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Icknield Way

The Icknield Way is an ancient trackway in southern and eastern England that runs from Norfolk to Wiltshire. It follows the chalk escarpment that includes the Berkshire Downs and Chiltern Hills.

Background
It is generally said to be, within Great Britain, one of the oldest roads the route of which can still be traced, being one of the few long-distance trackways to have existed before the Romans occupied the country. However, this has been disputed, and the evidence for its being a prehistoric route has been questioned.

The name is Celto-British in derivation, and may be named after the Iceni tribe. They may have established this route to permit trade with other parts of the country from their base in East Anglia. It has also been suggested that the road has older prehistoric origins. The name is also said to have been initially used for the part to the west and south (i.e. south of the River Thames) but now refers usually to the track or traces north of the Thames.

From ancient times, at least as early as the Iron Age period (before the Roman invasion of 43 AD) and through early medieval times, it stretched from Berkshire through Oxfordshire and crossed the River Thames at Cholsey, near Wallingford.

Early documentary evidence
The earliest mentions of the Icknield Way are in Anglo-Saxon charters from the year 903 onwards. The oldest surviving copies were made in the 12th and 13th centuries, and these use the spellings Ic(c)enhilde weġ, Icenhylte, Icenilde weġ, Ycenilde weġ and Icenhilde weġ. The charters refer to locations at Wanborough, Hardwell in Uffington, Lockinge, Harwell, Blewbury and Risborough, which span a distance of 40 mile from Wiltshire to Buckinghamshire.

The "Four Highways" of medieval England
The Icknield Way was one of four highways that appear in the literature of the 1130s. Henry of Huntingdon wrote that the Ermine Street, Fosse Way, Watling Street and Icknield Way had been constructed by royal authority. The Leges Edwardi Confessoris gave royal protection to travellers on these roads, and the Icknield Way was said to extend across the width of the kingdom. Geoffrey of Monmouth elaborated the story by saying that Belinus had improved the four roads so that it was clear that they were the protected highways.

Around 1250, the Four Highways were shown by Matthew Paris on a diagrammatic map of Britain called Scema Britannie. The Icknield Way is depicted by a straight line from Salisbury (i.e., Old Sarum) to Bury St Edmunds which intersects the other three roads near Dunstable.

Icknield Street
In the fourteenth century, Ranulf Higdon described a different route for the Icknield Way: from Winchester to Tynemouth by way of Birmingham, Lichfield, Derby, Chesterfield and York. This route includes the Roman road running from Bourton-on-the-Water to Templeborough near Rotherham, which is now called Icknield Street (or Ryknild Street) to distinguish it from the Icknield Way.

Route
In many places the track consists or consisted of several routes, particularly as it passes along the line of the escarpment of the Chilterns, probably because of the seasonal usage, and possibly the amount of traffic especially of herds or flocks of livestock.

To the west the track can be detected below the escarpments of the Berkshire Downs. Near Wantage, the route along the ridge of the Downs is known as The Ridgeway, and the name Icknield Way is applied to a parallel lowland route above the spring-line at the northern edge of the chalk. Between Lewknor and Ivinghoe there are two parallel courses known as the Lower Icknield Way and the Upper Icknield Way. In Cambridgeshire, Street Way (Ashwell Street), Ditch Way and others have been put forward as variant routes, possibly for use in summer or winter.

Many modern roads follow the Icknield Way, such as the B489 from Aston Clinton to Dunstable and the A505 from Baldock to Royston. In some places, especially from the east of Luton in Bedfordshire to Ickleford (so named from the Way crossing a stream) near Hitchin in Hertfordshire, the route is followed by minor roads, and is not distinguishable at all in many places, except by landscape features such as barrows and mounds which line the route, and indentation presumably from ancient and frequent use. It could be described as a belt studded with archaeological sites found at irregular intervals.

The Icknield Way used to form part of the boundary between Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, and at one time Royston was cut in two by this boundary. Royston is where the Icknield Way crosses Ermine Street.

In the south-west some writers take the Way to Exeter, while others only take it as far as Salisbury. To the north-east, Icklingham, Suffolk, and Caistor-by-Norwich, Yarmouth and Hunstanton, Norfolk, have all been proposed as the destination. In support of the western route, a road at Dersingham near Hunstanton was named Ykenildestrethe and Ikelynge Street in the 13th century.

Modern paths
Modern long-distance footpaths have been created from Lyme Regis on the Dorset coast to Holme-next-the-Sea on the Norfolk coast, following the general line of the Icknield Way.

The Hobhouse Committee report of 1947 suggested the creation of a path between Seaton Bay and the Chiltern ridge, and in 1956 Tom Stephenson proposed a longer route to Cambridge. A route through Norfolk was discussed in the 1960s.

The first section to be officially designated as a Long-Distance Footpath (as National Trails were then known) was that from Overton Hill to Ivinghoe Beacon, and it was declared open as the Ridgeway in 1973. The Peddars Way, from Knettishall Heath to Holme-next-the-Sea, forms part of the Peddars Way and Norfolk Coast Path National Trail, which was opened as a Long Distance Route in 1986. Between the Ridgeway and Peddars Way, parts of the original line of the Icknield Way had been covered in tarmac or built over, so a route was devised that avoids walking on roads. In 1992, this was designated by the Countryside Commission as a Regional Route called the Icknield Way Path. The Wessex Ridgeway from Lyme Regis to Marlborough was declared open by Dorset County Council in 1994.

Charles Thurstan Shaw, archaeologist and long-distance walker, founded the Icknield Way Association which campaigned to reopen the entire Icknield Way as a long-distance path in 1984, the same year he produced the first walker's guide to the route.

The author Ray Quinlan has combined most of the Wessex Ridgeway, the Ridgeway National Trail, the Icknield Way Path, the Peddars Way, and a small part of the Norfolk Coast Path to form a path that he calls the Greater Ridgeway, with a length of approximately 584 km from Lyme Regis to Hunstanton.

Parts of the Ridgeway National Trail and the Icknield Way Path are only usable as a footpath, so the Icknield Way Path Riders Route or Icknield Way Trail have been created for horseriders and cyclists. The route runs from Bledlow to Roudham Heath, where it joins the Peddars Way Riders Route.

Artists and writers on the Way
The Icknield Way has inspired a number of writers and artists. Spencer Gore, the founder of the Camden Town Group of artists, painted the route in 1912 while staying with his friend Harold Gilman at Letchworth. His work, influenced by Cézanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin, is acknowledged as one of the pioneering works of British Modernism. One of the best known literary travellers of the Icknield Way is the poet Edward Thomas, who walked the path in 1911 and published his account in 1913. Thomas was interested in ancient roads and inspired by Hilaire Belloc's Old Road and other travel memoirs published by Constable written by R. Hippisley Cox, Harold J. E. Peake and others. Although the book takes the form of a single 10-day journey, Thomas wrote the book in stages over the course of a year. He was often joined by his brother Julian, both rising at 5 am or 6 am to walk 30-40 mi a day. Although more interested in poetic description, his publisher directed him to give more concrete details of his route, thus the book is closer to being a guidebook than Thomas' earlier, more poetic, travel books. Inspired by Thomas's journey, contemporary British nature writer Robert MacFarlane begins his book of walking ancient paths, The Old Ways, by walking the Icknield Way, "hoping to summon him [Thomas] by walking where he had walked". George R. R. Martin used the "Four Highways" as the model for the Kingsway in his A Song of Ice and Fire novels. The first episode of the 2016–17 documentary series Britain's Ancient Tracks with Tony Robinson was about the Icknield Way and included drone views of the trail.

title: Icknield Way


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Indefinite orthogonal group

In mathematics, the indefinite orthogonal group, O(p, q) is the Lie group of all linear transformations of an n-dimensional real vector space that leave invariant a nondegenerate, symmetric bilinear form of signature (p, q), where n = p + q. It is also called the pseudo-orthogonal group or generalized orthogonal group. The dimension of the group is n(n − 1)/2.

The indefinite special orthogonal group, SO(p, q) is the subgroup of O(p, q) consisting of all elements with determinant 1. Unlike in the definite case, SO(p, q) is not connected – it has 2 components – and there are two additional finite index subgroups, namely the connected SO+(p, q) and O+(p, q), which has 2 components – see  for definition and discussion.

The signature of the form determines the group up to isomorphism; interchanging p with q amounts to replacing the metric by its negative, and so gives the same group. If either p or q equals zero, then the group is isomorphic to the ordinary orthogonal group O(n). We assume in what follows that both p and q are positive.

The group O(p, q) is defined for vector spaces over the reals. For complex spaces, all groups O(p, q; C) are isomorphic to the usual orthogonal group O(p + q; C), since the transform $$z_j \mapsto iz_j$$ changes the signature of a form. This should not be confused with the indefinite unitary group U(p, q) which preserves a sesquilinear form of signature (p, q).

In even dimension n = 2p, O(p, p) is known as the split orthogonal group.

Examples
The basic example is the squeeze mappings, which is the group SO+(1, 1) of (the identity component of) linear transforms preserving the unit hyperbola. Concretely, these are the matrices $$\left[\begin{smallmatrix} \cosh(\alpha) & \sinh(\alpha) \\ \sinh(\alpha)  & \cosh(\alpha) \end{smallmatrix}\right],$$ and can be interpreted as hyperbolic rotations, just as the group SO(2) can be interpreted as circular rotations.

In physics, the Lorentz group O(1,3) is of central importance, being the setting for electromagnetism and special relativity. (Some texts use O(3,1) for the Lorentz group; however, O(1,3) is prevalent in quantum field theory because the geometric properties of the Dirac equation are more natural in O(1,3).)

