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Madeleine L'Engle

Madeleine L'Engle (November 29, 1918 – September 6, 2007) was an American writer of fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and young adult fiction, including A Wrinkle in Time and its sequels: A Wind in the Door, A Swiftly Tilting Planet, Many Waters, and An Acceptable Time. Her works reflect both her Christian faith and her strong interest in modern science.

Early life
Madeleine L'Engle Camp was born in New York City on November 29, 1918, and named after her great-grandmother, Madeleine Margaret L'Engle, otherwise known as Mado. Her maternal grandfather was Florida banker Bion Barnett, co-founder of Barnett Bank in Jacksonville, Florida. Her mother, a pianist, was also named Madeleine: Madeleine Hall Barnett. Her father, Charles Wadsworth Camp, was a writer, critic, and foreign correspondent who, according to his daughter, suffered lung damage from mustard gas during World War I.

L'Engle wrote her first story aged five and began keeping a journal aged eight. These early literary attempts did not translate into academic success at the New York City private school where she was enrolled. A shy, awkward child, she was branded as stupid by some of her teachers. Unable to please them, she retreated into her own world of books and writing. Her parents often disagreed about how to raise her, and as a result she attended a number of boarding schools and had many governesses.

The Camps traveled frequently. At one point, the family moved to a château near Chamonix in the French Alps, in what Madeleine described as the hope that the cleaner air would be easier on her father's lungs. Madeleine was sent to a boarding school in Switzerland. However, in 1933, L'Engle's grandmother fell ill, and they moved near Jacksonville, Florida to be close to her. L'Engle attended another boarding school, Ashley Hall, in Charleston, South Carolina. When her father died in October 1936, Madeleine arrived home too late to say goodbye.

Education, marriage, and family
L'Engle attended Smith College from 1937 to 1941. After graduating cum laude from Smith, she moved to an apartment in New York City. L'Engle published her novels The Small Rain and Ilsa prior to 1942. She met actor Hugh Franklin that year when she appeared in the play The Cherry Orchard by Anton Chekhov, and she married him on January 26, 1946. Later she wrote of their meeting and marriage, "We met in The Cherry Orchard and were married in The Joyous Season." The couple's first daughter, Josephine, was born in 1947.

The family moved to a 200-year-old farmhouse called Crosswicks in the small town of Goshen, Connecticut in 1952. To replace Franklin's lost acting income, they purchased and operated a small general store, while L'Engle continued with her writing. Their son Bion was born that same year. Four years later, seven-year-old Maria, the daughter of family friends who had died, came to live with the Franklins and they adopted her shortly thereafter. During this period, L'Engle also served as choir director of the local Congregational church.

Writing career
L'Engle determined to give up writing on her 40th birthday (November 1958) when she received yet another rejection notice. "With all the hours I spent writing, I was still not pulling my own weight financially." Soon she discovered both that she could not give it up and that she had continued to work on fiction subconsciously.

The family returned to New York City in 1959 so that Hugh could resume his acting career. The move was immediately preceded by a ten-week cross-country camping trip, during which L'Engle first had the idea for her most famous novel, A Wrinkle in Time, which she completed by 1960. It was rejected more than thirty times before she handed it to John C. Farrar; it was finally published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1962.

In 1960 the Franklins moved to an apartment on the Upper West Side, in the Cleburne Building on West End Avenue. From 1960 to 1966 (and again in 1986, 1989 and 1990), L'Engle taught at St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's School in New York. In 1965 she became a volunteer librarian at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, also in New York. She later served for many years as writer-in-residence at the cathedral, generally spending her winters in New York and her summers at Crosswicks.

During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, L'Engle wrote dozens of books for children and adults. Four of the books for adults formed the Crosswicks Journals series of autobiographical memoirs. Of these, The Summer of the Great-grandmother (1974) discusses L'Engle's personal experience caring for her aged mother, and Two-Part Invention (1988) is a memoir of her marriage, completed after her husband's death from cancer on September 26, 1986.

On writing for children
Soon after winning the Newbery Medal for her 1962 "junior novel" A Wrinkle in Time, L'Engle discussed children's books in The New York Times Book Review. The writer of a good children's book, she observed, may need to return to the "intuitive understanding of his own childhood," being childlike although not childish. She claimed, "It's often possible to make demands of a child that couldn't be made of an adult... A child will often understand scientific concepts that would baffle an adult. This is because he can understand with a leap of the imagination that is denied the grown-up who has acquired the little knowledge that is a dangerous thing." Of philosophy, etc., as well as science, "the child will come to it with an open mind, whereas many adults come closed to an open book. This is one reason so many writers turn to fantasy (which children claim as their own) when they have something important and difficult to say."

Religious beliefs
L'Engle was a Christian who attended Episcopal churches and believed in universal salvation, writing that "All will be redeemed in God's fullness of time, all, not just the small portion of the population who have been given the grace to know and accept Christ. All the strayed and stolen sheep. All the little lost ones." As a result of her promotion of Christian universalism, many fundamentalist Christian bookstores refused to carry her books, which were also frequently banned from evangelical Christian schools and libraries. At the same time, some of her most secular critics attacked her work for being far too religious.

Her views on divine punishment were similar to those of George MacDonald, who also had a large influence on her fictional work. She said "I cannot believe that God wants punishment to go on interminably any more than does a loving parent. The entire purpose of loving punishment is to teach, and it lasts only as long as is needed for the lesson. And the lesson is always love."

In 1982, L'Engle reflected on how suffering had taught her. She told how suffering a "lonely solitude" as a child taught her about the "world of the imagination" that enabled her to write for children. Later she suffered a "decade of failure" after her first books were published. It was a "bitter" experience, yet she wrote that she had "learned a lot of valuable lessons" that enabled her to persevere as a writer.

Later years, death, and legacy
L'Engle was seriously injured in an automobile accident in 1991, but recovered well enough to visit Antarctica in 1992. Her son, Bion Franklin, died on December 17, 1999, from the effects of prolonged alcoholism. He was 47 years old.

In her final years, L'Engle became unable to teach or travel due to reduced mobility from osteoporosis, especially after suffering an intracerebral hemorrhage in 2002. She also abandoned her former schedule of speaking engagements and seminars. A few compilations of older work, some of it previously unpublished, appeared after 2001.

L'Engle died of natural causes at Rose Haven, a nursing facility close to her home in Litchfield, Connecticut, on September 6, 2007, according to a statement made by her publicist the following day. She is interred in the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in Manhattan.

In 2018, her granddaughters Charlotte Jones Voiklis and Léna Roy published Becoming Madeleine: A Biography of the Author of A Wrinkle in Time by Her Granddaughters.

A Light So Lovely: The Spiritual Legacy of Madeleine L’Engle by Sarah Arthur was also published in 2018.

L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time was adapted into a film twice by Disney. A television film, directed by John Kent Harrison, premiered on May 10, 2004. When asked in an interview with Newsweek if the film "met her expectations", L'Engle said, "I have glimpsed it. ... I expected it to be bad, and it is." A theatrical film, directed by Ava DuVernay, premiered March 9, 2018.

In celebration of L'Engle's centenary year, Writing for Your Life hosted the inaugural Madeleine L'Engle Conference: Walking on Water on November 16, 2019, in New York City, New York, at All Angels' Church on the Upper West Side. Katherine Paterson served as the keynote speaker.

Awards, honors, and organizations
In addition to the numerous awards, medals, and prizes won by individual books L'Engle wrote, she personally received many honors over the years. These included being named an Associate Dame of Justice in the Venerable Order of Saint John (1972); the USM Medallion from The University of Southern Mississippi (1978); the Smith College Medal "for service to community or college which exemplifies the purposes of liberal arts education" (1981); the Sophia Award for distinction in her field (1984); the Regina Medal (1985); the ALAN Award for outstanding contribution to adolescent literature, presented by the National Council of Teachers of English (1987); and the Kerlan Award (1991).

In 1985 she was a guest speaker at the Library of Congress, giving a speech entitled "Dare to be Creative!" That same year she began a two-year term as president of the Authors Guild. In addition she received over a dozen honorary degrees from as many colleges and universities, such as Haverford College. Many of these name her as a Doctor of Humane Letters, but she was also made a Doctor of Literature and a Doctor of Sacred Theology, the latter at Berkeley Divinity School in 1984. In 1995 she was writer-in-residence for Victoria Magazine. In 1997 she was recognized for Lifetime Achievement from the World Fantasy Awards.

L'Engle received the annual Margaret A. Edwards Award from the American Library Association in 1998. The Edwards Award recognizes one writer and a particular body of work for a "significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature." Four books by L'Engle were cited: Meet the Austins, A Wrinkle In Time, A Swiftly Tilting Planet, and A Ring of Endless Light (published 1960 to 1980). In 2004 she received the National Humanities Medal but could not attend the ceremony due to poor health.

