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Stefan Vladislav

Stefan Vladislav (Стефан Владислав, ; c. 1198 – after 1264) was the King of Serbia from 1234 to 1243. He was the middle son of Stefan the First-Crowned of the Nemanjić dynasty, who ruled Serbia from 1196 to 1228. Radoslav, the eldest son of Stefan the First-Crowned, was ousted by the Serbian nobility due to increasing Epirote influence through his marriage alliance to Theodore Komnenos Doukas; thus Vladislav became his successor. He is celebrated as Saint Vladislav by the Serbian Orthodox Church.

During Vladislav's reign, his uncle Archbishop Sava went on a pilgrimage and died in Bulgaria while on his way home. Vladislav obtained the remains and buried them in the Mileševa monastery, which he had built intended to be his burial place. Serbia was politically aligned with Bulgaria at the time, since Vladislav was married to Beloslava, the daughter of Ivan Asen II. Vladislav secured Hum, a maritime province under attack by Hungarian crusaders.

After the death of Ivan Asen II, there was unrest in Serbia. The Mongols, led by Kadan, invaded Hungary and devastated the Balkans, at which time the Serbian nobility rose up against Vladislav. In 1243, he abdicated in favour of his younger brother, but remained the governor of Zeta. The Serbian Orthodox Church venerates him as a saint on September 24.

Early life
Vladislav was born around 1198. His parents were King Stefan the First-Crowned and Queen Eudokia. He had two full brothers, Stefan Radoslav (b. 1192) and Predislav (b. 1201), and a younger agnate half-brother, Stefan Uroš I (b. 1223). He also had two sisters, Komnena being the only one whose name is known.

King Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227, and Radoslav, the eldest son, became king; he was crowned at Žiča by his uncle, Archbishop Sava. Radoslav's younger brothers, Vladislav and Uroš I, received appanages. Sava II (Predislav) was appointed Bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as Archbishop of Serbia from 1263 to 1270. The Church and state was thus controlled by the same family, and the ties between the two continued.

Accession
According to monk and biographer Teodosije the Hilandarian, King Radoslav was a good ruler at first, but fell under the influence of his wife, Queen Anna, daughter of the Epirote ruler Theodore Komnenos Doukas (1216–1230). The Serbian nobility most likely disliked Radoslav due to this Greek influence. Radoslav was probably safe from domestic rebellion as long as Theodore remained strong.

In 1230, Theodore was defeated and captured by Emperor Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, after which Radoslav's position seems to have weakened; some of his nobility revolted in the autumn of 1233. Teodosije said that the nobility no longer supported Radoslav, and instead supported Vladislav. Radoslav and his wife fled to Dubrovnik in 1233. He was unable to regain the kingdom, but eventually returned as a monk. There are indications that Radoslav organized rebellions against Vladislav, and that he thought that he would regain the throne. This is evident from a document dated February 4, 1234, which promised Ragusa trading privileges once Radoslav had returned to Serbia and become king again. Because of this, Vladislav began threatening Ragusa, which then turned to Ban Matej Ninoslav of Bosnia for help. The revolt against Vladislav was unsuccessful, and Radoslav joined the court of Epirote ruler Manuel in Dyrrhachium.

Archbishop Sava tried to stop the conflict. He most likely sympathized with Radoslav, as he was the legitimate ruler. However, to stop the conflict, which could become more serious, Vladislav was crowned king upon Radoslav's departure from Serbia. Thanks to Sava, Vladislav married the daughter of Ivan Asen II. Sava then abdicated in favour of his apprentice, Arsenije, at the end of 1233. Radoslav contacted Archbishop Sava, who welcomed him back to Serbia. Radoslav took monastic vows, and took the name Jovan (John). According to Teodosije, Sava did this to protect Radoslav from Vladislav. In 1235, while visiting the Bulgarian court, Sava died while on his way home from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He was respectfully buried at the Holy Forty Martyrs Church in Tarnovo. Sava's body was returned to Serbia after a series of requests, and was then buried in the Mileševa monastery, built by Vladislav in 1234. Sava was canonized, and his relics were considered miraculous; his cult remained throughout the Middle Ages and the Ottoman occupation.

After Radoslav had returned to Serbia as a monk, the details of his relationship with Vladislav are not fully known, but he likely did not disturb Vladislav. Some even believe that Radoslav received a part of Serbia to administrate. In any case, Radoslav lived the rest of his life in peace.

Foreign policy
The Bulgarians lost Braničevo and Belgrade to Hungary in the late 1230s, and Hungarian crusaders fought in Bosnia between 1235 and 1241. Serbia was never directly attacked by the Hungarians. However, the Hungarian crusaders did directly threaten Serbian Hum; they may have even occupied parts of it. In 1237, Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria attacked Hum, but it is unclear whether they attacked Serbian Hum (Eastern), or western Hum, between the Neretva and Cetina rivers, where the Serbs held no territory at the time. The northern part, which was held by Vladislav's relative, Toljen II, fell quickly, but Vladislav dispatched an army to regain the region. The crusaders were pushed to the border, and Vladislav pursued them as far as the Cetina River, but there were no major encounters. After the incident, the Serbs asserted their possession of the Hum region, and Vladislav added "Hum" to his title.

These events threatened Serbia, which had severed ties with Catholicism and was once again fully Orthodox. The marriage alliance between Vladislav and Ivan Asen II may be a result of the Hungarian threat to both of the rulers' countries. Some scholars have speculated that Vladislav accepted Bulgarian suzerainty, but this speculation has no evidence to support it, since no contemporary sources say that Vladislav recognized Asen as overlord of Serbia. However, Asen likely had the largest influence on the politics of Vladislav.

In 1235, Vladislav signed a treaty regarding trading privileges with Giovanni Dandolo, a representative of Ragusa. The treaty gave Ragusa trading privileges under the condition that Ragusa would never allow any preparation of rebellion against Serbia on their territory, as Ragusa had helped Radoslav upon his exile.

Pope Gregory IX's crusade against the Bogumils in Bosnia, who were deemed heretics, did not bring good results. Central Bosnia was not conquered, and Bosnian Ban Matej Ninoslav and his nobility retreated to the Republic of Ragusa in 1240. In an edict issued by Ninoslav on 22 March 1240, Ninoslav promised to protect the city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) if Vladislav attacked. At the time, Serbian forces in the region of Hum roamed around Dubrovnik. The Ragusans may have feared Vladislav due to the earlier disputes with him, or Vladislav may have posed an actual danger to Ragusa.

Mongol invasion
Ivan Asen II was a powerful support to Vladislav; when Asen died, there was internal unrest, also affected by the Mongols threat. Between 1206 and 1227, the Mongol leader Genghis Khan conquered territories that none before him had been able to conquer; his empire extended all over Asia and to Crimea. By 1240, all of Russia had been captured by the Mongols; Poland, Hungary, and parts of Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia were subsequently taken. In the winter of 1241, the Mongols crossed the Danube and entered western Hungary; Béla IV could not manage to organize any resistance. All of Croatia was burned, and Kadan and Batu Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan) looked for Béla IV, who was in Split at the time; Béla soon moved to Trogir, as Split was not safe. The Mongols did not attack Split, but instead unsuccessfully attacked Klis, where they had heard that Béla IV was hiding. Béla then fled to the island of Rab. The Mongols attempted to conquer the island, but their forces were hurt in naval battles; they were also forced to hurry back home to choose the new Khan after the death of Ogatay. While returning home, they crossed and devastated Serbia, Bosnia and Bulgaria. Although the Serbian lowland was destroyed, the Mongol attack did not have a large impact, as the population had retreated into inaccessible forests that Mongols had no will to enter. The Serbian cities of Kotor, Drivast and Svač were destroyed. The Mongol invasion brought turmoil and shock, but not any major changes; the real shock came when Asen died, which left Vladislav without significant support.

Ousting
In spring 1243, an uprising ousted Vladislav; Stefan Uroš I, his third brother, was put on the throne. Scholars have argued that Bulgarian influence had been strong and unpopular, causing opposition that led to Vladislav's deposition after the death of Asen.

The revolting nobility had chosen Uroš as their candidate for king; from 1242 to spring 1243, a war for the throne was fought, which ended with Vladislav being forced to give up the crown in favour of Uroš. It seems that Uroš captured Vladislav and held him in prison. The main resistance against Uroš was led by Vladislav's wife Beloslava, who spent some time exiled in Ragusa. The fact that she was the organizer of the resistance against Uroš is known from an edict dated to the summer of 1243, in which the Ragusans swore to King Uroš that they would not support Beloslava's resistance work. The hostilities did not last long, and the brothers quickly settled. Uroš was courteous towards Vladislav, gave him the administration of Zeta, with residence in Skadar. He died around 1269, and was buried in Mileševa monastery.

Regal name and titles

The king's given name was Vladislav, while "Stefan" was a name adopted by all Nemanjić dynasty monarchs. The name is derived from Greek word Stephanos, meaning "crown". The tradition of medieval Serbian rulers taking the name is likely connected with the Byzantine association of the martyrdom of Saint Stephen. The custom began already with Vukanović dynasty and was continued by Stefan Nemanja and his successors, until the last ruler of the Nemanjić dynasty. St. Stephen was the patron saint of the Serbian state and government; he was depicted on the royal seals and coins of the early Nemanjić rulers. The name was more of a title than name in the Serbian rulers, and it had a special symbolical meaning to the Serbian state.

In Serbian medieval biographies, Vladislav was praised as "the Faithful", "the God-Loving", "the Christ-Loving", "the Great", "the World-Loving". In modern historiography, he is sometimes designated as "Stefan Vladislav I" to distinguish him from the later Stefan Vladislav II, son of Stefan Dragutin, who ruled ower Syrmia.

