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I Know What You Did Last Summer

I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher film directed by Jim Gillespie, written by Kevin Williamson, and starring Jennifer Love Hewitt, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Ryan Phillippe, and Freddie Prinze Jr. It is loosely based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan and is the first installment in the I Know What You Did Last Summer franchise. The film centers on four young friends who are stalked by a hook-wielding killer one year after covering up a car accident in which they supposedly killed a man. The film also draws inspiration from the urban legend known as "The Hook" and the 1980s slasher films Prom Night (1980) and The House on Sorority Row (1982).

Prior to Scream (1996), Williamson was approached to adapt Duncan's source novel by producer Erik Feig. Where Williamson's screenplay for Scream contained prominent elements of satire and self-referentiality, his adaptation of I Know What You Did Last Summer reworked the novel's central plot to resemble a straightforward 1980s-era slasher film.

I Know What You Did Last Summer was released theatrically on October 17, 1997. It received mixed reviews from critics, but was commercially successful, grossing $125.3 million worldwide on a budget of $17 million, and remaining number 1 at the U.S. box office for three consecutive weeks. It was also nominated for and won multiple awards. The film has also been parodied and referenced in popular culture, and is credited alongside Scream with revitalizing the slasher genre in the 1990s.

The film was followed by a sequel, I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998), with the main surviving characters returning. Later, a direct-to-video sequel, I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer (2006), was released without featuring any of the original cast. A television series was released on 2021, and a direct sequel of the original film is scheduled to be released on July 18, 2025.

Plot
On July 4, 1996, in Southport, North Carolina, Julie James and her friends Ray Bronson, Helen Shivers, and Barry Cox drive to the beach. On the way back, they accidentally hit a pedestrian. Julie's friend Max passes by them on the road. Barry and Helen try to dump the body in the water, but the pedestrian wakes up and grabs Helen. Barry pushes him into the water and the group swears to never discuss what happened.

One year later, Julie returns home from college for the summer. The friends have gone their separate ways, with none of them pursuing their dreams due to struggling with the incident. Julie receives a letter stating, "I know what you did last summer!" She and Helen take the note to Barry, who suspects Max. Julie meets Ray, who now works as a fisherman. Max is killed by a figure in a raincoat wielding a hook. That night, Barry is ambushed by the assailant stealing and driving his car.

Julie researches newspaper articles, believing that the man they ran over was a local named David Egan. Helen and Julie meet David's sister Missy at her home. Missy explains that a friend of David's named Billy Blue visited her to pay his respects. That night, the killer sneaks into Helen's house and cuts off her hair while she sleeps.

The following morning, Julie finds Max's corpse wearing Barry's stolen jacket and covered in crabs in the trunk of her car. When she tries to show the others, the body has gone missing. Julie, Helen and Barry confront Ray, who claims to also have received a letter. Julie goes back to visit Missy, while Barry and Helen participate in the 4th of July parade. Missy reveals that David allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend, Susie Willis, in a car accident and shows David's suicide note. As the writing matches that of the note she received, Julie realizes it was not a suicide note, but a death threat.

At the Croaker Beauty Pageant, Helen witnesses Barry being murdered on the balcony but finds no sign of the killer or Barry. The police officer escorting her home is murdered by the killer. Helen runs to her family's store, where the killer murders her sister Elsa. She escapes and runs toward the street but the killer slashes her to death.

Julie finds an article mentioning Susie's father, Ben Willis, and realizes Ben was the man that they ran over, moments after he killed David to avenge his daughter. She goes to tell Ray, but notices Ray's boat is called Billy Blue. A fisherman knocks Ray unconscious, inviting Julie to hide on his boat. On the boat, she finds photos and articles about her and her friends, and pictures of Susie. The boat leaves the docks, and the fisherman is revealed to be Ben Willis, targeting them in revenge for leaving him for dead.

Ben chases Julie below deck, where she uncovers the bodies of Helen and Barry in the icebox. Ray awakens and goes to rescue Julie. He ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben's hand and send him overboard. He explains that he posed as David's friend and visited Missy out of guilt. The couple reconciles, relieved not to have actually killed anyone after all.

A year later in 1998, Julie is in college in Boston. As she enters the shower, she notices the words "I still know" written in the steam on the shower door. A dark figure then crashes through the door as she screams.

Cast

 * Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James
 * Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers
 * Ryan Phillippe as Barry Cox
 * Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ray Bronson
 * Johnny Galecki as Max Neurick
 * Bridgette Wilson as Elsa Shivers
 * Anne Heche as Melissa "Missy" Egan
 * Muse Watson as Ben Willis / The Fisherman
 * Stuart Greer as Officer

Background
I Know What You Did Last Summer was a screenplay written by Kevin Williamson in the 1980s and part of the 1990s. It was not until 1996 that the screenplay was rushed into production by Columbia Pictures upon the success of the Williamson-written Scream (released that same year).

The film is based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan, a youth-oriented suspense novel about four young people who are involved in a hit-and-run accident involving a young boy.

Development
Producer Erik Feig pitched the idea of a screen adaptation to Mandalay Entertainment, and subsequently appointed Williamson to retool the core elements of Duncan's novel, rendering a screenplay more akin to a 1980s slasher film Inspired by his father, who had been a commercial fisherman, Williamson changed the setting of the novel to a small fishing village, and made the villain a hook-wielding fisherman.

The killer's arming of himself with a hook is a reference to the urban legend "The Hook", which the four main characters recount at the beginning of the film around a campfire. According to Williamson, he wrote the scene as a way of indicating what was to come: "Basically what I was doing was I was setting the framework to say, 'All right, audience: That's that legend. Now here's a new one.'" Unlike Williamson's screenplay for the film's contemporary, Scream, which incorporated satire of the slasher film, I Know What You Did Last Summer was written more as a straightforward slasher film. Gillespie commented in 2008: "The joy of this film for me as a filmmaker was in taking [the] elements that we've seen before, and saying to the audience: 'Here's something you've seen before'—knowing that they're saying 'We've seen this before'—and still getting them to jump." Gillespie also claimed that he felt Williamson's screenplay did not resemble a "slasher horror movie" and that he saw it rather as simply "a really good story" with a morality tale embedded within it.

Pre-production
According to producer Stokely Chaffin, the producers sought out actors who were "beautiful, but likable". Director Gillespie recalled that, though he had been unfamiliar with the screenplay's source material, that "roughly 60 to 65%" of the young women auditioning had read the novel as children. Jennifer Love Hewitt, who at the time was mainly known for her role on the television series Party of Five, was cast in the lead of Julie James based on her "ability to project vulnerability", which the producers, director Gillespie and writer Williamson unanimously agreed upon. Initially, Hewitt was considered for the role of Helen. Melissa Joan Hart was offered a role, but she turned it down, because she felt that the film was a rip-off of Scream. For the role of Barry, the crew had envisioned an actor with a "6 ft quarterback" appearance, as the character had been written as an intimidating figure. Ryan Phillippe was ultimately cast in the part based on his audition, despite the fact that he was not as physically tall as the script had called for. Director Gillespie chose Freddie Prinze Jr. for the role of Ray, because he felt Prinze himself had an "everyman" quality much like the character.

Sarah Michelle Gellar was the last of the lead performers to be cast in the role of Helen. Like Hewitt, Gellar was also known to American audiences at the time for her roles in television. Gillespie commented on casting Gellar: "I wanted an actress that had a warmth to her, but could still come off as being a bitch." For the supporting role of Missy, Gillespie sought an actress with significant screen presence, as the character, despite appearing in only two scenes, is central to several major plot points. Anne Heche was cast in the role, which she recalled as being two days' worth of work that required her to "be scary".

Filming
Scottish director Jim Gillespie was hired to direct the film after being suggested by writer Williamson. Star Hewitt would later state in 2008 that Gillespie was to date her "favorite director [she's] ever worked with." Principal photography began on March 31, 1997 and took place over a period of ten weeks throughout the late spring-early summer of 1997. Approximately seven weeks of the ten-week shoot took place at night, which Gillespie says was difficult for the cast and crew, and also created commotion in primary small-town locations in which they shot. Gillespie devised a color scheme with cinematographer Denis Crossan which was marked by heavy blues throughout and a notable lack of bright colors. For the beginning of the film, coastal areas of Sonoma County, California stood in for North Carolina, where the film is set. The opening shots of the sun setting on a rugged coast were filmed at Kolmer Gulch, just north of the town of Jenner, on Highway 1. The car crash scene was also filmed on Highway 1 in the same area. The scene in which the four friends are seated around a campfire on the beach next to a wrecked boat was inspired by a painting Gillespie had seen in a reference book; to achieve the image, the art department purchased an old boat in Bodega Bay, cut it in half and placed it at the beach location. The remaining scenes were filmed primarily around the town of Southport, North Carolina. Specific sites included the Amuzu Theater, where the beauty pageant is held, the Old Yacht Basin and Southport Fish Company. Julie's house is on Short Street just north of Southport Marina. The daytime sequences shot on the marina show multiple vessels traversing the water; though real vessels, the boat traffic was orchestrated by a marine traffic coordinator to make the waterway appear lively. The Shiver's Department Store setting in the film was discovered on location in Southport by director Gillespie, who was so impressed by the location that he reworked elements of the script in order to incorporate it into the film; it eventually became the primary setting for Helen's extended chase sequence with the killer. The exterior sequences of Julie's Boston college campus were in fact shot at Duke University, while the hospital sequence was filmed at Southport's Dosher Memorial Hospital in an unused wing of the hospital.

There is a climatic scene where Jennifer Love Hewitt's character walks into the middle of the street and screams to the killer "What are you waiting for?!". According to Hewitt, that scene was conceived and directed by a child who won a contest to "come on and create a moment for the movie". In an interview with Us Weekly, she says that she didn't like the idea but still went through with it, but admits that the scene "became the biggest part of the movie" and that ultimately it was "a great idea".

The final sequence on the boat was shot on an actual water-bound vessel on the Cape Fear River, which proved difficult for the actors and crew. According to Gillespie, the filmmakers nearly lost the boat while attempting to dock it due to the volatile waters, after which they were forced to leave and shoot other footage until the following day.

