text:
Talk:Deluxe Paint

Untitled
Can anyone elaborate on the legal case involving Deluxe Paint? Details such as who the case was against and a more involved description of the decision would be great. :-) —Frecklefoot 15:28, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I just did a quick search of the Lexis legal database. There are no published American court cases that reference "Deluxe Paint." This is not the entire universe of cases, however. Many U.S. cases are unpublished. If the case was decided by the trial court, without an appeal, lack of publication would be unsurprising.

I worked at Electronic Arts, including on Deluxe Paint, in 1988. I don't recall any mention of this litigation. My impression of the ethical views of EA's founders is that the lawsuit, if there was a lawsuit, probably involved a much narrower issue. I find it hard (not impossible, but very hard) to believe that EA's founders ever intended to assert copyright over the creations of mass-market customers.CemKaner (talk) 15:49, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

I removed the section describing this legal case since as there's no evidence that this ever happened. Five years to find a citation is probably long enough. Thepreacher (talk) 13:34, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

At least in the United States, the analogy drawn that makers of hammers and saws could claim copyright on any buildings built with such tools is faulty, as buildings per se are not copyrightable. --Daniel C. Boyer 18:09, 11 Aug 2003 (UTC)

dpaint
I hope nobody will mind me updating the Deluxe Paint page a bit. I was co-developer of the last few versions; for a bit more on the Deluxe Paint story, some details can be found here: http://home.earthlink.net/~rock_island/files/dpaint.htm

-djh

By all means, the more info the better! I think these articles are especially valuable because the product is no longer available ... looking at the screenshots really brings back memories to me of all the hours I wasted pushing buttons as a kid. Some information on the file-formats would be useful, especially any unique to dpaint. freshgavin TALK    03:30, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

video game art
Deluxe Paint (Amiga) and Deluxe Animation (PC) were basically were probaby 80% of all game artwork were created in the period from about 1987 to 1993. At least in American and European countries. I know Deluxe Paint was used in nearly all Microprose products from 1987 including Pirates (PC), Red Storm Rising (C64), Gunship (PC) and others. Most Virgin Games including Spirit of Excalibur, M.C. Kids, Global Gladiators, Cool Spot. The first Shiny Entertainment games including Earthworm Jim 1 and 2 and literally hundreds if not thousands of others. Greggman 11:32, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

The amiga version was heavily used, I fixed up the reference tat was made that lucasfilm used the PC version hence guy.brush.. this is incorrect since the PC version being was limited to 8.3 so the character would have been called Guybru Threepwood if the artists were using PC's

Colour palette in Functionality section
From the section "Functionality":
 * Unlike other products, for example Adobe Photoshop, DPaint was heavily oriented towards the bitmapped and bitplaned display modes of the Amiga. In other paint applications palette and image data are somewhat divorced. In DPaint they were firmly linked, to the extent that changing the hue of a palette entry automatically changed all pixels of that index in the image.

This is a basic feature of indexed, rather than full RGB, colour palettes, and is in no way specific to DPaint. The Amiga's native chipset only supported indexed colour: up to 32 out of 4096 for OCS/ECS, or up to 256 out of 16777216 for AGA. (Although HAM was a way to emulate full RGB palettes.) The way how all pixels of a specific colour index changed hue when the colour's own hue was changed is a basic feature of the Amiga's chipset and thus could be used (in fact, could hardly be avoided) in all other programs as well. I myself made elaborate graphics demos in AmigaBASIC and C using that feature.
 * Not even specific to the Amiga platform. For example my first infant experimentation with computer animation came with noodling about in Degas Elite on the Atari ST, and discovering the nuances of its "cycle" brush and pallette function. 82.46.180.56 (talk) 20:17, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Therefore I don't think this deserves a mention in the Deluxe Paint article as it has hardly anything to do with Deluxe Paint. J I P | Talk 11:15, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You could maybe rewrite it to reflect the underlying reasons, then. Fourohfour 12:29, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think so. I can do it when I find enough time. J I P  | Talk 12:38, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You've had almost two years, what happened? -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 19:16, 23 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I did rewrite it back in 2006, see . J I P  | Talk 20:07, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Personal Paint
Does anyone think it would be useful to mention the rivalry with Cloanto's Personal Paint (bundled with the A1200) and comparisons in their approaches. I know I always found Personal Paint easier to work with - but that was just my preference - I always found PP had more features than DP but I might have not been comparing like for like versions. Any comments?? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 88.106.215.167 (talk • contribs).

 * Is there any evidence that there was widespread rivalry, or is it just a personal preference you have (in which case it certainly *doesn't* belong)? IIRC Personal Paint came out pretty late in the day, around the time the final version of Deluxe Paint was released, so it sounds dubious to me. Fourohfour 18:42, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I found it was somewhat easier to use myself - and one or the other were bundled with various Commodore Amiga bundles (in the uk at least). Perhaps rivalry was the wrong word - alternatives might be better.  Eitherway - I thought it might be useful because I know the animation feature in DP came before PP, but PP had more effects than DP in its earlier versions.  I was wondering if this was of interest to the article? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 88.106.223.197 (talk • contribs).

 * Depends if you're comparing like with like. It might be worth mentioning Personal Paint, but unless there are specific things you can say that are backed up with references, I wouldn't add more than that. Fourohfour 15:10, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Blur tool
"DPaint was the first program to have a built-in blur effect, although many have categorized it as a lossy compression technique, rather than a feature." This statement is somewhat confusing, what is it supposed to mean? I assume the blur effect referred to is the smooth brush mode, but I don't see what this has to do with compression. Also "many have categorized it" is a vague statement with no supporting evidence. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.121.63.2 (talk • contribs).

 * "Many have categorized it" is indeed a vague (non-)attibution, and an example of weasel words. The whole second part of the sentence sounds very dubious to me, and I have removed it. (The first part remains in place, but I have requested a citation/reference). Fourohfour 15:07, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd chuck the allusion to MPEG compression vs the IFF delta compression in the same basket, it's a completely different thing along the lines of 'record different pixels only' in GIF animation. As this format was also used on the ST in some apps (e.g. Antic's CyberPaint, optionally using the .DLT extension), wasn't exactly too "out there" of an idea, and neither of them really have anything like the power for any kind of DCT/i-p-b frame based decompression let alone encoding --- which is unsuitable for limited-pallette graphics anyway - I'm not sure why it warrants any kind of MPG mention except to make DP seem better, by association, than it already was. 82.46.180.56 (talk) 20:24, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DPVAboutBoxWithImage.png
Image:DPVAboutBoxWithImage.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:26, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DPVBoxArt.png
Image:DPVBoxArt.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:27, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DPVScreenFormat.png
Image:DPVScreenFormat.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:27, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

final paragraph of Functionality segment
This looks like it was written by someone who really didn't understand much about encyclopaedic writing, and I don't even understand some bits of it. Plus, wasn't the whole IDEA of HAM that it allows 12-bit colour (type) images with the same memory use as 6-bit indexed colour without needing any kind of compression? (And, how else is DP representing the 12-bit image in 6 bits otherwise?) Could someone who better understands the exact subject matter and can more accurately decipher the original writer's intent rejig it to be clearer and more professional looking? 82.46.180.56 (talk) 20:28, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The whole article needs a rewrite, basically. And that's not going to happen, but it's not a problem - you just have to wait a few more years. Eventually the people who used Deluxe Paint will forget about it, and it will no longer be notable; at that point the article can be cut down to a couple of sentences (e.g. "Deluxe Paint was a bitmap popular paint package for the Commodore Amiga home computer. It was released in five versions, from 1985 to 1994, by Electronic Arts.") Problem solved! -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 19:14, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

False comparison
@‘brushes in Photoshop, which only show an outline.’: You can copy-drag in Photoshop. Plus, pasted images appear in a new layer by default, allowing you to nudge them as you please.

