text:
Talk:National Anthem of the Republic of China

Old talk
Added some of the current politics of the TPP.

Also changed a lot of the wording. The interpretation at this point is not merely the interpretation of the KMT but rather also the official ROC government interpretation which at this point is not controlled by the KMT.

The term world peace has a special signficance. --Roadrunner

 * Good edits. --Menchi 22:46 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Three Principles of the People?
Where do you get that the ROC Anthem is called "Three Principles of the People"? It it called the ROC National Anthem in all official government Publications! --User

Still wondering where you got that anthem's name is "san min chu i". --User

Guess no one cares.

Anthem
Yeah it's not called "San Min Chu I" in Chinese. And I've never heard the title called "Three Principles of the People" in English, it's always "ROC National Anthem."

Sign your comments if you want anyone to reply. It's called Sanmin Zhuyi because it's its opening line. Lots of songs are named that way. eg. Das Horst Wessel Lied is also Die Fahne Hoch from its opening line.

Anyway, would an editor please find a mp3 file of the song? -Hmib 05:36, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This oversight has been corrected. -- Миборовский U 07:53, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Can somebody delete the traditional chinese fonts and use simplified chinese fonts please?
 * Any particular reason? -- 我♥中國 02:52, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Seeing this is an article on the Republic of China (Taiwan), a nation that uses traditional Chinese as its official written language. I don't think it's a good idea. Wen 21:41, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

NATIONAL anthem?

 * To the anon editor who deleted his above comments: Regardless of whether you consider the ROC a nation, there's only one way to correctly translate into English "中華民國國歌". -- 我♥中國 02:52, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ROC National Anthem inst.ogg
Image:ROC National Anthem inst.ogg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 03:55, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Banned in China??
I don't recall seeing any law that ban this song in China. Moreover, even if someone sings it in China, I doubt people would actually know this song since it was abolished by China since 1949.

The song in Hong Kong and Macau
I reverted the edit concerning the status of the song in Hong Kong and Macau. User:210.17.198.70 made an edit saying that this song is not encouraged in Hong Kong and Macau, however, it does not say it is not encouraged by whom. Moreover, I don't see any verifiable evidence that the song is not encouraged by the government, people in general, or any particular organisation in Hong Kong. What I am sure and factual is that it is rare to hear this song in Hong Kong and Macau. So to say that this song is disencouraged there is just a POV sentence. Thus I reverted the edit. Salt (talk) 04:58, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Xiao'erjing transliteration
I doubt if it is necessary to provide a Xiao'erjing transliteration in English Wikipedia. Xiao'erjing is mainly used by Dungan people and was not an official transliteration system accepted by the government of Republic of China. There're many Chinese romanizations and in my opinion in this article we should use Zhuyin Fuhao, Wade-Giles and Hanyu Pinyin (after 2008 in Taiwan) as they were used by the ROC government. -- Ericmetro (talk) 10:33, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

Move request

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Speedy Close. WP:POINT. Jiang (talk) 20:19, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

– The so-called consensus was to equate the ROC and Taiwan, and standardise all titles, etc., with Taiwan. The existing of these few articles makes it way too inconsistent, confusing, difficult to follow and counterproductive to navigation. Let's get the standardisation done no matter what. The so-called community consensus ruled that  history, accuracy, politics, etc., are all irrelevant. For the sake of consistency all these articles should be considered together. Therefore, line-item veto shouldn't be considered. 202.64.189.90 (talk) 19:26, 24 December 2012 (UTC)
 * National Anthem of the Republic of China → National Anthem of Taiwan
 * Vice President of the Republic of China → Vice President of Taiwan
 * Chunghwa Post → Taiwan Post
 * Central Bank of China → Central Bank of Taiwan
 * Constitution of the Republic of China → Constitution of Taiwan
 * China Airlines → Taiwan Airlines
 * Premier of the Republic of China → Premier of Taiwan
 * Republic of China Navy → Taiwanese Navy
 * List of political parties in the Republic of China → List of political parties in Taiwan
 * The China Post → The Taiwan Post
 * Supreme Court of the Republic of China → Supreme Court of Taiwan
 * Flag of the Republic of China → Flag of Taiwan
 * Law of the Republic of China → Taiwanese law
 * List of premiers of the Republic of China → List of premiers of Taiwan
 * Free area of the Republic of China → Free area of Taiwan
 * Republic of China Armed Forces → Taiwanese Armed Forces

 * List of diplomatic missions in the  Republic of China →  List of diplomatic missions in Taiwan. 202.64.189.90 (talk) 19:38, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

 * SPEEDY CLOSE: Ridiculous for this IP to dictate how these articles must be lumped together, especially China Airlines and The China Post. Can someone tell me what is "unfree area of Taiwan"? The only moves I can sympathize with are List of political parties in the Republic of China and List of diplomatic missions in the Republic of China. HkCaGu (talk) 19:54, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose move to made up names, you cant just change some of these that are clearly using the correct common name for the related organisations. If the original proposer is that concerned about individual names then they should unbundled and raised on the appropriate talk pages not considered with unrelated subjects. MilborneOne (talk) 19:58, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move request: Concerns
Regarding the concerns raised above, some of these articles, such as Vice President, Premier, list of premiers, list of diplomatic missions, law, armed forces, supreme court, central bank, list of political parties, national day, constitution, etc., are more descriptive rather than official titles. And regarding Jiang's closing remarks, I don't agree this is WP:POINT. I've explained why the move request has to be bundled. If you think any particular article isn't relevant, single that particular article out. Or else it's strawman argument. 202.64.189.90 (talk) 01:05, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Nominating multiple pages to be moved at the same time is done either (1) to enact a systemic change of formatting across almost identically named articles e.g. Talk:Washington_Initiative_1029 or (2) because it is necessary to move an existing article out of the target location e.g. Talk:Pompadour_(hairstyle) as part of a series of interrelated moves. Finding multiple articles relating to Taiwan with "China" in the title and proposing that the word "China" be replaced with "Taiwan" in all instances is not an appropriate use of the RM process. Frankly, I think you may have a point with a couple of these proposed changes, but the majority have no chance of being approved, so nominating them here is just plainly disruptive and detracting from those that deserve discussion.--Jiang (talk) 03:51, 26 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Whether or not it is ok to suggest a group of moves together, I don't think the group above should all be located together. I see at least two and possibly three groups (that is, if we want to discuss more than one move at a time).  The Central Bank of China, China Airlines, and the China Post are, as I understand, simply the names of organizations.  The are not descriptive - they're just names.  I think they are poorly chosen names, but they are nonetheless the names.  I don't see what argument can be made for moving their articles.  In the second group would be descriptions of people and institutions within the Republic of China government.  And I think there may be a third group where the descriptions are also proper titles.  (if, for example, the official title for the premier of Taiwan is "Premier of the Republic of China"). In my opinion all the names are best left the way they are.  The proper names should obviously stay put.  The other names, describing institutions more closely associated with the Republic of China government than with the country Taiwan, should keep the government's name.  However I know there are others who prefer to use Taiwan as the common name.  Whatever the final outcome, I hope more thought can be put into the move request both to filter out items that clearly shouldn't move and to group articles more carefully. Readin (talk) 07:18, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

 * WP:UCN and WP:ON shall apply. 202.64.189.90 (talk) 20:47, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Could you advise what I can do to nominate the relevant ones en bulk? 202.64.189.90 (talk) 20:47, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

 * None of these should be nominated together. As noted above, List of political parties in the Republic of China and List of diplomatic missions in the Republic of China probably have a good chance of passing. I suggest that you nominate these separately. I don't suggest you nominate any of the others.--Jiang (talk) 06:52, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Why do I have to do it separately? Why can't I group the similar ones? They may not be one big groups.. there can be three groups or so. 202.64.189.90 (talk) 08:24, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:National Anthem of Bolivia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:59, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

Republic of China or Republic of China (Taiwan)
I dont think there is any debate on the subject but apparently there is. In the inbox for the page National Anthem of the Republic of China should the flag/description be or ? The President of the Republic of China (aka the President of Taiwan) said this in an interview with the BBC yesterday "we call ourselves the Republic of China (Taiwan)” you cant question that. Also I would appreciate either a retraction of your assertion that my single revert of your edit broke WP:3RR or evidence that I did as you contend. Tagging . Horse Eye Jack (talk) 22:54, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

 * there is no Republic of China (Taiwan) in the official law of the Taiwan, the easiest way to confirm this is just to look at a taiwanese passport, on the seal it is written "Republic of China", there is no "(Taiwan)" in the seal since passport are official document and have to obey official Taiwan laws. while the president may have use this term in speech and their office, the constitution clearly state that it is the constitutional law that has the sole power to determine the national status and official titles and the president should have no power to change it. this is intentionally written into law because the 2 major political parties fear a rogue president may just announce 'Taiwan is part of PRC' or Taiwan is the 'Republic of Taiwan'. both scenario scares the hell out of the political parties, I really suggest people understand a country's laws before jumping to conclusion. Yes the politician thought about the possibility of the president messing with the name and has outlaw it. 2406:3003:2006:C2A4:EC3B:9DFC:BBF:BA07 (talk) 00:07, 20 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
Brecon

Brecon (Aberhonddu; ), archaically known as Brecknock, is a market town in Powys, mid Wales. In 1841, it had a population of 5,701. The population in 2001 was 7,901, increasing to 8,250 at the 2011 census. Historically it was the county town of Brecknockshire (Breconshire); although its role as such was eclipsed with the formation of the County of Powys, it remains an important local centre. Brecon is the third-largest town in Powys, after Newtown and Ystradgynlais. It lies north of the Brecon Beacons mountain range, but is just within the Brecon Beacons National Park.

Early history
The Welsh name, Aberhonddu, means "mouth of the Honddu". It is derived from the River Honddu, which meets the River Usk near the town centre, a short distance away from the River Tarell which enters the Usk a few hundred metres upstream. After the Dark Ages the original Welsh name of the kingdom in whose territory Brecon stands was (in modern orthography) "Brycheiniog", which was later anglicised to Brecknock or Brecon, and probably derives from Brychan, the eponymous founder of the kingdom.

