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Comet Ikeya–Seki

 * There are two comets named Ikeya–Seki: C/1965 S1 (this one), and C/1967 Y1, a.k.a. 1968 I, 1967n.

Comet Ikeya–Seki, formally designated C/1965 S1, 1965 VIII, and 1965f, was a long-period comet discovered independently by Kaoru Ikeya and Tsutomu Seki. First observed as a faint telescopic object on September 18, 1965, the first calculations of its orbit suggested that on October 21, it would pass just 450,000 km above the Sun's surface, and would probably become extremely bright.

Comets can defy such predictions, but Ikeya–Seki performed as expected. As it approached perihelion observers reported that it was clearly visible in the daytime sky next to the Sun. In Japan, where it reached perihelion at local noon, it was seen shining at magnitude −10. It proved to be one of the brightest comets seen in the last thousand years, and is sometimes known as the Great Comet of 1965.

The comet was seen to break into three pieces just before its perihelion passage. The three pieces continued in almost identical orbits, and the comet re-appeared in the morning sky in late October, showing a very bright tail. By early 1966, it had faded from view as it receded into the outer Solar System.

Ikeya–Seki is a member of the Kreutz sungrazers, which are suggested to be fragments of a large comet which broke up in 1106.

Discovery and observational history
Comet Ikeya–Seki was independently discovered on 18 September 1965 by Japanese amateur astronomers Kaoru Ikeya and Tsutomu Seki within roughly 15 minutes of each other. The recent passage of a typhoon had afforded favorably clear conditions for identifying the comet. Upon discovery, the comet was an 8th-magnitude object visually located 10° west of α Hydrae, moving east across the sky at around 1° per day; acceleration of the comet and significant brightening was observed shortly afterwards. Based on preliminary estimations of Ikeya–Seki's orbit, Fred Whipple of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory conjectured that Ikeya–Seki was a sungrazing comet. Subsequent and more accurate computations of the comet's orbital properties showed a close similarity between Ikeya–Seki and the Great Comet of 1882, including the calculated perihelion of 0.0079 AU (1.2 million km, 0.7 million mi). Leading up to perihelion, Ikeya–Seki's light curve was also similar to the 1882 comet. The comet brightened to magnitude +4 by 7 October, with a tail extending to over 1° in length. By mid-October, the tail had extended to a length of 10°. The comet's approach of the Sun visually placed the comet at increasingly lower altitude and brighter skies, leading to greater difficulty in estimating the comet's brightness as perihelion drew nearer. Nonetheless, Ikeya–Seki's increasing luminosity remained apparent; in the Southern Hemisphere, where visibility of the comet was most favorable around the time of perihelion, observers reported Ikeya–Sekit to be as bright as magnitude 0 by 18 October. The comet brightened considerably in the 60 hours after 18 October. By 20 October, the comet had become easily visible with the naked eye in daylight. Ikeya–Seki continued to brighten as perihelion approached, becoming comparable in brightness to the full Moon. The comet also projected a slightly curved tail; 2° of the tail was sufficiently visible to the naked eye with manual obscuration of the Sun.

Ikeya–Seki reached perihelion at 21:18 UTC on 21 October. As viewed from Earth, the comet and the Sun were separated by only a few arcminutes. Observations indicated that the comet's nucleus began to break apart near the time of perihelion, with Japanese observers noting two small fragments detaching from the primary nucleus that later evaporated soon after. The comet faded after perihelion as it receded from the Sun, with the coma dimming to magnitude +3 by 26 October. However, its tail elongated, reaching a length of at least 15° by 26 October and reaching a maximum of nearly 30° in early November 1965. While the fragmented nucleus of Ikeya–Seki had hitherto remained close together, by 6 November two primary components had become visually distinct in both separation and brightness. Though the comet's coma had dimmed to magnitude 7.4 by 27 November, a tail spanning 10° remained visible to the naked eye. The comet dimmed below naked-eye visibility by early December. The two components of Ikeya–Seki's fractured nucleus remained apparent with increasing visual separation, moving apart at approximately 14 m/s; one was brighter but more diffuse in appearance than the other. Extrapolation of the observed positions of the two nuclei calculated by Zdenek Sekanina suggested that the nuclei broke apart on 26 October. Similar calculations by H. Pohn of the United States Geological Survey yielded 26 October as the date of separation, though Sekanina believed Pohn's calculation used different cometary fragments. By 1965, the two fragments were separated by nearly a full arcminute. Although Ikeya–Seki's brightness closely paralleled the Great Comet of 1882, Ikeya–Seki dimmed much more rapidly after perihelion; while the 1882 comet was observed for up to eight months following perihelion, the last photographs of Ikeya–Seki were taken prior to mid-February 1965, after which the comet became fainter than magnitude +13. Ikeya–Seki was indiscernible in a 60-second exposure using a 40-inch reflector telescope at the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station in mid-March 1966.

Structure and composition
Observations obtained by the McMath–Pierce solar telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory detected emission lines associated with ionized calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, sodium, vanadium, and cyanide in Ikeya–Seki's coma. The properties of the ionized iron and nickel lines suggested Ikeya–Seki reached an effective temperature of around 4800 K around perihelion.

Observing campaigns
Ikeya–Seki's perihelion presented a unique opportunity for astrophysical observations to be taken of a bright comet passing extremely close to the Sun. Additionally, the orientation of the comet's orbit with respect to Earth's was virtually ideal for observation of Ikeya–Seki. Several observatories – including Kitt Peak National Observatory, Lick Observatory, and Haute-Provence Observatory – performed spectrographic observations of the comet near perihelion, documenting strong emission lines associated with ionized calcium, iron, sodium, and other metals. Spectrograms were also obtained by a rocket launched from the White Sands Missile Range to observe the comet in ultraviolet. A pair of rocket launches from Wallops Island intended to provide similar data proved unsuccessful. Efforts at MIT and Harvard to detect radio emission from the comet yielded negative results. A Convair 990 operated by NASA out of Hawaii and a Boeing 707 with scientists from Los Alamos National Laboratory were also involved in observational efforts targeting Ikeya–Seki. Gemini 6A was also planned to incorporate observation of the comet until the loss of the Agena target vehicle led to the cancellation of the original mission. Elizabeth Roemer remarked of the breadth of observational data in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific that "There seems no doubt that the appearance of Comet Ikeya–Seki will stand as a landmark in cometary physics."

title: Comet Ikeya–Seki


text: User talk:153.20.95.69

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:153.20.95.69


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Baker

A baker is a tradesperson who bakes and sometimes sells breads and other products made of flour by using an oven or other concentrated heat source. The place where a baker works is called a bakery.

Ancient history
Since grains have been a staple food for millennia, the activity of baking is a very old one. Control of yeast, however, is relatively recent. By the fifth and sixth centuries BCE, the ancient Greeks used enclosed ovens heated by wood fires; communities usually baked bread in a large communal oven. Greeks baked dozens and possibly hundreds of types of bread; Athenaeus described seventy-two varieties.

In ancient Rome several centuries later, the first mass production of breads occurred, and "the baking profession can be said to have started at that time." Ancient Roman bakers used honey and oil in their products, creating pastries rather than breads. In ancient Rome, bakers (Latin, pistor) were sometimes slaves, who were (like other slave-artisans) sometimes manumitted. Large households in Rome normally had their own bakers. During those times, most of the people used to bake their own bread but bakeries (pistrina) were popular all over the town.

The Gauls are credited with discovering that the addition of beer froth to bread dough made well-leavened bread, marking the use of controlled yeast for bread dough.

Medieval Europe
In Medieval Europe, baking ovens were often separated from other buildings (and sometimes located outside city walls) to mitigate the risk of fire. Because bread was an important staple food, bakers' production factors (such as bolting yields, ingredients, and loaf sizes) were heavily regulated. For example, Henry III of England promulgated the Assize of Bread and Ale in 1267, subjecting all commercial bakers and brewers to various fees in order to practice their trade and imposing various regulations, such as inspection and verification of weights and measures, quality control, and price controls. Soon after the enactment of the Assize, "baking became a very stable industry, and was executed much more professionally than brewing, resulting in towns and villages having fewer bakers than brewers." Because ovens were expensive capital investments and required careful operation, specialized bakeries opened.

Bakers were often part of the guild system, which was well-established by the sixteenth century: master bakers instructed apprentices and were assisted by journeymen. In Amsterdam in 1694, for example, the cake-bakers, pie-bakers, and rusk-bakers separated from an earlier Bread Bakers Guild and formed their own guild, regulating the trade. A fraternity of bakers in London existed as early as 1155, according to records of payments to the Exchequer; the Worshipful Company of Bakers was formed by charters dated 1486, 1569, and 1685. The guild still exists today, with mostly ceremonial and charitable functions. Five bakers have served as lord mayor of London.

A group of bakers is called a "tabernacle".

