text:
Norman Thomas

Norman Mattoon Thomas (November 20, 1884 – December 19, 1968) was an American Presbyterian minister and political activist. He achieved fame as a socialist and pacifist, and was the Socialist Party of America's candidate for president in six consecutive elections between 1928 and 1948.

Early years
Thomas was the oldest of six children, born November 20, 1884, in Marion, Ohio, to Emma Williams (née Mattoon) and Weddington Evans Thomas, a Presbyterian minister. Thomas had an uneventful Midwestern childhood and adolescence, helping to put himself through Marion High School as a paper carrier for Warren G. Harding's Marion Daily Star. Like other paper carriers, he reported directly to Florence Kling Harding. "No pennies ever escaped her," said Thomas. The summer after he graduated from high school his father accepted a pastorate at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, which allowed Norman to attend Bucknell University. He left Bucknell after one year to attend Princeton University, the beneficiary of the largesse of a wealthy uncle by marriage. Thomas graduated magna cum laude from Princeton University in 1905.

After some settlement house work and a trip around the world, Thomas decided to follow in his father's footsteps and enrolled in Union Theological Seminary. He graduated from the seminary and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1911. After assisting the Rev. Henry Van Dyke at the fashionable Brick Presbyterian Church on Manhattan's Fifth Avenue, Thomas was appointed pastor of the East Harlem Presbyterian Church, ministering to Italian-American Protestants. Union Theological Seminary had been at that time a center of the Social Gospel movement and liberal politics, and as a minister, Thomas preached against American participation in the First World War. This pacifist stance led to his being shunned by many of his fellow alumni from Princeton, and opposed by some of the leadership of the Presbyterian Church in New York. When church funding of the American Parish's social programs was stopped, Thomas resigned his pastorate. Despite his resignation, Thomas did not formally leave the ministry until 1931, after his mother's death.

It was Thomas's position as a conscientious objector that drew him to the Socialist Party of America (SPA), a staunchly antimilitarist organization. When SPA leader Morris Hillquit made his campaign for mayor of New York in 1917 on an antiwar platform, Thomas wrote to him expressing his good wishes. To his surprise, Hillquit wrote back, encouraging the young minister to work for his campaign, which Thomas energetically did. Soon thereafter he himself joined the Socialist Party. Thomas was a Christian socialist.

Thomas was the secretary (then an unpaid position) of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation even before the war. When the organization started a magazine called The World Tomorrow in January 1918, Thomas was employed as its paid editor. Together with Devere Allen, Thomas helped to make The World Tomorrow the leading voice of liberal Christian social activism of its day. In 1921, Thomas moved to secular journalism when he was employed as associate editor of The Nation magazine. In 1922 he became co-director of the League for Industrial Democracy. Later, he was one of the founders of the National Civil Liberties Bureau, the precursor of the American Civil Liberties Union.

Electoral politics
Thomas ran for office five times in quick succession on the Socialist ticket—for governor of New York in 1924, for mayor of New York in 1925, for New York State Senate in 1926, for alderman in 1927, and for mayor of New York again in 1929. In 1934, he ran for the US Senate in New York and polled almost 200,000 votes, then the second-best result for a Socialist candidate in New York state elections; only Charles P. Steinmetz polled more votes, almost 300,000 in 1922 when he ran for State Engineer.

Thomas's political activity also included attempts at the US presidency. Following Eugene Debs's death in 1926, there was a leadership vacuum in the Socialist Party. Neither of the party's two top political leaders, Victor L. Berger and Hillquit, was eligible to run for president because of their foreign birth. The third main figure, Daniel Hoan, was occupied as mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Down to approximately 8,000 dues-paying members, the Socialist Party's options were limited, and the little-known minister from New York with oratorial skills and a pedigree in the movement became the choice of the 1928 National Convention of the Socialist Party.

The 1928 campaign was the first of Thomas's six consecutive campaigns as the presidential nominee of the Socialist Party. As an articulate and engaging spokesman for democratic socialism, Thomas had considerably greater influence than the typical perennial candidate. Although most upper- and middle-class Americans found socialism unsavory, the well-educated Thomas—who often wore three-piece suits and looked and talked like a president—gained grudging admiration.

Thomas frequently spoke on the difference between socialism, the movement he represented, and communism and revolutionary Marxism. His early admiration for the Russian Revolution had turned into energetic anti-Stalinism. (Some revolutionaries thought him no better; Leon Trotsky criticized Thomas on more than one occasion.)

He wrote several books, among them his passionate defense of World War I conscientious objectors, Is Conscience a Crime?, and his statement of the 1960s social democratic consensus, Socialism Re-examined.

Socialist Party politics
At the 1932 Milwaukee convention, Thomas and his radical pacifist allies in the party joined forces with constructive socialists from Wisconsin and a faction of young Marxist intellectuals called the "Militants" in backing a challenger to National Chairman Morris Hillquit. While Hillquit and his cohort retained control of the organization at this time, this action earned the lasting enmity of Hillquit's New York-based allies of the so-called "Old Guard". The diplomatic party peacemaker Hillquit died of tuberculosis the following year, lessening the stability of his faction.

At the 1934 National Convention of the Socialist Party, Thomas's connection with the Militants deepened when he backed a radical Declaration of Principles authored by his longtime associate from the radical pacifist journal The World Tomorrow, Devere Allen. The Militants swept to majority control of the party's governing National Executive Committee at this gathering, and the Old Guard retreated to their New York fortress and formalized their factional organization as the Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party, complete with a shadow Provisional Executive Committee and an office in New York City.

Thomas favored work to establish a broad Farmer–Labor Party upon the model of the Canadian Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, but remained supportive of the Militants and their vision of an "all-inclusive party", which welcomed members of dissident communist organizations (including Lovestoneites and Trotskyists) and worked together with the Communist Party USA in joint Popular Front activities. The party descended into a maelstrom of factionalism in the interval, with the New York Old Guard leaving to establish themselves as the Social Democratic Federation of America, taking with them control of party property, such as the Yiddish-language The Jewish Daily Forward, the English-language New Leader, the Rand School of Social Science, and the party's summer camp in Pennsylvania.

In 1937, Thomas returned from Europe determined to restore order in the Socialist Party. He and his followers in the party teamed up with the Clarity majority of the National Executive Committee and gave the green light to the New York Right Wing to expel the Appeal faction from the organization. These expulsions led to the departure of virtually the whole of the party's youth section, who affiliated to the new Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party. Demoralization set in and the Socialist Party withered, its membership level below that of 1928.

In April 1938, Thomas was the center of national controversy when he came to Jersey City, New Jersey to defend labor organizers' free speech and challenge the political machine of Mayor Frank Hague. Hague was a close ally of Franklin Roosevelt and controlled federal patronage in the state. Though denied a permit for political reasons, Thomas came anyway to speak at an outdoor rally. The police arrested him as soon as he got out of his car. As the officers prepared to expel him from the city, Thomas quipped, "So this is Jersey justice". People across the political spectrum, including the 1932 and 1936 Republican presidential nominees, Herbert Hoover and Alfred M. Landon, criticized Hague for his suppression of free speech and Roosevelt for his silence about the incident. Thomas and Landon became good friends as a result of the incident.

Causes
Thomas was initially as outspoken in opposing the Second World War as he had been with regard to the First World War. Upon returning from a European tour in 1937, he formed the Keep America Out of War Congress, and spoke against war, thereby sharing a platform with the non-interventionist America First Committee. In the 1940 presidential campaign he said Republican Wendell Willkie was the candidate of "the Wall Street war machine" and that he "would take us to war about as fast and about on the same terms as Mr. Roosevelt".

In testimony to Congress in January 1941 he opposed the proposed Lend Lease program of sending military supplies to Great Britain, calling it "a bill to authorize undeclared war in the name of peace, and dictatorship in the name of defending democracy". He said that the survival of the British Empire was not vital to the security of the United States, but added that he favored helping Britain to defend herself against aggression.

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, a bitter split took place in the Socialist Party regarding support for the war; Thomas reluctantly supported it, though he thought it could have been honorably avoided. His brother and many others continued their pacifist opposition to all wars. Thomas later wrote self-critically that he had "overemphasized both the sense in which it was a continuance of World War I and the capacity of nonfascist Europe to resist the Nazis".

Thomas was one of the few public figures to oppose President Roosevelt's incarceration of Japanese Americans following the attack on Pearl Harbor. He accused the ACLU of "dereliction of duty" when the organization supported the forced mass removal and incarceration. Thomas also campaigned against racial segregation, environmental depletion, and anti-labor laws and practices, and in favor of opening the United States to Jewish victims of Nazi persecution in the 1930s.

Thomas was an early proponent of birth control. The birth-control advocate Margaret Sanger recruited him to write "Some Objections to Birth Control Considered" in Religious and Ethical Aspects of Birth Control, edited and published by Sanger in 1926. Thomas accused the Catholic Church of hypocritical opinions on sex, such as requiring priests to be celibate and maintaining that laypeople should have sex only to reproduce. "This doctrine of unrestricted procreation is strangely inconsistent on the lips of men who practice celibacy and preach continence."

Thomas also deplored the secular objection to birth control because it originated from "racial and national" group-think. "The white race, we are told, our own nation—whatever that nation may be—is endangered by practicing birth control. Birth control is something like disarmament—a good thing if effected by international agreement, but otherwise dangerous to us in both a military and economic sense. If we are not to be overwhelmed by the 'rising tide of color' we must breed against the world. If our nation is to survive, it must have more cannon and more babies as prospective food for the cannon."

Thomas was also very critical of Zionism and of Israel's policies toward the Arabs in the postwar years (especially after the Suez Crisis) and often collaborated with the American Council for Judaism.

Later years
After 1945, Thomas sought to make the anti-Stalinist left the leader of social reform, in collaboration with labor leaders like Walter Reuther. In 1961, he released an album, The Minority Party in America: Featuring an Interview with Norman Thomas, on Folkways Records, which focused on the role of the third party.

Thomas actively campaigned for Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 presidential election. He was critical of Johnson's foreign policy, but praised his work on civil rights and poverty. Thomas called Johnson's opponent Barry Goldwater a "personable man with good stands on domestic issues" but also described him as "the greatest evil" due to his views on foreign policy.

