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Newburgh, New York

Newburgh is a city in Orange County, New York, United States. With a population of 28,856 as of the 2020 census, it|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Bulletin-18-04.pdf |access-date=11 July 2019 |date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304165403/https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Bulletin-18-04.pdf |url-status=live }} Located 60 mi north of New York City, and 90 mi south of Albany on the Hudson River within the Hudson Valley Area, the city of Newburgh is located near Stewart International Airport, one of the primary airports for Downstate New York.

The Newburgh area was first settled in the early 18th century by the Germans and British. During the American Revolution, Newburgh served as the headquarters of the Continental Army. Prior to its chartering in 1865, the city of Newburgh was part of the town of Newburgh; the town now borders the city to the north and west. East of the city is the Hudson River; the city of Beacon is across the river and it is connected to Newburgh via the Newburgh–Beacon Bridge. The entire southern boundary of the city is with the town of New Windsor. Most of this boundary is formed by Quassaick Creek. In May 2016, the city requested help for its PFOS contaminated water supply under Superfund.

Newburgh is the location of numerous preserved landmarks, including Washington's Headquarters, the David Crawford House, New York State Armory, the Dutch Reformed Church, and Newburgh Colored Burial Ground. George Washington and Franklin Delano Roosevelt had ties to the city; Ulysses S. Grant, Robert Kennedy, and Theodore Roosevelt also visited, the latter delivering a famous speech at a nearby shipyard. The city served as a planning ground for the Gothic Revival architectural movement in America, headed by native Andrew Jackson Downing with English architects Calvert Vaux and Frederick Clarke Withers.

Mount Saint Mary College is a private liberal arts college located here.

History
At the time of European contact the area of Newburgh was occupied by the Waoranek, a branch of the Lenape. The area that became Newburgh was first explored by Europeans when Henry Hudson stopped by during his 1609 expedition up the river that now bears his name. His navigator, Robert Juet, is said to have called the site "a pleasant place to build a town", although some later historians believe he may actually have been referring to the area where Cornwall-on-Hudson now stands.

Around 1683, provincial governor Thomas Dongan purchased the land from the Woaranek people. The first settlement was made in the spring of 1709 by fifty-four Palatine refugees, sponsored by Queen Anne of Great Britain. The settlers named it the Palatine Parish by Quassic. In 1743, a ferry at the foot of First Street had been established between Newburgh and Fishkill Landing (now Beacon, New York). In 1752, the land had been surveyed by Cadwallader Colden and named "Newburgh", perhaps after one of the Newburghs (there are two) in his father's native Scotland (Colden himself was born in Ireland). Shipyards were established and docks and warehouses lined the waterfront.

In April 1782, General George Washington made his headquarters at the farmhouse of the Hasbrouck family, making Newburgh the Continental Army's headquarters; he remained there until August 1783. This was Washington's longest stay at any of his over 160 headquarters. In March 1782, Washington received the famous Newburgh letter from Lewis Nicola, suggesting that he declare himself king of the United States, a suggestion he strongly rejected. In honor of that rejection, Kings Highway, the north–south street on which the Newburgh headquarters is located, was renamed Liberty Street. In March 1783, feeling embittered over their lack of payment from Congress, an anonymous letter circulated amongst the senior officers encamped at the nearby New Windsor Cantonment, calling for a meeting between the officers to decide what course of action to take against Congress; the letter advocated for an ultimatum stating that if peace was declared and the officers were still unpaid, they would refuse to disband the army — effectively a military mutiny against the civilian government. This letter began what is now known as the "Newburgh Conspiracy". After delivering the "Newburgh Address" and reading aloud a letter from Congressman Joseph Jones of Virginia, Washington was able to persuade his officers to stay loyal to Congress and to him. A month later, Washington delivered the Proclamation of the Cessation of Hostilities that announced the preliminary peace treaty with the United Kingdom, and ordering the army to officially stand down. This marked the effective end of the fighting of the American Revolution, exactly 8 years later to the day since the fighting began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Hasbrouck House was purchased by New York State in 1850 to preserve the site, making it the very first publicly owned historic site in the United States.

Growth
In 1793, Newburgh's first newspaper, The Newburgh Packet, was established. The hamlet of Newburgh was incorporated as a village in 1800. At the time of its settlement it was in Ulster County and was that county's seat. When Rockland County was split from Orange County in 1798, Newburgh and the other towns north of Moodna Creek were put in a redrawn Orange County. Newburgh thus lost its status as the county seat to Goshen, but as a political compromise supreme court sessions continued to be heard in Newburgh as well as the county seat of Goshen, the only place in New York State this is permitted. Although technically still permitted by statute, this practice was discontinued in the mid-1960s. The former County courthouse still stands as Newburgh's old city courthouse building (currently used as municipal office space).

By 1793 there were four sloop lines operating out of Newburgh. As new turnpikes opened trade extended into the interior, passenger coaches and farm wagons raveled as far west as Canandaigua. This was the shortest route from the Hudson to Western New York. By 1819 a steamboat on Cayuga Lake connected Newburgh stage lines with Ithaca. Streets leading to the river were often blocked for hours with farmers' wagons waiting to be unloaded at the wharves. With the opening of the Erie Canal much of the traffic from the Southern Tier was diverted. In 1830 Richard Carpenter of Newburgh had the steamboat William Young built at Low Point; it ran between Newburgh and Albany. Prosperity returned with the arrival of the railroads.

On the evening of September 24, 1824, beacon fires in the Hudson Highlands announced the arrival of the Marquis de Lafayette. Having been feted in New York, he sailed upriver on the chartered steamer James Kent. The next day, people came from the surrounding towns to catch a glimpse of the general as he made his way to a reception at the Orange Hotel. The Rev. John Brown of St. George's Episcopal Church was part of the welcoming committee. At 2 am., Lafayette sailed from Reeve & Falls dock for Poughkeepsie.

The Erie Railroad charter was amended April 8, 1845, to allow the building of the Newburgh Branch, running from the main line near Greycourt northeast to Newburgh, also on the Hudson River. The branch opened January 8, 1850. It was later used as a connection to the New York and New England Railroad via a car float operation across the river to Beacon, New York.

Newburgh was chartered as a city in April 1865.

Newburgh became quite prosperous during the Gilded Age that followed. Newburgh had telephone service in 1879. In 1883 there was a steamboat landing on Second Street. The United States Hotel was on Front Street opposite the landing. Also on Front Street near the landing was the Union Depot. In 1883, the West Shore Railroad inaugurated service to the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot at Jersey City and by 1886 was traveling to Weehawken Terminal, where passengers transferred to ferries to Manhattan.

With its situation on the Hudson River, midway between New York City and Albany, it became a transportation hub and an industrial center. Its industries included the manufacturing of cottons, woolens, silks, paper, felt hats, baking powder, soap, paper boxes, brick, plush goods, steam boilers, tools, automobiles, coin silver, bleach, candles, waterway gates, ice machines, pumps, moving-picture screens, overalls, perfumes, furniture, carpets, carburetors, spiral springs, spiral pipe, shirt waists, shirts, felt goods, lawn mowers; shipyards; foundries and machine shops; tanneries; leatherette works; and plaster works.

J. J. Nutt said of Newburgh:

"The year 1891 finds us the most thriving city on the Hudson, with citizens full of spirit of public enterprise, with public institutions comparatively unequalled, and with apparently every factor and requisite to ensure its bright future as a manufacturing and commercial city of importance..."

Newburgh was home to the second Edison power plant, which installed and powered 126 lamps at the Orange Woolen Mill, and was the second American city (after New York's Pearl Street) to have a street lit using electricity. Broadway, which at 132 ft in width is one of the widest streets in the state of New York, runs through the city culminating with views of the Hudson River.

20th and 21st centuries
Newburgh played a pivotal role in television history. In October 1939, RCA chose to test-market televisions in Newburgh, which was within range of the television signal of RCA's experimental station W2XBS. Six hundred sets were sold in Newburgh at a deep discount. The test-marketing campaign's success encouraged RCA to go forward with developing the new medium. Additionally, with consumer television production ceasing during World War II, those Newburgh households which purchased televisions during 1939 and 1940 were among the few to enjoy television (albeit with a greatly reduced programming schedule) during the war.

Newburgh was one of the first cities in the country to fluoridate its water in 1945.

In the late 20th century the industrial base of the city declined as industries relocated operations south or to other locations with cheaper labor costs and lower taxes. The Hudson River, which previously served as the main means of transporting goods, lost much of its shipping traffic to trucking. The city's trolley system was shut down in 1924 in favor of buses. The nation moved to the automobile for transportation and, as with many other cities, there was a resulting migration to the suburbs. In 1963 the Newburgh–Beacon Bridge was opened, carrying Interstate 84 and spanning the Hudson River, bypassing the Newburgh waterfront and the city of Newburgh altogether. The ferry closed down soon thereafter—it was not revived until 2005—and the waterfront area declined rapidly.