Ming dynasty China
In Ming dynasty China, bakers were divided into different social statuses according to their customers. Bakers were among the thousands of servants who served in the Ming Palace, including recruited cooks, imperial eunuchs, and trained serving-women (Shangshiju). Bakers often joined the occupation through apprenticeship, or by being born into a family of bakers.

In addition to the secular aspect of baking, Ming bakers also were responsible for providing pastries for use in various rituals, festivals and ceremonies, such as zongzi. In "Shi Fu Meets a Friend at Tanque" buns were provided for the construction ceremony.

Within bakeries, traditional patriarchal hierarchy controlled. For the family-owned bakery, the eldest male figure (usually the father) in the highest position of the hierarchy. For example, in Feng Menglong's story, when Mr. Bo went out looking for the family's lost silver, his wife was ordered to take care of the bakery.

Ming fiction and art records examples of various bakers; for example, in Feng Menglong's story, the Bo couple owns a bakery to sell the cakes and snacks while in Water Margin, the character Wu Dalang does not have a settled store and sells pancakes on the shoulder pole along the street The Ming-era painter Qiu Ying's work Along the River During the Qingming Festival shows food stores alongside the street and peddlers who are selling food along the streets.

The Ming work Ming Dai Tong Su Ri Yong Lei Shu, which records techniques and items needed in Ming daily life, devotes a full chapter to culinary skills, including the preparation of pancakes and other types of cakes.

The work The Plum in the Golden Vase mentions baozi (steam bun).

Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange, which began in 1492, had a profound influence on the baking occupation. Access to sugar greatly increased as a result of new cultivation in the Caribbean, and ingredients such as cocoa and chocolate became available in the Old World. In the eighteenth century, processors learned how to refine sugar from sugar beets, allowing Europeans to grow sugar locally. These developments led to an increase in the sophistication of baking and pastries, and the development of new products such as puff pastries and Danish dough.

18th century to present
Two important books on bread-baking were published in the 1770s: Paul-Jacques Malaouin published L'art du meinier, du boulanger et du vermicellier (The Art of the Miller, the Bread-Baker, and the Pasta-Maker) in 1762, and Antoine-Augustin Parmentier published Le parfair boulanger (The Perfect Bread-Baker) in 1778.

A study of the English city of Manchester from 1824–85, during the Industrial Revolution, determined that "baker and shopkeeper" was the third-most common occupation, with 178 male bakers, 19 female bakers, and 8 bakers of unknown sex in the city at that time. This occupation was less common that cloth manufacturer and tavern/public house worker, but more common than cotton spinner, merchant, calico printer, or grocer.

In 1895, the New York State Assembly passed a reformist "bakeshop law" which included protections for bakery workers; the law "banned employees from sleeping in the bakeries; specified the drainage, plumbing and maintenance necessary to keep the bakeries sanitary (cats were specifically allowed to stay on the premise—presumably to deal with the rats); limited the daily and weekly maximum of hours worked; and established an inspectorate to make sure these conditions were met." The legislation was soon replicated in other states. Joseph Lochner, a bakery owner in Utica, New York, was subsequently convicted of violating the law for forcing his employees to work more than sixty hours a week. He appealed his case to the U.S. Supreme Court, which decided, in the highly influential case of Lochner v. New York (1905), over a dissent from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, that the labor law violated a constitutional right to "freedom of contract". This case marked the beginning of a "pro-employer, laissez-faire" era, later known as the Lochner era, which "would cast a long shadow over American law, society, and politics" until the late 1930s, when Lochner was repudiated. Frustrated with the rapid deterioration of working conditions, bakery workers in New York went on strike in August 1905.

Christianity
The first bakeries emerged in Jerusalem, after contact with the Egyptians, from whom the Hebrews learned better manufacturing techniques and obtained the recipe. A short time later, there was already a famous bakers' street in the city.

The prophet Elisha, then Jesus, performed the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves.

The bread is at the center of the Christian Eucharist; it is "sacramental bread", "singing bread", or "angel's bread". Jesus defines himself as "the bread of life" (John 6:35). Divine "grace" is called "the bread of the strong" and preaching, religious teaching, "the bread of the word of God". In Hebrew, Bethlehem means "house of bread", and Jesus was born in a city called Bread.

Roman Catholic patron saints
In Roman Catholic tradition, the patron saint of bakers and pastry chefs is Honoratus of Amiens (Honoré), a sixth-century bishop of Amiens in northern France for whom the St. Honoré cake is named. Lazarus of Bethany (Lazare) was originally a competitor to Honoré for the title of patron saint of bakers, but in the 17th century the French bakers' guild settled in favor of Honoré.

As a surname
Baker is an easily recognizable English surname of medieval occupational origin; Baxster is the female form. Equivalent family names of occupational origin meaning "baker" exist in other languages: Boulanger, Bulinger, Dufour, and Fournier in French, Bäcker in German, and Piekarz in Polish.

Duties and occupational hazards
According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor,

"Bakers typically do the following:
 * Check the quality of baking ingredients
 * Prepare equipment for baking
 * Measure and weigh flour and other ingredients
 * Combine measured ingredients in mixers or blenders
 * Knead, roll, cut, and shape dough
 * Place dough into pans, into molds, or onto baking sheets
 * Set oven temperatures
 * Place items into ovens or onto grills
 * Observe color and state of products being baked
 * Apply glazes, icings, or other toppings

Bakers produce various types and quantities of breads, pastries, and other baked goods sold by grocers, wholesalers, restaurants, and institutional food services. Some bakers create new recipes."

Bakers encounter a number of occupational hazards. OOH reports that bakeries, "especially large manufacturing facilities, are filled with potential dangers such as hot ovens, mixing machines, and dough cutters. As a result, bakers have a higher rate of injuries and illnesses than the national average. Although their work is generally safe, bakers may endure back strains caused by lifting or moving heavy bags of flour or other products. Other common risks include cuts, scrapes, and burns. To reduce these risks, bakers often wear back supports, aprons, and gloves."

Baker's asthma—commonly caused by flour allergens and the microbial enzymes (often Aspergillus-derived) used to facilitate breadmaking—is one of the common causes of occupational asthma worldwide.

Comparison with pastry chef
Both bakers and pastry chefs make desserts and breads. In some restaurants and shops, a single individual serves in both roles. In other environments, there is a distinction between the two positions, with bakers making breads, rolls, and muffins, and pastry chefs making desserts, such as cakes, pies, tarts, and cookies. Even when both bakers and pastry chefs work in the same place, however, there may be overlap.

Equipment
A variety of equipment is used by bakers, including:

 * Baker's peel – A large, flat paddle, either wood or metal, used to slide loaves into and out of an oven
 * Rolling pin – A tool used to roll and flatten dough
 * Flour scoops – A tool used to add, remove, or measure flour
 * Brushes – A tool used to brush off excess flour from dough, and for glazing
 * Flour mills – A tool used to mill grains; may be either hand-cranked or mechanical

United States
According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor, there were 185,300 bakers in the U.S. in 2014, with median pay of $23,600 per year or $11.35 per hour. About 28% of U.S. bakers work in stand-alone bakeries or in tortilla manufacturing; 26% work in grocery stores; 15% work in restaurants and other eating places; and 5% were self-employed. About 30% of U.S. bakers worked part-time in 2014.

title: Baker


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Spoken

Spoken is the past participle form of the verb "to speak".

Spoken may also refer to:
 * Spoken (app), an augmentative and alternative communication tool
 * Spoken (band), a Christian rock group from Arkansas
 * Spoken (album), an album by Spoken

title: Spoken


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Lake George

Lake George or George Lake may refer to:

Australia

 * Lake George, New South Wales, a locality in the Queanbeyan–Palerang Regional Council and Yass Valley Council

Canada

 * Lake George, Kings County, Nova Scotia
 * Lake George, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia
 * Lake George, New Brunswick

United States

 * Lake George, Colorado, a town in Park County, Colorado
 * Lake George, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Lake George Township, Hubbard County, Minnesota
 * Lake George, Minnesota, an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Lake George Township, Hubbard County
 * Lake George Township, Stearns County, Minnesota
 * Lake George (town), New York, a town in Warren County, New York
 * Lake George (village), New York, a village in the town of Lake George in Warren County, New York

Australia

 * Lake George (New South Wales), a shallow lake in south-eastern New South Wales
 * Lake George (South Australia), a hypersaline lake with an outlet to the sea

Canada

 * Lake George (New Brunswick), a lake near Fredericton, New Brunswick
 * Lake George (Kings County, Nova Scotia), a lake in Kings County, Nova Scotia
 * George Lake (Nunavut), the location of George Lake Aerodrome, Nunavut
 * Lake George (Michigan–Ontario), a small lake near Sault Ste. Marie, between Sugar Island and mainland Ontario

Uganda

 * Lake George (Uganda), a major lake that is part of the African Great Lakes system

