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1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand and the United States

The 1981 South African rugby tour (known in New Zealand as the 1981 Springbok Tour, and in South Africa as the Rebel Tour) polarised opinions and inspired widespread protests across New Zealand. The controversy also extended to the United States, where the South African rugby team continued their tour after departing New Zealand.

Apartheid had made South Africa an international pariah, and other countries were strongly discouraged from having sporting contacts with it. Rugby union was (and is) an extremely popular sport in New Zealand, and the South African national team, known as the Springboks, were considered to be New Zealand's most formidable opponents. Therefore, there was a major split in opinion in New Zealand as to whether politics should influence sport in this way and whether the Springboks should be allowed to tour.

Despite the controversy, the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU) decided to proceed with the tour. The government of Prime Minister Robert Muldoon was called on to ban it, but decided that commitments under the Gleneagles Agreement did not require the government to prevent the tour, and decided not to interfere due to their public position of "no politics in sport". Major protests ensued, aiming to make clear many New Zealanders' opposition to apartheid and, if possible, to stop the matches taking place. This was successful at two games, but also had the effect of creating a law and order issue: whether a group of protesters could be allowed to prevent a lawful game taking place.

The dispute was similar to that involving Peter Hain in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s, when Hain's Stop the Tour campaign clashed with the more conservative 'Freedom Under Law' movement championed by barrister Francis Bennion. The allegedly excessive police response to the protests also became a focus of controversy. Although the protests were among the most intense in New Zealand's recent history, no deaths or serious injuries resulted.

After the tour, no official sporting contact took place between New Zealand and South Africa until the early 1990s, after apartheid had been abolished. The tour has been said to have led to a decline in the popularity of rugby union in New Zealand, until the 1987 Rugby World Cup.

Background
The Springboks and New Zealand's national rugby team, the All Blacks, have a long tradition of intense and friendly sporting rivalry. From 1948 to 1969, the South African apartheid regime affected team selection for the All Blacks, with selectors passing over Māori players for some All Black tours to South Africa. Opposition to sending race-based teams to South Africa grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and prior to the All Blacks' tour of South Africa in 1960, 150,000 New Zealanders – 6.25% of the country's population at that time – signed a petition supporting a policy of "No Maoris, No Tour". Despite this, the tour went ahead, and in 1969, Halt All Racist Tours (HART) was formed.

During the 1970s, public protests and political pressure forced on the NZRFU the choice of either fielding a team not selected by race, or not touring South Africa: after South African rugby authorities continued to select Springbok players by race, the Norman Kirk Labour Government barred the Springboks from touring New Zealand in 1973. In response, the NZRFU protested about the involvement of "politics in sport".

On 28 March 1976, the final game of ex-All Black Fergie McCormick was played at Lancaster Park in Christchurch, to which two Springbok players had been invited. Ten days before the game, protesters had written "WELCOME TO RACIST GAME" in 20-foot high letters on the pitch using weed-killer.

The All Blacks toured South Africa in 1976 with the blessing of the newly elected New Zealand prime minister, Robert Muldoon. In response, twenty-five African nations boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, stating that in their view the All Blacks tour gave tacit support to the apartheid regime in South Africa: the IOC declined to ban New Zealand from the Olympics on the grounds that rugby union was no longer an Olympic sport. The tour attracted several anti-apartheid protests in New Zealand, including one on 28 May 1976 in Cathedral Square, Christchurch which attracted 1000–1500 people and included guerrilla theatre. Protesters also attempted to disrupt television coverage of the first test by vandalising the Makara Hill microwave station in Wellington, which was responsible for relaying programming in and out of TV One's Avalon studios.

The 1976 tour contributed to the creation of the Gleneagles Agreement that was adopted by the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 1977.

Tour of New Zealand

By the early 1980s, the pressure from other countries and from protest groups in New Zealand such as HART reached a head when the NZRFU proposed a Springbok tour for 1981. This became a topic of political contention due to the international sports boycott. After the Australian Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser, refused permission for the Springboks' aircraft to refuel in Australia, the Springboks' flights to and from New Zealand went via Los Angeles and Hawaii.

Despite pressure for the Muldoon government to cancel the tour, permission was granted for it, and the Springboks arrived in New Zealand on 19 July 1981. Since 1977 Muldoon's government had been a party to the Gleneagles Agreement, in which the countries of the Commonwealth accepted that it was: "the urgent duty of each of their Governments vigorously to combat the evil of apartheid by withholding any form of support for, and by taking every practical step to discourage contact or competition by their nationals with sporting organisations, teams or sportsmen from South Africa or from any other country where sports are organised on the basis of race, colour or ethnic origin."

Despite this, Muldoon also argued that New Zealand was a free and democratic country, and that "politics should stay out of sport." In the years following the Gleneagles Agreement, it seemed that New Zealand government members did not feel bound to the Gleneagles agreement, and disregarded it. However, some historians claim that, "the [Gleneagles] agreement remained vague enough to avoid the New Zealand government from having to use coercive powers such as withdrawing visas and passports." This means Muldoon's government technically was not bound to the agreement to the extent it outwardly appeared to the public. In addition to this, Ben Couch, who was the minister for Māori development at the time, stated, "I believe that the Gleneagles agreement has been forced upon us by people who do not have the same kind of democracy that we have."

Muldoon made some effort to discourage the tour and stated that he could see "nothing but trouble coming from this." "A Springbok tour would dash to the ground all that has been achieved as a result of international acceptance", wrote deputy Prime Minister Brian Talboys to the chairman of the NZRFU in a further attempt to discourage the tour, "[the tour] may affect the harmonious development of the Commonwealth and international sport".

Some rugby supporters echoed the separation of politics and sport, while other rugby supporters argued that if the tour were cancelled, there would be no reporting of the widespread criticism of apartheid in New Zealand in the controlled South African media.

Muldoon's critics felt that he allowed the tour in order for his National Party to secure the votes of rural and provincial conservatives in the general election later in the year, which National won. Along with Muldoon's policy of "leaving sporting contacts to sporting bodies", Muldoon also held the opinion that the disruption and division of New Zealand was not caused by the NZRFU, nor the Springboks, but the anti-tour protesters themselves. This argument was vehemently refuted by anti-tour voices, political activist Tom Newnham claimed that the government enabled "the greatest breakdown in law and order [New Zealand] has ever witnessed."

The ensuing public protests polarised New Zealand: while rugby fans filled the football grounds, protest crowds filled the surrounding streets, and on one occasion succeeded in invading the pitch and stopping the game.

Initially the anti-tour movement was committed to non-violent civil disobedience, demonstrations and direct action. As protection for the Springboks, the police created two special riot squads, the Red and Blue Squads. These police were, controversially, the first in New Zealand to be issued with visored riot helmets and long batons (more commonly the side-handle baton). Some protesters were intimidated and interpreted this initial police response as overkill and heavy-handed tactics. After early disruptions, police began to require that all spectators assemble in sports grounds at least an hour before kick-off. While the protests were meant to be largely peaceful resistance to the Springbok tour, quite often there were "violent confrontations with rugby supporters and specially trained riot police."

At Gisborne on the day before the match anti-tour activists, including Mereana Pitman, gained access to the pitch with a vehicle and tipped broken glass on the pitch. On 22 July, protesters managed to break through a fence, but quick action by spectators and ground security prevented the game being disrupted. Some protesters were beaten by police. From the very first match of the tour in Gisborne, protester tension levels ran high, and one protester, cartoonist Murray Ball, who was the son of an All Black, recalled that it "was strange for New Zealanders to feel so aggressive towards other New Zealanders" and that he was "scared as hell" when he came up against pro-tour defenders.

Hamilton: Game cancelled
At Rugby Park, Hamilton (the site of today's Waikato Stadium), on 25 July, about 350 protesters invaded the pitch after pulling down a fence. The police arrested about 50 of them over a period of an hour, but were concerned that they could not control the rugby crowd, who were throwing bottles and other objects at the protesters. Following reports that a stolen light plane (piloted by Pat McQuarrie) was approaching the stadium, police cancelled the match.

The protesters were ushered from the ground and were advised by protest marshals to remove any anti-tour insignia from their attire, with enraged rugby spectators lashing out at them. Gangs of rugby supporters waited outside Hamilton police station for arrested protesters to be processed and released, and assaulted some protesters making their way into Victoria Street. There are many reports from protesters feeling unsafe during this protest. "It was terrifying, I don’t know how big the crowd was, but they were clearly furious …. The police looked vulnerable as they spread out around the whole ground", recollects one protester.

Wellington: Molesworth Street protest
The aftermath of the Hamilton game, followed by the bloody batoning of marchers in Wellington's Molesworth Street in the following week, in which police batoned bare-headed protesters, led to the radicalisation of the protest movement. There are many instances where the protesters had to fear for their safety, especially considering the violence that began on Molesworth Street, where police are said to have "behaved rather too similarly to South African police", according to Tom Newnham. Former police officer, Ross Muerant, who was pro-tour, speaks of the Molesworth St protest: "The protestors, who so obviously lacked self-control, were that evening privy to a classic display of discipline." This perspective of the police tactics has severe opposition from anti-tour activists, with claims that protesters were "savagely attacked by police", and that "police provoked violence." While Newnham's claims that the violence towards protesters from police was unjustified was likely true in his experience, Muerant maintains that there were protesters who intended to inflict "serious injury or disfigurement" on the police.

Because of this, many protesters began to wear motorcycle or bicycle helmets to protect themselves from batons and head injury.

