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Talk:Filmi

First Elvis Presley record
The first Elvis Presley record was in 1954. Presley died in 1977. I have a hard time believing that Presley was "on the horizon" for film music in the 1970s. -- ESP 20:53 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Indian movies started aping the King in mid 60s. - Kesava 07:30 03 Sep 2003 (UTC) -- 'hero and heroine runiing around the trees to express their love' is NOT my opinion. It is what you observe, if you see atleast one Indian movie. We can as well go for a poll to find out if the claim is true. Also as the italicized paragraph says, song and dance cannot be just separated. - Kesava 12:43 03 Sep 2003 (UTC)

[1] "1980s and early 1990s witnessed hero and heroine of the movie running around trees to express their love". This is the equivalent of describing "Chicago" as a movie in which prisoners sing and dance in elaborate costumes all the time even when faced with suffering and pain. The crux of the matter is that running around trees is the background and is not of importance. It is like stating that movies in India are made by exploiting child labour and with very poor pay. True but does not belong here in this section. Song picturization typically need to have a setting. They typically are discos, stage shows, public places - (streets, parks, beaches, campuses) forests, fantasy land, closed spaces (homes/offices etc, not very popular for obvious reasons) or MTV style backgroundless/ computer generated. "Running around trees" is a poor description of this. Check the wikipedia section describing Hollywood. It does not describe it as a place that produces movies with very poor story lines and bloated budgets depending on violence, nudity and of late comic book heroes that are driven entirely by special effects.

[2] "Songs of late 1990s generally feature a family dance on a wedding night or a the lead family celebrating an outdoor picnic."

You are talking about 2 Sooraj Barjatya movies here. You are using it to describe a decade of film making.

[3] "Nagesh Kukunoor, a young Indian film maker, captures the spirit of movies of this decade in his movie Bollywood Calling"

Personal disgression. Again this does not belong here. Please keep in mind whether you like it or not you are writing part of an encyclopedia

[4] "(Most of the Indians are forced to watch the songs in a cinema whenever they want to re-listen, as they do not have access to music systems. Thus Indians show little disticntion between the music and dance of a song.)"

I am hearing this for the first time. They dont have access to music systems ?? I bought a radio for 10 Rs. and tape recorders are as cheap as 200 Rs. Indians are perfectly capable of distinguishing between sight and sound.

[5] "It is what you observe, if you see atleast one Indian movie." Is Sholay a good enough counter example. -- [1] But if more than 800 of 1000 movies realeased a year feature "running around trees"(RaT) kind of songs, we are to conclude that filmi music is predominantly RaT kind. Further most of the Indian songs do not aid in the narration of the story. (As you have said they are only seen as a safegaurd.)

[2] If there is something new in the songs of 1990s, it is "family songs". It is not just Sooraj Barajatya's movies, but a host of other film makers used this new safegaurd to add value to their movies in 1990s. e.g:- DDLJ, Kya Kehna etc....(i'm sure i can provide much better examples in a week's time.)

[3] Bollywood is more or less what Nagesh Kukunoor shows in Bollywood Calling. That is an open secret.

[4] And a Rs.10/- radio cannot play Rahman's music to perfection. Nor can most of the rickshaw wallahs distinguish between a playback singer and the hero. I agree that times are changing. But that is still the case.

[5] I take back my words...atleast one movie. I can give you many more counter examples. The point is, It is not that there are no sensible songs made. It is that most of the songs made are insensible.

- Kesava 06:00 07 Sep 2003 UTC.

[1] RAT is a cliche. As appropriate as describing Hollywood as sex and sf peddling house. They dont belong to an encyc but to a personal column. As an exercise sit through any successful movie or any of the big hits of the past decade. What is the percentage of RATs u see ? Also RAT is a derogatory term unsuitable here. If the background setting is a jungle or park it is called RAT. If its a disco or public places (like streets) it does not qualify as RAT though there is very little difference between the two. You can watch the top 10 videos in India currently and check how many of them are RAT. RAT is only an overblown cliche. Your description gives the impression that RAT constitutes at least 50% of all Hindi songs. Off hand the only RAT I can think of is "Gazab ka hai din" QSQT 1988.

[2] I dont recall any family song in DDLJ. Havent watched Kya kehna. If you say that this was the trend of the 1990s you should be able to reel off examples off the cuff. As far as I am concerned the big change is the songs are more expensive with techno and such stuff as surround sound. The trend started with Oye Oye and AR Rahman. Then there is the trend of remixes and pop songs but they dont belong to filmi music.

[3] True. But only as far as the 80s go. But it is a farce and would be the description of how to put together a flop (90% of the movies flop). It is a given that an industry is described by its best selling products. At best BC describes a Manmohan Desai 80s movie in the most extreme possible fashion (that was the intention of the movie).

[4] Nor can a Rs.10000 music system. The argument that people can afford cinema tickets but no radio or taperecorder is in itself fallacious (in Bombay tickets exceed Rs.100). Please drop this line of argument. Rickshawallas are smarter than you think. Mohd Rafi and Kishore Kumar collections have been selling for ages and yes rickshawallas buy them too.

[5] See [1]

-

[1] RaT might be an overblown cliche. But saying that "Indian movies are musical" is nothing but euphemism. Music in musicals often assist in narration. Indian songs hardly do that.

[2] "Mehandi laga ke rakhna" is wedding/family song.

[4] An mp3 player costs around Rs.7000/-. Rickshaw pullers definitely dont go to balcony for Rs.100/- ! Also there are hundreds of cinemas in rural india charging around Rs.10/- per movie. and the masses of South India like to believe that their matinee idols Chiranjeevi and Rajnikanth do everything by themselves although they know that a singer called SP Balasubramanyam sings for them.

[6] Most of the Indian blockbusters have great music. That proves that Indians revisit the cinemas to enjoy the music, for reasons whatsoever.

-Kesava 11:23 09 sep 2003 UTC

-

Two pages combined
TUF-KAT combined the two filmi pages (filmi and filmi music) and I reworked the result.

I think this is the OUTLINE of a good article, but I'm not enough of a musician to write it. The sections on music directors, playback singers, and lyricists are highly Bollywood-centric and need to be opened up to material from other regional cinemas, as well as expanded enormously.

The article also needs more info on musical styles.

I request help from the many people who know more than I do. I know you're out there :)

Zora 08:52, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Lyricists
Some kind person -- I'm blanking on the name -- worked on the lyricist section, adding a few names and a lament that lyrics had gone downhill since the glory years. I've rewritten the para for style, and also tried to step back a bit from the condemnation of recent lyrics. As I've been told myself, it's not Wikipedia's place to issue aesthetic judgments. But it is true enough that many people feel that lyrics aren't as poetic as they once were.

Surely there are some modern lyricsts who ought to be mentioned. Zora 17:30, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Suggestions
The "original research" tag should be removed. The topic relates with popular culture, and there are not many scholarly publications to be cited in that field. The material has to be compiled from various sources. It is something that many of the contributors must have experienced personally. --Vikramsingh 23:26, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Another suggestion. It should be "Filmi music" not just "Filmi". "Filmi" is an adjective. --Vikramsingh 23:29, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Recent edits
Someone edited the article to read that Mohammed Rafi is the greatest male playback singer ever. WP doesn't make such judgments. Someone else inserted what read like an ad for a singer called Yesudas. I removed the judgment and the ad. I don't recall seeing this singer's name, though it's true that I don't always scan the movie credits thoroughly.

It's perfectly OK to quote other people making the judgments, if they're well-known music critics or film reviewers. If the Rafi fan can find people to quote re "he's the greatest," we can insert the quotes. However, Kishore Kumar and Mukesh should get equal time :) Zora 12:59, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
The first line of this article says that filmi music is about music of Indian cinema. But the article that follows is anything but about Indian cinema. The entire content of the article concentrates purely on Hindi film music and doesnt even mention film music of other regions in India. This is a glaring case of NPOV violation. If there is anybody actively involved in editing this article, please correct the article to adhere to WP:NPOV. I will be adding an NPOV tag now. Once the article is in better shape and truly reflects what it is supposed to, please feel free to remove the tag. Sarvagnya 09:18, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Savagnya, it's a matter of people writing about what they know. Do you want me writing about Kannada film music even though I know nothing about it? Instead of just slapping a notice up and expecting other people to fix it, how about trying to redress the imbalance yourself? Zora 18:31, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Article name
I checked the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians and "Filmi" is an okay title in line with their usage. Hekerui (talk) 10:23, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

I suggest the title of the article be changed to 'Filmy' instead because in several articles on Bombay cinema and the book on 'Bombay cinema' written by Ranjani Majumdar, there is a clear formulation of the 'filmy' music and culture. So, the more popular search entry would be 'filmy music' I believe. Noopur28 (talk) 08:29, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Plagiarism
I don't know, if it is useful to give an example in this section, but one example is the song 'Koi Mil Gaya' from the movie 'Kuch Kuch Hota Hai' being heavily inspired by 'Take That Look Off Your Face' by Andrew Lloyd Webber. If it was paid for I don't know.. atarax42 01:16, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

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Request to change the title of this article
The word "filmi" is a Hindi language coinage (derived from the English word "film) and the usage of the term does not apply to the entire body of music composed for Indian cinema. Tamilians and other South Indians do not use the term "filmi" to refer to the music of their films. The Wikipedia pages of composers of South Indian film soundtracks (such as Ilaiyaraja, AR Rahman, Deva, Vidyasagar, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Harris Jayaraj, GV Prakash Kumar, Devi Sri Prasad, Hiphop Tamizha, Anirudh Ravichander, etc.) do not refer to those composers as "filmi composers".

