text:
Michael Hoban

Brian Michael Stanislaus Hoban (7 October 1921 in British Guiana – 6 July 2003), was a teacher of classics, and Headmaster of Harrow School from 1971–81.

His father died when he was a small child and he spent two years in an orphanage. In 1934 he won a scholarship to Charterhouse, where he remained until the onset of World War II in 1939. He spent the war as a captain with the Westminster Dragoons, and was mentioned in dispatches.

From 1946–49 he was a student of classics at University College, Oxford. In 1947 he married Jasmine Holmes, the daughter of his Charterhouse house master. From 1949–52 he was an assistant master at Uppingham School teaching classics. From 1952–59 he was an assistant master at Shrewsbury School teaching classics. From 1960–64 he was Headmaster of St Edmund's School, Canterbury.

From 1964–71, he was Headmaster of Bradfield College. In 1971 he was named Headmaster of Harrow. He headed Harrow at a difficult time for British public schools generally, due to the political environment and financial pressures. Despite sometimes public criticism, Hoban responded with cost-saving measures, whilst refurbishing houses. During his tenure at Harrow, numbers slipped below 700 only three times. He oversaw many important building projects, including the new Central Feeding block; the New Knoll boarding house; and new physics and maths schools. He retired in 1981.

Death
Hoban died on 6 July 2003, aged 81.

title: Michael Hoban


text:
User talk:Whyang

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome any original contributions, but the material you copied from the Merck Manual entry on Reiter's Syndrome appears to be copyrighted. Please check out Copyrights for our copyright policy. If the Merck Manual stuff is public-domain or GFDL-licensed, it's okay to use; please let me know if I'm mistaken in thinking that it's copyrighted. Thanks! -- Wapcaplet 23:00 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Please read NPOV as well. --Menchi 23:05 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Cory Booker
Regarding this edit please use the talk page for such commentary. Talk:Cory Booker is a more appropriate venue. Thank you and happy editting.--Jersey Devil 21:15, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Whyang


text:
Talk:Hakka people

Lindi Tsang
Bubzbeauty (Lindi Tsang) has said her family is Hakka, even though she is Northern Irish. What category best suits her? Ambiesushi (talk) 19:56, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

Hakka
Hakka is a Chinese subgroup under Han people but not an ethnic, i believe under the Taiwan column. if it's an ethnic then Hakka are not ethnically Han people anymore. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.135.47.119 (talk) 01:32, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 01:45, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

Request to remove all the date of birth, location, brake names, pronunciation,
I find the section for the list of historical figures, celebrity  extremely messy, unorganized, long, hard, irritating and annoying to read. I really don't understand the point of listing all these date of birth, location, names next to the historic figures when it's already in wikipedia themselves. It would be far more better to just write in more details about what these historical figures were rather than forcing the readers read all the garbage of where they were born or how to pronounce their names first, also why is the description for the detail of these celebrity and figures so short while the garbage about their names, birth, pronunciation so long? please for the sake of the readers make it MORE SIMPLE AND EASY 92.236.36.173 ( 92.236.36.173) 3:50 Pm, Nov 7 June 201

 * My father Taishanese and my mother is 1/2 is hakka-Teochew but my mum consider herself Hakka and she found this page hella annoying to read like myself. I'm proud of my heritage but I'm disappointing with the way they have been set out. Whoever made this wikipedia did a good job except for the way these names have been set out.

IT IS VERY EASY FOR PEOPLE TO READ LIKE THIS why not just make it easy and simple?

Politicians

 * Canada
 * Alice Wong, Minister of State for Seniors,the first Chinese-Canadian woman sitting in Cabinet.
 * Singapore
 * Tan Soo Khoon (1949–; Chaozhou, Guangdong; born in Singapore), former Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore
 * Lee Boon Yang, former Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts
 * Teo Chee Hean, Deputy Prime Minister
 * Low Thia Khiang, Secretary-General, Workers’ Party, Member of Parliament for Aljunied
 * Lim Swee Say, Cabinet Minister in Prime Minister's Office
 * Lim Boon Heng,former Cabinet Minister
 * Baey Yam Keng, Member of Parliament, Tampines
 * Seng Han Thong, Member of Parliament, Yio Chu Kang
 * George Yeo, former Minister for Foreign Affairs (Singapore)
 * Teo Ser Luck, Senior Parliamentary Secretary for the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports and Ministry of Transport
 * Thailand
 * Banharn Silpa-archa, 21st Prime Minister of Thailand
 * Chamlong Srimuang, former Deputy Prime Minister and Governor of Bangkok
 * Pridi Banomyong, 7th Prime Minister of Thailand
 * Malaysia
 * Chua Jui Meng, Former Minister of Health.
 * Chua Soi Lek, Former Minister of Health.
 * Chua Tee Yong, Member of Parliament

Sportspeople

 * United States
 * Michael Chang (1972–; Chaozhou, Guangdong; born in the United States), former professional tennis player
 * Singapore
 * Tan Howe Liang (1933–; Shantou, Guangdong), the first Singaporean Olympic individual Silver medallist.

BUT IT IS PISSING ANNOYING TO READ THEM WHEN IT'S LIKE THIS

JUST WHAT IS THE FREAKING OF MENTIONING THEIR NAMES, DATE OF BIRTH, LOCATION?

Entertainers

 * Mainland China
 * He Meitian (何美鈿/何美钿; He Meitian; Ho Muitiang) (1983–; Chaozhou, Guangdong), actress
 * Chen Chusheng (陳楚生/陈楚生; Tan Cosên) (1981–; Puning, Guangdong; born in Sanya, Hainan), singer
 * Chrissie Chau (周秀娜) (1985–; Chaozhou, Guangdong), actress and model
 * Hong Kong
 * Canti Lau (劉錫明/劉锡明; Liu Ximing; Liu Siahmêng) (1964–; Chaoyang, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), actor and singer
 * Sammul Chan (陳鍵鋒/陈键锋; Chén Jiànfēng; Chan Gin-fung) (1978–; Chaozhou, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), actor, singer
 * Emil Chau (周華健/周华健; Zhou Huajian; Chiu Hua-giang) (1960–; Chaoyang, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), actor and singer
 * Matthew Ko (高鈞賢/高钧贤; Gao Junxian; Gao Jao-ghao) (1984–; Chaozhou, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), model
 * Kwong Wah (江華/江华; Jiang Hua; Gang Hua) (1962–; Shantou, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), actor and singer
 * Miriam Yeung (楊千嬅/杨千桦; Yang Qianhua; Yêng Cainhua) (1974–; Jieyang, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), actress and singer
 * Sammi Cheng (鄭秀文/郑秀文; Zheng Xiuwen; Dên Siu-mung) (1972–; Chenghai, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), actress and singer
 * Ada Choi (蔡少芬/蔡少芬; Cai Shaofen; Choi Siufun) (1973–; Chaoshan, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), actress
 * Steven Ma (馬浚偉/马浚伟; Ma FengWei; Maa Zeonwai) (1971–; Chaozhou, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), actor and singer
 * Stephen Wong Cheung-Hing (黃長興) (1978–; Shantou, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong), actor
 * Singapore
 * Zoe Tay (郑惠玉/鄭惠玉; Zhèng Huìyù; Jeng Wai Yuk) (1968–; Chaozhou, Guangdong; born in Singapore), actress
 * Chen Shucheng (陈澍承) (1949–;Chaoshan, Chaozhou; born in Singapore, actor
 * Chen Liping(陈莉萍） (1965–;Chaozhou, Guangdong; born in Singapore, actress
 * Celest Chong (1973–; Chaozhou, Guangdong; born in Singapore), singer and actress
 * Stefanie Sun (孫燕姿/孙燕姿; Sun Yanzi; Sung Ince) (1978–; Chaozhou, Guangdong; born in Singapore), singer
 * South Korea
 * Jang Yong (Korean: 張龍/장용; 張龍/张龙; Zhang Long; Dion Leng) (1945–; Chaozhou, Guangdong); born in South Korea), actor

