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Ray Ginger

Raymond Sydney Ginger (October 16, 1924 – January 3, 1975) was an American historian, author, and biographer of wide-ranging scholarship whose special focus was on labor history, economic history, and the epoch often called the Gilded Age. His biography of the American labor leader and socialist Eugene Victor Debs is widely considered definitive, and his account of the Scopes trial has also received high praise. Both titles are still in print, and both, along with many of his other works, have been widely used in college courses across the United States.

Early life
Ginger was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the fourth son and next-to-last child of an affluent Southern family that moved to Indiana (Debs' home state) while he was very young. The family soon plunged into abject poverty with the Great Depression. After four years "squatting" in a series of unoccupied houses in Greencastle while their eldest son attended DePauw college, the Ginger family settled in Indianapolis, still in extremely difficult circumstances. These experiences deeply influenced Ray Ginger's political convictions and much of his historical work: in later life he frequently recounted his childhood humiliation when sent to collect the bag of flour that was the only form of public welfare available, and also the intense personal rage that dominated his youth.

Education
Despite his troubled childhood, and the resulting troubled personality, he was accepted to both Harvard College and the University of Chicago before his 17th birthday. He later joked that he chose Chicago in the belief that it would be easier to augment his scholarship with part-time employment "in a big city like Chicago than in a small town like Cambridge." He didn't think to look at a map, and wouldn't have dreamed of asking for advice. At Chicago he soon took a step towards fulfilling his supreme ambition at that time—to become a sportswriter—by landing a post as a copyboy at the Chicago Tribune—"the only time my father was ever really proud of me." As the United States entered World War II, most of the reporters became foreign correspondents, and Ginger was promoted to a writing job in the city room.

His journalistic career was ended by the military draft, but the interruption to his academic education proved only temporary. Soon after basic training, Military Intelligence sent him to the University of Michigan for Japanese language training, where he met his first wife, later civil-liberties lawyer Ann Fagan Ginger. Ginger was next a code-breaker near Washington—work for which an education in statistical analysis would have been more appropriate than linguistic studies. There, in the closing days of the war, he joined the Communist Party, thinking the revolution was just around the corner.

His interest in Eugene Debs had already begun to crystallize into a determination to write a definitive biography, drawing on both archival sources and interviews with some of the many individuals then living who had known Debs well. Fortunately the recently enacted GI Bill provided an easy means of support for this enterprise. Ann Arbor, which was close to his wife's family home and where he had already accumulated academic credits while studying Japanese, seemed the obvious place to begin; he completed his bachelor's degree there, and then (the book not being finished) stayed for a master's degree in economics. Still drawing on GI benefits in the cause of literature, he then entered a Ph.D program in American Studies at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio (now Case Western Reserve University), where he completed The Bending Cross (Rutgers University Press, 1949). This classic biography met great critical acclaim, including an assessment by the eminent American historian Henry Steele Commager as "the best biography of Debs." It has almost never been out of print in the intervening years; Haymarket Books issued the most recent edition in 2006.

Academic career and blacklisting
After earning a Western Reserve Ph.D. in 1951 after having his published biography accepted as his dissertation, Ginger took up a post at Harvard Business School as editor of the Business History Review, with a little teaching on the side. Besides his editorial duties there, he wrote numerous scholarly articles in economics, labor history, and business history, researched a projected biography of Clarence Darrow, and enjoyed every prospect for a distinguished academic career.

The McCarthy Era ended his time at Harvard. When it seemed probable that both Ginger and his wife might be subpoenaed by the Massachusetts equivalent of the U.S. House Committee on Unamerican Activities, on June 16, 1954, Harvard University officials threatened him with immediate dismissal despite his three-year contract if he did not sign an oath declaring that he was not a member of the Communist Party. They required a similar oath from his wife, who had no connection to the university. When Ginger instead chose to resign, Harvard insisted that he leave the state immediately as a condition of receiving the two weeks salary remaining on his existing contract.

Ginger, his pregnant wife, and their small son went to New York on two days notice to stay with relatives they had never met. Ann Ginger gave birth as a charity patient, and the marriage came to a rancorous halt not long thereafter. Ginger worked in New York for the next six years, first in advertising and then as an editor at the book publishers Alfred A. Knopf and Henry Holt. He remarried in 1956 and published of two works of history, Altgeld's America and Six Days or Forever?. He remained bitter for being ejected from the academic world and then apparently blacklisted.

Later career
In 1960, Brandeis University offered him an assistant professorship in the history department. He stayed there for six years, becoming a tenured full professor, chairing the Committee on American Civilization, writing several more books, coaching the tennis team, and evolving rare pedagogical gifts. This remarkable talent received tangible acknowledgment many years after his death, when a former student (William Friedman, Brandeis '65), raised $2.5 million to endow the Ray Ginger Professorship of History at the university.

After leaving Brandeis in 1966, Ginger taught briefly at Stanford University and moved on to tenured positions at Wayne State University in Detroit and the University of Calgary, in Alberta, Canada. He died in Boston in 1975 of complications from acute alcoholism, survived by his third wife and two sons from his first marriage. Most of his papers were presented to the Labor History Archives at Wayne State University, where they are available for scholarly consultation.

Continuing controversy
The details of Ginger's dismissal from Harvard remain unclear.

In September 2000, Ann Fagan Ginger wrote a letter to the Harvard Board of Overseers demanding an apology for Harvard's actions. She also made public FBI files that document Ginger's account of being required to sign an oath. It was the first documented instance in which Harvard had made such a demand. Harvard had publicly announced it would remove members of the Communist Party but not those who refused to answer questions about party affiliation. Harvard replied a few months later, admitting that Ginger had been forced out but not apologizing. Board of Overseers President Sharon Gagnon wrote: "I would not presume to ... second-guess the motives or judgments of individuals in that difficult time. It seems clear, however, that Harvard took an action in the case of Mr. Ginger that many thoughtful people today, looking back, would not find appropriate." Ann Ginger found the response insufficient and said Harvard needed a truth and reconciliation commission to make it face what it had done.

Francis Boyle, law professor at the University of Illinois, and a 1976 graduate of Harvard Law School, has led a national campaign to lobby Harvard to conduct a public inquiry, issue a meaningful apology, and endow a chair in the Gingers' name for the study of peace, justice, and human rights.

Selected publications

 * Age of Excess; The United States From 1877 To 1914 (1965), (2nd ed., 1975)
 * Altgeld's America; The Lincoln Ideal Versus Changing Realities (1958)
 * American Social Thought (1961)
 * The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs (1949)
 * Also published as Eugene V. Debs: The Making of an American Radical
 * Modern American Cities (1969)
 * The Nationalizing of American Life, 1877–1900 (1965)
 * People on the Move: A United States History (1975)
 * Ray Ginger's Jokebook on American History (1974)
 * Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes (1958)
 * Spectrum; The World of Science (1959)
 * William Jennings Bryan; Selections (1967)

title: Ray Ginger


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Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport

Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport is one of two international airports of Shanghai, the largest city by population in China, and a significant airline hub of the country. Hongqiao Airport mainly serves domestic and regional flights, although the airport also serves select international flights (mainly to Seoul–Gimpo, Taipei–Songshan and Tokyo–Haneda). The airport is located near the town of Hongqiao in the outskirts of Changning and Minhang districts, 13 km west of downtown, and is closer to the city center than the area's primary international airport, Shanghai–Pudong.

Hongqiao Airport is the corporate headquarters and a major hub for China Eastern Airlines, Shanghai Airlines, and Juneyao Air, as well as a major hub for Spring Airlines. In 2016, Hongqiao Airport handled 40,460,135 passengers, making it the 7th busiest airport in China and the 43rd busiest in the world. By the end of 2011, Hongqiao Airport hosted 22 airlines serving 82 scheduled passenger destinations. Shanghai Hongqiao Airport was also certified with the Skytrax 5-Star Airport Rating for facilities, terminal comfort and cleanliness, shopping, food & beverages, and staff service in 2019.

Hongqiao Airport served as Shanghai's primary airport until the completion of Pudong International Airport on 1 October 1999, when most international flights were gradually moved to Pudong.

History
The construction of Hongqiao airport started in 1921. In May 1923, the airport opened for mixed civilian use. The Chinese Air Force deployed fighter-attack planes to Hongqiao in an operational response to the Shanghai Incident of 1932, and engaging Japanese carrier-based planes for the first time that day. In 1937, Hongqiao was the site of the so-called 'Oyama Incident' in which a Japanese lieutenant was shot dead by Chinese Peace Preservation Corps soldiers in the lead-up to the Battle of Shanghai. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the airport was occupied by the Japanese and used as an air force base. Its military use continued after being handed over to the Republic of China government and, later, the People's Republic of China government. From late 1963, it was rebuilt for civilian use, and was re-opened in April 1964. A major expansion took place from March to September 1984, and another from December 1988 to December 1991.

International era (1964–1999)
In 1964, the original Terminal 1 and the control tower opened to public. The terminal was entirely built by China itself and was advanced for its time, equipped with many modern facilities such as barbershops, bookstores, banks, cafes, telecommunication offices, canteens, and even a hotel. The first international charter flight to Hongqiao was Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 720 from Dhaka with a stopover from Guangzhou, making it one of the very few non-communist airlines to fly into China before the Cultural Revolution. In the mid-1960s, Air France and Lufthansa both began service directly from Phnom Penh; however they were both suspended not long after. In 1972, the airport was visited by U.S. President Richard Nixon using an Air Force One before flying to Peking during his visit to China.

In 1974, Japan Airlines began services from Haneda to Hongqiao. In 1979, CAAC Airlines began services from Hongqiao to Nagasaki using a Boeing 707 aircraft; by 1985, a Trident was used for just two flights a week. After China's reform and opening up in 1978, it then evolved into one of the busiest airports in China, alongside Beijing-Capital, particularly due to increasing passenger demand. Since 1981, Hongqiao Airport became a popular stopover for many airlines flying from Beijing to many other countries such as Canada, Japan and United States in particular. In 1985, Airbus-built aircraft started having hubs in this airport, due to it being delivered to the CAAC's Shanghai division (which would then become China Eastern Airlines). Additionally, at that same decade, many foreign airlines like Pan Am, United Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Cathay Pacific (Dragonair replaced the Hong Kong-Shanghai route sometime in the early 1990s), Canadian Pacific Air Lines (which then became Canadian Airlines International) began operating in Hongqiao around that time. During its international era, Hongqiao Airport was much different compared to today. It only had one 3400 m runway at the time, Terminal 1 was its main terminal, and its former control tower was renovated sometime after Pudong Airport opened.