The title of this article should be changed to "Indian Film Music", "Indian Movie Music" or "Indian Cinema Music". The use of such English language terms would be more applicable for pan-India usage since English is the de facto link language of India rather than Hindi. Imposition of Hindi language terms by a Hindi speaking majority in a multi-lingual nation is tantamount to imperialism and such a majoritarian behaviour which disregards the variety of languages spoken in our country does not reflect the spirit of our democracy. Anirudh131819 (talk) 09:31, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

 * In this regard, the title "Film Soundtrack in Indian Cinema" will also be a good option since there is a Wikipedia page titled Soundtrack wherein the definition of 'soundtrack' applies to the music composed for films, television series, etc. Moreover the said article also places emphasis on the genre of "musicals" in Western film which refers to the genre in which songs and music are used in a film narrative. Anirudh131819 (talk) 09:49, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Filmi


text:
Talk:Word puzzle

This page has been listed for deletion, with the intent of merging it with puzzle. -Smack 20:54 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was no consensus, but some merging/redirecting might be in order. For details, please see Votes for deletion/MoreKarlScherer. -- BD2412 talk 00:40, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

It was nominated immediately again, discussion in Votes for deletion/MoreKarlScherer. The result this time was merge and redirect to word game. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 04:46, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Word puzzle


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Isle of Sheppey

The Isle of Sheppey is an island off the northern coast of Kent, England, neighbouring the Thames Estuary, centred 42 mi from central London. It has an area of 36 sqmi. The island forms part of the local government district of Swale. Sheppey is derived from Old English Sceapig, meaning "Sheep Island".

Today's island was historically known as the "Isles of Sheppey" which were Sheppey itself, the Isle of Harty to the south east and the Isle of Elmley to the south west. Over time the channels between the islands have silted up to make one contiguous island, which is now linked by two bridges to the Kentish mainland. Sheppey, like much of north Kent, is largely formed from London Clay and is a plentiful source of fossils. The Mount near Minster rises to 250 ft above sea level and is the highest point on the island. The rest of Sheppey is low-lying and the southern part of the island is marshy land criss-crossed by inlets and drains, largely used for grazing. The economy is driven by a dockyard and port, the presence of three prisons, and various caravan sites.

The Swale
Sheppey is separated from the mainland by a channel called the Swale. In concert with the Wantsum Channel that once separated the Isle of Thanet from mainland Britain to the east (before it silted over in the late Middle Ages), and Yantlet Creek at the Isle of Grain to the west, it was occasionally used in ancient times by ships navigating to and from ports such as Chatham and London to reduce exposure to bad weather in the Thames Estuary or North Sea.

Bridges
The Kingsferry Bridge was first built in 1860, thus eliminating the need for ferries. Over time, there have been four bridges built over the Swale at this point. All bridges had to allow sufficient clearance for shipping heading to the commercial docks at Ridham.

On 19 July 1860 the first bridge came into use. It was built for the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, to an Admiralty design. It had a central span raised between two towers. Trains and road traffic were able to use it, as with the next two bridges.

On 6 November 1906 the second bridge, built for the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, replaced the first. It had a "rolling lift" design that was originally worked by hand, but later by electricity.

In October 1959 Kingsferry Bridge, a lifting bridge, was completed, able to lift both the road and the railway line to allow ships to pass beneath.

In May 2006 the Sheppey Crossing was completed and opened on 3 July. This four-lane road bridge rises to a height of 95 feet (29m) at mean high water springs above the Swale, and carries the A249 trunk road. Pedestrian, animal and bicycle traffic, as well as the railway, are still obliged to use the lifting bridge, which still provides the most direct link between the island and the Iwade/Lower Halstow area.

On 5 September 2013, fog caused a 130 vehicle pile-up on the Sheppey Crossing bridge and its northern approach in which eight people were seriously hurt and another 30 hospitalised.

Ferries
Four ferries previously connected the island to mainland Kent: the King's Ferry to Iwade, the Harty Ferry to Faversham, one from Elmley, and a passenger ferry connecting to the Port Victoria railway terminus on the Grain Peninsula. The most recently active of these, the Harty Ferry, ceased operation at the start of the First World War, although there was a short lived attempt to start a small hovercraft service between the Harty Ferry Inn and Oare Creek near Faversham in 1970.

Sheppey history
The complex of causewayed enclosures at Kingsborough Manor attests to the importance of the island's high ground during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Later prehistoric, Roman and medieval occupation has been found by archaeologists in advance of development at Neat's Court and St Clements CofE Primary School in Leysdown.

Vikings
In the year 835, Viking invaders attacked Sheppey. It is the first known account of a major Viking raid in Southern England. Sheppey would go on to suffer from subsequent raids, its vulnerable coastal monasteries providing a convenient target for the Danes.

In 855, Sheppey as part of the kingdom of Wessex, became the winter camp of an occupying Viking force, presumably the raiders from prior attacks. Raiding continued in the springtime, with Sheppey's minsters being used by the invaders as feasting halls or general headquarters.

In 1016, Cnut the Great of Denmark and his forces are reported to have retreated to the Island of Sheppey rather than face King Edmund Ironside in battle during the winter. King Edmund gathered his forces during Lent and mounted an attack on Cnut shortly after Easter.

Shurland Hall
Shurland Hall, near Eastchurch, is named after its first owners, the De Shurland family. In 1188 Adam de Shurland possessed a mill with more than 1000 acres of mixed land, mostly marsh with a small meadow: he also let a number of cottages thereabouts.

Sir Robert de Shurland (d. 1324), a member of the family, served in the Anglo-Scottish wars, including the siege of Caerlaverock (1300), where he was knighted; and shortly afterwards obtained a charter of free warren for his manor of Ufton, in the parish of Tunstall. He fought on the rebel baronial side at the Battle of Boroughbridge (1322), was captured, and was held for over a year in the Tower of London. On his release, he was appointed mayor of Bordeaux (1323–1324).

A curious legend (first recorded in the 17th century) surrounds Sir Robert. It is said that he killed a priest, and resolved to ask the king for a pardon. Mounted on horseback, he swam out to the Nore (north of Sheppey), where the king's ship was anchored, and gained forgiveness. On his return, he met an old woman who predicted that the horse that had helped save his life would be the cause of his death. To defy the prophecy, Sir Robert killed his horse; but later encountering its bones, he kicked them in scorn, only for a shard to pierce his foot, causing an infection from which he died. The tale takes elements from Italian, Slavic and Icelandic folklore (including the story of Oleg the Wise, and that of Örvar-Oddr). It was greatly popularised in a version published in 1837 by Richard Barham ("Thomas Ingoldsby"), as one of his Ingoldsby Legends.

Sir Robert died in 1324 leaving as his heir a daughter Margaret, who married William, son of Alexander Cheyne of Patrixbourne. To William passed the manor of Shurland. It remained in possession of the Cheyne family until the sixteenth century when it was sold by Sir Henry Cheyne. During the First World War troops were billeted at the Great Hall, and it suffered considerable damage as a result.

Shurland Hall is a Grade II listed building. In 2006 a grant of £300,000 was made by English Heritage to restore the hall's façade. The Spitalfields Historic Buildings Trust carried out the restoration work which was completed in 2011. The house was put on the open market for £1.5 million, and was sold.

Dutch occupation of 1667
Sheppey is one of few parts of what is now the United Kingdom to have been (temporarily) lost to a foreign power since William the Conqueror's invasion in 1066. This was in June 1667, when a Dutch fleet sailing up the Thames Estuary for the Medway captured the fort at Sheerness. The fort at the time was incomplete and the garrison underfed and unpaid, so resistance to the heavily armed Dutch Navy (which, according to Samuel Pepys's diary, was also to a large extent composed of deserters from the English Royal Navy) was hardly enthusiastic. Pepys, then secretary of the Navy Board, described Sheerness as lost "after two or three hours' dispute". The Dutch quickly overran and occupied the whole island for several days before withdrawing. Prior to leaving, the Dutch took supplies, ammunition and guns, then burned everything that was combustible.

Capture of James II of England (and VII of Scotland)
Three miles (5 km) across the Swale lies Whitstable. The Swale channel was the point of departure selected by James II, when departing in some haste "from the Protestant deliverance of the nation" by William of Orange in December 1688.

A hoy having been chartered, the fugitive king landed at Elmley, only to be mobbed by local fishermen. They thought such a noble on such a humble vessel was the locally hated Jesuit Edward Petre and so took his money, watch and coronation ring. At length he was recognised by one of the assailants and the group took him in custody to Faversham, where he was detained.

Bluetown Heritage Centre
Bluetown hosts the history and Heritage Centre for the Isle of Sheppey. The Heritage Centre contains memorabilia and artefacts pertinent to the Sheppey's history, including displays on aviation, maritime, wartime activities, and island history and offers guided walks of Sheppey Isle and Bluetown.

The present Heritage Centre is on the site of two earlier establishments. Originally called the "New Inn", in 1868 the site became "The Royal Oxford Music Hall". The following year the building, which is situated a few doors down from the Bluetown court house, became the Criterion Public House, with a music hall called the "palace of varieties" situated immediately to its rear. In 1879 the building was replaced with a brick structure.

On 5 June 1917 the Criterion was badly damaged by a German air raid. Shrapnel marks from the attack can still be seen in the dockyard wall opposite the building. After the air raid, the building was re-built in its present form retaining some of its original features. After a variety of other uses, the site became the Heritage Centre in January 2009. A special exhibition in 2014 commemorated the centenary of the First World War.

Maritime history
Henry VIII, requiring the River Medway as an anchorage for his navy, ordered that the mouth of the river should be protected by a small fort. Garrison Fort was built in 1545.