Post-production
Gillespie chose to film virtually no onscreen blood as he did not want the film to be overly gratuitous in terms of violence. The scene in which Elsa has her throat slashed while standing against a glass door had originally been shot from behind without any blood appearing on the glass. However, producer Feig worried that the scene appeared "medically impossible" after which Gillespie re-shot it (post-principal photography) with a visual effect of blood spattering across the glass. Upon test screenings of the film, Gillespie and the producers decided that a death sequence needed to occur earlier in the film to establish a sense of legitimate danger for the main characters. The scene in which Max is murdered in the crab factory was subsequently filmed and implemented into the final cut to achieve this (in the original script, his character was not killed).

The original ending of the film featured a sequence in which Julie receives an email reading: "I Still Know". This ending was scrapped for the more dramatic ending featured in the final cut of the film, in which Julie finds the same message scrawled on a shower stall just before the killer comes crashing through the glass. This footage was also shot after principal photography, on a soundstage next-door to where Hewitt was filming Party of Five.

Music
The film produced two soundtracks. One of them featured the score composed by John Debney, while the other contained various rock songs found in the film.

Additional songs featured in the film (but not on a soundtrack):
 * "Forgotten Too" by Ugly Beauty
 * "Wake Up Call" by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
 * "Where Did You Sleep Last Night" by Lead Belly
 * "You're a Grand Old Flag" by George M. Cohan
 * "Beautiful Girl" by Bing Crosby
 * "Free" by Ultra Naté

Lawsuit
Miramax won a subsequent lawsuit against Columbia during a March 1998 hearing. In a press release, executive Bob Weinstein noted plans to "vigorously pursue" damage claims against Columbia Pictures for their use of the claim.

Marketing
In anticipation of the film's release, distributor Columbia Pictures began a summer marketing campaign that presented the film as being "From the creator of Scream." Miramax Films subsequently filed a lawsuit against Columbia, arguing the claim was inaccurate as the director of Scream was Wes Craven, not Williamson. The week following the film's theatrical release, a federal judge awarded Miramax an injunction requiring that Columbia remove the claim from their advertising campaign. Williamson had requested its removal prior after seeing it on a theater poster.

Home media
The film was released on VHS and DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Video in the US on June 16, 1998. Special features included a theatrical trailer and the filmmaker's commentary.

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray for the first time on July 22, 2008, with additional special features including the director's short film, Joyride. On 30 September 2014, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the film on Blu-ray as a budget disc, featuring the film alone with no bonus materials. On September 27, 2022, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment re-released the film for the first time on Ultra HD Blu-ray for its 25th anniversary.

Box office
I Know What You Did Last Summer opened theatrically in North America on October 17, 1997. The film had been made on a $17 million budget, yet already in its opening weekend it grossed $15,818,645 in 2,524 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking number one; it remained in the number one position for an additional two weekends. By the end of its theatrical run in December 1997, it had grossed $72,586,134 in the U.S. and Canada and $53 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $126 million.

According to data compiled by Box Office Mojo, I Know What You Did Last Summer is the seventh highest-grossing slasher film as of 2021.

In retrospect, Jim Gillespie said: “It was meant to be kind of a stand-alone revisit of those classic '80s horror films. It worked! The movie was number one three weeks in a row. It just clicked with the audience. The title clicked and everything just seemed to work. Third week was Halloween weekend and it was number one in its third week. I couldn't believe it stuck there for three weeks.“

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 45% based on 77 reviews, with an average rating of 5.40/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "A by-the-numbers slasher that arrived a decade too late, the mostly tedious I Know What You Did Last Summer will likely only hook diehard fans of the genre." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

The film inevitably drew both positive and negative comparisons to Scream, also written by Williamson. Mick LaSalle considered the movie inferior to its predecessor. Richard Harrington, on the other hand, cited IKWYDLS as superior to Scream; he described the newer picture as "... a smart and sharply-drawn genre-film with a moral center, and with a solid cast of young actors to hold it." Derek Elley of Variety was also enthusiastic, calling the film a "polished genre piece with superior fright elements that should perform at better-than-average theatrical levels." Roger Ebert gave the movie one of four stars and wrote that "The best shot in this film is the first one. Not a good sign." Entertainment Weekly praised Jennifer Love Hewitt's performance, noting that she "knows how to scream with soul".

Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times wrote of the picture: "This isn't real life. It's the grand guignol of I Know What You Did Last Summer, laying its claim to succeed Scream as a high-grossing and blood-drenched date-night crowd-pleaser. And why shouldn't it?" James Kendrick of the Q Network wrote that "Williamson's characters are all generic types; but they're still believable as people, and they react realistically according to the situations." Kendrick added that the film was "head and shoulders above earlier 'dead teenager' movies".

TV Guide's Maitland McDonagh awarded the movie two out of five stars, noting: "Screenwriter Kevin Williamson takes a step backward and writes the kind of movie Scream mocks. You can see him now, soaking up videos of Friday the 13th and Halloween—not to mention the lesser likes of He Knows You're Alone, Terror Train and My Bloody Valentine—and saying, 'I can do that!' And boy, does he ever."

Critic James Berardinelli credited both IKWYDLS and Scream with igniting a new boom of slasher films, adding: "There is one minor aspect of the plot that elevates I Know What You Did Last Summer above the level of a typical '80s slasher flick -- it has an interesting subtext. I'm referring to the way the lives and friendships of these four individuals crumble in the wake of their accident. Guilt, confusion and doubt build in them until they can no longer stand to be with each other or look at themselves in the mirror. Sadly, this potentially-fascinating element of the movie is dismissed quickly to facilitate a higher body count. And, as I said before, a few extra deaths can only make a slasher movie better, right?"

Movie historian Leonard Maltin gave the film 2 out of a possible 4 stars; he described it as "...Too routine to succeed overall...Despite being based on a young-adult novel, this is absolutely not for kids. Still, it's a classic compared to the sequel."

Motion picture scholar Adam Rockoff notes in his book Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978–1986 that, at the time of its release, many critics branded I Know What You Did Last Summer as an imitation of Scream. However, he contends that it is a "much different film", despite both screenplays being penned by the same writer:

"Whereas Scream relied heavily on self-conscious references and its pop culture veneer, Last Summer was a throwback to the slasher films of the early '80s. While, like Scream, it employed the services of a group of young, sexy and almost impossibly good-looking actors, Last Summer played its horror straight. Those looking for a good old-fashioned slasher film were pleasantly surprised."

Lois Duncan, the author of the original novel, heavily criticized the film adaptation; she stated in a 2002 interview she was "appalled" that her story was turned into a slasher film.

Sequels
A sequel titled I Still Know What You Did Last Summer was released in 1998, and the direct-to-video film I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer in 2006. In the first sequel, Love Hewitt, Prinze Jr. and Watson reprise their roles. The second sequel has very little relation to the first two, other than the premise, the villain and the producers. It featured new characters and a different setting.

In February 2023, a legacy sequel was announced to be in development with Jennifer Love Hewitt and Freddie Prinze Jr. in negotiations to reprise their respective roles. Jennifer Kaytin Robinson will direct the film from a script written by Leah McKendrick, based on an idea by Robinson and McKendrick. Neal H. Moritz will serve as producer. The plot is said to be similar in approach to Scream (2022), in which characters from the original film are included in a story featuring a younger cast. In March, Prinze Jr. said in an interview that he had not received an offer to join the film yet, explaining: "They just said that to get people excited. I haven't spoken to anyone at their company, my agents haven't received an offer from them whatsoever". He later said that Original Film announced the sequel without him and Hewitt signed on just to excite the fans and that he met with Robinson after the announcement to discuss his possible involvement. He noted that the meeting left him impressed with her idea for the film, but noted that he has not currently signed on to appear as there is no script and has received no concrete offer yet. In December, Hewitt said that she would definitely reprise her role. In March 2024, McKendrick teased a social media aspect to the film. In May, it was announced that the film is scheduled to be released on July 18, 2025.

Remakes
This film was unofficially remade in India by Anil V. Kumar as Kucch To Hai (2003), starring Tusshar Kapoor. However, in an interview to Hindustan Times, Kapoor denied that the makers of his film copied this particular film.

In September 2014, Sony Pictures revealed plans to remake the film, with Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard writing the script. The film was a high priority and was initially set for release in 2016. Further, the new direction and scope of the film would need an estimated budget of $15–20 million. Flanagan confirmed that this new iteration of the franchise would not include elements of the 1973 novel (the antagonist being a central character) nor of the 1997 feature film (fisherman Ben Willis and the four protagonists Julie James, Helen Shivers, Barry Cox and Ray Bronson). The project was ultimately never made and was subsequently canceled.

Television adaptation
A television series adaptation of the novel was released in October 2021, with Neal H. Moritz and James Wan producing and Shay Hatten writing the pilot. Amazon ordered a straight-to-series order in October 2020.

In popular culture
The Dawson's Creek season one episode "The Scare" spoofs I Know What You Did Last Summer alongside Scream, all written by Williamson. The episode opens with the characters Dawson and Joey viewing the former.

I Know What You Did Last Summer has been referenced in various films and television series, and its central plot was parodied at length in the spoof films Scary Movie (2000) and Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the 13th (2000).

The teen drama Popular spoofed the film in the season two episode "I Know What You Did Last Spring Break."

It was also spoofed by Anthony Horowitz in the Diamond Brothers novella, I Know What You Did Last Wednesday (2002) and later in The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror X" as "I Know What You Diddily-Iddily-Did", with Ned Flanders as the killer.

title: I Know What You Did Last Summer


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Destructive testing

In destructive testing (or destructive physical analysis, DPA) tests are carried out to the specimen's failure, in order to understand a specimen's performance or material behavior under different loads. These tests are generally much easier to carry out, yield more information, and are easier to interpret than nondestructive testing.

Applications
Destructive testing is most suitable, and economic, for objects which will be mass-produced, as the cost of destroying a small number of specimens is negligible. It is usually not economical to do destructive testing where only one or very few items are to be produced (for example, in the case of a building).

