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USS Harry S. Truman

USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) is the eighth Nimitz-class aircraft carrier of the United States Navy, named after the 33rd President of the United States, Harry S. Truman. She is homeported at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia.

Harry S. Truman was launched on 7 September 1996 by Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia, and commissioned on 25 July 1998 with Captain Thomas Otterbein in command. President Bill Clinton was the keynote speaker, and other notable attendees and speakers included Missouri Representative Ike Skelton, Missouri Governor Mel Carnahan, Secretary of Defense William Cohen and Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton.

Harry S. Truman was initially the flagship of Carrier Group Two and, beginning 1 October 2004, of Carrier Strike Group Ten.

Beginning in 2001, the Harry S. Truman Carrier Battle Group participated in Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Summer Pulse '04, and NATO Operation Medshark/Majestic Eagle '04.

In the first half of 2016, Harry S. Truman, as flagship of Carrier Strike Group 8, carried out an eight-month air operation deployment against ISIL from the Eastern Mediterranean as part of Operation Inherent Resolve. The ship has been the flagship of Carrier Strike Group 8 since June 2014.

Description
Harry S. Truman (also known as HST within the Navy) is 1092 ft long and 257 ft wide, and is as high as a 24-story building, at 244 ft. The supercarrier can accommodate around 90 aircraft and has a flight deck 4.5 acre in size, using four elevators that are 3880 ft2 each to move planes between the flight deck and the hangar bay. With a combat load, HST displaces almost 97,000 tons and can accommodate 6,250 crewmembers.

The warship uses two Mark II stockless anchors that came from USS Forrestal (CV-59) and weigh 30 tons each, with each link of the anchor chain weighing 360 lb. She is equipped with three 20 mm Phalanx CIWS mounts and two Sea Sparrow SAM launchers.

Harry S. Truman cost over $4.5 billion in 2007 dollars to construct.

Propulsion
Two Westinghouse A4W nuclear reactors are used for propulsion, which means that the ship is capable of steaming more than three million miles before refueling. The ship has four five-bladed propellers that weigh 66220 lb each and can drive the ship at speeds over 30 kn.

Awards
Harry S. Truman has been the recipient of numerous awards recognizing the ship's excellence. They include
 * Battenberg Cup 2003
 * Battle "E" in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2014
 * Dorie P. Miller Memorial Award for Food Service in 2002 and 2004
 * Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award, an honor given to the most battle-ready ship in the U.S. Atlantic Fleet 2004 and 2009
 * Ney Award in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2005
 * Admiral Stan Arthur Award, 2004

Ship's seal and battle flag
The oval seal was designed by the ship's pre-commissioning crew and is primarily blue and gold. According to the ship's history webpage, the coat of arms "characterizes the global on-station capability of the ship and the United States Navy" and "Truman's name forms the shape of a forward-deployed aircraft carrier prepared to uphold and protect American interests". The three flags near the bottom represent the letters "HST". The 33 gold stars surrounding the seal represent Truman's position as the 33rd President.

The Harry S. Truman battle flag was also designed by the ship's crew, and is a variation of the guidons carried by the companies of the 129th Field Artillery Regiment of the 35th Infantry Division, such as Battery D, the battery under the command of then-Army Capt. Harry Truman during World War I. It consists of crossed cannons on a scarlet background with the phrase "Give 'em hell", a reference to Truman's 1948 re-election campaign.

Pre-commissioning and construction

Her keel was laid by Newport News Shipbuilding on 29 November 1993 and the ship was christened on 7 September 1996. HST was authorized and laid down as USS United States, but her name was changed in February 1995 at the direction of then-Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton.

Three Newport News ship workers died during construction when a pump room filled with methane and hydrogen sulfide gases during a sewage leak on 12 July 1997. They are commemorated by a brass plaque in the tunnel off Hangar Bay No. 1. The ship was christened on 7 September 1996, launched 13 September 1996, and the crew began moving aboard from contract housing in Newport News in January 1998. The ship successfully completed builder's sea trial on 11 June 1998 after a short delay due to noise issues in one of the reactor closure heads. The ship was officially accepted by the Navy on 30 June 1998 and was commissioned on 25 July 1998 at Naval Station Norfolk.

Commissioning
The keynote speaker of the commissioning ceremony was President Bill Clinton. Other notable attendees and speakers were: Rep. Ike Skelton, D-Mo., who pushed to have the carrier named after the 33rd president; Missouri Governor Mel Carnahan; Captain Thomas Otterbein, Harry S. Truman's first commanding officer; Secretary of Defense William Cohen; and Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton.

1998–1999
In August 1998, Harry S. Truman left port for the first time to conduct certifications to test her ability to recover and launch aircraft successfully. That was followed by numerous sea trials that challenged the ship and her crew with various training exercises.

2000–2001
On 28 November 2000, Harry S. Truman began her maiden deployment with Carrier Air Wing 3 (CVW-3) on board.

On 26 December 2000, Harry S. Truman transited the Suez Canal "in support of Operation Southern Watch" with Carrier Air Wing Three flying 869 combat sorties, including a strike on Iraqi integrated air defense system sites, in a sanctioned response to Iraqi surface-to-air missile fire against United Nations Security Council coalition forces. Combat operations ended on 27 April. Almost six months later and after 44000 nmi of traveling, she returned to the U.S. on 23 May. She then entered Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, for her first planned incremental availability (PIA) on 5 September 2001.

2002–2003
On 5 December 2002, HST left for her second deployment, again with CVW-3 embarked, visiting Marseille, France, Souda Bay, Crete and Koper, Slovenia. Between 19 March and 18 April, airwing aircraft flew nearly 1,300 combat sorties from the Mediterranean Sea in the early stages of 2003 invasion of Iraq. The ship stopped in Portsmouth, England, before returning to Norfolk on 23 May.

In August 2003, Harry S. Truman began her second PIA at Norfolk Naval Shipyard (NNSY).

2004–2005

On 13 February 2004, Harry S. Truman left under budget and four days early from Norfolk Naval Shipyard.

On 2 June 2004, Harry S. Truman "surged" for Exercise Summer Pulse, deploying to the Mediterranean Sea. The ship called at Naples, Italy, and participated in Operation Majestic Eagle in the eastern Atlantic Ocean before returning to NNSY on 25 July.

On 1 October 2004, as part of a Navy-wide series of redesignations, Harry S. Truman's immediate superior in command changed to Carrier Strike Group Ten. The ship set out from Norfolk on her third extended deployment on 13 October 2004, and visited Souda Bay, Crete, before relieving USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) on 20 November in the Persian Gulf. Harry S. Truman and CVW-3 launched 2,577 sorties, totaling nearly 13,000 flight hours, flying combat missions over Iraq and maritime security operations before being relieved by USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) Carrier Strike Group in the Persian Gulf on 19 March 2005. Despite plans to cross the equator and visit South Africa, diplomatic issues caused her, instead, to transit the Suez Canal, stopping in Portsmouth, England, prior to returning home on 18 April 2005.

On 1 September 2005, in response to the disaster of Hurricane Katrina, Harry S. Truman set sail for the devastated U.S. Gulf Coast. She arrived in the Gulf of Mexico on 4 September and served as the flagship for the naval task force. While the ship's strike group (Carrier Strike Group 10) commander, Rear Adm. Joseph Kilkenny, was appointed deputy commander of Joint Task Force Gulf Coast (also known as JTF Katrina and Rita), the ship remained anchored in the gulf and provided desalinated water for the relief effort via helicopter (the actual command hub for the JTF was USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7)). The carrier also provided support to JRB New Orleans in the form of aviation boatswain's mates and cooks to keep that station in operation. Harry S. Truman returned to home port in October 2005 after five weeks of relief efforts.

2006
In January, Harry S. Truman entered the NNSY for a docked PIA. The ship received many system upgrades, and underwent preventive maintenance to repair minor weld defects originating from the initial construction of the reactor plants. She left the yard in December and continued preparations for surge beginning in April 2007.

2007
On 15 August, an E-2C Hawkeye crashed after taking off from the carrier, killing all three crewmembers.

On 5 November, Harry S. Truman left Norfolk for her fourth extended deployment with CVW-3 embarked in support of OIF.

2008
HST returned to the U.S. in June. She first pulled into Naval Station Mayport, Florida, to welcome aboard family and friends for a three-day "Tiger Cruise" or Family Day Cruise, before returning to Norfolk Naval Station on 4 June 2008. The ship was awarded her fourth Battle E award for the East Coast (for 2008) in early 2009. Jimmy Buffett visited the ship and performed a concert on 28 January.

2009
In February, HST completed a nearly seven-month PIA at the NNSY in Portsmouth, Virginia.

On 5 August, EA-18G Growlers from Electronic Attack Squadron 129 (VAQ-129) and Electronic Attack Squadron 132 (VAQ-132) completed their first at-sea carrier-arrested landing (trap) aboard Harry S. Truman.

2010
Harry S. Truman began a seven-month deployment to the 5th and 6th Fleet areas of operations in support of maritime security operations.

On 21 May, Harry S. Truman led a task force of 11 American warships and 5,000 men into the Suez Canal.

