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Parenteral nutrition

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is the feeding of nutritional products to a person intravenously, bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion. The products are made by pharmaceutical compounding entities or standard pharmaceutical companies. The person receives a nutritional mix according to a formula including glucose, salts, amino acids, lipids and vitamins and dietary minerals. It is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or total nutrient admixture (TNA) when no significant nutrition is obtained by other routes, and partial parenteral nutrition (PPN) when nutrition is also partially enteric. It is called peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) when administered through vein access in a limb rather than through a central vein as central venous nutrition (CVN).

Medical uses
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is provided when the gastrointestinal tract is nonfunctional because of an interruption in its continuity (it is blocked, or has a leak – a fistula) or because its absorptive capacity is impaired. It has been used for comatose patients, although enteral feeding is usually preferable, and less prone to complications. Parenteral nutrition is used to prevent malnutrition in patients who are unable to obtain adequate nutrients by oral or enteral routes. The Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition recommends waiting until the seventh day of hospital care.

Absolute indications for TPN
Diseases that would require the use of TPN include:

 * Short bowel syndrome
 * Small bowel obstruction
 * Active gastrointestinal bleeding
 * Pseudo-obstruction with complete intolerance to food
 * High-output (defined as > 500ml/day) enteric-cutaneous fistulas (unless a feeding tube can be passed distal to the fistula)

Gastrointestinal disorders
TPN may be the only feasible option for providing nutrition to patients who do not have a functioning gastrointestinal tract or who have disorders requiring complete bowel rest, including bowel obstruction, short bowel syndrome, gastroschisis, prolonged diarrhea regardless of its cause, very severe Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, and certain pediatric GI disorders including congenital GI anomalies and necrotizing enterocolitis.

In the geriatric population
There are physical, physiological, or mental differences in the geriatric population that could potentially lead to poor nutrient intake that would require them to have nutrition therapy. Geriatric patients are more inclined to have delayed muscle restoration compared to the younger population. Additionally, older patients are observed to have greater cardiac and renal impairment, insulin resistance, and to have deficiencies in vitamins and crucial elements. Patients who require nutrition therapy but have contraindications for or cannot tolerate enteral nutrition are appropriate candidates for parenteral nutrition. In the geriatric population, it is indicated if oral or enteral nutrition is impossible for 3 days or when oral or enteral nutrition is likely insufficient for more than 7 to 10 days. While there are no complications of parenteral nutrition specific to the geriatric population, complications are more prevalent in this population due to increased comorbidities.

In cancer
Patients who are diagnosed with cancer, whether as outpatient undergoing treatment or hospitalized, are at a greater risk of malnutrition and cachexia. Cancer-related malnutrition can be attributed to the decrease in food intake, increase in the need for energy, and the alteration of metabolism. Patients should be assessed early on in their cancer treatment for any nutritional risk, such as by taking routine weights and BMI. Parenteral nutrition is indicated in cancer patients when it is not possible to access the digestive tract or if the tract is ineffective. In advanced cancer patients, the use of PN should be discussed in context of the risks and benefits, such as if the approximate survival rate is longer than 3 months and if PN would be expected to greatly improve the patients' quality of life.

It is uncertain whether home parenteral nutrition improves survival or quality of life in people with malignant bowel obstruction.

Duration
Short-term PN may be used if a person's digestive system has shut down (for instance by peritonitis), and they are at a low enough weight to cause concerns about nutrition during an extended hospital stay. Long-term PN is occasionally used to treat people suffering the extended consequences of an accident, surgery, or digestive disorder. PN has extended the life of children born with nonexistent or severely deformed organs.

Living with TPN
Approximately 40,000 people use TPN at home in the United States, and because TPN requires 10–16 hours to be administered, daily life can be affected. Although daily lifestyle can be changed, most patients agree that these changes are better than staying at the hospital. Many different types of pumps exist to limit the time the patient is "hooked up". Usually a backpack pump is used, allowing for mobility. The time required to be connected to the IV is dependent on the situation of each patient; some require once a day, or five days a week.

It is important for patients to avoid as much TPN-related change as possible in their lifestyles. This allows for the best possible mental health situation; constantly being held down can lead to resentment and depression. Physical activity is also highly encouraged, but patients must avoid contact sports (equipment damage) and swimming (infection). Many teens find it difficult to live with TPN due to issues regarding body image and not being able to participate in activities and events.

Complications
TPN fully bypasses the GI tract and normal methods of nutrient absorption. Possible complications, which may be significant, are listed below. Other than those listed below, common complications of TPN include hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hypercapnia, decreased copper and zinc levels, elevated prothrombin time (if associated with liver injury), hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and decreased gastrointestinal motility.

Infection
TPN requires a chronic IV access for the solution to run through, and the most common complication is infection of this catheter. Infection is a common cause of death in these patients, with a mortality rate of approximately 15% per infection, and death usually results from septic shock. When using central venous access, the subclavian (or axillary) vein is preferred due to its ease of access and lowest infectious complications compared to the jugular and femoral vein insertions.

Catheter complications include pneumothorax, accidental arterial puncture, and catheter-related sepsis. The complication rate at the time of insertion should be less than 5%. Catheter-related infections may be minimised by appropriate choice of catheter and insertion technique.

Blood clots
Chronic IV access leaves a foreign body in the vascular system, and blood clots on this IV line are common. Death can result from pulmonary embolism wherein a clot that starts on the IV line breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking blood flow.

Patients on TPN who have such clots occluding their catheter may receive a thrombolytic flush to dissolve the clots and prevent further complications.

Fatty liver and liver failure
Fatty liver is usually a more long-term complication of TPN, though over a long enough course it is fairly common. The pathogenesis is due to using linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid component of soybean oil) as a major source of calories. TPN-associated liver disease strikes up to 50% of patients within 5–7 years, correlated with a mortality rate of 2–50%. The onset of this liver disease is the major complication that leads TPN patients to requiring an intestinal transplant.

Intralipid (Fresenius-Kabi), the US standard lipid emulsion for TPN nutrition, contains a 7:1 ratio of n-6/n-3 ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). By contrast, Omegaven has a 1:8 ratio and showed promise in multiple clinical studies. Therefore, n-3-rich fat may alter the course of parenteral nutrition associated liver disease (PNALD).