Analyzing and documenting destructive failure mode
Analyzing and documenting the destructive failure mode is often accomplished using a high-speed camera recording continuously (movie-loop) until the failure is detected. Detecting the failure can be accomplished using a sound detector or stress gauge which produces a signal to trigger the high-speed camera. These high-speed cameras have advanced recording modes to capture almost any type of destructive failure. After the failure the high-speed camera will stop recording. The captured images can be played back in slow motion showing precisely what happens before, during and after the destructive event, image by image.

Testing of large structures

Building structures or large nonbuilding structures (such as dams and bridges) are rarely subjected to destructive testing due to the prohibitive cost of constructing a building, or a scale model of a building, just to destroy it.

Earthquake engineering requires a good understanding of how structures will perform at earthquakes. Destructive tests are more frequently carried out for structures which are to be constructed in earthquake zones. Such tests are sometimes referred to as crash tests, and they are carried out to verify the designed seismic performance of a new building, or the actual performance of an existing building. The tests are, mostly, carried out on a platform called a shake-table which is designed to shake in the same manner as an earthquake. Results of those tests often include the corresponding shake-table videos.

Testing of structures in earthquakes is increasingly done by modelling the structure using specialist finite element software.

Software testing
Destructive software testing is a type of software testing which attempts to cause a piece of software to fail in an uncontrolled manner, in order to test its robustness and to help establish range limits, within which the software will operate in a stable and reliable manner.

Automotive testing
Automobiles are subject to crash testing by both automobile manufacturers and a variety of agencies.

Aircraft testing

There has also been extensive destructive testing of passenger and military aircraft, conducted by aircraft manufacturers and organizations like NASA. The 2012 Boeing 727 crash experiment was conducted and filmed by the Discovery channel. It is now standard procedure to test to destruction the first few production models of new airplanes by loading various components until they fail. The 1951 movie, No Highway in the Sky starring James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich told the story of an eccentric engineer who pioneered research into destructive testing of complete components against a great deal of skepticism.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Destructive testing


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User talk:Erichsu

Hello Erichsu, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and manual of style pages are also useful. Feel free to experiment at the Sandbox. If you have any questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Angela

Welcome, you're the first person of Taiwanese origin I've talked to on Wikipedia. I also edit materials on 中文版, where we mostly translate English Wikipedia articles that we find interesting. Other than myself, there is no Taiwanese there either. Don't get me wrong, the Mainlanders and Cantonese there are great, but Traditional Chinese is really under-represented. So give 中文版 a chance, try it out, if you feel like typing some Chinese characters (which I do slowly ;-). But if you don't know Chinese characters, you can still work here exclusively, that's alright too. :-) --Menchi 18:15 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erichsu


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Stress testing (disambiguation)

Stress testing or stress test is a form of deliberately intense or thorough testing.

It may also refer to:

Techniques

 * Cardiac stress test, a medical testing procedure to evaluate heart function
 * Stress analysis, methods for computing mechanical stress
 * Trier social stress test, a procedure used to induce stress in human research participants
 * Voice stress analysis, sometimes called a voice stress test

Works

 * Stress Test (book), a book by former United States Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner
 * "Stress Test", a 1990 episode of The Raccoons
 * "Stress Test", a season 1 episode of The Casagrandes

title: Stress testing (disambiguation)


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RAF Strike Command

The Royal Air Force's Strike Command was the military formation which controlled the majority of the United Kingdom's bomber and fighter aircraft from 1968 until 2007 when it merged with Personnel and Training Command to form the single Air Command. It latterly consisted of two formations – No. 1 Group RAF and No. 2 Group RAF. The last Commander-in-Chief was Air Chief Marshal Sir Joe French.

History
Strike Command was formed on 30 April 1968 by the merger of Bomber Command and Fighter Command, which became No. 1 Group and No. 11 Group respectively. Signals Command was absorbed on 1 January 1969, Coastal Command was absorbed on 28 November 1969, becoming No. 18 Group RAF. The former component Coastal Command groups became the Northern Maritime Air Region and Southern Maritime Air Region. Air Support Command (formerly Transport Command) was absorbed on 1 September 1972, becoming No. 46 Group RAF.

NATO Role
In 1975, the Command doubled as NATO, Commander-in-Chief United Kingdom Air Forces (UKAIR). UKAIR fell under NATO's Allied Command Europe in Mons in Belgium. In case of war with the Warsaw Pact the command would have commanded all Royal Air Force units in the United Kingdom as well as the US Air Force's Third Air Force based at RAF Mildenhall with its subordinate wings and squadrons. Reinforcements coming from the continental United States, as well as units transitioning to other European fronts, would have also come under UKAIR.

Post Cold War
RAF Germany was absorbed as No. 2 (Bomber) Group on 1 April 1993. As of 1 April 2000, the structure was altered to leave No. 1 Group with tactical fast jet forces, No. 2 Group with air transport, air refueling, and reconnaissance, the RAF Regiment, and No. 32 (The Royal) Squadron RAF. No. 3 Group was to include Nimrod long-range Maritime Patrol aircraft, Search and rescue helicopters, and the Joint Force 2000, later to become Joint Force Harrier. Flag Officer Naval Aviation moved over to command No. 3 Group, the first incumbent becoming Rear Admiral Iain Henderson. "At the core of the structure [were] to be the central air staffs, responsible to Deputy Chief of Staff Operations for air power, ongoing operations, joint training, and force development." The Air Warfare Centre at Waddington and the Military Air Traffic Organisation at Uxbridge also joined Strike Command.

The RAF's Process and Organisation Review concluded that Strike Command and Personnel and Training Command should be co-located at a single command headquarters: it was subsequently decided that both commands should be located at High Wycombe and in 2007 Strike Command and Personnel and Training Command were merged into a single command – Air Command.

Structure
Headquarters Strike Command (often abbreviated to HQSTC) was located at RAF High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire. The Command was divided into a number of Groups, which at first reflected the function of the old Fighter, Bomber and Coastal Command. Subsequent reorganisations changed things greatly and before the final reorganization, the two Groups which made up Strike Command were:

 * No. 1 Group RAF – the "Air Combat Group"
 * No. 2 Group RAF – the "Air Combat Support Group"

Component groups of Strike Command included:

 * No. 1 Group RAF 1 April 1968 – 1 April 2007
 * No. 2 Group RAF 1 April 1993 – 1 April 1996, 7 January 2000 – 1 April 2007
 * No. 3 Group RAF 1 April 2000 – 1 April 2006
 * No. 11 Group RAF 1 April 1968 – 1 April 1996
 * No. 18 Group RAF 28 November 1969 – 1 April 1996
 * No. 11/18 Group RAF 1 April 1996 – 7 January 2000
 * No. 38 Group RAF 1 July 1972 – 17 November 1983
 * No. 46 Group RAF 1 September 1972 – 1 January 1976
 * No. 90 Group RAF 1 January 1969 – 1 September 1972
 * Royal Observer Corps 1 April 1968 – 31 December 1995

Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief
Air Officers Commanding-in-Chief included:
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Wallace Kyle 1968–1968
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Denis Spotswood 1968–1971
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Andrew Humphrey 1971–1974
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Denis Smallwood 1974–1976
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Nigel Maynard 1976–1977
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir David Evans 1977–1980
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Williamson 1980–1982
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir David Craig 1982–1985
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Harding 1985–1988
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Patrick Hine 1988–1991
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Graydon 1991–1992
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir John Thomson 1992–1994
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns 1994
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir William Wratten 1994–1997
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir John Allison 1997–1999
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Squire 1999–2000
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Anthony Bagnall 2000–2001
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir John Day 2001–2003
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Brian Burridge 2003–2006
 * Air Chief Marshal Sir Joe French 2006–2007

Deputy Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief

 * Air Marshal Sir Nigel Maynard 1972–1973
 * Air Marshal Sir Peter Horsley 1973–1975
 * Air Marshal Sir Michael Beetham 1975–1976
 * Air Marshal Sir John Stacey 1976–1977
 * Air Marshal Sir Alan Davies 1977
 * Air Marshal Sir Alfred Ball 1977–1978
 * Air Marshal Sir Robert Freer 1978–1979
 * Air Marshal Sir Thomas Kennedy 1979–1981
 * Air Marshal Sir Peter Bairsto 1981–1984
 * Air Marshal Sir Joseph Gilbert 1984–1986
 * Air Marshal Sir Brendan Jackson 1986–1988
 * Air Marshal Sir Kenneth Hayr 1988–1989
 * Air Marshal Sir John Kemball 1989–1993
 * Air Marshal Sir Richard Johns 1993–1994
 * Air Marshal Sir John Allison 1994–1996
 * Air Marshal Graeme Robertson 1996–1998
 * Air Marshal Sir Timothy Jenner 1998–2000
 * Air Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup 2000–2002
 * Air Marshal Sir Brian Burridge 2002–2003
 * Air Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy 2003–2004
 * Air Marshal Sir Clive Loader 2004–2007

title: RAF Strike Command


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User talk:John Koch-Northrup

Hello John, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and manual of style pages are also useful. Feel free to experiment at the Sandbox. If you have any questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Angela

title: User talk:John Koch-Northrup


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Tensor (intrinsic definition)

In mathematics, the modern component-free approach to the theory of a tensor views a tensor as an abstract object, expressing some definite type of multilinear concept. Their properties can be derived from their definitions, as linear maps or more generally; and the rules for manipulations of tensors arise as an extension of linear algebra to multilinear algebra.

In differential geometry, an intrinsic geometric statement may be described by a tensor field on a manifold, and then doesn't need to make reference to coordinates at all. The same is true in general relativity, of tensor fields describing a physical property. The component-free approach is also used extensively in abstract algebra and homological algebra, where tensors arise naturally.

 * Note: This article assumes an understanding of the tensor product of vector spaces without chosen bases. An overview of the subject can be found in the main tensor article.

Definition via tensor products of vector spaces
Given a finite set { V1, ..., Vn } of vector spaces over a common field F, one may form their tensor product V1 ⊗ ... ⊗ Vn, an element of which is termed a tensor.