Thomas's 80th birthday in 1964 was marked by a well-publicized gala at the Hotel Astor in Manhattan. At the event Thomas called for a cease-fire in Vietnam and read birthday telegrams from Hubert Humphrey, Earl Warren, and Martin Luther King Jr. He also received a check for $17,500 in donations from supporters. "It won't last long," he said of the check, "because every organization I'm connected with is going bankrupt."

In 1966, the conservative journalist and writer William F. Buckley, Jr chose Thomas to be the third guest on Buckley's new television interview show, Firing Line. In 1968, Thomas signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.

Also in 1966, Thomas traveled to the Dominican Republic along with future Congressman Allard K. Lowenstein to observe that country's general election. The two were leaders of the "Committee on free elections in the Dominican Republic", an organization based in the U.S. that monitored the election, in which Juan Bosch of the Dominican Revolutionary Party, affiliated with the Socialist International, was beaten closely but decisively by the conservative ex-president Joaquín Balaguer. Balaguer continued to govern the country on and off for the next 30 years. In the autumn of that year, Thomas received the second Eugene V. Debs Award for his work in promoting world peace.

Personal life
In 1910, Thomas married Frances Violet Stewart (1881–1947), the granddaughter of John Aikman Stewart, financial adviser to Presidents Lincoln and Cleveland, and a trustee of Princeton for many years. Together, they had three daughters and two sons:
 * Mary "Polly" Thomas (1914–2010), who married Herbert C. Miller Jr, a professor and chairman of pediatrics at the University of Kansas
 * Frances Thomas (1915–2015), who married John W. Gates, Jr. (died 2006)
 * Rebekah Thomas (1918–1986), who married John D. Friebely
 * William Stewart Thomas (1912–1988)
 * Evan Welling Thomas II (1920–1999), who married Anna Davis (née Robins) in 1943
 * Evan Welling Thomas III (b. 1951)

Death
Thomas died at the age of 84 on December 19, 1968, at a nursing home in Huntington, New York. Pursuant to his wishes, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered on Long Island.

Legacy
The Norman Thomas High School (formerly known as Central Commercial High School) in Manhattan and the Norman Thomas '05 Library at Princeton University's Forbes College are named after him, as is the assembly hall at the Three Arrows Cooperative Society, where he was a frequent visitor. He is also the grandfather of Newsweek columnist Evan Thomas and the great-grandfather of writer Louisa Thomas.

A plaque in the Norman Thomas '05 Library reads: Norman M. Thomas, class of 1905. "I am not the champion of lost causes, but the champion of causes not yet won."

Works

 * The Conquest of War. New York: Fellowship Press, 1917.
 * War's Heretics : A Plea for the Conscientious Objector . Chicago: American Liberty Defense League, 1917.
 * The case of the Christian Pacifists at Los Angeles, Cal. New York City: National Civil Liberties Bureau 1918
 * The Conscientious Objector in America. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1923.
 * The League of Nations and the Imperialist Principle: A Criticism. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1923.
 * What Is Industrial Democracy? New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1925.
 * The Challenge of War: An Economic Interpretation. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1927.
 * Is Conscience a Crime? New York: Vanguard Press, 1927.
 * In the League and Out. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1930.
 * America's Way Out: A Program for Democracy. New York: Macmillan, 1931.
 * Socialism and the Individual. Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1931.
 * The Socialist Cure for a Sick Society. New York: John Day Company, 1932.
 * As I See It. New York: Macmillan, 1932.
 * Why I Am a Socialist. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1932.
 * What Socialism Is and Is Not. Chicago: Socialist Party of America, 1932.
 * What's the Matter with New York: A National Problem. With Paul Blanshard. New York: Macmillan, 1932.
 * A Socialist Looks at the New Deal. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1933.
 * The New Deal: A Socialist Analysis. Chicago: Committee on Education and Research of the Socialist Party of America, 1934.
 * Human Exploitation in the United States. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1934.
 * The Choice Before Us. New York: Macmillan, 1934. (UK title: Fascism or Socialism?)
 * The Plight of the Share Cropper. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1934.
 * War – No Glory, No Profit, No Need. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1935.
 * War As a Socialist Sees It. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1936.
 * After the New Deal – What? New York: Macmillan, 1936.
 * Debate: Which Road for American Workers – Socialist or Communist? New York: Socialist Call, 1936.
 * Is the New Deal Socialism? An Answer to Al Smith and the American Liberty League. New York: National Office, Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1936].
 * Why I Am a Socialist. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1936.
 * Shall labor support Roosevelt? Chicago : Labor League for Thomas and Nelson, 1936.
 * Emancipate youth from toil, old age from fear, Chicago: Socialist Party, 1936.
 * You Can't Cure Tuberculosis with Cough Drops. New York: Socialist Party, n.d. [1936]. – leaflet
 * Democracy versus dictatorship New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1937.
 * Socialism on the Defensive. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938.
 * Justice Triumphs in Spain! A Letter about the Trial of the POUM. With Devere Allen. Chicago: Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1938].
 * Collective Security Means War. Chicago: Socialist Party, 1938.
 * Keep America Out of War: A Program. With Bertram D. Wolfe. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1939.
 * Russia: Democracy or Dictatorship? With Joel Seidman. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1939.
 * What's Behind the "Christian Front"? New York: Workers' Defense League, 1939.
 * Stop the Draft : An Appeal to the American People. New York: Socialist National Headquarters, 1940.
 * We Have a Future. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1941.
 * World Federation: What Are the Difficulties? New York: Post War World Council, 1942.
 * Democracy and Japanese Americans. New York: Post War World Council, 1942.
 * Martin Dies and Socialism. New York: Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1943].
 * Victory's Victims? The Negro's Future. With A. Philip Randolph. Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1943].
 * What Is Our Destiny? Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1944.
 * Conscription: The Test of Peace. New York: Post War World Council, 1944.
 * Russia: Promise and Performance. New York: Socialist Party, 1945.
 * A socialist looks at the United Nations Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1945.
 * An Appeal to the Nations. New York: Socialist Party, 1947.
 * The One Hope of Peace: Universal Disarmament Under International Control. New York: Post War World Council, 1947.
 * Why I am a candidate New York: Socialist Party, 1948.
 * How Can the Socialist Party Best Serve Socialism? An Argument in Support of the Position of the Majority of the National Executive Committee Concerning Electoral Activities. [New York]: [Socialist Party], 1949.
 * A Socialist's Faith. New York: W. W. Norton, 1951.
 * Democratic Socialism: A New Appraisal. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1953.
 * The Test of Freedom. New York: W. W. Norton, 1954.
 * Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen... Reflections on Public Speaking. New York: Hermitage House, 1955.
 * The Prerequisites for Peace. New York: W. W. Norton, 1959.
 * Great Dissenters. New York: W.W. Norton, 1961.
 * Eugene V. Debs in the Light of History. Terre Haute, IN: Eugene V. Debs Foundation, 1964.
 * Socialism Re-Examined. New York: W. W. Norton, 1963.

title: Norman Thomas


text:
Peter Bagge

Peter Bagge (pronounced, as in bag; born December 11, 1957) is an American cartoonist whose best-known work includes the comics Neat Stuff and Hate. His stories often use black humor and exaggerated cartooning to dramatize the reduced expectations of middle-class American youth. He won two Harvey Awards in 1991, one for best cartoonist and one for his work on Hate. In recent decades Bagge has done more fact-based comics, everything from biographies to history to comics journalism. Publishers of Bagge's articles, illustrations, and comics include suck.com, MAD Magazine, toonlet, Discover, and the Weekly World News, with the comic strip Adventures of Batboy. He has expressed his libertarian views in features for Reason.

Early life
Peter Bagge was born in Peekskill, New York, and grew up in the New York City suburbs. Bagge's father was in the military and Bagge has talked about how his Catholic household was the scene of "lots of drunken fights about money. We were the weirdo outcast kids of the neighborhood. I couldn't get away fast enough." Bagge was confirmed as a teenager; his confirmation name is Peter Christian Paul Bagge (with Paul being an homage to Paul McCartney.)

Moving to New York City in the mid-1970s, Bagge attended the School of Visual Arts for three semesters in 1977 before dropping out to work on Punk magazine.

Early career
Bagge began his career in New York City in the early 1980s, contributing comics and illustrations to various underground newspapers and pornography magazines.

In 1980–1981, Bagge co-published the all-comics tabloid Comical Funnies with former staffers of Punk magazine (including John Holmstrom). Bagge sent copies of Comical Funnies to underground comics legend R. Crumb, who published some Bagge strips in the anthology Crumb was editing, Weirdo. Bagge contributed to many issues of Weirdo from that point forward, mostly illustrating stories written by Dave Carrino. In 1984, Crumb passed on the editorial reins of Weirdo to Bagge, who edited it for three years (and one guest issue in 1989).

In 1985, Bagge entered into a long professional association with the alternative-comics publisher Fantagraphics, beginning with his first solo series, Neat Stuff. This omnibus introduced such characters as Girly-Girl, Junior, Studs Kirby, The Bradleys, and Buddy Bradley. Neat Stuff ran until 1989. Its sequel series, Hate (1990–1998), is Bagge's best-known. After ending Hate as a regular title, Bagge has produced a series of Hate Annuals between 2000 - 2010.

Bagge created and wrote an all-ages comic series for DC Comics called Yeah!, about an all-girl rock band, drawn by Gilbert Hernandez. The series ran nine issues (1999 to 2000). Sweatshop, published by DC Comics in 2003, was produced, unlike early issues of Hate, with the help of an art team. The series ran six issues.

Starting in 1998 (in a piece for Details magazine), and really intensely in the years 2000 to 2002, Bagge did a number of comics journalism stories—on such topics as politics, the Miss America Pageant, bar culture, Christian rock, and the Oscars—mostly for suck.com.

In 2002, Bagge did his version of Spider-Man for Marvel Comics. He followed this with a Hulk comic, The Incorrigible Hulk, which was completed but never released due to a management change at Marvel Comics at the time. In August 2009, The Incorrigible Hulk was finally released in serialized form for the Marvel Knights imprint's Strange Tales miniseries.

