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Oradea

Oradea (,,  ; Großwardein ; Nagyvárad ) is a city in Romania, located in the Crișana region. The seat of Bihor County, Oradea is one of the most important economic, social and cultural centers in the western part of Romania. The city is located in the north-west of the country, nestled between hills on the Crișana plain and situated on the banks of the river Crișul Repede that divides the city into almost equal halves.

Located about 10 km from Borș, one of the most important crossing points on Romania's border with Hungary, Oradea ranks ninth among most populated Romanian cities (as of the 2021 census). It covers an area of 11556 ha, in an area of contact between the extensions of the Apuseni Mountains and the Crișana-Banat extended plain.

Oradea enjoys a high standard of living and ranks among the most livable cities in the country. The city is also a strong industrial center in the region, hosting some of Romania's largest companies. Besides its status as an economic hub, Oradea boasts a rich Art Nouveau architectural heritage and is a member of the Réseau Art Nouveau Network and the Art Nouveau European Route.

Name
The Romanian name Oradea originates from the city's Hungarian name. In Hungarian, it is called Nagyvárad, or colloquially Várad, the latter being the origin of the Romanian name.

"Nagy" means great or large in Hungarian, and it helped to differentiate the town from Kisvárda, a town in Hungary, with "kis" meaning little. "Vár" means castle or citadel, and "-ad" is a suffix used for settlement names.

The city also has a German name, Großwardein, as well as a Yiddish one derived from it, גרױסװאַרדײן Groysvardeyn. In Turkish, the city was historically known as Varat or Varad. Other names include Latin Varadinum as well as the historical Italian name of Gran Varadino.

Some archaic Romanian names of the city are Oradia, Oradea Mare ("Great Oradea"), Varadia Mare ("Great Varadia") and Urbea Mare ("the Grand City").

Geography
The city lies at the meeting point of the Crișana plain and the Crișul Repede's basin. It is situated 126 m above sea level, surrounded on the north-eastern part by the hills of Oradea, part of the Șes hills. The main part of the settlement is situated on the floodplain and on the terraces situated down the river Crișul Repede. Oradea is famous for its thermal springs. The river Crișul Repede crosses the city right through the center, providing it with a picturesque beauty. Its flow depends on the season; the dykes near Tileagd have partly controlled it since they were built in the early 1980s.

Climate
Oradea has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with oceanic influences. The city's topo-climatic action is determined by the prevailing Western winds. Summers are long and hot with cool nights. Winters are short and moderately cold.

Annual average temperature is 10.4 °C. In July the average is about 21 °C, while in January the average is -1.9 °C. Rainfall is enough to sufficient the woods and vegetation of the zone, registering an annual average of about 781 mm. Rainfall is variably distributed throughout the year, with a maximum in June and a minimum in the late Autumn and Winter months of the year.

History
While modern Oradea is first mentioned in 1113, under the Latin name "Varadinum" in a diploma belonging to Benedictine Zobor Abbey – Bishop Sixtus Varadiensis and Saul de Bychar are mentioned in the document – recent archaeological findings, in and around the city, provide evidence of a more or less continuous habitation since the Neolithic age. The Dacians and Celts also inhabited the region. After the conquest of Dacia the Romans established a presence in the area, most notably in the Salca district of the city and modern day Băile Felix. According to the Gesta Hungarorum, a Hungarian chronicle written after 1150 by an unidentified author, referred to as Anonymus, the region was ruled by Menumorut at the end of the 9th and beginning of the 10th centuries, until the Hungarian land-taking. Its citadel was centred at Biharea. Historians debate whether Menumorut was a historical ruler or a legendary character. According to Anonymus, Menumorut's duchy was populated primarily with Khazars and Székelys, and he acknowledged the suzerainty of the (unnamed) ruling Byzantine Emperor at the time. In the 11th century, St. King Ladislaus I of Hungary founded a bishopric settlement near the city of Oradea, the present Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea. The Regestrum Varadinense is a record of the trials that took place between 1208 and 1235 containing 711 place-names and 2500 personal names. The city flourished both economically and culturally during the 13th century as part of the Kingdom of Hungary. It was at this time that the Citadel of Oradea, first mentioned in 1241 during the Mongol invasion, was first built. The fortress would be destroyed and rebuilt several times over the course of following centuries. The 14th and 15th centuries would prove to be of the most prosperous periods in the city's history up to that point. Many works of art would be added to the city, including: statues of Saints Stephen, Emeric, and Ladislaus (before 1372) and the equestrian sculpture of St. King Ladislaus I (1390) were erected in Oradea. The fabled statue of St. Ladislaus was the first proto-renaissance public square equestrian monument in Europe. Bishop Andreas Báthori (1329–1345) rebuilt the Cathedral in Gothic style. From that epoch dates also the Hermes, now preserved at Győr, which contains the skull of St. Ladislaus, and which is a masterpiece of the Hungarian goldsmith's art.

It was at this time that astronomer Georg von Peuerbach wrote his Tabula Varadiensis, published posthumously in 1464, at (?) the Observatory of Varadinum, establishing the city's observatory as the Earth's point of reference and prime meridian.

In 1474, the city was besieged by the Turks, who took advantage of the absence of Matthias Corvinus from the country. The city was severely damaged, but the king later repopulated it with inhabitants from other parts of Hungary whom he exempted from taxes, a policy reinforced by Ferdinand I in 1553.

The Peace of Várad was concluded between Emperor Ferdinand I and John Zápolya here on 4 February 1538, in which they mutually recognized each other as legitimate monarchs. After the Ottoman invasion of Hungary, in the 16th century, the city became a constant point of contention between the Principality of Transylvania, the Ottoman Empire, and the Habsburg monarchy. After the 1570 Treaty of Speyer, parts of Crișana, including Oradea, became part of the newly formed Principality of Transylvania, a successor state of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.

The Ottomans laid siege to the city in 1598, however the siege failed. After the Treaty of Vienna (1606), the city was permanently incorporated in the Principality of Transylvania by imperial decree.

As a result of Gyorgy Rakoczi II's, at the time the Prince of Transylvania, failed attempt to gain the throne of Poland the Ottomans sent yet another punitive expedition against him and his Wallachian and Moldavian allies, Gheorghe Ștefan and Constantin Șerban. In 1660 the Ottomans, with a force of 45,000 men, besieged the city for the last time. The 850 defenders managed to hold out for 46 days, but eventually the city fell on 27 August due to internal treachery. The Ottomans designated the city as the capital of the newly formed Eyalet of Varat. The eyalet included the sanjaks of "Varat" (Oradea), Salanta, Debreçin, Halmaş, Sengevi, and Yapışmaz. The siege is described in detail by János Szalárdi in his contemporary chronicle. Ottoman dominance of the city ended in 1692, when, the Habsburg imperial forces conquered the city after a 14-month siege.

The city had been severely damaged by war, with only 114 houses left, of which only 21 had not been damaged. However, under the Habsburgs' reconstruction, in the 18th century, Oradea entered its golden age. The Viennese engineer Franz Anton Hillebrandt was given the task of planning the city in the Baroque style and, starting with the year 1752, many of the city's current landmarks were constructed such as the Roman Catholic Cathedral, the Moon Church, the State Theatre, and the Baroque Palace.

The city played a major role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, being the home of the largest Hungarian arms factory.

After World War I, Oradea passed under Romanian administration during the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919, and became a part of the Kingdom of Romania under the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. In 1925, the status of municipality was given to Oradea, dissolving its former civic autonomy. Under the same ordinance, its name was changed from Oradea Mare ("Great" Oradea) to simply Oradea.

The Second Vienna Award brokered by Hitler and Mussolini in 1940 allowed Hungary to recover Northern Transylvania, including Oradea, and mass of celebrations welcomed the Hungarian administration. On 12 October 1944, Oradea was captured by Soviet troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front in the course of the Battle of Debrecen, and reverted to Romanian administration in March 1945. After World War II, Hungary had to relinquish claims to it under the Treaty of Paris concluded on 10 February 1947.

After the Romanian Revolution of December 1989, Oradea aimed to achieve greater prosperity along with other towns in Romania. Both culturally and economically, Oradea's prospects are inevitably tied to the general aspirations of Romanian society to achieve freedom, democracy, and a free market economy. Due to its specific character, Oradea is one of the most important economic and cultural centers of Western Romania and of the country in general, and it is one of the great academic centers, with a unique bilingual dynamic.

Demographics
At the 2021 census Oradea had a population of 183,105, a decrease from the figures recorded at the previous censuses.

Jewish community

 * This section incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.

The chevra kadisha ("holy society") was founded in 1735, the first synagogue in 1803, and the first communal school in 1839. Not until the beginning of the 19th century were Jews permitted to do business in any other part of the city, and even then they were required to return at nightfall to their own quarter. In 1835, permission was granted to live in any part of the city.

The Jewish community of Oradea became divided into Orthodox and Neolog congregations. While the members of the Neolog congregation still retained their membership in the chevra kadisha, they started to use a cemetery of their own in 1899. In the early 20th century, the Jews of Oradea had won prominence in the public life of the city. There were Jewish manufacturers, merchants, lawyers, physicians, and farmers; the chief of police (1902) was a Jew; and in the municipal council, the Jewish element was proportionately represented. The community possessed, in addition to the hospital and chevra kadisha, a Jewish women's association, a grammar school, a trade school for boys and girls, a yeshiva, a soup kitchen, etc.

According to the Center for Jewish Art:

"The Oradea Jewish community was once the most active both commercially and culturally in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1944, twenty-five thousand Oradean Jews were deported to concentration camps by the Nazis, thus decimating this vital community. Only three hundred Jews reside in Oradea today. In the center of the city, on the river bank and towering over other buildings in the area, is the large Neolog Temple Synagogue built in 1878. The unusual cube-shaped synagogue with its large cupola is one of the largest in Romania. Inside there is a large organ and stucco decorations. In 1891, the Orthodox community also built a complex of buildings including two synagogues and a community center."