In the 1990s, many more foreign airlines began serving the airport compared to the previous decade. Examples are All Nippon Airways, KLM, Lufthansa, Thai Airways International, Swissair, Air France, Malaysia Airlines, Korean Air, Garuda Indonesia, Air Macau, Royal Nepal Airlines, Asiana Airlines, Aeroflot, and Qantas.

Domestic era (2002–present)
The airport presently offers mainly domestic flights with the exception of the cities in Northeast China (except Shenyang (MU and FM fly once daily) and Harbin (MU flies once daily), Baotou, Tongren, Zhanjiang, Zhangjiajie and some smaller cities (which all are operating at Pudong Airport only), as well as five international routes to central Tokyo's Haneda Airport, central Seoul's Gimpo International Airport, central Taipei Songshan Airport, Hong Kong International Airport, and Macau's Macau International Airport. Previously, there were flights to Huai'an from the airport until all flights to Huai'an were moved to Pudong Airport in May 2018.

Since 1 January 2013, holders of valid passports issued by 45 countries have not needed a visa if transiting through Hongqiao Airport. In preparation for the Shanghai Expo, on 16 March 2010, Hongqiao Airport completed a five-year 15.3-billion-yuan expansion project, which included a 3300 m second runway and the new Terminal 2, boosting Hongqiao's capacity to 40 million passengers a year. Terminal 2 is four times the size of Terminal 1 and houses almost 80% of domestic airlines at the airport (Terminal 1 is now used only for international flights, Spring Airlines, Hebei Airlines and XiamenAir). With the new runway, Shanghai became the first city in China to have five (now seven) runways for civilian use (Pudong and Hongqiao combined).

Starting from the end of 2014, Hongqiao Airport Terminal 1 underwent its biggest renovation since 1921. The entire project was scheduled for completion in 2017. On 26 March 2017, Building A of Terminal 1 was fully renovated and reopened to the public. The old Building B was closed for reconstruction, and it was expected to be revamped and open to the public in mid-2018.

International flights were suspended on 25 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. From 25 March 2020, all flights from the airport were domestic to other cities in mainland China. International flights resumed from the airport on 26 March 2023.

Other facilities
The airport has the head office of China Eastern Airlines, which is housed in the China Eastern Airlines Building, and was the head office of China Cargo Airlines.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 17 September 1982, Japan Airlines Flight 792, a Douglas DC-8-61 bearing registration JA8048 en route to Tokyo Narita Airport, made an emergency landing, overran the runway and crashed into a drainage ditch after the hydraulic system and airbrake pressure failed. Of the 223 passengers and crew on board, there were 39 injuries.
 * On 15 August 1989, a China Eastern Airlines Antonov An-24, bearing the registration B-3417 and en route to Nanchang, crashed on takeoff due to an engine failure. Of the 40 occupants, 6 survived.
 * On 10 September 1998, China Eastern Airlines Flight 586, an MD-11 bearing registration B-2173, made an emergency landing at the airport after the landing gear had not retracted properly while en route to Beijing. Of the 137 occupants on board, nobody was killed. The footage subsequently has been uploaded to YouTube.
 * On 15 April 1999, Korean Air Lines Flight 6316, an MD-11F bearing registration HL7373, crashed shortly after takeoff from Hongqiao Airport to Seoul. After takeoff, the first officer contacted Shanghai Departure, which cleared the flight to climb to 1500 m. When the aircraft climbed to 4500 ft in the corridor, the captain, after receiving two wrong affirmative answers from the first officer that the required altitude should be 1500 ft, thought that the aircraft was 3000 ft too high. The captain then pushed the control column abruptly and roughly forward causing the plane to enter a rapid descent. Both crew members tried to recover from the dive but were unable. All three occupants onboard and five people on the ground were killed.
 * On 13 August 2011, Qatar Airways Flight 888, a Boeing 777-300ER en route from Doha International Airport to Shanghai's other international airport, Shanghai Pudong International Airport declared a low-fuel emergency and elected to divert to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport. Air traffic control at Hongqiao ordered Juneyao Airlines Flight 1112, en route from Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport to Hongqiao, to terminate its approach and allow the Qatar Airways Boeing 777-300ER to land. The pilot of Juneyao Airlines Flight 1112 ignored repeated orders to abort their landing and give Flight 888 priority, ultimately forcing the Qatar Airways flight to go-around. Both aircraft landed safely without injury or damage to the aircraft. The incident led to penalties to Juneyao Airlines and the crew of the Juneyao plane by the Civil Aviation Administration of China, including the permanent revocation of the pilot's license in China.
 * On 7 June 2013, China Eastern Airlines Flight 2947, an Embraer EMB-145LI flying from Huai'an Lianshui Airport to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport veered off of runway 18L at Hongqiao during landing. The plane came to a stop on an adjacent taxiway with its nose gear collapsed. No passengers or crew suffered any injuries, however, the plane received substantial damage.
 * On 11 October 2016, China Eastern Airlines Flight MU5643, an Airbus A320 (Registration B-2337), nearly collided with Flight MU5106 of the same airline, an Airbus A330, when the former was taking off on runway 36L while the latter was crossing the same runway under wrong instruction. The former performed a TOGA takeoff, managed to climb over the latter, and avoided a collision.

Ground transportation
Terminal 2 of the Hongqiao Airport is immediately adjacent to Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station, a major train hub served by the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, the Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway and the Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity High-Speed Railway. The airport's other terminal, Terminal 1, is across the airfield from Terminal 2.

The airport and the railway station are served by three stations of the metro network:

 * Hongqiao Railway Station: Line 2, Line 10, Line 17
 * Hongqiao Airport Terminal 2 station: Line 2, Line 10
 * Hongqiao Airport Terminal 1 station: Line 10

The proposed extension of the Shanghai Maglev Train from Longyang Road through Shanghai South railway station to Hongqiao would connect the two airports. At top speed, the maglev would take only 15 minutes to travel the 55 km route. Original plans called for completing the extension by 2010, in time for the Expo 2010; however, the Hongqiao extension has been indefinitely postponed due to protests.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport


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Southern Agrarians

The Southern Agrarians were twelve American Southerners who wrote an agrarian literary manifesto in 1930. They and their essay collection, I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition, contributed to the Southern Renaissance, the reinvigoration of Southern literature in the 1920s and 1930s. They were based at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. John Crowe Ransom was their unofficial leader, though Robert Penn Warren became their most prominent member. The membership overlaps with The Fugitives.

Members
The twelve authors of the Southern Agrarians manifesto, I'll Take My Stand, were:
 * Donald Davidson, poet, essayist, reviewer and historian
 * John Gould Fletcher, poet and historian
 * Henry Blue Kline
 * Lyle H. Lanier
 * Andrew Nelson Lytle, poet, novelist and essayist
 * Herman Clarence Nixon
 * Frank Lawrence Owsley, historian
 * John Crowe Ransom, poet, professor, essayist
 * Allen Tate, poet
 * John Donald Wade, biographer and essayist
 * Robert Penn Warren, poet, novelist, essayist and critic, later first poet laureate of the United States
 * Stark Young, novelist, drama and literary critic, playwright

Other writers associated with the Agrarians include Richard M. Weaver, Caroline Gordon, Brainard Cheney and Herbert Agar.

Background and general ideas
The Agrarians evolved from a philosophical discussion group known as the "Fugitives" or "Fugitive Poets". Many of the Southern Agrarians and Fugitive poets were connected to Vanderbilt University, either as students or as faculty members. Davidson, Lytle, Ransom, Tate, and Warren all attended the university; Davidson and Ransom later joined the faculty, along with Wade and Owsley. They were known also as "Twelve Southerners", the "Vanderbilt Agrarians", the "Nashville Agrarians", the "Tennessee Agrarians", and the "Fugitive Agrarians".

They were offended by H. L. Mencken's attacks on aspects of Southern culture that they valued, such as its agrarianism, conservatism, and religiosity. They sought to confront the widespread and rapidly increasing effects of modernity, urbanism, and industrialism on American (but especially Southern) culture and tradition. The Agrarians were influenced by the medievalism of Victorian writers Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin and William Morris, as well as the French right-wing tradition that began with Counter-Enlightenment philosopher Joseph de Maistre, which they accessed through the writings of contemporaries T. E. Hulme, T. S. Eliot and Charles Maurras. The informal leader of the Fugitives and the Agrarians was John Crowe Ransom, but in a 1945 essay, he announced that he no longer believed in either the possibility or the desirability of an Agrarian restoration, which he declared a "fantasy".

I'll Take My Stand
I'll Take My Stand was criticized at the time, and since, as a reactionary and romanticized defense of the Old South and the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. It ignored slavery and denounced "progress", for example, and some critics considered it to be moved by nostalgia. A key quote from the "Introduction: A Statement of Principles" to their 1930 book I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition:

"All the articles bear in the same sense upon the book's title-subject: all tend to support a Southern way of life against what may be called the American or prevailing way; and all as much as agree that the best terms in which to represent the distinction are contained in the phrase, Agrarian versus Industrial. ...Opposed to the industrial society is the agrarian, which does not stand in particular need of definition. An agrarian society is hardly one that has no use at all for industries, for professional vocations, for scholars and artists, and for the life of cities. Technically, perhaps, an agrarian society is one in which agriculture is the leading vocation, whether for wealth, for pleasure, or for prestige – a form of labor that is pursued with intelligence and leisure, and that becomes the model to which the other forms approach as well as they may. But an agrarian regime will be secured readily enough where the superfluous industries are not allowed to rise against it. The theory of agrarianism is that the culture of the soil is the best and most sensitive of vocations, and that therefore it should have the economic preference and enlist the maximum number of workers."

Though the book was reviewed widely, it only sold about 2000 copies as of 1940. It has been reprinted several times. The current edition was published by Louisiana State University Press in 2006 to mark the book's 75th anniversary.

Other publications
Most of the Southern Agrarians contributed to a second collection of essays, Who Owns America? (1936), which also included writings from English distributists.

The Agrarians were the most prolific contributors to The American Review, edited by Seward Collins. Various Agrarians contributed as many as 70 articles, led by Donald Davidson with 21. Scholar Louis Menand has identified many of their contributions as influential in spreading the idea of New Criticism to the United States from Britain.

