text:
Talk:Kenilworth Castle

Old post
Article text said
 * The castle was inherited by Edward II and the Henry, Earl of Lancaster, received the castle, which then passed through his son to John of Gaunt.

This can't be completely correct: John of Gaunt was the son-in-law of Henry, 4th Earl of Lancaster. Also, Henry was the grandson of Edmund Crouchback, so it's likely he inherited Kenilworth directly. It's possible it reverted to the crown on Henry's death and then Edward II gave it to John of Gaunt, but I'm correcting the text on the assumption John inherited it (in right of his wife). Loren Rosen 18:47 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Pictures
There's a collection of my pictures of the castle here, on FotoPic; all of them are of course available as GFDL (actually, they're dual-licensed as PD/GFDL, if you want to use the for something else) - anyone think we can use more of them? James F. (talk) 21:38, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Several factual errors or debatable statements
1. The article says "The siege of Kenilworth Castle in 1266 is the longest in English history at almost a year."

However according to the distinguished historian Sir Maurice Powicke (Oxford History of England, The Thirteenth Century pages 208-213) the siege lasted just over 6 months. This statement is supported by Kenilworth History and Archaeology Society’s publication on the “Great Siege”.

Wikipedia’s entry on Donnington Castle contradicts the claim that the siege of Kenilworth Castle was the longest in English history. The following sentence is taken from the section on Donnington Castle in the Civil War "Finally, after an eighteen month siege, the garrison surrendered".

For claims of an even longer siege during the English civil wars of the 1640s see The History of the Siege of Basing House, Old Basing, Hampshire by David Nash Ford "BASING  BESIEGED Civil War Stronghold holds out for Three Years" http://www.britannia.com/history/hants/siegebsg.html 2. Wikipedia article says “The siege was ended on easy terms for the defenders with the Dictum of Kenilworth” The Dictum of Kenilworth was proclaimed on 31st October 1266. The rebels at Kenilworth Castle were not satisfied and held out for another 40 days, hoping for help from Simon de Montfort the younger. When this help failed to arrive, they surrendered on 14th December 1266 and accepted the terms of the Dictum. See Powicke “The Thirteenth Century” page 213.

3. The article states "The castle returned to the Crown on Dudley's death." This is incorrect. Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, left Kenilworth Castle to his brother Ambrose Dudley, Earl of Warwick, for the latter's lifetime. On Ambrose's death in 1690 it passed to Sir Robert Dudley, the illegitimate son of Lord Leicester. In 1607 Sir Robert deserted his wife and fled to Italy with his cousin Elizabeth Southwell. When he disobeyed an order to return under the Statute of Fugitives, the Crown seized his estates, including Kenilworth Castle. In 1611 Sir Robert agreed to sell the Castle to Prince Henry, elder son of James I. Henry died in 1612 and the property passed to his younger brother, Charles. In 1626 King Charles I granted the Castle to his bride Henrietta Maria as part of her marriage settlement. From 1625 until 1649 the Carey family (Earls of Monmouth) were the stewards of Kenilworth Castle, i.e. leased it from the Crown. (See “A Kenilworth Chronology” by Harry Sunley)

4. With regard to the Restoration the article says “In 1660 Charles II gave the castle to Sir Edward Hyde, whom he created Baron Hyde of Hindon and Earl of Clarendon.”

The first part of this sentence is incorrect. In 1660 Charles II’s mother (Queen Henrietta Maria) successfully claimed back Kenilworth Castle and Lord Monmouth resumed his stewardship. When Lord Monmouth died in 1661 the lease passed to his daughters. In 1665 the Castle was granted to Lawrence Hyde (later made Earl of Rochester), the second son of Edward Hyde, Lord Clarendon. (See “A Kenilworth Chronology” by Harry Sunley). Lawrence’s son Henry inherited the Clarendon earldom in 1724 when the elder branch of the Hyde family died out. Jillingworth (talk) 12:22, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

The article seems to say that Humphrey of Gloucester was Henry V's brother and that John of Lancaster was his son. In fact the latter was also Henry's brother. Rogersansom (talk) 15:47, 3 March 2017 (UTC)

Photo

I've uploaded this panorama taken from the East side of the castle to Wikimedia at "Kenilworth castle.jpeg". Would it make a good illustration for this article? It's had some retouching to remove tourists and add a bit of sky that was missed from the original component shots. PaulJohnson (talk) 13:38, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The article isn't really long enough for another image to fit in comfortably, but it's obviously a good picture so I've crowbarred it in anyway. Nev1 (talk) 20:33, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Expansion
I've gone through and expanded the article out a bit and scrubbed over the references. I've removed two small bits from the original article in the process. The first of these was the account of Shakespeare attending the 1575 festivities; I could only find references that noted "he might have been there", mainly on the basis of Victorian speculation. The second was the reference to Little Virginia and the potato, where again I couldn't find anything firmer than a statement that there was a local story to this effect. I've also added a few more pictures and the Hollar map. It will probably need a copy-editing of some sort. Hchc2009 (talk) 17:12, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

 * "only two of its buildings remain usable today": I'd change this to "only two of the buildings remain habitable" as arguably the ruined buildings are still in use as tourist attractions.
 * Done. Hchc2009 (talk) 17:24, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * "tourist location" is an odd turn of phrase, would "tourist destination" be better?
 * Done. Hchc2009 (talk) 17:24, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * "narrow walled causeway": it's unclear if the walls were narrow or the causeway, I think a hyphen in the right place could fix that.
 * Done. Hchc2009 (talk) 17:24, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * "Moving clockwise around the outer bailey": moving clockwise from which position? Immediately before that, the north wall of the outer bailey is mentioned, but immediately clockwise of that is Lunn's Tower, so the starting point needs to be clarified.
 * Done. Hchc2009 (talk) 17:24, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * When the watergate is mentioned I think it should be clarified which face of the outer bailey it was a part of (west?).
 * Done. Hchc2009 (talk) 17:24, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * "the King's gate, a late 17th century agricultural addition": that's the only time the King's gate is mentioned
 * Mention added later. Hchc2009 (talk) 17:24, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Didn't Hollar's drawing include a similar view of the castle after it was slighted? (Assuming I'm not misremembering) these are often shown together to show the impact of the Civil War; while there are obviously other images of the castle's ruinous state it might be worth including those two together to really contrast them. Just a thought though, it's not a necessity.
 * I'm not sure I've seen that one. I've seen the classic three-panel one that Hollar did, but all three of those are pre-slighting. I've done a quick Google search, but I'm not finding a post-slighting. Will have another look tomorrow! Hchc2009 (talk) 19:25, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if it's any use to you, but the following is a quote from Cathcart King's 1998 book (page 71): "But there is one other large keep to be considered, whose extraordinary and in many ways anomalous character has prevented it from being mentioned earlier, for nothing else resembles it. This is the great tower of Kenilworth, called in early times Caesar's Tower. It is remarkable for its huge passive strength, for the very advanced features of its defences – which suggest a date later than that of Dover – and finally for the fact that its recorded history appears to indicate a time for its building much earlier than this."
 * "Gaunt's architectural style emphasised rectangular design, the separation of ground floor service areas from the upper stories and a contrast of austere exteriors with lavish interiors, especially on the 1st floor": is this talking about the northern part of the inner ward in general, or a particular building?
 * Done. Hchc2009 (talk) 18:57, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * When referring to Robert Dudley's activities (eg: "Leicester's building was four floors high") shouldn't they be described as Dudley's as Earl of Leicester was his title (ie: "Dudley's building was four floors high")?
 * I wasn't sure. I was trying to find some clever way to easily distinguish between the two Dudleys (Robert and his dad) in the text, but not sure if this device worked or not... I'm happy to change it! Hchc2009 (talk) 18:57, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * "The Pleasance was eventually dismantled by Henry VIII and partially moved into the left-hand court inside the castle itself, possibly to add to the anachronistic appearance": that leaves the ultimate fate of the Pleasance hanging. I think its ultimate fate needs to be explained, even just with half a sentence.
 * Done. Hchc2009 (talk) 18:57, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * When talking about the revolt of 1173 to 1174, I'm not keen on the phrase "The conflict spread across the region". It makes it sound as if it was concentrated in Warwickshire or the Midlands, when the entire country was affected as well as Aquitaine.
 * Done. Hchc2009 (talk) 19:11, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * There's a bit of a gap in the chronology between John ceding the castle to guarantee the Magna Carta and Henry III giving Kenilworth to de Montfort.
 * Agreed. I've been struggling to find out what happened next myself! 18th/19th century writers noted that one of the Clinton's took it back for a while, but they seem to be repeating each other and I'm not sure of the provenance of the original story. I've clarified it a little, as everyone seems to agree it went back into royal control pretty quickly, and I'll keep an eye out for any reliable details I can find here. Hchc2009 (talk) 19:11, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * "Henry granted Kenilworth to his brother, Edmund Crouchback": is there a year to go with this?
 * 1267, added in. Hchc2009 (talk) 18:57, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * "Kenilworth remained a popular location for both James and Charles and accordingly was well maintained": that's the first time a James is mentioned, so James who (I assume James I)?
 * Done. Hchc2009 (talk) 18:57, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I had planned on expanding the article myself as the castle really needed better than this, and am very glad to see this beautiful building done justice. I thought about the structure a bit, and think that the current layout (architecture first) is the best approach; when I tried to put the history first I found it difficult as the Morris book didn't and had important bits of history in the architecture section which I initially skipped over to focus on history. In any case, I've found that in places with such a complex architectural history as Kenilworth's (eg: the Tower of London) dealing with it first is a good approach. I don't have the 2010 version of Morris' book, but if the earlier version is anything to go by it should be excellent; my copy is hiding somewhere, otherwise I'd join in with some of the points I made above. The photographs are excellent, and this was a particularly good find. I think I have a photo of the model on display in the castle's visitor centre showing how it may have appeared when the Great Mere was flooded if you think it would be useful? I might also have a photo of the stables if it's useful; I visited earlier this year and took a few photos but must a pretty poor quality.
 * The latest Morris book is rather good, particularly in his own expert area of the Elizabethan period. Hchc2009 (talk) 19:11, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * To summarise, this is another fine effort Hchc2009, and again I think this would pass GAC without too much trouble. The list above may look long, but individually they're generally small points and this is clearly a high quality article. Nev1 (talk) 00:20, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Cheers! Will work through these later - as ever, really appreciate them. I like the idea of a photo model; I began a bit of work on getting the references etc. sorted for York Castle, and came across a similar picture for that which I've cleaned up a bit and stuck into my draft page - they can look really good I think. Hchc2009 (talk) 09:20, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm still finishing off the GA work on the Economy of England in the Middle Ages article, but once that's squared away I'll look to submit this one to review as well. Hchc2009 (talk) 19:11, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