In 1944, during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany, Hungarian authorities forced the Jewish inhabitants into the Oradea ghetto before sending them to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Descendants of the pre-Holocaust hasidic rabbinate in Oradea established a synagogue in the Willowbrook area of Staten Island, New York City. The synagogue maintains both a traditional hasidic Nusach Sefard and a Nusach Ashkenaz service, the latter of which operates under the name Bais Medrash Igud Avreichim of Groisverdain (the Yiddish pronunciation of Grosswardein).

As of 2021, there is also a project to build a rabbinical seminary in Oradea.

Politics and administration
The city government is headed by a mayor. Since 2020, the office is held by Florin Birta. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (consiliu local) made up of 27 elected councillors.

Quarters
Before 1848, Oradea was made up of four separate towns: Várad-Újváros (Villa Nova, former Vicus Szombathely), Várad-Olaszi (Villa Latinorum Varadiensium, "olasz" meaning Italian), Várad-Velence (Vicus Venetia), Várad-Váralja (Civitas Waradiensis). The names Vicus Venetia, Villa Latinorum, Vicus Bolognia, Vicus Padua and others refer to the French, Walloons and Italian inhabitants who settled in the 13th century.

Today the city is made up of the following districts called quarters (cartiere in Romanian, negyedek in Hungarian):

 * Calea Aradului
 * Calea Sântandrei
 * Orașul nou (city centre)
 * Dacia – Decebal
 * Dimitrie Cantemir
 * Dragoș Vodă
 * Dorobanților
 * Eastern Industrial Zone
 * Episcopia Bihor
 * Europa
 * Gheorghe Doja
 * Ioșia
 * Ioșia Nord
 * Ioșia Sud
 * Mihai Eminescu
 * Nicolae Grigorescu
 * Nicolae Iorga
 * Nufărul
 * Olosig
 * Oncea
 * Podgoria
 * Rogerius
 * Salca
 * Seleuș
 * Splaiul Crișanei
 * Subcetate
 * Tokai
 * Tineretului
 * Universității
 * Velența
 * Vie, also known as Podgoria
 * Western Industrial Zone

Economy
Oradea has long been one of the more prosperous cities in Romania. The per capita GDP of Oradea is approximately 150% of the Romanian average. After 1989, due to its base of consumers, Oradea experienced an economic renewal, mostly in the services sector such as trade and tourism.

Oradea has an unemployment rate of 6.0%, slightly lower than the Romanian average but much higher than Bihor County's average of around 2%. Oradea produces around 63% of the industrial production of Bihor County, while accounting for 34.5% of the population of the county. Its main industries are furniture, textiles and clothing, footwear, and food processing. Oradea's economy is sustained largely by small and medium business and the property taxes paid by citizens.

In the fiscal year 2012, Oradea had the largest budget in the Transylvania region, overcoming its neighbour cities, Arad and Cluj-Napoca. Some large Romanian companies, such as Adeplast, RCS-RDS, European Drinks, and FrigoExpress are located in Oradea.

Oradea is using geothermal electricity from water two kilometers below ground, which provides 7% of the energy for its district heating system. That system serves 70% of the city's population with heat and hot water.

Transport

The public transport network is run by OTL (Oradea Transport Local), a municipal agency. It is made up of five tram lines (1R, 1N, 2, 3R, 3N, 4N, 4R and the new 8) and 17 local bus lines (numbered from 10 to 26), and an international suburban one to Biharkeresztes, Hungary. The city has four train stations: Oradea railway station, West, East, and Episcopia Bihor (Bihor Abbey). The West Station is located in the quarter of Ioșia, the Central station (called simply Oradea) is located closer to the city center, near the quarter of Vie, while the East station is located in Velența.

Oradea is served by Oradea International Airport, which has reopened at the end of 2015, after repairs to the runway.

Education
Oradea is one of the main education centers of Romania. The city is home to the University of Oradea, one of the largest universities in the country. There are also several private universities, one being Agora University, a modern academic institution founded in 2000. Emanuel University, an accredited private Baptist university, also exists in the city since 2002. The Partium Christian University was established in 1995 and teaches in Hungarian.

As of 2012, there had been 232 years since the inauguration of higher education in Oradea and 48 years of continuous higher education. A higher institution for philosophic teaching was founded in Oradea in 1780, which was to become in 1788 the Faculty of Law and was the oldest faculty within a vast region of Eastern Europe.

After 1921, all the courses at the Law Faculty were taught in Romanian. In 1923, the foundation of two theological academies gave new dimensions to the academic life in Oradea. The Law Academy of Oradea, together with the two theological academies, was to make another step forward by integrating a faculty of letters, thus achieving the old desideratum of creating a University of Crișana in Oradea.

After a thirty-year break in the activity of the Law Academy of Oradea, on 1 October 1963, an order of the Ministry of Education established in Oradea a 3-year Pedagogic Institute meant to do away with the scarcity of teachers in secondary education. The new institution of higher education began its activity with two faculties: Philology and Mathematics-Physics, and a year later other two faculties, History-Geography and Physical Education, were added.

In May 1990, a decree of the Romanian Government established the Technical University of Oradea, later called the University of Oradea, and based on impressive traditions of academic life in the town. It was an act of scientific and cultural restoration long expected in the life of the Romanian society, a major gain of the people's Revolution of December 1989, one of the greatest Romanian achievements in Crișana after the Great Union on 1 December 1918. This is how the dream of several generations of scholars came true, clearly expressed by a historian of Oradea: "As regarding the future, the desire of all well-meant Romanians is to establish in Oradea a complete university, the lights of which will shine across the entire western border of Romania". Today, the University of Oradea is an integrated institution of higher education of this kind, comprising 18 faculties.

The structure of the university contains academic education, postgraduate education, and scientific research.

Research inside the University of Oradea is developing in the areas of natural and physical sciences, as well as in the area of social and human sciences, covering the following: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Sciences of Life, Agricultural Sciences, Medical Sciences, Technological Sciences, Economical Sciences, Geography, History, Juridical Sciences and Law, Linguistics, Pedagogy, Political Sciences, Psychology, Letters and Arts, Sociology, Philosophy. The educational process is based on the curricula for long undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

One of the oldest private universities in Romania is also situated in Oradea. The Sulyok István Reform College was founded in the spring of 1990 by the Királyhágómelléki Reform Church. In 1999, the school became entirely independent from the Protestant Theology College of Cluj-Napoca and changed its name to Partium Christian University. It presently operates with 12 faculties and a student body of 1400; the language of instruction is Hungarian.

Architecture
Oradea's current architecture is a mix of Communist-era apartment buildings, mainly in the outer quarters, and beautiful historical buildings that are remnants of the era when the city was part of Austria-Hungary. In addition to many Baroque buildings, Oradea is remarkable for its particularly rich collection of Art Nouveau architecture.

It is fully expressed in decorative arts, design, and architecture. The main ornamental characteristic is the asymmetric undulating line, terminated by an energetic whiplash.

Oradea may be considered one of the most representative centres of 1900 architecture in Romania; it can be compared with those of Secession architecture in Central Europe.

Located at the Romanian western border, Nagyvárad (to be changed to Oradea after the Treaty of Trianon) had been part of the Hungarian Kingdom, and was, until the Treaty of Trianon in 1921, part of the Central European Austro-Hungarian Empire and, thus, was influenced by the artistic currents of this space.

The buildings of the early 20th century are richly marked by Lechner and Vienna Secession influence, inheriting an important legacy from the great architects of the artistic movement of the late 19th century and the early 20th century. The architecture and habitat of Oradea are to be approached only in the context of Central European architecture.

By its independence and personality, Oradea has a place among the large great European families of the firmly contoured 1900 Art, especially regarding the area between the Citadel and the Main Railway Station. There are here rental buildings, (Moskovits Palace I and II, Apollo Palace, Stern Palace, Adorján Houses I and II, Darvasy Palace), villas (La Roche, Vágó, Okany Schwartz), hotels (Pannonia, Emke, Rimonoczy, Weiszlovics, Fekete Sas / Vulturul Negru), military buildings – on Armatei Române Street, industrial buildings and warehouses (beer-, spirit-, bricks-factories, electric plant's chimney), public institutions (City Hall, Palace of Orthodox Bishopry, Palace of Greek-Catholic Bishopry, Palace of Justice, banks, houses of commerce and industry etc.), signed by architects who have a prime place in the European 1900 Architecture record: Odon Lechner, Dezső Jakab, Marcell Komor, László and József Vágó, Valér Mende, Ferenc Sztaril, Ferenc Löbl, Kálmán Rimanóczy Sr.and Jr., Anton Szallerbek. All these sites offer a very diverse research and development material. These great architects brought in Nagyvárad (Oradea) the influence of Vienna and Budapest through their work, featuring a new style, different from the academic ones, thus creating the premises of a stylistic diversification based on inventions and originality. Like many European cities, "Small Paris", as Oradea was named at the beginning of the last century, has a belle-époque charm given by its Secession, eclectic, New-Romanian, Neoclassic and Baroque architecture. Not impressing by size or opulence, the buildings of Oradea have an aura of welfare, refinement and quality that imprints on the memory. The early 20th century is well represented in the center, but almost every zone of the city has something especially particular. The history center of the city has a great historical, cultural, architectural and urban planning heritage value. It includes settlements nuclei, architectural relics, monuments of architecture and urban planning beginning with the 16th century up to a well represented beginning of the 20th century, and none of the monuments are annoying or discordant. A coherent style combines the architectural structure and its artistic means; stucco mouldings, statues and medallions, ironwork, stained glass, opaque and coloured glass – they all justify ornamentation as a principle of architecture, based on the value of the line, on the organic power of the plant and on the structural symbol. Oradea architecture is a result of the values created by an extremely interesting and valuable ethnic mix, which materialized in a value exchange of a rare richness, and in a shared heritage of great majesty and beauty. In its evident and rare specificity, it appears to be exceptionally valuable. The heritage represents here a unifying element, a social cohesion instrument, which engendered a cultural mosaic and an original synthesis, like the dialects of a language – the result is a stylistic dialect resulting from mutual embellishments and fertilizations.

