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Anglican Church in Japan

The Nippon Sei Ko Kai (日本聖公会), abbreviated as NSKK, sometimes referred to in English as the Anglican Episcopal Church in Japan, is the national Christian church representing the Province of Japan (日本管区, ) within the Anglican Communion.

As a member of the Anglican Communion the Nippon Sei Ko Kai shares many of the historic doctrinal and liturgical practices of the Church of England, but is a fully autonomous national church governed by its own synod and led by its own primate. The Nippon Sei Ko Kai, in common with other churches in the Anglican Communion, considers itself to be a part of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church and to be both Catholic and Reformed.

With an estimated 80 million members worldwide, the Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches. The Nippon Sei Ko Kai has approximately 32,000 members organised into eleven dioceses and found in local church congregations throughout Japan.

Background (1549–1846)

Jesuit Saint Francis Xavier together with Portuguese explorers and missionaries first brought Christianity to Japan in the 16th century. In 1587, the Christian faith and life were outlawed and Christians, Japanese and foreign, were openly persecuted. In memory of these early Japanese Christians, and in common with the Roman Catholic Church, the Nippon Sei Ko Kai commemorates the Martyrs of Japan every February 5 for their life and witness.

All foreigners were subsequently expelled in 1640 as Japan began two centuries of self-imposed isolation and Christian communities were driven into hiding. When foreigners were eventually allowed back into the main islands of Japan in the 1850s, they found thousands of Christians who had maintained their Christian faith and identity through centuries of persecution.

Early mission church (1846–1900)
Anglican church mission work in Japan started with the British Loochoo Naval Mission on the outlying Ryukyu Islands in May 1846. George Jones, a United States Navy chaplain traveling with the Expedition of Commodore Perry, led the first recorded Anglican burial service on Japanese soil at Yokohama on 9 March 1854. More permanent mission priests of the Episcopal Church, John Liggins and Channing Moore Williams, arrived in the treaty port of Nagasaki in May and June 1859. After the opening of the port of Yokohama in June 1859, Anglicans in the foreign community gathered for worship services in the British consul's residence. A British consular chaplain, Michael Buckworth Bailey, arrived in August 1862 and after a successful fundraising campaign Christ Church, Yokohama, was dedicated on 18 October 1863.

Due to government restrictions on the teaching of Christianity and a significant language barrier, the religious duties of clergy were initially limited to serving as ministers to the American and British residents of the foreign settlements. The first recorded baptism by Williams of a Japanese convert, a Kumamoto samurai named Shōmura Sukeuemon, was not until 1866.

Liggins and Williams were followed to Nagasaki in January 1869 by George Ensor, a priest representing the Church Mission Society of the Church of England. Following 1874, he was joined by H. Burnside at Nagasaki, C. F. Warren at Osaka, Philip Fyson at Yokohama, J. Piper at Tokyo (Yedo), H. Evington at Niigata and W. Dening at Hokkaido. H. Maundrell joined the Japan mission in 1875 and served at Nagasaki. John Batchelor was a missionary priest to the Ainu people of Hokkaido from 1877 to 1941.

After the Meiji Restoration, significant new legislation relating to the freedom of religion was introduced, facilitating in September 1873, the arrival in Tokyo of Alexander Croft Shaw and William Ball Wright as the first missionary priests sent to Japan by the Society for Propagation of the Gospel. Williams, appointed Episcopal Bishop of China and Japan in 1866, moved first to reside in Osaka in 1869, then subsequently relocated to Tokyo in December 1873.

By 1879, through cooperative work between the various Anglican missions, the largest part of the Book of Common Prayer had been translated and published in Japanese. A full version of the text being completed by 1882. On Palm Sunday 1883, Nobori Kanai and Masakazu Tai, graduates of the Tokyo theological school were ordained by Bishop Williams as the first Japanese deacons in the church. In 1888, the Anglican Church of Canada also began missionary work in Japan, later mainly focusing on Nagoya and Central Japan.

In addition to the work of ordained church ministers, much of the positive public profile enjoyed by Anglican Church in Japan during this early mission period was due to the work of lay missionaries working to establish schools, universities and medical facilities. Significant among this group were missionary women such as Ellen G. Eddy at St. Agnes' School in Osaka, Alice Hoar at St. Hilda's School and Florence Pitman at St. Margaret's School, both located in Tokyo. Hannah Riddell who established the Kaishun Hospital for people with leprosy in Kumamoto and Mary Cornwall-Legh who ran a similar facility in Kusatsu, Gunma, were both honored by the Japanese Government for their work.

The first synod of the Nippon Sei Ko Kai met in Osaka in February 1887. At this meeting, instigated by Bishop Edward Bickersteth and presided over by Bishop Williams, it was agreed to unite the various Anglican missionary efforts in Japan into one autonomous national church; the Nippon Sei Ko Kai. The 17 European and American participants at the first Synod were outnumbered by 14 other clergy and 50 Japanese lay delegates.

