text:
Talk:Hawaii (island)

The language of this article
This is an encyclopedia in the ENGLISH language, not in the Hawaiian language, so write things in English. If you want a Hawaiian encyclopedia, go look for it elsewhere

Small changes such as Hawaii to Hawai’i are respectful of the culture of the state and native peoples of Hawai’i. It is inclusive language to reflect the diversity of The United States. All citizens should be respected for the culture they bring to the country. Eafleeen (talk) 06:51, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

Comments
The Island of Hawaii is an important place in the Pacific. It is not (although conterminous with) the County of Hawaii, a modern political division. Marshman 22:54, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that the article on the county should focus essentially on the county government (and therefore be fairly small), and the Hawaii Island article should focus on everything else.--Fellnearshiva 20:04, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Holy cow! An article called "Hawaii (island)" is about the geography and geology of the place, and not about human institutions there -- government, schools, churches, and so forth. For example, this is not the place to say anything about the University of Hawaii at Hilo98.81.11.27 (talk) 01:51, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Speaking of geography, this article says nothing about these simple, straightforward things: I. How far is it from east-to-west across the Island of Hawaii? II. How far is it from north-to-south across the Island of Hawaii? III. Given the general shape of the Island of Hawaii, superscribe a rectangle around it with its sides running east-west and north-south. Now, what are the lengths of the sides of this rectangle? These are probably the best numbers for answers to #I and #II. IV. What are the latititude and longitude of the northmost point on the Island of Hawaii? V. What are the latititude and longitude of the southmost point on the Island of Hawaii? VI. For those of you who object to the words "northmost" and "southmost", just consider this one: Texas Southmost State College, or is it the Southmost Texas State University? Look it up in the history books, such as on the Internet. VII. What is the length of the coastline of the Island of Hawaii, within as reasonable level of approximation? Remember that this changes a little due to volcanic eruptions, but we just want to know it approximately. VIII. Concern yourselves about important and useful things like the above, and not odd things like the "Orchid Island", "Chi-town", "the Atlanta Patch", "Hotlanna", "Beantown", and "DFW". Those are all slang terms, and no particlularly useful.98.81.11.27 (talk) 01:51, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Weasel terms?
"However, the term "Big Island" is starting I was born and raised in Hawaii and have never heard the Big Island referred to as the "Orchid Island." Where did you come up with the following statement:

In fact, because of Hawaii Island's reputation for growing beautiful orchids, the island has the nickname "The Orchid Isle."

 * By "you" I presume you mean the plural "you" I did not add that statement to the article, but I do find it hard to believe that you were raised on Hawaii and have never heard the island referred to as the "Orchid Island" (of course I'm also assuming you have been on the planet for more than 20 years). I agree, it is not at all used locally anywhere in the state, but it is / was certainly common in tourist literature. It is perhaps a lot less used now that Kona side has become the focus of the tourist industry, as the term was likely devised to attract tourists to the Hilo area where the big orhid growers are located. I suppose some modification of the article is in order, to reflect the declining and non-local sense/use of the term - Marshman 19:17, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * On a related note, I've lived in Chicagoland my whole life (I'm 21), and didn't know what "chi-town" was untill earlier this year - reason: Chicagoans don't use it. -Aknorals 23:20, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It's hip-hop culture slang. Are you part of that subculture, or do you expose yourself to it? If not, that might explain why you haven't heard the term. Personally, I think Chi-town is still used, but it's like Frisco, if you live in S.F., you'll never hear that term, but people use it all the time outside the city. Furthermore, I think you were 10 years-old when the term became mainstream, so you might not have paid as much attention to it as you do now. Viriditas | Talk 01:13, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm a lifelong resident of Chicago (25) and I've heard many people refer to it as Chi-town. That's how I generally refer to it myself...  Perhaps it depends what part of the city you're from? 63.73.199.69 (talk) 18:43, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Probably something that the Hawai'i state govt knows about. Like official state polka song or something like that. Kortoso (talk) 23:25, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

In the geology section in claims that something falls into the ocean every 10,000 years and causes a tsunami. Be nice to have something to back up a claim like that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.170.42 (talk) 10:42, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

Landsat image
For some reason the isn't showing up. I tried some brackets, sizing and thumb coding to no prevail. Anyone want to give it a whirl? --Travis Thurston+ 07:20, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I've had no luck either. It does show up fine in Infobox Islands, though. -- Avenue (talk) 09:32, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Two images not visible
I can't see the land satellite image or the shield volcanos image. Could someone bring these to the attention of someone who knows about images and how to fix them? (I think merely leaving it to the people who stop by here is not sufficient.) I'm not sure who to address but I'm sure someone does. Thanks. Softlavender (talk) 14:01, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The image works, but thumbnails appear to be down for some reason, and only on select articles. We might be having server problems with the images again.  That's my best guess.  I'll keep looking into it, but the last time this happened, the problem resolved after a day. Viriditas (talk) 14:09, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * There was a mention of something similar to this on WP:AN earlier this week. I believe it is an issue with WP:COMMONS.  — Kralizec! (talk) 19:42, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Should probably remove that image, since it never seems to work for me either? —Preceding unsigned comment added by W Nowicki (talk • contribs) 16:21, 3 August 2009

 * I noticed yesterday that it still was not working and made a fix request at Commons. Everything appears to be working normally now that the image was re-saved properly.  Thanks, — Kralizec! (talk) 04:36, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Move to name with apostrophe?
So what is up with moving the article to have an apostrophe in its name? Has that been discussed somewhere? It seems counter to the Manual of Style for the Hawaii project which says to not use okinas or kahakos in article names. W Nowicki (talk) 20:22, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I reverted the move. As discussed at MOS:HAWAII, the apostrophe is not an appropriate substitute for the Okina and a true Okina is not possible. The current spelling seems to be the best option unless another conclusion is agreed upon at the Hawaii Portal or Manual of Style. --Travis Thurston+ 21:40, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Use of an apostrophe does not need to be excluded due to ‘English’ style guides. A citizens culture does not need to be white-washed by Anglocentric language. If you view the government of Hawai’i’s web pages you will see there grammatical use for the word. We can do better by being more inclusive of the diversity of all United States citizens. Lack of respect for this is continuing to perpetuate Anglo dominance. Eafleeen (talk) 07:03, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

 * This is English Wikipedia.
 * You may find positive ways to challenge "Anglo dominance" by assisting with Hawaiian Wikipedia, which is over that way⤵
 * https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiʻi
 * (Note that your apostrophe there may not be considered an adequate substitute for their ʻokina.) — RVJ (talk) 02:38, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * (Note that your apostrophe there may not be considered an adequate substitute for their ʻokina.) — RVJ (talk) 02:38, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * (Note that your apostrophe there may not be considered an adequate substitute for their ʻokina.) — RVJ (talk) 02:38, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

Five volcanoes image
Is there a wikifairy out there who can make that image come back? Awien (talk) 01:43, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Hualalai active?
I've always thought dormant too, but here USGS calls it active. Awien (talk) 21:00, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * This keeps coming up again and again. The definition of an active volcano can be found here.  The older literature used the terms interchangeably, which probably contributes to the current confusion.  So, Hualalai is considered active (historically) but currently dormant.  I'm not sure how we are supposed to classify it, but something like "active (currently dormant)" seems accurate to me.  But, I could be wrong. Viriditas (talk) 22:21, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