This contribution, a Romanian stylistic intervention in an important European current, is worth a special attention and a significant promotion, to match the quality, generosity, authenticity and exceptional value of the harmonious resulting interlacing.

The authenticity of the place was very well kept and fed by the previous generations. If the local specificity is not well-preserved, much of the cultural identity, so important in identifying a people, will be lost. The entire community must feel obliged to a greater attention and sensitivity concerning the heritage protection, and the authorities and experts must develop policies and actions to preserve such a valuable heritage. It is necessary to study and know the different views of conservation, to carefully choose the appropriate ones, to avoid possible pitfalls that may stem from trying to maintain a balance between conservation and management of the historic city.

Tourist attractions
The old city centre is one of the main tourist highlights in Oradea, as are the Băile Felix health spas, accessible by bus and located just outside the city.

Other sites that attract a considerable number of tourists include:
 * Baroque Palace of Oradea – today Muzeul Țării Crișurilor. It was the Roman Catholic bishop's palace until 1945, when the Communist regime took the building into public ownership. It was returned to the Roman Catholic Church in 2003. Its collection includes many fossils of dinosaurs and birds from the bauxite mines at Cornet-Brusturi.
 * Roman Catholic Basilica-Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary, or simply "Baroque Cathedral" ("Catedrala barocă") – the largest Baroque cathedral in Romania, and home to a skull relic and 2 statutes of St. King Ladislaus I of Hungary.
 * Cetatea Oradea – Oradea's Fortress, with a pentagonal shape, is a fortification with walls of rock on some portions and wood towers situated at the gate and at the corners.
 * Biserica cu Lună – a church with an astronomical clock depicting the phases of the moon, a unique feature in Europe.
 * Pasajul Vulturul Negru – the "Black Eagle Palace" (or "Eagle Palace") shopping galleria, named after its famous stained glass eagle in the ceiling.
 * Ady Endre Museum – a museum dedicated to one of the greatest Hungarian poets and a former resident of Oradea.
 * Teatrul de Stat Oradea – the Oradea State Theatre (also known as the Queen Mary Theatre, or Teatrul Regina Maria) on Ferdinand Square in the heart of the city, completed in 1900.
 * Strada Republicii – regarded as one of the most beautiful streets of Transylvania, it displays a great number of Art Nouveau buildings.
 * Some 100 religious sites of different denominations in Oradea, including three synagogues (only one still in use) and the largest Baptist church in Eastern Europe, Emmanuel Baptist Church.

Sports
CSM Oradea is Oradea's professional basketball club that plays in the country's 1st division, Liga Națională, competition that the club won it, in 2016 and 2018, also competing in international competitions such as Champions League. The team plays its home matches at the Arena Antonio Alexe.

FC Bihor, founded in 1958, club colors were red and blue, and the logo includes the year 1902, when the first football match was played in Oradea in Réday Park, was the city's most representative club in the Romanian football system for 58 years, the club was dissolved in 2016, after important financial problems. A phoenix club appeared in 2022, under the same name FC Bihor Oradea

CA Oradea (CAO), founded in 1910 became famous, after the annexation of Northern Transylvania by Hungary during WW II, the football club played in the Hungarian Championship under the Hungarian translation Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club (NAC), and won the championship at the end of the 1943–1944 season. CA Oradea is one of only three football clubs who played and won national championships in three countries (the other two are SK Rapid Wien and Derry City). After FC Bihor dissolution CAO was refounded in the spring of 2017, at 54 years after its dissolution. In the late years another club appeared on the city's football stage, Luceafărul Oradea, club that was founded in 2001 and now is playing in the Liga II, being the most representative football club of the city and Bihor County, at this moment.

Many important footballers were born in Oradea over time, such as: Iuliu Baratky, Cosmin Bărcăuan, Elemér Berkessy, Zeno Bundea, Zoltan Crișan, Claudiu Keșerü, Attila Kun, Erik Lincar, Marius Popa, Paul Popovici, Francisc Spielmann, Albert Ströck, and Ion Zare.

CSM Digi Oradea is Oradea's professional water polo club, it evolves in the Romanian Superliga, competition that it won 9 times in a row and also have a regular presence in LEN Champions League or LEN Euro Cup, being a finalist in the last one.

International relations
Oradea is twinned with:

Metropolitan area
Oradea metropolitan area is a metropolitan area located in Western Romania, in the County of Bihor, Crişana Romania and was founded on 9 May 2005. The metropolitan area comprises the city of Oradea and 8 adjacent communes:
 * Biharia
 * Borş
 * Cetariu
 * Nojorid
 * Oşorhei
 * Paleu
 * Sânmartin
 * Sântandrei.

Those born in Oradea

 * Péter Pázmány (1570–1637), philosopher, theologian, cardinal.
 * Sigismund Báthory (1572–1613), prince of Transylvania.
 * Gabriel Báthory (1589–1613), prince of Transylvania
 * Francis Rhédey (1610–1667), prince of Transylvania
 * Ödön Beöthy (1796–1854), Hungarian deputy and orator.
 * Emanoil Gojdu (1802–1870), lawyer
 * József Nagysándor (1803–1849), honvéd general in the Hungarian Army
 * Ede Szigligeti (1814–1878), playwright.
 * Antal Csengery, (1822-1880), publicist and historical writer.
 * Kálmán Tisza (1830–1902) the Hungarian prime minister between 1875 and 1890.
 * Lucreția Suciu-Rudow (1859–1900), poetess
 * Lajos Bíró (1880-1948), novelist, playwright and screenwriter
 * Lajos Jambor (1884–1954), painter, muralist, illustrator
 * Ernő Tibor (1885–1945), Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter
 * Ernő Grünbaum (1908–1945), Expressionist painter
 * Iuliu Baratky (1910–1962), footballer
 * Francisc Spielmann (1916-1974), footballer
 * Nándor Wagner (1922-1997), sculptor
 * János Kristófi (1925-2014), painter
 * Ovidiu Cotruș (1926–1977), essayist and literary critic
 * Mircea Zaciu (1928–2000), critic and literary historian
 * Titus Popovici (1930–1994), screenwriter
 * Eva Heyman (1931–1944), Jewish girl, often compared to Anne Frank because of the diary she kept
 * Iosif Demian (b. 1941), cinematographer and film director
 * A. G. Weinberger (b. 1965), musician and radio producer
 * Cosmin Bărcăuan (b. 1978), football player
 * Erik Lincar (b. 1978), football player and manager
 * Kálmán Kádár (b. 1979), water polo player
 * Mihai Neșu (b. 1983), football player
 * Gabriella Szűcs (b. 1984), handball player
 * Claudiu Keșerü (b. 1986), football player

Those who lived in Oradea

 * Roger of Torre Maggiore (1205–1266), Italian monk
 * John Vitéz (1408–1472), bishop and humanist, he established in Oradea the first observatory from Southeast Europe
 * George Martinuzzi (1482–1551), Bishop of Nagyvárad.
 * Michael Haydn (1737–1806), Austrian composer
 * Ignațiu Darabant (1738–1805), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
 * Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739–1799), Austrian composer and violinist.
 * Wenzel Pichl (1741–1805), Czech composer
 * Samuil Vulcan (1758–1839), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
 * Mihail Pavel (1827–1902), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
 * Iosif Vulcan (1841–1907), magazine editor, poet, playwright, novelist
 * Roman Ciorogariu (1852–1936), Romanian Orthodox bishop
 * Demetriu Radu (1861–1920), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
 * Valeriu Traian Frențiu (1875–1952), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
 * Endre Ady (1877–1919), Hungarian poet
 * Alex Leon (1907-1944), painter
 * Iuliu Bodola (1912–1992), football player
 * Emerich Jenei (n. 1937), former football player and coach
 * Alexandru Darie (1959–2019), theatre director
 * Antonio Alexe (1969–2005), basketball player

Royalty buried in Oradea

 * Ladislaus I of Hungary (1040-1095).
 * Stephen II of Hungary (1101-1131)
 * Andrew II of Hungary (1175-1235).
 * Fenenna of Kuyavia (1276-1295)
 * Beatrice of Luxembourg (1305-1319)
 * Mary, Queen of Hungary (1371-1395)
 * Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1368-1437).

title: Oradea


text:
Watusi

Watusi or Watusis may refer to one of the following:

 * Tutsi, an African ethnic group
 * Watusi (album), 1994 studio album by The Wedding Present
 * Watusi (dance), a solo dance from the early 1960s
 * Watusi (film), a 1959 film with George Montgomery and Taina Elg
 * Watusi (firework), a type of firecracker
 * Watusi cattle, a modern American breed of domestic cattle.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Watusi


text:
User:Timothy Muggli

2005 02 06 - changed color of Bourke Hickenlooper in senator list on Iowa page

2003 Changes to: Abraham Lincoln Iowa: List of territorial Governors, Territory dates, cross references. Changed John Atanasoff page to John Vincent Atanasoff (used to be empty), and updated linked pages.

