesis is dealt with in the chapter on Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis under Energy Conversions: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.
 * The only reference I can find to photosynthesis as catabolism/anabolism is this page which talks about it under Phototrophic Metabolism: "Photosynthesis is a type of metabolism separable into a catabolic and anabolic component. The catabolic component of photosynthesis is the light reaction, wherein light energy is transformed into electrical energy, then chemical energy. The anabolic component involves the fixation of CO2 and its use as a carbon source for growth, usually called the dark reaction." That's the closest match I can find. I can look in more detail again at all those textbooks and see if they try to apply the terms catabolism/anabolism to photosynthesis, but I get a feeling that it might be somewhat of a futile exercise. - tameeria (talk) 21:50, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

I can see the logic of this article and I think it is a good way to present it. Clearly the light reaction have more in common with the catabolic electron transport in mitochondria than anything. On the other hand carbon fixation is clearly anabolic (essentially the reverse of glycolysis). I prefer to think of photosynthesis as two processes, light reaction and light independent reaction, as it make the whole of photosynthesis more logical. On the other hand I can understand that the overall process of photosynthesis could be regarded as anabolic. i.e. the simplistic notion that photosynthesis is carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen + water. The problem I have with the latter presentation is it is not really accurate to consider it as one process and can lead to misconceptions like the oxygen is released from the carbon dioxide rather than from water during carbon fixation. David D. (Talk) 23:06, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Catabolism is a word with a particular meaning, division of complex molecules into smaller molecules. Photosynthesis therefore is not a catabolism. We cannot say it is catabolic because we think it groups well with the reactions that are. It seems the previous editors thought that catabolism means energy production. But it doesn't. All catabolic reactions produce energy. Not all energy-producing reactions are catabolic. --Etxrge (talk) 15:44, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Good point and as a whole it is certainly anabolic. We could just remove the light reactions altogether. David D. (Talk) 15:50, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * If we do it this way, oxidative phosphorylation is not catabolism either and should be a subsection of non-catabolic energy production. Also, I would still keep that section between catabolism and anabolism rather than moving it below. It makes for a nice logical connection between catabolism and anabolism. - tameeria (talk) 15:59, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Why don't you test it out to see how it looks? David D. (Talk) 16:09, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * That was quick. I think that new section could do with a short intro to put the subsections into perspective. David D. (Talk) 16:14, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Good idea. The intro to the catabolism section would need to be rewritten as well to make sense with the new structure. - tameeria (talk) 19:09, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Endocrine system?
I was astonished to discover that there is not a single reference anywhere in the article to the role of the Endocrine system in regulating the metabolism. I realize that not all organisms have an endocrine system -- but this is still a major oversight, imo. Surely there should be a section addressing this issue. Cgingold (talk) 13:26, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * There is a brief summary of extrinsic regulation in the second paragraph of the section on "Regulation and control" and insulin is discussed as an example in the third paragraph. Tim Vickers (talk) 16:00, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Introduction to Metabolism
Greetings, Wikipedia users.

I am an AP Biology high school student with plans to synthesize and article that would have the caliber to attain the Good Article status. However, a perfect score on this assignment can be consumnated if the article achieves the Featured Article status. Thus, I have been contemplating about a topic would have the potential to meet these guidelines. I deduced that perhaps an "Introduction to Metabolism" article could fulfill the requirements. Would this be an advisable approach. After all, Introduction to Evolution, a featured article, my teacher's article, followed in the footsteps of the existing Evolution article. I am open to all suggestions and feedback.

This is a project that is not due until next year, so I have a reasonable duration of time to ponder over this notion. Here is the link to our class page that identifies our goals and project information: WikiProject AP Biology 2008

Thank you for your time.

--Wikitrevor (talk) 20:48, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

types of metabolism
what do you think about including this (from de:Stoff- und Energiewechsel)?

--Saippuakauppias ⇄ 08:16, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Looks very useful. Tim Vickers (talk) 16:08, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * sooo, was this added and removed, or never added? 79.101.174.192 (talk) 12:10, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Never added, as far as I know. Tim Vickers (talk) 16:31, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Added now. Tim Vickers (talk) 16:42, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Coming back to this table, which is has now long been in the article. As I understand it, there are 6 names being described here, laid out using color to distinguish three sets of dichotomies. But why are the three pairs of prefixes in separate columns? Makes it seem like one would choose "one prefix from column A, one from column B, one from column C" (getting for example "photoorganoheterotroph") rather than pick one prefix from one color-group. If that's not the intent, I think all the prefixes should be together in a single column. For example:

 * makes it clear you match a prefix with a suffix to get a compound-word result. DMacks (talk) 22:25, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

What does "efficiently" mean in this context?
This is a great description of metabolism, simple and clear. At one point "quickly and efficiently" is used. The word "efficiently", needs to be replaced with what it means to be efficient in metabolism, using the language and ideas of metabolism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.28.130.42 (talk) 14:03, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

History section
I'm curious, why does it come at the end of the article? Kristephanie (talk) 01:18, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

ATP and other phosphates
The structure shown for ATP is incorrect, as it shows the phosphate groups to be fully protonated.

Adenosine triphosphate is present, as the name says, as the phosphate and not the "phosphoric acid". The acidity constants, pKa, of the three primary phosphate protons are below 2; the final proton is situated at the terminal phosphate group of the triphosphate chain of ATP and has a pKa of about 6.5. In other words, at the physiological pH of about 7.6 ATP is overwhelmingly present as a tetravalent anion. In addition, it should be noted that all the other phosphate compounds depictured in this article are deprotonated as well at the physiological pH.

For more details see H. Sigel and R. Griesser, ''Chem. Soc. Rev'' 34 (2005) 875-900 doi:10.1039/B505986K. Petergans (talk) 10:39, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Metabolism-related question
Sorry. I don't know where else to ask this question. Animals need so many pounds of food (Intake) to maintain so many pounds of weight. For example, dogs need more food per pound of weight than do cats. Dogs have "more energy" (use more energy). There must be statistics on this. And a name for them. Can anyone help? Thanks. Student7 (talk) 19:06, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Basal metabolic rate? Biosthmors (talk) 19:42, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Student7 (talk) 20:43, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

intermediate/intermediary metabolism
The definition of "intermediary metabolism" in Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology matches the definition here very well - the totality of the chemical reactions in the cells. The same book defines "metabolism" as either "the totality of chemical reactions and physical changes that occur in living organisms" or the chemical reactions that a specific molecule undergoes in a living organism (like drug metabolism). I expanded the beginning of the article slightly, and made sure intermediary metabolism and intermediate metabolism points here. The reason I don't state the dictionary as a source in the article is I have written slightly different - expanding, explaining, interpreting what's in the dictionary. So I can't really claim that everything in this edit is from that book. --Siden (talk) 09:16, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

Excessively large navboxes
Is it possible to get the navboxes to collapse so they dont take up nearly as much space as the article? • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 09:46, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Benzene
I've been keeping an eye on Metabolism lately, and I see the latest reverted edit may have some significant information. An IP, 24.154.111.112, added the following to the TOP of the article: "Benzene as it applies to Metabolism on a cellular level is not an organic solvent. It is however, on a microscopic scale, a quantum coupling agent. There is a very large difference between organic solvents and quantum coupling agents on a microscopic scale."

Now, while the position of this text at the top of the page was non-standard, the material itself might be worthy of attention. The only mention of Benzene in the article is the following:

Key biochemicals → Lipids "[...] Lipids are usually defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules that will dissolve in organic solvents such as benzene or chloroform. [...]"