2005 – present
From 2005 to 2007, Bagge worked on Apocalypse Nerd, a comic published by Dark Horse Comics about two average, urban males dealing with the aftermath of a nuclear attack on the Pacific Northwest. Backup stories in Apocalypse Nerd featured historically researched anecdotal tales of America's Founding Fathers. The final issue of the six-issue series was published in 2007. A trade paperback collection was released in 2008.

Other Lives is a graphic novel written and drawn by Bagge, and published by DC Comics on their Vertigo imprint in 2010. The story revolves around four people, whose real lives—along with their online virtual personas—interact in ultimately disastrous ways.

Reset is a four-part, monthly comic-book miniseries written and illustrated by Bagge and published by Dark Horse Comics. The story revolves around a middle-aged, washed-up comic actor who agrees to take part in the development of a computer application that allows him to relive his life in a virtual sense. The first issue was released in April 2012. It was collected into a book that same year.

Starting with the February 2009 issue, the popular science and technology magazine Discover has featured a continuing series of History of Science comic strips created by Peter Bagge. Bagge's comics feature key characters and events from scientific history.

Bagge is the subject of the first volume of TwoMorrows Publishing's new Comics Introspective series of books, published in 2007. Peter Bagge: Conversations, a collection of interviews with Bagge spanning three decades was published 2015 by the University Press of Mississippi.

His graphic-novel biographies include Woman Rebel, about birth control advocate Margaret Sanger, Fire!!, about writer Zora Neale Hurston, and Credo, about author and political theorist Rose Wilder Lane.

In 2003, Bagge became a contributing writer with the libertarian magazine Reason in whose pages he has published both prose and comics pieces over the years. 2009 saw the release of a collection of Bagge's Reason work called Everybody Is Stupid Except for Me (And Other Astute Observations). A second edition was released in late 2013. Bagge continues to contribute to Reason.

Animation and music
Bagge made a series of animated commercials for Round Table Pizza. In 2001 Bagge collaborated with comedian Dana Gould to produce the Macromedia Flash Internet cartoon Murry Wilson: Rock 'N' Roll Dad. The four-episode series premiered on Icebox.com.

Bagge also played drums for the Seattle based power pop band The Action Suits, and guitar for another power pop band, Can You Imagine.

Art style
Bagge's signature elastic, kinetic art style is a product of his love for 1940s Warner Brothers cartoons (especially those directed by Bob Clampett). Bagge has said that he "always wanted to capture that sense of movement and exaggeration in a static format. In retrospect this sounds like a futile thing to attempt, but I think I wound up pulling it off better than I ever thought I would."

Personal life
Bagge's wife Joanne contributes coloring work to her husband's publications.

Bagge has long been openly libertarian in his politics, and many of his comics feature references to this. He opposed the Iraq War and criticized George W. Bush. Bagge voted for Libertarian presidential candidate Harry Browne in 2000 and Democrat John Kerry in 2004 because he "wanted to fire Bush." When asked who he was voting for in the 2008 election, he wrote: "If the polls in my home state are close: Obama (McCain is simply too incompetent these days to be president). If not, I'll make a protest vote for [Bob] Barr." In a follow-up article in Reason, Bagge stated, "I wound up voting for Barr, and I stand by that vote more now than I did then!"

Bagge collected his work for Reason expressing his Libertarian views in the book Everybody is Stupid Except Me: and Other Astute Observations. Bagge has continued with his strips covering libertarian issues in Hate Annual.

Awards
Bagge won the 1991 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist. In addition, Hate won the 1991 Harvey Award for Best New Series, and has been nominated for various Harvey awards in 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999.

Bagge was presented with an Inkpot Award at San Diego Comic-Con International 2010 in recognition of his achievements in comics.

Bagge won the 2021 Will Eisner Comic Industry Award for Best Archival Collection/Project: (The Complete Hate {Fantagraphics})

He also was previously nominated for an Eisner Award several times:

Bagge won the UK Comic Art Award for Best Writer/Artist in 1990 (and was nominated for the same award in 1992 and 1993). In addition, Buddy Bradley from Bagge's Hate won the 1991 UK Comic Art Award for Best Character.
 * 1991 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards — Nominee — Best Writer/Artist: (Hate [Fantagraphics])
 * 1992 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards — Nominee — Best Writer: (Hate [Fantagraphics])
 * 1993 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards — Nominee — Best Writer: (Hate [Fantagraphics])
 * 1993 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards — Nominee — Best Writer/Artist: (Hate [Fantagraphics])
 * 1995 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards — Nominee — Best Colorist: (for Hate [Fantagraphics])
 * 2010 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards — Nominee — Best Humor publication: (for Everybody Is Stupid Except for Me, And Other Astute Observations [Fantagraphics])
 * 2014 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards — Nominee — Best Reality-Based Work: (Woman Rebel {Drawn & Quarterly})
 * 2021 Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards - Winner - Best Archival Collection/Project: (The Complete Hate [Fantagraphics])

Bagge was also the recipient of a 2014 United States Artists award, and was named a Rockefeller Fellow for Literature.

Autobio

 * Latin Laissez-Faire," Reason (Nov. 2001).
 * "Just Say No to Live Clarinets," Reason (May 2002).

Opinion

 * "Fine Dining at Shell," Reason (Sept. 2001).
 * "Fair-Weather Idealists," Reason (Dec. 2001).
 * "Observations From a Reluctant Anti-Warrior," Reason (March 2003).
 * "The Nerd-ification of America," Reason (May 2003).

Humor

 * "Your Friendly Neighborhood Tyrant," Reason (Apr. 2002).
 * "The Life Cycle of a Hack," Reason (June 2002).
 * "Just Say No To Intellectual Property," Reason (Apr. 2003).
 * "In Praise of Meaningless Crap," Reason (June 2003).
 * "Do Your Own Thing Unto Others," Reason (Dec. 2003).

Political humor
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 * "Celebrate Diversity," Reason (December 14, 2001).
 * "The War on Terror Never Ends," Reason (February 15, 2002).
 * Ex-Pats Say the Darnedest Things," Reason (June 2002).
 * "Who's to Blame for 9-11?", Reason (Oct. 2002).
 * "When Libertarians Gather," Reason (Feb. 2003).
 * "What We Believe: This Month Anyway," Reason (July 2003).
 * "Taking Out Arnold," Reason (Nov. 2003).

Comic books

 * The Wacky World of Peter Bagge/Ken Weiner (1982 FlipBook)
 * Martini Baton (Fantagraphics, 1993) with Dave Carrino
 * Neat Stuff (Fantagraphics, 1985–1989) #1-15
 * Hate (Fantagraphics, 1990–1998) #1-30
 * The Bradleys (Fantagraphics, 1999–2000) #1–6 – stories about the Bradleys from Neat Stuff and elsewhere
 * Junior and Friends (Fantagraphics, 2000–2001) #1–6 – non-Bradley stories from Neat Stuff and elsewhere
 * Yeah! (DC/Homage, 1999 - 2000) #1-9 – an all-ages series written by Bagge and drawn by Gilbert Hernandez
 * Hate Annual (Fantagraphics, 2001–2011) #1-9
 * Sweatshop (DC, 2003) #1–6 - Written by Bagge, Art by Bagge, Johnny Ryan, Stephenie Gladden, Jim Blanchard, Bill Wray and Stephen DeStefano
 * Apocalypse Nerd (Dark Horse, 2005–2007) #1–6
 * Reset (Dark Horse, 2012) # 1-4

Collected editions

 * The Bradleys (Fantagraphics, 1989, ISBN 1-56097-576-8) – collects stories from Neat Stuff
 * Studs Kirby: The Voice of America (Fantagraphics, 1989, ISBN 1-56097-010-3) – collects stories from Neat Stuff
 * Junior and Other Losers (Fantagraphics, 1990, ISBN 1-56097-048-0) – collects stories from Neat Stuff
 * Stupid Comics (Fantagraphics, 1992, ISBN 1-56097-069-3) – collects stories from Neat Stuff
 * Hey, Buddy! (Fantagraphics, 1993, ISBN 1-56097-113-4) – collects Hate #1–5
 * Buddy the Dreamer (Fantagraphics, 1994, ISBN 1-56097-154-1) – collects Hate #6–10
 * Fun with Buddy + Lisa: Volume III of the Complete Buddy Bradley Stories from "Hate" (Fantagraphics, 1995, ISBN 1-56097-175-4) – collects Hate #11–#15
 * Buddy Go Home: "Hate" Collection Volume IV (Fantagraphics, 1998, ISBN 1-56097-276-9) – collects Hate #16–#20
 * Buddy's Got Three Moms: "Hate" Collection Volume V (Fantagraphics, 1999, ISBN 1-56097-335-8) – collects Hate #21–#25
 * Buddy Bites the Bullet (Fantagraphics, 2001, ISBN 1-56097-415-X) – collects Hate #26–#30
 * Buddy Does Seattle: The Complete Buddy Bradley Stories from "Hate" Comics, Vol. I, 1990-94 (Fantagraphics, 2005, ISBN 1-56097-623-3) – collects Hate #1-#15
 * Buddy Does Jersey (Fantagraphics, 2007, ISBN 978-1-56097-837-4) – collects Hate #16-#30. Written by Bagge, Art by Bagge and Jim Blanchard
 * Apocalypse Nerd (Dark Horse, 2008, ISBN 978-1-59307-902-4)
 * Everyone Is Stupid Except for Me and Other Astute Observations: A Decade's Worth of Cartoon Reporting for Reason Magazine (Fantagraphics, 2009, ISBN 978-1-60699-158-9) - collects strips from Reason
 * Yeah! (Fantagraphics, 2011, ISBN 978-1-60699-412-2) – collects all 9 issues of the all-ages comic book of the same title. Written by Bagge and illustrated by Gilbert Hernandez
 * Bat Boy: The Complete Weekly World News Comic Strips (IDW, 2011, ISBN 978-1-60010-896-9) -- collects all 100 Bat Boy comic strips written and drawn by Bagge for the now-defunct Weekly World News in 2004 - '05
 * Reset (Dark Horse, 2013, ISBN 978-1-61655-003-5)
 * Buddy Buys a Dump (Fantagraphics, 2013, ISBN 978-1-60699-745-1) – collects stories from Hate Annual
 * Sweatshop (Fantagraphics, 2015, ISBN 978-1606998120) – collects the entire 6 issue run of the Sweatshop comic book series
 * The Complete Neat Stuff (Fantagraphics, 2016, ISBN 978-1606999424) – collects all 15 issues of Neat Stuff comic book series
 * The Complete Hate (Fantagraphics, 2020, ISBN 978-1683963554 – collects all 40 issues of both the Hate and Hate Annual series