To Do: Richardton, ND - mention Assumption Abbey, and the Rhinocerous?

title: User:Timothy Muggli


text:
User:Venkatr n

Newbie. Bioinformatician/Computational Biologist. Molecular Biologist.

title: User:Venkatr n


text:
Talk:D. H. Lawrence

Please give some quotes of D .H. Lawrence
Quote 2409:4052:4E0B:D3B6:68F3:DD5F:2F70:115 (talk) 13:11, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

Novel discovered in the 1980s
When I was doing "A" level English, back in the years 1983 to 1985, I heard that a lost novel by D.H. Lawrence had been discovered in these years. If anyone knows anything about this lost Lawrence novel, mention of it would make an interesting addition to the article. YTKJ (talk) 22:03, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

The back cover of the Penguin paperback edition of Mr Noon states that Gilbert Noon's "story was continued in a manuscript that was lost until 1972." The manuscript was probably the "second fragment," published in 1984, that is referred to in Mr Noon. Someone might check this out and edit Mr Noon to mention its 1972 discovery, if my speculation is correct.Maurice Magnus (talk) 13:42, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

explanation needed
In the penultimate paragraph under "Later life and career," I just added "citation needed" to "The return to Italy allowed him to renew old friendships; during these years he was particularly close to Aldous Huxley, who was to edit the first collection of Lawrence's letters after his death, along with a memoir." But it needs more than a citation to the source of this information. The memoir should be identified. It is probably Lawrence's memoir, but that's not even clear; it could be Huxley's. I'm not aware that Lawrence wrote a memoir. Maurice Magnus (talk) 13:27, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

Early life - location = Greasley
The article says "Lawrence spent his formative years in the coal mining town of Eastwood, Nottinghamshire"

The census records for 1891 and 1901 have him living with his parents and siblings; in 1891 in The Breach, and in 1901 in Walker Street. Both those addresses are recorded in the census as being in Greasley. Although today the postal addresses for both and the surrounding streets are in Eastwood, they were clearly at the time identified as being in Greasley and the article ought to reflect that. I know this constitutes original research so all I can do for now is leave this note here. 2600:1700:EA01:1090:D45E:CA:8424:865D (talk) 20:10, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

Given names
His baptism record of 29 November 1885 at St Mary Eastwood includes his parents' names but has his full name as David Herbert Richards Lawrence. 2600:1700:EA01:1090:D45E:CA:8424:865D (talk) 20:18, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:D. H. Lawrence


text:
Talk:Gila monster

BBC cite this article
Here. Andy Mabbett 10:26, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Can Gila monsters be found in Austraila (please say yes, please say yes, please say yes, please say yes, please say yes, PLEASE SAY YES!!!!!!!!) --Wack'd About Wiki 17:42, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Only in captive collections. -Dawson 21:20, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * And you need a zoo licenseNrg800 (talk) 11:29, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Australia doesn't allow imports with out permits, generally to universities, zoos, etc. There are no Gila monsters in the wild in Australia. The distribution is noted in the article. Mark (talk) 09:00, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Usage of MS Encarta material
As of this version of this article, there was a reference stating ""Gila Monster," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. ⓒ 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.", and with the following version the comment "Edited by Jihoon Baek" was added. I removed both and rephrased (see my diff: ) the sentence which was apparently added together with said reference to Encarta to avoid possible copyright issues (which, arguably, would not have been too big a problem with just one sentence). --Florian Prischl 17:28, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * How about you go there and find out! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.121.79.79 (talk) 19:32, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

How many venomous lizard species are there?
This page says; ''The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) is one of the two known species of venomous lizards. (The other is the Mexican beaded lizard.)''

Komodo dragon says Komodo dragon is venomous, with up to 200 milligrams of venom ready for delivery at any given time; it is a member of a venom clade with many other lizards as well as snakes.

So, which article is right?

 * As far as I'm aware, the Komodo Dragon doesn't have venom, rather it kills its prey using a bacterial infection.--Victim Of Fate 16:56, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

In recent research Dr. Brian Fry isolated certain proteins in komodo saliva which are also found in many venomous snake species, but that is not its primary method of action. Other lizards have been found to have the same proteins in their saliva, including the commonly kept as a pet, bearded dragon, but they're not considered to be venomous. Though, in the broadest sense of the term 'venom', the komodo's saliva and its virulency could be could be considered so, there is nothing in the definition of the word that specifies what it must consist of, just that it is a toxin. -Dawson 21:20, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

There's other species of venemous lizards? I knew Komodo Dragon was.... -- e. 23:30, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

--There are only 2 venomous lizards in the world. You are right, the Mexican beaded lizard and the gila monster are the only 2. The dragon has nothing to do with venom, but it does have a relative bite. Not even crocodiles or alligators have venom. 200 milligrams of venom is even more false. So therefore, the Komodo dragon is definitly wrong and the false information should be removed immediatly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by ZooFari (talk • contribs) 17:36, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Strictly speaking, no. Certain proteins found in various types of venom have been isolated in the saliva of many lizard species (and snake species otherwise considered completely non-venomous). Individual proteins do not necessarily make a lizard venomous, those proteins by themselves may not even perform any significant function. It just means that saliva production, and the evolution of venom is much more complicated than was once thought and a LOT more research is needed to find out exactly what all the components do, exactly, and how they work together to produce their effect. -Dawson 23:46, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Auffenberg explains the Varanid aspects of the perception of venom here:

Lanthanotus borneensis - not venomous Mark (talk) 09:11, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

 * No, the Komodo Dragon is venomous. See http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-06/animal-fun-facts-does-komodo-dragon-really-kill-bacteria-filled-bite HammerFilmFan (talk) 10:22, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

My daughter says that the gilamonster does not defecate; she says it instead uses this as poison. Can this be true? KR

 * They defecate. Their venom is modified saliva produced in a gland in their lower jaw. -Dawson 21:20, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I know this has long been answered, it just makes me laugh the stuffings out of myself. Crimsonraptor (talk) 00:05, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Your daughter got it wrong. gila monsters do have an anus, which they use to eat. They then defecate by their mouths. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.189.82 (talk) 07:24, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

What is the Gila monsters natural enemies?
I have looked every place and can't find anything stating what the natural enemies of the Gila monster are, anybody have the answer?

 * Your question should be referred to the Wiki Help Desk, as it does not pertain to improving the article. However, they only have one 'natural' enemy - man. They are brightly colored to warn other animals that they are venomous - and coyotes give them a wide berth, and rattlesnakes are not known to prey on them. HammerFilmFan (talk) 10:25, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

Second image size?
Editor User:Arpingstone reduced this image size to the default thumbnail (180px). Unfortunately, this image is a bit dark and low-contrast,and at the default size is almost unusable. The original photo is quite nice -- see Image:GilaMonster.jpg, and it shows up well at the same size as the first image on the page. Thus I feel this photo "calls for a specific image width to enhance the readability", as specified in WP:MOS. Pete Tillman (talk) 19:57, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I thought the thumbnail was a small pic that could be clicked so that the reader could enjoy a larger pic? So why shouldn't the pic in the article be at default size and interested readers can readily click on it to get a larger one? I have 300 px set up in my Prefs so that pic looked fine to me. If a size had been "hard-wired" into the code, say 300px, then it might be too large for lores screens. As you know, it's WP policy to usually remove px values and this doesn't seem a special case. Having said all that, I'm not bothered if a special px value is put in, but make a comment in the code that there's a reason or editors will keep removing the px value! - Adrian Pingstone (talk) 08:17, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment -- advice taken. Pete Tillman (talk) 17:49, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I've found a much better picture on Commons so the above discussion is now (hopefully) redundant - Adrian Pingstone (talk) 21:30, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

Talk:Gila Monster/GA1
review above

Zoos with the Gila monter?
What happened to the Zoos with Gila Monster section? Nrg800 (talk) 11:43, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Peer review
I guess there's no peer review started so I'll just put my comments here. You can paste them into any review you do start.

 * It was mistakenly believed that the Gila monster did not have an anus, when in fact the cloaca is concealed by scales. It was once believed that its waste contaminated its mouth and teeth, producing venom and "fetid breath"
 * This paragraph is short and just begging for elaboration.
 * I've moved it down to the "relation with humans" section.

 * The Gila monster feeds primarily on bird and reptile eggs, and occasionally upon small birds and mammals.[15] Frogs, lizards, insects, and carrion are also consumed.
 * These sentences could probably be combined, I just didn't want to introduce any errors. Try: The Gila monster feeds primarily on bird and reptile eggs, and occasionally upon small birds, mammals, frogs, lizards, insects, and carrion.
 * Combined.
 * The Gila monster eats infrequently, but when it does feed, it may eat up to one-third of its body mass.
 * Be specific here, how infrequently?
 * Added.

 * Its sense of smell is so accurate that . . .
 * Would "keen" be a better word here or no?
 * Changed.

 * I am pretty sure the Wikinews template should be in the external links or further reading section.
 * It would be better off in the section pertaining to drug research, in my opinion.
 * A few authoritative external links in their own section at the end would be a good addition.
 * I don't see a great need to do so. If the web site is authoritative, then I will use it as a reference.
 * Any "see alsos" that might work for this article?
 * I will look for some.
 * Go through and look at your wikilinks. Make sure there aren't links to common terms that don't really add to or help provide any context for the article. Terms like sausage, bead, and tongue probably needn't be linked.
 * Done.

I did a few minor edits too, I haven't really gone through all the sections with a fine toothed comb yet but the above and what I tweaked were just some of the things I noticed as I read through. Hope this helps. I'll probably stop back by at some point too.--IvoShandor (talk) 13:18, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that, the peer review page is at Peer review/Gila Monster/archive1. The page was moved while the peer review was going on, and it still links to the old page.  bibliomaniac 1  5  16:38, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Are they edible?
And if so, what do they taste like? Similar to gator I'd imagine...
 * You have just volunteered to do some research. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.146.193.37 (talk) 09:18, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Why "Monster"?
I was hoping that this article would explain its strange name. It's small, it's not very dangerous, it doesn't look especially weird, and there are no major legends or myths about it, so why is it called a "monster"? Why not just "Gila lizard"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.47.241.179 (talk) 20:47, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Probably because it's venomous. Eligius (talk) 01:38, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Gila Monsters
My Uncle says the Gila Monster does not urinate or deficicate and that is why the poison is so toxic. Is that true?
 * No, only an idiot would believe such nonsense.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 23:04, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

______________________
 * No, that is a myth that dates back to the 1600's

Mark (talk) 08:49, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Color
they are black and orange —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.227.11.17 (talk) 16:40, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

The coloration is mentioned only in the context of aversive adaptation. Photographs show a variety of different combinations. Should not the topic be addressed in a more comprehensive way? For instance, are the various colors endemic to particular regions? `Orthotox (talk) 19:24, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

Movie correction
The lizard used in the Giant Gila Monster movie was a beaded lizard. While a relative of the Gila Monster, it was not one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.230.106.236 (talk) 18:57, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Sentence structure
Under the Drug research section.