Before the building of the bridge over the Usk, Brecon was one of the few places where the river could be forded. In Roman Britain Y Gaer (Cicucium) was established as a Roman cavalry base for the conquest of Roman Wales and Brecon was first established as a military base.

Norman control
The confluence of the River Honddu and the River Usk made for a valuable defensive position for the Norman castle which overlooks the town, built by Bernard de Neufmarche in the late 11th century. Gerald of Wales came and made some speeches in 1188 to recruit men to go to the Crusades.

Town walls
Brecon's town walls were constructed by Humphrey de Bohun after 1240. The walls were built of cobble, with four gatehouses and was protected by ten semi-circular bastions. In 1400 the Welsh prince Owain Glyndŵr rose in rebellion against English rule, and in response in 1404, 100 marks was spent by the royal government improving the fortifications to protect Brecon in the event of a Welsh attack. Brecon's walls were largely destroyed during the English Civil War. Today only fragments survive, including some earthworks and parts of one of the gatehouses; these are protected as scheduled monuments.

In Shakespeare's play King Richard III, the Duke of Buckingham is suspected of supporting the Welsh pretender Richmond (the future Henry VII), and declares: "O, let me think on Hastings and be gone To Brecknock, while my fearful head is on!"

Priory and cathedral
A priory was dissolved in 1538, and Brecon's Dominican Friary of St Nicholas was suppressed in August of the same year. About 250 m north of the castle stands Brecon Cathedral, a fairly modest building compared to many cathedrals. The role of cathedral is a fairly recent one, and was bestowed upon the church in 1923 with the formation of the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon from what was previously the archdeaconry of Brecon — a part of the Diocese of St Davids.

St Mary's Church
Saint Mary's Church began as a chapel of ease to the priory but most of the building is dated to later medieval times. The West Tower, some 90 ft high, was built in 1510 by Edward, Duke of Buckingham at a cost of £2,000. The tower has eight bells which have been rung since 1750, the heaviest of which weighs 16 Lcwt. They were cast by Rudhall of Gloucester. In March 2007 the bells were removed from the church tower for refurbishment. When the priory was elevated to the status of a cathedral, St Mary's became the parish church. It is a Grade II* listed building.

St David's Church, Llanfaes
The Church of St David, referred to locally as Llanfaes Church, was probably founded in the early sixteenth century. The first parish priest, Maurice Thomas, was installed there by John Blaxton, Archdeacon of Brecon in 1555. The name is derived from the Welsh – Llandewi yn y Maes – which translates as 'St David's in the field'.

Plough Lane Chapel, Lion Street
Plough Lane Chapel, also known as Plough United Reformed Church, is a Grade II* listed building. The present building dates back to 1841 and was re-modelled by Owen Morris Roberts.

St Michael's Church
After the Reformation, some Breconshire families such as the Havards, the Gunters and the Powells persisted with Catholicism despite its suppression. In the 18th Century a Catholic Mass house in Watergate was active, and Rev John Williams was the local Catholic priest from 1788 to 1815. The present parish priest is Rev Father Jimmy Sebastian Pulickakunnel MCBS since 2012. The Watergate house was sold in 1805, becoming the current Watergate Baptist Chapel, and property purchased as the priest's residence and a chapel between Wheat Street and the current St Michael Street, including the "Three Cocks Inn"; about this time Catholic parish records began again. The normal round of bishop's visitations and confirmations resumed in the 1830s. In 1832 most civil liberties were restored to Catholics and they became able to practise their faith more openly. A simple Gothic church, dedicated to St Michael and designed by Charles Hansom, was built in 1851 at a cost of £1,000.

Military town
The east end of town has two military establishments: Approximately 9 mi to the west of Brecon is Sennybridge Training Area, an important training facility for the British Army.
 * Dering Lines, home to the Infantry Battle School (formerly Infantry Training Centre Wales)
 * The Barracks, Brecon, home to 160th (Wales) Brigade.

Geography
The town sits within the Usk valley at the point where the Honddu and Tarell rivers join it from north and south respectively. Two low hills overlook the town, the 331m high Pen-y-crug to its northwest and 231m high Slwch Tump to the east. Both are crowned by Iron Age hillforts. The modern administrative community includes the town of Brecon on the north bank of the Usk together with the smaller settlement of Llanfaes on its southern bank. Llanfaes is built largely on the floodplain of the Usk and the Tarell; embankments and walls protect parts of both Brecon and Llanfaes from this risk.

Governance
Brecon Town Council, based at Brecon Guildhall, represents the town at the local level, with up to fifteen councillors elected from four wards: St David's, St Mary's, St John's East and St John's West. The town elects a mayor annually. In May 2018 it elected its first mixed race mayor, local hotelier Emmanuel (Manny) Trailor, who is a town councillor for St John's West.

Until 2022 there were three county council electoral wards in the town (St David Within, St John and St Mary) which each elected a county councillor to Powys County Council. All three are represented by Labour Party councillors, the St Mary ward being gained from the Conservatives in a November 2019 by-election.

In 2018 a review of electoral arrangements proposed that all three Brecon county wards be merged into a single, three councillor ward.

Controversy
In 2010 the Town Council installed a plaque to the slave-trader Captain Thomas Phillips captain of the Hannibal slave ship. During the worldwide Black Lives Matter protests the plaque was removed and thrown into the River Usk. Following the protests the Council passed two resolutions on 20 September 2020 to display the plaque in the local museum, Y Gaer, and to request that it is displayed as part of a suitable exhibit detailing the wider context, without being restored. It was also resolved unanimously that a working group is established to consider whether a new plaque, new work of art, or loaned artwork should be commissioned, and where any new piece should be located.

Education
Brecon has primary schools, with a secondary school and further education college (Brecon Beacons College) on the northern edge of the town. The secondary school, known as Brecon High School, was formed from separate boys' and girls' grammar schools ('county schools') and Brecon Secondary Modern School, after comprehensive education was introduced into Breconshire in the early 1970s. The town is home to an independent school, Christ College, which was founded in 1541.

Transport
The junction of the east–west A40 (London-Monmouth-Carmarthen-Fishguard) and the north–south A470 (Cardiff-Merthyr Tydfil-Llandudno) is on the east side of Brecon town centre. The nearest airport is Cardiff Airport.

The town's primary public transport hub is the Brecon Interchange at the B4601 Heol Gouesnou, served mainly by the long-distance T4, T6 and T14 routes operated by TrawsCymru. Local services 40A and 40B, operated by Stagecoach South Wales, connect the town centre with the suburbs, operating at a roughly-hourly frequency.

Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal
The Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal runs for 35 mi between Brecon and Pontnewydd, Cwmbran. It then continues to Newport, the towpath being the line of communication and the canal being disjointed by obstructions and road crossings. The canal was built between 1797 and 1812 to link Brecon with Newport and the Severn Estuary. The canalside in Brecon was redeveloped in the 1990s and is now the site of two mooring basins and Theatr Brycheiniog.

Usk bridge
The bridge carries the B4601 across the River Usk. A plaque on a house wall adjacent to the eastern end of the bridge records that the present bridge was built in 1563 to replace a medieval bridge destroyed by floods in 1535. It was repaired in 1772 and widened in 1794 by Thomas Edwards, the son of William Edwards of Eglwysilan. It had stone parapets until the 1970s when the present deck was superimposed on the old structure. The bridge was painted by J. M. W. Turner c.1769.

Former railways
The Neath and Brecon Railway reached Brecon in 1867, terminating at Free Street. By this point, Brecon already had two other railway stations:
 * Watton – from 1 May 1863 when the Brecon and Merthyr Railway to Merthyr Tydfil was opened for traffic
 * Mount Street – in September 1864, with Llanidloes by the Mid Wales Railway which linked to the Midland Railway at Talyllyn Junction. The three companies consolidated their stations at a newly rebuilt Free Street Joint Station from 1871 and the station finally closed in 1872

Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway
The Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway was opened gradually from Hereford towards Brecon. The first section opened in 1862, with passenger services on the complete line starting on 21 September 1864. The Midland Railway Company (MR) took over the HH&BR from 1 October 1869, leasing the line by an Act of 30 July 1874 and absorbing the HH&BR in 1876. The MR was absorbed into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) on 1 January 1923. Passenger services to Merthyr ended in 1958, Neath in October 1962 and Newport in December 1962. In 1962 the important line to Hereford closed. Therefore, Brecon lost all its train services before the 1963 Reshaping of British Railways report (often referred to as the Beeching Axe) was implemented.

Culture
Brecon hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1889.

August sees the annual Brecon Jazz Festival. Concerts are held in both open air and indoor venues, including the town's market hall and the 400-seat Theatr Brycheiniog, which opened in 1997.

October sees the annual 4-day weekend Brecon Baroque Music Festival, organised by leading violinist Rachel Podger.

Idris Davies put "the pink bells of Brecon" in his poem published as XV in Gwalia Deserta (by T. S. Eliot). This was copied in "Quite Early One Morning" by Dylan Thomas, put to music by Pete Seeger as the song "The Bells of Rhymney", then recorded by the Byrds where it became known to millions although by then the Brecon line had gone missing.

