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User talk:Anton Hein

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. You can sign your name with ~. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 07:33, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Anton, thanks for the link at FLDS article! Hope to see more of your work in the future. Hawstom 22:35, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Why I have modified your links to the Religion News Blog
Hello, Mr. Hein. You have probably noticed that I have changed all your links to your Religion News Blog by substituting the phrase "Apologetics Index weblog." My reason for doing so is that your blog, like your main Apologetics Index, has a POV, that of evangelical Christianity, and a signal to that effect needs to be accompany the link. Your sites also contain material from other points of view, and that is commendable, but it would still be misleading to simply place your link on the Wikipedia page without notating in some way that you have a "dog in the fight," so to speak. I think simply announcing that this material is from the Apologetics Index is probably sufficient as a signal to POV, as readers may then look up the Wikipedia article on your organization if they are interested in learning more about the leanings you may bring to the subject. I think this solution is better than commenting excessively about your organization in the link itself, and it certainly beats removing your link altogether, as you should have the opportunity to say something about these topics. I have also moved these links back into the "External links" section, as there is no Wikipedia convention for a "News" section. --Gary D 00:55, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Dear Gary,

 * On a number of occassions you have changed links to Religion News Blog (RNB) into "Apologetics Index Weblog." You mention that you have done so because "your blog, like your main Apologetics Index, has a POV, that of evangelical Christianity, and a signal to that effect needs to be accompany the link."

 * I have no problem with such a 'signal.' I do have a problem with your changing the name of the blog.  For one thing, we are planning to introduce an 'Apologetics Index weblog' medio 2005.  We do not want it to be confused with Religion News Blog.

 * Incidentally, the news blog consists of news items culled from - for the most part - secular newspapers.

 * Regards,
 * Anton Hein 16:33, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * How about either, "Apologetics Index's Religion News Blog" -or- "Religion News Blog - from Apologetics Index"? --Gary D 18:58, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * That would be fine. Thanks for the suggestion.
 * Anton Hein 21:02, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Anton, are you behaving badly, or have you checked your recent actions with Gary D? Tom - Talk 21:07, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I imagine it'll be alright; sometimes a little revert-around-the-rosie is acceptable on the way to an accommodation, and it sounds like we have a consensus here. Anton sounds like he's okay with my main "signal" point, and I don't see a need for more than a notation that it's from AI. I'm happy to have his POV in the mix. --Gary D 21:38, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

If you are behaving well, you should probably talk to User:OneGuy about reverting your edits. Tom - Talk 21:30, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I am not 'behaving badly.' I objected to the fact that someone re-named a website I own.  I explained why the link to Religion News Blog should not be renamed to Apologetics Index weblog.  I have no problem with Gary's suggestions intended to make clear that Religion News Blog is operated by Apologetics Index. That said, what do you mean by talking to User:OneGuy about reverting edits?

The guy is promoting his personal web page (a blog)!) by inserting it in several dozen articles. If everyone was to insert a link to his own blog in these articles, the external links section would grow 20 times bigger, and thus would make it useless as a source. I consider this guy, Anton Hein, a spamer who insists on spaming every article by inserting a link to his blog. OneGuy 05:07, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's getting a bit ridiculous. Don't advertise your own page. If it's germane, let users of the internet in general find it on their own. Wikipedia isn't about vanity and inserting links to a blog of all things. If it's an authoratative source (worthy of encyclopedia source material/additional material) then it would be recognized as such instead of perceived as a blog and argued about. Don't put these links in any more religious articles, please.  --ABQCat 07:06, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mea Culpa. I did not realize that adding external links to relevant research resources was considered 'spamming.' Indeed, the problem - per Gary D - appeared to be with the naming of the link; not with its presence. It's too bad OneGuy felt he had to remove the links altogether, but I understand his contention that that the links section would grow too large... Anton Hein 11:54, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I personally, as I believe does GaryD, support Anton's putting his links up. Yes, they could be classified as vanity links, but they seem to be uniquely relevant, at least for the FLDS article.  But maybe my POV is clouding my judgement.  I am LDS.  Is there room for compromise on this issue? Tom - Talk 17:47, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I think (and the irony of this is not lost on me) that Anton's links may have a place in articles of this type. The linked sites aren't commercial or advertisements, and the various individual entries linked to are reasonably specific to the various groups involved. As Anton points out, my main concern was that these links clearly point out that Anton's sites are not neutral feeds of information but rather come from an evangelical Christian POV, and so are likely to be explictly or implicitly critical of these other religions and spirtual paths. Ironically, it is just this critical orientation that makes the links more likely to be noteworthy, as in, "and now, here is what people who don't like the people or ideas you've just read about have to say about them." I can't say I strongly support these links, but if they are to be removed, it is important we verify that the removals are occurring because the links are truly duplicative or non-informative, and not just as a quiet ploy to silence a critical view or a strongly negative POV. --Gary D 00:31, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * A few weeks ago someone cleared the external link section of Islam. It had grown too large (with many duplicate links). That's the problem. If everyone can insert links (as long as they are relevant), the external link section would become useless clutter. The links should be to very specific academic/authrotive sites, and to a directory  (like yahoo section on Islam). This would avoid the problem of people spaming the articles (at least a main articles like Islam) with links.  OneGuy 01:41, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Apologetics Index is considered an academic/authoritative directory. See, for example: Academic Info: [New Religious Movements Gateway - Directory of Online Resources], Wabash Center Guide to Internet Resources for Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion.  Religion News Blog is an integral part of the site that provides a unique service to researchers: the archiving of news articles related to topics covered in Apologetics Index (religions, cults, sects, ethical issues). Feedback shows that RNB is used by - among others - scholars, authors, reporters, legal professionals, government officials and so on. As for the contention that external link sections would grow too large, I have not seen that. (Besides, the Internet is not full yet... :) If, as you state, a particular entry has "many duplicate links," than those should be dealt with.  But to remove links to a site that provides a service not even covered by the other sites listed is counter-productive.  Also, I disagree with the contention that such links should be called "spam."  We are strongly opposed to spamming of any kind and for any reason.  But placing a link to an on-topic research resource is, in my opinion, not spamming.  Finally, though it is no secret that our sites are operated from an evangelical Christian point of view, both Apologetics Index and Religion News Blog are used - and linked to - by a high percentage of non-Christians.  In large part that is due to the fact that Apologetics Index links to research resources from a variety of perspectives (including those we certainly do not agree with), and that Religion News Blog highlights articles from - for the most part - secular news sources.

Anton Hein 09:26, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, fine. But the link to Apologetic Index is already there. Can't people just find the link to the blog from the main site? Why there is a need for two links? By the way, I saw your section on Robert Morey. This is the guy who came up with moon god stuff (quoted everywhere on the net). He claims he got his degree from Theological Seminary Gujranwala, Pakistan. I would like to point you to an article published in  Pakistan Christian Post on Robert Morey and his fake degree  here.

 * You should consider linking to that too from your site :) OneGuy 09:38, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Though they are integrated, Apologetics Index (AI) and Religion News Blog (RNB) are two different sites (running on different servers and with different IP numbers). While AI links to a variety of research resources, RNB's only resource is current and archived news.  Many people use both sites, but a good many folks are interested only in the news items.  Sure, people can find RNB by first going to AI.  However, those who would specifically be interested in current and archived news would not know this can be found via AI unless it is mentioned in the link description.  And that would, in my opinion, make link descriptions to AI unneccesarily lengthy (which would indeed make it sound like an 'ad' rather than a simple link to a resource.  As for Morey, yes I also include info on his Moon-God theory.  The entry does not to be updated... Thanks for the link to the Pakistan Christian Post article! It will be added soon.
 * Anton Hein 13:25, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anton Hein


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Rafael Solis (boxer)

Rafael Solis (born January 2, 1958, in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico) is a former junior lightweight boxer from Puerto Rico. He was raised in the barrio of Camito. Rafael trained at the Caimito Gym, and also frequented the Bairoa Gym.

Solis is the brother of Enrique Solis, Santos Solis and former world bantamweight champion Julian Solís.

Solis had a successful boxing career, fighting in many Latin American countries, such as Venezuela, Dominican Republic and others.

On October 2, 1982, Solis won the Fecarbox (Central American Professional Boxing Federation) super featherweight title, knocking out Aquilino Asprilla in the 6th round. On November 18, 1983, he challenged Héctor Camacho for the WBC's world Jr. Lightweight title. In what was the second time two Puerto Rican fighters fought each other for a world title (the first time was Benitez vs. Santos in 1981), Solis lost to Camacho by knockout in round five at Roberto Clemente Coliseum.

Solis last boxed in 1995 and retired with a record of 30 wins (20 by knockout), 13 losses (11 by knockout), and 2 draws.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rafael Solis (boxer)


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Canadian Hurricane Centre

The Canadian Hurricane Centre (CHC; Centre canadien de prévision des ouragans) is an organisation that monitors and warns of the threat of tropical cyclones such as hurricanes and tropical storms. CHC is a division of the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), which is in turn a branch of Environment and Climate Change Canada. Founded in 1987, CHC provides guidance to MSC's weather centres in eastern and Atlantic Canada, and is based in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. CHC frequently consults with its United States counterpart, the National Hurricane Center in Miami, to coordinate the tracks and positions of storms that pose a threat to Canada.

History
1985's Hurricane Gloria and its less-than-expected damage prompted Environment Canada to create the CHC due to confusion between information received from the US National Hurricane Centre and US media and on-the-ground information and observations. Its first hurricane warnings were issued in 2008 for Hurricane Kyle, which struck near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia on September 28, 2008, and quickly became extratropical while maintaining much of its strength into New Brunswick and Labrador.

Duties
The organization gathers information on tropical and post-tropical cyclones (systems in the process of becoming extratropical cyclones), predicts their evolution and assesses their potential impact on Canada. Their area of responsibility is bound by the Canada-United States border and extends into waters offshore Canada to 200 nmi. Like other hurricane centres, the Canadian Hurricane Centre makes presentations about tropical cyclones to schools, businesses, the media, and other governmental agencies. They also coordinate with the public concerning additional queries about hurricanes in Canada.