92.236.36.173 ( 92.236.36.173) 4:14 Pm, Nov 7 June 2013

Hakka migration
http://books.google.com/books?id=PNnfwOo-WdAC&pg=PA259&dq=Between+the+fourth+and+nineteenth+centuries,+perhaps+five+great+waves+of+migration+brought+Hakka+from+the+central+plains+of+northern+China+southward,+first+to+the+Gan+River+valley+in+Jiangxi+and+then+successively+into+the+rugged&hl=en&ei=mCGCTvT3GoTW0QHG4_ycAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Between%20the%20fourth%20and%20nineteenth%20centuries%2C%20perhaps%20five%20great%20waves%20of%20migration%20brought%20Hakka%20from%20the%20central%20plains%20of%20northern%20China%20southward%2C%20first%20to%20the%20Gan%20River%20valley%20in%20Jiangxi%20and%20then%20successively%20into%20the%20rugged&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=dVzLG1aqlNkC&pg=PA149&dq=–+HaKKa.+A+subgroup+of+the+Han+Chinese.+Most+still+live+in+Jiangxi,+Fujian,+Guangdong,+and+Taiwan.+Because+their+ancestors+were+immigrants+from+northern+China,+local+people+called+the+newcomers+hakka+(guest+families&hl=en&ei=vCGCTvanJYn50gHbsbF2&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=–%20HaKKa.%20A%20subgroup%20of%20the%20Han%20Chinese.%20Most%20still%20live%20in%20Jiangxi%2C%20Fujian%2C%20Guangdong%2C%20and%20Taiwan.%20Because%20their%20ancestors%20were%20immigrants%20from%20northern%20China%2C%20local%20people%20called%20the%20newcomers%20hakka%20(guest%20families&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=vAXnnu1oFhUC&pg=PA172&dq=His+best-known+book+on+historical+sources+for+the+study+of+the+Hakka+draws+in+part+from+Pang's+compiled+volume+of+Shung+Him+Tong+genealogies+to+provide+evidence+of+the+northern+Chinese+origins+of+the+Hakka.51+What+Pang+does+with+his&hl=en&ei=uSGCTurRE6ru0gGqq92eAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=His%20best-known%20book%20on%20historical%20sources%20for%20the%20study%20of%20the%20Hakka%20draws%20in%20part%20from%20Pang's%20compiled%20volume%20of%20Shung%20Him%20Tong%20genealogies%20to%20provide%20evidence%20of%20the%20northern%20Chinese%20origins%20of%20the%20Hakka.51%20What%20Pang%20does%20with%20his&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=2E_5nR0SoXoC&pg=PA110&dq=In+many+parts+of+south+China,+these+%22guests%22+are+still+treated+as+outsiders+and+intruders+even+though+everyone+now+concedes+that+they+are+Han+Chinese.+The+Hakka+identify+themselves+as+northern+Chinese,+and+this+contention+has+some+basis&hl=en&ei=tCGCTpG0BcbZ0QG994mmAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=In%20many%20parts%20of%20south%20China%2C%20these%20%22guests%22%20are%20still%20treated%20as%20outsiders%20and%20intruders%20even%20though%20everyone%20now%20concedes%20that%20they%20are%20Han%20Chinese.%20The%20Hakka%20identify%20themselves%20as%20northern%20Chinese%2C%20and%20this%20contention%20has%20some%20basis&f=false Rajmaan (talk) 01:28, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

Foods - salt baked chicken
The chinese name for this is given as ham guk gai - this is incorrect, at least in Hong Kong, where it is always called yim guk gai. Ham means salty, yim means salt. Ham has unfortunate connotations, ham sap being a common expression for bawdy or indecent, and therefore would be inappropriate for a chicken dish. In 22 years in Hong Kong I never heard the name ham guk gai; this includes eating at Hakka restaurants, and my wife is herself Hakka. See Sidney Lau' 'A Practical Cantonese-English Dictionary',1977, printed and published by the Government Printer. Perhaps someone could edit the offending phrase? 82.13.81.144 (talk) 23:35, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Shanxi, Henan
The article says that the Hakka peoples were thought to be from Shanxi, Henan, and several other places. Are there still remnants of these "Hakka" people in Shanxi and Henan in terms of languages and genetics? 2A00:23C5:C10B:A300:8592:DB69:BB40:170D (talk) 00:23, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

Discrimination/ hatred
In this section, does anyone know that the people described as Cantonese in the article were actually true Cantonese speakers? I thought the people referred to as Cantonese were not/are not actually Cantonese speakers, but just people who claimed that they were natives of Canton but were not/are not speakers of what we know as Cantonese. That is to say, these people could not/cannot speak Cantonese, they should not be identified as true Cantonese, and were not/are not true Cantonese themselves, and they should not be confused with the real Cantonese people, and should not be referred to as Cantonese. 109.156.176.232 (talk) 03:33, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Two paragraphs in this section are almost exactly duplicated. "The Qing Dynasty mobilized officers and men from the local Cantonese peasants to kill the Hakkas, regained the Guanghai villages which was occupied by the Hakkas, and massacred the Hakkas. The number of Hakkas killed was tens of thousands in the Dalongdong area of Guanghai alone.". Very similar to that see under "By Qing Dynasty".

Massacres
What I don't understand is that in various places in the article, the Hakkas were described as a soldiering people. That is to say, they are/were fighters. If that is/was the case, how is/was that they were massacred? Did they not fight back? 109.156.176.232 (talk) 03:39, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Merge: Hakka culture
I suggest merging Hakka culture into this article 174.91.152.200 (talk) 17:16, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

Listing Hakkas in Taiwan under the China section
Taiwan is de facto not a part of China. Shouldn't this be its own separate major section? 216.164.50.120 (talk) 18:44, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Possible problems with WP:V
On 15 June, and one other editor changed a lot of information in this article without adding any source in which this information can be verified. These changes were reverted by me and promptly reinstored here. I don't know anything about this topic and I'm not going to put my time into this, but I thought other editors should know. ☿ Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 10:57, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

Contradiction
The lead says the Hakka 'have originated from the central plains' and 'are largely descended from North Han Chinese' immigrants from the north, as the name suggests, but the section 'Origins' says that hybrid origins are 'the most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies'. 87.126.21.225 (talk) 07:44, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

Add Hakka Funeral Customs - Twice burials
"Twice burial is another custom inherited by the Hakkas during their southbound migration. The deceased was first buried as in any ordinary burial. Three years later however, the remains of the deceased were unearthed, collected in a pottery vessel and buried in a new place, with a new tombstone erected.

This practice can only be explained by the constant move of the Hakka people. For centuries, the forefathers of the Hakkas were constantly on the move. Whenever they were on the road again, they would unearth the remains of their deceased dear ones and carry them along to a new dwelling place and bury them there. The point was to keep the remains of their dear ones close to their residence. The Hakka people are very particular about the structure and location of tombs. Most of the tombs are in dome shape and have to be built high up in the hills, the higher the better for obvious social hierarchy reasons. The structure of the tomb is similar to the early-stage residence i.e. the enclosed house. It is higher in the back & lower in the front and is enclosed."

https://lexpress.mu/article/hakka-customs-and-habits 2A02:C7C:7D1F:D200:C426:BD2C:D058:248C (talk) 13:11, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hakka people


text:
Joyce Maynard

Joyce Maynard (born November 5, 1953) is an American novelist and journalist. She began her career in journalism in the 1970s, writing for several publications, most notably Seventeen magazine and The New York Times. Maynard contributed to Mademoiselle and Harrowsmith magazines in the 1980s, while also beginning a career as a novelist with the publication of her first novel, Baby Love (1981). Her second novel, To Die For (1992), drew on the Pamela Smart murder case and was adapted by Gus Van Sant into the film To Die For in 1995. Maynard received significant media attention in 1998 with the publication of her memoir At Home in the World, in which she describes her relationship with J. D. Salinger.

Maynard has published novels in a wide range of literary genres, including fiction, young adult fiction, and true crime. Her sixth novel, Labor Day (2009), was adapted into the 2013 film Labor Day, directed by Jason Reitman. Her most recent novels include Under the Influence (2016), Count the Ways (2021), The Bird Hotel (2023) and How the Light Gets In (2024).

Early life
Maynard was born in Durham, New Hampshire, to Fredelle (née Bruser), a journalist, writer, and English teacher, and Max Maynard, a painter and professor of English at the University of New Hampshire (and brother of theologian Theodore Maynard). Her father was born in India to English missionary parents and later moved to Canada; her mother was born in Saskatchewan to Jewish immigrants from Russia. Maynard has an older sister, Rona.

Maynard attended the Oyster River school district and Phillips Exeter Academy. She won Scholastic Art and Writing Awards in 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, and 1971. In her teens, she wrote regularly for Seventeen magazine. She entered Yale University in 1971 and sent a collection of her writings to the editors of The New York Times Magazine. They asked her to write an article about growing up in the 1960s, which was published under the title "An 18-Year-Old Looks Back on Life" in the magazine's April 23, 1972, issue. After the article was published, Maynard received a letter from fiction writer J. D. Salinger, then 53 years old, who complimented her writing and warned her of the dangers of publicity.

Relationship with Salinger and At Home in the World
In spring 1972, Maynard and Salinger exchanged letters during her freshman year at Yale University. By July 1972, Maynard had given up her summer job writing for The New York Times to move in with Salinger in Cornish, New Hampshire. Salinger and his wife had divorced in 1967. By September 1972, she had given up her scholarship to Yale and dropped out. While living with him for eight months, mid-1972 until March 1973, Maynard wrote her first book, a memoir titled Looking Back: A Chronicle of Growing Up Old in the Sixties, which was published in 1973 soon after Maynard and Salinger ended their relationship.

Maynard withheld information about their relationship until her 1998 memoir At Home in the World. The memoir, an account of her entire life up to that point, is best known for its in-depth retelling of her relationship with Salinger, whom she portrays as a predator. At its publication, many reviewers furiously panned the book, such as Jonathan Yardley from the Washington Post, who called it "indescribably stupid."

During the same year, she auctioned the letters that Salinger had written to her. Software developer Peter Norton bought the letters for $156,500 and returned them to Salinger.

In 2021, Maynard wrote on the relationship in Vanity Fair relating to Allen v. Farrow, stating that "I was groomed to be the sexual partner of a narcissist who nearly derailed my life," going into detail on the other relations with teenagers that Salinger had had at the same time, and "[w]hen he sent me away less than a year later with words of contempt and disdain, I believed the failure was mine, and that I was no longer worthy of his love or even respect." With regards to the reception of her memoirs, she notes the negative reception, adding "I was accused of trying to sell books, to make money from my brief and inconsequential connection to a great man", noting "one writer, Cynthia Ozick—hardly alone among celebrated authors, weighing in with her condemnation—portrayed me as a person who, in possession of no talent of my own, had attached myself to Salinger to 'suck out' his celebrity."