The introduction of Vladislav's charter says: "Stefan Vladislav, with the help and grace of God, crowned King of All Serbian and Maritime Lands", while the signature reads: "Stefan Vladislav, by the grace of God, the King and Autokrator of All Serbian and Maritime Lands". Sometimes, his signature said, "Stefan Vladislav, with the help of God, the Serbian King". In Latin documents, he was called Stephanus Vladislav, Serbiae rex (1238). He also signed himself with the expanded title of his father: "King of All Rascian Lands, and Diocletia, and Dalmatia, and Travunia, and Zachumlia". The style "Rascian lands" was used in the tutelage during the reign of Uroš I (r. 1112–1145).

When Serbian royalty was canonized, the church sometimes used their given names; examples of this include: St. Stefan Vladislav ("Св. Стефан Владислав, краљ српски"), Milutin, Stefan Uroš I, Stefan Uroš II, Urošica, and others.

Flag of Serbia

The son of King Stefan Vladislav, Desa Župan, sent delegates from Kotor to Ragusa (Dubrovnik) to return items from the king's treasury; the inventory list included, among other things, "a flag of red and blue colour" ("vexillum unum de zendato rubeo et blavo" - a flag made of red and blue fabric, zendato or čenda being a type of light, silky fabric). This is the oldest existing information on the colours of the Serbian flag. Thus, the oldest known Serbian flag was red and blue. But already in 1271 the colors of the flag of his son Desa, were red and white. Although the color order is not known, the version with horizontal red and blue is sometimes used in medieval-themed events in modern Serbia, representing the oldest known Serbian flag.

Family
Through his marriage with Beloslava, the daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, Stefan Vladislav had the following children:
 * Stefan, who died before 1281 in Esphigmenou.
 * Desa župan, Duke of Kotor (fl. 1281–1285).
 * A daughter, who married Đura Kačić, the count of Omiš (fl. 1276).

title: Stefan Vladislav


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Stefan Vladislav II

Vladislav (Владислав; 1280–1326) was the King of Syrmia from 1316 to 1325, and claimant to the Serbian Kingdom.

He was the son of Stefan Dragutin, who had ruled Serbia until 1282, when he became ill and abdicated, giving the superior rule to his younger brother Stefan Milutin. Dragutin continued to rule the royal domain of Syrmia, which was later inherited by Vladislav.

Early life
Born around 1270, Vladislav was the eldest son of the Crown Prince of Serbia, Stefan Dragutin, and Catherine of Hungary. Shortly before Vladislav's birth, Dragutin was awarded with the title of "junior king" in token of his right to succeed his father, Stefan Uroš I. Vladislav became the new heir to the Serbian throne after Dragutin dethroned his father with Hungarian assistance in 1276. A riding accident forced Dragutin to abdicate in favor of his younger brother, Stefan Milutin, in the spring of 1282, but he could retain the northern regions of Serbia as a separate realm. The Byzantine historian, George Pachymeres, recorded that the right of one of Dragutin's two sons (Vladislav or Urošica) to succeed Milutin was also confirmed. Vladislav's maternal cousin, Charles Martel of Anjou, who had laid claim to Hungary, awarded Vladislav with Slavonia and granted him the title of duke, implying that Vladislav and his father supported Charles Martel against Andrew III of Hungary in the early 1290s. Charles Martel's father, Charles II of Naples, confirmed the grant on 19 August 1292. Dragutin and Vladislav sought reconciliation with Andrew III. In 1293, Vladislav married Constanza Morosini who was a granddaughter of the king's maternal uncle, Albertino Morosini.

Milutin made steps to appoint his eldest son, Stefan Konstantin, as his heir from around 1306. He even approached Pope Clement V and offered the union of the Serbian Orthodox Church with Rome in return for the confirmation of Stefan Konstantin's right to succeed him.

Dragutin and Vladislav's support to Charles Martel ended in 1293 after Vladislav married Costanza Morosini, the niece of Andrew III. Andrew III died in 1301 and was succeeded by Charles Martel's son, Charles Robert.

After King Dragutin died in 1316, Vladislav succeeded him as ruler of the Kingdom of Syrmia, but the king of Serbia, Stefan Milutin, his uncle, defeated him and imprisoned him. When Milutin died in 1321, the newly freed Vladislav got to rule the lands of his father, with the help of the Hungarians, the Bulgarians, the Bosnian Ban and the Šubić family. The rule, according to law, was to be given to Vladislav.

Tsar Michael Asen III of Bulgaria, newly in conflict with Vladislav's cousin Stefan Dečanski, the successor of Milutin, started to support Vladislav as the rightful monarch of whole Serbia, but this support showed insufficient. After having been beaten again by supporters of Stefan Dečanski, he retreated to the Kingdom of Hungary in 1324. Vladislav's sororal nephew Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia, then started to rule Vladislav's lands in Bosnia (Soli and Usora), and around Lower Syrmia where long battles between Serbs and Hungarians were frequent.

Vladislav was married to Constanza Morosini, maternal relative of Andrew III of Hungary.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stefan Vladislav II


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Ban

Ban, or BAN, may refer to:

Law

 * Ban (law), a decree that prohibits something, sometimes a form of censorship, being denied from entering or using the place/item
 * Imperial ban (Reichsacht), a form of outlawry in the medieval Holy Roman Empire
 * Ban (medieval), the sovereign's power to command
 * King's ban (Königsbann), a royal command or prohibition in the medieval Holy Roman Empire
 * Herem (disambiguation), a Hebrew word usually translated as "the ban"
 * A ban or "banning order" could be served on people in apartheid-era South Africa

Internet

 * Ban (Internet), the banning of individual users from websites
 * Body Area Network, a wireless network of wearable computing devices
 * IP ban, a block set up by a server or website that blocks requests originating from particular IP addresses or ranges of addresses
 * Shadow ban or stealth ban, a practice used in managing online communities

People

 * Ban (Chinese surname), a Chinese surname
 * Ban (Korean name), a Korean surname and element in given names
 * Ban Ki-moon, United Nations Secretary-General
 * King Ban, a king from the Matter of Britain
 * Ban (title), a noble title used in Central and Southeastern Europe (Romania, Croatia, Bosnia and Hungary)
 * Ban of Bosnia
 * Ban of Croatia
 * Marijan Ban (born 1963), Croatian musician, frontman of the rock band Daleka obala
 * Matija Ban (1818–1903), Serbo-Croatian poet
 * Mitrofan Ban (1841–1920), Serbian-Montenegrin cleric
 * Nenad Ban (born 1966), Croatian biochemist
 * Oana Ban (born 1986), Romanian artistic gymnast
 * Olga Ban (1926–1943), Croatian partisan
 * Shigeru Ban (born 1957), Japanese architect
 * Y Ban (born 1961), real name Phạm Thị Xuân Ban, Vietnamese writer
 * Zoran Ban (born 1973), Croatian football player

Places

 * Ban, Burkina Faso, a town in Burkina Faso
 * Bans, Jura, a commune in eastern France
 * Ban, Murree, a village and UC of Rawalpindi District, Pakistan
 * Ban, an alternate name of Ben, a city in Iran
 * Ban, Iran, a village in Markazi Province, Iran
 * Ban, a village in Bănișor Commune, Sălaj County, Romania
 * Ban (river), a river in Sălaj County, Romania
 * Ban, habitation in Thai muban
 * Ban, a settlement in Sarawak, Malaysia
 * Ban, Kubu, Karangasem, a village in Bali
 * Bans, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India

Codes

 * Balinese language (ISO 639-2 and -3 code "ban"), spoken in Indonesia
 * BAN, the National Rail code for Banbury railway station in the county of Oxfordshire, UK
 * BAN, the Chapman code for Banffshire, historic county in Scotland
 * BAN, the IOC code for Bangladesh at the Olympics
 * BAN, the IATA code for Basongo Airport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Other

 * An alternate spelling for "bann" as in banns of marriage
 * Paiban, a clapper used in Chinese music, alternately called BAN)
 * Ban (unit), a logarithmic unit of information or weight of evidence
 * Ban (deodorant), a brand name deodorant & antiperspirant
 * Ban (plural: bani), a coin, the 1/100 part of a Romanian leu or Moldovan leu
 * "Ban" (song), a 2021 single by Sakurazaka46
 * Basel Action Network
 * British Approved Name, for a pharmaceutical substance
 * Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic, BAN logic, used to analyze authentication protocols
 * Muban, or Ban for short, is the lowest administrative subdivision of Thailand
 * "B.A.N." (Atlanta), an episode of the American TV series Atlanta
 * "B.A.N.", a song by Saweetie

Fictional characters

 * Akaza BanBan, nicknamed Ban, a character in Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger
 * Ban Mido, a main character of the GetBackers series
 * Ban: Fox's Sin of Greed, a sin from  The Seven Deadly Sins (2014 TV series)

title: Ban


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User talk:Rogor

Good afternoon, Rogor. I saw that you added several columns to the British enlisted ranks on Comparative military ranks. I'd like to merge the US and British enlisted tables. Can you help establish some rough correlations? Thanks. Rossami 02:04 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rogor


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Talk:Shōnen manga

Resources
Japan Book News #57 see page 12-13 from the Japan Foundation. --KrebMarkt 16:44, 23 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Page 14 has an article about Tezuka, too. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 18:46, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Here is a short history report on Shonen manga by Anigamers. Apparently at Otakon 2009, there was a panel called From Kenshiro to Kenshin: the Neo-Shonen Revolution, that would have been useful for adding to a history section, though I couldn't find a report for it. AngelFire3423 (talk) 06:16, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Article needs a paragraph on "Shōnen ai" type manga. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AnimeJanai (talk • contribs) 04:45, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

The fact this source states Shonen for boys in both middle and high school proves it’s primarily target is teenage boys. Cuz in Japan middle schoolers range from 12 to 15 years. As it goes by the Junior High (7-9) grade system. So the targeted age of Shonen manga are boys 12 to 18 years of age. Making it for young teen boys. SG1994! (talk) 06:53, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

This source right here I mean. http://www.anigamers.com/2009/08/otakon-09-shonen-manga-history-of.html SG1994! (talk) 06:54, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

Edits to Lead Section and Addition of History Section
I saw there was a note at the top of the page about there being too much material in the introduction of the article, and that some material should be moved to the body.

