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Talk:Peg solitaire

IMO most of this article is poorly written. I would like to rewrite it, but if I do so I would remove all reference to the "standard" board the article discusses at present as I have never heard of such a board. The English and European boards being the ones I know. Should I do such an edit? -- SGBailey 22:47 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I tried counting the positions, and wrote about it, didn't think of checking the size of the board that was already there... For the smaller board size (the one looking like a cross, not a circle) it is simple to count all the positions, in a reasonable time, without running out of computer memory, at least, so complete statistics would be possible. كسيپ Cyp 22:55 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

The solution presented here is the shortest possible (18 moves) but is not very easy to remember. I suggest adding a second solution where one does 4 "L removals" (one in each arm), and then it's relatively easy to finish the game off. This solution is very easy to remember. Gibell 00:03, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Triangular Boards Rules
I found a triangular Peg Solitaire game board (21 holes, from Germany) in the attic, and I was wondering if the allowed moves are horizontal, diagonal (up-left / down-right), and diagonal (up-right / down-left). This doesn't appear to be stated anywhere in the article and would be a great addition. I guess the information can be derived from looking at the fastest solution for triangular boards, but people may enjoy checking the rules first, then trying their own strategies and looking at the fastest way after that. --91.55.133.103 (talk) 01:06, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

Self promoting links
There is a person who keeps on putting links on Peg solitaire to his/her web page. Those links could be useful, but I think they are too many and they are at the very top of the list of links. I deleted them, but the user put them back. What do you think? Oleg Alexandrov 17:32, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I reedited them into one single line; fair enough, isn't it? (The material at that website looks interesting enough to me.) — Nol Aders 14:33, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Numbers
Just in case anyone cares: 2^33=8,589,934,592, and 2^33/8=1,073,741,824. JTTyler 03:23, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Algorythm/strategy
Other than brute force, intuition, trial and error, or pure memorization, what strategies can be applied to peg solitaire? Why do they work, if they exist? If they don't, why not? Fieari 00:08, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes lots. I've added a reference to the book The ins & outs of peg solitaire, John D. Beasley which goes into this in a lot of detail. One of the techniques is to divide the board up into blocks which you can remove one at a time, ending up with the "fireplace" which you can then solve ending in the centre. 86.3.141.205 20:26, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Marble Solitaire
I went ahead and made marble solitaire redirect to here as it appears to be the same game with marbles. Marble solitaire is already mentioned in this article. 91.125.102.152 (talk) 10:45, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Wording Check
It'd be nice if someone checked the wording I just added - related to the green o meaning. I don't edit wikipedia much. Note the green o only shows up in the triangle solution, I think. I also wasn't very happy with the semicolons vs commas in the section I edited but not being an english major I left it as is. Thanks. RobI (talk) 16:20, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Tagged as video game?
Why is this article tagged for cleanup as per the guidelines for video games (since March 2010)? This is so not a video game! Is there a better tag that better explains what is wanted? Mogsie (talk) 11:15, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Analysis of European Solitaire
I know wikipedia is no place for original research, but I did once come up with an alternate proof that there's no solution for European Solitaire starting with one peg in the middle.

It's based on changing the rules to a game where the legal moves of the current game are a subset of the legal moves in the expanded game - the expanded game being easier to analyze.

It predicts which positions can lead to a solution and what position the final piece will be on. It turns out that the predicted solutions are all possible in the original game.

Have fun duplicating this. Proofs are a more fun game than peg puzzles in my opinion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.254.74.158 (talk) 23:40, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Number of positions
I know this is somewhat off-topic, but the question can hardly be asked elsewhere... Could anyone think of a function, f(x), that would roughly approximate the amount of positions produced after x moves? I understand it depends greatly on the initial configuration of the board, and on its size, but I could do with at least a general form of sorts... I'm currently trying to implement a brute-force search that writes down all possible positions, then goes one move further from those, all the way until the last peg is left, and the issue is that I can't predict how much memory should be allocated for storing these positions because I don't know how many there will be.95.133.95.206 (talk) 19:37, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Brain Buster and Hi-Q
I notice that Hi-Q redirects here. I guess that's fair enough. But there's no page for Brain Buster, the (simpler?) peg solitaire game that was packaged with Hi-Q back in the 1960s. LightSpeed (talk) 06:43, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Self Promoting Links
I'm new to Wiki, so please accept my apology if I'm doing something wrong by making this request. I have put a few tools addressing a variation of Peg Solitaire up on my site that I think readers of this article would find interesting and useful. It's at jcookieee.com. I'd like to list it in external links, but the filter feels it violates the self promotion rule. I understand why, and it's probably right. So I'd appreciate it if someone reading this would please look at it and if you feel it is worth adding, add it for me as "*6 Move Peg Solitaire (player, solver, and playback)". If you feel it isn't appropriate and you have the time, I'd really appreciate some advice on how I might make it appropriate. I'm at jcook@ieee.org. Thanks. Jcookieee (talk) 03:28, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Good Game
I think that should be a link to this game http://peg-solitaire.sourceforge.net/. It has the largest collection of problems published in the world and an efficient algorithm to solve the games. Moreover, it is open source! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.61.188.15 (talk) 17:48, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

