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Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde

Field Marshal Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde, (20 October 1792– 14 August 1863), was a British Army officer. After serving in the Peninsular War and the War of 1812, he commanded the 98th Regiment of Foot during the First Opium War and then commanded a brigade during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. He went on to command the Highland Brigade at the Battle of Alma and with his "thin red line of Highlanders" he repulsed the Russian attack on Balaclava during the Crimean War. At an early stage of the Indian Mutiny, he became Commander-in-Chief, India and, in that role, he relieved and then evacuated Lucknow and, after attacking and decisively defeating Tatya Tope at the Second Battle of Cawnpore, captured Lucknow again. Whilst still commander-in-chief he dealt with the "White Mutiny" among East India Company troops, and organised the army sent east in the Second Opium War.

Early life
Campbell was born Colin Macliver, the eldest of the four children of John Macliver, a cabinetmaker in Glasgow, and Agnes Macliver (née Campbell). His mother and one of his twin sisters died while he was still a boy. His only brother was killed fighting in the Peninsular War. After he was educated at the Glasgow Grammar School, his uncle, Major John Campbell, took over his care and sent him to the Royal Military and Naval Academy at Gosport.

The most oft-quoted story explaining Campbell's name change is that upon Colin's entry into the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot as an ensign in 1808, his uncle presented him to the Duke of York, who assumed the boy's surname was Campbell and had him enlisted in the Army under that name. This story was first promulgated during the Crimean War. The press were fascinated to find why he had changed his name, and rumours abounded that he was in fact the illegitimate son of Major Campbell, so Peter Macliver, a journalist and Colin's cousin, invented the story about the Duke of York. Not only was it highly unusual for an ensign to meet the commander-in-chief, the Duke of York, but Campbell was on the Isle of Wight, not in London when commissioned. Furthermore, General Robert Brownrigg, colonel of the regiment of the 9th Foot, wrote to the Duke of York prior to Campbell's commission, referring to the fifteen-year-old boy as "Mr Colin Campbell". Evidently, Campbell changed his name before being gazetted.

Junior officer
Campbell was commissioned as an ensign in the 9th Regiment of Foot on 26 May 1808. His first experience of war was under Sir Arthur Wellesley at the Battle of Vimeiro on 21 August 1808 during the Peninsular War. His battalion remained in Portugal and served under Sir John Moore during his foray into Spain, and subsequent retreat to Corunna. His battalion was not engaged at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809, but remained in reserve. Promoted to lieutenant on 15 July 1809, he took part in the disastrous Walcheren Campaign in Autumn 1809 and contracted malaria there.

Campbell was posted to Gibraltar in 1810 and fought at the Battle of Barrosa in March 1811, taking command of the 9th Foot's flank companies as the senior officer not hors de combat. His bravery was noted by General Sir Thomas Graham. Serving in his battalion's light company, he fought at the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813 and at the Siege of San Sebastián. Here, in the first assault on 25 July 1813, he led the forlorn hope and was wounded twice while leading a storming party. He led the 9th Foot's light company at the Battle of the Bidassoa in October 1813 where he was wounded for the third time. He was promoted to captain in the 7th Battalion 60th (Royal American) Regiment on 3 November 1813. Sent to Halifax, Nova Scotia, he was too late to see action in the War of 1812 and soon returned to Europe suffering from his wounds. Due to the contraction of the army after Battle of Waterloo, the number of  Royal American battalions was cut back drastically. To avoid being put on half-pay Campbell transferred to the 21st Royal North British Fusiliers on 26 November 1818. The regiment was sent first to Barbados and then to Demerara, where Campbell became aide-de-camp to the governor. His part in quelling the slave rebellion in Demerara in August 1823 is hazy. He is not recorded as joining in the reprisals against slaves pursued by his commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Leahy, but he was on the court-martial which sentenced Reverend John Smith, the suspected instigator of the revolt, to death. He purchased his majority on 26 November 1825.

Commands
His regiment returned to England and in 1828 was posted to Ireland. From late 1830 they were called upon to police the Irish Tithe War. Campbell purchased an unattached lieutenant-colonelcy on 26 October 1832 Campbell became commanding officer of the 9th Regiment of Foot on 8 May 1835 but then exchanged to become commanding officer of the 98th Regiment of Foot on 19 June 1835 and commanded that regiment at the Battle of Chinkiang in July 1842 during the First Opium War. Promoted to colonel on 23 December 1842, he became commandant of Hong Kong at the end of that year. He was appointed an aide-de-camp to the Queen on 23 December 1842 and a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 24 December 1842.

Campbell was given command of a brigade of British troops in Lahore in British India in 1847. He led his brigade at the Battle of Ramnagar in November 1848, and a division at the Battle of Chillianwala in January 1849 and at the decisive Battle of Gujrat in February 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 5 June 1849. After defusing a local mutiny of native troops at Rawalpindi, he was then posted to Peshawar in August 1849. Lord Dalhousie, Governor-General of India, requested Campbell lead increasing punitive expeditions against Pathan tribesmen. Finally, when Dalhousie asked Campbell to mount an invasion of the Swat Valley, Campbell resigned in disgust.

In 1854 Campbell was appointed Colonel of the 67th Regiment of Foot and subsequently of the 93rd Regiment of Foot.

Crimean War
In early 1854, shortly after the Crimean War broke out, Campbell accepted the command of the Highland Brigade. He was promoted to brevet brigadier-general on 21 February 1854 and to major-general on 20 June 1854. The Highland Brigade distinguished itself at the Battle of Alma in September 1854 and, with his "thin red line of Highlanders", Campbell repulsed the Russian attack on Balaclava in October 1854. He was promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general on 23 January 1855 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 5 July 1855. When the Duke of Cambridge returned to England, Campbell took command of the 1st Division (Guards and Highland brigades) and commanded the Division at the Battle of the Great Redan in September 1855. Promoted to the local rank of full general on 28 December 1855 and the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 4 June 1856, he remained in the Crimea hoping to take overall command, but when General Sir William Codrington was appointed instead, he returned home in a huff. Prince Albert suggested the army in the Crimea be split into two corps d'armee, and Campbell be given one. Lord Panmure requested Queen Victoria ask Campbell return to command one of these corps, and Campbell agreed. However, by the time he had returned, the war was virtually over. He commanded South-Eastern District from July to September 1856. For his services in the Crimean War, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Sardinian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus on 11 August 1856 and the Turkish Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class, on 2 March 1858. The Board of Directors of the East India Company also granted Campbell an annuity (a life-long annual payment) of £2,000 on 9 June 1858.

Commander-in-Chief of India

On 11 July 1857, at an early stage in the Indian Mutiny, Lord Palmerston offered Campbell the command of all British forces in India. Promoted to the local rank of full general in India the same day, he left England the next day and reached Calcutta in August 1857. He relieved and then evacuated Lucknow in November 1857 and, after attacking and decisively defeating Tantia Tope at the Second Battle of Cawnpore in December 1857, he captured Lucknow again in March 1858. He was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 14 May 1858 and raised to the peerage as Baron Clyde, of Clydesdale in Scotland on 3 August 1858. In Autumn 1858, faced with a further mutiny by the East India Company's European troops, who had not received their enlistment bounties, he used British troops to enforce discipline until the British Cabinet agreed to some concessions. He continued in charge of the operations in India until all aspects of the revolt had died away and then returned to England in June 1860.

Retirement and memorials

In retirement he lived at 10 Berkeley Square in London. Promoted to field marshal on 9 November 1862, he died at Chatham on 14 August 1863, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His monument was sculpted by Thomas Gaffin.

A statue of Campbell by Carlo Marochetti was erected in Waterloo Place in London in 1867. Another statue of him by John Foley was erected in George Square in Glasgow the following year.

Family
Campbell never married, or fathered any children.

title: Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde


text:
Seán Mac Eoin

Seán Mac Eoin (30 September 1893 – 7 July 1973) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and soldier who served as Minister for Defence briefly in 1951 and from 1954 to 1957, Minister for Justice from 1948 to 1951, and Chief of Staff of the Defence Forces from February 1929 to October 1929. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1923, and from 1929 to 1965.

He was commonly referred to as the "Blacksmith of Ballinalee".

Early life
He was born John Joseph McKeon on 30 September 1893 at Bunlahy, Granard, County Longford, the eldest son of Andrew McKeon and Katherine Treacy. After a national school education, he trained as a blacksmith at his father's forge and, on his father's death in February 1913, he took over the running of the forge and the maintenance of the McKeon family. He moved to Kilinshley in the Ballinalee district of County Longford to set up a new forge.

He had joined the United Irish League in 1908. Mac Eoin's Irish nationalist activities began in earnest in 1913, when he joined the Clonbroney Company of the Irish Volunteers. Late that year he was sworn into the Irish Republican Brotherhood and joined the Granard circle of the organization.

MacEoin was a member of the Knights of Saint Columbanus.

IRA leader
He came to prominence in the War of Independence as leader of an Irish Republican Army (IRA) 'flying column'. In November 1920, he led the Longford brigade in attacking Crown forces in Granard during one of the periodic government reprisals, forcing them to retreat to their barracks. On 31 October, Inspector Philip St John Howlett Kelleher of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) was shot dead in Kiernan's Greville Arms Hotel in Granard. Members of the British Auxiliary Division set fire to parts of the town. The next day, Mac Eoin held the village of Ballinalee situated on the Longford Road between Longford and Granard. They stood against superior British forces, forcing them to retreat and abandon their ammunition. In a separate attack on 8 November, Mac Eoin led his men against the RIC at Ballinalee. An eighteen-year-old Constable Taylor was killed. Constable E Shateford and two others were wounded. The story was that the small garrison sang "God Save the King" as they took up positions to return fire.