Hunger
Because patients are being fed intravenously, the subject does not physically eat, resulting in intense hunger pangs (pains). The brain uses signals from the mouth (taste and smell), the stomach and gastrointestinal tract (fullness) and blood (nutrient levels) to determine conscious feelings of hunger. In cases of TPN, the taste, smell and physical fullness requirements are not met, and so the patient experiences hunger, although the body is being fully nourished.

Patients who eat food despite the inability can experience a wide range of complications, such as refeeding syndrome.

Cholecystitis
Total parenteral nutrition increases the risk of acute cholecystitis due to complete disuse of the gastrointestinal tract, which may result in bile stasis in the gallbladder. Other potential hepatobiliary dysfunctions include steatosis, steatohepatitis, cholestasis, and cholelithiasis. Six percent of patients on TPN longer than three weeks and 100% of patients on TPN longer than 13 weeks develop biliary sludge. The formation of sludge is the result of stasis due to lack of enteric stimulation and is not due to changes in bile composition. Gallbladder sludge disappears after four weeks of a normal oral diet. Administration of exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) or stimulation of endogenous CCK by a periodic pulse of large amounts of amino acids has been shown to help prevent sludge formation. These therapies are not routinely recommended. Such complications are suggested to be the main reason for mortality in people requiring long-term total parenteral nutrition, such as in short bowel syndrome. In newborn infants with short bowel syndrome with less than 10% of expected intestinal length, thereby being dependent upon total parenteral nutrition, five-year survival is approximately 20%.

Gut atrophy
Infants who are sustained on TPN without food by mouth for prolonged periods are at risk for developing gut atrophy.

Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity is a rarely described but significant complication of parenteral nutrition therapy. First reported in 1965, the incidence of these reactions is speculated to be around one in 1.5 million patients who are provided parenteral nutrition. There is a wide range in how and when these reactions manifest. Cutaneous manifestations are the most common presentation. Hypersensitivity is thought to occur to the individual components of TPN, with the intravenous lipid emulsion being the most frequently implicated component, followed by the multivitamin solution and the amino acid solution.

 Medications

Patients who are receiving intravenous parenteral nutrition may also need to receive intravenous medications as well using the same Y-site. It is important to assess the compatibility of the medications with the nutrition components. Incompatibilities can be observed physically through discoloration, phase separation, or precipitation.

Metabolic complications
Metabolic complications include the refeeding syndrome characterised by hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia. Hyperglycemia is common at the start of therapy, but can be treated with insulin added to the TPN solution. Hypoglycaemia is likely to occur with abrupt cessation of TPN. Liver dysfunction can be limited to a reversible cholestatic jaundice and to fatty infiltration (demonstrated by elevated transaminases). Severe hepatic dysfunction is a rare complication. Overall, patients receiving TPN have a higher rate of infectious complications. This can be related to hyperglycemia.

Pregnancy
Pregnancy can cause major complications when trying to properly dose the nutrient mixture. Because all of the baby's nourishment comes from the mother's blood stream, the doctor must properly calculate the dosage of nutrients to meet both recipients’ needs and have them in usable forms. Incorrect dosage can lead to many adverse, hard-to-guess effects, such as death, and varying degrees of deformation or other developmental problems.

It is recommended that parenteral nutrition administration begins after a period of natural nutrition so doctors can properly calculate the nutritional needs of the fetus. Otherwise, it should only be administered by a team of highly skilled doctors who can accurately assess the fetus’ needs.

Total parenteral nutrition
Solutions for total parenteral nutrition may be customized to individual patient requirements, or standardized solutions may be used. The use of standardized parenteral nutrition solutions is cost-effective and may provide better control of serum electrolytes. Ideally each patient is assessed individually before commencing on parenteral nutrition, and a team consisting of specialised doctors, nurses, clinical pharmacists, and registered dietitians evaluate the patient's individual data and decide what PN formula to use and at what infusion rate.

For energy only, intravenous sugar solutions with dextrose or glucose are generally used. This is not considered to be parenteral nutrition as it does not prevent malnutrition when used on its own. Standardized solutions may also differ between developers. Following are some examples of what compositions they may have. The solution for normal patients may be given both centrally and peripherally.

Prepared solutions
Prepared solutions generally consist of water and electrolytes; glucose, amino acids, and lipids; essential vitamins, minerals and trace elements are added or given separately. Previously lipid emulsions were given separately but it is becoming more common for a "three-in-one" solution of glucose, proteins, and lipids to be administered.

Added components
Individual nutrient components may be added to more precisely adjust the body contents of it. That individual nutrient may, if possible, be infused individually, or it may be injected into a bag of nutrient solution or intravenous fluids (volume expander solution) that is given to the patient.

Administration of individual components may be more hazardous than administration of pre-mixed solutions such as those used in total parenteral nutrition, because the latter are generally already balanced in regard to e.g. osmolarity and ability to infuse peripherally. Incorrect IV administration of concentrated potassium can be lethal, but this is not a danger if the potassium is mixed in TPN solution and diluted.

Vitamins may be added to a bulk premixed nutrient immediately before administration, since the additional vitamins can promote spoilage of stored product. Vitamins can be added in two doses, one fat-soluble, the other water-soluble. There are also single-dose preparations with both fat- and water-soluble vitamins such as Cernevit.

Minerals and trace elements for parenteral nutrition are available in prepared mixtures, such as Addaven.

These additional components in parenteral nutritions, however were subject to stability checks, since they greatly affect the stability of lipid emulsions that serve as the base for these formulations. Studies have shown differences in physical and chemical stabilities of these total parenteral nutrition solutions,  which greatly influences pharmaceutical manufacturing of these admixtures.

Emulsifier
Only a limited number of emulsifiers are commonly regarded as safe to use for parenteral administration, of which the most important is lecithin. Lecithin can be biodegraded and metabolized, since it is an integral part of biological membranes, making it virtually non-toxic. Other emulsifiers can only be excreted via the kidneys, creating a toxic load. The emulsifier of choice for most fat emulsions used for parenteral nutrition is a highly purified egg lecithin, due to its low toxicity and complete integration with cell membranes.

Use of egg-derived emulsifiers is not recommended for people with an egg allergy due to the risk of reaction. In situations where there is no suitable emulsifying agent for a person at risk of developing essential fatty acid deficiency, cooking oils may be spread upon large portions of available skin for supplementation by transdermal absorption.

Another type of fat emulsion Omegaven is being used experimentally within the US primarily in the pediatric population. It is made of fish oil instead of the soybean oil based formulas more widely in use. Research has shown use of Omegaven may reverse and prevent liver disease and cholestasis.

