text:
Separatism

Separatism is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, regional, governmental, or gender separation from the larger group. As with secession, separatism conventionally refers to full political separation. Groups simply seeking greater autonomy are usually not considered separatists. Some discourse settings equate separatism with religious segregation, racial segregation, or sex segregation, while other discourse settings take the broader view that separation by choice may serve useful purposes and is not the same as government-enforced segregation. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to secessionism, as has been discussed online.

Separatist groups practice a form of identity politics, or political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of the group's members. Such groups believe attempts at integration with dominant groups compromise their identity and ability to pursue greater self-determination. However, economic and political factors usually are critical in creating strong separatist movements as opposed to less ambitious identity movements.

Motivations
Groups may have one or more motivations for separation, including:
 * Emotional resentment and hatred of rival communities.
 * Protection from genocide and ethnic cleansing.
 * Resistance by victims of oppression, including denigration of their language, culture or religion.
 * Influence and propaganda by those inside and outside the region who hope to gain politically from intergroup conflict and hatred.
 * Economic and political dominance of one group that does not share power and privilege in an egalitarian fashion.
 * Economic motivations: seeking to end economic exploitation by more powerful group or, conversely, to escape economic redistribution from a richer to a poorer group.
 * Preservation of threatened religious, language or other cultural tradition.
 * Destabilization from one separatist movement giving rise to others.
 * Geopolitical power vacuum from breakup of larger states or empires.
 * Continuing fragmentation as more and more states break up.
 * Feeling that the perceived nation was added to the larger state by illegitimate means.
 * The perception that the state can no longer support one's own group or has betrayed their interests.
 * Opposition to political decisions.

Types
Ethnic separatism can be based on cultural, linguistic as well as religious or racial differences. Ethnic separatist movements were relevant since they represented historical delineations between states, or in recent times, were the cause of conflicts between peoples in Europe, Africa and Asia with different ethnic/linguistic origins.

Separatism by continent

 * List of active separatist movements in Africa
 * List of active separatist movements in Asia
 * List of active separatist movements in Europe
 * List of active separatist movements in North America
 * List of active separatist movements in Oceania
 * List of active separatist movements in South America

Gender separatism
The relationship between gender and separatism is complex. Feminist separatism is women's choosing to separate from ostensibly male-defined, male-dominated institutions, relationships, roles and activities. Lesbian separatism advocates lesbianism as the logical result of feminism. Some separatist feminists and lesbian separatists have chosen to live apart in intentional community, cooperatives, and on land trusts. Queer nationalism (or "Gay separatism") seeks a community distinct and separate from other social groups. On the other hand, the MGTOW movement is sometimes considered a male-gender separatism, as at the center of this ideology is the notion of male separatism where men should not be a part of a feminist-biased society. Some fringe elements even propose a utopical no-women state.

Geographical and socioeconomic separatism
Some examples include:
 * Alberta separatism
 * Berber separatism in North Africa
 * Bougainville independence movement
 * Cape Independence
 * Casamance independence movement
 * Cascadian separatists
 * Catalan independence movement
 * Provisional Revolutionary Government of Cibao
 * Euskadi (Basque Country) independence movement
 * Hong Kong independence movement
 * New England New State Movement
 * Malaysian Sabah and Sarawak separatists
 * West Papuan independence
 * Free South movement
 * Quebec sovereignty movement
 * Scottish independence movement
 * Taiwanese independence movement

Racial separatism
Some separatist groups seek to separate from others along racial lines. They oppose interracial marriage and integration with other races and seek separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions, and often separate societies, territories, countries, and governments:

 * Black separatism (also known as black nationalism) is the most prominent wave advancing the concepts of "Black racial identity" in the United States and has been advanced by black leaders like Marcus Garvey and organizations such as the Nation of Islam. Critical race theorists like New York University's Derrick Bell and University of Colorado's Richard Delgado argue that US legal, education and political systems are rife with blatant racism. They support efforts like "all-black" schools and dorms and question the efficacy and merit of government-enforced integration. In 2008 statements by Barack Obama's former pastor Jeremiah Wright, Jr., revived the issue of the current relevance of black separatism.
 * Latin American concepts of racial identity such as the bronze race and La Raza Cósmica are found in the small separatist Raza Unida Party. The Chicano Movement (or Chicano nation) in the United States sought to recreate Aztlán, the mythical homeland of the Aztecs comprising the Southwestern United States.
 * White separatism (also known as white nationalism) in the United States and Western Europe seeks separation of the white race and limits to nonwhite immigration under the argument that these policies are necessary for the white race's survival.

Religious separatism

Religious separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups and/or believe they should interact primarily with coreligionists:
 * English Christians in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the Church of England and form independent local churches were influential politically under Oliver Cromwell, who was himself a separatist. They were eventually called Congregationalists. The Pilgrims who established the first successful colony in New England were separatists.
 * Christian separatist groups in Indonesia, India and South Carolina (United States)
 * Zionism sought the creation of the State of Israel as a Jewish homeland, with separation from gentile Palestinians. Simon Dubnow, who had mixed feelings toward Zionism, formulated Jewish Autonomism, which was adopted in eastern Europe by Jewish political parties such as the Bund and his own Folkspartei before World War II. Zionism can also be seen as somewhat ethnic too, however, as its definition of who is Jewish has often included people of Jewish background who do not practice the Jewish religion. It is further complicated as some who had ancestors who converted to Judaism, such as some Ethiopian Jews, may not share ethnic history with the Jews, however, are considered to be so but not without debate.

 * The Partition of India and (later Pakistan and Bangladesh) arose as a result of separatism on the part of Muslims.
 * Sikhs in India sought an independent nation of Khalistan after an agitation in the 1970s and 1980s for implementation of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution (demanding things such as a greater share of river water and autonomy for Punjab) resulted in the storming of the Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple) by the Government of India troops in 1984. The storming of the temple to flush out Sikh Militants who were gaining momentum in their agitation for greater autonomy for Punjab resulted in Sikhs demanding an independent state for the Sikhs situated in Punjab known as Khalistan. The conflict escalated and led to an assassination of the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi as a retaliation of an Indian military operation called 'Operation Blue Star' directed against the Sikhs' holiest shrine, the Golden Temple, in which many innocent Sikh civilians too died. The revenge murder of Gandhi evoked a Congress Party led backlash in the form of the Sikh genocide, which started in New Delhi and swept India in November 1984. That only further strengthened the Khalistan Movement, but it was largely subdued owing to the efforts of the police in Punjab. The controversial response by the Punjab State reportedly involved the use of human rights violations in the form of unexplained disappearances, faked encounters killings, rape and torture. However, many in the Sikh diaspora in the West and even Sikhs in India, still support the idea of Khalistan, but support has been dying since the 90's due to heavy Anti-Khalistan propaganda pushed by the Indian government, and fear of being targeted or killed for supporting Khalistan.
 * Muslim separatist groups in the Philippines (Mindanao and other regions: Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Abu Sayyaf), in Thailand (see also South Thailand insurgency), in India (see also Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir), in the People's Republic of China (Xinjiang: East Turkestan Islamic Movement), Tanzania (Zanzibarian separatist movements), in the Central African Republic (Regions that are inhabited by Muslims: Séléka), in Russia (in the Northern Caucasus, especially in Chechnya: Caucasus Emirate), in Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina: Alija Izetbegovic espoused an Islamic inspired separatism)

Governmental responses

How far separatist demands will go toward full independence, and whether groups pursue constitutional and nonviolent action or armed violence, depend on a variety of economic, political, social and cultural factors, including movement leadership and the government's response. Governments may respond in a number of ways, some of which are mutually exclusive. Some include:

 * accede to separatist demands
 * improve the circumstances of disadvantaged minorities, be they religious, linguistic, territorial, economic or political
 * adopt "asymmetric federalism" where different states have different relations to the central government depending on separatist demands or considerations
 * allow minorities to win in political disputes about which they feel strongly, through parliamentary voting, referendum, etc.
 * settle for a confederation or a commonwealth relationship where there are only limited ties among states.

Lists

 * Lists of separatist movements
 * Lists of active separatist movements
 * List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
 * List of historical separatist movements
 * List of states with limited recognition
 * Lists of ethnic groups
 * List of indigenous peoples

General

 * Annexation
 * Autonomism (political doctrine)
 * Ethnic nationalism
 * Ethnic minority
 * Ethnocentrism
 * Homeland
 * Identity politics
 * Intersectionality
 * Kinship
 * Language secessionism
 * Micronation
 * Military occupation
 * Multiculturalism
 * Minority group
 * Nation
 * Polarization
 * Partition
 * Refugee
 * Secession
 * Stateless nation
 * Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
 * Orania
 * Volkstaat

title: Separatism


text:
Talk:Separatism

Original Comment
If there is not a first stept, there won´t be easy go ahead with more posterior steps.

