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2nd arrondissement of Paris

The 2nd arrondissement of Paris (IIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is colloquially referred to as deuxième (second/the second). It is governed locally together with the 1st, 3rd and 4th arrondissement, with which it forms the 1st sector of Paris.

Also known as Bourse, this arrondissement is located on the right bank of the River Seine. The 2nd arrondissement, together with the adjacent 8th and 9th arrondissements, hosts an important business district, centred on the Paris Opéra, which houses the city's most dense concentration of business activities. The arrondissement contains the former Paris Bourse (stock exchange) and several banking headquarters, as well as a textile district, known as the Sentier, and the Opéra-Comique's theatre, the Salle Favart. The 2nd arrondissement is the home of Grand Rex, the largest movie theater in Paris.

The 2nd arrondissement is also the home of most of Paris's surviving 19th-century glazed commercial arcades. At the beginning of the 19th century, most of the streets of Paris were dark, muddy, and lacked sidewalks. A few entrepreneurs copied the success of the Passage des Panoramas and its well-lit, dry, and paved pedestrian passageways. By the middle of the 19th century, there were about two dozen of these commercial malls, but most of them disappeared as the Paris authorities paved the main streets and added sidewalks, as well as gas street lighting. The commercial survivors are – in addition to the Passage des Panoramas – the Galerie Vivienne, the Passage Choiseul, the Galerie Colbert, the Passage des Princes, the Passage du Grand Cerf, the Passage du Caire, the Passage Lemoine, the Passage Jouffroy, the Passage Basfour, the Passage du Bourg-L'abbé, and the Passage du Ponceau.

Geography
The 2nd arrondissement is Paris's smallest arrondissement, with a land area of just 0.992 km2, or 99.2 hectares (0.383 sq. miles, or 245 acres).

Demographics
The 2nd arrondissement reached its peak of settlement in the years before 1861, although it has only existed in its current shape since the re-organization of Paris in 1860. As of the last census (in 1999), the population was 19,585, while the number of jobs provided there was 61,672 – this despite a land area of only 0.992 km2, making it the arrondissement with the densest concentration of commercial activity in the capital, with an average of 62,695 jobs per km2.

Historical population
arrondissement was created in 1860, so we do not have figures before 1861.

Economy
The French newspaper L'Obs has its head office in the arrondissement. Bourbon has its head office in the arrondissement. All Nippon Airways has its Paris Office in the arrondissement. China Airlines also has its France office in the arrondissement.

Aigle Azur's registered office is in the arrondissement.

Education
In terms of state-operated schools, the second arrondissement has three nursery schools (écoles maternelles), five primary schools (écoles élémentaires), and one high school (lycée).

The nursery schools are École Maternelle Dussoubs, École Maternelle Saint Denis, and École Maternelle Vivienne. The primary schools are École Élémentaire Beauregard, École Élémentaire Dussoubs, École Élémentaire Etienne Marcel, École Élémentaire Jussienne, and École Élémentaire Louvois. Collège César Franck is the sole state-operated high school in the arrondissement.

École Élémentaire Privée Saint-Sauveur is the sole private primary school institution in the second arrondissement. Private secondary school institutions include École du 2nd Degré Général Privée Rene Reaumur, École Générale et Technologique Privée Lafayette, École du 2nd degré professionnel privée CTRE PRI ENS SOINS ESTHETIQUES, École du 2nd degré professionnel privée EC INTERNATIONALE DE COIFFURE, École du 2nd degré professionnel privée ECOLE DE BIJOUTERIE-JOAILLERIE, and École technologique privée ITECOM INST TECHN COMMUNIC.

Places of interest in the arrondissement

 * Bibliothèque nationale de France historical building (site Richelieu) (Monument historique)
 * Galerie Colbert
 * Opéra-Comique
 * Paris stock exchange (Palais Brongniart, former headquarters)
 * Passage des Panoramas
 * Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens
 * Théâtre des Variétés
 * Théâtre-Musée des Capucines, a perfume museum
 * Tour Jean sans Peur, the last vestige of the Hôtel de Bourgogne

Former buildings in the arrondissement

 * Salle Feydeau
 * Salle de la Bourse
 * Théâtre de l'Hôtel de Bourgogne

Main streets and squares
There are several streets with an Egyptian connection in the area, reflecting interest in Napoleon's Egypt expedition of 1798–1801: rue du Nil, rue du Caire, passage du Caire, rue d'Aboukir, and rue d'Alexandrie.
 * Rue de la Banque
 * Place de la Bourse
 * Boulevard de Bonne-Nouvelle
 * Boulevard des Capucines
 * Rue des Capucines
 * Rue de Cléry
 * Rue Étienne-Marcel
 * Rue du Faubourg-Montmartre
 * Boulevard des Italiens
 * Rue du Louvre
 * Rue Monsigny
 * Boulevard Montmartre
 * Rue Montmartre
 * Rue Montorgueil
 * Rue Notre-Dame des Victoires
 * Avenue de l'Opéra (partial)
 * Rue de la Paix
 * Rue des Petits-Champs
 * Boulevard Poissonnière
 * Rue du Quatre-Septembre
 * Rue Réaumur
 * Rue de Richelieu (partial)
 * Boulevard Saint-Denis
 * Rue Saint-Denis
 * Rue Sainte-Anne
 * Rue Saint-Sauveur
 * Boulevard Sébastopol
 * Rue de Turbigo
 * Place des Victoires (partial)

title: 2nd arrondissement of Paris


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3rd arrondissement of Paris

The 3rd arrondissement of Paris (IIIe arrondissement, ) is one of the 20 arrondissements (districts) of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is colloquially referred to as "le troisième" meaning "the third". Its postal code is 75003. It is governed locally together with the 1st, 2nd and 4th arrondissements, with which it forms the 1st sector of Paris, Paris Centre.

The arrondissement, sometimes known as Temple and situated on the right bank of the River Seine, is the smallest in area after the 2nd. It contains the quieter northern part of the medieval district of Le Marais, while the more lively southern part, notably including the gay district of Paris, is located within the 4th arrondissement.

History
The oldest surviving private house in Paris, built in 1407, is to be found in the 3rd arrondissement at 52 rue de Montmorency.

The ancient Jewish quarter, the Pletzl (פלעצל, 'little place' in Yiddish), which dates from the 13th century, begins in the eastern part of the 3rd arrondissement and extends into the 4th. It is home to the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme ('Museum of Jewish Art and History') and the Agoudas Hakehilos synagogue designed by the architect Hector Guimard. Although fashionable boutiques now take up many of the storefronts, there are still landmark stores selling traditional Jewish foods.

A small but slowly expanding Chinatown, inhabited by immigrants from Wenzhou, centers on the rue au Maire, near the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers and the Musée des Arts et Métiers, partly housed in the medieval priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs.

Size
With a land area of 1.2 km2 (0.452 square miles, or 289 acres), the 3rd arrondissement ranks second smallest in the city.

Location
It is situated in what is considered Central Paris on the right bank (rive droite) of the city. Its interior is mostly devoid of the large Haussmannian boulevards included in many other arrondissements throughout the city.

Neighborhoods (quartiers)
The arrondissement includes a range of neighborhoods or quartiers most of which date back to the Middle Ages. Most residents and locals refer to this area as Temple, Arts et Métiers or more generally, le Marais; however most of the Marais district is included in the 4th arrondissement, which it neighbors on its southern border.

Demographics
The area now occupied by the third arrondissement attained its peak population in the period preceding the re-organization of Paris in 1860. In 1999, the population was 34,248, while the arrondissement hosted a total of 29,723 jobs.

Education
There are six public high-schools in the 3rd arrondissement, and no private high-schools.
 * Lycée Victor Hugo, 27 rue de Sevigné
 * Lycée Turgot, 69 rue de Turbigo
 * Lycée Simone Veil, 7 rue de Poitou
 * Lycée Professionel François Truffaut, 28 rue Debelleyeme
 * Lycée professionnel de la bijouterie Nicolas Flamel (an annex of the École Boulle), 8 rue de Montmorency
 * Lycée professionnel Abbé Grégoire, 70 bis, rue de Turbigo

The Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) has its main Paris campus in the area around the métro station to which it gives its name. A grande école, CNAM provides university-level technical and professional qualifications to a student body of over 25,000.

Museums
There are 9 museums alone in the 3rd arrondissement as listed by the Paris office of tourism, however there are also many other smaller museums, as listed below.

 * Musée des Arts et Métiers
 * Musée de la Chasse et de la Nature
 * Musée Cognacq-Jay
 * Musée Picasso
 * Musée de la Poupée
 * Musée de la Serrure
 * Musée des Archives Nationales - Hôtel de Soubise
 * Musée d'Art et d'Histore du Judaïsme
 * Musée Carnavalet - Histoire de Paris
 * Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation
 * La Gaîté Lyrique

Gardens
There are 6 smaller gardens throughout the 3rd arrondissement.

 * Square du Temple - Elie-Wiesel
 * Square Saint-Gilles Grand Veneur - Pauline-Roland
 * Jardin de Rohan
 * Square Georges Cain
 * Square Léopold-Achille
 * Jardin Anne Frank
 * Jardin de l'Hotel Salé - Léonor Fini
 * Jardin des Archives Nationale

Churches

 * Saint-Denys-du-Saint-Sacrement
 * Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs, Paris

Other

 * Le Marais (shared with the 4th arrondissement)
 * Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers - main campus
 * Le Défenseur du Temps
 * Institut Tessin
 * Hôtel de Soubise
 * Former Temple fortress
 * Carreau du Temple
 * Théâtre Déjazet

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 3rd arrondissement of Paris


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Green Cross (Japanese company)

Green Cross Corporation (株式会社ミドリ十字; Kabushiki Gaisha Midori Jūji) was one of the premier pharmaceutical companies in Japan. The company merged into Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (吉富製薬株式会社) on April 1, 1998, and renamed to Welfide Corporation (ウェルファイド株式会社) on April 1, 2000. And finally Welfide Corporation and Mitsubishi-Tokyo Pharmaceutical Inc. (三菱東京製薬株式会社) were merged to form Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation (三菱ウェルファーマ株式会社) on October 1, 2001.

Green Cross was founded in 1950 as Japan's first commercial blood bank and became a diversified international pharmaceutical company producing ethical drugs for delivery or administration by doctors and healthcare workers. Its founders included war criminals such as Masaji Kitano who performed torture and experiments on humans in the Japanese military's notorious Unit 731 during World War II. Also serving as a consultant for the company was Murray Sanders, the American officer and physician who had petitioned for Kitano's acquittal after the war.

Its products were extensively used in the treatments of a wide range of ailments. As well as supplying whole blood for transfusions, Green Cross was also active in developing blood derivative products such as coagulation factors, immunoglobulin and albumin. In the mid-1960s, it expanded into the non-plasma sector. Cardiovascular agents, coagulation/fibrinolytic agents, immunological agents, anti-inflammatory agents, albumin-based agents, blood plasma components and parenteral nutrition accounted for 71% of fiscal 1998 unconsolidated revenues; wholesale of diagnostic reagents, 14% and other, 15%. Unconsolidated revenues accounted for 59.5% of fiscal 1998 consolidated revenues. The company had eleven consolidated subsidiaries, three each in the United States and Japan, and one each in Germany, the United Kingdom, Barbados, China and Hong Kong. Overseas sales accounted for 41.9% of fiscal 1998 consolidated revenues.

