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His Name Is Alive

His Name Is Alive is an American experimental rock band/project from Livonia, Michigan. After several self-released cassettes, they debuted on 4AD Records in 1990, starting a long run at the label. Throughout the band's long history, leader Warren Defever has been the only constant member, with a variety of musicians and singers contributing over the years.

Biography
Defever began recording in his basement in 1985, while still in high school. His initial work consisted primarily of Defever alone recording the music to a 4-track recorder, with friend Angie Carozzo providing vocals. After Defever went off to college and met Karin Oliver, she became the band's primary vocalist.

The group's work resulted in a self-released cassette. Defever sent the tape to 4AD in hopes of being signed to the label. Despite label president Ivo Watts-Russell's rejection of the band, Defever continued to send him tapes, with improved versions of the songs appearing on each new tape. Ivo signed the band in 1989, believing that (along with his This Mortal Coil partner John Fryer) he could re-mix the songs into a proper album 4AD could release. Livonia appeared in the summer of 1990, and became one of the label's biggest sellers of the year. "He took it apart, and he didn't put it back together," Defever would later comment on Ivo's production style.

A second album of songs similarly recorded in Defever's home studio (which he later dubbed Time Stereo) and remixed in England by Ivo and Fryer, Home Is In Your Head, appeared in 1991. Over most of the rest of the 1990s, Defever improved Time Stereo to record more professionally, and the band became a favorite of 4AD's devoted fanbase.

In 1993, HNIA released Mouth by Mouth, their third full length for 4AD, and embarked on their first full North American tour with Defever on guitar, Karin Oliver on vocals, and Trey Many on drums. This album and tour showed a different side of HNIA to their fans, marking the first time Defever had full control of the mixing and assembly of a HNIA release. Mouth by Mouth was a more ambitious noisy pop record that lacked some of the earlier sparse gothic sounds people came to expect from the first two releases. Defever's wide musical taste became more apparent as Mouth by Mouth showcased his love for obscure '60s pop, reggae, Japanese noise and free jazz.

Defever then took an extended break to work on new projects and write songs for 1996's Stars On ESP, an ambitious project three years in the making. He continued to collaborate with Karin Oliver and Trey Many on this release but also wrote songs with Matthew Smith of Outrageous Cherry, Mark Kozelek of Red House Painters, Ian Masters of Pale Saints, and Erika Hoffman. Stars on ESP was a breakthrough for the band as Defever began to fully realize his potential as a musician able to paste many influences together in one cohesive work "On their fourth album for 4AD, Stars on ESP, the group mixes dub, dream pop, surf, country, and Pet Sounds-era Beach Boys into something altogether unique."

In 1991 and 1993, 4AD commissioned videos from British animators the Quay Brothers. The brothers Stephen and Timothy were allowed to choose which songs they would like to create videos or short films for. They choose the songs "Are We Still Married?" and "Can't Go Wrong Without You".

1998 was a year of big change for 4AD and HNIA, as Ivo sold the label to Beggars Banquet, resulting in major changes in the label. The band signed a more traditional contract with the label, bringing with it increased commercial expectations. When 1998's Ft. Lake failed to meet those expectations, most of the band left for full-time jobs or more commercially successful endeavors. Stripped down to Defever and vocalist Lovetta Pippen (an experienced soul and gospel singer before joining HNIA after appearing as part of a gospel choir on Stars On ESP), the duo released two soul and R&B-influenced albums in 2001 and 2002, alienating much of the band's fanbase. After having sold a respectable (but far from commercially successful) 100,000 albums for 4AD from 1990 through 2002, the band was dropped by the label, leaving the band's future in doubt.

Defever kept the band's name alive through several notable appearances on compilations like Kill Rock Stars' Tracks and Fields, and We Could Live in Hope, the Low tribute album. Several full-length releases on the Time Stereo label were mostly instrumental music, live recordings, and a few new experimental recordings. In 2005, Defever co-founded the Silver Mountain Media label, and secured distribution for HNIA with major label Sony-BMG. 2006's Detrola was the first full-length release on the label, and was met with much acclaim, winning back many of the old fans from the 4AD days, and earning success on college rock radio and modern rock charts. Detrola primarily features newly discovered Andy FM on vocals, although Lovetta Pippen and Erika Hoffmann make guest appearances as well. Andy FM was best known as the keyboardist for Detroit underground favorites the Tranzistors and Sonapanic. In interviews Defever has often described her as "the best singer ever to sing me Elvis songs and Patsy Cline songs at my birthday party. She plays an important role in HNIA, she's a great singer and she's not afraid when the trombonist takes off his pants and pees in his trombone."

The follow-up to Detrola, titled Xmmer, was released on September 18, 2007. Sweet Earth Flower, the band's tribute to free jazz saxophonist Marion Brown was released by High Two on November 6, 2007.

In May 2010, His Name is Alive released their 11th full-length album The Eclipse. The album was one of the ten CDs released in the limited edition box set also entitled The Eclipse. It features Warn Defever and vocalist Andy FM. Other contributors include Steve Sparks on drums and Jean Cook playing violin. The album was released for MP3 download, FLAC, and CD through the Silver Mountain Media store.

In May 2011, His Name is Alive embarked on a "20th anniversary" series of shows which included a community bike ride in Detroit. Defever says 2011 marks the 20th anniversary of His Name is Alive even though the group's first record was released in 1990. Defever says one undisclosed year has been blacked out of the band's chronology for reasons he will not discuss.

Main albums

 * Livonia (1990) (4AD)
 * Home Is in Your Head (1991) (4AD)
 * Mouth by Mouth (1993) (4AD)
 * Stars on E.S.P. (1996) (4AD)
 * Ft. Lake (1998) (4AD)
 * Someday My Blues Will Cover the Earth (2001) (4AD)
 * Last Night (2002) (4AD)
 * Detrola (2006) (Silver Mountain/ Sony BMG)
 * XMMER (2007) (Silver Mountain/ Sony BMG)
 * The Eclipse (2010) (Silver Mountain Media)
 * Silver Family (2012) (Silver Mountain Media)
 * Silver Dragon (2012) (Silver Mountain Media)
 * Tecuciztecatl (2014) (London London)
 * Patterns of Light (2016) (London London/ Silver Mountain Media)
 * Black Wings (2017) (Silver Mountain Media/HHBTM Records)
 * All The Mirrors In The House (2019) (Disciples)
 * Return To Never (2020) (Disciples)
 * Tanpura and Harmonium (2020) (no label)

Singles and EPs

 * The Dirt Eaters EP (1992) (4AD)
 * In Every Ford EP (1993) (4AD) promotional CD
 * Universal Frequencies EP (1996) (4AD)
 * Nice Day EP (1997) (4AD)
 * Melody Farm EP [split with Little Princess] (1997) (Shaolin Temple / timeSTEREO)
 * Pets Farm EP [split with Little Princess] (1997) (Motorway/ timeSTEREO)
 * Drugs Farm EP [split with Little Princess] (1998) (Rocket Science / timeSTEREO)
 * ''Woodstock/Mothers Day" 7" included with LP of Fort Lake(1998) (4AD)
 * Can't Always Be Loved (1998) (4AD)
 * Happy Blues / One Year (2001) (4AD)
 * Nothing Special (2001) (4AD)
 * Raindrops Rainbow EP (2005) (Silver Mountain Media)
 * Silver Makeup EP (2007) (Silver Mountain Media)
 * Firefly Dragonfly (2007) (Acuarela Discos)
 * Dream Rememberer (2010) (Silver Mountain Media)

Independent projects, compilations and remixes

 * Sings Man on the Silver Mountain and 8 Other Songs (1992) (Rykodisc)
 * King of Sweet (1993) (Perdition Plastics, reissued in 2005 via timeSTEREO as MP3)
 * Sampler (1993) (4AD)
 * Radio LP (1998) (timeSTEREO)
 * Always Stay Sweet (1999) (4AD)
 * Emergency (2000) (timeSTEREO)
 * When the Stars Refuse to Shine (2000) (timeSTEREO)
 * Early Music Volume 1 (1985-1989) (2000) (timeSTEREO)
 * RMX's 1995-2000 (2000) (timeSTEREO)
 * Rare Tracks in the Snow (2000) (timeSTEREO)
 * Spring Can Really Hang You Up The Most (2001) (timeSTEREO)
 * Heart and Hand [10-CD box set] (2001) (timeSTEREO)
 * Cloud Box [10-CD box set] (2004) (timeSTEREO)
 * Brown Rice (2005) (timeSTEREO)
 * Leaf Club (2005) (timeSTEREO)
 * Summer Bird LP (2005) (Ypsilanti)
 * Ufo Catcher (2005) (En/of)
 * Someday RMX (2006) (Silver Mountain Media)
 * Detrola Instrumental (2007) (Silver Mountain Media) (iTunes only purchase)
 * Xmmer Instrumental (2007) (Silver Mountain Media)
 * Eclipx (2010) (Silver Mountain Media)
 * Dragons Look Out Your Window (2013) (Silver Mountain Media)
 * Home Is (2013) (Silver Mountain Media)

Live

 * Sound of Mexico (1995) (timeSTEREO)
 * Finer Twilights (1997) (timeSTEREO)
 * Golden City (1997) (timeSTEREO)
 * Great Lake States Blues (1997) (timeSTEREO)
 * Ten Years Long Time (2000) (timeSTEREO)
 * In the West (2000) (timeSTEREO)
 * In the East (2000) (timeSTEREO)

Video

 * "Are We Still Married" (1992)
 * "Can't Go Wrong Without You" (1993)
 * "Peace In Detroit" (2002)
 * "Come To Me" (2007)
 * "Vanilia" (2010)
 * "St. Michael" (2007)
 * "Dream Rememberer" (2007)

title: His Name Is Alive


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Talk:Aradia (goddess)

General Discussion
This is impossible, Lucifer was never part of the Roman mythology..!.-- The Warlock 05:37 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

--
 * moved from article

The information above [in the article --M ] is incorrect.