Matrix definition
One can define O(p, q) as a group of matrices, just as for the classical orthogonal group O(n). Consider the $$(p+q)\times(p+q)$$ diagonal matrix $$g$$ given by
 * $$g = \mathrm{diag}(\underbrace{1,\ldots,1}_{p},\underbrace{-1,\ldots,-1}_{q}) .$$

Then we may define a symmetric bilinear form $$[\cdot,\cdot]_{p,q}$$ on $$\mathbb R^{p+q}$$ by the formula
 * $$[x,y]_{p,q}=\langle x,gy\rangle=x_1y_1+\cdots +x_py_p-x_{p+1}y_{p+1}-\cdots -x_{p+q}y_{p+q}$$,

where $$\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle$$ is the standard inner product on $$\mathbb R^{p+q}$$.

We then define $$\mathrm{O}(p,q)$$ to be the group of $$(p+q)\times(p+q)$$ matrices that preserve this bilinear form:
 * $$\mathrm{O}(p,q)=\{A\in M_{p+q}(\mathbb R)|[Ax,Ay]_{p,q}=[x,y]_{p,q}\,\forall x,y\in\mathbb R^{p+q}\}$$.

More explicitly, $$\mathrm{O}(p,q)$$ consists of matrices $$A$$ such that
 * $$gA^{\mathrm{tr}}g=A^{-1}$$,

where $$A^{\mathrm{tr}}$$ is the transpose of $$A$$.

One obtains an isomorphic group (indeed, a conjugate subgroup of GL(p + q)) by replacing g with any symmetric matrix with p positive eigenvalues and q negative ones. Diagonalizing this matrix gives a conjugation of this group with the standard group O(p, q).

Subgroups
The group SO+(p, q) and related subgroups of O(p, q) can be described algebraically. Partition a matrix L in O(p, q) as a block matrix:
 * $$L = \begin{pmatrix}

A & B \\ C & D \end{pmatrix} $$ where A, B, C, and D are p×p, p×q, q×p, and q×q blocks, respectively. It can be shown that the set of matrices in O(p, q) whose upper-left p×p block A has positive determinant is a subgroup. Or, to put it another way, if
 * $$L = \begin{pmatrix}

A & B \\ C & D \end{pmatrix} \;\mathrm{and}\; M = \begin{pmatrix} W & X \\ Y & Z \end{pmatrix} $$ are in O(p, q), then
 * $$(\sgn \det A)(\sgn \det W) = \sgn \det (AW+BY).$$

The analogous result for the bottom-right q×q block also holds. The subgroup SO+(p, q) consists of matrices L such that det A and det D are both positive.

For all matrices L in O(p, q), the determinants of A and D have the property that $\frac{\det A}{\det D} = \det L$ and that $$|\det A| = |\det D| \ge 1.$$ In particular, the subgroup SO(p, q) consists of matrices L such that det A and det D have the same sign.

Topology
Assuming both p and q are positive, neither of the groups O(p, q) nor SO(p, q) are connected, having four and two components respectively. π0(O(p, q)) ≅ C2 × C2 is the Klein four-group, with each factor being whether an element preserves or reverses the respective orientations on the p and q dimensional subspaces on which the form is definite; note that reversing orientation on only one of these subspaces reverses orientation on the whole space. The special orthogonal group has components π0(SO(p, q)) = {(1, 1), (−1, −1)}, each of which either preserves both orientations or reverses both orientations, in either case preserving the overall orientation.

The identity component of O(p, q) is often denoted SO+(p, q) and can be identified with the set of elements in SO(p, q) that preserve both orientations. This notation is related to the notation O+(1, 3) for the orthochronous Lorentz group, where the + refers to preserving the orientation on the first (temporal) dimension.

The group O(p, q) is also not compact, but contains the compact subgroups O(p) and O(q) acting on the subspaces on which the form is definite. In fact, O(p) × O(q) is a maximal compact subgroup of O(p, q), while S(O(p) × O(q)) is a maximal compact subgroup of SO(p, q). Likewise, SO(p) × SO(q) is a maximal compact subgroup of SO+(p, q). Thus, the spaces are homotopy equivalent to products of (special) orthogonal groups, from which algebro-topological invariants can be computed. (See Maximal compact subgroup.)

In particular, the fundamental group of SO+(p, q) is the product of the fundamental groups of the components, π1(SO+(p, q)) = π1(SO(p)) × π1(SO(q)), and is given by:
 * {| border="1" cellpadding="11" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #aaa solid;"

!style="background:#efefef;"| π1(SO+(p, q)) !style="background:#efefef;"| p = 1 !style="background:#efefef;"| p = 2 !style="background:#efefef;"| p ≥ 3 !style="background:#efefef;"| q = 1 !style="background:#efefef;"| q = 2 || Z × C2 !style="background:#efefef;"| q ≥ 3 || C2 × C2
 * C1 || Z || C2
 * Z || Z × Z
 * C2 || C2 × Z
 * }

Split orthogonal group
In even dimensions, the middle group O(n, n) is known as the split orthogonal group, and is of particular interest, as it occurs as the group of T-duality transformations in string theory, for example. It is the split Lie group corresponding to the complex Lie algebra so2n (the Lie group of the split real form of the Lie algebra); more precisely, the identity component is the split Lie group, as non-identity components cannot be reconstructed from the Lie algebra. In this sense it is opposite to the definite orthogonal group O(n) := O(n, 0) = O(0, n), which is the compact real form of the complex Lie algebra.

The group SO(1, 1) may be identified with the group of unit split-complex numbers.

In terms of being a group of Lie type – i.e., construction of an algebraic group from a Lie algebra – split orthogonal groups are Chevalley groups, while the non-split orthogonal groups require a slightly more complicated construction, and are Steinberg groups.

Split orthogonal groups are used to construct the generalized flag variety over non-algebraically closed fields.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indefinite orthogonal group


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G2

G2, G02, G.II, G II, or G-2 may refer to:

Fiction

 * Transformers: Generation 2: Part of the Transformers franchise, lasting 1992-1995
 * Transformers: Generation 2 (comics), by Marvel Comics
 * G2, an android in the movie Inspector Gadget 2

Science and mathematics

 * G2, a stellar classification
 * G2 (mathematics), an exceptional Lie group
 * G2, a soil erosion model
 * G2 gas cloud, an astronomical object on a collision course with the super massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way
 * G2 phase, part of the cell cycle
 * ATC code G02 Other gynecologicals, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 * Ovoglobulin G2, a protein in egg white
 * Haplogroup G2, a subclade of Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)
 * g−2, the notation for the anomalous magnetic dipole moment in physics
 * Muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab (E989)
 * g(2), degree of second order coherence in quantum optics
 * G2, an informal group of fossil bird eggs from the Gobi desert that were later named Gobioolithus major

Computing

 * Extreme-G 2, a 1998 Nintendo 64 game
 * G2, a model of PowerPC
 * Gnutella2, the P2P file sharing Network
 * HTC Hero mobile phone, aka G2 Touch
 * LG G2, an Android smartphone developed by LG Electronics
 * T-Mobile G2, an Android smartphone made by HTC for T-Mobile USA
 * Cook Codec or RealAudio G2, an audio compression method

Commerce and industry

 * G2 Crowd, a peer-to-peer review site
 * Gatorade G2, a soft drink
 * Canon PowerShot G2, a digital camera
 * Contax G2, the second Contax G camera
 * Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2, a digital camera
 * Slacker G2, a portable audio device for the Slacker music service

Transportation

 * County Route G2 (California), also known as Lawrence Expressway
 * G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway, China
 * Glasspar G2, a sports car
 * Grumman Gulfstream II, a business jet built
 * Fiat G.2, a 1932 Italian transport aircraft
 * Galactic 02 (G02), a suborbital tourist spaceflight on 10 August 2023 from Virgin Galactic
 * G2, the Avirex Gabon IATA airline designator
 * G2, a class of driver's license in Ontario, Canada
 * Pontiac G2, a hatchback sold in Mexico

Military

 * G2, a designation in NATO's Continental staff system, related to Military Intelligence
 * G-2 (intelligence), the United States Army unit
 * Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland), commonly referred to as "G2"
 * Dirección de Inteligencia, Cuba, also referred to as "G2"
 * Pindad G2, a handgun produced by Pindad
 * AEG G.II, a German World War I bomber
 * Albatros G.II, a 1916 German biplane bomber prototype
 * Friedrichshafen G.II, a 1916 German medium bomber aircraft
 * HMAS Nestor (G02), a 1940 Royal Australian Navy N-class destroyer
 * Gotha G.II, a German bomber during World War I
 * Soko G-2, a 1961 Yugoslavian two-seat aircraft
 * USS G-2 (SS-27), an American submarine

Other uses

 * G2, The Guardian weekday supplement
 * G2 Esports, a European eSports organization
 * Group of Two, a proposed informal special relationship between the United States and China
 * G-2 visa, a nonimmigrant visa which allows travel to the United States
 * G2 (rapper), the stage name of South Korean rapper Kevin Hwang
 * G2, a block of character codes in the Teletext character set
 * G2 (film), an upcoming Indian Telugu-language action spy film sequel to Goodachari

title: G2


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F4 (band)

F4 (Flower Four) or JVKV was a Taiwanese boy band consisting of Jerry Yan, Vanness Wu, Ken Chu, and Vic Chou. The group F4 was formed in 2001 after the Taiwanese drama Meteor Garden that they starred in was widely successful. Together they have starred in several Taiwanese drama series and released three albums, Meteor Rain (2001), Fantasy 4ever (2002), and Waiting for You (2007).

According to Forbes, F4 has sold 3.5 million copies of their first two albums all over Asia as of July 2003. In 2007, due to copyright issues, the group changed its name to JVKV, using the descending age of the initials of its members. Other than their country of origin, Taiwan, they have also attained popularity in other parts of Asia, such as the Philippines, mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, and South Korea.