Frequency
While hurricanes are relatively uncommon in Canada, they do approach or strike from time to time. Recent occurrences include: Also of note due to its rarity and the damage caused is Hurricane Hazel which hit Toronto, Ontario in 1954, and remained a strong storm even after crossing over the U.S. East Coast.
 * Hurricane Bob, which struck Campobello Island, New Brunswick, in 1991.
 * Hurricane Luis, which struck Newfoundland in September 1995.
 * Hurricane Hortense, which struck Nova Scotia in September 1996.
 * Hurricane Michael, which struck Newfoundland in October 2000.
 * Hurricane Juan, which struck Nova Scotia in September 2003.
 * Hurricane Igor, which struck Newfoundland in September 2010.
 * Hurricane Dorian, which struck Nova Scotia in September 2019.
 * Hurricane Larry, which struck Newfoundland in September 2021.
 * Hurricane Fiona which struck Nova Scotia in September 2022.
 * Hurricane Lee, which struck Nova Scotia in September 2023.

title: Canadian Hurricane Centre


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Cocoanut Grove

Cocoanut Grove (or Coconut Grove) may refer to:

Places

 * Coconut Grove, a neighborhood in Miami
 * Coconut Grove (Metrorail station), serving the above location
 * Coconut Grove, Northern Territory, Australia, a suburb of Darwin, Northern Territory

Nightclubs

 * Cocoanut Grove (Ambassador Hotel), a nightclub at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles)
 * Cocoanut Grove (Santa Cruz), a ballroom at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk
 * Cocoanut Grove, a nightclub in Boston, Massachusetts, site of the 1942 Cocoanut Grove fire
 * Cocoanut Grove, a nightclub on the roof of the Century Theatre (New York City)
 * Cocoanut Grove, a nightclub on the roof of the Park Central Hotel in New York City

Films

 * Cocoanut Grove (film), a 1938 musical film
 * The Coo-Coo Nut Grove, a 1936 animated short

Music

 * "Cocoanut Grove", a song by Harry Owens featured in the 1938 film
 * "Coconut Grove", a 1966 song by The Lovin' Spoonful from the album Hums of the Lovin' Spoonful, which was covered by David Lee Roth in his album Crazy from the Heat

Other uses

 * Battle of the Coconut Grove, a battle between United States Marine Corps and Imperial Japanese Army forces on Bougainville, 13–14 November 1943

title: Cocoanut Grove


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Tourism in Hawaii

Hawaii is a U.S. state that is an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. Of the eight major islands, Hawaii, Oahu, Maui, and Kauai have major tourism industries. Tourism is limited on Molokai and Lānai, and access to Niihau and Kahoʻolawe is prohibited.

The state's favorable climate, tropical landscape, beaches, and culture make it among the U.S.'s most visited states. In 2017 alone, according to state government data, there were over 9.4 million visitors to the Hawaiian Islands with expenditures of over $16 billion. Tourism comprises 21% of the state's economy, with many of Hawaii's largest industries revolving around the constant flow of tourists.

Due to the mild year-round weather, tourist travel is popular throughout the year. The summer months and major holidays are the most popular times for outsiders to visit, however, especially when residents of the rest of the United States are looking to escape from cold winter weather. The Japanese, with their economic and historical ties to Hawaii and the US as well as relative geographical proximity, make up the largest group of inbound international travelers to the islands, reaching 1,568,609 in 2017.

History of travel to Hawaii
Hawaii was first populated between 1000 and 1200 AD by people of Polynesian origin. Subsequent Western contact began as a consequence of European Enlightenment exploration and was continued by Protestant ministers of New England origin in the early 19th century.

16th century
According to Hawaiian tradition, a vessel wrecked at Keʻei near Kealakekua Bay in the 1560s with only two survivors: the captain and his sister. Their penitent posture led to the naming of the place as Kūlou; they later intermarried with the native population and their descendants became prominent chiefs. The timing coincides with the voyage of a small fleet of three vessels commanded by Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón, who departed Mexico on October 31, 1569; during that voyage, two ships disappeared after a storm.

Spaniard Juan Gaetano, who had served as the pilot of a 1522 expedition led by Ruy López de Villalobos, reportedly discovered the Hawaiian Islands during that voyage. The official narrative of the voyage reported that a group of islands were found after approximately 30 days of sailing west from Mexico, which were named the Islas del Rey; these were later speculated to be the Caroline Islands or Marshall Islands, not Hawaii. The coordinates of Gaetano's discovery were not reported outside the Spanish Empire until 1743, when a manuscript chart was captured from the annual treasure galleon by HMS Centurion, commanded by Captain George Anson; although the latitude was approximately correct and the physical features were similar to the Hawaiian Islands, the longitude was 17° east of the actual position of Hawaii. The Spanish Hydrographical Department reported in 1865 that an ancient manuscript chart confirmed Gaetano's discovery from 1555, which he had named Islas de Mesa. continues as to whether the Spanish visited the islands before James Cook.

18th century
In 1748, Anson published a redrawn version of the captured chart in A Voyage Round the World, one of the best-selling books of its day. Anson's chart showed the Pacific to be relatively barren, but the three voyages of James Cook would add significant detail.

The first recorded western visitor to Hawaii was Captain James Cook on his third and final fatal voyage in the Pacific. Cook's ships first sighted Niihau and Kauai on January 19, 1778, and anchored near Waimea the following evening. As described by James Jackson Jarves in 1843, during the first visit "the natives manifested the greatest respect and kindness toward their visitors, and both parties indulged in a lucrative trade, yet [the natives'] propensity for thieving was continually manifested ... Theft or lying were to them no crimes. Success in either was a virtue, and it was not until several severe lessons, in regard to the enormity of the former had been received, that their discretion got the better of temptation." He went on to add "the commander manifested a laudable humanity, in endeavoring to shield the population from the evil effects which so inevitably result from connection between foreign seamen and the native females. But his efforts were vain. If the discipline of his own crew could have been strictly enforced, the eagerness of the women was not to be repressed."

Cook's fleet departed on February 2, returning to Hawaii in November, when they began resupplying their ships and mapping the coastline. They anchored in Kealakekua Bay in January 1779, and stayed for 19 days; although they departed on February 6, they were forced to return for repairs on February 11. A series of misunderstandings would lead Cook to attempt to kidnap the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, resulting in Cook's death.

19th century
Prominent 19th-century travelers to Hawaii included journalist Isabella Bird, along with a number of American and British authors. Tourist visits remained around 2,000 per year from 1872 to 1898. American writers include Mark Twain aboard the Ajax as a travel journalist with the Sacramento Daily Union in 1866, and Herman Melville, who deserted from his whaler in 1843 and later found passage back to the mainland that summer aboard USS United States. Twain's unfinished novel of Hawaii was incorporated into his A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, with King Arthur bearing striking similarities to Kamehameha V, the first reigning monarch Twain was to meet. The "modernizing" potential offered by the Connecticut Yankee from the future is a satire of the potentially negative Protestant Missionary influence on Hawaiian life. Melville's writing of the Pacific includes Typee and Omoo (considered factual travel accounts when published) and his Pacific experiences would develop into the portrayal of Queequeg in Moby-Dick.

British writers include the Scot Robert Louis Stevenson, whose subsequent In the South Seas was published based on his voyages. During his stay in the islands, he wrote a stunning defense of Father Damien's work with the lepers of Kalaupapa against the politicized views of Father Damien's Protestant detractors. Consequently, Hawaii is home to the eponymous Stevenson Middle School. Stevenson later died in Samoa.

Regular commercial passenger, cargo, and mail service to Hawaii via steamship started in 1870 with the North Pacific Transportation Company of Australia. The Oceanic Steamship Company was incorporated by John D. Spreckels, son of sugar baron Claus Spreckels, on December 24, 1881, to establish a steamship line between San Francisco and Hawaii. Oceanic signed a contract in July 1882 with William Cramp & Sons for two "first-class iron steamships" intended for the Honolulu route; these were completed in 1883 as the SS Alameda and SS Mariposa. Spreckels traveled to the East Coast intending to contract for the building of two more steamships, but returned in March 1886 after having purchased SS Zealandia and SS Australia from John Elder & Company.

William Matson had served as captain of Claus Spreckels's yacht (named Lurline) and in turn, Spreckels helped Matson purchase his first ship, the SS Emma Claudina (named for Spreckels's daughter), which made its first voyage to Hawaii in 1882. Matson would go on to found the Matson Navigation Company, whose genesis was in the first SS Lurline, purchased to replace the smaller Emma Claudina; that first Lurline was sold to Matson by Spreckels and undertook a two-month maiden sail from San Francisco to Hawaii in 1887, marking the start of Matson's commercial passenger service to the Hawaiian Islands.

19th-century development in Hawaii played a big part in the increase of tourism that continued into the 21st century. In 1888, a writer for the Los Angeles Herald extolled "culture, refinement, and a hospitality so cordial that one scarcely meets it elsewhere" joined with "the island air that is kept pure and sweet by the gentle trade winds' refreshing currents". Advanced technologies including cars, marketing, hotels, and shopping malls allow vacationers to visit a modernized tropical island, which contributes heavily to steady growth in tourism. Conversely, the Native Hawaiian population continues to decrease, resulting in a loss of authentic Hawaiian culture on the islands, similar to other Oceanian islands.

20th century
In 1907, Jack London and his wife Charmian sailed to Hawaii, learning the "royal sport" of surfing and travelling by horseback to Haleakala and Hana, as chronicled in his book The Cruise of the Snark. 1929 saw 22,000 tourists visit Hawaii, while the number of tourists exceeded 1 million for the first time in 1967.

Marine service
The second SS Lurline, completed in 1908, was the first steamship built for Matson; she was designed to accommodate passengers (51) in addition to cargo. Matson added SS Wilhelmina, which made her maiden voyage from San Francisco to Honolulu in February 1910. Both of these ships were named after the daughters of prominent executives: Lurline Matson, daughter of founder William Matson; and Wilhelmina Tenney, daughter of Edward Davies Tenney, the chairman of Castle & Cooke, the Honolulu agent for Matson.