United States

 * Lake George (Alaska), a United States National Natural Landmark
 * Lake George (Arkansas), a lake in Conway County, Arkansas
 * Lake George (Colorado), a lake in Colorado
 * Lake George (Florida), on the St. Johns River in Volusia County, Florida
 * Lake George (Indiana) (disambiguation), several lakes in northern Indiana
 * Lake George (Anoka County, Minnesota), a lake in Anoka County, Minnesota
 * Lake George (Cass County, Minnesota)
 * Lake George (Hubbard County, Minnesota)
 * George Lake (Missoula County, Montana), a lake in Missoula County, Montana
 * George Lake (Park County, Montana), a lake in Park County, Montana
 * Lake George (lake), New York, a major lake in northern New York State, draining into Lake Champlain, and then into the St. Lawrence River, Canada

title: Lake George


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FSA

FSA may refer to:

Government

 * Federal Security Agency, a US government entity from 1939 to 1953
 * Family Support Administration, now part of the US Department of Health and Human Services
 * Farm Security Administration, now the Farmers Home Administration in the US
 * Farm Service Agency, part of the US Department of Agriculture
 * Food Science Australia, now known as the CSIRO Division of Food and Nutritional Science
 * Food Standards Agency, a British regulator
 * Federal Student Aid, an office of the US Department of Education
 * Federation of South Arabia, now part of Yemen
 * Freedom Support Act, a 1992 US law

Financial regulators

 * Financial Services Agency, for Japan
 * Financial Services Authority, formerly for the UK
 * Financial Services Authority (Isle of Man)
 * Financial Supervisory Authority (Sweden)

Education

 * Flint Southwestern Academy, in Michigan, US
 * Florida Student Association
 * Foreign Service Academy, in Pakistan

Professional titles and associations

 * Fellow of the Society of Actuaries, in North America
 * Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London
 * Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, normally given as "FSA Scot"
 * Florida Sheriffs Association, a non-profit professional association
 * Fire & Security Association, in London

Sport

 * FC FSA Voronezh, a Russian football club
 * Federation of Sports Arenas, the former name of the Premier Arena Soccer League
 * Football South Australia, the governing body of association football in South Australia
 * Football Supporters' Association, the national organisation for football supporters in England and Wales
 * Salvadorian Athletics Federation (Spanish: Federación Salvadoreña de Atletismo)
 * Saxony-Anhalt Football Association (German: Fußballverband Sachsen-Anhalt)

Other organizations

 * Financial Security Assurance, an American insurance company
 * FSA Corporation, now part of the Canadian computer company McAfee Associates
 * Fran Silvestre Arquitectos, a studio based in Valencia
 * Free Spirit Alliance, an American non-profit organization serving the Pagan and Pantheist communities
 * Free Syrian Army, an opposition army group
 * Syrian National Army, a group of Free Syrian Army subunits which sometimes use the term to refer to their formation specifically.

Finance

 * Financial statement analysis
 * Financial Services Act (disambiguation)
 * Flexible spending account

Science and technology

 * Fast statistical alignment
 * Finite-state automaton
 * Forward scattering alignment

Other uses

 * Fire Services Act (disambiguation)
 * Flying Saucer Attack, an English rock band
 * Forward Sortation Area, part of a Canadian postal code

title: FSA


text:
Culture of Bulgaria

A number of ancient civilizations, including the Thracians, ancient Greeks, Scythians, Celts, ancient Romans, Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths), Slavs (East and West Slavs), Varangians and the Bulgars have left their mark on the culture, history and heritage of Bulgaria. Due to this great variety of influences, Bulgaria has adopted many unusual traditions. Thracian artifacts include numerous temples, tombs, golden treasures and ancient rites and rituals, while the Bulgars have left traces of their heritage in statehood, early architecture, music and dances. Thracian rituals such as the Tryphon Zarezan which is dedicated to Saint Tryphon of Campsada, Kukeri and Martenitsa are to this day kept alive in the modern Bulgarian culture. The oldest treasure of worked gold in the world, dating back to the 5th millennium BC, comes from the site of the Varna Necropolis.

Bulgaria functioned as a cultural hub of Slavic Europe during much of the Middle Ages, exerting considerable literary and cultural influence over the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world by means of the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools. Bulgaria also gave the world the Cyrillic script, the second most widely used alphabet and sixth most-used writing system in the world, which originated in these two schools in the tenth century.

Bulgaria's contribution to humanity continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, with individuals such as John Atanasoff — a United States citizen of Bulgarian and British descent, regarded as the father of the digital computer. A number of noted opera-singers (Nicolai Ghiaurov, Boris Christoff, Raina Kabaivanska, Ghena Dimitrova, Anna Tomowa-Sintow, Vesselina Kasarova), pianist Alexis Weissenberg, and successful artists (Christo, Pascin, Vladimir Dimitrov) popularized the culture of Bulgaria abroad.

Music
Bulgaria has a long-standing musical tradition dating to the early Middle Ages. One of the earliest known composers of Medieval Europe, Yoan Kukuzel (ca. 1280–1360), became famous for his work Polieleion of the Bulgarian Woman. About 90 of his works have survived. Kukuzel also reformed the Byzantine musical writing system, and became known as The Angel-voiced for his singing abilities.

The tradition of church singing in Bulgaria is more than thousand years old. In the Bulgarian Orthodox Church there are two traditions of church singing - Eastern monodic (one-voice) singing and choral (polyphonic). The Eastern monodic singing observes the tradition of Greek and Byzantine music as well as the requirements of the eight-voices polyphonic canon of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The second tradition is the choral church music, established during the nineteenth century, when in Bulgaria enters the influence of Russian polyphonic choral church music. Many Bulgarian composers (Dobri Hristov, Petar Dinev, etc.) create their works in the spirit of Russian polyphony. Today Orthodox music is alive and is performed both during church worship services and at concerts by secular choirs and soloists. Contemporary Bulgarian worldwide recognized choirs and singers in whose repertoire permanently takes place the orthodox music are: Yoan Kukuzel Choir, Plovdiv Boys' Choir 'Stefka Blagoeva', Sofia Boys' Choir, Madrigal Sofia Choir, Sofia Orthodox Choir, Sofia Priest Choir, etc., worldwide famous opera singers Boris Christoff and Nicola Ghiuselev.

The distinctive sound of Bulgarian folk music comes partly from the asymmetric rhythms, harmony and polyphony, such as the use of close intervals like the major second and the singing of a drone accompaniment underneath the melody, especially common in songs from the Shopluk region in Western Bulgaria and the Pirin region.

Bulgarian folk music is unique in its complex harmonies and highly irregular rhythms. These kinds of rhythms, also called uneven beats or asymmetric measures, were introduced to musicologists only in 1886 when music teacher Anastas Stoyan published Bulgarian folk melodies for the first time. Examples of such beats are, , , and , or composite ones like ,  and. Each area of Bulgaria has a characteristic music and dance style. Bulgarian folk music inspired and was used by musicians like Kate Bush and George Harrison.

Bulgarian vocal style has a unique throat quality, while the singers themselves are renowned for their range. Their voices are low and soprano and the children love singing as well as anything artistic. Diatonic scales predominate but in the Rhodope Mountains, for example, pentatonic scales occur, while in Thrace chromatic scales with augmented intervals (similar to the music of Classical Greece). Also, the intonation varies, and is quite different from the modern Western equal temperament. Depending on whether the melody moves up or down, an interval can augment or decrease by a quarter tone.

Musical instruments (also characteristic of the whole Balkan region) include gaida гайда (bagpipe), kaval кавал (rim-blown flute), zurna or zurla зурна (another woodwind, similar to oboe typical among Roma), tambura тамбура (long-necked lute), gadulka гъдулка (bowed instrument held upright).

The gaida of Bulgaria is worthy of its own subsection. In Bulgaria the gaida has been a long symbol of the country and its heritage, and is one of the more well-known instruments of the country. The gaida most widely used is the Thracian gaida. There is in the Rhodope Mountains the deep-sounding kaba gaida. In the north, common of Dobrudzha and the Vlachs there is the dzhura gaida. Also in the Strandzha region near the border with Turkey there is the Strandzha gaida. The bag itself is made of a goat skin turned inside out, and most often the rims of the different parts of the instrument - chanter and drone pipe - have a piece of horn on it.

Dances have complex steps matching the rhythms, and are often fast. Most are circle-dances or line dances called horo; but some are done singly or in pairs.

Although traditional music and dance are not popular among Bulgarian city youth, they are often performed at weddings, and generally in countryside festivals. They are also performed in Bulgaria and abroad by amateur and professional performing artists and choirs.

Regional folk musical styles abound in Bulgaria. Northern Bulgaria, Dobruja, Shopluk, Thrace, Strandzha, Macedonia and Rhodopes - all have distinctive sounds. Much of traditional folk music revolved around holidays like Christmas, New Year's Day, midsummer, and the Feast of St. Lazarus, as well as the Strandzha region's unusual Nestinarstvo rites on May 21.