2001: Formation and Meteor Garden
The group formed as a result of the success of a Taiwanese drama series, Meteor Garden. The series is an adaptation of the Japanese shōjo manga series Hana Yori Dango. Yan plays the lead role of Dao Ming Si, an extremely arrogant and rich university student who meets his match in the poor but proud girl, Shan Cai. Chou, Wu and Chu play as his friends Hua Ze Lei, Mei Zuo, and Xi Men, respectively. In the series, the four guys identify themselves as a group called "Flower Four", or often shortened as F4.

Meteor Garden was released in Taiwan in 2001 and turned the leads into stars virtually overnight. In 2002 Meteor Garden was released in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, Korea and the Philippines in 2003. The series was aired on Xing Kong channel, and was later remade in China. A sequel, Meteor Garden II, was shot in Spain later and released in 2002.

2001–04: Musical venture, Meteor Rain, and Fantasy 4ever
In 2001, F4 became a boy band and signed a record deal with Sony Music Taiwan. In the same year they released their debut album, Meteor Rain, and in the following year they released Fantasy 4ever. The album includes the Mandarin version of "Can't Help Falling in Love" that they recorded for the Asian version of Walt Disney's Lilo & Stitch soundtrack, a Mandarin version of "Yo Te Amo" by Chayanne, and a Pepsi advertisement theme song "Ask For More".

In 2003, they embarked on an Asian tour to support Fantasy 4ever, and went on an unannounced hiatus in 2004 afterwards as the members began to focus on their solo careers.

2007–08: Waiting for You and name change to JVKV
On April 29, 2007, Meteor Garden producer Angie Chai announced that the group would no longer be known as F4. The change in name stemmed from copyright-related issues. Japanese publisher Shueisha, who owns the copyright to Hana Yori Dango allowed the group to use F4 as its band name in 2001. However, as Japan had filmed and aired its own live action versions of the popular manga, with its own cast of four, the publisher felt that there may be confusion over the name in different countries. Due to this conflict, the group was renamed JVKV using the first initials of each of the group's members. According to the producer, the members are listed in the new name by the order of their birth dates from oldest to youngest, thus Vanness Wu's name appears before Vic Chou's.

Despite rumours of disbanding, JVKV released their third album, Waiting For You, on December 28, 2007. Their third album still bore the name F4, not JVKV. F4 were the first foreign artists to hold 7 consecutive concerts in Japan.

2013: Jiangsu TV's Spring Festival
In January 2013, the group was confirmed to perform at Jiangsu TV's Spring Festival in China along with Harlem Yu. The performance was taped in Beijing on January 30, 2013, and was aired on February 10, 2013. It was their first performance together in four years. During the show, they hinted that they were going to have a concert tour in China, which did not come to fruition.

Solo projects
JVKV are also individually concentrating on their solo careers in both acting and music. Three of them appeared in Wish To See You Again, starring Chou and Chu, while Wu made a few guest appearances in a few episodes. Due to scheduling conflicts, Yan did not star in the series; his part was played by Kingone Wang. Yan filmed a series in Taiwan alongside Wu Chun of Fahrenheit and Show Lo, called Hot Shot otherwise known as 篮球火 which was released in the Summer 2008.

Jerry Yan
In August 2004, Yan came out with his first solo album titled, The First Time (第一次 Jerry for You). He's acted in Taiwanese drama series such as Spicy Teacher, Meteor Garden, its sequel Meteor Garden 2, Meteor Rain, Come to My Place, Love Scar, The Hospital, and made a movie, Magic Kitchen 魔幻廚房 (2004). Hot Shot (2008) was broadcast in Taiwan, and Starlit aired in Taiwan in 2009; and Down With Love.

Vanness Wu
Wu focused his attention on both movies and music. He first released a solo album titled Body Will Sing in 2002, and has since released several more albums. He also has been featured in several music videos, such as "Ai Cuo" with Wang Leehom, the Chinese version of "Crazy in Love" with Beyoncé, and Coco Lee's "Hip Hop Tonight". Besides music, he also has been acting as well, notably in Autumn's Concerto (下一站，幸福) with Ady An. He also has been involved with several big-screen movies such as Star Runner, Kung Fu Fighter, Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon, and Dragon Squad, among others. He also took part in China's Jiangsu TV's "Stars in Danger: The High Dive" (星跳水立方). As of 2013, he has released two Japanese albums, Reflections and Reason. He has also collaborated with Kangta from H.O.T on the album Scandal, which was produced by SM Entertainment.

Vic Chou
Chou was the first JVKV member to release a solo album. He has since came out with 3 solo albums, Make a Wish (2002), Remember I Love You (2004), and I'm not F4 (2007).

He was also on the big hits "love storm" with other fellow JVKV member, Ken Zu.

Ken Chu
Chu released his own cookbook, Delicious Relations (美味關係) in 2006, after starring in a string of idol dramas. He has also starred in at least one drama per year since 2001, except 2005, where he came out with his own solo album, On Ken's Time. He has released his 2nd solo album "Getting Real" in January 2009.

title: F4 (band)


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Talk:John Zorn

camo
What happened to John Zorn's legs? They seem to be missing in every picture. I should think that rates an entire new section; his accomplishments are monumental for a legless man.24.14.161.114 (talk) 17:50, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

 * @24.14.161.114 I assume his legs are in his pants. You can see his pants when you scroll down. 84.106.228.86 (talk) 16:34, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Zorn


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MicroProse

MicroProse is an American video game publisher and developer founded by Bill Stealey, Sid Meier, and Andy Hollis in 1982. It developed and published numerous games, including starting the Civilization and X-COM series. Most of their internally developed titles were vehicle simulation and strategy games.

In 1993, the company lost most of its UK-based personnel and became a subsidiary of Spectrum HoloByte. Subsequent cuts and corporate policies led to Sid Meier, Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds leaving and forming Firaxis Games in 1996, as MicroProse closed its ex-Simtex development studio in Austin, Texas. In 1998, following an unsuccessful buyout attempt by GT Interactive, the struggling MicroProse (Spectrum HoloByte) became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hasbro Interactive and its development studios in Alameda, California, and Chapel Hill, North Carolina, were closed the following year. In 2001, MicroProse ceased to exist as an entity and Hasbro Interactive sold the MicroProse intellectual properties to Infogrames Entertainment, SA. MicroProse UK's former main office in Chipping Sodbury was closed in 2002, followed by the company's former headquarters in Hunt Valley, Maryland, in 2003.

The brand was revived in 2007 when Interactive Game Group acquired it from Atari Interactive, formerly Infogrames. The MicroProse brand was licensed to the Legacy Engineering Group for consumer electronics. Cybergun owned the MicroProse brand from 2010 to 2018, which was then acquired by David Lagettie working with Stealey.

1980s
In summer 1982, mutual friends who knew of their shared interest in aviation arranged for retired military pilot Bill Stealey and computer programmer Sid Meier to meet in Las Vegas. After Meier surprised Stealey by repeatedly defeating him when playing Red Baron, he explained that he had analyzed the game's programming to predict future actions and claimed that he could design a better home computer game in one week. Stealey promised to sell the game if Meier could develop it. Although Meier needed two months to produce Hellcat Ace, Stealey sold 50 copies in his first sales appointment and the game became the first product of their new company. They planned to name it Smugger's Software, but chose MicroProse. (In 1987 the company agreed to change its name to avoid confusion with MicroPro International, but MicroPro decided to rename itself after its WordStar word processor). MicroProse became profitable in its second month and had $10 million in sales by 1986.

MicroProse advertised its first batch of games in 1982, under the headline "Experience the MicroProse Challenge!!!" All three were written by Sid Meier for the Atari 8-bit computers: platform game Floyd of the Jungle, 2D shooter Chopper Rescue, and first-person airplane combat game Hellcat Ace. Hellcat Ace began a series of increasingly sophisticated 8-bit flight simulation games, including Spitfire Ace (1982) and Solo Flight (1983), that defined the company.

In 1983, MicroProse ported Floyd of the Jungle to the Commodore 64, their first product for that machine. By 1984, the company had begun supporting the Apple II and IBM PC compatibles. MicroProse released the air traffic control game Kennedy Approach, written by Andy Hollis, in 1985. Conflict in Vietnam (1986) was the final MicroProse title for the Atari 8-bit line.

By 1987, Computer Gaming World considered MicroProse one of the top five computer game companies, alongside likes of Activision and Electronic Arts.

MicroProse also started a branch in the United Kingdom to cross-publish titles in Europe, and to import some European titles to be published in the United States. Notable products from this period include simulation games F-15 Strike Eagle, F-19 Stealth Fighter, Gunship, Project Stealth Fighter, Red Storm Rising and Silent Service, and action-strategy games such as Sid Meier's Pirates! and Sword of the Samurai. Several games from different developers were also published by MicroProse under the labels "Firebird" and "Rainbird" (acquired after buying Telecomsoft in May 1989), including Mr. Heli, Midwinter and Core Design's Rick Dangerous. During the same period, MicroProse created two labels: MicroStyle (UK), and MicroPlay Software (US), using them for publishing a variety of externally developed games, such as Challenge of the Five Realms, Command HQ, Global Conquest, Elite Plus, Flames of Freedom, Rick Dangerous, Stunt Car Racer, Xenophobe and XF5700 Mantis. By the late 1980s, the company maintained a division, Medialist International, in order to distribute and develop independent titles that was publish through the MicroPlay and MicroProse labels.

1990s
In the early 1990s, MicroProse released the strategy games Sid Meier's Railroad Tycoon and Sid Meier's Civilization, designed by Meier and developed by its internal division, MPS Labs, on multiple platforms. Critically acclaimed, both of them quickly became two of the bestselling strategy games of all time and spawned multiple sequels. Some of MicroProse's simulation games from the 1980s received remakes in the early 1990s, such as Night Hawk: F-117A Stealth Fighter 2.0, Silent Service II and Gunship 2000, and made some first cautious attempts to expand into the console market with F-117A Stealth Fighter and Super Strike Eagle (MicroProse also ported several of their titles to the 16- and 32-bit consoles during the mid-1990s). Brand new simulation and strategy titles included 1942: The Pacific Air War, Dogfight, Fields of Glory, Formula One Grand Prix, Harrier Jump Jet, Knights of the Sky, Starlord, Subwar 2050 and Task Force 1942.