By 1913, Matson was building more passenger liners for the Honolulu run, SS Manoa and SS Matsonia. Direct service from Hawaii to Los Angeles was established by Manoa in October 1914. Another Matson steamship, SS Maui, sister to Matsonia, was launched in 1916 at San Francisco, the largest passenger ship then constructed on the West Coast. However, Matson's Hawaiian routes were interrupted by World War I, as the government announced plans to requisition five ships in 1917; that was later reduced to three: Wilhelmina, Matsonia, and Maui, which served as troop transports before they were released in 1919. Maui made 13 roundtrips to France, carrying 37,344 troops; Matsonia, 14 roundtrips (38,974); and Wilhelmina, 13 roundtrips (23,014).

Growth in tourist travel followed World War I. Matson opened its eponymous headquarters on Market Street in 1924, and conducted marine operations via berths and warehouses at Piers 30–32 in San Francisco; Castle & Cooke also moved into new offices in Honolulu at approximately the same time, and Matson ships docked at Aloha Pier, surrounding Aloha Tower. Matson acquired the Oceanic Steamship operation in May 1926, extending its reach past Hawaii to Australia and New Zealand, and introduced the SS Malolo, the first of its four "White Fleet" ocean liners for Hawaii service, in 1927; at the time, she was the largest passenger steamship built in the United States. Malolo was one part of a three-pronged effort devised by William P. Roth, the son-in-law of Captain Matson and Matson's general manager, and E.D. Tenney, named president of Matson after Matson's death in 1917, to develop the modern Hawaiian tourist industry; a luxury hotel (completed in 1927 as the Royal Hawaiian, in partnership with the Territorial Hotel Company) and golf course (Waialae Country Club) would also help transform Hawaii into a premier resort destination. However, Malolo had an inauspicious start to her career, colliding with the steamship SS Jacob Christensen in heavy fog during sea trials in May 1927; despite the delay to inaugurating modern ocean liner service, annual tourist traffic to Hawaii jumped from 17,500 (1927) to 22,000 (1929) until the Great Depression started, cutting annual traffic to less than 11,000 tourists in 1932 and 1933.

Matson would go on to build three sister ships to Malolo, all completed in 1932: SS Mariposa, SS Monterey, and a third SS Lurline. After Lurline completed her complicated 30000 mi maiden voyage from New York around the Pacific Ocean in early 1933 Matson established regular Honolulu service with the four ships. Two-week voyages were operated by Malolo ("clockwise" on a Los Angeles—Hawaii—San Francisco route) and Lurline ("counter-clockwise" on a San Francisco—Hawaii—Los Angeles route); the subsidiary Matson-Oceanic lines operated Mariposa and Monterey on longer four-week cruises from San Francisco and Los Angeles to Australia and New Zealand via Hawaii. Matson purchased the assets of the Territorial Hotel Company in 1932, giving cruise passengers disembarking in Honolulu a choice from three hotels: the Moana, the Alexander Young, or the Royal Hawaiian. In 1934, a planned 88-day Pacific cruise aboard Malolo was canceled after heavy demand for passenger service to Hawaii tied up all of Matson's available ships; by 1941, tourist traffic had rebounded past pre-Depression levels, with 31,000 tourists visiting Hawaii that year.

Lurline was steaming from Honolulu to San Francisco during the attack on Pearl Harbor; she proceeded at full speed and returned to San Francisco on December 10. The United States's entry into World War II once again prompted the government to requisition Matson liners as troopships; all four "White Fleet" ships (Lurline, Mariposa, Matsonia [ex-Malolo], and Monterey) served along with the older Maui. Maui accommodated 1,650 passengers after refit; Lurline, 4,037;  Matsonia (ex-Malolo), 2,976;  Mariposa, 4,272;  and Monterey was used to carry war brides and dependents. In addition, Matson converted a number of cargo vessels to troopships and operated others.

After the war, Matsonia (ex-Malolo) was the first to return to commercial service in May 1946, but she was laid up and sold in 1948 following the completion of the US$18000000 1948 rebuild of Lurline. When Lurline arrived in Honolulu on April 21, 1948, after her maiden voyage following the rebuild, she was adorned with the longest lei ever made, 80 ft long using 1 mi of orange crêpe paper.

A rebuild of Mariposa and Monterey was also announced; the rebuild would have given each ship the capacity for 726 passengers (488 first class and 238 cabin class), served by 437 crew. However, the cost of the rebuild was higher than expected, and work was halted; both ships remained in the reserve fleets at Alameda and Suisun. Mariposa was sold in 1953 and Monterey was not repurchased by Matson until 1956; later that year a new SS Mariposa (ex-Pine Tree Mariner) and SS Monterey (ex-Free State Mariner), both converted from cargo ships launched in 1952, entered service for Matson on their traditional California–Hawaii–Australia/New Zealand route. After Monterey (1932) was rebuilt at Newport News, she was renamed Matsonia and alternated with Lurline on the Hawaii run starting from June 1957 until Lurline was sold in 1963. Matsonia (ex-Monterey) was renamed Lurline in December 1963 to carry on the name. The advent of jetliner travel, cutting the five-day voyage from California to Hawaii down to a matter of hours and reducing the cost of travel, decimated cruise passenger traffic; Matson exited the passenger business altogether in 1970 and sold its last White Fleet liner, Lurline (ex-Matsonia, ex-Monterey).

Air service
The United States Navy used two PN-9 seaplanes to attempt the first nonstop flight to Hawaii from mainland America in 1925; the aircraft, designated PN-9 Nos. 1 and 3, departed San Francisco on August 31 for Kahului, Maui. A third seaplane, the Boeing PB-1, was intended to join the other two, but it was scrubbed at the last minute. No. 3 was forced down by engine trouble approximately 300 nmi from San Francisco; it capsized while being towed back to Mare Island Navy Yard for repairs. A tailwind that was predicted to aid the airplanes 600 mi into the 2100 mi flight never materialized, and strong headwinds increased fuel consumption. No. 1 ran out of fuel approximately 275 mi short of Hawaii as it was entering a squall. Commander John Rodgers had intended to land No. 1 at the USS Aroostook (a seaplane tender), one of the picket ships stationed along the flight path, to refuel and then continue the flight to Hawaii. However, the crew was unable to find Aroostook and landed after exhausting their fuel; they fashioned a fabric sail from the plane's lower wing and sailed towards Hawaii, averaging 50 mi each day over the next nine days. The search for PN-9 No. 1 was called off by September 8, and the Navy began to prepare the PB-1 to re-attempt the nonstop flight to Hawaii. During its sail, the seaplane passed as close as 40 mi from Oahu, then steered for Kauai, where they were finally spotted by the patrolling submarine USS R-9 10 mi off Nāwiliwili Bay. The submarine towed the PN-9 to the harbor, where they were greeted by the native population, 218 hours after being forced down.

Succeeding where the Navy had failed, on June 29, 1927, Lieutenants Lester Maitland and Albert Hegenberger of the United States Army Air Corps landed at Wheeler Field following the first successful non-stop flight to Hawaii, piloting the Fokker C-2 Bird of Paradise from Oakland to Honolulu. Rumors of a Hawaiian flight attempt had followed the crew across the country as he piloted the Fokker to the West Coast in mid-June; they denied the rumors, claiming it was a transcontinental test of the trimotor Fokker, as it was laden with the equivalent weight of 30 men. Bird of Paradise was flown to San Francisco on June 25 from San Diego to make final preparations for the Hawaii attempt, and the plane departed shortly after 7 AM on June 28 from Oakland Municipal Airport; a parallel competing attempt by a civilian pilot was scrubbed after the windshield was cracked. Maitland and Hegenberger returned to San Francisco aboard the Matson steamer SS Maui; Bird of Paradise remained in Hawaii to provide inter-island service.

Inspired by Charles Lindbergh's successful transatlantic flight in April 1927, pineapple magnate James Dole announced the Dole Air Race in May 1927, which would award US$25000 1927 to the crew of the first airplane to complete a non-stop flight from Oakland, California to Honolulu, Hawaii, within a 12-month period starting in August 1927. Eight aircraft eventually flew in the Dole Air Race; however, only two aircraft completed the flight and ten people were killed in the attempt.

The first commercial passenger aircraft service to the Hawaiian Islands from San Francisco commenced on October 21, 1936, with a once-weekly flight operated by Pan American Airways aboard the Martin M-130 Clipper; this first revenue service flight was taken by Hawaii Clipper. Pan Am introduced the larger Boeing 314 to the route in 1939; onboard accommodations included a lounge and sleeping berths.

In 1944, the Civil Aeronautics Board held hearings to break up the Pan Am monopoly on overseas flights from America and after World War II, other airlines were granted routes to Hawaii; United Airlines and Northwest Airlines soon began service to Honolulu from major West Coast cities: San Francisco (United, 1947), Los Angeles (United, 1950), Seattle (Northwest, 1949), and Portland (Northwest, 1949).

21st century

Widespread fear of flying after the September 11 attacks greatly reduced tourism in Hawaii. The Washington Post wrote in March 2002 that "at the Polynesian Cultural Center ... the barefoot guides seemed to outnumber visitors". Although 2006 and 2007 saw a big increase in tourism, it soon took a turn for the worse when Hawaii's economy plummeted, but later recovered. Tourism officials said several factors have kept sightseers away: Two major airlines and two cruise ships stopped operating in the Aloha State, reducing options for visitors, high fuel prices last summer deterred travel, then recessions in Japan and the U.S., as well as California's economic meltdown, slowed the flow of tourists.

In 2007, Japanese tourists on average used to spend more money than American tourists; because of this, tourism-related businesses in Hawaii used to value Japanese customers. However this has all changed with the collapse of the value of the yen and the Japanese economy. The average Japanese tourist now stays only 5 days, while the average East Asian tourist from China or Korea stays more than 9.5 days and spends 25% more.

Hawaii has been seeing increased numbers of visitors from South Korea and China.

