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Thomas Traherne

Thomas Traherne (1636 or 1637 – c. 27 September 1674) was an English poet, Anglican cleric, theologian, and religious writer. The intense, scholarly spirituality in his writings has led to his being commemorated by some parts of the Anglican Communion on 10 October (the anniversary of his burial in 1674) or on 27 September.

The work for which Traherne is best known today is the Centuries of Meditations, a collection of short paragraphs in which he reflects on Christian life and ministry, philosophy, happiness, desire and childhood. This was first published in 1908 after having been rediscovered in manuscript ten years earlier. His poetry likewise was first published in 1903 and 1910 (The Poetical Works of Thomas Traherne, B.D. and Poems of Felicity). His prose works include Roman Forgeries (1673), Christian Ethics (1675), and A Serious and Patheticall Contemplation of the Mercies of God (1699).

Traherne's writings frequently explore the glory of creation and what he saw as his intimate relationship with God. His writing conveys an ardent, almost childlike love of God, and is compared to similar themes in the works of later poets William Blake, Walt Whitman, and Gerard Manley Hopkins. His love for the natural world is frequently expressed in his works by a treatment of nature that evokes Romanticism—two centuries before the Romantic movement.

Early life and education
Traherne's birth and baptism are not recorded in parish registers. According to antiquarian Anthony à Wood (1632–1695), he was a "shoemaker's son of Hereford" born in either 1636 or 1637. identifies this shoemaker as John Traherne (born 1566). However, other sources say that Thomas was the son of Philipp Traherne (or Trehearne) (1568–1645), a local innkeeper and twice Mayor of Hereford, and his third wife, Mary Lane.

Traherne writes about his childhood, which included a natural wonder at and appreciation of the world around him, in Centuries of Meditations and in his poetry.

Traherne was educated at Hereford Cathedral School and matriculated in Brasenose College, Oxford, on 2 April 1652, receiving his baccalaureate degree on 13 October 1656. Five years later he was promoted to the degree of Master of Arts (Oxon.) on 6 November 1661, and he received a Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.) on 11 December 1669.

Church ministry
After receiving his baccalaureate degree from Oxford in 1656, he took holy orders.

On 30 December 1657, he was appointed as the rector of Credenhill near Hereford, by the Commissioners for the Approbation of Public Preachers, although at the time he was not an ordained priest. A curious note appended to the record of his appointment is that Traherne counted upon the patronage of Ambella, the widow of the Earl of Kent. Traherne served in this post for ten years.

Following the restoration of the monarchy and the return of Charles II, Traherne was ordained priest on 20 October 1660 by the Bishop of Oxford, Robert Skinner, at Launton near Bicester.

In 1667, Traherne became the private chaplain to Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Great Lever, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal to King Charles II, at Teddington (near Hampton Court) in Middlesex. It was while residing there that Traherne died on 27 September 1674, having that day dictated a brief nuncupative will to his friend and neighbour John Berdoe, in which he made bequests to the servants who had looked after him and left his few belongings to his brother Philip and sister-in-law Susan. On 10 October 1674 he was buried in St Mary's Church at Teddington,  under the church's reading desk.

Character and lifestyle
Traherne was described as "one of the most pious ingenious men that ever I was acquainted with", and "a man of a cheerful and sprightly Temper … ready to do all good Offices to his Friends, and Charitable to the Poor almost beyond his ability". Traherne believed he suffered from the weaknesses of a sociable personality: "Too much openness and proneness to Speak are my Diseas. Too easy and complying a Nature".

According to Anthony à Wood, Traherne "always led a simple and devout life; his will shows that he possessed little beyond his books ...".

Publication history during lifetime and soon after
Traherne was an inconsequential literary figure during his lifetime and his works were not known or appreciated until long after his death. As a country priest he led a devout, humble life and did not participate in literary circles. Only one of his works, Roman Forgeries (1673), was published in his lifetime. Christian Ethicks (1675) followed soon after his death, and later A Serious and Patheticall Contemplation of the Mercies of God (1699), which was published as the work of an anonymous author whose character and background were discussed in a brief introduction by the publisher.

At Traherne's death in 1674 most of his manuscripts were bequeathed to his brother Philip. After Philip's death they apparently passed into the possession of the Skipp family of Ledbury in Herefordshire, where they languished for almost 200 years. In 1888 the family's assets were dissolved, yet the manuscripts did not re-emerge until 10 years later.

Later publication history
In the winter of 1896–97, William T. Brooke of London discovered some anonymous manuscripts in a "barrow of books about to be trashed" or a "street bookstall". Brooke thought that they might be lost works by Henry Vaughan and showed them to Alexander Grosart (1827–99), a Scottish clergyman and expert on Elizabethan and Jacobean literature who reprinted rare works. Grosart agreed that the manuscripts were by Vaughan and planned to include them in an edition of Vaughan's works that he was preparing for publication. Grosart died in 1899 and the proposed edition was never completed.

Grosart's collection, including the manuscripts, was purchased by Charles Higham, a London bookseller, who asked his friend Bertram Dobell to examine them. Dobell was convinced that they were not by Vaughan and soon deduced that they were by Traherne. The manuscripts included poetry as well as a collection of contemplative paragraphs "embodying reflexions on religion and morals".

The Poetical Works of Thomas Traherne was published in 1903 and Centuries of Meditations in 1908. Other publications followed. Eventually the Centuries were to be described as "one of the finest prose-poems in our language" and passages from them were set to music almost as often as the poems.

Manuscripts
A Traherne manuscript of "Centuries", the Dobell Folio (also called the "Commonplace Book"), "The Church's Year Book", and the "Early Notebook" (also called Philip Traherne's Notebook) are held at the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the Burney Manuscript (also known as "Poems of Felicity") is at the British Library, London; and "Select Meditations" is in the Osborn Collection, Beinecke Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

A manuscript discovered in 1996 in the Folger Library in Washington, D.C., by Julia Smith and Laetitia Yeandle was later identified as an unfinished 1,800-line epic poem by Traherne entitled "The Ceremonial Law". In 1997 Jeremy Maule, a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, discovered more works by Traherne among 4,000 manuscripts in the Library of Lambeth Palace, the London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Lambeth manuscripts, mostly prose, encompass four complete works and a fragment of a fifth: Inducements to Retiredness, A Sober View of Dr Twisse, Seeds of Eternity, The Kingdom of God and the fragmentary Love.

Reception of the poetry
Although Traherne is now counted one of the leading Metaphysical poets, the name of that "school" went unmentioned on his first publication. In his preface to The Poetical Works, Dobell linked him with "that small group of religious poets which includes Herbert, Vaughan and Crawshaw", but distinguished him as uniquely individual and "neither a follower nor imitator of any of these". In the selection of his poems that followed two years later, they were accompanied in the same volume by the 'verse-remains' of Henry Vaughan's twin brother Thomas (Eugenius Philalethes) and John Norris of Bemerton. The reputation of the two latter was then and remains as philosophers. Both were also clergymen and Norris was the incumbent of Herbert's former parsonage; it was not until much later that he was to be described also as "the last of the Metaphysicals". Traherne, then, is being presented by propinquity as a representative of the line of 17th-century devotional poets rather than the member of a particular school.

At the time of publication, those writers whom Samuel Johnson had described dismissively as "metaphysical poets" had yet to achieve the critical prominence they were given after the appearance of Herbert Grierson's anthology, Metaphysical Lyrics and Poems of the Seventeenth Century (1921). In any case, none of Traherne's poems were included there and when he did come to the notice of T. S. Eliot, it was only to be put aside as "more a mystic than a poet". After that, it took decades before his work was given more serious scrutiny.

Certainly, the mystical element is strikingly evident in Traherne, but his Metaphysical credentials are confirmed by the way in which he seeks to explain issues of truth, knowledge, and the faculties of the mind and heart by methods of theological and rational examination. Typical also is the way in which these meditations are worked out as extended Baroque conceits, of which "Shadows in the Water" is a particularly striking example. A further link with fellow devotional poets of his period is found in the idealisation of childish innocence and the use of Platonic themes which Traherne shares with Henry Vaughan and John Norris.

Development of personal faith
Given some of the autobiographical and confessional material in his works (notably in Centuries of Meditations), Traherne must have suffered from a lack of faith in his formative years at Oxford. He describes this as a period of Apostasy and that he later found his way back to faith: "I knew by intuition those things which since my Apostasy, I collected again by the highest reason. My very ignorance was advantageous. I seemed as one brought into the Estate of Innocence. All things were spotless and pure and glorious: yea, and infinitely mine, and joyful and precious, I knew not that there were any sins or complaints or laws."

However, there is an alternative reading possible, which may be closer to the facts of Traherne's experience as he expresses them in the quote above. This is that he did not suffer a loss of faith, but rather identified his maturation away from a natural, innocent child's view of the world and his place in it, from an innate understanding of the wonder of God's creation, to a burdened grappling with the rules and expectation of church and society as an apostasy itself, which he had to overcome then by careful and disciplined study ("the highest reason"). This childlike, accepting, and joyous view of faith and religious ecstasy is at the core of the writing from which the excerpt above is drawn, and is part of the reason for Traherne's appeal.