Points of interest

 * Brecon Castle
 * Brecon Beacons and National Park Visitor Centre (also known as the Mountain Centre)
 * Brecon Beacons Food Festival
 * Brecon Cathedral, the seat of the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon
 * Brecon Jazz Festival
 * Christ College, Brecon
 * Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh
 * Theatr Brycheiniog (Brecon Theatre)
 * Y Gaer

Notable people

 * See Category:People from Brecon

 * Sibyl de Neufmarché (ca.1100 – after 1143), Countess of Hereford, suo jure Lady of Brecknock
 * Gerald of Wales (ca.1146 – ca.1223), a Cambro-Norman priest and historian.
 * William de Braose (ca.1197 – 1230), a Marcher lord.
 * Dafydd Gam (ca.1380 – 1415), archer, died fighting for Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt
 * Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham KG (1478–1521) an English nobleman.
 * Hugh Price (ca.1495 – 1574), founder of Jesus College, Oxford
 * Admiral Sir William Wynter (ca.1521 – 1589), principal officer of the Council of the Marine
 * Henry Vaughan (1621–1695), physician and author, a major Metaphysical poets.
 * John Jeffreys (ca.1623 - 1689), landowner and politician, first master of the Royal Hospital Kilmainham
 * Captain Thomas Phillips (late 17th century), commander of the Hannibal slave ship
 * Thomas Coke (1747–1814), Mayor of Brecon in 1772 and the first Methodist bishop.
 * Sarah Siddons (1755–1831), tragedienne actress.
 * David Price (1762–1835), orientalist and officer in the East India Company.
 * Charles Kemble (1775–1854), actor, younger brother of Sarah Siddons.
 * John Evan Thomas FSA (1810–1873), a Welsh sculptor
 * Mordecai Jones (1813-1880), businessman, pioneered the South Wales coalfield, Mayor of Brecon in 1854.
 * Frances Hoggan (1843–1927), first British woman to receive a doctorate in medicine
 * Ernest Howard Griffiths (1851–1932), physicist and academic
 * Llewela Davies (1871–1952), pianist and composer
 * Dame Olive Wheeler (1886–1963), educationist, psychologist and university lecturer
 * Captain Richard Mayberry (1895–1917), World War I flying ace
 * Lt Col S. F. Newcombe (1878–1956), Army Officer and associate of T. E. Lawrence.
 * Tudor Watkins, Baron Watkins (1903–1983), politician and MP
 * John Fullard (1907–1973), tenor singer with the Covent Garden Opera
 * George Melly (1926–2007), trad jazz singer, art critic and writer, retreat at Brecon between 1971 and 1999
 * Gareth Gwenlan OBE (1937–2016), TV producer, director and executive
 * Roger Glover (born 1945), bassist and songwriter with the band Deep Purple
 * Jeb Loy Nichols (born ca.1965), musician
 * Nia Roberts (born 1972), actress
 * Gerard Cousins (born 1974), guitarist, composer and arranger.
 * Natasha Marsh (born 1975), soprano singer.
 * Sian Reese-Williams (born 1981), actress

Sport

 * Frederick Bowley (1873–1943), a first-class cricketer for Worcestershire
 * Walley Barnes (1920–1975), footballer with 299 club caps and 22 for Wales and a broadcaster.
 * Adrian Street (1940-2023), a Welsh professional wrestler
 * Andy Powell (born 1981), Welsh Rugby Union international number eight
 * Sam Hobbs (born 1988), rugby union player with Cardiff Blues
 * Jessica Allen (born 1989), a Welsh racing cyclist.
 * Emma Plewa (born 1990), footballer with 20 caps with Wales women

Town twinning

 * 🇺🇸 Saline, Michigan, United States
 * 🇩🇪 Blaubeuren, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Blaubeuren is twinned with Brecknockshire, which is an area of Powys, rather than with the town of Brecon.)
 * 🇫🇷 Gouesnou, Brittany, France
 * 🇳🇵 Dhampus, Kaski District, Nepal

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brecon


text:
Talk:The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey

Is it fact or fiction? Deb 15:02 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)


text:
Pembroke

Pembroke may refer to:

Australia

 * Electoral division of Pembroke, an electoral division in Tasmania
 * Pembroke Land District, formerly Pembroke County, Tasmania

Bermuda

 * Pembroke Parish

Canada

 * Pembroke, West Hants, Nova Scotia
 * Pembroke, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia
 * Pembroke, Ontario

Republic of Ireland

 * Pembroke Township, a former township that is now part of the city of Dublin

Malta

 * Pembroke, Malta

New Zealand

 * Pembroke, the former name of Wānaka in Central Otago
 * Pembroke, New Zealand, a settlement northwest of Stratford, Taranaki

United States

 * Pembroke, Georgia
 * Pembroke, Indiana
 * Pembroke, Kentucky
 * Pembroke, Maine
 * Pembroke, Massachusetts
 * North Pembroke, Massachusetts
 * Pembroke, New Hampshire
 * Pembroke, New York
 * Pembroke, North Carolina
 * Pembroke, Virginia
 * Pembroke Manor, Virginia, subdivision of Virginia Beach
 * Pembroke Park, Florida
 * Pembroke Pines, Florida
 * Pembroke Township, Kankakee County, Illinois

Wales

 * Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, a town in southwest Wales
 * Pembroke Dock, a town in southwest Wales
 * Pembrokeshire, a county in southwest Wales
 * Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, a national park in southwest Wales

Institutions

 * Pembroke College, Cambridge
 * Pembroke College, Oxford
 * Pembroke College in Brown University
 * Pembroke School, Adelaide, a school in South Australia
 * Pembroke School, Pembrokeshire, Wales
 * University of North Carolina at Pembroke
 * Pembroke House of Kearsney College in South Africa

Others

 * Earl of Pembroke
 * Fort Pembroke, a polygonal fort in Malta
 * HMS Pembroke, the name of eight ships of the Royal Navy
 * Pembroke (novel), an 1894 novel by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman
 * Pembroke Battery, a former battery in Malta
 * Pembroke Castle, Wales
 * Pembroke cattle
 * Pembroke Management, an investment management firm located in Canada
 * Pembroke Players, a student drama society at the Cambridge University
 * Pembroke Power Station, Wales
 * Pembroke RFC, a rugby football club
 * Pembroke Lea Thom (died 1901), American politician from Maryland
 * Pembroke Welsh Corgi, a breed of dog
 * Percival Pembroke, an aircraft

title: Pembroke


text:
Anna Karina

Anna Karina (born Hanne Karin Blarke Bayer;  22 September 1940 – 14 December 2019) was a Danish-French film actress, director, writer, model, and singer. She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godard's early collaborator, performing in several of his films, including The Little Soldier (1960), A Woman Is a Woman (1961), My Life to Live (1962), Bande à part (Band of Outsiders; 1964), Pierrot le Fou (1965), and Alphaville (1965). For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman, Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival.

In 1972, Karina set up a production company for Vivre ensemble (1973), her directorial debut, which screened in the Critics' Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival. She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria (2008). In addition to her work in cinema, she worked as a singer and wrote several novels.

Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema, and referred to as the "effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave, with all of the scars that the position entails". The New York Times described her as "one of the screen's great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave."

Early life
Hanne Karin Blarke Bayer  was born on 22 September 1940 in Frederiksberg, Denmark. Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father was a ship captain who left the family a year after she was born.

She lived with her maternal grandparents for four years, then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother and her abusive step-father when she was eight. As a child, her mother belittled her appearance, and told her that her eyes and forehead were too big. She has described her childhood as "terribly wanting to be loved", as she felt unwanted and unloved. She made numerous attempts to run away from home, trying to find boats that would take her to Sweden or America. She dreamt of becoming an actor from a young age and wanted to attend drama school but at the time the age requirement for Danish drama schools was 21.

As a student, she rarely attended school and when she achieved good grades in her certificate exams, her school refused to believe she had done so without cheating. The injustice made her leave school at the age of 14.

Beginnings and modeling
After leaving school, she went on to find work as a lift operator in a department store and as an assistant to an illustrator.

She began her professional career in Denmark, where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials. Aged 14, she was spotted in the street by Ib Schmedes, who cast her as the lead in his forty-minute short film Pigen og skoene (The Girl and The Shoes, 1959), which won a prize at Cannes. However, as things did not seem to be going well at home, where one evening her step-father beat her very badly, she decided to leave. With the equivalent of $15, which she'd received from her grandfather, she hitchhiked to Paris. She has said that although she grew up in Denmark, she was "fascinated" by France and after traveling to Paris at age 14, she wanted to go back and live there.

In the summer of 1958, aged 17, Karina arrived in Paris. With only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French, she struggled to find a place to stay and had to ask neighborhood priests for somewhere to sleep. Finally, a young priest found her a small room on the rue Pavée, just behind the Bastille. One day, while starving and wandering through Paris, she found herself in Saint-Germain-des-Prés. She sat down at Les Deux Magots café, where a woman called Catherine Harlé approached her and asked her if she would be willing to do some photos. Suspicious at first, Karina finally agreed when she found out it was a professional shoot for the French newspaper Jours de France. After finishing the shoot, Harlé, although telling Karina that she wasn't very talented, gave her some contacts.

She began to work as a model and eventually became successful, posing for several magazines, including Elle, and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel. Karina has said that when she met Chanel on the set of the Elle photoshoot, Chanel told her: "I believe you want to be an actress… You need to learn French. What’s your name little girl?" "Hanne Karin Bayer." Karina replied. And Chanel said: "No: Anna Karina – call yourself that." It was deliberately coined to evoke Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina. She also appeared in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola, Pepsodent, and Palmolive. She was still underage but received enough money to find herself a place to stay. And as she still wanted to attend drama school, she sat in movie theaters and watched French movies to teach herself the language.

Film
Jean-Luc Godard, then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma, first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs. He was casting his debut feature film Breathless (À bout de souffle, 1960), and offered her a small part in it, but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene. When Godard questioned her refusal, mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads, she is said to have replied, "Are you mad? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck. It was in your mind that I was undressed." In the end, the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film. Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier (Le Petit Soldat, not released until 1963) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War. She played a pro-Algerian activist. Karina, then still under 21, had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her. The film was immediately controversial, outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War.

As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman (Une femme est une femme, 1961), Karina's role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals. Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi (1958), worn even while performing her act. Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance. In all, Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard, including My Life to Live (Vivre sa vie, 1962), Band of Outsiders (Bande à part, 1964) Pierrot le Fou and Alphaville (both 1965). In Pierrot le Fou, Karina's character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend, while in Alphaville, a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner, Karina's role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase "I love you." The last film in the sequence was Made in USA (1966). Anne Billson, in an article querying the concept of the female muse, wrote that Godard in his films with Karina "seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around anything other than prostitution, duplicity, or wanting babies." Karina herself did not object to being described as Godard's muse: "Maybe it's too much, it sounds so pompous. But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that. Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts."