On the afternoon of 7 January 1921, a joint Royal Irish Constabulary and British Army patrol consisting of ten policemen led by an Inspector, with a security detachment of nine soldiers, appeared on the street outside the home of Anne Martin in Kilshruley, where MacEoin was staying. Mac Eoin's own testimony at his trial (which was not contested by any parties present) states that: "'I was at the table writing when I was informed of the advance of the party. My account books were left in this house for safety. I was in partial uniform, wearing Sam Browne belt and revolver with two Mills No. 4 bombs in my pocket. Owing to some females being in the house, I had to get out as I could not endanger them by putting up a defence in the house, and as this Officer and Police Force had already signified to my sister and mother their intention to shoot me on sight, I decided to give them a run for their money. I stepped out on the street, about three paces directly in front of the oncoming force, and opened fire with my revolver. The leading file fell, and then the second file in the gateway brought their rifles to the ready. I then threw a bomb, and jumped back behind the porch to let it burst. When it had burst and the smoke had lifted, I saw that the whole force had cleared away, save the officer who was dead or dying on the street.'" The casualties from this incident were District Inspector Thomas McGrath killed, and a police constable wounded.

On 2 February 1921, the Longford IRA ambushed a force of the Auxiliaries on the road at Clonfin, using a mine it had planted. Two lorries were involved, the first blown up, and the second strafed by rapid rifle fire. District Inspector Lt-Cmdr Worthington Craven was hit by two bullets and killed. District Inspector Taylor was shot in the chest and stomach. Four auxiliaries and a driver were killed and eight wounded. The IRA volunteers captured 18 rifles, 20 revolvers and a Lewis gun. At the Clonfin Ambush, Mac Eoin ordered his men to care for the wounded British, at the expense of captured weaponry. This earned him both praise and criticism, but became a big propaganda boost for the war effort, especially in the United States. He was admired by many within the IRA for leading practically the only effective column in the midlands. In July 1920, he was among the majority of commanders who were prepared to sign the Agreement recognizing the Volunteers as the Army of the Republic. The Oath of Allegiance was "for the purpose of ratifying under the Agreement under which the Volunteers came under the control of the Dail".

Mac Eoin was captured at Mullingar railway station in March 1921, imprisoned and sentenced to death for the murder of an RIC District Inspector McGrath in the shooting in Kilshruley in January 1921.

Mac Eoin's family forge was near Currygrane, County Longford, the family home of Henry Wilson, the British CIGS. In June 1921, Wilson was petitioned for clemency by MacEoin's mother (who referred to her son as "John" in her letter), by his own brother Jemmy, and by the local Church of Ireland vicar, and passed on the appeals out of respect for the latter two individuals. Three auxiliaries had already given character references on his behalf after he had treated them chivalrously at the Clonfin Ambush in February 1921. However, Nevil Macready, British Commander-in-Chief, Ireland, confirmed the death sentence; he described Mac Eoin as "nothing more than a murderer", and wrote that he was probably responsible for other "atrocities", but also later recorded in his memoirs that Mac Eoin was the only IRA man he had met, apart from Michael Collins, to have a sense of humour. His second-in-command was from North Roscommon. Sean Connolly had a colourful career as head of Leitrim brigade.

Mac Eoin wrote the following letter to his friend (and classmate at Moyne Latin School) Father Jim Sheridan, a combatant in the Old IRA and a 'flying column' member, who had been ordained and sent to Milwaukee to study theology: Dear Jim, Last week I was tried, convicted and sentenced to die three weeks from today. My poor mother was here yesterday to request that my body be turned over to her for Christian burial. They refused and told her that my body would be buried in quicklime in the prison yard. If you write immediately, I will receive your letter before I died. Farewell, Jim. Pray for my soul. According to Oliver St. John Gogarty, Charles Bewley wrote Mac Eoin's death-sentence speech. Michael Collins organised a rescue attempt. Six IRA Volunteers, led by Paddy O'Daly and Emmet Dalton, captured a British armoured car and, wearing British Army uniforms, gained access to Mountjoy Prison. However, Mac Eoin was not in the part of the jail they believed, and after some shooting, the party retreated.

Within days, Mac Eoin was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1921 general election, as a TD for Longford–Westmeath.

He was eventually released from prison — along with all other members of the Dáil, after Collins threatened to break off treaty negotiations with the British government unless he were freed. It was rumoured that Sean Mac Eoin was to be the best man at Collins' wedding.

Treaty and the Civil War
In the debate on the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Mac Eoin seconded Arthur Griffith's motion that it should be accepted.

Mac Eoin joined the National Army and was appointed GOC Western Command in June 1922. During the Civil War he pacified the west of Ireland for the new Free State, marching overland to Castlebar and linking up with a seaborne expedition that landed at Westport, County Mayo. His military career soared thereafter: he was appointed GOC Curragh Training Camp in August 1925, Quartermaster General in March 1927, and Chief of Staff in February 1929.

Political career
He resigned from the Army in 1929, and was elected at a by-election to Dáil Éireann for the Leitrim–Sligo constituency, representing Cumann na nGaedheal. At the 1932 general election, he returned to the constituency of Longford–Westmeath, and—with the merging of Cumann na nGaedheal into Fine Gael—continued to serve the Longford area as TD in either Longford–Westmeath (1932–37, 1948–65) or Athlone–Longford (1937–48) until he was defeated at the 1965 general election.

During a long political career he served as Minister for Justice (February 1948 – March 1951) and Minister for Defence (March–June 1951) in the First Inter-Party Government, and again as Minister for Defence (June 1954 – March 1957) in the Second Inter-Party Government.

He unsuccessfully stood twice as candidate for the office of President of Ireland, against Seán T. O'Kelly in 1945, and Éamon de Valera in 1959.

The attempt at freeing him from jail is referenced in the Jack Higgins novel The Eagle Has Landed.

Mac Eoin retired from public life after the 1965 general election, and died on 7 July 1973. He married Alice Cooney on 21 June 1922, at a ceremony attended by Griffith and Collins; she died on 16 February 1985. They had no children.

Legacy
On 16 June 2013, during the 'General Sean MacEoin Commemoration Weekend', a statue of Mac Eoin was unveiled in his home town of Ballinalee; on the same day a plaque was unveiled in Bunlahy, his birthplace. Both the statue and the plaque were unveiled by Enda Kenny, the then Taoiseach, who laid a wreath at the statue.

The forge that he worked in is still standing and is known as 'Mac Eoin forge'.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Seán Mac Eoin


text:
Noël Browne

Noël Christopher Browne (20 December 1915 – 21 May 1997) was an Irish politician who served as Minister for Health from 1948 to 1951 and Leader of the National Progressive Democrats from 1958 to 1963. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1948 to 1954, 1957 to 1973 and 1977 to 1982. He was a Senator for the Dublin University constituency from 1973 to 1977.

He holds the distinction of being one of only seven TDs to be appointed to the cabinet on the start of their first term in the Dáil. As Minister for Health, Browne is credited with waging a successful total war on Tuberculosis. However, his attempt to implement the Mother and Child Scheme in effect brought down the First Inter-Party Government of Taoiseach John A. Costello in 1951 and remains one of the greatest political controversies in modern Irish political history.

Browne was a well-known, but at times highly controversial, public representative and managed to be a TD for five political parties (two of which he co-founded), as well as an independent TD. These were Clann na Poblachta (resigned), Fianna Fáil (expelled), National Progressive Democrats (co-founder), Labour Party (resigned) and the Socialist Labour Party (co-founder). Browne is widely acknowledged to have had a propensity for grudges and feuds. However, he is also widely credited as being a progressive force in Ireland who advocated against corporal punishment and apartheid while supporting contraceptives, abortion and the LGBT community many decades before those positions became mainstream.

Early life and career
Noël Browne was born at Bath Street in Waterford, but grew up in the Bogside area of Derry. The Browne family also lived in Athlone and Ballinrobe for a period of time. His mother Mary Therese (née Cooney) was born in 1885 in Hollymount, County Mayo; a plaque has been erected there in her memory. His father Joseph Brown, an RIC sergeant, later worked as an inspector for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and, partly as a result of this work, all of the Browne family became infected with tuberculosis. Both parents died of the disease during the 1920s; his father was the first to die, leaving only £100 behind to support his wife and seven children. Fearing that if she and the children remained in Ireland that they would be forced into a workhouse, Mary (already by this point dying of TB) sold every possession the Brownes had and took the family to London, England. Within two days of their arrival, Mary was dead, later buried in a pauper's grave. Of her seven children, six contracted tuberculosis. Noël was only one of two Browne children to survive into adulthood after those bouts with TB. The only sibling who survived with him was his brother Jody, who developed both a hunchback and a cleft palate. Because of Jody's conditions, Noël described Jody as "completely unwanted" by society, which led his sister to commit Jody to a workhouse. There, Jody later died on an operating table when, in Noël's own words, a doctor performed "experimental" plastic surgery on Jody. Jody too was buried in a pauper's grave.

In 1929, he was admitted free of charge to St Anthony's, a preparatory school in Eastbourne. He then won a scholarship to Beaumont College, the Jesuit public school near Old Windsor, Berkshire, where he befriended Neville Chance, a wealthy boy from Dublin. Neville's father, the eminent surgeon Arthur Chance (son of surgeon Sir Arthur Chance), subsequently paid Browne's way through medical school at Trinity College Dublin.

In 1940, while still a student, Browne suffered a serious relapse of tuberculosis. His treatment at a sanatorium in Midhurst, Sussex, was paid for by the Chance family. He recovered, passed his medical exams in 1942, and started his career as a medical intern at Dr Steevens' Hospital in Dublin, where he worked under Bethel Solomons He subsequently worked in numerous sanatoria throughout Ireland and England, witnessing the ravages of the disease. He soon concluded that politics was the only way in which he could make an attack on the scourge of tuberculosis.

Entry into politics
The poverty and tragedy that had shaped Browne's childhood deeply affected him. He considered both his survival and his level of education a complete fluke, a stroke of random chance that saved him when he was seemingly destined to die unknown and in poverty like the rest of his family. Browne found this completely distasteful and was moved to enter politics as a means to ensure no one else would suffer the same fate that had befallen his family.

Browne joined the new Irish republican party Clann na Poblachta and was elected to Dáil Éireann for the Dublin South-East constituency at the 1948 general election. To the surprise of many, party leader Seán MacBride chose Browne to be one of the party's two ministers in the new government. Browne became one of the few TDs appointed a Minister on their first day in Dáil Éireann, when he was appointed Minister for Health.

