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Henrik Shipstead

Henrik Shipstead (January 8, 1881 – June 26, 1960) was an American politician. He served in the United States Senate from 1923 to 1947, from the state of Minnesota. He served first as a member of the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party from 1923 to 1941 and then as a Republican from 1941 to 1947.

Few members of Congress in American history were more consistent in opposing US foreign interventionism.

Shipstead was born on a farm in Kandiyohi County, Minnesota, in 1881 to Norwegian immigrant parents. In the early 20th century, he set up a dental practice and was elected president of the village council of Glenwood in neighboring Pope County.

Political career
Shipstead started as a Republican but in 1922 was elected to the US Senate under the banner of the new Farmer-Labor Party. While he generally shared the party's left-wing agenda, he rejected the extreme anti-capitalism of some members. Although he was the only Farmer-Laborite in the Senate, he won appointment to the powerful Foreign Relations Committee.

Shipstead opposed U.S. entry into the League of Nations and the World Court. He called for the cancellation of German reparations, which he regarded as vindictive. Unlike non-interventionists in the Old Right, he objected to the U.S. occupation of Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua. He blamed these interventions on the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine of 1905, which had turned the United States into an arrogant "policeman of the western continent."

Isolationism
Shipstead did not consider himself an isolationist. While he favored a policy of political non-intervention overseas, he opposed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, which he called "one of the greatest and most vicious isolationist policies this government has ever enacted." He argued that high tariffs "raise prices to consumers" and make "monopolies richer and people poorer." Affable and dignified, his adversaries generally liked him personally. He concluded, "It doesn't necessarily follow that a radical has to be a damned fool."

Along with Congressman Robert Luce of Massachusetts, he introduced the bill that enlarged the purview of the United States Commission of Fine Arts to include new buildings on private land facing federal property. The commission, established in 1910, reviews new buildings, memorials, monuments, and public art constructed on federal property in Washington, D.C. The bill, the Shipstead-Luce Act, is still in effect.

Shipstead defected from the Farmer-Labor party in the late 1930s, charging that Communist elements were taking control. He won reelection to the Senate in 1940 as a Republican.

Antisemitism
Shipstead was "a known antisemite." He was an outspoken ally of Henry Ford and Charles Lindbergh, and he trafficked in anti-Jewish conspiracy theories, as well as straightforward bigotry against Jewish people. Shipstead said he believed that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion were fact, and he frequently encouraged other people to read them. Meanwhile, few fought more tenaciously against Franklin D. Roosevelt's efforts to enter the war in Europe. Although Shipstead voted for the declaration of war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, he still maintained his independence from Roosevelt. In October 1942, for example, he was one of the very few to vote against Selective Service, just as he had in 1940.

World War II
In April 1943 Isaiah Berlin, a top British expert on American politics, secretly prepared an analysis for the British Foreign Office that stated that Shipstead was:

"a rabid Isolationist of Norwegian descent, elected largely by the Scandinavian vote. A very narrow, bigoted, crotchety man, intensely antagonistic to Minnesota's Governor Harold Stassen. A member of the Farm Bloc and consistently votes against the Administration."

In protest of his views, a group of southern senators including J. Lister Hill, John H. Bankhead II, Tom Stewart, Kenneth McKellar, Richard Russell Jr. and Walter F. George stopped conversing, got up, and left from the Senate's lunch counter when Senator Shipstead attempted to join them, with Hill later telling reporters they "would not associate" with the Senator due to his isolationist views. Later, after a private argument with the same six Senators, Shipstead lamented what he called the "extreme Anglophilia of the southern states." Richard Russell Jr. said that Shipstead was "a chicken" who was "in kahoots" with Germany.

Postwar
Shipstead's vote against US entry into the United Nations was entirely predictable by anyone who had followed his career. It was the capstone of decades of opposition to foreign entanglements. Like many modern conservative critics of the UN, he feared that it would foster a world superstate. But he also believed that the major powers would use the UN as a tool to dominate smaller countries. He and William Langer were the only two senators to vote against the United Nations Charter. Not surprisingly, Shipstead and Langer were also among the seven senators who opposed full United States entry into the United Nations. These votes may have cost him reelection a year later.

A new breed of "internationalists", led by Governor Edward John Thye and former Governor Stassen, assumed leadership of the Minnesota state GOP. In 1946, Shipstead lost the Republican primary to Thye. He retired to rural western Minnesota, where he died in 1960.

title: Henrik Shipstead


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String cheese

String cheese is any of several different types of cheese where the manufacturing process aligns the proteins in the cheese, which makes it stringy.

When mozzarella is heated to 60 °C (140 °F) and then stretched, the milk proteins line up. It is then possible to peel strings or strips from the larger cheese.

Central Europe
In Slovakia, korbáčiky are made, which is a salty sheep milk cheese, available smoked or unsmoked. It is traditionally made by hand-pulling steamed sheep's cheese into strings and braiding them. Cow milk versions are also available. The town of Zázrivá is known as the center of the production of this cheese. Similar cheeses are found also in the adjacent regions of South Poland.

Eastern Europe/West Asia
In Turkey, the most common type of string cheese is dil peyniri ("tongue cheese"), a fresh white cheese made from cow's milk, traditionally in the provinces of Bilecik and Bursa. The stringy texture of dil becomes even more prominent when the cheese is melted.

In Armenia, traditional string cheese, chechil, is made with a white base. The type of milk used usually comes from an aged goat or sheep depending upon the production methods of the area of choice. It is seasoned with black cumin and mahleb, and is traditionally sold in the form of a braided endless loop. The cheese forms into strings due to how it is pulled during processing. It is also made in Syria and Turkey, both countries with significant Armenian populations.

In Georgia and Russia string cheese is known as tenili (ტენილი ყველი, Тенили). It is made from fermented sheep's milk and cream allowed to mature for 60 days in a salted and dried veal stomach.

Western Europe
Cheestrings became a popular snack in the Republic of Ireland and the UK soon after their introduction in 1996. They are made from real cheese, not processed cheese, by Kerry Group and the mascot is a cartoon character called Mr. Strings.

Cheestrings are currently available in Original (a cheese akin to mozzarella) and the two-colour Twisted variety. Discontinued flavours include cheddar, smoky bacon, and pizza, with the pizza flavour being reintroduced in May 2021 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Cheestrings.

Kerry exports Gouda Cheestrings from Charleville, County Cork to the Netherlands, and a Gouda-Emmental mix to France, where the product is known as Ficello. Low cost imitations of the original cheddar Cheestrings were formerly manufactured in the UK by Tesco, Dairylea, and currently by Dunnes Stores. An item in the product range of the original Kerry Cheestrings, known as Attack-A-Snack (a rival to Dairylea Lunchables), packaged with a tortilla wrap or cracker, sachet of tomato ketchup, and piece of processed ham has been available from the late 90s.

Mexico
In Mexico, the first type of string cheese was invented in 1885 by Leobarda Castellanos García at 14 years old. A very popular type of string cheese called Quesillo is sold today in balls of various sizes. It is also known as "Queso Oaxaca" or Oaxaca cheese referred to the place of origin it was invented, and now it's widely popular in all Mexican territories.

United States
In the United States, string cheese generally refers to snack-sized servings of low-moisture mozzarella. This form of string cheese is roughly cylindrical, about 6 in long and less than 1 in in diameter.

The cheese used is commonly a form of mozzarella, or a combination of mozzarella and cheddar. This type of string cheese gets its name because it can be eaten by pulling strips of cheese from the cylinder along its length and eating these strings. It was invented in 1976 by Frank Baker.

Central America and Caribbean
In the Dominican Republic is produced the "Queso de Hoja", in form of a ball, mostly served with toast or crackers.

Oceania
In Australia, string cheese is sold by Bega Cheese and is called Bega Stringers. String cheese can also be sold in a can. In the Marquesas Islands, a popular variety of string cheese is made from breadfruit proteins and buffalo milk, and is marketed under the brand Sea King String.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: String cheese


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1812 in music

This is a list of music-related events in 1812.

Events

 * January 17 – Carl Maria von Weber leaves Leipzig for Gotha.
 * February 11 – Carl Czerny gives the first Vienna performance of Beethoven's "Emperor" concerto.
 * February 18 – Carl Maria von Weber performs in Dresden but is not a success.
 * February 20 – Weber and his friend, clarinettist Heinrich Baermann, stay overnight in Berlin with the family of Baermann's former teacher Joseph Beer (father of Giacomo Meyerbeer).
 * March 8 – Composer Georg Joseph Vogler and his pupil Jacob Beer, the future Meyerbeer, leave Darmstadt for Munich.
 * May – The Royal Swedish Opera reopens after a 5-year gap.
 * May 26 – Luigi Cherubini resigns from his position at the Académie Impériale de Musique.
 * June 17 – Vogler and his pupil Beer are presented to the Queen of Bavaria at Nymphenburg.
 * July 2 – Ludwig van Beethoven visits his patron Prince Kinsky, seeking an advance on his promised remuneration.
 * July 26 – Fifteen-year-old Franz Schubert makes his last appearance as a chorister at the Imperial Chapel in Vienna.
 * September 11 – Johann Nepomuk Hummel's ballet Sappho von Mitilene receives its première at Vienna.
 * October 5 – Ludwig van Beethoven comes to Linz to try to stop his brother Johann's affair with Therese Obermayer.
 * November 9 – Johann van Beethoven marries Therese Obermayer.
 * December 31 – Giacomo Meyerbeer becomes the toast of Munich after performing at a concert for the benefit of wounded Bavarian soldiers.
 * Date unknown – Irish composer John Field invents the Nocturne, redefining the form as a short, flowing piano composition written most often in compound duple meter. He writes his first three, out of eighteen, during this year.
 * A performance of George Frideric Handel's oratorio Alexander's Feast (Timotheus) is given in the Spanish Riding School of the Hofburg in Vienna, leading to the founding of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde by Joseph Sonnleithner.