There was never a goddess named Herodias that was worshipped since the Middle Ages. The Canon Episcopi initiated the belief that heretics BELIEVED that Diana was a goddess. But never was the claim made that these heretics worshipped Diana.

The Canon Episcopi was followed by the Tractatus de Strigibus and then the Tractatus de Hereticis et Sortilegiis. Both of the tractatī merely quoted the Canon Episcopi.

The name Aradia never appeared in written form until C. G. Leland's publication of the book entitled Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches in 1890.

It should also be noted that since "Aradia" never appeared in written form until Leland's publication, Leland is therefore the first to suggest that "Aradia" is corruption of "Herodias". There isn't any historical justification for this connection.

I've heard it suggested that the daughter of Artemis and Phosporus might've been named "Hera-Dea", though I doubt there's anything to this other than a modern neo-Pagan legend.

It would also be nice to see some information on the Malandanti and the Benandanti, especially in reference to the tractati. --Corvun 18:57, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Should Lucifer really link to Phosporus? —Ashley Y 04:42, Jan 19, 2004 (UTC)

The figure of Lucifer from Isaiah 14:12 was never part of ancient Roman mythology. However, Lucifer or Lucifero became a figure in Italian folklore due to the influence of Catholicism.

The ancient Roman goddess Diana did survive in later Italian folklore as Fata Diana and Diana, queen of the witches.

Incidentally, the Roman Empress Faustina in the 2nd century ce honored the goddess Diana under the name DIANA LVCIFERA or "Diana Luciferia." The name "Luciferia" was a feminine form of the Latin title "Lucifer" meaning "light-bearer." Apparently the aspect of "Diana Lucifera" was similar to "Diana Lucia," as their names basically mean the same thing.

The Italian form of "Herodias" is "Erodiade." It is possible that "Aradia" is a corruption of "Erodiade." It is a feature of Italian folklore that Erodiade flew in the night ride of Diana and participated in the night assembly. It is also an Italian 19th century folk tradition that voices cried, "Mother, Mother..." and "Daughter, daughter..." as Erodiade flew across the sky. For more information about the connection between Aradia and Italian legends of Herodias/Erodiade, see Sabina Magliocco's article, "Who was Aradia? The History and Development of a Legend" (2002) Pomegranate: The Journal of Pagan Studies.

Leland's identification of the mythological Lilith with the biblical Herodias is more problematical. Leland speculated that Lilith was a goddess and Herodias was one of Lilith's titles and the biblical Herodias was named after her. There probably isn't any historical justification for this connection in spite of Leland's speculations.

Lilith was a winged Mesopotamian storm demon. In Semitic lore, Lilith was a night demon; in the bible (Isaiah 34:14) Lilith was associated with the screech owl. In later Italian folklore, Herodias (Erodiade) flew through the air upon a lightning bolt in the night storms around St. John's Eve.

Leland does not mention any of the above points in his book. These points could be used as evidence for arguing a similarity between Herodias and Lilith. Leland probably was aware that Lilith was depicted as winged. Leland was certainly aware of legends about Herodias (Erodiade) flying at night in June storms.

The speculation that the name Aradia is really Greek, not Latin or Italian, and stems from "Hera-Dea" may simply be "modern neo-Pagan legend" as suggested by Corvun above.

It has also been speculated that the name "Aradia" is an Italian combine name. "Ara" means "altar" and "dia" could be short for "Diana" or another spelling of "dea" meaning "goddess." Hence, "Aradia" could mean "altar of Diana" or "altar of the Goddess."

I want to respond directly to this comment: "There was never a goddess named Herodias that was worshipped since the middle ages. The Canon Epsiscopi initiated the belief that heretics BELIEVED that Diana was a goddess. But never was the claim made that these heretics worshipped Diana."

If you read Buchard of Worms' Decretum (compiled in the 11th century), it stated: "Have you believed or have you shared a superstition to which some wicked women claim to have given themselves, instruments of Satan, fooled by diabolical phantasms? During the night, with Diana, the pagan goddess, in the company of a crowd of other women, they ride the backs of animals, traversing great distances during the silence of the deep night, obeying Diana's orders as their mistress and putting themselves at her service during certain specified nights. If only these sorceresses could die in their impiety without dragging many others into their loss. Fooled into error, many people believe that these rides of Diana really exist. Thus they leave the true faith and fall into pagan error in believing that a god or goddess can exist besides the only God." (Translation by Geoffrey G. Koziol, University of Berkeley Translations)

There are two types of heretics described in Buchard's passage.

Type 1 heretics are those who believe that some women participate in the night ride of "Diana, the pagan goddess." The belief itself, in the folklore about women flying with Diana, is a heresy.

Type 2 heretics are those women who claim that they have flown with "Diana, the pagan goddess." Supposedly, these women believed they were "...obeying Diana's orders as their mistress and putting themselves at her service..."

This passage implied these women were offering worship through service to "Diana, the pagan goddess." In Christian monotheistic theology, service may be offered only to the Christian God. Offering service to another "spirit" or to obey the commands of another spirit was to offer fealty to a master other than the Lord God, master and heavenly king.

Folklore1 (talk) 01:19, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

In the medieval paradigm, service to another spirit was offering worship to another spiritual being rather than the one true God. That reasoning is why the women who professed and believed that they had attended the night assembly or night ride lead by a spirit were heretics. These women offered worship and service to the leader of the night assembly or night ride.

The benandanti in Italy were also often convicted of heresy for professing and believing that they flew at night in service to a spirit or saint. Folklore1 (talk) 02:22, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

"Syncreto-Paganism"
I think that this is more-or-less a neologism (by Isaac Bonewits?). It gets 567 |Google hits, counting Wikipedia and places like "vampyre.com". I'd suggest that we should avoid using it even if it weren't, as it implies that there is something about 'Aradia' that is closer to Voodoo or Santeria than to Romanticism or modern Neopaganism, which is just misleading.

Reverting. (This was me Jkelly 18:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC))

 * Please cease this activity at once. You are obviously a troll attempting to disrupt Wikipedia with inflammatory edits, false information, and ludicrous comments (such as "implies that there is something about 'Aradia' that is closer to Voodoo or Santeria than to Romanticism or modern Neopaganism, which is just misleading").  Your attempts to weaken the credibility of Wikipedia (as if it needs your help) are not appreciated, and if they continue, you will be reported.  If trolling and stirring up trouble is how you get your kicks, I suggest getting them somewhere else. --Corvun 21:20, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * According to the Wikipedia article on Paganism, 'Syncreto-Pagan' is defined as Syncreto-Paganism: A culture, which has been conquered but adopts and merges the conquering culture's religious practices with their own. This includes Haitian Vodou, and Santería. It isn't obvious to me why you prefer that description for Stregheria.  Can you explain why you, who I'd guess has a great deal of interest in this subject, feel that this is a better descriptor? (This was also me Jkelly 18:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC))

Distribution of Gospel of Diana
Kelly sent the text out as a plaintext file on the old PODS net. Magliocco may well have gotten her copy on a compact disc; Kelly had been selling CDs of his collective writings from his website (which I can't seem to find now) for a while. It's a minor point, but I'd prefer removing "CD" -- Kelly's collections certainly weren't available on CD in '92. We may as well leave out "online" as well, since it is likely to confuse the reader. How about just "document"? Jkelly 17:13, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Fine. I must apologise for saying that I'd changed the text from "privately printed online" – words you never wrote. I was switching between this text and Magliocco article which calls it a "privately published electronic document", and ended up traducing both your words and Magliocco's. Magliocco certainly implies she had access to a CD (she says "disk"), which would make sense of the phrase "privately published". "Distributed online" is better, but "and on CD" could be added – if anyone thinks it important. Paul B 17:40, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Check in
 * http://www.sacred-magick.com  Vishvax 14:15, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

How Many on Aradia?
I'd originally set out to see about expanding Charge of Aradia as discussed on the Neopaganism WikiProject page, when I began looking at how many places this same subject is discussed. There is this page, Aradia, as well as Charge of Aradia and Charge of the Goddess. What I'd propose is to merge them all under Aradia and addressing the Charge of Aradia as a separate heading. Thoughts? --lolaness 00:03, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm strongly in favour of keeping the Charge of the Goddess separate. Yes it was based on the Vangel, yet it has also gained a huge amount of other context and history as one of the key Wiccan texts. It deserves its own article. That doesn't mean you can't talk about it in Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, or Aradia (goddess). I agree that Charge of Aradia should be merged (probably into Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches), since "Charge of Aradia" is not a common term, and it doesn't describe a text that has any separate existence from the Vangel. Fuzzypeg 10:24, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Queen of the Witches
Aradias mother Diana is the "Queen of the Witches", Aradia is the "First of Witches known", (Page 9, 17, Lelands Gospel of Witches). Shall we make a seperate section for 'The birth of Aradia', describing more about her mother and father. In the book also there is much emphesis on Diana and Aradias birth. Vishvax 14:58, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge Aradia di Toscano into this article
See Talk:Aradia_di_Toscano for this discussion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Aradia (goddess)


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Heterosexism

Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of heterosexuality and heterosexual relationships. According to Elizabeth Cramer, it can include the belief that all people are or should be heterosexual and that heterosexual relationships are the only norm and therefore superior.

