text:
Talk:Genocide/Archive 3

--- I have no problem with the new opeining definition Ed put in, but given that definition, which specifies "ethnic and nation" groups, the following sentence is a non sequitor:
 * International treaties have narrowed the scope of the term, excluding extermination campaigns against political or social targets.

The dictionary definition and the original definition specify ethnic and national groups, so there has been no"narrowing." The discussion of attempts to expand the definition is of course a legitimate and important issue, and belongs later in the body of the article. Slrubenstein

Time for some good old-fashioned samizdat right here in the intellectual Gulag we call the United States of America:

The following I originally wrote here, on Wikipedia, and subsequently copied to a discussion forum, which you will find at: http://www.guerrillanews.com/cgi-bin/wwwthreads/postlist.pl?Cat=&Board=state&page=0&view=collapsed&sb=5&o=0

America's Intellectual Terrorism: genocide denial

The Islamist terrorists exploit the yawning rift of America, to our ultimate ruin (as long as we remain a profoundly *dis*united people). I paste the following post, which I made to the Wikipedia online encyclopedia

http://www.wikipedia.org article "Talk:Genocide" (I encourage readers of GNN to read and edit articles on Wikipedia) here:

The article "Genocide" fails to mention the Taiping Rebellion, in which, it is estimated, twenty millions of people were slaughtered in the latter half of the 19th century. There are also: the problem of the other "politically correct" (a term coined by the Communist Chinese)

 * The term "politically correct" was not originally coined by the Chinese communists. Slrubenstein

 * Is that a fact. Who did, then?  mailto:f.g.wilson@sbcglobal.net

Ok, here's the straight dope: Wordorigins.org, the letter p However, in the sense of dogma, enforced correct thought and speech, it originated in religion and found purchase in authoritarian political ideologies such as Marxism, so in that sense, the notion exists in China, whatever jargon they use to express the concept. Fredbauder 13:19 Oct 19, 2002 (UTC)

omission of abortion; infanticide by the Chinese as stated policy, by America as defined-away practice; the destruction of Iraq's infrastructure in 1992 and subsequent and ongoing death by starvation and disease; the Johnson/CIA overthrow of Sukarno and slaughter of an estimated million people in Indonesia in 1965; the killing of many tens, perhaps hundreds of millions through genocides by war, dislocation, starvation, and disease which accompanied the European, American, and African slave-traders' exploits and the conquest of Latin America by the European Great Powers, over centuries; the centuries-old and continuing usury of banking, today through institutions such as the World Bank, IMF, and WTO, which results in genocides by economic, social, and agricultural dislocation, conflict, starvation, and disease; the prosecution of wars and World Wars (and the inculcation of the masses to believe that such wars are not only inevitable but desirable) by, through, or at the behest of these financial institutions and/or by the instruments of state power; intellectual genocide, wherein an anomalously aware schoolchild, for example, if he or she dared to stand up and say that the American people, by indolent ignorance or inculcation and indoctrination, are *complicit* in these ongoing crimes; further, that the crimes are compounded and perpetuated by such ingenious devices as renaming the violent or unlawful expulsion of governments, which once was called coup d'etat or violent overthrow, so that now it is called the innocuous, even beneficent "regime change" and the culture embraces the idea and champions the violence which necessarily attends it; further, that what was once covert because its perpetrators knew it was wrong, as in the case of the violent overthrow, with CIA help, of the duly elected Chilean government of Salvador Allende in 1973 (the war crimes of the coup and carnage/genocide in Indonesia, 1965 were more effectively covered up by Johnson and the CIA, so that today they are rarely aired) the ruling elite and the shapers of culture can now, over the smoking grave of intellectual genocide, laud and rewrite such a crime as a shining example of "regime change,"...that child, (or teacher, worker, elected official) would face, at the very least, ostracization, and possibly expulsion or worse; the ongoing setting of the stage, through the hideous hypocrisy of U.S. sponsorship of "Truth Commissions" around the world, enabling the U.S. to stand apart and above as an unindictable judge of past genocides and perpetrator of those to come...these form the short list from a much larger category which the subject of genocide should include but in the currently dominating culture cannot, for it relies on lies, half-truths and distortions for its very existence, right down to this destined-for-deletion post (which I have taken the liberty of copying for posting elsewhere to document and demonstrate my point).

f.g.wilson@sbcglobal.net

It does appear that the Taiping Rebellion might be considered genocide although it was also a civil war, but it was a civil war over the activities of a religious group. I'm not up enough on it to defend adding it to the article, but feel free. By the way, only in the most egregious cases is anything removed from the talk pages of an article. As to all of the other stuff, you just need to think about where each of those facts fits into wikipedia and do it. Fredbauder 16:00 Oct 18, 2002 (UTC)

---

Last month, a band of Lendu stormed into a hospital with many Hema patients. They walked up and down the aisles cutting patients up in their beds. When they were done, about 1000 people had been killed. This was reported in the latest Economist, though I couldn't find the story anywhere online. So today, one group can murder 1000 people in a hospital, and no one will even hear about it. This was in Congo, by the way. Just another day in Congo, it seems. I thought of adding an entry to the genocide article: "Congo, 2002: Everyone killing everyone else, 50,000 dead."

But I had another idea that might be better and suited to Wikipedia. Once upon a time I started a page called Indian Massacres where anyone could add documented cases of Indians being massacred by the US government. I figured we could compile all known cases and end up with a accurate tally. There are questions about the methodological validity of this project, but I thought it was an interesting thing to try.

Could we do something similar with present day genocides, democides, etc.? Everytime there was a massacre of some sort we could add it to our page and create a running tally of how many people are being killed by government action or willful inaction. One purpose of doing this is to make it much harder to kill 1000 people in a hospital without anyone noticing.

TimShell

 * This is a wiki; if you find the article lacking, please do your best to improve it. --Brion 01:40 Oct 17, 2002 (UTC)

Confusion over the term genocide itself
Some people use genocide as a catch-all term for mass killings, especially when governments murder civilians. International treaties, however, divide atrocities into various legal categories -- such as crime against humanity, genocide -- which can lead to frustration among those who are already outraged by mass murder and are now stymied by petty ass disputes about what legal category a given atrocity has to be assigned before they can even talk about it.

I suggest, therefore, that we move slowly and gently in this area, taking into account the feelings of other contributors and keeping in mind that many people are not savvy about international law. --Ed Poor 14:01 Oct 18, 2002 (UTC)

I reverted Lir's change to the UN definition. The original text is found at http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm. --rmhermen

I would like to organize the article by adding some headings:
 * Origin of the term
 * Various definitions
 * International law

--Ed Poor --- I would say if you want to call political killings genocide, first check if they were part of Lemkin's original definition... if they weren't, then the initial paragraph will have to change...

Also, are you sure that popular usage includes political killings? In my experience, popularly genocide means (1) the Holocaust (which was primarily about ethnic/racial/religious killings--the Nazis also of course killed people for political reasons, but these political killings don't play a large role in most people's concepts of what the Holocaust is), and (2) any other killings similar to the Holocaust in some significant way. Undoubtedly the Holocaust is the genocide par exellance, and all other genocides in the popular mind at least, to be called genocide, must be shown as similar to the Holocaust. Now I think ethnic/religious/racial killings are similar to the Holocaust, while political killings are not (or not as similar). Hence I think for most people genocide excludes political killings. -- Anonymoues

 * 1) I don't think posing the "original definition" gives a word creator the right to enforce his definition. Words can and do change. (like "gay")
 * Yes, I'm quite sure that a popular usage of genocide includes mass murder. Most people I know don't give a rat's ass about what lawyers think.
 * 1) The Wikipedia article should not be swayed by (a) popular usage, (b) political advocacy or (c) international treaties. We must write a neutral article. --Ed Poor

I have yet to see evidence for the claim that popular usage equates genocide with "government sponsored mass murder in peace time" as Ed claims above. If this is indeed popular usage, then it must be extremely recent, since it is not reflected in any dictionary:
 * "the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group" Merriam-Webster
 * "The deliberate and systematic extermination of an ethnic or national group. " Oxford English Dictionary
 * " the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, religious, political, or ethnic group." Encyclopedia Britannica
 * "By ‘genocide’ we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group. " (Lemkin)

The only disagreement seems to be whether to include political groups or not, with more recent definitions tending to include them. This disagreement should be mentioned in the article (and is). AxelBoldt 17:20 Nov 25, 2002 (UTC)

The following comments were added to the article body, apparently by user:172. They obviously violate the NPOV standard of Wikipedia. -- llywrch 14:50 Dec 26, 2002 (UTC)

[Concerning accusations of genocide by Stalin's Soviet Union:] STALIN’S BRUTAL REGIME WAS CONSOLIDATING POWER, NOT COMMITTING GENOCIDE

PROPAGANDA People's Republic of China Mao's regime killed large number of people, depending on which sources are accepted. (Please provide accurate source.) The Chinese government accepts the lower figure. Some have argued that the government of the People's Republic of China has committed genocide by killing members of many minority ethnic groups, including Uighurs, Tibetans and others during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Others argue that this is not a case of genocide but mass murder because while minority ethnic groups were killed, so were members of the majority Han Chinese, and at no time has the PRC government undertaken policies specifically to kill minority groups. THE GREAT LEAP WAS MORONIC, BUT NOT GENOCIDAL. AND I SUPPOSE THAT THERE HAD NEVER BEEN A FAMINE PRIOR TO THE COMMUNISTS?