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Symphony no. 7 (Opus 92) (finished, began 1811)
 * Symphony no. 8 (Opus 93)
 * Violin Sonata No. 10
 * 3 Equali, WoO 30
 * Allegretto, WoO 39
 * 12 Irish Songs, WoO 154
 * William Crotch – Palestine (oratorio)
 * Jan Ladislav Dussek – Two Duos for piano and harp
 * Mauro Giuliani
 * Studio per la Chitarra, Op. 1
 * Rondoletto, Op. 4
 * Grand Potpourri No.3, Op. 31
 * 24 Etudes, Op. 48
 * Grand Potpourri for Flute and Guitar, Op. 53
 * Karol Kurpinski – Bitwa pod Możajskiem, Op. 15
 * Giovanni Paisiello – Mass in C
 * Ferdinand Ries
 * Piano Concerto No.3, Op. 55
 * 3 Airs russes variés, Op. 72
 * Antonio Salieri – Kyrie in C
 * James Sanderson – "Hail to the Chief"
 * Franz Schubert
 * Overture in D major, D.12
 * Fugue in D minor, D.13
 * Der Geistertanz, D.15a
 * String Quartet No.1, D.18
 * Overture in D major, D.26
 * Piano Trio in B-flat major, D.28
 * Andante in C major, D. 29
 * Der Jüngling am Bache, D.30
 * String Quartet No. 2 in C major, D. 32
 * Serbate, o Dei custodi, D.35
 * String Quartet No.3, D.36
 * Die Advokaten, D.37
 * Klaglied
 * Carl Maria von Weber
 * 6 Favorit-Walzer der Kaiserin von Frankreich Marie Louise, J.143–148
 * Piano Sonata No.1 in C major, Op. 24

Opera

 * François-Adrien Boieldieu – Jean de Paris
 * Giacomo Meyerbeer – Jephtas Gelübde (Hoftheater, Munich, 23 November)
 * Gioachino Rossini
 * Aureliano in Palmira (composition began)
 * Ciro in Babilonia
 * Demetrio e Polibio
 * L'inganno felice (Teatro San Moisè, Venice, 8 January).
 * L'occasione fa il ladro (intermezzo; Premiered November 24)
 * La pietra del paragone
 * La scala di seta
 * Franz Schubert – Der Spiegelritter (incomplete)

Births

 * January 8 – Vasily Botkin, translator and critic (died 1869)
 * January 14 – Karl Graedener, composer (d. 1883)
 * January 21 – Eduard Tauwitz, composer (d. 1894)
 * February 6 – Berthold Damcke, German composer (died 1875)
 * February 7 – Charles Dickens, writer and lyricist (died 1870)
 * February 19 – Zygmunt Krasiński, lyricist and bard (died 1859)
 * March 3 – Alexandre Dubuque, Russian composer (died 1898)
 * March 11 – William Vincent Wallace, composer (d. 1865)
 * April 20 – Pauline Åhman, harpist (d. 1904)
 * April 27 – Friedrich von Flotow, composer (d. 1883)
 * May 4 – Amalia Redec, pianist and composer (d. 1885)
 * May 7 – Robert Browning, lyricist and poet (died 1889)
 * May 12 – Edward Lear, lyricist ("The Owl and the Pussycat") and artist (died 1888)
 * May 14 – Emilie Mayer, composer (d. 1883)
 * June 27 – John Pyke Hullah, composer and music teacher (d. 1884)
 * July 28 – Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, lyricist and poet (died 1887)
 * August 12 – John Oxenford, librettist and dramatist (died 1877)
 * October 1 – Johann Rufinatscha, composer, music theorist and teacher (d. 1893)
 * November 1 – Hermann von Gilm, lyricist and poet (died 1864)
 * November 14 – Aleardo Aleardi, librettist and poet (died 1878)
 * November 28 – Ludvig Mathias Lindeman, composer (d. 1887)
 * December 6 – Gustave Vaëz, librettist and composer (died 1862)
 * December 28 – Julius Rietz, German cellist, conductor and composer (died 1877)

Deaths

 * February 9 – Franz Anton Hoffmeister, composer and music publisher (born 1754)
 * March 20 – Jan Ladislav Dussek, pianist and composer (born 1760)
 * March 27 – Joachim Albertini, composer (born 1748)
 * May 21 – Joseph Wölfl, pianist and composer (born 1773)
 * June 15 – Anton Stadler, clarinet and basset horn player (born 1753)
 * July 17 – John Broadwood, piano manufacturer (born 1732)
 * July 24 – Joseph Schuster, composer (born 1748)
 * August 19 – Vincenzo Righini, composer, singer and kapellmeister (born 1756)
 * September 21 – Emanuel Schikaneder, German impresario, actor, singer and librettist (born 1751)
 * December – Michel-Joseph Gebauer, instrumentalist, bandmaster and composer (born 1763)
 * December 13 – Marianne von Martinez, singer, pianist and composer (born 1744)
 * date unknown
 * Isaac Bickerstaffe, Irish librettist (born 1733)
 * Luciano Francisco Comella, librettist and playwright (born 1751)
 * Christian Benjamin Uber, amateur musician and composer (born 1746)

title: 1812 in music


text:
Wish (manga)

Wish (ウィッシュ) is a Japanese shōjo manga series created by Clamp. It is published in English by Tokyopop. The American translation was imported to Australia by Madman Entertainment.

Plot
While walking home from work one day, a doctor named Shuichiro notices an angel, Kohaku, stuck on a tree and being attacked by a crow. He rescues Kohaku and, in return, Kohaku offers to grant him a wish. However, Shuichiro does not want one. He likes his life as it is, his work is going well, he has no money problems and he believes in fulfilling his own dreams. Kohaku decides that the best thing to do is stay and help Shuichiro until he does think of a wish they can grant.

During their stay, the angel Hisui, and two demons, Koryuu and Kokuyo, also begin living in the house, along with the Koryuu's servants Ruri and Hari. Kokuyo is the son of Satan and is in love with Hisui, who is one of the four Angel Masters controlling the four elements: earth, wind, fire, and water; with wind being their element. Kokuyo admits that he made love to Hisui and that is how they ended up together. This relationship, however, is forbidden in both Heaven and Hell, so the two sought refuge on Earth. Kohaku originally came to Earth to find Hisui, who had been a mentor and parental figure to them. In spite of his new housemates, Shuichiro remains as stoic as ever. Although he persists in not making a wish, without realizing it, he grows attached to Kohaku.

Eventually Kohaku is forced back to Heaven against their will by God, because they have the important task of hatching the eggs from the Tree of Life by singing to them. However, Kohaku deeply misses Shuichiro and realizes they had developed feelings for him. Likewise, Shuichiro misses them and continues to hold on to one of their earrings to try to prevent them from staying in Heaven. Unable to bear the separation, Kohaku returns without God's permission, and the couple is happily reunited. Their reunion is short-lived as the three remaining Angel Masters come to Earth to punish both Kohaku, and Hisui for being in love with a demon. Hisui is stripped of their Angel Master status and is banished from Heaven, to their and Kokuyo's delight. Kohaku, in turn, is stripped of their powers and forced to remain in a small form for the next one hundred years. They are devastated that they could not grant Shuichiro's wish, but as Shuichiro's wish was for Kohaku to stay with him forever, it was one he could not have fulfilled himself.

Shortly afterward, Shuichiro suddenly dies while on a walk with Kohaku. Kohaku is put into a one hundred years sleep, so that Shuichiro will have been reincarnated by the time Kohaku awakens. Kokuyo and Hisui are sentenced to look after their sleeping form. One hundred years later, the reincarnation of Shuichiro, now 17, passes by his old house which awakens Kohaku. He has no memory of them, so their relationship starts anew, but he soon remembers them.

Characters
The authors and the translators state both in the text and in the sidebars that there is no gender in either Heaven or Hell but they have adopted the convention of referring to characters with gendered pronouns to make things in the translation easier.