Journalism
After moving out of Salinger's house in 1973, Maynard bought a house in Hillsborough, New Hampshire. From 1973 to 1975, she contributed commentaries to a series called Spectrum on CBS Radio. In 1975, she joined the staff of The New York Times as a general assignment reporter and feature writer. She left The New York Times in 1977 when she married Steve Bethel. They moved to New Hampshire and had three children, Audrey, Charlie, and Wilson.

From 1984 to 1990, Maynard wrote the weekly syndicated column "Domestic Affairs," dealing with marriage, parenthood, and family life. She worked as book reviewer and columnist for Mademoiselle and Harrowsmith magazine. In 1989, when Maynard's marriage to Steve Bethel ended, more than half of the newspapers dropped her "Domestic Affairs" column.

In 1986 she helped lead the opposition to the construction of the nation's first high-level nuclear waste dump in her home state of New Hampshire, with ground zero located in Hillsborough, where Maynard lived with her young family. Maynard described this campaign in a New York Times cover story in May 1986. Said Maynard, "The US Department of Energy named part of New Hampshire as a candidate for the first high-level nuclear waste 'repository' (i.e., DUMP) on the planet." Maynard and others rallied at town meetings and convoyed to Concord, and later that year, a law was passed prohibiting a nuclear waste dump in New Hampshire. To date, Maynard considers the stoppage of a nuclear waste dump in New Hampshire as one of her greatest accomplishments.

Fiction
Maynard published her first novel, Baby Love, in 1981. Her 1992 novel To Die For drew from the Pamela Smart murder case and was adapted into a 1995 film, also called To Die For, directed by Gus Van Sant and starring Nicole Kidman, Matt Dillon, and Joaquin Phoenix. In the late 1990s, she wrote to her readers in an online discussion forum, The Domestic Affairs Message Board.

She published two books of young adult fiction: The Usual Rules (2003) and The Cloud Chamber (2005). Her true crime book, Internal Combustion (2006), dealt with the case of Nancy Seaman, a Michigan resident who was convicted of killing her husband in 2004. The novel Labor Day was published in 2009 and adapted into a movie, written and directed by Jason Reitman and starring Kate Winslet and Josh Brolin. Her other novels include The Good Daughters (2010), After Her (2013), and Under the Influence (2016).

In summer 2021, Maynard published Count the Ways, a well-received, deeply compassionate novel of home, parenthood, love, and forgiveness. That autumn, Maynard was awarded The Grand Prix de Littérature Américaine 2021 for "Où vivaient les gens heureux" ("Count the Ways"), published in France in August 2021 by Philippe Rey in a translation by Florence Lévy-Paoloni.

Spring 2023, the 50th Anniversary of Looking Back: A Chronicle of Growing Up Old in the Sixties was noted, with Maynard recording the audio version of the book. Said Maynard, "On every page, I read words written by my younger self that, if I could, I would have changed. The girl I used to be back then was naive and opinionated, frequently a prim know-it all. In the pages of what purported to be the story of her life so far, she was also keeping a large secret. In the end though, as the days of recording came to an end, a rush of pure, tender protectiveness for that girl overtook me. I wished I could reach through the pages I was reading out loud and put my arms around that girl, tell her to be careful of her body, her gifts, her precious and breakable heart. As I finished reading the final paragraph into the microphone, I realized I was weeping."

In May 2023, Maynard's work of fiction, The Bird Hotel, was published by Arcade Publishing. On August 24, 2023, L'hôtel des Oiseaux was published in France by Philippe Rey in a translation by Florence Lévy-Paoloni.

In a first for her oeuvre, Maynard's latest novel, How the Light Gets In, is a sequel. The story follows the characters of Count the Ways (2021) into the current climate of American history, showcasing Maynard's storytelling prowess and ability to create compelling narratives. How the Light Gets In was published June 25, 2024 by William Morrow.

Personal life
Joyce Maynard married Steve Bethel in 1977 and divorced him in 1989. They had three children together: daughter Audrey, a social worker, and sons Charlie, a DJ/music producer known as Captain Planet, and Wilson, an actor known for Hart of Dixie and All Rise. After her divorce from Bethel in 1989, Maynard and her children moved to Keene, New Hampshire.

Maynard and her sister Rona, a writer and retired editor of Chatelaine magazine, collaborated on an examination of their sisterhood. Rona Maynard's memoir My Mother's Daughter was published in the fall of 2007. On August 12, 2023, Joyce Maynard and Rona Maynard shared the stage for a premiere event, "The Maynard Sisters In Conversation" at The Toadstool Bookshop in Keene, New Hampshire.

Maynard has written about her experience of an international adoption and disruption, and in subsequent years, has served as an advocate and supporter for adoptive families and children experiencing challenges related to international adoption.

On July 6, 2013, she married lawyer Jim Barringer. Barringer died on June 16, 2016, of pancreatic cancer, 19 months after his diagnosis. Their relationship and his death is the subject of her 2017 memoir The Best of Us.

Maynard returned to Yale as a sophomore in 2018 to complete her undergraduate education. During the pandemic, Maynard left Yale again, considering herself a "two-time dropout."

She resides in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Fiction

 * Baby Love (1981)
 * To Die For (1992)
 * Where Love Goes (1995)
 * The Usual Rules (2003)
 * The Cloud Chamber (2005)
 * Labor Day (2009)
 * The Good Daughters (2010)
 * After Her (2013)
 * Under the Influence (2016)
 * Count the Ways (2021)
 * The Influencers (2022)
 * The Bird Hotel (2023)
 * How The Light Gets In (2024)

Nonfiction

 * Looking Back: A Chronicle of Growing Up Old in the Sixties (1973)
 * Domestic Affairs: Enduring the Pleasures of Motherhood and Family Life (1987)
 * At Home in the World (1998)
 * Internal Combustion: A Story of a Marriage and a Murder in the Motor City (2006)
 * "A Good Girl Goes Bad" (2007), in Bad Girls: 26 Writers Misbehave, edited by Ellen Sussman
 * "Your Friend Always" (2007), in Mr. Wrong: Real-Life Stories About the Men We Used to Love, edited by Harriet Brown
 * "Someone Like Me, But Younger" (2009), in The Face in the Mirror: Writers Reflect on Their Dreams of Youth and the Reality of Age, edited by Victoria Zackheim
 * "Straw into Gold" (2013), in Knitting Yarns: Writers on Knitting, edited by Ann Hood (W. W. Norton & Company)
 * The Best of Us (2017)

title: Joyce Maynard


text: Talk:Zahra Kazemi

title: Talk:Zahra Kazemi


text:
Totnes Castle

Totnes Castle is one of the best preserved examples of a Norman motte and bailey castle in England. It is situated in the town of Totnes on the River Dart in Devon. The surviving stone keep and curtain wall date from around the 14th century. From after the Norman Conquest of 1066 it was the caput of the Feudal barony of Totnes.

History

The castle occupies a commanding position atop a large hill above the town, and guards the approach to three valleys.

The first castle on this site is believed to have been built by the Breton Juhel of Totnes (also known as Judhael) who was one of William the Conqueror's lieutenants. The feudal barony of Totnes was granted to him in 1068, and in order to cement his control over the area he constructed a fortification and founded Totnes Priory within the town. This first construction probably consisted of a wooden palisade and tower. On the death of King William I, Juhel lost his lands, possibly as a result of his support for the Rebellion of 1088. The feudal barony of Totnes was then granted to Roger de Nonant, whose descendants appear to have held it for the next three generations. Following this it came into the possession of William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber, who is probably responsible for constructing the first stone shell keep and walls on the site.

By 1326, the castle had fallen into ruin and was under the control the de la Zouch family. During this period a royal order was made for the repair of the fortifications. As a result, the castle was re-fortified with a new shell keep, using Devonian limestone and red sandstone, a stable was constructed and a constable appointed. Following the Wars of the Roses it once again fell into disrepair. The castle was occupied for a period during the Civil War but saw no notable action.

Occupants of the Castle
Totnes Castle has a rich history spanning several centuries. It all began in 1067 when Juhel, a Norman Knight, constructed and inhabited the castle, marking its humble beginnings. Sixteen years later, in 1083, Roger de Nonant seized control of the castle. The year 1205 saw William de Braose, the 3rd Lord of Bramber and a descendant of Juhel, reclaim the castle, although it is unlikely that he resided there. Instead, it was his son, Reginald de Broase, who likely erected the first stone castle on the site. Subsequently, in 1326, the de la Zouch clan assumed ownership of the castle and undertook extensive rebuilding, transforming its structure. Fast forward to 1485, when Sir Richard Edgecomb became the new owner of Totnes Castle. Finally, in 1764, Edward Seymour, the 9th Duke of Somerset, and his family took up residence at the castle. During their tenure, they introduced leisure facilities like a tennis court and a delightful tea room, further enhancing the castle's allure.

Visiting the Castle
Visiting Totnes Castle is a delightful experience, although parking can be a bit tricky. There is no designated car park, but visitors can use the Limited Pay and Display parking located 64 metres away from the site. It is easy to find by following Station Road, turning south onto Castle Street, and then left onto North Street. English Heritage encourages visitors to book their time slot online to secure a pre-booking discount, as prices may be higher at the on-site ticket office. Membership cardholders of the English Heritage Society enjoy free entry. The castle offers exceptional views, a grassed picnic area, and the opportunity to explore the castle keep and its surrounding area. However, it's important to note that the motte and keep are not wheelchair accessible due to steep slopes and uneven stone steps.