Collins eventually became a public supporter of fascism. Several of the Agrarians came to regret (and renounce) their relationship with Collins, however, after his political views became better known. Agrarian Allen Tate wrote a rebuttal of fascism for the liberal The New Republic in 1936. Nevertheless, Tate remained in contact with Collins and continued to publish in The American Review until its demise, in 1937.

Chapel Hill Sociologists
In the 1930s, the Agrarians were challenged by the modernizing social scientists (the "Chapel Hill Sociologists") based at the University of North Carolina (in Chapel Hill) and led by Howard W. Odum, on issues of urbanism, social progress, and the very nature and definition of the South. The sociologists produced Rupert Vance's The Human Geography of the South (1932), and Odum's Southern Regions of the United States (1936), as well as numerous articles in the journal Social Forces. The sociologists argued that the problems in the South stemmed from traditionalism which ought to and could be cured by modernization, the opposite of the Agrarian viewpoint.

Robert Penn Warren
Robert Penn Warren emerged as the most accomplished of the Agrarians. He became a major American poet and novelist, winning the Pulitzer Prize for his 1946 All the King's Men.

At a reunion of the Fugitive Poets in 1956, Warren confessed that for about a decade — from just before World War II to some years after — he had shut Agrarianism from his mind as irrelevant to the cataclysmic social and political events then playing out in the world. Now, however, he believed that, rather than being irrelevant, his old Agrarian enthusiasms were tied into the major problems of the age. In the modern world, the individual had been marginalized, stripped of any sense of responsibility, or of past or place. "In this context," writes Paul V. Murphy, "the Agrarian image of a better antebellum South came to represent for Warren a potential source of spiritual revitalization. The past recalled, not as a mythical 'golden age' but 'imaginatively conceived and historically conceived in the strictest readings of the researchers', could be a 'rebuke to the present'."

It was Warren's concern with democracy, regionalism, personal liberty and individual responsibility that led him to support the civil rights movement, which he depicted in his nonfiction works Segregation (1956) and Who Speaks for the Negro? (1965) as a struggle for identity and individualism. As Hugh Ruppersburg, among others, has argued, Warren's support for the civil rights movement paradoxically stemmed from Agrarianism, which by the 1950s, meant for him something very different from the Agrarianism of I'll Take My Stand. As Warren's political and social views evolved, his notion of Agrarianism evolved with them. He came to support more progressive ideas and racial integration and was a close friend of the eminent African-American author Ralph Ellison. While Donald Davidson took a leading role in the attempt to preserve the system of segregation, Warren took his stand against it. As Paul V. Murphy writes, "Loyalty to the southern past and the ambiguous lessons of Agrarianism led both men in very different directions."

Legacy
Louis D. Rubin Jr. assessed the Agrarians in 1979:"In retrospect the importance of I'll Take My Stand lay in its vigorous reaffirmation of religious humanism and its farseeing critique of the abuses of unchecked industrial exploitation. In certain crucial respects it is far closer in spirit and intent to works such as Henry David Thoreau's Walden, Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward, and T. S. Eliot's 'The Waste Land' in its rebuke to an acquisitive business society. This, and not its topical prescriptions for the southern economy of the day, largely accounts for its continuing importance."In 1981, University of Georgia Press published Why the South Will Survive: Fifteen Southerners Look at Their Region a Half Century after I'll Take My Stand, with contributions from Donald L. Anderson (1932–2004), M. E. Bradford, Cleanth Brooks, Thomas Fleming, Samuel T. Francis, George Garrett, William C. Havard, Hamilton C. Horton Jr., Thomas H. Landess, Marion Montgomery, John Shelton Reed, George C. Rogers Jr., David B. Sentelle, and Clyde N. Wilson, with an afterword by Lytle.

In recent decades, some American traditional conservatives such as Allan C. Carlson, Joseph Scotchie, and Eugene Genovese have praised the Agrarian themes in light of what they see as the failures of highly urbanized and industrialized modern societies.

Today, the Southern Agrarians are regularly lauded in neo-Confederate media such as the Southern Partisan. Some of their social, economic, and political ideas have been refined and updated by writers such as Allan C. Carlson and Wendell Berry. The Intercollegiate Studies Institute has published books which further explore the ideas of the Agrarians.

title: Southern Agrarians


text:
Chibchan languages

The Chibchan languages (also known as Chibchano) make up a language family indigenous to the Isthmo-Colombian Area, which extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia and includes populations of these countries as well as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. The name is derived from the name of an extinct language called Chibcha or Muisca, once spoken by the people who lived on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of which the city of Bogotá was the southern capital at the time of the Spanish Conquista. However, genetic and linguistic data now indicate that the original heart of Chibchan languages and Chibchan-speaking peoples might not have been in Colombia, but in the area of the Costa Rica-Panama border, where the greatest variety of Chibchan languages has been identified.

External relations
A larger family called Macro-Chibchan, which would contain the Misumalpan languages, Xinca, and Lenca, was found convincing by Kaufman (1990).

Based primarily on evidence from grammatical morphemes, Pache (2018, 2023) suggests a distant relationship with the Macro-Jê languages.

Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Andaki, Barbakoa, Choko, Duho, Paez, Sape, and Taruma language families due to contact.

Classification

 * Chibchan
 * A
 * Waimí (Guaymi)
 * Guaymí (Ngäbere, Movere) – 170,000 speakers, vulnerable in Panama, endangered in Costa Rica
 * Buglere (Bokotá) – 18,000 speakers, endangered
 * Borũca (Brunca) – 140 speakers, moribund
 * Talamanca
 * Huetar (Güetar)
 * Bribri (Talamanca), 7,000 speakers – vulnerable in Costa Rica, endangered in Panama
 * Cabécar (Talamanca) – 8,800 speakers, vulnerable
 * Teribe (Norteño) – 3,300 speakers, endangered
 * B
 * Pech (Paya) – 990 speakers, endangered
 * Dorasque
 * Votic
 * Rama – 740 speakers, moribund
 * Voto
 * Maléku (Guatuso) – 750 speakers, endangered
 * Corobicí – northwestern Costa Rica
 * Cuna–Colombian
 * Kuna (Dulegaya) – 60,600 speakers, vulnerable in Panama, endangered in Colombia
 * Chibcha–Motilon
 * Barí (Motilón) – 5,000 speakers, vulnerable
 * Chibcha–Tunebo
 * Muisca –
 * Duit
 * U'wa (Tunebo) – 2,550 speakers, endangered
 * Guane – Colombia
 * Arwako–Chimila
 * Chimila – 350 speakers, endangered
 * Arwako
 * Wiwa (Malayo, Guamaca) – 1,850 speakers, endangered
 * Kankuamo
 * Arhuaco (Ikʉ) – 8,000 speakers, vulnerable
 * Kogi (Cogui) – 9,910 speakers, vulnerable

The extinct languages of Antioquia, Old Catío and Nutabe have been shown to be Chibchan (Adelaar & Muysken, 2004:49). The language of the Tairona is unattested, apart from a single word, but may well be one of the Arwako languages still spoken in the Santa Marta range. The Zenú a.k.a. Sinú language of northern Colombia is also sometimes included, as are the Malibu languages, though without any factual basis.

Adolfo Constenla Umaña argues that Cueva, the extinct dominant language of Pre-Columbian Panama long assumed to be Chibchan based on a misinterpreted Kuna vocabulary, was actually Chocoan, but there is little evidence.

The Cofán language (Kofán, Kofane, A'i) of Ecuador and Colombia has been erroneously included in Chibchan due to borrowed vocabulary.

On the basis of shared grammatical innovations, Pache (2023) argues that Pech is most closely related to the Arhuacic languages of northern Colombia, forming a Pech-Arhuacic subgroup.

Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):

( = extinct)

 * Chibcha
 * Pech
 * Votic
 * Maleku
 * Rama
 * Wetar
 * Isthmus
 * Boruka-Talamanca
 * Boruka
 * Talamanca
 * Teribe
 * Bribri-Kabekar
 * Bribri
 * Kabekar
 * Doraske-Changena
 * Changena
 * Doraske
 * Guaymi
 * Buglere
 * Ngäbe
 * Kuna
 * Kuna Paya-Pukuro
 * Kuna San Blas
 * Magdalena
 * Barí
 * Chimila
 * Nutabe
 * U'wa
 * Muisca
 * Guane
 * Muisca
 * Sierra de Santa Marta
 * Kaggaba
 * Tairona
 * Wiwa-Ika
 * Ika
 * Kankuamo
 * Wiwa

Varieties
Below is a full list of Chibchan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

 * Rama group
 * Rama – language spoken around Bluefields Lagoon and on the Rama River, Nicaragua.
 * Melchora – extinct language once spoken on the San Juan Melchoras River, Nicaragua. (Unattested.)

 * Guatuso group
 * Guatuso – spoken on the Frío River, Costa Rica, now perhaps extinct.
 * Guetar / Brusela – extinct language once spoken on the Grande River, Costa Rica.
 * Suerre / Camachire / Chiuppa – extinct language once spoken on the Tortuguero River, Costa Rica. (Benzoni 1581, p. 214, only five words.)
 * Pocosi – extinct language once spoken on the Matina River and around the modern city of Puerto Limón, Costa Rica. (Unattested.)
 * Voto – extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the San Juan River, Costa Rica. (Unattested.)
 * Quepo – extinct language once spoken in Costa Rica on the Pacuare River. (W. Lehmann 1920, vol. 1, p. 238, only one single word.)
 * Corobisi / Corbesi / Cueresa / Rama de Rio Zapote – spoken by a few individuals in Costa Rica on the Zapote River. (Alvarez in Conzemius 1930, pp. 96–99.)

 * Talamanca group
 * Terraba / Depso / Quequexque / Brurán – extinct language once spoken in Costa Rica on the Tenorio River.
 * Tirub / Rayado / Tiribi – extinct language spoken once in Costa Rica on the Virilla River.
 * Bribri / Lari – spoken on the Coca River and Tarire River, Costa Rica.
 * Estrella – Spanish name of an extinct language, the original name of which is unknown, once spoken on the Estrella River, Costa Rica.
 * Cabecar – language spoken on the Moy River, Costa Rica.
 * Chiripó – language spoken in Costa Rica on the Matina River and Chirripó River.
 * Viceyta / Abiseta / Cachi / Orosi / Tucurrique – extinct language once spoken on the Tarire River, Costa Rica.
 * Brunca / Boruca / Turucaca – extinct language of Costa Rica, spoken on the Grande River and in the Boruca region.
 * Coto / Cocto – extinct language once spoken between the sources of the Coto River and Grande River, Costa Rica. (Unattested.)