 * Shuichiro Kudo (栩堂 琇一郎) – The doctor who saves the angel Kohaku from a crow in the control of Koryu in the beginning of the story. He is sceptical of the fact Kohaku is indeed an angel (believing them at first to be a small child or even a talking doll), and is a bit slow to warm up to the truth, but they soon make enough of an impact on his life for him to truly miss them when they are forced to return to Heaven. He is a very no-nonsense sort of man who seems stoic and unfriendly, however he is a very patient man and is shown many times to have a great depth of compassion. He has made a few token wishes, all of which have been rejected by Kohaku as they are not true desires, merely acts of kindness to them - such as when they try to water his plants and fail. He is content with his life, and he insists he has no wishes for Kohaku to grant for him. However, this doctor hides quite a few secrets of his own.
 * Kohaku (琥珀) – An angel from Heaven and the main protagonist of the tale. They have been sent to Earth to find their missing teacher; Hisui, the Angel Master of the Wind. However, since they are only an angel in training, they lose the majority of their powers on Earth when the sun sets, which turns them into a chibi form of themself. It is in this vulnerable state that they meet Shuichiro, who saves them from a crow, and are almost immediately taken with him. Though he insists he wants for nothing in his quiet life, they are bound by duty to pay off their debt to him. When Shinichiro Kudo comes to visit his grandson, he addresses Kohaku as a woman.  Kohaku corrects him, and also tells him that they aren't a man either. The topic is left at that. Kohaku is very cheerful, sweet and often described as clumsy.
 * Koryu (紅榴) – A demon of Hell, they can be considered Kohaku's demon equivalent; they too are only in training, and while on Earth they are forced to turn into a chibi version of theirself during the daytime. They love to cause trouble for the little angel, and toward the end of the series it is implied that they merely teases Kohaku because they has a crush on them. They are the one who sent the crow to attack Kohaku in the beginning of the story.
 * Hari (破璃) and Ruri (瑠璃) – Twin cat girls only distinguishable from each other by their jewellery. They are servants of Koryu, and both of them adore him to the point of bickering with each other on occasion. They change to black cats when their master is in his smaller form.
 * Hisui (翡翠) – The Archangel of the Wind, and Kohaku's mentor, who disappeared after a meeting at the bridge between Heaven and Hell. It is revealed that the relationship consummated between Hisui and Kokuyo, a Prince of Hell and son of Satan, meant in order to stop a war between the two worlds, the angel and demon pair must live on earth, protecting and watching over Kohaku.
 * Kokuyo (黒燿) – The Prince of Hell and son of Satan, who fell in love with Hisui, and now lives voluntarily on Earth for the sake of love.  Out of consideration for Hisui he restrains his dietary cravings.  Kokuyo is aware of Shuichiro's impending death, but God stops him from telling anyone else so as to make sure things go as they should.
 * Touki (透輝) – The Archangel of the Water in Heaven. Touki has a reputation for being cold-hearted, mostly because of the hardened look that's always on their face. Touki first appears to see why Usagi hasn't returned to Heaven and ends up bringing Kohaku back with them. They are very fond of Kohaku and protective of them in their own silent way. Touki has a very discreet relationship with Ranshou and though they are very shy with their feelings for them, Touki does genuinely care about Ranshou.
 * Ranshou (藍晶) – The Archangel of the Earth in Heaven. They come off as one of the most easy-going angels in all of Heaven despite their status. They love to tease Kohaku and they're open with their affection for Touki. Like Touki, they are very discreet about their relationship but they can admit he loves them. But their loyalty to God is unwavering and they're not hesitant in delivering punishments handed out (as with the cases of Hisui and Kohaku).
 * Ryuuki (榴輝) – The Archangel of the Fire in Heaven. They have a very hotheaded personality and are quick to act before thinking. They are madly in love with Hisui and are convinced they were kidnapped out of Heaven, often ranting about Hisui in the presence of the other Angel Masters, so much so that Ranshou often leaves Touki to deal with it. When Ryuuki finds out Hisui left of their own volition and is deeply in love with Kokuyo, they are very hurt by it, but want Hisui to be happy and lets them go, though they vows to hate Kokuyo forever.
 * Usagi (うしゃぎさん) – Usagi is a small white rabbit with wings that relays messages from God. The messages it delivers look like flowers, that dissolve and automatically implant themselves in the receiver's mind. Usagi relays messages from Kohaku to God and back throughout the series. The messenger also appears in the same capacity in Kobato.
 * Shinichiro Kudo (栩堂 信一郎) – Shuichiro Kudo's grandfather. He lives in Canada, though he comes to visit Shuichiro on occasion.  During one such visit, he tells Kohaku about some of Shuichiro's background.
 * Hotaru Kudo (栩堂 蛍) – Shuichiro Kudo's mother, seen during a segment when the characters travel to the past. She is blind and paraplegic, though she is still able to notices Kohaku and Koryu spying on her.  She is actually a wisteria tree fairy and her abilities are sufficiently powerful enough for her to know that Shuichiro's father will die relatively soon.  After she says goodbye to Shuichiro and wishes him a good future, she reverts to her true form as a wisteria tree.  It seems doubtful that Shuichiro or Shinichiro know that Hotaru was really a wisteria tree fairy as they believed that she simply disappeared.
 * Shusuke Kudo (栩堂 周丞) – Shuichiro's father and "husband" of Hotaru. He originally found Hotaru near a wisteria tree years before the beginning of the story and adopted Shuichiro as his son. He died in a plane crash when Shuichiro was in high school.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Clamp, Wish appeared as a serial in the manga magazine Mystery DX from the November 1995 issue to the August 1998 issue. Kadokawa Shoten compiled the chapters into four bound volumes and published them from June 1, 1996, to August 1, 1998. In 2009, the series was republished with new covers from October 26 to September 26.

Tokyopop licensed the series for an English-language translation in North America and published it from August 27, 2002, to February 11, 2003. It was distributed in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment. Tokyopop returned the license following the closure of its North America publishing branch in 2011, and Viz Media is republishing Wish digitally, beginning on February 17, 2015. The series has also been translated into other languages such as French by Editions Tonkam, German by Carlsen Comics, Italian by Star Comics, Polish by Japonica Polonica Fantastica, Portuguese by Editora JBC (Brazil), and Spanish by Grupo Editorial Vid (Mexico) and Norma Editorial (Spain). Dark Horse Comics is republishing the manga in print form.

Drama CD
Voice cast for the drama CD:
 * Kohaku: Hiroko Konishi
 * Shūichirō Kudō: Kazuya Ichijō
 * Kōryū: Yuka Imai
 * Hisui: Kikuko Inoue
 * Kokuyō: Jūrōta Kosugi
 * Ruri: Ikue Ōtani
 * Hari: Chinami Nishimura

Adaptation
A 6-minute long animation clip based on Wish was created in 1997. It was included on the DVD of CLAMP 15th anniversary album "CLAMPAZAR" released in 2007.

Appearances
Kohaku has made appearances in CLAMP in Wonderland, the manga and anime of Kobato, and in the manga Legal Drug (now known as Drug and Drop). Ruri and Hari has made appearances in Miyuki-Chan in Wonderland.

Reception
Adam Arnold of Animefringe enjoyed the series for its "unique story, snappy dialogue, and fun set of characters that'll keep you enthralled reading to the very end."

title: Wish (manga)


text:
German submarine U-559

German submarine U-559 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.

Laid down on 1 February 1940 at the Blohm & Voss shipyards in Hamburg as "Baunummer 535" ("Yard number 535"), she was launched on 8 January 1941 and commissioned on 27 February under Kapitänleutnant Hans Heidtmann.

She began her service career with the 1st U-boat Flotilla, undergoing training before being declared operational on 1 June 1941. She moved to the 29th U-boat Flotilla on 15 April 1942. She sank five ships but is perhaps best remembered for an incident during her sinking in the Mediterranean Sea in 1942, in which British sailors seized cryptographic material from her. This material was extremely valuable in breaking the U-boat Enigma machine cipher.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-559 had a displacement of 769 t when at the surface and 871 t while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m, a pressure hull length of 50.50 m, a beam of 6.20 m, a height of 9.60 m, and a draught of 4.74 m. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2800 to 3200 PS for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 PS for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 m.

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 kn and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 kn. When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nmi at 4 kn; when surfaced, she could travel 8500 nmi at 10 kn. U-559 was fitted with five 53.3 cm torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
U-559 was originally intended to serve as an Atlantic U-boat during the Battle of the Atlantic against Allied convoys in the Western Approaches.

First and second patrols
Her first patrol took her from Kiel on 4 June 1941, across the North Sea and through the gap between Greenland and Iceland. She arrived at St. Nazaire in occupied France on 5 July.

Her second sortie met with success when she torpedoed and sank the Alva about 600 nmi west of Ushant. She returned to her French base on 22 August 1941.

Third patrol
For her third patrol, beginning on 20 September, she was assigned to the 'Goeben' group, which were the first U-boats to enter the Mediterranean in World War II through the heavily defended Strait of Gibraltar. She reached Salamis in Greece, after having first investigated the Libyan/Egyptian border.

Fourth patrol
On her fourth patrol, she torpedoed and sank the Australian sloop HMAS Parramatta (U44) off the Libyan coast; although most survivors were picked up by other ships, three men managed to reach dry land where they were rescued by advancing British troops.

Fifth, sixth and seventh patrols
On her fifth patrol, which began on 8 December 1941, the boat sank SS Shuntien (1934) on the 23rd. Shuntien carried 850 – 1,100 German and Italian prisoners of war. Between 800 and 1,000 people were killed, including at least 700 PoWs.

Her sixth and seventh patrols were both from Salamis to the area of the Libyan coast. They were without success.

Eighth and ninth patrols
Having moved to Pula in Croatia in March 1942, she then sortied on 18 May, and sank the tanker Athene and damaged the oiler Brambleleaf in a convoy attack on 10 June.

Her ninth patrol, however, was without success.

Wolfpacks
U-559 took part in one wolfpack, namely:
 * Goeben (20 September – 5 October 1941)

Fate
It was her own demise that made her most famous. At about 05:00 on 30 October 1942, U-559 was spotted by a Royal Air Force Sunderland, W from 201 Squadron in position 31.78333°N, 33.4°W, 70 miles north of the Nile Delta. The destroyer HMS Hero (H99) was alerted by radio and steamed to intercept her, while the destroyers HMS Petard (G56), HMS Pakenham (G06), HMS Dulverton (L63) and HMS Hurworth (L28) sailed from Port Said, Egypt. At about 12:34 a Wellesley patrol aircraft, F from 47 Squadron, spotted the periscope of the submerged U-559 and attacked with depth charges.

The destroyer group hunted for the U-boat for 16 hours, constantly depth charging. After dark, U-559, with a cracked pressure hull, unable to maintain level trim and four of her crew dead from explosions and flooding, was forced to the surface. She was close to Petard, which immediately opened fire with her Oerlikon 20 mm cannon.

The German crew hurriedly scrambled overboard without destroying their codebooks or Enigma machine and, crucially, having failed to open all the sea-water vents to scuttle the U-boat properly. Three Royal Navy sailors, Lieutenant Anthony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin Grazier and NAAFI canteen assistant Tommy Brown, then boarded the abandoned submarine. There are differing reports as to how the three British men boarded the U-boat. Some accounts (such as that of Kahn) say that they "swam naked" to U-559, which was sinking, but slowly. Sebag-Montefiore states that they either leapt from Petard or, in Brown's case, from a whaler. They retrieved the U-boat's Enigma key setting sheets with all current settings for the U-boat Enigma network. Two German crew members, rescued from the sea, watched this material being loaded into Petard's whaler but were dissuaded from interfering by an armed guard. Grazier and Fasson were inside the U-boat, attempting to get out, when it foundered; both drowned.

Aftermath
Grazier and Fasson were awarded the George Cross posthumously, Brown was awarded the George Medal. The Victoria Cross was considered but not awarded, for the ostensible reason that their bravery was not "in the face of the enemy". Another consideration may have been that a Victoria Cross would have drawn unwanted attention to the U-boat's capture from German intelligence. It was also discovered that Brown had lied about his age in order to enlist, and was only 16 years old, making him one of the youngest recipients of the George Medal. He was discharged and returned home to North Shields, only to die two years later attempting to rescue his younger sister from a house fire.

The code-book material they retrieved was immensely valuable to the code-breakers at Bletchley Park, who had been unable to read the 4-rotor U-boat Enigma for ten months since its introduction by the German Kriegsmarine at the beginning of 1942. This captured material allowed them to read the cyphers for several weeks, and to break U-boat Enigma thereafter right through to the end of the war.