In 1962, Lloyd's Department Store became the first major shopping center in Newburgh. Its motto was "Years Ahead". Many features of Lloyd's, including widely divergent ministores under one roof, did not become common in other shopping centers for many decades. Lloyd's successfully drew a great deal of retail business away from the downtown area. In 1964, the Mid Valley Mall opened, also outside of the city limits in Newburgh, and attracted many long-established local businesses away from the waterfront and downtown city of Newburgh. Other retail shopping malls soon sprang up, all also outside the city of Newburgh, and the retail industry of the city declined further. The city continued to lose its previously well regarded retail sector along Water Street and Broadway to the suburban shopping malls, which did not share the city's congested parking and traffic problems or the perceived rising crime rate.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the city's response to the economic decline was an ambitious urban renewal plan. The city's historic waterfront area, an area composed of several square blocks which included numerous historically significant buildings, was completely demolished between 1970 and 1973. Residents were relocated, or were supposed to be relocated, to newer housing projects around Muchattoes Lake in the city's interior.

A grand complex that was planned for the urban renewal area was never built when state and federal spending began to dry up after the 1973 oil crisis. To this day, the blocks which slope down to the river remain open, grassy slopes, offering sweeping views of the Hudson but generating no property taxes for the city. Public sentiment is mixed on whether they should be built on again at all, and the city's view-protection ordinances make it less likely. Below, the waterfront was developed in the late 1990s after the city was once again able to secure grants from the state's Environmental Protection fund for riprap to stabilize the shoreline.

In the early 1960s, city manager Joseph McDowell Mitchell and the council attracted nationwide attention when they attempted to require welfare recipients to pick up their payments at police headquarters. Mitchell later announced a program that would have denied welfare payments after three months except to the aged, the blind and the handicapped. After opposition by both state and federal officials, the program created a national controversy and never went into effect.

Newburgh in the early 21st century is more racially diverse than previously, with a growing Latin American immigrant population (mainly of Mexican descent) in addition to the city's sizable African American demographic.

Geography
Newburgh is situated in the Northeastern United States, in Downstate New York's Hudson Valley region. It is located within Orange County bordering the Hudson River on the west bank. The town of Newburgh borders the city to the north and west, and the town of New Windsor borders the south.

Adjacent to Newburgh, the land rises at first sharply to a bluff, where many historic structures are located, offering sweeping views of the Hudson Highlands to the south; Mount Beacon to the east and the Newburgh—Beacon Bridge to the north; then more gradually to a relatively level western half. There are some notable hills in outlying areas such as the Washington Heights section in southeast Newburgh and Mount St. Mary's at the northeast. The lowest elevation in the city is at sea level along the river; the highest is roughly 690 feet (210 m) on Snake Hill along the city's boundary with the town of New Windsor.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city is located at the following coordinates: (41.503193, −74.019636). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Newburgh has a total area of 12.4 km2, of which 9.9 km2 is land and 2.5 km2  (20.08%) is water. Newburgh makes up a part of the Kiryas Joel-Poughkeepsie-Newburgh metropolitan area, which is a part of the larger New York metropolitan area.

Climate
Typical to Downstate New York, the city of Newburgh lies in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates under the Köppen climate classification.

Annually, according to Sperling's BestPlaces, the city receives an average of 191 sunny days. Winters are cold and damp, and the city of Newburgh may receive up to 36.8 inches (934.72 mm) of snowfall. The months of January and February are the coldest months of the year with an average low of 18 degrees Fahrenheit or -7.7 Celsius. February is also the driest month. Summers tend to be hot and humid, with an average high of 84 °F (28.8 °C) in July. June, August, and September are the most comfortable months according to Sperling's BestPlaces. Newburgh receives approximately 47 inches (1,193.8 mm) of rainfall annually.

Demographics
Newburgh's census-estimated population according to the American Community Survey was 28,282 in 2018, down from 28,866 in 2010. There were 11,765 housing units in 2018. The city's inhabitants were 20.1% non-Hispanic white, 24.2% African American, .3% American Indian or Alaska native, 1.1% Asian, .5% from some other race, 2.9% from two or more races, and 50.8% were Hispanic or Latino of any race in 2018. Of the Hispanic or Latin American population, Mexicans numbered 5,093 (18.0%), Puerto Ricans 3,337 (11.8%), Cubans 44 (.2%) and other Hispanic or Latin Americans 5,893 (20.85%). A sizable Asian community of Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, and Korean Americans resided in the city. The largest multiracial groups were black-white mixed race people and Eurasians.

There were 9,358 households, out of which 20.0% had children under 6 living with them and 52.4% had children aged 6 to 17. 42.0% of households had one or more people under 18 years and 30.4% had one or more people aged 60 and older living. The average household size was 2.92. In 2018, there were 5,752 families with an average family size of 3.8. Among unmarried-partner households, .9% were same-sex and 9.4% were opposite sex.

31.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 68.3% were 18 and older, and 9.4% were aged 65 and older. The median age was 29.1 years, a slight increase since 2000's census. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males living in Newburgh. 55.4% of the city only spoke English and 44.6% spoke a language other than English. 41.5% understood Spanish in 2018 and 2.6% spoke another Indo-European language. 0.3% spoke Pacific Islander languages.

The median income for a household from 2014 to 2018 was $37,900 and the mean income was $53,772. 51.5% were below the poverty level and 84.5% were at or above the poverty level. Despite progress from the early 1990s, poverty remained a significant problem. The 2000 census found that two of the city's five census tracts were among the poorest in the entire state. In 2004 the state declared it one of the state's five most "stressed" cities, based on a mix of statistics like families headed by single mothers, abandoned buildings, unemployment, residents under the poverty line and adults without a high school diploma.

Religion
According to Sperling's BestPlaces, 53.5% of Newburghers are religious. The largest Christian denomination in the city is the Catholic Church (35.7%), served by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York. 2.1% of Christians profess Methodism, 1.9% are Presbyterian, 1.2% Lutheran, 1.1 Pentecostal, 1.0% Anglican or Episcopalian, 0.5% Baptist, and 0.4% from the Latter-Day Saint movement. 1.7% are of another Christian faith which may consist of the Eastern Orthodox Church and others. The second largest religious demographic are adherents to Judaism. Jews form 6.5% of the Newburgher faith community. The Jewish Federation of Orange County is headquartered in the city and Congregation Agudas Israel and Temple Beth Jacob are located in the city limits. 1.1% of the faith community follow Islam and 0.2% are members of an eastern religion including Hinduism, Buddhism, or Sikhism.

St. George's Episcopal Church
In 1728 the Rev. Richard Charlton was sent from England to be a missionary to the people of New Windsor in then Ulster County (later Newburgh in Orange County). St. George's Church developed from St. Thomas' Church in New Windsor. In 1770, during the tenure of the Rev. John Sayre, St. George's Church was granted a royal charter by King George III. The Rev. Mr. Sayres left for Canada at the time of the Revolution. In 1790 Rev George Spierin served as both minister and schoolmaster, but resigned in 1793. St. George's Church was re-established in 1805. In 1838 the Rev Dr. John Brown organized St. George's Cemetery, open to members of any race, religion or belief. He was also a founder of St. Luke's Hospital. Originally, services were held in the old Glebe schoolhouse until the church was built in 1819. In 1834 the bell tower was added. Dr. Brown was succeeded by his assistant, Rev. Octavius Applegate who founded the mission chapel, of the Good Shepherd.

St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church
The first Catholic service in Newburgh took place around 1816 when Mass was said in the house of Henry Gilmore on Western Avenue (now Broadway) by Rev. James McKenna. He was followed in 1817 by Rev. Ffrench. A church was formed in 1826, served by circuit-riding missionaries. Rev. Philip O'Reilly made Newburgh the base from which he served other communities. St. Patrick's Church was founded in 1836. Fr. Patrick Duffy was the first pastor and served for seventeen years until his death in 1853. He was followed by Rev. Gallagher, who was succeeded by Rev. Edward J. O'Reilly. Father O'Reilly was followed by Father Broidy. A stone church building was completed in December 1842 and formally dedicated by Bishop John Hughes of New York in 1849. In 1852 land was purchased for a cemetery at the corner of First and Stone streets. The rectory was built in 1854. The parish established in 1855 a Library Association, later known as the Young Men's Catholic Lyceum. In 1881 a new building was erected for the Lyceum on Liberty St.

In 1879 Right Rev. Monsignor J.F. Mooney became pastor and started the mission of St. Joseph's in New Windsor. He also founded Calvary Cemetery which opened on May 30, 1898.

St. Patrick's began its Hispanic ministry in the mid-1960s. In 1966 Father John Filippelli of the Society of Saint Joseph of the Sacred Heart initiated a Spanish Mass as well as cultural celebrations such as the Feast of Three Kings. In 1973, Fr. Rogelio Cuesta, OP was named Director of the Hispanic Apostolate of Newburgh and Beacon. Other patronal feasts were celebrated such as Our Lady of Charity from Cuba, Señor de los Milagros of Peru, and Our Lady of Suyapa of Honduras, reflecting the diversity of the community. In 1989 the ministry was expanded to include outreach to migrant workers.

St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church
St. Mary's Church was founded in 1875, when the archbishop, John McCloskey divided the original parish creating Mary's parish in the northern part. The first mass in the parish was on Easter Sunday, 1875, in the opera-house. In 1880 the building occupied by the church until 2015 was erected at Gidney Avenue and South Street. In 1883 Mount Saint Mary College was founded. In 1884 St. Mary's Parochial School opened on September 1, 1886.

St. Mary's Parish was merged with St. Patrick's effective August 1, 2015. The church building was shuttered and closed and has not been used since that date.