 * Dorasque group
 * Chumulu – extinct language once spoken in El Potrero, Veraguas (Potrero de Vargas), Panama.
 * Gualaca – extinct language once spoken on the Chiriqui River, Panama.
 * Changuena – once spoken in Panama, on the Changuena River.

 * Guaymi group
 * Muoi – extinct language once spoken in the Miranda Valley of Panama.
 * Move / Valiente – now spoken on the Guaymi River and in the Veragua Peninsula.
 * Norteño – dialect without an aboriginal name, spoken on the northern coast of Panama, now perhaps extinct.
 * Penonomeño – once spoken in the village of Penonemé.
 * Murire / Bucueta / Boncota / Bogota – spoken in the Serranía de Tabasara by a few families.
 * Sabanero / Savaneric / Valiente – extinct dialect without aboriginal name, once spoken on the plains south of the Serranía de Tabasara.
 * Pariza – extinct dialect spoken in the Conquest days on the Veragua Peninsula. (G. Espinosa 1864, p. 496, only one single word.)

 * Cuna group
 * Coiba – extinct language once spoken on the Chagres River, Panama. (W. Lehmann 1920, vol. I, pp. 112–122; A. Santo Tomas 1908, pp. 124–128, only five words.)
 * Cuna / Bayano / Tule / Mandingo / San Blas / Karibe-Kuna / Yule – language spoken in eastern Panama, especially on the Bayano River, in San Blas and the small islands on the northern coast.
 * Cueva / Darien – extinct language Once spoken at the mouth of the Atrato River, Colombia.
 * Chochama – extinct language once spoken on the Suegro River, Panama. (Unattested.)

 * Antioquia group
 * Guazuzú – once spoken in the Sierra de San Jerónimo, department of Antioquia, Colombia. (Unattested.)
 * Oromina / Zeremoe – extinct language once spoken south of the Gulf of Urabá, Antioquia, Colombia. (Unattested.)
 * Catio – once spoken in the region of Dabaiba, Colombia. (only a few words.)
 * Hevejico – once spoken in the Tonusco and Ebéjico Valleys. (Unattested.)
 * Abibe – once spoken in the Sierra de Abibe. (Unattested.)
 * Buritaca – once spoken at the sources of the Sucio River. (Unattested.)
 * Caramanta – once spoken around the city of Caramanta.
 * Cartama – once spoken around the modern city of Cartama. (Unattested.)
 * Pequi – once spoken in the Pequi region. (Unattested.)
 * Arma – once spoken on the Pueblanco River. (Unattested.)
 * Poze – once spoken on the Pozo River and Pacova River. (Cieza de Leon 1881, p. 26, only one single word.)
 * Nutabé – once spoken in the San Andrés Valley.
 * Tahami – once spoken on the Magdalena River and Tora River. (Unattested.)
 * Yamesi – once spoken at the mouth of the Nechi River and on the Porce River. (Simon 1882–1892, vol. 5, p. 80, only one single word.)
 * Avurrá – once spoken in the Aburrá Valley. (Piedrahita (Fernandez de Piedrahita) 1688, cap. 2, f. 9, only one single word.)
 * Guamoco – once spoken around the modern city of Zaragoza, Antioquia. (Unattested.)
 * Anserma / Humbra / Umbra – once spoken on the Cauca River around the city of Anserma, Caldas. (J. Robledo 1865, pp. 389 and 392, only a few words.)
 * Amachi – once spoken in the San Bartolomé Valley. (Unattested.)

 * Chibcha group
 * Chibcha / Muisca / Mosca – extinct language once spoken on the upper plateau of Bogotá and Tunja, department of Cundinamarca, Colombia.
 * Duit dialect – once spoken on the Tunja River and Tundama River.
 * Tunebo / Tame – language now spoken by many tribes living in the area east of the Chibcha tribe. Dialects:
 * Tegría – spoken on the Tegría River, department of Boyaca. (Rochereau 1926–1927, 1946–1950, 1959.)
 * Pedraza – spoken on the Pedraza River.
 * Boncota – spoken on the Boncota River.
 * Manare – spoken on the Manare River.
 * Sinsiga / Chita – spoken in the village of Chita, Boyacá and on the Chisca River.
 * Uncasica – spoken in the Sierra Librada.
 * Morcote – spoken on the Tocaría River and in the village of Morcote. (Unattested.)
 * Chitarero – extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Pamplona, department of Santander. (Unattested.)
 * Lache – extinct language once spoken on the Chicamocha River and in the Sierra de Chita, department of Boyacá. (Unattested.)

 * Motilon group
 * Dobocubí / Motilon – spoken on the Tarra River and around the old mission of Atacarayo, department of Norte de Santander, Colombia.
 * Bartra / Cunaguasáya – spoken by a tribe on the Oro River, Rincón River, and Lora River in the Norte de Santander region.
 * Mape – spoken by a little known tribe on the Catatumbo River and Agua Blanca River in the Norte de Santander region and in the state of Zulia, Venezuela.

 * Arhuaco (Arwako) group
 * Tairona / Teyuna – extinct language once spoken on the Frio River and on the Caribbean coast, department of Magdalena, Colombia, now a secret language of the priests in the Cagaba tribe.
 * Zyuimakane – extinct language once spoken on the Volador River in the same region. (Unattested.)
 * Bungá – extinct language once spoken on the Santa Clara River. (Unattested.)
 * Ulabangui – once spoken on the Negro River, in the Santa Clara River region. (Unattested.)
 * Cashingui – once spoken on the Palomino River. (Unattested.)
 * Masinga – once spoken on the Bonda River, in the Palomino River region. (Unattested.)
 * Bonda / Matuna – once spoken on the Bonda River and Santa María River. (Holmer 1953a, p. 313, only one single word; Preuss 1927, only a few toponyms.)
 * Cágaba / Köggaba / Kaugia / Koghi – language spoken in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the villages of San Andrés, San Miguel, San José, Santa Rosa, and Pueblo Viejo.
 * Guamaca / Nábela / Sanha / Arsario – spoken in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region in the villages of El Rosario, Potrerito, and Marocaso.
 * Bintucua / Ijca / Ika / Iku / Machaca / Vintukva – spoken in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region in the village of San Sebastián (near Atanquez).
 * Atanque / Campanaque / Busintana / Buntigwa / Kallwama – spoken in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the village of Atanquez.
 * Upar / Eurpari / Giriguana – extinct language once spoken on the César River. (Unattested.)
 * Cariachil – once spoken between the Molino River and Fonseca River. (Unattested.)
 * Ocanopán / Itoto – once spoken around Cerro Pintado. (Unattested.)

 * Paya group
 * Paya / Poyuai / Seco – language spoken on the Guayape River and between the Patuca River and Sico River, Honduras.

Proto-language
Pache (2018) is the most recent reconstruction of Proto-Chibchan. Other reconstructions include Holt (1986).

Constenla (1981)
Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Constenla (1981):

Proto-Chibchan horticultural vocabulary (Constenla 2012):

 * *dihke ‘to sow’
 * *te1 ‘cultivated clearing’
 * *ike ‘manioc’
 * *tuʔ ‘tuber, yam’ (Dioscorea spp.; Xanthosoma sagittifolium)
 * *apì ‘pumpkin, squash’
 * *e, *ebe ‘maize’
 * *du, *dua1 ‘tobacco’
 * *tã1 ‘rattles from gourd’
 * *toka ‘gourd cup’

Pache (2018)
Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Pache (2018):

title: Chibchan languages


text:
Talk:Identical bids to mark Etobicoke streets

Do we need this orphan page? Rmhermen 18:07, Aug 13, 2003 (UTC)
 * Maybe add it as a section/anecdote to an industrial espionage page if there is one? Colin Marquardt 18:50, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Okay, this might not even be espionage... it also smells very much like a report copied verbatim from a newspaper. Colin Marquardt 19:03, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Most certainly is not verbatim. I modified the Toronto Star's report as much as I saw possible, in order of points, structure of points, etc. - user:zanimum
 * I saw the title and thought it looked stupid - but after reading, found it interesting. I'm not sure where it fits - probably atached or at least linked to from the appropriate city page - but it's worth keeping. Bizarre circumstance! Tannin 22:19, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm going to have it linked to the City of Toronto page, to due with the corporation of the City of Toronto, aka city hall, wards, etc., once I create that. - user:zanimum

FYI, I removed a link for John Thomas. I'm trying to disambiguate some links. If we ever get an article on JT {Toronto engineer} then it can be restored. Lou I 14:20, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Does this really need its own article? I think we should just merge it into the existing Etobicoke, Ontario article and turn this into a redirect, in case anyone does a search on "identical bids to mark Etobicoke streets" (which is pretty unlikely anyway). Darkcore 08:39, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)


text:
Marguerite Young

Marguerite Vivian Young (August 26, 1908 – November 17, 1995) was an American novelist and academic. She is best known for her novel Miss MacIntosh, My Darling. In her later years, she was known for teaching creative writing and as a mentor to young authors. "She was a respected literary figure as well as a cherished Greenwich Village eccentric." During her lifetime, Young wrote two books of poetry, two historical studies, one collection of short stories, one novel, and one collection of essays.

Background
Young was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Through her father, Chester Ellis Young, she was a collateral descendant of Brigham Young, and by her mother, Fay Herron Knight, she was a direct descendant of John Knox.

Young's parents separated when she was very young, and she and her sister, Naomi, were brought up by their maternal grandmother, Marguerite Herron Knight, who was convinced the child Marguerite was the reincarnation of her dead cousin, Little Harry. Her grandmother nurtured Young's love of literature.

Education
Young studied at Butler University in Indianapolis, receiving a BA in French and English. She then attended the University of Chicago, auditing Thornton Wilder's writing class at his invitation. She also attended the University of Iowa.

In 1936, she earned her MA in Elizabethan and Jacobean Literature. She wrote her master's thesis on Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit by John Lyly (1578).

While attending the University of Chicago, Young had a part-time position reading Shakespeare to Minna K. Weissenbach. A patron of Edna St. Vincent Millay, Weissenbach was sometimes known as "the opium lady of Hyde Park" and she became the inspiration for the Opium Lady in Young's Miss MacIntosh, My Darling. Drug-based flights of fantasy were to make their way into the novel.

Later, Young received a Ph.D. in philosophy and English from the University of Iowa, where she taught at the prestigious Iowa Writers' Workshop.

Teaching
She briefly taught at Shortridge High School before embarking on a distinguished literary career. In New York she held a contract lectureship in English literature during the 1960s at Fordham University.

