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Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex

Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex (27 January 1773 – 21 April 1843), was the sixth son and ninth child of King George III and his queen consort, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He was the only surviving son of George III who did not pursue an army or navy career. A Whig, he was known for his liberal views, which included reform of Parliament, abolition of the slave trade, Catholic Emancipation, and the removal of existing civil restrictions on Jews and Dissenters.

Early life
Augustus Frederick was born on 27 January 1773 at Buckingham House, London. He was the ninth child and sixth son of King George III and Queen Charlotte.

Augustus Frederick was baptised in the Great Council Chamber at St James's Palace, on 25 February 1773, by Archbishop of Canterbury Frederick Cornwallis. His godparents were the Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (his paternal first cousin once-removed, for whom The Earl of Hertford, Lord Chamberlain, stood proxy), Duke George Augustus of Mecklenburg (his maternal uncle, for whom the Earl of Bristol, Groom of the Stool, stood proxy) and Princess Charles of Hesse-Cassel (his first cousin once-removed, for whom The Viscountess Weymouth, Lady of the Bedchamber to the queen, stood proxy).

Augustus Frederick was tutored at home before being sent to the University of Göttingen in Germany in the summer of 1786, along with his brothers Prince Ernest and Prince Adolphus. Prince Augustus, who suffered from asthma, did not join his brothers in receiving military training in Hanover. He briefly considered becoming a cleric in the Church of England. In 1805, during the Napoleonic War, he served at home in Britain as Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the "Loyal North Britons" Volunteers regiment.

First marriage
While travelling in Italy, the prince met Lady Augusta Murray (1768–1830), the second daughter of the 4th Earl of Dunmore. The couple secretly married in Rome on 4 April 1793. The King's minister of Hanover affairs Ernst zu Münster was sent to Italy to escort him back to London.

The couple married again without revealing their full identities at St George's, Hanover Square, Westminster, on 5 December 1793. Both marriages took place without the consent, or even the knowledge, of his father.

In August 1794, the Court of Arches pronounced the prince's first marriage null and void on the grounds that it contravened the Royal Marriages Act 1772, not having been approved by the King. However, Prince Augustus Frederick continued to live with Lady Augusta until 1801, when he received a parliamentary grant of £12,000 and the couple separated, the Duke moving to Grosvenor Square. Lady Augusta retained custody of their children and received maintenance of £4,000 a year. Their two children were named Augustus Frederick d'Este and Augusta Emma d'Este, both parents being descended from the royal House of Este. In 1806, their mother, Lady Augusta, was given royal licence to use the surname "de Ameland" instead of Murray.

Duke of Sussex and Knight of the Garter
Augustus Frederick was invested as a Knight of the Garter on 2 June 1786, and installed by dispensation on 28 May 1801. The King created him Duke of Sussex, Earl of Inverness, and Baron Arklow in the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 24 November 1801. Since he had no legitimate issue, the title became extinct on his death in 1843. In 1815 the Duke became a patron of the Jews' Hospital and Orphan Asylum, later to become the charity known today as Norwood. Royal patronage continued, with Queen Elizabeth II eventually becoming Norwood's patron.

Mistresses
A known mistress was Mrs. Bugge. Sir William Dillon recorded in his diary they were both present with him at a party held by Emma Hamilton (Lord Nelson's mistress) where she rented tableware for the meal but neglected to rent a carving knife, creating great difficulty in serving the Christmas dinner to her guests.

United Grand Lodge of England
In January 1813, Augustus Frederick became Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England, and in December of that year his brother, Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, became Grand Master of the Antient Grand Lodge of England. On 27 December 1813 the United Grand Lodge of England was constituted at Freemasons' Hall, London with Prince Augustus Frederick as Grand Master. In 1842, he founded the Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution.

George Oliver's Signs and Symbols Illustrated and Explained in a Course of Twelve Lectures on Freemasonry (1837) was dedicated to Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex.

Second marriage
A year after the death of Lady Augusta D'Ameland (Lady Augusta Murray), the Duke of Sussex married a second time on 2 May 1831 (again in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act) to Lady Cecilia Letitia Buggin (1793–1873), the eldest daughter of Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran, and Elizabeth Underwood, and the widow of Sir George Buggin. On the same day, Lady Cecilia assumed the surname Underwood by Royal Licence. She was never titled or recognized as the Duchess of Sussex. However, she was created Duchess of Inverness in her own right by Queen Victoria in 1840.

Later life
William IV appointed his younger brother Chief Ranger and Keeper of St James's Park and Hyde Park on 29 January 1831, and Queen Victoria appointed her uncle Governor of Windsor Castle in 1842. The Duke of Sussex was elected president of the Society of Arts in 1816 and held that post for the rest of his life. He also held the honorary posts of Colonel of the Honourable Artillery Company from 1817, and of Captain-General (at which point the posts were united) from 1837 onward. He was president of the Royal Society between 1830 and 1838, and had a keen interest in biblical studies and Hebrew. His personal library contained over 50,000 theological manuscripts, some in Hebrew. In 1838, he introduced in a meeting scientist John Herschel, and the Duke gave a speech in which he spoke about the compatibility of science and religion:

"In making these remarks I am not presumptuous; but allow me to say, that attached as I am to science – attached as I am to religion, I am satisfied that the real philosopher is the most religious man; and it is in looking to the operations in nature that the finger of the Almighty leads us to the lesson. (16 June 1838)"

The Duke of Sussex was the favourite uncle of Queen Victoria. He gave her away at her wedding to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1840. The Duke of Sussex died, aged 70 of erysipelas, at Kensington Palace in 1843. In his will he specified that he was not to have a state funeral and was accordingly buried at Kensal Green Cemetery on 4 May 1843. He is buried in front of the main chapel, immediately opposite the tomb of his sister Princess Sophia.

The Duchess of Inverness continued to reside at Kensington Palace until her death in 1873. She was buried next to Prince Augustus.

Titles and styles
The duke held the subsidiary titles of Earl of Inverness and Baron Arklow.
 * 27 January 1773 – 27 November 1801: His Royal Highness Prince Augustus Frederick
 * 24 November 1801 – 21 April 1843: His Royal Highness The Duke of Sussex

Honours

 * Grand Prior of England of the Order of the Temple
 * Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England, 1813
 * Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, 1813–1843
 * Knight of the Order of the Garter, 27 June 1786
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 12 July 1815
 * Knight of the Order of the Thistle, 19 July 1830
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, 15 December 1837
 * Grand Master of the Order of the Bath, 16 December 1837
 * Captain-General and Colonel Honourable Artillery Company

Arms
As a son of the sovereign, the Duke of Sussex had use of the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, the centre point bearing two hearts gules, the outer points each bearing a cross gules.


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Talk:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex

Untitled
Why do the children have an italian surname?? Muriel Gottrop 14:23, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

He is listed as a president of the Royal Society (1830-1838). Can anyone confirm ? Wizzy… ☎   18:20, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Duke of Sussex is a stub article whose content would be ideally suited to existing as a section of this page - because there has been only one Duke DBD 14:28, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree Astrotrain 14:34, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

House of Este
Does anyone know the details of both parents being descended from the House of Este? From whom (for each)? – ( empoor ) 15:32, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * From the article House of Este: (House of Welf is House of Guelph) = Dukes of Brunswick and Luneburg = Electors of Hanover = Britain's royal house from George I to Queen Victoria, 1714-1901. Eddaido (talk) 21:33, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Ah, thank you. I immediately skipped the introductory paragraphs of that article, and couldn't find anything else in the actual content. But, yes, it's right there in the introduction. – ( empoor ) 20:59, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Separation
Both this article and the one on Augusta say they lived together until 1801 when he was awarded a grant of £12,000. Their marriage had been annulled, but wikipedia reads as though he was paid off, and for a chunk of moolah, he agreed to leave her (and his 7-y-o son and new baby).

Is this unfortunate wording, or true, and if true, is there citable evidence? Nick Barnett (talk) 08:36, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

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Rocky Horror

Rocky Horror is the title character from The Rocky Horror Show. It may also refer to

 * The Rocky Horror Show, a stage musical from 1973
 * The Rocky Horror Picture Show, 1975 film adaptation of the stage musical
 * Rocky Horror Show Live, a 2015 performance
 * The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again

title: Rocky Horror


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S-CRY-ed

s-CRY-ed (スクライド), also known as s.CRY.ed or Scryed, is a 26-episode Japanese anime television series which first aired in Japan on TV Tokyo. The series is written by Yōsuke Kuroda, produced by Sunrise, and directed by Gorō Taniguchi, with music composed by Kōtarō Nakagawa. It is set in an alternative time in Kanagawa Prefecture where a phenomenon gave 1% of its people supernatural powers; they are known as Alters. The plot follows a young Alter mercenary known as Kazuma, as well as Ryuho, a man working for the Alter special forces known as HOLY, who become rivals as their areas clash.

The series' concept originated in 1999 when Taniguchi was working on Infinite Ryvius. He wanted to create another series that would contain themes similar to it, as well as new ones centered mostly on how people adapted to the 21st century. A manga adaptation of s-CRY-ed, drawn by Yasunari Toda, was serialized in Akita Shoten's Weekly Shōnen Champion. A novelization by Kazuho Hyodo has been published. Additionally, a two-part recollection film was released by Sunrise. Both the anime and the manga have also seen English release.

s-CRY-ed has been popular in Japan, often appearing on polls taken by Japanese magazines, and once took third place in the Anime Grand Prix awards. Critical reception to the series has been generally positive, with reviewers noting while initial episodes might be simple, the plot becomes more interesting as the series unfolds.

Setting
The series takes place several years after "The Great Uprising", a powerful geological events which occurred in Kanagawa Prefecture near Tokyo, dividing the city in two parts: The "Lost Ground" and the "Mainland". Alongside this disaster, many people in the Lost Ground began to develop a power known as "Alter", granting them the ability to create weapons with supernatural properties. Among the steadily rising number of Alter users, there are two forces who directly oppose each other: The "Native Alters", who live outside the central city and avoid any relationships with the government; and "HOLY", a subgroup of an organization called "HOLD" (which functions as the Mainland government's super police force and representative in the Lost Ground) and is composed exclusively of Alter users who serve as a special operations unit tasked with dangerous missions.