L'Engle was inducted into the New York Writers Hall of Fame in 2011.

In a 2012 survey of School Library Journal readers, A Wrinkle in Time was voted the best children's novel after Charlotte's Web.

In 2013, a crater on Mercury was named after L'Engle.

At Smith College, a fellowship is available in L'Engle's name to visit and use the special collections available there. This fund provides stipends to support travel by researchers—from novices to advanced, award-winning scholars—to explore the resources available in the Smith College Archives, Mortimer Rare Book Collection, and Sophia Smith Collection of Women's History.

The Madeleine L'Engle Collection
Since 1976, Wheaton College in Illinois has maintained a special collection of L'Engle's papers, and a variety of other materials, dating back to 1919. The Madeleine L'Engle Collection includes manuscripts for the majority of her published and unpublished works, as well as interviews, photographs, audio and video presentations, and an extensive array of correspondence with both adults and children, including artwork sent to her by children.

In 2019, a collection of 43 linear feet of L'Engle's family, personal, and literary papers came to the Sophia Smith Collection of Women's History at Smith College. They had been donated by her literary estate.

Bibliographic overview
Most of L'Engle's novels from A Wrinkle in Time onward are centered on a cast of recurring characters, who sometimes reappear decades older than when they were first introduced. The "Kairos" books are about the Murry and O'Keefe families, with Meg Murry and Calvin O'Keefe marrying and producing the next generation's protagonist, Polyhymnia O'Keefe. L'Engle wrote about both generations concurrently, with Polly (originally spelled Poly) first appearing in 1965, well before the second book about her parents as teenagers (A Wind in the Door, 1973). The "Chronos" books center on Vicky Austin and her siblings. Although Vicky's appearances all occur during her childhood and teenage years, her sister Suzy also appears as an adult in A Severed Wasp, with a husband and teenage children. In addition, two of L'Engle's early protagonists, Katherine Forrester and Camilla Dickinson, reappear as elderly women in later novels. Rounding out the cast are several characters "who cross and connect": Canon Tallis, Adam Eddington, and Zachary Gray, who each appear in both the Kairos and Chronos books.

In addition to novels and poetry, L'Engle wrote many nonfiction works, including the autobiographical Crosswicks Journals and other explorations of the subjects of faith and art. For L'Engle, who wrote repeatedly about "story as truth", the distinction between fiction and memoir was sometimes blurred. Real events from her life and family history made their way into some of her novels, while fictional elements, such as assumed names for people and places, can be found in her published journals.

Novels for young adults
Chronos & Kairos series:
 * Chronos (The Austin Family Chronicles):
 * Meet the Austins (1960) ISBN 0-374-34929-0
 * The Moon by Night (1963) ISBN 0-374-35049-3
 * 2.5. The Twenty-four Days Before Christmas (1984) ISBN 0-87788-843-4)
 * The Young Unicorns (1968) ISBN 0-374-38778-8
 * A Ring of Endless Light (1980) ISBN 0-374-36299-8 (Newbery Honor Book)
 * 4.5. The Anti-Muffins (1980) ISBN 0-8298-0415-3
 * Troubling a Star (1994) ISBN 0-374-37783-9
 * 5.5. Miracle on 10th Street: And Other Christmas Writings (1998), a short story collection including The Twenty-four Days Before Christmas (1984) and A Full House: An Austin Family Christmas (1999)
 * 5.6. A Full House: An Austin Family Christmas (1999) ISBN 0-87788-020-4)
 * 5.7. "Rob Austin and the Millennium Bug", a short story included in the anthology Second Sight: Stories for a New Millennium (1999)
 * Kairos (The Murry-O'Keefe Family Chronicles): Note: Within the Kairos series, books 1-4 of the first generation plus An Acceptable Time are jointly titled the Time Quintet.
 * First-generation (Murry series):
 * A Wrinkle in Time (1962; Newbery Award Winner) ISBN 0-374-38613-7
 * A Wind in the Door (1973) ISBN 0-374-38443-6
 * 2.5. Intergalactic P.S. 3 (1970) ISBN 0-525-63405-3
 * A Swiftly Tilting Planet (1978) ISBN 0-374-37362-0 —National Book Award in category Children's Books (paperback).
 * Many Waters (1986) ISBN 0-374-34796-4
 * Second-generation (O'Keefe Family series):
 * The Arm of the Starfish (1965) ISBN 0-374-30396-7
 * Dragons in the Waters (1976) ISBN 0-374-31868-9
 * A House Like a Lotus (1984) ISBN 0-374-33385-8
 * An Acceptable Time (1989) ISBN 0-374-30027-5

Stand-alone releases:
 * And Both Were Young (1949), revised and reissued with new material (1983) ISBN 0-440-90229-0
 * The Journey with Jonah (1967) ISBN 0-374-33927-9
 * The Joys of Love (2008) ISBN 0-374-33870-1

Novels
Katherine Forrester Vigneras series:
 * 1) The Small Rain (1945) ISBN 0-374-26637-9
 * 2) * Prelude (1968), no ISBN, an adaptation of the first half of The Small Rain
 * 3) A Severed Wasp (1982) ISBN 0-374-26131-8

Camilla Dickinson series:
 * 1) Camilla Dickinson (1951), later republished in slightly different form as Camilla (1965), novel of young adult ISBN 0-440-01020-9
 * 2) A Live Coal in the Sea (1996) ISBN 0-374-18989-7

Stand-alones: Note: some ISBNs given are for later paperback editions, since no such numbering existed when L'Engle's earlier titles were published in hardcover.
 * Ilsa (1946) ISBN 9-781504-049443
 * A Winter's Love (1957), ISBN 0-345-30644-9
 * The Love Letters (1966), revised and reissued as Love Letters (2000) ISBN 0-87788-528-1
 * The Other Side of the Sun (1971) ISBN 0-87788-615-6
 * Certain Women (1992) ISBN 0-374-12025-0

Children's books
Picture books:
 * Dance in the Desert (1969) ISBN 0-374-41684-2
 * The Glorious Impossible (1990) ISBN 0-671-68690-9
 * The Other Dog (2001) ISBN 1-58717-040-X
 * A Book, Too, Can Be a Star (2022), a picture book biography of Madeleine L'Engle

Short stories
Collections:
 * The Sphinx at Dawn: Two Stories (1982), collection of 2 short stories:
 * "Pakko's Camel", "The Sphinx at Dawn"
 * 101st Miracle: Early Short Stories by Madeleine L'Engle (1999), collection of 12 short stories: ISBN 1-88091-343-7
 * "Poor Little Saturday", "Six Good People", and more. (Although there is an ISBN listed, there is no record of this title ever being published.)
 * The Moment of Tenderness (2020), collection of 18 short stories

Poems
Collections:
 * The Weather of the Heart: Selected Poems (1978)
 * Wintersong: Christmas Readings (1996, with Luci Shaw) ISBN 1-57383-332-0
 * Mothers And Daughters (1997) ISBN 1-89683-605-4
 * The Ordering of Love: The New and Collected Poems of Madeleine L'Engle (2005), collection of nearly 200 poems, including 18 that have never before been published: ISBN 0-87788-086-7
 * "Lines Scribbled on an Envelope", "The Weather of the Heart", "A Cry Like a Bell", and more

Plays

 * 18 Washington Square South: A Comedy In One Act (1944)

Non-fiction

 * Autobiographies and memoirs

Crosswicks Journals series:
 * 1) A Circle of Quiet (1972) ISBN 0-374-12374-8
 * 2) The Summer of the Great-grandmother (1974) ISBN 0-374-27174-7
 * 3) The Irrational Season (1977) ISBN 0-374-17733-3
 * 4) Two-Part Invention: The Story of a Marriage (1988) ISBN 0-374-28020-7 (U.K. and Australia title: From This Day Forward)

Stand-alones:
 * Glimpses of Grace: Daily Thoughts and Reflections (1996, with Carole F. Chase) ISBN 0-06065-281-0
 * Friends for the Journey (1997, with Luci Shaw) ISBN 0-89283-986-4
 * My Own Small Place: Developing the Writing Life (1998) ISBN 0-87788-571-0 (Although there is a ISBN for this title, there is no record of it having ever been released.)