Minister for Health
A White paper on proposed healthcare reforms had been prepared by the previous government and resulted in the 1947 Health Act. In February 1948, Browne became Minister for Health and started the reforms advocated by the Paper and introduced by the Act.

The health reforms coincided with the development of a new vaccine and of new drugs (e.g. BCG and penicillin) that helped to treat a previously untreatable group of medical conditions. Browne introduced mass free screening for tuberculosis sufferers and launched a huge construction programme to build new hospitals and sanitoria, financed by the income and accumulated investments from the Health Department-controlled Hospital Sweeps funds. This, along with the introduction of Streptomycin, helped dramatically reduce the incidence of tuberculosis in Ireland.

As Minister for Health Browne came into conflict with the bishops of the Catholic Church and the medical profession over the Mother and Child Scheme. This plan, also introduced by the 1947 Health Act, provided free state-funded healthcare for all mothers and children aged under 16, with no means test, a move which was regarded as radical at the time in Ireland, but not in the rest of Europe. Virtually all doctors in private practice opposed the scheme, because it would undermine the "fee for service" model on which their income depended.

The Church hierarchy, which controlled many hospitals, vigorously opposed the expansion of "socialised medicine" in the Irish Republic (though they never objected to its provision via the British National Health Service in Northern Ireland). They claimed that the Mother and Child Scheme interfered with parental rights and feared that the provision of non-religious medical advice to mothers would lead to birth control contrary to Catholic teaching. They greatly disliked Browne, seeing him as a "Trinity Catholic" (one who had defied the Church's ruling that the faithful should not attend Trinity College Dublin, which had been founded by Protestants and for many years did not allow Catholics to study there).

Under pressure from bishops, the coalition government backed away from the Mother and Child Scheme and forced Browne's resignation as Minister for Health.

He gave his version of events in his resignation speech to the Dáil on 12 April 1951. In particular, he deplored that the government had referred his Scheme to the Church for approval, taking care to describe it to the Church as his plan and not as government policy, giving him no option but to resign as Minister. The Taoiseach, John A. Costello, immediately retorted that "I have seldom listened to a statement in which there were so many — let me say it as charitably as possible — inaccuracies, misstatements and misrepresentations", and delivered his full reply several hours later. Following his departure from government, Browne embarrassed his opponents by arranging for The Irish Times to publish Costello's and MacBride's correspondence with the Catholic hierarchy, which detailed their capitulation to the bishops.

The controversy over the Mother and Child Scheme led to the fall of the coalition government in which Browne had served as a Minister. But Church opposition to socialised medicine continued under the subsequent Fianna Fáil-led government. The hierarchy would not accept a no-means-test mother-and-infant scheme even when Fianna Fáil reduced the age limit from sixteen years to six weeks, and the government again backed down.

Later political career
After his resignation as Minister for Health, Browne left Clann na Poblachta, but was re-elected to the Dáil as an Independent TD from Dublin South-East in the subsequent election.

Browne joined Fianna Fáil in 1953, but lost his Dáil seat at the 1954 general election. He failed to be selected as a candidate for the 1957 general election and he resigned from the party. He was re-elected at that election for Dublin South-East as an Independent TD.

In 1958, he founded the National Progressive Democrats with Jack McQuillan. Browne held on to his seat at the 1961 general election, but in 1963, he and McQuillan joined the Labour Party, disbanding the National Progressive Democrats. However, Browne lost his seat at the 1965 general election.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Browne became a vocal opponent of Apartheid in South Africa; In 1970 Browne was amongst those who protested outside Thomond Park in Limerick and Lansdowne Road in Dublin when Ireland played the South African rugby team. Browne publicly called for a "progressively expanding boycott on the importation of South African produce, as advocated by the ANC".

He was re-elected as a Labour Party TD at the 1969 general election, again for Dublin South-East. He did not seek a nomination by the Labour Party for the 1973 general election, but instead won a seat in Seanad Éireann for Dublin University. He remained in the Seanad until the 1977 general election, when he gained the Dublin Artane seat as an Independent Labour TD, having again failed to get the Party nomination.

In 1977 Browne was the first Irish parliamentarian to call for law reforms in regards to homosexuality, which was illegal at the time, and in 1979 was one of the few Irish politicians to attend the opening of the Hirschfeld Centre, Dublin's first full-time LGBT community space. In 2021 Leo Varadkar suggested that during Browne's time in the Seanad, Browne was the first member of the Oireachtas to ever to advocate for therapeutic legal abortion.

Upon its formation, Browne joined the new Socialist Labour Party and was briefly its only TD, securing election for Dublin North-Central at the 1981 general election. Browne retired from politics at the February 1982 general election.

Offer of presidential candidacy
In 1990, a number of left-wing representatives within the Labour Party, led by Michael D. Higgins, approached Browne and suggested that he should be the party's candidate in the presidential election due later that year. Though in failing health, Browne agreed. However, the offer horrified party leader Dick Spring and his close associates for two reasons. Firstly, the leadership had secretly decided to run Mary Robinson, a barrister and former senator. Secondly, many around Spring were "appalled" at the idea of running Browne, believing he had "little or no respect for the party" and "was likely in any event to self-destruct as a candidate." When Spring informed Browne by telephone that the party's Administrative Council had chosen Robinson over him, Browne hung up the telephone.

Browne spent the remaining seven years of his life constantly criticising Robinson, who had gone on to win the election, thus becoming the seventh President of Ireland, and who was considered highly popular during her term. During the campaign he also indicated support for the rival Fine Gael candidate, Austin Currie.

Personality
Few figures in 20th-century Ireland were as controversial as Noël Browne. To his supporters he was a dynamic liberal who stood up to conservative and reactionary Catholicism. To his opponents he was an unstable, temperamental and difficult individual who was the author of most of his own misfortune. Browne further alienated the middle ground in 1986, with the publishing of his autobiography Against the Tide, which became what the Irish Times called a "publishing sensation" and sold over 80,000 copies in short order. Historians like Dr. Ruth Barrington, who had written extensively about Irish health policy and had access to the files from the 1940s and 1950s, questioned the book's reliability.

Writing a decade later, one of the chief officials of the Labour Party, Fergus Finlay, said Browne had developed into a "bad tempered and curmudgeonly old man". Historian and political scientist Maurice Manning wrote that Browne "had the capacity to inspire fierce loyalty, but many of those who worked with and against him over the years found him difficult, self-centred, unwilling to accept the good faith of his opponents and often profoundly unfair in his intolerance of those who disagreed with him".

However, some of this alleged "difficulty" arose from the fact that Browne was deaf in one ear from an infection. A riposte to these depictions appeared in 2000, based on a much earlier extensive interview with Browne.

After retiring from politics, Browne moved with his wife Phyllis to Baile na hAbhann, County Galway, where he died on 21 May 1997, aged 81.

Legacy
In a 2010 RTÉ public poll, he came in the top 10 of Ireland's Greatest.

In 2021 Leo Varadkar gave a dedicated lecture on Browne to students of Trinity College Dublin, in which he summarised Browne's career. Varadkar noted Browne's cantankerous reputation but generally praised Browne, with Varadkar stating that he always "admired his idealism, his passion, and his determination to stand up for the causes and the people he believed in".

title: Noël Browne


text:
IAA

IAA may refer to:

Terminology

 * Indole-3-acetic acid, a plant hormone
 * Aux/IAA repressors, a class of early auxin responsive transcription factors in plants
 * Insulin autoantibody, used in diagnosing Latent autoimmune diabetes
 * Interrupted aortic arch, a medical condition
 * Iodoacetamide, an alkylating agent
 * Isoamyl alcohol, a common name for 3-Methylbutan-1-ol

Institutions & associations

 * Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, a research institute in Taiwan
 * Instituto Antártico Argentino, Argentine Antarctic Institute: federal agency for Antarctic research
 * Instituto de Arqueología Amazónica, archeological research institute in Peru
 * Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), research institute in Spain
 * International Academy of Architecture, Bulgarian NGO & NPO
 * International Academy of Astronautics, Swedish NGO
 * International Actuarial Association, worldwide association of actuarial associations
 * International Astrostatistics Association
 * Israel Antiquities Authority, Israeli governmental authority
 * Israeli Astronomical Association

Aviation

 * Igarka Airport IATA code
 * Indianapolis Airport Authority
 * Iran Aseman Airlines, an Iranian airline
 * Irish Aviation Authority
 * Israel Airports Authority
 * International Academy of Astronautics

Automobile

 * International Motor Show Germany, known natively as Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung

Computing

 * Interactive Achievement Awards, now known as D.I.C.E. Awards

Education

 * Idyllwild Arts Academy, a private high school in Idyllwild, California
 * Intercollegiate Athletic Association, former name of the National Collegiate Athletic Association
 * Interlochen Arts Academy, a boarding school at the Interlochen Center for the Arts
 * Inter-American Academy of Guayaquil, an international school in Ecuador

Politics

 * Information Affairs Authority of Bahrain

Sports

 * International Ammunition Association

Associations (non-science-related)

 * Illinois Agricultural Association
 * Immigration Appellate Authority (UK)
 * Independent Ambulance Association representing private ambulance services in the UK
 * Indian Association of Alberta
 * Institute for Applied Autonomy
 * International Advertising Association, international marketing industry association
 * International Association of Art
 * Investment Adviser Association

Other uses

 * Id al Adha, Muslim holiday
 * Intelligence Authorization Act (1991 - U.S.)
 * Islamic Army of Aden, militant group designated as a terrorist organization by Bahrain, Canada and the UK

title: IAA


text:
James Silk Buckingham

James Silk Buckingham (25 August 1786 – 30 June 1855) was a British author, journalist and traveller, known for his contributions to Indian journalism. He was a pioneer among the Europeans who fought for a liberal press in India.

Early life
Buckingham was born at Flushing near Falmouth on 25 August 1786, the son of Thomasine Hambly of Bodmin and Christopher Buckingham (died 1793/94) of Barnstaple. His father, and his ancestors, were seafaring men. James was the youngest of three boys and four girls and his youth was spent at sea. The property of his deceased parents consisted of houses, land, mines and shares, which was left to the three youngest children. In 1797 he was captured by the French and held as a prisoner of war at Corunna.