MicroProse attempted to diversify beyond its niche roots as a sim and strategy game company, looking for opportunities into the arcade game industry. MicroProse designed further action-strategy titles such as Covert Action (also designed by Sid Meier) and Hyperspeed, and experimented with the role-playing genre by developing BloodNet and Darklands (in addition to publishing The Legacy: Realm of Terror). The company invested a large sum of money to create its arcade game division as well as their own graphic adventure game engine. Meier felt that Stealey was taking the company in a risky direction, and the two could not work out their differences. Meier opted to quietly sell Stealey his share of the company but remained on in the same apparent role for all other purposes to the rest of the staff and their customers to allow Stealey to proceed in this direction.

The arcade division did not perform well, and was canceled after making only two games: F-15 Strike Eagle: The Arcade Game and Battle of the Solar System (both of which featured high-end 3D graphics but failed to become popular as they were too different from existing machines), while the adventure game engine was used for just three games: Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender, Return of the Phantom and Dragonsphere, before it was sold off to Sanctuary Woods.

In August 1991, MicroProse filed for an initial public offering. The company hoped to raise $18 million to help repay debts from its unsuccessful arcade games. In 1992 MicroProse acquired Paragon Software. It also acquired Leeds-based flight simulation developer Vektor Grafix, which had already developed titles for them (such as B-17 Flying Fortress), turning it into a satellite development studio named MicroProse Leeds.

Under Spectrum HoloByte (1993–1998)
In December 1993, following Black Wednesday in the UK, MicroProse Software Inc. merged with Spectrum HoloByte, another game company that specialized in simulation games, to form MicroProse Inc. Bill Stealey, who was good friends with Spectrum HoloByte president Gilman Louie, convinced Louie to help MicroProse as Stealey was afraid that some bank would not understand the company culture. MicroProse UK was forced to close its two satellite studios of MicroProse in northern England and dispose of over 40 staff at its Chipping Sodbury head office (Microprose Chipping Sodbury). A core group of artists, designers, and programmers left MicroProse UK to join Psygnosis, which opened an office in Stroud specifically to attract ex-MicroProse employees. In 1994, Stealey departed MicroProse and Spectrum HoloByte agreed to buy out his shares. He later commented, "Spectrum Holobyte had a lot of cash and very few products. Microprose had a lot of products and no cash. It was a great marriage, but the new company only needed one chairman, so I resigned." Stealey went on to found an independent game company Interactive Magic (also specializing in vehicle simulators and strategy games), while Andy Hollis departed for Origin Systems, and Sandy Petersen joined id Software.

Spectrum Holobyte managed to line up licenses, including Top Gun (Top Gun: Fire At Will), Magic: The Gathering (Magic: The Gathering), Star Trek: The Next Generation (A Final Unity, Birth of the Federation, Klingon Honor Guard) and MechWarrior (MechCommander, MechWarrior 3). Strategy game X-COM: UFO Defense proved to be an unanticipated hit in 1994, spawning multiple sequels. In 1996, Spectrum HoloByte/MicroProse bought out Simtex, earlier a developer of MicroProse-published bestsellers Master of Orion and Master of Magic. Simtex was re-branded as MicroProse Texas (Master of Orion II: Battle at Antares), based in Austin, Texas. Other MicroProse developed and/or published games during that period included 7th Legion, Addiction Pinball, AEGIS: Guardian of the Fleet, Civilization II, Dark Earth, F-15 Strike Eagle III, Fleet Defender, Grand Prix 2, Pizza Tycoon, Sid Meier's Colonization, Tinhead, Transport Tycoon, X-COM: Apocalypse, X-COM: Interceptor and X-COM: Terror from the Deep. Insufficient financial resources largely prevented MicroProse from developing games for other game platforms, therefore MicroProse concentrated on the PC game market.

MicroProse Software continued as separate subsidiary company under Spectrum HoloByte until 1996. That year, Spectrum HoloByte started cutting a majority of the MicroProse staff to reduce costs. Soon after, it consolidated all of its titles under the MicroProse brand (essentially renaming itself MicroProse). MicroProse's remaining co-founder Sid Meier, along with Jeff Briggs and Brian Reynolds, departed the company after the staff cut, forming a new company named Firaxis Games.

On October 5, 1997, GT Interactive announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire MicroProse for $250 million in stock. The deal was unanimously approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. After the announcement MicroProse's stock price reached $7 a share. GT Interactive expected the deal to be completed by the end of that year. The acquisition was canceled on December 5, as according to both CEOs "the time is simply not right" for the deal. MicroProse's stock plummeted to just $2.31 after the announcement of the deal's cancellation, and the company had estimated losses of $7–10 million during the third quarter of 1997 which are largely attributed to dislocations caused by the aborted merger. According to Computer Gaming World, the merger was annulled due to a "fundamental" disagreement over how the joint company would be writing off its research and development costs, as MicroProse insisted to keep their method of paying off the developer immediately.

In November 1997, MicroProse was sued by both Avalon Hill (who had the U.S. publishing rights to the name Civilization) and Activision for copyright infringement. MicroProse responded by buying Hartland Trefoil, which was the original designer and manufacturer of the Civilization board game, and then sued Avalon Hill and Activision for trademark infringement and unfair business practices as a result of Activision's decision to develop and publish Civilization video games. Because Hasbro was negotiating the acquisition of both Avalon Hill and MicroProse, the lawsuits were settled in July 1998. Under the terms of the settlement MicroProse became the sole owner of the rights of the name Civilization and Activision acquired a license to publish a Civilization video game which was later titled Civilization: Call to Power.

Under Hasbro Interactive (1998–2001)
In preparation for its sale, MicroProse closed down its studio in Austin in June 1998; as a result of the closure, 35 employees lost their jobs. On August 14, 1998, Hasbro issued a $70 million cash tender offer to purchase all MicroProse's shares for $6 each. This deal was completed on September 14, when Hasbro bought 91% of MicroProse's shares and announced that MicroProse had become a wholly owned subsidiary. The remaining shares would also be acquired for $6 in cash. MicroProse was merged with Hasbro Interactive. At the time of Hasbro's acquisition, MicroProse had 343 employees, including 135 at Alameda, California (MicroProse Alameda), with a total operating cost of $20 million per year. Besides the development studio in Alameda, MicroProse had three other studios: Hunt Valley, Maryland (Microprose, Hunt Valley); Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Chipping Sodbury, England.

In December 1998, MicroProse finally managed to publish Falcon 4.0 (in development by Spectrum HoloByte since 1992), to disappointing sales. In December 1999, Hasbro Interactive closed down former MicroProse studios in Alameda and Chapel Hill. Among titles in development that got canceled during that period was X-COM: Genesis. The last MicroProse developed game under Hasbro, B-17 Flying Fortress: The Mighty 8th, was published in 2000.

Under Infogrames (2001–2003)
In January 2001, after French game publisher Infogrames Entertainment, SA (IESA) took over Hasbro Interactive for $100 million, the company was renamed to Infogrames Interactive. and the long development of X-COM: Alliance was finally aborted.

Infogrames began to slowly phase out the brand name, with many MicroProse branded titles that were previously released by Hasbro being reissued with Infogrames' logo on the packaging. The final two games branded under the MicroProse name were Tactical Ops: Assault on Terror and Grand Prix 4. The two remaining MicroProse studios were also renamed under Infogrames branding as well, becoming Infogrames Hunt Valley and Infogrames Chippenham respectively. Infogrames would later shut down the Chippenham studio in September 2002.

Infogrames intermittently used the Atari name as a brand name for selected titles before officially changing the U.S. subsidiary's name to Atari, Inc. in 2003., with the Hunt Valley briefly being renamed as "Atari Hunt Valley". In November 2003, Atari closed the last former MicroProse development studio in Hunt Valley, which was MicroProse's original location and had just completed work on Dungeons & Dragons: Heroes. However, several game developers now exist in the area, including Firaxis Games and BreakAway Games, who all owe their origin to MicroProse.

Brand sale to Interactive Game Group and Cybergun Group (2007–2019)
In 2007, the MicroProse brand name was sold by Atari Interactive to the Interactive Game Group, a producer of video game titles. The company filed for transfer of trademark protection on December 27, 2007. Originally, it was unclear if MicroProse's titles and intellectual properties were also acquired by the Interactive Game Group from Atari/Infogrames, but was soon confirmed that the latter had remained the owners of the properties.

In January 2008, the Interactive Game Group sub-licensed the MicroProse brand and trademark to I-Drs At in January 2008. The company also licensed the MicroProse brand to the Legacy Engineering Group (LEG), which used the license to form subsidiaries called Microprose Systems and Microprose Consumer Electronics Division, selling consumer electronics from February 2008 to the second half of 2008. In October, the licensing agreement between LEG and Frederic Chesnais, owner of Interactive Game Group, was discontinued, forcing LEG to rebrand its subsidiaries to Legacy Consumer Electronics.

In 2010, the Cybergun Group, manufacturer of airsoft gun products, merged with the Interactive Game Group, acquiring the MicroProse brand within the merger. In 2011, the Interactive Game Group was rebranded under the MicroProse name and began licensing and executive producing various casual and budget video game titles that the Interactive Game Group had already licensed including Jaws: Ultimate Predator and fitness games featuring Jullian Michaels. In August 2012, MicroProse announced that they would re-partner with their former owner Atari to release Special Forces: Team X for 2013. The MicroProse brand continued in use until the end of 2013, when it's domain lapsed and the brand fell into dormancy.