It's perfectly possible, even likely, that DP is easier or better in some areas that it specifically targeted, but you can't blame Photoshop when you yourself are doing it wrong. 82.139.87.36 (talk) 04:22, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Regarding Guybrush Threepwood's name (.brush vs .bbm)
I made the change regarding Guybrush Threepwood's name having been based on the file name of "guybrush.bbm" and not the more commonly cited "guy.brush" based on this post in the TellTale Games Forums by Dave Grossman. I have read the information here regarding the reliability of a post in a web forum. However, the Dave Grossman who authored that post is verifiable as the same Dave Grossman who contributed to The Secret of Monkey Island. I just wanted to provide rationale behind my reference for posterity's sake. -Monkey 05 06 (talk) 03:38, 11 November 2009 (UTC) (corrected my link -Monkey 05 06 (talk) 03:39, 11 November 2009 (UTC))

 * The link provided doesn't work. While I can't vouch for the veracity of the actual story (especially as I can't read the source you cited!) I can vouch for the fact that the Amiga version of Deluxe Paint would save sprites with a .brush extension which makes the guy.brush story at least plausible.  I cut my teeth as a hobbyist digital artist on the Amiga version of DPaint 3, 4 and 5.  80.0.71.73 (talk) 21:41, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

 * I've since managed to find what I think is the post you're referring to (https://telltale.com/community/discussion/comment/224468/#Comment_224468) and I'm afraid that Dave Grossman got it wrong. Maybe you were stuck with 8.3 character filenames on MS-DOS back in the day, but on the Amiga filenames could be 32 characters long with any combination of characters.  As I've already states I'm quite familiar with the Amiga version and I can confirm that the default filename for sprites was '.brush'.  If the Amiga version was used to create the sprites (which was probable as the DOS/Win version lagged behind the Amiga version in terms of functionality for a long time) then guy.brush is perfectly legitimate.  Also, 'guybrush.bbm' obviously takes more thought than 'guy.brush'.  I think this change needs to be reverted.  80.0.71.73 (talk) 21:48, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Per Ron Gilbert on Twitter, it really was guybrush.bbm, and they did all the art on MSDOS )https://twitter.com/grumpygamer/status/1519469371021684736): "For the record, Guybrush got his name from a dpaint filename Steve Purcell used called "guybrush.bbm". All of our art was done using MSDOS and it only had 3 letter file extensions. Please bookmark this tweet for your next trivia night."  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:7D00:4DFF:B958:50B4:C454:D195 (talk) 00:16, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Ron is not uncommon to all sort of jokes on his twitter account, just to have fun of how seriously his fan take every thing he says. We know for certainly that The Secret of Monkey Island has been developed on PC-DOS and Amiga at the same time. We also know that Deluxe Paint was used for the graphic, as it was the best computer graphic software at the time. Deluxe Paint was a native Amiga software, which didn’t have the 8.3 naming limitation, and even if a porting to PC-DOS was made in 1988 (under the name “Deluxe Paint II for PC”), it’s easy to suppose they were using both, as the files were compatible. Also, the graphic artist Mark Ferrari in an interview for “The Making of Monkey Island 30th Anniversary Documentary” remembers that «there was a pulldown menu in DPaint called brushes, so character sprites were referred to as brushes», and the male protagonist was simply “the guy.brush”, and Steve Purcell suggested the name “Guybrush”. It’s certainly possible that when the decision was made, they named the corresponding file “guybrus.bbm” under PC-DOS.
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgqEneDNQto Claudio.f (talk) 10:00, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Brigitte Neilsen
Murder on the moon?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.20.123.141 (talk) 07:07, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Amiga screenshot
The article has a screenshot of Deluxe Paint from the PC but not from the Amiga. The program was created for the Amiga first and is much more famous on the Amiga than on the PC. I have a legal copy of Deluxe Paint V on my Amiga hard drive, which I have later transferred to my Linux PC and can now access it via E-UAE or FS-UAE. So I could add one myself, but are there any copyright issues involved? J I P | Talk 13:06, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Check the top of the article. You have an Amiga running DP there. But a screen shot of DP V would also be nice.4throck (talk) 22:51, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

the only competitor being Autodesk Animator Pro
"[...]the only competitor being Autodesk Animator Pro"

1) Autodesk Animator Pro was not the /only/ other pixel pusher.

2) Deluxe Paint had no competition.

3) This competition is over. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.194.252.35 (talk) 12:56, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

seascape.iff
If anyone's interested, I used to have a tribute to seascape.iff on the web here that shows the palette swapping feature, and have put it back up on my new github-hosted Jekyll site. I won't add it to the article because of the "original research" and "conflict of interest" policies, but if anyone else wants to they can -- bitplane 03:21, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deluxe Paint


text:
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge

Prince George, Duke of Cambridge (George William Frederick Charles; 26 March 1819 – 17 March 1904) was a member of the British royal family, a grandson of King George III and cousin of Queen Victoria. The Duke was an army officer by profession and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces (military head of the British Army) from 1856 to 1895. He became Duke of Cambridge in 1850 and field marshal in 1862. Deeply devoted to the old Army, he worked with Queen Victoria to defeat or minimise every reform proposal, such as setting up a general staff. His Army's weaknesses were dramatically revealed by the poor organisation at the start of the Second Boer War.

Early life
Prince George was born at Cambridge House, Hanover. His father was Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the seventh son of King George III and Queen Charlotte. His mother was the Duchess of Cambridge (née Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel).

He was baptised at Cambridge House (94 Piccadilly, London) on 11 May 1819, by the Reverend John Sanford, his father's Domestic Chaplain. His godparents were the Prince Regent (represented by the Duke of Clarence and St Andrews), the Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (represented by the 4th Earl of Mayo) and the Dowager Queen of Württemberg (represented by the Countess of Mayo).

Military career
Prince George of Cambridge was educated in Hanover and from 1830 in England by the Rev. J. R. Wood, a canon of Worcester Cathedral. Like his father, he embarked upon a military career, initially becoming a colonel in the Hanoverian Army and then, on 3 November 1837, becoming a brevet colonel in the British Army. He was attached to the staff at Gibraltar from October 1838 to April 1839. After serving in Ireland with the 12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's), he was appointed substantive lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Light Dragoons on 15 April 1842 and colonel of the 17th Lancers on 25 April 1842.

From 1843 to 1845 he served as a colonel on the staff in the Ionian islands, then was promoted Major-General on 7 May 1845. He succeeded to his father's titles of Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, and Baron Culloden on 8 July 1850.

The Duke of Cambridge became Inspector of the Cavalry in 1852. In February 1854, at an early stage in the Crimean War of 1853–1856, he received command of the 1st Division (Guards and Highland brigades) of the British army in the East. On 19 June 1854, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. He was present at the battles of the Alma (September 1854), Balaclava (October 1854) and Inkerman (November 1854), and at the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855).

In December 1854, owing to illness, the Earl of Cardigan returned first to Malta and then to England: before the conclusion of the Crimean campaign he was back in London. Meanwhile, Lord Raglan died at 9.30 pm on 28 June 1855 from dysentery; General Simpson succeeded Raglan in commanding in the Crimea, followed by General Codrington. Field Marshal Viscount Hardinge, the serving general commanding-in-chief since 1852, was forced to resign in July 1856 on grounds of ill-health. (The Crimean War had ended in March 1856.)

On 5 July 1856, the Duke was appointed general commanding-in-chief of the British Army, a post that was re-titled field marshal commanding-in-chief on 9 November 1862 and commander-in-chief of the forces by Letters Patent on 20 November 1887. In that capacity he served as the chief military advisor to the Secretary of State for War, with responsibility for the administration of the army and the command of forces in the field. He was promoted to the rank of general on 15 July 1856 and to the rank of field marshal on 9 November 1862.

Policies
The Duke of Cambridge served as commander-in-chief for 39 years. Early in his term he encouraged the army to trial various breech-loading carbines for the cavalry, one of which—the Westley Richards—proved so effective that it was decided to investigate the possibility of producing a version for the infantry. In 1861, 100 were issued to five infantry battalions; in 1863 an order of 2,000 was placed for further trials. The Duke was also involved in the formation of the Staff College and of the Royal Military School of Music, and became governor of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich: he further sought to improve the efficiency of the army by advocating a scheme of annual military manoeuvres. In 1860 he introduced a new system to restrict corporal punishment: soldiers became eligible for flogging only in cases of aggravated mutinous conduct during wartime, unless they committed an offence serious enough to degrade to the second class and make them once again subject to corporal punishment. A year's good behaviour would return them to the first class, meaning that only a hard core of incorrigible offenders tended to be flogged.

Opposition to reforms
Under the Duke's command, the British Army became a moribund and stagnant institution. There were no new ideas. He allegedly rebuked one of his more intelligent subordinates with the words: "Brains? I don't believe in brains! You haven't any, I know, Sir!" He was equally forthright on his reluctance to adopt change: "There is a time for everything, and the time for change is when you can no longer help it."

In the wake of the Prussian victories in the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War, the Liberal Party government of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and Secretary of State for War Edward Cardwell called for the Army to undergo major reforms. Cardwell succeeded in pushing through a number of reforms, including one that made the commander-in-chief nominally report to the secretary of state for war.

The Duke opposed most of the reforms because they struck at the heart of his view of the Army. According to Theo Aronson, he "stoutly resisted almost every attempt at reform or modernization." He feared that the newly created force of reservists would be of little use in a colonial conflict, and that expeditionary forces would have to strip the most experienced men from the home-based battalions in order to fill the gaps in their ranks. His fears seemed to be confirmed in 1873, when Wolseley raided battalions for the expedition against the Ashanti. In 1881, when the historic numbers of regiments were abolished and facing colours standardised for English, Welsh, Scottish, and Irish regiments, the Duke protested that regimental spirit would be degraded; the majority of facing colours were restored by the time of World War I, although the numbers of regiments were not.