Crime
Newburgh was ranked more dangerous than 95 percent of US cities by website NeighborhoodScout, based on 2012 FBI crime data. This group also ranked Newburgh as the tenth most dangerous place to live in the United States based on the same 2012 dataset. It was ranked at number 12 in the previous year's rankings.

In 2010, The New York Times wrote an extensive article on gang activity in Newburgh.

In 2014, Newburgh began implementing a program called "Group Violence Intervention," an example of focused deterrence. In 2017, Newburgh reported the lowest crime rates in 10 years.

Economy
Newburgh was once a major economic hub between New York City and the New York State capital of Albany. Partly due to suburbanization and other economic factors the city suffered an economic decline from the 1960s to first quarter of the 21st century. Currently over 11,400 residents are employed within the city limits.

The largest industries as of 2020 were retail, healthcare and social assistance, food services, finance, public administration, and educational services.

Preservation
Newburgh's preservation history can be traced all the way back to 1850 when Washington's Headquarters was designated a state historic site, the first in the country. The Historical Society of Newburgh Bay and the Highlands was chartered by the State of New York and incorporated in 1884. The David Crawford House on Montgomery Street, built in 1830, is the current home of the Historical Society of Newburgh Bay and the Highlands.

The city's modern preservation efforts began when the Dutch Reformed Church, a Greek Revival structure designed by Alexander Jackson Davis, was slated for demolition as part of urban renewal after the congregation left the building in 1967. The movement to stop it led to the development of a historic district, now the second largest in New York State. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places three years later, and in 2001 became the city's second National Historic Landmark after Washington's Headquarters.

The city was designated a Preserve America community in 2005 and it also signed an agreement with the State Office of Historic Preservation as a Certified Local Government community. Its East End Historic District, recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as that and the Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Streets Historic District, has the most contributing properties of any historic district in the state.

The city's historic architecture, featuring designs by Alexander Jackson Davis, Calvert Vaux, Andrew Jackson Downing, Frederick Clarke Withers, George E. Harney, John H. Duncan, J. A. Wood, Warren and Wetmore, James Riely Gordon, and McKim, Mead & White have attracted a stable core of preservation-minded community activists willing to invest, spend time, and money in renovating property. Other notable native architects include Thornton MacNess Niven, ancestor of playwright Thornton Wilder, Elkanah K. Shaw, and Frank E. Estabrook, known for his civic buildings.

Public historical sites

 * Old Town Cemetery — The city's first burying ground and religious site, with gravestones dating to the mid 18th century. Features a unique Egyptian Revival tomb thought to be designed by Davis.
 * Newburgh Colored Burial Ground — Former site of a Black cemetery, destroyed around the turn of the 20th century. Construction in a parking lot prompted an archeological dig, which revealed possibly hundreds of remains.
 * St. George's Cemetery — An early planned rural cemetery situated in the city's East End, with several notable interments. Maintained by St. George's Episcopal Church, the oldest continually-operating church in the city.
 * Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site — Headquarters of George Washington during the end of the Revolutionary War, and home of the Huguenot Hasbrouck family. It is the first publicly owned historic site in the United States.
 * David Crawford House — Headquarters of the Historical Society of Newburgh Bay and the Highlands, who use the house as a museum and library. Built by David Crawford, a freighter and merchant who contributed to the development of the city.
 * Downing Park — A Vaux-Olmstead-designed public park given to the memory of Downing. Features pathways similar to Central Park, with a small pond, cafe, amphitheatre, and pergola designed by Estabrook on the foundation of an 18th-century farmhouse.

Sports
Delano-Hitch formerly served as the home field for the Newburgh Black Diamonds and Newburgh Nighthawks baseball teams.

The Hudson Valley Renegades are a minor league baseball team affiliated with the New York Yankees. The team is a member of the New York–Penn League, and play at Dutchess Stadium in nearby Fishkill.

The Hudson Valley Highlanders of the North American Football League played their home games at Dietz Stadium in nearby Kingston.

Government

Newburgh has seven elected officials, a mayor and six city council members, four elected by ward to four-year terms, staggered so that the mayor and two at-large councilmembers are up for re-election one year and four others, by ward, two years later. It was anticipated that in November 2007, Newburgh voters would decide on whether to split Newburgh into eight wards and elect one councilmember from each ward. The Newburgh City Council voted to disallow this referendum from appearing on the ballot pending further public input. In 1915 it became one of the first American cities to delegate routine governmental authority to a city manager. The mayor accepts all legal process and often serves as the symbolic head of the city, but other than that has no special powers or role. The city manager, who appoints all other city officials subject to council approval, serves at their pleasure. Since the position was created, there have been 33 managers who have served an average tenure of 2.7 years, with John Fogarty holding the longevity record at eight years in the 1950s. His term ended with his dismissal, as did eight others.

In January 2009, Jean Anne McGrane, the first woman to hold the position, was fired for, among other issues, withholding an unfavorable federal report on the city's mishandling of two HUD grants from the city council in the midst of the consideration of a $6 million bond, the 2009 city budget and the 2009 CDBG funds.

The city has had five mayors and eight city managers (five if two who served twice are counted only once) since 2000. Two subsequent acting city managers, after McGrane, quit. Richard Herbek, the third acting manager, took the job months later. He resigned in 2013 amid reports that he had misrepresented an encounter with a prostitute the year before. The (former) police chief, Michael Ferrara, replaced him on an interim basis. Michael G. Ciaravino was appointed City Manager of Newburgh on May 19, 2014, by unanimous vote of the City Council. In April 2018, Judy Kennedy, who was elected Newburgh's mayor in 2011, died of ovarian cancer at the age of 73, leaving the office vacant until her successor Torrance Harvey was appointed the following month.

Newburgh is in the 18 Congressional District.

Politics
Tensions flared during the city's hotly contested 1995 mayoral election. Allegations of electoral fraud had dogged the city's first African American woman mayor, Audrey Carey, since her 1991 victory in a four-way race. Supporters of Republican candidate Regina Angelo alleged that many registered voters in neighborhoods Carey had carried heavily used false addresses. In response, four years later deputy sheriffs were stationed at polling places and challenged voters to provide proof of residency and identity. Although she won, Carey's supporters claimed that the deputy sheriffs had singled out minority voters for such challenges, and accused the Republicans of voter suppression. These tensions were only aggravated when the council selected the city's Republican chairman at the time, Harry Porr, as the new city manager. Carey was defeated by Tyrone Crabb, a black man running on the Republican line, in 1999. Porr was fired, rehired and fired again in 2001. Crabb died suddenly of a heart attack ten days before he was slated to take office. The vacancy was filled by his widow, Mary.

Despite demographics and urban trends favoring Democrats, the voters of the city had until recent years regularly voted across party lines. Nicholas Valentine, mayor from 2003 until 2011 and several other recent mayors and council members were Republicans. The late Thomas Kirwan—a resident who served in the New York State Assembly until 2008—and was re-elected in a successful comeback bid in 2010, by one of the smallest margins in state history (15 votes), was a Republican. He died late in 2011. On March 20, a special election was held to fill the vacancy in which former Assemblyman Frank Skartados, Democrat, won by a large margin. In the general election held in November 2011, a newcomer to the city named Judith Kennedy was overwhelmingly elected Mayor over incumbent Republican Councilwoman Christine Bello. In addition, the Democratic candidates for Council seats, Gay Lee and Cedric Brown, were also overwhelmingly elected. Accordingly, the council is now 5-0 Democrat—the first time in recorded history one party monopolizes the Newburgh city government.

An independent documentary was made in 2004 about the mayoral race in Newburgh, called Saving Newburgh.

In 2009, the Republican party did not field its own candidates for city council. Instead the Republican Committee endorsed two Democrats—one a former councilman, the other an incumbent councilwoman—and they were not opposed for the Republican nomination in the primary despite their being registered Democrats. The Conservative and Independence parties both nominated them also. They lost the Democratic primary and despite their appearing on three party lines they lost the November election to two straight Democrats, both one time Republicans.

Newburgh declared itself a sanctuary city in March 2017.

The City Council passed a ceasefire resolution in Israel's war on Gaza on January 22, 2024.

Education
In 1978, students at Newburgh Free Academy, the city's public high school, boycotted classes. This ultimately led to a major reorganization of the school system. Newburgh is served by the Newburgh Enlarged City School District.

The local high school is called Newburgh Free Academy, and it is the largest public high school in Orange County. It serves approximately 3,000 students in grades 9–12 from the Newburgh area. Newburgh Free Academy is currently split into three campuses, with NFA Main located on Fullerton Avenue, NFA North located on Robinson Avenue a few blocks away, and NFA West located on West Street. Between the three campuses, there are roughly over 4,300 students enrolled. Two colleges are located in Newburgh, Mount Saint Mary College and the Newburgh campus of SUNY Orange.

Media
Newburgh is within the media market of New York City and Middletown. It is served by The Mid Hudson Times (Newburgh-based weekly), The Times Herald-Record, The Hudson Valley Press, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, El Diario La Prensa, The New York Post, and other newspapers local to the area. Its television market features News 12 Hudson Valley, a regional television channel marketed toward the Hudson River Valley Area.

