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Who Goes There?

Who Goes There? is a 1938 science fiction horror novella by American author John W. Campbell, written under the pen name Don A. Stuart. Its story follows a group of people trapped in a scientific outpost in Antarctica infested by shapeshifting monsters able to absorb and perfectly imitate any living being, including humans. Who Goes There? was first published in the August 1938 issue of Astounding Science Fiction magazine and was also printed as The Thing from Another World, as well as included in the collection by the same title. Its extended, novel version, found in an early manuscript titled Frozen Hell, was finally published in 2019.

Who Goes There? has been adapted to film in 1951 as The Thing from Another World, by Christian Nyby, and again more directly in 1982 as The Thing, by John Carpenter. The story's many other adaptations, and works inspired by it, have spanned various media.

Publication history
Two slightly different versions of the original novella exist. It was first published in the August 1938 issue of Astounding Science Fiction in a 12-chapter version, which also appears in Adventures in Time and Space and The Antarktos Cycle: Horror and Wonder at the Ends of the Earth (under the title The Thing from Another World). An extended 14-chapter version was later included in The Best of John W. Campbell and the collection Who Goes There?. In 1973, the story was voted by the Science Fiction Writers of America as one of the stories representing the "most influential, important, and memorable science fiction that has ever been written." It was promptly published with the other top voted stories in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two.

In 2018, it was discovered that Who Goes There? was actually a shortened version of a larger novel previously written by Campbell. The expanded manuscript including an entirely different opening, titled Frozen Hell (another working title was Pandora ), was found in a box of manuscripts sent by Campbell to Harvard University. The discovery was made by author and biographer Alec Nevala-Lee, during his research on a biography of Campbell and other authors from the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Campbell first attempted selling the story to Argosy, but was rejected by its editor John "Jack" Francis Byrne. After some rewriting and significant trimming, it was eventually accepted by Astounding's editor F. Orlin Tremaine. A Kickstarter campaign was launched to publish the full novel that same year. When completed on December 1, the campaign had raised more than $155,000, compared to its original $1,000 goal. An edited version of the two original drafts was published by Wildside Press under the full title Frozen Hell: The Book That Inspired The Thing, illustrated by Bob Eggleton and with a preface by Nevala-Lee and an introduction by Robert Silverberg. E-book versions of the novel began distributing digitally to campaign backers on January 16, 2019, with physical copies following in June the same year.

Plot
A group of American researchers, isolated in their scientific station in Antarctica towards the end of winter, discover an alien spaceship buried in the ice, where it crashed twenty million years before. They try to thaw the inside of the spacecraft with a thermite charge but end up accidentally destroying it when the ship's magnesium hull is ignited by the charge. They do recover an alien creature from the ancient ice, which the researchers believe was searching for heat when it was frozen. Thawing revives the alien, a being which can assume the appearance, memories, and personality of a living thing it devours, while maintaining its body mass for further reproduction. Unknown to them, the alien immediately kills and then imitates the crew's physicist, a man named Connant; with some 90 pounds of its matter left over, it tries to become a sled dog. The crew discovers the dog-Thing and kills it midway through the transformation process. Pathologist Blair, who had lobbied for thawing the Thing, goes insane with paranoia and guilt, vowing to kill everyone at the base to save mankind; he is isolated within a locked cabin at their outpost. Connant is also isolated as a precaution, and a "rule-of-four" is initiated in which all personnel must remain under the close scrutiny of three others.

The crew realizes that they must isolate their base and therefore disable their airplanes and vehicles, yet they pretend that everything is normal during radio transmissions, to prevent any rescue attempts. The researchers try to figure out who may have been replaced by the alien (simply referred to as the Thing), to destroy the imitations before they can escape and take over the world. The task is found to be almost impossibly difficult when they realize that the Thing is shapeshifting and telepathic, reading minds and projecting thoughts. A sled dog is conditioned by human blood injections (from Copper and Garry) to provide a human-immunity serum test, as in rabbits. The initial test of Connant is inconclusive, as they realize that the test animal received both human and alien blood, meaning that either Doctor Copper or expedition Commander Garry is an alien. Assistant commander McReady takes over and deduces that all the other animals at the station, save the test dog, have already become imitations; all are killed by electrocution and their corpses burned.

Everyone suspects each other by now but must stay together for safety, deciding who will take turns sleeping and standing watch. Tensions mount and some men begin to go mad, thinking that they are already the last human, or wondering if they could know if they were not human any longer. Ultimately, Kinner, the cook, is murdered and accidentally revealed to be a Thing. McReady realizes that even small pieces of the creature will behave as independent organisms. He then uses this fact to test which men have been "converted" by taking blood samples from everyone and dipping a heated wire in the vial of blood. Each man's blood is tested, one at a time, and the donor is immediately killed if his blood recoils from the wire. Fourteen men, including Connant and Garry, are revealed to be Things. The remaining men go to test the isolated Blair, and on the way, see the first albatross of the Antarctic spring flying overhead; they shoot the bird to prevent a Thing from infecting it and flying to civilization.

When they reach Blair's cabin, they discover that he is a Thing. They realize that it has been left to its own devices for a week, coming and going as it pleased, as it is able to squeeze under doors by transforming itself. With the creatures inside the base destroyed, McReady and two others enter the cabin to kill the Thing that was once Blair. McReady forces it out into the snow and destroys it with a blowtorch. Afterwards, the trio discover that the Thing was dangerously close to finishing the construction of a nuclear-powered anti-gravity device that would have allowed it to escape to the outside world.

Humans
Although the expedition based at Big Magnet comprises 37 members, only 16 are named in the story, and all but three by last name alone. By the end of the story, 15 of them have been replaced by alien impostors.
 * Barclay: present at alien excavation.
 * Benning: aviation mechanic. He survives. He appears in the 1982 adaptation renamed George Bennings with the occupation of meteorologist, and is portrayed by Peter Maloney.
 * Blair: biologist, present at alien excavation. Blair goes insane after the Thing escapes, due to his desire to thaw the Thing. Blair is locked in the tool shed, where he is replaced by a Thing. Blair appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by A. Wilford Brimley.
 * (Bart) Caldwell: a member of the team.
 * Clark: dog handler. Clark is later revealed to be a Thing. He appears in the 1982 adaptation, played by Richard Masur.
 * Connant: physicist, cosmic ray specialist. He is the first member of the team to be assimilated. In Frozen Hell, he is given the first name Jerry.
 * Dr. Copper: physician, present at the alien excavation. Copper appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by Richard Dysart.
 * (Samuel) Dutton: revealed to be a Thing.
 * Garry: expedition commander. Garry is eventually revealed as a Thing and killed. Garry appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by Donald Moffat.
 * Kinner: scar-faced cook. Kinner is later revealed to be a Thing.
 * McReady: expedition second-in-command, meteorologist, present at alien excavation. McReady appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by Kurt Russell, now with the name "R.J. MacReady" and the occupation of the helicopter pilot. MacReady reappears in the video game played by Russell and in the comics based on the film.
 * (Vance) Norris: muscular physicist. Norris appears in the 1982 adaptation portrayed by Charles Hallahan, though he is given Kinner's fate and much of Kinner's characterization.
 * Pomroy: livestock handler.
 * Ralsen: sledge keeper.
 * Van Wall: chief pilot, present at alien excavation.

Non-humans

 * "The Thing", the antagonist, is a malevolent, shapeshifting alien life form. It appears in all three film adaptions. In the first film (1951), the Thing is depicted as a tall, menacing humanoid alien that is composed of vegetable matter. In the two later film adaptions, the Things retain their ability to shapeshift, although they do not have telepathic abilities.
 * Charnauk: lead Alaskan husky, first openly attacked by the Thing.
 * Chinook and Jack: two other huskies.

Films
The Thing from Another World (1951) is a loose adaptation of the original story. It features James Arness as the Thing, Kenneth Tobey as Air Force officer, and Robert O. Cornthwaite as the lead scientist. In this adaptation, the alien is a humanoid invader (i.e., two arms, two legs, a head) from an unknown planet. A plant-based life form, the alien and its race need animal blood to survive. He, or rather it, is a one-alien army, capable of creating an entire army of invaders from seed pods contained within its body.

Horror Express (1972) was the second film adaptation of the story. Starring Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing, it moves the setting to the Trans-Siberian Railway in the year 1906, where the unfrozen monster stalks the passengers. A blood test reveals the alien is capable of jumping from person to person as well as absorbing memories, forcing a search for who among the train the alien is while it attempts to obtain the knowledge it needs to build a space craft.

The John Carpenter 1982 adaptation The Thing, from a screenplay by Bill Lancaster, sticks more closely to Campbell's original story. Carpenter remade the film due to The Thing from Another World being one of his favorite films, and the 1951 adaptation featured on a television in Carpenter's original Halloween. Carpenter's idea was not to compete with the direction of the earlier film. In both the novella and this adaptation, the Thing can imitate any animal-based life form, absorbing the respective hosts' personalities and memories along with their bodies (although the telepathy aspect is omitted). When the story begins, the creature has already been discovered and released from the ice by another expedition. This version maintains the digestions and metamorphoses alluded to in the original novella, via practical effects such as animatronics.

A prequel to the Carpenter version, also titled The Thing, was released in 2011. It was directed by Matthijs van Heijningen Jr. and written by Eric Heisserer, replacing traditional special effects of the original film with computer graphics. In response to this, the special effects artist Alec Gillis crowdfunded and made the film Harbinger Down in 2015.

During the early 2000s, Frank Darabont and David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick of Darkwoods Productions worked on Return of the Thing, a four-part miniseries project for Sci Fi Channel. In 2020, a new film was announced to be produced by Jason Blum's Blumhouse Productions and released and distributed by Universal Pictures (as a part of the former's first-look deal). The project is based on the Frozen Hell edition of the story. John Carpenter later confirmed that he was involved with the project. In May 2023, he acknowledged his involvement with a direct sequel to his original film.

