text:
Mr. Potato Head

Mr. Potato Head is an American toy produced by Hasbro since 1952. It consists of a plastic model of a potato "head" to which a variety of plastic parts can attach — typically ears, eyes, shoes, hat, nose, pants and mouth.

Mr. Potato Head was invented and manufactured by George Lerner in 1949, but was first distributed by Hasbro in 1952. It was the first toy advertised on television and has remained in production since.

In its original form, Mr. Potato Head was offered as separate plastic parts with pushpins to be affixed to a real potato or other vegetable. Due to complaints regarding rotting vegetables and new government safety regulations, Hasbro began including a plastic potato body with the toy set in 1964. The original toy was joined by Mrs. Potato Head in 1953 and later supplemented with accessories including a car and boat trailer.

Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head both appeared in the Toy Story franchise, voiced by Don Rickles and Estelle Harris, respectively. Additionally, in 1998, The Mr. Potato Head Show aired but was short-lived, with only one season being produced. As one of the prominent marks of Hasbro, a Mr. Potato Head balloon has also joined others in the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. Toy Story Midway Mania!, in Disney California Adventure at the Disneyland Resort, also features a large talking Mr. Potato Head.

Hasbro updated the brand in 2021, dropping the honorific in the name and marketing the toy simply as Potato Head, while retaining the individual characters of Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head.

History
In the early 1940s, Brooklyn-born toy inventor George Lerner came up with the idea of inserting small, pronged body and face parts into fruits and vegetables to create a "funny face man". The exact origin and inspiration for this idea are unknown. One theory is that, as a child, Lerner often took potatoes from his mother's garden and, using various other fruits and vegetables as facial features, made dolls for his younger sisters. In a slight variation of this story, the items he attached to the potatoes were smaller fruits and vegetables (e.g., grapes for eyes and carrots for noses). However, others have speculated that he got the idea from his wife's nephew Aaron Bradley, who was seen placing sticks inside of potatoes in the family garden. Yet another version states that Lerner came up with the idea in 1949 and was inspired by his own children, who often played with their food. Various sources list 1949 as the official year that the Funny Face Man was invented. In 1951, Lerner completed a prototype for Funny Face Man. Finding a buyer was initially a challenge because companies thought consumers would be hesitant to waste food so soon after the rationing that was widespread during World War II. However, Post Cereals purchased the rights to Funny Face Man that same year, with plans to include the kits in breakfast cereal boxes. Just a few months later (in 1952), the toy company Hassenfeld Brothers (now known as Hasbro) and Lerner bought back the rights to Funny Face Man kits from Post. In Hasbro's version, the kits included a styrofoam head. However, because the styrofoam head had limited reusability, the packaging still recommended that the accessories be affixed to potatoes or other produce.

On April 30, 1952, Mr. Potato Head became the first toy advertised on television. The campaign was also the first to be aimed directly at children; before this, commercials were only targeted at adults, including toy advertisements. The commercial revolutionized marketing by focusing on children as a target audience and encouraging them to ask their parents to buy the product (a concept that came to be known as the "nag factor"). Additionally, between 1949 and 1952, television sales had increased exponentially, and a massive polio outbreak in 1952 resulted in children spending more time indoors. Over one million kits were sold in the first year.

In 1953, a Mrs. Potato Head variant was added, and soon after, Brother Spud and Sister Yam completed the family, followed by accessories reflecting the affluence of the 1950s: a car, boat trailer, kitchen set, stroller, and pets marketed as Spud-ettes. In the 1960s, Hasbro also introduced the Tooty Frooty Friends kit, which came with over 60 pieces for building four additional characters: Katie the Carrot, Kooky the Cucumber, Oscar the Orange, and Pete the Pepper.

Although the toys were originally produced as separate plastic parts to be attached to a real potato or other vegetable, in the 1960s, Hasbro began to include a separate plastic head and body in each box and made the attachments less sharp, leaving them unable to puncture vegetables easily. These changes were due, in part, to parental complaints about finding spoiled food in their homes, but there were also reports of children choking on the small pieces or cutting themselves with the sharp ends. In 1974, further changes were made to increase safety. To comply with the Child Protection Act of 1966 and the Child Protection and Toy Safety Act of 1969, Hasbro combined the head and body into one large piece and made the attachments larger to prevent choking. Arms were no longer included in the kits. Additionally, Hasbro replaced the holes with flat slots, allowing only one possible orientation for the attached parts. In 1983, Hasbro tweaked the Mr. Potato Head toy by adding white bendy arms wearing white gloves. A storage compartment was also added to this larger head/body combination piece. Round holes replace the slots and the eyes and feet are merged together.

In 1985, Mr. Potato Head received four postal votes in the run for mayor of Boise, Idaho in the "most votes for Mr. Potato Head in a political campaign" as verified by Guinness World Records. In 1987, Mr. Potato Head became "Spokespud" for the annual Great American Smokeout and surrendered his pipe to Surgeon General C. Everett Koop in Washington, D.C. In the 1990s, the League of Women Voters used Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head to promote a "Get Out the Vote" campaign. Additionally, Mr. Potato head received an award from the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. The award was presented by Arnold Schwarzenegger, who was chairman of the organization at that time.

In 1995, Mr. Potato Head was featured in a leading role in the Disney/Pixar animated feature Toy Story, with the voice provided by comedian Don Rickles. Mr. Potato Head later returned in Toy Story's three sequels — Toy Story 2 (1999), Toy Story 3 (2010) and Toy Story 4 (2019) — with Rickles reprising the role. Also in 1995, the Mr. Potato Head Pals Mix 'n' Match game was made. This box contained four bodies and four sets each of hands, eyes, noses, mouths, hats, and shoes. Geared toward young children, the goal of the game was to build characters to match the provided cards.

In 2000, Mr. Potato Head was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York. In 2006, Hasbro also began to sell sets of pieces without bodies for customers to add to their collections. Some of these themed sets included Chef, Construction Worker, Firefighter, Halloween, King, Mermaid, Police Officer, Pirate, Princess, Rockstar, and Santa Claus. In the same year, Hasbro introduced a line called "Sports Spuds" with a generic plastic potato (smaller than the standard size) customized to a wide variety of professional sports teams.

In 2010, Lerner posthumously received a Toy & Game Innovation Award from Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry. Hasbro tweaked the Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head body design to give it a slimmer appearance. As of 2012, sales of Mr. Potato Head and related products were reported to have exceeded 100 million units since the original release.

In February 2021, Hasbro dropped the honorific in the brand name and began marketing the toy simply as "Potato Head", while retaining the individual characters of Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head. However, several media outlets misinterpreted the announcement as stating that all Potato Head products would henceforth be gender neutral. While continuing to offer the classic Mr. and Mrs. characters, Hasbro was praised by some for being progressive, although others called it a "PR stunt".

Versions
In the 2000s, Hasbro has produced Mr. Potato Head sets based on several media properties that Hasbro produces toys for under license. These include the Star Wars-themed "Darth Tater", "Spud Trooper", and "R2-POTATOO", a 2007 Transformers film-themed "Optimash Prime" (the appearance is based on Optimus Prime from the original television series), a pair of Spider-Man-themed "Spider-Spud / Peter Tater" (both red suit and black suit, to tie in with Spider-Man 3), an Indiana Jones-themed "Taters of the Lost Ark" set (which, despite the title, was released as a tie-in to 2008's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull), an Iron Man 2-themed "Tony Starch", and a "Trick or Tater" version for Halloween in October 2008. An additional five Star Wars-themed potato heads were sold exclusively through Disney theme parks: "Luke Frywalker", "Yam Solo", "Spuda Fett", "Princess Tater", and "Darth Mash".