Graphic novels

 * Other Lives (DC/Vertigo Publishing, 2010). ISBN 978-1-4012-1902-4
 * Woman Rebel: The Margaret Sanger Story (Drawn & Quarterly, 2013)
 * Fire!!: The Zora Neale Hurston Story (Drawn&Quarterly, 2017). ISBN 978-1-7704-6269-4
 * Credo: The Rose Wilder Lane Story (Drawn&Quarterly, 2019). ISBN 978-1770463417

Monographs

 * Irving, Chris. Comics Introspective Volume One: Peter Bagge (TwoMorrows Publishing, 2007). ISBN 1-893905-83-7
 * Kent Worcester (Editor). Peter Bagge: Conversations (University Press of Mississippi, 2015, ISBN 978-1628462043) - Collects 30 years' worth of interviews with Bagge.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peter Bagge


text:
Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples (Regnum Neapolitanum; Regno di Napoli; Regno 'e Napule), was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was established by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302), when the island of Sicily revolted and was conquered by the Crown of Aragon, becoming a separate kingdom also called the Kingdom of Sicily. This left the Neapolitan mainland under the possession of Charles of Anjou. Later, two competing lines of the Angevin family competed for the Kingdom of Naples in the late 14th century, which resulted in the death of Joanna I by Charles III of Naples. Charles' daughter Joanna II adopted King Alfonso V of Aragon as heir, who would then unite Naples into his Aragonese dominions in 1442.

As part of the Italian Wars, France briefly ruled the territory in 1494 and at the beginning of the 16th century; it then went to war with Spain over the kingdom in 1502, a conflict that ended in a victory for Ferdinand II, who was in full control of the kingdom by 1504. The Spanish held control of Naples throughout the 17th century where it remained an important source of economic and military power for the Spanish Crown. After the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century, the possession of the kingdom again changed hands; the 1714 Treaty of Rastatt saw Naples given to Charles VI of the Austrian Habsburgs. However, Naples and Sicily were conquered by Charles, Duke of Parma (of the Spanish Bourbons) during the War of the Polish Succession in 1734, he was then installed as King of Naples and Sicily from 1735. In 1816, Naples formally unified with the island of Sicily to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

The territory of the Kingdom of Naples corresponded to the current Italian regions of Campania, Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Abruzzo, Molise, and also included some areas of today's southern and eastern Lazio.

Nomenclature
The term "Kingdom of Naples" is in near-universal use among historians, but it was not used officially by the government. Since the Angevins remained in power on the Italian peninsula, they kept the original name of the Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae). At the end of the War of the Vespers, the Peace of Caltabellotta (1302) provided that the name of the kingdom would be the Kingdom of Sicily Citra Farum had become known colloquially as the Kingdom of Naples (Regnum Neapolitanum or Regno di Napoli).

In the late Middle Ages, it was common to distinguish the two Sicilies by noting its location relative to the rest of Italy and the Punta del Faro, i.e., the Strait of Messina. The peninsular kingdom was known as Sicily citra Farum or al di qua del Faro ('on this side of Faro'), and the island kingdom was known as Sicily ultra Farum or di la del Faro (on the other side of Faro). When both kingdoms came under the rule of Alfonso the Magnanimous in 1442, this usage became official, although Ferdinand I (1458–94) preferred the simple title King of Sicily (Rex Sicilie).

In the 18th century, the Neapolitan intellectual Giuseppe Maria Galanti argued that Apulia was the true "national" name of the kingdom. By the time of Alfonso the Magnanimous, the two kingdoms were sufficiently distinct that they were no longer seen as divisions of a single kingdom. Despite being repeatedly in personal union, they remained administratively separate. In 1816, the two kingdoms finally merged to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Background
Naples, which was the capital of the Duchy of Naples since the 7th century, surrendered to Roger II of Sicily in 1137, and was annexed to the Kingdom of Sicily. The Normans were the first to bring political unity to southern Italy in the centuries after the failure of the Byzantine effort to reconquer Italy. The Normans established a kingdom that included southern mainland Italy and the island of Sicily, which was primarily ruled from Palermo. The title of King of Sicily was established by the Antipope Anacletus II as early as 1130 and subsequently legitimized, in 1139, by Pope Innocent II. Since the royal titles over the State had been assigned to the Normans by Innocent II, the popes, in particular Pope Innocent III and Pope Innocent IV, claimed the feudal rights of the Church State over the Kingdom. After Constance, Queen of Sicily married Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, the region was inherited by their son Frederick II, as King of Sicily. The region that later became the separate Kingdom of Naples under the Angevins formed part of the Kingdom of Sicily, which included the island of Sicily and Apulia.

Angevin dynasty
Following the rebellion in 1282, King Charles I of Sicily (Charles of Anjou) was forced to leave the island of Sicily by Peter III of Aragon's troops. Charles, however, maintained his possessions on the mainland, customarily known as the "Kingdom of Naples", after its capital city.

Charles and his Angevin successors maintained a claim to Sicily, warring against the Aragonese until 1373, when Queen Joan I of Naples formally renounced the claim by the Treaty of Villeneuve. Joan's reign was contested by Louis the Great, the Angevin King of Hungary, who captured the kingdom several times (1348–1352).

Queen Joan I also played a part in the ultimate demise of the first Kingdom of Naples. As she was childless, she adopted Louis I, Duke of Anjou, as her heir, in spite of the claims of her cousin, the Prince of Durazzo, effectively setting up a junior Angevin line in competition with the senior line. This led to Joan I's murder at the hands of the Prince of Durazzo in 1382, and his seizing of the throne as Charles III of Naples.

The two competing Angevin lines contested each other for the possession of the Kingdom of Naples over the following decades. In 1389 Louis II of Anjou son of Louis I managed to seize the throne from Ladislas of Naples son of Charles III, but was expelled by Ladislas in 1399. Charles III's daughter Joanna II (r. 1414–1435) adopted Alfonso V of Aragon (whom she later repudiated) and Louis III of Anjou as heirs alternately, finally settling succession on Louis' brother René of Anjou of the junior Angevin line, and he succeeded her in 1435.

René of Anjou temporarily united the claims of junior and senior Angevin lines.

Aragonese dynasty
In 1442, Alfonso V conquered the Kingdom of Naples and unified Sicily and Naples once again as dependencies of Aragon. At his death in 1458, the War of the Neapolitan Succession (1458–1462) erupted, after which the kingdom was again separated and Naples was inherited by Ferdinand I, Alfonso's illegitimate son.

When Ferdinand I died in 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, using as a pretext the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples, which his father had inherited in 1481 on the will of Charles IV of Anjou, nephew and heir of King René who had no surviving son. This began the Italian Wars.

From French rule to Spanish viceroyalty
Charles VIII expelled Alfonso II of Naples from Naples in 1495, but was soon forced to withdraw due to the support of Ferdinand II of Aragon for his cousin, Alfonso II's son Ferrantino. Ferrantino was restored to the throne but died in 1496 and was succeeded by his uncle, Frederick IV.

Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII reiterated the French claim. In 1501, he occupied Naples and partitioned the kingdom with Ferdinand of Aragon, who abandoned his cousin King Frederick. However, disputes over ownership of key Neapolitan territories made the deal quickly fall through, and Aragon and France resumed their war over the kingdom in 1502. The Spanish troops occupying Calabria and Apulia, led by Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordova, invaded and expelled all Frenchmen from the area. The resulting Aragonese victory left Ferdinand in full control of the kingdom by 1504 and Naples became a constituent kingdom of the Crown of Aragon.

The peace treaties that continued were never definitive, but they established at least that the title of King of Naples was reserved for Ferdinand's grandson, the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand nevertheless continued in possession of the kingdom, being considered the legitimate heir of his uncle Alfonso I of Naples (Alfonso V of Aragon) and also to the former Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Utriusque Siciliae). The kingdom continued to be disputed between France and Spain for the next several decades, but French efforts to gain control of it became feebler as Habsburg power grew, and never genuinely endangered Spanish control.

Spanish rule
The French finally abandoned their claims to Naples by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559. In the Treaty of London (1557), five cities on the coast of Tuscany were designated the Stato dei Presidi (State of the Presidi), and part of the Kingdom of Naples.

As the most populous holding of the Spanish Empire outside of Castile itself (with 3 million inhabitants in 1600), Naples remained an important source of economic and military power for the Spanish. Heavy taxation was levied upon the kingdom to pay for Spain's wars, especially after 1580. Beyond dispatching troops to fight the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries, Naples also disbursed a third of the military expenditures accruing to the Spanish controlled Duchy of Milan and paid for the Spanish garrisons in Tuscany. This cost the kingdom 800,000 ducats annually, or about a third of the kingdom's revenues; moreover, the public debt also had a military origin, and interest payments on it devoured 40 percent of all tax income. Naples was rich enough to redeem the debt and pay an attractive ten percent in full to lenders. While the soldiers of Naples were under the command of the Spanish viceroy, Neapolitan nobles enjoyed ascendancy in the assemblies and committees that financed and administered the army.

The kingdom suffered a heavy burden from the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659). From 1631 to 1636 alone, Naples sent 53,500 soldiers and 3.5 million scudi to support the Spanish king. This was actually more than was raised in the same time by Castile, which had a population twice the size. Naples provided and paid for 10,000 troops and 1,000 horses annually from 1630 to 1643, on top of a 1 million ducat annual subsidy for the war effort and more funds and soldiers for the kingdom's garrisons and navy. The kingdom was increasingly forced to revert to borrowing to finance the war as it went on, which it could do due to its good credit. From 1612 to 1646, Neapolitan taxes tripled and the public debt quintupled, and 57 percent of the kingdom's revenue was devoted to interest payments. Spain's wars crushed the Neapolitan economy. Furthermore, 90 percent of taxes were collected by state creditors, meaning the state paid an effective interest rate of 70 percent annually on the money it borrowed to fight the war. The kingdom started selling state assets to anyone willing to buy them, which usually ended up being barons; these assets included prisons, forests, buildings, and even royal fortresses, as well as titles.