 * When you can find a model reconstruction it's invaluable to an article. The model of Kenilworth is here. It needs to be cropped, but my internet connection is very hit and miss at the moment, so I uploaded it straight away. Nev1 (talk) 20:44, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I've cropped it a bit, but feel free to play around with the image yourself. Nev1 (talk) 20:58, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Done - trimmed a little bit more, turned the background black - looks really good! Hchc2009 (talk)

100,000 pounds?
Great to see this article in such excellent shape! Since Sir Robert Dudley undoubtedly inherited and owned the castle, I took the liberty to correct the episode about the aftermath of Leicester's death. Another point: I'd strongly think that 100,000 pounds cannot be true regarding the 1575 costs. Even the 1,000 pounds per day (just a fifth) are thought to be legendary. Leicester died with about 50,000 pounds in debt, practically bankrupt, after financing one of Elizabeth's wars. He would never have had the 100,000 to spend. Would it be o.k. to put in the story of 1,000 per day again, if I can find a suitable source? Or let's simply say that the costs for the festival were believed to have almost bankrupted the Earl? Buchraeumer (talk) 15:41, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

I've decided to go ahead with this. If he had spent such fantastic amounts there would be traces in his accounts, or debts. The Netherlands in the 1580s were Leicester's financial ruin, not this party. Buchraeumer (talk) 23:19, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Seems sensible. I could find sources saying 1,000/day, and sources saying the 100,000, but neither were giving away where they'd got the information from! :) Hchc2009 (talk)

 * Quick question on the "Dudley went to Italy in 1605, and in 1611/1612 arranged to sell Kenilworth Castle to Henry, the Prince of Wales" - in terms of the 1611/12 bit, does this mean that he made the arrangements between 1611 and 1612, or is there uncertainty as to when he did it? (NB: not disputing the facts, just checking how we should present the date!). Hchc2009 (talk) 11:34, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

 * The sale "was concluded in November 1611". I guess I put it 1611/12 because Henry died before the payment was fully done, please change as you see fit! I'd think this is too much detail for the article but perhaps interesting to you: "The sale was concluded in November 1611. Kenilworth had been valued in 1609 at £38,000 clear, but Dudley apparently accepted £15,000 (£14,500 according to Charles I in 1644), although Henry's agent later stated that he had agreed to only £7000. In mid-1612 James assigned Henry £7000 towards the purchase, but Henry had received only half this sum before he died in November and how much had been remitted to Dudley by then is unknown." (ODNB Sir Robert Dudley article by Simon Adams) Buchraeumer (talk) 17:55, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

 * 'Ta! Hchc2009 (talk) 09:15, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

File:Panorama of Kenilworth Castle from Gibbet Hill.jpg
Currently, the caption for the above images reads "Kenilworth Castle viewed from Gibbet Hill." I've had an email from that Gibbet Hill is a few miles from where the photograph was taken. The link to Google maps isn't necessary in this edit. How about a compromise, changing the caption to "Kenilworth Castle viewed from the south west, where the great mere used to be." To most readers, Gibbet Hill won't mean much, and Kenilworth Castle Car Park Footpath even less, but I think the proposed wording would be more meaningful to someone who's read the article. Nev1 (talk) 11:39, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

From Mike00046: I agree with the new wording to some degree, but would add at the point of where the photo was taken is a kissing gate and display notice board for http://www.kenilworthfootpaths.org.uk/ is located see http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/KOwGxd9GFJ8492MyHZ6_TQ which does tell the reader that walks are available on public footpaths from the Kenilworth Castle main car park i.e. The Millenium Walks (This on is called The Brays) I have also emailed the owner of the photo as well - how did it get labelled incorrectly initially? --86.137.223.89 (talk) 12:08, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm very happy with Nev1's proposed wording. Hchc2009 (talk) 18:24, 19 January 2011 (UTC) (NB: I know where the castle and the footpath is, but not Gibbet Hill, so very happy to accept Mike00046's recommendation on the geography!) Hchc2009 (talk) 18:28, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

The geotagging (available on the original Flickr page where this photo is hosted) on that photo is pretty accurate (ie nowhere near Gibbet Hill). It's taken just South of the castle, from a footpath accessible from Castle Road. The new wording sounds pretty good. ChrisSinjo (talk) 20:26, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Thomas Chaloner
With regards to this revert. There is nothing wrong with the information added. Hchc2009, if you do not like the citation style then change it, but that is no excuse for reverting all of the edit. What exactly is your justification for reverting the additions to the article? -- PBS (talk) 06:46, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * As I noted when making the revert, see the equivalent conversation between yourself and other editors here; you'll probably recall, since you edited the section about ten days ago, that this was another example when you edited an article, changed the citation style, and were unhappy when others reverted. In that case, Nev1 commented that "If a newbie editor had edited using a different citation style I would have happily stepped in and made the necessary changes myself, but by now you should be able to match an article's format in your sleep." Johnbod noted that "you are clearly breaching WP:Citation with these undiscussed changes". Parrot said that "once again PBS, you appear to be trying to impose your view of what citation styles are appropriate for an article". If you're not aware of how different citation styles operate in Wikipedia, feel free to ask for help (indeed, I'd be very happy to help anyone who doesn't understand how they work). But I don't think its reasonable to repeatedly ignore this policy, and expect other editors to follow around cleaning up. Hchc2009 (talk) 07:06, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * You are not justifying the revert to the alternations I have made to the text. Also what is it that I am changing in the style? I have used the same style as is already there (short citations) and modified one long citation to a short citation. So explain 1) why you have made a general revert, and 2) what is the citation style that you are defending? -- PBS (talk) 08:19, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I would have thought you know exactly the style that is being talked about because you changed one of the citations from to . You can see the result for yourself. And it's not as if you plunged straight into the article without checking how the references were set up, you saw how it was done and then ignored it it which goes explicitly against WP:CITEVAR "Editors may choose any option they want; one article need not match what is done in other articles. However, citations within a given article should follow a consistent style." (original emphasis). Nev1 (talk) 12:32, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * There are two references to Adams. If the style is to be consistent and both are to be short citations then a year is needed for clarity and disambiguation. -- PBS (talk) 01:14, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Here we go again! Changed citation style is an "excuse for reverting all of the edit", which Hchc2009 seems to have no problems with otherwise (he might confirm/clarify this). Why should he have to follow an experienced editor round cleaning up after him? Johnbod (talk) 13:57, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Because it is not a clean up. If Hchc2009 does not like it then s/he is free to change it to that which s/he likes and then we can discuss whether that change ought to be made but "I don't like it" is not an excuse for reverting edits. -- PBS (talk) 01:14, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Basically, yes. I'd have gone for a mild ce of the text, but I think the additional material is interesting and I'm perfectly relaxed about where the 16th and 17th century bits finish and start (a matter of taste!). The date of the one of the new sources (late Victorian) is relatively old, but is typically going to be accurate for supporting this particular kind of material on this particular castle. The introduction of different citations styles for the printed books and articles, and changing the citation format and style of on-line web sources, were the issues for me; I probably sounded unduly grouchy above, but we'd only all recently finished the same debate on the Tower of London changes... Hchc2009 (talk) 17:55, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Rather than using the Dictionary of National Biography from 1887, it would probably be a better idea to use the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography from 2004. If you've not got access to it, I can send you the relevant article. Nev1 (talk) 18:02, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Sounds even better - I don't have access to the 2004 version. Hchc2009 (talk) 18:06, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The text should be sitting in your inbox. Nev1 (talk) 18:15, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The ODNB sates "John Westby-Gibson, ‘Chaloner, Sir Thomas, the younger (1563/4–1615)’, rev. Kenneth L. Campbell," Ie the text is a review of the DNB. As the DNB is public domain and we have a copy on Wikisource, it is a preferable source to the ODNB unless there is a discrepancy between them in which case the newer source is preferable. In this case the two wordings are DNB "In 1605 he was entrusted with the repairs of Kenilworth Castle, the planting of gardens, restoration of fish-ponds, game preserves, &c." ODNB [the dates in the paragraph proceeding the sentence are 1603 and about 1605] "He was put in charge of the repair of Kenilworth Castle and the development of its grounds".  -- PBS (talk) 01:14, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Preferable according to what policy? Nev1 (talk) 01:20, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Not a matter of policy but opinion see Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 89 and Talk:Hanged, drawn and quartered/Archive 5 in this case there is a more detailed sentence in the DNB than in the ONDB. -- PBS (talk) 09:53, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