Several world-renowned troupes perform Bulgarian folk music, including the State Ensemble for Folk Songs and Dances, founded by Philip Koutev (1903-1982), Trio Bulgarka and the Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir, who are featured, among others, on the anthologies titled Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares, volume 2 of which received a Grammy Award in 1989.

One internationally known artist, Valya Balkanska, sang the song Izlel e Delyu Haydutin, which was chosen to be part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music sent into space in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. The Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir also known as Mystery of Bulgarian voices has also attained a considerable degree of fame.

Customs and rites
Bulgarians often give each other a martenitsa (мартеница) — an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on the clothes — from March 1 until the end of the month. Alternatively, one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork (considered a harbinger of spring). One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree. Family-members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas, which they regard as symbols of health and longevity. The white thread represents peace and tranquility, while the red one stands for the cycles of life. Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as Baba Marta (Баба Марта), meaning Grandmother March. It preserves an ancient pagan tradition. Many legends exist regarding the birth of this custom, some of them dating back to the 7th century and the time of Khan Kubrat, the ruler of Old Great Bulgaria. Other tales relate the martenitsa to Thracian and Zoroastrian beliefs. Romania and some parts of Greece also have a similar custom. In 2017, UNESCO added the cultural practices centered around the martenitsa ritual in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

The ancient Bulgarian ritual of kukeri (кукери), performed by costumed men, seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. The costumes, made of animal furs and fleeces, cover the whole of the body. A mask, adorned with horns and decoration, covers the head of each kuker, who also have bells attached to his waist. The kukeri dance, jump and shout in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. Some of the performers impersonate royalty, field-workers and craftsmen. The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another. In 2015, the ritual was entered in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as part of the traditional Surva Folk Fest held annually in Pernik.

Another characteristic custom called Nestinarstvo (Нестинарство), or firedancing, is found in the Strandzha region. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain. In 2009, the ritual was entered in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Bulgaria has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which are part of the national route tourist map of 100 national tourist sites of the Bulgarian Tourist Union:

 * The early medieval large rock relief Madara Rider
 * Two Thracian tombs (one in Sveshtari and one in Kazanlak)
 * Three monuments of medieval Bulgarian culture (the Boyana Church, the Rila Monastery and the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo)
 * Two examples of natural beauty: the Fisherman Momerioland the Sreburna Nature Reserve
 * The ancient city of Nessebur — a unique combination of European cultural interaction, as well as, historically, one of the most important centres of seaborne trade in the Black Sea
 * "Surva"- International Kukeri Festival in Pernik, Bulgaria. One of the biggest masquerade festival on the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Conducted in the last three days of January. Kukeri or Surva Festival (Mummer's games) in the town of Pernik, is the most spectacular "Kukeri" event in Bulgaria. At the end of January thousands of "kukeri" participants from different regions of Bulgaria, as well as from all around the world gather in Pernik for the three-day event. The festival held in Pernik is the oldest festival of the masquerade games in Bulgaria. The first edition was opened on January 16, 1966. In 1995 the International Federation of Carnival Cities accepted the town of Pernik as its full member. In 2009 Pernik was proclaimed as the European capital of Surva's and Mummer's. The news that the Kukeri tradition and the Surva Festival in Pernik will be included in UNESCO's list of protected non-material cultural heritage, was announced before the inaugural ceremony of the 20th edition of the mummery fest in 2015.

Local archaeologists assume that the number of archaeological sites is the third-largest in Europe after Italy and Greece.

Theatres
According to the Bulgarian Statistical Institute as of 2005 there were 75 theatres in Bulgaria including National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria with around 30,000 seats altogether. The first theatrical events in Bulgaria are related to community centers which were the center of the spiritual and social life of the country in the middle of the 19th century.

The first theatrical production was presented in Shumen in 1856. This is the comedy Mihal Mouseoed by Sava Dobroplodni, who at that time was a teacher in Shumen.

The name of Dobri Voynikov means the beginning of the Bulgarian theater. They call it the father of the Bulgarian drama and theater. According to the fact - an inaccurate definition, because the first dramaturgic work in Bulgaria is the comedy of Theodosius Ikonomov, "The Lovecycle Wanderer or Bella of the hunting poet Sahatchiya", published in 1863 but compiled as early as 1857. The first theatrical performances on the Bulgarian stage are also not Soldiers. These are the comedy "Mihal", translated by Greek and adapted for the Bulgarian audience by Sava Dobroplodni, who organized her performance in Shumen, and the dramas "Multitudes Genoveva" and "Belisarius", placed by Krastyu Pishurka in Lom. All three titles were first played in 1856.

Vazov tells of theater in the 1870s. Until then, dozens of theatrical and pre-theatrical performances have been performed. The first of them began to be organized in the 1940s and 1950s. Even then there are traces of scenographic attempts in our country.

A more important theatrical fact during the Renaissance was the creation of the Svishtov People's Theater. The Bulgarian performances in the town began in the 1870s, when the two enthusiastic theaters - Dimitar Shishmanov and Nikolay Pavlovich - returned in their home country. The first is a director, the second is a local theater painter. The Svishtov performances are played on a specially built stage, whose artistic layout is entrusted to N. Pavlovich. And he probably managed to overcome the level of the then Bulgarian theater.

During the period 1900–1917, the Bulgarian theater entered a new stage of its development - a stage of real professionalisation of the acting art, the Europeanization of the appearance of the spectacle and the permanent establishment of the National Theater as a nationally representative cultural institution.

The Bulgarian Theater in the years to 1989 has ideological-party orientation. It is in the service of socialist realism.

The arts are called "the means of education", and "socialist realism - the only method of artistic creativity". Changes in society, culture, the arts, the theater are ubiquitous. The imposition of socialist realism takes place through the repertoire, the new Bulgarian drama, as well as the staging practice.

The dynamic development of the Bulgarian theater after 1989 typifies theater phenomena for a long period of nearly 25 years and highlights by them trends, essential characteristics and innovative movements.

Famous Bulgarian theatrical actors are: Georgi Kaloyanchev, Stoyanka Mutafova, Roza Popova, Vasil Gendov, Georgi Partsalev, Velko Kanev, Pavel Poppandov, Maria Sapundjieva, Iossif Surchadzhiev and others.

Famous Bulgarian playwrights include: Peyo Yavorov, Nedyalko Yordanov, Stoslav Stratiev, Rangel Ignatov and others.

Visual art

Bulgaria has a rich heritage in the visual arts, especially in frescoes, murals and icons. The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak offers fine examples of excellently preserved ancient Thracian art. Tomb art provides one of the most important sources of information about Thracian lifestyle and culture. Visual arts in the Bulgarian lands experienced an upsurge during the entire period of the Middle Ages. The crypt of the Alexander Nevski cathedral features an exhibition of a large collection of medieval icons. The earliest of those dates from around the 9th century. The Tarnovo Artistic School, the mainstream of the Bulgarian fine arts and architecture between 13th and 14th centuries, takes its name from the capital and main cultural center of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Tarnovo. Although it shows the influence of some tendencies of the Palaeologan Renaissance in the Byzantine Empire, the Tarnovo painting had its own unique features which makes it a separate artistic school. Art historians classify its products into two types:

The works of the school show some degree of realism, portrait individualism and psychology.
 * mural painting: mural decoration of churches
 * iconography: easel painting

The unique and realistic portraits in the Boyana Church class as forerunners of the Renaissance.

The wall piers and the arches often featured medallion-shaped bust images of saints. Magnificent examples of those survive in Church of Saints Peter and Paul Church in Tarnovo. Along with traditional scenes such as "Christ's passions" and "Feast cycle" in the second layer; "Christ Pantokrator" in the dome and the Madonna with the infant Christ in the apse, specific images and scenes also appear. During the period of Ottoman rule (1396-1878) the authorities suppressed Bulgarian art. Many churches suffered destruction, and newly built ones remained somewhat modest. In the end of the 18th century the Islamic Ottoman Empire began to decay slowly, thus permitting the Bulgarian National Revival of the 18th and 19th centuries to occur. Bulgaria experienced a revival in every area of culture. Following the Liberation in 1878, fine arts rapidly recovered and came under the influence of European artistic currents such as late Romanticism.

After 1878 until the middle of the 20th century, there was an extremely intensive process of incorporating the Bulgarian art into the contemporary European artistic culture. The development of Bulgarian art follows the path of the ethnographic and descriptive genre scenes, painted by the artists after the Liberation, such as Ivan Markvichka, Anton Mitov, Ivan Angelov, Yaroslav Veshin in the exquisite landscapes and elegant portraits typical of the beginning of the 20th century by Nikola Petrov, Nikola Marinov, Stefan Ivanov, Elena Karamihailova together with the expressive decoration of the 1920s (Ivan Milev, Ivan Penkov, Pencho Georgiev ... ) to the extremely wealthy creative talents and various plastic quests in the 1930s and 1940s by Vladimir Dimitrov - The Master, Zlatyu Boyadzhiev, Dechko Uzunov, Nenko Balkanski, Sirak Skitnik, Vera Nedkova, Ivan Nenov, Bencho Obreshkov, with many different artists from different parts of the country.