Plot
Kazuma is a Native Alter user who makes his living as a mercenary so that he and his close friend, Kanami Yuta, can live together.

Kazuma's friend Kunihiko Kimishima gives him a mission to defeat another Native Alter user. However, a man known as Ryuho from HOLY captures Kazuma in the aftermath; during this, Ryuho tries to interrogate Kazuma about an unknown Alter user (later dubbed Crystal) who killed his mother and dog.

After managing to break free of his bonds, Kazuma uses a female HOLY agent named Mimori Kiryu as a hostage and manages to escape the facility and make it back to his house. However, HOLY then arrives and proceeds to capture many Native Alter users, during which Kazuma meets Crystal in a forest and the two proceed to fight, after which his Alter receives a power-up.

Later on, it's revealed the Great Uprising was caused by a similar event in a parallel universe where all creatures are independent, thinking Alters.

Kazuma then goes on a rampage against HOLY after Kimishima dies while helping him during one of his fights which leads to him and Ryuho fighting again; however, during their battle, they end up opening a gateway to the parallel universe, causing another uprising and attracting the attention of the Mainland government.

Both Kazuma and Ryuho are believed to have died following this event when, in actually, the former goes into hiding in an underground fighting circuit whilst the latter ends up suffering from amnesia. With help from an old friend, a HOLY member known as Straight Cougar, Kazuma recovers his will to protect Kanami who hasn't stopped looking for him. Meanwhile, Ryuho manages to recover his lost memories whilst protecting Natives from HOLY agents, ultimately leading to him becoming an ally of Kazuma.

The Mainland sends one of its best agents, Kyouji Mujo, to the Lost Ground in an attempt to exploit the power of the parallel universe for economic gain. However, Mujo develops delusions of grandeur after becoming the de facto head of the Lost Ground government and absorbing the Crystal entity from "the other side" to add to his already formidable Alter power.

Both he and Crystal are defeated by the separate efforts of Kazuma and Ryuho respectively, as both increase their Alter powers by taking energy from the parallel world. The Mainland once again attempts to exert control over the Lost Ground by sending in a fleet of refined Alter users under their control, only for all of them to be defeated by Kazuma and Ryuho.

Following the defeat of the Mainland forces, Kazuma and Ryuho decide to engage in one final battle in order to finally settle their rivalry. As one of them is about to declare victory, the screen fades to white. In an epilogue, taking place years later, they remain the protectors of the Lost Ground and defend it from Mainland invaders; meanwhile, an older Kanami awaits their return.

Creation and release
According to the series' director Gorō Taniguchi, the idea for s-CRY-ed originated in 1999 when he was working on the series Infinite Ryvius. One of Infinite Ryvius's themes was people communicating with each other. The series' staff wanted to show people already on their own paths, focusing more on individualism. With the storyline beginning in the early 21st century, Taniguchi said the cast would already have adapted to the new times allowing s-CRY-ed to take more themes from Infinite Ryvius. The title s-CRY-ed is basically a combination of one English word and Japanese. The first lower-case "s" is a representation of the Japanese word su which means something in its natural form and not artificial. "Cry" comes from the English, and the last "ed" represents a person. Combined as "s-CRY-ed" the Sunrise studio staff wanted it to express the idea of how people react or interact when they are in their most natural state. They had devised the word when the project was in its early phases of production, and while it was meant to be a temporary name, the staff ended up using it as the title.

When asked by the staff of the magazine Animerica if the anime was influenced by Western superheroes like Spider-Man or Batman, Taniguchi denied that influence. Instead, he said his inspirations for s-CRY-ed were other works he had produced for Sunrise. The society shown in the series was not meant to be another take on classic superheroes but instead investigate how everyone can adapt to their own situation. While the series is known for the extensive action in its episodes, the director believes everything he wanted viewers to see was presented. To distinguish the HOLY members, the Sunrise staff researched the costumes they could design. Taniguchi said their outfits are meant to resemble prison uniforms.

In Japan, the series aired between July 4 and December 26, 2001, with a total of twenty-six episodes. These were collected on nine DVD volumes between November 25, 2001, and July 25, 2002. A DVD box set containing all the episodes was released on January 25, 2008; a Blu-ray box set was made available on October 26, 2011. The Blu-ray box of the series sold a total of 6,172 units during its release week in Japan.

The anime was licensed by Bandai Entertainment in early 2003. Starting in 2003, they released the show in North America as six individual Region 1 volumes, followed by a complete six-disc box set in November 2004. A Universal Media Disc version of the first volume was released on October 11, 2005. Bandai's European branch, Beez Entertainment, published the series in the United Kingdom. The release was a six-disc box set released between June 6, 2005, and February 27, 2006.

Later, the series premiered on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim in the United States on May 29, 2005, after select episodes had been aired on Adult Swim's Video On Demand service for nearly a year. On September 27, 2005, Bandai re-released s-CRY-ed under the Anime Legends banner, in three two-disc volumes, followed by the Anime Legends Complete Collection on October 24, 2006. Following the 2012 closure of Bandai Entertainment, Sunrise announced at Otakon 2013, that Sentai Filmworks had rescued s-CRY-ed, along with a handful of other former BEI titles. However, Sentai never re-released the anime and the license eventually expired. On May 3, 2020, it was announced that Discotek Media had picked up the license for S-CRY-ed. It was released on April 27, 2021, on Blu-ray. In Australia, the series is licensed by Madman Entertainment.

s-CRY-ed music was composed by Kōtarō Nakagawa. Its original soundtrack was released on November 21, 2001, and two drama CDs were released on December 19 of the same year. For the first twenty-five episodes the opening and ending theme songs are "Reckless Fire" by Yasuaki Ide and "Drastic My Soul" by Mikio Sakai, respectively. However, for episode twenty-six, "Reckless Fire" is replaced by "Drastic My Soul", and the episode's ending theme is "Tabidachi no Kane ga Naru" ("The Bell of Setting out for a Journey Will Ring") by Sakai. There are also three insert songs starting with "All I Need Is Love" by Sakai for episodes fourteen and seventeen, "Magma" by Ide for episode nineteen, and "Discovery" by Sakai. Both the singles of "Reckless Fire" and "Drastic My Soul" were released on August 22, 2001.

Films
On April 8, 2011, Sunrise announced on the official s-CRY-ed Japanese website the series would be re-released and re-mastered in a two-movie release comprising the entire series and including new footage, titled s-CRY-ed Alteration, as part of the s-CRY-ed 10th Anniversary Project. During its release, TAO, the first part, took fifteenth place at the Japanese box office earning US$141,055 on nine screens for a per-screen average of US$15,673. In the following week the film dropped off the charts. The Blu-ray of the first part was released on February 24, 2012. It sold 6,624 units in its release week; it had sold 7,726 units by the end of the second week.

The second part, QUAN, was released on March 10, 2011. Its Blu-ray volume was released on July 27 of the following year. The Blu-ray format of the second part sold a total of 6,543 units in Japan. The films also had a single CD including the new version of "Reckless Fire" alongside "SPIRITS" which was released on March 7, 2012. Additionally, another CD drama was released for the films on the same date as the single CD.

Related media
A manga of the series written by Yōsuke Kuroda and illustrated by Yasunari Toda was published in the magazine Weekly Shōnen Champion between October 4, 2001, and June 20, 2002. The manga was collected in a total of five tankōbon (book) volumes. Tokyopop licensed this series in October 2002. They released the manga between March 11 and November 4, 2003.

Additionally, a light novel series was written by Kazuho Hyodo and illustrated by Hisashi Hirai and published by Dengeki Bunko. The series was released between May 10, 2002, and May 10, 2003. Additionally, Kazuma has appeared in the crossover role-playing game Heroes Phantasia.

Reception
The series has been popular in Japan. Anihabara! listed s-CRY-ed in its top three anime series twice during 2001. In 2002, it took the same place in a poll by Animage. In the Animage Anime Grand Prix awards, s-CRY-ed took the third place in the series category. The Kazuma character also took second place, being defeated by Inuyasha's title character. In a TV Asahi survey of the top hundred shows Japanese fans enjoyed, s-CRY-ed took 51st place. In March 2010, Kazuma was ranked nineteenth best male anime character of the 2000s by the Japanese magazine Newtype.

The anime series has received mostly positive reviews by manga and anime publications. DVD Verdict's Mac McEntire said that while the first volume lacked depth, its action scenes made the series as well as its characters appealing despite their tendency to shout their attacks. In a review of the same volume, John Sinnott of DVD Talk also said the fight scenes were good, remarking it has more "plot" in contrast to other fighting series. He also found the two protagonists, Kazuma and Ryuho, appealing noting they have multiple similarities that had yet to be explored. Regarding the series' dialog, he expressed a preference for the Japanese cast over the English one. Seb Reid of UK Anime Network enjoyed the anime series but unlike Sinnot he felt the English dub was more "enjoyable". He also found the series' beginning enjoyable noting that while the series might be simplistic, he like the theme of "freedom", mostly seen through Kazuma's personality. While agreeing with Reid about the plot (to the point of comparing Kazuma to Han Solo from the Star Wars franchise due to their anti-heroic traits), Anime News Network's Zac Bertschy disliked the English dub. He also found the main plot confusing. Reviewers also compared the series positively with the famous Clamp series X. Bryan Morton of Mania Beyond Entertainment found the morality of some characters, such as Ryuho, who has several reasons for his cold personality such as his quest for revenge, interesting. Despite some issues with the animation, and not being a fan of fights himself, he recommended the series for fans of Dragon Ball Z, a series famous for its fight scenes. In a later review, Morton noted that Kazuma's character had developed as he not only fights Ryuho, but protect people from the Lost Ground. Despite saying he disliked the series for its focus on fighting, Morton noted s-CRY-ed "has grown on me a bit". Danielle D'Ornellas of Animefringe noted how many characters the anime covered, including both the protagonists and the antagonists, forcing viewers to pick which side they should root for. While she was not amazed by the animation, saying "strictly from an animation perspective, s-CRY-ed is average". She also found the English cast enjoyable while the music reminded her of a popular anime, Cowboy Bebop.