On 20 June, the ship visited four ports during her 213 days at sea, including Marseille, France; Dubai, U.A.E; Manama, Bahrain; and Souda Bay, Crete, before returning to the United States on 21 December. During the deployment, Harry S. Truman traveled more than 50,000 nautical miles and flew more than 10,000 sorties in support of Operations Enduring Freedom and New Dawn.

2011
On 2 February, Commander, Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet named Harry S. Truman as the Battle "E", award winner, which was her third consecutive Battle "E" award. This was the sixth award in the ship's 12-year history, having previously won the Battle "E" award in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, and 2009.

Harry S. Truman entered a docked PIA at NNSY in late March.

On 28 February, the aircraft carrier began her dry-docking PIA maintenance and yard overhaul period at NNSY in Portsmouth (pictured). During this maintenance cycle, Harry S. Truman received a new main mast, an upgrade in her close-in weapons systems, and the installation of the automated digital network system, which provides the carrier with enhanced communications and cooperative engagement capabilities to assess possible threats. Harry S. Truman was expected to complete this DPIA yard overhaul in early 2012 and begin preparations for her sixth overseas deployment. Also, her berthing spaces were also upgraded, installing 2,500 racks, replacing 46,000 square feet of deck and painting 106,000 square feet of spaces.

On 8 November, Captain Tushar Tembe died after collapsing on a pier near the ship. The ship's executive officer (XO) assumed the role of acting command officer, until relieved by Captain Dee L. Mewbourne three days later, and resuming his post as XO.

2012
On 7 April, Norfolk Naval Shipyard completed the ship's nuclear power plant modernization and testing was to begin to ensure her readiness for sea trials lasting 90 days. Harry S. Truman returned to the U.S. Navy fleet in the summer of 2012.

On 26 November, an X-47B unmanned combat air system was hoisted on board Harry S. Truman in preparation for an unmanned aircraft's first, carrier-based testing. Harry S. Truman was to be the first aircraft carrier in naval aviation history to host test operations for an unmanned aircraft. Testing on the X-47B was conducted over a three-week period that included in-port and underway demonstrations aboard. The X-47B successfully completed carrier deck tests aboard Harry S. Truman on 18 December 2012.

2013
On 6 February, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that the upcoming deployment of Harry S. Truman, the Ticonderoga-class cruiser guided-missile cruiser USS Gettysburg (CG-64), and the rest of Carrier Strike Group 10 will be postponed pending the resolution of the upcoming budget sequestration, leaving the carrier USS John C. Stennis (CVN-74) and her carrier strike group as the only carrier force operating in the Persian Gulf region. The strike group was originally scheduled to depart Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, on 8 February 2013.

On 22 July, Harry S. Truman left for an extended deployment to the 5th Fleet area of responsibility, and settled into her mission of supporting Operation Enduring Freedom and the coalition of troops on the ground in Afghanistan.

2014
On 14 February, the Commander, Naval Air Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet named Harry S. Truman as the East Coast aircraft carrierBattle "E" award winner.

On 23 March, Harry S. Truman was relieved by USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) in the U.S. 5th Fleet area of responsibility, conducting maritime security operations and supporting theater security cooperation efforts.

2015
On 16 November, Harry S. Truman, assigned with Carrier Air Wing Seven, began a scheduled deployment to the U.S. 6th and 5th Fleet areas of operation. The carrier was accompanied by the cruiser USS Anzio (CG-68) and Destroyer Squadron 28, USS Bulkeley (DDG-84), USS Gonzalez (DDG-66), USS Ramage (DDG-61) and USS Gravely (DDG-107).

On 21 December, Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh visited USS Harry S. Truman stationed near the Yemeni island of Berim. On 26 December while transiting the Strait of Hormuz, several unguided rockets fired by Iran landed about 1500 yd away from Harry S. Truman, which was traveling with the destroyer Bulkeley and the FRENCH FRIGATE Provence. Iran had announced over maritime radio it was carrying out tests "only 23 minutes before" and was criticized by the U.S. Central Command for "Firing weapons so close to passing coalition ships and commercial traffic within an internationally recognized maritime traffic lane."

On 29 December, Harry S. Truman began launching strikes against the Islamic State group. By mid-April 2016, aircraft of Carrier Air Wing Seven operating from the carrier had dropped 1,118 pieces of ordnance in operations against the group, surpassing a record of 1,085 pieces that was set by aircraft assigned to USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) in 2015.

2016
On 12 January, an unarmed Iranian drone flew directly over Harry S. Truman in international waters and took "precise" photos, according to state television in the Islamic Republic. In the first half of 2016, Harry S. Truman, as flagship of Carrier Strike Group 8, carried out an eight-month air operation deployment against ISIL from the Eastern Mediterranean as part of Operation Inherent Resolve. On 3 June, F/A-18 Hornets launched from Harry S. Truman conducted air strikes against ISIS targets from the eastern Mediterranean. It was the first time the U.S. Navy had conducted strike missions in the Middle East from the Mediterranean Sea since flying operations against the Iraqi military in 2003.

CVW-1 was reassigned to Harry S. Truman. On 25 August, she entered NNSY for her "10-month" PIA that is "expected to be completed" a year after work officially begins on 27 September.

2017
On 21 July, the refit was concluded and was followed by various training exercises placing emphasis on damage control, flight deck operations, and simulated combat at-sea.

2018

Carrier Strike Group 8 began a further scheduled deployment to the Middle East and Europe on 11 April 2018. The carrier returned to Norfolk on 21 July and left again for operations in the Western Atlantic Ocean on 28 August.

On 25 October, the carrier took part in the NATO exercise Trident Juncture, which was held in and around Norway.

2019
On 27 February, the Pentagon announced that Harry S. Truman's midlife refueling and overhaul, tentatively scheduled for 2024, may be cancelled and the ship instead retired early as a cost-saving measure. The likelihood of the ship actually being decommissioned more than 20 years ahead of schedule was uncertain, as this would have left the carrier fleet at 10 ships, one below the legally mandated level. The nominated chief of naval operations told Congress he supports "to forgo" the $ 3.5 billion overhaul scheduled for HST. Congress prevented the Navy from taking the same action with sister ship USS George Washington (CVN-73) in 2016, as well as the White House, as President Donald Trump had promised to increase the carrier fleet to 12.

On 1 May, President Trump announced he overrode the decision to decommission USS Harry S. Truman.

In late August, a malfunction of the ship's electrical distribution system was announced as the cause that would prevent her scheduled deployment. The ship's electrical malfunction was repaired in late October and Harry S. Truman departed Norfolk to be deployed in the Persian Gulf. She was reported as entering the 6th Fleet region on 2 December 2019.

2020
In July 2020, USS Harry S. Truman was at NNSY in Portsmouth.

2021
Harry S. Truman, along with CVW-1 and her battlegroup, deployed out to sea on 1 December 2021. She was originally planned to transit the Suez Canal into the Middle East, but in light of the standoff between Russia and Ukraine in late 2021 escalating, the carrier was ordered to stay in the Mediterranean.

2022
In January 2022, Harry S. Truman and her strike group came under command of NATO's Naval Striking and Support Forces for the first time since the Cold War, for a 10-day exercise patrolling the Mediterranean.

From 17 May to 23 May, Harry S. Truman and Carrier Strike Group 8 took part in the NATO vigilance activity, Neptune Shield 2022.

On 8 July 2022, an F/A-18E Super Hornet of Carrier Air Wing One was blown overboard into the Mediterranean Sea. The carrier had encountered unexpected heavy weather while conducting a replenishment-at-sea. One sailor received minor injuries. On 8 August 2022, the United States Sixth Fleet announced the lost aircraft had been recovered from a depth of 9500 ft using a remotely operated CURV-21 recovery vehicle. On 8 August 2022, The Aviationist reported that based on a photo sent to the outlet, taken at the Port of Augusta, Sicily, they were able to identify the involved aircraft as the aircraft with modex 205, part of Strike Fighter Squadron 211 (VFA-211). The aircraft was loaded aboard Military Sealift Command roll-on/roll-off ship USNS Mendonca (T-AKR-303) at the Port of Augusta on 16 August 2022 to be transported back to the United States.

Harry S. Truman returned to Naval Station Norfolk on 12 September 2022. On 21 November 2022, the Navy accepted Auxiliary Personnel Lighter 68 (APL68), with around 600 berths, saying it would support the impending Harry S. Truman carrier repair cycle.

title: USS Harry S. Truman


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Self-organization

Self-organization, also called spontaneous order in the social sciences, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system. The process can be spontaneous when sufficient energy is available, not needing control by any external agent. It is often triggered by seemingly random fluctuations, amplified by positive feedback. The resulting organization is wholly decentralized, distributed over all the components of the system. As such, the organization is typically robust and able to survive or self-repair substantial perturbation. Chaos theory discusses self-organization in terms of islands of predictability in a sea of chaotic unpredictability.

Self-organization occurs in many physical, chemical, biological, robotic, and cognitive systems. Examples of self-organization include crystallization, thermal convection of fluids, chemical oscillation, animal swarming, neural circuits, and black markets.

Overview
Self-organization is realized in the physics of non-equilibrium processes, and in chemical reactions, where it is often characterized as self-assembly. The concept has proven useful in biology, from the molecular to the ecosystem level. Cited examples of self-organizing behaviour also appear in the literature of many other disciplines, both in the natural sciences and in the social sciences (such as economics or anthropology). Self-organization has also been observed in mathematical systems such as cellular automata. Self-organization is an example of the related concept of emergence.