In 2011, Hawaii saw increasing arrivals and share of foreign tourists from Canada, Australia and China increasing 13%, 24% and 21% respectively from 2010. In 2014 a record 8.3 million visitors arrived to Hawaii (39.4% from the U.S. West, 20.8% from the U.S. East, 18.3% from Japan, 6.3% from Canada, 15.2% others), spending $14.7 billion. The amount increased to 9.4 million visitors spending over $16 billion in 2017.

Economic
As Hawaii changed from a Kingdom to a Territory to a State, so too did the dominant industries change. Being a primarily agricultural land, producing around 80 percent of the world's pineapples in the 1960s, the addition of Pan Am’s flight route to Hawaii rapidly increased the number of visitors going to the islands. The years following statehood led to more than double the number of passengers arriving at Honolulu airport. As this trend continues to increase, Hawaii's economy has become heavily dependent on the tourism industry. Although the economy has seen significant growth with the addition of this industry, some researchers believe this will leave Hawaii susceptible to external economic forces. Some examples of these are an economic recession, airline strikes, or varying fuel prices which could devastate the local economy. The devastating national economic recession of 2008, hit Hawaii's tourism industry hard. In 2008, hotel occupancy dropped to 60 percent, a level not seen since the terrorist attacks in 2001.

As the economy has returned to normal levels, the tourism industry has continued to grow in Hawaii with the majority of tourists visiting Oahu, Maui, Kauai and the big island of Hawaii. Job creation is another benefit of tourism to the islands. In 2017, reports say 204,000 jobs were related to tourism. This led to $16.78 billion in visitor spending with $1.96 billion generated in tax revenue in that year alone. Resorts and the airline business are the primary benefactors of this increase in tourism.

Environmental
The Sustainable Tourism Association of Hawaii (formerly the Hawaii Ecotourism Association) was founded in 1995 as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit to nurture the development of sustainable tourism in Hawaii. It offers a certification program to educate and recognize conservation-minded tour operators in Hawaii, the only such certification program of its kind in America.

The long term environmental implications that Hawaii is facing due to mass tourism has raised concern. To combat this and help raise awareness, international environmental organizations have joined forces with local island communities. There are major benefits to this type of management, usually described as "values-led management". By prioritizing the values and existing sustainable practices by local communities living on heavily visited islands, it preserves their interests and further respects their culture.

Water
Hotels are often placed near beaches, in areas with little rainfall, and guests use 2000 to 10000 L of water per person. Another study concluded that on average, a single guest uses approximately 1300 to 3600 L of water per day, divided approximately half between accommodations (laundry and sewer) and golf courses (irrigation). This is significantly more than the average resident and has led to a number of droughts throughout the islands.

Landscape
The number of hotel rooms from 1985 to 2010 nearly doubled from 65,000 to 132,000 rooms. Tourists visit destinations with developed infrastructure, groomed activities and pristine conditions, which boosts the economy and finances needed to uphold these facilities. The very creation of these institutions degrades the environmental factors tourists are drawn to. Having perfect conditions requires an amount of upkeep fueled by the revenue of the visitors but the visitors also degrade the environment at a faster rate than residents alone.

A direct effect of the increase in infrastructure is the depletion of the natural landscape. As buildings are constructed the amount of natural land becomes smaller and smaller. As hotels are constructed in prime real estate the environmental problems created are not weighed equally with the potential upside of profit. Those are quantitative variables that can be directly measured in terms of dollars and number of jobs. The impact to the environment or the indigenous people is harder to measure. Hawaii only holds 0.2 percent of the United States land but has a 72.1 percent extinction rate, and more than half of the natural communities in the islands are endangered by developments. An example of this is natural ponds being destroyed during construction of large buildings which were previously home to migrating birds. The ponds are no longer there, which throws off the natural flow of the ecosystem. Nearly 60 percent of the plant and animal species in Hawaii are endangered. This includes the loss of habitats for animals and the diverse flora that gives Hawaii its beauty.

Energy
Hawaii has traditionally relied on fossil fuel-fired thermal power plants for its electricity generation, although it has set a statewide goal of achieving 100% of electric generation via renewable sources by 2045; as a result, the average guest uses the equivalent of 6.4 to 13 kg of oil per day, approximately $2/3$ of which is consumed by rental car operation. For electricity alone, the average guest uses 23.9 to 33.6 kW-hr per day.

Refuse
The average guest generates approximately 3.3 kg of waste per day. In order to reduce the generation of plastic waste, Hawaii has begun to ban the use of single-use plastic and polystyrene foam on a county-by-county approach. A ban on polystyrene foam containers took effect in Maui County on December 31, 2018; a similar ban started in Hawaii County (the Big Island) on July 1, 2019. Oahu's ban on single-use plastic and polystyrene went into effect on January 1, 2021. Two bills were considered by the Hawaii State Legislature in early 2019, which would have been the first state-wide bans on food service plastics in America. SB367 would ban the use of polystrene foam food containers statewide; that bill died in committee in March 2019. SB522 would ban single-use plastic beverage bottles, utensils, stirring sticks, polystyrene foam containers, and straws starting in 2021; that bill was modified in committee to create a working group to make recommendations on how to reduce plastic waste instead.

The beaches in Hawaii are becoming increasingly filled with trash, especially plastics. This becomes a problem not only environmentally, but also could have a negative impact on the economy as visitors come for the sandy beaches and pollutants such as trash or plastics decrease the appeal of Hawaii as a vacation destination. Kamilo Beach on the southeastern tip of the island of Hawaii has acquired the nickname "Plastic Beach" for its accumulation of plastic trash, much of it borne via ocean currents and trade winds from the nearby Great Pacific garbage patch. It is estimated that 15 to 20 ST of trash, 96% of which is plastic, washes ashore here annually.

Social effect
Some Native Hawaiians believe strongly in the independence of Hawaii and the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. The creation of this grassroots organization leads to a negative view towards visitors and the disruption of the natural land. This leads to a strong contention between developers and natives who believe the land should not be transformed into a commercial or residential development. Many of these individuals are reliant on the land as a means of living. The loss of the environment affects the socio-psychological well-being of those reliant on land and marine resources. Native Hawaiians and residents alike become limited in job opportunities with a heavily skewed job-base in the tourism industry.

The essay "Lovely Hula Lands" (later republished as "Lovely Hula Hands") by native Hawaiian academic and activist Haunani-Kay Trask is severely critical of the huge influx of tourists to Hawaii, which she terms a "prostitution" of Hawaiian culture. She ends her essay with "let me just leave this thought behind. If you are thinking of visiting my homeland, please don't. We don't want or need any more tourists, and we certainly don't like them." However, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has condemned Trask for her anti-American statements, stating that such vitriol helps fuel racism in Hawaiʻi.

title: Tourism in Hawaii


text:
Sri Lanka Matha

The "Sri Lanka Matha" ("Mother Sri Lanka"; ශ්‍රී ලංකා මාතා; ஸ்ரீ லங்கா தாயே) is the national anthem of Sri Lanka. "Sri Lanka Matha" was composed by Ananda Samarakoon and was originally titled "Namo Namo Matha" ("Salute! Salute! Motherland").

"Sri Lanka Matha" was first performed at an official ceremony on 4 February 1949 at the Independence Memorial Hall in Torrington Square during the national day ceremony. The anthem was given full constitutional recognition in the 1978 Second Republican Constitution.

History
There are differing accounts as to the origin of the "Sri Lanka Matha". The most widely held view is that Sri Lankan composer Ananda Samarakoon wrote the music and lyrics to the song, inspired/influenced by the Indian Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. A minority suggest that Tagore wrote the anthem in full. Some have suggested that Tagore wrote the music whilst Samarakoon wrote the lyrics. Tagore being directly involved in the creation of the song has been denied by some historians like Indian Lipi Ghosh and Sri Lankan Sandagomi Coperahewa. Samarakoon had been a pupil of Tagore at Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan. After returning to Ceylon Samarakoon taught music at Mahinda College, Galle. The song, which was then known as "Namo Namo Mata", was first sung by students at Mahinda College. After it was sung by the choir from Musaeus College, Colombo at a public event it became hugely popular in Ceylon and was widely played on radio.

Prior to Ceylon's independence (1948) the Lanka Gandharva Sabha had organised a competition to find a national anthem. Among the entries were "Namo Namo Matha" by Samarakoon and "Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima" by P. B. Illangasinghe and Lionel Edirisinghe. The latter won the competition but this was controversial as Illangasinghe and Edirisinghe were members of the judging panel. "Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima" was broadcast by Radio Ceylon on the morning of 4 February 1948, independence day, but it was not sung at the official Freedom Day celebrations. Ceylon continued to use the UK's national anthem as its official national anthem after independence. At the first independence day ceremony held on 4 February 1949 at the Independence Memorial Hall in Torrington Square both "Namo Namo Matha" and "Sri Lanka Matha Pala Yasa Mahima" were sung, in Sinhala and Tamil, as "national songs".

More specifically, in 1950 Minister of Finance J. R. Jayewardene requested that the government recognise Samarakoon's "Namo Namo Matha" as the official national anthem. The government appointed a committee headed by Edwin Wijeyeratne, Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development, to pick a new national anthem. The committee heard several songs but, after much deliberation, picked "Namo Namo Matha". The committee made a minor change to Samarakoon's song, with his approval, changing the tenth line from "Nawajeewana Damine Newatha Apa Awadi Karan Matha" to "Nawa Jeewana Demine Nithina Apa Pubudu Karan Matha". The committee's decision was endorsed by the government on 22 November 1951. The anthem was translated into the Tamil language by M. Nallathamby. "Namo Namo Matha" was first sung as Ceylon's official national anthem at the independence day parade in Colombo in 1952.

In the late 1950s controversy arose over its first line, "Namo Namo Matha, Apa Sri Lanka". It was deemed to be "unlucky" and blamed for the country's misfortunes including the deaths of two prime ministers. In February 1961 the government changed the line to their present form, "Sri Lanka Matha, Apa Sri Lanka", despite Samarakoon's strong opposition. Samarakoon committed suicide in April 1962, leaving a note complaining that its lyrics had been mutilated.