So, does it mislead readers who will infer that benzene is used by the body to dissolve lipids? I've read that Benzene is metabolized mostly in the liver and very quickly. Its byproducts are used by our cells to produce more energy. If, as the IP suggests, Benzene is not used to dissolve lipids, then this article should not tell readers that it does, isn't that so? I'm not an expert and will gladly defer to those who are. –  Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 08:38, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

 * That edit sounds like gibberish to me, I don't think benzene is a normal part of any organism's metabolism. It is one of many foreign substances that can be degraded by xenobiotic metabolism/ Tim Vickers (talk) 20:10, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Hello, about this talk. I found the original source which was from OXFORD DICTIONARY OF Biochemistry and Molecular Biology which published at 2000. The book has been revised at 2006 and defined the lipid can be dissolved with lipid solvent, not organic solvent. I want to edit the article but i am afraid to do that cause of these article was an FA. I found another mislead resource about steroid as major classes of lipid. I have been known that steroid is not that, but the sterol is the major class. They are different definition. Anyone can give me advice to edit that. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995129/ this is my source User:Agus Damanik|User talk:Agus Damanik Agus Damanik (talk) 14:16, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

Disorders of metabolism
Are not mentioned anywhere. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 02:23, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

Protagon acid cycle
What does 'protagon acid cycle' imply in section Metabolism? The term protagon was used to describe a mixture of various substances from brain extract as in this journal, but I cannot find any article relevant to oxidative phosphorylation. --SongofSol (talk) 04:07, 4 October 2014 (UTC)

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Physical Education
Give the function of Matabolism 41.57.95.90 (talk) 14:53, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

WP:URFA/2020
A few unsourced sentences and 3 unsourced images (File:Human Metabolism - Pathways.jpg, File:Catabolism schematic.svg, File:Insulin glucose metabolism ZP.svg). A455bcd9 (talk) 14:41, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

List out the factors required for metabolism which are obtained from external environment
List out the factors required for metabolism which are obtained from external environment 2409:4073:18A:44DC:3375:72C1:26A0:41E7 (talk) 01:42, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metabolism


text:
User:Gepwiki

operator DCS alarm sensor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Gepwiki


text:
User talk:Gepwiki

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 04:11 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)
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In other words, we don't tell people what "good dharma" is, we tell them what has been written about dharma (whether the writer is Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, Sikh, or even someone who rejects dharma altogether). Ian.thomson (talk) 22:39, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

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text:
DCS

DCS may refer to:

Government

 * Danish Council of State, the privy council of Denmark
 * Defense Clandestine Service, a component of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency
 * Department of Child Safety (or Services), or Child protective services, the name for an agency tasked with protecting children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect
 * Deputy Chief of Staff (DCS), as in:
 * Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (disambiguation)
 * Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff
 * White House Deputy Chief of Staff
 * Diplomatic Courier Service, a branch of the US Bureau of Diplomatic Security tasked with protecting diplomatic pouches and material
 * Directorate of Colonial Surveys, the United Kingdom's central survey and mapping organisation for British colonies and protectorates 1946–1957
 * Dutch Council of State, a constitutionally-established advisory body to the government of the Netherlands

Law enforcement

 * Department of Corrective Services, department of New South Wales Government responsible for supervision of adult offenders on community-based or custodial orders
 * Detective Chief Superintendent, the senior detective and commander of the Criminal Investigation Department in most forces in the United Kingdom
 * Georgia Department of Community Supervision, the executive branch agency of the U.S. state of Georgia tasked with the supervision of felony probationers and parolees

Education

 * Dade Christian School, a private school in Miami-Dade County, Florida
 * Dayton City School, a school district and elementary/middle school in Dayton, Tennessee
 * Dean Close School
 * Desert Christian Schools (Arizona), in Tucson, Arizona
 * Desert Christian Schools (California), a private school in Lancaster, California
 * Diploma of Collegial Studies, a certificate awarded for completion of pre-university studies in the province of Québec, Canada
 * Dipolog Community School, a non-tertiary institution in Dipolog City, Philippines
 * Doctors Charter School of Miami Shores, a High/Middle Charter School located in Miami Shores, Florida

Medicine

 * D -Cycloserine, a GABA transaminase inhibitor and an antibiotic
 * Decompression sickness, symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a reduction in the pressure surrounding their body
 * Dendritic cells, a type of antigen presenting cell of immunologic function
 * Dorsal Column Stimulator, an implantable medical device used to treat chronic pain of neurologic origin
 * Damage control surgery, a form of surgery which is used in cases of severe trauma
 * Delusional companion syndrome, a psychological neuropathology of the self
 * Diffuse correlation spectrometry, a medical imaging technique

Technology

 * Data Coding Scheme is a field in SMS and CB messages which carries information about message encoding
 * Dark current spectroscopy, a technique used to find contaminants in silicon
 * Departure control system, airline computer systems responsible for passenger and bag processing activities
 * Desktop Color Separations, an enhanced EPS file format
 * Device Control String, hex 90 in the C1 set of control codes
 * Dichlorosilane, SiH2Cl2, used in microelectronic wafer processing
 * Digital Cellular System, a mobile communications-based PCS network used outside of the U.S.
 * Digital Command System, a model railroad system by MTH Electric Trains
 * Digital Compression System, a sound system developed by Williams Electronics
 * Digital cross connect system, a type of telecom equipment
 * Digital-Coded Squelch, a squelch that superimposes a continuous stream of FSK digital data on the transmitted signal
 * Distributed control system, a control system in which the controller elements are not central in location but are distributed throughout the system
 * Dwight Cavendish Systems, a manufacturer of video copy protection
 * Form D Control System, a subset of the Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee operating rules for railroads
 * Kodak DCS, a series of professional digital single-lens reflex cameras
 * Dry Combat Submersible, a military submarine being developed for use by the United States Navy

Entertainment

 * Dead Celebrity Status, a Canadian rap rock group
 * Desi Culture Shock, a UK Bhangra group
 * Digital Combat Simulator, a combat flight simulator developed by Eagle Dynamics

Other

 * Deacon (Church of Scotland), postnominal for a deaconess or deacon of the Church of Scotland
 * Deaf Children's Society, a British charity for deaf people and their families
 * Dynamic Cooking Systems, now a unit of Fisher & Paykel

title: DCS


text:
Manufacturing operations

Manufacturing operations concern the operation of a facility, as opposed to maintenance, supply and distribution, health, and safety, emergency response, human resources, security, information technology and other infrastructural support organizations.

Personnel that make up "operations" are

 * operators
 * engineers
 * technicians
 * management

This is mainly in a manufacturing setting.

title: Manufacturing operations


text:
Instant camera

An instant camera is a camera which uses self-developing film to create a chemically developed print shortly after taking the picture. Polaroid Corporation pioneered (and patented) consumer-friendly instant cameras and film, and were followed by various other manufacturers.

The base of the technology is from a Hungarian chemist, Rott Andor. His invention, direct positive photography, also known as DTR (Diffusion Transfer Reversal) was patented in 1939. With the DTR process, the photographed surface or object immediately appears as a positive, which is an image corresponding to the dark and light shades of the original. When developing the image, the fixer and the developing material are present at the same time, and they immediately interact.

The invention of commercially viable instant cameras which were easy to use is generally credited to American scientist Edwin Land, who unveiled the first commercial instant camera, the model 95 Land Camera, in 1948, a year after he unveiled instant film in New York City.