This was a destructive edit, it replaces an inter wiki link with an external link, it removes, location, publisher, volume, and page number information from the citation. This cite DNB template is also potentially useful for furtherance of the WikiProject Dictionary of National Biography. -- PBS (talk) 18:11, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
 * You've lost me there PBS. Doesn't "Stephen, Leslie. (ed) 1887 The Dictionary of National Biography : From the Earliest Times to 1900: Volume 9, Canute - Chaloner. London, UK: Smith, Elder and Co. OCLC 163195750." include that information? Hchc2009 (talk) 18:17, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Some of it but not all of it. Why split the citation? Where is the internal link, where is the wikisource icon? What is your objection to using the standard template for displaying links to DNB on Wikisource?-- PBS (talk) 18:48, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

PBS, I don't want to raise tensions, but could we discuss the latest change? The other online sources used in the article keep to a consistent style; I believe you don't like this style, because I think it's come up before on other talk page discussions, and was part of the issues discussed above in January. If you want to alter the citation style, could you raise it as a change proposal here, and we can discuss as per WP:CITEVAR? Hchc2009 (talk) 18:41, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

 * This page is set up with long and short citations. This edit breaks that citation style and it removed additional information such as the doi: and access information. No only does it place the long citation in the wrong place, it also formats the citation in a way that is different from all the other long citations. -- PBS (talk) 18:48, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
 * All the on-line citations in the article (websites, on-line sources etc.) are in the long form. I'm not trying to be difficult, but it looks as though the retrieval/access date is already there. If you think it would benefit from the doi, then why don't we just add it to the long citation? (NB: you've just done this anyway while I've been typing!) Hchc2009 (talk) 18:56, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
 * The access date is not "January 2008" that is the last edit date (when the article it was put online). The entry does not require a access date as it has a doi and edit updates.
 * The ODNB is no more online than the DNB. It seems very bizarre to me to say that if a source contains a URL link to it then it should be placed in a footnote but if it does not than it should be split into a general reference and a short citations. This distinction is not a style difference recognised at WP:CITE. -- PBS (talk) 19:38, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

Are you really saying that you support this although the only difference is that one includes a URL and the other not?
 * Notes

-- PBS (talk) 19:38, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
 * References

If there is nothing further to say on the issue then I think that the ONDB long citation should be placed in the general references section where the rest of the long citations and leave a short inline citation as is the format for other sources in this article. -- PBS (talk) 15:16, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * If you wish to propose a change to the citation style, as per the above, feel free to do so. In the meantime, please follow WP:CITEVAR. Alternatively, you could always request a third opinion at Third opinion. Hchc2009 (talk) 15:29, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I am not proposing a change in the citation style, I am proposing that books should be cited consistently. At the moment some long citations to books appear in the general references section with short inline citation, while others appear as long citations within inline citations. -- PBS (talk) 10:37, 20 October 2012 (UTC)
 * An alternative, if you wished, would be to seek a third opinion as to whether the on-line version of the ONDB should be classed as a hardcopy book or an on-line source at Wikipedia talk:Citing sources. Hchc2009 (talk) 14:08, 20 October 2012 (UTC)
 * What is your position on the example I gave of the DNB above? -- PBS (talk) 15:27, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

There is no established citation style here, there is a mishmash of short and long styles. There is no reason not to use the citation templates ODNB and DNB which include hidden categories to aid various Wikipedia projects. It is my intention to reinstate them unless someone can present a valid argument was to why short citations should not be used with them. -- PBS (talk) 17:28, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
 * As per the above, I don't think you have consensus on this talk page for the change, PBS. Hchc2009 (talk) 17:53, 8 July 2013 (UTC)

 * (1) the current citations are a mishmash of short and long citation styles, so there is not style. (2) These templates ODNB and DNB were introduced when the citations were added to the article and aid the DNB project. So it is not I who changed them "merely on the grounds of personal preference", as the templates add value for the relevant project, what is your substantive objections to using these templates? -- PBS (talk) 08:53, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Do you mean further to the discussion above from last year? Hchc2009 (talk) 17:55, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I am not aware that you produced any substantive objections last year. So please state what your substantive objections to using these templates are. -- PBS (talk) 08:04, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
 * If we're going to start a fresh discussion about a change in citation style, I think we should probably start a new section. Hchc2009 (talk) 17:49, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
 * By all means if you want to, but I do not think we are discussing changing style and I would like to know what your substantive objections are to using the templates Cite DNB and cite ODNB. -- PBS (talk) 14:04, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * If we're not discussing a change in style, then, as per last year's conversation, the key issue is CITEVAR - an article's style shouldn't be changed without discussion first. If the question is the relative value of different templates against the background of this article, then let's start a new threat on the proposed style change. Hchc2009 (talk) 07:44, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * If we're not discussing a change in a consistent style and did I use I did not use the templates or propose their use "on the grounds of personal preference", so I do see the need to start a new section. If you want to "start a fresh discussion about a change in citation style" then you can do so. However repeating that suggestion does not answer my question about these two templates. What are your substantive objections to using the templates to display information about the DNB and ODNB citations? -- PBS (talk) 10:26, 13 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I quite understood your first sentence, PBS. Did you mean that you don't want to start a new section? Hchc2009 (talk) 19:23, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Fixed the problem with a strike and added "I did not use". It should make sense to you now. However that does not affect the second sentence: What are your substantive objections to using the templates to display information about the DNB and ODNB citations? -- PBS (talk) 12:53, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

Generically, I don't have a strong opinion in favour of, or against templates. I've used a wide range in the past when editing different articles. If an editor proposes adding them to an article that doesn't use them, however, it does require consensus, as per CITEVAR (mentioned last year). Having a single citation in as different format to all the rest, due to a particular template, doesn't make much sense to me though. If you're suggesting a change in style, please start a new action so that it's clear. If you're not proposing a change, then generic questions about the advantages of particular templates might live better elsewhere. Hchc2009 (talk) 16:12, 15 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It does not involve CITEVAR because there is no change to any style as there is no consistent style in place. The reason for using the DNB templates is because it adds hidden categories to the article that aids maintenance. At the moment you are the only one objecting to its introduction and you say "Having a single citation in as different format to all the rest, due to a particular template, doesn't make much sense to me though" In what way would the format of the citation vary for a reader? Given that the template aids the project by introducing hidden categories and an icon to advertise the Wikipsource domain do you have any substantive reasons for it not being there as "doesn't make much sense to me though" does not appear to be a substantive reason to outweigh the benefits of using the template? -- PBS (talk) 17:24, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Given that the debate has perhaps got a little stale/circular since January 2012, :), I've left a message over at WikiProject Military History to perhaps draw some more comment in... Hchc2009 (talk) 18:44, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Leicester's Building
May be worth a mention in the Today section that the Leicester's Building has been reopened to the public after viewing platforms have been installed. See http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-29053731 and http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-21056150 Keith D (talk) 12:32, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Sounds sensible - I've added something in. Hchc2009 (talk) 16:22, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

The Mere
The image on the right shows the Mere partially flooded in 2012. I'm bringing it to people's attention in case it would be useful in the article. Nev1 (talk) 15:04, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

Pleasurance?
One of the article's image captions uses "Pleasurance." Is this a typo, or a legitimate alternate spelling of "Pleasance"? 174.24.42.44 (talk) 22:14, 19 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Good question: my guess is a typo for Pleasaunce, an archaic spelling of pleasance—which at any rate I agree must be the intended meaning—having one more letter in common. The OED has an entry for pleasurance, but the only sense given is as a synonym for pleasure, so here it would have to be interpreted as a proper name.—Odysseus 1 4 7  9  05:30, 20 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Yep, it's a typo - good spot. I've corrected. Hchc2009 (talk) 08:26, 20 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kenilworth Castle


text:
Macomb

Macomb is the name of several places in the United States of America:

 * Macomb, Illinois
 * Macomb County, Michigan
 * Macomb Township, Michigan
 * Macomb, Missouri
 * Macomb, New York
 * Macomb's Purchase, New York
 * Macomb, Oklahoma

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Macomb


text:
Talk:George V

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:25, 1 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Royal Coat of Arms of Canada.svg

Move discussion in progress
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Liberal Peers - but not to pass the Budget
The article stated that the King had privately told Asquith that he would not agree to mass creation of peers to pass the budget until the Liberals had won two elections. This makes no sense as Lansdowne had been explicitly clear, even in the wording of the Lords' motion, that the lack of a public mandate was their excuse for blocking the budget (and they let it pass without a whimper in April 1910). It was probably my fault when I wrote up that section a decade or so ago.

Neither Gordon Murray's study of the 1909 Budget nor Neal Blewett's 400 page tome on the 1910 elections make any mention of a mooted creation of peers to pass the Budget.