The cartoon, the illustration and the layout of the book with the three great ones first appear as they are called Alexander Bozhinov, Ilia Beshkov, Raiko Aleksiev, Kiril Buyukliiski, Alexander Zhendov, Stoyan Venev, Sirak Skitnik. The Bulgarian sculpture is also developing: Boris Shaz and Zheko Spiridonov, Andrey Nikolov and Ivan Lazarov, Lyubomir Dalchev, Vaska Emanouilova, Marko Markov, Ivan Funev give it its foundation. But the development of Bulgarian art continues to develop vigorously and independently in our time also.

Cuisine
The relatively warm climate and diverse geography afford excellent growing conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits, Bulgarian cuisine (българска кухня, bulgarska kuhnya) offers great diversity.

Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine also features diverse quality dairy products and a variety of wines and local alcoholic drinks such as rakia (ракия), mastika (мастика) and menta (мента). Bulgarian cuisine also features a variety of hot and cold soups, for example tarator. Many different Bulgarian pastries exist as well, such as banitsa, a traditional pastry prepared by layering a mixture of whisked eggs and pieces of Bulgarian cheese with filo pastry and then baking it in an oven.

Traditionally, Bulgarian cooks put lucky charms into their pastry on certain occasions, particularly on Christmas Eve, the first day of Christmas, or New Year's Eve. Such charms may include coins or small symbolic objects (such as a small piece of a dogwood branch with a bud, symbolizing health or longevity). , people have started writing happy wishes on small pieces of paper and wrapping them in tin foil. Messages may include wishes for happiness, health, long life or success throughout the new year.

Bulgarians eat banitsa — hot or cold — for breakfast with plain yogurt, ayran, or boza. Some varieties include banitsa with spinach (спаначена баница, spanachena banitsa) or the sweet version, banitsa with milk (млечна баница, mlechna banitsa) or pumpkin (тиквеник, tikvenik).

The Bulgarian lyutenitsa (лютеница) is a spicy mixture of mashed and cooked tomatoes, aubergines, garlic, hot peppers and vegetable oil, seasoned with salt, pepper and parsley. Variations of lyutenitsa exist in the national cuisines of most Balkan states.

Tripe soup (шкембе чорба, skhembe chorba) takes as its basis the thick lining of the cleaned stomach of cattle, prepared with milk and seasoned with vinegar, garlic and hot peppers. Under Ottoman rule, the sultans allegedly preferred tripe soup made by Bulgarian cooks, whose mastery in preparing the dish remained unmatched in the Balkans. In addition, Bulgaria is included in the Michelin catalog because of its rich cuisine and traditional dishes.

Exports of Bulgarian wine go worldwide; and until 1990 the country exported the world's second-largest total of bottled wine. The rich soil, perfect climate and the millennia-old tradition of wine-making, which dates back to the time of the Thracians, contribute to the wide variety of fine Bulgarian wines. As of 2007, Bulgaria produced 200,000 tonnes of wine annually, ranking 20th in the world.

Media
Bulgaria's media are generally deemed unbiased, although the state still dominates the field through the Bulgarian National Television (BNT), the Bulgarian National Radio (BNR), and the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. Bulgarian media have a record of unbiased reporting, although they are deemed potentially at risk of political influence due to the lack of legislation to protect them. The written media have no legal restrictions and newspaper publishing is entirely liberal. The extensive freedom of the press means that no exact number of publications can be established, although some research put an estimate of around 900 print media outlets for 2006. The largest-circulation daily newspapers include Dneven Trud and 24 Chasa.

Non-printed media sources, such as television and radio, are overseen by the Council for Electronic Media (CEM), an independent body with the authority to issue broadcasting licenses. Apart from a state-operated national television channel, radio station and the Bulgarian News Agency, a large number of private television and radio stations exist. However, most Bulgarian media experience a number of negative trends, such as general degradation of media products, self-censorship and economic or political pressure. Slavi's Show and Gospodari Na Efira are among the most popular TV programs, both having more than 1,000,000 views per show.

Internet media are growing in popularity due to the wide range of available opinions and viewpoints, lack of censorship and diverse content.

Religion
Bulgaria is officially a secular nation and the Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion but designates Orthodoxy as a "traditional" religion. In the 2001 census, 82.6% Bulgarians declared themselves Orthodox Christians, 12.2% Muslim, 1.2% other Christian denominations, 4% other religions (Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism, Judaism) and zero percent atheists. Most citizens of Bulgaria have associations — at least nominally — with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Founded in 870 AD under the Patriarchate of Constantinople (from which it obtained its first primate, its clergy and theological texts), the Bulgarian Orthodox Church had autocephalous status since 927 AD. The Church became subordinate within the Patriarchate of Constantinople, twice during the periods of Byzantine (1018 – 1185) and Ottoman (1396 – 1878) domination. It was re-established first in 1870 in the form of the Bulgarian Exarchate, and then in the 1950s as the Bulgarian Patriarchate. Islam came to Bulgaria at the end of the fourteenth century after the conquest of the country by the Ottomans. It gradually gained ground throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries through the introduction of Turkish colonists. One Islamic sect, Ahmadiyya, faces problems in Bulgaria. Some officials have moved against Ahmadis on the grounds that other countries also attack the religious rights of Ahmadis, who many Muslims regard as heretical.

In the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, missionaries from Rome converted Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism. their descendants form the bulk of Bulgarian Catholics, whose number stood at 44,000 in 2001. Missionaries from the United States introduced Protestantism into Bulgarian territory in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. In 2001 Bulgaria had some 42,000 Protestants.

Buddhism, Hinduism and Taoism became popular among Bulgarians in the time of perestroika and especially after the fall of communist regime and are usually a co-religion or co-belief to Bulgarians who otherwise are Christians (Roman Catholicism or Orthodoxy). Among these Eastern (Asian) religions Buddhist centres are officially registered in Bulgaria as religious denominations. The number of followers of Buddhism has increased gradually in recent years also due to the influx of Vietnamese citizens (predominantly Buddhist) to Bulgaria.

According to the most recent Eurostat "Eurobarometer" poll, in 2005, 40% of Bulgarian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 40% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", 13% that "they do not believe there is a God, spirit, nor life force", and 6% did not answer.

Clothing
Bulgarian traditional clothing is diverse, and every ethnographic area in Bulgaria has its distinct styles. Bulgarians call their traditional clothing 'носия' (nosiya).

title: Culture of Bulgaria


text:
Talk:Mother Goose

Married to Isaac Goose?
...i read somewhere that Mother Goose(there was no name for her) was married to Isaac Goose.

As a slang term?
The term 'Mother Goose' has been adopted as a slang term in the United Kingdom, and refers to a neurotic woman who fusses too much over those who are in her charge.

Never heard of it, and Newsbank doesn't confirm. The slang term for a neurotic overprotector is "mother hen" (e.g. Mother hen parenting is no way to nurture, Daily Mail, The (London, England) November 16, 2005. Tearlach 03:34, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Iona Opie
It says that Iona Opie disagrees with the only two origins presented in the article, but it doesn't offer Opie's explanation. Seems kind of like it should if Opie is really the world authority on this subject... Vesperal 19:40, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

I find this comment (and in the article itself where it says "In spite of evidence to the contrary,[5]") interesting. Benton (of footnote 5) presents no evidence for or against Fleet's possible printing of Mother Goose songs/stories. He says he has no evidence, which is not the same as "evidence to the contrary." He also repeatedly insists that it can't be true. Dick Kimball's evidence seems to be an appeal to authority [it "is a complete fraud. Boston is my home town"). Both Benton and Kimball seem to be saying that since Mother Goose (more accurately mère l'oye, or maybe even Queen Goosefoot) has been around far before Fleet of Boston, that Fleet (or his mother-in-law) couldn't be the originator of Mother Goose (I'll agree to that).  Therefore Fleet couldn't have published a collection of Mother Goose.  Uhm, how does that follow?  He could well have published a collection of Mother Goose stories even if he did not have a Goose/Vergoose/etc tie.  Having such a tie, and knowing of the Mother Goose stories just makes it more likely that he would have.  Benton indicates that people in Mother England wouldn't have used some printing from Daughter America [not true].  [A side note: I've seen Fleet's detractors refer to a book that they think he didn't print. The oldest reports I know of refer to something smaller (pamplet, broadsheet, ...). Any reference to a book appears to me to come from his detractors. Could someone please reference the oldest known mention of any of these: book, broadsheet, pamphlet, etc, here in the discussion?] Accordingly, I do not have evidence for the Fleet/Goose story, neither do I have evidence against it, nor have I ever been able to find any evidence against it, nor does this article present any evidence against it. Therefore the article should be changed to be more accurate to fit the facts, not the beliefs of either side. (For instance, instead of "In spite of evidence to the contrary,[5]", more accurate would be, "In spite of beliefs [or use a word such as claims, writings, information] to the contrary, [5] no evidence has been offered either way.") — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.176.90.25 (talk) 13:14, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

Mother Goose of Boston
The whole concept of Boston's Mother Goose is a complete fraud. Boston is my home town. After Mary Goose died, hed children and other descendants spread the false story that she was the original "Mother Goose" just for the publicity. Her name was Goose and she was a mother, but she had absolutely NOTHING to do with the fictional Mother Goose to whom fairy tales for children had been attributed. Most of those stories originated in France with Perrault. Dick Kimball 04:14, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

For corroboration please follow this external link for [| Mother Goose]. Dick Kimball 04:14, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction of Information re. Burial Site
This page contains information about the burial site of Mother Goose, however there is a contradiction with the Wiki Page "St Olave Hart Street". Nmmilner (talk) 07:48, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Can this article be locked, please?
... and then reverted to the last version of Feb. 20, 2010, which seems to be the last serious version?

