text:
1912 in art

Events from the year 1912 in art.

Events

 * January 5 (Old Style December 23, 1911) – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet, designed by Edward Gordon Craig, opens.
 * April – Egon Schiele is arrested in Neulengbach for seducing and abducting a minor; these charges are dropped but he is imprisoned for 21 days for exhibiting erotic drawings in a place accessible to children (his studio). One of the drawings in burned in court. He paints while imprisoned.
 * May – The Blue Rider Almanac published in Munich, containing reproductions of more than 140 multi-ethnic artworks, articles on the visual arts and music and Vasilly Kandinsky's experimental theater composition The Yellow Sound.
 * June 26 – Austrian writer Frida Strindberg opens The Cave of the Golden Calf, a London nightclub decorated by Spencer Gore, Wyndham Lewis, Charles Ginner and Jacob Epstein with its motif by Eric Gill; it becomes a haunt of Futurists.
 * July – At the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, American marksman, horse breeder and artist Walter W. Winans wins a silver medal for shooting and a gold in the sculpture category of the art competitions for his bronze statuette An American Trotter.
 * December 24 – William Zorach marries Marguerite Thompson.
 * In Paris, Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger publish the first major treatise on Cubism, Du "Cubisme", followed by André Salmon's La jeune peinture française including Histoire anecdotique du cubisme.
 * French poet Guillaume Apollinaire introduces the term 'Orphism', in an address at the Salon de la Section d'Or, referring initially to the 'pure painting' of František Kupka.
 * Ludwig Meidner begins producing his "Apocalyptic Landscapes".

Exhibitions

 * March – Exhibition of Italian Futurism transfers from Paris to the Sackville Gallery in London, organised by Robert René Meyer-Sée.
 * May 25–September 30 – Third International Art Exhibition organized by Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler, in Cologne (Ausstellungshalle der Stadt Cöln am Aachener Tor), featuring works by Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Pablo Picasso, Henri-Edmond Cross, Paul Signac and Edvard Munch.
 * Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition organized by Roger Fry in London.
 * René Lalique and Maurice Marinot independently stage the first exhibitions of their glasswares.

Works

 * Giacomo Balla – Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash
 * Vanessa Bell – Three portraits of her sister Virginia Woolf
 * George Bellows – Men of the Docks
 * David Bomberg – Vision of Ezekiel
 * Pierre Bonnard – St Tropez, Pier
 * Richard E. Brooks – Statue of John McGraw (bronze sculpture, Seattle)
 * Paul Émile Chabas – September Morn (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
 * Jerome Connor – Bishop John Carroll (bronze sculpture, Washington, D.C.)
 * John Currie – Some Later Primitives and Madame Tisceron
 * Roger de La Fresnaye – Mon Ami, Jean Cocteau
 * Robert Delaunay – Simultaneous Windows on the City
 * Marcel Duchamp – Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
 * Kenny Edson - The Romance of Pocahontas
 * Lydia Field Emmet – Self Portrait
 * Jacob Epstein – Tomb of Oscar Wilde (Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris)
 * E. Phillips Fox – Nasturtiums
 * Roger Fry
 * Portrait of Edith Sitwell
 * River with Poplars (approximate date)
 * Laura Gilpin – Basket of Peaches (color photograph)
 * Albert Gleizes
 * Les Baigneuses (The Bathers)
 * Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing)
 * L'Homme au balcon (Man on a Balcony)
 * Passy, Bridges of Paris
 * J. W. Godward
 * Absence Makes The Heart Grow Fonder
 * By The Wayside
 * An Offering To Venus
 * The Peacock Fan
 * Juan Gris – Verre et Bouteilles
 * Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
 * Nollendorfplatz
 * Das Urteil des Paris ("The Judgment of Paris")
 * Vier Holzplastiken ("Four Wooden Sculptures" - painting of nude figures, Dallas Museum of Art)
 * Boris Kustodiev
 * Easter Greetings
 * Self-portrait
 * Jacques Henri Lartigue – Grand Prix de l'A.C.F. (photograph)
 * Fernand Léger
 * Grade Crossing
 * La Fumée (Smoke)
 * Woman in Blue
 * Wyndham Lewis – Smiling Woman Ascending a Stair
 * J. B. Manson – Approximate date
 * Self-portrait
 * Still Life: Tulips in a Blue Jug
 * Franz Marc
 * Atonement (woodcut)
 * Deer in the Woods II
 * The Dream
 * Horses Resting (colored woodcut, 1911–12)
 * In the Rain
 * Legend of the Animals (woodcut)
 * The Little Monkey
 * Red Bull (gouache)
 * Sleeping Shepherdess (woodcut)
 * Tiger
 * Henri Matisse
 * The Conversation
 * Le Rifain assis
 * Zorah on the Terrace
 * Jean Metzinger
 * Danseuse au café (Dancer in a café)
 * La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse)
 * Femme à l'Éventail (Woman with a Fan)
 * Au Vélodrome
 * L'Oiseau bleu (The Blue Bird)
 * La Plume Jaune (The Yellow Feather)
 * Amedeo Modigliani – Tête (sculpture)
 * Piet Mondrian – Gray Tree
 * Mikhail Nesterov – Crucifixion
 * Emil Nolde – The Prophet (woodcut)
 * William Orpen – Portrait of Gardenia St. George With Riding Crop
 * Pablo Picasso
 * Still Life with Chair Caning
 * Violon et raisins
 * Violon, verre, pipe et encrier
 * Charles A. Platt – Josephine Shaw Lowell Memorial Fountain (New York City)
 * J. Massey Rhind – George Washington (bronze sculpture, Newark)
 * Franz Roubaud – Battle of Borodino Panorama
 * Egon Schiele
 * Portrait of Wally
 * Self-portrait with Chinese lantern fruits
 * Kathleen Scott – Charles Stewart Rolls (bronze sculpture, Dover)
 * T. F. Simon – Second Hand Booksellers, Spring
 * Max Slevogt – The Singer Francisco D'Andrade as Don Giovanni in Mozart's Opera ("The Red d'Andrade")
 * Stanley Spencer – The Nativity
 * James Wehn – Statue of Chief Seattle (copper sculpture, Seattle)
 * Christopher Whall and Mabel Esplin – Lady chapel windows, St John the Divine, Richmond, London

January to June

 * January 7 – Charles Addams, American cartoonist (d.1988)
 * January 28 – Jackson Pollock, American painter (d.1956)
 * January 29 – Constantin Kluge, Russian and French painter (d.2003)
 * February 7 – Russell Drysdale, Australian artist (d.1981)
 * March 4 – Afro Basaldella, Italian painter (d.1976)
 * March 22 – Agnes Martin, Canadian-US painter (d.2004)
 * April 14 – Robert Doisneau, French photographer (d.1994)
 * April 21 – Eve Arnold, née Cohen, American photographer (d.2012)
 * May 8 – John Deakin, English photographer (d.1972)
 * June 4 – Robert Jacobsen, Danish sculptor and painter (d.1993)
 * June 8 – Harry Holtzman, American artist (died 1987)
 * June 11 – William Baziotes, American painter (d.1963)

