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Anders Fogh Rasmussen

Anders Fogh Rasmussen (born 26 January 1953) is a Danish politician who was the 24th Prime Minister of Denmark from November 2001 to April 2009 and the 12th Secretary General of NATO from August 2009 to October 2014. He became CEO of political consultancy Rasmussen Global and founded the Alliance of Democracies Foundation. He serves as a senior adviser to Citigroup. He also served as a senior advisor at The Boston Consulting Group.

Rasmussen was first elected to the Folketing in 1978 and served in various ministerial positions, including Minister of Tax (1987–1992) and Minister of Economic Affairs (1990–1992). In his early career, Rasmussen was a strident critic of the welfare state, writing the classical liberal book From Social State to Minimal State in 1993. However, his views moved towards the political centre through the 1990s. He was elected the leader of the conservative-liberal party Venstre in 1998 and headed a centre-right coalition with the Conservative People's Party which took office in November 2001 and won its second and third terms in February 2005 and in November 2007. Rasmussen's government relied on the Danish People's Party for support, keeping with the Danish tradition of minority government.

His government introduced tougher limits on immigration and a freeze on tax rates (skattestoppet in Danish). Certain taxes were lowered, but his coalition partners in the Conservative People's Party repeatedly argued for more tax cuts and a flat tax rate at no higher than 50%. Rasmussen's government implemented an administrative reform reducing the number of municipalities (kommuner) and replacing the thirteen counties (amter) with five regions which he referred to as "the biggest reform in thirty years". He authored several books about taxation and government structure.

He resigned as prime minister in April 2009 to become Secretary General of NATO, a military alliance that was expanding into Eastern Europe. He aggressively pushed NATO in new directions that extended far beyond the traditional roles of containment of the Soviet Union and directing the Cold War in Europe. His term ended on 30 September 2014. He was the first former prime minister since Paul-Henri Spaak of Belgium in 1961 to become Secretary General of NATO.

He became a private consultant on the international stage. He is a Senior Network Member at the European Leadership Network (ELN).

Personal life
Rasmussen was born in 1953 in Ginnerup, Jutland, Denmark, to farmer Knud Rasmussen and Martha Rasmussen (née Fogh). His surname is Rasmussen, while Fogh, his mother's maiden name, is his middle name and not considered part of his last name. He is correctly referred to as Rasmussen (not Fogh Rasmussen), unless his full name (including his given name) is used. In Danish media and society, he has often been popularly referred to as Fogh Rasmussen, or merely Anders Fogh, when not referred to by his full name, mainly to distinguish him from other prominent politicians in the country with the same family name.

He matriculated in languages and social studies from Viborg Cathedral School, in 1969–1972. and studied economics at the University of Aarhus, graduating in 1978. He has been active in politics most of his life and has authored several books about taxation and government structure. He and his wife Anne-Mette (born 1958) married in 1978 and have three children: Henrik Fogh Rasmussen (born 1979), Maria (born 1981) and Christina (born 1984). Rasmussen also has six grandchildren.

As an amateur cyclist, Rasmussen completed part of the notorious Alpe d'Huez stage of the 2008 Tour de France the day after the professional race took place. His attendance at Le Tour was at the invitation of Danish former cyclist Bjarne Riis.

He is of no relation to either his predecessor Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, nor his successor Lars Løkke Rasmussen as Prime Minister of Denmark.

He received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2017.

Early political career
He has held positions in government and opposition throughout his career, first winning a seat in the Folketing (Danish parliament) in 1978.

Politics
In general, Rasmussen is in favour of centralisation, privatisation and limiting the size of government.

Rasmussen wrote the book From Social State to Minimal State (Fra socialstat til minimalstat) in 1993, in which he advocated an extensive reform of the Danish welfare system along classic liberal lines. In particular, he favours lower taxes and less government interference in corporate and individual matters. In 1993 he was awarded the Adam Smith award by the libertarian society Libertas, partly because of this book.

Resignation as Minister of Taxation
From 1987 to 1990 he was Minister for Taxation and from 1990 Minister for Economy and Taxation in the Conservative-led Poul Schlüter government.

In 1992 Rasmussen resigned from his ministerial posts after a report from a commission of inquiry had decided that he had provided the Folketing with inaccurate and incomplete information regarding his decision to postpone payment of several bills from Regnecentralen and Kommunedata from one accounting year to the next. Rasmussen disagreed with the findings of the commission, but faced with the threat of a motion of no confidence, he left his posts voluntarily.

2001 election
His Liberal (Venstre) Party won power in the November 2001 election, defeating the Social Democratic government of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen and enabling him to form his first cabinet. That election marked a dramatic change in Danish politics. It was the first time since 1920 that the Social Democratic Party lost its position as the largest party in the Folketing (parliament), mainly due to a loss of working class votes to Dansk Folkeparti (The Danish People's Party).

Prime Minister of Denmark
Following the 2001 election, Venstre formed a government in a parliamentary coalition with the Conservative People's Party to form a minority government with the parliamentary support of Dansk Folkeparti. Together these three parties survived both the 2005 election and the 2007 election.

After becoming Prime Minister, Rasmussen distanced himself from his earlier writings and announced the death of neoliberalism during the national elections of 2005. Commonly regarded to have been inspired by the success of Tony Blair, Rasmussen now seemed more in favour of the theories of Anthony Giddens and his third way. There was talk in Libertas of revoking Fogh Rasmussen's award as a result of this, though this never happened.

His government enacted tough measures designed to limit the number of immigrants coming to Denmark, specifically as asylum seekers or through arranged marriages. However, his governments depended on the support of Dansk Folkeparti, and it is impossible to draw a clear dividing line between his personal ideology and the required compromises with Dansk Folkeparti.

Tax reform
After the 2001 elections, Venstre banned all tax increases. Venstre campaigned by claiming that taxes had been growing constantly during the previous eight years under the Social Democrats. While the overall tax burden was more or less unchanged from 1993 until 2001, there was a shift from the taxation of income, both corporate and personal, to a personal consumption (especially through the "ecological taxes" (da. grønne afgifter)), which gave the average citizen the impression of rising taxes.

This "tax stop" was criticised by left wing parties, allegedly for being "antisocial" and "only for the rich." Since the tax stop also froze the tax on real property (da. ejendomsværdiskat, 1%), it was beneficial to homeowners in densely populated regions that had experienced rising real estate values. The property tax was set at a nominal level – not at a relative level. While the rate was one percent when the tax stop was enacted, the rate is much less today when recent increases in property value (+20%/p.a. in large cities) are considered. The Danish Economic Council criticized this as unfairly benefiting current homeowners.

Even though the total tax burden was marginally higher in 2005 than in 2001, the tax stop was popular among voters. Thus, in January 2005, the Social Democrats announced that they accepted the principle of a tax stop until at least one right-wing party was willing to participate in tax reform.

The tax stop has, however, been ineffective, judging by Venstre's intentions. Its goal was to halt the growth of public expenditures (and halt the growth of taxes), but even with cuts in public spending (which were considered aggressive by the political left wing), overall spending continued to rise by approximately one percentage point above inflation each year.

From 2004 and onwards, minor tax cuts came into effect, on two accounts:
 * 1) People with jobs got a 3% tax reduction on the 5.5% "bottom tax" (da. bundskat).
 * 2) An "employment deduction" (da. beskæftigelsesfradrag) was introduced. This initiative was to encourage people to get off welfare and take jobs instead.
 * 3) The bottom limit of the "middle tax" (da. mellemskat) of 6%, was raised by 12.000 DKK every year, over the next four years. This was supposed to limit the income stresses of middle incomes and families with children.