Total Nippon Sei Ko Kai church membership in 1887 was estimated to be 1,300. John Toshimichi Imai, ordained deacon in 1888 and raised to the priesthood by Bishop Bickersteth in 1889, was the first Japanese person to become an ordained Anglican priest.

In 1890, J. G. Waller, a Canadian Anglican priest, arrived in Japan with his wife Lydia. 1892, they moved to Nagano where he established churches in Nagano City in 1898, which was nationally registered as an important tangible cultural property in 2006. Waller helped establish a tuberculosis sanatorium in Obuse, Nagano funded by donations from Anglicans in Canada.

Continued growth and wartime challenges (1900–1945)
By 1906 the Nippon Sei Ko Kai was reported to have grown to 13,000 members, of whom 6,880 were communicants with a Japanese led ordained ministry of 42 priests and 22 deacons. Henry St. George Tucker, President of St. Paul's College and in 1913 appointed Bishop of Kyoto, was one of the foremost missionary leaders of the period who advocated that an independent, Japanese-led and self-supporting church was the only way in which Christianity could be carried to the wider population of Japan. Initiatives were put in place to help grow the financial self-sufficiency of church congregations and the first Japanese bishops, John Yasutaro Naide, Bishop of Osaka and Joseph Sakunoshin Motoda, Bishop of Tokyo, were consecrated in 1923.

During the 1930s, as overseas funding and the number of foreign Anglican missionaries in Japan declined, new challenges arose for Nippon Sei Ko Kai church leadership and laity from the increasing focus on Shinto as a state prescribed religion and the growing influence of militarism in domestic and foreign policy. Christianity was portrayed by many nationalist politicians at the time as incompatible with the loyalty of Japanese subjects. In response the Nippon Sei Ko Kai issued periodic statements in support of the Imperial Army. And the first half of the 20th century saw NSKK's overseas expansion. Taiwan Sheng Kung Hui was established, several Japanese-language churches, such as Dalian Sheng Kung Hui Church, were built in Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui's Northern China Diocese in Manchuria, and the Anglican Church of Korea was absorbed by the NSKK.

A more active period of government persecution began in 1937, particularly for Christian denominations such as the Salvation Army with its commitment to social reform, and for the NSKK with its historic links to the Church of England. Archbishop Lang's condemnation in October of Imperial Japanese Army actions in China, provoked hostile scrutiny of the NSKK and caused some in the church leadership to publicly disassociate themselves from links with the wider Anglican Communion.

During World War II, the majority of Protestant churches in Japan were forcibly brought together by the Japanese wartime government to form the United Church of Christ in Japan, or Kyodan. Reflecting the distinctive doctrinal character of the Anglican Communion, many individual Nippon Sei Ko Kai congregations refused to join. The cost of resistance to and non-cooperation with the government's religious policies was harassment by the military police and periods of imprisonment for church leaders such as Bishops Samuel Heaslett, Hinsuke Yashiro and Todomu Sugai, as well as Primate Paul Shinji Sasaki.

St. Andrew's Tokyo, now the Cathedral church for the Diocese of Tokyo, was one such congregation that resisted government pressure, struggling to retain its land, church buildings and Anglican identity to the war's end in 1945. However, like many urban Nippon Sei Ko Kai churches, medical and educational facilities, St. Andrew's buildings were lost in the 1945 Allied incendiary bombing.

Post-war period (1945–)
The pressure of an extended war caused damage to both internal church unity and the physical infrastructure of the Nippon Sei Ko Kai. Seventy-one out of a total of 246 churches had been destroyed. Others were in bad repair due to neglect, requisition by the military, or vandalism.

Through individual and larger communal acts of reconciliation, and with the support of an Anglican Commission sent out by the Church of England's Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher in 1946, the Nippon Sei Ko Kai was organizationally reordered in 1947, with a leadership consisting of Japanese bishops at the head of each diocese.

Attending the 1948 Lambeth Conference, Presiding Bishop Yashiro took with him a finely embroidered silk cope and mitre and presented it to Archbishop Fisher as a gesture of thanks from members of the Nippon Sei Ko Kai for the bonds of fellowship that continued to hold members of the Anglican Communion together in the aftermath of wartime hostilities. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, wore the cope at the opening service of the Lambeth Conference that year and again in 1953 at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.

The Nippon Sei Ko Kai became a financially self-supporting Province of the Anglican Communion in 1972.

Adopting a formal Statement of War Responsibility at the General Synod in 1996, and reflecting on the Japanese occupation of China and Korea prior to the Second World War, the NSKK has been active in multi-year projects promoting peace, reconciliation, and youth exchange programs between East Asian nations.

Two decades after becoming the first woman deacon, Margaret Ryoko Shibukawa was ordained the first woman priest in the Nippon Sei Ko Kai in December 1998.

The Nippon Sei Ko Kai celebrated the 150th anniversary of continuous Anglican Christian witness in Japan in 2009. The occasion was marked with a series of church and community events and visits by both the then-Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, and the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America at the time, Katharine Jefferts Schori.