In the late 1980s, Green Cross and Takeshi Abe were at the center of a scandal in which up to 3,000 Japanese people contracted HIV through the distribution and use of blood products which were known to be unsafe.

title: Green Cross (Japanese company)


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4th arrondissement of Paris

The 4th arrondissement of Paris (IVe arrondissement) is one of the twenty arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as quatrième. Along with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd arrondissements, it is in the first sector of Paris, which maintains a single local government rather than four separate ones.

The arrondissement, also known as Hôtel-de-Ville, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. It contains the Renaissance-era Paris City Hall, rebuilt between 1874 and 1882. It also contains the Renaissance square of Place des Vosges, the overtly modern Pompidou Centre, and the lively southern part of the medieval district of Le Marais, which today is known for being the gay district of Paris. (The quieter northern part of Le Marais is within the 3rd arrondissement). The eastern part of the Île de la Cité (including Notre-Dame de Paris) and all of the Île Saint-Louis are also included within the 4th arrondissement.

The 4th arrondissement is known for its little streets, cafés, and shops but is often regarded by Parisians as expensive and congested. It has old buildings and a mix of many cultures.

Geography
With a land area of 1.601 km2, the 4th arrondissement is the third smallest arrondissement in the city.

It is bordered to the west by the 1st arrondissement, to the north by the 3rd, to the east by the 11th and 12th, and to the south by the Seine and the 5th.

Demographics
The peak of population of the 4th arrondissement occurred before 1861, though the arrondissement was defined in its current shape only since the re-organization of Paris in 1860. In 1999, the population was 30,675, and the arrondissement hosted 41,424 jobs.

Historical population
¹The peak of population in this area occurred before 1861, but the arrondissement was created in 1860, so there are not accurate figures before 1861.

History
The Île de la Cité has been inhabited since the 1st century BC, when it was occupied by the Parisii tribe of the Gauls. The Right Bank was first settled in the 5th century.

Since the end of the 19th century, le Marais has been populated by a significant Jewish population, the Rue des Rosiers being at the heart of its community. There are a handful of kosher restaurants, and Jewish institutions. Since the 1990s, gay culture has influenced the arrondissement, with new residents opening a number of bars and cafés in the area by the town hall.

Places of interest in the arrondissement

 * Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville department store
 * Berthillon
 * Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal
 * Centre Georges Pompidou
 * Hôtel-Dieu hospital
 * Hôtel de Sens
 * Hôtel de Sully, on the site of a former orangery
 * Hôtel de Ville
 * Le Marais
 * Rue des Rosiers
 * Lycée Charlemagne
 * Maison européenne de la photographie
 * Marché aux fleurs, Place Louis Lépine
 * Mémorial de la Shoah
 * Musée Boleslas Biegas, Musée Adam Mickiewicz, and Salon Frédéric Chopin
 * Musée de la Magie
 * Notre-Dame de Paris
 * Pavillon de l'Arsenal
 * Prefecture of Police
 * Quai des Célestins
 * Saint-Jacques Tower
 * St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church
 * Saint-Louis-en-l'Île Church
 * Salle des Traditions de la Garde Républicaine
 * Former Temple, fortress and later prison
 * Temple du Marais
 * Église Saint-Merri

Main streets and squares

 * Place de la Bastille (shared with the 11th and 12th arrondissements), including the July Column (Colonne de juillet)
 * Place de l'Hôtel de Ville, formerly Place de Grève
 * Place des Vosges (shared with the 3rd arrondissement)
 * Place du Châtelet (shared with the 1st arrondissement)
 * Place Saint-Gervais, outside the doors of the St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church
 * Rue de Rivoli (shared with the 1st arrondissement)
 * Square Barye

Education
Lycée Charlemagne is located in the arrondissement, as well as Haredi Jewish institutions Yad Mordekhai.

Transport
Metro stations within, partially or fully, the 4th arrondissement:
 * Bastille
 * Châtelet
 * Cité
 * Hôtel de Ville
 * Pont Marie
 * Rambuteau
 * Saint-Paul
 * Sully – Morland

title: 4th arrondissement of Paris


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8th arrondissement of Paris

The 8th arrondissement of Paris (VIIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, the arrondissement is colloquially referred to as le huitième (lit. 'the eighth').

The arrondissement, called Élysée, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine and centered on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées. The 8th arrondissement is, together with the 1st, 9th, 16th and 17th arrondissements, one of Paris' main business districts. According to the 1999 census, it was the place of employment of more people than any other single arrondissement of the capital. It is also the location of many places of interest, among them the Champs-Élysées, the Arc de Triomphe (partial) and the Place de la Concorde, as well as the Élysée Palace, the official residence and office of the President of France.

Most French fashion luxury brands have their main store in 8th arrondissement, Avenue Montaigne or Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, both in the Champs-Élysées Avenue shopping district. As of 2019, the 8th arrondissement had a population of 35,655.

Geography
The land area of the arrondissement is 3.881 km2.

Population density
The arrondissement had its highest population of 107,485 in 1891. In 1999, it had almost a third of that number, with 39,310 residents. It is one of Paris' least densely populated arrondissements and contains 1.8% of the total population of Paris.

Economy
The head offices of AXA, Bouygues, Électricité de France (EDF), Eurazeo, Ki-oon, Sanofi-Aventis, Engie, HSBC Continental Europe and Suez Environnement are located in this arrondissement. Standard & Poor's' France office is located in the 8th arrondissement. Air China and China Southern Airlines have their Paris offices in the arrondissement.

At one time, the head office of Union des Transports Aériens was located in this arrondissement. The predecessor airline, Union Aéromaritime de Transport, also had its head office in the 8th arrondissement. When Suez existed, its head office was in the 8th arrondissement. When Unibail existed, its head office was in the 8th arrondissement. At one time, Groupe Danone had its head office in the 8th arrondissement. At one time, Alcatel-Lucent's head office was located in the 8th arrondissement. At one time, Northwest Airlines had its Paris offices in the Madeleine station. At one time, All Nippon Airways operated a sales office in the 8th arrondissement.

Places of interest

 * Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris
 * American Cathedral in Paris
 * Arc de Triomphe (one-third, shared with 16th and 17th arrondissements)
 * Automobile Club de France
 * Avenue des Champs-Élysées
 * Chapelle Expiatoire
 * Église de la Madeleine
 * Église Saint-Augustin
 * Élysée Palace
 * Four Seasons Hotel George V
 * Gare Saint-Lazare
 * Grand Palais
 * Hôtel de Crillon
 * Hôtel de Marigny
 * Hôtel de la Marine
 * Royal Monceau
 * Lycée Chaptal
 * Maxim's Art Nouveau "Collection 1900"
 * Musée Cernuschi
 * Musée Bouilhet-Christofle
 * Musée Jacquemart-André
 * Musée Nissim de Camondo
 * The Obelisk (Obélisque) in the Place de la Concorde
 * Pagoda Paris
 * Palais de la Découverte
 * Parc Monceau
 * Petit Palais
 * Pinacothèque de Paris
 * Place de la Concorde
 * Pont Alexandre III
 * Pont de l'Alma
 * Pont de la Concorde
 * Pont des Invalides
 * Salle Gaveau
 * The Scots Kirk (l'Église écossaise de Paris)
 * Théâtre des Champs-Élysées

Districts or neighborhoods

 * Quartier des Champs-Élysées
 * Quartier du Faubourg-du-Roule
 * Quartier de la Madeleine
 * Quartier de l'Europe

Streets

 * Allée de la Comtesse-de-Ségur
 * Allée Marcel-Proust
 * Arcades des Champs-Élysées
 * Avenue Beaucour
 * Avenue Bertie-Albrecht
 * Avenue César-Caire
 * Avenue des Champs-Élysées
 * Avenue Charles-Girault
 * Avenue Delcassé
 * Avenue Dutuit
 * Avenue Edward-Tuck
 * Avenue Ferdousi
 * Avenue Franklin-D.-Roosevelt
 * Avenue de Friedland
 * Avenue Gabriel
 * Avenue du Général-Eisenhower
 * Avenue George-V
 * Avenue Hoche
 * Avenue Marceau
 * Avenue de Marigny
 * Avenue Matignon
 * Avenue de Messine
 * Avenue Montaigne
 * Avenue Myron-T.-Herrick
 * Avenue Percier
 * Avenue Pierre-Ier-de-Serbie
 * Avenue du Président-Wilson
 * Avenue Ruysdaël
 * Cité Odiot
 * Avenue de Selves
 * Avenue de Valois
 * Avenue Van-Dyck
 * Avenue Vélasquez
 * Avenue de Wagram
 * Avenue Winston-Churchill
 * Boulevard des Batignolles
 * Boulevard de Courcelles
 * Boulevard Haussmann
 * Boulevard de la Madeleine
 * Boulevard Malesherbes
 * Champs-Élysées
 * Cité Berryer
 * Cité du Retiro
 * Cours Albert-Ier
 * Cour du Havre
 * Cour de l'Horloge
 * Cours la Reine
 * Cour de Rome
 * Galerie de la Madeleine
 * Impasse d'Amsterdam
 * Impasse d'Antin

Jacques-Bertillon]] du-Roule]] Élysées-Marcel-Dassault]] de-Saint-George]]
 * Impasse Bourdin
 * Impasse Dany
 * [[Impasse du Docteur-Jacques-Bertillon|Impasse du Docteur-
 * Impasse Fortin
 * Impasse Ruffin
 * Passage de la Madeleine
 * Passage Marignan
 * Passage Puteaux
 * [[Passage Saint-Philippe-du-Roule|Passage Saint-Philippe-
 * [[Rond-point des Champs-Élysées-Marcel-Dassault|Rond-point des Champs-
 * Rue Pierre Charron
 * Rue d'Aguesseau
 * Rue Alfred-de-Vigny
 * Rue d'Amsterdam
 * Rue Andrieux
 * Rue d'Anjou
 * Rue de l'Arcade
 * Rue d'Argenson
 * Rue Arsène-Houssaye
 * Rue d'Artois
 * Rue d'Astorg
 * Rue Balzac
 * Rue de Bassano
 * Rue Bayard
 * Rue Beaujon
 * Rue de Berne
 * Rue Bernoulli
 * Rue de Berri
 * Rue Berryer
 * Rue de la Bienfaisance
 * Rue du Boccador
 * Rue Boissy-d'Anglas
 * Rue de Bucarest
 * Rue Cambacérès
 * Rue de Castellane
 * Rue de Cérisoles
 * Rue Chambiges
 * Rue Chateaubriand
 * Rue Chauveau-Lagarde
 * [[Rue du Chevalier-de-Saint-George|Rue du Chevalier-
 * Rue Christophe-Colomb
 * Rue du Cirque
 * Rue Clapeyron
 * Rue Clément-Marot
 * Rue du Colisée