History
Developed in the 1960s by Dr. Stanley Dudrick, who as a surgical resident in the University of Pennsylvania, working in the basic science laboratory of Dr. Jonathan Rhoads, was the first to successfully nourish initially Beagle puppies and subsequently newborn babies with catastrophic gastrointestinal malignancies. Dudrick collaborated with Dr. Willmore and Dr. Vars to complete the work necessary to make this nutritional technique safe and successful.

In 2019 the UK experienced a severe shortage of TPN bags due to safety restrictions at the sole manufacturing site, operated by Calea. The National Health Service described the situation as an emergency.

title: Parenteral nutrition


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Télécom Paris

Télécom Paris (also known as ENST or Télécom or École nationale supérieure des télécommunications, also Télécom ParisTech until 2019 ) is a French public institution for higher education (grande école) and engineering research. Located in Palaiseau, it is also a member of the Institut Polytechnique de Paris and the Institut Mines-Télécom. In 2021 it was the sixth highest ranked French university in the World University Rankings, and the 7th best small university worldwide. In the QS Ranking, Télécom Paris is the 64th best university worldwide in Computer Science.

In 1991, Télécom Paris and the EPFL established a school named EURECOM located in Sophia-Antipolis. Students can be admitted either in Palaiseau or in Sophia-Antipolis.

History
In 1845, Alphonse Foy, director of telegraphic lines, proposed a school specializing in telegraphy for Polytechnicians. However, his proposition was rejected. The school was founded on 12 July 1878 as the École professionnelle supérieure des postes et télégraphes (EPSPT). In 1912, the school's name was changed to École supérieure des postes et télégraphes (ESPT). In 1934, the ESPT moved to rue Barrault, in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. In 1938, the school was renamed École nationale supérieure des postes, télégraphes et téléphones (ENSPTT), and in the same year, the President of France, Albert Lebrun awarded the school Legion of Honor. During the Second World War, in 1942, the school was divided into two schools: the ENSPTT and École nationale supérieure des télécommunications (ENST). The ENSPTT was closed on 31 December 2002. In 1971, the ENST passed under the direct guardianship of the Direction générale des télécommunications, and the development of telecommunications during this period drove the state to create two associate schools: the ENST Bretagne in 1977 in Brest, and the INT in 1979 at Évry. In 1992, the ENST, together with the EPFL, founded the EURECOM at Sophia-Antipolis. On 26 December 1996, the Groupe des Écoles des Télécommunications (GET, nowadays Institut Mines-Télécom) was established. It consists of a group of telecommunications schools including the ENST, the Télécom Bretagne (nowadays IMT Atlantique), the Télécom SudParis, and EURECOM. On 21 September 2009, the school's name was changed to Télécom ParisTech. On June 1, 2019, the school's name was again changed to Télécom Paris after the formation of Institute Polytechnique de Paris.

Present
There are two ways to get admitted into Télécom Paris as an undergraduate student:
 * Through a selective entrance examination (Concours Commun Mines Ponts) after at least two years of preparation in Classes préparatoires aux Grandes Écoles curriculum following high school (in France, Morocco, and Tunisia)
 * Through an application-based admission process for university students, especially from foreign universities
 * After a scientific bachelor's degree (Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Computer science etc.)
 * After a DUT degree from a French university of technology

Télécom Paris is also one of the approved application schools for the École Polytechnique, making it possible for fourth-year students to complete their studies with a one-year specialization at Télécom Paris. Télécom Paris also provides education for the Corps des Mines.

Around 250 engineers graduate each year from Télécom Paris. About forty percent of the graduates are foreign students. Specialization courses cover all aspects of computer science and communication engineering: electronics, signal processing, software engineering, networking, economics, finance etc.

Research at Télécom Paris
Research at Télécom Paris consists of:

 * Optimization and transmission of information
 * Improvements in data processing
 * Microelectronics, such as FPGA and DSP systems
 * Image and Signal processing, wavelets
 * Artificial intelligence, data mining, distributed and real-time systems
 * User experience Design, Information visualisation and computer human interfaces

Télécom Paris has four departments:

 * The Department of Electronics and Communications: This laboratory consists of about one hundred researchers and teaching researchers (37 tenured) within 7 research groups
 * The Department of Computer Science and Networking
 * The Department of Signal and Image Processing
 * The Department of Economic and Social Sciences

The three first labs are gathered in Télécom Paris' own laboratory : LTCI, "Laboratoire de Traitement et de Communication et de l'Information" The Economic and Social Sciences department is associated with the CNRS through the "Interdisciplinary Institute for Innovation".

Training for engineering degrees
First year - Multidisciplinary studies For undergraduate students, the core curriculum, commonly referred to as tronc commun, consists of courses in most areas of science (Mathematics, Economics, applied Mathematics, Computer science, Physics, etc.), as well as compulsory courses in the humanities (foreign languages, social sciences, liberal arts, etc.)

Taking place in the Paris campus of Télécom Paris, this primary year of multidisciplinary studies is common to both Paris curriculum students and Sophia-Antipolis curriculum students; and is followed by a one or two month mandatory summer internship.

Second and Third Year - Specialization in Paris or at Sophia-Antipolis (at Eurecom) Starting from their second year, students have to choose a specialization in which they'll receive in-depth courses and that will conclude their engineering curriculum. Based on 13 specialization tracks of more than 120 courses, these two years eventually unfold into a six-month internship through which the engineering student will acquire their first real professional experience.

Third year students can also choose to complete their studies in an approved university in France or abroad, as part of a Double-Degree or a Master of Science program.

Training for master degrees
Télécom Paris offers post master's degrees Mastères spécialisés (MS), and masters in different domains.

Mastères Spécialisés (Post-Master's Degrees)

 * One year full-time training
 * Big Data, gestion et analyse de données massives
 * Conception, Architecture de Réseaux et Cybersécurité
 * Concepteur de Projet Digital (in partnership with l'INA) (formerly "Création et Production Multimédia")
 * Cybersécurité et cyberdéfense
 * Intelligence Artificielle
 * Radio-Mobiles, IoT et 5G
 * Systèmes Embarqués
 * Two years part-time training
 * Architecte Digital d'Entreprise
 * Architecte Réseaux et Cybersécurité
 * Management des Systèmes d'Information (in partnership with l'ESSEC)
 * Smart Mobility

Masters courses
Four master's degrees of University Paris Saclay are taught by Télécom ParisTech in collaboration with other Parisian Universities and grande ecoles.