On July 22, 2013, during the Atari bankruptcy sale, most of MicroProse's former IPs that remained with the publisher were sold to Tommo. In October 2014, Tommo announced the launch of the "Retroism" brand and re-released a majority of MicroProse's catalogue through digital media platforms such as Steam.

Brand revival (2018–present)

In 2018, David Lagettie, an Australian simulation software entrepreneur and one of the makers of TitanIM open world military simulation software, purchased the MicroProse brand from the Cybergun Group. Lagettie was a former developer for Bohemia Interactive at their Australian studios before starting his own company to create video game simulators to be used by military groups. Lagettie had been a fan of the original MicroProse games growing up, and as he saw the games ownership transition made the company eventually disappear, he started investigating the fate of MicroProse around 2005. When possible, he began buying whatever IP from MicroProse he could, including the name and original logo trademarks. In February 2019, MicroProse was officially revived as a full publisher of video game and simulation titles, working with the iEntertainment Network on the WarBirds series of combat flight simulators. Within the rest of 2019, MicroProse announced Sea Power: Naval Combat in the Missile Age by the developer Triassic Games AB, Task Force Admiral - Vol.1: American Carrier Battles by Drydock Dreams Games, Operation: Harsh Doorstop by Drakeling Labs, and Warfare 1944 by Drakeling Labs. Lagettie's acquisitions drew the attention of Stealey, who subsequently inquired Lagettie about his plans, leading to Stealey joining Lagettie in an unofficial manner in the new MicroProse.

The new company announced in May 2020 the first of three new games to be released for personal computers: Triassic Games' Sea Power, Drydock Dreams' Task Force Admiral, and Hexdraw's Second Front, with about twenty additional titles planned out for publishing in the future. Lagettie said that while the new MicroProse will branch out to other genres such as adventure and racing games, their core portfolio will be centered on combat-based ones.

MicroProse re-released B-17 Flying Fortress on Steam in November 2021. On May 4, 2023, the company announced it had re-acquired the copyright to the Falcon (series).

Games
Games by MicroProse include Civilization (1991), Civilization II (1996), Darklands (1992), F-15 Strike Eagle (1985), F-19 Stealth Fighter (1988), Formula One Grand Prix (1992), Grand Prix 2 (1995), Grand Prix World (1999), Gunship (1986), Lightspeed (1990), M1 Tank Platoon (1989), Master of Magic (1994), Master of Orion (1993), Master of Orion II (1996), Midwinter (1989), Pirates! (1987), Project Stealth Fighter (1987), Railroad Tycoon (1990), Red Storm Rising (1988), Silent Service (1985), and X-COM: UFO Defense (1994).

Legacy
Sid Meier, who now works at Firaxis Games, eventually got the rights of most of his games back under his control from Atari Inc. Railroad Tycoon series rights was sold to PopTop Software, who developed Railroad Tycoon II and Railroad Tycoon 3. Eventually, Poptop was acquired by Take-Two Interactive, which later also acquired Firaxis as well, thus returning the rights to the series to Meier, resulting in Sid Meier's Railroads!, released by Take-Two's 2K Games along with a new Sid Meier's Pirates! and the new Civilization games, including Sid Meier's Civilization III, Sid Meier's Civilization IV, Sid Meier's Civilization V, Sid Meier's Civilization IV: Colonization and Sid Meier's Civilization Revolution. Firaxis Games also developed the X-COM series' reboot XCOM: Enemy Unknown, which was followed by 2K Marin's spin-off The Bureau: XCOM Declassified.

Master of Orion III was developed by Quicksilver Software and released under the Infogrames label. Falcon 4.0 rights were sold to Graphsim Entertainment, who developed Falcon 4.0: Allied Force.

title: MicroProse


text:
Edgar Lee Masters

Edgar Lee Masters (August 23, 1868 – March 5, 1950) was an American attorney, poet, biographer, and dramatist. He is the author of Spoon River Anthology, The New Star Chamber and Other Essays, Songs and Satires, The Great Valley, The Serpent in the Wilderness, An Obscure Tale, The Spleen, Mark Twain: A Portrait, Lincoln: The Man, and Illinois Poems. In all, Masters published twelve plays, twenty-one books of poetry, six novels and six biographies, including those of Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, Vachel Lindsay, and Walt Whitman.

Life and career
He was born in Garnett, Kansas, to attorney Hardin Wallace Masters and Emma Jerusha Dexter. His father had briefly moved to set up a law practice, then soon moved back to his paternal grandparents' farm near Petersburg in Menard County, Illinois. In 1880 they moved to Lewistown, Illinois, where he attended high school and had his first publication in the Chicago Daily News. The culture around Lewistown, in addition to the town's cemetery at Oak Hill and the nearby Spoon River, were the inspirations for many of his works, most notably Spoon River Anthology, his most famous and acclaimed work.

He attended Knox Academy in 1889–1890, a now defunct preparatory program run by Knox College, but was forced to leave by his family's inability to finance his education. After working in his father's law office, he was admitted to the Illinois bar and moved to Chicago, where he established a law partnership in 1893 with the law firm of Kickham Scanlan. He married twice. In 1898 he married Helen M. Jenkins, the daughter of Robert Edwin Jenkins, a lawyer in Chicago, and had three children. From 1903 to 1911, Masters was partners in the firm of Darrow, Masters and Wilson with Clarence Darrow, the famous trial lawyer, and Francis S. Wilson, who later served as Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court. In 1911 he started his own law firm, despite three years of unrest (1908–1911) caused by extramarital affairs and an argument with Darrow.

Two of his children followed him with literary careers. His daughter Marcia Masters pursued poetry, while his son Hilary Masters became a novelist. Hilary and his half-brother Hardin wrote a memoir of their father.

Masters died in poverty at a nursing home on March 5, 1950, in Melrose Park, Pennsylvania, age 81. He is buried in Oakland cemetery in Petersburg, Illinois. His epitaph includes his poem, "To-morrow is My Birthday" from Toward the Gulf (1918):

"Good friends, let's to the fields ... After a little walk, and by your pardon, I think I'll sleep. There is no sweeter thing, Nor fate more blessed than to sleep.

I am a dream out of a blessed sleep – Let's walk, and hear the lark."

Family history
Edgar's father was Hardin Wallace Masters, whose father was Squire Davis Masters, whose father was Thomas Masters, whose father was Hillery Masters, the son of Robert Masters (born c. 1715, Prince George's County, Maryland, the son of William W. Masters and wife Mary Veatch Masters). Edgar Lee Masters wrote in his autobiography, Across Spoon River (1936), that his ancestor Hillery Masters was the son of "Knotteley" Masters, but family genealogies show that Hillery and Notley Masters were, in fact, brothers.

Poetry
Masters first published his early poems and essays under the pseudonym Dexter Wallace (after his mother's maiden name and his father's middle name) until the year 1903, when he joined the law firm of Clarence Darrow. Masters began developing as a notable American poet in 1914, when he began a series of poems (this time under the pseudonym Webster Ford) about his childhood experiences in western Illinois, which appeared in Reedy's Mirror, a St. Louis publication.

In 1915 the series was bound into a volume and re-titled Spoon River Anthology. Years later, he wrote a memorable and invaluable account of the book's background and genesis, his working methods and influences, as well as its reception by the critics, favorable and hostile, in an autobiographical article notable for its human warmth and general interest.

Although he never matched the success of Spoon River Anthology, he published several other volumes of poems including Book of Verses in 1898, Songs and Sonnets in 1910, The Great Valley in 1916, Song and Satires in 1916, The Open Sea in 1921, The New Spoon River in 1924, Lee in 1926, Jack Kelso in 1928, Lichee Nuts in 1930, Gettysburg, Manila, Acoma in 1930, Godbey, sequel to Jack Kelso in 1931, The Serpent in the Wilderness in 1933, Richmond in 1934, Invisible Landscapes in 1935, The Golden Fleece of California in 1936, Poems of People in 1936, The New World in 1937, and More People in 1939. Two of his later volumes were published by the Decker Press after its founder, James Decker, asked Masters for permission to print his work; Masters agreed and Illinois Poems was published in 1941 and Along the Illinois was released in 1942.

Poetry

 * A Book of Verses (1898)
 * Songs and Sonnets (1910)
 * Spoon River Anthology (1915)
 * Songs and Satires (1916)
 * The Great Valley (New York: Macmillan Co., 1916)
 * Toward the Gulf (New York: Macmillan Co., 1918)
 * Starved Rock (New York: Macmillan Co., 1919)
 * Domesday Book (New York: Macmillan Co., 1920)
 * The Open Sea (New York: Macmillan Co., 1921)
 * The New Spoon River (New York: Macmillan Co., 1924)
 * Selected Poems (1925)
 * Lee: A Dramatic Poem (1926)
 * Jack Kelso: A Dramatic Poem (1928)
 * Lichee Nuts (1930)
 * Godbey: A Dramatic Poem (1931), sequel to Jack Kelso (1920)
 * The Serpent in the Wilderness (1933)
 * Richmond: A Dramatic Poem (1934)
 * Invisible Landscapes (1935)
 * Poems of People (1936)
 * The Golden Fleece of California (1936) (poetic narrative)
 * The New World (1937)
 * More People (1939)
 * Illinois Poems (1941)
 * Along the Illinois (1942)

Biographies

 * Levy Mayer and the New Industrial Era (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927). Chicago attorney Levy Mayer (1858–1922)
 * Lincoln: The Man (1931)
 * Vachel Lindsay: A Poet in America (1935)
 * Across Spoon River: An Autobiography (memoir) (1939)
 * Whitman (1937)
 * Mark Twain: A Portrait (1938)

Books

 * Maxmilian: A Drama (1902)
 * The New Star Chamber and Other Essays (1904)
 * The Blood of the Prophets (1905) (play)
 * Althea (1907) (play)
 * The Trifler (1908) (play)
 * Mitch Miller (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1920) (novel)
 * Children of the Market Place (New York: Macmillan Co., 1922) (novel)
 * Skeeters Kirby (1923) (novel)
 * The Nuptial Flight (1923) (novel)
 * Mirage (1924)
 * Kit O'Brien (1927) (novel)
 * The Fate of the Jury: An Epilogue to Domesday Book (1929)
 * Gettysburg, Manila, Acoma: Three Plays (1930)
 * The Tale of Chicago (1933)
 * The Tide of Time (1937) (novel)
 * The Sangamon (Rivers of America Series, 1942), (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988)

Awards and honors

Masters was awarded the Mark Twain Silver Medal in 1936, the Poetry Society of America medal in 1941, the Academy of American Poets Fellowship in 1942, and the Shelly Memorial Award in 1944. In 2014, he was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.

title: Edgar Lee Masters


text:
Talk:Teledildonics

Untitled
Um https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Flyer22_Frozen are you suggesting this ugly linkless situation should pertain? Really? I am not sure I know what the author's intent was but at least I am trying.