The recovery was one of several such events (e.g., the earlier capture of GS U-110 (1940)), that inspired the fictional account of the submarine capture in the 2000 film U-571.

title: German submarine U-559


text:
1813 in music

Events

 * March 8 – The inaugural concert of the Philharmonic Society takes place at the Argyll Rooms, off Piccadilly. Johann Peter Salomon leads the orchestra, and the pianist is Muzio Clementi.
 * March 21 – Pianist Josepha Barbara Auernhammer gives her last public concert, appearing with her daughter, Marianna Auenheim.
 * December 8 – Two new works by Ludwig van Beethoven, Wellington's Victory (originally written for panharmonicon) and Symphony No. 7 are premiered in a benefit concert held in Vienna for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau. The orchestra, conducted by Beethoven himself, is led by his friend, Ignaz Schuppanzigh, and includes some of the finest musicians of the day, such as violinist Louis Spohr, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Antonio Salieri, Anton Romberg, and the Italian double bass virtuoso, Domenico Dragonetti.
 * December 18 – The Teatro Re in Milan is inaugurated with a new production of Rossini's Tancredi
 * Louise Reichardt moves to Hamburg, where she opens the first public music school for women and conducts a women's choir.
 * Franz Krommer succeeds Leopold Kozeluch as court composer to the Imperial Court of Austria.
 * The claviharp is invented by J. C. Dietz.

Bands formed

 * January 24 – Musicians found the Philharmonic Society of London (later The Royal Philharmonic Society) to give the first public orchestral concerts in London.

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Wellington's Victory, Op. 91
 * Der Bardengeist, WoO 142
 * Friedrich Kalkbrenner – Fantasia No.1, Op. 5
 * Friedrich Kuhlau – 5 Variations on 'sur un air national danois', Op. 14
 * Ferdinand Ries
 * Symphony No. 5, Op. 112
 * Franz Schubert
 * Totengräberlied, D. 38
 * Unendliche Freude, D. 51
 * Unendliche Freude, D. 54
 * Hier strecket der wallende Pilger, D. 57
 * Dessen Fahne Donnerstürme wallte, D. 58
 * Hier umarmen sich getreue Gatten, D. 60
 * Ein jugendlicher Maienschwung, D. 61
 * Wer die steile Sternenbahn, D. 63
 * Frisch atmet des Morgens lebendiger Hauch, D. 67
 * Die zwei Tugendwege, D. 71
 * Thekla, D. 73
 * Trinklied, D. 75
 * Pensa, che questo istante, D. 76
 * Symphony No. 1 in D major, D. 82
 * Des Teufels Lustschloss, D. 84
 * Verschwunden sind die Schmerzen, D. 88
 * Johann Franz Xaver Sterkel – Ouverture in C major, StWV 131
 * Johann Wilhelm Wilms – Flute Concerto, Op. 24
 * Peter von Winter – Octet in E-flat major

Opera

 * François-Adrien Boieldieu – Le nouveau Seigneur de village
 * Giacomo Meyerbeer -Die beiden Kalifen
 * Giovanni Pacini – Annetta e Lucindo
 * Louis Spohr – Faust
 * Gioacchino Rossini
 * L'italiana in Algeri
 * Tancredi
 * Collaborative work (Johann Nepomuk Hummel, many others) – Fünf sind zwei

Births

 * February 14 – Alexander Dargomyzhsky, composer (d. 1869)
 * March 2 – George Alexander Macfarren, composer (d. 1887)
 * May 22 – Richard Wagner, composer (d. 1883)
 * June 16 – Otto Jahn, music writer (d. 1869)
 * August 10 – William Henry Fry, composer (d. 1864)
 * August 15 – Léon Gastinel, composer (d. 1906)
 * September 2 – Gustav Hölzel, operatic bass-baritone and composer (d. 1883)
 * September 3 – Mathilda Gelhaar, opera singer (d. 1889)
 * October 10 – Giuseppe Verdi, composer (d. 1901)
 * October 16 – Julie von Webenau, composer (d. 1887)
 * November 13 – Kreeta Haapasalo, Finnish kantele-player, singer and folk musician (d. 1893)
 * November 19 – Augusta Smith, opera singer
 * November 30 – Charles-Valentin Alkan, pianist and composer (d. 1888)
 * December 27 – Jakob Rosenhain, pianist and composer (d. 1894)
 * December 31 – Theodore Oesten, composer and musician (died 1870)
 * date unknown – Johanna von Schoultz, opera singer (d. 1863)

Deaths

 * January 11 – Giuseppe Aprile, castrato singer (b. 1731)
 * March 14 – Christian Ehregott Weinlig, composer and cantor (b. 1743)
 * May 5 – Stepan Degtiarev, composer (b. 1766)
 * June 7 – Maria Hester Park, pianist, singer and composer (b. 1760)
 * April 14 – Joachim Nicolas Eggert, Swedish composer (born 1779)
 * August 19 – Johann Carl Friedrich Rellstab, composer and music publisher (b. 1759)
 * August 20 – Johann Baptist Wanhal, composer (b. 1739)
 * August 26 – Daniel Gottlob Türk, composer, organist and music professor (b. 1756)
 * September 24 – André Grétry, composer (b. 1741)
 * October 5 – Etienne Ozi, bassoonist and composer (b. 1754)
 * November 2 – Johann Gottfried Vierling, organist and composer (b. 1750)
 * November 29 – Jean Balthasar Tricklir, cellist and composer (b. 1750)
 * December 1 – Ferdinando Bertoni, organist and composer (b. 1725)

title: 1813 in music


text:
Talk:Rachel True

Untitled
I am concerned about the terms used to describe the movie "The Craft" on this page and the one for "Robin Tunney". I am afraid that we might be overstating its cultural impact and economic success. To call the movie a 'blockbuster' or a 'mega hit' implies that it did exceptionally well at the boxoffice. According to imdb, it only grossed 24 million in the US, on a budget of 15 million. That is why I originally excised the lines entirely. -DropDeadGorgias 18:35 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Sounds logical, I support removal of blockbuster where ever The Craft is discussed, and I also suggest someone looking into any and all articles that discuss The Craft, and checking for POV errors. In case you don't know, the easiest way to do this is to use this page:, or this page:    MB 18:43 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

In addition, a lot of related articles, talk about how the movie inpacted gothic culture, implying that it caused teenagers to wear gothic clothing. I don't think that this is accurate, or NPOV. I don't really see how it can be proven that this movie affected goth culture anymore than any other movie where people dress in a gothic manner, and therefore, while it is alright to mention that the movie was popular among teenagers who participated in gothic culture b/c of the gothic dress in the movie, or to say that the costumes were gothic in nature, what this and other articles currently say is not appropriate for an encyclopedia. MB 18:53 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I also think that the term "New Age" is being misappropriated in these articles. I don't really see a connection between gothic style and the New Age Movement as a whole.  -DropDeadGorgias 19:03 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Well, I didnt say that the movie was ALL that had to be credited for the new age or gothic movement, only that it had a significant part in it, but I didnt say it was THANKS to the movie. Obviously, it did have a significant part. Go out to the streets after 1996, you see more and more kids dressed in gothic. Its not point of view, its fact. The New Age Movement and Gothic Style dressing cionnect in, that many if not most, teenagers who dress gothic are into new age. The movie itself is a good example in that regard. I have been to many New Age stores where they sell gothic clothing

 * Ok, let me attempt to break this up point by point:
 * You didn't say the "movie was ALL that had to be credited for the new age or gothic movement", but the wording implied it. As I said above, it needed to be re-worded.  Just stating "the movie was popular amongst teenagers for it's gothic style would have been better (but still over-stating it imo).
 * The reason there was "more and more kids dressed in gothic" after 1996, was not b/c of the movie. While I'm sure the movie was widely accepted by gothic (and even new age) culture, it is going too far to say that it played a significant part, and it is not Obvious, otherwise we would agree with you.  It would be equivilant to saying the movie "Hackers" contributed heavily to the hacker movement (while it popularized "hacking" it actually harmed the non-cracking "hacking movement" [if you can call it that]).
 * While I'm sure the movie helped the gothic fashion industry, I doubt it was a significant as you claim it to be. To say "Many teenaged people, both boys and girls, started to dress like the four girls in the movie" is unclear.  What is many?  This is obviously a POV statement.  Even if not, it is certainly not neutral, because it is open for interpritation.
 * While all of this information is relivant in some way to the movie Craft, it is not relivant to this article about someone who happened to be in the Craft movie. I will move all of this information from these various articles to a temp space under the Craft movie page, where people can edit it for style and/or wording, and then I will put it in the article under the Heading "Cultural inpact."  I agree that it would be silly to say that the movie had no cultural inpact, but I think it needs to be put into prespective.  MB 13:56 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The new temp space for writting the new Cultural inpact section can be found at The Craft (movie)/temp MB 14:07 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Please read the draft I have written up at The Craft (movie)/temp. I think that I have summarized the cultural impact as a part of the new wave of gothic interest.  I also indicate that this is a speculation.  I still resist the idea of using the term New age; if you read the wikipedia article on new age, it seems to be talking about a totally different movement.  I associate the new age movement more with holistic medicine, and not with witchcraft. I believe that new age followers might even be offended at the suggestion. -DropDeadGorgias 14:25 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I think you are the ones who are POV because, while you have recognized that to some extent, whats written in these articles previously was right, in your opinion, your, and only your, opinion of the subject is right. How could it be NPOV when I say Many?? I didnt say ALL, then it would be POV. Many means that after the movie, a group of teenagers began to dress like that. Many is a word that certainly leaves things up for discussion. As far as new age, well, all I can say is that the local store at my mall, called New Age Outlet, sells witchcraft books and clothing, so yes, at least one person after me would agree with me in that point of view. However, this is wikipedia, and the best thing about this is, Wikipedia is an open content encyclopedia. Im willing to close this discussion if you are willing to admit that I am right about a couple of facts I wrote in those articles, the same way I admit that you are right about new age and holistic medicine, and that the gothic movement was there before the movie, althought I maintain the movie did help propulse it more.I remember to me and all my friends, for example, it was suddenly cool to dress that way, and well....thats how trends start.