Transportation
Allegiant Air, Breeze, and Play airlines provide passenger flights Stewart International Airport, west of the city. Metro-North Railroad, at Beacon station on the opposite east shore of the Hudson River, accessible via the Newburgh–Beacon Ferry during peak hours, connects to commuter rail service on the Hudson Line, with frequent commuter rail service to Westchester County and Grand Central Terminal in New York City. There is also service on the Metro-North Railroad Port Jervis Line from nearby Salisbury Mills—Cornwall station to Hoboken Terminal and Secaucus Junction in New Jersey and connects to Penn Station in New York City. The last Albany-Weehawken trains through Newburgh left in 1958 when the New York Central ended service north of West Haverstraw on the West Shore Railroad.

The River Rose is a sight-seeing ferry on a paddlewheel style boat. While it does not offer point-to-point commuter service across the Hudson River, from May 31 to October 31 it offers local cruises. Hudson River Adventures runs sightseeing tours on its conventional style cruise Pride of the Hudson, running cruises, May to October.

Ulster County Area Transit provides limited bus service to New Paltz on its route X. Short Line, part of Coach USA, provides daily service down Route 32 to Central (Hudson) Valley and points in New Jersey and New York City. Local service is also provided within the city by Newburgh Area Transit Leprechaun Lines also provides a Newburgh-Beacon-Stewart link. Coach USA also provides transportation to other points in Orange County, including Middletown and Woodbury.

New York State Route 32 and U.S. Route 9W pass through the city. New York State Route 17K and New York State Route 207 also reach their eastern termini within city limits. Interstate 84 passes just north of the city and the New York State Thruway (I-87) not far to the west.

Police
Newburgh's early police department consisted of twenty-two officers. On April 6, 1869, the Newburgh Police Department was authorized with regulations by the Common Council Ordinance. The first headquarters of the department was on First Street between Montgomery and Smith Street. Its current headquarters is located on both Broadway and Grand Street.

Fire
Newburgh's Fire Department operates out of two citywide firehouses. The department runs a frontline apparatus fleet of four engine companies (including two reserve engines), two ladder companies (including one reserve ladder), one fire boat, one fire alarm truck, and seven support units. It also houses and runs one of the Orange County Technical Rescue trailers as well as a foam trailer as part of the NYS Foam Task Force.

In 1934 the earlier volunteer companies were replaced by a professional department.

Hospitals
The city's economy is also stimulated by several hospitals and medical institutions including Montefiore St. Lukes Cornwall Hospital, the Veterans Health Administration (VA) and Hudson Valley Healthcare System.

Water supply
In May 2016, the city requested help for its PFOS contaminated water supply under Superfund; The source of the contamination was foam used during firefighting drills held by the Stewart Air National Guard Fire Department. Representative Sean Patrick Maloney demanded emergency action after EPA announced PFOA and PFOS Standards for Drinking Water, and called Stewart Air National Guard Base being "the most likely source" of contamination.

Notable people

 * Shad Barry, former MLB player
 * Augustus Belknap (1841–1889), businessman, railway executive, Union Army officer, and alderman of San Antonio
 * William W. Belknap (1829–1890), U.S. Secretary of War
 * Mary Bonauto (1961–), civil rights attorney known for work on same-sex marriage
 * Harry Griffith Cramer Jr. (1926-1957) US Army Special Forces captain, first American soldier killed in the Vietnam War
 * Elias Smith Dennis (1812–1894), U.S. Army general
 * Andrew Jackson Downing (1815–1852), architect and landscape designer
 * Geraldine Ferraro (1935–2011), Democratic Member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1979–1985) and the Democratic vice presidential candidate in 1984
 * Pardison Fontaine (1989-), singer, songwriter and rapper
 * Michael C. Gross (1945–2015), artist, designer and film producer. Gross designed the logo for the movie Ghostbusters and was the Art Director for National Lampoon from 1970 to 1974
 * William S. Hart (1864–1946), actor
 * Edward Howell (1792–1871), former U.S. Congressman
 * William T. Innis (1826–1901), Wisconsin state legislator and farmer
 * Augustus Jones (1757–1836), American-born surveyor who performed some land transfers in Newburgh area before embarking his career and majority of life in Upper Canada (now Ontario)
 * Ellsworth Kelly (1923–2015), artist
 * Judy Kennedy, (1945–2018), politician and businesswoman, Mayor of Newburgh
 * Jeff Klein (1976–), singer, songwriter and musician
 * Lee Lorenz, cartoonist
 * Rob Affuso, former drummer of the band Skid Row
 * Martin B. McKneally (1914–1992), national commander of the American Legion (1959–1960) and was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1968–1970)
 * Albert J. Myer (1828–1880), United States Army general
 * Benjamin Barker Odell, Jr. (1854–1926), Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives (March 4, 1895 – March 4, 1899) and Governor of New York State (1900–1904)
 * James Patterson (1947–), novelist
 * David Law Proudfit (1842-1897), poet and lithographer
 * Homer Ramsdell (1810—1894), influential businessman and railroad president
 * George D. Ruggles (1833–1904), Adjutant General of the U.S. Army from 1893 to 1897
 * Fannie Morris Spencer (1865-1943), organist and composer
 * Joe Steffy, football player for Tennessee and Army, Korean War veteran
 * Paul Teutul Sr. (1949–), founder of Orange County Choppers, a manufacturer of custom motorcycles
 * Albert W. Van Duzer (1917–1999), bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey, serving from 1973 to 1982
 * James Varick (1750—1827) first bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
 * Coulton Waugh (1896–1973), artist (of Dickie Dare comic strip) and mapmaker
 * Saul Williams (1972–), poet, actor and hip hop artist
 * John E. Wool (1784–1869), officer in the U.S. Army

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Newburgh, New York


text:
Warwick (village), New York

Warwick is a village in Orange County, New York, United States, in the southeastern section of the town of Warwick. The village's population was 6,652 at the time of the 2020 census. It is part of the New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area.

History
Settled in the middle part of the 18th Century, the village grew from its agricultural roots as a stopover on the King's Highway between Philadelphia and Newburgh, New York. During the American War for Independence, British General Burgoyne and his army camped on the outskirts of the village after their defeat at the Battle of Saratoga. Also during the American Revolution, Martha Washington stayed at Baird's Tavern, now located on Main Street in the Village.

In 1859, Grinnell Burt along with other local businessmen met to form a new rail line from the Erie Railroad's main line at Greycourt to the village as a means of transporting milk and other agricultural products to market. The Warwick Valley Railroad was chartered on March 8, 1860, and the line was completed in 1862 functioning essentially as a 10-mile long branch of the 6-foot gauge Erie. Almost all of the commercial brick buildings in the village date to this period including the Dispatch Building and Demerest Hotel which were built to house passengers from the trains. When the line was extended to Belvidere, then to Allentown, the Warwick Valley Railroad was merged into the Lehigh and Hudson River Railway in 1882 with Warwick serving as the headquarters for the 90+ mile line for its entire history. The railyard first established at the South Street terminus was replaced first with a roundhouse and machine shop at Elm Street, then in 1910 with a full complex off of River Street (the present site of Jones Chemical). The L&HR served as a major "bridge line" of freight traffic between Pennsylvania and the enormous railyard at Maybrook, New York where freight would be forward to New England over the vitally important Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge. With the advent of the age of the automobile, the small passenger business that existed dried up and the last passenger train was run between Warwick and Greycourt on July 8, 1939. The L&HR was the largest single employer in the village of Warwick, but with the decline of rail and the burning of the Poughkeepsie Bridge in May 1974, the L&HR was deemed irrelevant and the bankrupt railroad was folded into Conrail in 1976.

Without any link to a major highway, Warwick avoided the rapid development of other town in Orange County at the beginning of the 21st Century and maintains its small town charm to this day. 130 acre along Routes 94 and 17A in the center of the village are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Warwick Village Historic District. Buildings there range from the oldest in the village, the 1764 Shingle House, preserved and maintained by the Historical Society of the Town of Warwick, also known as the Warwick Historical Society, to large early 20th-century cottages built by weekend vacationers from New York City.

Geography
Warwick is located at 41.25306°N, -74.35667°W (41.25313, -74.356815).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.2 sqmi, all land.

NY-94 and NY-17A intersect in the center of the village and connect Warwick to the villages of Florida and Greenwood Lake. County highways 1A, 1B, and 13 lead into the village also. On the northern end of the village is St. Anthony Medical Center. With the termination of the passenger railroad, the only form of public transportation to New York City is NJ Transit buses, using either the 196 (express) or 197 (local) routes.

The state line between New York and New Jersey is 4 mi west of the village. Hamlets surrounding the village include Amity, Bellvale, Wisner, Edenville, Greenwood Forest Farms, Little York, New Milford, Pine Island, and Sterling Forest.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,412 people, 2,523 households, and 1,619 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,870.5 pd/sqmi. There were 2,615 housing units at an average density of 1,170.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 92.56% white, 3.26% black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.62% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.08% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.68% of the population. There were 2,523 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $49,665, and the median income for a family was $62,984. Males had a median income of $56,641 versus $36,613 for females. The per capita income for the village was $24,648. About 3.7% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.5% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Warwick (village), New York


text:
Warwick, New York

Warwick is a town in the southwestern part of Orange County, New York, United States. Its population was 32,027 at the 2020 census. The town contains three villages (Florida, Greenwood Lake, and Warwick) and eight hamlets (Amity, Bellvale, Edenville, Little York, Wisner, New Milford, Pine Island, and Sterling Forest).