 * Rue du Commandant-Rivière
 * Rue de Constantinople
 * Rue de Copenhague
 * Rue Corvetto
 * Rue de Courcelles
 * Rue Daru
 * Rue du Docteur Lancereaux
 * Rue Duphot
 * Rue de Duras
 * Rue d'Édimbourg
 * Rue de l'Élysée
 * Rue Euler
 * Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré
 * Rue François-Ier
 * Rue de Florence
 * Rue Frédéric-Bastiat
 * Rue Galilée
 * Rue du Général-Foy
 * Rue Greffulhe
 * Rue du Havre
 * Rue Intérieure
 * Rue de l'Isly
 * Rue Jean-Goujon
 * Rue Jean-Mermoz
 * Rue Joseph-Sansbœuf
 * Rue de La Baume
 * Rue La Boétie
 * Rue de Laborde
 * Rue Lamennais
 * Rue Larribe
 * Rue de La Trémoille
 * Rue Lavoisier
 * Rue de Liège
 * Rue Lincoln
 * Rue de Lisbonne
 * Rue de Londres
 * Rue Lord-Byron
 * Rue Louis-Murat
 * Rue de Madrid
 * Rue Magellan
 * Rue Maleville
 * Rue Marbeuf
 * Rue de Marignan
 * Rue des Mathurins
 * Rue de Messine
 * Rue de Miromesnil
 * Rue Mollien
 * Rue de Monceau
 * Rue Montalivet
 * Rue de Moscou

 * Rue Murillo
 * Rue de Naples
 * Rue de la Néva
 * Rue Pasquier
 * Rue Paul-Baudry
 * Rue Paul-Cézanne
 * Rue Pelouze
 * Rue de Penthièvre
 * Rue de la Pépinière
 * Rue Pierre-Charron
 * Rue Pierre-Le-Grand
 * Rue de Ponthieu
 * Rue Portalis
 * Rue de Presbourg
 * Rue de Provence
 * Rue Quentin-Bauchart
 * Rue Rabelais
 * Rue Rembrandt
 * Rue de la Renaissance
 * Rue de Rigny
 * Rue Robert-Estienne
 * Rue du Rocher
 * Rue de Rome
 * Rue Roquépine
 * Rue Roy
 * Rue Royale
 * Rue Saint-Florentin
 * Rue Saint-Honoré
 * Rue Saint-Lazare
 * Rue Saint-Philippe-du-Roule
 * Rue de Saint-Pétersbourg
 * Rue des Saussaies
 * Rue de Sèze
 * Rue de Stockholm
 * Rue de Surène
 * Rue de Téhéran
 * Rue de Tilsitt
 * Rue Treilhard
 * Rue Tronchet
 * Rue Tronson-du-Coudray
 * Rue de Turin
 * Rue Vernet
 * Rue de Vézelay
 * Rue de Vienne
 * Rue Vignon
 * Rue de la Ville-l'Évêque
 * Rue Washington
 * Villa Nouvelle
 * Villa Wagram-Saint-Honoré
 * Voie Georges-Pompidou

Squares

 * Parc Monceau
 * Place de l'Alma
 * Place Beauvau
 * Place de Budapest
 * Place du Canada
 * Place Charles de Gaulle
 * Place Chassaigne-Goyon
 * Place Clemenceau
 * Place de Clichy
 * Place de la Concorde
 * Place de Dublin
 * Place de l'Étoile
 * Place de l'Europe
 * Place François-Ier
 * Place Gabriel-Péri

 * Place du Général-Brocard
 * Place Georges-Guillaumin
 * Place du Guatémala
 * Place du Havre
 * Place Henri-Bergson
 * Place Henry-Dunant
 * Place du Havre
 * Place Jean-Pierre-Lévy
 * Place de la Madeleine
 * Place de Narvik
 * Place du Pérou
 * Place Prosper-Goubaux
 * Place de la Reine-Astrid
 * Place de la République-de-l'Équateur

 * Place de la République-Dominicaine
 * Place de Rio-de-Janeiro
 * Place Saint-Augustin
 * Place des Saussaies
 * Place des Ternes
 * Rond-point des Champs-Élysées-Marcel-Dassault
 * Square Beaujon
 * Square de Berlin
 * Square de la Fondation Rothschild
 * Square Jean-Perrin
 * Square Louis XVI
 * Square Marcel-Pagnol
 * Square du Roule

Education
There are two public sixth-form colleges (lycée) in the 8th arrondissement: Lycée Chaptal and Lycée Racine.

Private high schools:
 * Cours Hattemer
 * Lycée Fénelon Sainte-Marie

The École de langue japonaise de Paris (パリ日本語補習校 Pari Nihongo Hoshūkō), a supplementary Japanese education programme, has its offices at the Association Amicale des Ressortissants Japonais en France (AARJF) in the 8th arrondissement. The classes are held at the École Maternelle et Primaire Saint Francois d'Eylau in the 16th arrondissement.

Intégrale : Institut d'enseignement supérieur privé has one of its campuses in the 8th arrondissement.

Harvard Business School's Europe Research Centre is located in rue Francois 1er.

title: 8th arrondissement of Paris


text:
9th arrondissement of Paris

The 9th arrondissement of Paris (IXe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, it is referred to as le neuvième ("ninth").

The arrondissement, called Opéra, is located on the right bank of the River Seine. It contains many places of cultural, historical and architectural interest, including the Palais Garnier (home to the Paris Opera), on the Place de l'Opéra, together with the InterContinental Paris Le Grand Hotel's Café de la Paix, as well as Boulevard Haussmann, with the Galeries Lafayette and Printemps, two large department stores, in addition to the Le Figaro newspaper. It hosts two historic churches, noted for their classical architecture, art and decoration: Saint-Louis-d'Antin (18th c.) and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette (19th c.).

The arrondissement also contains a number of theatres and music venues including the Olympia, Folies Bergère, Théâtre Mogador, Théâtre Édouard VII and Théâtre de Paris. Along with the 2nd and 8th arrondissements, it hosts one of the business centres of Paris, located around the Palais Garnier.

In 2019, the 9th arrondissement had a population of 60,026.

Geography
The land area of this arrondissement is 2.179 km2.

Main streets and squares

 * Place de l'Opéra
 * Boulevard des Capucines (partial)
 * Boulevard des Italiens (partial)
 * Rue Bleue
 * Rue des Martyrs (partial)
 * Boulevard Haussmann (partial)
 * Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin
 * Passage du Havre
 * Square Montholon
 * Boulevard de Clichy (partial)
 * Rue La Fayette (partial)
 * Rue de Provence (partial)
 * Rue Saint-Lazare (partial)
 * Place de Clichy (partial)
 * Rue de la Victoire
 * Rue de Caumartin
 * Rue Laffitte
 * Place Pigalle

Places of interest

 * Bibliothèque-Musée de l'Opéra National de Paris
 * Folies Bergère at 32, Rue Richer
 * Fondation Dosne-Thiers
 * Hôtel Drouot, auction house
 * Opera Garnier ("Paris Opera")
 * Galeries Lafayette (flagship store) at 40, Boulevard Haussmann
 * Paris Olympia
 * Printemps department store (flagship store)
 * Maison Souquet, hotel
 * Musée de la Franc-Maçonnerie
 * Musée Grévin
 * Musée Gustave Moreau at 14, Rue de la Rochefoucauld
 * Musée du Parfum
 * Musée de la Vie Romantique
 * Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, Paris
 * Parts of Pigalle area
 * Saint-Louis-d'Antin historic church (18th c.)
 * Takashimaya Paris

Wikimedia France has its offices in the arrondissement, at 28 Rue de Londres.

Economy

Groupe Danone has its head office in the 17 Boulevard Haussmann building in the 9th arrondissement. Danone moved there in 2002.

BNP Paribas has its head office in the arrondissement. Crédit Industriel et Commercial. Kroll Inc. also has an office in this arrondissement.

DotEmu has its head office in the 9th arrondissement.

Gameloft has its registered office and head office in the 9th arrondissement. It is on the fifth floor of 14 rue Auber.

Until June 1995, the head office of Société Générale was located in this arrondissement. On that month the head office moved to the Société Générale Towers. The former head office remains as the company's registered office.

Google Paris has its offices within the arrondissement.

The fashion School MOD'SPE Paris is also located in the arrondissement.

Demographics
The peak population of the 9th arrondissement occurred in 1901, when it had 124,011 inhabitants. Since then, the arrondissement has widely attracted business activity. As a result, the population was in 1999 only 55,838 inhabitants, while it held 111,939 jobs.

title: 9th arrondissement of Paris


text:
Li Zongren

Li Zongren (13 August 1890 – 30 January 1969; also known as Li Tsung-jen), courtesy name Telin (Te-lin; ), was a prominent Chinese warlord based in Guangxi and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. He served as vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China under the 1947 Constitution.

Early life
Li Zongren was born in Xixiang Village (西鄉村), near Guilin in Guangxi, the second eldest in a Han family of five boys and three girls. His father, Li Peiying (李培英), was a village schoolmaster. After a patchy education Li enrolled in a provincial military school. He joined the Tongmenghui, the revolutionary party of Sun Yat-sen, in 1910 but had little understanding at that time of Sun's wider goals of reform and national reunification. Li's native province of Guangxi was also the home province of Taiping Gen. Li Xiucheng, to whom Li's family claimed to be related.

Early military service
Schooled under Cai E, Li graduated from the Guilin Military Cadre Training School and in 1916 became a platoon commander in the army of Guangxi warlord Lu Rongting. Li's direct superior was Lin Hu. Lu, the governor of Guangxi, was a former bandit who had ambitions to expand into neighboring provinces, especially Guangdong. For the next few years the warlords of Guangxi and Guangdong were involved in mutually destructive battles, and both occupied portions of each other's territory at various times. Lu and his closest associates were collectively known as the Old Guangxi Clique. During a battle with a rival warlord in Hunan in 1918, Li's bravery earned him a promotion to battalion commander.

In 1921 Li Zongren accompanied Lin Hu and Lu Rongting in Lu's second invasion of Guangdong, attacking forces under the command of Chen Jiongming. When Lu's invasion suffered a disastrous defeat, Li led the rear guard when the Old Guangxi Clique forces retreated. Most of Lin Hu's officers were former bandits and militia recruited earlier by Lin from the Zhuang areas of Guangdong. During the campaign many of Lin's officers defected to the Guangdong forces, taking their units with them. In the face of defeat Li Zongren's battalion shrunk to about 1000 men and "sank into the grasses" in order to escape.