Neoplatonism
Traherne is heavily influenced by the works of Neoplatonist philosophers and several of his contemporaries who were called the Cambridge Platonists. The Cambridge Platonists were latitudinarians in that they argued for moderation and dialogue between the factions of Puritans and High Churchmen in the Anglican church. They believed that religion and reason could be in harmony with one another based on a mystical understanding of reason—believing that reason rose beyond mere sense perception but was "the candle of the Lord" and an echo of the divine residing within the human soul. Reason was both God-given and of God. Indeed, critic K. W. Salter notes that Traherne "writes of the senses as if they were spiritual and of the spirit as if it were sensuous." However, according to Gladys Wade's 1946 biography of Traherne, she distinguished that the Cambridge Platonists "wasted their energies on Hermetic and Cabalistic and Rosicrucian lore, and on incredible experiments in magic and necromancy," and remarked that Traherne's mysticism was "perfectly free from any taint of this."

Defence of Anglican and criticism of Catholic churches
Traherne was also concerned with the stability of the Christian church in England during the period of the Restoration. In some of his theological writings, Traherne exhibits a passion for the Anglican faith and the national church that is evident in his confrontations with Roman Catholicism and Nonconformism during this time of political and religious upheaval. The recent discoveries of previously unknown manuscripts further establish Traherne's reputation as an Anglican divine and his works offer fresh and comprehensive insight on ongoing theological arguments regarding the nature of divinity, ethics and morality, and the nature of sin.

For instance, Traherne passionately critiques Roman Catholicism in Roman Forgeries (1673)—the only work published during his lifetime. It is a polemical treatise in the form of a dialogue between two men—a Protestant and a Roman Catholic. Relying on the Scriptures and the pronouncements of the First Council of Nicaea to formulate the idea of a legitimate church authority, Traherne criticises the state of the contemporary Catholic Church and claims through a conspiracy theory that because the Vatican has had control over the manuscripts that the Catholic Church was in a position to corrupt, misuse or suppress documents to support its claim to authority. The abusive nature of the narrator's critique of the Church of Rome is in sharp contrast to the tenor of Traherne's poetry or his other writings on theological topics.

However, Traherne takes a less polemic tone in the posthumously published Christian Ethicks (1675) in which he explores theological implications of Calvinist thought on freedom and necessity. In this work, Traherne refuses to define ethics as a secular phenomenon—instead pointing to a firm reliance on the will of God. Because of human limitations and failings, one cannot build a suitable and coherent moral system of beliefs—those virtues must derive from a divine source and their reward from perceiving the infinite love of God at the root of all things.

Sin
Traherne dedicated considerable examination to the subject of sin and its place vis-a-vis the church doctrines. In the recently discovered work, A Sober View of Dr Twisse, Traherne discusses sin and salvation within the frame of a larger discussion of questions of election and reprobation. Traherne writes: "He was excluded the Kingdom of Heaven, where nothing can enter that hates God, and whence nothing can be excluded that loves him. The loss of that Love is Hell: the Sight and Possession of that Love is Heaven. Thus did sin exclude him Heaven."

Mysticism and divine union
Traherne's works are inherently mystical in that they seek to understand and embrace the nature of God within his creation and within man's soul. Traherne seems to describe his own journey of faith in Centuries of Meditation, which was likely written when Traherne was at Credenhill—a work that is noted for its "spiritual intensity," and "the wide scope of the writer's survey" which includes "all heaven and earth he takes for the province of the pious soul". Traherne's work is said to look "upon the hidden things of the soul, and, in them, he sees the image of the glory and love of God" and "the eternal theme of the goodness and the splendour of God."

Traherne's poems frequently explore the glory of creation and what he perceived as his intimate relationship with God. He drew deeply on the writings of Aristotle and on the early Church Fathers for his concept of Man and human nature.

Little mention is made of sin and suffering in the works that have dominated 20th-century criticism, and some critics have seen his verse as bordering upon pantheism (or perhaps panentheism).

Felicity
At the core of Traherne's work is the concept of "felicity", that highest state of bliss in which he describes the essence of God as a source of "Delights of inestimable value."

Traherne says that 'understanding set in him' secured his felicity. He argues that man can experience this felicity only by understanding the will of God and divine love and he describes the beauty of this in childlike terms. Traherne seeks to explain the "Principle of Nature" in which through his inclination to love truth ("Light") and beauty seek him to identify felicity as its source and a natural experience.

Nature
Another great passion that is depicted in Traherne's work is his love of nature and the natural world, frequently displayed in a very Romantic treatment of nature that has been described as characteristically pantheist or panentheist. While Traherne credits a divine source for its creation, his praise of nature seems nothing less than what one would expect to find in Thoreau. Many scholars consider Traherne a writer of the sublime, and in his writing he seems to have tried to reclaim the lost appreciation for the natural world, as well as paying tribute to what he knew of in nature that was more powerful than he was. In this sense Traherne seems to have anticipated the Romantic movement more than 130 years before it actually occurred. There is frequent discussion of man's almost symbiotic relationship with nature, as well as frequent use of "literal setting", that is, an attempt to faithfully reproduce a sense experience from a given moment, a technique later used frequently by William Wordsworth.

Childlike joy and attitude
In the spirit of the gospels,  Traherne's "great theme is the visionary innocence of childhood," and his writings suggest "that adults have lost the joy of childhood, and with it an understanding of the divine nature of creation." Traherne seems to convey the idea that paradise can be rediscovered and regained only through reacquiring this childlike innocence—a state which "precedes the knowledge of good and evil" and seems to be composed of a boundless love and wonder.

In this respect, Traherne's work is often compared to the abounding joy and mysticism found in the works of William Blake, Walt Whitman, and Gerard Manley Hopkins. According to Traherne scholar Denise Inge, Traherne's introduction of a child's viewpoint to narrate his theological and moral premises was unknown or certainly unappreciated in the literature of this time.

Happiness
Achieving happiness is another focus of Traherne's work. He wrote "I will first spend a great deal of time in seeking Happiness, and then a great deal more in enjoying it." He wrote that many people despise happiness, but that "Heaven is a place where our happiness shall be seen of all. We shall there enjoy the happiness of being seen in happiness, without the danger of ostentation."

Practical philosophy
Traherne was intent that insights gained through philosophy be used in daily life.

Legacy
Traherne's works remained largely unpublished until their publication at the start of the 20th century. Those who have acknowledged an influence since then have been the Trappist monk Thomas Merton; the Christian humanist Dorothy L. Sayers; the poet Elizabeth Jennings; and C. S. Lewis, who called Centuries of Meditations "almost the most beautiful book in English".

They also had their influence within the Anglican Communion which, though it does not create saints in the same way as in the Roman Catholic tradition, has frequently canonised people of great holiness, sometimes by a formal process and sometimes by popular acclamation or local custom. Following this precedent, and in commemoration of his poems and spiritual writings, Thomas Traherne is included in the Calendar of Saints in many national churches within the Anglican Communion. He is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration.

The commemoration of Traherne is held on either 27 September (the date of his death) or 10 October (the date of his burial).

Observed on 10 October Church of England; Anglican Church of Korea; Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui (also known as the Hong Kong Anglican Church)

A century of musical settings
It has been observed of Traherne that "more than any other form of art, if one may judge from the frequency and fervor of the references, Traherne loved music", that this was of long standing and life-long. The Traherne Association has compiled a check list of some hundred composers who have recognised the lyrical power of his writing and set words by him to music. Several of these are from the poet's native Herefordshire, while a significant proportion come from other countries and not all from the English-speaking world. There have also been a wide variety of musical styles over the past century, from art song to devotional motets, from advanced modernism to minimalism, and there have been some purely instrumental interpretations as well.

Britain
The earliest known setting was by Welsh-born Bryceson Treharne (1879–1948). His "Invocation" of 1917 was stanza 11 of an untitled poem in Traherne's Christian Ethicks: "O holy Jesus who didst for us die", set for baritone and piano. It was followed in 1924 by Rutland Boughton's "Contentment", a part-song for unaccompanied men's voices which sets Traherne's "Contentment is a sleepy thing", also from Christian Ethicks. Later composers set both verse and prose for singing within the same work, of which one example from 1978 was Elizabeth Maconchy's cycle "Sun, Moon and Stars" for soprano and piano.

It was in the 1920s that Gerald Finzi began work on his ambitious Dies natalis, a cantata for high solo voice and string orchestra. Only completed in 1939, the work's premiere was cancelled due to the outbreak of the Second World War, and it was not performed until some months later in January 1940. Its purely instrumental "Intrada" is followed by a section of prose passages from the third in his Centuries of Meditations, and then by three poems: "The Rapture", "Wonder" and "The Salutation". The texts chosen reflect the joy and wonder of a newborn child's innocent perspective and wonderment at a world of such beauty.

Given Traherne's calling and piety, many modern settings of Traherne's work have a devotional context. His poem "The Rapture" was included in the Cambridge Hymnal (1967) as Hymn 97, with music by the composer William Wordsworth. Also among the largely sacred choral music of Patrick Larley has been his On Christmas Day (2002), a sequence of seven pieces, of which numbers 1, 3 and 7 incorporate verses from Traherne's poem "On Christmas-Day". Several other pieces were commissioned for special occasions: from Colin Matthews ("Shadows in the water", 1978/9); Francis Jackson ("On Christmas Day", 1995); John Casken ("A song of Chimes", 1996); Andrew Carter ("The saints of God", 2005); Cecilia McDowall, ("The skies in their magnificence", 2008); Francis Pott, ("The love of God is in eternity", 2011); and David Sawer, ("Wonder", 2012).