History
In the early 1700s, one of the original patent holders, Benjamin Aske, named his land "Warwick", presumably after an area of England near his original ancestral home. He began to sell it off to settlers in 1719. His first parcel of land, 100 acres, was sold to Lawrence Decker. Other familiar family names of the Valley appeared in subsequent years. The European population of the valley grew rapidly from 1730 to 1765, and the previously existing populations of indigenous native people declined as forests and land were cleared for pasture and were re-organized. By the start of the American Revolution, almost all of the native population had disappeared in various ways. The region has been referred to as Warwick since the early eighteenth century, but a governmental form for a town named Warwick was officially created in 1788.

During the American War for Independence, Warwick was the site of a Continental Army encampment. The Hudson River Chain was forged at Sterling Iron Works in Warwick, preventing the British Navy from sailing up the Hudson River. In 1783, George Washington traveled through Warwick, stopping at Baird's Tavern and spending the night in the home of John Hathorn.

Warwick is situated along a freight rail line, which, as it did with many other towns in Orange County (such as Goshen, Middletown, and Newburgh), contributed to the growth of the area. The nineteenth-century writer and naturalist Henry William Herbert, writing as Frank Forrester, popularized the area with his 1845 book, "The Warwick Woodlands". Today, the town of Warwick is a rural community with many agricultural pursuits that stimulate its economy.

Geography
The town of Warwick comprises much of the southern tip of Orange County. It borders the townships of Vernon and West Milford to the south, both in the state of New Jersey. To its north, Warwick is bordered by Chester via Sugar Loaf, Orange County's oldest hamlet, antedating both Warwick and Chester, and which was part of Warwick until the mid-nineteenth century. To its east, Warwick is bordered by the town of Tuxedo, home of the New York Renaissance Faire, and the hamlet of Tuxedo Park.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town is the second largest township in New York State and has a total area of 104.9 square miles (271.6 km2), of which 101.7 square miles (263.3 km2) is land and 3.2 square miles (8.3 km2) (3.04%) is water. Greenwood Lake is Orange County's largest lake, and it is bisected by the border between New Jersey (to the south) and New York (on its north). Glenmere Lake, an extremely critical endangered species habitat, is bisected by Warwick and Chester.

Warwick is served by Warwick Municipal Airport and two regional state highways, New York State Route 17A (NY 17A) and NY 94. The Appalachian Trail passes through Warwick, which has been designated an Appalachian Trail Community.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 30,764 people, 10,868 households, and 7,955 families residing in the town. The population density was 302.6 PD/sqmi. There were 11,818 housing units at an average density of 116.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 91.06% White, 4.51% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.85% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.60% from other races, and 1.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.47% of the population.

There were 10,868 households, of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.7% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.

Education
The Warwick Valley Central School District serves as the public school system for Warwick residents and residents of the southern portion of the town of Chester. The Greenwood Lake Union Free School District serves the residents of Greenwood Lake, with the GWL Elementary School and GWL Middle School; students have a choice of Chester Academy or Warwick Valley High School for their high school education. The Florida NY Union Free School District serves the residents of Florida, NY, with Golden Hill Elementary School and S.S.Seward Institute.

Festivals
Applefest is an annual outdoor festival attracting as many as 35,000 people each year in October.

The Hudson Valley Jazz Festival, originally named the Warwick Valley Jazz Festival, takes place during the summer.

The annual George Washington Celebration is a tradition that celebrates when the Founding Father, Gen. George Washington, came to Warwick and enjoyed a grog with his men in Baird's Tavern. This free community-wide tradition takes place in July, and is carried on by the Historical Society of the Town of Warwick, also known as the Warwick Historical Society, a nonprofit organization dedicated to Warwick since its inception in 1906. George Washington Day is a fun-filled community tradition with free public historic property tours throughout the afternoon.

Transportation
Warwick is served by the 196 and 197 buses to Manhattan (operated by New Jersey Transit). It is also served by the Warwick inter-municipal bus.

Communities and locations in the town of Warwick

 * Warwick – village located by the junction of NY 94 and NY 17A
 * Florida – village located on NY 17A
 * Greenwood Lake – village located on NY 17A at the north end of Greenwood Lake
 * Amity – hamlet located between Edenville and Pine Island near the New Jersey state line - It is served by the Amity Station of the Pine Island Fire Department and is the site of the Amity Presbyterian Church, which was first opened in 1796. Amity is also home to the Crystal Inn, a famous restaurant and bar located on Amity Road, which opened in 1965.
 * Bellvale – hamlet on NY 17A between Warwick village and Greenwood Lake
 * Black Walnut Hill – hamlet north of Hoopstick on Pulaski Highway
 * Cascade Lake – a small lake in the hills on the southern part of town
 * Center – a historic hamlet identified solely by the post office that was located at the Warwick Woodlands Hotel from 1909 to 1916 on the western shore of Greenwood Lake north of Furnace Brook. An earlier post office by the name of Warwick Woodlands, New York, operated at the same location from 1882 to 1891.
 * Durland – hamlet northeast of Warwick village and west of Wickham Lake
 * Edenville – hamlet in the western part of Warwick, on Pine Island Turnpike, just off County Route 1 (CR 1)
 * Greenwood Forest Farms – an early area retreat for African-American families
 * Hoopstick – hamlet north of Pine Island in the "black dirt" on Pulaski Highway, historically the home of nineteenth century barrel hoop makers
 * Lake – hamlet along King's Highway near the town line at Chester; Had a depot, freight house, creamery, post office, general store and long passing siding on the Lehigh & Hudson River Railway
 * Lakeville – hamlet located at the southern end of Sterling Lake
 * Liberty Corners – hamlet on CR 88, near the New Jersey state line in the southwestern part of the town
 * Little York – hamlet east of Pine Island
 * New Milford – hamlet near the New Jersey state line on NY 94
 * Newport – hamlet south of Pine Island
 * Pine Island – hamlet at the junction of CR 1 (Pine Island Turnpike), CR 6 (Pulaski Highway), and CR 26 (Glenwood Road) near the northwest town line - It is the commercial center of the "black dirt" region.
 * Quaker Creek – hamlet south of Snufftown on Pulaski Highway, directly on the border with the town of Goshen
 * Snufftown – hamlet north of Pine Island near the town line; historically considered the "Snufftown section of the village of Florida", it is the last settlement in the Florida union-free school district, named for the habit of the early twentieth century farmers who relaxed on the front porch of one of the earliest homesteads, drinking beer, and chewing snuff.
 * Sterling Forest – a hamlet located at the New Jersey state line on the eastern shore of Greenwood Lake, and served by the Sterling Forest, New York, post office. It was the site of the first American rocket airplane flight that carried mail from New York to New Jersey on February 23, 1936. Babe Ruth often rented a cabin there for the summer season during his retirement. The Jehovah's Witnesses' world headquarters building is located in Sterling Forest.
 * Wisner – hamlet northeast of Warwick village originally known as "Stone Bridge"; Had a depot, freight house, creamery, and siding on the Lehigh & Hudson River Railway as well as a post office, Grange general store and warehouse, the latter of which still stands.
 * Glenmere Lake – a reservoir that hosts New York's last population of the endangered northern cricket frog
 * Greenwood Lake – a lake on the border of New York and New Jersey
 * Mount Adam – a granite and shale mount directly on the border of the "black dirt", near the northern town line and directly southwest of Mount Eve
 * Mount Eve – a granite and shale mount, one-quarter mile south of Snufftown and northeast of Mount Adam
 * Pochuck Neck – a location near the western town line between Liberty Corners and Pine Island
 * Sterling Lake – a lake in the eastern part of the town
 * Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge – northernmost part only
 * Wickham Lake – a small lake near the northern town line

Notable people

 * Mike Jackson - Jazz Guitarist
 * Damon Amendolara - radio host on CBS Sports Radio
 * Steve Brinster – professional disc golfer and winner of the 2013 United States Disc Golf Championship
 * Carleton Carpenter, actor
 * E. Jean Carroll – advice columnist with Elle magazine
 * James Cromwell – actor and long-term activist for community issues concerning environment
 * Jasper Francis Cropsey – Hudson River School artist
 * Gus Dapperton - indie pop musician
 * Susan J. Elliott – author and media commentator, owns a residence in Pine Island
 * James Emery - jazz guitarist and founding member of the String Trio of New York
 * Kory Enders - racing driver
 * Frederick Franck - painter, sculptor, and author
 * John Hathorn – Commander in the American Revolutionary War and New York politician
 * Derek Jeter – owns a residence on the western shore of Greenwood Lake, originally known as Tiedemann Castle, built in 1915.
 * Michael N. Kane – lawyer, judge, and politician
 * Richard Kiley – actor
 * Bill Pennington – sports reporter for The New York Times and author of multiple books
 * Emilio Sanchez – painter with works in The Metropolitan Museum of Art and other collections
 * William H. Seward – Secretary of State to Abraham Lincoln, born and raised in the village of Florida
 * Jimmy Sturr – eighteen-time Grammy Award winner, grew up and resides in the village of Florida
 * Jonathan Talbot – internationally known painter, collage artist, and author
 * Robert Whitman (1935–2024), visual and performance artist best known for his pieces of the early 1960s combining visual and sound images, actors, film, slides, and evocative props
 * Gretchen Wyler – American actress and dancer

title: Warwick, New York


text:
Constantia (CDP), New York

Constantia is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Constantia in Oswego County, New York, United States. Located on Oneida Lake, the community lies along State Route 49 and Scriba Creek. The population was 1,182 at the 2010 census.