Self-organization relies on four basic ingredients:
 * 1) strong dynamical non-linearity, often (though not necessarily) involving  positive and negative feedback
 * 2) balance of exploitation and exploration
 * 3) multiple interactions among components
 * 4) availability of energy (to overcome the natural tendency toward entropy, or loss of free energy)

Principles
The cybernetician William Ross Ashby formulated the original principle of self-organization in 1947. It states that any deterministic dynamic system automatically evolves towards a state of equilibrium that can be described in terms of an attractor in a basin of surrounding states. Once there, the further evolution of the system is constrained to remain in the attractor. This constraint implies a form of mutual dependency or coordination between its constituent components or subsystems. In Ashby's terms, each subsystem has adapted to the environment formed by all other subsystems.

The cybernetician Heinz von Foerster formulated the principle of "order from noise" in 1960. It notes that self-organization is facilitated by random perturbations ("noise") that let the system explore a variety of states in its state space. This increases the chance that the system will arrive into the basin of a "strong" or "deep" attractor, from which it then quickly enters the attractor itself. The biophysicist Henri Atlan developed this concept by proposing the principle of "complexity from noise" (le principe de complexité par le bruit) first in the 1972 book L'organisation biologique et la théorie de l'information and then in the 1979 book Entre le cristal et la fumée. The physicist and chemist Ilya Prigogine formulated a similar principle as "order through fluctuations" or "order out of chaos". It is applied in the method of simulated annealing for problem solving and machine learning.

History
The idea that the dynamics of a system can lead to an increase in its organization has a long history. The ancient atomists such as Democritus and Lucretius believed that a designing intelligence is unnecessary to create order in nature, arguing that given enough time and space and matter, order emerges by itself.

The philosopher René Descartes presents self-organization hypothetically in the fifth part of his 1637 Discourse on Method. He elaborated on the idea in his unpublished work The World.

Immanuel Kant used the term "self-organizing" in his 1790 Critique of Judgment, where he argued that teleology is a meaningful concept only if there exists such an entity whose parts or "organs" are simultaneously ends and means. Such a system of organs must be able to behave as if it has a mind of its own, that is, it is capable of governing itself.

"In such a natural product as this every part is thought as owing its presence to the agency of all the remaining parts, and also as existing for the sake of the others and of the whole, that is as an instrument, or organ... The part must be an organ producing the other parts—each, consequently, reciprocally producing the others... Only under these conditions and upon these terms can such a product be an organized and self-organized being, and, as such, be called a physical end."

Sadi Carnot (1796–1832) and Rudolf Clausius (1822–1888) discovered the second law of thermodynamics in the 19th century. It states that total entropy, sometimes understood as disorder, will always increase over time in an isolated system. This means that a system cannot spontaneously increase its order without an external relationship that decreases order elsewhere in the system (e.g. through consuming the low-entropy energy of a battery and diffusing high-entropy heat).

18th-century thinkers had sought to understand the "universal laws of form" to explain the observed forms of living organisms. This idea became associated with Lamarckism and fell into disrepute until the early 20th century, when D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948) attempted to revive it.

The psychiatrist and engineer W. Ross Ashby introduced the term "self-organizing" to contemporary science in 1947. It was taken up by the cyberneticians Heinz von Foerster, Gordon Pask, Stafford Beer; and von Foerster organized a conference on "The Principles of Self-Organization" at the University of Illinois' Allerton Park in June, 1960 which led to a series of conferences on Self-Organizing Systems. Norbert Wiener took up the idea in the second edition of his Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1961).

Self-organization was associated with general systems theory in the 1960s, but did not become commonplace in the scientific literature until physicists Hermann Haken et al. and complex systems researchers adopted it in a greater picture from cosmology Erich Jantsch, chemistry with dissipative system, biology and sociology as autopoiesis to system thinking in the following 1980s (Santa Fe Institute) and 1990s (complex adaptive system), until our days with the disruptive emerging technologies profounded by a rhizomatic network theory.

Around 2008–2009, a concept of guided self-organization started to take shape. This approach aims to regulate self-organization for specific purposes, so that a dynamical system may reach specific attractors or outcomes. The regulation constrains a self-organizing process within a complex system by restricting local interactions between the system components, rather than following an explicit control mechanism or a global design blueprint. The desired outcomes, such as increases in the resultant internal structure and/or functionality, are achieved by combining task-independent global objectives with task-dependent constraints on local interactions.

Physics
The many self-organizing phenomena in physics include phase transitions and spontaneous symmetry breaking such as spontaneous magnetization and crystal growth in classical physics, and the laser, superconductivity and Bose–Einstein condensation in quantum physics. Self-organization is found in self-organized criticality in dynamical systems, in tribology, in spin foam systems, and in loop quantum gravity, in plasma, in river basins and deltas, in dendritic solidification (snow flakes), in capillary imbibition and in turbulent structure.

Chemistry

Self-organization in chemistry includes drying-induced self-assembly, molecular self-assembly, reaction–diffusion systems and oscillating reactions, autocatalytic networks, liquid crystals, grid complexes, colloidal crystals, self-assembled monolayers, micelles, microphase separation of block copolymers, and Langmuir–Blodgett films.

Biology

Self-organization in biology can be observed in spontaneous folding of proteins and other biomacromolecules, self-assembly of lipid bilayer membranes, pattern formation and morphogenesis in developmental biology, the coordination of human movement, eusocial behaviour in insects (bees, ants, termites) and mammals, and flocking behaviour in birds and fish.

The mathematical biologist Stuart Kauffman and other structuralists have suggested that self-organization may play roles alongside natural selection in three areas of evolutionary biology, namely population dynamics, molecular evolution, and morphogenesis. However, this does not take into account the essential role of energy in driving biochemical reactions in cells. The systems of reactions in any cell are self-catalyzing, but not simply self-organizing, as they are thermodynamically open systems relying on a continuous input of energy. Self-organization is not an alternative to natural selection, but it constrains what evolution can do and provides mechanisms such as the self-assembly of membranes which evolution then exploits.

The evolution of order in living systems and the generation of order in certain non-living systems was proposed to obey a common fundamental principal called “the Darwinian dynamic” that was formulated by first considering how microscopic order is generated in simple non-biological systems that are far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Consideration was then extended to short, replicating RNA molecules assumed to be similar to the earliest forms of life in the RNA world. It was shown that the underlying order-generating processes of self-organization in the non-biological systems and in replicating RNA are basically similar.

Cosmology
In his 1995 conference paper "Cosmology as a problem in critical phenomena" Lee Smolin said that several cosmological objects or phenomena, such as spiral galaxies, galaxy formation processes in general, early structure formation, quantum gravity and the large scale structure of the universe might be the result of or have involved certain degree of self-organization. He argues that self-organized systems are often critical systems, with structure spreading out in space and time over every available scale, as shown for example by Per Bak and his collaborators. Therefore, because the distribution of matter in the universe is more or less scale invariant over many orders of magnitude, ideas and strategies developed in the study of self-organized systems could be helpful in tackling certain unsolved problems in cosmology and astrophysics.

Computer science
Phenomena from mathematics and computer science such as cellular automata, random graphs, and some instances of evolutionary computation and artificial life exhibit features of self-organization. In swarm robotics, self-organization is used to produce emergent behavior. In particular the theory of random graphs has been used as a justification for self-organization as a general principle of complex systems. In the field of multi-agent systems, understanding how to engineer systems that are capable of presenting self-organized behavior is an active research area. Optimization algorithms can be considered self-organizing because they aim to find the optimal solution to a problem. If the solution is considered as a state of the iterative system, the optimal solution is the selected, converged structure of the system. Self-organizing networks include small-world networks self-stabilization and scale-free networks. These emerge from bottom-up interactions, unlike top-down hierarchical networks within organizations, which are not self-organizing. Cloud computing systems have been argued to be inherently self-organising, but while they have some autonomy, they are not self-managing as they do not have the goal of reducing their own complexity.

Cybernetics
Norbert Wiener regarded the automatic serial identification of a black box and its subsequent reproduction as self-organization in cybernetics. The importance of phase locking or the "attraction of frequencies", as he called it, is discussed in the 2nd edition of his Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. K. Eric Drexler sees self-replication as a key step in nano and universal assembly. By contrast, the four concurrently connected galvanometers of W. Ross Ashby's Homeostat hunt, when perturbed, to converge on one of many possible stable states. Ashby used his state counting measure of variety to describe stable states and produced the "Good Regulator" theorem which requires internal models for self-organized endurance and stability (e.g. Nyquist stability criterion). Warren McCulloch proposed "Redundancy of Potential Command" as characteristic of the organization of the brain and human nervous system and the necessary condition for self-organization. Heinz von Foerster proposed Redundancy, R=1 − H/Hmax, where H is entropy. In essence this states that unused potential communication bandwidth is a measure of self-organization.

In the 1970s Stafford Beer considered self-organization necessary for autonomy in persisting and living systems. He applied his viable system model to management. It consists of five parts: the monitoring of performance of the survival processes (1), their management by recursive application of regulation (2), homeostatic operational control (3) and development (4) which produce maintenance of identity (5) under environmental perturbation. Focus is prioritized by an alerting "algedonic loop" feedback: a sensitivity to both pain and pleasure produced from under-performance or over-performance relative to a standard capability.