International
Sawer's choral work was written to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Earlier, Toivo Tulev (born 1958) had set lines from Traherne's Centuries of Meditations as "Rejoice! Rejoice! Rejoice!" for a performance in honour of the queen's state visit to Estonia in October, 2006. Other settings of Traherne's work have been made by Bulgarian-born Dobrinka Tabakova ("Centuries of Meditations", selections set for full choir, harp or piano and strings, 2012); by the French Claude Ballif, (Poème de la félicité for three female voices, 1977); and by the Finnish Jouni Kaipainen, whose "Felicity and Fullnesse" is described as a monodrama for high baritone and orchestra in which verses by Traherne alternate with verses by Hanno Eskola (2006).

In North America, the Canadian composer Frederick Karam (1926–1978) wrote "From Dust I Rise", an anthem based on lines from Traherne's poem "The Salutation", first performed in 1958. In the United States, Anthony Piccolo wrote "Wonder", with lyrics from Traherne's poem of the same title, for medium-high voice and piano in 1987; Aaron Jay Kernis set the song cycle "Two Awakenings and a Lullaby" for soprano, violin, guitar and piano in 2006; Bob Chilcott set "The sun and stars are mine" for high voices and piano in 2012; and Garrett George composed "4 Traherne Songs" for soprano with piano accompaniment in 2018.

Instrumental and other formats
Two Japanese works by Satoru Ikeda (born 1961) have taken their beginning from Traherne's "The Salutation". The first was a vocalic transposition of the English text for chamber choir, accordion, tuba and harp, in which the instruments "are symbols of Heaven, Earth, and Man" (2003). Later the composer wrote a purely instrumental work for alto flute which was divided into three movements (Abyss, Awakening and Apparition), inspired by three stanzas from the poem (2015). Another interpretation of Traherne for full orchestra was Australian composer Nigel Butterley's Meditations of Thomas Traherne (1968), based on five prose meditations.

Two organ works have been inspired by Tom Denny's Traherne windows in the Audley chapel in Hereford Cathedral. In addition, American Peter Stoltzfus Berton (born 1968) based the fifteen pieces in his "Hereford Variations" (2007) on Traherne's Centuries of Meditations. Martin Bussey's organ work "Hereford Windows" followed in 2014.

Traherne's writing has also contributed to two larger-scale works. Kenneth Leighton's Symphony No.2 (Sinfonia mistica, 1974) set lines from Traherne's "Thanksgivings for the Body" as its third movement (Meditation). Later, Harrison Birtwistle had Christ quote from "Thanksgivings for the Body" in Vision 1 of his opera The Last Supper (1999).

Lying outside the classical music tradition, the Incredible String Band's piece "Douglas Traherne Harding" on the Wee Tam and the Big Huge album (1968) incorporated lines from Centuries of Meditations and demonstrates the wide versatility of application of which Traherne's work has been capable.

Published during Traherne's life and times

 * 1673: Roman Forgeries, Or, A True Account of False Records Discovering the Impostures and Counterfeit Antiquities of the Church of Rome (London: Printed by S. & B. Griffin for Jonathan Edwin, 1673).
 * 1675: Christian Ethicks: Or, Divine Morality. Opening the Way to Blessedness, By the Rules of Vertue and Reason (London: Printed for Jonathan Edwin, 1675).
 * 1699: A Serious and Pathetical Contemplation of the Mercies of God, In Several Most Devout and Sublime Thanksgivings for the same (London: Printed for Samuel Keble, 1699).
 * 1717: Meditations on the Creation, in A Collection of Meditations and Devotions, in Three Parts. (London: Published by Nathaniel Spinkes. Printed for D. Midwinter, 1717).

Later compilations and editions

 * 1903: A second edition appeared in 1906.
 * 1905:
 * 1908:
 * 1910: Traherne's Poems of Felicity (edited by H. I. Bell) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910).
 * 1932: The Poetical Works of Thomas Traherne, faithfully reprinted from the Author's Original Manuscript, together with Poems of Felicity, reprinted from the Burney manuscript, and Poems from Various Sources (edited by Gladys I. Wade) (London: P. J. & A. E. Dobell, 1932).
 * 1941: A Serious and Pathetical Contemplation of the Mercies of God, In Several most Devout and Sublime Thanksgivings for the same (edited by Roy Daniells) (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1941).
 * 1958: Centuries, Poems, and Thanksgivings 2 volumes (edited by H. M. Margoliouth) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958).
 * 1966: Meditations on the Six Days of the Creation (edited by George Robert Guffey) (Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California, 1966).
 * 1966: Poems, Centuries, and Three Thanksgivings (edited by Anne Ridler) (London: Oxford University Press, 1966).
 * 1968: Christian Ethicks (edited by Carol L. Marks and Guffey) (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968).
 * 1989: Commentaries of Heaven: The Poems (edited by D. D. C. Chambers) (Salzburg: Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik Universitat Salzburg, 1989). ISBN 9780773405844
 * 2005–2017:
 * Volume I: Inducements to Retirednes, A Sober View of Dr Twisses his Considerations, Seeds of Eternity or the Nature of the Soul, The Kingdom of God (2005). ISBN 9781843840374
 * Volume II: Commentaries of Heaven, part 1: Abhorrence to Alone (2007) ISBN 9781843841357
 * Volume III: Commentaries of Heaven, part 2: Al-Sufficient to Bastard (2007) ISBN 9781843841364
 * Volume IV: Church's Year-Book, A Serious and Pathetical Contemplation of the Mercies of GOD, [Meditations on the Six Days of the Creation] (2009) ISBN 9781843841968
 * Volume V: Centuries of Meditations and Select Meditations (2013) ISBN 9781843843276
 * Volume VI: Verse: from the Dobell Folio, Poems of Felicity, The Ceremonial Law
 * Volume VII: Roman Forgeries, Christian Ethicks: or, Divine Morality (not yet published)
 * Volume. VIII: Commentary and Index (not yet published)
 * Volume IX: Notebooks (not yet published)
 * 2023: Traherne, Thomas. Redemer, Colin (ed). Christian Ethics, Modernized. Vol. In two volumes. Landrum, South Carolina, US. (Davenant Press, 2023)
 * Volume 1: The Shining Human Creature (2023). ISBN 9781949716160
 * Volume 2: Made Like the Maker (2023). ISBN 9781949716214

Translations

 * Poèmes de la félicité, trans. Jean Wahl, Éditions du Seuil, Paris 1951; some originally appeared in the magazine Mesures in April 1936
 * Les Centuries, trans. Magali Jullien, Arfuyen, 2011
 * Robert Jones' "That Cross is a Tree set on fire with invisible flame" (Das Kreuz ist ein flammender Baum), a setting for full choir and organ which draws its text from three of Thomas Traherne's Centuries; a German translation provided by Meik Impekoven. Published: Dr. J. Butz, Bonn, 2015.
 * Goûter Dieu, trans. Magali Jullien, Arfuyen, 2020

title: Thomas Traherne


text:
Talk:Anerood Jugnauth

Neutrality of this article
The article Sir Anerood Jugnauth has been edited with information obtained through local newspapers, websites and political institution. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pritish.Seeboo (talk • contribs) 10:33, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

 * The tone use in the article does not comply with the WP:NPOV, some of the content is doubtful and more reliable references should be added so that it can be check.Kingroyos (talk) 16:15, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
Ahem. May we kindly enquire what exactly whas Anerood Jugnauth prime minister of? Might help set the context. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 21:32 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Prime Minister of Mauritius, as shown in the article?

Pronuncuation

 * Does anyone know the correct pronunciation of his name? His name appears in an article for Mauritius in the Amharic wikipedia, which uses a phonetic writing system. Thanks! ፈቃደ (ውይይት) 14:51, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Anerood Jugnauth


text:
Poughkeepsie (disambiguation)

Poughkeepsie is a city in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

Poughkeepsie can also refer to:
 * Relating to Poughkeepsie, New York:
 * Poughkeepsie (Metro-North station), a railroad station in the city
 * Poughkeepsie (town), New York, a town surrounding the city
 * The Poughkeepsie Tapes, a 2007 film based in and named after the aforementioned city.
 * Poughkeepsie, Arkansas, an unincorporated area in Sharp County, Arkansas

title: Poughkeepsie (disambiguation)


text:
Robert Herrick (poet)

Robert Herrick (baptised 24 August 1591 – buried 15 October 1674) was a 17th-century English lyric poet and Anglican cleric. He is best known for Hesperides, a book of poems. This includes the carpe diem poem "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time", with the first line "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may".

Early life
Born in Cheapside, London, Robert Herrick was the seventh child and fourth son of Julia Stone and Nicholas Herrick, a prosperous goldsmith. He was named after an uncle, Robert Herrick (or Heyrick), a prosperous Member of Parliament (MP) for Leicester, who had bought the land Greyfriars Abbey stood on after Henry VIII's dissolution in the mid-16th century. Nicholas Herrick died in a fall from a fourth-floor window in November 1592, when Robert was a year old (whether this was suicide remains unclear).

The tradition that Herrick received his education at Westminster is based on the words "beloved Westminster" in his poem "Tears to Thamesis", but the allusion is to the city, not the school. It is more likely that he, like his uncle's children, attended The Merchant Taylors' School. In 1607 he became apprenticed to his other uncle, Sir William Herrick, a goldsmith and jeweller to the king. The apprenticeship ended after only six years, when Herrick, aged 22, gained admission at St John's College, Cambridge. He later migrated to Trinity Hall, graduating in 1617. Herrick became a member of the Sons of Ben, a group centred on an admiration for the works of Ben Jonson, to whom he wrote at least five poems. Herrick was ordained into the Church of England in 1623 and in 1629 became the vicar of Dean Prior in Devonshire.