Her career flourished, with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s, including: The Nun (La Religieuse, 1966), directed by Jacques Rivette; Luchino Visconti's The Stranger (Lo straniero, 1967); the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine (1969); and Tony Richardson's Laughter in the Dark (1969). She continued to work steadily into the 1970s, with roles in Christian de Chalonge's The Wedding Ring (L'Alliance, 1971), Andre Delvaux's Rendezvous at Bray (Rendez-vous à Bray, also 1971), The Salzburg Connection (1972), and Franco Brusati's Bread and Chocolate (Pane e cioccolata, 1973).

In 1972, she set up the production company for Living Together (Vivre ensemble, 1973), her directorial debut, in which she also acted. The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival.

She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Chinese Roulette (Chinesisches Roulette, 1976); Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and Ulli Lommel, her partner at the time. She later wrote and acted in Last Song (1987) and appeared in Up, Down, Fragile (Haut bas fragile, 1995), directed by Jacques Rivette, and sang in The Truth About Charlie (2002), a remake of the film Charade (1963).

Karina wrote, directed and starred in Victoria (2008), a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec. The lead character, played by Karina, has amnesia. Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as "a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec."

Music and writing
Karina maintained a singing career. At the end of the 1960s, she scored a major hit with "Sous le soleil exactement" and "Roller Girl" by Serge Gainsbourg. Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna (1967), by the film director Pierre Koralnik, in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy. Karina recorded the album Une histoire d'amour with Philippe Katerine, followed by a concert tour. In 2005, she released Chansons de films, a collection of songs sung in movies.

Karina wrote four novels: Vivre ensemble (1973), Golden City (1983), On n'achète pas le soleil (1988), and Jusqu'au bout du hasard (1998).

Personal life
While working together on Le Petit Soldat, as the crew were having a dinner party in Lausanne, Godard wrote a note and gave it to Karina, saying: "I love you, come and meet me at midnight in a café called Café de la Prez." At the time Karina was in a relationship but she had already fallen in love with Godard so she ended her relationship with her then-boyfriend and went to meet Godard. They began a relationship and married in 1961. Eventually, Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard, appearing in eight of his films, including Alphaville, Bande à part, and Pierrot le Fou, during their five-year marriage and after. Karina liked being the muse, stating in 2016: "How could I not be honoured? Maybe it's too much, it sounds so pompous. But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that. Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts. It was like Pygmalion, you know? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher." The couple became, according to The Independent, "one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s." A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work "arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema." Despite the critical success, their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous; they fought on film sets, she fell ill several times, attempted suicide and was subsequently hospitalized in a mental health institution. Godard was often absent without explanation. He was also very jealous, questioned Karina's acting ability and told her: "How are you going to say these lines? They’re so terrible! It’s a comedy, you are never going to be able to do that."

One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina, Contempt (1963) starring Brigitte Bardot wearing a black wig which resembles Karina's dark hair, is said to be based on their difficult relationship. The couple divorced in 1965.

Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other. She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:"It was all very exciting from the beginning. Of course we have a great love story and all that, but we were so different. He was 10 years older than me. He was very strange. He would go away and come back three weeks later...It was difficult, and I was a young girl, not even 21—at the time Godard was 30. I know he didn't mean to hurt me, but he did. He was never there, he was never coming back, and I never knew where he was. He drove me a bit crazy."After divorcing Godard, Karina remarried three times; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981, and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death.

Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday, 14 December 2019, at a hospital in Paris. According to her agent, Laurent Balandras, the cause of death was cancer. However, her husband Dennis Berry said that the cause was not cancer, but a complication following a muscular rupture.

Legacy
Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema, a staple in French New Wave cinema, as well as a style icon. The Guardian described her as an "effervescent free spirit of the French new wave." The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles, regardless of whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist. Her signature look was her dark hair, wispy bangs, heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops, knee socks, plaid headwear such as berets and boaters. Refinery29 wrote that "her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses, tartan, long socks, and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish."

title: Anna Karina


text:
Grimsby

Grimsby or Great Grimsby is a port town and the administrative centre of North East Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire, England. Grimsby adjoins the town of Cleethorpes directly to the south-east forming a conurbation. Grimsby is 45 mi north-east of Lincoln, 33 mi (via the Humber Bridge) south-south-east of Hull, 28 mi south-east of Scunthorpe, 50 mi east of Doncaster and 80 mi south-east of Leeds. In 2021 it had a population of 86,138.

Grimsby has notable landmarks including Grimsby Minster, Port of Grimsby, Cleethorpes Beach and Grimsby Fishing Heritage Centre. Grimsby was once the home port for the world's largest fishing fleet around the mid-20th century, but fishing then fell sharply. The Cod Wars denied UK access to Icelandic fishing grounds and the European Union used its Common Fisheries Policy to parcel out fishing quotas to other European countries in waters within 200 nmi of the UK coast. Grimsby suffered post-industrial decline like most other post-industrial towns and cities. Food production has been on the rise in the town since the 1990s. The Grimsby–Cleethorpes conurbation acts as a cultural and economic centre for much of north and east Lincolnshire. Grimsby people are called Grimbarians; the term  is also used jokingly, often for football supporters. Great Grimsby Day is 22 January. Grimsby is the second largest settlement by population in Lincolnshire after Lincoln.

Geography
The town was named "Great Grimsby" to distinguish it from Little Grimsby, a village about 14 mi to the south, near Louth. It had a population of 88,243 in the 2011 census and an estimated population of 88,323 in 2019. It forms a conurbation with Cleethorpes and the villages of Humberston, Scartho, Brigsley and Waltham. The 2011 census recorded the population of the conurbation as 134,160, making it the second largest built-up area in Lincolnshire.

History
There is archaeological evidence of a small town of Roman workers in the area in the 2nd century AD of Roman occupation. Located on The Haven, which flowed into the Humber, the site long provided a location for ships to shelter from approaching storms. It was well placed to exploit the rich fishing grounds in the North Sea.

Vikings
Sometime in the 9th century AD, Grimsby was settled by Danes. Local folklore claims that the name Grimsby derives from Grim, a Danish (as an old term closer to "Viking") fisherman. The common toponymic suffix -by is derived from the Old Norse word býr for village (compare with by, by and by). The legendary founding of Grimsby features in a medieval romance, the Lay of Havelock the Dane, but historians see this account as a myth.

In Norse mythology, Grim (Mask) and Grimnir (Masked One) are names adopted by the deity Oðin (Anglo-Saxon Woðen) when travelling incognito amongst mortals, as in the short poem known as "Grimnir's Sayings" (Grimnismal) in the Poetic Edda. The intended audience of the Havelock tale (recorded much later as the Lay of Havelock the Dane) may have taken the fisherman Grim to be Odin in disguise.

The Oðinic name "Grimr/Grim" occurs in many English place names in the historical Danelaw and elsewhere in Britain. Examples are numerous earthworks named Grimsdyke. Other British place names with the element Grim are explained as referring to Woðen/Oðin (e.g. Grimsbury, Grimspound, Grime's Graves, Grimsditch, Grimsworne), and Grimsby is likely to have the same derivation.

Grimsby is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having a population of around 200, a priest, a mill, and a ferry.

Medieval times
Grimsby grew in the 12th century into a fishing and trading port, at one time ranking twelfth in importance to the Crown for tax revenue. The town gained its charter from King John in 1201; the first mayor was installed in 1202.

Grimsby is noted in the Orkneyinga Saga in this Dróttkvætt stanza by Kali Kolsson:

Grimsby had no town walls. It was too small and felt to be protected by the marshland around it. However, the town dug a defensive ditch.

Grimsby in medieval times had two parish churches, St Mary's and St James. Only St James, now Grimsby Minster, remains. It is associated with a folk tale of an imp who played tricks in the church and was turned into stone by an angel. (A similar tale is told of Lincoln Cathedral – see Lincoln Imp).

In the mid-14th century, the town benefited from the generosity of Edmund de Grimsby, a local man who became a senior Crown official and judge in Ireland.

In the 15th century, The Haven began to silt up, preventing ships in the Humber from docking. As a result, Grimsby entered a long period of decline until the late 18th century. By 1801, the population of Grimsby numbered 1,524, around the size it had been in the Middle Ages. By 1810 Joseph Smedley was hiring a purpose built theatre for seven Guineas.

Rise of fishing and maritime industry
The Grimsby Haven Company was formed by Act of Parliament in May 1796 (the Grimsby Haven Act) for the purpose of "widening, deepening, enlarging, altering and improving the Haven of the Town and Port of Great Grimsby". After the dredging of The Haven and related improvement in the early 19th century, the town grew rapidly as the port boomed, importing iron, timber, wheat, hemp, and flax. New docks were needed to cope with the expansion. The necessary works were allowed under the Grimsby Docks Act of 1845.

The arrival of the railway in 1848 eased the transport of goods to and from the port to markets and farms. Coal mined in the South Yorkshire coalfields was brought by rail and exported through Grimsby. Rail links direct to London and the Billingsgate Fish Market allowed fresh "Grimsby fish" to gain nationwide renown. The first true fish dock opened in Grimsby in 1856, and the town became central to the development of the commercial fishing industry.

The Dock Tower was completed in 1851, followed by the Royal Dock in 1852. No.1 Fish Dock was completed in 1856, followed by No.2 Fish Dock in 1877. Alexandra Dock and Union Dock were completed in 1879. During this period, the fishing fleet was much expanded. In a rare reversal of usual trends, large numbers of fishermen from the south-east and Devon travelled north to join the Grimsby fleet. Over 40 per cent of the newcomers came from Barking in East London and other Thames-side towns.

In 1857 there were 22 vessels in Grimsby. Six years later there were 112. The first two legitimate steam trawlers built in Britain were based in Grimsby. By 1900, a tenth of the fish consumed in the United Kingdom was landed there, although there were also many smaller coastal fishing ports and villages involved.

The demand for fish in Grimsby meant that at its peak in the 1950s it claimed to be the largest fishing port in the world. The population grew from 75,000 in 1901 to 92,000 by 1931.

The Great Depression and restructured fishing caused a sharp decline in employment. After that the population was fairly stable for the rest of the 20th century.