The Lords had been infuriating the Liberal Party by blocking their legislation - Gladstone's Second Home Rule Bill in 1893 and most of their legislation since 1905. However, the Liberal Cabinet weren't agreed on what to do about it - most wanted to replace the Lords' veto with a delaying power, as Campbell-Bannerman had declared an intention to do in 1907. Other leading Liberals like Edward Grey wanted to change the composition of the Lords. In the end Asquith obtained a consensus for the former, appeasing the latter group with the famous preamble to the 1911 Parliament Act promising that the reform is just a temporary measure pending the replacement of the Lords with an elected Upper House (stop sniggering at the back). But that didn't happen until later in the year. So I've just put "creation of peers to allow passage of Liberal legislation" as the Liberals hadn't yet decided exactly what to do about the Lords in January 1910. Paulturtle (talk) 23:43, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

RfC of interest
(non-automated message) Greetings! I have opened an RfC on WT:ROYALTY that may be of interest to users following this article talk page! You are encouraged to contribute to this discussion here! Hurricane Andrew (444) 20:04, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:George V


text:
James Blake (tennis)

James Riley Blake (born December 28, 1979) is an American former professional tennis player. He won 10 titles on the ATP Tour (out of 24 finals contested), reaching a career-high singles ranking of world No. 4. His career highlights included reaching the final of the 2006 Tennis Masters Cup, the semifinals of the 2008 Beijing Olympics (beating world No. 1 Roger Federer en route), the quarterfinals of the 2008 Australian Open and 2005 and 2006 US Opens, two titles at the Hopman Cup (in 2003 and 2004) and being the American No. 1 in men's singles. Blake was also a key performer for the victorious United States 2007 Davis Cup team, winning both his matches in the championship tie against Russia.

In 2004, Blake fractured a vertebra in an accident while training. He made a full recovery, and in 2005 he was presented with the Comeback Player of the Year award for his return to the tour. Later, in 2008, Blake was named the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year. Blake's autobiography, Breaking Back: How I Lost Everything and Won Back My Life, co-written with Andrew Friedman, discussed his comeback after his 2004 season. It was released on July 3. 2007, and debuted at No. 22 on the New York Times Best Seller list.

Blake retired from professional tennis at the 2013 US Open, being defeated in five sets against Ivo Karlovic and in three sets in men's doubles.

Early life and education
Blake was born in Yonkers, New York, to an African American father, Thomas Reynolds Blake, and a British mother, Betty. He has a brother Thomas, who has also been a professional tennis player, and three older half-brothers: Jason, Christopher, and Howard, and a half-sister Michelle.

Blake started playing tennis at the age of five alongside his older brother Thomas. When he was 13, he was diagnosed with severe scoliosis, and for five years as a teenager he was forced to wear a full-length back brace for 18 hours a day, though not while playing tennis.

The Blake family moved to Fairfield, Connecticut when Blake's father's job selling surgical supplies took him from New York to Hartford, Connecticut. Blake attended Fairfield High School, where a schoolmate and childhood friend was future musician John Mayer. Blake was inspired to pursue tennis after hearing his role model Arthur Ashe speak to the Harlem Junior Tennis Program. Brian Barker was his first (and longtime) coach. Blake left Harvard University, where he was a member of the A.D. Club, after his sophomore year to pursue a career in professional tennis. In 2018, he was elected into the ITA Collegiate Hall of Fame.

2001
At the age of 21, Blake saw his first Davis Cup action in 2001 against India and became the third person of African-American heritage to play for the Davis Cup for the United States (after Arthur Ashe and MaliVai Washington). Ranked no. 120 in the world, Blake accepted a wild card into Cincinnati Masters. He beat a qualifier and Arnaud Clément to reach the round of 16, where he met Patrick Rafter. Blake came close to winning the first set (falling in a tiebreak), and after dropping the second set, Rafter, according to Blake's autobiography, complimented him at the net and boosted his confidence immeasurably by saying, "Now do you believe you can beat someone like me, or even me?" Blake's name became more recognizable worldwide after he pushed the eventual champion Lleyton Hewitt to five sets at the US Open.

2002
In January 2002, Blake won the 2002 USTA Waikoloa Challenger in Hawaii. A month later in Memphis he posted his first win over a top-10 ranked opponent, Tommy Haas, who was then ranked no. 5, and reached the final, losing to Andy Roddick. He reached the quarterfinals at the ATP Masters Series (AMS) event in Rome in May and the final at Newport in July. In August, in Cincinnati, he won his first career ATP Tour title and his first ATP Masters Series title: it came in doubles with Todd Martin, making Blake the first African-American male to win a title of any kind in Cincinnati's 101-year history. He was also the first African-American to reach a final in Cincinnati since 1969, when Arthur Ashe reached the doubles finals with Charlie Pasarell. The next week in Washington, he won his first ATP Tour singles title, beating Andre Agassi in the semifinals and Paradorn Srichaphan in the final. At the US Open, he reached the third round, where he again faced the top-ranked and world number one Lleyton Hewitt for the rematch of the previous year. In an entertaining match Blake was again defeated in five sets.

2003
In 2003, his best results were a quarterfinals appearance at Indian Wells; a round of 16 finish at the Australian Open, Cincinnati, and Miami; a semifinal appearance at San Jose, and a finals appearance at Long Island, where he lost to Srichaphan. Blake was eliminated from the US Open in the 3rd round by Roger Federer.

2004
2004 was a difficult year for Blake. In May, while practicing with Robby Ginepri for the Masters event in Rome, he broke his neck when he slipped on the clay and collided with the net post. Blake fractured his seventh vertebra, but did not sustain any nerve damage and was ultimately able to make a full recovery from the injury. In July, his father died of stomach cancer. At the same time, Blake developed shingles, which temporarily paralyzed half his face and blurred his vision.

2005
Blake's injuries and personal issues caused him to post relatively poor results for the first half of 2005. By April his ranking was 210. He decided to play the Challenger circuit, the "minor leagues" of tennis, in order to regain confidence and get more matches. In May he entered events in Tunica, Mississippi and Forest Hills, New York, and won both. He rejoined the ATP circuit and by August reached the final at the International Series event in Washington, D.C., where he fell to Roddick. He was given a wild card into AMS Cincinnati, drawing Federer in the first round. He then won the Pilot Pen Tennis tournament in New Haven, Connecticut, defeating Feliciano López in the final. After New Haven he was ranked 49.

Blake accepted a wildcard into the US Open. After defeating No. 2 Rafael Nadal in the round of 32, Blake beat Tommy Robredo in four sets to reach the quarterfinals where he faced Andre Agassi. The late-evening match is considered one of the greatest classics in the tournament's history. Blake was up two sets and a break in the third when Agassi made a comeback to eventually win in a fifth-set tiebreak. After the match Agassi said, "I wasn't the winner, tennis was". Later in October at the Stockholm Open, Blake won his third ATP tour title, defeating Srichaphan in the final. Blake finished 2005 ranked 22 in the world.

2006
At the beginning of 2006, Blake won the title at Sydney, taking his fourth ATP tour title defeating Russian Igor Andreev in the final. At the Australian Open he was seeded 20th, and despite losing in the third round to Spaniard Tommy Robredo he broke into the top 20 for the first time in his career. In March he beat Hewitt in the final at Las Vegas for his fifth ATP tour title. At the first AMS event of the year Indian Wells, Blake defeated Robredo in the third round and world No. 2 Nadal in the semifinals, reaching his first career ATP Masters Series singles final, losing in the final to Federer. By reaching the final, Blake became the first African-American man since Arthur Ashe to reach the world's top 10.

At the French Open he defeated Spaniard Nicolás Almagro in four sets in the second round, to become the last remaining American, and then was beaten by Frenchman Gaël Monfils in five sets. Beginning the grass court season at the Stella Artois Championships, he defeated Andy Roddick in the semifinals, losing to Lleyton Hewitt in the final. Ranked No. 5, Blake took part in the International Series at Indianapolis. He won the singles title, defeating Roddick (for the second time in 2006). At the US Open he reached the quarterfinals, losing to top seed and defending champion Roger Federer. In that match Blake won his first ever set against Federer, winning the third set in a tiebreaker 11–9.

In his debut appearance at the Thailand Open in Bangkok, Blake won his seventh singles title, defeating Jarkko Nieminen in the quarterfinals, Marat Safin in the semifinals, and Ivan Ljubičić (for the first time) in the final. Two weeks later Blake won his fifth title of 2006, defending his 2005 title in Stockholm, defeating Jarkko Nieminen. For the first time, Blake qualified for the Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai. He went 2–1 in the Gold Group, defeating No. 2 Nadal and No. 3 Nikolay Davydenko, while losing to No. 6 Tommy Robredo. He qualified for the semifinals, beating defending champion David Nalbandian, losing the final to Federer. Blake finished 2006 at a career-high World Number 4 and as the highest-ranked American tennis player.

2007
In 2007 Blake won at the Sydney International for the second consecutive year. However, he then suffered a disappointing loss in the Round of 16 at the Australian Open, losing to tenth seed and eventual finalist Fernando González. In February, Blake made it to the final of the Delray Beach tournament, but lost it to the Belgian Xavier Malisse in three tight sets.