In February 2008, Polaroid filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for the second time and announced it would discontinue production of its instant films and cameras, shut down three manufacturing facilities, and lay off 450 workers. Sales of analog film by all makers dropped by at least 25% per year in the first decade of the 21st century. In 2009, Polaroid was acquired by PLR IP Holdings LLC, which uses the Polaroid brand to market various products often relating to instant cameras. Among the products it markets are a Polaroid branded Fuji Instax instant camera, and various digital cameras and portable printers.

, film continues to be made by Polaroid B.V. (previously the Impossible Project) for several models of Polaroid camera, and for the 8×10 inch format. Other brands such as Lomography, Leica, Fujifilm, and others have designed new models and features in their own takes on instant cameras.

Cameras and film

Many different models of Polaroid and non-Polaroid instant cameras were introduced in the mid to late 20th century. They can be categorized by the film type.

Roll film
The first roll film camera was the Polaroid Model 95, followed by subsequent models containing various new features. Roll film came in two rolls (positive/developing agent and negative) which were loaded into the camera and was eventually offered in three sizes (40, 30, and 20 series).

Pack film
The first 100 series pack film model was the model 100, followed by various models in the 100 - 400 series and a few ad hoc cameras such as the countdown series. The next generation of Polaroid cameras used 100 series "pack film," where the photographer pulled the film out of the camera, then peeled apart the positive from the negative at the end of the developing process. Pack film initially was offered in a rectangular format (100 series), then in square format (80 series).

Integral film
Models which used SX-70 film were introduced in a folding version, with later versions being solid plastic bodied. Third generation Polaroids, like the once popular SX-70, used a square format integral film, in which all components of the film (negative, developer, fixer, etc.) were contained. The SX-70 instant camera used the print technology that Edwin Land had most desired. It introduced the use of more efficient print technology that developed more instantly than previous film types offered, which cut out some of the user's responsibility and made it easier to use. Each exposure developed automatically once the shot was taken. SX-70 (or Time Zero) film had a strong following with artists who used it for image manipulation. 600 series cameras such as the Pronto, Sun 600, and One600 used 600 type film which was four times faster than SX-70 film. 600 series cameras were almost all plastic bodied, except for the SLR 680 and 690 models, which resembled SX-70 type cameras, but most came with an electronic flash.

Spectra, Captiva, and i-Zone film
This was followed by other various plastic cameras based on Spectra, Captiva, and i-Zone film. Polaroid Spectra cameras used Polaroid Spectra film which went back to a rectangular format. Captiva, Joycam, and Popshots (single use) cameras used a smaller 500 series film in rectangular format. i-Zone cameras use a very small film format which was offered in a sticker format. Finally, Mio cameras used Polaroid Mio film which was Fuji Instax mini, branded as Polaroid and which is still available in 2015 as Fuji Instax Mini. This size produces a billfold sized photo. Polaroid still markets a mini format camera built by Fuji branded as Polaroid 300 and the film is available with both the Polaroid name and as Fuji Instax mini which are interchangeable.

Polaroid instant movie cameras
Polaroid also invented and manufactured an instant movie camera system called Polavision. The kit included a camera, film, and a movie viewer. When the movie was shot, it would be taken out of the camera and then inserted into the viewer for development, then viewed after development. This format was close to Super 8 mm film. Polavision film was different from normal film in that it was an additive film, mixing the primary colors (red, green, blue) to form the color image. The biggest disadvantage of the Polavision system was the low film speed (ASA 40), which resulted in having to use very bright lights when taking the movie, as well as requiring a special player to view the developed movie. It also lacked audio capability. Because of this, and combined with the advent of VHS video recorders, Polavision had a short history.

Types of non-Polaroid instant cameras
The earliest instant cameras were conceived before Edwin Land's invention of the instant camera. These cameras were, however, more portable wet darkrooms than "instant" camera and were difficult to use.

After Land's instant camera invention was brought to market in 1948, a few different instant cameras were developed, some using Polaroid-compatible film such as cameras by Keystone, Konica, and Minolta. Others were incompatible with Polaroid cameras and film, the most notable of these being made by Kodak, such as the EK series and Kodamatic cameras.

Later, Fujifilm introduced instant cameras and film in selected markets. After taking over an old Polaroid factory in 2008, the Netherlands-based Impossible Project began producing instant film for Polaroid cameras. This helped generate new interest in instant photography.

Kodak (EK and Kodamatic)
Kodak's EK and Kodamatic series cameras were introduced in 1976, and accepted a Kodak developed integral instant film, similar to but incompatible with Polaroid's SX-70 film. The film was chemically similar to Polaroid's with the exception that the negative was exposed from the rear and the dye/developers diffused to the front of the photograph. This alleviated the need for a mirror to reverse the image before it struck the negative.

Even so, Polaroid brought a patent-infringement lawsuit against Kodak, and eventually Kodak was forced to stop manufacture of both the camera and film. Kodak was also left to pay a settlement to some customers who were left without a way to use their now defunct cameras. One settlement offered owners of Kodak instant cameras a credit towards a new Kodak camera. Many Kodak instant cameras still exist and can be found on auction sites. Kodak also lost the contract to manufacture Polaroid's negatives which subsequently took production in house. Recently photographers tried to use Instax mini and square film inside the Kodak EK4 being somewhat successful and only being able to load one picture at a time in a darkroom.

Fujifilm
In more recent years, Fujifilm introduced a line of instant cameras and film in Japanese and Asian markets. Fujifilm called their instant camera line Fotorama. Starting in the early 1980s the F series of cameras include the F-10, F-50S and F-62AF. In the mid-1980s it introduced the 800 series with models such as the MX800, 850E, and Mr Handy collapsible. The ACE cameras were introduced in the mid-1990s with film identical to the 800 film but with a different cartridge. The integral films are based on the Kodak line of instant camera films. The instant films FI-10/PI-800/ACE series are somewhat compatible with the Kodak line of instant cameras, with minor modifications to the cartridge to make it fit. The F series film was discontinued in 1994 but similar modifications on more recent Instax film can be made to fit in the older cartridges.

Fujifilm was one of the first manufacturers who added different shooting modes to Polaroid cameras. "Kid mode" for example, will shoot photos at a faster shutter speed for capturing fast moving objects or people. Fujifilm later introduced Instax Mini 8 and advertised as the "cutest camera" targeting young women and girls. Shortly after, they introduced Instax Mini 90 and Instax mini 70, Targeting middle-aged men with the new sleek and classic design.

In the late 1990s Fujifilm introduced a new series of cameras using a new film called Instax it was available in markets outside the US. Instax became available in a smaller size with the introduction of the Instax Mini/Cheki line. Polaroid's Mio was available in the US, it uses the same film as the Fujifilm Instax Mini series but were rebranded as Mio film. This was also true of the Polaroid 300, and this film is still being sold. None of Fujifilm's products were sold officially in the United States originally. With the announcement in 2008 of Polaroid ceasing film production, Instax and peel apart type films became available in more channels. Fuji ended production of peel-apart films in 2016, FP-100C being the last such product from them.

Polaroid Originals
As noted above, Polaroid Originals (previously the Impossible Project) produces instant film for Polaroid cameras. In spring 2016, as Impossible Project they released their own instant camera, the Impossible I-1 that uses the company's 600-type and I-Type films. In September 2017, now renamed Polaroid Originals, it announced the Polaroid OneStep 2 that also uses its 600-type and I-Type films.