Career
In 1821, his Travels in Palestine was published, followed by Travels Among the Arab Tribes in 1825. After years of wandering he settled in India, where he established a periodical, the Calcutta Journal, in 1818. This venture at first proved highly successful, but in 1823 the paper's outspoken criticisms of the East India Company led to the expulsion of Buckingham from India and to the suppression of the paper by John Adam, the acting governor-general in 1823. His case was brought before a select committee of the House of Commons in 1834, and a pension of £500 a year was subsequently awarded to him by the East India Company as compensation.

Buckingham continued his journalistic ventures on his return to England; he settled at Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park, and started the Oriental Herald and Colonial Review (1824–9) and the Athenaeum (1828) which was not a success in his hands, Buckingham selling to John Sterling after a few weeks.

Between 1832 and 1836 Buckingham served as MP for Sheffield. He was a strong advocate of social reform, calling for the end of flogging in the armed services, abolition of the press-gang and the repeal of the Corn Laws. In 1833 he promoted the law that would abolish slavery across the British empire.

During his time as an MP, Buckingham served as chair of the select committee charged with examining "the extent, causes, and consequences of the prevailing vice of intoxication among the laboring classes of the United Kingdom" devise a solution. Campaigner for the working class Francis Place concluded that the lack of "parish libraries and direct reading rooms, and popular lecture that were both entertaining and instructive" were drawing individuals to frequent "public houses for other social enjoyment". With this in mind, Buckingham introduced the Public Institutions bill in 1835. Buckingham's bill allowed boroughs to charge a tax to set up libraries and museums. This bill never became law but would serve as inspiration for William Ewart and Joseph Brotherton, who introduced a bill that would "[empower] boroughs with a population of 10,000 or more to raise a ½d for the establishment of museums". Ewart and Brotherton's bill would become the basis for the Museums Act 1845.

Following his retirement from parliament, in October 1837, Buckingham began a four-year tour of North America, resulting in another travel novel, A Journey Through the Slave States of North America in which, among other matters, he advocates that the United States follow the British example and abolish slavery. In 1844 he was central to the foundation of the British and Foreign Institute in Hanover Square.

He was a prolific writer. He had travelled in Europe, America and the East, and wrote many useful travel books, as well as many pamphlets on political and social subjects. "In 1851, the value of these and of his other literary works was recognized by the grant of a Civil List pension of £200 a year. At the time of his death in London, Buckingham was at work on his autobiography, two volumes of the intended four being completed and published (1855)". This work is important as it mentions in detail the life of the black composer Joseph Antonio Emidy who settled in Truro.

Personal life
In February 1806, Buckingham married Elizabeth Jennings (1786–1865), the daughter of a Cornish farmer.

Buckingham died after a long illness at Stanhope Lodge, Upper Avenue Road, St John's Wood, London, on 30 June 1855. Buckingham is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

His youngest son, Leicester Silk Buckingham, was a popular playwright.

Works

 * Contribution For the Commemoration of the Fourth of July, 1838. Contribution For the Commemoration of the Fourth of July 1838. Written on a couch of sickness. By J S Buckingham, of England, Albany, N.Y., 3 July 1838.
 * America, historical, statistic, and descriptive. Jackson, Fisher, Son, London, 1841.
 * The Slaves States of North America, VI. Fisher, Son, and Co. London, 1842.
 * The Slaves States of North America, VII. Fisher, Son, and Co. London, 1842.
 * National Evils and Practical Remedies. With the Plan of a Model Town. Jackson, Fisher, Son, London, 1849.
 * (1821): Travels in Palestine Through the Countries of Bashan and Gilead, East of the River Jordan, Including a Visit to the Cities of Geraza and Gamala in the Decapolis (volume I,volume II).
 * (1825): Travels among the Arab Tribes Inhabiting the Countries East of Syria and Palestine. The full text, google-books.
 * (1827): Travels in Mesopotamia Including a Journey from Aleppo to Bagdad By the Route of Beer, Orfah, Diarbekr, Mardin, and Mosul; With Researches on the Ruins of Nineveh, Babylon, and Other Ancient Cities.

title: James Silk Buckingham


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Mira Sorvino

Mira Katherine Sorvino (born September 28, 1967) is an American actress. She won the Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Woody Allen's Mighty Aphrodite (1995).

She also starred in the films Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997), Mimic (1997), Lulu on the Bridge (1998), The Replacement Killers (1998), Summer of Sam (1999), Gods and Generals (2003), Like Dandelion Dust (2009), and Sound of Freedom (2023). For her work in television, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for her portrayal of Marilyn Monroe in Norma Jean & Marilyn (1996), and twice nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film, again for her performance as Marilyn Monroe and for her leading role in Human Trafficking (2005).

Early life
Sorvino was born on September 28, 1967, in Manhattan, New York City, to Lorraine Ruth Davis, a drama therapist for Alzheimer's disease patients and former actress; and Paul Sorvino, an actor and film director. She has two siblings, Michael Sorvino and Amanda. She is of Italian descent on her father's side.

She was raised in Tenafly, New Jersey, where she wrote and acted in backyard plays with her childhood friend Hope Davis, and in theater productions at Dwight-Englewood School. As a child, she was strongly influenced to pursue social causes by her mother, who participated in the March on Washington. Sorvino excelled in high school and was accepted into Harvard University. She studied for one year as an exchange student with CIEE in Beijing, China, where she studied Mandarin Chinese. In 1989, she graduated from Harvard magna cum laude with a degree in East Asian studies. She also helped found the Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones, one of Harvard's co-ed a cappella groups, in 1985.

Career
Sorvino's first major screen appearance was in the teen television series Swans Crossing, where she appeared in six episodes. When the 1993 film Amongst Friends entered preproduction, she was hired as third assistant director, then promoted to casting director, then to assistant producer, and finally offered a lead role. The positive reviews she received led to more acting opportunities.

After supporting roles in Robert Redford's Quiz Show and Whit Stillman's Barcelona, she was cast in Woody Allen's Mighty Aphrodite (1995). Her portrayal of a happy-go-lucky prostitute made her a star, winning her an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress. Although the film brought her international recognition, she described its shooting as extremely stressful: "I was absolutely neurotic doing Mighty Aphrodite," she recalled. "Every night brought a new nervous breakdown. I'd cry and talk to God, I was so nervous. Then the next day, I'd show up and do my scenes."

Her other credits include Romy and Michele's High School Reunion with Lisa Kudrow, At First Sight with Val Kilmer, and Spike Lee's Summer of Sam. She portrayed Marilyn Monroe for the 1996 HBO film Norma Jean & Marilyn, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe; and had the lead role in Guillermo del Toro's horror film Mimic. In 1995, she portrayed Conchita Closson in the BBC miniseries The Buccaneers, based on Edith Wharton's last novel. She starred as Daisy Buchanan in the 2000 television film The Great Gatsby.

In 2002, Sorvino appeared as the lead in The Triumph of Love, an adaptation of the 1732 Marivaux play. That year she also starred in WiseGirls alongside Mariah Carey and Melora Walters. In 2006, she received a Golden Globe nomination for her role as an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent in the Lifetime film Human Trafficking. She had a supporting role in the drama Reservation Road (2007) with Mark Ruffalo.

In February 2008, she guest-starred as psychiatrist Cate Milton in the "Frozen" episode of the medical television drama House. Plans to make hers a recurring character were interrupted by the writers' strike.

She starred in Attack on Leningrad (2009), Multiple Sarcasms (2010) with Timothy Hutton and Stockard Channing, and Nancy Savoca's Union Square (2012), with Patti Lupone and Tammy Blanchard. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival to good reviews. In the same year, Sorvino played the mother of the lead in the film adaptation of Wendy Mass's popular children's book Jeremy Fink and the Meaning of Life.

In 2014, she reappeared as Head Detective Betsy Brannigan on the final season of Psych, and on the fourth season of Falling Skies as John Pope's love interest, Sara. Sorvino also joined the cast of the television series Intruders, playing the role of Amy Whelan. In 2016, she appeared in the Netflix series Lady Dynamite as an actor working on a sitcom pilot named White Trash. In 2018, Sorvino played the role of Amy in the psychological thriller Look Away, alongside Jason Isaacs and India Eisley.

In 2019, Sorvino was cast in the Netflix miniseries Hollywood as an actor whose career stalled out after a relationship with a studio head.

In 2022, she played a supporting role in Sound of Freedom, a film about human trafficking in South America.

Personal life
Between 1996 and 1998, Mira Sorvino was romantically involved with director Quentin Tarantino, who was her escort to the Academy Awards ceremony where she won Best Supporting Actress for Mighty Aphrodite.

Sorvino met actor Christopher Backus at a friend's charades party in August 2003. On June 11, 2004, they married in a private civil ceremony at the Santa Barbara, California, courthouse, then later had a hilltop ceremony in Capri, Italy. They have four children: two daughters and two sons. They have also starred in films together such as Indiscretion and Mothers and Daughters.

In honor of Sorvino's role as Susan Tyler, an entomologist who investigated deadly insect mutations in the film Mimic, a compound that is excreted as a defense mechanism by the sunburst diving beetle was named mirasorvone by the entomologist Thomas Eisner who discovered it.

In September 2014, Sorvino gave a wide-ranging interview on The Nerdist Podcast, where she discussed her education, living in China, and her varied interests. She is a Christian and resides with her family in Los Angeles, California.

In 2017, Sorvino came out publicly about the sexual harassment she endured from producer Harvey Weinstein and believes her career was damaged after she rebuffed Weinstein's advances. According to Peter Jackson, Weinstein blocked Sorvino and Ashley Judd, another of his alleged victims, from being considered for parts in The Lord of the Rings films. In 2019 she also made public that she was a date rape victim.