The series' plot development surprised some reviewers. Reid was amazed by how the plot changed until its ending to the point of calling it an "excellent end to a superior series" despite having been able to predict most of the plot twists in the series. Justin Rich of Mania noted how similar both Kazuma and Ryuho became across the series with the exception of their upbringings and commented they still keep clashing every time they meet. Both Rich and Norton of Mania shared mixed feelings regarding the finale finding Kyouji Mujo's fight to be anticlimactic. As well, while the former liked the conclusion, the latter found it disappointing. Nevertheless, both of them found the final fight between Kazuma and Ryuho highly appealing. Don Houston of DVD Talk enjoyed how the relationship between Kazuma and Ryuho developed similar to "buddy films". While still clashing, they came to develop a mutual respect. He also recommended fans buy the DVD box rather than single volumes because of their high prices. In his review of the final volume, Houston stated that while the series started as "generic" its development allowed him to enjoy more of the show. He felt the storyline could have been finished in less than twenty-six episodes.

s-CRY-ed was featured in an IGN article by Ryan Clements titled "The Anime We'd Love to Play". Clements commented that while the anime suffered from pacing and animation issues, both the cast and the powers were entertaining, remarking on the rivalry between Kazuma and Ryuho. In the 2007 book Manga: The Complete Guide author Jason Thompson found the manga "over-the-top" as an adaptation of the anime series. Thompson found it similar to Jojo's Bizarre Adventure based on the "enjoyably weird, exaggerated" art which is also one of the series' main appeal.

title: S-CRY-ed


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The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down

"The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" is a song written by Robbie Robertson. It was and originally recorded by his Canadian-American roots rock group The Band in 1969 and released on their eponymous second album. Levon Helm provided the lead vocals. The song is a first-person narrative relating the economic and social distress experienced by the protagonist, a poor white Southerner, during the last year of the American Civil War, when George Stoneman was raiding southwest Virginia.

Joan Baez's version peaked at #3 on the Hot 100 on 2 October 1971; it did likewise on the Cashbox Top 100 chart. However, on the Record World Top Singles chart for the week of September 25, 1971, the Baez single hit #1 for one week.

Creation and recordings
The song was written by Robbie Robertson, who spent about eight months working on it. Robertson said he had the music to the song in his head and would play the chords over and over on the piano but had no idea what the song was to be about. Then the concept came to him and he researched the subject with help from the Band's drummer Levon Helm, a native of Arkansas. In his 1993 autobiography, This Wheel's on Fire, Helm wrote, "Robbie and I worked on 'The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down' up in Woodstock. I remember taking him to the library so he could research the history and geography of the era and make General Robert E. Lee come out with all due respect."

The lyrics tell of the last days of the American Civil War, portraying the suffering of the protagonist, Virgil Caine, a poor white Southerner. Dixie is the historical nickname for the states making up the Confederate States of America. The song's opening stanza refers to one of George Stoneman's raids behind Confederate lines attacking the railroads of Danville, Virginia, at the end of the Civil War in 1865:

"Virgil Caine is the name, and I served on the Danville train Till Stoneman's cavalry came and tore up the tracks again In the winter of '65, we were hungry, just barely alive By May the tenth, Richmond had fell, it's a time I remember, oh so well"

"The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" is considered one of the highlights of The Band, the group's second album, which was released in the fall of 1969. According to Rob Bowman's liner notes to the 2000 reissue of The Band, the album has been viewed as a concept album, with the songs focusing on the peoples, places and traditions associated with an older version of Americana.

A highlight of the group's repertoire, it has been included in every compilation covering their recording career 1968 to 1977. The Band frequently performed the song in concert, and it is included on the group's live albums Rock of Ages (1972) and Before the Flood (1974). The song also was included in the Band's Thanksgiving Day concert in 1976 which was the subject of Martin Scorsese's documentary film The Last Waltz, and on that film's soundtrack released in 1978.

The last time the song was performed by Helm was in The Last Waltz. Helm refused to play the song afterwards. Although it has long been believed that the reason for Helm's refusal to play the song was a dispute with Robertson over songwriting credits, according to Garth Hudson the refusal was due to Helm's dislike for Joan Baez's version.

Reception
The song was number 245 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest songs of all time. Pitchfork Media named it the forty-second best song of the 1960s. The song is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll" and Time magazine's All-Time 100.

Critic Ralph J. Gleason (in the review in Rolling Stone (U.S. edition only) of October 1969) explains why this song has such an impact on listeners:"Nothing I have read … has brought home the overwhelming human sense of history that this song does. The only thing I can relate it to at all is The Red Badge of Courage. It's a remarkable song, the rhythmic structure, the voice of Levon and the bass line with the drum accents and then the heavy close harmony of Levon, Richard and Rick in the theme, make it seem impossible that this isn't some traditional material handed down from father to son straight from that winter of 1865 to today. It has that ring of truth and the whole aura of authenticity."

21st century political criticism
Some commentators in the 21st century have questioned whether the song's original lyrics made it an endorsement of slavery and the ideology of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. In 2009, writing in The Atlantic, Ta-Nehisi Coates characterized the song as "another story about the blues of Pharaoh". In an August 2020 interview in Rolling Stone, contemporary singer-songwriter Early James described how he had started changing the lyrics of the song, while covering it, to oppose the Confederate cause — for example, in the first verse, "where Helm sang that the fall of the Confederacy was 'a time I remember oh so well', James declared it 'a time to bid farewell, and he reworked the final verse to state "Unlike my father before me, who I will never understand... I think it's time we laid hate in its grave." An editorial in The Roanoke Times in 2020 argued that these views are based on a misunderstanding of the song, which does not glorify slavery, the Confederacy, or Robert E. Lee, but, rather, tells the story of a poor, non-slave-holding Southerner who tries to make sense of the loss of his brother and his livelihood. It notes that it was written, not by a Southerner, but by a Canadian, and contained factual errors. Jack Hamilton, of the University of Virginia, writing in Slate, said that it is "an anti-war song first and foremost", pointing to the references to "bells ringing" and "people singing" in the chorus.

Joan Baez version
The most successful version of the song was the one by Joan Baez, which became a RIAA-certified Gold record on 22 October 1971. In addition to chart action on the Hot 100, the record spent five weeks atop the easy listening chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 20 song for 1971. The version reached number six in the pop charts in the UK in October 1971.

The Baez recording had some changes in the lyrics. Baez later told Rolling Stone's Kurt Loder that she initially learned the song by listening to the recording on the Band's album, and had never seen the printed lyrics at the time she recorded it, and thus sang the lyrics as she had (mis)heard them. In more recent years in her concerts, Baez has performed the song as originally written by Robertson.

Other versions
Johnny Cash recorded the song on his 1975 album John R. Cash. Old-time musician Jimmy Arnold recorded the song on his album Southern Soul, which was composed of songs associated with the Southern side of the Civil War. A fairly large-scale orchestrated version of the song appears on the 1971 concept album California '99 by Jimmie Haskell, with lead vocal by Jimmy Witherspoon. Others to record versions of the song include Don Rich, Steve Young, John Denver, the Allman Brothers Band, Derek Warfield. the Charlie Daniels Band, Big Country, the Dave Brockie Experience, Vikki Carr, Richie Havens, the Black Crowes, Solomon Burke, Earl Thomas Conley, the Jerry Garcia Band, Sophie B. Hawkins, Legion of Mary, and the Zac Brown Band; many of these artists have played it live. In 2008, Johnny Logan covered the song on his album, Irishman in America. Glen Hansard (of the Frames and the Swell Season), accompanied by Lisa Hannigan and John Smith, performed the song in July 2012 for The A.V. Club A.V. Undercover: Summer Break series.

The 1972 song "Am Tag als Conny Kramer starb" ("On the Day That Conny Kramer Died"), which uses the tune of the song, was a number-one hit in West Germany for singer Juliane Werding. The lyrics are about a young man dying because of his drug addiction. In 1986, the German band Die Goldenen Zitronen made a parody version of this song with the title "Am Tag als Thomas Anders starb" ("On the Day That Thomas Anders Died").

Samples from the song can be found in the 2006 song "Stopping All Stations" released by Australian hip-hop group Hilltop Hoods, played at a higher pitch and at an increased speed. The song follows a fictional storyline of three separate events, written by MC Pressure and influenced by a "series of robbings, stabbings and bashings of senior citizens" across the various Adelaide Metro train-lines in South Australia. In 2007, Hilltop Hoods released "Stopping All Stations Restrung" featuring the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra.

Line-up on The Band version

 * Levon Helm – lead vocals, drums
 * Rick Danko – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Garth Hudson – melodica, slide trumpet
 * Richard Manuel – piano, backing vocals
 * Robbie Robertson – acoustic/electric guitar, backing vocals

title: The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down


text:
Time Warp (song)

"Time Warp" is a song featured in the 1973 rock musical The Rocky Horror Show, its 1975 film adaptation The Rocky Horror Picture Show, and a 2016 TV production. The song title comes from a dance performed during the chorus of the song.

The dance
The song is both an example and a parody of the dance song genre, with much of its lyrics consisting of instructions for performing the dance. (Example: "It's just a jump to the left / And then a step to the right / Put your hands on your hips / Bring your knees in tight.")

This dance became one of the major audience participation activities during screenings of the film and live performances of the show.

The song is in the key of A major.

Placement

"Time Warp" was the fifth song in the original stage show (after "Science Fiction/Double Feature", "Dammit Janet", "Over at the Frankenstein Place" and "Sweet Transvestite"), but fourth in the film (following "Over at the Frankenstein Place" and preceding "Sweet Transvestite").