MiNT Camera
In 2015, MiNT Camera released the InstantFlex TL70, a vintage twin-lens reflex-looking instant camera that used Fuji Instax Mini film. In 2016, it launched the SLR670-S. It has the look of a Polaroid SX-70, but with an ISO 640 system and manual shutter options. These are built from vintage cameras with new electronics.

In 2019, it introduced the InstantKon RF70, a rangefinder camera that uses Fuji instax wide film. Two years later in 2021, it introduced another rangefinder camera, the InstantKon SF70, that uses Fuji instax square film.

Lomography
In 2014, Lomography funded the creation of a new instant camera, the Lomo'Instant, by raising over US $1,000,000 on Kickstarter. Like Fujifilm's Instax Mini camera, the Lomo'Instant uses Instax Mini film.

The following year, the company released the Lomo'Instant Wide, a variation on the original Lomo'Instant which shot larger photos using Fujifilm's Instax Wide film. These images are more similar in size to original Polaroid film.

In the summer of 2016, Lomography announced the development of a new instant camera. Called the Lomo'Instant Automat, Lomography describes it as "the most advanced automatic instant camera.”

In August 2017, Lomography released the Lomo'Instant Square Glass. It takes 86mm x 72mm photographs and is the "world's first dual-format, glass lensed instant camera".

Applications
Instant cameras have found many uses throughout their history. The original purpose of instant cameras was motivated by Jennifer Land's question to her father (Edwin Land): "Why can't I see them now?" Many people have enjoyed seeing their photos shortly after taking them, allowing them to recompose or retake the photo if they didn't get it right. But instant cameras were found to be useful for other purposes such as ID cards, passport photos, ultrasound photos, and other uses which required an instant photo. They were also used by police officers and fire investigators because of their ability to create an unalterable instant photo. Medium and large format professional photographers have also used the higher end instant cameras to preview lighting before taking the more expensive medium and/or large format photo. Instant film also has been used in ways that are similar to folk art, including the transfer of the images/emulsion and image manipulation.

Script supervisors in film production used instant cameras (until superseded by digital cameras) as standard to aid visual continuity by photographing actors, sets or props, to take photographs that could be instantly referred to when a particular set or character's appearance needs to be reset and shot again, or recalled later due to reshoots or the out-of-sequence shooting schedule of a film or television production.

The fashion industry relied upon Polaroid prints as a record of models or potential models.

Instant photography was also useful in conducting a study about the perception of vehicle accidents. The instant photos were used to document accidents to show medical professionals the condition of a vehicle after an accident. Having this visual in turn changed how the physician viewed the accident their patient was in.

With the advent of digital photography, much of the instant camera's consumer appeal has been transferred to digital cameras. Passport photo cameras have gone to digital, leaving instant cameras to a niche market.

Instant Cameras and Society

The introduction of instant camera technologies was important to society because it allowed for more creativity among camera users. Instead of having to use a darkroom to develop photographs, users were able to explore and document their world and experiences as they occurred. Instant Camera photography acted as an activity to some of its users. Instant cameras were portrayed by Polaroid as being able to combine the activities of both taking a photo and viewing one, into a singular past time.

Because instant cameras were easy to use, didn't require a darkroom or sending out the film for processing, this allowed couples to take personal private photos without concerns about unwanted third parties viewing the photos.

Taking an instant photograph
Edwin Land's original idea behind instant photography was to create a photographic system that was seamless and easy for anyone to use. The first roll film instant cameras required the photographer to use a light meter to take a reading of the light level, then to set the exposure setting on the lens. Then the lens was focused and the subject framed and the picture was taken. The photographer flipped a switch and pulled the large tab in the back of the camera to pull the negative over the positive, through some rollers to spread the developing agent. After the picture developed inside the camera for the required time, the photographer opened the small door in the camera back and peeled the positive from the negative. To prevent fading, the black and white positive had to be coated with a fixing agent, a potentially messy procedure which led to the development of coaterless instant pack film.

Pack film cameras were mostly equipped with automatic exposure, but still had to be focused and a flash bulb or cube unit needed to be used with colour film indoors. The development of the film required the photographer pull two tabs, the second tab which pulled the positive/negative "sandwich" from the camera, where it developed outside the camera. If the temperature was below 15 °C (60 °F), the positive/negative "sandwich" was placed between two aluminum plates and placed either in the user's pocket or under their arm to keep it warm while developing. After the required development time (15 seconds to 2 minutes), the positive (with the latent image) was peeled apart from the negative.

Integral film cameras, such as the SX-70, 600 series, Spectra, and Captiva cameras went a long way in accomplishing Edwin Land's goal of creating a seamless process in producing instant photos. The photographer simply pointed the camera at the subject, framed it and took the photo. The camera and film did the rest, including adjusting the exposure settings, taking care of focusing (Sonar autofocus models only), utilising a flash if necessary (600 series and up), and ejecting the film, which developed without intervention from the photographer. The new design of the frame film for the SX-70 cameras allowed for their convenient usage. With all of the ingredients necessary to develop the photograph in the thicker portion of the frame, the user only has to take the photo to initiate the reaction which provided them their photo.

Creative techniques
Due to the way that instant film develops, several techniques to modify or distort the final image exist, which were utilized by many artists. The three main techniques used are SX-70 manipulation, emulsion lift, and image transfer. SX-70 manipulation is used with SX-70 Time Zero film and it allows the photographer to draw on or distort an image by applying pressure to it while it is developing. With an emulsion lift, it is possible to separate the image from the medium it developed on, and transfer it to a different one. Image transfers are used with peel-apart film, like packfilm, to develop the instant image into a different material by peeling the picture too early and adhering the negative onto the desired material. Polaroid encouraged the use of these techniques by producing videos about them.

The artist Lucas Samaras, for example, was among the first to modify the images taken with the Polaroid SX-70 through the "Polaroid transfer". Thus, he developed the series "autoentrevistas", a set of self-portraits in which he takes the place of a model in different circumstances.

John Reuter, the director of the Polaroid 20×24 camera studio, for years experimented with snapshot transfers.

Andy Warhol also made use of instant cameras. Warhol began taking snapshots to use as sketches of his popular lithographs. In spite of this, their peculiar vision and the passage of time have turned these Polaroids into famous and interesting photographs from an artistic point of view. They are also part of pop art or pop culture.

David Hockney also utilised polaroids within his work to create photo collages. Hockney was skeptical about photography, until instant photography was suggested to him by a museum curator. In the 1980s he began to experiment and creating composite photo collages. These include portraits, still lifes and the iconic swimming pools that Hockney is known for. He admitted that his works are very Cubist and often reference Synthetic Cubism with their distorted perspective. He later moved on from polaroids to 35mm film.

In popular culture
Polaroid pictures are used extensively in the movie Memento.

The popular 2003 song "Hey Ya!" by Outcast features the line "Shake it like a Polaroid picture", referring to the myth that shaking an instant photo makes it dry faster. In reality, shaking has no positive effect and can even damage the photo. As a result of the song, the Polaroid Corporation released a statement discouraging the practice.

The name and app icon of the social photo sharing platform Instagram, founded in 2010, originated from the instant camera, with the 2010 icon directly resembling a Polaroid Land Camera 1000.

Instant cameras featured prominently in the 2015 video game Life Is Strange in which the protagonist, Max Caulfield, frequently uses one.

In 2014, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift used Polaroids as the aesthetic for her fifth studio album 1989.