In the 1990s Gordon Pask argued that von Foerster's H and Hmax were not independent, but interacted via countably infinite recursive concurrent spin processes which he called concepts. His strict definition of concept "a procedure to bring about a relation" permitted his theorem "Like concepts repel, unlike concepts attract" to state a general spin-based principle of self-organization. His edict, an exclusion principle, "There are No Doppelgangers" means no two concepts can be the same. After sufficient time, all concepts attract and coalesce as pink noise. The theory applies to all organizationally closed or homeostatic processes that produce enduring and coherent products which evolve, learn and adapt.

Sociology

The self-organizing behaviour of social animals and the self-organization of simple mathematical structures both suggest that self-organization should be expected in human society. Tell-tale signs of self-organization are usually statistical properties shared with self-organizing physical systems. Examples such as critical mass, herd behaviour, groupthink and others, abound in sociology, economics, behavioral finance and anthropology. Spontaneous order can be influenced by arousal.

In social theory, the concept of self-referentiality has been introduced as a sociological application of self-organization theory by Niklas Luhmann (1984). For Luhmann the elements of a social system are self-producing communications, i.e. a communication produces further communications and hence a social system can reproduce itself as long as there is dynamic communication. For Luhmann, human beings are sensors in the environment of the system. Luhmann developed an evolutionary theory of society and its subsystems, using functional analyses and systems theory.

Economics
The market economy is sometimes said to be self-organizing. Paul Krugman has written on the role that market self-organization plays in the business cycle in his book The Self Organizing Economy. Friedrich Hayek coined the term catallaxy to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation", in regards to the spontaneous order of the free market economy. Neo-classical economists hold that imposing central planning usually makes the self-organized economic system less efficient. On the other end of the spectrum, economists consider that market failures are so significant that self-organization produces bad results and that the state should direct production and pricing. Most economists adopt an intermediate position and recommend a mixture of market economy and command economy characteristics (sometimes called a mixed economy). When applied to economics, the concept of self-organization can quickly become ideologically imbued.

Learning
Enabling others to "learn how to learn" is often taken to mean instructing them how to submit to being taught. Self-organised learning (SOL)  denies that "the expert knows best" or that there is ever "the one best method",   insisting instead on "the construction of personally significant, relevant and viable meaning" to be tested experientially by the learner. This may be collaborative, and more rewarding personally. It is seen as a lifelong process, not limited to specific learning environments (home, school, university) or under the control of authorities such as parents and professors. It needs to be tested, and intermittently revised, through the personal experience of the learner. It need not be restricted by either consciousness or language. Fritjof Capra argued that it is poorly recognised within psychology and education. It may be related to cybernetics as it involves a negative feedback control loop, or to systems theory. It can be conducted as a learning conversation or dialogue between learners or within one person.

Transportation
The self-organizing behavior of drivers in traffic flow determines almost all the spatiotemporal behavior of traffic, such as traffic breakdown at a highway bottleneck, highway capacity, and the emergence of moving traffic jams. These self-organizing effects are explained by Boris Kerner's three-phase traffic theory.

Linguistics
Order appears spontaneously in the evolution of language as individual and population behaviour interacts with biological evolution.

Research
Self-organized funding allocation (SOFA) is a method of distributing funding for scientific research. In this system, each researcher is allocated an equal amount of funding, and is required to anonymously allocate a fraction of their funds to the research of others. Proponents of SOFA argue that it would result in similar distribution of funding as the present grant system, but with less overhead. In 2016, a test pilot of SOFA began in the Netherlands.

Criticism
Heinz Pagels, in a 1985 review of Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers's book Order Out of Chaos in Physics Today, appeals to authority:

"Most scientists would agree with the critical view expressed in Problems of Biological Physics (Springer Verlag, 1981) by the biophysicist L. A. Blumenfeld, when he wrote: 'The meaningful macroscopic ordering of biological structure does not arise due to the increase of certain parameters or a system above their critical values. These structures are built according to program-like complicated architectural structures, the meaningful information created during many billions of years of chemical and biological evolution being used.' Life is a consequence of microscopic, not macroscopic, organization."

Of course, Blumenfeld does not answer the further question of how those program-like structures emerge in the first place. His explanation leads directly to infinite regress.

"In short, they [Prigogine and Stengers] maintain that time irreversibility is not derived from a time-independent microworld, but is itself fundamental. The virtue of their idea is that it resolves what they perceive as a 'clash of doctrines' about the nature of time in physics. Most physicists would agree that there is neither empirical evidence to support their view, nor is there a mathematical necessity for it. There is no 'clash of doctrines.' Only Prigogine and a few colleagues hold to these speculations which, in spite of their efforts, continue to live in the twilight zone of scientific credibility."

In theology, Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) in his Summa Theologica assumes a teleological created universe in rejecting the idea that something can be a self-sufficient cause of its own organization:

"Since nature works for a determinate end under the direction of a higher agent, whatever is done by nature must needs be traced back to God, as to its first cause. So also whatever is done voluntarily must also be traced back to some higher cause other than human reason or will, since these can change or fail; for all things that are changeable and capable of defect must be traced back to an immovable and self-necessary first principle, as was shown in the body of the Article."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Self-organization


text:
NWS

NWS may refer to:
 * National Weather Service, a U.S. government agency charged with issuing weather forecasts, advisories, watches, and warnings on a daily basis
 * National Woolsorters' Society, a former British trade union
 * News Corporation's NASDAQ ticker symbol for Class B stock
 * NWS (TV station), a television station in Adelaide, South Australia
 * Nuclear Weapons State, a term relating to the U.S., Russia, China, United Kingdom and France in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
 * Not work safe, a web acronym interchangeable with the more widespread NSFW ("not safe for work")
 * Netherlands Worldwide Students, a worldwide network of Dutch students enrolled in foreign universities
 * North Warning System, a series of radar stations across Arctic North America
 * Nintendo World Store, Nintendo's showcase store in New York City
 * NWS Holdings, a listed company in Hong Kong
 * North Wilkesboro Speedway, a track that was the site of NASCAR Sprint Cup Series racing until closing in 1996, the track reopened in 2010 and will hold a USARacing event.
 * Northwest Semitic languages, a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family

title: NWS


text:
NHC

NHC may refer to:

 * Nag Hammadi Codex, or Nag Hammadi Codices (e.g. NHC II, NHC XIII)
 * New Hanover County, a county in North Carolina
 * New Haven County, a county in Connecticut.
 * Nantong Haimen Codion F.C., an association football club in China
 * The National Humanities Center in North Carolina
 * The National Hurricane Center of the United States
 * The Naval Historical Center of the United States
 * National Hamster Council, an organization in the United Kingdom
 * The National Health Council of the United States
 * The Natural Health Center in Portland, Oregon
 * The National Health Commission of the China
 * The National Housing Conference in Washington, D.C.
 * The National Hockey Center in St. Cloud, Minnesota
 * N-Heterocyclic carbene, a persistent carbene, commonly used as ligand in organometallic chemistry
 * Nearly a Haskell Compiler, for Acorn A5000 personal computers
 * New Hampshire College, the former name of what is now called Southern New Hampshire University, a private university in Manchester, New Hampshire
 * No Homers Club (NoHomers.net), a large Internet forum devoted to discussing The Simpsons
 * North Harris College, now Lone Star College-North Harris
 * North Hertfordshire College in north Hertfordshire, England
 * Nsambya Home Care of Nsambya Hospital, Uganda
 * NHC band, formed in 2021 by Dave Navarro, Taylor Hawkins and Chris Chaney.

title: NHC


text:
Adobe Authorware

Adobe Authorware (previously Macromedia Authorware, originally Authorware) was an elearning authoring tool with its own interpreted, flowchart-based, graphical programming language. Authorware was used for creating interactive elearning programs that could integrate a range of multimedia content, particularly electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) applications. The flowchart model differentiated Authorware from other authoring tools, such as Adobe Flash and Adobe Director, which rely on a visual stage, time-line and script structure.

History
Authorware was originally produced by Authorware Inc., founded in 1987 by Dr Michael Allen. Allen had contributed to the development of the PLATO computer-assisted instruction system during the 1970s that was developed jointly by the University of Illinois and Control Data Corporation. CDC, where Allen was Director of Advanced Instructional Systems R&D, invested heavily in the development of an expansive library of interactive "courseware" to run on the PLATO system.

PLATO courseware was developed in a unique programming language called TUTOR, which provided structures unique to learning interactions, such as answer judging and branching. TUTOR programmers were able to build powerful scripted systems that included simulations and games. However, despite the intent to create a special-purpose programming language usable by educators, and the decades of work that went into it, the TUTOR language was not easy to learn.

Authorware started as a system aimed at addressing the problems in TUTOR. Originally titled Course of Action (CoA), it was a Macintosh-only program, but produced runtime programs for both the Mac and DOS. Authorware came later and produced DOS runtime versions until the release of the first Microsoft Windows version.

Authorware used a visual interface with icons, representing essential components of the interactive learning experience. "Authors" placed icons along a “flowline” to create a sequence of events. Icons represented such components as Display—put something on the screen, Question—ask the learner for a response, Calc—perform a calculation, read data, and/or store data, and Animate—move something around on the screen. By simply placing the icons in sequence and adjusting their properties, authors could instantly see the structure of program they were creating and, most importantly, run it to see what learners would see. On-screen changes were easy to make, even while the program was running.