Literature
Héctor Germán Oesterheld and Alberto Breccia adapted the story as "Tres ojos" (Spanish: "Three Eyes") for their Sherlock Time series, published in the Argentine comic book Hora Cero (issues 89–104) from May to August 1959. In 1976, the story was also published in comic book form in issue 1 of Starstream with script by Arnold Drake and art by Jack Abel.

William F. Nolan, author of Logan's Run, wrote an unfilmed screen treatment of Who Goes There? for Universal Studios in 1978; it was published in 2009 in the Rocket Ride Books edition of Who Goes There?. Nolan's alternate take on Campbell's story reduced the number of characters and downplayed monster elements in favor of an "impostor" theme in a vein similar to The Body Snatchers by Jack Finney.

An early draft of Lancaster's screenplay for The Thing was novelised by Alan Dean Foster in 1982 and released simultaneously with the film. Because it was an early draft, it featured several scenes that differed greatly from those found in the finished film, and two of the supporting characters have different names.

In 1991, Dark Horse Comics published a two-issue miniseries The Thing from Another World written by Chuck Pfarrer and drawn by John Higgins. It was followed in 1992 by a four-issue sequel, The Thing from Another World: Climate of Fear, written by John Arcudi, and further by The Thing from Another World: Eternal Vows drawn by Paul Gulacy in 1993. An alternative sequel to the film, The Thing from Another World: Questionable Research, drawn by Ted Naifeh, was serialized in 1993. An unrelated standalone prequel story, The Thing: The Northman Nightmare, written by Steve Niles, was published as a digital comic in 2011.

In 2010, Canadian science fiction writer Peter Watts published a short story in Clarkesworld Magazine titled "The Things" in which the alien entity from Who Goes There? is the first-person narrator. The characters and events are the same as those in the 1982 John Carpenter adaptation. Clarkesworld also released an audio version of this story as part of their podcast series.

In 2019, Wildside Press published Short Things, a collection of short stories inspired by Who Goes There? and The Thing. Edited by John Betancourt, Short Things features written contributions by G.D. Falksen ("Appolyon"), Paul Di Filippo ("Thingmaker"), Mark McLaughlin ("The Horror on a Superyacht"), Alan Dean Foster ("Leftovers"), Darrell Schweitzer ("The Interrogator"), Nina Kiriki Hoffman ("Good As Dead"), Kristine Kathryn Rusch ("A Mission at T-Prime"), Chelsea Quinn Yarbro ("The"), Kevin J. Anderson ("Cold Storage"), Pamela Sargent ("Two Wars"), Allen M. Steele ("According to a Reliable Source"), Allan Cole ("The Monster at World's End"), and Betancourt himself ("The Nature of the Beast"). It also contains illustrations by Dan Brereton, Marc Hempel and Mark Wheatley, among others.

Radio dramas
The story has been adapted as a radio drama multiple times, including by BBC Radio 4 in their Chillers series (24 January 2002), and the Suspense radio drama series (2013). The earliest adaptation was for the Exploring Tomorrow radio series in 1958 (under the title The Escape), hosted by John W. Campbell, Jr. himself; however, no recordings of this episode are known to exist.

Games
The Thing (2010 card game) and The Thing: Infection at Outpost 31 (2017 board game) are both based on the John Carpenter 1982 film. In 2002, Universal Interactive and Konami co-published the video game The Thing, a third-person shooter and survival horror sequel to the film.

Who Goes There?, a board game from Certifiable Studios, was released in May 2018, following a Kickstarter campaign, which raised over $612,000 compared to its $54,097 goal. In March 2020, Certifiable Studios launched a Kickstarter for a second edition of the game, promising updated mechanics and additional characters. It is available either as a complete game or as an add-on for those who have already bought the first edition.

Rockstar Dundee was working on a video game adaptation of the film, but in 2020, it was cancelled after the studio became part of Rockstar Games.

Literature
In December 1936, John W. Campbell himself had published a short story titled "Brain Stealers of Mars" in Thrilling Wonder Stories, which also features shape-shifting, mind-reading aliens. The earlier story has a humorous tone, but takes a philosophical note as members of another alien race describe living stoically alongside the shapeshifters.

Writer A. E. van Vogt was inspired by Who Goes There? to write Vault of the Beast (1940), which he submitted to Astounding Science Fiction. "I read half of it standing there at the news-stand before I bought the issue and finished it," van Vogt later recalled. "That brought me back into the fold with a vengeance. I still regard that as the best story Campbell ever wrote, and the best horror tale in science fiction."

The Thing is one of the aliens featured in Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials (1979; second edition 1987). Barlowe's main illustration depicts the Thing halfway through its transformation into a sled dog.

The story is referenced, and embedded within The Rack of Baal (1985), a 'choose-your-own-adventure' gamebook written by Mark Smith and Jamie Thomson, about a time-travelling special agent called "The Falcon". A section of the plot plays out on a frozen world occupied by a single mining station crewed by only a few people. One inhabitant is called 'Sil McReady', who, in a cynical inversion of the original story, actually turns out to be infected with the alien organism.

Film and television
The 1972 film Horror Express is loosely based on the story, where the frozen remains of a prehistoric corpse comes to life after it thaws out on a train, and the alien within takes over human host bodies and telepathically absorbs their memories and knowledge.

The 1993 episode "Ice" of the science fiction TV series The X-Files borrows its premise from the storyline.

The 1993 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation "Aquiel" contains an isolated space outpost and the murderer is eventually revealed to be a shapeshifting lifeform.

In the 1995 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "The Adversary", a shapeshifting alien infiltrates the crew of a starship. The episode explores similar themes of paranoia and contains a "blood test" scene. The writers have cited The Thing from Another World as inspiration.

The 2013 episode "The Thingy!" of the family action-comedy series The Aquabats! Super Show! also borrows the story's premise, albeit in a much more comedic tone.

The fourth episode of the first season of the HBO crime drama True Detective, first broadcast in 2014, is named after the novella.

The 2020 film Friend of the World is influenced by The Thing with themes of body horror and isolation. A title on the soundtrack is named after the novella.

Other
In 2006, Dark Horse Comics released a pre-painted snap together model kit of the alien as described in the original short story. It was sculpted and painted by Andrea Von Sholly. The model was unlicensed and was simply titled 'The Space Thing'.

title: Who Goes There?


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Talk:Biodiesel processor

Should this be merged with Biodiesel? --- I think no, because one can include specific information about biodiesel processor, like free knowledge.

If you wish to make a How to make Biodiesel page, you can add your recipe there. This should be an encyclopedic description of biodiesel processors. We don't really encourage How to pages but we have others. It would link from this page. Rmhermen 14:36, Aug 7, 2003 (UTC)

Merger
This page should be merged with Biodiesel production. It's entirely redundant and the last edit of this page was in 2003.--E8 (talk) 04:34, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Needs either a merge or a massive rewrite. It does not discuss the many different methods of production. The only method it does discuss is not described in an of the links (i.e. needs better citation).  etc. Hillgiant (talk) 17:38, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * No objections raised in over a month; with the seconding by Hillgiant, this pages will be merged.--E8 (talk) 19:42, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Biodiesel processor


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Rubbing alcohol

Rubbing alcohol (in America, surgical spirit elsewhere) is either an isopropyl alcohol or an ethanol-based liquid, with isopropyl alcohol products being the most widely available. The comparable British Pharmacopoeia (BP) is surgical spirit. Rubbing alcohol is denatured and undrinkable even if it is ethanol-based, due to the bitterants added.

They are liquids used primarily as a topical antiseptic. They also have multiple industrial and household applications. The term "rubbing alcohol" in North American English is a general term for either isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) or ethyl alcohol (ethanol) products.

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) defines "isopropyl rubbing alcohol USP" as containing approximately 70 percent alcohol by volume of pure isopropyl alcohol and defines "rubbing alcohol USP" as containing approximately 70 percent by volume of denatured alcohol. In Ireland and the UK, the comparable preparation is surgical spirit B.P., which the British Pharmacopoeia defines as 95% methylated spirit, 2.5% castor oil, 2% diethyl phthalate, and 0.5% methyl salicylate. Under its alternative name of "wintergreen oil", methyl salicylate is a common additive to North American rubbing alcohol products. Individual manufacturers are permitted to use their own formulation standards in which the ethanol content for retail bottles of rubbing alcohol is labeled as and ranges from 70 to 99% v/v.

All rubbing alcohols are unsafe for human consumption: isopropyl rubbing alcohols do not contain the ethyl alcohol of alcoholic beverages; ethyl rubbing alcohols are based on denatured alcohol, which is a combination of ethyl alcohol and one or more bitter poisons that make the substance toxic.

History
The term "rubbing alcohol" came into prominence in North America during the Prohibition era of 1920 to 1933, when alcoholic beverages were prohibited throughout the United States. The term "rubbing" emphasized that this alcohol was not intended for consumption. Nevertheless it was well documented as a surrogate alcohol as early as 1925.

Alcohol was already widely used as a liniment for massage. There was no standard formula for rubbing alcohol, which was sometimes perfumed with additives such as wintergreen oil (methyl salicylate).

Properties
All rubbing alcohols are volatile and flammable. Ethyl rubbing alcohol has an extremely bitter taste from additives. The specific gravity of Formula 23-H is between 0.8691 and 0.8771 at 15.56 C.

Isopropyl rubbing alcohols contain from 50% to 99% by volume of isopropyl alcohol, the remainder consisting of water. Boiling points vary with the proportion of isopropyl alcohol from 80 to 83 C; likewise, freezing points vary from -32 to -50 C. Surgical spirit BP boils at 80 C.

Naturally colorless, products may contain color additives. They may also contain medically-inactive additives for fragrance, such as wintergreen oil (methyl salicylate), or for other purposes.

US legislation
To protect alcohol tax revenue in the United States, all preparations classified as Rubbing Alcohols (defined as those containing ethanol) must have poisonous additives to limit human consumption in accordance with the requirements of the US Treasury Department, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, using Formula 23-H (8 parts by volume of acetone, 1.5 parts by volume of methyl isobutyl ketone, and 100 parts by volume of ethyl alcohol). It contains 87.5–91% by volume of absolute ethyl alcohol. The rest consists of water and the denaturants, with or without color additives, and perfume oils. Rubbing alcohol contains in each 100 ml more than 355 mg of sucrose octaacetate or more than 1.40 mg of denatonium benzoate. The preparation may be colored with one or more color additives. A suitable stabilizer may also be added.