The reforming impetus, however, continued. Parliament passed the War Office Act 1870, which formally subordinated the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces to the Secretary of State for War and in 1871 Cardwell abolished the custom of purchasing an office which had done much to instil elitism in the form of discipline and training. The Duke of Cambridge strongly resented this move, a sentiment shared by a majority of officers, who would no longer be able to sell their commissions when they retired.

Pressures for reform built up as the Duke of Cambridge aged; his strongest ally was his cousin, Queen Victoria. While the Queen insisted on reform, she was also protective of the Household brigades and their long association and traditions. An 1890 royal commission led by Lord Hartington (later the 8th Duke of Devonshire) criticised the administration of the War Office and recommended the devolution of authority from the Commander-in-Chief to subordinate military officers. A number of reformers opposed to the Duke banded together, including Henry Campbell-Bannerman and Lord Lansdowne, the Liberal and Conservative Secretaries for War between 1892 and 1900. The leading generals eager to replace the Duke were Wolseley, Buller (1802–1884), Roberts (1832–1914), and the Duke of Connaught (1850–1942). The Duke of Cambridge was forced to resign his post on 1 November 1895, and was succeeded by Lord Wolseley. On his resignation he was given the title of honorary colonel-in-chief to the Forces.

Historian Correlli Barnett blames British failures in the Second Boer War of 1899–1902 on the Duke, stressing the Army's "[l]ack of organization, ignorant and casual officers, inferior human material in the ranks" as well as "soldiers drilled to machine-like movements [versus the Boer] with a rifle working on his own initiative."

Friend of Haig
During the Duke's long career he helped to further the career progress of Douglas Haig, a talented and able young officer, who succeeded through Staff College to gain promotion. As Commander-in-Chief, the Duke was able to admit any candidate to the college so long as they passed three out of eight of the tests. Haig, who was also acquainted with Sir Evelyn Wood, left for India in 1893 knowing that the Duke had also made a friend of Henrietta Jameson (née Haig), his older sister. The Duke's nomination was made in 1894 and 1895, but Haig did not take up the place until 15 January 1896 under Army Regulations Order 72 (1896). The Duke, who was replaced by Lord Wolseley, after 32 years was not the only patron of preferment. The Staff College was not intended to educate a General Staff until much later in its historical development. However the traditional system of informal patronage was gradually giving way to more than gifted amateurs.

On 22 November 1909 the reforms to which Haig, as Director of Staff Duties was a part, abolished the post of Commander-in-Chief which the Duke had made his own. In setting up the Army Council, with its head being called the Chief of the General Staff by Order in Council, the Liberal government separated the army from the monarchy.

Marriage and mistress
It is believed, according to Roger Fulford, that William IV, who had been his godfather when Duke of Clarence, had George brought up at Windsor in hope of an eventual marriage to his cousin Princess Victoria of Kent, who was two months younger. This prospective match was favoured by George's own parents, but was forestalled by Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold I of Belgium. He secured Victoria's betrothal to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which became formal after she acceded to the British throne. In 1839 Queen Victoria wrote to Albert about George's father: "The Duke told Lord Melbourne he had always greatly desired our marriage, and never thought of George: but that I don't believe." George was one of a range of suitors considered by Victoria, the most prominent of whom, Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, was openly favoured by William.

The Duke of Cambridge made no secret of his view that "arranged marriages were doomed to failure." He married privately, without seeking Queen Victoria's consent, at St John Clerkenwell, London, on 8 January 1847 to Sarah Fairbrother (1816 – 12 January 1890), the daughter of John Fairbrother, a servant in Westminster. Sarah Fairbrother (whose stage name was Louisa) had been an actress since 1827, performing at Drury Lane, the Lyceum, and Covent Garden Theatre. Without the Queen's consent, the wedding ceremony was in contravention of the 1772 Royal Marriages Act, rendering the marriage void. This meant the Duke's wife was not titled Duchess of Cambridge or accorded the style Her Royal Highness, while the son born after the marriage was illegitimate and ineligible to succeed to the Duke's titles. Indeed, Sarah's very existence was ignored by the Queen. Instead, Sarah called herself "Mrs. Fairbrother" and later "Mrs. FitzGeorge". The Duke was a very weak man where women were concerned, and it seems likely that he had been cajoled into marriage by Sarah (then pregnant for the fifth time), she herself obtaining the licence. Legend has created for the couple an ideal relationship that is far from the reality; the Duke having other affairs. From 1837 the Duke had known Louisa Beauclerk, third daughter of Sir George Wombwell, 2nd Baronet, whom he later described as "the idol of my life and my existence." He saw much of her in 1847, and she was his mistress from at least 1849 until her death in 1882. As early as 1849 he had decided that he would be buried near Beauclerk and it was solely on her account that Sarah Fairbrother and he were deposited in the mausoleum in Kensal Green Cemetery, west of the main chapel, about sixty feet away from Beauclerk's grave.

Later life
The Duke of Cambridge served as colonel-in-chief of the 17th Lancers, Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers; The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own) and King's Royal Rifle Corps; colonel of the Grenadier Guards; honorary colonel of the 10th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) Bengal Lancers, 20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Punjabis, 4 Battalion Suffolk Regiment, 1st City of London Volunteer Brigade and the Scots Fusilier Guards. He became the Ranger of Hyde Park and St. James's Park in 1852, and of Richmond Park in 1857; governor of the Royal Military Academy in 1862, and its president in 1870. He was the patron of the Oxford Military College from 1876 to 1896.

Cambridge's strength and hearing began to fade in his later years. He was unable to ride at Queen Victoria's funeral and had to attend in a carriage. He paid his last visit to Germany in August 1903. He died of a haemorrhage of the stomach in 1904 at Gloucester House, Piccadilly, London. His remains were buried five days later next to those of his wife in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.

In 1904, his estate was probated at under £121,000.

The Duke is today commemorated by an equestrian statue standing on Whitehall in central London; it is positioned outside the front door of the War Office that he so strongly resisted. He is also commemorated by two street names in Kingston Vale and Norbiton, in southwest London, George Road and Cambridge Road; the Duke inherited much of the land in the area from his father in 1850.

Titles and styles

 * 26 March 1819 – 8 July 1850: His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge
 * 8 July 1850 – 17 March 1904: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cambridge

As the male-line grandson of a King of Hanover, Prince George of Cambridge also bore the titles of 'Prince of Hanover' and 'Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg'.

His title, 'Duke of Cambridge', fell into extinction upon his death. It was not revived until 107 years later, when Elizabeth II (Prince George's great-great-niece through his sister Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge) awarded the title to her grandson, Prince William, on 29 April 2011, the day of his wedding.

Honours

 * British:
 * KG: Royal Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, 15 August 1835
 * KP: Extra Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, 17 November 1851
 * Hon DCL: Doctor of Civil Law, Oxford University, 1853
 * GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (military division), 5 July 1855
 * PC: Privy Counsellor of Great Britain, 1856
 * Hon LLD: Doctor of Laws, Cambridge University, 1864
 * PC (I): Privy Counsellor of Ireland, 21 April 1868
 * Hon LLD: Doctor of Laws, Dublin University, 1868
 * GCMG: Grand Master and Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George, 30 May 1877
 * GCSI: Extra Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India, 2 June 1877
 * KT: Extra Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, 17 September 1881
 * GCIE: Extra Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, 21 June 1887
 * VD: Volunteer Decoration
 * ADC: Personal Aide-de-Camp to the Sovereign, 1 November 1895
 * KJStJ: Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, 1896
 * GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 30 June 1897

 * Foreign:
 * Grand Cross of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order, 1825 (Hanover)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Henry the Lion, 1835 (Brunswick)
 * Knight of the Order of St George, 1839 (Hanover)
 * Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour, September 1843 (France)
 * Grand Cross of the House Order of the Golden Lion, 18 December 1844 (Hesse-Kassel)
 * Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 7 September 1852 (Prussia)
 * Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1856 (Baden)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion, 1856 (Baden)
 * Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St Stephen, 1857 (Austria)
 * Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, September 1859 (Nassau)
 * Grand Cross of the House Order of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore, 13 August 1865 (Mecklenburg)
 * Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of the Tower and Sword, 8 January 1866 (Portugal)
 * Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 26 March 1867 (Denmark)
 * Knight of the Order of St Andrew the Apostle the First-called, 1874 (Russia)
 * Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 23 September 1880 (Prussia)

Issue
The Duke of Cambridge and Mrs. FitzGeorge had three sons, two of whom were born before their marriage in contravention to the Royal Marriages Act 1772, and all of whom pursued military careers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Prince George, Duke of Cambridge


text:
Anderson University (Indiana)

Anderson University is a private Christian university in Anderson, Indiana, United States. It is affiliated with the Church of God. The university offers more than 60 undergraduate majors as well as graduate programs in business, music, and theology.