The authorities strengthened security at public facilities after protesters disrupted telecommunications by damaging a waveguide on a microwave repeater, disrupting telephone and data services, though TV transmissions continued as they were carried by a separate waveguide on the tower. Army engineers were deployed, and the remaining grounds were surrounded with razor wire and shipping container barricades to decrease the chances of another pitch invasion. At Eden Park, an emergency escape route was constructed from the visitors' changing rooms for use if the stadium was overrun by protesters. Crowds of anti-tour protesters stood outside as the police were overwhelmed but the hundreds of police still managed to prevent the protesters from entering the stadium.

Christchurch
At Lancaster Park, Christchurch, on 15 August, some protesters managed to break through a security cordon and a number invaded the pitch. They were quickly removed and forcibly ejected from the stadium by security staff and spectators. A large demonstration managed to occupy the street adjacent to the ground and confront the riot police. Spectators were kept in the ground until the protesters dispersed.

Auckland: plane invasion
A low-flying Cessna 172 piloted by Marx Jones and Grant Cole disrupted the final test at Eden Park, Auckland, on 12 September by dropping flour-bombs on the pitch, despite which the game continued. "Patches" of criminal gangs, such as traditional rivals Black Power and the Mongrel Mob, were also evident. (Black Power were Muldoon supporters. ) A group of peaceful protestors dressed as clowns were beaten with batons by police. The same day in Warkworth, Dunedin and Timaru protesters stormed the local TV transmitters and shut off coverage of the game.

The protest movement
Some of the protest had the dual purpose of linking racial discrimination against Māori in New Zealand to apartheid in South Africa. Some of the protesters, particularly young Māori, felt frustrated by the image of New Zealand as a paradise for racial unity. Many opponents of racism in New Zealand in the early 1980s saw it as useful to use the protests against South Africa as a vehicle for wider social action. However, some Māori supported the tour and attended games. John Minto, the national organizer for HART, thought that the tour "stimulate[d] the whole debate about racism, and the place of Māori in our community." Political activist Tom Newnham’s opinion echoes that of Minto’s, albeit considerably more radical, stating that "we are basically the same as white South Africans, just as racist." Some of those protesting racism in South Africa felt inclined to reflect on the racial divide in their own country, before condemning another – part-Māori rugby spectator Kevin Taylor did not join the protests because he "wanted New Zealand to fix its own issues before New Zealanders started telling other countries how to fix their problems."

Tour of the United States
With the American leg of the tour following directly after the events of New Zealand, further protests and clashes with police were expected. Threats of riots caused city officials in Los Angeles, Chicago, New York City and Rochester to withdraw their previous authorisation for the Springboks to play in their cities.

Midwest
The Springboks' match against the Midwest All Stars team had originally been intended to be played in Chicago. Following the anti-apartheid protests, it was secretly rescheduled to the mid morning of Saturday 19 September at Roosevelt Park in Racine, Wisconsin. The clandestine strategy seemingly worked as around 500 spectators gathered to watch the match. Late in the game, however, a small number of protesters arrived to disrupt proceedings and two were arrested after a brief altercation broke out on the field.

Albany: pipe bomb
The cancelled New York City match against the Eastern All Stars was moved upstate to Albany. The long serving Mayor of Albany, Erastus Corning, maintained that there was a right of peaceful assembly to "publicly espouse an unpopular cause," despite his own stated view that "I abhor everything about apartheid". Governor Hugh Carey argued that the event should be barred as the anti-apartheid demonstrators presented an "imminent danger of riot", but a Federal court ruling allowing the game to be played was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals. A further appeal to Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall was also overruled on the grounds of free speech.

The match went ahead with around a thousand demonstrators (including Pete Seeger) corralled 100 yards away from the field of play, which was surrounded by the police. No violence occurred at the game but a pipe bomb was set off in the early morning outside the headquarters of the Eastern Rugby Union resulting in damage to the building estimated at $50,000. No one was injured.

Glenville
The final match of the tour, against the United States national team, took place in secret at Glenville in upstate New York. The thirty spectators recorded at the match is the lowest ever attendance for an international rugby match.

Touring party

 * Manager: Johan Claassen
 * Assistant Manager: Abe Williams
 * Coach: Nelie Smith (Free State)
 * Captain: Wynand Claassen

Aftermath
The Muldoon government was re-elected in the 1981 election losing three seats to leave it with a majority of one.

The NZRFU constitution contained much high-minded wording about promoting the image of rugby and New Zealand, and generally being a benefit to society. In 1985, the NZRFU proposed an All Black tour of South Africa: two lawyers successfully sued it, claiming such a tour would breach its constitution. A High Court injunction by Justice Casey saw the tour cancelled.

Afterwards, the All Blacks would not tour South Africa until after the fall of the apartheid regime, with the next official tour in 1992. After the 1985 tour was cancelled, an unofficial tour took place a year later by a team that included 28 out of the 30 All Blacks selected for the 1985 tour, known as the New Zealand Cavaliers, a team that was often advertised in South Africa as the All Blacks and/or depicted with the Silver Fern.

After the All Blacks won the 1987 Rugby World Cup, rugby union was once again the dominant sport – in both spectator and participant numbers – in New Zealand.

In New Zealand culture

 * Prominent artist Ralph Hotere painted a Black Union Jack series of paintings in protest against the tour.
 * Merata Mita's documentary film Patu! tells the tale of the tour from a Māori perspective.
 * Music popularly associated with the tour included the punk band RIOT 111, and the songs "Riot Squad" by the Newmatics and "There Is No Depression in New Zealand" by Blam Blam Blam.
 * Ross Meurant, commander of the police "Red Squad", published Red Squad Story in 1982, giving a conservative view. ISBN 978-0-908630-06-6
 * The TVNZ 1980s police drama Mortimer's Patch included a flashback episode of the (younger) main character's tour police duties
 * In 1984 Geoff Chapple wrote the book 1981: The Tour, chronicling the events from the protesters' perspective. ISBN 978-0-589-01534-3
 * In 1999 Glenn Wood's biography Cop Out covered the tour from the perspective of a frontline policeman. ISBN 978-0-908704-89-7
 * David Hill's book The Name of the Game is the story of a schoolboy's personal struggles during the tour. ISBN 978-0-908783-63-2
 * Tom Newnham's book By Batons And Barbed Wire is one of the largest collections of photos and general information of the protest movement during the tour. ISBN 978-0-473-00253-4 (hardback). ISBN 978-0-473-00112-4 (paperback)
 * The documentary 1981: A Country at War chronicled the tour from various perspectives.
 * Te Papa has objects related to the tour including images, helmets and an entrance ticket. The exhibition Slice of Heaven: 20th Century Aotearoa has a section about the tour.
 * Rage, a dramatisation of the tour by Tom Scott, was filmed in mid-2011 and was broadcast on TV One on 4 September 2011.
 * The Engine Room, a play by Ralph McCubbin Howell, opened at BATS Theatre in Wellington on 27 September 2011. It contrasts the stories and viewpoints of John Key and Helen Clark during the tour and the 2008 general election.
 * The second series of the television show Westside takes place during the events of the tour and portrays the main characters' involvement in several of the major incidents.


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Variety (linguistics)

In sociolinguistics, a variety, also known as a lect or an isolect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles, or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety. The use of the word variety to refer to the different forms avoids the use of the term language, which many people associate only with the standard language, and the term dialect, which is often associated with non-standard language forms thought of as less prestigious or "proper" than the standard. Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard (vernacular) varieties as equally complex, valid, and full-fledged forms of language. Lect avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether two varieties are distinct languages or dialects of a single language.

Variation at the level of the lexicon, such as slang and argot, is often considered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also called registers), but such uses are sometimes discussed as varieties as well.

Dialects
O'Grady et al. define dialect: "A regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties." A variety spoken in a particular region is called a regional dialect (regiolect, geolect ); some regional varieties are called regionalects or topolects, especially to discuss varieties of Chinese. In addition, there are varieties associated with particular ethnic groups (sometimes called ethnolects), socioeconomic classes (sometimes called sociolects), or other social or cultural groups.

Dialectology is the study of dialects and their geographic or social distribution. Traditionally, dialectologists study the variety of language used within a particular speech community, a group of people who share a set of norms or conventions for language use.

In order to sidestep the vexing problem of distinguishing dialect from language, some linguists have been using the term communalect – defined as "a neutral term for any speech tradition tied to a specific community".

More recently, sociolinguists have adopted the concept of the community of practice, a group of people who develop shared knowledge and shared norms of interaction, as the social group within which dialects develop and change. Sociolinguists Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet explain: "Some communities of practice may develop more distinctive ways of speaking than others. Thus, it is within communities of practice that linguistic influence may spread within and among speech communities."

The words dialect and accent are often used synonymously in everyday speech, but linguists define the two terms differently. Accent generally refers to differences in pronunciation, especially those that are associated with geographic or social differences, whereas dialect refers to differences in grammar and vocabulary as well.

Standard varieties
Many languages have a standard variety, some lect that is selected and promoted prescriptively by either quasi-legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or media. Standard varieties are accorded more sociolinguistic prestige than other, nonstandard lects and are generally thought of as "correct" by speakers of the language. Since the selection is an arbitrary standard, standard forms are the "correct" varieties only in the sense that they are tacitly valued by higher socio-economic strata and promoted by public influencers on matters of language use, such as writers, publishers, critics, language teachers, and self-appointed language guardians. As Ralph Harold Fasold puts it, "The standard language may not even be the best possible constellation of linguistic features available. It is general social acceptance that gives us a workable arbitrary standard, not any inherent superiority of the characteristics it specifies."

Sociolinguists generally recognize the standard variety of a language as one of the dialects of that language.