July to December

 * July 10 – Isabel Nicholas, English painter and model (d.1992)
 * August 1 – Rachel Baes, Belgian painter  (d.1983)
 * August 23 – Keith Vaughan, English painter (d.1977)
 * August 29 – Wolfgang Suschitzky, Austrian-born documentary photographer and cinematographer (d.2016)
 * September 4
 * Syd Hoff, US children's book author and cartoonist (d.2004)
 * Alexander Liberman, Russian-born painter and sculptor (d.1999)
 * September 5
 * Kristina Söderbaum, Swedish-German film actress, producer and photographer (d.2001)
 * Frank Thomas, US animator (d.2004)
 * September 23 – Tony Smith, US sculptor, visual artist and theorist on art (d.1980)
 * October 31 – Ollie Johnston, US animator (d.2008)
 * November 3 – Ida Kohlmeyer, US painter and sculptor (d.1997)
 * November 28 – Morris Louis, US painter (d.1962)
 * December 27 – Conroy Maddox, English surrealist painter, collagist, writer and lecturer (d.2005)

Deaths

 * February 14 – Mathurin Moreau, French sculptor (born 1822)
 * March 16 – Elizabeth Forbes, Canadian painter of the Newlyn School (born 1859; cancer)
 * March 29 – John Gerrard Keulemans, Dutch bird illustrator (born 1842)
 * March 31 – Robert Loftin Newman, American painter and stained-glass designer (born 1827)
 * April 15 – Francis Davis Millet, American painter, sculptor and writer (born 1846) (died on board the Titanic)
 * May 2 – Homer Davenport, American cartoonist (born 1867)
 * May 20 – Louis Hasselriis, Danish sculptor known for public monuments (born 1844)
 * June 25 – Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Dutch painter (born 1836)
 * June 30 – John Ford Paterson, Scottish–Australian artist, president of the Victorian Artists Society (born 1851)
 * July 16 – Thomas Fitzpatrick, Irish cartoonist (born 1860)
 * August 20 – Walter Goodman, English painter, illustrator and author (born 1838)
 * September 15 – John Leighton, English book illustrator (born 1822)
 * October 11 – Nils Hansteen, Norwegian painter (born 1855)
 * November 1 – John Emms, English painter (born 1844)
 * November 22 – Otto Lessing, German historicist sculptor (born 1846)
 * December 1 – John Moyr Smith, Scottish-born ceramic artist (born 1839)
 * December 8 – Tony Robert-Fleury, French painter (born 1865)
 * December 23 – Édouard Detaille, French painter
 * date unknown
 * Henry Allan, Irish painter
 * Joan Brull, Catalan Symbolist painter (born 1863)
 * Tadeusz Żukotyński, Polish count, professor, and painter (born 1855)

title: 1912 in art


text:
Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog

Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog is an animated series based on the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series, produced by Sega of America, DIC Animation City, Bohbot Entertainment and the Italian studio Reteitalia S.p.A. in association with Spanish network Telecinco. Airing during the fall of 1993, 65 episodes were produced, which was syndicated by Bohbot Entertainment in the United States.

A spin-off video game, Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine, was developed, featuring several original characters from the series. Furthermore, other elements, such as Sonic's fondness for chili dogs, would be featured in later video games and media of the franchise. Additionally, on November 24, 1996, USA Network aired Sonic Christmas Blast, a Christmas special which was produced to promote Sonic 3D Blast (originally meant for the ultimately cancelled Sonic X-treme).

Plot
Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog is a comical, light-hearted and gag-driven adventure series based on the titular character Sonic the Hedgehog, an arrogant and mischievous yet kind-hearted teenage hedgehog with the power to move at supersonic speeds. Sonic, along with his idolizing young friend Tails, regularly oppose the main antagonist Dr. Robotnik, his robot henchmen Scratch, Grounder, and Coconuts, and thwart their plans to conquer their home planet of Mobius.

The series features a short PSA segment titled "Sonic Says" at the end of each episode excluding "Sonic Christmas Blast"; these segments were written by Phil Harnage.

Heroes

 * Sonic the Hedgehog (voiced by Jaleel White) is the main character of the series. Sonic travels the world and works to defend Mobius from the threat of Dr. Robotnik. Just like in the video games, Sonic can move at fast speeds. He has also shown to be quite cunning and deceitful, using various tricks and disguises to get one over his opponents, especially whenever his speed is nullified.
 * Miles "Tails" Prower (voiced by Christopher Stephen Welch and later Chris Turner) is a two-tailed fox who is Sonic's best friend and sidekick. Sonic found him as a toddler, apparently abandoned because of his multiple tails, which he can use to fly like in the video games. He usually displays child-like intelligence but has shown to have exceptional skills as a mechanic and a pilot like his video game counterpart.

Villains

 * Dr. Ivo Robotnik (voiced by Long John Baldry) is an evil mad scientist and the archenemy of Sonic the Hedgehog who uses his robots and inventions in order to take over Mobius. His headquarters is a fortress atop Mobius' tallest mountain, where he uses his Robo-Matic Machine to create robots called Badniks to aid him in his plots. While Robotnik is somewhat capable at defeating Sonic and Tails due to his technology, his childish, manic and often egotistical nature greatly overpowers his tyrannical side, always leading to his defeat and humilation by Sonic and/or Tails. In the first episode, it is mentioned that he once had a full head of hair, but the constant foils from Sonic caused him to tear it out.
 * Scratch (voiced by Phil Hayes) is a hot-headed chicken-like Badnik. Originally, Dr. Robotnik wanted the Robo-Matic Machine to create a super robot only for it to produce Scratch instead due to a malfunction. Scratch is arrogant but not very bright, although he does seem to be more intelligent than Grounder.
 * Grounder (voiced by Garry Chalk) is Scratch's younger non-identical twin brother. He is a dimwitted mole-type Badnik who was created by Dr. Robotnik when he put one of Scratch's tail feathers into the Robo-Matic Machine and being built differently as the result of Scratch pulling an extra lever. He has tank treads for legs and drills for a nose and hands (though he frequently swaps them for other tools, even actual hands on occasion). He is based on the enemy of the same name from Sonic the Hedgehog 2. A recurring gag involves Grounder expressing desire for a mother.
 * Coconuts (voiced by Ian James Corlett) is a cynical monkey-type Badnik who was created before Scratch and Grounder. At some point, he was demoted to working as Dr. Robotnik's janitor and is often trying to impress him by outdoing Scratch and Grounder in stopping Sonic to no avail. He is shown to be somewhat smarter than Scratch and Grounder and is shown to have his own styled gadgets in his attempts of defeating Sonic. He is based on the enemy of the same name from Sonic the Hedgehog 2.