History
Anderson University was established in 1917 as the Anderson Bible Training School by the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) movement. The school was a major step in the life of a fellowship of Christians that originated in 1881. The young school moved rapidly to develop a wider general education program, changed its name to Anderson College and Theological Seminary, then Anderson College, and finally, Anderson University.

Organization
Anderson University has grown to include an undergraduate liberal arts program, organized into six schools and graduate programs in theology, music, and business.

Schools

 * Falls School of Business
 * School of Humanities and Behavioral Science
 * School of Music, Theatre, and Dance
 * School of Nursing and Kinesiology
 * School of Theology and Christian Ministry
 * School of Science & Engineering

Academics
The university offers more than 60 majors.

Graduate programs
School of Theology Falls School of Business Education
 * Master of Theological Studies
 * Master of Divinity
 * Master of Arts in Christian Ministry
 * Master of Business Administration
 * Doctorate of Business Administration
 * Master of Music Education
 * Master of Leadership

Funding
Anderson University is a private institution, receiving funds from tuition, fees, research grants (including funds from the Lilly Endowment and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management), private scholarship funds, and alumni contributions. The university's endowment was $20.8 million as of FY06.

Campus
The 100 acre campus is located in Anderson, Indiana at 40.11199°N, -85.66609°W approximately 40 mi northeast of Indianapolis, Indiana.

Featured facilities on the campus include the Reardon Auditorium and the Kardatzke Wellness Center. Athletic facilities on the campus include Macholtz Stadium and the O. C. Lewis Gymnasium.

Indianapolis Colts Training Camp
The Indianapolis Colts of the NFL held their training camp at Anderson University from 1984 to 1998. After an 11-year stint at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, the Colts elected to return to Anderson, Indiana to renew their familiar partnership with the local university from 2010 to 2016.

Student activities
Anderson University student activities are coordinated by the Student Life staff, the Campus Activities Board, and the Student Government Association.

Chapel services
Required chapel/convocation attendance for students is an Anderson University tradition, maintained throughout the entire history of the university. Students are currently required to attend 18 chapels per semester to fulfill the undergraduate requirement.

Clubs and organizations
Anderson University has over 100 organizations for fine arts, athletics, academics, and special interests/hobbies.

Athletics
The Anderson Ravens compete in athletics in the NCAA Division III and the Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference. Men's sports offered at Anderson University include football, basketball, baseball, lacrosse, tennis, golf, soccer, cross country, swimming, and track & field. Women's sports offered at Anderson University include basketball, softball, lacrosse, tennis, volleyball, soccer, golf, cross country, swimming, and track & field. Anderson University also offers Men's Volleyball, Rugby, and Men's Lacrosse as club sports. Formerly the Tigers, AU's nickname was changed to the Ravens in 1937. The current mascot is Rodney the Raven.

Hall of Fame
The Anderson University Athletic Hall of Fame was started in 1997 with 10 inductees that year. Ten additional honorees were added in 1998. Members have been inducted each year. The names are nominees are submitted and given consideration by the Hall of Fame committee. The committee has 11 representatives and is headed by university's Athletic Director. The inductees are announced each Spring and formally inducted into the Hall of Fame at a banquet during the university's homecoming activities each Fall.

Two Anderson coaches have been inducted to the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) Hall of Fame; tennis coach Bob Blume in 1978, and baseball coach Carl Erskine in 1989.

Intramurals

 * Fall Season
 * Flag Football
 * Ultimate Frisbee
 * Spikeball
 * Wiffleball
 * Volleyball
 * Team Handball
 * KanJam
 * Floor Hockey
 * Spring Season
 * Basketball
 * Indoor Soccer
 * Pool Volleyball
 * Corn Hole
 * Softball
 * Outdoor Soccer
 * Badminton

title: Anderson University (Indiana)


text:
Marjory Stoneman Douglas

Marjory Stoneman Douglas (April 7, 1890 – May 14, 1998) was an American journalist, author, women's suffrage advocate, and conservationist known for her staunch defense of the Everglades against efforts to drain it and reclaim land for development. Moving to Miami as a young woman to work for The Miami Herald, she became a freelance writer, producing over one hundred short stories that were published in popular magazines. Her most influential work was the book The Everglades: River of Grass (1947), which redefined the popular conception of the Everglades as a treasured river instead of a worthless swamp. Its impact has been compared to that of Rachel Carson's influential book Silent Spring (1962). Her books, stories, and journalism career brought her influence in Miami, enabling her to advance her causes.

As a young woman, Douglas was outspoken and politically conscious of the women's suffrage and civil rights movements. She was called upon to take a central role in the protection of the Everglades when she was 79 years old. For the remaining 29 years of her life she was "a relentless reporter and fearless crusader" for the natural preservation and restoration of South Florida. Her tireless efforts earned her several variations of the nickname "Grande Dame of the Everglades" as well as the hostility of agricultural and business interests looking to benefit from land development in Florida. She received numerous awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and was inducted into several halls of fame.

Douglas lived to 108, working until nearly the end of her life for Everglades restoration. Upon her death, an obituary in The Independent in London stated, "In the history of the American environmental movement, there have been few more remarkable figures than Marjory Stoneman Douglas."

Early life

Marjory Stoneman was born on April 7, 1890, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the only child of concert violinist Florence Lillian Trefethen (1859-1912) and Frank Bryant Stoneman (1857–1941). One of her earliest memories was her father reading to her The Song of Hiawatha, at which she burst into sobs upon hearing that the tree had to give its life in order to provide Hiawatha the wood for a canoe. She was an early and voracious reader. Her first book was Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, which she kept well into adulthood until "some fiend in human form must have borrowed it and not brought it back". She visited Florida when she was four, and her most vivid memory of the trip was picking an orange from a tree at the Tampa Bay Hotel. From there she and her parents embarked on a cruise from Tampa to Havana.

Marjory's parents separated when she was six. Her father endured a series of failed entrepreneurial ventures and the instability caused her mother to move them abruptly to the Trefethen family house in Taunton, Massachusetts. She lived there with her mother, aunt, and grandparents, who did not get along well and consistently spoke ill of her father, to her dismay. Her mother, whom Marjory characterized as "high-strung", was committed to a mental sanitarium in Providence several times. Her parents' separation and the contentiousness of her mother's family caused her to suffer from night terrors. She credited her tenuous upbringing with making her "a skeptic and a dissenter" for the rest of her life.

As a youth, Marjory found solace in reading, and eventually, she began to write. At sixteen she contributed to the most popular children's publication of the day, St. Nicholas Magazine—also the first publisher of 20th-century writers F. Scott Fitzgerald, Rachel Carson, and William Faulkner—with a puzzle titled "Double Beheadings and Double Curtailings". In 1907, she was awarded a prize by the Boston Herald for "An Early Morning Paddle", a story about a boy who watches a sunrise from a canoe. As her mother's mental health deteriorated, Marjory took on more responsibilities, eventually managing some of the family finances and gaining a maturity imposed upon her by circumstance.

Education and marriage

Marjory left for college in 1908, despite grave misgivings about her mother's mental state. Her aunt and grandmother shared her concerns, but recognized that she needed to leave in order to begin her own life. She was a straight-A student at Wellesley College, graduating with a BA in English in 1912. She found particular success in a class on elocution, and joined the first suffrage club with six of her classmates. She was elected Class Orator but was unable to fulfill the office since she was already involved in other activities. During her senior year while visiting home, her mother showed her a lump on her breast. Marjory arranged the surgery to have it removed. After the graduation ceremony, her aunt informed her it had metastasized, and within months her mother was dead. The family left the funeral arrangements up to Marjory.

After drifting with college friends through a few jobs to which she did not feel well-suited, Marjory Stoneman met Kenneth Douglas in 1914. She was so impressed with his manners and surprised at the attention he showed her that she married him within three months. He portrayed himself as a newspaper editor, and was 30 years her senior, but the marriage quickly failed when it became apparent he was a con artist. The true extent of his duplicity Marjory did not entirely reveal, despite her honesty in all other matters. Douglas was married to Marjory while already married to another woman. While he spent six months in jail for passing a bad check, she remained faithful to him. His scheme to scam her absent father out of money worked in Marjory's favor when it attracted Frank Stoneman's attention. Marjory's uncle persuaded her to move to Miami and end the marriage. In the fall of 1915, Marjory Stoneman Douglas left New England to be reunited with her father, whom she had not seen since her parents' separation. Shortly before that, her father had married Lillius ("Lilla") Eleanor Shine, a great-great-granddaughter of Thomas Jefferson (her grandfather was Francis W. Eppes). Marjory later wrote that Shine "remained my first and best friend all my life in Florida." After moving to Florida in 1915, Marjory rarely returned to Massachusetts, but she retained affection for it; her 1987 memoir Voice of the River, is dedicated "To Massachusetts, with love."

