text:
Talk:Black Sabbath (album)

Os Mutantes
The heavy riff of "Black Sabbath" (track 1), is the same riff from the last track (Ave Genghis Khan), of the Os Mutantes Debut album ("Os Mutantes" []), of 1968. The riff is played to fade, at the very end of the track (it's not all of the track). This is no co-incidence. Os Mutantes 1968, Black Sabbath recorded in 1969. 86.169.93.166 (talk) 20:28, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

Hard rock
I have found references to label the album as Hard rock. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kalichudali (talk • contribs) 15:14, 10 August 2015 (UTC)
 * add it then.--Fruitloop11 (talk) 03:28, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Nope Its metal The people who said that are complete morons. TheEarthboundFan2001 (talk) 02:48, 3 February 2016 (UTC)
 * While I agree with you, Tony Iommi does not. Check him just after the 9minute point at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFtJEGYr-Zk. 71.220.132.228 (talk) 01:18, 12 June 2021 (UTC)

Doom metal?
Their famous title track, has been listed as the first doom metal song. Could I add doom metal to the genre list? TheEarthboundFan2001 (talk) 02:51, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi, I would suggest "No". It's generally regarded as having inspired doom metal, but not doom metal itself. - Ryk72 'c.s.n.s.' 10:56, 9 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Agreed with Ryk72. SPNKs (talk) 06:31, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Doom Metal: here we go again
Once again, a user is attempting to add Doom Metal as a genre without discussion. This user has already told me to "Fuck Off" ] and demonstrated a very clear lack of civility or willingness to work collaboratively with these edit summaries:. At any rate, this very topic has already been discussed here and it's been determined in the past that, while the album influenced Doom Metal, that sub-genre came into existence many years later. Do we need to discuss this yet again? SolarFlash (talk) 15:04, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

Stoner rock?
The infobox lists "stoner rock" as a genre. Issue #1, the cited source doesn't clearly label this album as stoner rock, it uses the word "essentially". Issue #2, stoner rock is a subgenre that emerged in California in the 1990s. How can a British album made in 1969 be classified as something that didn't come into existence until decades later in another part of the world? SolarFlash (talk) 02:07, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

 * "You use essentially to emphasize a quality that someone or something has, and to say that it is their most important or basic quality." (Dictionary) isento (talk) 21:47, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * From the looks of the flawed sourcing in the stoner rock article, it is more accurate to say the stoner rock scene emerged in 1990s California, not the musical style itself. Some insight from Orange Goblin's Ben Ward: "...what people call the stoner rock scene... it's sort of cool to be called that. It's got this California image with surfing and girls... There are bands in this country who are coming out of the woodwork and jumping on the bandwagon, and they're not actually keeping in touch with where this music originated from, which is Black Sabbath..." (Black Sabbath FAQ) isento (talk) 21:47, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Right. Absolutely correct. Black Sabbath influenced stoner rock. Was Eddie Cochran punk rock simply because he influenced the likes of Sid Vicious and The Clash? No. Don't be silly. SolarFlash (talk) 23:52, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Your comparison is not helpful or relevant. We are not dealing with Eddie Cochran and your opinion of his music (WP:WHATABOUTX, WP:OTHER). isento (talk) 00:07, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Unless there is a reliable source that disputes the view that this music is stoner rock, we should not remove it simply because we disagree with the claim (WP:TRUTH). The view -- published by Spin, attributed to Chuck Klosterman and fellow Spin writers -- is an aesthetic opinion on a piece of music (a work of art), not a claim to stoner rock as a scene. And aesthetic opinions from expert sources are allowed under WP:SUBJECTIVE. isento (talk) 21:55, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Find a single reliable source stating that Stoner Rock even existed as a subgenre before 1990. SolarFlash (talk) 23:48, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't have to; Klostermann's identification already suggests it existed as a subgenre before 1990 with Black Sabbath. And you seem to have ignored or not understood my reference to WP:SUBJECTIVE, so allow me to quote it directly for you: "it is appropriate to note how an artist or a work has been received by prominent experts … Verifiable public and scholarly critiques provide useful context for works of art." Klostermann, or Spin, qualifies as such an expert. isento (talk) 00:07, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * You seem to also have had difficulty understanding, or reading, the advice given by WP:TRUTH, so allow me to quote it for you directly: "Editors may not … delete content they believe to be untrue, unless they have verified beforehand with a reliable source." You are the person disagreeing with Klostermann's opinion. The burden is on you to find a reliable source that disputes Klostermann's opinion that the album is in the stoner rock genre. You cannot keep misusing the premise of stoner rock's emergence in the 1990s as a definable scene or movement, because Klostermann is not attributing the album to the scene but to the musical aesthetic. isento (talk) 00:14, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I can assure you I have no issues understanding or reading. Already you are having trouble remaining civil. Are you here to discuss the issue or me? SolarFlash (talk) 00:28, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * In case you haven't noticed, I do not see an issue with the content. So I am left to wonder if the issue is your understanding, in which case I am compelled to address it. It is not personal, no more than your calling me "silly" was personal, or your demands for sources I am not obligated to discover. I have already thoroughly explained my view of Klostermann's opinion, your confusion of the stoner rock style with the timeframe of stoner rock's subculture, and the guidelines relevant to this discussion, but you do not address those finer points, instead responding with lazy comparison and a burden-shifting demand. isento (talk) 00:35, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, so you're confusing style with genre? Is that it? They're two different things. You asked for sources. OK. Here's one referring to Kyuss as the band who "provided the blueprint for stoner rock". Laying the blueprint very strongly implies that they were among the very first stoner rock bands ever, if not the very first. Kyuss did not exist prior to 1987, let alone in 1970. So that establishes that stoner rock came into being in the late 1980s at the absolute earliest. Next, here  we have the band Sleep being referred to as "pioneers of stoner rock" and this band did not exist prior to 1990. The term "pioneers" strongly points to stoner rock being a brand new heavy metal sub-genre that could not have existed pre-1990's. It's difficult being a pioneer when someone beat you to it by 20 years. Here we also establish that prior to 1990, stoner rock wasn't a thing. If it wasn't a thing in 1987, it most certainly could not possibly have been an inkling of a thing in 1970. So that, in a nutshell, is why I feel "stoner rock" should be removed as a genre for this album. SolarFlash (talk) 01:03, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * If you want to reduce my argument to another lazy generalization, that is fine... "Pioneer" is defined as being "among the first to do something" (Dictionary), not necessarily the first, as you would like to infer. Your source says they were "leaders of the newly emerging stoner rock/doom metal scene" (again, scene, not genre). You are not establishing anything. Contrary to the proper way to research and edit on Wikipedia, you are not researching sources that cover the topic of the article in which you are having a content dispute -- Black Sabbath. The placement of "stoner rock" as an ancillary genre of the album -- metal and blues rock are placed ahead of it -- is not controversial nor an exceptional claim, especially when this album's band has a reputation for inventing and predating the stoner rock genre, as verified by sources such as the following: Martin Popoff: "Black Sabbath is one of a hallowed few bands in rock 'n' roll history that could be said to have invented a whole subgenre of music ... doom metal and stoner rock." Tom Reardon of Phoenix New Times: "...the metal pioneers, who helped invent multiple music genres, including stoner rock …"  Andrew Dansby of Associated Press: "the songs revealed themselves as archetypes for two generations of subsequent heavy music: metal, doom, stoner rock -- anything of a dark nature that moves along slow, lumbering guitar riffs." . And in case you do not know what "archetype" means, I will define it for you: "a perfect example or model of something" (Dictionary). Your discrimination of this particular genre in this article's infobox continues to seem suspiciously intense and resolute. isento (talk) 03:55, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I've made my point. Your tone is super aggressive and you've done little more than insult me since you began. Dealing with you just isn't worth it. Hopefully if you ever reach adulthood you'll learn to work collaboratively. As it stands right now you're just lashing out in anger in all directions. Enjoy your day, I have more productive things to do than argue with petulant children. SolarFlash (talk) 13:48, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

RfC: Should this genre-related content be removed from the article?
This content was removed by on the grounds that the source verifying the content is "in dispute" (although the only evidence of dispute is SolarFlash's undoing of the addition), and that one should "obtain consensus before adding any additional genres", even though SolarFlash had removed a genre themselves without obtaining consensus. So, as I am left to interpret their remarks as expressing a desire or demand for consensus if changes are to be made against their preferred revision of the genre content, I have listed this RfC. Given the fact that there are reliable third-party sources in both the lead and in the body of the article verifying journalists who've claimed this album is of those two certain genres, should this content be removed, as SolarFlash attempted in their edit? isento (talk) 04:07, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes, me questioning your primary source does indeed place your edit "in dispute"; I'm sorry you seem to feel that more is required, because it isn't. And surely you know that no editor needs to obtain consensus to revert the addition of questionable material. You however, do indeed need to gain consensus to have the material you are attempted to add stand if it is being disputed. Grow up. SolarFlash (talk) 15:04, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I would like to add that isento seems to have intentionally given this discussion a misleading name. To be clear, this discussion is about content he is attempting to add, not content I am attempting to remove. The edit summaries prove that conclusively. This looks like an apparent attempt to rig the outcome in his favor. By labeling it an "attempt to remove content", Isento knows that a failure to reach a consensus means his edit will stand, according to the guidelines. The truth is that, because he's trying to add material, a failure to reach a consensus will mean that his edit will not be allowed to stand, as clearly outlined in the guidelines. I hope this was all an honest mistake and not an attempt to game/abuse the dispute resolution process by Isento for his own benefit. I think anyone taking part in this discussion needs to be aware of these unethical tactics. SolarFlash (talk) 14:20, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