Due to this excessive taxation the people of Naples rose in revolt in 1647, forming the Neapolitan Republic with French assistance. The revolt was suppressed later that year by Spanish troops.

Austrian Habsburgs and Bourbons

After the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century, possession of the kingdom again changed hands. Under the terms of the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714, Naples was given to Charles VI, the Holy Roman Emperor. He also gained control of Sicily in 1720, but Austrian rule did not last long. Both Naples and Sicily were conquered by a Spanish army during the War of the Polish Succession in 1734, and Charles, Duke of Parma, a younger son of King Philip V of Spain, the first member of the French House of Bourbon to rule in Spain, was installed as King of Naples and Sicily from 1735. When Charles inherited the Spanish throne from his older half-brother in 1759, he left Naples and Sicily to his younger son, Ferdinand IV. Despite the two Kingdoms being in a personal union under the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties, they remained constitutionally separate.

Being a member of the House of Bourbon, Ferdinand IV was a natural opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon. On 29 November 1798, he effectively started the War of the Second Coalition by briefly occupying Rome, but was expelled from it by French Revolutionary forces within the year and safely returned home. Soon afterwards, on 23 December 1798, Ferdinand fled Naples to Palermo as a French army closed in. In January 1799, the French armies installed a Parthenopaean Republic, but this proved short-lived, and a peasant counter-revolution inspired by the clergy allowed Ferdinand to return to his capital. However, in 1801 Ferdinand was compelled to make important concessions to the French by the Treaty of Florence, which reinforced France's position as the dominant power in mainland Italy.

Napoleonic kingdom

Ferdinand's decision to ally with the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805 proved more damaging. In 1806, following decisive victories over the allied armies at Austerlitz and over the Neapolitans at Campo Tenese, Napoleon installed his brother, Joseph as King of Naples, he conferred the title "Prince of Naples" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren. When Joseph was sent off to Spain two years later, he was replaced by Napoleon's sister Caroline and his brother-in-law Marshal Joachim Murat, as King of the Two Sicilies.

Meanwhile, Ferdinand had fled to Sicily, where he retained his throne, despite successive attempts by Murat to invade the island. The British would defend Sicily for the remainder of the war but despite the Kingdom of Sicily nominally being part of the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Coalitions against Napoleon, Ferdinand and the British were unable to ever challenge French control of the Italian mainland.

After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Murat reached an agreement with Austria and was allowed to retain the throne of Naples, despite the lobbying efforts of Ferdinand and his supporters. However, with most of the other powers, particularly Britain, hostile towards him and dependent on the uncertain support of Austria, Murat's position became less and less secure. Therefore, when Napoleon returned to France for the Hundred Days in 1815, Murat once again sided with him. Realising the Austrians would soon attempt to remove him, Murat gave the Rimini Proclamation hoping to save his kingdom by allying himself with Italian nationalists.

The ensuing Neapolitan War between Murat and the Austrians was short, ending with a decisive victory for the Austrian forces at the Battle of Tolentino. Murat was forced to flee, and Ferdinand IV was restored to the throne of Naples. Murat would attempt to regain his throne but was quickly captured and executed by firing squad in Pizzo, Calabria. The next year, 1816, finally saw the formal union of the Kingdom of Naples with the Kingdom of Sicily into the new Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Scientists and philosophers of the Kingdom of Naples

 * Trotula (11th–12th century), early representative and pioneer of women's medicine
 * Trota of Salerno (12th–13th century), doctor
 * Barlaam of Seminara (1290–1348), mathematician and philosopher
 * Pietro Ranzano (1428–1492), Italian humanist, Dominican friar, bishop of Lucera, historian
 * Luca Gaurico (1475–1558), astronomer and mathematician
 * Bartolomeo Maranta (1500–1571), physician and botanist
 * Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia (1510–1580), the anatomist
 * Aloysius Lilius (1510–1576), mathematician and astronomer, principal creator of the Gregorian calendar
 * Giambattista della Porta (1535–1615), Renaissance sage, physician and botanist, author of Magia Naturalis
 * Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), mathematician, astronomer, physicist, philosopher whose theories predict modern science
 * Fabio Colonna (1567–1640), botanist
 * Marco Aurelio Severino (1580–1656), surgeon and anatomist; first to include drawings of pathological lesions in his books.
 * Giovanni Battista Zupi (1590–1650), astronomer, first to observe the phases of Mercury
 * Giovanni Battista Hodierna (1597–1660), astronomer
 * Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679), physicist and mathematician who contributed to the principle of modern scientific inquiry by continuing Galileo's practice of testing hypotheses against observation. Having studied mathematics, Borelli also did extensive work on the moons of Jupiter, the mechanics of animal movements, and microscopically on the components of blood. He also used microscopy to investigate the stoma movement of plants and conducted studies in the field of medicine and geology.
 * Agostino Scilla (1609–1650), the archaeologist who initiated the modern scientific study of fossils
 * Leonardo Ximenes (1716–1786), mathematician, astronomer, physicist, geographer, engineer
 * Domenico Cotugno (1736–1822), physician, first to provide the definitions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sciatica.
 * Tiberius Cavallo (1746–1809), physicist, natural philosopher, inventor, scientist conducting electrical experiments
 * Giuseppe Saverio Poli (1746–1825), physicist, biology, natural historian
 * Annibale de Gasparis (1819–1892), astronomer known for his discovery of asteroids and his contributions to theoretical astronomy.
 * Vincenzo Cerulli (1859–1927), astronomer especially known for his work on Mars and Venus and his discovery of the minor planet 704 Interamnia.

title: Kingdom of Naples


text:
Self-proclaimed monarchy

A self-proclaimed monarchy is established when a person claims a monarchy without any historical ties to a previous dynasty. In many cases, this would make them a pretender to the throne (when a ruling dynasty is already established). The self-proclaimed monarch may be of an established state, such as Zog I of Albania, or of a micronation, such as Leonard Casley of Hutt River, Western Australia.

Albania
In 1928, Ahmet Zogu, a president of Albania, proclaimed himself "King Zog I". He ruled for 11 years in a nominally constitutional monarchy that was overthrown in the Italian invasion of Albania.

Andorra
In 1934, Boris Skossyreff declared himself "Boris I, King of Andorra". His pretended reign only lasted a few days, he was expelled when he declared war on Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Bishop of Urgell and ex officio co-prince of Andorra.

Australia
In 1970, after a dispute over wheat production quotas, Leonard Casley proclaimed his wheat farm in Western Australia the "Principality of Hutt River", styling himself as "HRH Prince Leonard I of Hutt". The Australian government did not recognize his claim of independence. Casley abdicated in 2017, passing the principality to his son, "Prince Graeme I". The principality formally dissolved in 2020.

Cameroon
Lekeaka Oliver was a separatist rebel commander who fought in the Anglophone Crisis. In 2019, he proclaimed himself "Paramount Ruler" or "King" of Lebialem, a department of Cameroon. This move was condemned both by Cameroonian loyalists as well as other rebels. Oliver was killed in 2022.

Central African Republic
In 1976, a short-lived 'Imperial' monarchy, the "Central African Empire", was created when dictator Jean-Bédel Bokassa of the Central African Republic proclaimed himself "Emperor Bokassa I". The following year, he held a lavish coronation ceremony. He was deposed in 1979.

Chile
In 1860, a French adventurer, Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, proclaimed the "Kingdom of Araucanía" in Chile with the support of local Mapuche chiefs. He called himself "Orélie-Antoine I". In 1862, he was arrested and deported by the Chilean government.

China
Hong Xiuquan proclaimed himself the leader of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion in 1851.

In 1915, the president of China, Yuan Shikai, declared a restoration of the Chinese monarchy, with himself as emperor. The plan failed, and he was forced to step down.

Since then, there have been repeated attempts by individuals to declare themselves Chinese emperor or empress. In the 1920s and 1930s, there were several peasant rebels who declared themselves members of House of Zhu and tried to restore the Ming dynasty, such as the self-proclaimed emperors "Chu the Ninth" (1919–1922, backed by the Yellow Way Society), "Wang the Sixth" (1924), and Chu Hung-teng (1925, backed by the Heavenly Gate Society). In course of the Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926), a former farm worker and rebel leader named Yuan declared himself the "Jade Emperor". Following the Chinese Civil War, there have been hundreds of monarchist pretenders who oppose the Chinese Communist Party and often gathered small groups of supporters. Notable self-proclaimed monarchs include: Li Zhu, declared a new dynasty in 1954; Song Yiufang, leader of the Nine Palaces Way (crowned by his followers after sneaking into the Forbidden City in 1961); Yang Xuehua, empress of the Heavenly Palace Sect (arrested in 1976 and executed after allegedly planning a rebellion); Chao Yuhua, empress of the "Great Sage Dynasty" (crowned in 1988 in a factory); Tu Nanting, ex-soldier and emperor (believed in his emperorship after reading several books on prophecies, the arcane, and morals); Yang Zhaogong who attempted to establish a new dynasty with alleged backing of CCCPC members. In general, these self-proclaimed monarchs were not very successful and quickly arrested by security forces. However, one self-proclaimed emperor, Li Guangchang, organized a large sect of supporters and factually governed a small territory in Cangnan County, called the "Zishen Nation", from 1981 to 1986 in de facto independence from China. He was eventually arrested, reportedly after attempting to organize a wider rebellion.

Congo
Within days of being independent from Belgium, the new Republic of the Congo found itself torn between competing political factions, as well as by foreign interference. As the situation deteriorated, Moise Tshombe declared the independence of Katanga Province as the State of Katanga on 11 July 1960. Albert Kalonji, claiming that the Baluba were being persecuted in the Congo and needed their own state in their traditional Kasai homeland, followed suit shortly afterwards and declared the autonomy of South Kasai on 8 August, with himself as head. On 12 April 1961, Kalonji's father was granted the title Mulopwe (which roughly translates to "emperor" or "god-king"), but he immediately "abdicated" in favor of his son. On 16 July, but retained the title of Mulopwe and changed his name to Albert I Kalonji Ditunga. The move was controversial with members of Kalonji's own party and cost him much support.

Shortly thereafter, as preparation for the invasion of Katanga, Congolese government troops invaded and occupied South Kasai, and Kalonji was arrested. He escaped, but South Kasai ultimately returned to the Congo.