The Miami Herald
Douglas arrived in South Florida when fewer than 5,000 people lived in Miami and it was "no more than a glorified railroad terminal". Her father, Frank Stoneman, was the first publisher of the paper that later became The Miami Herald. Stoneman passionately opposed the governor of Florida, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, and his attempts to drain the Everglades. He infuriated Broward so much that when Stoneman won an election for circuit judge, Broward refused to validate the election, so Stoneman was referred to as "Judge" for the rest of his life without performing the duties of one.

Douglas joined the newspaper's staff in 1915. She began as a society columnist writing about tea parties and society events, but news was so slow she later admitted to making up some of her stories: "Somebody would say, 'Who's that Mrs. T.Y. Washrag you've got in your column?' And I would say, 'Oh, you know, I don't think she's been here very long'". When her father went on vacation less than a year after her arrival in Miami, he left her the responsibility of the editorial page. She developed a rivalry with an editor at The Miami Metropolis whose greater familiarity with Miami history gave her cause to make fun of Douglas in writing. Her father scolded her to check her facts better.

Douglas was given an assignment in 1916 to write a story on the first woman from Miami to join the US Naval Reserve. When the woman did not show up for the interview, Douglas herself joined the Navy as a Yeoman (F) first class. It did not suit her; she disliked rising early and her superiors did not appreciate her correcting their grammar, so she requested a discharge and joined the American Red Cross, which stationed her in Paris. She witnessed the tumultuous celebrations on the Rue de Rivoli when the Armistice was signed and cared for war refugees; seeing them displaced and in a state of shock, she wrote, "helped me understand the plight of refugees in Miami sixty years later".

After the war, Douglas served as assistant editor at The Miami Herald. She gained some renown for her daily column, "The Galley", becoming something of a local celebrity. She amassed a devoted readership and attempted to begin each column with a poem. "The Galley" was topical and went in any direction Douglas chose. She promoted responsible urban planning when Miami saw a population boom of 100,000 people in a decade. She wrote supporting women's suffrage, civil rights, and better sanitation while opposing Prohibition and foreign trade tariffs.

Some of the stories she wrote spoke of the region's wealth as being in its "inevitable development", and she supplemented her income with $100 a week from writing copy advertisements that praised the development of South Florida, something she would reconsider later in her life. In the early 1920s she wrote "Martin Tabert of North Dakota is Walking Florida Now", a ballad lamenting the death of a 22-year-old vagrant who was beaten to death in a labor camp. It was printed in The Miami Herald, and read aloud during a session of the Florida Legislature, which passed a law banning convict leasing in large part due to her writing. "I think that's the single most important thing I was ever able to accomplish as a result of something I've written", she wrote in her autobiography.

Freelance writer
After quitting the newspaper in 1923, Douglas worked as a freelance writer. From 1920 to 1990, Douglas published 109 fiction articles and stories. One of her first stories was sold to the pulp fiction magazine Black Mask for $600 (equivalent to $ in ). Forty of her stories were published in The Saturday Evening Post; one, "Story of a Homely Woman", was reprinted in 1937 in the Post's best short stories compilation. Recurring settings in her fiction were South Florida, the Caribbean, and Europe during World War I. Her protagonists were often independent, quirky women or youthful underdogs who encountered social or natural injustices. The people and animals of the Everglades served as subjects for some of her earliest writings. "Plumes", originally published in the Saturday Evening Post in 1930, was based on the murder of Guy Bradley, an Audubon Society game warden, by poachers. "Wings" was a nonfiction story, also first appearing in the Post in 1931, that addressed the slaughter of Everglades wading birds for their feathers. Her story "Peculiar Treasure of a King" was a second-place finalist in the O. Henry Award competition in 1928.

During the 1930s, she was commissioned to write a pamphlet supporting a botanical garden called "An argument for the establishment of a tropical botanical garden in South Florida." Its success caused her to be in demand at garden clubs where she delivered speeches throughout the area, then to serve on the board to support the Fairchild Garden. She called the garden "one of the greatest achievements for the entire area".

Douglas became involved with the Miami Theater, and wrote some one-act plays that were fashionable in the 1930s. One, "The Gallows Gate", was about an argument between a mother and father regarding the character of their son who is sentenced to hang. She got the idea from her father, who had witnessed hangings when he lived in the West and was unnerved by the creaking sound of the rope bearing the weight of the hanging body. The play won a state competition, and eventually $500 in a national competition after it was written into three acts. With William W. Muir, husband of reporter Helen Muir, she authored "Storm Warnings", a play loosely based on the life of mobster Al Capone. Some of Capone's henchmen showed up at the theater, "add[ing] an extra tingle for the audience that night", though no actual problems arose. Douglas wrote the foreword to the Work Projects Administration's guide to Miami and environs, published in 1941 as part of the Federal Writers' Project's American Guide Series.

Douglas served as the book review editor of The Miami Herald from 1942 to 1949, and as editor for the University of Miami Press from 1960 to 1963. She released her first novel, Road to the Sun, in 1952. She wrote four novels, and several nonfiction books on regional topics including Florida birdwatching and David Fairchild, a biologist who imagined a botanical park in Miami. Her autobiography, Marjory Stoneman Douglas: Voice of the River, was written with John Rothchild in 1987. She had been working on a book about W. H. Hudson for years, traveling to Argentina and England several times. It was incomplete when she died in 1998.

The Everglades: River of Grass
Early in the 1940s, Douglas was approached by a publisher to contribute to the Rivers of America Series by writing about the Miami River. Unimpressed with it, she called the Miami River about "an inch long”, but in researching it she became more interested in the Everglades and persuaded the publisher to allow her to write about the Everglades instead. She spent five years researching what little was known about the ecology and history of the Everglades and South Florida. Douglas spent time with geologist Garald Parker, who discovered that South Florida's sole freshwater source was the Biscayne Aquifer, and it was filled by the Everglades. Parker confirmed the name of the book that has since become the nickname for the Everglades when Douglas, trying to capture the Everglades' essence, asked if she could safely call the fresh water flowing from Lake Okeechobee a river of grass.

The Everglades: River of Grass was published in 1947 and sold out of its first printing in a month. The book's first line, "There are no other Everglades in the world", has been called the "most famous passage ever written about the Everglades", and the line once welcomed visitors to the Everglades National Park website. Douglas characterized the Everglades as an ecosystem surrounding a river worthy of protection, inescapably connected to South Florida's people and cultures. She outlined its imminent disappearance in the last chapter, "The Eleventh Hour":

"Cattlemen's grass fires roared uncontrolled. Cane-field fires spread crackling and hissing in the saw grass in vast waves and pillars and billowing mountains of heavy, cream-colored, purple-shadowed smoke. Training planes flying over the Glades dropped bombs or cigarette butts, and the fires exploded in the hearts of the drying hammocks and raced on before every wind leaving only blackness ... There was no water in the canals with which to fight [the fires] ... The sweet water the rock had held was gone or had shrunk far down into its strange holes and cleavages."

The Everglades: River of Grass galvanized people to protect the Everglades and has been compared to Rachel Carson's 1962 exposé of the harmful effects of DDT, Silent Spring; both books are "groundbreaking calls to action that made citizens and politicians take notice". Its impact is still felt as it is claimed to be a major reason Florida receives so many tourists, and "remains the definitive reference on the plight of the Florida Everglades". It has gone through numerous editions, selling 500,000 copies since its original publication. The Christian Science Monitor wrote of it in 1997, "Today her book is not only a classic of environmental literature, it also reads like a blueprint for what conservationists are hailing as the most extensive environmental restoration project ever undertaken anywhere in the world". The downside of the book's impact, according to one writer addressing restoration of the Everglades, is that her metaphor of a River of Grass is so predominant that the complex web of ecosystems within the Everglades is oversimplified. David McCally wrote that despite Douglas's "appreciation of the complexity of the environmental system" she described, popular conception of the Everglades shared by people who have not read the book overshadows her detailed explanations.

Activism
Women's suffrage was an early interest of Douglas, and although she tended to shy away from polemics in her early work at The Miami Herald, on her third day as a society columnist, she chose suffrage and began to focus on writing about women in leadership positions. In 1917, she traveled with Mary Baird Bryan, William Jennings Bryan's wife, and two other women to Tallahassee to speak in support of women's right to vote. Douglas was not impressed with the reception the group got from the Florida Legislature. She wrote about her experience later: "All four of us spoke to a joint committee wearing our best hats. Talking to them was like talking to graven images. They never paid attention to us at all." Douglas was able to vote for the first time after she returned from Europe in 1920.

Using her influence at The Miami Herald, Douglas wrote columns about poverty:

"You can have the most beautiful city in the world as appearance goes, the streets may be clean and shining, the avenues broad and tree lined, the public buildings dignified, adequate and well kept ... but if you have a weak or inadequate health department, or a public opinion lax on the subject, all the splendors of your city will have not value."