In 2009, "Bumble Spud" was produced based on Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. A Kiss version of Mr. Potato Head was produced recently. Disney, in cooperation with Hasbro, also released "Chipbacca", "Mashter Yoda", and "C-3PotatO" in October 2009 at Disney Parks. To celebrate Toy Story 3, five new Mr. Potato Heads were unveiled including Woody, Buzz Lightyear, Jessie, Mrs. Potato Head, and the classic Mr. Potato Head. To promote The Looney Tunes Show, Hasbro unveiled Bugs Bunny-, Daffy Duck-, and Tasmanian Devil-themed Mr. Potato Head dolls.

In 2011, it was announced at the New York Toy Fair that a second Elvis Mr. Potato Head (based on his 1968 TV special) would be released, as well as sets for The Wizard of Oz (Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man and the Lion), the Three Stooges, Star Trek (Kirk and Kor), and SpongeBob SquarePants. These were all released through PPW toys from Hasbro.

In 2012, Hasbro and PPW Toys released Mr. Potato Head in Batman form for the movie The Dark Knight Rises. The model, known as "The Dark Spud", features Mr. Potato Head dressed up as the Caped Crusader. Before the release, the model was unveiled at the 2012 New York Toy Fair. In 2014, to celebrate The Simpsons 25th anniversary, a Homer Simpson Mr. Potato Head was produced.

On April Fools Day 2019, Hasbro jokingly announced that Mr. Potato Head would be replaced by "Mr. Avo Head", a hipster avocado.

In 2020, Hasbro announced a sustainable version of the toy known as Mr. Potato Head Goes Green. This version was made from plant-based plastic derived from sugarcane.

In popular culture

Mr. Potato Head's popularity has led to some appearances in films and television. In 1985, Mr. Potato Head played a supporting role in Potato Head Kids, his first dramatic television appearance. From 1998 to 1999, he had his own short-lived Fox Kids series The Mr. Potato Head Show.

In addition to film and television, the character has been the subject of a comic strip created by Jim Davis. Cartoonist Gary Larson included the character in several of his The Far Side cartoons.

In a commercial for Bridgestone tires during Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, Mr. Potato Head is driving a car and Mrs. Potato Head is nagging him. Larger-than-life versions of Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head are "guests" in the 1980s section of Pop Century Resort at Walt Disney World in Florida.

In 1990, the sketch comedy show In Living Color parodied the toy and entertainer Michael Jackson and his penchant for plastic surgery, offering children a multitude of different noses to represent different stages in Jackson's career. Jackson's vitiligo was also mocked when one child said the toy did not look quite right and then peels it, revealing white skin underneath.

The toy helped inspire the classic Macintosh software toy Tuberling by John Calhoun of Soft Dorothy Software, which was later reimplemented for the K Desktop Environment as KTuberling.

Starting in the 2000s, Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head also starred in commercials for other brands. An example is an ad for Lay's Potato Chips in 2014 where Mr. Potato Head comes home to see Mrs. Potato Head eating them despite being a potato herself. At the end Mr. Potato Head joins in and tells her to keep it their "little secret".

Movies

 * Toy Story
 * Toy Story 2
 * Toy Story 3
 * Toy Story 4

TV specials/Shorts

 * ''Toy Story of Terror!
 * Toy Story That Time Forgot

TV shows

 * Toy Story Toons
 * Pixar Popcorn

Mr. Potato Head is also a character in the Disney/Pixar Toy Story franchise, voiced by Don Rickles. He was one of Andy's toys before being given to Bonnie in Toy Story 3.

In Toy Story (1995), Mr. Potato Head is shown to be moody towards Andy's other toys, though he is friends with Hamm the piggy bank (John Ratzenberger). When Sheriff Woody (Tom Hanks) accidentally pushes Buzz Lightyear (Tim Allen) out of a window, Potato Head accuses Woody of doing it on purpose. At the end of the film, he is overjoyed to hear Andy's sister Molly getting a Mrs. Potato Head on Christmas.

In Toy Story 2 (1999), Mr. Potato Head goes with Andy's other toys to rescue Woody, who has been stolen by Al McWhiggin (Wayne Knight). After Mr. Potato Head saves three Alien toys (Jeff Pidgeon) from falling out of a Pizza Planet truck, only for them to continually pester him, his wife Mrs. Potato Head (Estelle Harris) decides to adopt them, much to her husband's dismay.

In Toy Story 3 (2010), Mr. Potato Head is one of Andy's remaining toys, alongside his wife, the Aliens, and others. The toys are donated to a daycare center and are later almost killed in a landfill incinerator. When the Aliens rescue the toys with a giant crane, Mr. Potato Head finally accepts them as his sons. Eventually, Mr. Potato Head and his friends are donated to a new owner named Bonnie (Emily Hahn).

Mr. Potato Head has appeared in all three Toy Story Toons shorts: Hawaiian Vacation (2011), Small Fry (2011), and Partysaurus Rex (2012), voiced again by Don Rickles.

He also appeared in the Halloween special Toy Story of Terror! (2013), where he disappears and Bonnie's other toys must find him.

Mr. Potato Head appeared in the Christmas special, Toy Story That Time Forgot (2014).

Mr. Potato Head appeared in Toy Story 4 (2019). However, Rickles died in 2017 due to kidney failure, and did not record any lines for him for the film. With permission from Rickles's family, Pixar used unreleased lines that Rickles recorded in previous Toy Story films for his final performance as the character. Mr. Potato Head had 7 lines in Toy Story 4, which was dedicated to Rickles's memory. Mr. Potato Head first appears in the prologue of the movie. Later during the main events of the film, he and his wife join Bonnie and her parents on their RV road trip. At the end of the film, they say goodbye to Woody who chooses to stay with Bo Peep (Annie Potts).

Mr. Potato Head is seen dancing in a Pixar Popcorn short called To Fitness and Beyond.

Games
In 1995, a computer game called "Mr. Potato Head Saves Veggie Valley" was released by Hasbro Interactive.

In 1997, Hasbro Interactive released another game called "Mr. Potato Head's Activity Pack".

Mr. Potato Head has also appeared as the host in all installments of the popular video game series Hasbro Family Game Night. He also appeared in several Toy Story-based video games along with Toy Story Activity Center.

title: Mr. Potato Head


text:
L'Aube nouvelle

"L'Aube nouvelle" ("The Dawn of a New Day") is the national anthem of Benin. Written and composed by Father Gilbert Jean Dagnon, it was adopted upon independence of the Republic of Dahomey from France in 1960.

After Dahomey became the People's Republic of Benin in 1975, the anthem was retained, but the words Dahomey and Dahoméen were changed to Bénin and Béninois.