Rise to power
After Lu's defeat, most of his army dissolved into independent bands of soldiers, many of whom resorted to banditry in order to survive. Foreign missionaries and aid workers active in Guangxi at this time reported that banditry in Guangxi was extremely common and severe, with bandits commonly looting all food and valuables from undefended villages and resorting to murder and public cannibalism in order to extort ransoms from the relatives of people they kidnapped. Li, intending to become more than a bandit, began building a personal military force of professional soldiers that became the equal of any group of bandits or Zhuang irregulars that Lu Rongting drew on in his war to re-establish his power in Guangxi. Li joined Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang after Sun established a base in Guangdong.

As chaos became the norm in Guangxi, Li became the independent commander of an area several counties large on the Guangdong border, and was joined by his old friend and colleague Huang Shaoxiong. The administration of Li and Huang was credited with keeping the area they controlled relatively free of the bandits and petty battles that plagued Guangxi at the time. In 1924, while Lu was besieged by rebels in Guilin, Li and his colleagues peacefully occupied the provincial capital, Nanning. Lu then fled and took refuge in French Indochina. The next month Sun Yat-sen, from his base of operations in Guangdong, recognized Li Zongren and his allies Huang Shaoxing and Bai Chongxi as the rulers of Guangxi. Together they became known as the New Guangxi Clique.

Kuomintang general
Li reorganized his forces as the "Guangxi Pacification Army". He was named the Commander in Chief, Huang Shaohong the deputy Commander and Bai Chongxi the Chief of Staff. By August they had driven all other contenders out of the province. Li Zongren was military governor of Guangxi from 1924 to 1925 and from 1925 to 1949 Guangxi remained under his influence.

In 1926 Li allowed his soldiers to enroll in Kuomintang armies, but kept personal control of his troops. A Soviet adviser was sent to Guangxi, and Li's forces were renamed the Seventh Army Corps. Li went on to be a commanding general in the Northern Expedition, during which he was appointed commander of the 4th Army Group, composed of the Guangxi Army and other provincial forces amounting to 16 corps and six independent divisions.

Li's first victories as a Nationalist general were in Hunan, where he defeated rival warlord Wu Peifu in two successive battles and captured the provincial capital, Wuhan, in 1926. After these victories Li became a famous and popular general within the KMT, and his army became variously known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". When Wang Jingwei installed a left-leaning KMT faction in Wuhan, Borodin attempted to recruit Li to join the Communists, but Li was loyal to Chiang Kai-shek and refused. Against the advice of his Soviet advisors, Li then marched up the north side of the Yangze to attack the forces of warlord Sun Chuanfang. Sun was the leader of the "League of Five Provinces" (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi), and successfully halted Chiang's advance into his territory in Jiangxi. Li went on to defeat Sun in three successive battles, securing his territories for the KMT.

By the time Li Zongren defeated Sun Chuanfang, he had gained a reputation as being strongly opposed to communism and highly suspicious of the Comintern in China, and his army was one of the few KMT detachments free from serious Communist influence. After being assured of his support, Chiang had Li's units redeployed to the new capital of Nanjing. He then used Li's Guangxi armies to purge his own First Division of Communists. In the resulting White Terror, thousands of suspected Communists were summarily executed. Li's close subordinate, Bai Chongxi, was notable for his important role in this purge.

In April 1928 Li, with Bai Chongxi, led the Fourth Army group in an advance on Beijing, capturing Handan, Baoding and Shijiazhuang by June 1. Zhang Zuolin withdrew from Beijing on June 3, and Li's army seized the city and Tianjin. After the fall of Wang Jingwei's government in Wuhan and the expulsion of all Soviet advisors from KMT-held territories, Li was put in charge of one of five KMT political councils set up to administer KMT-controlled territories, based in Wuhan. In January 1929 he dismissed Nanjing's appointee to the Hunan provincial committee and, fearing retribution, uncharacteristically fled to the foreign concessions in Shanghai. Chiang then arranged for Li and his two closest subordinates to be stripped of their posts within the government and expelled from the Party for life.

Return to Guangxi
After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek, Li Zongren returned to Guangxi and devoted himself to that province's internal administration, with some success. In 1929 he supported Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan in his attempt to form an alternative central government based in Beijing, leading to the Central Plains War. Li led troops to reconquer Hunan as far north as Yueyang, before Chiang's decisive defeat of Yan and his ally, Feng Yuxiang, forced Li to withdraw back to Guangxi.

Following Yan's defeat in the Central Plains War, Li allied with Chen Jitang after Chen became the chairman of the government of Guangdong in 1931, and prepared to battle Chiang Kai-shek. Another civil war would have broken out if Japan had not invaded Manchuria, prompting Li and Chiang to end their hostilities and unite against the Empire of Japan.

Second Sino-Japanese War
In 1937 full-scale war between Japan and China broke out, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Chiang Kai-shek attempted to make use of Li's military experience by promoting him to be the director of the KMT Fifth War Zone. Li's first action against the Japanese came in the 1938 Battle of Taierzhuang, after the Communist Zhou Enlai (who was aiding the Nationalists as part of the United Front) recognized Li as the most capable Nationalist general available and used his influence to have Li appointed overall commander, despite Chiang's reservations about Li's loyalty.

Under Li's command the defense of Tai'erzhuang was a major victory for the Chinese, killing 20,000–30,000 Japanese soldiers and capturing a large amount of supplies and equipment. The victory was principally credited to Li's planning and use of tactics, luring the Japanese into a trap and then annihilating them. The battle of Taierzhuang was one of the first major Chinese victories in the war against Japan, proving that with good weapons and inspired leadership Chinese armies could hold their own. Li also participated in the Battle of Xuzhou, Battle of Wuhan, Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang, 1939–40 Winter Offensive, Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang, Central Hubei Operation, and Battle of South Henan.

From 1943 to 1945 Li was made Director of the Generalissimo's Headquarters. This was a virtual and unwanted retirement from active command after his earlier successes. Li spent the last years of the war grumbling about his enforced inactivity.

Chinese Civil War
After the war, Li was given the post of Director of the Beiping Field Headquarters from 1945 to 1947. This was a post without effective power, and he was sidelined from command in the early part of the Chinese Civil War.

On 28 April 1948 Li was elected by the National Assembly as the vice-president, five days after his political opponent Chiang Kai-shek became the president (Chiang had opposed Li's appointment, supporting Sun Fo's candidacy instead). Chiang resigned the next year, on 21 January 1949, as a response to several serious Chinese Communist victories in northern China, and Li became the acting president the next day.

After the resignation of Chiang from the presidency, Mao Zedong momentarily halted attacks against Kuomintang territories, attempting to negotiate a KMT surrender. Mao's Eight Points, the conditions that he demanded for an end to the civil war, were:

 * 1) Punish all war criminals (Chiang Kai-shek was considered "number one")
 * 2) Abolish the invalid 1947 constitution;
 * 3) Abolish the KMT legal system;
 * 4) Reorganize the Nationalist armies;
 * 5) Confiscate all bureaucratic capital;
 * 6) Reform the land-tenure system;
 * 7) Abolish all treasonous treaties; and,
 * 8) Convene a full Political Consultative Conference to form a democratic coalition government.

Recognizing that agreeing to these points would effectively surrender control of China to the CPC, Li attempted to negotiate milder conditions that might have led to an end to the civil war, but in vain. In April 1949, when the Communists recognized that Li was unlikely to accept their conditions, they offered Li an ultimatum to accept within five days. When he refused, the Communists resumed their campaign.

Li's attempts to negotiate with the Communists were interpreted by some in the KMT as "pacifist attacks", and increased tensions between Li and Chiang (whose relationship was already strained). Li attempted to negotiate a settlement with the Communists based on the implementation of Li's Seven Great Peace Policies. The policies that Li wanted to carry out were:

 * 1) "Bandit pacification commands" (剿總) to be controlled by military officers
 * 2) Overly strict orders are to be more lenient
 * 3) Eliminate anti-communist special commando units (戡亂建國總隊)
 * 4) Release political prisoners
 * 5) Allow press freedom
 * 6) Eliminate unusual cruelty in punishment
 * 7) Eliminate arrest of civilians without proper reasons

Li's attempts to carry out his policies faced varying degrees of opposition from Chiang's supporters, and were generally unsuccessful. Chiang especially antagonized Li by taking possession of (and moving to Taiwan) US$200 million of gold and US dollars belonging to the central government that Li desperately needed to cover the government's soaring expenses. When the Communists captured the Nationalist capital of Nanjing in April 1949, Li refused to accompany the central government as it fled to Guangdong, instead expressing his dissatisfaction with Chiang by retiring to Guangxi.

Former warlord Yan Xishan, who had fled to Nanjing only one month before, quickly inserted himself into the rivalry, attempting to have Li and Chiang reconcile their differences in the effort to resist the Communists. At Chiang's request Yan visited Li in order to convince Li not to withdraw from public life. Yan broke down in tears while talking of the loss of his home province of Shanxi to the Communists, and warned Li that the Nationalist cause was doomed unless Li went to Guangdong. Li agreed to return under the condition that Chiang surrender most of the gold and US dollars in his possession that belonged to the central government, and that Chiang stop overriding Li's authority. After Yan communicated these demands and Chiang agreed to comply with them, Li departed for Guangdong.

In Guangdong, Li attempted to create a new government composed of both Chiang supporters and those opposed to Chiang. Li's first choice of premier was Chu Cheng, a veteran member of the Kuomintang who had been virtually driven into exile due to his strong opposition to Chiang. After the Legislative Yuan rejected Chu, Li was obliged to choose Yan Xishan instead. By this time Yan was well known for his adaptability, and Chiang welcomed his appointment.

Conflict between Chiang and Li persisted. Although he had agreed to do so as a prerequisite of Li's return, Chiang refused to surrender more than a fraction of the wealth that he had sent to Taiwan. Without being backed by gold or foreign currency, the money issued by Li and Yan quickly declined in value until it became virtually worthless.

Although he did not hold a formal executive position in the government, Chiang continued to issue orders to the army, and many officers continued to obey Chiang rather than Li. The inability of Li to coordinate KMT military forces led him to put into effect a plan of defense that he had contemplated as early as 1948. Instead of attempting to defend all of southern China, Li ordered what remained of the Nationalist armies to withdraw to Guangxi and Guangdong, hoping that he could concentrate all available defenses on this smaller, and more easily defensible, area. The object of this strategy was to maintain a foothold on the Chinese mainland in the hope that the United States would eventually be compelled to enter the war in China on the Nationalist side.

Chiang opposed Li's plan of defense because it would have placed most of the troops still loyal to Chiang under the control of Li and Chiang's other opponents in the central government. To overcome Chiang's intransigence Li began ousting Chiang's supporters within the central government. Yan Xishan continued in his attempts to work with both sides, creating the impression among Li's supporters that he was a "stooge" of Chiang, while those who supported Chiang began to bitterly resent Yan for his willingness to work with Li. Because of the rivalry between Chiang and Li, Chiang refused to allow Nationalist troops loyal to him to aid in the defense of Guangxi and Guangdong, with the result that Communist forces occupied Guangdong in October 1949.