Votes

 * No - Multiple reliable third-party sources verify journalists have described the album as being of the stoner rock and gothic rock genres, and these sources are cited in both the lead and the body of the article. isento (talk) 04:07, 9 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes - Read my reasoning here and below. SolarFlash (talk) 14:03, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

Discussion
Please use this space for more extensive comments isento (talk) 04:07, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

SolarFlash's reason for removal -- that the Mojo source doesn't identify who has credited the album birthing particular genres -- is hypocritical and selective reasoning, as they have allowed for similar statements, also in the lead, about other genres to remain in the lead, despite those statements (and the sources of those statements) also not identifying who has "considered", for example, the album to be the first heavy metal album (which is attributed to Harvey, p. 10; like the Mojo source, Harvey does not identify who credits the album this way). By doing so, I believe SolarFlash is exhibiting confirmation bias, specifically in how they uniquely interpret the content they are against being in the article. isento (talk) 04:18, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Any "similar statements" found elsewhere are irrelevant and you can certainly discuss any of those individually later if you'd like. The specific video you are attempting to use as the only primary source in this instance states that this album "has been credited with giving birth to the stoner rock and goth rock" genres. This is a terrific example of a synthesized claim that fails to explicitly attribute the genre to the album as a whole. The video’s precise wording (“has been credited”) very clearly combines material from multiple unnamed sources to imply a conclusion not explicitly stated in any way. At no point do we have the opportunity to find out exactly whom has credited this album with giving birth to the stoner rock and goth rock sub-genres, and at no point does it explicitly say that this album is an example of either genre. Who, precisely, has given that credit? If you can't answer that question, you can't use it as a source! At best, as a primary source, this video can be used only to establish that the album was influential on the genres in question, but nothing more than that. And again, focus on the edit and not on the editor. Attacking and making efforts to discredit/smear editors don't strengthen your argument, but they do indicate that you believe yours is weak. SolarFlash (talk) 14:03, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Mojo is a reliable source with a reputation for fact-checking and editorial oversight. Furthermore, there are additional journalists cited here in the #Genre section of the article accompanying Mojo's claim, including Spin magazine ("it's essentially the first stoner-rock record (just listen to the wall of distortion on 'N.I.B.') and definitely the first goth record") and Gavin Baddeley (Black Sabbath is considered by some to be the first recording of gothic rock.) isento (talk) 22:12, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The status of watchmojo.com as a reliable source is not what the discussion is about. Please re-read from the beginning if necessary. SolarFlash (talk) 22:42, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The source is not a primary source, which, as WP:PRIMARY explains, "are original materials that are close to an event, and are often accounts written by people who are directly involved." It is a secondary or tertiary source as it is offering a broad summary of the album's significance from people independent of the subject (WP:PSTS). Additionally, your ideas about synthesis appear misguided and out of place here. As WP:NOTSYNTH explains, "SYNTH is not summary … SYNTH is when two or more reliably-sourced statements are combined to produce a new thesis that isn't verifiable from the sources." It would be helpful if, instead of exclamation points and intense boldface, you accompanied your responses with references to Wikipedia guidelines and policies, so others who join this discussion can trust you are judging the content according to our standards as an encyclopedia. isento (talk) 23:35, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, source rather than primary source. Sheesh, grow up. But any source, reliable or no, which makes a statement which strongly implies that material from multiple unnamed sources is being used to imply a conclusion not explicitly stated in any way, can be challenged. I'm beginning to wonder if you even read my comments before responding. Now maybe we can let the community take it from here? Maybe? Dealing with you really sucks. SolarFlash (talk) 23:51, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Continuously rendering your misapprehensions in bold does not make them any more valid. What is the conclusion you are referring to, that you believe is not explicitly stated in the source? isento (talk) 00:02, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

Rodger Bain Jew's harp on "Sleeping Village"? No he didn't!
Rodger Bain was in charge of production yes, but did not contribute musically especially on Sleeping Village at all! Stop lying, idiots! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.133.97.9 (talk) 09:31, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

Identity of the woman in the cover of Blacl Sabbath first album.
https://loudwire.com/black-sabbath-cover-woman-black-figure/?trackback=fbshare_mobile&fbclid=IwAR3hbRW2Cs6hDlFq-s4ySHR8IMoMNtfZb9jUlTnkFyXmxxwt8d9rPbXHNTI — Preceding unsigned comment added by 105.174.4.110 (talk) 07:04, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

Overdubs
The article stated that aside from the bells, thunder and rain sound effects added to the beginning of the opening track, and the double-tracked guitar solos on "N.I.B." and "Sleeping Village", there were virtually no overdubs added to the album. Not true. All songs contain overdubs, like the rhythm guitar during the solo at the end of "Black Sabbath", a slide guitar in the hard right channel in "The Wizard" with another guitar playing rhythm and leads in the left, two guitars in each channel with leads on the left in "Behind the Wall of Sleep" along with Ozzy's voice that was double tracked, two solos played with different guitars in "Wicked World" with the first spread across the channels and the second in the far right channel and extra solos added in the left channel during "Warning". Dkf12 (talk) 02:54, 27 April 2020 (UTC)
 * You can hear whatever you want but we go by what the source. Everything contentious must be sourced per WP:VERIFY. – Sabbatino (talk) 16:58, 27 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Actually, what I hear is obvious. In 1985, when I was 17, I started getting into Black Sabbath and in the 35 years since then, I've heard the album "Black Sabbath" countless times and in the early days, many times on a Walkman.  In the beginning, I was floored to hear a COMPLETELY different guitar in the far right channel in "The Wizard", but I figured it was overdubbed.  Tony Iommi was the only one playing the guitar on that album and all other Black Sabbath albums.  It's easy to hear the different guitars playing at the same time in ALL of the songs.  True, Ozzy's voice may have been treated to flanging, or ADT, in "Behind the Wall of Sleep" to create the double-tracking effect of the vocals, but the different guitars I outlined were very different, with some adding in transitional solos out of nowhere, and yes there was considerable overdubbing in the album "Black Sabbath".  I've read that the band recorded the basic tracks of this album almost live one day, and performed the overdubs the next day.  I believe the source on this article is wrong, and the use of the word "virtually no overdubs" used on the album is indeed wrong.  Please advise if the phrase could be changed to "fewer overdubs than performed on other Sabbath albums", which would be more accurate.  Dkf12 (talk) 17:10, 27 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Regarding the song "The Wizard", the guitar that was overdubbed was more than likely the transitional solos in the left channel, which is heard sometimes while the guitar in the right is being played, and the full solo in the left channel. Same goes for the song "Behind the Wall of Sleep" and the last part of the song "Black Sabbath" when the rhythm guitar slips to the right channel and the solo plays in the left.  In "Wicked World", the rhythm guitar is in the right and the bass in the left, except during the first section of the solo played by one or two guitars with little distortion that spans across the channels.  The article used to have a link to "Wicked World" that noted the song was recorded around July 1969, fitting for the line of the song that goes: "They can put a man on the Moon so easy / While people here on earth are dying of diseases".  This was probably a time when Black Sabbath was still known as Earth, and they recorded a demo that they originally shelved.  But, they couldn't put The Crow's "Evil Woman" on the US release due to copyright issues. They picked up the demo with some overdubs, maybe one or both of the solos, and put that on the US album. Dkf12 (talk) 19:13, 27 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:NOTFORUM. The talk page is meant for the improvement of the article and not your personal opinions. Unless you can provide sources, which would justify your claims, the statement stays. – Sabbatino (talk) 07:27, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Seems unlikely that you'll be able to reliably source this type of information. If the sources say there were "virtually no overdubs added to the album" then that's that. Next topic please. SolarFlashDiscussion 13:26, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I appreciate that you are maintaining edits via Wikipedia through sources. Please advise I was not expressing my opinion, but actual facts.  The source for this article is wrong. Dkf12 (talk) 14:27, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Facts require reliable sources. SolarFlashDiscussion 16:39, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I will look it up. When I find websites, can I just post them on this talk page or is there another resource? Dkf12 (talk) 17:03, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Read this WP:RELIABLE and this WP:CITE. SolarFlashDiscussion 17:31, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

