text:
Thunderball (novel)

Thunderball is the ninth book in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, and the eighth full-length Bond novel. It was first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 27 March 1961, where the initial print run of 50,938 copies quickly sold out. The first novelisation of an unfilmed James Bond screenplay, it was born from a collaboration by five people: Ian Fleming, Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham, Ivar Bryce and Ernest Cuneo, although the controversial shared credit of Fleming, McClory and Whittingham was the result of a courtroom decision.

The story centres on the theft of a pair of nuclear weapons by the crime syndicate SPECTRE and the subsequent attempted blackmail of the Western powers for their return. James Bond, Secret Service operative 007, travels to the Bahamas to work with his friend Felix Leiter, seconded back into the CIA for the investigation. Thunderball also introduces SPECTRE's leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld, in the first of three appearances in Bond novels, with On Her Majesty's Secret Service and You Only Live Twice being the others.

Thunderball has been adapted four times, once in a comic strip format for the Daily Express newspaper, twice for the cinema and once for the radio. The Daily Express strip was cut short on the order of its owner, Lord Beaverbrook, after Ian Fleming signed an agreement with The Sunday Times to publish a short story. On screen, Thunderball was released in 1965 as the fourth film in the Eon Productions series, with Sean Connery as James Bond. The second adaptation, Never Say Never Again, was released as an independent production in 1983 also starring Connery as Bond and was produced by Kevin McClory. BBC Radio 4 aired an adaptation in December 2016, directed by Martin Jarvis. It starred Toby Stephens as Bond and Tom Conti as Largo.

Plot
During a meeting with his superior, M, Bond learns that his latest physical assessment is poor because of excessive drinking and smoking. M sends Bond to a health clinic for a two-week treatment to improve his condition. At the clinic Bond encounters Count Lippe, a member of the Red Lightning Tong criminal organisation from Macau. When Bond learns of the Tong connection, Lippe tries to kill him by tampering with a spinal traction table on which Bond is being treated. Bond is saved by nurse Patricia Fearing and later retaliates by trapping Lippe in a steam bath, causing second-degree burns and sending him to hospital for a week. The Prime Minister receives a communiqué from SPECTRE (Special Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion), a private criminal enterprise under the command of Ernst Stavro Blofeld. SPECTRE has hijacked a Villiers Vindicator and seized its two nuclear bombs, which it will use to destroy two major targets in the Western Hemisphere unless a ransom is paid. Lippe was dispatched to the clinic to oversee Giuseppe Petacchi, an Italian Air Force pilot stationed at a nearby bomber squadron base, and post the communiqué once the bombs were in SPECTRE's possession. Although Lippe has accomplished his tasks, Blofeld considers him unreliable because of his childish clash with Bond and has him killed.

Acting as a NATO observer of Royal Air Force procedure, Petacchi is in SPECTRE's pay to hijack the bomber in mid-flight by killing its crew and flying it to the Bahamas, where he ditches it in the ocean and it sinks in shallow water. SPECTRE crew members kill Petacchi, camouflage the wreck, and transfer the nuclear bombs onto the cruiser yacht Disco Volante for transport to an underwater hiding place. Emilio Largo, second-in-command of SPECTRE, oversees the operations.

The Americans and the British launch Operation Thunderball to foil SPECTRE and recover the two atomic bombs. On a hunch, M assigns Bond to the Bahamas to investigate. There, Bond meets Felix Leiter, who has been recalled to duty by the CIA from the Pinkerton detective agency because of the Thunderball crisis. While in Nassau, Bond meets Dominetta "Domino" Vitali, Largo's mistress and Petacchi's sister. She is living on board the Disco Volante and believes Largo is on a treasure hunt, although Largo makes her stay ashore while he and his partners supposedly survey the ocean for treasure. After seducing her, Bond informs her that Largo arranged her brother's death, and Bond recruits her to spy on Largo. Domino re-boards the Disco Volante with a Geiger counter disguised as a camera, to ascertain if the yacht has been used to transport the bombs. However, she is discovered and Largo tortures her for information.

Bond and Leiter alert the Thunderball war room of their suspicions of Largo and join the crew of the American nuclear submarine Manta as the ransom deadline nears. The Manta chases the Disco Volante to capture it and recover the bombs en route to the first target. Bond and Leiter lead a dive team in a fight against Largo's crew and a battle ensues. Bond stops Largo from escaping with the bombs; Largo corners him in an underwater cave and is about to kill him, only to be killed by Domino with a shot from a spear gun. The fight leaves six American divers and ten SPECTRE men dead, including Largo, and the bombs are recovered safely. As Bond recuperates in hospital, Leiter explains that Domino told Largo nothing under torture and later escaped from the Disco Volante to get revenge on him. Learning that she is also recovering from injuries, Bond crawls into her room and falls asleep at her bedside.

Characters and themes
According to continuation Bond author Raymond Benson, there was further development of the Bond character in Thunderball, with glimpses of both his sense of humour and his own sense of mortality. Felix Leiter had his largest role to date in a Bond story and much of his humour came through, while his incapacity, suffered in Live and Let Die, had not led to bitterness or to his being unable to join in with the underwater fight scene towards the end of the novel.

Academic Christoph Linder sees Thunderball as part of the second wave of Bond villains: the first wave consisted of SMERSH, the second of Blofeld and SPECTRE, undertaken because of the thawing of relations between East and West, although the cold war escalated again shortly afterwards, with the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the construction of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis all occurring in an eighteen-month period from April 1961 to November 1962. The introduction of SPECTRE and its use over several books gives a measure of continuity to the remaining stories in the series, according to academic Jeremy Black. Black argues that SPECTRE represents "evil unconstrained by ideology" and it partly came about because the decline of the British Empire led to a lack of certainty in Fleming's mind. This is reflected in Bond's using US equipment and personnel in the novel, such as the Geiger counter and nuclear submarine.

Background
As with the previous novels in the series, aspects of Thunderball come from Fleming's own experiences: the visit to the health clinic was inspired by his own 1955 trip to the Enton Hall health farm near Godalming and Bond's medical record, as read out to him by M, is a slightly modified version of Fleming's own. The name of the health farm, Shrublands, was taken from that of a house owned by the parents of his wife's friend, Peter Quennell. Fleming dedicates a quarter of the novel to the Shrublands setting and the naturalist cure Bond undergoes. Bond's examination of the hull of Disco Volante was inspired by the ill-fated mission undertaken on 19 April 1956 by the ex-Royal Navy frogman "Buster" Crabb on behalf of MI6, as he examined the hull of the SOVIET CRUISER Ordzhonikidze that had brought Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin on a diplomatic mission to Britain. Crabb disappeared in Portsmouth Harbour and was never seen again. As well as having Buster Crabb in mind, Fleming would also recall the information about the 10th Light Flotilla, an elite unit of Italian navy frogmen who used wrecked ships in Gibraltar to launch attacks on Allied shipping. The specifications for Disco Volante herself had been obtained by Fleming from the Italian ship designer, Leopold Rodriguez.

As often happened in Fleming's novels, several names were taken from those of people he had known. Ernst Stavro Blofeld's name partially comes from Tom Blofeld, a Norfolk farmer and a fellow member of Fleming's club Boodle's, who was a contemporary of Fleming's at Eton. Tom Blofeld's son is Henry Blofeld, a sports journalist, best known as a cricket commentator for Test Match Special on BBC Radio. When Largo rents his beachside villa, it is from "an Englishman named Bryce", whose name was taken from Old Etonian Ivar Bryce, Fleming's friend, who had a beachside property in Jamaica called Xanadu.

Other names used by Fleming included a colleague at The Sunday Times, Robert Harling, who was transformed into Commissioner of Police Harling, whilst an ex-colleague from his stock broking days, Hugo Pitman, became Chief of Immigration Pitman and Fleming's golfing friend, Bunny Roddick, became Deputy Governor Roddick. The title Thunderball came from a conversation Fleming had about a US atomic test.

Chronology
In mid-1958 Fleming and his friend, Ivar Bryce, began talking about the possibility of a Bond film. Later that year, Bryce introduced Fleming to a young Irish writer and director, Kevin McClory, and the three of them, together with Fleming and Bryce's friend Ernest Cuneo, formed the partnership Xanadu Productions, named after Bryce's Bahamian home, but which was never actually formed into a company. In May 1959 Fleming, Bryce, Cuneo and McClory met first at Bryce's Essex house and then in McClory's London home as they came up with a story outline which was based on an aeroplane full of celebrities and a female lead called Fatima Blush. McClory was fascinated by the underwater world and wanted to make a film that included it. Over the next few months, as the story changed, there were ten outlines, treatments and scripts. Several titles were proposed for these works, including SPECTRE, James Bond of the Secret Service and Longitude 78 West.

Much of the attraction Fleming felt working alongside McClory was based on McClory's film, The Boy and the Bridge, which was the official British entry to the 1959 Venice Film Festival. When the film was released in July 1959, it was poorly received, and did not do well at the box office; Fleming became disenchanted with McClory's ability as a result. In October 1959, with Fleming spending less time on the project, McClory introduced experienced screenwriter Jack Whittingham to the writing process. In November 1959 Fleming left to travel around the world on behalf of The Sunday Times, material for which Fleming also used for his non-fiction travel book, Thrilling Cities. On his travels—through Japan, Hong Kong and into the US—Fleming met with McClory and Ivar Bryce in New York; McClory told Fleming that Whittingham had completed a full outline, which was ready to shoot. Back in Britain in December 1959, Fleming met with McClory and Whittingham for a script conference and shortly afterwards McClory and Whittingham sent Fleming a script, Longitude 78 West, which Fleming considered to be good, although he changed the title to Thunderball.