In 1948 Douglas served on the Coconut Grove Slum Clearance Committee, with a friend of hers named Elizabeth Virrick, who was horrified to learn that no running water or sewers were connected to the racially segregated part of Coconut Grove. They helped pass a law requiring all homes in Miami to have toilets and bathtubs. In the two years it took them to get the referendum passed, they worked to set up a loan operation for the black residents of Coconut Grove, who borrowed the money interest-free to pay for the plumbing work. Douglas noted that all of the money loaned was repaid.

Everglades work
Stoneman Douglas became involved in the Everglades in the 1920s, when she joined the board of the Everglades Tropical National Park Committee, a group led by Ernest F. Coe and dedicated to the idea of making a national park in the Everglades. By the 1960s, the Everglades were in imminent danger of disappearing forever because of gross mismanagement in the name of progress and real estate and agricultural development. Encouraged to get involved by the leaders of environmental groups, in 1969—at the age of 79—Douglas founded Friends of the Everglades to protest the construction of a jetport in the Big Cypress portion of the Everglades. She justified her involvement saying, "It is a woman's business to be interested in the environment. It's an extended form of housekeeping."

She toured the state giving "hundreds of ringing denunciations" of the airport project, and increased membership of Friends of the Everglades to 3,000 within three years. She ran the public information operation full-time from her home and encountered hostility from the jetport's developers and backers, who called her a "damn butterfly chaser". President Richard Nixon, however, scrapped funding for the project due to the efforts of many Everglades watchdog groups.

Douglas continued her activism and focused her efforts on restoring the Everglades after declaring that "Conservation is now a dead word ... You can't conserve what you haven't got." Her criticism was directed at two entities she considered were doing the most damage to the Everglades. A coalition of sugarcane growers, named Big Sugar, she accused of polluting Lake Okeechobee by pumping water tainted with chemicals, human waste, and garbage back into the lake, which served as the fresh water source for the Miami metropolitan area. She compared Florida sugarcane agriculture to sugarcane grown in the West Indies, which, she claimed, was more environmentally sound, had a longer harvest cycle less harmful to soil nutrients, and was less expensive for consumers due to the higher sugar content.

Besides Big Sugar, Douglas spoke about the damage the Army Corps of Engineers was doing to the Everglades by diverting the natural flow of water. The Corps was responsible for constructing more than 1400 mi of canals to divert water away from the Everglades after 1947. When the Central & South Florida Project (C&SF), run by former members of the Corps of Engineers, was proposed to assist the Everglades, Douglas initially gave it her approval, as it promised to deliver much-needed water to the shrinking Everglades. However, in application, the project instead diverted more water away from the Everglades, changed water schedules to meet sugarcane farmers' irrigation needs, and flat-out refused to release water to Everglades National Park, until much of the land was unrecognizable. "What a liar I turned out to be!" remarked Douglas, then suggested the motivation behind all the digging and diversion in saying, "Their mommies obviously never let them play with mud pies, so now they take it out on us by playing with cement".

Douglas was giving a speech addressing the harmful practices of the Army Corps of Engineers when the colonel in attendance dropped his pen on the floor. As he was stooping to pick it up, Douglas stopped her speech and said to him, "Colonel! You can crawl under that table and hide, but you can't get away from me!"

In 1973, Douglas attended a meeting addressing conservation of the Everglades in Everglades City, and was observed by John Rothchild:

"Mrs. Douglas was half the size of her fellow speakers and she wore huge dark glasses, which along with the huge floppy hat made her look like Scarlett O'Hara as played by Igor Stravinsky. When she spoke, everybody stopped slapping mosquitoes and more or less came to order. She reminded us all of our responsibility to nature and I don't remember what else. Her voice had the sobering effect of a one-room schoolmarm's. The tone itself seemed to tame the rowdiest of the local stone crabbers, plus the developers, and the lawyers on both sides. I wonder if it didn't also intimidate the mosquitoes ... The request for a Corps of Engineers permit was eventually turned down. This was no surprise to those of us who'd heard her speak."

Douglas was not well received by some audiences. She opposed the drainage of a suburb in Dade County named East Everglades. After the county approved building permits in the Everglades, the land flooded as it had for centuries. When homeowners demanded the Army Corps of Engineers drain their neighborhoods, she was the only opposing voice. At the hearing in 1983, she was booed, jeered, and shouted at by the audience of residents. "Can't you boo any louder than that?" she chided, eventually making them laugh. "Look. I'm an old lady. I've been here since eight o'clock. It's now eleven. I've got all night, and I'm used to the heat," she told them. Later, she wrote, "They're all good souls—they just shouldn't be out there." Dade County commissioners eventually decided not to drain.

Florida Governor Lawton Chiles explained her impact, saying, "Marjory was the first voice to really wake a lot of us up to what we were doing to our quality of life. She was not just a pioneer of the environmental movement, she was a prophet, calling out to us to save the environment for our children and our grandchildren."

Other causes
Douglas also served as a charter member of the first American Civil Liberties Union chapter organized in the South in the 1950s. She lent her support to the Equal Rights Amendment, speaking to the legislature in Tallahassee urging them to ratify it. In the 1980s Douglas lent her support to the Florida Rural Legal Services, a group that worked to protect migrant farm workers who were centered on Belle Glade, and who were primarily employed by the sugarcane industry. She wrote to Governor Bob Graham in 1985 to encourage him to assess the conditions the migrant workers endured. The same year, Douglas approached the Dade County School Board and insisted that the Biscayne Nature Center, which had been housed in hot dog stands, needed a building of its own. The center received a portable building until 1991 when the Florida Department of Education endowed $1.8 million for the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Biscayne Nature Center in Crandon Park. Douglas co-founded the Friends of the Miami-Dade Public Libraries with her longtime friend Helen Muir, and served as its first president.

Religious views
Although Douglas grew up in an Episcopal household, she described herself as agnostic throughout her life, and forbade any religious ceremony at her memorial. Douglas tied her agnosticism to her unanswered prayers when her mother was dying. However, she credited the motivation for her support of women's suffrage to her Quaker paternal grandparents whose dedication to the abolition of slavery she admired, and proudly claimed Levi Coffin, an organizer of the Underground Railroad, was her great-great-uncle. She wrote that his wife was a friend of Harriet Beecher Stowe, and had provided Stowe with the story of Eliza in Uncle Tom's Cabin fleeing slavery because Douglas's great-great-aunt took care of Eliza and her infant after their escape. Frank Stoneman grew up in a Quaker colony, and Douglas maintained he kept touches of his upbringing throughout his life, even after converting to Episcopalianism. Writer Jack Davis and neighbor Helen Muir suggest this Quaker influence was behind Douglas's use of "Friends" in naming the organizations Friends of the Everglades and Friends of the Miami-Dade Public Libraries.

Mental health
As a child, Douglas was very close with her mother after her parents' separation. She witnessed her mother's emotional unraveling that caused her to be institutionalized, and even long after her mother returned to live with her, she exhibited bizarre, childlike behaviors. Following her mother's death, her relocation to Miami, and her displeasure in working as the assistant editor at The Miami Herald, in the 1920s, she suffered the first of three nervous breakdowns.

Douglas suggested she had what she referred to as "blank periods" before and during her marriage, but they were brief. She connected these lapses to her mother's insanity. She eventually quit the newspaper, but after her father's death in 1941 she suffered a third and final breakdown, when her neighbors found her roaming the neighborhood one night screaming. She realized she had a "father complex", explaining it by saying, "Having been brought up without him all those years, and then coming back and finding him so sympathetic had a powerful effect".

Personal habits
Regardless of her dedication to the preservation of the Everglades, Douglas admitted the time she spent actually there was sporadic, driving there for occasional picnics. "To be a friend of the Everglades is not necessarily to spend time wandering around out there ... It's too buggy, too wet, too generally inhospitable", she wrote. Instead, she understood that the health of the environment indicated the general well-being of humanity.

Despite Douglas's demure appearance—she stood at 5 ft and weighed 100 lb, and was always immaculately dressed in pearls, a floppy straw hat and gloves—she had an uncanny ability to get her point across. She was known for speaking in perfect, precise paragraphs, and was respected for her dedication and knowledge of her subjects; even her critics admitted her authority on the Everglades. Jeff Klinkenberg, a reporter for the St. Petersburg Times who interviewed and wrote several stories about Douglas, wrote of her, "She had a tongue like a switchblade and the moral authority to embarrass bureaucrats and politicians and make things happen." Douglas was known for haughtily dismissing reporters who had not read her books and asked uninformed questions.

She enjoyed drinking Scotch and sherry; as friend and neighbor Helen Muir remembered her, "She would come up and have a sherry, and then I would walk her home, and then she'd walk me back, and we would have another sherry. What fun she was." Novelist Hervey Allen called Marjory Stoneman Douglas and Muir "the Stewart Avenue Gang". The two were fond of having sherry together and gossiping, but those moments were followed by serious talk of the future of libraries, and the role of women in South Florida. They were confidants, and often shared their work with one another. Douglas never learned to drive and never owned a car. Her house also had no air conditioning, electric stove, or dishwasher.