 * Master Multimedia Networking (MN)
 * Master Advanced Computer Networks (ACN)
 * Master Data & Knowledge (D&K)
 * Master Industries de Réseau et Économie Numérique (IREN)

It takes part in organisation of several other master courses offered by its partners in and around Paris.

Rankings
National ranking (ranked as Télécom Paris for its Master of Sciences in Engineering)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Télécom Paris


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TPN

TPN may refer to:

Science and Medicine

 * Total parenteral nutrition
 * Triphosphopyridine nucleotide, the previous name for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
 * Task Positive Network, see Dorsal attention network

Organisations

 * Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk (Society of Friends of Science) in Warsaw

Other

 * Third-party note or Note verbale, a diplomatic document
 * Tupinambá language, by ISO 639 code
 * Tiputini Airport, Ecuador
 * Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
 * "The Promised Neverland" (Manga / Anime Series)

title: TPN


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Chad Hedrick

Chad Hedrick (born April 17, 1977) is an American inline speed skater and ice speed skater. He was born in Spring, Texas.

Hedrick revolutionized the inline speed skating world with his unique technique, called the double push, or DP. During his career he won 93 national championships and 50 world championships, as well as having a brand of inline skating wheels named after him.

Speed skating
After winning his 50th World Championship, in Ostend, Belgium, in 2002, he switched to ice speed skating after watching, on a television in a Las Vegas casino in 2002, fellow inline skater Derek Parra win a medal at the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics. In February 2004, a year and a half after he made his switch, Hedrick won the 2004 World Allround Speed Skating Championships, knocking more than a point off the world record points, reducing it to 150.478. On March 12, 2004, Hedrick won the gold medal in the 5,000 meters during the 2004 World Single Distance Championships, which were held Seoul, South Korea. In 2005 he successfully defended his 5,000 m world title in Inzell, Germany. At the 2005 World Allround Speed Skating Championships he lost his title to Shani Davis. Hedrick has set six world records in speed skating, but these have later been broken by others. , he was 4th in the unofficial world ranking, the Adelskalender after having led the rankings from November 2005-7.

2006 Winter Olympic Games
The Texan raised the stakes for the Winter Olympics 2006 in Turin by proclaiming that he would equal Eric Heiden's record of five gold medals. On February 11, 2006, Hedrick won his only gold medal at this Olympics at the 5,000 m beating Sven Kramer of the Netherlands who claimed a silver medal.

Hedrick caused controversy when he insisted that Shani Davis, fellow American speed skater in the 1,000 m race, should have participated in the men's pursuit, stating, "I don't see what his logic is. We can't be beat if he skates. It's his decision. I'm not going to get in the middle of it. I would like him to be in the pursuit, but am I going to beg him? No." Five-time gold medalist and Olympic-team physician, Eric Heiden, has publicly written that Davis made the right choice in not participating in the team pursuit and thereby not jeopardizing his chances at a gold medal in his best event, the 1,000 meter race. Davis eventually won the gold medal in the 1000 m race, while Hedrick finished sixth.

Hedrick added a silver medal in the 10,000 m to his Olympic tally along with a bronze medal in the 1,500 m. With three medals, Hedrick became only the third American ever to win three speed skating medals in a single Winter Olympics winning a medal in each color (gold, silver, and bronze).

Post-Torino career
On March 5, 2006, Hedrick won a 1500 m race in the Netherlands and captured the 2006 World Cup title in the event. Two weeks later, Hedrick participated in the World Allround Championships in Calgary, aiming to take back the title he lost to Davis in 2005. On the fourth and final distance, the 10,000 meter, Hedrick needed to beat Davis by 8.32 seconds, but made a crucial mistake midway through the race; he turned into the inner lane instead of his scheduled outer, and though he realised his mistake quickly, he was motioned off some laps later.

2010 Winter Olympic Games
Hedrick qualified for the 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, and the long-track team pursuit in the 21st Winter Olympiad held in Vancouver. Hedrick lost to Håvard Bøkko in the final pair of the 5000 m event. He would ultimately finish 10 places behind the winner, Dutchman Sven Kramer, in 11th place. Hedrick skated a 1:09.32 in the 1000 m which was good for the bronze behind Davis and South Korea's Mo Tae-bum. Hedrick was the leader of the team that won a surprising silver medal in team pursuit with an upset of the heavily favored Netherlands team in the semifinals bringing Hedrick's Olympic career to an end with a total of five medals with each one in a different event.

Personal bests
Source: speedskatingbase.eu & SpeedskatingResults.com

World ice speedskating records
Hedrick has so far skated six world records on ice skates

Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com

World Titles Inline Speed Skating
Hedrick has won the following world titles in inline speed skating:

U.S. and world roller speed skating records

 * National roller skating record in the 3,000 meters relay race (1993)
 * National inline skating record in the 5,000 meters relay race (1998)
 * National inline skating record in the 3,000 meters male-female relay race (1998)
 * National inline skating record in the 1,500 meters race (1996)
 * National outdoor track record in the 1,000 and 1,500 meters races (1999 and 1998 respectively)
 * National outdoor track record in the 15,000 meters race (1998)
 * National outdoor road record in the 500 and 1,000 meters races (2001)
 * National outdoor road record in the 1,500 meters race (1998)
 * National outdoor road record in the 10,000 meters race (2001)
 * World outdoor road record in the 1,500 meters race (1999)
 * World outdoor road record in the 10,000 meters race (1996)
 * World outdoor road record in the 15,000 meters race (2000)
 * Course Record - NorthShore Inline Marathon (1998)

Personal life
On June 7, 2008, Hedrick and Lynsey Elizabeth Adams were married in Houston, Texas. Their wedding was featured on the Style Network reality show Whose Wedding Is It Anyway? They had their first daughter in 2009, a second daughter in 2010, and a son in 2014. Hedrick currently works as a licensed realtor.

title: Chad Hedrick


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Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Temp3

Have you missed about?

Oh, and we can't completely copy ODP - their category scheme is copyrighted.

Good work.Martin 21:37 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I forgot about the about page. I just used about the project as that was the existing text on the original home page. I just used the ODP scheme as an example. I don't think we should actually use the same categories they do. Something more relevant to an encyclopedia would be better but I didn't want to spend time on thinking what those might be if people didn't like the idea anyway. Angela 21:52 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, I definitely like the idea of topic, example, example, example, ... - that's very nice :) Martin

I kinda like the idea. *Much* lighter.