Blues rock?
I think this album should also be labeled as "Blues rock." Black Sabbath started out as blues rock, and you can still very much hear remanent of that sound here on tracks like The Wizard, Behind the Wall of Sleep, Evil Woman, Wicked World, Warning, etc. Source: https://www.invisibleoranges.com/black-sabbaths-blues/ Diskyboy (talk) 19:51, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Heavy metal includes Blues rock. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 19:58, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
 * That's fair, but it's still a little weird seeing this and Iron Maiden's self-titled being categorized under the same exact genre and nothing else, as this one definitely has more of a bluesy sound than the latter. Diskyboy (talk) 20:02, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia editors are supposed to summarize published sources for the reader. We don't listen to the music and decide for ourselves; rather, we look at published reviews and tell the reader what the reviews are saying. A deaf person is fully capable of editing Wikipedia articles about music. Binksternet (talk) 17:15, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't get the point you're trying to make. You're telling me genre, the English word meaning a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter should not be used to describe an album's sound? Sounds like a load of bollocks to me. Not to mention there are online sources backing up the album as being blues rock. I used one myself when labeling the album under blues rock a few days ago. That wasn't good enough for FlightTime though, even though the site met all so instead I'm forced to have discussions with power hungry editors such as yourself who's only goal is to seemingly scare new editors away. Your precious site can stay an inaccurate and untrustworthy source of information, for all I care. You guys constantly whine about not having enough editors and this is you treat the few that do commit their time to making this site a better place. It's no wonder really. People like you and FlightTime are ruining Wikipedia. I doubt either of you have even listened to Black Sabbath, because apparently that's unimportant in determining genre, even though that's the entire point of why genres exist. What's the point of talking overs something that is provable fact? Diskyboy (talk) 18:54, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The point I'm trying to make is that you are deciding for yourself what the genre is, rather than looking at the breadth of available sources to see what the genre is. One of your sources, https://1019therock.com/black-sabbath-debut-album, says the album is hard rock with a blues influence. You translated that into blues rock which is a violation of WP:EXPLICITGENRE. Another source you used is the blog www.invisibleoranges.com, the specific blog page lacking a named author beyond "Invisible Oranges". This is an unreliable source because it does not have an acknowledged topic expert as the author. Certainly the band showed the influence of blues in their music and on this album, but the overall genre is not shown to be "blues rock" by any good source. Binksternet (talk) 19:33, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * An additional source has been added by another user. My philosophy on genres seems to be different to most people around here. I think we should be specific as possible to give readers a clear idea of what the album sounds like going in, but most seem to like and keep things as vague as possible. Wikipedia, as is, does not give you a good idea at all of what music sounds like. Diskyboy (talk) 20:13, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Sabbath (album)


text:
Wadsworth

Wadsworth may refer to:

People

 * Wadsworth (surname)
 * Wadsworth (given name)

Places

 * Wadsworth, Illinois, United States, a village
 * Wadsworth, Kansas, United States
 * Wadsworth, Nevada, United States, a census-designated place
 * Wadsworth, Ohio, United States, a city
 * Wadsworth, Texas, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Wadsworth, West Yorkshire, England, a civil parish
 * Wadsworth Township, Medina County, Ohio, United States

Other

 * Wadsworth Atheneum, art museum in Connecticut
 * Wadsworth Center, public-health laboratory in New York
 * Wadsworth Institute, Mennonite seminary in Wadsworth, Ohio (1868-1878)
 * Wadsworth Chapel and Wadsworth Theatre, on the campus of the West Los Angeles Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California
 * Wadsworth Congregational Church, a historic church in Whitsett, North Carolina
 * Wadsworth Union Church, Wadsworth, Nevada
 * USS Wadsworth, three ships
 * Wadsworth Barracks, an Australian Army base in Bandiana, Victoria, Australia
 * Wadsworth Memorial Handicap, a Thoroughbred horse race run at Finger Lakes Race Track, New York
 * Wadsworth Electric Manufacturing Company, a Covington, Kentucky company that went out of business in 1990
 * Wadsworth Publishing, part of Cengage Group
 * Wadsworth the Butler, a character in the 1985 film Clue

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wadsworth


text:
Woodburn

Woodburn may refer to:

 * Woodburn (surname)

Places

 * Woodburn, New South Wales, Australia
 * Woodburn, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Woodburn, an area of Dalkeith, Midlothian, Scotland

United States

 * Delaware Governor's Mansion, also known as Woodburn
 * Woodburn, Illinois
 * Woodburn, Indiana
 * Woodburn, Iowa
 * Woodburn, Kentucky
 * Woodburn, Oregon
 * Woodburn (Pendleton, South Carolina), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
 * Woodburn (Charles City, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Woodburn (Charlottesville, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Woodburn (Leesburg, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places

title: Woodburn


text:
Edi Rama

Edi Rama (born Edvin Rama on 4 July 1964) is an Albanian politician, painter, writer, former university lecturer, publicist and former basketball player, who has been serving as the 33rd and incumbent Prime Minister of Albania since 2013 and chairman of the Socialist Party of Albania since 2005. He was appointed Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in 1998, an office he held until 2000. First elected mayor of Tirana in 2000, he was reelected in 2003 and 2007.

The coalition of centre-left parties led by Rama in the 2013 Albanian parliamentary election defeated the incumbent centre-right coalition led by Sali Berisha of the Democratic Party of Albania. Rama was appointed prime minister for a second term following the 2017 Albanian parliamentary election. Rama then won a third term following the 2021 Albanian parliamentary election in which he defeated the Democratic Party candidate Lulzim Basha for the second time in a row. He is the only Albanian prime minister in history to have won three terms in a row. His party has won all six elections since 2013—three parliamentary ones and three local ones. He was one of the initiators of Open Balkan, an economic zone of the Western Balkans countries intended to guarantee the "Four Freedoms".

Early life and career
Born as Edvin Rama on 4 July 1964 in Tirana, Albania, he is the first of two children of Kristaq and Aneta Rama. His father was Kristaq Rama (1932–1998), a well-known sculptor born in Durrës who created numerous statues during the communist era in Albania. His great-grandfather, also named Kristaq Rama, was an intellectual who advocated for Albanian independence and schools, and he originated from Berat before later relocating to Durrës. Other ancestors from his paternal side come from the southeastern village of Dardhë, near Korçë. His mother, Aneta Rama (née Koleka) (1938–2020), was a graduate of medicine from the southwestern village of Vuno, Vlorë, and a great-niece of Spiro Koleka, a member of the Politburo during Communist Albania. Rama states that the Koleka family, going back some centuries, is of northern Mirditor origin, and that the surname was derived from Kol Leka.

Rama started painting early in his childhood. During his teenage years, his talent was noticed by two influential Albanian painters of the time, Edi Hila and Danish Jukniu. They encouraged Rama to further develop his painting skills in a professional context. He attended and graduated from the Jordan Misja Artistic Lyceum, an art school in Tirana. As a teenager, Rama was involved in sports as a professional basketball player for Dinamo Tirana. He was also part of the Albania national basketball team. In 1982, he enrolled in the Academy of Arts in Tirana. After graduating, Rama started working as an instructor at the Academy of Arts. During this time, he organized several open student meetings, during which the Albanian communist government was publicly criticized. Essays from those meetings were collected in the book Refleksione, which Rama published together with publicist Ardian Klosi in 1992.

Shortly before the fall of communism in Albania, Rama attempted several times to get involved with the incipient fight for democracy. He tried to influence student protests and become part of the newly created Democratic Party of Albania but soon left after a quarrel over ideological matters with Sali Berisha. In 1994, Rama moved to France, and tried to begin a career as a painter. He and his former student, Anri Sala, exhibited their works in several art galleries. On 27 November 2002, Rama officially changed his first name to Edi.

Political career
During one of his trips back to Albania in January 1997, Rama suffered a physical assault. While perpetrators were never found, there were concerns over the involvement of the State Secret Service given Rama's outspoken criticism towards the Albanian government.

In 1998, while in Albania for the funeral of his father, Rama was offered a cabinet position by then-Prime Minister of Albania Fatos Nano. Later that year he was appointed Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports. As a Minister, Rama immediately became known for his extravagance in a variety of ways, including his unique colorful dressing style. His innovative cultural projects, coupled with his unusual clothing and rebellious political style, helped him attract a great level of support.

Mayor of Tirana (2000–2011)
In October 2000, the Socialist Party of Albania endorsed Rama in the election for Mayor of Tirana. The Democratic Party nominee was Besnik Mustafaj, a writer and diplomat. Rama won 57% of the vote, and was sworn in as mayor. After taking office, he undertook a radical campaign of bulldozing hundreds of illegal constructions and restoring many areas near Tirana's center and Lanë River into their initial form.

Rama earned international recognition by repainting the facades of many soviet-style, demolishing buildings in the city. The repainting gave the city a unique style, turning it into a tourist attraction. Rama was awarded the inaugural World Mayor Prize in 2004. The award committee, explained their decision stating that "Edi Rama is the man who changed a whole city. Now there is a new Tirana, colored, happy, with a new and improved infrastructure and cultural life".

As mayor he compiled the Tirana City Master Plan including the Skanderbeg Square project. He planted thousands of new trees, making Tirana a much more environment-friendly city. Rama also expanded the existing roads and paved new ones, improving mobility. According to a UNDP report Rama played a critical role in the modernization of the local government, empowering municipalities and giving them, for the first time real power to impact the life of their communities.

Rama was reelected Mayor of Tirana by defeating Democratic Party candidates Spartak Ngjela, a former attorney, in 2003, and Sokol Olldashi in 2007. In 2011, Rama decided to run for a fourth term in office. His opponent, Lulzim Basha was a member of Prime Minister Berisha's cabinet. Rama's reelection bid failed in a hotly contested election, after a court ruling decided hundreds of ballots mistakenly cast in the wrong ballot boxes were valid. The initial count saw Rama ahead by 10 votes. With all ballots counted Lulzim Basha won the race by 81 votes. Rama appealed the court's decision at the Electoral College and demanded the reinstatement of the initial tally. Rama's appeals were rejected, and Basha was sworn in as the new Mayor of Tirana. Rama and the Socialist Party criticized the judges involved in the court ruling.