Lyrics
The first verse and chorus is usually only performed at official occasions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: L'Aube nouvelle


text:
Talk:Philippe of Belgium

moving
Request was to move from Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant to Philippe, Duke of Brabant. Per Wiki naming conventions for royals, heirs to thrones, et cetera, ie Charles, Prince of Wales. Mowens35 01:09, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree. Simplicity is desirable. Unnecessary titukary in headings should be banned altogether. 217.140.193.123 2 July 2005 09:39 (UTC)
 * Agree'. It is the correct agreed version under the naming conventions. Fear ÉIREANN[[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|25px]] (talk) 2 July 2005 15:16 (UTC)

"...who, when crowned, will become the first Queen Regnant of the Belgians"

Belgian monarchs are never crowned. They are sworn in.

unnecessary

 * completey unnecessary. Prince Charles´s father is also listed as Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and not Phillip of Edinburgh or whatever you want to take call him. do i sense a slight anti-royalist touch with mr. Mowens35? Antares911 16:16, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That is because he is a consort, not the heir apparent to a throne. Fear ÉIREANN[[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|25px]] (talk) 2 July 2005 15:16 (UTC)

 * Funny that Antares has deemed herself entitled to libel others here, e.g accusing of slight anti-royalism. I feel Antares' behavior is slightly paranoid, due to Antares' well-known "slight" touch of sycophancy. 217.140.193.123 2 July 2005 09:41 (UTC)

Baudouin's Heir-Presumptive?
Just a hunch, the reason for Phillipe having been viewed as the next monarch during Bauadouin's reign was perhaps because: Belgians believed King Baudouin would live well into old age (he didn't), and thus might outlive Albert or maybe Albert by then (also very old) might pass the successon to his son? As it turned out, King Baudouin unexpectedly died at age 63 (in 1993), Albert was 59, fit as a fiddle and so there was no need to change the succession? User:GoodDay 19:37, 18 November 2005 (UTC).
 * True but according to the Belgian Constitution, Albert always was the first in line... if he wanted to be King, he would have been, regardless of his age or the political demands of the time + the government of the time (Dehaene I) had their doubts about Phillipe... they thought him to be too young, too inexperienced and too unmarried to be put on the throne already, especially at a time when Belgium was going through a phase of constituional reform: they needed a stable experienced monarch. fdewaele 13:00, 19 November 2005 (CET)
 * I've removed the paragraph about Phillipe being seen (at one time) as Baudouin's Heir-Presumptive. The Belgian Constitution always had Albert as Baudouin's Heir-Presumptive. GoodDay 02:07, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the term "heir-presumptive" is  probably wrong, but it's perhaps  worth mentioning that  he was seen as  Baudouin's likely successor.  This kind of thing is fairly common, even if it doesn't always pan out.  I can think of three examples of this in Habsburg history.  During Joseph II's reign, his nephew Francis was considered to be the likely heir, and was raised in Vienna by his uncle with that in mind.  Joseph's death in the midst of a political crisis in 1790, when his nephew was only 22,  meant that Francis's father, Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany, took the throne as Emperor Leopold II in spite of this expectation, although he would only reign for two years before his own death.  After  Francis's death in 1835, he was succeeded by his feeble-minded son Ferdinand.  Because Ferdinand's brother Francis Charles was hardly much better, it was widely anticipated that the two would  stand aside for Francis Charles's son Francis Joseph when the latter came  of age.  And this is, indeed,  what happened in 1848.  After  Francis Joseph's son Rudolf committed suicide in 1889, Francis Joseph's brother Charles Louis was the heir-presumptive, but it was widely assumed that if the Emperor predeceased his brother, Charles Louis would  stand aside in favor of one of his sons (it was unclear at that point if the eldest, Francis Ferdinand, would live very long, so it was unclear if he or his younger brother Otto would inherit).  At any rate, in all these cases the situation was rather similar to that of Philippe - a nephew of a sonless monarch was expected to succeed, rather than his father.  Whether or not the present king was the legal heir-presumptive throughout his brother's reign (obviously he was), it is probably still worth noting that his son was widely considered to be likely to be the next king through much of Baudouin's reign.  We are not restricted to only discussing the letter of the law of  succession. john k 04:40, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I've re-added the paragraph, with some minor adjustments. It's the Belgian Parliament which chooses who'll be King. GoodDay 19:03, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The Belgian Parliament doesn't choose who'll be king, except indirectly. There's a law of succession, which makes Philippe the heir.  When his father dies, Philippe will automatically become king once he takes the oath of office, won't he?   It is not as though the Belgian parliament meets when the king dies and elects a new king. It just gets to set the law of succession. john k 21:09, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * You're sorta right, the thing about Belgium is succession to throne isn't automatic ('The King is dead, long live the King' doesn't apply here). Belgium went 10 days (July 31-August 9, 1993) with no monarch; the prime minister served as 'Acting Head of State' from King Baudouin's death 'til King Albert II's swearing-in. Anyways, I like your edit best. GoodDay 22:11, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm aware that the new monarch has to be sworn in. But  who the new  monarch will be is already set before the old monarch's death.  It's not a matter of parliament choosing a new monarch upon the old monarch's death.  But I'm glad you like my edit. john k 05:30, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Calls for Philippe, to step aside
I've adjusted the paragraph, about calls for his removal from the line of succession (since it would make his daughter [currently a minor] the heiress-apparent). Furthermore, the paragraph fails to mention Philippe's possible replacement (who was this 'more liberal' Royal?). This is why, I've re-written the 'removal calls' into past-tense form. GoodDay 19:25, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Move "Philippe, Duke of Brabant" to "Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant"?
Should the title of this page not be changed from "Philippe, Duke of Brabant" to "Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant"? This is already done for the page of Princess Mathilde, Duchess of Brabant. It is accourding to Naming conventions (names and titles). Demophon 20:59, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus. JPG-GR (talk) 06:47, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant → Philippe, Duke of Brabant — Following the example of other heirs to the throne, Philippe and Mathilde's titles should just be Philippe/Mathilde, Duke/Duchess of Brabant —Morhange (talk) 23:14, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Also nominating Princess Mathilde, Duchess of Brabant → Mathilde, Duchess of Brabant

