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Witch hazel (disambiguation)

Witch hazel (Hamamelis) is a genus of flowering shrubs.

Witch hazel may also refer to:

 * Witch hazel (astringent), an astringent topical medicine derived from the Hamamelis plant
 * Witch Hazel (Disney), a Disney cartoon and comics character
 * Witch Hazel (Looney Tunes), a Looney Tunes cartoon character
 * Witch Hazel, Oregon, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Buttercup witch hazel, Corylopsis pauciflora, a spring-flowering shrub

title: Witch hazel (disambiguation)


text:
Stephen Gilbert

Stephen Gilbert (15 January 1910 – 12 January 2007) was a painter and sculptor from Scotland. He was one of the few British artists fully to embrace the avant-garde movement in Paris in the 1950s.

Early years
Gilbert was born in Wormit, in the north-east of Fife, Scotland, of English parents. His father was a commander in the Royal Navy; his grandfather was the sculptor Sir Alfred Gilbert.

Education
He studied architecture at the Slade School of Art in London from 1929 to 1932, where he befriended fellow student Roger Hilton. Gilbert won the Slade Scholarship at the end of his first year, and the principal Sir Henry Tonks encouraged him to start painting from 1930. He also met sculptor Jocelyn Chewett at the Slade, and they were married in 1935.

Career
He exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1936, and put on an early solo show in London, at the Wertheim Gallery in 1938. He moved to Paris in 1937, where his wife studied under Ossip Zadkine, leaving before the Second World War. He failed a medical for military service, and he spent the war in Ireland near Dublin with his wife and son, Humphrey. He joined The White Stag group of refugee artists. His work was inspired by Masson, and by reading Jung, Nietzsche and Jakob Böhme, with fantastic creatures and plants painted in vivid colours.

He returned to Paris in 1946, after the birth of his daughter Frances. He exhibited at the Salon des Surindépendents in Paris in 1948, attracting the attention of Danish artist Asger Jorn, and leading to his membership of the CoBrA avant-garde art group. He was one of only two British members, the other being William Gear. He was included in the first issue of the group's journal and participated in both major exhibitions: the Bregnerød congress in August 1949, where he worked on the collective mural, and the Amsterdam exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum in November of that year, where he worked with Constant Nieuwenhuys. A French art critic described him as "le plus français des sculpteurs anglais et l'un des plus européens parmi les artistes" ("the most French of British sculptors and one of the most European of artists").

He also visited Max Walter Svanberg in Sweden. After his contact with CoBrA, his approach to painting became more abstract, but he remained in contact with Pierre Alechinsky after CoBrA dissolved. He exhibited several times at the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles.

During the 1950s, he concentrated on three-dimensional and architectural forms, formed from sheets of aluminium. He joined André Bloc's Groupe Espace in 1954, exhibiting at the Salon de la Jeune Sculpture. He was also a founder of the Néovision group, and worked with experimental architect Peter Stead. He moved on to more curvilinear forms, exhibited at the Drian Galleries in London in 1961, and completed two public commissions in London. He received a Gulbenkian award in 1962, and the sculpture prize at the Tokyo Biennale in 1965.

His wife died in 1979, and his sculpture moved on from open forms to more enclosed structures. He returned to painting in the 1980s. Examples of his work are held by public collections, including KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Calouste Gulbenkian Museum and Tate Museum.

He died in Frome, Somerset and he was survived by his son and daughter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stephen Gilbert


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Above the Law

Above the Law may refer to:

Movies and television

 * Above the Law (1988 film), an American action film starring Steven Seagal
 * Above the Law (2017 film), a Belgian-French thriller film starring Lubna Azabal
 * Above the Law (TV series), an Australian television series
 * Righting Wrongs, a 1986 Hong Kong action film titled Above the Law for international release, starring Cynthia Rothrock and Yuen Biao

Legal concepts

 * Immunity
 * Impeachment
 * Legibus solutus, doctrine of Roman Law as coined by Ulpian: "The sovereign is not bound by the laws." (Princeps legibus solutus est.)

Other uses

 * Above the Law (group), an American hip hop group
 * Above the Law (website), a law blog
 * "Above the Law", a song by Bad Meets Evil from Hell: The Sequel
 * "Above the Law", the third episode of the adventure video game The Walking Dead: A New Frontier

title: Above the Law


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Karel Appel

Christiaan Karel Appel (25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter, sculptor, and poet. He started painting at the age of fourteen and studied at the Rijksakademie in Amsterdam in the 1940s. He was one of the founders of the avant-garde movement CoBrA in 1948. He was also an avid sculptor and has had works featured in MoMA and other museums worldwide.

Childhood
Christiaan Karel Appel was born on 25 April 1921 in his parents' house at Dapperstraat 7 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. As a child he was often called 'Kik'. On the ground floor his father, Jan Appel, had a barbershop. His mother, born Johanna Chevallier, was a descendant of French Huguenots. Karel Appel had three brothers.

At fourteen, Appel produced his first real painting on canvas, a still life of a fruit basket. For his fifteenth birthday, his wealthy uncle Karel Chevalier gave him a paint set and an easel. An avid amateur painter himself, Chevalier gave his namesake some lessons in painting.

Career
From 1940 to 1943, during the German occupation, Appel studied at the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam, and it was there he met the young painter Corneille and, some years later, Constant; they became close friends for years. His parents opposed his choice to become an artist, leading him to leave home; this was also necessary because he needed to hide from the German police so that he would not be picked up and sent to Germany to work in the weapons industry. Appel had his first show in Groningen in 1946. In 1949 he participated with the other CoBrA artists in the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam; this generated a huge scandal and many objections in the press and public. He was influenced by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and the French brute-art artist Jean Dubuffet. In 1947 he started sculpting with all kinds of used materials (in the technique of assemblage) and painted them in bright colors: white, red, yellow, blue, and black. He joined the Experimentele Groep in Holland together with the young Dutch painters Anton Rooskens, Theo Wolvecamp, and Jan Nieuwenhuys. Later the Belgian writer Hugo Claus joined the group.

In 1948 Appel joined CoBrA (coined by the Belgian poet Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home countries' capital cities: Copenhagen, Brussels, Amsterdam) together with the Dutch artists Corneille, Constant, and Jan Nieuwenhuys. The new art of the CoBrA group was not popular in the Netherlands, but it found a warm and broad welcome in Denmark. By 1939, Danish artists had already started to make spontaneous art and one of their sources of inspiration was Danish and Nordic mythology. It was also in Denmark that the CoBrA artists started cooperating by collectively painting the insides of houses, which encouraged and intensified the exchange of the typical 'childish' and spontaneous picture language used by the CoBrA group. Appel used this very intensively; his 1949 fresco 'Questioning Children' in Amsterdam City Hall caused controversy and was covered up for ten years.

As a result of this controversy and other negative Dutch reactions to CoBrA, Appel moved to Paris in 1950 and developed his international reputation by travelling to Mexico, the United States, Yugoslavia, and Brazil. He also lived in New York City and Florence. His first American gallery exhibition took place in 1954 at the Martha Jackson Gallery. In America he also painted portraits of prominent jazz musicians, including Miles Davis and Dizzy Gillespie. The following year his painting Child and Beast II (1951) was included in the influential exhibition, The New Decade at the Museum of Modern Art which featured the work of twenty-two European painters and sculptors including newcomers like Francis Bacon, Jean Dubuffet, and Pierre Soulages. He is particularly noted for his mural work. After 1990 he became much more popular in the Netherlands; he had several big shows in Amsterdam and Bruxelles, organized by director Rudy Fuchs. Also, the CoBrA-museum in Amstelveen organized several shows featuring his work. He became the most famous Dutch CoBrA artist.

Appel's work has been exhibited in a number of galleries, including the Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City, Galerie Lelong in Paris, Galerie Ulysses in Vienna, and Gallery LL in Amsterdam. His estate is represented by Galerie Max Hetzler and Almine Rech.