History
Constantia was incorporated as a village in 1836, but abandoned that status in 1923.

The Trinity Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Geography
Constantia is located at 43.25083°N, -76.00139°W (43.250905, -76.001641).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.5 km2), of which 2.1 square miles (5.5 km2) is land and 0.47% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,107 people, 436 households, and 303 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 518.8 PD/sqmi. There were 560 housing units at an average density of 262.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.92% White, 0.18% Black or African American, 0.90% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population.

There were 436 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.3% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,307, and the median income for a family was $44,844. Males had a median income of $30,568 versus $22,417 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,279. About 4.0% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

title: Constantia (CDP), New York


text:
Constantia, New York

Constantia is a town in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 4,973 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the southeastern part of the county. Within the town is a hamlet and census-designated place of the same name.

History
The town was first settled circa 1793 and was known then as "Rotterdam." Francis Adrian Vanderkemp and Marc Isambard Brunel were two of its citizens. The Town of Constantia was created from part of the Town of Mexico in 1808. In 1825, the town was reduced by the formation of the Town of Hastings, and was reduced again in 1839 to form the Town of West Monroe.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 99.6 square miles (258.0 km2), of which 56.9 square miles (147.3 km2) is land and 42.8 square miles (110.8 km2)  (42.93%) is water.

The southern town line is the opposite shore of Oneida Lake, which is the border of Madison County. The eastern town line is the border of Oneida County.

The Erie Canal, runs through the town, using Oneida Lake as a waterway.

The north boundary is marked by the south edge of the Tug Hill Plateau.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,141 people, 1,893 households, and 1,398 families residing in the town. The population density was 90.4 PD/sqmi. There were 2,351 housing units at an average density of 41.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.29% White, 0.21% Black or African American, 0.66% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.33% of the population.

There were 1,893 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.0% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,932, and the median income for a family was $45,373. Males had a median income of $31,276 versus $23,299 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,818. About 6.2% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Constantia

 * Bernhards Bay – A hamlet on the shore of Oneida Lake.
 * Cleveland – The Village of Cleveland is on the northern shore of Oneida Lake, on Route 49.
 * Carroll Corners – A location between Gay Corners and Dutcherville.
 * Constantia – The hamlet of Constantia is on the shore of Oneida Lake on Route 49. The community was incorporated as a village in 1837, but abandoned that status in 1923.
 * Constantia Center – A hamlet northwest of Cleveland.
 * Doris Park – A hamlet on the shore of Oneida Lake, southwest of Constantia village.
 * Dutcherville – A hamlet north of Nicholsville.
 * Gayville – A hamlet north of Constantia village.
 * Halls Corners – A location east of North Constantia by the northern town line.
 * Nicholsville – A hamlet northeast of Constantia village.
 * North Constantia – A hamlet north of Gayville.
 * Panther Lake – A hamlet and resort north of Bernhards Bay.
 * Panther Lake – A lake located by the hamlet of Panther Lake.

title: Constantia, New York


text:
Hannibal (village), New York

Hannibal is a village in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 555 at the 2010 census. The village is named after Hannibal, the hero of ancient Carthage, and is located in the western part of the town of Hannibal on New York State routes 3 and 104, and Oswego County Route 34.

History
The first settlement came circa 1808 with a structure made of logs on the site of a former Indian encampment. The village was incorporated in 1860. The population was then 416. By 1895, the population had reached 450.

Geography
Hannibal is located at 43.32083°N, -76.57611°W (43.320945, -76.576193). The village is located on Nine Mile Creek.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.1 square miles (3.0 km2), all land.

Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 542 people, 213 households and 138 families residing in the village. The population density was 476.5 PD/sqmi. There were 235 housing units at an average density of 206.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.89% White, 0.55% Black or African American, 0.37% Native American, and 0.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.55% of the population.

There were 213 households, of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present and 35.2% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.16.

26.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.

The median household income was $33,333 and the median family income was $50,556. Males had a median income of $32,292 and females $20,875. The per capita income was $16,345. About 6.6% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 20.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Public K-12 education is provided by the Hannibal Central School District.

title: Hannibal (village), New York


text:
Hannibal, New York

Hannibal is a town in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 4,854 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from the hero of ancient Carthage, Hannibal.

The Town of Hannibal also contains a village also called Hannibal. The town is located on the western border of the county.

History
The first settlement took place circa 1802. Much of the region was purchased from the Onondaga and Oneida tribes to form the Central New York Military Tract to pay off war veterans. The town was formed in 1806 from the Town of Lysander while still part of Onondaga County, New York. The name was provided by Robert Harpur, an employee of the New York survey, who is responsible for many of the "classical" names applied to political entities in the central part of New York.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 44.8 square miles (116.0 km2), of which 44.8 square miles (116.0 km2) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km2)  (0.04%) is water.

The west town line is the border of Cayuga County.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,956 people, 1,760 households, and 1,307 families residing in the town. The population density was 110.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,962 housing units at an average density of 43.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.00% White, 0.22% Black or African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.46% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.89% of the population.

There were 1,760 households, out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.7% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.5% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $35,278, and the median income for a family was $38,355. Males had a median income of $33,083 versus $23,667 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,344. About 13.6% of families and 15.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in the Town of Hannibal

 * Bethel – A hamlet along Route 34 at the Ira town line
 * Cains Corners – A hamlet southwest of Hannibal village.
 * Dexterville – A location at the eastern town line.
 * Fairdale – A hamlet east of Hannibal village.
 * Hannibal – Village of Hannibal is in the western part of the town on Route 104.
 * Hannibal Center – A hamlet southeast of Hannibal village.
 * Kinney Corners – A location near the northern town line on Route 104.
 * Metcalf Siding – A location northwest of North Hannibal.
 * North Hannibal – A hamlet northeast of Hannibal village, located on County Route 7.
 * South Hannibal – A hamlet southeast of Hannibal Center and located on Route 176. The community was also known as "Hulls Corners."

title: Hannibal, New York


text:
Mexico (village), New York

Mexico is a village located in the town of the same name in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 1,624 at the 2010 census. The village is located along New York State routes 3, 69, and 104.

History
The first Mexico (a proposed county), with all the surrounding towns, was originally created from the town of Whitestown, Herkimer County, New York, on April 10, 1792, by the state land commissioner. It was to include present-day Oswego and Jefferson counties. The original organization of the proposed Mexico County and a town of that name was abandoned for a time. In December 1794, George Frederick William Augustus Scriba purchased and patented a large tract of land; subsequently becoming a second Mexico, hence the village and town of Mexico.

George Scriba also later opened roads traveling from Mexico Bay and Mexico Point from what is now Mexico Point State Park to present-day Constantia, as well as a highway to present-day Oswego.

Settlers grew quickly in both the town and village of Mexico. The presence of roads, log cabins, frame houses, and businesses encouraged growth. Mexico's early businesses included saw mills, oil-mills, gristmills, asheries, tanneries, blacksmiths, tinsmiths, coopers, cheese plants, cloth-dressings, distilleries, shoe-shops, hotels, general merchandise, and jewelers.

Lewis Miller invented the spring wagon and the high quality of these wagons made them famous all over the county.

Lulu Brown began making pans of baked beans to sell in grocery stores in 1937. They sold so well that her husband Earl and her son Robert E. Brown decided to sell them in Oswego. The business grew and relocated to the second story of the building at the south east corner of South Jefferson and Main Streets. Earl Brown died in 1938 and shortly after Richard G. Whitney joined the firm, forming Brown-Whitney-Brown (BWB). The business has since evolved into the world-famous Grandma Brown's Baked Beans.

With growth, disease was prevalent. Between 1812 and 1820 a cholera-like disease spread throughout the region, a fatal form of dysentery, as well as ague and bilious fevers. More than one-half of the settlers died of these scourges during the first 20 years of the settlement.

In 1813 a system of public schools was established with 14 districts. The number increased to 19 by 1895 as new settlements developed. In 1822 a two-story brick school housing grades on the first floor and high school on the second. This was called "the Academy" and was admitted to the state system by the regents in 1833. Mexico was the first school of secondary education to be founded in what is now Oswego County. Mexico was the first school to centralize in Oswego county. This occurred in 1936 when 31 districts in the towns of Mexico, Palermo and New Haven closed to make Mexico Academy and Central School. An elementary school continued in New Haven and Palermo while the rest of the students were bussed to Mexico.

Mexico also played its part in the abolition of slavery. As early as 1835 citizens signed petitions which were sent to Washington requesting the abolishment of slavery. Asa Wing was a prominent speaker who traveled across the state urging voters to pressure their representatives to pass new laws prohibiting ownership of slaves. Starr Clark was leader in the Underground Railroad and was the station master of the area.

The historic core of the village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as the Mexico Village Historic District. Also listed are the Mexico Octagon Barn, Mexico Railroad Depot, Hamilton Farmstead, Mexico Academy and Central School, Starr Clark Tin Shop, Peter Chandler House, Orson Ames House, Leonard Ames Farmhouse, Leonard Ames Farmhouse, Phineas Davis Farmstead, Thayer Farmstead, and Timothy Skinner House. The Mexico Stone Store was added in 2010.

Geography
Mexico is located at 43.46417°N, -76.23444°W (43.464173, -76.234643).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.5 km2), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,572 people, 652 households, and 427 families residing in the village. The population density was 735.1 PD/sqmi. There were 721 housing units at an average density of 337.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.28% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.