Example, example...is nice, but drawback, it is very oriented. I mean, look at the examples under the sport topic...very american oriented. What about displaying different information depending on the information gotten from the browser or... And the interlanguages are gone. As such, at the www.wikipedia.org address. User:Anthere
 * Remember these are not the categories I actually suggest using. It was just a demo of how categories could be displayed on the page. Angela 15:40 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Temp3


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Garveyism

Garveyism is an aspect of black nationalism that refers to the economic, racial and political policies of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey.

Ideologically, Garvey was a black nationalist. Generally referring to dark-skinned peoples of African descent as "Negroes", he and the UNIA insisted that that term should be capitalized, thus affording dignity and respect to those whom it described. His ideas were influenced by a range of sources. According to Grant, while he was living in London, Garvey displayed "an amazing capacity to absorb political tracts, theories of social engineering, African history and the Western Enlightenment." Garvey was exposed to the ideas about race that were prevalent at the time; his ideas on race were also heavily informed by the writings of Edward Wilmot Blyden and by his work in London with Dusé Mohamed Ali.

During the late 1910s and 1920s, Garvey was also influenced by the ideas of the Irish independence movement, to which he was sympathetic. He saw strong parallels between the subjugation of Ireland and the global subjugation of black people, and identified strongly with the Irish independence leader Éamon de Valera. In 1922, he sent a message to Valera stating that "We believe Ireland should be free even as Africa shall be free for the Negroes of the world. Keep up the fight for a free Ireland."

For Garvey, Ireland's Sinn Féin and the Irish independence movement served as blueprints for his own black nationalist cause. In July 1919 he stated that "the time has come for the Negro race to offer up its martyrs upon the altar of liberty even as the Irish [had] given a long list from Robert Emmet to Roger Casement." He also expressed admiration for the Indian independence movement, which was seeking independence from British rule in India, describing Mahatma Gandhi as "one of the noblest characters of the day".

Race and racial separatism
"Race first" was the adage which was widely used in Garveyism. In Garvey's view, "no race in the world is so just as to give others, for the asking, a square deal in things economic, political and social", but rather each racial group will favor its own interests. Rejecting the "melting pot" notion of much 20th century American nationalism, he thought that European Americans would never willingly grant equality to African Americans, and thus it was inefficient for the latter to ask for it. He was hostile to the efforts of the progressive movement to agitate for social and political rights for African Americans, arguing that this was ineffective and that laws would never change the underlying racial prejudice of European Americans.

He argued that the European-American population of the U.S. would never tolerate the social integration which was being advocated by activists like Du Bois because he believed that campaigns for such integration would lead to anti-black riots and lynchings. He openly conceded that the U.S. was a white man's country and thus, he did not think that African Americans should expect equal treatment within it. Thus, he opposed attempts to socially and economically integrate the different races which lived within the country. Garveyism promoted the view that whites had no duty to help blacks achieve racial equality, maintaining the view that the latter needed to advance themselves on their own initiative. He advocated racial separatism, but he did not believe in black supremacy. He also rallied against Eurocentric beauty standards among blacks, seeing them as impediments to black self-respect.

In the U.S., ideas about the need for black racial purity became central to Garvey's thought. He vehemently denounced miscegenation, believing that mixed-race individuals were "torn by dual allegiances" and they would often ally themselves "with the more powerful race," thus, they would become "traitors to the [black] race". Garvey argued that mixed-race people would be bred out of existence. Cronon believed that Garvey exhibited "antipathy and distrust of anybody but the darkest-skinned Negroes"; the hostility towards black people whose African blood was not considered "pure" was a sentiment which Garvey shared with Blyden.

This view caused great friction between Garvey and Du Bois, with the former accusing Du Bois and the NAACP of promoting "amalgamation or general miscegenation". He rallied against what he called the "race destroying doctrine" of those African Americans who were promulgating racial integration in the U.S., instead, he maintained the view that his UNIA stood for "the pride and purity of race. We believe that the white race should uphold its racial pride and perpetuate itself, and we also believe that the black race should do likewise. We believe that there is room enough in the world for the various race groups to grow and develop by themselves without seeking to destroy the Creator's plan by the constant introduction of mongrel types." Arguing that Garvey "imitated white supremacist ideas at random", the scholar John L. Graves commented that "racism permeated nearly every iota of his ideology," with Garveyism representing "a gospel of hate for whites".

Garvey's belief in racial separatism, his advocacy of the migration of African Americans to Africa, and his opposition to miscegenation endeared him to the KKK, which supported many of the same policies. Garvey was willing to collaborate with the KKK in order to achieve his aims, and it was willing to work with him because his approach effectively acknowledged its belief that the U.S. should only be a country for white people and campaigns for advanced rights for African Americans who are living within the U.S. should be abandoned. Garvey called for collaboration between black and white separatists, stating that they shared common goals: "the purification of the races, their autonomous separation and the unbridled freedom of self-development and self-expression. Those who are against this are enemies of both races, and rebels against morality, nature and God." In his view, the KKK and other far-right white groups were "better friends" of black people "than all other groups of hypocritical whites put together" because they were honest about their desires and intentions.

Pan-Africanism
Garvey was a Pan-Africanist, and an African nationalist. In Jamaica, he and his supporters were heavily influenced by the pan-Africanist teachings of Dr Love and Alexander Bedward. In the wake of the First World War, Garvey called for the formation of "a United Africa for the Africans of the World". The UNIA promoted the view that Africa was the natural homeland of the African diaspora. While he was imprisoned, he penned an editorial for the Negro World titled "African Fundamentalism", in which he called for "the founding of a racial empire whose only natural, spiritual and political aims shall be God and Africa, at home and abroad."

Garvey supported the Back-to-Africa movement, which had been influenced by Edward Wilmot Blyden, who migrated to Liberia in 1850. However, Garvey did not believe that all African Americans should migrate to Africa. Instead, he believed that an elite group, namely those African Americans who were of the purest African blood, should do so. The rest of the African-American population, he believed, should remain in the United States, where it would become extinct within fifty years.