In some cases, an authoritative regulatory body, such as the Académie Française, maintains and codifies the usage norms for a standard variety. More often, though, standards are understood in an implicit, practice-based way. Writing about Standard English, John Algeo suggests that the standard variety "is simply what English speakers agree to regard as good".

Registers and styles
A register (sometimes called a style) is a variety of language used in a particular social setting. Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality, or in terms of socially recognized events, such as baby talk, which is used in many western cultures to talk to small children or as a joking register used in teasing or playing The Dozens. There are also registers associated with particular professions or interest groups; jargon refers specifically to the vocabulary associated with such registers.

Unlike dialects, which are used by particular speech communities and associated with geographical settings or social groupings, registers are associated with particular communicative situations, purposes, or levels of formality, and can constitute divisions within a single regional lect or standardized variety. Dialect and register may thus be thought of as different dimensions of linguistic variation. For example, Trudgill suggests the following sentence as an example of a nonstandard dialect that is used with the technical register of physical geography:

Most speakers command a range of registers, which they use in different situations. The choice of register is affected by the setting and topic of speech, as well as the relationship that exists between the speakers.

The appropriate form of language may also change during the course of a communicative event as the relationship between speakers changes, or different social facts become relevant. Speakers may shift styles, as their perception of an event in progress changes. Consider the following telephone call to the Embassy of Cuba in Washington, DC.

Caller: ¿Es la embajada de Cuba? (Is this the Cuban embassy?) Receptionist: Sí. Dígame. (Yes, may I help you?) Caller: Es Rosa. (It's Rosa.) Receptionist: ¡Ah Rosa! (Oh, Rosa! How's it going?)

At first, the receptionist uses a relatively formal register, as befits her professional role. After the caller identifies herself, the receptionist recognizes that she is speaking to a friend, and she shifts to an informal register of colloquial Cuban Spanish. The shift is similar to metaphorical code-switching, but since it involves styles or registers, it is considered an example of style-shifting.

Idiolect
An idiolect is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person". An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with various regional or social dialects, professional registers and, in the case of multilinguals, various languages.

For scholars who view language from the perspective of linguistic competence, essentially the knowledge of language and grammar that exists in the mind of an individual language user, the idiolect, is a way of referring to the specific knowledge. For scholars who regard language as a shared social practice, the idiolect is more like a dialect with a speech community of one individual.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Variety (linguistics)


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In Violet Light

In Violet Light is the eighth full-length album by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip. The album debuted at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling almost 33,000 copies in its first week. The album has been certified platinum in Canada.

Packaged with the album in stores was a membership card for The Hip Club, an online fan club which offered three digital bonus tracks, "Forest Edge", "Problem Bears" and "Ultra Mundane".

The music video for "It's a Good Life, If You Don't Weaken" was filmed in Oshawa, Ontario, at Parkwood Estate. The light-hearted music video for "The Darkest One" featured Don Cherry and the Trailer Park Boys.

The song "Throwing Off Glass" was also released on the Men with Brooms soundtrack album.

At the Juno Awards of 2021, in the band's first live performance as a unit since Gord Downie's death in 2017, the band performed "It's a Good Life If You Don't Weaken" with Feist on vocals.

Track listing
All songs were written by The Tragically Hip.

The Tragically Hip

 * Gord Downie – lead vocals
 * Rob Baker – lead guitar
 * Paul Langlois – rhythm guitar
 * Gord Sinclair – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Johnny Fay – drums

title: In Violet Light


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Quantum Link

Quantum Link (or Q-Link) was an American and Canadian online service for the Commodore 64 and 128 personal computers that operated starting November 5, 1985. It was operated by Quantum Computer Services of Vienna, Virginia, which later became America Online.

In October 1989 the service was renamed America Online, and made available to users of PC systems as well. The original Q-link service was terminated November 1, 1995 in favor of the America Online brand.

The original Q-Link was a modified version of the PlayNET system, which Control Video Corporation licensed. Q-Link featured electronic mail, online chat (in its People Connection department), public domain file sharing libraries, online news, and instant messaging using On Line Messages (OLMs). Other noteworthy features included multiplayer games like checkers, chess, backgammon, hangman, and a clone of the television game show "Wheel Of Fortune" called 'Puzzler'; and an interactive graphic resort island, called Habitat during beta-testing, then renamed Club Caribe.

In October 1986, QuantumLink expanded their services to include casino games such as bingo, slot machines, blackjack and poker in RabbitJack's Casino; and RockLink, a section about rock music. The software archives were also organized into hierarchical folders and expanded.

In November 1986, the service began offering to digitize users' photos to be included in their profiles, and started an online auction service.

Connections to Q-Link were typically made by dial-up modems with speeds from 300 to 2400 baud, with 1200 being the most common. The service was normally open weekday evenings and all day on weekends. Pricing was $9.95 per month, with additional fees of six cents per minute (later raised to eight) for so-called "plus" areas, including most of the aforementioned services. Users were given one free hour of "plus" usage per month. Hosts of forums and trivia games could also earn additional free "plus" time.

Q-Link competed with online services like CompuServe and The Source, and with bulletin board systems (single- and multiuser), including gaming systems such as Scepter of Goth and Swords of Chaos. Quantum Link's graphic display was better than many competing systems because they used specialized client software with a nonstandard protocol. However, this limited their market, because only the Commodore 64 and 128 could run the software necessary to access it.

Club Caribe / Habitat
One of the most influential Quantum Link games was Club Caribe, a predecessor to today's MMOGs.

Club Caribe was developed with Lucasfilm Games using software that later formed the basis of Lucasfilm's Maniac Mansion story system (SCUMM). Users controlled on-screen avatars that could chat with other users, carry and use objects and money (called tokens), and travel around the island one screen at a time. Club Caribe allowed users to take the heads off their characters, carry them around, and even set it down. However, other users could pick up heads that were placed on the ground, resulting in headless players exploring the game world.

Quantum Link Reloaded
In 2005 the proprietary server software was analyzed, and a version written in java and reachable via TCP/IP was released at SWRAP 2005. Software evolved in two fork hosted on GitHub

Popular culture
Much of the second and third seasons of the American TV series Halt and Catch Fire is centered around the development and troubles of the fictional tech startup Mutiny, heavily inspired by the story of PlayNET and Quantum Link in the 1980s. In the show, Mutiny transitions from an online games company to eventually delivering an online subscriber-based graphical chat community for Commodore 64 users, mirroring Habitat.

title: Quantum Link


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Tampopo

Tampopo (タンポポ) is a 1985 Japanese comedy film written and directed by Juzo Itami, and starring Tsutomu Yamazaki, Nobuko Miyamoto, Kōji Yakusho, and Ken Watanabe. The publicity for the film calls it the first "ramen Western", a play on the term spaghetti Western.

Plot
A pair of truck drivers, the experienced Gorō and a younger colleague named Gun, stop at a decrepit roadside ramen noodle shop. Outside, Gorō rescues a boy who is being beaten by three schoolmates. The boy, Tabo, is the son of Tampopo, the widowed owner of the struggling ramen shop, Lai Lai. A customer called Pisken harasses Tampopo, demanding that she sell the shop. Gorō suggests Pisken be quiet so he can enjoy his meal, then provokes a physical confrontation. Gorō puts up a good fight but, outnumbered by Pisken and his men, he is knocked out and awakens the next morning in Tampopo's home.

The next morning, she kindly cooks breakfast for Gorō and Gun in her home kitchen and sends Tabo off to school. While eating breakfast, Tampopo asks for their opinion of her ramen, Gorō and Gun tell her they are "sincere, but lack character." After Gorō gives her some advice, she asks him to become her teacher. They decide to turn her establishment into a paragon of the "art of noodle soup making". She and Gorō visit her competitors and he points out their strengths and weaknesses. She still is struggling to fix the broth, so Gorō visits a homeless encampment to enlist the "old master" and his superlative expertise. When they rescue a wealthy elderly man from choking on his food, the man lends her the services of his chauffeur Shohei, who has a masterly way with noodles. Through clever trickery, they pry ramen secrets from their competitors. Gun and his friends give Tampopo a makeover as a modern proprietress. During the transition, the group agrees to change the restaurant's name from "Lai Lai" to "Tampopo".

Pisken feels bad for being too drunk to tell his men to stay out of the fight, so he offers Gorō another chance one-on-one. After the rematch ends in a draw, Pisken reveals he is a contractor and Tampopo's childhood friend, and offers to renovate the shop's interior. Tampopo's latest effort still comes up short, so Pisken teaches her his own secret recipe. When the five men consume her latest creation down to the last drop, Tampopo knows she has won. Tabo also triumphs, beating all three of his tormentors and subsequently befriending them. As customers fill her newly redecorated shop, the men file out one by one.

Throughout the film, other minor scenes of other characters are featured. A group of business executives visit a French restaurant but have no idea how to order and are upstaged by a surprisingly worldly subordinate. A women's etiquette class on how to eat spaghetti silently in the European manner abruptly changes course upon observing a white man slurping his noodles. A gentleman has a rotten tooth extracted, then eats ice cream afterward, taunting a young child whose mother forbids him to eat sweets. A supermarket clerk catches an aged woman obsessed with squeezing food. A con man uses an elaborate meal to lure a victim into an investment scam; the victim is himself a thief but is so taken by the meal that he fails to leave with the con man's wallet before being arrested. A housewife rises from her deathbed to cook one last meal for her family, who mournfully eat to memorialize her. A man and his lover explore erotic ways to use food. The man is ultimately shot several times by an unknown assailant, to his lover's horror, though he is satisfied at the end of his life and hopes to see it play out like a film. A woman on a park bench breastfeeds an infant.