In 2009 a major tax reform was implemented. The overall marginal tax rate was reduced by 7.5%. In the end, the top tax rate (topskatten) was not changed, but the income level at which it applied was raised. This had the effect of removing 350,000 Danes from the top tax bracket. The medium tax rate was eliminated, and the lowest was reduced by 1.5%. Various other tax reforms were enacted such as an increase in the old age pension, incentives for renovation, and various initiatives designed to improve energy efficiency. Finance Minister, Lars Lokke Rasmussen, called it the biggest reduction in the marginal tax rate since the introduction of income tax in 1903. In 2009 tax revenue was 777,375 million Krone. It had grown to 831,172 million in 2011, 901,001 million in 2013, 954,473 million in 2015, and 995,058 million in 2017. It's important to note that from 2011 to 2015 Social Democrat Helle Thorning-Schmidt was the prime minister, however, she passed a tax-reform with support from the liberal-conservative opposition. It raised the top tax threshold, effectively lowering tax rates for high income earners.

2002 EU Presidency
Rasmussen held the rotating presidency of the European Union from July to December 2002, proving his dedication to a pro-EU agenda and the guiding principles of the Ellemann-Jensen doctrine. He pursued this to its logical conclusion by publicly denouncing the Danish collaboration policy during its second World War occupation, the first official apology on behalf of Denmark for this.

War in Iraq

As Prime Minister, Rasmussen strongly supported the 2003 Iraq War. As in most European countries he faced considerable opposition, both in the parliament and in the general population. Subsequent opinion polls suggested the Danish population's opinion was split on the issue. One vocal protester managed to get into the Danish parliament during the period before the war, where he poured red paint on the prime minister while yelling "Du har blod på dine hænder" (literally: "You have blood on your hands"). A member of the Danish parliament for the socialist Red-Green Alliance, Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil, stated that it was a reaction she might have made under the circumstances, although she later denounced such behaviour. Denmark was one of only five countries to take part in the actual invasion operations (the others being the U.S., UK, Poland and Australia) though the contingent mainly consisted of two minor warships and staff and radio units that were never involved in actual combat. In the months after the initial phase of the war, Danish troops participated in the multi-national force stationed in Iraq. Approximately 550 Danish troops were stationed in Iraq from 2004 and into 2007, first at "Camp Dannevang" and later at "Camp Einherjer", both near Basra. When the contingent of troops left around August 2007, it was not replaced and Denmark shifted its focus to non-military support around Baghdad. The official reason provided is that the Iraqi government should now be able to handle security in the Basra area. Critics of Rasmussen argued that the withdrawal was motivated by decreasing domestic support for the war.

In 2004 Rasmussen's government came under attack based on questions of how much intelligence it had with regard to Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. The government held hearings, and was forced to publish classified reports it had consulted about the likelihood of banned weapons existing in Iraq. While the Blair and Bush administrations became the subject of criticism for extended periods because of their reliance on questionable intelligence, Rasmussen stayed clear of this controversy. This is probably largely because the motion passed by parliament (Folketinget) authorising the deployment of Danish troops states as the reason for the deployment Iraq's continued refusal to cooperate with UN inspectors in violation of the UN Security Council's resolution. The Danish deployment of troops was thus not formally based on a claim that Iraq had WMD's.

In March 2003, Rasmussen stated as one of the reasons to support a military intervention, "Irak har masseødelæggelsesvåben. Det er ikke noget vi tror. Vi ved det. Irak har selv indrømmet, at det har haft sennepsgas, nervegas, miltbrand, men Saddam vil ikke afregne. Han vil ikke fortælle os, hvor og hvordan de våben er blevet destrueret. Det ved vi fra FN's inspektører, så der er ingen tvivl i mit sind." In English, this translates to:

"Iraq has weapons of mass destruction. This is not something we think. We know it. Iraq has itself admitted that it had mustard gas, nerve gas, anthrax, but Saddam will not settle. He will not tell us where and how the weapons have been destroyed. We know from the UN inspectors, so there is no doubt in my mind."

Gay marriage
Civil unions between gay couples became legal in Denmark in 1989. In January 2004, Rasmussen stated his belief that homosexuals should be able to marry in religious ceremonies, which were not allowed at the time in the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Denmark, but he has said it should be up to religious communities to decide whether to perform ceremonies for gay couples.

2005 election
On 18 January 2005 Rasmussen called an election for 8 February 2005. He delayed the call by a couple of weeks because of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake which killed several Danes. His government was criticized for its allegedly slow response to that crisis, although a clear majority applauded the government's actions.

Although his party's support was reduced from the 2001 election, costing it four seats, Venstre was able to maintain its coalition through gains by other parties, and on 18 February Rasmussen formed the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II.

Rasmussen received the most "personal votes" ever of any politician in the Folketing (Denmark's Parliament) with 61,792.

Muhammad cartoons and Danish goods boycott
A major period of conflict in Rasmussen's political career concerned a set of cartoons printed in Jyllands-Posten, a major Danish newspaper. In September 2005 the newspaper printed a full page with 12 cartoons depicting various interpretations of Muhammad. Due to the cartoons portraying Muhammad as a terrorist, some Muslims found the cartoons offensive. Rasmussen denied a request from 11 ambassadors of Middle-Eastern countries to discuss the issue. Rasmussen described the controversy as Denmark's worst international crisis since World War II. Later he stated, that he "was deeply distressed that the cartoons were seen by some Muslims as an attempt by Denmark to mark and insult or behave disrespectfully towards Islam or Mohammed."

Municipal reform
One of Rasmussen's main initiatives was the introduction of municipal reform, the aim of which was the geographic and administrative consolidation of smaller municipalities and the abolition of counties. Major areas of public services, such as the national health service, were consolidated into five regional bodies, while the number of municipalities was reduced from 271 to 98. The reform was ratified on 16 June 2005 and was effective as of 1 January 2007.

2007 election and resignation
In October 2007, Rasmussen called the 2007 general election, which was held on 13 November. His official reason for doing so was to allow parliament to face important upcoming decisions without being distracted by a future election, with welfare reform being cited as an example. Initial polls had predicted that neither the incumbent alliance nor the left-wing opposition would win a majority, leaving the centrist New Alliance with the balance of power.

At 11:30 p.m. on the night of the election, Rasmussen claimed victory on the basis of almost-complete results. By the morning of 14 November 2007, after results came through from the Faroe Islands and Greenland, his centre-right coalition of the Liberals, the Conservative People's Party and the Danish People's Party secured 90 seats, the minimum number required for a majority. Rasmussen went on to become the longest-ruling Liberal Prime Minister of Denmark.

Shortly after his second reelection in 2007, rumours began to spread in the Danish media that Rasmussen was a candidate for high-profile international jobs. A first rumour was that he was informally one of the top candidates for the new position of President of the European Council that could be created when the Lisbon Treaty would come into effect. Following the Irish rejection of the treaty in June 2008, it became obvious that this position would not be created in the near future. Rumors then spread around Rasmussen's candidacy for Secretary General of NATO. Rasmussen denied the rumors until a few days before the official announcement of his selection was made.

Rasmussen expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the Gaza–Israel conflict. He said that, "it was Hamas that broke the truce, and Hamas started the conflict by firing rockets on Israel. No country can just passively accept being fired on."