Patents

 * – Apparatus for exposing and processing photographic film
 * – Apparatus for exposing and processing photographic film

title: Instant camera


text:
Pin-up model

A pin-up model is a model whose mass-produced pictures and photographs have wide appeal within the popular culture of a society. Pin-up models are usually glamour models, actresses, and fashion models whose pictures are intended for informal, aesthetic display, such as being pinned onto a wall. From the 1940s, pictures of pin-up girls were also known as cheesecake in the U.S.

The term pin-up refers to drawings, paintings, and photographs of semi-nude women. The term pin-up was first attested to in English in 1941. Images of pin-up girls were published in magazines and newspapers, and as postcards, lithographs, and calendars. The counterpart of the pin-up girl is the male pin-up, also known as beefcake, including celebrated actors and athletes such as the actor James Dean, the singer Jim Morrison, and the model Fabio.

History

From the early 19th century, when pin-up modeling had "theatrical origins"; burlesque performers and actresses sometimes used photographic business cards to advertise shows. These promotional and business cards could be found backstage in almost every theater's green room, pinned up or placed in "frames of the looking-glasses, in the joints of the gas-burners, and sometimes lying on top of the sacred cast-case itself." According to historian Maria Elena Buszek, "To understand both the complicated identity and the subversive nature of the 19th-century actress, one must also understand that the era's views on women's potential were inextricably tied to their sexuality, which in turn was tied to their level of visibility in the public sphere: regardless of race, class or background, it was generally assumed that the more public the woman, the more 'public,' or available, her sexuality." Being sexually fantasized, famous actresses in early-20th-century film were both drawn and photographed and put on posters to be sold for personal use. Among the celebrities who were considered sex symbols, one of the most popular early pin-up girls was Betty Grable, whose poster was ubiquitous in the lockers of G.I.s during World War II.

In Europe, prior to the First World War, the likes of "Miss Fernande" (who some identify as Fernande Barrey ), were arguably the world's first pin-ups in the modern sense. Miss Fernande displayed ample cleavage and full frontal nudity, and her pictures were cherished by soldiers on both sides of the First World War conflict.

Other pin-ups were artwork depicting idealized versions of beautiful or attractive women. An early example of the latter type was the Gibson Girl, a representation of the New Woman drawn by Charles Dana Gibson. "Because the New Woman was symbolic of her new ideas about her sex, it was inevitable that she would also come to symbolize new ideas about sexuality." Unlike the photographed actresses and dancers generations earlier, art gave artists the freedom to draw women in many different ways. The 1932 Esquire "men's" magazine featured many drawings and "girlie" cartoons but was most famous for its "Vargas Girls". Prior to World War II, Vargas Girls were praised for their beauty and less focus was on their sexuality. However, during the war, the drawings transformed into women playing dress-up in military drag and drawn in seductive manners, like that of a child playing with a doll. Vargas Girls became so popular that from 1942 to 1946, owing to a high volume of military demand, "9 million copies of the magazine-without adverts and free of charge was sent to American troops stationed overseas and in domestic bases." The Vargas Girls were adapted as nose art on many World War II bomber and fighter aircraft; Generally, they were not seen negatively or as prostitutes, but mostly as inspiring female patriots that were helpful for good luck.

Among the other well-known artists specializing in the field were Earle K. Bergey, Enoch Bolles, Gil Elvgren, George Petty, Rolf Armstrong, Zoë Mozert, Duane Bryers and Art Frahm. Notable contemporary pin-up artists include Olivia De Berardinis, known for her pin-up art of Bettie Page and her pieces in Playboy.

Feminism and the pin-up
Maria Buszek (author of Pin-up Grrrls) said that the pin-up girl "has presented women with models for expressing and finding pleasure in their sexual subjectivity".

According to Joanne Meyerowitz in "Women, Cheesecake, and Borderline Material," an article in Journal of Women's History, "As sexual images of women multiplied in the popular culture, women participated actively in constructing arguments to endorse as well as protest them."

As early as 1869, women have been supporters and protesters of the pin-up. Female supporters of early pin-up content considered these to be a "positive post-Victorian rejection of bodily shame and a healthy respect for female beauty."

Additionally, pin-up allows for women to change the everyday culture. The models "succeed in the feminist aim of changing the rigid, patriarchal terms."

It has been argued by some critics that in the early 20th century that these drawings of women helped define certain body images—such as being clean, healthy, and wholesome—and were enjoyed by both men and women, and that as time progressed, these images changed from respectable to illicit.

Conversely, female protesters argued that these images were corrupting societal morality and saw these public sexual displays of women as lowering the standards of womanhood, destroying their dignity, reducing them to mere objects to pleasure men and therefore harmful to both women and young adolescents.

Pin-up modeling has been described as a subculture that is invested in promoting positive body images and a love for one's sexuality, "pin-up would also find ways to... encourage the erotic self-awareness and self expression of real women".

Hair and makeup style
The classic style of the pin-up originates back from the 1940s. Due to the shortages of materials during World War II, this period of makeup is considered the "natural beauty" look. The US was immersed in war-time economy, which put distribution restrictions on consumer goods. General rationing was supported; women applied mild amounts of products.

Pin-up style makeup products consisted of:

 * Foundation – A cream base, liquid foundation that matched their natural skin tone
 * Compact Powders – used to set the foundation and even the overall complexion
 * Eyes and brows – neutral contour on brow bone and lid. Eyebrows were shaped but kept full
 * Eyeliner – the wing effect became popular by the 1950s
 * Lashes – extended the barriers of the eye to appear slightly larger
 * Blush – pastel and rose colors applied to the apple of the cheek
 * Lips – vibrant red and matte color, applied to look plumper.

In the 1950s, the overall look was the red lip was often matched with rosy cheeks. Eyeliner became bold and began to be more commonly used to make the eye appear larger. Natural eyebrows were embraced, as opposed to the thin brows of the 1920s and '30s. In the 1940s, brows were shaped and clean but filled in with a pencil to appear fuller.

Lipstick "turned into a symbol of resilient femininity in the face of danger" and was seen as a way to boost morale during the war. The shape of the lip was also iconic of the 1940s. The lips were painted on to look plumper; a broad outline of the lip was added for roundness. This fuller look is known as the "Hunter's Bow", invented by Max Factor.

The pin curl is a staple of the pin-up style, as "women utilized pin curls for their main hair curling technique". Originating in the 1920s from the "water-waving technique", the hair style of the 1940s consisted of a fuller, gentle curl. The drying technique consists of curling a damp piece of hair, from the end to the root and pin in place. Once the curl is dry, it is brushed through to create the desired soft curl, with a voluminous silhouette.

Victory rolls are also a distinctive hairstyle of the pin-up. The Victory roll is curled inward and swept off the face and pinned into place on the top of the head. Soft curls, achieved through the pin curl technique, finish the look of pin-up.

As a makeup style, the classic pin-up underwent a revival in modern fashion. The red lip and winged eyeliner made a re-emergence in 2010, with singer Katy Perry being the most accessible example of modern pin-up makeup.

Some people believe there is a lack of representation in the media of Black women as pin-up models, even though they were just as influential to the construction of the style.