Works
Young's first book of poetry, Prismatic Ground, was published in 1937, while she was teaching English at Shortridge High School in Indianapolis. In that same year, she visited the commune of New Harmony, Indiana, where her mother and stepfather resided.

After her MA, she taught at an Indianapolis high school and at the University of Iowa.

In 1943, she moved to New York, where she became known for her works Moderate Fable (1944) and Angel in the Forest (1945).

She relocated to New Harmony and spent seven years there, beginning work on Angel in the Forest, a study of utopian concepts and communities, at the same time producing Moderate Fable (1944), which won the poetry prize from the National Academy of Arts and Letters. Angel in the Forest appeared in 1945 and was well received, winning Guggenheim and Newberry Library awards.

Over the next fifty years, while maintaining an address in New York City's Greenwich Village, Young traveled extensively and was part of a wide literary circle that included Mari Sandoz, Richard Wright, Anaïs Nin, Flannery O'Connor, Marianne Hauser and Allen Tate, with whom she had an affair. She also had a complex friendship with Carson McCullers and Truman Capote. She wrote articles, poetry, and book reviews while also teaching creative writing at various venues, including the New School for Social Research, Fordham University, and the Iowa Writers' Workshop.

In 1944, Scribners commissioned her to write a new work, ultimately published as the epic novel Miss MacIntosh, My Darling (1965). Although she had intended to take just two years, she did not finish her novel until 1963. Young described it as "an exploration of the illusions, hallucinations, errors of judgment in individual lives, the central scene of the novel being an opium addict's paradise." Anaïs Nin, in The Novel of the Future, calls it "an epic American novel written in a poetic style." Miss MacIntosh, My Darling was not well received critically but developed a cult following.

Young's next project was to be a biography of Hoosier poet James Whitcomb Riley, the creator of Little Orphant Annie. Her experiences in joining the protests against the Vietnam War made her turn her focus to Riley's friendship with Eugene V. Debs. The digression was to occupy the rest of her life, becoming an ambitious biography of Debs, the union organizer who evolved into the first Socialist candidate for President of the United States (1904, 1908, 1912, 1920). She projected a three-volume epic history of the people, through Debs's battles for workers rights and the development of the Locomotive Firemen's workers union. Harp Song for a Radical: The Life and Times of Eugene Victor Debs remained unfinished at the time of her death.

Part I, “Prelude in a Golden Key,” portrays Swiss agnostic Wilhelm Weitling’s cross-country tour of the pioneer utopian communities built during the settlement of the western United States. He visits the Mormon communities in Nauvoo, Illinois and Salt Lake City, Utah; the Shakers; the Amish communities in Pennsylvania; the Oneida community; the Icarians; the Rappites, and many other settlements in the wilderness. Through this perspective Young establishes that this nation was founded and settled on the principles of communal ownership and mutual assistance. In Part II of Harp Song for a Radical, Young establishes that Eugene Debs was the catalyst through which these principles became the basic tenets of the labor movement in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

During Marguerite Young's final illness, she was nursed by Marilyn Hamilton and Suzanne Oboler. Together, during this time, they compiled her unfinished manuscript and submitted it to her publisher. After her death, the manuscript was edited by Charles Ruas to include Young's survey of utopian communities as well as her portraits of major historical figures encountered by Debs in his struggles as a labor organizer: the portraits of Mary Todd Lincoln, James Whitcomb Riley, Joe Hill, Sojourner Truth, Brigham Young, Joseph Smith and Susan B. Anthony. This edited version of Harp Song for a Radical was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1999. Also in her last illness, Marguerite Young returned to writing poetry.

Inviting the Muses, a collection of her stories, essays, and reviews, was published by Dalkey Archive Press in 1994. Her Collected Poems was published in 2022 by Chatwin Books/Sublunary Editions. Young’s papers are at the Beinecke Library, Yale University.

Personal life and death
When Marguerite Young became fully incapacitated, her niece, Daphne Nowling, came to New York from Indiana and took both Young and the contents of her Bleecker Street floor-through apartment—library, doll collection and all—to her own home in Indianapolis. There she recreated Young's apartment, where she nursed her until the end. Young died on November 17, 1995, in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Works

 * Prismatic Ground (1937), poems
 * Moderate Fable (1944), poems
 * Angel in the Forest: A Fairy Tale of Two Utopias (1945), historical study
 * Miss MacIntosh, My Darling (1965), novel
 * Inviting the Muses: Stories, Essays, Reviews (1994)
 * Harp Song for a Radical: The Life and Times of Eugene Victor Debs (1999), historical study (posthumous)
 * The Collected Poems of Marguerite Young (2022)

Influences
Starting in 1975, Charles Ruas produced for Pacifica radio station WBAI in New York a year-long series of readings from Miss MacIntosh, My Darling called The Reading Experiment. The readings were by Young's contemporaries in the literary, theatre, and journalistic worlds, such as Leo Lerman, Wyatt Cooper, Osceola Archer, Marian Seldes, Ruth Ford, James Coco, Peggy Cass, and Earle Hyman. The artist Rob Wynne scored each program with concrete sound effects and atonal and harmonic music, as well as opera. The programs were distributed nationally through the Pacifica Radio Network. The series was reissued by and made available through Art International Radio's Internet station "Art on Air," formerly known as the Clocktower Gallery. Those recordings are now available on the Who Is Marguerite Young? website. Renewed interest in the book resulted in the publication in 1979 of a boxed two-volume paperback edition, with an Introduction by Anaïs Nin, by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, as well as a two-volume paperback edition in 1993 by Dalkey Archive. In 2024, Dalkey Archive Press published a new one-volume edition that, despite returning the novel to print after decades of unavailability, introduced numerous typographical errors into the text.

 * Radio readings from Miss Macintosh, My Darling (1976–1977)
 * Marguerite Young Interview
 * Anaïs Nin and Marguerite Young (c. 1975)

title: Marguerite Young


text:
Airdrie Savings Bank

Airdrie Savings Bank was a small commercial bank operation in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland. It ran three branches throughout the area, with its head office in Airdrie at the time of the announcement of its closure. Total assets of the bank at 31 October 2013 were £158 million with a reported loss of £267,000. In January 2017, the bank announced it would begin closure proceedings on 28 April of that year.

Corporate structure
Airdrie Savings Bank was the only remaining independent savings bank in the UK. It operated on mutual principles, had no shareholders and was instead governed by a board of trustees, appointed to represent the interests of depositors and to ensure that the bank was managed properly.

In addition to Airdrie, there were branches in Bellshill and Coatbridge at the time of the announcement of its closure.

History
The first true savings bank was established by Rev. Henry Duncan in the Dumfriesshire village of Ruthwell in 1810. Duncan's model was rapidly adopted across Scotland, the rest of the UK and continental Europe. In 1924 the world's first International Thrift Congress was held in Milan and there were representatives there from 350 institutions around the world.

Airdrie Savings Bank was instituted in 1835 by the efforts of four “founding fathers” – Rev. John Carslaw (a local church minister and strong advocate of the temperance movement); Dr William Clark (a retired doctor and member of a wealthy old Airdrie family); Rev. Andrew Ferrier (another local minister); and James Knox (a local hat and cap manufacturer). The first board of directors included several weavers, a blacksmith, a schoolmaster, a stonemason, a tailor and a salesman. Indeed, the blacksmith was vice-president of the bank for over twenty years.

The first account was opened on 21 January 1835 with a deposit of £2 10s and by the end of 1835 a total of £355 had been deposited (over £ in ). The first branch was opened in the Session House of a local church but the church closed in 1841 and the bank moved to the shop premises of a tailor where it remained for twenty years before relocating to a hat shop. Finally, a purpose-built independent office was established in the town in 1883. By 1885 the bank total deposits had risen to £20,000 (£ million in ) and within a decade this figure increased ten-fold to £200,000 (£ million in ). At the same time the number of customers more than quadrupled from 1,100 to 4,600. Deposits continued to double every decade such that by 1916 they had reached the £1 million mark (£ million in ).

During the First World War the bank continued to expand, opening new branches in Coatbridge (1916) and Bellshill (1917). In 1925 the head office in Airdrie relocated to new premises at the bottom of Wellwynd in the town where it remains today. Further expansion in the 1930s resulted in new branches in Shotts and Muirhead (both 1931) and Ballieston (1936). A second Coatbridge branch, Whifflet followed in 1969, Motherwell in 1997 and Falkirk in 2011.

In August 2010 it was announced that a new branch would be opened after a cash injection of £10 million, from a group of Scottish entrepreneurs who support the bank's mutual model. Sir Angus Grossart, Sir David Murray, Ann Gloag, Brian Souter, Sir Tom Farmer and Ewan Brown each provided £1 million. Soutar stated that "Airdrie Savings Bank represents what Scottish banks once stood for – security of funds, a focus on savings and outstanding personal service". He went on to say that: "We believe the mutual principle is fundamental to the integrity of the bank. We are doing this because so many Scots are dismayed at what has happened within the banking sector".

On 28 May 2015, the bank announced that the branches at Baillieston, Muirhead, Motherwell and Shotts would close on 28 August. The Falkirk branch closed in April 2016.

In January 2017, the board of trustees of Airdrie Savings Bank resolved that the bank should be wound up as a result of changing customer requirements and the increasing cost of regulation. The three remaining branches, including the head office, would close and customer deposits would be returned or transferred to other financial institutions. Mortgages and secured loans were to be transferred to TSB Bank plc, and any outstanding deposits were to be transferred to Wesleyan Bank.

title: Airdrie Savings Bank


text:
User talk:Jose Ramos

Hello Jose, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and style guide pages are also useful. There is a sandbox which you can use to experiment in. If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. Angela 18:19, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hi José! Thanks for the fixes on the UOA article. Good to see you about. :) -- Jonathan Ah Kit 1014 NZST, 18 Aug 2003.