I did just that, and divided the moved material into sections. I did not add or remove any of this material, only reorganized it.

(Edit: I also added a section talking about the history of manga, taken from the History of manga article.

More should be done to add to the history section, however.)

I hope my edits were beneficial. JaykeBird (talk) 10:25, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Undue weight
Either the article has to be bigger or the women's role part has to be shortened quite significantly. Looking at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga there is undue weight on this part of the article. Also it's full of opinions without source. I'm not an instance of knowledge on this subject so I'm putting up the suggestion to rework it - but if there is no disagreement and nothing changes for a while, I'll shorten it at least by getting rid of the opinions without source. Also when there is a source, more often than not it's just a source to the entertainment medium itself, not to a critical analysis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.234.124.42 (talk) 07:32, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

"literally"
The kanji characters (少年) literally mean "boy" (or "youth"). What they literally mean is "few year(s)". What they idiomatically mean is "boy" or "youth".--Shirt58 (talk) 02:17, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

Actually it means more than that. It means “boy”, “youth”, “young man” and “Few Years”. It all depends on context. SG1994! (talk) 06:55, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

But in context of manga and anime, it’s mostly used in the narrow sense according to the Japanese dictionary. And in said dictionary, it states the narrow sense of the word “Shonen” refers only to boys around junior high school to high school age. Meaning 12-18. So young teenage boys. SG1994! (talk) 10:00, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

Womens role in Shounen?
So I understand female representation is a very broad topic but I don't believe it's deserving of it's own category anymore than Racial, Religious, Political, Sexual Orientation or any other form of representation. I'd argue it's even irrelevant considering the variables isn't fixed on the importance or representation of gender but rather the creators own individual story telling. Sex as hair color or even breathing are just necessary attributes for the characters in said medium. Otherwise this deviates from the main topic. But even if this was appropriate, I don't see the same treatment for its contemporary wiki page for Shojo Manga (manga targeted towards girls). No Category for Male representation, which I'd consider not only a double standard but sexist. Jasonz2z (talk) 10:24, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Of course this is biased section done for obvious PC reasons nowadays. It should be removed or at least trimmed down. 178.43.182.202 (talk) 07:23, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

Unauthorized edit
Who ever messed with this page needs to revert it back to the way it was. Shonen is mot for ages “9 to 18”. The citation we used confirms it targets 12 to 18. SG1994! (talk) 02:42, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Shonen manga and anime targets early to late teen boys. SG1994! (talk) 02:42, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Citations used for the age range of Shonen. https://thewordcounter.com/meaning-of-shounen/

https://japanesetactics.com/what-does-shounen-mean-in-anime SG1994! (talk) 03:11, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

「週刊少年ジャンプ（ 以下、ジャンプ）」は、少年誌のみならず、全マンガ誌で最多の売り上げを誇る. 一般に「少年誌」というと、10代の少年を主要な読者層としてターゲッティングしているイメージがある. しかし、実は「ジャンプ」読者はほかの雑誌と比べても女性読者が多い異色の存在だ. 下に掲載したマンガの単行本売り上げデータを見ても、女性読者比率が高い作品が少なくないことが分かる.

Translation: “Weekly Shonen Jump (hereafter referred to as "Jump") boasts the highest sales among all manga magazines as well as shonen magazines. Shonen magazines are generally associated with the image of targeting teenage boys as the main readership. In fact, however, "Jump" readers are unique in that it has more female readers than other magazines. The manga sales data below shows that not a small number of titles have a high percentage of female readers.”

https://style.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASFK31007_R31C12A0000000/ SG1994! (talk) 03:14, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

https://g2015graman.top/archives/14326.html#i-3

①辞書による「少年」と「青年」の違い！ まずは、「少年」と「青年」の意味を辞書で調べてみます.

【少年】 ・年の若い者. おもに十代の男子. 未成年者.

【青年】 ・年の若い男女. 若者. 二十歳前後から二十代後半くらいの者をさしていうことが多い. 多く男性をさしていう.

(Difference between “boy” and “youth” by dictionary!

First, look up the meaning of “boy” and “youth” in a dictionary.

【boy】 ・ Young people of the year. Mainly teenage boys. Minors. [Youth] -Young men and women of the year. Youth. I often refer to people from around the age of 20 to the late 20s. Say mainly men.) SG1994! (talk) 03:17, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Based on our previous interactions at shōjo manga it's clearly a waste of time to engage you in good faith, but: three of the four sources you've provided ("The Word Counter", "Japanese Tactics", and "Investigate Blog") are random blogs and are plainly not reliable sources. Per your own excerpt of the Nikkei article you've provided, shonen manga is generally associated with teenagers; that does not mean it is exclusively associated with teenagers, and does not contradict the 9-18 age range given by McCarthy. The reality is that these are all notional marketing categories to begin with, so trying to lay down some hard definition about what constitutes a "child" is going to be a fool's errand. Morgan695 (talk) 04:18, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

I already posted a reliable source referring to the dictionary definition of Shonen. SG1994! (talk) 04:30, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

McCarthy is not word of God for the age demographic. Her analysis is shown to be amateurish at best. She is assuming “Shonen” is used in a broad sense when it has been confirmed in several Japanese sources to be used in a narrow sense. SG1994! (talk) 04:32, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

The translation on Nikkei says “Shonen magazines are generally associated with the image of targeting teenage boys as the main readership.” That’s stating the target demographic are mainly teenage boys. 9 to 18 isn’t referring to just teens. 9 isn’t even in the teen category. Shonen is used in a narrow sense when used in context of manga and anime as my dictionary source states SG1994! (talk) 04:37, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

https://g2015graman.top/archives/14326.html#i-3

①辞書による「少年」と「青年」の違い！ まずは、「少年」と「青年」の意味を辞書で調べてみます.

【少年】 ・年の若い者. おもに十代の男子. 未成年者.

【青年】 ・年の若い男女. 若者. 二十歳前後から二十代後半くらいの者をさしていうことが多い. 多く男性をさしていう.

1) Difference between "boy" and "youth" according to the dictionary! First, let's look up the meanings of "boy" and "youth" in the dictionary.

A young person. A young person, usually a boy in his teens. A minor.

Young men and women. A young man or woman. It is often used to refer to those who are around 20 years old or in their late 20s. It is often used to refer to men. SG1994! (talk) 04:38, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm not getting into a semantic argument with you over what constitutes a "young person". You're just spouting nonsense at this point. It's a shame that your WP:OWNERSHIP behavior at this page has been devoted exclusively to dying on this weirdly specific hill instead of actually improving an article that's been riddled with issue tags since 2008. Morgan695 (talk) 04:43, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Too bad. All Japanese sources confirm Shonen in context to manga and anime refers to Junior High and High school age males. So 12 to 18. Junior high students are 12 to 15 years old. High school is 15 to 18.

https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/少年

狭義では中学生・高校生に相当する年齢の男子のみを指す.

(In the narrow sense, it refers only to boys of the age equivalent to junior high school students to high school students.) SG1994! (talk) 04:47, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

The narrow sense of the word is in that context and in manga and anime that is the case. You are factually incorrect. SG1994! (talk) 04:48, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

I can post more reliable sources confirming the age demographic of Shonen being 12 to 18. Article sites are reliable as long as they are not contradicting to the definition SG1994! (talk) 04:51, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

McCarthy’s book is inconsistent and proven wrong based on the context of the word and based on numerous sources in Japanese and English. SG1994! (talk) 04:52, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

“I'm not getting into a semantic argument with you over what constitutes a "young person".“ Yeah, good. Because you haven’t debunked the facts on the definition in terms of context with manga. Shonen is not used in a broad sense. It’s used in a narrow sense. I already explained to you what it refers to in context of manga and anime. So until you can prove the Japanese dictionary wrong, you have been debunked and the age range being “12 to 18” will remain. Now leave it. SG1994! (talk) 04:57, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Here is a page from a book written by Robin E. Brinner called Understanding Manga and Anime. It confirms the target demographic of Shonen manga to be boys 12-18 years of age.

https://books.google.com/books?id=uY8700WJy_gC&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=snippet&q=Shonen%20&f=false SG1994! (talk) 14:54, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Scroll down to page 31 of the book. This was published by a well educated researcher. And this was universally agreed by most to be the most reliable source to understand the Shonen demographic. SG1994! (talk) 14:56, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Funny how the reliable published source that supports your POV is "universally agreed by most to be the most reliable source" (by who?), while the reliable published source that does not support your POV is "amateurish at best" and "not a reliable person as her analysis is contradicting". In any case, the article should note both of these ranges per WP:CONFLICTING. Morgan695 (talk) 15:02, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I would propose: Shōnen manga refers to manga aimed at an audience of adolescent boys, with the primary target audience alternately defined as widely as 9 to 18 years old [McCarthy cite] and as narrowly as 12 to 18 years old. [Brenner cite] Morgan695 (talk) 15:06, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