Stage productions continued to use the original placement until Richard O'Brien revised the script for the 1990 West End revival in which he moved the song to the film's placement. For reasons of pacing, most productions now follow this order.

The song is reprised briefly at the end of the film, in flashback, and in the stage show it serves as an encore led by Dr. Frank N. Furter.

Other appearances
The Hillywood Show used the song in a Doctor Who parody, which David Tennant called "extraordinary".

title: Time Warp (song)


text:
User:Joachim~enwiki

Student i Stavanger. Siv.Ing studiet.

Matematikkens og fysikkens historie er noe som fascinerer meg. Vanlig historie er også noe som leses med lyst.

 * HIS

title: User:Joachim~enwiki


text:
Radar Love

"Radar Love" is a song by the Dutch rock band Golden Earring. The single version of "Radar Love" reached #9 on the Record World  chart, #10 on Cash Box, and #13 on Billboard in the United States. It hit the Top 10 in many countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Germany, and Spain.

Lyrics
The song is written from the point of view of a man who has some sort of psychic connection with his lover — "radar love". He senses that she urgently wants him to be with her, and in his haste he drives recklessly, causing a fatal accident, but even in the afterlife the song's narrator and his lover still have radar love.

Composition
Like other famous songs of the era — "Highway Star", "Stairway to Heaven", "Bohemian Rhapsody" — "Radar Love" is composed as a suite with several distinctive and quite different sections, although the tonality throughout remains similar.

The intro starts with a guitar riff in four separated phrases, consisting respectively of three, three, five and three notes. The first phrase is up from C♯ minor with three power chords slightly reminiscent of Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water". The second phrase heads down, the third is up again, higher than the previous, and the fourth leads all down to E major. According to bass player Rinus Gerritsen the intro was inspired by Carlos Santana.

During the chorus, starting in C♯ minor at 1:20, the band is joined by a brass section.

The song references Brenda Lee's "Coming On Strong" from 1966 as a "forgotten song".

Impact
According to Rustyn Rose at Metalholic, the song "is a rock masterpiece, from its hooky chugging bassline, to its simple but unmistakable riffs, to its catchy anthemesque chorus. Even the jam which rides the song out is note for note classic."

The song has been chosen by many magazines and websites as a Top 10 driving song, often ranking in the top three. It was chosen as the best radio song by readers of the Washington Post in November 2001. It was the #1 driving song in Australia (Australian Musician Magazine, November 2005), beating two AC/DC songs; and in Canada (BBC Canada, March 2006). In 2011 it received a vast number of votes as the "Ultimate Driving Song" in a poll on PlanetRock and "finished well ahead of its nearest rival, Deep Purple's Highway Star."

The bassline, guitar improv, and drum solo riff was used in the late 1970s and early 1980s as part of the opening credits and theme to the long running Australian current affairs programme Four Corners produced by ABC before it segues into the official theme, Robert Maxwell's "Lost Patrol".

Cover versions
According to radar-love.net, the song has been covered more than 500 times by, among others, Tribe 8, Ministry, Omen, U2, R.E.M., Ian Stuart Donaldson, Sun City Girls, Dutch group Centerfold, White Lion, Blue Man Group, Def Leppard, James Last, NWOBHM band Aragorn, Nine Pound Hammer, Oh Well, Joe Santana, the Space Lady, and the Pressure Boys. White Lion's version charted at #59 on the Hot 100.

Goth-pop band Ghost Dance recorded a cover of the song on the B-side of their "Heart Full of Soul" single, itself a cover of the Yardbirds track.

A pre-Mercyful Fate band featuring King Diamond on vocals recorded a cover of the song. It is featured on King Diamond & Black Rose 20 Years Ago.

WaveGroup Sound covered the White Lion version of the song on Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s.

In popular culture
The song has been featured in several films including Wayne's World 2 (1993), Detroit Rock City (1999), Baby Driver (2017), and The Tender Bar (2021).

It was a central piece in the 2007 Reaper series episode 7: "Love, Bullets & Blacktop", being featured on an 8-track cartridge.

Weekly charts
Radar Love {1977}

White Lion

Oh Well

title: Radar Love


text:
Talk:Peerage Act 1963

Old comments
The article on Alec Douglas-Home claims that "On his death, he was succeeded as Earl of Home by his son, David."

Does this mean that when Tony Benn dies, that Hilary Benn will end up the Third Viscount Stansgate?

I believe so, however, because of the House of Lords Act 1999, the title would not allow him to take up a seat in the House of Lords. He would have to be appointed a life peer. Mintguy 15:19, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I believe Stephen Benn is older than Hilary and thus the heir to the viscountcy. --rbrwr

 * Although Tony was a second son he inherited as his older brother died without issue, killed in action in 1944.   Stephen Benn has a son, so Tony's second son Hilary is now third in line  garryq 13:48, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I thought I read somewhere that the Act had time limits - that peers must renounce within six months (or something) of either the Act being passed (not sure on this bit) or inheriting their titles - the idea being that subsequently established members of the House of Lords couldn't just pop down to the Commons when they felt like it. (I guess it was seen as okay for an existing established hereditary peer to do so at the time because up to then they had had no choice in the matter.) Anyone know any more on this?

 * A peerage must be disclaimed within 12 months of inheriting it, or within 12 months of the act beeing passed. There was a very much shorter period if the person inheriting was an MP and wanted to retain his seat.  If the MP went beyond that short limit he was disqualified, but as long as he disclaimed within the 12 months he could stand again.    garryq 13:29, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I wonder how that works for people who inherit their title when they are infants? Morwen 19:50, May 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * "or, if he is then under twenty-one years of age, twelve months beginning with the day on which he attains that age;" --rbrwrˆ 19:59, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

list of disclaimed peerages (are there any others?)

 * Yes. My ancient Whitaker's Almanac (1985 edition) lists: Earl of Durham, Earl of Home, Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hailsham, Viscount Stansgate, Lord Altrincham, Lord Archibald, Lord Beaverbrook, Lord Fraser of Allander, Lord Merthyr, Lord Monkswell, Lord Reith, Lord Sanderson of Ayot, Lord Silkin, Lord Southampton. Doubtless one of our peerage experts will be along with a full list at any moment. --rbrwrˆ (ps. Fraser of Allander, the only red link in that list, was created for Hugh "House of" Fraser and is now extinct.)

Malcolm St Clair
Mr St Clair then accepted the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, thereby disqualifying himself from the House

List of Stewards of the Manor of Northstead claims he took that office instead. Which is correct? Psmith 22:16, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wives and family
Version before recent changes:
 * A peer who disclaims the peerage and his wife lose all titles, rights and privileges associated with the peerage.

Iainscott's version:
 * A peer (and thier family) who disclaims the peerage lose all titles, rights and privileges associated with the peerage.

My version:
 * A peer who disclaims the peerage loses all titles, rights and privileges associated with the peerage; if he is a married man, so does his wife.

The first version is grammatically odd, as Iain spotted. However "family" is not what it says in the Act. It specifically says wife. The fact that a disclaimed peer also disclaims his subsidiary titles presumably means that his eldest son cannot use it as a courtesy title. However, I do wonder whether this means that all titles are lost by the family; for example does his mother, if circumstances otherwise permit, retain her title as dowager? Iain's version implies that she would lose the title, and I'm not convinced that the act says that. --rbrwr± 13:08, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Only the peer concerned and his wife lose their titles. Every other member of the family (including an eldest son using a courtesy peerage) keeps theirs. Proteus (Talk) 13:12, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. --rbrwr± 13:17, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah! I had assumed that the title, and all titles derived from it, just sort of disappeared until the chap who disclaimed it died... thinking about it, the way the act has it does make more logical sense! Iain 09:25, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

No more hereditary peerages
I notice that there's an average of ten hereditary peerages created per year up until about 1964, and after that almost none - and usually then mainly for members of the royal family. Is there any reason why this is so, as the article doesn't address this? What i'm getting at is this: is there some sort of policy (official or unofficial) to let hereditary titles eventually dwindle or die out through attrition? For instance, why aren't former PMs made hereditary earls any more? 121.73.7.84 (talk) 09:39, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * This is discussed in hereditary peer, where it more sensibly belongs than this article. I have added a wikilink to this page now as it seemed odd that it wasn't linked from this article.  J Rawle  (Talk) 10:04, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Alan Lindsay Sanderson (formerly Lord Sanderson of Ayot) v. Alan Sanderson (the recording engineer)
In the list of Disclaimed Peerages, the link to Alan Sanderson points to a recording engineer who was born in 1970, but the man in question, Alan Lindsay Sanderson, formerly Lord Sanderson of Ayot, is a psychiatrist born in 1931. I have removed the link to the sound engineer Alan Sanderson. 79.76.115.27 (talk) 11:30, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The former 2nd Lord Sanderson of Ayot died 16 Dec 2022 146.200.94.159 (talk) 06:34, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

First Peerage to be renounced
It's not clear that the Stansgate Peerage was the first to be renounced, Tony Benn's diary suggests that when he was on his way into the House of Lords to sign the paperwork to renounce his peerage coming in the other direction another was on his way out having already done so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.85.63.162 (talk) 14:09, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