Activism
Sorvino has been affiliated with Amnesty International since 2004. In 2006 she was honored with their Artist of Conscience Award, given to those who have made longstanding philanthropic and humanist efforts. From 2009 to 2012 she was a United Nations Goodwill ambassador for combatting human trafficking, and has lobbied Congress to help abolish the practice in Darfur.

title: Mira Sorvino


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Talk:Date of Easter

Whether the pattern repeats
Tom, what do you think? I added the following paragraph:

One may wonder whether the pattern of dates of Easter repeats. As can be verified in a table of the dates, the dates from 1948 to 2047 are the same as for those 152 years later (2100 to 2199). This period of 152 years is one day short of two Calippic cycles, and is a whole number of weeks. Also the dates for 1800 to 1899 are the same as those for 152 years later (1952 to 2051) in all but 11 cases. The epacts differ by 1, as do the dates of the ecclesiastical 14th of Nisan, but usually the next Sunday falls on the same date. It is possible to have the same dates for the 14th of Nisan and on the same day of the week for other intervals, but since the golden number is not the same, this situation lasts for less than 19 years at a time. For example, the 100-year period 1980-2079 is almost repeated 220 years later (2200-2299), but with six cases that don't agree. An interval of 18,000 years achieves this in some cases

Footnote (which I can't seem to put here in the talk page): It is easy to verify that this occurs if the interval contains 58 lunar corrections and the golden number of the first of the two years in question is less than 13, or if there are 57 lunar corrections and the first golden number is greater than 12. In either case, these cancel out the 135 solar corrections.

and is also a whole number of 400-year Gregorian cycles, but again the golden number will be different, so the pattern does not repeat exactly.

Five minutes later Jc3s5h reverted it, saying that it's a "wall of text" that doesn't answer the question I asked at the beginning -- whether the pattern repeats, and he says it repeats in 5.7 million years. Well of course, we all know that. But does that justify reverting my edit? The question I mean is whether the pattern repeats for a while, like a century, and the answer is yes. I think it's quite interesting, and should be in the article. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 19:25, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I was going to revert it and Jc3s5h beat me to it by minutes. It reads far too much like a blog post, beginning with "One may wonder whether the pattern of dates of Easter repeats" which is exceedingly unecyclopedic. It was also too far too long for the thoughts expressed. Arguably it works better as a talk page post here to open a discussion on whether/how to express your thoughts. DeCausa (talk) 19:33, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * So why don't you modify the wording instead of deleting the whole thing?? I wish you people would stop complaining every time someone puts something interesting into an article. Nobody is forcing you to read it, after all! Other people might want to read it. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 20:34, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't delete it. But if I had I would reject your point because it's not my job to correct your failings. Why should I put effort into dragging out some sort of value in your edit when I can't see any? It's not interesting and it shouldn't be in the article. DeCausa (talk) 20:37, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * You and Jc3s5h act like Caesar watching the gladiators, and giving a thumbs up or thumbs down. Who made you the judges? I think it's very interesting that the pattern repeats exactly or almost exactly over periods of 100 years, at certain intervals. Another case I didn't put is that 1700-1747 is exactly the same as 1852-1899. One would think that people interested in Easter would show a bit of Christian charity. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 09:01, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * In that case, we may as well have a triumvirate. I'd have reverted it too, per WP:TRIVIA. It is a mathematical artefact of no significance. A form of pareidolia. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 09:22, 11 September 2023 (UTC) revised 09:27, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I love a thread where pareidolia is an issue. :) DeCausa (talk) 10:00, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the issue is interesting enough that if a good source (other than the dates themselves) can be found, and if it can be stated briefly and clearly, it may be relevant for the article -- but it is up to user:Eric Kvaalen or others who want to include it to demonstrate that. In the Gregorian calendar there is a period-4 stemming from leap years and a period-7 stemming from days of the week, combining into a period-28 (not related to churches, Easter or holidays) so that e.g. from 1901 to 2099, the calendar for any two years separated by a multiple of 28 years is the same (all Mondays fall on the same dates, etc.) - but the "missing" leap years in 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200 ect. spoil the fun. Incidentally, the true period-400 in the leap years coincide with a whole number of weeks (400*365 + 100 - 3 = 146097 days = 20871 weeks), so there is a true, perpetual period-400 in the Gregorian calendar. -- Is that relevant here? No, but if similar neat patterns could be descirbed for dates of Easter - and sourced - including it would be fine. Nø (talk) 12:37, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Well, as explained in our article, the only true period for the Easter dates is 5,700,000 years. I disagree that what I wrote is just a "mathematical artefact of no significance". The reason what I wrote works is that 152 years is a day short of two Calippic cycles, which means that the phase of the moon is more or less the same, and the fact that a Calippic cycle has four days more than a whole number of weeks means that two Calippic cycles minus 1 day is a whole number of weeks. So whenever the 152 years spans one year like 1800 where the Gregorian calendar drops a leap year, and there's also a lunar correction, then you get periods that follow exactly the same pattern, for 48 or 100 years. If the 152 years does not span a year like 1800 (for instance going from 1900 to 2052), then we have exactly two Calippic cycles, so the day of the week is off by 1. That gives periods where the pattern is almost the same. All this is of interest to mathematically minded people like me. I have no idea where to find a reference for all this, but why do we need a reference for something that can be easily checked? We don't need a reference in order to say that it's an interesting question, after all. I suggest that those of you who don't find it interesting stop reading it and go find something else to do in life rather than deleting the work of other people. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 16:20, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Eric Kvaalen asked "...but why do we need a reference for something that can be easily checked?" If a numerical curiosity is mentioned in several well-regarded sources, that hints that it's worth including in our article. If no reliable sources felt it was worth mentioning, it probably isn't worth mentioning. Jc3s5h (talk) 16:31, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I suggest that those of you who don't find it interesting stop reading it and go find something else to do That could be addressed to our readership. This article isn't a personal blog existing for your self-indulgence. DeCausa (talk) 19:27, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

I hope it's clear from what I wrote yesterday that this is not a case of pareidolia. I have a question for Caligula, Claudius, and Nero: You say what I wrote is not interesting, and I suppose you are concerned for the disk space of Wikimedia. What if I find three μαρτῠ́ρους who will attest to finding that it is interesting? Is it still you who get to decide? Eric Kvaalen (talk) 07:09, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * You need to read WP:CONSENSUS (although "find" sounds like you also need to read WP:CANVASS). And don't you mean Caesar, Pompey and Crassus? DeCausa (talk) 07:17, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * And you have to show a reliable source that considers this factoid to have any significance, specifically in respect of calculation of the date of Easter. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 15:04, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

 * It's Catch 22. There are three Caesars, or shall I call them watchful dragons, guarding this page to prevent any changes they don't agree with. If they revert you, you're stuck. You can't revert back or you get warnings of "edit wars". You can't ask someone else, or you get accused of canvasing. I have three friends who I think would agree with me that what I wrote was interesting, but I'm told that it doesn't matter. What the Caesars want is what happens. I'm told that I have to find a "reliable source" to say that it's interesting! Just another way of preserving the statum quo ante. Now I'll probably get a warning for arguing. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 06:54, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * No warning, but I am surprised that after 18 years and 10k edits on Wikipedia (I just checked) these very basic policy principles seem to be news to you. Do you really not know about WP:CONSENSUS, WP:CANVASS, WP:V and WP:DUE? DeCausa (talk) 07:00, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, I know the cards are stacked against me. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 10:02, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Eric, no, the cards are not stacked against you, or to be more precise, they are stacked against any editor who tries to add original research or trivia. Let me repeat: all you need to do is to find "a reliable source that considers this factoid to have any significance, specifically in respect of calculation of the date of Easter". Consensus (or lack thereof) does not trump reliable sources. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 10:18, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, I don't actually agree with that - WP:ONUS says specifically otherwise. DeCausa (talk) 11:28, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * True but as it is a (very) hypothetical question, I didn't consider it necessary to qualify my response with details of the more advanced aspects of source quality and preponderance of expert opinion. We are nowhere near that stage; right now, we have no sources whatever that attach any significance to Eric's mathematical coincidence. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 12:08, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * But to be unambiguously clear: if Eric succeeds in producing citations that meet my test, I will change my !vote from 'oppose' to 'support'. "When the facts change, I change my mind. What do you do, sir?"—Paul Samuelson. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 15:50, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * There were three issues with this edit, only one of which was lack of sourcing. The second is whether it's worth making the point. I could be swayed on that by sourcing but it would take more than one rogue source to do that. But the third is the meandering blog-style WP:WALLOFTEXT would have to be converted into encyclopedic language which was considerably shorter (and which certainly doesn't begin with "One may wonder..."). DeCausa (talk) 20:34, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * If it hasn't materialised by now, it isn't going to. My point was about the general principle. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 22:17, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

Better to provide citation or delete table?
Astrolynx added a citation needed template to the caption for an image of a table. I have a hard time reading the table and can't tell if it supports what is stated in the caption. If the table says what the caption says it does, the table serves as it's own source. But I question the merit of having an illegible table from 1907, and I think the caption mostly consists of trivia that doesn't belong in the article. I'm inclined to just delete the table. Jc3s5h (talk) 17:58, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

Every century has an April 18th Ecclesiastical Full Moon
Since April 19 is always replaced with April 18 for Epact 24, in order to keep Easter before April 26, so the ecclesiastical full moon is moved from Sunday, April 19 to Saturday, April 18, so April 26 is always replaced with April 19, and for the same reason with Epact 25 when the golden number is 12 or greater where April 18 is replaced with April 17 for the Ecclesiastical Full Moon, and the date of Easter (April 25) is substituted with April 18, for Epact 26 the ecclesiastical full moon (April 17) is never replaced with April 16, and the date of Easter (April 24) is never substituted with April 17 because the golden number would have to be higher than 22 and golden numbers cannot go above 19. So as a result every century has an April 18 Ecclesiastical Full Moon, with most of them having April 17, the centuries that don’t have an April 17 Ecclesiastical Full Moon is when Epact 25 is golden numbers 9, 10, and 11. 2603:6011:E00:4C41:0:0:0:1004 (talk) 23:37, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

If Astronomical Full Moon was used for Easter, instead of the Ecclesiastical Full Moon
If we use the Astronomical Full Moon to determine when Easter is, the Astronomical Full Moon dates would range from March 21 to April 19, as March 20 is often the date of the Equinox, the additional day (April 19) would need to be included as the lunar month on average is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 3 seconds long that extra 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3 seconds would need to be added onto April 19, so Easter would occasionally fall as late as April 26 under this rule, and if April 19 is on a Monday through Saturday, the date of Easter wouldn't change if the full moon were to be one day earlier (April 18).