There were 652 households, out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 29.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 87 males. For every 100 females age 18 and under, there were 83 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $35,761, and the median income for a family was $41,696. Males had a median income of $39,306 versus $23,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,227. About 9.4% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 13.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Mexico (village), New York


text:
Mexico, New York

Mexico is a town in the northeastern section of Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 5,197 at the 2010 census. The town contains a village also named Mexico.

Mexico has been referred to as the "Mother of Towns", as the original town as enacted by separate acts of 1792 and 1796 comprised an area that would eventually form six separate counties (Onondaga, Cortland, Oneida, Lewis, Jefferson, and Oswego). These six counties today contain a total of 84 separate towns that were once included in the original Town of Mexico.

NY 69 passes through the town of Mexico and comes to an end in the village of Mexico, where it intersects with NY 104 (Main Street). U.S. Route 11 also passes through the town.

History
The first Mexico (a proposed county), with all the surrounding towns, was originally created from Town of Whitestown, Oneida County, New York, on April 10, 1792, by the State Land Commissioner. It was to include present day Oswego and Jefferson Counties. The original organization of the proposed Mexico County and a town of that name was abandoned for a time. In December 1794, George Frederick William Augustus Scriba purchased and patented a large tract of land; subsequently becoming a second Mexico, hence the Village of Mexico and the Town of Mexico.

George Scriba also later opened roads traveling from Mexico Bay and Mexico Point from what is now Mexico Point State Park to present-day Constantia, as well as a highway to present-day Oswego.

Settlers grew quickly in both the Town and Village of Mexico. The presence of roads, log cabins, frame houses, and businesses encouraged growth. Mexico's early businesses included saw mills, oil-mills, gristmills, asheries, tanneries, blacksmiths, tinsmiths, coopers, cheese plants, cloth-dressings, distilleries, shoe-shops, hotels, general merchandise, and jewelers.

Lewis Miller invented the spring wagon and the high quality of these wagons made them famous all over the county.

Lulu Brown began making pans of baked beans to sell in grocery stores in 1937. They sold so well that her husband Earl and her son Robert E. Brown decided to sell them in Oswego. The business grew and relocated to the second story of the building at the south east corner of South Jefferson and Main Streets. Earl Brown died in 1938 and shortly after Richard G. Whitney joined the firm, forming Brown-Whitney-Brown (BWB). The business has since evolved into the world-famous Grandma Brown's Baked Beans.

With growth, disease was prevalent. Between 1812 and 1820 a cholera-like disease spread throughout the region, a fatal form of dysentery, as well as ague and bilious fevers. More than one-half of the settlers died of these scourges during the first 20 years of the settlement.

In 1813 a system of public schools was established with 14 districts. The number increased to 19 by 1895 as new settlements developed. In 1822 a two-story brick school housing grades on the first floor and high school on the second. This was called "The Academy" and was admitted to the state system by the regents in 1833. Mexico was the first school of secondary education to be founded in what is now Oswego County. Mexico was the first school to centralize in Oswego county. This occurred in 1936 when 31 districts in the towns of Mexico, Palermo and New Haven closed to make Mexico Academy and Central School. An elementary school continued in New Haven and Palermo while the rest of the students were bussed to Mexico.

Mexico also played its part in the abolition of slavery. As early as 1835 citizens signed petitions which were sent to Washington requesting the abolishment of slavery. Asa Wing was a prominent speaker who traveled across the state urging voters to pressure their representatives to pass new laws prohibiting ownership of slaves. Starr Clark was leader in the Underground Railroad and was the station master of the area.

The Stillman Farmstead, Slack Farmstead, and Asa and Caroline Wing House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Education
The school district is known as the Mexico Academy and Central School District (MACS). The sports program's mascot is the Tiger, and the music program's mascot is the Matador. The High School Building was once the site of Mexico Academy, a military academy, from which the school district took its name. The district's bus garage is located on State Route 104, next to the middle school. Schools included in the district are:
 * Mexico High School
 * Mexico Middle School
 * Mexico Elementary School
 * New Haven Elementary School
 * Palermo Elementary School

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 47.0 square miles (121.7 km2), of which 46.3 square miles (120.0 km2) is land and 0.6 square mile (1.6 km2)  (1.34%) is water. The northwest part of the town borders Lake Ontario.

Demographics
As of the census in the year 2000, there were 5,181 people, 1,934 households, and 1,388 families residing in the town. The population density was 111.8 PD/sqmi. There were 2,211 housing units at an average density of 47.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.15% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population.

There were 1,934 households, out of which 38.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.4% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $42,773, and the median income for a family was $46,852. Males had a median income of $38,250 versus $22,183 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,498. About 9.0% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.9% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Sister cities

 * Schneverdingen, Germany
 * Garden City, New York

title: Mexico, New York


text:
Minetto (CDP), New York

Minetto is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 1,069 at the 2010 census.

Minetto is located in the Town of Minetto at the southern city line of Oswego. It is the only settlement in the town.

Geography
Minetto is located at 43.39611°N, -76.47417°W (43.396295, -76.474378).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2), of which 3.4 square miles (8.7 km2) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.6 km2)  (6.65%) is water.

The community is on the west bank of the Oswego River.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,086 people, 411 households, and 323 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 323.0 PD/sqmi. There were 431 housing units at an average density of 128.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.88% White, 0.28% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 0.37% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.

There were 411 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.9% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $51,176, and the median income for a family was $59,844. Males had a median income of $51,806 versus $30,156 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,055. About 4.8% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

title: Minetto (CDP), New York


text:
Minetto, New York

Minetto is a town in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 1,659 at the 2010 census. It was formed in 1916 from the town of Oswego.

The Town of Minetto is located south of the City of Oswego, which it borders.

Minetto was once a company town of the now-closed Columbia Mills textile factory.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 6.1 square miles (15.7 km2), of which 5.8 square miles (15.0 km2) is land and 0.3 square mile (0.7 km2)  (4.30%) is water. It is the smallest town in Oswego County.

The town is situated along the Oswego River and Oswego Canal.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,663 people, 635 households, and 499 families residing in the town. The population density was 287.1 PD/sqmi. There were 660 housing units at an average density of 114.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.78% White, 0.24% Black or African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.48% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.

There were 635 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.5% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 29.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $51,667, and the median income for a family was $61,094. Males had a median income of $54,375 versus $30,227 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,404. About 3.6% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.2% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Minetto

 * Minetto – the hamlet of Minetto is the only community in the town.

title: Minetto, New York


text:
Oswego (town), New York

Oswego is a town in Oswego County, in the U.S. state of New York. The population was 7,984 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Oswego is immediately west of the City of Oswego, with which it has a common border. The town is in the western part of Oswego County.

The State University of New York at Oswego is in the northeast part of the town, next to the City of Oswego.

It’s the birthplace of Mary Edmunds Walker.The only woman to win the Medal of Honor

History
The town was first settled circa 1797. The Town of Oswego was established in 1818 from the Town of Hannibal and is on the western border of the county. Part of the town was annexed by the Town of Granby in 1836. The incorporation of the "Village of Oswego" as the City of Oswego in 1848 removed a portion of the town. Later, the formation of the Town of Minetto reduced Oswego further.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 29.3 sqmi, of which 27.4 sqmi is land and 1.9 sqmi  (6.54%) is water.

Lake Ontario and the Oswego River help define the town's borders. The western town line is the border of Cayuga County.

The eastern junction of New York State Route 104 and New York State Route 104A are in the town at Southwest Oswego.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,287 people, 1,734 households, and 1,255 families residing in the town. The population density was 265.8 PD/sqmi. There were 1,904 housing units at an average density of 26.8 persons/km2 (69.4 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 94.00% White, 2.46% African American, 0.14% Native American, 1.25% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.15% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. 2.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,734 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.9% were married couples living together, 7.4% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 27.6% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 16.4% under the age of 18, 41.9% from 18 to 24, 18.1% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $49,883, and the median income for a family was $61,648. Males had a median income of $47,051 versus $25,833 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,835. 7.8% of the population and 4.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 6.6% are under the age of 18 and 10.6% are 65 or older.

Communities and locations in the town of Oswego

 * Burts Point – A location west of Oswego Beach and a projection into Lake Ontario.
 * Camp Hollis – A location near Lake Ontario, north of Southwest Oswego.
 * Fruit Valley – A hamlet on Route 104, west of the City of Oswego. It is sometimes known as "Union Village." Fruit Valley is one of the oldest communities in the town.
 * Furniss – A hamlet south of Oswego Center.
 * Oswego Beach – A lakeside hamlet on the shore of Lake Ontario near the City of Oswego.
 * Oswego Center – A hamlet near the center of the town.
 * Southwest Oswego – A hamlet in the northwestern corner of the town on Route 104.

title: Oswego (town), New York


text:
Parish (village), New York

Parish is a village located in the town of Parish, in Oswego County, New York, United States. This village is part of the Syracuse metropolitan area. Its population was 447 as of the census of 2020.

History
The Pleasant Lawn Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

Geography
Parish is located at 43.40556°N, -76.12583°W (43.40558, -76.12608).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.5 square miles (4.0 km2), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 512 people, 191 households, and 132 families. The population density was 332.8 PD/sqmi. There were 212 housing units at an average density of 137.8 /sqmi.