Preservation
Since 1984 the castle has been under the stewardship of English Heritage. The castle is a scheduled monument and a Grade I listed building.

title: Totnes Castle


text:
Blood Simple

Blood Simple is a 1984 American independent neo-noir crime film written, edited, produced, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, and starring John Getz, Frances McDormand, Dan Hedaya, and M. Emmet Walsh. Its plot follows a Texas bartender who is having a love affair with his boss’s wife. When his boss discovers the affair, he hires a private investigator to kill the couple. It was the directorial debut of the Coens and the first major film of cinematographer Barry Sonnenfeld, who later became a director, as well as the feature-film debut of McDormand.

The film's title derives from the Dashiell Hammett novel Red Harvest (1929), in which the term "blood simple" describes the addled, fearful mind-set of people after prolonged immersion in violent situations. Stylistically, the film has been noted for its blending elements of neo-noir, pulp crime stories, and low-budget horror films. In 2001, a director's cut was released, the same year that it was ranked No. 98 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.

Plot
In Texas, bartender Ray and housewife Abby drive through a downpour at night, discussing Abby's bad marriage to Julian Marty, who is Ray's boss. After admitting they are attracted to each other, they stop at a motel and have sex. Loren Visser, a private detective, takes photos of the tryst and delivers them to Marty. When a mysterious caller informs the couple they are being watched, Abby goes home and grabs some belongings, including a small pistol Marty gave her. Despite being warned by Abby to stay away from the bar, Ray goes there to demand his back pay from Marty. Angry and humiliated, Marty mockingly tells Ray that Abby will betray him the way she did to Marty, and when confronted she will say, "I haven't done anything funny."

After a botched attempt at kidnapping Abby from Ray's home, a newly-humiliated Marty again meets with Visser, offering him $10,000 to kill Abby and Ray. Visser agrees, telling Marty to "go fishing" in Corpus Christi to establish an alibi. Visser breaks into Ray's home and steals Abby's gun, and then calls Marty to tell him the job is done. When Marty returns, Visser meets him at the bar to collect his payment, showing Marty photos of the murdered couple as evidence. When Marty opens the safe to get the money for Visser, he surreptitiously places one of the murder photos inside. As Marty hands over the photos and the money, Visser shoots him with Abby's gun, drops the gun and grabs the money. As Visser exits, he carelessly leaves his cigarette lighter at the bar.

It is then revealed that Visser doctored photos of the couple asleep to look as if he shot them. Ray, deciding to confront Marty about his wages again, returns to the bar and discovers his body, accidentally discharging Abby's gun when he steps on it. Assuming Abby had murdered Marty, Ray puts the gun in Marty's coat pocket and the body in the backseat of his car. While driving, he is shocked to discover that Marty is still alive, albeit barely. Ray drives into a field and begins to bury Marty in a shallow grave. Finding the gun, Marty takes aim and pulls the trigger three times, falling on an empty chamber each time. Ray gingerly takes the gun and finishes burying Marty alive as he screams in terror.

A distraught Ray goes to Abby's new apartment and tries to explain that he "cleaned it all up." Abby, oblivious to Marty's shooting and unnerved by the blood on Ray's clothes, says, "I haven't done anything funny," which disturbs him further and leads to an argument. Visser calls the apartment but does not speak when Abby picks up; she assumes and tells Ray that it was Marty. Horrified, Ray places her gun on a table near the door as he leaves. Later, he is confronted by Meurice, another bartender, who tells him about a phone message Marty left regarding money stolen from the safe (Marty's cover story for the $10,000 he paid Visser).

While burning the doctored photos, Visser realizes that Marty kept one and that he cannot find his lighter. Knowing these can implicate him, he returns to the bar and attempts to break into the safe, but is thwarted by the arrival of Abby, who thinks the damage to the safe was caused by Ray and starts to realize Marty might be dead. Later, she has a nightmare of Marty, warning her that Ray will kill her as well. She goes to confront Ray who, now thoroughly confused, tells her Marty was still alive when Ray buried him.

While Abby tells Meurice about her suspicions, Ray goes to the bar himself and, opening the safe, discovers the doctored photo. Believing Abby is in danger, he realizes someone is following him on the way to her apartment. When Abby arrives and discovers Ray sitting in the dark, she turns the lights on, thinking it will protect her from him. Visser, who is on a rooftop across the street with a rifle, shoots and kills Ray. Abby manages to smash the lightbulb with her shoes and hides in the bathroom.

Entering the apartment, Visser searches Ray for the lighter (which was overlooked by everyone) and goes into the bathroom, only to find Abby has climbed out of the window into the next apartment. When he reaches around to open the window she stabs him with Ray's knife, pinning his hand to the sill. As she backs away in shock, Visser empties his gun into the wall, then punches through it to remove the knife. Returning to her own apartment, Abby picks up her gun and shoots Visser through the bathroom door. Abby then says, "I'm not afraid of you, Marty," and Visser, lying mortally wounded on the floor, bursts into laughter and responds, "Well, ma'am, if I see him, I'll sure give him the message."

Cast

 * John Getz as Ray
 * Frances McDormand as Abby
 * Dan Hedaya as Julian Marty
 * M. Emmet Walsh as Loren Visser (private detective)
 * Samm-Art Williams as Meurice

Development
After writing the screenplay, the Coen brothers—neither of whom had any prior experience in filmmaking—shot a preemptive dummy theatrical trailer for the film, which showed "a man dragging a shovel alongside a car stopped in the middle of the road, back towards another man he was going to kill" and "a shot of backlit gun holes in a wall." The trailer featured actor Bruce Campbell, playing the Julian Marty role, and was shot by recent film school graduate Barry Sonnenfeld.

After completing the trailer, the Coens began exhibiting it with the hope of persuading investors to help fund the full-length feature film. Daniel Bacaner was one of the first people to invest money in the project. He also became its executive producer and introduced the Coens to other potential backers. The entire process of raising the necessary $1.5 million took a year.

Filming
The film was shot in several locations in the towns of Austin and Hutto, Texas over a period of 8 weeks in the fall of 1982. The film spent a year in postproduction and was completed by 1983.

Blood Simple was Frances McDormand's screen debut. All Coen brothers films are co-produced and co-directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, although Ethan was credited as the sole producer and Joel the sole director until 2004. The Coens share editing credit under the pseudonym Roderick Jaynes.

Critical response
While the film was only a modest box-office success, it was a huge critical success. It holds a 95% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 110 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The critical consensus reads: "Brutally violent and shockingly funny in equal measure, Blood Simple offers early evidence of the Coen Brothers' twisted sensibilities and filmmaking ingenuity."

Pauline Kael negatively called it "a crude, ghoulish story with thriller themes", but was effusive about the performance of M. Emmet Walsh as Loren Visser (private detective).

Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert (the latter putting the film at No. 10 on his Top Ten list of 1985 and reviewed again on its 15th anniversary) each gave it a thumbs up on the movie review show At the Movies.

Box office
The film grossed $2.7 million worldwide. Its first big public viewing was the USA Film Festival in Dallas, followed by the Sundance Film Festival, where it received the Grand Jury Prize. The brothers took the film to the Toronto Film Festival, Cannes, and the New York Film Festival. They were very proud of their film, particularly in light of having raised the funds using their self-made trailer.

Accolades

 * Sundance Film Festival - Grand Jury Prize: U.S. Dramatic (1985)
 * 1st Independent Spirit Awards - Best Director (tied with Martin Scorsese for After Hours) and Actor (M. Emmet Walsh)

In popular culture
The film was referenced in a 1992 episode (Master Ninja II) of the cult satirical sci-fi TV series Mystery Science Theater 3000 as well as a 2017 episode ("Backfire") of the TV series Designated Survivor.

Home media
The original MCA Home Video VHS tape and LaserDisc was released on October 10, 1985, with a 96-minute running time. The film was released on Universal Pictures Home Entertainment VHS for a second time in 1995 with a 99-minute run time. Unusual for such an exercise, the "Director's Cut" is some 3 minutes shorter than the original 1985 theatrical release. The Coens reduced the run time with tighter editing, shortening some shots and removing others altogether. Additionally, they resolved long-standing rights issues with the music; the original theatrical version of the film made prominent use of The Four Tops' "It's the Same Old Song" (1965); the Coens had replaced it with Neil Diamond's "I'm a Believer" (1966) for the 1995 U.S. home video edition on VHS. The Director's Cut reinstated the Four Tops track.

Universal Home Video released a DVD version of the film in 2001, and again in 2005 as part of a DVD box set titled The Coen Brothers Collection. A Blu-ray edition was released in 2011 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.

In 2016, The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu-ray and DVD, featuring a new 4K digital transfer supervised and approved by Barry Sonnenfeld and the Coens, along with various new special features. In 2024, The Criterion Collection released the film on 4K Ultra HD for the film time as a combo pack which includes the 2016 Blu-ray disc as well.

Soundtrack
Carter Burwell wrote the Blood Simple score, the first of his collaborations with the Coen brothers. Blood Simple was also the first feature-film score for Burwell, and after his work on this film, he became a much-in-demand composer in Hollywood. As of 2024, he had scored 16 of the Coen brothers' films.

The score for Blood Simple is a mix of solo piano and electronic ambient sounds. One track, "Monkey Chant", is based on kecak, the "Ramayana Monkey Chant" of Bali.

In 1987, seven selections from Burwell's Blood Simple score were released on a 17-track album that also features selections from the soundtrack of the Coens' next film, Raising Arizona (1987).