Most of the article was lost in the first of two vandalistic edits made in rapid succession on Feb 23, by a kid who knew that the undo bots can only undo one edit, which kinda legitimizes the first (and more damaging) edit. Since then there have been dozens of vandalistic edits, coming in bursts of up to 8 at a time, swamping the undo bots. But the major loss of the first 23-Feb. edit remains.

As a part of the "WikiProject Children's literature," this article is both highly visible to families, and an attractant to unruly little boys. ---Randall 208.66.124.31 (talk) 01:56, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I did the revert and requested page protection.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 08:01, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Mother Goose appears in two familiar rhymes, not one
Article indicates that Mother Goose is the subject of only one nursery rhyme, but there are two that mention the name.

The first is the familiar "Old Mother Goose, when she wanted to wander, would ride through the air on a very fine gander", which appears to refer to the human character.

The second is "Cackle, cackle, Mother Goose, have you any feathers loose?", which would appear to refer to an actual goose. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.60.115.150 (talk) 12:49, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

Political Satire?
The political satire section seems to be based on only one source (an undergraduate honors thesis) and rather speculative. Note the articles on many of the nursery rhymes mentioned as being satirical make no mention of their being satires.

I would recommend either highly editing this section or deleting it, but I am not sure if it is appropriate to do so with no discussion first. 63.152.124.184 (talk) 23:12, 28 February 2017 (UTC)Anonymous internet guy

Custom in Utah?
My family has lived in Utah since the 1840s and I had never heard of Mother Goose giving good children presents on New Year's Eve. The article cites two interviews done at BYU Provo, indicating that at least those two families had such a custom. People who read the article might get the mistaken impression it's common here. --204.14.239.107 (talk) 20:49, 13 July 2018 (UTC)
 * having a quick look at this, i believe this ip has a valid point, the 2 references cited are customs collections notes by a couple of BYU folklore students, i did find this in a gsearch, a family blog that a few southern Utah families may carry out this tradition, but is this enough to have it included? Coolabahapple (talk) 06:55, 17 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Two families doesn't really establish a sufficiently widespread tradition to justify inclusion in an article. --tronvillain (talk) 18:50, 17 July 2018 (UTC)
 * If it appears in a reliable source somewhere, then I think it's relevant enough to include. However, we'll need to do better than a Blogspot post. :bloodofox: (talk) 23:36, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

Inconsistencies
Lead reads: I have no idea what this means:
 * As a character, she appeared in a song, the first stanza of which often functions now as a nursery rhyme. This, however, was dependent on a Christmas pantomime, a successor to which is still performed in the United Kingdom.
 * What does "as a character" mean? Is this in distinction to her role as the notional author of the fairy tales?
 * Does this mean that she first appeared in a song (before Perrault)? I see no discussion of an early song in the article.
 * What is the "this" that is dependent on a Christmas pantomime? The song? The first stanza? The nursery rhyme?
 * What does it mean that it is "dependent on a Christmas pantomime"? How can a song/stanza/nursery rhyme "depend on" a pantomime?

Paragraph 2 says but then paragraph 3 says: Which is it? 17th or 18th century? Or was the name "Mother Goose" applied retrospectively to the 17th century stories? If so, that needs to be clarified.
 * The term's appearance in English dates back to the early 18th century
 * Mother Goose's name was identified with English collections of stories and nursery rhymes popularised in the 17th century.

Thanks, --Macrakis (talk) 21:38, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

Etymology
It doesn't take much imagination (and it is all the more surprising that this hypothesis hasn't come up anywhewre yet) to conjecture that the figure of "Mother Goose" may have originated in or near Brittany, at the interface between the English, Bretonic and French languages, originally as just a generic storytelling grandmother - Bretonic "mamm-gozh", pronounced pretty much exactly like "mum goose" - that over time got personified into the figure of "Mother Goose" as it is known today. In that region, such a figure could have easily spread into the French culture as well, where Perrault would have picked it up. 2A0A:A546:754F:0:4185:B1A9:6094:4350 (talk) 23:24, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mother Goose


text: User talk:212.219.118.154

title: User talk:212.219.118.154


text:
Winnie Ewing

Winifred Margaret Ewing (10 July 1929 – 21 June 2023) was a Scottish lawyer and politician who figured prominently in the Scottish National Party.

Born and raised in Glasgow, Ewing studied law at the University of Glasgow, where she joined the university's Scottish Nationalist Association. After graduating, she worked as a lawyer, serving as secretary of the Glasgow Bar Association from 1962 to 1967. Ewing was elected to the House of Commons in the 1967 Hamilton by-election and her presence at Westminster led to a rise in membership for the SNP. Although she lost her seat in the 1970 election, she was re-elected in February 1974, this time for the Moray and Nairn constituency. Ewing lost her seat in the 1979 election and, after making numerous attempts to seek re-election, failed to do so.

Ewing was elected to the European Parliament in the 1979 elections, representing the Highlands and Islands. In Europe, she acquired the nickname Madame Écosse because of her advocacy of Scottish interests. In 1987, she became the president of the Scottish National Party. She served as vice president of the European Radical Alliance and by 1995 had become Britain's longest serving MEP. In the first elections to the Scottish Parliament, she was elected to represent the Highlands and Islands. As the oldest qualified member, it was her duty to preside over the opening of the Scottish Parliament.

Early life
Ewing was born Winifred Margaret Woodburn on 10 July 1929 in Glasgow, to Christina Bell Anderson and George Woodburn, a small business owner. She was educated at Battlefield School and Queen's Park Secondary School. In 1946 she matriculated at the University of Glasgow where she graduated with an MA and LLB. Although relatively inactive in politics at that time, she joined the Student Nationalists. Following her graduation, she qualified and practised as a solicitor and notary public. She was Secretary of the Glasgow Bar Association from 1962 to 1967.

Political career
Ewing became active in campaigning for Scottish independence through her membership of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association, and won the 1967 Hamilton by-election as the Scottish National Party (SNP) candidate. She was elected with the help of a team including her election agent, John McAteer. On 16 November, she made her first appearance at Westminster, with her husband and children accompanying her on the journey. She arrived at the parliament in a Scottish-built Hillman Imp and was greeted by a crowd and a pipe band.

Ewing said at the time "stop the world, Scotland wants to get on", and her presence at Westminster led to a rise in membership for the SNP. It was speculated that Ewing's electoral gain led to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission by the Labour government of Harold Wilson to look into the viability of a devolved Scottish Assembly. In hindsight it could be said to mark the start of modern politics in Scotland, according to Professor Richard Finlay of Strathclyde University, bringing young people and women from non-political backgrounds into politics for the first time, whilst Labour and Tory party organisation and branch numbers were declining.

Despite her high profile, Ewing was unsuccessful in retaining the Hamilton seat at the 1970 general election. At the following February 1974 election she stood for Moray and Nairn and was returned to Westminster, although another election followed in October of the same year when her already marginal majority declined. Following the October election she was announced as the SNP's spokesperson on external affairs and the EEC. She first became an MEP in 1975, at a time when the European Parliament was still composed of representative delegations from national parliaments. She lost her Westminster seat at the May 1979 election, but within weeks had gained a seat in the European Parliament at the first direct elections to the Parliament. Ewing was unsuccessful at seeking to return to Westminster as the SNP candidate for Orkney and Shetland in 1983, coming third.

Ewing was elected the SNP Party President in 1987. It was during her time as an MEP that she acquired the nickname Madame Écosse (French for 'Mrs Scotland') because of her advocacy of Scottish interests in Strasbourg and Brussels. That sobriquet was first used by Le Monde and with Ewing using the term as a badge of pride, it stuck. By 1995 she had become Britain's longest serving MEP. She served as Vice President of the European Radical Alliance, which in addition to the SNP also included French, Belgian, Italian and Spanish MEPs.

In 1999, she did not stand for the European Parliament, instead becoming a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) in the first session of the Scottish Parliament, representing the Highlands and Islands. As the oldest qualified member, it was her duty to preside over the opening of the Scottish Parliament, a session she opened with the statement: "The Scottish Parliament, adjourned on the 25th day of March in the year 1707, is hereby reconvened". She sat as a member on the European Committee and the Public Petitions Committee.