Exile
After Guangdong fell to the Communists, Chiang relocated the government to Chongqing, while Li effectively surrendered his powers and flew to New York City for treatment of his chronic duodenum illness at the Hospital of Columbia University. Li visited the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, and denounced Chiang as a "dictator" and a "usurper." Li vowed that he would "return to crush" Chiang's movements once he returned to China.

The Kuomintang defenses continued to fall apart. General Hu Zongnan ignored Li's orders, and the Muslim General Ma Hongkui was furious at this. Ma Hongkui sent a telegram to Li to submit his resignation from all positions he held. Ma Hongkui then fled to Taiwan, and his cousin Ma Hongbin took charge of his positions.

In November 1949, Chongqing fell too, and Chiang relocated his government to Chengdu, before finally moving to Taipei in December 1949. However, he did not formally re-assume the presidency until March 1, 1950. In January 1952, Chiang commanded the Control Yuan, now in Taiwan, to impeach Li in the "Case of Li Zongren's Failure to carry out Duties due to Illegal Conduct" (李宗仁違法失職案), and officially relieved Li of the position as vice-president in the National Assembly on 10 March 1954.

Return to mainland China
Li remained in exile until 20 July 1965, when he caused a sensation by returning to Communist-held China with the support of Zhou Enlai. His return to China was used as propaganda by the Communist government to encourage other KMT members to return to the mainland, regardless of their politics. Li died of duodenal cancer in Beijing in 1969 at 78, during the Cultural Revolution.

Li's residence in mainland China is viewed by some Chinese Communists as Li's "patriotic return to the embrace of his Motherland with smiles", something similar to the former Qing Emperor Puyi's "reformation".

Personal life
Over the course of his career, Li gained a reputation as an ardent militarist and confirmed anti-intellectual, but with a rugged sense of integrity. He was known for disliking music. Like many Chinese leaders in the 1930s, Li was once an admirer of European Fascism, seeing it as a solution to the problems of a once proud nation humbled by internal dissension and external weakness. His ethical attitudes were self-consciously drawn from Confucianism. After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek in 1929, Li often expressed himself in terms of frustrated patriotism. Li was an admirer of the British historian Edward Gibbon and his monumental historical work, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

Li and his close staff member, the Muslim General Bai Chongxi, were powerful partners in politics and military affairs. They were once given the nickname Li Bai (李白), after the famous poet.

Li was married to Li Xiuwen (李秀文) at 20 in an arranged marriage, but they separated soon afterward. Li Zongren and Li Xiuwen had a son, Li Youlin (李幼鄰). In 1924, Li married Guo Dejie (郭德潔), who died of breast cancer soon after returning with Li to Beijing. Li and Guo had one son: Li Zhisheng (李志聖). Li then remarried to Hu Yousong (胡友松), who was 48 years younger than Li, and the daughter of actress Hu Die. Hu changed her name to Wang Xi (王曦) after Li died, and remarried.

Li Zongren's nephew Alan Lee (李倫) has run a kung fu school in New York City since 1967. A set of Samurai swords and daggers from the Edo period given to Li Zongren as a "gift of truce between enemies who are now friends" by either Seishirō Itagaki or Rensuke Isogai were passed on to Alan Lee as part of the family legacy.

Li co-wrote Memoirs of Li Zongren with historian Tong Tekong. Li's memoir is notable for its vehement criticism of Chiang Kai-shek and its analysis of Japan's strategic failure to conquer China. A more detailed account of Li's life is depicted in the less popular biography My Trusted Aide (Wode Gugong), written by Li's distant relative Namgo Chai.

title: Li Zongren


text:
10th arrondissement of Paris

The 10th arrondissement of Paris (Xe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, the arrondissement is referred to as le dixième ("the tenth", formally le dixième arrondissement de Paris). In 2020, it had a population of 83,459.

The arrondissement, called Entrepôt (warehouse), is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. It contains two of Paris's six main railway stations: the Gare du Nord and the Gare de l'Est. Built during the 19th century, these two termini are among the busiest in Europe. The 10th arrondissement also contains a large portion of the Canal Saint-Martin, linking the northeastern parts of Paris with the Seine.

The current mayor of the 10th arrondissement is Alexandra Cordebard since 2017.

Geography
The land area of the arrondissement is 2.892 km2.

The 10th arrondissement is often referred to as l'Entrepôt. Like all Parisian arrondissements, it is divided into four quartiers (districts):
 * Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, the 37th quartier, has 21,624 people in an area of 92.7 hectares
 * Porte-Saint-Denis, the 38th quartier, has 15,066 people in an area of 47.2 hectares
 * Porte-Saint-Martin, the 39th quartier, has 23,125 people in an area of 60.9 hectares
 * Hôpital-Saint-Louis, the 40th quartier, has 29,870 people in an area of 88.4 hectares

Demographics
The peak population of the 10th arrondissement occurred in 1881, when it had 159,809 inhabitants. Today, the arrondissement remains very dense in both population and business activity, with 89,612 inhabitants and 71,962 jobs at last census in 1999. Due to its large Turkish minority, the 10th arrondissement is often called "La Petite Turquie" (Little Turkey).

Places of interest

 * Canal Saint-Martin
 * Gare de l'Est
 * Gare du Nord
 * Musée de l'Éventail (museum of fans)
 * Passage Brady
 * Passage du Prado
 * Porte Saint-Denis
 * Porte Saint-Martin
 * Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris
 * Church of Saint-Laurent, Paris
 * Théâtre Antoine-Simone Berriau

Streets

 * Rue d'Abbeville
 * Rue Albert-Thomas
 * Rue Alibert
 * Rue d'Alsace
 * Rue Ambroise-Paré
 * Rue de l'Aqueduc
 * Rue Beaurepaire
 * Rue de Belzunce
 * Rue Bichat
 * Boulevard de Bonne-Nouvelle
 * Impasse Bonne-Nouvelle
 * Rue Bossuet
 * Rue Bouchardon
 * Passage Brady
 * Passage du Buisson-Saint-Louis
 * Rue du Buisson-Saint-Louis
 * Rue Cail
 * Rue de Chabrol
 * Rue du Chalet
 * Boulevard de la Chapelle
 * Rue Charles-Robin
 * Rue du Château-d'Eau
 * Rue du Château-Landon

 * Avenue Claude-Vellefaux
 * Rue de Compiègne
 * Rue Demarquay
 * Boulevard de Denain
 * Rue de Dunkerque
 * Rue Eugène-Varlin
 * Rue du Faubourg-du-Temple
 * Rue du Faubourg-Poissonnière
 * Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis
 * Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Martin
 * Rue Fénelon
 * Rue de la Fidélité
 * Rue de la Grange-aux-Belles
 * Rue Guy-Patin
 * Rue d'Hauteville
 * Rue du Huit-Mai-1945
 * Rue de l'Hôpital-Saint-Louis
 * Rue Jacques-Louvel-Tessier
 * Rue Jean-Moinon
 * Rue Jean-Poulmarch
 * Quai de Jemmapes
 * Rue Juliette-Dodu
 * Rue La Fayette

 * Rue de Lancry
 * Rue Léon-Jouhaux
 * Rue Louis-Blanc
 * Rue Lucien-Sampaix
 * Boulevard de Magenta
 * Rue de Marseille
 * Rue Martel
 * Rue de Maubeuge
 * Rue de Mazagran
 * Rue des Messageries
 * Rue de Metz
 * Rue Monseigneur-Rodhain
 * Rue de Nancy
 * Rue de Paradis
 * Avenue Parmentier
 * Rue Perdonnet
 * Rue des Petites-Écuries
 * Rue des Petits-Hôtels
 * Rue Philippe-de-Girard
 * Rue des Récollets
 * Rue René-Boulanger
 * Avenue Richerand
 * Rue Robert-Blache

 * Rue de Rocroy
 * Boulevard Saint-Denis
 * Impasse Sainte-Marthe
 * Rue Sainte-Marthe
 * Rue Saint-Laurent
 * Boulevard Saint-Martin
 * Rue Saint-Maur
 * Rue de Saint-Quentin
 * Rue Saint-Vincent-de-Paul
 * Rue de Sambre-et-Meuse
 * Rue Sibour
 * Boulevard de Strasbourg
 * Rue du Terrage
 * Rue Tesson
 * Rue Taylor
 * Quai de Valmy
 * Avenue de Verdun
 * Rue Vicq-D'Azir
 * Boulevard de la Villette
 * Rue des Vinaigriers
 * Rue Yves-Toudic

Squares

 * Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad
 * Place du Colonel-Fabien
 * Place du Docteur-Alfred-Fournier
 * Place Franz-Liszt
 * Place Napoléon-III
 * Place de la République
 * Place de Roubaix
 * Place Sainte-Marthe
 * Place de Valenciennes
 * Square Alban-Satragne

 * Square Amadou-Hampate Ba
 * Square Aristide-Cavaillé-Col
 * Square des Recollets
 * Square Eugène-Varlin
 * Square Frédérick-Lemaître
 * Square Henri-Christiné
 * Square Juliette-Dodu
 * Square Raoul-Follereau
 * Square Robert-Blache
 * Square Saint-Laurent

title: 10th arrondissement of Paris


text:
11th arrondissement of Paris

The 11th arrondissement of Paris (XIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, the arrondissement is referred to as le onzième ("the eleventh").

The arrondissement, called Popincourt, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. It is one of the most densely populated urban districts of any European city. In 2020, it had a population of 144,292. It is the best-served Parisian arrondissement in terms of number of Métro stations, at 25.

Its borders are marked by three large squares: the Place de la République to the northwest, the Place de la Bastille to the southwest, as well as the Place de la Nation to the southeast.

Description
The 11th arrondissement is a varied and engaging area. To the west lies the Place de la République, which is linked to the Place de la Bastille, in the east, by the sweeping, tree-lined Boulevard Richard-Lenoir, with its large markets and children's parks. The Place de la Bastille and the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine are full of fashionable cafés, restaurants, as well as nightlife; they also contain a range of boutiques and galleries. The Oberkampf district to the north is another popular area for nightlife. The east is more residential, with more wholesale commerce, while the areas around Boulevard Voltaire and Avenue Parmentier are livelier crossroads for the local community. In recent years this area has emerged as one of the trendiest parts of Paris.

On 13 November 2015, the arrondissement was the site (among others) of coordinated Islamic shootings and bombings, particularly at the Bataclan theatre, which left 130 dead. About 20 years earlier, another attack had taken place.

Geography
The land area of this arrondissement is 3.666 km2.

Demographics
The peak population of Paris's 11th arrondissement occurred in 1911, with 242,295 inhabitants. Today, the arrondissement remains the most densely populated in Paris, accompanied by a large volume of business activity: 149,102 inhabitants and 71,962 jobs in the last census, in 1999.

The population consists of a large number of single adults, though its eastern portions are more family-oriented. There is a strong community spirit in most areas of the eleventh, and it is interspersed with pleasant squares and parks.