I just posted the book with the page to prove it. McCarthy doesn’t back up her words with credibility. Robin E. Brinner does. SG1994! (talk) 15:07, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

I wouldn’t. Cuz 9 to 18 isn’t as widely accepted. 12 to 18 is widely accepted. SG1994! (talk) 15:08, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * This is clearly an unproductive discussion, as you've made it clear that no evidence is going to budge you on this. I'll start a request for comment below shortly. Morgan695 (talk) 15:10, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Saying 12 to 18 as “narrowly” seems inaccurate giving that the Japanese dictionary depicts Shonen in the context of manga to be used in the narrow sense which is referring only to boys in junior high to high school. Which by that logic means it’s 12 to 18. So you can’t use 9 to 18 as an alternate. Cuz it’s not factually true. You’re bias towards McCarthy is showing too much there. SG1994! (talk) 15:11, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

The conversation is unproductive because you’re the one dismissing all the facts and deeming them as “unreliable” or “blogs”. Doesn’t matter what they are. At least they are backing up their words. That’s what matters. You’re relying on one book which has never been universally accepted by most who truly understand the demographic of Shonen manga. SG1994! (talk) 15:14, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

McCarthy’s book was never universally accepted. And lacks the fundamental understanding of what Shonen refers to in a particular context. She uses the broader sense of the word to justify it. When clearly that isn’t the sense the word is used in. SG1994! (talk) 15:16, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Just because you don’t deem what I post as “reliable” doesn’t mean your words are absolute and above all. You aren’t the admin nor the one who is in charge of this article. SG1994! (talk) 15:18, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

https://bookriot.com/guide-to-shonen-manga/ Beginners Guide To Shonen Manga by Ann-Marie Cahill. “Shōnen manga is also known as shonen manga or shounen manga — it’s all the same romanised (or converted) name for this specific category of Japanese manga. And while the target audience is male and generally between 12 and 18 years old, you don’t have to BE a teenage boy to like these comics. It’s all about the action and adventure and crazy-arse attitudes.“ SG1994! (talk) 15:22, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

RfC: Defining the age range of shōnen manga
How should this article define the age range of shōnen manga?

 * An impasse has emerged on this article over defining the age range of shōnen  manga, which can be reviewed in the discussion immediately above this RfC. A Brief History of Manga by Helen McCarthy defines the age range as 9 to 18, while Understanding Manga and Anime by Robin E. Brenner defines it at 12 to 18. The other sources provided by User:SG1994! supporting the 12-18 range are, in my view, plainly unreliable blogs. I propose that "Shōnen manga" under "Terminology and etymology" be revised to the following: Shōnen manga refers to manga aimed at an audience of adolescent boys, with the primary target audience alternately defined as widely as 9 to 18 years old [McCarthy cite] and as narrowly as 12 to 18 years old. [Brenner cite] Of the four primary demographic... Morgan695 (talk) 15:20, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

It’s not a blog. It doesn’t matter what your point of you is, you can’t even prove that “9 to 18” is a universally accepted fact. 12 to 18 has been for years a more universally accepted fact. Cuz it’s consistent with what the word Shonen refers to in context of manga and anime. Shonen is not used in a broad sense when referring to manga. It’s used in the narrow sense. I already explained this to you several times and you dismiss it cuz it seems you’re mad that it’s not benefiting your narrative how you like it. SG1994! (talk) 15:28, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

This article on Shonen manga is not made to suit your point of view. Nor mine. It’s suited to support the facts and the facts alone. I am a firm believer in facts. And you’re merely trying to make it suit yourself rather than support in bringing facts to the table. Blogs are not unreliable just because you deem them. You’re not the highest authority on the site so you don’t get to decide what is reliable based on your own personal preference. SG1994! (talk) 15:30, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

You don’t get to deem what is reliable and what is not. You were never given authority to dictate what is fact. SG1994! (talk) 15:31, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

The whole page was perfectly fine the way it was before you’ve decided edited to suit your own needs. If anything this page has been vandalized. I propose we revert the page back to the way it was. SG1994! (talk) 15:33, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I cannot prove what is a "universally accepted fact" any more than you can. The content of Wikipedia is determined based on what is published in reliable sources. Per WP:USERGENERATED, blogs and other "content from websites whose content is largely user-generated is generally unacceptable". In any case, you've made your position on the matter abundantly clear; the purpose of this RfC is to seek input from third parties. Morgan695 (talk) 15:34, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Well McCarthy clearly contradicted herself cuz she co-wrote The Anime Encyclopedia and in it they state the target demographic of Shonen are young teen boys. 9 isn’t widely accepted as part of the teen demographic. 12, however, is in Japan seeing as how the word Shonen in a narrow sense refers to boys in junior high to high school age. Which is 12 to 18. SG1994! (talk) 15:39, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

I can find other books regarding Shonen and confirming that the age range is 12 to 18. SG1994! (talk) 15:40, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Then please provide them. Morgan695 (talk) 15:42, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

The Anime Encyclopedia is one of them SG1994! (talk) 16:00, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Please provide a specific page, as well as which edition of The Anime Encyclopedia you're citing from. Morgan695 (talk) 16:09, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Unfortunately, google books no longer has the pages available. I will try a different source SG1994! (talk) 16:13, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Just to try to contribute to the discussion, according to Deb Aoki from About.com, shonen manga is "primarily written to appeal to males between the ages of 8 to 18" Xexerss (talk) 16:37, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Not sure where About.com falls as a reliable source, but Aoki is a published author of manga criticism, so I would consider her writing to be generally reliable. I'd like to again reiterate that these are all just arbitrary marketing categories to begin with, so there is naturally going to be variance in how the age range is defined. There is no "universally accepted" age range, despite claims to the contrary, which is why I support casting a wider net rather than a narrow one. Morgan695 (talk) 16:43, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Deb Aoki is contradicts herself. She said “8 to 18” then changes her statement to “12 to 18”. So not a reliable person for an absolute. SG1994! (talk) 16:54, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Where in the About article does Aoki contradict herself? The only range she lists is 8 to 18. Morgan695 (talk) 16:57, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Where did she said "12 to 18"? I agree with Morgan695, I don't get why is so crucial to have a strict age range for the matter. I will try to see if I can find something else for the time being anyway. Xexerss (talk) 17:01, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Most sources state “young teen boys” as the universally accepted demographic. Japanese sources tend to stick to that. No age range is specified on them. Hiroyuki Nakano the chief-editor of Weekly Shonen Jump on two interviews made it clear Shonen manga are mainly written for teenage boys regardless of how popular the works are with younger or older readers. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2019-02-11/weekly-shonen-jump-editor-in-chief-hiroyuki-nakano/.143096

“Weekly Shonen Jump is a print magazine with a long history. The works are mainly aimed at young teenage boys. That's the strong focus we keep in mind for Weekly Shonen Jump.”

And he was interviewed again and this was posted on Otakuquest and his statement on the fact they are still written for teen boys is consistent with what he said on his first interview.

https://www.otaquest.com/nesmith-sekai-hiroyuki-nakano-talk/ SG1994! (talk) 17:00, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Deb Aoki on another article said “12 to 18”. Which was years later. The one where she said “8 to 18” is an outdated article. Regardless, she isn’t reliable. SG1994! (talk) 17:02, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Where is this other article? You cannot just blithely assert that "Japanese sources tend to stick to that" or "most sources state" without providing actual sources to back up your claims. And a statement that Weekly Shonen Jump is aimed at teenagers is not a comment on the category as a whole, nor does it support a specific 12-18 age range. Morgan695 (talk) 17:04, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Now the Nakano statements may or may not describe the Shonen demographic as a whole, but seeing as how Shonen Jump is the most popular of the Shonen manga magazines and truly defines what makes a Shonen magazine as a whole, I’d say that’s credible enough. I rather take the words of a person who works in the industry of Shonen manga publication rather than a nobody who wrote a book and lacks the fundamental understanding of manga. SG1994! (talk) 17:06, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Not completely related to the demographic as a whole, but here is stated that Weekly Shonen Magazine is aimed to ""boys" of all ages - from elementary school first graders to businessmen on the wrong side of thirty - for over forty years." Xexerss (talk) 17:07, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * And Monthly Shonen Magazine is "aimed at boys aged nine years and above" Xexerss (talk) 17:11, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Wrong. It says it has “entertained” boys of all ages. Doesn’t say it’s aimed at boys of all ages. You seem to lack the fundamental understanding of what Shonen refers to in terms of manga and anime. Shonen is not used in a broad sense when referring to manga and anime. It’s used in a narrow sense.

https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/少年

狭義では中学生・高校生に相当する年齢の男子のみを指す.