Hi, thanks for noticing that weird sentence in The Birds...I always do stuff like that, write two different sentences and just forget to join them! Adam Bishop 17:45, 25 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I noticed the helpful corrections to bird. One query, do all birds have hollow bones - I'm thinking of the Ostrich and penguins in particular?. I've slightly modified the crepuscular bit, since some nightjars (and owls are much less prepared to fly at dawn and dusk than the US species (eg European and Standard-winged). jimfbleak 05:54, 26 Aug 2003 (UTC)

LOL. I hope you won't feel embarrassed, but basically, except a page I labelled as such, all pictures are from me (and a few from my husband), *but* the tree one :-) That is just fair, as I am no photograph, and no artist in the least. Whilst the author is KQ. It was a present from him, a day I was in despair. It was on my user page for a while, till one day I blanked everything and resisted deleting it and quitting for 2 weeks. It is on my french page now. Thanks :-) (I will hopefully spend christmas in Algeria, I hope to make many many many pictures) Anthère

 * btw, I have been living in Tempe :-) AZ is a gorgious state imho

I moved Ilocano to Votes for deletion/copyvio. Good catch. Martin 21:29, 18 Sep 2003 (UTC)

"Hear, hear" on your recent remark on the CPUSA talk page. I'm haven't really waded into editing that article, at least not so far, but if you turn out to need to bring in people there who are concerned to keep this an encyclopedia article rather than a tract, feel free to ping me. -- Jmabel 05:58, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi. I saw you listed at this Wikipedia page as someone interested in physics. I wonder if you can provide any help with this page: Why 10 dimensions? I am interested in Ramanujan Modular Functions and how they are used in String Theory. JWSchmidt 19:59, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Strength of a rope
Hi. Doesn't look like you've been around for some years, but in case you see this, I'm wondering about your edit at Réaumur saying that a rope is stronger than the sum of the strengths of its strands. Could you tell me your source for that? Thanks. —JerryFriedman (Talk) 02:56, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Soil Association - Editor Required
Hi there - hope you are well. I noticed from looking at the organic farming page, that you are the original contributor of content there. I am seeking a skilled Wikipedian to review the Soil Association page. As you can see from the history on the page there is much dispute which has led to a page that is simply not fit for purpose. I have been trying to work with Wikipedians on that page to get it altered but am finding it very tricky. I have a COI as an employee of the Soil Association which makes it particularly difficult. I am seeking someone who can come in impartially, who has an interest in the subject matter and make it into a page that is up to date and factually correct. Are you able to help? With thanks, Dan DanMor0806 (talk) 16:37, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jose Ramos


text:
Newberry Library

The Newberry Library is an independent research library, specializing in the humanities. It is located in Chicago, Illinois, and has been free and open to the public since 1887. The Newberry fosters a deeper understanding of our world by inspiring research and learning in the humanities and encouraging conversations about ideas that matter. Its mission is rooted in a growing and accessible collection of rare and historical materials.

Collections
The Newberry’s collections contain primary and secondary sources spanning more than six centuries of history related primarily to the history, culture, and people of Western Europe and the Americas. Core collection strengths include:
 * American History and Culture
 * American Indian and Indigenous Studies
 * Chicago and the Midwest
 * Genealogy and Local History
 * History of the Book
 * Maps, Travel, and Exploration
 * Medieval, Renaissance, and Early Modern Studies
 * Modern Manuscripts and Archives
 * Performing Arts
 * Postcards
 * Religion

The collection consists of about 1.6 million books; 600,000 maps; 1,300 distinct archival collections containing approximately 5 million manuscript pages; 500,000 different postcards; approximately 250,000 pieces of sheet music; and much more.

Notable items held at the Newberry include:

 * Chicago's only copy of Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies, commonly referred to as the First Folio
 * The archives of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad
 * Over 700 American Revolutionary pamphlets
 * Thomas Jefferson’s own annotated copy of The Federalist
 * The first and second editions of the Eliot Bible
 * The Popol Vuh, which is the earliest surviving copy of the Mayan creation story
 * Ledger art created by Northern Cheyenne warrior-artists in the 1870s, as well as modern interpretations of the ledger art tradition by contemporary Native artists
 * A 1692 fur trade contract that has one of the first references to “Chicago” in writing
 * Maps, souvenirs, and ephemera from the World's Columbian Exposition
 * The papers of journalist, playwright, and screenwriter Ben Hecht
 * Resources for genealogists, including city directories, church and synagogue records, phonebooks, cemetery records, censuses, and newspapers like the Chicago Daily News, Chicago Tribune, and Chicago Defender
 * More than 2,500 incunables (books printed before 1501)
 * Artists’ books by contemporary midwestern and Chicago printers such as Jennifer Farrell and Audrey Niffenegger
 * Atlases of Ptolemy, Ortelius, and Mercator
 * A wide array of 19th- and 20th-century guidebooks in various European languages
 * Georgette de Montenay’s 1571 emblem book, which was the first of its kind published by a woman
 * Pre-1800 European and British literary, historical, and devotional manuscripts, printed books, and maps
 * The archival records of prominent Chicago dance companies like Hubbard Street Dance Company, Chicago City Ballet, and Joel Hall Dancers
 * Handwritten scores by Mozart, Chopin, Mahler, and Wagner
 * The Curt Teich Postcard Archives Collection, which includes more than 500,000 unique postcard images
 * 17th- and 18th-century Mexican choir books
 * Martin Luther’s pamphlets against the papacy

As a non-circulating library, all collection items are made available free of charge on site to anyone who is 14 years of age or older. Reference staff are available in the Newberry's two reading rooms and in the Welcome Center just off the lobby. Reference librarians work with all readers and offer orientation, in-depth bibliographical instruction, and specialized assistance as needed.

Many items from the Newberry’s collections are digitized and can be accessed online.

Offerings for the Public
The Newberry offers free public programs, which are often livestreamed and shared on the library’s YouTube page. These programs explore a variety of topics related to the library’s collection strengths. Recent speakers include: Rebecca Makkai, Chicago-based author of The Great Believers; Tiya Miles, Professor of History at Harvard University and author of All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley's Sack, a Black Family Keepsake; Jill Wine-Banks, MSNBC Legal Analyst; maritime archaeologist Mensun Bound; Elizabeth Ellis (Peoria Nation of Oklahoma), Associate Professor of History at Princeton University; Mike Amezcua, Assistant Professor in the Department of History at Georgetown University and author of Making Mexican Chicago; and poet, essayist, and cultural critic Hanif Abdurraqib.

The Newberry mounts four free exhibitions a year in two gallery spaces. These exhibitions consist primarily of items from the library’s collections.

Recent exhibitions include:
 * Pictures from an Exposition: Visualizing the 1893 World's Fair (2018)
 * The Legacy of Chicago Dance (2019)
 * Renaissance Invention: Stradanus's "Nova Reperta" (2020)
 * ¡Viva la Libertad! Latin America and the Age of Revolutions (2021)
 * A Show of Hands: Handwriting in the Age of Print (2022)
 * Handmaidens for Travelers: The Pullman Company Maids (2022)
 * Pop-Up Books through the Ages (2023)
 * A Night at Mister Kelly’s (2024)

Adult education classes are offered throughout the year at the Newberry. Classes are either held at the library or virtually via Zoom. Led by experts in a variety of fields, these classes can help participants jumpstart or elevate their next learning endeavor.

The Newberry Bookshop, located in the lobby of the library, curates a selection of books reflecting the Newberry's collection strengths and upcoming public programming. It also sells goods such as cards, posters, puzzles, and literary action figures.

Resources for Scholars, Students, and Teachers
Beginning in 1944 with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, the Newberry began hosting researchers from different disciplines and backgrounds for both short- and long-term fellowships. These fellows form a close community during their time at the Newberry and continue to build their relationships with one another and with the library long after they leave. Researchers with long-term fellowships spend four to nine months at the Newberry. Researchers with short-term fellowships spend one to two months at the library. Newberry fellows often produce works that stems from their research at the library.

Examples of recent books by former Newberry fellows include:

 * Only the Clothes on Her Back by Laura Edwards (Long-Term Fellow 2019-20)
 * Last Call at the Hotel Imperial by Deborah Cohen (Long-Term Fellow 2019-20)
 * Botanical Entanglements: Women, Natural Science, and the Arts in Eighteenth-Century England by Anna Katie Sagal (Long-Term Fellow 2017-18)

The library offers a series of content-based professional development seminars for teachers. Led by scholars and educators from the Chicagoland area and beyond, these humanities-focused seminars create space for teachers to connect with peers, explore the Newberry’s collection as scholars, and learn to use primary sources in the classroom.

The Newberry Library Undergraduate Seminar (NLUS) offers select students from DePaul University, Loyola University Chicago, Roosevelt University, and the University of Illinois Chicago the chance to participate in an intensive research seminar inspired by the Newberry’s collection. During their semester at the library, students attend seminar meetings and learn to conduct research. Students work closely with Newberry staff to form research questions before venturing into the archives on their own. The seminar culminates in a major research paper and presentation.

The Newberry is home to three research centers:

 * Center for Renaissance Studies

 * D’Arcy McNickle Center for American Indian and Indigenous Studies

 * Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography

Early History
The Newberry was established in 1887 as the result of a bequest by Walter Loomis Newberry, an early Chicago resident and business leader involved in banking, shipping, real estate, and other commercial ventures. Newberry died at sea in 1868, while on a trip to France. He included in his will a provision of funds for the creation of a "free public library" should his daughters die without heirs. They did, and so, following the death of Newberry's widow, Julia Butler Newberry, in 1885, it was up to Newberry estate trustees William H. Bradley and Eliphalet W. Blatchford to bring the library to fruition.

Without much direction (Newberry did not leave behind many details regarding his vision for the library) and without its founder's personal collection as a foundation (Newberry's own collection of books perished in the Great Fire of 1871), the first officers and staff members were instrumental in forming the character of the Newberry.

The Newberry's first librarian, William Frederick Poole, was a major figure in the library world when he came to the Newberry. Poole saw the Newberry as a blank canvas on which he could project his ideas, which included and perhaps found their most impassioned articulation in the design and construction of libraries. In 1887–88 it was located at 90 La Salle Street, in 1889–90 at 338 Ontario Street, and in 1890-93 at the northwest corner of State and Oak Streets. The present building, designed by Poole and architect Henry Ives Cobb (1859–1931), opened in 1893. It is located at 60 West Walton Street, across from Washington Square. It is a structure in the Spanish Romanesque architectural style, built of Connecticut granite.

Poole and Cobb feuded bitterly over their different visions for the library building. Poole favored a number of reading rooms with open shelving of materials that could be easily accessed by patrons; Cobb preferred the majestic grandiosity in vogue in Europe and the centralization of collection items. Poole's influence with the library's trustees coerced Cobb to temper the grand staircase he had envisioned and to accommodate open shelving. Over time, however, the open shelving would put too much strain on the Newberry's staff and the security of its collections, and the library would convert to a centralized storage system.