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support - Other crown princes do not have Prince in their articles. For example, Felipe, Prince of Asturias and not Infante Felipe, Prince of Asturias; Charles, Prince of Wales, not Prince Charles, Prince of Wales; Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, not Prince Willem-Alexander; Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, not Prince Guillaume, etcetera. Is there any special case for Philippe & Mathilde to have Prince/Princess in front of their names? According to Naming conventions (names and titles): If they hold a princely substantive title, use "{first name}, {title}".Morhange (talk) 23:16, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per Morhange. Let's see if there is an opposing case, and if not, move. Weak Oppose My memory was in error: I thought we used Andrew, Duke of York; but we use Prince Andrew, Duke of York. So here, and per discussion. 00:49, 19 April 2008 (UTC) Septentrionalis PMAnderson 14:45, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment I think that's because Andrew (and Edward) are not heirs to the throne? All the other heirs to the throne don't have "Prince" in front of their names. Like if the king was feeling generous and gave Prince Laurent the title Count of Flanders, he would be at Prince Laurent, Count of Flanders, like Prince Charles, Count of Flanders. Like with the Spanish royal family, Felipe, who is heir apparent, is at "Felipe, Prince of Asturias" while his sisters are at Infanta X, Duchess of X . Morhange (talk) 17:24, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * There really is no different... Philippe, like all of his siblings, is a Prince of Belgium. Same for Charles, Prince of Wales, as a Prince of the UK. We created a convention which really should have been uniform either way (title prefixed for all or none) but now we have one where we basically pick and choose. This discussion doesn't seem to be suited here, let's wait for the outcome of the move and then go to WT:NCNT. Charles 17:29, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Support - follow pattern of heirs to other thrones. A concern has been expressed elsewhere that somebody might not know that "Philippe, Duke of Brabant" is a prince; the same could be said of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and many other sovereign princes.  I'm in favour of moving to this format for other princes as well (e.g. UKGBNI royal dukes). Noel S McFerran (talk) 01:43, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * If this passes, we should propose it. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 01:45, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Support We also need to change and/or clarify the conventions. The form "Prince X,  of Y" is unnecessarily long and not does not contribute much to the identities of the article sujects, in my opinion. I support removing it for all royal holders of ducal/comital/etc titles. Charles 17:19, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose This discussion was already made a time ago. The form "Prince X,  of Y" is much more logical and correct. First, Prince Philippe is "Prince of Belgium", secondly with a honouring and substantive title named "Duke of Brabant". He's not the reigning duke of the Duchy of Brabant. Demophon (talk) 17:46, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * A change in the naming conventions wouldn't limit that format to reigning dukes, but to holders of the title. Just because a discussion was made "a time ago" does not mean all is frozen perpetually. Can you explain the logic and correctness of "Prince X,  of Y" at WT:NCNT when that discussion begins? Charles 17:57, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose for reasons cited by Demophon. Also, "prince" is a title more associated with royalty than nobility in English, so where an heir uses such a title (Prince of Asturias, Prince of Orange, Prince of Wales) it is less likely to confuse than when the only title in the article name is one that is as identified with nobility as royalty, or more so (Count of Barcelona, Count of Flanders, Duke of Brabant). Wikipedia should be reducing that confusion, not aggravating it, yet rarely does an article explain why a royal prince is known by a noble title. FactStraight (talk) 11:23, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. The current title is simply wrong. He is not "Prince Philippe", he is "Prince of Belgium". Unlike the British system (Prince Andrew, Duke of York) royal titles are not connected to the forename. He is "Philippe, Duke of Brabant, Prince of Belgium", not "Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant". Obviously he is referred to as "Prince Philippe" in short but that does not make it technically correct. Känsterle (talk) 12:32, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, in the royal order approving his marriage, he is referred to as "His Royal Highness Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant, Prince of Belgium."--Ganchelkas (talk) 13:02, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The order approving his marriage was not written in English. French-language usage is an appropriate determinant in French Wikipedia, but not English Wikipedia. Noel S McFerran (talk) 17:05, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * According to several official Belgian government websites he is referred as: "Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant, Prince of Belgium" or "Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant" . Demophon (talk) 07:39, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose. He is most commonly referred to as Prince Philippe, e.g. at . Timeineurope (talk) 22:45, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * What's your opinion on Princess Diana? Charles 00:00, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm against it. But Prince Philippe is referred to as such by the royal palace, as in the link above. Timeineurope (talk) 16:33, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The other heirs have princely titles, and we put them at Charles, Prince of Wales because (a) it's obvious from that that they're royal and (b) Prince Charles, Prince of Wales would look odd. As Prince Philippe's title is ducal, there's no repetition and so the initial "Prince" should remain. Proteus (Talk) 12:50, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not obvious and what is this about it looking odd? Charles is just that, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales. Repetition or not, it isn't needed. Charles 13:55, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * So if this was the Scottish wiki, then Charles' article should be at Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay instead of Charles, Duke of Rothesay? Philippe is heir to the throne and like all of the other heirs to the throne, Duke of Brabant is his heir's title. There needs to be a guideline for this. You can't have all the other heirs at X, Prince/Duke/Count of Y, and have Philippe be the one exception. Morhange (talk) 16:32, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose per naming conventions and that he is also referred to as Prince Philippe. - dwc lr (talk) 13:50, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe not for long. Did you read that the conventions may change? Charles 13:55, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes but I would be opposed to a change. - dwc lr (talk) 14:02, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Knowing that though it might be best to oppose the move without citing the Naming Conventions which may change anyway. Charles 14:08, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Prince Charles is often referred to as Prince Charles instead of the Prince of Wales. Morhange (talk) 16:32, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Not by the court. The Belgian royal palace, on the other hand, does use 'Prince Philippe'. Timeineurope (talk) 16:36, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose Чарльз - жопа (talk) 07:24, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Prince Andrew, Duke of York, the Belgian court usage, and other precedents. That the Duke of Brabant is now a Crown Prince's title is not well known. Johnbod (talk) 07:58, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

Per Naming conventions (names and titles) is the article not titled correctly at the moment "If a prince(ss) holds a substantive title that is not princely (a peerage, for instance), use "Prince(ss) {first name}, {title}". Prince Philippe holds a Ducal title not a Princely one unlike the majority of currents heirs who hold princely titles. - dwc lr (talk) 00:02, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I think this is an example of making a move to institute a change. Charles 17:30, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Would this same rule apply for someone like, say, Infante Afonso, Prince of Beira, who is the heir apparent to a monarchy that is no longer reigning? Should he be directed to Afonso, Prince of Beira? Morhange (talk) 17:44, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I would hope so, but let's discuss it at WT:NCNT. Charles 17:46, 19 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Gryffindor (talk) 20:05, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Philippe, King of the Belgians → Philippe of Belgium

The title should comply with Albert II of Belgium, Baudouin of Belgium, Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold II of Belgium and Leopold I of Belgium, and also with Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. It is fairly clear that Philippe of Belgium is a king. Before anyone suggests it, I should say that Philippe of the Belgians would make a very bad title. A territorial designation can only refer to a territory, never to people. That is why nobody would ever refer to a "Napoleon of the French". Surtsicna (talk) 11:00, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Done. Gryffindor (talk) 11:08, 21 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Proposed rename
This is not a formal rename debate, but I think it might be worth floating the idea briefly. Basically, I would argue for a rename to Philip of Belgium on the grounds that Léopolds 1-3 have Anglicized article names anyway which causes no confusion. Given that the "of Belgium" is shoved in anyway, it would avoid the arbitrary choice that needs to be made between French and Dutch versions. What does everyone think? Brigade Piron (talk) 14:27, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'm cautious however, is Philippe an established norm? Endrū Hejs (talk) 02:29, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

Establishing notability
This guy is the King of Belgium, and thus, should logically be notable, but this page basically is... he went to college, got married, and joined a trade board, where he was involved in some stuff which isn't really described.

We have this huge list of information here, but very little to actually tell us why this guy is important. The trade board stuff seems like it should supply some meaty material, how he has effected the world. Heck, why was he given the honors which are listed down at the bottom of the article?

This guy is a head of state but this article seems to suggest he has never done anything of consequence at all. Titanium Dragon (talk) 00:05, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

 * He hasn't. Honors are routinely given to kings and crown princes just for being a king or crown prince. It provides PR for the giver, or strengthens the ties between royalty and nobility and the like, but no actual achievements are needed for them. Doesn't mean that we have to establish notability, he is king and has received plenty of attention for that reason alone. Notability is not the same as Achievements. Fram (talk) 07:03, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

Name
Why does this article name give preference to the french version of his name instead of remaining neutral by using the english Philip? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.104.73.213 (talk) 10:29, 27 October 2015 (UTC)
 * If it can be shown that, in the English language, the majority or reliable sources prefer Philip to Philippe when referring to the king of the Belgians then we should move the article. Do you have any evidence? Greenshed (talk) 02:29, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

Infobox
Last time I checked. Philippe's title was King of the Belgians, not Seventh King of the Belgians. GoodDay (talk) 21:33, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Last time i checked the official page of the Royal house, he is the Seventh King of the Belgians, so i donùt know where you live, but clkearly not in Belgium. You are so wrong, please stop the wrong info pushing.--Carolus (talk) 21:35, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * No, that source only says he is the "seventh King of the Belgians", not the "Seventh King of the Belgians" as if the number was part of his title. And we do not use a number that way in info boxes. It can be used the same way as the Beligain Royal court uses it, in text, and without a capital letter "S".
 * It looks to me like you are inventing details, that you have been asked before not to do that, and that an administratator may need to block you to get the request taken seriously: You need to be more careful. Please do not invent any details and add them to Wikipedia articles without correct sourcing! Best wishes. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 22:46, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * He's done the same thing at Albert II of Belgium & Baudouin of Belgium infoboxes. GoodDay (talk) 22:51, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