In January 1960 McClory visited Fleming's Jamaican home Goldeneye, where Fleming explained his intention of delivering the screenplay to MCA, with a recommendation from him and Bryce that McClory act as producer. Fleming also told McClory that if MCA rejected the film because of McClory's involvement, then McClory should either sell his services to MCA, back out of the deal, or file suit in court.

Fleming wrote the novel Thunderball at Goldeneye over the period January to March 1960, based on the screenplay written by himself, Whittingham and McClory. In March 1961 McClory read an advance copy of the book and he and Whittingham immediately petitioned the High Court in London for an injunction to stop publication. The plagiarism case was heard on 24 March 1961 and allowed the book to be published, although the door was left open for McClory to pursue further action at a later date. He did so and on 19 November 1963 the case of McClory v Fleming was heard at the Chancery Division of the High Court. The case lasted three weeks, during which time Fleming was unwell—suffering a heart attack during the case itself —and, under advice from his friend Ivar Bryce, offered a deal to McClory, settling out of court. McClory gained the literary and film rights for the screenplay, while Fleming was given the rights to the novel, although it had to be recognised as being "based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham and the Author". On settlement, "Fleming ultimately admitted '[t]hat the novel reproduces a substantial part of the copyright material in the film scripts'; '[t]hat the novel makes use of a substantial number of the incidents and material in the film scripts'; and '[t]hat there is a general similarity of the story of the novel and the story as set out in the said film scripts'." On 12 August 1964, nine months after the trial ended, Fleming suffered another heart attack and died aged 56.

Script elements
When the script was first drafted in May 1959, with the storyline of an aeroplane of celebrities in the Atlantic, it included elements from Fleming's friend Ernie Cuneo, who included ships with underwater trapdoors in their hulls and an underwater battle scene. The Russians were originally the villains, then the Sicilian Mafia, but this was later changed again to the internationally operating criminal organisation, SPECTRE. Both McClory and Fleming claim to have come up with the concept of SPECTRE; Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett and John Cork both note Fleming as the originator of the group, Lycett saying that "[Fleming] proposed that Bond should confront not the Russians but SPECTRE ..." while Cork produced a memorandum in which Fleming called for the change to SPECTRE:

My suggestion on (b) is that SPECTRE, short for Special Executive for Terrorism, Revolution and Espionage, is an immensely powerful organisation armed by ex-members of SMERSH, the Gestapo, the Mafia, and the Black Tong of Peking, which is placing these bombs in NATO bases with the objective of then blackmailing the Western powers for £100 million or else. Ian Fleming: memo to Whittingham and McClory

Cork also noted that Fleming used the word "spectre" previously: in the fourth novel, Diamonds Are Forever, for a town near Las Vegas called "Spectreville", and for "spektor", the cryptograph decoder in From Russia, with Love. Others, such as continuation Bond author Raymond Benson, disagree, saying that McClory came up with the SPECTRE concept.

Those elements which Fleming used which can be put down to McClory and Whittingham (either separately or together) include the airborne theft of a nuclear bomb, "Jo" Petachi and his sister Sophie, and Jo's death at the hands of Sophie's boss. The remainder of the screenplay was a two-year collaboration among Fleming, Whittingham, McClory, Bryce and Cuneo.

Release and reception
Thunderball was published on 27 March 1961 in the UK as a hardcover edition by publishers Jonathan Cape; it was 253 pages long and cost 15 shillings. 50,938 copies were printed and quickly sold out. Thunderball was published in the US by Viking Press and sold better than any of the previous Bond books. Publishers Jonathan Cape spent £2,000 (£0 in pounds) on advance publicity. Cape sent out 130 review copies to critics and others and 32,000 copies of the novel had been sent to 864 UK booksellers and 603 outside the UK.

Artist Richard Chopping once again provided the cover art for the novel. On 20 July 1960 Fleming wrote to Chopping to ask if he could undertake the art for the next book, agreeing on a fee of 200 guineas, saying that "I will ask [Jonathan Cape] to produce an elegant skeleton hand and an elegant Queen of Hearts. As to the dagger, I really have no strong views. I had thought of the ordinary flick knife as used by teenagers on people like you and me, but if you have a nice dagger in mind please let us use it."

In 2023, Ian Fleming Publications—the company that administers all Fleming's literary works—had the Bond series edited as part of a sensitivity review to remove or reword some racial or ethnic descriptors. The rerelease of the series was for the 70th anniversary of Casino Royale, the first Bond novel.

Reviews
Thunderball was generally well received by the critics; Francis Iles, wrote in The Guardian that it "is a good, tough, straightforward thriller on perfectly conventional lines." Referring to the negative publicity that surrounded Dr. No—in particular the article by Paul Johnson in the New Statesman entitled, "Sex, Snobbery and Sadism"—Iles was left "wondering what all the fuss is about", noting that "there is no more sadism nor sex than is expected of the author of this kind of thriller". Peter Duval Smith, writing in Financial Times, also took the opportunity to defend Fleming's work against negative criticism and specifically named Johnson and his review: "one should not make a cult of Fleming's novels: a day-dream is a day-dream; but nor should one make the mistake of supposing he does not know what he is doing." Duval Smith thought that Thunderball was "an exciting story [...] skilfully told", with "a romantic sub-plot ... and the denouement involves great events" He also considered it "the best written since Diamonds Are Forever, four books back. It has pace and humour and style. The violence is not so unrelenting as usual: an improvement, I think." He also expressed concern for the central character, saying "I was glad to see him [Bond] in such good form. Earlier he seemed to be softening up. He was having bad hangovers on half-a-bottle of whisky a day, which I don't call a lot, unless he wasn't eating properly."

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement, Philip John Stead thought that Fleming "continues uninhibitedly to deploy his story-telling talents within the limits of the Commander Bond formula." Stead saw that the hijacking of the two bombs "gives Bond some anxiety but, needless to say, does not prevent him from having a good deal of fun in luxury surroundings", whilst "the usual beatings-up, modern style, are ingeniously administered to lady and gentleman like". As to why the novels were so appealing, Stead considered that "Mr. Fleming's special magic lies in his power to impart sophistication to his mighty nonsense; his fantasies connect with up-to-date and lively knowledge of places and of the general sphere of crime and espionage." Overall, in Stead's opinion, with Thunderball "the mixture, exotic as ever, generates an extravagant and exhilarating tale and Bond connoisseurs will be glad to have it." The critic for The Times wrote that Thunderball "relies for its kicks far less than did Dr. No or Goldfinger on sadism and a slightly condescending sophistication." The upshot, in the critic's opinion, was that "the mixture—of good living, sex and violent action—is as before, but this is a highly polished performance, with an ingenious plot well documented and plenty of excitement."

Writing in The Washington Post, Harold Kneeland noted that Thunderball was "Not top Fleming, but still well ahead of the pack", whilst Charles Poore, writing in The New York Times considered the Bond novels to be "post-Dostoevskian ventures in crime and punishment". Thunderball he found to be "a mystery story, a thriller, a chiller and a pleasure to read." Poore identified aspects of the author's technique to be part of the success, saying "the suspense and the surprises that animate the novel arise from the conceits with which Mr. Fleming decorates his tapestry of thieving and deceiving".

The critic from The Sunday Times considered Fleming to have "a sensational imagination, but informed by style, zest and—above all—knowledge". Anthony Boucher wrote: "As usual, Ian Fleming has less story to tell in 90,000 words than Buchan managed in 40,000; but Thunderball is still an extravagant adventure". The critic for the Daily Herald implored "Hey!—that man is taking his clothes off again. So is the girl ... Can anybody stop this? Unfortunately not. Not this side of the best-seller lists. I don't envy Mr Bond's wealthy creator, Ian Fleming. I wish I could pity him", whilst L.G. Offord considered Thunderball to be "just about as wild as ever, with a walloping climax."

Adaptations
A comic strip adaptation was published daily in the Daily Express newspaper and syndicated worldwide, beginning on 11 December 1961. The owner of the Daily Express, Lord Beaverbrook, cancelled the strip on 10 February 1962 after Fleming signed an agreement with The Sunday Times for them to publish the short story "The Living Daylights". Thunderball was reprinted in 2005 by Titan Books as part of the Dr. No anthology that also includes Diamonds Are Forever and From Russia, with Love.
 * Comic strip (1961–1962)

In 1965 the film Thunderball was released, starring Sean Connery as James Bond. The film was produced as the fourth Eon Productions film and, as well as listing Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as producers, Kevin McClory was also included in the production team: Broccoli and Saltzman made a deal with McClory, to undertake a joint production of Thunderball, which stopped McClory from making any further version of the novel for a period of ten years following the release of the Eon-produced version. Thunderball premiered in Tokyo on 9 December 1965, grossing $141.2 million at the global box office.
 * Thunderball (1965)

In 1983 Kevin McClory produced a version of the Thunderball story, again with Sean Connery as Bond. The film premiered in New York on 7 October 1983, grossing $9.72 million ($0 million in dollars) on its first weekend, which was reported to be "the best opening record of any James Bond film" up to that point.
 * Never Say Never Again (1983)

In the 1990s McClory announced plans to make another adaptation of the Thunderball story, Warhead 2000 AD, with Timothy Dalton or Liam Neeson in the lead role, but this was eventually dropped.
 * Warhead (1990s)

title: Thunderball (novel)


text:
Thomas Jones

Thomas Jones may refer to:

Business

 * Thomas Roy Jones (1890–1985), American industrialist and management author
 * Thomas V. Jones (1920–2014), American businessman
 * Thomas W. Jones (born 1949), American businessman