In 2013 the NSKK co-hosted with the Anglican Church of Korea the 2nd Worldwide Anglican Peace Conference in Okinawa.

The NSKK is a member of the National Christian Council in Japan.

Nathaniel Makoto Uematsu, Bishop of Hokkaido was the primate of the Anglican Church in Japan from 23 May 2006 until November 2020.

Present
Luke Kenichi Muto, Bishop of Kyushu, was installed as the Primate of Nippon Sei Ko Kai on 5 November 2020. He was succeeded in 2024 by Bishop David Eisho Uehara of Okinawa.

Today the Nippon Sei Ko Kai continues its traditions of ministry and Christian witness in Japan through church congregational life, hospitals, schools, social advocacy, and support for non-profit organizations.

The church, at both a national and local level, works to support disadvantaged, marginalized, or discriminated against communities in Japan, as well as communities in Tohoku impacted by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, tsunami and subsequent crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear generating plant.

The NSKK also engages in field-based mission work overseas, such as in the Philippines.

Eight of the NSKK's dioceses ordain women to the diaconate and priesthood. The NSKK has ordained women to the priesthood since 1998. Women have been ordained to the diaconate since 1978, and the first woman to be ordained a deacon and, later, as a priest was Margaret Shibukawa Ryoko. In 2021, the Diocese of Hokkaido elected Grace Trazu Sasamori as bishop, making her the first woman to be elected bishop in the church.

Worship
The Book of Common Prayer used in worship is the Ki Tō Sho (日本聖公会祈祷書, 1959) that includes in its latest 2000 revision the Lord's Prayer wording, common between the Nippon Sei Ko Kai (NSKK) and the Catholic Church in Japan.

The Bible reading at the church is now mostly from the Japan Bible Society Interconfessional Version (2018), replacing the Japanese New Interconfessional Translation Bible (1987).

The Japanese Hymns Ancient and Modern has been replaced by Sei Ka Shū, the NSKK Hymnal (日本聖公会聖歌集, 2006).

Dioceses and notable churches
There are currently eleven dioceses in the Nippon Sei Ko Kai and over three hundred church and chapel congregations spread across the country. Notable churches in each diocese from north to south include:

Hokkaido
The Anglican mission to Hokkaido was pioneered since 1874 by the Rev. Walter Dening and the Rev. John Batchelor, who contributed to the welfare and education of the Ainu people. More than 130 years since then, the Anglicans in the Diocese of Hokkaido, with its diocesan cathedral at Christ Church Cathedral, Sapporo, have made unique contributions in various fields, establishing 24 churches, 5 kindergartens and 4 nursery schools.

The bishop is Maria Grace Tazu Sasamori (笹森田鶴) since 2022, NSKK's first female bishop.

Tohoku
The first Anglican-Episcopal mission to the Tohoku Region, i.e. Northeast Japan, of Aomori, Akita, Iwate, Miyagi, Yamagata and Fukushima Prefectures started in 1891 when the missionary team was sent to Fukushima by Bishop John McKim of the Diocese of North Tokyo (now the Diocese of Kitakanto). In 1894, the Rev. H.J. Jefferies was sent to Sendai, the largest city of the Region, his missionary activities including the church meetings, sewing schools, kindergartens, and Sunday schools. The church building in Sendai was completed in 1905, at which time Bishop N. S. Binstead of the Episcopal Church USA arrived as the bishop of the Diocese of Tohoku.

Just before and during Pacific War, foreighn missionaries were forced to leave and the NSKK was dissolved. However, it rose from the difficult war-time and postwar period, and developed into a self-sufficient diocese. The building of the Christ Church in Sendai was burned down in the 1945 Bombing of Sendai, was rebuilt in 1965, and was rebuilt again in 2014.

Kitakanto
The first Anglican-Episcopal mission in the Diocese of North Tokyo (now the Diocese of Kitakanto, with St. Mattias' Cathedral in Maebashi, covering NSKK churches in Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, and Saitama Prefectures ) was to Kawagoe in 1878. From Kawagoe, the mission spread to other cities. In 1893, the first bishop of the diocese, John McKim, was installed.

In 1901, the first kindergaten in Saitama Prefecture opened as the NSKK church-affiliated kindergarten in Kawagoe. In 1916, Conwall Legh started the medical care unit of leprosy patients in Kusatsu, Gunma. The facility of the Society of St John the Evangelist was transferred to the diocese and used as the Koyama House of Prayer since 2004.

The current Bishop of the Diocese of Kitakanto is Francis Xavier Hiroyuki Takahashi (髙橋宏幸) interim bishop (管理主教).