Sheerness is a commercial port and main town of the Isle of Sheppey and owes much to its origins, as a Royal Naval dockyard town. Samuel Pepys established the Royal Navy Dockyard in the 17th century. Sheerness was the focus of an attack by the Dutch Navy in June 1667, when 72 hostile ships compelled the little "sandspit fort" there to surrender and landed a force which for a short while occupied the town. Samuel Pepys at Gravesend remarked in his diary "we do plainly at this time hear the guns play" and in fear departed to Brampton in Huntingdonshire.

The dockyard served the Royal Navy until 1960 and has since developed into one of the largest and fastest expanding ports in the UK. The Port of Sheerness contains at least one Grade II listed building, the Old Boat House. Built in 1866, it is the first multi-storey iron framed industrial building recorded in the UK. Decorated with ornate ironwork, it features operating rails extending the length of the building, for the movement of stores, much like a modern crane.

A large ferry terminal was built by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway at Queenborough Pier in 1876 and operated a nightly service to Flushing (Vlissingen) in the Netherlands, as well as a German mail service. These services ceased during the First World War; the terminal was used for military traffic. The small port was closed and dismantled in the 1930s. A passenger, car and lorry service was operated by Olau Line from 1974 to 1994.

The dockyard and port at Sheerness today are a significant feature of the Isle of Sheppey's economy, which includes the extensive export/import of motor vehicles, and a large steel works, with extensive railway fixtures. The island is, however, suffering from an economic recession and these industries are not as extensive as they once were.

The area immediately outside the dockyard was occupied by dockyard workers, who built wooden houses and decorated them with Admiralty blue paint illegally acquired from the dockyard. This area was, and still is, known as Blue Town, though it is now mostly occupied by the Sheerness Steel complex.

Beyond Blue Town, an outlying residential area overlooking the sea was chiefly designed for various government officials. This area became known as Mile Town because it is one mile (1.6 km) from Sheerness.

About 200 shipwrecks are recorded around the coast of Sheppey, the most famous being the SS Richard Montgomery, a liberty ship loaded with bombs and explosives that grounded on sandbanks during the Second World War. plans were discussed with a view to removing the threat from the Montgomery. These include encasing the ship in concrete or removing the bombs; no firm decision has been made. New research commissioned by the Government in 2005–06 suggested that the threat has passed and that constant surveillance should ensure the safety of the immediate community.

Natural history
In 1629 the first recorded botanical visit was paid to the island by the apothecary Thomas Johnson and colleagues. They were thought to be foreigners so were arrested and imprisoned in Queenborough Castle before being released by the Mayor.

Edward Jacob (1710–1788) purchased the little Manor of Nutts, Isle of Sheppey, in 1752. There, he pursued his hobby as a naturalist. He discovered much of interest to the antiquarian, naturalist, geologist and zoologist, although there was little prior knowledge. In 1777, Jacob published a book about his various fossil finds, including what he called "the remains of an elephant".

The island has an established scorpion population. Euscorpius flavicaudis has been resident since the 1860s, believed to have been imported on a ship. They have been found to be highly adaptable and hence have survived the relative cold by conserving energy and only acting for nutrition and reproduction.

The last known colony in England of the British endemic subspecies of the Essex Emerald moth, at Windmill creek, died out as late as 1991.

In 2008 palaeontologists published details of the fossil skull, found on the island, of a large flying bird from the Eocene epoch called Dasornis in the deposits of the London Clay.

Local government
From 1894 to 1968, Sheppey comprised the Municipal Borough of Queenborough, Sheerness Urban District and Sheppey Rural District (consisting of the civil parishes of Eastchurch, Elmley, Harty, Leysdown-on-Sea, Minster in Sheppey and Warden). In 1968, all these units were abolished and simultaneously a new single Municipal Borough of Queenborough-in-Sheppey was created, covering the entire island. In 1974, this local government unit was abolished and Sheppey then came within the newly created Swale district.

In parliamentary terms, Sheppey has been in the constituency of Sittingbourne and Sheppey since 1997, a Conservative-Labour marginal seat; prior to this it was in the Faversham constituency, also a marginal but held by the Conservatives for the last 27 years of its existence.

Early aviation
The island has a long history of aviation development in England. It was home to Lord Brabazon's Royal Aero Club which formed in Leysdown in the early 1900s to popularise ballooning. The club took to the aeroplane with relish, and in July 1909 the Short Brothers established Shellbeach Aerodrome on nearby marshland to accommodate six Wright Flyers, moving a few kilometres the next year to Eastchurch where a new more appropriate aerodrome had been built for the club.

The Eastchurch airfield played a significant role in the history of British aviation from 1909 when Frank McClean acquired Stonepits Farm, on the marshes across from Leysdown, converting the land into an airfield for members of the Aero Club of Great Britain.

The Short brothers, Horace, Eustace and Oswald, built aircraft at Battersea to be tested at the site; later Moore-Brabazon, Professor Huntington, Charles S. Rolls and Cecil Grace all visited and used the flying club's services. Wilbur Wright and his brother Orville came to the Isle of Sheppey to visit the new flying grounds of the Aero Club. In 1909, Moore-Brabazon made the first live cargo flight by fixed-wing aircraft, by tying a waste-paper basket to a wing strut of his Shorts-built Wright aircraft. Then, using it as a "cargo hold", he airlifted one small pig.

The Eastchurch airfield was also the site, in July 1911, of the competition for the Gordon Bennett Cup for powered air racing, attended by flyers from all over the world, and won that year by the American pilot C. T. Weymann.

A stained glass window in the south side of All Saints' Church, Eastchurch (built in 1432), was dedicated to Rolls and Grace, who were killed in July and December 1910 respectively.

In July 2009, Eastchurch celebrated 100 years of aviation history associated with the island. SkySheppey brought together a number of associations and joined with many visitors to recognise the importance of British aviation history that started at Eastchurch.

From March 2015 a new museum, The Aviation Museum Eastchurch, was set up at The Old Mill Green off Brabazon Way, HMP Standford Hill, to commemorate the pioneer aviators and the site as a long established RAF Station serving from WW1 through to the end of WW2.

Sheppey today
The largest town on the island is Minster with a population of 21,319. Other towns include Sheerness and Leysdown-on-Sea. The whole north coast is dotted with caravan parks and holiday homes; there is also a naturist beach beyond Leysdown, towards Shellness. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds managed a portion of Elmley National Nature Reserve known as Elmley Marshes up until 2013, at which point it reverted to management by Elmley Conservation Trust, owners of the site.

There are three prisons on the island, all located to the south of the village of Eastchurch: HMP Elmley, HMP Standford Hill and HMP Swaleside. The total inmate population is in the region of 2,800.

In the 2011 census, the island had a resident population of 40,300, many of whom commute to the mainland via the Sheerness-Sittingbourne rail link and the new Sheppey Crossing Bridge.

Education
Secondary education on the island is provided by Oasis Academy Isle of Sheppey. The school moved into new buildings in February 2013 and is split between two sites: East and West. The academy is split horizontally into five mini-schools.

Further education is provided by EKC Sheppey College.

There are several primary schools on the island.

Sport and leisure
The island has a non-league football club, Sheppey United F.C., based at Holm Park and who play in the. In 2024, K Sports F.C. rebranded to Sheppey Sports FC following a relocation from Aylesford to Holm Park.

The island's largest cricket club is Minster Cricket Club, who compete in the Kent Cricket League. Sheppey Cricket Club plays in the Kent Regional Cricket League.

The island also has a rugby union club, Sheppey RFC.

The Isle of Sheppey Sailing club (previously Sheppey Yacht Club) organises the Round the Isle of Sheppey Race, established in 1959, and other races for mono hulls and catamarans.

Local media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South East and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Bluebell Hill TV transmitter.

The island is served by county-wide radio stations: BBC Radio Kent on 96.7 FM, Heart South on 102.8 FM and Gold on 603 AM.

Three radio stations broadcast from Sheppey: BRFM 95.6 FM broadcasts 24 hours a day from studios on the Minster Cliffs; Sheppey FM 92.2 is a community radio station based in the Heritage Pavilion, Sheerness; and Hospital Radio Swale which broadcasts from the Sheppey Community Hospital in Minster.

The Sheerness Times Guardian is the island's local weekly newspaper.

Airport
Various concepts for a Thames Estuary Airport have been proposed since the 1940s, with two such concepts were based on creating an offshore artificial island north east of the Isle of Sheppey. The most recent was a 2008 concept supported by the then Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, who felt that the artificial island off Sheppey would be a viable alternative to creating a new third runway at Heathrow.

title: Isle of Sheppey


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I Corps (United Kingdom)

I Corps ("First Corps") was an army corps in existence as an active formation in the British Army for most of the 80 years from its creation in the First World War until the end of the Cold War, longer than any other corps. It had a short-lived precursor during the Waterloo Campaign. It served as the operational component of the British Army of the Rhine (part of NATO's Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)) during the Cold War, and was tasked with defending West Germany.

Napoleonic precursor
Assembling an army in Belgium to fight Napoleon's resurgent forces in the spring of 1815, the Duke of Wellington formed it into army corps, deliberately mixing units from the Anglo-Hanoverian, Dutch-Belgian and German contingents so that the weaker elements would be stiffened by more experienced or reliable troops. As he put it: 'It was necessary to organize these troops in brigades, divisions, and corps d’armee with those better disciplined and more accustomed to war'. He placed I Corps under the command of the Prince of Orange and it was this corps that was first contacted by the advancing French at Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815. However, Wellington did not employ the corps as tactical entities, and continued his accustomed practice of issuing orders directly to divisional and lower commanders. When he drew up his army on the ridge at Waterloo, elements of the various corps were mixed up, and although he gave the Prince of Orange nominal command of the centre, that officer had different forces under him. Subsequent to the battle, the corps structure was re-established for the advance into France, I Corps being commanded by Maj-Gen Sir John Byng, the Prince of Orange having been wounded at Waterloo.