She was attached to several men after her divorce, counting one of them as the reason she enlisted in the Red Cross, as he had already gone to France as a soldier. However, she said she did not believe in extramarital sex and would not have dishonored her father by being promiscuous. She told Klinkenberg in 1992, frankly, that she had not had sex since her divorce, saying "I wasn't a wild woman". However, she was fond of saying she used the emotion and energy instead on her work. "People don't seem to realize that the energy that goes into sex, all the emotion that surrounds it, can be well employed in other ways", she wrote in her autobiography.

Honors
Douglas began accruing honors in her early days writing for The Miami Herald. In the 1980s, the awards became more prestigious, and her reactions to them mixed. The Florida Department of Natural Resources (now the Florida Department of Environmental Protection) named its headquarters in Tallahassee after her in 1980, which she considered a dubious honor. She told a friend she would have rather seen the Everglades restored than her name on a building. During her polite acceptance speech, she railed against Ronald Reagan and the then-Secretary of the Interior James Watt for their lackluster approach to environmental conservation. In 1986 the National Parks Conservation Association established the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Award, which "honor(s) individuals who often must go to great lengths to advocate and fight for the protection of the National Park System". Despite blindness and diminished hearing, Douglas continued to be active into her second century, and was honored with a visit from Queen Elizabeth II, to whom Douglas gave a signed copy of The Everglades: River of Grass in 1991. Instead of gifts and celebrations, Douglas asked that trees be planted on her birthday, resulting in over 100,000 planted trees across the state and a bald cypress on the lawn of the governor's mansion. The South Florida Water Management District began removing exotic plants that had taken hold in the Everglades when Douglas turned 102.

In 1993, when she was 103, President Bill Clinton awarded Douglas the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor granted by the United States of America. The citation for the medal read,

"Marjory Stoneman Douglas personifies passionate commitment. Her crusade to preserve and restore the Everglades has enhanced our Nation's respect for our precious environment, reminding all of us of nature's delicate balance. Grateful Americans honor the 'Grandmother of the Glades' by following her splendid example in safeguarding America's beauty and splendor for generations to come."

Douglas donated her medal to Wellesley College. Most of the others she received she stored at her home.

Douglas was posthumously inducted into the National Wildlife Federation Hall of Fame in 1999, and the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2000. Upon hearing that she was to be inducted, she questioned, "Why should they have a Women's Hall of Fame, as I heard they wanted to put me in the other day? Why not a Citizens' Hall of Fame?"

Douglas was included in a tribute to pioneering women when television character Lisa Simpson made a papier-mâché bust of her with Georgia O'Keeffe and Susan B. Anthony in an early episode of The Simpsons. She appears as a major supporting character in the 2014 point-and-click adventure A Golden Wake.

Some of Douglas's stories were collected by University of Florida professor Kevin McCarthy in two edited collections: Nine Florida Stories in 1990 and A River In Flood in 1998. McCarthy wrote that he collected Douglas's short stories because most people in the 1990s were well aware of her as an environmentalist but did not know about her career as a freelance writer. "Probably no other person has been as important to the environmental well-being of Florida than this little lady from Coconut Grove", McCarthy wrote in the introduction to A River in Flood.

Remembrances
Marjory Stoneman Douglas died at the age of 108 on May 14, 1998. John Rothchild, who helped write her autobiography, said that her death was the only thing that could "shut her up" and added, "The silence is terrible." Carl Hiaasen eulogized her in The Miami Herald, writing that The Everglades: River of Grass was "monumental", and praised her passion and her resolve; even when politicians finally found value in the Everglades and visited her for a photo opportunity, she still provoked them to do more and do it faster.

The National Wildlife Federation described her as "a passionate, articulate, and tireless voice for the environment". Chairman of the Florida Audubon Society Ed Davison remembered her, saying, "She kept a clear vision of the way things ought to be, and she didn't give a lot of credibility to excuses about why they're not like that. She would give these wonderful, curmudgeonly speeches to which there was no response. You can't holler back to grandmotherly scolding. All you can do is shuffle your feet and say, 'Yes, Ma'am.'" She was aware of it, once saying, "People can't be rude to me, this poor little old woman. But I can be rude to them, poor darlings, and nobody can stop me." Her ashes were scattered in the 1300000 acre Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness Area in Everglades National Park, which was named for her in 1997.

In 2000, the Naples, Florida-based composer Steve Heitzeg wrote a 15-minute orchestra piece entitled Voice of the Everglades (Epitaph for Marjory Stoneman Douglas) for the Naples Philharmonic. Heitzeg said, "She was outspoken, she was direct, she had the energy and belief to make the world a better place."

Two South Florida public schools are named in her honor: Broward County Public Schools' Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School (opened in 1990, the year of her 100th birthday ) and Miami-Dade County Public Schools' Marjory Stoneman Douglas Elementary School.

Douglas home
Douglas's cottage in Coconut Grove at 3744–3754 Stewart Avenue, was built in 1924. She wrote all of her major books and stories there, and the City of Miami designated it an historic site in 1995, not only for its famous owner but also for its unique Masonry Vernacular architecture. After Douglas's death, Friends of the Everglades proposed making the house part of an education center about Douglas and her life, but neighbors protested, citing issues with parking, traffic, and an influx of visitors to the quiet neighborhood. The house, which had an exterior floodwater line from the 1926 Miami Hurricane and some damage from an infestation of bees, had fallen further into disrepair. For a while, the idea of moving the house to Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in Coral Gables, which Douglas helped to develop and where there is a life-size bronze statue to commemorate her efforts, was considered. The State of Florida owns Douglas's house and in April 2007 placed it in the care of the Florida Park Service, a division of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Restoration of the floors and counters took place in the following months. Water service was reconnected to the house and the electrical system was updated for safety purposes. All work was approved by the Department of Historic Resources. A park ranger was placed as a resident in the Douglas house to help maintain the structure and property.

On April 22, 2015, while giving an Earth Day speech in the Everglades, President Barack Obama announced that Interior Secretary Sally Jewell had designated the house a National Historic Landmark.

Books

 * The Everglades: River of Grass. Rinehart, 1947.
 * Road to the Sun. Rinehart, 1952.
 * Freedom River Florida 1845. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953.   (novel for young readers)
 * Hurricane. Rinehart, 1958 (revised, 1976). ISBN 9780891760153,
 * Alligator crossing. John Day, 1959. ISBN 157131640X (novel for young readers; synopsis at milkweed.org)
 * The Key to Paris. Keys to the Cities Series. Lippincott, 1961.
 * Florida the Long Frontier. Harper & Row, 1967.
 * The Joys of Bird Watching in Florida. Hurricane House, 1969.
 * Adventures in a Green World – The Story of David Fairchild and Barbour Lathrop. Field Research Projects. 1973.
 * Marjory Stoneman Douglas: Voice of the River. with John Rothchild. Pineapple Press, Inc. 1987. ISBN 9780910923330, ;

Short story collections

 * Nine Florida Stories by Marjory Stoneman Douglas. Ed. Kevin M. McCarthy. University of North Florida, 1990. ISBN 9780813009827,
 * "Pineland"
 * "A Bird Dog in the Hand"
 * "He Man"
 * "Twenty Minutes Late for Dinner"
 * "Plumes"
 * "By Violence"
 * "Bees in the Mango Bloom"
 * "September-Remember"
 * "The Road to the Horizon"
 * A River in Flood and Other Florida Stories by Marjory Stoneman Douglas. Ed. Kevin M. McCarthy. University Press of Florida, 1998. ISBN 9780813016221,
 * "At Home on the Marcel Waves"
 * "Solid Mahogany"
 * "Goodness Gracious, Agnes"
 * "A River in Flood"
 * "The Mayor of Flamingo"
 * "Stepmother"
 * "You Got to Go, But You Don't Have to Come Back"
 * "High-Goal Man"
 * "Wind Before Morning"

title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas


text:
Rog-O-Matic

Rog-O-Matic is a bot developed in 1981 to play and win the video game Rogue, by four graduate students in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh: Andrew Appel, Leonard Hamey, Guy Jacobson and Michael Loren Mauldin.

Described as a "belligerent expert system", Rog-O-Matic performs well when tested against expert Rogue players, even winning the game.

In a test during a three-week period in 1983, Rog-O-Matic had a higher median score than any of the 15 top Rogue players at the Carnegie-Mellon University and, at the University of Texas at Austin, found the Amulet of Yendor in a passageway on the 26th level, continued on to the surface and emerged into the light of day.