[Concerning the criminal mismanagement -- sometimes presented as "Education" of the native inhabitants -- of the Belgian Congo:]

As an aside, it must be noted that the integration of traditional economies in Africa within the framework of the modern, capitalist economy was also particularly exploitative. The most infamous example of this is the Congo Free State. The fortunes of King Leopold II, for instance, the famed philanthropist, abolitionist, and self-anointed sovereign of Congo Free State (1885)—76 times larger geographically than Belgium itself—and those of the multinational concessionary companies under his auspices, were mainly made on the proceeds of Congolese rubber, which had historically never been mass-produced in surplus quantities. Between 1880 and 1920 the population of Congo thus halved; over 10 million ‘indolent natives’ were the victims of murder, starvation, exhaustion induced by over-work, and disease.

 * Belgium exhumes its colonial demons

WHAT ABOUT THE BELGIAN CONGO? WHAT ABOUT SLAVERY AND THE MIDDLE PASSAGE, THE MILLIONS OF BODIES UNDER THE ATLANTIC? WHAT ABOUT THE GERMAN EXTERMINATION OF THE HERERO?

http://www.africana.com/DailyArticles/index_20021014.htm
[Response to external links:]

[1] Figures from R. J. Rummel, "Death by Government". ==YEAH, THAT’S A CREDITABLE SOURCE. WHAT AGENDA? NORMATIVE BIASES? [2] Figure from Britannica CITE BRITANNICA, NOT POLEMICS!

--- Go online. Some groups think that the US manufactured the AIDS crisis in Southern Africa. That would be a CHARGE of genocide, wouldn't it? Go ahead, put those claims in the article and not refer to the sources as “very questionable”.

In that sense, I'll call those "Free Tibet" claims questionable.

 * Actually, I wouldn't refer to these groups as "very questionable" either. I would certainly state that their views are not shared by many people and present counter-arguments; I would also be interested in actually hearing the arguments of the other side. Similarly, I do not state that the view by religious fundamentalists that sexual abstinence education works is "very questionable" although I think it is. The very idea behind the NPOV concept of Wikipedia is that virtually anyone can read an article and have their opinion properly represented. Please read NPOV and associated pages. --Eloquence

---

That's a good point. So change the wording, but indicate that the sources are very questionable indirectly.

 * No, no, NPOV is not about somehow sneaking in your point of view, it's about presenting uncontroversial facts that are universally shared as such, and those that are not as properly attributed opinions. In this case, I have already done so by using the phrases "Most scholars" and "political groups" (I am relying on you on whether this is actually accurate). --Eloquence

Specifically, who holds this view:

 * These charges help to indoctrinate impressionable youths in the Free Tibet movement. This movement is arguably a façade for groups with virulent anti-China, anti-modern, anti-Communist agendas, and even anti-capitalist agendas.

Please provide a citation. --Eloquence

-

--- I’m not resending my challenge.

Go online. Some groups think that the US manufactured the AIDS crisis in Southern Africa. That would be a CHARGE of genocide, wouldn't it? Go ahead, put those claims in the article and not refer to the sources as “very questionable”. (I don't believe these charges, of course, but I'd like you to prove your consistency.)

However, I’d prefer having the PRC article removed altogether. Make-believe charges diminish the seriousness of the actual incidents of genocide.

 * Feel free to add information about the incidents in question and I will try to rewrite them as NPOV. "Very questionable" is not NPOV. If you want to move the PRC content, do so, but deleting correct, verifiablestatements ("X believe that ..") is generally not acceptable. --Eloquence

172 --

1. Introduction of a capitalist economy is NOT genocide, in itself. This is irrelevvant to the article. Stop putting it in: at best it makes you look like a crank. At worst, it casts doubt on this horrible chapter of history.

And if you can't understand this, then add a section about how genocide was inflicted on Eastern Europe, when capitalism led to the reintroduction of feudalism there. F\erdinand Braudel makes an excellent argument about this.

2. Saying that the Tibetan Liberation Front is enough to raise suspicions whether genocide has actually occured there. By adding "extreme factions" you are disingenuously stating that not even the Tibetans believe this, & that anyone who insists that this is the case is wrong. If the majority of the Tibetans DON'T believe this, prove it.

So far all you've failed to convince me of anything I don't know. Except that you are probably the last hard-core Stalinist Communist in exsistence. And that you're arguing from faith, not from facts. -- llywrch 20:04 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

First, I am not a Stalinist. Second, if I have to convince you of what happened in Central Africa or Southwest Africa, then you’re ignorant. Third, if you are at all familiar with mainstream scholarship on Chinese history, then I wouldn’t have to convince you that those Free Tibet charges are extremely questionable. Forth, I’m not here to advocate anything.

172

 * 1 & 4 -- You had me fooled. As you write, certain countries can do no wrong; oether countries can do no right.

 * 2 -- If you would take a moment & compare the changes I have made with what you wrote, you will see I am trying to keep what you write within the NPOV guidelines. I would like an arto include something about the mismangement of the Free Congo Republic, but as I said, introduction of capitalism to a group is NOT genocide. And, as you have argued elsewhere, genocide requires proof of INTENT. I have been wondering when someone will bring up that point, & force this entire entry to be dropped, at which time I will be trying to argue to keep it in.

 * 3 -- The point is not about what mainstream scholarship states, the point is what the Free Tibet group SAYS. If the majority of these groups state that this is NOT the case, then provide documentation.

I'm used to these ridiculous charges from the likes of people like you.

 * How do you know who I am? My point is to get you to focus your emotion away from invective and accusations to making contributions that will endure under the NPOV.

If you can't adjust your style to Wikipedia, then this won't be the last contribution you will see trouble getting accepted.

User Tannin described them well:

"172, let's not get into a misunderstanding here. I would be the last person to call you a communist. Prior to your arrival, a good many of the history pages were rather shallow things, and showed little understanding of the interrelationship between history (in the traditional "kings and queens of England" sense) and the broad flow of economic change that underpins and (in general) controls the actions of statesmen, generals and inventors. You certainly do not fall into that trap! Your contributions have made significant inroads into the task of describing history as an interacting whole. Several others here have objected to what they see as a "communist bias" in your writing. In large part, these objections stem from two things:

Many people here have spent a lifetime steeped in a rather one-sided view of history - I'm talking about the sort of history that describes the Battle of the Bulge or Second Alamain in loving detail, but relegates Stalingrad to a footnote and doesn't even bother to mention Kursk; the sort of history that thinks Jethro Tull invented the seed drill and therefore we had an Industrial Revolution - and on reading the sort of thing that you write, they (very naturally) tend to say oh, this isn't what I'm used to seeing, therefore it must be wrong. You tend to write large slabs of text which is perfectly comprehensible if one concentrates but far from easy reading, particularly as it is liberally laced with the jargon of political economy. Many people see key words or phrases like "bourgeoise", "hegemony", or "accumulation of surplus" and (a) don't really understand them, and (b) assume that because the two or three Marxist or Leninist tracts they happen to have glanced at are filled with these same words, that the present work is more of the same. "

 * Frankly, 172, my point of view is closer to yours than you might think. But like many people with leftist views whom I've had to debate, you believe too easily that if I don't agree with you, I must be entirely opposed to you. Learn to build consensuses, & maybe you won't be fighting every battle. -- llywrch 20:49 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

SOME COMMENTS !

- Cause of each case of genocide should be discuted in separate articles.

- A lot of people wish to highlight some case according to their opinion this should stop !

Can you please try to order the case of genocide in chronologic order and unify the typo. User:Ericd

 * Hey, if 172 wants to write an article about the Belgian Free Congo with all of the economic commentary there, I'm happy with that. As long as she/he can keep it within the NPOV. -- llywrch 20:49 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

-

Addressing the Congo atrocities without addressing surplus value and mass-production is like referring to the Holocaust without referring to anti-Semitism.

 * The same argument could be made about the highland clearances in the history of Scotland. It's irrelevant, & drags in a boogey man that obscures the issue. (And despite everything, the Scots are still with us.)

 * Or maybe I should remain silent when someone shows that neither Leopold II nor any of his associates intended to exterminate the natives of the Congo. Unlike how Stalin's treated every ethnic group within the Soviet Union. -- llywrch 21:44 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah, but Stalin is 172's hero, he/she won't criticize HIM. -- Zoe

 * Well, Trotsky's mine. I always prefered educated men over thugs. ;-) -- llywrch 21:58 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, Che Guevara was well educated, more romantic and a dammed good photographer.

User:Ericd

YES link something outside. User:Ericd

-- Removed :

 * Cambodia

The genocidal, but anti-Soviet Pol Pot regime was removed by a Vietnamese occupation. During the 1980s and 1990s, Pol Pot's guerilla group was supported by the United Kingdom and the USA as his genocidal history was considered preferable to the Vietnamese occupation.

Or should I write he was also supported by China. User:Ericd The USA supported Pol Pot after the genocide not when he comited genocide. User:Ericd

--

Did you read the page? The content pertains to major "CHARGES" of genocide.

In my opinion Mao, Stalin, and Leopold II did not commit genocide, but the Germans in SW Africa did fall in the parameters of the definition. But this opinion doesn’t matter. This is not for Wikipedia users to decide. Let's not remove anything and simply let’s continue to report what others have CHARGED.

The title "major charges of genocide" should make everyone happy.

172

I removed the following:

 * The German extermination of the Herero in Southwest Africa might have been the first attempt by to systematically annihilate a single ethnic group. Up to one million might have been murdered.