Pin-up in the contemporary age
Although pin-up modeling is associated with World War II and the 1950s, it developed into a subculture which can be seen represented in the styles of some celebrities and public figures. Pamela Anderson was considered the "perennial pin-up" due to decades' worth of modeling for Hugh Hefner's Playboy magazine. The American singer Lana Del Rey, whose style is comparable to that of the classic pin-up model, has performed a song called "Pin Up Galore". Beyoncé has recorded a song titled "Why Don't You Love Me," which pays tribute to the American pin-up queen of the 1950s, Bettie Page. The burlesque performer Dita Von Teese is often referred to as a modern pin-up. Von Tesse has appeared in a biographical film about Bettie Page, Bettie Page Reveals All, in which Von Teese helps to define pin-up. Katy Perry makes use of the ideas associated with pin-up modeling, and has included these in music videos and costumes. The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show can be comparable to burlesque show, whereas their yearly advent calendar can compare to pin-up in general.

The pin-up modeling subculture has produced magazines and forums dedicated to its community. Delicious Dolls, a magazine that began in 2011 and has both a print and digital version, was described in 2015 as "the most-liked" pin-up magazine in the world. One of the magazine's mission statements is "to promote and showcase retro and modern pin-up girls." Another well known modern pin-up magazine featuring pin-ups in vintage dress, Retro Lovely, is the modern day pin-up magazine with the most sold digital and print copies. Within this subculture, there are opportunities to perform in pin-up contests, including one which takes place during the Viva Las Vegas rockabilly festival.

African-American pin-up
Though Marilyn Monroe and Bettie Page are often cited as the classic pin-up, there were many Black women who were also considered to be impactful. In the 1920s the most notable black burlesque dancer was Josephine Baker. Dorothy Dandridge and Eartha Kitt also added to the pin-up style of their time, using their looks, fame, and personal success. African-American pin-up finally gained a platform when the magazine Jet, which published material related to the African-American community, was created in 1951. Jet supported pin-up with their full-page feature called "Beauty of the Week", where African-American women posed in swimsuits and the like. This was intended to showcase the beauty African-American women possessed in a world where their skin color was under constant scrutiny. It was not until 1965 that Jennifer Jackson became the first African American to be published in Playboy as Playmate of the Month. 1990 marked the first year that Playboy's Playmate of the Year was an African-American woman, Renee Tenison. Historically, Black women in pin-up are still not as common as their white counterparts. However, the recent revival of pin-up style has propelled many Black women today to dabble with and make works based on the classic pin-up look to create their own standards of beauty. In Jim Linderman's self-published book, Secret History of the Black Pin Up, he describes the lives and experiences of African-American pin-up models.

title: Pin-up model


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Cranbrook Schools

Cranbrook Schools is a private PK–12 educational institution located on a 319 acre campus in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. It includes a co-educational elementary school, a middle school with separate schools for boys and girls, and a co-educational college-preparatory high school with boarding facilities. Cranbrook Schools is part of the Cranbrook Educational Community (CEC), which includes the Cranbrook Institute of Science, the Cranbrook Academy of Art, and Cranbrook House and Gardens. Christ Church Cranbrook is also on campus. The Cranbrook community was established by publishing mogul George Booth, who bought the site of today's Cranbrook community in 1904. Cranbrook was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 29, 1989, for its significant architecture and design. It attracts tourists from around the world. Approximately 40 acre of Cranbrook Schools' campus are gardens.

As of 2023, Cranbrook Schools had an endowment of $217 million, among the fifteen largest held by America's boarding schools. In addition, the Cranbrook Educational Community, of which the schools is a member, had an endowment in excess of $300 million in 2007.

it had 1,656 students, making it Michigan's largest private school by enrollment in a single campus.

History of Cranbrook Schools
In 1915, George and Ellen Booth opened a portion of their property to the general public with the construction of a small Greek Theatre. In 1918, the Booths built the Meeting House, which became the Bloomfield Hills School, opening for local children in 1922 (grades 1–12). Subsequently, the Booths decided to build a middle school and a college preparatory school. Cranbrook School for Boys, which began operations in 1927, was designed by world-renowned Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen. Completed in 1928, it was Saarinen's first executed architectural work in the United States. The name "Cranbrook" was chosen since Cranbrook, England was the birthplace of George Booth's father. Kingswood School Cranbrook (for girls), also designed by Saarinen, opened in 1931. Cranbrook and Kingswood enrolled students from grades 7–12. The Bloomfield Hills School became an elementary school and was renamed Brookside School Cranbrook in 1930.

Unlike the Cranbrook School for Boys, which has several buildings, the Kingswood School has only one building, which includes supporting facilities. It houses dormitories, a dining hall, an auditorium, classrooms, lounge/common areas, a bowling alley, and a ballroom. The education at Kingswood School Cranbrook was initially primarily viewed as a "finishing school". Today, Students take classes in English, History, Religion, and Art at Kingswood. The art classes available are Foundations in Design, Sculpture, Drawing, Weaving, Ceramics, Fashion Design, Painting, and Photography.

For the Booths and Saarinen, the conception and design of the Cranbrook and Kingswood schools were greatly influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement, which began in 19th-century England.

In 1923, Booth founded an Episcopal church to serve the nascent Cranbrook community, as well as surrounding communities. He chose the firm of Goodhue Associates to design the church. Groundbreaking took place in 1925, and Christ Church Cranbrook was consecrated on September 29, 1928. Originally Cranbrook and Kingswood schools were affiliated with the Episcopal Church, but they have since secularized. However, special occasions are still celebrated at Christ Church Cranbrook.

Cranbrook School, Kingswood School, and Brookside School operated separately until 1970, when it was decided to govern them together. This was followed by the creation of the Cranbrook Educational Community. In 1985, Cranbrook and Kingswood schools were merged to create a co-educational upper school institution.

The middle school did not become co-educational; it was divided into gender-specific campuses in 1984. The Community acquired Vaughan School to house the boys' middle school. The basement of Kingswood was at one point the girls' middle school. A new Middle School building opened in 2010. For boys and girls of grades 6–8, all classes are separate. The exceptions are those for the performing arts (Symphonic Band, Orchestra). Architecture critic Paul Goldberger of The New York Times called the Cranbrook campus "one of the greatest campuses ever created anywhere".

Cranbrook Schools today
In 1985, Cranbrook School and Kingswood School were merged to create a coeducational upper school, the Cranbrook Kingswood Upper School. Classes are taught on both the original Cranbrook and Kingswood campuses.

Frequently, the school is referred to as "CK" by its students, faculty, and alumni. Cranbrook Kingswood now lays claim to 70 athletic teams; both men and women's teams earned state championship titles in hockey, tennis, lacrosse, golf and swimming. As of 2011, there were 795 students, approximately one-third of which were boarding students who live in single-sex residence halls. Cranbrook Kingswood accepts slightly fewer than half of all applicants, placing it in the most selective 25% of preparatory schools in the United States.

Several programs offered at Cranbrook have won awards and recognition. The student newspaper The Crane-Clarion has been recognized by the Columbia Scholastic Press Association and the National Scholastic Press Association. In 2009, the Upper School's student literary arts magazine, Gallimaufry, received a Gold Crown award from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association. The robotics and forensics team have also won several state and national awards. Their Model United Nations team has also been placed in the top 75 in North America as of Spring 2012.

Total enrollment at Cranbrook during 2007–08 was 1626, with 780 enrolled in the upper school, 333 in the middle schools, and 513 at the lower school Brookside. (Brookside's numbers include children enrolled in pre-kindergarten, junior kindergarten, and kindergarten at the Vlasic Early Childhood Center, which opened in 1996.) Approximately 11% of Cranbrook Kingswood's students are international students. Traditionally, Cranbrook School also has an exchange program with Cranbrook School, Kent, a boarding school in Cranbrook, Kent, England in honor of George Booth's heritage.