(In the narrow sense, it refers only to boys of the age equivalent to junior high school students to high school students.) SG1994! (talk) 17:13, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Junior high students in Japan range from 12 to 15. High school are 15 to 18. So 12 to 18 is the more logical age range of targeted readers. SG1994! (talk) 17:14, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Xeress, those sites aren’t even official nor credible sources of information. Slow down before you embarrass yourself. 😂 SG1994! (talk) 17:17, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * What do you mean? It's from Kodansha's official English website. Xexerss (talk) 17:19, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Weekly Shonen Magazine has a much higher male high school audience than what you posted. SG1994! (talk) 17:18, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Sure it is, pal. SG1994! (talk) 17:21, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Still waiting for this mysterious other article where Deb Aoki contradicts herself. Morgan695 (talk) 17:21, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Morgan695 How about we keep the page simply as adolescent boys but with no age specifics. Cuz it seems we can’t get any. SG1994! (talk) 17:23, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * This RfC only been open for two hours; I'm not closing it now just because you've decided you're not going to be budged on this. Morgan695 (talk)

https://www.liveabout.com/top-manga-must-reads-2283086 Found it. SG1994! (talk) 17:27, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Deb Aoki is never consistent with her words. SG1994! (talk) 17:27, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I literally searched "12 to 18" and didn't found anything. Are you sure that this is the correct link? Xexerss (talk) 17:28, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * It recommends Naruto as "worth a look for any reader age 12 and up". It does not state a specific age range for shonen manga. Morgan695 (talk) 17:30, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Well seems neither of us can agree what the age range is universally stated to be. Most Japanese sources agree “teen boys” but they never agree with the age specifics. So why don’t we just agree to keep it as adolescent boys but not give any age specifics. Like for example; Shonen manga target adolescent boys but the age specifics depends on the manga or magazines. SG1994! (talk) 17:33, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Unless you rather go with what you propose, before, Morgan695 SG1994! (talk) 17:34, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Shōnen manga refers to manga aimed at an audience of adolescent boys, with the primary target audience alternately defined as widely as 9 to 18 years old [McCarthy cite] and as narrowly as 12 to 18 years old. [Brenner cite] Of the four primary demographic... SG1994! (talk) 17:35, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Most Japanese sites regarding Shonen manga as a whole tend to generally agree that “teenage boys” are the main demographic. But they tend to never give specifics on what the age range is. 12 to 18 is thr most logical one based on what Shonen refers to. SG1994! (talk) 17:40, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Am I to interpret this as meaning that if I revise the copy of the article to my proposal in my original comment [Shōnen manga refers to manga aimed at an audience of adolescent boys, with the primary target audience alternately defined as widely as 9 to 18 years old [McCarthy cite] and as narrowly as 12 to 18 years old. [Brenner cite] Of the four primary demographic...], you won't revert it? (The proposal statement is admittedly complicated by the 8-18 range Aoki gives in the source Xexerss found, but I would say the two published books are more generally reliable than About.com is.) Morgan695 (talk) 17:44, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

I am willing to accept it if you takenout the “narrowly” part. SG1994! (talk) 17:46, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

And the “widely” part. Cuz it’s not widely accepted as 9 to 18. Most articles these days are agreeing with “12 to 18” or with just “teen” or “teenage” boys. SG1994! (talk) 17:50, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * @SG1994!: I think you're misreading what is saying; wide and narrow refer to the age ranges, not how accepted they are. 9 to 18 is an objectively wider range than 12 to 18. — Tenryuu 🐲  ( 💬 • 📝 ) 17:54, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm ultimately fine with the compromise if it ends this interminable discussion, but yes, I was using "widely" and "narrowly" to indicate that one range is larger than the other, not to make a value judgement about which one is more correct. Morgan695 (talk) 17:55, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Make a few tweeks on some of it to make it seem less bias on both our ends. SG1994! (talk) 17:51, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Ok fine. Proceed. SG1994! (talk) 18:19, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

I strongly agree that specific evidence is needed here. If most Japanese citations say X, we need to see the specific citations with page numbers (and with scans taken). There are Japanese editors at ja:Wikipedia:Chatsubo who may be able to help. I also used CiNii to find academic articles about subjects. WhisperToMe (talk) 23:45, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

From what I get it's something that depends on the magazine right? I mean D.Gray-man was always a shonen manga starting in Weekly Shonen Jump but then moved to Jump Square which was aimed towards a bit older demographic but still that of a young. Apparently, this influenced the content the author could show towards the readers.Tintor2 (talk) 18:40, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Not really. Shonen manga in general are mainly targeted towards early to late teen boys between 12 and 18. Like I said, I took most of my sources from chief editors of Shonen magazines, mangaka and Japanese sites. They all agree early to late teen boys are the primary audience and has been for decades. Some websites contradict their information. And mistranslate “shonen” as a broad sense when it’s been officially confirmed that the word is used in a narrow sense when referring to manga and anime. And the narrow sense only refers to boys in junior high to high school which would be 12 to 18. It’s just that some of these people on here have their sticks shoved to far up their butts to accept it. Pride seems to be ruling this site. And people question why Wikipedia is unreliable. Here is the answer. LMAO 2601:58B:4801:9CD0:191E:8839:4AD0:F43D (talk) 06:57, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ENGL-122
— Assignment last updated by Redoctopus14 (talk) 13:04, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shōnen manga


text:
Mariano Arista

José Mariano Arista (26 July 1802 – 7 August 1855) was a Mexican soldier and politician who also became president of Mexico.

He was in command of the Mexican forces at the opening battles of the Mexican American War: the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, which were disastrous losses for Mexico and resulted in Arista being court martialled though eventually acquitted. He continued to play a notable role in government and was Minister of War under President Jose Joaquin Herrera.

Arista himself would succeed Herrera as president and his inauguration would mark the first peaceful transfer of power in Mexico since 1824. The Herrera and Arista administrations occurring immediately after the end of the Mexican American War were eras of stability, moderate rule, and economic growth. Writing in 1920, Mexican historian Francisco Bulnes rated Arista as the greatest of Mexico's presidents. Arista, however would be overthrown after sweeping budget cuts led to widespread discontent. The insurgents who overthrew him brought Santa Anna back into power for what turned out to be his last dictatorship. Arista was exiled by Santa Anna, and died in Lisbon in 1855.

Early life
Arista was born on 26 July 1802 and in 1813 enlisted as a cadet in the regiment of provincials of Puebla. He belonged to the Veracruz Lancers, and to the Mexico Dragoons. The Mexican War of Independence had already broken out when Arista joined the military and he initially fought as a Royalist, distinguishing himself so well that in 1818 he was made an officer for the Mexican Dragoons. He was promoted to ensign in September 1820 and to lieutenant in May 1821. That same year he decided to join Agustin de Iturbide's Plan of Iguala and on 11 June 1821 presented himself before the Army of the Three Guarantees, with a bugle, five officers and twenty dragoons of the Mexico Regiment, and fifty troops which he gathered from miscellaneous corps. He was assigned with all of them to the Libertad Regiment.

He was present at the siege of Puebla by the insurgents in July 1821. He fulfilled his orders of advancing with several dragoons up to the sentry-box of Cholula which had been repulsing all attempted attacks, and entered with his small forces close to the fortified point of San Javier. Under the command of Brigadier Pedro Zarazoa, he joined in various expeditions and offered his services during the final siege of Mexico City, forming a part of the first division. Due to his excellent service, ten days after the capture of the capital, he was granted the rank of captain, and in December 1821 was further promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel.

He belonged to the regiment of grenadiers that joined the command of General Echevarri and proclaimed against the First Mexican Empire in February 1823, and was so passionate about the cause that he halted soldiers who wished to join the Emperor, and Arista followed the liberating army until it captured the capital.

First Mexican Republic
During the transitional government of the Supreme Executive Power, he fought against an insurgency that had risen up against the government. He was present in June 1824 at a battle near the Hacienda of Coamancingo not far from Apam, and having reached a partisan of Vicente Gomez, he executed him after having come into conflict with various guerilla leaders. For this service, the Executive Power raised him to the rank of effective captain.

Five years later he had risen to the rank of effective lieutenant colonel. He took part in the rebellions against the election of Manuel Gomez Pedraza pronouncing at Perote with Santa Anna, and when General Anastasio Bustamante rose up in Jalapa against President Vicente Guerrero, Arista marched towards Puebla and sent four hundred cavalry to help those who had decided to join in the uprising. He took the city in spite of four thousand members of the militia who had opposed the Plan de Jalapa. He gained the favor of President Bustamante and was promoted to effective colonel on 12 February 1831 and in August of that same year, Brigadier General, in spite of being opposed to the government's annulment of the law which had expelled all Spaniards from the country. He fought uprisings against the government of Bustamante, in April 1832, under the command of General Inclan, defeating the forces which had risen up in Lerma as part of the Plan of Veracruz. After failing to dislodge Colonel Gonzales from his strongly fortified point at Santa Maria del Monte, he parleyed eventually bringing him back to supporting the government, thus pacifying all of the Valley of Toluca.

As President Bustamante personally began to lead his troops against the rebels, he was joined by Arista on the way to Querétaro. Here Arista parted ways with the president turning back at Morelia, and rejoining the main body of the military, he fought at the Jornada del Gallinero, and after victory there advanced within two leagues of Zacatecas before returning to aid the capital. He fought at Casas Blancas, but at this point the rebels won, and Arista was commissioned to arrange a ceasefire and sign the Convention of Zavaleta, transferring power over to Manuel Gomez Pedraza who had returned from an exile in order to assume the final months of the term he had first won in 1828, which was now being recognized.

When Valentin Gomez Farias and Santa Anna won the vice presidency and presidency respectively on a Liberal ticket, Gomez Pedraza continued to serve in the military, being charged with the security of transportation to Veracruz, and then being given the general commandancy of Mexico State. In June 1833 he was named second in command of the operations brigade commanded by Santa Anna, and was ordered to go out and fight the rebels who were aiming to proclaim Santa Anna dictator, and hoped to depose Gomez Farias for his anti clerical measures and his measures against military privileges. Arista however joined the rebels. Arista now sent agents to the capital to work against Gomez Farias. Being now a target of government reprisal, Arista fled to Guanajuato, where he surrendered under the promise of preserving his life and he was banished. He departed from Veracruz in November and left for the United States, and he returned once the triumphant Plan of Cuernavaca overthrew Gomez Farias in 1834.