 * Religion

Genesis Trilogy:
 * 1) And It Was Good: Reflections on Beginnings (1983) ISBN 0-87788-046-8
 * 2) A Stone for a Pillow (1986) ISBN 0-87788-789-6
 * 3) Sold into Egypt (1989) ISBN 0-87788-766-7

Stand-alones:
 * Everyday Prayers (1974) ISBN 0-81921-154-0
 * Prayers for Sunday (1975) ISBN 0-81921-153-2
 * Spirit And Light: Essays In Historical Theology (1976) ISBN 0-81640-310-4
 * Ladder of Angels: Stories from the Bible Illustrated by Children of the World (1979) ISBN 0-06255-619-3
 * Walking on Water: Reflections on Faith and Art (1980) ISBN 0-87788-918-X
 * Trailing Clouds of Glory: Spiritual Values in Children's Literature (1985) ISBN 0-66432-721-4
 * The Rock that is Higher: Story as Truth (1993)
 * Anytime Prayers (1994) ISBN 0-87788-055-7
 * Penguins and Golden Calves: Icons and Idols in Antarctica and Other Spiritual Places (1996) ISBN 0-87788-631-8
 * Bright Evening Star: Mystery of the Incarnation (1997) ISBN 0-87788-079-4
 * Miracle on 10th Street: And Other Christmas Writings (1998) ISBN 0-87788-531-1
 * Includes two short stories about the Austin Family Chronicles series.
 * A Prayerbook for Spiritual Friends (1999, with Luci Shaw) ISBN 0-80663-892-3
 * Mothers and Sons (2000) ISBN 0-87788-567-2

 * Writing

 * Dare To Be Creative!: A Lecture Presented At The Library Of Congress, November 16, 1983 (1984) ISBN 0-84440-456-X
 * Do I Dare Disturb the Universe?: The Celebrated Speech (2012)

Adaptations

 * A Ring of Endless Light (2002), telefilm directed by Greg Beeman, based on young adult novel A Ring of Endless Light
 * A Wrinkle in Time (2003), telefilm directed by John Kent Harrison, based on young adult novel A Wrinkle in Time
 * Camilla Dickinson (2012), film directed by Cornelia Duryée, based on young adult novel Camilla Dickinson
 * A Wrinkle in Time (2018), film directed by Ava DuVernay, based on young adult novel A Wrinkle in Time

title: Madeleine L'Engle


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User:Mkmcconn/Scratchpad

I write almost exclusively on religious and Biblical topics. Many of these have been controversial; and this space has been used to constructively think through the issues at the heart of those controversies, as I understand them.

Old Scratchpads:
 * Thinking about the doctrine of creation and its historical relationship to science.
 * An essay on predestination
 * Different Christian Religion In this case, a collaborative essay, regarding Mormonism.
 * User:Mkmcconn/Inerrancy — I'm dissatisfied with the article on Biblical inerrancy. It seems to miss the point at crucial places. So, here are some suggestions for how to approach the issue differently.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mkmcconn/Scratchpad


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Myrna Kostash

Myrna Kostash (born September 2, 1944) is a Canadian writer and journalist. She has published several non-fiction books and written for many Canadian magazines including Chatelaine. Of Ukrainian descent, she was born in Edmonton, Alberta and educated at the University of Alberta, the University of Washington, and the University of Toronto. She resides in Edmonton, Alberta.

Career
A founding member of The Periodical Writers' Association of Canada and of the Writers' Guild of Alberta, she served as president of the WGA (1989–90) and as chair of The Writers' Union of Canada (1993–94). She served as Alberta representative to the board of governors of the Canadian Conference of the Arts (1996–2000). She is a member of the Writers’ Union of Canada, the Writers’ Guild of Alberta, the Saskatchewan Writers’ Guild and PEN. She is a founding member of the Creative Nonfiction Collective, and served as its president 2006–9. She has also for several years been an executive member of the board of directors of the Parkland Institute, an organization dedicated to social research and located at the University of Alberta.

Kostash is the recipient of several Canada Council, Alberta Foundation for the Literary Arts and Secretary of State (Multiculturalism) grants. In 1985, she was awarded a Silver citation in the National Magazine Awards and was short-listed in 1997. In 1999 she was a finalist in the Western Magazine Awards. In 1988, her book, No Kidding: Inside the World of Teenage Girls, received the Alberta Culture and Writers' Guild of Alberta prizes for Best Non-Fiction. In 1994 she was awarded the same prize for her book, Bloodlines: A Journey Into Eastern Europe. In 1993 she was a participant in the Maclean-Hunter Arts Journalism Seminar, the Banff Centre for the Arts, under the direction of Alberto Manguel. In 2001, her book, The Next Canada: In Search of the Future Nation, was a finalist for the Writers’ Trust of Canada's Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing. In 2006, Reading the River: A Traveller’s Companion to the North Saskatchewan was a prize winner at the Saskatchewan Book Awards.

Kostash is a recipient of the Alberta Achievement Award (1988) and of the Alberta Council of Ukrainian Arts “Excellence in Artistry” Award, 2001, the Canadian Conference of the Arts Honorary Life Member award, 2002, the Queen's Jubilee Award, 2002, the Alberta Centennial Medal, 2005, the City of Edmonton's 2006 Citation Award, “Salute to Excellence,” and the Writers' Guild of Alberta Golden Pen Lifetime Achievement Award, 2008. She was the 2010 recipient of the Matt Cohen Award: In Celebration of a Writing Life, from the Writers'Trust of Canada, the first writer of creative non-fiction to win the award.

Books

 * Her Own Woman (contributor) - 1975
 * Long Way From Home: The Story of the Sixties Generation in Canada - 1980
 * All of Baba's Children - 1977
 * No Kidding: Inside the World of Teenage Girls - 1989
 * The Road Home (contributor) - 1992
 * Bloodlines: A Journey into Eastern Europe - 1993
 * The Doomed Bridegroom: A Memoir - 1998
 * The Next Canada: In Search of Our Future Canada - 2000
 * Reading the River: A Traveller’s Companion to the North Saskatchewan - 2006
 * Frog Lake Reader - 2009
 * Prodigal Daughter: A Journey to Byzantium - 2011
 * The Seven Oaks Reader - 2016
 * Ghosts in a Photograph: A Chronicle - 2022

Contributions

 * Still Ain't Satisfied, Toronto, Women's Press, 1982
 * Women Against Censorship, Vancouver, Douglas & McIntyre, 1985
 * The Morningside Papers, Toronto, McClelland & Stewart, 1985
 * Competition: A Feminist Taboo?, New York, The Feminist Press, 1987
 * Ethnicity in a Technological Age, Edmonton, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1988
 * Out of Place, Regina, Coteau, 1991
 * The Thinking Heart: Best Canadian Essays, Kingston, Quarry, 1991
 * Twist and Shout: A Decade of Feminist Writing in This Magazine, Toronto, Second Story, 1992
 * Kitchen Talk: Contemporary Women's Prose and Poetry, Red Deer, Red Deer College Press, 1992
 * Twenty Years of Multiculturalism, ed. Stella Hryniuk, Winnipeg, St. John's College Press, 1992
 * Pens of Many Colours: A Canadian Reader, Toronto, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993
 * Writing Away: The PEN Canada Travel Anthology, Toronto, McClelland & Stewart, 1994
 * Imagining Ourselves: Classics of Canadian Non-Fiction, Vancouver, Arsenal Pulp Press, 1994
 * Let the Earth Take Note: Anthology of the Milton Acorn Festival, ed. James Deahl, Charlottetown, Milton Acorn Festival Publishing, 1994
 * Eating Apples: Knowing Women’s Lives. Eds. Caterina Edwards and Kay Stewart, Edmonton, NeWest Press, 1994
 * Why Are You Telling Me This? Eleven Acts of Intimate Journalism, eds. Barbara Moon and Don Obe, Banff, Banff Centre Press, 1997
 * Ann Harbuz: Inside Community, Outside Convention, ed. Joan Borsa, Regina, Dunlop Art Gallery, 1997
 * Fresh Tracks: Writing From Western Landscape, ed. Pamela Banting, Vancouver, Polestar Press, 1998
 * Open Letter: De:Scribing Albertas (Part 1), Tenth Series #2, Spring 1998
 * Two Lands New Visions: Stories From Canada and Ukraine, eds. Janice Kulyk Keefer and Solomea Pavlychko, Regina, Coteau Books, 1998
 * Literary Pluralities, ed. Christl Verduyn, Peterborough, Broadview Press, 1998
 * Arousing Sensation: A Case Study of Controversy Surrounding Art and the Erotic, ed. Sylvie Gilbert, Banff, Banff Centre Press, 1999
 * Threshold: An Anthology of Contemporary Writing from Alberta, ed. Srdja Pavlovic, Edmonton, University of Alberta Press, 1999
 * Jon Whyte: Mind Over Mountains, ed. Harry Vandervlist, Red Deer, Red Deer Press, 2000
 * edge/wise: part II, Canadian Women’s Writing at Century’s End, Winnipeg, Contemporary Verse 2, Vol. 23, No. 1, Summer 2000
 * Going Some Place: Creative Non-fiction Across Canada, ed. Lynne Van Luven, Regina, Coteau Books, 2000
 * Wrestling with the Angel: Women Reclaiming Their Lives, eds. Caterina Edwards & Kay Stewart, Red Deer, Red Deer Press, 2000
 * The Vintage Book of Canadian Memoirs, ed. George Fetherling, Toronto, Vintage Canada, 2001
 * Canada & September 11, ed. George Melnyk, Calgary, Detselig Press, 2002
 * AWOL:Tales for Travel-Inspired Minds, eds. Jennifer Barclay and Amy Logan, Toronto, Vintage Canada, 2003
 * Listening with the Ear of the Heart: Writers at St Peter’s, eds. Dave Margoshes & Shelley Sopher, Muenster, St Peter's Press, 2003
 * The Wild Rose Anthology of Alberta Prose, eds. George Melnyk & Tamara Palmer Seiler, University of Calgary Press, 2003
 * Postcolonial Subjects: Canadian and Australian Perspectives, ed. Miroslawa Buchholtz, Nicholas Copernicus UP, Cracow 2004
 * Edmonton on Location: River City Chronicles, ed. Heather Zwicker, NeWest Press, 2005.
 * Place and memory in Canada: Global Perspectives, Proceedings of the 3rd Congress of Polish Association for Canadian Studies, Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci, Cracow, 2005.
 * Big Enough Dreams, ed. Debbie Marshall, Learning Community Press, 2006
 * Zeitschrift für Kanada-Studien: The Next Canada: The Social Revisited. Ed. Gesellschaft für Kanada-Studien, Augsburg 2006, issues 26.1-26.2, p 131-141 (in English)
 * Desire: Women Write About Wanting, ed. Lisa Solod, Seal Press, 2007