A tensor on the vector space V is then defined to be an element of (i.e., a vector in) a vector space of the form:

 * $$V \otimes \cdots \otimes V \otimes V^* \otimes \cdots \otimes V^*$$

where V∗ is the dual space of V.

If there are m copies of V and n copies of V∗ in our product, the tensor is said to be of type (m, n) and contravariant of order m and covariant of order n and of total order m + n. The tensors of order zero are just the scalars (elements of the field F), those of contravariant order 1 are the vectors in V, and those of covariant order 1 are the one-forms in V∗ (for this reason, the elements of the last two spaces are often called the contravariant and covariant vectors). The space of all tensors of type (m, n) is denoted

 * $$ T^m_n(V) = \underbrace{ V\otimes \dots \otimes V}_{m} \otimes \underbrace{ V^*\otimes \dots \otimes V^*}_{n}.$$

Example 1. The space of type (1, 1) tensors, $$T^1_1(V) = V \otimes V^*,$$ is isomorphic in a natural way to the space of linear transformations from V to V.

Example 2. A bilinear form on a real vector space V, $$V\times V \to F,$$ corresponds in a natural way to a type (0, 2) tensor in $$T^0_2 (V) = V^* \otimes V^*.$$ An example of such a bilinear form may be defined, termed the associated metric tensor, and is usually denoted g.

Tensor rank
A simple tensor (also called a tensor of rank one, elementary tensor or decomposable tensor ) is a tensor that can be written as a product of tensors of the form

 * $$T=a\otimes b\otimes\cdots\otimes d$$

where a, b, ..., d are nonzero and in V or V∗ – that is, if the tensor is nonzero and completely factorizable. Every tensor can be expressed as a sum of simple tensors. The rank of a tensor T is the minimum number of simple tensors that sum to T.

The zero tensor has rank zero. A nonzero order 0 or 1 tensor always has rank 1. The rank of a non-zero order 2 or higher tensor is less than or equal to the product of the dimensions of all but the highest-dimensioned vectors in (a sum of products of) which the tensor can be expressed, which is d when each product is of n vectors from a finite-dimensional vector space of dimension d.

The term rank of a tensor extends the notion of the rank of a matrix in linear algebra, although the term is also often used to mean the order (or degree) of a tensor. The rank of a matrix is the minimum number of column vectors needed to span the range of the matrix. A matrix thus has rank one if it can be written as an outer product of two nonzero vectors:

 * $$A = v w^{\mathrm{T}}.$$

The rank of a matrix A is the smallest number of such outer products that can be summed to produce it:

 * $$A = v_1w_1^\mathrm{T} + \cdots + v_k w_k^\mathrm{T}.$$

In indices, a tensor of rank 1 is a tensor of the form

 * $$T_{ij\dots}^{k\ell\dots}=a_i b_j \cdots c^k d^\ell\cdots.$$

The rank of a tensor of order 2 agrees with the rank when the tensor is regarded as a matrix, and can be determined from Gaussian elimination for instance. The rank of an order 3 or higher tensor is however often very hard to determine, and low rank decompositions of tensors are sometimes of great practical interest. In fact, the problem of finding the rank of an order 3 tensor over any finite field is NP-Complete, and over the rationals, is NP-Hard. Computational tasks such as the efficient multiplication of matrices and the efficient evaluation of polynomials can be recast as the problem of simultaneously evaluating a set of bilinear forms

 * $$z_k = \sum_{ij} T_{ijk}x_iy_j$$

for given inputs xi and yj. If a low-rank decomposition of the tensor T is known, then an efficient evaluation strategy is known.

Universal property
The space $$T^m_n(V)$$ can be characterized by a universal property in terms of multilinear mappings. Amongst the advantages of this approach are that it gives a way to show that many linear mappings are "natural" or "geometric" (in other words are independent of any choice of basis). Explicit computational information can then be written down using bases, and this order of priorities can be more convenient than proving a formula gives rise to a natural mapping. Another aspect is that tensor products are not used only for free modules, and the "universal" approach carries over more easily to more general situations.

A scalar-valued function on a Cartesian product (or direct sum) of vector spaces

 * $$f : V_1\times\cdots\times V_N \to F$$

is multilinear if it is linear in each argument. The space of all multilinear mappings from V1 × ... × VN to W is denoted LN(V1, ..., VN; W). When N = 1, a multilinear mapping is just an ordinary linear mapping, and the space of all linear mappings from V to W is denoted L(V; W).

The universal characterization of the tensor product implies that, for each multilinear function

 * $$f\in L^{m+n}(\underbrace{V^*,\ldots,V^*}_m,\underbrace{V,\ldots,V}_n;W)$$

(where $$W$$ can represent the field of scalars, a vector space, or a tensor space) there exists a unique linear function

 * $$T_f \in L(\underbrace{V^*\otimes\cdots\otimes V^*}_m \otimes \underbrace{V\otimes\cdots\otimes V}_n; W)$$

such that

 * $$f(\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_m, v_1,\ldots,v_n) = T_f(\alpha_1\otimes\cdots\otimes\alpha_m \otimes v_1\otimes\cdots\otimes v_n)$$

for all $$v_i \in V$$ and $$\alpha_i \in V^*.$$

Using the universal property, it follows, when V is finite dimensional, that the space of (m,n)-tensors admits a natural isomorphism

 * $$T^m_n(V) \cong L(\underbrace{V^* \otimes \cdots \otimes V^*}_m \otimes \underbrace{V \otimes \cdots \otimes V}_n; F) \cong L^{m+n}(\underbrace{V^*, \ldots,V^*}_m,\underbrace{V,\ldots,V}_n; F).$$

Each V in the definition of the tensor corresponds to a V* inside the argument of the linear maps, and vice versa. (Note that in the former case, there are m copies of V and n copies of V*, and in the latter case vice versa). In particular, one has

 * $$\begin{align}

T^1_0(V) &\cong L(V^*;F) \cong V,\\ T^0_1(V) &\cong L(V;F) = V^*,\\ T^1_1(V) &\cong L(V;V). \end{align}$$

Tensor fields
Differential geometry, physics and engineering must often deal with tensor fields on smooth manifolds. The term tensor is sometimes used as a shorthand for tensor field. A tensor field expresses the concept of a tensor that varies from point to point on the manifold.

title: Tensor (intrinsic definition)


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GMAT (disambiguation)

GMAT can stand for

 * Tan Tan Airport - ICAO code for Moroccan airport
 * Graduate Management Admission Test
 * General Mission Analysis Tool, an open source astrodynamics computer program developed by NASA
 * Greenwich Mean Astronomical Time - see Greenwich Mean Time

title: GMAT (disambiguation)


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Guide

A guide is a person who leads travelers, sportspeople, or tourists through unknown or unfamiliar locations. The term can also be applied to a person who leads others to more abstract goals such as knowledge or wisdom.

Travel and recreation
Explorers in the past venturing into territory unknown by their own people invariably hired guides. Military explorers Lewis and Clark were hired by the United States Congress to explore the Pacific Northwest. They in turn hired the better qualified Native American Sacagawea to help them. Wilfred Thesiger hired guides in the deserts that he ventured into, such as Kuri on his journey to the Tibesti Mountains in 1938.

Tour guide
Tour guides lead visitors through tourist attractions and give information about the attractions' natural and cultural significance. Often, they also act as interpreters for travelers who do not speak the local language. Automated systems like audio tours are sometimes substituted for human tour guides. Tour operators often hire guides to lead tourist groups.

Mountain guide
Mountain guides are those employed in mountaineering; these are not merely to show the way but stand in the position of professional climbers with an expert knowledge of rock and snowcraft, which they impart to the amateur, at the same time assuring the safety of the climbing party. This professional class of guides arose in the middle of the 19th century when Alpine climbing became recognized as a sport.

In Switzerland, the central committee of the Swiss Alpine Club issues a guides’ tariff which fixes the charges for guides and porters; there are three sections, for the Valais and Vaudois Alps, for the Bernese Oberland, and for central and eastern Switzerland.

In Chamonix (France) a statue has been raised to Jacques Balmat, who was the first to climb Mont Blanc in 1786. Other notable European guides are Christian Almer, Jakob and Melchior Anderegg, Klemens Bachleda, Auguste Balmat, Alexander Burgener, Armand Charlet, Michel Croz, François Devouassoud, Angelo Dibona, Andreas Heckmair, the Innerkofler family, Conrad Kain, Christian Klucker, and Matthias Zurbriggen.

Wilderness guide

A wilderness guide leads paid parties through back country areas that may variously include land, water bodies, and high country — but not so high and technical as to require the skills of a mountain guide. Wilderness guides in the United States are historically and romantically particularly associated with the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, where they first established the application of their skills as a broadly accepted and financially compensated trade.

Wilderness guides are expected to have a command of survival skills (such as making shelters, fire-making, navigation, and first aid) and an understanding of the ecology and history of the location where they guide. Other common skills among guides include traditional handicrafts and cooking methods, fishing, hunting, bird watching, and nature conservation.

Wilderness tours usually take place on foot, though aids such as skis and snowshoes, and conveyances such as canoes, kayaks, sledges, pack animals, and snowmobiles are utilized as appropriate.

Hunting guide
Hunting guides are employed by those seeking to hunt wildlife, especially big game animals in the wild. European hunting guides working in Africa are sometimes called white hunters, although the term is most commonly used in the context of the early 20th century.

Safari guide
Guides are employed on safari, today usually just to observe and photograph wildlife, historically for big-game hunting. Safari guides are either self-employed or work for or through a guide service. There are no set qualifications or universal licensing procedures; customs and requirements vary by location. In lieu, many guides choose to belong to a professional association. These are typically linked to specific countries and are governed by their laws and policies. Associations such as The Field Guides Association of Southern Africa (FGASA) and Uganda Safari Guides Association (USAGA) play an important role in training and educating safari guides to improve their knowledge and group safety. Many famed safari guides are found on the list of famous big-game hunters.

Fishing guide
Fishing guides have a long history. Their work spans from aiding fly fishing in small brooks or lakes to deep saltwater big game fishing. Some areas where fishing guides are popular include the Norwegian coast, Swedish archipelago, the Florida coast, and various parts of Canada. The vernacular terms "fishing charter" or "charter boat" imply the services of a guide, whether the vessel's captain, a qualified hand, or experienced sportsman.