Places of interest

 * Cirque d'hiver
 * Sainte-Marguerite, Paris
 * Église Saint-Ambroise
 * ESCP-EAP
 * Musée Édith Piaf
 * Musée du Fumeur

Streets

 * Rue Abel-Rabaud
 * Rue Alexandre-Dumas
 * Rue Amelot
 * Rue Auguste-Laurent
 * Rue Basfroi
 * Boulevard Beaumarchais
 * Boulevard de Belleville
 * Cité Bertrand
 * Passage Beslay
 * Rue des Bluets
 * Passage de la Bonne-Graine
 * Rue des Boulets
 * Avenue de Bouvines
 * Rue de Candie
 * Rue Chanzy
 * Passage Charles-Dallery
 * Rue Charles-Delescluze
 * Boulevard de Charonne
 * Rue de Charonne
 * Rue du Chemin-Vert
 * Rue du Chevet
 * Rue Chevreul

 * Rue de Crussol
 * Rue Darboy
 * Rue Daval
 * Rue Deguerry
 * Passage Dudouy
 * Rue Faidherbe
 * Rue du Faubourg-du-Temple
 * Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine
 * Boulevard des Filles-du-Calvaire
 * Rue de la Folie-Méricourt
 * Rue de la Folie-Regnault
 * Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi
 * Rue Froment
 * Rue Godefroy-Cavaignac
 * Rue Guillaume-Bertrand
 * Rue des Immeubles-Industriels
 * Rue Jacquard
 * Rue Jean-Pierre-Timbaud
 * Passage Josset
 * Boulevard Jules-Ferry
 * Rue Keller

 * Rue de Lappe
 * Rue La Vacquerie
 * Avenue Ledru-Rollin
 * Rue Léon-Frot
 * Passage Lhomme
 * Rue Louis-Bonnet
 * Boulevard de Ménilmontant
 * Rue Merlin
 * Rue de Mont-Louis
 * Rue de Montreuil
 * Rue Morand
 * Rue Moret
 * Rue de Nemours
 * Rue Neuve-Popincourt
 * Rue Oberkampf
 * Rue Omer-Talon
 * Rue de l'Orillon
 * Avenue Parmentier
 * Rue du Pasteur-Wagner
 * Rue Paul-Bert
 * Avenue Philippe-Auguste

 * Rue de la Pierre-Levée
 * Rue Popincourt
 * Rue Rampon
 * Avenue de la République
 * Boulevard Richard-Lenoir
 * Rue de la Roquette
 * Rue Saint-Ambroise
 * Passage Saint-Antoine
 * Rue Saint-Bernard
 * Rue Saint-Maur
 * Rue Saint-Sabin
 * Rue Saint-Sébastien
 * Rue Sedaine
 * Rue Servan
 * Boulevard du Temple
 * Rue Ternaux
 * Rue des Trois-Bornes
 * Rue des Trois-Couronnes
 * Avenue du Trône
 * Rue Trousseau
 * Boulevard Voltaire
 * Rue de Belfort

Squares

 * Place du 8 Février 1962
 * Place des Antilles
 * Place de la Bastille
 * Place Léon-Blum
 * Place de la Nation
 * Place Pasdeloup
 * Place de la République
 * Square Bréguet-Sabin

 * Square Colbert
 * Square de la Folie-Régnault
 * Square de la place Pasdeloup
 * Square de la Roquette
 * Square Denis-Poulot
 * Square du Bataclan
 * Square du docteur Antoine-Béclère
 * Square Francis-Lemarque

 * Square Godefroy-Cavaignac
 * Square Jean-Aicard
 * Square Jules-Ferry
 * Square Louis-Majorelle
 * Square Maurice-Gardette
 * Square Mercœur
 * Square Raoul-Nordling
 * Square Saint-Ambroise

title: 11th arrondissement of Paris


text:
12th arrondissement of Paris

The 12th arrondissement of Paris (XIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. Situated on the right bank of the River Seine, it is the easternmost arrondissement of Paris, as well as the largest by area. In 2019, it had a population of 139,297.

The 12th arrondissement comprises the Gare de Lyon and Bois de Vincennes. It borders the inner suburbs of Charenton-le-Pont and Saint-Mandé in Val-de-Marne.

History
It is in the 12th arrondissement that some of the oldest traces of human occupation of the territory now occupied by Paris were found. During the construction of Bercy Village in the 1980s, vestiges of a Neolithic village were discovered (dating from between 4500 and 3800 BC). Subsequent excavations turned up wooden canoes (les pirogues de Bercy), bows and arrows, pottery and bone and stone tools. Some of these objects are now exhibited in the Carnavalet Museum.

During the Roman era, the area that is now the 12th arrondissement was a largely uninhabited wetlands fed by streams originating in the surrounding hills. The area was crossed by a Roman road that linked Paris to Chelles and Meaux to the east and to Melun to the southeast.

The Bois and the Château of Vincennes
In the 11th century, the forest that would later become the bois de Vincennes was considered to be non-arable land. When Hugues Capet, King of the Franks, took up residence on the Île de la Cite, he used the bois de Vincennes as his hunting ground. The bois was then reserved for the exclusive use of the kings of France. Under Philippe Auguste it was enclosed by a 12 km wall. :6 A hunting lodge was built by Louis VII around 1150, which was upgraded to a Manor House by Philippe Auguste, who made it a royal residence that was used over the 1150-1340 period. Legend has it that Louis IX, Saint Louis, administered justice under an oak tree in what is now the bois de Vincennes

The long process of turning this residence into a fortified castle, the Château de Vincennes, began in about 1337, when Philippe VI de Valois decided to build a dungeon near the Manor House. Progressive upgrades by subsequent kings led to the construction of the fortifications, the Saint Chapelle de Vincennes and several residences within the fortified walls that were designed to cater to royal tastes and standards of living. The last king to use the Chateau extensively as a royal residence was Louis XIV, who later abandoned it in favour of the Chateau de Versailles.

Emergence of a community of artisans
In 1198, Foulques de Neuilly, preacher of the 4th crusade, built a small hermitage for reformed prostitutes in the marshes of what was to become the 12th arrondissement. In 1204, a Cistercian abbey, Saint Anthony of the Fields, was founded outside and to the east of the walls of Paris. The Abbaye was protected by fortified walls and a moat. :14. Its church was dedicated to Saint Antoine, which gave the name, Faubourg Saint Antoine (Saint Anthony's suburb), to the neighbourhood that grew up around the Abbey.

The Abbey housed nuns (moniales) and, quite quickly, became an institution dominated by noble women with direct connections to both the royal house and other major noble families. The Abbesse was referred to as the Dame du Faubourg. Over several centuries, the Abbey benefited from the fact that these women were well integrated into the reigning economic and political power structures of Paris.

The Faubourg developed a specialty in furniture making and, especially, in cabinet making. The development was due mainly to the protection and favours accorded by the kings of France to the Abbey and its dependents, including a dispensation from taxes for artisans working in the territory of the Abbey. Moreover, in 1471, Louis XI authorised these artisans to work freely, without being subject to the control of the guilds. :12 Over the years, the artisans of the Faubourg developed a solid international reputation that attracted skilled craftsmen from all over Europe. :275 Since many of these artisans were Protestants, many were killed in August 1572 during the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre. :14 Starting in the 17th century, the Royal Mirror Manufacture was established in the Faubourg and further consolidated its reputation. This institution this would later become the multinational enterprise, Saint Gobain.

The distinctive courtyards and narrow passageways that characterise the Faubourg served groups of craftsmen who lived and worked together in the same building. This social organisation of production gradually faded out and had disappeared entirely by the final decades of the 20th century. :277 With the urban redevelopment of the 1980s, the plan was to use the repurposed arches under the railway viaduc of the defunct Paris-Vincennes line to house artisans' workshops. The resulting Viaduc des Arts provides workshops for a wide array of specialised crafts. Nevertheless, most traces of the furniture-making activity in the Faubourg have disappeared, though the École Boule, a famous school for furniture design founded in 1886 :51 and located in the 12th arrondissement, continues to bear witness to this ancient artisanal tradition.

The country estates of the nobility
The area next to the Seine that is now the 12th arrondissement was favoured by the French aristocracy as the site for their luxurious country estates. These included the 'folie Rambouillet' which built by the Protestant financier and royal counsellor, Nicolas de Rambouillet, between 1633 and 1635. The property was further developed by Madame de la Sablière (1636–1693), who received prominent non-Catholic ambassadors there prior to their formal entry into Paris. She also hosted elegant receptions and salons there and offered lodging to the poet, Jean de la Fontaine. The estate was particularly known for its gardens, which were left open for the public to visit. In 1719, the estate was sold to the banker, John Law, who converted the gardens into leased vegetable plots. :16-17, Located at about the current placement of the Gare de Lyon, the estate had been completely dismantled by 1737, as shown by a map of this area dated that year. :17

Another major estate was the 17th and 18th century Château de Bercy, which straddled the village of Charenton and the eastern part of the 12th arrondissement. Its gardens were developed by the famous landscape architect, André le Notre. Built on a promontory overlooking the Seine, the Chateau offered broad views over formal French gardens and the river. Starting in 1804, the rapid development of the wine trade in the vicinity of the castle brought heavy river and road traffic and initiated what was to become a progressive abandonment of the property. The château itself was destroyed in 1861.

The Revolution and 19th century political turmoil
The artisans and workers of the Faubourg played a key role in the French Revolution and the violent political turmoil of the 19th century. Residents of the Faubourg were instrumental in the taking of the Bastille on 14 July 1789. There were only seven prisoners left in the Bastille at that point and the action cost the lives of 98 attackers as well as most of the rather small contingent of soldiers charged with defending it. Of the 954 people who received official recognition for being 'conquerors of the Bastille', most were artisans and workers from the Faubourg Saint Antoine. :24

The unauthorised demolition of the Bastille began the day after the Bastille was taken when an entrepreneurial business man, Pierre-François Palloy, recruited a team to tear down the fortress. Recovered construction materials were subsequently sold, along with various mementos of the infamous building (keys, paper weights, etc.). :272

The neighbourhood also played a prominent role in the Reign of Terror that followed. In the southern part of what is now the Place de la Nation, a guillotine was erected in June 1794. Of the 2,498 people guillotined in Paris during the Revolution, 1,306 were beheaded there. Their bodies were then thrown into two mass graves in what is now the nearby Picpus Cemetery. After the Revolution, the Faubourg remained a hotbed of revolutionary activity, including during the July Revolution, the 1848 Revolution and the Paris Commune.

Urban development in the 19th century
From 1815 onwards, the neighbourhoods that would later become the 12th arrondissement were the focus of far-reaching urban development projects. These include construction of: the July Column (Colonne de Juillet) on the Place de la Bastille (1830); the Halle Beauvau (the covered market on the Rue d'Aligre, 1843); the mainline Gare de Lyon (1847–1852) and the Paris-Vincennes rail line that terminated at the Gare de la Bastille (1855). The development of the railway lines had a major impact on the 12th arrondissement; at its height, the rail network (including space for servicing it) accounted for 20% of the 12th arrondissement's land area and basically cut it in two. :65

Haussmann was also active in this sector, creating arteries that would later take the names of boulevard Diderot (1854), rue Chaligny (1856), avenue Daumesnil (1859) and rue Crozatier (1861). Between 1855 and 1866, the Bois de Vincennes was refurbished by order of Napoleon III, who wanted it to become a "vast park for the working populations of eastern Paris".