Leader of the opposition (2005–2013)
Having previously run as an independent in 2000, Rama registered as a Socialist in 2003. Later that year he announced a bid for the chairmanship of the Party. He and Rexhep Meidani, former President, ran against the incumbent, Fatos Nano. Rama's bid failed to gain sufficient support from the Assembly delegates. He received 41 votes, Rexhep Meidani received 61, while Fatos Nano was reelected with 456 votes.

After the center-left coalition lost in the 2005 parliamentary election, Fatos Nano resigned as Chairman of the Socialist Party. In the subsequent election for the chairmanship of the Party, Rama defeated Rexhep Meidani 297 to 151 and became the Chairman of the Socialist Party. Capitalising on Rama's popularity as a mayor, the Socialist Party of Albania regained some of its appeal. Rama replaced many of the Party's influential leaders with younger loyalists. In his earlier attempts to regain control in the Parliament, he tried to frame himself as a political outsider. Inspired by the progressive policies of Tony Blair's "New Labour" and Anthony Giddens "Third Way", his political platform called for a "third direction beyond the traditional right and left".

As the minority leader, Rama threw his support behind a set of constitutional amendments introduced in the Parliament during the summer of 2008. These amendments changed Albania's election law from a majoritarian representation with a proportional adjustment into a party-list proportional representation as well as curtailed Presidential powers. Despite criticism and protests from President Bamir Topi and MPs from the Socialist Movement for Integration and other smaller political parties, the amendments were passed in the Parliament with a super-majority.

Rama's reelection as Mayor in 2007 was greatly helped by the Socialist Movement for Integration's endorsement of his candidacy. Seeing the 2008 constitutional amendments voted by Rama's SPA as a serious threat to their existence in Albanian politics, Ilir Meta and the SMI did not join Rama in a pre-electoral coalition for the 2009 parliamentary election. The Socialist Party led by Rama were only able to win 66 seats in the Parliament. Incumbent Prime Minister Berisha's Democratic Party won 70 seats, while the remaining 4 seats went to Ilir Meta's Socialist Movement for Integration. Demands by Rama and the Socialists for a recount in the district of Fier were rejected by courts amidst criticism about the judges impartiality. Eventually, all four newly elected SMI members of the parliament voted support for Prime Minister Berisha's Democrats.

The 2009 elections narrow defeat prompted Rama to continue his mandate as Chairman of the Socialist Party. The Socialist Party opted for a hardcore dispute of the newly elected government by boycotting parliamentary debates for months and staging a hunger strike to prompt for domestic and foreign attention to the situation. The heated political debate surrounding the 2009 election has been pointed out as one reason for Albania's failed bid at gaining official candidate status in accession talks with the EU.

In January 2011, a recorded videotape showed Deputy Prime Minister Ilir Meta negotiating informal pay-to-play fees with Dritan Prifti, Minister for the Economy, Commerce and Energy. On 21 January 2011, clashes broke out between police and protesters in an anti-government rally in front of the Government building in Tirana. Four people were shot dead from government special forces. The EU issued a statement to Albanian politicians, warning both sides to refrain from violence.

Prime Minister of Albania (2013–present)
In 2013, the Socialist Party of Rama led the coalition of center-left parties (that included his former opponents, the SMI) into a landslide victory in the parliamentary election defeating the center-right coalition led by Prime Minister Sali Berisha. His platform, nicknamed "Renaissance" was based on four pillars: European integration, economic revitalisation, restoration of the public order and democratisation of the state institutions. Since September 2013, Rama has been serving as the Prime Minister of Albania.

Policies as Prime Minister

Since 11 September 2013, Rama is serving as the 33rd Prime Minister of Albania. During the electoral campaign, Rama stated that the return of public order was his number one priority. In 2013, the Albanian Police was able to cover actively only 55% of the territory. The Government invested heavily in modernizing, training, and improving financial benefits of the police force. The police earned international acclaim when in 2014 undertook a highly successful operation on Lazarat, a remote village in the south of the country, known for the production of narcotics.

Rama has been committed to restructure the judicial system in Albania, which was one of the most corrupted and ineffective judicial systems in Europe at that time. In 2016, the Parliament approved the "vetting law". Based on this law, any judge or prosecutor which cannot explain his source of wealth or former dubious verdicts will be disqualified for life. In November 2016, the European Union stated that a successful implementation of vetting law remains the sole criterion to fulfill before opening accession talks.

Other key reform was in the energy sector, left on the brink of bankruptcy from a previous failed privatisation effort. His government successfully enforced the payment of billions of unpaid bills and heavily invested in the modernization of the obsolete power distribution network. Economic policies have also been successful. The economic growth, from 0.5% in 2013, accelerated to 3.5% in 2016 and is expected to exceed 4% during 2017. Unemployment has been reduced steadily, thanks to 183,000 new jobs created in his first mandate. Furthermore, with 11.5% (2019) Albania has the 5th lowest unemployment rate in the Balkans.

Other important reforms include the administrative reform, the social welfare and pension system reform, and the reform in higher education. Internationally, Rama is pursuing a historical reconciliation policy between Albanians and Serbs and his visit in Belgrade, in 2014 was the first visit of an Albanian Prime Minister in Serbia in over 70 years. In a second visit, during the Economic Forum of Nis, Rama compared the Albanian and Serbian reconciliation process with the historical reconciliation between the French and Germans after the Second World War. Rama is also a key supporter of the Berlin Process, an intergovernmental platform of cooperation between the European Union and Western Balkans countries.

The Socialist Party led by Rama participated at the 2017 parliamentary elections on 25 June 2017. One day after, partial results suggested that the Socialist Party had won a majority. Which so happened.

Rama and Ramush Haradinaj had a clash in late 2019 due to different views on the Mini-Schengen initiative. Rama stated that Haradinaj "lies due to ignorance or on purpose". In 2020 Rama filed a lawsuit for defamation against Haradinaj.

Domestic policy
Rama has adopted a neo-liberal economic policy. It reduces public spending and promotes public-private partnerships in most sectors (tourism, higher education, health, public works, culture). The International Monetary Fund (IMF), traditionally favorable to these policies, however, considered that the Albanian government was proceeding too quickly with privatisation and exposed the country to "significant fiscal risks".

Economic growth rates approached 4 percent in 2017 and 2018, the unemployment rate fell from 17.5 percent in 2014 to 11.5 percent in 2020. According to him, the improvement in the economic situation can be explained by the political stability of the country: "We are a country without a Senate, without unions, without a radical left and without comedians who play politics" Nevertheless, salaries remain low and emigration has accelerated since 2014

Drug trafficking has grown considerably, accounting for nearly a third of GDP in 2017. According to estimates by Italian customs, 753,000 cannabis plants were destroyed in 2016, compared to 46,000 in 2014. Such destruction would have affected only 10 percent of the cultivated area. The Minister of the Interior, Saimir Tahiri (in office from 2013 to 2017), has himself been blamed (and sentenced) for his involvement in this traffic.

In 2018, Rama adopted a law, welcomed by the European Union, providing for competition between universities and their openness to the market. Increases in tuition fees have caused discontent among students.

Albanian earthquake

On 26 November 2019, an earthquake struck Albania and parliament granted Rama state of emergency powers to deal with the aftermath. Rama visited the earthquake epicentre to see the situation and damage, whereas political rivalries between him, Meta, and Basha were sidelined as they became involved in relief efforts. On 30 November Rama ended the search and rescue operation and the next day he attended the first funeral for the deceased.

Rama reconfigured the state budget for 2020 to manage the post-earthquake situation to provide funds for the construction of homes. Rama called for additional expert assistance and monetary aid geared toward recovery from the international community stating that Albania lacks the capacity "to do this (reconstruction) alone."

In mid-December, Rama was criticised by NGOs, human rights organisations, and parts of the media of misusing the situation to pass controversial legislation after he sought a three-month extension for his state of emergency powers from parliament. Rama tasked a group of fundraisers to manage the donations from the Albanian diaspora and to provide oversight for their usage. Rama contacted and held discussions with some influential world leaders and countries asking for assistance and the creation of an international donors conference. On 8 December, Rama was present at a Turkish donors conference for Albania that was organised and attended by President Erdogan. In January 2020, Rama publicised preliminary figures on damage caused by the earthquake that totaled more than €1 billion.

1st Cabinet
The 1st Cabinet of Rama was sworn in by President Bujar Nishani on 11 September 2013, becoming the 8th Cabinet of the Albanian Republic, since the collapse of communism in Albania. The Cabinet is composed of 21 members, with fifteen coming from the Socialist Party, six from the Socialist Movement for Integration. The Cabinet is also the first in which the number of female ministers is equal to the number of male ministers, excluding the Prime Minister.

2nd Cabinet
The 2nd Cabinet of Rama was sworn in by President Ilir Meta in September 2017, becoming the 9th Cabinet of the Albanian Republic, since the collapse of communism in Albania. The Cabinet is composed of 15 members, coming all from the Socialist Party. The Cabinet is also the second in which the number of female ministers is equal to the number of male ministers, excluding the Prime Minister.

Foreign policy

On several occasions, Rama has stated that the European Union needs to accelerate the integration process of the Western Balkans, considering it the only way to subdue the dangerous fractions in the region, preventing a possible eruption of violence, like the one that hammered the region in the 1990s. Rama has also denounced the rising Russian influence in the region as destabilising.