Civil servants

 * T. K. Jones (1932–2015), American civil defense expert
 * Thomas Mercer Jones (1795–1868), British-Canadian administrator
 * Thomas Jones (civil servant) (1870–1955), British civil servant and educationalist

Clergy

 * Thomas Jones (bishop) (c. 1550–1619), Anglican archbishop in Dublin
 * Thomas Jones (priest) (died 1682), defender of Anglican Christianity
 * Thomas Jones of Denbigh (1756–1820), Methodist clergyman, hymnwriter
 * Thomas Jones (missionary) (1810–1849), Christian missionary to the Khasi people, India
 * Thomas Jones (minister) (1819–1882), Welsh Independent preacher
 * Thomas Sherwood Jones (1872–1972), suffragan bishop of Hulme, Manchester, 1930–1945

Legal

 * Thomas Jones (English judge) (1614–1692), British judge
 * Thomas Jones (Maryland judge) (1735–1812), justice of the Maryland Court of Appeals
 * Thomas A. Jones (1859–1937), associate justice of the Ohio Supreme Court
 * Thomas R. Jones (judge) (1913–2006), justice of the New York Supreme Court

Military

 * Major Thomas Jones (died 1713), Irish-born immigrant to Long Island, USA
 * Thomas Jones, 7th Viscount Ranelagh (1812–1885), proponent of British volunteer force
 * Thomas Alfred Jones (1880–1956), British recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Thomas ap Catesby Jones (1790–1858), U.S. Navy officer
 * Thomas Jones (Medal of Honor) (1820–1892), American Civil War sailor
 * Thomas E. Jones (doctor) (1880–1958), African-American doctor and first lieutenant in the U.S. Army

Poets

 * T. Gwynn Jones (1871–1949), Welsh-language poet
 * Thomas Henry Jones, known as T. Harri Jones (1921–1965), poet in Britain and Australia
 * Thomas Hughes Jones (1895–1966), Welsh poet and writer

Politicians

 * Thomas Jones (MP for Wallingford), 15th-century Member of Parliament for Wallingford
 * Thomas Jones (died 1558 or 1559), MP for Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire
 * Thomas Jones (MP for Hereford) (died 1628), MP for Hereford
 * Thomas Jones (died 1711), MP for East Grinstead
 * Thomas Jones (South Carolina mayor) (1742–1826), fifth intendent (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina
 * Thomas Tyrwhitt Jones (1765–1811), MP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis
 * Thomas McKissick Jones (1816–1892), American politician, Tennessee
 * Thomas L. Jones (1819–1887), American politician, Kentucky
 * Thomas G. Jones (1844–1914), governor of Alabama, USA
 * Thomas Jones, Baron Maelor (1898–1984), British MP for Meirionnydd
 * Thomas B. Jones, early 20th-century American politician, Virginia
 * Thomas Llewellyn Jones (1872–1946), company director and Queensland politician
 * Thomas Artemus Jones (1871–1943), Welsh judge, journalist, nationalist and politician
 * Thomas Mardy Jones (1879–1970), British politician and miner

Scientists

 * Thomas Jones (mathematician) (1756–1807), British mathematician and academic
 * Thomas P. Jones (1774–1848), mechanical engineer and publisher in USA
 * Thomas Jones (optician) (1775–1852), British astronomical instrument maker and Fellow of the Royal Society
 * Thomas Wharton Jones (1808–1891), ophthalmologist and physiologist
 * Thomas Rymer Jones (1810–1880), British surgeon, academic and zoologist
 * Thomas Rupert Jones (1819–1911), British geologist
 * Thomas David Jones (born 1955), American astronaut

Soccer (Association football)

 * Thomas Jones (footballer, born 1879) (1879–?), outside left (Small Heath)
 * Thomas Jones (footballer, born 1884) (1884–1958), Welsh international football inside left (Nottingham Forest)
 * Thomas Jones (footballer, born 1885) (1885–?), football centre forward and outside right (Everton, Birmingham City)
 * Thomas Jones (footballer, born 1889) (1889–1923), English football goalkeeper (Grimsby Town)
 * T. G. Jones (Thomas George Jones, 1917–2004), Welsh international football for Everton
 * Thomas Jones (footballer, born 1997), Chilean midfielder (Deportes Magallanes)

Other sports

 * Potsy Jones (Thomas Clinton Jones, 1909–1990), American football player
 * Thomas Jones (American football) (born 1978), American football player
 * Thomas Babington Jones (1851–1890), Welsh cricketer
 * Thomas Baker-Jones (1862–1959), Welsh rugby player
 * Thomas Jones (rugby union) (1895–1933), Welsh international rugby union player
 * Thomas Jones (wrestler) (born 1982), British wrestler better known as "The UK Kid"

Other

 * Thomas Jones (historian) (1732–1792), American Loyalist historian
 * Thomas Jones (artist) (1742–1803), landscape painter in Italy and Britain
 * Thomas Jones (English publisher) (1791–1882), publisher, bookseller in London, convert to Judaism
 * Thomas H. Jones (1806–?), African-American abolitionist
 * Thomas Jones (civil engineer) (1809–1892), South Australian pioneer
 * Thomas Jones (librarian) (1810–1875), librarian of Chetham's Library, Manchester, Britain
 * Thomas Dow Jones (1811–1881), American sculptor, medallist
 * Thomas Mason Jones (1833–1873), Irish journalist and political activist
 * Thomas John Jones (1874–?), Welsh officer in the British merchant navy
 * Thomas E. Jones (university president) (1888–1973), president of Fisk University, U.S., 1926–1946
 * Thomas Hudson Jones (1892–1969), American sculptor
 * Thomas Hewitt Jones (born 1984), British composer
 * Thomas Jesse Jones (1873–1950), Welsh-American sociologist and educational administrator
 * T. H. Jones (Thomas Henry Jones, 1855–1929), South Australian organist and music teacher
 * T. C. Jones (Thomas Craig Jones, 1920–1971), American female impersonator
 * Thomas Jones (born 1980), American rapper, birth name of Rapper Big Pooh
 * Arrest of Thomas Jones, 2000 case involving the Philadelphia Police Department
 * Twm Siôn Cati (c. 1530–1609), folkloric Welsh outlaw

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thomas Jones


text:
Officer

An officer is a person who has a position of authority in a hierarchical organization. The term derives from Old French oficier "officer, official" (early 14c., Modern French officier), from Medieval Latin officiarius "an officer," from Latin officium "a service, a duty" the late Latin from officiarius, meaning "official."

Ceremonial and other contexts

 * Officer, and/or Grand Officer, are both a grade, class, or rank of within certain chivalric orders and orders of merit, e.g. Legion of Honour (France), Order of the Holy Sepulchre (Holy See), Order of the British Empire (UK), Order of Leopold (Belgium)
 * Great Officer of State
 * Merchant marine officer or licensed mariner
 * Officer of arms
 * Officer in The Salvation Army, and other state decorations

Corporations

 * Bank officer
 * Corporate officer, a corporate title
 * Chief executive officer (CEO)
 * Chief financial officer (CFO)
 * Chief operating officer (COO)
 * Executive officer

Education

 * Chief academic officer, a provost
 * Sabbatical officer

Law enforcement

 * Bylaw enforcement officer
 * Corrections officer
 * Customs officer
 * Environmental Health Officer
 * Officer of the court
 * Parking enforcement officer
 * Police officer
 * Security officer

Military

 * Officer (armed forces)
 * Commanding officer
 * Petty officer

Politics and government

 * Chief Medical Officer
 * Foreign Service Officer, a diplomatic officer
 * Internal Service Officer, a diplomatic officer
 * Presiding Officer (disambiguation)
 * Returning officer

Shipping industry

 * Captain (nautical), the person in charge of a merchant ship
 * Chief Engineering Officer, the person in charge of the technical department on a merchant ship
 * Chief officer or chief mate, typically the person in charge of the deck department of a merchant ship
 * Coastguard Rescue Officer, a rescue officer employed by HM Coastguard
 * Second officer or second mate, typically the navigator and medical officer on a merchant ship
 * Third officer or third mate, typically the safety officer on a merchant ship
 * Second Engineering Officer, the person in charge of the engine room on a merchant ship
 * Third Engineering Officer, an Engineering Officer of the Watch

title: Officer


text:
Talk:Parking

Types of Parking
The page currently states that there are 4 types of parking. A few months ago I had contributed an illustration of what the page calls "Anderson parking" because I know it is a real type of parking. The problem is that I do not know that it is actually called "Anderson parking" and I cannot find any official sources mentioning it. (The driving books tend to only mention the first 3 types.) Furthermore, this type of parking is not a self park configuration as the article claims. Hence, I believe I should do two things.