About Quebec separatism
" Even in an area like Quebec, where economic concerns are not part of the separatist argument, support for separation clearly decreases when the economy is doing well."

 * 1. economic concerns are part of the separatist argments. All serious nationalist groups in Quebec argue for "the complete political, economic and cultural independence for the people of Quebec".
 * 2. In reality, there is absolutely no correlation between support for independence and economic prosperity in Quebec.

I can provide sources for those who wish to validate this information before modifying the article. -- Mathieugp 22:16, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I removed "where economic concerns are not part of the separatist argument" before reading this. Obviously, I agree with Mathieugp on this. Especially when considering that two of Quebec's last three separatist premiers were separatists because they saw the economic and administrative necessity for sovereignty. I also have serious doubts as to whether or not "support for separation clearly decreases when the economy is doing well."  Tremblay 22:54, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Tamils link
Does the Tamils link want to be to the Tamil_people entry? This broken link got flagged as part of Daniel Quinlan's Redirect Project. Thanks Silverfish 19:05, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Western Sahara?
I think Western Sahara aka Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic should be added because they have an active sepratist movement.

Czechoslovakia
"Economics can also be seen in the break up of Czechoslovakia; one of the main causes was Slovakia's reluctance to abandon state-run industries, which were the core of its economy. The Czech Republic was far more prepared to embrace the free market, and thus the countries parted."

Could you please provide some more information or link? This argument was very new and surprising to me. And it skips a lot of history - Slovakia and Czech were separated between 1918 (SK was part of Hungaria, CZ of Austria), during WW2, political differences after WW2 (Communists in CZ, Democrats in SK). Viliam Búr 14:35, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Classification
Shouldn't Transnistria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia be listed under Entities which have proclaimed independence, and not merely independence movements? All are functioning independent states, certainly moreso than Palestine. Unless there are objections, I will move them.--24.70.31.148 00:05, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

False info
What are Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, etc. doing here? They were occupied by the USSR and then regained independence, which means separatism has nothing to do with this. When Hitler occupied part of France and Denmark and Norway you don't say that they all broke off of Germany after the alliance had defeated it, do you? - "Separatism is also often a violent response to a past military takeover." This sentence is misleading, I guess, because by this definition any resistance to occupation might be considered as separatism. Therefore Baltic countries and East Timor are included into separatist list here. I'll correct that if you don't mind. Dirgela 15:13, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This is not NPOV at all. Many (if not all) separatist movements call their territories "occupied" and would likely be able to produce stories about past military takeovers. (Quebec, etc...) If you go by this standard then very few things (if any) would be left in this article.

 * As for your example: if Germany had won the war, and had incorporated Denmark, Norway, and Austria into the Reich for several decades, and in the the meantime there arose movements for Danish, Norwegian, and Austrian independence, then yes, that would be separatism. If you don't call that separatism.... then what WOULD you call separatism? -- ran [[User talk:Ran|(talk)]] 06:12, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * I am talking here about very concrete cases. Why don't you read History of Lithuania? I find it rather strange that articles in wikipedia are contradictory.

 * "then what WOULD you call separatism?" The anwer to you questions might be a question what is NOT separatism then? By your definition all states are formed because of separatism. And what does your several decades mean? How would you call movement for independence in those first decades before you call it separatism?

 * If you want to see more NPOV then let's write that communist consedered that independence movement in Baltic states was separatism, however leaders of those republics saw it as restoration of independence, because they were occupied and annexed by soviets in 1940. Plainly putting those states under "recently... separatism" is not NPOV at all. My main objection to tis article is that it is short and misleading. Why don't you write in the article about problems related with identification of separatism?

 * One more thing. When Soviet Union desintegrated, republics in Central Asia didn't have any separatist movements. To call the cause of the formation of these states separatism is not correct either. And let me repeat myself "recent" does not mean anything in the title of the section and I do not see it as appropriate for encyclopedia.

 * Eh, relax.

 * I see what you're saying, that calling the independence movements of the Baltic States "separatist" is POV. But your edits simply replaced one POV with another POV, and made a special case out of the Baltic States even though there are many other states that would be equally ready to call themselves "military occupied and annexed" before independence. That's why I objected to your edits. If you want NPOV, then you probably need to write something more well-rounded, that makes it clear that:

 * "Separatism" is a problematic word and offends people who consider themselves to be fighting against military annexation, but are considered by others to be separatist
 * There are many such cases in the world; in fact nearly all separatist movements have these characteristics (that it's supporters consider themselves "mlitary annexed"), and the Baltic states are an example, not the only special case of this

 * -- ran [[User talk:Ran|(talk)]] 15:11, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm relaxed. And I don't see it a big issue either. I might not have NPOV talking about Lithuania, but I find it rather strange way of collaboration here. You found that I replaced one POV with another you simply "restored" first POV as if POV which was writen earlier is more valid :) instead of trying to make it NPOV. I would split that list of "recent separatism" into several categories explaining points of view of the "separatists" but I rather discouraged to do so, cause you'll probably will revert it back with some other reason. Not that I am very busy, but I really have more interesting things to do. Here I actually see POV of some imperialistically minded Russian nationalists who think that the fact that Baltic states were occupied during WWII and it was recognized by many countries including USA doesn't matter, cause all separatists are the same. The same here goes I think about East Timor, as from the point of view of Indonesian nationalists it doesn't matter that independence of East timor was recognized by UN and many countries after Portuguese colonization. It is the same separatist movement as in any other country. Why not put Kuwait on same list. Their state was formed after separatist movement with help of US separated it from Iraq?

Dirgela 18:48, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

No, I see what you're saying. And I apologize for reverting one POV to another. -- ran [[User talk:Ran|(talk)]] 22:08, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)

Disenfranchisement
Just let me rant a bit about the constant misuse of this word. Disenfranchisement means the removal of the right to vote. No-one has done that to the people of Québec. Therefore, I have replaced the erroneous usage with the word marginalization, which is what I assume the original writer meant.-Kelisi 2005/2/3

 * Actually no it doesn't. The "franchise" can indeed mean the right to vote, but in a wider sense it also means being allowed a 'voice' or to be properly heard, so 'disenfranchisement' has a much wider meaning than you state.

Yugoslavia
I have noticed that you mentioned this QUOTE: "The wars erupting with the break-up of Yugoslavia exemplify this, despite constitutional provisions in the former Yugoslavia that theoretically allowed division and referenda", witch utmost incorrect info> I resisted the temptation to rewrite it myself, but unless You do so in the next several weeks, I will be forced to do it myself. The law of The Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia clearly stated that member states CANNOT scede from the federation unless ALL representatives from ALL fractions soundly agree that it should be done (i. e. when Slovenia first decided to scede from the country, only Croatia voted for it, the other four countries didn't at the FIRST request of Slovenian independance). -- Yours respectivly, Yugoslav

 * There's no "us" here. Everyone who comes to Wikipedia can be an editor. If there is anything you disagree with then change it, don't wait for others to do it for you. -- ran (talk) July 3, 2005 19:41 (UTC)

 * About whether the KLA should be called terrorist -- I think it's better to discuss the matter at Talk:Kosovo Liberation Army and arrive at a more NPOV description. -- ran (talk) July 3, 2005 20:08 (UTC)

Yeah, you're right about KLA, I CAN'T roughly say that they are terorists, but hey, you're WRONG with the Yugoslav matter

I've deleted Montenegro from the separatists of Serbia and Montenegro, there is no organised separative movement in it. Both states have doubts and desire should the union the kept or dissolved, nonetheless it is insignificant due to the much larger number of those supporting the union. I've also added the so-called Republic of Kosova.

 * It doesn't really matter how many people support it... as long as there's some political group or force calling for it. After all, Western Canada, Alaska, California etc. are all in that list. Also, please don't remove links, they're useful.. and when you add new information, such as the Republika Srpska, please provide links to them. -- ran (talk) July 7, 2005 17:54 (UTC)

You're missing my point. Ther IS NO political group NOR a force. Let me help you out with a metaphore: Two seven-year old kids gather in their courtyard and say: "Do you think that our union should seperate?" and the other says: "i dunno"." And I said that BOTH country's peoples have doubts... nothing self-determinative... only doubts IF they should keep toogether, so there is no poin in listing Montenegro. Sorry about the links, I'll try that in the future (I still haven't got the hang of it) And why did you delete the Republic of Kosova? I've put some more separatist countries (The Republic of Serbian Borderland and The Republic of Kosova, respectivly)

 * Oh c'mon.... which one of the following is more likely to separate: Texas, or Montenegro? Since you don't seem to mind leaving Texas in the list but you removed Montenegro, are you saying that it's more likely and more imminent that Texas separate from the United States, than Montenegro separate from SCG?

 * Neither Serbia nor Montenegro is a "seven-year-old kid". Both are complete nations with many different points of view in them. The Montenegro article clearly shows that independence or union is a major contentious issue there. So I don't see why you want to remove Montenegro.

 * As for the "Republic of Kosova", that doesn't exist right now. Kosovo is administered by the UN. -- ran (talk) July 9, 2005 16:11 (UTC)

You COMPLETLY missed my point.... again. Never mind that about the seven-year-old kids (by that I meants the citizens of Montenegro that STARTED the separatist process, but nm that now) The Republic of Kosova is one of the unrecognised states (if you haven't noticed I've added it there). Kosovo is administered by the U.S. forces and the Kosovo Protection Corps (second name for the Kosovo Liberation Army, since that name became far too ill-known). And if you said, which is more likely to DIVIDE: Eastern US (under California) and Western US (under Washington) [because ther is no national Montenegrin sence if they should scede from the union, only common people's doubts if it should be kept) or Serbia and Montenegro? I would've said that the United States' Dividation is more likely. I live in Serbia and Montenegro, and there are more Serbian politicians promoting dividation then Montenegrin, so if you're already putting another separatist movement, you should type "Serbia", which is more likely (althoug even that would be idiotish), plus, I don't know why you deleted the Kosovar Liberation Army. I'll add it again. OK? Now hard feelings? Please don't delete it now.

 * ...What? Are you seriously telling me that the U.S. is more likely to split into Eastern/Western halves in the next few years than SCG into Serbia and Montenegro?! Seriously....compared to SCG, how many political parties or politicians are seriously making this proposal? -- ran (talk) 03:28, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

My relatives live in California, and ALL of the people they know hate to admit that they are a part of the United States of America, as it seems, several politicians claim that "it is enough that we are being scourged by the Eastern imperialists of Washington; for we have once led a war for liberation, it is a shame that we are being forced into the same situation". As for Serbia and Montenegro, there are NO political parties which are seriously making this proposal, except just a few TV shows that exist only to oil the people with lies and illusion.

 * I'm very sorry, but current articles in Wikipedia (e.g. Montenegro) do not support your interpretation of the situation. With independence a major political issue and major compromises (even a change to the name of the federation!) made to the pro-independence position, Montenegro is obviously closer to Quebec than to California. Unless you would like to go over to the Montenegro article and change the description of the Montenegrin situation there, Montenegro will stay in this list. -- ran (talk) 17:40, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

What? No, no! You've got it good this time! (Haven't you noticed that I didn't make any changings this time?) Why should I argue with anything. And I am not making a parallel between Montenegro and California (or Quebec). We'll leave it this way, since both countries want to (although this... OK, OK, "movement" is about to die-out pretty soon) dissolve the union. It is nothing similiat to Quebec at all, since Quebec wants clearly to scede from the state (by ALL means I see [I've read your article, it's quitte detaled]). I mean, if it would be similiar, then it would be something like this: "There are separatist movements in Quebec, but there are also separatist movements in every other province/territory of the country. (figurativly speaking)" since Montenegro OR Serbia don't want to SCEDE from Serbia and Montenegro, they want to dissolve it. I am very surprised that you keep mentioning Montenegro, instead of say... Montenegro and Serbia (if not Serbia and Montenegro since it's already the official name of the union). This is not a movement in which a oart of a country wants to seperate, it is a general "spiritual" presence in the Serbo-Montenegrin people of the question "should the union be kept?". Do you get me know?

(several days later).. ahm..... are you there?

"suggestion" headline
I think the headline on the actual page ought to be changed. Suggesting that an article about separatism be split up into several different articles is the most ridiculous joke I've heard in a while. Wareq 0052 a.m. EST USA

Separatism in Mexico????
I would like that the authot tell where the hell he found that Tamaulipas, Coahuila and Nuevo Leon all toghether wants to abandon Mexico, because that's an absolute lie, it's urgent to take out that false information from wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lefairh (talk • contribs)

 * Due to the heavy economic differences form northeastern Mexico from the rest of the cuntry as well as historical reasons, a large number of residents of the Mexican States of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas have been wanting to secede from the nation. There are even underground groups that advocate to separate from the Federal Pact and form a new nation that comprises the three states. —Preceding unsigned comment added by NorthernPride (talk • contribs)

Separatism in Croatia???
separatism doesn't exist in modern Croatia.. it appeared only during serbian occupation.. there are only 10 municipalities (and there is total of 120 muncipalities in Croatia) which don't have croatian majority so we can't talk about any type of separatism..

Cro ed

Needs to have a kids translation
Some kids might be looking at this and saying "What? What's a secessionism?" or "What's a theorizing?". There should at least be Wikids. 2600:1700:DD90:6C6F:CB4:D092:66D1:8AB0 (talk) 02:48, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Separatism


text:
Wikipedia talk:Spotting possible copyright violations

Comments
What exactly are "Microsoft Smartquotes"? If this is referrint to alt-0147 (“) etc, they also could come into live because someone is copying text from word into wikipedia. -- till we *) 14:25, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * That's why they're a suspicion-inducing sign, but not actual proof of anything. The key thing is seeing clusters of these clues. -- The Anome 14:30, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

"Loaded" language?
Is it worth mentioning that somewhat loaded language with a strong POV is also a likely source? In the few I've spotted over the years, quite a few of them have been material copied straight from fansites or SPOV resources, containing "loaded" constructions such as "the well-respected X" or "the splendid Y". This is almost to the point where as soon as I see something written like this, my first instinct is to whack it into Google. 18:51, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

in cases of plagiarism as opposed to copyright infringment
I got to thinking about this in the last few days when I came across USS Saratoga (1814) which mostly comes from [|this page] and Lake Chicago taken from [|this incredibly poorly written page]. Is there Is there policy that's ment to be applied to plagiarism as opposed to copyright infringment? Would a new Cleanup tag saying something like "To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. This page appeares to be plagerised in part or in whole, from this source.  blah blah blah...," be uesful in situations like this? Mike McGregor (Can) 09:27, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, see copypaste. While it's not a "plagairism" tag, it is very useful in identifying things that look so out of place, regardless of copyright violation, they need to be dealt with. 68.39.174.238 12:14, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Checking it out ~ Is this section truly POV neutral??
Should Google, Mozilla, etc. really be specifically listed as tools for help beating copyright infringement?
 * It's not in the mainspace, so I don't think it is a big deal. However, the comment about Mozilla is strange. I would guess that the person meant that it is good for searching for copyvios because it has tabbed browsing, but it doesn't say that, so it just looks like a plug. Also, Mozilla is not the only browser with tabs. -- Kjkolb 09:29, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Another sign of possible copyvio that should perhaps be added
The use of "We". Although it may have simply be added by a COI editor, I often find it's copyvio. Dougweller (talk) 16:30, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

Suggested change
Should
 * "In-line footnote links such as "[1]", especially when no footnotes are given." which is listed under Indicative, but by no means conclusive signs:

be divided as follows:
 * In-line footnote links such as "[1]", when no footnotes are given." which is listed under Indicative, but by no means conclusive signs: be moved to "Strong"

and
 * In-line footnote links such as "[1]", if footnotes are given."  remain under Indicative, but by no means conclusive signs, but with a note added that this is a legitimate technique of citing references in WP.   DGG ( talk ) 13:10, 2 November 2017 (UTC)


text:
Arne Beurling

Arne Carl-August Beurling (3 February 1905 – 20 November 1986) was a Swedish mathematician and professor of mathematics at Uppsala University (1937–1954) and later at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Beurling worked extensively in harmonic analysis, complex analysis and potential theory. The "Beurling factorization" helped mathematical scientists to understand the Wold decomposition, and inspired further work on the invariant subspaces of linear operators and operator algebras, e.g. Håkan Hedenmalm's factorization theorem for Bergman spaces.

He is perhaps most famous for single-handedly decrypting an early version of the German cipher machine Siemens and Halske T52 in a matter of two weeks during 1940, using only pen and paper. This machine's cipher is generally considered to be more complicated than that of the more famous Enigma machine. Beurling's method of decrypting military telegrams between Norway and Germany worked from June 1940 right up until 1943 when the Germans changed equipment.

Early life
Beurling was born on 3 February 1905 in Gothenburg, Sweden and was the son of the landowner Konrad Beurling and baroness Elsa Raab. After graduating in 1924, he was enrolled at the Uppsala University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1926 and two years later a Licentiate of Philosophy degree.

Early career
Beurling was assistant teacher at Uppsala University from 1931 to 1933. He received his doctorate in mathematics in 1933 for his dissertation Études sur un problème de majoration. Beurling was a docent of mathematics at Uppsala University from 1933 and then professor of mathematics from 1937 to 1954.

World War II
In the summer of 1940 he single-handedly deciphered and reverse-engineered an early version of the Siemens and Halske T52 also known as the Geheimfernschreiber ("secret teletypewriter") used by Nazi Germany in World War II for sending ciphered messages. The T52 was one of the so-called "Fish cyphers", that, using transposition, created nearly one quintillion (893,622,318,929,520,960) different variations. It took Beurling two weeks to solve the problem using pen and paper. Using Beurling's work, a device was created that enabled Sweden to decipher German teleprinter traffic passing through Sweden from Norway on a cable. In this way, Swedish authorities knew about Operation Barbarossa before it occurred. Since the Swedes would not reveal how this knowledge was attained, the Swedish warning was not treated as credible by Soviets.

This became the foundation for the Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA). The cypher in the Geheimfernschreiber is generally considered to be more complex than the cypher used in the Enigma machines.

Later life
He was visiting professor at Harvard University from 1948 to 1949. From 1954 he was professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, where he took over Albert Einstein's office.

He was the doctoral advisor of Lennart Carleson and Carl-Gustav Esseen.

Personal life
Arne Beurling was first married (1936–40) to Britta Östberg (born 1907), daughter of Henrik Östberg and Gerda Nilsson. In 1950 he married Karin Lindblad (1920–2006), daughter of ironmonger Henric Lindblad and Wanja Bengtsson. Karin was a distinguished Ph.D student from Uppsala University. When they lived in Princeton, she worked in a biochemistry lab at Princeton University. He had two children from his first marriage — Pehr-Henrik (1936-62) and Jane (1938-92).

Beurling's great-grandfather was Pehr Henrik Beurling (1758 or 1763–1806), who founded a high quality clock factory in Stockholm in 1783.

Death
Arne Beurling died in 1986 and was buried at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna.

In popular culture
Beurling's prowess as a cryptanalysist is the subject of the 2005 short opera Krypto CEG by Jonas Sjöstrand and Kimmo Eriksson.

Awards and decorations

 * Knight of the Order of the Polar Star
 * Knight of the Order of Vasa

Honours

 * Honorary member of the Göteborgs nation at Uppsala University (1937)
 * Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1937)
 * Member of the Royal Society of the Humanities at Lund (Kungliga Humanistiska Vetenskapssamfundet i Lund) (1937)
 * Member of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters (1942)
 * Member of the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund (1948)
 * Member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (1951)
 * Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1970)

title: Arne Beurling


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Truncated icosidodecahedron

In geometry, a truncated icosidodecahedron, rhombitruncated icosidodecahedron, great rhombicosidodecahedron, omnitruncated dodecahedron or omnitruncated icosahedron is an Archimedean solid, one of thirteen convex, isogonal, non-prismatic solids constructed by two or more types of regular polygon faces.

It has 62 faces: 30 squares, 20 regular hexagons, and 12 regular decagons. It has the most edges and vertices of all Platonic and Archimedean solids, though the snub dodecahedron has more faces. Of all vertex-transitive polyhedra, it occupies the largest percentage (89.80%) of the volume of a sphere in which it is inscribed, very narrowly beating the snub dodecahedron (89.63%) and small rhombicosidodecahedron (89.23%), and less narrowly beating the truncated icosahedron (86.74%); it also has by far the greatest volume (206.8 cubic units) when its edge length equals 1. Of all vertex-transitive polyhedra that are not prisms or antiprisms, it has the largest sum of angles (90 + 120 + 144 = 354 degrees) at each vertex; only a prism or antiprism with more than 60 sides would have a larger sum. Since each of its faces has point symmetry (equivalently, 180° rotational symmetry), the truncated icosidodecahedron is a 15-zonohedron.

Names
The name great rhombicosidodecahedron refers to the relationship with the (small) rhombicosidodecahedron (compare section Dissection). There is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron with a similar name, the nonconvex great rhombicosidodecahedron.

Area and volume
The surface area A and the volume V of the truncated icosidodecahedron of edge length a are:

 * $$\begin{align} A &= 30 \left (1 + \sqrt{3} + \sqrt{5 + 2\sqrt{5}} \right)a^2 &&\approx 174.292\,0303a^2. \\ V &= \left( 95 + 50\sqrt{5} \right) a^3 &&\approx 206.803\,399a^3. \end{align}$$

If a set of all 13 Archimedean solids were constructed with all edge lengths equal, the truncated icosidodecahedron would be the largest.

Cartesian coordinates
Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a truncated icosidodecahedron with edge length 2φ − 2, centered at the origin, are all the even permutations of:
 * (±$1⁄φ$, ±$1⁄φ$, ±(3 + φ)),
 * (±$2⁄φ$, ±φ, ±(1 + 2φ)),
 * (±$1⁄φ$, ±φ2, ±(−1 + 3φ)),
 * (±(2φ − 1), ±2, ±(2 + φ)) and
 * (±φ, ±3, ±2φ),

where φ = $1 + √5⁄2$ is the golden ratio.

Dissection
The truncated icosidodecahedron is the convex hull of a rhombicosidodecahedron with cuboids above its 30 squares, whose height to base ratio is $φ$. The rest of its space can be dissected into nonuniform cupolas, namely 12 between inner pentagons and outer decagons and 20 between inner triangles and outer hexagons.

An alternative dissection also has a rhombicosidodecahedral core. It has 12 pentagonal rotundae between inner pentagons and outer decagons. The remaining part is a toroidal polyhedron.

Orthogonal projections
The truncated icosidodecahedron has seven special orthogonal projections, centered on a vertex, on three types of edges, and three types of faces: square, hexagonal and decagonal. The last two correspond to the A2 and H2 Coxeter planes.

Spherical tilings and Schlegel diagrams
The truncated icosidodecahedron can also be represented as a spherical tiling, and projected onto the plane via a stereographic projection. This projection is conformal, preserving angles but not areas or lengths. Straight lines on the sphere are projected as circular arcs on the plane.

Schlegel diagrams are similar, with a perspective projection and straight edges.

Geometric variations
Within Icosahedral symmetry there are unlimited geometric variations of the truncated icosidodecahedron with isogonal faces. The truncated dodecahedron, rhombicosidodecahedron, and truncated icosahedron as degenerate limiting cases.

Truncated icosidodecahedral graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a truncated icosidodecahedral graph (or great rhombicosidodecahedral graph) is the graph of vertices and edges of the truncated icosidodecahedron, one of the Archimedean solids. It has 120 vertices and 180 edges, and is a zero-symmetric and cubic Archimedean graph.

Related polyhedra and tilings
This polyhedron can be considered a member of a sequence of uniform patterns with vertex figure (4.6.2p) and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram. For p < 6, the members of the sequence are omnitruncated polyhedra (zonohedrons), shown below as spherical tilings. For p > 6, they are tilings of the hyperbolic plane, starting with the truncated triheptagonal tiling.

title: Truncated icosidodecahedron


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Consortium

A consortium is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations, or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal.

Consortium is a Latin word meaning "partnership", "association", or "society", and derives from consors ("shared in property"), itself from con- ("together") and sors ("fate").

Educational
The Big Ten Academic Alliance in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic U.S., Claremont Colleges consortium in Southern California, Five College Consortium in Massachusetts, and Consórcio Nacional Honda are among the oldest and most successful higher education consortia in the world. The Big Ten Academic Alliance, formerly known as the Committee on Institutional Cooperation, includes the members of the Big Ten athletic conference. The participants in Five Colleges, Inc. are: Amherst College, Hampshire College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Another example of a successful consortium is the Five Colleges of Ohio of Ohio: Oberlin College, Ohio Wesleyan University, Kenyon College, College of Wooster and Denison University. The aforementioned Claremont Consortium (known as the Claremont Colleges) consists of Pomona College, Claremont Graduate University, Scripps College, Claremont McKenna College, Harvey Mudd College, Pitzer College, and Keck Graduate Institute. These consortia have pooled the resources of their member colleges and the universities to share human and material assets as well as to link academic and administrative resources.

An example of a non-profit consortium is the Appalachian College Association (ACA) located in Richmond, Kentucky. The association consists of 35 private liberal arts colleges and universities spread across the central Appalachian mountains in Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Collectively these higher education institutions serve approximately 42,500 students. Six research universities in the region (University of Kentucky, University of North Carolina, University of Tennessee, West Virginia University, University of Virginia, and Virginia Tech) are affiliated with the ACA. These institutions assist the ACA in reviewing grant and fellowship applications, conducting workshops, and providing technical assistance. The ACA works to serve higher education in the rural regions of these five states.

Commercial
An example of a for-profit consortium is a group of banks that collaborate to make a loan—also known as a syndicate. This type of loan is more commonly known as a syndicated loan. In England it is common for a consortium to buy out financially struggling football clubs in order to keep them out of liquidation.

Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, the company that built the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System in the 1970s, initially was a consortium of BP, ARCO, ConocoPhillips, Exxon, Mobil, Unocal, and Koch Alaska Pipeline Company.

Airbus example
Airbus Industries was formed in 1970 as a consortium of aerospace manufacturers. The retention of production and engineering assets by the partner companies in effect made Airbus Industries a sales and marketing company. This arrangement led to inefficiencies due to the inherent conflicts of interest that the four partner companies faced; they were both shareholders of, and subcontractors to, the consortium. The companies collaborated on development of the Airbus range, but guarded the financial details of their own production activities and sought to maximize the transfer prices of their sub-assemblies.

In 2001, EADS (created by the merger of French, German and Spanish Airbus partner companies) and BAE Systems (the British partner company) transferred their Airbus production assets to a new company, Airbus SAS. In return, they got 80% and 20% shares respectively. BAE would later sell its share to EADS.

Panavia Tornado
The Tornado was developed and built by Panavia Aircraft GmbH, a tri-national consortium consisting of British Aerospace (previously British Aircraft Corporation), MBB of West Germany, and Aeritalia of Italy.

The aircraft first flew on 14 August 1974 and was introduced into service in 1979–1980. Due to its multi-role design, it was able to replace several different fleets of aircraft in the adopting air forces. The Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) became the only export operator of the Tornado in addition to the three original partner nations. Including all variants, 992 aircraft were built.

Coopetition
Coopetition, deriving from a portmanteau of cooperation and competition, is the word used when companies otherwise competitors collaborate in a consortium to cooperate on areas non-strategic for their core businesses. They prefer to reduce their costs on these non-strategic areas and compete on other areas where they can differentiate better.

For example, the GENIVI Alliance, now called COVESA, is a not-for-profit consortium between different car makers in order to ease building an In-Vehicle Infotainment system.

Another example is the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which is a consortium that standardizes web technologies like HTML, XML and CSS.

Government, academia and industry
The Institute for Food Safety and Health is a consortium consisting of the Illinois Institute of Technology, the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, and members of the food industry. Some of the work done at the institute includes, "assessment and validation of new and novel food safety and preservation technologies, processing and packaging systems, microbiological and chemical methods, health promoting food components, and risk management strategies."

Consortium for installment-based purchases
Commonly known in the United States as a rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA) and also called Savings Clubs, Christmas clubs, sousou or even money circles, they are typically informal associations of people saving money together with a commonly shared goal: buying something with the same value. In this association its members contribute by paying equal amount installments (usually monthly or weekly) towards a common fund. On every installment the common fund reaches the goal value and someone is awarded this sum and from this point forward this person own the association the remaining amount, just as in a loan. This process repeats until every member is awarded the entire sum.

These informal associations are specially popular among immigrants since they are a cheaper alternative to traditional financing and usually require no formal papers, credit history or even a bank account.

Outside the United States, these savings clubs can be formal and have proper legislation. In some countries, like Brazil, consórcios are an integral part of the traditional banking system, where there are clubs for purchasing real estate and cars, and even for plastic surgery costs. Over seven million people have engaged in these formal savings associations over the past years, adding to over U$10 billion in credit. Since these clubs have up to thousands of members, products purchased are awarded through lottery and bidding processes and the common fund administrators charge a fixed fee in order to take responsibility and guarantee the integrity of the process.

France
In France, the consortium, considered a sub-type of joint venture, has important theoretical and practical significance. The French legal system does not provide a definition and does not explicitly use the concept of a joint venture or consortium (groupements momentanés d’entreprises). The consortium agreement in France is a purely contractual cooperative contract that does not entail the creation of a third party. The consortium has no legal personality or legal capacity. The contract is concluded between two or more natural or legal persons who undertake to carry out certain works in order to implement a joint project which consortium members would not be able to carry out themselves. The consortium agreement is not explicitly regulated by the French legislator, but it is admissible in the light of the principle of freedom of contract interpreted from articles 6 and 1134 of the French Civil Code.

United Kingdom
Neither consortium nor joint venture have a legal definition in U.K. law. The second term is usually used to describe various types of agreements where two or more parties cooperate in conducting business activities. This manifests e.g. in the joint distribution of profit, sharing cash, assets, knowledge or abilities. As there are no legal provisions regulating in detail the consortium or joint venture, the relations between the parties participating in this type of agreement—when choosing a joint venture as a collaboration agreement or a special partnership—are subject to common law or the provisions of the partnership law. A consortium agreement governed by the general law of contract, similar to an ordinary partnership agreement, does not create a separate entity.

Germany
In Germany the view prevails that the consortium is a type of internal civil law partnership (§ 705–740 of the BGB). In external relations, consortium members may decide on joint and several liability regulated by § 421 BGB, while internally there is sometimes a release from this liability. Joint ventures often include credit syndicates (Kreditkonsortien), securities issuing consortia, including mainly shares (Emissionskonsortien), construction consortia (Baukonsortien) also referred to as investment (Investitionskonsortien) and profit pools (Ergebnispools). Sometimes, special purpose partnerships established to jointly use construction facilities (Planungsgesellschaften) are listed in one category with the consortium and the pool. Cooperation agreements concluded under German law are not of a uniform legal nature. There is a great wealth of legal forms of cooperation that could be cautiously qualified as consortium agreements. This is in particular a civil law partnership in its internal and occasional variants (Gelegenheitsgesellschaft), as well as a partnership of building contractors (ARGE) and a structure simply referred to as the "consortium."

Poland
In the Polish legal system, the legal nature of the consortium agreement is disputed. According to the prevailing approach, a consortium is a form of cooperation, different from a civil law partnership, undertaken between economically independent entities already operating on the market in order to implement a specific undertaking that is a segment of the regular activities of these entities, based on an unnamed contract and characterized by a temporary nature, minimization of institutionalization, and lack of separate property, the need to specify how the parties participate in the joint venture and the intention not to establish a "community" with partly own interests (the partnership as such). According to this concept, despite the very broad formula of a civil partnership provided for entities that undertake to cooperate in a designated way to achieve a common economic goal (which is a common element for both types of contracts), the partnership contract do not exhaust all forms of cooperation and automatic qualification of consortium contracts as partnerships is not allowed.

title: Consortium


text:
Institute

An institute is an organisational body created for a certain purpose. They are often research organisations (research institutes) created to do research on specific topics, or can also be a professional body.

In some countries, institutes can be part of a university or other institutions of higher education, either as a group of departments or an autonomous educational institution without a traditional university status such as a "university institute" (see Institute of Technology). In some countries, such as South Korea and India, private schools are sometimes referred to as institutes; also, in Spain, secondary schools are referred to as institutes.

Historically, in some countries, institutes were educational units imparting vocational training and often incorporating libraries, also known as mechanics' institutes.

The word "institute" comes from the Latin word institutum ("facility" or "habit"), in turn derived from instituere ("build", "create", "raise" or "educate").

United Kingdom and the Isle of Man
In the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man, the term "institute" is a protected word and companies or other organizations may only use the word if they are "organisations which are carrying out research at the highest level or to professional bodies of the highest standing". Furthermore, if a company is carrying on a business under a different name to the company name, that business name must comply with the Business Names Act. Use of the title "institute" requires approval from the Secretary of State. Failure to seek approval is a criminal offence.

title: Institute


text:
American Juniors

American Juniors is an American reality television singing competition series that was broadcast for one season from June 3 to August 19, 2003, on Fox. The series was a spin-off of American Idol, but with younger contestants. The show had the same production team as American Idol: it was created by Simon Fuller and 19 Entertainment along with FremantleMedia, directed by Bruce Gowers, and produced by Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick.

Unlike American Idol, the goal of the competition was not to find a single winner, but rather to create a singing group of five of the contestants. In this way, American Juniors more closely resembled the British series S Club Search, which had produced the group S Club Juniors.

The show spawned the singing group American Juniors, consisting of Taylor Thompson, Tori Thompson, Chauncey Matthews, Lucy Hale, and Danielle White. The group disbanded in 2004, after their self-titled studio album generated lackluster sales.

The show was filmed in Los Angeles.

Auditions and Hollywood Week (June 3 and 10)
Two thousand young people auditioned for the show. A selected group of kids and their parents were flown to Hollywood to participate in "Hollywood Week", during which the field was narrowed to 20 performers who would move on to the live episodes.

Top 20 Semi-Final 1: Contestant Choice (June 17 and 18)
In each of two live "Top 20" semifinals, half of the remaining contestants competed for 5 positions in the Top 10, as determined by the votes of viewers. The results were aired the following evening.

Results
 * Advanced to Top 10 Finals: Chauncey Matthews (most votes), Danielle White, AJ Melendez, Morgan Burke, Katelyn Tarver
 * Celebrity performers: Justin Guarini
 * Group performance: "Kids in America"

Top 20 Semi-Final 2: Contestant Choice (June 24 and 25)
Results
 * Advanced to Top 10 Finals: Tori Thompson (most votes), Taylor Thompson, Jordan McCoy, Lucy Hale, Chantel Kohl
 * Celebrity performers: Ruben Studdard
 * Group performance: "Put a Little Love in Your Heart"

Top 10 (July 1 and 2)
Theme: Songs of 1969

Results
 * Top 3: Chantel Kohl, Tori Thompson, and Taylor Thompson
 * Top 2: Chantel Kohl and Taylor Thompson
 * Advanced to American Juniors Group: Taylor Thompson
 * Group performance: "Make Your Own Kind Of Music"
 * Celebrity performers: Tamyra Gray
 * Taylor's encore performance : "Proud Mary" (Creedence Clearwater Revival)

Top 9 (July 8 and 16)

 * Theme: Songs of 1970
 * Tori Thompson - "Love The One You're With" (Stephen Stills)
 * Danielle White - "(They Long To Be) Close To You" (Burt Bacharach)
 * Morgan Burke - "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) (Edison Lighthouse)
 * Chauncey Matthews - "Hey There Lonely Girl" (Eddie Holman)
 * Chantel Kohl - "Stony End" (Barbra Streisand)
 * Jordan McCoy - "ABC" (Jackson 5)
 * Katelyn Tarver - "We've Only Just Begun" (Carpenters)
 * AJ Melendez - "I'll Be There" (Jackson 5)
 * Lucy Hale - "Make It Easy On Yourself" (Dionne Warwick)

Results
 * Top 3: AJ Melendez, Tori Thompson, and Chauncey Matthews
 * Top 2: Chauncey Matthews and Tori Thompson
 * Advanced To American Juniors Group: Tori Thompson
 * Group performance: "United We Stand"
 * Taylor Thompson's music video: "Cheeseburgers For Me"
 * Celebrity performer: Brian McKnight
 * Tori's encore performance: "Love The One You're With" (Stephen Stills)

Top 8 (July 23 and 24)

 * Theme: Songs of 1962
 * AJ Melendez - "The Night Has a Thousand Eyes" (Bobby Vee)
 * Danielle White - "The Loco-Motion" (Little Eva)
 * Chantel Kohl - "Don't Make Me Over" (Dionne Warwick)
 * Chauncey Matthews - "Moon River" (Henry Mancini)
 * Lucy Hale - "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" (Neil Sedaka)
 * Morgan Burke - "Can't Help Falling in Love" (Elvis Presley)
 * Jordan McCoy - "Sealed with a Kiss" (Brian Hyland)
 * Katelyn Tarver - "Tell Him" (The Exciters)

Results
 * Top 3: Lucy Hale, Chauncey Matthews, and Chantel Kohl
 * Top 2: Chauncey Matthews and Chantel Kohl
 * Advanced to American Juniors Group: Chauncey Matthews
 * Group performance: "Do You Love Me"
 * Taylor Thompson and Tori Thompson's music video: Bring the house down
 * Celebrity performer: Kelly Clarkson
 * Chauncey's encore performance: "Moon River" (Henry Mancini)

Top 7 (July 29 and 30)

 * Theme: Songs of 1980
 * Katelyn Tarver - "On the Radio" (Donna Summer)
 * Morgan Burke - "Rock With You" (Michael Jackson)
 * Jordan McCoy - "Magic" (Olivia-Newton John)
 * Danielle White - "Daydream Believer" (Anne Murray)
 * AJ Melendez - "Still" (Commodores)
 * Chantel Kohl - "Brass In Pocket (I'm Special)" (Pretenders)
 * Lucy Hale - "Call Me" (Blondie)

Results
 * Top 3: AJ Melendez, Lucy Hale, and Chantel Kohl
 * Top 2: Lucy Hale and Chantel Kohl
 * Advanced to American Juniors Group: Lucy Hale
 * Group performance: "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me"
 * Taylor Thompson, Tori Thompson, and Chauncey Matthews's music video: Sundown
 * Celebrity performer: Monica
 * Lucy's encore performance: "Call Me" (Blondie)

Final Round (August 5 and 12)

 * Theme: S Club Songs
 * Morgan Burke - "Bring the House Down"
 * Danielle White - "Never Had a Dream Come True"
 * AJ Melendez - "Alive"
 * Jordan McCoy - "You Are the One"
 * Chantel Kohl - "Sundown"
 * Katelyn Tarver - "Have You Ever"

Results
 * Top 3: Danielle White, Chantel Kohl, and AJ Melendez
 * Top 2: Danielle White and Chantel Kohl
 * Final member of American Juniors: Danielle White
 * Morgan Burke performs: "Build Me Up Buttercup"
 * Katelyn Tarver performs: "I'll Never Fall In Love Again"
 * Chantel Kohl performs: "Open Arms"
 * Jordan McCoy performs: "More Today Than Yesterday"
 * Danielle White performs: "Colors of the Wind"
 * AJ Melendez performs: "I'll Be There"
 * Group performance: "Kids In America"
 * Danielle White's Encore performance: "Never Had a Dream Come True"
 * Chantel Kohl's Encore performance: "Sundown"
 * AJ Melendez's Encore performance: "Alive"
 * Official American Juniors group perform: "One Step Closer"

Concert Special (August 19)

 * American Juniors performs: "Reach"
 * Danielle White and the American Juniors performs: "Never Had a Dream Come True"
 * American Juniors performs: "Bring It All Back"
 * Debbie Gibson performs "Lost in Your Eyes"
 * Lucy Hale and the American Juniors performs: "Have You Ever"
 * Gladys Knight performs: "If I Could"
 * Gladys Knight and the American Juniors perform
 * American Juniors performs: "One Step Closer"
 * American Juniors performs: "(You Got to Have) Friends"

Ratings and aborted second season
American Juniors became one of the highest-rated television shows of the summer season, with approximately 11.9 million viewers on June 3, though the numbers dropped 40% toward the end of July. Nonetheless, the producers were satisfied of the strong teen demographic. A second season was planned for fall 2003, later postponed to the summer after the third season of American Idol, then called off.

Following the show
Upon completion of the competition, the American Juniors group consisted of Taylor and Tori Thompson, Chauncey Matthews, Lucy Hale, and Danielle White. The group made a brief appearance on the December 2003 TV special An American Idol Christmas. Their debut album American Juniors was released on November 18, 2003. The group disbanded in 2004, after having received relatively little publicity.

Almost 20 years after the TV series, Lucy Hale is now the most widely known contestant from American Juniors, having acted in a number of films and television shows, most notably the series Pretty Little Liars from 2010 to 2017. She returned to her musical roots in 2014, with the release of the country album Road Between on Disney Music Group's "Nashville" label.

Katelyn Tarver released her debut solo album, Wonderful Crazy, in 2005. From 2010 to 2013, she played Jo Taylor in the Nickelodeon TV series Big Time Rush. She has continued to act and release music. In 2019, she appeared on NBC's Songland.

Jordan McCoy was signed to Diddy's label, Bad Boy Records, having only released demos. She was part of the late-2000s revival of the defunct girl group, Dream (also formed by Diddy).

In 2011, Tori and Taylor Thompson resurfaced on NBC's The Voice as a singing duo. They were selected and coached by Cee Lo Green but were voted off in the first live show.

In 2020, American Juniors semifinalist Grace Leer auditioned for season 18 of American Idol. She made it to Hollywood after singing "Crowded Table" by The Highwomen. She eventually was eliminated at the Top 11.

title: American Juniors


text:
Vanity Fair (magazine)

Vanity Fair is an American monthly magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States.

The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936. The imprint was revived in 1983 after Conde Nast took over the magazine company. Vanity Fair currently includes five international editions of the magazine. The five international editions the magazine is United Kingdom (since 1991), Italy (since 2003), Spain (since 2008), France (since 2013), and Mexico (since 2015). As of 2018, the Editor-in-Chief is Radhika Jones.

Dress and Vanity Fair
Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the men's fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913. It continued to thrive into the 1920s. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues. Nonetheless, its circulation at 90,000 copies was at its peak. Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue (circulation 156,000) as of the March 1936 issue. Vanity Fair celebrates its 95th anniversary in 2008, as well as its 25th anniversary as a relaunched publication. The National Portrait Gallery in London has mounted an exhibition called "Vanity Fair Portraits, 1913–2008", which will travel to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra, Australia, to celebrate the magazine's photographic heritage. Vanity Fair: The Portraits, a special jubilee issue and hardback book, will be published in the fall of 2008.

Vanity Fair is notably a fictitious place ruled by Beelzebub in the book Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan. Later use of the name was influenced by the well-known 1847–48 novel of the same name by William Makepeace Thackeray.

Modern revival
Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S.I. Newhouse, announced in June 1981 that it was reviving the magazine. The first issue was released in February 1983 (cover date March), edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue. He was followed by editors Tina Brown (1984–1992), Graydon Carter (1992–2017) and Radhika Jones (2017 to present). Regular writers and columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Famous contributing photographers for the magazine include Bruce Weber, Annie Leibovitz, Mario Testino and Herb Ritts, who have all provided the magazine with a string of lavish covers and full-page portraits of current celebrities. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, an image entitled More Demi Moore that to this day holds a spot in pop culture.

In addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled "The Man Who Knew Too Much". The article was later adapted into a movie The Insider (1999), which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. Most famously, after more than thirty years of mystery, an article in the May 2005 edition revealed the identity of Deep Throat (W. Mark Felt), one of the sources for The Washington Post articles on Watergate, which led to the 1974 resignation of U.S. President Richard Nixon. The magazine also features candid interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. Other notable interviews have included: Teri Hatcher, who revealed in the magazine that she was sexually abused as a child; Jennifer Aniston's first interview after her divorce from Brad Pitt; Anderson Cooper, who talked about his brother's death; and Martha Stewart's first interview after her release from prison.

Some of the pictorials in Vanity Fair have attracted criticism. The April 1999 issue featured an image of actor Mike Myers dressed as a Hindu deity for a photo spread by David LaChapelle: after criticism, both the photographer and the magazine apologized.

The magazine was the subject of Toby Young's book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success in New York City while working for Graydon Carter's Vanity Fair. The book was made into a movie in 2008, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter.

In 2013, Condé Nast Entertainment struck a deal with Discovery Communications-owned cable channel Investigation Discovery for Vanity Fair Confidential, a crime and mystery documentary TV series based on stories from Vanity Fair magazine. Condé Nast Entertainment launched a Vanity Fair YouTube channel in July 2013. In anticipation of its 100th anniversary that year, Vanity Fair co-produced 10 short films, one to celebrate each decade, from well-known documentary filmmakers like Barbara Kopple and including the film producer Judd Apatow, and actors Don Cheadle and Bryce Dallas Howard.

Vanity Fair launched The Hive in June 2016, its online business, politics and technology news vertical. In January 2017, Vanity Fair's Hive and Condé Nast Entertainment partnered with Cheddar online TV channel to create a live weekly series called VF Hive on Cheddar. Editor Graydon Carter called the series a "representation of how people are consuming more voraciously than ever".

In 2017 former editor Tina Brown published "The Vanity Fair Diaries". It was announced in November 2017 that Radhika Jones, editorial director of The New York Times books section, would succeed Carter as Editor-in-Chief on December 11, 2017.

In 2018, Vanity Fair received accolades for removing actor James Franco from a cover shoot following sexual harassment allegations.

In 2020, Dario Calmese became the first Black photographer to shoot the cover of a Vanity Fair issue; his subject was Viola Davis. Vanity Fair employees unionized in 2022.

International editions
In 1991 Vanity Fair began publishing an international edition. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published: namely in the United Kingdom (since 1991), Italy (since 2003, ISSN 1723-6673), Spain (since 2008), France (since 2013), and Mexico (since 2015), with the Italian version published weekly. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013.

Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million (euros), then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nast's biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, the German edition was shut down in 2009.

Events
As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, the first Vanity Fair Oscar Party took place in 1994. During its first years, the magazine's Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Morton's in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, at around 120 for dinner. In 2008, in sympathy with a Writers Guild of America strike, Vanity Fair canceled its annual party. Between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower. The 2014 edition took place in a temporary, 12,000-square-foot glass-walled structure at 8680 Sunset Boulevard. Vanity Fair makes a limited number of invitations available each year for charity.

In recent years, Vanity Fair and Bloomberg have hosted an after-party at the French ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. following the White House Correspondents' Association dinner.

Roman Polanski lawsuit
In 2005, Vanity Fair was found liable in a lawsuit brought in the UK by film director Roman Polanski, who claimed the magazine had libelled him in an article by A. E. Hotchner published in 2002. The article recounted a claim by Lewis H. Lapham, editor of Harper's, that Polanski had made sexual advances towards a young model as he was traveling to the funeral of his wife, Sharon Tate, in August 1969, claiming that he could make her "the next Sharon Tate". The court permitted Polanski to testify via a video link, after he expressed fears that he might be extradited were he to enter the United Kingdom.

The trial began on July 18, 2005, and Polanski made English legal history as the first claimant to give evidence by video link. During the trial, which included the testimonies of Mia Farrow and others, it was proved that the alleged scene at the famous New York restaurant Elaine's could not possibly have taken place on the date given, because Polanski only dined at this restaurant three weeks later. Also, the Norwegian then-model disputed the accounts that he had claimed to be able to make her "the next Sharon Tate".

Polanski was awarded damages by the High Court in London. The case was notable because Polanski was living in France as a fugitive from U.S. justice, and never appeared in the London court for fear he would be extradited to the U.S. Graydon Carter, editor of Vanity Fair, responded, "I find it amazing that a man who lives in France can sue a magazine that is published in America in a British courtroom."

Miley Cyrus photos
On April 25, 2008, the televised entertainment program Entertainment Tonight reported that 15-year-old Miley Cyrus had posed topless for a photo shoot with Vanity Fair. The photo, and subsequently released behind-the-scenes photos, show Cyrus without a top, her bare back exposed but her front covered with a bedsheet. The photo shoot was taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz. The full photograph was published with an accompanying story on The New York Times website on April 27, 2008. On April 29, 2008, The New York Times clarified that though the pictures left an impression that she was bare-breasted, Cyrus was wrapped in a bedsheet and was actually not topless. Some parents expressed outrage at the nature of the photograph, which a Disney spokesperson described as "a situation [that] was created to deliberately manipulate a 15-year-old to sell magazines".

In response to the internet circulation of the photo and ensuing media attention, Miley Cyrus released a statement of apology on April 27: "I took part in a photo shoot that was supposed to be 'artistic' and now, seeing the photographs and reading the story, I feel so embarrassed. I never intended for any of this to happen and I apologize to my fans who I care so deeply about." Nearly ten years later to the day, Cyrus took back the Disney apology statement in an Instagram story showing a New York Post front page regarding the story, simply stating "IM NOT SORRY Fuck YOU #10YearsAgo".

Modified photos
In January 2014, Vanity Fair was under fire for allegedly altering the appearance of a celebrity featured in its pages for its February issue, Lupita Nyong'o, an actress known for her role in 12 Years A Slave. In Nyong'o's case, the magazine tweeted the photo and it began with fans accusing the company of altering her complexion. However, some believe that the Vanity Fair images are simply a product of bright set lighting, rather than deliberate skin lightening. Nyong'o was pleased with the work and saw no harm done to herself; she did not hold Vanity Fair or the photographer liable.

Shortly before the Nyong'o case, Vogue magazine, a partner and buyer of Vanity Fair in 1936, was accused of altering actress Lena Dunham's photos. Dunham considered the modified photos to be offensive.

Richard Engel story
In 2015, Vanity Fair had to update the account it had published by the NBC News correspondent Richard Engel about the disputed circumstances of his 2012 kidnapping in Syria, stating that he had misidentified his captors.

Jeffrey Epstein story
In 2019, former contributing editor Vicky Ward said her 2003 profile of Jeffrey Epstein in Vanity Fair had included on-the-record accounts of Annie and Maria Farmer (who filed the earliest known criminal complaints about Epstein), but that they were later stricken from Ward's article after Bill Clinton pressured the magazine's editor Graydon Carter.

title: Vanity Fair (magazine)


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Deep Impact (film)

Deep Impact is a 1998 American science fiction disaster film directed by Mimi Leder, written by Bruce Joel Rubin and Michael Tolkin, and starring Robert Duvall, Téa Leoni, Elijah Wood, Vanessa Redgrave, Maximilian Schell, and Morgan Freeman. Steven Spielberg served as an executive producer of this film. It was released by Paramount Pictures in North America and by DreamWorks Pictures internationally on May 8, 1998. The film depicts the attempts to prepare for and destroy a 7 mi wide comet set to collide with Earth and cause a mass extinction.

Deep Impact was released in the same summer as the similarly themed Armageddon, which fared better at the box office, while astronomers described Deep Impact as being more accurate. Both films were similarly received by critics, with Armageddon scoring 43% and Deep Impact scoring 45% on Rotten Tomatoes. Deep Impact grossed over $349.5 million worldwide on an $80 million production budget, becoming the sixth highest-grossing film of 1998.

It was the final film by cinematographer Dietrich Lohmann, who died before the film's release.

Plot
In May 1998, at a star party in Virginia, teenage amateur astronomer Leo Biederman observes an unidentified object in the night sky. He sends a picture to astronomer Dr. Marcus Wolf, who realizes it is a comet on collision course with Earth. Wolf dies in a car crash while racing to raise the alarm.

A year later, MSNBC journalist Jenny Lerner investigates Secretary of the Treasury Alan Rittenhouse over his connection with "Ellie", whom she assumes to be a mistress; she is confused when she finds him and his family loading a boat with large amounts of food and other survival gear. She is apprehended by the FBI and taken to meet President Tom Beck, who persuades her not to share the story in return for a prominent role in the press conference he will arrange. She subsequently discovers that "Ellie" is actually an acronym—E.L.E.—which stands for "extinction-level event". Two days later, Beck announces that the comet Wolf–Biederman is on course to impact the Earth in roughly one year and could cause humanity's extinction. He reveals that the United States and Russia have been constructing the Messiah in orbit, a spacecraft to transport a team to alter the comet's path with nuclear bombs.

The Messiah launches a short time later with a crew of five American astronauts and one Russian cosmonaut. They land on the comet's outer-most layer and drill the nuclear bombs deep beneath its surface, but the comet shifts into the sunlight. Consequently, one astronaut is blinded and another propelled into space by an explosive release of gas. The remaining crew escape the comet and detonate the bombs. However, rather than deflect the comet, the bombs split it in two. Beck announces the mission's failure in a television address, and that both pieces—the larger now named Wolf and the smaller named Biederman—are still headed for Earth. Wolf is on a collision course with western Canada, and its impact is expected to fill the atmosphere with dust, blocking all sunlight for two years and creating an impact winter that will kill all life on the planet's surface.

Martial law is imposed and a lottery selects 800,000 Americans to join 200,000 pre-selected individuals in underground shelters in Missouri's limestone bluffs. Lerner is pre-selected, as are the Biederman family as gratitude for discovering the comet, though Leo's girlfriend Sarah and her family are not selected. Lerner's mother, upon learning most senior citizens are ineligible for the lottery, commits ritual suicide. Leo marries Sarah in a vain attempt to save her family; while this saves Sarah, her family are still not selected, and she refuses to go without them. A last-ditch effort to deflect the comets with ICBMs fails. Upon arrival at the shelter, Leo eschews his safety and leaves to find Sarah. He reaches her on the freeway and takes her and her baby brother to higher ground while her parents remain. Lerner gives up her seat on an evacuation helicopter to a colleague and her young daughter, instead traveling to a beach where she reconciles with her estranged father.

The Biederman fragment hits the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, creating a megatsunami that destroys much of the East Coast of the United States, reaching the Ohio River Valley, and also hitting Europe and Africa. Millions are killed, including Sarah’s parents, Lerner, and her father. Leo, Sarah, and her baby brother survive after making it to the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The crew of Messiah, now dangerously low on both life-support and remaining propellant fuel, decide to sacrifice themselves to destroy the larger Wolf fragment by flying deep inside it and detonating their remaining nuclear bombs. They say goodbye to their loved ones by video call and execute their plan. Wolf is blown into smaller pieces which burn up harmlessly in the Earth's atmosphere, averting further catastrophe.

After the waters recede, President Beck speaks to a large crowd at an under-construction replacement United States Capitol.

Production
The origins of Deep Impact started in the late 1970s when producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown approached Paramount Pictures proposing a remake of the 1951 film When Worlds Collide. Although several screenplay drafts were completed, the producers were not completely happy with any of them and the project remained in "development hell" for many years. In the mid-1990s, they approached director Steven Spielberg, with whom they had made the 1975 blockbuster Jaws, to discuss their long-planned project. However, Spielberg had already bought the film rights to the 1993 novel The Hammer of God by Arthur C. Clarke, which dealt with a similar theme of an asteroid on a collision course for Earth and humanity's attempts to prevent its own extinction. Spielberg planned to produce and direct The Hammer of God himself for his then-fledgling DreamWorks studio, but opted to merge the two projects with Zanuck and Brown, and they commissioned a screenplay for what would become Deep Impact.

In 1995, the forthcoming film was announced in industry publications as "Screenplay by Bruce Joel Rubin, based on the film When Worlds Collide and The Hammer of God by Arthur C Clarke" though ultimately, following a subsequent redraft by Michael Tolkin, neither source work would be credited in the final film. Spielberg still planned to direct Deep Impact himself, but commitments to his 1997 film Amistad prevented him from doing so in time, particularly as Touchstone Pictures had just announced their own similarly-themed film Armageddon, also to be released in summer 1998. Not wanting to wait, the producers opted to hire Mimi Leder to direct Deep Impact, with Spielberg acting as executive producer. Leder was unaware of the other film being made. “I couldn’t believe it. And the press was trying to pit us against each other. That didn’t feel good. Both films have great value and, fortunately, they both succeeded tremendously." Clarke's novel was used as part of the film's publicity campaign both before and after the film's release   and he was disgruntled about not being credited on the film.

Jenny Lerner, the character played by Téa Leoni, was originally intended to work for CNN. CNN rejected this because it would be "inappropriate". MSNBC agreed to be featured in the movie instead, seeing it as a way to gain exposure for the then newly created network.

Director Mimi Leder later explained that she would have liked to travel to other countries to incorporate additional perspectives, but due to a strict filming schedule and a comparatively low budget, the idea was scratched. Visual effects supervisor Scott Farrar felt that coverage of worldwide events would have distracted and detracted from the main characters' stories.

A number of scientists worked as science consultants for the film including astronomers Gene Shoemaker, Carolyn Shoemaker, Josh Colwell and Chris Luchini, former astronaut David Walker, and the former director of the NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Gerry Griffin.

Soundtrack
The music for the film was composed and conducted by James Horner.

Theatrical
The film was released by Paramount Pictures on May 8, 1998.

Home media
Deep Impact was released on VHS on October 20, 1998, LaserDisc on November 3 and DVD on December 15.

Box office
Deep Impact debuted at the North American box office with $41 million in ticket sales. It managed to cross over Twister, scoring the tenth-highest opening weekend of all time. For a decade, the film held the record for having the biggest opening weekend for a female-directed film until it was taken by Twilight in 2008. The film grossed $140 million in North America and an additional $209 million worldwide for a total gross of $349 million. Despite competition in the summer of 1998 from the similar Armageddon, both films were widely successful, with Deep Impact being the higher opener of the two, while Armageddon was the most profitable overall.

Critical reception
Deep Impact had a mixed critical reception. Based on 94 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 45% of critics enjoyed the film, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A tidal wave of melodrama sinks Deep Impact's chance at being the memorable disaster flick it aspires to be." Metacritic gave a score of 40 out of 100 based on 20 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times said that the film "has a more brooding, thoughtful tone than this genre usually calls for", while Rita Kempley and Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post criticized what they saw as unemotional performances and a lack of tension.

Accolades
At the 1998 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film was nominated for Worst Supporting Actress for Leoni (lost to Lacey Chabert for Lost in Space) and Worst Screenplay For A Film Grossing More Than $100 Million (Using Hollywood Math) (lost to Godzilla).

title: Deep Impact (film)