Cast

 * Tsutomu Yamazaki as Gorō
 * Nobuko Miyamoto as Tampopo
 * Kōji Yakusho as Man in White Suit
 * Ken Watanabe as Gun
 * Rikiya Yasuoka as Pisuken
 * Kinzō Sakura as Shōhei
 * Yoshi Katō as Noodle-making master
 * Hideji Ōtaki as Rich Old Man
 * Fukumi Kuroda as Man in White Suit's mistress
 * Setsuko Shinoi as Old Man's mistress
 * Yoriko Dōguchi as Pearl diver (Oyster girl)
 * Masahiko Tsugawa as Supermarket manager
 * Yoshihiro Katō as Man in White Suit's henchman
 * Mariko Okada as Spaghetti sensei
 * Ryūtarō Ōtomo as Ramen master
 * Toshiya Fujita as Man with Toothache (un-credited)

Production
Throughout, the film references stereotypical American movie themes, characters, music, and camera shots.

Release
Tampopo was released in Japan on November 23, 1985, distributed by Toho. New Yorker Films released the film in the United States in 1987.

The Criterion Collection prepared a 4K restoration of Tampopo that was released in theaters and via Blu-ray in October 2016.

Critical response
Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, commenting that "Like the French comedies of Jacques Tati, it's a bemused meditation on human nature in which one humorous situation flows into another offhandedly, as if life were a series of smiles."

Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote, "The movie, which Itami calls a 'noodle Western,' is a rambunctious mixture of the bawdy and the sublime...Tampopo is perhaps the funniest movie about the connection between food and sex ever made."

Andrew Johnston writing in Time Out New York commented: "This film is his broadest comedy by far, and its principal subjects are those great global constants, food and sex. That, combined with the plot's sly evocation of movie Westerns, made it widely accessible to foreign audiences."

Vincent Canby provided a somewhat dissenting, though still positive, opinion in his New York Times review, stating, "Though it's not consistently funny... Tampopo is one of the more engaging films to be shown in this year's [New Directors/New Films] series... Mr. Itami often strains after comic effects that remain elusive. The most appealing thing about Tampopo is that he never stops trying."

Tampopo has received unanimous praise from critics, with a 100% approval rating and average score of 8.53/10 from Rotten Tomatoes, based on 52 reviews. The site's critical consensus states, "Thanks to director Juzo Itami's offbeat humor and sharp satirical edge, Tampopo is a funny, sexy, affectionate celebration of food and its broad influence on Japanese culture."

Accolades
Tampopo received two Japanese Academy Awards: for Best Editing and for Best Sound. In the United States, it was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film and a National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay and Best Director.

Legacy
The 2008 American/Japanese movie The Ramen Girl, in which a girl played by Brittany Murphy learns how to cook ramen, contains many references to Tampopo, including a cameo by Tsutomu Yamazaki.

A number of ramen restaurants around the world have been named Tampopo.

title: Tampopo


text:
Buenos Aires Province

Buenos Aires, officially the Buenos Aires Province, is the largest and most populous Argentine province. It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires, the capital of the country, which used to be part of the province and the province's capital until it was federalized in 1880. Since then, in spite of bearing the same name, the province does not include Buenos Aires city, though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area. The capital of the province is the city of La Plata, founded in 1882.

It is bordered by the provinces of Entre Ríos to the northeast, Santa Fe to the north, Córdoba to the northwest, La Pampa to the west, Río Negro to the south and west and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires to the northeast. Uruguay is just across the Rio de la Plata to the northeast, and both are on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Almost the entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region, with the extreme south often considered part of the Patagonia region.

The province has a population of about 17.5 million people, which is 38% of Argentina's total population. The province covers an area of 307571 km2, which is about 11% of Argentina's total area and makes it the country's largest province.

History
The inhabitants of the province before the 16th-century advent of Spanish colonization were aboriginal peoples such as the Charrúas and the Querandíes. Their culture was lost over the next 350 years. They were subjected to Eurasian plagues from which few survived. The survivors joined other tribes or have been mostly absorbed by Argentina's European immigration.

Pedro de Mendoza founded Santa María del Buen Ayre in 1536. Even though the first contact with the aboriginals was peaceful, it soon became hostile. The city was evacuated in 1541. Juan de Garay re-founded the settlement in 1580 as Santísima Trinidad y Puerto Santa María de Los Buenos Aires.

Amidst ongoing conflict with the aboriginals, the cattle farms extended from Buenos Aires, whose port was always the center of the economy of the territory. Following the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the end of the 18th century, the export of meat, leather and their derivatives through the port of Buenos Aires was the basis of the economic development of the region.

Jesuits unsuccessfully tried to peacefully assimilate the aboriginals into the European culture brought by the Spanish conquistadores. A certain balance was found at the end of the 18th century when the Salado River became the limit between both civilizations, despite frequent malones (aboriginal attacks on border settlements). The end to this situation came in 1879 with the Conquest of the Desert (Conquista del Desierto) in which the aboriginals were almost completely exterminated.

After the independence from Spain in 1816, the city and province of Buenos Aires became the focus of an intermittent Argentine Civil War with other provinces. A Federal Pact secured by Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1831 led to the establishment of the Argentine Confederation and to his gaining the sum of public power, which provided a tenuous unity. Ongoing disputes regarding the influence of Buenos Aires, between Federalists and Unitarians, and over the Port of Buenos Aires (the prime source of public revenue at the time) fueled periodic hostilities. The province was declared independent on 11 September 1852, as the State of Buenos Aires. Concessions gained in 1859 Pact of San José de Flores and a victory at the Battle of Pavón led to its reincorporation into the Argentine Republic on 17 December 1861. Intermittent conflicts with the nation did not truly cease until 1880, when the city of Buenos Aires was formally federalized and, thus, administratively separated from the province.

La Plata was founded in 1882 by Governor Dardo Rocha for the purpose of becoming the provincial capital. The equivalent of a billion (1880s) dollars of British investment and pro-development, education and immigration policies pursued at the national level subsequently spurred dramatic economic growth. Driven by European immigration and improved health, the province's population, like Argentina's, nearly doubled to one million by 1895 and doubled again by 1914. Rail lines connected nearly every town and hamlet in the province by 1914; many developed around the new railway stations.

This era of accelerated development was cut short by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which caused a sharp drop in commodity prices (99% of Argentine exports were agricultural) and led to a halt in the flow of investment funds between nations. The new Concordance and Perón governments funded ambitious lending and public works programs, visible in Buenos Aires Province through the panoply of levees, power plants, water works, paved roads, municipal buildings, and (particularly during Perón's 1946-55 tenure) schools, clinics and massive regional hospitals.

The province's population, after 1930, began to grow disproportionately quickly in the suburban areas of Buenos Aires. These suburbs had grown to include 4 million out of the province's total 7 million people in 1960. Much of the area these new suburbs were developed on (particularly the poorer ones) consisted of wetlands and were prone to flooding. To address this, Governor Oscar Alende initiated the province's most important flood-control project to date, the Roggero Reservoir. Completed a decade later, in 1971, the reservoir and associated electric and water-treatment facilities encouraged still more, and more orderly, development of the Greater Buenos Aires region, which today includes around 10 million people ($2/3$ of the provincial population). It did not address worsening pollution resulting from the area's industrial growth, which had made itself evident since around 1920. This problem has been at its worst along the Reconquista River west and north of the city of Buenos Aires; over 4 million people (one in 10 Argentines) today live on the Reconquista's basin. Of these, about a million still live with seriously compromised water quality, despite the province's (sometimes counterproductive) efforts to remedy the issue.

Contemporary history
In April 2013, the northeastern section of Buenos Aires Province, particularly its capital, La Plata, experienced several flash floods that claimed the lives of at least 89 people.

Alejandro Armendáriz, of the Radical Civic Union, was elected governor in 1983, when Raúl Alfonsín became president. Alfonsín lost the 1987 midterm elections, leading to the victory of Antonio Cafiero. From then to 2015, all governors have been Peronists. The high population of the province makes it highly influential in Argentine politics. With both ruling for two terms, the rivalry of the president Carlos Menem and governor Eduardo Duhalde dominated the Argentine politics during the nineties. A similar case took place with the president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and governor Daniel Scioli. María Eugenia Vidal, from Republican Proposal, won the 2015 elections, and became the first female governor of the province.

Paleontology
In February 2021, researchers led by paleontologist Nicolás Chimento of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales announced the discovery of a well-preserved fossilized skull of the giant ground sloth Megatherium near San Eduardo del Mar, Province of Buenos Aires. According to paleontologists, the fossil belonged to a juvenile and dated back approximately 3.58 million years.

Government

The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative (represented by the Legislature, which is split into the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate); and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court.

The Constitution of Buenos Aires Province forms the formal law of the province.

In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police, but the province is policed by its own Buenos Aires Provincial Police.

Geography
Buenos Aires Province, at 307571 km2, is slightly bigger than Italy. The landscape is mainly flat, with two low mountain ranges: Sierra de la Ventana (near Bahía Blanca) and Sierra de Tandil (Tandil). The highest point is Cerro Tres Picos (1239 m amsl; -38.13333°N, -61.96667°W) and the longest river is Río Salado (700 km long).

As part of The Pampas, the weather of the province is strongly influenced by the ocean, with hot summers and temperate winters. Humidity is high and precipitation is abundant and distributed over the year. The Western and Southwestern regions are drier and are part of the Semi-arid Pampas ecoregion. The southernmost part of the province is often included in definitions of the Patagonia region.

Climate
The climate of the province of Buenos Aires is extremely benign for human activities: it is temperate, with four marked seasons and reliable rainfall on most regions. The province can be divided into four main climatic regions: the southwestern, drier region; the cool Atlantic region; the northern and eastern humid region, and the Delta region, with the warmest, wettest climate.