 * According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology quoted in the WP article, the criteria for active classification are: Eruption in historic times - Historical record - 500 years - C14 dating - 10,000 years - Local seismic activity - Oral / folkloric history, so Hualalai meets the most stringent of those since "Six different vents erupted lava between the late 1700s and 1801", "In 1929 . . . an intense swarm of earthquakes lasting more than a month was most likely caused by magma rising to near the surface" and "Hualalai is considered a potentially dangerous volcano that is likely to erupt again in the next 100 years." What would you think of saying "active (but not currently erupting)"? However, I have neither specialised knowledge nor strong feelings on the subject.
 * Btw, do I remember from a former version of your userpage that you live on Maui? Virtually all my time in HI has been spent on the Big Island, but next March I'll be spending a month on Maui (safely across the channel from Hualalai, Kilauea, Mauna Loa and company ^_-) Awien (talk) 22:54, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Waikoloa
I've been doing a little research into Waikoloa and it seems that at one point the term referred to the "ahupuaʻa", which included the Puako area and mauka up to Waikoloa Village. So, when a user searches Waikoloa should they be directed to Waikoloa Village, the area of Puako (which includes Waikoloa resorts, golf courses, etc) or a dab page with sections (mauka and makai) explaining that both areas use the term. --Travis Thurston+ 06:41, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
 * It looks like you already created the dab page for Waikoloa which I suppose is fine, although there are many many insances where an ahupuaʻa or moku name has been replaced in general usage to mean a modern town or beach, and we probably do not need that many. Just a short note to that effect in the article is probably good enough. In this case, there already was an article for Anaehoomalu Bay which is the same place as Waikoloa Beach so they should be merged. No sense to have two separate articles unless they are separately notable. Anaehoomalu is marked as "orphan" so that is another reason to merge. W Nowicki (talk) 22:45, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Demographics hard to understand
"The racial makeup of the county was 31.55% White, 0.47% African American, 0.45% Kanaka Maoli, 26.70% Asian, 11.25% Pacific Islander, 1.14% from other races, and 28.44% from two or more races. 9.49% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race."

So "Kanaka Maoli" means native polynesian hawaiians, and there is not very many of them (0.45%). What are the other 11.25% of the population (Pacific Islanders) then ? Samoans ? Or are they native Hawaiians too?Eregli bob (talk) 23:45, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page not moved, per WP:PLACE: "With natural features, the tag normally appears in parentheses". Since many "Island(s) of..." exist, a reader will probably find this one faster if it's first in the title.  Mini  apolis  15:03, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Hawaii (island) → Island of Hawaii – The name of the island, in English, is Hawaii. While obviously that is unavailable to us I'm not sure that we should resort to a parenthetical title when natural disambiguation is available to us. I think the suggested title is preferable (see also this diff, which I have not contributed to); "Island of Hawaii" seems the most natural way to refer to, well, the island of Hawaii. Red Slash 00:04, 24 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. Apteva (talk) 03:54, 24 April 2013 (UTC)
 * That link clearly does not lend support to this idea. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dicklyon (talk • contribs) 06:44, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * "The Island of Hawaii is the youngest island in the Hawaiian chain and is also by far the biggest" (from the link provided) Apteva (talk) 08:32, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * That link is to a page titled "Hawaii, the Big Island". "Hawaii Island" and "the island of Hawaii" are both used in the text, but neither is used in such a way as to suggest that is the island's NAME. Certainly the name of the page is "Hawaii, the Big Island." --MelanieN (talk) 07:08, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Support as COMMONNAME Tiggerjay (talk) 11:17, 24 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose – I do prefer natural ambiguation when it's natural, but this doesn't seem to be one of those times. It feels strained and unnatural.  It's certain not the most common name for the Big Island, Hawaii, Hawaii Island, or whatever else it's called.  Dicklyon (talk) 06:44, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose—Although the parentheses are a slight disruption, here they're the better choice. Tony   (talk)  10:45, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. COMMONNAME is just "Hawaii" as stated several times above, but the primary meaning is the state. So the norm is to add "(island)" in order to disambiguate it. -- P 1 9 9 ✉ 18:14, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose "Island of Hawaii" is not a natural or common name for this island. Neither is "Hawaii Island" suggested below. It is most commonly referred to as "the Big Island" but that is a nickname. Hawaii (island) perfectly captures the distinction from Hawaii, the state. --MelanieN (talk) 07:04, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Island of Hawaii makes it sound like a proper noun, like State of Delaware. Although I understand the arguments towards natural disambiguation I don't think this is it. Zarcadia (talk) 17:26, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose per MelanieN. --BDD (talk) 17:46, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Support alternative Hawaii Island, see below. Andrewa (talk) 19:51, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment: "Hawaii (island)" is far from natural. Prefering it over a slightly unnatural alternative seems odd.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 08:23, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Nothing wrong with the current name based on the naming conventions.  In conversation when you use Hawaii and there seems to be a question about what you are talking about, one usually adds 'the island' so the current article title coverts this.  Is there a better option as being discussed below, maybe, but I'm not comfortable endorsing any of the options raised there. Vegaswikian (talk) 22:42, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

Maybe Hawaii Island?
How does Hawaii Island sound as a home for it? Apteva's link seems to suggest this is the preferred unambiguous title anyway... Red Slash 18:48, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment. I would tentatively support a move to Hawaii island but use of the capitalized I would suggest an official name. Zarcadia (talk) 17:32, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment: Either Hawaii island or Hawaii Island would be preferable to the current name or the above proposal. But the official name isn't all that relevant either way. If I were writing it, I'd capitalise it as a proper noun. Wouldn't you? Vote below. Andrewa (talk) 19:57, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support Hawaii island. Works, with less strain/forcing, simple deletion of two parentheses is probably a good idea whenever possible. To the extent that "Hawaii island" is forced, "Hawaii (island)" is worse. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 12:13, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't understand the desire for a capitalised I in "Hawaii island". Does a capital I imply that "Hawaii Island" is a proper name, which it is not?  Maybe it will become a proper name due to Wikipedia.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 14:43, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
 * While Hawaii Island is rarely used, when it is, the I is most often capitalized. Apteva (talk) 03:43, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Are these usages including Title Case headings? --SmokeyJoe (talk) 08:21, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes. There are links at the bottom to the results, although those are not very satisfying. There are advanced options (click about ngram at the bottom) that can be played with, such as at the beginning or end of sentences. Apteva (talk) 14:53, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Support Hawaii Island (capitalised). Unambiguous, recognisable, natural, conforms to all relevant policies and guidelines, checks all the boxes in fact. Even uncapitalised it would be better than either Hawaii (island) or  Island of Hawaii. Andrewa (talk) 19:57, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support Hawaii Island --Travis Thurston+ 20:53, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose alternate. Island of Hawaii has always been far more common than "Hawaii Island". (second is islands of Hawaii lower case Hawaii island is down in the also rans) Apteva (talk) 03:37, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Um, wow, aren't computers getting clever. It's not a trick is it?  It "Couldn't understand "Hawaii (island)"".  I suspect that the book searches are picking up a lot of Title Case usage, in a paragraph of sentences, it isn't usually necessary to explicitly distinguish a state from an island.  Support any of these variations over the current parenthentical. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SmokeyJoe (talk • contribs) 08:23, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Put it in brackets. The correct choice is Island of Hawaii. Apteva (talk) 14:38, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Interestingly, Big Island of Hawaii has only become popular after 1980. Apteva (talk) 14:50, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Wow, that's fascinating! Especially the huge increase right before WWII. People maybe were writing paranoid (but justifiably so!) books and such about using Hawaii in war? Who knows! Red Slash 23:24, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * "Big Island of Hawaii" has never been a common usage. The island is referred to as "The Big Island", period. That is the "common usage" and has been for many decades. It was certainly universal when I lived there in the 1970s. I'm not arguing to title this article "The Big Island" although I hope that is a redirect. I am arguing against any artificial construct such as "Hawaii Island" or "Island of Hawaii". The name of the island is Hawaii. Since the primary usage of that name is the state, the island should be dissambiguated with parentheses, as it is now. MelanieN (talk)
 * BTW note that Wikipedia routinely uses parentheses in this kind of situation - for example Washington (state). MelanieN (talk) 15:56, 8 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Merge from county article almost complete, one last task.
The Merge from the county article is almost complete. There is one last task, and I'm leaving it up to this articles regular editors. This is the island article's old "Cities and towns" section. Except for it's lead (which I've integrated into the "Localities" section), it's just a less organized version of the county's "Localities" section. Could sombody check and make sure that everything listed here is in the "Localities" section (if it should be listed, I don't know what the story is behind the ones that aren't links).