Warnings
Product labels for rubbing alcohol include a number of warnings about the chemical, including the flammability hazards and its intended use only as a topical antiseptic and not for internal wounds or consumption. It should be used in a well-ventilated area due to inhalation hazards. Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or consumption of rubbing alcohol.

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Venice Marco Polo Airport

Venice Marco Polo Airport is the international airport of Venice, Italy. It is located on the mainland near the village of Tessera, a frazione of the comune of Venice located about 4.1 NM east of Mestre (on the mainland) and around the same distance north of Venice proper. Due to the importance of Venice as a leisure destination, it features flights to many European metropolitan areas as well as some partly seasonal long-haul routes to the United States, Canada, South Korea and the Middle East. The airport handled 11,184,608 passengers in 2018, making it the fourth-busiest airport in Italy. The airport is named after Marco Polo and serves as a base for Volotea, Ryanair, Wizz Air and easyJet.

Another airport located in the Venice area, Treviso Airport, is sometimes unofficially labelled Venice – Treviso and serves low-cost airlines Ryanair and Wizz Air.

Overview
A modern terminal was opened in 2002, but it is already at full capacity. The airport is managed by SAVE S.p.A., a company partially owned by local authorities that also controls the smaller Treviso Airport, dedicated to low-cost carriers. The airport was named after the Venetian traveller Marco Polo.

Terminal
The airport terminal has three floors: the ground floor for arrivals and the second floor for departures. The departure area has 70 check-in desks and has two airside lounges. The "Tintoretto Lounge" is for SkyTeam passengers and the "Marco Polo Room" is for all other passengers. The third floor of the terminal has offices for the operating company and airlines. The departure floor has separate areas for Schengen and non-Schengen flights.

Airlines and destinations

The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Venice:

Ground transportation
The mainland airport has scheduled bus connections to the nearby railway stations of Venice Mestre and Piazzale Roma. The airport is also directly connected to several destinations in the lagoon by public transit Alilaguna water shuttle services (Blue, Red and Orange lines); by the express Gold Line to Piazza San Marco or by water taxi. From the airport it is possible to reach:

 * Venice Piazzale Roma by ATVO (provincial company) buses and by ACTV (city company) buses (route 5 aerobus);
 * Venice, Lido and Murano by Alilaguna (private company) motorboats;
 * Mestre, the mainland and Venice Mestre railway station, providing connections to Milan, Padua, Trieste, Verona and the rest of Italy, by ACTV buses (route 15 and 45) and ATVO buses;
 * regional destinations (Treviso, Padua, beaches ...) by ATVO buses and by Busitalia Sita Nord buses (national company).

Accidents and incidents

 * On 6 March 1967, a Short Brothers SC.7 Skyvan 2–102, operated by Soc. Aeralpi, crashed while attempting to land in bad weather, crashing into the lagoon. All 3 on board survived.
 * On 14 September 1993, an Italian Air Force Piaggio PD.808 crashed while attempting to land in bad weather, killing all 3 on board.

title: Venice Marco Polo Airport


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Vlissingen

Vlissingen (Vlissienge), historically known in English as Flushing, is a municipality and a city in the southwestern Netherlands on the former island of Walcheren. With its strategic location between the Scheldt river and the North Sea, Vlissingen has been an important harbour for centuries. It was granted city rights in 1315. In the 17th century Vlissingen was a main harbour for ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It is also known as the birthplace of Admiral Michiel de Ruyter.

Vlissingen is mainly noted for the yards on the Scheldt where most of the ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy (Koninklijke Marine) are built.

Geography
The municipality of Vlissingen consists of the following places:
 * City: Vlissingen
 * Villages: Oost-Souburg, Ritthem, and West-Souburg
 * Hamlet: Groot-Abeele

History
The fishermen's hamlet that came into existence at the estuary of the Schelde around AD 620 has grown over its 1,400-year history into the third-most important port of the Netherlands. The Counts of Holland, Flanders, and Zeeland had the first harbours dug. Over the centuries, Vlissingen developed into a hub for fishing, especially the herring fishery, commerce, privateering and the slave trade.

The first reliable records of Old Vlissengen date from a charter of 1247, when the town already had a church and an infirmary; another in 1264 mentions a steenhuus or castle, the foundations of which were uncovered during the construction of a new town hall in 1965. In 1294, the town was purchased by Floris V, Count of Holland, who recognised the strategic and economic potential of its location and began its development. The port facilities were further extended in the mid-15th century, financed by a local monopoly in the herring trade. In the mid-16th century, the town fell into poverty due to the Eighty Years' War, the Dutch revolt against Spanish occupation, and particularly owing to the punitive taxes imposed by the Duke of Alba. In April 1572, the townspeople staged a successful uprising, expelling the Flemish garrison, firing at ships bringing reinforcements and hanging a Spanish nobleman in front of the town hall. Under the Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585, English garrisons were stationed here and at Brill to keep these ports out of Spanish hands. The towns were sold back to the Dutch in 1616.

During the heyday of the Dutch Golden Age, ships from Vlissingen set sail for the various outposts of the Dutch colonial empire and contributed to the world power of The Seven Provinces.

The history of Vlissingen was also marked by invasion, oppression and bombardments. Because of its strategic position at the mouth of the Schelde, the most important passageway to Antwerp, it has attracted the interest, at one time or another, of the British, the French, the Germans and the Spanish. Floods have also been a constant threat. Vlissingen declined during the 18th century. The Napoleonic Wars were particularly disastrous. After 1870, the economy revived after the construction of new docks and the Walcheren canal, the arrival of the railway and the establishment of the shipyard called De Schelde. The Second World War interrupted this growth. The city was heavily damaged by shelling and inundation but was captured and liberated by British Commandos of 4th Special Service Brigade on 3 November 1944.

The city was rebuilt after the war. In the 1960s, the seaport and industrial area of Vlissingen-Oost developed and flourished. Now this area is the economic driving force behind central Zeeland, generating many thousands of jobs. Nowadays approx. 50,000 ships annually from all corners of the world pass through the Schelde.

Etymology
The derivation of the name Vlissingen is unclear, though most scholars relate the name to the word fles ("bottle") in one way or another.

According to one story, when saint Willibrord landed in Vlissingen with a bottle in the 7th century, he shared its contents with the beggars he found there while trying to convert them. A miracle occurred, typical of hagiography, when the contents of the bottle did not diminish. When the bishop realised the beggars did not want to listen to his words, he gave them his bottle. After that, he supposedly called the city Flessinghe.

Another source states that the name had its origins in an old ferry-service house, on which a bottle was attached by way of a sign. The monk Jacob van Dreischor, who visited the city in 967, then apparently called the ferry-house het veer aan de Flesse ("the ferry at the Bottle"). Because many cities in the region later received the appendix -inge, the name, according to this etymology, evolved to Vles-inge.

According to another source, the name was derived from the Danish word Vles, which means "tides".

The eastern cape of Novaya Zemlya, Cape Flissingsky was named after the city in 1596 by Willem Barentsz.

Historical English name "Flushing"
Vlissingen was historically called "Flushing" in English. In the 17th century, Vlissingen was important enough for English speakers that it had acquired an anglicised name. For example, Samuel Pepys referred to the town as "Flushing" in his diaries. In 1673, Sir William Temple referred to Vlissingen as "Flushing" once and "Flussingue" twice in his book about the Netherlands. Some English writers in the Netherlands also used the Dutch name.

The American settlement of Flushing, originally a Dutch colonial village founded in 1645 and now part of Queens, New York City, was first called Vlissingen after the town in the Netherlands. The English settlers who also came to live in the village shortened the name to "Vlissing" by 1657 and then began to call it by its English name "Flushing." The Anglicisation of "Vlissingen" into "Flushing" did not occur after the conquest of New Netherland, but in England well before then. This village was the site of the Flushing Remonstrance.

The village of Flushing in Cornwall was also named after Vlissingen. Originally named Nankersey, the village was given its name by Dutch engineers from Vlissingen in the Netherlands who built the three main quays in the village. Michigan and Ohio in the US have villages called Flushing as well.

Topography

Topographic map of Vlissingen (city), Sept. 2014

Climate
Vlissingen has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) that is milder than the rest of the Netherlands due to its more southern location on the coast. It is approximately 1.5 degrees Celsius warmer annually than Groningen in the northeast. It is also one of the sunniest cities in the Netherlands, receiving approximately 180 more sunshine hours than Maastricht in the southeast. Its all-time record is 36.8 C set on 27 July 2018 and -18.9 C on 21 February 1956.