At the 2007 Tennis Channel Open in Las Vegas, as the defending champion, he was involved with a deep controversy. It was one of the several tournaments experimenting with the new round robin format, and Blake had lost his first match to Evgeny Korolev. Korolev lost his other match to Juan Martín del Potro. In order to advance to the quarterfinals, Blake had to defeat Del Potro in straight sets while losing five games or less. This would result in a three-way tie, with Blake losing the fewest games. With Blake leading 6–1, 3–1, Del Potro retired. This eliminated Del Potro from the three-way tie as he failed to complete one of his matches. Korolev then moved on to the next round, breaking the tie as he had defeated Blake in their direct match. Soon after, the organizers overruled the tournament guidelines, giving Blake a place in the quarterfinals. The following morning however, they changed the decision once again and as a result, Korolev re-advanced to the quarterfinals, while Blake was sent away from the tournament. Shortly after this incident, the ATP decided to cancel the round robin format, reverting any tournaments planning a round robin draw to the standard single-elimination draw.

During the summer hardcourt season, he advanced to his second career ATP Masters Series final. At AMS Cincinnati, he beat Alejandro Falla, Nicolas Kiefer, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Sam Querrey and Nikolay Davydenko en route to the final before falling to Roger Federer. He won the singles title at Penn Pilot in New Haven, Connecticut, and reached the final at Los Angeles, losing to Radek Štěpánek in three sets after having three set points in the first set. In the second round of the 2007 US Open, he won his first career five-set match against Fabrice Santoro. Blake made it to the fourth round, where he lost to No. 10 Tommy Haas in five sets, despite having match points in the fifth set. In September Blake and the rest of the US Davis Cup team defeated Sweden to reach the finals against Russia.

Blake lost in the third round of Paris to Richard Gasquet and thus finished outside the top eight players, losing his chance to defend the points he gained as finalist in the 2006 Tennis Masters Cup. In the 2007 Davis Cup finals Blake won his match against Mikhail Youzhny after Andy Roddick had beaten Dmitry Tursunov in the first rubber. The next day Bob and Mike Bryan won the doubles rubber over Igor Andreev and Nikolay Davydenko, sealing the Davis Cup win for the United States. Blake also defeated Tursunov in the last match of the finals to give Team USA 4–1 win.

2008
At the Australian Open, Blake defeated his first round opponent, Chilean Nicolás Massú. He then defeated compatriot Michael Russell. In the third round, he fought back from two sets down to beat French veteran Sébastien Grosjean who had beaten him in each of their three previous meetings. In the fourth round, Blake beat Marin Čilić in three sets to advance to the quarterfinals, his best showing yet down under. In the quarterfinal, Blake faced world No. 1 Roger Federer, and fell in straight sets. Although out of the Australian Open, Blake's ranking jumped back into the top 10 to No. 9 following his best performance in the tournament yet.

In Delray Beach, Blake made it to the final for the second consecutive year, but fell to No. 244 Kei Nishikori of Japan in three sets in the final. At the 2008 Pacific Life Open, Blake reached the quarter-finals before losing to Rafael Nadal in three sets. They met again in the next tournament at the 2008 Miami Masters also in the quarter-finals, and again Blake lost to Nadal in three sets. Blake then started the clay court season at the River Oaks International tournament in Houston, Texas. In his second ATP final of the year and his first career clay-court final, Blake fell to Spaniard Marcel Granollers.

In August 2008, Blake represented the United States as one of its three men's singles tennis players in the Beijing Olympics. In the quarterfinals, he gained one of the biggest wins of his career with his first ever win over Roger Federer 6–4, 7–6. At the time, Federer was ranked as the world's No. 1 men's player. His semifinal match was against Fernando González, the Men's Singles bronze medalist at the 2004 Olympics in Athens. Blake had a triple match point in the final set, but would go on to lose 11–9. He then lost the bronze medal match to Serbian Novak Djokovic.

In the US Open, Blake was stretched to a 5 set thriller against American teenager Donald Young in the first round. Blake easily won his second round match after Steve Darcis retired and then lost to friend and fellow American Mardy Fish in the third round in straight sets.

2009
Blake defeated Frank Dancevic in the first round of the Australian Open. His success continued in the second round after deposing of Frenchman Sébastien de Chaunac in a match laden with spectator noise and bad line calls. Blake went on to face the 18th seed, Igor Andreev, in the third round and beat him. He lost in the fourth round in straight sets to the 2008 runner-up Jo-Wilfried Tsonga.

At the 2009 Estoril Open Blake advanced to his first clay-court final on European soil, after beating second seed and former Estoril Open champion Nikolay Davydenko in a rain-interrupted semi-final that was carried over due to bad light. Blake was defeated by Spain's Albert Montañés later that day in the finals. The 28-year-old Montanes saved two match points at 4–5 in the second set and fought back to beat fourth-seeded Blake in two hours and 14 minutes.

At the Aegon Championships at Queen's Club, Blake defeated Ivan Ljubičić, Sam Querrey, and Mikhail Youzhny to reach the semi-finals. He then reached the final after Andy Roddick retired with an ankle injury in the first set when the score was tied at 4 games all. He then went on to lose in the final to Andy Murray. After being eliminated in the first round of the singles, Blake partnered with compatriot Mardy Fish at the Wimbledon Men's Doubles. The Americans advanced to the semi-finals where they lost to defending champions Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić despite winning the first two sets.

Following a 3rd round loss at the 2009 US Open to Spain's Tommy Robredo, Blake split with longtime coach Brian Barker. He was replaced by Kelly Jones.

2010
At the 2010 Australian Open, Blake lost to fourth seed and US Open champion Juan Martín del Potro in the second round in five sets (8–10 final set). He then missed the clay court season due to a knee injury. Blake returned to action at Wimbledon, where he lost in the first round to Robin Haase, during which Blake accused ESPN commentator and former WTA player Pam Shriver of disrupting play due to her overly loud commentary from the box situated above the court behind him. This led to a verbal exchange between the two during the match. After the match, Blake declared that if his knee problems did not subside he would consider retirement. Blake, who refused to take any anti-inflammatories for his knee, called his performance "embarrassing" and said "I can't beat these guys at 80 percent." Despite these comments, Blake played the US Summer hard court season, and reached the third round of the 2010 US Open, where he lost to eventual finalist Novak Djokovic. Blake finished the year ranked outside the Top 100 for the first time since 2000.

2011–2013
Between the beginning of 2011–2013, Blake remained ranked outside the world's top 50, due to recurring injuries and loss of form. During the three seasons, he reached a single ATP-tour semifinal, at the 2011 Stockholm Open. At the US Open in August 2013, Blake announced his retirement. In 2019, he was elected to the Collegiate Hall of Fame.

2023
James Blake returned to the tour in May 2023, after 10 years off the tour. Blake entered an M15 Rancho Santa Fe event in the doubles using a wildcard.

Playing style
Blake was primarily an offensive baseliner. Blake was known for possessing one of the most powerful forehands in the game, with a solid transition game, and an effective serve and volley. Blake also possessed extremely quick footwork, although many claimed that he needed to work on changing direction. Blake's reputation as a "shotmaker," combined with potentially high-error flat groundstrokes made his style of play notably flashy, characterized by both a high number of winners and unforced errors. In turn, this made Blake's game somewhat streaky, as evidenced by his playing history.

Equipment and endorsements
Blake worked with Prince to create a new racquet with Prince's O3 technology. However, he did not feel comfortable with this racquet. So, he switched back to the Dunlop Sport Aerogel 200, then the 4D 200, for the 2009 season. He changed to Wilson at the start of the 2010 season, using the new Six.One Tour strung with Luxilon Big Banger Alu Power 16L strings at high tension (60+ pounds). He did not feel comfortable with this racquet either. Therefore, he switched back to Dunlop again. After the US Open of 2010, he began to test out rackets for Head. As August 26, 2011, he announced he will use Donnay rackets as his choice and using a customized Donnay X-Dual Pro. His clothing sponsor is Fila, with whom he started working in 2009 after using Nike for most his career. He has his own clothing line named Thomas Reynolds Collection after his father.

Blake signed an endorsement deal with Evian in 2005 and his contract was extended in 2008.

Personal life
Blake married publicist Emily Snider in Del Mar, California, in 2012. The couple have two daughters.

Blake enjoys golf and basketball and is a fan of the New York Mets. He was featured on Bravo's second edition of Celebrity Poker Showdown but placed 2nd after losing to Maura Tierney.

Blake was also a red pro on Full Tilt Poker, though he has not been active there since shortly before Black Friday. He appeared in People magazine's Sexiest Man Alive issue. He is good friends with singer/songwriter John Mayer, who also attended Fairfield High School. When Blake was invited by Virginia's Anthem to do a cancer charity game honoring his late father, he invited Mayer, Andy Roddick, and Gavin DeGraw to perform.

2015 NYPD incident
On September 9, 2015, Blake was thrown down to the sidewalk, handcuffed, and arrested by a plainclothes New York City Police Department officer in front of the Grand Hyatt New York after being mistaken for a suspect of interest. The officers were relying on a witness and photo of a suspect that looked similar to Blake: they mistook him for a credit-card fraud suspect staying in the same hotel. Commissioner William Bratton apologized for the mistake and stated the "arrest raised serious questions about [the officer's] actions" but denied allegations of racism. Blake sued, but withdrew his claim, saying he was not looking for financial compensation, "on the condition that the city establish a legal fellowship to investigate police misconduct and advocate for victims of brutality."

The violence of the arrest has prompted Blake to take a more active stand on police brutality against minorities. He met with Bratton and New York Mayor Bill de Blasio. He has also written a book, Ways of Grace: Stories of Activism, Adversity, and How Sports Can Bring Us Together, published in June 2017 that details the incident and his shift to activism as a result. Blake was subsequently sued for defamation by the officer who had mistakenly arrested Blake as the book portrayed the officer "as a racist and a goon". The lawsuit was dismissed by a judge in September 2018.