Big L
I think a 6 peg L (3 on one side and 4 on the other side) is impossible. Using the proof of no european solution there would be allways 2A, 2B and 2C positions. Omega Meteor (talk) 11:58, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

Yes, this is easy to prove exactly as you describe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gibell (talk • contribs) 18:46, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

7x7 Triangular Board
There should be discussion of a 7x7 triangular board, having 28 holes. I bought such a puzzle and the instructions implied it is possible to start with 1 hole in the center, and play until there is only one peg left in the center. I wrote a computer program to solve this and it concluded that there is no solution. I was hoping to find corroboration in this article. Rennybosch (talk) 02:34, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

See http://home.comcast.net/~gibell/pegsolitaire/tindex.html

SAS program
This should be removed, in my opinion. It could simply be listed in a link. There is no reason to list the source code for programs in this web page. Particularly in obscure programming languages like SAS.

I agree. It's an awful mess and 99.9% of people visiting this page will have no interest in it, not even programmers. FractalFive (talk) 12:53, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

I've removed it. Feel free to shout at me if this was inappropriate, but the article looks MUCH nicer now. FractalFive (talk) 13:05, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

Suggestion for Improvement: Pretty Pictures
This article relies way too much on unintuitive ASCII art. "" is where a peg was, and "" is where it is now? I have played Dwarf Fortress in text mode for years, yet still find the diagrams difficult to follow. If anyone is looking to improve the article, kindly draw some actual images. Bonus points for animation. (note: I am a lousy person because I'm annoyed enough to complain about it but not enough to fix it) ~ Eidako (talk) 10:38, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I should mention here that in the "Solutions to the English game" section I added an SVG which when clicked on is an interactive solution guide that shows green arrows for each move when the correct peg/marble is hovered over with the mouse pointer. Mardeg (talk) 08:24, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

Add information
Hello, I made some changes clarifying avoir the origin of the solitaire game so as not to confuse it with card games! we can discuss the discussion, I apologize, if that's the case, it's information about it. thanks for understanding. R.Dani Rinah R.Dani Rinah (talk) 07:45, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

Alan Touring solved it
Alan Touring figured out the solution and described it in a letter to an 8-year-old girl.

https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/enigma-genius-alan-turing-solved-4636115 Enigma genius Alan Turing solved my childhood puzzle - a year later he killed himself Maria Summerscale was a family friend of the tortured genius who helped crack the German Enigma Code but who was later prosecuted for the crime of being gay By Pamela Owen Mirror 16 NOV 2014 --Nbauman (talk) 03:46, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

RfC
Please comment at Talk:Solitaire Onceinawhile (talk) 20:15, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peg solitaire


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User talk:212

User:212 is currently being used as a redirect to User:²¹², since links to the latter are often changed to the former by people's web browsers; for example, on WikiMoney. See Browser notes for more discussion on browser limitations.

In the event that a user should come along and want the name "212", he or she is asked to change User:212 (and this talk page!) to their liking, but preferably with a link to User:²¹². Thanks!

bdesham 22:51 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi there - Thanks for the rewrite on Fire Walk With Me - it really makes things miles more fluid ;)

User:MarkBoydell

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:212


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Rugby, Tennessee

Rugby is an unincorporated community in Morgan and Scott counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Founded in 1880 by English author Thomas Hughes, Rugby was built as an experimental utopian colony. While Hughes's experiment largely failed, a small community lingered at Rugby throughout the 20th century. In the 1960s, residents, friends and descendants of Rugby began restoring the original design and layout of the community, preserving surviving structures and reconstructing others. Rugby's Victorian architecture and picturesque setting have since made it a popular tourist attraction. In 1972, Rugby's historic area was listed under the name Rugby Colony on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.

The Rugby experiment grew out of the social and economic conditions of Victorian England, where the practice of primogeniture and an economic depression had left many of the "second sons" of the English gentry jobless and idle. Hughes envisioned Rugby as a colony where England's second sons would have a chance to own land and be free of social and moral ills that plagued late-19th-century English cities. The colony would reject late Victorian materialism in favor of the Christian socialist ideals of equality and cooperation espoused in Hughes's Tom Brown's School Days.

From the outset, however, the colony was beset with problems, namely a typhoid epidemic in 1881, lawsuits over land titles, and a population unaccustomed to the hard manual labor required to extract crops from the poor soil of the Cumberland Plateau. By late 1887, most of the original colonists had either died or moved away from Rugby. However, a few carried on into the 20th century and the village retained a small, continuous population.

Geography
Rugby is located atop the Cumberland Plateau near the junction of Morgan, Scott, and Fentress counties. While it straddles the two former counties, the majority of it lies in Morgan County. On the north side of Rugby, the Clear Fork joins White Oak Creek to form a natural pool known as "The Meeting of the Waters" that has been a popular hiking destination since the colony's early days. Beyond Meeting-of-the-Waters, the Clear Fork continues northeastward for another 9 mi to where it joins New River to form the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River.