Civil War
In 1647, in the wake of the English Civil War, Herrick was ejected from his vicarage for refusing the Solemn League and Covenant. He returned to London to live in Westminster and depend on the charity of his friends and family. He spent some time preparing his lyric poems for publication and had them printed in 1648 under the title Hesperides; or the Works both Human and Divine of Robert Herrick, with a dedication to the Prince of Wales.

Restoration and later life
When King Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660, Herrick petitioned for his own restoration to his living. He had obtained favour by writing verses celebrating the births of both Charles II and his brother James before the Civil War. Herrick became the vicar of Dean Prior again in the summer of 1662 and lived there until his death in October 1674, at the age of 83. His date of death is unknown, but he was buried on 15 October.

Herrick was a bachelor all his life. Many of the women he names in his poems are thought to be fictional.

Poetic style and stature
Herrick wrote over 2,500 poems, about half of which appear in his major work, Hesperides. Hesperides also includes the much shorter Noble Numbers, his first book of spiritual works, first published in 1648. He is well known for his style, and in his earlier works for frequent references to lovemaking and the female body. His later poetry was of a more spiritual and philosophical nature. Among his most famous short poetical sayings are the unique monometers, such as number 475, "Thus I / Pass by / And die,/ As one / Unknown / And gone."

Herrick sets out his subject-matter in the poem he printed at the beginning of his collection, "The Argument of his Book". He dealt with English country life and its seasons, village customs, complimentary poems to various ladies and his friends, themes taken from classical writings, and a solid bedrock of Christian faith, not intellectualized but underpinning the rest. It has been said of Herrick's style that "his directness of speech with clear and simple presentation of thought, a fine artist working with conscious knowledge of his art, of an England of his youth in which he lives and moves and loves, clearly assigns him to the first place as a lyrical poet in the strict and pure sense of the phrase."

Herrick never married and none of his love poems seems to connect directly with any one woman. He loved the richness of sensuality and the variety of life. This appears vividly in such poems as "Cherry-ripe", "Delight in Disorder" and "Upon Julia's Clothes".

The overriding message in Herrick's work is that life is short, the world beautiful and love splendid. We must use the short time we have to make the most of it. This message is clear in "To the Virgins, to make much of Time", "To Daffodils", "To Blossoms" and "Corinna's Going A Maying", where the warmth and exuberance of a seemingly kind and jovial personality comes over.

The opening stanza in one of his more famous poems, "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time", runs: "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, Old Time is still a-flying; And this same flower that smiles today, Tomorrow will be dying."

This is an example of the carpe diem genre, whose popularity Herrick's poems helped to revive.

His poems were none too popular on publication. A style influenced by Ben Jonson, the classical Roman writers and the late Elizabethan era must have seemed old-fashioned to an audience tuned to the complexities of metaphysical poets such as John Donne and Andrew Marvell. His work was rediscovered in the early 19th century and has been regularly printed since.

The Victorian poet Swinburne described Herrick as "the greatest song writer ever born of English race". Despite his use of classical allusions and names, Herrick's poems are easier for modern readers than those of many of his contemporaries.

In literature
Herrick appears in James Branch Cabell's "Concerning Corrina", published in his 1916 short-story volume The Certain Hour: Dizain des Poëtes. The story strongly suggests that the poet was an adept of the dark arts. Though technically a mystery or horror story, it is best classed as a philosophical comedy.

Herrick is a major character in Rose Macaulay's 1932 historical novel They Were Defeated.

Samuel Beckett's play Happy Days has the character Winnie quote from Herrick's "To the Virgins to Make Much of Time".

Ken Bruen in his debut novel Rilke on Black makes Herrick's two-line poem "Dreams" a favorite with the protagonist Nick. Robert Herrick is one of many historical characters in the alternate history series 1632. The dedication in Thomas Burnett Swann's Will-o-the-Wisp (1976, ISBN 9780552103589) is "A novel suggested by the life of Robert Herrick, poet, vicar, and pagan". Herrick was referred to by the character Clement in HBO's 'Industry' (December 2020), in view of a candle on a birthday cake representing the passing of precious time.

In music
The first composers to set Herrick to music were near-contemporaries: at least 40 settings of 31 poems appear in manuscript and printed songbooks of 1624–1683, by Henry and William Lawes, John Wilson, Robert Ramsey and others. It is clear from references within Hesperides that many other settings have not survived.

From the early 20th century, Herrick's verse became popular with a range of composers. One of them, Fritz Hart, was by far the most prolific, with more than 120 settings composed throughout his life, mostly collected in Fourteen Songs, op. 10 (1912), Twenty-One Songs, op. 23 (1916), Twenty Five Songs in five sets, opp. 50–54 (1922), Nine Sets of Four Songs Each, opp. 82–90 (1930), Three Sets of Five Songs, opp. 148–150 (1941), and Two Sets of Five Songs, opp. 166–167 (1948).

Other settings from this period include:
 * Arnold Bax: To Daffodils; Eternity
 * Lennox Berkeley: How love came in
 * Havergal Brian: The Mad Maid's Song; Why dost thou wound, and break my heart?; The Night Piece
 * Frank Bridge: The Primrose; The Hag; Fair Daffodils
 * Benjamin Britten: Spring Symphony (To Violets); Five Flower Songs (To Daffodils; The Succession of the Four Sweet Months)
 * Isaiah Burnell: Gather Ye Rosebuds, choral setting (1930)
 * Benjamin Burrows: Upon Love; The Olive Branch; The Wounded Cupid; To Music
 * Samuel Coleridge-Taylor: The Guest (Scena)
 * Jean Coulthard: Threnody (Here a solemn fast we keep), choral setting (1935)
 * Walford Davies: Eternity; Noble Numbers, op. 28 (Weigh me the fire; God's Dwelling; Grace for a Child; What Sweeter Music)
 * Frederick Delius: To Daffodils
 * George Dyson: To Music
 * Christopher Edmunds: The Bellman
 * John Foulds: To Music
 * Ivor Gurney: To Violets; Lullaby
 * Muriel Herbert: I dare not ask a kiss; To Daffodils
 * Joseph Holbrooke: To Dianeme
 * Herbert Howells: Here she lies, a pretty bud
 * Peter Hurford: Litany to the Holy Spirit
 * Kenneth V. Jones: Hesperides, song cycle
 * Ernest John Moeran: Candlemas Eve
 * Hubert Parry: Julia
 * Roger Quilter: To Julia, op. 8 (The Bracelet; The Maiden Blush; To Daisies; The Night Piece; Julia's Hair; Cherry Ripe). To Electra; Tulips
 * Dagmar de Corval Rybner: Bid Me to LIve
 * Alan Rawsthorne: To Daffodils
 * Hugh S. Roberton: Here a solemn fast we keep (threnody for equal voices, 1929)
 * Charles Villiers Stanford: To Carnations; To the Rose; A Welcome Song; To Music
 * Robert Still: To Julia; Upon Julia's Clothes
 * Donald Tovey: The Mad Maid's Song (in three parts)
 * Ralph Vaughan Williams: To Daffodils (two settings)
 * Peter Warlock: Two Short Songs (I held love's head; Thou gav'st me leave to kiss)
 * Leslie Woodgate: The White Island

title: Robert Herrick (poet)


text:
Pendleton Murrah

Pendleton Murrah (January 1, 1824 –August 4, 1865) was the tenth Governor of Texas. His term in office coincided with the American Civil War.

Career
Murrah's birth date and birth location vary from source to source. Some have him born in 1824; others give his birth year as 1826. According to his 1850 and 1860 entries in the U.S. Census, Murrah was a native of Alabama. His birthplace is sometimes listed as South Carolina, but more recent sources indicate he was born in Bibb County and was the illegitimate son of Peggy Murrah, a daughter of Charles and Avarilla Jones Murrah. He was raised and educated in a Baptist orphanage, and graduated from Brown University in 1848. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar. He moved to Texas and opened a law practice in Marshall.

After losing a race in 1855, Murrah won election to the Texas House of Representatives in 1857, and also served on the executive committee of the Texas Democratic Party. In 1861 he declined to run for a seat in the Confederate Congress because of ill health, probably tuberculosis, but his health recovered sufficiently that he accepted a commission in the 14th Texas Infantry, a Confederate Army unit commanded by former governor Edward Clark. Murrah soon resigned his commission, but he won the gubernatorial election in 1863, and served until the fall of the Confederacy.

As governor during the American Civil War, Murrah emphatically supported the Confederate cause, although he ended up in a controversy over the conscription of Texas militia troops into the Confederate Army. Still, even after Robert E. Lee surrendered in 1865, he encouraged Texans to continue the fight.

When he learned that Union Army forces were en route to Texas, Murrah fled to Mexico with other Confederate leaders. Lieutenant Governor Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale filled the vacant post, acting as governor for five days, until provisional governor Andrew J. Hamilton assumed office in August 1865.

The trip to Mexico took a toll on Murrah's health, and he died in Monterrey on August 4, 1865. His grave is located in the Panteon Municipal of Monterrey, Mexico.

Family
Charles Murrah, the grandfather of Pendleton Murrah, was born in 1775 in Warren County, North Carolina. He traced his ancestry through his parents Charles and his Margaret (Peggy) Murrah, and through them to his grandparents Lodowick and Mira Ann Jeter Murrah of Caroline County, Virginia.