Although the true Astronomical Equinox is March 19, March 20, and March 21 depending on leap years and time zones (but the equinox is most often on March 20), so the Astronomical Easter Full Moon would range from March 21 to April 19. 2603:6011:E00:4C41:0:0:0:100D (talk) 20:51, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Incorrect date for Jewish Passover
On the Hebrew calendar, passover starts on 15 Nisan, not 14 Nisan. Jonmlevinson (talk) 13:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

 * It would help if you would provide a citation to a reliable source for this information, that makes it clear (1) what version of the Hebrew calendar the claim applies to and (2) includes the time of day. It's confusing because I understand that in some situations Hebrew days start in the evening while modern secular days start at midnight. Also, please quote the exact sentence you object to so we can find it in the article. Jc3s5h (talk) 17:30, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I assume that that Jonmlevinson is referring to the second sentence of #Background: In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, Passover begins on the 14th day of Nisan.
 * I wonder if the intro to Passover Seder might give a clue? It is conducted throughout the world on the eve of the 15th day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar (i.e., at the start of the 15th; a Hebrew day begins at sunset). The "eve of the 15th day" is the 14th day, is it not? (That would imply that the Seder article is theologically wrong because formally it is conducted at the start of 15 Nisan, which to Gentiles is still the 14th for another six hours or so. To say "the eve of the 15th" seems rather inconsistent?) Either way, User:Jc3s5h's request #2 is critical. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:47, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I see we are not the first to encounter this conundrum (Why Is Passover on Nissan 15, Not Nissan 14?) so we need at least to add an explanatory note. Right now, we don't even have a citation. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 18:38, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * This source is clearer. It explains that Pesach starts on 14 Nisan but Passover proper starts on the 15th. Clarification note definitely needed. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 18:43, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how reliable that source is? Does anyone else make a distinction between Pesach and Passover? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:24, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I have revised that sentence so that it reads now
 * "In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, Passover begins at twilight on the 14th day of Nisan."

 * I assume that this resolves the question. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:24, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

Time Zone?
The very first paragraph summarises the "bottom line" of the lengthy article that follows as: Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after [...] the first full moon on or after 21 March. There is no reference to time zone. However, the "date of the first full moon" depends on the time zone; the last Pascal Full Moon, e.g., was on 25 March 2024 UTC but on March 24, 2024 Pacific Standard Time. Alternatively, if one would define Easter not via the "fixed approximation" of 21 March but instead by the actual Vernal Equinox, then the phrase "first Sunday after" would need to be augmented by a time zone specification, as is done by the reform proposed in 1997, which references Jerusalem astronomical time. I don't know what the actual current definition is, but it should be included in the article. MsohniCam (talk) 12:00, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it should be clarified, but there's no actual astronomy - or time zones - in the easter calculation; rather, there is a mathematical approximation that only deals with dates, not time of day, be it e.g. UTC or local, and not the exact time of the equinox. The text mentinos that 21 March is an approximation to the equinox, but fails to mention that the date of the full moon is also an approximation. Perhaps the first full moon on or after 21 March should be a date for the first full moon on or after the spring equinox on the Northern hemisphere, calculated using certain approximations? Nø (talk) 14:02, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * None of the above. It is the Paschal Moon (within a day or so of the astronomic full moon) and 21 March (usually one day after the equinox in the Gregorian calendar, 14 days after using the Julian calendar). Bede got it wrong 1500 years ago and people still repeat it. There is no satisfactory short description, afaics. 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 15:32, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It is a cartain mathematical approximation to the first Sunday after the first full moon after the equinox -- but it is not a good approximation.
 * Equinox is appoximated as March 21 (let's call that approximation a1).
 * The full moons are approximated too (let's call that a2) -- and may be a day (or two?) off because of a2, or about four weeks off because of a1.
 * Finally, the Sunday -- well, there is not a third approximation here; we do know the days of the week -- but if the full moon is a day off because of a2, or just a few hours, the Sunday may be a week off, and/or it may be four weeks of because of a1.
 * However, to say whether it in a given year and location is correct or it is one, three, four or five weeks too early or too late (I suppose all those are possible - perhaps two or six weeks early or late as well), we'd need to know the exact "first Sunday after the first full moon after the equinox", and there are several ambiguities in that phrase that would have to be resolved before we could say that; the question about time zones could one of them.
 * Despite all the problems with the approximations, I suppose the computus does in fact most years, most locations, and with most sensible resolutions to the ambiguities of the phrase, give us the exact "first Sunday after the first full moon after the equinox". Nø (talk) 16:21, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Date of Easter


text:
Mudpot

A mudpot, or mud pool, is a type of acidic hot spring, or fumarole, with limited water. It usually takes the form of a pool of bubbling mud, as a result of the acid and microorganisms decomposing surrounding rock into clay and mud.

Description
The mud of a mudpot takes the form of a viscous, often bubbling, slurry. As the boiling mud is often squirted over the brims of the mudpot, a form resembling a mini-volcano of mud starts to build up, sometimes reaching heights of 1 to 1.5 m. Although mudpots are often called "mud volcanoes", true mud volcanoes are very different in nature. The mud of a mudpot is generally of white to greyish color, but is sometimes stained with reddish or pink spots from iron compounds. When the slurry is particularly colorful, the feature may be referred to as a paint pot.

Geology
Mudpots form in high-temperature geothermal areas where water is in short supply. The little water that is available rises to the surface at a spot where the soil is rich in volcanic ash, clay, and other fine particulates. The thickness of the mud usually changes along with seasonal changes in the water table.

Notable sites
The geothermal areas of Yellowstone National Park contain several notable examples of both mudpots and paint pots, as do some areas of Azerbaijan, Iceland, New Zealand and Nicaragua.

Several locations in and around the Salton Sea in California are also home to active mudpots, including the moving Niland Geyser. In the case of Niland Geyser, its name is somewhat of a misnomer, as the release of carbon dioxide by seismic activity from the nearby San Andreas Fault is responsible for its behaviour, rather than through geothermal activity. The fluid contained within it is near background temperature rather than boiling, measuring around 80 F.

title: Mudpot


text:
Margin of error

The margin of error is a statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in the results of a survey. The larger the margin of error, the less confidence one should have that a poll result would reflect the result of a census of the entire population. The margin of error will be positive whenever a population is incompletely sampled and the outcome measure has positive variance, which is to say, whenever the measure varies.

The term margin of error is often used in non-survey contexts to indicate observational error in reporting measured quantities.

Concept
Consider a simple yes/no poll $$P$$ as a sample of $$n$$ respondents drawn from a population $$N \text{, }(n \ll N)$$ reporting the percentage $$p$$ of yes responses. We would like to know how close $$p$$ is to the true result of a survey of the entire population $$N$$, without having to conduct one. If, hypothetically, we were to conduct poll $$P$$ over subsequent samples of $$n$$ respondents (newly drawn from $$N$$), we would expect those subsequent results $$p_1,p_2,\ldots$$ to be normally distributed about $$\overline{p}$$, the true but unknown percentage of the population. The margin of error describes the distance within which a specified percentage of these results is expected to vary from $$\overline{p}$$.

According to the 68-95-99.7 rule, we would expect that 95% of the results $$p_1,p_2,\ldots$$ will fall within about two standard deviations ($$\plusmn2\sigma_{P}$$) either side of the true mean $$\overline{p}$$. This interval is called the confidence interval, and the radius (half the interval) is called the margin of error, corresponding to a 95% confidence level.

Generally, at a confidence level $$\gamma$$, a sample sized $$n$$ of a population having expected standard deviation $$\sigma$$ has a margin of error

 * $$MOE_\gamma = z_\gamma \times \sqrt{\frac{\sigma^2}{n}}$$

where $$z_\gamma $$ denotes the quantile (also, commonly, a z-score), and $$\sqrt{\frac{\sigma^2}{n}}$$ is the standard error.

Standard deviation and standard error
We would expect the average of normally distributed values $$p_1,p_2,\ldots$$ to have a standard deviation which somehow varies with $$n$$. The smaller $$n$$, the wider the margin. This is called the standard error $$\sigma_\overline{p}$$.

For the single result from our survey, we assume that $$p = \overline{p}$$, and that all subsequent results $$p_1,p_2,\ldots$$ together would have a variance $$\sigma_{P}^2=P(1-P)$$.

 * $$ \text{Standard error} = \sigma_\overline{p} \approx \sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{P}^2}{n}} \approx \sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{n}}$$

Note that $$p(1-p)$$ corresponds to the variance of a Bernoulli distribution.

Maximum margin of error at different confidence levels
For a confidence level $$\gamma$$, there is a corresponding confidence interval about the mean $$\mu\plusmn z_\gamma\sigma$$, that is, the interval $$[\mu-z_\gamma\sigma,\mu+z_\gamma\sigma]$$ within which values of $$P$$ should fall with probability $$\gamma$$. Precise values of $$z_\gamma$$ are given by the quantile function of the normal distribution (which the 68-95-99.7 rule approximates).

Note that $$z_\gamma$$ is undefined for $$|\gamma| \ge 1$$, that is, $$z_{1.00}$$ is undefined, as is $$z_{1.10}$$.