Other characters

 * Breezie (voiced by Venus Terzo) is a beautiful hedgehog-type Badnik created by Dr. Robotnik in a plot to get rid of Sonic. She initially manipulated Sonic into falling in love with her and giving her various gifts, but when she realized that Sonic really did care for her and does not see her as a robot, she developed genuine romantic feelings for him and betrayed and left Dr. Robotnik's services. Breezie later met Robotnik Jr. who later developed a crush on her.
 * Momma Robotnik (voiced by Kathleen Barr) is the mother of Dr. Robotnik who is even worse than her son. While kept in an asylum called the Mobius Home for Really Bizarre Mothers as punishment for bad parenting, she tends to escape on occasion and her insanity even scares her son. At the end of most of her appearances, she ends up recaptured and taken back to the home against her will.
 * Wes Weasley (voiced by Michael Donovan) is a weasel who works as a door-to-door salesman. He would often sell devices to Dr. Robotnik that would fail because of either Sonic's ingenuity or Scratch and Grounder's incompetence. He frequently alternates between being on Robotnik and Sonic's side, and will switch to another if there is a profit to be made or if something does not lean in his favor.
 * Sergeant Doberman (voiced by Phil Hayes) is a Doberman Pinscher who is a retired army sergeant and a known war hero.
 * Professor Von Schlemmer (voiced by French Tickner) is a brilliant but eccentric and kooky scientist who is an ally of Sonic and Tails.
 * Professor Caninestein (voiced by Garry Chalk) is a highly-intelligent dog scientist that invents gadgets for Sonic to use. Dr. Robotnik once captured him and had him build a time machine in order to steal four Chaos Emeralds in different time periods.
 * Robotnik Jr. (voiced by Ian James Corlett) is a diminutive Badnik resembling Robotnik, which the latter initially created to be his son and carry on his legacy when he passes away. Unfortunately, he defects from his creator and sides with Sonic and Tails. Jr. later fell in love with Breezie.
 * Mad Mike and Big Griz (voiced by Michael Donovan and French Tickner) are a duo of bears who both go by the name "Da Bears". They are Sonic and Tails' proclaimed biggest fans and despite their low intelligence, display great feats of courage and strength.
 * Bert Whoo is a green owl. He is the owner of Bert's Diner as well as the Mayor and Sheriff of Mobius Corners. When Robotnik issued an unlawful protection service on Mobius Corners, Bert was one of its few citizens who refused to pay and as a result, ran his own Diner to financially support himself. He is kidnapped by Scratch and Grounder, but is rescued by Sonic and Tails, with some assistance from his employee Roxy.
 * Roxy is a female raccoon and the only known employee of Bert's Diner. She has a crush on Sonic, which he returns at the end of her debut episode, Untouchable Sonic.
 * Miss Possum (voiced by Louise Vallance) is a possum who became the Sheriff of Tranquil Gulch following the retirement of Sonic. She develops an attraction towards Sonic as he frequently saves her from Scratch and Grounder. She later attends Sonic's birthday in "Robotnikland".
 * Robot (voiced by Cathy Weseluck) as its name implies, is a small, purple robot invented by Scratch and Grounder with tricycle wheels for mobility and pinchers for hands. Debuting in "The Robots Robot", it defects against his creators after being scolded by Robotnik. It later reappears in "Hedgehog of the Year" saying a word in regards to Sonic.

Production
Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog was created by DIC Animation City (in association with Sega of America whose CEO Tom Kalinske and newly appointed consumer products director Michealene Risley licensed the characters to DIC), which produced a total of 65 episodes for its one season, and was syndicated by Bohbot Entertainment, later known as BKN International (in the original run, every episode began and ended with the "Bohbot Entertainment Presents" logo), and the Italian Reteitalia S.p.A., part of Fininvest. The show's animation was outsourced to four animation studios: Additionally, some of the storyboards were done by the Spanish animation studio Milimetros Dibujos Animados, which also worked on the animation for the Saturday morning Sonic cartoon and the main title animation for Sonic Underground. Pre-production stages of the show (as well as the first season of the Saturday morning cartoon) were handled by Canadian Studio B (later known as DHX Media Vancouver).
 * the Chinese and Korean subdivisions of Rainbow Animation Group (later renamed Galaxy Digimation, not to be confused with the Italian studio Rainbow S.p.A.),
 * the Korean Sae Rom Production (which also at the same time worked on the animation for the Saturday morning Sonic cartoon for ABC),
 * the Taiwanese and Chinese Hong Ying Animation (which would later work on the animation for Sonic Underground),
 * the Japanese Tokyo Movie Shinsha (which would later produce its own Sonic cartoon, Sonic X).

According to Robby London, DIC originally made a deal to produce only the Saturday morning Sonic series for the ABC network, which was originally planned to air in the Fall of 1992. The cartoon was to be more light-hearted compared to the final product, as reflected by the episode "Heads or Tails", early promotional material found in Fleetway's Sonic the Comic and the early issues of Sonic the Hedgehog comics by Archie, which were based on the Saturday morning Sonic cartoon. However, DIC also wanted to expand the show and produce additional episodes for weekday syndication as well, similar to what DIC has previously done with The Real Ghostbusters, but Mark Pedowitz, ABC's senior vice president of business affairs and contracts, expected Sonic to air exclusively on ABC and rejected the idea, telling London "If you guys want to do syndication, be our guest, go with God, but you won't be on our network." ABC would not agree to the deal until London came up with a proposition that DIC would produce a separate, vastly different Sonic show for syndication instead, the end result of which became Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog. Afterward, ABC was at first willing to air only a single half-hour episode as a prime-time special scheduled for March 1993 (which would become the episode "Heads or Tails") before ultimately delaying it and including it as part of the show which ABC picked up again for a full season, this time airing in the Fall of 1993, alongside Adventures airing in syndication at the same time. During that time, the Saturday morning Sonic cartoon received a makeover and was made darker and more serious in order to differentiate itself from the syndicated Sonic cartoon. The two shows would be connected through Family Matters star Jaleel White portraying Sonic in both series; ABC itself was airing Family Matters during both shows' run, keeping White busy playing Sonic on two different series alongside his Family Matters role as Steve Urkel.

The theme song is composed by Clark Gassman and it is a combination of the main theme from the 1991 video game as well as In the Hall of the Mountain King by Edvard Grieg and Flight of the Bumblebee by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.

First-run broadcast
The series was shown through syndication in the United States in the fall of 1993 on either weekday afternoons or mornings, depending on the TV station. In the United Kingdom, the series was screened on Channel 4 in 1993 on Sunday mornings at 9:00, but with the "Sonic Says" segments edited out. They were also edited out on The Children's Channel and the UK VHS releases of the series. The weekday morning airings in Australia on Seven Network as part of Agro's Cartoon Connection retained the segments. The cartoon was broadcast in the Republic of Ireland on RTÉ Two from 12 September to December 1994 on weekday afternoons with the segments retained also.

Rebroadcast
USA Network re-aired the original episodes of the show in the United States from 1994 to 1996 (with an additional Christmas special ordered by Sega to be produced for the Christmas season of 1996 to ride on the coattails with the release of Sonic 3D Blast). The series later returned to syndication as part of the BKN block from 1997 to 1998, and later BKN Kids II from 1999 until 2000. Toon Disney would start broadcasting the series in September 1998, and aired on the channel until 2002.

This TV subsequently aired the first 13 episodes of the show from 2010 to 2011 on their Cookie Jar Toons block. The series was also available on Netflix, and contains 20 episodes. From December 2018-November 2020, reruns of the series began airing on Starz. Later starting on September 3, 2019, the show aired its reruns on the streaming service Pluto TV for the first time.

International airings
In the UK, Pop re-aired the show with the "Sonic Says" segments restored.

In Italy, the show aired on Italia 1.

In Spain, the show aired on Telecinco.

The show was re-aired on in Australia on Saturday mornings on Network Ten as part of Cheez TV from 1993 to 1999, and also aired on Nickelodeon and Disney Channel.

In Brazil, the show aired in January 1996, on Rede Globo on the block TV Colosso. Only the first 22 of 65 episodes aired in Brazilian Portuguese, as well as the Christmas special. The show also aired in Sweden on TV3, in Portugal on SIC, in The Netherlands on RTL4, in Germany on Kabel 1 and RTL II and in 2000 in Arab countries on Spacetoon and Qatar Television.

In September 2003, DIC revealed a new international package consisting of Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog and the Sonic Christmas Blast special, titled "Totally Sonic!". The package would also feature digitally re-mastered, color-enhanced versions of the shows with new contemporary music, as well as bonus director's cut "Secret Sonic" episodes.

The series also aired on KidsCo, as with many other DIC-produced cartoons.