Military guides

Historically in areas where detailed maps were unavailable, guides with local knowledge were employed for scouting and advance leadership during military operations. In 18th century Europe, the stricter organization of military resources led in various countries to the special training of guide officers who had the primary duty of finding, and if necessary establishing, routes for military units.

Guides regiments
The genesis of the guides regiments may be found in a short-lived Corps of Guides formed by Napoleon in Italy in 1796, which appears to have been a personal escort or bodyguard composed of men who knew the country. Following the unification of Italy in 1870–71, the new national army included a regiment designated as guides: the 19th Cavalleggieri (Light Horse).

In the Belgian Army the two guides regiments, created respectively in 1833 and 1874, constituted part of the light cavalry and came to correspond to the guard cavalry of other nations. Until the outbreak of World War I, they wore a distinctive uniform comprising a plumed busby, green dolman braided in yellow, and crimson breeches. Mechanised in October 1937, both regiments formed armored battalions in the post World War II Belgian Army. Following a series of amalgamations the Belgian guides ceased to exist in 2011.

In the Swiss army prior to 1914, the squadrons of guides acted as divisional cavalry. In this role these light cavalry units were called upon, on occasion, to lead columns and provide scouts.

The Corps of Guides of the British Indian Army consisted of a unique combination of infantry companies and cavalry squadrons. After World War I the infantry element was incorporated in the 12th Frontier Force Regiment and the Guides Cavalry formed a separate regiment - the 10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force). This unit still exists as the 2nd (Guides) Battalion of the Frontier Force Regiment of the modern Army of Pakistan.

In drill, a guide is an officer or non-commissioned officer who regulates the direction and pace of movements.

Trip sitter
A psychedelic guide is someone who guides a drug user's experiences as opposed to a sitter who merely remains present, ready to discourage bad trips and handle emergencies but not otherwise getting involved. Guides are more common amongst spiritual users of entheogens. Psychedelic guides were strongly encouraged by Timothy Leary and the other authors of The Psychedelic Experience: A Guide Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. Trip sitters are also mentioned in the Responsible Drug User's Oath.

In Islam
In Islam ar-Rashid, one of the 99 Names of God, means the Guide. From this is derived the common Arabic name Rashid.

title: Guide


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Filipendula ulmaria

Filipendula ulmaria, commonly known as meadowsweet or mead wort, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae that grows in damp meadows. It is native throughout most of Europe and Western Asia (Near East and Middle East). It has been introduced and naturalised in North America.

Meadowsweet has also been referred to as queen of the meadow, pride of the meadow, meadow-wort, meadow queen, lady of the meadow, dollof, meadsweet, and bridewort.

Description
The stems, growing up to 120 cm, are 1 – tall, erect and furrowed, reddish to sometimes purple. The leaves are dark-green on the upper side and whitish and downy underneath, much divided, interruptedly pinnate, having a few large serrate leaflets and small intermediate ones. Terminal leaflets are large, 4–8 cm long, and three- to five-lobed.

Meadowsweet has delicate, graceful, creamy-white flowers clustered close together in irregularly-branched cymes, having a very strong, sweet smell redolent of antiseptic. They flower from early summer to early autumn and are visited by various types of insects, in particular Musca flies.

The flowers are small and numerous, they show 5 sepals and 5 petals with 7 to 20 stamens.

Diseases
Many insects and fungi cause disease in meadowsweet. Meadowsweet leaves are commonly galled by the bright orange-rust fungus Triphragmium ulmariae, which creates swellings and distortions on the stalk and/or midrib.

The fungus Ramularia ulmariae causes purple blotches on the leaves.

The fungus Podosphaera filipendulae causes mildew on the leaves and flower heads, coating them with a white powder.

The midge Dasineura ulmaria causes pinkish-white galls on the leaves that can distort the leaf surface.

Etymology
The English common name meadowsweet dates from the 16th century. It did not originally mean 'sweet plant of the meadow', but a plant used for sweetening or flavouring mead. An earlier common name dating from the 15th century was 'meadsweet'.

Meadowsweet is known by many other names. In Chaucer's The Knight's Tale it is known as meadwort and was one of the ingredients in a drink called "save". It was also known as bridewort, because it was strewn in churches for festivals and weddings, and often made into bridal garlands. In Europe, it took its name "queen of the meadow" for the way it can dominate a low-lying, damp meadow.

The specific epithet ulmaria means "elmlike", possibly in reference to its individual leaves which resemble those of the elm (Ulmus). The generic name, Filipendula, comes from filum, meaning "thread" and pendulus, meaning "hanging". This is said to describe the slender attachment of root tubers, which hang characteristically on the genus, on fibrous roots.

Synonyms
Filipendula denudata (J.Presl & C.Presl) Fritsch

Distribution
Meadowsweet is common throughout the British Isles in damp areas and is dominant in fens and wet woods.

Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow and purple moor grass and rush pastures BAP habitat plant associations of Western Europe consistently include this plant.

Uses
The whole herb possesses a pleasant taste and flavour, the green parts having a similar aromatic character to the flowers, hence the use of the plant as a strewing herb, strewn on floors to give the rooms a pleasant aroma, and its use to flavour wine, beer, and many kinds of vinegar. The flowers can be added to stewed fruit and jams, giving them a subtle almond flavour. Some foragers also use the flowers to flavour desserts such as panna cotta. It has many medicinal properties. The whole plant is a traditional remedy for an acidic stomach. The dried flowers are used in potpourri. It is also a frequently used spice in Scandinavian varieties of mead.

Chemical constituents include salicin, flavone glycosides, essential oils, and tannins. In 1838, Raffaele Piria obtained salicylic acid from the buds of meadowsweet. Thereafter in 1899, scientists at the firm Bayer used salicylic acid derived from meadowsweet to synthesise acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), which was named after the old botanical name for meadowsweet, Spiraea ulmaria. The name then became aspirin.

A natural black dye can be obtained from the roots by using a copper mordant.

A tea made from Filipendula ulmaria flowers or leaves has been used in traditional Austrian herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, gout, infections, and fever.

Culture
White-flowered meadowsweet has been found with the cremated remains of three people and at least one animal in a Bronze Age cairn at Fan Foel, Carmarthenshire. Similar finds have also been found inside a beaker from Ashgrove, Fife, and a vessel from North Mains, Strathallan. These could indicate mead or flavoured ale, or might suggest that the plant was placed on the grave as a scented flower.

In Welsh mythology, Gwydion and Math created a woman out of oak blossom, broom, and meadowsweet and named her Blodeuwedd ("flower face").

In the 16th century, when it was customary to strew floors with rushes and herbs (both to give warmth underfoot and to overcome smells and infections), it was a favorite of Elizabeth I of England. She desired it above all other herbs in her chambers.

title: Filipendula ulmaria


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Mix

Mix, MIX, mixes, or mixing may refer to:

Audio and music

 * Audio mixing (recorded music), the process of combining and balancing multiple sound sources
 * DJ mix, a sequence of musical tracks mixed to appear as one continuous track

 * Mixtape, a compilation of songs or tracks
 * Remix, a variation of a song
 * Mix, short way to refer to the Mixolydian mode.
 * Mix (magazine), a periodical for the professional recording and sound production technology industry

Albums

 * Mixes (Transvision Vamp album), 1992
 * Mixes (Kylie Minogue album), a 1998 remix album by Australian singer-songwriter Kylie Minogue
 * Mix (Stellar album), a 1999 studio album by New Zealand pop rock band Stellar
 * Mixes, a 2008 self-released album by C418

Computing

 * Mix (build tool), a build tool for working with the Elixir programming language
 * MIX (email), a high performance email storage system for use with IMAP
 * MIX (abstract machine), the computer and the instruction set architecture used in the textbook The Art of Computer Programming by Donald Knuth
 * MIX (Microsoft), a discontinued annual Microsoft conference
 * Mix network, an anonymous email system proposed by David Chaum in 1981
 * Malta Internet Exchange, an Internet backbone for the country of Malta
 * Milan Internet eXchange, in Milan, Italy
 * MIX (Z39.87): NISO Metadata for Images in XML

Radio and television

 * Mix FM (disambiguation)
 * Mix (radio station), a radio station in New Zealand
 * MIX (XM), a commercial-free channel on XM Satellite Radio
 * Mix (Malaysian radio station), a radio station in Malaysia
 * MixRadio, an online music streaming service
 * Mix TV, a Brazilian television music channel aimed at young people
 * Sky Sports Mix, a TV channel
 * Sony Mix, an Indian television music channel

People

 * Mix Diskerud (born 1990), Norwegian-American soccer player
 * Mix (surname)

Places

 * Mix camp, an informal settlement in Namibia
 * Mix, Louisiana, an unincorporated community
 * Mix Run, Pennsylvania, village

Science

 * Mixing (mathematics), a concept in ergodic theory
 * Mixing (physics), a descriptive condition of a dynamical system
 * Mixing (process engineering), a unit operation for manipulating physical systems
 * Crossbreeding, also called mixing, a genetic concept

Other

 * MIX, the Roman numeral for the number 1009 or year 1009
 * Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX), a non-profit business information provider in the microfinance sector
 * MIX NYC, a nonprofit organization dedicated to queer experimental film
 * Mix (manga), a 2012 baseball shōnen manga series by Mitsuru Adachi
 * The Mix (charity), in the U.K.
 * Mixed Doubles, also known as Mix, a 2017 Japanese film
 * Zeekr Mix, a battery electric minivan
 * "Mixy" or "myxy", slang for the rabbit disease myxomatosis

title: Mix


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Somoza family

The Somoza family (Familia Somoza) is a political family which ruled Nicaragua for forty-three years – from 1936 to 1979. Their family dictatorship, founded by Anastasio Somoza García, was continued by his two sons Luis Somoza Debayle and Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Anastasio Somoza García served as the President of Nicaragua from 1937 until 1956. He was succeeded by his elder son, Luis Somoza Debayle, who held the presidency from 1957 to 1963. The younger Somoza son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, had two presidential terms: 1967–1972 and 1974–1979. Although the Somozas did not hold the presidency for the full forty-three years, they continued to rule through puppet presidents and via their control of the National Guard.