Composition of I Corps in the Waterloo Campaign
General Officer Commanding (GOC): General The Prince of Orange
 * 1st (British) Division (British Guards)
 * 3rd (British) Division (Anglo-Hanoverian)
 * 2nd (Netherlands) Division (Dutch-Belgian)
 * 3rd (Netherlands) Division (Dutch-Belgian)

Prior to the First World War
After Waterloo the army corps structure largely disappeared from the British Army, except for ad hoc formations assembled during annual manoeuvres (e.g. Army Manoeuvres of 1913). In 1876 a Mobilisation Scheme for eight army corps was published, with 'First Corps' based on Colchester. In 1880 First Corps' organization was:
 * 1st Division (Colchester)
 * 1st Brigade (Colchester)
 * 1st Bn. 2nd Foot (Colchester), 1st Bn. 10th Foot (Colchester)
 * 2nd Brigade (Colchester)
 * 1st Bn. 9th Foot (Kinsale), 28th Foot (Fermoy)
 * Divisional Troops
 * 2nd Bn. 12th Foot (Portsmouth), Buckinghamshire Yeomanry (Buckingham), 1st Company Royal Engineers (Shorncliffe)
 * Artillery
 * F/1st Brigade Royal Artillery (Ipswich), D/1st Brigade RA (Woolwich)
 * 2nd Division (Chelmsford)
 * 1st Brigade (Chelmsford)
 * 1st Bn. 15th Foot (Tipperary), 47th Foot (The Curragh)
 * 2nd Brigade (Warley)
 * 1st Bn. 3rd Foot (Shorncliffe), 49th Foot (Dover), 55th Foot (Shorncliffe)
 * Divisional Troops
 * 1st Bn. 23rd Foot (Woolwich), Hertfordshire Yeomanry (St Albans), 20th Company Royal Engineers (Chatham)
 * Artillery
 * I/4th Brigade RA (Newcastle), N/4th Brigade RA (Woolwich), M/4th Brigade RA (Newcastle)
 * 3rd Division (Gravesend)
 * 1st Brigade (Gravesend)
 * 77th Foot (Dublin), 104th Foot (Belfast), 105th Foot (Newry)
 * 2nd Brigade (Chatham)
 * 2nd Bn. 5th Foot (Chatham), 31st Foot (Chatham), 86th Foot (Chatham)
 * Divisional Troops
 * 87th Foot (Limerick), West Kent Yeomanry (Maidstone), 22nd Company Royal Engineers (Woolwich)
 * Artillery
 * O/4th Brigade RA (Weedon), A/5th Brigade RA (Weedon)
 * Cavalry Brigade (Maldon)
 * 3rd Hussars (Colchester), 4th Hussars (Shorncliffe), Suffolk Yeomanry (Bury St Edmunds), F Battery C Brigade Royal Horse Artillery (Canterbury)
 * Corps Artillery (Colchester)
 * E Battery C Brigade RHA (Woolwich), H Battery A Brigade RHA (Woolwich)
 * G/1st Brigade RA (Woolwich), B/5th Brigade RA (Sheffield)
 * Corps Engineers (Colchester)
 * A (Pontoons) Troop Royal Engineer Train (Aldershot)
 * C (Telegraph) Troop Royal Engineer Train (Aldershot)
 * 23rd Company Royal Engineers and Field Park (Chatham)

This scheme had been dropped by 1881. The Stanhope Memorandum of 1891 (drawn up by Edward Stanhope when Secretary of State for War) laid down the policy that after providing for garrisons and India, the army should be able to mobilise three army corps for home defence, two of regular troops and one partly of militia, each of three divisions. Only after those commitments, it was hoped, might two army corps be organised for the unlikely eventuality of deployment abroad.

When the Second Anglo-Boer War was imminent in September 1899, a field army, referred to as the Army Corps (sometimes I Army Corps) was mobilised and sent to Cape Town. It was, in fact, 'about the equivalent of the First Army Corps of the existing mobilization scheme', and was placed under the command of Gen Sir Redvers Buller, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Aldershot Command. However, once in South Africa the corps never operated as such, and the three divisions (1st, 2nd and 3rd) were widely dispersed.

The 1901 Army Estimates introduced by St John Brodrick allowed for six army corps based on the six regional commands (Aldershot, Southern, Irish, Eastern, Northern and Scottish) of which only I Corps (Aldershot Command) and II Corps (Southern Command on Salisbury Plain) would be entirely formed of regular troops. However, these arrangements remained theoretical, the title 'I Corps' being added to Aldershot Command. In early October 1902 a memorandum was issued showing the organization and allocation of the 1st Army Corps, to which Sir John French had recently been appointed in command:
 * 1st Division
 * 1st Brigade (Guards) (Marlborough Lines)
 * 2nd Infantry Brigade (HQ Blackdown)
 * One squadron of cavalry, two brigade divisions Royal Field Artillery, an ammunition column, a field company Royal Engineers, one company Army Service Corps, a field hospital
 * 2nd Division
 * 3rd Infantry Brigade (HQ Stanhope Lines)
 * 4th Infantry Brigade (HQ Wellington)
 * One squadron of cavalry, two brigade divisions Royal Field Artillery, an ammunition column, a field company Royal Engineers, one company Army Service Corps, a field hospital
 * 3rd Division
 * 5th Infantry Brigade (HQ Bordon)
 * 6th Infantry Brigade (HQ Bordon)
 * One squadron of cavalry, two brigade divisions Royal Field Artillery, an ammunition column, a field company Royal Engineers, one company Army Service Corps, a field hospital
 * 1st Cavalry Brigade (South Cavalry Barracks)

In 1907 the title changed to 'Aldershot Corps' but reverted to simply 'Aldershot Command' the following year. Finally, the Haldane Reforms of 1907 established a six-division British Expeditionary Force for deployment overseas, but only Aldershot Command possessed two infantry divisions and a full complement of 'army troops' to form an army corps in the field.

First World War
Pre-war planning for the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) did not envisage any intermediate headquarters between GHQ and the six infantry divisions, but it was assumed that if corps HQs became necessary, then the GOC Aldershot Command would automatically become GOC I Corps in the field. On mobilisation in August 1914 the decision was made to conform to the two-division army corps organisation employed by the French armies alongside which the BEF was to operate. Sir Douglas Haig, then commanding at Aldershot, therefore took I Corps HQ to France with 1st Division and 2nd Division under command, and it remained on the Western Front throughout the war. It had a peripheral part at the Battle of Mons, then saw hard fighting at the Battle of the Aisne and First Battle of Ypres in 1914, at the Battle of Aubers Ridge in the Spring of 1915 and alongside the Canadian Corps at the Battle of Hill 70, as well in many other large battles of the First World War.

Composition of I Corps in First World War
The composition of army corps changed frequently. Some representative orders of battle for I Corps are given here.

Order of Battle at Mons 23 August 1914

General Officer Commanding: Lieut-Gen Sir Douglas Haig
 * Brigadier-General, General Staff (BGGS): J.E. Gough VC
 * Brigadier-General, Royal Artillery: H.S. Horne
 * Colonel, Royal Engineers: Brig-Gen Spring R. Rice
 * 1st Division
 * 2nd Division
 * Army Troops attached (20 August 1914)
 * 1st Army HQ Signal Company, Royal Engineers
 * D (Air Line) Section
 * G, K & L (Cable) Sections
 * No 2 Section, 1st Printing Company, Royal Engineers
 * No 1 Bridging Train, Royal Engineers
 * B Squadron, North Irish Horse
 * Company, 1st Bn Cameron Highlanders
 * B & C Sections, No 19 Field Ambulance, RAMC

By the time of the battles of Aubers Ridge and Festubert (May 1915), I Corps still had 1st and 2nd Divisions under command, but had been reinforced by 47th (1/2nd London) Division of the Territorial Force, and 1st Canadian Division. Once the era of trench warfare had set in on the Western Front (1915–17), the BEF left its army corps in position for long periods, so that they became familiar with their sector, while rotating divisions as they required rest, training, or transfer to other sectors.

From May 1916 to August 1917, I Corps Cavalry Regiment was provided by the 1st South Irish Horse.

On 25 September 1918, for the final battles, I Corps was transferred from First Army to Sir William Birdwood's Fifth Army.

'''Order of Battle during the final advance in Artois 2 October-11 November 1918

General Officer Commanding: Lieut-Gen Sir Arthur Holland BGGS: Brig-Gen G.V. Hordern Deputy Adjutant & Quartermaster-General: Brig-Gen N.G. Anderson Commander, Royal Artillery: Brig-Gen H.C. Sheppard Commander, Heavy Artillery: Brig-Gen F.G. Maunsell Commander, Engineers: Brig-Gen H.W. Gordon
 * 15th (Scottish) Division
 * 16th (Irish) Division
 * 55th (West Lancashire) Division (transferred to III Corps on 8 October)
 * 58th (2/1st London) Division (transferred from VIII Corps/First Army on 14 October).
 * Royal Engineers
 * 133rd Army Troops Company
 * 135th Army Troops Company
 * 290th (Staffordshire) Army Troops Company
 * 556th (Glamorgan) Army Troops Company
 * 170th Tunnelling Company
 * 3rd Australian Tunnelling Company
 * 'A' Corps Signal Company
 * 5 and 85 (Motor) Airline Sections
 * K and AN Cable Sections

Battle of France

During the Second World War, I Corps' first assignment was again to the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) where it was commanded by General Sir John Dill, and then Lieutenant General Michael Barker from April 1940. After the Germans broke through Allied lines in the Battle of France in May 1940, the BEF was forced to retreat to Dunkirk for evacuation to England. The Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the BEF, General Lord Gort, ordered Barker to form the rearguard with I Corps to cover the evacuation, and surrender to the Germans as a last resort. However, the acting commander of II Corps, Major General Bernard Montgomery, advised Gort that Barker was in an unfit state to be left in final command, and recommended that Major General Harold Alexander of the 1st Division should be put in charge. Gort did as Montgomery advised, and in the event the bulk of I Corps was successfully evacuated. As Montgomery recalled: '"Alex" got everyone away in his own calm and confident manner'.