"The saliva of the Gila monster contains many chemicals which can be deadly. One of these has been shown to affect memory. Several companies have been researching the abilities of this chemical to help..."

The supporting sentences don't really come in line with that oddly worded first sentence. I'd edit but I'm not sure what the intended idea is.

-rudyard (talk) 20:59, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I concur with you on this. The tone is vague, not very encyclopedic, and above all, it's not cited at all. I went ahead and removed it for now.  bibliomaniac 1  5  22:32, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

New version with current data and references
I have put a lot of work into the article to bring it up to current knowledge and up to date references. In doing so, I took great care to preserve as much of the content as possible. Please visit my talk page at MonsterDoc (talk) to see what happened to my edit. The user Viewmont Viking has undone all my work. I contacted him on his talk page, but he did not react and shortly afterwards deleted all comments on his talk page, except for his own.

To get to Viewmont Viking complaint about my book "The Gila Monster - Heloderma suspectum": This book was published by the respected publisher Chimaira in Frankfurt, not Hollywood Import & Export Inc, as Viewmont Viking incorrectly claimed. It is an accepted source of extensive information about Heloderma in the English-speaking world as well. Hollywood Import & Export Inc only appears to be the distributor for the USA, but incorrectly calls itself the publisher on Amazon.

Whenever my book is given for a cite, it is for new, unpublished facts. For me, Wikipedia is not a platform for promotion.

I ask you to review my last changes from November 19th (MonsterDoc) and then approve the page. After that, I would like to continue making minor additions and providing pictures of teeth, skin, moult, and a cladogram. --MonsterDoc (talk) 13:05, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi if this work you are wanting to cite in the article is written by you, then - if you haven't done so already - I would advise that you read the relevant policy at WP:SELFCITE. Furthermore, could you please provide a link or a diff to the edit you want reinstating, as you made multiple edits to this article on 19 November. With regards to your issues with  that is something you should discuss with them - and I invite them to take part in this discussion here. Thanks.  Seagull123  Φ  14:31, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your very quick reply, great. Here the link to my . I am looking forward to a discussion with W. Vicking - I told him already that I want to follow Wickipedia rules and do not want to offend anybody. I am aware of the immmense work of former contributers. --MonsterDoc (talk) 19:06, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi thanks for that reply! I had a quick look at the edits you made and which were reverted by, and there seems to be a large amount of text which was changed. Therefore, I suggest that the BOLD, revert, discuss cycle is followed, and that you both discuss it here, as personally, I'm not sure why they were reverted, and so I personally don't want to put your edits back before Viewmont Viking can give their opinion. I will leave them a note asking them to contribute to the discussion here. If you need any more help in the meantime, you can , or just leave a message on my talk page. Thanks.  Seagull123  Φ  12:16, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Dear Seagull123. Thank you very much for your support and comment. It is more than a week by now that did not get in contact with us into the discuss cycle about his BOLD revert on Gila monster. I now want to ask you to get my changes reviewed and make, please, your corrections e. g. to my “German English”. Then, please, revert the BOLD officially and put Gila monster online again. After that “Drug research” and “Life cycle” still have to be brought to present knowledge. I plan to add some impressive, informative photos, similar to the German Edition Wikipedia “Gila Krustenechse” (70% MonsterDoc). Please, let me know if this could be a way to proceed. P.S. is there a possibility to protect Gila monster against future “vandalism”. Sincerely, --MonsterDoc (talk) 12:37, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi again To address your reply: if you want this page to be protected, please go to Requests for page protection and read the instructions there. In terms of your requested changes - I am not an expert on this sort of topic, so I personally am hesitant to make any such edits myself; but because  hasn't joined the discussion here, and so hasn't elaborated on what they mean by "" - I would suggest that you could go ahead and do those edits again yourself - as long as they are well-sourced, of course - per the "Bold, revert, bold again" suggestion at WP:BRB (Don't stop editing, and don't discuss. Make a guess about why the reverter disagreed with you, and try a different edit to see whether that will be accepted. It's often helpful if your next effort is smaller, because that may help you figure out why the other editor objected to your change). If you want other editors to give a look at the edits you make and give their opinion, you might like to ask a relevant WikiProject - such as WikiProject Amphibians and Reptiles - I'll leave a message at their talk page asking them to look at this discussion.  Seagull123  Φ  17:15, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

Dear  Seagull123  and Heloderma friends. The new edition of the Article Gila Monster now has been pubished again. I ask you for comments. I will wait for a week, after that time I plan to do final work on the sections "Drug resaearch" and "Life cycle". Appropriate references will be included. I'm looking forward to an interesting collaboration. --MonsterDoc (talk) 14:44, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi again just to let you know I'm setting the request edit template to "answered".  Seagull123 <b style="color:#304747"> Φ </b> 15:15, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Dear Seagull123,  Have a Merry Christmas with all of your family--MonsterDoc (talk) 15:55, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Did my best, Few comments TOXICITY melking a Gila gives up to 2 ml of vernom - I have been melking myself Gilas  "DIET"  we are talking about COMMON food - they might feed by accident on an insect Frogs, Turtel eggs and Carrion are old missbeliefs that are carried on. If possible Waiting for comments and discussion before changes--MonsterDoc (talk) 20:13, 31 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Will make final check of references Pictures will be inserted within a few days--MonsterDoc (talk) 20:27, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Dear Seagull123 I want to announce my completion of GILA MONSTER. I hope a lot that this newedition will be well accepted or even become a reference for Heloderma suspectum. My EGO wants to know the e. g. percentage of input I made. Are there any internal statistics available you can offer? NEXT I intend to start to do some work on the page Heloderma, but only for "basics", hopefully inspiring other authors to continue to make it also a reliable source of information for all of the 5 heloderma species.  Thank you again for your cooperation and support.--MonsterDoc (talk) 17:42, 9 January 2021 (UTC) What about a new peer reading of Gila monster and official rating to get it back to its former "position" --MonsterDoc (talk) 17:48, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Deleted Cite of a reliable sounding source "|%20FONZ%20(archive.org) Gila Monster Fact Sheet - National Zoo|" from 2006 because of missing any cite and no updates, therefore presenting numerous overcome information, e. g. obsolete taxonomy now, since 2013 five valid species of Heloderma. H. susp.hatching occurs after 5 month not after 10!Hatching is in October not in spring, uncommon questionable prey,logelivity in captivity is about 30 years, survivers in the wild up to 35 years. "Spend 98 % underground" it is about 90 % " make frequent searching for food unnesssary" they are less active to save energy,!!! etc.--MonsterDoc (talk) 18:10, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

It is an extravagantly, synthetic blueprint
"It is an extravagantly, synthetic blueprint of the protein exendin-4..." WTF does this mean?!?!? I might assume there's a technical biological usage of "extravagantly synthetic", but there's a comma between the two. There should not be, since "synthetic" is an adjective and "extravagantly" is an adverb. Is there a specific meaning for "extravagant blueprint"? I'm going to correct the minor punctuation issue, but someone should spend a little bit of time explaining what is meant by using the term here, or perhaps a link?

At first look of this article it is a great article, it includes a breadth of categories and has a lot of information in each category and even includes a gallery of photos of the lizard at different ages. The strengths of this article lie in the depth of the information in each category including history, diet, and venom. Something interesting I learned about this lizard is that the venom of this lizard is almost equal to that of the western diamondback rattlesnake. Three categories that could be added to this article are social behavior, physiology, and enemies. Social behavior is very important to include, knowing how this lizard interacts in groups and whether there are social hierarchies within the groups. Physiology was referenced in the paper but it only had to do with their skin; I think there should be a more comprehensive physiology section that goes over all of the lizard's senses and how it utilizes them in day to day life. Enemies would be an important category to include since the article did not reference whether this lizard had any predators or not, that is very important to know since then you could talk about anti-predatory behaviors and potential group anti-predatory behaviors.

Page vandal
I'm pretty sure that Gila monsters are not 3000 feet long. Serpentnight (talk) 14:05, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gila monster


text:
Postage stamps and postal history of Indochina

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Indochina.

First stamps
The postage stamps of French Indochina begin on May 16, 1886, with the overprinting of "5" or "5 C. CH." on the generic stamps of the French Colonies, for use in Cochinchina (mainly Saigon).

On January 21, 1888, stamps crudely overprinted A & T (meaning Annam & Tonkin), along with a "1" or "5", and also on the generic colonies stamps, were issued for those territories. The example at right was cancelled at Hanoi (spelled "HA-NOI") in Tonkin, on 17 March 1888.

The 1889 unification of colonial administration first resulted in surcharges in January 1889, on the 35c French Colonies stamp, reading INDO-CHINE 89 / 5 / R D (8 January) and INDO-CHINE / 1889 / R - D (10 January), where the "R" referred to the colonial governor P. Richaud, and the "D" to the postmaster at Saigon, General P. Demars. The example illustrated at right was cancelled at Vinh Long, a town of the Mekong Delta, on 4 April 1889, just a few months after the stamp was issued.

First regular stamps
In 1892 the first five regular stamps of Indochina were issued as part of the standard Navigation and Commerce, and inscribed INDO-CHINE. Three succeeding ones were issued in 1900, and two in 1902 - all in the same basic design with different colors.

Inscription of INDO-CHINE in the typical blank box at the bottom was replaced with printing of INDO-CHINE FRANCAISE from the definite stamps issued in 1904.