When was ban on Peers in House enacted?
I'm curious about this as I note a number of peers, Lord this and Earl that, who served as prime ministers during the 18th and 19th Centuries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.242.248.49 (talk) 13:46, 18 March 2014 (UTC)
 * It is still permitted for a peer to be a minister, since a minister may be appointed from either House; indeed, the current cabinet includes both Jonathan Hill, Baron Hill of Oareford and Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi, who sit in the House of Lords. It is also technically possible for a peer to be PM, but this has happened only once since the 3rd Marquess of Salisbury resigned in 1902. The last Prime Minister to sit in the Lords was the 14th Earl of Home, who was appointed Prime Minister on 19 October 1963 and disclaimed his peerage four days later, on 23 October 1963. It was not strictly necessary for him to do so; see Alec Douglas-Home - but since 1923 it had not been considered acceptable for the PM to sit in the Lords, see George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston. -- Red rose64 (talk) 16:50, 18 March 2014 (UTC)
 * To be pedantic a minister could legally come from neither house. It is a convention not a matter of law that they do.Garlicplanting (talk) 12:31, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
 * The situation is further confused by the fact that certain Irish and (until 1963) Scottish peers could sit in the House of Commons, as could courtesy peers. So Lord North (heir apparent of the Earl of Guilford) and Lord Palmerston (an Irish viscount) both sat in the House of Commons (and served as PM as such) despite being Lords. Proteus (Talk) 10:16, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Which makes this sentence puzzling: the Act extended to all Irish peers both the right to vote in parliamentary elections and the right to stand for election to the House of Commons. —Tamfang (talk) 07:33, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

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Female hereditary peers
I believe the current list of hereditary peeress's who took their seat after the 1963 act is incorrect, some of those included never took their seats in the House of Lords. This was not uncommon, numerous hereditary peers chose to never sit (in 1999 at their abolition roughly 80 of the 800ish hereditary peers hadn't taken their seats). I've adjusted the list accordingly with a source from the House of Lords Library available from the Parliament.uk website. ToastButterToast (talk) 03:58, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peerage Act 1963


text:
Northbrook

Northbrook may refer to:

Settlements

 * Northbrook, Illinois, United States
 * Northbrook, Ohio, United States
 * Northbrook, Oxfordshire, a hamlet near the village of, and within the parish of, Kirtlington, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
 * Northbrook, Wiltshire, a hamlet near the village of, and within the parish of, Market Lavington, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
 * Northbrook, Hampshire, a place near Micheldever, Hampshire, United Kingdom
 * Northbrook (electoral division), a West Sussex County Council constituency, United Kingdom
 * Northbrook, Ontario, a place in Addington Highlands, Ontario Canada
 * Northbrook, Frederickton, Newfoundland and Labrador a place near Frederickton, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Northbrook Park

 * Northbrook Park, Hampshire, a historic house and grounds built in 1810, now a wedding venue in Bramley, Hampshire, United Kingdom
 * Northbrook Park, London, a 9-acre public park in Grove Park, London Borough of Lewisham, United Kingdom, opened in 1903
 * Northbrook Park, Devon, a park, estate and golf course in Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
 * Northbrook Park District, a district and organisation founded in 1927 which manages parks and recreation in Northbrook, Illinois, United States

Education

 * Northbrook High School a high School in Spring Branch, Houston, Texas, United States
 * Northbrook Metropolitan College a former higher education college with campuses in Worthing and Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex, United Kingdom
 * Northbrooks Secondary School, a co-educational government secondary school in Yishun, Singapore

Other

 * Northbrook Island, Russia
 * Northbrook (river), a river, in Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom, tributary of the River Exe
 * Northbrook (Metra) a railway station in Northbrook, Illinois, United States
 * Northbrook Court, a shopping mall in Northbrook, Illinois, United States

Other uses

 * Baron Northbrook, several people
 * The Virgin and Child (The Northbrook Madonna)
 * Northbrook Technology, now Allstate Northern Ireland, a Northern Irish technology company

title: Northbrook


text:
Talk:Joanot Martorell

Untitled
The fact that Jonanot Martorell didn't specify in which language he wrote his famous book, doesn't means that he wrote it in catalan nor in valencian.

I cannot understand this gross mistake. Joanot Martorell specifies twice in the first pages of the "Tirant" that he writes in valentian.

see this. It is the 2nd page of the Tirant:

Straw man, perhaps?
The question of whether Catalan and Valencian are or are not the same language is a question best left to the folks directly involved. There are plenty of good reasons to bicker about Martorell; let's stick to them.

Although political bias often use one name or the other, or even state they are different languages, it should be noted Catalan and Valencian are two names for the same language (from a linguistic point of view). Both are often used to describe two varieties (the former in Catalonia, the latter prefered in the land of Valencia), but these are rather contemporary names. During centuries, the term llemosí (Limousin) was used indistinctly to refer to all the dialectal variants of this language, and the closely related Occitan dialects. In the century the Tirant was written, after a time of war and plague in Catalonia, the cultural centre of the kingdom of Aragon and many members of that time's Catalan nobility moved from Barcelona to the city of Valencia. Since there was no official, specific name for the language he was using he took the common name already used at the time.

Valencian language
The Valencian language is not catalan language, nor comes from catalan, but that comes from the occitan (in the same way that the Catalan). Therefore to denominate between parenthesis the Valencian as (Catalan) it would be like writing "Aragonese (leonine)". Joanot Martorell is a Valencian writer, that writes in Valencian and publishes in Valencia. The indication of "Catalan" is not correct, because nothing "Valencian" can be described like "Catalan".

Why the link to Catalonia?
Joanot Martorell is a valencian writer. Why there is a link to Catalonia? Valencia is not Catalonia, it has got its own culture (that is not catalan), history and political organization. He would be more rigorous not to make references to other cultures like the Catalan one, specially when political connotations of an existing nationalism in that culture exist that it tries to absorb the Valencian one.

But Valencian is only a synonyme for Catalan language, all this discussions if valencian is another language should be left to the academic circles and they all say that "valencian" is only another name for saying "catalan". With other words catalan=valencian, like castellano is the same for spanisch. The Academy who regulates the "valencian" says also that valencian is another word for the language called "catalan" in all the other areas with this language.

Greeting, Georg —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.87.195.190 (talk) 13:52, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

--I do not know if this works like this... but I add it here --

All the discussions regarding what was the language spoken in the former Kingdom of Valencia (currently comprising more or less the provinces Alicante, Castellón and Valencia) have a decissive starting date: 25 April 1707 (Batalla de Almansa).

Since then till today, Valencian was considered as a secondary and ashaming language. Until then, Valencia was well over any economic, political or lingustic level of Catalonia. Note that there is NO SINGLE Catalan author of ANY of the books representing the "Gold Age of Catalan", all authors were Valencian or Balear [!!!!]. But for the "academics" there is no "Golden Age of Valencian" or "Balear".

As a bit regarding economic and political power: currently the "academics" still try to silence, and lie, regarding the "discovery" of America: it is presented as the only will and effort of Queen Isabel de Aragón, while almost all the money invested in such expedition was coming from the fortune made by the Aragonese jew, Luis de Santángel, that move to Valencia (St. Thomas Church, exactly) to take profit of the economic flourishing of the Kingdom of Valencia's economy (at that time already merged into the Kingdom of Spain), even when he already had a wealthy and politically influencing family in Aragon.

Coming back to Almansa, Valencia lost then all his special and beneficial consideration -"Fueros" or "Furs"- as one singular and economically leading region of Spain. Fact that is silenced still today, and even converted into to a disaster for the "Catalan", when it is indeed rather the contrary: Catalan started to be over Valencian only after that battle.

Until that time nobody ever contested that Joanot Martorell wrote in Valencian and the language of the Kingdom of Valencia was Valencian, even the own Miguel de Cervantes referred to Tirant lo Blanch as a masterpiece of the literature (so far known by him), and in another book of Cervantes referred to Valencian as the second sweetest language in the world, after portuguese.

Note this important reference, Cervantes "arguably" the most respected "academic" on Spanish Literature on Earth ever existed.

The reference in the text above in this discussion page in that the "academics" in Valencia consider Catalan and Valencian as synonym is a political decission nothing to do with scientific arguments, not even legal, since still the Valencian Language is the Language of the Valencian Community. This consideration of Catalan as synonym of Valencian is just a one more political step to erase the existence of Valencian, and to legally introduce that in the Valencian Community it is spoken Catalan.

The "academics" that defended the use of Valencian were integrated in the "Real Academy of Valencian Culture" well before any attempts to erase any references to Valencian. Still today such Real Academia de Cultura Valenciana exists and does not accept any of the arguments of a sythetic, ridiculous and politically biased towards Catalonia new institution called "Valencian Academy of the Language" (created in 1998 !!!!!!) : these "academics" were appointed by politicians to overcome the postulates of the "competitor" academics that defended the singularity and correct name "Valencian" in the "Real Academia de Cultura Valenciana".

The "academics" nowadays are influenced by the fact that during the Civil War of 1936-39, and thereafter, Catalan was strongly supported by the Catalan burguesy, and as a sign of rebelion to the power of General Franco. Many Valencians contrary to the dictator Franco, just needed to sum up with those of Catalonia under a common sign, that was the Catalan language. Such left-winged generation, assuming the false postulates of Catalonia regarding the Valencian dependece to Catalan [they didn't give a pin regarding language issues, they only wanted to defeat Franco], received, when the Socialist Party arrived to the Power in the 80's, many administrative, political (obvious), economic, media and University powers.

From there, this left-winged generation of Valencians, began an unprecendet task of rewriting the history of Valencian. All those who studied Lingustics in the Valencian Universities (as a general term for Alicante, Castellon and Valencia regions) were taught the pan-Catalonian postulates and needed to assume them, in between other things to pass the exams. This way there is a current generation of "academics" formed into the Catalan postulates.

Further, and in consistency with the well known endemic problem of Science and Research in Spain, those pan-Catalonian literates (so far, no masterpiece has arised from them) were put in prestigue academic positions ("Cátedras") in the University, due to political affiliation to left-winged parties.

Conclusion: there exist no single "academic" voice neglecting the existence of Valencian that is not a biassed product of politics in the last 30 years. Therefore, care need be taken when leaving this discusion to "academic" circles: they do not follow any serious consideration of historical facts, rather, selecting those of benefit for the pan-Catalonian postulates, and even neglecting unquestionable historic facts (as that written proofs of the "miserably academic Miguel de Cervantes). Another bit about the ridiculous, hilarious and serious "scientific" approach to neglect the existence of Valencian: in a masterpiece of the pan-Catalonian movement, "The language of the Valencians", it is said that a key counter-proof of the status of Valencian [as independent language, and its recognition as such in whole Spain and Europa for CENTURIES], a cite referring to "Valencian" refers actually to "Catalan".