Also the formating of this is much better then the formating of the "Census-designated places" sub-section of "Localities", but I couldn't figure out how to apply the formating to the sub-section. Somebody want to take care of that? Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 00:54, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

Cities and towns
The island was traditionally divided into districts called moku. The names of the districts are (counter-clockwise, from the southeast): Puna, Hilo, Hāmākua, Kohala, Kona, and Kaū. The county government subdivides some of these to form elective districts of the county council. There are no incorporated municipalities on the island. Some of the named towns include:

No ʻ okina?
There's inconsistency in this article on whether "Hawaii" (in the context of the island) should be spelled with or without an ʻ okina (Hawaii or Hawai ʻ i). I'm no expert on this. Anyone's thoughts? —Will(B) 17:57, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

Using Hawai’i is respectful and inclusive of the diversity Hawai’i brings to The United States. It’s government pages refer to it as Hawai’i and our citizens culture should be respected accordingly. Eafleeen (talk) 06:54, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

Images
A new image of Hawaii, if anyone is interested in adding it to an image or other section. http://www.nasa.gov/content/island-of-hawaii-from-the-international-space-station/#.VPdcMvnF8mE Island of Hawaii from Space, February 28, 2015 from the International Space Station — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jcardazzi (talk • contribs) 19:38, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 17:16, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
 * With more than fifty references in place, is the decade-old (Feb 2008) citations needed tag still appropriate? — 宜しくねー クロノ  カム  19:48, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110708075934/http://www.co.hawaii.hi.us/directory/dir_mayors.htm to http://www.co.hawaii.hi.us/directory/dir_mayors.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110708080958/http://www.co.hawaii.hi.us/council/districts.htm to http://www.co.hawaii.hi.us/council/districts.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101123054034/http://hawaii-county.com/directory/dir_liquor.htm to http://www.hawaii-county.com/directory/dir_liquor.htm

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Links redirect to YouTube
Every link I tried redirected to the same YouTube site: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHSo0yJse94 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.53.223.135 (talk) 03:52, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110929020443/http://www.hawaii-county.com/finance/cafr/COH_CAFR09.pdf to http://www.hawaii-county.com/finance/cafr/COH_CAFR09.pdf

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Citations needed
With more than fifty references in place, is the more than decade-old(February 2008) Citations needed template still in use?  クロノ  カム  20:27, 23 April 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ ー「宜しく 」・ クロノ  カム  18:58, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

New Caledonia is much bigger than Hawaii (island)
NEW CALEDONIA IS THE THIRD LARGEST ISLAND IN POLYNESIA, NOT HAWAII With 18,000 sq. kms (7,000 sq. miles), New Caledonia is much bigger than Hawaii (island)--213.60.237.52 (talk) 20:44, 3 December 2018 (UTC)
 * While it is true that New Caledonia is bigger than Hawaii, the New Caledonia article states that "the archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion …" New Caledonia is thus not in Polynesia, although many Polynesian people live there. Peaceray (talk) 22:46, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

Spelling
Shouldn't there be an explanation of the different spellings (with and without okina)? 71.235.184.247 (talk) 03:18, 6 April 2019 (UTC)

"Hawai'i" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Hawai&. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. King of ♥   ♦   ♣  ♠ 17:53, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 2 July 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Withdrawn as poorly worded by nominator. King of ♥ ♦ ♣ ♠ 21:34, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

Hawaii (island) → Hawaiʻi – we use the ʻokina throughout the article, and this conforms to USGS orthography. — kwami (talk) 23:12, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Note that this is not an argument to move the main Hawaii article, as the USGS does not use the ʻokina for the state: Geologic map of the southern flank of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaii. — kwami (talk) 23:12, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose as Hawaiʻi currently redirects to the State of Hawaii, and I think that redirect should remain, as the state is the primary topic. Rreagan007 (talk) 23:41, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Agree with . The island is not the primary topic. If this page gets moved, possibly Hawaiʻi (island). Interstellarity (talk) 00:44, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose because the island is not the primary topic. moved to Hawaiʻi (island) as suggested as compromise. 180.242.5.183 (talk) 01:08, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not convinced that "Hawaiʻi" is the most common spelling in English. I'd like to see some evidence to support it as the most common spelling in English before moving it. Rreagan007 (talk) 02:43, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose Hawaiʻi is widely used as a variant of the name of the state. Neutral on Hawaiʻi (island) pending further research. -- King of ♥ ♦ ♣ ♠ 02:59, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Sorry, I meant to propose a move to Hawaiʻi (island), not to Hawaiʻi. — kwami (talk) 22:06, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Kauai which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:00, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

(This includes a correction to my misworded RM above. — kwami (talk))

Legacy and Historical Revisit of Capt. James Cook
In the history section of the article, the following is written:

The source supporting it is a digitized 1970 BBC biography of Cook, and may reflect an outdated historical consensus. I would like the opinion of interested editors as to whether this section should be edited to indicate that the death of James Cook is more nuanced than a melee resulting from the theft of a boat.

My personal opinion is that the article should be edited to convey that Cook made a series of poor decisions and was killed in his attempt to abduct the chieftain or ali'i, based on this source. Trogdor314 (talk) Trogdor314 (talk) 15:17, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I have looked at several sources, which differ wildly in their descriptions of events. I visited (for several days) the area where Cook died, where I talked with a lot of the locals. Just as many different stories. The source you linked to looks good, and probably worth referencing in the article, but I think we also need to mention the lack of certainty about what happened. HiLo48 (talk) 00:21, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hawaii (island)


text:
User talk:Daniel C. Boyer/Katherine Jacobson

User:Kat created an "case" article Katherine Jacobson around the 1st of august 2003. The article was a totally made up one, with no reality whatsoever.

User:Kat made it to make a point about unverifiable assertions in the Daniel C. Boyer debate. Other chose to understand it as a "me-too-I-can-have-a-biography article".

The article was swiftly listed on vfd for being a biography of an unknown person (case stated similar to Daniel one).

 * Vote for deletion : Angela, Daniel Quinlan, Hephaestos

 * Happy with redirection to user page : Menchi, Tim, Jake, Zundark

 * Keep in encyclopedic space : none

What was finally done : the article was redirected to a user page.

Current situation : The user page was later deleted. The article redirect on this very page.

Note : most editors accepted the redirection quite well. It was mentionned many real people still had redirect from the main space to the user space, as it is common practice to do so when a newbie create a user page in the main space by mistake. Most editors don't seem to object to that situation. One indicated the existence of the redirect in the main space was a problem to them (listed by google)

Anthère ---

Article
Katherine Jacobson (born November 11, 1964 in Owatonna, Minnesota) is a multitalented American artist who has been influential in photography, journalism, theater, and music.