Rama views Turkey as an important strategic partner and since 2013, he has developed a good personal relationship with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In May 2016, Rama attended the wedding of Erdogan's daughter and Erdogan's presidential inauguration in 2018, whereas Erdogan endorsed him in mid-2017 for Albania's parliamentary elections. Rama has strengthened ties with Turkey, namely with the Erdogan government despite possible and growing contradictions with his pro-European enlargement stance.

Rama has had a diverse agenda of high-level meetings. Since 2013, he has frequently met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel, American President Barack Obama, French President Francois Hollande, British Prime Minister David Cameron, Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang, Austrian Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz, Pope Francis, and other high-ranking diplomats. Rama, speaking in Israel in 2015, said that Albania was "proud to have been a country where no Jew was released to the Nazis, and where there are incredible stories of Muslim families who protected Jewish families," and he and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu signed a joint declaration of friendship and a medical research cooperation agreement.

On 10 October 2019, together with Aleksandar Vučić, President of Serbia, and Zoran Zaev, Prime Minister of North Macedonia, Rama signed the so-called Mini Schengen deal on regional economic cooperation, including on the free movement of goods, capital, services, and labour between their three countries, while they await progress on EU enlargement. A month later, the leaders presented a set of proposals to achieve the "four freedoms" and the first steps towards them, including the possibility to the open border area. In December, the three leaders also met with Milo Đukanović, President of Montenegro, opening the possibility for the country to join the zone.

Rama describes Turkish leader Erdoğan as a "friend of Albania and strategic ally". At his request, he had schools linked to the Gülen movement closed, which he went so far as to describe as a 'terrorist organization'.

Exhibitions

 * City Art Gallery, Corfu, Greece (1990)
 * National Art Gallery in Tirana, Albania (1992)
 * Jano Gallery in New York City (1993)
 * Place de Médiathèque in France (1995)
 * Acud in Berlin (1993)
 * São Paulo in Brazil (1994)
 * Israel (1995)
 * Gallery XXI in Albania (1999)
 * Venice Biennial (2014)
 * Marian Goodman Gallery in New York City (2016)

Rama is an active painter and has had several personal painting exhibitions.

In 2014 and 2017, Rama held an exhibit in the Venice Biennial. In 2016, a collection of his works were exhibited in the Marian Goodman Gallery in New York City.

Publications

 * Rama, Edi; Klosi, Ardian (1991). Refleksione.
 * Rama, Edi (1993). Etërit, Seksi dhe Krenaria Kombtare.
 * Rama, Edi (2009). Edi Rama. Paintings
 * Rama, Edi (2011). Kurban. Tirana: Dudaj.

Rama is also an active writer. In 1992, while a professor at the Academy of Arts of Albania, Rama published a book with various notes together with publicist Ardian Klosi entitled Refleksione(Reflections). In 2009, Rama published a collection of personal notes and paintings in a book entitled Edi Rama. In November 2011, Rama published a reflection book on his years as mayor of Tirana entitled Kurban.

Personal life

Rama was baptized as Catholic and identifies as Catholic. Regarding his religious beliefs at present, Rama has declared himself an agnostic stating that "I do not practice any faith other than to the self and other people, but I don't believe that the existence or non-existence of God is a matter that can ever be resolved by mortals."

Rama married actress Matilda Makoçi. The couple divorced in 1991. Rama has a son from his first marriage, Gregor, who is a cancer survivor. Rama's daughter-in-law was one of the 51 fatalities in the 2019 Albania earthquake.

Since 2010, Rama has been married to Linda Rama (née Basha), an economist and civil society activist. Mrs. Rama is a graduate of the University of Tirana and holds a Master of Arts in Economy and is a Doctor of Sciences in Economy. Until 1998 she has worked in high levels of public administration including the Head of the National Privatization Agency. She has a long academic experience as a lecturer in International Finance at the University of Tirana and a lecturer of Public Policies in the European University of Tirana. She is the author of several scientific researches and publications in her field. Together they have a son, Zaho, born in 2014.

Rama is a supporter of the sports teams FK Partizani and Juventus. His younger brother, Olsi Rama, is the sporting director of Partizani Tirana.

Involvement in electoral fraud
In a series of 16 audio tapes published online by the German tabloid Bild, Rama and his cabinet members were recorded in conversations with police and members of organized crime ahead of the 2017 Parliamentary elections. In one of the tapes Rama is recorded in a conversation with Arben Keshi, a local police official, asking if "the objective had been met". In another recording, cabinet member Damian Gjiknuri was heard offering Keshi to send "a van of problematic guys" who "should not be too exposed" but may be needed "just in case" for the election. In other tapes, former Socialist MPs were recorded giving instructions to Keshi and other local officials on bribing constituents with cash and intimidating them with threats. In other tapes published by Bild, former Mayor of Durrës Vangjush Dako, appointed by SP was heard in conversations with members of drug trafficking and organized crime in connection to the 2017 elections.

Controversial media law
In December 2019, the government led by Rama, proposed changes in two laws regarding communications and information services in Albania, with focus on regulating the online media market, forcing them to register and giving authority to institutions controlled by the Parliament to fine online medias and journalists and block their contents.

Also known as the 'anti-defamation' law, it gives to the authority of Audiovisual Media in Albania (AMA) the competences of fining journalists and they can have their cases heard in court only after paying the AMA-imposed fine. Critics say this clause aims to decimate the finances of independent news outlets, whose limited funding would be likely to expire long before a court even hears the case.

Media organizations in Albania protested the changes in the law, considering them as censoring free-speech and expressing their concerns, because the drafted law didn't take in consideration several recommendations made by international actors like the EU Commissioner for Human Rights. The Albanian Ombudsman called the government on not approving the two anti-defamation draft laws, as they do not meet international standards.

The Venice Commission gave its opinion and to its conclusion the proposed media law has a number of flaws to proposed amendments that needs to be changed, in the report the Venice Commission gave a number of recommendations and stated that "Albanian authorities showed willingness to dialogue and addressed their concerns for the protection of freedom of speech". Rama on Twitter praised the recommendations and stated “Grateful to the Venice Commission for their opinion on Anti-defamation! Without losing any further time, we need to address the matter in the Assembly according to the valuable suggestions and guarantee by law everyone’s right to be defended against defamation, and the obligation of every news outlet to be identified as a subject to the law”.

Reporters Without Borders
After Albania fell to a historic low in the Reporters Without Borders' annual World Press Freedom Index, Rama criticized the organization's notation. However Pavol Szalai, the head of the European Union and Balkan Desk, noted that the methodology changed from 2020 to 2022 and that Albania has fallen partly due to this and partly due to countries like Serbia and Montenegro rising.

Rama took up to Twitter where he accused the organization of making up "lies" and called the accusations "fantasies". Rama then tweeted: “Journalists victims of police violence in Albania? What a lie! Journalists critical of the government face political attacks? What a fantasy! Ethical self-regulation in the Albanian media? What a mockery! Only the title is missing: We complain about the lack of freedom because we do not know what to do with freedom!” One day after Rama tweeted his denials, RSF reported that he attacked an Albanian reporter who he had previously put on a two-month long embargo.

Charles McGonigal
In January 2023, Rama was implicated in a U.S. federal indictment concerning former senior FBI official Charles McGonigal. According to the indictment, in September 2017, McGonigal allegedly met with and tried to sway Rama into awarding an oil-drilling license to an Albanian-based company affiliated with McGonigal's business partners. In November 2017, shortly after a meeting with Rama in Albania, McGonigal allegedly informed a United States Department of Justice prosecutor of a potentially new criminal investigation into Nicolas Muzin, a U.S.-based lobbyist who had recently been hired by Rama's political rival, Lulzim Basha. The following month, McGonigal dined with Rama in Washington, D.C., and up until early 2018, received information about Muzin from the Albanian Prime Minister's office.

Rama has denied any wrongdoing.

Other controversies
A photograph of Rama and Barack Obama at a fundraising event in October 2012 was shared by Rama on Facebook and Twitter ahead of Albania's 2013 Parliamentary Election, to imply a relationship with Obama. Rama's ticket to the event was purchased for $80,000 through intermediaries that were pled guilty to making foreign contributions in connection with the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election.

At the beginning of December 2021, onboard a Lufthansa plane headed to Detroit from Frankfurt, Rama refused to wear a mask as required by the company's Covid-safety guidelines. After Rama vehemently refused, the airplane crew asked the captain to persuade the prime minister to comply with the rules like all the other passengers. However, Rama refused any proposal and was then escorted off board by the federal police.

title: Edi Rama


text:
Dehumanizer

Dehumanizer is the sixteenth studio album by English rock band Black Sabbath. It was first released on 22 June 1992 in the UK by I.R.S. Records and on 30 June 1992 in the US by Reprise Records.

It was Sabbath's first studio album in over a decade to feature vocalist Ronnie James Dio and drummer Vinny Appice, and their first in nine years to feature original bassist Geezer Butler. Initial writing and demo sessions at Rich Bitch Studios in Birmingham featured drummer Cozy Powell; bootlegs of these sessions exist. However, when Powell became injured with a broken hip, he was replaced with Appice. With Appice back in the band, this effectively reunited the Mob Rules lineup. The band spent two weeks writing material before spending six weeks rehearsing and recording demos at Monnow Valley Studios in Wales.