Second World War
The Royal Dock became the UK's largest base for minesweepers patrolling the North Sea. The Admiralty requisitioned numerous trawlers to serve the purpose of the Royal Naval Patrol Service. Often the crew was ex-trawlermen, alongside Royal Naval Reserve and Royal Navy volunteers. Trawlers used the winches and warps from fishing operations to tow a paravane with a cutting jaw through the water in what was known as a "sweep" to bring mines to the surface and allow for their removal.

This hazardous work lost the Patrol Service more vessels than any other Royal Navy branch in the Second World War; 2,385 men died. Grimsby's Royal Naval Patrol Service veterans financed a memorial beside the Dock Tower to ensure that the bravery and sacrifice of their comrades were not forgotten.

On 14 June 1943, an early-morning air raid by the Luftwaffe dropped several 1,000-kg bombs, 6,000 incendiary bombs and over 3,000 Butterfly Bombs in the Grimsby area, killing 99 people. In total, Second World War bombing raids in Grimsby and Cleethorpes killed 196, while another 184 were seriously injured. The Butterfly Bombs that littered the area hampered fire-fighting crews trying to reach locations damaged by incendiary bombs. The search for bodies continued for a month after the raid.

HMS Grimsby (M108) is a Sandown class minehunter (commissioned in 1999) currently in service in the Royal Navy.

Post-Second World War
After the pressures placed on the industry during the Cod Wars and the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy, which redistributed fishing quotas to other EU nations, many Grimsby firms decided to cease trawling operations there. The sudden demise of the industry brought an end to a way of life and community that had lasted for generations. The loss of the fishing industry brought severe economic and social problems for the town. Huge numbers became redundant, highly skilled in jobs that no longer existed, and struggled to find work ashore. As with the Ross Group, some firms concentrated on expanding industries within the town, such as food processing.

Grimsby's trawling days are remembered through artefacts and permanent exhibits at the town's Fishing Heritage Centre. A preserved 1950s trawler, Ross Tiger, is located here. Few fishing vessels still operate from Grimsby's docks, but the town maintains a substantial fish market important in Europe.

Grimsby was struck by an F1/T3 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of a record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak that day. From the mid-1980s, the former Humber ferry PS Lincoln Castle has been moored in Alexandra Dock. She was used during this time as a pub\restaurant, but despite her design and status as Britain's last coal-fired paddle steamer, the catering no longer yielded a profit. The ship was broken up in 2010. Berthed in Alexandra Dock is the Ross Tiger, the last survivor of what was once the world's largest fleet of sidewinder trawlers.

The town was described in The Daily Telegraph in 2001 as one "subjected to... many crude developments over the past 30-odd years" and a town which "seemingly shuns the notion of heritage." Redevelopment was planned as part of Yorkshire Forward's Renaissance Towns Programme, but the scheme was abandoned in 2012.

In the early 21st century, the town faced the challenges of a post-industrial economy on top of the decline in its fishing industry. The East Marsh ward of the town is the second most deprived in the country, according to government statistics.

Governance
Since the December 2019 general election, Lia Nici (Conservative) has been the Member of Parliament for the Great Grimsby constituency, having won the seat from the former MP, Melanie Onn (Labour), who had served since 2015. This lost the seat to the Labour Party for the first time in 74 years, not least under Austin Mitchell (Labour), who held it from 1977 to 2015.

Great Grimsby formed an ancient Borough in the North Riding of Lindsey. It was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 and became a Municipal Borough in that year. In 1889 a County Council was created for Lindsey, but Great Grimsby was outside its area of control and formed an independent County Borough in 1891. The Borough expanded to absorb the adjacent hamlet of Wellow (1889), also the neighbouring parishes of Clee-with-Weelsby (1889), Little Coates (1928), Scartho (1928), Weelsby (1928) and Great Coates (1968). It had its own police force until 1967 when it was merged into the Lincolnshire force.

In 1974, the County Borough was abolished and Great Grimsby was reconstituted with the same boundaries as Grimsby non-metropolitan district in the new county of Humberside, under the Local Government Act 1972. The district was renamed Great Grimsby in 1979.

In the early 1990s, area local government came under review from the Local Government Commission for England; Humberside was abolished in 1996. The former Great Grimsby district merged with that of Cleethorpes to form the unitary authority of North East Lincolnshire. The town does not have its own town council, instead just a board of Charter Trustees. In 2007, in the struggle for identity, it was suggested that the district be renamed Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes, but this did not meet with favour among local residents, and the Council Leader dropped the idea a year later.

Council wards
North East Lincolnshire Council has eight Council wards within the area of Grimsby:
 * Freshney Ward
 * Heneage Ward
 * Scartho Ward
 * South Ward
 * East Marsh Ward
 * Park Ward
 * West Marsh Ward
 * Yarborough Ward

Economy

The main sectors of the economy are ports and logistics, food processing, specifically frozen foods and fish processing, chemicals and process industries and digital media. Cleethorpes to the east has a tourist industry. To the west along the Humber bank to Immingham, there has been large-scale industrial activity since the 1950s, around chemicals and from the 1990s gas-powered electricity generation.

Food industry
Grimsby is strongly linked with the sea fishing industry that once generated wealth for the town. At its peak in the 1950s, it was the largest and busiest fishing port in the world. The Cod Wars with Iceland, and the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy sent this industry into decline for many years. In 1970 around 400 trawlers were based in the port, but by 2013 only five remained, while 15 vessels were being used to maintain offshore wind farms in the North Sea. The town still has the largest fish market in the UK, but most of what is sold is brought overland from other ports or from Iceland by containerisation. Of the 18,000 tonnes of fresh fish sold in Grimsby fish market in 2012, almost 13,000 tonnes, mainly cod and haddock, came from Iceland.

Grimsby houses some 500 food-related companies, as one of the largest concentrations of such firms in Europe. The local council has promoted Grimsby as Europe's Food Town for nearly 20 years. In 1999, the BBC reported that more pizzas were produced than anywhere else in Europe, including Italy.

Grimsby is recognised as the main centre of the UK fish-processing industry; 70 per cent of the UK's fish-processing industry is located there. In recent years, this expertise has led to diversification into all forms of frozen and chilled foods. It is one of the largest centres of fish processing in Europe. More than 100 local companies are involved in fresh and frozen fish production, the largest being the Findus Group (see Lion Capital LLP), comprising Young's Seafood and Findus, with its corporate headquarters in the town. Young's is a major employer, with some 2,500 people based at its headquarters. From this base, Young's has a global sourcing operation supplying 60 species from 30 countries.

Traditional Grimsby smoked fish was awarded a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) in 2009 by the European Union. The traditional process uses overnight cold smoking from sawdust in tall chimneys, roughly 1 by square and 10m high.

Other major seafood companies include the Icelandic-owned Coldwater Seafood, employing more than 700 across its sites in Grimsby; and Five Star Fish, a supplier of fish products to the UK food market.

The £5.6 million Humber Seafood Institute, the first of its kind in the UK, opened in 2008. Backed by Yorkshire Forward, North East Lincolnshire Council and the European Regional Development Fund, it is managed by the local council. Tenants include the Seafish Industry Authority and Grimsby Institute and University Centre. Greater Grimsby is a European centre of excellence in producing chilled prepared meals, and the area has Europe's largest concentration of cold-storage facilities.

Docks
The Port of Grimsby has been in use since the medieval period. The first enclosed dock, later known as the Old Dock, was built in the 1790s by the Grimsby Haven Company. Major expansion came with the railways and construction of the Royal Dock, Grimsby in the 1840s. A Fish Dock was added in 1857, and the fish docks expanded over the next 80 years. The Old Dock was expanded to form Alexandra Dock in the 1880s. The Kasbah is a historic area between the Royal Dock and Fish Dock marked by a network of streets that remains home to many artisan fish-processing businesses.

Fishing activities were reduced to a fraction of former levels in the second half of the 20th century. The current port has become a centre for car imports and exports, and since 1975 for general cargo. In the early 21st century, it has developed as a wind-farm maintenance base.

Retail

High-street shopping is grouped in central Grimsby between the railway and River Freshney, where Victoria Street acts as a central pedestrianised shopping street with an undercover Freshney Place centre to the north. Freshney Place is visited by 14 million shoppers a year and employs over 2,000 staff. The centre houses over 100 stores, including Marks and Spencer and House of Fraser. Constructed between 1967 and 1971 in a joint venture between the old Grimsby Borough Council and developers Hammerson's UK Ltd., it was known as the Riverhead Centre (so named as the development was adjacent to where the two local rivers, the Freshney and the Haven, meet). Hammerson's UK Ltd began a £100 million redevelopment of the retail centre, doubling it in size. The expanded centre was covered in a glass roof. Two multi-storey car parks were constructed at each end of the centre; with this development, the old Top Town area of Grimsby was effectively privatised and roofed over. Stores are serviced at the first floor by ramps at the western end, which can accommodate even large vehicles. The ramp also provides access to the car park on the roof of the indoor market, which is operated by the local council. Freshney Place won a design commendation in the Refurbishment Category of the 1993 BCSC awards.

In the town centre Bethlehem and Osborne Street are also mixed in use, hosting retail, legal and service functions to the south of Victoria Street. Many local independent stores operate, several at the Abbeygate Centre off Bethlehem Street. Once the head office of local brewers Hewitt Brothers, the building was renovated in the mid-1980s and now houses restaurants and designer clothing stores. The town has two markets, one next to Freshney Place and the other in Freeman Street (B1213). This was a dominant shopping area with close ties to the docks, but industry and demographic changes have led it to struggle since the late 1970s. Previously the town centre area was rivalled by the Freeman Street shopping area, located closer to the docks. Freeman Street retains its covered market. Grimsby town centre has re-emerged in prominence as the docks declined and shops such as Marks and Spencer relocated to central Grimsby.