The Second Republican Constitution of 1978 gave "Sri Lanka Matha" constitutional recognition.

Multilingual
The Sri Lankan national anthem is available in an identical version in two languages, Sinhala and Tamil, both official languages of the country. It is just one of a number that are sung in more than one language: Belgium (French, Dutch, and German), Canada (English, French and Inuktitut), Finland (Finnish, Swedish), New Zealand (English and Māori), South Africa (Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans and English), Suriname (Dutch and Sranan Tongo) and Switzerland (German, French, Italian and Romansh).

"Sri Lanka Thaaye", the Tamil version of the Sri Lankan national anthem, is an exact translation of "Sri Lanka Matha", the Sinhala version, and has the same music. Although it has existed since independence in 1948 it was generally only sung in the north and east of the country where the Tamil language predominates. The Sinhala version of the Constitution uses Sinhala lyrics while the Tamil version of the constitution uses Tamil lyrics. Per the constitution both Sinhala and Tamil are official and national languages and thus the anthem could be sung in both languages.

The majority of Sri Lankans (around 75%) speak the Sinhala language. More specifically, "Tamil is the native language for the Tamil people, who constitute about 15% of Sri Lankans, and for Muslims who are nearly 10%", according to the BBC. Until early 2016, the Sinhala version was the only one to be used during official government events and it was the only version used during international sports and other events. Although the Sinhala version of the anthem was used at official/state events, the Tamil version was also sung at some events in spite of the unofficial ban which ended in early 2016.

The Sinhala version of Sri Lanka Matha was used in all parts of the country with the exception of the North and the East which have a large Tamil population. Some reports indicate that the Tamil version was used at official events held in the Tamil speaking regions in the North and East of Sri Lanka. The Tamil version was sung at Tamil medium schools throughout the country. The Tamil version was even used during the period when Sinhala was the only official language of the country (1956–87).

Tamil version controversy
On 12 December 2010 The Sunday Times reported that the Cabinet of Sri Lanka headed by President Mahinda Rajapaksa had taken the decision to scrap the Tamil translation of "Sri Lanka Matha" at official and state functions, as "in no other country was the national anthem used in more than one language" - even though the national anthems of Belgium, Switzerland, Canada and those of several other countries have more than one language version. The Cabinet's decision had followed a paper on the national flag and national anthem produced by Public Administration and Home Affairs Minister W. D. J. Senewiratne. The paper had drawn on the Singaporean model where the national anthem is sung in the official lyrics and not any translation of the lyrics. Based on this the paper recommended that the Sri Lankan national anthem only be sung in Sinhala and the Tamil translation be abolished. The paper's authors had failed to realise that the official lyrics of the Singaporean national anthem are in Malay, a minority language (75% of Singaporeans are Chinese).

Government minister Wimal Weerawansa had labelled the Tamil version a "joke" on Derana TV, and had cited India as an analogy. Some journalists, such as D. B. S. Jeyaraj, claimed that it was wrong of Weerawansa to cite India as an analogy because according to them the Indian national anthem was not in Hindi, which is the most widely spoken language of India, but in Bengali, a minority language. Although sources based on an official Government of India website state that the Indian National anthem was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly of India, the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India on 24 January 1950 does not mention that the National Anthem was "adopted", nor does it mention that it was done so in its Hindi version. In actual practice the unaltered Bengali version is the version sung as the National Anthem, with its words in original Bengali Tatsama, a highly Sanskritized form of Bengali that has Sanskrit words common to both Hindi and Bengali.

The Cabinet's December 2010 decision to scrap the Tamil translation of the anthem (which was not subsequently enacted) caused much furore in Sri Lanka. Later, the government denied allegations that the Tamil translation was to be abolished. The Presidential Secretariat has stated that there was no basis to the media report and follow up reports which intimated the same. Nevertheless, an unofficial ban on the Tamil version came into being as fearful public officials in Tamil speaking areas stopped using the Tamil version or blocked attempts to use it. The Sri Lankan Army forcefully stopped any use of the Tamil version and taught school children to sing only the Sinhala version.

In March 2015 newly elected President Maithripala Sirisena announced that he would be issuing a circular which would state that there was no ban on singing the national anthem in Tamil. Sirisena's announcement was attacked by Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists.

During Sri Lanka's 68th national independence day celebrations on 4 February 2016, the Tamil version of the anthem was sung for the first time since 1949 at an official government event, the independence day celebrations. Lifting of the unofficial ban on the Tamil version had been approved by President Maithripala Sirisena (who had said he would unite the nation after the nearly 26-year civil war that ended in 2009) and by others in the government. This step was viewed as part of the plan for "post-civil war ethnic reconciliation".

Naturally, Sri Lanka Matha was also sung in Sinhalese. Some groups, and Sri Lanka's former President Mahinda Rajapaksa, were opposed to the government officially allowing the Tamil version to be sung.

In 2020, the Sri Lankan government stopped using the Tamil version of the national anthem at the main Independence Day celebration. However, regional independence day celebrations including those with government involvement in regions with significant Tamil populations continue to sing in both Tamil and Sinhala.

title: Sri Lanka Matha


text:
Talk:Sri Lanka Matha

== Info deleted by User:Kush sinhala (I stored the deleted info here so that further research can be made by others to probe whether Rabindranath Tagore had any influence or not in the composition of Sri Lanka Matha)==

There are differing accounts as to the origin of the Sri Lanka Matha. According to K. M. de Silva, Howard Wriggins, The Times of India and IBN Live, Ananda Samarakoon was inspired by Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Rupavahini, Sunil Ariyaratne and R. K. Radhakrishnan state that Samarakoon returned to Ceylon from India around 1938 and wrote Namo Namo Mata in October 1940, whilst teaching at Mahinda College, inspired by his learning under Tagore. According to Sumana Saparamadu, Samarakoon had been asked to write a patriotic song by the Chief Inspector of Schools for the Southern Province T. D. Jayasuriya. Nayomini R. Weerasooriya says Tagore helped Samarakoon write and compose the song. However, according to Bengali journalists Haroon Habib and Junaidul Haque, Tagore wrote the music and lyrics for Nama Nama Sri Lanka Mata in 1938 in the Bengali language for his student Samarakoon. According to them, Samarakoon then returned to Ceylon in 1940 and translated Tagore's song into the Sinhala language Apa Sri Lanka, Namo Namo Namo Namo Matha, Sundar Sri Boroni.

title: Talk:Sri Lanka Matha


text:
Talk:Kauai

Ordering of cities/towns
This might seem retentive, but the lists of important towns and interesting places both seem rather random. Perhaps they should be ordered in some useful fashion. For the towns, by population might seem natural, but I would propose that we instead list towns from one end of the island to the other, so they are more or less geographic in order. Given the linear nature of the highway system, a list from Haena to Hana might be useful. (Or Hanalei to Kekaha...) Something similar could be done with the places of interest, too, although not all of them are necessarily on the highway, so they aren't quite as linear. Opinions solicited! Davidlwilliamson (talk) 07:57, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I apparently felt motivated, as I have a new ordering of the towns put together. I'll insert that in a moment. Discussion still welcome, of course, but it seemed like a good idea. Davidlwilliamson (talk) 08:53, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * According to the State Constitution of Hawaii, Hawaii does not have any official ("incorporated") cities or towns of any kind, not even Honolulu. The only form of local government that Hawaii has is the "county" of which the state has about four, Hawaii County, Kauai County, Maui County, and Honolulu County (the entire island of Oahu with whatever islets it has). Maui County has the most islands (incl. also Molokai, Lanai, etc.), Hawaii County has the largest area, and Honolulu County has the greatest population. The State of Hawaii has two seats in the U.S. Congress. One congressional district is completely on Oahu, and the other district covers part of northern Oahu, plus all of the other islands, giving the two districts approximately the same populations, as is a constitutional requirement in the U.S.A.24.156.77.8 (talk) 00:05, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The State of Hawaii has a fifth county, Kalawao County, on Molokai.
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawao_County,_Hawaii
 * DaKine (talk) 16:52, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Zuckerberg
Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg owns land on Kaui. http://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/facebooks-zuckerberg-sues-hundreds-of-hawaiians-to-force-property-sales-to-him/ar-AAm1TvX Olivier Mengué | ⇄ 08:54, 20 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks - added (and updated) the news source to the "history" section. mcld (talk) 20:00, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Okina in the article conforms to MOS
Please refer to Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles. I have reverted the edits that removed the ʻOkina from the article. The ʻOkina conforms to the MOS for Hawaii articles. Questions? - Please discuss at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles, and do not alter individual articles. Thank you. — Maile (talk) 00:11, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopedia in the English language, and so there is no justification about saying "Anglicized" this and "Anglicized" that. The English-language alphabet is exactly what we expect and what we deserve!24.156.77.8 (talk) 23:50, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090323004412/http://old.kcc.hawaii.edu/campus/tour/plants/pmokihana.htm to http://old.kcc.hawaii.edu/campus/tour/plants/pmokihana.htm

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Kokeo Point
I think there is a mistake in the Kokeo Point reference. Besides the fact that I cannot find a place by this name along the south shore the link brings you to Koke'e headland, correctly located on the north shore.Bassrolf (talk) 12:57, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Inappropriate page moves
This page appears to have been moved several times without any discussion occurring on the talk page. One editor cites the USGS designation, which is indeed Kauaʻi, the other cites WP:COMMONNAME and WP:ENGLISH. Well, as a part-time resident of Hawaiʻi, I can tell you that Kauaʻi is the common name in use on the Islands. The island is a county of the State of Hawaii, and that county's official name is County of Kauaʻi. The inclusion of the ʻokina is common usage on the Islands, on street signs and Government buildings. The removal of the ʻokina is incorrect and is part of a pattern of indigenous suppression which it is inappropriate to continue on Wikipedia, especially at this time. The ʻokina is used throughout Wikipedia on articles related to the Hawaiʻian Islands, and it should not be removed from either the body or titles of articles. Skyerise (talk) 16:19, 5 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: I have move-protected the article after restoring the original name Kauai. This will need a formal move request and a clear consensus before it is moved. -- MelanieN (talk) 18:08, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 5 July 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus   ~ Amkgp  💬  15:24, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