While the Somoza family moved towards modernizing Nicaragua, their rule featured repression and inequality. Over four decades, the Somoza family accumulated wealth through corporate bribes, land-grabbing and foreign-aid siphoning. The family received support from the government of the United States, and the leadership styles of each Somoza president was different from one another.

Ultimately, the Somoza family was overthrown by the socialist Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) during the Nicaraguan Revolution of 1961–1990. Widespread discontent with the Somoza regime, fostered in part by Soviet disinformation campaigns, emerged following the Managua earthquake of 1972. Anastasio Somoza Debayle declared himself the Head of the National Emergency Committee and used his power to participate in looting and in the mismanagement of international-aid funding. Discomfort increased in the light of the rise of the Sandinista National Liberation Front and in response to the Somoza government's human-rights violations. Various opposition groups emerged, and two key approaches to overthrow the dictatorship became clear. While the Broad Opposition Front (Frente Amplio Opositor, FAO) attempted to reach a solution via negotiation, the FSLN pushed insurrection. When negotiations failed, the insurrection movement – with military support from the Soviet Union through Cuba – launched a successful offensive into the cities, with human-rights violations committed by the National Guard resulting in the Somoza government's international, political and military isolation. On 17 July 1979, Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigned as President of Nicaragua, marking the end of the Somoza-family dictatorship.

The family accumulated wealth through corporate bribes, industrial monopolies, land grabbing, and foreign aid siphoning. By the 1970s, the family owned around 23 percent of the land in Nicaragua. The Somoza's wealth is speculated to have reached approximately $533 million, which amounted to half of Nicaragua's debt and 33 percent of the country's 1979 GDP.

Three of the Somoza family members served as President of Nicaragua. They were:

 * Anastasio Somoza García "Tacho" (1896–1956; President 1937–1947, 1950–1956), the father.
 * Luis Somoza Debayle (1922–1967, President 1956–1963), his eldest legitimate son.
 * Anastasio Somoza Debayle "Tachito" (1925–1980, President 1967–1972, 1974–1979), his second legitimate son.

Other members of the Somoza family include:

 * José R. Somoza, the half-brother of Anastasio Somoza Debayle
 * Hope Portocarrero, the wife of Anastasio Somoza Debayle
 * Lillian Somoza de Sevilla Sacasa, the daughter of Anastasio Somoza García
 * Isabel Urcuyo (1924–2014), the wife of Luis Somoza Debayle
 * Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero, a son of Anastasio Somoza Debayle and his wife
 * Carolina Somoza Portocarrero, a daughter of Anastasio Somoza Debayle and his wife, who is married to James Minskoff Sterling, son of New York real estate developer Henry H. Minskoff
 * Martha Debayle, a niece of Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Nicaraguan Mexican radio hostess and entrepreneur

Anastasio Somoza García
Anastasio Somoza García (1 February 1898 – 29 September 1956) was the founder of the Somoza dictatorship. He was born into a wealthy coffee planter family as the son of senator Anastasio Somoza Reyes and Julia García. He was educated at the Instituto Nacional de Oriente and the Pierce School of Business Administration in Philadelphia. During his time in the United States, he learned the English language and met his wife Salvadora Debayle Sacasa, the daughter of a wealthy and politically connected family.

After returning to Nicaragua, Anastasio Somoza García joined the Liberal revolt in 1926. He worked as an interpreter during peace talks between the United States and the Nicaraguan factions, improving his reputation among United States officials. When José María Moncada assumed the presidency in 1929, Somoza served as the governor of León, the Consul to Costa Rica, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Moncada's personal aide. When the United States Marines organized the Nicaraguan National Guard, Somoza became an officer and later an assistant to the Commander. Following the departure of the U.S. Marines in 1933, Somoza became the Head of the National Guard.

In 1936, Anastasio Somoza García executed a military coup. Leveraging his control of the National Guard, he overthrew President Juan Bautista Sacasa and replaced him with his own candidate for Acting President, Carlos Brenes Jarquín. Somoza was nominated for the presidency a week later at a Liberal Party convention on 16 June 1936 and was inaugurated into office on 1 January 1937.

Anastasio Somoza García was the President of Nicaragua for the next nineteen years. He occupied the presidency directly for most of this period, only occasionally ruling through puppets. To maintain support from the National Guard, he put family members and close friends in positions of power. He fostered the support of the United States, with his regime backing U.S. foreign policy. He pursued economic developmentalism and sought to modernize Nicaragua. Somoza's policies focused on growing exports, as well as creating economic infrastructure and public agencies. These policies did little for the common citizen, but benefited Somoza's fortune significantly.

Anastasio Somoza García was assassinated in 1956. He was shot by poet Rigoberto López Pérez and died several days later on 29 September 1956.

Luis Somoza Debayle
Luis Somoza Debayle (18 November 1922 – 13 April 1967) was the eldest son of Anastasio Somoza García. He was born in León, Nicaragua and received an American education at Saint Leo College Prep School, La Salle Military Academy and Louisiana State University. He became a captain in the National Guard by the age of eighteen and entered Congress by 1950. By 1956 he became the President of Congress, constitutionally empowering him to fill the Presidency in the instance of an unexpected vacancy. Upon his father's assassination in 1956, Luis Somoza Debayle became the Acting President of Nicaragua. He was formally elected to the presidency through fraudulent elections in 1957, making him the 26th President of Nicaragua.

Luis Somoza Debayle's presidential term made attempts at modernisation and political liberalisation. In 1959, he restored the constitutional ban on immediate re-election and presidential succession by relatives. This prevented his younger brother, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, from running in the 1963 presidential election. In 1960, Nicaragua established the Central American Common Market alongside El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. This improved Nicaragua's Central American relations and led to rapid growth of the Nicaraguan economy. Luis maintained his father's favourability to the United States. Luis' government condemned the Cuban Revolution and played a leading role in the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961. He put in place numerous socio-economic reforms in public housing, education, social security and agrarian reform, closely coinciding with the United States’ Alliance for Progress initiative. While these policies created jobs, they further enriched the privileged and had limited benefit for impoverished Nicaraguans.

Luis Somoza Debayle's presidential term ended in 1963. Between 1963 and 1967, he ruled through puppet presidents. René Shick Guitérrez won the 1963 presidential election and ruled until his death in 1966. He was succeeded by Lorenzo Guerrero Gutiérrez. Luis Somoza Debayle died of a heart attack in 1967.

Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Anastasio Somoza Debayle (5 December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was the youngest son of Anastasio Somoza García. He received an American education at West Point and was the Head of the National Guard from 1955. Anastasio Somoza Debayle's first presidential term was from 1967 to 1972. His leadership differed from his older brother's and marked a return to his father's harsher style of personalist dictatorship. He relied on military power and exercised no restraint in using public office for personal enrichment. He encouraged corruption and protected his officers from prosecution. He developed a reputation as a human rights violator and replaced his brother's skilled administrators with unqualified political allies. By the 1970s, the government was becoming corrupt and inefficient.

While his first term was meant to expire in 1971, Anastasio Somoza Debayle amended the re-election ban in the constitution, allowing him to serve as president for an additional year. Somoza ruled through puppets in the period between his first and second presidential terms. He organised a pact with Fernando Agüero, the leader of the Conservative party, whereby he would transfer power to a triumvirate. Under the arrangement, the triumvirate would rule temporarily while an election was held, and a new constitution was written. When the transfer took place in 1972, Somoza returned to his role as the Head of the National Guard. He was later re-elected as president in 1974.

The downfall of the Somoza dictatorship coincided with Anastasio Somoza Debayle's second presidential term. He resigned as president in July 1979 and was assassinated in September 1980.

Managua earthquake, 1972
On 23 December 1972, an earthquake devastated the Nicaraguan capital city of Managua. The earthquake killed 10,000 people, left many homeless and caused widespread infrastructural damage. Although he was not president at the time, Anastasio Somoza Debayle quickly established the National Emergency Committee of which he was the head. This put him in the position to allocate relief funds, which he did in a corrupt and self-serving manner. International aid enriched the Somoza family instead of reaching victims. Emergency housing funds received from the United States Agency for International Development went disproportionately into the construction of luxury housing for National Guard officers, with the homeless provided hastily constructed wooden shacks. Furthermore, as Head of the National Guard, Somoza allowed the National Guard to participate in the looting of the remaining business establishments, purchasing land and industries that would figure lucratively in the reconstruction. The promised reconstruction of the city never took place with reconstruction of roads, drainage systems and public transportation grossly mishandled.

It was at this point that open expressions of discontent with the Somoza regime began to surface. In particular, the Somoza government began to lose the support from Nicaragua's economic elite. As a result, the business community began financially supporting the FSLN, an opposition group.

Rise of the FSLN
In 1961, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) was formally organised. The FSLN began as a group of Marxist, antigovernment student activists at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua in the late 1950s. By the early 1970s, the group had gained enough support to launch limited military initiatives.

On 27 December 1974, a group of FSLN guerrillas seized the home of former government official, José Maria Castillo, and held a group of leading Nicaraguan officials hostage, many of whom were Somoza relatives. The FSLN made their demands known and an agreement was made between the Somoza government and the guerrillas on 30 December 1974. As a result, the guerrillas received a US$1 million ransom and had a FSLN declaration read over the radio and printed in La Prensa. Furthermore, the guerrillas negotiated the release and transportation of fourteen FSLN prisoners to Cuba along with themselves. The success of the operation saw the FSLN's prestige soar and damaged perceptions of the Somoza regime.

Human rights violations
Anastasio Somoza Debayle responded to the increasing opposition brought about by the FLSN by imposing a state of siege and censoring the press. During this time, the National Guard engaged in widespread torture, rape, arbitrary imprisonment and execution of opponents and peasants. These human rights violations led to national and international condemnation of the Somoza regime and built support for the FSLN.

In 1977, the Jimmy Carter administration made United States military assistance conditional on improvements to human rights. This, accompanied by condemnation, led Somoza to lift the state of siege and reinstated freedom of the press in September 1977.