Other developments near the town centre since the 1980s include the Alexandra Retail Park and Sainsbury's to the west of Alexandra Dock, an Asda store between the town centre and Freeman Street, and the Victoria Mills Retail Park off the Peaks Parkway A16, which has several chain stores, including Next and close to a Tesco Extra (the second in the area. B&Q opened a large store off the Peaks Parkway to the east of the town centre. Unlike many towns where shopping has been built on the outskirts, these and similar developments were placed around Grimsby's town centre. This keeps shopping in a compact area, easier on pedestrians and public transport users.

Some out-of-town development has taken place, with Morrisons building a store just outside the town in the parish of Laceby. It is known as Morrisons Cleethorpes. This name derives from a period when the area was part of the now defunct Cleethorpes Borough. Most major supermarkets have expanded in the early 21st century, including Asda, and Tesco at Hewitts Circus, which is technically in adjoining Cleethorpes.

Such is the quality of shopping in the area that bus services bring shoppers from across Lincolnshire, especially smaller towns such as Louth, Brigg, and Scunthorpe.

Renewable energy
Grimsby is beginning to develop as an energy centre. It already generates more electricity from renewable solar, wind, biomass and landfill gas than anywhere else in England. The town gains 28 per cent of the electricity it uses from green sources. Its proximity to the biggest cluster of offshore wind farms in Europe has brought around 1,500 jobs to the area, most of them in turbine maintenance.

Education

The numerous primary schools in Grimsby and coupled with secondary school which include Havelock Academy, Oasis Academy Wintringham and Ormiston Maritime Academy. Many Grimsby pupils attend secondary education in Cleethorpes, Healing, Humberston and Waltham, and further afield at Caistor Grammar. Private schools in Grimsby include St James' School and St Martin's Preparatory School.

Franklin College is a sixth form college. The Grimsby Institute offers further and higher education courses mostly for vocational purposes. Its business courses have attracted a sizeable number of Chinese students in recent years.

Transport
Grimsby lies 15 mi from the nearest motorway, the M180, which continues as A180 into the town and acts as a link with the national motorway network. The town is skirted by the A18, with the A46 passing through to provide a connection towards Lincoln, while the A16 links it to Louth and south and eastern Lincolnshire. The transport infrastructure was described in a report by the European Commission as strong and as a help to Grimsby's transition to a food-processing centre. It was once derided as being "on the road to nowhere" by the writer and critic A. A. Gill.

Buses
Grimsby's bus services are provided by Stagecoach in Lincolnshire, which took over from Grimsby-Cleethorpes Transport (CGT) in 1993. This had been formed in 1957 by a merger of separate Grimsby and Cleethorpes transport undertakings. Stagecoach had all the buses resprayed to their standard livery to replace the colour scheme of orange and white introduced in 1987. GCT ran a mixture of crewed and one-person operated services, but in 1982 the job of the conductor was abolished.

In 2005, Stagecoach bought out Lincolnshire Road Car, which served South Killingholme, Louth, Barton-upon-Humber and the Willows Estate. The company is now known as Stagecoach in Lincolnshire. Joint ticketing began with Stagecoach Grimsby-Cleethorpes in May 2006. From September 2006, a new fleet of low-floor single-deckers was introduced, making the fleet an unprecedented 85 per cent low-floor.

The main bus exchange in Grimsby is Riverhead Exchange.

Railways
Grimsby has rail links via Grimsby Town railway station and Grimsby Docks railway station. There is a level crossing in the centre of the town across Wellowgate. TransPennine Express provides direct trains to Manchester Airport via Doncaster and Sheffield, whilst East Midlands Railway operates services to Barton-upon-Humber, for buses to Hull, Northern has Saturday service to Sheffield via Brigg but it is temporarily suspended. The Leicester Via Lincoln & Nottingham are served by East Midlands Railway. The service to Cleethorpes runs at least hourly during the day along a single track, passing stations at Grimsby Docks and New Clee.

Erstwhile trams
Grimsby had two tramway networks: the Grimsby District Light Railway and the Grimsby & Immingham Electric Railway.

Grimsby Electric was a normal-gauge tramway opened in 1912 between Corporation Bridge at Grimsby and Immingham. There was no physical connection with the railway system. It provided passenger services between Grimsby and Immingham until it closed in 1961. It is claimed that once this was controlled by the corporation, it had more interest in supporting the motorbus service, now No. 45.

Grimsby Light Railway opened in 1881 using horse-drawn trams. In 1901, these were replaced with electric tramways. In 1925 the Grimsby Transport Company bought the tramway company and in 1927 moved the depot to the Victoria Street Depot, an old sea plane hangar. This system closed in 1937. The depot continues to be used by Stagecoach, although the old Grimsby Tramways livery is still visible on the front of the building.

Operating in the area until the 1950s was a network of electrically operated trolleybuses served by overhead power lines.

Airport
Humberside Airport is 14 mi west of Grimsby and mainly caters for charter holidays. It is popular for general aviation, with five flying clubs based there.

Football
The local football team Grimsby Town F.C., nicknamed The Mariners, has played in League Two, the fourth tier of English football, since its promotion from the Vanarama National League in the 2021/22 season. Its ground is Blundell Park in Cleethorpes. It is the oldest professional football team in Lincolnshire and one of the oldest in the country, being formed in 1878 as Grimsby Pelham, with a home ground on land off Ainslie Street. During the 1930s Grimsby Town played in the English First Division, then the highest level of the domestic game in England. It also appeared in two FA Cup semi-finals in the 1930s: in 1936 (against Arsenal) and in 1939 (against Wolverhampton Wanderers). The latter semi-final was held at Old Trafford, Manchester, and the attendance (76,962) is still a record for the stadium.

Grimsby Town was relegated on 7 May 2010 to the Football Conference, losing its status as a League club. It returned to the Football League after gaining promotion via the National League play-off final in 2016, beating Forest Green Rovers 3–1 at Wembley Stadium. The team reached the FA Cup quarter-finals in 1987 and in 1998 won the Auto Windscreens Shield and the second division play-off final. Notable former managers include Bill Shankly, Lawrie McMenemy and Alan Buckley.

Blundell Park's Main Stand is the oldest in English professional football. It opened in 1899, although only the present foundations date from that time. There have been plans to relocate the club to a new stadium, including one at the side of Peaks Parkway in Grimsby.

Grimsby Borough F.C. is a football club established in 2003 and based in Grimsby. It belongs to the Northern Counties East League Division One.

Other sports
An ice hockey club has been based in Grimsby since 1936. It has teams playing at various levels throughout the English Ice Hockey Association structure, under the name of Grimsby Red Wings. In 2009 the club added an ice sled hockey team to ensure that it was able to offer a fully inclusive sport for the NE Lincolnshire area.

The amateur Rugby Union side, the Grimsby RUFC, and an amateur cricket side, the Grimsby Town Cricket Club, attract reasonable levels of support. The Grimsby Scorpions American Football team operated until 2014 before relocating to Hull, where it merged with Hull's team as Humber Warhawks. Despite playing in another county the club maintains representation of both East Yorkshire and North East Lincolnshire.

Tennis teams from local clubs have been successful in various inter-county competitions. The men's team from Grimsby Tennis Centre won the Lincolnshire Doubles League in 2005. Tennis players from the town represent the county on a regular basis at all age levels. Grimsby Tennis Centre underwent a major redevelopment of facilities in 2005 and is now wholly accessible to disabled people.

The town had one of the largest table tennis leagues in the country, with over 120 teams competing in the 1970s, but like the game of squash, the sport has declined in the town during recent years.

Entertainment
Before the late 1960s many public houses in the area were owned by the local brewer Hewitt Brothers and had a distinctive local touch, but it was taken over in 1969 by the brewer Bass-Charrington. The pubs have been re-badged many times, closed or sold off. The Barge Inn is a former grain barge converted into a pub/restaurant. It has been moored at the Riverhead quay since 1982.

Musical entertainment is provided at the Grimsby Auditorium, built in 1995 in Cromwell Road, Yarborough, near Grimsby Leisure Centre. The smaller Caxton Theatre is in Cleethorpe Road (A180) in East Marsh, near the docks. The Caxton Theatre provides entertainment by adults and youths in theatre. Notable in the area is the Class Act Theatre Company run by the local playwright David Wrightam.

North East Lincolnshire Council has installed a Wi-Fi network covering Victoria Street in central Grimsby. The service gives access to the Internet to the general public on a yearly subscription.

Grimsby's Freeman Street cinema closed in 2004, leaving the Parkway cinema in Cleethorpes to serve the town. Periodic plans to build a new cinema in Grimsby have been made since. The Whitgift Film Theatre in John Whitgift Academy shows a programme of limited release and art-house films.

Places of interest and landmarks

 * Corporation Bridge
 * Fisherman's Memorial
 * Grimsby Docks
 * Grimsby Dock Tower
 * Grimsby Ice Factory – built in 1898–1901 to provide crushed ice to preserve fish stored in ships at Grimsby's seaport
 * Grimsby Institute
 * Grimsby Minster
 * Grimsby Town Hall
 * Humber Forts
 * Grimsby Fishing Heritage Centre
 * People's Park
 * Waltham Windmill
 * Weelsby Woods

Grimsby is the site of a Blue Cross Animal Hospital, one of only four in the country, the other three being in London. Previously on Cleethorpe Road, the Grimsby hospital moved in 2005 to a new building, Coco Markus House, on Nelson Street.

Newspaper
The Grimsby Telegraph, had an audited circulation of 14,344 copies in 2017. It is based in Heritage House near the Fishing Heritage Centre.

Radio
The local radio stations are BBC Radio Humberside, Lincs FM, Viking FM and the exclusively North East Lincolnshire-based Compass FM, which ceased to be local in 2020, to be rebranded as Greatest Hits Radio Grimsby.The transmitter for Greatest Hits Radio Grimsby and Bauer Humberside (Lincs FM DAB) is on top of a block of flats in East Marsh.

Television
Terrestrial television coverage based in the area comes from BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire, which has a news broadcast based in Immingham. That's TV Humberside (formerly Estuary TV and Channel 7 Television) broadcast on Freeview channel 8 and on Virgin Media channel 159.