The album's lineup – Dio, Appice, Butler and guitarist Tony Iommi – reunited in 2006 for a greatest hits set, Black Sabbath: The Dio Years, and a new studio album in 2009, The Devil You Know (billed as Heaven & Hell).

The album was re-released, with bonus content, on 7 February 2011.

Overview
Lyrically and musically, Dehumanizer is considered one of Sabbath's heaviest albums. Lyrical themes vary from a computer worshipped as a god (Computer God), to televangelists (TV Crimes), to individualism (I) and doubts about the afterlife (After All (The Dead)).

The album was recorded in Wales, at Rockfield Studios. It was intended to feature Cozy Powell, then Sabbath's drummer, but he was immobilised by a broken pelvic bone sustained in a horse riding accident. Dio initially wanted to replace Powell with Simon Wright, from AC/DC and his own band, but Butler and Iommi rejected him. They instead recruited Vinny Appice, who had served as Sabbath's drummer during most of Dio's previous tenure with the band, from 1980–1982.

During sessions for the album, Tony Martin made a short comeback when invited by the band to try the songs out. He stayed for just a couple of days and the band continued with Dio. Martin stated: "I had already started my first solo album Back Where I Belong – so, when I got the call to go back, I was committed by that point. And in fact it was just a couple of months after they had started the thing with Ronnie James Dio. I was determined to finish my solo thing and so turned them down at that point. We did keep in touch though and I went to some shows. Ronnie wasn't too pleased, but eventually they had enough and asked me to rejoin again later so it felt like I hadn't actually left. In fact, I was never formally fired; the phone just stopped ringing. Ian Gillan [vocalist for Deep Purple, and another ex-Sabbath singer] asked me once if I had actually been fired and I said, 'No.' He said, 'Neither have I.' We should just turn up one day and walk on stage!"

Demo sessions with Powell yielded numerous recordings, including two unreleased songs – "The Night Life" (also called "Next Time"), whose riff was later used for "Psychophobia" on Cross Purposes, and "Bad Blood," which sounds very similar to "I" on Dehumanizer. These songs can be found, along with other demos and untitled songs, on the Complete Dehumanizer Sessions bootleg. "Computer God" was the title of an unreleased song by The Geezer Butler Band, in 1986 – only the title made it to Dehumanizer. The Butler version is available as a download on his website. "Master of Insanity" was also an unreleased Geezer Butler Band track, of which the Dehumanizer version is essentially a rerecording. "Master of Insanity" was the only track on Dehumanizer that Dio did not have a hand in writing the lyrics. Jimi Bell, the guitarist with Butler's band actually wrote the song. Geezer promised a credit and payment, but Jimi never was paid or credited for his contributions. The album's lead single, "TV Crimes," was a criticism of American televangelists, particularly Jeff Fenholt, who briefly worked with Iommi in the mid-1980s on what would become Seventh Star.

"We wanted it to be real rock 'n' roll: real basic," Dio told WERS' Nasty Habits show. "We wanted to capture what we are live and that's really what I think we did. We didn't do tons of overdubs or a lot of chorus-y kind of things. I think the important thing is that a band should be able to do all the things they do on record live, without any kind of sampling crap or that rubbish – so, of course, we didn't. We recorded it true to what the band is: just guitar, bass, drums and vocals, y'know – a couple of keyboard things here and there."

Although the Sabbath lineup was the same as 1981's Mob Rules, the musical direction is very different, and a marked change from their previous material, particularly the preceding Tyr. Much of the album anticipates the directions taken by Dio in his eponymous solo band's next two records, Strange Highways (1993) and Angry Machines (1996). Commercially, the album marked a resurgence for Sabbath. It reached the Top 40 in the UK, and peaked at number 44 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Aftermath
"It was good to try that with Ronnie," Iommi reflected in 1997. "[But] we lost millions on it... because of the time we took to record it, and fly backwards and forwards to the States with everything, all the gear; bringing it back; recording here [the UK]... A lot of messing about and a lot of money wasted... If it came to it again now, we could plan it different and it'd be okay, but we had to try that. Originally Cozy was involved, then he wasn't."

This incarnation of Sabbath ended when Dio's contract with the band ended several days before the Costa Mesa reunion shows in November 1992. According to Iommi, Dio quit because he was asked to support Ozzy Osbourne's final shows at Costa Mesa, referring to Ozzy as a "clown." Dio would not record or perform with the band again until 2006. For the two Costa Mesa shows, the band replaced Dio with Judas Priest frontman Rob Halford; on the second night, Iommi, Butler and original Sabbath drummer Bill Ward joined Osbourne onstage for four songs. Halford and Dio were friends (Dio having been impressed with Halford's work ethic on the 'Stars' project) and Halford would only do the Costa Mesa shows with Dio's blessing, which he received when he spoke with Dio by phone. Both shows were unofficially recorded in their entirety and are now widely circulated as audio and video bootlegs.

Dehumanizer is included in the Black Sabbath box set The Rules of Hell.

Dehumanizer was rereleased on 7 February 2011. This version includes a bonus disc with alternate recordings of several songs ("Master of Insanity," "Letters from Earth" and "Time Machine," the latter of which is available on the US version of the album as a bonus track) and several other songs recorded on 25 July 1992 in Tampa, Florida.

In 2021, Kerrang! ranked Dehumanizer as the eighth-best Black Sabbath album in a best-to-worst ranking of the band's discography.

Personnel
Info taken from Dehumanizer liner notes
 * Black Sabbath
 * Ronnie James Dio – vocals
 * Tony Iommi – guitars
 * Geezer Butler – bass
 * Vinny Appice – drums

 * Additional musician
 * Geoff Nicholls – keyboards

 * Production
 * Produced, engineered, and mixed by Mack
 * "Time Machine" (Wayne's World Version) produced by Black Sabbath
 * Assistant engineers – Darren Galer and Stephen Wissnet
 * Remastered by Dan Hersch (2008 reissue)
 * Remastered by Andy Pearce (2011 reissue)
 * Cover illustration – Wil Rees
 * Photography – Mark "Weissguy" Weiss

title: Dehumanizer


text:
André Frankin

André Frankin was a Belgian Lettrist and Situationist.

He wrote:
 * Platform for a Cultural Revolution, (IS#3) . It provided modifications to An appeal to Revolutionary Intellectuals and Artists which was planned to be published at the opening of the Third Conference of the Situationist International held in Munich on 17–20 April 1959
 * Programmatic Outlines, (IS#4) which analyses the non-future as a theoretical element of the construction of situations in a transitory socialist society.
 * Preface to the Scenic Unity "The Person and the others", (IS#5) which is a critique of theatre.

He resigned from the Situationist International in March 1961.

Of Frankin, Jean-Marie Apostolidès said: "André Frankin is not well-known and his impact on the lettrist and situationist movements are hard to measure".

title: André Frankin


text:
Talk:Dehumanizer

Untitled
Tracks and personnel are correct. I cannot be bothered to find any more info about this album because I think it is complete s**t. JohnCastle 15:34 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hey, actually not all the songs are made by dio-butler-iommi-appice. Master of insanity and Computer God were written and recorded as demo by the Geezer Butler Band in the mid-80s. However, the booklet says "all songs by iommi-dio-butler-appice". If somebody knows more about this demos could post it here in this article, it would be nice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.239.135.150 (talk) 23:16, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

"Heavy" is too generic to be very descriptive. Like "cool". Wetman 17:49, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Heavy
You think so? "Cool" obviously is subjective, meaning "good", but "heavy" doesn't mean good or bad, it just means that the music sounds "louder", louder drums, louder guitars, and so on.

-Heavy- Heavy isn't good or bad, however it IS subjective. What's heavy to or for Sabbath, may be tame to Meshuggah, Dimmu Borgir, Slayer, etc. Frankly, there are no links supporting the statement that "Both lyrically and musically, it is considered one of Sabbath's heaviest albums."

A simple google search of reviews of Sabbath's albums generally shows most critics and fans finding Sabbath's earlier works heavier. Generally the earlier works receive better reviews as well, however the Ozzy/Post-Ozzy debate has been a great source of debate since he was fired from Sabbath, and this debate encompasses not just vocals but the music as well. I think this article should be edited to stick with facts rather than supposition, anecdote, or personal belief considering the great amount of arguing surrounding the Ozzy/Post-Ozzy debate.

http://www.google.com/search?q=black+sabbath+review&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls -Toad —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.8.248.242 (talk) 18:54, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:BlackSabbathDehumanizer.jpg
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Purple Haze
Correct me if I'm wrong, but the intro to "I" seems to be nearly identical to the first part of Jimi Hendrix's "Purple Haze," but played lower and not as fast. Is this relevant at all? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lord Of Demise (talk • contribs) 16:46, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * It would only be relevant if it was documented in a reliable source, otherwise it would be original research on our part. J04n(talk page) 19:44, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Industrial metal?
I added industrial metal under genres but still am not fully sure. On one hand, this album is commonly compared to Dio's own Angry Machines and Geezer's solo albums which are infact industrial metal, but there really aren't any sources listing the album as industrial metal online. Songs like Computer God, Master of Insanity and I cleaely incorporate industrial elements though, so thus it makes sense to label the album as industrial metal in my opinion. Anyone got opinions on this? Regardless, it probably end up being undone by done grouchy editor, but in my opinion, it makes sense. Diskyboy (talk) 01:00, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Per WP:EXPLICITGENRE, you would need to have a WP:SECONDARY source saying that the genre is industrial metal. An actual named author who is a music critic or musicologist. Until you have that source, industrial metal stays out. Binksternet (talk) 17:10, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dehumanizer


text:
President of Liberia

The president of the Republic of Liberia is the head of state and government of Liberia. The president serves as the leader of the executive branch and as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Liberia.