 * In that case, should we change it to say the gothic movement was a teenage trend? ;). In any case, please add your input to The Craft (movie)/temp, we need this to be balanced.  MB 00:35 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Let me clarify my argument. I think that it would be a huge overstatement to say that this movie was the main cause of a resurgence of interest in the gothic movement.  The interest in gothic culture was already on the rise, and this movie could have merely been another manifestation of the public interest in witchcraft.  As you've stated in your argument here, this movie was obviously very influential on 'you and your friends'.  However, this does not mean that it was as meaningful for everyone.  Therefore, if you put a statement about the impact of this movie, with only your personal experience to go on, you must put it in the context of an opinion.  Finally, Antonio, I would like to add that we are not trying to squelch your POV in favor of our own.  However, you must admit that before we started, the tone of these articles was decidedly gushy, and did not really fit the tone of the other articles in wikipedia.  -DropDeadGorgias 13:43 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Rachel True cannot be 40 years old...

Semi-protected edit request on 16 December 2019
Rachel True is currently being attacked on twitter and someone has decided to edit her page to make it appear she's no longer an actor. The recent edits that she is currently a tarot reader rather than an accomplished currently working actress as well as author, tarot expert is designed to hurt her career.

Remove line that she is currently a tarot reader. The article linked is from several years ago when she was doing research for her upcoming tarot book and deck set for Houghten Mifflin Harcourt scheduled for release October 2020.

Rachel True appeared on several episodes of The Fox TV show Better Things in 2018, and is currently in Buffalo NY, shooting the film One day At A Time. 184.74.37.190 (talk) 04:15, 16 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Pending-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. Upsidedown Keyboard (talk) 20:32, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rachel True


text:
Whistle register

The whistle register (also called the flute register or flageolet register) is the highest register of the human voice, lying above the modal register and falsetto register. This register has a specific physiological production that is different from the other registers and is so called because the timbre of the notes that are produced from this register is similar to that of a whistle.

In some sopranos, the modal register vocal production (the high head voice part) may extend into what is usually thought to be the whistle register.

Physiology and definition
The whistle register is the highest phonational register, that in most singers begins above the soprano "high D" (D6 or 1174.6 Hz) and extends to about an octave above (D7 or 2349.3 Hz). It is created by using only the back of the vocal folds. The lower part of the whistle register may overlap the upper parts of the modal and falsetto registers, making it possible for singers to phonate these notes in different ways. However, fundamentally, the whistle register is most commonly used to produce pitches above D6. As with the other vocal registers, the whistle register does not begin at the same point within every voice, and there are rare voices that can extend the whistle register much higher or lower than the range listed above. For example, most operatic coloratura sopranos can sing up to the "high" F above "high" C without entering into the whistle register.

The physiology of the whistle register is the least understood of the vocal registers. Unlike other types of vocal production, it is difficult to film the vocal cords while they are operating in this manner as the epiglottis closes down over the larynx, and the resonating chamber assumes its smallest dimensions. It is known that when producing pitches in this register, vibration occurs only in some anterior portion of the vocal folds. This shorter vibrating length naturally allows for easier production of high pitches.

Although the whole physiological production of whistle tone is not understood, it is known that when the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are active but the transverse arytenoid muscles inactive, a triangular opening is seen between the arytenoids, the vocal processes contact each other, but the posterior parts at the apex do not contact each other. The exception to this would be if the vocal folds are not stretched, as stretching of the vocal ligaments abducts (moves away from) the vocal processes.

Use in music
In popular music, the whistle register is used with more variety and to produce much higher pitches than are called for in classical music. It has mostly been used by female singers, with notable examples being Minnie Riperton, Betty Wright, Mariah Carey, Christina Aguilera, and Ariana Grande.

Some male singers can also make use of the whistle register, including Vitas, Adam Lopez, Axl Rose and Dimash Qudaibergen. An Iranian man named Amirhossein Molaei holds the Guinness Book of Records title for the highest vocal note produced by a man (F♯8, 5989 Hz).

title: Whistle register


text:
Robert McCloskey

John Robert McCloskey (September 15, 1914 – June 30, 2003) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books. He both wrote and illustrated eight picture books, and won two Caldecott Medals from the American Library Association for the year's best-illustrated picture book. Four of the eight books were set in Maine: Blueberries for Sal, One Morning in Maine, Time of Wonder, and Burt Dow, Deep-water Man (the last three of those four were all set on the coast). His best-known work is Make Way For Ducklings, set in Boston. In longer works, he both wrote and illustrated Homer Price and he illustrated Keith Robertson's Henry Reed series.

Biography
McCloskey was born in Hamilton, Ohio, on September 15, 1914 to Howard and Mabel McCloskey. He had two sisters, Melba and Dorothy. As a teen, McCloskey was a camper-turned-counselor at Camp Campbell Gard, where at age 16 he carved a totem pole which stood at the camp for over 50 years. His work on the totem pole is said to have led to him being chosen to create the bas relief and cast aluminum pieces decorating the Hamilton Municipal building in 1934, when he was 19.

He reached Boston in 1932 with a scholarship to study at Vesper George Art School. After Vesper George, he moved to New York City for study at the National Academy of Design.

In 1940, he married Peggy Durand, daughter of the children's writer Ruth Sawyer. They had two daughters, Sarah and Jane, and settled in New York State, spending summers on Scott Island, a small island off Little Deer Isle in East Penobscot Bay. McCloskey's wife and elder daughter Sarah are the models for little Sal and her mother in Blueberries for Sal (1948), a picture book set on a "Blueberry Hill" in the vicinity. Three others of his picture books are set on the coast and concern the sea.

Peggy died in 1991. Twelve years later on June 30, 2003, McCloskey died in Deer Isle, Maine.

Recognition
McCloskey won the 1942 Caldecott Medal for Make Way for Ducklings. The story, set in Boston, Massachusetts, features a mallard pair that nests on an island in the Charles River. After raising eight ducklings on the island, the mother leads them to the Public Garden downtown. A friendly policeman stops traffic to let them cross a busy street. The story soon became a Boston institution. Sculptor Nancy Schön created a bronze statue of Mrs. Mallard and the ducklings in 1987, installed along a walkway between pond and street. There thousands of children climb them every year and many more people photograph them; the park is also the annual site of a Make Way for Ducklings Mother's Day parade, featuring hundreds of children dressed in the costumes of their favorite characters. Since 2003 Make Way for Ducklings is the official children's book of Massachusetts.

McCloskey won a second Caldecott Medal in 1958 for Time of Wonder. Meanwhile, he had been a runner-up in 1949 for Blueberries for Sal, in 1953 for One Morning in Maine, and in 1954 for JourneyCake, Ho!, the latter written by his mother-in-law Sawyer. In a 1958 magazine article titled "Bob McCloskey, Inventor", another Medal winner Marc Simont observed that "[his] talent for devising mechanical contraptions is topped only by his ability to turn out books that carry off the Caldecott Medal."

The Homer Price stories (two books) were translated into Russian in the 1970s and became popular in the Soviet Union.

The U.S. Library of Congress named McCloskey a "Living Legend" in 2000.

Films
One chapter from Homer Price was adapted as a short film, The Doughnuts (1963). The same chapter was adapted for an ABC Weekend Special called "Homer and the Wacky Doughnut Machine" (1977). Another chapter, "The Case of the Cosmic Comic", was also adapted as a short film. In 1964, film producer Morton Schindel and Weston Woods Studios made Robert McCloskey, an 18-minute documentary that is sometimes screened in art schools. It shows McCloskey sitting in Boston Public Garden intercut with pages from his sketchbook drawings for Make Way for Ducklings, while the illustrator recounts experiences that influenced his work and discusses the relationship of craftsmanship to inspiration.

Public art

 * Totem Pole (summer 1931), now housed in the Hamilton, Ohio Municipal Building museum — McCloskey carved the totem pole while a counselor at Camp Campbell Gard where it stood for over 50 years
 * Sculpture (completed 1935), Hamilton, Ohio Municipal Building — McCloskey created models in bas relief.
 * Murals (1939), including six formerly housed in the Sloan Building (E52) on the MIT campus — McCloskey assisted Francis Scott Bradford depicting Beacon Hill socialites in large murals commissioned by the Lever Brothers of Cambridge, Massachusetts

Derivative art
In Boston Public Garden a sculpture of a family of nine ducks, by the sculptor Nancy Schön, installed in 1987, commemorates McCloskey's Make Way for Ducklings. A version was installed in Moscow in 1991. In Hamilton, Ohio, McCloskey's hometown, another sculpture by Schön, installed in 2002, depicts a boy and dog from McCloskey's first book, Lentil, published in 1940. McCloskey named the boy Lentil, but in a competition among schoolchildren the dog was given the name Harmony. In Boothbay Harbor, Maine, in the Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens, another sculpture by Schön, dedicated in 2010 and known as Sal's Bear, depicts a baby bear and a nearby spilled pail of blueberries, based on the drawings in McCloskey's Blueberries for Sal.

As author and illustrator

 * Lentil (1940)
 * Make Way for Ducklings (1941), Caldecott Medal winner
 * Homer Price (1943)
 * Blueberries for Sal (1948), a Caldecott Honor Award
 * Centerburg Tales: More Adventures of Homer Price (1951); also issued as More Homer Price
 * One Morning in Maine (1952), a Caldecott Honor Award
 * Time of Wonder (1957), Caldecott Medal winner
 * Burt Dow, Deep-water Man (1963)

As illustrator only

 * Yankee Doodle's Cousins (1941) written by Anne Malcolmson
 * Tree Toad: Adventures of the Kid Brother (1942) by Bob Davis, illus. McCloskey and Charles Dana Gibson
 * Young America's English Book One (1942) by Helen Fern Daringer
 * The Man Who Lost His Head (1942) by Claire Huchet Bishop; paperback reissue (1970) ISBN 0-440-84348-0
 * Trigger John's Son (1949) by Tom Robinson
 * Journey Cake, Ho (1953) by Ruth Sawyer, a Caldecott Honor Book
 * Junket: The Dog Who Liked Everything "Just So" (1955) by Anne H. White
 * Henry Reed, Inc. (1958), by Keith Robertson
 * Henry Reed's Journey (1963), by Robertson
 * Henry Reed's Babysitting Service (1966), by Robertson
 * Henry Reed's Big Show (1970), by Robertson

title: Robert McCloskey


text:
1814 in music

Events

 * Invention of the metronome by Johann Nepomuk Mälzel
 * February 27 – Première of Beethoven's Eighth Symphony in Vienna
 * September 14 – Francis Scott Key, inspired by the sight of the American flag over Fort McHenry, writes the lyrics of "The Star-Spangled Banner".
 * November – Romani composer János Bihari plays to the court during the Congress of Vienna.