Although heterosexism is defined in the online editions of the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language and the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary as anti-gay discrimination or prejudice "by heterosexual people" and "by heterosexuals", respectively, people of any sexual orientation can hold such attitudes and bias, and can form a part of internalised hatred of one's sexual orientation.

Heterosexism as discrimination ranks gay men, lesbians, bisexuals and other sexual minorities as second-class citizens with regard to various legal and civil rights, economic opportunities, and social equality in many of the world's jurisdictions and societies. It is often related to homophobia.

Background
While the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary notes the first use of the term heterosexism as having occurred in 1972, the term was first published in 1971 by gay rights activist, Craig Rodwell.

Etymology and usage
Similar terms include "heterocentrism" and "heterosexualism". Although the well-established term heterosexism is often explained as a coinage modeled on sexism, the derivation of its meaning points more to (1.) heterosex(ual) + -ism than (2.) hetero- + sexism.

Given this lack of semantic transparency, researchers, outreach workers, critical theorists and LGBT activists have proposed and use terms such as institutionalized homophobia, state(-sponsored) homophobia, sexual prejudice, anti-gay bigotry, straight privilege, The Straight Mind (a collection of essays by French writer Monique Wittig), heterosexual bias, compulsory heterosexuality or the much lesser known terms heterocentrism, homonegativity, and from gender theory and queer theory, heteronormativity. However, not all of these descriptors are synonymous to heterosexism.

Contrast to homophobia
Homophobia, a form of heterosexism, refers both to "unreasoning fear of or antipathy towards homosexuals and homosexuality" and to "behavior based on such a feeling". Heterosexism, however, more broadly denotes the "system of ideological thought that makes heterosexuality the sole norm to follow for sexual practices". As a bias favoring heterosexuals and heterosexuality, heterosexism has been described as being "encoded into and characteristic of the major social, cultural, and economic institutions of our society" and stems from the essentialist cultural notion that maleness-masculinity and femaleness-femininity are complementary.

Psychology professor Gregory M. Herek states that "[Heterosexism] operates through a dual process of invisibility and attack. Homosexuality usually remains culturally invisible; when people who engage in homosexual behavior or who are identified as homosexual become visible, they are subject to attack by society." Furthermore, in interviews with perpetrators of anti-gay violence, forensic psychologist Karen Franklin believes that "heterosexism is not just a personal value system, [rather] it is a tool in the maintenance of gender dichotomy." She continues by saying that "assaults on homosexuals and other individuals who deviate from sex role norms are viewed as a learned form of social control of deviance rather than a defensive response to personal threat."

Parallels and intersections
It has been argued that the concept of heterosexism is similar to the concept of racism in that both ideas promote privilege for dominant groups within a given society. For example, borrowing from the racial concept of white privilege, the concept of heterosexual privilege has been applied to benefits of (presumed) heterosexuality within society that heterosexuals take for granted. The analogy is that just as racism against non-white people places white people as superior to people of color, heterosexism places heterosexual people or relationships as superior to non-heterosexual ones. In trying to rebut this premise, some commentators point to differences between the categories of race and sexual orientation, claiming they are too complex to support any generalizations. For example, "trainer on diversity" and consultant Jamie Washington has commented, although heterosexism and racism are "woven from the same fabric" they are "not the same thing". Some American Conservative leaders such as Rev. Irene Monroe comment that those who suggest or state "gay is the new black", as in a cover story of The Advocate magazine, exploit black people's suffering and experiences to legitimize their own. Nonetheless, a study presented at the British Psychological Society's Division of Occupational Psychology 2009 Conference shows that heterosexist prejudice is more pervasive than racism.

Heterosexism can also intersect with racism by further emphasizing differences among arbitrary groups of people. For example, heterosexism can compound the effects of racism by:
 * promoting injustices towards a person already facing injustices because of their race
 * establishing social hierarchies that allow one group more privilege than other groups.

Likewise, racism can allow LGBT people to be subjected to additional discrimination or violence if they belong to or are considered a part of a socially devalued racial category. Some of the privileges afforded to people falling into the categories of white people and (perceived) heterosexuals include, but are not limited to, social acceptance, prestige, freedom from negative stereotypes, and the comfort of being within the social norm and thereby not being marginalized or viewed as different.

Individual and group level
Heterosexism as a set of beliefs and attitudes relies on a core tenet according to which homosexuality and bisexuality do not normally exist and, as such, constitute mental illnesses or deviant behaviors. Within a heterosexist ideology or mindset, the concept of sexual orientation is rejected or deemed irrelevant. A set of more nuanced heterosexist views, which some may consider faith, dogma, universal truths, natural law, appeals to authority, or popular beliefs, but others consider to be conventional wisdom or sociobiological knowledge can include, among others, the following:

 * Non-heterosexual people should keep their sexual orientations private (i.e., they should remain "closeted"). p. 15
 * The attitude that gay men are not "real" men or lesbians are not "real" women because of the socially pervasive view that heterosexual attractions or activities are the "norm" and therefore superior.
 * "God created Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve (or Madame and Eve)" and similar essentialist cultural notions that maleness-masculinity and femaleness-femininity are complementary;
 * Heterosexuality alone being natural, good and right. p. 18
 * The idea that (in the words of Anita Bryant during her Save Our Children campaign): "homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children."
 * Because of their lifestyle, homosexuals do not have families with children, so they undermine the survival of the human race (natalism).
 * Homosexuality is an affectional or mental disorder or simply a social ill, therefore, it can be cured or stamped out. If it is not eradicated, it will lead to social disintegration and societal collapse.
 * Homosexuals can be converted to heterosexuality. p. 109

In an attempt to bring awareness to people who exhibit heterosexist views but are possibly not aware of it, Mark Rochlin constructed a set of questions in 1977 which are questions that non-heterosexual people are often exposed to, but not heterosexuals, such as "What do you think caused your sexuality?" This heterosexuality questionnaire is often distributed around college campuses to bring awareness of heterosexist sexual prejudice against LGBT persons.

Institutional level
As well as comprising attitudes held by an individual or a social group, heterosexism can also exist as the expression of attitudes within an institution. As a result, schools, hospitals, and correctional facilities can act as a showcase for heterosexist attitudes in various ways. First, schools may implement these attitudes and ideas through unequal and inconsistent disciplinary actions. One such example is meting out harsher punishment to a same-sex couple violating the school ground rules while allowing a heterosexual couple to pass with a more lenient disciplinary action for an equal or identical violation. Also, hospitals may limit patient visiting only to immediate family, i.e., relatives, and exclude same-sex partners.

Heterosexism affects the family in several ways. For example, in many countries around the world, same-sex marriage is not allowed, so non-heterosexual persons must remain unmarried or enter into heterosexual marriage. Many countries also deny rights and benefits to same-sex couples, including custodial and adoption rights for children, Social Security benefits, and automatic durable power of attorney and hospital spousal rights.

Measurements
Psychologists have aimed to measure heterosexism using various methods. One particular method involves the use of a Likert scale. However, since heterosexism is perceived as something that is unseen it is difficult to determine if someone is heterosexist based on a self-report method. Researchers, thus, have constructed implicit measurements of heterosexism. An example of this would be an Implicit Association Test. A popular implicit association test measuring heterosexism that is open to the public is a virtual laboratory called Project Implicit.

One limitation present in research on heterosexism is that there often is not a distinction between homophobia and heterosexism. Individuals are more likely to be aware of homophobic tendencies rather than heterosexist views; thus, researchers often measure homophobia instead of heterosexism.

Research
Research on heterosexism has focused on variables that may affect views of heterosexism. For instance, in a study by psychologist, Gregory M. Herek, it was found that there was a gender difference between heterosexual attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Specifically, the study reveals that heterosexual individuals all seem to have some heterosexist tendency, however, heterosexual males have a greater tendency than heterosexual females to exhibit negative attitudes towards non-heterosexual individuals (this includes gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals). Another notable finding of Herek's study was that heterosexual males showed a greater tendency to demonstrate hostility towards gay men rather than lesbians. Other factors that Herek acknowledges to contribute to heterosexism include individual differences, religiosity, conforming to social norms, right-wing authoritarianism, customs and beliefs regarding cultural tradition, and personal experience with non-heterosexual individuals. Research has also recognized the effects of level of education on views of heterosexism. Wright et al. revealed that higher levels of education, or having more years of education, is related to less homophobic tendencies.