Summer programs
During the summer months Cranbrook Schools conducts a variety of day and boarding programs on their campus. These include day camps, a soccer clinic, a filmmaking seminar, a compensatory educational program for students from low-income families, a jazz ensemble, ice hockey, lacrosse, and tennis camps as well as the Cranbrook Theater School. The actor Robert Englund taught one summer at the theater school.

Iconography
The Archer, the symbol of Cranbrook school, is based on an episode in Book V (Latin) of the Aeneid, by Virgil, line 519:
 * ...tamen aerias telum contendit in auras...
 * ...he aimed an arrow high into the breezes of the air...

In an archery contest, a bird is tethered to a cord, and there are four archers. The first three in turn miss, then hit the bird, while the fourth, Acestes, instead shoots his arrow into the air, where it bursts into flames. For this miracle, Acestes is declared the victor.

The design was chosen by William Oliver Stevens, the first headmaster of Cranbrook School, who sketched it. The actual logo was designed by Eero Saarinen.

Traditions

 * Although Cranbrook School for Boys and Kingswood School Cranbrook merged in 1985 to become a single co-ed institution, the school reflects in many ways its history as separate, single-sex entities. (Alumni and alumnae who were enrolled prior to the merger consider themselves graduates of either Cranbrook or Kingswood.) Cranbrook Kingswood Upper School has two different hymns: The Cranbrook Song and the Kingswood Song, which are sung at many school events. Only the boys are invited to attend the Cranbrook Senior Pageant. Boys and girls have separate graduation ceremonies (although they do share in the same Baccalaureate service).
 * Since 1971 sophomores have taken part in the Wilderness Expedition, a 10-day backpacking and wilderness camping trip in March that takes place in the Smoky Mountains along the North Carolina-Tennessee border
 * Junior leadership ceremonies to celebrate the transition of the juniors to the senior class: A Junior Ring ceremony for girls and the Passage of Leadership ceremony for boys is held at Christ Church Cranbrook
 * Cranbrook Kingswood Upper School maintains a dress code: Sweatpants are not allowed on any day except Friday, and on select Wednesdays (the so-called Dress Day) boys have to wear a dress shirt with a tie and girls have to wear dresses or dressy tops with skirts or slacks.
 * A convocation ceremony is held at the opening of the school year.

Popular references

 * Paper Lion, George Plimpton's non-fiction account of his faux tryout as quarterback for the Detroit Lions in 1963 was set in large measure at Cranbrook (where the Lions trained from 1957 through 1974).
 * Eminem's character, Rabbit, in the 2002 film 8 Mile mentions Cranbrook in a rap battle with Papa Doc (portrayed by Anthony Mackie) when he questions Papa Doc's "gangsta" act because he attended Cranbrook, which is a private school.
 * The Cranbrook School is also the model for the preparatory school portrayed in Edmund White´s autobiographical novel A Boy's Own Story.
 * Lisa Birnbach makes note of Cranbrook in The Official Preppy Handbook and True Prep: It's a Whole New Old World.

Notable faculty

 * Dave Barney (1960s), English teacher, head coach for ice hockey and baseball, assistant coach for football
 * George Laskowski (1970s-1990s), whose science fiction fanzine Lan's Lantern won a Hugo Award for Best Fanzine.
 * Amanda Moore (2000s), English teacher

Notable alumni
Cranbrook has many notable alumni, including designer Florence Knoll, former U.S. Senator Alan K. Simpson, Heisman Trophy winner Pete Dawkins, Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg, Utah Senator and 2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney and his wife Ann Romney (née Davies), Congresswoman Elissa Slotkin, columnist Michael Kinsley, Sun Microsystems founder Scott McNealy, co-founder of Pandora Radio Tim Westergren, former professional soccer player Alexi Lalas, Lisa Frank, actress and Tony award winner Renée Elise Goldsberry and actress Selma Blair.

Athletics

Cranbrook Kingswood participates in MHSAA Division 3

title: Cranbrook Schools


text:
Dominion Day

Dominion Day was a day commemorating the granting of certain countries Dominion status — that is, "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations". It was an official public holiday in Canada from 1879 to 1982, where it was celebrated on 1 July; that date is now known as Canada Day. In the Dominion of New Zealand, the anniversary of the granting of Dominion status, on 26 September, was observed as Dominion Day; it was never a public holiday.

Canada
Dominion Day (Fête du Dominion) was the name of the holiday commemorating the formation of Canada as a Dominion on 1 July 1867. It became an official public holiday in 1879. Some Canadians were, by the early 1980s, informally referring to the holiday as "Canada Day". Proponents argued that the name "Dominion Day" was a holdover from the British colonial era. The holiday was formally renamed to Canada Day in 1982 (via private member's bill by MP Hal Herbert to amend the Holidays Act), the year the Constitution of Canada was patriated with the passing of the Canada Act by the British Parliament. Nonetheless, efforts to resurrect the original holiday name persisted for years, including a "Bring Back Our Dominion Day" campaign launched in the pages of a national newspaper.

New Zealand
A Dominion Day was occasionally celebrated in New Zealand to commemorate the anniversary of New Zealand becoming a Dominion on 26 September 1907. It was never a public holiday, although the first Dominion Day was a day off for public servants. The first Dominion Day was celebrated with a parade and other festivities in the capital, Wellington. Electric lights decorated Parliament Buildings, spelling out the words "Advance New Zealand". In late morning, the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward read the proclamation from the main steps of Parliament Buildings. Outside of the capital, there were popular military parades in cities such as Auckland. Other places "declined the government’s invitation to be enthusiastic".

Dominion Day soon "faded away as a public event" – there were occasional celebrations in the first few years after 1907, mostly in Wellington, but they were mainly formal events that did not capture the attention of the public. There was no strong emotional attachment to the anniversary, because New Zealand's granting of Dominion status passed largely unnoticed as a symbolic change. In 1907, the Otago Daily Times called the day "a finger-post in the history of this land, but it is no land-mark". New Zealand historian Keith Sinclair later remarked: "… the change of title, for which there had been no demand, produced little public interest. It was largely regarded as Ward's personal show … it was merely cosmetic".

Today, the Canterbury (South) anniversary day celebration is the fourth Monday in September, corresponding to Dominion Day; the holiday is otherwise unobserved in the rest of the country. There has been support in some quarters for the day to be revived as an alternative New Zealand Day, instead of renaming Waitangi Day, New Zealand's current national day.

title: Dominion Day


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Cranbrook Educational Community

The Cranbrook Educational Community is an education, research, and public museum complex in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. This National Historic Landmark was founded in the early 20th century by newspaper mogul George Gough Booth. It consists of Cranbrook Schools, Cranbrook Academy of Art, Cranbrook Art Museum, Cranbrook Institute of Science, and Cranbrook House and Gardens. The founders also built Christ Church Cranbrook as a focal point in order to serve the educational complex. However, the church is a separate entity under the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan. The sprawling 319 acre campus began as a 174 acre farm, purchased in 1904. The organization takes its name from Cranbrook, England, the birthplace of the founder's father.

Cranbrook is renowned for its architecture in the Arts and Crafts and Art Deco styles. The chief architect was Eliel Saarinen while Albert Kahn was responsible for the Booth mansion. Sculptors Carl Milles and Marshall Fredericks also spent many years in residence at Cranbrook.