The polemic cite says that a document was written in "Vulgar Valencian Language". By esotheric, ridiculous and ashaming scientific argumentation, the nowadays academics deduce that the term "Vulgar" refers actually to "dialect of Catalan" [unbelievable, but true!!!!]

It is crystal clear that "vulgar" means "common", "of the people" -translation from Latin-, since the people of Valencia was just speaking Valencian (and Latin and Spanish were considered not "Vulgar" or "common", rather, "high-level" languages used by Scholars).

The current "academics" see (crystal clear as well...) that "vulgar" was meant to say "dialect of Catalan".

This astonishing conlusion to read "dialect of Catalan" when it says "common Valencian" is a jewel into knowing which "scientific" methods follow the current linguists in Spain.

Noteworthy, for this "Hero" of confussion and misinterpretation of the history are devoted plenty of schools and streets in the Valencian Community, as a political gift for providing to the pan-Catalanian theories a "scientific" proof of the unexistence of Valencian. Ashaming.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.183.36.215 (talk) 11:23, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Joanot Martorell


text:
Williamston

Williamston is the name of several places in the United States of America:
 * Williamston, Michigan
 * Williamston, North Carolina
 * Williamston, South Carolina

title: Williamston


text:
Righteousness

Righteousness or rectitude is the quality or state of being morally correct and justifiable. It can be considered synonymous with "rightness" or being "upright" or to-the-light and visible. It can be found in Indian, Chinese and Abrahamic religions and traditions, among others, as a theological concept. For example, from various perspectives in Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Confucianism, Taoism, Judaism it is considered an attribute that implies that a person's actions are justified, and can have the connotation that the person has been "judged" or "reckoned" as leading a life that is pleasing to God.

William Tyndale (translator of the Bible into English in 1526) remodelled the word after an earlier word rihtwis, which would have yielded modern English *rightwise or *rightways. He used it to translate the Hebrew root צדק, which appears over five hundred times in the Hebrew Bible, and the Greek word δίκαιος , which appears more than two hundred times in the New Testament.

Etymologically, it comes from Old English rihtwīs, from riht 'right' + wīs 'manner, state, condition' (as opposed to wrangwīs, "wrongful" ). The change in the ending in the 16th century was due to association with words such as bounteous.

Ethics or moral philosophy
Ethics is a major branch of philosophy which encompasses right conduct and good living. Rushworth Kidder states that "standard definitions of ethics have typically included such phrases as 'the science of the ideal human character' or 'the science of moral duty'". Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures". The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word ethics is "commonly used interchangeably with 'morality' ... and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group or individual".

Christianity
In the New Testament, the word righteousness, a translation word for the Greek, is used in the sense of 'being righteous before others' (e.g. Matthew 5:20) or 'being righteous before God' (e.g. Romans 1:17). William Lane Craig argues that we should think of God as the "paradigm, the locus, the source of all moral value and standards". In Matthew's account of the Baptism of Jesus, Jesus tells the prophet "it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness" as Jesus requests that John perform the rite for him. The Sermon on the Mount contains the memorable commandment "Seek ye first the kingdom of God and His righteousness".

A secondary meaning of the Greek word is 'justice', which is used to render it in a few places by a few Bible translations, e.g. in Matthew 6:33 in the New English Bible.

Jesus asserts the importance of righteousness by saying in Matthew 5:20, "For I tell you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven".

However, Paul the Apostle speaks of two ways, at least in theory, to achieve righteousness: through the Law of Moses (or Torah), and through faith in the atonement made possible through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. However he repeatedly emphasizes that faith is the effective way. For example, just a few verses earlier, he states the Jews did not attain the law of righteousness because they sought it not by faith, but by works. The New Testament speaks of a salvation founded on God's righteousness, as exemplified throughout the history of salvation narrated in the Old Testament. Paul writes to the Romans that righteousness comes by faith: "... a righteousness that is by faith from first to last, just as it is written: 'The righteous will live by faith'".

In the New Revised Standard Version has a footnote that the original word has the meaning of 'benevolence', and the Messianic Jewish commentary of David Stern affirms the Jewish practice of 'doing ' as charity, in referring to the  and  passages.

speaks of the relationship between works of righteousness and faith, saying that "faith without works is dead". Righteous acts according to James include works of charity as well as avoiding sins against the Law of Moses.

describes Lot as a righteous man.

Type of saint
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, "Righteous" is a type of saint who is regarded as a holy person under the Old Covenant (Old Testament Israel). The word is also sometimes used for married saints of the New Covenant (the Church). According to Orthodox theology, the Righteous saints of the Old Covenant were not able to enter into heaven until after the death of Jesus on the cross, but had to await salvation in the Bosom of Abraham (see: Harrowing of Hell).

Islam
Righteousness is mentioned several times in the Quran. The Quran says that a life of righteousness is the only way to go to Heaven. "We will give the home of the Hereafter to those who do not want arrogance or mischief on earth; and the end is best for the righteous."

"O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes that ye may know each other (not that ye may despise each other). Verily the most honored of you in the sight of Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of you. And Allah has full knowledge and is well acquainted (with all things)."

"Righteousness is not that you turn your faces to the east and the west [in prayer]. But righteous is the one who believes in God, the Last Day, the Angels, the Scripture and the Prophets; who gives his wealth in spite of love for it to kinsfolk, orphans, the poor, the wayfarer, to those who ask and to set slaves free. And (righteous are) those who pray, pay alms, honor their agreements, and are patient in (times of) poverty, ailment and during conflict. Such are the people of truth. And they are the God-Fearing."

Judaism
Righteousness is one of the chief attributes of God as portrayed in the Hebrew Bible. Its chief meaning concerns ethical conduct (for example, ; ; ; ). In the Book of Job, the title character is introduced as "a good and righteous man". The Book of Wisdom calls on rulers of the world to embrace righteousness.

Mandaeism
An early self-appellation for Mandaeans is meaning 'elect of righteousness' or 'the chosen righteous', a term found in the Book of Enoch and Genesis Apocryphon II, 4. In addition to righteousness, also refers to alms or almsgiving.

Yi (Confucianism)
,, literally "justice, or justness, righteousness or rightness, meaning", is an important concept in Confucianism. It involves a moral disposition for the good in life, with the sustainable intuition, purpose, and sensibility to do good competently with no expectation of reward.

resonates with Confucian philosophy's orientation towards the cultivation of reverence or benevolence and skillful practice.

represents moral acumen that goes beyond simple rule-following, as it is based on empathy, it involves a balanced understanding of a situation, and it incorporates the "creative insights" and grounding necessary to apply virtues through deduction (Yin and Yang) and reason "with no loss of purpose and direction for the total good of fidelity. represents this ideal of totality as well as a decision-generating ability to apply a virtue properly and appropriately in a situation."

In application, is a "complex principle" that includes:

 * 1) skill in crafting actions which have moral fitness according to a given concrete situation
 * 2) the wise recognition of such fitness
 * 3) the intrinsic satisfaction that comes from that recognition.

Indian religions
There might not be a single-word translation for in English, but it can be translated as righteousness, religion, faith, duty, law, and virtue. Connotations of include rightness, good, natural, morality, righteousness, and virtue. In common parlance, means "right way of living" and "path of rightness". It encompasses ideas such as duty, rights, character, vocation, religion, customs and all behaviour considered appropriate, correct or "morally upright". It is explained as a law of righteousness and equated to (truth): "...when a man speaks the Truth, they say, 'He speaks the Dharma'; and if he speaks Dharma, they say, 'He speaks the Truth!' For both are one"

The importance of to Indian sentiments is illustrated by the government of India's decision in 1947 to include the Ashoka Chakra, a depiction of the  ( the "wheel of dharma"), as the central motif on its flag.

Hinduism
In Hindu philosophy and religion, major emphasis is placed on individual practical morality. In the Sanskrit epics, this concern is omnipresent. Including duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living". The Sanskrit epics contain themes and examples where right prevails over wrong, good over evil.

In an inscription attributed to the Indian Emperor Ashoka from, in Sanskrit, Aramaic, and Greek text, appears a Greek rendering for the Sanskrit word : the word This suggests  was a central concept in India at that time, and meant not only religious ideas, but ideas of right, of good, and of one's duty.

The Ramayana is one of the two great Indian epics. It tells about life in India around and offers models in. The hero, Rama, lived his whole life by the rules of ; this is why he is considered heroic. When Rama was a young boy, he was the perfect son. Later he was an ideal husband to his faithful wife, Sita, and a responsible ruler of Aydohya. Each episode of Ramayana presents life situations and ethical questions in symbolic terms. The situation is debated by the characters, and finally right prevails over wrong, good over evil. For this reason, in Hindu Epics, the good, morally upright, law-abiding king is referred to as.

In Mahabharata, the other major Indian epic, similarly, is central, and it is presented with symbolism and metaphors. Near the end of the epic, the god Yama, referred to as in the text, is portrayed as taking the form of a dog to test the compassion of Yudhishthira, who is told he may not enter paradise with such an animal, but who refuses to abandon his companion, for which decision he is then praised by. The value and appeal of the Mahabharata is not as much in its complex and rushed presentation of metaphysics in the 12th book, claims Daniel H.H. Ingalls, because Indian metaphysics is more eloquently presented in other Sanskrit scriptures. The appeal of Mahabharata, like Ramayana, is in its presentation of a series of moral problems and life situations, to which there are usually three answers given, according to Ingalls: one answer is of Bhima, which is the answer of brute force, an individual angle representing materialism, egoism, and self; the second answer is of Yudhishthira, which is always an appeal to piety and gods, of social virtue and of tradition; the third answer is of introspective Arjuna, which falls between the two extremes, and who, claims Ingalls, symbolically reveals the finest moral qualities of man. The Epics of Hinduism are a symbolic treatise about life, virtues, customs, morals, ethics, law, and other aspects of dharma. There is extensive discussion of at the individual level in the Epics of Hinduism, observes Ingalls; for example, on free will versus destiny, when and why human beings believe in either, ultimately concluding that the strong and prosperous naturally uphold free will, while those facing grief or frustration naturally lean towards destiny. The Epics of Hinduism illustrate various aspects of, they are a means of communicating with metaphors.