France
In 1736, Freiherr Theodor Stephan von Neuhof established himself as King of Corsica in an attempt to free the island of Corsica from Genoese rule.

In 1804, French Consul Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed himself "Emperor Napoleon I". Although this imperial regime ended with his fall from power, Napoleon's nephew, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, was elected in 1848 as President of France. In 1852, he declared himself "Emperor Napoleon III"; he was deposed in 1870.

Haiti
In 1804, in Haiti, the governor general, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, proclaimed himself "Emperor Jacques I". He ruled for two years. In 1811, the president, Henry Christophe, proclaimed himself "King Henri I" and ruled until 1820. In 1849, the president, Faustin Soulouque, proclaimed himself "Emperor Faustin I" and ruled until 1859.

Mexico
On 19 May 1822, Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu, was crowned as Emperor of Mexico. He was a Mexican-born general who had served in the Spanish Army, during the Mexican War of Independence, but switched sides and joined the Mexican rebels in 1820. He was proclaimed president of the Regency in 1821. When King Ferdinand VII of Spain refused to become a constitutional monarch, Iturbide was crowned Emperor. He ruled Mexico for less than as a year as he abdicated and went into exile during a revolt in March 1823. He returned to Mexico on 14 July 1824 and was executed by the Provisional Government of Mexico.

Maximilian I was proclaimed emperor by Mexican conservatives with the help of Napoleon III in 1864, he was overthrown and executed in 1867.

Romania
Florin Cioabă proclaimed himself King of the Roma Everywhere. He died in 2013.

Philippines
In 1823, in Manila, Philippines, a regimental captain, Andrés Novales, staged a mutiny and proclaimed himself "Emperor of the Philippines". After one day, Spanish troops from Pampanga and Intramuros removed him.

Trindade
In 1893, James Harden-Hickey, an admirer of Napoleon III, crowned himself "James I of the Principality of Trinidad". For two years he tried but failed to assert his claim.

United States
In 1850, James J. Strang, who claimed to be Joseph Smith's successor as leader of the Latter Day Saint movement, proclaimed himself king of his followers on Beaver Island, Michigan. On 8 July 1850, he was crowned in an elaborate coronation ceremony. Strang evaded Federal government charges of treason and continued to rule until 1856, the year he was assassinated by two disgruntled "Strangites".

In 1859, Joshua Abraham Norton, a failed businessman from San Francisco, declared himself "Emperor of America and Protector of Mexico"; he became and remained a local celebrity for the rest of his life.

Italy
The Principality of Seborga (Principato di Seborga) is a micronation that claims a 14 km2 area located in the northwestern Italian Province of Imperia in Liguria, near the French border, and about 35 km from Monaco. The principality is in coexistence with, and claims the territory of, the town of Seborga. In the early 1960s, Giorgio Carbone, began promoting the idea that Seborga restore its historic independence as a principality. By 1963 the people of Seborga were sufficiently convinced of these arguments to elect Carbone as their Head of State. He then assumed the style and title His Serene Highness Giorgio I, Prince of Seborga, which he held until his death in 2009. The Principality of Seborga is an elective monarchy and elections are held every seven years. The subsequent monarch was Prince Marcello Menegatto (Prince Marcello I) who ruled from 2010 to 2019. On 23 April 2017, Prince Marcello was re-elected and took office for another seven years, but abdicated the throne in 2019. Nina Menegatto was elected head of state as Princess Nina on 10 November 2019.

United Kingdom
In 1967, Paddy Roy Bates, a former major in the British Army, took control of Roughs Tower, a Maunsell sea fort situated off the coast of Suffolk and declared it the "Principality of Sealand". Upon his death in 2012, "Prince" Paddy Roy Bates was succeeded by his son, Michael.

Canada
Romana Didulo, a Filipina–Canadian woman, claimed to be the "secret Queen of Canada" in June 2021, and amassed a cult-like following, mainly consisting of right-wing QAnon supporters, being followed by 17,000 users of Telegram, a messaging platform favoured by the far-right and QAnon figures. She and her followers began to hand out "cease and desist" letters, demanding people and businesses stop following Canadian COVID-19 restrictions.

In an introductory video on Telegram, Didulo claimed to be "the founder and leader of Canada1st", an unregistered political party, and "the head of state and commander in chief of Canada, the Republic". She alleged that Canada's actual head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, had been secretly executed and that she had been appointed as Queen by "the same group of people who have helped president Trump", in reference to a common belief within the QAnon conspiracy theory. In reality, Elizabeth II died of natural causes on September 8, 2022.

title: Self-proclaimed monarchy


text:
User:Wegalu

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Started: Political Ranking in the PRC

Edited: President, Premier, of PRC. Hu Jintao, Wen Jiabao, Wubang Guo

title: User:Wegalu


text:
Triple sec

Triple sec is an orange-flavoured liqueur that originated in France. It usually contains 20–40% alcohol by volume.

Triple sec is rarely consumed neat, but is used in preparing many mixed drinks such as margaritas, cosmopolitans, sidecars, Long Island iced teas, and mai tais.

Etymology
The origin of the name "triple sec" is disputed. The term is French and composed of triple, with the same meaning as in English, and sec, the French word for "dry". Some sources claim it comes from a triple distillation process used to create the liqueur, but others say that a triple distillation is not used. Cointreau, a brand of triple sec, is reported to have invented the term based on the three types of orange peels used in the liqueur, although other reports have Cointreau claim the triple to mean "three times the flavour of Curaçaos."

History
Triple sec has been popular for more than 150 years. The Dutch East India Company created orange liqueurs by steeping dried orange peels from places such as the island of Curaçao. Unlike the modern-day triple sec, which contain only the flavor of orange peel, the Dutch version includes herbs and spices, and comes in a variety of colors such as clear, orange, or blue.

The Combier distillery claims that Jean-Baptiste Combier and his wife Josephine invented triple sec in 1834, in their kitchen in Saumur, France. Orange liqueur was rising in popularity after the Dutch introduced Curaçao, and the Combiers sought to create a version that would be true to the orange fruit, they wanted it to be crisp and clean, with orange essential oils as the main feature. To achieve this, the Combier family used bitter oranges that were native to Haiti, and sweet Valencia oranges to balance the flavor. The liqueur was made by sun-drying the various orange peels. After at least 48 hours, they would begin distilling this mixture in copper pots. Lastly, they would put them through a third distillation, to purify the flavor.

In 1875, Cointreau created its version of triple sec and calls itself one of the most popular brands. Triple sec gained popularity and was widely known by 1878; at the Exposition Universelle of 1878 in Paris, several distillers were offering "Curaço [sic] triple sec", as well as "Curaço doux".

Production
Triple sec is usually made from a spirit derived from sugar beet (used because of its neutral flavor) in which orange peel is steeped, the oranges having been harvested when their skin was still green and they had not fully ripened, so the essential oils remained in the skin rather than the flesh of the fruit. The spirit is redistilled and mixed with more neutral spirit, water, and powdered beet sugar resulting in the final liqueur. This process creates a spirit that has a very strong and distinct orange flavor.

title: Triple sec


text:
2010 Winter Paralympics

The 2010 Winter Paralympics (Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 2010), or the tenth Paralympic Winter Games, were held in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia, Canada from March 12 to 21, 2010. The opening ceremony took place in BC Place Stadium in Vancouver and the Closing Ceremony in Whistler Medals Plaza.

This was the first time Canada hosted the Winter Paralympic Games and second time it hosted the Paralympics – the first was the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto.

On June 7, 2006, Prince Edward, as a member of the Canadian Royal Family and patron of the British Paralympic Association, raised the flag of the Paralympic Games outside Vancouver City Hall.

Brian McKeever of Canada became the first athlete to be named in a Winter Paralympics and Winter Olympics team in the same year, although he did not compete in the Olympic Games. (At the 2010 Winter Olympics, he was scheduled to compete in the men's 50 km cross-country race, but the coach replaced him with a skier who did well at an earlier event.)  At the Paralympics, he competed in cross-country skiing and biathlon.

Viviane Forest became the first Paralympian to win a gold in both the Winter and Summer Games, by winning the women's downhill for visually impaired. She had previously won gold in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Paralympics for women's goalball. Canadian Lauren Woolstencroft won 5 gold medals in alpine skiing, the most gold medals won by any Canadian Winter Paralympian at a single Games. Also German Verena Bentele won 5 gold medals, in biathlon and cross-country skiing, and with that number they set the gold medal record for the 2010 Games.

Bidding process
As part of a formal agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee first established in 2001, the winner of the bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics was also to host the 2010 Winter Paralympics. Following the second and final round of voting at the 115th IOC Session in Prague, Czech Republic, the right to host the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to Vancouver.

Torch relay
The same torch design (silver with Paralympic logo) used for the Olympics was used for the Paralympic Games. On March 3, 2010, the torch began a 10-day journey from Ottawa to Vancouver. The relay involved approximately six hundred runners to carry the torch across ten Canadian cities in three provinces:

 * Ottawa – March 3
 * Quebec City – March 4
 * Toronto, Ontario – March 5
 * Esquimalt, BC and Victoria, BC – March 6
 * Squamish, BC – March 7
 * Whistler, BC – March 8
 * Lytton and Hope, BC – March 9
 * Vancouver (Riley Park) and Maple Ridge, BC – March 10
 * Vancouver (University of British Columbia), BC – March 11
 * Vancouver, BC – March 12 (24-hour relay)

Venues
Venues for the 2010 Winter Paralympics were shared between Vancouver and Whistler, as with the 2010 Winter Olympics.

 * Competition venues

 * Non-competition venues

Marketing
When the mascot, Sumi, an animal guardian spirit with the wings of the Thunderbird and legs of a black bear, was introduced, it was the first time the Olympic and Paralympic mascots were introduced at the same time.

To commemorate the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games, 17 Canadian coins were issued for general circulation. Two of the circulation coins honour Paralympic sports: wheelchair curling (released on July 11, 2007) and ice sledge hockey (released on March 18, 2010). The circulation quarters omitted a traditional phrase, Dei Gratia Regina, from their obverse side, making them the first godless coins in circulation since 1911.