We have cases of genocide prior to this. The mass murder of the Tasmanian Aborigines and certain groups of Native Americans were systematic attempts to "annihilate a single ethnic group." As for the numbers, the next paragraph gives a breakdown of the numbers--I took them from the Encyclopedia of Genocide, Dr. Israel Charney (Ed.), ABC-CLIO, 1999. They give 75,000. From there to one million is a bit if a stretch. It is less convincing if we have a breakdown of numbers that show 75,000 in the next paragraph. 172, what is your source for 1 million? Danny

 * Beware vandalism. Someone has reinstated a highly POV thing, claiming as settled fact that there were systematic attempts to annihilate Tasmanian Aborigines by mass murder. The plain fact is, this is an open question and currently a highly contentious one. Keith Windschuttle, for one, is seeking to rebut it. Now, without asserting the truth or otherwise of the original matter, it is wrong (vandalism) to edit out the fact that it is both contentious (POV) and unresolved. You certainly can't safely present it as supporting evidence for something else. PML.

I removed the below, because its patently incorrect. It also fails to mention or consider America's greater likelihood of commiting atrocities upon Arabs, (given its supreme military standing )using its attack-dogs, like Britain, Israel, and so forth... Its quite reasonable, given Americas pulling of strings, the potential killing of (an additional) hundred thousands Iraquis, putting all of these things together, could, in the broadest sense, be called a campaing of genocide, over more than half a century. Be we dont add that, and we dont show our western bias, by adding the below. It may be a campaign of terrorism, but not genocide. Its inflammatory, and propagandist.

 * On February 23, 1998 Osama bin Ladin of al Qaida issued a fatwah calling for the killing of "Americans and their allies-civilian and military" .-Sv

title: Talk:Genocide/Archive 3


text:
Talk:Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Flag in the infobox
I am seeing some battling about the flag in the infobox. Could we not put them both there? Perhaps with a note that the other does not have "official status"?--Darryl Kerrigan (talk) 23:08, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I see continue edit warring about the official and unofficial/defacto flag. Is there any reason we can not include both?  One labeled official and the other defacto?  It would be nice to put this edit warring to rest.--Darryl Kerrigan (talk) 20:18, 22 September 2020 (UTC)

I would like to know about the symbols. Is the one in the middle Breton? I recognise the Basques on the top and the Normans on the bottom, and the article says those three groups settled it. 2A00:23C7:E287:1900:6164:96C7:764C:41AC (talk) 13:57, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

New France? Really?
The lead says the islands are the part of New France remaining in North america. Is this correct? France ceded them to GB in 1713. In 1763 France lost all of New France. As a seperate term of the 1763 treaty GB gave the islands to France. So, no, they are not remants of NF, they were given to France by GB as part of the fishing rights terms. Should I amend the article accordingly? Roger 8 Roger (talk) 21:46, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Ping - Chipmunkdavis, TCssss34, Wee Curry Monster. I noticed some recent edit changes today and thought it worth asking for opinions. Aside from the issue of wheather the French Antilles are part of New France, is it correct to call these islands remnants of New France, as I asked above. I know the CIA site says they are but CIA is not bullet proof. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 09:05, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * They were part of New France and they are the only part of New France remaining see ,. WCM email 09:22, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The chain of events here is that the text originally read "It is the only remaining vestige of French sovereignty in North America", the accuracy of which depends on what is meant by "North America". It was changed on 15 August to add the note of the Antilles. A few days ago Hazhk noticed how ridiculous that sounded and changed it here. I thought it better to reword to address the meaning of the CIA source, which clearly referred to New France, given this is a relevant historical point rather than verging on trivia. Vandalism by TCssss34 brought it back to the somewhat ridiculous trivia prose, and Largoplazo encountered that version and reasonably removed it as weird trivia. I then restored my New France version.I don't have a strong opinion on my specific inclusion (other than that it should be considered on the correct merits rather than the triva version), although I suspect it would be included in some way as part of a wider coverage of history in a more developed lead. Googling around sources do seem to refer to it as a remnant of New France, including ones pre-Wikipedia, and many even use the "North America" formulation that caused confusion here. CMD (talk) 10:07, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Are you saying, WCM, - and the sources are saying, (Nester, p3) - that being ceded to GB in 1715 did not stop them being still part of New France, just now New France under GB control? There are sources in the body below that appear to contradict Nestor, in that the islands were not retained in 1763 by France but rather ceded to France. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 10:16, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you CMD for that thorough explanation. My original question above predated the more recent stuff about the Antilles. I am still a little puzzled at apparant contradictions of sources and that it is beyond doubt that the islands became British in 1715. I notice that the fishing rights were not removed in 1715, so was it those rights (being a non-tangible part of NF) that were retained, and we refer to the islands as being retained (because they were an intergral part of the fishing rights), and over time people have focussed on the islands rather than the fishing rights, rights that were later given up. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 10:35, 22 September 2021 (UTC)

 * No I'm not saying anything of the sort, simply it's the only remaining territory that was part of New France that remains in North America. WCM email 11:03, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I think you'll find out that the rest of North America also remains in North America. --82.35.81.189 (talk) 11:53, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

Hurricane
Did Hurricane Fima strike Saint Pierre 72.229.11.148 (talk) 16:15, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Saint Pierre and Miquelon


text:
University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research

The Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung, IfS) is a research organization for sociology and continental philosophy, best known as the institutional home of the Frankfurt School and critical theory. Currently a part of Goethe University Frankfurt, it has historically also been affiliated with Columbia University in New York City.

History
The Institute was founded in Frankfurt am Main in 1923, where it was (and once again is) affiliated with the University of Frankfurt am Main. It was founded by Felix Weil, a student of the Marxist philosopher Karl Korsch, with an endowment provided by Weil's wealthy father Hermann Weil. Its first director, Kurt Albert Gerlach, who proposed the idea of creating the institute with Weil, died before making his mark, and was swiftly followed by Carl Grünberg, a Marxist historian who gathered together fellow "orthodox" Marxists at the Institute, including his former pupil Henryk Grossman. Grünberg was followed by co-founder Friedrich Pollock.

Following a non-fatal heart attack, Grünberg was succeeded in 1930 by Max Horkheimer. Horkheimer rapidly became the guiding spirit of the Frankfurt School, a group of thinkers that was born under his directorship at the Institute. Horkheimer edited the group's journal Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung (Journal for Social Research) and wrote essays defining a critical theory of society.

The growing influence of the Nazis led the founders to decide in September 1930 to prepare to move the Institute out of Germany, by establishing a branch in Geneva and moving the funds to the Netherlands. In 1933, after the rise of Hitler, the Institute left Germany for Geneva and then in 1934 moved to New York City. In New York it became affiliated with Columbia University, and its journal Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung was renamed Studies in Philosophy and Social Science. It was there that much of the important work of the Frankfurt School thinkers began to emerge, and the Institute's residence in New York was likely partly accountable for its work's favorable reception in American and English academia.

The Institute re-opened in Frankfurt in 1951 under the direction of Pollock.

The Institute has been both a research enterprise and, during its Frankfurt periods, a provider of instruction in sociology at the university there. The current acting director is Ferdinand Sutterlüty, who has followed on from Axel Honneth's directorship of 2001 to 2018.


text:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (officially Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus since 2017, formerly Victoria Terminus (VT), Bombay station code: CSMT (mainline) /ST (suburban)), is a historic railway terminus and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

The terminus was designed by a British architectural engineer Frederick William Stevens from an initial design by Axel Haig, in an exuberant Italian Gothic style. Its construction began in 1878, in a location south of the old Bori Bunder railway station, and was completed in 1887, the year marking 50 years of Queen Victoria's rule.

In March 1996, the station's name was officially changed from Victoria Terminus to "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus" (with station code CST) after Shivaji, the 17th-century warrior king and the first Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire who founded the state in the western Marathi-speaking regions of the Deccan Plateau.

In 2017, the station was again renamed "Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus" (with code CSMT), where the title Maharaj has literal meaning, "Great king; emperor." Both former initials "VT" and the current, "CST", are also commonly used.

The terminus is the headquarters of India's Central Railway. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India, serving as a terminal for both long-distance and suburban trains with a total number of 18 platforms.

Victoria Terminus
This famous landmark which has become a symbol of the city, was built as the headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway.

The railway station was built to replace the Bori Bunder railway station, in the Bori Bunder area of Bombay, a prominent port and warehouse area known for its imports and exports. Since Bombay became a major port city at the time, a bigger station was built to meet its demands, and was named Victoria Terminus, after the then reigning Empress of India, Queen Victoria. The station was designed by Frederick William Stevens, a British engineer architect, attached to the Bombay office of the Indian colonial Public Works Department. Work began in 1878. He received inr 1614000 as the payment for his services. Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman Axel Haig. The design has been compared to George Gilbert Scott's 1873 St Pancras railway station in London, also in an exuberant Italian Gothic style, but it is far closer to Scott's second prize winning entry for Berlin's parliament building, exhibited in London in 1875, which featured numerous towers and turrets, and a large central ribbed dome. The style of the station is also similar to other public buildings of the 1870s in Mumbai, such as the Elphinstone College but especially the buildings of Mumbai University, also designed by G Scott.

The station took ten years to complete, the longest for any building of that era in Mumbai.