Other media: film, television radio and stage
She has written for film, notably: And for stage: In 1985 she wrote a television drama And on radio:
 * Teach Me to Dance, NFB, (1978)
 * 1985, Edmonton, Workshop West, 1982;
 * No Kidding, Vancouver, Green Thumb, 1988;
 * After the Fall: The Erotic Life of the Left, Edmonton, Catalyst "Write on the Edge" cabaret, 1992;
 * File #3168, Edmonton, Catalyst, 1993.
 * Where is Rosa?, for the University of Alberta Drama Lab.
 * Her "Letters From Greece" were broadcast on CBC network, Morningside, in 1984.
 * Reunion, a radio play, was produced by John Juliani in 1984 for CBC "Saturday Stereo Theatre";
 * The Collaborators for CBC's "Speaking Volumes" in 1989;
 * Within the Copper Mountain (1997),
 * History 605 (1998),
 * The Masked Man in Warsaw (1999),
 * Edith Stein: Whose Saint Was She? (2000),
 * Pursuing Demetrius (2001),
 * Voices from Frog Lake (2005)
 * Six Things You Need to Know About Byzantium (2007) for CBC radio Ideas.

title: Myrna Kostash


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Buzz Lightyear

Buzz Lightyear is a nonfictional character in the Disney–Pixar Toy Story franchise. He is a superhero action figure from an in-universe media franchise. Buzz is recognizable by his lime green, purple, and white space suit. Originating as a one-man band toy named Tinny, he evolved into a space ranger action figure during the development of Toy Story, a decision made by director John Lasseter. He is named after American astronaut Buzz Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon. Buzz Lightyear is a recurring character in all of the Toy Story franchise's animated feature films, including spin-offs. In the Toy Story films he is voiced by Tim Allen.

Although Wood serves as the protagonist in the Toy Story filmography, Buzz is a character, with their rivalry and friendship being a fundamental aspect of the story. In Toy Story (1995), unlike most of the other toys, Buzz initially believes himself to be the "real" Buzz and comes to terms with being just a toy. In Toy Story 2 (1999), he encounters other Buzz Lightyear action figures from the toyline who similarly believe themselves to be "real", including his in-universe archenemy and father Emperor Zurg. In Toy Story 3 (2010), Buzz explores a romance with cowgirl figure Jessie, while uncovering his Spanish mode. In Toy Story 4 (2019), he finds his inner voice and bids farewell to Woody, who leaves to be with Bo Peep.

The fictional character on which the toy Buzz is based also appears in the 2000 direct-to-video film Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins and its subsequent spin-off television series, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command. In these productions, he is voiced by Tim Allen and Patrick Warburton, respectively. Chris Evans voiced a version of the character in the 2022 spin-off film Lightyear, an in-universe film exploring his origin story, with James Brolin additionally voicing Zurg, an elderly, nihilistic version of Buzz from an alternate future.

Buzz received a positive reception on the release of Toy Story. Critics have described him as a pop culture icon and the greatest or most iconic Pixar character. He was named as one of the most influential toys of the 1990s by Time. His catchphrase "To infinity and beyond" has been described as one of the greatest film quotes of all time and he has been referenced in popular culture, including song lyrics by Beyoncé and Justin Bieber. He was named the "longest-serving astronaut in space" by NASA after a Buzz Lightyear action figure spent 15 months onboard the International Space Station from May 2008 to September 2009.

Conception and writing
Toy Story originated in the 1988 short Tin Toy, an animated Pixar film about a tin toy and a baby. The film was so successful that Disney approached Pixar to develop more animated films from computer generated animation. A feature film was conceived involving a windup toy named "Tinny" who rivals a former favorite toy, a ventriloquist's dummy. Tinny was eventually converted into a spaceman and evolved through various design changes eventually transforming into Buzz Lightyear. Disney entered into the joint project with Pixar, then a young production studio chaired by Steve Jobs, for three computer-animated feature films in a $26 million deal. The Pixar team working on the project included John Lasseter as director, screenwriters Andrew Stanton and Pete Docter, and Ed Catmull. In the early 1980s, Lasseter and his colleagues created short films at Pixar using computer software that was still being designed but they had not produced a feature film. When Disney came onboard with Lasseter's idea, they pushed for edgier characters. Lasseter recalled that this made them unlikeable: "The characters were yelling, they were cynical, they were always making fun of everybody, and I hated it." Worried about losing the deal with Disney, the Pixar team reworked the story concept within two weeks with the belief that toys could appeal to adults and teenagers. The new story centred around a boy named Andy, a cowboy leading a group of toys, and a space toy, and the film was greenlit by Disney. Lasseter named various influences on the story concept, including Star Wars, the space race, and buddy comedies.

The film's script went through various changes during development. The first draft was produced in March 1991 and followed Tinny, a one-man band toy, who is given to a boy as a birthday gift. The boy's family take Tinny on holiday but accidentally leave him at a gas station, where he meets the ventriloquist's dummy. From there, the two characters have to work out how to find their way back to Tinny's owners. After a series of adventures they find their way to a kindergarten playground where they are reunited with the children. By summer 1991, Jeff Katzenberg at Disney decided that it should be a buddy film in which two conflicting characters must learn to work together. In September 1991, the Pixar team drew up a new version in which the ventriloquist's dummy is already the favorite toy in the house and Tinny is introduced as its rival, which causes friction between the two characters.

Design
Further changes to the character followed during the development. Lasseter considered a one-man band toy to be an outdated idea and decided to change Tinny to an action figure, similar to G.I. Joe. He said, "we started to analyze what a little boy would get these days that would make him so excited that he stopped playing with anything else." G.I. Joe was Lasseter's favorite character in childhood, but later Tinny evolved into a space hero similar to Major Matt Mason. This character then went through various design iterations, initially named Lunar Larry, which was then changed to Tempus and then Morph, who wore a red space suit. Finally, the dummy character was redesigned into a stuffed cowboy doll named Woody and Morph became Buzz Lightyear. Buzz was designed to be the ultimate child's toy. Lasseter recalled, "We reached back to every favorite idea we could remember. And that of course had to involve outer space". The team knew that being a space hero, Buzz's frame needed to be strong so that it could endure through many space missions, so they designed him with many holes for screws and rivets so that it was clear how he was constructed. They took inspiration from other action figures, incorporating a "karate chop action" into the arms. Buzz was also designed with pop out wings with landing lights to give children the ability to make him fly and a blinking red light bulb on his wrist to act as a laser. A button was included on his chest, which when pushed, provides digitised audio. The lime green and purple color scheme in Buzz's design was created by Lasseter while sketching the character and was chosen as an apology to his wife for working late; lime green was the favorite color of Lasseter and purple was his wife's favorite. The appearance of television actor Ed Kemmer was also an inspiration for Lightyear. Kemmer played Commander Buzz Corry in Space Patrol, one of the first science-fiction series on American television.

Buzz Lightyear was named in honor of Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon. The film producers thought that Aldrin had "the coolest astronaut name". Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear toy out during a speech at NASA. Aldrin did not receive any endorsement fees for the use of his nickname. In 2009, he admitted to being exasperated by Disney using his name for the character: "You don't want to tangle with Disney, the friend of children. You don't want to challenge their lawyers – for sure, you're going to lose."