Tokyo
The Diocese of Tokyo was established in its modern form in May 1923. There are 33 churches and 9 chapels in the Diocese, many having been first established in the second half of the nineteenth century.
 * St. Andrew's Cathedral, Minato-ku, Tokyo
 * St. Alban's, Minato-ku, Tokyo, an English language based NSKK congregation located adjacent to St. Andrew's Cathedral.
 * St. Luke's Chapel, Chuo-ku, Tokyo located in the Old Building of St. Luke's International Hospital. One of the very few NSKK church buildings in central Tokyo to have survived the Second World War

Yokohama

 * St. Andrew's Cathedral, Yokohama
 * Christ Church, Yokohama landmark church located in Yamate overlooking the Port of Yokohama, hosting both English and Japanese language based congregations.
 * St. Andrew's Church, Kiyosato, Yamanashi

Chubu
The Diocese of Chubu, with its diocesan cathedral at St. Matthew's Church Cathedral, Nagoya, covers the parishes and other facilities in the four prefectures of the Chubu Region (meaning "Central Japan"): Aichi, Gifu, Nagano, and Niigata. For historical reasons, the parishes in Fukui, Ishikawa and Toyama Prefectures of Japan's Chubu Region belong to the Diocese of Kyoto, and those in Yamanashi and Shizuoka Prefectures, to the Diocese of Yokohama.

The diocese of Chubu was established with the help of Anglican Church of Canada. The Nagano Holy Saviour Church, Nagano, nationally Registered Important Tangible Cultural Property from 2006, was built by J. G. Waller, a Canadian missionary. The origin of St. Mary's College, Nagoya goes back to the Child care workers' school established by Margaret Young (1855 - 1940), another missionary from Anglican Church of Canada.

The bishop of the diocese is the Rt. Rev'd Dr. Renta Nishihara (西原廉太), ordained in October 2020 as the tenth bishop.

Kyoto

 * St. Agnes' Cathedral, Kyoto

Osaka

 * Christ Church Cathedral, Kawaguchi, Osaka the cathedral seat of the Bishop of Osaka.

Kobe

 * St. Michael's Cathedral, Kobe

Kyushu

 * St. Paul's Cathedral, Fukuoka

Okinawa

 * Cathedral of St. Paul and St. Peter, Mihara, Naha, Okinawa

Related facilities
Nippon Sei Ko Kai affiliated educational, medical and social welfare institutions in Japan number over two hundred. Comprehensive lists of affiliated institutions are available on the official NSKK website.

Seminaries

 * Central Theological College, Tokyo Founded in 1908 from the amalgamation of three older Japanese Anglican seminaries.
 * Williams Theological Seminary, Kyoto

Religious orders

 * Community of Nazareth, Tokyo. An Anglican religious order first established in 1936 under the guidance of the English Community of the Epiphany.

Universities and colleges

 * Rikkyo University, Tokyo (立教大学 Rikkyō Daigaku), also known as St. Paul's University
 * St. Margaret's Junior College, Tokyo (立教女学院短期大学 Rikkyō Jogakuin Tanki Daigaku)
 * St. Mary's College, Nagoya
 * Momoyama Gakuin University, Osaka (桃山学院大学 Momoyama Gakuin Daigaku), also known as Saint Andrew's University.
 * Heian Jogakuin University, Kyoto and Osaka, also known as St. Agnes University
 * Poole Gakuin University, Osaka
 * Poole Gakuin Junior College, Osaka
 * Kobe International University, Kobe
 * Kobe Shoin Women's University, Kobe

Hospitals

 * St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo
 * St. Barnabas' Hospital, Osaka

Early mission church (1859–1900)

 * Channing Moore Williams (1829–1910), Episcopal Bishop of China and Japan, founder of Rikkyo University
 * John Liggins (1829–1912), first missionary and ordained representative of the Anglican Communion in Japan
 * Alexander Croft Shaw (1846–1902), missionary, founder of St. Andrew's Church in Tokyo and Archdeacon of North Japan
 * Edward Bickersteth (1850–1897), First Bishop of South Tokyo
 * John Batchelor (1854–1944), missionary to the Ainu communities of Hokkaido
 * John McKim (1852–1936), Bishop of North Tokyo
 * William Awdry (1842–1910), Second Bishop of South Tokyo
 * Arthur Lloyd (1852–1911), missionary, academic and translator
 * Philip Fyson (1846–1928), Bishop of Hokkaido. Member of the Church Missionary Society
 * John Toshimichi Imai (1863–1919), First Japanese born Anglican priest, ordained in 1889

Continued growth and wartime challenges (1900–1945)