Composition of I Corps in the Battle of France
The order of battle was as follows: General Officer Commanding: Lieutenant General M.G.H. Barker
 * 1st Infantry Division
 * 2nd Infantry Division
 * 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division
 * Royal Artillery
 * 27th Army Field Regiment (21/24 & 37/47 Batteries)
 * 140th (5th London) Army Field Regiment (366 (10th London) & 367 (11th London) Batteries)
 * 3rd Medium Regiment (2/11 & 6/10 Batteries)
 * 5th Medium Regiment (15/17 & 20/21 Batteries)
 * 52nd (East Lancashire) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment (154, 155 & 156 Batteries)
 * 2nd Light Anti-Aircraft Battery
 * 1st Survey Regiment
 * I Corps Troops, Royal Engineers
 * 102nd, 107th, 221st Army Field Companies
 * 105th Corps Field Park Company
 * 13th Corps Field Survey Company
 * Infantry—Machine Gun
 * 2nd Battalion, Cheshire Regiment
 * 4th Battalion, Cheshire Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Manchester Regiment

North-West Europe
After returning to Britain, I Corps remained there, based at Hickleton Hall in South Yorkshire within Northern Command, on anti-invasion duties, preparing defences to repel a German invasion of the United Kingdom.

I Corps, now commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker, then took part in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 where, along with XXX Corps, under Lieutenant General Gerard Bucknall (who had commanded I Corps between April and August 1943), it was a spearhead corps of Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey's British Second Army, itself part of the 21st Army Group. The corps was then involved in the Battle of Normandy in fierce attritional fighting for control of the Normandy beachhead.

After fighting for two months in the Battle for Caen, I Corps was subordinated on 1 August 1944 to the Canadian First Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Harry Crerar, for the remainder of the Normandy campaign and the subsequent operations in the Low Countries. I Corps participated in Operation Astonia (the capture of Le Havre) and Clearing the Channel Coast.

I Corps later helped to garrison "The Island" area between Arnhem and Nijmegen in the aftermath of Operation Market Garden.

During Operation Pheasant in North Brabant, I Corps was unique in fielding divisions from several nations: Polish 1st Armoured Division, Canadian 4th Armoured Division, British 49th Polar Bears Division, and US 104th Timberwolf Division.

After the Battle of the Scheldt, I Corps gave up command of any combat forces. Its headquarters administered 21st Army Group's logistics area around the port of Antwerp, Belgium until the end of the war.

Composition of I Corps in NW Europe Campaign
General Officer Commanding: Lieutenant-General John Crocker Attached:
 * Corps troops:
 * Inns of Court Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps (armoured cars)
 * 62nd (6th London) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery
 * 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
 * 9th Survey Regiment, RA
 * I Corps Troops, Royal Engineers
 * I Corps Signals, Royal Corps of Signals
 * 4th Army Group, Royal Artillery
 * 150th (South Nottinghamshire Hussars) Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (suspended animation January 1945)
 * 53rd (London) Medium Regiment, RA (209 & 210 (London) Batteries)
 * 65th (Highland) Medium Regiment, RA (222 (Fraserburgh) & 223 (Banffshire) Batteries)
 * 68th Medium Regiment, RA (233 & 234 Batteries)
 * 79th (Scottish Horse Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, RA
 * 51st (Lowland) Heavy Regiment, RA

Assignments of corps to armies, and divisions to corps, changed frequently during the campaign:

As of 6 June 1944
 * British 3rd Infantry Division
 * 3rd Canadian Infantry Division
 * 6th Airborne Division

As of 7 July 1944
 * British 3rd Infantry Division
 * 3rd Canadian Infantry Division
 * 51st (Highland) Infantry Division
 * 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division
 * 6th Airborne Division

As of 1 August 1944 (now part of First Canadian Army)
 * 51st (Highland) Infantry Division
 * 6th Airborne Division (returned to United Kingdom 3 September 1944)
 * 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division
 * 7th Armoured Division

British Army of the Rhine
After the defeat of Germany, the 21st Army Group became the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), and 1 Corps, under the command of Lieutenant-General Ivor Thomas, was transformed into a corps district, with an administrative, rather than combat, role. It was disbanded in 1947.

In October 1951 the corps was reactivated to become the principal combat element of the BAOR, with its headquarters in Bielefeld. In March 1952, following the reactivation of 6th Armoured Division, its component formations were:
 * 2nd Infantry Division
 * 6th Armoured Division
 * 7th Armoured Division
 * 11th Armoured Division

Included as part of this was Canadian Forces Europe, as Canada's contribution to the NATO land forces in Germany. A Canadian mechanised brigade remained part of BAOR until 1970, until it was moved south. The size of this force, 6,700, was such that it was referred to within British circles as a "light division".

4th Division was reformed from 11th Armoured Division on 1 April 1956.

Between 1958-60 the Corps was reorganised into three mixed armour/infantry divisions including five brigade groups. In 1965 these brigade groups were brought together into three centralised divisions (1st, 2nd, and 4th). In 1958, the "infantry" designation was dropped from the 2nd Infantry Division's title as part of this reorganisation. During the 1970s, 4th Division consisted of two "square" brigades.

With the end of National Service, manpower across the whole of BAOR dropped from around 77,000 to 55,000.

In the late 1970s the Corps was reorganised as four small five-battle-group armoured divisions plus a roughly brigade sized infantry 'Field Force'. It then comprised:
 * 1st Armoured Division
 * 2nd Armoured Division
 * 3rd Armoured Division
 * 4th Armoured Division - formed 1978 and served with I (BR) Corps with its headquarters at Hammersmith Barracks in Herford.
 * 5th Field Force

Following the 1981-3 reorganisation, the Corps consisted of 1st and 4th Armoured Divisions, which would have manned the front line against the anticipated attack by the Soviet 3rd Shock Army, plus in an in-depth, reserve role the 3rd Armoured Division and finally the 2nd Infantry Division which was tasked with rear-area security.

Formations from the early 1980s to the 1990s included:
 * 1st Armoured Division (Verden)
 * 7th Armoured Brigade
 * 12th Armoured Brigade
 * 22nd Armoured Brigade
 * 3rd Armoured Division (Soest)
 * 4th Armoured Brigade
 * 6th Armoured Brigade
 * 33rd Armoured Brigade
 * 4th Armoured Division (Herford)
 * 11th Armoured Brigade
 * 20th Armoured Brigade
 * 19th Infantry Brigade (in UK)
 * 2nd Infantry Division (in UK)
 * 15th Infantry Brigade (TA)
 * 24th Airmobile Brigade
 * 49th Infantry Brigade (TA)
 * Artillery Division (HQ Ripon Barracks, Bielefeld)

With the end of the Cold War, in 1992 1 (BR) Corps was disbanded, and its HQ closed. Some of the staff serving in HQ 1(BR) Corps were reassigned to the new HQ United Kingdom Support Command (Germany) which was formed from the rump of HQ BAOR. The remainder of the staff formed the British component (50% of the total staff in the HQ) in the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps (HQ ARRC), a newly instated multi-national NATO Rapid Reaction Corps HQ. The Corps Commander reported to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe SACEUR, but had no troops under command except when assigned to ARRC by NATO member nations, for operations or for exercises. HQ ARRC moved to Rheindahlen in 1994.

General Officers Commanding
Commanders have included: From 1901 to 1905 the commander of the troops at Aldershot was also commander 1st Army Corps Note: I Corps was disbanded at the end of the First World War and reformed at the start of the Second World War Note: I Corps was disbanded in June 1947 and reformed in late 1951
 * 1815 General The Prince of Orange
 * 1 October 1901: General Sir Redvers Buller
 * 25 October 1901: Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Hildyard, temporary
 * 15 September 1902: Lieutenant-General Sir John French
 * 1914 Lieutenant-General Sir Douglas Haig
 * 1914–1915 Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Monro
 * 1915–1916 Lieutenant-General Sir Hubert Gough
 * 1916 Lieutenant General Charles Kavanagh
 * 1916 Major-General Havelock Hudson
 * 1916 Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Anderson
 * 1917 Major-General John Capper
 * 1917–1918 Lieutenant-General Arthur Holland
 * 1918 Major-General Sir Hugh Jeudwine
 * 1918 Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Holland
 * 1939–1940 General Sir John Dill
 * 1940 Lieutenant-General Michael Barker
 * 1940 Lieutenant-General Harold Alexander
 * 1940–1941 Lieutenant-General Laurence Carr
 * 1941–1942 Lieutenant-General Henry Willcox
 * 1942–1943 Lieutenant-General Frederick Morgan
 * Apr-Aug 1943 Lieutenant-General Gerard Bucknall
 * 1943–1945 Lieutenant-General John Crocker
 * 1945 Lieutenant-General Sidney Kirkman
 * 1945–1947 Lieutenant-General Ivor Thomas
 * 1951–1953 Lieutenant-General Sir Dudley Ward
 * 1953–1954 Lieutenant-General Sir James Cassels
 * 1954–1956 Lieutenant-General Sir Hugh Stockwell
 * 1956–1958 Lieutenant-General Sir Harold Pyman
 * 1958–1960 Lieutenant-General Sir Michael West
 * 1960–1962 Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Jones
 * 1962–1963 Lieutenant-General Sir Kenneth Darling
 * 1963–1966 Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Goodwin
 * 1966–1968 Lieutenant-General Sir John Mogg
 * 1968–1970 Lieutenant-General Sir Mervyn Butler
 * 1970–1972 Lieutenant-General Sir John Sharp
 * 1972–1974 Lieutenant-General Sir Roland Gibbs
 * 1974–1976 Lieutenant-General Sir Jack Harman
 * 1976–1978 Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Worsley
 * 1978–1980 Lieutenant-General Sir Peter Leng
 * 1980–1983 Lieutenant-General Sir Nigel Bagnall
 * 1983–1985 Lieutenant-General Sir Martin Farndale
 * 1985–1987 Lieutenant-General Sir Brian Kenny
 * 1987–1989 Lieutenant-General Sir Peter Inge
 * 1989–1991 Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Guthrie
 * 1991–1992 Lieutenant-General Sir Jeremy Mackenzie