The northern region has warm, humid summers, with days between 28 and 32 C and nights between 16 and 20 C, pleasant falls, cool, drier winters with highs between 13 and 18 C and nights between 2 and 5 C, and windy, variable springs. Heat waves may bring days with temperatures over 38 C, but these do not usually last very long, as cold fronts bring thunderstorms and cooler days, with night temperatures often falling down to 12 C. Winter cold waves may bring days with highs about 8 C, and lows below -4 C, with extremes down to -8 C. Snow is uncommon, but there have been accumulations on several occasions in the past. Precipitation ranges from 750 to 1100 mm per year.

The Delta region is slightly warmer, especially at night, due to the presence of water and the northerly location. Summer nights tend to be stickier, and winters can be damp and foggy, with most nights between 4 and 8 C. Frost is still to be expected, but temperatures will almost never fall below -4 C, and snow has fallen only twice in the last century. Precipitation ranges from 1000 to 1300 mm and falls throughout the year. The city of Buenos Aires is surrounded by a climate similar to the northern part of the province, but the city itself resembles more the Delta climate, with less frost.

The southwestern region is the driest region, and it experiences a more marked differences in temperatures. Summers are often hot, between 30 and 35 C, but nights are usually comfortable (14 to 18 C). Thunderstorms are less frequent but can be very violent in nature. Frost can make an appearance as early as March, but usually first comes in April. Winters are cool and dry, with days between 10 and 16 C and nights between -1 and 4 C. Frost occurs on an almost daily basis, with temperatures below -6 C not uncommon, and down to -12 C recorded in some areas. Snowfall may occur every once in a while, but accumulations are usually small. Total precipitation ranges from 500 to 750 mm, with slightly rainier springs and falls.

The Atlantic region sees very moderate weather: the ocean is cold (17 to 20 C in the summer) and sea breezes often bring chilly weather until midsummer. The hottest months average 25 to 27 C with nights between 12 and 16 C, providing a perfect relief for the inhabitants of the hotter interior. Fall is often rainy, and winters can be windy and chilly: temperatures average from 10 to 15 C, and nights from 1 to 5 C. There can be long periods of drizzly weather and constant temperatures of about 7 C. Frost is common but temperatures will rarely fall below -5 C, and snowfalls sometimes, but accumulations are only to be expected every few years. Precipitation ranges from 700 to 950 mm. The Sierras de la Ventana (up to 1200 m) experience cooler weather, especially at night.

The geography of the province is crossed by occasional west Pampero winds. The southern Sudestada produces storms and temperature drops, most notably the Santa Rosa storm, which takes place every year almost exactly on 30 August.

Administrative divisions
Unlike the other provinces of the country, in the province of Buenos Aires, the territorial divisions are called partidos, instead of departments.

These also constitute the municipal division of the province. The provincial Constitution does not recognize the municipal autonomy that was recognized for the whole country in the reform of the National Constitution of 1994. Each partido corresponds to a municipality and is governed by a mayor (intendente) elected by popular vote. The process of creating a partido is much more dynamic than in the other provinces, with a total of six more partidos in 2000 than in 1990. Most of the newer partidos were created in the Greater Buenos Aires. There are 135 partidos, the last established by law is Lezama (2009).

Population
Buenos Aires Province is the most populated province of the country. The INDEC estimates that the population of Buenos Aires Province was 17,541,141 on 1 July 2020, a 12.26% increase since the 2010 national census. According to that census, there were 15 million inhabitants (38% of the national population), of which 12 million lived in Greater Buenos Aires and 3 million in the rest of the province. Around 33.8% of the inhabitants weren't born in the province, of whom 3,918,552 are migrants from other provinces and 758,640 were born abroad. Most of its inhabitants are descendants from colonial-era settlers and immigrants from Europe who arrived within the 19th and 20th centuries, mostly Italians and Spaniards. A number of suburbs in the province are also home to a large, predominantly mestizo population that began migrating from the country's northern provinces in the mid-20th century to take advantage of growing employment opportunities. These same communities are also home to considerable numbers of more recent migrants from Paraguay and Bolivia.

Tourism
Tourists, mainly from Buenos Aires, visit the Atlantic coast. There are many cities and towns along the coastline, which starts some 250 km from Buenos Aires after the Samborombón Bay. Among them, the biggest and most important is Mar del Plata, followed by the La Costa Partido, Pinamar, Villa Gesell, Miramar, and Necochea. The most important summer-related event, the National Sea Festival, is held annually in the city of Mar del Plata. The city's Central Casino and Grand Provincial Hotel are among the nation's largest.

Other destinations include the Ventana Sierras, Tandil, Tigre, the Paraná Delta, Isla Martín García, Olavarria, the Chascomús and Gómez lagoons, Campos del Tuyú National Park, and La Plata.

Agritourism in estancias (plantations) has become increasingly popular for foreigners visiting the province in recent years. The province's wine district, centered on Médanos, has also become prominent for visitors touring the Argentina Wine Route.

Sports
In Buenos Aires Province, as throughout Argentina, football is the predominant sport. The province has numerous professional football teams, with most of them concentrated in the Greater Buenos Aires area. Rivals Club Atlético Independiente and Racing Club de Avellaneda are the most successful, famous and followed beyond the province borders. Other notable teams in Greater Buenos Aires include Arsenal, Quilmes, Banfield, Lanús, Chacarita Juniors, Tigre and Defensa y Justicia. In the capital of the province, Estudiantes and Gimnasia y Esgrima stand out.

Other clubs in the rest of the province include Olimpo and Villa Mitre (Bahía Blanca), Huracán de Tres Arroyos (Tres Arroyos), Aldosivi and Alvarado (Mar del Plata), Sarmiento (Junín), Douglas Haig (Pergamino), Agropecuario (Carlos Casares), Santamarina (Tandil), Racing de Olavarría (Olavarría), Flandria, Club Luján and Villa Dálmine (Campana).

The city of Mar del Plata hosted six matches of the 1978 FIFA World Cup and the 1995 Pan American Games, and annually holds the National Evita Games and the final stage of the Bonaerense Games, the last being the most important provincial sports event for young, the elderly and people with disabilities.

The province is represented in the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) by four unions: the Rugby Union of Buenos Aires (URBA), includes teams of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA), the Rugby Union of Mar del Plata, the Western Rugby Union of the Province of Buenos Aires (UROBA) and the Southern Rugby Union. Some of the most prominent clubs are CASI and SIC of San Isidro.

Among others, some of the most important basketball teams in the province are: Peñarol de Mar del Plata, Quilmes de Mar del Plata, Bahía Basket, Estudiantes de Bahía Blanca, Olimpo de Bahía Blanca, Argentino de Junín, Club Ciclista Juninense, and Estudiantes de Olavarría, Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata, Club Atlético Platense and Lanús.

There are numerous racetracks, including La Plata, Nueve de Julio, Olavarría, Mar de Ajó, Junín, Balcarce, San Nicolás de los Arroyos and Bahía Blanca. The San Isidro Racecourse was inaugurated in 1935 and hosts the Carlos Pellegrini Grand Prix. The Hipodromo de La Plata is the third largest in Argentina.

Economy
The province's economy has long been the largest in Argentina, estimated in 2014 to have been US$407.6 billion (more than a third of the national total, which was around US$680.8 billion in 2016 according to Argentina's economical growing. It has a per capita income of $24,780 (around $27,300 in 2016). The province is the nation's chief exporter, generating nearly $107 billion in exports in 2016 (37% of the nation's total).

Agriculture in the province is renowned around the world for its productivity. The province is Argentina's chief agricultural producer, and accounted for at least $8 billion in export earnings in 2014. This sector adds about 5% to the province's highly diversified economy, however. The province's ranching sector is diversified, and though cattle historically provided the main animal husbandry activity, Buenos Aires is also the top producer of sheep, pork, and chicken meat of the country. Equally important is the dairy industry. Crop harvests are the most diverse in the nation and have grown to record levels in recent decades. The most important crops include soybean, maize, wheat, sunflower and other oilseeds, like flax. More recently, premium wines have been produced in the Buenos Aires wine region in the south of the province.

Manufacturing accounts for a fourth of the province's output and is about 40% of the entire nation's. The industry of the province is diverse: chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgic, motor vehicles, machinery, textiles and the food industry are the most notable. Excluding processed agricultural items, the province was responsible for over US$70 billion of industrial exports in 2016 and accounted for a third of all Argentine exports.