Death
Appel died on 3 May 2006 in his home in Zürich, Switzerland. He suffered from a heart ailment. He was buried on 16 May 2006 at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, France.

Years before his death, Appel established the Karel Appel Foundation, whose purpose is "to preserve [Appel's] artworks, to promote public awareness and knowledge of Karel Appel's oeuvre, and to supervise publication of the Oeuvre Catalogue of the paintings, the works on paper, and the sculptures."

In 2002 a number of Appel's works went missing on the way to his foundation, an event that was not to be resolved before his death. However, in 2012 the works were found in a disused UK warehouse and returned to the foundation.

In the wake of his death, the Foundation (based in Amsterdam) functions as his official estate in addition to its primary service as an image archive. The U.S. copyright representative for the Karel Appel Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.

Tributes
On 25 April 2011, Google celebrated the 90th Birthday of Karel Appel with a doodle.

"Karel Appel" is the name of a song by art-rock band Poem Rocket from the 2000 record, "Psychogeography."

Public collections
Among the public collections holding works by Karel Appel are:
 * Museum de Fundatie, Zwolle, The Netherlands
 * Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova, Turku, Finland
 * Art Gallery of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
 * Rijksmuseum, The Netherlands
 * The Phillips Collection, Washington D.C., US
 * Collezione Peggy Guggenheim, Venice
 * Didrichsen Art Museum, Helsinki
 * Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen
 * Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
 * Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (Palais Tokyo), Paris
 * Museum Ludwig, Cologne
 * Museum Moderner Kunst, Vienna
 * Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin
 * Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
 * San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco
 * Stanford University Museum of Art, Stanford
 * Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Amsterdam
 * Tate Modern, London
 * The Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * Gallery Delaive, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 * Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, US
 * Art Museum of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, Texas
 * McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture, Knoxville, Tennessee

title: Karel Appel


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Liberty Motor Car

The Liberty Motor Car Company was a vintage era United States automobile maker based in Detroit, Michigan from 1916 to 1923.

History
Liberty Motor Car Company was started in February 1916 with capital stock of $400,000 to produce medium-priced cars. Percy Owen, vice-president of Saxon was president and R. E. Cole was Engineer. The R.C.H. automobile factory was purchased for production. The Liberty car was introduced at the Hotel Pontchartrain in Detroit in the summer of 1916.

A total of 733 cars were produced in its first year increasing to 11,217 cars in 1921. A new factory was built in 1921 but the expansion along with the Depression of 1920-1921 caused financial issues. Reorganization while under Receivership failed and in September 1923, it was acquired by Columbia Motors. Columbia failed the following year and the plant was sold to Budd Wheel Company.

Models
Only one model named Liberty Six was offered, propelled by a monobloc 3394 cc Continental Motors 6-cylinde r engine. In 1921 Liberty began using a new six-cylinder engine of their own design. Open and closed body styles were used. Total production of Liberty Six's was nearly 37,000. Factory prices ranged from $1,095 in 1919 to $2,095 in 1923,.

title: Liberty Motor Car


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Columbia Motors

Columbia Motors was a Detroit, Michigan, United States based automobile manufacturer that produced automobiles from 1916 to 1924.

Columbia Motors was incorporated in 1916, with John George Bayerline as company president and William E. Metzger as vice-president. Bayerline was the former president and general manager of the King Motor Car Company and former general manager and founder of the Warren Motor Car Company. Prior to founding Columbia, Metzger was a founder of the E-M-F Company which was later purchased by the Studebaker Corporation.

Columbia Motors produced two models powered by Continental six-cylinder engines including the popular Columbia Six. In 1916, Columbia bought Argo Electric. A 1916 news item in the journal Horseless Age presents a "Columbia Touring Car". In 1923, Columbia acquired Liberty Motor Car.

title: Columbia Motors


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PSF

PSF is an abbreviation that may refer to:

Political parties

 * French Social Party (Parti Social Français) (1936–1940), a right-wing nationalist party
 * French Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste Français), active since 1969
 * Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
 * Peoples Students Federation, the youth wing of the Pakistan Peoples Party
 * Provisional Sinn Féin, Ireland
 * Socialist Party without Borders (Parti Socialiste sans Frontières), a leftist party in Chad

Law enforcement

 * Puntland Security Force, Somalia
 * Public Security Forces the principal law-enforcement arm of the Bahraini Ministry of Interior

Business and companies

 * Professional service firm, a company offering consulting, legal, or other services
 * Premium Standard Farms, Inc, a pork producer
 * P.S.F. Records, a record label
 * Pressed Steel Fisher, a supplier of British car parts

Other

 * Pakistan Science Foundation
 * Pharmaciens Sans Frontières
 * Pondicherry Science Forum
 * Python Software Foundation

Technology

 * PC Screen Font, a font format used in Linux systems
 * Physical Storage Format, a data format for navigation data
 * Portable Sound Format, a file format
 * Progressive segmented frame, a scheme to handle progressive scan video using interlaced equipment
 * Protein structure file for molecular dynamics, a chemical file format
 * Point spread function, the response of an imaging system to a point source
 * Protein Segment Finder, a search engine for the Protein Data Bank
 * Polysulfone, a high-performance thermoplastic
 * Potassium fluorosilicate, specifically when referring to phosphors

Units

 * Price per square foot
 * Pounds per square foot, a measure of pressure; see also Pounds per square inch

Other

 * Prolate spheroidal wave function
 * Pennsylvania Shakespeare Festival
 * Phelps Stokes Fund
 * Pittsfield Municipal Airport (IATA airport code: PSF)
 * Posterior spinal fusion

title: PSF


text:
Thornton Affair

The Thornton Affair, also known as the Thornton Skirmish, Thornton's Defeat, or Rancho Carricitos, was a battle in 1846 between the military forces of the United States and Mexico 20 miles west upriver from Zachary Taylor's camp along the Rio Grande. The much larger Mexican force defeated the Americans in the opening of hostilities, and was the primary justification for U.S. President James K. Polk's call to Congress to declare war.

Background
Although the United States had annexed Texas, both the US and Mexico claimed the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. Polk had ordered Taylor's "Army of Occupation" to the Rio Grande early in 1846 after Mexican President Mariano Paredes declared in his inaugural address that he would uphold the integrity of Mexican territory to the Sabine River.

Mariano Arista assumed command of the Division of the North on April 4 and arrived at Matamoros on April 24, making the total force there about 5,000 men; he sent word to Taylor of his presence. Arista promptly ordered his subordinate, General Anastasio Torrejón, to cross the Rio Grande fourteen miles upstream at La Palangana.

Battle
Taylor received two reports on April 24 of Mexicans crossing the Rio Grande, the first crossing below his camp, the other at a crossing upriver. Taylor sent two detachments to investigate; Captain Croghan Ker to investigate downriver and Captain Seth B. Thornton, accompanied by two dragoon companies, to investigate upriver. Ker found nothing but Thornton rode into an ambush and his 80-man force was quickly overwhelmed by Torrejon's 1,600, resulting in the capture of those not immediately killed. Thornton's guide brought news of the hostilities to Taylor and was followed by a cart from Torrejón containing six wounded Americans; the general stated that he had freed them as an act of mercy.

Aftermath
In the fierce encounter, fourteen of Thornton's men were killed outright, six were wounded, and one was fatally wounded, while the rest were taken prisoner (including Captain Thornton and his second in command, Captain William J. Hardee). Mexican casualties are unknown. Torrejón continued on to the Matamoros-Point Isabel road, surprising Samuel H. Walker's Texas Rangers on April 28, before continuing on to Longoreno to cover the crossing of the main Mexican army.

Following the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, Arista and Taylor agreed to a prisoner exchange which resulted in the release of Thornton, Hardee and their men. Thornton was later killed on August 20, 1847 in an engagement at Churubusco outside Mexico City. Coincidentally, this soldier who was wounded at the war's opening act was killed in its final conflict.