Specifications

Details

Opening ceremonies
With a theme of "One inspires many," the opening ceremony featured over 5000 local performers. Fifteen-year-old snowboarder Zach Beaumont, who is an amputee, was the final torch bearer and lit the Games Cauldron. The 2 hours live ceremony was produced by Vancouver-based Patrick Roberge Productions Inc.

Participating nations
Forty-four National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) entered athletes at the 2010 Winter Paralympics. This was an increase of five from the 39 represented at the 2006 Winter Paralympics. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants from each NPC.

A total of 506 athletes participated in the Games. This is an increase from the 476 athletes who participated in 2006.

Argentina and Romania took part in the Winter Paralympic Games for the first time, as did Bosnia and Herzegovina. All three have previously participated in several editions of the Summer Paralympics. Serbia also made its Winter Paralympics début as a distinct NPC, following its split with Montenegro.

Despite the overall increase of delegates and athletes, Latvia, which participated in Turin for the 2006 Winter Paralympics, did not send athletes to Vancouver.

Sports
Five sports were on the 2010 program:

 * Alpine skiing - Paralympic pictogram.svg
 * Biathlon - Paralympic pictogram.svg
 * Cross-country skiing - Paralympic pictogram.svg
 * Wheelchair curling - Paralympic pictogram.svg
 * Ice sledge hockey - Paralympic pictogram.svg

Calendar
In the following calendar for the 2010 Winter Paralympic Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which gold medal finals for a sport are held.

Medal count
The top ten NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Canada, is highlighted.

Broadcasters
In Canada, the games were broadcast by Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium, a joint venture between CTVglobemedia and Rogers Media. The networks aired a greater amount of coverage than what had been shown in previous years, a total of 50 hours of coverage. Coverage included including a daily 90-minute highlight program, and live coverage of select sledge hockey matches (games involving Canada, plus the gold medal game) on CTV. The opening ceremony was broadcast live on CTV's Vancouver station CIVT-TV, followed by an encore aired nationally on CTV and Réseau Info Sports the following afternoon. While not originally planned, CTV and RDS also aired live coverage of the closing ceremony.

The games were aired on Universal Sports in the United States.

Paralympic Sport TV (paralympicsport.tv), the Internet TV channel of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), offered international free online live and recorded coverage of the games, every day from 9:00 to 22:30 PST.

In New Zealand, SKY TV broadcast one hour of highlights each day, and full coverage of New Zealand athletes.

In the United Kingdom, BBC broadcast the Games, but only through the red button and online.

In Europe, Eurosport broadcast live the medal events in biathlon, alpine and cross-country skiing.

In France, France Télévisions provided live coverage on its website.

In Italy, Sky Sport provided record coverage with all games live on five dedicated HD channels.

In Australia, ABC1 broadcast the games.

In Norway, NRK broadcast the games. 30 hours of the Games were broadcast live. NRK-sport were critical to parts of the TV production from Vancouver, an issue they've notified to the EBU. Issues such as showing biathlon without showing the shooting, and in cross-country skiing there were numerous panorama shots of the same mountain area with skiers in the distance, making it hard to follow the progress of the competition. NRK were far more pleased with the production of the ice sledge hockey and wheelchair curling events, which they felt reached the same level as the Olympic Games.

Paralympic media awards
New Zealand's Sky Sport won the best broadcast award for their coverage of the Games. Gary Kingston writing for the Vancouver Sun took the best written category. While Jeff Crow won the best photography category for his picture of Shannon Dallas.

Mascots
The mascot of the 2010 Winter Paralympics is Sumi, who has the wings of a thunderbird and the legs of a black bear, accompanied by his marmot sidekick, Mukmuk.

Legacy
In the winter sports season following the games, there was a notable increase in winter disability sports participation throughout British Columbia.

title: 2010 Winter Paralympics


text:
President of China (disambiguation)

President of China may refer to:
 * President of the People's Republic of China, ceremonial state representative of Mainland China
 * President of the Republic of China (1912–1949), head of state and commander-in-chief of China
 * President of the Republic of China, head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

title: President of China (disambiguation)


text:
Chairman of China

Chairman of China may refer to:

 * Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)
 * Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954)
 * Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, historical title now called the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
 * Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
 * Chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China
 * Chairman of the People's Republic of China, historical title now called the President of the People's Republic of China
 * Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

title: Chairman of China


text:
Talk:Singing

"Clean vocals"
"Clean vocals" redirects to this article, yet the word "clean" doesn't even appear in the article. What does "clean vocals" mean? Pretty much what it sounds like?

--Ben Culture (talk) 10:08, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I just noticed the same thing, getting redirected here hoping for more information about "Clean vocals", which is a term used when discussing post-hardcore music to specify singing that is neither screaming nor death growling, all three of which can appear in post-hardcore songs.

 * Perhaps "Clean vocals" could redirect to screaming instead, because that article does at least mention clean vocals. 74.235.210.250 (talk) 23:45, 25 August 2014 (UTC)
 * the term clean is meant to exist in relation to distorted / gritty / raspy vocals, which this article also, sadly, makes no mention of. in many styles of popular music, but especially in blues / rock / metal, vocal distortion is the norm, so "clean" is used to differentiate. the fact that wikipedia splits this topic into two separate articles, "singing" and "screaming" is really weird and definitely demonstrates not only a western bias, but a specifically classical bias. it's also really problematic pedagogically because it implies some sort of binary that doesn't exist. distortion is a spectrum, from largely clean singing with just a little texture all the way to fully atonal "pitchless" screams. singers like michael jackson fluidly blended techniques and would often switch between distorted and clean phonation several times in a single line, picking just a word or two to distort for emphasis, for example. all this nuance is lost here. 67.81.13.99 (talk) 13:42, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

Cool Kenzaonogoru (talk) 09:56, 6 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Seven years after this discussion was made, still goes unresolved. "Clean vocals" still redirects here. Yet as mentioned, nothing about "clean" is mentioned in the article. 129.78.56.145 (talk) 02:50, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

Western bias?
I came to this article hoping to find out a bit about, say, an anthropological history of singing, how it developed in different cultures, how cultures around the world engage in it and perform it - and get a really Western, Americanised perspective starting from highly Westernised vocal pedagogy discussion and culminating in American Idol. I know, sofixit, but I'm here to learn, not to edit, and I'm surprised no one's commented on this already... 155.143.163.20 (talk) 16:59, 30 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see that it was brought up once and ignored. 155.143.163.20 (talk) 17:01, 30 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Richard Miller addresses the topic in a minor way in this book which was published in 2011. He pointed out that there is a need for a lot more scholarship in this area, and that studies and publications on non-western singing in an depth and serious way have not yet been done. That's not to say that there isn't valuable content out there (certainly a lot of more generalized scholarship by ethnomusicologists has been done that is pertinent), but that part of the bias in this article is simply a reflection on the limited amount of resources available and the specialized knowledge of this topic. Best.4meter4 (talk) 06:03, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

Origin and History of Singing
This article has a very narrow focus. It would be good if it could cover more cultures, and discuss the origin and history of singing.Ordinary Person (talk) 13:52, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree, but sourcing is an issue for cultures outside of the Western world. Please see my comments above in the topic 'Western Bias?". Best.4meter4 (talk) 03:06, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Singing
Category:Singing has been nominated for recategorizing. You are encouraged to join the discussion on the Categories for discussion page.

CN1 (talk) 15:55, 19 June 2016 (UTC)

Images in article
An editor has recently been very persistent in adding an image of a playback singer to the article. I regard the image as unhelpful, un-encyclopaedic and of poor quality. In my view this image adds nothing to the value of the article. I have twice requested in edit summaries that the question of whether to include the image should be discussed here as per WP:BRD. The editor has declined. I have therefore brought the discussion here and would welcome the views of others.  Velella  Velella Talk 18:29, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

A playback singer is actually of relevance here as in most regions playback singing is the final destination of every singer. Image of the singer has a relevance according to MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE as the singer is representing south asia and I am going to add reliable citations for this. Umair Aj (talk) 18:38, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

 * While the topic may or may not be important (n.b. it's not even referenced in the article), it's still true that (a) that particular image is of poor quality; and (b) three stacked pictures at the top is too many. Maybe this picture could go lower down, or (preferably) on the playback singer article, which doesn't have an image at all.
 * I would note, however, that the two other pictures accompanying the lede are both Americans; we should seek for a little more diversity. But this low-quality image of a Pakistani isn't a good choice. —Wahoofive (talk) 16:19, 6 September 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree with you regarding diversity because other two pictures are of American singers. As far as poor quality of the picture is concerned, soon I am going to upload a better quality picture of the singer till the time it would suffice. Umair Aj (talk) 19:15, 6 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Good. In the meantime I hope other editors will weigh in on the significance of playback singer, which frankly I'd never heard of before this, and hasn't even been referenced in the article heretofore. —Wahoofive (talk) 05:04, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

Nice Kenzaonogoru (talk) 09:56, 6 August 2018 (UTC)

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Biased removal of some images
I have noticed that an editor has removed sourced information as well as images of some renowned singers of vital importance in the popular music. They have influenced continents because of their versatility and range. I am going to restore couple of images who are properly sourced. Please do not remove the sourced images without developing a proper consensus. -Umair Aj (talk) 18:04, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

I don't think that that the singers whose images you uploaded have a worldwide impact, I cannot understand what those singers whose images you uploaded have connection with the subject ,For your information the article of singing also redirects to vocals, what those popular singers of their respected nations are been placed in an article like art of singing which is a subject based upon the facts of singing, it's history and it's context. No need of those images it's only promotion. Anoptimistix (talk) 11:29, 9 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh dear, you don't seem to understand. Images of the singers in the article are of vital importance in popular music. For the instance, Billie Holiday, was an American jazz musician and singer-songwriter who has influenced the whole generation of singers from Alvis Presley to Back Street Boys and this information is verified. Likewise Ahmed Rushdi has influenced complete south asian singers including Kishore Kumar, Sonu Nigam, Runa Laila to name a few. Reliable citations are mentioned. Please do not reflect your personal likes/dislike and opinions in your editing.-Umair Aj (talk)

 * For what little it may be worth, I removed the same image in September 2016 because it did not seem to me to add any encyclopaedic value. It was of poor quality and it wasn't positioned anywhere near any relevant text. I.e it wasn't illustrating anything. This was not a "biased" decision and nor is the current removal of the same image. The image is not appropriate and is not relevant.  Velella  Velella Talk 15:15, 9 July 2017 (UTC)
 * No this is not the case. You are just distorting the facts. The image had a relevance but the only issue was it was of not good quality. But we already resolved the issue if you read the discussion took place in 2016 i.e. we must have a name from Aisa also to diversify it. But here the issue is different, this editor is also removing other images and he has removed a few. So if you really want to remove all the images, then give a solid/valid reason and go a head with this. But you can't just keep an image because you have a liking for it and remove the other. Either you keep it this way or remove all the images after a valid reasoning.-Umair Aj (talk) 21:11, 9 July 2017 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, images of singers should only be added to this article if they clearly illustrate the art of singing in performance style, posture, body language, facial expression etc., but not if the main objectives are to promote the singers personally. You should almost be able to hear them singing, from the images. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 09:02, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

Images for lead
Would you please elaborate why these particular images are suitable in lead? I think if one wants to include images there, then they should be of such famous persons that after seeing them anybody will know they are singers.