External sources

 * The Long Long Trail
 * Official History 1939-40
 * Royal Artillery 1939-45
 * British Army Locations from 1945
 * Regiments.org
 * Late 70s-82 order of battle
 * 1989 order of battle

title: I Corps (United Kingdom)


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Morning glory

Morning glory (also written as morning-glory ) is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the family Convolvulaceae, whose current taxonomy and systematics are in flux. Morning glory species belong to many genera, some of which are: As the name suggests, most morning glory flowers unfurl into full bloom in the early morning. The flowers usually start to fade a few hours before the corolla begins to display visible curling. They prefer full solar exposure throughout the day, and mesic soils. Some morning glories, such as Ipomoea muricata, Ipomoea alba, and Ipomoea macrorhiza, are night-blooming flowers.
 * Argyreia
 * Astripomoea
 * Calystegia
 * Convolvulus
 * Ipomoea (the largest genus)
 * Lepistemon
 * Merremia
 * Operculina
 * Rivea
 * Stictocardia

History
Ipomoea nil, a species of morning glory, was first known in China for its medicinal uses, due to the laxative properties of its seeds.

Ancient Mesoamerican civilizations used the morning glory species Ipomoea alba to convert the latex from the Castilla elastica tree and also the guayule plant to produce bouncing rubber balls. The sulfur in the morning glory's juice served to vulcanize the rubber, a process antedating Charles Goodyear's discovery by at least 3,000 years. Aztec priests in Mexico were also known to use the plant's hallucinogenic properties (see Rivea corymbosa).

Invasive species
In some places, such as Australian bushland, some species of morning glories develop thick roots and tend to grow in dense thickets. They can quickly spread by way of long, creeping stems. By crowding out, blanketing, and smothering other plants, morning glory has turned into a serious invasive weed problem.

In parts of the US, species such as Calystegia sepium (hedge bindweed), Ipomoea purpurea (common morning glory) and Ipomoea indica (blue morning glory) have shown to be invasive. In fact, as of 2021, most non-native species of Ipomoea are currently illegal to cultivate, possess, and sell in the U.S. state of Arizona, and before 4 January 2020, this ban applied to native species, too. This is because some species of Convolvulaceae (like Convolvulus arvensis and Ipomoea × leucantha) have been known to cause problems in crops, especially in cotton fields.   Ipomoea aquatica is a federal noxious weed, though some states, like Texas, have acknowledged its status as a vegetable and allow it to be grown.

Cultivation
In cultivation, most are treated as perennial plants in frost-free areas and as annual plants in colder climates, but some species tolerate winter cold. Some species are strictly annual (e.g. Ipomoea nil), producing many seeds, and some perennial species (e.g. I. indica) are propagated by cuttings. Some moonflowers, which flower at night, are also in the morning glory family.

Because of their fast growth, twining habit, attractive flowers, and tolerance for poor, dry soils, some morning glories are excellent vines for creating summer shade on building walls when trellised, thus keeping the building cooler and reducing heating and cooling costs.

Popular varieties in contemporary western cultivation include 'Sunspots', 'Heavenly Blue', moonflower, cypress vine, and cardinal climber. The cypress vine is a hybrid, with the cardinal climber as one parent.

Many morning glories self-seed in the garden. They have a hard seed coat, which delays germination until late spring. Germination may be improved by soaking in warm water.

Morning glory has been a favorite flower in Japan for many a long century. The cultivation started in the Nara period (8th century). The big booms of the selective breeding of the morning glory happened in the Edo era (17-19th century). The large-flowered morning glory was broadly cultivated as a hobby flower. The varied Japanese morning glory (変化朝顔 Henka-asagao or mutant morning glory) was created.

Culinary uses
Ipomoea aquatica, known as water spinach, water morning glory, water convolvulus, ong-choy, kang-kung, or swamp cabbage, is popularly used as a green vegetable, especially in East and Southeast Asian cuisines. In the US, I. aquatica is a federal noxious weed, and can be illegal to grow, import, possess, or sell without a permit. A market exists, though, for the plant's powerful culinary potential. As of 2005, the state of Texas has acknowledged that water spinach is a highly prized vegetable in many cultures, and has allowed it to be grown for personal consumption, in part because it is known to have been grown in Texas for more than 15 years and has not yet escaped cultivation.

The genus Ipomoea also contains the sweet potato (I. batatas). Though the term "morning glory" is not usually extended to I. batatas, sometimes it may be referred to as a "tuberous morning glory" in a horticultural context. Some cultivars of I. batatas are grown for their ornamental value, rather than for the edible tuber.

Chemistry and ethnobotany
The seeds of many species of morning glory contain ergoline alkaloids such as the psychedelic ergonovine and ergine (LSA). Seeds of Ipomoea tricolor and Turbina corymbosa (syn. R. corymbosa) are used as psychedelics. The seeds of morning glory can produce a similar effect to LSD when taken in large doses, often numbering into the hundreds. Though the chemical LSA is not legal in some countries, the seeds are found in many gardening stores; however, some claim the seeds from commercial sources can sometimes be coated in some kind of pesticide or methylmercury (although the latter is illegal in the UK and the US).

title: Morning glory


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Tribonian

Tribonian (Greek: Τριβωνιανός [trivonia'nos], c. 485?–542) was a Byzantine jurist and advisor. During the reign of the Emperor Justinian I, he supervised the revision of the legal code of the Byzantine Empire. He has been described as one of the wisest collaborators of Justinian.

Tribonian was a Greek from Cyme, who studied law in Constantinople, where he became the most renowned legal scholar of his day. He was a close friend of Emperor Justinian, who appointed him to head the commission that compiled the Codex Justinianus and the Digest. Justinian also appointed Tribonian to high offices in the imperial administration, such as magister officiorum and quaestor sacri palatii, but at the beginning of the Nika riots he was forced to dismiss him on charges made by his enemies. Tribonian died in 542 of a disease, perhaps the plague.

Biography
Tribonian was a Greek, born in Cyme, in Pamphylia (modern Side), around the year 485. He may have been a pagan. He was well educated and practiced law before the court of the praetorian prefect. Justinian made Tribonian magister officiorum (Master of Offices), although it is not clear when, and then appointed him quaestor sacri palatii in September 529.

In 528, before he was appointed quaestor, Tribonian was named by Justinian as one of the commissioners charged with preparing the new imperial legal code, the Codex Justinianeus, which subsequently was issued on April 7, 529. In 530, after Tribonian had become quaestor, it was natural for Justinian to put him in charge of the next major law reform project: compiling and harmonizing the writings of classical Roman jurists. Justinian's main objects in creating this harmonized compilation of juristic writings were to shorten litigation (by clarifying the law), and to create a syllabus to be used at the law schools in Berytus (Beirut) and Constantinople. During the same period, Tribonian also was charged with carrying out another aspect of Justinian's reforms in legal education and codification — creating a textbook for first-year law students by updating the Institutes of Gaius. Both the Digest and the new Institutes of Justinian were promulgated in December of 533. In 534, Justinian decided that so many new laws had been passed, and so many older ones harmonized, since the publication of his first Code in 529, a second edition was needed. Hence, the Codex repetitae praelectionis was published, entirely superseding the edition of 529, the text of which has been lost.

In 532, Tribonian was removed as quaestor due to the charges of corruption made by his enemies during the Nika riots, but he continued to work on the codification. He was restored to his post as quaestor in 535 and continued in that position until his death. Tribonian continued to help draft new laws for Justinian; these new laws (Novellae Constitutiones) were later combined with the Codex Justinianus, the Digest and the Institutes to comprise the Corpus Juris Civilis.

Tribonian died in 542 of a disease, perhaps the plague. Tribonian's career is summarized by his noted modern biographer, Tony Honoré, in this way: "...he was Justinian's minister for legislation and propaganda for nearly twelve years...In these years the three volumes of the Corpus Juris Civilis and most of the surviving legislation of Justinian's reign were produced. He drafted about three-quarters of the surviving constitutions of Justinian's reign. He planned and directed the work of the Second Law Commission, which produced the Digest, the Institutes and the Second "Codex Iustinianus."

title: Tribonian


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Zhao Yun

Zhao Yun (died 229), courtesy name Zilong (子龍), was a military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a subordinate of the northern warlord Gongsun Zan, Zhao Yun later came to serve another warlord, Liu Bei, and had since accompanied him on most of his military exploits, from the Battle of Changban (208) to the Hanzhong Campaign (217–219). He continued serving in the state of Shu Han – founded by Liu Bei in 221 – in the Three Kingdoms period and participated in the first of the Northern Expeditions until his death in 229. While many facts about Zhao Yun's life remain unclear due to limited information in historical sources, some aspects and activities in his life have been dramatised or exaggerated in folklore and fiction. In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he was lauded as a member of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei.

Historical sources on Zhao Yun's life
Zhao Yun's original biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), written by Chen Shou in the third century, is only 346 Chinese characters long. In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi added annotations from the Zhao Yun Biezhuan (趙雲別傳; Unofficial Biography of Zhao Yun) to Zhao Yun's biography in the Sanguozhi, providing a relatively clear, though still incomplete picture of Zhao Yun's life.