 * Paul Shinji Sasaki, (1885–1946) Bishop of Mid-Japan, later Bishop of Tokyo and Presiding Bishop of the Nippon Seikokai
 * Todomu Sugai, (1883–1947) Bishop of South Tokyo and Presiding Bishop January 1947 to August 1947
 * Henry St. George Tucker, (1874–1956) Bishop of Kyoto, later Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church
 * Joseph Sakunoshin Motoda, (1862–1928) Bishop of Tokyo
 * John Yasutaro Naide, (1866–1945) Bishop of Osaka
 * Peter Yonetaro Matsui, Bishop of Tokyo
 * Rudolf Teusler, (1876–1934) Medical lay missionary, founder of St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo
 * Mary Cornwall Legh, (1857–1941) Missionary to the leprosy communities of Kusatsu, Gunma.
 * Samuel Heaslett, (1875–1947) Fourth Bishop of South Tokyo
 * Walter Weston, (1860–1940) Missionary and Japan Alpine Mountaineer
 * Sidney Catlin Partridge, First Bishop of Kyoto
 * Hiromichi Kato, Bishop of Tohoku
 * Norman S. Binsted, First Bishop of Tohoku elected 1928
 * Arthur Lea, Bishop of Kyushu or South Japan
 * Philip Kemball Fyson, Bishop of Hokkaido
 * Charles S. Reifsnider, (1875–1958), Suffragan Bishop of North Kanto, President of Rikkyo University
 * Kenneth Abbott Viall, Assistant Bishop of Tokyo
 * Michael Hinsuke Yashiro, Bishop of Kobe, elected Presiding Bishop in 1947
 * Paul Rusch, (1897–1979) Lay missionary, educator, founder of Seisen Ryo (KEEP), Yamanashi Prefecture
 * Masayoshi Ōhira, (1910–1980) Prime Minister of Japan from 1978 to 1980
 * Light Maekawa, Bishop of Hokkaido

Relevant literature

 * Tucker, Henry St. George. The History of the Episcopal Church in Japan. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons, 1938.

title: Anglican Church in Japan


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Cream tea

A cream tea (also known as a Devon cream tea, Devonshire tea, or Cornish cream tea) is an afternoon tea consisting of tea, scones, clotted cream (or, less authentically, whipped cream), jam, and sometimes butter. Cream teas are sold in tea rooms throughout England, especially Devon and Cornwall, and in some other parts of the Commonwealth.

History
The origin of the cream tea is disputed, although there is evidence to suggest that the tradition of eating bread with cream and jam existed at Tavistock Abbey in Devon in the 11th century. The Oxford English Dictionary reports the earliest use of "cream tea" in the sense of the afternoon tea, as opposed to a cup of tea with cream in it, is in the 1964 novel Picture of Millie by Philip Maitland Hubbard, "We just bathe and moon about and eat cream teas." However, the "Foods of England" website has discovered an earlier newspaper cutting, The Cornishman of Thursday, 3 September 1931 (p. 8), which uses the phrase in what appears to be its modern sense: "For an alleged Cornish cream tea consisting of three slices of bread and butter, a splashing of cream and jam and two anemic rolls, I was charged 1s. 6d."

Variations
There are regional variations as to how a cream tea should preferably be eaten.
 * The Devonian, or Devonshire, method is to split the scone in two, cover each half with clotted cream, and then add strawberry jam on top. The Devon method is also commonly used in neighbouring counties.
 * With the Cornish method, the warm 'split' or a 'scone' is first split in two, then spread with strawberry jam, and finally topped with a spoonful of clotted cream. This method is also used elsewhere, notably in London.

Although these distinctions on whether to apply the jam or the clotted cream to the scone first are still claimed by many, cream teas are served and enjoyed both cream first and jam first throughout both counties.

Scones are rarely buttered in commercially available teas. Traditionally it is important that the scones be warm (ideally, freshly baked), and that clotted (rather than whipped) cream and strawberry jam, rather than any other variety, be used. Butter is generally not included, and some sources advise that the tea should not be served with milk.

In Cornwall an alternative was traditionally a "split", a type of slightly sweet white bread roll, rather than a scone. It is now rare to find this available commercially, even in Cornwall, but splits are still used by many Cornish families in their own homes. In Devon, an alternative to the scone found occasionally is the "Devon split" or "Chudleigh", lighter than a scone and smaller than a Cornish split.

Another variation to a cream tea is called "Thunder and Lightning", which consists of a round of bread or a Cornish split, topped with clotted cream and honey or golden syrup.

Yet another variation is a "savoury cream tea", with cheese scones; cream cheese instead of clotted cream, and chutney instead of jam.

Protected status
In May 2010, a campaign was launched at the Devon County Show to have the name "Devon cream tea" protected within the European Union under Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) rules. The campaign was launched following discussion on BBC Radio Devon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cream tea


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Scone

A scone ( or  ) is a traditional British baked good, popular in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is usually made of either wheat flour or oatmeal, with baking powder as a leavening agent, and baked on sheet pans. A scone is often slightly sweetened and occasionally glazed with egg wash. The scone is a basic component of the cream tea. It differs from teacakes and other types of sweets that are made with yeast. Scones were chosen as the Republic of Ireland representative for Café Europe during the Austrian presidency of the European Union in 2006, while the United Kingdom chose shortbread.

Lexicology
The pronunciation of the word within the English-speaking world varies, with some pronouncing it (rhymes with "gone"), and others  (rhymes with "tone"). The dominant pronunciation differs by area. Pronunciation rhyming with "tone" is strongest in the English Midlands and Republic of Ireland, though it seems to have less prominent patches in Cornwall and Essex. The pronunciation rhyming with "gone" is strongest in Northern England and Scotland, although this also seems to be the favoured pronunciation in Southern England, the Home Counties, and East Anglia. Natives of the Republic of Ireland and the United States mainly use the pronunciation. British dictionaries usually show the form as the preferred pronunciation, while recognising the  form.