State Route 52 passed through the town, until December 2013 when the "Rugby Bypass" opened, connecting it with U.S. Route 127 in Jamestown to the west and U.S. Route 27 in the community of Elgin to the east. The area is relatively remote, with the 125000 acre Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area dominating the area to the north, and sparsely-populated rolling hills stretching for miles to the south. Most of the historic district is located on or near Tennessee state highway 52. A more modern residential area is located in the Beacon Hill section on the north side of the community.

Establishment
Thomas Hughes was born in Uffington, Oxfordshire, England in 1822. In the 1830s, he attended the Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, where he was greatly influenced by the school's progressive headmaster, Thomas Arnold. Both Rugby School and Arnold figured prominently in Hughes's 1857 novel, Tom Brown's School Days, and the school would eventually be the namesake for Hughes's utopian colony in Tennessee. In Tom Brown's School Days, Hughes espoused the ideals of Christian socialism, namely the cooperative ownership of community businesses. By the 1860s, Hughes had grown disenchanted with the materialism of late Victorian England. He was disheartened by the fact that the talents of many of England's younger sons were wasted due to an economic recession and the medieval system of primogeniture, in which the oldest son inherited all of the family's land.

In 1870, Hughes traveled to America to meet his friend, the poet James Russell Lowell, and learned of the Boston-based Board of Aid to Land Ownership, which specialized in helping unemployed urban craftsmen relocate to rural areas. Hughes indicated that such an operation might also be beneficial to young, unemployed English gentry. In 1878, Board of Aid president Franklin Webster Smith and an agent with the new Cincinnati Southern Railway, Cyrus Clarke, were travelling on the railroad's new tracks along the Cumberland Plateau when they identified the future site of Rugby, and were impressed with its virgin forests, clear air, and scenic gorges. Clarke secured options on hundreds of thousands of acres of Plateau land. Knoxville attorney Oliver Perry Temple, who became the colony's legal and agricultural advisor, began the complicated process of securing land titles.

Smith returned to Boston to recruit families to move to the newly acquired land on the Plateau, but economic conditions in the northeast had improved, and few families were interested in relocating. Smith then notified Hughes of the Board's new land acquisitions, and Hughes expressed interest in establishing a colony. Hughes formed a partnership with British lawyers Sir Henry Kimber and John Boyle, and bought the Board of Aid.

Rugby Colony, 1880–1887

Franklin W. Smith, who was primarily responsible for Rugby's early layout, chose the townsite for Rugby for its resort-like qualities, even though it was 7 mi from the nearest railroad stop at Sedgemoor (modern-day Elgin, Tennessee). The colony's first frame structure, known as the "Asylum" (now the Pioneer Cottage), was erected in early 1880, and the first wave of colonists constructed tennis and croquet courts, and built a walkway to "The Meeting of the Waters." Within a few months, several residences had been completed, along with the three-story Tabard Inn, which was named for the Southwark hostelry in Canterbury Tales.

Thomas Hughes was on hand for the colony's "opening" on October 5, 1880, and gave a speech that laid out his plans for Rugby. All colonists would be required to invest $5 in the commissary, thus ensuring public ownership. Personal freedoms were guaranteed, although the sale of alcohol was banned. The colony would build an Episcopal church, but the building could be used by any denomination. On opening day, Tennessee's Episcopal bishop, the Right Reverend Charles Quintard, chartered Christ Church and licensed colonist Joseph Blacklock as lay reader.

American publications such as The New York Times and Harper's Weekly and London publications such as The Spectator, Saturday Review, and Punch, all followed the colony's progress. Rugby published its own newspaper, The Rugbeian, which was edited by Oxford graduate Osmond Dakeyne, and several colonists formed a Library and Reading Room Society, headed by Tübingen graduate Edward Bertz, who was a long-term friend of the late nineteenth century English author George Gissing, with whom he corresponded over many years. In summer 1881, a typhoid outbreak killed seven colonists—including Dakeyne—and forced the Tabard Inn to close for cleansing, but the colony recovered. By 1884, the colony boasted over 400 residents, 65 frame public buildings and houses, a tennis team, a social club, and a literary and dramatic society. In 1885, Rugby established a university, Arnold School, named for Rugby School headmaster Thomas Arnold.

Struggle and decline

Throughout its early history, Rugby was beset with lawsuits over land titles. While Cyrus Clarke had obtained options on nearly 350000 acre of land, many of the Plateau's Appalachian natives grew suspicious of Clarke and refused to sell their property. This slowed the colony's early development, and as the lawsuits dragged on, many colonists gave up and moved away. Furthermore, Smith, who had selected the townsite, had ignored the site's poor soil in favor of its potential as a mountain resort. Rugby's main resort hotel, the Tabard, was forced to close due to the typhoid outbreak in 1881, and burned down altogether in 1884, halting Rugby's burgeoning tourist economy and damaging the Board of Aid's credit.

Frustrated by the colony's slow development, the Board of Aid's London backers replaced colony director John Boyle with Irish-born Cincinnati city engineer Robert Walton in May 1882. Rugby attempted to establish a tomato canning operation in 1883, but after the cannery was constructed, colonists failed to grow enough tomatoes to keep it operational. Newspapers began to ridicule Rugby, with London's Daily News accusing Hughes of creating a "pleasure picnic" rather than a functioning colony, and The New York Times claiming that Hughes was planning to abandon the colony altogether.