Found an external link to the 'cyber glove' on another page and added it here. Not sure if this qualifies as a reliable citation, though, so I left the "citation needed." Also capitalized the link into 'Cyber Glove.' Anonymous

Fuckingmachines I´m removing the link to that site, come on guys that´s just porn. Not entirely sure this is what you're after - but I thought I'd add these things as they seem to suggest that Teledildonics is more than hypothetical - its becoming actuality Melody

"However, there are as yet no verifiable reports of haptic technology being used for sex."
 * Unless, of course, someone here knows better? Have any haptic researchers taken the glove home, and hooked up with their sweetie over the Net? Please, let us know! -- Karada 23:20, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)

try this: http://www.tinynibbles.com/teledildonics.html

And here's a site devoted to it: http://www.slashdong.org/ K K 08:49, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Remote Electrosex I wanted to suggest that you take remote electrosex into consideration for maybe being a point on this page. I can write the part if you like or you can find out yourself and have fun :D It is possible to have "long-distance" sex through the Internet with the help of electrosex - mutual or one active and one/many passive part(s). More than 3 different projects have shown during the last 20 years that it is possible and there were people using the software and there are still today, it really works quite well.

To your deletion suggestion: If I may say, this site is not dead :) There are lots of new and nice interesting things not only on opendildonics but on other sites too - there are even conferences each year in San Fransicso, it would be a pitty if you deleted this.109.47.247.70 (talk) 20:59, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Should this article mention that the word was coined by Ted Nelson?

Bill O'Reilly?
Should Bill O'Reilly really be on the "see also?"

no i think it should be removed. If no one comes up with a valid justification in a couple of days, I'll remove it. I think this may be a prank. [edit] ok i removed it. [/edit]

"direct and mutual human stimulation" not required
Removed the text As they do not require direct and mutual human stimulation, they are not considered true teledildonics. as direct, mutual and human are all not required in the general sense of the term teledildonics. Phone sex is teledildonic tehcnology, albeit low-tech, and there is generally no mutuality in the context of phone sex commercial services for instance, remote dildonics may also be driven by programming and involve only one human directly, teledildonics would also include anonymous events through a central facilitating service, and have no directness. I've removed the text as being more suitable for wiktionary and definition of the term than as being encyclopedic, it is not up to wikipedia to theorise on future limitations to theoretical extensions of present day technology wikipedia is not a crystal ball nor time machine. Regardless, the assertion is unsourced besides being false. User:Pedant 20:12, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * see: Allucquère Rosanne ("Sandy") Stone's work The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age (MIT Press) and the interview Sex and Death among the Cyborgs By Susan Stryker  User:Pedant 20:16, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Haptic vest link
Not discussing teledildonics, but remotely operating a haptic vest from a haptic glove... ?

Haptic vest

80.176.229.143 10:43, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Lots of refs for this topic
See Google News search results : 80 items, many behind paywall. Edison (talk) 17:20, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Opendildonics.org
I suggest deletion of the external page, as there has been zero input since 4/2011 and the talk page of the main site of the wiki is full of SPAM for illegal drugs (generic viagra and cialis and such). In short, the site is the dinosaur of the internet, extinct, but having remains.Wzrd1 (talk) 06:38, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

We Vibe 4
Could We Vibe 4 be legitimately mentioned on the page as an example? It includes a smartphone app which allows a second user to control a vibrator from miles away. 69.159.18.1 (talk) 22:25, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Teledildonics


text:
Talk:Militia

Western Goals Foundation.
I removed the link to the Western Goals Foundation because I am concerned that their publications to not meet the standards of WP:RS. SaltyBoatr 00:40, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * And I undid the removal. We have permission for all the works apparently still in copyright, where it could be ascertained there was anyone left alive to assert it. We have little difficulty getting permission. Out of many hundreds of requests over the last 12 years I can recall only about 3-4 rejections. Jon Roland 00:57, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It should be additionally pointed out that there is a statute of limitations on copyright claims. even if we didn't have permission, putting a work online for enough years without a protest from the copyright holder effectively puts the work into the public domain. Jon Roland 01:00, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Saltyboatr keeps changing his reasons for deleting things. He first cited WP:COPY, then switched to this excuse when I pointed out we had permission (which was not easy to find someone to give, but we got it). He cites a POV article criticizing their political activities, with no balancing defenses since they are no longer operating to defend their former efforts, but nowhere in there is evidence that their scholarly publications were unreliable. i have verified the content of the report and found no errors. Jon Roland 01:09, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Ignoring your irrelevant Ad hominem argument. 1) Please identify the publication process of Western Goals Foundation, they appear to fail the standards of WP:RS, that is: reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy.  2) Also, could you please explain in more detail the explicit release of copyright conveyed by the copyright holder?  You describe that they no longer are operating.  3) Also, you write "nowhere....is there evidence that their scholarly publications were unreliable" which has the burden of proof backwards.  Rather, you have the burden of proof to prove reliability, which you have not done, other than expressing your opinion.  4) And more, how is Western Goals Foundation "scholarly"?  In a traditional sense?  Please address these four points.    SaltyBoatr 01:28, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The Foundation was not the "publisher", but the "funder". They issued a grant for the research and expense of publication and distribution, but the reliability rests on the authors, Gen. Patton and Gen. Walt. Everyone might not think so, but I consider being generals a credential of reliability that matches any Ph.D. plus tenure from a major university. As Rep. McDonald explains in the introduction, it was written as a policy paper to explore other alternatives than the alternatives of a volunteer Army and the draft. It was used as a war college instruction manual by the U.S. military and the military of several other nations. As is often the case, such manuals are privately funded, but written to military standards. The U.S. military attache in the U.S. Embassy in Switzerland arranged for the engagement of several Swiss officers in helping to put together the report. This was not the first such study. I remember reading something similar to it when I was an Air Force officer, about 1968. So, in a sense, the real, unoffical, publisher was the U.S. and Swiss militaries, who I would consider RS. As I recall, contact was arranged through Charlie Reese, longtime columnist for the Orlando Sentinel, who now writes for LewRockwell.com. I asked for permission and got a phone call from a lawyer, who, as I recall, was associated with Rep. Philip Crane, but I could be mistaken about that. He said he could speak for the group and that we had permission. Jon Roland 04:19, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

So that all may know, there's an ongoing discussion at WP:RSN.--Aldux 14:50, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Sri Lanka
The conversion of text from "massacres done by the LTTE" to "several massacres carried out by the LTTE" is distorting the citation. The revision my users to the latter form is not what is claimed on the citation. Please abstain from such revision. Watchdogb (talk) 18:54, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

John Parker statue
Yaf recently reduced the size of the existing lead photo and added a photo of a well known USA patriotic statue of John Parker with the edit summary "adding balance". Please elaborate further about how this de-emphasis of a contemporary global militia and the enhanced emphasis of centuries old USA patriotic militia icon is 'adding balance' to this global article. Thanks. SaltyBoatr (talk) 15:10, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Emphasizing a large photo of a Lebanese militia (Lebanon is not even mentioned in the article, I might add) casts a badly unbalanced view of militia by pushing a photo of a ragtag group in a small country. Putting in a historical statue from a major country shows that not all militia are regarded as such.  Rather than remove the Lebanese militia photo, I elected to try and balance the presentation.  Yaf (talk) 15:13, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Present day militia groups tend to be rag-tag. Indeed, even John Parker's militia is described as rag-tag by reliable sourcing.   You didn't really answer by question as to why adding emphasis to a USA patriotic icon adds balance to this global article.  If anything, it seems to worsen the problem of USA centric systemic bias in Wikipedia.  SaltyBoatr (talk) 15:39, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * That is original research on your part, that there is even a problem, let alone "worsen the problem of USA centric systemic bias in Wikipedia". You state the statue of a militia minuteman is patriotic, I did not.  Besides, a well-regulated (orderly) militia was the goal in the US, not a "rag-tag" group without discipline.  Balance of all major viewpoints of militia is the goal of Wikipedia for this article.  This does not mean emphasizing non-US content, solely.  Balance is the key.  I didn't remove the Lebanese militia photo, although there is probably good reason to do so, as Lebanon is entirely not mentioned in the article anywhere.  The US is clearly mentioned in the article.  The Lebanese millitia photo is an entirely unrelated photo to the article.  Yaf (talk) 15:49, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * How is giving extra emphasis to the USA in a global article 'balance'? You reduced the size of the contemporary photo, to be half the size of your USA patriot icon photo.  Indeed the article already gives undue weight to the heritage of the US and British militia tradition.  I see no way to justify that even more weight should be given to the US/British militia system.  SaltyBoatr (talk) 15:57, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * They are the same width in pixels. Not half the width.  This is balance.  Besides, the total area of the photos largely parallels the content of the article, which does contain considerable US/UK militia content.  The photos largely parallel this proportional content.   Yaf (talk) 16:02, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Size by area, your patriotic icon photo is twice bigger. Explain now if the article contains 'considerable US/UK content that your justification of 'adding balance' is correct?  Your contrived logic seems to spin both ways.  SaltyBoatr (talk) 16:26, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The original Lebanese militia photo, was removed for lacking a source.  Derivative works of it, such as your copying of this now-deleted image and the cropping of this image, are likewise not permitted.  Please follow Wikipedia rules.  Thank you. Yaf (talk) 17:34, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

B-class, but definition and references are inadequate
I have done some looking into the definition of militia, admittedly with a focus on Europe, and the current introduction seems lacking.