The province's services sector is well-diversified and differs little from national trends. The largest local bank is the public Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires. The institution, the second largest in Argentina, holds nearly a tenth of the nation's bank deposits.

title: Buenos Aires Province


text:
Talk:Etruscan civilization

WP:ENGVAR
There are a few places in the article that mix up which form of English they're using. Per these edits and the current placement of the page, the usage's been established as American English so kindly maintain it consistently pending a new consensus to the contrary. — Llywelyn II   06:25, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
 * What American English do you see in those diffs? Johnbod (talk) 13:50, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting to see BCE in the earliest version though! Johnbod (talk) 13:54, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Etruscan civilization


text:
Talk:Electorate of Cologne

Untitled
Archbishops of Cologne, source: http://www.erzbistum-koeln.de/opencms/opencms/erzbistum/erzbischof/eb_liste.html

Modern Hierarchy vs. Ecclesiastical Princes of the HRE
It seems to me that no good is caused by confusing the two. I think this article should probably restrict itself to the ecclesiastical principality, and that we should have a separate article - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne, about the modern archdiocese. Any thoughts? john k 00:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, John is absolutely right. There is a clear difference between the "Archbishopric of Cologne" and the "Electorate of Cologne". The latter was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, a secular state, which was dissolved in 1803. It was ruled by the archbishop of Cologne not in his function as bishop but as a prince of the empire. The extent of the archbishopric, which exists until today, was much greater than that of the electorate and contained territories of other german princes and Free Imperial Cities. Anyway, in these areas the archbishop of Cologne didn't have any secular but only ecclesiastical power. 213.148.151.130 14:14, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Arms
Can someone tell me if the arms are correct? The crozier, mitre and the "double-cross" (don't know the name) are all on the image I based this from. More data available at image desc page; feedback to me please. Greentubing 10:06, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Bonn and Cologne
So, just to be clear, the Archbishops of Cologne lived for many centuries at Bonn, but they still had the title "Archbishop of Cologne"? Did their secular rule actually encompass the city of Cologne? DId Bonn have a bishop of its own? --Jfruh (talk) 01:27, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Cologne was an Imperial Free city, and thus free of control by the Archbishop. I assume the Cathedral itself, however, was under his temporal authority, rather than that of the city.  The issue of sovereignty is, I think, rather complicated in such cases, so I'm not completely sure.  Bonn, like most places in Germany, was not a diocesan seat - there was no Bishop of Bonn.  This situation is in mild contrast to the situation of the Archbishopric of Trier, which included the city of Trier, but whose Archbishops mostly lived in Koblenz.  The issue of a bishop not having actual temporal control of his technical "seat" was fairly common in the various imperial bishoprics - Augsburg, Regensburg, Basel, Constance, Strasbourg, Worms, Speyer, Besançon, and probably several other town were not under their bishops' temporal control from a fairly early date. john k 21:53, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You have to make the difference between the territories of the Archbishopric and the much smaller one of the Electoral State. The seat of the Archbishopric was Cologne. Instead the Electoral State (Kurfürstentum Köln) was a political territory, ruled by the Archbishop/Prince-Elector of Cologne. Since the late medieval age, Cologne, now a Free Imperial City was not part of the Electoral State, the residence of the Prince-Elector having been moved to Bonn. --DaQuirin 15:55, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Title and such
This article was written to discuss a state, the temporal territories ruled by the Archbishops of Cologne within the Holy Roman Empire, and not a diocese. I indicated this ages ago, and I wrote this article about the state. If someone wants to start an article about the diocese, they should go ahead and w rite Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne, or Archdiocese of Cologne, or whatever. But they shouldn't destroy this article to do so. john k 16:46, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that the historic state should be at Electorate of Cologne and the modern diocese at Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne. Archbishopric of Cologne could either redirect to the modern diocese or be a disambiguation page. Olessi (talk) 01:16, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This article should definitely be called Electorate of Cologne (german: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). As DaQuirin has already pointed out, the Electorate and the Archbishopric of Cologne were two different territories and only partially congruent. The Electorate, consisting only of the temporal possessions of the archbishopric was much smaller than this diocese. It was ruled by the archbishop not as such but as a normal prince elector of the Holy Roman Empire. So, as a Lord temporal, he had a lot of prerogatives (e.g coinage) within the boarders of his Electoral State which he did not have as archbishop in other parts of his diocese. I know, this double function of the ecclesiastical princes - like the whole structure of the Holy Roman Empire - are very complicated and difficult to explain. But anyway it should be done correctly, here as well as  in the articles about the Archbishopric of Trier and the Archbishopric of Mainz, whose authors have made the same mistake. I'm a German and I fear my English is not good enough to do it myself but I hope someone else will do. 212.222.158.138 (talk) 16:37, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Just to note (seven years later, sigh), but "Archbishopric" in English generally refers to a secular principality ruled by an archbishop. The term for the area of a bishop's spiritual or ecclesiastical authority is an "Archdiocese" (or an "Ecclesiastical Province," if you're including the other dioceses under the authority of a particular Archbishop). So the Archbishopric of Cologne is the same thing as the Electorate of Cologne, but the Archdiocese of Cologne is the term for the Church entity. john k (talk) 00:06, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the clarification, but it's explained differently in the article on archbishopric (diocese): "A diocese also may be referred to as a bishopric or episcopal see" / "An archdiocese (or archiepiscopal see or archbishopric)". --DaQuirin (talk) 15:10, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

Geography
It'd be really nice if we could have a detailed description of the geography of the Electorate somewhere in this article. john k (talk) 00:07, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electorate of Cologne


text:
Buddy Hackett

Buddy Hackett (born Leonard Hacker; August 31, 1924 – June 30, 2003) was an American comedian and comic actor. Known for his raunchy material, heavy appearance, and thick New York accent, his best remembered roles include Marcellus Washburn in The Music Man (1962), Benjy Benjamin in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Tennessee Steinmetz in The Love Bug (1968), and the voice of Scuttle in The Little Mermaid (1989). He was also a frequent guest on TV game shows and variety shows.

Early life
Hackett was one of two children born into a Jewish family living in Brooklyn, New York. His mother Anna (née Geller) worked in the garment trades while his father Philip Hacker was a furniture upholsterer and part-time inventor. Hackett grew up across from Public School 103 on 54th Street and 14th Avenue in Borough Park, Brooklyn, and was active in varsity football and drama club at New Utrecht High School. Hackett suffered from Bell's palsy as a child, the lingering effects of which contributed to his distinctive slurred speech and facial expression.

While still a student, Hackett worked as a "tummler" (Yiddish for "tumult maker") entertaining guests in the Catskills Borscht Belt resorts. While there, he began performing stand-up comedy in the resort nightclubs as "Butch Hacker". He appeared first at the Golden Hotel in Hurleyville, New York, claiming later he did not get one single laugh. Following his graduation from high school in 1942, Hackett enlisted in the United States Army and served during World War II for three years in an anti-aircraft battery.

Early career
Hackett's first job after the war was at the Pink Elephant, a Brooklyn club. It was here that he changed his name from Leonard Hacker to Buddy Hackett. He made appearances in Los Angeles and Las Vegas, and continued to perform in the Catskills. He acted on Broadway, in Lunatics and Lovers, where Max Liebman saw him and put him in two television specials.

Hackett's movie career began in 1950 with a 10-minute "World of Sports" reel for Columbia Pictures called King of the Pins. The film demonstrated championship bowling techniques, with expert Joe Wilman demonstrating the right way and Hackett (in pantomime) exemplifying the wrong way. There was an anecdote that, because of this appearance, Hackett received an offer to join the Three Stooges from Jules White, the head of Columbia short subject department, in 1952. Curly Howard had suffered a debilitating stroke in 1946; his older brother Shemp Howard was intended to replace him only on a temporary basis until he fully recovered, but Curly died in January 1952. It was said Hackett even joined Moe Howard and Larry Fine for a rehearsal, but turned down the offer eventually when he felt he did not fit with the act's comedy style and wanted to develop his own style as a solo act. This rumor was later dismissed as either untrue or unfounded.

Hackett would not return to movies until 1953, after one of his nightclub routines attracted attention. With a rubber band around his head to slant his eyes, Hackett's "The Chinese Waiter" lampooned the heavy dialect, frustration, and communication problems encountered by a busy waiter in a Chinese restaurant: "No, we no have sprit-pea soup ... We gotta wonton, we got eh-roll ... No orda for her, juss orda for you!" The routine was such a hit that Hackett made a recording of it, and was hired to reprise it in the Universal-International musical Walking My Baby Back Home (1953), in which he was third-billed under Donald O'Connor and Janet Leigh.

Hackett was an emergency replacement for the similarly built Lou Costello in 1954. Abbott and Costello were set to make a feature-length comedy Fireman, Save My Child, featuring Spike Jones and His City Slickers. Several scenes had been shot with stunt doubles when Costello was forced to withdraw due to illness. Universal-International salvaged the project by hiring Hugh O'Brian and Hackett to take over the Abbott and Costello roles with Jones and his band becoming the main attraction.

Hackett became known to a wider audience when he appeared on television in the 1950s and 60s as a frequent guest on variety talk shows hosted by Jack Paar and Arthur Godfrey, telling brash, often off-color jokes, and mugging at the camera. Hackett was a frequent guest on both the Jack Paar and the Johnny Carson versions of The Tonight Show. According to the board game Trivial Pursuit, Hackett has the distinction of making the most guest appearances in the history of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. During this time, he also appeared as a panelist and mystery guest on CBS-TV's What's My Line? and filled in as emcee for the game show Treasure Hunt. He made fifteen guest appearances on NBC-TV's The Perry Como Show between 1955 and 1961. He appeared with his roommate Lenny Bruce on the Patrice Munsel Show (1957-1958), calling their comedy duo the "Not Ready for Prime Time Players," twenty years before the cast of Saturday Night Live used the same name.

Hackett appeared twice on ABC's The Rifleman, starring Chuck Connors and Johnny Crawford. In both episodes, "Bloodlines" (1959) and "The Clarence Bibs Story" (1961), his fellow guest star was Denver Pyle. He was cast as Daniel Malakie in "Bloodlines", the father of three boisterous brothers headed to trouble, and then as Clarence Bibs in the episode of that same name. Bibs is a handyman who after cleaning a gun accidentally kills a notorious outlaw, Longden (X Brands). Then, Longden's former partner, George Tanner (Denver Pyle), comes to town but avoids confrontation with Bibs and accepts the explanation that Wicks' death was accidental.

Stanley
Hackett starred as the title character on NBC's Stanley, a 1956–57 situation comedy which ran for 19 weeks on Monday evenings at 8:30 pm ET. The half-hour series also featured a young Carol Burnett and the voice of Paul Lynde. The Max Liebman produced program aired live before a studio audience and was one of the last sitcoms from New York to do so. Stanley revolved around the adventures of the titular character (Hackett) as the operator of a newsstand in a posh New York City hotel.