In 1887, the deaths of a number of prominent colonists—including Hughes's mother, Margaret, and geologist Charles Wilson—led to the departure of most of Rugby's original settlers. That year, Hughes made his last annual visit to the colony, and The Rugbeian ceased publication. In 1892, Sir Henry Kimber reorganized the Board of Aid as the Rugby Tennessee Company, which focused on harvesting the region's natural resources, all but abandoning the anti-materialistic ideals on which the colony was founded. By 1900, the company had sold its Cumberland Plateau holdings.

Preservation

Robert Walton's son, William (1887–1958), maintained the Thomas Hughes Library, the Christ Church Episcopal, and Kingstone Lisle until the mid-20th century. During the same period, Uffington House was maintained by the family of C.C. Brooks. Conservation efforts at Rugby began in the 1940s when logging practices were decimating the surrounding virgin forests. The efforts were publicized by The New York Times and The Washington Post, and gained federal support with the aide of Secretary of State Cordell Hull, but the state of Tennessee rejected the logging companies' offering price for the land, and the forest was cut right up to the community's boundaries.

In 1966, preservationists formed Historic Rugby, a non-profit group dedicated to restoring and maintaining the community's surviving historic structures, which include the Christ Church Episcopal, the Thomas Hughes Library, the Rugby School, Kingstone Lisle, Uffington House, and Newbury House. The group has also reconstructed several buildings based on their original designs, including the Board of Aid office, the Rugby Commissary, and Sir Henry Kimber's Percy Cottage. The Harrow Road Cafe, a restaurant built in the 1980s, was named for a restaurant that existed at Rugby in the 1880s, although its original design is unknown. The Cafe was destroyed by fire on September 4, 2020. The Rugby Printing Works, which originally stood at nearby Deer Lodge, was moved to Rugby in the 1970s. Historic Rugby opened up the community's Beacon Hill area (originally planned to include residences and a park) to new home construction, with the condition that all new homes must be designed in accordance with the community's Victorian aesthetic.

Christ Church Episcopal
The Christ Church Episcopal was established on October 5, 1880, and initially used the original Rugby schoolhouse for services. The current building was built in the Carpenter Gothic style in 1887 by Cornelius Onderdonk, who constructed many of the original buildings in Rugby, and consecrated by Episcopal bishop Charles Quintard in 1888. The church's alms basin was designed by English carpenter Henry Fry, who had previously done work for various churches in the London area. The church's reed organ, built in 1849, is one of the oldest in the United States. The Christ Church parish has met here regularly since 1887.

Thomas Hughes Library
Built in 1882, the Thomas Hughes Library is the most unchanged of all the buildings in Rugby. The library's 7,000 volumes were collected primarily by Boston bookseller Estes & Lauriat, and donated to Rugby's Library and Reading Room Society with the stipulation they name the new library for Hughes. The library still contains most of its original collection, the oldest volume of which dates to 1687. German-born colonist Edward Bertz, Rugby's first librarian, published a book about his Rugby experiences, entitled Das Sabinergut, in 1896.

Kingstone Lisle
Kingstone Lisle, a Queen Anne-style cottage, was built in 1884 as a residence for Thomas Hughes, although Hughes stayed at the cottage for just a very short period on one of his annual visits (he usually stayed at the Newbury House). In the late 1880s, Hughes gave the house to Christ Church priest Joseph Blacklock for use as a rectory. Historic Rugby restored the house in the 1960s, and has outfitted it with period furniture.

title: Rugby, Tennessee


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List of Royal Air Force stations

This list of Royal Air Force stations is an overview of all current stations of the Royal Air Force (RAF) throughout the United Kingdom and overseas. This includes front-line and training airbases, support, administrative and training stations with no flying activity, unmanned airfields used for training, intelligence gathering stations and an early warning radar network.

The list also includes RAF stations occupied by the United States Visiting Forces, former RAF stations now operated by defence contractor QinetiQ on behalf the Ministry of Defence (MOD), and air weapons ranges operated by the MOD.

Overseas, the RAF operates airfields at four Permanent Joint Operating Bases (PJOBs) which are located in British Overseas Territories.

Royal Air Force

RAF front-line operations are centred on seven main operating bases (MOBs):
 * RAF Coningsby, RAF Marham, and RAF Lossiemouth — Air Combat
 * RAF Waddington — Combat Intelligence, Surveillance Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance
 * RAF Brize Norton — Air Transport
 * RAF Benson and RAF Odiham — Support Helicopter Force, operating under Joint Helicopter Command

Operations are supported by numerous other flying and non-flying stations, with activity centred at RAF Honington which coordinates Force Protection, and RAF Leeming and RAF Wittering which have a support enabler role.

Stations such as RAF Cranwell, RAF Valley and RAF Shawbury form part of the UK Military Flying Training System, which is dedicated to training aircrew for all three UK armed services. Specialist ground crew training takes place at RAF Cosford and MOD St Athan.