La Place de la Nation received its current name on 14 July 1880. Prior to that date, it was called the place du Trône, in honour of the entry into Paris of Louis XIV and his new wife, Marie-Thérèse of Austria. Le columns and associated taxation offices that can still be seen on the eastern portion of the place, were part of a much broader set of some 60 tax barriers surrounding Paris that were designed by the architect, Claude Ledoux. Built in 1787, tax officials were stationed there to collect revenues from people as they entered Paris with their merchandise. During the reign of Louis-Philippe (1830–1848), the statues of two French kings were placed on the tops of the two columns: Saint Louis (Louis IX) is on the 11th arrondissement side and Philippe Auguste on the 12th arrondissement side. The sculpture that dominates the central part of the Place, Jules Dalou's Le Triomphe de la République, was originally a contender, but not the winner, of a competition for a sculpture to be erected on the Place de la République. However, in 1880, responding to popular demand, the municipal council decided to order the statue for the Place de la Nation. Due to various delays, the finished statue in bronze was not installed on the site until 1899. :280

Creation of the present-day arrondissement
From an administrative point of view, the present-day 12th arrondissement was created by law of 16 June 1859, which rearranged Paris into the 20 arrondissements known today. The law also extended the arrondissement by absorbing parts of the villages of Bercy (including the wine warehouses of Bercy) and Saint-Mandé.

The first town hall, located to the southeast of the current town hall, was burned down by the Commune. The current town hall was built in 1876 on Avenue Daumesnil, following the plans of architect Antoine-Julien Hénard.

The Bois de Vincennes was given to the City of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III in 1860, but was not officially integrated into the 12th arrondissement until 1926.

Urban renewal in the 20th century
The arrondissement benefited from numerous urban renewal and public works projects, many of them initiated during the 1980s. Two of the eight 'Grands Projets of Francois Mitterrand' that were the hallmark of his presidency were located in the 12th arrondissement. These were the Opéra de la Bastille and the Ministry of the Economy and Finance building.

Major projects in the eastern section of the arrondissement include the French Ministry of Finances, Bercy Village, the Parc de Bercy and the Bercy arena, now renamed Accorhotels Arena. Much of the land these structures now occupy was formerly district of wine warehouses for wine and spirits arriving by river transport from Burgundy and the Loire. :284

Farther to the west, the arrondissement also features the Opéra de la Bastille, the second largest opera house in Paris. It was inaugurated by Francois Mitterrand in 1989, on the 200th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille.

The Coulée verte René-Dumont (or Promenade plantée) was developed at the same time as the Opéra de la Bastille. It is a 4.7 km elevated linear park built on top of obsolete railway infrastructure. The Viaduc des Arts, a string of workshops for skilled artisans, is also part of this development. It is located at the base of the western part of the Coulée verte René-Dumont.

Places of interest
Like most neighbourhoods in Paris, the 12th arrondissement offers a rich array of historically important and aesthetically appealing sites. For the 12th, these sites emerged mainly from development during the 19th century and from the late 20th century urban renewal projects. They include:
 * Place de la Bastille (shared by the 4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements)
 * Opéra Bastille
 * Faubourg Saint-Antoine
 * Bois de Vincennes
 * Château de Vincennes
 * Jardin du Bassin de l'Arsenal
 * Cimetière de Picpus
 * Musée des Arts Forains
 * Palais de la Porte Dorée (Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration)
 * Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy
 * Parc de Bercy
 * Paris Zoological Park (also known as Zoo de Vincennes)
 * Promenade plantée
 * Viaduc des arts.

Geography
The land area of this arrondissement is 16.324 km2, two-thirds of which consists of the Bois de Vincennes park. Excluding the Bois de Vincennes, its land area is 6.377 km2.

Demographics
The peak of population of Paris's 12th arrondissement occurred in 1962 and was followed by three decades of decline. More recently, however, the population has begun to grow again, especially since the urban renewal projects of the 1990s. However, the 2018 census showed a slight decline in population.

title: 12th arrondissement of Paris


text:
17th arrondissement of Paris

The 17th arrondissement of Paris (XVIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, it is referred to as le dix-septième ("the seventeenth").

The arrondissement, known as Batignolles-Monceau, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. In 2019, it had a population of 166,543. It borders the inner suburbs of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Levallois-Perret and Clichy in Hauts-de-Seine to the northwest, as well as Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine in Seine-Saint-Denis to the northeast.

Geography
The land area of the 17th arrondissement is 5.669 km2.

Situated on the right bank (Rive Droite) of the River Seine, it is divided into four administrative districts: Ternes and Monceau in the southwestern part, two upper-class districts which are more Haussmannian in style; in the middle of the arrondissement, the Batignolles district, an area mostly occupied by young families or couples, with a marked gentrification process; in the northeastern part, the Épinettes district, a former industrial district gone residential, which is mainly middle class and also experiencing a less advanced gentrification process.

The town hall of the 17th arrondissement is on the Rue des Batignolles. It is the only town hall of Paris to be located in a modern building. The original building was torn down in 1971 to make room for the current edifice. The 17th arrondissement also hosts the Palais des Congrès of Paris, a large exhibition centre with an associated high-rise hotel, the Hyatt Regency Paris Étoile, the largest in the city.

Demographics
The peak population of Paris's 17th arrondissement was reached in 1954, when it had 231,987 inhabitants. Today, the arrondissement remains dense in population and business activity, with 160,860 inhabitants and 92,267 jobs as of the 1999 census.

Economy
The southwestern part of the arrondissement is very dense in offices, mostly for services. Several large companies have their headquarters there. The head office of Dailymotion is located in the Immeuble Horizons 17. When it existed, Gaz de France had its head office in the 17th arrondissement.

Batignolles and Épinettes, two former industrial areas, are now mostly residential. The area around the Avenue de Clichy, shared with the 8th, 9th and 18th arrondissements, is occupied by a great variety of shops, making it the third-largest avenue of Paris in terms of sales.

Places of interest

 * Arc de Triomphe (partial)
 * Marché des Batignolles
 * Marché Poncelet
 * Rue de Levis
 * Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner
 * Palais des Congrès and Hôtel Concorde Lafayette
 * Square des Batignolles
 * Cité des Fleurs
 * Place de Clichy
 * Parc Clichy-Batignolles
 * Square des Épinettes
 * Notre-Dame-de-la-Compassion, Paris (former royal chapel with stained glass designed by Ingres)
 * Sainte-Odile, Paris, an Art Deco church with the tallest bell-tower in Paris

Education
The Swedish school Svenska Skolan Paris is located in the arrondissement.

title: 17th arrondissement of Paris


text:
18th arrondissement of Paris

The 18th arrondissement of Paris (XVIIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements, or administrative districts, of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as dix-huitième.

The arrondissement, known as Butte-Montmartre, is located on the right bank of the River Seine. It is mostly known for hosting the large hill of Montmartre, which is known for its artistic history, the Bateau-Lavoir where Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Amedeo Modigliani lived and worked in the early 20th century, the house of music diva Dalida, the Moulin Rouge cabaret, other historic features, and the prominent Sacré Cœur basilica which sits atop the hill.

The 18th arrondissement also contains Goutte d'Or district, which has large numbers of residents of North and sub-Saharan African origins, and which is famous for its market, the marché Barbès, which sells products from Africa.

Geography
The land area of this arrondissement is exactly 6.005 km2.

Demographics
The population of Paris's 18th arrondissement peaked in 1931 with 288,810 inhabitants. Today, the arrondissement remains very dense in population and business activity with 200,631 inhabitants as of the most recent census (2009).

Immigration
In 2012, John Henley of The Guardian said the 18th arrondissement was "an area comparable in many ways to London's Tower Hamlets."

Places of interest

 * Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris
 * Basilica of Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc (Paris)
 * Église Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre
 * Église Saint-Bernard de la Chapelle
 * Moulin Rouge
 * Musée d'Art Naïf – Max Fourny
 * Montmartre Synagogue

The Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Europe has its headquarters in the arrondissement.

Districts within the 18th arrondissement

 * Montmartre
 * Pigalle
 * Goutte d'Or, a working-class neighborhood in the arrondissement
 * Quartier de La Chapelle

Economy
Dailymotion formerly had its headquarters in the arrondissement. In addition, Dargaud also has its headquarters there.

title: 18th arrondissement of Paris


text:
19th arrondissement of Paris

The 19th arrondissement of Paris (XIXe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as dix-neuvième.

The arrondissement, known as Butte-Chaumont, is situated on the right bank of the River Seine. It is crossed by two canals, the Canal Saint-Denis and the Canal de l'Ourcq, which meet near the Parc de la Villette.

The 19th arrondissement, mixing the Old French bohemianism and also the Parisian cosmopolitanism, includes two public parks: the Parc des Buttes Chaumont, located on a hill, and the Parc de la Villette, which is home to the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, a museum and exhibition centre, the Conservatoire de Paris, one of the most renowned music schools in Europe, the Cabaret Sauvage, the Zénith de Paris and the Philharmonie de Paris, both part of the Cité de la Musique.

Geography
The land area of the arrondissement is 6.786 km2.

Demographics
The population of the 19th arrondissement has been constantly increasing since 1975. At the last census, in 2009, the population was 184,787 inhabitants. 68,101 people worked in the arrondissement in 1999.

This sector has become the home for many immigrants to France, particularly from North Africa.

Places of interest

 * Parc des Buttes Chaumont
 * Parc de la Villette
 * Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge
 * The Cent Quatre arts centre
 * Église Saint-Serge, Paris, Russian Orthodox church

Notable People

 * Kylian Mbappe, professional footballer

title: 19th arrondissement of Paris


text:
20th arrondissement of Paris

The 20th arrondissement of Paris (known in French as the XXe arrondissement de Paris or simply as "le vingtième") is the last of the consecutively numbered arrondissements of the capital city of France. Also known as Ménilmontant after the Ménilmontant neighbourhood it encompasses in its northwest, it is on the right bank of the River Seine and contains some of the city's most cosmopolitan districts. It covers four quarters: Belleville, Saint-Fargeau, Père-Lachaise and Charonne. In 2019, it had a population of 194,994.

The 20th arrondissement is internationally best known for its Père Lachaise Cemetery, the world's most-visited cemetery where one can find the tombs of a number of famous people.

Geography
The land area of this arrondissement is 5.984 km2.

Demographics
The population of Paris's 20th arrondissement peaked in 1936, when it had 208,115 inhabitants. Today it remains very dense in population and business activity with 197,067 inhabitants in 2009 and 54,786 jobs as of the last census in 1999.