Centralist Republic of Mexico
The First Mexican Republic was now in the process of being transformed into the Centralist Republic of Mexico. Arista arrived at Veracruz at the beginning of June 1835 although he initially found himself arrested, he was permitted later to continue on to the capital. He was stopped at Jalapa and returned to Veracruz on suspicions on having joined a mutiny at San Juan de Ulua, but was absolved. The new government named him to the Supreme Military Court, and later formed a part of the Junta for the Military and Civil Code, and was named inspector of militias.

He was attending to his various military posts when the Pastry War broke out in 1838 and the government of Anastasio Bustamante placed Arista in charge of a brigade tasked with defending Veracruz and subject to the orders of Manuel Rincon, which ordered Arista's brigade to stay at the Paso de Ovejas where Arista learned of the French capture of San Juan de Ulua and received orders from Santa Anna to advance upon Veracruz. He entered the port on 4 December, at nine in the evening and met with Santa Anna whom he had not seen since 1833. The following morning the house they were staying at was attacked by the French. Arista fought back but was taken prisoner. He remained a prisoner of war aboard a French ship until 28 January 1839.

After the Pastry War ended, he played a role in subduing the various insurgencies that were flaring up all over the country with the aim of reestablishing the federal system. He was named to head the brigade that left from San Luis to attack the dissidents that had fortified themselves at Tampico. He left the capital with rapidity organized the brigade and under the immediate orders of commander in chief Bustamante passed to Tamaulipas where the federalist forces were ensconced under the command of Jose Urrea. Arista pursued him as far as Ciudad Victoria and near Tampico, obtained a surrender of Urrea's forces.

Arista was named commandant general of Tamaulipas, and afterwards commander in chief of the armies of the north at the end of 1839. He marched to Monterey, reorganized his military district, and fought against insurgents, dislodging them from Monterey and pursuing them as far as Coahuila after the Battle of Santa Rita de Morelos, in which he completely routed the rebels. He returned to Tampico where he helped prevent a riot, and later passed to Matamoros. With the country now pacified of insurgents, he focused on reorganizing the army meant to contribute to the defense of the national integrity against the forces of the Texas rebels. During the following five years he occupied himself with expeditions against hostile indigenous tribes and against Texas. During this time exchanged the office of Commander in Chief of the North with various other officers including Isidro Reyes and Adrian Woll.

Mexican American War
But Arista once again held the post when the United States annexed Texas. As tensions between the United States and Mexico were leading to war, Arista made considerable effort to secure the frontier, and increased the division under his command to six thousand men. He then obeyed an order from President Mariano Paredes to step down from his command, retiring to an hacienda which Arista owned close to Monterey. It was there though that he received another order to return to his post in April, 1846 as news arrived that American forces under the command of Zachary Taylor were heading to Matamoros.

After the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, Mexico's government recalled Arista, and he was removed from command. He requested a court-martial and was absolved of guilt for the defeats at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Arista spent the rest of the war as a functionary, seeing little combat.

Presidency

Campaigning for the presidential elections of 1851 began in the latter half of 1850. War Minister Arista, known for playing a guiding role in the Herrera Administration, found himself a front runner alongside men such as ex presidents Manuel Gomez Pedraza, Valentin Gomez Farias, Nicholas Bravo, and Santa Anna.

The opposition attacked Arista for having interfered in the election procedure for the Mexico City ayuntamiento, but ultimately the presidential election, decided by the states went in favor of Arista. He obtained thirteen out of nineteen total possible votes. The next closest candidate was ex-Minister of War Juan Almonte, who only received three votes.

Arista took office on 15 January 1851, and attracted ridicule by at once passing minor regulations for visitors to the National Palace. He decided to adopt many of Herrera's policies, which he had already played a significant hand in enacting, but made some changes in the cabinet: Mariano Yañez was made Minister of Relations. Jose Maria Aguirre was made Minister of Justice. General Manuel Robles Pezuela was made Minister of War. Herrera's Minister of Finance Payno kept his post.

Financial issues
Mexico's chronic financial issues remained an imposing issue for the Arista administration. Government income stood at 8 million pesos while expenditure stood at 26 million. A goal was set to reduce the expenditure to 10 million pesos. In order to ameliorate the national finances Arista dramatically cut the salaries of public employees, up to seventy five percent in some cases but the cuts were applied unevenly many unnecessary expenditures remained. Finance Minister Manuel Payno resigned over differences on reducing the deficit.

Four of Payno's successors also resigned in the span of about a month until Finance minister Manuel Piña y Cuevas was assigned the post in May 1851. He proposed a light series of taxes to meet the deficit, but it was met with a barrage of opposition by the states, and congress refrained from pressing the matter. In August, he summoned a council of governors to suggest better remedies. The governors’ response was to attack the administration over its alleged lack of management and presented a new calculation of the national finances which showed no deficit at all. This was based upon a decree of November 1849 which had limited expenditures to half a million pesos a month. The governors offered to increase the state contributions from seven hundred thousand pesos to one million which did not significantly contribute to controlling the deficit.

The government required extra power from a hostile congress to act upon the new estimate which, in order to be valid required further budget cuts. The ministry resigned and a new cabinet was formed under Fernando Ramirez as Minister of Relations, José Urbano Fonseca Martínez as Minister of Justice, Marcos Esparza as Minister of Finance, and General Manuel Robles Pezuela remaining as Minister of War. The government gained some slight concessions from congress, but the legislature was largely idle, and received condemnation from the press. Certain journals floated the idea that the government should dissolve congress only to face arrest.

There was friction between the federal government and that of the states on financial matters. While states were struggling from a lack of funds, congress took care to issue a decree imposing an eight percent tax on duties for the payment o fits members and of treasury officials. The states were also growing loose in their observance of the federal bond and its obligations while neglecting to pay their contingents.

Minister Ramirez reached an arrangement on payments with foreign and domestic creditors who were complaining of smuggling and tariff infringement. The interior creditors had formed an association which claimed the right to be consulted in all custom house appointments. It was known as the junta de credito publico, having the right to appoint an agent to watch proceedings at custom houses. By a decree of May 19, 1852, an effort was made to carry out the provisions of November 1850 for the consolidation and settlement of the interior debt, but the funds assigned by the government proved insufficient to cover more than two thirds of the interest.

Meanwhile, the government's budget cuts had resulted in a surge of crime due to a reduction in patrol services and the corruption of underpaid employees. The northeastern frontier was rife with smuggling due to the high duties the government had imposed. There was restlessness towards the policies of the federal government which had burdened the regions with troops perceived as useless who did nothing to protect the region.

Assorted revolts
Revolts against the government, so common during this era in Mexico, had broken out almost immediately after Arista's election, although the government succeeded in suppressing insurrections that has broken out through 1851 in San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Tlaxcala and certain parts of Jalisco.

In the northeastern provinces under the pretext of protesting the high tariff rates, José María Jesús Carbajal enlisted 500 mercenaries in Texas and crossed the border into Mexico on September 18 where he was joined by 200 more troops. They took Camargo and marched on Matamoros whereupon Avalos the local prefect agreed to a reduction on duties and a removal on prohibitions, which only resulted in Mexico being flooded by American goods against which Mexican manufacturing could not compete. The government sent reinforcements against Carbajal, who in spite of the concessions continued to siege Matamoros. The local garrison held their own against him, and news of the government reinforcements finally caused Carbajal to flee on October 30 and seek refuge across the border. In February 1852, Carbajal made another incursion, but anticipated by the government this time was repulsed by which time the government had also restored the old tariffs.

Ongoing revolts and rumors of revolutions caused the government to become more cautious and issue a number of arrests, and finally even the press was forbidden to criticize the government, the restriction being issued on 21 September 1852, a decree which was later declared unconstitutional on 13 October by the Supreme Court.

By the middle of 1852 Juan Clímaco Rebolledo had risen in Vera Cruz over financial policy, and his views were considered moderate enough that the Arista government instructed the state authorities to negotiate with him only to be rebuffed. At Mazatlan there was an uprising over dividing the state, and in Michoacan there was an uprising over anti-clerical and other measures passed by governor Melchor Ocampo.

Plan of Jalisco
In Jalisco, Governor Jesús López Portillo had made himself unpopular by introducing an intrusive policy system and giving off the impression that he was merely a tool of the federalist government. He created a scandal when he arrested a hatmaker named Jose Maria Blancarte who was arrested for assaulting a police officer and expelled from the state militia, despite having been elected to the rank of colonel. On July 26, in response to this but also taking advantage of widespread discontent, Blancarte took possession of the gubernatorial palace at the head of a self-constituted council. The council proclaimed Gregoria Davila as the new governor and called upon him to summon a legislature, to revise the state constitution and introduce reforms with Blancarte retaining the chief military command. Portillo retreated with a few loyal troops to Lagos, where he called upon the federal government for aid, but they only sent unarmed negotiators, and meanwhile the Blancarte movement increased in strength.

At this point supporters of Santa Anna, known as the Santanistas reached out to Blancarte and successfully convinced the latter to increase the scope of his revolt. On 13 September, Blancarte proclaimed that Arista ought to be overthrown and that Santa Anna ought to be recalled to take a role in reorganizing the government. Davila, who up until now had been the political head of the movement stepped down rather than participate in a coup, and Santanistas replaced him with one of their own: General Yanez. A week later a modified form of the plan was placed under the head of Jose L. Uraga one of the military's generals, who was called upon to replace congress with an assembly made up of two representatives from each state tasked with electing a president, revising the constitution on a federal basis, reforming the financial and electoral systems, reorganizing the army, and reforming frontier defenses against Indian raids. Upon hearing that Uraga had been chosen as leader, the government sought to transfer him away from Guadalajara, but Uraga resigned and agreed to join the revolutionists.