The Control and Reporting Centre (CRC) at RAF Boulmer is tasked with compiling a Recognised Air Picture of UK airspace and providing tactical control of the Quick Reaction Alert Force. Boulmer is supported by a network of eight Remote Radar Heads (RRHs) spread throughout the UK.

Ministry of Defence
Several former RAF stations are still owned by the Ministry of Defence (MOD), and are operated by defence contractor QinetiQ in the test and evaluation role. The main facility is MOD Boscombe Down in Wiltshire, which still has a significant RAF presence.

A small number of former RAF stations remain in MOD ownership even though they are used by the RAF in the relief landing ground (RLG) role, flying by Volunteer Gliding Squadrons or other training purposes. They are described as airfields and are typically unmanned.

List of sites
British Army facilities at Flying Station Aldergrove, Leuchars Station and Upavon Station (former RAF stations) are listed in recognition of the RAF retaining a presence at each site.

Remote Radar Heads
Remote Radar Heads (RRHs) are the UK's air defence radar sites. The RRHs can now be monitored centrally with only limited on-site radar maintenance support. This has enabled the release of the majority of RAF personnel previously based permanently at these locations. The sites are maintained and operated primarily by Serco. The MOD finished installing new state-of-the-art communications buildings, radar towers and bespoke perimeter security on the sites in 2023 under Programme HYDRA.

RAF stations operated by the United States Visiting Forces

At the invitation of the UK Government, the United States has had military forces (known as US Visiting Forces) permanently stationed in the United Kingdom since the Second World War. The 1951 NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the Visiting Forces Act 1952, along with other bilateral acts, establishes the legal status of the USVF in the UK. Several military sites within England are made available for the USVF's purposes.

A Royal Air Force commander is present at the main USVF sites, and is normally of the rank of Squadron Leader, whereas a US Colonel will normally command US personnel at each station. The role of the RAF commander is to liaise with the US base commander, and act as head of establishment for Ministry of Defence employees. The use of UK bases for combat operations by the United States is a joint decision by both governments.

The United States Air Force (USAF) 501st Combat Support Wing manages and supports operations at RAF Alconbury, RAF Croughton, RAF Fairford, RAF Menwith Hill, RAF Molesworth, and RAF Welford, whereas RAF Lakenheath and RAF Mildenhall are managed by their respective host wings.

MOD air weapons ranges
Air weapons ranges (AWR) within the United Kingdom, previously operated by the Royal Air Force, are the responsibility of the Service Delivery (SD) part of the Defence Infrastructure Organisation (DIO). QinetiQ were awarded a three-year contract by the DIO in 2010 to manage the ranges, but this role was taken over by Landmarc Support Services (part of Interserve) in 2014 as part of a contract covering the wider MOD Defence Training Estate.

Permanent Joint Operating Bases
The United Kingdom operates Permanent Joint Operating Bases (PJOBs) in four British Overseas Territories, namely Ascension Island, the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus, the Falkland Islands and Gibraltar. The PJOBs contribute to the physical defence and maintenance of sovereignty of these British Overseas Territories and enable the UK to conduct expeditionary military operations. The Director of Overseas Bases, Strategic Command, controls and oversees the PJOBs. Donnelly Lines, a permanent UK military facility at a United Arab Emirates (UAE) air base was opened in 2024.

Semi-permanent operations
The Royal Air Force has a semi-permanent presence at several overseas locations. Active military operations in the Middle East are supported by Expeditionary Air Wings (EAW) which have been established at foreign airfields in the United Arab Emirates and Qatar. The RAF has a presence within Eastern European countries on a rotational basis as part of NATO's Baltic Air Policing and Southern Air Policing missions.

No. 17 Test and Evaluation Squadron is located in the United States at Edwards Air Force Base in California, where test and evaluation of the F-35B Lighting II is undertaken.

Map of stations within the UK
Map of the United Kingdom showing active RAF stations, Ministry of Defence (MOD) airfields (non-Royal Navy or Army Air Corps), MOD air weapons ranges and RAF stations occupied by the United States Visiting Forces (USVF).

title: List of Royal Air Force stations


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User:Tao Shan

Interested in loads of stuff and will join in on building a page when the knowledge has been acquired...

title: User:Tao Shan


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User talk:Nosrail

I accidentally reverted the image Tux.jpg. If you can re-revise it? I didn't know rev meant revert. ilyanep 23:23 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Vandal
Errrr, why did you vandalise the Turkey article? --Cool Cat My Talk 08:27, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nosrail


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Wang Ko

Wang Ko (Mongolian name: Öljeyitü (完澤禿); d. 1345), known by his Korean Royal title as Prince Yeonan and served in Yuan as King Shen of Yang, was a Goryeo Royal Family member as the son of Duke Gangyang and grandson of King Chungnyeol who became a nobleman in Yuan Dynasty and a potential competitor to King Chungseon (his half uncle) and King Chungsuk which favored him.