A proponent of the Back-to-Africa movement, Garvey called for a vanguard of educated and skilled African Americans to travel to West Africa, a journey which would be facilitated by his Black Star Line. Garvey stated that "The majority of us may remain here, but we must send our scientists, our mechanics and our artisans and let them build railroads, let them build the great educational and other institutions necessary", after which other members of the African diaspora could join them. He was aware that the majority of African Americans would not want to move to Africa until it had the more modern comforts that they had become accustomed to in the U.S. Through the UNIA, he discussed plans for a migration to Liberia, but these plans came to nothing and his hope to move African Americans to West Africa ultimately failed.

In the 1920s, Garvey referred to his desire for a "big black republic" in Africa. Garvey's envisioned Africa was to be a one-party state in which the president could have "absolute authority" to appoint "all of his lieutenants from cabinet ministers, governors of States and Territories, administrators and judges to minor offices". According to the scholar of African-American studies Wilson S. Moses, the future African state which Garvey envisioned was "authoritarian, elitist, collectivist, racist, and capitalistic", suggesting that it would have resembled the later Haitian government of François Duvalier. Garvey told the historian J. A. Rogers that he and his followers were "the first fascists", adding that "Mussolini copied Fascism from me, but the Negro reactionaries sabotaged it".

Garvey never visited Africa himself, and he did not speak any African language. He knew very little about the continent's varied customs, languages, religions, and traditional social structures, and his critics frequently believed that his views of the continent were based on romanticism and ignorance. It has been suggested that the European colonial authorities would not have given Garvey permission to visit colonies where he would be calling for decolonization.

For instance, the Jamaican writer and poet Claude McKay noted that Garvey "talks of Africa as if it were a little island in the Caribbean Sea." Garvey believed in negative stereotypes about Africa which portrayed it as a backward continent that was in need of the civilizing influence of Western, Christian states. Among his stated aims, he wanted "to assist in civilizing the backward tribes of Africa" and he also wanted "to promote a conscientious Christian worship among" them. His belief that Africans would ultimately be liberated by the efforts of the African diaspora which was living outside the continent has been considered condescending.

Moses stated that instead of being based on respect for indigenous African cultures, Garvey's views of an ideal united Africa were based on an "imperial model" of the kind which was promoted by western powers. When he extolled the glories of Africa, Garvey cited the ancient Egyptians and Ethiopians who had built empires and monumental architectural structures, which he cited as evidence of civilization, rather than the smaller-scale societies which lived on other parts of the continent. In doing so, he followed the lead of white academics of that era, who were similarly ignorant of most of African history and who focused nearly exclusively on ancient Egypt. Moses thought that Garvey "had more affinity for the pomp and tinsel of European imperialism than he did for black African tribal life". Similarly, the writer Richard Hart noted that Garvey was "much attracted by the glamour of the British nobility", an attraction which was reflected when he honored prominent supporters by giving them such British-derived titles as "Lords", "Ladies", and "Knights". Garvey's head was not turned, however, by the scholarly authority of Harvard University professor George Reisner whose opinion Garvey challenged on the pages of The Negro World.

Economic views
Garvey believed in economic independence for the African diaspora and through the UNIA, he attempted to achieve it by forming ventures like the Black Star Line and the Negro Factories Corporation. In Garvey's opinion, "without commerce and industry, a people perish economically. The Negro is perishing because he has no economic system". In his view, European-American employers would always favor European-American employees, so to gain more security, African Americans needed to form their own businesses. In his words, "the Negro[...] must become independent of white capital and white employers if he wants salvation." He believed that financial independence for the African-American community would ensure greater protection from discrimination, and provide the foundation for social justice.

Economically, Garvey supported capitalism, stating that "capitalism is necessary to the progress of the world, and those who unreasonably and wantonly oppose it or fight against it are enemies of human advancement." In the U.S., Garvey promoted a capitalistic ethos for the economic development of the African-American community, advocating black capitalism. His emphasis on capitalist ventures meant, according to Grant, that Garvey "was making a straight pitch to the petit-bourgeois capitalist instinct of the majority of black folk."

He admired Booker T. Washington's economic endeavours but criticized his focus on individualism: Garvey believed that African-American interests would best be advanced if businesses included collective decision-making and group profit-sharing. His advocacy of capitalistic wealth distribution was a more equitable view of capitalism than the view of capitalism which was then prevalent in the U.S.; he believed that some restrictions should be imposed on individuals and businesses in order to prevent them from acquiring too much wealth, in his view, no individual should be allowed to control more than one million dollars and no company should be allowed to control more than five million dollars. While he was living in Harlem, he envisioned the formation of a global network of black people who would trade among themselves, believing that his Black Star Line would contribute to the achievement of this aim.

There is no evidence to support the view that Garvey was ever sympathetic to socialism. While he was living in the U.S., he strongly opposed attempts to recruit African Americans into the trade union movement by socialist and communist groups, and he urged African Americans not to support the Communist Party. This led to heavy scrutiny from communist group leaders and figureheads such as Grace Campbell, among others. He believed that the communist movement did not serve the interests of African Americans because it was a white person's creation. He stated that communism was "a dangerous theory of economic or political reformation because it seeks to put government in the hands of an ignorant white mass who have not been able to destroy their natural prejudices towards Negroes and other non-white people. While it may be a good thing for them, it will be a bad thing for the Negroes who will fall under the government of the most ignorant, prejudiced class of the white race." In response, the Communist International characterised Garveyism as a reactionary bourgeois philosophy.

Black Christianity
Grant noted that "Garveyism would always remain a secular movement with a strong under-tow of religion". Garvey envisioned a form of Christianity which would specifically be designed for black African people, a sort of black religion. Reflecting his own view of religion, he wanted this black-centric Christianity to be as close to Catholicism as possible.

Even so, he attended the foundation ceremony of the African Orthodox Church in Chicago in 1921. According to Graves, this Church preached "the orthodox Christian tradition with emphasis on racism", and Cronon suggested that Garvey promoted "racist ideas about religion".