After he was confirmed as the NATO Secretary General, Rasmussen announced that he would resign as Prime Minister of Denmark on 5 April 2009.

2009
Anders Fogh Rasmussen became the 12th NATO Secretary General on 1 August 2009, succeeding Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, who held the post from 2004 until 2009. The announcement was made on 4 April 2009, at the 2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit in Strasbourg. During the final selection process only one country, Turkey, remained opposed to Rasmussen's candidacy, partly because of his handling of the cartoon episode in 2005, when the publication in some Danish newspapers of cartoons of Muhammad caused violent protests. Another major element of Turkey's opposition was Denmark's tolerance of Roj TV, which is claimed by the Turkish government to be a mouthpiece for the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). Eventually, Turkey withdrew its opposition to Rasmussen's appointment in exchange of assurances Roj TV would be closed down.

After his accession on 1 August 2009, Rasmussen's first mission was a visit to Afghanistan, where he met with President Karzai and senior Afghan ministers, including Minister for Foreign Affairs Spanta, Minister for Defence General Wardak, and Minister of Interior Atmar to discuss the then impending presidential and provincial council elections.

2010
On 28 January 2010 Rasmussen attended the 2010 International Conference on Afghanistan at Lancaster House in London. It was at this event that the framework for the next decade of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was settled by the Afghan president Hamid Karzai and his successor Ashraf Ghani and their donors. As seen at right, Gordon Brown, Hillary Clinton, Catherine Ashton and Hermann van Rompuy amongst other Western leaders were in attendance.

2011
In April 2011, in relation to the 2011 Libyan civil war Rasmussen said that on the day NATO started taking command of the mission under the U.N. mandate, the alliance ruled out arming the rebels. Rasmussen said the coalition under his control was clear about its mission. "We are not in Libya to arm people. We are in Libya to protect civilians against attacks" from loyalists of the country's Muammar Gaddafi government, he said at that time.

In October 2011, the intensive 7-month NATO intervention had "now moved much closer" to its end, according to Rasmussen. The last two major outposts of Gaddafi loyalists—Gaddafi's hometown of Sirte and the town of Bani Walid—had fallen and the deposed leader had been killed as he tried to flee from Sirte toward Misrata. Gaddafi's killing came with close NATO aerial support of Libyan ground forces.

2012
The Secretary General normally serves for a term of four years with a one-year extension option. On 3 October 2012, Fogh Rasmussens term was extended one year, so it ended on 31 July 2014.

2013
In February 2013 in the first visit of a NATO Secretary General to Ireland for a meeting with EU defence ministers, he said NATO had an "open-door policy" towards membership of the organisation. "Our door remains open for European countries, European democracies that fulfil the necessary criteria and can contribute to Euro-Atlantic security, but of course it's for individual partners to decide how they want to develop their relationship and partnership with NATO." Ireland is not a member of the organisation but ties through the Partnership for Peace Programme (PFP), a bilateral programme that allows for Irish forces to be used for peacekeeping and crisis management where there is a UN mandate and parliamentary approval.

On 19 December 2013 Rasmussen was invited to speak at a periodic meeting of the European Council by the Prime Minister of the UK, David Cameron, in opposition to plans proposed by the External Action Service of HRUFASC Catherine Ashton to create a European Air Force composed of surveillance drones, heavy transport airplanes, and air-to-air refuelling planes. This plan was supported by France, Spain, Italy, Poland and Germany who together have QMV majority. Rasmussen's position was opposed to that of European Parliament President Martin Schulz, who made a presentation at the same meeting where he said that "If we wish to defend our values and interests, if we wish to maintain the security of our citizens, then a majority of MEPs consider that we need a headquarters for civil and military missions in Brussels and deployable troops." Rasmussen was satisfied with the role of NATO in European defence matters and saw every reason to maintain the status quo.

2014
On 28 March 2014, Jens Stoltenberg was nominated as Rasmussen's successor as secretary-general. He was to take office on 1 October 2014.

During the first week of April, the Foreign Ministers met at Brussels NATO HQ.

On 6 April, Rasmussen wrote an op-ed piece in London's The Daily Telegraph to warn allies to invest in their armed forces, and to maintain that "Russia's illegal aggression against Ukraine and its continued breach of international law" were clear. Russian Foreign Ministry blamed Rasmussen for his "active employment of double standards."

On 15 April, an EU Defence Ministers' meeting took place in Luxembourg with the Secretary-General. The next day, the Defence Ministers meeting of the North Atlantic Council was convened, one day in advance of the meeting in Geneva between Russia, Ukraine, the US and the EU over the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. Rasmussen said: "NATO's core task is to protect and defend our Allies. We have already taken a series of steps, including enhancing our Air Policing mission in the Baltic States, and AWACS surveillance flights over Poland and Romania... We will have more planes in the air, more ships on the water, and more readiness on the land. For example, air policing aircraft will fly more sorties over the Baltic region. Allied ships will deploy to the Baltic Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean and elsewhere, as required. Military staff from Allied nations will deploy to enhance our preparedness, training and exercises. Our defence plans will be reviewed and reinforced."

In June 2014, Rasmussen claimed that Russia "engaged actively with so-called non-governmental organisations – environmental organisations working against shale gas – to maintain European dependence on imported Russian gas", without providing evidence for this claim.

Rasmussen Global
On 1 October 2014 as Rasmussen was succeeded by Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, he declared the launch of the political consultancy Rasmussen Global to provide support on issues regarding security policy, Transatlantic relations, the European Union, Brexit and Economic development. Furthermore, in 2016 he published a book called 'The Will to Lead', giving his view that the USA should 'restore America's role as a global leader'

On 27 May 2016 Rasmussen became non-staff advisor to President Poroshenko of Ukraine. Rasmussen also convened the Friends of Ukraine group of sitting and former senior politicians and diplomats to raise international awareness of Ukraine and to keep domestic reform on the agenda.

On 2 April 2020 global bank Citi announced Rasmussen would join as a senior advisor in Citi's European, Middle East and Africa business, with a primary focus on the Nordic region.

Alliance of Democracies Foundation
In 2017 Rasmussen founded the Alliance of Democracies Foundation a non-profit organisation dedicated to the advancement of democracy and free markets across the globe. Its initiatives include the Copenhagen Democracy Summit, an annual conference bringing together political and business leaders, including current and former heads of government, from the world's democracies. The first summit in 2018 was addressed by Joe Biden and other speakers have included Tony Blair, Mike Pompeo and John Kerry.

The Foundation also hosts the Transatlantic Commission on Election Integrity, which 'helps advance solutions to protect integrity of democratic elections.' The commission was founded by Rasmussen, Former US Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and Joe Biden.