Prior to the independence of Liberia in 1847, executive power in the Commonwealth of Liberia was held by the governor of Liberia, who was appointed by the American Colonization Society. The 1847 Constitution transferred the executive powers of the governorship to the presidency, which was largely modeled on the presidency of the United States.

Between 1847 and 1980, the presidency was exclusively held by Americo-Liberians, the original American settlers of Liberia and their descendants. The original two-party system, with the Republican Party and the True Whig Party, ended in 1878, when the election of Anthony W. Gardiner marked the beginning of 102 years of one-party rule by the True Whigs. Following a coup d'état by disgruntled army NCOs and soldiers led by Samuel Doe in 1980, one-party rule of the True Whigs ended and the presidency was vacated until the election of Doe in the 1985 general election. After his overthrow and murder in 1990, the presidency was again vacated for seven years during the First Liberian Civil War and again for two years following the conclusion of the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003.

Under the 1986 Constitution, the president is directly elected by eligible voters to a six-year term, which may be renewed once. Overall, 25 individuals have served as president, including Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first elected female head of state in Africa. On January 22, 2024, Joseph Boakai was sworn in as the twenty-sixth and current president of Liberia.

History
Following the establishment of the Commonwealth of Liberia in 1838, executive power was vested in the governor of Liberia, who was appointed and served at the pleasure of the American Colonization Society. The first governor, Thomas Buchanan, served from 1838 until his death in 1841. He was succeeded by Joseph Jenkins Roberts, the first person of African descent to serve as governor of Liberia.

Upon independence in 1847, Roberts was elected as the first president of Liberia. The 1847 Constitution denied suffrage to the indigenous population by requiring voters to own real estate. As a result, the presidency was exclusively held by Americo-Liberians until 1980, when a military coup led by Samuel Doe, an ethnic Krahn, overthrew and murdered President William Tolbert.

The presidency was vacant from 1980 to 1986, with executive power held by Doe as the head of the People's Redemption Council. Doe was later elected president in the 1985 general election, making him the first president outside of the Americo-Liberian elite. Doe was later overthrown and murdered in 1990 following the commencement First Liberian Civil War, during which the presidency remained vacant.

Following the 1997 general election, Charles Taylor held the presidency until his resignation on August 11, 2003, as part of a peace deal to end the Second Liberian Civil War. His successor, Moses Blah, ceded executive power on October 13 of that year to Gyude Bryant, the chairman of the National Transitional Government of Liberia. The presidency was resumed on January 16, 2006, following the 2005 election of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf as the first female president.

George Weah was elected in 2017 as the 25th president of Liberia. Incumbent president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf signed Executive Order No. 91, thus establishing a Joint Presidential Transition Team, due to the fact that Liberia had "not experienced the transfer of power from one democratically elected president to another democratically elected president for over 70 years".

Powers and duties
The presidency of Liberia is largely modeled on the presidency of the United States.

Executive functions
The 1986 Constitution gives the president the power to appoint all cabinet ministers, judges, ambassadors, sheriffs, county officials and military officers with the advice and consent of the Senate. Additionally, the president has the power to dismiss all appointees from office at his or her discretion. The president may also grant pardons or revoke sentences and fines. The president conducts all matters of foreign policy, though any treaties or international agreements must be ratified by both houses of the Legislature. Furthermore, the president serves as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Liberia.

The Constitution also grants the president the power to declare a state of emergency during times of war or civil unrest and suspend civil liberties during the emergency as necessary, with the exception of habeas corpus. Within seven days of the declaration, the president must state to the Legislature the reasons for the declaration, which both houses must then approve by a two-thirds majority. Otherwise, the president must repeal the state of emergency.

Legislative functions
The president must sign all legislation passed by the House of Representatives and Senate. The president may choose to veto any legislation, which may be overturned by a two-thirds majority in both houses. Additionally, the president may exercise a pocket veto by refusing to sign legislation when the end of the twenty-day deadline for signing the bill falls during a recess of the legislature. The president may extend a legislative session past its adjournment date or call a special extraordinary session when deemed necessary for the national interest. The president must also give an annual report to the legislature on the state of the country.

Eligibility
To be eligible for office under the current Constitution, a presidential candidate must:
 * be a natural born citizen of Liberia (per Art, 27(b) of the Constitution, citizenship is limited to "persons who are Negroes or of Negro descent");
 * be at least thirty-five years old;
 * own real property valued at least $25,000;
 * have resided in Liberia for at least ten years.

Additionally, the president may not be from the same county as the vice president of Liberia.

Term and election
Under the original 1847 Constitution, the president was elected to a two-year term, which was increased to four years on May 7, 1907. Under this amendment, a new president would serve for eight years and could be re-elected to unlimited four-year terms. During the presidency of William Tolbert, the Constitution was amended to restrict the president to a single eight-year term; by 1976, voices in the legislature were being raised in favor of returning to the previous system, but Tolbert proclaimed his support for the existing system and vowed to veto any constitutional amendments to remove term limits.

Currently, the president is elected by popular vote to a six-year term and is limited to two terms. Under the 1986 Constitution, presidential elections utilize a two-round system, wherein a second round of voting is held between the two candidates with the highest number of votes if no single candidate obtains a majority in the first round. Each term begins and ends at noon on the third working Monday in January of the year immediately following the elections. At the time of their inauguration, each president is required under the Constitution to take a presidential oath promising to preserve and defend the Constitution and faithfully execute the law. The oath is administered by the chief justice of Liberia in front of a joint session of the legislature.

Residence
In 2006, the Executive Mansion was under renovations due to a fire that damaged parts of the building in July of that year. The office of the president was transferred to the nearby Foreign Ministry building as a result. On 14 February 2022, the Executive Mansion was reopened.

List of officeholders
{{legend||Republican Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||True Whig Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||National Democratic Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Liberian People's Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||National Patriotic Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Liberian Action Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Unity Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Congress for Democratic Change|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Political parties

{{legend||Military|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Independent|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Other factions

Died in office
 * Symbols

title: President of Liberia


text:
Trace metal

Trace metals are the metals subset of trace elements; that is, metals normally present in small but measurable amounts in animal and plant cells and tissues. Some of these trace metals are a necessary part of nutrition and physiology. Some biometals are trace metals. Ingestion of, or exposure to, excessive quantities can be toxic. However, insufficient plasma or tissue levels of certain trace metals can cause pathology, as is the case with iron.

Trace metals within the human body include iron, lithium, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese and others.

Some of the trace metals are needed by living organisms to function properly and are depleted through the expenditure of energy by various metabolic processes of living organisms. They are replenished in animals through diet as well as environmental exposure, and in plants through the uptake of nutrients from the soil in which the plant grows. Human vitamin pills and plant fertilizers can be a source of trace metals.

Trace metals are sometimes referred to as trace elements, although the latter includes minerals and is a broader category. See also Dietary mineral. Trace elements are required by the body for specific functions. Things such as vitamins, sports drinks, fresh fruits and vegetables are sources. Taken in excessive amounts, trace elements can cause problems. For example, fluorine is required for the formation of bones and enamel on teeth. However, when taken in an excessive amount can cause a disease called "Fluorosis', in which bone deformations and yellowing of teeth are seen. Fluorine can occur naturally in some areas in ground water.

Humans
Roughly 5 grams of iron are present in the human body and is the most abundant trace metal. It is absorbed in the intestine as heme or non-heme iron depending on the food source. Heme iron is derived from the digestion of hemoproteins in meat. Non-heme iron is mainly derived from plants and exist as iron(II) or iron(III) ions.

Iron is essential for more than 500 hemeproteins, the likes of which include hemoglobin and myoglobin, and account for 80% of iron usage. The other 20% is present in ferritin, hemosiderin, iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins, such as ferrochelatase, and more.

Humans
A relatively non-toxic metal to humans and the second most abundant, the body has 2-3 grams of zinc. It can enter the body through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, with the latter of the bunch being the most common. The mucosal cells of the digestive tract contain metallothionein proteins that store the zinc ions.

Nearly 90% of zinc is found in the bones, muscles, and vesicles in the brain. Zinc is a cofactor in hundreds of enzyme reactions and a major component of zinc finger proteins.

Humans
The third most abundant trace metal in the human body.

It is found in cytochrome c oxidase, a protein necessary for the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

title: Trace metal


text:
Wowow

Wowow is a satellite broadcasting and premium satellite television station owned and operated by Wowow Inc. (株式会社WOWOW). Its headquarters are located on the 21st floor of the Akasaka Park Building in Akasaka, Minato, Tokyo. Its broadcasting center is in Koto, Tokyo.

On October 1, 2011, Wowow expanded their single channel broadcast satellite service to provide four high-definition TV channels: Wowow Prime (WOWOWプライム), a general entertainment channel, Wowow Live (WOWOWライブ), covering sports, documentaries, movies and live performances, Wowow Cinema (WOWOWシネマ), a 24-hour movie channel and Wowow Plus.

Overview
Wowow was the first 24/7, 3 channel, full high-definition broadcaster in Japan.