While attending Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Jacobson served as Facilities Manager for the Monogan Theater, an independent stage operated by students and members of the community (which has since closed). She was also active in the Studio 89 radio theater program, where she was best known for producing and directing a number of radio plays, many showcasing newly-written scripts addressing key social issues. Among these was "Steffanie", a highly controversial radio play examining the limits of social acceptance of diversity.

Jacobson served for a number of years as a reporter and columnist for the Cedar Rapids Gazette covering a variety of local issues. In 1998 she left the newspaper.

Her best-known work is a series of photographs of men in the U.S. armed forces, exhibited as a group titled simply Soldiers and Power. The entire series of 24 images appeared at Gallery 51 East (http://gallery51east.com) in 1999 and has since toured through the U.S. and internationally, appearing mainly at university galleries and minor museums. The series was heralded as fusion of reportage and fashion photography.

More recently, Jacobson has worked as a photographer for private and commercial clients. She has also made a number of guest appearances as a vocalist and 2nd fiddle with the Killer Hayseeds, a bluegrass/rock fusion band.

Comments on vfd
The conversation went off on a tangent somewhat, as people initially assumed that the page was accurate.

 * Katherine Jacobson for all the same reasons as the deletion of Daniel C. Boyer. Angela 23:27, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * It seems it's a redir now. So problem solved? --Menchi 23:37, Aug 1, 2003 (UTC)
 * Not solved, delete. Allowing any autobiographical content and tributes to random people are bound to destroy Wikipedia.  Daniel Quinlan 00:04, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)
 * This has happened many times before. A new user comes along and, not realising our policies against self-promotion, creates an article about themselves. There must be a hundred redirects like this to the user namespace. I say keep them all. -- Tim Starling 08:07, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)
 * Other than my concern that this still gives a benefit to people who self-promote, my aethetic objection is that these redirects still show up in search results which is non-optimal. There really needs to be a way to phase out redirects.  The redirect talk page has more on this.  Daniel Quinlan 08:34, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)
 * Make that 770. See User:Tim Starling/Redirects from : to User: -- Tim Starling 08:45, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)
 * You know, you can all just assume my vote to match Tim Starling's on a redirect issue. -- Jake 12:02, 2003 Aug 3 (UTC)
 * I created it; you may delete it with extreme prejudice and without delay. The whole page is patent nonsense without a shred of truth.  I created it for rhetorical reasons during the discussion regarding Daniel C. Boyer.  While many saw it as a me-too-I-can-have-a-biography article, it was in fact written to demonstrate a point about unverifiable assertions.  Kat 14:49, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I really question this kind of conduct, in which false information is deliberately added to Wikipedia, however noble the intentions may be. --Daniel C. Boyer 14:18, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * I don't see the problem with deleting the rest of them too, they're just legacy items. - Hephaestos 17:18, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * If you mean deleting all redirects to user namespace, that's a very bad idea, as it would break hundreds of links on Talk pages. (Of course, the best thing would be to use an automated process to update all these links; then the redirects could be deleted.) --Zundark 20:41, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Martin and Kat
For context, consider this discussion on user talk:MyRedDice

You missed the point. Kat 23:30, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Your point is that if Boyer has an article, why can't you, I would guess? Martin

 * If I must spell it all out for you, the page was patent nonsense, Martin. Just like much of Boyer's.

 * Point out anything that was "patent nonsense." --Daniel C. Boyer 14:37, 12 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * All very plausible but impossible to verify. Even the name isn't my real name. It's already on VfD and I'll add a comment later clarifying the rhetorical intent (only) of the page so it can be deleted. And that's that, I'm recusing myself from the whole embroglio at this point. Best regards, Kat 23:51, 1 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Similarities and differences with Daniel Boyer case
Due to the double standard concerning Kat's creation of a page about herself, I have used the same standard used on her page on this page. I hope you all understand the hypocrisy here. MB 03:00, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Kat's case is rather different, since:

 * She created the page, not me
 * She created it to make a point about this article
 * There isn't somewhere around 9 to 14 Wikipedians arguing that she's important enough to have an article about her.

 * But if you're going to make it a redirect, please finish the job by delinking it from all the other articles. It's not appropriate to have a link from an article redirecting to the user namespace unless it's clear from the context that it's a user page. -- Tim Starling 03:07, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Will do, first thing in the morning. Bed now...  MB 03:22, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * I had a look, and there are four other linked articles; I think it's clear from context in all of them that it's a user page. - Hephaestos 03:31, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I disagree that Kat's case is any different and that it even should be treated differently.

 * There are also apparently literally hundreds of (now) user pages that redirect in the same way as Kat's.
 * Boyer originally created the page, even if you (Tim) restored it, and Boyer responsible for all of the self-aggrandizing activity that led us to here. If Boyer didn't create the original pge and link to himself (whichever version) a bunch of times, I sincerely doubt you (Tim) would have restored it as a stub.
 * We don't quite have 9 or 14 Wikipedian's arguing that Daniel C. Boyer is important enough to have an article, just that they don't want it to be deleted outright.
 * Redirecting the page does at least seem to resolve the stalemate for now, and to attempt to be completely fair, it is probably a reasonable compromise given the current status of the votes (although I still think it should be deleted, of course) and also the fact that it has been done so many times in the past. Now that I've said this, I'm sure I'm just inviting someone to revert MB's change.  (I'm not sure compromise is in many Wikipedians' vocabulary, here.)  It does give us the option of addressing the other user redirects as a whole if we want to discuss and debate those outside of the context of Mr. Boyer — thank goodness.  Daniel Quinlan 03:55, Aug 4, 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Charles Abbot

Charles Abbot may refer to:

 * Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester (1757–1829), British statesman
 * Charles Abbot, 2nd Baron Colchester (1798–1867), British politician
 * Charles Greeley Abbot (1872–1973), American astrophysicist and astronomer
 * Charles Abbot (botanist) (1761–1817), British botanist and entomologist
 * Charles S. Abbot (born 1945), American admiral
 * Charles Wheaton Abbot Jr. (1860–1923), American military officer

title: Charles Abbot


text:
Maurice Abbot

Sir Maurice Abbot (1565–1642) was an English merchant, Governor of the East India Company (1624–1638), and a politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1621 and 1626. He was Lord Mayor of London in 1638.

Abbot's whole career, which had begun under no external advantages, was a remarkable instance of well-directed energy and enterprise; it was one of the earliest examples of the creation of enormous wealth by the application of great personal abilities to commerce, and illustrates the extraordinary development of the English foreign trade at the close of the sixteenth and opening of the seventeenth centuries.

Biography
Abbot was the fifth and youngest son of Maurice Abbot, a cloth-worker of Guildford who died in 1606, and he was the brother of George Abbot (Archbishop of Canterbury) and of Robert Abbot (Bishop of Salisbury). He was baptised at Holy Trinity Church, Guildford on 2 November 1565, was educated at Royal Grammar School, Guildford and was probably apprenticed in London to his father's trade. Subsequently he became a freeman of the Drapers' Company, and rapidly amassed great wealth as a merchant dealing in various commodities such as cloth, indigo, spices and jewellery.

Abbot was one of the original directors of the East India Company, which was incorporated by royal charter in 1600, was among the earliest to invest large sums in its "stock", was a member of its special committee of direction from 1607 onwards, and was throughout his life foremost in defending its interests against its enemies at home and abroad. In 1608 he was appointed a representative of the company for the audit of the accounts of expenses incurred jointly with the Muscovy Company in "setting forth John Kingston for the discovery of the north-west passage".