1. The name Anderson parking should be removed even if it is a common knowledge name. (Unless a source can verify it.)

2. This type of parking should be somehow arranged into the segment about ad-hoc parking methods.

That should explain my edits today. Aykantspel (talk) 21:57, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Image size
38K is too big??? --Dmsar 02:50 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * That isn't the issue - the pixel width of the image is way too big. On standard res screens (800x600) the image pushes the text into a column that has 2 or 3 words per line. That ain't good. --mav 02:55 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Well I've already deleted my copy. IMHO people should use 1024x768 unless they're poor. Is it an easy fix for someone to make it fit? Dmsar 03:06 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * BTW: I'm trying to really make things smaller (images). I just have a hang-up on poor image quality..  Well I'm learning.  Dmsar 03:08 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Thanks Heph! Dmsar 03:14 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * No problem (although I still need to upgrade Photoshop *grin*)

 * Generally anything wider than 500px is, imo, too big for a Wikipedia page. Additionally, things from 300-500px are too wide to use a div float, it's best to center those.  For the "larger image" links though I like to go at least 600px wide if possible.  That's from trial and error, and consulting with Arpingstone, whom I consider sort of the Wikipedia image guru.  :) - Hephaestos 03:19 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Regional terminology
I hear those terms (parking structure, parking ramp, etc) used more or less interchangeably in the US. I don't really think they're regional - rather used to differentiate slightly different kinds of facilities and based on an individual's personal preference for a particular term. What do others think? Moncrief, 7 Mar 2004

 * I've never heard the term parking ramp anywhere. RickK 05:19, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * How could you not think they're regional? In Minneapolis, everyone says "parking ramp"; in most of the country, no one's heard the term.  In California, reportedly everyone says "parking structure", but I reached the age of 40 before hearing it, and then only because I raised the topic of regional variation in terms for such facilities in a forum devoted to English usage. Michael Hardy 21:57, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I too question some of these terms as regional. I live in the Western US and tend to say "parking garage" for any enclosed parking area, whether it's a surface facility or underground, and "parking structure" does not at all seem colloquial to me.  I'm no expert on British vernacular either, but I really doubt that "Multi-storey car park" is common.  It's quite a mouthful.--Mncuso 21:13, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Mouthful or not, it is the standard term.--jrleighton 01:02, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure they're regional, but not so sure of the boundaries between the regions. When I first entered "parking structure" into this article, I said "California", not "western USA". I never heard the term at all until I saw it in a discussion of parking regionalisms on alt.usage.english. I've heard it only from Californians, except that I saw it one on a sign in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michael Hardy 22:53, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I have lived in Minneapolis for 8 years - I disagree that Parking Garage emphatically means "indoor". Also, in common usage, Parking Ramp could easily refer to the whole structure. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.104.244.40 (talk) 20:42, 2 January 2007 (UTC).

Parking space sizing standard
Around the world, the norm for parking space width seems to be 2.0 metres along roads and 2.3 metres for spaces for side-by-side parking, as in carparks. Yet there seems to be no international standard for these nigh universal widths. How, then, did they become so prevalent? Is there an actual or a de facto standard?

 * It is a good question. I cannot provide you a full answer.
 * One partial answer is that in France, there is some norm such as NF which provides some guidelines; see http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquage_du_stationnement_en_France
 * An other partial answer is that in Canada, a 2m60 (Normes applicables à l’aménagement d’un stationnement d’une habitation de 4 logements et plus) seams to be a possible minimum for stationnement wide. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.97.14.22 (talk) 09:40, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Arcelor mital makes also a reference to an english norm in regard to permitted tons par square meter. Additionaly it appears they consider 2m50 wide parkings.

 * English size is documented in specific article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_space
 * There is also a Temecula Municipal Code whose describe it in its section 17.24.050 Parking facility layout and dimensions. And in united states, it appears there are various regional standards regulations.
 * In UK, the norm appears to be 2m50 wide: www.norfolk.gov.uk/view/ncc055283
 * Anywhere, it appears to exist a TSRGD 1032 and 1033, which might give 1.8 meters minimum and 2.7 metres maximum, which appears to be controversial when car manufacturers begin to sold cars wider than the parkings size.
 * All this might be possibily integrated in a section of an article. althout there may are various other norms for instance for bicycle or disabled (handicapé) and trucks, also depending whether the parking is public owned, residential, or a commercial facility. At last but not least, in some offices, there is no one car place by employee, due to size constraints.
 * Also, an history perspective might provide understanding on why parking dimension is regulated.

Parallelo-perpendicular parking
I just made up the above name to describe what I have seen in airport and supermarket car parks in Thailand. There, parking begins in a perpendicular manner in paired rows. When these become full, later arrivals form parallel lines next to and therefore blocking in the perpendicular cars. The parallel-parkers leave their handbrakes off (the terrain in most of Thailand is perfectly flat) so that when the blocked-in drivers return to their cars, they can roll the later arrivals out of the way. This is quite amusing for a visitor, and demonstrates a high degree of trust amongst Thai drivers.

 * Does anyone know of other countries where this happens? --Heron 2 July 2005 17:13 (UTC)

 * I have seen the same phenomenon in Delhi, India. --12.104.244.40 20:40, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Parking Validation?
No mention of parking validation? Strange. 192.31.106.34 (talk) 14:36, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Legal definition of parking
The first sentence is very inaccurate and misleading. Legal definition should be Title XXII: Motor Vehicles

Chapter 316: State Uniform Traffic Control

Section 316.003: Definitions

(27) PARK OR PARKING.--The standing of a vehicle, whether occupied or not, otherwise than temporarily for the purpose of and while actually engaged in loading or unloading merchandise or passengers as may be permitted by law under this chapter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.182.212.100 (talk) 15:16, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Legal definitions (especially titles, subtitles, chapters, and sections) vary considerably from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Hence, we should not cite any specific laws; though it may be worth noting the American differentiation between parking, standing, and stopping. -- Bossi  ( talk • gallery • contrib ) 22:36, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I think such a distinction is actually quite common. In the UK, for example, 'waiting' is used where in North America 'standing' is used. All that typically differs is the terminology. As to the source above: what jurisdiction is it?  The definition may be a model one, but it there would probably need to be additional (multiple) references to highlight international uniformity.Synchronism (talk) 04:51, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Please note that under this legal definition car waiting for the green light qualifies as parked, which doesn't make sense. Therefore, this legal definition is inferior to the common sense based one in this article. 24.5.143.190 (talk) 08:37, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Cite - "Most influential car-parking publication, "Put it in Park, Fellow"
Please cite the following section or it should be removed !!

I can not find any reference to the author or this publication in any library or citation engines such as 'world cat' I also doubt its the 'most influential' -- for whom and for what? Traffic engineers? public officials? anyone? Most influential publications on parking of the that era (1940s) where those by the Eno Foundation for Highway Traffic Regulations.

Questionable paragraph: "New York real estate investor, David Augustine Palame, started the country's most influential car-parking publication, "Put it in Park, Fellow", in 1942. The magazine was self-published and only saw three editions ever reach a small readership. The publication sought to remove the stigma from car-parking as a lowly profession, playing up the skill and strategy required for "big city parking". Mr. Palame spent the summer of 1942 living in his automobile and parking in various Manhattan neighborhoods."

 * I concur and have deleted it. There is no reference to the author or article outside wikipedia, so its probably made up. Even if not, it would be rejected on notability grounds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SteveLoughran (talk • contribs) 21:09, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

POV in parking economics section
This section has a very clear anti-car bias. For example, this sentence: "When municipal motor vehicle parking is underpriced and roads are not tolled, the shortfall in tax expenditures by drivers, through gas tax and other taxes amounts to a very large subsidy for automobile use." A subsidy is not the same as the absence of a tax. A tax is not the default state of affairs; taxes are a public policy tool meant to either raise revenue, discourage a particular behavior, or both. Stian (talk) 01:36, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, you are free to try and rewrite it, while correcting its US-centricness. Citeable references, as usual... SteveLoughran (talk) 22:38, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Perhaps "subsidy" is technically the wrong term, but it's pretty clear that the costs of parking exceed the revenue generated. The difference is made up in direct user costs, as well as transfers from other revenue sources such as property, sales and income taxes. As SteveLoughran said, feel free to re-write it, but I think it's too important a topic to blank the section.--Triskele Jim 19:49, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

"🅿" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect 🅿. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 20:33, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parking


text:
Morningside Heights

Morningside Heights is a neighborhood on the West Side of Upper Manhattan in New York City. It is bounded by Morningside Drive to the east, 125th Street to the north, 110th Street to the south, and Riverside Drive to the west. Morningside Heights borders Central Harlem and Morningside Park to the east, Manhattanville to the north, the Manhattan Valley section of the Upper West Side to the south, and Riverside Park to the west. Broadway is the neighborhood's main thoroughfare, running north–south.

Morningside Heights, located on a high plateau between Morningside and Riverside Parks, was hard to access until the late 19th century and was sparsely developed except for the Bloomingdale and Leake and Watts asylums. Morningside Heights and the Upper West Side were considered part of the Bloomingdale District until Morningside Park was finished in the late 19th century. Large-scale development started in the 1890s with academic and cultural institutions. By the 1900s, public transportation construction and the neighborhood's first subway line led to Morningside Heights being developed into a residential neighborhood. Morningside Heights was mostly developed by the 1930s. During the mid-20th century, as the institutions within Morningside Heights expanded, cultural tensions grew between residents who were affiliated with institutions and those who were not. After a period of decline, the neighborhood started to gentrify in the 1980s and 1990s.

A large portion of Morningside Heights is part of the campus of Columbia University, a private Ivy League university. Morningside Heights contains numerous other educational institutions such as Teachers College, Barnard College, the Manhattan School of Music, Bank Street College of Education, Union Theological Seminary, and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Additionally, Morningside Heights includes several religious institutions, including the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, Riverside Church, the Church of Notre Dame, Corpus Christi Church, and Interchurch Center. The neighborhood also contains other architectural landmarks, such as St. Luke's Hospital (now Mount Sinai Morningside) and Grant's Tomb.

Morningside Heights is part of Manhattan Community District 9. It is patrolled by the 26th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. Fire services are provided by the New York City Fire Department's Engine Company 47 and Engine Company 37/Ladder Company 40. Politically it is represented by the New York City Council's 7th District.

Precolonial and colonial period
Initially, Manhattan was settled by the Lenape Native Americans, who referred to the area nearby as "Muscota" or "Muscoota", meaning "place of rushes". The nearest Native American settlements were Rechewanis and Konaande Kongh in present-day Central Park, to the southeast of modern Morningside Heights. Additionally, a Native American path in the area was adapted into part of modern-day Riverside Drive. However, the region remained relatively hard to access because of the steep topography. Prior to the beginning of the 18th century, most travel within modern New York City was made via water, since there were few roads in the region.

Dutch settlers occupied Manhattan in the early 17th century and called the nearby area "Vredendal", meaning "peaceful dale". The western boundary of New Harlem was drawn through the present-day Morningside Park in 1666, running from 74th Street at the East River to 124th Street at the North River (now Hudson River) on the neighborhood's western edge. The area to the west of the boundary, present-day Morningside Heights, was originally the common lands of British-occupied New York. In 1686, New York colonial governor Thomas Dongan granted the city of New York the patent to a triangular area between West 107th to 124th Streets, extending west to the Hudson River. The city sold the land to Jacob De Key in 1701. An easy connection to the rest of the modern-day city was made two years later, when Bloomingdale Road (modern-day Broadway) was extended north from Lower Manhattan to 117th Street. Harman Vandewater acquired part of the De Key farm by 1735,  and it was called Vandewater Heights by 1738.

On September 16, 1776, the Battle of Harlem Heights was fought in the area, with the most intense fighting occurring in a sloping wheat field that is now the location of Barnard College. A plaque by the Columbia University gate on 117th Street and Broadway commemorates this battle. Vandewater Heights was sold by 1785 to James W. De Peyster. His brother, Nicholas De Peyster, bought the land directly to the west, along the shoreline.

19th-century development

Though a grid for Manhattan Island would be laid out in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, the present-day Morningside Heights would remain sparsely developed for the next half-century, with the exception of the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum and the Leake and Watts Orphan Asylum. The Society for New York Hospital had started buying lots between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenues north of 113th Street in 1816, and opened the Bloomingdale Asylum in 1821. Leake and Watts Services purchased the Society's land east of Amsterdam Avenue between 110th and 113th Streets in 1834, and Ithiel Town's design for the Leake and Watts Asylum was completed in 1843. In addition, the Croton Aqueduct ran above ground through the modern neighborhood, opening in 1842.

Through the late 19th century, Bloomingdale Road was the only connection to the rest of Manhattan. A stagecoach line along Bloomingdale Road, founded in 1819, was expanded to modern Morningside Heights and Manhattanville four years later. Mansions were developed on the shore, and William Dixon erected small wood-frame houses on 110th Street, which would be referred to as "Dixonville". In 1846, the Hudson River Railroad (later the West Side Line and Hudson Line) was built along the Hudson River waterfront, connecting New York City to Albany.

By an act of the New York State Legislature passed in 1865, the commissioners of Central Park had the responsibility of executing the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 within Upper Manhattan. The same year, Central Park commissioner William R. Martin put forth the first proposal for a park and scenic road along the Hudson River, which later became Riverside Park and Riverside Drive. On the opposite side of the modern-day neighborhood, to the east, Central Park commissioner Andrew Haswell Green proposed Morningside Park in 1867 to avoid the expense of expanding the Manhattan street grid across extremely steep terrain. Landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted was hired for both projects: he designed Riverside Drive and Park in 1873–1875, and he co-designed Morningside Park with Calvert Vaux in 1873, with further revisions to the latter in 1887. The section of Riverside Drive and Park in the Bloomingdale District, of which modern-day Morningside Heights was considered to be part, was completed by 1880. Morningside Park was completed in 1895. Though several other infrastructure improvements were made, development in the region above 110th Street was slow until the 1890s. Broadway, a wide avenue with medians, opened in 1868 as the "Boulevard" and replaced the former Bloomingdale Road. New pipes for the Croton Aqueduct were laid in 1865, and a still-extant gatehouse at 113th Street was erected later. Plans to relocate the Bloomingdale Asylum were considered as early as 1870, but the Panic of 1873 stalled any additional planning for the rest of the decade. The Ninth Avenue elevated was extended north from the Bloomingdale District to Harlem in 1879, but its route largely skipped the highlands north of 110th Street, as its route shifted eastward at 110th Street. An elevated station at 110th Street and Manhattan Avenue was not opened until 1903, and even then, it was hard to access due to the steep topography. Thus, while the Upper West Side to the south and Hamilton Heights to the north were developed with row houses by the 1880s, the intervening area had almost no new development. The Real Estate Record and Guide stated that it was "difficult to explore the region without a guide" because of the lack of development there.

1890s through 1930s
In 1886, real estate figures and politicians started advocating for the relocation of both asylums in the neighborhood. The asylums were seen as holding up development in the area. The Bloomingdale Asylum had twice rejected offers to purchase its land: first in 1880, when Ulysses S. Grant advocated for a world's fair to be held there three years later, and then in 1888, when the area was being considered as the site of the World's Columbian Exposition to be held during 1892.

The Bloomingdale Asylum moved to a site in suburban Westchester County in 1888, followed by the Leake and Watts Asylum three years later. Their respective campuses were purchased by Columbia University, which could not expand their existing campus at the present site of Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan; and the Episcopal Diocese of New York, which had been looking for sites to build their main cathedral, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. Several other educational institutions were soon constructed in the area, including Barnard College, Teachers College, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and Union Theological Seminary. Medical institutions moved there as well, such as St. Luke's Hospital and the Woman's Hospital.

New name and first residential buildings
In the 1890s, following Morningside Park's completion, several figures began advocating for the use of the name "Morningside Heights" for the region between 110th and 125th Streets. The name "Bloomingdale" was also used for the area around the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. However, other names such as "Morningside Hill" and "Riverside Heights" were used for the area. When construction started on Columbia University, Teachers College, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, and St. Luke's Hospital in the mid-1890s, no single name was commonly used for the neighborhood. Two names eventually gained the most use; "Morningside Heights" was preferred by the two colleges, while "Cathedral Heights" was preferred by St. John's and St. Luke's. After about 1898, "Morningside Heights" became the most generally accepted, although the diocese at St. John's continued to call the neighborhood "Cathedral Heights" well into the 20th century.

Additionally, Manhattan's population was growing rapidly, exceeding one million in 1890. Speculative developers, hoping to cater to Morningside Heights' institutions and Manhattan's increasing population, started erecting the first row houses in the area in 1892–1893. These early buildings were designed in the Colonial, Georgian, or Renaissance Revival styles, in contrast to the architecture of the older row houses in nearby neighborhoods. These developers saw mixed success: while some houses sold quickly, others languished for a decade or were foreclosed. The Morningside Protective Association, established in 1896, unsuccessfully attempted to limit the proliferation of low-rise development. The first tenements in Morningside Heights were built toward the end of the 1890s and were among the only Old Law Tenements built in the neighborhood.

Academic Acropolis development
The Cathedral of St. John the Divine, on Amsterdam Avenue between 110th and 113th Streets, had been the first institution to commit to building in Morningside Heights. However, construction proceeded very slowly: the first portion of the cathedral did not open until 1911, and the cathedral remained incomplete a century later. Nonetheless, its presence led other institutions to move to the neighborhood. The first of these was St. Luke's Hospital, which in 1892 purchased the site directly north of the cathedral as a direct result of influence from cathedral secretary George Macculloch Miller. Built to designs by Ernest Flagg, the first five pavilions in the hospital opened in 1896,  with three additional pavilions being added later. Next was Cady, Berg & See's Home for Old Men and Aged Couples, built at Amsterdam Avenue and 112th Street and opened in 1896. Third to come was the Woman's Hospital at Amsterdam Avenue and 110th Street, which was designed by Frederick R. Allen of Allen & Collens and completed in 1906. While these projects led to Morningside Heights being known as an "Academic Acropolis", they did not significantly alter the character of the neighborhood. By the late 1890s and early 1900s, Morningside Heights' academic institutions were growing rapidly. The most prominent of these was Columbia University, whose president Seth Low had commissioned Charles Follen McKim of the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White to design the new Morningside Heights campus in 1893. The plan consisted of 15 buildings and a South Court on the east side of Broadway between 116th and 120th Streets, centered around the university's major library, Low Memorial Library. The Low Library was constructed between 1895 and 1897, along with most of the other original structures, and the first classes at the new campus were held in October 1897. Several campus expansions occurred shortly afterward, including Earl Hall in 1902; the first dormitories, Hartley Hall and Livingston Hall, in 1905;  South Field, purchased in 1903;   St. Paul's Chapel, completed in 1907;  and numerous classrooms and other buildings. Columbia's presence in Morningside Heights led to a significant change in the neighborhood's character, and was dubbed by the Real Estate Record and Guide as "the largest single factor [...] in promoting private real estate and building activity on the plateau".

Just across Broadway to the west was the campus of Barnard College, a women's college. In 1895, philanthropist Elizabeth Milbank Anderson donated funds on the condition that Charles A. Rich was hired to design the campus. Before funds ran out, Rich ultimately designed the Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls, which held their first classes in October 1897. Immediately north was Teachers College, which became affiliated with Columbia University in 1893 and merged with the latter in 1897. The buildings for this campus were designed by William Appleton Potter. The first structure in the complex, Main Hall, was completed in late 1894; the last, Milbank Memorial Hall, was finished three years later. Both Barnard and Teachers Colleges saw rapid growth in the early 20th century. Only three structures were built for Barnard, resulting in overcrowding; by contrast, numerous large facilities were erected for Teachers College, including a gymnasium, manual arts building, household arts building, and dormitories.

Other institutions of higher education on Morningside Heights were developed in the early 20th century, the first of which was the new campus of the Union Theological Seminary between Broadway and Claremont Avenue from 120th to 122nd Streets. The campus was composed of several Gothic Revival structures, designed by architects Allen & Collens and arranged around a quadrangle. The structures were completed by 1910, and expanded soon after with the construction of the Stone Gym in 1912 (now part of Riverside Church), and a dormitory on Claremont Avenue erected in 1931–1932. Two musical institutions, the Institute of Musical Art and the Juilliard School (which later merged ), settled immediately north of the Union Theological Seminary. The Institute of Musical Art constructed its building within 21 weeks in 1910 and had its first classes that same year. The Juilliard building was completed in 1931. The final structure to be built was the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, across Broadway to the east of Juilliard, whose buildings were completed in 1930. Riverside Church, to the west of the Union Theological Seminary, was completed the same year.

Apartment developments and subway construction
There was still little residential development in the first decade of the 20th century. A small concentration of beer gardens began to develop around the "Dixonville" on 110th Street. The New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 drastically changed the regulations to which tenement buildings had to conform. To fit these new regulations, the architects of the different developments drew up several general plans to maximize the amount of floor space in each building, while also ensuring every residential unit had windows that faced either a courtyard or the street. The more common plans included L-, I-, O-, or U-shaped designs. Several buildings were erected close to Broadway in anticipation of the construction of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company's first subway line (now part of the New York City Subway's Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, serving the ). These buildings contained features that were considered innovative at the time, such as electric lighting, soundproofed and parquet floors, tiled bathrooms with porcelain fixtures, and long-distance telephone lines. Since the character of the neighborhood had not yet been developed, early-1900s apartment buildings tended to be erected "modestly", with little ornamentation.

The subway opened in October 1904 with stations at 110th, 116th, and 125th Streets, providing a direct connection to Lower Manhattan, the city's economic center at the time. In subsequent years, developers erected larger buildings for the middle class, which had been made feasible by the area's proximity to the subway. Between 1903 and 1911, at least 75 apartment buildings were built in the neighborhood. By 1906, there were 27 such developments underway, including structures on which work had started before the 1901 law had been passed. A Real Estate Record and Guide article published in August 1906 described Morningside Heights as New York City's "most distinctive high-class apartment house quarter". Units on Riverside Drive, despite being further from the subway, were generally more expensive because of their riverfront views.

Jewish and Italian developers had a large influence in early-20th century development in Morningside Heights. For instance, the Italian-American Paterno brothers, along with their brothers-in-law, built The Paterno, The Colosseum, and several other large apartment buildings in the area. Two members of the family, Michael Paterno and Victor Cerabone, also started their own firms and built structures in Morningside Heights. The majority of Morningside Heights developers were Jewish, although most of these Jewish developers created only a few buildings. More prolific Jewish developers in Morningside Heights created companies that either carried their family names or had more generic names that hid their family's background. Such developers included Carlyle Realty, B. Crystal & Son, and Carnegie Construction. According to Andrew Dolkart, architectural historian at Columbia University, more than half of the early apartment housing in Morningside Heights was developed by one of three firms: George Pelham, Neville & Bagge, or Schwartz & Gross. After World War I, the remaining empty lots were bought and developed.

By the 1920s, the neighborhood's character had been fully established. In addition to apartment buildings, Morningside Heights contained commercial ventures, though these were mainly confined to low-rise buildings on the north–south avenues. Through the 1930s, many residents were white and middle-class. The heads of these families included professionals like academics, engineers, doctors, lawyers, and businesspersons who worked in industries such as the garment trade.

Demographic changes

As early as 1930, the neighborhood was undergoing major demographic changes, and the newcomers included middle-class families who were not necessarily part of any institution. This resulted in a split between the two main groups that inhabited Morningside Heights—those who were affiliated with institutions and those who were not—setting up conflicts between the two demographic groups.

As a response to the Great Depression, many of the apartments had been subdivided into smaller units, with residents frequently dividing their apartments or taking in boarders, or owners converting their buildings to single room occupancy (SRO) hotels. The increasing prevalence of SROs led to attendant socioeconomic problems and a decline in the neighborhood, especially after World War II, when many well-off white residents left for the suburbs, to be replaced by poor African American and Puerto Rican residents. Many of the once-opulent apartment buildings declined in quality. In a sign of the social tensions that had developed in Morningside Heights, in 1958, The New York Times reported that midshipmen of the United States Navy studying at Columbia were forbidden from the area bounded by Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, and 110th and 113th Streets, where there were reported to be high concentrations of prostitutes. Two years later, the Times called the formerly opulent Hendrik Hudson apartment building "one of the city's worst slum buildings", with several hundred building and health code violations. By 1961, there were 33 SROs in the neighborhood.

Urban renewal
In 1947, fourteen major institutions in the neighborhood formed Morningside Heights Inc, an urban renewal organization that aimed to reduce poverty and segregation by erecting new housing. Morningside Heights Inc., headed by David Rockefeller, was the first major joint venture between the neighborhood's institutions. Its first project was Morningside Gardens, a middle-income co-op apartment complex between 123rd and LaSalle Streets, Broadway, and Amsterdam Avenue. The project, completed in 1957, was initially occupied by a multi-racial tenant base of just under a thousand families, a third of whom worked at neighborhood institutions. Morningside Gardens drew some opposition, as it replaced an eclectic group of low- and mid-rise housing that was occupied by about 6,000 people, mostly African Americans.

Another development in the neighborhood was Grant Houses, a New York City Housing Authority public-housing development located to the east of Morningside Gardens, across Amsterdam Avenue. Completed in 1956, it was less successful in racial integration but was praised by local landlords as a deterrent to urban decay. The construction of Grant Houses necessitated the displacement of 7,000 residents.

The New York Times described the urban renewal scheme in 1957 as "the biggest face-lifting job under way in this city". Prior to the urban renewal projects, most institutions in Morningside Heights considered its northern boundary to be around 122nd Street, but with the completion of these developments, the area between 122nd and 125th Street was added to the popular definition of Morningside Heights.

Institutional expansion
Three institutions opened or moved into Morningside Heights during the late 1950s and early 1960s. These were the Interchurch Center, opened in 1960; the Bank Street College of Education, which announced its intention to move to the area in 1964; and St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's School, which relocated from Manhattan Valley and Morningside Heights in 1967. Columbia assisted with the latter two additions, since it was interested in making Morningside Heights into a desirable place for its faculty to send their children to primary school. Within the existing campuses of neighborhood institutions, two St. Luke's Hospital pavilions were demolished and replaced in the 1950s and 1960s, and a new office wing at Riverside Church opened in 1959.

Social tensions began to develop as many of the area's institutions began to expand into the surrounding neighborhood. The newer buildings had architecture that was described as bland, as contrasted to the simultaneous expansions of other communities with Ivy League universities, which were constructing structures with more distinctive designs. Through the 1960s, Columbia University, Barnard College, and other institutions purchased several dozen buildings in Morningside Heights, leading to accusations of forced eviction and gentrification. Many residential buildings were converted to institutional use, while others were demolished to make way for new institutional buildings, such as Columbia University's East Campus. The process involved demolishing some of the SROs, which were mostly occupied by racial minorities and did not have rent regulation. Likewise, while apartment buildings were rent-regulated, many units were subject to "affiliation clauses" that extended tenancy only to members of the academic institutions within Morningside Heights. Protests against such clauses continued through the late 1970s.

The conflicts peaked in 1968, when protests arose in Columbia's campus and the surrounding neighborhood over the university's proposal to build a gym in Morningside Park, which would have created separate entrances in mostly-white Morningside Heights and mostly-black Harlem. The university abandoned the plan the next year. Two other major plans were proposed but not built after objections from the community: a proposed expansion of the Interchurch Center, and a nursing home on Amsterdam Avenue between 111th and 112th Streets. There were even disputes between the city and Columbia University: the city had proposed erecting 1,000 apartments on Riverside Drive, but Columbia objected because it would have precluded the university's ability to build a proposed western campus. In 1970, I. M. Pei was hired to create a new plan for Columbia's expansion on the South Field, though only one portion of Pei's plan was ever built.

1970s to 1990s
In the 1970s, as crimes increased in the city in general, institutional leaders in Morningside Heights raised concerns about safety and security. Meanwhile, Columbia University continued to expand its presence in the neighborhood. By the late 1970s, one in five apartment buildings in Morningside Heights were owned by Columbia, and by the 1980s, it was the neighborhood's largest landlord. In 1979, a Barnard College student was killed by masonry that had fallen from a building owned by Columbia. In the subsequent years, new building codes resulted in the removal of decorative elements on many buildings in the neighborhood.

The residential community of Morningside Heights remained centered around the neighboring institutions, and was relatively safe compared to nearby neighborhoods, though many residents stayed away from Morningside Park. A 1982 Times article mentioned that Broadway was seeing many new "restaurants and boutiques" that had replaced "dusty shops and fast-food counters". By 1987, Morningside Heights was much safer compared to fifteen years prior, with Broadway being redeveloped as a fashionable shopping district. Much of this effort was undertaken by Columbia, which sought to improve its reputation among the surrounding community.

Columbia started to restore several of its buildings in the 1990s, and it continued to expand into Morningside Heights. By the end of the decade, there were only 50 apartment buildings between 110th and 122nd Streets that were not owned by the university. Other structures were also built in Morningside Heights, including Barnard's Sulzberger Hall. Morningside Park, which received a series of renovations in the 1980s and 1990s, was no longer considered to be as dangerous by the beginning of the 21st century. Despite its redevelopment, the neighborhood still retained some of its working-class character, mostly because of Columbia's affiliation-clause policy, leading the Times to say in 1993 that Morningside Heights "has practically escaped yuppification". Housing prices started to increase rapidly in the late 1990s. A 1999 Times article mentioned that though there were still tensions between residents and institutions, these conflicts had subsided somewhat, with institutions being more receptive to feedback from residents.

21st century
In the late 1990s, some businesses in the area started labeling Morningside Heights and southern Harlem with the name SoHa (for "South Harlem" or "South of Harlem"), as seen in the names of Max's SoHa restaurant and the former SoHa nightclub in Morningside Heights. "SoHa" has become a controversial name, having been used by the real estate industry and other individuals gentrifying the area between West 110th and 125th Streets. One critic called the SoHa name "insulting and another sign of gentrification run amok", while another said that "the rebranding not only places their neighborhood's rich history under erasure but also appears to be intent on attracting new tenants, including students from nearby Columbia University." The controversy later led to proposals for legislation that would limit neighborhood rebranding citywide.

By the 2010s, new developments were being built amid several of Morningside Heights' preexisting institutions. For instance, two residential buildings had been erected on the cathedral close of St. John the Divine; part of the old St. Luke's Hospital was being converted into apartments; and the Union and Jewish Theological Seminaries had sold the rights to build apartments on their campuses. However, the neighborhood still retained a reputation for being relatively affordable, with per-foot housing prices being lower than in nearby neighborhoods. In 2017, part of Morningside Heights was protected as part of the Morningside Heights Historic District. Despite advocacy from local residents, the New York City Department of City Planning declined to rezone Morningside Heights in 2019. This prompted residents to create a task force, the Morningside Heights Community Coalition, to rezone certain blocks to require affordable housing in certain types of developments. In 2021, the task force and local politicians announced a proposal to rezone a 15-block portion of Morningside Heights; if implemented, it would be the neighborhood's first rezoning in six decades.

Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Morningside Heights was 55,929, an increase of 1,721 (3.2%) from the 54,208 counted in the 2000 Census. Covering an area of 465.11 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 120.2 PD/acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 46.0% (25,750) White, 13.6% (7,619) African American, 0.2% (105) Native American, 13.3% (7,462) Asian, 0.1% (30) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (203) from other races, and 2.9% (1,605) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.5% (13,155) of the population.

The population of Morningside Heights changed moderately from 2000 to 2010, with an increase in the Asian population by 27% (1,565), a decrease in the Black population by 16% (1,502), and an increase in the White population by 7% (1,606). The Latino population experienced a slight decrease of 2% (203), while the population of all other races increased by 15% (255) yet remained a small minority.

The entirety of Manhattan Community District 9, which encompasses Morningside Heights, Manhattanville, and Hamilton Heights, had 111,287 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.4 years. This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most residents are children and middle-aged adults: 34% are between the ages of 25 and 44, while 21% are between 45 and 64, and 17% are between 0 and 17. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 16% and 12% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 9 was $50,048, though the median income in Morningside Heights individually was $81,890. In 2018, an estimated 24% of Community District 9 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 51% in Community District 9, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Community District 9 is considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.

Land use and terrain
Morningside Heights is located in Upper Manhattan, bounded by Morningside Park to the east, 125th Street to the north, 110th Street to the south, and Riverside Park to the west. The neighborhood is zoned primarily for high-rise apartment buildings, though ground-floor stores are also present on Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue. In practice, much of the neighborhood is composed of structures for the neighborhood's religious or academic institutions.

Residential stock
The residential stock of Morningside Heights is composed of apartment buildings, many of which survive from the neighborhood's early-20th century wave of development. While many of the original apartments have been subdivided, numerous original five- to seven-bedroom units remain. Two of the more distinctive apartment structures are The Colosseum and The Paterno, at 116th Street and Riverside Drive, whose curved facades are the only evidence of a never-built large plaza that would have flanked Riverside Drive. Another notable apartment building is the Hendrik Hudson on Riverside Drive between 110th and 111th Streets, proposed as a hotel but ultimately constructed as a residential building.

The northern part of the neighborhood is dominated by two residential complexes: Grant Houses and Morningside Gardens. Grant Houses, a public-housing development composed of ten buildings, is located on the south side of 125th Street, on two superblocks between Broadway and Morningside Avenue, with the site being bisected by Amsterdam Avenue. The six-building Morningside Gardens co-op is located directly southwest of the Grant Houses superblocks and is bounded by 123rd and LaSalle Streets, Broadway, and Amsterdam Avenue.

Official landmarks
Several sites in Morningside Heights have been designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission as official city landmarks and/or are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The Cathedral of St. John the Divine and its six-building cathedral close, on Amsterdam Avenue between 110th and 113th Streets, was designated by the city as an official landmark in 2017. Riverside Church, on Riverside Drive between 120th and 122nd Streets, is both a city landmark and NRHP site, as is the Church of Notre Dame at Morningside Drive and 114th Street.

Non-religious official landmarks in Morningside Heights include Grant's Tomb, a mausoleum for U.S. president Ulysses S. Grant and his wife Julia Grant. The tomb, located in the middle of Riverside Drive at 122nd Street, is a city landmark, a NRHP site, and a national memorial. The Plant and Scrymser pavilions at Mount Sinai Morningside, located on Morningside Drive between 113th and 114th Streets, were built in 1904–1906 and 1926–1928 respectively; both pavilions are recognized as city landmarks and are on the NRHP.

Numerous academic buildings in Morningside Heights contain a city or national landmark designation. On the Columbia campus, these sites include Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark as well as a city-designated interior and exterior landmark. Other NRHP sites on the Columbia campus include Philosophy Hall, where FM radio was invented; Pupin Hall, a National Historic Landmark where the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi; and Casa Italiana on the East Campus, which is also a city landmark. St. Paul's Chapel is designated as a city landmark but not as a national landmark. On the Barnard campus, NRHP-listed sites include Students' Hall; Brooks and Hewitt Halls; and Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls. The Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building on Riverside Drive is also listed on the NRHP. Additionally, the Union Theological Seminary complex is listed on the NRHP, and parts of the structure are also a city-designated landmark.

There are several traces of the old Croton Aqueduct's path through Morningside Heights, specifically under Amsterdam Avenue. Due to the presence of the 125th Street valley at the northern border of the neighborhood, the aqueduct descended into a deep level alignment, with the water being pushed through high-pressure open siphons at each end of the valley. Several gatehouses were built at Amsterdam Avenue and 113th, 119th, 134th–135th, and 142nd Streets, so that pipes could be installed when the aqueduct system was expanded in the future. The gatehouse at 113th Street was built in 1870 and rebuilt in 1890; it serves as an adult daycare center. The gatehouse at 119th Street, a city landmark, was rebuilt in 1894–1895, replacing an earlier gatehouse in the middle of the road. The aqueduct continued to carry water until 1955. The 119th Street gatehouse was used until 1990; it then sat abandoned for several decades before being proposed for commercial use in 2018.

Historic district
In 2017, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission created the Morningside Heights Historic District. The district had first been proposed in 1996; however, Columbia was opposed to such a designation, which would have limited the university's flexibility as a landlord in Morningside Heights. The district includes 115 residential and institutional properties on West 109th Street west of Broadway; the blocks east and west of Broadway from Cathedral Parkway to West 113th Street; the blocks west of Broadway from West 113th to 118th Street; and the blocks west of Claremont Avenue from West 118th to 119th Street.

Other culturally significant locations
Tom's Restaurant, on Broadway at 112th Street, was featured in the 1980s song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega, an alumna of Barnard College. Later, exterior shots were used on the television sitcom Seinfeld as a stand-in for the diner hangout of the show's principal characters.

The West End Bar served especially as a meeting place for writers of the Beat Generation in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as for student activists in the years surrounding the Columbia University protests of 1968. In 2006, the establishment was absorbed into a Cuban restaurant chain, Havana Central. Later, the space was a bar and restaurant known as Bernheim & Schwartz before closing again.

The Hungarian Pastry Shop has long served as a regular place of visitation for students and professors at Columbia University, writers, and other residents of Morningside Heights and the Upper West Side.

Natural features
Morningside Heights is on a high plateau, bounded on two sides by parks and on a third by a steep valley. Morningside Park is located east of Morningside Drive, on the eastern boundary of the neighborhood. The park was built because the area's steep topography created a cliff between the high ground of Morningside Heights to the west and the lower-lying land of Harlem to the east, making it impractical to build cross-streets through that area. This cliff was created through fault movement and smoothened during glacial periods. To the west is Riverside Park, the site of which was formerly rock outcroppings on the Hudson River. To the north is the 125th Street valley; the high plateau starts to descend into this valley at 122nd Street. It contains the Manhattanville Fault, which has seen earthquake activity as recently as 2001. The southern edge of the plateau, at 110th Street, is level with the neighboring Manhattan Valley neighborhood.

On West 114th Street, just west of Broadway, is a 30 ft outcropping of Manhattan schist called Rat Rock. The outcropping is located between two row houses at 600 and 604 West 114th Street.

Police and crime
Morningside Heights is patrolled by the 26th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 520 West 126th Street. The 26th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 76.3% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 1 murder, 16 rapes, 104 robberies, 142 felony assaults, 118 burglaries, 341 grand larcenies, and 79 grand larcenies auto in 2022. Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 26th Precinct had a rate of 612 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.

, Community District 9 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 57 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 633 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.

Cathedral Parkway draws responders from the 26th and 24th NYPD precincts, where jurisdiction is settled once the incident is under control. Columbia University Public Safety also patrols the area around the college. Realtime access and review of to CCTV imaging within Public Safety command centers of incidents within the blanket of coverage ranging from all corners of the neighborhood is available to reporting affiliates, NYPD detectives, and the general public for incidents invoking the Clery Act.