The arts

 * Petrus Cunaeus (1586–1638), Dutch Christian scholar, wrote The Hebrew Republic
 * Adriaan Dortsman (1635–1682), a Dutch Golden Age architect of Amsterdam
 * Betje Wolff (1738–1804), a Dutch novelist
 * Jacobus Bellamy (1757–1786), a Dutch poet
 * Paula de Waart (1876–1938), a Dutch film actress
 * Helene Koppejan (1927–1998), a Dutch astrologer and entrepreneur
 * Fred Florusse (1938–2023), a Dutch actor, comedian, stage director and TV and radio presenter
 * Hans Verhagen (born 1939), a Dutch journalist, poet, painter and filmmaker
 * Jean-Pierre Guiran (born 1957), accordion player with Accordéon Mélancolique
 * Arendo Joustra (born 1957), a Dutch writer and journalist

Science

 * Jan Bekker Teerlink (1759–1832), a Dutch plant and seed collector and winemaker
 * Martin Kalbfleisch (1804–1873), a Dutch pioneer in the chemical industry and a US politician.
 * Egbert Cornelis Nicolaas van Hoepen (1884–1966), a Dutch-born South African paleontologist
 * Prof. Bonno Thoden van Velzen (born 1933), a Dutch anthropologist
 * Maarten de Rijke (born 1961), a Dutch computer scientist, worked on modal logic and knowledge representation

Admirals

 * Joos de Moor (1548 or 1558 – 1618), a Dutch Vice Admiral of Zeeland
 * Laurens Alteras (died 1622), a Dutch (Zealandic) vice admiral
 * Joost Banckert (c.1597–1647), a Dutch Vice Admiral
 * Johan Evertsen (1600–1666), a Dutch admiral
 * Mårten Anckarhielm (died 1657), a Dutch admiral who entered into Swedish service
 * Abraham Crijnssen (died 1669), a Dutch naval commander
 * Michiel de Ruyter (1607–1676), a widely celebrated Dutch admiral
 * Cornelis Evertsen the Elder (1610–1666), a Dutch admiral.
 * Adriaen Banckert (c.1615–1684), a Dutch admiral
 * Cornelis Evertsen the Younger (1628–1679), a Dutch Admiral
 * Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest (1642–1706), a Dutch admiral
 * Engel de Ruyter (1649–1683), a Dutch vice-admiral

Other maritime travellers

 * Willem Verstegen (c.1612–1659), a merchant in service of the Dutch East India Company and chief trader of factory
 * Pieter Ita (active 1620s), a Dutch privateer and an admiral in the Dutch West India Company
 * Nicholas van Hoorn (c.1635–1683), a merchant sailor, privateer and pirate.
 * Jasper Danckaerts (1639–1702/1704), the founder of a colony of Labadists in Maryland
 * Jan Erasmus Reyning (1640–1697), a Dutch pirate, privateer and naval officer
 * Samuel van der Putte (1690–1745), a Dutch explorer, linguist and naturalist; journeyed in Asia, especially to Tibet

Sport

 * Joris Tjebbes (1929–2001), a Dutch freestyle swimmer, competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics
 * Nel Fritz (born 1937), a retired Dutch gymnast, competed in all artistic gymnastics events at the 1960 Summer Olympics
 * Els Vader (1959–2021), a Dutch track and field sprinter, competed at the 1980, 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics
 * Danny Blind (born 1961), a former Dutch international football player
 * Lex Veldhuis (born 1983), Dutch professional poker player

Transport

 * Railway stations: Vlissingen, Vlissingen Souburg.
 * Ferry connection to Breskens, since the Western Scheldt Tunnel was opened in March 2003 for pedestrians and cyclists only.
 * There used to be a ferry service to Sheerness operated by Olau Line. It was discontinued in 1994.

In popular culture

 * Vlissingen is the setting for part of Arthur Ransome's children's adventure novel We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea.
 * Vlissingen is also the setting for most of the film The Fourth Man.
 * Vlissingen is also the hometown of Mynheer Claessens and his daughter Johanna, the heroine of Rafael Sabatini's 1929 novel "The Romantic Prince". The Hero, Count Anthony and Master Danvelt, having landed by ferry from Breskens, enter the massive fortifications by the Scheldt Gate and ride the short distance to the Claessen's handsome house by the Groote.
 * The Forgotten Battle, a Netflix movie.

title: Vlissingen


text:
Talk:Execution (disambiguation)

Comments
I think it's also realisation/sale of an asset in UK law.90.190.225.121 (talk) 19:59, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 4 April 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No move. We have no agreement that other topics challenge capital punishment as the primary topic of the term "execution". Cúchullain t/ c 18:12, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

Execution (disambiguation) → Execution – As the disambiguation page illustrates, the word Execution is far too ambiguous to redirect to capital punishment. Also note that the lead (correctly) states "Execution literally means the carrying into effect of a prior policy or decision." While the word has become somewhat synonymous to killing a person in a fully controlled setting, this notably includes Execution-style murders. At the same time it remains in use for carrying out other kinds of policies or instructions, both in governance and in computing. -- PanchoS (talk) 10:18, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. -- 70.51.46.39 (talk) 03:47, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The clear primary meaning of the term is indeed capital punishment. It's what most people would understand if they heard the term without qualification. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:41, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * For people who undergo workplace performance reviews, the execution of their duties is something that is covered, more commonly that capital punishment -- 70.51.45.100 (talk) 05:55, 8 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Execution of duties is not an encyclopedic concept, and doesn't appear on the disambiguation page. WP:Wikipedia is not a dictionary... — Amakuru (talk) 13:10, 12 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. If someone talks of execution, without any other qualifier, that usually means capital punishment. Page view stats bear thsi out as well: |Execution_(disambiguation). Of the 155 readers per day who found themselves at Execution, only 69 per day (less than half) then went to Execution (disambiguation), suggesting that capital punishment is indeed the topic sought more than all the other topics combined, per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. — Amakuru (talk) 13:08, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Recent revert
Disambiguation says:

 * Disambiguation in Wikipedia is the process of resolving conflicts that arise when a potential article title is ambiguous, most often because it refers to more than one subject covered by Wikipedia, either as the main topic of an article, or as a subtopic covered by an article in addition to the article's main topic. For example, the word "Mercury" can refer to a chemical element, a planet, a Roman god, and many other things.
 * There are three important aspects to disambiguation:
 * Naming articles in such a way that each has a unique title. For example, three of the articles dealing with topics ordinarily called "Mercury" are titled Mercury (element), Mercury (planet) and Mercury (mythology).
 * Making the links for ambiguous terms point to the correct article title. For example, an editor of an astronomy article may have created a link to Mercury, and this should be corrected to point to Mercury (planet).
 * Ensuring that a reader who searches for a topic using a particular term can get to the information on that topic quickly and easily, whichever of the possible topics it might be. For example, the page Mercury is a disambiguation page—a non-article page which lists various meanings of "Mercury" and which links to the articles that cover them. (As discussed below, however, ambiguous terms do not always require a disambiguation page.)

Execution means much more than simply a judicial killing. This disambiguation page does not correctly reflect that when it doesn't say so in the lede. 69.5.112.154 (talk) 04:14, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The article execution is the WP:primary topic. When there is a primary topic, it is placed in the opening line of the disambiguation page. A dictionary definition is generally not included. older ≠ wiser 09:37, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The article Execution is a redirect to Capital punishment. But the disambiguation page refers to other articles having that word that is not about capital punishment or the death penalty.  Namely Execution (computing).  The lede to the disambiguation page is misleading if the primary definition of the word "execution" is not spelled out. 69.5.112.154 (talk) 04:23, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Precisely. Execution redirects to capital punishment because that is the primary topic for the term. If you don't feel that is correct, you may want to consider starting another move discussion. As it is, there is a primary topic and the formatting is described at MOS:DABPRIMARY. And guidance at WP:DABDIC is clear that dictionary definitions should not be included.older ≠ wiser 11:02, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Execution (disambiguation)


text:
Legal tender

Legal tender is a form of money that courts of law are required to recognize as satisfactory payment for any monetary debt. Each jurisdiction determines what is legal tender, but essentially it is anything which when offered ("tendered") in payment of a debt extinguishes the debt. There is no obligation on the creditor to accept the tendered payment, but the act of tendering the payment in legal tender discharges the debt.

It is generally only mandatory to recognize the payment of legal tender in the discharge of a monetary debt from a debtor to a creditor. Sellers offering to enter into contractual relationship, such as a contract for the sale of good, do not need to accept legal tender and may instead require payment using electronic methods, foreign currencies or any other legally recognized object of value.

Coins and banknotes are usually defined as legal tender in many countries, but personal cheques, credit cards, and similar non-cash methods of payment are usually not. Some jurisdictions may include a specific foreign currency as legal tender, at times as its exclusive legal tender or concurrently with its domestic currency.

Etymology
The term legal tender is from Middle French tendre (verb form), meaning to offer. The Latin root is tendere (to stretch out), and the sense of tender as an offer is related to the etymology of the English word extend (to hold outward).

Demonetization
Demonetization is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency: The current form or forms of money is or are pulled from circulation and retired, often to be replaced with new notes or coins. Sometimes, a country completely replaces the old currency with new currency. The opposite of demonetization is remonetization, in which a form of payment is restored as legal tender. Coins and banknotes may cease to be legal tender if new notes of the same currency replace them or if a new currency is introduced replacing the former one. Examples of this are:
 * During the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, 500- and 1000-guilder banknotes were demonetised, and after liberation, 100-guilder notes were also demonetised. Anne Frank in her diary entry on 19 March 1943 notes: "Thousand-guilder notes are being declared invalid. That'll be a blow to the black marketeers and others like them, but even more to people in hiding and anyone else with money that can't be accounted for. To turn in a thousand-guilder bill, you have to be able to state how you came by it and provide proof. They can still be used to pay taxes, but only until next week. The five-hundred notes will lapse at the same time. Gies & Co. still had some unaccounted-for thousand-guilder bills, which they used to pay their estimated taxes for the coming years, so everything seems to be above board."