In 1850 Murrah married Sue Ellen Taylor, daughter of a prominent Texas plantation owner. According to the 1860 census, they had no children.

title: Pendleton Murrah


text:
Talk:Japanese martial arts titles

Are you quite sure Sensei only (correctly) refers to teachers in martial arts? I was sure the term was correctly used in Go too... Evercat 22:01 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * AFAIK, with my limited Japanese, sensei refers to about any person teaching any given subject to students. It is common practice in Japanese to call the teacher not by his/her name but simply use sensei. --synthetik 16:36 12 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * OK, I looked up my resources again and found that they do use sensei for any teacher in general, but it is not the literal term for "teacher". "kyoushi" means school-teacher literally and "kyouju" refers to a professor.  The literal meaning of sensei is "one who lived before", which is roughly equatable to "knowledgeable elder".  Blanking the section about only being used for martial arts masters was a good idea since they apparently do not (they even refer to politicians as sensei), but why did you blank the section about living at a dojo.  Sensei of martial arts (specifically) do live/work at a dojo.  Unless someone has objections, that section is now unblanked. Emperorbma 18:44 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Not only are these titles used outside of budo. The division of ranks and titles is probably true in a specific art or organisation, but it is not general as this page now implies. / Habj 11:26, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Shihan
Could somebody write a little more on why calling a martial arts teacher sensei would be derogatory?

Its not. I rewrote the section a bit.Peter Rehse 04:21, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

O-sensei
I agree my edit of sensei was a bit clumsy. I changed it initially because it gave the impression that other martial arts besides Aikido refer to Ueshiba M. as O-sensei. Not the case. Even within Aikido it is much more common outside Japan. It still leaves that impression but I'll leave the change to others. DannyWilde I actually started Aikido in Tsukuba way back. Recognize JH from your talk page.Peter Rehse 09:14, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Page is inconsistient
There is still some inconsistiency between this page and the main Japanese titles page. I think the Japanses titles page is more accurate. It may be worthwhile to integrate this page into it. Brianglass 19:22, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree it would be an improvement to merge the page with Japanese titles. // Habj 22:25, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

I don't. There are some titles that are pretty specific to martial arts or at least not that common outside. I vote to leave it as is.Peter Rehse 02:40, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The page Japanese titles have many subsections for titles in different areas. // Habj 23:01, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

I wont scream and shout if it is merged - just expressed an opinion. Please go ahead.Peter Rehse 00:21, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Merged - thanks Brianglass 04:06, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese martial arts titles


text:
Talk:High-explosive anti-tank

2003
Shouldn't this be at high explosive anti-tank shell or something? It is just a string of adjectives looking for a noun. Rmhermen 22:04 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Actually High explosive anti-tank is more than enough on it's own, that's the common term.

Shouldn't you have renamed it and not deleted it and recreated it Maury? We lost the history and links havn't been updated... That's annoying, even if the page shouldn't have been renamed in the first place... JidGom 21:04, 25 Aug 2003 (UTC) sorry

WP:MILHIST Assessment
I guess I'm jumping the gun a little bit - there needs to be a references section, at least one source, before this can truly be considered B-class. However, in other respects, I think the length and level of detail and thoroughness, along with the pretty pictures, seem to warrant a B-rating. Many editors might have left out the History section all together, but here it's fairly well written and thorough. LordAmeth 01:00, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Gentlemen and ladies

HEAT is a military term to denote this type of weapon I find this artical to be informative and well written, however 150 to 200 times diameter is a relative term. The ss gew panzergr 61 with a diameter of 61mm has a penetration of 90 mm and the panzerfaust 30 with a diameter of 100mm has a penetration of 140mm casts some doubt on those figures. ref.."deutsche panzerabwehr" p. chamberlin, h.doyle, and t.gander  ref..."the encyclopedia of infintry weapons of world war two" ian v. hogg

How does this weapon actually kill?
The objective of any weapon is to neutralize the opposing threat. We are specifically talking about the anti-amour weaponry. They go about their various ways to achieve this penetrating power and is always well documented in the Wikipeda articles. All thou they always lack description of where the actual kill comes from. What does it do once it penetrates the amour? How does it disable? --Turbinator 18:24, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm no expert but I'd imagine that what penetrates is hot enough to light a few things on fire Adoggz 02:21, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The heat of the jet will set components inside the vehicle on fire. Due to the resistance in the armour, the jet will "fan out" in a cone shape once it penetrates the armour. If it should penetrate without hitting anyone or something that can be set on fire, the vehicle and its occupants will be fine. This has happened in RL. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Andrimner (talk • contribs) 17:55, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

 * * First this is an excellent article. I have written dozens of articles on antitank weapons in the 1980s and early 1990s.  I thought I would look up the article for HEAT and thought for sure I would get one stating "On exploding the HEAT warhead forms a hot jet that burns through the tanks armor."  But you have to understand.  If the official Marine Manual on the M72 LAW in 1965 stated that it "burns" through armor, why should persons doing articles not accept it.

 * But back to the subject. The high velocity partical(sp?) not only is very HOT (ie but it is not hot plasma jet as many state) it comes apart and bounces around inside the armored vehicle like a high powered slug and also causing spalding of the inside of the armor plating.  But HEAT warheads can loose effectiveness if its penetration is not enough or the cone is to deep.  A very deep copper cone will cause great penetration, but a very small diameter hole.  That was why the earlier Russian RPG-2 was more effective against non-main battle tanks like the M113 armored personal carrier. The RPG-2 had a more shallow cone than the later RPG-7, but did not have the penetration of the RPG-7, but it had far more lethal behind the armor effect if it did penetrate.  Also, during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in the 1954 IndChina war, some M-24 Chaffee light tanks were dismantled and flown in, and the Viet Minh hit one over seven times with the older 2.36 inch bazooka and it still continued to fight!!!!  Last, the Swiss (ie Dragon) and the Swedes (ie AT-4) came up with the trumpet-style cone that is more resistant to reactive armor side forces on the penetration stream.  The Swedes also constructed their AT-4 cone out of specialized aluminum material, that not only penetrates, but has devastating incendiary/flash effect after penetration.

 * Finally, below is a cut-away photo I was sent by Aerospatiale on the ERYX close range antitank missile. I was given permission to use it in articles, and to be honest the more it is posted and published the happier Aerospatiale and the firm that merged with would be.  But I can't figure out how to get around WP policy on images.  But for those that are interested it is a good example of tandem HEAT warheads to defeat reactive armor.  A trivia: In the early 1980s a bunch of defense publications in the US were yelling "The Sky Is Falling" over Russian T-72 fitted with reactive armor.  The US Army was forced to reveal that it had fitted the TOW-2 stand-off probe with a 40mm precursor HEAT warhead on the front end.  They were not to happy, having to reveal that little secret.--Jackehammond (talk) 07:51, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * According to the scientists on FOA (Försvarets Forskningsanstalt), the explosives form the metal lining into a rod, which moves up to 10 000 m/s. At those speeds the impact lining/armour becomes plastic, pretty much like when using a water-hose to send a stream of water into mud. The determining factor for penetration is if the liner "runs out" before the armour does.

Once through, the remaining liner will take the liquefied armour with it, sending the cone of death mentioned above inward. While the fragments certainly are hot enough to set things ablaze, impact alone is enough to kill. What isn't always known is that there is a lot of free space, meaning even penetrating hits can fail to hit anything sensitive. BP OMowe (talk) 01:20, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

So put it in the article! It's still not there. I tried to figure out the answer to the same question for the projectile used by the PIAT, because there was nothing in there either. I added in the comment of a WWII veteran from a memoir book he wrote while in his 80s, so maybe not the most scientific source imaginable. From your comments, I understand that he actually did get it partially wrong - hot metal, rather than hot gases, may - or may not - kill the crew. (My paraphrase to his description: "The PIAT projectile created a round hole about an inch in diametre in the tank's armour, through which hot gases penetrated the tank's interior ravaging the crew." ) So finish the job, if you really have the answer, and maybe add it in the PIAT article, too. Thanks, Arminden (talk) 15:35, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

Accuracy
" To illustrate this: a stationary Soviet T-62 tank, firing from (smoothbore) cannon at a range of 1000 meters against a target moving 19 km/h, was rated to have a first-round hit probability of 70% when firing a kinetic (APFSDS) projectile. Under the same conditions, it could expect 25% when firing HEAT round.[7] This affects combat on open battlefield with long lines of sight; the same T-62 could expect a 70% first-round hit probability using HEAT rounds on target at 500 meters."