There is one more option, like said "You should almost be able to hear them singing, from the images." I say include photos of non celebrity persons singing. Now kindly do not add back the images, unless a consensus is achieved here. Thanks.

Also, you reverted my edit, the edit summary was "Removed photo of both the singers. The article is not about the human singers, or human created "music". It is about the natural phenomenon singing. If you think my edit was inappropriate, then kindly discuss it on this talkpage, and ping me there.)". — usernamekiran (talk)  13:53, 12 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Please note that "singer" does redirect here, and these are depictions of singers performing the act of singing. Images of humans performing the act of singing is entirely appropriate for the article. The examples presented are multi-cultural, and are fair representatives of the art. I restored the images per WP:BRD.  Scr ★ pIron IV 14:02, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing out the redirect, I didnt know that. In that case, I agree with you on the point of photos of singers performing the act of singing being appropriate in the article. But I still believe we should include some trademark singer like Shakira, Michael Jackson, or Pitbull or PSY of gangnam style. So that even if a non English reader comes to the page, he should be like "oh look that is the baldy singer, and the gangnam style guy, this article must be about music, or singers." Or to avoid claims for being partial to any particular coutry or region (the section above), I think we should add images of civilian individuals (non-celebrities in this context) performing the act of singing. I am not sure if Rushdi's photo proves he is singing. Someone (non-english) might say, "oh look, someone is reading".
 * PS: Thanks for a logical conversation too. :) — usernamekiran (talk)  19:50, 12 July 2017 (UTC)
 * The selections you are offering are subjective, as would any such list be. I would not know Shakira, PSY, or Pitbull; and Billie Holiday is instantly recognizable to me.  I had never heard of Ahmed Rushdi - but he may be as recognizable to someone from his region as Holiday is to me, or Shakira is to you.  One cannot make everyone happy.  As it stands, other editors made the decisions that led to these two being chosen, and as there is not reason based in policy to remove them, then they should not be summarily removed.  Scr ★ pIron IV 20:58, 12 July 2017 (UTC)
 * they were not selection, but examples. Shakira is one of the most well known singer, and so is PSY (even though just for one song). They are most recognised artists along with M. Jackson, and Ricky Martin. And yes, that was my point too. We can not add singers from all the regions. I am from India, and an avid listner of songs from 50's, 70's, and 80's; and yet I had never even heard Rushdi's name. I will not go into internation regions, but within India, there is a region South India. A couple of states from this region understand only English, and their regional langauge (not even the national langauge Hindi), so they are familiar with only the regional language singers, as extremely few Hindi singers also sing in Tamil language, or Malayalam language. And based on population, South India is larger than a lot of countries in the world.
 * Thats why I think the second option would be indisputable here: and photos of normal, non celebrity singers. Such persons who dont even have their name mentioned in the summary section of coomons. All we need is a few photos to cover all the regions/religions/races. — usernamekiran (talk)  13:36, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I am not averse to adding more photos to the article, perhaps one per major section. I would not mind replacing Ahmed Rushdi, as the photo is low quality and oddly blue.  Certainly at the very least it should be resized to a smaller presentation.  My main concern was the blanket removal of the only images in the lede.  I would like to see more high quality images in this article.  Scr ★ pIron IV 13:48, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree on more images, and on high quality images. But now I think we should avoid celebrities, and professional singers completely, to avoid the claims of being biased. We need images similar to File:Sophia Abrahão in tour nel 2016.png, where we can "hear" the unknown person singing. — usernamekiran (talk)  19:18, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I would say that is a good candidate to replace Rushdi. And perhaps this one under the competitions section? File:CNCO 250.jpg  Scr ★ pIron IV 19:23, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

I agree. But we should keep finding for better pictures. We can go with these images for now. :) — usernamekiran (talk)  07:54, 16 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Removing promotional images. We already discussed this issue. No promotional image of any singer should be included because then every one will add his/her favorite singer.-Umair Aj (talk) 09:40, 25 July 2017 (UTC)
 * where did "we" agree to that? I am also not sure what "that" is. On side note, the images are not promotional at all. — usernamekiran (talk)  10:57, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

Good Kenzaonogoru (talk) 09:55, 6 August 2018 (UTC)

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Rj Siddharth Thakur
Rj Siddharth Thakur is a professional Singer and Wrestler Rjsiddharth (talk) 10:36, 4 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Competence is required. Spam is banned here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.15.21.214 (talk) 11:47, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

New photo
A photo of an unknown woman singing, talking, lip-synching, dancing, miming or modelling was recently added to the top of the article (over Piaf) by the photographer. I removed it because it is not notable, relevant or even clearly evidenced as authentic singing. The photographer has reintstated it. I will remove it again unless someone can show us that it is appropriate here. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 14:09, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

Samer Hikmat
Samer Hikmat is an amazing singer that is very special. many teacher love this student. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Truestuisright (talk • contribs) 17:40, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

Posture
Ray Charles and Elton John are well known singers. How does their posture fit in with what is mentioned in the article? What does sitting do mechanically that hinders singing?Trauha (talk) 16:13, 22 June 2019 (UTC)

Top image
The article is about singing, not singers. If we are to have a photo at the top of a singer, I think it should be one who is deceased or at least no longer personally in the business. Adding a singer who is currently competing for attention & promotion to the top of this article is not the way to go. I will be reinstating Piaf again (for the 3rd or 4th time) unless someone disagrees convincingly. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 15:30, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

 * My opinion is that the best image should be used to complement the article - whoever is featured in the image is irrelevant. Posting an image of a deceased or retired singer is still technically promotion - music continues to be sold regardless of whether a singer is active, retired or deceased. The current lead image is a recent image, it is a colourised photo, the subject is facing the camera and their act of singing is very clear and visible. I have no issues in maintaining the current lead image.--Alza08 (talk) 11:39, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
 * "I have no issues in maintaining the current lead image." Does that mean that you do not have a conflict of interest here? Or that you have no issue with (you do not object to) keeping a photo that you added yourself? Of course, the work of deceased artists still makes money, but there is hardly any promotional marketing for them in competition with current living and popular and competitive singers. This article is not for promotion of any such singer, neither in text nor image, especially not at the top. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:15, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I do not have a conflict of interest, and I have no issue with maintaining the current lead photo. I agree that the article is not for the promotion of any singer. I changed the lead image because I saw the new image as better conveying the subject matter, per the reasons I have previously provided.--Alza08 (talk) 14:02, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Still very confusing. You "have no issue with maintaining the current lead photo"? You're the one who added it, aren't you? Do you or do you not know Ellie Goulding and/or Guy Sebastian (next talk section) personally? --SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:01, 23 September 2020 (UTC)
 * As I've said, I have no issue with maintaining the current lead photo. I do not know Ellie Goulding or Guy Sebastian personally; I added their images into the article because I saw them as the best images to illustrate key points within the article, for the reasons I have already previously provided.--Alza08 (talk) 04:43, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

The questions here are: --SergeWoodzing (talk) 14:24, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) how do we select one singer currently in competition for promotion with other current singers, to illustrate this article at the top?
 * 2) is it undue promotion to add such a selected photo?
 * 3) should we remove a top image of Edith Piaf which has been stable for years?
 * 4) how many times will the top image be replaced by the favorite currently active singers of various Wikipedians?

 * As I have stated, the lead image should be the best available image - whoever is featured in the image is irrelevant and should not be a consideration. Adding the best available image to an article is not promotional - it is simply a matter of quality and suitability. The current image is superior to the previous image for the reasons I have previously provided, hence why it replaced the previous image.--Alza08 (talk) 16:42, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

The article is about singing, not female professional singers of the 20th or 21st century. Therefore the question is not: which professional singer performing on a stage is a better illustration of singing? Rather, it is: how do we best illustrate the act of singing? I have replaced the top image with this one, that shows the pure joy of singing. There are many alternatives, such as this, this, this, this, or this. --2001:BB6:4713:4858:6CAE:79CB:8D47:2B8F (talk) 17:34, 28 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you! --SergeWoodzing (talk) 01:07, 29 September 2020 (UTC)

About the Third Opinion request: The request on this dispute has been removed as stale since it's been on the request list for 6 days with no volunteer choosing to take the request. Please see the instructions on the 3O page for additional possible steps (though it looks like y'all may have settled the dispute; if so, good for you!). Regards, TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 17:06, 30 September 2020 (UTC) (Not watching this page)

Singing competition photo
A section on singing competitions has had a selective photo added of a current winner of one competition who is named in the caption. That's promotional, if you ask me. A photo from an awards ceremony or competition where several performers are shown, and none is named, might be appropriate. The promo is not. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 11:26, 22 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The photo is not a promotional picture - it is a picture of a person who illustrates the subject matter of the section, having appeared as both a participant and as a judge on multiple different singing competitions.--Alza08 (talk) 14:11, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The photo per se is mot promotional. What's clearly promotional is adding it to this particular article while naming the person in it. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 16:58, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Veggies go for the best when they are not cooked and are very tender when they are done cooking or in a pan or on a skillet with some olive oil or oil and salt to cook them on the grill or grill them on a grill 108.56.165.224 (talk) 00:34, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

"Clean vocals" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Clean vocal" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Clean Vocals" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Clean vocalist" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: Talk:Singing