The difference in pronunciation is alluded to in a poem:

The Oxford English Dictionary reports that the first mention of the word was in 1513.

Etymology
The origin of the word scone is obscure and may derive from several sources. That is, the classic Scottish scone, the Dutch schoonbrood (very similar to the drop scone), and possibly other similarly named quick breads may have made their way onto the British tea table, where their similar names merged into one.

Thus, scone may derive from the Middle Dutch schoonbrood (fine white bread), from schoon (pure, clean) and brood (bread), or it may also derive from the Scots Gaelic term sgonn, meaning a shapeless mass or large mouthful. The Middle Low German term schöne, meaning fine bread, may also have played a role in the origination of this word.

On the other hand, Sheila MacNiven Cameron derives the word from the town of Scone (Scone, Sgàin) in Scotland, the ancient capital where Scottish monarchs were crowned, and on whose Stone of Scone the monarchs of the United Kingdom are still crowned today.

History
When baking powder became available to the masses, scones began to be the oven-baked, well-leavened items we know today. Modern scones are widely available in British bakeries, grocery stores, and supermarkets. A 2005 market report estimated the UK scone market to be worth £64m, showing a 9% increase over the previous five years. The increase is partly due to an increasing consumer preference for impulse and convenience foods.

Scones sold commercially are usually round, although some brands are hexagonal, as this shape may be tessellated for space efficiency. When prepared at home, they may take various shapes, including triangles, rounds and squares. Baking scones at home is often closely tied to heritage baking. They tend to be made using family recipes rather than recipe books, since it is often a family member who holds the "best" and most-treasured recipe.

In 2023, a West London woman completed a decade-long project to sample a scone at every National Trust location (244 sites across England, Wales and Northern Ireland).

Varieties

British scones are often lightly sweetened, but may also be savoury. They frequently include raisins, currants, cheese or dates. In Scotland and Ulster, savoury varieties of scone include soda scones, also known as soda farls, sour dough scones known as soor dook scones made with sour milk, and potato scones, normally known as tattie scones, which resemble small, thin savoury pancakes made with potato flour. Potato scones are most commonly served fried in a full Scottish breakfast or an Ulster fry.

The griddle scone (or "girdle scone" in Scots) is a variety of scone that is cooked on a griddle on the stove top rather than baked in the oven. This usage is also common in New Zealand, where scones of all varieties form an important part of traditional colonial New Zealand cuisine.

Other common varieties include the dropped scone, or drop scone, like a pancake, after the method of dropping the batter onto the griddle or frying pan to cook it, and the lemonade scone, which is made with clear lemonade and cream instead of butter and milk. The fruit scone or fruited scone contains currants, sultanas, peel and glacé cherries mixed into the dough. To achieve lightness and flakiness, scones may be made with cream instead of milk.

In some countries one may also encounter savoury varieties of scone that may contain or be topped with combinations of cheese, onion, bacon, etc.

Scones can be presented with various toppings and condiments, typically butter, jam and cream. Strawberries are also sometimes used.

Australia
Pumpkin scones, made by adding mashed cooked pumpkin to the dough mixture, had increased exposure during the period when Florence Bjelke-Petersen was in the public eye. Date scones, which contain chopped dried dates, can also be found in Australia. Another old style of cooking scones, generally in the colder months, is to deep-fry or deep pan-fry them in dripping or oil; prepared this way, they are called "puftaloons".

Hungary
In Hungary, a pastry very similar to the British version exists under the name "pogácsa". The name has been adopted by several neighbouring nations' languages. Pogácsa is almost always savoury and served with varied seasonings and toppings, like dill and cheese.

Norway
Norwegian scones may contain raisins and orange and lemon bits. Instead of using butter, like most scone recipes, Norwegian scones use cultured milk instead.

New Zealand
Scones make up a part of kiwiana, and are among the most popular recipes in the Edmonds Cookery Book, New Zealand's best-selling cook book. The Edmonds recipe is unsweetened, using only flour, baking powder, salt, butter and milk. Other ingredients such as cheese, sultanas and dates can be added.

Cheese scones are a popular snack sold in cafes or tea shops, where they are commonly served toasted with butter.

South Africa
Scones are commonly served with clotted cream and jam; grated cheddar cheese is another popular accompaniment.

South America
Scones are quite popular in Argentina as well as Uruguay. They were brought there by Irish, English and Scottish immigrants and by Welsh immigrants in Patagonia (Britons are the third largest foreign community in Argentina). They are usually accompanied by tea, coffee or mate.