Explicit or open
This type of heterosexism includes anti-gay laws, policies, and institutional practices, harassment based on sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation; stereotyping, discriminatory language and discourse, and other forms of discrimination against LGBT persons such as:
 * Hate speech, terms of disparagement, hate mail, death threats, "murder music"
 * Scapegoating, mobbing, witch-hunts, moral panic; using gay men and homosexuality as a folk devil for the AIDS pandemic.
 * Negative portrayals or stereotypes of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals solely as villains, suicide or murder victims
 * Using the gay panic defense in assault or murder cases.
 * Sodomy laws when enforced almost exclusively against consenting, adult, same-sex partners. See also: Bowers v. Hardwick and Lawrence v. Texas
 * In some countries where homosexuality is criminalized, such as Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, offenders may receive the maximum sentence of capital punishment. See also: Paragraph 175
 * Discrepancies in age of consent laws in which legal sexual activity between members of the same sex is set at a higher age than that for partners in female–male relationships. Most such laws apply explicitly (or have historically applied) only to male homosexual sexual activity. See also: Morris v. The United Kingdom, State v. Limon
 * Prohibiting youth from bringing a same-sex date to high school prom. See also: Fricke v. Lynch, Marc Hall v. Durham Catholic School Board
 * Adoption bans against either same-sex couples or gay, lesbian, or bisexual individuals. See also: LGBT adoption, In re: Gill
 * Legislation that prevents legal and social equality, i.e., laws that prohibit protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation, particularly with regard to health care, housing, and employment.
 * The institution of female–male marriage and reserving the right to marry strictly for female–male couples via explicit definitions or through bans on same-sex marriage such as "marriage protection acts" (such as DOMA in the United States); pp. 145–151
 * Also, the above restriction even when same-sex couples have access to civil unions that are either analogous to or not on a par with marriage;
 * Barring gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals from serving in the armed forces or from working in the education field; this can include policies such as the American military's "Don't ask, don't tell" policy or Lech Kaczyński and other conservative Polish politicians' stance to exclude gay men and lesbians from entering the teaching profession. See also: LGBT rights in Poland
 * Organized opposition to gay rights; labeling such rights and privileges as "special rights" or the "Gay Agenda";
 * Referring to a suspected criminal's homosexuality or bisexuality when in analogous situations there is no mention of a suspect's heterosexuality.

Implicit or hidden
This form of heterosexism operates through invisibility, under-representation, and erasure. It includes:
 * Lack or under-representation of homosexual or bisexual people in advertising to the general public;
 * Censorship of homosexual or bisexual characters, themes, and issues in works of art, literature, entertainment; see also "Sugar Time" episode of Postcards from Buster
 * Exclusion of historical and political figures' and celebrities' homosexuality or bisexuality; their portrayal as heterosexuals;
 * Complete avoidance of mentioning these people and their positive contributions particularly in news media;
 * In the context of sex education or professional advice, referring only to female–male relationships when discussing female or male sexual attraction and activity;
 * Silence on issues affecting homosexual and bisexual people at school or work or absence of their discussion in a positive light;
 * Implementation and use of content-control software (censorware) to filter out information and websites that focus on homosexuality or bisexuality;
 * Postal censorship and border control or customs seizure of publications deemed obscene solely on the basis of them containing material related to homosexuality even when they contain no erotic or pornographic material; see also Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium
 * Work environments that tacitly require gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals not to reveal their sexual orientation via discussion of their relationship status while heterosexuals can discuss their relationships and marital status freely;
 * At public libraries or bookstores: rejection, removal or destruction of books (e.g. Jenny lives with Eric and Martin), films, and posters with homosexual themes;
 * Refusal to include families headed by same-sex parents at school events or to represent such family diversity in school curricula; see also anti-bias curriculum;
 * Coercive or forced sex reassignment surgery on gay men, lesbian women, and bisexuals – an issue addressed in Tanaz Eshaghian's 2008 documentary, Be Like Others. See also: LGBT rights in Iran
 * Forced disappearance, damnatio memoriae, ostracism, shunning, and other forms of social rejection geared towards making homosexual or bisexual people personae non gratae.

Effects
Heterosexism causes a range of effects on people of any sexual orientation. However, the main effects of heterosexism are marginalization, and anti-LGBT violence and abuse.

Marginalization
The main effect of heterosexism is the marginalization of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals within society. Heterosexism has led to stigmatization and persecution of not only these people but also those of other sexual diversity such as transgender, and transsexual people. Along with homophobia, lesbophobia, and internalized homophobia, heterosexism continues to be a significant social reality that compels people to conceal their homosexual or bisexual orientation, or metaphorically, to remain in the closet in an effort to pass for heterosexual.

Marginalization also occurs when marriage rights are heterosexist. More specifically, when marriage rights are exclusive to female–male couples, all same-sex couples, be they gay, lesbian, straight or mixed, are prevented from enjoying marriage's corresponding legal privileges, especially those regarding property rights, health benefits, and child custody. Moreover, such limitation prevents same-sex couples from receiving the inherent social respect of marriage and its cultural symbolism.

Anti-LGBT violence and abuse
Yolanda Dreyer, professor of practical theology at University of Pretoria, has stated that "Heterosexism leads to prejudice, discrimination, harassment, and violence. It is driven by fear and hatred (Dreyer 5)." Along the same lines, forensic psychologist Karen Franklin explains violence caused by heterosexism toward both men and women, regardless of their sexual orientations:

"[T]hrough heterosexism, any male who refuses to accept the dominant culture's assignment of appropriate masculine behavior is labeled early on as a 'sissy' or 'fag' and then subjected to bullying. Similarly, any woman who opposes male dominance and control can be labeled a lesbian and attacked. The potential of being ostracized as homosexual, regardless of actual sexual attractions and behaviors, puts pressure on all people to conform to a narrow standard of appropriate gender behavior, thereby maintaining and reinforcing our society's hierarchical gender structure."

Another form of heterosexist violence as social control that most often targets lesbian women is corrective rape: a gang rape of a lesbian to "cure" her of her same-sex attractions. A notorious example from South Africa is the corrective rape and murder of Eudy Simelane, LGBT-rights activist and member of the women's national football team.

According to a Frontline article titled "Inside the Mind of People Who Hate Gays", bias-related violence against homosexuals is believed to be widespread in the United States, with perpetrators typically described by victims as young men in groups who assault targets of convenience. Victims accounts suggest that assailants possess tremendous rage and hatred; indeed, documentation of horrific levels of brutality has led gay activists to characterize the violence as political terrorism aimed at all gay men and lesbians. Other motives for antigay violence suggested in the literature include male bonding, proving heterosexuality, and purging secret homosexual desires.

Responses
According to an article in the Howard Journal of Communications, some LGBT individuals have responded to heterosexism through direct confrontation and communication, or through the removal of self from the hostile environment.

title: Heterosexism


text:
Jabiluka

Jabiluka is a pair of uranium deposits and mine development in the Northern Territory of Australia that was to have been built on land belonging to the Mirarr clan of Aboriginal people. The mine site is surrounded by, but not part of, the World Heritage–listed Kakadu National Park.

History
Exploration on the site began in the late 1960s with Jabiluka 1 being discovered in 1971 and the much larger Jabiluka 2 discovered in 1973. The Jabiluka deposits were included in the group of uranium deposits that were the subject of the Fox Inquiry. As a result of this inquiry, the Jabiluka mining lease and two others were created along with Kakadu National Park. Feasibility works into the development of the mine were well progressed at the time of the 1983 Australian federal election, which saw the Australian Labor Party take government. Under this government, an export licence for the uranium was unlikely to have been granted and the project development was stopped. Energy Resources of Australia Ltd bought the deposit from Pancontinental and proceeded without background work. Upon the election of the Howard Liberal government in 1996, the project was once again placed into development.

Controversy
In 1998 the issue came to a head when Jacqui Katona and Yvonne Margarula, of the Mirarr people, called on activists to come from around Australia and the world to blockade the construction of the mine by Energy Resources of Australia (ERA). Over 500 people were arrested in the course of the eight-month blockade.

ERA developed the surface infrastructure and the decline down to the ore-body to allow for further definition of the resource. Falling uranium prices prevented the project from proceeding. ERA's parent company, North Ltd, was bought by Rio Tinto Group, who announced that the mine will not go ahead – at least until their nearby Ranger uranium mine is mined out.

The Mirarr people agitated for Rio Tinto to clean up the mine site and restore it in keeping with the surrounding National Park. On 12 August 2003 rehabilitation works commenced on the Jabiluka site, 50,000 tonnes of material from the mine were put back down the decline at Jabiluka, filling up 1.2 km of decline.

In 2013, work to remove and remediate the interim water management pond commenced.

According to ERA, between 2005 and 2015 over 16,000 stems of two dozen different species of native plants were planted at the Jabiluka site. Aerial photography shows significant recovery and regeneration.