During the controversy that arose in the early years of the Scottish Parliament surrounding proposals to repeal Clause 28 (a law banning the active promotion of homosexuality in schools), she joined her son Fergus Ewing in abstaining, although her daughter in law Margaret Ewing supported repeal as did the majority of her party's MSPs. In June 2001, having turned 72 years old, she announced that she would retire from Parliament at the end of the session. In January 2003, her husband, Stewart Ewing, died from a heart attack after a fire at their home. He had been active with her in politics for many years, and had himself served as an SNP councillor for the Summerston area in Glasgow, gaining the seat of Dick Dynes, the leader of the Labour Group on Glasgow District Council in 1977, a result described by The Glasgow Herald as "an absolute sensation". Later in 2003 she stood down from being an MSP, although she continued to serve as the SNP's President. On 15 July 2005, she announced she would be stepping down as President of the Scottish National Party at its September Conference, bringing to an end her 38-year career in representative politics.

Nicola Sturgeon said that Ewing had given her "hugely valuable advice" on public speaking, and that Ewing had given her some important advice as a young woman in politics, namely "Stand your ground and believe in yourself" and "a more vibrant, colourful, dynamic, passionate, committed person, you would struggle to meet."

Outside Parliament
Ewing was a vice president of equal rights charity Parity. In April 2009, BBC Alba broadcast a biographical documentary Madame Ecosse, produced by Madmac Productions. It was rebroadcast on BBC Scotland to mark her 80th birthday. Nicola Sturgeon named Ewing as her Political Hero on BBC News in 2018.

Personal life
Winnie and Stuart Ewing had three children, two of whom also went on to a career in politics: their son, Fergus Ewing, was elected to the Scottish Parliament in 1999 and went on to hold several cabinet posts. Their daughter, Annabelle Ewing, was an MP from 2001 to 2005 and was elected an MSP in 2006. Ewing died at her home in Bridge of Weir on 21 June 2023, at age 93.

Awards and honours
In 1990 she was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. In 2003 the Law Society of Scotland made her an honorary member. She was awarded honorary LLD degrees from the University of Glasgow in 1995 and the University of Aberdeen in 2004. She was awarded Doctor of the University degrees from the Open University in 1993 and the University of Stirling in 2012. In 2009, a portrait of her painted by David Donaldson in 1970 was lent to the Scottish Parliament and put on display.

title: Winnie Ewing


text:
Talk:Promethium

Untitled
Article changed over to new WikiProject Elements format by schnee. Elementbox converted 11:09, 10 July 2005 by Femto (previous revision was that of 13:31, 9 July 2005). 9 July 2005

semi-stable isotope
OK, what is a semi-stable isotope? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.41.204.3 (talk) 22:32, 5 December 2006 (UTC).

 * I would think it's an isotope of a particular element that is still radioactive, but is relatively stable (has a long half-life) compared to other radioactive isotopes. You might find more answers on other pages. AstroHurricane001 22:53, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * A semistable isotope is one like bismuth-209, element-83, which has

a half-life estimated at about 10^23 years. A tiny bit of alpha decay has been observed in "miraculous" experiments done in exotic semiconductors at temperatures close to absolute zero. 10^23 years is far longer than the life of the known universe, and it used to be thought that bismuth-209 was stable. 47.215.188.197 (talk) 08:38, 8 February 2017 (UTC)

Image
This article states the appearance but does not have a picture of the element. This is peculiar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.245.49.25 (talk) 05:15, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, we're aware of this problem, and we've been looking for a reliable one for years. (Hence the banner at the top of this talk page with the camera in it, requesting a photograph.) Unfortunately, nobody seems to have actually photographed something that is incontrovertibly a pure promethium sample, and therefore there is no image of pure Pm metal on this article. (We do have one for promethium(III) oxide, though.) Double sharp (talk) 12:44, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

I found a few pictures (they may be fake) of promethium. They all occur on more than one webpage, all stating that they are promethium. Do you think they are reliable: http://www.twnree.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/61-Promethium.jpg http://businesslife.ba.com/Media/images/rareh-Business-Life-Promethium-credit-periodictable.com-043410ea-8348-4a28-b7cd-aa244d51c5ee-0-450x521.jpg --220.245.49.25 (talk) 23:19, 22 January 2015 (UTC)
 * No. is Nd by T.W. Gray, and  is a colored/decolorized illustration from . Materialscientist (talk) 23:24, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

I found these images from Chinese websites. I don't know how reliable they is: http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/07vbMHVhyHe9Xa8NzB5iaibFeicn3IPxOmdLljo4hezeQcViaJfa1o8RM9MO2LgwnWnTRYlAs93Ccmk3o0FFOicmXGQ/0 http://a2.att.hudong.com/44/03/01300001385827133437036291016_s.jpg 220.245.49.25 (talk) 08:43, 12 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The first one is a Nd-Fe-B magnet according to the caption. The second is the picture of Nd used in Ralph Lapp's book Matter with a recoloured background. Double sharp (talk) 19:33, 12 June 2015 (UTC)

I found the first image from this website, where all images have the same watermark: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/mp/appmsg/show?__biz=MzA5MTMyODAzOA==&appmsgid=200025081&itemidx=1&sign=18d5b6ffdee5643be61983d6d9170022&3rd=MzA3MDU4NTYzMw==&scene=6#wechat_redirect — LL221W (talk) 11:15, 13 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, but for such a rare element, I'd expect a long explanation of how the sample was made, which I don't see there. (And I'd expect larger safety precautions, as Pm stored out in the open in such large quantities is going to cause heavy radioactive contamination.) And given that most pictures of Pm online happen to be actually Nd, I'm really not convinced by this picture, and probably won't be until it can be proven to be unquestionably Pm. Double sharp (talk) 10:40, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

I found a image is about promethium sample, but I'm not sure that it's real. The image was made by T. W. Gray, too. But when I uploaded this image to Chinese Wikipedia...yes it will be deleted. It's on the Files for discussion now, see for more information. Oh guys, I've forgotten to tell you the source of this image is https://periodictable.com/Items/061.2/index.html. --ERS ROHU (talk) 12:00, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

Name change - when and why?
When did its name change from prometheum to promethium, and why? I'm sure I remember as a kid (late 1970s) the -eum spelling ... - David Gerard (talk) 20:24, 3 January 2016 (UTC)
 * My question is was it ever publicly referred to as "prometheum"? My reading of this article is that the name was derived from Prometheus but that the second "e" was changed to "i" when the element name was proposed and that this "-ium" spelling is all that was ever published. However, without reading the actual source I can't be sure. If my reading is correct, there is no need for the "formerly prometheum" note as that spelling would never have really existed.--Khajidha (talk) 12:44, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

article contradicts itself re: Pm147 emitting gamma radiation
the first paragraph of Applications says that Pm147 can not emit gamma radiation, and the first paragraph of Precautions says that it can. i'm not sure which is correct, hopefully someone else can revise. WordsAndNumbers (talk) 05:30, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Promethium


text:
Talk:John Maclean (Scottish socialist)

Soviet 4 kop. postage stamp
I've just replaced/restored the image of the Soviet postage stamp featuring John Maclean which had been deleted from Wikimedia due, I think, to incorrect copyright status. I believe I've correctly specified the relevant exemption - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-RU-exempt.

Unfortunately, I missed the discussion/debate pre-deletion but consensus seemed to be against deletion. For some reason it was deleted anyway... (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:Stamps_by_Peter_Emilevich_Bendel). Steelwool (talk) 12:24, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Well done, an end to the random whim of Commons editors who delete images that are perfectly valid here on WP. A good example of the need to use Template:Keeplocal when necessary.-- Cactus.man  ✍  21:40, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

 * It seems User:jcb has taken it upon himself to delete it again. There is a debate on-going re: undeletion and I'm now on strike pending reinstatement. I encourage others of like mind to join me. --Steelwool (talk) 17:00, 29 May 2016 (UTC)
 * You are not allowed to reupload files that have been deleted by means of a Deletion Nomination. The proper way is to wait for an administrator to close the Undeletion Request. If the closing administrator decides to restore the files, he/she will take care to do this. But the UDR has been started 4 weeks ago and till now not a single administrator felt like restoring them. Jcb (talk) 17:08, 29 May 2016 (UTC)
 * That would also have been the proper way to do the deletion. I seem to recall that you were outvoted on the DN but went and with it anyway. Don't tell me to follow rules you won't keep yourself, Dick! Steelwool (talk) 12:35, 31 July 2016 (UTC)

Untitled
What does the "MA" at the end of his name mean? RickK

"That is explained in the very first paragraph of the article. -- Derek Ross"

I added the sentence that MacLean was known as the Fighting Dominie - but was he known thus while alive, or was it posthumously? And what's the correct capitalisation, Maclean or MacLean? The article uses both. CPMCE 01:54, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Maybe this Wiki could do with a picture of MacLean? CPMCE 02:11, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

MacLean apparently had a street named after him in Russia somewhere.Cant seem to find any definitive info on this.Anyone know more ?