Authorware became a rapid success in the marketplace, obtaining more than 80% of the market in about three years. Authorware Inc. merged with MacroMind/Paracomp in 1992 to form Macromedia. In December 2005, Adobe and Macromedia merged, under the Adobe Systems name. The most recent version of Authorware is 7.02; version 7 was released in 2003. The Authorware player has some issues with Internet Explorer 7 and later under Windows Vista due to Protected mode as well as runtime errors due to a bug in Authorware's implementation of ReadURL Javascript function.

It was generally known in the Authorware development community that version 8.0 was in production prior to the merger between the two companies, with 4 beta versions released to external testing shortly before the merger was completed. Among several other features intended for the new version, the ability to publish to Flash's SWF (ShockWave Flash) was at the top of the list. Once production shifted to Adobe's off-shore development facility in Bangalore, India, the free-flow of information that had been enjoyed between Macromedia's engineering team and its beta testers was curtailed. On Friday, 3 August 2007, after several years of keeping the development community in limbo, Adobe finally announced its plans to discontinue development of Authorware.

Usage and features
Authorware's distinctive style revolved around a central icon: the Interaction Icon. The structure of the authoring environment encouraged rich interaction; complex user feed-back was not only possible but somewhat suggested by the software, rather than suggesting the usual media diffusion. This Interaction Icon allowed various forms of user feedback (move object to, along a line, click an object or hot-spot; plus the usual text-entry, keypress, etc.)

The original strength in education of Authorware could be linked to its roots in pedagogical models based on constructivist views.

Authorware programs start by creating a flowline, which is a flowchart showing the structure of the developer's program. The developer can add and manage text, graphics, animation, sound and video; develop interactivity and add navigational elements such as links, buttons, and menus. Macromedia Flash and Macromedia Director movies can also be integrated into an Authorware project. "Xtra Extensions" (or "Xtras") could also be used to extend the functionality of Authorware, which is similar to HyperCard's XCMDs. Authorware's power can be even better utilized with the use of variables, functions and expressions. Authorware could interpret both its built-in proprietary scripting language and JavaScript version 1.5.

Authorware programs could be distributed as stand-alone executable files, or over the web which required a proprietary Authorware Web Player. Adobe also distributed free stand-alone players for Mac and Windows.

Use in eLearning
Authorware was particularly well suited to eLearning content, as it included highly customizable templates for Computer-based training and web-based training, including learning assessment tools. Working with these templates, businesses and schools could rapidly assemble multimedia training materials without needing to hire a full-fledged programmer. Intuitively named dialog boxes took care of input and output. The flow chart model made the re-use of lesson elements straightforward. Being both AICC- and SCORM-compliant, Authorware could be used to deliver content via any Learning Management System that supported AICC or SCORM.

Legacy
In Adobe's lineup of authoring tools, Adobe Captivate eventually became the flagship product. Authorware was officially discontinued in 2007. The final release, in 2003, was version 7.0.2.

title: Adobe Authorware


text:
BPM (time service)

BPM is the call sign of the official short-wave time signal service of the People's Republic of China, operated by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, broadcasting from CAS's National Time Service Center in Pucheng County, Shaanxi at, roughly 70 km northeast of Lintong, along with NTSC's long-wave time signal BPL on 100 kHz.

BPM is broadcast at 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 MHz, the same frequencies as WWV and WWVH, following the schedule listed below:

Transmission format
BPM transmits different signals on a half-hour schedule, modulated with 1 kHz audio tones to provide second and minute ticks:

BPM is idiosyncratic in that it transmits UT1 time between minutes 25 through to 29 and 55 through to 59, which creates an odd click-beep effect when heard below a stronger time signal station such as WWV especially when UT1 seconds are halfway between UTC seconds, close to a leap-second event.

title: BPM (time service)


text:
Talk:Midway Atoll

Airstrips
The article says "The atoll has three airstrips", but the map clearly shows six airstrips. What gives? Dominus 04:25 26 May 2003 (UTC)

The map shows two - so we still have a mystery to resolve. Tannin

Yes, I agree, two are shown. An airstrip can have many runways. New point. Name "Midway Islands" is incorect. It is Midway Atoll. Marshman

As a former resident of Midway, I can tell you that it has only one usable runway. The north-south runway on the main island was closed many years ago. It was closed in 1974/75 when I was stationed there. All runways on Eastern Island were abandoned even earlier. As far as "Island" or "Atoll", it is simply currently politically correct to call it an Atoll now. Back in the 70's, we knew it only as "Midway Island". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gedstrom (talk • contribs) 17:33, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Not sure where to input my thoughts. The history of Midway Atoll, is very interesting to me, but for some reason, the addition of Naval Air squadron's that were there in the 50-60's is completely missing.  We had planes in the air 24 hours a day that went from Midway to the Aleutian Islands.  The squadron was a detachment from Barbers Point. Not sure when the squadron at Midway was started or when it ended, nor the number of sailors that were there.  There were a number of wives and families that were also there.  I was stationed there from 1959-1960. Galgrim (talk) 15:27, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * If you can point to any newspaper articles, history books, or other reliable sources that talk about them, then please do add information or share it here so that someone can work it in. —Carter (Tcr25) (talk) 15:35, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Climate
What is the climate of the Midway Islands? Given that it is located around 28 degrees N, I wouldn't be surprised if it were similar to a Mediterranean climate, like that of northern Baja California. I know it gets heavy winter rains, but I'm assuming the summers would be dry/rainless. Anybody know if there are detailed climate stats out there? And if so, can we add them to the Geography section?207.216.49.234 20:50, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Name
Midway Atoll does seem to be the official name of the place, so good move. However, the three islands are called islands in most places, including the US F&W page and the CIA factbook, every historical reference I've ever seen to the Battle of Midway also calls them islands. "Islets" may be technically correct, but it's not used here. In addition, you need to distinguish between Sand Islet and Sand Island. By renaming them all to islets, you just eliminated one of them! Basically, you can't go around renaming islands to islets because you think they're too small. ;-) Daniel Quinlan 06:23, Aug 3, 2003 (UTC)

Yes, I am well aware of the problem, which is why I left them without "islet" or "Island" (..three islets: Eastern, Sand,...). But you are right. It is a detail of geography that creates difficulty no matter which way one goes, and certainly these atoll islets (especially if habitable) are called islands most everywhere.Marshman 17:35, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * This kind of geographic naming problem is actually pretty frequent; one of the "value-adds" of Wikipedia is that we can have alternate forms and explain relative frequency, historical usages, etc. Even academic works will get these wrong sometimes, because their "authoritative" sources often pick one name and present it as the only choice.  Pacific islands have had an especial lot of name changes. Stan 18:03, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * That "Sand Islet" shown on maps close inside the northern edge of the fringing reef seems to be a phantom island. Detailed satellite imagery IKONOS satellite imagery (can be accessed through Wikimapia show nothing but shallow water around there, not even drying coral heads.--Ratzer (talk) 09:18, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

The whole "islet" / "island" thing results in some strange conflicts. Under Hawaiian Islands someone had stated that there are 137 islands in the archipelago. That may be true if every sandbar and offshore rock are counted. But the question "How many islands are there in the Hawaiian Islands?" seems likely NOT to want this answer, but one that results in the reasonable answer of 18. Still, greater problems arise by trying to officially rename all of those other features "islets" Marshman 19:09, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

there is a left-over repitition about the battle...

I'm confused by the recent page history - hasn't this been "Midway Atoll" for quite some time?? Stan 17:33, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. A recently new editor (since Feb 2004) came in and (I thought) moved the page to Midway Islands (least correct of the three "choices") without giving any regard to the history or redirects. I do not see where in the history the move (or my move back) is reflected. Maybe I just changed the text? I thought I renamed the page from Midway Islands to Midway Atoll? Could look at the deletion log?