Piet Lieftinck's measure of demonetizing 100-guilder notes was aimed at war profiteers.
 * On 6 October 1944, the recently repatriated Belgian government demonetized banknotes greater than 100 francs. People having 100 francs were allowed to exchange up to 2000 francs per household for new banknotes. Banks added withdrawal limits and current accounts were frozen.
 * The Government of Ceylon passed the Prevention of the Avoidance of Income Tax Act on 26 October 1970, demonetized all currency notes of the denominations of Rupees 50 and 100, bearing a date prior to that of the demonetization.
 * The United Kingdom adopted decimal currency in place of pounds, shillings and pence in 1971. Banknotes remained unchanged (except for the replacement of the 10 shilling note by the 50 pence coin). In 1968 and 1969 decimal coins which had precise equivalent values in the old currency (5p, 10p, 50p – 1, 2, and 10 shillings respectively) were introduced, while decimal coins with no precise equivalent (½p, 1p, 2p – equal to 1.2d (old pence), 2.4d and 4.8d respectively) were introduced on 15 February 1971. The smallest and largest non-decimal circulating coins, the half penny and half crown, were withdrawn in 1969, and the other non-decimal coins with no precise equivalent in the new currency (1d, 3d) were withdrawn later in 1971. Non-decimal coins with precise decimal equivalents (6d ( = 2½p), 1 and 2 shillings) remained legal tender either until the coins no longer circulated (1980 in the case of the 6d), or the equivalent decimal coins were reduced in size in the early 1990s. The 6d coin was permitted to remain in large circulation throughout the United Kingdom due to the London Underground committee's large investment in coin-operated ticketing machines that used it. Old coins returned to the Royal Mint through the UK banking system will be redeemed by exchanging them for legal tender currency with no time limits; but coins issued before 1947 have a higher value for their silver content than for their monetary value.
 * As part of their economic warfare operations during the Angolan Civil War, South African intelligence produced and disseminated counterfeit Angolan currency. In late 1980, counterfeit 100 Kwanza notes began to appear in Huambo and spread to other large cities in the northwest. On February 4, 1981 at a commemoration of 20 years of struggle by the MPLA, Jose Eduardo dos Santos announced that the old notes would be withdrawn and exchanged with new notes. The old notes featured the previous president, Agostinho Neto, while the new notes showed him and dos Santos in profile, which became a standard feature on other designations.
 * The successor states of the Soviet Union replacing the Soviet ruble in the 1990s.
 * The successor states of Yugoslavia replacing the Yugoslav dinar in the 1990s and 2000s.
 * Currencies used in the Eurozone which were replaced by the euro were then not legal tender, but all banknotes and coins were redeemable for euros for a minimum of 10 years (for certain notes and coins, there is no time limit).
 * India demonetised its 500 and 1000 rupee notes on 8 November 2016. This action affected 86 per cent of all cash in circulation. The demonetisation action was intended to curb counterfeit notes and black money, the hoarding of unaccounted cash, and sponsorship of terrorism, but also led to long queues from bank runs, leaving more than 30 people dead. The old notes were replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes.
 * The Philippines has ceased 2 peso and 50 centavo coins of the Flora and Fauna Series in 2000, due to overminting of the coins of the BSP Series that has not included the 2 peso and 50 centavo coins of that series.

Individual coins or banknotes can be demonetised and cease to be legal tender (for example, the pre-decimal United Kingdom farthing or the Bank of England 1 pound note), but the Bank of England does redeem all Bank of England banknotes by exchanging them for legal tender currency at its counters in London (or by post) regardless of how old they are. Banknotes issued by retail banks in the UK (Scotland and Northern Ireland) are not legal tender, but one of the criteria for legal protection under the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act is that banknotes must be payable on demand, therefore withdrawn notes remain a liability of the issuing bank without any time limits.

In the case of the euro, coins and banknotes of former national currencies were in some cases considered legal tender from 1 January 1999 until various dates in 2002. Most countries continued to exchange pre-euro notes and coins for a period of time; only Ireland continues to do so. Legally, those coins and banknotes were considered non-decimal sub-divisions of the euro.

When the so-called "Swiss" dinar ceased to be legal tender in Iraq, it still circulated in the northern Kurdish regions, despite lacking government backing it had a stable market value for more than a decade.

This is also true of the paper money issued by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The Confederate currency became worthless by its own terms after the war, since it could only be redeemed a stated number of years after a peace treaty was signed between the Confederacy and the United States (which never happened, as the Confederacy was defeated and dissolved).

During World War II the United States printed a series of Hawaii overprint notes as an emergency issue after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The intent of the overprints was to easily distinguish United States dollars captured by the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in the event of an invasion of Hawaii (which never happened) and render the notes worthless via demonetisation.

Demonetisation is currently prohibited in the United States, and the Coinage Act of 1965 applies to all US coins and currency regardless of age. The closest historical equivalent in the US, other than Confederate money, was from 1933 to 1974, when the government banned most private ownership of gold bullion, including gold coins held for non-numismatic purposes. Now, however, even surviving pre-1933 gold coins are legal tender under the 1964 act.

Withdrawal from circulation
Banknotes and coins may be withdrawn from circulation, but remain legal tender. United States banknotes issued at any date remain legal tender even after they are withdrawn from circulation. Canadian 1- and 2-dollar bills remain legal tender even if they have been withdrawn and replaced by coins, but Canadian $1,000 bills remain legal tender even if they are removed from circulation as they arrive at a bank. However, Bank of England notes that are withdrawn from circulation generally cease to be legal tender but remain redeemable for current currency at the Bank of England itself or by post. All paper and polymer issues of New Zealand banknotes issued from 1967 onwards (and 1- and 2-dollar notes until 1993) are still legal tender; however, 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins are no longer used in New Zealand.

Cashless society
A cashless society describes an economic state whereby financial transactions are not conducted with money in the form of physical banknotes or coins. Cashless societies have existed, based on barter and other methods of exchange. In modern usage, the term usually refers to financial transactions conducted by transfer of digital information (usually an electronic representation of money) between the transacting parties.

Commemorative issues
Sometimes currency issues such as commemorative coins or transfer bills may be issued that are not intended for public circulation but are nonetheless legal tender. An example of such currency is Maundy money. Some currency issuers, particularly the Scottish banks, issue special commemorative banknotes which are intended for ordinary circulation (though no Scottish banknotes nor notes from Northern Ireland are legal tender in the United Kingdom). As well, some standard coins are minted on higher-quality dies as uncirculated versions of the coin, for collectors to purchase at a premium; these coins are nevertheless legal tender. Some countries issue precious-metal coins which have a currency value indicated on them which is far below the value of the metal the coin contains: these coins are known as non-circulating legal tender or NCLT.

Australia
The Australian dollar, comprising notes and coins, is legal tender in Australia. Australian notes are legal tender by virtue of the Reserve Bank Act 1959 (Cth) s 36(1), without an amount limit. The Currency Act 1965 (Cth) similarly provides that Australian coins intended for general circulation are also legal tender, but only for the following amounts:
 * Not exceeding 20c if 1c and/or 2c coins are offered,
 * Not exceeding $5 if any of 5c, 10c, 20c and 50c coins are offered,
 * Not exceeding 10 times the face value if the coins offered are greater than 50c up to and including $10,
 * To any value for coins of other denominations above $10.

The 1c and 2c coins were withdrawn from circulation from February 1992 but remain legal tender.

Although the Reserve Bank Act 1959 and the Currency Act 1965 establishes that Australian banknotes and coins have legal tender status, Australian banknotes and coins do not necessarily have to be used in transactions and refusal to accept payment in legal tender is not unlawful. A provider of goods or services is at liberty to set the commercial terms upon which payment will take place before the contract for supply of the goods or services is entered into. If a provider of goods or services specifies other means of payment prior to the contract, then there is usually no obligation for legal tender to be accepted as payment. This is the case even when an existing debt is involved. However, refusal to accept legal tender in payment of an existing debt, where no other means of payment/settlement has been specified in advance, conceivably could have consequences in legal proceedings.

Australia Post prohibits the sending of coins or banknotes, of any country, except via registered post.

History
In 1901, notes in circulation in Australia consisted of bank notes payable in gold coin and issued by the trading banks, and Queensland Treasury notes. Bank notes circulated in all states except Queensland, but were not legal tender except for a brief period in 1893 in New South Wales. There were, however, some restrictions on their issue and other provisions for the protection of the public. Queensland Treasury notes were issued by the Queensland Government and were legal tender in that state. Notes of both categories continued in circulation until 1910, when the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Australian Notes Act 1910 and the Bank Notes Tax Act 1910. The Australian Notes Act 1910 prohibited the circulation of state notes as money, and the Bank Notes Tax Act 1910 imposed a tax of 10%, per annum, on "all bank notes issued or re-issued by any bank in the Commonwealth after the commencement of this Act, and not redeemed". These Acts effectively put an end to the issue of notes by the trading banks and the Queensland Treasury. The Reserve Bank Act 1959 expressly prohibits persons and states from issuing "a bill or note for the payment of money payable to bearer on demand and intended for circulation".

Canada
In general, Canadian dollar banknotes issued by the Bank of Canada and coins issued under the authority of the Royal Canadian Mint Act are legal tender in Canada. However, commercial transactions may legally be settled in any manner agreed by the parties involved with the transactions. For example, convenience stores may refuse $100 bank notes if they feel that would put them at risk of being counterfeit victims; however, official policy suggests that the retailers should evaluate the impact of that approach. In the case that no mutually acceptable form of payment can be found for the tender, the parties involved should seek legal advice.

Under the Currency Act, there are limits to the value of a transaction for which only coins are used. A payment in coins is a legal tender for no more than the following amounts for the following denominations of coins:

 * 1) $40 if the denomination is $2 to $10,
 * 2) $25 if the denomination is $1,
 * 3) $10 if the denomination is 10c to $1,
 * 4) $5 if the denomination is 5c, and
 * 5) 25c if the denomination is 1c.

In the case of coins of a denomination greater than $10, a payment is a legal tender for no more than the value of a single coin of that denomination. Where more than one amount is payable by one person to another on the same day under one or more obligations, the total of those amounts is deemed to be one amount due and payable on that day.

China
In the People's Republic of China, the official currency renminbi serves as the unlimited legal tender for all transactions. It is illegal for any public institution or individual to refuse the currency when settling public or private debts.

El Salvador
In June 2021, El Salvador became the first country to accept Bitcoin as legal tender, after the Legislative Assembly had voted 62–22 to pass a bill submitted by President Nayib Bukele classifying the cryptocurrency as such.

Eurozone
Euro coins and banknotes became legal tender in most countries of the Eurozone on 1 January 2002. Although one side of the coins is used for different national marks for each country, all coins and all banknotes are legal tender throughout the eurozone. Although some eurozone countries do not put 1 cent and 2 cent coins into general circulation (prices in those countries are by general understanding always rounded to whole multiples of 5 cent), 1 cent and 2 cent coins from other eurozone countries remain legal tender in those countries.

Council Regulation (EC) No 974/98 limits the number of coins that can be offered for payment to fifty. Governments that issue the coins must establish the euro as the only legal tender. Due to variations on the legislative meaning of legal tender in various member states and the ability of contract law to overrule the status of legal tender, it is possible for merchants to choose to refuse to accept euro banknotes and coins within specific countries within the Eurozone. For example, the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Finland, and Ireland have de jure or de facto removed the use of 1 cent and 2 cent coins and adopted cash rounding to the nearest multiple of 5 cents. National laws may also impose restrictions as to maximal amounts that can be settled by coins or notes.