Early career under Gongsun Zan

Zhao Yun was from Zhending County, Changshan Commandery. The Zhao Yun Biezhuan described his physical appearance as follows: eight chi tall (approximately 1.84 metres), with majestic and impressive looks.

After receiving a recommendation from the Administrator of Changshan Commandery to serve in the government, Zhao Yun led a small group of volunteers to join Gongsun Zan, a warlord in You Province. Around the time, the warlord Yuan Shao had experienced a surge in fame after his recent appointment as the Governor of Ji Province, so Gongsun Zan was worried that many people in You Province would choose to serve under Yuan Shao instead of him.

When Zhao Yun showed up with his volunteers, Gongsun Zan asked him mockingly: "I heard that all those in your home province wanted to serve the Yuans. Why did you have a change of heart, and decide to correct your mistake?" Zhao Yun replied: "The Empire is in a state of chaos and it is unclear who is right and who is wrong. The people are in danger. Those in my home province, after careful deliberation, decided to follow a lord who governs with benevolence. Therefore, I chose to join you, General, instead of Lord Yuan." Gongsun Zan then accepted him. Zhao Yun later fought on Gongsun Zan's side in some battles against rival forces.

Meeting Liu Bei
Around the early 190s, Zhao Yun met Liu Bei, who was taking shelter under Gongsun Zan at the time. Zhao Yun became very close to Liu Bei and desired to switch his allegiance to Liu Bei. When Gongsun Zan sent Liu Bei to assist his ally, Tian Kai, in a battle against Yuan Shao, Zhao Yun followed Liu Bei and served as a cavalry officer under Liu Bei.

When Zhao Yun received news of his elder brother's death, he asked for a temporary leave of absence from Liu Bei to mourn his brother. Liu Bei knew that Zhao Yun would not return after leaving, so he held Zhao Yun's hand while bidding him farewell. Before departing, Zhao Yun told Liu Bei: "I will never forget your favour."

Service under Liu Bei
In early 200, after Liu Bei lost his base in Xu Province to his rival Cao Cao, he fled north across the Yellow River and sought refuge under Yuan Shao, Cao Cao's rival. Around the same time, Zhao Yun also came to Ye, Yuan Shao's headquarters, where he met Liu Bei again. Zhao Yun and Liu Bei shared the same room during their stay in Ye.

Liu Bei secretly instructed Zhao Yun to help him gather hundreds of men who were willing to follow him, and claim that they served under the General of the Left (左將軍). Yuan Shao was unaware of this. Zhao Yun then accompanied Liu Bei and his followers as they left Yuan Shao and headed south to join Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province.

Battle of Bowang
In 202, when Cao Cao was away on campaigns in northern China against Yuan Shao's sons and their allies, Liu Bei took advantage of Cao Cao's absence to launch an attack on Cao Cao's territories in central China. Cao Cao sent his general Xiahou Dun and others to lead an army to resist Liu Bei.

During the battle, Zhao Yun captured Xiahou Lan (夏侯蘭), an old friend who was from the same hometown as him. He requested that Liu Bei spare Xiahou Lan's life and recommended Xiahou Lan to serve as a military judge because he knew that Xiahou Lan was knowledgeable about law. Zhao Yun earned praise for being conscientious and careful when he maintained a professional relationship with Xiahou Lan despite their friendship.

Battle of Changban

After Liu Biao died in 208, his younger son Liu Cong succeeded him as the Governor of Jing Province. When Cao Cao launched a military campaign in the same year to eliminate opposing forces in southern China, Liu Cong surrendered and yielded Jing Province to him. Liu Bei and his followers abandoned their stronghold in Xinye County and headed further south towards Xiakou, which was guarded by Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi and was independent of Cao Cao's control.

Cao Cao personally led a 5,000-strong elite cavalry force to pursue Liu Bei. They caught up with Liu Bei at Changban and inflicted a devastating defeat on his forces. While Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled, Zhao Yun carried Liu Bei's young son Liu Shan and protected Liu Bei's wife Lady Gan (Liu Shan's mother) during the battle and delivered them to safety. He was later promoted to the rank of General of the Standard (牙門將軍) for his efforts.

Earlier on, after his defeat at Changban, Liu Bei heard rumours that Zhao Yun had betrayed him and defected to Cao Cao' side. Refusing to believe the rumours, he threw a short ji to the ground and said: "Zilong will never abandon me." He was right as Zhao Yun returned to him a short while later.

In the winter of 208–209, Liu Bei formed an alliance with the warlord Sun Quan and they defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. As Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat, Liu Bei and Sun Quan advanced and conquered Nan Commandery, which used to be under Cao Cao's control.

As the Administrator of Guiyang
Zhao Yun was later promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) for his contributions towards Liu Bei's conquests of the four commanderies in southern Jing Province: Changsha, Lingling, Wuling and Guiyang. After the capture of Guiyang Commandery, Liu Bei appointed Zhao Yun as the new Administrator to replace Zhao Fan.

Zhao Fan had a widowed sister-in-law who was famous for her beauty. He wanted to arrange for her to marry Zhao Yun so as to build connections with Zhao Yun. However, Zhao Yun rejected the idea and told Zhao Fan: "We share the same family name. Your elder brother is also like an elder brother to me."

There were others who urged Zhao Yun to accept the marriage but Zhao Yun firmly refused and said: "Zhao Fan was forced to surrender because of the circumstances. His intentions are unclear and suspicious. Besides, there are many other women in this world." Not long later, Zhao Fan escaped, and Zhao Yun was able to avoid any association with him because he did not agree to the marriage.

Guarding Jing Province
Around 211, Liu Bei led an army west into Yi Province to assist the provincial governor Liu Zhang in countering a rival warlord, Zhang Lu of Hanzhong Commandery. Zhao Yun and others remained behind to guard Jing Province.

Sometime in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun, to strengthen the Sun–Liu alliance. Lady Sun also remained in Jing Province when Liu Bei left for Yi Province. As she saw herself as the sister of a powerful warlord, Lady Sun not only acted in an arrogant and unbridled manner, but also allowed her bodyguards and personal staff to behave lawlessly in Jing Province. For this reason, Liu Bei specially appointed Zhao Yun, whom he deemed a serious and conscientious person, to oversee domestic affairs in Jing Province and maintain law and order during his absence. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to fetch his sister home. Lady Sun attempted to bring Liu Bei's son Liu Shan along with her, but Zhao Yun and Zhang Fei led their men to stop her and retrieved Liu Shan.

The Chronicles of Han and Jin (漢晉春秋) written by the Jin historian Xi Zuochi gives a similar account to the one recorded into the Zhao Yun Biezhuan.

Conquest of Yi Province
Liu Bei and Liu Zhang were friendly towards each other in the beginning, but tensions between them gradually increased until the point of armed conflict around late 212. Liu Bei was initially stationed at Jiameng Pass (葭萌關; in present-day Zhaohua District, Guangyuan, Sichuan), where he was helping Liu Zhang defend the area from Zhang Lu. However, he turned against Liu Zhang later and attacked him. He ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others to lead reinforcements from Jing Province into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.

The reinforcements marched along the Yangtze River and conquered the commanderies and counties in the surrounding areas. When they reached Jiangzhou, Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun to lead a separate force to attack Jiangyang Commandery (江陽郡; around present-day Neijiang, Sichuan) and take an alternate route, and later rendezvous with Liu Bei and the other armies outside Yi Province's capital, Chengdu. In 214, Liu Zhang gave up resistance and surrendered to Liu Bei, who gained control over Yi Province. Zhao Yun was appointed as General of the Assisting Army (翊軍將軍).

After taking Yi Province, Liu Bei held a discussion on how to distribute the households in Chengdu and the fields outside the city among his followers because he wanted to reward them for their efforts in the campaign. Zhao Yun objected: "'In the past, Huo Qubing said that there was no home until the Xiongnu had been eliminated. The enemies of the state in our time include not only the Xiongnu, so we shouldn't be complacent. Only when the Empire has been completely pacified and the people have reverted to their peaceful lives, can we truly enjoy ourselves. The war in Yi Province has just ended, so the people in the province should have their lands and homes returned to them. As of now, the people should be allowed to continue their livelihoods in peace, and later we can impose taxes and conscription on them. In this way, we will earn their favour and support.'" Liu Bei heeded Zhao Yun's advice.

Battle of Han River
In 217, Liu Bei launched the Hanzhong Campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao because Hanzhong was the northern gateway into Yi Province. Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong killed Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan at the Battle of Mount Dingjun of 218–219.

After Xiahou Yuan's defeat, Huang Zhong heard that enemy troops were transporting food supplies in the vicinity so he led a detachment of troops to attack the convoy and seize the supplies. When Huang Zhong did not return to camp in time, Zhao Yun led tens of horsemen out in search of Huang Zhong.

At the time, Cao Cao had sent his forces to attack Liu Bei's positions. Zhao Yun encountered Cao Cao's vanguard force and engaged them in battle until Cao Cao's main force showed up and surrounded him. Despite the overwhelming odds, Zhao Yun attempted to charge and break through the enemy formation and alternated between fighting back and retreating. Cao Cao's forces regrouped, got back into formation and surrounded Zhao Yun. Left with no choice, Zhao Yun had to fight his way out and head back to camp. During the battle, Zhao Yun's deputy Zhang Zhu (張著) was wounded but Zhao Yun turned back, saved him and brought him back to camp.