Honours and decorations

 * DNK Order of Danebrog Commander BAR.png Commander of the Order of Dannebrog (Denmark, 7 April 2001)
 * DNK Order of Danebrog Commander 1st Degree BAR.png Commander 1st Class of the Order of Dannebrog (Denmark, 2002)
 * DNK Order of Danebrog Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of Dannebrog (Denmark, 7 April 2009)
 * DEN Medal of Merit.png Medal of Merit in Gold (Denmark, 17 December 2002)
 * BRA - Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil, 2009)
 * BUL Order Stara planina ribbon.svg Knight 1st class of the Order of the Balkan Mountains, awarded by the President of Bulgaria (11 April 2014)
 * St. George Medal, 1st Class, awarded by the Defence Minister of Bulgaria (11 April 2014)
 * EST Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - 1st Class BAR.svg Knight of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (Estonia, 4 February 2009)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 7 Grosskreuz.svg Grand cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany, 2002)
 * Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands, 30 January 2014)
 * NI Ribbon bar of the Grand Cross of the Order of Rubén Dario.png Grand Cross of the Order of Ruben Darío (Nicaragua, 2003)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro (Nicaragua)
 * LVA Order of the Three Stars - Commander BAR.png Grand Officer of the Order of the Three Stars (Latvia, 16 April 2004)
 * LTU Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of the Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania, 21 April 2004)
 * LUX Order of the Oak Crown - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (Luxembourg, 2003)
 * POL Order Zaslugi RP kl1 BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (Poland, 2003)
 * POR Ordem do Merito Gra-Cruz BAR.svg Grand cross of the Order of Merit (Portugal, 1992)
 * Order of the Star of Romania - Ribbon bar.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania (Romania, 2004)
 * SWE Order of the Polar Star (after 1975) - Commander Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star (Sweden, 2007)
 * Order of Freedom of Ukraine.png Order of Liberty, awarded by the President of Ukraine, 7 August 2014 "For his significant contribution to the development of cooperation between the Ukrainian state and the Atlantic Alliance and the strong support in defending the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine"
 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (United Kingdom, 30 November 2015)
 * Doctor Honoris Causa title by the University of Bucharest on 24 May 2013, for his work in Denmark, in Europe and at NATO.

Filmography

 * Fogh bag facaden, 58 min., Danish documentary, by Christoffer Guldbrandsen, 2003,
 * Den hemmelige krig, 58 min., Danish documentary, by Christoffer Guldbrandsen, 2006,
 * AFR, 83 min., Danish mockumentary, by Morten Hartz Kaplers, 2007, AFR
 * CIA's danske forbindelse, by Mette Aaby, 2008,

title: Anders Fogh Rasmussen


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Token

Token may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Token, a game piece or counter, used in some games
 * The Tokens, a vocal music group
 * Tolkien Black, a recurring character on the animated television series South Park, formerly known as Token Black
 * Token (rapper), a hip hop emcee from Massachusetts

Computing

 * Token, an object (in software or in hardware) which represents the right to perform some operation:
 * Session token, a unique identifier of an interaction session
 * Security token or hardware token, authentication token or cryptographic token, a physical device for computer authentication
 * Bearer token, a type of security token in OAuth that gives access to its bearer
 * Access token, a system object representing the subject of access control operations
 * Tokenization (data security), the process of substituting a sensitive data element
 * Invitation token, in an invitation system
 * Token Ring, a network technology in which a token circles in a logical ring
 * Token, an object used in Petri net theory
 * Lexical token, a word or other atomic parse element

Economics

 * Token, a voucher or gift card redeemable for items of value
 * Token coin, a small, flat, round piece of metal or plastic that can sometimes be used instead of money, e.g.:
 * Casino token, also known as a casino chip, check, cheque, or gaming chip
 * Knight's token, carried by a medieval knight
 * Token money, money that is of limited legal tender
 * Tokens, exonumia, items of currency other than coins and paper money

Other uses

 * P-20 radar, NATO reporting name "Token"
 * Token (cryptocurrency), certain types of cryptocurrency
 * Token (railway signalling), a physical object given to a locomotive driver to authorize him to use a particular stretch of single railway track
 * Token Racing, a Formula One car racing team
 * Tokenism, the inclusion of a single person (or very few people) of a group so an organization can publicly claim to be inclusive
 * Type-token distinction, in logic, linguistics, and computer programming
 * Wedding token, Christian wedding paraphernalia also known as an arrhae or wedding coin

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Token


text:
Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition

The Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, acronym AYP or AYPE, was a world's fair held in Seattle in 1909 publicizing the development of the Pacific Northwest. It was originally planned for 1907 to mark the 10th anniversary of the Klondike Gold Rush, but the organizers learned of the Jamestown Exposition being held that same year and rescheduled.

The fairgrounds were hosted on an undeveloped portion of the present day campus of the University of Washington.

Planning

Godfrey Chealander proposed the idea for the fair. Chealander was then Grand Secretary of the Arctic Brotherhood, was involved in the Alaska Territory exhibit at the 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition in Portland, Oregon. Originally, he pitched William Sheffield of the Alaska Club and James A. Wood, city editor of the Seattle Times on the idea of a permanent exhibit in Seattle about Alaska. This merged with Wood's desire for an exposition to rival Portland. They soon gained the backing of Times publisher Alden J. Blethen—remarkably, for the time, without gaining the opposition of the rival Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Among other early proponents of the exposition was John Edward Chilberg, one of a line of prominent Seattle merchants in the Chilberg family, who was president of the Alaska Club, and was then given the title of president of the Exposition.

Edmond S. Meany proposed that the exposition be held on the then largely forested campus of the University of Washington, which in 1905 had exactly three buildings and little deliberate landscaping. At the time, this was considered rather far from the center of town, but Meany eventually sold the others involved on the idea that the forested campus could, itself, be an attraction for out-of-town visitors and that the trolley ride from downtown would not be an obstacle to attendance. Of course, he was also highly aware of what the landscaping and structures could do for the campus.

The state legislature endorsed the fair, with the proviso that it would produce at least four permanent buildings, and that any state monetary contribution would be focused mainly on those buildings. King County (the county in which Seattle is located) stepped up with US$300,000 for a forestry exhibit—the largest log cabin ever built—and $78,000 for other exhibits. Because the original Klondike gold strikes had been in Canada, the concept soon evolved to an "Alaska-Yukon Exposition"; later, at the behest of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce, the "Pacific" theme was also added to emphasize the Oriental trade. The Exposition became known as the "A-Y-P" for short

Although the fair almost certainly could have been ready for 1907, it was postponed so as not to conflict with the Jamestown Exposition. This turned out to be good fortune for Seattle, because 1907 proved to be a bad year for the economy. If the exposition had been held that year it almost certainly would have been a financial failure, rather than the success it was in 1909.

Design and construction
The Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts, were selected to plan the Exposition; the firm was already involved in planning parks and parkways for the City of Seattle. John C. Olmsted visited Seattle in October 1906 and saw the dominant form of Mount Rainier toward the southeast. He selected the mountain as the focus of the primary axis of the Exposition. This axis later became the Rainier Vista of the University of Washington campus.

The principal landscape architect for the fair was the Olmsted firm's James Frederick Dawson. His design centered on a long pool with a series of short waterfalls along Rainier Vista. John Galen Howard's firm, Howard and Galloway, based in San Francisco, was chosen as supervising architects for the Exposition buildings. They designed several buildings and supervised construction of those designed by other architects.

The fairgrounds were entirely ready for the June 1, 1909 opening.

Exhibits
The only foreign countries to erect entire buildings at the fair were Japan and Canada, but their presence was enough to validate the "Pacific" theme along with the US territory of Hawaii and the Philippines, recently ceded to the US by Spain. Other foreign countries were represented on a smaller scale. The very popular King County exhibit included a scale model of the coal mine at nearby Newcastle, Washington and dioramas of several Seattle scenes, the originals of which were only a trolley ride away. The Woman's Building emphasized the role of women in pioneering the American West and in current charity work. The Pay Streak was Seattle's answer to Chicago's Midway and featured games of chance and amusements. There was also a reenactment of the American Civil War naval Battle of Hampton Roads (the Battle of Monitor and Merrimack).