Philanthropy
In 2008 Blake established The James Blake Foundation, which "invests vital seed money at the leading-edge of science: speed up the most promising work, and shortening the time it takes to turn lab discoveries into better treatments for patients." Since 2005, he has hosted Anthem Live!, a charity tennis exhibition and musical event in Virginia and New York City to raise money for cancer research. In July 2008, Blake established the Thomas Blake Sr. Memorial Research Fund to support cancer research at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The fund was named in memory of his father, who died from gastric cancer in 2004. Nike and Fila, which sponsored Blake, created T-shirts for Blake's charity, the J-Block program, and proceeds went to the Cancer Research Fund.

title: James Blake (tennis)


text:
Manchester (disambiguation)

Manchester is a city in the North West of England.

Manchester may also refer to:

In England

 * Greater Manchester, a metropolitan county and combined authority area in northwest England
 * Greater Manchester Urban Area, the large conurbation that encompasses much of Greater Manchester
 * Greater Manchester Statutory City Region, Greater Manchester and five boroughs
 * Anglican Diocese of Manchester
 * Manchester (ancient parish), an ancient ecclesiastical parish
 * Manchester (ancient township), a townships in the ancient parish
 * Manchester (HM Prison), a men's prison (commonly called "Strangeways") in Manchester
 * Manchester (UK Parliament constituency), 1654–1660 and 1832–1885

In the United States

 * Manchester, California, a census-designated place
 * Manchester, Monterey County, California, a ghost town
 * Manchester, Connecticut, a town
 * Manchester (CDP), Connecticut, the urban portion of the town
 * Manchester, Georgia, a town
 * Manchester, Illinois, a village
 * Manchester, Indiana, an unincorporated community and census-designated place
 * Manchester, Montgomery County, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Manchester, Iowa, a city
 * Manchester, Kansas, a city
 * Manchester, Kentucky, a home rule-class city
 * Manchester, Maine, a town
 * Manchester, Maryland, a town
 * Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, often referred to as just "Manchester"
 * Manchester, Michigan, a city
 * Manchester, Minnesota, a city
 * Manchester, Missouri, a city
 * Manchester, New Hampshire, the largest place called Manchester in the United States and largest city in New Hampshire
 * Manchester, New York, a town
 * Manchester (village), New York
 * Manchester, Ohio, a village
 * Manchester, Oklahoma, a town
 * Manchester, Pennsylvania, a borough
 * Manchester (Pittsburgh), a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Manchester, South Dakota, an unincorporated community
 * Manchester, Tennessee, a city
 * Manchester, Houston, Texas
 * Manchester, Vermont, a town
 * Manchester (village), Vermont, within the town
 * Manchester, Richmond, Virginia, a former city, now part of Richmond
 * Manchester, Chesterfield County, Virginia, a census-designated place
 * Manchester, Washington, an unincorporated community and census-designated place
 * Manchester, Green Lake County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Manchester (community), Green Lake County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community within the town
 * Manchester, Jackson County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Manchester, New Hampshire
 * Manchester Township (disambiguation)
 * Federal Correctional Institution, Manchester, a medium-security federal prison for men in Clay County, Kentucky

Elsewhere

 * County of Manchester, Australia, a cadastral unit in South Australia
 * Manchester, Bolivia, a town
 * Manchester, Nova Scotia, Canada, a small community
 * Manchester Parish, Jamaica
 * Manchester, Suriname, a settlement

Military

 * Avro 533 Manchester, a twin-engine biplane photo-reconnaissance and bomber aircraft of 1918
 * Avro Manchester, a twin-engine heavy bomber used by the RAF during World War II
 * HMS Manchester, three ships of the Royal Navy
 * USS Manchester, two ships of the United States Navy
 * Manchester Regiment, also known as The Manchesters, a British Army regiment

Music

 * Manchester (album), an album by Tim Barry
 * "Manchester" (song), a 2006 song by the Beautiful South
 * "Manchester" (The Times song), a 1990 single by The Times

People

 * Manchester (surname)
 * Manchester Boddy (1891–1967), American newspaper publisher
 * Duke of Manchester or Earl of Manchester, a title of the Peerage of the United Kingdom from 1626 to date
 * Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester Rancheria, a federally recognized Native American tribe in California

Schools

 * University of Manchester, an institution of higher education in England
 * Victoria University of Manchester, usually referred to as the Univeristy of Manchester, a predecessor of the current University of Manchester
 * Manchester University (Indiana), a private liberal arts university in Indiana, United States
 * Manchester Community College (Connecticut), United States
 * Manchester Community College (New Hampshire), United States
 * Manchester High School (disambiguation)
 * Manchester Grammar School, Manchester, England, the largest private day school for boys in the United Kingdom
 * Manchester Academy (disambiguation)
 * Manchester School of Acting, a drama college in Manchester, England
 * Manchester School of Architecture in Manchester, England
 * Manchester School of Technology, a school in Manchester, New Hampshire
 * Manchester GATE, an elementary school in Fresno, California, United States

Science and technology

 * Manchester cloth, also known as corduroy
 * Manchester code, an electronic transmission method used for communication
 * Manchester Mark 1, an early British computer
 * Manchester score, a system of assessing small-cell lung cancer
 * Manchester, the name of a variant of the Athlon 64 X2 CPU

Football

 * Premier League
 * Manchester City F.C.
 * Manchester United F.C.
 * Manchester United (video game series)
 * Other
 * Manchester F.C. (disambiguation), several teams

Ice hockey

 * Manchester Monarchs (AHL), operated 2001–2015 in New Hampshire, United States
 * Manchester Monarchs (ECHL), operated 2015–2019 in New Hampshire, United States
 * Manchester Phoenix, operated 2003–2017 in England
 * Manchester Storm (1995–2002), in England
 * Manchester Storm (2015–), in England

Other sports

 * Manchester Silkworms, a collegiate baseball team in Connecticut, United States
 * Manchester Rugby Club, in England

Airports

 * Manchester Airport, near Manchester, England
 * Manchester Woodford Aerodrome, near Manchester, England, closed in 2011
 * City Airport Manchester, formerly Manchester Barton Aerodrome, Manchester, England

Bus stations

 * Manchester station (Los Angeles Metro), United States

Rail stations

 * Manchester Piccadilly station, the principal railway station in Manchester, England
 * Manchester Oxford Road railway station, the second busiest railway station in Manchester, England
 * Manchester Victoria station, the third busiest railway station in Manchester, England
 * Manchester station group, a station group of four railway stations in Manchester, England
 * Manchester station (MBTA), in Massachusetts, United States
 * Manchester Union Station, in New Hampshire, United States, closed in 1967

Other transport

 * Manchester Ship Canal, an inland waterway in England linking Manchester to the Irish Sea
 * Manchester (barque), a four-masted British barque
 * Manchester Road (disambiguation)

Other uses

 * "Manchester" (The West Wing), a two-part episodes of the show
 * Manchester Black, a DC Comics antihero later turned supervillain
 * Manchester Terrier, a breed of dog
 * Manchester, a term used in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa for bedding and linens

title: Manchester (disambiguation)


text:
User:Tesskrose

Contributions

title: User:Tesskrose


text:
Malvern

Malvern or Malverne may refer to:

Australia

 * Malvern, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide
 * Malvern, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
 * Malvern railway station, Melbourne
 * City of Malvern, a former local government area near Melbourne
 * Electoral district of Malvern, an electoral district in Victoria

England

 * Malvern, Worcestershire, a spa town and civil parish
 * Malvern Hills, a ridge of hills on the boundary of Herefordshire and Worcestershire

United States

 * Malvern, Alabama, a town
 * Malvern, Arkansas, a city
 * Malvern, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Whiteside County, Illinois
 * Malvern, Iowa, a city
 * Malverne, New York, a village
 * Malvern, Ohio, a village
 * Malvern, Pennsylvania, a borough
 * Malvern, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Elsewhere

 * Malvern, Barbados, a town in the parish of Saint Joseph
 * Malvern, Jamaica, a village in the parish of Saint Elizabeth
 * Malvern, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa
 * Malvern, New Zealand, a village now called Sheffield
 * Malvern, Toronto, a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Education

 * Malvern College, a coeducational independent school in Malvern, Worcestershire, England
 * Malvern College Egypt, a British international school in Cairo, Egypt
 * Malvern Collegiate Institute, a high school in Toronto, Canada
 * Malvern High School (disambiguation)
 * Malvern Preparatory School, an independent Catholic middle and high school for boys in Pennsylvania, US

Other uses

 * Malvern (surname), a surname
 * Malvern (Charlottesville, Virginia), a historic home and farm in the US
 * Malvern Instruments, a manufacturer and supplier of laboratory analytical instruments
 * USS Malvern, the name of four US Navy ships
 * Viscount Malvern, a title in the Peerage of the UK
 * Malvern station (disambiguation), stations with the name

title: Malvern


text:
Primary key

In the relational model of databases, a primary key is a specific choice of a minimal set of attributes (columns) that uniquely specify a tuple (row) in a relation (table). Informally, a primary key is "which attributes identify a record," and in simple cases constitute a single attribute: a unique ID. More formally, a primary key is a choice of candidate key (a minimal superkey); any other candidate key is an alternate key.