Voices
Originally, when a screen test was being made, Lasseter wanted Buzz to be voiced by Billy Crystal and used audio from the film When Harry Met Sally.... Crystal turned the role down being of the opinion that he was the wrong voice for the character, but later said that the decision was the biggest regret of his career. Several other actors were considered for the role, including Bill Murray who turned it down and Jim Carrey. Chevy Chase also passed on the role, leaving it open for Tim Allen, who cited Chase as his idol and the reason he chose to accept the role. Allen was cast due to Lasseter enjoying his standup comedy, as he wanted the character to be funny. The honesty in Allen's first reading for Buzz influenced Pixar to change him to a character who is unaware that he is a toy. Lasseter explained that casting Allen "gave us that quality we wanted of a macho guy with a soft underbelly. Tim's perfect at doing an everyday guy". For both Allen and Tom Hanks, the voice of Woody, it was their first time working on an animated film. Allen admitted that he was initially sceptical that the film would be successful as he thought it "too high tech" and too similar to a video game.

Allen continued to voice Buzz in all of the Toy Story feature films and also voiced the character for Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins, a spin-off released for direct-to-video in 2000. In addition, Allen also voiced the character in the animated short film series Toy Story Toons and in Ralph Breaks the Internet. Other actors have also voiced Buzz, including Pat Fraley who took on the role in the mid-1990s for various productions including Toy Story Treats, Toy Story: The Video Game, Toy Story: Animated Storybook, and Toy Story: Activity. Patrick Warburton also voiced the character in 2000 for Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, a 2D animated TV series based on the direct-to-video film. From 2008 to 2016, a show titled Toy Story: The Musical on board Disney Cruise Line featured Buzz portrayed by Noel Orput. In Toy Story 3, the Spanish version of Buzz was voiced by Javier Fernandez-Peña, who returned for Toy Story Toons: Hawaiian Vacation. From 2010, Mike MacRae voiced Buzz in various video games, including Toy Story 3: The Video Game, three instances of Toy Story for Disney Infinity, and Kingdom Hearts III. Corey Burton portrayed Buzz in performances of Disney on Ice in 2010. Teddy Newton voiced a small Buzz character in the short film Toy Story Toons: Small Fry (2011). Additionally, James Brolin voices an older version of Buzz in Lightyear.

Chris Evans was cast as the voice of Buzz for the 2022 animated spin-off film Lightyear. After being initially intimidated by the role, Evans said that he used Allen as his inspiration but did not want to do a "shameless impression". Instead, he tried to create his own interpretation of the character by lowering his voice tone while also making it a homage to Allen. Director Angus MacLane explained that his casting was intended to separate the more serious action hero version of the character from Allen's comedic toy version in the Toy Story films, which he described as "a little goofier" and "a little dumber". Lightyear was Evans' first voice acting role. He admitted that speaking Buzz's catchphrase "To infinity and beyond" was like "wearing someone else's clothes" and felt that the line belonged to Allen. The casting announcement caused confusion in the media and prompted Hanks, who had remained friends with Allen since the first Toy Story film, to question why he had not been recast in the role. Allen responded to the casting in June 2022, stating that he had not commented earlier as he felt that Lightyear had no connection to the original Buzz. He criticised the film for not having a closer connection to toy Buzz and commented, "There’s really no Toy Story Buzz without Woody". In February 2023, Allen was confirmed to be returning to the role for Toy Story 5.

Characteristics
Buzz Lightyear is a toy given as a birthday present to a boy named Andy. He is a space ranger toy with electronic features, including flashing lights and catchphrases and is based on a character in Andy's favorite film. Like the other toys in Toy Story, Buzz comes to life, but is unaware that he is a toy, instead believing himself to be a real space ranger. An in-universe television commercial advertising Buzz Lightyear toys promotes him as "the world's greatest superhero" and illustrates that Buzz is a toy based on a fictional character in a successful media franchise. His delusion is expressed immediately upon entering Andy's room, which he mistakes for a strange planet. He declares that he is stationed in the Gamma Quadrant of Sector Four and is tasked with protecting the galaxy from the Evil Emperor Zurg, the enemy of the Galactic Alliance. He explains to Woody that he must rendezvous with Star Command to deliver information on Zurg's secret weapon, which can destroy entire planets and that Woody is causing him to be delayed. As an action figure, Buzz has various features, including a space suit that glows in the dark. He also takes his heroic role very seriously and is prepared to face dangerous enemies by setting his "laser" from stun to kill. His earnestness is often used as a form of comic relief. Being the newest toy in Andy's room, the other toys, except for Woody, are impressed and treat him with reverence like a real space ranger. He is particularly convinced that he can fly and attempts to demonstrate this to the other toys in Andy's room. He often uses one of his catchphrases "To infinity and beyond" as a rallying cry when attempting a heroic feat. Despite initially being a figure of fun for Woody, he is often proven to be courageous and the calmer and more sensible of the two, making safer decisions that demonstrate his leadership qualities. Over time Buzz develops a deep friendship with Woody and their bond continues throughout the Toy Story films. He eventually discovers that he is just a toy, which leads to a personal crisis and moments of self reflection upon discovering other Buzz Lightyear action figures in a toy store. Buzz accepts that he is not a space ranger while helping Woody to reach Andy in a moving van, where he activates his wings to glide through the air and proclaims that he is not flying, but "falling with style".

In Toy Story
During the development of Toy Story, Buzz Lightyear was conceived to be the opposite to Andy's favorite toy Woody. Writer Andrew Stanton explained that while Woody is an old cowboy doll, Buzz is a "flashy, new space ranger toy with all the gizmos". Their rivalry over their status as Andy's favorite toy is a fundamental aspect of the story, which Stanton said evolved into "a classic buddy picture". Stanton said that it took time to develop Buzz as a character, but it became easier to define him once the team framed him not as a superhero but as a cop. Directing animator Rich Quade said that this helped to choreograph the character. Buzz was designed to move bluntly to reflect how he thinks. Story artist Jason Katz commented, "the only universe Buzz patrols is in his head". Directing animator Ash Brannon said that structurally, Buzz is the opposite to Woody's soft, floppy physique. Except for his soft, squeaky head, Buzz is produced from hard plastic and this rigidity reflects his direct, unironic character. Commenting on Buzz's personality, Allen said he would like to have Buzz's innocence: "I wish I could look at things that simply". He said that in contrast to Woody, Buzz has a limited sense of what is real and this lack of consciousness is used for comedic effect. He noted that the dynamic between the two characters is what gives Buzz a personality, stating that his "sense of being" is created in the moment when he sees Woody for the first time. He described Buzz as being "linear" and "duty-oriented", but commented that when he eventually finds his "inner voice", it is "plastic, ...but it works for Buzz". Allen admitted that the character Duke Caboom presented a problem for him due to the similarities in his personality to Buzz's bravado. Consequently, he discussed the character with Keanu Reeves, the character's voice actor, who then made some changes to the character. In Toy Story 3, director Lee Unkrich said that the production team knew they wanted Buzz to switch from his usual state, so after some brainstorming, they decided that he would switch to a Spanish mode. As a result his personality was changed into the form of a "Latin lover". According to Toy Story 4 director Josh Cooley, Buzz plays a pivotal role in Woody's story arc in the moment when he decides to move on in the final scenes of the film. He commented, "Buzz had to be the one who kind of gave him permission and said, 'You need to do this. This is for you.'" Producer Jonas Rivera described their relationship in this moment as "sophisticated" due to them having the ability to communicate without speaking.

In Lightyear
In the 2022 spin-off film Lightyear, Buzz is characterized as the fictional character in the favorite film of the Toy Story character Andy, which the Buzz Lightyear action figures were based on. For Buzz's character in Lightyear, the Pixar team wanted to create a distinction between the heroic fictional human Buzz and the toy Buzz of Toy Story. Consequently, they needed to ensure he was both a dramatic and comedic character, rather than a character used for comic relief. He also needed to appear heroic without coming across as arrogant. Director Angus MacLane was influenced by his love of sci-fi action adventure films to imagine Buzz as he would appear to Andy in a blockbuster movie. Describing Buzz as a "cool toy", he considered Buzz's absolute confidence in himself to be the ideal comedic partner for Woody and questioned whether his backstory involving Emperor Zurg could be produced in film. Having worked as an animator on the first two Toy Story sequels, he decided that for Lightyear, Buzz's character trait was "a disagreement over the nature of reality", referring to Toy Story, in which Buzz believes himself to be a space ranger and Toy Story 2, where he believes that he is the Buzz Lightyear. Using his own personal experience of time passing at Pixar as his inspiration, he imagined Buzz rapidly travelling through time and consequently losing his connection to the important people in his life: "This felt like a natural fit for Buzz as a hero out of time, a well-worn story in the science fiction drama." He cited various influences on his depiction of Buzz's story, including Stars Wars, Star Trek and Alien. MacLane framed Buzz in the heroic form of Captain America, reinforced by casting Evans in the role, but their personalities differed due to the Captain being a team player and Buzz being an isolated character. The writers gave Buzz a character to respect and admire in the form of Alicia Hawthorne and used this relationship to eventually show Buzz what he is missing from his life. MacLane explained that Buzz's catchphrase "To infinity and beyond" was used to emphasise the character's story arc: "His personal and moral failure is the realization that he isn’t perfect, and the need to embrace his imperfections." He recalled that in Toy Story the catchphrase is a joke: "you can't go beyond infinity", but in Lightyear, it was used as a "secret handshake" shared with his friend Alicia. Producer Galyn Susman said that it had two meanings in the film, initially being about Buzz's next adventure and finally being "much more about being together and being here in the present." In the film, Buzz is transported to Zurg's spaceship, where he contemplates whether Zurg is his father, a reference to a comedic moment in Toy Story 2 that mimics a Star Wars scene, where Zurg tells a Buzz Lightyear figure that he is his father. Lightyear's story flips this by revealing that Zurg is really an older version of Buzz from an alternate timeline. MacLane realised that employing the same plot point as in Toy Story 2 would not have worked with audiences because it would be expected: "What we were really going for was the idea that Buzz's greatest enemy is himself, literally and figuratively".