Kosovo and Montenegro, which are not members of the European Union and the Eurozone and do not have a formal monetary agreement with the EU, unilaterally adopted the euro in 2002 as their de facto domestic currency to ensure monetary stability and to continue to avoid the high/hyper inflation seen in preceding decades: this means that the euro is not a legal tender there, however it is treated as such by the government and the people.

France
Legal tender was enacted the first time for gold and silver coins in the French Penal Code of 1807 (art. 475, 11°). In 1870, legal tender was extended to all notes of the Banque de France. Anyone refusing such coins for their whole value would be prosecuted (French Penal Code art. R. 642–3).

Republic of Ireland
According to the Economic and Monetary Union Act 1998 of the Republic of Ireland, which replaced the legal tender provisions that had been re-enacted in Irish legislation from previous British enactments, "No person, other than the Central Bank of Ireland and such persons as may be designated by the Minister by order, shall be obliged to accept more than 50 coins denominated in euro or in cent in any single transaction."

History
The Decimal Currency Act, 1970 governed legal tender prior to the adoption of the euro and laid down the analogous provisions as in United Kingdom legislation (all inherited from previous UK law), namely: coins denominated above 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding £10, coins denominated not more than 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding £5, and bronze coins became legal tender for payment not exceeding 20 pence.

Republic of India
The Indian rupee is the de facto legal tender currency in India. The Indian rupee is also legal tender in Nepal and Bhutan, but the Nepalese rupee and Bhutanese ngultrum are not legal tender in India. Both the Nepalese rupee and Bhutanese ngultrum are pegged with the Indian rupee.

The Indian rupee used to be an official currency of several other countries, including the Straits Settlements (now Singapore and parts of Malaysia), Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States (now the UAE), Oman, Aden Colony and Aden Protectorate (now parts of Yemen), British Somaliland, British East Africa, and Zanzibar.

In 1837, the Indian rupee was made the sole official currency of the Straits Settlements, as it was administered as a part of India. In 1845, the British replaced the Indian rupee with the Straits dollar after administration of the Straits Settlements separated from India earlier in that same year.

After partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with the word "Pakistan". New coins and banknotes were issued in 1948.

The Gulf rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR), was introduced by the Government of India as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act of 1 May 1959. This creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain put on India's foreign reserves by gold smuggling.

Kuwait and Bahrain eventually replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies (the Kuwaiti dinar and the Bahraini dinar) after gaining independence from Britain in 1961 and 1965, respectively.

On 6 June 1966, India devalued the rupee. To avoid following this devaluation, several of the states using the rupee adopted their own currencies. Qatar and most of the Trucial States adopted the Qatar and Dubai riyal, whilst Abu Dhabi adopted the Bahraini dinar. Only Oman continued to use the Gulf rupee until 1970, with the government backing the currency at its old peg to the pound. Oman later replaced the Gulf rupee with its own rial in 1970.

On 8 November 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that existing INR 500 and INR 1000 banknotes would no longer be accepted as legal tender with a view to curb counterfeiting, tax evasion and the parallel economy. The Reserve Bank of India outlined a scheme for holders of such banknotes to either deposit them into their bank accounts for full, unlimited value, or to exchange the banknotes for new, subject to a cap.

New Zealand
New Zealand has a complex history of legal tender. English law applied, as applicable to local circumstances, either from 6 January 1840 (when the Governor of New South Wales by proclamation annexed New Zealand) or from 14 January 1840 (when Captain  Hobson (of the Royal Navy) was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand). The English Laws Act 1858 subsequently confirmed that English legislation passed prior to 14 January 1840 was and had been the law of New Zealand, as applicable to local circumstances. The (UK) Coinage Act 1816 therefore applied and British coins were confirmed as legal tender in New Zealand. (Unusually, until 1989, the Reserve Bank, established in 1934, did not have the right to issue coins as legal tender. Coins had to be issued by the Minister of Finance.)

The history of bank notes in New Zealand was considerably more complex. In 1840 the Union Bank of Australia started issuing bank notes under provisions of British law but these were not automatically legal tender.

In 1844, ordinances were passed by NZ Parliament making the Union Bank banknotes legal tender and authorizing the government to issue debentures in small denominations, thus creating two sets of legal tender. These debentures were circulated but were traded at a discount to their face value because of distrust of the colonial government amongst the settler population. In 1845 the British Colonial office disallowed the Ordinance, namely the Debentures Act 1844 (NZ), and the debentures were recalled, not without first causing a panic among holders.

In 1847, the Colonial Bank of Issue became the only issuer of legal tender. In 1856, however, the Colonial Bank of Issue was disbanded; and through the Paper Currency Act 1856 the Union Bank was confirmed once again as an issuer of legal tender. The Act also authorized the Oriental Bank to issue legal tender - but this bank ceased operations in 1861.

Between 1861 and 1874, a number of other banks including the Bank of New Zealand, the Bank of New South Wales, the National Bank of New Zealand and the Colonial Bank of New Zealand were created by Acts of Parliament and authorized to issue bank-notes backed by gold, however these notes were not legal tender.

The 1893 Bank Note Issue Act allowed the government to declare a bank's right to issue legal tender. This enabled the government to make such a declaration to assist the Bank of New Zealand when in 1895 the bank encountered financial difficulties that could have led to its failure.

In 1914, the Banking Amendment Act gave legal-tender status to bank notes from any issuer and removed the requirement that banks authorized to issue bank notes must redeem them on demand for gold (the gold standard).

In 1933, the Coinage Act authorized a specific New Zealand coinage and removed legal-tender status from British coins. In the same year the Reserve Bank of New Zealand was established. The bank was given a monopoly on the issue of legal tender. The Reserve Bank also provided a mechanism through which the other issuers of legal tender could phase out their bank notes. These banknotes were convertible into British legal tender on demand at the Reserve Bank and remained so until the 1938 Sterling Exchange Suspension Notice that suspended provisions of a 1936 amendment of the 1933 Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act.

In 1964, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act re-stated that only notes issued by the Reserve Bank were legal tender. The Act also ended the right of individuals to redeem their bank notes for coin, effectively ending the distinction between coin and notes in New Zealand. The Act came into force in 1967, establishing as legal tender all New Zealand dollar five-dollar banknotes and greater, all decimal coins, the pre-decimal sixpence, the shilling, and the florin. Also passed in 1964 was the Decimal Currency Act, which created the basis for a decimal currency, introduced in 1967.

, banknotes were legal tender for all payments, and $1 and $2 coins were legal tender for payments up to $100, and 10c, 20c, and 50c silver coins were legal tender for payments up to $5. These older-style silver coins were legal tender until October 2006, after which only the new 10c, 20c and 50c coins, introduced in August 2006, remained legal.

Norway
The Norwegian krone (NOK) is legal tender in Norway according to the Central Bank (Sentralbankloven) of 24 May 1985. However, no-one is obliged to accept more than 25 coins of each denomination (of which currently 1, 5, 10 and 20 NOK denominations are in common circulation).

Singapore and Brunei
Singapore and Brunei have a Currency Interchangeability Agreement since 12 June 1967. Under the agreement, Singapore dollar and Brunei dollar are exchangeable at par without charge in both countries. As such, the currency of one country is accepted in the other country as "customary tender".

Switzerland and Liechtenstein
The Swiss franc is the only legal tender in Switzerland. Any payment consisting of up to 100 Swiss coins is legal tender; banknotes are legal tender for any amount.

The sixth series of Swiss bank notes from 1976, recalled by the National Bank in 2000 and the eighth series from the 1990s which was withdrawn in 2021, are both no longer legal tender, but banknotes from both series can be exchanged for current notes indefinitely at branches of the Swiss National Bank or at cantonal banks.

The Swiss franc is also the legal tender of the Principality of Liechtenstein, which is in a customs union with Switzerland.

The Swiss franc is also the currency used for administrative and accounting purposes by most of the numerous international organisations that are headquartered in Switzerland.

Taiwan
The New Taiwan dollar issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is legal tender for all payments within the territory of the Republic of China, Taiwan. However, since 2007, candidates to become civil servants in elections in the Republic of China may no longer pay any deposit in coinage.

Thailand
Series 2 banknotes first issued in 1925 during the reign of Rama VI and continuing into the reign of Rama VII added the legend: สัญญาจะจ่ายเงินให้แก่ผู้นำบัตรนี้มาขึ้นเป็นเงินตราสยาม

Promise to pay (silver to) bearer on demand in (silver) currency of Siam; later changed in 1928 to be in line with The Currency Act, B.E. 2471 to: ธนบัตรเป็นเงินที่ชำระหนี้ได้ตามกฎหมาย

This note is legal tender  (literal translation, silver in payment of debt) according to law. The front has a guilloche design with twelve rays, and the back, depictions of the Royal Ploughing Ceremony. These were printed in 6 denominations – 1, 5, 10, 20,100 and 1000 baht – in two types printed by De La Rue of London, England.

United Kingdom
In the UK legal tender specifically relates to the settlement of debts: a debtor cannot successfully be sued for non-payment if they pay the exact amount (change cannot be demanded) into court in legal tender.

Legal tender is solely for the guaranteed settlement of debts, and does not imply a right to pay with cash in other contexts. There is a misconception that somebody due to be paid a certain amount of money—such as a shopkeeper—must accept legal tender if proffered for payment; in reality the payee may choose to refuse or accept any specific type of payment, whether legal tender or not. As a specific instance, following the outbreak in 2020 of the covid pandemic, many shops chose not to accept any form of cash due to the risk of infection, accepting payment cards only.

Throughout the United Kingdom, Royal Mint coins valued £1, £2, and £5 sterling are legal tender in unlimited amounts. Twenty pence pieces and fifty pence pieces are legal tender in amounts up to £10; five pence pieces and ten pence pieces are legal tender in amounts up to £5; and pennies and two pence coins are legal tender in amounts up to 20 pence. In accordance with the Coinage Act 1971, gold sovereigns are also legal tender for any amount. Although it is not specifically mentioned on them, the face values of gold coins are 50p; £1; £2; and £5, a mere fraction of their worth as bullion. Five pound coins, although legal tender, are intended as souvenirs and are almost never seen in circulation.