Documentary films
The 1997 documentary film, Jabiluka, was produced and directed by David Bradbury. Another film on the subject was made by Cathy Henkel, called Walking Through a Minefield. It was released in 1999. In 2006, documentary filmmaker Pip Starr released Fight for Country: the story of the Jabiluka Blockade. Starr spent five years working on the film.

Future development
The Jabiluka Long-Term Care and Maintenance Agreement signed in February 2005 gives the traditional owners veto rights over future development of Jabiluka. However, in 2007, Rio Tinto suggested that the mine could reopen one day.

title: Jabiluka


text:
Wikipedia:Village pump/June 2003 archive 5

To avoid being controversial again. Is there "Wikipedia:Votes for merging" page somewhere ? Sometimes 200 bytes is more than enough to write about someone or someplace but there is so much unnecessary segmentation going on. Kpjas 14:10 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Might Duplicate articles be what you're looking for? Andre Engels 09:10 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Whenever I am on RC (far too often), I get the impression that the input to the encyclopedia is rather unbalanced: lots on computer stuff (surprise!), science, pop music, sci-fi/fantasy, bits of geog/hist. The impression is that the typical user is a young male with computer qualifications and stereotypically geeky interests. (How many Tolkien or D&D articles do we need?). I'm not sure what can be done to redress the balance, but at least we should be aware of it. jimfbleak 12:17 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I brought this up over 12 months ago, and I don't think I was the first. Seems like we still have a long way to go! -- Tarquin 12:26 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Wikipedia is heavily biased towards computer generated articles on US towns and cities. Surely they must outweight the Tolkein and D&D areas combined! I don't think balance matters because we've got good organisation and no space limit. I prefer to think of the missing articles as the problem, not the ones we have in quantity. -- Tim Starling 12:28 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * The inclusiveness is part of the project's culture, though I believe it detracts from the overall value of the effort. I myself believe that the project would have better balance if we made an effort to keep article length proportional among topics of similar importance.  For example, Tolkein's literature does not deserve a more lengthy writeup than Dickens' or Steinbeck's books.  D&D should not enjoy a more lengthy writeup than contract bridge, dominos, or mah jong--all of which have subtleties and histories rivaling that of D&D.  And the Dead Kennedys should not enjoy a more detailed treatise than does Franz Liszt, who left a greater and far more enduring mark upon musical history.

 * The numerous articles on various fictional universes, particularly, do not appear to me to be encyclopedic in nature. What reader will turn to an encyclopedia for an entry like Bree (Middle-earth) or Aragorn?  I'm not trying to pick on Tolkien, as I enjoy his writing immensely; the Star Trek articles have the same characteristics as do many others. These articles pollute the namespace and have far less potential to become encyclopedic than the geographical stubs from the census data.

 * IMO, for a fictional work, character, or setting to be encyclopedic, there must be references to it elsewhere in art or literature. Consider the Greek and Roman mythological pantheons.  Portions of them appear throughout literature, sculpture, painting, and so on; an article on Aphrodite is unquestionably encyclopedic.  Where are the sculptures of Aragorn or the literary references to Sarek outside the series of works where they originally appear?  Now, perhaps we can do with an article on Mr._Spock owing to the inseperability of that character from pop culture of the 1970s.  But Sarek?  Kat 16:19 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Are you seriously proposing to delete all the articles about Star Trek, Middle-earth and other large-scale fictional universes? Perhaps most encyclopedias (like EB) don't contain an article about Sarek, but why is that reason for us not to have one? Perhaps encyclopedias are not normally considered a place to look up facts about fictional universes, but there's no reason for Wikipedia not to change that. I don't see why the articles aren't "encyclopedic in nature". I also object to your argument that they "pollute the namespace" (we can move pages and disambiguate; it's never been a problem), as do I object to your claim they have little potential to become non-stubs (see Vulcan (Star Trek) for an example I de-stubbed).

 * Also, how do you define "references to it elsewhere" -- Sarek is referenced in several of the Star Trek series and movies ;-). I also remember reading (though I forgot where) that there exists a full-size model of a Vulcan space ship in one of the various places called "Vulcan" in North America. Is that a "reference elsewhere"?

 * All this aside, I really don't see the problem with those articles simply existing. I mean ... you don't have to read them, do you? It's a bit like saying a program that has atrocious stability and limited usefulness should be deleted from the Internet. -- Timwi 17:22 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I can see you have strong feelings on this matter. I do not.  Please note that I did not propose wholsale deletion of content.  In any case, we would have to agree on the principle (that is, whether balance is a goal of the project) before trying to figure out how to achieve it.  (Which could perhaps begin by merging some existing stubs).

 * The sum of the information available on the Internet is a mere aggregation of those things individuals and groups wish to publish. On the other hand, Wikipedia is edited, and there is already a consensus that certain things do not belong here (dictionary entries, biographies of obscure persons, POV material).  The criteria for inclusion of fictional material are a legitimate topic for discussion.

 * <> We're not, I hope, writing this for ourselves. A major reason I participate in this project is that I believe that it has the potential to become, in time, a legitimate, respected reference work.  The opinions of people like librarians, teachers, and others who are not involved in the project will determine whether this happens.  Now, including an article on a topic implies a judgement made by us that the topic is part of the canon of human knowledge.  To a degree, the relative quantity and quality of information about two topics imply a judgement we have made about their relative importance.

 * What would you do if you're trying to decide whether an encyclopedia or other reference work is worthwhile? Well, first, you'll probably look up a few things that you're an expert on and evaluate the articles.  You might look up some politicized topics to see what political bias might exist.  You might look up some obscure facts that you know to check for breadth.  You might look up some controversial or inflammatory topics and see whether they are treated in an appropriate manner.  And you might pick a few pages at random just to see what's there.

 * At the end of all that, if you're more impressed with the thorough treatment of the Ents in Middle Earth than, say, the coverage of Brown vs. Board--then hoom, humm, let us not be hasty, we'll just stick with World Book until Wikipedia grows up a little bit. 209.150.193.201 18:12 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Because Wiki is not paper, we have the latitude to include as many articles on fictional worlds as we want to. The truly considerable number of articles on Middle-earth has not reached the same genuine nuisance proportions that the user:rambot entries have, and yet we consider the latter to be a valuable contribution.  We can let the Tolkien fans (like me) have their fun, and then wait for the articles of broader interest to grow up around them.
 * As regards outside references, there may indeed be statues of the Beatles, but most bands in the Wikipedia will be gone and forgotten in a few years. Fewer people will know about N'Sync than about the Baggins family.  Nevertheless, we will keep those articles around. -Smack

 * Agree with Smack. I just don't see a problem here. I don't see that Wikipedia has to exist in a state of balance; it is, after all, in its nature that it is constantly changing. The current user profile means we have more articles on certain areas than others, that's obviously agreed. That doesn't mean those articles are somehow made invalid by the non-existence of the supposed "balancing" articles. To take the Dead Kennedys / Liszt example, the correct solution is not to remove valuable information on the Dead Kennedys, but to leave it there and wait for someone to add information on Liszt, which they inevitably will. Removing the Dead Kennedys information (or not adding further information in the same area) till such time as the Liszt information is available is not the way forward, IMHO. --AW

 * There are places where Tolkien intersects with the real world - there was a CPU design called the "Hobbit" with an interesting history that I may write up some day, and googling "Aragon" I see a "Aragorn Enterprises" that runs boats on the Thames. One thing to keep in mind that it is difficult for us to know what will come to be significant in the future - students of ancient history tear their hair out because cryptic references to certain bits of the culture are not explained by a single surviving objective source.  For instance, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea has words for trade goods from Africa that appear nowhere else in ancient sources, and trading centers whose names appear nowhere else, and we can only guess what they might mean.  To the writer of the Periplus, they were so obvious that they didn't need explanation, and so now we'll never know. Stan 14:29 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Balance of subject matter is user-driven. Internet users and geeks tend to have specific kinds of interests. What we need to do is encourage more users to post information on their particular segments of expertise.Content should not be turned away.

 * We have bird enthusiasts working on birds. Movie fans working on movie awards. I, myself, am focusing on Afghanistan.

 * A beauty of wikipedia involves worlds colliding. The more information put forth in the database, the more connections can be made. Kingturtle 05:43 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * For the heck of it, I just browsed all the NEW articles created in the last 24 hours. Although nothing close to an exact science, it was nice to see the wide range of topics broached. Your results will obviously vary from mine, but in my eyes, I saw topics on: geography (15 new articles), leaders (15), math (10), recipes (9), government (7), games (7), music (7), warfare (7), biology (6), religion (6), tv (6), novels and authors (6), poets (6), communications (6), transportation (5), schools (5), birds (4), Harry Potter (4), adventure (3), art (3), culture (3), software (3), corporations (2), mammals (2), archeology (2), sports (2), management (2), astronomy (2), technology (2), chemistry (2), restaurants (2), the internet (2), energy (2), advertising & marketing (2), products (1), language (1), scholars (1), reptiles (1), justice (1), historic events (1), race (1), cartoons (1), medicine (1), comedians (1), film (1), economics (1), food (1), gardening (1), physics (1), sailing (1), electronics (1). Just for fun!!!! Kingturtle 07:57 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I have received the following message three times over the last 10 minutes when I tried to enter some pages, including Jimbo's talk page.