Growing opposition
Reinstated freedoms allowed newspapers to cover opposition activities and the rights violations of the Somoza government. This led to rising discomfort with the Somoza government and strengthened support of the opposition.

The FSLN attacked National Guard outposts across the country and gained support from Los Doce, an opposition group composed of Nicaragua's elite calling for the inclusion of the FSLN in any post-Somoza government.

On 10 January 1978, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, the owner of La Prensa and founder of the Democratic Liberation Union opposition group, was assassinated. Somoza's son and the National Guard were held responsible, provoking mass demonstrations against the Somoza government.

Two approaches to a solution
During the Somoza regime, numerous opposition groups emerged in addition to the FSLN. In May 1978, the Conservative Party joined the Democratic Liberation Union, Los Doce and the Nicaraguan Democratic Movement in creating the Broad Opposition Front (FAO). FAO aimed to achieve a negotiated solution with the Somoza government, operating through strikes and mediation. The FSLN responded to FAO by establishing the United People's Movement. The United People's Movement had a different approach to reaching a solution, promoting warfare and nationwide insurrection as the means to overthrow the dictatorship.

In August 1978, the FSLN took over the National Palace, holding government officials and members of congress hostage. Somoza had no choice but to meet their demands, further tarnishing the Somoza image and undermining the regime's power. By late 1978, FAO's failure to obtain a negotiated solution led to the increasing strength of the insurrection movement. Los Doce withdrew from FAO in October and many FAO members resigned. The mediation effort officially collapsed in January 1979, when Somoza refused to hold a national plebiscite and insisted on remaining in power until 1981. As a result, the insurrection movement gained momentum and fighting increased.

In February 1979, the FSLN seized the opportunity afforded by the collapse of negotiations to broaden its support base and form the National Patriotic Front which included Los Doce, the Independent Liberal Party and Popular Social Christian Party. Heavy fighting broke out all over Nicaragua and the FSLN's final offensive was launched in May 1979. These efforts saw the National Guard lose control over many areas of the country. By the end of June, most of Nicaragua was under FSLN control.

The Somoza regime's political, international and military isolation forced Anastasio Somoza Debayle to consider resignation. A provisional Nicaraguan government in exile was organised in Costa Rice on 18 June 1979. The five-member junta promised a mixed economy, a nonaligned foreign policy and political pluralism.

Resignation
On 17 July 1979, Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigned as President of Nicaragua and fled to Miami, marking the end of the Somoza family dictatorship. Senate President Pablo Rener fled with him. Somoza handed over power to President of the Chamber of Deputies Francisco Urcuyo who would in turn transfer the government to the junta. Anastasio Somoza Debayle lived in Paraguay until 17 September 1980 when he was assassinated by Argentine guerrillas.

title: Somoza family


text:
Chlamydoselachidae

Chlamydoselachidae is a family of primitive deep-sea sharks in the order Hexanchiformes. They are one of only two extant families in the order alongside the cow sharks in the family Hexanchidae, and the only members of the suborder Chlamydoselachoidei.

They are now represented only by two extant species in the genus Chlamydoselachus: the frilled shark (C. anguineus) and the Southern African frilled shark (C. africana). However, they are thought to have been more diverse during the Late Cretaceous, where all three extant and extinct genera are known, and one other genus (Rolfodon) survived up to the Miocene. The earliest remains of the family are indeterminate teeth from the Turonian of Japan. Members of this family appear to have always been closely associated with deep-sea habitats. Some extinct taxa such as Rolfodon goliath and Dykeius could grow to very large sizes.

Species
The following taxa are known:

 * Chlamydoselachus Garman, 1884
 * Chlamydoselachus africana Ebert & Compagno, 2009 (southern African frilled shark)
 * Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman, 1884 (frilled shark)
 * †Chlamydoselachus balli Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
 * †Chlamydoselachus garmani Welton, 1983
 * †Chlamydoselachus gracilis Antunes & Cappetta, 2002
 * †Chlamydoselachus lawleyi Davis, 18870
 * †Chlamydoselachus tobleri Leriche, 1929
 * †Dykeius Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
 * †D. garethi Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
 * †Rolfodon Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
 * †R. bracheri (Pfeil, 1983)
 * †R. fiedleri (Pfeil, 1983)
 * †R. goliath (Antunes & Cappetta, 2002)
 * †R. keyesi (Mannering & Hiller 2008)
 * †R. landinii (Carrillo-Briceño et al. 2014)
 * †R. ludvigseni Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
 * †R. tatere (Consoli, 2008)
 * †R. thomsoni (Richter & Ward, 1990)

title: Chlamydoselachidae


text:
Lance Ito

Lance Allan Ito (born August 2, 1950) is an American retired judge, best known for presiding over the criminal trial for the O. J. Simpson murder case, held in the Los Angeles County Superior Court in 1995.

Early life and career
Ito was born in Los Angeles to Jim Ito and Toshi Ito. Both his parents were kept in internment camps for Japanese Americans with their families during the Second World War. Ito was enrolled in Sunday School at the Mount Hollywood Congregational Church. Ito attended John Marshall High School, where he was student body president and received the Scholar Athlete award in 1968. He earned his bachelor's degree with honors from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1972, and his J.D. degree from the then University of California, Berkeley, Boalt School of Law in 1975. He then joined the Los Angeles district attorney's office in 1977, working in the hardcore gang unit and the organized crime and terror unit, among others.

In 1981, he married Margaret Ann York, the first woman to attain the rank of Deputy Chief in the Los Angeles Police Department and that department's highest ranking woman officer when she retired in 2002. The two met while at an Eagle Rock murder scene.

Republican Governor George Deukmejian appointed Ito to the Municipal Court in 1987, and then elevated him to Superior Court in 1989.

In a high-profile case in 1991, Ito determined that Soon Ja Du, a convenience store owner who had shot and killed Latasha Harlins, was not a flight risk, denying the deputy district attorney's request to revoke Du's bail.

In 1992, he initially handled the indictment against Lyle and Erik Menéndez, two brothers who were accused and later convicted of murdering their parents.

Charles H. Keating Jr. trial
In 1992, Ito presided over the trial of financier Charles H. Keating Jr. Keating's ensuing ten-year sentence was later overturned on appeal because Ito had neglected to instruct the jury to determine whether Keating intended to defraud investors. It was the prosecution's position that Keating was liable as a matter of strict liability.

O. J. Simpson murder trial
Ito presided over the 1995 murder trial of O. J. Simpson, at which Simpson was acquitted. His decision to allow television coverage of the trial was controversial, and Ito faced criticism for seeming to enjoy the press and for allowing too many sidebars and recesses.

During the trial, the prosecution requested that Ito recuse himself when it came to light that his wife, Margaret York, had been detective Mark Fuhrman's superior officer in the past. Fuhrman had been called to testify by the prosecution regarding his discovery of evidence in the case. During cross-examination, Fuhrman claimed that he had not used racial epithets to refer to African-Americans during the last ten years. Simpson's defense team unearthed tapes in which Fuhrman had used racial epithets as recently as 1988, and they wished to introduce them as evidence to prove that Fuhrman had perjured himself, in order to discredit his testimony. However, in the tapes, Fuhrman disparages York's appearance and suggests that she used her gender to advance in the police force. The prosecution requested that Ito step down because they felt that derogatory remarks toward his wife might bias Ito against Fuhrman, though prosecutors later withdrew the request out of fear that it would result in a mistrial.

Post-Simpson trial career
Ito declined to give interviews regarding the Simpson murder trial because ethical guidelines for California trial-court judges forbid commenting on pending matters or matters likely to come before the courts. He has noted his disbelief that public interest in the trial extended through the turgid DNA section of the trial. He has used his status to work on issues of judicial reform, such as increasing the number of interpreters and enforcing rules for foreign-national defendants in the court. Los Angeles County announced in April 2012 that Ito's courtroom, along with 55 others, would be closed due to budget cuts. Ito retired in 2015.

In popular culture

 * Ito was portrayed by voiceover artist Billy West on The Howard Stern Show.
 * Ito was portrayed on Saturday Night Live, first by Mike Myers, and then, following Myers' departure from the show, by Mark McKinney.
 * The Tonight Show with Jay Leno had a recurring skit called "The Dancing Itos" featuring five bearded Asian-American dancers.
 * Kenneth Choi portrayed Ito in the 2016 series The People vs. O. J. Simpson.
 * A caricature of Ito appears in the Pinky and the Brain episode "Of Mouse and Man" and the Freakazoid! episodes "Dexter's Date", "The Freakazoid", and "Virtual Freak".
 * Ken Jeong dressed as Judge Ito for a 1995 Halloween party on the ABC series Dr. Ken.
 * In the Manhunt episode "USA vs. Theodore J. Kaczynski", Ito is mentioned by the judge of Unabomber’s trial, as he claims to not be like him.
 * Ito appeared as a California judge in Sliders season 1 episode 9.

title: Lance Ito


text:
Talk:Scar

Archives
/Archive 1 as up 25 March 2011, moving everything older than 1 year here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rknight (talk • contribs) 08:09, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Keloid vs other hypertrophic scars
The article asserts that keloid scars are distinct from other types of hypertrophic scars, mentioning that there are phenotypic differences. However, it does not attempt to explain, summarize or list any of them, even in general terms. Aboctok (talk) 12:01, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Botanical scarring
Scar and scarring are old, common, important, useful and accepted terms in botany. Yet in this article on "biological" scars there is no mention of this, zoology is not the only biology, human/medical science is not the only zoology. I argue that this article is suffering a major POV issue, ignoring other animals, zoological science, and other life-forms, plants/botanical science. Brunswicknic (talk) 08:08, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