Due all respect, this information is just guessing by editors of Jane's. I doubt that Jane´s had access to classified soviet documents. In fact, soviet HEAT shells of that era were more accurate than kinetic penetrators and even if their muzzle velocity was lower, this kind of difference in hit probability is impossible. Alos, I doubt that Soviets would rely on HEAT rounds if they were so inaccurate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.33.183.162 (talk) 09:07, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

 * You forget that the two main components in the statement are range and velocity. As the HEAT-round travels much slower than the solid penetrator, a non-stationary target will have more time and thus be able to travel a greater distance from the point it was when the projectile was fired. This will of course effect the hit-probability, just as the slow travelling AT-missiles of the Israeli war that allowed the IDF tank-crews to manoeuvre and use suppressing counter fire lowered the hit-rates of the Egyptian missile crews. BP OMowe (talk) 01:20, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Also note that the muzzle velocity of a HEAT round not merely could be lower than a kinetic round, when fired from the same MBT gun, but that many of them were also fired from guns that simply couldn't fire any projectile at kinetic velocities. Weapons like recoilless guns or just short armoured car guns could use a HEAT round's independence from high velocities to make a large calibre weapon lightweight, at the cost of velocity.
 * This low velocity also brought in a problem of ranging. As the velocity was low, the trajectory was high. Such a trajectory needs to judge range accurately, more so than the typical high velocity tank gun. This often required ranging guns, rather than just optical sights. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:42, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

HEAT Round
Yes a HEAT round does indeed burn through the armor plate. Your description is incorrect for a HEAT round, but is correct for an explosive formed penetrator (EFP) They are two different types of warheads. CAG0001 (talk) 05:17, 10 January 2020 (UTC)
 * What does "burn" mean here? A HEAT round's jet will melt through the plate, but that's still not burning it (i.e. a chemical reaction) because that's a slower process. There will be some burning, but that's not what made the hole.
 * Yes, and EFP is different though. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:06, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

I'd like to know from the article more precisely how the "jet" makes its way through the armor. With "normal bullets" I imagine that upon contact the material in which the bullet enters gets pushed out of the way of the bullet and compressed (I have no clue if that is correct). But with the extremely long and tight hole that a HEAT jets causes it seems to me that it's not possible for the material of the jet to push the armor material "away", not the least because it should also be accelerating more and more armor in front of it and thus creating some sort of "moving armor" front in front of the jet. I have tried to find an explanation of how the physics of the HEAT jet in the armor actually work in various Wikipedia articles (for example in the "bullet" article) but have failed to find any. Asked more bluntly: where do the atoms of the armor go when the jet passes "through" them? Do the jet atoms get stripped of their electrons and just sail through the void between the armor atoms and their electrons (that would be a plasma then I guess which the HEAT jet apparently isn't)? TomasPospisek (talk) 19:52, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

 * This may help. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA226401.pdf (Hohum @ ) 20:28, 20 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks @Hohum! TomasPospisek (talk) 20:47, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

Modern tanks are not 'invulnerable' to HEAT
The frontal armor is. No tank can be fully armored all the way around, thus side and rear and top protection levels are significantly lower than the front, which is what is always quote when people say 'it can defeat such and such projectile'. From the rear most tanks are still vulnerable to RPG rounds and the like, which is why the urban guerilla warfare in places like Iraq was so dangerous for them. There were several M1 Abrams killed by rear sector RPG attacks in Iraq (and of course the tracks are always a weak point, so to say they are 'invulnerable' is mistaken. Also, why does the text say HEAT has 'no incendiary effect' when the comments are filled with people saying the plasmacised metal jet will set things inside on fire? Even if it does not actually 'burn' or 'melt' through armor (and I have my doubts) that does not mean it does not have an incendiary effect. I would be surprised if things were not set on fire by HEAT rounds, which is an incendiary effect. A DU round does not use heat to penetrate, but it certainly has an incendiary effect.

64.223.106.178 (talk) 02:03, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

explosive and incendiary effects
"The jet's effect is purely kinetic in nature; the round has no explosive or incendiary effect on the target. " -- simply not true. Yes, they are not the primary effects, but still present, especially incendiary after armor penetration. Blast effect of kilos of the HE charge also is significant, will destroy external equipment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.80.182.89 (talk) 07:41, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I have adjusted the wording. (Hohum @ ) 01:32, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

Maximum effective distance (ideal standoff distance)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Stand-off-curves-for-precision-and-non-precision-charges-Penetration-into-320-BNH-armour_fig2_310826065

Looking at that graph, this here from the wiki article is too generalized:

 * As the jet travels, it stretches, breaks apart, and disperses, usually well within two meters, rendering it relatively ineffective.

Hence I am going to re-word to this:

 * As the jet travels, it stretches, breaks apart and disperses, rendering it less effective. Depending on the quality of the HEAT warhead, this happens around 6 to 8 times the charge diameter for low quality and around 12 to 20 times the charge diameter for high quality warheads. For example the 150 mm diameter warhead of the newer BGM-71 TOW (TOW 2) reaches a peak penetration of ~1000 mm RHA at 6.5x diameter (~1 m) and is down to ~500 mm RHA penetration at 19x diameter (~2.8 m).

I also removed the note saying that TOW and MILAR double their penetration with a standoff-probe given this picture here (as well as the paper above), showing only a relatively minor increase in penetration from a small stand-off compared to almost doubling, which would not even be the case for zero stand-off compared to the maximum penetration.

Eheran (talk) 06:16, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:High-explosive anti-tank


text:
Talk:Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)

His Rifle
Vasily's Rifle Is on display at the starlingrad museum

Untitled
Where did this text come from? Is it copyright? Respectfully -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 22:10 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * Well, I compiled it from a few sources, Including the books "Enemy at the Gates", and "Barbarossa". Plus I did research on the web and found Interviews with former Russian officials, as well as some other sites that had small references. But since I submitted the original article, it has been mercilessly butchered. Now it reads like Kool-Aid with no sugar. :) - Dan T. d_h_thomp@hotmail.com

The story of the high ranking German sniper who is dispatched to dispose of the pesky Russian peasant is as good a tale as could be told. <--- The Wikipedia does accept tolerated unaccredited opinions nor "fancy prose". In short, no sugar. Pizza Puzzle

I added a picture. Figured if this guy was a hero, then people ought to see what he looks like. --Kross 23:40, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

There's one interesting bit of information I've come across. Vasiliy Grossman, a war journalist who followed the Red Army wrote the following: "Murashev and medical orderly Zaitsev had been sentenced to be executed. Murashev for shooting himself through the hand, the other, because he had killed a famous pilot, who was coming down by parachute from a shot-up aircraft. Execution was commuted for both of them. And now they are both the best snipers in Stalingrad." Since there weren't any other famous snipers who shared the same name, I believe that it is the same man. Is it possible that Grossman was the only person who knew the truth about Zaitsev before the Soviet propaganda turned him into a hero through and through? --149.175.101.103 (talk) 03:58, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Zaitsev/Zaytsev is a common name in Russia. Translates to *rabbit* as in Bugs Bunny. I am not sure where you came up with the idea that he was sentenced to death for shooting a soldier trying to parachute into the middle of the Battle of Stalingrad. Sounds like you are making this up or reading bad science fiction. Think about it. It’s the middle of winter, coldest in memory. -20 to -50 degrees, so some joker decided to parachute into Stalingrad. Zaytsev shoots him and gets sentenced to death? Common. I better not see any edits with that tall tale unless you got references from sites other than jokes.com Meishern (talk) 13:24, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * He would not trying to parachute into the city. He would be a pilot who bailed out when his plane was shot down. These sorts of things did happen. Grossman was the source of many early propaganda stories about the Snipers. It is no more true or false than any other wartime story about Zaitsev. The criminal made good is as much a staple of Soviet-era propaganda as the ethnic minority military hero. 70.234.229.91 (talk) 03:41, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Sources?
Offensive (in my view) info without sources: "in Batyuk's division who in the October Revolution celebrations raised his tally to 149 German kills" Firstly, year is not pointed. Well,suppose that the year is 1942. Then it is claimed that by 1942 November 7 he killed 149 Germans. This needs to be sourced, in source should be written: After this is figured out, you can add it again, as that source's POV in contrast to the POV of my source which I use now to translate the following quote from it into English and replace that unsourced sentence: "К тому времени из простой «трехлинейки» Зайцев убил 32 гитлеровца. В период с 10 ноября по 17 декабря 1942 года в боях за Сталинград уничтожил 225 солдат и офицеров противника в том числе 11 снайперов. " Cmapm 23:41, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * namely Batyuk's division
 * namely "Germans" (as in the war participated many soldiers from other Axis's countries).
 * namely 149
 * namely by November 7 1942
 * namely "raised his tally", which in particular looks pretty offensive for me as Zaitsev fought for his Motherland against the invaders, not played or did this just for fun.

"Zaytsev was nearly killed by an enemy sniper.[3]" This text has a link that merely records the number of kills each sniper has, like a tally sheet. It has no biographical information about this sniper, much less the claim asserted about him nearly being killed. Further what sniper allegedly nearly killed him? Is this a reference to the fictional duel with Heinz Thorvald? I also would question why is placed in the intro section, if this event did occur, it should be mentioned in the section on WW2. -- cjblair 09:32 4 Nov 2009 (UTC)

I suggest adding something about Tania Chernova.

I added the book "War of the Rats." David L Robbins interviewed Zaitsev and used many books (including "Enemy at the Gates") to create the story of the snipers. A much truer account of the soldier, if you ask me. -cniinc

Who is Professor Filatov and how did he restore his sight? He just came out of nowhere Deus Ex Machina like in the article and cured him seemingly magically.

According to "Notes of a Sniper" the english translation of Zaitsev's own book, there was no Tania Chernova.... You must understand the War of the Rats and Enemy at The Gates have some fictional parts and true parts, some of witch were stolen from Zaitsevs book, as it wasnt printed in english until recently. Zaitsev did have a "thing" for a female nurse he kept running into in his early days in stalingrad, before he was a sniper.

Also, Zaitsev was originally a Seamen, and his unit was transformed into an infantry unit... One of these days i will record all the info out of the book and put it into the wikipage.

Oh, 1 last thing, Zaitsev was in a hospital for most of 1944 with his eye injury from what i remeber, so it wasnt a quick recovery.--Ryan 07:47, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Right, so he used to be a navy man after all. I was looking at the photo, and noticed that his belt buckle had an anchor on it - it's the buckle used with navy uniforms. --Bicycle repairman 19:40, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Move
I suggest moving this to his name without the Grigoryevich, since WP typically doesn't include middle names in titles. Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject) 04:56, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

how many kills in Stalingrad?
Currently Soviet sniper says that Zaitsev "killed 242 Germans" in the Battle of Stalingrad, this page says he "killed 225 soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht and other Axis armies", and Battle of Stalingrad says he "was credited with 149 kills during the battle". I don't have a reliable source for what the number should be, but somebody needs to find it and make these pages consistent with one another. Moskvax 02:58, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The vast majority of web-sources seem to endorse 242 kills, so I've changed it to that for the time being until someone can find a more reliable source. --Mad Max 18:49, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

In Antony Beevor's recently published account of the battle, he says during the battle of Stalingrad itself Zaitsev killed 149, but that the highest scorer was "Zikan" with 224, but I believe that's only for the battle of Stalingrad rather than throughout the whole war. Unfortunately I can't print...but a reliable websource for this information would be nice. (71.192.34.220 05:07, 12 November 2007 (UTC))

Antony Beevor is an unreliable source of data,with he being just one of many rusofobs who writes on subjects he doesn't fully understand with the aim of "making noise" around himself.Frank Russian (talk) 08:39, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

 * There are no credible sources on this topic. The typical numbers require that he was killing six to seven Germans per day. But even that doesn't account for the week he spent dedicated to his snipers duel. The numbers are typical Soviet era hype. Beevor claims he killed 149 up to November 7th (from a Soviet Archive). Another Soviet source has him killing an additional 225 between 10 November and 17th December. Zaitsev himself claims 242 *in total* at Stalingrad in his book. Yet other sources give 467 from Ocrober 1942 to January 1943. 70.234.229.91 (talk) 03:26, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Thorvald
This chap's telescopic sight gets suddenly mentioned with no reference to who he is or any introduction at all. Needs fixing.

I would like to stress the need for this fixing. Zaitsev/Thorvald "duel" should be better explained.200.174.47.180 02:45, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

date of death??
needs to be more specific. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.34.84.57 (talk) 20:55, 22 April 2007 (UTC).

Call of Duty 2?
What is the deal with the comment about Call of Duty 2 and why should the character in the game be a reference to Zaitsev? The only connection explained is their first name Vasili, which is one of the common Russian first names, resulting in tens if not hundreds of thousands of people named Vasili.

 * But considering the original Call of Duty stole the whole opening scene of Enemy at the Gates, it cannot be merely a coincidence as the article states now. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.225.26.79 (talk) 20:27, 1 May 2007 (UTC). The overall location of the Russian campaign coincides with Zaytsev a bit if you're creative. It's a video game! I feel it's also significant that in the game you receive a Mosin-Nagant as your primary weapon most often when playing as Vasili. and I don't think it's a coincidence that you get to play the Battle of Stalingrad with a scoped Mosin-Nagant as Vasili Ivanovich Koslov and it bears no resemblance to Valsili Zaytsev.

 * It is also mentioned on the jewelcase of the game; that a part of it is based on "Enemy at the Gates", which in itself is based on Vasili Zaitsev

 * As it stands now it is original research. As a previous editor stated, many scenes in Call of Duty and CoD 2 resemble scenes from the film Enemy at the Gates. Even that is original research without a citation, though. Beyond a resemblance to a fictional account of Zaytsev's war experience the link is purely coincidental. Zytsef (talk) 19:06, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Common people! Call of Duty 8 and Enemy at the Gates, where a Nordic looking Brit played an eastern looking Russian are the sources here? Why don’t we source a Pokemon episode that is loosely based on Call of Duty 12 featuring a sniper fighting robots on Mars. Zaytsev was a real person, not Spiderman. Please base your edits on academic sources, not video games or Asian cartoons. If his deeds were a part of some video game, movie, cartoon or cereal box just include 1 sentence under Notability or Fame. People interested in learning about Zaytsev don’t really care about his portrayal in Call of Duty 4. Meishern (talk) 13:39, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Zaytsev was closer to being Spiderman than being a real person. His story about the German Sniper is about as true as a typical Pokemon episode. The story of the 800 meter kill might as well have been about robots on Mars. The real Zaytsev is lost forever and the fictional Soviet superhero is all we have. 70.234.229.91 (talk) 03:32, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

No land behind the Volga - says whom?
The quote 'There is no land for us behind the Volga' isn't really Zaytsev's invention. It was the credo of many soldiers of the initially trapped Russian 62nd Army, says Antony Beevor in Stalingrad. Why then the remark in the Commemoration section that Zaytsev was buried near a monument that had 'his' quote written on it? I feel it should state something like 'the famous Stalingrad defenders quote'.

"Zaitsev as well as Chuikov both confirm it is Vassili's quote" vintovka762 —Preceding undated comment added 19:54, 11 July 2010 (UTC). ElAlamein 22:32, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Romanization of Vasily's name
Per WP:RUS this article should be moved to Vasily Zaitsev.--71.112.145.211 (talk) 06:05, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, it should be moved there only if sufficient substantiation for such a move is provided (as per WP:RUS). Until then, it stays here.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 14:21, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course the style guide agrees with you, seeing as how you set all the rules there and rushed it through community acceptance. In any case, you can relax; I don't have the time nor energy to bring attention to the issue. But I will say, for consistency's sake, you have your work cut out for you; Khrushchev (surname) should be redirected to Khrushchyov (surname). Good luck! --71.112.145.211 (talk) 08:03, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * "Can relax"? "Rushed it"?  What are you talking about?  The conventionality clause amending the guideline was a result of almost two years of observations, it was up for community review for one whole month, and, in the end, there was no single oppose vote, only minor concerns, which have been addressed.  I'd hardly call this "rushed".  So, what seems to be the problem there?
 * As for moving/not moving this particular article, if you take time to show that it should be moved, and if you provide sufficient proof (which shouldn't be difficult), then the article will be moved. Until that's done, the article title will continue to conform to the main romanization table in WP:RUS.  It's as simple as that: if you care about the spelling, you take time to have it changed.  WP:RUS provides all the guidelines as to how it should be done.  Cheers,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 16:41, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Name
You can spell it Zaitsev, Zaytsef, Zaitzef. But you must pick one of them. If you are an English speaker from Australia you may spell it differently from a New Yorker based on pronunciation. Please don't change the name in the entire article while the URL retains the original spelling. Meishern (talk) 18:57, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Thorvald vs Koning
There have been multiple revisions about this sentence. Please stop doing this unless you got proper references:

Version 1: Zaytsev himself did make mention of the duel in his own biography Notes of a Sniper, in which he commented that he had been up against a very skilled sniper named Thorvald.

version 2: Zaytsev himself did make mention of the duel in his own biography Notes of a Sniper, in which he commented that he had been up against a very skilled German sniper named Herr Koning from Berlin.

Please put proper references in regarding this HERE. Please stop reversing and multi-editing the article.

Lets get some consensus here.

Meishern (talk) 22:45, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I just read the autobiography myself, and I found no mention of the name of the enemy sniper. Vasili discusses the duel, but in my traslation he never mentions the name of the sniper he dueled, nor does he mention him as a super sniper from Berlin. I am now under the belief that neither Thorvald nor König was the identity of the sniper Zaitsev dueled, and that both names have been added retrospectively. I won't delete the name myself (due to not being very familiar with Wikipedia's policy on sourcing and deletion), but I will go ahead and throw my "vote" in that the name should be deleted.204.119.140.66 (talk) 15:49, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

vintovka762 Go get yourself a copy of Zaitsevs memoirs and you will clearly see Zaitsev calls him "Major Herr Koning" and identifies his as the head of Berlins sniper school! If anyone say's otherwise they have never read the book! —Preceding undated comment added 19:57, 11 July 2010 (UTC).

contradicting sources
Two of the current sources describe the 800m kill for which he was rewarded a rifle and a medal. Problem is that the stories don't match. The http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/military/vasily-zaitsev/ is as in the main text whereas the http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=481 -link describe event quite differently (the officer points out a fascist running not an officer in a window). Does anyone know how to asses these sources so that a more reliable version can be in the text? andreas_td 07:17, 16 Mars 2011 (UTC)

According to Jochen Hellbeck's recent analysis of interviews with stalingrad veterans, Zaytsev described this incident and talked about a distance of 80 meters. Soviet propaganda later changed that to 800 meters. Hellbeck analysed the original material and in the light of this research, the 800m become higly unlikely.
 * Hellbeck, Jochen (2012). Die Stalingrad-Protokolle. S.Fischer ISBN 3100302133.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.27.32.75 (talk) 22:48, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

Photo discrepancy
In the photo of Zaytsev holding his rifle, the Mosin-Nagant has what looks to be a high-powered scope. His gun in the display case shows the more traditional PU scope. What is the cause of the discrepancy here? Trevorzink (talk) 19:11, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

I believe an anonymous user attempted to answer this but did not provide any sources and wrote in extremely poor English. I undid the edits in hopes that someone else will provide a more enlightening explanation. Trevorzink (talk) 22:34, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The PU was initially designed for the SVT-40 rifle. A version compatible with the Mosin-Nagant appeared only in the late 1942. At the time most Soviet snipers in Stalingrad, incuding Zaytsev, were using the pre-war made PE scopes, one of which is featured on the photo (taken in October, 1942). Zaytsev has probably changed the scope later. Altough there is a suggestion that this replacement was due to the PE scopes being based on early German prototypes, while the PU was a geniune Soviet design. Hope this helps.--Er&Red (talk) 17:00, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

Death place
It says he died i Kiev, Soviet Union, 15 December 1991. By this time, Ukraine already had gained independence(Did so in August, same year), so should it say "Kiev, Ukraine"? --84.211.0.120 (talk) 14:11, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The Soviet Union was not formally dissolved until December 21 of that year (an act in which Ukraine explicitly participated). I don't think the distinction is really that important for the purpose of this article, though.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); February 13, 2012; 13:02 (UTC)

3 Day Duel
When this duel is first mentioned in the article, it says the other sniper was an ordinary soldier. When it's mentioned later, the sniper is now the leader of a German sniper school.