Declaration of war
Upon learning of the incident, President James K. Polk asked for a Declaration of war before a joint session of the United States Congress, and summed up his justification for war by famously stating:

 * "The cup of forbearance had been exhausted even before the recent information from the frontier of the Del Norte [Rio Grande]. But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war.".

On May 13, 1846, the U.S. Congress declared war on Mexico, despite the Mexican government's position that Thornton had crossed the border into Mexican Texas, which Mexico maintained began south of the Nueces River (the historical border of the province of Texas). Opposition also existed in the United States, with one senator declaring that the affair had been "as much an act of aggression on our part as is a man's pointing a pistol at another's breast". Congressman Abraham Lincoln demanded to know the "particular spot of soil on which the blood of our citizens was so shed" (the spot resolutions). The ensuing Mexican–American War was waged from 1846 to 1848 which cost the lives of many thousands and the loss of all northern provinces from Mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war on February 2, 1848, and established the Rio Grande as the border between the U.S. and Mexico, and led to Mexico recognizing Texas as a part of the United States.

title: Thornton Affair


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List of Church of England dioceses

There are 42 dioceses of the Church of England. These cover England, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and a small part of Wales. The Diocese in Europe is also a part of the Church of England, and covers the whole of continental Europe, Morocco and the post-Soviet states. The structure of dioceses within the Church of England was initially inherited from the Catholic Church as part of the Protestant Reformation. During the Reformation a number of new dioceses were founded, but no more were then created until the middle of the 19th century, when dioceses were founded mainly in response to the growing population, especially in the northern industrial cities. The most recent diocese to be established was the Diocese of Leeds, which came into being on 20 April 2014. Prior to that, no new dioceses had been created since 1927. Leeds was created by combining three previous dioceses: the Diocese of Bradford, the Diocese of Ripon and Leeds, and the Diocese of Wakefield.

The 42 current dioceses are divided into two provinces. The Province of Canterbury in the south comprises 30 dioceses and the Province of York in the north comprises 12. The archbishops of Canterbury and York have pastoral oversight over the bishops within their province, along with certain other rights and responsibilities. All of the dioceses have one cathedral each except the Diocese of Leeds, which has three that are considered co-equal. Of all the dioceses, Derby has the smallest cathedral; Derby Cathedral takes up only 10950 sqft. One diocese dates back to the 6th century, eight date back to the 7th century, two to the 10th century, five to the 11th century, two to the 12th century, five to the 16th century, seven to the 19th century, and ten to the 20th century. The territories administered by the various dioceses generally accord with the counties as they existed before the Local Government Act 1972.

Statistics
Source: Diocese of Europe excluded.

1persons per square mile

title: List of Church of England dioceses


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Siege of Fort Texas

The siege of Fort Texas marked the beginning of active campaigning by the armies of the United States and Mexico during the Mexican–American War. The battle is sometimes called the siege of Fort Brown.

Fort Texas was located on the northern side of the Rio Grande opposite the Mexican town of Matamoros. At the time, the Rio Grande border with the United States was disputed by Mexico. On 3 May 1846, the fort was fired upon and besieged by Mexican forces under General Mariano Arista. The main American force under General Zachary Taylor advanced from Port Isabel and successfully engaged Arista at Palo Alto on 8 May. The following day, the Mexicans were routed at Resaca de la Palma, 6 km from Fort Texas. The siege was lifted, with the Mexican force withdrawing south of the Rio Grande. Taylor occupied Matamoros and continued operations in northeastern Mexico.

Background
On 28 March 1846, the Army of Occupation under General Zachary Taylor reached the north bank of the Rio Grande. Taylor ordered Captain Joseph K. Mansfield to construct an earthen star fort for 800 men named "Fort Texas". The fort was garrisoned by 500 men under Major Jacob Brown, including the 7th Infantry, Capt. Allen Lowd's four 18-pounders, and Lt. Braxton Bragg's field battery.

Mexican General Francisco Mejia's 2,000 men also erected similar fortifications, including for his twenty cannons, for 800 men upstream at the Las Anacuitas ferry crossing, called Fort Paredes; and two redoubts about 800 yards from Taylor's camp, placing it in a crossfire. The largest cannon was a 12-pounder.

Following the Thornton Affair, Mexican forces under General Mariano Arista crossed the Rio Grande and then besieged Fort Texas, after realizing that on 1 May Taylor had taken most of his forces to Fort Polk on Point Isabel to protect his supply depot.

Siege
At dawn on 3 May 1846, Mexican forces bombarded Fort Texas, but were silenced by the American response, although the Mexican artillery down the river was more successful. Lowd attempted to set fire to Matamoros with "hot shot". Mexican fire stopped at 7:30 pm, the American's at 11 pm. On 4 May, Mexican guns and a mortar were placed on the northern bank of the Rio Grande and on 5 May General Pedro de Ampudia arrived with 1,230 men and four guns. Since Ampudia's artillery was too light to breach the earthworks and the infantry disinclined to make an assault, the siege continued until 9 May with General Antonio Canales Rosillo's irregular cavalry astride the Point Isabel road preventing supplies from reaching the fort.

Captain Edgar S. Hawkins took command of Fort Texas when Major Brown was mortally wounded on 6 May at ten o'clock. When Arista demanded the fort's surrender at 4:30 that afternoon, Hawkins responded with "My interpreter is not skilled in your language but if I understand you correctly...I must respectfully decline to surrender."

As soon as it became clear Taylor was leaving Fort Polk, Arista moved his army from his camp at Tanques del Ramiereno to block Taylor's path leading to the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.

Aftermath
Though the confrontation at Fort Texas lasted six days, with periods of heavy cannon fire, casualties were remarkably low. Only two U.S. soldiers died in the bombardment. Major Brown was struck in the leg by a cannonball on May 6 and survived for several days only to die on May 9, just hours before the siege ended. Despite his wound, Major Brown had helped maintain troop morale throughout the siege, thus contributing to the success of the defense of the Fort. Mexican leaders reported two killed and two wounded from American artillery fire during the siege. The effect of artillery fire on the civilian population of Matamoros is unknown. Laundress and cook Sarah Borginnes, who refused to take shelter during the siege but instead provided food and coffee to the American troops, was named "Heroine of Fort Brown" by the American newspapers.

title: Siege of Fort Texas


text:
Uniting Church in Australia

The Uniting Church in Australia (UCA) was founded on 22 June 1977, when most congregations of the Methodist Church of Australasia, about two-thirds of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and almost all the churches of the Congregational Union of Australia united under the Basis of Union. According to the church, it had 243,000 members in 2018. In the, 870,183 Australians identified with the church, but that figure fell to 673,260 in the. In the, that figure was 1,065,796.

The UCA is Australia's third-largest Christian denomination, behind the Catholic and the Anglican Churches. There are around 2,000 UCA congregations, and 2001 National Church Life Survey (NCLS) research indicated that average weekly attendance was about 10 per cent of census figures.

The UCA is one of Australia's largest non-government providers of community and health services. Its service network consists of over 400 agencies, institutions, and parish missions, with its areas of service including aged care, hospitals, children, youth and family, disability, employment, emergency relief, drug and alcohol abuse, youth homelessness and suicide. Affiliated agencies include UCA's community and health-service provider network, affiliated schools, the Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress, Frontier Services and UnitingWorld.

Organisation
The UCA is a national, unincorporated association of councils, each of which has responsibility for functions in the church. The councils are congregations (local), presbyteries (regional), synods (state) and an assembly (national).

The membership of each council is established by the constitution. Each council includes Women and Men, lay and ordained. The offices of president of assembly, moderator of synod (who chair these councils) and other offices are open to all UCA members.

The UCA is a non-episcopal church, with no bishops. Leadership and pastoral roles are nominally performed by presbyteries, but in reality by individuals.