Garvey emphasised the idea of black people worshipping a God who was also depicted as black. In his words, "If the white man has the idea of a white God, let him worship his God as he desires. Since the white people have seen their God through white spectacles, we have only now started out to see our God through our own spectacles[...] we shall worship Him through the spectacles of Ethiopia." He called for black people to worship images of Jesus of Nazareth and the Virgin Mary that depicted these figures as black Africans. In doing so, he did not make use of pre-existing forms of black-dominated religions. Garvey had little experience with them, because he had attended a white-run Wesleyan congregation when he was a child, and later, he converted to Catholicism.

title: Garveyism


text:
Ocean Island

Ocean Island may refer to:
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title: Ocean Island


text:
Talk:Hermann Hoth

Untitled
I don't have a book source for his dates, and online sources give birth years ranging from 1885 to 1893, and death day as either the 25th or 26th of January, so I made guesses about what seemed most plausible. If someone has a reliable printed source, please check on these, thanks... Stan 21:39 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Link under "notes"
States explicitly that the picture of him and Guderian on this page is dated in July 1941, which contradicts the caption saying it is the "day before Barbarossa." I don't know which is true, but my opinion is the external source should be believed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.23.6.71 (talk) 23:17, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

Star Wars planet Hoth - just a coincidence?
In Star Wars Episode 5 "The Empire Strikes Back" there is a battle on the ice planet Hoth. Does anyone know if that planet is named after Hermann Hoth? Because Hoth is an ice planet, and Hermann Hoth fought a battle in the ice desert of Stalingrad. George Lucas said in some interviews the Galactic Empire was modeled after Hitler's Germany in World War 2. And the Star Wars Stormtroopers (the bad guys) look very much like Nazis. Any film experts here? 93.219.174.253 (talk) 14:20, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Mentioned five times in the Wehrmachtbericht
I can only read THREE ... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.12.41.99 (talk) 18:34, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

Article cleanup
I cleaned up the article, by reducing the amount of uncited and / or non-notable detail. Please let me know if there are any concerns. K.e.coffman (talk) 04:10, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

C Class Review
Well cited. B2=No for the following reasons. Some battles (ex: Battle of Voronezh) are listed in the infobox but not mentioned in the narrative. Many of the battles are mentioned only in one sentence. While a single sentence may be appropriate (for lack of data) for battles where Hoth's forces had minimal involvement, it seems that more description is needed for the battles in general. I've found that, if you cannot write very much about a general, you can certainly write about what his military units were doing in the various battles (ex: captured city X, outflanked the 999th Guards Division, formed the southern pincer, consisted of Panzer Divisions 1, 2 and 3, etc.). There is a large body of WW2 military history where this information can be found. Also, I tend to be a more critical reviewer than average, so you can always resubmit your article next week. Djmaschek (talk) 14:35, 11 June 2016 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:22, 5 February 2019 (UTC)
 * P1090079.2b7j3k9lnef440ocswo440gw4.ejcuplo1l0oo0sk8c40s8osc4.th.jpg

Odd subtopic parameter for a military biography GAN
G'day, it is quite odd to nominate a biographical article about a military person (who did little else in his life and is only notable for his military role, including as a war criminal) as World history rather than Warfare. I don't watchlist the GA noms on World history, and only came across this via tps. In future, it would probably be preferable to nominate such people who are unambiguously military under the Warfare subtopic. This will also ensure that the military aspects of the article are not underdone in terms of the GA assessment. Cheers, Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 09:10, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

Generalmajor and Generalleutnant
It should be pointed out that the German World War II era Generalmajor is equivalent in rank to a brigadier general and the Generalleutnant is equivalent to a major general, while the literal translations suggests otherwise. This "ambiguity" in translation can therefore create misunderstandings and confusion. I therefore suggest to provide the reader both its semantic translation and its literal translation in order to make the reader aware that the translation provided in the article was made in full understanding of this duality. In consequence, I recommend: In my example, the translation has two parts, first the rank equivalent translation followed by the literal equivalent translation. Thoughts? MisterBee1966 (talk) 04:59, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Generalmajor (brigadier general—lit. 'major general')
 * Generalleutnant (major general—lit. 'lieutenant general')
 * I strongly disagree. The "literal equivalent translation" (whatever that is supposed to mean) does not in any way help the reader. Anyone with reasonable English can infer the fact that the translation of the word from German to English is essentially the reverse ie Generalmajor means major general. But actually writing that is not helpful, because it undermines the preceding explanation of what the actual equivalent rank was. What is helpful to the reader is the actual equivalent in Anglo-American armies of the period, which is as you have described. If it needs to be clarified with a citation to avoid editors who do not know the facts changing it to the literal translation, then we should use a note which explains the equivalence with a citation to support it. See Operation Rösselsprung (1944) for an example which has passed FAC. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 05:34, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, like in my case, my English is very weak and I rely heavily on tools like google translate or leo.org. In consequence, I frequently fall into the trap of literal translations. I require more help than anyone with "reasonable English" skills. Your strong view on this matter prevents me to better understand the issue. Cheers MisterBee1966 (talk) 07:00, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I believe that the sentence "Anyone with reasonable English can infer...general" is not only rude but it's probably not accurate. It's certainly no way to inform a reader, assuming that they can "infer" a different language's structure. Sammy D III (talk) 13:35, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm also opposed to adding a literal translation, as I do not see how it would be an improvement to the article (or to the reader, regardless of language ability or background). But as someone who does a lot of translations and is sensitive to cross-language (and cross-cultural) issues among the Wikipedias, I would like to understand better where the problem lies, as you see it, to see if it could be something that other non-native speakers of English would also feel is an issue that we should address.
 * Let me ask you this: is the problem that when you see, "Generalmajor (brigadier general)", you think to yourself, "Maybe they got the translation right, but people won't believe that the non-literal translation is the correct one, so maybe if we add the literal translation as well, it will show that they are aware that the literal translation exists but chose not to use it because it was not the right one." ? If that's your thought, then I'd say that the best solution for this is to link a (hopefully sourced) table of Army ranks with equivalents in various European languages; and if there isn't such a table, there ought to be (hint, hint) but as an alternative, one could add a new reference with a citation to a book or other source that shows the equivalencies of German and English words for ranks in the various armies concerned (keeping in mind that ranks may not necessarily be identical in the armies of UK, US, Australia, Canada, and other English-speaking nations). Hope this helps, Mathglot (talk) 01:00, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The "issue" for me is, a German Major translates to "major", Oberstleutnant to "lieutenant colonel", Oberst to "colonel", and I start recognizing a language pattern. Then I come across Generalmajor and I would expect to read "major general" but no it states "brigadier general". I then go to leo.org and leo.org tells me a Generalmajor is indeed a "major general", so I assume the article is incorrect. My point being, the reader benefits if both the semantic translation, which is "brigadier general", and the linguistic translation, which is "major general", is given. I tell the reader that yes, you understood the language translation correct but there is more to consider. Does this make things clearer? Cheers MisterBee1966 (talk) 04:27, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * , yes, what you are saying is clear to me now. I'll just respond once here, and if you need to discuss further, let's take it to another venue, because this risks being off-topic for this talk page about Herr Hoth. This is a linguistic issue, not an issue of understanding ranks of military forces across countries.
 * You have attempted to understand the meaning of a compound noun in English by deconstructing it, analyzing the meaning of the parts taken separately, combining those meanings, and positing the combined meaning as the probable meaning of the original compound noun. This works most of the time, but not always, and sometimes it can lead you wildly astray. In order to illustrate this, I'll give you an example on one end of the continuum of false meanings of compound words. Consider the meanings of parkway and driveway (in the American English sense). Now consider the observation: "You park your car in the driveway, but you drive your car on the parkway." See the problem? Your case is more complex because of the additional factor of translation, but if you make an analogy between your analysis of Generalmajor and resynthesis into Major general, I think you'll see the similarity to the parkway/driveway example. I can understand why you would fall into this fallacy, because in German you can do often do this kind of analysis/synthesis of German compounds and it works perfectly well, so why wouldn't it work just as well in English? If you need further explanation, please let's take this discussion either to your talk page, or, perhaps better, to WP:Reference desk/Language where other editors will see it there and may respond as well. Please ping me, if you do. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 05:53, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Point taken, but there is a subtle difference here. Taking your example of parkway/driveway, unlike Generalmajor which gives me "major general", if I take these words to leo.org it renders for parkway a Schnellverkehrsstraße [fast driving street] which leaves little room for misinterpretation MisterBee1966 (talk) 06:04, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * You missed the point. O/t; cannot comment here further; take it someplace else, if you wish. Mathglot (talk) 06:12, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Maybe linking Ranks of the German Bundeswehr or Comparative army officer ranks of Europe? Or, you could add an explanatory note as an explanation. Does that work for you? Mathglot (talk) 01:20, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Uh-oh, now that I've linked that table, there appears to be a problem somewhere, as it gives the literal translations that, apparently, are the wrong ones, at least according to this conversation. So maybe those tables also need updating? I'm afraid I'm not an expert in this area, but it shouldn't be that hard to source the proper translations in the an appropriate source. Peacemaker67, any thoughts about this? Someone please ping me if a discussion gets started at one of the template Talk pages of those templates, or maybe at Talk:Comparative army officer ranks of Europe. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 01:40, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