There were 191 households, out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.26.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $35,903, and the median income for a family was $40,893. Males had a median income of $31,771 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,902. About 80.5% of families and 60.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.0% of those under age 18 and 20.5% of those age 65 or over.

Parish is also home to Bass Lake Resort.

title: Parish (village), New York


text:
List of ethicists

List of ethicists including religious or political figures recognized by those outside their tradition as having made major contributions to ideas about ethics, or raised major controversies by taking strong positions on previously unexplored problems.

All are known for an ethical work or problem, but a few are primarily authors or satirists, or known as a mediator, politician, futurist or scientist, rather than as an ethicist or philosopher. Some controversial figures are included, some of whom you may see as bad examples. A few are included because their names have become synonymous with certain ethical debates, but only if they personally elaborated an ethical theory justifying their actions.

A

 * Peter Abelard
 * Ambedkar
 * John Stevens Cabot Abbott
 * Mortimer Adler
 * Thomas Aquinas
 * Nomy Arpaly
 * Ambrose
 * Andronicus of Rhodes
 * Julia Annas
 * G. E. M. Anscombe
 * Karl-Otto Apel
 * Jacob M. Appel
 * Aristotle
 * Aristoxenus
 * John Arthur
 * Benedict Ashley, OP
 * Ashoka
 * Augustine of Hippo
 * Avicenna
 * Joxe Azurmendi

B

 * Bahá'u'lláh
 * Franz Xaver von Baader
 * Francis Bacon
 * Alain Badiou
 * Samuel Bailey
 * Tom Beauchamp
 * Saint Robert Bellarmine, S.J.
 * David Benatar
 * Friedrich Eduard Beneke
 * Jeremy Bentham
 * Thomas Berry
 * Maurice Blanchot
 * Dietrich Bonhoeffer
 * Murray Bookchin
 * George Boole
 * Nick Bostrom
 * Daniel Brock
 * Martin Buber
 * Gautama Buddha
 * Mario Bunge
 * Judith Butler

C

 * Albert Camus
 * Arthur Caplan
 * Roger Chao
 * James Childress
 * Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist
 * Randy Cohen
 * Confucius
 * John M. Cooper
 * Michael Cranford
 * Alice Crary
 * Roger Crisp
 * Simon Critchley
 * David Crocker
 * Noam Chomsky

D

 * Mary Daly
 * Norman Daniels
 * Partha Dasgupta
 * Abraham ibn Daud
 * Charles De Koninck
 * Miguel A. De La Torre
 * Cora Diamond
 * Philip Doddridge
 * Elliot N. Dorff
 * Julia Driver
 * Ronald Dworkin

E

 * Epicurus
 * Rudolf Christoph Eucken

F

 * Johann Albert Fabricius
 * Ismail al-Faruqi
 * Nosson Tzvi Finkel
 * John Finnis
 * Joseph Fins
 * Owen Flanagan
 * Joseph Fletcher
 * Philippa Foot
 * William K. Frankena
 * Alexander Campbell Fraser
 * R. Edward Freeman
 * R. G. Frey
 * Erich Fromm

G

 * Raimond Gaita
 * Mohandas Gandhi
 * Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, OP
 * David Gauthier
 * Alan Gewirth
 * Al-Ghazali
 * Allan Gibbard
 * Peter Goldie
 * Victor Gollancz
 * Celia Green
 * Thomas Hill Green
 * Stanley Grenz
 * Hugo Grotius
 * Jean-Marie Guyau
 * Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama

H

 * Jürgen Habermas
 * Hammurabi
 * R. M. Hare
 * Gilbert Harman
 * Sam Harris
 * John Harsanyi
 * Robert S. Hartman
 * Stanley Hauerwas
 * Henry Hazlitt
 * Paul Hawken
 * Martin Heidegger
 * Erich Heller
 * Claude Adrien Helvétius
 * Johann Friedrich Herbart
 * Abraham Joshua Heschel
 * Hierocles of Alexandria
 * James Hinton
 * Thomas Hobbes
 * Wau Holland
 * Oscar Horta
 * Hans-Hermann Hoppe
 * David Hume
 * John Peters Humphrey - author of UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights
 * Edward Hundert
 * Rosalind Hursthouse
 * Francis Hutcheson
 * Thomas Henry Huxley

I

 * Lauri Ingman
 * Alija Izetbegović

J

 * Jane Jacobs - author of Systems of Survival
 * Paul Janet
 * Francis Jeffrey
 * Théodore Simon Jouffroy
 * Jesus of Nazareth
 * John Paul II

K

 * Shelly Kagan
 * Immanuel Kant - Metaphysic of Ethics
 * Rushworth Kidder
 * Søren Kierkegaard
 * Martin Luther King Jr.
 * İoanna Kuçuradi
 * Israel Kirzner
 * Lawrence Kohlberg
 * Mario Kopić
 * Christine Korsgaard
 * David Korten
 * Tadeusz Kotarbiński
 * Peter Kropotkin
 * Hans Küng

L

 * Louis Lavelle
 * Aldo Leopold
 * Barron H. Lerner
 * Emmanuel Levinas
 * Saint Alphonsus Liguori CSsR
 * Andrew Linzey
 * D. Stephen Long
 * John Locke
 * Antoine Garaby de La Luzerne
 * Moshe Chaim Luzzatto

M

 * Niccolò Machiavelli
 * Alasdair MacIntyre
 * J. L. Mackie
 * William MacAskill
 * Maimonides
 * Mao Zedong
 * Marcion of Sinope
 * Jack Mahoney
 * Jacques Maritain
 * James Martineau
 * John McDowell
 * Glenn McGee
 * Ralph McInerny
 * Donella Meadows
 * Peter Medawar
 * Mencius
 * Menedemus
 * Alan Morinis
 * Mozi
 * Fatema Mernissi
 * Mary Midgley
 * James Mill
 * John Stuart Mill
 * Moses - the Ethical Decalogue
 * Michele Moody-Adams
 * G. E. Moore
 * Radhakamal Mukerjee
 * Iris Murdoch

N

 * Thomas Nagel
 * Seyyed Hossein Nasr
 * Oswald von Nell-Breuning
 * H. Richard Niebuhr
 * Reinhold Niebuhr
 * Friedrich Nietzsche
 * Carlos Santiago Nino
 * Karl Immanuel Nitzsch
 * David L. Norton
 * Robert Nozick
 * Martha Nussbaum
 * Guru Nanak

O

 * Hilda D. Oakeley
 * John Joseph O'Connor
 * Onora O'Neill
 * Michel Onfray

P

 * Blaise Pascal
 * Bahya ibn Paquda
 * Derek Parfit
 * David Pearce
 * Philip Pettit
 * Philo of Alexandria
 * Plato
 * Tess Posner
 * Noel Preston
 * Richard Price
 * Prodicus

Q

 * Quintilian

R

 * Fazlur Rahman
 * Peter Railton
 * Ayn Rand
 * John Rawls
 * Joseph Raz
 * Tom Regan
 * George Croom Robertson
 * Richard Rorty
 * W. D. Ross
 * Murray Rothbard
 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 * John Ruskin
 * Emma Rush
 * Bertrand Russell

S

 * Marquis de Sade
 * Edward Said
 * Israel Salanter
 * Michael J. Sandel
 * Julian Savulescu
 * Ziauddin Sardar
 * John Ralston Saul
 * Geoffrey Sayre-McCord
 * Giovanni Battista Scaramelli
 * T. M. Scanlon
 * Zalman Schachter-Shalomi
 * Samuel Scheffler
 * Max Scheler
 * Friedrich Schiller
 * Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher
 * Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel
 * Moritz Schlick
 * Frank Schmalleger
 * David Schmidtz
 * Arthur Schopenhauer
 * Albert Schweitzer
 * Amartya Sen
 * Lucius Annaeus Seneca
 * Russ Shafer-Landau
 * Henry Sidgwick
 * Georg Simmel
 * Peter Singer
 * B. F. Skinner
 * J. J. C. Smart
 * Adam Smith
 * Holly Martin Smith
 * Michael A. Smith
 * Wesley J. Smith
 * Vladimir Solovyov
 * Margaret Somerville
 * Herbert Spencer
 * Baruch Spinoza
 * John Shelby Spong
 * Walter Terence Stace
 * Olaf Stapledon
 * Charles Stevenson
 * Dugald Stewart
 * Max Stirner
 * Stobaeus
 * Ira F. Stone
 * Jeffrey Stout
 * Leslie Stephen
 * David Friedrich Strauss
 * Sun Yat-sen

T

 * Gabriele Taylor
 * Jenny Teichman
 * Larry Temkin
 * Judith Jarvis Thomson
 * Paul Tillich
 * Hsun Tzu
 * Leo Tolstoy
 * Joan Tronto
 * Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
 * Thiruvalluvar

U to Z

 * Henry Babcock Veatch
 * Francisco de Vitoria
 * Johann Georg Walch
 * William George Ward
 * Otto Weininger
 * William Whewell
 * Philip Wicksteed
 * Benjamin Wiker
 * Daniel Wikler
 * Bernard Williams
 * Susan Wolf
 * Christian Wolff (philosopher)
 * William Wollaston
 * Xenocrates
 * Xunzi
 * John Howard Yoder
 * Simcha Zissel Ziv
 * Theodor Zwinger
 * Swami Vivekananda
 * Zoroaster

title: List of ethicists