In the Philippines, it aired on Yey! in 2020 everyday at 2:00 pm.

UK broadcast history

 * Channel 4 (1993–1997)
 * The Children's Channel (1995–1998)
 * POP (2004–2010)
 * ITV2 (4 October 2004 – 31 December 2004; as part of GMTV2 kids)

North America
In 1994, Buena Vista Home Video through their DIC Toon-Time Video label, released 6 VHS tapes of the series each containing 2 episodes.

Shout! Factory has released all 65 episodes of the series on DVD in Region 1 in three-volume sets. The first volume, released on July 17, 2007, features the first 22 episodes along with two featurettes: "A Conversation With Artist Milton Knight" and "How to Draw Sonic the Hedgehog". The second volume was released on December 9, 2008, and features episodes 23–44 with the featurette "How to Draw Dr. Robotnik". The third volume was available on March 16, 2010 exclusively via Shout! Factory's website as a Shout! Select title and contains the final 21 episodes of the series, plus the "Sonic Christmas Blast" special and the featurette "How to Draw Tails". These episodes were not compiled in the correct airdate order in the final volume. All three sets were discontinued in 2012 along with Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic Underground after Shout!'s deal with Cookie Jar Entertainment expired.

Between 2008 and 2010, NCircle Entertainment released a number of single disc releases of the series, each containing 4 episodes (in random order), as well as two volumes of 4-disc collections in 2012, with each volume containing 16 episodes.

Invincible Pictures re-released the complete series set on August 13, 2019 (originally scheduled for April 9, 2019 and July 16, 2019).

The series along with its successors Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic Underground is available on the streaming services Paramount+ and Tubi, as well as the official WildBrain YouTube Channel.

Under license from 41 Entertainment and Invincible Entertainment Partners, Discotek Media released the complete series on standard definition Blu-ray on February 22, 2022. The unaired pilot and the Christmas special Sonic Christmas Blast were included as bonus features, as well as commercial bumpers and commentary by storyboard artist Milton Knight.

United Kingdom
Throughout 1993–1994, Abbey Home Entertainment through their Tempo Video label released 8 VHS volumes of the series each containing an assortment of episodes. PolyGram Video through their 4Front Video label would also release a VHS tape of the series in 1997.

In Region 2, Delta Home Entertainment released Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog: The Complete Series on DVD in the UK on June 11, 2007, as well as a number of single disc releases of the series, each containing 4 episodes (in production order).

Reception
Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog received a mixed reception. Randy Miller III of DVDTalk said, "While it's obvious that The Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog [sic] won't ever be mentioned in the same sentence with Disney, Pixar or Studio Ghibli (except for this one), there's enough goofy fun here to entertain any resident of the 16-bit gaming era." Michael Rubino of DVD Verdict criticized the series for being dated, contrived, and bloated with chili dog jokes. GamesRadar listed the series as one of "the worst things to happen to Sonic." It commented that it "made Ren & Stimpy look like a rigid, strictly story-driven opus of animation", and criticized the supporting cast as "wholly uninteresting, unfunny and just all around annoying."

Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series an overall rating of 3/5 and noted that while the show's pace is "frantic", "the series emphasizes positive themes for kids about personal safety and interpersonal relationships." Bob Mackey of USgamer wrote that the show's attempts to emulate Looney Tunes and The Ren & Stimpy Show "were done in by the lack of quality control that typically plagued 65-episode syndicated series", and that "the zippy, timing-reliant slapstick Adventures relied on never stood a chance against the animation sweatshops DIC regularly used to pump out their nearly endless supply of televised content."

Ian Flynn, writer for the Sonic the Hedgehog comic book series by Archie Comics, remarked that Adventures was the closest to "[getting] Sonic right" despite "fail[ing] on the details", although he observed that the show's gags were "polarizing" and that the guest characters "ranged from tired tropes (Breezie) to Saturday Night Live knockoffs (Da Bears)". Pierre DeCelles, who worked on the show as a Senior Animation Director at Hong Ying animation studio, has described the show as "fun and humorous".

Robotnik's remark "Snooping as usual, I see" from the episode "Boogey-Mania" gave rise to the internet meme "Pingas," first featured in a 2008 YouTube poop. The quote has been widely referenced on YouTube since the late 2000s, both in videos and in music remixes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog


text:
Talk:Snakefinger

Untitled
I've heard two versions of Snakefinger's death:

 * 1) He died while performing on stage
 * 2) He died in his sleep

I tend to believe the latter, but would appreciate confirmation.

-- sugarfish 02:55, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)~

In spite of various different statements I read in the internet he was found in a guestroom of the Posthof in Linz on Thursday, 02 July 1987 - before the concert that was scheduled for the evening in Linz. So he did not dy on stage News Archive OOEN

Edit of name
I changed Michelle Steele to Michael Steele (musician). I don't know anything to do with this article, I just came across it when checking what wikipedia pages mentioned an Australian competitor at the Turin Winter Olympics. Michael is the correct spelling for the musician, right? Thanks, Andjam 11:49, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

"Wonderful"
Is it worth mentioning that he received a posthumous mention in the Residents song "Wonderful"? I believe the exact lyric was: "If our good friend Snakefinger hadn't had a heart attack (Life would be wonderful)".--Agent Aquamarine 00:36, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Those lyrics were used in the live version of the song "Life Would Be Wonderful" during the "Demons Dance Alone" tour and should be available on the DDA DVD. - David Fields

 * Why not? Be good to get the exact lyric, however if you're uncertain. If he were better known to the public I'd say create a 'References in popular culture' section for it but I doubt there'd be many other entries! For now I'd just make it a new sentence after the bit about his death, as a posthumous tribute by the Residents... Cheers, Ian Rose 02:02, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Here's another one for 'References in popular culture': the Red Hot Chili Peppers' song "Road Trippin'" includes the line "We three honky dories got our Snakefinger on." If it refers to anything else, I don't know what, although Anthony Kiedis is notoriously cryptic with his lyrics.  Considering the obvious band name connection and the eclectic influences of the latter Chili Peppers, it's probably safe to say that this is a reference to Mr. Lithman.Daeval 22:09, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

First Heart Attack
I know it's always reported that Snakefinger had a heart attack that left him in the hospital for six months, but if you think about that it's pretty ridiculous. When have you ever heard of anyone who had a heart attack that wasn't serious enough to kill them, but WAS serious enough to hospitalize them for six months? And they were still able to walk out of their own volition when it was all over? Lithman was in the hospital for about a week. That's all. Msclguru 06:22, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Snakefinger1.jpg
Image:Snakefinger1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:24, 24 January 2008 (UTC) ✅. Wwwhatsup (talk) 05:29, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merge: Against the Grain (Snakefinger album) into Snakefinger
This album doesn't seem to meet NALBUM. I added a reference to the album, but through a Google search was unable to establish more than its existence, and nothing to show it was noteable in its own right (I could find no media coverage at all beyond confirming its existence and track list, certainly not significant coverage in reliable sources) and doesn't show signs of meeting WP:GNG. Boleyn (talk) 11:55, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snakefinger


text:
Thach Weave

The Thach weave (also known as a beam defense position) is an aerial combat tactic that was developed by naval aviator John S. Thach and named by James H. Flatley of the United States Navy soon after the United States' entry into World War II.

It is a tactical formation maneuver in which two or more allied planes wove in regularly intersecting flight paths to lure an enemy into focusing on one plane, while the targeted pilot's wingman would come into position to attack the pursuer.