Missing statue
During its construction, a marble statue of Queen Victoria was installed in the main façade of the building, in a canopy under the clock. In the 1950s, authorities had begun to remove statues of the British figures from government buildings and public spaces based on a directive from the Government of India. Most of the statues, including that of Queen Victoria, were sent to Victoria Gardens (later renamed Rani Baug) where they were left lying on the grass in the open until at least the 1980s. A Right to Information report was filed, but had no records of the missing statue being exported out of India. Historians now believe that the statue was smuggled out, sold by politicians, or destroyed. The symbol of Progress, another statue, featured on the top of the dome, is often mistaken for that of Queen Victoria.

Renaming
The station has been renamed several times. It was built to replace Bori Bunder, the terminus of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway from 1853 to 1888 and was named Victoria Terminus to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. In 1996, the station was renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in honour of Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire.

In December 2016, the Fadnavis Ministry passed a resolution to change the name to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in the Maharashtra Assembly and in May 2017, the home ministry officially sent a letter to the state government denoting the name change, following which the station was yet again renamed as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. However, both the former names "VT" as well as "CST" along with the current name "CSMT" are popularly used.

2008 Mumbai attacks
On 26 November 2008, two Pakistani terrorists entered the passenger hall of the CST, opened fire and threw grenades at people. The terrorists were armed with AK-47 rifles. One of the terrorists, Ajmal Kasab, was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The others did not survive. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire, The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others, their assault ending at about 22:45 after they exited the station via the North FOB towards the west to Cama hospital back entrance. The CCTV evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab. In 2010, Kasab was sentenced to death for his role in the attack, and in 2012 he was hanged.

Structure
The station building is designed in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture. The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture. Externally, the wood carving, tiles, ornamental iron and brass railings, grills for the ticket offices, the balustrades for the grand staircases and other ornaments were the work of students at the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art. The station stands as an example of 19th-century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. The CSMT was constructed using a high level of engineering both in terms of railway and civil engineering. It is one of the first and finest products of the use of industrial technology, merged with the Gothic Revival style in India. The centrally domed office structure has a 330-foot-long platform connected to a 1,200-foot-long train shed, and its outline provides the skeleton plan for the building. CSMT's dome of dovetailed ribs, built without centering, was considered as a novel achievement of the era. The interior of the building was conceived as a series of large rooms with high ceilings. It is a utilitarian building and has had various changes required by the users, not always sympathetic. It has a C-shaped plan which is symmetrical on an east–west axis. All the sides of the building are given equal value in the design. It is crowned by a high central dome, which acts as the focal point. The dome is an octagonal ribbed structure with a colossal female figure symbolizing Progress, holding a torch pointing upwards in her right hand and a spoked wheel in her left hand. The side wings enclose the courtyard, which opens on to the street. The wings are anchored by monumental turrets at each of their four corners, which balance and frame the central dome. The façades present the appearance of well-proportioned rows of windows and arches. The ornamentation in the form of statuary, bas-reliefs, and friezes is exuberant yet well controlled. The columns of the entrance gates are crowned by figures of a lion (representing Great Britain) and a tiger (representing India). The main structure is built from a blend of India sandstone and limestone, while high-quality Italian marble was used for the key decorative elements. The main interiors are also decorated: the ground floor of the North Wing, known as the Star Chamber, which is still used as the booking office, is embellished with Italian marble and polished Indian blue stone. The stone arches are covered with carved foliage and grotesques. Internally, the ceiling of the booking hall was originally painted blue, gold and strong red on a ground of rich blue with gold stars. Its walls were lined with glazed tiles made by Maw & Co of Britain. Outside, there are statues representing Commerce, Agriculture, Engineering and Science, with a statue representing Progress on the central dome of the station.

Platforms
CSMT has a total of 18 platforms—seven platforms are for suburban EMU trains and eleven platforms (Platform 8 to Platform 18) are for long-distance trains. Rajdhani, Duronto, Garib Rath and Tejas Express leave from Platform No. 18. Air-conditioned dormitories were inaugurated at CST on 16 April 2013. The facility has 58 beds for men and 20 for women.

In popular culture

 * The station has been the location of filming the "Jai Ho" song in Slumdog Millionaire; and the 2011 Indian film Ra.One.

title: Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus


text:
Talk:Robert Mugabe/Archive 2

Untitled
With respect to the comments above regarding voting in Zimbabwe, I do wonder what would happen if foreign inspectors observed US voting. You know, Russia has stated that US elections should be monitered by the UN because the US has too much power for its elections to be run wily-nily, I guess I agree with the Reds. Dietary Fiber

I've reembedded the image in the text. Not doing breaks a fundamental rule of graphic layout. Giving a picture entire column dominance when it size does not warrant it is POV - it is saying the image is of special importance that means it has to be noticed. Images should be used for illustration, not for editorial purposes, which is why no enclopædia, no publication, website or document seeking a NPOV would give a picture full column dominance. It just is not done.

Furthermore not embedding the image means that it has the freedom to shift, depending on the browser, and effect text wraps. restricting its movement means that it will stay exactly as placed, so you have a solid permanent page, not a shifting one. The last time I looked at it, its unembedded box was running into the browze commands, which made the page look amateurish and could well effect access to the page on other browzers.

Longterm however, this image is clearly POV and should be removed. It decontextualises the image, suggesting the contrary to the article's claims, Mugabe is generally welcomed worldwide. In fact, K. Annan reluctantly agreed to a quick photographs while other world leaders refused to meet him, refused to shake his hand or even appear in camera shot with him. Out of context this picture is ambiguously POV and should be removed. But if it stays (and I vote to ditch it has to be embedded or it would screw up text wraps, cause problems for some browsers and make the page look extremely amateurish, as though those who laid it out didn't know how to do it properly. STÓD/ÉÍRE 20:02 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

re DF comments. The events in Florida showed that US elections don't exactly confirm to proper democratic standards. So yes, I would have no problem with observers being sent it. But that is different to threatening to shoot journalists who publish stories critical of the regime, etc. They are of a fundamentally different scale. STÓD/ÉÍRE 20:02 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

I think the photo should stay, althought it should not be the only one and you are free to add that the Annan and Mugabe are not "friends". In fact, yesterday I remember thinking about how it looks like Annan doesnt want to be shaking his hand-in any case, its a good photo. Dietary Fiber

Jtdirl, here's what the image looked like for me in Mozilla 1.3 (Win2k) after your last edit:

And now after I removed the too-small "width: 270px" from the div:

The image is 300 pixels wide, so 270px is not wide enough to include the picture within the borders. Without the manually specified width, the div expands to match the minimum width required by its contents, and the image does fit.

If you find anything wrong with the image display for you, please provide a screenshot which demonstrates the problem more clearly for those of us who don't have the exact system and browser that you do. --Brion 20:47 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks Brion for looking at it. I was trying to get onto Mozilla and other browsers to check it out and see if it needed any adaption. But I am very unhappy about giving the picture a full column when it itself isn't of a size to fill it, though it is nearly at such a size. We were always taught to avoid if at all possible giving an image larger column size than it needs, in particular if that involved leaving a lot of white space around. It was called by our lecturer the editorialisation of an image because it gave the image such prominence that what it contained was made part of the article rather than merely illustrating the text. We told to avoid such a problem at all costs, particularly if the image had any obvious or potentially subliminal meaning - as this one does because it suggests contrary to the evidence that Mugabe is a welcome participant on the world stage, whereas vast numbers of countries in Europe, America, Asia and even in Africa a world leader would not be caught dead with him in a photograph. So unless it is contextualised by pointing out that the UN General Secretary meets any world leader but that the UN stresses that does not mean acceptance of him or rejecting the general boycott if him the picture appears to contradict the article itself, and so gives an unqualified POV spin through the unexplained picture. We can NPOV the image simply by cropping out the UN General Secretary so that it simply features the person whom the article is about., Mugabe.

Any opposition to so cropping the image and seeing if it in its smaller size can then be indented in the text in the standard manner? STÓD/ÉÍRE 21:12 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * Now, I'm a rank amateur when it comes to graphic design, so I'm not very familiar with the jargon. Could you explain what you mean by "giving the picture a full column" versus "embedding", preferably with screenshots or direct links to revisions which exemplify these conditions? --Brion 21:17 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

 Pope John XXIII (1958-1963) EXAMPLE OF EMBEDDING IMAGE IN THE TEXT Our text here is in one simple broad column, logically for something like this (unlike a newspaper, which may use eight narrow columns running down the page. By embedding I mean placing to one side so that the text wraps around it, as I have done here with an image of Pope John XXIII to the right. I did that for example in Michael Collins (Irish leader) and Papal Tiara where every image, if their size permitted it, was put to the left or right of the single column, with text wrapping around it. That allows you to illustrate the article, without a picture dominating it, which it does on the Mugabe page because it stands on its own, with its own massive white space. Normal standard style would place an image if it fits to the right side of the page, within the second paragraph text running around it or along side (though size might require paragraph one and two, or two and three.) Readers are used to being presented with that standardised layout in newspapers, encyclopædias, general publications. Where an image is so large it has to be given a central spot in a column (as in Mugabe on the article here), the standard approach would be to run it about two-thirds down the page, with a smaller image, embedded to the right surrounded by text, at the start. (See Pope Paul VI) Being seen as one a series of images can neutralise the dominance of a large image that takes up a full column (a full column here. A newspaper column would be much smaller - in that case they would be talking about an image that would be spread over several columns.)

How an image looks on a page can itself change the content, depending on its size in relation to the story. So if possible large block images should be avoided at the top of a page, with a smaller image located on the right, with text wrapping around it. Newspapers do often lead with a large multi-column image, but that it because the image is a news image, and so a key component of a story. Where we are simply using a face to say 'this is the person the article is about', a dominant primary image can be distracting. In the case of the Mugabe image, where it shows him meeting the UN General Secretary, that had a particular news angle that in the context of the article's contents, have a meaning that in the case of the contents of the article, if not explained in a caption, appears to conflict with what the article says.