 * PS: The practice is not to add numberings to either the infobox or intros for monarchs. However, if it will end the dispute, numbering in the intro will suffice, I guess. GoodDay (talk) 22:57, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Perhaps that policy is because most monarchies are so old that it's hard to affix a definite number? B'ing's their court calls him the seventh I found it relevant in our text. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 23:08, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * It just hasn't been the practice on Wikipedia, for monarchs. See the Dutch, Luxembourg & Jordanian monarchs (short lists, each) for examples. Also, the numbering scheme is at odds, as there's Kings/Queens. Presidents & Prime Ministers have 'no' gender titles. What would Elisabeth become? the eighth Queen-regnant of the Belgians? or the first Queen-regnant of the Belgians? GoodDay (talk) 23:17, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Eighth monarch, or whatever their royal court opts to call her, when the time comes. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 23:41, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * PS "queen regnant" is a job description, not a title. We often tend to forget that on WP. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 23:43, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * PS 2, I would immediately promote the word and title "Quing" if I were King of the World. Sad to say, (1) I'm not and (2) it has already been usurped. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 00:06, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

Belgian descent
User:Carolus added the unsourced statement "Unlike his father and grandfather, Philippe is the first Belgian King with actual Belgian ancesters: he is a direct descendant of count Jacques Coghen."

Albert II and Boudewijn are great-grandchildren of Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders (born in Laeken in 1837), grandchildren of Albert I of Belgium (born in Brussels) and children of Leopold III of Belgium (born in Brussels). If you have, in a country only going back to 1830, three generations of ancestors born in Belgium and going back to 1837, then you have "actual Belgian ancestors". I have accordingly removed the unsourced, wrong statement. Fram (talk) 09:52, 31 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Perfectly reasonable. Surtsicna (talk) 10:03, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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King of the Belgians with a capital k
Please see and discuss the principle here. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 14:51, 22 December 2019 (UTC)

Typographical error?
What's the use of this modification? To add a typographical error (two commas in a row)? --Leducernest (talk) 17:28, 23 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the typographical error. All other articles about Belgium I have seen use the Belgian languages in the order first Dutch, then French and then German. I made this modification for consistency with other articles. JacobBryssen (talk) 20:08, 23 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the typo. I switched the order of languages for consistency with all other articles about Belgium, which also use the order Dutch-French-German for the Belgian languages. JacobBryssen (talk) 20:13, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

So many versions of his name in various languages
It is my view that the names of people in our time (as of about 1900) are never translated, i.e. exonyms are not used as were used previously for historical persons whose names did not have legal spellings registered with the governments of their countries. Today, we all do. So what's with all the various names in the lead? Looks ridiculous for a modern person. I will remove all but his legal name, unless someone can come up with a reasonable argument to keep all that clutter. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:53, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Please don't. He is the king of a three-lingual country, and all three versions are generally accepted ones. E.g. the Dutch-language full version is used by the official Dutch TV NOS or Dutch newspapers, but also Flemish newspapers and magazines. The same goes for the French version in French-language sources. As far as I know, his "legal" name actually is all three different names (I know that e.g. the King and Queen used to have multiple passports, one in each language!). Fram (talk) 13:05, 28 May 2021 (UTC)
 * On a closer look, the Belgian Royal court calls him "Philippe" in the German version of his bio there, so at least that one has to go. If "Filip" in NL (as per court text) is an alternative name in regular use, it should be bold in the text as an a.k.a. not italicized as a translation --SergeWoodzing (talk) 13:20, 28 May 2021 (UTC)
 * You're right that Philipp should be Philippe, I hadn't looked at the German version. The official German-language broadcaster of Belgium gives his full name in German, as "Philippe Léopold Ludwig Maria". The German version is much less often used, but then again the German community is way, way smaller than the other two. Fram (talk) 13:32, 28 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Belgium has three official languages. The king is thus known by different versions of his name in different official languages. You will notice that he is called Filip in the Dutch version of his official website and Philippe in the French version. His cypher combines the letters P and F. It is possible that his legal name is or was in French only (judging at least by this Dutch-language announcement of his birth) but the Dutch version of his name is widely used and thus relevant. I am not sure whether he really is called Philipp in the German-speaking part of Belgium; he is called Philippe in the German version of the official website. Surtsicna (talk) 13:29, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

Coat of Arms
The coat of arms shown in the article does not match the official design in the royal decree of 2019 on the armorial of the Belgian royal family. Shouldn't it be corrected? 177.76.164.205 (talk) 21:28, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

RfC of interest
(non-automated message) Greetings! I have opened an RfC on WT:ROYALTY that may be of interest to users following this article talk page! You are encouraged to contribute to this discussion here! Hurricane Andrew (444) 19:23, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Titles of all Belgian Monarchs' Pages
I propose that since the Belgian monarchy is a popular monarchy, this page and all of his predecessors should have their page name changed to "of the Beglians." Ex. King Philippe of the Belgians StrawWord298944 (talk) 01:10, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philippe of Belgium


text:
National anthem of Yemen

"United Republic" (الجمهورية المتحدة), also known by its incipit as "Repeat, O World, my song" (رددي أيتها الدنيا نشيدي), is the national anthem of Yemen. It was written by Abdullah Noman and composed by Ayoob Tarish. It was formerly used as the national anthem of South Yemen but was adopted by Yemen when the country was unified in 1990.

During its usage by South Yemen from 1979 to 1990, the title was "National Anthem of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen" (النشيد الوطني لجمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية).

title: National anthem of Yemen


text:
History of zoology through 1859

The history of zoology before Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of evolution traces the organized study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, systematic study of zoology is seen in the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This work was developed in the Middle Ages by Islamic medicine and scholarship, and in turn their work was extended by European scholars such as Albertus Magnus.

During the European Renaissance and early modern period, zoological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were the anatomist Vesalius and the physiologist William Harvey, who used experimentation and careful observation, and naturalists such as Carl Linnaeus and Buffon who began to classify the diversity of life and the fossil record, as well as the development and behavior of organisms. Microscopy revealed the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design).

Over the 18th and 19th centuries, zoology became increasingly professional scientific disciplines. Explorer-naturalists such as Alexander von Humboldt investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography—laying the foundations for biogeography, ecology and ethology. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction and the mutability of species. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life. These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. In 1859, Darwin placed the theory of organic evolution on a new footing, by his discovery of a process by which organic evolution can occur, and provided observational evidence that it had done so.

Pre-scientific zoology

The earliest humans must have had and passed on knowledge about animals to increase their chances of survival. This may have included unsystematic knowledge of human and animal anatomy and aspects of animal behavior (such as migration patterns). People learnt more about animals with the Neolithic Revolution about 10,000 years ago. Humans domesticated animals as people became pastoralists and then farmers instead of hunter-gatherers in civilisations such as those of ancient Egypt.