– From MOS:HAWAII: Use of the proper diacritics in Hawaiian language words and phrases is important. However, when using the kahakō and ʻokina for a word in article content or title that has both these marks, it is suggested to use both of the characters or neither of them. This is to avoid a misuse of the diacritics that would change the meaning of the word. As with any letter or character, omission of the kahakō or ʻokina in Hawaiian words can change the pronunciation and often alter the meaning of the word in the native Hawaiian language. It may alter a geographical location: for example, Kalaʻe and Ka Lae are different places. Lānaʻi is an island and has some other meanings, while lānai is a covered porch around a house, and lanai means "stiff-backed".
 * Kauai → Kauaʻi
 * Lanai → Lānaʻi
 * Hawaii (island) → Hawaiʻi (island)

In regard to "Spelling in article titles", MOS:HAWAII states: "Whenever possible, the most common name should be used with the regional spelling and orthography preferred for titles and consistently used when referring to the subject in the body of the article." By this standard, the article should be moved to Kauaʻi, as this is the official name of both the island and county and is used both by USGS and the County website. Similar reasoning applies to Lānaʻi (USGS, Lānaʻi Chamber of Commerce) as well as the fact that the name of this island is used as an example above. The article should not bear a title meaning "stiff-backed". Skyerise (talk) 19:32, 5 July 2020 (UTC) Geologic map of the southern flank of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaii.
 * Oppose. MOS:HAWAII goes on to state that "Sometimes, Hawaiian related articles may have titles that are not using the regional spelling and orthography. If consensus holds for spelling in the title that ignores the diacritic marks, create a redirect that does." In the case of the inland names themselves, the most common English language spelling is what should be used for the article titles, and I don't think the most common English language spellings use the diacritics. Rreagan007 (talk) 20:02, 5 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support I think the USGS is a reasonable guide here. Use the okina and macron for the islands and other geographic features, but not for the state of Hawaii itself. For proper names based on 'Hawaii', follow usage -- e.g. yes for UH, no for state depts. And never in "Hawaiian". Consider the USGS usage,
 * There's also the county govt sites, e.g. County of Kauai, County of Hawaii. — kwami (talk) 20:12, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment kwami reminds me that I failed to include all my reasons. Please also be aware of/consider that the inclusion of the ʻokina is common usage on the Islands, on street signs, government buildings, government websites, and official documents. The removal of the ʻokina is incorrect and is part of a pattern of indigenous suppression which it is inappropriate to continue on Wikipedia, especially at this time. Skyerise (talk) 21:55, 5 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Weak Oppose, at least without further sources offered. The USGS is a good source but it isn't everything.  Google news: Kauai shows lots of recent articles, for Kauaʻi shows some articles but mostly from 1-4 weeks ago, indicating substantially fewer sources using this variant.  Checking Google Books, things are more split - there do seem to be more Books using Kauai, but of the recent ones many are travel guides and the like, so it's possible that high-quality sources are more likely to use the okina.  There's clearly been a shift in usage, but I'm not sure the okina form is dominant yet.  As far as Skyerise's last comment, Wikipedia follows trends not sets them - so if the rest of the world changes their usage, as it seems to perhaps be doing, that will change Wikipedia as well.  SnowFire (talk) 06:42, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
 * GoogleNews isn't a good source, because names tend to get simplified online. We usually check RS print sources instead, and go by the quality of the publication, rather than just a raw count. I'm adding the county sites to my argument, since they use the okina despite being online sites where you might expect ASCII. — kwami (talk) 00:20, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Newspapers are reliable sources, though, and also printed sources? I disagree on this "simplified online" argument - nobody has any issues with displaying special characters these days, everyone uses UTF-8.  If quality is the concern, here's the high-quality The New York Times using "Kauai", no okina, in 2019, not a Travel section or bloggy type article, and I've found other articles in the NY Times archive where okinas are used within the article, but not for the island name.  Also, county websites are not that relevant; WP:COMMONNAME / WP:OFFICIALNAME suggests that Wikipedia shouldn't just follow official usage.  (I should add in fairness that one of the print books I have on a Hawaiian topic does use okinas for the island names, so I recognize that usage is split here, hence only a weak oppose.  But there's clearly a strong current of usage without the okina as well.)  SnowFire (talk) 06:17, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 14:20, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose - We should use the English name unless the native name is more common in English. Interstellarity (talk) 14:44, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Moral support. I don't think there are really separate "English" names for the islands.  It's not like Venice/Venezia.  The so-called "English" names are somewhat-inaccurately-transcribed and -pronounced versions of the Hawaiian names.  If we could make them more accurate, that would be better. That said, this is a larger discussion.  If my argument were accepted, we should also move Oahu and Molokai and I don't know how many other articles.  I don't put a lot of stock in cross-article consistency, but the argument I'm making is more generally applicable, so it seems a little dubious to just start applying it on one article. --Trovatore (talk) 19:41, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support all 3, common use on the islands, Hawaii is bilingual and these are the more correct names. The base names will redirect so absolutely no loss to anyone by full orthography. In ictu oculi (talk) 10:26, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. No evidence that the proposed titles are used more commonly than the current titles in reliable sources. Because they aren’t. WP follows usage in reliable sources. We don’t evangelize use of diacritics, nor anything else, on WP. —В²C ☎ 15:28, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

Age of the Island
According to the Kauai Geography and Geology site, it is the oldest Hawaiian island rather than the second oldest as it states on this Wikipedia page. Here is the link to the site I am referring to. https://www.kauai.com/kauai-geography#:~:text=Kauai%20is%20the%20oldest%20island,many%20indigenous%20plants%20and%20wildlife. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:5B0:4BCB:38F8:25A3:FEA2:A7CC:890C (talk) 12:51, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

The site referenced just above is a commercial (i.e. tourist promotional) site, and is not an authoritative source for this encyclopedia. That Ni'ihau is older than Kaua'i is accepted by most geologists and is in keeping with this Wikipedia article about the Hawaiian Hot Spot: []. A better reference for the ages of Hawaiian islands is this one from The Hawaiian Center for Volcanology: []. --DaKine (talk) 16:41, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

Comments on the article
1. The entry on the sugar mill in Koloa has only pertinent information as far as the first sentence. After that, the additional information does not seem related so it should not be there.

2. I cannot find a location for Mana or Waiawa.

3. The image entitled "Na Pali Coast State Park" had a duplicate. I removed one because it was redundant. I also rearranged the images of the entire article to improve the layout.

4. "Popular tourist shave ice shops are Wailua Shave Ice in Kapaʻa, and Uncle's Shave Ice in Lihuʻe and Koloa." This sounds like publicity on Wikipedia. It helps the business but this is an encyclopedia.

ICE77 (talk) 03:49, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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text:
Proximus Group

The Proximus Group is a provider of digital services and communication solutions operating in Belgium and international markets. In Belgium, the company offers its main products and services under the brands Proximus, Scarlet, and Mobile Vikings. The Group also operates in Luxembourg as Proximus Luxembourg SA, with the brandsTango and Telindus Luxembourg, and in the Netherlands as Telindus Netherlands. Internationally, activities are carried out by BICS and Telesign. Proximus Accelerators is the ecosystem of IT partners Be-Mobile, ClearMedia, Codit, Davinsi Labs, Proximus Spearit and Telindus.

Since 31 December 2023, 53,51% of the Proximus Group is owned by the Belgian State. Proximus owns 4,56% of its own shares, and the remaining 41,93% are free tradable on the market.

1879 to 1914: the beginning of telephony in Belgium
The Belgian telegraph services installed a telephone line in parliament in 1879, marking the start of telephony in the country. Subsequently, private entrepreneurs applied to operate telephone networks in various Belgian cities, leading to the establishment of a legislative framework by the government to regulate telephony. By 1896, the entire telephone sector came under government ownership.

By 1913 the most railway stations and post/telegraphoffices had a public telephone booth.

From World War I to 1930: transition to an autonomous public company
During World War I, telecommunications in Belgium came to an abrupt end due to the financial dependence of the state-owned company. The damage and dismantling of networks during the war required massive investments. On 19 July 1930, the RTT was founded, the Belgian national telegraph and telephone company. Increasingly, people started using telephones at home.

1930 to World War II: RTT’s integration into the state's industrial policy
Through the RTT, the government invested huge sums in the Belgian telephone network. A growing portion of the population, from various social classes, now had access to telephony.

At the same time, another phenomenon emerged, which soon became a heavy burden for the company. During the economic crisis of the 1930s, the government used RTT in its industrial and employment policies. By forcing complete automation of the Belgian telephone network, the government tried to reduce the high unemployment rate in the sector. This strongly restricted the autonomy of the RTT.

The 1930 law clearly stated that the company could independently design and implement an investment program. However, by imposing its employment policy, the government directly contradicted the basic principle of the law. This led to a structural problem at the RTT soon after the war.

From World War II to 1986: from high-tech company to crisis
Immediately after World War II, the RTT faced significant damage and partial dismantling of its networks. To quickly revive the sector, the government decided to provide financial assistance. During this period, the demand for telecommunication services increased rapidly. The number of subscribers grew immensely: from about 350,000 in 1946 to 522,000 in 1951, to over a million in 1965. This growth in the customer base led to a high pace of investment, making RTT a leader in technological and social development by the end of the 1960s.

However, this expansion policy also had a downside. From the late 1960s, debts began to accumulate. The economic crisis gripping the world from 1973 onwards did not help. Furthermore, the company was caught up in a corruption scandal: the RTT scandal. The company's financial situation only worsened and, from the mid-seventies, the RTT was forced to cut costs.

Throughout the 1980s, the conviction grew that the telecommunications sector would become one of the key development poles of the late twentieth century. Thus, from 1981 onwards, the RTT launched a major reorganisation to solve certain structural issues of the company.