Subsequent issues included an attractive and artistic set featuring native women (1907), a surcharged set of 1919 necessitated by the changeover from centimes and francs to cents and piasters in the previous year, and a reprinted set valued in the new currency, starting with a 1/10-cent denomination.

Sets featuring local sights appeared in 1927, 1931, and in 1936 depicting cultural views like a farmer plowing the ground or constructions, Apsara, and native emperors of Annam and Cambodie. They are followed by a variety of commemoratives honoring notable figures, up to a last airmail issue June 13, 1949, which was issued in only small numbers due to the growing rebellion.

A number of the 1940s issues were later overprinted and used by the Viet Minh


text:
Michigan left

A Michigan left or P-turn is an at-grade intersection design that replaces each left (farside) turn at an intersection between a (major) divided roadway and a secondary (minor) roadway with the combination of a right (nearside) turn followed by a U-turn, or a U-turn followed by a right (nearside) turn, depending on the situation. It is in use in numerous countries.

Terminology
This intersection design was given the name "Michigan left" due to its frequent use along roads and highways in the U.S. state of Michigan since the late 1960s. In other contexts, the intersection is called a median U-turn crossover or median U-turn, or restricted crossing U-turn (RCUT). The design is also sometimes referred to as a boulevard left, a boulevard turnaround, an indirect left turn, a Michigan loon, a J-turn, P-turn or a "ThrU Turn" intersection.

Description

The design occurs at intersections where at least one road is a divided highway or boulevard, and left turns onto—and usually from—the divided highway are prohibited. In almost every case, the divided highway is multi-laned in both directions. When on the secondary road, drivers are directed to turn right. Within 1/4 mi, they queue into a designated U-turn (or cross-over) lane in the median. When traffic clears they complete the U-turn and go back through the intersection. Additionally, the U-turn lane is designed for one-way traffic.

Similarly, traffic on the divided highway cannot turn left at an intersection with a cross street. Instead, drivers are instructed to "overshoot" the intersection, go through the U-turn lane, come back to the intersection from the opposite direction, and turn right.

When vehicles enter the cross-over area, unless markings on the ground indicate two turning lanes in the cross-over, drivers form one lane. A cross-over with two lanes is designed at high-volume cross-overs, or when the right lane turns onto an intersecting street. In this case, the right lane is reserved for vehicles completing the design. Most crossovers must be made large enough for semi-trailer trucks to complete the crossover. This large cross-over area often leads to two vehicles incorrectly lining up at a single cross-over.

A Michigan left generally allows through traffic on the minor crossroads to proceed straight across the major road or highway, especially on the more heavily traveled minor roads.

Its design also is promoted as part of the Federal Highway Administration's Every Day Counts initiative which started in 2011.

Narrow median
When the median of a road is too narrow to allow for a standard Michigan left maneuver, a variation can be used that widens the pavement in the opposite direction of travel. This widened pavement is known as a "bulb out" or a "loon" (from the pavement's aerial resemblance to the aquatic bird). Such a design is sometimes referred to as a Michigan loon; in Utah, as a thrU turn, where one passes through the intersection before a U-turn.

Grade separation
In Guadalajara, Mexico, there is a grade-separated variation of this setup at the intersection of Mariano Otero Avenue and Manuel Gómez Morín Beltway (20.63067°N, -103.43498°W). Traffic flowing through Mariano Otero Avenue is routed onto an overpass above the beltway, with two access roads allowing right turns in all four possible directions; the U-turns, meanwhile, are built underneath the beltway and allow the left turn movements from Mariano Otero Avenue to the beltway.

Superstreet
A variation of the Michigan left that prohibits through traffic on minor roads from crossing the major road or highway, is most commonly called a superstreet or a "restricted crossing Uturn" (RCUT). In contrast to the standard Michigan left, left turns from the major road or highway to minor roads are usually allowed, although there is a variation that prohibits such turns.

Angola
The capital city of Angola, Luanda, makes widespread use of a simplified variant of this type of intersection on its two- and three-lane, median-separated throughways instead of using traffic lights. Larger junctions use this intersection type instead of much more costly grade-separated interchanges.

Australia
In Australia, where traffic drives on the left, the Victorian state government in 2009 introduced the "P-turn", similar to the Michigan left, at the intersection of Moorooduc Highway (C777) and Cranbourne-Frankston Road (State Route 4) in the southeastern Melbourne suburb of Frankston. This requires right-turning vehicles to turn left then make a U-turn. As of May 2015, local residents had called for its removal.

On April 16, 2018, a P-turn was introduced at the intersection of Hoddle Street (State Route 29) and Johnston Street (State Route 34) in Abbotsford, Victoria. Another P-turn was added in 2019 at the intersection of the Punt Road section of State Route 29 and Swan Street (State Route 20) in Richmond.

Brazil
The Michigan left is a commonly used design in Brazil especially in São Paulo and Paraná.

Canada
In Ottawa, Ontario, a Michigan left exists to proceed from Bank Street to Riverside Drive in both directions.

The design has been proposed in Toronto, Ontario, to relieve motorists who wish to make a left-turn on roadways that will contain a proposed streetcar line by the Transit City project.

A Michigan left exists in Windsor, Ontario, on Huron Church Road, just north of the E.C. Row Expressway, where a narrow-median variant put in place years ago is now seldom used due to the realignment of the expressway in conjunction with the construction of the Herb Gray Parkway.

In Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, a Michigan left pairing exists on 8th Street, just west of its interchange with Circle Drive, as well as a few other U-turn lanes as one heads westbound.

Hong Kong
This is the design at some busy junctions in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong Island examples include the junction of Fleming Road and Harbour Road in Wan Chai North, and the junction of Hennessey Road and Canal Road Flyover in Wong Nai Chung. In Kowloon this design exists between Cheong Wan Road and Hong Chong Road/Salisbury Road.

Philippines
In the Philippines, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) under Bayani Fernando implemented a "no left-turn" scheme in the early 2000s along several major roads in Metro Manila, prohibiting motor vehicle traffic from turning left at intersections and instead requiring them to make a U-turn at designated U-turn slots and making a right turn after. The scheme was designed to mimic the Michigan left turn design by creating continuous traffic, mitigating bottlenecks caused by traffic light signals. The MMDA claimed that its "no left-turn" scheme in addition to its No Contact Apprehension Policy and road obstruction clearing campaign has increased the average travel speed along major thoroughfares from 14.5 kph in July 2001 to 17.37 kph in June 2003.

However, the implementation of the "no left-turn" scheme in Metro Manila was controversial, as it was notorious among motorists for causing longer travel distances due to having to navigate to the nearest U-turn slot and for incidents of motorists missing their U-turn slot due to difficulties navigating to it safely. Several academic studies were also made on the "no left-turn" scheme, summarizing that the scheme induces longer travel time and only works with low car inflow and minimal lane changing maneuvers, with the U-turn slots eventually becoming congested themselves. Since then, many of these U-turn slots were closed and left-turning at most intersections was restored, although some still remain along roads such as EDSA, Quezon Avenue, and Circumferential Road 5.

Mexico
U-turn intersections are very common throughout Mexico, particularly in Mexico City.

United Kingdom
A similar style P-turn is used in the junction of the A4 Great West Road and A3002 Boston Manor Road in Brentford, England.

United States
In 2013, Michigan lefts were installed in Alabama for the first time, in several locations along heavily traveled U.S. Route 280 in metro Birmingham.

Tucson, Arizona, began introducing Michigan lefts in 2013, at Ina/Oracle and on Grant Road. Their reception has been mixed.

Indianapolis, Indiana, introduced the Michigan Left in 2013 at the intersection of 96th Street, and Allisonville Road (near the surrounding cities of Fishers, Indiana). The city has announced plans to tear out the Michigan Left due to its unpopularity amongst the locals

In November 2018, the Ada County Highway District completed work on a ThrU-turn intersection at the State Street/Veterans Memorial Parkway/36th Street intersection in Boise, Idaho.

The design is relatively common in New Orleans, Louisiana, and its suburb Metairie, where city boulevards may be split by streetcar tracks, and suburban thoroughfares are often split by drainage canals. Some intersections using this design are signed similarly to those in Michigan, but with more descriptive text; however, in some cases the only signage is "No Left Turn" and drivers are left to figure it out for themselves.

Since the redevelopment of the intersection between University Boulevard (MD 193) and Colesville Road (US 29) in Silver Spring, Maryland, a Michigan left has been used to increase efficiency of traffic through an otherwise underdeveloped and congested intersection. Due to its proximity to the Capital Beltway, heavy traffic is handled more safely and efficiently.

The Michigan Department of Transportation first used the modern design at the intersection of 8 Mile Road (M-102) and Livernois Avenue (42.4461°N, -83.141°W) in Detroit in the early 1960s. The increase in traffic flow and reduction in accidents was so dramatic (a 30–60% decrease ) that over 700 similar intersections have been deployed throughout the state since then. Michigan keeps building Michigan lefts where the opportunity presents itself, completing a rebuild of a dangerous stretch of highway (US 131 in Three Rivers in 2021).

North Carolina has been implementing Michigan lefts along US 17 in the southeastern part of the state, outside Wilmington. In 2015, a Michigan left was constructed at the intersection of Poplar Tent Road and Derita Road in the Charlotte suburb of Concord.

Columbus, Ohio introduced a Michigan left at the intersection of SR 161 and Strawberry Farms Boulevard in 2012.

At least two Michigan lefts have existed in Texas. One was located at the intersection of Fondren Road and Bellaire Boulevard in Houston from the 1980s through 2007, when it was replaced with conventional left-turn lanes. Another was built in mid-2010 in Plano at the intersection of Preston Road and Legacy Drive. In January 2014, the city announced plans to revert the turn to a traditional intersection as a result of drivers' confusion. A section of State Highway 71 east of Austin-Bergstrom International Airport at FM 973 in Austin, Texas did have a signalized Michigan U-turn that was constructed in 2014—this was a temporary fix until the SH71 tollway over SH130 (including the re-routing of FM973) was completed in early 2016. There are multiple Michigan left turns currently being used along US 281 north of Loop 1604 in San Antonio. These were adopted as a short-term solution for traffic issues as development expanded north, but will likely be phased out as US 281 is elevated.