Ancient eastern cultures
The ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, the Indian subcontinent, and China, among others, produced renowned surgeons and students of the natural sciences such as Susruta and Zhang Zhongjing, reflecting independent sophisticated systems of natural philosophy. Taoist philosophers, such as Zhuangzi in the 4th century BC, expressed ideas related to evolution, such as denying the fixity of biological species and speculating that species had developed differing attributes in response to differing environments. The ancient Indian Ayurveda tradition independently developed the concept of three humours, resembling that of the four humours of ancient Greek medicine, though the Ayurvedic system included further complications, such as the body being composed of five elements and seven basic tissues. Ayurvedic writers also classified living things into four categories based on the method of birth (from the womb, eggs, heat & moisture, and seeds) and explained the conception of a fetus in detail. They also made considerable advances in the field of surgery, often without the use of human dissection or animal vivisection. One of the earliest Ayurvedic treatises was the Sushruta Samhita, attributed to Sushruta in the 6th century BC. It was also an early materia medica, describing 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources, and 57 preparations based on animal sources. However, the roots of modern zoology are usually traced back to the secular tradition of ancient Greek philosophy.

Ancient Greek traditions
The pre-Socratic philosophers asked many questions about life but produced little systematic knowledge of specifically zoological interest—though the attempts of the atomists to explain life in purely physical terms would recur periodically through the history of zoology. However, the medical theories of Hippocrates and his followers, especially humorism, had a lasting impact.

Aristotle

The philosopher Aristotle created the science of biology, basing its theory on both his metaphysical principles and on observation. He proposed theories for the processes of metabolism, temperature regulation, information processing, embryonic development and inheritance. He made detailed observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of animals in the sea at Lesbos. He classified 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50.

Aristotle, and nearly all Western scholars after him until the 18th century, believed that creatures were arranged in a graded scale of perfection rising from plants on up to humans: the scala naturae or Great Chain of Being.

Hellenistic zoology
A few scholars in the Hellenistic period under the Ptolemies—particularly Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios—amended Aristotle's physiological work, even performing experimental dissections and vivisections. Claudius Galen became the most important authority on medicine and anatomy. Though a few ancient atomists such as Lucretius challenged the teleological Aristotelian viewpoint that all aspects of life are the result of design or purpose, teleology (and after the rise of Christianity, natural theology) remained central to biological thought until the 18th and 19th centuries.

Medieval and Islamic zoology

The decline of the Roman Empire led to the disappearance or destruction of much knowledge, though physicians still incorporated many aspects of the Aristotelian tradition into training and practice. In Byzantium and the Islamic world, many of Aristotle's works were translated into Arabic and commented upon by scholars such as Avicenna and Averroes. Medieval Muslim physicians, scientists and philosophers made significant contributions to zoological knowledge between the 8th and 13th centuries during the Islamic Golden Age. The Arab scholar al-Jahiz (781–869) described the idea of a food chain, and was an early adherent of environmental determinism.

During the High Middle Ages, a few European scholars such as Hildegard of Bingen, Albertus Magnus and Frederick II expanded the natural history canon. Magnus's De animalibus libri XXVI was one of the most extensive studies of zoological observation published before modern times.

From anatomy to systematic taxonomy

The Renaissance was the age of collectors and travellers, when many of the stories were actually demonstrated as true when the living or preserved specimens were brought to Europe. Verification by collecting of things, instead of the accumulation of anecdotes, then became more common, and scholars developed a new faculty of careful observation. The Renaissance brought expanded interest in both empirical natural history and physiology. In 1543, Andreas Vesalius inaugurated the modern era of Western medicine with his seminal human anatomy treatise De humani corporis fabrica, which was based on dissection of corpses. Vesalius was the first in a series of anatomists who gradually replaced scholasticism with empiricism in physiology and medicine, relying on first-hand experience rather than authority and abstract reasoning. Bestiaries—a genre that combines both the natural and figurative knowledge of animals—also became more sophisticated. Conrad Gessner's great zoological work, Historiae animalium, appeared in four volumes, 1551–1558, at Zürich, a fifth being issued in 1587. His works were the starting-point of modern zoology. Other major works were produced by William Turner, Pierre Belon, Guillaume Rondelet, and Ulisse Aldrovandi. Artists such as Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci, often working with naturalists, were also interested in the bodies of animals and humans, studying physiology in detail and contributing to the growth of anatomical knowledge.

In the 17th century, the enthusiasts of the new sciences, the investigators of nature by means of observation and experiment, banded themselves into academies or societies for mutual support and discourse. The first founded of surviving European academies, the Academia Naturae Curiosorum (1651) especially confined itself to the description and illustration of the structure of plants and animals; eleven years later (1662) the Royal Society of London was incorporated by royal charter, having existed without a name or fixed organisation for seventeen years previously (from 1645). A little later the Academy of Sciences of Paris was established by Louis XIV, later still the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala was founded. Systematizing, naming and classifying dominated zoology throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Carl Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735 (variations of which have been in use ever since), and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species. While Linnaeus conceived of species as unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy, the other great naturalist of the 18th century, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, treated species as artificial categories and living forms as malleable—even suggesting the possibility of common descent. Though he was writing in an era before evolution was recognized, Buffon is a key figure in the history of evolutionary thought; his "transformist" theory would influence the evolutionary theories of both Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin.

Before the Age of Exploration, naturalists had little idea of the sheer scale of biological diversity. The discovery and description of new species and the collection of specimens became a passion of scientific gentlemen and a lucrative enterprise for entrepreneurs; many naturalists traveled the globe in search of scientific knowledge and adventure.

Extending the work of Vesalius into experiments on still living bodies (of both humans and animals), William Harvey investigated the roles of blood, veins and arteries. Harvey's De motu cordis in 1628 was the beginning of the end for Galenic theory, and alongside Santorio Santorio's studies of metabolism, it served as an influential model of quantitative approaches to physiology.

Impact of the microscope
In the early 17th century, the micro-world of zoology was just beginning to open up. A few lensmakers and natural philosophers had been creating crude microscopes since the late 16th century, and Robert Hooke published the seminal Micrographia based on observations with his own compound microscope in 1665. But it was not until Antony van Leeuwenhoek's dramatic improvements in lensmaking beginning in the 1670s—ultimately producing up to 200-fold magnification with a single lens—that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria and the sheer strangeness and diversity of microscopic life. Similar investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and built the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining.

Debate over the flood described in the Bible catalyzed the development of paleontology; in 1669 Nicholas Steno published an essay on how the remains of living organisms could be trapped in layers of sediment and mineralized to produce fossils. Although Steno's ideas about fossilization were well known and much debated among natural philosophers, an organic origin for all fossils would not be accepted by all naturalists until the end of the 18th century due to philosophical and theological debate about issues such as the age of the earth and extinction.

Advances in microscopy also had a profound impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th century, a number of biologists pointed to the central importance of the cell. In 1838 and 1839, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, though they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells. Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three tenets of what came to be known as cell theory.

In advance of On the Origin of Species
Up through the 19th century, the scope of zoology was largely divided between physiology, which investigated questions of form and function, and natural history, which was concerned with the diversity of life and interactions among different forms of life and between life and non-life. By 1900, much of these domains overlapped, while natural history (and its counterpart natural philosophy) had largely given way to more specialized scientific disciplines—cytology, bacteriology, morphology, embryology, geography, and geology. Widespread travel by naturalists in the early-to-mid-19th century resulted in a wealth of new information about the diversity and distribution of living organisms. Of particular importance was the work of Alexander von Humboldt, which analyzed the relationship between organisms and their environment (i.e., the domain of natural history) using the quantitative approaches of natural philosophy (i.e., physics and chemistry). Humboldt's work laid the foundations of biogeography and inspired several generations of scientists.