Assembly
The UCA assembly meets every three years, and is chaired by the president. The 14th Assembly met in Perth from 12 to 18 July 2015. The 15th Assembly, hosted by the Synod of Victoria and Tasmania in Box Hill, met in July 2018. Assembly business between meetings is conducted by the Assembly Standing Committee, which meets three times per year (usually in March, July and November). Membership is drawn from throughout Australia, with 18 members elected at each assembly.

President
The current president is Reverend Charissa Suli since she was installed as president in the meeting of the 17th Assembly on 11 July 2024. She replaced Reverend Sharon Hollis, who had succeeded Dr Deidre Palmer at the start of the 16th Assembly in July 2021. Palmer was the second woman in the role, following Jill Tabart (1994-1997). Palmer was the moderator of the Presbytery and Synod of South Australia from November 2013 to November 2016. Hollis was moderator of the Synod of Victoria and Tasmania at the time of her election in 2018 as the president-elect and became president at the beginning of the sixteenth assembly, which was to be held in Queensland in 2021. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the meeting was moved to a shorter, online form.

Synods
Synods are UCA councils which roughly correspond to state boundaries. Each synod meets about once per year, with a standing committee to represent it between sessions. Synod responsibilities include the promotion and encouragement of the church's mission, theological and ministerial education, and overseeing property matters. There are six synods:
 * Synod of New South Wales and the ACT (formerly the NSW Synod)
 * Synod of Queensland
 * Synod of South Australia
 * Synod of Western Australia
 * Synod of Victoria and Tasmania
 * The Northern Synod, which includes the Northern Territory, north-west Western Australia and northern South Australia.

Presbyteries
Each synod generally consists of a number of presbyteries. Western Australia has a unitary presbytery-synod model. South Australia also had a single presbytery and synod for 15 years, until 2019. These large presbyteries enable groups of congregations to work together, based on geographic location or similar interests or characteristics. Selection of ministerial candidates and the placement of ministers are decided at the presbytery level.

Congregations
There are about 2,000 UCA congregations, with 243,000 members and adherents. Congregations range in size from a dozen to hundreds of members. They are the local church, the setting for regular worship (generally on Sundays). Many churches also conduct worship services at other times, such as a monthly weekday service, a late-night service for day-shift workers, a "cafe church", or Friday- or Saturday-evening services.

A Meeting of the Congregation must be held at least twice each year. The meetings typically consider and approve the budget, local policy matters, property matters (ratified by the presbytery and synod) and the "call" (employment) of a new minister or other staff.

Congregations manage themselves through a council. All elders are members, as are ministers with pastoral responsibility for the congregation; there may also be other members. The council meets regularly, and is responsible for approving worship times and other matters.

Some united congregations exist. The UCA has joined with other churches, such as the Baptist Union and the Churches of Christ, in some locations. There are also cooperative arrangements where supplying ministry to congregations is impossible, particularly in remote areas. This includes arrangements with the Anglican Church, where ministry and (sometimes) property resources are shared.

Faith communities are less structured than congregations. They are groups of people who gather together for worship, witness or service and choose to be recognised by the presbytery. Local churches are sometimes also used by congregations of other denominations; for example, a Tongan Seventh-day Adventist congregation may make arrangements to meet in the building on a Saturday. The UCA is committed to inclusivity, and there are a number of multicultural ministry (MCM) arrangements in which Korean, Tongan and other groups form congregations of the church.

Co-operating congregations
Co-operating congregations, typically in rural areas, have several denominations worshiping as one congregation and rotate the denomination appointing its next minister. They are known as union churches in some places, with several denominations using the building at different times.

Frontier Services
A Frontier Services ministry is available to residents of the outback, with ministers and pastors visiting families by air or four-wheel drive vehicles. Visits are normally arranged in advance so adjacent families can travel for significant events, such as baptisms. These "padres" are based in a major town or city, and the local synod is normally their organisational and funding body.

Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress
The Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress (UAICC, sometimes known simply as the Congress), is constitutionally recognised as having responsibility for oversight of church ministry to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:

A Synod may at the request of a Regional Committee of the Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress prescribe that the Regional Committee may have and exercise all or specific rights, powers, duties and responsibilities of a Presbytery under this Constitution and the Regulations (including ordination and other rights, powers and responsibilities relating to Ministers) for the purpose of fulfilling any responsibility of the Regional Committee for Uniting Church work with Aboriginal and Islander people within the bounds of the Synod.

Agencies
UnitingCare Australia, one of the country's largest providers of social care, is its largest operator of aged-care facilities. Other activities include shelters and emergency housing for men, women and children; family-relationships support; disability services, and food kitchens.

Education
The UCA provides theological training through a number of theological colleges:
 * New South Wales: United Theological College, Parramatta a member of the School of Theology at Charles Sturt University.
 * Queensland: Trinity College (with Australian Catholic University)
 * South Australia: Uniting College for Leadership and Theology, University of Divinity
 * Victoria and Tasmania: Pilgrim Theological College, part of the University of Divinity
 * Western Australia: Perth Theological Hall

Training generally takes five years, and includes supervised practical experience.

Youth
The National Christian Youth Convention is a national UCA activity during school and university holidays, every two or three years in a different city. NCYC 2007, "Agents of Change", was held in Perth. The 2009 "Converge" was held in Melbourne. NCYC 2011 was held from 29 December 2010 to 4 January 2011 at the Southport School on Queensland's Gold Coast. Yuróra NCYC 2014 was held in North Parramatta, Sydney from 7 to 10 January 2014. Yuróra NCYC 2017, "Uniting Culture", was also held in Sydney in January 2017.

International aid
UnitingWorld is the church's international-aid agency. It receives funding from the government of Australia to implement development and poverty-alleviation programs in the Pacific, Asia and Africa. UnitingWorld works in partnership with 18 overseas denominations to support over 180,000 people annually through sustainable community development projects.

Ministry
The role of the laity is valued in the UCA, which recognises that ministry is a function of the entire church. However, "specified ministries" are defined. Of these, the roles of elder and pastor are open to lay members. The church has two orders of ordained ministry: minister and deacon.

When it is not possible (or desirable) to have an ordained minister, a lay preacher or lay ministry team may act in their place (similar to a Methodist local preacher). Lay preachers are required to participate in training and examinations conducted by each synod, and must be approved by the presbytery.

Culture
The UCA was one of the first Australian churches to grant self-determination to its indigenous members through the Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress. Partnerships exist with South Pacific and Asian churches, especially those which share a Congregational, Presbyterian or Methodist heritage. An increasing number of ethnic churches worship in their own languages as well as in English. Five to seven per cent of the membership worship in languages other than English, including Aboriginal languages.

The UCA advocates for social justice. It has taken stances on issues such as native title for indigenous people; the environment; apartheid; refugee status, and safe injection facilities for drug users. The church is similar to other united and uniting churches, which maintain a cultural identity in their own country and practise ecumenical fellowship with other Christian denominations worldwide. Between 1991 and 2013, UCA attendance declined by 41 per cent. In 2013, about 97,200 people attended weekly worship services throughout Australia.

Liturgy
The church is liturgically varied. Practices range from experimental liturgies, informal worship reminiscent of the Jesus movement to conventional Reformed services. Music also varies from traditional and contemporary hymns in the Australian Hymn Book and Together in Song, through Hillsong and contemporary Christian music to hard alternative and metal.

Liturgical dress in the UCA is generally lenient, and is optional for ministers and other leaders of worship. When liturgical dress is worn, it most commonly consists of a white alb and a stole (for ministers and deacons) or scarf (for lay preachers). The colour of the scarf or stole is often related to the liturgical calendar, such as purple for Lent or red for Pentecost.

Decision-making
Since 1997, most councils and agencies have used the consensus decision-making procedures outlined in the church's Manual for Meetings. The procedures may use orange ("support") and blue ("do not support") cards, which may also be displayed times other than voting.