''Could not connect to DB on 130.94.122.197

Host 'larousse.wikipedia.org' is blocked because of many connection errors. Unblock with 'mysqladmin flush-hosts' If this error persists after reloading and clearing your browser cache, please notify the Wikipedia developers.'' FearÉIREANN 21:48 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Got the same error message just now. Often, Wikipedia pages have been rather slow recently (sometimes instant, sometimes very slow, to the point where I open pages in parallel instead of looking at one at a time), don't know if it's related. كسيپ Cyp 21:55 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Me too!!! Wshun

 * Me three... Evercat 22:53 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I did an honest search (much more than just a search-feature search) on Meta-Wikipedia for a good discussion of the "5000-people" rule, and I couldn't find one. I find it inconceivable that a meta-article like that doesn't exist. Could someone help me out here? -Smack 00:35 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * It's just mailing list chatter. People have proposed all sorts of rules to determine which subjects deserve an article and which don't. None are official. Martin 13:47 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * And if I don't want to subscribe to the mailing list, I should just create a meta-article? -Smack

Is there a good reason to keep bushfire and forest fire separate? -Smack 17:17 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Why do I keep receiving this message? Is there something you sysops can do about this?
 * Could not connect to DB on 130.94.122.197

 * Host 'larousse.wikipedia.org' is blocked because of many connection errors. Unblock with 'mysqladmin flush-hosts'

 * If this error persists after reloading and clearing your browser cache, please notify the Wikipedia developers.

-- Timwi 22:13 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

P.S. In this message, "Wikipedia developers" is a link to an e-mail address that bounces. -- Timwi 22:36 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I am recieving the exact same error over 2 days, more so in the past 30 min. MB 22:18 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Ditto. Maybe the server's just really busy? -- Wapcaplet 23:20 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I just stumpled across Wikipedians by number of edits. Although I don't think I qualify for this page quite yet, I'm wondering if there's a way to view my number of contributions? The Special:Contributions page doesn't seem to show it for me. -- Timwi 22:29 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * But you do, Tim. You ranked the 181st, with 1066 edits. And considering this's all done basically within a week. You're one of the fastest rising star in WP history.

 * (I found this # out by reading your contribution page and copy the list to MS Word and convert bullets into #.)

 * --Menchi 01:00 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks! :) But
 * How did you find out my rank if I'm not listed there?
 * How do you copy the entire contributions list to Word? I can only seem to get lists in chunks of 500.
 * Do you have a Sourceforge account? If so, please could you submit a Feature Request that this little number be added to "My Contributions"? It can't be that difficult. -- Timwi 22:17 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Welcome & congrats for making it.
 * Your contribution # is betwen those of the 180th & the ex-181 persons. Assuming nobody has made the list above 180 (and I'm pretty sure that's the case), you push the 181st person down and replaced him.
 * Manually replace the 50 in the URL ...Special:Contributions&target=Timwi&limit='50'&offset=0 with 999999
 * I don't, but from what I gather, even making the Active List has been quite a hassle for non-developer administrators.
 * --Menchi 00:00 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Or, download the page and  if you're on a unix. CGS 12:00 21 Jun 2003 (UTC).

 * I wrote a Python script that does the equivalent of a grep which works on Windows. Anyone who wants to use it (responsibly :) ) can email me via my user page. Right now it requires Python installed but could be made into a standalone file. Pcb21 19:39 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

You don't have to have a Sourceforge account to submit a feature request. You can just do it anonymously. In my experience, the fastest way to get a feature request (or a minor bug fix) implemented is to learn PHP and do it yourself. That's what I did, when after 6 months a bug reported by me hadn't been touched. -- Tim Starling 06:03 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

More Speed Please!!! I have been using Wikipedia for about a week now and most of the time, the server seems to run reasonably quick. But I have also noticed some l-o-n-g delays. When Wikipedia stops dead, I check the rest of the Net to see if the problem is widespread, but all seems fine, running at normal speed. This suggests that the problem lies at Wikipedia. Anyone else having problems? Could Jimbo or other powers-that-be upgrade the capacity? -- User:MarcusVox

 * Seconded. It's just about unusable now, and this has been true for several days.
 * Adrian Pingstone

 * It's not just browsing. I'm constantly put off editing because it takes yeeeaaaars to submit changs. We really need that foundation up to accept donations. I'd be willing to stick 10 quid or so in every now and again. CGS 11:33 21 Jun 2003 (UTC).

Let me give an example of how pathetically show it is. This morning I tried to open Mav's page. After five minutes of waiting, I left my apartment, walked five minutes to a shop, queued while something was prepared for me, queued at the till (where a problem caused further delay), walked five minutes back, made some tea, ate the roll I had bought in the shop, finished it and washed up afterwards. And it still had not opened up Mav's page, after 26 minutes'. I can no longer use safari because it times out and wiki is so incredibly slow it times out 9 out of 10 times when on wiki. So I am reduced to using I Explorer, a browser I hate and which prevents me from editing any pages that are over 32K. (Right now, miraculously, I am on safari but I have no way of knowing if I can even save this page or will it take so long it will time out. I am on a dial up modem so everytime wiki hits one of these slow phases it costs me money. That 26 minute delay with Mav's page cost me money! (I ended up aborting my attempt to contact Mav in frustration.) Unless this problem is sorted out with wiki very soon, I am simply going to have to drop out. I cannot afford in terms of money and wasted time to sit and wait up to half an hour to get into a page. This has hit absurd levels. FearÉIREANN 11:23 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

A problem so severe that it chases loyal Wikipedians away -- may be lethal. For me, when the problem turns bad, I go offline and write new articles in word processor my computer. --Menchi 11:40 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

The wikitech mailing list are aware of the problem and are discussing ways to deal with it. From what I can gather, it's not a question of throwing more hardware at the problem -- it's database code in need of optimization. -- Tarquin 12:22 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * The dev team is chronically short on manpower. Both Lee and Brion have backed from their Wikipedia commitments in the past few weeks. Lee's last wikitech-l post was on June 4, and Brion announced last Tuesday that he's having a week off, to work on other things. Is 10 quid here and there enough to hire someone, at least part-time? In the short term, we need some more volunteers pretty urgently. -- Tim Starling 16:57 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I know the odd think about SQL databases and their optimisation. What needs doing? Where do I sign up? Darkov 17:21 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * What sort of skills do you need? -- Tarquin 17:19 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Thats odd, the site is now running full speed (at 7 pm GMT). What's changed?.
 * Adrian Pingstone 18:02 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Perhaps this post on the tech list has something to do with it? :-) Evercat 18:05 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Quite resourceful he is. Which Wikipedian is Nick? --Menchi 00:05 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

In reply to Darkov and Tarquin, it's a bit hard for me to say anything definitively, since I'm just a part-time observer in this, and I don't really contribute at all. Brion and Lee were basically the main two people responsible for maintaining the PHP code. On wikitech-l, people report bugs, make suggestions, and post patches. But Brion and Lee would install the patches to the server. Plus they did system maintenance, like what Nick did in the message cited. It seems to me that the shortage is not in people offering advice or code patches, it's in people who have free time and full server access.

Now I'm talking about them in the past tense as if they're not coming back, although it's almost certain Brion will, and very likely Lee will. But if they continue to put in only a few hours here and there, I don't think they will keep up with what's expected of them.

If you want to contribute, I suggest you read a few months of wikitech-l archives and find out what's really going on. Contact someone who sounds like they know what they're talking about. If you want the sort of server access I'm talking about, you'll probably have to talk to Jimbo. -- Tim Starling 12:59 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Wanted: skilled programmers with lots of free time. Preferably unemployed with no social life and willing to work for free. :) --Brion 21:30 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, that would be nice. But barring that, I think we should pay someone, if Wikimedia can get the cash. -- Tim Starling 05:16 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)


text:
User talk:G Prime/archive1

Archive 1
hello? - G_Prime 02:10 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Hello there. I don't know the typical text that goes here, so I'll just say "Welcome!"  Hopefully you'll stick around and enjoy your time here; you can poke around at the Sandbox and ask questions at the Village Pump if you need stuff. Phil Bordelon 06:13 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

wow that was quick.. i mean unbelievably quick, i thought i might take like a couple of days before some one added anything... G_Prime 02:10 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Wikipediholics like me keep an eye on the 'Recent Changes' page to check for vandalism, interesting articles, and the like; I saw your User Page going up as New, and then your Talk page, so I decided to "drop in," as it were. By the way, to sign your name as I did, just put a series of three tildes in a row; four also does a timestamp. Phil Bordelon 06:20 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

hmm what are tildes?