 * Yes...! This was Maklin Prospekt (Maclean Avenue) on the banks of the Neva in central Leningrad (St Petersburg). It has recently - poss. 2003 - reverted to it's former name, Angliisky Prospekt (English Avenue!) There is apparently still a street named Maklin Str in Kirov but this may be named after another Maclean. +++ Steelwool (talk) 04:57, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

"Unreferenced" tag
I'm puzzled by this: I count references to eight written works and nine online links (E&OE). --Old Moonraker (talk) 06:57, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Unreferenced means "This article does not cite any references or sources" not that there are no references. I have used some of the references and added some citations, and changed the tag to ref-improve.-Wikianon (talk) 15:18, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the clarification: read it as then, rather than  .--Old Moonraker (talk) 16:07, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Good call with the ref-improve but I'm afraid I have to take issue with some of the sources cited! Unreferenced secondary sources - particularly those with a political agenda such as a Trotskyite publication - surely cannot be regarded as reliable sources. The McGuigan citations, in particular, need to be replaced with something which, at the very least, nods towards the source of the information and is substantially more NPOV.
 * There is also a distinct difference, in this context, between a "Bibliography" and "References". By changing this you have created a large list of potential sources which have not actually been used! To be honest, I've previously added entries to the Bibliography here that I wouldn't dream of using as sources, not unless I was pushing an argument.
 * I'm not going to simply revert this as I can see it was well intentioned...but I might have to perform some remedial tweaking... :c) +++ Steelwool (talk) 22:07, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

I've added a reference to the section on republican socialism, that I think should satisfy both of the "Citation Needed" tags that were there. I have also found a web page on Hamish Henderson that refers to the 25th anniversary memorial meeting and John MacLean march (Cultural References section). Would this satisfy the citation requirements here? Robhogg (talk) 12:02, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Good to see more contributions. The citation you point to is pretty thin - given that it doesn't really provide any source for the claim (they might have picked it up from Wikipedia!) - but I reckon it might do for the time being. If anyone turns up anything better, it can always be updated...--Steelwool (talk) 22:02, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've added it for the time being. I am interested in doing some work on expanding this article - I've requested Nan Milton's bio, and will see what I can get from that. Robhogg (talk) 09:54, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

I've added an extra reference for the 25th Anniversary memorial. There's still a fair amount of work to be done, but I feel that this tag could now come off (at least for the present). What think you all? Robhogg (talk) 21:14, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Date of Birth
There appears to be some confusion over Maclean's date of birth. I believe the accepted date is 24th August 1879 despite the date of 26th offered by the uncredited Radical Glasgow article. Even a cursory reading of this piece suggests it derived from the entry in Scottish Labour Leaders 1918-1939 (Ed. William Knox) and the date should probably be discounted as a typo. Unfortunately, there is another source with another date. McHugh's article in the online version of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography has Maclean born on August 14th. While this is a citable source it does contradict other sources and might conceivably be a misprint or transcription error. Until someone establishes a case for another date, I will reference Knox for 24th August. +++ Steelwool (talk) 02:22, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Just checked a couple of other sources. Tom Bell uses 14th August. Aldred uses 24th.++++ 212.139.75.229 (talk) 08:46, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Nan Milton gives the 24th August Robhogg (talk) 22:47, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yup, 24th August is what it says on his birth registration. --Steelwool (talk) 16:53, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Trial for sedition
Just added this section, but realised a date discrepancy. In his obituary for Maclean, Gallacher states that the trial at which he gave the famous speech - "I am not here, then, as the accused; I am here as the accuser..." - was in April 1916. However, both Nan Milton and the Marxists Internet Archive give the date of this trial as May 9 1918. I will assume that the latter date is correct, unless anyone has any better evidence.

His trial in 1916 was also for sedition, among other charges. According to Milton he was imprisoned first at Carlton Jail (Edinburgh), then transferred to Peterhead, Perth and finally Duke Street (Glasgow). I'll add the year to the section heading to avoid confusion. Robhogg (talk) 15:40, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Death and Legacy
Can we get a better reference for the impact on Maclean's health of forcible feeding? The "Radical Glasgow" article is uncredited, unreferenced and, as pointed out above, not all that reliable. Broom (p.142) mentions Maclean being force-fed by the prison doctor in Duke Street before his final trial but the sentence was served in Barlinnie. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Steelwool (talk • contribs) 23:07, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * snipped out quotes from Milton's biography that have now been incorporated in article Robhogg (talk) 13:33, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Milton does stop short of actually saying that the forced feeding caused the deterioration in his health, but these quotes are fairly strong. However, the section on his death and legacy could do with a bit of a rewrite I feel, as it gives the impression that this stay in Peterhead immediately preceded his death. In fact, he was released from there in 1918. His final stay in prison was in Barlinnie (1922), but Milton doesn't seem to suggest he was force-fed during this stay.Robhogg (talk) 22:30, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added quotes on his force-feeding from Milton's biography. However, I felt that there needed to be a separate section dealing with his 1918 trial for sedition, which I've created and into which I've incorporated one of these quotes. Robhogg (talk) 13:33, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

"Lenin appointed John MacLean as Bolshevik Consul in Glasgow"
Surely this is worth a wee mention? --Mais oui! (talk) 15:13, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh. It already is. I was searching for the word "Lenin" not the word "Bolshevik". Still, tis another ref. --Mais oui! (talk) 15:15, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The source is sketchy. It was actually Litvinov that appointed Maclean consul anyway. Litvinov was the Bolshevik representative in London and closely connected with the BSP. -- Steelwool (talk) 05:17, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

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Sedition
The 'Trial for sedition' section is lacking information about what he was charged with. The government must surely have specified what Maclean was alleged to have done or said that constituted sedition, and that really ought to be in the article. It'd be very unsatisfying if, say, the O. J. Simpson article just mentioned his trial for murder, without mentioning who he was alleged to have murdered or why. 92.238.16.159 (talk) 07:12, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Maclean (Scottish socialist)


text:
Talk:Chemical symbol

Natural Science
Which element is a non metal in group 1 41.145.192.27 (talk) 22:52, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Hydrogen. Double sharp (talk) 14:08, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

When to use chemical symbols and when *not* to.
The article seems not to contain any guidelines for when to write say "triuranium octoxide" vs "U3O8" with the numbers as subscripts, of course. Mentioning "U3O8" is also very different from using it. Likewise, when should one write, if ever, "triuranium-235 octoxide" rather than using a chemical formula including a nuclide symbol? Readers need to know this, especially if they are editing Wikipedia.

I just posted a long comment about a similar issue about nuclide symbols, so for more info that more or less applies also to my question here, please have a look at that. Here's the link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Nuclear_weapon_design#235U_versus_uranium-235. Polar Apposite (talk) 17:17, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

 * For "triuranium octoxide", if you want to specify the isotope as uranium-235, you can write $235$U$3$O$8$. In this case, superscripting and subscripting is highly desirable, to clearly distinguish between mass number (superscript) and multiplicity of an element (subscript). Said element-plus-mass-number notation can of course be used whenever you want to specify the isotope of an element in a compound. In fact, IUPAC recommends that deuterium should be denoted $2$H (again, same notation) rather than D, to prevent problems in sorting chemical formulae (see the article "Deuterium"). Same recommendation applies, of course, for tritium. Solomonfromfinland (talk) 12:13, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

Atomic symbol
Why is there no mention of the fact that IUPAC, the official arbiter of chemical terminology, uses the term atomic symbol rather than "chemical symbol" or "element symbol"? See https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00503. Samer (talk) 02:29, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

Systematic
In the section on obsolete symbols: to reduce clutter, i moved the systematic chemical symbols into a new subsection, “Systematic chemical symbols”. Okay? Should the title of said new section be shortened to “Systematic symbols”? I added, “When elements beyond oganesson (starting with ununennium, Uue, element 119), are discovered; their systematic name and symbol will presumably be superseded by a trivial name and symbol.” Should a source be cited for said factoid? If so, perhaps a source could be found among the sources cited by the article “Ununennium”?

Also, in the list of symbols no longer in use, i was thinking of also separating out the symbols for Mendeleev's predicted elements, into another separate subsection, or at least a separate list. Should i do that? Solomonfromfinland (talk) 04:22, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I'd say no, because that would break the alphabetical ordering of the list. That doesn't matter so much with the systematic symbols, because those are all 3 letters and so easier to identify. — kwami (talk) 21:45, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Element symbols that are words
Element symbols that are English words: He, Be, As, In, I, At, Am, No;

Element symbols that are French words: Ne, Si, Ni, As, Se, Y, Te, La, Ce, Eu, Ta, Os, Au, Es. 129.104.241.242 (talk) 04:08, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chemical symbol