Blood Simple selections on the 1987 album:
 * 1) "Crash and Burn" (2:40)
 * 2) "Blood Simple" (3:33)
 * 3) "Chain Gang" (4:47)
 * 4) "The March" (3:34)
 * 5) "Monkey Chant" (1:04)
 * 6) "The Shooting" (2:52)
 * 7) "Blood Simpler" (1:22)

Other songs from the film that are not on the album:
 * "It's the Same Old Song", written by Eddie Holland, Lamont Dozier and Brian Holland, performed by The Four Tops (used three different times, two inside the bar and one for the end credits)
 * "Louie Louie", written by Richard Berry, performed by Toots & the Maytals
 * "The Lady in Red", written by M. Dixon and A. Wrubel, performed by Xavier Cugat and his Orchestra
 * "Rogaciano", courtesy of Monitor Records
 * "He'll Have to Go", written by Joe Allison and Audrey Allison, arranged by Jim Roberge, performed by Joan Black
 * "El Sueno", written by Camilo Namen, performed by Johnny Ventura y su Combo
 * "Anahi", performed by Maria Luisa Buchino and her Llameros
 * "Sweet Dreams", written by Don Gibson, performed by Patsy Cline

title: Blood Simple


text:
Railway signalling

Railway signalling (BE), or railroad signaling (AE), is a system used to control the movement of railway traffic. Trains move on fixed rails, making them uniquely susceptible to collision. This susceptibility is exacerbated by the enormous weight and inertia of a train, which makes it difficult to quickly stop when encountering an obstacle. In the UK, the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 introduced a series of requirements on matters such as the implementation of interlocked block signalling and other safety measures as a direct result of the Armagh rail disaster in that year.

Most forms of train control involve movement authority being passed from those responsible for each section of a rail network (e.g. a signalman or stationmaster) to the train crew. The set of rules and the physical equipment used to accomplish this determine what is known as the method of working (UK), method of operation (US) or safe-working (Aus.). Not all these methods require the use of physical signals, and some systems are specific to single-track railways.

The earliest rail cars were hauled by horses or mules. A mounted flagman on a horse preceded some early trains. Hand and arm signals were used to direct the "train drivers". Foggy and poor-visibility conditions later gave rise to flags and lanterns. Wayside signalling dates back as far as 1832, and used elevated flags or balls that could be seen from afar.

Timetable operation
The simplest form of operation, at least in terms of equipment, is to run the system according to a timetable. Every train crew understands and adheres to a fixed schedule. Trains may only run on each track section at a scheduled time, during which they have 'possession' and no other train may use the same section.

When trains run in opposite directions on a single-track railway, meeting points ("meets") are scheduled, at which each train must wait for the other at a passing place. Neither train is permitted to move before the other has arrived. In the US, the display of two green flags (green lights at night) is an indication that another train is following the first and the waiting train must wait for the next train to pass. In addition, the train carrying the flags gives eight blasts on the whistle as it approaches. The waiting train must return eight blasts before the flag carrying train may proceed.

The timetable system has several disadvantages. First, there is no positive confirmation that the track ahead is clear, only that it is scheduled to be clear. The system does not allow for engine failures and other such problems, but the timetable is set up so that there should be sufficient time between trains for the crew of a failed or delayed train to walk far enough to set warning flags, flares, and detonators or torpedoes (UK and US terminology, respectively) to alert any other train crew.

A second problem is the system's inflexibility. Trains cannot be added, delayed, or rescheduled without advance notice.

A third problem is a corollary of the second: the system is inefficient. To provide flexibility, the timetable must give trains a broad allocation of time to allow for delays, so the line is not in the possession of each train for longer than is otherwise necessary.

Nonetheless, this system permits operation on a vast scale, with no requirements for any kind of communication that travels faster than a train. Timetable operation was the normal mode of operation in North America in the early days of the railroad.

Timetable and train order
With the advent of the telegraph in 1841, a more sophisticated system became possible because this provided a means whereby messages could be transmitted ahead of the trains. The telegraph allows the dissemination of any timetable changes, known as train orders. These allow the cancellation, rescheduling and addition of train services.

North American practice meant that train crews generally received their orders at the next station at which they stopped, or were sometimes handed up to a locomotive 'on the run' via a long staff. Train orders allowed dispatchers to set up meets at sidings, force a train to wait in a siding for a priority train to pass, and to maintain at least one block spacing between trains going the same direction.

Timetable and train order operation was commonly used on American railroads until the 1960s, including some quite large operations such as the Wabash Railroad and the Nickel Plate Road. Train order traffic control was used in Canada until the late 1980s on the Algoma Central Railway and some spurs of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Timetable and train order was not used widely outside North America, and has been phased out in favour of radio dispatch on many light-traffic lines and electronic signals on high-traffic lines. More details of North American operating methods is given below.

A similar method, known as 'Telegraph and Crossing Order' was used on some busy single lines in the UK during the 19th century. However, a series of head-on collisions resulted from authority to proceed being wrongly given or misunderstood by the train crew - the worst of which was the collision between Norwich and Brundall, Norfolk, in 1874. As a result, the system was phased out in favour of token systems. This eliminated the danger of ambiguous or conflicting instructions being given because token systems rely on objects to give authority, rather than verbal or written instructions; whereas it is very difficult to completely prevent conflicting orders being given, it is relatively simple to prevent conflicting tokens being handed out.

Block signalling

Trains cannot collide with each other if they are not permitted to occupy the same section of track at the same time, so railway lines are divided into sections known as blocks. In normal circumstances, only one train is permitted in each block at a time. This principle forms the basis of most railway safety systems. Blocks can either be fixed (block limits are fixed along the line) or moving blocks (ends of blocks defined relative to moving trains).

History of block signalling
On double tracked railway lines, which enabled trains to travel in one direction on each track, it was necessary to space trains far enough apart to ensure that they could not collide. In the very early days of railways, men (originally called 'policemen', which is the origin of UK signalmen being referred to as "bob", "bobby" or "officer", when train-crew are speaking to them via a signal telephone) were employed to stand at intervals ("blocks") along the line with a stopwatch and use hand signals to inform train drivers that a train had passed more or less than a certain number of minutes previously. This was called "time interval working". If a train had passed very recently, the following train was expected to slow down to allow more space to develop.

The watchmen had no way of knowing whether a train had cleared the line ahead, so if a preceding train stopped for any reason, the crew of a following train would have no way of knowing unless it was clearly visible. As a result, accidents were common in the early days of railways. With the invention of the electrical telegraph, it became possible for staff at a station or signal box to send a message (usually a specific number of rings on a bell) to confirm that a train had passed and that a specific block was clear. This was called the "absolute block system".

Fixed mechanical signals began to replace hand signals from the 1830s. These were originally worked locally, but it later became normal practice to operate all the signals on a particular block with levers grouped together in a signal box. When a train passed into a block, a signalman would protect that block by setting its signal to 'danger'. When an 'all clear' message was received, the signalman would move the signal into the 'clear' position.

The absolute block system came into use gradually during the 1850s and 1860s and became mandatory in the United Kingdom after Parliament passed legislation in 1889 following a number of accidents, most notably the Armagh rail disaster. This required block signalling for all passenger railways, together with interlocking, both of which form the basis of modern signalling practice today. Similar legislation was passed by the United States around the same time.

Not all blocks are controlled using fixed signals. On some single track railways in the UK, particularly those with low usage, it is common to use token systems that rely on the train driver's physical possession of a unique token as authority to occupy the line, normally in addition to fixed signals.

Entering and leaving a manually controlled block
Before allowing a train to enter a block, a signalman must be certain that it is not already occupied. When a train leaves a block, they must inform the signalman controlling entry to the block. Even if the signalman receives advice that the previous train has left a block, they are usually required to seek permission from the next signal box to admit the next train. When a train arrives at the end of a block section, before the signalman sends the message that the train has arrived, they must be able to see the end-of-train marker on the back of the last vehicle. This ensures that no part of the train has become detached and remains within the section. The end of train marker might be a coloured disc (usually red) by day or a coloured oil or electric lamp (again, usually red). If a train enters the next block before the signalman sees that the disc or lamp is missing, they ask the next signal box to stop the train and investigate.

Permissive and absolute blocks
Under a permissive block system, trains are permitted to pass signals indicating the line ahead is occupied, but only at such a speed that they can stop safely should an obstacle come into view. This allows improved efficiency in some situations and is mostly used in the USA. In most countries it is restricted to freight trains only, and it may be restricted depending on the level of visibility.

Permissive block working may also be used in an emergency, either when a driver is unable to contact a signalman after being held at a danger signal for a specific time, although this is only permitted when the signal does not protect any conflicting moves, and also when the signalman is unable to contact the next signal box to make sure the previous train has passed, for example if the telegraph wires are down. In these cases, trains must proceed at very low speed (typically 20 mph or less) so that they are able to stop short of any obstruction. In most cases, this is not allowed during times of poor visibility (e.g., fog or falling snow).

Even with an absolute block system, multiple trains may enter a block with authorization. This may be necessary in order to split or join trains together, or to rescue failed trains. In giving authorization, the signalman also ensures that the driver knows precisely what to expect ahead. The driver must operate the train in a safe manner taking this information into account. Generally, the signal remains at danger, and the driver is given verbal authority, usually by a yellow flag, to pass a signal at danger, and the presence of the train in front is explained. Where trains regularly enter occupied blocks, such as stations where coupling takes place, a subsidiary signal, sometimes known as a "calling on" signal, is provided for these movements, otherwise they are accomplished through train orders.