Places of interest
Containing the tombs of many famous artists: composers (such as Frédéric Chopin and Gioacchino Rossini), writers (including Oscar Wilde, Honoré de Balzac, and Marcel Proust), painters (Camille Pissarro, Jacques-Louis David, Eugène Delacroix, and others), musicians (Jim Morrison of The Doors and Edith Piaf among others), and the playwright Molière.
 * Parc de Belleville
 * Père Lachaise Cemetery
 * Church of Saint-Jean-Bosco, Paris. One of the few Art Deco churches in Paris, built 1933–1938. It retains its original Art Deco decoration.
 * Saint-Germain de Charonne, Paris. One of the oldest churches in Paris.

Important districts

 * Quarter of Belleville
 * Neighbourhood of Ménilmontant
 * Quarter of Charonne

Government and infrastructure
The Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE) has its head office in the arrondissement.

Media
The humour publication Charlie Hebdo had its head office in the arrondissement.

Education
Senior high schools include:
 * Lycée Hélène Boucher
 * Lycée Maurice-Ravel
 * Lycée Charles-de-Gaulle
 * Lycée Beth Yacov
 * Lycée Heikhal Menahem Sinaï

Other institutions:
 * École Vitruve

title: 20th arrondissement of Paris


text:
15th arrondissement of Paris

The 15th arrondissement of Paris (XVe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, it is referred to as le quinzième ("the fifteenth").

The 15th arrondissement, called Vaugirard, is situated on the left bank of the River Seine. Sharing the Montparnasse district with the 6th and 14th arrondissements, it is the city's most populous arrondissement, with a population of 229,472 as of 2020. Tour Montparnasse – the tallest skyscraper in Paris – and the neighbouring Gare Montparnasse are both located in the 15th arrondissement, at its border with the 14th.

It is also home to the high-rise Beaugrenelle district and the Front de Seine riverside development, as well as the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles convention centre, where the 180-metre Tour Triangle is set to house a 120-room hotel and 70,000 square metres of office space in 2026. Close is the Héliport de Paris, the city heliport, just nearby the border with Issy-les-Moulineaux.

History
The loi du 16 juin 1859 decreed the annexation to Paris of the area between the old Wall of the Ferme générale and the Wall of Thiers. The communes of Grenelle, Vaugirard and Javel were incorporated into Paris in 1860.

Politician Charles Michels (born 1903) was elected a deputy for the 15th arrondissement under the Popular Front; he was taken hostage and shot by the Nazis in 1941. A Métro station and street now bear his name.

Quarters
As in all the Parisian arrondissements, the fifteenth is made up of four administrative quarters (quartiers).

 * To the south, quartier Saint-Lambert occupies the former site of the village of Vaugirard, built along an ancient Roman road. The geography of the area was particularly suited to wine-making, as well as quarrying. In fact, many Parisian monuments, such as the École Militaire, were built from Vaugirard stone. The village, not yet being part of Paris, was considered by Parisians to be an agreeable suburb, pleasant for country walks or its cabarets and puppet shows. In 1860 Vaugirard was annexed to Paris, along with adjoining villages. Today, notable attractions in this area include the Parc des Expositions (an exhibition centre which hosts the Foire de Paris, agricultural expositions, in addition to car shows) and Parc Georges-Brassens, a park built on the former site of a slaughterhouse where every year wine by the name of Clos des Morillons is produced and auctioned at the civic centre.
 * To the east, quartier Necker was originally an uninhabited space between Paris and Vaugirard. The most well-known landmarks in the area are the Gare Montparnasse train station and the looming Tour Montparnasse office tower. The area around the train station has been renovated and now contains a number of office and apartment blocks, a park (the Jardin Atlantique, built directly over the train tracks), and a shopping centre. Finally, the quartier contains a number of public buildings: the Lycée Buffon, the Necker Children's Hospital, as well as the private foundation Pasteur Institute.
 * To the north, quartier Grenelle was originally a village of the same name. Grenelle plain extended from the current Hôtel des Invalides to the suburb of Issy-les-Moulineaux on the other side of the Seine, but remained mostly uninhabited in centuries past due to difficulties farming the land. At the beginning of the 19th century, an entrepreneur by the name of Violet divided off a section of the plain: this became the village of Beaugrenelle, known for its series of straight streets and blocks, which remain today. The whole area broke off from the commune of Vaugirard in 1830, becoming the commune of Grenelle, which was in turn annexed to Paris in 1860. A century later, a number of apartment and office towers were built along the Seine, the Front de Seine along with the Beaugrenelle shopping mall.
 * To the west, quartier Javel lies to the south of Grenelle plain. In years past, it was the industrial area of the arrondissement: first with chemical companies (the famous Eau de Javel [bleach] was invented and produced there), then electrical companies (Thomson), and finally car manufacturers (Citroën), whose factories occupied a large part of the quartier up until the early 1970s. The industrial areas have since been rehabilitated; the neighbourhood now contains Parc André-Citroën, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, and a number of large office buildings and television studios (Sagem, Snecma, the Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile, StudioCanal, France Télévisions, etc.). In addition, to the south of the circular highway (boulevard périphérique), an extension of the 15th, formerly an aerodrome at the beginning of the 20th century, is now a heliport, a gym and a recreation centre.

The early airfield here has been encroached upon by urban development and a sports centre, but the residual area, mainly laid to grass, continues to serve Paris as a heliport. The Sécurité Civile has a detachment there close to maintenance facilities. Customs facilities are available and especially busy during the Salon d'Aeronautique airshows held at Le Bourget on the other side of the city.

Geography
The 15th arrondissement is located in the southwestern part of Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. It includes one of the three islands in Paris, the Île aux Cygnes (Isle of the Swans), on the border with the 16th arrondissement. It also borders the 6th, 7th and 14th arrondissements.

At 8.5 km2, it is the third-largest arrondissement in Paris; it would be the largest if the large parks Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes were not counted as part of the 16th and 12th arrondissements, respectively.

Places of interest

 * Saint-Christophe-de-Javel, Paris
 * Grand Pavois de Paris (1971), one of the largest real estate complexes in Paris
 * Musée Pasteur
 * Musée du Service des Objets Trouvés
 * Musée Bourdelle
 * Musée Mendjisky, specialising in School of Paris artists, housed in a Robert Mallet-Stevens building.
 * Musée Jean Moulin, French Resistance – (musées Leclerc-Moulin)
 * Church of Notre-Dame de la Salette in Paris
 * Beaugrenelle Shopping Centre
 * Parts of the Montparnasse area.
 * The former workshop (no longer standing) of Constantin Brâncuși, where the sculptor worked from 1925 to 1957 has now been relocated in front of the Centre Georges Pompidou
 * Villa Santos Dumont where Ossip Zadkine and Fernand Léger had their workshop, also featured in Gail Albert Halaban book Out of my Window, Paris.
 * La Ruche
 * Square Béla Bartók where the sculpture-fountain Cristaux by Jean-Yves Lechevallier can be seen.
 * Square de l'Oiseau-Lunaire, featuring a sculpture by Juan Miro (the L'Oiseau Lunaire) with a plaque commemorating the many artists, poets and painters or sculptors who lived there, including André Masson, Jean Dubuffet, Antonin Artaud and Robert Desnos.
 * A replica of the statue of Liberty on the île aux Cygnes where Bartholdi worked.
 * The Pont de Bir-Hakeim
 * The Pont Mirabeau
 * The Parc André-Citroën with the Ballon de Paris
 * The Parc Georges-Brassens
 * The Polypores Fountain by Jean-Yves Lechevallier featured in the movie by Alain Resnais Same Old Song.
 * The Paris Expo Porte de Versailles exhibition centre (with the Tour Triangle project) and Palais des Sports, near Porte de Versailles Métro station
 * The Front de Seine high-rise district
 * The Cheminée du Front de Seine, a 130 m chimney, the 4th tallest structure in Paris

Government and infrastructure

 * At one time the head office of the Bureau Enquêtes-Accidents was in the 15th arrondissement.
 * Since November 2015 the French Ministère des Armées ("Ministry of the Armed Forces") has been located in purpose-built building near the Balard Métro station.
 * Australian Embassy
 * Japanese Cultural Centre in Paris
 * Institut Français

Economy

 * The headquarters of Orange S.A. and Eutelsat are located in the 15th arrondissement.
 * La Poste, the French mail service, has its head office in the arrondissement.
 * The publisher Hachette Livre also has its headquarters in the arrondissement.
 * Prior to the completion of the current Air France headquarters in Tremblay-en-France in December 1995, Air France was headquartered in a tower located next to the Gare Montparnasse rail station in Montparnasse and in the 15th arrondissement; Air France had its headquarters in the tower for about 30 years.
 * Previously Tour Maine-Montparnasse housed the executive management of Accor.
 * Journal officiel de la République française
 * French Football Federation
 * Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel
 * Safran
 * Institut français des relations internationales
 * European Space Agency
 * International Energy Agency
 * Eutelsat
 * France Télévisions
 * International Council of Museums
 * Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou

Education and research

 * Schiller International University has a campus in the arrondissement. It is in proximity to Place de la Convention.
 * The arrondissement is also host to the École Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel international school and the international bilingual school, Victor Hugo, (école internationale bilingue)
 * International Culinary school Le Cordon Bleu, established in 1895, has a campus in the 15th (rue Léon Delhomme)
 * Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital affiliated to the University of Paris Descartes, (pediatrics)
 * Pantheon-Sorbonne University, Saint Charles Campus - Visual arts and aesthetics.
 * Panthéon-Assas University, Campus Vaugirard, Law school
 * PariSanté Campus
 * Pasteur Institute
 * Laboratoire de Phonétique et Phonologie

Notable people

 * Édouard Balladur, politician, Prime Minister of France (1993–1995)
 * Brigitte Bardot, actress
 * Samuel Beckett, writer, who lived in the 15th arrondissement for most of his adult life
 * Walter Benjamin, philosopher
 * Luc Besson, filmmaker
 * Antoine Bourdelle, artist
 * Alexander Calder, artist
 * Marc Chagall, artist
 * Barbara Chase-Riboud, artist
 * Dietrich von Choltitz, military governor of Paris, 1944–1945
 * André Citroën, industrialist
 * Robert Desnos, poet and member of the French Resistance
 * Michel Foucault, philosopher
 * Tsuguharu Foujita, artist
 * Rebecca Hampton, actress and television presenter
 * François Hollande, President of France (2012–2017), lived in the 15th arrondissement.
 * René Magritte, artist
 * Sophie Marceau, actress
 * André Masson, artist
 * Henry Miller, writer, lived in the 15th where he worked on Tropic of Cancer.
 * Joan Miró, artist
 * Jacques Monod and Francois Jacob discovered the mechanism of genes' transcription regulation, a work honored by the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
 * Luc Montagnier, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and colleagues discovered the two HIV viruses that cause AIDS, in 1983 and 1985, were honored by the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
 * Nekfeu, hip-hop artist
 * Louis Pasteur, microbiologist
 * Marie-Claire Pauwels, journalist
 * Ossip Zadkine, artist

title: 15th arrondissement of Paris