 * Presently, all the articles using "Midway Islands" relate to naval vessels, I suspect within their history sections, and the place was (I believe) called Midway Islands in at least some Naval circles during WW II. I looked at some of those articles and they are long, making it very difficult to spot where the Midway Islands link is. - Marshman 03:07, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this editor renamed it according to how it appears in the footer. Not sure where that came from, maybe CIA factbook or something. Though I see that the footer has since been updated to reflect the current title.Bkonrad | Talk 03:16, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I redid the footers. Same editor set those up, I think - Marshman
 * I checked the deletion log, and it appears that I did delete "Midway Atoll" on April 15. Possibly I was looking at some older version? Not sure how I could have both deleted the page and renamed it without impacting the text? I went through the normal process of deleting "Midway Atoll" which was (I saw) a Redirect, and then renaming Midway Islands to Midway Atoll. Would this normally be lost in the page history somehow? - Marshman 03:24, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Midway Islands
There seems to be confusion about the naming of this page. All authoritative sources use "Midway Islands": cf. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Encyclopædia Britannica, Dictionary.com, CIA - The World Factbook. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses the complete phrase "Midway Atoll" only as a shortening of "Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge". P æ dia 17:55, 2004 Jul 13 (UTC)

Isn't the name Midway IslandsWiki74o (talk) 16:45, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Well, the Office of Insular Affairs, who have executive authority, refer to it as Midway Atoll or simply Midway . I suspect that the name and usage began to change after the NWR was established. The usage is confusing. Even Encyclopedia Briatnnica say "the islands, near the western end of the Hawaiian archipelago, comprise a coral atoll" which could be parsed as meaning the atoll is inclusive of the islands. I don't really care that strongly one way or the other, and I really don't know that it makes that much of a difference. older ≠ wiser 20:57, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * From the OIA:
 * Political Status
 * Midway Atoll is owned and administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) as established by Executive Order 13022 of 1996. Midway Atoll in the Pacific Ocean is a United States unorganized, unincorporated insular area administered by the U.S. Navy (Executive Order 199-A on January 20, 1903). The Secretary of the Navy designated the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC) to act as its administrative authority.
 * As a former resident of Midway, I would like to correct the statement above: Midway is ADMINISTERED by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It is not OWNED by the FWS.  It is OWNED by the taxpayers of the United States.  Gedstrom (talk) 02:10, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Midway Atoll was designated a Naval Defense Sea Area and Airspace Reserve by Executive Order 8682 on February 14, 1941. Naval Administrative control was confirmed by Executive Order 11048 dated September 4, 1962.

That seems pretty unequivocal in using Midway Atoll. older ≠ wiser 21:07, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The OIA seems confused, by a third usage "Midway Island", and using "Wake Island" and "Wake Atoll" interchangeably, which I have also never seen used. What you are saying is that the OIA has authority to (re)name insular areas at will, which the CIA, FWS, and authoritative resources do not recognise? P æ dia 21:32, 2004 Jul 13 (UTC)

 * I'm unclear why you state Midway Islands is used by "authoratative" sources without recognizing 1) people make mistakes and 2) many sources are old. The facts are: Midway is an atoll, and an atoll is a type of island. It has several islets as part of its gelogical/geographical structure (most atolls do) and these are (in common parlance) often referred to as islands (a confusing habit). Therefore, while one would not be incorrect in talking about Midway Island, or Midway islands, the proper name is Midway Atoll. All the primary sources you cite seem to be at least moving in that direction. That would seem to suggest, Wikipedia treat the name as it presently does: Midway Atoll with proper notation of variants and suitable redirects for the confused - Marshman 22:09, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Even Encyclopedia Britannica seems a bit confused and implies that the atoll includes the islands
 * The FWS also appears to use the term atoll to include the islands
 * The discussion above (before your post) shows the confusion is not localized to the OIA
 * The OIA does in fact have executive authority and could conceivable rename it to whatever it wants and the statement Midway Atoll in the Pacific Ocean is a United States unorganized, unincorporated insular area administered by the U.S. Navy seems pretty unequivocal to me, even if it also later refers to the islands included in the atoll.
 * It seems that the facts of the matter are that the term "atoll" includes all of the islands and reefs that make up a particluar formation. Apparently many references only mention the islands, since that is what had been of primary interest, particularly for military use. Current interest in the area is at least as focussed on the offshore reefs as on the islands, so it makes sense to me to use the most inclusive term to describe the territory. older ≠ wiser 22:20, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * You are exactly right. The term atoll (a type of island) does include the reef(s) and exposed bits of land called (I think confusingly) "islands". I'm unimpressed by "authority" in the sense some agency can call it whatever it wants. Authority to me is demonstrated by knowledge not power and Wikipedia is certainly beyond considering the latter important. Of course, where disputes arise, Wikipedia has the requirement to present all sides - Marshman 22:34, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * In regards to the proper name of Midway, by tradition Midway has been called Midway Island practically since it's discovery and was "officially" changed to Midway Atoll after it was turned over by the Navy to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to be a National Wildlife Refuge and National Memorial. Although Midway Atoll is technically correct, to those of us that lived there prior to it's turnover to the USFWS it will always be Midway Island. - Midway Sailor 08:03, 6 April 2006 (UTC)I agree it was Midway Island former Sailor at Midway in the 1950's

Game Reference?
I'm running a vote to see if people want to add an interesting tidbit about a reference to a game. In the game Ace Combat 5, the main protagonists are stationed on "Sand Island", a nice tropical place modeled after Midway, with the only change being a rather large island with a mountain in the north-east. The amazing thing is that every little detail, down to the tiny peninsula in the south of Sand Island to the runways, the reefs and even the dock is modeled exactly after Midway. So, shall we accept this tidbit? - RPharazon 01:26, 23 Jul 2005
 * No. What is amazing about it? Authors use real places for descriptions of "imaginary" ones all the time - Marshman 19:11, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've played all Ace Combat games, and the similarity is increadable. I think the team at Project Aces have taken the idea from this base, so I think it should be mentioned under Trivia. Pash Master (talk) 13:05, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Trivia is not allowed on Wikipedia. I don't see why it needs to be mentioned here, either.  If you want to mention it on Ace combat, why not mention it being on Microsoft_Flight_Simulator?  Honestly I find it a pointless mention.Kyprosサマ (talk) 21:13, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe you can start a section called "Midway Atoll in Popular Culture". That would be more appropriate. I have a few things I can add to it to start it off nicely and it can be expanded over time. Actually, I'll create it if no one wants to protest.--Abusing (talk) 19:28, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction with Hawaiian Islands article
This article contradicts the Hawaiian Islands article. The Islands article says the Leeward Islands are part of the state of Hawaii -- including Midway. However this article says Midway is unincorporated territory. So which is correct? 23skidoo 20:37, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Correct is that Midway Atoll is politically a separated Unorganized Unincorporated Territory, not a part of Hawaii. Geographically, however, Midway Atoll is a part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.Ratzer 19:38, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * BTW I do not see where the Hawaiian Islands article states that Midway is part of the State of Hawaii. Midway is part of the Hawaiian Islands, yes, but this is a geographical term.Ratzer 19:40, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * As you note, Midway Atoll is not part of the State of Hawaii. Thus, I deleted the State of Hawaii template from this article and adjusted that template accordingly. Goeverywhere 02:50, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Semi-open for business
It seems as though the gov't wants to open it up for tourism again:

http://www.fws.gov/midway/VSP/MidwayVSPindex.html

"The Interim Visitor Services Plan for Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, the Battle of Midway Memorial, and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument’s Midway Atoll Special Management Area was approved on May 23, 2007. It provides for a small visitor program, probably beginning in 2008.

The Fish and Wildlife Service is now working with a variety of entities who have expressed interest in bringing guided groups to Midway Atoll. If you are interested in sponsoring a group visit to Midway, please contact us at midway@fws.gov. We will also offer opportunities for individuals to come independent of guided tours in 2008. As our schedule of visitor opportunities is developed, we will post it on our website.

The approved plan and its appendices may be downloaded via the links below. We are now turning our attention to plan implementation, including hiring additional staff to support the visitor program. Thank you for your continued patience as we work to make Midway Atoll more available for visitation!" 218.215.9.28 (talk) 13:42, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Environment section
I am working on a section about the environment, specifically about marine debris, washing up on the shores, and the damage to the albatross population.

I will move the bird info from Geography and Geology section to a new Wildlife section. If anybody objects, please revert and tell me to butt out. Thanks!

If anybody wishes to contrib and expand this bit, please do. See also Great Pacific Garbage Patch, and Kamilo Beach --Anna Frodesiak (talk) 06:02, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

One more map, please
Can we please have a suitable map which shows Midway in relation to the other Hawaii Islands? IceDragon64 (talk) 00:33, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * The article now includes a map of Midway in relationship to the other Hawaiian Islands so I removed the requested map template. Transpoman (talk) 11:33, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

Exposed lava photo

I've removed the photo (at right) that purports to show a lava flow exposed on the Midway shoreline from the article, since the lava underlying the atoll has been found to lie hundreds of feet underground. --Avenue (talk) 08:17, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Name again
According to official list “Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty” published by the Department of State correct name is ‘Midway Islands’. According to the U.S. Board on Geographic Names official name is ‘Midway Islands’, , and name ‘Midway Atoll’ is only variant name (as well as is used as part of name of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge). So, article should be moved to official name ‘Midway Islands’. Aotearoa (talk) 08:15, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Bibliography of Midway Atoll
There should not be a whole article dedicated to bibliography. Epicgenius (give him tirade • check out damage) 15:30, 30 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Merge I agree, it isn't even that hard of a merge to do.--ARTEST4ECHO (talk/contribs) 15:37, 31 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Merge Pretty obvious thing to merge, but I don't know how to merge. Theemathas (talk) 11:13, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
 * There was no need to merge as the article was simply duplicating content already in this article, so I simply redirected. Moved this discussion onto this page, as it was wrongly placed at Talk:Midway Islands. -- ELEKHHT 13:46, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

Lack of physical information
No Wiki reference to Sand Island or Eastern Island. In light of rising sea levels of global warming it might be enlightening to list the height above sea level. The WWII Battle of Midway info (not in Wiki) lists the highest point on the Eastern Island with the Airbase was 12 feet above sea level,and Sand Island was 15 feet above sea level. Also the area figures: they show "atoll" smaller than "lagoon" which doesn't sound right. Shjacks45 (talk) 00:10, 8 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Still no info on this. Read the section about the tsunami swamping the island, which led me to believe they are very flat, indeed. ⇔ ChristTrekker 20:04, 30 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, the elevation of Sand Island, when I was there, was listed at 14 ft. There was tsunami headed for the island in the 60's, while I was there, and we had all the planes in the air and the sailors were berthed that night in berthing on the top area of the hanger. However, the tide came up only 4 feet that time. Galgrim (talk) 14:58, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