Automatic block
The invention of train detection systems such as track circuits allowed the replacement of manual block systems such as absolute block with automatic block signalling. Under automatic block signalling, signals indicate whether or not a train may enter a block based on automatic train detection indicating whether a block is clear. The signals may also be controlled by a signalman, so that they only provide a proceed indication if the signalman sets the signal accordingly and the block is clear.

Fixed block

Most blocks are "fixed", i.e. they include the section of track between two fixed points. On timetable, train order, and token-based systems, blocks usually start and end at selected stations. On signalling-based systems, blocks start and end at signals.

The lengths of blocks are designed to allow trains to operate as frequently as necessary. A lightly used line might have blocks many kilometres long, but a busy commuter line might have blocks a few hundred metres long.

A train is not permitted to enter a block until a signal indicates that the train may proceed, a dispatcher or signalman instructs the driver accordingly, or the driver takes possession of the appropriate token. In most cases, a train cannot enter the block until not only the block itself is clear of trains, but there is also an empty section beyond the end of the block for at least the distance required to stop the train. In signalling-based systems with closely spaced signals, this overlap could be as far as the signal following the one at the end of the section, effectively enforcing a space between trains of two blocks.

When calculating the size of the blocks, and therefore the spacing between the signals, the following have to be taken into account:
 * Line speed (the maximum permitted speed over the line-section)
 * Train speed (the maximum speed of different types of traffic)
 * Gradient (to compensate for longer or shorter braking distances)
 * The braking characteristics of trains (different types of train, e.g., freight, high-speed passenger, have different inertial figures)
 * Sighting (how far ahead a driver can see a signal)
 * Reaction time (of the driver)

Historically, some lines operated so that certain large or high speed trains were signalled under different rules and only given the right of way if two blocks in front of the train were clear.

Moving block
Under a moving block system, computers calculate a safe zone around each moving train that no other train is allowed to enter. The system depends on knowledge of the precise location and speed and direction of each train, which is determined by a combination of several sensors such as radio frequency identification along the track, ultra-wideband, radar, inertial measurement units, accelerometers and trainborne speedometers (GNSS systems cannot be relied upon because they do not work in tunnels). Moving block setups require instructions to be directly passed to the train instead of using lineside signals. This has the advantage of increasing track capacity by allowing trains to run closer together while maintaining the required safety margins.

Centralized traffic control
Centralized traffic control (CTC) is a form of railway signalling that originated in North America. CTC consolidates train routing decisions that were previously carried out by local signal operators or the train crews themselves. The system consists of a centralized train dispatcher's office that controls railroad interlockings and traffic flows in portions of the rail system designated as CTC territory.

Train detection
Train detection refers to the presence or absence of trains on a defined section of line.

Track circuits
The most common way to determine whether a section of line is occupied is by use of a track circuit. The rails at either end of each section are electrically isolated from the next section, and an electric current is fed to both running rails at one end. A relay at the other end is connected to both rails. When the section is unoccupied, the relay coil completes an electrical circuit, and is energized. However, when a train enters the section, it short-circuits the current in the rails, and the relay is de-energized. This method does not explicitly need to check that the entire train has left the section. If part of the train remains in the section, the track circuit detects that part.

This type of circuit detects the absence of trains, both for setting the signal indication and for providing various interlocking functions—for example, preventing points from being moved while a train is approaching them. Electrical circuits also prove that points are locked in the appropriate position before the signal protecting that route can be cleared. UK trains and staff working in track circuit block areas carry track circuit operating clips (TCOC) so that, in the event of something fouling an adjacent running-line, the track circuit can be short-circuited. This places the signal protecting that line to 'danger' to stop an approaching train before the signaller can be alerted.

Axle counters
An alternate method of determining the occupied status of a block uses devices located at its beginning and end that count the number of axles that enter and leave the block section. If the number of axles leaving the block section equals those that entered it, the block is assumed to be clear. Axle counters provide similar functions to track circuits, but also exhibit a few other characteristics. In a damp environment an axle counted section can be far longer than a track circuited one. The low ballast resistance of very long track circuits reduces their sensitivity. Track circuits can automatically detect some types of track defect such as a broken rail. In the event of power restoration after a power failure, an axle counted section is left in an undetermined state until a train has passed through the affected section. A track circuited section immediately detects the presence of a train in section.

Fixed signals
On most railways, physical signals are erected at the lineside to indicate to drivers whether the line ahead is occupied and to ensure that sufficient space exists between trains to allow them to stop.

Mechanical signals
Older forms of signal displayed their different aspects by their physical position. The earliest types comprised a board that was either turned face-on and fully visible to the driver, or rotated so as to be practically invisible. While this type of signal is still in use in some countries (e.g., France and Germany), by far the most common form of mechanical signal worldwide is the semaphore signal. This comprises a pivoted arm or blade that can be inclined at different angles. A horizontal arm is the most restrictive indication (for 'danger', 'caution', 'stop and proceed' or 'stop and stay' depending on the type of signal).

To enable trains to run at night, one or more lights are usually provided at each signal. Typically this comprises a permanently lit oil lamp with movable coloured spectacles in front that alter the colour of the light. The driver therefore had to learn one set of indications for daytime viewing and another for nighttime viewing.

Whilst it is normal to associate the presentation of a green light with a safe condition, this was not historically the case. In the very early days of railway signalling, the first coloured lights (associated with the turned signals above) presented a white light for 'clear' and a red light for 'danger'. Green was originally used to indicate 'caution' but fell out of use when the time interval system was discontinued. A green light subsequently replaced white for 'clear', to address concerns that a broken red lens could be taken by a driver as a false 'clear' indication. It was not until scientists at Corning Glassworks perfected a shade of yellow without any tinges of green or red that yellow became the accepted colour for 'caution'.

Mechanical signals are usually remotely operated by wire from a lever in a signal box, but electrical or hydraulic operation is normally used for signals that are located too distant for manual operation.

Colour light signals
On most modern railways, colour light signals have largely replaced mechanical ones. Colour light signals have the advantage of displaying the same aspects by night as by day, and require less maintenance than mechanical signals.

Although signals vary widely between countries, and even between railways within a given country, a typical system of aspects would be:

 * Green: Proceed at line speed. Expect to find next signal displaying green or yellow.
 * Yellow: Prepare to find next signal displaying red.
 * Red: Stop.

On some railways, colour light signals display the same set of aspects as shown by the lights on mechanical signals during darkness.

Route signalling and speed signalling
Route signalling and speed signalling are two different ways of notifying trains about junctions.

Under route signalling, a driver is informed which route the train will take beyond each signal (unless only one route is possible). This is achieved by a route indicator attached to the signal. The driver uses their route knowledge, reinforced by speed restriction signs fixed at the lineside, to drive the train at the correct speed for the route to be taken. This method has the disadvantage that the driver may be unfamiliar with the required speed over a junction onto which they have been diverted due to some emergency condition. Several accidents have been caused by this alone. For this reason, in the UK, where all lines are route signalled, drivers are only allowed to drive on routes that they have been trained on and must regularly travel over the lesser used diversionary routes to keep their route knowledge up to date.

Many route signalling systems use approach control (see below) to inform a driver of an upcoming change of route.

Under speed signalling, the signal aspect informs the driver at what speed they may proceed over a junction, but not necessarily the route the train will take. Speed signalling requires a far greater range of signal aspects than route signalling, but less dependence is placed on drivers' route knowledge, although the need for drivers to learn the route is not eliminated as speed signalling does not usually inform drivers of speed limit changes outside junctions. Usually speed limit signs are used in addition to speed signals, with the driver following whichever shows the lower speed.

Many systems have come to use elements of both systems to give drivers as much information as possible. This can mean that speed signalling systems may use route indications in conjunction with speed aspects to better inform drivers of their route; for example, route indications may be used at major stations to indicate to arriving trains to which platform they are routed. Likewise, some route signalling systems indicate approach speed using theatre displays so that drivers know what speed they must travel.

Approach release
When the train is routed towards a diverging route that must be taken at a speed significantly less than the mainline speed, the driver must be given adequate prior warning.

Under route signalling, the aspects necessary to control speed do not exist, so a system known as approach release is often employed. This involves holding the junction signal at a restrictive aspect (typically stop) so that the signals on the approach show the correct sequence of caution aspects. The driver brakes in accordance with the caution aspect, without necessarily being aware that the diverging route has in fact been set. As the train approaches the junction signal, its aspect may clear to whatever aspect the current track occupancy ahead permits. Where the turnout speed is the same, or nearly the same, as the mainline speed, approach release is unnecessary.

Under speed signalling, the signals approaching the divergence display aspects appropriate to control the trains speed, so no approach release is required.

There is also a system of flashing yellows used in the UK that allows trains to approach a diverging route at higher speed. This informs the driver that the route ahead is set onto a diverging line. With the advent of faster modern day trains and junctions a better system for advising drivers was required and so the following system was developed way back in the early 1980s. The system has been refined over the years, now being used internationally and it is also used on lower speed 3-aspect signalling systems where the single flashing yellow is the driver's first indication.

On the 4-aspect system, if the route through the junction is clear the junction signal will display a single steady yellow aspect together with an illuminated junction indicator showing the selected route.