Fire safety
Morningside Heights is served by two New York City Fire Department (FDNY) stations. The main fire station for the neighborhood is Engine Company 47, located at 502 West 113th Street, next to the old Croton gatehouse. The three-story building, designed in the Romanesque Revival style, is 25 ft wide, with a facade of brick and brownstone, as well as Neoclassical-style brownstone and terracotta detailing. The building was erected in 1891 by Napoleon LeBrun & Sons, a prolific builder of New York City firehouses in the late 19th century, and was one of the first major structures in Morningside Heights. It was designated a New York City landmark in 1997.

The other fire station serving Morningside Heights is Engine Company 37/Ladder Company 40, located at 415 West 125th Street, just across the neighborhood's border with Manhattanville.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers in Community District 9 are lower than the city average, with 82 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Community District 9 has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Community District 9 is 0.008 mg/m3, more than the city average. Seventeen percent of Community District 9 residents are smokers, which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Community District 9, 21% of residents are obese, 10% are diabetic, and 29% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-eight percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, about the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 83% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Community District 9, there are 11 bodegas.

The primary hospital in Morningside Heights is Mount Sinai Morningside, located on Amsterdam Avenue between 113th and 115th Streets. In addition, NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem is located in Harlem, and Mount Sinai Hospital is located in East Harlem.

Politics
Politically, most of Morningside Heights is in New York's 13th congressional district, although a small part of the neighborhood is within New York's 12th congressional district;, the 13th and 12th congressional districts are respectively represented by Democrats Adriano Espaillat and Jerrold Nadler. It is also part of the 30th and 31st State Senate districts, represented respectively by Democrats Brian Benjamin and Robert Jackson,  and the 69th and 70th State Assembly districts,  represented respectively by Democrats Daniel O'Donnell and Inez Dickens. In the City Council, the neighborhood is part of the 7th District, represented by Democrat Shaun Abreu.

Post offices and ZIP Codes
Morningside Heights is located in two primary ZIP Codes. The area south of 116th Street is part of 10025 and the area north of 116th Street is part of 10027. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices near Morningside Heights: the Columbia University Station at 534 West 112th Street and the Manhattanville Station and Morningside Annex at 365 West 125th Street.

Education
Community District 9 generally has a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city. A plurality of residents age 25 and older (49%) have a college education or higher, while 21% have less than a high school education and 30% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Community District 9 students excelling in math rose from 25% in 2000 to 49% in 2011 and reading achievement increased from 32% to 35% during the same period.

Community District 9's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In Community District 9, 27% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, more than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 65% of high school students in Community District 9 graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates the following public schools in Morningside Heights as part of Community School Districts 3 and 5:
 * Columbia Secondary School (grades 6–12)
 * PS 36 Margaret Douglas (grades PK-5)
 * PS 125 Ralph Bunche (grades PK-5)
 * PS 180 Hugo Newman (grades PK-8)

The demographic compositions of these public schools' student bodies vary widely. In 2015, The New York Times reported that PS 36 had a student body that is 96% black and Hispanic, with a median family income of $36,000. This contrasted with the overall neighborhood demographics, which at the time were only 37% black and Hispanic, with a median income of $69,000.

Private schools include Bank Street School for Children, St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's School, the Cathedral School of St. John the Divine, and the School at Columbia University. All serve grades PK-8, except the Cathedral School of St. John the Divine, which serves grades K-8. In addition, the neighborhood contains one charter school, KIPP Star Harlem Middle School.

Higher education
The label Academic Acropolis has been used to describe the area due to its topography and its high concentration of academic institutions. Much of the neighborhood is the campus of Columbia University, a private Ivy League research university, which owns a large amount of non-campus real estate. The original campus stretches from Broadway to Amsterdam Avenue between 116th and 120th Streets, while the South Field campus is located between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenues from 114th to 116th Streets. The East Campus of Columbia University is located east of Amsterdam Avenue between 114th and 120th Streets, interspersed with the regular street grid. NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies is also located in the neighborhood, directly above Tom's Restaurant in a building owned by Columbia University.

Four educational institutions are located on the west side of Broadway, between Claremont Avenue to the west and Broadway to the east. Barnard College, a private women's college, is located between 116th and 119th Streets. Immediately to the north, between 119th and 120th Streets, is the Teachers College at Columbia University. North of Teachers College is Union Theological Seminary, which occupies the block between 120th and 122nd Streets. A portion of the block north of 122nd Street, the site of the Institute of Musical Art and Juilliard School, later became the Manhattan School of Music.

On the east side of Broadway, across from the Manhattan School of Music, is the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. West of Teachers College is New York Theological Seminary, a non-denominational Christian seminary inside the Interchurch Center between Riverside Drive and Claremont Avenue. Further south is the Bank Street College of Education, located on 112th Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive. In addition, the International House at Riverside Drive and 122nd Street serves as a dormitory for students attending nearby educational institutions.

Libraries
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches in Morningside Heights. The Morningside Heights branch is located at 2900 Broadway. The branch originally opened in 1914 within Columbia University's Low Memorial Library, then moved to Columbia's Butler Library in 1937 upon the latter's completion. The Morningside Heights branch moved to a temporary site in 1996, while the Butler Library was being renovated and then relocated into its current building in 2001.

The George Bruce branch is located at 518 West 125th Street. It is named after the inventor George Bruce, whose daughter built the original George Bruce Library at 42nd Street in 1888. The current three-story structure, designed by Carrère and Hastings, was constructed in 1915 and renovated in 2001.

Religion
Morningside Heights contains numerous religious institutions, including two architecturally prominent churches. The Cathedral of St. John the Divine, the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of New York on Amsterdam Avenue, is an unfinished building that ranks among the largest churches in the world. Riverside Church on Riverside Drive is an interdenominational church associated with the Baptists.

Several other religiously affiliated institutions are located in the neighborhood, including the Church of Notre Dame, a Roman Catholic church on 114th Street that is part of the Archdiocese of New York. Corpus Christi Church, a Roman Catholic church, is located at 535 West 121st Street. There are several other churches in Morningside Heights, including the Broadway Presbyterian Church at 114th Street and Broadway, and the West Side Unitarian Church on 550 Cathedral Parkway, the latter of which was converted into a synagogue called Congregation Ramath Orah in the 1940s. The city's oldest Korean church, the Korean Methodist Church and Institute, has owned 633 West 115th Street since 1927. Additionally, The Interchurch Center, at 120th Street and Riverside Drive, was built in 1960 and is an office building for religious organizations.

Transportation
The area is served by the New York City Subway at the Cathedral Parkway–110th Street and 116th Street–Columbia University stations of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (served by the ). The stations are among the original subway stations built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and opened in 1904; their interiors are designated as official New York City landmarks. In addition, the viaduct carrying the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line over the 125th Street valley, including the 125th Street station, is designated a New York City landmark and on the NRHP. The portion of the viaduct between 122nd and 125th Streets is located in Morningside Heights.

Additionally, New York City Bus service includes the routes. These routes travel largely north–south through Morningside Heights. Columbia Transportation and Barnard Public Safety Shuttle also operate through the area.

Notable people

 * Fiona Apple, singer-songwriter, pianist, grew up in Morningside Heights.
 * Francis X. Bushman, film director, lived at 435 Riverside Drive (The Colosseum).
 * George Carlin, comedian, grew up on West 121st Street; the block of 121st Street where he lived was dedicated to him in October 2014. He used to say that he and his friends called the area "White Harlem", because it sounded more intimidating. Morningside Heights is alternately called West Harlem.
 * Carrie Chapman Catt, suffragist, lived at 404 Riverside Drive.
 * Elliott Carter, composer, lived at 420 Riverside Drive.
 * Owen Davis, dramatist, lived at 15 Claremont Avenue.
 * Cecil B. DeMille, film director, lived at 622 West 114th Street.
 * John Dewey, academic, lived at 545 West 112th Street.
 * Theodore E. Ferris, naval architect and engineer, lived at 431 Riverside Drive.
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald, novelist, lived at 200 Claremont Avenue while working in advertising and writing This Side of Paradise.
 * George Barry Ford, Catholic priest who led Thomas Merton to conversion. Fr. Ford is thanked in the liner notes to George Carlin's 1972 album Class Clown.
 * George Gershwin, composer and pianist, began composing his Rhapsody in Blue while living at 501 West 110th Street.
 * Allen Ginsberg, poet, lived at 536 West 114th Street.
 * Abraham Joshua Heschel, rabbi, lived at 425 Riverside Drive.
 * Mary Garrett Hay, suffragist, lived at 404 Riverside Drive.
 * Ely Jacques Kahn, architect, lived at 25 Claremont Avenue.
 * Jack Kerouac, novelist, lived at 421 West 118th Street.
 * Abraham E. Lefcourt, clothing manufacturer and developer, lived at 80 Riverside Drive.
 * Marcus Loew, film director, lived at 380 Riverside Drive.
 * Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court justice, lived in Morningside Gardens.
 * Grantland Rice, sportswriter, lived at 450 Riverside Drive.
 * Megan Rice, S.H.C.J., Catholic nun and antinuclear activist, grew up there. One of her addresses was 468 Riverside Drive.
 * Theodore Roberts, actor, lived at 605 West 111th Street.
 * Harlan Fiske Stone, who later became the Chief Justice of the United States, lived at 435 Riverside Drive (The Colosseum) while serving as Dean of Columbia Law School.
 * David Torrence, actor, lived at 620 West 116th Street.
 * Walter S. Trumbull, sportswriter, lived at 450 Riverside Drive.

title: Morningside Heights