Poole served as Newberry librarian until his death in 1894. Under his leadership, the library built broad reference collections that would be useful to many different Chicagoans, especially professionals and tradespeople. The Newberry's medical department, created in 1890, is an example of this emphasis. Poole also steered the Newberry toward the acquisition of rare materials for use by professional scholars. Two en bloc acquisitions made during his tenure, the private collections of Henry Probasco and Count Pio Resse, yielded notable rarities in music and early printed specimens (incunables), as well as Shakespeare folios and editions of Homer, Dante, and Horace.

To focus its own collecting and to avoid the duplication of resources in Chicago at large, the Newberry entered into a cooperative agreement in 1896 with the Chicago Public Library and the John Crerar Library, by which each institution would specialize in certain fields of knowledge and areas of service. As a consequence, the Newberry came to specialize in the humanities, and the natural sciences became the province of the Crerar. The Newberry immediately transferred its holdings in this area, including its copy of Audubon's Birds of America. The Newberry's medical department was transferred to the Crerar in 1906.

President and Librarian
Since its founding in 1887, the Newberry Library has had ten President and Librarians and one Interim President and Librarian.
 * William F. Poole (1887-1894)
 * John Vance Cheney (1894-1909)
 * W. N. C. Carlton (1909-1920)
 * George B. Utley (1920-1942)
 * Stanley Pargellis (1942-1962)
 * Lawrence W. Towner (1962-1986)
 * Charles T. Cullen (1986-2005)
 * David Spadafora (2005-2019)
 * Daniel Greene (2019-2023)
 * Gail Kern Paster (Interim President and Librarian, April-October 2023)
 * Astrida Orle Tantillo (December 2023-current)

Newberry Library Award
In 1987, the Newberry established the Newberry Library Award in honor of its 100th anniversary. The Newberry Library Award is an honor bestowed to individuals, and in the case of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, organizations, who have made "outstanding contributions to the humanities, particularly in fields of endeavor related to the Newberry’s collection." The award itself is a scale-sized model of the full-sized Virginio Ferrari sculpture created in 1987 called Umanitá that greets visitors as they enter the Newberry Library.

 * 1987: Paul Oskar Kristeller
 * 1990: Jaroslav Pelikan
 * Richard J. Franke
 * Ann Ida Gannon
 * Lawrence Stone
 * 2006: Hanna Holborn Gray
 * 2007: Richard M. Daley
 * 2008: Anthony Grafton
 * 2009: William Cronon
 * 2010: Jonathan Spence
 * 2011: Robert Darnton
 * 2012: Francis Christopher Oakley
 * 2013: David McCullough
 * 2014: Roger Baskes
 * 2015: Stacy Schiff
 * 2016: Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
 * 2017: Martin E. Marty
 * 2018: Carla Hayden
 * 2019: Marilynne Robinson
 * 2021: Lonnie G. Bunch III
 * 2022: Ira Glass and This American Life
 * 2023: Ken Burns
 * 2024: Drew Gilpin Faust

The Pattis Family Foundation Chicago Book Award at the Newberry Library
The Pattis Family Foundation Chicago Book Award at the Newberry Library is presented annually to a book that transforms public understanding of Chicago, its history, or its people. The prize, established in 2021 by The Pattis Family Foundation in partnership with the Newberry Library, brings attention to publications that advance greater insight into the city among a general readership while resonating with the Newberry’s collections related to the history and people of Chicago. The award-winning author(s) will receive a prize of $25,000.

2022 Awardee:

Dawn Turner, Three Girls from Bronzeville (Simon & Schuster)

2022 Shortlist Recipients:

 * Elly Fishman, Refugee High: Coming of Age in America (The New Press)

 * Tim Samuelson, Louis Sullivan’s Idea (Alphawood Foundation; distributed by University of Minnesota Press). Edited and designed by Chris Ware

 * William Sites, Sun Ra’s Chicago: Afrofuturism and the City (University of Chicago Press)

 * Carl Smith, Chicago’s Great Fire: The Destruction and Resurrection of an Iconic American City (Atlantic Monthly Press)

2023 Awardee:

Toya Wolfe, Last Summer on State Street (William Morrow)

2023 Shortlist Recipient:

Heather Hendershot, When the News Broke: Chicago 1968 and the Polarizing of America (University of Chicago Press)

2024 Awardee:

Thomas Leslie, Chicago Skyscrapers, 1934-1986: How Technology, Politics, Finance, and Race Reshaped the City (University of Illinois Press)

2024 Shortlist Recipient:

John William Nelson: Muddy Ground: Native Peoples, Chicago's Portage, and the Transformation of a Continent (University of North Carolina Press)

title: Newberry Library


text:
Adaptive Server Enterprise

SAP ASE (Adaptive Server Enterprise), originally known as Sybase SQL Server, and also commonly known as Sybase DB or Sybase ASE, is a relational model database server developed by Sybase Corporation, which later became part of SAP SE. ASE was developed for the Unix operating system, and is also available for Microsoft Windows.

In 1988, Sybase, Microsoft and Ashton-Tate began development of a version of SQL Server for OS/2, but Ashton-Tate later left the group and Microsoft went on to port the system to Windows NT. When the agreement expired in 1993, Microsoft purchased a license for the source code and began to sell this product as Microsoft SQL Server. MS SQL Server and Sybase SQL Server share many features and syntax peculiarities.

History
Bob Epstein left Britton Lee, Inc. to help found Sybase and carried a lot of the ideas from the hardware database with him, reasoning that standard hardware such as Intel, Motorola and Sun 32 and 64 bit processors running database software could advance much more rapidly than specialist hardware. Originally developed for Unix operating system platforms in 1987, Sybase Corporation's primary relational database management system product was initially marketed under the name Sybase SQL Server. In 1988, SQL Server for OS/2 was co-developed for the PC by Sybase, Microsoft, and Ashton-Tate. Ashton-Tate divested its interest and Microsoft became the lead partner after porting SQL Server to Windows NT. Microsoft and Sybase sold and supported the product through version 4.2.1.

The key feature that made SQL Server attractive from the start was its high performance due to shared log writes, clustered indexes and a small memory footprint per user. As a result of these and other design features it performed well "out of the box".

Sybase released SQL Server 4.2 in 1992. This release included internationalization and localization and support for symmetric multiprocessing systems.

In 1993, the co-development licensing agreement between Microsoft and Sybase ended, and the companies parted ways after an amicable solution was reached. Sybase wanted to develop on the Intel Unix platform and Microsoft wanted Windows specific solutions. As part of the agreement Sybase released the System 10 codeline to Microsoft and Microsoft gave up exclusive rights to Intel platforms. Both continuing to independently develop their respective versions of SQL Server. Sybase released Sybase SQL Server 10.0, which was part of the System 10 product family, which also included Back-up Server ( a very high performance parallel backup process), Replication Server ( to provide replicate sites), Navigation Server ( a shared nothing parallel server), Open Client/Server APIs, SQL Monitor, SA Companion and OmniSQL Gateway. Microsoft continued on with Microsoft SQL Server.

Sybase provides native low-level programming interfaces to its database server which uses a protocol called Tabular Data Stream. Prior to version 10, DBLIB (DataBase LIBrary) was used. Version 10 and onwards uses CTLIB (ClienT LIBrary).

In 1995, Sybase released SQL Server 11.0. Starting with version 11.5 released in 1996, Sybase moved to differentiate its product from Microsoft SQL Server by renaming it to Adaptive Server Enterprise. Sybase 11.5 added Asynchronous prefetch, case expression in sql, the optimizer can use a descending index to avoid the need for a worktable and a sort. The Logical Process Manager was added to allow prioritization by assigning execution attributes and engine affinity.

In 1998, ASE 11.9.2 was rolled out with support for data pages locking, data rows (row-level locking), distributed joins and improved SMP performance. Indexes could now be created in descending order on a column, readpast concurrency option and repeatable read transaction isolation were added. A lock timeout option and task-to-engine affinity were added, query optimization is now delayed until a cursor is opened and the values of the variables are known.

In 1999, ASE 12.0 was released, providing support for Java, high availability and distributed transaction management. Merge joins were added, previous all joins were nested loop joins. In addition, cache partitions were added to improve performance.

In 2001, ASE 12.5 was released, providing features such as dynamic memory allocation, an EJB container, support for XML, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and LDAP. Also added was compressed backups, unichar UTF-16 support and multiple logical page sizes 2K, 4K, 8K, or 16K.

In 2005, Sybase released ASE 15.0. It included support for partitioning table rows in a database across individual disk devices, and "virtual columns" which are computed only when required. In ASE 15.0, many parameters that had been static (which required server reboot for the changes to take place) were made dynamic (changes take effect immediately). This improved performance and reduced downtime. For example, one parameter that was made dynamic was the "tape retention in days" (the number of days that the backup is kept on the tape media without overwriting the existing contents in the production environment).

On January 27, 2010, Sybase released ASE 15.5. It included support for in-memory and relaxed-durability databases, distributed transaction management in the shared-disk cluster, faster compression for backups as well as Backup Server Support for the IBM Tivoli Storage Manager. Deferred name resolution for user-defined stored procedures, FIPS 140-2 login password encryption, incremental data transfer, bigdatetime and bigtime datatypes and tempdb groups were also added.

In July 2010, Sybase became a wholly owned subsidiary of SAP America. On September 13, 2011, Sybase released ASE 15.7 at Techwave. It included support for: New Security features - Application Functionality Configuration Groups, a new threaded kernel, compression for large object (LOB) and regular data, End-to-End CIS Kerberos Authentication, Dual Control of Encryption Keys and Unattended Startup and extension for securing logins, roles, and password management, Login Profiles, ALTER... modify owner, External Passwords and Hidden Text, Abstract Plans in Cached Statements, Shrink Log Space, In-Row Off-Row LOB, using Large Object text, unitext, and image Datatypes in Stored Procedures, Using LOB Locators in Transact-SQL Statements, select for update to exclusively lock rows for subsequent updates within the same transaction, and for update-able cursors, Non-materialized, Non-null Columns with a default value, Fully Recoverable DDL (select into, alter table commands that require data movement, reorg rebuild), merge command, Expanded Variable-Length Rows, Allowing Unicode Noncharacters.

In April 2014, SAP released ASE 16. It included support for partition locking, CIS Support for HANA, Relaxed Query Limits, Query Plan Optimization with Star Joins, Dynamic Thread Assignment, Sort and Hash Join Operator improvements, Full-Text Auditing, Auditing for Authorization Checks Inside Stored Procedures, create or replace functionality, Query Plan and Execution Statistics in HTML, Index Compression, Full Database Encryption, Locking, Run-time locking, Metadata and Latch enhancements, Multiple Trigger support, Residual Data Removal, Configuration History Tracking, CRC checks for dump database and the ability to calculate the transaction log growth rate for a specified time period.