Currently it says (in part)

Legal and historical meanings of militia include:

 * Defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws.
 * The entire able-bodied male (women are usually called to work in munitions factories) population of a community, town, county, or state, available to be called to arms.
 * A subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up.
 * A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation.
 * A private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government.
 * An official reserve army, composed of citizen soldiers.

It seems to me that historically in Europe, where the term originated, "militia" went through several stages of development, namely:

 * Classical antiquity - the obligation by all male members of the given community or state to serve in its defence, effectively it was as the Latin etymology suggests, the armed force

 * Middle Ages (Europe, 4th century - 15th century) - the entitlement to conscript into service any male deemed able to serve; something of a transition from levy en masse - the act of drafting into military service

 * Early modern period (Europe, 14th century - 18th century) - the taking of steps by governing authorities to introduce organisation into service of groups not otherwise belonging to standing regular armies

 * Modern era (Europe, 18th century - 20th century) - the transition of obligatory service of those able to serve in times of national emergencies, and trained for it, into an organised voluntary service administered/commanded by defence hierarchies; contemporaneous introduction of conscription towards the late part of the period that largely eliminated militia organisations through their incorporation into regular forces reserves

 * Post-Modern (1949 - Present) - the almost complete disappearance of militias outside of the actual conflicts, such as Yugoslavian wars

My point is that current summary intermixes these stages of development of the concept, usually unreferenced. For example the legal meaning during the Middle Ages was derived from the "temporal power" of the monarch, while that of the late Modern era was usually based on constitutional considerations and economic realities.

It seems to me that the application of the various stages of development was differentiated in different parts of the World and perhaps the article needs to divided the sections based on these considerations, with appropriately cited sources--mrg3105 (comms) ♠ ♥ ♦ ♣ 00:35, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Neutrality of American Militia Section in the 1990s?
The description of the origin and purpose private US militias in the 1990s seems to be from the miltia point of view only. Some mention of the accusations of miltia groups as being radical right organizations should be made. The Militia Movement and Militia (United States) articles would be good places to start, although the neutrality of those articles have been questioned as well. --Biophysik (talk) 06:51, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

City guard
Some sources seem to refer to historical city guard as militia, too. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:41, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Prospective Article on Washington State Militia
Hi, I'm crafting a draft article on the Washington State Militia. I would appreciate it if some of you folks could take a look at it and give a few criticisms. I'm new at this. The page can be found at User:MDLEgon. MDLEgon (talk) 09:43, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

Dubious Statement - End of the American Civil War
"The war did not end with Lee's surrender at Appomattox and continued to be fought by insurgent groups through Reconstruction." I understand that some fighting did continue after the official end of the war, but this statement seems to me like it should be revised. Elpucko (talk) 00:49, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Norway
It seems like the Norwegian army has changed the Norwegian section. Norway has a history of militias, during the Danish-Norwegian union and during the Second World War. Now it seems as if Norway just got the Home Guard and no history of militias, which is not correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.36.94.54 (talk) 17:26, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Section for Libya?
Like it or not, much of Libya is still controlled and administered by various militias. Various organizations and units that existed during Gaddafi's time could also be accurately described as militias. Does anyone else think this can warrant its own section? Jetpower45 (talk) 00:51, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

Bolivarian Militia
Starting with this edit a section was added to the article on Venezuela's Bolivarian Militia. The section text was, in part, a very poor translation from this page. The translation rendered it as patent nonsense, and even if the translation had been accurate, the original Spanish is buzzword-heavy PR copy that doesn't actually say what the heck the militia is. WP:NONSENSE and WP:COPYVIO are clear that in such a situation text may be removed, without any requirement to keep it around waiting for someone to improve it. 24.22.217.162 (talk) 01:19, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

American Heritage
Wait, wait, what? I know lots of americans would visit this article but starting the wikipedia article on the concept of milita with two dictionary quotes, one from the American Heritage something, is just inappropriate: wikipedia is supposed to be neutral and ecyclopedic: the opening paragraph for this article sounds like it would belong in conservapedia, rather.

I'm changing it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TSBoncompte (talk • contribs) 17:02, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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a bit of cleanup
I removed this dubious statement: "The historical view is when three or more citizens gather together in the common defense of their country or state, they then become a militia." This is from |an IP edit from April 2014. It's not in the reference provided, "Walker, D. "Militia" 2003". In fact the entire reference appears to be bogus.--Lockley (talk) 23:34, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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US Militia
this is the current and standing United States federal law

10 USC Ch. 12: THE MILITIA §246. Militia: composition and classes (a) The militia of the United States consists of all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32, under 45 years of age who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, citizens of the United States and of female citizens of the United States who are members of the National Guard. (b) The classes of the militia are— (1) the organized militia, which consists of the National Guard and the Naval Militia; and (2) the unorganized militia, which consists of the members of the militia who are not members of the National Guard or the Naval Militia.

10 U.S. Code § 246 - Militia: composition and classes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:579:800C:10:3195:C6F:3138:3B1A (talk) 23:08, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 16:23, 5 July 2018 (UTC)
 * American militia firing at the British infantry from behind a split rail fence during the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, March 15, 1781.jpg

Fencibles
I removed Because to quote the article Highland Fencible Corps states "Unlike the militia regiments which were raised by ballot, the fencibles were to be raised by the ordinary mode of recruiting, and like the regiments of the line, the officers were to be appointed, and their commissions signed by the king." -- PBS (talk) 22:17, 1 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Fencibles, part of the British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–1805
 * Sea Fencibles, a volunteer coastal defence force in the Napoleonic Wars

Militia in Australia
While the information in the Australian section is fine as far as I can tell, it doesn't portray the militia accurately in Australia. For instance, while it does mention the volunteer movement in Colonial Australia, it should be said that it actually happened instead of a passing mention. Each State/Colony had their own system but it generally went in a category system of volunteers, semi-paid militia and paid permanent soldiers. It is also important to note that between the periods of 1901-1929 and a period in WW2 that Australia had conscription, which was mostly limited to the continent for service. It is important to note that after the first period of conscription abolishment, the citizen's force was referred to as the militia. Until the Permanent forces were expanded in the mid 20th century, most of Australia's army could be classified as a Militia, or Australians call it - a Citizen Force IronBattalion (talk) 06:56, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Militia


text:
Wightman axioms

In mathematical physics, the Wightman axioms (also called Gårding–Wightman axioms),  named after Arthur Wightman, are an attempt at a mathematically rigorous formulation of quantum field theory. Arthur Wightman formulated the axioms in the early 1950s, but they were first published only in 1964 after Haag–Ruelle scattering theory affirmed their significance.

The axioms exist in the context of constructive quantum field theory and are meant to provide a basis for rigorous treatment of quantum fields and strict foundation for the perturbative methods used. One of the Millennium Problems is to realize the Wightman axioms in the case of Yang–Mills fields.

Rationale
One basic idea of the Wightman axioms is that there is a Hilbert space, upon which the Poincaré group acts unitarily. In this way, the concepts of energy, momentum, angular momentum and center of mass (corresponding to boosts) are implemented.

There is also a stability assumption, which restricts the spectrum of the four-momentum to the positive light cone (and its boundary). However, this is not enough to implement locality. For that, the Wightman axioms have position-dependent operators called quantum fields, which form covariant representations of the Poincaré group.

Since quantum field theory suffers from ultraviolet problems, the value of a field at a point is not well-defined. To get around this, the Wightman axioms introduce the idea of smearing over a test function to tame the UV divergences, which arise even in a free field theory. Because the axioms are dealing with unbounded operators, the domains of the operators have to be specified.

The Wightman axioms restrict the causal structure of the theory by imposing either commutativity or anticommutativity between spacelike separated fields.

They also postulate the existence of a Poincaré-invariant state called the vacuum and demand it to be unique. Moreover, the axioms assume that the vacuum is "cyclic", i.e., that the set of all vectors obtainable by evaluating at the vacuum-state elements of the polynomial algebra generated by the smeared field operators is a dense subset of the whole Hilbert space.

Lastly, there is the primitive causality restriction, which states that any polynomial in the smeared fields can be arbitrarily accurately approximated (i.e. is the limit of operators in the weak topology) by polynomials in smeared fields over test functions with support in an open set in Minkowski space whose causal closure is the whole Minkowski space.

W0 (assumptions of relativistic quantum mechanics)
Quantum mechanics is described according to von Neumann; in particular, the pure states are given by the rays, i.e. the one-dimensional subspaces, of some separable complex Hilbert space. In the following, the scalar product of Hilbert space vectors Ψ and Φ is denoted by $$\langle\Psi, \Phi\rangle$$, and the norm of Ψ is denoted by $$\lVert\Psi\rVert$$. The transition probability between two pure states [Ψ] and [Φ] can be defined in terms of non-zero vector representatives Ψ and Φ to be
 * $$P\big([\Psi], [\Phi]\big) = \frac{|\langle \Psi, \Phi\rangle|^2}{\lVert\Psi\rVert^2 \lVert\Phi\rVert^2}$$

and is independent of which representative vectors Ψ and Φ are chosen.