Popular culture

 * Bernie Taupin, who lived in Humberston and Tealby (near Market Rasen) when in his teens, wrote the lyrics to Elton John's 1974 song, "Grimsby", which is included in John's album Caribou.
 * The town has featured as a film location: Scartho Hospital (now Diana, Princess of Wales Hospital), and the Scartho Cemetery entrance, were used in the 1985 film Clockwise. The 2006 film, This Is England was partly set and filmed in Grimsby and other East Midland locations such as Nottingham.
 * Grimsby is an action-comedy film starring Sacha Baron Cohen and Mark Strong, released by Columbia Pictures in February 2016. No scenes for it were actually shot in the town; they were filmed instead in Tilbury, Essex.
 * The town was the setting for a second series of the Channel 4 documentary Skint in 2014, following families and individuals undergoing the "devastating effects of long-term unemployment".
 * The CiTV animated series The Rubbish World of Dave Spud takes place in a fictionalised version of Grimsby. The tower block the Spud family live in was modelled after the former high-rise flats on East Marsh.

Flooding
The Environment Agency has awarded Sheffield-based telemetry company CSE Seprol a contract to supply flood-warning devices for risk areas in East Anglia. The 18 sirens, at various locations round the flood-risk area of Grimsby and Cleethorpes, should reach 25,500 households to warn of flood danger. They will be sounded only in the event of the Environment Agency issuing a severe flood warning for tidal flooding, or if it is likely the sea defences will be breached. The sirens make various sounds, from the traditional wail to a voice message.

Notable people
Listed in alphabetical order (Grimbarians were mainly born at the former Grimsby Maternity Hospital in Nunsthorpe, Grimsby. Many were born at the defunct Croft Baker Maternity Hospital in nearby Cleethorpes. Those born and/or brought up nearby include:
 * Herbert Ayre (1882–1966), footballer
 * Richard Bennett (born 1954), a cricketer who played for New Zealand
 * Shirley Bloomer (born 1934), winner of the French Open Singles and Doubles titles in 1957 and the French Open Mixed title in 1958
 * Jack Braughton (1921–2016), a long-distance runner who represented Britain in the Olympics
 * Bill Brewster, writer and disc jockey
 * Dennis Brown (born 1951), Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, and President of the American Physiological Society
 * Richard Buck (born 1986), a sprinter in the 400 meters event, represented Britain in the World and European Championships.
 * Maxine Carr (born 1977), teaching assistant and partner of Ian Huntley, convicted of perverting the course of justice in the Soham murders case
 * Stuart Carrington (born 1990), snooker player
 * Joanne Clifton (born 1983), professional dancer on the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing as of 2014
 * Kevin Clifton (born 1982), professional dancer on the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing alongside his sister Joanne (above)
 * Holly Clyburn (born 1991), professional golfer, plays on the Ladies European Tour. Winning member of Great Britain Curtis Cup team of 2012
 * Richard P. Cook (born 1949), artist
 * Quentin Cooper, presenter of Radio 4's Material World and film correspondent for BBC Radio 2, grew up in the town, attending Wintringham School.
 * Patrick Cormack (born 1939), Conservative politician and MP, later the life peer Baron Cormack
 * Peter Crampton (born 1969), Olympic 400 metres hurdles runner for Great Britain
 * Peter "Mars" Cowling (1946–2018), longstanding bass player in the Pat Travers Band
 * Steve Currie (1947–1981) bass player and long-term member of the English glam rock band T. Rex
 * Keeley Donovan, weather presenter for BBC North
 * Michele Dotrice (born 1948), actor playing Betty Spencer in the 1970s comedy Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em
 * Arthur Drewry (1891–1961), football administrator and businessman, chaired Grimsby Town F.C., and later the Football League, the Football Association and FIFA.
 * Kevin Drinkell (born 1960), football manager and former player for Grimsby Town, Rangers and Norwich City
 * Ray Edmonds (born 1936), professional billiards player, was the World Professional Billiards Champion of 1985.
 * John Fenty (born 1961), owner of Grimsby Town Football Club and local councillor
 * Brenda Fisher (1927–2022), cross-Channel and long-distance swimmer
 * Helen Fospero, newsreader for Sky News and Five News
 * Tony Ford, footballer holding the all-time record for matches played in the English league by an outfield player, notably for Grimsby Town, Stoke City and West Bromwich Albion
 * Lee Freeman, Chief Constable of Humberside Police 2017–
 * Freddie Frinton (1909–1968), comedian, actor in the 1960s BBC comedy Meet the Wife
 * Freddie Frith (1909–1988), former Grand Prix motorcycle racing world champion
 * Lisa George (born 1970), actress, Coronation Street, Emmerdale and contestant on Dancing on Ice
 * Phil Gladwin (born 1963), television screenwriter, Warriors of Kudlak
 * Phil Glew (born 1983), racing driver in British Touring Car Championship, now commentator for ITV Sport.
 * Lloyd Griffith (born 1983), comedian and television presenter, Soccer AM
 * Edmund de Grimsby, judge and clergyman, was born in Grimsby and probably died here in 1354.
 * Dan Haigh (born 1980), bass guitarist in rock group Fightstar, and co-founder of synth-wave trio Gunship (band), was born and brought up in the town.
 * Mike Hallett (born 1959), snooker player and commentator for Sky Sports
 * Kate Haywood (born 1987), a swimmer who competed for Britain and Olympics and England at the Commonwealth level
 * Duncan Heath (born 1981), first-class cricketer
 * John Heath (born 1978), first-class cricketer
 * Patricia Hodge (born 1946), actor: Miranda, Rumpole of the Bailey and Jemima Shore Investigates. Her parents managed the Royal Hotel in the town. She attended Wintringham School.
 * Ian Huntley (born 1974), Soham double child murderer, was born at Grimsby and lived there until the late 1990s.
 * Alfred Hurst (1846–1915), member of the Iowa House of Representatives
 * Keith Jobling (1934–2020), professional footballer with 450 games for Grimsby Town
 * Guy Martin (born 1981), motorcycle racer turned television presenter
 * Madge Kendal, also known as Margaret Shaftoe Grimston nee Robertson (1848–1935), was a stage and radio actress. Dame Kendal Grove, in Nunsthorpe, is named after her.
 * Matt Kennard (born 1982), television actor, starred in the UK daytime drama Doctors, as nurse Archie Hallam.
 * Glenn Kirkham, (born 1982), field hockey player for England and Great Britain Olympic team
 * Duncan McKenzie (born 1950), footballer with Nottingham Forest, Leeds United and Everton
 * Robert Kyle (1913–2010), American football and Baseball player and coach, notably a quarterback for West Virginia University
 * Amy Monkhouse (born 1979) lawn bowler
 * Darren Pattinson (born 1978), England Test cricketer born in Grimsby
 * Michael Pearce (born 1965), an artist born in Grimsby
 * Julie Peasgood (born 1956), actor, Fran in the soap opera Brookside, grew up in Grimsby and attended Wintringham School.
 * Dean Reynolds (born 1963), snooker player
 * Matija Sarkic (1997–2024), footballer, Premier League goalkeeper, international for Montenegro
 * Kiera Skeels (born 2001), footballer for Charlton Athletic
 * David Smith (born 1974) Great Britain Olympic hammer thrower
 * Matthew Stiff (born 1979), opera singer
 * Emily Syme (born 2000), footballer for Bristol City
 * Rod Temperton (1949–2016), songwriter, record producer and musician. Born and raised in Cleethorpes, worked as a fish filleter at Ross Frozen Foods, Grimsby, prior to success.
 * Thomas Turgoose (born 1992), actor notably in This is England and Game of Thrones
 * David Tarttelin (born 1929), painter
 * Ivy Wallace (1915–2006), children's writer and artist
 * John Whitgift (1530–1604), Archbishop of Canterbury under Queen Elizabeth I
 * Tom Wintringham (1898–1949, communist politician and military historian
 * Patrick Wymark (1926–1970), actor. Wymark View was named after him.
 * Paul Robinson Contemporary Artist known for his depiction of the Pink Bear

People with Grimsby connections:
 * Hollie Arnold (born 1994) Paralympian athlete who won Gold in the F46 javelin at the 2016 games. Was a contestant on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. She grew up in the neighbouring village of Holton-le-Clay.
 * Harold Gosney (born 1937), artist and sculptor, taught at Grimsby School of Art 1960–1992 and created sculptures sited around Grimsby.
 * Ella Henderson (born 1996), singer, songwriter and former contestant on The X Factor. Was born in a neighbouring village Tetney and went to school in Grimsby.
 * John Hurt (1940–2017), actor, spent his formative years in the town while his father was a priest at St Aidan's, Cleethorpes.
 * Norman Lamont (born 1942), Conservative MP and former Chancellor of the Exchequer, was brought up in the town.
 * Andrew Osmond (1938–1999), Diplomat and co-founder of Private Eye grew up in neighbouring village of Barnoldby-le-Beck
 * David Ross, businessman, co-founder of Carphone Warehouse was brought up in the town.
 * Ernest Worrall (1898–1972), painter known for depicting Grimsby in the Second World War, lived there from 1932 until the 1960s.

Twin cities
Grimsby's twin cities include:
 * Tromsø, Norway, since 1961
 * Bremerhaven, Germany, since February 1963
 * Banjul, The Gambia
 * Dieppe, France
 * Akureyri, Iceland. In 2007, a friendship and fisheries agreement was signed with Akureyri which according to Ice News, might lead to a twin cities designation in the future.

As a port with trading ties to Continental Europe, the Nordic nations and Baltic Europe, the town houses honorary consulates of Denmark, Iceland, and Norway. Swedish and Finnish honorary consulates are located in Immingham, and that of Germany at Barrow-upon-Humber.

The people of Norway have sent a tree to the town of Grimsby every Christmas since the end of the Second World War. The Norwegian city of Trondheim sent a tree for 40 years until 2003, since when the tree has been donated by the northern Norwegian town of Sortland and placed in the town's Riverhead Square. During redevelopment of Riverhead Square the tree has been placed in the Old Market Place since 2013.

title: Grimsby


text:
Pembroke, Pembrokeshire

Pembroke (Penfro ) is a town and community in Pembrokeshire, Wales, with a population of 7,552. The names of both the town and the county (of which the county town is Haverfordwest) have a common origin; both are derived from the Cantref of Penfro: Pen, 'head' or 'end', and bro, 'region', 'country', 'land', which has been interpreted to mean either 'Land's End' or 'headland'.