I was there twice in '72 on a Knox-class frigate on the way out and again on the way back, both for refueling. I never got ashore, but I do remember that the highest part of our ship was higher than the highest part of the island. JDZeff (talk) 23:16, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

Why not in Hawaii?
Is there any historic reason why Midway was never part of the state of Hawaii? If there is a specific reason it might be worth adding it to the article... Grutness...wha?  05:27, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm curious too, as I'm sure some other readers must be, but I'm having a hard time finding sources. Wikipedia depends on sources, so if someone finds a good one, please post it here or expand the article. Jonathunder (talk) 00:44, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

Possible Infobox
I made a possible infobox in my sandbox for this page. I wanted to see if there are any problems with it before I put it up on this page. What do you think? Replaceinkcartridges (talk) 20:17, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Lots of good information on there, but the atoll isn't a country. I'd recommend using Infobox: settlement or Infobox: islands instead. PaintedCarpet (talk) 16:56, 17 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I'll try to change the infobox to a settlement. Sounds like a good idea. Replaceinkcartridges (talk) 15:48, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:01, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Population
The infobox says 40, but the lead says 100-200. Which is it? Richard75 (talk) 00:42, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Midway Atoll


text:
Mainland

Mainland is defined as "relating to or forming the main part of a country or continent, not including the islands around it [regardless of status under territorial jurisdiction by an entity]." The term is often politically, economically and/or demographically more significant than politically associated remote territories, such as exclaves or oceanic islands situated outside the continental shelf.

In geography, "mainland" can denote the continental (i.e. non-insular) part of any polity or the main island within an island nation. In geopolitics, "mainland" is sometimes used interchangeably with terms like metropole as an antonym to overseas territories. In the sense of "heartland", mainland is the opposite of periphery. In some language a separate concept of "mainland" is missing and is replaced with a "continental portion".

The term is relative: in Tasmania, continental Australia is the mainland, while to residents of Flinders Island, the main island of Tasmania is also "the mainland", although the geological Australian continent includes all the former plus the island of New Guinea and all the smaller islands (e.g. the Torres Strait Islands) in between.

Continental
This list denotes prominent usages of the term "mainland" to distinguish the islands of a continent from the mainland of a continent through a geopolitical lens.

 * Mainland Africa, from the perspectives of Cape Verde, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, São Tomé and Príncipe and Seychelles, as well as Mayotte (France) and Réunion (France)
 * Mainland Asia, from the perspectives of Bahrain, Brunei, Cyprus (inc. Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Northern Cyprus), East Timor, Indonesia, Japan (inc. Okinawa Prefecture), the Maldives, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan (inc. Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, and Penghu), as well as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India), Christmas Island (Australia), the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia), Coloane and Taipa (Macau), East Malaysia (Malaysia), Hainan (China), Hong Kong Island (Hong Kong), Islands District (Hong Kong), Jeju Island (South Korea), Lakshadweep (India) and Sakhalin Oblast (Russia)
 * In the future, if the Salwa Canal is built, also from the perspective of Qatar
 * Mainland Europe, from the perspectives of Cyprus, Iceland, Ireland, Malta, the United Kingdom (inc. Guernsey, the Isle of Man, and Jersey), as well as Åland (Finland), the Faroe Islands (Denmark), Jan Mayen (Norway), Svalbard (Norway), Corsica (France), Sardinia (Italy), Sicily (Italy), Danish islands (Denmark), Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), Balearic Islands (Spain), Gotland (Sweden), Estonian islands (Estonia), Greek islands (Greece) and Russian islands (Russia)
 * Also note that several European countries possess colonies or outposts all around the world (often small islands) in all other continental regions including North America, South America, Africa, Oceania, Asia and Antarctica
 * Mainland Europe, from the perspective of Scandinavia, a peninsula
 * Mainland Southeast Asia, from the perspective of Maritime Southeast Asia

Internal
''This list denotes prominent usages of the term "mainland" to distinguish between distinct regions within a single country based on an "islands-to-mainland" relationship. Note that the "mainland" can sometimes consist of a large island rather than a continental landmass.''

 * Mainland Argentina, as opposed to Tierra del Fuego Province (including Argentinian Antarctic claims), as well as other islands of Argentina
 * Mainland Australia, as opposed to the island of Tasmania and other Australian islands, especially those not part of Australia proper.
 * Mainland Brazil, as opposed to Abrolhos, Fernando de Noronha, Ilhabela, Saint Peter and Saint Paul and Trindade and Martim Vaz.
 * Mainland Britain, as opposed to the many smaller islands of the United Kingdom. The largest islands within the Northern Isles are called Orkney Mainland and Shetland Mainland, respectively.
 * Mainland Canada, as opposed to Canadian Islands, particularly those in the Maritimes or in the Arctic
 * the Mainland Colony was the mainland part of British Columbia, prior to its merger with Vancouver Island; today, the term "Lower Mainland" refers the southernmost part of the coast of British Columbia
 * the continental part of Nova Scotia, as opposed to Cape Breton Island and other Nova Scotian islands
 * Mainland Chile, as opposed to remote islands of the Chilean Sea, Tierra del Fuego Province and Chilean Antarctic claims, as well as offshore islands of Chile such as the Chiloé Archipelago and Easter Island
 * Mainland China, a term that usually refers to all territories, irrespective of geography, that are administered by the People's Republic of China (PRC), aside from Hong Kong and Macau, which are both administered by the PRC as semi-independent special administrative regions
 * Mainland Colombia, as opposed to the overseas archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina.
 * the Cuban Mainland, as opposed to the Canarreos Archipelago and other islands of Cuba
 * Mainland Denmark, as opposed to overseas parts of the Danish Realm; geographically, Denmark proper consists of a continental portion called Jutland and nearby Danish Isles
 * the main island is Greenland, excluding Disko Island and other islands of Greenland
 * Mainland Ecuador, as opposed to the Galápagos Islands and other islands of Ecuador
 * Mainland Equatorial Guinea, as opposed to the non-continental islands of Equatorial Guinea.
 * Mainland Estonia, as opposed to the West Estonian archipelago with two of the fifteen counties and other islands of Estonia
 * Mainland Finland, as opposed to Åland; historically, Finland Proper made up the southwestern portion of the mainland
 * Mainland France, as opposed to Corsica and other islands within European France; also used loosely as an antonym of Overseas France, despite the fact that the term Metropolitan France is more apt
 * the main island of New Caledonia, as opposed to the Loyalty Islands and other islands of New Caledonia
 * Mainland Greece (including the island of Euboea), as opposed to the Greek islands
 * the main island of Iceland, as opposed to other islands of Iceland
 * Mainland India, as opposed to its insular union territories or any other islands of India
 * Mainland Italy, as opposed to its insular regions or any other islands of Italy
 * Mainland Japan, as opposed to the other home islands, or to remote islands of Japan, such as the Nanpō Islands
 * Mainland Korea as opposed to Jeju Island and other islands of North Korea or South Korea
 * the main island of Madagascar, as opposed to other islands of Madagascar
 * Mainland Malaysia as opposed to East Malaysia or to any islands of Malaysia
 * Mainland Malta, as opposed to Gozo and other islands of Malta
 * Mainland Netherlands as opposed to the Dutch Caribbean; the Netherlands proper contains numerous offshore islands
 * Mainland New Zealand, is the two islands, the north and south islands. The South Island of New Zealand is sometimes jokingly called the Mainland or the main island, especially by South Islanders themselves. Though it has a far smaller population, it is larger than the North Island. "Mainland New Zealand" more commonly refers to the archipelago made up of the North and South Island and smaller nearby islands, often excluding more outlying islands such as the Chatham Islands, and always excluding remote insular parts of the Realm of New Zealand.
 * Mainland Norway, as opposed to Svalbard and other islands of Norway, including its overseas dependencies
 * the main island of Svalbard, as opposed to Nordaustlandet and other Islands of Svalbard
 * the mainland part of Papua New Guinea, as opposed to the Islands Region or to any other islands of Papua New Guinea
 * Mainland Portugal, as opposed to its insular regions, or more broadly to any islands of Portugal; until 1975, the term "mainland" was used loosely as an antonym of overseas Portugal
 * Mainland Spain as opposed to the Balearic and Canary Islands and other lands under Spanish sovereignty; cf. the colonial-era term peninsulares
 * the main island of Sri Lanka, as opposed to other islands of Sri Lanka
 * Mainland United States, as opposed to nearby islands belonging to a certain U.S. state, the Hawaiian Islands, and to U.S. island territories in the Pacific or Caribbean. The terms "contiguous United States" (48 adjoining states in the continent of North America which does not include Alaska) or "continental United States" (any U.S. state that is part of the North American continent which includes Alaska) are widely used instead, despite including adjacent islands on the continental shelf in both definitions.
 * Mainland Alaska (which is a part on the North American continent and a component of the U.S. mainland), as opposed to the approximately 2,670 named offshore islands (many of which are part of the Alexander Archipelago or Aleutian Islands chain).
 * Point Roberts (a pene-exclave of Washington state) views Bellingham as "the mainland". The closure of international borders due to the COVID-19 pandemic has rendered it (de facto) an island in all but name.
 * Main or Big Land—in Russia—as opposed to Minor Land, islands, or other isolated territories that are connected by water or air travel but not by paved road.
 * Mainland Tanzania Tanzania-as opposed to Zanzibar the semi autonomous islands off the coast of Tanzania when the two countries merged in 1964 between Tanganyika(Now known as Tanzanian Mainland) and Zanzibar.