Structure
A single standalone installation of ASE typically comprises one "dataserver" and one corresponding "backup server". In multi server installation many dataservers can share one backup server. A dataserver consists of system databases and user databases. Minimum system databases that are mandatory for normal working of dataserver are 'master', 'tempdb', 'model', 'sybsystemdb' and 'sybsystemprocs'. 'master' database holds critical system related information that includes, logins, passwords, and dataserver configuration parameters. 'tempdb' is used for storage of data that are required for intermediate processing of queries, and temporary data. 'model' is used as a template for creating new databases. 'sybsystemprocs' consists of system supplied stored procedures that queries system tables and manipulates data in them.

ASE is a single process multithreaded dataserver application.

Editions
SAP ASE currently has two "editions", "Enterprise edition" and "Platform edition". The "Platform edition" includes licenses enabling several unspecified features (probably the newer, in memory high performance options and the disaster recovery functionality (near synchronous replication to a hot spare))

The "express edition" (used to be free, but limited to four server engines and 50 GB of disk space per server) is no longer available after version 16.0 SP03. There was no public statement about this, but it is documented in SAP note 3231519. Instead of the express edition, a 90 day trial version of ASE is available

title: Adaptive Server Enterprise


text:
Jan Zwicky

Janine Louise Zwicky (born 10 May 1955) is a Canadian philosopher, poet, essayist, and musician. She was appointed to the Order of Canada in June 2022.

Life and career
Zwicky received her BA from the University of Calgary and earned her PhD at the University of Toronto in 1981 where her studies focussed on the philosophy of logic and science. She subsequently taught philosophy at Princeton University; philosophy and interdisciplinary humanities at the University of Waterloo; philosophy at the University of Western Ontario; philosophy, English, and creative writing at the University of New Brunswick; and philosophy at the University of Alberta.

Zwicky is Professor Emerita in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Victoria, where she taught both philosophy and interdisciplinary humanities courses from 1996 until 2009. She has served as a faculty member at the Banff Centre Writing Studio, has conducted numerous writing workshops, and served as an editor for Brick Books from 1985 to 2018. From 2017 through 2019, she was the series editor of Oskana Poetry and Poetics, an imprint of the University of Regina Press.

Philosophy
Zwicky's philosophical work challenges the hegemonic status of logico-linguistic analysis in 20th and 21st century Anglo-American philosophy. She is a realist who aims to defeat analytic skepticism by exploring the relationship between philosophical and poetic thinking, and by developing the notions of resonance and lyric understanding in ontology and epistemology:

"Lyric shares with the coherentists, pragmatists, and nihilists the view that foundationalism is intellectually bankrupt: that what analytic system cannot sustain is anything like the claim of naive realism. However, lyric shares with naive realism the view that skepticism is false. What it does not share is the view that it is demonstrably, within system, false." (Lyric Philosophy L264)

Her books, Lyric Philosophy and Wisdom & Metaphor, discuss but also enact this idea of resonance. They consist of many voices that range across diverse disciplines, so that Zwicky's aphoristic remarks on the left-hand pages are read with and against excerpts from the history of philosophy, musical scores, paintings, photographs, and poems on the right-hand pages. While Zwicky orders her remarks carefully and has a linear philosophical argument to make, each page is also designed to evoke remarks or images from other pages, prompting non-linear connections and directly demonstrating what she refers to as lyric structure, characterized by resonance.

Zwicky believes that Heraclitus, Plato, and Wittgenstein have purposefully constructed philosophical texts in this way before her. She cites Freud's distinction between primary and secondary processes, as well as Max Wertheimer's work in gestalt psychology, as support for the concepts she promotes. She references pieces of music, works of art, and natural eco-systems as objects that also exhibit lyric structure.

Zwicky presents logical analysis and lyric thinking as complementary and includes both in a broader, more total conception of reason. She believes that the Anglo-American notion of what constitutes good philosophy is excessively narrow, and criticizes Continental and poststructural views for their anti-realist vision of the world as nothing more than a projection of human thought and desire. Zwicky promotes balance, arguing that neglect of either logical or lyric thinking leads to our ontological, epistemological, ethical and environmental peril.

James O. Young, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Victoria has said: "There's a reasonable chance that people will be reading her work a century from now. This is something that one says about only a very small number of philosophers."

Poetry
Zwicky's poetry is influenced by music in the classical European, blues, and jazz traditions. It also deals with the natural world, and has often been cited for its intense lyricism. Thirty-seven Small Songs and Thirteen Silences has appeared in Swedish (translated by Roy Isaakson; Palaver Press). Numerous individual poems have been translated into Czech, French, German, Serbian, Spanish and Italian.

Among her many accolades, both Zwicky's Songs for Relinquishing the Earth and Robinson's Crossing were shortlisted for Governor General's Awards for Poetry. Songs for Relinquishing the Earth won the award in 1999. Robinson's Crossing won the Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize in 2004.

Her 2011 book, Forge, was shortlisted for the 2012 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize.

Books

 * Wittgenstein Elegies – 1986, 2015 (2nd Ed.)
 * The New Room – 1989 (shortlisted for the Pat Lowther Award)
 * Lyric Philosophy – 1992, 2011 (2nd ed.), 2014 (3rd ed.)
 * Songs for Relinquishing the Earth – 1996, 1998 (winner of the 1999 Governor General's Award for Poetry and shortlisted for the Pat Lowther Award)
 * Twenty-One Small Songs – 2000
 * Wisdom & Metaphor – 2003, 2008 (2nd ed.) (shortlisted for the 2004 Governor General's Award for Nonfiction)
 * Robinson's Crossing – 2004 (winner of the Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize; shortlisted for the 2004 Governor General's Award for Poetry and the Pat Lowther Award)
 * Thirty-seven Small Songs & Thirteen Silences – 2005 (shortlisted for the Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize and the Pat Lowther Award)
 * Plato as Artist – 2009
 * Forge – 2011 (shortlisted for the 2012 Griffin Poetry Prize and the Pat Lowther Award)
 * Auden as Philosopher: How Poets Think - 2011
 * The Book of Frog – 2012
 * Vittoria Colonna - Selections from the Rime Spirituali with photographs by Robert Moody - 2014
 * Alkibiades' Love: Essays in Philosophy – 2015
 * Chamber Music: The Poetry of Jan Zwicky, ed. Darren Bifford and Warren Heiti - 2015
 * The Long Walk – 2016 (Oskana Poetry & Poetics Series, University of Regina Press)
 * Learning to Die: Wisdom in the Age of Climate Crisis - 2018 (co-authored with Robert Bringhurst) (University of Regina Press)
 * The Experience of Meaning - 2019
 * Fifty-six Ontological Studies with photographs by Robert Moody – 2020
 * Sixty-Seven Ontological Studies with photographs by Robert Moody – 2022
 * Once Upon a Time in the West – 2023

Essays

 * "Wittgenstein and the Logic of Inference", Dialogue, Vol. XXI, No. 4, December 1982
 * "Bringhurst's Presocratics: Lyric and Ecology" in Poetry and Knowing: Speculative Essays and Interviews (edited by Tim Lilburn) – 1995
 * "Plato's Phaedrus: Philosophy as Dialogue With the Dead", Apeiron, Vol. 30, No. 1, March 1997
 * "Being, Polyphony, Lyric: An Open Letter to Robert Bringhurst", Canadian Literature, No. 156, Spring 1998
 * "The Geology of Norway", Harvard Review of Philosophy, Vol. 7, Spring 1999
 * "Dream Logic and the Politics of Interpretation" & "Once Upon a Time in the West: Heidegger and the Poets" in Thinking and Singing: Poetry & The Practice of Philosophy (edited by Tim Lilburn) – 2002
 * "Wilderness and Agriculture" in The Eye in the Thicket: Essays at a Natural History (edited by Sean Virgo) – 2002
 * "Integrity and Ornament" in Crime and Ornament, edited by Bernie Miller and Melony Ward 2002
 * "Oracularity", Metaphilosophy, Vol. 34, No. 4, July 2003
 * "The Ethics of the Negative Review", Malahat Review, No. 144, Fall 2003
 * Introduction to Hard Choices: Climate Change in Canada, edited by Harold Coward and A.J. Weaver 2004
 * "Mathematical Analogy and Metaphorical Insight", The Mathematical Intelligencer, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2006
 * '"Lyric, Narrative, Memory" in A Ragged Pen: Essays on Poetry & Memory – 2006
 * "Lyric Realism: Nature Poetry, Silence and Ontology", Malahat Review, No. 165, Winter 2008
 * "What Is Ineffable?", International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2012, pp 197–217
 * "Alcibiades' Love" in Philosophy as a Way of Life: Ancients and Moderns (edited by Michael Chase, Stephen R. L. Clark, and Michael McGhee) – 2013
 * "A Note on Jane Jacobs's Systems of Survival, or Why We Will Not Be Able to Prevent Global Ecological Collapse" in Brick: A Literary Journal, Vol. 105, Summer 2020, pp 48–53
 * "Frost and Snow", Eidos: A Journal for Philosophy of Culture, Vol. 5, 2021, pp 146–154 and Brick: A Literary Journal, Vol. 107, Summer 2021, pp 45–53

Interviews

 * "There is No Place That Does Not See You" – 2002 Interviewed by Anne Simpson in Where the Words Come From: Canadian Poets in Conversation (edited by Tim Bowling)
 * "The Details: An Interview with Jan Zwicky" – 2008 Interviewed by Jay Ruzesky in the Malahat Review, No. 165, Winter 2008
 * "Perfect Fluency" – 2011 Interviewed by Scott Pinkmountain in the Owen Wister Review
 * "The Griffin Poetry Prize Questionnaire: Jan Zwicky" – 4 June 2012, The National Post, Mark Medley

Conversations

 * "Contemplation and Resistance: A conversation [with Tim Lilburn]" excerpt reprinted in Lyric Ecology (edited by Mark Dickinson and Clare Goulet, 2010)
 * "Embodiment and Voice: A Conversation", with Darren Bifford and Warren Heiti, Brick 94 (Winter 2015), 15–23.

Commentary

 * Lyric Ecology: An Appreciation of the Work of Jan Zwicky, ed. Mark Dickinson and Clare Goulet – 2010

title: Jan Zwicky