Overcoming the Wildcat's disadvantage
Thach had heard, from a report published in the 22 September 1941 Fleet Air Tactical Unit Intelligence Bulletin, of the Japanese Mitsubishi Zero's extraordinary maneuverability and rate of climb. Before even experiencing it for himself, he began to devise tactics meant to give the slower-turning American Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters a chance in combat. While based in San Diego, he would spend every evening thinking of different tactics that could overcome the Zero's maneuverability, and would then test them in flight the following day.

Working at night with matchsticks on the table, he eventually came up with what he called "beam defense position", but which soon became known as the "Thach weave". The theory behind the beam attack was predicated on the 2-plane element of the finger-four formation. It was executed either by two fighter aircraft side-by-side or by two pairs of fighters flying together. When an enemy aircraft chose one fighter as his target (the "bait" fighter; his wingman being the "hook"), the two wingmen turned in towards each other. After crossing paths, and once their separation was great enough, they would then repeat the exercise, again turning in towards each other, bringing the enemy plane into the hook's sights. A correctly executed Thach weave (assuming the bait was taken and followed) left little chance of escape to even the most maneuverable opponent.

Thach called on Ensign Edward "Butch" O'Hare, who led the second section in Thach's division, to test the idea. Thach took off with three other Wildcats in the role of defenders, O'Hare meanwhile led four Wildcats in the role of attackers. The defending aircraft had their throttles wired (to restrict their performance), while the attacking aircraft had their engine power unrestricted – this simulated an attack by superior fighter aircraft.

Trying a series of mock attacks, O'Hare found that in every instance Thach's fighters, despite their power handicap, had either ruined his attack or actually maneuvered into position to shoot back. After landing, O'Hare excitedly congratulated Thach: "Skipper, it really worked. I couldn't make any attack without seeing the nose of one of your airplanes pointed at me."

In combat
Thach carried out the first test of the tactic in combat during the Battle of Midway in June 1942, when a squadron of Zeroes attacked his flight of four Wildcats. Thach's wingman, Ensign R. A. M. Dibb, was attacked by a Japanese pilot and turned towards Thach, who dove under his wingman and fired at the incoming enemy aircraft's belly until its engine ignited. The maneuver soon became standard among US Navy pilots and was adopted by USAAF pilots.

For instance, during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, Flatley's division of four Wildcats encountered Zeros from Jun'yō and deployed Thach weave defensive tactics when they attacked. One of the attackers was Lieutenant Yoshio Shiga, who gave up after he made several runs.

Marines flying Wildcats from Henderson Field on Guadalcanal also adopted the Thach weave. The tactic initially confounded the Japanese Zero pilots flying out of Rabaul. Saburō Sakai, the famous Japanese ace, relates their reaction to the Thach weave when they encountered Guadalcanal Wildcats using it:

"For the first time Lt. Commander Tadashi Nakajima encountered what was to become a famous double-team maneuver on the part of the enemy. Two Wildcats jumped on the commander's plane. He had no trouble in getting on the tail of an enemy fighter, but never had a chance to fire before the Grumman's team-mate roared at him from the side. Nakajima was raging when he got back to Rabaul; he had been forced to dive and run for safety."

The maneuver proved so effective that American pilots also used it during the Vietnam War, and it remains a viable dogfighting tactic today.

Criticism
Some pilots criticised the Thach weave. One of the most notable among them was USN ace Swede Vejtasa, who claimed that it is ineffective when faced with experienced attacking pilots. During the training sessions, James Flatley and Vejtasa tested the maneuver with their divisions playing attacking and defending teams. In all attempts the attackers prevailed. According to Vejtasa, he then challenged Thach himself to repeat the exercise with him in order to prove his point, but Thach ignored the challenge.

The Japanese also eventually figured out how to break the Thach weave. For example, during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands when USN and IJN strike forces passed each other, Zeros from carrier Zuihō led by Lieutenant Moriyasu Hidaka attacked USN aircraft. In response, Ensigns Al Mead and Raleigh Rhodes in their Wildcats performed the maneuver, but were outmatched and were eventually forced to ditch their ruined fighters. In another example, initially USN Lieutenant Commander Sam Silber and his wingman executed the maneuver with a relative success during the Raid on Kavieng in 1944. However, a few days later they used it again and the attackers shot down the wingman, while Silber's aircraft was severely damaged.

title: Thach Weave


text:
Society of Mind

The Society of Mind is both the title of a 1986 book and the name of a theory of natural intelligence as written and developed by Marvin Minsky. In his book of the same name, Minsky constructs a model of human intelligence step by step, built up from the interactions of simple parts called agents, which are themselves mindless. He describes the postulated interactions as constituting a "society of mind", hence the title.

The book
The work, which first appeared in 1986, was the first comprehensive description of Minsky's "society of mind" theory, which he began developing in the early 1970s. It is composed of 270 self-contained essays which are divided into 30 general chapters. The book was also made into a CD-ROM version.

In the process of explaining the society of mind, Minsky introduces a wide range of ideas and concepts. He develops theories about how processes such as language, memory, and learning work, and also covers concepts such as consciousness, the sense of self, and free will; because of this, many view The Society of Mind as a work of philosophy.

The book was not written to prove anything specific about AI or cognitive science, and does not reference physical brain structures. Instead, it is a collection of ideas about how the mind and thinking work on the conceptual level.

The theory
Minsky first started developing the theory with Seymour Papert in the early 1970s. Minsky said that the biggest source of ideas about the theory came from his work in trying to create a machine that uses a robotic arm, a video camera, and a computer to build with children's blocks.

Nature of mind
A core tenet of Minsky's philosophy is that "minds are what brains do". The society of mind theory views the human mind and any other naturally evolved cognitive systems as a vast society of individually simple processes known as agents. These processes are the fundamental thinking entities from which minds are built, and together produce the many abilities we attribute to minds. The great power in viewing a mind as a society of agents, as opposed to the consequence of some basic principle or some simple formal system, is that different agents can be based on different types of processes with different purposes, ways of representing knowledge, and methods for producing results. This idea is perhaps best summarized by the following quote: "What magical trick makes us intelligent? The trick is that there is no trick. The power of intelligence stems from our vast diversity, not from any single, perfect principle. —Marvin Minsky, The Society of Mind, p. 308"

title: Society of Mind


text:
Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness ( Morgan, 23 August 1904 – 29 January 1970), was a mistress of King Edward VIII while he was Prince of Wales. She was supplanted in his affections by Wallis Simpson, for whose sake Edward abdicated, becoming the Duke of Windsor. She was the maternal aunt of the writer, fashion designer, and socialite Gloria Vanderbilt.

During most of Furness's relationship with the Prince of Wales, she was married to British nobleman Marmaduke Furness, 1st Viscount Furness. They married in 1926 and divorced in 1933, the year before Thelma's relationship with the Prince of Wales ended.

Furness's first name was pronounced in Spanish fashion as "TEL-ma".

Early life
Born in Lucerne, Switzerland, Thelma Morgan was a daughter of Harry Hays Morgan Sr. (1860–1933), an American diplomat who was U.S. consul in Buenos Aires and in Brussels, and his half-Chilean, half-Irish-American wife, Laura Delphine Kilpatrick (1869–1956). Married in 1893, they were divorced in 1927.

Morgan's maternal grandfather was a Union general, Hugh Judson Kilpatrick (1836–1881), who was also U.S. minister to Chile, and through her maternal grandmother Luisa Fernandez de Valdivieso (1836–1926), who was a niece of Crescente Errázuriz Valdivieso, Archbishop of Santiago, she reportedly was a descendant of Spain's Royal House of Navarre.