The emerging discipline of geology also brought natural history and natural philosophy closer together; Georges Cuvier and others made great strides in comparative anatomy and paleontology in the late 1790s and early 19th century. In a series of lectures and papers that made detailed comparisons between living mammals and fossil remains Cuvier was able to establish that the fossils were remains of species that had become extinct—rather than being remains of species still alive elsewhere in the world, as had been widely believed. Fossils discovered and described by Gideon Mantell, William Buckland, Mary Anning, and Richard Owen among others helped establish that there had been an 'age of reptiles' that had preceded even the prehistoric mammals. These discoveries captured the public imagination and focused attention on the history of life on earth.

Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Thomas Malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise, created a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection; similar evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions. Charles Darwin's early interest in nature led him on a five-year voyage on HMS Beagle which established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories. Darwin's On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, a seminal work of scientific literature, was to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.

title: History of zoology through 1859


text:
Protagonistas de Novela

Protagonistas de Novela is a television series in Spanish that has been produced since 2002 by Telemundo Network USA, based on the Protagonistas... franchise.

Protagonistas de Novela has the same format and rules as Protagonistas de la Música, and that is because Protagonistas de Novela, a reality show where the winners are guaranteed a spot in a future telenovela, was released before its musical version. Both shows are produced by Telemundo USA.

The female winner of the show's first season, Millie Ruperto, has already participated in a soap opera, playing a boxing trainer, alongside Venezuelan superstar Gaby Spanic.

The winners of the show's second season in 2003 were Mexican Erick Elías and Dominican Michelle Vargas. This particular season was highly criticized for its results, since Elías won with an alleged 50.1% of the vote over the heavy favorite, Puerto Rican actor Alfredo De Quesada, who had 49.1% of the vote according to the show.

There are also versions of Protagonistas de Novela in Chile (called Protagonistas de la Fama), Colombia and Venezuela. In Chile (airing on Canal 13), the winners were Catalina Bono and Álvaro Ballero. In Colombia (airing on RCN), the winners were Ximena Córdoba and Jaider Villa.

title: Protagonistas de Novela


text:
Rhodopsin

Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the RHO gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is the opsin of the rod cells in the retina and a light-sensitive receptor protein that triggers visual phototransduction in rods. Rhodopsin mediates dim light vision and thus is extremely sensitive to light. When rhodopsin is exposed to light, it immediately photobleaches. In humans, it is regenerated fully in about 30 minutes, after which the rods are more sensitive. Defects in the rhodopsin gene cause eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and congenital stationary night blindness.

Names
Rhodopsin was discovered by Franz Christian Boll in 1876. The name rhodospsin derives from Ancient Greek  for "rose", due to its pinkish color, and   for "sight". It was coined in 1878 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne (1837–1900).

When George Wald discovered that rhodopsin is a holoprotein, consisting of retinal and an apoprotein, he called it opsin, which today would be described more narrowly as apo-rhodopsin. Today, the term opsin refers more broadly to the class of G-protein-coupled receptors that bind retinal and as a result become a light sensitive photoreceptor, including all closely related proteins. When Wald and colleges later isolated iodopsin from chicken retinas, thereby discovering the first known cone opsin, they called apo-iodopsin photopsin (for its relation to photopic vision) and apo-rhodopsin scotopsin (for its use in scotopic vision).

General
Rhodopsin is a protein found in the outer segment discs of rod cells. It mediates scotopic vision, which is monochromatic vision in dim light. Rhodopsin most strongly absorbs green-blue light (~500 nm) and appears therefore reddish-purple, hence the archaic term "visual purple".

Several closely related opsins differ only in a few amino acids and in the wavelengths of light that they absorb most strongly. Humans have, including rhodopsin, nine opsins, as well as cryptochrome (light-sensitive, but not an opsin).

Structure

Rhodopsin, like other opsins, is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). GPCRs are chemoreceptors that embed in the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes and have seven transmembrane domains forming a binding pocket for a ligand. The ligand for rhodopsin is the vitamin A-based chromophore 11-cis-retinal,    which lies horizontally to the cell membrane and is covalently bound to a lysine residue (lys296) in the seventh transmembrane domain through a Schiff-base. However, 11-cis-retinal only blocks the binding pocket and does not activate rhodopsin. It is only activated when 11-cis-retinal absorbs a photon of light and isomerizes to all-trans-retinal, the receptor activating form,  causing conformal changes in rhodopsin (bleaching), which activate a phototransduction cascade. Thus, a chemoreceptor is converted to a light or photo(n)receptor.

The retinal binding lysine is conserved in almost all opsins, only a few opsins having lost it during evolution. Opsins without the lysine are not light sensitive, including rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is made constitutively (continuously) active by some of those mutations even without light. Also wild-type rhodopsin is constitutively active, if no 11-cis-retinal is bound, but much less. Therefore 11-cis-retinal is an inverse agonist. Such mutations are one cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Artificially, the retinal binding lysine can be shifted to other positions, even into other transmembrane domains, without changing the activity.

The rhodopsin of cattle has 348 amino acids, the retinal binding lysine being Lys296. It was the first opsin whose amino acid sequence and 3D-structure were determined. Its structure has been studied in detail by x-ray crystallography on rhodopsin crystals. Several models (e.g., the bicycle-pedal mechanism, hula-twist mechanism) attempt to explain how the retinal group can change its conformation without clashing with the enveloping rhodopsin protein pocket. Recent data support that rhodopsin is a functional monomer, instead of a dimer, which was the paradigm of G-protein-coupled receptors for many years.

Within its native membrane, rhodopsin is found at a high density facilitating its ability to capture photons. Due to its dense packing within the membrane, there is a higher chance of rhodopsin capturing proteins. However, the high density also provides a disadvantage when it comes to G protein signaling because the diffusion becomes more difficult in a crowded membrane that is packed with the receptor, rhodopsin.

Phototransduction
Rhodopsin is an essential G-protein coupled receptor in phototransduction.

Activation
In rhodopsin, the aldehyde group of retinal is covalently linked to the amino group of a lysine residue on the protein in a protonated Schiff base (-NH+=CH-). When rhodopsin absorbs light, its retinal cofactor isomerizes from the 11-cis to the all-trans configuration, and the protein subsequently undergoes a series of relaxations to accommodate the altered shape of the isomerized cofactor. The intermediates formed during this process were first investigated in the laboratory of George Wald, who received the Nobel prize for this research in 1967. The photoisomerization dynamics has been subsequently investigated with time-resolved IR spectroscopy and UV/Vis spectroscopy. A first photoproduct called photorhodopsin forms within 200 femtoseconds after irradiation, followed within picoseconds by a second one called bathorhodopsin with distorted all-trans bonds. This intermediate can be trapped and studied at cryogenic temperatures, and was initially referred to as prelumirhodopsin. In subsequent intermediates lumirhodopsin and metarhodopsin I, the Schiff's base linkage to all-trans retinal remains protonated, and the protein retains its reddish color. The critical change that initiates the neuronal excitation involves the conversion of metarhodopsin I to metarhodopsin II, which is associated with deprotonation of the Schiff's base and change in color from red to yellow.

Phototransduction cascade
The product of light activation, Metarhodopsin II, initiates the visual phototransduction second messenger pathway by stimulating the G-protein transducin (Gt), resulting in the liberation of its α subunit. This GTP-bound subunit in turn activates a cGMP phosphodiesterase. The cGMP phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes (breaks down) cGMP, lowering its local concentration so it can no longer activate cGMP-dependent cation channels. This leads to the hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cells, changing the rate at which they release transmitters.