The thing about using width here is that I have yet to find that if I leave it out I can control where the image appears on the page. It seems to automatically go to the centre, dominating thus the location. The caption also goes haywire unless I include a lot of  s. When putting images in I have deliberately gone into pages using a number of browsers to make sure an image fits OK in them all. (Mozilla seems to be the 'alkward' browser in this instance.) If one leaves out the width command, is there was way to guarantee the page will be able to be safely embedded in text with a text wrap, and with the caption working OK? But because the 'right hand' text wrap style in paragraph two is the standard one used, and the one the average reader is familiar with, it is what we should be aiming to achieve. When done well, it has given us pages on wiki that the Encyclopædia Brittanica, or indeed Newsweek, could take and use in terms of layout without change. As the standard look it should be the one we should replicate as much as possible when using image. Its familiarity makes it feel natural to a reader; putting the image on the left in paragraph 2 seems odd because it is not what we are used to. We should aim to readers naturally read an article rather than being stopped suddenly by a feeling that something about the page isn't quite right (ie, is different to what they are used to), it a picture because of size or location stopping them in their tracks or breaking their concentration when reading text. Pictures in encyclopædias should contextalise and vitualise the article, hence their location where possible in text, rather than 'stand alone'. STÓD/ÉÍRE 22:44 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

(sorry - the page was too long. I abandoned the entry and archived. And please don't think I am blaming Mav for anything. We may disagree on style re images, but that is all. We agree on wiki substance. STÓD/ÉÍRE 22:44 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * (You seem to be cut off here.) Well, under that definition I don't see any point at time since the addition of the photo to this article that it was anything other than "embedded". The things that have varied are:
 * Mav reduced the picture in size from a huge 450 pixels to a comfortable 300 px
 * It has been moved up and down by one paragraph a couple times
 * At some point the picture gained a thin border, which it retains
 * It briefly gained a horizontal rule between the image and its caption, which was quickly removed
 * At several points the div section has had a hardcoded width, either 450px for the 450px-wide image, or too-small 270px for the 300px image
 * I have yet to find a revision in which it was not right-aligned, allowing text to wrap around if there was room, and I certainly see no reason to blame such a thing on mav. --Brion 21:48 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thank you Brion! I think the problem here is with JT's browser. If that is the case then a great many images in Wikipedia will give similar results for JT because what I did is in fact the standard around here (I prefer tables to div tags though). If enough users are affected by this rendering problem then we may have to change Boilerplate text to reflect this. --mav

 * I've checked the web server logs to see if I could get some concrete information. It seems that Jtdirl is using Internet Explorer 5.22 for Mac. (IE on Mac is particularly problematic, unfortunately; on my Mac at work I've given it up and switched to Netscape 7, which in addition to the lovliness that is tabbed browsing, treats Wikipedia well -- no more 32k text cutoff or weird table formatting problems.) Meanwhile, Internet Explorer 4.0 for Windows also seems to have problems with using div tags for right- or left-aligning images (see discussion on eo.wiki)]. (Yes, people still use it. Blecch!) An explicit width on the div's style does it, but this isn't automatic and needs to be changed if the image is resized (not to mention variances in width due to padding and border)... I wonder if we can work around this by putting explicit width and height attributes on the img tags; PHP comes with a function for checking the size of common file formats, so this shouldn't be hard to do. --Brion 23:59 Mar 30, 2003 (UTC)

I am all for whatever solution you can find, Brion. To be honest I have netscape 7 on my system but I never quite liked it. Maybe it was the fact that I originally had just had Explorer 5.22 when I bought this eMac in August, but I've ended up sticking with it and find netscape annoying. But if it is better to use and you recommend it, I'll bite my lip and use the dang thing. No more 32K cut offs! Way-hay! That's mean I can talk to Mav more often!!! (Jeez his page fills up quick, and will even more so now that 172 is back to give us his unique perspective.) This may be my last entry in Explorer 5.22 folks (*sob* *sob*) STÓD/ÉÍRE 00:17 Mar 31, 2003 (UTC) [I am downloading Netscape 7.02 as we speak!]

"Way-hay! That's mean I can talk to Mav more often!!!"
 * Oh great, now I'll have to do 4 archives a month! :-) --mav

I changed the heading "Marxism" to "Anti-Colonial Struggle" for two reasons. First, the former heading simply did not describe the contents of this sextion, which seems to be more about the politics of ZANLA and other organizations involved in the struggle, and not about Mugabe's use of Marxian thought, or his relationship to a Communist Party. The section refers to Mugabe as a "marxist" only once, and without discussion; indeed, later it suggests he is a nationalist (and Marxism and nationalism have at best a tense relationship). Second, given the lack of substantive discussion, I question the NPOV of the heading -- in the US and UK, the label "Marxist" is still a common way to discredit someone, especially national liberation/anti-colonial struggles. I realize "anti-colonial struggle" may not seem NPOV to some, either -- I chose this phrase because it is how ZANLA is described in academic literature. But if anyone thinks they have a better term, go ahead. In any case, if the header "Marxist" is reintroduced to the article, it shou

--

My god! You people are obsessing about a photo!

On my own PC I have saved pictures of him meeting with many different statesmen within the past year or two, like Chirac, Annan, Malaysia’s Prime Minister Mathamir Mohammed, India’s Prime Minister Vajpayee, President Mbeki of South Africa, then-President Moi of Kenya, and others.

Won’t some of you people just admit to being fixated with characterizing Mugabe as an international pariah? Bush, Blair and Howard are not the entirety of the international community, though some with that ever-invasive Rudyard Kiplingesque attitude certainly think that they are. He was received very warmly when he spoke before the summit of the 114-nation Non-Aligned Movement in Malaysia just recently.

The photo on the page is very recent, taken after his 79th birthday. It's fine. You people are being hypocritical. You’re calling me biased but you people want to find a less attractive picture of Mugabe because you don’t like him.

 * Do you have an image of just him so that can be the first image people see on this page? As it is, his face is a bit small and doesn't offer much detail. --mav

-- Totalitarianism is the extension of government control to all major aspects of social life, often in the pursuit of an overriding, ideological objective. In totalitarian societies only a single party operates; the state controls the thoughts and actions of every individual; and the state inculcates society with its ideology through mass rallies, the radio, newspapers, civic organizations, and other media. The party’s monopoly on power is enforced by the police, terror, and the total (hence TOTALitarianism) elimination of opposition.

Mugabe is not a totalitarian ruler. Once again, no totalitarian ruler runs in competitive elections that he can rig. Totalitarian rulers don’t harass organized opposition; there is no organized opposition and if anyone even contemplates there being organized opposition those goals will be swiftly thwarted. Totalitarian societies are far more organized and controlable than Zimbabwe. Authoritarianism is ancient, but totalitarianism is quite a new phenomenon (though it’s interesting to study the parallels of ancient Mayura India and Ch’in China to the totalitarian regimes of 20th century). Totalitarianism is a radical form of authoritarianism. They are not synonymous terms. To understand the contrasts, look at the huge difference between North Korea and Zimbabwe.

Find a political scientist who seriously calls him a totalitarian ruler. I’m sure that there a few; and I’m sure that a few crackpots have called George Bush a totalitarian ruler too. To them, this would not be a serious assessment of his countries political institutions, but a pejorative term.

I’m going to change “totalitarian” to “autocratic.”

172

 * I agree - "Authoritarianism" seems to be more appropriate here. ---mav

-- Do you people like these photos?

Below: Mugabe speaks before the summit of the 114-nation Non-Aligned Movement

Below: Mugabe welcomed by an Honor Gaurd in Paris prior to meeting with French President Jacques Chirac in 2003.

I'd stick with the current one, though, since it features the front of his face.

Doesn't he look good for 79? --172

 * An image showing the front of his face would be best. If needed I can crop and edit the larger version of the image now in the article to serve as his mug shot. --mav

--- Don’t do that. If you can’t see the person with whom he’s meeting, he’d look ridiculous. You don’t want a picture of a big, blurry, grinning face.

172

--- Is this better?

- I prefer the one with him meeting with Annan. You get a better sense of his age in that one. In the one above he looks 50.

The better picture will convey the "elder statesman." Also, why not two pictures in the article? They're two pictures or more in many articles.

172

 * A cropped version of the above would be fine as the main photo. The UN emblem would have to go though. --mav

--- How about this?

Include the one with him speaking before the Non-Aligned Movement at the bottom. Include the caption, “Mugabe, speaking before the 114-nation member Non-Aligned Movement of largely developing countries in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, has increasingly become an activist on behalf of Third World concerns.”

---

UN emblem has to go? What is this, censorship? Come on. It’s important to know where he is. This obsession with characterizing him as an international pariah is just an example of Kiplingesque attitudes. As I’ve said before, the leaders of the white, English-speaking countries aren’t the international community even though they seem to believe that. He’s quite respected in the Third World.

172

 * I would object to an image of GW Bush in front of the same podium if that image were being used as the main one for George W. Bush. Why? Becasue GW is not part of the UN. I'm going to crop the image now (it's too big anyway). --mav

--- You did a good job, Mav. The caption is better than the excessively large photo.