He became a member of the committee of the Virginia Company in 1610, and its auditor from 1619 to 1620. In 1614, Abbot was one of the original Shareholders of the Somers Isles Company, which was formed by the shareholders of the Virginia Company to separately administer The Somers Isles (or Bermuda) (which the Virginia Company had been in de facto possession of since the 1612 wreck of the Sea Venture, and which its royal charter had been extended to include in 1612). Abbott's Bay in Pembroke, Bermuda, was named after him (but was renamed Clarence Cove in 1822, when the surrounding Admiralty House property, 'til then known as St. John's Hill, was renamed Clarence Hill in commemoration of Admiral of the Fleet, Prince William, the Duke of Clarence (later King William IV)). Abbott's Cliff in Hamilton Parish, Bermuda, may also be named for him.

Early in 1615 Abbot was one of the commissioners despatched to Holland to settle the disputes that were constantly arising between the Dutch East India Company and the East India Company as to their trading rights in the East Indies and their fishing rights in the north seas. But the conferences that followed, produced no satisfactory result. In May 1615 Abbot himself paid a visit to the East Indies, and on his return was chosen deputy-governor of the company, an annual office to which he was eight times in succession re-elected.

During subsequent years the disagreements with the Dutch increased in force, and in 1619 Abbot was one of those appointed to treat in London with commissioners from Holland as to the peaceful establishment of the two companies abroad. A treaty was signed (2 June), which secured two-thirds of the spice produce of the Molucca Islands, where the disputes had grown hottest, to the Dutch company, and the remaining third to the English. But this settlement was not a permanent one. In 1620 the Dutch infringed some regulations of the treaty, and Abbot in company with Sir Dudley Digges went on an embassy to Holland to set matters once again on a surer footing. The commissioners were at first well received (20 November 1620) by the Prince of Orange and the states-general; but the Dutch were unwilling to make any concessions, and pursued the negotiations, according to the English accounts, with too much duplicity to admit of any effectual arrangement.

In February 1621 Abbot returned to London, and in an audience granted him by James I he bitterly complained of the "base usage" to which he had been subjected. It was clearly impossible to diminish the active feelings of jealousy that existed between the English and Dutch residents in the East Indies, and Abbot shared the sentiment too heartily to enable him to improve the position of affairs. In 1624 matters became more critical. News reached England that Amboyna, one of the chief trading depots of the Moluccas, had been the scene of the murder of Gabriel Towerson and several other English traders by the Dutch. At the time Abbot was holding the office of governor of the company, to which he had been elected on 23 March 1624. Intense excitement prevailed throughout the country, and the greatest anxiety was evinced as to the steps that Abbot would take. He recognised at once the necessity of "pressing the matter modestly", in order to avoid open war with Holland; but in repeated audiences with James I and in petitions and speeches to the privy council he insisted that demand should be made of the Dutch authorities to bring the perpetrators of the outrage to justice. He spoke of withdrawing from the trade altogether if this measure was not adopted, and after much delay the Dutch agreed to give the desired reparation. But death of James I saw the promise unfulfilled, and Abbot's efforts to pursue the question further proved unavailing.

Abbot not only took a leading part in the affairs of the East India Company during these years, he was also an influential member of the Levant Company before 1607, and the English merchant service was, from the beginning of the seventeenth century, largely under his control. In 1614 one of his vessels, named the Tiger, was assaulted and taken by "M. Mintaine, a Frenchman of the Mauritius", and Abbot sought redress for the injury in vain. In 1616 he with others received a bounty for building six new ships. In 1612 he was nominated a director of a newly incorporated company "of merchants of London, discoverers of the north-west passage", and his statement that in 1614 he "brought to the mint 60 pounds weight of gold for Indian commodities exported" proves that his own commercial transactions continued for many years on a very large scale. He also expressed himself anxious a few years later to open up trade with Persia, and to wrest from the Portuguese East India Company the commercial predominance they had acquired there.

During the last twenty years of his life Abbot played a still more active part in public affairs. In 1621 he was elected Member of Parliament for Kingston-upon-Hull; shortly afterwards was nominated one of the commissioners for equipping merchant vessels to take part in a projected expedition against the pirates of Algiers, and he appears to have been consulted by the king's ministers in every stage of the preparations, which were for a long period under discussion.

On 17 November 1621 Abbot became a customs farmer, and in 1623 he was empowered to administer "oaths to such persons as should either desire to pass the seas from this kingdom or to enter it from abroad". A few months later he was engaged in personal negotiations with James I and George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham for the remission of part of £20,000. claimed by them from the East India Company.

In 1624, when he was again returned to parliament for Kingston-upon-Hull, Abbot was appointed a member of the council for establishing the colony of Virginia. It was in the same year that he had been elected governor of the East India Company, an office that he was still holding in 1633, but which he resigned before 1638; and during the time that he sat in parliament he was continually called upon to speak in the company's behalf. On many occasions he complained of the obloquy heaped upon himself and his friends, because it was supposed that their extensive foreign trade deprived this country of the benefit of their wealth, and, with a discrimination far in advance of his age, denounced the "curiousness" of the English in forbidding the exportation of specie, and asserted the economic advantages to the state of the company's commerce.

On the accession of Charles I in 1625 Abbot was the first to receive the honour of knighthood from the new king, and he represented the City of London in the Useless Parliament (the earliest parliament of the reign), although his old constituency had tried hard to secure his services. He apparently supplied some of the jewellery required for Charles's coronation, and received on 5 July of the same year "£8,000 for a diamond cut in facets and set in a collet". On 15 December 1626 Abbot became Alderman of the ward of Bridge Without, and a few months later was chosen Sheriff of London.

In 1627 the customs department was reorganised, and Abbot with others received a lease of the customs on wines and currants for three and a half years, in consideration of a fine of £12,000 and a loan to the King of £20,000. But he was no servile agent of the crown. On 16 September 1628 information was sent to the king's council that Abbot was one of the merchants who refused to pay a newly imposed additional tax on the importation of currants, and that, while the quarrel was pending, he had broken into the government warehouse where currants belonging to him had been stored. But the supreme authorities do not appear to have pressed the charge against him.

In 1637 he was one of those entrusted by the lords of the admiralty with fitting out ships at the expense of the city of London in accordance with the ship-money edict of 1636, and the attorney-general and the recorder of London shortly afterwards exhibited an information against him in the exchequer court on the ground that he had not provided sufficient men and ammunition. By order of the king's council, however, the proceedings against Abbot were stayed, and the charge dropped. In 1642 the recorder of London, who took part in the matter in behalf of the crown, was impeached by the parliament for having advised Abbot and others to levy ship-money.

In 1638 Sir Maurice Abbot, who had on 13 September 1631 exchanged the ward of Bridge Without for that of Coleman Street, became Lord Mayor of London. The usual description of the pageant prepared to celebrate his introduction into office was from the pen of Thomas Heywood, the dramatist. Only one perfect copy of this rare work is now known, and it is in the Guildhall library. In a dedication to the new lord mayor, Heywood emphasises Abbot's popularity among his fellow-citizens, and refers to the extraordinarily successful careers of himself and his two brothers. "Neither can I omit the happinesse of your deceased father, remarkable in three most fortunate sonnes". In "the first show" described by Heywood he makes allusion to "the trading of the right honourable the present lord mayor, who is a merchant free of the Turkey, Italian, French, Muscovy, and was late governour of the East-Indy Company". In another "show" a shepherd was introduced to typify the cloth trade, in which Abbot was still engaged, and subsequently an actor in the pageant, in the character of an Indian, addressed laudatory verses to the new lord mayor as the chief merchant of England, "By whose commerce our nation hath been fam'd".