Cao Cao's forces pursued Zhao Yun as he retreated back to his camp. Upon seeing the enemy's approach, Zhao Yun's subordinate Zhang Yi wanted to shut the camp's gates and get the troops to hold their position. However, Zhao Yun ordered the gates to be opened, all flags and banners to be hidden, and the war drums to be silenced so as to create an illusion of an empty camp. Cao Cao's forces thought that there was an ambush inside Zhao Yun's camp so they withdrew. Just as they were retreating, Zhao Yun launched a counterattack and his men beat the war drums loudly and fired arrows at the enemy. Cao Cao's soldiers were shocked and thrown into disarray. Some of them trampled on each other as they panicked and fled, while many of them fell into the Han River and drowned.

The following day, when Liu Bei came to inspect Zhao Yun's camp and survey the battlefield, he remarked: "Zilong is full of courage." He then threw a feast to celebrate Zhao Yun's victory and they made merry until nightfall. Zhao Yun was also given the nickname "General of Tiger's Might" (虎威將軍).

Battle of Xiaoting
In late 219, Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance by sending his general Lü Meng to launch a stealth invasion of Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province while Guan Yu was away at the Battle of Fancheng against Cao Cao's forces. Guan Yu was later captured in an ambush and executed on Sun Quan's order when he refused to surrender.

Following Cao Cao's death in March 220, his son and successor Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian later that year, ended the Eastern Han dynasty, and established the state of Wei with himself as the new emperor. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu to challenge Wei's legitimacy. In the same year, Sun Quan pledged allegiance to Cao Pi and agreed to become a vassal under Wei; in return, Cao Pi granted him the title "King of Wu".

Liu Bei bore a grudge against Sun Quan for the loss of Jing Province and wanted to attack Sun Quan. Zhao Yun attempted to dissuade him by saying: "'The real enemy of the State is Cao Cao, not Sun Quan. We should eliminate Wei first, then Wu will surrender on its own. Cao Cao is already dead but his son Cao Pi has usurped the throne. You should follow the people's will by conquering Guanzhong and then move across the Wei River to attack the treacherous villain. Righteous people who live in the east of Hangu Pass will certainly welcome your army with supplies and horses. You shouldn't ignore Wei for the moment and wage war against Wu first. Once the war starts, it can't be stopped.'"

Liu Bei ignored Zhao Yun's advice and proceeded with his quest for vengeance by personally leading a military campaign against Sun Quan. He left Zhao Yun behind to guard Jiangzhou.

In October 222, Liu Bei suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Xiaoting against Sun Quan's forces, and was forced to retreat to Baidicheng. By the time Zhao Yun showed up with reinforcements at Yong'an, Sun Quan's forces had given up on pursuing Liu Bei and retreated back to Wu.

Service under Liu Shan
After Liu Bei died in June 223, his son Liu Shan succeeded him as the emperor of Shu, with the Imperial Chancellor Zhuge Liang serving as regent because Liu Shan was still underage at the time. Following his coronation, Liu Shan appointed Zhao Yun as Central Protector of the Army (中護軍) and General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍), and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Yongchang Village (永昌亭侯). He promoted Zhao Yun to the position of General Who Guards the East (鎮東將軍) later.

Battle of Ji Valley
In 227, Zhao Yun moved to the staging area at Hanzhong Commandery to join Zhuge Liang, who had mobilised military forces from throughout Shu in preparation for a large-scale military campaign against Shu's rival state, Wei.

In the spring of 228, Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead a detachment of troops to Ji Valley (箕谷) and pretend to attack Mei County (郿縣; southeast of present-day Fufeng County, Shaanxi) via Xie Valley (斜谷). Their mission was to distract and hold the Wei general Cao Zhen's attention, while Zhuge Liang led the Shu main army to attack Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu).

Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi lost to Cao Zhen at the battle in Ji Valley because Zhuge Liang had given them command of the weaker soldiers while he led the better troops to attack Mount Qi. Nevertheless, Zhao Yun managed to rally his men into putting up a firm defence as they retreated, thus minimising their losses.

After the Shu forces managed to retreat back to Hanzhong, Zhao Yun was demoted to the position of General Who Guards the Army (鎮軍將軍) as punishment for his defeat at Ji Valley. During this time, Zhuge Liang asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi: "When our troops withdrew from Jieting, they were very disorganised. However, those who retreated from Ji Valley were orderly. Why is it so?" Deng Zhi replied: "(Zhao) Yun personally led the rearguard. He ensured that our troops retreated in an orderly manner and left no equipment behind."

As Zhao Yun still had some silk left in his unit, Zhuge Liang wanted to distribute it among the troops to raise their morale. However, Zhao Yun disagreed: "The campaign was a failure, so why should rewards be given out? Please store the silk in the official treasury now and distribute it among the men later during the tenth month as a season gift for winter." Zhuge Liang heeded Zhao Yun's suggestion.

Death and posthumous honours
Zhao Yun died in 229. Zhao was posthumously honoured as "Marquis Shunping" by Liu Shan in April or May 261.

During Liu Bei's reign, only Fa Zheng received posthumous honours. In Liu Shan's time, only three consecutive heads of government – Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi – received posthumous titles. Later, Liu Shan also posthumously honoured Chen Zhi, whom he favoured, and Xiahou Ba, a Wei general who defected to Shu. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Pang Tong, Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun were also awarded posthumous titles by Liu Shan as well. At the time, it was a great honour for a person to receive a posthumous title.

Liu Shan's imperial edict for awarding Zhao Yun his posthumous title read: "Zhao Yun followed the Late Emperor and he made outstanding contributions. I was young then and experienced many difficulties, but I relied on his loyalty and faithfulness to get out of danger. I bestow this posthumous name on him to recognise him for his meritorious service and also because there were others who advised me to do so."

The name of Zhao Yun's posthumous title was suggested by Jiang Wei and others – shun (literally "obey / follow") because he was virtuous and kind, ping (literally "peace / pacify") because he performed his duties up to standard and overcame chaos, so shun and ping became "Shunping".

Family
Zhao Yun's eldest son, Zhao Tong, served as an officer in the huben (虎賁) division of the imperial guards.

Zhao Yun's second son, Zhao Guang, served as an Officer of the Standard (牙門將). He accompanied the Shu general Jiang Wei in the campaigns against Wei, and was killed in action in Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu).

Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote Zhao Yun's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on Zhao Yun as follows: "Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun were fierce and mighty warriors, just like claws and teeth. Were they the successors to Guan and Teng?"

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Many of Zhao Yun's actual exploits were highly dramatised in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In the novel, Zhao Yun is portrayed as an almost perfect warrior – one who possesses powerful combat skills, unwavering loyalty to his lord, tremendous courage, keen intelligence, and serene charisma. These traits have often been reflected in nearly all modern materials about Zhao Yun to date.

See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Zhao Yun:
 * Battle of Changban
 * Battle of Xiaoting

In popular culture
Zhao Yun has been featured prominently in Chinese and Japanese popular culture, literature, art and anecdotes. Zhao Yun was already a relatively well-known hero from the Three Kingdoms period, as folktales about his exploits have been passed down through centuries. He became a household name due to the popularity of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Religion
Zhao Yun sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples in Henan, usually in partnership with Ma Chao.

Folklore
Zhao Yun is strongly associated with the color white in several Three Kingdoms media, which is a callback to his appearance as stated in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. People can see an interpretation of him in the Summer Palace, which has a famous painting of his heroics at Changban. White is linked to several positive traits within various fictional mediums, including honesty, virtue, purity and so on. One other reason for Zhao Yun being linked with the color may be due to a myth regarding the horse the general favored. A quick steed in its own right, it is fabled to run one thousand leagues during the day and five hundred leagues at night. The horse's name is supposedly the "White Dragon Horse" (白龍駒, Bailongju).

Another strong image for Zhao Yun in various Three Kingdoms fiction is the idea of him wielding a spear, often said to be a long spear. Its name is roughly translated as "Shore Edge Spear" (涯角槍, Yajiaoqiang) in legends and it allegedly makes an unnamed appearance in the Sanguozhi Pinghua. The weapon's revered namesake means that it "[has] none surpassing it, even in the heavenly sea of stars". Measuring in at a length of nine chi (approximately three meters or ten feet in modern conversions), Zhao Yun is said to have wielded it with magnificent skill. If one is to believe the tales, Zhao Yun used the same spear to defeat Zhang Fei in a duel. At times, Zhao Yun is associated with one of Cao Cao's twin swords from Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In this tale, he killed Xiahou En while rescuing A Dou from peril.

There is a Chinese folktale about Zhao Yun's death which is not mentioned in the 14th-century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In this story, Zhao Yun had never been wounded in battle before so there were no scars on his body. One day, while he was taking a bath, his wife pricked him with a sewing needle out of mischief. Zhao Yun began to bleed profusely and eventually died of shock.

Film and television
The 2008 Hong Kong film Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon is loosely based on stories related to Zhao Yun in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It was directed by Daniel Lee and starred Hong Kong actor Andy Lau as "Zhao Zilong". Mainland Chinese actor Hu Jun portrayed Zhao Yun in John Woo's Red Cliff, a two-part epic war film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs.

Notable actors who have portrayed Zhao Yun in television series include: Zhang Shan, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Nie Yuan, in Three Kingdoms (2010), Benji Wang in K.O.3an Guo (2010), and Lin Gengxin in God of War, Zhao Yun (2016).

Video games
Zhao Yun is one of the Five Tiger Generals that must be recruited by the player in the NES RPG Destiny of an Emperor.

Zhao Yun appears as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He is usually featured prominently on the cover of each title, and is most often used by the developers in screenshots and other promotional materials for upcoming releases. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms strategy game series.

The playable champion Xin Zhao in the multiplayer online battle arena game League of Legends is based on Zhao Yun. Zhao Yun also appears as a playable character in Lost Saga, Heroes Evolved, and Mobile Legends: Bang Bang. He was later renamed to "Zilong" by the latter.

Zhao Yun appears as a Hero in the 2019 grand strategy game Total War: Three Kingdoms.

title: Zhao Yun