Current Bank of England notes are legal tender in England and Wales and are issued in the denominations of £5, £10, £20 and £50. Banknotes can always be redeemed at the Bank of England even if discontinued.

To meet the legal definition of legal tender, the exact amount due must be tendered; no change can be demanded.

Maundy money is legal tender but may not be accepted by retailers and is worth much more than face value due to its rarity value and silver content.

In a 1976 case,  Miliangos v George Frank Ltd, the House of Lords established that the English courts could order debts to be paid in currencies other than sterling under certain circumstances, overturning two centuries of precedent.

Scotland and Northern Ireland
Royal Mint coins are legal tender in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but no banknotes are. Scottish and Northern Irish banknotes are widely accepted but are not legal tender anywhere in the UK.

History
In the 19th century, gold coins were legal tender to any amount, but silver coins were not legal tender for sums over £2 nor bronze for sums over 1 shilling. This provision was retained in revised form at the introduction of decimal currency, and the Coinage Act 1971 laid down that coins denominated above 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 10 pounds, non-bronze coins denominated not more than 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 5 pounds, and bronze coins became legal tender for payment not exceeding 20 pence.

United States
Before the American Civil War (1861-1865), silver coins were legal tender only up to the sum of $5. Before 1853, when U.S. silver coins were reduced in weight 7%, coins had exactly their value in metal (from 1830 to 1852). Two silver 50 cent coins had exactly $1 worth of silver. A gold U.S. dollar of 1849 had $1 worth of gold. With the flood of gold coming out of the California mines in the early 1850s, the price of silver rose (gold went down). Thus, 50 cent coins of 1840 to 1852 were worth 53 cents if melted down. The government could increase the value of the gold coins (expensive) or reduce the size of all U.S. silver coins. With the reduction of 1853, a 50-cent coin now had only 48 cents of silver. This is the reason for the $5 limit of silver coins as legal tender; paying somebody $100 in the new silver coins would be giving them $96 worth of silver. Most people preferred bank check or gold coins for large purchases.

During the early part of the war, the federal government first issued United States Notes (the first greenback notes), which were not redeemable in gold and silver coins but could be used to pay "all dues" to the federal government. Since land purchases and duties on imports were payable only in gold or the new Demand Notes, the Demand Notes were bought by importers and land speculators for about 97 cents on the gold dollar and never lost value. 1862 greenbacks (Legal Tender Notes) at first traded for 97 cents on the dollar but gained/lost value depending on fortunes of the Union army. The value of Legal Tender Greenbacks swung wildly but trading was from 85 to 33 cents on the gold dollar.

This resulted in a situation in which the greenback "Legal Tender" notes of 1862 were fiat, and so gold and silver were held, and paper circulated at a discount because of Gresham's law. The 1861 Demand Notes were a huge success but robbed the customs house of much needed gold coin (interest on most bonds back then was paid in gold). A money-strapped Congress, which had to pay for the war, eventually adopted the Legal Tender Act of 1862, issuing United States Notes backed only by treasury securities and compelled the people to accept the new notes at a discount; prices rose except for those who had gold and/or silver coins.

Following the Civil War, paper currency was disputed as to whether it must be accepted as payment. In 1869, Hepburn v. Griswold found that Henry Griswold would not have to accept paper currency because it could not truly be "legal tender" and was unconstitutional as a legally enforceable means to pay debts. This led to the Legal Tender Cases in 1870, which overturned the previous ruling and established the paper currency as constitutional and proper legal tender that must be accepted in all situations.

With the 1884 Supreme Court ruling in Juilliard v. Greenman, the "Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the right to issue notes to be legal tender for the payment of public and private debt. Legal-tender notes are treasury notes or banknotes that, in the eyes of the law, must be accepted in the payment of debts." The ruling in the Legal Tender Cases (which include Juilliard v. Greenman) led later courts to "support the federal government's invalidation of gold clauses in private contracts in the 1930s."

On the other hand, coins made of gold or silver may not necessarily be legal tender, if they are not fiat money in the jurisdiction where they are proffered as payment. The Coinage Act of 1965 states (in part): "United States coins and currency (including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal reserve banks and national banks) are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes and dues. Foreign gold or silver coins are not legal tender for debts."

Contrary to common misconception, there is no federal law stating that a private business, a person, or a government organization must accept currency or coins for payment. Private businesses are free to create their own policies on whether they accept cash, unless there is a specific state law which says otherwise. For example, a bus line may prohibit payment of fares in cents or dollar bills. In addition, movie theaters, convenience stores, and gas stations may refuse to accept large denomination currency as a matter of policy or safety.

The principal purpose of that statute is to ensure the nationwide acceptance of U.S. currency, consistent with constitutional language that reserves to Congress the power to create a uniform currency that holds the same value throughout the United States. While the statute provides that U.S. money is legal tender that may be accepted for the payment of debts, it does not require acceptance of cash payments, nor does it provide that restrictions cannot be imposed upon the acceptance of cash.

Venezuela
On 11 December 2016, Venezuela's government announced demonetisation following almost 500% inflation in the country. People of the country were given 3 days to get rid of the 100 Bolivar notes (most widely used currency) post the introduction of new note of higher denominations. As of 15 June 2017, there has been 7 extensions (one per month) of the legal use of the 100 bolivares bill notes. The 100 Bolivar notes were still legal tender as of 30 December 2017.

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe has a multi-currency system that recognizes the Zimbabwean dollar (2019–present), the US dollar and the gold (Mosi-oa-Tunya (coin)) as legal tender. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is also issuing the ZiG, a digital token backed by gold, which has also been granted legal tender status.

title: Legal tender


text:
User:Rudminjd

Joseph D. Rudmin works as laboratory support staff at James Madison University. His interests include general relativity, quantum relativity, mathematical puzzles, strategy board games, world history, the Catholic faith, and the Bible.

Recent contributions include: The Schwarzchild metric. A portion of Moscow. Comments on the Parker Sochacki theorem at the Taylor Series article. An example at the SU(2) article.

title: User:Rudminjd


text:
Talk:Harrods

Misc.
What do you mean 'unsigned' comment. I certainly did sign it. Cheers. Fairlightseven —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.145.240.49 (talk) 19:55, August 26, 2007 (UTC)

Who is this Andrew Mayo character mentioned at the beginning of the history section? No explanation is given. Then suddenly we get 'Harrod' with again no explanation as to the connection, progress, etc.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.145.240.49 (talk) 16:43, August 26, 2007 (UTC)

 * It would appear to be very old vandalism that no-one noticed at the time. Earlier versions of the article have Charles Digby Harrod as the person who retires in 1889. I've corrected it. Daibhid C (talk) 14:29, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

I've edited the following to arrive at a more NPOV [problematic material bolded], also removed some repetition:

BEFORE

Fur Harrods has however recently tarnished its reputation by starting to sell fur. In the late eighties, Harrods stopped selling fur claiming it wanted to make its store greener [this needs a reference - seems to be putting words in mouth of Harrods] , however fur has crept back into its stores, and currently, Harrods is now the only department store selling fur in the UK. Now the Knightsbridge store has regular anti-fur demonstrations against it. It is seeking an injunction against the activists, and as of writing this article, has managed to obtain a temporary injunction allowing only 3 activists within ten metres of the entrances of the store at a time. This explains the yellow chalk line bordering Harrods. The anti - fur activists are urging consumers to boycott Harrods until the store finally stops selling fur.

AFTER

In the late eighties, Harrods stopped selling fur. Recently it has resumed sale of fur, and currently, Harrods is now the only department store selling fur in the UK. The Knightsbridge store is the subject of regular anti-fur demonstrations. It is seeking an injunction against the activists, and as of writing this article, has obtained a temporary injunction allowing only 3 activists within ten metres of the entrances of the store at a time. This explains the yellow chalk line bordering Harrods. The anti - fur activists are urging consumers to boycott Harrods until the store stops selling fur.

Mark Nesbitt 15:51, 6 January 2006 (UTC) - There seems to be a lot of confusion about exactly how many were killed by the IRA bomb. Different sources list 5, 6 or 9 dead

Articles/webpages that say 5 dead
 * Terrorist incidents
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/northern_ireland/history/68779.stm
 * http://www.britains-smallwars.com/ni/Principal-events.html

Articles/webpages that say 6 dead
 * http://members.hometown.aol.com/ftr2k/ftr-041398.html
 * http://old.smh.com.au/news/0110/25/world/world11.html
 * http://observer.guardian.co.uk/Print/0,3858,4681007,00.html
 * http://www.emergency-management.net/bombings.htm
 * http://www.guardian.co.uk/Print/0,3858,4340541,00.html

The follow says 9 dead in one part and 6 dead in the "in context box".
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/17/newsid_2538000/2538147.stm

The following says 9 in one part and 5 dead in another part
 * http://www.mahk.com/sc1384.htm

I believe that 5 or 6 is the correct number. The weight of arictles seems to go with 6 so that is what I'm sticking with.

---

Maybe it would be better if we mention that different sources say different things?

Six appears to be the correct number. Three police officers died and many sites give their names and state that the total was six. The BBC page seems to be surprisingly muddled, and it must be wrong because it says four police officers died. Mintguy 08:40 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I've emailed them to get them to correct it.Mintguy 08:44 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Which they've now done. Except there's now a discrepency with the number of injured, so I've emailed them again. Mintguy 14:41 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Reply from the BBC....

''Thank you for your email to On This Day. ''

''I have noted your comments and can confirm the final number killed by the Harrods bomb was six. The sixth victim did not die until Christmas Eve of that year which probably explains the discrepancy between the two casualty figures. I will pass on this information to the section which maintains the Northern Ireland timeline.''