The theory of symmetry is described according to Wigner. This is to take advantage of the successful description of relativistic particles by E. P. Wigner in his famous paper of 1939; see Wigner's classification. Wigner postulated the transition probability between states to be the same to all observers related by a transformation of special relativity. More generally, he considered the statement that a theory be invariant under a group G to be expressed in terms of the invariance of the transition probability between any two rays. The statement postulates that the group acts on the set of rays, that is, on projective space. Let (a, L) be an element of the Poincaré group (the inhomogeneous Lorentz group). Thus, a is a real Lorentz four-vector representing the change of spacetime origin x ↦ x − a, where x is in the Minkowski space M4, and L is a Lorentz transformation, which can be defined as a linear transformation of four-dimensional spacetime preserving the Lorentz distance c2t2 − x⋅x of every vector (ct, x). Then the theory is invariant under the Poincaré group if for every ray Ψ of the Hilbert space and every group element (a, L) is given a transformed ray Ψ(a, L) and the transition probability is unchanged by the transformation:

 * $$\langle \Psi(a, L), \Phi(a, L) \rangle = \langle\Psi, \Phi\rangle.$$

Wigner's theorem says that under these conditions, the transformation on the Hilbert space are either linear or anti-linear operators (if moreover they preserve the norm, then they are unitary or antiunitary operators); the symmetry operator on the projective space of rays can be lifted to the underlying Hilbert space. This being done for each group element (a, L), we get a family of unitary or antiunitary operators U(a, L) on our Hilbert space, such that the ray Ψ transformed by (a, L) is the same as the ray containing U(a, L)ψ. If we restrict attention to elements of the group connected to the identity, then the anti-unitary case does not occur.

Let (a, L) and (b, M) be two Poincaré transformations, and let us denote their group product by (a, L)⋅(b, M); from the physical interpretation we see that the ray containing U(a, L)[U(b, M)ψ] must (for any ψ) be the ray containing U((a, L)⋅(b, M))ψ (associativity of the group operation). Going back from the rays to the Hilbert space, these two vectors may differ by a phase (and not in norm, because we choose unitary operators), which can depend on the two group elements (a, L) and (b, M), i.e. we do not have a representation of a group but rather a projective representation. These phases cannot always be cancelled by redefining each U(a), example for particles of spin 1/2. Wigner showed that the best one can get for Poincare group is
 * $$U(a, L) U(b, M) = \pm U\big((a, L) \cdot (b, M)\big),$$

i.e. the phase is a multiple of $$\pi$$. For particles of integer spin (pions, photons, gravitons, ...) one can remove the ± sign by further phase changes, but for representations of half-odd-spin, we cannot, and the sign changes discontinuously as we go round any axis by an angle of 2π. We can, however, construct a representation of the covering group of the Poincare group, called the inhomogeneous SL(2, C); this has elements (a, A), where as before, a is a four-vector, but now A is a complex 2 × 2 matrix with unit determinant. We denote the unitary operators we get by U(a, A), and these give us a continuous, unitary and true representation in that the collection of U(a, A) obey the group law of the inhomogeneous SL(2, C).

Because of the sign change under rotations by 2π, Hermitian operators transforming as spin 1/2, 3/2 etc., cannot be observables. This shows up as the univalence superselection rule: phases between states of spin 0, 1, 2 etc. and those of spin 1/2, 3/2 etc., are not observable. This rule is in addition to the non-observability of the overall phase of a state vector. Concerning the observables, and states |v⟩, we get a representation U(a, L) of Poincaré group on integer spin subspaces, and U(a, A) of the inhomogeneous SL(2, C) on half-odd-integer subspaces, which acts according to the following interpretation:

An ensemble corresponding to U(a, L)|v⟩ is to be interpreted with respect to the coordinates $$x' = L^{-1}(x - a)$$ in exactly the same way as an ensemble corresponding to |v⟩ is interpreted with respect to the coordinates x; and similarly for the odd subspaces.

The group of spacetime translations is commutative, and so the operators can be simultaneously diagonalised. The generators of these groups give us four self-adjoint operators $$P_0, P_j,\ j = 1, 2, 3,$$ which transform under the homogeneous group as a four-vector, called the energy–momentum four-vector.

The second part of the zeroth axiom of Wightman is that the representation U(a, A) fulfills the spectral condition—that the simultaneous spectrum of energy–momentum is contained in the forward cone:

 * $$P_0 \geq 0, \quad P_0^2 - P_j P_j \geq 0.$$

The third part of the axiom is that there is a unique state, represented by a ray in the Hilbert space, which is invariant under the action of the Poincaré group. It is called a vacuum.

W1 (assumptions on the domain and continuity of the field)
For each test function f, i.e. for a function with a compact support and continuous derivatives of any order, there exists a set of operators $$A_1(f),\ldots ,A_n(f)$$ which, together with their adjoints, are defined on a dense subset of the Hilbert state space, containing the vacuum. The fields A are operator-valued tempered distributions. The Hilbert state space is spanned by the field polynomials acting on the vacuum (cyclicity condition).

W2 (transformation law of the field)
The fields are covariant under the action of Poincaré group and transform according to some representation S of the Lorentz group, or SL(2, C) if the spin is not integer:

 * $$U(a, L)^\dagger A(x) U(a, L) = S(L) A\big(L^{-1}(x - a)\big).$$

W3 (local commutativity or microscopic causality)
If the supports of two fields are space-like separated, then the fields either commute or anticommute.

Cyclicity of a vacuum and uniqueness of a vacuum are sometimes considered separately. Also, there is property of asymptotic completeness – that Hilbert state space is spanned by the asymptotic spaces $$H^\text{in}$$ and $$H^\text{out}$$, appearing in the collision S matrix. The other important property of field theory is mass gap, which is not required by the axioms – that energy–momentum spectrum has a gap between zero and some positive number.

Consequences of the axioms
From these axioms, certain general theorems follow:
 * CPT theorem — there is general symmetry under change of parity, particle–antiparticle reversal and time inversion (none of these symmetries alone exists in nature, as it turns out).
 * Connection between spin and statistic — fields that transform according to half integer spin anticommute, while those with integer spin commute (axiom W3). There are actually technical fine details to this theorem. This can be patched up using Klein transformations. See parastatistics and also the ghosts in BRST.
 * The impossibility of superluminal communication – if two observers are spacelike separated, then the actions of one observer (including both measurements and changes to the Hamiltonian) do not affect the measurement statistics of the other observer.

Arthur Wightman showed that the vacuum expectation value distributions, satisfying certain set of properties, which follow from the axioms, are sufficient to reconstruct the field theory — Wightman reconstruction theorem, including the existence of a vacuum state; he did not find the condition on the vacuum expectation values guaranteeing the uniqueness of the vacuum; this condition, the cluster property, was found later by Res Jost, Klaus Hepp, David Ruelle and Othmar Steinmann.

If the theory has a mass gap, i.e. there are no masses between 0 and some constant greater than zero, then vacuum expectation distributions are asymptotically independent in distant regions.

Haag's theorem says that there can be no interaction picture — that we cannot use the Fock space of noninteracting particles as a Hilbert space — in the sense that we would identify Hilbert spaces via field polynomials acting on a vacuum at a certain time.

Relation to other frameworks and concepts in quantum field theory
The Wightman framework does not cover infinite-energy states like finite-temperature states.

Unlike local quantum field theory, the Wightman axioms restrict the causal structure of the theory explicitly by imposing either commutativity or anticommutativity between spacelike separated fields, instead of deriving the causal structure as a theorem. If one considers a generalization of the Wightman axioms to dimensions other than 4, this (anti)commutativity postulate rules out anyons and braid statistics in lower dimensions.

The Wightman postulate of a unique vacuum state does not necessarily make the Wightman axioms inappropriate for the case of spontaneous symmetry breaking because we can always restrict ourselves to a superselection sector.

The cyclicity of the vacuum demanded by the Wightman axioms means that they describe only the superselection sector of the vacuum; again, this is not a great loss of generality. However, this assumption does leave out finite-energy states like solitons, which cannot be generated by a polynomial of fields smeared by test functions because a soliton, at least from a field-theoretic perspective, is a global structure involving topological boundary conditions at infinity.

The Wightman framework does not cover effective field theories because there is no limit as to how small the support of a test function can be. I.e., there is no cutoff scale.

The Wightman framework also does not cover gauge theories. Even in Abelian gauge theories conventional approaches start off with a "Hilbert space" with an indefinite norm (hence not truly a Hilbert space, which requires a positive-definite norm, but physicists call it a Hilbert space nonetheless), and the physical states and physical operators belong to a cohomology. This obviously is not covered anywhere in the Wightman framework. (However, as shown by Schwinger, Christ and Lee, Gribov, Zwanziger, Van Baal, etc., canonical quantization of gauge theories in Coulomb gauge is possible with an ordinary Hilbert space, and this might be the way to make them fall under the applicability of the axiom systematics.)

The Wightman axioms can be rephrased in terms of a state called a Wightman functional on a Borchers algebra equal to the tensor algebra of a space of test functions.

Existence of theories that satisfy the axioms
One can generalize the Wightman axioms to dimensions other than 4. In dimension 2 and 3, interacting (i.e. non-free) theories that satisfy the axioms have been constructed.

Currently, there is no proof that the Wightman axioms can be satisfied for interacting theories in dimension 4. In particular, the Standard Model of particle physics has no mathematically rigorous foundations. There is a million-dollar prize for a proof that the Wightman axioms can be satisfied for gauge theories, with the additional requirement of a mass gap.

Osterwalder–Schrader reconstruction theorem
Under certain technical assumptions, it has been shown that a Euclidean QFT can be Wick-rotated into a Wightman QFT, see Osterwalder–Schrader theorem. This theorem is the key tool for the constructions of interacting theories in dimension 2 and 3 that satisfy the Wightman axioms.

title: Wightman axioms