United States
American scones are sweet, heavy, dry and crumbly, similar to British rock cakes. They are usually triangular, and often contain fruit such as blueberries or sultanas, or such flavorings as pumpkin, cinnamon or chocolate chips. They may also be topped with icing. They are often eaten as they are (not topped with butter, jam or cream), along with coffee or tea, and often appear in US coffee houses. American biscuits are more similar to traditional British scones, but are usually savory and served with savory meals.

In Idaho and Utah, the bread products locally called "scones" are similar to Native American frybread or New Orleans beignets and are made from a sweet yeast dough, with buttermilk and baking powder or soda added, and they are fried rather than baked. They are customarily served with butter and either honey or maple syrup.

Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe scones are popular and often eaten for breakfast with English tea, jam and clotted cream. Originally brought to the country during its period of British colonial rule, the scone is sometimes seen as symbolic of the country's historic link to the UK that has become Zimbabweanified.

title: Scone


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Epipactis

Epipactis, or helleborine, is a genus of terrestrial orchids consisting of approximately 70 species. This genus is abbreviated as Epcts in horticultural trade.

Description
Their creeping, fleshy rhizomes grow offshoots, from which then emerge the 20–70 cm long stems during the next spring.

There are four to eight alternate, lanceolate leaves, that grow progressively shorter near the top. The margins are entire, the top is acute. Species with less chlorophyll have blue-purple leaves.

Their bilaterally symmetrical colorful flowers grow from a terminal raceme. The three sepals and the two lateral petals are ovate and acuminate. Their color can vary from greenish-white to violet and purple.

The lip is divided in a bowl-shaped hypochile, with the outer surface greenish-white and threaded with dark veins. The wavy, snow-white epichile is fan-shaped.

The ovary is inferior. It produces a dry capsule with countless minute seeds.

Chemistry
As is characteristic of all orchids, Epipactis spp. are dependent on a mycorrhizal symbiosis (see also Orchid mycorrhiza). This allows some species to have reduced leaves and need little chlorophyll. Violet helleborine (Epipactis viridiflora) can even do without chlorophyll. These forms can be recognized by their purple instead of violet flowers.

Habitat
The species occur in temperate and subtropical climates of America, Asia, and Europe. These orchids grow in open spaces in forests, in undergrowth, on calcareous soils and are often found in wet dune-slacks near the sea. The only original American species is the giant helleborine (Epipactis gigantea). One species from Europe, broad-leaved helleborine (Epipactis helleborine), is invasive in North America. Most species are protected.

Most of these hardy orchids grow in a wet environment, but there are exceptions. The marsh helleborine (Epipactis palustris) is the only European orchid able to survive in a flooded habitat. Epipactis gigantea is a species found in the American west, and into southern Canada, in wet areas and even streams. It can grow to a height of 1 m. However, Epipactis helleborine grows in more diverse habitats, from sheltered sandy beaches to open spaces in deciduous or coniferous forests, on roadsides, in meadows, and on moist soils. It is sometimes called the weed orchid.