A primary key may consist of real-world observables, in which case it is called a natural key, while an attribute created to function as a key and not used for identification outside the database is called a surrogate key. For example, for a database of people (of a given nationality), time and location of birth could be a natural key. National identification number is another example of an attribute that may be used as a natural key.

Design
In relational database terms, a primary key does not differ in form or function from a key that isn't primary. In practice, various motivations may determine the choice of any one key as primary over another. The designation of a primary key may indicate the "preferred" identifier for data in the table, or that the primary key is to be used for foreign key references from other tables or it may indicate some other technical rather than semantic feature of the table. Some languages and software have special syntax features that can be used to identify a primary key as such (e.g. the PRIMARY KEY constraint in SQL).

The relational model, as expressed through relational calculus and relational algebra, does not distinguish between primary keys and other kinds of keys. Primary keys were added to the SQL standard mainly as a convenience to the application programmer.

Primary keys can be an integer that is incremented, a universally unique identifier (UUID) or can be generated using Hi/Lo algorithm.

Defining primary keys in SQL
Primary keys are defined in the ISO SQL Standard, through the PRIMARY KEY constraint. The syntax to add such a constraint to an existing table is defined in SQL:2003 like this:

The primary key can also be specified directly during table creation. In the SQL Standard, primary keys may consist of one or multiple columns. Each column participating in the primary key is implicitly                                                                         defined as NOT NULL. Note that some RDBMS require explicitly marking primary key columns as.

If the primary key consists only of a single column, the column can be marked as such using the following syntax:

Surrogate keys
In some circumstances the natural key that uniquely identifies a tuple in a relation may be cumbersome to use for software development. For example, it may involve multiple columns or large text fields. In such cases, a surrogate key can be used instead as the primary key. In other situations there may be more than one candidate key for a relation, and no candidate key is obviously preferred. A surrogate key may be used as the primary key to avoid giving one candidate key artificial primacy over the others.

Since primary keys exist primarily as a convenience to the programmer, surrogate primary keys are often used, in many cases exclusively, in database application design.

Due to the popularity of surrogate primary keys, many developers and in some cases even theoreticians have come to regard surrogate primary keys as an inalienable part of the relational data model. This is largely due to a migration of principles from the object-oriented programming model to the relational model, creating the hybrid object–relational model. In the ORM like active record pattern, these additional restrictions are placed on primary keys:

 * Primary keys should be immutable, that is, never changed or re-used; they should be deleted along with the associated record.
 * Primary keys should be anonymous integer or numeric identifiers.

However, neither of these restrictions is part of the relational model or any SQL standard. Due diligence should be applied when deciding on the immutability of primary key values during database and application design. Some database systems even imply that values in primary key columns cannot be changed using the  SQL statement.

Alternate key
Typically, one candidate key is chosen as the primary key. Other candidate keys become alternate keys, each of which may have a  constraint assigned to it in order to prevent duplicates (a duplicate entry is not valid in a unique column).

Alternate keys may be used like the primary key when doing a single-table select or when filtering in a where clause, but are not typically used to join multiple tables.

title: Primary key


text:
Eichstätt (district)

Eichstätt is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Donau-Ries, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Roth, Neumarkt, Kelheim and Pfaffenhofen, and by the city of Ingolstadt.

History
The district of Eichstätt in its present form was established in 1972 by merging the former district of Eichstätt with parts of the dissolved districts of Ingolstadt, Beilngries, Riedenburg and Hilpoltstein. The city of Eichstätt lost its status as a district-free city and became the capital of the new district. Today the Eichstätt district has powerful economic structures. The rate of jobless people is only 1.2% (June 2011).

Geography
The district is located in the southern part of the Frankish Alb. 80% of the district are situated in the Altmühltal Nature Park. In the southeast the Danube forms a short part of the border.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms displays:
 * a torch, symbolising the industrial area within the metropolitan area of Ingolstadt
 * a crosier, symbolising the bishopric of Eichstätt
 * an antler, symbolising the medieval county of Hirschberg (German Hirsch = "deer")
 * the blue and white checkered pattern of Bavaria

title: Eichstätt (district)


text:
Mantua (disambiguation)

Mantua is the English form of the name of the city (and, historically, also an eponymous margraviate and thereafter duchy) in Italy whose Italian name is Mantova.

Mantua may also refer to:

United States

 * Mantua, Alabama, a hamlet in Greene County, Alabama
 * Mantua, a location in Monroe County, Iowa
 * Mantua, a village in Baltimore County, Maryland
 * Mantua Township, New Jersey, in Gloucester County
 * Mantua Creek, a stream in the above township
 * Mantua Township, Portage County, Ohio, a township in Ohio adjacent to Mantua, Ohio
 * Mantua, Ohio, a village in Portage County adjacent to Mantua Township, Portage County, Ohio
 * Mantua, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a neighborhood in the West Philadelphia section
 * Mantua, Utah, a town in eastern Box Elder County
 * Mantua, Virginia, a census-designated place in Fairfax County

Elsewhere

 * Mantua, Cuba, a municipality and city in the Pinar del Río Province
 * Mantua, Nova Scotia, an unincorporated community in West Hants, Nova Scotia, Canada

Other uses

 * Mantua (clothing), a style of women's dress of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
 * Mantua (Kimberley Hall), a 17th-century complete European women's costume
 * Mantua (moth), a genus of moths in the family Tortricidae
 * Siege of Mantua (1796–1797), a French blockade of a large Austrian garrison during the War of the First Coalition

title: Mantua (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Dragon Ball (manga)

Dragon ball Super is not written by Toriyama
Dragon ball Super is not written by Toriyama. Toriyama simply gives plot points or rejects them. WillsEdtior777 (talk) 15:17, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

Superhero
Dragon Ball should also be labeled as a "superhero" series (even in the genre section) since Goku and his friends have superpowers and fight to protect the Earth from (mostly) aliens. MrWii000 (talk) 19:51, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:37, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Dragonball (4-Star).svg

Sales table
I tried to fix various references used in the sales table, but I gave up trying. Several figures have been outdated for many years. Various references are just WP:USERG sites and other questionable ones, and some of them don't even confirm the figures featured in the table. The table is very poorly structured and I think that it would be better to remove it altogether from the article. Xexerss (talk) 11:01, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm OK with removing the table entirely. Definitely worth noting that the user who originally added it, User:Maestro2016, has been banned for being a sockpuppet of a user banned for often misinterpreting sales, film grosses and the like. Xfansd (talk) 21:49, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

Total volumes sold
The change has to be made to the total number of volumes sold. The current number of 260 million is unchanged for a few years now. Below are some sources that state the number being 300 million:

https://comicbook.com/anime/news/dragon-ball-super-manga-sales-record/

https://twitter.com/WSJ_manga/status/1425028721887612929

https://booksofbrilliance.com/2023/01/25/the-best-selling-manga-of-all-time/

Additionally, if you sum the numbers of sold volumes from individual countries, you get pass 300 million. Luka316 (talk) 12:15, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

 * The first two are referring to Torishima's statement that is already directly cited the article (WSJ News should not be cited because it is WP:USERG). Books of Brilliance is WP:SELFPUBLISHED blog. I reiterate the problem with the table and its awful structure, which in several cases inflates the numbers and ultimately do not add up to the alleged estimated worldwide figure. Xexerss (talk) 13:02, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dragon Ball (manga)


text:
Dave Duncan (writer)

David John Duncan (30 June 1933 – 29 October 2018) was an award-winning Scottish Canadian fantasy and science fiction author.

Biography
Duncan was born in Newport-on-Tay, Scotland and was educated at the High School of Dundee before studying geology at the University of St Andrews. After graduating in 1955, he moved to Calgary, Alberta, becoming a Canadian citizen in 1960. He pursued a career as a geologist in the petroleum industry for nearly three decades before he started writing science fiction and fantasy novels. He made his first sale (A Rose-Red City) two years later in 1986 at the age of 53, just two weeks after his 31-year career as a geologist came to an end due to a slump in the oil business, at which point he switched to full-time writing.

Duncan lived in Victoria, British Columbia. His wife was Janet, whom he married in 1959, and they had one son, two daughters, and four grandchildren. He had one brother, Michael, who was an agriculturist.

Duncan died on 29 October 2018 at the age of 85.

Writing career
Duncan was a prolific writer and penned over fifty books. His sixth book, West of January, won the 1990 Aurora award, an award he would win again in 2007 for Children of Chaos. He was a member of SF Canada and in 2015 he was inducted into the Canadian Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.

Although Duncan usually wrote under his own name, some of his early books were published under the pseudonyms Ken Hood and Sarah B. Franklin.

The Seventh Sword
A dying petrochemical plant manager named Wallie Smith is transferred from Earth into the body of a master swordsman in a pre-technological world by a goddess for her own purposes.
 * 1) The Reluctant Swordsman (1988), ISBN 0-345-35291-2
 * 2) The Coming of Wisdom (1988), ISBN 0-345-35292-0
 * 3) The Destiny of the Sword (1988), ISBN 0-345-35293-9
 * 4) The Death of Nnanji (2012), ISBN 1-61756-778-7

A Man of His Word

 * 1) Magic Casement (1990), ISBN 0-345-36628-X
 * 2) Faery Lands Forlorn (1991), ISBN 0-345-36629-8
 * 3) Perilous Seas (1991), ISBN 0-345-36630-1
 * 4) Emperor and Clown (1992), ISBN 0-345-36631-X

As mentioned in the forewords, these titles are based on an excerpt from the 1819 poem "Ode to a Nightingale" by John Keats.