Opening ceremony
The gates opened at 8:30 a.m. on June 1, and crowds entered immediately. At 9:30 a.m., attendees watched performances by military bands from the Army and the Navy. Many sat in the fair's amphitheater, awaiting a signal scheduled to be given in Washington, D.C. At 3 p.m. East Coast time (noon in Seattle), in the East Room of the White House, President Taft sent the signal. He "opened...the Exposition...by touching a gold [telegraph] key, studded with gold nuggets taken from the first mine opened in the Klondike region." The telegraphic spark that Taft sent was received by telegraphers at the fairgrounds; as soon as it arrived, a gong was struck five times, a large American flag was unfurled, and there was a 21-gun salute, while other demonstrations of pageantry announced the official opening of the fair.

Attendance

Opening Day, June 1, was declared a city holiday, and 80,000 people attended. Attendance was even higher—117,013—on "Seattle Day". Other big draws were days dedicated to various ethnic groups, fraternal organizations, and U.S. states. By the time the fair closed on October 16, more than 3,700,000 people had visited.

Publicity
The fair had its own publicity department, and it used newspapers and magazines to promote the upcoming exhibition well in advance. In early 1908, Seattle newspapers reported that the publicity department was already showing positive results and the fair was earning many favorable mentions in publications all over the United States. The publicists stressed that this exhibition would be far better organized than 1907's Jamestown Exposition, and would feature entertainment. But what many newspapers found interesting was the assertion that this next World's Fair would not require any financial assistance or subsidies from the U.S. government; the only request made by the fair's directors was that the United States erect buildings and exhibits like any other country.

Throughout 1908, as each new exhibit was built and the fair gradually began to take shape, publicity about the fair's progress was sent out, and frequently printed, nearly verbatim, from the press releases. For example, the Tampa Tribune in Tampa, Florida, printed a story about how the fair would have motor boat races: the article noted that the pavilion for the event was being built on "one of the prettiest spots on the exposition's shoreline." The article praised Puget Sound for being an area perfect for motor boating enthusiasts, and concluded by saying, "The climate is such that motor boating can be enjoyed all the year round."

By early 1909, the focus turned to who was going to attend, as many local newspapers in distant locations wrote articles about residents of their state who planned to make the trip out to Seattle. Also helpful was the fact that several major newspaper conventions were scheduled for the west coast, and the editors were said to be very interested in visiting the fair. The fair's organizers were also able to benefit from advertisements placed in newspapers by the railroads, which encouraged people to travel by rail to Seattle. One such ad, for the Great Northern Railway, promoted the train as the best way to enjoy a scenic trip: "an attractive route over the Rockies and through the Cascades" before finally arriving at what was sure to be "the World's Most Beautiful Fair."

Legacies

The primary physical legacy of the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition is the planning framework from the fair which continues to shape the University of Washington campus. The Rainier Vista and Geyser Basin, presently known as Drumheller Fountain, were central features of the exposition and now serve as the focal point of the Science Quadrangle within the university's comprehensive plan.

Although most of the Exposition's buildings were designed as temporary structures, intended to last only for the duration of the fair, some were more permanent. The Fine Arts Palace was designed by Howard and Galloway as a chemistry building. It was used during the A-Y-P for the exhibit of art. After the Exposition was over, chemistry lab tables and other furnishings were moved in and it became the University's primary facility for teaching chemistry. The building was named Bagley Hall (after Daniel Bagley) and retained that name until 1937, when a new chemistry building named Bagley Hall opened. The older building then became the home of Architecture and Physiology. The building survives today, albeit with extensive renovation and restoration, and is known as Architecture Hall.

The A-Y-P Women's Building also survives. During the fair it housed exhibits related to women. Today the building is named Cunningham Hall (after Imogen Cunningham), one of only a few buildings on the University of Washington campus named for women. During the Exposition itself the building was clad in stucco; today it is faced in wood siding. The building now houses various educational and other programs related to women.

Other buildings from the A-Y-P survived for a time, but were subsequently demolished as the university grew. The Forestry Building was demolished mid-century after the natural logs of the structure proved difficult to maintain and few alternative uses for the structure were found. It stood on the site of the current Husky Union Building (HUB). The original Meany Hall, the AYP Auditorium Hall, was damaged by an earthquake in 1965 and subsequently demolished. Another example is the Hoo-Hoo-House, designed by architect Ellsworth Storey, a clubhouse with reception spaces constructed for the Hoo-Hoos, a lumbermen's fraternity. After the fair, this building served as the faculty club until it was replaced in 1958–60 by the current faculty club.

Another legacy of the fair was the enhanced status of exposition president J. E. Chilberg. Although a respected banker, Chilberg had never really been one of the city's elite. He was drafted into his position with the fair simply as a man who was known to be good at getting things done, but without consideration by the city's elite that they had just made an outsider into something tantamount to royalty for the duration of a social season. Suddenly, any party at their First Hill home became a major event in the social calendar. He and his wife found themselves dining with a close relative of the emperor of Japan and hosting a French ambassador.

The statue of William H. Seward, originally erected for the fair, now stands in Volunteer Park.

William Boeing, founder of Boeing, stated that it was during the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition when he saw a manned flying machine for the first time and became fascinated with aircraft.

Labor objections
Because the Exposition buildings were built with non-union labor, various unions protested against the exposition in actions ranging from pamphleteering to boycotts. The Central Labor Council organized a protest march outside the grounds on Labor Day. The Seattle Socialist editorialized that the Exposition was, "a great fantastic monument to the brutal avarice of the capitalist class."

Human exhibits
A month-old orphaned boy named Ernest was raffled away as a prize. Although a winning ticket was drawn, nobody claimed the prize. The ultimate destiny of the child was still being investigated in 2009. Other human exhibits included displays presenting Igorot people from the Philippines as dog-eating, primitive people; the "Alaskan Siberians — Eskimos"; and a Chinese village depicting opium dens and recounting the recent Boxer Rebellion. The Igorot exhibit spawned a letter of protest to the Seattle Post-Intelligencer signed by over 100 Filipino merchant marines, although some local resident Filipinos responded to the letter by defending the exhibit.

Premature babies were also displayed in French physician Alexandre Lion's incubators, decades before such systems were commonplace in hospitals. This display was not unique to the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition; babies had been displayed in incubators since the 1896 Berlin Exposition (and Seattle itself had seen at least two such exhibits before the A-Y-P Exposition ). Given the robustness of the infants seen in photographs, there is some question as to whether these infants actually required extra care or if they were simply used for profit. Particular to this exhibit was a Baby Incubator Cafe which is seen in some photos, although historians are unsure if this was an actual cafe or rather a place to view babies feeding. At the time there was little in the way of protest from either fair-goers or physicians. In fact there was already a seasonal incubator exhibit at Luna Park in West Seattle, the Infant Electrobator concession. The babies were mentioned by name in the newspaper during their stay at the exposition and their medical state followed throughout. A specific point of interest was the range in ethnicity of the infants. No deaths were experienced amongst the babies at the exhibit.

Anniversary
The year 2009 was the centennial of the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition. The City and University held various activities to celebrate this anniversary.

A documentary was produced by John Forsen called "AYP-Seattle's Forgotten World's Fair" for PBS.