Salicylic Acid/ Hydrogel Treatment
I want to be upfront about my conflict of interest right away, I work for a company that makes products to treat scars. It wouldn't be right for me to edit this the treatment section but there are a lot of scientific articles about using Salicylic Acid/and or Hydrogel(http://avocetcorp.com/scientific_publications.html) to treat scars that would be worth someone looking in to. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lclarke14 (talk • contribs) 19:16, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Cicatrix
The term Cicatrix redirects here; when you get here, there's nothing to help establish whether it is a directly equivalent term, or refers to something specific within the article. This is not my area at all at all but I wondered if experienced editors in the field would please at least consider whether something needs to be added to help? If not then fine – perhaps! Cheers DBaK-photo (talk) 12:47, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ - Resolved by the redirect being replaced by a stub article. DBaK (talk) 17:39, 20 May 2019 (UTC)
 * @DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered not any more 84.67.26.50 (talk) 12:16, 16 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry @84.67.26.50 thank you but I don't understand your comment. I can't see what has substantively changed between my remark of 20/05/19 and yours of yesterday. Do explain if you feel like it but it's not causing me any great unhappiness. Cheers, DBaK (talk) 11:35, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

Unnecessary slave mutilation picture (Keloid scars)
The inclusion of the picture of a black man who had been whipped gruesomely during slavery is an inappropriate image to include as the example of keloid scarring. The is no context regarding the unacceptable harm that was done to him as punishment or as a form of control by those who enslaved him. Surely there is a less traumatic and insensitive picture of a keloid scar available somewhere with public use rights. A color picture would be an improvement even without the problem of racial insensitivity. Carinamc (talk) 15:03, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Continuing, I noticed that none of the other scar types have images on this page and each scar type has many examples on each type's main page, each of which is linked in this article. For consistency in addition to the inappropriateness of this image's inclusion, I am removing the traumatic photo from this page Carinamc (talk) 15:07, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Poem
I’m going out of the house and then run out to get some food and then I’ll be back home in about two or more hours OKEH bye 2603:6010:7C40:A460:A048:A458:1F73:5023 (talk) 22:06, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

I'm gonna party in car Go away face scar🥺 Ishwarya harikrishnan (talk) 16:22, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scar


text:
Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)

The Symphony No. 8 in F major, Op. 93 is a symphony in four movements composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1812. Beethoven fondly referred to it as "my little Symphony in F", distinguishing it from his Sixth Symphony, a longer work also in F.

The Eighth Symphony is generally light-hearted, though not lightweight, and in many places loud, with many accented notes. Various passages in the symphony are heard by some listeners to be musical jokes. As with various other Beethoven works such as the Opus 27 piano sonatas and the later Ninth Symphony, the symphony deviates from Classical tradition in making the last movement the weightiest of the four.

Composition, premiere and reception
The work was begun in the summer of 1812, immediately after the completion of the Seventh Symphony. At the time Beethoven was 41 years old. According to Antony Hopkins, the mood of the work betrays nothing of the events that were taking place in Beethoven's life at the time, which involved his interference in his brother Johann's romantic relationships. The work took Beethoven only four months to complete, and is, unlike many of his works, without dedication.

The premiere took place on 27 February 1814, at a concert in the Redoutensaal, Vienna, at which the Seventh Symphony (which had been premiered two months earlier) was also played. Beethoven was growing increasingly deaf at the time, but nevertheless insisted on leading the premiere. Reportedly, "the orchestra largely ignored his ungainly gestures and followed the principal violinist instead."

When asked by his pupil Carl Czerny why the Eighth was less popular than the Seventh, Beethoven is said to have replied, "because the Eighth is so much better." A critic wrote that "the applause it received was not accompanied by that enthusiasm which distinguishes a work which gives universal delight; in short—as the Italians say—it did not create a furor." According to Czerny, Beethoven was angered by this reception. George Bernard Shaw, in his capacity as a music critic, agreed with Beethoven's assessment of the work, writing that "In all subtler respects the Eighth is better [than the Seventh]." More recently, Jan Swafford has described the Eighth as "a beautiful, brief, ironic look backward to Haydn and Mozart." Martin Geck has commented on the authenticity of the Eighth, noting that it contains "all the relevant hallmarks, including motivic and thematic writing notable for its advanced planning, defiant counterpoint, furious cross-rhythms, sudden shifts from piano to forte, and idyllic and even hymnlike episodes."

Form

 * 1) Allegro vivace e con brio (F major)
 * 2) Allegretto scherzando (B♭ major)
 * 3) Tempo di menuetto (F major)
 * 4) Allegro vivace (F major)

The symphony is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in B♭, 2 bassoons, 2 horns in F (in B♭ basso for the second movement), 2 trumpets in F, timpani, and strings.

It is approximately 26 minutes in duration.

First movement
This movement is in the home key of F major and is in fast time. As with most of Beethoven's first movements of this period, it is written in sonata form, including a fairly substantial coda. Hopkins observed that the movement is slightly unusual among Beethoven's works in that it reaches its dramatic climax not during the development section, but at the onset of the recapitulation. The concluding bars of the development form a huge crescendo and the return of the opening bars is marked (fortississimo, i.e. extremely loud), which rarely appears in Beethoven's works, but has precedents in the Sixth and Seventh symphonies. This is balanced by the quiet closing measures of the movement.

The opening theme is in three sections of four bars each, with the pattern forte–piano–forte. At the onset of the recapitulation, the theme is made more emphatic by omitting the middle four bars.

According to Dutch musicologist Cees Nieuwenhuizen, Beethoven may have originally envisioned this movement as a piano concerto first movement.

Second movement
There is a widespread belief that this movement is an affectionate parody of the metronome, which had only recently been invented (or more accurately, merely improved) by Beethoven's friend, Johann Maelzel. Specifically the belief was that the movement was based on a canon called "Ta ta ta... Lieber Maelzel," WoO 162, said to have been improvised at a dinner party in Maelzel's honor in 1812. However, there is no evidence corroborating this story and it is likely that WoO 162 was not written by Beethoven but was constructed after-the-fact by Anton Schindler. A more likely inspiration was the similar rhythmic parody of Joseph Haydn's "Clock" Symphony.

The movement begins with even staccato chords in 16th-notes (semiquavers) played by the wind instruments, and a basic 16th-note rhythm continues steadily through the piece. Richard Wagner has argued that the third movement was intended as the slow movement of this symphony and that the second should be played as a scherzo.

The key is B♭ major, the subdominant of F, and the organization is what Charles Rosen has called "slow movement sonata form"; that is, at the end of the exposition there is no development section, but only a simple modulation back to B♭ for the recapitulation; this also may be described as sonatina form.

The second subject includes a motif of very rapid sixty-fourth notes. This motif is played by the whole orchestra at the end of the coda.

Third movement
The style of Beethoven's minuet is not particularly close to its 18th-century predecessors, as it retains a rather coarse, thumping rhythm; such as how after the initial upbeat Beethoven places the dynamic indication sforzando ( ) on each of the next five beats. This makes the minuet stylistically close to the other movements of the symphony, which likewise rely often on good-humored, thumping accents.

The minuet is written in ternary form, with a contrasting trio section containing prized solos for horns and clarinet. The clarinet solo is of significant importance in that it was the first major example of a solo clarinet playing a written G6. Igor Stravinsky praised the "incomparable instrumental thought" shown in Beethoven's orchestration of the trio section.

Fourth movement
The most substantial movement in the symphony, the finale is in sonata rondo form with a fast tempo. The metronome marking supplied by Beethoven himself is whole note = 84. This is the first symphonic movement in which the timpani are tuned in octaves, foreshadowing the similar octave-F tuning in the scherzo of the Ninth Symphony. Hopkins quoted the entire opening theme of the finale "in order to emphasize the outrageous impropriety of the last roaring C-sharp":

"All that precedes it is so delicate in texture, so nimble and light-footed." Donald Tovey cites the abrupt intrusion of the C-sharp as an example of Beethoven's "long-distance harmonic effects". This "rogue" note is eventually revealed as having an architectural function in the structure of the movement as a whole. The opening material reappears three times: at the start of the development section, the start of the recapitulation, and about halfway through the coda. As in the first movement, the move to the second subject first adopts the "wrong" key, then moves to the normal key (exposition: dominant, recapitulation: tonic) after a few measures.

The coda is one of the most elaborate in all of Beethoven's works. Hopkins called it "magnificent" and suggests it is too substantial to be referred to by the term "coda". It contains two particularly striking events. The loud and startling C♯ from the opening finally gets an "explanation": "and now it appears that Beethoven has held that note in reserve, wherewith to batter at the door of some immensely distant key. Out bursts the theme then, in F sharp minor."

A few measures later, there is a stunning modulation in which this key is "hammered down" by a semitone, arriving instantaneously at the home key of F major.

The symphony ends with a very long passage of loud tonic harmony. Tchaikovsky called this movement "One of the greatest symphonic masterpieces of Beethoven."

title: Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)


text:
Symphony No. 8

Symphony No. 8 may refer to:
 * Symphony No. 8 (Arnold)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Beethoven)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Bruckner)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Davies), "Antarctic" Symphony
 * Symphony No. 8 (Diamond), by David Diamond, 1958–1960
 * Symphony No. 8 (Dvořák)
 * Symphony No. 8, Op. 105 (1965), a symphony by Jacobo Ficher
 * Symphony No. 8 (Glass)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Glazunov)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Haydn), "Le Soir"
 * Symphony No. 8 (Michael Haydn)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Henze)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Hovhaness), a symphony with a name
 * Symphony No. 8 (Kabeláč), "Antiphonies"
 * Symphony No. 8 (Mahler), "Symphony of a Thousand"
 * Symphony No. 8, Op. 186 (1936–37), a symphony by Erkki Melartin
 * Symphony No. 8, a symphony by Peter Mennin
 * Symphony No. 8 (Milhaud)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Mozart)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Myaskovsky)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Penderecki), "Lieder der Vergänglichkeit"
 * Symphony No. 8 (Pettersson), a symphony by Allan Pettersson
 * Symphony No. 8 (Piston)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Rautavaara), "The Journey"
 * Symphony No. 8 (Rubbra), a symphony with a name
 * Symphony No. 8 (Sallinen)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Schnittke), a symphony by Alfred Schnittke
 * Symphony No. 8 (Schubert), "Unfinished"
 * Symphony No. 8, a symphony by William Schuman
 * Symphony No. 8 (Sessions)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Shostakovich)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Simpson)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Vaughan Williams)
 * Symphony No. 8 (Villa-Lobos)

title: Symphony No. 8