Abbot's mayoralty, which covered the greater part of the year 1639, was rendered somewhat eventful by the outbreak of war with the Scots (the Bishops War), and by the departure of an English army for the northern border under the king himself. On 7 March Abbot was constituted "the King's lieutenant within the city and suburbs of London" during his absence in the north,. and was given full authority to arm, if necessary, the inhabitants against the King's enemies, and at the discretion of himself and the aldermen to put in force martial law. In the following months he was frequently admonished by the king's council to keep a strict watch over the manufacturers of shot and other warlike implements, and ordered to make arrests of suspected persons. At times his energy in this direction seems to have been excessive. On 28 May he sent to the Poultry Counter a woman suspected to have distributed during the Whitsuntide holidays a pamphlet by John Lilburne, the famous agitator; but the House of Lords in the following year reversed Abbot's decision. He also regularly collected ship-money. On the termination of his year of office Abbot practically retired from public life. He died 10 January 1642, and was buried in St Stephen, Coleman Street, London.

There is no certain record of the situation of Abbot's house in London, but his name occurs among those who in 1630 held "tenements from the great south door (of St. Paul's Cathedral) to the south-west corner of the cloister wall", and he was one of the commissioners nominated in 1631 for the repair of the cathedral.

In 1633 Robert Ashley dedicated his translation of an Italian work on Cochin China to Abbot, and attributes to him the assertion that "the remotest traffique is always the most beneficiall to the publick stocke, and the trade to East Indies doth farre excell all other".

Family
Abbot married, firstly, Joan, daughter of George Austen, of Shalford, near Guildford, by whom he had five children.
 * Morris, one of his sons, was called to the bar as a member of the Inner Temple, and was one of the executors of the will of his uncle, the archbishop, who left him several legacies.
 * George (1602–1645), became a probationer fellow of Merton College, Oxford, in 1622, and was admitted bachelor of civil law in 1630. He carried the great banner at the funeral of his uncle, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1633, and sat in the Long Parliament as M.P. for Guildford until his death in 1645.
 * Edward, was, it appears from petitions to the House of Lords in 1641, in continual pecuniary difficulties.

After the death of his first wife in 1597, Abbot married, for the second time, Margaret, daughter of Bartholomew Barnes, an alderman of London, and she died on 5 September 1630.

1635 Abbot erected an elaborate monument in Holy Trinity Church, Guildford, to the memory of his brother, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who had died two years previously, and had appointed Abbot an executor under his will.

title: Maurice Abbot


text:
Blueshirts

The Army Comrades Association (ACA), later the National Guard, then Young Ireland and finally League of Youth, but best known by the nickname the Blueshirts (Na Léinte Gorma), was a paramilitary organisation in the Irish Free State, founded as the Army Comrades Association in Dublin on 9 February 1932. The group provided physical protection for political groups such as Cumann na nGaedheal from intimidation and attacks by the IRA. Some former members went on to fight for the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War after the group had been dissolved.

Most of the political parties whose meetings the Blueshirts protected would merge to become Fine Gael, and members of that party are still sometimes nicknamed "Blueshirts". There has been considerable debate in Irish historiography over whether or not it is accurate to describe the Blueshirts as fascists.

Origins and early history
In February 1932, the Fianna Fáil party was elected to lead the Irish Free State government. On 18 March 1932, the new government suspended the Public Safety Act, lifting the ban on a number of organisations including the Irish Republican Army. Some IRA political prisoners were also released around the same time. The IRA and many released prisoners began a "campaign of unrelenting hostility" against those associated with the former Cumann na nGaedheal government. Frank Ryan, one of the most prominent socialists in 1930s Ireland, active in both the Republican Congress and the IRA, declared "as long as we have fists and boots, there will be no free speech for traitors". There were many cases of intimidation, attacks on persons, and the breaking-up of Cumann na nGaedheal political meetings in the coming months. In view of the increased activities of the IRA, National Army Commandant Ned Cronin founded the Army Comrades Association in Dublin on 11 August 1932. As its name suggested, it was designed for Irish Army veterans, a society for former members of the Free State army. The ACA felt that freedom of speech was being repressed, and began to provide security at Cumann na nGaedheal events. This led to several serious clashes between the IRA and the ACA. In August 1932, Thomas F. O'Higgins became the leader of the ACA. O'Higgins was joined in the organisation by fellow Cumann na nGaedhael TDs Ernest Blythe, Patrick McGilligan and Desmond Fitzgerald. O'Higgins had been chosen as leader partially because his brother Kevin O'Higgins, who had been Cumann na nGaedheal Minister for Justice, had been assassinated by the IRA in 1927. By September 1932 the organisation claimed it had over 30,000 members. The historian Mike Cronin believes the Blueshirts regularly embellished their numbers and the actual amount was closer to 8,000 at that point. Women members were termed "Blue Blouses".

Eoin O'Duffy becomes leader
In January 1933, the Fianna Fáil government called a surprise election, which the government won comfortably. The election campaign saw a serious escalation of rioting between IRA and ACA supporters. In April 1933, the ACA began wearing the distinctive blueshirt uniform. Eoin O'Duffy was a guerrilla leader in the IRA in the Irish War of Independence, a National Army general in the Irish Civil War, and the Garda Síochána police commissioner in the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1933. After Fianna Fáil's re-election in February 1933, President of the Executive Council Éamon de Valera dismissed O'Duffy as commissioner after learning O'Duffy had considered staging a coup d'état to remove him from power. That July, O'Duffy was offered and accepted leadership of the ACA and renamed it the National Guard. He re-modelled the organisation, adopting elements of European fascism, such as the straight-arm Roman salute, the wearing of uniforms and huge rallies. Membership of the new organisation became limited to people who were Irish or whose parents "profess the Christian faith". O'Duffy was an admirer of Benito Mussolini, and the Blueshirts adopted corporatism as a chief political aim. According to the constitution he adopted, the organisation was to have the following objectives:

 * To promote the re-union of Ireland.
 * To oppose Communism and alien control and influence in national affairs and to uphold Christian principles in every sphere of public activity.
 * To promote and maintain social order.
 * To make organised and disciplined voluntary public service a permanent and accepted feature of our political life and to lead the youth of Ireland in a movement of constructive national action.
 * To promote the formation of co-ordinated national organisations of employers and employed, which, with the aid of judicial tribunals, will effectively prevent strikes and lock-outs and harmoniously compose industrial influences.
 * To co-operate with the official agencies of the state for the solution of such pressing social problems as the provision of useful and economic public employment for those whom private enterprise cannot absorb.
 * To secure the creation of a representative national statutory organisation of farmers, with rights and status sufficient to secure the safeguarding of agricultural interests, in all revisions of agricultural and political policy.
 * To expose and prevent corruption and victimisation in national and local administration.
 * To awaken throughout the country a spirit of combination, discipline, zeal and patriotic realism which will put the state in a position to serve the people efficiently in the economic and social spheres.

March on Dublin
The National Guard planned to hold a parade in Dublin in August 1933. It was to proceed to Glasnevin Cemetery, stopping briefly on Leinster lawn in front of the Irish parliament, where speeches were to be held. The goal of the parade was to commemorate Irish leaders Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins and Kevin O'Higgins. It is clear that the IRA and other fringe groups representing various socialists intended to confront the Blueshirts if they marched in Dublin.