Because all information in Rogue is communicated to the player via ASCII text, Rog-O-Matic has automatic access to the same information a human player has. The program is still the subject of some scholarly interest; a 2005 paper said:

Rog-O-Matic differs from traditional expert systems in that it has the ability to work within a dynamic environment, for example the randomly generated terrain and adversaries. More importantly, the system was designed to operate in spite of limited information, recording and integrating knowledge about the environment as it is discovered.

title: Rog-O-Matic


text:
Communes of the Savoie department

The following is a list of the 273 communes of the Savoie department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Arlysère
 * Communauté d'agglomération Grand Chambéry
 * Communauté d'agglomération Grand Lac
 * Communauté de communes du Canton de La Chambre
 * Communauté de communes Cœur de Chartreuse (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Cœur de Maurienne Arvan
 * Communauté de communes Cœur de Savoie
 * Communauté de communes Cœur de Tarentaise
 * Communauté de communes Haute Maurienne Vanoise
 * Communauté de communes de Haute Tarentaise
 * Communauté de communes du Lac d'Aiguebelette
 * Communauté de communes Maurienne-Galibier
 * Communauté de communes Porte de Maurienne
 * Communauté de communes Val Guiers
 * Communauté de communes Val Vanoise
 * Communauté de communes des Vallées d’Aigueblanche
 * Communauté de communes Les Versants d’Aime
 * Communauté de communes de Yenne

title: Communes of the Savoie department


text:
Leonard Gansevoort

Leendert "Leonard" Gansevoort (July 14, 1751 – August 26, 1810) was an American political leader from New York who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1788.

Early life
He was born in 1751 in Albany County, New York to Harmen Gansevoort (1712–1801) and Magdalena Douw Gansevoort (1718–1796), both from prominent Dutch families. He was the younger brother of Brig. Gen. Peter Gansevoort (1749–1812).

Gansevoort's ancestors had been in Albany since 1660, when it was the Dutch colony of Fort Orange, and Harmen Harmense Gansevoort (ca. 1634–1709) owned a brewery and farms. His brother's son, Peter Gansevoort, Herman Gansevoort (1779–1862) built the Gansevoort Mansion in 1813 on his father's 1,500 acre tract at Gansevoort in Saratoga County, New York. His father was the third of his family's generation in America, who were prominent brewers and merchants in Albany.

His mother was descended from the Van Rensselaer family as her mother, Anna Van Rensselaer, was a daughter of Hendrick van Rensselaer (1667–1740), who had married Peter Douw. In addition, his first cousin, Leonard Gansevoort (1754–1834), an Albany lawyer and alderman, was married to Maria Van Rensselaer (1760–1841), the daughter of Col. Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1717–1781), the granddaughter of Hendrick van Rensselaer and the sister of Henry K. Van Rensselaer (1744–1816), Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1747–1798), and Killian K. Van Rensselaer (1763–1845).

Career
After the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, he became a member of the Albany Committee of Correspondence serving as treasurer until November 1775. When the 2nd New York Provincial Congress convened in New York City on December 6, 1775, he was one of the twelve deputies elected by the Albany Committee.

He wrote to his brother, Peter on October 31, 1775, stating:

"'Dr Brother I can hardly express my Distress upon receiving a Letter from Mr James Van Rensselaer acquainting me with your indisposition and that you in consequence thereof had been obliged to leave Chanblee and that you was then in Coll: Biddels Camp on the North side of St John's; every thing seem'd to consire to confirm me in the Opinion that you must have been very ill you cannot be ignorant of the Emotions in my Breast when you consider that Fraternal Affection which has always subsisted between us, and in what Manner I must have also felt when prompted by Duty I communicated the Contents of the Letter to our Joint Parents, I was oblig'd to meliorate the News by telling them that your indisposition was the Fever Ague but do assure you that upon reading the Letter from the same Gent. to Mr Philip Van Rensselaer that tho' you was then yet pretty Weak you was greatly recovered, I seem'd to be rais'd from the lowest Abyss of dispondence to the highest pinnacle of Hope and I will leave you to reflect how industrious I was to communicate it to the old people - I beg Dear Brother as you Love your Friends who are under the greatest uneasiness yet that you will write us a Line if you are able, and if not procure some one to write for you - and beg further that if you are not recovered on receipt of this that you will apply for leave to come down and write me before you set out that I may meet you on your Way - I should have been up with you already If I could possibly have obtained leave of Hetty We are well I am Your loving Brother Leonard Gansevoort Albany Octr 31 1774 To Peter Gansevoort Junr Esqr [Provincial Camp at St Johns]'"

He was also appointed to the 3rd and 4th Provincial Congresses in 1776 and 1777, where the Constitution of the State of New York was adopted on April 20, 1777. From April 18, 1777 to May 14, 1777, he was the president of the New York Provincial Congress committee of safety.

Following the end of Revolution in 1789, he bought a country house and estate known as Whitehall, which was located a mile and a half from Albany, from John Bradstreet Schuyler, the son of Philip Schuyler. Gansevoort was known for his entertainment of many prominent state and national political figures. In 1778 and 1779, he served as a member of the New York State Assembly.

Early in his political career he was aligned with the patrician group of the large estates owners and commercial interests, but later became involved with the early evolution of the Democratic Party in New York. He served in the State Assembly again from 1787 to 1788 and in the State Senate from 1791 to 1793 and 1796–1802, where he was chairman of the committee, as a Federalist.

In 1794, he was appointed a colonel in the New York militia. From 1794 to 1797 he was a judge in Albany. From 1799 to 1810, he was a judge of the court of probates.

Personal life
On April 10, 1770, he married Hester Cuyler (1748–1826), the daughter of Abraham Cuyler, Jr. (1713–1749), a cousin of Abraham Cuyler, and Jannetje Beekman (1719–1798), a descendant of Wilhelmus Beekman (1623–1707). Together, they had:

 * Magdalena Gansevoort (b. 1771)
 * Catharina Gansevoort (b. 1772)
 * Abraham Cuyler Gansevoort (b. 1775)
 * Magdalena Gansevoort (1777–1863), who married Jacob Ten Eyck (1771–1862), on March 6, 1795, the son of Abraham Ten Eyck and grandson of Mayor Jacob Coenraedt Ten Eyck.
 * Catharine Cuyler Gansevoort (1789–1853), who married Teunis Van Vechten (1785–1859), nephew of Abraham Van Vechten

He died in 1810 at home in Albany and was buried in Albany Rural Cemetery.

Descendants
Through his daughter, Magdalena, he was the grandfather of Hester Gansevoort Ten Eyck (1796–1861), Abraham Gansevoort Ten Eyck (1798–1830), Leonard Gansevoort Ten Eyck (1801–1881), Jacob L. Ten Eyck (1804–1875), and Herman Gansevoort Ten Eyck (1806–1881), and Peter Gansevoort Ten Eyck (1810–1891).

Through his daughter, Catharine, he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Ann Van Vechten (1812–1812), Leonard Gansevoort Van Vechten (1813–1837), Hester Elizabeth Van Vechten Trotter (1815–1881), Teunis Van Vechten (1819–1859), Cuyler Van Vechten (1823–1825), and Cuyler Van Vechten (1830–1875).

He was also the great-uncle of Moby Dick author Herman Melville.

title: Leonard Gansevoort


text:
Communes of the Haute-Savoie department

The following is a list of the 279 communes of the French department of Haute-Savoie.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Annemasse - Les Voirons Agglomération
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Annecy
 * CA Thonon Agglomération
 * Communauté de communes Arve et Salève
 * Communauté de communes Cluses-Arve et Montagnes
 * Communauté de communes Faucigny-Glières
 * Communauté de communes Fier et Usses
 * Communauté de communes du Genevois
 * Communauté de communes du Haut-Chablais
 * Communauté de communes des Montagnes du Giffre
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Cruseilles
 * Communauté de communes Pays d'Évian Vallée d'Abondance
 * Communauté de communes Pays du Mont-Blanc
 * Communauté de communes du Pays Rochois
 * Communauté de communes des Quatre Rivières
 * Communauté de communes Rumilly Terre de Savoie
 * Communauté de communes des Sources du Lac d'Annecy
 * Communauté de communes Usses et Rhône (partly)
 * Communauté de communes de la Vallée de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc
 * Communauté de communes de la Vallée Verte
 * Communauté de communes des Vallées de Thônes

title: Communes of the Haute-Savoie department


text:
User talk:Dougmurray27

Welcome messages
Welcome aboard! If you reply right below on this page, I will see it. Other people will come by and add links that you can check out over Wikipedia. I use the "Help" link in the upper right of this screen a lot. See you around. Rednblu 16:04, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Why not add L. Ron Hubbard to the Religion page?
I thought it was a good idea to add L. Ron Hubbard to the Religion page? Why did you take it off? (If you reply below, I will see that you did, because I put this page on my "Watch list" by checking the "Watch this article" box below when I was in "Edit this page" mode. Welcome to this interesting and lively community! Rednblu 16:04, 4 Aug 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dougmurray27