Species

 * Epipactis africana (Ethiopia to Malawi)
 * Epipactis albensis (C. Europe)
 * Epipactis albensis var. albensis (EC. Europe). Rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis albensis var. fibri (France). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis aspromontana (Italy) - now synonym of Epipactis leptochila subsp. aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis atromarginata (Vietnam)
 * Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser : dark red helleborine, royal helleborine (Europe to Caucasus)
 * Epipactis atrorubens var. atrorubens
 * Epipactis atrorubens var. atrata A.Waldner & Webernd (Austria)
 * Epipactis atrorubens subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Ciocârlan & R.Rösler
 * Epipactis atrorubens subsp. spiridonovii (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
 * Epipactis atrorubens subsp. subclausa (Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis atrorubens var. triploidea (Gelbr. & G.Hamel) Kreutz
 * Epipactis autumnalis D.Doro (Italy)
 * Epipactis baumanniorum Ströhle
 * Epipactis bithynica (Turkey) - now synonym of Epipactis helleborine subsp. bithynica (Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis bugacensis (Hungary, near Bugacpusztaháza)
 * Epipactis campeadorii (Spain)
 * Epipactis cardina (Spain)
 * Epipactis condensata (Turkey to Lebanon, Cyprus, W. Transcaucasus)
 * Epipactis cretica (Crete)
 * Epipactis danubialis (Romania) - now synonym of Epipactis atrorubens subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Ciocârlan & R.Rösler
 * Epipactis degenii (Greece) - now synonym of Epipactis halacsyi subsp. degenii ( Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz
 * Epipactis distans Arvet-Touvet (Central Europe)
 * Epipactis dunensis (Great Britain: N. England to N. Wales)
 * Epipactis duriensis Bernardos, et al. (Portugal) - now synonym of Epipactis tremolsii var. duriensis (Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) P.Delforge
 * Epipactis exilis P.Delforge - now a synonym of Epipactis persica subsp. exilis (P.Delforge) Kreutz
 * Epipactis flaminia (EC. Europe) - now synonym of Epipactis greuteri var. flaminia (P.R.Savelli & Aless.) Kreutz
 * Epipactis flava (Laos, Thailand).
 * Epipactis futakii (EC. Europe) - now synonym of Epipactis leptochila var. futakii (Mered'a & Potek) P.Delforge
 * Epipactis gigantea : stream orchid, chatterbox, giant helleborine (W. Canada to N. Mexico).
 * Epipactis greuteri H.Baumann & Künkele (Greece).
 * Epipactis greuteri var. flaminia (P.R.Savelli & Aless.) Kreutz
 * Epipactis greuteri var. preinensis (Seiser) P.Delforg e
 * Epipactis greuteri subsp. preinensis (Austria)
 * Epipactis guegelii (Romania)
 * Epipactis halacsyi Robatsch (Greece) - now basionym of Epipactis viridiflora subsp. halacsyi
 * Epipactis halacsyi subsp. degenii (Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz
 * Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz : broad-leaved helleborine (N. Africa, Europe to C. China, Type species).
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. bithynica (Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine (N. Africa, Europe to C. China).
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. latina (Italy to NW. Balkan Pen).
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. leutei (Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis helleborine var. minor R.Engel (France)
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. molochina (P.Delforge) Kreutz
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. neerlandica (W. Europe).
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. orbicularis (C. Europe) synonym of Epipactis distans Arvet-Touvet
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. schubertiorum (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. transcaucasica (Caucasus). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii (W. Medit.) Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis helleborine var. youngiana (A.J.Richards & A.F.Porter) Kreutz
 * Epipactis ioessa Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Romolini (Italy)
 * Epipactis kleinii (S. France to E. Spain)
 * Epipactis komoricensis (EC. Europe) - now synonym of Epipactis leptochila subsp. komoricensis (Mered'a) Kreutz
 * Epipactis lapidocampi E.Klein & Laminger (Austria)
 * Epipactis latifolia All., nom. illeg. (synonym of Epipactis helleborine)
 * Epipactis latifolia lus. rosea Erdner - now synonym of Epipactis viridiflora var. rosea (Erdner) Kreutz
 * Epipactis leptochila (Godfery) Godfery : narrow-lipped helleborine (Europe).
 * Epipactis leptochila subsp. aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis leptochila var. cleistogama (C.Thomas) Kreutz
 * Epipactis leptochila var. dinarica (S.Hertel & Riech.) P.Delforge
 * Epipactis leptochila var. futakii (Mered'a & Potek) P.Delforge
 * Epipactis leptochila subsp. komoricensis (Mered'a) Kreutz
 * Epipactis leptochila subsp. leptochila (Europe)
 * Epipactis leptochila subsp. maestrazgona (P.Delforge & Gévaudan) Kreutz
 * Epipactis leptochila subsp. naousaensis (Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis leptochila subsp. neglecta (WC. Europe). Hemicryptophyte or rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis leptochila var. peitzii (H.Neumann & Wucherpf.) P.Delforge
 * Epipactis leptochila subsp. sancta (P.Delforge) Kreutz
 * Epipactis leutei (Austria) - now synonym of Epipactis helleborine subsp. leutei (Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis liestalensis (C. Europe).
 * Epipactis lusitanica (S. and N. Portugal)- now synonym of Epipactis tremolsii subsp. lusitanica (D.Tyteca) Kreutz
 * Epipactis maestrazgona P.Delforge & Gévaudan (Spain)
 * Epipactis magnibracteata (NC. China)
 * Epipactis mairei (Nepal to C. China)
 * Epipactis maricae (Campania, Italy
 * Epipactis mecsekensis (Hungary) - now a synonym of Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. mecsekensis (A.Molnár & Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis meridionalis H.Baumann & R.Lorenz (Sicilia to S. Italy)
 * Epipactis microphylla (Europe to Iran)
 * Epipactis molochina P.Delforge (Spain)
 * Epipactis moravica Batousek (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary) - now a synonym of Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. moravica (Batousek) Kreutz
 * Epipactis muelleri (W. & C. Europe).
 * Epipactis muelleri subsp. cerritae (Sicilia). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis muelleri subsp. muelleri (W. & C. Europe) Rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis nauosaensis (Greece) - now a synonym of Epipactis leptochila subsp. naousaensis (Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis nordeniorum Robatsch (Austria)
 * Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. mecsekensis (A.Molnár & Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. moravica (Batousek) Kreutz
 * Epipactis ohwii (C. Taiwan)
 * Epipactis olympica (Greece)
 * Epipactis palustris : marsh helleborine, marsh orchid (Europe to Caucasus and Mongolia)
 * Epipactis papillosa (Russian Far East to Korea, Japan)
 * Epipactis persica (Soó) Nannf. (SE. Europe to W. Pakistan)
 * Epipactis persica subsp. exilis (P.Delforge) Kreutz
 * Epipactis phyllanthes G.E.Sm. : green-flowered helleborine (W. & NW. Europe).
 * Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. fageticola (C.E.Hermos.) Kreutz
 * Epipactis phyllanthes var. olarionensis (France). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis phyllanthes var. phyllanthes (W. & NW. