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Anil Kumble

Anil Kumble (born 17 October 1970) is an Indian former cricket captain, coach and commentator who played Test and One Day International cricket for his national team over an international career of 18 years. Widely regarded as one of the best leg spin bowlers in Test Cricket History, he took 619 wickets in Test cricket and was the third highest wicket taker of all time at the time of his retirement in 2008. In 1999 while playing against Pakistan, Kumble dismissed all ten batsmen in a Test match innings, joining England's Jim Laker as the second player to achieve the feat. Unlike his contemporaries, Kumble was not a big turner of the ball, but relied primarily on pace, bounce, and accuracy. He was nicknamed "Apple" and "Jumbo". Kumble was selected as the Cricketer of the Year in 1993 Indian Cricket, and one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year three years later. Kumble was a member of the Indian team that was one of the joint-winners of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy, which the title was also shared with Sri Lanka.

Born in Bangalore, Mysore State (now Karnataka), Kumble developed an early interest in cricket as he grew up watching players like B. S. Chandrasekhar before becoming a full-fledged cricketer. He made his First-class debut at the age of 19 while representing Karnataka. Soon he was picked up for the Austral-Asia Cup in 1990 before making his Test debut against England later that year. Since then he has represented the Indian Test team on more than 132 Test matches and was responsible for many of India's victories. Kumble became a part of the regular ODI team during the early 1990s and held some of the best performances during this time; which included his six for 12 (six wickets for 12 runs) against the West Indies. The year 1996 proved to very successful for him as he was selected for the World Cup and emerged as the most successful bowler of the tournament; he played seven matches and captured 15 wickets at an average of 18.73.

Kumble was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian honour in 2005. After having played for 18 years, he announced his retirement from international cricket in November 2008. In October 2012, Kumble was appointed the chairman of the International Cricket Council (ICC)'s cricket committee.

Between 2012 and 2015, Kumble held positions as a chief mentor for the teams Royal Challengers Bangalore and Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League. He was also a former head coach of the Indian cricket team as well. In February 2015, he became the fourth Indian cricketer to be inducted into ICC Hall of Fame. Kumble is currently the head coach and the director of cricket operations of Punjab Kings.

Personal life
Kumble was born to family in Bangalore, Mysore State (now Karnataka), to Krishna Swamy and Saroja who both hail from Kumbla near Kasaragod, Kerala. Kumble has a brother named Dinesh Kumble. He is married to Chetana Kumble, and has three children – son Mayas Kumble and daughters Aaruni and Svasti Kumble. His mother tongue is Kannada.

Kumble did his primary schooling in Holy Saint English School and he completed his Class X from National High School Basavanagudi. He began playing cricket on the streets of Bangalore and joined a club called "Young Cricketers" at the age of 13. After his high school he completed his Class XII from National Pre-University College Basavanagudi. Kumble later graduated from Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering (RVCE) in B.E Mechanical Engineering in 1991–92. He is nicknamed "Jumbo" because his deliveries, for a spinner, are "as fast as a jumbo jet". Kumble is a vegetarian.

Early domestic career and international career
Kumble made his first-class debut for Karnataka against Hyderabad on 30 November 1989, taking 4 wickets and bagging a pair. He was then selected for India Under-19s against Pakistan Under-19s, scoring 113 in the first test and 76 in the second. He made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka at Sharjah in the Austral-Asia Cup on 25 April 1990. He played one more game in the series against Pakistan and ended up picking two wickets. His Test debut came in the same year when India toured England for a three-test series. It was the second test of the series played at Manchester and he picked up 3 wickets conceding 105 runs in the first innings and went wicket-less in the second innings of the match which resulted in a draw. He did not play any Tests until 1992. Kumble picked up 13/138 in Irani Trophy against Delhi for Rest of India which ensured the latter's victory. This performance helped him earn a place in the Indian side that toured South Africa and Zimbabwe. It was during the 1992 Indian tour of South Africa that he established himself as a quality spinner, taking eight wickets in the second Test. All in all he took 18 wickets at an average of 25.94 and with an economy rate of 1.84 in the four-test series. Later that year, when England toured India, Kumble took 21 wickets in three Tests at an average of 19.8. He picked up seven wickets for 165 runs in the third Test of the series played at Bombay as India went on to win the match by an innings and 15 runs. He was adjudged man of the match for his performance.

Kumble took his first 50 Test wickets in 10 matches; the record remained the fastest by an Indian bowler until Ravichandran Ashwin surpassed him achieving the feat in nine matches. His 100 Test wickets in 21 Test matches, the second fastest by an Indian bowler after Erapalli Prasanna (who took 100 wickets in 20 matches). On 27 November 1993, he took six wickets for 12 runs in an ODI against the West Indies at Eden Gardens, Calcutta in the final of the Hero Cup, which was an Indian record for very long time. This record was broken by Stuart Binny on 17 June 2014 against Bangladesh. In January 1994, when Sri Lanka toured India, Kumble picked up his first 10 wicket haul in his 14th match which ensured India's victory by an innings and 119 runs. He picked up 11 wickets for 128 runs in the match.

In 1995 English cricket season Kumble played for Northamptonshire and was the leading wicket taker with 105 wickets at the average of 20.40. He was the only bowler to take more than 100 wickets during that season. His best performance came against Hampshire in a drawn match in County Championship, picking up 13 wickets for 192 runs. This performance in the English county cricket was noted by Wisden as they named him one of their five Cricketers of the Year in 1996.

1996 World Cup
The year 1996 proved to be extremely successful for Kumble as he claimed 61 ODI wickets at an average of 20.24. All in all, he was the leading wicket-taker in the calendar year with 90 wickets at an average of 24.14 in Tests and ODIs combined. Kumble was selected in the Indian side for the 1996 World Cup. He was a part of all the seven matches that India played. Kumble was the leading wicket-taker in the tournament with 15 wickets at an average of 18.73. India played their first match against Kenya where Kumble took three for 28 runs, which helped to restrict Kenya for just 199/6 in their 50 overs. India won the match comfortably by seven wickets. In the subsequent matches he picked up three for 35 runs (against West Indies) and two wickets for 39 runs (against Sri Lanka) in group phase.

India played against Pakistan in the quarter-final phase. Kumble picked up 3 for 48 in the match which India eventually won. In the semi-final they subsequently lost to Sri Lanka in which Kumble's performance was 1 for 51.

Setting records and rise through the ranks
In October 1996, Anil Kumble along with Javagal Srinath helped India to win a scintillating ODI match against Australia in Bangalore in Titan Cup. The duo added 52 runs for 9th wicket partnership, after Sachin Tendulkar got out at 88 when India was 164/8, chasing a target of 216 runs. India eventually went on to win the Titan Cup. In February 1997 India visited the West Indies for a series of five tests and four ODIs. Kumble was part of the squad and he was the leading wicket-taker in the Test series. He picked up 19 wickets, averaging 30.31 with the ball. Kumble was the leading wicket-taker by a large margin when Australia visited India for Border-Gavaskar Trophy in 1998. He picked up 23 wickets in 3 test matches at the average of 18.26.

Kumble is one of three bowlers ever (the other two being Jim Laker of England in 1956 and Ajaz Patel of New Zealand in 2021) to have taken all ten wickets in a Test innings, taking 10 for 74. Kumble achieved this against Pakistan in the second Test played in Delhi in February 1999. Although by failing to dismiss Pakistan's Waqar Younis in either innings, he missed out on the achievement of dismissing all eleven batsmen in a Test match. It has been said that once he had got nine wickets his friend and teammate Javagal Srinath started bowling wide outside the off stump, so that Kumble could take the 10th. The performance was rated by Wisden as the second best "Bowling performance of all time". The achievement was commemorated by naming a traffic circle in Bengaluru after him, and gifting him a car with the customised licence plate: KA-10-N-10. In 1999 he was the third highest wicket taker with 88 wickets at the average of 30.03 behind Glenn Mcgrath and Shane Warne.

When the Indian opener, Sadagoppan Ramesh tried to take a catch off Srinath, he was cautioned by Javagal Srinath not to try and take any catch so that Anil Kumble could take all 10 Wickets. This was revealed by Ramesh in an interview via 10 Sports; about the particular match "Anil Kumble’s 10 wickets against Pakistan at Feroz Shah Kotla, New Delhi in 1999". When Kumble was looking to take his tenth wicket in the India-Pakistan test in 1999, Srinath, who was bowling from the other end, was trying to bowl way outside the off-stump to avoid taking the final wicket in order for Kumble to get to the record. Anil Kumble always gives full credit to him for his perfect 10 against Pakistan as Srinath bowled two wide balls in test match to avoid taking a wicket.

On 6 October 2004, Kumble became only the third spinner in the history of Test cricket after Shane Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan and the second Indian bowler after Kapil Dev to capture 400 Test wickets. Reaching the mark took him 30 fewer Test matches than it took Kapil Dev, and 7 fewer than Warne. In the India-West Indies series of 2006, Kumble took 6–78 in the second innings of the final Test in Sabina Park, Jamaica, and bowled India to a historic series win; it had been 35 years since a similar series victory. During the first innings of the match, Kumble scored 45 and became the second player in the history of the game after Shane Warne to score 2000 runs and take over 500 Test wickets. Kumble also holds the world record for trapping most batsmen leg before wicket. On 10 December 2004, Kumble became India's highest wicket-taker when he trapped Mohammad Rafique of Bangladesh to surpass Kapil Dev's haul of 434 wickets.

Kumble also played for ACC Asian XI against ICC World XI in World cricket tsunami appeal ODI match on 10 January 2005 held at the Melbourne cricket ground which was organised for the charity purpose for 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami victims. In the match, he picked up 2/73 and scored 11 runs off 7 balls. For his performances in 2005, he was named as 12th man in the Test World Test XI by ICC.

Kumble claimed his 500th Test wicket in the Second Test of England's tour of India in March 2006, when he dismissed Steve Harmison lbw. He became the first Indian and fifth overall to reach the mark. After returning to India from the 2007 World Cup, he announced his retirement from ODIs, on 30 March.

On 10 August that year, Kumble scored his maiden Test century, making an unbeaten 110 against England at the Oval to help his team finish with 664. He took 118 Tests to reach his maiden Test hundred, which is a record for taking the most matches to score a century, beating Chaminda Vaas who had held this record previously with 96 Tests. It was also the only hundred by an Indian in the three-Test series. He is the only Test cricketer to have taken all ten wickets in an innings and score a Test hundred in his career. A day after scoring his ton, Kumble dismissed Vaughan for his 900th International wicket and 563rd Test wicket, drawing him level with McGrath. Later he trapped Monty Panesar for an lbw to finish the innings and overtake McGrath in the list of all-time wicket-takers, only Muttiah Muralitharan and Shane Warne have more wickets.

Kumble has bowled 40850 balls in his entire Test career, which is second highest after M Muralitharan's 44039 balls.

Kumble was appointed as the captain of the Indian Test cricket team on 8 November 2007. He succeeded his state teammate Rahul Dravid, who resigned as the captain in September 2007. He is the only leg spinner who have become the captain of the team. His first series as captain of Indian Test team was a three-match series against Pakistan played in India. which the team won by 1–0.

On 17 January 2008, in the third Test against Australia at WACA, Perth, Anil Kumble became the first Indian bowler and the third in the world to reach the milestone of 600 Test wickets. Kumble achieved the record just after the tea break when he had Andrew Symonds caught by Rahul Dravid at first slip. Kumble's 600 wickets came in 124 matches at an average of 28.68. Kumble has captured most wickets against Australia by an Indian bowler. Kumble is the third bowler after Muttiah Muralitharan and Shane Warne to take 600 Test wickets.

Retirement from International cricket
Kumble injured the little finger of his left hand while attempting a catch off Matthew Hayden in Australia's first innings which rendered him unfit for the 4th and final test of the series against Australia in November 2008. Kumble was finding it difficult to find his striking form and went wicketless in four consecutive innings before the first innings of Australia in the third test of the series against Australia in which he managed three lower-order wickets. He declared the 2nd innings of India with only 6 overs of play left in the drawn match. His final figures were 4–0–14–0.

Anil Kumble announced his retirement from International test cricket, first-class cricket, and list A cricket appearances on 2 November 2008 in the 3rd Test match against Australia at Feroz Shah Kotla cricket stadium at New Delhi, India. He took the last wicket of his career of Mitchell Johnson. The final ball of his test career was a low full toss on which Matthew Hayden scored a four. After his retirement, MS Dhoni was made the captain of the team.

IPL career
Kumble agreed to honour his contract with the Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) franchise of the Indian Premier League after retirement. He was given a three-year contract worth US$500,000 per year in the first round of bidding in 2008.

On 18 April 2009 he took a five-wicket haul conceding just 5 runs in 3.1 overs against the defending champions Rajasthan Royals, which helped RCB get a 75-run victory in the second match of the 2009 edition, played in South Africa. Even today, this remains the fourth-best bowling figures in IPL history. After the departure of Kevin Pietersen for England's cricket commitments, Kumble was named as the captain of the Royal Challengers. On 23 May 2009, his team defeated the Chennai Super Kings by six wickets and got a spot in the final against the Deccan Chargers. RCB lost the finals but Kumble won Man of the Match, and is the only person in IPL history to win Man of the Match in the finals despite being on the losing side. Though RCB could not win the tournament, Kumble ended as the most successful spin bowler and the 2nd highest wicket-taker of the tournament with 21 wickets at an economy rate of 5.86 runs per over behind R. P. Singh.

In 2010 Indian Premier League, Kumble led the team to the semi-finals. After being forced to play their semi-finals at the DY Patil Stadium following security concerns in Bangalore, the Royal Challengers lost their semi-final to the Mumbai Indians with Kumble taking 1 wicket at an economy rate of 7.50 in the match. For his performances in 2010, he was named in the ESPNcricinfo IPL XI.

Kumble announced his retirement from Indian Premier League on 4 January 2011. After his retirement from IPL as a player, RCB appointed him as the chief mentor for the team, where he led them to the 2011 Finals against the Chennai Super Kings. Kumble left that position in January 2013, moving to a similar role with the Mumbai Indians, which he quit in November 2015 after delivering them 2 titles in alternative years. He then served as the director of operations for the Punjab Kings.

Style and technique
Kumble is a right-arm leg spinner (legbreak googly) with an unorthodox style, most famous for his flipper. and a right-hand batsman He started his career as a fast bowler, which gave him a useful faster delivery. His unique bowling style can be attributed to matting pitches in Bangalore which assist top-spin and over-spin.

Kumble was one of the 4 bowlers, alongside Richard Hadlee, Shane Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan (later Rangana Herath, James Anderson, Ravichandran Ashwin), and (then) the only Indian bowler ever, to have taken 5 wickets in a Test innings more than 30 times. He also holds the world record for the largest number of caught-and-bowled dismissals in tests, 35 – which forms 5.65% of his total wickets. He is also one of 4 Indian bowlers to have conceded over 250 runs in a Test match, although he took 12 wickets in that match. He is known for bowling tirelessly, having bowled 72 overs in a Test innings once. He is also remembered for his tenacity in bowling even when injured, especially after an incident in a match against West Indies where, despite having his broken jaw being heavily taped, he came back and took the wicket of Brian Lara.

Kumble relies more on accuracy, variations and bounce rather than spinning the ball. Sambit Bal, the editor of ESPNcricinfo, wrote, "That he [Kumble] has been an unusual spinner has been said many times before. It has also been said, a trifle unfairly, that he is a unidimensional bowler. Palpably, he has lacked the turn of Warne and Murali, but his variety has been subtler, far more apparent to batsmen than to viewers. He has shown that not only turn and flight that can deceive the batsman but also the changes of length and pace. He has been a cultured practitioner of his unique craft and a master of nuances."

As a captain and coach, he is a firm supporter of DRS.

Involvement in cricket associations
Kumble has been appointed to the athlete's commission of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with his term starting on 1 January 2009.

On 21 November 2010, Kumble was elected as The President of the Karnataka State Cricket Association, with statemates and former India teammate Venkatesh Prasad elected as vice-president whereas his former teammate, Javagal Srinath got elected as Secretary.

On 12 October 2012, Kumble was appointed as the new chairman of ICC Cricket Committee. Kumble has been retained as the chairman of the ICC Cricket Committee for another three years on 2 March 2019.

Coaching career
On 24 June 2016 he was appointed as the head coach of the Indian Cricket Team by BCCI for a period of one year but resigned due to untenable differences with the captain, Virat Kohli, as stated by him. Anil Kumble's term of one year ended after the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy. The chief of COA, Vinod Rai, announced on 12 June 2017 that Anil Kumble will continue as the coach of the India Cricket Team for the upcoming West Indies tour of India. After a recent defeat in ICC Champions Trophy Final 2017 against Pakistan, he stepped down as the head coach of the Indian Cricket Team on 20 June 2017 after a duration of less than 1 year.

Kumble's first series as a coach was against the West Indies in July where India played four Test matches, winning 2–0. Later India beat New Zealand 3–0 in the Test series, his second consecutive Test series win as a coach. India also defeated England 4–0 in the five-Test series in November–December and stretched their winning streak to three test series victory under Kumble as a coach. India's fourth Test series win came against Bangladesh. India went on to dominate on their home soil which marked as India's 19-match unbeaten record in Tests. During the four-match Test series against Australia in March; India lost the first match but made a sensational comeback, beating the Australians in two of the last three tests, drawing one match and winning the series 2–1. India also registered two one-day series wins under Kumble's tenure, as India defeated New Zealand in a five one-day match series 3–2, followed by a 2–1 win over England in a three-match series.

Twitter statement by Kumble on 20 June 2017 – "I am honoured by the confidence reposed in me by the CAC, in asking me to continue as Head Coach. The credit for the achievements of the last one year goes to the Captain, the entire team, coaching and support staff. Post this intimation, I was informed for the first time yesterday by the BCCI that the Captain had reservations with my 'style' and about my continuing as the Head Coach. I was surprised since I have always respected the role boundaries between Captain and Coach. Though the BCCI attempted to resolve the misunderstandings between the Captain and me, it was apparent that the partnership was untenable, and I therefore believe it is best for me to move on. Professionalism, discipline, commitment, honesty, complementary skills and diverse views are the key traits I bring to the table. These need to be valued for the partnership to be effective. I see the Coach's role akin to 'holding a mirror' to drive self-improvement in the team's interest. In light of these 'reservations' I believe it is best I hand over this responsibility to whomever the CAC and BCCI deem fit. Let me reiterate that it has been an absolute privilege to have served as Head Coach for the last one year. I thank the CAC, BCCI, CoA, and all concerned. I also wish to thank the innumerable followers and fans of Indian cricket for their continued support. I will remain a well-wisher of the great cricketing tradition of my country forever."

In October 2019, he was appointed as the head coach and the director of cricket operations for Kings XI Punjab.

Awards and honours

 * Arjuna award, a sports award from the Government of India, in 1995
 * One of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year, in 1996.
 * Among the 16 cricketers shortlisted for the Wisden Indian Cricketer of the 20th Century, in 2002 (Kapil Dev won)
 * Padma Shri, a civilian award from the Government of India, in 2005.
 * A prominent intersection in M. G. Road, Bengaluru has been named after Anil Kumble.
 * 'Best breakthrough performance IPL 2009' for his five-for-five against Rajasthan Royals in IPL 2009.
 * ICC Cricket Hall of Fame, a sports award from the ICC, in 2015.

Records
Kumble is the most successful Indian bowler of all time and fourth-highest wicket-taker of all time in Tests. He took 35 five-wicket hauls and eight ten-wicket hauls in Tests and two ODI five-wicket hauls.

Kumble holds the record of bowling 40,850 balls in the entire Test career, which is the highest for an Indian and second-highest overall.

Kumble is also one of six bowlers to take 900 or more wickets in their entire career, taking 956 wickets in his career.

title: Anil Kumble


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Dalit theology

Dalit theology is a branch of Christian theology that emerged among the Dalit caste in the Indian subcontinent in the 1980s. It shares a number of themes with Latin American liberation theology, which arose two decades earlier, including a self-identity as a people undergoing Exodus. Dalit theology sees hope in the "Nazareth Manifesto" of, where Jesus speaks of preaching "good news to the poor ... freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind" and of releasing "the oppressed."

Development
A major proponent of Dalit theology was Arvind P. Nirmal (1936–1995), a Dalit Christian in the Church of North India. Nirmal criticised Brahminic dominance of Christian theology in India, and believed that the application of liberation theology to India should reflect the struggle of Dalits, who make up about 70% of the Christians in India, as claimed by Poor Christian Liberation Movement (PCLM), and 90% of the Christians in Pakistan. Nirmal also criticised the Marxist element within South American liberation theology. Nirmal drew on the concept of the Suffering Servant in to identify Jesus himself as a Dalit – "a waiter, a dhobi, and bhangi."

Evelyn Ruth Bhajan, a deacon in the Church of Pakistan, stated that Dalit theology is vital in that it aligns the Church's mission with "strategies based on the social, political and economic implications of liberation in Christ." Bhajan stated that this liberation includes that from persecution, segregation, and economic depression.

Dalit theologians have seen passages in the gospels, such as Jesus' sharing a common drinking vessel with the Samaritan woman in as indicating his embracing of Dalitness. The parable of the Good Samaritan is also seen as significant, providing a "life-giving message to the marginalized Dalits and a challenging message to the non-Dalits."

M. E. Prabhakar expanded on the Dalitness of Jesus, stating that "the God of the Dalits ... does not create others to do servile work, but does servile work Himself." He also suggested that Jesus experienced human, and especially Dalit, brokenness in his crucifixion. Prabhakar has developed a Dalit creed, which reads in part: "Our cries for liberation from harsh caste-bondage

Were heard by God, who came to us in Jesus Christ

To live with us and save all people from their sins."

Vedanayagam Devasahayam (b. 1949) of the Church of South India followed Nirmal as head of Dalit theology at the Gurukul Lutheran Theological College, and further developed Nirmal's ideas, writing a number of books. Devasahayam later became bishop of the Church of South India's Madras Diocese.

Dalit theology opposes indigenization movements within Indian Christian liturgy, since these are seen as reinforcing traditional caste hierarchies. However, the incorporation of some Indian religious traditions is supported.

Literature

 * Arvind P. Nirmal and V. Devasahayam, A Reader in Dalit Theology, Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute, 1990, 180 pages.
 * V. Devasahayam, Outside the Camp: Bible Studies in Dalit Perspective, Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute, 1992, 54 pages.
 * V. Devasahayam, Doing Dalit Theology in Biblical Key, Dept. of Research and Publications, Gurukul Lutheran Theological College and Research Institute, 1997, 75 pages.
 * V. Devasahayam, Frontiers of Dalit Theology, Gurukul Lutheran Theological College & Research Institute / Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1997, 501 pages.
 * Masilamani Azariah, A Pastor's Search for Dalit Theology, Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2002, 211 pages.
 * Peniel Rajkumar, Dalit Theology and Dalit Liberation: Problems, Paradigms and Possibilities, Ashgate, 2010, 218 pages.
 * Keith Hebden, Dalit Theology and Christian Anarchism, Ashgate, 2011, 186 pages.
 * Y.T. Vinayaraj, Re-imagining Dalit Theology: Postmodern Readings, CSS, 2010
 * Anderson H M Jeremiah, Community and worldview among Paraiyars of South India: 'Lived' religion, Bloomsbury, 2012, 285 pages
 * Y.T. Vinayaraj,"Dalit Theology after Continental Philosophy," Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dalit theology


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Korey Stringer

Korey Damont Stringer (May 8, 1974 – August 1, 2001) was an American football offensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons. He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes and was recognized as an All-American. He was selected in the first round of the 1995 NFL draft by the Minnesota Vikings. On August 1, 2001, Stringer died from complications brought on by heat stroke during the Vikings' training camp in Mankato, Minnesota.

Early years
Stringer was born in Warren, Ohio. He attended Warren G. Harding High School in Warren, and was a member of the Harding Raiders high school football team. The Raiders won the football state championship in 1990.

College career
Stringer decided to attend Ohio State University, where he played for the Ohio State Buckeyes football team from 1992 to 1994. His Buckeyes teammates included offensive tackle Orlando Pace and running backs Eddie George and Robert Smith. As a junior in 1994, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American.

Professional career
The Minnesota Vikings drafted Stringer in the first round (24th pick overall) of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played for the Vikings from 1995 to 2000. He was a standout on the offensive line, earning Pro Bowl honors in what turned out to be his final season in 2000. In six NFL seasons, he played in 93 regular season games and started 91 of them. As a professional player, Stringer was well-liked inside the locker room and out; after a Vikings game, he stopped to help a fan change a flat tire, and he impulsively signed over his Pro Bowl appearance check to a youth football program in his hometown of Warren.

Death at training camp
Stringer suffered from heat stroke on the second day of the Vikings 2001 preseason training camp and died on August 1, 2001, as a result of complications. He was unable to complete the first practice session, held the morning of July 30, due to exhaustion, and did not participate in that day's afternoon session, but he vowed to return the next day to complete the morning session, which was conducted in full pads. Although he vomited three times, he did complete the morning practice session on July 31, which lasted 2$1/undefined$ hours, but walked to an air-conditioned shelter after the session, where he became weak and dizzy. Offensive line coach Mike Tice stated that he had not witnessed Stringer vomiting, and that Stringer did not exhibit any symptoms of heat-related illness. At 11:30 am, when practice ended, the heat index had reached 99 °F; the heat index peaked later that day at 110 F with a high temperature of 90 °F.

When he was taken to Immanuel St. Joseph's–Mayo Health System hospital, his body temperature was 108 °F upon arrival. Stringer was unconscious from the time he was admitted until his death at 1:50 am on August 1. An autopsy confirmed that Stringer died from organ failure resulting from heat stroke.

The Minnesota Occupational Safety and Health Administration (MNOSHA) investigated Stringer's death and cleared the Vikings of responsibility on November 1, 2001. The Vice President of the Vikings, Mike Kelly, met with MNOSHA officials along with the team's athletic trainer and equipment manager. However, under the governing labor laws, the Vikings would only be held liable if it was proven they were negligent or had inflicted intentional harm. Although the autopsy confirmed that Stringer was not taking supplements, the Vikings began preparing a defense to a planned lawsuit in November 2001 by announcing that Stringer's locker was full of dietary supplements, including some that contained ephedra.

Legacy
The Vikings retired his jersey number 77 on November 19, 2001, during the halftime of a Monday night game with the New York Giants in the 2001 season.

Stringer's widow filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the team and trainers in February 2002. The athletic trainers were granted summary judgment for immunity, which was upheld on initial appeal as well as a second appeal to the Supreme Court of Minnesota. Parts of her lawsuit were later thrown out; another suit against the NFL was filed in July 2003 and settled in January 2009. The only disclosed term of the settlement is that the NFL will support efforts to create a heat illness prevention program. His widow also brought a lawsuit against Riddell Inc., the manufacturer of Stringer's pads and helmet. In July 2009, a federal judge determined that Riddell had a duty to inform Stringer that their equipment could contribute to heat injuries. A district court judge then ordered a jury trial regarding the matter.

Stringer's death brought about major changes regarding heat stroke prevention throughout the NFL. His death also addressed complications of pressuring players to "bulk up" to well over 300 lbs. Stringer, who at the time of his death was 6 ft and weighed 335 lbs, was at the lowest weight he had ever been in his pro career. Many professional football teams now train in light color uniforms, water and shade are made readily available, and a team doctor is at practice sessions at all times.

Korey's wife Kelci worked to establish an exertional heat stroke prevention institute to honor her husband's legacy. On April 23, 2010, the NFL and Gatorade joined the University of Connecticut to announce the creation of the Korey Stringer Institute (KSI), a not-for-profit organization housed at the University of Connecticut dedicated to the prevention of sudden death in sports, with a focus on exertional heat stroke (EHS). KSI stems from the 2009 settlement, with Kelci Stringer teaming up with EHS expert, Dr. Douglas Casa, from the University of Connecticut, and the NFL. The mission of the Korey Stringer Institute is to provide research, education, advocacy and consultation to maximize performance, optimize safety and prevent sudden death for the athlete, warfighter and laborer.

On the 20th anniversary of his stroke, Korey’s brother, Kevin, said "Any time there is a major change in how society does things, it's typically because somebody died or got hurt in some way, shape or form, I guess Korey's death was my family's turn to pay that cost. It bothers me sometimes if I hear of somebody having a heat-related injury, but I know even if that happens, there is more awareness of what to do. It took a while to get there, but we did."

title: Korey Stringer


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Talk:Blacksmith

untitled
I have edited the information on "Blacksmith" because the blacksmith is not obsolete. Thousands of us are employed throughout the world providing everything from sculpture to medical equipment.

 * Good for you. Please add more info, e.g. why it's called "black", its history, has technology advanced? -- Heron

Room for more
These are some thoughts I've had as I read this and related entries here. Yes, I'm thinking about editing this a bit myself. I have the facts, but I want to get references together.

There is room for more in this entry. Some thoughts on that subject:

1) The article on "forge" is pretty good and covers much the same ground. That should be linked at least. Should give some thought to where the information is better put and how much detail. BeckenhamBear (talk) 16:34, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

2) The entry would be improved with more historical information and more bibliographical information.

3)There should be some connection to basic tools and techniques. Again this could be addressed by connecting to "forge".

I'm of the opinion that blacksmith/blacksmithing should be a separate section as it refers to the trade and tradesperson involved. "forge" seems to refer more to the particular tool/equipment and the processes involved.
 * Please go ahead and make your contributions if this is a subject you are familiar with. ike9898 22:20, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

New Wikibook on Smithing
I'm in the process of moving some journal entries from the last several Summers of reenactments and smithing into a Wikibook. From that I want to link to several entries here. Both this one and some in Metalwork. For those who might be interested the link to that book is: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Down%27n%27dirty_Blacksmithing

It is, admittedly, rougher than I care for, but it's a start.

I'm hoping that as I pass the links to other smiths I know that this will get more input.

My hope for the Wikibook is that it is a point of entry into these other articles and vice versa. It's intent is to be as hands-on as I can make an e-book.

Some of that hinges on the weather getting warm so I can make some pictures of what is going on in the book. Until the ground thaws I'll work on the words and pages.

--Erraunt 17:17, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

errors
I'm going to go ahead and 'be bold' and fix some information on this page I believe to be inaccurate. But I don't happen to have an authoritative source at hand, so I won't object if someone elects to roll back my changes, provided there is justification.

1)Traditional japanese samurai swords were for use primarily against unarmored opponents; were used in slashing and draw-cut techniques that do not jar the steel overmuch: were forged using (often) very poor japanese steels which led to the folding techniques; were not usually tempered in the same manner as western weapons.

2)Blaksmiths use all sorts of blowtorches, not just oxyacetylene (my teacher uses oxy-propane, for example). I'm making this ref less specific.

3)While its true that low-carbon wrought iron is easier to forge weld than mild steel or carbon steel, all are readily forge-weldable (I have done it myself, as a beginner).

Overall I'd like to see expansion of this article with more in-depth information about various techniques. --Leperflesh 20:32, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Good edits, thank you! KarlBunker 21:39, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

someone had added the incorrect information that you can hold steel you have heated in your bare hand. I have removed it, and added the note that tongs (even a pair of pliers) should always be used to hold hot steel. I also removed the dangerous and foolish idea that steel could be upset by droping it on the floor. this is, in pratice, very dangerous and unreliable.67.140.63.41 (talk) 11:05, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

additions
I like how this has been fleshed out. I've added a few sections on techniques and tools. I didn't have my dictionary handy so my apologies in advance for typos, formatting and any other faux pas.

I tried to avoid duplicating some of the tool entries. I'm sure there are a number of links to more information that should be in there but I figured the additions made sense in this article and better to get them in while I had the time than to take the time to make them pretty. Apologies for any offense. I'll make an effort in the next couple of weeks to check some of my teaching materials to find better definitions and descriptions of the basic operations and such.

Part of me wants this to have a ton more pictures ... and then I start wondering if that's too much for one article. I'm open to pushing some of what I added out into sub articles if that would be more appropriate.

Erraunt 03:55, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Erraunt -- I think these are excellent additions. One thing I questioned was whether there should be so much description of the types of welding other than forge welding, since these aren't traditional blacksmithing techniques. I think maybe a brief mention of the fact that modern blacksmiths sometimes use modern welding techniques, with a link to Welding, would be better. I think more pictures would be great. A lot of things would be much clearer with a good picture, like a selection of hammers, maybe an illustration of upsetting, all kinds of things. KarlBunker 12:29, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

KarlBunker -- agree completely. Got busy writing and kind of just kept going and so we have the MIG and TIG. My main goal was to get what in the local guild we call the "basic operations" into the article. I think they're important and I'm trying to find a middle ground between a meaningless listing and a how-to. There is tons more that could be done both with this article and the rest of the metalworking project. Unfortunately I don't have the time I'd like. But I was looking at it last night and going "not quite enough". Erraunt 15:04, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

I did some more editing this morning and need to do more.

For the record I debated on expanding the basic processes as there is a "Forge" article which does discuss forging. However that article describes what I would call "commercial forging" as in a manufacturing process. I think, at least for now, in "Blacksmith" it's appropriate to talk about the processes of forging as accomplished with the basic hand tools traditionally associated with the blacksmith. OK, maybe I'm taking advantage of the organic nature of Wiki and putting it here until time and opinion develop and it becomes more evident where these should best be. I place some value on getting the information in and findable over trying to find the *perfect* location for the information.

Right now in the back of my mind is a debate on if the basic operations should be offloaded, eventually, to individual articles with much more detail. I don't know how necessary or appropriate that would be and my current thinking is to just get this clean and tight and down the way when more illustrations are available a separate article might be worthwhile.

Tools needs work next I think. There are articles on the particular tools in other sections. Illustrations again are an issue. Had I time and Photoshop running or my scanner up I'd just sketch or photograph and upload.

Is it time to put more of a focus to this article? Would it be appropriate to say in the beginning that this article will focus on "traditional" blacksmithing and leave more modern and production methods to other articles?

This brings to mind that the history of the craft section could, appropriately, be expanded. Thoughts? Opinions? Brickbats? Erraunt 18:00, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Re. It should be noted that none of the four basic forging operations remove stock. Punching can remove stock. (I remember some book talking about the great amusement old-time blacksmiths would find in watching a barefoot apprentice who has stepped on the hot billet of metal knocked out by a punch. :-)
 * I don't think any more detail is needed on the basic operations, and I suspect that offloading them to individual articles would bring objections that such articles are "Such a minor branch of a subject that it doesn't deserve an article" (part of the Deletion policy.)
 * I don't think it's necessary to say that the article focuses on "traditional" blacksmithing. I think people perceive blacksmithing as being inherently a "traditional" craft.
 * Oh, and "pien" is an accepted alternate spelling, though personally I like "peen" much better. :-) KarlBunker 18:22, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Re. It should be noted that none of the four basic forging operations remove stock. Punching can remove stock. (I remember some book talking about the great amusement old-time blacksmiths would find in watching a barefoot apprentice who has stepped on the hot billet of metal knocked out by a punch. :: Re. the forgoing ... you know I thought about putting "at most a negligible amount of stock" in there. :) Yes, when punching there is, typically, a small disk that pops loose at the very end, occasionally a slug if you use another method. Most of the stock when punching is pushed away widening and lengthening the stock at that point. Strictly speaking, yes, there is *some* stock removed in punching operations. Usually most of the stock is pushed out of the way. Different from drilling where the stock is cut out of the hole removing material.

I know you aren't arguing the point, but thought I'd let you know.

And I'm trying to figure out how to say this without sounding like I'm bragging or putting someone in their place, but while I'm not what I would consider a professional blacksmith, I do smith and have for over 6 years steadily, I teach occasionally at the local Guild of Metalsmiths and elsewhere, and I demonstrate regularly. And I've made stuff and sold it which, I guess, technically, makes me a professional.

So I know what happens when you put a punch through a piece of steel (and I don't wear opentopped boots!)

That said: challenge me on anything I write. I'm fallible, and while maybe "more expert", I will not claim to be "an expert". I don't know the backgrounds of other contributors, but figured since I know I've had hands on experience with this stuff and have read a few of the "classics" on the subject that I would try to bring my direct experience into these articles as much as I can. (Which is some of why the forge welding section shifted to descriptive rather than technically detailed.)

On "peen", I like the other spelling too, but having used both "pien" and "pein" and not remembering which way it is or if the "i" before "e" rule applied I opted for "peen" because it's simpler.

Remember, us blacksmith types are about efficiency. ;)

I'll leave the operations as they are. Not to toot my own horn, but I feel they do something for the article. You know it's a fairly focused thing. I bet we could put just a little more flesh on the bones and a bit of polish and it could be one of those "more complete" kinds of articles. Erraunt 02:06, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * KarlBunker
 * Appreciate the editing you did the last few days. I may have some technical issues with some of what you removed. I'm going to give it a day or so and then work by posting proposed changes here for comment before an inclusion. Erraunt 19:13, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

I made the following change today back toward the orignial writing:

 * For example to fashion a cross peen hammer head a smith would start with a bar roughly the diameter of the hammer face, the handle hole would be punched and drifted, the head would be cut (punched, but with a wedge), the peen would be drawn to a wedge, and the face would be dressed by upsetting.

I don't know how to put it better. At the end of making a hammer head, the face is "dressed" roughly smoothed and usually given a slight dome or convex surface. It does not get wider. To get it noticably wider would take so much upsetting as to distort the peen and the eye and it would be a *lot* of work. "Upsetting" is the process that is happening at this point. It isn't as overt as the upsetting you do on a rod end for fashion a rivet head, but it's still upsetting.

The purpose of this was an attempt to get across that these processes don't necessarily happen in isolation. A smith doesn't go "first we draw, like *this*, then take another heat and upset like *this*". It happens on the fly. If I'm working out a chisel blade I'm hammering along to draw it out over the horn and I see it getting a little spread at one point so in a heartbeat I have it on the face and up on edge, give it a few raps to bring it into line, a quick check and back to the horn for more drawing before I loose the heat.

Maybe I'm tilting windmills, but it's this kind of thing that would illustrate a blacksmith's work and how it differs from other kinds of metalwork that are more "manufacturing" and "factory" work. Hope this makes sense. 128.101.114.146 21:07, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that change back toward the previous writing makes perfect sense. Thanks. KarlBunker 23:24, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

I noticed that there was no article written on specifically bladesmithing, so I wrote the bare bones of one and mentioned it at the top of this article. Hope nobody minds. And please update or edit the bladesmithing article as you see fit, it's far from complete or comprehensive, I just wanted to have something there. Kazrian 12:46 5 June 2006 (EST)

History
Can someone confirm whether the following is true? I'd heard that in ancient times, blacksmiths were often hobbled (intentially crippled) by their villages to ensure they did not leave. The reason for this was that they were so valuable to a community that their departure meant economic/technological doom for a community.

I had also heard that this is the reason why Hephaestos (sp?) is shown as crippled in the greek myths. Any references on this? If this is true I think it would be an excellent addition to this article since it deomonstrates how incredibly important blacksmiths were to communities. Thanks Hu Gadarn 18:46, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

response: I also have heard of the crippling of blacksmiths, but I know of no reliable reference for such behaviour. I would leave the story as 'apocryphal'.

yes i havent heared much about crippiling their blacksmiths but if you look up hephaestus on this site it tells you a couple stories such as being throone by the gods but the scientific reason was in the smithing itself and being bent over for so long and the arsenic and other chemicals that we would now consider deadly but were common practice back then may have crippled him well thats my 2 1/2 cents --Stonewall92 (talk) 01:22, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism?
So anyway, i went ahead and corrected stuff like haz and blaksmifa'z in da houze and such, but im not even sure the bit of article is even relevant.. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blacksmith&action=edit&section=14 Perhaps some woking by someone who KNOWs would be good? 82.38.28.177 14:13, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

I've reverted one round of vandalism. I see as of this date that a section on one of the key processes has been removed. I'd simply revert but I do see a few additions by "names" and I'd hate to pitch out something good.

I'll try to make time over the next weeks to do some serious editing, although with the vandals amok I want to ask if there are steps we can take to protect this work. At least block changes from the more obvious IP addresses that seem to be the biggest culprits? Erraunt (talk) 02:11, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Heat Treating
I believe that being technically detailed in the explanation of a complex process can only be a benefit to Wikipedia in general as well as helping those who come here for information perhaps come away with something more than could be found in another place. What do you all think? Patris Magnus 01:02, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * A lot of discussion of heat treatment isn't appropriate to, or necessary for, this article. There's an article on heat treatment which could be expanded. If you're eager to write about it, why not put it in the correct article? KarlBunker 03:22, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree: heat treatment should be included in this article. Heat treatment of steels and iron is a necessary and intrinsic part of the craft of blacksmithing. Furthermore, the article heat treatment is more geared to industrial and metallurgical methods which are not blacksmith related, require equipment and technology beyond that found in smithies, and apply to more metals (such as aluminum alloys) than are the subject of blacksmithing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.37.58.28 (talk) 07:38, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Quality of pictures could be better
Can some improved pictures be used on this page? Here's my key concerns: (i) they all appear to be from one source (yet I believe there is more than one blacksmith); (ii) the # of photos is too many for what they claim to convey (two pictures are almost identical ("a blacksmith at work" and "hot metal"); and, (iii) some of the pictures are unclear ("a blacksmith's fire"). Thanks, Hu Gadarn 18:21, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I am working on additional photos for the Blacksmith and related tools pages. I think the above points are right on the money.Fciron 19:55, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * See commons:Category:Blacksmiths and commons:Blacksmith for some additional images that might be relevant to this article. As well, if you take any new photos relating to blacksmithing, please upload then to commons:Category:Blacksmiths rather than to the English Wikipedia so that the photos can be used in the Wikipedias in other languages. --Eastmain 23:30, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That was my plan. I am new to wikipedia, so I go off on long howto tangents. Thanks for the categories.Fciron 05:15, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

This is a picture of my grandfather who was a blacksmith all his working life. Doc James (talk) 23:16, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

I have made a work table to be used for blacksmithing, the back drop of the table is a 6 foot tall blacksmith that was cut out of 1/2" steel plate. The blacksmith is hammering a lightning bolt on an anvil.  If you would like to add the picture as a reference of a modern tribute to the Blacksmith please feel free to use the photo.  It can be seen at http://www.weldingpros.faithweb.com/images/chads_photos2009a_035.jpg  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bella237 (talk • contribs) 19:03, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Post-apocalyptic Blacksmith link?
While the page does have substantial info on blacksmithing, the context is... well... unusual, let's say. I'm not sure this is an appropriate link? --Leperflesh 21:54, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

I concur. This (P.A. Blacksmith) page should not be linked from here. Hu Gadarn 23:21, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Although the context is odd, it explains why some people are interested in blacksmithing. I don't have any problems with the blacksmithing part of the article, even though the theology is suspect. --Eastmain 23:30, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Facing?
I was recently at a crafts fair-type thing (if you know what I mean) and I was watching a blacksmith there who said using a chisel to make imprints and delicate designs on the iron/steel was called facing. Now I'm sorry if this was mentioned before, if I didn't see it in the article, or the blacksmith was just kind of bored and made stuff up, but should this be added? BlueX511 20:16, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

I (someone else) would recommend against the use of the term "facing." While there are many regional term variants, I've never heard or read of this one. It would be perhaps better to refer readers to the following terms (where they will be able to find a lot of information): * engraving - using small chisels (gravers) to carve line art into metal. * chasing - using small blunt rods to drive particularly shaped grooves into sheetmetal. * repoussé (embossing) - using chasing tools and a pitch bowl to shape sheetmetal into bas-relief artwork from the backside of the metal.

Really lacking on historic content
I was coming to this article hoping to find information on when blacksmiths started to decline in numbers significantly to get an idea when the last blacksmiths would have existed in a town, but there is practically no information in that regard. I'd highly encourage someone who knows more history in this subject to contribute to it. Thanks. -- Suso 02:17, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

What Happened?
I visited this page after some time. While I don't own it I do feel some ownership toward it as I was one of the early contributors. So much vandalism and unreferenced citations! I don't know when I can get back to this to give it the thorough edit it needs, but please, while we should "be bold" cite your source at least if you're going to change what has been written. Some of the early contributors are practicing smiths and do know what they're about.

Erraunt (talk) 22:40, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

definition of terms
The definition of terms does not belong in the history/mythology section. I suggest either a new section for it, or moving it into The Blacksmith's Materials section (since all the terms defined, are of materials); or, just removing it, since the entire purpose of wikilinking words is to provide external definitions of them. --Leperflesh (talk) 22:05, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

untitled
Does noting that Blacksmiths produce "sex utensils" add much to the article? It may be true, but I don't think making sex toys constitute such a major element of the blacksmiths art that it needs mentioning so soon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.112.28.194 (talk) 21:58, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Salary
Is the salary really over 9000? 11:22, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Medieval Blacksmith's part on the Fuedal Pyramid
The Blacksmith's of Medieval times, were merchants, because they made goods, to sell. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.184.211.242 (talk) 20:52, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Mangled-up formatting and organization
This article needs reorganization and the layout needs to be fixed. Why is a Blacksmith's Striker the first thing talked about for example? Some basic high school English-class stuff needs to be done for this article.

Also, somehow there are three "blue edits" right next to each other and it can't easily be seen what each refers to, maybe this has something to do with all those pictures crammed together up on the top right. I'm sure I could fix it, but it would take hours and it's not my subject anyway so I'm "not gonna do it". :-) Some one please fix it.

Also please remove the stuff that, while interesting, doesn't have much to do with the subject.

Yours anonymously today,

71.174.196.21 (talk) 04:33, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Blacksmithering
Blacksmithering is not a real word. Where did it come from? Can’t you use the correct one smithing or even the fairly dubious but more elegant blacksmithing?

Additionally in manufacturing the term "black" is used describe metal whose finish has been left untreated or unaltered since the forging process; compare it with Bright finish. Nice enough article otherwise. BeckenhamBear (talk) 16:34, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Two additions
I'm new to this side of Wikipedia, and I wasn't certain if I should have posted this as an edit to the "additions" thing or what.

First Addition: Griswold, the blacksmith of Tristrum in Diablo I. Diablo's a classic game that most gamers have played and will agree that Griswold is a notable character. Sure, he has no real significance in the first game beyond being a blacksmith, but he's one a lot of people know.

Second Addition: The smock/apron that the blacksmiths wear. Is it made of anything beyond basic cloth? I don't know what would be added there, but some small detail should be added by someone who does know. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.18.250.203 (talk) 14:18, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't think the addition of griswold is notable, seeing how he doesn't have an article. The apron is a good addition, and its usually made from leather, I believe. Wizard191 (talk) 18:11, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

ERD
I removed the section because this article is dying from scope creep. This article should be discussing the main points of being a blacksmith, their history, etc.; not the intricacies of each process and material. That's what links are for. It's one thing to say they work steel, copper alloys, etc., but it's another to explain what makes steel different from white cast iron. As such, the whole section should go, along with a lot of the processes. Wizard191 (talk) 13:02, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I'd support the materials section (mostly to distinguish wrought iron from steel), but that section was too long. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:17, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I support a general tuneup of the article, but as a person coming in here from the horse and farrier articles, who knows nothing about metal forging, a summary of the concepts and terms is appropriate, and certainly the addition of some "Main" and "see also" links would be good. I have restored the blanked section until we sort out how much needs to stay and what can go. I also tried to re-kill some of the overwikilinking that I agree was a problem.   Montanabw (talk) 17:32, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that more main links need to be included, however, I don't see anything that's redeemable in the "The blacksmith's materials" section. Wizard191 (talk) 18:59, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Au contraire! To someone with no knowledge of metallurgy, a brief summary, such as that one, explaining the different types of metal a blacksmith uses is quite appropriate.  If you think it is overly detailed, it could be chopped, but my whole issue here is that the section provides a useful summary to those of us who need to know, but don't necessarily need to research the entire topic via wikilinks.   My take:  rewrite, don't kill.   Montanabw (talk) 02:48, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

Shrinking needs rewrite
The section on Shrinking reads: "Shrinking, while similar to upsetting ... " This is a poor construction at best, as Upsetting is not defined until further down the article. I'm not well versed in subject matter; I'll leave the editing to someone more knowledgeable. Thanks, Karl gregory jones (talk) 22:33, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I've just removed the whole section. I've never come across the term shrinking in this context, and couldn't find it in any of my reference books. If someone can provide a reliable reference for its inclusion then they can bring it back, but the section was confusingly written and not super notable. Kierkkadon (talk) 15:32, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Shrinking is a rare technique, because it's hard to do it well. It's in standard textbooks though. Mostly a smith would avoid the need for it as much as possible, by not getting a piece to a point where it needs to be shrunk. One place where shrinking is widely used (and disliked, as it's hard to do well) is for torch-working car bodywork, particularly for dent repair. Andy Dingley (talk) 15:39, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah, that's why I've not come across it. The only time I've heard the term is as a way to attach two pieces; one piece is heated up and the cold piece slid into it, then as the first cools and shrinks it closes and friction prevents the two pieces from separating. At any rate, the section for shrinking (if returned to the article) would need to go after upsetting, and be a tad more clearly explained. Kierkkadon (talk) 16:07, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I think you may have latched onto a meaning of "shrinking" different from the one intended here. There is a technique called shrinking that is essentially a form of upsetting, but with the force applied by allowing the work to buckle between 2 end restraints and then striking the buckled part to force the buckle back into place.  There is a more detailed explanation in http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Down%27n%27dirty_Blacksmithing .--Wcoole (talk) 20:49, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Edit request on 24 February 2013
The link to sledgehammer goes to sledge_hammer, and not sledgehammer. This is not correct

90.192.221.234 (talk) 14:51, 24 February 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ Camyoung54   talk  17:16, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 22 March 2013
You really do need to include quenching. For start the raw material of METAL will not be strong enough to create a sword that could withstand a heavy blow from another sword in battle in order to protect your body from attacking swords blow. QUENCHING... Heat the metal till it is RED hot, then hammer, re HEAT metal till YELLOW, and enter METAL into bucket or troff full of water. If you need any more tips on WhiteSMITHS or BLACKSmiths then do let me know.

91.125.154.12 (talk) 23:49, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. RudolfRed (talk) 23:58, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

I added links to Heat treatment and case-hardening to the Finishing section, which seems like full coverage for an encyclopedic article. The wikibook has more detail. --Wcoole (talk) 20:41, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Weapons
This is wrong, in a sense. While a weapon-smith is, at the heart, a blacksmith, in that they work in iron and steel(and bronze, earlier), the blacksmith is not a weapon-smith. The general village blacksmith didn't make weapons, that was the work of a dedicated professional. A general machine-shop today would probably be able to make a firearm of some sort, that doesn't make them a weapons company. A weapon-smith, and particularly a bladesmith did nothing but create weapons, and had long training and dedicated tools for the job. You didn't just whack something together out of what you had lying around. 85.229.59.77 (talk) 14:40, 12 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I am not sure what you are referring to. There is nothing in the article I can find that implies all blacksmiths are weapon-smiths. If there is a particular piece of text you think should be changed, I would recommend changing it and providing a reliable citation. Worst case scenario it gets reverted. 217IP (talk) 20:11, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

Any smith could, and, did, make weapons when needed or wanted, if he was the only craftsman around. He had all knowledge of the "black metal"; iron (and, steel). Ref: Did some 'smithing.184.99.150.138 (talk) 16:38, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

Should be links to whitesmithing, brownsmithing, and so forth...
for uksake sort it out! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:411:1600:226:8FF:FEDC:FD74 (talk) 09:50, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

Picture? "Furnace".
The 2nd photo describes: "..furnace.." in the caption. It is called a Forge. Attempted to edit caption but could not. Ref: Did some smithing, it's in my family. Taking class at Pima College.184.99.150.138 (talk) 16:41, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

Discussion of list section
Moved from my talkpage: Hi User:Montanabw. I refer to your revert of my edit on Blacksmith. No biggy, but I just thought I should ask you why you think they were trivia? Each was there because of the main reason they met GNG in their own articles. Surely that by definition is not trivial? I did note your suggested alterantive for a list article, but one of the same name had been A7ed 8 years ago, and I did not think that it was that critical for a fight anywhere, my strong preference is still for a short Notables section in Blacksmith, but/so I have deorphaned the article that prompted my edit in the first place another way. Eno Lirpa (talk) 12:47, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

My answer: this is a short random list of trivia, which is generally discouraged (see WP:TRIVIA). In theory, a list of "notable blacksmiths" past and present could number in the hundreds, maybe the thousands, but certainly the dozens, all of which would bloat the article. Absent a criteria of what makes a blacksmith more notable than other blacksmiths, the list is also not helpful to advance information about the topic. Now, if someone, say, made a major invention that advanced the technology, that person would and should be discussed in an appropriate history section. If someone was famous in the modern age, it's an open question if they revolutionized the profession enough to mention in the article itself. Here, you added two people who are (presumably) still alive, presumably notable for their artistry with metal, and three more people from history. But just to take the tower of London example, would not ALL blacksmiths who serve the Tower be notable? Why one and not another? You added a cannon maker from the Philippines, why not the first blacksmith to forge a cannon in another country? You added the maker of the Bowie knife; why was he more notable than another knifemaker, or someone who forged other weaponry? Do you see how It's not appropriate for this article? A list could be very interesting (compare to, say List of 4-H alumni as an example of a long, extensive list of people who already have wikipedia articles AND are associated with the topic). If a previous list was AfD'd, it was, most likely, because it was either unsourced or very poorly done. One thing you can do is ask an admin to restore it to your user sandbox and look at it. Then expand and improve per WP:LIST. Montanabw (talk) 02:00, 30 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I've restored and started expanding the list of notable smiths. With the exception of Greefkes, these are all names that are fairly familiar to smiths. (And Greefkes is in Dona Z. Meilach's books, which is where notable smiths ought to be listed). A couple more contemporary smiths from the UK would be Dick Quinnell MBE and Peter Parkinson, mostly here because of their involvement in the early '80s with the setting up of BABA and the revival of art smithing in the UK. James Horrobin would be another important UK smith. Again, Meilach is a good source here.
 * The farriery competitions I've removed because this sort of "performance" show is little about the real art of smithing. Also (and this is unappreciated in a modern horse town) there is rather more to smithing than fitting shoes. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:14, 30 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks Montanabw. Yes I can see it could get unwieldy if it was a free for all.  But until it does, a small list is better in the article, and when it gets bigger it could be split off, and mained from the article to the list, with a small list of only the top highlights remaining in the article.
 * Thanks Andy Dingley. A better job than my first attempt.
 * WP:EVENTUAL I suppose.  Eno Lirpa (talk) 11:25, 30 May 2017 (UTC)
 * What would be useful would be to clarify some criteria for what puts a smith onto this list. "WP:N" doesn't do it - it's mostly too broad, also too narrow as it's excludes the notable in favour of those who simply have articles extant (which isn't the same thing).
 * For historical smiths, there are a few who ought to be here because they have changed the development of smithing. Medieval armourers and the first to forge cannon barrels ought to be mentioned. Lest it fill with Victorians though, this should probably stay close to blacksmithing (hand striking of ferrous metals) and avoid ironmaking, foundrywork or steam hammer forging. For a similar reason I left Neil Burridge off the list - he's an important contemporary swordsmith, but he's working with bronze by casting, rather than smithing. Also swordsmiths probably belong elsewhere. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:38, 30 May 2017 (UTC)
 * In short, I really think a stand-alone list is better than a random collection of names with no real criteria for why they are there... Andy is also right about distinguishing blacksmithing from ironworking and foundrywork in general.  Montanabw (talk) 20:29, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 15 November 2017
Under Mythological Notable blacksmiths, Hephaestus(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestus) the Greek God is forgotten. Costa bo (talk) 09:13, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Reluctantly Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Although it would likely be appropriate to include him in that list, Hephaestus is already mentioned and discussed in detail in the level 2 section "Mythology". If another autoconfirmed editor in good standing sees fit to make this change I would not object. — KuyaBriBri Talk 15:44, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 January 2018
Picture of modern blacksmiths in xinjiang should read "in western china" not "eastern" Teeris (talk) 16:52, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 19:37, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 July 2018
On the 8th line of the "20th and 21st centuries" section, there appears to be a grammatical error. I believe that instead of saying "with 30 charter members and had 2013 about 600 members", it should be chanced to "with 30 charter members and had about 600 members in 2013" for more clarity on behalf of the reader. ZachT1234 (talk) 04:43, 1 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Thank you for pointing out the error. —  LeoFrank  Talk 05:24, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Whitesmith
If whitesmith is a type of blacksmith and the article has only one line, Merging might be better Daiyusha (talk) 06:17, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
 * A whitesmith is not the same as a blacksmith. However, the latest one-liner at whitesmith is somewhat inaccurate.  Older versions of the article, before its content was copied to tinsmith, were more accurate.  The one-line article should not stand as-is and I would have redirected it immediately (ie. undone the latest edit) if there wasn't a move discussion.  Tinsmith would currently be a better redirect than blacksmith, it does at least mention the term whitesmith, or at least until the author of the latest one-liner tried to remove it.  Lithopsian (talk) 16:40, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

Oppose I'd revert to this version and add sources such as 1 and 2 to demonstrate the term refers to both tin work, and iron finishing work.--Pontificalibus 13:38, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Agree with reversion idea.   SITH   (talk)   20:02, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose In what way are they related?  "They hit metal"?  A blacksmith works steel, hot, primarily to stretch it to shape.  A whitesmith works pre-made tinned sheet cold, with mallets, to bend it to shape and solder it.
 * Ignorance of a subject is not reason to merge. Andy Dingley (talk) 22:27, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Redirect Whitesmith to Tinsmith. Whitesmith is a synonym of Tinsmith. Repeated restoration of this content fork is disruptive.Polyamorph (talk) 09:55, 4 January 2019 (UTC)
 * As I have indicated above the sources show the word has a dual meaning. It refers to someone who produces refined products of iron and steel and evolved from a speciality of blacksmithing. It is also a synonym for tinsmith. A redirect to either blacksmith or tinsmith would not therefore be appropriate so the only workable solution is to have a seperate article, and the sources support this.--Pontificalibus 10:04, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

Better etymology for 'black' in blacksmith
I can't find any evidence to support the article's claim that 'black' refers to firescale. However, I did find this: "Some early civilisations do not appear to have recognised iron as being distinct from copper and refer to it as black copper..." -- Madeleine Durand-Charre, Microstructures of Steels and Cast Irons, p. 3 --Cowlinator (talk) 19:47, 13 February 2019 (UTC)
 * It's pretty clear that black refers to the colour of the metal. I'm not sure that the various conditions under which the metal appears black are really relevant.--Pontificalibus 08:11, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Firescale may actually mean Mill scale, given the ferrous materials - open to debate on this.203.10.91.89 (talk) 23:28, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 September 2019
In section 6.2 "Before the Iron Age", "crystal" is misspelled as "cristal". The specific paragraph I'm referring to is this one:

Copper and bronze cannot be hardened by heat-treatment, they can only be hardened by cold working. To accomplish this, a piece of bronze is lightly hammered for a long period of time. The localized stress-cycling causes work hardening by changing the size and shape of the metal's cristals. The hardened bronze can then be ground to sharpen it to make edged tools. 140.90.86.99 (talk) 15:12, 6 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Done. Thanks. --Pontificalibus 15:17, 6 September 2019 (UTC)

blacksmith in music
Suggestion for an addition to "see also"

In the smithy sparks sometimes fly from the anvil, composer Handel (18th C) wrote a delightful piece for the harpsichord that has earned the title The Harmonious Blacksmith in which musical sparks fly, there is a wikipedia page dedicated to it, and I suggest the inclusion in "see also" of a link to that page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.6.185.102 (talk) 20:34, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

tiny edit request
Under Smithing Process..."hammer, an anvil, and a chisel" (comma after anvil). Sorry. OCD Viapersona (talk) 22:23, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 March 2022
{{subst:trim|1=

Hi, I'd like to make changes to the "Medieval" section; I'd like to add a lot in terms of content, would that be alright?