On July 4, 2009, a group of 12 cyclists set off from Santa Rosa, California, on a 1,000 mile bike ride to Seattle, Washington, to support the disease Histiocytosis. The ride, titled Wheels North, was a centennial of the 1909 adventure of Vic McDaniel and Ray Francisco who traveled on bicycles to the Exposition. The ride ended at the Drumheller Fountain on the campus of the University of Washington on July 16, 2009.

title: Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition


text:
Talk:St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)

Apostrophes in Geographical Names
The external link cited here does not use the apostrophe. Does any expert on Canadian place names know what is official? (I'm getting enough of a fight with Jtdirl over American place names, where I know what is official, so I'm not about to change this until I can get some guidance from the Canadians!) -- BRG July 23

 * As much as I dislike inappropriate apostrophe use, I would have to say that most of the official Canadian sources (e.g. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources) cite the river's name as St. Marys River. To add confusion, the local paper mill here in the Sault is St. Mary's Paper. FUNgus guy 11:54, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The Canadian Post Office probably has a similar rule to that of the U.S. Postal Service (and other Federal agencies in both counties). Apostrophes are NOT used in geographical names, and also note the difficulty that apostrophes present on signs with the names printed vertically.
 * Hence, note these place names: the Devils Tower, the St. Johns River, Kings County, Kings Peak, Kings Point, Kingsport, Prince George County, Virginia, and the Borough of Queens.
 * There are some antique exceptions in the United States, such as Prince George's County, Maryland, and Queen Anne's County, Maryland.
 * Also, note that the original name of Frankfort, Kentucky, was "Frank's Ford", and the orginal name of Berlin, Maryland, was "Burleigh's Inn".

Make sure to note this one: D E V I L S T O W E R 98.67.108.2 (talk) 15:18, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

Uninhabited Islands on the Ontario side of the river
East Neebish Island: GPS 46.343698, -84.112238 Sankey Island: GPS 46.348692, -84.101530 Watson Island: GPS 46.336083, -84.099180 Sutton Island: GPS 46.32270, -84.064274 Gaffney Island: GPS 46.335823, -84.114361 Iron Island: GPS 46.333263, -84.113247 Thom Island: GPS 46.333282, -84.110287 Forshaw Island: GPS 46.327461, -84.084040 Duval Island: GPS 46.324122, -84.085473 Foote Island: GPS 46.320288, -84.077984

www.googlemaps.com Musicwriter (talk) 01:08, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Concrete berm
Editing this to say I found an answer and added more information about the exact purpose of the concrete berms and its relation to the compensating works. I might need to reword it to clarify that the fish spawning habitat is between Whitefish Island and the berm, but I think that's implied, at least.--Criticalthinker (talk) 09:06, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)


text:
Talk:Babe Ruth

Junior
I've compromised with what I think is the logical thing to do. I've omitted the "Jr." in the lede, since most sources just call him "George Herman Ruth" and left it in the first paragraph of the body of the article and left "Sr." when referring to the father. Wehwalt (talk) 11:53, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

"Junior"
I don't believe the Jr. should be in the name in the lead sentence of the article per MOS:JR. It does not seem that the Babe ever used it, at least as an adult. The earliest reference to it I see on newspapers.com is 1933. Wehwalt (talk) 19:52, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * That's misusing the page for an unjustified removal. Contrary to what you seem to think, it's not an excuse to downplay suffixes, especially when omitting them would create false impressions. When the original man of a certain name passes down his full name to a son, that child becomes Jr., whether he commonly goes by the suffix or not. You shouldn't conflate common names with full/legal identities as they can often differ. That 1933 article alone should make it obvious Babe had a suffix (along with being fully named after dad George Herman Ruth Sr. without any difference in first name, middle name, or surname). However, if you insist on having more evidence, then have a look at things like Britannica, NC.gov, EssentiallySports, and Bleacher Report. I could probably find other viable things. Leaving out the suffix for George Jr. here would wrongfully make it sound like there weren't any previous men in his family named "George Herman Ruth". The use of "born ______" after giving a full name also gives off a misleading implication of changing legal identity from birth name. That would be more appropriate for people like William Stuart-Houston (changed his last name) or Tony Curtis (took on something completely different from birth identity). When the Babe here always had the same first name, middle name, and surname as George Sr., that means the suffix remained with him for life. It doesn't disappear simply because the guy took on a "Babe" nickname or more often went by shorter versions of his name. With all of this said, I cannot in good conscience endorse leaving "Jr." out of opening sentence or first mention within article body. SNUGGUMS (talk / edits) 22:40, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The search hits for George Herman Ruth without the Jr. are overwhelmingly greater, and refer to the son rather than the father. Therefore, I'd certainly dispute that the Jr is commonly used. There's nothing wrong with, as I suggested some time ago, giving him his common name, and saying he was born with the Jr., which is the case, and also starting the text of the body of the article with the Jr. since he was, after all, born with it (or at least given it at an early age. After all, using it in that manner does signal to the reader that there was an earlier male in the family with that name, which you indicated was a concern. Wehwalt (talk) 22:52, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, you've blatantly dismissed how using "born" here incorrectly suggests his formal name at some point got altered from what it was at birth. This makes such a use problematic for him. Also, one form being used more often doesn't mean the uses of another count for nothing or that we should disregard how he had a suffix throughout his life. SNUGGUMS (talk / edits) 23:25, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd like to hear also what other people think about this. Plainly we don't agree. In my view if he's not commonly called that in reliable sources, we shouldn't use it. Not that once a Jr., forever a Jr. Wehwalt (talk) 00:17, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The links I gave should already be plenty to qualify for its inclusion (even one is enough to prove that the suffix is accurate), but "once a Jr., forever a Jr." actually IS the case for any Jr. who doesn't take on a different first/middle/last name from birth identity. If it wasn't, then suffixes would serve no purpose. Ruth's case isn't like Bill de Blasio, who originally had the same name as his own dad before using mother's maiden name and adopting a completely different first name. Why any publications would downplay suffixes is beyond me. SNUGGUMS (talk / edits) 00:33, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * But most do in Babe Ruth's case. Only a few hundred out of tens of thousands on newspapers.com use it. That hardly seems to me to be commonly used. Junior is not something, in most cases, that follows someone throughout life and in this case, it's not how he's known to posterity. We go with the sources. Wehwalt (talk) 01:53, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