Since $$\max \sigma_P^2 = \max P(1-P) = 0.25$$ at $$p = 0.5$$, we can arbitrarily set $$p=\overline{p} = 0.5$$, calculate $$\sigma_{P}$$, $$\sigma_\overline{p}$$, and $$z_\gamma\sigma_\overline{p}$$ to obtain the maximum margin of error for $$P$$ at a given confidence level $$\gamma$$ and sample size $$n$$, even before having actual results. With $$p=0.5,n=1013$$

 * $$MOE_{95}(0.5) = z_{0.95}\sigma_\overline{p} \approx z_{0.95}\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{P}^2}{n}} = 1.96\sqrt{\frac{.25}{n}} = 0.98/\sqrt{n}=\plusmn3.1%$$
 * $$MOE_{99}(0.5) = z_{0.99}\sigma_\overline{p} \approx z_{0.99}\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{P}^2}{n}} = 2.58\sqrt{\frac{.25}{n}} = 1.29/\sqrt{n}=\plusmn4.1%$$

Also, usefully, for any reported $$MOE_{95}$$

 * $$MOE_{99} = \frac{z_{0.99}}{z_{0.95}}MOE_{95} \approx 1.3 \times MOE_{95}$$

Specific margins of error
If a poll has multiple percentage results (for example, a poll measuring a single multiple-choice preference), the result closest to 50% will have the highest margin of error. Typically, it is this number that is reported as the margin of error for the entire poll. Imagine poll $$P$$ reports $$p_{a},p_{b},p_{c}$$ as $$71%, 27%, 2%, n=1013$$

 * $$MOE_{95}(P_{a}) = z_{0.95}\sigma_\overline{p_{a}} \approx 1.96\sqrt{\frac{p_{a}(1-p_{a})}{n}} = 0.89/\sqrt{n}=\plusmn2.8%$$ (as in the figure above)

 * $$MOE_{95}(P_{b}) = z_{0.95}\sigma_\overline{p_{b}} \approx 1.96\sqrt{\frac{p_{b}(1-p_{b})}{n}} = 0.87/\sqrt{n}=\plusmn2.7%$$

 * $$MOE_{95}(P_{c}) = z_{0.95}\sigma_\overline{p_{c}} \approx 1.96\sqrt{\frac{p_{c}(1-p_{c})}{n}} = 0.27/\sqrt{n}=\plusmn0.8%$$

As a given percentage approaches the extremes of 0% or 100%, its margin of error approaches ±0%.

Comparing percentages
Imagine multiple-choice poll $$P$$ reports $$p_{a},p_{b},p_{c}$$ as $$46%, 42%, 12%, n=1013$$. As described above, the margin of error reported for the poll would typically be $$MOE_{95}(P_{a})$$, as $$p_{a}$$is closest to 50%. The popular notion of statistical tie or statistical dead heat, however, concerns itself not with the accuracy of the individual results, but with that of the ranking of the results. Which is in first?

If, hypothetically, we were to conduct poll $$P$$ over subsequent samples of $$n$$ respondents (newly drawn from $$N$$), and report result $$p_{w} = p_{a} - p_{b}$$, we could use the standard error of difference to understand how $$ p_{w_{1}},p_{w_{2}},p_{w_{3}},\ldots$$ is expected to fall about $$ \overline{p_w}$$. For this, we need to apply the sum of variances to obtain a new variance, $$ \sigma_{P_{w}}^2 $$,

 * $$ \sigma_{P_{w}}^2=\sigma_{P_{a}- P_{b}}^2 = \sigma_{P_{a}}^2 + \sigma_{P_{b}}^2-2\sigma_{P_{a},P_{b}} = p_{a}(1-p_{a}) + p_{b}(1-p_{b}) + 2p_{a}p_{b}

$$

where $$\sigma_{P_{a},P_{b}} = -P_{a}P_{b}$$ is the covariance of $$P_{a}$$and $$P_{b}$$.

Thus (after simplifying),

 * $$ \text{Standard error of difference} = \sigma_{\overline{w}} \approx \sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{P_{w}}^2}{n}} = \sqrt{\frac{p_{a}+p_{b}-(p_{a}-p_{b})^2}{n}} = 0.029, P_{w}=P_{a}-P_{b}$$

 * $$ MOE_{95}(P_{a}) = z_{0.95}\sigma_{\overline{p_{a}}} \approx \plusmn{3.1%}$$

 * $$ MOE_{95}(P_{w}) = z_{0.95}\sigma_{\overline{w}} \approx \plusmn{5.8%}$$

Note that this assumes that $$P_{c}$$ is close to constant, that is, respondents choosing either A or B would almost never choose C (making $$P_{a}$$and $$P_{b}$$ close to perfectly negatively correlated). With three or more choices in closer contention, choosing a correct formula for $$ \sigma_{P_{w}}^2$$ becomes more complicated.

Effect of finite population size
The formulae above for the margin of error assume that there is an infinitely large population and thus do not depend on the size of population $$N$$, but only on the sample size $$n$$. According to sampling theory, this assumption is reasonable when the sampling fraction is small. The margin of error for a particular sampling method is essentially the same regardless of whether the population of interest is the size of a school, city, state, or country, as long as the sampling fraction is small.

In cases where the sampling fraction is larger (in practice, greater than 5%), analysts might adjust the margin of error using a finite population correction to account for the added precision gained by sampling a much larger percentage of the population. FPC can be calculated using the formula

 * $$\operatorname{FPC} = \sqrt{\frac{N-n}{N-1}}$$

...and so, if poll $$P$$ were conducted over 24% of, say, an electorate of 300,000 voters,
 * $$MOE_{95}(0.5) = z_{0.95}\sigma_\overline{p} \approx \frac{0.98}{\sqrt{72,000}}=\plusmn0.4%$$
 * $$MOE_{95_{FPC}}(0.5) = z_{0.95}\sigma_\overline{p}\sqrt{\frac{N-n}{N-1}}\approx \frac{0.98}{\sqrt{72,000}}\sqrt{\frac{300,000-72,000}{300,000-1}}=\plusmn0.3%$$

Intuitively, for appropriately large $$N$$,

 * $$\lim_{n \to 0} \sqrt{\frac{N-n}{N-1}}\approx 1$$
 * $$\lim_{n \to N} \sqrt{\frac{N-n}{N-1}} = 0$$

In the former case, $$n$$ is so small as to require no correction. In the latter case, the poll effectively becomes a census and sampling error becomes moot.

title: Margin of error


text:
Computer mathematics

Computer mathematics may refer to:

 * Automated theorem proving, the proving of mathematical theorems by a computer program
 * Symbolic computation, the study and development of algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and other mathematical objects
 * Computational science, constructing numerical solutions and using computers to analyze and solve scientific and engineering problems
 * Theoretical computer science, collection of topics of computer science and mathematics that focuses on the more abstract and mathematical aspects of computing

title: Computer mathematics


text:
Talk:Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

Untitled
Is there ANY relation intended (including that of mere namesake) between Helen Fielding's Bridget Jones, and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones? --FOo 22:16 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

F. R. Leavis
Could we get some clarification and more information on the significance of this reference in this article? 165.123.164.232 04:48, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
Use of term Singleton in this article is confusing, as the book itself creates the term, and it is not defined here. Additionally, this should probably be split into Bridget Jones's Diary (movie) and Bridget Jones's Diary for consistency with the Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (movie) page. Avriette 00:35, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Requested move 7 June 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Lennart97 (talk) 08:02, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

– The article about the original Bridget Jones's Diary film gets about four times as many pageviews as the article about the original Diary novel, and both were of a similar era (so this is not an issue of disambiguating a film based on some classic work of literature that has arguably greater long-term significance – at least not unless we consider Pride and Prejudice, and that is naturally disambiguated already). I just fixed incorrect incoming links from about 15 other articles, as it has been mistakenly assumed that the article at the base name is about the film. There are probably more such incorrect incoming links. Many people probably don't even know there was a novel at all, but are aware of the film. The situation is even more skewed for the sequel, with a page view ratio of about 9:1 in favour of the film. (Both films also have similarly named soundtrack albums, but that does not seem especially important for purposes of this discussion.) — BarrelProof (talk) 22:58, 7 June 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. moves done, what's left is to fix all the links to Bridget Jones's Diary and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason which are intended for the novel but now link to the film. I may not get around to finishing all of those today. Lennart97 (talk) 08:23, 15 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Bridget Jones's Diary → Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)
 * Bridget Jones's Diary (film) → Bridget Jones's Diary
 * Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason → Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (novel)
 * Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film) → Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason
 * Support per nom. -- Calidum  07:08, 9 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Saimcheeda 22:32, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)


text:
Saeed Hajjarian

Saeed Hajjarian (, born 1954) is an Iranian reformist political strategist, journalist, pro-democracy activist and former intelligence officer. He was a member of Tehran's city council, and advisor to the president Mohammad Khatami. On 12 March 2000, he was shot in the face by an assailant and severely disabled, an act many Iranians believe was in retaliation for his help in uncovering the chain murders of Iran and his significant help to the Iranian reform movement in general, according to the BBC.

Early life and education
Hajjarian was born in Javadiyeh neighborhood of Tehran, Iran in 1954 to parents from Kashan. He studied mechanical engineering at Tehran University. In 1977 Hajjarian was enrolled for military service in Gendarmerie. A young Iranian revolutionary during the 1979 Iranian Revolution, he entered the Islamic Revolution Committees before becoming an Intelligence officer in the Navy. Hajjarian continued his education and obtained a Ph.D. in political science from Tehran University. His thesis advisor was Hossein Bashiriyeh. He was one of the students who took over the US embassy in Tehran in 1979.

Career
After the revolution, Hajjarian was involved in the formation of the intelligence apparatus of the newly founded Islamic Republic. Through the 1980s, he worked in the ministry of intelligence, where his positions included vice minister for political affairs. In the late 1980s, he left the church and established Center for Strategic Research under the presidency. That was where he played an essential role in creating a new discourse based on democracy and the rule of law for his generation of revolutionaries.

When Mohammad Khatami was elected president in 1997, he appointed Hajjarian his political advisor. In 1999, he was elected to Tehran's city council in the first city elections after the 1979 revolution. Hajjarian was also the editor of Sobh-e Emrooz newspaper, which strongly advocated Khatami's reforms. He was believed to be the source of information for many articles written by investigative journalists, Akbar Ganji and Emadeddin Baghi. These included stories about the "Chain murders" of dissident intellectuals by members of Iran's intelligence ministry.

Hajjarian was one of the vital personal factors of President Khatami. He was a member of the reformist elite and had a leadership support role in the reform movement. He joined the Ministry of Intelligence and national security (MINS) in 1984 and left in 1989. He also worked at the Center of strategic studies. Working in such a place, he invited some of the officials of MINS to join the reform movement. All of them tried to develop the reform movement. People like Akbar Ganji, Mohsen Armin, Abbas Abdi, Hamid Reza Jalaeipour, Muhammad Mousavi Khouiniha, Ebrahim Asghar Zadeh, and Mohsen Sazgaran are among those persons.