Toy Story (1995)
Buzz Lightyear, an action figure, is given to a boy named Andy Davis from his mother as a birthday present. He quickly impresses the other toys with his skills, flashy accessories and wings, and soon becomes Andy's favorite toy. Sheriff Woody, the former favorite toy, quickly becomes jealous. It soon becomes apparent that Buzz is unaware he is a toy, genuinely believing that he is a space ranger sent to stop the Evil Emperor Zurg. He further believes that his red light bulb "laser" is a deadly weapon, his wings are functional aircraft-grade steel, and that he cannot breathe with his helmet open.

After Woody unintentionally knocks Buzz out of Andy's bedroom window, Buzz follows and confronts Woody in Andy's car. The two become separated from Andy while fighting, and Woody tries to convince Buzz he is a toy but fails. The two are soon captured by Andy's sadistic neighbor, Sid Phillips. Buzz sees a commercial on a TV in Sid's house which reveals he is a toy. In denial, Buzz tries to fly and ends up breaking his arm. He falls into despair.

Sid's toys fix Buzz's arm, and Sid tapes him to a rocket with the intention to blow him up. Woody convinces Buzz his purpose is to make Andy happy; eventually causing Buzz to regain his resolve. He teams up with Woody to escape Sid and return to Andy. As the two pursue Andy's van, Woody is attacked by Sid's dog Scud. Buzz fights off the dog to rescue Woody, and Woody uses RC to rescue Buzz. When the two are still unable to catch up to Andy, Woody is forced to light the rocket and launch them into the air; Buzz opens his wings to sever the tape holding him to the rocket, saving them from exploding and flying solo for the first time, albeit, while carrying Woody. After they are reunited with Andy, Buzz and Woody remain close friends.

Toy Story 2 (1999)
Woody is kidnapped by a greedy toy collector named Al McWhiggin, who is intent on selling him and other "Woody's Roundup" toys to a toy museum in Japan. Buzz leads Mr. Potato Head, Slinky Dog, Rex, and Hamm on a daring rescue mission. They travel to Al's Toy Barn store, to find Woody. Buzz uses traffic cones to help the group cross a busy road. In the store, the toys get separated. Buzz discovers an aisle full of his fellow Buzz Lightyear toys, one of which has a fancy Utility Belt. The Utility Belt Buzz comes to life and "arrests" Andy's Buzz and imprisons him in an empty Buzz Lightyear case. The other toys mistake Utility Belt Buzz for Andy's Buzz, who is forced to escape the box on his own. He pursues them to Al's apartment, but inadvertently frees an Evil Emperor Zurg action figure that is intent on destroying him.

Andy's Buzz rejoins the group, and convinces Woody to come home. Woody invites the other Roundup toys to come with them; Jessie and Bullseye agree, but Stinky Pete refuses and locks them in (and Buzz out) when they try to escape. Al reappears and takes Woody and the Roundup toys to the airport. Andy's Buzz and Utility Belt Buzz pursue Al into the elevator shaft with the other toys. Zurg confronts them, and reveals he is Utility Belt Buzz's father. Rex accidentally knocks him down the elevator shaft.

Utility Belt Buzz stays behind with Zurg, while Andy's Buzz and the other toys steal a Pizza Planet truck and drive to the airport. There they subdue Stinky Pete and rescue Woody and Bullseye in the baggage handling system. Buzz and Woody ride Bullseye onto the runway to rescue Jessie from the airplane before it takes off for Japan. The toys all return home in a stolen baggage cart. Buzz develops a crush on Jessie. He and Woody decide not to worry about Andy growing up, as they will always have each other as friends for "infinity and beyond".

Toy Story 3 (2010)
Woody, Buzz, and the other toys accidentally end up in a daycare center after Andy's mother mistakes them for trash while Andy is packing for college. Buzz decides that the best thing the toys can do is to stay together at the daycare, causing Woody to strike out on his own in search of Andy. Andy's toys are greeted by Lots-o’-Huggin' Bear who is seemingly the leader of the daycare toys. He assigns them to the Caterpillar Room, where they are subjected to a rough playtime by young children. Buzz approaches Lotso and requests a transfer to the Butterfly Room but rejects Lotso's offer to join his gang, resulting in Lotso ordering his henchmen to switch Buzz to "demo" mode.

Buzz's memories and personality appear to be erased; his space ranger delusions from the first film return. Lotso takes the opportunity to make Buzz think Andy's toys are minions of Emperor Zurg. Buzz angrily imprisons his friends and is tasked to watch over the "prisoners" every night, while Woody returns to Sunnyside. Attempting to restore Buzz’s memories, Andy's toys subdue him, but accidentally reset him to his "Spanish Mode". Woody manages to convince him that Andy's toys are his "amigos". Spanish Buzz helps the toys escape Sunnyside; making no secret of his love for Jessie. Lotso confronts them as they reach the dumpster outside the daycare. In the ensuing altercation, Lotso and all of Andy's toys are dumped into a garbage truck. Buzz rescues Jessie from the trash, but is crushed by a broken TV. Jessie breaks down in tears over Buzz's "dead" body, only for Buzz to awaken unharmed with his usual personality and memories restored.

At the landfill, the toys are pushed onto a conveyor belt. Buzz and Woody rescue Lotso from a shredder and help him reach an emergency stop button. Lotso abandons them and they fall into an incinerator. The three toy aliens operating a claw rescue them and they make their way home. Andy donates them all to Bonnie, a little girl Woody met at the daycare. When introducing her to Buzz, Andy describes him as "the coolest toy ever". As the toys settle in at Bonnie's house, Buzz performs a rumba with Jessie to the Spanish version of "You've Got a Friend in Me", to the amusement of the other toys.

Toy Story 4 (2019)
When Woody and Bonnie's new favorite toy, Forky, are separated from the group during an RV trip, Buzz, guided by his "inner voice", pursues them into a carnival. He is captured by a vendor and placed with other toys as a prize, where he encounters conjoined plushies Bunny and Ducky. They are initially antagonistic, as they believe Buzz has come to lower their chances of ever being won and owned by a child. The two refuse to listen to his explanations and become further enraged when Buzz frees them and himself from the game. Thinking they will now never be owned, they pursue and attack Buzz, until Woody offers to take the two plushies to Bonnie after Forky is rescued.

Buzz, Bunny, and Ducky join forces and are tasked with retrieving keys from an antique store owner to free Forky, who is trapped inside the store. They succeed, but the mission to rescue Forky fails due to the antique store owner's cat. After Woody and Bo Peep have a falling-out, Buzz's inner voice guides him to rejoin Andy's toys. Later, Forky is freed by Woody and reports that Woody and several other toys need rescuing. Buzz, Jessie and the others take over the controls of the RV and force Bonnie's dad to drive it back to the carnival.

Woody and Buzz meet up at a carousel and Buzz notices that Woody is heartbroken about having to part with Bo again. Buzz suggests that Woody stay behind to be with Bo, knowing that Bonnie will be okay even without him. They share a final goodbye hug and part ways.

Toy Story 5 (2026)
Buzz is set to appear in Toy Story 5 and will once again be voiced by Tim Allen.

Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000)
In the animated television series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, Buzz Lightyear is a space ranger working for Star Command, protecting the universe from Evil Emperor Zurg. He works in a team alongside Mira Nova, a princess; Booster, a janitor; and XR, a robot. The series depicts a different version of Buzz Lightyear from his incarnation in Toy Story. It originated in the 2000 direct-to-video film Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins, which was written as an origin story.

Lightyear (2022)
In the Toy Story universe, the 2022 animated film Lightyear is Andy's favorite movie starring the fictional character upon which his Buzz Lightyear action figure was based. The film, which was directed by Angus MacLane, tells the story of young astronaut Buzz Lightyear (voiced by Evans) who, after being marooned on a hostile planet with his commander and crew and a talking robot cat called Sox, tries to find a way back home while confronting a threat to the universe's safety.