In Hinduism, signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with, the order that makes life and universe possible, and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues, and "right way of living". The concept of was already in use in the historical Vedic religion, and its meaning and conceptual scope has evolved over several millennia. The ancient Tamil moral text of Tirukkural is solely based on, the Tamil term for. The antonym of is.

Buddhism
In Buddhism means cosmic law and order, but is also applied to the teachings of the Buddha. In Buddhist philosophy, / is also the term for "phenomena". Dharma refers not only to the sayings of the Buddha, but also to the later traditions of interpretation and addition that the various schools of Buddhism have developed to help explain and to expand upon the Buddha's teachings. For others still, they see the as referring to the "truth", or the ultimate reality of "the way that things really are".

Jainism
Tattvartha Sutra mentions with the meaning of "righteous". These are forbearance, modesty, straightforwardness, purity, truthfulness, self-restraint, austerity, renunciation, non-attachment, and celibacy.

"A right believer should constantly meditate on virtues of, like supreme modesty, in order to protect the soul from all contrary dispositions. He should also cover up the shortcomings of others."

- Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya (27)

Sikhism
For Sikhs, the word means the path of righteousness and proper religious practice. For Sikhs, the word (Punjabi: ਧਰਮ, ) means the path of righteousness and proper religious practice. Guru Granth Sahib in hymn 1353 connotes as duty. The 3HO movement in Western culture, which has incorporated certain Sikh beliefs, defines Sikh broadly as all that constitutes religion, moral duty, and way of life.

Zoroastrianism
In Zoroastrianism, is an important tenet of the Zoroastrian religion with a complex and nuanced range of meaning. It is commonly summarized in accord with its contextual implications of 'truth' and 'right(eousness)', 'order' and 'right working'.

From an early age, Zoroastrians are taught to pursue righteousness by following the Threefold Path of :, , (Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds).

One of the most sacred mantras in the religion is the Ashem Vohu, which has been translated as an "Ode to Righteousness". There are many translations, that differ due to the complexity of Avestan and the concepts involved (for other translations, see: Ashem Vohu).

"Righteousness is the best good and it is happiness. Happiness is to her/him who is righteous, for the sake of the best righteousness".

title: Righteousness


text:
Eaton Corporation

Eaton Corporation plc is an Irish/American multinational power management company, founded in the United States and incorporated in Dublin, Ireland, with a primary administrative center in Beachwood, Ohio. Eaton has more than 85,000 employees and sells products to customers in more than 175 countries.

History
In 1911, Joseph O. Eaton, brother-in-law Henning O. Taube and Viggo V. Torbensen, incorporated the Torbensen Gear and Axle Co. in Bloomfield, New Jersey. With financial backing from Torbensen's mother, the company was set to manufacture Torbensen's patented internal-gear truck axle. In 1914, the company moved to Cleveland, Ohio, to be closer to its core business, the automotive industry.

The Torbensen Axle Company incorporated in Ohio in 1916, succeeding the New Jersey corporation. A year later, Republic Motor Truck Company, Torbensen's largest customer bought out the company. But Eaton and Torbensen were not content and bowed out of Republic to form the Eaton Axle Company in 1919. A year later, in 1920, Eaton Axle Company merged with Standard Parts. Standard Parts went in receivership later the same year and was later liquidated. In 1923, Eaton bought the Torbensen Axle Co. back from Republic and changed the name to the Eaton Axle and Spring Company.

Eaton officers believed the quickest way to grow the business was through acquisitions and began buying companies in the automotive industry. By 1932, the diversified company changed its name to Eaton Manufacturing Company. In 1937, Eaton became international by opening a manufacturing plant in Canada. In 1958 Eaton Corporation acquired Fuller Manufacturing. The company name changed once again in 1965 to Eaton Yale & Towne Inc. after the acquisition of Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co. in 1963. Stockholders approved the change to the company's current name in 1971. In 1978, Eaton Corporation acquired Samuel Moore & Company, Kenway Systems, and Cutler-Hammer.

Current work
Eaton's businesses are divided into the following sectors:

Electrical
The electrical sector's products include circuit breakers, switchgear, busway, UPS systems, power distribution units, panel boards, load centers, motor controls, meters, sensors, relays, PLCs, HMIs, and inverters. The main markets for the Electrical Americas and Electrical Rest of World segments are industrial, institutional, government, utility, commercial, residential, information technology and original equipment manufacturer customers.

Aerospace
For the aerospace industry, Eaton manufactures and markets a line of systems and components for hydraulic, fuel, motion control, pneumatic systems and engines.

Mobility
The Mobility Group comprises the company's Vehicle and eMobility segments, including the Roadranger division providing:
 * Eaton clutches
 * Eaton automated and mechanical transmissions
 * Eaton hybrid power systems: mounted between the UltraShift automated manual transmission and clutch is an electric motor/generator, connected to a power inverter using lithium-ion batteries, controlled with an electronic control module. The system has a fail-safe that reverts to conventional engine-powered operation should some fault occur.
 * Roadranger synthetic lubricants
 * Eaton MD mobile diagnostics

The truck segment is involved in the design, manufacture and marketing of powertrain systems and other components for commercial vehicle markets. Key products include manual and automated transmissions, clutches, drive-line components, and hybrid power.

Eaton's automotive segment produces products such as superchargers, engine valves, valve train components, cylinder heads, locking and limited-slip differentials, heavy-duty drive-line components, fuel, emissions, and safety controls, transmission and engine controls, spoilers, exterior moldings, plastic components, and fluid connectors.

The eMobility sector combines elements of Eaton's electrical and vehicle businesses to deliver electric vehicles to passenger car, commercial vehicle and off-highway OEMs.

Acquisitions and divestments
In one of Eaton's largest acquisitions, the company purchased the Westinghouse Distribution and Controls Business Unit in 1994. The acquisition included all of the Westinghouse electrical distribution and control product business and also included stipulations that the Westinghouse name cannot be used by anyone else on these types of products for years. Today, Eaton Electrical manufactures electrical distribution and control products branded "Eaton" or "Cutler-Hammer", which can replace Westinghouse products in commercial and industrial applications.

Eaton spun off its semiconductor manufacturing equipment business as Axcelis Technologies in 2000.

In 2003, Eaton's Electrical Distribution and Control business (formerly known as Cutler-Hammer) acquired the electrical division of Delta plc. This acquisition brought Delta's brands Holec, MEM, Tabula, Bill and Elek under the Eaton nameplate with the previous Westinghouse divisions and gave the company manufacturing facilities to meet IEC standards, one of the steps to become a global company and developing a worldwide standard.

Soon after this acquisition, Eaton entered a joint venture with Caterpillar Inc. and purchased 51% of I & S operations, now known as Intelligent Switchgear Organization, LLC. This was followed in 2004 by the acquisition of Powerware. The Powerware brand is known for the design and production of medium to large Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) devices. After several years of co-branding UPS products "Eaton|Powerware" the company is switching to the single brand Eaton for all UPS products including; BladeUPS, 9355, 9390, 9395, and 9E.

In 2006, Eaton entered the data center power distribution market. Initial products were internally developed PDU's and RPP's under the Powerware brand and included the PowerXpert metering system. A Powerware brand Static Transfer Switch was added to the portfolio through a brand-label relationship with Cyberex. To complete the power distribution portfolio Eaton released a line of rack power distribution products under its Powerware brand called ePDU. It acquired Aphel Technologies Ltd., a manufacturer of power distribution product for data centers based in Coventry, UK. Shortly after, it added Pulizzi Engineering Inc., a manufacturer of mission critical power distribution based in Santa Ana, California. In late 2007, it acquired the MGE Office Protection Systems division of Schneider Electric, as a result of Schneider's acquisition of APC. A Taiwanese manufacturer, Phoenixtec, was also acquired giving the company the highest share in the Chinese single-phase UPS market.

On 21 May 2012, Eaton announced that they had agreed to purchase Ireland-based Cooper Industries in a cash-and-stock deal valued at about $11.46 billion. The new company is called Eaton Corporation plc and is incorporated in Ireland. Then-Chairman and CEO of Eaton Alexander Cutler headed the new corporation. Cooper shareholders received $39.15 in cash and 0.77479 of a share in the newly created company for each Cooper share held. This is worth $72 per share based on Eaton's closing share price of $42.40 on 18 May 2012, and is 29% above Cooper's closing stock price. Eaton Corporation plc completed its acquisition of Cooper Industries on 30 Nov 2012. The $13 billion acquisition of Cooper (US$5.4B Sales revenue (2011)), became the largest in Eaton's (US$16B Sales Revenue (2011)) 101-year history.

On 17 Mar 2021, Eaton completed the acquisition of Tripp Lite for $1.65 billion. President and COO of Electrical Sector, Eaton Uday Yadav said "The acquisition of Tripp Lite will enhance the breadth of our edge computing and distributed IT product portfolio and expand our single-phase UPS business." The acquisition will further Eaton's access to the consumer market in which Tripp Lite has a strong position.

Eaton's hydraulics business, manufacturing systems and components for the agriculture, construction, mining, forestry, utility, material handling, machine tools, molding, power generation, primary metals, and oil and gas markets, was acquired by Danfoss in August 2021 for $3.3 billion.

Headquarters
From 1920s-1964 Eaton was based on East 140th Street in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1964, the company moved its headquarters into the new Erieview Tower where it remained until 1983. In that year, Eaton Corporation moved into a 28-story Cleveland office tower which was renamed for it. Eaton relocated to its new 580,000 square foot facility, named Eaton Center, in Beachwood, Ohio in early 2013. They reincorporated, as a means of reducing their U.S. corporate tax burden, in Ireland as part of the Cooper merger involved establishing a registered head office in Dublin, Ireland but operational headquarters remain in Beachwood.