Thelma Morgan had two sisters: Gloria (her identical twin, the mother of Gloria Vanderbilt, the fashion designer and artist and mother of news anchor Anderson Cooper) and Laura Consuelo Morgan (aka Tamar), who was married to three men in succession: Count Jean de Maupas du Juglart (a French nobleman); Benjamin Thaw Jr. of Pittsburgh; and Alfons B. Landa, president of Colonial Airlines and vice-chairman of the finance committee of the Democratic National Committee in 1948. Thelma Morgan also had a brother, Harry Hays Morgan Jr., who became a diplomat and then a minor Hollywood actor in such films as Abie's Irish Rose (1946) and Joan of Arc (1948). Her half-siblings, from her father's first marriage to Mary E. Edgerton, were Constance Morgan (1887–1892) and Gladys "Margaret" Morgan (1889–1958).

Film career
For a very brief time, Furness was a motion picture producer and actress, after founding Thelma Morgan Pictures in 1923. As she told Time magazine, "I am incorporating the Thelma Morgan Pictures, Inc., with $100,000 capital and will produce big, sane, and sound 'specials.' I will be my own star. Hitherto, my chief experience has been in Junior League shows." Her first starring role, in 1923, was the lead in a film Aphrodite, produced by her own company and filmed at Vitagraph Studios.

Furness described her leading role in Aphrodite to The New York Times as that of "an American girl, brought up under the sinister influence of an old Egyptian woman." She also had small parts in the films Enemies of Women (1923), a William Randolph Hearst production whose cast included Lionel Barrymore and Clara Bow, So This Is Marriage? (1924), and Any Woman (1925).

Marriages and relationships
Morgan's first husband was James Vail Converse (1893–1947), a grandson of Theodore N. Vail, former president of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). They were married in Washington, D.C., on 16 February 1922 when she was 17 years old; Converse was about a decade older and had been married before. They divorced in Los Angeles, California, on 10 April 1925. By this marriage she had one stepson, James Vail Converse Jr. (born 18 January 1918), her husband's son from his first marriage to Nadine Melbourne.

After the divorce, Morgan was rumored to be engaged to the American actor Richard Bennett, the matinée-idol father of Hollywood film stars Constance Bennett, Joan Bennett, and Barbara Bennett.

Morgan's second husband was Marmaduke Furness, 1st Viscount Furness (1883–1940), the chairman of Furness Shipping Company. She was his second wife. They were married on 27 June 1926, and divorced in 1933. They had one son, William Anthony Furness, 2nd Viscount Furness, and as the former wife of a British nobleman she was known as Thelma, Viscountess Furness. By this marriage she also had a stepson, Christopher Furness, and a stepdaughter, Averill Furness.

Furness first met the Prince of Wales at a ball at Londonderry House in 1926 but they did not meet again until the Leicestershire Agricultural Show at Leicester on 14 June 1929. Edward asked her to dine and they met regularly until she joined him on safari in East Africa early in 1930, when a closer relationship developed. On Edward's return to Britain in April 1930 she was his regular weekend companion at the newly acquired Fort Belvedere until January 1934. She also entertained him at her London home, in Elsworthy Road, Primrose Hill, and the Furness country house, Burrough Court, in Leicestershire.

On 10 January 1931 at her country house Burrough Court, near Melton Mowbray, Furness introduced the prince to her close friend Wallis Simpson and, while visiting her sister Gloria in America between January and March 1934, she was supplanted in the Prince's affection by Simpson. Reacting to Edward's coldness later that year she threw herself into a short-lived affair with Prince Aly Khan. She had openly flirted with Khan during her voyage back to the UK in March 1934 which was reported to the Prince of Wales and widely reported in the British and American press including the social gossip magazine Tatler. While Furness was in the US with Aly Khan, Wallis Simpson stayed in her Mayfair home, 22 Farm Street, and entertained the Prince of Wales there.

Furness' identical twin sister was Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, who was married to Reginald Vanderbilt and had a daughter, Gloria Vanderbilt. This makes her a maternal great-aunt of CNN anchor Anderson Cooper.

Final years
Furness and her sister Gloria wrote a memoir called Double Exposure (1959).

Furness died in New York City on 29 January 1970. As her niece, Gloria Vanderbilt, recalled, "She dropped dead on Seventy-third and Lexington on her way to see the doctor. In her bag was this miniature teddy bear that the Prince of Wales had given her, years before, when she came to be with my mother at the custody trial, and it was worn down to the nub".

Furness was buried next to her twin sister, Gloria, in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.

title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness


text:
1940 in art

Events from the year 1940 in art.

Events

 * February – The series of 'Careless Talk Costs Lives' propaganda posters by 'Fougasse' is published by the Ministry of Information (United Kingdom).
 * March – The Tartu Art Museum is officially established in Tartu, Estonia; its first exhibition is opened in November 1940.
 * July – The Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg) of the Nazi Party begins its task of appropriating cultural property from occupied territories, initially in France.
 * October – Grandma Moses' second solo exhibition, "What a Farm Wife Painted", opens at Otto Kallir's Galerie Saint-Etienne in New York City.
 * November 3 – The War Artists' Advisory Committee of the U.K. Ministry of Information opens its first exhibition of War Pictures by British Artists to the public at the otherwise-evacuated National Gallery in London.
 * November 13 – Release of Walt Disney's animated movie Fantasia in the United States.
 * December 8 – Mexican painters Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera remarry in San Francisco (U.S.)
 * Cecil Beaton is among the photographers commissioned by the U.K. Ministry of Information to undertake war photography.
 * Xawery Dunikowski is deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where he survives until 1945.
 * Jacques Lipchitz flees France for the United States.
 * Henry Moore is commissioned as a war artist and produces drawings of Londoners sleeping in the London Underground while sheltering from The Blitz.
 * Anthony Blunt's Artistic Theory in Italy 1450–1600 is published. This year he is recruited to work for MI5 while simultaneously spying for the NKVD.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize: Max Meldrum – Dr J Forbes McKenzie

Paintings

 * Vanessa Bell – Leonard Woolf
 * Pierre Bonnard – Oranges et Kakis (c.)
 * Clive Branson – Noreen and Rosa
 * Howard Chandler Christy – Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
 * Charles Cundall – The Withdrawal from Dunkirk, June 1940
 * Salvador Dalí
 * The Face of War
 * Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire
 * 'Fougasse' – Careless Talk Costs Lives (propaganda posters)
 * Jared French – Glenway Wescott, George Platt Lynes, Monroe Wheeler (series of nude portraits)
 * Jesús Guerrero Galván – Head of a Woman
 * Edward Hopper
 * Gas
 * Office at Night
 * Frida Kahlo
 * The Dream
 * Self-Portrait Dedicated to Dr. Eloesser
 * Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair
 * Self-Portrait with Monkey
 * Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird
 * The Wounded Table
 * Raymond McGrath – Training Aircraft Under Construction
 * Conroy Maddox – The Strange Country
 * Henri Matisse
 * La Blouse Roumaine
 * Le Rêve de 1940
 * Roberto Matta – Dark Light
 * John Piper
 * Interior of Coventry Cathedral, November 15th, 1940
 * The Passage to the Control-room at South West Regional Headquarters, Bristol
 * St Mary le Port, Bristol
 * Candido Portinari – Seascape
 * Eric Ravilious – Watercolours
 * A Warship in Dock
 * Submarines in Dry Dock
 * Ship's Screw on a Railway Truck
 * Midnight Sun
 * Charles Sheeler
 * Bucks County Barn
 * Fugue
 * Interior
 * Situ Qiao – Put Down Your Whip
 * Graham Sutherland
 * Black Landscape
 * Devastation, 1940: A House on the Welsh Border
 * Hugh J. Ward – Portrait of Superman (Lehman College)
 * Carel Willink – Wilma with Cat
 * Grant Wood – Sentimental Ballad