Assassination attempt
In March 2000, a gunman shot him in the face on the doorstep of Tehran's city council. The would-be assassin fled on a motorcycle with an accomplice. The bullet entered his left cheek, lodged in his neck, and put Hajjarian into a coma. During this time, groups of young Iranians kept vigil outside Sina Hospital, where he was being treated. Hajjarian was badly paralyzed for life.

His assailant, Saeed Asgar, a young man reportedly a member of the Basij militia, was later arrested and sentenced to spend 15 years in jail. However, he was released after spending only a short term in prison. Mohsen Morteza Majidi accompanied Asgar on a motorbike. Others, who were involved, include Mohammad Ali Moghaddami, Mehdi Rowghani, Mousa Jan Nesari, Ali Pourchaluei (possibly the one who shot Hajjarian), Saeed Golounani, and Safar Maghsoudi.

Possible cause
His attempted assassination is thought to be associated with the exposure of the "Chain murders" in his Sobh Emrouz daily newspaper and the "key role" he is believed to have played "in bringing about ... damaging disclosures," both as the editor of the exposing newspaper and one of the few reformists likely to be a source of information about activity in the intelligence ministry. Consequently, "some believe that remnants" of the chain murder "intelligence killer group may have been" behind his attempted assassination.

Recovery
Hajjarian slowly recovered somewhat from the shooting. By 2005, Hajjarian was still unable to speak with a clear voice and still using a wheelchair, although they could walk with help. As of 2009 he still spoke with difficulty. He was "dependent on the constant care of doctors and family."

Research works and viewpoints
Hajjarian has used the term "dual sovereignty" as an analytic tool to describe the balance of power in the Islamic Republic's government system, in which there is a supposed split between the Supreme Leader and popularly elected officials, e.g. the President. The idea was publicly denounced by Ali Khamenei in 2004, being called "damaging and a deadly poison" repeated by "irrational people".

He believes that a frontal assault on the fortresses of power is impractical. Hajjarian argued that the domination of politics by clerics was wrong but could be gradually eroded by "mobilizing the masses and using them as bargaining chips with Iran's rulers." His strategy for the reform movement was described as extending the reformists "reach by triangulating between the mass movement they represented and the autocratic state with which they shared power. He coined the phrase defining the reformists' strategy: "Pressure from below, negotiation at the top." The strategy remarks that by developing civil society and winning the battle of public opinion, the reform movement can gain enough strength to not only resist the hardliners but also push for deep changes within the system via bargains with top officials unwilling to reform.

Hajjarian formulated the proposed gradual move to a favorable democratic system as "fortress to fortress triumph", meaning that reformers should concentrate on weakening and capturing key institutions, i.e. fortresses of power, one by one.

Hajjarian argued that there is a way of combating the predominance of Valiyat al-faqih (rule of the Islamic jurist) by underlining the de facto secularization of religion by the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic, Khomeini. He allegedly showed the supremacy of politics as such over any religious norm when he said that the interests of the Islamic Republic are paramount in Islam and that zakat, salat, hajj, and everything else in Islam, are subordinate. This kind of decision, he states, means that politics are more important than religion and that this acknowledges the secularization of religion. In this context, he argues, it is possible to reassess velayat faqih and to reject its supremacy within the political field in Iran.

After reformists lost their "fortresses", Hajjarian said in 2004 that the reforms program have been failed and now there are multiple choices for the Iranian people. One option is giving up and accepting the current situation. Another choice is apathy, followed by adopting defeatism—waiting for a possible foreign military action against Iran and regime change— or to let the developing lumpenproletariat in the society grow until they ignite a revolution in Iran. Hajjarian prefers what he calls the best alternative, which is to assume "reforms is dead, long live the reforms" and continue the reforms path patiently.

2009 elections
On 16 June 2009, four days after the disputed presidential election, it was reported that Hajjarian had been arrested. It was reported that he died in Evin prison under torture on 7 July. However, it was later added that he was still alive but had had a nervous breakdown on 8 July and was in critical condition in a military hospital in Tehran. Later, there were reports that he was still in Evin Prison, possibly in a clinic there, and that according to his wife, physician Vajiheh Marsoussi, his medical condition was "deteriorating severely" while in prison.

2015 speech
In May 2015, Hajjarian was allowed to give a short speech at University of Tehran. According to the reformist Shargh Daily, enthusiasm for the speech was so great that seats were filled up hours before the event. In a note he gave to a student to read, Hajjarian stated that the 1997 presidential election were the reformists prevailed were the first since the 1979 Iranian revolution in which there was "a competition", and that it "institutionalized" competition in the presidential elections, and introduced a new debate on the issues of religion, economics, and other foreign and domestic policies. But he believed those elections were an "exception" and doubtful of their repetition, "though he did not explain why", according to al-Monitor.

title: Saeed Hajjarian


text:
Talk:Akkineni Nageswara Rao

Untitled
What do you mean by RUNNER UP

ANR has more hits, more silver jubilee movies, more remuneration than so called NTR

Have you seen Batasari, manchi manasulu, Devadasu, Vipranarayana, Anarkali, Vipranarayana etc

How manyy films did NTR act and how many of them are silver jubilees compared to ANR's ratio

Crerated several headers, formated the exisitng info and added references. Hope everything's accurate. Chunduru10 (talk) 20:14, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

Correct Year of birth???
In India they talk about beginning of the year. His date of birth is Sept 20, 1923, not 1923. -- -- Some sources list 1923, others 1924. This article has both in different sections. Most obits state that he was 90, which points to 1923. BurienBomber (talk) 11:55, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:57, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Premier of the Republic of China

The premier of the Republic of China, officially the president of the Executive Yuan (Chinese: 行政院院長), is the head of the government of the Republic of China of Taiwan and leader of the Executive Yuan. The premier is nominally the principal advisor to the president of the republic and positioned as the head of central government.

The predecessor of the president of the Executive Yuan was the prime minister of the Republic of China, and the first president of the Executive Yuan was Tan Yanqi; the first president after the constitution was Weng Wenhao; and the first president to take office after the government moved to power was Chen Cheng. Currently, the premier is appointed by the president without approval by the Legislative Yuan.

The current president of the Executive Yuan is incumbent Cho Jung-tai, who took office in his first term on 20 May 2024.

History
During Japanese colonial rule over Taiwan, the post was formed on 10 May 1895 as the governors-general were members of the Diet, civilian officials, Japanese nobles or generals. They exercised their power on behalf of the sovereign of Taiwan (the emperor of Japan) until the dissolution of the empire.

Taiwan's head of government was then represented by the administration of the Republic of China under T. V. Soong of the Executive Yuan, after the handover in 1945, in which the post was originally founded in 1928 in Mainland China. Weng Wenhao became the first premier in the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China in both Mainland China and Taiwan, but Yan Xishan also served as premier during the ROC government's retreat to Taiwan in 1949. The sovereignty of Taiwan and Penghu was renounced by Japan in 1952.

Powers and responsibilities
The premier presides over the Executive Yuan Council, which makes up the official cabinet. The vice premier, ministers, and chairpersons of the Executive Yuan Council are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier. The premier's official duties also include presenting administrative policies and reports to the legislators, responding to the interpellations of legislators (much like Question Time in some parliamentary systems), and, with the approval of the president, asking the legislators to reconsider its resolutions. Laws and decrees promulgated by the president must also be countersigned by the premier.

In the event of vacancies in both the presidency and the vice presidency, the premier serves as acting president of the republic for up to three months.

One-third of the legislators may initiate a no-confidence vote against the premier. If approved with simple majority, the premier must resign from office within ten days and at the same time may request that the president dissolve the Legislative Yuan. If the motion fails, another no-confidence motion against the same premier cannot be initiated for one year. This power has never been used. In practice, the president has enough legitimacy and executive authority to govern in the face of a legislature controlled by the opposition, and would likely respond to a vote of no-confidence by nominating another person with similar views.

Premier as head of government
The Constitution of the Republic of China did not originally define strictly the relation between the premier and the president of the Republic and it was not clear whether the government would lean towards a presidential system or parliamentary system when divided. Power shifted to Premier Chiang Ching-kuo after President Chiang Kai-shek's death but shifted to the presidency again when Chiang Ching-kuo became president. After President Lee Teng-hui succeeded Chiang as president in 1988, the power struggle within the Kuomintang extended to the constitutional debate over the relationship between the president and the premier. The first three premiers under Lee, Yu Kuo-hwa, Lee Huan and Hau Pei-tsun, were mainlanders who had initially opposed Lee's ascension to power. The appointment of Lee and Hau were compromises by President Lee to placate the conservative mainlander faction in the party. The subsequent appointment of premier Lien Chan was taken as a sign of Lee's consolidation of power. Moreover, during this time, the power of the premier to approve the president's appointments and the power of the Legislative Council to confirm the president's choice of premier was removed (out of fears that the Democratic Progressive Party would one day gain control of the legislature), clearly establishing the president as the more powerful position of the two.

The relationship between the premier and the legislature again became a contentious issue after the 2000 Presidential election, which led to the election of the Democratic Progressive Party's Chen Shui-bian to the presidency, while the legislature remained under a Kuomintang-led-Pan-Blue majority. Initially, President Chen Shui-bian appointed Tang Fei, a member of the Kuomintang, to the premiership; however, this arrangement proved unworkable, and Chen's subsequent appointments were from the Democratic Progressive Party. (Chen's successors Ma Yingjeou and Tsai Ing-wen subsequently also appointed largely from their own parties, although both had also appointed premiers outside their parties.) The established constitutional convention is that the premier is responsible to the president and does not have any responsibility to the legislature other than to report on his activities. However, the Pan-Blue Coalition of the Kuomintang and its coalition partners contended that Chen's actions were unconstitutional, and proposed to name its own choice of premier. There are calls for a constitutional amendment to better define the relationship between the executive and legislative branches of government.

title: Premier of the Republic of China