Biography
In 1314 when King Chungseon passed the throne to his son Ratnashri (King Chungsuk), Öljeyitü was installed as Crown Prince and sent to the Yuan court as a hostage by rule. However, when King Chungsuk fathered Buddhashri (King Chunghye), Öljeyitü forced to abdicate from crown prince, but King Chungseon transferred his post of King of Shen to him instead. The title of King of Shen was originally given to King Chungseon by Khayishan (Külüg Khan) after his support of Khayisan's succession in 1307. Öljeyitü married with a daughter of Sungshan (松山 songshan), King of Liang (粱王) of the imperial family.

When Sidibala (Gegeen Khan) ascended to the throne in 1320, Öljeyitü began a campaign to become the King of Goryeo. By his scheme, the Khan banished Chungseon to Tibet in 1320 and interned King Chungsuk in 1321. However, Sidibala was assassinated in 1323 and Öljeitü's plan was aborted.

King Chungsuk, who was allowed to return to Goryeo in 1325, passed the throne to Buddhashri in 1330 but was reinstated after two years because Buddhashri was deposed by Yuan. In 1333 Öljeyitü reached a settlement with Ratnashri and returned to Goryeo.

When King Chungsuk died in 1339, Öljeyitü try to wrest the crown again but was crushed by King Chunghye. However Bayan, who seized real power, hated Chunghye because he had friendly relations with El Temür, whose faction was purged by Bayan. Bayan imprisoned Chunghye in 1340. Immediately after that, Bayan was banished by his nephew and Öljeyitü's plot was stopped again.

King Chunghye was arrested in 1343 and died while being transported to Guangdong. Wang Ko acted as a king for a while. Padma Dorji (King Chungmok), Chunghye's little son, ascended to the throne after the death of Chunghye. Öljeyitü returned to Goryeo but died the next year.

In 1354 Öljeyitü's grandson Toghtua Bukha (脫脫不花) was installed as King of Shen. In 1356 Öljei Khutugh Khatun wanted him to become King of Goryeo but he refused the offer. When King Gongmin died in 1374, the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia tried to appoint him again and a faction in Goryeo welcomed the plan, but it was eventually failed.

Family

 * Father: Duke Gangyang (d. 1308)
 * Grandfather: Chungnyeol of Goryeo (1236–1308)
 * Grandmother: Princess Jeonghwa
 * Older brother: Wang Hu, Prince Danyang
 * Younger brother: Wang Hun, Prince Yeondeok
 * Wife: Princess Nullyun (눌륜공주, 訥倫公主; d. 1328) – daughter of and a niece of Princess Gyeguk.
 * 1st son: Wang Deok-su, Grand Prince Gangneung
 * 1st grandson: Toktabuka, King of Sim (1310–1388)
 * 2nd grandson: Tegeubuka
 * 3rd grandson: Witabulhwa
 * 2nd son: Taltalcheopbona

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Lee Jae-yong in the 2013–2014 MBC TV series Empress Ki.

title: Wang Ko


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Fuji Speedway

Fuji Speedway (富士スピードウェイ) is a motorsport race track standing in the foothills of Mount Fuji, in Oyama, Suntō District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It was built in the early 1960s. In the 1980s, Fuji Speedway was used for the FIA World Sportscar Championship and national racing. Originally managed by Mitsubishi Estate, Fuji Speedway was acquired by Toyota in 2000. The circuit hosted the Formula One 2007 Japanese Grand Prix after an absence of nearly 30 years, replacing the Suzuka Circuit owned by Honda. After Fuji Speedway hosted the 2008 race, the Japanese Grand Prix returned to Suzuka for races from 2009 onward. The Super GT Fuji 500 km race is held at the racetrack on Golden Week.

Fuji Speedway has one of the longest straights in motorsport, at 1.475 km in length. The circuit has an FIA Grade 1 license.

1963–79: F1 launches in Japan
Fuji Speedway Corporation was established in 1963 as Japan NASCAR Corporation. At first, the circuit was planned to hold NASCAR-style races in Japan. Therefore, the track was originally designed to be a 4.000 km banked superspeedway, but there was not enough money to complete the project and only one of the bankings was completed. Mitsubishi Estate invested in the circuit and took over the reins of management in October 1965.

Converted to a road course, the circuit opened in December 1965 and proved to be somewhat dangerous, with the wide banked turn (named "Daiichi") regularly resulting in major accidents. Vic Elford said:

"'In 1969 I spent two months in Japan doing a test contract for Toyota and their Toyota 7 (5 litre V-8), which along with a big Nissan (6.3 litre V-12), was destined for CanAm. My last testing and then the subsequent Sports Car GP were at Fuji, but the track was run in a clockwise direction. The reason that banking was so horrific, was that at the end of the straight we went over a blind crest at around 190/200 mph and dropped into the banking. At other tracks (Daytona, Montlhéry, etc.) you climb up the banking. One of the results was that although there were many brave Japanese drivers there were not too many with great skill and the death toll from that one corner was horrendous. To such an extent that the big Gp 7 cars were then banned in Japan and thus, neither Nissan or Toyota ever made it to CanAm.'"