Photographs

 * Herbert Mason – St Paul's Survives
 * Nickolas Muray – Soldiers of the Sky

Sculptures

 * Eric Aumonier – The Archer (East Finchley tube station, London Passenger Transport Board)
 * Carl Milles – The Wedding of the Waters (fountain, St. Louis, Missouri)
 * Isamu Noguchi – News (stainless steel bas-relief, Rockefeller Center, New York)
 * Attilio Piccirilli – Guglielmo Marconi (bronze, Washington, D.C.)
 * José Ângelo Cottinelli Telmo (architect) and Leopoldo de Almeida (sculptor) – Padrão dos Descobrimentos (temporary version)

Exhibitions

 * Saved from Europe at Galerie St. Etienne in New York City

Births

 * January – Anthony d'Offay, British art dealer
 * January 2 – Peter Young, American painter
 * January 6 – John Byrne, Scottish painter and writer
 * January 24
 * Vito Acconci, American conceptual artist, installation artist, performance artist and filmmaker (d. 2017)
 * Mel Bochner, American conceptual artist
 * February 22 – Billy Name, born William Linich, Jr., American photographer, collaborator with Andy Warhol
 * March 7 – Hannah Wilke, American painter, sculptor and photographer (d. 1993)
 * March 20 – Mary Ellen Mark, American photographer (d. 2015)
 * April 11 – Marcia Tucker, American museum curator (d. 2006)
 * April 16 – Joan Snyder, American painter
 * April 30 – Burt Young, born Gerald DeLouise, American actor, painter and author
 * May 1 – Elsa Peretti, Italian jewelry designer (d. 2021)
 * May 11 – Juan Downey, Chilean-American video artist (d. 1993)
 * May 25 – Nobuyoshi Araki, Japanese photographer
 * June 17 – Alton Kelley, American poster and album artist (d. 2008)
 * July 5 – Chuck Close, American "photorealistic" painter (d. 2021)
 * July 27 – Pina Bausch, German neo-expressionist choreographer and dancer (d. 2009)
 * August 23 – Galen Rowell, American wilderness photographer (d. 2002)
 * September 6 – Elizabeth Murray, American painter, printmaker and draughtsman (d. 2007)
 * September 10 – David Mann, American painter
 * September 26 – Arno Rink, German painter and professor
 * September 27 – Rudolph Moshammer, German fashion designer (d. 2005)
 * October 22 – Ashley Jackson, Malaysian-born Yorkshire landscape watercolourist
 * date unknown
 * Germano Celant, Italian art critic, curator and historian (d. 2020)
 * Stevan Knežević, Serbian painter, sculptor and professor of art (d. 1995)
 * Anthony McCall, British-born American avant-garde installation artist, projected film
 * Dušan Otašević, Serbian painter and sculptor
 * Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, Native American painter and printmaker

Deaths

 * January 18 – Jonas Lie, Norwegian American landscape painter (b. 1880)
 * February 11 – Ellen Day Hale, American painter and printmaker (b. 1855)
 * February 27 – Nicolae Tonitza, Romanian painter and etcher (b. 1886)
 * March 16 – Iso Rae, Australian Impressionist painter (b. 1860)
 * April 15 – Alexandru Plămădeală, Moldovan sculptor (b. 1888)
 * May 13 - Henry Charles Fehr, British sculptor (b. 1867)
 * June 21 – Édouard Vuillard, French painter (b. 1868)
 * June 29 – Paul Klee, Swiss painter expressionism, cubism, and surrealism (b. 1879)
 * July 4 – Józef Pankiewicz, Polish painter, graphic artist and teacher (b. 1866)
 * July 28 – Gerda Wegener, Danish artist (b. 1886)
 * July 31 – Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler, German avant-garde painter, by involuntary euthanasia (b. 1899)
 * August 22 – Paul Gösch, German artist and architect (b. 1885)
 * September 15 – Dick Ket, Dutch painter (b. 1902)
 * September 27 – Walter Benjamin, German philosopher, "comparatist" and art critic (b. 1892)
 * October 15 – Karl Uchermann, Norwegian canine painter (b. 1855)
 * November 16 – Colin Gill, English war artist, muralist and portrait painter (b. 1892).
 * November 17 – Eric Gill, English sculptor and engraver (b. 1882)
 * date unknown – Francesco Stella, Italian painter and set designer (b. 1862)

title: 1940 in art


text:
Gerald Brockhurst

Gerald Leslie Brockhurst (31 October 1890 – 4 May 1978) was a British painter and etcher.

During the 1930s and 1940s he was celebrated as a portraitist, painting society figures such as Marlene Dietrich and the Duchess of Windsor. Today he is best known for his small etched prints of beautiful, idealized women – many of them modelled by his first and second wives.

Biography
Born in the Edgbaston district of Birmingham on 31 October 1890, son of a coal merchant called Arthur Brockhurst, he soon showed precocious drawing skills and entered the Birmingham School of Art at the age of twelve. A pupil at the Royal Academy Schools in 1907, he won the gold medal and a travelling scholarship in 1913, enabling him to visit both France and Italy. This led to a closer study of such 15th-century artists as Piero della Francesca, Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci, whose work had an abiding influence on him. In 1914 he married for the first time to a Frenchwoman, Anaïs Folin, whom he used as the model for most of his early etchings of young womanhood (especially from 1920 till 1934).

From 1915 to 1919 Brockhurst and his wife Anaïs lived in Ireland, where they were friendly with the artist Augustus John and his circle.

Though he tried his hand at etching in 1914, it was not until 1920 that he began his career as an etcher in earnest, eventually achieving success as both a printmaker and society portraitist. Brockhurst held his first important exhibition in 1919, in London, and after it was well received returned to live there. In 1921 he was one of the early members of the newly-formed Society of Graphic Art and exhibited with them. Throughout the 1930s he continued an increasingly successful career as a portrait artist, with notable sitters including the film stars Merle Oberon and Marlene Dietrich, as well as the Duchess of Windsor, whose husband commissioned her portrait. In 1937 Brockhurst was elected to the Royal Academy and was able to command a price of 1,000 guineas for a portrait. In the same year however details of his relationship with his young model Kathleen Woodward, whom he had renamed Dorette, were made public after she gave an interview to the Sunday Express. Brockhurst's marriage had previously come under strain in 1922 when his wife discovered his adultery with her sister, Marguerite, and now broke down acrimoniously, with Brockhurst counter-suing on the grounds of his wife's adultery. In August 1939 Brockhurst and Dorette moved to the United States, and he was eventually divorced from his first wife in 1940. He married Kathleen in 1947.

In New York City, Brockhurst became both famous and rich with a series of society portraits but his printmaking output diminished, especially his etchings. He produced a few lithographs at the end of his career (around 1945). In 1951, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member.

In 1958, he appeared as a guest challenger on the TV panel show To Tell The Truth, which is viewable on YouTube.

Brockhurst and Dorette settled in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, and Brockhurst died there on 4 May 1978. Kathleen ‘Dorette’ Woodward, died in 1996.

title: Gerald Brockhurst


text:
1925 in art

Events from the year 1925 in art.