Theology
The UCA's theological range is broad, reflecting its Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational origins and its commitment to ecumenism. Its theology may be described as mainline Protestantism, with a commitment to social justice. The church's perspectives are evangelical, left (or progressive), and liberal. Morality, faith, and (in particular) sexuality have been debated. Concerns focus on biblical understanding and accommodation to the broad culture.

Uniting Network Australia is "the national network for lesbian, gay, bisexual, intersex and transgender people, their families, friends and supporters within the Uniting Church in Australia." The establishment of Evangelical Members within the Uniting Church in Australia (EMU), the Reforming Alliance and their merger with the Assembly of Confessing Congregations (ACC) illustrate conservative opposition to the ordination of gay and lesbian candidates and the influence of the Confessing Movement (not to be confused with the anti-Nazi Confessing Church).

Homosexuality
Issues debated since early in UCA history are the role of gay and lesbian people in the church, their possibility of being ordained and the blessing of same-sex unions. The church permits local presbyteries to ordain gay and lesbian ministers, and extends the local option to marriage; a minister may bless a same-sex marriage.

The fairly broad consensus has been that a person's sexual orientation should not be a bar to attendance, membership or participation in the church. More controversial has been the issue of sexual activity by gay and lesbian people and the sexual behaviour of ordination candidates. In 2003, the church voted to allow local presbyteries to decide whether to ordain gay and lesbian people as ministers. Ministers were permitted to bless same-sex couples entering civil unions even before same-sex marriage was legalised in Australia in late 2017. In July 2018, the national assembly approved the creation of marriage rites for same-sex couples.

Since 1997, some ministers living in same-sex relationships have come out without their ordination (or ministry) being challenged. In 2011, the church approved the blessing of same-sex unions. Seven years later it allowed local congregations and ministers to decide whether to perform same-sex marriages, and ministers may now do so.

In March 2021, the UCA became the first mainstream Australian church to induct a transgender minister, when Jo Inkpin was installed at Pitt Street Uniting Church in Sydney.

Theologians

 * Alan Walker
 * James Haire
 * Bill Loader
 * Wesley Wildman
 * Benjamin Myers

Official websites

 * National Assembly website
 * UnitingWorld website
 * UnitingCare Australia
 * Relations with Other Faiths website
 * Multicultural and Cross Cultural website
 * UnitingJustice website
 * Journey magazine website
 * Assembly of Confessing Congregations within the UCA

Other websites

 * Uniting Church in Australia Oral History 1992-1994, State Library of Queensland
 * Uniting Church in Australia Oral History 1992-1994, State Library of Queensland

title: Uniting Church in Australia


text:
Talk:Aegospotami

Dislodged by a comet
Comets, even big ones like Halley, are pretty small beer on the scale of the solar system. Too small to dislodge things from orbits. The bbc source makes more sense. Aristotle reports that when the meteroite landed, a comet was also visible (and may have speculated that the two were connected). More likely is that the association is co-incidental.

Untitled
Why must the town have been insignificant? Molinari

If there're coins, shouldn't it be quite significant? Even NYC doesn't have coins of its own. Or maybe the Greeks made coins for all Joe-Jane cities. --Menchi 07:14 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aegospotami


text:
Talk:Black-and-white

Black and white filters
Is there any (non-electronic) device to convert a color image to black and white? In Shadow of the Vampire, the filmmakers were such a thing to see what is being actually filmed. --Error 02:05, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Well, you could shoot either the negative or slide the image is recorded on, or a print of the image, with a camera loaded with black and white film. That should give good results if you have a color slide, and a macro lens.

Shindler's List
Shouldn't Schindler's List get a special mention here, being consistantly rated as one of the greatest films of all time etc? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 146.171.16.9 (talk) 03:45, 24 January 2007 (UTC).

No71.182.89.254 (talk) 04:37, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Newspapers
The majority of newspapers, according to this article, had color photographs by the LATE 70s? Er, I lived through the late 70s, and not too many newspapers that I saw had color photos. And I had been all over the country. I remember that one of the Dallas daily papers had color photos here and there in the late 70's, but I didn't see any other newspapers that had them.

I'll research it, but I don't believe that the MAJORITY of newspapers had color photos until, AT THE EARLIEST, the early '90s.

P.S. Remember that popular old childhood joke? (I was a child in the 60s and 70s). What's black and white and red (read) all over? A newspaper! I guess that kids don't tell that one, anymore! Slater79 14:53, 1 February 2007 (UTC) I thought there were hardly any colour photographs till 1982 AND SWEAR IT BUT THERE MAY HAVE ALREADY STARTED IN 1965 AS MY COUSINS WITH RICH PARENTS HAD COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHS OF MYSELF AND HARDLY ANY COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE 1890s unless Czarist style or romantic Italy — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.158.34.229 (talk) 11:21, 16 March 2019 (UTC)

Use in dream-sequences
No mention is made of the film-standard of using black & white for shooting dream sequences is films and television, nor of the commonly held (though probably erroneous) belief that most people dream in black & white. (I think there's a bit of cause-and-effect here, in that the film/TV standard for shooting dream sequences in black & white has made people believe that this is actually the case in real dreams, possibly contrary to their own experiences.) At any rate, it'd be interesting to see a discussion of this added to the article. Unless there's a separate article for black & white specific to films? (This article does seem to be heavily weighted towards still photography, rather than motion pictures.) Lurlock 14:32, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Squad cars
Squad cars that are black and white are reffered to as "blacn-and-whites" on occasion. Please add that. --Defen d er 9 11  23:33, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

 * That is discussed at Black and white (disambiguation) --jacobolus (t) 00:15, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Manga
Should it be mentioned that the majority of manga is printed in Black and White, as opposed to modern (and even old) western comics?71.114.94.46 (talk) 08:02, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Seems like something worth saying on the article about manga. Not really so relevant here. --jacobolus (t) 08:51, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Edit war
Two editors have been going back and forth with major changes, with no convergence. If you could both comment here on the point of your edits, or why you prefer one version of the other, maybe we could find a way to a compromise. No more edits or reverts to the article until you do so here, please. Dicklyon (talk) 15:21, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks Dicklyon for starting this discussion here. I have no interest in engaging in an edit war.  I found this article to be a more like a personal essay than an encyclopedia entry -- a confusing jumble of OR with no documentation and a series of unsupported claims.  In good faith, I rewrote the article to reduce the OR and to make it more readable. Without discussing the concerns or accepting even the grammatical corrections, 24.129.100.84 simply reverted my changes referring to them as a "massive page blanking." I did cut several paragraphs that went into extreme detail about how some modern directors use b&w to achieve a 'feeling' because these were not supported by documentation and were not central to this article.  After explaining my position on 24.129.100.84's page, I reinstated my edits because they are appropriate and no comment was given in opposition other than 'page blanking' which the changes were not. As 24.129.100.84 again reverted the changes, and given the disruptive nature of edit wars, I will not reinstate the changes.  However, as the article stands it still is a mass of unsupported OR and is in great need of rewriting. TheMindsEye (talk) 18:46, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply. It looks like that user is single-mindely about black-and-white movies, and the part he objected to was mainly the removal of stuff on movies.  Perhaps we should tag that section as unreferenced for now, and put your other edits back and see if there's still an objection? Give him a chance to reply here first, in case there's more to it. Dicklyon (talk) 19:44, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Since he hasn't replied yet, I went ahead and reinstated your edits but restored the big piece he objected to the removal of. Since nothing in the article is sourced, it's hard to justify removing one part for being unsourced.  I recommend you both work on adding citations, because after part of the article is sourced, I'll start to tag and then remove parts that are not.  Dicklyon (talk) 05:03, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with the attempt to make a compromise, but 24.129.100.84's subsequent edits returned this article to nearly the exact same state as before. I am now editing the article to fix some of the grammar problems, format, and repetition.  To fully show the reason behind each edit, I am saving each one separately although it is much more labor intensive.  TheMindsEye (talk) 04:39, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