 * he means like this ~ Hephaestos 06:23 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

oh ok G_Prime 06:24 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

- Hi, G Prime, and welcome to Wikipedia: sorry about my skeptical tone in Wikipedia:votes for adminship, I look forward to working with you. The Anome 09:55 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

nah its allright thats what im after so i can improve...that reminds me in the page history how you make it have the thing right at end... - G_Prime 10:02 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for starting Arpanet, it's amazing that article wasn't there before. :) - Hephaestos 03:53 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm not so sure it was a good idea, since there was already an ARPANET. It redirected to History of the Internet, about half of which is devoted to ARPANET specifically. -- Tim Starling 07:34 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)

hehe yw.. now i working on Base 2 numbering system, i am not very good at staying with one thing, i usually do three or four articles and work on one then go to another etc... G_Prime 03:57 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi,

I've moved this here from Requests for adminship. Feel free to remove if you no longer need it. Oh, BTW, you don't need the underscore in your name -- if you don't want it, just edit your user preferences and remove it from the "nickname" field. --Eloquence 02:56 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * G_Prime - I realise that i have only been here for like maybe 3 weeks or so but i think i would make a really good admin, please tell me what you think! in reply to The Anome's question, i only just today realised i should register but i did make a heap of entries before hand... -- G_Prime 09:12 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * That's strange, your first edit appears to have been made today, and you have yet to edit any article. What have you been doing for the last three weeks, then? The Anome 09:17 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * Followup: Thanks for explaining that, G Prime. Can we hold on for a bit until you have a bit more history/experience under your new login, please? I look forward to seeing your edits and working with you. The Anome 09:44 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * If it's not a dynamic IP, it should be possible to log out, and post here, to show it's the same identity... كسيپ Cyp 09:49 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * Followup: well at the moment i cant because i am at home, i edited/made them at school so look here tomorrow and you will see it... oh and yeah take all the time you need...
 * If you don't remember your school IP, just go to one of the many articles you edited, and look at the revision history, your IP will be one of the newest. If there are several IPs and you can't tell, compare to the history of another article you edited. --Menchi 10:01 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * No problem. Thanks. The Anome 09:59 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * ok i found school ip.. its: 203.153.231.146 G_Prime 10:12 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * see this is my school ip thing... 203.153.231.146 03:25 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * Oh, so you're the phobia guy? You're not exactly the most popular user in the world at the moment. How about you do a few non-phobia-related edits before you try for sysop? -- Tim Starling 03:40 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * IMO not yet. Stick around for a few months, then ask again. -- Infrogmation 04:36 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * which reminds me what is IMO? G_Prime 02:09 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * I agree. And G Prime please make sure those edits are under a user name. Anon edits don't count for this type of thing because we have no way of knowing it was you that actually made the edits. A dishonest person could easily choose any IP and claim it was him. --mav 09:12 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * ok thank you people, that was exactly what i was looking for.. the criticisms i mean, so i can see what i do to improve... G_Prime 00:20 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

hmm anyone who is reading this... i just wanted to mention i wont be able to do any edits for the 2 weeks at the end of this week as i am finishing school for 2 weeks.... oh and one more thing, how do people get like subfolders in this user_talk thing? like archives? oh just found out... G Prime 05:28 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:G Prime/archive1


text:
Black-headed gull

The black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) is a small gull that breeds in much of the Palearctic including Europe and also in coastal eastern Canada. Most of the population is migratory and winters further south, but some birds reside in the milder westernmost areas of Europe. The species also occurs in smaller numbers in northeastern North America, where it was formerly known as the common black-headed gull.

The black-headed gull was previously placed in the genus Larus but in agreement with the NACC and SACC, and based on Pons et al. (Pons, J.-M.., A. Hassanin, and P.-A. Crochet. 2005. "Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae" (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers, "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" 37: 686-699) and earlier references, extensive changes to the taxonomy of gulls was undertaken and many species of gull were removed from the genus Larus, including the black-headed gull

The new genus name  Chroicocephalus, replacing  Laurus, is taken from the Ancient Greek words khroizo, "to colour", and kephale, "head". The specific name ridibundus is Latin for "abundant".

The black-headed gull displays a variety of compelling behaviours and adaptations. Some of these include removing eggshells from the nest after hatching, begging co-ordination between siblings, differences between sexes, conspecific brood parasitism, and extra-pair paternity. They are an overwintering species, found in a variety of different habitats.

Description
This gull is 37 – long with a 94 – wingspan and weighs 190-400 g.

In flight, the white leading edge to the wing is a good field mark. The summer adult has a chocolate-brown head (not black, although does look black from a distance), pale grey body, black tips to the primary wing feathers, and red bill and legs. The hood is lost in winter, leaving just two dark spots. Immature birds have a mottled pattern of brown spots over most of the body, and a black band on the tail. There is no difference in plumage between the sexes.

It breeds in colonies in large reed beds or marshes, or on islands in lakes, nesting on the ground. Like most gulls, it is highly gregarious in winter, both when feeding or in evening roosts. It is not a pelagic species and is rarely seen at sea far from coasts.

The black-headed gull is a bold and opportunistic feeder. It eats insects, fish, seeds, worms, scraps, and carrion in towns, or invertebrates in ploughed fields with equal relish. It is a noisy species, especially in colonies, with a familiar "kree-ar" call. Its scientific name means laughing gull.

This species takes two years to reach maturity. First-year birds have a black terminal tail band, more dark areas in the wings, and, in summer, a less fully developed dark hood. Like most gulls, black-headed gulls are long-lived birds, with a maximum age of at least 32.9 years recorded in the wild, in addition to an anecdote now believed of dubious authenticity regarding a 63-year-old bird.

Distribution
Black-headed gulls can be found over much of Europe. It is also found in across the Palearctic to Japan and east China. Small numbers also breed in northeastern Canada and can be seen in winter in northeast North America as far south as Virginia, often with the similar-looking Bonaparte's Gull and also in some Caribbean islands. Recorded as a very rare transient gull in the Carolina coast.

Eggshell removal
Eggshell removal is a behaviour seen in birds once the chicks have hatched, observed mostly to reduce risk of predation. Removing the eggshell acts as a way of camouflage to avoid predators seeing the nest. The further away egg shells are from the nest, the lower the predation risk. Black-headed gull eggs experience predation from different species of birds, foxes, stoats, and even other black-headed gulls. Although mothers show some form of aggressiveness when a predator is near, in the first 30 minutes, wet chicks can be easily taken by other black-headed gulls after hatching when the parents of the wet chick are distracted.

Black headed gulls also carry away other objects that do not belong in the nest. The removal of eggshells and other objects is important not only in the incubation period but also during the first few days after the eggs hatch. However, the removal process seems to increase as time goes on. The removal is done by both the male and female parents, normally lasts a few seconds and is done three times a year.

A black-headed gull is able to differentiate an egg shell from an egg by acknowledging its thin, serrated, white, edge. Therefore, the weight of the egg or eggshell does not play a role when determining its value.

Earlier eggshell removal hypotheses
Other hypotheses have attempted to explain the survival value of black-headed gulls removing their eggshells from the nest, including:

 * 1) The sharp edges of the shells after hatching could harm the chicks
 * 2) The eggshell could somehow intrude during the brooding
 * 3) The eggshell could slip over the unhatched egg, creating a double shell
 * 4) Some of the moist organic material left from the shell could lead to a production of bacteria and mould

Begging coordination between siblings
Black-headed gulls feed their young by regurgitating onto the ground, rather than into each chick one at a time. The parents tend to accommodate their regurgitation amounts for how intense the nest begging is, from both an individual chick or a group of chicks begging together. Chicks who are siblings, have learned this behaviour and begin synchronizing their begging signals to decrease the costs as an individual and increase the benefits as a whole. The rate of parental food regurgitation to chicks increases with begging intensity.

The amount and response of begging signals differs throughout the nestling period. Usually, there are 3-5 begging events/hour, each lasting around one minute. High intensity begging behaviour appears at the end of the first week in the nest, but the coordination between multiple chicks emerge during the last week of the nestling period. The more siblings present, the more they coordinate their begging while decreasing the number of begging.

Sex differences
Male chicks have less of a chance of survival when compared to female chicks. Black-headed gulls are a sexually size-dimorphic species, so the larger sex is at a disadvantage when the amount of food sources are low.

Male birds are more likely to be born in the first egg and female birds are more likely to be born in the third. The position of a female black-headed gull in response to the food available when laying the eggs can predict the offspring's characteristics.

Conspecific brood parasitism
Conspecific brood parasitism is a behaviour that occurs when females lay their eggs in another female's nest, of the same species. It can reduce the cost of incubation and nestling young by passing it on to another bird. Black-headed gulls usually lay three egg clutches, and the first two are normally larger than the third. The third egg normally has the lowest survival rate, while the first or second are usually the parasitic eggs.

Most of the egg dumping occurs within the beginning of the egg laying period. The parasitic eggs being laid in another conspecific's nest increases the chance of hatching and may occur because of nest desertion or a nest being taken over by another bird.

Multiple eggs in a nest from different mothers may also result from intra-specific nest parasitism, joint female nesting, and nest takeover. Intra-specific nest parasitism is a disadvantage to the hosts because the female could end up taking care of the parasitic chicks over her own and therefore neglecting them and reducing their fitness. Another disadvantage for the host is that incubating more chicks than their own takes up more energy.

Extra-pair paternity
The rate of extra-pair paternity (EPP) has a large variation between populations of black-headed gulls. It is primarily a context-dependent strategy, meaning not all black headed gulls experience this behaviour. The variation between populations of extra-pair paternity can be explained by the variation it has on the advantages and disadvantages it has on a female, as well, as the variation in pressure on a females choice.