The signal prior to the junction signal will now show a single flashing yellow aspect and the signal prior to that one will display two flashing yellow aspects. The driver's route knowledge tells them permissible speed across the diverging junction, and they will begin to slow the train upon seeing the two flashing yellows. The flashing signals tell the driver that the route through the junction is set and is clear, but that beyond that the first signal on the diverging route is red so they must be prepared to stop there.

As the train approaches the junction signal, the signal may step up to a less restrictive aspect (single yellow, two yellows or green) depending on how far ahead the line is clear.

Speed-controlled approach
Some systems in the world use mechanical speed control systems in conjunction with signalling to ensure the speed of a train is limited to a specific value, in order to ensure the train is travelling at a speed in which it is able to stop before an obstruction. These systems most often use mechanical train stop devices (a small arm coming up from the rails that will apply the brakes of a train when run over) to "trip" the brakes of a train that is travelling too fast. Normally, once a train reaches a certain point on the tracks, it sets off a timer, when the timer runs out the train stop arm will lower, allowing a train to go past uninterrupted. The timing is designed so that if the train is travelling at the intended speed (or slower) then the train will be able to continue without issue, but if the train is travelling too fast, then the Train Stop will trip the train and bring it to a halt. This system can be used to ensure a train is travelling at a certain speed, which allows designers to be confident that shorter signal overlaps will be sufficient, and thus employment of this system can help to greatly improve capacity of a railway line.

The system is most often used on approach to dead end junctions to stop trains from crashing into the buffers at the end, as has happened in places such as Moorgate. It is also used on high traffic lines to allow for higher capacity, such as the City Circle Railway in Sydney, where it was used on the western half from 1932 to allow 42 trains per hour to traverse the line in each direction, each station would have multiple train stops along the length of the platforms that would progressively lower to ensure an arriving train would not crash into the departing train, less than 100 meters ahead. This system was modified in the early 1990s, so that an arriving train would not be able to enter the platform until the previous train had departed, however the trips continue to be used to overcome the signal overlap normally required.

These systems are often used in conjunction with progressive speed signalling (see below).

Progressive speed signalling
Progressive speed signalling refers to systems that impose speed restrictions on cautionary aspects. On systems that do not have progressive speed signalling, aspects warning of an upcoming red signal do not force the driver to take any action; it is up to their own judgment when to start slowing down in preparation to stop at the red signal. With progressive speed signalling, each cautionary aspect before a red signal imposes a successively lower speed limit on the driver. It should not be confused with speed signalling as used at junctions; progressive speed signalling can be used in conjunction with route signalling.

Safety systems
A train driver failing to respond to a signal's indication can be catastrophic. As a result, various auxiliary safety systems have been devised. Any such system requires installation of some degree of train borne and wayside equipment. Some systems only intervene in the event of a signal being passed at danger (SPAD). Others include audible and/or visual indications inside the driver's cab to supplement the line side signals. Automatic brake application occurs if the driver should fail to acknowledge a warning. The most advanced train control systems have no driver at all relying on computers to drive the system entirely such as Skytrain in Vancouver, Canada and the metro system in Doha, Qatar.

In-cab safety systems are of great benefit during fog, when poor visibility would otherwise require that restrictive measures be put in place. Safety systems are also important in urban rail where it is impossible to see around corners in subway and metro tunnels. On-board and wayside computers can track trains around tight corners at higher speeds ensuring safety.

Cab signalling
Cab signalling is a subsystem that communicates signalling information into the train cab such as driving position, speed and failure alarms. Cab signaling units are important human factors engineering subsystems in modern train signalling systems.

If there is an active cab, the orientation of the train is decided, i.e. the side of the active cab is considered as the front of the train. In modern systems, a train protection system is overlaid on top of the cab signalling system and will automatically apply the brakes and bring the train to a stop if the driver fails to control the speed of the train in accordance with the system's safety requirements. Cab signalling systems rely on tachometers, accelerometers, ultra-wideband units, inertia measurement units, track circuits, to transponders that communicate with the cab, and communication-based train control systems.

Interlocking
In the early days of the railways, signalmen were responsible for ensuring any points (US: switches) were set correctly before allowing a train to proceed. Mistakes, however, led to accidents, sometimes with fatalities. The concept of the mechanical interlocking of point switches, signals and other appliances was introduced to improve safety. This prevents a signalman from operating appliances in an unsafe sequence using mechanical means, such as clearing a signal while one or more sets of points are not set correctly for the route. Early interlocking systems used mechanical devices both to operate the signalling appliances and to ensure their safe operation.

Beginning around the 1930s, electrical relay interlockings were used. Since the mid 1980s, new interlocking systems have tended to be of the electronic variety. Microprocessors decide what point switch movements are permissible. Modern interlocking systems and subsystems allow and prohibit certain point switch positions to enhance train safety.

Operating rules
Operating rules, policies and procedures are used by railroads to enhance safety. Specific operating rules often differ from country to country, and there may even be differences between separate railroads within the same country.

Argentina
The Argentinian operating rules are described in the Reglamento interno técnico de operaciones [R.I.T.O.] (technical operating rule-book).

Australia
The application of operating rules in Australia is called Safeworking. The method of working for any particular region or location is referred-to as the "Safeworking system" for that region. Operating rules differ between states, although attempts are being made to formulate a national standard.

North America
In North America, and especially the United States, operating rules are called method of operation. There are five main sets of operating rules in North America:
 * Canadian Rail Operating Rules (CROR), used by most Canadian railways, with the exception of Canadian National Railway's US operations, which uses a modified, proprietary version of the GCOR, known as USOR (United States Operating Rules)
 * General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR), used by many Class I railroads, Class II railroads, and Short-line railroads in the United States
 * Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee (NORAC), used by many railroads in the Northeast US
 * Class I Norfolk Southern uses a unique set of operating rules.
 * Class I CSX Transportation uses a unique set of operating rules.

United Kingdom
The operating rulebook for the United Kingdom is called the "GE/RT8000 Rule Book", more commonly known simply as "The Rule Book" by railway employees. It is controlled by the Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB), which is independent from Network Rail or any other train operating company or freight operating company. Most heritage railways operate to a simplified variant of a British Railways rule book.

Finland
The signalling system used on the railway network in Finland comprises color-light signals and fixed signs. It is used together with the EBICAB 900, an automatic train control system better known as JKV, junakulunvalvonta.

Italy
In Italy, railway signalling is described in a particular instruction called Regolamento Segnali (Signal Regulation).

India
The Indian operating rules, called the "General Rules", are common for all zonal railways of Indian Railways and can be amended only by the Railway Board. Subsidiary rules are added to the General Rules by zonal railways, which do not infringe upon them. Corrections are brought about from time to time through correction slips.

Japan
Japanese signalling was initially based on British railway signalling practice, and Japanese railway signalling continues to be based on the UK route signalling system for junctions. However, as signalling has advanced to meet the requirements of the system, progressive speed signalling is used outside of junctions.

Hong Kong
Hong Kong Railway signalling originated from the British railway signalling principle, and continues to be based on the principles to develop rulebooks and procedures under the operating organisation MTR.

title: Railway signalling


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User talk:RichardB~enwiki

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title: User talk:RichardB~enwiki


text:
Iznogoud

Iznogoud (pronounced "he's/is no good" with a French accent) is a French comics series featuring an eponymous character, created by the comics writer René Goscinny and comics artist Jean Tabary. The comic series chronicles the life and times of Iznogoud, the Grand Vizier of the Caliphate of Baghdad at an undefined period in the past. His greatest desire is to replace the Caliph, leading him to repeatedly utter the phrase "I want to be Caliph instead of the Caliph" (dethrone him), a phrase that has been adopted in French and some other European languages to characterize overly ambitious people. Iznogoud is supported by his dimwitted yet faithful servant, Wa'at Alahf (pronounced "what a laugh").

After the death of Goscinny in 1977 Tabary continued with writing the character. The stories have been translated into several languages, including English, and the title has been adapted to animated and live-action film.

So far 30 graphic novels featuring Iznogoud have been published in French, with at least 26 of those published in English and a number of other languages. Iznogoud was also adapted into a cartoon series produced by Saban Entertainment, with 52 episodes to its name, again with most of them having been translated to other languages as well.

Publication history
The series made its debut in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Record on 15 January 1962 under the title, Les aventures du Calife Haroun el Poussah. It was eventually recognised that the wicked supporting character ought to be the focus of the strip, and it was renamed Iznogoud. In 1968, it resumed serial publication in Goscinny's Pilote magazine.

Goscinny's taste for sharp satirical writing keeps the repetitive format of the stories constantly fresh, making Iznogoud one of the most popular anti-heroes in the French comic strip world. Goscinny's skill with puns, made famous in Astérix, is also evident in Iznogoud. Most of the puns in the original French make little sense if translated directly into English, requiring of translators (Anthea Bell and Derek Hockridge in the case of the English translations) to find creative solutions for equivalent puns while still keeping within the spirit of the original text.

When Goscinny died in 1977, Tabary eventually decided to carry on the work himself, just as Albert Uderzo did with Asterix. While the Goscinny period was characterized by "albums" comprising several short-length tales each, Tabary turned the series in a new direction, by dedicating every new album entirely to a single story, larger and much more detailed, usually revolving around a new unique concept.

In 1987 a game was produced by Infogrames entitled Iznogoud. The series was adapted to animated film in 1995 with a cartoon TV series, where the caliph is referred to as a sultan. A live-action Iznogoud film starring Michaël Youn and Jacques Villeret, Iznogoud: Calife à la place du calife, was released in France in February 2005.