I don't care either way, but it should be cited and consistently reported. 69.125.134.86 (talk) 23:37, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

Reference in "Dirty Bomb"
The game has a character named Vassili who is a russian sniper, his name might be a reference to Vasily Zaytsev. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.84.4.83 (talk) 18:39, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Several digitised Soviet documents relating to Vasiliy Zaitsev
Link -> https://cypressl.livejournal.com/330.html

1. Medal "For Courage". Award list. "On the Stalingrad front, Comrade Zaitsev showed himself to be a loyal, brave, loving his task commander. He carried out all the orders of commanders and superiors perfectly. He is one of the organizers of the training of snipers in the battalion. Day and night he sits in ambush and hunts for fascists. During the period from 22.9 to 19.10.1942 in the battles for the city of Stalingrad, Comrade Zaitsev killed 40 fascists with a sniper rifle. He showed a fierce hatred for the enemies of our motherland. Devoted to the cause of the Lenin-Stalin Party. Commander of the unit *signature* Major"

2. Order of the Red Banner. Award list. "In the battles for the city Stalingrad the chief petty officer of the 1st class comrade Zaitsev is showing patterns of courage, bravery and devotion to our Motherland. A few days ago, sniper Zaitsev challenged sniper Khait Khuzhmatov to a competition, having already 52 exterminated Hitlerites on his account. Fulfilling the commitment he made to himself, for the period from 25.10 to 31.10 in the streets of Stalingrad Comrade Zaytsev killed 58 more Germans. At the present time, 110 fascists have been destroyed on his account. Starshina Zaitsev trained 11 snipers, passing on his experience in exterminating fascists. For his courage in destroying the German **, is presented for an award: Order of Lenin"

3. Hero of the Soviet Union. Award list. "During the period from October 10 to December 17, 1942 in the street battles for Stalingrad sniper Vasily Zaitsev destroyed 225 German soldiers and officers. Participating in defensive and offensive battles, he increased his combat score daily. Directly at the forefront Zaitsev continuously trained fighters and commanders in sniping. As a result of skillful organization and personal example , Vasily Zaitsev has trained 28 excellent snipers. His students snipers: Dvoyashkin P. destroyed 78 Germans, Morozov - 66, Shatkin - 58, Kulikov - 51, etc. All snipers of the 1047th rifle regiment destroyed 1106 Germans. The merit of sniper V. Zaitsev to the Motherland is great. Worthy of awarding the highest government award "Hero of the Soviet Union"." — Preceding unsigned comment added by CypressL (talk • contribs) 10:51, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

First gun?
This is very problematic: "a wolf that he killed with a single bullet from his first personal gun (given to him by his grandfather), a single-shot 20 gauge shotgun." First off, a shotgun doesn't fire a bullet, a rifle does. A shotgun fires shot or a slug. Second, every source I have found say that his first gun was a rifle, not a shotgun. Some sources are more specific and say a Berdan rifle, which makes a lot more sense. However nearly every source has some sort of error, such as "single barrel Berdan rifle" which should be "single shot Berdan rifle" because the first Berdans were single shot. And it would be downright silly to call a bolt action rifle a "single barrel rifle". Can someone please come up with a reliable source that at least uses correct terminology to fix this? DrHenley (talk) 16:44, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:23, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Снайпер Герой Советского Союза Василий Зайцев объясняет новичкам предстоящую задачу. Сталинград. Декабрь 1942 г.jpg

Kiev/Kyiv
whoever thought it made sense to change the spelling of Kiev to the "official" spelling needs to take a history lesson on Russia. Yobushki (talk) 17:19, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

Film “Enemy at the Gates”
An extraordinary film… one of the best! 174.246.136.162 (talk) 21:48, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)


text:
Mere, Wiltshire

Mere is a market town and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It lies at the extreme southwestern tip of Salisbury Plain, close to the borders of Somerset and Dorset. The parish includes the hamlets of Barrow Street, Burton, Charnage, Limpers Hill, Rook Street and Southbrook.

The A303 trunk road passed through Mere until a bypass was built on the northern edge of the town in 1976.

There is an old market square (although markets have not been held for several years), a chiming town clock and a large 15th-century parish church. The steep slope of Castle Hill rises from the northwestern side of Mere. Local industry and commerce includes a trout farm and smokery, Yapp's wine merchants, Charles Farris candlemakers, the Hillbrush brushmaking company, and large wholesale plant nurseries.

History
Evidence of prehistoric activity in the area is provided by bowl barrows, including four on Long Hill, overlooking the town. On the northwestern boundary of the parish is Whitesheet Hill, with barrows and an Iron Age hill fort, White Sheet camp. A burial dating from either the 7th or 8th has been found in the town.

Mere had a church from the end of the 12th century. The Earl of Cornwall built Mere Castle on a hill which is connected to Long Hill, overlooking the town, in the mid-13th century. The castle was abandoned in the 14th century and today only earthworks remain. The Duchy of Cornwall still owns much land in the area.

Mere Down, north of the town, has medieval strip lynchets.

Governance
The civil parish elects a town council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which performs most significant local government functions.

An electoral ward with the same name exists. The ward starts in the east at West Knoyle, stretches through Mere, continues to Zeals and finishes in the northwest at Kilmington. The population of the ward taken from the 2011 census was 4,285.

Parish church
The Anglican church of St Michael the Archangel is from the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, and contains remnants from an earlier building. Pevsner describes the church and its furnishings in considerable detail. The church has a 124 ft tower with eight bells and is unusual in that it has 10 misericords; those on the south side of the choir date from the 15th century, whilst those on the north side are early 20th century. Restoration in 1856 was by T.H. Wyatt. In 1966 the church was designated as Grade I listed.

The benefice was combined with West Knoyle in 1929, and Maiden Bradley in 1976, forming the parish of Mere with West Knoyle and Maiden Bradley.

Others
Mere Methodist Church was built as a Primitive Methodist chapel in 1846; a gallery was added in 1859 and a schoolroom in 1874. It was de-consecrated in 2017 and sold at auction in April 2018. It is currently being converted for residential use.

Mere United Reformed Church was built in 1868 as a Congregational chapel, joining the United Reformed Church at its formation in 1972. Precursors of the present building were a small Presbyterian chapel of 1700, an Independent chapel of 1795 and a larger chapel of 1852.

The church of St Matthew was built in 1882 by C.E. Ponting, on a rural site at White Hill, 1.2 mi southeast of the town. It was a mission church, served by the clergy of St Michael's. The church closed in 2004 and was sold for residential use in 2008.

St Mary's Roman Catholic church was built in 1946 after the community purchased a surplus Nissen hut.

Notable buildings
Woodlands Manor, 0.8 mi south of the town, is a Grade I listed manor house and chapel from the 14th century, which was restored to its 17th-century appearance in the 20th century.

Buildings designated as Grade II* are the Old Ship Hotel, formerly a house dated 1711, later the Ship Inn; the Chantry, a 15th-century house for chantry priests; and Dewes House, 17th century.

Schools
The town has a primary school. The local secondary school is Gillingham School, Dorset, about 3.5 mi away.

The present school was opened in 1965 at a new site, on Duchy of Cornwall land, as Duchy Manor Secondary School. Accommodation for younger children was added on the same site in 1992 and in 2004 the whole premises became the primary school. Earlier schools were, firstly, the British School, founded c. 1830 and from 1852 housed in the schoolroom under the new Congregational chapel, later taking over the whole building when the larger adjacent chapel was built in 1868. Secondly, the National School, opened near St Michael's in 1840, extended 1864, and augmented in 1899 by the adjacent Grove Building which was funded by Miss Julia Chafyn Grove of Zeals House. The schools amalgamated in 1922 and continued on the same sites as Mere First School (until 1992) and Mere Senior School, later Junior School (until 1972).

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from the Mendip TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Wiltshire, BBC Radio Solent can also be heard in the town, Heart West, Vale FM, and Alfred Radio, a community based station which broadcast from Shaftesbury. The town is served by the local newspapers, Warminster Journal and Wiltshire Times.

Amenities
The town's library and museum are housed in the 1839 National School building, which was converted in 1970.

The town centre has three pubs, the George Inn and the Butt of Sherry. The Walnut Tree Inn is towards the south of the town.

The Monarch's Way long-distance recreational footpath passes through the town. The town is part of the West Country Carnival circuit.

The nearest railway station is in neighbouring Gillingham, Dorset, on the Exeter to Waterloo line.

Notable people

 * Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934–2022), composer
 * Edward Henslow (1879–1947), British Army officer and first-class cricketer
 * Lot Long (sometimes Longyear) (1823–1893), thatcher, whose photograph is on the cover of Led Zeppelin's Led Zeppelin IV

title: Mere, Wiltshire