Internal (disputed)
This list denotes prominent internal usages of the term "mainland" that are disputed.

 * Mainland Taiwan, as opposed to Kinmen, Matsu, Penghu and other islands of Taiwan
 * The cause of the dispute is Taiwan's uncertain sovereignty. Nevertheless, if the Republic of China on Taiwan is regarded as an independent country, it is geographically one large island surrounded by several smaller islands. Politically, Kinmen, Matsu and Penghu are de facto top-level subdivisions within Taiwan, classified as counties.
 * Mainland Ukraine, as opposed to Crimea, which is nonetheless geographically part of the European mainland.
 * The cause of this dispute is the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. From a Russian perspective, Russia is the mainland to Crimea.
 * Mainland Britain, as opposed to Northern Ireland
 * This is politically charged term in Ireland, mainly used by pro-UK unionists and generally avoided by Irish nationalists.

Irredentist
This list denotes prominent usages of the term "mainland" to distinguish between distinct regions within an irredentist region

 * The relationship between the de facto independent state of Republic of China (ROC; commonly called Taiwan) and the PRC as that of an island to its mainland. This is done in order to tacitly support the PRC's territorial claim to Taiwan. This is highly controversial among supporters of Taiwanese independence. Within Taiwan, Pan-Blue politicians who support the ROC's constitutional territorial claim to the Chinese mainland have popularised this phrase as well.
 * Mainland Greece as opposed to the Greek part of Cyprus

title: Mainland


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Talk:Engine knocking

Interesting article but what about the Lead question
I found the detail of this article useful, but there is a major question waiting for some authoritative content here.

Buried in the Abnormal Consumption section narrative we have, "The addition of ... lead ... will suppress detonation extremely well ... tetraethyl lead (TEL), a soluble organolead compound added to gasoline, was common until it was discontinued for reasons of toxic pollution." I agree this needs citation, but more importantly, knocking was, presumably, a significant problem to which TEL was a successful solution that delivered economic benefit to some class of interested party over considerable time.

Now TEL has been removed, we don't seem to have reverted to having a problem with knocking. How so? Was there never really a problem to solve or have we found a modern solution that renders TEL unnecessary? If so it isn't discussed here. Atconsul (talk) 16:28, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

 * The potential problem of detonation remains as high as ever. Initially the solution was to use the additive TEL. Since banning of TEL, other less harmful additives are used. See Tetraethyllead.
 * At Tetraethyllead it says: The use of catalytic converters, mandated in the United States for 1975 and later model-year cars to meet tighter emissions regulations, started a gradual phase-out of leaded gasoline in the U.S. The need for TEL was lessened by several advances in automotive engineering and petroleum chemistry. Safer methods for making higher-octane blending stocks such as reformate and iso-octane reduced the need to rely on TEL, as did other antiknock additives of varying toxicity including metallic compounds such as ... ... ...
 * Dolphin ( t ) 22:32, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Engine knocking


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Rudy

Rudy or Rudi is a masculine given name, sometimes short for Rudolf, Rudolph, Rawad, Rudra, Ruairidh, or variations thereof, a nickname and a surname which may refer to:

Given name or nickname

 * Rudolf Rudy Andeweg (born 1952), Dutch political scientist
 * Rudolf Rudi Assauer (1944–2019), German football manager and player
 * Rudolf Rudy Ballieux (1930–2020), Dutch immunologist
 * Rudi Carrell (1934–2006), Dutch television entertainer
 * Rudy Cerami (born 1988), American football player
 * Rudy D'Amico (born 1940), American National Basketball Association scout, and former college and professional basketball coach
 * Rudy Demotte (born 1963), Belgian politician
 * Rudi Dil, birth name of Ruud Gullit (born 1962), Dutch retired football manager and player
 * Rudi Dolezal (born 1958), Austrian film director and film producer
 * Rüdiger Rudi Dornbusch (1942–2002), German economist
 * Alfred Willi Rudolf Rudi Dutschke (1940–1979), the most prominent spokesperson of the 1960s German student movement
 * Rudy Florio (born 1950), Canadian football player
 * Jonathan Rudy Ford (born 1994), American football player
 * Val Rudy Galindo (born 1969), American retired figure skater
 * Rudi Garcia (born 1964), French football manager and former player
 * Rudy Gay (born 1986), American basketball player
 * Rudolf Rudi Gernreich (1922–1985), Austrian-born American fashion designer
 * Rudolph Rudy Giuliani (born 1944) former US Associate Attorney General and former Mayor of New York City
 * Rudy Gobert (born 1992), French basketball player
 * Rudy Haddad (born 1985), French-Israeli football player
 * Rudy Horn (1933–2018), German juggler
 * Rudy Kennedy (1927–2008), British rocket scientist and Holocaust survivor and activist
 * Rudolph Rudy LaRusso (1937–2004), American basketball player
 * Rudy Linka (born 1960), Czech-American jazz guitarist
 * Rudy Pankow (born 1998), American actor
 * [[Rudy Ruettiger] (born 1948), American football player, motivational speaker, and inspiration for the film Rudy
 * Rudolph Rudy Sikich (1921–1998), American National Football League player
 * Rudolf Rudi Skácel (born 1979), Czech footballer
 * Rudy Trouvé (born 1967), Belgian musician
 * Rudy Turk (1927–2007), American museum director, curator, painter
 * Hubert Rudy Vallée (1901–1986), American singer, actor and bandleader, one of the first modern pop stars
 * Rudolf Rudi Vis (1941–2010), Dutch-born British politician and Member of Parliament
 * Rudolf Rudi Völler (born 1960), German retired football manager and player
 * Rudolf Vrba (1924–2006), Slovak-Jewish biochemist, Auschwitz concentration camp escapee who co-wrote a report of the mass murders being committed there
 * Rudi Widodo (born 1983), Indonesian footballer
 * Rudolph Rudy Wiedoeft (1893–1940), American saxophonist
 * Preston Rudolph Rudy York (1913–1970), American Major League Baseball player
 * Rudi Ying (born 1998), Chinese ice hockey player
 * Albert Rudolph (1928–1973), American entrepreneur and Hindu spiritual teacher

Alias or stage name

 * Rudi Carrell, Dutch entertainer born Rudolf Wijbrand Kesselaar (1934–2006)
 * Rudy de Mérode, real name Frédéric Martin (1905–?), French collaborator in the Second World War
 * Rudy Grayzell, stage name of American rockabilly musician Rudolph Paiz Jimenez (1933–2019)

Surname

 * Andrzej Rudy (born 1965), Polish footballer
 * Florian Rudy (born 1989), German footballer
 * Gherasim Rudi (1907–1982), Prime Minister of the Moldovan SSR
 * Henry Rudi (1889–1970), Norwegian huntsman and polar bear hunter
 * Joe Rudi (born 1946), American former Major League Baseball player
 * Michał Radziwiłł Rudy (1870–1950), German-Polish diplomat and nobleman
 * Mikhail Rudy (born 1953), Russian-French pianist
 * Rajiv Pratap Rudy (born 1962), Indian politician
 * Ruth Rudy (born 1938), American politician
 * Sebastian Rudy (born 1990), German footballer
 * Steven Rudy (born 1978), American politician and businessman

Fictional characters

 * Rudy, Abby's stepbrother on Sesame Street
 * Rudy, from The Book Thief
 * Rudi van DiSarzio, a psychedelic monk in The Mighty Boosh
 * Rudi Gunn, in the Dirk Pitt adventure novels by Clive Cussler
 * Rudeus Greyrat, the main character of the Japanese light novel Mushoku Tensei
 * Rudy Huxtable, in the American sitcom The Cosby Show
 * Rudy Jones, the best-known incarnation of the Parasite (comics), a DC Comics villain
 * Rudy Pipilo, a gangster in the American drama series The Deuce
 * Rudy Tabootie, in the animated series ChalkZone
 * Rudy Wade, in the British science fiction TV series Misfits
 * Rudy Wells, a scientist in the American TV series The Six Million Dollar Man
 * Rudy (Pokémon), in season two of the Pokémon anime
 * Rudy, in the 2009 animated film Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
 * R.U.D.I, George Jetson's work computer in the animated TV series The Jetsons
 * Baron Rudi, in Austrian humor
 * Regular-Sized Rudy (born Rudolph Stieblitz), a supporting character in the animated series Bob's Burgers

title: Rudy


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Can-con

Can-Con may refer to:
 * Can Con, Short for "Canadian Content", a Canadian policy requiring a set percentage of Canadian works on the Canadian Airwaves
 * CAN-CON (convention), Ottawa Literary science fiction convention
 * Cancon, a commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France

title: Can-con