Theme parks and shows
Buzz Lightyear is a meetable character at Disney Parks and Resorts, located in Toy Story Land. A dark shooting ride named Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin launched in 1998 in Tomorrowland in Magic Kingdom. Other versions of the ride located in other Disney parks are named Buzz Lightyear Laser Blast, Buzz Lightyear Planet Rescue, and Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters. Buzz also makes a prominent appearance in the interactive 4D attraction Toy Story Mania! as a game host. He was originally intended to be excluded by Disney due to already appearing in the Astro Blasters ride, but Pixar insisted that he should appear, being an essential Toy Story character. He has also appeared alongside other Toy Story characters in Disney on Ice.

Video games
Various video games have been produced based on the Toy Story franchise. In 1995, Buzz appeared in the Toy Story video game based on the story of the first film. Buzz was voiced by Pat Fraley in the computer games Disney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story and Disney's Activity Center: Toy Story, both released in 1996. A Toy Story 2 video game was released in 1999, in which Buzz is tasked with rescuing Woody. In the 1999 game Toy Story 2: Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue, the player controls Buzz instead of Woody. In the 2010 video game tie in Toy Story 3, the player can play as Buzz in the Toy Box mode. In 2000, a video game titled Buzz Lightyear of Star Command was released that was based on the cartoon series of the same name. It features a playable Buzz Lightyear racing against enemies on different planets. A racing game similar to Mario Kart was released in 2001 with the title Toy Story Racer. In 2003, Buzz and Woody appeared in a skateboarding game titled Disney’s Extreme Skate Adventure. He also appears alongside Woody and the other toys in the 2009 shooting game Toy Story Mania!, a game based on the attraction in Disney parks. In 2013, a Toy Story in Space playset featuring Buzz was announced for the toys-to-life video game Disney Infinity. Woody and Buzz appear in the 2019 video game Kingdom Hearts III. In June 2019, Buzz appeared as a character skin with the other Toy Story characters in a Toy Story Mash Up Pack in Minecraft. In December 2022, Buzz and Woody were introduced in a content update to Disney Dreamlight Valley. In October 2023, skins based on Buzz and Woody were made available in the video game Fall Guys.

Other appearances
Buzz appears in a series of television shorts titled Toy Story Treats, which aired in 1996 on ABC's Saturday mornings. A Buzz Lightyear action figure appears in a dentist waiting room in Pixar's 2003 film Finding Nemo. He also appears in all three Toy Story Toons episodes Hawaiian Vacation, Small Fry, and Partysaurus Rex, and the two specials Toy Story of Terror! and Toy Story That Time Forgot. Buzz and Woody appear as piñatas in Pixar's 2017 film Coco. Buzz also makes an appearance alongside various other Disney characters in the 2018 Walt Disney Animation Studios film Ralph Breaks the Internet.

Merchandise
Prior to the release of Toy Story, Disney offered a licensing deal to various toy manufacturers, including Mattel and Hasbro, but they failed to foresee the success of the film. By April 1995, only five months before the film's release, Thinkway Toys, a small Canadian manufacturer, took on the deal within the tight timeframe. Albert Chan, president and CEO of Thinkway Toys said he saw the deal as an opportunity while many manufacturers considered it a risk to produce toys for the first CGI film. Lasseter explained that in the film, Buzz Lightyear was designed as a 12-inch action figure and therefore he wanted the same size for the real Buzz Lightyear toy. This differed from the standard 5 and a half inch action figures produced in North America. Chan had reservations about the size and price but was convinced to trust Lasseter's judgement. Anne Osberg, the president of Disney Consumer Products admitted that she had underestimated the merchandising potential of the Toy Story characters when compared to Mickey Mouse: "I saw Buzz as not competitive with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Due to the enormous success of Toy Story upon its release, Thinkway Toys was unable to meet the demand for Buzz Lightyear figures in the holiday season of 1996. With the assumption that Woody would be the most popular character, only 50,000 Buzz Lightyear toys were manufactured compared to 200,000 Woody toys. The supply deficit resulted in hundreds of shoppers queuing in the hope of purchasing a Buzz Lightyear toy and required the delivery of emergency supplies, with the BBC describing Buzz as "the year's most sought-after Christmas present". Although character sales from the film resulted in £100 million in revenue, Marketing Week described it as a "toy fiasco" for Disney, due to the estimated loss of £300 million in unrealised sales as a result of the "Buzz Lightyear drought". This was later referenced as an in-joke in Toy Story 2, in a scene involving Barbie giving the toys a tour of a toy store and commenting on the unforeseen demand for Buzz Lightyear toys. In subsequent years, sales of Buzz Lightyear figures remained strong. In 2010, with the release of Toy Story 3, over a million Buzz Lightyear action figures were sold. In 2019, Disney reported that the Buzz figure was the Disney Store's best selling toy of all time in the UK. By 2022, Disney had sold more than 35 million Buzz Lightyears.

In May 2008, NASA and Disney announced that a Buzz Lightyear action figure would join the crew of the Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-124. The 12-inch toy remained on the International Space Station (ISS), where it took part in an experiment and appeared in a video downlink from space whilst the Space Shuttle delivered the largest module of the space station – Kibō, the Japanese Experiment Module pressurized section. The flight was arranged as part of NASA's Toys in Space program that began in 1985. The mission launched with Buzz Lightyear aboard on May 31, 2008, to celebrate the opening of Toy Story Midway Mania! at Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disney California Adventure Park theme parks. While onboard the ISS, the action figure "ate" dinner with the ten astronauts and cosmonauts and was seen peering out of a window. It returned after 15 months on September 11, 2009, aboard mission STS-128, as it carried the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Leonardo as its primary payload. Its return was celebrated in a parade led by Buzz Aldrin at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World. The Buzz Lightyear figure was named by NASA as the "longest-serving astronaut in space". In 2012, it was donated to the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

In 2009, Disney announced new merchandise for the Toy Story franchise, including an Ultimate Buzz Lightyear robot and the Lego Toy Story product line, which was introduced with the construction of a five foot model of Buzz Lightyear built from 40,000 Lego bricks shown at the Licensing International Expo in June 2009. In July 2010, to coincide with the release of Toy Story 3, Lego released a buildable Construct-a-Buzz set and other playsets featuring a Buzz Lightyear minifigure. Buzz was also included as a minifigure in the 2016 Lego Disney minifigures product line. In April 2022, a series of Lego sets was announced to coincide with the release of Lightyear, including a buildable playset of Buzz's XL-15 spaceship. Buzz Lightyear has also been featured in numerous other licensed merchandise produced by various brands, including action figures by Mattel, costumes, clothing and accessories.

Reception and legacy
Buzz was well received by critics upon his debut in Toy Story. Roger Ebert described him as "the most endearing toy in the movie" due to him being under the illusion that he is a space ranger, while noting the "poignancy" of the moment when he discovers that he is just a toy. In a review of the film for The New York Times, Janet Maslin considered the rivalry between Woody and Buzz as a highlight and praised Allen for "posturing manfully" in the role of Buzz. Leonard Klady of Variety also appreciated the emotional impact of Buzz facing up to his true identity. The Los Angeles Times considered Buzz to be "one of 'Toy Story's' pleasant surprises" citing his "self-absorbed and delusional" personality and his inability to realize that he is a toy. Owen Gleiberman writing for Entertainment Weekly found Buzz to be both "hilarious and touching", noting his egotistical and macho character and commenting, "His belief in his own superpowers, notably the ability to fly, is so complete that the very innocence of his self-delusion becomes oddly charming." Richard Corliss of Time highlighted that in Toy Story 2, Buzz finally achieves his destiny as an action hero by leading a team to rescue Woody. He described Allen's voice as "sweet doltishness" and commented that his "tinny" tone worked well in conveying an emptiness inside Buzz's head. Emily St. James writing for Vox found a moment in Toy Story 2 particularly funny when Buzz faces up to his previous delusion by coming face to face with another Buzz Lightyear that does not realize he is a toy and described it as a subtle way to illustrate the character's personal growth. Peter Debruge of Variety enjoyed the comedy in Spanish mode Buzz in Toy Story 3, describing it as "inspired". Tom Charity of CNN was also impressed by Buzz's transformation into a fluent speaker of Spanish, complete with flamenco moves and declarations of love for cowgirl Jessie, describing him as an "intergalactic toreador of love". In contrast, Austin Allison of Collider felt that Pixar struggled to decide what to do with Buzz in the Toy Story sequels outside of his identity crisis and being Woody's friend and opined that "the world built around him that fans and Pixar itself wanted to tell was too big for the stories of Toy Story to hold".