After a fatal accident in 1974 on the Daiichi banking where drivers Hiroshi Kazato and Seiichi Suzuki were both killed in a fiery accident that injured 6 other people, a new part of track was built to counteract the problem, and the resultant 4.359 km course, which also eliminated 5 other fast corners, proved more successful. In 1966, the track hosted a USAC Indy Car non-championship race, won by Jackie Stewart. The track had a 24-hour race in 1967.

The speedway brought the first Formula One race to Japan at the end of the 1976 season. The race had a dramatic World Championship battle between James Hunt and Niki Lauda, and in rainy conditions, Hunt earned enough points to win the title. Mario Andretti won the race, with Lauda withdrawing due to the dangerous conditions.

In 1977, Gilles Villeneuve was involved in a crash that killed two spectators on the side of the track, leading to Formula One leaving the speedway. When Japan earned another race on the F1 schedule ten years later, it went to Suzuka instead. The Grand Prix returned to Fuji in 2007 following its renovation.

1980–2000: National racing venue

Fuji remained a popular sports car racing venue; the FIA World Sportscar Championship visited the track between 1982 and 1988 and it was often used for national races. Speeds continued to be very high, and two chicanes were added to the track: one after the first hairpin corner, the second at the entry to the wide, fast final turn (300R). Even with these changes, the main feature of the track remained its approximately 1.5 km long straight, one of the longest in all of motorsports.

The long pit straight has also been utilised for drag racing. NHRA exhibitions were run in 1989, and in 1993 Shirley Muldowney ran a 5.30 on the quarter-mile strip at Fuji. Local drag races are common on the circuit, at both 440 yd & 1,000 ft distances.

The track continued to be used for Japanese national races. Plans to host a CART event in 1991 were abandoned due to conflicts with the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile. It was not until the autumn of 2000 that the majority of the stocks of the track were bought by Toyota from Mitsubishi Estate as part of its motor racing plans for the future.

On May 3, 1998, there was a multi-car crash during a parade lap before a JGTC race caused by the safety car slowing in torrential rain. Ferrari driver Tetsuya Ota suffered serious burns over his entire body after being trapped in his car for almost 90 seconds, and Porsche driver Tomohiko Sunako fractured his right leg.

2001–present: renovations
In 2003, the circuit was closed down to accommodate a major reprofiling of the track, using a new design from Hermann Tilke. The track was reopened on April 10, 2005, and hosted its first Formula One championship event in 29 years on September 30, 2007. In circumstances similar to Fuji's first Grand Prix in 1976, the race was run in heavy rain and mist and the first 19 laps were run under the safety car, in a race won by Lewis Hamilton.

The circuit has hosted the Nismo Festival for historic Nissan racers since refurbishment in 2003; the event previously took place at Okayama. When the festival returned in 2005, the organisers allowed circuit owner Toyota to bring in its Toyota 7 Can-Am racer to re-enact an old Japanese GP battle. Toyota also hosts its own historic event a week before the Nismo festival called the Toyota Motorsports Festival. Close to the circuit is a drifting course, which was built as part of the refurbishment under the supervision of "Drift King" Keiichi Tsuchiya and former works driver and Super GT team manager Masanori Sekiya. There is a Toyota Safety Education Center and a mini circuit. In addition to motorsports, Fuji also hosts the Udo Music Festival.

The only time the circuit is run on a reverse direction is during the D1 Grand Prix round, as Keiichi Tsuchiya felt the new layout meant reduced entry speed, making it less suitable for drifting. The series has hosted its rounds since ; with the exception of the 2004 closure, the circuit became the first to take place on an international level racetrack and the first of the three to take place on an F1 circuit. The drift course starts from the 300R section and ends past the Coca-Cola corner. With the reprofiling, as cars no longer run downbank, entry speeds have since been reduced, the hill at the exit making acceleration difficult. As part of the 2003 renovations, most of the old banked section of track was demolished. Only a small section remains to this day.

Fuji Speedway was announced to host the finish of the road cycling races at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics.

2007 and 2008 Japanese Grands Prix
During the 2007 Japanese Grand Prix, Fuji Speedway met with a lot of problems, including the paralysis of the transportation network provided by the shuttle buses, poor facilities including some reserved seats without a view, lack of organization, and expensive meals such as simple lunch boxes being sold for 10,000 yen (US$87) at the circuit.

Newspaper accounts of the event also alleged problems with Toyota bias and control. The circuit prohibited spectators from setting up flags and banners to support teams and drivers, with the exception of the Toyota F1 team. Therefore, there were very few flags and banners in the event compared with other Grand Prix events.

For the 2008 Japanese Grand Prix race, organizers responded to lessons learned the previous year by reducing the total number of spectators allowed at the event. Compared to 140,000 persons allowed for Sunday events in 2007, attendance was restricted to 110,000. Additionally, walkways and spectator facilities were improved, along with larger screens. However, the race was also affected by rainy weather, which has historically interfered in a number of past races at the circuit, and later in 2013, led to interference with a 6-hour endurance race at the track for the FIA World Endurance Championship.

Following both poor ticket sales and weather, it was decided by FOM that the FIA Japanese Grand Prix would be shared between Fuji and Suzuka on alternate years, with Suzuka holding the next race on Sunday, October 4, 2009. After the global recession and its own operational deficit, Toyota decided to discontinue the hosting of Japanese Grand Prix since 2010.