Pembroke features a number of historic buildings, town walls, complexes and Pembroke Castle which was the birthplace of Henry Tudor, who became Henry VII of England.

History

Pembroke Castle, the substantial remains of a stone medieval fortress founded by the Normans in 1093, stands at the western tip of a peninsula surrounded by water on three sides. The castle was the seat of the powerful Earls of Pembroke and the birthplace of King Henry VII of England. Gerald de Windsor was the first recorded Constable of Pembroke. Pembroke town and castle and its surroundings are linked with the early Christian church. Following the final extension of the castle about 1254 the town was extended and defensive perimeter walls erected around the edge of the town. The walls survive on their medieval foundations, although much rebuilt over the centuries. A great many of the town's original medieval burgage plots survive and are divided by early stone walls that are of significant national importance.

Monkton Priory, sited on a hill across the river from the castle, founded in 1098 by Arnulf de Montgomery and granted by him to the Benedictine order, has very early foundations and retains much of the Norman walls of the nave. The choir and sanctuary were renovated in the nineteenth century. Monkton Hall, close by the Priory church, is regarded as the oldest domestic building in Pembrokeshire and possibly Wales and is thought to have been the guesthouse for visitors to the Priory.

The first stone building in the town was a defensive tower, now known as the Medieval Chapel, at 69a Main Street and built on a cliff edge. There are the remains of a great hall to the north and recently filled-in arched cellars. The building was thought to have been later used as an early church as the layout is the same as St. Govan's Chapel and was used by John Wesley in 1764 to preach Methodism. In 1866 it became the brewery for the York Tavern which was briefly Oliver Cromwell's headquarters at the end of the Siege of Pembroke during the English Civil War. The town's main bridge across the River Pembroke, which also acts as a dam, crosses and constrains the millpond. The first bridge was constructed to house a tide mill, originally granted to the Knight's Templar in 1199. The last mill building was destroyed by fire in 1956.

On both banks of the Pembroke River to the west of the castle are many remains of early activities. The North Shore Quarries are relatively complete as are the remains of medieval and Elizabethan slipways where wooden vessels were built before the industrial dockyard and admiralty town was built on the grid pattern of Pembroke Dock. There is a very early complete graving dock in what was Hancock's Yard.

During the English Civil War, the strategic maritime shire was primarily in the control of the parliamentary forces which aspired to prevent communication to Ireland.

At Pennar Flats there was an early submarine base used for experiments in submarine warfare. Three of the houses on the then foreshore, part of the shipyard before the Admiralty Dock Yard was built, are still standing but are heavily altered.

The ferry port of Pembroke Dock is 3 mi to the northwest of Pembroke. It was established in 1814.

Geography
Pembroke town stands on the South Pembrokeshire limestone peninsula by the estuary of the River Cleddau, flanked on all sides by woodland and arable farmland. The town is 8 mi south of the county town of Haverfordwest.

The town is centred on Main Street, which is the only street that is inside the original Pembroke town walls. Outside the walls, residential estates have been built to the north towards Pembroke Dock, to the east towards Lamphey, and to the south. To the west of the town lies the village of Monkton, which is included as part of the community of Pembroke. At the 2001 census, the community had a population of 7,214.

The conurbation of Pembroke Dock and Pembroke has a combined population of 15,890 and as such is one of the major population centres of West Wales.

Local government
There are two tiers of local government covering Pembroke, at community (town) and county level: Pembroke Town Council and Pembrokeshire County Council. Pembroke Town Council is based at Pembroke Town Hall. The community of Pembroke covers an area of 4.58 sqmi and includes the Pembroke St Mary North, St Mary South, St Michael and Monkton wards.

For representation on the county council, the four wards comprising Pembroke community each elect one councillor.

Senedd and Westminster representation
Pembroke is part of the Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Senedd constituency and UK Parliamentary constituency.

The local Member of Parliament (MP) is Simon Hart, a Conservative.

Administrative history
Pembroke was an ancient borough, with evidence of borough charters dating back to at least 1168. The borough covered the two parishes of Pembroke St Mary and Pembroke St Michael plus part of the parish of Monkton (also known as Pembroke St Nicholas). The borough was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1836. The borough included a sizeable rural area within its boundaries as well as the built up area of Pembroke itself. The town of Pembroke Dock, which developed from the early nineteenth century as a separate urban area was nevertheless within the borough boundaries of Pembroke, falling within the parish of Pembroke St Mary. The part of the parish of Monkton outside the borough boundaries became a separate parish called Hundleton in 1894.

As Pembroke Dock grew through the nineteenth century it began to rival the old town of Pembroke for position as the main settlement within the borough. By 1895 Pembroke Borough Council had adopted the practice of holding its meetings alternately at Pembroke Town Hall and at Pembroke Dock, where the council had established its main administrative offices at 37 Bush Street (renumbered 71 Bush Street in 1906). The council remained based at 71 Bush Street (and later also expanded into neighbouring 73 Bush Street) until the early 1970s when it acquired Llanion Park, part of the Llanion Barracks at Pembroke Dock, to serve as its headquarters.

Pembroke Borough Council was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, with the area becoming part of the new district of South Pembrokeshire within the county of Dyfed on 1 April 1974. A community was established to cover the area of the former borough, with its council taking the name Pembroke Town Council. South Pembrokeshire District Council took over Llanion Park at Pembroke Dock to serve as its headquarters.

On 1 April 1986 the community of Pembroke was split into a Pembroke Dock community and a reduced Pembroke community, with Pembroke Town Council thereafter just covering the old town of Pembroke itself.

South Pembrokeshire was abolished in 1996, with the area becoming part of a re-established Pembrokeshire.

Education
Primary and pre-school (ages 3–11) education in Pembroke is served by two state schools. In Pembroke town, Golden Grove CP School is a dual stream school established in 2002 following the amalgamation of Golden Manor Infants School and Grove Junior School. In Monkton, pupils can attend Monkton Priory CP School.

Secondary education is provided by Pembroke School (in Welsh: Ysgol Benfro), a mixed 11–18 comprehensive school of 1,600 pupils with a sixth form of about 200. The school was formed in 1972 as a result of the amalgamation of the former grammar school and secondary modern school. The school takes pupils from the Pembroke family of schools, which as well as Golden Grove and Monkton Priory includes community primary schools in Lamphey, Orielton, Pennar and Pembroke Dock, voluntary controlled primary schools in Angle, Cosheston and Stackpole, and St. Mary's Catholic Primary School in Pembroke Dock.

Culture and community
Pembroke 21C community association was founded in 2004, and is based out of the Foundry House building on the Commons, which they operate as a community centre. Activities carried out by 21C include organising the annual Pembroke Festival, running the town's fortnightly farmers' market and producing a quarterly newsletter which is distributed to all households in the town. Pembroke Rugby Club organises the town's annual carnival, which is usually held in June. Pembroke Library shares a building with the Tourist Information Centre on Commons Road and offers a full lending service and internet access.

Pembroke has been twinned with the towns of Bergen, Lower Saxony, Germany, since 1977 and Pembroke, Malta, since 2002.

Notable people

 * King Henry VII (1457–1509), King of England, born in Pembroke Castle.
 * William Lort Mansel (1753–1820), an English churchman and Cambridge fellow.
 * Frank Goodden (1889–1917), a pioneering British aviator and test pilot
 * Mervyn Johns (1899–1992), a Welsh stage, film and TV character actor.
 * W. F. Grimes CBE (1905–1988), a Welsh archaeologist, studied the prehistory of Wales.
 * Daniel Jones, OBE (1912–1993), a Welsh composer of classical music.
 * John Cooke CB, OBE (1922–2011), a British doctor and senior Royal Air force officer.
 * Peter Bishop (1953–2022), an English painter of mountain landscape of north Wales and an art historian.

Sport

 * William Bowen (1862–1925), a Welsh international rugby union player, capped 13 times for Wales.
 * Henry Davies (1865–1934), a Welsh horse racing jockey and first-class cricketer.
 * W. J. A. Davies OBE (1890–1967), a Welsh rugby union footballer, capped 22 times for England
 * Reg Thomas (1907–1946), a Welsh middle-distance runner, he competed at the 1928 and 1932 Summer Olympics
 * David Gwynne-James (1937−2011), a Welsh first-class cricketer, British Army officer and military historian.
 * Scott Gammer (born 1976), a Welsh former professional boxer, British heavyweight title-holder from 2006 to 2007
 * Jonathan Thomas (born 1982), a Welsh rugby union coach and former player, capped 67 times for Wales.

Sport
Pembroke Rugby Club is on Upper Lamphey Road. The ground is called Crickmarren. The club plays in WRU Division Five West. Pembroke's main game of the season is often the local derby with rivals the Pembroke Dock Harlequins. Pembroke produced Ospreys and Welsh international Jonathan Thomas, Welsh international Dominic Day and Scotland international Luke Hamilton.

Other sporting clubs in the area include the football team Monkton Swifts.

The town is home to Pembroke Cricket Club. The cricket club plays its home games at its Treleet ground on Upper Lamphey Road, opposite the rugby club. The club currently has a 1st and a 2nd team playing in divisions 2 and 4 of the Pembrokeshire league. The club colours are green and gold.

Broadband blackspot
, it was revealed that Pembroke was the UK's second-slowest broadband town. The average internet download speed in Pembroke was just over 1.6 Mbit/s (1600 kbit/s) compared to the UK average of 12.0 Mbit/s (12000 kbit/s) at the time.

BT's telephone exchange, which serves Pembroke and Pembroke Dock, was upgraded in 2014 under the Superfast Cymru programme and new cabinets were built to provide FTTC technology. Additional exchanges across Pembrokeshire are also being upgraded under the programme, with a goal of bringing superfast broadband to 96% of Wales by spring 2016.

title: Pembroke, Pembrokeshire