''The reason there is still a discrepancy in the two figures for the numbers of injured in the On This Day report is because the casualty toll given in the story was based on information available at the time of the incident. All our reports are written as if the news had just broken and the context information is meant to provide any follow-up that is required. The final casualty toll will have been gathered possibly a day or two after the incident when all the injured had been officially accounted for.''

''Thank you once again for your interest in the site. ''

Regards On This Day BBC News Interactive

 * Mintguy 10:31 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Harrods in Buenos Aires
Does anyone know about the former Harrods branch in Buenos Aires that split off on its own some time ago? The physical building still exists with signs, although it is now empty. The guidebooks say it was formerly part of the UK Harrods.

This should be of some help. 80.42.156.208

Cleanup
Policy WP:CU states that any editor tagging or listing an article for cleanup must:

 * Explain what needs to be done in a brief but specific manner in the article's talk page.

Apparantly this article has been so tagged since July, yet there is no sign of an explanation on this talk page. I can see nothing obvious about the article that deserves tagging, so I am removing the cleanup tag. -- Chris j wood 19:49, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Lol you've got to be kidding. The history section is subdivided into sections, but each section header just appears as a normal sentence. If you actually read the article, this will become clear.

Copyvio

 * The "History" section is actually a total copyvio from Harrods' own website and has been removed rather than placed on cleanup. A new history section will need to be written. --Vamp:Willow 11:12, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Warrants
I added this section on its own, but I am not sure whether it should be included under the Mohammad Al-Fayed title, or in its own right. I'd like to know what the watchers of this page think. Also, I believe the warrants are part of the Harrods "history" but as they no longer exist, should they appear on a wiki page? Again, i'd like to hear some thoughts. --Schgooda 16:11, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * All part of the history of Harrods so seems good to me. Glad the Imperial Mark has gone as that seems to be more-or-less meaningless.Mark Nesbitt 17:45, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I would easily assume that the Emporor of Japan has no habit of shopping at Harrods, so no one has earned any Imperial Mark. --Stat-ist-ikk (talk) 18:08, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

Street Fighter
There is no station on the London Underground called "Piccadilly Station". There is Piccadilly Circus, although since that is over a mile from Harrods it seems strange that it would apear in the game. Should it be Knightsbridge station, or is the game designers' London geography not up to much? 81.19.57.146
 * If you are driving in London, then go outside of the built up area, and there is Stonehenge....that is Sega for you.--Stat-ist-ikk (talk) 09:20, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Catering
From the "Compact Oxford English Dictionary": ''cater • verb, chiefly Brit. 1 (cater for) provide food and drink at (a social event). 2 (cater for/to) provide with what is needed or required. 3 (cater for) take into account. 4 (cater to) satisfy (a need or demand).'' Clearly, the fourth sense is the most appropriate. Therefore, "cater to" rather than "cater for" applies here. Also, "cater for" is almost unknown in American English except in the first sense of the definition, which is inappropriate in the Harrods context. Harrods is not a "caterer", a party-maker; it is a department store. PeterHuntington 04:46, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Prince Phillip Warrant
Speculation suggests that claims of Prince Philip's personal involvement in the death of Al-Fayed's son and Diana, Princess of Wales led to the warrant's removal. I'm removing this line. There isn't a shred of evidence, and the argument has no evidence or substance at all. W2ch00 21:00, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * You're absolutely right to do it, I wonder why I didn't notice that while cleaning up.--Targeman 11:13, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Store access
I removed the entire section listing opening hours, bus/tube stops nearby, etc. This is totally un-encyclopedic info. Even the opening hours of famous museums are not listed here - this kind of info belongs on the institution's website. --Targeman 12:11, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Harrods' Clientele
Nothing about the kinds of people who shop at Harrods and / or how Fayed has altered their marketing approach so as to attract moneyed tourists seeking a quintessentially English shopping experience, ironically given the total absence of English people shopping in Harrods (too expensive, too brash etc). 160.83.32.14 15:34, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Size
The lead reads: The store occupies a 4.5-acre (18,000 m2) site and has over one million square feet of selling space in over 330 departments. This makes Harrods the one of the largest department stores in the world together with Macy's New York (the UK's second-biggest store, Oxford Street's Selfridges is a little over half the size with 540,000-square-foot (50,000 m2)[1] of selling space). The lead seems to imply that Harrods is the largest store in England while Selfridges is UK's second-biggest store. But, correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't 50,000m2 larger than 18,000m2. So, perhaps either take out the Selfridges reference or clarify the issue. --RossF18 (talk) 03:37, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I know that's an old comment there, but just so there's an answer here on the page; the confusion appears to be that the lead talks about the size of the Harrods site (18,000m2) then says they have over a million square feet of selling space (without giving a m2 conversion), before comparing it to Selfridges only in terms of selling space. The numbers to compare are "over a million square feet" and "540,000 square feet". MorganaFiolett (talk) 09:09, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

Harrods Interior Listed ?
The statement about Fayed having had the interior listed seems strange and vague. You can't simply have buildings or interiors listed - you have to apply to English Heritage, who have sole discretion. Also, that doesn't mean that nothing can ever be altered, it just means that you have to get permission. There are 3 levels of listing, does anyone know which applies to the Harrods interior, and to exactly which parts? Is the statement even true ? I haven't been able to find any independent verification.Oinky (talk) 17:31, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Merge history sections
I propose we merge sections Background, Significant events in Harrods' history, Criticism, Egyptian cobra, and 2010 sale into one "History" section just below the lead. They are all about the history of Harrods, but scattered all over both in placement and format (for example, the hideous trivia-list-style events section). If we don't, we'll end up with more scattering as the store makes news again and again, and they'll start to contradict each other. --an odd name 07:08, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I took the liberty of doing this, as the sections really were stupid (and the 2010 sale was covered twice). I'm not sure about the cobra, which may be trivia (as there is no mention of notability), but believe the criticism section should stand because its content is more important than its date. FMasic  ( talk ) 21:10, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Sale: Harrods vs Harrods Knightsbridge?
What exactly was sold by Mohammed Al Fayed to Qatar Holdings? The whole company including bank, airline, etc. or just the Harrods Knightsbridge location? Also, why use the term "Harrods Knightsbridge" if there is only one location? 66.31.76.221 (talk) 18:13, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Dress Code
Harrods turns away a 15 stone woman? Really!? The citation says nothing of the sorts and a quick Googling leads to no other evidence. And even so, if it was true, it wouldn't mean her weight was the reason she was turned away and thus could be irrelevant. Sounds like a load of rubbish to me, remove it? Gul e (talk) 21:51, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/39591.stm I'll pop the cite in tomorrow. Gareth E Kegg (talk) 01:37, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

I'm telling on you! Is it still common for celeb types to get the tabloids in when they are denied access? Where I live, nightclubs will more usualy admit people who are 23 or above. Atleast one pub has a door that says in English: NO CLUB COLOURS. I am from Norway, and I refuse to believe that Londoners do not know that dresscoding is common. My actual question: Do celebs still get in the tabloids just for being refused access? --Stat-ist-ikk (talk) 08:49, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Billion?
I am a Wikipedia editor from the US. When it states that Harrod's was sold for 1.5 billion pounds (I have no "L" key on my keypad), is that billion, as in one-thousand-millions, or as in one-million-millions? It might be desirable to replace the word "billion" by the correct numeral. 207.237.79.219 (talk) 03:41, 12 May 2012 (UTC) Allen Roth
 * As an article about an English business, it is the English billion (thousand million). Gareth E Kegg (talk) 20:49, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The real English (or rather, British) billion is a million million (10^12). However, for reasons I have yet to discover, the British government decided in 1974 to change the official definition to that of the American billion, one thousand million (10^9). It is perhaps best, to avoid confusion, to avoid the term completely. G7mzh (talk) 16:34, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

Profanity?
Hey guys, student and n00b editor asking a question.

In the content section 2010 Sale, is the use of a profanity in the quote necessary? I know that it is a quotation but this may not count a encyclopaedic use.

Thank you,

A Clueless Student — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.98.230.39 (talk) 21:08, 15 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I wrote the section, and I feel the use of the quotation shows Fayeds passion for his business. The "F word" does have a habit of jumping off the page though. I do hope you become a fully fledged editor someday, though :) Gareth E Kegg (talk) 21:30, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Thank you for answering. I kinda get what you mean about it. ;) 92.19.53.141 (talk) 18:08, 21 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I've no problem with the profanity, but it does read rather disjointedly - perhaps his English is poor. However, that aside, should there not be a comma between bloody and fucking? Surely, one's allowed to punctuate a quotation.  Giano   21:20, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

Products section
I think this is a bit vague and biased in favour of the store. Quality - I've brought stuff from here that's very poor quality. They also sell food, souvenirs, furniture etc. --Andrew 21:37, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

Harrods in Bangkok, Thailand
The article makes no mention of other Harrod's stores around the world. E.g. Bangkok, Thailand. How come? http://hedonisthk.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/harrods-tea-room-bangkok-thailand.html --Rebroad (talk) 14:23, 25 March 2016 (UTC)

Murder
Some one was murdered near Harrods in 2019. Two men have been arrested. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.48.238.18 (talk) 12:15, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Dilbaro and al-Nazi have been arrested. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.48.238.18 (talk) 12:23, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

1912 catalog available
1500 pages of pictures and text
 * Harrods for Everything

Volunteer transcription project done August 2020. A copy of this should somehow be in this article.

I am unclear on whether Commons or Wikisource accepts epub files, which is what this site distributes. I am also unsure if epubs go in Wikipedia.  Blue Rasberry  (talk)  21:25, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

== Harrods Limited is a department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London, England.[4] It is currently owned by the state of Qatar via its sovereign wealth fund, the Qatar Investment Authority. The Harrods brand also applies to other enterprises undertaken by the Harrods group of companies, including Harrods Estates, Harrods Aviation and Air Harrods. ==

Harrods Limited is a department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London, England.[4] It is currently owned by the state of Qatar via its sovereign wealth fund, the Qatar Investment Authority. The Harrods brand also applies to other enterprises undertaken by the Harrods group of companies, including Harrods Estates, Harrods Aviation and Air Harrods. 93.171.221.87 (talk) 21:22, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harrods