The city of Draper, Utah, a suburb of Salt Lake City, announced in 2011 that it would be building Utah's first "ThrU Turn" at the intersection of 12300 South and State Street, just off Interstate 15 through Salt Lake County. Construction began in summer 2011 and was completed in fall 2011. Other similar intersections were implemented in South Jordan and Layton.

Applicable traffic studies
This type of intersection configuration, as with any engineered solution to a traffic problem, carries with it certain advantages and disadvantages and has been subject to several studies.

Studies have shown a major reduction in left-turn collisions and a minor reduction in merging and diverging collisions, due to the shifting of left turns outside the main intersection. In addition, it reduces the number of different traffic light phases, significantly increasing traffic flow. Because separate phases are no longer needed for left turns, this increases green time for through traffic. The effect on turning traffic is mixed. Consequently, the timing of traffic signals along a highway featuring the design is made easier by the elimination of left-turn phases both on that highway and along intersecting roadways contributing to the reduction of travel times and the increased capacity of those roadways.

It has been shown to enhance safety for pedestrians at these intersections, since they only encounter through traffic and vehicles making right turns. The elimination of left turns removes one source of potential vehicle-pedestrian conflict. One minor disadvantage of the Michigan left is the extra distance required for the motorist to drive. Sometimes the distance to the turnaround is as far away as 1/4 mi past the intersection. This design leads to each motorist driving an additional 1/2 mi to make a left turn. It also results in left-turning vehicles having to stop up to three times in the execution of the turn.

title: Michigan left


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Pachycephalidae

The Pachycephalidae are a family of bird species that includes the whistlers, shrikethrushes, and three of the pitohuis, and is part of the ancient Australo-Papuan radiation of songbirds. The family includes 64 species that are separated into five genera. Its members range from small to medium in size, and occupy most of Australasia. Australia and New Guinea are the centre of their diversity and, in the case of the whistlers, the South Pacific islands as far as Tonga and Samoa and parts of Asia as far as India. The exact delimitation of boundaries of the family are uncertain, and one species, the golden whistler, has been the subject of intense taxonomic scrutiny in recent years, with multiple subspecies and species-level revisions.

Taxonomy and systematics
The family Pachycephalidae was introduced (as the subfamily Pachycephalinae) by the English ornithologist William John Swainson in 1832.

The genera Pachycare, Hylocitrea, the crested bellbird and the crested shriketit were previously included in the family Pachycephalidae until moved to the families Acanthizidae, Hylocitreidae and Oreoicidae and Falcunculidae respectively. Some authorities have also placed the genus Mohoua, classified in the monotypic family Mohouidae, within the family Pachycephalidae.

The whistler family has five extant genera as follows:

 * Coracornis – 2 species
 * Melanorectes – black pitohui
 * Pachycephala – typical whistlers (48 species)
 * Pseudorectes – 2 species
 * Colluricincla – 11 species

Description
The whistlers are stout birds with strong bills, and the group was once known as the thickheads due to the large rounded heads of many species. Their plumage is rufous, brown, or grey in the majority of species. Nevertheless, a few species, particularly the golden whistler and its close relatives, have bright plumage. One of the more unusual traits of this family is found in the feathers of some of the pitohuis, which have toxins. These toxins are probably a deterrent to parasites and may also serve to dissuade predators from taking the birds.

Vocalisations
Several species belonging to this family are outstanding songsters: the whistlers produce an astonishing volume for their size, and the lyrebirds aside, the grey shrikethrush is often regarded as the finest, most inventive songbird of them all.

Distribution and habitat
The whistlers are birds of forests and wooded areas. Most species inhabit rainforest, particularly in the Asian and Papuan parts of their range, but Australian species inhabit a wider range of habitats including woodlands, arid scrubland and mangrove forests. Some species are restricted to a particular ecosystem, whereas others are more catholic and will inhabit a range of habitat types.

Breeding
Little is known about the breeding biology of most of the family; what is known generally comes from a small number of Australian species and the three New Zealand Mohoua species. They are monogamous and generally nest as simple pairs, although breeding groups have been recorded in some species.

Food and feeding
They are insectivorous, picking insects off leaves, branches, or leaf litter. While insects make up the majority of the diet they will also feed on spiders, worms, centipedes, snails, and small crabs; larger species will also tackle small vertebrates such as frogs, geckos and baby birds. They are generally sedate foragers and do not engage in hawking to obtain prey, instead being gleaners and probers. Only a few species migrate, most remaining resident in their tropical environment.

title: Pachycephalidae


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Callaeidae

Callaeidae (sometimes Callaeatidae) is a family of passerine birds endemic to New Zealand. It contains three genera, with five species in the family. One species, the huia, became extinct early in the 20th century, while the South Island kōkako is critically endangered and may be extinct.

Although sometimes known as wattled crows, they are not corvids and are only distantly related to crows - New Zealand wattlebirds is the informal name for this family used by the scientific community.

Biology and evolution
They are ground-dwelling songbirds, 26–38 cm in length. They inhabit dense forests, where they feed on insects. They have strong legs and featherless wattles behind the bill. Their wings are rounded and unusually weak, giving them very limited powers of flight. They are monogamous and maintain permanent territories.

These birds seem to be remnants of an early expansion of passerines to New Zealand. Their only close relative is the stitchbird.

The phylogenetic relationships between the species shown below is based on a study published in 2022. The South Island saddleback (Philesturnus carunculatus) was not sampled.

Species

 * Genus Callaeas
 * North Island kōkako, Callaeas wilsoni
 * South Island kōkako, Callaeas cinereus (possibly extinct)
 * Genus Philesturnus
 * North Island saddleback, Philesturnus rufusater
 * South Island saddleback, Philesturnus carunculatus
 * Genus Heteralocha
 * Huia, Heteralocha acutirostris (extinct)

title: Callaeidae


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Talk:Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk

Block 30 vs. 40 vs. ??
As a layman reading about the RQ-4 Global Hawk, I believe it my responsibility to suggest to more capable editors that they define, or at least explain, what Block 30/Block 40 means in the context of this article, and ensure that its use with this subject is appropriately-tailored to non-specialists as well as those w/ a background in defense contracting/UAV's/spying/procurement. It reads like jargon otherwise.Joep01 (talk) 19:41, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

 * My thought too on reading here that block 30 was expensive to operate and block 40 was much cheaper. What are the differences that make this so ? - Rod57 (talk) 19:48, 11 March 2016 (UTC)
 * http://www.ais.org/~schnars/aero/tier.htm#tier2p 78.151.47.158 (talk) 06:47, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

Nuclear power
I've removed the nuclear power section, because the reliable sources that discuss this, or  actually state that the mysterious " ultra-persistent propulsion and power system" was to be fitted to the Global Hawk, and in fact, they point out that the original Sandia report which the whole story appears to have been based  doesn't mention nuclear power at all. While the Spyflight source does mention the Global Hawk, it is not a reliable source.Nigel Ish (talk) 21:15, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

Lack of Criticism?
I find it odd that a good deal of criticism over the Global Hawk and how it is intended to replace the U-2 Dragon Lady is not present in the article in its current form. While the Global Hawk can indeed remain aloft far longer than the U-2 Dragon Lady, it still does not favor well when compared to the U-2S; the Dragon Lady has more payload capacity (5,000lbs vs 3,000 lbs), a greater service ceiling (70,000ft vs 60,000ft), and supposedly twice the amount of available on-board power for the payload to make use of.

Source here: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2014/02/20/u-2-vs-global-hawk-why-drones-arent-the-answer-to-every-military-need/

Granted, the article is quite old by now, but the only bit that I have not been able to verify as being valid at this point in time is the power supply. Even without that, handicaps in the payload and service ceiling are valid concerns, particularly in a system that is still proving to be more expensive to operate in the long run.

If you desire more recent criticism, however, The Hill has an article published in November of 2019 (https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/18/china-pentagon-global-hawk-drone/) highlighting the shortcomings of the Global Hawk - particularly how the aircraft has a large radar cross section for its size, and how Iran was able to shoot down a Global Hawk. BlackAeronaut (talk) 13:23, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Defensive Systems
There are none installed on the Global Hawk; many internet sources are circular references right back to the Wikipedia page; all are non-authoritative in nature. The "ALR-89" is a brochure capability that was never developed or purchased — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.249.80.215 (talk) 17:21, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk


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Camano Island

Camano Island is a large island in Possession Sound, a section of Puget Sound. It is part of Island County, Washington, and is located between Whidbey Island and the mainland (Snohomish County) by the Saratoga Passage to the west and Port Susan and Davis Slough to the east. The island has one road connection to the mainland, via State Route 532 over the Camano Gateway Bridge at the northeast end of the island, connecting to the city of Stanwood.

The island has a total area of 39.77 sqmi, making it one of the largest in the state of Washington. It has a year-round population of 15,661 as of the 2010 census. The population peaks at over 17,000 during the summer months due to part-time residents with vacation homes on the island. It is an unincorporated area with several small communities and shares civic facilities with nearby Stanwood, including its school district, and post office.

Camano Island is home to two state parks, Cama Beach and Camano Island State Park, and several county and local parks.

Etymology and name
One recorded name of Camano Island in Lushootseed, collected by ethnologist Colin E. Tweddell, is. This name has also been given as the name for Camano City, rather than the whole island. However, other sources agree with Tweddell that or  is the name of Camano City.