Hackett appeared opposite Robert Preston in the film adaptation of The Music Man (1962). In It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Hackett was paired with Mickey Rooney, with whom he had also recently made Everything's Ducky (1961), in which they played two sailors who smuggle a talking duck aboard a Navy ship. Children became familiar with him as lovable hippie auto mechanic Tennessee Steinmetz in Disney's The Love Bug (1968).

In 1964, he had a stint on Broadway, appearing with Richard Kiley in I Had a Ball.

He appeared many times on the game show Hollywood Squares in the late 1960s and 1970s. In one episode, Hackett (who was Jewish) was asked which country had the highest ratio of doctors to populace; he answered Israel, or in his words, "The country with the most Jews." Despite the audience roaring with laughter (and Hackett's own belief that the actual answer was Sweden), the answer turned out to be correct. Hackett's regular guest appearances on Jack Paar's Tonight Show in the early 1960s were rewarded with a coveted appearance on Paar's final Tonight program on March 29, 1962.

Later career
Throughout the 1970s, Hackett published a book of poetry entitled The Naked Mind of Buddy Hackett, made frequent appearances on Johnny Carson's Tonight Show until Carson's retirement in 1992, delivered a dramatic performance as Lou Costello in the television movie Bud and Lou opposite Harvey Korman as Bud Abbott, and narrated the Rankin/Bass Christmas special Jack Frost (1979). Hackett appeared regularly in TV ads for Tuscan Dairy popsicles and yogurt throughout this decade, with his most famous television campaign being for Lay's potato chips ("Nobody can eat just one!"), running from 1968 to 1971. In 1980, he starred in the film Hey Babe! and hosted a syndicated revival of the 1950–61 Groucho Marx quiz show You Bet Your Life until its cancellation one year later. Hackett also appeared on The Love Boat, Murder, She Wrote, L.A. Law, and guest-starred in the Space Rangers episode "To Be Or Not To Be" as has-been comedian Lenny Hacker, a parody of his stage persona.

Other
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Hackett was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2000, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.

In April 1998, Hackett guest starred in an episode of LateLine called "Buddy Hackett". The episode focused on a news broadcast paying tribute to Hackett following his death, only to discover that the report of his death was a mistake. Robert Reich and Dick Gephardt also appeared in the episode, paying tribute to Hackett, by singing along to Hackett's rendition of Shipoopi from The Music Man.

In his final years, Hackett had a recurring spot called "Tuesdays with Buddy" on The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn in which he shared stories of his career and delivered some of his comedic routines.

In 1999, he appeared in 13 episodes of Fox's Action TV series as a security guard and chauffeur named Lonnie Dragon.

In 2021, Hackett was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.

Personal life
On June 12, 1955, Hackett married Sherry Cohen. They lived in Leonia, New Jersey, in the late 1950s. In August 1958, they bought the house previously owned by deceased crime boss Albert Anastasia in Fort Lee, New Jersey. After renovations, they moved in and lived there through most of the 1960s. In 2003, Hackett and his wife established the Singita Animal Sanctuary in California's San Fernando Valley. Hackett's son, Sandy, followed his father into the comedy world, and for years opened for his father before his performances. Sandy created a one-man stage show about his father after his death.

He was an avid firearms collector and owned a large collection that he sold off in his later years.

Death
In the early 1990s, Hackett was diagnosed with severe heart disease, but steadfastly refused to consider bypass surgery. His heart disease was the primary cause of his death on June 30, 2003, at his beach house in Malibu, California, at the age of 78, just two months before his 79th birthday. His son, comedian Sandy Hackett, said his father had been suffering from diabetes for several years and suffered a stroke nearly a week before his death, which also may have contributed to his demise. Two days later, on July 2, he was cremated and his ashes were given to family and friends.

Discography

 * How You Do (Coral Records CRL 757422)
 * The Original Chinese Waiter (Dot 3351, reissued as Pickwick SPC 3198)
 * Ba-Lert

title: Buddy Hackett


text:
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text:
East Side West Side (book)

East Side, West Side: Tales of New York Sporting Life 1910–1960 is a sports book written by Lawrence S. Ritter and published in 1998. It is a Total Sports production and was distributed by Andrews McNeel.

The book centers, as its title suggests, on popular sports sites and figures of New York between 1910 and 1960. Among the personalities the book talks about in depth are Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe Louis, Primo Carnera, Tony Canzoneri, Sugar Ray Robinson, Casey Stengel, Mickey Mantle, Joe DiMaggio, Lou Stillman, Jacob Ruppert and more. Sports covered in depth are baseball, basketball, boxing, hockey and horse racing, all of which were popular sports in New York during the 50 years covered by the book.

title: East Side West Side (book)


text:
Juguang, Lienchiang

 Township / Jyuguang Township (Foochow Romanized: Gṳ̄-guŏng-hiŏng), also spelled Chukuang, is a rural township of Lienchiang County (the Matsu Islands), Republic of China (Taiwan). Juguang Township includes two major islands, (東莒 "East Ju"; Dĕ̤ng-gṳ̄) and  (西莒 "West Ju"; Să̤-gṳ̄), as well as some islets.

Name
On October 15, 1971, the Executive Yuan approved changing the name of the township from Baiquan Township (Paichuan, White Dogs; 白犬鄉) to Juguang Township (Chukuang; 莒光鄉). They also approved changing the name of Xiquan Island (Hsichuan; 西犬島) to Xiju Island (Hsiju; 西莒島) and Dongquan Island (Tungchuan; 東犬島) to Dongju Island (Tungchu; 東莒島). The islands were renamed based on a quote of a speech by Chiang Kai-shek, "forget not that you're in Ju" (Wú wàng zài Jǔ; Ù uông câi Gṳ̄). It refers to the City of Ju, where the king of Qi prepared a counterattack that retook his country from the State of Yan. This is an analogy of Matsu and Taiwan generally as bases of the Republic of China (ROC) to regenerate itself and one day recover mainland China from the Chinese Communist Party.

Dongju and Xiju Islands were previously named Dongquan (Tung-ch'üan Tao /Tung-ch'uan Tao 東犬; Dĕ̤ng-kēng) and Xiquan (Hsi-ch'üan Tao /Hsi-ch'uan Tao 西犬; Să̤-kēng) Islands, meaning "Eastern Dog" and "Western Dog" respectively. They have also been called the White Dogs (Paichuan, Baiquan) or White Dog Islands (白犬島; Băh-kēng-dō̤) or Baiken Islands (白肯島). The name Baiquan (白犬) has been connected with the homophonous name Baiquan (白畎).

History
On May 15, 1617, sixty-nine wokou were captured alive in the area.

In 1872, construction of Dongsha (Tungsha) Lighthouse (Dongquan Lighthouse) began.

In December 1939, Japanese naval forces from Taiwan occupied the islands.

The islands were originally part of the Changle County before the ROC government evacuated to Taiwan. It is considered by the People's Republic of China government as part of Changle City of the Fuzhou City.

In September 1953, the Changlo County (長樂縣) government was established on the islands.

Western Enterprises (西方公司), a CIA front organization, had a communications base on Xiquan (Hsichuan).

After a series of combat readiness tests carried out by MAAG were completed on April 15, 1955, the overall Chinese Nationalist defense preparations for the Matsu Islands were rated as satisfactory. One of the weaknesses noted was "the seriously understrength regiment garrisoning the Paichuan (White Dog) Islands group".

In July 1956, the islands were transferred to Lienchiang County. The islands were divided into two townships: Xiquan and Dongquan.

On August 19, 1958, President Chiang Kai-shek visited Xiju Island (then Xiquan) and spoke to the soldiers there.

In September 1960, the two townships were united into one, Paichuan (Baiquan) township.

On July 23, 1964, Chiang Ching-kuo visited the islands.

On October 15, 1971, the Executive Yuan approved changing the name of the township from Baiquan Township (Paichuan, White Dogs; 白犬鄉) to Juguang Township (Chukuang; 莒光鄉). They also approved changing the name of Xiquan Island (Hsichuan; 西犬島) to Xiju Island (Hsiju; 西莒島) and Dongquan Island (Tungchuan; 東犬島) to Dongju Island (Tungchu; 東莒島).

On December 30, 1977, the 6-ton fishing boat Kuanghua 16638 was slammed by a communist vessel near the Liuchuan reefs (劉泉礁) off the coast of Chukuang.

On September 21, 1979, and on May 3, 1980, President Chiang Ching-kuo visited the township.

On June 18, 1993, President Lee Teng-hui visited the Dongju Elementary School.

On June 24, 2001, Typhoon Chebi caused 3,000,000 yuan of damage on the islands.

In the 2018 election, Mayor Hsieh Chun-Lan (謝春欗) was re-elected mayor, defeating her opponent Chen Shun-Shou (陳順壽) by over a hundred votes. Hsieh called for rebuilding the former township office as a resort, beautification of the township, and creation of a vibrant sight-seeing economy.

In 2020, undersea communications cables between Nangan and Juguang were damaged by sand dredgers from mainland China on five occasions, disrupting phone and internet services.

Geography
Dongju (Tong Chu ), the southernmost of the Matsu Islands, is 2.63 km2 and Sijyu 2.36 km2. Islets includes like Yongliu (永留嶼 Yongliu) near Dongju. Dongju is shaped like a dagger, while Xiju a triangle, so seemingly bigger on maps. Some cliffs of Dongjyu is severely corroded by wind, creating a strangely aesthetic appearance. Other islands include Linaoyu (林坳嶼) also known as Lintouyu (林頭嶼), Xiniuyu (犀牛嶼), Dayu (大嶼), Xiaoyu (小嶼), and Sheshan (蛇山). The northernmost and easternmost points of Juguang Township are on Dayu, the westernmost point is on Sheshan, and the southernmost point is on Linaoyu. Linaoyu is also the southernmost point of the Matsu Islands.