Schools at Cranbrook
Cranbrook Schools comprise a co-educational day and boarding college preparatory "upper" school, a middle school, and Brookside Lower School.

In 1922, the Bloomfield Hills School was the first school to open on the Cranbrook grounds. Founded by George Booth, the Bloomfield Hills School was intended as the community school for local area children. The Bloomfield Hills School ultimately evolved into Brookside School. Following completion of the Bloomfield Hills School, Booth looked forward to building Cranbrook School for Boys, an all-boys College-Preparatory school at which students from the Detroit area and abroad would come to reside. Booth wanted the Cranbrook School to possess an architecture reminiscent of the finest British boarding schools; he hired Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen to design the campus. Cranbrook's initial phase of building was completed in 1928.

Over the years, the Cranbrook School for Boys campus grew to include Stevens Hall, Page Hall, and Coulter Hall. While primarily functioning as only residential spaces, Page Hall featured a smoking lounge as well as a shooting range. Lerchen Gymnasium, Keppel Gymnasium, and Thompson Oval were also constructed on the campus. In the 1960s, Cranbrook School for Boys also constructed a state-of-the-art Science Building named the Gordon Science Center.

Realizing that young women would also need a place of their own to learn, Ellen Scripps Booth, Booth's wife, pressured Booth into building a school for girls. Scripps Booth supervised the project, which she named the Kingswood School Cranbrook. Unlike her husband, Scripps Booth encouraged Eliel Saarinen to come up with a unique interior design for the campus completely on his own. Instead of the several buildings that housed the Cranbrook School for Boys, the Kingswood School Cranbrook was contained within one building that included all necessary features, including dormitories, a dining hall, an auditorium, classrooms, a bowling alley, a ballroom, and lounges and common areas. The education at Kingswood School Cranbrook was initially viewed as a "finishing school", though that changed over time.

In 1986, the Cranbrook School for Boys and Kingswood School Cranbrook entered a joint agreement, renaming the new institution the Cranbrook Kingswood Upper School.

Cranbrook Academy of Art
The Cranbrook Academy of Art, a graduate school for architecture, art, and design, was founded by George Booth and Ellen Scripps Booth in 1932. In 1984, The New York Times wrote that "the effect of Cranbrook and its graduates and faculty on the physical environment of this country has been profound ... Cranbrook, surely more than any other institution, has a right to think of itself as synonymous with contemporary American design."

The buildings were designed and the school first headed by Eliel Saarinen, who integrated design practices and theories from the Arts and Crafts movement through the international style. The school continues to be known for its apprenticeship method of teaching, in which a small group of students—usually only 10 to 16 per class, or 150 students in total for the ten departments—study under a single artist-in-residence for the duration of their curriculum. There are no traditional courses; all learning is self-directed under the guidance and supervision of the respective artist-in-residence.

Academics

The school currently confers two degrees: Master of Fine Arts and Master of Architecture. The Master of Architecture degree is a post-professional degree and is not accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board. Cranbrook Art Academy currently has 11 departments — 2D Design, 3D Design, 4D Design, Architecture, Ceramics, Fiber, Metalsmithing, Painting, Photography, Print Media and Sculpture. The latest department (4D Design) began taking students in the fall of 2019, under the leadership of Carla Diana, a Cranbrook Art Academy alumna. In 2022, Paul Sacaridiz was appointed the Director of the Cranbrook Academy of Art.

Cranbrook Art Museum
The Cranbrook Art Museum is a museum of contemporary art with a permanent collection, including works by Charles and Ray Eames, Harry Bertoia, Maija Grotell, Carl Milles, Robert Motherwell, Andy Warhol, and Roy Lichtenstein. Completed in 1942 under the direction of architect Eliel Saarinen, the museum is housed in the same building as the Cranbrook Academy of Art.

The museum also offers tours of Saarinen House, which has undergone painstaking restoration beginning in 1977. The remaining areas of the house were completed between 1988 and 1994. The museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.

Sculptor Carl Milles' numerous works in Metro Detroit include those at Cranbrook Educational Community, such as Mermaids & Tritons Fountain (1930), Sven Hedin on a Camel (1932), Jonah and the Whale Fountain (1932), Orpheus Fountain (1936), and Spirit of Transportation (1952), currently in Cobo Center.

In 2009, the museum closed for renovation and expansion, reopening in November 2011. The project restored aspects of the original building designed by Saarinen, made necessary structural repairs, replaced windows, and upgraded mechanical systems. The renovated museum features year-round, changing exhibitions and a new Collections and Education Wing—an additional 20000 sqft of storage and classroom space open to visitors by guided tour. Based on an open storage plan, the new wing allows the museum's entire collection to be seen.

Cranbrook Institute of Science
The Cranbrook Institute of Science includes a permanent collection of scientific artifacts, as well as displays of annual temporary exhibits. It also features a planetarium and a powerful telescope through which visitors may peer on selected nights.

The museum grounds feature a life-sized statue of a Stegosaurus.

From 1946 to 1970, the institute awarded the Mary Soper Pope Medal for notable achievement in plant sciences.

Cranbrook House and Gardens
Cranbrook House and Gardens are the centerpiece of the Cranbrook Educational Community campus. The 1908 English Arts and Crafts-style house was designed by Albert Kahn for Cranbrook founders George Booth and Ellen Scripps Booth. Ten first-floor rooms can be seen on guided tours; the rooms contain tapestries, hand-carved woodworking, and English antiques in the Arts and Crafts style. The upper floors are used for the executive offices of the Cranbrook Educational Community.

Originally designed by George Booth, the 40 acre gardens include a sunken garden, formal gardens, a bog garden, a herb garden, a wildflower garden, a Japanese garden, sculpture, fountains, specimen trees, and a lake.

Leonard Bernstein recalled composing portions of his Symphony No. 2, The Age of Anxiety, on the Cranbrook House Steinway concert grand piano while residing there in April 1946. Bernstein had come to Detroit at the request of Zoltan Sepeshy to conduct the Detroit Symphony Orchestra at Music Hall. While visiting, he requested studio space where he could compose, and Sepeshy had the piano moved from Cranbrook House into St. Dunstan's Playhouse.

The house and gardens are open to the public from May through October.

St. Dunstan's Playhouse
St. Dunstan's Playhouse, while not formally a part of the Cranbrook Educational Community, is located on the Cranbrook grounds near the Cranbrook House. The Playhouse, a 206-seat theater, houses the St. Dunstan's Theatre Guild of Cranbrook. The guild was founded in 1932 by Henry Scripps Booth, the son of Cranbrook's founders George and Ellen Booth.

In the summer months, the St. Dunstan's Theatre Guild performs in the outdoor Greek Theatre adjacent to the Cranbrook House. The theater was restored in 1990–1991.

Historic landmark
Fourteen buildings making up the Cranbrook complex were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and were further designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989, cited as being "one of the most important groups of educational and architectural structures in America".

The contributing buildings are:

 * 1) Brookside School Cranbrook
 * 2) Buildings & Grounds Offices
 * 3) Christ Church, Cranbrook
 * 4) Cranbrook Academy of Art
 * 5) Cranbrook Foundation Office
 * 6) Cranbrook House & Gardens
 * 7) Cranbrook Institute of Science
 * 8) Cranbrook School
 * 9) Cranbrook School Auditorium
 * 10) Edison House
 * 11) Faculty Housing
 * 12) Greek Theater at St. Dunstan's
 * 13) Kingswood School Cranbrook
 * 14) Visitors Entrance

title: Cranbrook Educational Community