The differences in the rate of EPP may be determined by multiple different factors: life history traits, ecological factors or different behavioural strategies of males.

Central–periphery gradient within colonies
Egg-laying can be earlier in Black-headed Gulls nesting in the centre of the colony, with central pairs tending to lay larger eggs, which have a higher hatching success, than pairs nesting at the periphery of the colony. Centrally nesting individuals have also been found to be in better condition and have higher genetic quality.

Walking displays
Black-headed gulls display both head-bobbing walking (HBW) and non-bobbing walking (NBW). Head-bobbing walking is expressed by a hold phase and a thrust phase. The hold phase in black-headed gulls occurs mainly during the single support phase and is when the bird balances its head to equal the environment. Head-bobbing walking occurs during a seeking type foraging by walking through water and includes benefits such as enhancing motion and pattern detection and gathering depth information from motion parallax during the thrust phase. Non-bobbing walking occurs when black-headed gulls are displaying a waiting behaviour while foraging on flat surfaces.

Uses
The eggs of the black-headed gull are considered a delicacy by some in the UK and are eaten hard boiled. The collection of black-headed gull eggs is heavily regulated by the UK government. Eggs may only be taken by a small number of licensed individuals at six sites between 1 April and 15 May each year and only a single egg may be taken from each nest. No eggs are permitted to be sold after 30 June. As the gulls tend to lay in late April and early May, the eggs are only available to purchase for 3 or 4 weeks per year.

Synchronization
Observations on the behavior of black-headed gulls show that black-headed gulls individuals synchronize their vigilance activity with other black-headed gulls neighbors. Synchronization in black-headed gulls groups is dependent on the distance between the black-headed gulls members.

Australian discovery
On 19 October 1991, local Broome birder Brian Kane saw a strange species of bird while trawling the local sewer ponds. Upon seeing this bird, he contacted the Broome Bird Observatory by telephone to verify the species, however there was conjecture regarding its identity. Kane took photos of the bird and recorded field notes, before sending this information to the Appraisals Committee in Hobart, Tasmania, who were able to confirm that it was indeed a black-headed gull. This was the first recorded sighting of the species in Australia.

In popular culture
In Richard Adams' 1972 novel Watership Down, a black-headed gull named Kehaar (who claims his name is the onomatopoeia of waves breaking against the shore) plays a major part in the story. Injured by a farm cat and left behind during the seasonal migrations, Kehaar finds himself stranded on the Downs and is taken in by a warren of European rabbits. He later becomes their friend and ally, and helps to save the rabbits from danger many times; instincts eventually force him to return to his colony, but he promises to visit the rabbits each winter. True to Adams' stated intentions of trying to keep the animals' behavior close to reality, Kehaar is characterized as intelligent, gregarious, noisy, messy, and impatient. He has a guttural accent, inspired by a Norwegian Resistance fighter Adams once had known. Kehaar appears in all three screen adaptations of the novel; the character was voiced by Zero Mostel in the 1978 film, Rik Mayall in the 1999 TV series, and Peter Capaldi in the 2018 miniseries.

The black-headed gull is the official bird of Tokyo, Japan, and the Yurikamome automated guideway transit in Tokyo Bay is named after it.

title: Black-headed gull


text:
European Grand Prix

The European Grand Prix (also known as the Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One event that was introduced during the mid-1980s and was held every year from to, except in. During these years, the European Grand Prix was held in a country that hosted its own national Grand Prix at a different point in the same season, at a different circuit (except in ). The race returned as a one-off in, being held on a street circuit in Baku, Azerbaijan; this event was renamed to the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in.

In earlier years, the European Grand Prix was not a race in its own right, but an honorific title given to one of the national Grands Prix in Europe. The first race to be so named was the 1923 Italian Grand Prix, held at Monza, and the last was the 1977 British Grand Prix at Silverstone.

As an honorific title
The European Grand Prix was created as an honorific title by the AIACR, the FIA's predecessor in the organisation of motor racing events. The first race to receive the title was the Italian Grand Prix, in 1923; the French Grand Prix followed in 1924 and the Belgian Grand Prix in 1925. After a hiatus in 1929, the Belgian race received the title in 1930, becoming the last race to do so before World War II.

The title was revived by the FIA after the war, when it was given to the 1947 Belgian Grand Prix. For the next thirty years (except 1953 and 1969–1971), the title was distributed across several countries, including at the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix in 1963. The last race to receive the title was the 1977 British Grand Prix. All post-war honorific European Grands Prix were Formula One races except for the 1952 event, the Belgian Grand Prix, which was run to Formula Two regulations.

The Italian and Belgian Grands Prix both received the title seven times, more than any other race.

Brands Hatch (1983, 1985)
The event was initially created as a stop-gap. In 1983, the Formula One schedule originally featured a race near Flushing Meadows in New York City. When the race was cancelled three months before the event, track organizers at Brands Hatch were able to create a European Grand Prix at the track in its place. The success of the event, buoyed by a spirited battle for the World Championship, led to the event returning on the schedule the following year.

Brands Hatch was unable to host the European Grand Prix in 1984, as it was hosting the British Grand Prix in even numbered years (alternating with Silverstone) so the European GP went to a redesigned and shorter Nürburgring circuit in 1984.

Brands Hatch returned to host the European Grand Prix in 1985, Originally the 1985 European Grand Prix was going to be held in Rome on a street circuit around the EUR but was moved to Brands Hatch.

Cancelled race Jarama (1986)
There was a attempt to stage the European Grand Prix in 1986 with an early version of the calendar publishing Jarama as the host track but these plans fell through.

Donington Park (1993)
In 1990, a wealthy Japanese businessman, Tomonori Tsurumaki, built the Nippon Autopolis with the idea of hosting a Formula One race. In 1992, plans were made to have an Asian Grand Prix in 1993 to replace the Mexican Grand Prix on the schedule. However, these plans failed to materialise. Instead, Bernie Ecclestone added a race at Donington Park to the schedule, which brought back the European Grand Prix moniker. The race was the brainchild of Tom Wheatcroft, who had been trying to bring F1 to the track since an abortive attempt to host the British Grand Prix in 1988. The first and so far only Formula One Grand Prix at Donington Park resulted in Ayrton Senna's victory in mixed wet and dry conditions.

Jerez (Cancelled 1992 race, 1994, 1997)
The Circuito de Jerez in Jerez de la Frontera in Spain was intended to be host of the European Grand Prix in 1992 but this was cancelled. However, Jerez would eventually host the event two years later as round 14 of 16 in 1994 and the season finale in 1997, and it was the site of the controversial collision between Michael Schumacher and Jacques Villeneuve which saw Schumacher get disqualified from the championship and it was also the scene of Mika Häkkinen's first Formula One victory.

Nürburgring GP-Strecke (1984, 1995-1996, 1999-2007)
Brands Hatch was unable to host the European Grand Prix in 1984, so the European GP went to a redesigned and shorter Nürburgring circuit in 1984. It was a far cry from the 23 kilometre Nürburgring that most were used to seeing, and was initially unpopular during Formula One's return.

The race returned to Nürburgring in 1995, which was now popular again with drivers. But after complaints that no other countries were to get the race, the Nürburgring race was renamed the Luxembourg Grand Prix. Jerez got the race back in 1997 as a replacement for the Portuguese Grand Prix.

In 1998, the European Grand Prix was dropped from the schedule with Jerez dropping off the schedule and the Nürburgring race retaining the Luxembourg Grand Prix moniker for that year, but returned in 1999 when the race at Nürburgring re-adopted the European Grand Prix name.

The 1999 race saw torrential rain conditions which caused numerous retirements, presenting Johnny Herbert with the opportunity to take Stewart Grand Prix's first and only victory in its final season before being sold to Ford.

The race continued to be held at the Nürburgring until 2007. On 29 August 2006 it was announced that it had been removed from the F1 calendar for the 2007 season. From then there would only be one GP hosted in Germany each year, alternating between Hockenheimring and Nürburgring. However, what the name of this Grand Prix would be was uncertain for a time; while originally intended to be the German Grand Prix from 2007, the Nürburgring race of 2007 was renamed "Großer Preis von Europa" (European Grand Prix) due to a dispute over the ownership of the title "German Grand Prix".

Valencia Street Circuit (2008–2012)
From to  the European Grand Prix took place in Valencia, Spain. During the 2009 event, Valencia signed a deal for a further 5 races, which put Valencia on the calendar until 2014. Despite this, in March 2012, it was announced that the European Grand Prix was to be discontinued in 2013, with the Spanish Grand Prix planned to alternate between Barcelona and Valencia. However, Barcelona has retained the race since 2013, and the Valencia circuit was removed from the calendar.

Baku City Circuit (2016)
The European Grand Prix returned to the Formula One World Championship in, being held on the Baku City Circuit in Azerbaijan. The race was renamed the Azerbaijan Grand Prix for the season. This means that the European Grand Prix was again discontinued after a one-off in 2016.

Repeat winners (drivers)
Only includes standalone events.

Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Only includes standalone events.

Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Only includes standalone events.

Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

* Built by Ilmor in 1997

** Built by Cosworth

By year: the European Grand Prix as an honorary designation
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

title: European Grand Prix