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Polonaise in C major, Op. 89
 * Piano Sonata No. 27 in E minor, Op. 90
 * Merkenstein, Op. 100
 * Overture in C major, Op. 115
 * Elegischer Gesang, Op. 118
 * Der glorreiche Augenblick, Op. 136 (Cantata)
 * Germania, WoO 94
 * Chorus for the Allied Princes, WoO 95
 * Abschiedsgesang, WoO 102
 * Des Krieger's Abschied, WoO 143
 * Merkenstein, WoO 144
 * Resignation, WoO 149
 * 20 Irish Songs, WoO 153
 * Johann Ludwig Böhner – Fantaisie and Variations for Clarinet and Orchestra, Op. 21
 * Luigi Cherubini – String Quartet No.1
 * Franz Danzi – Horn Sonata, Op. 44
 * Anton Diabelli – 30 Sehr leichte übungsstücke, Op. 39
 * Friedrich Ernst Fesca – 3 String Quartets, Op. 1
 * John Field
 * Piano Concerto No.4, H 28
 * Nocturnes Nos. 1, 2, and 3 for piano
 * Mauro Giuliani – 6 Variations on 'I bin a Kohlbauern Bub', Op. 49
 * Johann Nepomuk Hummel
 * Serenade No.1, Op. 63
 * Piano Trio in G major, Op. 65
 * Serenade No.2, Op. 66
 * Piano Concerto No.4, Op. 110
 * 6 Polonaises for piano
 * Franz Krommer – Concerto No.2 for 2 Clarinets, Op.91
 * Nikolaus von Krufft – Sonata for Horn and Piano
 * Friedrich Kuhlau – Rondo, WoO 203
 * Ferdinand Ries
 * Symphony No. 2 in C minor, op. 80
 * Symphony No.5, Op. 112 (premiered Feb. 14 in London)
 * Sextet, Op. 142
 * 3 Flute Quartets, Op. 145
 * Sonate sentimentale, Op. 169
 * Franz Schubert
 * String Quartet No.7, D.94
 * Trost: an Elisa, D.97
 * Die Betende, D. 102
 * String Quartet Movement, D. 103
 * Die Befreier Europas in Paris, D. 104
 * Mass No.1, D. 105
 * Wer ist gross?, D.110
 * String Quartet No.8, D. 112
 * An Emma, D. 113
 * Der Geistertanz, D. 116
 * Gretchen am Spinnrade, D. 118
 * Schäfers Klagelied, D. 121
 * Am See, D.124
 * Symphony No.2, D.125
 * Ballade, D. 134
 * Tantum ergo, D. 739
 * Louis Spohr
 * Violin Concerto No. 7 in E minor, Op. 38
 * Das befreite Deutschland (cantata), WoO 64
 * Carl Maria von Weber – Piano Sonata No.2 in A-flat major, Op. 39
 * Johann Wilhelm Wilms – Wilhelmus van Nassauwe, Op.37

Opera

 * Ludwig van Beethoven – Fidelio (Vienna, 3rd version)
 * Johann Nepomuk Hummel – Die Eselshaut, S.101
 * Friedrich Kuhlau – Røverborgen (The Robbers' Castle)
 * Giovanni Pacini – La ballerina raggiratrice
 * Gioacchino Rossini
 * Il Turco in Italia
 * Sigismondo, premiered Dec. 26 in Venice.
 * Franz Schubert – Des Teufels Lustschloss, D.84

Popular music

 * "All the World's in Paris" by Joseph Grimaldi
 * "Sadak and Kalasrade, or the Waters of Oblivion" by Henry Bishop
 * "The Star-Spangled Banner" by Francis Scott Key

Publications

 * Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch – Gesanglehre
 * Anton Reicha – Traité de mélodie

Births

 * January – Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst, violinist and composer (died 1865)
 * January 26 – Jean-Chrysostome Brauneis II, organist, composer and teacher, the first Canadian to study music in Europe (died 1871)
 * February 21
 * Nicolò Gabrielli, opera composer (died 1891)
 * Franz Hoffmann, publisher (died 1882)
 * February 26 – Giuseppe Lillo, opera composer (died 1863)
 * March 3 – Charles Kensington Salaman, pianist and composer (died 1901)
 * April 9 – Félix Battanchon, composer and cellist (died 1893)
 * April 21 – Béni Egressy, composer and librettist (died 1851)
 * May 1 – Emma Albertazzi, contralto (died 1847)
 * May 7 – Henriette Hansen, Norwegian ballerina, singer and actor (died 1892)
 * May 9 – John Brougham, lyricist and librettist (died 1880)
 * May 10 – Stanislas Verroust, oboist and composer (died 1863)
 * May 12 – Adolf von Henselt, pianist and composer (died 1889)
 * May 25 – William H. C. Hosmer, lyricist (died 1877)
 * June 14 – Alexander John Ellis, musicologist (died 1890)
 * July 2 – Thérèse Wartel, pianist and composer (died 1865)
 * July 15 – Edward Caswall, hymnist (died 1878)
 * October 28 – Annette Julie Nicolò-Isouard, composer (died 1876)
 * November 6 – Adolphe Sax, inventor of the saxophone (died 1894)
 * December 19 – Robert Campbell, hymnist (died 1868)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Johann Georg Jacobi, lyricist and poet (born 1740)
 * February 3 – Jan Antonín Koželuh, composer (born 1738)
 * April 12 – Charles Burney, English music historian (born 1726)
 * April 15 – Karl Alois, dedicatee and patron (born 1761)
 * April 30 – Joseph Harris, composer and organist (born 1745)
 * May 6 – Georg Joseph Vogler, organist, composer and music theorist (born 1749)
 * June 8 – Friedrich Heinrich Himmel, composer (born 1765)
 * June 19 – Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Benda, musician (born 1745)
 * June 27 – Johann Friedrich Reichardt, composer and music critic (born 1752)
 * July 14 – Giovanna Sestini, opera singer (b. ca 174)
 * July 25
 * Charles Dibdin, musician, songwriter, author of A Musical Tour through England (born c. 1745)
 * Franz Xaver Huber, librettist (born 1755)
 * August 19 – Angelo Tarchi, opera composer (born c. 1760)
 * September 1 – Erik Tulindberg, first Finnish classical composer of note (born 1761)

title: 1814 in music


text:
1815 in music

Events

 * March 24 - The Handel and Haydn Society is founded as an oratorio society in Boston by a group of Boston merchants and musicians
 * Spanish classical guitarist Fernando Sor moves to London, England to try to garner some success there.
 * Summer – Gioachino Rossini goes to Naples as musical and artistic director of the Teatro San Carlo. His first opera for this theatre, Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra, premieres here on October 4.
 * December 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance, at the King's Chapel in Boston.

Classical music

 * William Beale – "Come let us join the Roundelay"
 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Cello Sonatas Nos. 4 and 5, Op. 102. Published in 1817.
 * 25 Scottish Songs, Op. 108
 * Meeresstille und glückliche Fahrt, Op. 112, for chorus and orchestra
 * Zur Namensfeier overture, Op. 115
 * Leonore Prohaska, WoO 96
 * Es ist vollbracht, WoO 97
 * Die laute Klage, WoO 135
 * Des Krieger's Abschied, WoO 143
 * Das Geheimnis, WoO 145
 * 12 Songs of Various Nationalities, WoO 157
 * Glück zum neuen Jahr, WoO 165
 * Kurz ist der Schmerz, und ewig ist die Freude, WoO 166
 * Leonhard von Call – 3 Guitar Sonatas, Op. 22
 * Matthew Camidge – 6 Concertos for Organ, Op. 13
 * Bartolommeo Campagnoli – Capricci, Op. 22
 * Luigi Cherubini – Symphony in D major
 * Carl Czerny – Variations brillantes, Op. 14
 * Friedrich Ernst Fesca – Psalm 103, Op. 26
 * Johann Nepomuk Hummel – Violin (or Flute) Sonata, Op. 64
 * Franz Krommer – Concerto No.2 for 2 Clarinets, Op. 91
 * Joseph Mayseder – String Quartet No.5, Op. 9
 * Giacomo Meyerbeer – Gli Amori di Teolinda (cantata)
 * Federico Moretti – "El amor y la amistad"
 * Anton Reicha
 * Wind Quintet, Op. 91 No.1
 * Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra in G minor
 * Ferdinand Ries
 * The Dream, Op. 49
 * Piano Trio, Op. 63
 * Franz Schubert
 * Dozens and Dozens of Lieder, canons, and choruses, most notably:
 * Mailied, D. 129, 199 and D. 202
 * Rastlose Liebe, D.138
 * An den Mond, D.193
 * Adelwold und Emma, D.211
 * Alles um Liebe, D.241
 * Die Bürgschaft, D.246
 * Heidenröslein, D.257
 * Erlkönig, D. 328
 * 6 Lieder, Op. posth. 118 (D. 233, 234, 221, 248, 270, 247)
 * Totus in corde langueo, D.136
 * 20 Waltzes, D.146
 * 10 Variations in F major, D.156
 * Piano Sonata in E major, D. 157 (and excerpt Allegro in E major, D.154)
 * Mass No.2, D.167 and Mass No.3, D.324
 * String Quartet No.9, D.173
 * Stabat Mater, D.175
 * Adagio in G major, D.178
 * Minuet in A minor, D.277a
 * Piano Sonata No. 2, D.279
 * 12 Ecossaises, D.299
 * Minuet in A major, D.334
 * 12 Ländler, D.681
 * Liebe säuseln die Blätter, D.988
 * Louis Spohr – String Quartet No.8, Op. 29 No.2
 * Johann Wilhelm Wilms – Sonata for Piano Four Hands, Op. 41

Opera

 * Gioachino Rossini
 * Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra
 * Torvaldo e Dorliska
 * Franz Schubert
 * Fernando, D.220
 * Claudine von Villa Bella, D.239
 * Die Freunde von Salamanka, D.326
 * Der Vierjahrige Posten