From 1987 to 2004: the Belgacom law and sector evolution under the influence of Europe
In 1987, another player entered the scene: the European Commission introduced its Green Paper on the development of the common market for telecommunications services and equipment, focusing on market liberalisation. This Green Paper formed the basis of the Belgian Law of 21 March 1991, which created a new type of government-owned company with greater autonomy. The Belgian telecommunications sector was reorganized, and in 1992, the RTT was replaced by Belgacom PLC, an autonomous public-sector company. The company and the state entered into a management contract that ensured the provision of certain public services and granted the company more autonomy than was stipulated in the 1930 Act.

From 1994 onwards, European convergence processes were accelerated. The European Commission stated in a new Green Paper that network operation and telephony should also be open to competition. Belgacom PLC evolved into a company limited by shares under public law. On 1 July 1994, Belgacom launched the Proximus mobile network, entrusted to a subsidiary, Belgacom Mobile. Belgacom remained a 75% shareholder, with the remaining 25% owned by Air Touch (which became Vodafone in 1999).

In 1996, the Belgian government sold 50% minus 1 Belgacom share to the ADSB Telecommunications consortium. This consortium consisted of Ameritech (SBC), Tele Danmark, and Singapore Telecom, along with three Belgian financial institutions: Sofina, Dexia, and KBC.

In 1997, a carrier and wholesale department called Belgacom International Carrier Services (BICS) was born. With the complete liberalisation of the telecom market on 1 January 1998, Belgacom acquired Skynet, the first internet access provider in Belgium and one of the largest web portals in the country. Its internet activities were integrated into the Belgacom brand, which launched ADSL in the Belgian market. In 2000, BICS opened offices in Asia/Oceania, America, and the Middle East. In 2001, it launched its mobile offering.

In 2001, the BeST plan was introduced with the aim of restructuring the company by dividing it into four business units. Belgacom also divested certain activities, such as Belgacom France, Ben, its security activities, and the French activities of Infosources. The consequences of the BeST plan for the staff became apparent in 2002: a lot of employees were offered options to quit, work part-time, or retrain.

In an increasingly open market where competition was becoming more aggressive, Belgacom decided in 2003 to radically change its image. A new logo, new colours, and a desire to be closer to the customer were intended to bring a new momentum. These radical changes in the company's philosophy foreshadowed the operator's initial public offering (IPO). On 22 March 2004, Belgacom was listed on the stock market for the first time. The Belgian government remained the majority shareholder with 50% + 1 of all shares, while the ADSB consortium sold all its shares.

The IPO enabled the Belgian operator to release significant resources to finance its ambitions: offering fixed internet access via broadband or fibre optic (through the Broadway project).

2004 also saw the operator conducting the first tests of digital television in a few hundred households, aiming to tap into new revenue streams in a market where competition with triple-play packages (television, telephony, and internet) like IPTV was intensifying.

From 2005 to 2009: consolidation, convergence, and the first bundled offers
In 2005, Belgacom and Swisscom Fixnet signed an agreement to merge their international carrier activities to consolidate their position in the international market. Belgacom TV was launched in the Belgian market, acquiring broadcasting rights for Belgian football for three seasons. Belgacom introduced Belgium's first digital TV service via ADSL, expanding its services to include fixed telephony, mobile telephony, high-speed internet, and television. This move aimed to diversify revenue streams amidst declining profit margins in its other activities. Additionally, in 2005, Proximus became the first mobile telephony provider in Belgium to offer 3G services to the public.

In 2006, Belgacom acquired Telindus, enhancing its range of ICT services and network integration solutions tailored for businesses and professionals. Belgacom also completed the acquisition of the remaining 25% stake in Proximus from Vodafone and acquired Euremis, a provider of mobile CRM solutions catering to companies in the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) and pharmaceutical sectors. In April 2007, Proximus and Belgacom introduced their initial bundled offerings, referred to as 'packs'. Furthermore, Belgacom focused on advancing its digital television services during this period.

In 2008, Belgacom initiated the acquisitions of Scarlet and Tele2 Luxembourg. Belgacom acquired Scarlet NV,. In June 2008, the provider also acquired Tango from Tele2, an operator active in Luxembourg and Liechtenstein.

From 2010 to 2013: TV Everywhere and the first 4G network
In 2010, Belgacom Group completed the full integration of its subsidiaries Belgacom Mobile SA/Proximus, Telindus NV, Telindus Sourcing SA, the activities of Belgacom Skynet SA, and the Belgian activities of Telindus Group NV into Belgacom SA to form a single legal entity. Partnerships were also signed with Jinni, In3Depth, Blinkx, and OnLive to further develop the Belgacom TV entertainment platform. Additionally, FON, the largest Wi-Fi community worldwide, became a partner.

After several incidents, CEO Didier Bellens was fired in 2011. Ray Stewart and Stefaan De Clerck were appointed temporary CEOs until a new CEO was found.

In 2011, Belgacom introduced Belgacom TV Everywhere, enabling customers to access Belgacom TV across various devices such as TV, PC, tablet, and smartphone through Wi-Fi and 3G connectivity. Additionally, Belgacom established an exclusive partnership with Deezer to enhance its content library with music streaming services. BICS initiated a roaming hub contract with MTN Group, the largest mobile operator in Africa and the Middle East. Concurrently, Telindus launched the Telindus Telecom brand, focusing on providing connectivity and data centre solutions for the business and professional sectors.

In 2012, Proximus inaugurated Belgium's first 4G network, while Tango replicated the same in Luxembourg. Belgacom introduced Internet Everywhere, an integrated solution catering to both home and mobile internet needs. Belgacom Group also acquired The Phone House chain of stores that year.

In 2013, Proximus unveiled new mobile pricing plans tailored to different types of phones: Smart for smartphone users and Easy for customers using classic mobile phones. Belgacom acquired significant spectrum for the 800 MHz frequency band to advance its 4G capabilities. Through Home&Care, the company provided security solutions enabling customers to remotely monitor their homes via smartphones or tablets. Meanwhile, Scarlet introduced TRIO, a triple-play package combining fixed telephony, broadband internet, and TV services.

In the same year, Belgacom, along with other telecommunications operators and Belgian banks, formed Belgian Mobile Wallet NV, a collaborative initiative aimed at creating a Belgian mobile payment solution named Sixdots. The objective was to promote the use of smartphones for payments instead of traditional bank cards and card readers. Despite efforts, the project faced challenges and was halted in 2015.

From 2014 to 2019: Bye-bye Belgium, hello Proximus
On 9 January 2014, Dominique Leroy was appointed as the new CEO and chairwoman of the executive committee of the Proximus Group for a period of 6 years. Leroy focused on enhancing the company's offerings and prioritised growth through her Fit for Growth strategy.

In 2014, it was decided to gradually phase out the Belgacom brand name. Starting from autumn 2014, Proximus became the new commercial name for all fixed, mobile, and IT products, while other brands such as Scarlet remained intact.

During the same year, Belgacom introduced Personal Cloud, enabling customers to securely store their documents with access from various devices including PC, laptop, tablet, smartphone, or Proximus TV. This facilitated easier sharing of content with family and friends and on social media platforms.

TV Replay was launched, allowing customers to rewind up to 36 hours on popular linear TV channels. Through partnerships with companies like Apple and Samsung, customers gained access to a wide range of mobile devices. Additionally, a partnership with Netflix enabled customers to stream Netflix directly through Proximus TV. The company also pioneered innovative 4G technology deployment in Belgium, starting with roll-outs at the Belgian coast and major cities, including Brussels.

In April 2015, shareholders approved changing the company name from Belgacom to Proximus, effective from 22 June.

In 2016, Proximus established a unique Smart Mobility company named Be-Mobile. Commercial offerings were revamped with the introduction of new all-inclusive products: Tuttimus for residential customers and Bizz All-in for small businesses. Proximus invested in Citie, a smart retail platform supporting the local economy and facilitating closer interaction between merchants, shoppers, and local governments. In December 2016, Proximus announced Fibre for Belgium, a three billion euro investment plan aimed at delivering high-speed internet to residents and businesses. Proximus also introduced HD voice calls via 3G and 4G on mobile phones and conducted successful tests for the next generation mobile networks (4.5G and 5G).

Fibre for Belgium was deployed in 2017 for the first time in seven cities. Proximus extended its partnership with Vodafone for Belgium and Luxembourg, and acquired Davinsi Labs, enhancing its presence in the cybersecurity market. Starting from 12 June 2017, Proximus customers were able to surf, call, and text within the European Union without additional charges. The MyProximus app was launched, and Proximus acquired application developer Unbrace. Additionally, BICS completed the acquisition of Telesign, a communication platform and service company in the US. On 29 December 2017, Proximus discontinued its telegram service after over 150 years.

In 2018, Proximus acquired Umbrio to bolster its position in the expanding IT, network, and analytics market. The Dutch company ION-IP was also acquired to invest in the emerging Benelux Managed Security Market. Proximus successfully completed the acquisition of CODit and secured a commercial Fibre-to-the-Business wholesale deal with telecom operator Destiny. 2018 saw the first successful 5G outdoor trial in Belgium with Huawei, and the launch of the NB-IoT network for connecting digital gas and electricity meters for Fluvius.

Meanwhile, major Belgian banks and mobile operators, including Proximus, introduced Itsme. This digital identification app enables Belgian citizens to log in and verify their identities with government agencies, banks, insurers, and other private companies.

From 2019 to the present day: the digital shift
In 2019, Proximus unveiled the #shifttodigital strategy, aimed at expediting transformation efforts to ensure the company's continued relevance in the Belgian market and safeguard its future. The strategy encompassed both operational enhancements and a social component, which sparked strikes and protests among some members of the workforce. Following extensive negotiations, an agreement was reached between management and trade unions, subsequently approved by the board of directors.

The brand promise "Think possible" was also launched in 2019, and the digital TV platform Proximus TV was rebranded as Proximus Pickx. Proximus and Orange Belgium collaborated under the name MWingz.

In September 2019, Proximus announced that Dominique Leroy had decided to leave the company on 1 December due to international career plans. CFO Sandrine Dufour temporarily took over as CEO. Guillaume Boutin was appointed as the new CEO on 1 December 2019. He had been with Proximus since August 2017 as Chief Consumer Market Officer.