Juguang is across from Meihua Town, Changle District, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (PRC).

Administrative divisions

Administratively the islands are part of the Lienchiang County. Neither Dongju nor Xiju has an island-wide administrative level. The islands are divided into five rural villages:

Xiju Island
 * Qingfan Village (青帆村 Qīngfán, 青蕃村)
 * Xiqiu Village (西坵村 Xīqīu)
 * Tianwo Village (田沃村 Tiánwò)

Dongju Island
 * Daping Village (大坪村 Dàpíng)
 * Fuzheng Village (福正村 Fúzhèng)

Mayors

 * Appointed mayors:
 * 1) Chen Chia-Tui (陳家錞) (1960-1961)
 * 2) Lin Tso-Chou (林作舟) (1961-1964)
 * 3) Hsueh Chih-Lien (薛繼廉) (1964-1967), former mayor of Nangan
 * 4) Li Kuei-Li (李貴立) (1967-1970), later mayor of Beigan
 * 5) Chen I-Peng (陳一鵬) (1970-1973), mayor during the change of the name of the township and islands, former mayor of Beigan and later mayor of Nangan (Matsu)
 * 6) Lin Po-Jen (林柏仁) (1973-1978)
 * Elected mayors:
 * 1) Lin Mao-Chun (林茂春) (1978-1982), received 692 votes out of a total 697 votes cast (699 eligible voters)
 * 2) Chen Chien-Kuang (陳建光) (1982-1986)
 * 3) Chen Le-Tuan (陳樂團) (1986-1990)
 * 4) Tsao Erh-Szu (曹爾思) (1990-1994)
 * 5) Wang Ta-Chieh (王大捷) (1994-1998)
 * 6) Chiang Chih-Hsing (姜繼興) (1998-2002)
 * 7) Wang Ta-Chieh (王大捷) (2002-2006), second term
 * 8) Ko Yu-Kuan (柯玉官) (2006-2014)
 * 9) Hsieh Chun-Lan (謝春欗) (2014–present) (KMT), b.1960 first female mayor of the township

Electricity supply
The township is powered up by Xiju Power Plant located in Xiju Island and Dongju Power Plant located in Dongju Island. Due to the changes in electricity needs, both islands were interconnected by submarine power cable since 2000.

Water supply
Previously, water supply had been scarce in Xiju Island despite having water wells drilled around the island by the residents. Later the military built a dam and formed the Ledao'ao Reservoir for the water needs of residents, defense and irrigation.

Tourism

The 19.5-metre (54-step) Dongquan Lighthouse on northern Dongjyu, made during the late Qing dynasty with granite. The guiding light is in the shape of a clam and can reach 16.7 nmi. Dongju Lighthouse is a second-level national historic building. In front of the lighthouse, there used to be four mist-cannon for signaling, but has now been removed and placed in Matsu Folk Culture Museum.

The 42-character Dapu Inscription, in Dapu Seaport of Dongju, was made during the Wanli era of the Ming dynasty, concerning the capture of pirates alive. Remembering-the-Past Pavilion (懷古亭 Huaigu Ting) was constructed in 1966 sheltering the stone.

In the sea south of the Sijyu, there is Snake Mountain (蛇山). The main island has a small Green-sail Seaport (青帆港), two water reservoirs and a middle-elementary school, but are not major tourist attractions.

It also features the Mysterious Little Bay.

Transportation
There is one accessible seaport on Xiju, and two on Dongju. Juguang can be reached by ferry from Fuao Harbor in Nangan or by helicopter which only operates during the winter and priority on which is given to local residents.

Education
There are two public elementary and junior high schools in Juguang: Lienchiang County Jingheng Junior High & Elementary School (連江縣敬恆國民中小學) is on Xiju, while Lienchiang County Jinguang Township Dong Jyu Junior High & Elementary School (連江縣莒光鄉東莒國民中小學) is on Dongju.

National Matsu Senior High School (國立馬祖高級中學), operated by the national government, is located in Nangan.

Notable natives

 * Chen Hsueh-sheng, Magistrate of Lienchiang County (2001-2009)

title: Juguang, Lienchiang


text:
Talk:Gargoyle

Pic
great picture!

--Yak 00:10, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

It is a great picture, but as it has no water spout it is a grotesque, not a gargoyle.

-- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.77.249.67 (talk) 04:22, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Misc
Perhaps I'm just making this up, but I'm pretty sure I heard this somewhere — doesn't "gargoyle" also refer to a some sort of mythical birdlike creature, capable of turning itself into stone? ~ Booya Bazooka 20:23, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Speaking Abilities
I'm not sure if this is true but I've heard that it was also believed that gargoyles could speak when water ran out of their mouths, part of the reason they are used as gutters on ornate buildings.

Gargoyles in fiction
or perhaps Gargoyles in popular culture would get my vote. Carptrash 23:35, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Question
Are gargoyles historically oriented specifically, like towards a particular cardinal direction? I'm hoping someone has something better than 'east...yada yada...sunrise' unless, of course that is the case
 * It is not unusual to find a tower on a building with gargoyles pointing it all directions. Many buildings, if you walk around them, will reveal gargoyles pointing in at least four directions. Carptrash 05:35, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

what if they are not ment to be fiction Melissa.D usa
 * Do you mean, "What if they represent real beings" or something like that? Carptrash 14:08, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

It looks as if architectural gargoyles have finally seperated from . . ..... those others
and this is (opinion) a good thing. There has been a ton of literature published about gargoyles in the last decade or two and I am wondering if these titles should be included here even if they are not sources. Or, do I need to drag a quote from each of them to justify a book's inclusion? Carptrash 18:46, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I 'm not sure what this is about
so I moved it here. Spellcheck wiuld be a start, but probably not enough to get this put back. Any thoughts? Carptrash 13:59, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

TV show
I thought Wikipedia topics were to go to disambiguation pages. I came here for the Gargoyles TV series, which has a huge base. Now I have to try to URL-guess to get to this? (That failed.) Fortunately I know the creator of the TV show is named Greg Weisman, and could get to the show via his page, but this is really ridiculous -- There should be a ***** disambiguation page here! 68.167.161.182 (talk) 17:48, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Here's your opportunity to be the change that you wish to see in the world. If no one else had reason to make the TV show page yet, then you can make it yourself, and put a hatnote here. — ¾-10 21:40, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Snow Crash?
Trying to figure out why there's a link to Snow Crash on this page. --Jsderwin (talk) 14:05, 25 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The word "gargoyle" appears once at Snow Crash, but it seems inconsequential and I support removing the link. The others appear ok, although Golem does not mention "gargoyle" and the connection appears more fan related (see Google). Johnuniq (talk) 02:06, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Animals = not soulless
Someone wrote, "Animals were viewed as soulless beings in the eyes of the Catholic Church.". This is incorrect, animals have souls according to Catholic belief, everything living does. According to Thomas Aquinas they have "material souls", as opposed to humans who he said have "rational souls".--74.195.50.72 (talk) 00:37, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
The 06:49, 10 August 2010 62.214.19.162 version of this article is translated into Chinese Wikipedia to expand an existing article without references.--Wing (talk) 13:37, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Source for dogs
I am not real big on demanding citations, but this sentence, "Dogs were the most common native animal crafted as a gargoyle." has me wondering. Does it seem okay without a source to you? Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 23:17, 27 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It now has a source (after I restored it following a recent IP edit which removed a couple of things). It would be desirable to view the source, but the text is not implausible. Johnuniq (talk) 02:46, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It looks ok, although I only had a very quick scan. The source is here. Johnuniq (talk) 02:50, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Looks as if we were both doing more or less the same thing at the same time. Life. Who knew? Carptrash (talk) 03:12, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Uncited text removed from article
I've removed the following text from the article, since it's not supported by a cite, seems dubious to me, and a quick search for any references backing it up came up with nothing:
 * "Gargoyle is an ancient term for one suffering Mucopolysaccharidosis, a syndrome causing disfigurement and mental retardation - perhaps becoming stereotyped as an innocent of the sanctuary."

-- The Anome (talk) 11:05, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Rain
There are a lot of pictures of gargoyles here, but in none of them is it raining. It would be good to add one or two, so that readers could see them "in action" as it were. 99.56.13.119 (talk) 08:19, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

The look of Gargoyles (and Grotesques)
I was wondering why are Gargoyles and Grotesques (often depicted as demonic or devilish-looking creatures) are often seen on 'holy' buildings (like churches and cathedrals)? I know the article says it's meant to ward off evil, but why use 'evil depictions' and not more holy depictions (like angels) or even just non-evil good guys (monks, clergy, saints, or even 'knights')? Any more insight would be awesome! Equidou (talk) 11:19, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

Historical Introduction to American Government
Everything in the article is relevant to the article topic. The article is neutral, it is not biased towards any particular position. The viewpoints are not overrepresented, or underrepresented. Yes, the links for the citations work. No, there isn't any close paraphrasing or plagiarism in the article. Maybe a gargoyles in modern media section could be added. Nanomech3000 (talk) 01:14, 7 October 2016 (UTC)

Comment from Reddit
“That Wikipedia site has 23 images of an object that only fulfill its purpose during rain. Number of images with rain = zero.” - Reddit user pahag. Copied here by Grey Wanderer (talk) 23:33, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gargoyle