Births

 * January 22 – Ferdinand Praeger, composer, music teacher, pianist and writer (d. 1891)
 * March 8 – Jean Delphin Alard, composer and musician (died 1888)
 * March 11 – Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (d. 1879)
 * April 6 – Robert Volkmann, composer (d. 1883)
 * April 12 – Henry Hugo Pierson, English composer (d. 1873)
 * May 10 – Anders Ljungqvist, fiddler (d. 1896)
 * June 28 – Robert Franz, composer (d. 1892)
 * July 30 – Herman Severin Løvenskiold, composer (d. 1870)
 * August 16 – Madame Céleste, dancer (d. 1882)
 * September 4 – Mihály Mosonyi, arranger and composer (died 1870)
 * September 17 – Halfdan Kjerulf, Norwegian composer (died 1868)
 * October 17 – Emanuel Geibel, lyricist and playwright (died 1884)
 * November – Adelaide Kemble, opera singer (d. 1879)
 * December 25 – Temistocle Solera, opera composer and librettist (d. 1878)

Deaths

 * February 19 – Leonhard von Call, Austrian composer (born 1767)
 * March 4 – Frances Abington, singer and actress (born 1737)
 * April 8 – Jakub Jan Ryba, composer (born 1765) (suicide)
 * May 21 – Roman Hofstetter, composer (born 1742)
 * May 25 – Domenico Puccini, composer (born 1772)
 * June 22 – William Reeve, theatre composer (born 1757)
 * September 29 – Frederick Charles Reinhold, bass singer and organist (born 1737)
 * October 3 – Daniel Belknap, farmer, mechanic, militia captain, poet and singing teacher, one of the first American composers. (born 1771)
 * November 15 – Kaspar Anton Karl van Beethoven, brother of Ludwig van Beethoven (born 1774)
 * November 28 – Johann Peter Salomon, violinist, conductor, impresario and composer (born 1745)
 * December 14 – Charles Luke Lennox, heir to banking company, pianist (born 1800) (murder)
 * date unknown – Giovanni Bertati, librettist (born 1735)

title: 1815 in music


text:
1816 in music

This is a list of music-related events in 1816.

Events

 * January 9 – Ludwig van Beethoven obtains custody of his nephew Karl, after a legal battle with the boy's mother.
 * January 12 – The première of Gioacchino Rossini's new cantata, Giunone, takes place at the Teatro di San Carlo, Naples, where the composer is musical director.
 * February 12 – The Teatro di San Carlo in Naples burns down; reconstruction starts almost immediately, at the behest of King Ferdinand IV.
 * February 20 – Rossini's opera, Almaviva, ossia L’inutile precauzione (later better known as The Barber of Seville), receives its première at the Teatro Argentina, Rome.
 * March 21 – Prominent Jewish couple Abraham and Lea Mendelssohn arrange for their four children, Fanny, Felix, Rebecka and Paul, to be secretly baptized as Lutherans in the Jerusalemkirche, Berlin.
 * April 9 – Returning to Prague after a twenty-year absence, Johann Nepomuk Hummel gives a public recital.
 * April 17 – Josef von Spaun writes to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe for permission to have his poems set to music by the youthful Franz Schubert.
 * April 29 – Luigi Cherubini's cantata Inno alla primavera, commissioned by the Royal Philharmonic Society, is given its première in London, a year later than scheduled and without the composer present.
 * June 16 – In recognition of the 50th anniversary of his arrival in Vienna, Antonio Salieri is presented with a gold medal by the Lord Chamberlain on behalf of the Emperor Francis II.
 * July 13 – Carl Maria von Weber meets Count Vitzthum von Eckstädt at Carlsbad; the encounter leads to Weber being appointed Kapellmeister at Dresden.
 * October 2 – Johann Nepomuk Hummel is offered a post at Stuttgart by Duke Frederick I of Württemberg.
 * October 18 – Louis Spohr and Niccolò Paganini meet in Venice.
 * November 19 – Carl Maria von Weber becomes engaged to soprano Caroline Brandt.
 * November 25 – Muzio Clementi leaves London after a six-month stay.

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * An die ferne Geliebte, Op. 98
 * Der Mann von Wort, Op. 99
 * Piano Sonata No. 28
 * Sehnsucht, WoO 146
 * Luigi Cherubini – Requiem in C minor
 * Johann Nepomuk Hummel – Septet No.1, Op. 74
 * Conradin Kreutzer – String Quintet, Op. 62
 * Franz Krommer – 3 String Quartets, Op. 92
 * Joseph Mayseder – Polonaise No.3, Op. 12
 * Giacomo Meyerbeer – Gli amori di Teolinda (cantata)
 * Ignaz Moscheles – Grande sonate, Op. 41
 * George Onslow – 3 String Quartets, Op. 9
 * Franz Schubert
 * Litanei auf das Fest Aller Seelen, D. 343
 * Stabat Mater in F minor
 * Overture in B-flat major, D.470
 * String Trio in B-flat major, D 471
 * Lieder: Stimme der Liebe, D.412; 3 Gesänge des Harfners, Op. 12, D.478; Der Wanderer, D.489; Loda's Gespenst, D.150; Die Erwartung, D.159
 * Jan Václav Voříšek – 6 Impromptus, Op. 7
 * Carl Maria von Weber – Divertimento assai facile, Op. 38

Opera

 * François Adrien Boieldieu
 * La fête du village voisin
 * Charles de France (with Ferdinand Hérold)
 * Michele Carafa – Gabriella di Vergy
 * Gaetano Donizetti – Il Pigmalione
 * Étienne Méhul – La journée aux aventures
 * Gioachino Rossini
 * Il Barbiere di Siviglia
 * Otello
 * Franz Schubert – Die Bürgschaft, D.435 (unfinished)
 * Carlo Soliva – La Testa di Bronzo
 * Louis Spohr – Faust

Births

 * February 26 – Franz Krenn, composer and music teacher (d. 1897)
 * March 19 – Johannes Verhulst, conductor and composer (d. 1891)
 * April 13 – William Sterndale Bennett, pianist and composer (d. 1875)
 * April 26 – Eugène Albert, woodwind instrument maker (d. 1890)
 * July 16 – Antoine François Marmontel, French pianist (died 1898)
 * August 17 – Benjamin Bilse, conductor and composer (d. 1902)
 * September 4 – François Bazin, opera composer (d. 1878)
 * November 17 – August Wilhelm Ambros, composer and music historian (d. 1876)
 * November 24 – Matteo Salvi, composer (d. 1887)
 * December 8 – Edvard Helsted, composer (d. 1900)
 * date unknown – Edward Edwards, musician and composer (d. 1897)

Deaths

 * February 10 – Jean Paul Egide Martini, composer (born 1741)
 * February 19 – Margareta Alströmer, singer and artist (born 1763)
 * March 16 – Giuseppe Jannaconi, composer (born 1740)
 * March 23 – Ignaz Vitzthumb, conductor and composer (born 1724)
 * May 4 – Marie-Madeleine Guimard, ballerina (born 1743)
 * May 25 – Samuel Webbe, composer (born 1740)
 * June 5 – Giovanni Paisiello, composer (born 1740)
 * July 31 – Josef Fiala, musician and composer (born 1748)
 * December 15 – Prince Joseph Franz Maximilian Lobkowitz, patron of Beethoven (born 1772)
 * date unknown – João José Baldi, pianist and composer (born 1770)

title: 1816 in music


text:
1817 in music

This is a list of music-related events in 1817.

Events

 * Felix Mendelssohn begins studying composition with Carl Friedrich Zelter.
 * Improved form of ophicleide invented by Jean Hilaire Asté in France.

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * String Quintet, Op.104
 * Fugue in D major, Op.137
 * Gesang der Mönche, WoO 104
 * So oder So, WoO 148
 * Resignation, WoO 149
 * Alexandre-Pierre-François Boëly – 30 Caprices, Op. 2
 * Ferdinando Carulli – 6 Duos for Guitar and Flute, Op. 109
 * Frederic Chopin – Two Polonaises
 * Muzio Clementi – Gradus ad Parnassum Volume I is published simultaneously in London, Paris and Leipzig on March 1.
 * Gaetano Donizetti
 * English Horn Concertino, A 459 (premiered June 19 in Bergamo)
 * Sinfonia for Winds in G minor, A 509 (composed April 19)
 * Friedrich Dotzauer – Pot-Pourri for Cello and Guitar, Op. 21
 * John Field
 * Nocturne No.4 in A major, H.36
 * Nocturne No.6 in F major ("Berceuse")
 * Georg Gerson – Symphony in E-flat major
 * Mauro Giuliani
 * Divertimenti, Op. 78
 * Preludes, Op. 83
 * Johann Nepomuk Hummel
 * Adagio, Variationen und Rondo über 'Pretty Polly', Op. 75
 * Variations sur un theme original, Op. 76
 * Anselm Hüttenbrenner – 6 Variations, Op. 2
 * Jean-Baptiste Krumpholtz – 2 Harp Duos, Op. 5
 * Iwan Müller – Clarinet Quartet No. 2
 * Niccolo Paganini – Violin Concerto No.1, Op.6
 * Anton Reicha – Andante for Wind Quintet no. 1 in E-flat major
 * Franz Schubert
 * Piano Sonata No.4, D.537
 * Allegro and Scherzo, D.570 (July)
 * String Trio in B-flat major, D. 581 (Autumn)
 * Notable Lieder
 * Trost, D.523
 * Schlaflied, D.527
 * Der Tod und das Mädchen, D.531
 * Ganymed, D.544
 * An die Musik, D.547
 * Die Forelle, D.550
 * Louis Spohr – String Quartet No.11, Op. 43
 * Václav Jan Tomášek – 6 Eglogues, Op. 47

Opera

 * Franz Danzi – Die Probe
 * Gioacchino Rossini
 * La Cenerentola
 * La Gazza Ladra
 * Armida
 * Adelaide di Borgogna

Publications

 * Francesco Galeazzi – Elementi di Musica

Published Popular Music

 * "Oft, in the Stilly Night" – w.m. (arr.) Thomas Moore
 * "Te souviens-tu?" – Émile Debraux and Joseph-Denis Doche