In late 1852, another wave of cabinet resignations led to the assumption of Mariano Yanez as minister of relations. J.M. Aguirre as minister of justice, Guillermo Prieto as Minister of Treasury, and ex-president Pedro Maria Anaya as Minister of War. As the Blancarte Revolt grew in strength, an extra session of congress was now called to consider a fresh appeal for aid, in the shape of a loan of three million pesos, additional taxes and special powers for the executive. A small advanced was secured to sustain an army against the insurrection, and congress was uneasy as only half of the governors now signaled even partial loyalty to the federal government. On 16 December 1852, Minister Prieto made a passionate appeal before the lower house.

The federal government had now lost the adherence of most of the nation. In the northeast Carbajal was once more undertaking yet another invasion and in Sonora the French adventurer Count Raousset de Boulbon was launching his own invasion. In December, the states of Tampico and Vera Cruz containing strategic ports, pronounced for the Plan of Jalisco.

After government forces were repulsed at Guadalajara on 15 December, Arista addressed the chambers once they met for the new year and resigned on 5 January. That midnight, Juan Bautista Ceballos was called to the National Palace and let known that the executive now passed on to him. Former President Arista left the Palace at half past thirty in the morning, leaving his official resignation with the Minister of Relations Arroyo to be handed over to congress. He carriage was escorted by fifty dragoons belonging to the fifth brigade, and he headed towards the Hacienda of Nanacampilpa, one of his properties. He remarked that "This office [of the presidency] and its responsibilities are but a grave burden and a useless title, if they are not accompanies by the power and respect due to them."

Later life

When Santa Anna came back to power, Arista was expelled from the country. In poor health, he visited many cities in Europe before finally settling in Seville where his condition only became worse. He wished to return to Mexico, and finally got on board a ship to Lisbon, but as his health deteriorated he sought to go to Paris for medical help. He died on board the steamer Tagus on 7 August 1855, at half past ten in the evening.

He was buried in the cemetery of San Juan in Lisbon, and his burial was accompanied by members of the Lisbon diplomatic corp including those of England, the United States, and Mexico. When the liberal President Ignacio Comonfort came to power, he gave honors to Arista, and decreed that his ashes be brought to Mexico to be buried with other presidents.

title: Mariano Arista


text:
Stairs (disambiguation)

Stairs are a set of steps.

Stairs may also refer to:

 * Stairs (surname), a list of people with the surname
 * The Stairs, retro rock band
 * "The Stairs" (song), by INXS
 * The Stairs (1950 film), a short documentary
 * The Stairs (2016 film), a Canadian documentary film
 * Stairs (2019 film), also known as Black Ops or The Ascent, is a 2019 action horror film
 * The Stairs (2021 film)
 * IBM STAIRS, IBM "Storage and Information Retrieval System" software
 * Stairs (video game)
 * "Stairs", a song by the 3rd and the Mortal from the album Painting on Glass

title: Stairs (disambiguation)


text:
Staircase

A stairwell or stair room is a room in a building where a stair is located, and is used to connect walkways between floors so that one can move in height. Collectively, a set of stairs and a stairwell is referred to as a staircase or stairway. In buildings with several housing units, a stairway can be a necessary common area for getting to and from apartments.

Staircases provide vertical access to connected floors in a multi-story building, and are a functional part of it. Stairwells are often used to place several stairs one above the other to save vertical space. The entrance to elevators is often located in the stairwell. Sometimes the stairwell goes around the lift shaft, other times it is placed next to it.

An exterior stairway is a stair in a separate structure attached to the rest of the building body, and can either be enclosed or exposed to the elements. Such temporary exposed stairways are sometimes used in conjunction with scaffolding on construction sites, or permanently as an emergency exit.

History

The concept of stairs is believed to be 8000 years old, and are one of the oldest buildings in architectural history. The oldest example of spiral stairs dates back to the 400s BC. Medieval architecture saw experimentation with many different shapes, and the Renaissance even more so with varied designs.

Lighting
Good lighting is important in a staircase so users see where they are going and to prevent falls. There is often a window on the wall to let in daylight. In many cases, indoor stairs are placed far inside the building structure, and it is often not easy to get access to a wall on the outside where it would be natural to have a regular window for letting daylight in. For this reason, it is not unusual to find a skylight or roof windows above a stairwell.

A research article suggests that perceived safety increases when using downwards lighting towards the stairs, while upwards lighting resulted in a substantial decrease of perceived safety.

Handrail
In new stairways, some jurisdictions require handrails to be mounted on both sides.

Emergency exit
Often the stairs in a stairwell are an emergency exit in case of fire, and the stairwell should then be a separate fire compartment separated from the rest of the building via fire doors.

For fire safety it can be advantageous that both the walls, ceiling and the stairs themselves in a stairwell are made of non-combustible materials, and be illuminated with daylight during the day and artificial lighting at darkness.

Storage of objects in shared stairwells is generally prohibited due to the fact that this is often an escape route. This applies to both flammable objects and other objects that may become an obstacle to the rescue work. Many housing cooperatives have general prohibitions against storage in common stairwells.

Utilization
Under stairs there is often a lot of area and volume that is not otherwise used. There are several examples of creative uses, such as wardrobes, home offices, playroom, or general storage such as drawers, cupboards or shelves for storage.

title: Staircase


text:
User talk:Dysprosia/Archive

Hello, Dysprosia. Welcome to Wikipedia.

A few tips for you to start going. (I'll send more if I see that I can help you :-)

 * Check out Welcome, newcomers + the links in there.
 * Sign your stuff on talk pages with ~ It will convert to your username + the time.
 * If puzzled, put a question on Village pump, or feel free to ask me on my talk page if it's a very general question.
 * Have fun.

-- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 07:14 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

thanks cimon... i've been editing on and off a bit nameless so i thought i should sign up! :) appreciate the welcome...

Dysprosia 07:47 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I see that most newly signed users tend to be much more experienced than I was when I first created a Username. I had done a handful of edits at the most without logging in. And of course, for that matter, I am still learning new things :) -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 08:01 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Here's another link for you, I suspect you will be able to make a useful contribution to it, judging by your recent edit of University of New South Wales :) -- Tim Starling 08:32 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

thnx for reminding me Tim ;) Dysprosia 08:37 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-- On the subject of notation for inverse trig functions: I'm not sure which to use. Ask at the WikiProject Mathematics page. Nice start with Minor (mathematics), but two things to note:
 * only the first instance of a term needs to be linked

welcome to the 'pedia! -- Tarquin 14:27 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * do this for plurals to save on typing: determinants . It doesn't matter that the first letter of the link is lowercase.

Heh, yeah, I just realised that halfway through my umpteenth edit or whateverf :) And thanks for the linking tip, I thought doing what I've been doing might have been a little excessive. I'll fix these all up :) Dysprosia 22:59 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

--- You want to collaborate on the Organic Chemistry stuff and the math stuff?? Are you right now an undergraduate student? Your fields of interest seem to be similar to mine, as well as knowledge actually.

-Jack (JackPo)

 * What do you mean, I just write what I know :)
 * I mainly taught myself a lot of O-Chem stuff, but I'm more knowledgeable in math.
 * Dysprosia 07:06 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

sweet on the electric. one should never let oneself edit their own work. thx good job. Dmsar 13:19 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Hey no problem, that's what wikis excel at :) Don't forget to use the user talk page in future ;)
 * Dysprosia 13:22 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hello Dysprosia, Thanks for adding stuff and doing some corrections on the CityRail article which I started - I've got an idea - how about we merge all the articles on CityRail rolling stock that you wrote, like the Tangara and Millennium train articles into one article called CityRail rolling stock and have that page linked from the main CityRail article? Just a thought ... if I ever remember to do it, I'm going to create a HTML table with colour codes showing details for each line - take a look at London Underground for my inspiration - the LU article inspired me to write about CityRail too. Anyway, cheers! Humehwy 00:14, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Sounds OK, but maybe it should be a kind of "mother" article for the articles? I don't know, I'll think about it some more before I act, or if you wanna go ahead, then go for it, if you like :)
 * The advantage of having a mother article is putting the info on the R and S in without having to start up a new article, because I have no idea what to title it -- you know the silver trains? They don't have an actual "name"... Dysprosia 05:29, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Re copypastes on your page: you may find Boilerplate text useful also. Regards, --Trainspotter 10:52, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi Dysprosia Hope we didn't get in each other's way too much over Manchester encoding. I got there after spotting something about code violations in Token Rings, and noticed there wasn't an entry - only for diff. encoding. I think the article is looking a lot better now, though probably both should have diagrams. Also, I think you refer to transitions, and I've used the analogy of low-high. I think this is common, but I'm not sure whether it might actually be permitted to use phase changes as transitions instead of amplitude changes. This wouldn't require any more bandwidth, but would be a different implementation. One could also use frequency changes, but I don't think that would be sensible, and would use up more bandwidth. Best wishes. -- David Martland 11:11, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * That wasn't me who wrote about transitions, but what you say sounds correct - go contribute! :)
 * I just formatted up and copied your information to the first article.
 * I don't know enough for the Token Ring article, but I still need to formulate the diagram for Manchester code!
 * Thanks for the message :) Dysprosia 11:19, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hi Dysprosia,