On 22 August 1933 the Fianna Fáil government, remembering Mussolini's March on Rome, and fearing a coup d'état, invoked article 2A of the constitution and banned the parade. Decades later, de Valera told Fianna Fáil politicians that in late summer 1933 he was unsure whether the Irish Army would obey his orders to suppress the perceived threat, or whether the soldiers would support the Blueshirts (who included many ex-soldiers). O'Duffy accepted the ban and insisted that he was committed to upholding the law. Instead, several provincial parades took place to commemorate the deaths of Griffith, O'Higgins and Collins. De Valera saw this move as defying his ban, and the Blueshirts were declared an illegal organisation.

Merging with Cumann na nGaedhael and the National Centre Party to form Fine Gael
In response to the banning of the National Guard, Cumann na nGaedheal and the National Centre Party merged to form a new party, Fine Gael, on 3 September 1933. O'Duffy became its first president, with W. T. Cosgrave and James Dillon acting as vice-presidents. O'Duffy was chosen as leader instead of Cosgrave and MacDermot in order to avoid the idea that Fine Gael would simply be a continuation of Cumann na nGaedhael. The National Guard changed its name to the Young Ireland Association, and became part of a youth wing of the party. The new party's stated aim was to create a united Ireland within the British Commonwealth, although its programme made no mention of a corporatist state. In fact, the original name considered for the party was "The United Ireland Party" until Fine Gael was settled on. Labour Party leader William Norton was unimpressed; he surmised the new entity as "an attempt to put old wine in new bottles”. Seán Lemass dismissed this triple alliance as "the cripple alliance".

In March 1934 the Minister for Justice PJ Ruttledge of Fianna Fáil brought forward a Wearing of Uniforms (Restriction) Bill which specifically sought to ban political uniforms in Irish public life. Badges, banners and military titles that were considered at odds with public peace were also to be prohibited. Ruttledge outright said as much that part of the aim was to end the Blueshirts, although said that in practice it would apply to every part of the political spectrum. However, following bitter debates in the Dáil, the bill was voted down in the Seanad 30 to 18.

The 1934 local elections, in June 1934, were a trial of strength for the new Fine Gael and the Fianna Fáil government. When Fine Gael won only six out of 23 local elections, O'Duffy lost much of his authority and prestige. The Blueshirts had peaked by mid-1934 and rapidly began to disintegrate. A number of anti-establishment incidents were attributed to the Blueshirts during 1934, including their campaign against the payment of land annuities. The Blueshirts began to flounder on the plight of farmers in the Economic War, as the Blueshirts failed to provide a solution. In response to this, O'Duffy began to ramp up his extremist rhetoric. However, this prompted elements of Fine Gael such as Ernest Blythe, Michael Tierney and Desmond FitzGerald to begin working to remove O'Duffy from power.

Following disagreements with his Fine Gael colleagues, O'Duffy left the party in September 1934, although most of the Blueshirts stayed in Fine Gael. Following O'Duffy's ascent to leadership of Fine Gael, control of the Blueshirts had been left to original Blueshirt founder Ned Cronin. When O'Duffy left Fine Gael, he attempted to resume this position, however, Cronin resisted, resulting in the Blueshirts splitting into pro-O'Duffy and pro-Cronin factions. Cronin and his faction wished to remain within Fine Gael while O'Duffy's faction left entirely. Cronin's faction seemed to have been the majority of the membership.

In December 1934, O'Duffy attended the Montreux Fascist conference in Switzerland. He then founded the National Corporate Party, and later raised an Irish Brigade that took General Francisco Franco's side in the Spanish Civil War, with disastrous results. Meanwhile, Fine Gael was brought back under the leadership of WT Cosgrove who had previously led Cumann na nGaedhael. Now acting as Deputy Leader was James Dillon, formerly of the National Centre Party, who helped reinforce pro-democratic views into the party. Dillon was a staunch defender of liberal democracy who in later years denounced Nazism as "the devil himself with twentieth-century efficiency". He resigned from Fine Gael in 1942 due to his belief that Ireland should break neutrality and join the Allies to fight against Hitler. He later rejoined the party and became its leader after Richard Mulcahy.

Legacy
As a rule, the modern Fine Gael party strenuously avoids referring to the Blueshirts as having been a part of the founding of the party, although it is happy to acknowledge the lineage of Cumann na nGaedhael and the National Centre Party, as well as to draw a lineage back to Michael Collins. Above all, Eoin O'Duffy is never acknowledged as its first leader, instead W. T. Cosgrave is given the mantle. Nonetheless, "Blueshirt" continues to be used as a pejorative for members of Fine Gael to this day.

Fascism debate
Considerable debate has been held in Irish society across many decades over whether or not it is accurate to describe the Blueshirts as fascists.

Stanley G. Payne has argued that the Blueshirts "really was never a fascist organization at all". Maurice Manning also did not consider them fascists, with their mixture of patriotic conservatism, militia activities and corporatism amounting "to no more than a kind of Celtic Croix-de-Feu", and that ultimately the Blueshirts "had much of the appearance but little enough of the substance of Fascism". Historians are divided on the extent to which the Blueshirts took a lead from Mussolini and his many imitators at that time. Some of the Blueshirts later went to fight for Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War because of his anti-communism. They imitated some aspects of the Mussolini movement, such as the coloured-shirt uniform, Roman salute and the March on Rome; however, Historian R. M. Douglas has opined that it is incorrect to portray them as an "Irish manifestation of fascism".

Mike Cronin, an academic specialising in Irish political and cultural history, also concludes that the Blueshirts "undoubtedly possessed certain fascist traits, but they were not fascists in the German or Italian sense". Instead, Cronin suggests the term "Para-fascists" is more appropriate, indicating that while they took on the outward trapping of fascism, they did not commit to the more radical elements. Cronin contends that while certain members of the Blueshirts did hold fascist views, they were effectively "drowned out" by the number of traditionally conservative members, particularly after the merger into Fine Gael. Nonetheless, Cronin also notes that the Blueshirts' potential for outright fascism should not be dismissed either.

Fearghal McGarry of Queen’s University, Belfast, has suggested that while O'Duffy can be thought of as a genuine fascist, despite his role as the leader he was not representative of the bulk of the blueshirt membership, and that the degree to which the Blueshirts should be thought of as fascists has been overemphasised by Irish Republicans in order to reinforce their anti-fascist credentials during the interwar period. McGarry has said the danger from the Blueshirts was not that they would turn Ireland into Fascist Italy, but into the Portuguese dictatorship that existed under Salazar at the time.

Paul Bew has also argued against the term fascist being applied to the Blueshirts, instead labelling them as "angry rural conservatives" engaged in populism, with the views of the average member being closer to that of the Irish Parliamentary Party or the Irish Land League than Italian Fascism. On the same line, Alvin Jackson has stated that while some of the Cumann na nGaedheal leadership "flirted with paramilitarism and the trappings of fascism", in his view "O’Duffy’s fondness for outrageous rhetoric and elaborate uniforms was more O'Connellite than Hitlerian". Historian John Joseph Lee has remarked that "Fascism was far too intellectually demanding for the bulk of the Blueshirts" Marxist historian John Newsinger disputes this line of thinking somewhat by agreeing that the rank and file of the Blueshirts were not ideologically fascists, but so long as the leadership was, the consequences of the Blueshirts coming to power would have been one-party state dictatorship.

Michael O'Riordan, an Irish anti-fascist who fought in the Spanish Civil War and led the Communist Party of Ireland for many decades, said of the ex-Blueshirts who later volunteered to fight in Spain: "I never regarded them as fascists. They saw themselves as involved in a Christian crusade against 'godless communism' in Spain; at worst, then, they were dupes."