You appear to be conflating most common usage with full/legal name; they're not always the same thing. Numerical quantity would be more relevant for deciding on page title (which is why "Babe" gets used instead of "George"). That's not an excuse to ignore how someone's formal identity can (and often does) differ from what others tend to call them. Furthermore, "a few hundred" is in itself quite a lot, regardless of whether that gets outnumbered. It isn't fair how you dismissively shrugged that off or tried to minimize its worth. SNUGGUMS (talk / edits) 02:43, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * To jump in for a minute, the presentation seems about right as it is now. The Junior is used once, at the start of the "Early life" section, which seems enough. I'd suggest that it cannot be used as the first mention in the lead because the lead name has to include the common name "Babe", and when it includes "Babe" Junior does not accurately apply. As an aside, seems Ruth is probably the most underrated ballplayer in major league history (for example, check out the book The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs). Randy Kryn (talk) 02:50, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 August 2023
Please replace "==Professional baseball==" with "==Professional career==". 2603:8000:8500:38F2:9595:AF8F:E8F7:76A3 (talk) 05:51, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Not done You should explain why this would be an improvement.--Wehwalt (talk) 20:24, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Please Make Correction
Babe Ruth’s birthplace, now a museum, is located in the Ridgely’s Delight neighborhood. While this used to be part of Pigtown, it became Ridgely’s Delight when Martin Luther King Blvd. was built and separated it from the rest of Pigtown. If tourists read the article and start looking for Pigtown, they will get lost and might end up in an area where it’s unsafe to be. Baltojo (talk) 02:00, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I would think that Google maps would be their friend, and really, would baseball tourists do anything else but go directly west from the Inner Harbor area to the museum? Wehwalt (talk) 03:54, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Having volunteered there, I can assure you that plenty of people got lost because it is not on a main road. In addition, if you are coming down MLK Blvd. and head west toward Pigtown, you will be going the wrong way. Regardless, the information is incorrect as presented. Baltojo (talk) 09:13, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I changed the phrasing to "in what is now called Ridgely's Delight" as this is the most accurate and lines up with the information on the Ridgely's Delight wiki page. Pjk645 (talk) 19:31, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm changing it back, since we should reflect what it was called at the time rather than what it's called now. – Muboshgu (talk) 19:33, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It should reflect its current location. It’s common sense. It was correct as Pjk645 wrote it or you can say “in Ridgely’s Delight, which was part of Pigtown at the time.” Baltojo (talk) 12:48, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a footnote might be the best way to go? Wehwalt (talk) 13:05, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * + 1 on this idea. Just having it say Pigtown without mentioning that it is no longer considered Pigtown makes it too confusing, especially if people are trying to visit the museum Pjk645 (talk) 19:16, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm bumping this. Why are we insisting on not giving more information here? Baltojo's suggestion makes total sense. Pjk645 (talk) 16:00, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Were you agreeing with my suggestion for a footnote as well? That seems to be the obvious way of handling it without bogging down the text. Wehwalt (talk) 16:16, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not clear to me which part would be in the main text, and which in the footnote. My suggestion would be to use the language of the time in the main text, and have a footnote explaining what it is today. --Tryptofish (talk) 21:21, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That was my thought, Tryptofish. Wehwalt (talk) 21:55, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer something like: “in Ridgely’s Delight, which was part of Pigtown at the time” but I'll take a footnote about the discrepancy if that is all I can get. Pjk645 (talk) 00:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * OK. I need a high-quality WP:RS to source whatever we put in the footnote. Wehwalt (talk) 00:12, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

Tobacco
There is no mention of Ruth's use of tobacco, which he used in various forms for more than 40 years, and which is thought to have possibly contributed to his cancer diagnosis later in life, although there are competing interpretations. Viriditas (talk) 23:20, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Let's also remember that in the US, the tobacco industry waged a major campaign to suppress the link between tobacco and cancer, which didn't end until the early 1990s. Therefore, older and contemporaneous sources at or around his death in 1948 are unlikely to have emphasized this idea.  In fact, it wasn't until two years after Ruth's death that Ernst Wynder and Evarts Ambrose Graham published their first study linking smoking to lung cancer. Viriditas (talk) 23:31, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Are there high-quality reliable sources that discuss Ruth's use of tobacco and the possible link with his illness/death? It would seem worth having a sentence or so about it during the discussion of his illness and death, if there are such sources. Wehwalt (talk) 01:08, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * There's a plethora. I just posted a few of them here but that honestly only touches the surface, there's a lot.  The more interesting question is what recent sources are there on this topic, as the controversy over the link between tobacco and cancer has died down since the tobacco settlement in the 1990s and more recent research is far more comprehensive and accurate. Viriditas (talk) 01:34, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Feel free to insert some well-chosen words. Wehwalt (talk) 01:44, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Just added additional sources. Take another look if you have a moment. Viriditas (talk) 01:58, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Viriditas asked me to take a look at this . I'll take a stab at adding those words in the near future, but I want to leave a note now, saying that I've been looking at the sources, and I don't think we can make a strong statement that Ruth's cancer was due to his tobacco use. --Tryptofish (talk) 23:37, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * OK. Let me know if I can be of help. Wehwalt (talk) 01:09, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I've done and . The New York Times source that I used (on the theory that I would let a secondary source dictate what kind of emphasis to give tobacco) has a lot of other information that might be worth adding to the pages. --Tryptofish (talk) 21:46, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It's my thought that while there could be a specialized article on Babe Ruth and cancer, there's only so much that we can put about his treatment in a general biographical article. Wehwalt (talk) 12:27, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

Bat size
's addition of repetitive information about Ruth's bat size in the lead section seems excessive. I put a quote box with what Ruth said in the career section, I'm not even convinced that's necessary, but I'm willing to agree as a compromise. Wehwalt (talk) 16:46, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * That looks fine. All that matter is there's a reliable reference to the 54 ounce (and later 46 ounce) bat online to point to, because people are still debating it endlessly and finding no way to verify it one way or the other, besides these rare books that Ruth wrote in the 1920s that cost hundreds of dollars if you can find them. Modern pro batters use an average bat of 34 to 36 inches length and roughly 34 ounces. Ruth used the biggest bat in baseball history, which everybody agrees on, but debate the actual numbers and disagree widely.MorganDWright (talk) 00:25, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Ruth is such a massive force in baseball history that any explanation of how he "did what he did", especially from his own words, seems important for the page. Thanks for the addition, to  for bringing the information to Wikipedia and, most important, kept at it even with questions as to page presence (and no, it wasn't lead worthy). I've said that Ruth is the most underrated player in baseball history, in some ways well-researched book The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs covers some of this. Randy Kryn (talk) 00:47, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Babe Ruth


text:
Buxales

The Buxales are a small order of eudicot flowering plants, recognized by the APG IV system of 2016. The order includes the family Buxaceae; the families Didymelaceae and Haptanthaceae may also be recognized or may be included in the Buxaceae. Many members of the order are evergreen shrubs or trees, although some are herbaceous perennials. They have separate "male" (staminate) and "female" (carpellate) flowers, mostly on the same plant (i.e. they are mostly monoecious). Some species are of economic importance either for the wood they produce or as ornamental plants.

Description
The Buxales have relatively few obvious shared features distinguishing them from related groups of plants (i.e. few obvious synapomorphies). One is the presence of a particular type of alkaloid or pseudoalkaloid, pregnane steroids. They have unisexual flowers (i.e. separate staminate or "male" flowers and carpellate or "female" flowers), most being monoecious. The flowers are small, less than 7 mm across. The tepals have a single vascular bundle (trace). Other characters common to the order include leaves with entire (untoothed) margins, flowers arranged in racemes, small styles capable of receiving pollen along their entire length rather than having a separate stigma, one to two ovules per carpel, and seeds with testae (coats) made up of several cell layers.

Didymeles, the sole genus in the family Didymelaceae, consists of two species of evergreen tree occurring only in Madagascar. It is dioecious, i.e. with staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants. Buxaceae (including Haptanthaceae) is more diverse, with five or six genera totalling about 115 species, and is found in most temperate and tropical areas of the world. Most species are evergreen shrubs or small trees, but some (such as those of Pachysandra) are herbaceous perennials.

Taxonomy
In the APG III system of 2009, the order includes two families, Buxaceae and Haptanthaceae. Unlike previous classifications (including the APG II system of 2003), APG III does not recognize the family Didymelaceae, but includes the genus Didymeles in Buxaceae. Subsequent research published in 2011 suggests that the Haptanthaceae are embedded in the Buxaceae, possibly as the sister to Buxus, and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website no longer recognizes Haptanthaceae. In the 2016 APG IV system, Haptanthaceae is incorporated into Buxaceae, which leaves Buxaceae the only family under Buxales.