172

-

To have an entire caption dedicated to the anti-homosexual campaign seems a bit off. A third of Zimbabwe's adult population is dying of AIDS and the economy is in shambles. It's not one of the biggest issues facing Zimbabwe, with a small number of homosexuals, but a reflection of our own society’s preoccupations. While it needs to be mentioned, it's not relatively significant enough to warrant an entire, separate caption.

Thus, I did not remove any information but just placed that part of the article dealing with social policies under the heading dealing with the rest of his presidential policies.

172

--- This entire paragraph has to be removed until it’s toned down. There is not a single fact in this paragraph; it’s nothing but a grossly non-NPOV anti-Mugabe tirade.

“Mugabe's international unpopularity in the 1990s and 2000s is, in many ways, in direct contrast to his popularity in the 1980s, when he was seen almost as a model African democrat, providing an example of good governance that could be copied in other African states. Yet ironically, as other states, notably South Africa, have moved into full democratic black majority rule, Zimbabwe has reverted from a stable, economically viable, well governed state to an increasingly dictatorial state under a leader perceived internationally as, at best, an autocrat who in the eyes of his critics at home and abroad has made a series of disastrous policy mistakes, augmented by corruption.”

For one, international unpopularity refers to the stances taken by most white white nations, especially the English-speaking white nations that were white settler colonies where an indigenous population was displaced, subjugated, and largely eradicated.

For this to remain, you people must be challenged to pick out a series of non-Western nations which have seen their relations with Zimbabwe deteriorate. And don’t just pick out Rwanda and Uganda, the two nations on opposing sides in the Congo civil war. What about China, Russia, India? What about France even? Chirac recently met with Mugabe.

The above article refers to “disastrous policy mistakes.” This is completely inappropriate. You people, led by Danny, refuse to accept any alternative viewpoints. Cite macroeconomic indicators; cite concrete examples of what you charge; cite concrete examples of Mugabe’s deteriorating relations with Western and non-Western nations and international organizations. In short, if you want to salvage the tirade make it factual.

This sentence was factual and it will remain in the article: “Many of the economic emigrants from Zimbabwe are now being enthusiastically sought by neighbouring states, notably Zambia and South Africa”. It was placed in an appropriate position in the part of the article dealing with the land reforms.

172

I've moved the picture of Mugabe at the Non Aligned Movement - an image is NEVER put under a footnote. The large explanatory text has been shorted and used as a caption. The full text in being used separate from the article was POVing it. If it belongs anywhere, it is in the text, not separate. I've removed it.

We do have a problem with the images. I like plenty of images, but not all the same. All we have are diplomatic images, some misleadingly captioned, ie they suggest that he is widely welcomed, which is not true. His address to the UN General Assembly is a right available to any leader. Saddam Hussein and Josef Stalin would be equally entitled to address the UN GA. Similarly every head of state is given an audience with the General Secretary. None of the images counteract the fact that he is unwelcome in much of the world. Even on his visit to France, Chirac welcomed him in a different manner to anyone else; no embraces, no long lingering photo-ops, merely a five second handshake so quick some photographers missed it (Chirac refused to 'redo' the pose, something world leaders invariably do again and again for photographers). We need other non-diplomatic images assocated with Mugabe. If we use the one in Malaysia, it needs cropping as it is too big. STÓD/ÉÍRE 20:51 Apr 1, 2003 (UTC)

Removed two seriously POV additions by 172. There is no such thing as Britain's Commonwealth of Nations. It ceased to be Britain's decades ago. It has a long history of disagreeing with Britain and outvoting Britain as Margaret Thatcher found to her cost on occasion. Zimbabwe was suspended because the members plural, not just Britain, decided to. The days when the Commonweath does what Britain wants are long long gone. Furthermore adding in the word plantation was deliberately provacative and POV because it has rascist undertones for many readers. Whatever about the original rascist reason why past generations of whites got hold of the land, there is nothing to suggest that every current white farmer subscribes to rascism. Many had large numbers of black farm workers who themselves were murdered by the so-called 'war veterans'.

You are a competent historian, 172. Please don't plant emotive POV terms in paragraphs. Wikipedia deserves better than that. And so does this article. STÓD/ÉÍRE 00:09 Apr 2, 2003 (UTC)

--- You're a very competent historian too, but those additions were completley true. "Plantation" is necessary since he's not expropriating the property of white urbanites who are not great landowners. "British-led" might have been better, though.

172

I think the word farm is better. They are farms and it carries none of the baggage of plantation. As to British-led, the thing is the Commonwealth just. . . isn't. It has a long history of telling the British 'would you ever frig off!' Britain cannot gets its way if others object. They had the option of objecting and didn't. Far from it in some cases. STÓD/ÉÍRE 01:25 Apr 2, 2003 (UTC)

--- The paragraph referencing Land reform looks a little contrived to me. It is coupling Land reform, East Asian Tigers and decolonization. In the case of Singapore agricultural land is hardly a limiting factor in economic development. In the case of Hong Kong decolonization only took place 6 years ago with the colonial economic status quo preserved in the Basic Law. In the case of Taiwan the arrival of the ROC government looks more like an intensification of (mainland based) colonization rather than decolonization. If the reference to decolonization has to stay, then should the paragraph not just say South Korea? -- Alan Peakall 17:29 Apr 9, 2003 (UTC)

-- The article mentions the East Asian Tigers, but Singapore and Hong Kong are not mentioned in this article. There shouldn't be any confusion regarding Singapore and Hong Kong either. Common sense should dictate why. Everyone should know that these are basically city-states and banking and commercial centers. Does anyone think that a giant agrarian country like China could have followed the pattern of development of a city-state?

Call the KMT a form of Mainland colonization, but this does not deny the importance of land reforms there. In Zimbabwe land reform was a goal of decolonization. In Taiwan Land reforms were a reality of the defeat of the Japanese and their Taiwanese collaborators. Whether or not the KMT constitutes another colonial power is not an issue, land reforms still happened.

The article should make reference to Taiwan, China, South Korea, and for that matter even Malaysia. It does not matter if land reforms happened under the banner of decolonization or not or if they happened under the banner of nationalism, social revolution, or good economic planning. It just happens that in Zimbabwe they're being carried out under the banner of decolonization.

The article mentions East Asian Tigers and not specific countries because that article goes into detail about land reforms. It agree that it would be better to give Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia, and China as examples to avoid confusing the issue with Hong Kong and Singapore, but for right now there really isn't a better link to offer on Wikipedia.

These are the only two Wikipedia articles of which I'm aware that could shed light on this issue: History of the People's Republic of China and East Asian Tigers.

172

 * Thanks for the response. The updated version entirely addresses my reservations. -- Alan Peakall 08:21 Apr 10, 2003 (UTC)

I think this photo is worth adding to the page. It shows Muagbe in a different light, and the way I think a lot of the world is starting to see him. user:J.J.

I mean no disrespect, but the Anglo-American world should not be conflated with "the world". Just this week French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin on Thursday spoke out against British and US interference in Zimbabwe after meeting Thabo Mbeki in Cape Town, calling on the international community to support inter-African diplomatic efforts such as the meeting of heads of state of South Africa, Malawi and Nigeria over the Zimbabwe crisis. While I am from the US, I'm sure that many Wiki contributors who do not hail from the industrialized English-speaking world do not appreciate the subconscious Amero-centrism pervasive on the part of many contributors. In fact, this was a contentious debate about a month ago on Wiki (which I avoided but observed with great interest). France, South Africa, Namibia, Anglo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malaysia, and China, which are among the key nations not hostile to the Zimbabwe government, are part of "the world" as well. 172

 * All I said was "a lot" of the world. I think even if they view Mr. Mugabe as someone they can do business with, the Chinese, French, etc still think of him as a fairly dictatorial figure.

 * But back to the photo. I think it is good, but which photo should it replace?
 * user:J.J.

None of them. Let's avoid trying to make political statements with photos. 172

I think it would go well alongside the "caricature" comment. user:J.J.

--- Come on. Enough with the political statements. You'd have to admit too that the "caricature" comment shouldn't be in bold lettering as a heading. This article needs a little NPOVing. 172

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:00, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Mugabe/Archive 2


text:
User talk:Asd~enwiki

Wazzz uppp?

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Asd. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Asd~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:11, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:43, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asd~enwiki


text:
Konkan Railway zone

The Konkan Railway (abbreviated KR) is one of the 19 railway zones in India with its headquarters at CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The first passenger train ran on Konkan railway tracks on 20 March 1993, between Udupi and Mangalore. During its initial years of operation in the mountainous Konkan region, a number of accidents prompted Konkan Railway to implement new technology. Anti-collision devices, the Sky Bus and roll-on/roll-off are several of the railway's innovations. The 756.25 km long railway line connects the states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The first train on the completed track was sent off on 26 January 1998.

Background
For most of the modern era, the Konkan coast of India did not have a railway link connecting its coastal cities, towns and villages. Even the British who ruled India until 1947 did not build a railway along this route. The first proposal was surveyed in 1920. In 1957 an aerial survey was conducted of the area between Dasgaon, Raigad District in Maharashtra and Mangalore with the object of studying the possibilities of railway development in this region.

The long-pending demand of this region was fulfilled by George Fernandes who was the Railway minister in V.P. Singh's government, backed by then Finance minister Madhu Dandavate and Vice Chairman of Planning Commission Ramakrishna Hegde. They set up Konkan Railway Corporation Limited headed by E.Sreedharan for executing Konkan railway line to tide over funds crunch of Indian Railways.