2020 Summer Olympics
During the 2020 Summer Olympics, which due to the COVID-19 pandemic were postponed to 2021, the speedway was a venue and finish for the cycling races:
 * Men's individual road race: on 24 July 2021 🇪🇨 Richard Carapaz (ECU) won the gold medal, 🇧🇪 Wout van Aert (BEL) silver and Tadej Pogačar bronze.
 * Women's individual road race: on 25 July 2021 🇦🇹 Anna Kiesenhofer (AUT) won the gold medal, Annemiek van Vleuten silver and 🇮🇹 Elisa Longo Borghini (ITA) bronze.
 * Women's road time trial: on 28 July 2021 Annemiek van Vleuten won the gold medal, Marlen Reusser won silver and Anna van der Breggen won bronze.
 * Men's road time trial: on 28 July 2021 Primož Roglič won the gold medal, Tom Dumoulin silver and 🇦🇺 Rohan Dennis (AUS) bronze.

2022: Fuji Motorsports Forest
In April 2022, Toyota announced the construction of the "Fuji Motorsports Forest", which Toyota Fudosan, a real-estate company of Toyota Group, was pushing forward as the "Motorsports Village" project until then. The project precedes the completion of the Shin-Tōmei Expressway and smart interchange near the circuit.

With the regional redevelopment plan centered on Fuji Speedway, the Fuji Speedway Hotel (operated by Hyatt) including the Fuji Motorsports Museum was built on the west side of the circuit and opened in October 2022.

Events

 * Current

 * May: Super GT Fuji 500 km Race, Super Taikyu Fuji 24 Hours, Ferrari Challenge Japan, F4 Japanese Championship
 * June: GT World Challenge Asia Fanatec Japan Cup
 * July: Super Formula Championship, Super Formula Lights
 * August: Super GT, Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia, F4 Japanese Championship
 * September: FIA World Endurance Championship 6 Hours of Fuji, Formula Regional Japanese Championship
 * October: Super Formula Championship, Formula Regional Japanese Championship
 * November: Super Taikyu

 * Former

 * 2020 Summer Olympics Cycling (2021)
 * Asian Le Mans Series (2013–2018)
 * Audi R8 LMS Cup (2015)
 * Ferrari Challenge Asia-Pacific (2014–2019, 2022)
 * Formula One
 * Japanese Grand Prix (1976–1977, 2007–2008)
 * Grand Prix motorcycle racing
 * Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix (1966–1967)
 * Japan Le Mans Challenge (2007)
 * Porsche Carrera Cup Asia (2014–2019)
 * TCR Japan Touring Car Series (2019–2023)
 * World Sportscar Championship
 * All Japan Fuji 1000 Kilometres (1982–1988)
 * World Touring Car Championship
 * Fuji InterTEC 500 (1987)

Race lap records

As of May 2024, the fastest official race lap records at the Fuji Speedway are listed as:

Corners
This is the official listing of the twelve corners that make up the current circuit layout, in use since 2005. Only some corners have Japanese names, most of which are a result of sponsorship agreements. The rest are named after the radius of the corner in metres.

 * 1) TGR Corner (27R)
 * 75R
 * 1) Coca-Cola Corner (80R)
 * 2) Toyopet (100R)
 * 3) Advan Corner (30R)
 * 4) 120R
 * 5) 300R
 * 6) Dunlop Corner (15R)
 * 30R
 * 45R
 * 1) GR Supra Corner (25R)
 * 2) Panasonic Corner (12R)

The Dunlop corner differs with the configuration used. In the full configuration, it consists of a tight right hairpin turn followed by a left-right flick. In the GT course, it is a medium-speed right-hander, bypassing turns 11 and 12.

Video games
The Fuji circuit is represented in the arcade racing game Pole Position, and is one of the four selectable tracks in Pole Position II. Fuji is also featured in Project CARS 2, Top Gear, TOCA Race Driver, Gran Turismo 4: Prologue, Gran Turismo 4, Tourist Trophy, Gran Turismo 5: Prologue, Gran Turismo (PSP), Gran Turismo 5, Gran Turismo 6, Gran Turismo Sport, and Gran Turismo 7. For F1 Challenge '99–'02, Grand Prix Legends, rFactor, GTR 2 – FIA GT Racing Game, GT Legends, Assoluto Racing, Race 07, the track is available as free downloadable content. The track is also available in Grid Legends and iRacing as paid downloadable content.

Television
The Fuji circuit is featured prominently in the Japanese television drama Engine as the main setting for the racing scenes, as well as the home of the (fictional) "Regulus Cup".

The track was also featured in an episode of the 11th season of the British automotive show Top Gear, in which host Jeremy Clarkson drives a Nissan GT-R.

Part of the Gaki no Tsukai 2013 New Year's Holiday No-Laughing Earth Defense Force punishment game was also shot at Fuji Speedway.

The circuit was featured in the opening scene of tokusatsu series Dennou Keisatsu Cybercop.

The anime Overtake! takes place at Fuji Speedway.

title: Fuji Speedway