Events

 * February 23 – Stanley Spencer marries Hilda Carline.
 * March 31 – The Bauhaus closes in Weimar and moves to Dessau.
 * April–October – In Paris, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry sponsors the International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts; the event gives a name to the Art Deco style. Le Corbusier's Pavillon d'Esprit Nouveau is so disliked by the organizers that they erect a six-meter-high fence around it.
 * May 9 – Josef Albers marries Anni Fleischmann.
 * September 17 – Frida Kahlo is seriously and permanently injured when a bus in which she is riding collides with a trolleycar in Mexico City; she takes up painting while immobilized following the accident.
 * Autumn – Alfred Stieglitz and Georgia O'Keeffe move to an upper-floor apartment in the Shelton Towers Hotel, New York City from where they begin to photograph and paint the views. This year also, Stieglitz begins taking his Equivalents series of abstract cloud photographs.
 * November 13/14 (midnight) – First Surrealist exhibition opens at the Galerie Pierre, Paris.
 * Franz Roh's Nach Expressionismus – Magischer Realismus: Probleme der neuesten europäischen Malerei ("After Expressionism – Magical Realism: Problems of the newest European painting") is published, introducing the term magic realism into cultural criticism.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize: John Longstaff – Portrait of Maurice Moscovitch

Paintings

 * George Adomeit – Down to the Harbor
 * Pierre Bonnard – Nude at the Toilet Table
 * Henry Clive – Sultana (approximate year)
 * Lovis Corinth – Ecce homo
 * Otto Dix – Portrait of the Dancer Anita Berber
 * Arthur Dove – The Critic
 * Lyonel Feininger – Barfüßerkirche in Erfurt I (Staatsgalerie Stuttgart)
 * Rudolf Frentz – Horsewoman
 * George Grosz – Portrait of the Writer Max Herrmann-Neisse
 * Edward Hopper – House by the Railroad
 * Wassily Kandinsky – Yellow-Red-Blue; Three Elements
 * Tamara de Lempicka – Autoportrait (Tamara in a Green Bugatti)
 * Joan Miró – Head of a Catalan Peasant (sequence completed) and The Birth of the World
 * Hilda Rix Nicholas – Les fleurs dédaignées
 * Pablo Picasso – The Three Dancers
 * The three graces
 * Veno Pilon – Russian Woman
 * Georg Schrimpf – Martha Reading a Letter
 * Charles Sheeler – Still Life
 * Alexej von Jawlensky – Abstract Head: Desire
 * Xu Beihong – Jiang Biwei by a table

Sculptures

 * Wäinö Aaltonen – Statue of Paavo Nurmi
 * Josep Clarà – Serenity
 * Jacob Epstein – Rima (memorial to W. H. Hudson in Hyde Park, London)
 * Emmanuel Frémiet – Equestrian statue of Joan of Arc (Portland, Oregon)
 * Daniel Chester French – Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C.)
 * Alberto Giacometti – Torso
 * Charles Sargeant Jagger – Royal Artillery Memorial
 * Paul Manship – Actaeon, Diana, and The Flight of Europa
 * Frederick Roth – Statue of Balto, Central Park
 * Francis Derwent Wood – Machine Gun Corps Memorial

Births

 * 1 January
 * Mario Merz, Italian artist (d. 2003).
 * Kossa Bokchan, Serbian painter (d. 2009).
 * 17 January – Duane Hanson, American sculptor (d. 1996).
 * 23 January – James Bingham, Northern Irish painter (d. 2009).
 * 12 February – Joan Mitchell, American Abstract Expressionist painter (d. 1992).
 * 22 February – Edward Gorey, American illustrator (d. 2000).
 * 10 March – Ed van der Elsken, Dutch photographer (d. 1990).
 * 13 March – Jane Bown, English portrait photographer (d. 2014).
 * 25 March - José Manuel Capuletti (d. 1978).
 * 29 March – Sava Stojkov, Serbian painter (d. 2014).
 * 1 April – Bryan Robertson, English curator (d. 2002).
 * 4 April – Emmett Williams, American poet and Fluxus artist (d. 2007).
 * 29 April – Iwao Takamoto, Japanese American animator, television producer and film director (d. 2007).
 * 16 May – Hannes Hegen, German cartoonist and illustrator (d. 2014).
 * 22 May – Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (d. 1991).
 * 21 June – Stanley Moss, American poet, publisher and art dealer (d. 2024).
 * 23 July – Burt Glinn, American photographer (d. 2008).
 * 26 August – Robert Colescott, American artist (d. 2009).
 * 22 October – Robert Rauschenberg, American artist (d. 2008).
 * 28 October – Ian Hamilton Finlay, Scottish poet, writer, artist and gardener (d. 2006).
 * 15 November – André Lufwa, Congolese sculptor (Batteur de tam-tam) (d. 2020).
 * 11 December – Patrick Reyntiens, English stained glass artist (d. 2021).
 * 18 December – John Szarkowski, American photographer, curator, historian and critic (d. 2007).
 * date unknown
 * Lamidi Olonade Fakeye, Nigerian Yoruba sculptor (d. 2009).
 * Panayiotis Tetsis, Greek painter.

Deaths

 * January 8 – George Bellows, American realist painter (b. 1882)
 * March 1 – Ramon Pichot, Catalan impressionist painter, mentor of Salvador Dalí (b. 1871)
 * March 8 – Juliette Wytsman, Belgian painter (b. 1866)
 * April 14 – John Singer Sargent, expatriate American portrait painter (b. 1856)
 * April 25
 * Emily Mary Osborn, English painter (b. 1828)
 * John Quinton Pringle, Scottish painter (b. 1864)
 * May 2 – Jan Štursa, Czech sculptor (b. 1880)
 * July 17 – Lovis Corinth, German painter and printmaker (b. 1858)
 * July 28 – Léon Augustin Lhermitte, French genre painter (b. 1844)
 * August 15 – George Barbu Știrbei, Romanian patron of the arts (b. 1828)
 * August 21 – Karl Brendel, German schizophrenic outsider artist (b. 1871)
 * September 17 – Carl Eytel, German American artist (b. 1862)
 * September 25 – Charles Cottet, French post-impressionist painter (b. 1863)
 * October 21 – Heinrich von Angeli, Austrian society portrait painter (b. 1840)
 * November 27 – Roger de La Fresnaye, French cubist painter (b. 1885)
 * c. November – Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald, Irish literary biographer, drama critic and sculptor (b. 1834)
 * December 18 – Sir Hamo Thornycroft, English figure sculptor (b. 1850)
 * December 29 – Félix Vallotton, Swiss French painter and graphic artist (b. 1865)
 * date unknown – Vladislav Titelbah, Serbian painter (b. 1847).

title: 1925 in art


text:
User:SquareNot

Hello and welcome to the wikipedia. Hope you like it here and hope you decide to stay (user:Mav does this introduction bit better than I do) - 戴&#30505sv 03:05, Aug 13, 2003 (UTC)

title: User:SquareNot


text:
Talk:Restaurant

Dossier de Boulanger
Hello, I found a story circulating about "the first restaurant" by some Dossier de Boulanger. It is repeated, without sources,in several social media, blogs, etc. I don't see it here, what gives me a strong feeling that the story is false. Has any of the editors of this article, in researching for it, found some reference about where that colorful story can come from? If there is some serious source about the story itself, it could be an interesting addition. ~ AstroNomer (talk) 17:09, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Restaurant