Racial harassment
In 1995, Eaton Corp had to pay $1.25M in restitution to a former employee who had been subject to racial harassment. Incidents included food being thrown on his desk, food being thrown through the roof of his car, use of the word 'nigger', and the presence of neo-nazi flyers at Eaton Corp. The employee developed psychological problems and slipped into homelessness shortly after being fired.

In 2020, an employee sued Eaton Corp for retaliation and facilitating a climate of racial harassment. After a profane outburst from a fellow worker, the plaintiff was assigned to work and train under a supervisor who abused him psychologically. The supervisor made frequent use of the N-word, made reference to slavery and lynching, and claimed his job was to get rid of black workers. The employee informed management of his hostile work environment, but management responded by disciplining the plaintiff himself.

Long-term benefits
Back when Eaton Corp was struggling with bankruptcy, various employees on long-term benefits suddenly found themselves terminated. Eaton had failed to insure the plan that the employees had nonetheless paid for. This led to numerous suits against Eaton.

Tax avoidance
In 2012, the acquisition of Cooper Industries made it possible for Eaton Corp to become an Irish company, which would sharply lower its corporate tax rate. The move was later denounced by both President Obama and President Donald Trump.

Triumph Group
In 2004, Eaton Corp sued Triumph Group for trade secrets theft, but when it was discovered that the company’s lawyers were paying former Hinds County District Attorney Ed Peters to improperly influence then-Hinds County Circuit Judge Bobby DeLaughter, the defendants countersued. In 2014, Eaton Corp paid $135M to Triumph Group and $13M to six former employees to settle the long-running legal dispute. Judge Bobby DeLaughter was sentenced to 18 months in prison.

Corporate recognition and rankings
Recognitions include the following:
 * Ranked #4 in "100 Best Corporate Citizens" of Corporate Responsibility Magazine in 2013, also ranking in Top 50 for Six Consecutive Years.
 * Named to Thomson Reuters Top 100 Innovators List, 2011 - 2012 - 2013.

title: Eaton Corporation


text:
Cramér's conjecture

In number theory, Cramér's conjecture, formulated by the Swedish mathematician Harald Cramér in 1936, is an estimate for the size of gaps between consecutive prime numbers: intuitively, that gaps between consecutive primes are always small, and the conjecture quantifies asymptotically just how small they must be. It states that
 * $$p_{n+1}-p_n=O((\log p_n)^2),\ $$

where pn denotes the nth prime number, O is big O notation, and "log" is the natural logarithm. While this is the statement explicitly conjectured by Cramér, his heuristic actually supports the stronger statement
 * $$\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty} \frac{p_{n+1}-p_n}{(\log p_n)^2} = 1,$$

and sometimes this formulation is called Cramér's conjecture. However, this stronger version is not supported by more accurate heuristic models, which nevertheless support the first version of Cramér's conjecture. Neither form has yet been proven or disproven.

Conditional proven results on prime gaps
Cramér gave a conditional proof of the much weaker statement that
 * $$p_{n+1}-p_n = O(\sqrt{p_n}\,\log p_n)$$

on the assumption of the Riemann hypothesis. The best known unconditional bound is
 * $$p_{n+1}-p_n = O(p_n^{0.525})$$

due to Baker, Harman, and Pintz.

In the other direction, E. Westzynthius proved in 1931 that prime gaps grow more than logarithmically. That is,
 * $$\limsup_{n\to\infty}\frac{p_{n+1}-p_n}{\log p_n}=\infty.$$

His result was improved by R. A. Rankin, who proved that
 * $$\limsup_{n\to\infty}\frac{p_{n+1}-p_n}{\log p_n}\cdot\frac{\left(\log\log\log p_n\right)^{2}}{ \log\log p_n \log\log\log\log p_n} > 0.$$

Paul Erdős conjectured that the left-hand side of the above formula is infinite, and this was proven in 2014 by Kevin Ford, Ben Green, Sergei Konyagin, and Terence Tao, and independently by James Maynard. The two sets of authors improved the result by a $$\log \log \log p_n$$ factor later that year.

Heuristic justification
Cramér's conjecture is based on a probabilistic model—essentially a heuristic—in which the probability that a number of size x is prime is 1/log x. This is known as the Cramér random model or Cramér model of the primes.

In the Cramér random model,
 * $$\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty} \frac{p_{n+1}-p_n}{\log^2 p_n} = 1$$

with probability one. However, as pointed out by Andrew Granville, Maier's theorem shows that the Cramér random model does not adequately describe the distribution of primes on short intervals, and a refinement of Cramér's model taking into account divisibility by small primes suggests that $$c \ge 2e^{-\gamma}\approx1.1229\ldots$$, where $$\gamma$$ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. János Pintz has suggested that the limit sup may be infinite, and similarly Leonard Adleman and Kevin McCurley write
 * As a result of the work of H. Maier on gaps between consecutive primes, the exact formulation of Cramér's conjecture has been called into question [...] It is still probably true that for every constant $$c>2$$, there is a constant $$d>0$$ such that there is a prime between $$x$$ and $$x+d(\log x)^c$$.

Similarly, Robin Visser writes
 * In fact, due to the work done by Granville, it is now widely believed that Cramér's conjecture is false. Indeed, there some theorems concerning short intervals between primes, such as Maier's theorem, which contradict Cramér's model.

(internal references removed).

Related conjectures and heuristics
Daniel Shanks conjectured the following asymptotic equality, stronger than Cramér's conjecture, for record gaps: $$G(x)\sim \log^2 x.$$

J.H. Cadwell has proposed the formula for the maximal gaps: $$G(x)\sim \log^2 x - \log x\log\log x,$$ which is formally identical to the Shanks conjecture but suggests a lower-order term.

Marek Wolf has proposed the formula for the maximal gaps $$G(x)$$ expressed in terms of the prime-counting function $$\pi(x)$$:
 * $$G(x)\sim \frac{x}{\pi(x)}(2\log\pi(x)-\log x+c),$$

where $$c=\log(C_2)=0.2778769...$$ and $$C_2=1.3203236...$$ is twice the twin primes constant; see,. This is again formally equivalent to the Shanks conjecture but suggests lower-order terms
 * $$G(x) \sim \log^2 x - 2\log x\log\log x - (1-c)\log x.$$.

Thomas Nicely has calculated many large prime gaps. He measures the quality of fit to Cramér's conjecture by measuring the ratio
 * $$R = \frac{\log p_n}{\sqrt{p_{n+1}-p_n}}.$$

He writes, "For the largest known maximal gaps, $$R$$ has remained near 1.13."

title: Cramér's conjecture


text:
Williamstown

Williamstown or Williamtown is the name of several places in the world:

Australia

 * Williamtown, New South Wales
 * RAAF Base Williamtown, New South Wales
 * Williamstown, South Australia
 * Williamstown, Victoria
 * Williamstown railway line
 * Williamstown railway station, Melbourne
 * Williamstown Beach railway station
 * Williamstown, Western Australia, a suburb of Kalgoorlie
 * Electoral district of Williamstown, an electoral district in Victoria

Cameroon

 * Williamstown, Bimbia, a historical village in the kingdom of Bimbia, now no longer in existence

Canada

 * Williamstown, Ontario
 * the historical name of Strange, Ontario

Ireland

 * Williamstown, Ballyloughloe, townland in Ballyloughloe civil parish, barony of Clonlonan, County Westmeath
 * Williamstown, County Dublin
 * Williamstown, County Galway, a village
 * Williamstown, County Limerick, a townland
 * Williamstown, County Roscommon
 * Williamstown, Foyran, a townland in Foyran civil parish, barony of Fore, County Westmeath
 * Williamstown, Mayne, a townland in Mayne civil parish, barony of Fore, County Westmeath
 * Williamstown, Piercetown, a townland in Piercetown civil parish, barony of Rathconrath, County Westmeath

United Kingdom

 * Williamstown, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales

United States

 * Williamstown, Indiana
 * Williamstown, alternative name for Frytown, Iowa
 * Williamstown, Kansas
 * Williamstown, Kentucky
 * Williamstown, Massachusetts, a New England town
 * Williamstown (CDP), Massachusetts, the main village in the town
 * Williamstown, New Jersey
 * Williamstown, New York
 * Williamstown, Ohio
 * Williamstown, Pennsylvania
 * Williamstown, Vermont, a New England town
 * Williamstown (CDP), Vermont, the main village in the town
 * Williamstown, West Virginia
 * Williamstown, Wisconsin
 * Williamstown Township, Michigan

title: Williamstown


text:
User:Nv8200pa

Nv8200p is a Wikipedia psuedonym for Larry D. Moore. I live near Austin, Texas, United States. The moniker "Nv8200p" comes from a model of ion implanter manufactured by Eaton Corporation, Semiconductor Equipment Operation (SEO), where I worked for sixteen years. I worked a lot of hours on the NV8200P. Eaton manufactured the NV8200P in the 1990s. I'm not sure when they quit making them as they shuttered their facility in Austin in 1998, laid most of the employees off and moved the operation to Beverly, Massachusetts. Eaton then spun the SEO off to become Axcelis Technologies.

My first contribution to Wikipedia was on August 4, 2003. To support unification of all accounts my user name was changed to Nv8200pa in May 2015.

Some Favorite Images
To see more of my images look at my gallery.

title: User:Nv8200pa


text:
Talk:Solitary sandpiper

Untitled
The next to last paragraph reads "The Green Sandpiper lays 3-5 eggs in an old tree nest of another species, such as a Fieldfare." Should that be "The Solitary Sandpiper lays..." or does it belong in the Green Sandpiper article? Vicki Rosenzweig 15:24, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * this species are so similar that I just cut-and-pasted the breeding behaviour, and of course forgot to change the species, I'll sort it. jimfbleak

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Curlew Sandpiper which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:15, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Curlew sandpiper which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:45, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solitary sandpiper