In the aftermath of O'Duffy's departure from Fine Gael, most of the party settled back into "traditional" conservatism under the leadership of WT Cosgrove and James Dillon. However, this was not true of all of the membership. Ernest Blythe, the Cumann na nGaedhael minister who had been an enthusiastic member of the Blueshirts and heavily supported its gravitation towards corporatism, continued to support fascist causes in Ireland many years after the Blueshirts' demise. Blythe retired from public life in 1936 after the abolishment of the Senate but he continued to engage in politics. During the 1940s he supported and aided the openly fascist Ailtirí na hAiséirghe. Blythe advised Ailtirí na hAiséirghe's leader Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin on the drafting of the party's constitution, gave it backing in its journal The Leader, as well as making financial contributions towards the party. During the 1940s Blythe's activities alarmed Ireland's secret intelligence agency G2, whose intelligence files referred to him as a potential "Irish Quisling" and “100 per cent Nazi”.

Some commentators have suggested that rather than view the conflict between the Blueshirts and the IRA through the prism of fascism vs anti-fascism, in reality, the conflict should be seen as more akin to a political rehashing of the Irish Civil War that began against the backdrop of Fianna Fáil entering into government for the first time.

title: Blueshirts


text:
Flash evaporation

Flash evaporation (or partial evaporation) is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device. This process is one of the simplest unit operations. If the throttling valve or device is located at the entry into a pressure vessel so that the flash evaporation occurs within the vessel, then the vessel is often referred to as a flash drum.

If the saturated liquid is a single-component liquid (for example, propane or liquid ammonia), a part of the liquid immediately "flashes" into vapor. Both the vapor and the residual liquid are cooled to the saturation temperature of the liquid at the reduced pressure. This is often referred to as "auto-refrigeration" and is the basis of most conventional vapor compression refrigeration systems.

If the saturated liquid is a multi-component liquid (for example, a mixture of propane, isobutane and normal butane), the flashed vapor is richer in the more volatile components than is the remaining liquid.

Uncontrolled flash evaporation can result in a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE).

Flash evaporation of a single-component liquid
The flash evaporation of a single-component liquid is an isenthalpic process and is often referred to as an adiabatic flash. The following equation, derived from a simple heat balance around the throttling valve or device, is used to predict how much of a single-component liquid is vaporized.

 * $$X = \frac{H_u^L - H_d^L}{H_d^V - H_d^L}$$

 * {| border="0" cellpadding="2"

!align=right|$$X$$ !align=right|$$H_u^L$$ !align=right|$$H_d^V$$ !align=right|$$H_d^L$$
 * align=right|where:
 * align=right|where:
 * align=left|=  weight ratio of vaporized liquid / total mass
 * align=left|= upstream liquid enthalpy  at upstream temperature and pressure, J/kg
 * align=left|= flashed vapor enthalpy at downstream pressure and corresponding saturation     temperature, J/kg
 * align=left|= residual liquid enthalpy at downstream pressure and corresponding saturation     temperature, J/kg
 * }

If the enthalpy data required for the above equation is unavailable, then the following equation may be used.

 * $$X = \frac{c_p ( T_u - T_d )}{H_v}$$

 * {| border="0" cellpadding="2"

!align=right|$$X$$ !align=right|$$c_p$$ !align=right|$$T_u$$ !align=right|$$T_d$$ !align=right|$$H_v$$
 * align=right|where:
 * align=right|where:
 * align=left|= weight fraction vaporized
 * align=left|= liquid specific heat at upstream temperature and pressure, J/(kg °C)
 * align=left|= upstream liquid temperature, °C
 * align=left|= liquid saturation temperature corresponding to the downstream pressure, °C
 * align=left|= liquid heat of vaporization at downstream pressure and corresponding saturation     temperature, J/kg
 * }

Here, the words "upstream" and "downstream" refer to before and after the liquid passes through the throttling valve or device.

This type of flash evaporation is used in the desalination of brackish water or ocean water by "Multi-Stage Flash Distillation." The water is heated and then routed into a reduced-pressure flash evaporation "stage" where some of the water flashes into steam. This steam is subsequently condensed into salt-free water. The residual salty liquid from that first stage is introduced into a second flash evaporation stage at a pressure lower than the first stage pressure. More water is flashed into steam which is also subsequently condensed into more salt-free water. This sequential use of multiple flash evaporation stages is continued until the design objectives of the system are met. A large part of the world's installed desalination capacity uses multi-stage flash distillation. Typically such plants have 24 or more sequential stages of flash evaporation.

Equilibrium flash of a multi-component liquid
The equilibrium flash of a multi-component liquid may be visualized as a simple distillation process using a single equilibrium stage. It is very different and more complex than the flash evaporation of single-component liquid. For a multi-component liquid, calculating the amounts of flashed vapor and residual liquid in equilibrium with each other at a given temperature and pressure requires a trial-and-error iterative solution. Such a calculation is commonly referred to as an equilibrium flash calculation. It involves solving the Rachford-Rice equation:

 * $$\sum_i\frac{z_i \, ( K_i -1)}{1 + \beta \, (K_i - 1)}=0$$

where:

 * zi is the mole fraction of component i in the feed liquid (assumed to be known);
 * β is the fraction of feed that is vaporised;
 * Ki is the equilibrium constant of component i.

The equilibrium constants Ki are in general functions of many parameters, though the most important is arguably temperature; they are defined as:

 * $$y_i = K_i \, x_i$$

where:

 * xi is the mole fraction of component i in liquid phase;
 * yi is the mole fraction of component i in gas phase.

Once the Rachford-Rice equation has been solved for β, the compositions xi and yi can be immediately calculated as:

 * $$\begin{align}

x_i &= \frac{z_i}{1+\beta(K_i-1)}\\ y_i &= K_i\,x_i. \end{align}$$

The Rachford-Rice equation can have multiple solutions for β, at most one of which guarantees that all xi and yi will be positive. In particular, if there is only one β for which:

 * $$\frac{1}{1-K_\text{max}} = \beta_\text{min} < \beta < \beta_\text{max} = \frac{1}{1-K_\text{min}}$$

then that β is the solution; if there are multiple such β's, it means that either Kmax<1 or Kmin>1, indicating respectively that no gas phase can be sustained (and therefore β=0) or conversely that no liquid phase can exist (and therefore β=1).

It is possible to use Newton's method for solving the above water equation, but there is a risk of converging to the wrong value of β; it is important to initialise the solver to a sensible initial value, such as (βmax+βmin)/2 (which is however not sufficient: Newton's method makes no guarantees on stability), or, alternatively, use a bracketing solver such as the bisection method or the Brent method, which are guaranteed to converge but can be slower.

The equilibrium flash of multi-component liquids is very widely utilized in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants and natural gas processing plants.

Contrast with spray drying
Spray drying is sometimes seen as a form of flash evaporation. However, although it is a form of liquid evaporation, it is quite different from flash evaporation.

In spray drying, a slurry of very small solids is rapidly dried by suspension in a hot gas. The slurry is first atomized into very small liquid droplets which are then sprayed into a stream of hot dry air. The liquid rapidly evaporates leaving behind dry powder or dry solid granules. The dry powder or solid granules are recovered from the exhaust air by using cyclones, bag filters or electrostatic precipitators.

Natural flash evaporation
Natural flash vaporization or flash deposition may occur during earthquakes resulting in deposition of minerals held in supersaturated solutions, sometimes even valuable ore in the case of auriferous, gold-bearing, waters. This results when blocks of rock are rapidly pulled and pushed away from each other by jog faults.

title: Flash evaporation


text: File:Augustus John, Princess Antoine Bibesco, 1924.jpg