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 23:24, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

History
origin of blacksmith 118.103.138.116 (talk) 09:46, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if you're asking a question, but the origin of the word "blacksmith" is detailed in the Etymology section: Blacksmith. Polyamorph (talk) 14:26, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 November 2023
Was just wondering if adding John Deere as a notable blacksmith would be appropriate. His shop produced his self polishing plow and I just figured that it was an important piece of history. Thanks 12.74.222.46 (talk) 22:47, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 05:13, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blacksmith


text:
George Catlin

George Catlin (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872) was an American lawyer, painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the American frontier. Traveling to the American West five times during the 1830s, Catlin wrote about and painted portraits that depicted the life of the Plains Indians. His early work included engravings, drawn from nature, of sites along the route of the Erie Canal in New York State. Several of his renderings were published in one of the first printed books to use lithography, Cadwallader D. Colden's Memoir, Prepared at the Request of a Committee of the Common Council of the City of New York, and Presented to the Mayor of the City, at the Celebration of the Completion of the New York Canals, published in 1825, with early images of the City of Buffalo.

Early life and education
Catlin was born in 1796 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. While growing up, George encountered "trappers, hunters, explorers and settlers who stayed with his family on their travels west." Catlin was also intrigued by stories told to him by his mother, Polly Sutton, who had been captured by Indians during the 1778 Battle of Wyoming in Pennsylvania. Like his father, Catlin trained at Litchfield Law School when he was 17, although he disliked the field of law. He was admitted to the Bar in 1819 and practiced law for two years before giving it up to travel and study art.

In 1823, he studied art in Philadelphia and became known for his work as a portraitist. After a meeting with "tribal delegation of Indians from the western frontier, Catlin became eager to preserve a record of Native American customs and individuals."

Travels
Catlin began his journey in 1830 when he accompanied Governor William Clark on a diplomatic mission up the Mississippi River into Native American territory. St. Louis became Catlin's base of operations for five trips he took between 1830 and 1836, eventually visiting fifty tribes. Two years later he ascended the Missouri River more than 3000 km (1900 miles) to Fort Union Trading Post, near what is now the North Dakota-Montana border, where he spent several weeks among indigenous people who were still relatively untouched by European culture.

He visited eighteen tribes, including the Pawnee, Omaha, and Ponca in the south and the Mandan, Hidatsa, Cheyenne, Crow, Assiniboine, and Blackfeet to the north. There he produced the most vivid and penetrating portraits of his career. During later trips along the Arkansas, Red, and Mississippi rivers, as well as visits to Florida and the Great Lakes, he produced more than 500 paintings and gathered a substantial collection of artifacts.

Indigenous gallery
When Catlin returned east in 1838, he assembled the paintings and numerous artifacts into his Indian Gallery, and began delivering public lectures that drew on his personal recollections of life among the American Indians. Catlin traveled with his Indian Gallery to major cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New York City. He hung his paintings salon style, side by side and one above another. Visitors identified each painting by the number on the frame, as listed in Catlin's catalogue. Soon after, he began a lifelong effort to sell his collection to the U.S. government. The touring Indian Gallery did not attract the paying public Catlin needed to stay financially sound, and the United States Congress rejected his initial petition to purchase the works.

In 1839, Catlin took his collection across the Atlantic for a tour of European capitals. As a showman and entrepreneur, he initially attracted crowds to his Indian Gallery in London, Brussels, and Paris. The French critic Charles Baudelaire remarked on Catlin's paintings, "He has brought back alive the proud and free characters of these chiefs, both their nobility and manliness."

Catlin wanted to sell his Indian Gallery to the U.S. government to have his life's work preserved intact. His continued attempts to persuade various officials in Washington, D.C. to buy the collection failed. In 1852, he was forced to sell the original Indian Gallery, now 607 paintings, due to personal debts. The industrialist Joseph Harrison acquired the paintings and artifacts, which he stored in a factory in Philadelphia, as security.

Catlin spent the last 20 years of his life trying to re-create his collection, and recreated more than 400 paintings. This second collection of paintings is known as the "Cartoon Collection", since the works are based on the outlines he drew of the works from the 1830s.

In 1841, Catlin published Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, in two volumes, with approximately 300 engravings. Three years later he published 25 plates, entitled Catlin's North American Indian Portfolio, and, in 1848, Eight Years' Travels and Residence in Europe.

From 1852 to 1857, he traveled through South and Central America and later returned for further exploration in the American West Coast. The record of these later years is contained in Last Rambles amongst the Indians of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes (1868) and My Life among the Indians (ed. by N. G. Humphreys, 1909). Paintings of his Spanish American Indians are published.

In 1872, Catlin traveled to Washington, D.C. at the invitation of Joseph Henry, the first secretary of the Smithsonian. Until his death later that year in Jersey City, New Jersey, Catlin worked in a studio at the Smithsonian Institution's "Castle". In 1879, Harrison's widow donated his original Indian Gallery, more than 500 works, along with related artifacts, to the Smithsonian.

The nearly complete surviving set of Catlin's first Indian Gallery, painted in the 1830s, is now part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum's collection. The associated Catlin artifacts are in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian. Some 700 sketches are held by the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Some artifacts from Catlin are in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology collections. The Huntington Library in San Marino, California also holds 239 of Catlin's illustrations of both North and South American Indians, and other illustrative and manuscript material by Catlin.

The accuracy of some of Catlin's observations has been questioned. He claimed to be the first white man to see the Minnesota pipestone quarries, and pipestone was named catlinite. Catlin exaggerated various features of the site, and his boastful account of his visit aroused his critics, who disputed his claim of being the first white man to investigate the quarry. Previous recorded white visitors include the Groselliers and Radisson, Father Louis Hennepin, Baron de Lahontan, and others. Lewis and Clark noted the pipestone quarry in their journals in 1805. The fur trader Philander Prescott had written another account of the area in 1831.

Later works
After the sale of Catlin's Indian Gallery was rebuffed by the U.S. Congress in May 1838, Catlin felt he could find a more receptive audience in Europe and moved his family to England in November 1839, then to Paris in 1845, and eventually lived in some obscurity in Ostend.

Le Chat d'Ostende is one of the most unusual paintings in Catlin's later oeuvre, dated 1868 and inscribed with the title on the stretcher. It has been called "a folky depiction of a playful cat that bore much of the same technique, wonderment and enthusiasm exhibited in the artist's later depiction of Native Americans." In 1871, after an absence of more than three decades, Catlin returned to the United States and likely brought back the painting with him.

It resurfaced in 1957 in the private collection of Lee B. Anderson, a pioneer collector of American art, and was subsequently sold at Christies for $47,000 on 24 May 2000. The painting reflects a playful quiet domesticity that contrasts sharply from the American bison that thundered across the Great Plains of the American West in the millions. The majestic long-haired cat itself bears some resemblance to a bison and exhibits a human-like face that may be a self-portrait given the play on words inherent in the subject matter and the artist's surname.

Observations on Native mouth breathing practices
Catlin is also remembered for his research and writing on mouth breathing, inspired by observations made during his travels. This interest is linked to his non-fiction work, The Breath of Life, later retitled as Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life, in 1862. It was based on his experiences traveling through the West, where he observed a consistent lifestyle habit among all of the Native American communities he encountered: a preference for nose breathing over mouth breathing. He also observed that they had perfectly straight teeth.

He repeatedly heard that this was because they believed that mouth breathing made an individual weak and caused disease, while nasal breathing made the body strong and prevented disease. He observed that mothers repeatedly closed the mouth of their infants while they were sleeping, in order to instill nasal breathing as a habit. He wrote the book to document these observations, stating that "there is no person in society but who will find... improvement in health and enjoyment..." from keeping his or her mouth shut.

Family and death
George Catlin met Clara Bartlett Gregory in 1828 in her hometown of Albany, New York. She was eager to escape her family home, not getting along with her father's third wife. After a brief courtship, Clara and George married on May 11, 1828. She was 19, and Catlin was 32. After their marriage, she accompanied him on one of his journeys west. They eventually had four children. Clara and his youngest son died while visiting Paris in 1845.

Catlin died on December 23, 1872, aged 76 years in Jersey City, New Jersey.

Honors

 * National Rivers Hall of Fame, inducted 2001
 * Luzerne County Arts & Entertainment Hall of Fame, inducted 2023

In popular culture
Catlin and his work figure repeatedly in the 2010 novel Shadow Tag by Louise Erdrich, where he is the subject of the unfinished doctoral dissertation by the character Irene America.

His 1834 painting Comanche Feats of Horsemanship was featured in the second episode of the HBO drama series Watchmen, "Martial Feats of Comanche Horsemanship", which was named for the painting.

Works by Catlin

 * Catlin, George (1834). Comanche Feats of Martial Horsemanship. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
 * Catlin, George (1862). The Breath of Life (later retitled as Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life).
 * Catlin, George (1862). The Breath of Life (later retitled as Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life).
 * Catlin, George (1862). The Breath of Life (later retitled as Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life).

Articles

 * George Catlin on Mouth Breathing at PubMed

Documents

 * George Catlin papers and illustrations at The Huntington Library
 * George Catlin letters, 1827–1870 at The Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois
 * Guide to the George Catlin Papers at University of Kansas
 * George Catlin papers, 1821–1904 at The Smithsonian Institution

title: George Catlin


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