The publisher Cinebook Ltd is currently publishing English language translations of the books in the Iznogoud series. The first book in the series, "The Wicked Wiles of Iznogoud", was published in March 2008. Further volumes continue to appear at approximately six month intervals. In India, Euro Books published the English versions of 12 Iznogoud titles in 2009.

Synopsis
Iznogoud is Grand Vizier to the Caliph of Baghdad, Haroun El Poussah (Haroun El Plassid in English, a pun on the historical Caliph, Harun al-Rashid; "poussah" is roughly translated as "oaf"). His sole aim in life is to overthrow the Caliph and take his place. This is frequently expressed in his famous catchphrase, "I want to be Caliph instead of the Caliph" ("je veux être calife à la place du calife"), which has passed into everyday French for qualifying over-ambitious people who want to become chief. Iznogoud is always assisted in his plans by his faithful but dimwitted henchman, Dilat Larath (Wa'at Alahf in English, se dilater la rate = have a good laugh, in French).

Supporting characters
Goscinny and Tabary occasionally make appearances themselves. In one episode, Tabary uses a magical time-travelling closet to help Iznogoud seize the Caliph title. In another episode, Iznogoud gets a magical calendar that lets him travel in time when he rips off its pages. He rips too many and he is transported to the 20th century, inside the studio of Tabary. In another episode, Iznogoud gets a magical drawing paper set that makes anybody or anything drawn on it disappear once the paper is torn apart. Unfortunately, the drawing needs to be realistic, and Iznogoud is a poor artist. In search of an art teacher, he meets Tabary, renamed "Tabary El-Retard".

There are occasionally "behind-the-scenes" moments, as when Iznogoud travels in a country in a mirror, and all is reversed, including text in balloons. Tabary is shown complaining to Goscinny about going through this frustrating "reversal" work, and even threatens him with a gun, to convince him into making a non-reversed "translated" version. They also appear debating after a contemporary crowd demands that they make Iznogoud caliph.

Other recurring characters include Sultan Pullmankar (Sultan Streetcar in English), the Caliph's neighbour who is described as a touchy man with a powerful army. Iznogoud often tries to provoke Pullmankar to become angry at the Caliph, in order to instigate a war. However, Pullmankar never gets angry with the caliph, only with Iznogoud.

The crew of Redbeard, another comics series published in Pilote, appears in A Carrot for Iznogoud, as it did in many stories of René Goscinny's most famous creation Asterix.

Animated series
An animated series based on the comics produced by Saban International Paris. The series began airing on Canal+ on October 11, 1996, and ran until March 16, 1997, with reruns airing on France 2 around that time. Ownership of the series passed to Disney in 2001 when Disney acquired Fox Kids Worldwide, which also includes Saban Entertainment; however, it never aired in the United States and the series is not available on Disney+.

References in society
Notably, the character has also made his mark on French popular culture and public life. Wanting to become "Caliph in the Caliph's place" has become a popular expression in French, describing people perceived as over-ambitious. The Prix Iznogoud (Iznogoud Award) was created in 1992 and is given each year to "a personality who failed to take the Caliph's place", chosen among prominent French figures who have recently known spectacular failures. The award has been given to various personalities, amongst them Édouard Balladur (1995), Nicolas Sarkozy (1999) and Jean-Marie Messier (2002). The jury is headed by politician André Santini, who gave the award to himself after failing to become president of the Île-de-France in the 2004 regional elections.

title: Iznogoud


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Cranwell

Cranwell is a village in the civil parish of Cranwell, Brauncewell and Byard's Leap, in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 mi north-west from Sleaford and 14 mi south-east from Lincoln. The principal through road, the B1429 between the A15 to the east and the A17 to the west, joins the village to RAF Cranwell. The appropriate civil parish is called Cranwell, Brauncewell and Byard's Leap with a population of 2,827 at the 2011 census.

History
During the medieval period the parish was originally governed as part of the ancient Flaxwell Wapentake in the North Kesteven division of Lincolnshire. The name Cranwell is thought to mean the spring or stream frequented by cranes or herons.

The village centres on the remains of the village cross. The cross is a 14th-century market cross (or buttercross) from which important matters of public moment were announced. The cross, which is listed as a scheduled monument, had restoration work carried out by a Mr CH Fowler between 1903 and 1904.

Cranwell manor was held by the Thorold family from the 16th century for over three hundred years. The manor house was demolished in 1816 and the Hall Farm's farmhouse was erected on the site. The Thorold family moved to a new mansion at Syston Park. In 1871 Sir John Thorold is recorded as owning all the land in Cranwell with the exception of the church glebelands and a single farmstead that was under the ownership of St John's College, Cambridge. In 1682, Sir William and his wife Lady Anne Thorold are recorded as establishing a charity that gave about £8 and 2 shillings (£8.10) per year for the poor, to be distributed on Lady Day (25 March and then considered to be New Year's Day). The parish also benefited from the will of Lady Margaret Thorold who granted £15 a year to apprentice four boys from the village. With the Poor Law Amendment Act reforms of 1834, the parish became part of the Sleaford Poor Law Union group of parishes.

The population of the village in 1801 was recorded as being just 88 people and even by 1911 had only risen to 184. The village only grew and has continued to expand since the opening of the aviation training facility and now stands in the region of 3,000 residents.

Cranwell railway station, on a single track branch line from Sleaford, opened in 1917 and served the naval aviation training facility then known as RNAS Daedalus, later to become RAF Cranwell. The branch line was closed in 1956 and the track removed. However, the original station building still stands and is in use as the current RAF main guardroom. Engine sheds in a small goods yard area closer to the village were demolished and the land re-used for housing.

In 1921 the civil parish had a population of 2191. On 1 April 1931 the parish was abolished and merged with Byards Leap to form "Cranwell and Byards Leap".

Religious sites
Standing near to the cross is the village's parish church. Dedicated to St Andrew, the church originates circa the 10th century, the village possibly dates from the time of King Alfred (849-899). The church consists only of a nave and chancel with, above the former, a bellcote, much of the masonry is Norman but parts date back to Saxon times. The fittings include 17th century bench-ends and a Perpendicular rood screen. Mounted on corbels in the north aisle are the remains of a hogsback grave. The carvings on these stones are either Saxon or Norse (Ringerike). The stones are unique to Lincolnshire and are probably the finest of their type in the country. In the stonework in the porch is the incised outline of a pilgrim's shoe and the year 1728, and on the right-hand door pillar are six carved figures believed to depict ancient May King and Queen ceremonial costumes. The churchyard includes a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery with 131 graves from First and Second World Wars.

Education
As early as 1682, Sir William and Lady Anne Thorold funded a charity that provided £3 each year for the education of poor children from within the parish. The first true school built in Cranwell opened in 1850 by public subscription and provided facilities for up to 35 children.

The current Cranwell Primary School is housed in a modern building and has approximately 300 children on the roll between the ages of 4–11. The school is a Foundation school and is non-denominational.

There are no secondary schools in the village and children instead travel to Lincoln, Grantham or Sleaford.

RAF College Cranwell
Just over one mile to the west of the village is Royal Air Force College Cranwell, and RAF Cranwell with its two associated airfields. The northern airfield is the older, being used for light aircraft and airships from 1916 and remains as a grassed field used regularly by gliders and light aircraft. The southern airfield is much larger with two paved runways and abuts the A17 road, this was first used as a flying training base in 1917. The paved runways were built in 1954, to make way for the jet aircraft, Meteor and Vampire.

Cranwell does not have a public house. It does, however, have a members only social club. This dates back to when the cadets training at RAF Cranwell during the Second World War used to come into the village to try to buy alcohol. The members only club was introduced as a deterrent to them, being only temporary residents in the area they were therefore unable to gain membership. To this day, no pub has ever opened its doors to the public, even though the reasons for not having one have long since become obsolete.

Other uses of the name Cranwell
The surname Cranwell occurs in Buckinghamshire and Essex (at least), it appears in the Domesday Book. A few very small farms and hamlets are named Cranwell in Bucks.

title: Cranwell


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Exmouth (disambiguation)

Exmouth is a town in Devon, England.

Exmouth may also refer to:

Places

 * Exmouth, Western Australia
 * Exmouth Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
 * Exmouth Peninsula, Southern Chile

People

 * Viscount Exmouth, a title in the peerage of the United Kingdom
 * Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth (1757–1833), a British naval officer

Other uses

 * Five ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Exmouth
 * Exmouth, a Magnolia grandiflora cultivar

title: Exmouth (disambiguation)


text:
PBP

PBP may refer to:

Organizations

 * People Before Profit, an Irish political party
 * Pittsburgh Police in Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * Better Place (company), a defunct electric car company

Science and technology

 * alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone (α-PBP), a stimulant
 * Progressive bulbar palsy, a motor neuron disease
 * Picture by picture, two TV pictures side-by-side, similar to picture-in-picture (PiP)

Proteins

 * Penicillin-binding proteins involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis
 * Presenilin binding protein, also known as Dock3 or MOCA, a protein involved in cell signaling
 * Poly(A)-binding protein, which binds to the tail of messenger RNA

Other uses

 * Paris–Brest–Paris, an endurance cycling event
 * Payback period, in finance
 * Play-by-post role-playing game, a game played through online forum posts
 * IATA code for Punta Islita Airport, Costa Rica
 * Partners in the Blue Pacific, an informal group aimed at boosting economic and diplomatic ties with Pacific island nations
 * Personify, Blame, and Punish, an industrial psychology methodology for problem solving.

title: PBP