The voice I hear this passing night was heard In ancient days by emperor and clown: Perhaps the self-same song that found a path Through the sad heart of Ruth, when sick for home, She stood in tears amid the alien corn; The same that oft-times hath Charm'd magic casements, opening on the foam Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.

A Handful of Men

 * 1) The Cutting Edge (1992), ISBN 0-345-37896-2
 * 2) Upland Outlaws (1993), ISBN 0-345-37897-0
 * 3) The Stricken Field (1993), ISBN 0-345-37898-9
 * 4) The Living God (1994), ISBN 0-345-37899-7

Omar

 * 1) The Reaver Road (1992), ISBN 0-345-37481-9
 * 2) The Hunters' Haunt (1995), ISBN 0-345-38459-8

The Great Game

 * 1) Past Imperative (1995), ISBN 0-380-78129-8
 * 2) Present Tense (1996), ISBN 0-380-78130-1
 * 3) Future Indefinite (1997), ISBN 0-380-78131-X

The Years of Longdirk
Published using the pseudonym Ken Hood:
 * 1) Demon Sword (1995), ISBN 0-06-105410-0
 * 2) Demon Rider (1997), ISBN 0-06-105758-4
 * 3) Demon Knight (1998), ISBN 0-06-105759-2

Tales of the King's Blades

 * 1) The Gilded Chain (1998), ISBN 0-380-97460-6
 * 2) Lord of the Fire Lands (1999), ISBN 0-380-97461-4
 * 3) Sky of Swords (2000), ISBN 0-380-97462-2

Chronicles of the King's Blades

 * 1) Paragon Lost (2002), ISBN 0-380-81835-3
 * 2) Impossible Odds (2003), ISBN 0-380-81834-5
 * 3) The Jaguar Knights (2004), ISBN 0-06-055511-4
 * 4) One Velvet Glove (2017), ISBN 978-1988274324
 * 5) The Ethical Swordsman (2019), ISBN 978-1988274638

The King's Daggers
A series of young adult books set in the "King's Blades" world: Omnibus edition of all three is titled The Monster War, ISBN 1497627087
 * 1) Sir Stalwart (1999), ISBN 0-380-80098-5
 * 2) The Crooked House (2000), ISBN 0-380-80099-3
 * 3) Silvercloak (2001), ISBN 0-380-80100-0

Dodec

 * 1) Children of Chaos (2006), ISBN 0-7653-1483-5
 * 2) Mother of Lies (2007), ISBN 0-7653-1484-3

Nostradamus

 * 1) The Alchemist's Apprentice (2007), ISBN 0-441-01575-1
 * 2) The Alchemist's Code (2008), ISBN 0-441-01562-X
 * 3) The Alchemist's Pursuit (2009), ISBN 978-0-441-01678-5

Brothers Magnus

 * 1) Speak to the Devil (2010), ISBN 978-0-7653-2347-7
 * 2) When the Saints (2011), ISBN 978-0-7653-2348-4

The Starfolk

 * 1) King of Swords (2013), ISBN 147780739X
 * 2) Queen of Stars (2014), ISBN 1477849173

Ivor of Glenbroch
A series of young adult short stories: Omnibus edition of all three is titled The Adventures of Ivor, ISBN 1927400899
 * 1) The Runner and the Wizard (2013), ISBN 1927400392
 * 2) The Runner and the Saint (2014), ISBN 1927400538
 * 3) The Runner and the Kelpie (2014), ISBN 1927400651

The Enchanter General

 * 1) Ironfoot (2017)
 * 2) Trial by Treason (2018)
 * 3) Merlin Redux (2019)

Standalone novels

 * A Rose-Red City (1987), ISBN 0-345-34098-1
 * Shadow (1987), ISBN 0-345-34274-7
 * West of January (1989), ISBN 0-345-35836-8
 * Strings (1990), ISBN 0-345-36191-1
 * Hero! (1991), ISBN 0-345-37179-8
 * The Cursed (1995), ISBN 0-345-38951-4
 * Daughter of Troy (1998), (as Sarah B. Franklin), ISBN 0-380-79353-9
 * Ill Met in the Arena (August 2008), ISBN 0-7653-1687-0
 * Pock's World (October 2010), ISBN 1894063473
 * Against the Light (January 2012), ISBN 1612182038
 * Wildcatter (August 2012), ISBN 1894063902
 * The Eye of Strife (April 2015), ISBN 1927400791
 * Irona 700 (August 2015), ISBN 1504002180
 * Eocene Station (August 2016), ISBN 978-1-9882-7405-8
 * Portal of a Thousand Worlds (February 2017), ISBN 978-1-5040-3875-1
 * Pillar of Darkness (January 2019), ISBN 978-1-9882-7457-7
 * Corridor to Nightmare (2024), forthcoming
 * The Traitor's Son (2024), forthcoming

title: Dave Duncan (writer)


text:
Jia Qinglin

Jia Qinglin (born 13 March 1940) is a retired senior leader of the People's Republic of China and of the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was a member of the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee, the party's highest ruling organ, between 2002 and 2012, and Chairman of the National Committee of the People's Political Consultative Conference between 2003 and 2013.

Jia, an engineer by trade, began his political career in Fujian in 1985. There, he rose steadily through the ranks and led the province during the Yuanhua scandal. In 1996, Jia was transferred to become mayor, then party chief of Beijing. Largely due to his patronage relationship with then General Secretary Jiang Zemin, Jia was promoted to the Politburo in 1997, and remained a mainstay figure in China's political elite for the next fifteen years. He retired in 2013.

Political career
Jia Qinglin was born in March 13. 1940 in rural Jiaohe County (now Botou), Hebei, to an ordinary family of farmers. Owing to his academic ability, he was admitted to the Shijiazhuang Industrial Management School and majored in industrial enterprise planning. Starting in 1958, he began studying electrical motor and appliance design and manufacturing at the Hebei Institute of Technology (now Hebei University of Technology). After graduating in 1962, he was assigned a technician position at the First Machine-Building Ministry and became involved in the Communist Youth League.

During the Cultural Revolution, Jia joined his educated contemporaries to perform manual labor at the May 7 Cadre School at the First Machine Building Ministry in Fengxin County, Jiangxi Province. In 1971, he began work at the Policy Research Office of the First Machine-Building Industry Ministry. In 1973, he was promoted to chief of the product management bureau of the First Ministry of Machine-building Industry. In 1978, he was named general manager of the China National Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation. In 1983, he became director of Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Plant and its party secretary.

As part of wider national efforts by the Communist Party to make officials across the country more youthful and educated, in 1985, Jia made his foray into regional politics, being admitted to the Fujian provincial party standing committee and serving as deputy party secretary. He later also took on the concurrent role as head of party organization in Fujian. In 1990, he was promoted to acting governor, confirmed in 1991. In 1993, Jia was promoted to Communist Party Secretary of Fujian, the top office in the coastal province. When Jia was the party secretary of Fujian, Xi Jinping, the current General Secretary, was the deputy party secretary of Fujian from 1996.

Sometime during the 1990s, Jia gained the confidence of then-General Secretary Jiang Zemin, with whom he developed a patron-client relationship. Jia was transferred to Beijing in 1996 to serve as mayor, and in 1997 was promoted to the position of party secretary, helping Jiang consolidate the city's political landscape after Chen Xitong was ousted on corruption charges. As Beijing party chief, Jia became a member of the Communist Party's ruling Politburo. He also came onto the national and international spotlight during the 50th Anniversary celebrations of the People's Republic of China as the event's master of ceremonies, reading prepared lines atop the Tiananmen Gate to millions of onlookers and television audiences.

At the national level
Because of his high local position and his ties to Jiang, in November 2002, Jia was named to the 16th Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the Chinese Communist Party. Although his ceremonial role as the Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a quasi-consultative upper house in China's political system, made him fourth in the official order of precedence, it was widely accepted that the position carried very little power, perhaps the least powerful in the nine PSC members. Jia Qinglin was the most senior Chinese official to attend the funeral of Zhao Ziyang. With the transition of authority to Hu Jintao, Jia appeared to have been given the job of coordinating policy on Taiwan.

In 2007, Jia was named again to the 17th Politburo Standing Committee during the 17th Party Congress. Prior to the congress, it was speculated that Jia may be thrown out of the running due to his tainted record as the party chief of Fujian during the Yuanhua scandal. However, largely owing to the backing of Jiang Zemin, Jia was able to remain on the body for one more term.

Jia exited from the Politburo Standing Committee in 2012 after reaching retirement age. He retired from politics for good in March 2013, when he relinquished his CPPCC post on schedule to Yu Zhengsheng. Jia continued to make public appearances in retirement. On 5 September 2015, Jia appeared at the China Victory Day Parade. On 21 December 2015, Jia visited Liancheng County in Fujian. In June 2016, Jia attended a science and innovation exhibition at the Beijing Exhibition Center. In October 2016, Jia showed up at the World Robot Conference in Beijing. On 17 May 2017, Jia met with Hebei University of Technology alumni at Zhongnanhai.

The financial dealings of Jia's granddaughter Jasmine Li (李紫丹) and son-in-law Li Pak-tam were reported on by media during the Panama Papers scandal; Jasmine had been featured on Chinese tabloids for appearing at a Hotel de Crillon debutante ball in Paris in 2009 wearing a Carolina Herrera designer gown.

title: Jia Qinglin