Wowow began pre-opening broadcasts on November 29, 1990, with service beginning the following day, on November 30, 1990. Digital broadcasting began on December 1, 2000. The network began with 207,753 subscribers (31.5 billion yen in sales), growing to 2,667,414 two years later (64.5 billion yen in sales). As of December 2011, Wowow claimed approximately 2.56 million subscribers to its digital service. On July 24, 2011, Wowow shut down its analog broadcast.

Wowow mostly rebroadcasts movies, but is also well known for showing (and even co-producing and/or assisting in the production of) original anime series such as The Big O, Brain Powerd, Overman King Gainer, Carried by the Wind: Tsukikage Ran, Trinity Blood, Cowboy Bebop (the complete uncut version), Shinreigari/Ghost Hound, Crest of the Stars, Ergo Proxy, X/1999, SHUFFLE!, Paranoia Agent, Now and Then, Here and There, Le Chevalier d'Eon, the 2016 Berserk series as well as the Anime Complex block. Due to the looser broadcast standards for satellite television in Japan, Wowow has become a primary means of widespread distribution for anime with themes or subject matter that the broadcast networks cannot show. Several anime studios have partnership deals for distributing their more mature series, with the famed Studio Madhouse among them.

The channel's name is a double "Wow", and the three W's also stand for "World-Wide-Watching".

Previously, Wowow's headquarters were in another facility in Akasaka.

Programming
Wowow also broadcasts Japanese-dubbed American television series such as Friends, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Sex and the City, The Sopranos, Cold Case, Grey's Anatomy, Medium, The 4400, Animaniacs, South Park, and The Simpsons, among others. Wowow has also screened Ultimate Fighting Championship events for Japanese audiences, the Korean drama My Lovely Sam Soon and the UK comedy sketch show Little Britain, as well as the British drama/action show Ultimate Force under the name SAS: British Special Forces.

Wowow began producing original live-action TV series in 2003. The series called "Drama W" includes works such as Penance, xxxHolic, The Grand Family and Futagashira.

Sports
Wowow has broadcast all four tennis Grand Slam Championships since 2008. They are the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open.
 * Current broadcast lineup
 * Australian Open
 * French Open
 * The Championships, Wimbledon
 * US Open
 * ATP Tour Masters 1000
 * ATP 500 series
 * ATP 250 series
 * UEFA Euro Championship
 * UEFA Champions League
 * UEFA Europa League
 * UEFA Europa Conference League
 * UEFA Super Cup
 * "Wowow Excite Match" (Boxing)
 * Super Rugby
 * LPGA Tour
 * NBA

President
The president and CEO of Wowow is, as of March 2021, Akira Tanaka.

title: Wowow


text:
On Through the Night

On Through the Night is the debut studio album by the English rock band Def Leppard, released on 14 March 1980. The album was produced by Tom Allom. It charted at No. 15 on the UK Albums Chart and No. 51 on the Billboard 200. The album features re-recorded versions of "Rocks Off" and "Overture", tracks from the band's original independently released EP, The Def Leppard E.P.. Other tracks are re-recorded versions of early demos, some of which later appeared on the 2020 box set The Early Years 79–81. The album was certified gold by the RIAA on 18 November 1983 and platinum on 9 May 1989.

"Wasted", "Hello America" and "Rock Brigade" were released as singles. However, the version of "Wasted" that appears on the single is a different recording from that of the LP, as is its B-side, "Hello America".

The spoken word intro to "When the Walls Came Tumbling Down" was performed by Dave Cousins of Strawbs. Joe Elliott had done the spoken portion in earlier live performances and demo recordings that showed up on some early bootlegs. In his biography, Cousins claims that he did his best Laurence Olivier impersonation for the song's intro.

Reception
The album received mostly positive reviews. AllMusic's Steve Huey noted that On Through the Night "established the band as one of the leading lights of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal." Although he stated that "it may lack the detailed production and more pop-oriented songwriting of later efforts, (...) some Leppard fans prefer this sound." Canadian journalist Martin Popoff praised the album for being "one of the most polished and savvy of the NWOBHM", evoking the sound of "acts like Thin Lizzy, UFO, even Queen and Mott the Hoople." For him, On Through the Night was "a welcome breath of fresh air" among the dark, "thrashy" and "punky" music coming from the UK at the time. Rolling Stone's David Fricke reviewed the album favourably on the same wavelength, explaining that it "shows they not only respect their elders, they've taken cues from their New Wave peers, too." He also stated that "guitarists Pete Willis and Steve Clark shoot from the hip, packing their licks into tight, three-minute pop arrangements", and that lead singer Joe Elliott "wails wonderfully in a resonating tenor, fortified by backup harmonies and Tom Allom's battering-ram production." He concluded that the band "displays a wisdom beyond their years" in mixing melody and heaviness, coming up with an album that "is awfully impressive for a band making its vinyl debut." Sputnikmusic staff review noted that the "middle-class common-man image" of the "New Wave of British Heavy Metal" movement "partially played a part in making Def Leppard one of [its] leaders". He also stated that the band's ambition "would never allow [them] to be tunnel-visioned", but he concluded that On Through the Night "can be categorized as a grower of an album since the more superficial elements that would appeal to the mainstream will initially distract some listeners from what is actually an incredibly tight musical and vocal performance."

Record World said that the single "Rock Brigade" has "inventive guitar leads and pulsating dance rhythms."

Most of the songs on the album were dropped from the band's live setlists after 1983, although "Rock Brigade" and "Wasted" would see periodic revivals after 2000. Also, the non-album track from the same era entitled "Good Morning Freedom" would be played live in 2013 during the opening to the "Viva Hysteria" shows.

Personnel

 * Def Leppard
 * Joe Elliott – lead vocals
 * Pete Willis – guitar, backing vocals
 * Steve Clark – guitar, backing vocals
 * Rick Savage – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Rick Allen – drums, backing vocals

 * Additional musicians
 * Chris M. Hughes – synthesiser on "Hello America"
 * Dave Cousins – voice on "When the Walls Came Tumblin' Down"

 * Production
 * (Colonel) Tom Allom – producer
 * Louis "Snook" Austin – engineer
 * Dick Plant – engineer
 * Alan Schmidt – artwork

title: On Through the Night


text:
High 'n' Dry

High 'n' Dry is the second studio album by the English rock band Def Leppard, released on 6 July 1981. High 'n' Dry was Pete Willis' last full-time album with Def Leppard. It charted at No. 38 on the Billboard 200 and No. 26 on the UK Albums Chart. "High 'n' Dry (Saturday Night)", ranked No. 33 on VH1's 40 Greatest Metal Songs. Following the success of Pyromania, the album re-entered in the US chart and reached No. 72 in 1983.

Music
The album's music has been described as heavy metal and hard rock.

Reissue
High 'n' Dry was reissued on 31 May 1984 with two bonus tracks:

 * 1) "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" (Remix), a similar recording to the 1981 original but with synthesiser and piano overdubs added by Mutt Lange in February 1984. This remix was released as a single in June 1984, peaking at No. 61 in the US charts.
 * 2) "Me & My Wine" (Remix), a remixed version of a 1981 B-side, with the remixed version included as the B-side to the remix of Bringin' on the Heartbreak.

The intention of these remixes was to make the two songs sound more in the style of Def Leppard's 1983 album Pyromania.

Videos for both of the remixed songs were made, featuring Phil Collen (who was not in the band at the time of the album's recording). The video for "Me & My Wine" received heavy rotation on MTV. Both bonus tracks were omitted from the US mid-1990s re-releases of the album, although other countries' releases did include them, but returned when Def Leppard and Mercury came to terms in 2018 and the album was put on digital streaming and downloading platforms.

Reception
Steve Huey of AllMusic notes how Def Leppard "continues in the vein of the anthemic, working-class hard rock of their debut. While still opting for a controlled musical attack and melodies as big-sounding and stadium-ready as possible, the band opens up its arrangements a bit more on High 'n' Dry, letting the songs breathe and groove while the rhythm section and guitar riffs play off one another."

In a 3.5 out of 5 review, Sputnikmusic writes that "while High 'n' Dry cannot claim to be a resounding success as an individual album, it is indeed one from a progression standpoint. Def Leppard is clearly a more confident outfit here and with help from new producer 'Mutt' Lange, they allow their compositions to include greater scope in order for the band to find their sound. While this does result in some misses, they are never too far off target and are more than made up for by the album’s highlights which have aged extremely well."

Track listing

 * On vinyl and cassette releases, "Me & My Wine" (Remix) is added to the end of side one, while "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" (Remix) leads off side two. On CD releases, "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" (Remix) and "Me & My Wine" (Remix) follow "No No No".
 * The last lyric, 'no', in "No No No" repeats infinitely on the original vinyl album release. The original cassette features "no" being screamed 46 times and then ending abruptly when the cassette finished. On later releases the "no"s simply fade out.

Personnel

 * Def Leppard
 * Joe Elliott – lead vocals
 * Pete Willis – guitar, backing vocals
 * Steve Clark – guitar, backing vocals
 * Rick Savage – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Rick Allen – drums, backing vocals

 * Production
 * Robert John "Mutt" Lange – producer, 1984 remixes
 * Mike Shipley – engineer
 * Nigel Green – assistant engineer
 * Hipgnosis – cover design

title: High 'n' Dry