The first phase of the Konkan Railway was the 60.75 km section from Apta to Roha. It was cleared by the Planning Commission, and the project was included in the 1978-79 budget at an estimated cost of ₹11.19 billion. The length of the railway from Apta to Mangalore was estimated at 771.25 km, and its cost was estimated at ₹2.39 billion in 1976. The engineering and traffic survey for the West Coast Railway Line from Apta to Mangalore was conducted from 1970 to 1972. The final survey for the Apta-Roha-Dasgaon section was made in 1974–75.

Challenges
The project involved over 2,116 bridges (of which the Panvalnadi bridge was the highest viaduct in India till 2010, Now Jhajjhar Khad is the highest viaduct in India) and 92 tunnels and was the largest railway project of the century in Asia. A major challenge was land acquisition from about 43,000 landowners. When the Konkan Railway Corporation (KRCL) began asking people to surrender property which had belonged to them for generations, many (convinced of the project's importance) did so voluntarily. This enabled the process to be completed in one year. The longest bridge is on the River Sharavathi, spanning 2.06 km and the longest Tunnel is in Karbude near Ratnagiri, stretching 6.561 km.

Terrain and the elements were challenging; flash floods, loose soil, landslides and tunnel collapses affected work at many places on the project. Thickly-forested construction sites were often visited by wild animals.

The route crosses three states (Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka), each of which agreed to provide financing. The authorised share capital was increased in 1996-1997 from ₹6 billion to ₹8 billion, with the government of India taking a 51-percent share; the rest went to Maharashtra (22 percent), Karnataka (15 percent), Kerala (6 percent) and Goa (6 percent).

Contracts for the project were given to construction firms which included Larsen & Toubro who were given a major part of the project, Gammon India and Afcons. To speed up construction, piers for major bridges were cast on riverbanks itself and launched with pontoon-mounted cranes. This was India's first use of incremental launch bridge-building. The greatest challenge was presented by the nine tunnels bored through soft soil, which required a slow, manual process. Excavation was difficult due to saturated clay and high water table. Tunnels collapsed immediately several times, requiring the work to be redone. Nineteen lives and four years were lost in the construction of the soft-soil tunnels alone, and a total of seventy-four people died during the railway's construction. The compensation is being paid to the persons displaced due to Konkan Railway Project. The amount paid up till now is approx. Rs. 103 crores to about 39000 persons.

Controversy
In Goa, which makes up 156.25 km of the route, concerns were raised about the environmental and economic impact of the railway. According to opponents of the project, the coastal railway would destroy habitat, damage historical sites, and disrupt lives in the densely-populated state. In 1991, the Konkan Railway Re-Alignment Committee (KRRAC) organised protests against the proposed railway line. The KRRAC's main points were that the proposal would flood coastal regions, destroy fertile land, harm the monuments of Old Goa, irreparably damage the marshes and mangrove swamps along the coast and the estuaries of the Mandovi and Zuari Rivers, and displace neighbourhoods along the coast. The committee proposed an alternative hinterland alignment passing through relatively-unpopulated regions, which would extend the line by about 27.75 km but reduce environmental damage. But the hinterland alignment was rejected by the Konkan Railway Corporation because it would substantially lengthen & divert the line, deny rail access to Goa's population centers, and delay and increase the costs of construction. The KRRAC, which had become a political movement, filed public interest litigation in the Bombay High Court in March 1992 seeking an injunction on construction work and diversion of the line through the hinterland alignment. The high court dismissed the petition the following month, ruling that "... the claim of the petitioners that the alignment would have devastating and irreversible impact upon the khazan lands is without any foundation, and even otherwise, the extent of damage is extremely negligible and a public project of such a magnitude which is undertaken for meeting the aspirations of the people on the west coast cannot be defeated on such considerations. It is not open to frustrate the project of public importance to safeguard the interest of few persons. It cannot be overlooked that while examining the grievance about the adverse impact upon a small area of 30 hectares of Khazan lands, the benefit which will be derived by a large number of people by the construction of rail line cannot be brushed aside. The Courts are bound to take into consideration the comparative hardship which the people in the region will suffer by stalling the project of great public utility. The cost of the project escalates from day to day and, as pointed out by the Corporation, the extent of the interest and east which will be suffered by the Corporation every day is to the tune of Rs. 45 lakhs. No development is possible without some adverse effect on the ecology and environment ..." The Konkan Railway Re-Alignment Committee (KRRAC) now under new name Save Konkan Ecology Forum (SKEF) is strictly & violently opposing Doubling & Electrification Works of Konkan Railway Line, planned by Indian Railways in 2014/2015, citing concerns about the environmental and economic impact, destruction habitat, damage historical sites, and disrupt lives in the densely-populated state. Maharashtra, Karnataka & Kerala Governments had given Green signal for doubling & electrification of Konkan Railway Line in 2015/2016.

Completion
In March 1993, the southern 46 km between Thokur, 18 km from Mangalore, (now Mangaluru) and Udupi in Karnataka entered service, followed by the northern 47 km section between Roha and Veer in Maharashtra in June of that year. The first passenger train on the route ran between Mangalore and Udupi on 20 March 1993. The service was extended by 52 km from Veer to Khed in March 1995, and by a further 286 km from Khed to Sawantwadi Road in December 1996. The Southern service was extended by 38 km from Udupi to Kundapur in January 1995, and by a further 272 km to Pernem in Goa in August 1997.

Through services between Mumbai and Mangalore remained on hold due to a problematic tunnel at Pernem, which experienced repeated cave-ins and flooding. The tunnel was finally completed in January 1998, six years after its construction began. Through services on the line began after the inauguration of the full 756.25 km stretch from Roha to Mangalore on 26 January 1998. Passenger service on the full route, between Mumbai and Mangalore, began in May 1998.

Track doubling
According to a study by the railway, track doubling is possible on about 324 km which runs on the plains. Several stretches on the 756.25 km line can be converted to double track, such as the 47 km line from Roha to Veer, which is now doubled. The 63 km stretch between Udupi and Mangalore is another candidate. The 88 km track from Madure to Vaibhavwadi Road is entirely flat terrain and can easily be converted into Double Track. The 75.75 km track from Panvel Junction to Roha has been doubled.

On 3 November 2015, Konkan Railway senior official Bhanu P. Tayal announced to the press that track-doubling and electrification would begin on 8 November in Kolad. Life Insurance Corporation offered a favourable ₹2.5 billion loan, and other funding would be available. The project, expected to cost ₹100 billion, was scheduled for completion by 2020. In October 2018, the railway announced that the 45 km stretch between Roha and Veer would have two tracks by December 2019.

Matsyagandha Express ( Train number 02619 run as special) travelling from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai (LTT) to Mangaluru Central (MAQ) became the first train to take the Roha-Veer double line on Konkan railway route on 30 August 2021.

Electrification
The foundation stone laying for electrification of the Konkan railway line was done in November 2015. The entire 741 kilometer route stretching from Roha, Maharashtra to Thokur, Karnataka has been electrified in March 2022. Inspection of the entire stretch was completed in six phases starting in March 2020. The last stretch between Ratnagiri and Thivim was inspected on March 24 and authorisation was obtained on 29 March.

New stations
The railway was scheduled to have new crossing stations at Indapur, Goregaon Road, Sape Wamne, Kalambani Budruk, Kadavai, Veravali, Saundal, Kharepatan Road, Achirne, Mirjan and Innanje by December 2019. Most of these stations are operational now.

Operations
The 756.25 km railway has a total track length of 900 km. Its length through Maharashtra is 361 km, through Karnataka 239 km, and 156.25 km through Goa.

Passenger
The route is popular with passengers due to its connectivity with regions hitherto inaccessible by rail and the substantial time savings for travellers between western and southern India. Several trains which had taken circuitous routes ran on the Konkan Railway, reducing running time. The first of these was the Mumbai-Mangalore Netravati Express (later extended to Trivandrum), which was diverted to the Konkan Railway on 1 March 1998; this was followed by the Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express on 1 April of that year. The Matsyagandha Express, running from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus to Mangalore, began service on 1 May 1998. The Hazrat Nizamuddin-Mangalore Mangala Lakshadweep Express was diverted to the route and extended to Ernakulam Junction on 1 August 1998. The Pune-Ernakulam Junction Express was introduced on 25 February 1999. The Marusagar Express, which runs between Jaipur and Ernakulam Junction and was extended to Ajmer via the Konkan Railway, began service on 12 October 2001. The Jan Shatabdi Express was flagged off between Mumbai and Madgaon (the longest-running Jan Shatabdi) on 16 April 2002 to commemorate Indian Railways' 150th anniversary. On 1 February 2008, a Garib Rath Express between the Kochuveli railway station in Thiruvananthapuram and Lokmanya Tilak Terminus began service.

The Tejas Express is the first semi-high-speed, fully air-conditioned train fleet introduced by Indian Railways, with modern on-board facilities. Its inaugural run was on 24 May 2017 from Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus to Karmali railway station in Goa. It covered 552 km (342 mi) in eight hours and 30 minutes.

The Mumbai CSMT–Madgaon Vande Bharat Express semi-high-speed train, was also introduced by Indian Railways, with modern on-board facilities. Its inaugural run was on 27 June 2023 from Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus to Madgaon Junction railway station in Goa. It covers 581 km (361 mi) in eight hours.

Freight
Freight response to the railway was lukewarm, prompting its corporation to consider reducing its rates. With an outstanding debt of ₹33.75 billion, the KRCL was counting on freight traffic for revenue. To attract freight traffic, the corporation began advertising to industries on the route.