Phylogeny
The Buxales are placed within the eudicots but outside the core eudicots, in a paraphyletic group of basal eudicots. The monophyly of the order and its general position relative to other eudicots has been confirmed by many studies. One possible phylogenetic tree is shown below, where the precise ordering of the basal eudicots is still uncertain.

One difference between the basal eudicots and the core eudicots is that the latter appear to have undergone a complete duplication of the nuclear genome which is absent in the former. Molecular phylogenetic studies have produced slightly different internal arrangements of the families and genera within the order; hence the variation in the number of families into which it is divided.

Genera
Didymelaceae or Buxaceae Buxaceae Buxaceae or Haptanthaceae
 * Didymeles Thouars
 * Buxus L. (including Notobuxus Oliver )
 * Pachysandra Michx.
 * Sarcococca Lindl.
 * Styloceras Kunth ex A.Juss.
 * Haptanthus Goldberg & C.Nelson

Former treatment
In the Cronquist system of 1981, the Buxaceae were associated with the Euphorbiaceae s.l., and the Didymelaceae were given their own order. In the APG II system of 2003, the Buxaceae were a family unplaced as to order in the eudicots, optionally including the genus Didymeles, which could alternatively be placed in its own family.

Uses
Some species of the Buxaceae are of economic importance. Buxus sempervirens (common box) and Buxus macowanii (Cape box) produce hard wood valued for carving and engraving. Species are also used as ornamental garden plants and for bonsai. Common box is used for hedging and border edging. Species of Pachysandra are used as ground cover. Species of Sarcococca produce small but strongly scented flowers in the winter.

title: Buxales


text:
Talk:Fifteen to One

Wrong winner?
Am I reading the winners table wrong? It says Nick Terry scored 433 and Dag Griffiths scored 432. Yet above, it says: "The maximum score [433] has been achieved only once by Bill McKaig, a minister from Glasgow. The feat of answering all 40 third round questions correctly was also achieved by Daphne Fowler and Michael Penrice who both finished with a score of 432." While I'm here... what happened with the tie? Did they have to find another Etruscan urn or something? :) -Nommo

Ah... I can see I've made a boobboo here. My source for the scores was http://www.quizplayers.com/quizplayers/fifteen_to_one. The scores they have listed against each series is actually the score of the person who was top of the finals board, and not the score of the winning finalist. I'll have to correct it. As for the tie: Yes they did have to find another urn or something. One of the winners runs a postal quiz that I take part in sometimes, he put a note in the handout a few months ago, but I've forgotten the details. Mintguy 16:31 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I think Fifteen to One has been axed, but I can't find any info on it.

 * Tragically the last series was in autumn 2003. However now that Channel 4 has lost the test cricket perhaps they can put it back on. Dbiv 16:41, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Unlikely, I fear. Bonalaw 19:12, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Darn shame indeed, it would be abhorent if it was not brought back!!!!!!!! is quizzing gold without the personal rubbish that i for one dont care about in the slightest. Together let us have a toast for hte quiz show that changed the world forever. 'to 15 to 1'. Does anyone want to meet together and recreate the magic unoficially? perhaps we could could get together and quiz for prizes? i have a faux greek kebab that could be a mighty prize for that person lucky enough to get their hands on it!!!!! I look forward to any reaction. lets make the magic happen and not leave this as a pipe dream. thanks Malcolm Umbar

It was certainly a lot better than that pointless crap Deal or No Deal with that gobshite Noel Edmonds. Beat the nation was a great little quiz which filled the gap left by 15 to 1 for one series in 2004. I created a stub for it yesterday as, surprisingly, none existed before. Both that *and* 15 to 1 should be brought back IMV, perhaps they could alternate every six months or so? Martyn Smith 15:10, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Being allowed to enter the show again
I was first a contestant in '94 and got to the second (knockout) round. At that time it would not have been possible to play the game again. However in 2000 the rule was altered so that anybody who had been a contestant more than two years ago could apply for another go (going through the qualifying auditions the same way as totally fresh contestants). I subsequently appeared again on the show in 2001 (getting to the third round and finishing third), and once more in the very last series, i.e. autumn 2003 Martyn Smith 21:30, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Font
I was wondering, what font did 15 to 1 use on the very last series? Lenny 17:36, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Same as ever, wasn't it. I don't remember it being different....Martyn Smith 21:30, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * So what font was it then, I'm sure it is available, if I knew what it was. Lenny 08:34, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Grand final series 35 section
This section reads more like a (relatively poor) commentary than an encyclopedia article. Shouldn't it be deleted, or at least severely truncated?--PaulTaylor 13:34, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not in a position to check at the moment, but as this is so different in tone, contains an introduction and is unwikified it might be a copyright violation. Thryduulf 17:00, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Editing
How did they get the show to 30 minutes every time. Presumably it could run and run in the first round if the contestants kept giving correct answers--Screen42 16:05, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The questions were hard enough that they'd always be able to squeeze the game in to 30 minutes. The bigger problem was that some games were to short, in which case they padded it out with longer introductions of the contestants before the final round, a look at the leaderboard and the trophies, announcements on how to apply for the show and so forth.--PaulTaylor 19:29, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Broadcast time
It's possibly too granular, but what time was the show usually broadcast? I remember it generally being on in the early evening, too late to catch after a day at work, but I assume it moved around over the years. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 12:09, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Well when it started it was at 4.30 in the afternoon, as far as I remember. I could get home from school just in time when it started. It took the same slot as Countdown when that was off the air. In later years it was moved around, earlier I believe. srushe (talk) 12:12, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Mystery contestant
"In the grand final of series 29 shown in December 2000 (where Matti Watton won), one contestant, who was standing at position 4, could not be identified for legal reasons" - what's the explanation as to how/why this occurred? The only explanation I can think of is that the person was convicted of some sort of crime between the filming and the broadcast - was this the case, or was it something else entirely.......? -- ChrisTheDude (talk) 11:09, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Doesn't really work even then, it was the grand final. Surely it'd be easy to work out the missing contestant might just be whoever got through to the final in an earlier show but didn't appear on TV in the final? Duds 2k (talk) 17:00, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The article implies that the earlier "winning" episode was never shown. Mrstonky (talk) 02:56, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Screen ratio
I'm fairly certain that 15 to 1 was broadcast in letterboxed 16:9 ratio in the late 1990s, as part of an experimental run of analogue widescreen transmissions sponsored by the EU. Can anybody verify this? Mrstonky (talk) 02:56, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes it was, using a system called PALplus (it's mentioned on that page). After the credits, it showed a message, "With support of the European Union's 16:9 Action Plan".  J Rawle  (Talk) 14:29, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * There's currently an episode on YouTube from 1995 (confirmed by the original Channel 4 ident at the start) which appears to be in 16:9. I wonder how long this went on for? Karsini (talk) 23:55, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

Sarah Wynter
I'm sure the lady who sometimes did the voice over can't be the Sarah Wynter of the linked article. I remember "Sarah" as sounding quite middle-aged, yet Sarah Wynter is quite young and this doesn't seem to fit in with her career anyway.  J Rawle  (Talk) 14:29, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Request
is it possible for someone to put up the 2013 Fifteen to One logo somewhere on this page? Visokor (talk) 12:53, 4 October 2013 (UTC)

Original series celebrity specials?
Why have the details of the original series celebrity specials (in 1990 and 1992 I believe) been removed? They were won by Nigel Rees and Patrick Stoddart (I provided a reference for the latter info). David Smith9 (talk) 14:33, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fifteen to One