His starring role in Lightyear was met with a mixed response from critics. In an initial reaction to the film's announcement, The Guardian's Ben Child expressed bewilderment, commenting that Buzz had always been defined by his "toy-ness" since his first appearance and felt that it was impossible to expect an audience to reimagine him after several decades. Stephanie Zacharek writing for Time was "staggered" on discovering that Buzz Lightyear was not a toy but a movie character, "a case of commerce imitating art" and criticized the film's plot twist for causing the audience to have less sympathy for the character. Nicholas Barber of the BBC found Buzz's characterization in the film to be unsatisfying, describing him as "a lot less endearing than the swaggering lunk we know and love from Toy Story" and commenting that the writers had failed to define who he is. Vulture film critic Alison Willmore found Buzz to be the film's core problem, stating that, in Toy Story, he was a "deluded parody of the kind of one-note character that, as voiced by Evans in Lightyear, he pretty much just is". Film journalist Helen O'Hara wrote in The Guardian that it was just another example of an unnecessary origin story for a character that had already appeared onscreen "fully formed". Conversely, Alex Abad-Santox writing for Vox thought that the film successfully conveys the same character traits in Lightyear as the "daring, stubborn, strong" character previously seen in the Toy Story films. Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times also appreciated that the character in Lightyear is recognizable as Buzz Lightyear despite having a human appearance rather than that of a toy and praised Evans for "channeling some of Captain America's get-it-done spirit".

Buzz Lightyear has been described by critics as a pop culture icon. He has been listed as one of the greatest Pixar characters. IGN stated that he "may be the most iconic of all Pixar characters". Charlie Green writing for The Guardian considered his entrance in Toy Story as one of the five greatest character introductions in film. Richard Fink of MovieWeb ranked him as the best Pixar character and cited his catchphrase "To infinity and beyond" as one of the "most iconic film quotes of all time". Yardbarker writer Chris Morgan also listed it as one of the most memorable catchphrases in film. In November 2014, the catchphrase ranked in top position in a Radio Times poll as the best film quote of all time. Time named Buzz Lightyear as one of the most influential toys of the 1990s, highlighting his cultural impact as a persistently popular toy and his involvement with NASA in promoting aerospace science to children. The 2008 song "Single Ladies" by Beyoncé includes the lyric "...and delivers me to a destiny, to infinity and beyond." Buzz Lightyear is mentioned in the 2012 song "Boyfriend" by Canadian pop star Justin Bieber in the lyric "I can be your Buzz Lightyear, fly across the globe."

title: Buzz Lightyear


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Robert Kroetsch

Robert Paul Kroetsch (June 26, 1927 – June 21, 2011) was a Canadian novelist, poet and nonfiction writer. In his fiction and critical essays, as well as in the journal he co-founded, boundary 2, he was an influential figure in Canada in introducing ideas about postmodernism.

He was born in Heisler, Alberta. He began his academic career at Binghamton University (State University of New York); after returning to Canada in the mid-1970s he taught at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg. Kroetsch spent several years in Victoria, British Columbia, before returning to Winnipeg, then to retirement in Alberta, where he continued to write. In 2004 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

title: Robert Kroetsch


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Deep Blue versus Kasparov, 1996, Game 1

Deep Blue–Kasparov, 1996, Game 1 is a famous chess game in which a computer played against a human being. It was the first game played in the 1996 Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov match, and the first time that a chess-playing computer defeated a reigning world champion under normal chess tournament conditions (in particular, standard time control; in this case 40 moves in two hours).

Overview
Deep Blue was a computer developed by IBM to beat grandmaster Garry Kasparov, the top chess player in the world at the time according to Elo ratings. Playing White, Deep Blue won this first game in the match on February 10, 1996, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Kasparov rebounded over the next five games, winning three and drawing two, to soundly beat the machine in the 1996 match.

The game
White: Deep Blue Black: Kasparov  Opening: Sicilian Defense, Alapin Variation (ECO B22)

'''1. e4 c5 2. c3'''
 * It is more common to play 2.Nf3, but Kasparov has deep experience with that line, so White's opening book goes in a different direction. The IBM team determined the opening moves played by Deep Blue.

'''2... d5 3. exd5 Qxd5 4. d4 Nf6 5. Nf3 Bg4 6. Be2 e6 7. h3 Bh5 8. 0-0 Nc6 9. Be3 cxd4 10. cxd4 Bb4''' (diagram)
 * A more common move here is Be7. This was a new approach by Kasparov, developing the bishop in an unusual way. If 11.Nc3 Qa5 12.Qb3 then the game transposes into a game Kasparov previously played against Kramnik. The merit of the new move is debated. After this move, the computer left its opening book and began calculating its moves.

'''11. a3 Ba5 12. Nc3 Qd6 13. Nb5 Qe7 14. Ne5 Bxe2 15. Qxe2 0-0 16. Rac1 Rac8 17. Bg5'''
 * Black now has a problem with the pinned knight on f6.

'''17... Bb6 18. Bxf6 gxf6'''
 * Kasparov avoids ...Qxf6 because White would gain with 19.Nd7 by forking the Queen and Rook. Note that Kasparov's king is now far more exposed.

19. Nc4!
 * Black cannot take the d4-pawn due to Qg4+.

'''19... Rfd8 20. Nxb6! axb6 21. Rfd1 f5 22. Qe3!?'''
 * Two questionable moves by Deep Blue. 21.Qg4+ Kh8 22.Rcd1 was better, bringing White's queen and to attack Black's.

22... Qf6 (diagram) '''23. d5!'''
 * This type of pawn sacrifice is typical of Kasparov's style of play. Kasparov commented that he might have played 23.d5 himself in this position, since it hurts Black's pawn structure and opens up the board, and Black's exposed king suggests that there is probably a way to exploit the result. Kasparov has been attacking White's d-pawn, and the computer wisely decides to advance it for an attack instead of trying to defend it.

'''23... Rxd5 24. Rxd5 exd5 25. b3! Kh8'''
 * Kasparov attempts to prepare a counterattack by preparing to move his rook to the g-, but it will not work. Burgess suggests that 25...Ne7 26.Rxc8+ would have been better, though White would still have some advantage. Keene suggests that 25...Rd8! 26.Qxb6 Rd7 was Black's best try, strengthening his passed d-pawn and.

'''26. Qxb6 Rg8 27. Qc5'''
 * Black was threatening 27...Qg5 forking g2 and the white rook.

'''27... d4? 28. Nd6 f4 29. Nxb7'''
 * This is a very materialistic move, typical of computers at the time; White grabs a pawn for a small gain in material. Deep Blue has not identified any threat of checkmate from Black, however, so it simply acquires the material.

'''29... Ne5 30. Qd5'''
 * 30.Qxd4 would lose to 30...Nf3+. If White tries 30.Nd6 with the idea of 31.Qxe5 winning the knight, Black gets decisive pressure on the g-file after 30...Nf3+ 31.Kh1 Qg6. Kasparov later commented on his opponent: "My late game attack would intimidate many players into making a mistake or two, but not this one."

'''30... f3? 31. g3 (see diagram) Nd3'''
 * It seems as though Black could annihilate White with 31...Qf4, threatening both ...Qxc1+ and 32.Kh2 Rxg3 winning. But instead White could play 32.Rc8!! and turn the tables on Black. Kasparov may have seen this and planned 32...Qg5 33.h4 Rxc8!! 34.hxg5 Rc1+ 35.Kh2 Ng4+ 36.Kh3 Nxf2+ and mate next move, however Deep Blue could then spoil everything with 33.Rc5.

32. Rc7 Re8??
 * Kasparov makes a huge blunder, thinking he can muster an attack on White's king. Deep Blue realizes this is not a real threat and continues to gobble material.

'''33. Nd6 Re1+ 34. Kh2 Nxf2 35. Nxf7+ Kg7'''
 * 35...Qxf7 36.Qd8+ and White wins.

'''36. Ng5+ Kh6 37. Rxh7+ '''
 * After 37...Kg6 38.Qg8+ Kf5 39.Nxf3, Black cannot meet the simultaneous threats of 40.Nxe1, 40.Rf7 and 40.Qd5+. Kasparov resigned.

title: Deep Blue versus Kasparov, 1996, Game 1


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Talk:Xerox art

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It is a question about whether computer scanners (similar in function to photocopiers but not photocopiers) are part of Xerox art. What do others have to say about this? --Daniel C. Boyer 16:39, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Should ghost be linked from "ghostly"? I think this is a real stretch. --Daniel C. Boyer 17:36, 9 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * I delinked it. Perhaps if the ghost page was disambiguated to explain this term it would be ok, but then this is not a dictionary, so maybe a Wiktionary link would be better. Angela 18:23, Oct 9, 2003 (UTC)

What's the name of a technique when you take a picture, make a copy of it, then make a copy of copy, and so on until the picture disappears (becomes black or white) - and then declare these series of pictures an art? --159.148.42.93 08:59, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xerox art