Please confer my user talk page: User talk:Tonius

Merci,

Tonius

PS: Please see the Timeline of video games User talk:Tonius 03:28

Boontling is just a tease, you horrible person! Give us more!! ;) There must be quite a history behind, please let us know. --Dante Alighieri 08:50, 23 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh I know nothing of Boontling, sorry! I just moved added info by Lypheklub from Boonville, California about it into its own article. User:Lypheklub is the one you should be speaking to :) Dysprosia 08:52, 23 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah, I'll run off and ask him... that Boontling sure caught my interest!! --Dante Alighieri 08:53, 23 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I started the Boonville and Boontling articles. It is an actual language spoken only in Boonville, CA.  If you have any more questions, post them on my User Talk page. Lypheklub 08:56, 23 Aug 2003 (UTC)

"...a stochastic process where every linear combination of the values of which is normally distributed." ?? That doesn't make sense. The antecedents of "where" and "which" are the same, and "A dog is an animal where there are four legs" is ... um ... questionable. Michael Hardy 02:11, 24 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Sorry. It was worded a little strangely first to begin with, I was only trying to improve it. Dysprosia 02:39, 24 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hi! I nominated you for sysop at Requests for adminship. That would mean that you can delete pages and images, protect/unprotect pages, edit protected pages (including the main page), click on a "rollback" button on entries in a user's "user contributions" list to quickly revert bad edits, and ban non-logged-in user IPs. If you'd like to accept the nomination, wait a few days for others to comment, and if the comments are in your favor (as I expect they'll be), just reply there indicating that you accept. Or if you'd rather decline, reply there indicating that as well, of course. --Delirium 10:30, Aug 27, 2003 (UTC)

Aww thanks, that's sweet of you :) Dysprosia 10:35, 27 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Not sure if this is a silly question or not, I mean, how many Dysprosia's can there be, right? But, are you the same Dysprosia from the VE message board?  (If not, please forgive my silly-question-asking-ness.)  -Paige 16:30, 27 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, I dragged User:Vremya here too. Dysprosia 20:09, 27 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Cool. :) I added my support to the request. I don't like to bother with that type of stuff, but after noticing the quality of your edits here, and your behavior there, I think you'd be a good admin. Paige 21:47, 27 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I don't mean to be rude, but what do you consider as a stub article - I thought it was articles with no relevant information or very little information that cannot be classified as an encyclopedia article. But, you seem to thinking it is an article shorter than 5 or 6 paragraphs and that doesn't contain information on every single aspect. You put a "That's a stub article" comment on the articles Rogerius and Waterloo, New South Wales. I don't understand how they are stub articles (I know they can be improved, and I will very soon do that, but are they really stubs?) and correct me if I'm wrong.

Anyway, besides that, thanks for doing a great job here at Wikipedia by editing all and structuring, etc so many articles!

 * From Find or fix a stub, "A stub on Wikipedia is a very short article, generally of one paragraph or less."...maybe I've been a little overzealous with stubnoting, but if you're going to expand those, then that's okay too :) (I see stub as short and not covering just enough) Thanks for bringing this to my attention, however :) Dysprosia 20:08, 28 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Yup, i knew that Dysp: but I tend to aim for content instead of format markup whenever i can, and <var> is less flapdoodle than <math>. (Tho I admit to being not at all rigourous in my later pages =\) Also, I break lines so often to help the differ. Kwantus

Okey dokey. I mean, you dont have to do '', it's just nicer that way. Dysprosia 01:37, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hehee. Not "nicer" from my POV =) (easier, yes; but wrong.) Kwantus

We're supposed to be NPOV! How about half the article in '' s and half in s? ;) Dysprosia 01:46, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I didn't mean that to get into a fight. But there are reasons: on the WWW, content markup is preferred to format markup, since there's almost no assumption possible about what's on the client's end. It may seem all the same to use <i> <em> <var> etc. but only because your browser happens to do all the same thing with them. From my POV, a technical standpoint backed by authority such as the w³C, content markup is preferable.

The article that's half one and half t'other—dunno, may have been before i realised how lax was the general cuture and relented. I decided rather quickly it was better to follow the page's existing pattern...if there is one.

BTW Gonna take another crack at Conway arrow? I think I've got the top portion settled...the rest is mostly dispensible explanation why there are no good examples.

 * Aww, I was only kidding about the half/half :) But I might have another go at Conway arrow a little later...got a few other things in my sights right now :) Dysprosia 06:43, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)b

Thanks for adding that intro sentence to Lincoln Continental Mark III - many of my automotive writings tend to assume an auto-enthusiast audience a little. I fleshed it out a little more, too. --Morven 07:30, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

OK, now it says that the word workstation is a term, rather than that a workstation itself is a term. Michael Hardy 13:54, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Thanks, that's much better :) Dysprosia 13:55, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

See Talk:Jabez for a comment on the stub warning. Andrewa 21:34, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)

About Humboldt University: for future reference, articles on Wikipedia are supposed to be named in English. The individual who moved it (contributions) is apparently the vandal User:Heine. Cheers, Cyan 02:04, 31 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, ok. I'll remember that...Thanks for letting me know! :) Dysprosia 02:08, 31 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hiyas. I updated your boilerplate - could you put copyvios over on Votes for deletion/copyvio. I know it's another change of venue and all, but I think splitting copyvios off will help a little :) Martin 12:53, 31 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that. The copyvios I put at VfD straight were also dictionary entries as well as copyvios (first time I saw this) and wasn't sure what to do, so I put em on both...but for straight vios I know where to go! :) Dysprosia 22:53, 31 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * I always figure that copyvio is pretty open and shut, whereas dictionary definition is a bit woolly and more debatable - so it's best to list in the forum that will result in the least debate :) Martin 23:01, 31 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hmm, I don't see how a Binary prefix is a suffix when used as an abbreviation. Just the fact that these are used after a number doesn't make them suffixes, they are still prefixes for the unit, no? Care to clarify? Thanks, Colin Marquardt 11:07, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * You say a gigabyte, but you say 3G. The first's a prefix, the second's a suffix. Ohhhh but I see what you mean now. I'll go clarify, sorry. Dysprosia 11:10, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah, now it makes sense, thanks. Colin Marquardt 11:37, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for editing DWG page. I was in middle of entering stuff. So things were not as clear. Ddiinnxx

Thanks for the hint about comments, though I thought I'd previewed it this way round before without success! David Martland 06:24, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Hey, are you following me? ;) Whatever entry I create you edit it in a few minutes :) Nikola 09:56, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Hehe, nah, not on purpose, anyway. I probably creep out a lot of the contributors here, since I troll Recent Changes and just go round tweaking stuff :) Dysprosia 09:59, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Do we really need an article on Eidion? They made exactly one product, filled with bugs, and never really sold or supported it. Do they really deserve an article here? User:Maury Markowitz
 * I created that in response to the article Eidolon on VfD - even if they made one notable product, lots of people in the NS/OS community speak and use of PopOver (and they made some other products lesser known, btw). Anyway, if it's of no use, it can go. I'm not really that attached to it! :) Dysprosia 12:27, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Hi Dysprosia. I've just put together a register of Wikipedia developers, including phone numbers, email addresses, etc., which Wikipedians can use to contact developers in case of server failure. You have been selected to be one of about 20 people to receive this list, mainly because of your timezone. The only problem is that you don't have an email address registered which I can send it to. Could you please email me at t*starling&physics*unimelb*edu*au (or something like that, I can never remember the right punctuation)?

BTW, Peter Eckersley wants to contact you regarding what essentially amounts to a Wikipedia-related job offer. Would you mind if I gave him your email address? -- Tim Starling 03:10, Sep 13, 2003 (UTC)

Sent! :) Dysprosia 03:25, 13 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Hi - could you have a quick look at Talk:Steve Reich and see if you can put my mind at rest over Oh Dem Watermelons - I had the idea it wasn't a phasing work, but I could be wrong. --Camembert
 * Sure, no problem. You were right :) Dysprosia 12:38, 13 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome, for paying attention, and for the helpful links... and when will I learn to preview first! BCorr Bcorr 05:36, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Hey, your user page is User:Bcorr. It's showing up in red because you don't have a user page yet. :) And thanks, it's no prob Dysprosia 05:39, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for catching the bracket thing, didn't find that one in search... but maybe give me a couple minutes to change redirects myself, eh? :) Hit edit conflict when I updated it. -- Jake 08:40, 2003 Sep 19 (UTC)

 * Sorry, was only trying to help. I hate edit conflicts too. Dysprosia 08:42, 19 Sep 2003 (UTC)

From dbuckner

Thanks for the help. I still have huge problems with the editor. Some of the rhymes still are missing carriage returns. Also, the list of figures appears in most textbooks as a table. Is there an easy way to do this? At the moment there's too much white space.

Thanks, DBU

If you like, put a single semicolon at the front of a line and you'll get a tab out, like so
 * blah blah

It not only seperates into lines, but you get a blockquote effect appropriate for tabs. Otherwise you can just use a  tag at the end, but that's tacky IMO :) Dysprosia 09:56, 19 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Feel free :) Although, I don't know, you might find Image:Stravinsky-petrushka-fanfare.png a bit richer, perhaps? (it's got ledger lines and a time signature)--Camembert

 * Cool - thanks :) You should see a first draft up a bit later, if you're interested... Dysprosia 13:21, 21 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I'll keep an eye out for it - can't quite believe we've not had an image on that article before... --Camembert

 * Looks good :) --Camembert

Excuse me over there, is there going to be a full alphabetical list of first or baby names?

Pumpie

title: User talk:Dysprosia/Archive