More technical content would be useful
There are advantages to black and white including greater detail due to simpler molecules being used; it's easier to alter the chemistry of development to target particular contrast curves, and we may also wish to cover C-41 black and white which uses dyes rather than halides. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.157.181.72 (talk) 22:49, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Obama?
So, this article currently has two pictures, and one of them is... Obama? Really? The first image makes sense. It's a very old example of a greyscale image. But... what's the significance of Obama? I mean, I know what his significance is in general, but what does a picture of him add to the reader's understanding of greyscale? I could see him being notable for almost any article on politics, economics, mass-media, etc. Buuut... imaging? Heck, it'd even make sense if that were a particularly well-known greyscale image! Except, outside of wikipedia, it doesn't seem to have any significance. It's not like the article makes any mention of him or that photo, so its sole contribution to the article is just, "this is grey." It also doesn't exactly reflect the 'world-view' wikipedia is supposed to be striving for. A completely random picture of Obama is as strange to me as my adding in a picture of Stephen Harper would be to you. Any objections to removing it? (and, if there are, it'd be very helpful to know why, as well as how a picture of Obama would help the comprehension of, say, an australian reader) 207.112.29.173 (talk) 19:16, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

 * It's in the section "modern use of Black-and-White", so I guess it's simply an example of modern B&W. I am Australian and I don't see what the problem is. It's not the best example photo and runs the risk of being political, but it's not so bad. If you can find or provide a more "neutral" example of modern B&W then go ahead and replace it. --Imroy (talk) 08:46, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

I think the point of using a photo of Obama is that he is current Head of State who is recognizable to most people the world over. Using a current Head of State demonstrates the contemporary use of B&W photography. 68.37.161.91 (talk) 01:20, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

Capitalisation
The title of this article is capitalised as "Black and White". I can't see why it is not in sentence case as per the usual MOS for article titles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Article_title_format). I notice that even within the page itself lower-case initials are used throughout, so the use of capital initials cannot be because the term is being treated as a proper noun. Should we not therefore change it to "Black and white"? Richard New Forest (talk) 14:51, 25 December 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Monochrome photography

 * The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Should Monochrome photography be merged into Black and white? Qono (talk) 16:05, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

These two articles are largely redundant and should be merged per WP:REDUNDANTFORK. Qono (talk) 20:44, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Not keen, but... go ahead as long as whoever does it does a comprehensive merge in proper context to produce a decently structured article. It mustn't be just a messy dump of text. JonRichfield (talk) 18:52, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * No I'd say that monochrome may include various colors/tones as part of the media (such as sepia or monochromatic game art). They are not exclusively black and white. Likewise, Black and White could also refer to pen and ink drawings or other art forms. If anything, a better merge might be for both of them into monochromatic art. Buffs (talk) 16:43, 27 March 2019 (UTC)
 * No I'm with Buffs - monochromatic includes black and white, but there's more to it than that. I think the two articles can happily coexist. Girth Summit  (blether)  07:03, 3 April 2019 (UTC)
 * No Per Buffs and GirthSummit Kb03 (talk) 14:05, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Tentatively yes - essentially monochrome is black and white ...and sepia. So I think a single article would be a more robust way of presenting the info as there is a large amount of overlap. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 08:53, 7 April 2019 (UTC)
 * No - The term "Black and white" is incredibly ambiguous. "Black and white" should take users to a disambig page. The current "Black and white" page should be merged into Monochrome photography. Not the other way around. NickCT (talk) 13:03, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Black and white (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:30, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

A single shade of color in a black and white picture makes that a colored picture and not a black and white picture
A very good addition to the article. TudorTulok (talk) 09:15, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

"No color" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect No color and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Quick Quokka [talk • contribs] 12:13, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black-and-white


text:
Battle of Monterey

The Battle of Monterey, at Monterey, California, occurred on 7 July 1846, during the Mexican–American War. The United States captured the town unopposed.

Prelude
In February 1845, at the Battle of Providencia, the Californio forces had ousted the Mexican-appointed non-Californio governor, Manuel Micheltorena, and most of his forces from Alta California. The central government in Mexico City cancelled an attempt to reassert authority and grudgingly recognized the regime of the succeeding Californio governor, Pio Pico, who remained nominally in charge in Alta California.

The main forces available to the United States in California were the about 400–500 bluejacket sailors and U.S. Marines on board the five ships of the Navy's Pacific Squadron. In November 1845, Commodore John D. Sloat, commander of the Pacific Squadron, then at Mazatlán, Mexico, was joined by the USS Cyane (1837), which carried orders that if Sloat learned "beyond a doubt" that war between the U.S. and Mexico had begun, he was to seize San Francisco Bay and blockade the other California ports.

On 17 May 1846, Commodore Sloat received word of the first open hostilities on the Rio Grande. On 26 May, Sloat received word of the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, upon which he sent a coded message to Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft that he was leaving for California. After delaying his departure, Sloat received news on 7 June that an American squadron had blockaded Vera Cruz. Sloat sailed on the frigate Savannah on 8 June, arriving at Monterey on 1 July.

They joined the sloop Cyane, which had sailed on 19 June and was already there. There were U.S. fears that the British might try to annex California to satisfy British creditors. The British Pacific Station's ships off California were stronger in number, guns and men.

On 5 July, Sloat received a message from Capt. John B. Montgomery of the Portsmouth in San Francisco Bay reporting the events of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma and its open support by Brevet Capt. John C. Frémont. On 6 July, believing Frémont to be acting either on orders from Washington or information that war had been declared, Sloat therefore began to carry out his orders. In a message to Montgomery, Sloat relayed his decision to seize Monterey and ordered the commander to take possession of Yerba Buena (modern-day San Francisco), adding, "I am very anxious to know if Captain Frémont will cooperate with us."

Battle
Early on 7 July 1846, the frigate USS Savannah and the two sloops, USS Cyane and USS Levant of the United States Navy, commanded by Commodore John D. Sloat, captured Monterey and raised the flag of the United States.

Capt. William Mervine of the Cyane came ashore with a small party from the Savannah at 7:30 a.m., seeking the surrender of the port from the Mexican commandant, Capt. Mariano Silva. Silva replied that he was "not authorized to surrender the place." In fact, Silva was in command of a nonexistent garrison, as it would have had no gunpowder to use in its few cannons. Californio General José Castro had quartered his cavalry forces inland at San Juan Bautista.

At 10 a.m., 225 sailors and marines from Sloat's three warships landed and formed before the Customs House. Purser Rodman M. Price read Sloat's proclamation and posted it in both English and Spanish, declaring that a state of war existed between the U.S. and Mexico and that "henceforth California would be a portion of the United States."

The only shots fired were a 21-gun salute to the new U.S. flag fired by each of the U.S. Navy ships in the harbor. The British ships observed but took no action. A messenger was sent to General Castro at San Juan Bautista requesting his surrender, which he refused.

Aftermath
Sloat still recognized Mexican real estate titles and church lands. He also established justices of the peace when the alcaldes resigned their offices.

Captain Montgomery of the Portsmouth received Sloat's message to seize Yerba Buena on 8 July and sent Lt. Joseph W. Revere to Sonoma and Sutter's Fort to notify Fremont of the capture of Monterey. Montgomery and 70 men landed shortly before 8:00 a.m. on 9 July to curious onlookers and read the pronouncement at the Customs House. He then replaced the Bear Flag, which had been raised on 2 July, with the American flag. The American flag was run up with a 21-gun salute. Montgomery then sent Purser James H. Watmough to notify Fremont of the occupation of Yerba Buena and Sloat's request for a meeting.

Commodore Robert F. Stockton arrived at Monterey Bay aboard the Congress on 15 July and took over command from the 65-year-old Sloat. The British ship of the line Collingwood arrived in Monterey on 23 July, and Juno arrived at Yerba Buena on 11 July, but neither ship interfered in the American activities.

On 19 July, Frémont's party entered Monterey. Frémont, having been requested, met with Sloat on board the Savannah. When Sloat learned that Frémont had acted on his own authority (thus raising doubt regarding a war declaration), he retired to his cabin. On 23 July, Frémont was appointed major in command of the California Battalion, which he had helped form with his 60-man exploratory force and volunteers from the Bear Flag Republic. The California Battalion, which varied from 160 to 428 men, drew regular army wages and were used to garrison and maintain order in the towns that had surrendered.

The Americans held northern California, but General Castro and Governor Pico planned resistance in the south. However, on 11 August, upon learning of the advance of the American army on Pueblo de Los Angeles, with about 1,500 residents, the California army of about 100 men, which lacked money and popular support, broke up. Its leaders, Castro and Pico, departed that day for the Mexican department of Sonora. The Mexican government in California had ceased to exist.

title: Battle of Monterey


text:
Talk:Moneyness

Comments
'''I would say that explanations of this page are very confusing. Many more references to other explanations in wikipedia needed in order for this article to be of popular use.

I reverted the initial paragraph back from stock option to option as this concept is more general than just for stocks. I know some of the pages are still too stock-oriented but we can work on that. Hope that's ok. Pete 07:25 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * i wonder if the name "Moneyness" is really correct?! .. the Cambridge dictionary does not know such a word!?! ...Sicherlich 13:02, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * It is correct. Pick up any book about derivatives finance and you will find it. Cambridge is a general dictionary, this is a fairly specialized word. Pcb21| Pete 20:24, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

moneyness is a measure of the degree to which a derivative is likely
 * Surely this only applies to Options, not derivatives in general?--Sgcook 09:24, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

even i think its incorrect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.160.53.142 (talk • contribs)

'Forward Reference Rate'

In Section 1 Example, the concept of Forward Reference Rate is mentioned without a good definition or Wikipedia reference, and the external reference provided seems to be dead. Eoliveri13 (talk) 16:30, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

Out-the-money vs. Out-of-the-money
I see both terms in use on the Internet - are both correct? Is there a region difference in usage (eg UK versus US?) If both are correct presumably both should be mentioned in the article (with usage notes if applicable). Roy Badami (talk) 23:27, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

pl help — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.215.54.204 (talk) 06:21, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

OED definition
I was confused upon reading the article's definition of this word. "-ness" implies a quality, where the definition at the lead of the article, doesn't describe a quality, but rather the likelihood that a derivative has a positive value (my assumption is that if -ness describes the abstract quality of something, it should reflect both +ve and -ve values). The OED definition makes a lot more sense in terms of the -ness suffix: "The degree to which an asset can be considered to be equivalent to money, liquidity; the value of an asset in terms of money." (3rd ed.). There may be a disparity between the way in which the word/concept is used practically today, and the way in which it was used historically (the OED provides citations back to 1936, such as the following: "1964   J. Gould & W. L. Kolb Dict. Social Sci. 438/2   It is apparent, of course, that any set of assets will possess a spectrum of ‘moneyness’."). Assuming that the concept reflected in the current Wikipedia article reflects practical usage today (and does not arise from error), would it be worth also providing the OED sense of "moneyness"? --Oldak Quill 01:06, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Moneyness


text:
Toccoa Falls College

Toccoa Falls College is a private evangelical Christian college in Toccoa Falls, Georgia, founded in 1907. The campus occupies 1100 acre, bordering the Chattahoochee National Forest and is home to Toccoa Falls, a 186 ft high waterfall. It is affiliated with the Christian and Missionary Alliance and is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). The college is also a member of Council for Christian Colleges and Universities.

History
In 1907, Toccoa Falls College was founded by Richard A. Forrest in the community of Golden Valley, North Carolina, as the Golden Valley Institute. On January 1, 1911, Forrest put $10.00 down on the $25,000.00 purchase price for the Haddock Inn and 100 acre of land in northeast Georgia. In October, he relocated the school to near Toccoa, Georgia, in order to be near a mainline railroad. He renamed the school Toccoa Falls Institute and added secondary school courses to the theological classes. A 1913 fire destroyed the Haddock Inn, which was the classroom and residence building. After operating in tents for a time, the school built a new campus. In 1928 the secondary courses were reorganized, and the state of Georgia accredited it as Toccoa Falls High School, which remained open until 1976. In 1937, the state chartered the four-year college program and allowed it to grant the degree Bachelor of Arts in Biblical Education.

Dam break disaster
On November 6, 1977, the Kelly Barnes Dam, which had been built up and used by the college for electrical power since the Toccoa Falls Institute days, collapsed. The 40 acre lake it impounded drained through the lower part of the campus. The resulting flood killed 39 people and injured 60, as well as destroying much of the on-campus married student housing and damaging part of the men's dormitory. The dam was never rebuilt. With the destruction of the dam and the subsequent draining of the lake, there exists no possibility of a similar flood.

Recent history
The current president, Dr. Robert Myers, became the seventh president of the college in 2012.

On January 12, 2009, Gate Cottage, one of the most historic buildings on campus, was destroyed by fire. The cottage had been built in 1939 and was the fourth oldest building on campus. No one was in the building at the time of the fire. Gate Cottage has been rebuilt with a bigger gift shop and dining area for various occasions, but without the School of Counseling, which was relocated to a new location between the Mission Building and Bandy Hall.

Toccoa Falls
With a vertical drop of 186 ft, Toccoa Falls, located on the college campus, stands as one of the tallest free-falling waterfalls in the eastern United States. The waterfall was purchased in 1907 as part of the campus of Toccoa Falls College and stands today as the distinguishing landmark of the college. Locals commonly refer to it as "The Falls."

Academics
Toccoa Falls College consists of four schools (School of Christian Ministries, School of Arts and Sciences, School of Professional Studies, and the Fetterman School of Nursing) with a total of ten departments. Within these departments, 35 majors and 43 minors are offered. The Seby Jones Library is the primary academic library on campus.

Campus life
Toccoa Falls College offers a wide variety of activities. Intercollegiate and intramural sports as well as the Student Government Association (SGA) are two of the main extracurricular possibilities for student participation.

Campus housing and residence life
On-campus student housing consists of single-sex dormitories, a large men's dormitory, two women's dormitories, and some smaller, suite-style dormitories, as well as various cottages, including married student housing. On-campus housing is advised by the college in the handbook, and is required for all regular underclassmen. There is a mandatory curfew for all on-campus students.

 * Forrest Hall - men's dormitory
 * Letourneau and Fant Halls - women's dormitories
 * Terraces - men's terraces and women's terraces (these include Alys Reeder, Louise Bell, Damron, McDuffy, Powell, Tyler, Prentice and Hilyard)
 * Married student apartments (colloquially, MSA)

Sports
Toccoa Falls College offers a variety of sports, both intercollegiate and intramural. Men's sports include soccer, baseball, and basketball. Women's sports include soccer, basketball, and volleyball.

 * The baseball team won the NCCAA Division II National Championship in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. Additionally, in 2012 and 2013 the baseball team won the NCCAA Division II Regional Championship.
 * The women's soccer team won the NCCAA Division II Regional Championship in 2010.
 * The women's basketball team won the NCCAA Division II National Championship in 1986 and 1992.

Intramural sports include soccer, basketball, softball, spike ball, tennis, volleyball, beach volleyball, ultimate frisbee, and flag football.

Radio
The college's student-run radio station was WTXR, The Eagle 89.7. The college also operated WRAF, a radio station with various teaching and preaching programming as well as Christian music and a weekly Radio Theater program. All of the college's radio holdings, including WTXR and WRAF, were sold to Radio Training Network, Inc. effective July 25, 2016, for $2.1 million. WRAF is now a repeater station for WLFJ-FM at W220CK.

Athletics
The Toccoa Falls athletic teams are called the Screaming Eagles. The college is a member of the National Christian Collegiate Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the South Region of the Division II level.

Toccoa Falls competes in six intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, soccer and volleyball.

Notable alumni

 * Aaron Shust - Contemporary Christian music artist
 * Isaac Robinson - Professional disc golfer

title: Toccoa Falls College


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List of princely states of British India (by region)

Before the Partition of India in 1947, about 584 princely states, also called "native states", existed in India. These were not part of British India, the parts of the Indian subcontinent which were under direct British administration, but rather under indirect rule, subject to subsidiary alliances.

Things moved quickly after the partition of British India in 1947. By the end of 1949, all of the states had chosen to accede to one of the newly independent states of India or Pakistan or else had been conquered and annexed.

Overview

In principle, the princely states had internal autonomy, while by treaty the British Crown had suzerainty and was responsible for the states' external affairs. In practice, while the states were indeed ruled by potentates with a variety of titles, such as Maharaja, Raja, Nizam, Raje, Rai, Deshmukh, Nawab, Mirza, Baig, Chhatrapati, Khan, Thakur Sahab, Darbar saheb or specially Jam for Jadeja/Samma, the British still had considerable influence.

By the time of the departure of the British in 1947, only four of the largest of the states still had their own British Resident, a diplomatic title for advisors present in the states' capitals, while most of the others were grouped together into Agencies, such as the Central India Agency, the Deccan States Agency, and the Rajputana Agency.

From 1920, the states were represented in the Chamber of Princes, which held its meetings in New Delhi.

The most important states were ranked as salute states, whose rulers were entitled to a given number of salute guns.

By the Indian Independence Act 1947, the British gave up their suzerainty of the states and left each of them free to choose whether to join one of the newly independent countries of India and Pakistan or to remain outside them. For a short time, some of the rulers explored the possibility of a federation of the states separate from either, but this came to nothing. Most of the states then decided to accede to India or to Pakistan, such as Junagadh (1947–1948), Bilaspur on 12 October 1948, and Bhopal on 1 May 1949. Travancore also chose to remain an independent country.

Hyderabad State was the largest which chose to remain independent. In Operation Polo, in September 1948, it was invaded and annexed by India.

In Jammu and Kashmir, a state with a Muslim majority but a Hindu ruler, the Maharaja hoped to remain independent but acceded to India on 27 October 1947 at the outset of the invasion of Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan — leading to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.

On 31 March 1948, Kalat acceded to Pakistan, although the brother of the Khan led a rebellion against this decision.

Baluchistan Agency
Princely States of the Baluchistan Agency.

Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency (Maratha)
Princely States of Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency (Maratha).

Gwalior Residency (Maratha)
Princely States of the Gwalior Residency.

Madras Presidency
Princely States of the Madras Presidency.

North-West Frontier States Agency
Princely States of the North-West Frontier States Agency (all in present Pakistan). Agencies included the Dir Swat and Chitral Agency and the Deputy Commissioner of Hazara acting as the Political Agent for Amb and Phulra.

Gilgit Agency
The States of Hunza and Nagar and many feudal Jagirs (Puniyal, Shigar, etc.) in the Gilgit Agency were tributary to the Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir.

Punjab States Agency
States of the Punjab States Agency (Punjab).

Rajputana Agency
States of the Rajputana Agency.

Gujarat States Agency and Baroda Residency
• Bajana

• Bansda State

• Manavadar

• Baroda

• Bhavnagar

• Cambay

• Chhota Udaipur

• Cutch

• Charkha

• Dangs

• Dhrangadhra

• Dhrol

• Gondal

• Idar

• Jamnagar

• Jawhar

• Junagadh

• Lathi

• Limbda

• Limdi

• Lunavada

• Morvi

• Muli

• Nawanagar

• Palanpur

• Porbandar State

• Poshina

• Radhanpur

• Rajkot

• Rajpara State (Halar)

• Rajpipla

• Ambliara State Sabarkantha Agency

• Sachin

• Sanjeli

• Sant

• Surgana

• Tharad

• Vanod

• Mansa State

• Vijaynagar

• Wadhwan

• Wankaner

• Kotda Nayani

States of Central India Agency

 * Ajaigarh
 * Alipura
 * Alirajpur
 * Baraundha
 * Barwani
 * Basoda
 * Bhaisunda
 * Bhopal
 * Bijawar
 * Charkhari
 * Chhatarpur
 * Chirgaon
 * Datia
 * Dewas Junior
 * Dewas Senior
 * Dhar
 * Dhurwai
 * Gaurihar
 * Gwalior
 * Indore
 * Jamnia
 * Jaora
 * Jaso
 * Jobat
 * Kamta-Rajaula
 * Khaniadhana
 * Khilchipur
 * Kothi
 * Kurwai
 * Maihar
 * Makrai
 * Muhammadgarh
 * Nagod
 * Narsighgarh
 * Orchha
 * Pahra
 * Paldeo
 * Panna
 * Pathari
 * Piploda
 * Rajgarh
 * Ratlam
 * Rewa
 * Sailana
 * Sitamau
 * Sohawal
 * Taraon
 * Tori Fatehpur

Orissa States Agency

 * Athgarh
 * Athmallik
 * Bamra
 * Baramba
 * Baudh
 * Bonai
 * Daspalla
 * Dhenkanal
 * Gangpur
 * Hindol
 * Kalahandi (Karond)
 * Keonjhar
 * Khandpara
 * Kharsawan
 * Mayurbhanj
 * Narsinghpur
 * Nayagarh
 * Nilgiri
 * Pal Lahara
 * Patna (Balangir)
 * Rairakhol
 * Ranpur
 * Seraikela
 * Sonepur
 * Talcher
 * Tigiria

Chhattisgarh States Agency

 * Bastar
 * Changbhakar
 * Chhuikandan
 * Jashpur
 * Kanker
 * Kawardha
 * Khairagarh
 * Koriya (Korea)
 * Nandgaon
 * Raigarh
 * Sakti
 * Sarangarh
 * Surguja
 * Udaipur (Dharamjaigarh)

Bengal States Agency

 * Cooch Behar
 * Tripura

Mahi Kantha Agency

 * Idar
 * Danta
 * Vijaynagar (Pol)
 * Malpur
 * Mansa
 * Mohanpur
 * Ilol
 * Katosan
 * Ambaliara
 * Pethapur
 * Punadra
 * Ranasa
 * Dabha
 * Dadhalia
 * Rupal
 * Varsoda
 * Vasna
 * Dedhrota

Former Princely States annexed during the British Raj

 * Ballabhgarh (1858)
 * Banpur, seized in 1857
 * Bhaddaiyan Raj (1858)
 * Bijeraghogarh
 * Chirgaon (one of the seized Hasht Bhaiya jagirs)
 * Khaddi
 * Kulpahar (1858)
 * Makrai (1890–1893)
 * Purwa (one of the seized Chaube Jagirs)
 * Shahgarh, seized in 1857
 * Tiroha
 * Tulsipur (1859)
 * Udaipur, Chhattisgarh (1854–1860)
 * Vallabhipura (1860)
 * Manipur (1891), the last princely state annexed, for a brief period.

Former kingdoms annexed during the British East India Company era

 * Flag of Nawab.svg Carnatic (1801)
 * Sivagangai (1803)
 * Guler (1813)
 * Jaitpur (1849)
 * Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Jalaun (1840)
 * Jaswan (1849)
 * Jhansi state flag.png Jhansi (1854)
 * Flag of Kangra state.png Kangra (1846)
 * Flag of the Kumaon Kingdom.svg Kumaon (1816)
 * Lakhahi State Flag.png Lakhahi (1818)
 * Flag of the Kutlehar State.svg Kutlehar (1825)
 * Sikh Empire flag.svg Punjab, Multan (1849)
 * Nagpur State flag.png Nagpur (1854)
 * Nurpur (1849)
 * Flag of Awadh.svg Oudh (1856)
 * COA ramgarh.jpg Ramgarh (1858)
 * Satara state (1849)
 * Sambalpur (1849)
 * Siba (1849)
 * Tanjore (1855)