The rank of Brigadegeneral was added to the Bundeswehr to bring it into line with other NATO countries. When talking about World War II, we have to consider the ranks then. The British Army no longer has a brigadier general rank. Brigadier is sort of equivalent, but a brigadier general is a general and a brigadier is not. So we immediately have a problem in that brigadier general will not be meaningful to many English-speaking readers. During World War II, a British brigadier commanded a brigade, which was equivalent to a German or American regiment. In the German Army, regiments were normally commanded by an Oberst; in the US Army, by a colonel. The US Army had a brigadier general rank, but a brigadier general was usually a deputy division commander, and there was no such equivalent position in the British or German armies. In Germany, a division would be commanded by either a generalmajor or a generalleutnant; the latter would often command a corps, but this would also be a command for a general. In the British Army, a lieutenant general commanded a corps and a lieutenant general or general commanded an army; but in the US Army a major general commanded a corps and a lieutenant general commanded an army. In fact the four-star rank was rare in the US Army before April 1945; only Craig, Marshall, MacArthur, Eisenhower, Arnold and Stilwell held that rank. It is far more common today.

 * Bottom line: Link to the article on the rank in question, and do not attempt to provide an "equivalent rank". Hawkeye7   (discuss)  01:56, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * For the purposes of this article, I’m happy to dispense entirely with the equivalents and the translations in this dedicated promotions section, per Hawkeye. There are plenty of reliable sources that show the generally accepted equivalents to Anglo-American ranks in WWII (yes, Mathglot, they changed the relative order and position of Generalmajor and Generalleutnant post-war), but we are disappearing down a rabbit hole here and I would rather spend my time helping substantively improve the article. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 06:04, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

Picture with Paulus
The article uses a well-known image of Paulus and another officer on the Stalingrad front. In all publications I've seen (dozens) that officer is named as Seydlitz-Kurzbach. The Bundesarchiv agrees: https://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/dba/de/search/?query=Bild+146-1971-070-73 2A02:AA1:1028:9002:F497:9BC4:FC2F:1821 (talk) 15:19, 9 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. Applodion (talk) 15:56, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

Poisoned dwarf?
I have never heard of a "Poisoned dwarf" (except the traditional Celtic band from Virginia). A "poison dwarf" is a someone who is "short, fat and unhappy" see. Is this really what Stein says? If so, then is there some context which could be included in the body? Such as who called him that, or coined the nickname? Cheers, Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 07:04, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Being German, I suspect that Hoth - like several other Wehrmacht commanders - was actually called "Giftzwerg" by his troops. As you correctly discovered, "Giftzwerg" is correctly translated "poison dwarf". However, Stein actually says "poisoned dwarf", not "poison dwarf" (though the German translation of his book uses Giftzwerg); according to him, it was a nickname given to him by his troops. Stein claims that the name showcased that the common soldiers did not much like Hoth, though I am not sure about this conclusion. As often pointed out, German humor is an odd thing, and lots of "negative" nicknames (especially in the military) are actually affectionate. Furthermore, other sources state that Hoth was fairly popular - case in point, Kirchubel says that he was also nicknamed "Papa" ("daddy") by the soldiers, making Stein's interpretation more unlikely. The main problem is the fact that Stein originally wrote in French. Either way, a novel written by a German WWII veteran, Heinrich Gerlach, also called Hoth "Giftzwerg", so this was probably the original version in German. Applodion (talk) 09:19, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree the intent of the nickname is probably not negative, but "poisoned dwarf" isn't a thing. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 10:41, 9 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Changed it to "Giftzwerg". Applodion (talk) 13:40, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

Infobox Image
Can you give me a reason to revert my edit? To be honest I don't think it's proper to put an image of trial as the infobox image of a general. @Applodion. Some articles did so (like Karl-Adolf Hollidt) is because there are no high quality front view image, but this is not the case for Hoth. Thanks you. Vitsuha (talk) 22:35, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The image is of vastly better quality, as I pointed out in the revert summary. If you think a pixelated, zoomed-in war photo is better than a almost crystal-clear prison photo, I don't know what to tell you. Applodion (talk) 15:36, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hermann Hoth