Births

 * February 3 – Émile Prudent, composer (died 1863)
 * February 22 – Niels Gade, composer (d. 1890)
 * March 2 – Hans Hansen, composer (d. 1878)
 * March 17
 * Karl Schroder I, violinist (died 1890)
 * Julius Stahlknecht, composer (died 1892)
 * March 24 – Aimé Maillart, composer (d. 1871)
 * March 28 – Mariano Soriano Fuertes, composer (died 1880)
 * May 26 – Emil Erslev, composer (died 1882)
 * May 27 – Giuseppe Bardari, librettist (died 1861)
 * May 31 – Édouard Marie Ernest Deldevez, composer (died 1897)
 * June 13 – Antonio Torres Jurado, Spanish guitar maker (d. 1892)
 * August 13 – Károly Thern, pianist, conductor and composer (d. 1886)
 * September 23 - Léon Charles François Kreutzer, music critic, music historian, and composer (d. 1868)
 * October 5 – Eduard Franck, German composer (died 1893)
 * November 12
 * Gustav Nottebohm, musicologist (d. 1882)
 * Carlo Pedrotti, composer and conductor (died 1893)
 * November 13
 * Louis James Alfred Lefébure-Wély, organist (d. 1869)
 * Henry Brinley Richards, composer (d. 1885)
 * November 24 – Fritz Spindler, pianist (died 1905)
 * December 19 – Charles Dancla, composer (died 1907)

Deaths

 * January 14 – Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny, composer (b. 1729)
 * January 28 – F.L.Æ. Kunzen, conductor and composer (b. 1761)
 * March 1 – Luigi Gatti, composer (b. 1740)
 * June 29 – Ernst Schulze, lyricist and poet (born 1789)
 * August 24 – Nancy Storace, operatic soprano (b. 1766)
 * October 11 – Franz Xaver Hammer, gambist, cellist and composer (b. 1741)
 * October 12 – Johann Franz Xaver Sterkel, composer and pianist (born 1750)
 * October 18 – Etienne Méhul, composer (b. 1763)
 * November 7 – Francesco Pasquale Ricci, composer (b. 1732)
 * December 1 – Justin Heinrich Knecht, organist and composer (b. 1752)
 * December 3 – August Eberhard Müller, German composer (born 1767)
 * December 11 – Max von Schenkendorf, poet and songwriter (born 1783)
 * date unknown –
 * John Peacock, Northumbrian piper (b. c. 1756)
 * Pedro Étienne Solère, composer (born 1753)

title: 1817 in music


text:
Talk:Islamic banking and finance

Credit sales
The paragraph that talks about credit sales mentions that:

> An increase over the principal sum in financing a purchase of some product or commodity is another matter. These are not riba

This is not correct. Increasing the price in exchange for delaying payment (or paying in installments) is Riba. There are Hadiths about it such as:

> من باع بيعتين في بيعة فله أوكسهما أو الربا

Can be translated to a certain degree as "whomsoever makes two sales in one can take the lesser of the two, or he has consumed Riba".

Both Ibn 'abbas and Ibn Mas'oud explained the Hadith as offering an item to sell for a certain price cash (up front) or credit (delayed payment) while increasing the price in the later case, and this increase in price is Riba. Ibn Taymiyyah also explained it the same way.

Can we add an explanation here to note this critical point?

India Education Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment supported by Wikipedia Ambassadors through the India Education Program.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 19:55, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Islamic banking and finance


text:
1818 in music

This is a list of music-related events in 1818.

Events

 * April 12 – Heinrich Stölzel and Friedrich Blühmel patent the first brass instrument valve.
 * June 10 – The Teatro Nuovo at Pesaro in the Papal States of Italy opens with a performance of Gioacchino Rossini's La gazza ladra conducted by the composer in the town of his birth (the theatre is later renamed in his honor).
 * September – Soprano Giuditta Pasta makes her Venice début.
 * October 12 – The first National Theatre Munich opens as a home for the Bavarian State Opera with a performance of Ferdinand Fränzl's Die Weihe.
 * October 16 – The first work for the newly invented valved horn is played, Concertino für drei Waldhörner und ein chromatisches Ventilhorn, by composer-performer Georg Abraham Schneider.
 * December 24 – The Christmas carol "Silent Night" (Stille Nacht) with words by the priest Josef Mohr set to music by organist Franz Xaver Gruber is first performed at St. Nikolaus parish church in Oberndorf bei Salzburg in Austria.
 * date unknown
 * Johann Nepomuk Schelble founds the Society of St Cecilia at Frankfurt.
 * Beethoven receives the gift of a piano from Thomas Broadwood of the London manufacturers John Broadwood & Sons.

Bands formed

 * Besses o' th' Barn brass band is formed in Whitefield, near Manchester, England, by this date.

Popular music

 * "The Crimson Banner", words and music by William Blacker
 * "Silent Night" (words by Joseph Mohr, music by Franz Xaver Gruber)
 * "Thou Bonnie Wood of Craigielea" (words by Robert Tannahill, music by James Barr)

Classical music
All of the following items are found in the IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library.
 * George Anderson – The Battle of Waterloo
 * Heinrich Baermann – Clarinet Concertino, Op. 29
 * Bernhard Henrik Crusell – Clarinet Concerto No. 2, Op. 5
 * Franz Danzi
 * Symphony in D major, P. 223
 * Concerto Concertant, P. 227
 * Clarinet Potpourri No. 2, P. 246
 * Flute Sonatina in D major, P. 257
 * Clarinet Sonata in B-flat major
 * Friedrich Dotzauer – Oboe Quartet, Op. 37
 * Federigo Fiorillo – 3 Duos, Op. 31
 * Mauro Giuliani – Variations on "Deh! calma oh ciel" from Othello, Op. 101
 * Johann Neopmuk Hummel – Adagio, Variationen und Rondo über ein russisches Thema, Op. 78
 * Franz Krommer – String Trio, Op. 96
 * Karol Józef Lipiński – Variations, Op. 5
 * Sigismund Neukomm – Symphony, Op. 19
 * George Onslow – 3 Piano Trios, Op. 14
 * Anton Reicha – Wind Quintets, Op. 88
 * Franz Schubert
 * Adagio in D-flat major, D. 505
 * 4 Polonaises, D. 599
 * 3 Marches héroïques, D. 602
 * Fantasy in C major, D. 605a
 * March in E major, D. 606
 * Rondo in D major, D. 608
 * Die Geselligkeit, D. 609
 * Trio in E major, D. 610
 * Piano Sonata No.10, D. 613
 * Sonata for Piano Duet, D. 617
 * Polonaise in B-flat major, D. 618a
 * 8 Variations on a French Song, D. 624
 * Piano Sonata No. 11, D.625
 * Blanka, D.631
 * 3 Marches militaires, D.733
 * 6 Grandes marches, D.819
 * Symphony No. 6
 * Louis Spohr - String Quartet No. 11 in E, Op. 43
 * Jan Václav Voříšek – 12 Rhapsodies, Op. 1
 * Ludwig van Beethoven – Piano Sonata in B flat "Hammerklavier" Op.106

Opera

 * Michele Carafa – Berenice in Siria
 * Gaetano Donizetti – Enrico di Borgogna
 * Giovanni Pacini – Atala
 * Gioacchino Rossini – Mosè in Egitto

Births

 * January 14 – Zacharias Topelius, lyricist and historian (died 1898)
 * February 6 or August 7– Henry Litolff, keyboard virtuoso and composer (d. 1891)
 * March 1 (2) – Giulio Briccialdi, composer (d. 1881)
 * March 11
 * Antonio Bazzini, composer and violinist (died 1897)
 * Marius Petipa, Russian ballet dancer (died 1910)
 * March 31 – Carolina Granberg, Swedish ballerina (d. 1884)
 * April 6 – Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, lyricist and author (died 1870)
 * April 19 – Manuel Saumell, composer (d. 1870)
 * June 17 – Charles Gounod, composer (d. 1893)
 * June 28 – Cesare Ciardi, composer and musician (died 1871)
 * July 1 – Henrietta Treffz, operatic mezzo-soprano and first wife of Johann Strauss II (d. 1878)
 * August 7 – Henry Charles Litolff, composer and virtuoso (died 1891)
 * September 12 – Theodor Kullak, pianist, composer and music teacher (d. 1882)
 * October 15 – Alexander Dreyschock, pianist and composer (d. 1869)
 * October 26 – Stefano Golinelli, pianist and composer (d. 1891)
 * Kurmangazy Sagyrbaev, Kazakh folk musician and composer (d. 1889)

Deaths

 * February 1 – Giuseppe Gazzaniga, composer (b. 1743)
 * March 20 – Johann Nikolaus Forkel, music theorist (b. 1749)
 * March 28 – Antonio Capuzzi, violinist and composer (b. 1755)
 * April 11 – Carl Andreas Göpfert, composer and musician (born 1768)
 * May 7 – Leopold Kozeluch, composer (b. 1747)
 * May 10 – Greta Naterberg, folk singer (b. 1772)
 * May 18 – Maddalena Laura Sirmen, violinist, singer and composer (b. 1745)
 * August 25 – Elizabeth Billington, opera singer (b. 1768)
 * October 22 – Joachim Heinrich Campe, lyricist and writer (born 1818)
 * December – Mikhail Kerzelli, pianist, violinist and composer (b. c. 1740)
 * December 31 – Jean-Pierre Duport, cellist (b. 1741)

title: 1818 in music


text:
Moses E. Clapp

Moses Edwin Clapp (May 21, 1851 – March 6, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician.

Biography
Born in Delphi, Indiana, Clapp moved with his parents to Hudson, Wisconsin. He went to University of Wisconsin Law School and practiced law in Hudson, Wisconsin. He was district attorney for St. Croix County, Wisconsin. He then moved to Fergus Falls, Minnesota, where he practiced law.

He served as the Minnesota Attorney General from 1887 until 1893. In 1900, he entered the special election for Minnesota's seat in the United States Senate that was made vacant by the death of Cushman Davis. He won that election, and was later reelected in 1904 and 1910 for two additional terms.

He served in the Senate from January 28, 1901, to March 3, 1917, a term that spanned the 57th, 58th, 59th, 60th, 61st, 62nd, 63rd, and 64th Congresses. He was not renominated by the party in 1916. Clapp, along with Hiram F. Stevens, Ambrose Tighe, Thomas D. O'Brien, and Clarence Halbert, was also a co-founder of William Mitchell College of Law.

In 1906, he presented A Brief History of the Delaware Indians by Richard C. Adams for publication to the 59th Congress.

title: Moses E. Clapp