In English, the island was named for 18th century Spanish explorer Jacinto Caamaño. American explorer Charles Wilkes, during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838–1842, named it Macdonough Island in honor of Thomas Macdonough for his victory of the Battle of Lake Champlain during the War of 1812. Following this theme, Wilkes named the body of water between Camano and Whidbey Island after Macdonough's flagship the Saratoga. When Henry Kellett reorganized the official British Admiralty charts in 1847, he removed Wilkes' name Macdonough and bestowed the name Camano, which the Spanish explorer Francisco de Eliza had originally given to Admiralty Inlet in 1790. Wilkes' name Saratoga Passage was retained.

The island was known as Perry Island after the 1855 Treaty of Point Elliott between several Indigenous peoples and the United States. The island was also called Crow Island during the early 20th century.

19th century
Prior to American settlement, Camano Island was within the territory of both the Kikiallus and the Snohomish peoples. The Kikiallus controlled the northern parts of the island around Utsalady, while the Snohomish controlled the areas of the island south of Point Demock. Other tribes also used the island, such as the Lower Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snoqualmie, and Sauk-Suiattle. In fact, the island may have been a "free-use" area where usage of the island was not strictly restricted like other places.

Prior to the population decline due to smallpox, there were likely many villages all along the island, and the Kikiallus were said to have 6 villages. Artifacts and human remains attributed to an old village were discovered by archaelologists at Cama Beach which were dated to 1,600 years before present. By the beginning of the 19th century, there were two known villages: a Kikiallus village at Utsalady, and a Snohomish village at Camano Head.

Around 1820, a major landslide occurred at Camano Head. The landslide completely demolished the village there, and created a tidal wave which wiped out another Snohomish village on Hat Island, and almost destroyed the main village of Hibulb. Hundreds of people were killed, and it was worsened by the fact that it was clamming season, and many of the visitors to the village were crushed or drowned. After this catastrophic event, the site of Camano Head was never used as a village, although it did continue to be used for clamming seasonally.

Camano Island continued to be under the Snohomish and Kikiallus until 1855, when, under the Treaty of Point Elliot, they ceded control of most of their lands, including Camano Island, to the United States. White settlement on the island began in the 1850s and it was included in the newly-established Island County in 1853. The first major settlement on the island was at Utsalady (originally spelled Utsaladdy), which would be home to several sawmills. The first sawmill on the island was constructed by Thomas Cranney in 1858 and a school district was organized in 1862 to serve 17 students in a one-room schoolhouse.

Cranney's sawmill at Utsalady was seized by the federal government in 1876 due to his bankruptcy and sold the following year to the Puget Mill Company, which enlarged it to handle 75,000 board feet per day. A plat for Utsalady was filed in 1891, with the town boasting three stores, two hotels, a telegraph line, and daily steamship service to Coupeville. The area had a large population of Chinese and Norwegian immigrants who worked at the mill until the former were expelled by anti-Chinese riots in the 1880s. By the 1880 census, there were 112 residents in Utsalady and 74 Coast Salish peoples in other settlements on Camano Island. Following the Panic of 1893, the Utsalady sawmill was closed and left 125 residents unemployed, but five shingle mills were later opened to capitalize on the island's timber.

20th century
Camano Island was identified as an ideal location for farming and vacation homes during the early 20th century, as logging had cleared the island's old-growth forests. A cable ferry connecting the island's north end to Stanwood was replaced by a bridge in 1909. The first resort settlements on Camano Island at Utsalady, Juniper Beach, and Madrona beach were established in the 1920s, but were later dwarfed by larger resorts like Cama Beach (opened in 1936). During the Prohibition era, Camano Island was used as a major transiting point for rumrunners due to its remoteness and proximity to Canadian waters. The Juniper Beach area was also home to a new oyster farm that was established in 1930 and helped sustain the island during the Great Depression.

In 1943, the Puget Mill Company began developing its plots into residential subdivisions, ushering in the arrival of permanent summer homes on the island. The Stillaguamish River bridge to Stanwood was replaced in July 1950 by the Mark Clark Bridge and the island's roads were also improved by the state government. A new state park was established in 1948 and opened the following year after a day-long event in which 800 residents cleared the land to prepare for park development. In the 1950s, the island received its own post office, having previously been part of the Stanwood post office's delivery area, an organized fire department, and telephone service. Major population growth in the 1960s and early 1970s caused strain on the island's infrastructure, requiring the creation of a new planning office and a satellite county courthouse.

Geography
Camano Island is located within the Puget Sound, separated from the mainland of Snohomish County by Port Susan and Davis Slough. It lies east of the Saratoga Passage, which separates it from the larger Whidbey Island, and is south of Skagit Bay. The northern entrance to Camano Island is located 55 mi north of Seattle. The island itself is 15.6 mi long and has a width of 0.75 to 6.6 mi, with 52 mi of shoreline.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Camano CDP has a total area of 94.9 square miles (245.9 km2), of which, 39.8 square miles (103.0 km2) of it is land and 55.2 square miles (142.9 km2) of it (58.11%) is water. Approximately 83 percent of the shoreline around the island is privately owned.

The island has a wide array of native and migratory birds, including bald eagles and herons. Migrating gray whales travel annually through the Saratoga Passage in March and April, making them visible from Camano Island.

During the Last Ice Age the island, sound and land surrounding the sound was covered by a mile thick sheet of ice. As temperatures rose the glacier receded, carving the island and leaving behind deposits of glacial till.

Communities

 * Utsalady
 * Terry's Corner (including new town center)
 * Buena Vista
 * Madrona Beach
 * Sunset Beach
 * Juniper Beach
 * Lona Beach
 * Rockaway Beach
 * Maple Grove Beach
 * Livingston Bay
 * Iverson Beach
 * Tillicum Beach
 * Tyee Beach
 * Camaloch

Parks and recreation
The state parks system has two properties on Camano Island: Camano Island State Park and Cama Beach State Park, both located on the west side of the island. Camano Island State Park, near Elger Bay, was opened in 1949 after a one-day volunteer effort with 500 local residents to prepare the property. It has 6,700 ft of shoreline, camping areas, and hiking trails on 244 acre of land. Cama Beach State Park opened in 2008 at the site of a former beach resort, which was restored with beachside cabins and hiking trails.

Camano Island also has 13 local parks maintained by the Island County government. The largest park, Camano Ridge, includes 400 acre of inland protected forestland and hiking trails that were transferred from the Washington State Department of Natural Resources in 2003. At the north end of the island is Iverson Preserve, a 120 acre beach and estuary with fishing and boat access. Barnum Point County Park on Port Susan was opened in August 2019 with 167 acre of waterfront space, acquired with $750,000 in private donations through a local land trust.

Demographics
Camano Island has a large seasonal population of snowbirds and other part-time residents, which brings the summer population of the island to an estimated 17,000. The retiree population on the island began arriving in the mid-20th century, including residents from outside of Washington state. Based on per capita income, one of the more reliable measures of affluence, Camano ranks 99th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 13,347 people, 5,357 households, and 4,028 families residing in the Camano Island CDP. The population density was 335.6 people per square mile (129.6/km2). There were 6,709 housing units at an average density of 168.7/sq mi (65.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.6% White, 0.3% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.

There were 5,357 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $54,262, and the median income for a family was $60,013. Males had a median income of $47,309 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,362. About 4.4% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Camano Island is part of Island County, despite its only road connection leading to Snohomish County, and has no incorporated communities. The island's residents have previously proposed incorporating as a city or joining Snohomish County to increase access to services, but to no result. Island County maintains a small government campus on Camano Island that opened in the 1970s to house the county sheriff and other offices. The original campus was replaced by the Island County Administration Building, which opened in late 2020.

The island shares several of its services with neighboring Stanwood, including the Stanwood-Camano School District. The school district has two elementary schools on Camano Island, opened in the 2000s, while older students attend classes at Stanwood's schools. Sno-Isle Libraries, which serves Island and Snohomish counties, opened a public library inside a temporary space on Camano Island as part of a pilot program that began in 2007. A permanent library at Terry's Corner opened in August 2015 after voters on the island approved a $2.3 million bond measure to remodel a former restaurant.

Events

 * The Port Susan Snow Goose & Birding Festival (February)
 * The Camano Island Mother's Day Art Studio Tour (May)
 * The Spring Art Show (June)
 * Art by the Bay, The Stanwood–Camano Festival of Art and Music (July)
 * The Stanwood Camano Community Fair (August)
 * The Harvest Jubilee (September)

Notable people

 * Mark W. Clark, U.S. Army general
 * William Corson, actor
 * Jack Gunter, artist
 * Colton Harris-Moore, former fugitive known as the "Barefoot Bandit"
 * Mary Margaret Haugen, state senator
 * Dave Hayes, state legislator
 * Caitlin Kinnunen, actress
 * Thomas T. Minor, former mayor of Seattle and Port Townsend
 * Robert Neale, ace pilot
 * Pearl Anderson Wanamaker, state legislator and state superintendent of schools
 * Laurie Z, musician
 * Alfred Zeisler, film producer, director, actor and screenwriter

Transportation
Camano Island is connected to mainland Washington by State Route 532, which travels from the north end of the island to Stanwood via two bridges over the Davis Slough and Stillaguamish River. The island has several connecting roads that travel along the west and east edges to various neighborhoods and the two state parks. Island Transit operates free bus services connecting Camano Island to Stanwood, with onward connections to Mount Vernon, Amtrak Cascades, and Everett.

Ferry connections to Coupeville and Everett existed historically, but the routes are no longer active. Local residents rejected a car ferry in 1999. A passenger-only Camano–Whidbey ferry has been proposed and studied by Island County.

Utilities
Camano Island's electricity is provided by the Snohomish County Public Utility District, a public agency based in Everett. The island's electrical supply is delivered through a set of two high-voltage transmission lines that cross from Stanwood to a substation in northern Camano; the second transmission line was constructed in 2023. Tap water is sourced from groundwater wells on the island that are maintained by community cooperatives and small companies rather than a large operator.

title: Camano Island