Deactivation
Meta II (metarhodopsin II) is deactivated rapidly after activating transducin by rhodopsin kinase and arrestin. Rhodopsin pigment must be regenerated for further phototransduction to occur. This means replacing all-trans-retinal with 11-cis-retinal and the decay of Meta II is crucial in this process. During the decay of Meta II, the Schiff base link that normally holds all-trans-retinal and the apoprotein opsin (aporhodopsin) is hydrolyzed and becomes Meta III. In the rod outer segment, Meta III decays into separate all-trans-retinal and opsin. A second product of Meta II decay is an all-trans-retinal opsin complex in which the all-trans-retinal has been translocated to second binding sites. Whether the Meta II decay runs into Meta III or the all-trans-retinal opsin complex seems to depend on the pH of the reaction. Higher pH tends to drive the decay reaction towards Meta III.

Diseases of the retina
Mutations in the rhodopsin gene contribute majorly to various diseases of the retina such as retinitis pigmentosa. In general, the defect rhodopsin aggregates with ubiquitin in inclusion bodies, disrupts the intermediate filament network, and impairs the ability of the cell to degrade non-functioning proteins, which leads to photoreceptor apoptosis. Other mutations on rhodopsin lead to X-linked congenital stationary night blindness, mainly due to constitutive activation, when the mutations occur around the chromophore binding pocket of rhodopsin. Several other pathological states relating to rhodopsin have been discovered including poor post-Golgi trafficking, dysregulative activation, rod outer segment instability and arrestin binding.

title: Rhodopsin


text:
User:Dmdwiggi

David M. Dwiggins, Dorchester, MA, USA

david -at- dwiggins -dot- net

http://www.dwiggins.net

title: User:Dmdwiggi


text:
Talk:Fhqwhgads

wikipedia wikipedia owo — Preceding unsigned comment added by 223.16.120.116 (talk) 03:14, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

The real origin
On the hrwiki website, it states that Fhqwhgads origin is actually from the infamous "i love u" virus, spread to many computers through e-mail. The Fhqwhgads part of the message was the virus's code, and it is possible that the sender of this e-mail typed the code wrong, thus doing nothing to Strong Bad's already crappy computer.Ron3090 16:44, 27 September 2006 (UTC) No the person that typed this email probably typed i love u and then followed it by pounding randomly on the keyboard. Notice how all the letters in fhqwhgads' name are very close to each other on the keyboard?

Delete it?
listed on votes for deletion. we're not a dictionary -- Tarquin 08:36 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I redirected to Homestar Runner. cf xyzzy. Martin 14:47 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Sounds OK to me...let's just hope that people don't grouse that the H*R page is getting unwieldy now. Ed Cormany 16:56 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Not to be a scrooge, but this article's topic is pretty inane and trivial. Mr. Billion 07:36, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. Yes it is. But if it wasn't here, people would be trying to create it for the third time (counting the un-redirecting as a creation). -- Cyrius|✎ 16:48, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

It's not about the "I love you" virus. I'm fhqwhgads (for real) and I just typed in randomly. So now you know... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.107.247.61 (talk) 01:48, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Lowercase template
I don't think this article needs a template. I've copied the following from Freakofnurture's talk page to explain my position. —Bkell 17:17, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if i agree with this edit. It seems that since the phrase "fhqwhgadshgnsdhjsdbkhsdabkfabkveybvf" is a used in place of a proper name in the e-mail, and written in all lowercase letters, the correct title would reflect that fact.  Just like, for example, timecop.  Whatever though, I really don't care enough about it to be risk being listed on WP:LAME. —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  05:39, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, in the e-mail it's written in all lower-case. One could easily argue that that doesn't mean much, since "I" isn't capitalized either. If I were to write an e-mail that said "i fixed the wikipedia article. --brian kell", the obvious assumption is that I was too lazy to capitalize anything; my name is still properly written as "Brian Kell", even though I typed it as "brian kell".

 * But let's assume that fhqwhgads is written in lower-case, that for whatever reason it defies the rule of English that proper nouns are capitalized. That doesn't mean that it should always be lower-case. If it's at the beginning of a sentence, then it should be capitalized, even if it's not normally capitalized in running text. This is the way English capitalization works. The word carrots isn't capitalized, but if I write the sentence "Carrots are orange", or start a Wikipedia article called "Carrots", then it's capitalized. The same goes for fhqwhgads. —Bkell 17:57, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * If you still disagree with me, try reading some of these "Sharp Points": I love K.D. Lang and her music, but…, What's in a nAME(cq)?, and Let's hope we've all learned our Lesson. —Bkell 18:08, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * ok i give up. —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  05:14, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't. fhqwhgads is a name, and the website, as far as I can see, always writes it in lower case, as fhqwhgads. Our carrots article doesn't need the template because carrots is not a proper noun. The template is for, among other things, proper nouns (eg aladin), such as the name fhqwhgads, which are written without a capital letter. 24ip | lolol 21:45, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, let's consider another proper noun that is not capitalized: the last name of Leonardo da Vinci. The Wikipedia article refers to him as "Leonardo" throughout, avoiding the issue, but if one were to refer to him as "da Vinci" the D would be lower-case in the middle of a sentence. However, at the beginning of the sentence, words are always capitalized, so it is correct to say
 * Da Vinci was born in 1452.
 * and incorrect to say
 * da Vinci was born in 1452.
 * The same thing happens at the beginning of the title of an article, so the correct title of an article about fhqwhgads is "Fhqwhgads", whether or not fhqwhgads is normally capitalized. In fact, if you look at the article itself, you will notice that fhqwhgads is capitalized whenever it appears at the beginning of a sentence, and also in the table of links along the right side of the page. To insist that the correct title of the article should be "fhqwhgads" simply because it isn't capitalized on the Homestar Runner site ignores the correct capitalization rules followed in the article itself.
 * To steal an example from the "Sharp Points" linked above, the correct title of the article about Macy's has a capital M, and an apostrophe; this is undisputed. You will notice that their logo has a lower-case M, and a five-pointed star instead of an apostrophe. But that's exactly the point—this is a logo, and whatever arbitrary capitalizations are chosen for logos and the like do not affect the rules of English. The first word of a sentence is always capitalized; so is the first word of a title. —Bkell 01:14, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You forget that this is an article about something humourous, and there fore should be left in such a way that is FUNNY --PokeOnic 18:52, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

You guys are funny. How about "pH?" —72.220.68.93 (talk) 04:38, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Sounds to me more like "fuh-hoog-mo-gads"; I definatly hear an "m" sound in there after a "g" when he pronounces it (usually listening to the Everybody To The Limit song). Does the pronunciation at the bottom match the one at the top? Kuronue 02:32, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

When the Visor Robot pronounces it I hear "fuh-hoog-mo-dads" but other than that I have no clue how you could think that.--Bottles98 11:51, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

I think it would be what they suggest but Q's sounds like K's. Could be fuh-hoo-kwuh-gads or something. --Addict 2006 16:19, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * When the robotic voice pronounces it, it does sound like "fuh-hoog-mo-gads", but Strong Bad pronounces it "fuh-hoo-kwuh-gads", especially at the end of a stanza where he says it "FUH-hoo- kwuh -gads". Excuse the HTML, but it seemed the easiest way for me to show the emphasis. — SheeEttin {T/C} 22:54, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Old prod
A Prod template was placed with the reason "Non-notable, no reliable sources, etc." I don't believe this is uncontentious and have suggested a merge instead. --Alksub 21:44, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Realness of previously mentioned word “ fhqwhgads”
This is definitely a real word which I don’t know it’s meaning but it does exist and should be put in a dictionary 2A02:A45E:2991:1:5052:C4BE:5E59:D090 (talk) 21:42, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fhqwhgads