Together with DPG Media and Rossel, Proximus launched a digital press offering called My e-Press and entered a partnership with construction firm Besix for smart buildings. The first 5G demonstrations focused on live video streaming, industrial robots, drones, virtual reality, and cloud gaming.

In February 2020, Proximus and the Port of Antwerp signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the project "The Digital Schelde" to prepare the port's digital transformation by developing a private 5G network. In March, CEO Guillaume Boutin presented his new strategy #inspire2022.The long-term plan is based on four strategic pillars: the deployment of fixed and mobile gigabit technologies, the transformation into a digital native company, the development of partnerships and ecosystems, and a strengthened focus on sustainable and digital business operations.

Simultaneously, the company announced its intention to significantly accelerate the rollout of the fibre optic network through joint venture agreements with EQT and Eurofiber. It was deployed in sixteen cities in December 2020: Aalst, Antwerp, Brussels, Charleroi, Ghent, Hasselt, Kortrijk, Knokke-Heist, Leuven, Liège, Mechelen, Namur, Ostend, Sint-Niklaas, Roeselare, and Vilvoorde.

Proximus launched the first 5G network in Belgium and also introduced "Flex" to the market, a new range of packages. An agreement was reached with Eurofiber and DELTA Fiber to expand and accelerate the rollout of the fibre optic network in Belgium. In June 2020, Proximus entered into a strategic partnership with Belfius to establish a neobank - a fully digital internet bank named Banx. Proximus Codit and Unbrace merged and an agreement was reached with Disney+.

In 2021, Proximus provided COVID-19 vaccination centres with connectivity, IT support and advanced IoT solutions to monitor vaccine temperatures. Proximus also acquired Mobile Vikings while Banx, the digital sustainable banking app, entered the Belgian market. The teleconsultation app Doktr was launched, and DigitAll members signed the Digital Inclusion Charter. Antonietta Mastroianni, Chief Digital & IT Officer, and Mark Reid, Chief Financial Officer, joined the executive committee.

BICS entered into new partnerships with Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud and was further expanding existing partnerships with Amazon Web Services.

Telesign, in turn, announces its intention to go public and launches its Messaging API. The anti-fraud capabilities of its Score product have been enhanced, resulting in improved fraud detection accuracy and a significant decrease in the occurrence of false positives.

In 2022, approximately 1.28 million households and businesses have access to fibre connectivity. Proximus has forged partnerships with Odoo to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in their digitalisation efforts, as well as with Microsoft to collaborate on the development of sovereign cloud solutions. Additionally, Proximus has established Proximus Ada, a centre of excellence focused on artificial intelligence and cybersecurity.

Proximus has achieved recognition as the first BEL20 company to receive scientific validation for its environmental objectives through the SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative), aligning with its new 'Net-Zero Standard'.

In October of this year, Proximus becomes a partner of Living Tomorrow's Innovation Campus 2030, where visitors can glimpse into the future of living and working.

The teleconsultation app Doktr and AG, a leader in collective health insurance in Belgium, collaborate to promote the accessibility of digital consultations.

In March 2023, Proximus and Google Cloud announce that they will offer sovereign cloud services in Belgium and Luxembourg. This five-year partnership aims to provide a disconnected cloud solution to governments, regulated enterprises, and international organisations in Europe.

Starting from July 2023, the name of Proximus Enterprise changes to Proximus NXT. Proximus NXT remains focused on the business market, delivering services through fibre and 5G networks with an ecosystem of partners.

Also in July, Proximus increases the speed of its fibre products and launches 10 Gbps technology nationwide. The Multigig technology is now available in all areas with fibre coverage. Existing fibre customers automatically receive higher speeds.

Proximus extends its agreement with UEFA regarding the broadcasting of Champions League matches via Pickx Sport or All Stars & Sports until 2027.

In mid-December, the Flemish Government takes the initiative to facilitate investments in technological and innovative solutions for societal challenges by establishing the private limited company 'Flanders Technology and Innovation'. Proximus, along with Brussels Airport Company, KBC, COI, Cronos, Cegeka, and Telenet, supports this project. The non-profit association 'Flanders Technology International' owns the name and brand.

Proximus
Proximus is the primary brand of the Proximus Group. The current Proximus brand consolidates older brands such as Proximus Mobile (formerly Belgacom Mobile) and Proximus TV (formerly Belgacom TV).

Proximus NXT
Proximus NXT aims to focus on fibre and 5G networks within the business world in the Benelux region. This is achieved through an ecosystem of partners and solutions in the realms of sovereign cloud and cybersecurity.

Scarlet
Scarlet was founded in 1992 in the Netherlands. It has established itself as a no-nonsense brand for customers seeking competitive prices or looking for ways to consume more consciously.

Mobile Vikings
Mobile Vikings has a strong customer base of digital natives. In June 2021, Proximus receives approval from the Belgian competition authority for the acquisition of Mobile Vikings, which includes the Jim Mobile brand.

Proximus Media House (PmH)
Proximus Media House is the Proximus Group's partner for editing and broadcasting (live) productions and media activities on every platform. PmH fully manages the digital channels Pickx, Pickx+, Pickx+ Sports, and Pickx Live.

Connectimmo
Connectimmo is the real estate arm of the Proximus Group. It manages the commercial, financial, legal, and technical aspects of the Proximus Group's real estate portfolio (comprising more than 1000 buildings/sites).

Doktr
Doktr enables hybrid healthcare through video consultation. The company is supported by Proximus, Solidaris/Socialist Mutualities, and Mutualité Chrétienne/Christian Mutualities. It provides the opportunity to consult a doctor via smartphone, either your own GP (if available on the platform) or another accredited physician.

Proximus Ada
Proximus Ada is a Belgian centre of excellence that combines artificial intelligence and cybersecurity.

Ads & Data
Ads & Data is a collaboration between Proximus/Skynet, Pebble Media, Telenet/SBS, and Mediahuis. They aim to bring advertisers closer to their customers and their customers' needs.

Tango
Tango is the brand under which the Proximus Group markets its products and services in Luxembourg. The company specialises in fixed and mobile telephony, internet, and television services for individuals and small businesses with fewer than 10 employees.

Telindus
Telindus was acquired by Belgacom in 2006. In 2010, Belgacom ceased Telindus' activities as a separate legal entity and incorporated them into Belgacom SA. The Telindus brand name is still used in Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

BICS (Belgacom International Carrier Services)

BICS (Belgacom International Carrier Services) was founded in 2005 as a joint venture between Belgacom,Swisscom Fixnet and MTN Group. BICS is a company with global telecom operations, one of the leading voice carriers worldwide, and a provider of mobile data services on a global scale. BICS aims to enable connectivity between people, applications, and things, wherever they may be.

Telesign
Telesign is a company specialised in digital identity services and authentication. It offers solutions for security, fraud detection, compliance, reputation scoring, and secure communication.

Group structure
As of 2023, the Proximus Group consists of nine separate units: the CEO's department, Consumer Market, Enterprise Market, Corporate Affairs, Network & Wholesale, Customer Operations, Human Capital, Digital & IT, and Finance.

Financial data
Financial data in millions of euros:

GCHQ hack
In 2012/2013, Belgacom is hacked by the British intelligence agency GCHQ. Information, leaked by whistleblower Edward Snowden in 2013, reveals that the British intelligence agency is behind the cyberattack Operation Socialist which infiltrated the computer network of Belgacom using Regin malware. The hack makes the company realise the importance of maintaining a constant focus on cybersecurity. In 2020, Proximus invests 7.5 million euros in its Corporate Cyber Security Program, and in 2022, Proximus Ada is established, a new subsidiary dedicated to AI and cybersecurity.

title: Proximus Group


text:
MetaPost

MetaPost refers to both a programming language and the interpreter of the MetaPost programming language. Both are derived from Donald Knuth's Metafont language and interpreter. MetaPost produces vector graphic diagrams from a geometric/algebraic description. The language shares Metafont's declarative syntax for manipulating lines, curves, points and geometric transformations. However,

 * Metafont is set up to produce fonts, in the form of image files (in .gf format) with associated font metric files (in .tfm format), whereas MetaPost produces EPS, SVG, or PNG files
 * The output of Metafont consists of the fonts at a fixed resolution in a raster-based format, whereas MetaPost's output is vector-based graphics (lines, Bézier curves)
 * Metafont output is monochrome, whereas MetaPost uses RGB or CMYK colors.
 * The MetaPost language can include text labels on the diagrams, either strings from a specified font, or anything else that can be typeset with TeX.
 * Starting with version 1.8, Metapost allows floating-point arithmetic with 64 bits (default: 32 bit fixed-point arithmetic)

Many of the limitations of MetaPost derive from features of Metafont. For instance, MetaPost does not support all features of PostScript. Most notably, paths can have only one segment (so that regions are simply connected), and regions can be filled only with uniform colours. PostScript level 1 supports tiled patterns and PostScript 3 supports Gouraud shading.

Availability and usage
MetaPost is distributed with many distributions of the TeX and Metafont framework, for example, it is included in the MiKTeX and the TeX Live distributions.

The encapsulated postscript produced by Metapost can be included in LaTeX, ConTeXt, and TeX documents via standard graphics inclusion commands. The encapsulated postscript output can also be used with the PDFTeX engine, thus directly giving PDF. This ability is implemented in ConTeXt and in the LaTeX graphics package, and can be used from plain TeX via the supp-pdf.tex macro file.

ConTeXt and LuaTeX supports the inclusion of MetaPost code within the input file. Inclusion of MetaPost code in LaTeX is also possible by using LaTeX-packages, for example  or.

Examples
This is a single file example.mp which when processed by the MetaPost interpreter (via the command  on Linux) produces three eps files example.1, example.2 , example.3. These are pictured on the right.

The resulting three eps files can be used in TeX via LaTeX's  command, ConTeXt's , Plain TeX's   command, or (in Plain pdftex) the   command from supp-pdf.tex. To view or print the third diagram, this inclusion is necessary, as the TeX fonts (Computer Modern) are not included in the eps files produced by MetaPost by default.

title: MetaPost