The corporation introduced roll-on/roll-off (RORO) service, a road-rail system, on the section between Kolad (Maharashtra) and Verna, Goa in 1999; it was extended to the Surathkal railway station in Karnataka in 2004. The RORO service, the first of its kind in India, allowed trucks to be transported on flatcars. It has been popular, carrying about 1.6 million trucks and earning over ₹1.2 billion by 2009.

Safety
The terrain and weather of the Konkan region have caused problems for the railway. During the 1998 monsoon, torrential rains triggered landslides which washed away tracks and disrupted service. Despite the corporation's efforts to address the problems through engineering (such as protective netting along cuttings to prevent boulders from rolling onto the tracks), the problems recurred each year.

The line's first major accident occurred on the night of 22 June 2003, when a landslide derailed a Karwar–Mumbai express train at the entrance to a tunnel. Fifty-one people died as a result of the accident, and others were injured. As a result, the corporation was severely criticised for failing to take adequate safety measures in the landslide-prone region. An inquiry reported that the cause of the accident was the failure of a cutting due to the lack of monsoon patrolling. The findings were disputed by the corporation, which said that the lack of monsoon patrolling did not lead to the accident (which was due to forces of nature). Shortly after the accident, however, the corporation announced that it would enhance safety measures on the route.

Barely a year later, the measures were found inadequate when a second major accident occurred on 16 June 2004. A Mangalore–Mumbai Matsyaganda Express derailed and fell off a bridge after striking boulders on the tracks, killing 20 people. Again, the corporation insisted that the accident was due to forces of nature. Questions were then raised about the safety and reliability of the Konkan Railway. An inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety ruled that the accident was caused by the "falling of boulders and earth" on the tracks. After the report was issued, the corporation implemented its recommendations. These included reducing train speeds during the monsoon to 75 km/h from 120 km/h and engineering measures such as boulder netting, shotcreting, rock bolting, micropiling and vetiver plantations along the line to improve safety.

A goods train carrying fertilizers derailed between Diwankhavti and Khed stations (83/7Km) at 15:57 on 10 May 2020. This happened during COVID-19 lockdown when regular passenger and goods trains were stopped by Central or Union government of India. There was no injury or casualty. Traffic resumed on the railway on 13 May 2020 at 09:15.

title: Konkan Railway zone


text:
Virginia (novel)

Virginia (1913) is a novel by Ellen Glasgow about a wife and mother who in vain seeks happiness by serving her family. This novel, her eleventh, marked a clear departure from Glasgow's previous work—she had written a series of bestsellers before publishing Virginia—in that it attacked, in a subtle yet unmistakable way, the very layer of society that constituted her readership. Also, as its heroine, though virtuous and god-fearing, is denied the happiness she is craving, its plot did not live up to readers' expectations as far as poetic justice is concerned and was bound to upset some of them. Today, Virginia is seen by many as an outstanding achievement in Glasgow's career, exactly because the author defied literary convention by questioning the foundations of American society around the dawn of the 20th century, be it capitalism, religion or racism.

Plot
Born in 1864 to a clergyman and his dutiful wife, Virginia grows up as a Southern belle in the town of Dinwiddie, Virginia. Her education is strictly limited to the bare minimum, with anything that might disturb her quiet and comfortable existence vigorously avoided. Thus prepared for life, Virginia falls for the first handsome young man who crosses her path—Oliver Treadwell, the black sheep of a family of capitalist entrepreneurs who, during the time of Reconstruction, brought industry and the railroad to the South. Oliver, who has been abroad and has only recently arrived in Dinwiddie, is a dreamer and an intellectual. An aspiring playwright, his literary ambitions are more important to him than money, and he refuses his uncle's offer to work in his bank. However, when Virginia falls in love with him he realizes that he must be able to support a family, and eventually accepts his uncle's offer to work for the railroad.

The young couple get married and have three children, a boy and two girls. Gradually perfecting her household skills, Virginia is able to get by on very little money. When, after many years, Oliver's first play is put on the stage in New York City, his expectations are high. However, the show is a complete failure as the play is far too intellectual and radical for a Broadway audience who wants to be entertained rather than reformed. Reading about the flop in the local newspaper, Virginia for the first time in her life leaves her children, asking her mother to take care of them for a day or two, and takes the night train to New York to be with, and console, her husband—only to be rejected by him, who is in a state of severe depression. When he has recovered from the shock, Oliver makes yet another concession to society and public taste and starts writing "trash".

Throughout the years, Virginia leads a vicarious life: She is happy when her husband and children are happy; she makes sure their clothes are in perfect condition while neglecting her own outward appearance; and she is eager to provide for her children the education she herself has been denied. When, at one point, she realizes that the women her age whom she has known since childhood still look quite young while she has aged prematurely, she quickly persuades herself to believe that a life of altruistic subservience is more than worthwhile, that living and acting the way she does is her duty and God's will. Her father's sudden if honourable death—he unsuccessfully tries to prevent the lynching of an innocent young African American and is stabbed in the process by an angry and drunken young man—adds to the gloom that starts creeping into her life, especially when she sees that, as a widow, her mother suddenly loses all her will to live. When she dies only a few months after her husband, Virginia has a premonition that her own fate when losing Oliver could be a similar one.

Meanwhile, Oliver's first successful play—a trashy one—premières in New York, with some more to follow in quick succession, and, as the money keeps pouring in, the family move into a bigger house in Dinwiddie. They now employ a number of servants, including an African American butler. With the children gone—their son and one daughter are at college, while the other daughter has married a much older widower with two grown-up children and has also flown the nest—and Oliver frequently in New York to supervise the staging of his plays, Virginia's life becomes increasingly empty. Having "outlived her usefulness", the days seem endless to her, and with all the servants about the house there is absolutely no housework for her to do either. Now in her mid-forties, Virginia for the first time in her life spends Christmas alone at home.

The biggest blow, however, is yet to come: When she accompanies Oliver to New York for a première, she finds out to her dismay that he has been betraying her with a famous actress who stars in one of his plays. For the last time summoning up all her courage, she takes a taxi and pays her an unexpected call but immediately realizes when talking to her that she has no chance of winning her husband back. Without many words, Oliver asks her to let him divorce her, but clinging to the only thing she has left in her life—her marriage—she refuses. The novel ends on a somewhat optimistic note when Virginia, again alone in the empty house in Dinwiddie, receives a letter from her son telling her that he is going to leave Oxford before he has completed his two-year course at the university in order to come back and stay with his mother.

title: Virginia (novel)


text:
User:Munford

&

Munford is from Chengdu, now lives in the Bay area. Currently, he works mostly on Chinese version and is one of the administrators.

title: User:Munford


text:
Talk:Kendall West, Florida

Correct Name?
The name was chosen presumably because that was what the Rambot found when it was going through the official US Census Bureau pages. So, is it Kendall West or West Kendall? We shouldn't have the title saying one thing and the article saying the other. RickK 05:26, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I live there and I've never heard it be called "Kendall West", as far as i know it's "West Kendall" --ThrashedParanoid 21:40, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

"Kendall West" and "West Kendall" are two different areas.
According to the U.S. Census the area of Kendall West is no where near the part of Kendall. It's a census area located just north of the Hammocks subdivision west of the Florida Turnpike. "West Kendall", on the other hand, is a part of Kendall. Kendall West named "Kendall Lakes West" during the 1990 census but it's unknown on why census preparers shorten the name. This article is about the census area.

Source:
 * Kendall West's profile on City Data.com

--Moreau36; 1951, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Oh, Alright, sorry for the confusion then. Wouldn't it be called Kendale Lakes West, though? PRueda29|Ptalk29 12:28, 6 November 2005

title: Talk:Kendall West, Florida


text:
Talk:Uzbekistan

"Little Bukaria" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Little Bukaria and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 December 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. FAdesdae378 (talk · contribs) 22:39, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:28, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Uzbekistan Product Exports (2019).svg

Wiki Education assignment: Linguistics in the Digital Age
— Assignment last updated by Nurbekyuldashov (talk) 01:52, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

Environment
Environment should now be a standard Content heading on all countries. 2001:BB6:112C:7A00:58E0:CF51:5AAA:E9E (talk) 12:08, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 September 2023: Solar power energy goals
Uzbekistan has established an ambitious target of producing 30% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030. A key element in realizing this objective is the harnessing of solar energy. With an average of 330 sunny days annually, Uzbekistan possesses immense potential for solar power, making it a significant contributor to the country's renewable energy strategy. Edwardtechson (talk) 12:15, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: According to the page's protection level you should be able to edit the page yourself. If you seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. HouseBlastertalk 13:01, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

Scythians
as I recall, this was a Greek word that was used to refer to many different peoples across vast geographic locations. It's kinda like saying 'barbarians'. Correct me if I'm wrong. 50.37.148.116 (talk) 03:19, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uzbekistan


text:
User talk:Miquelon

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. You can sign your name with ~. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 05:48, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Miquelon and St. Pierre
I am glad to know someone else is paying attention to that page. i think it is a fascinating part of the world and has an important part in history. I would like to see more details about the World War II history filled in and about the English Possession period as well. There is a lot of documentary material that Memorial university has. I bet there is some at the Biblioteque National in Paris as well but I am not so great with their search engine.--Filll 20:20, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Miquelon and St. Pierre history changes
Some changes have been made to the Miquelon and St. Pierre page in the History section. Not sure I totally agree. I put some material on the talk page while I ponder it. What do you think?--Filll 23:34, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for August 15
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title: User talk:Miquelon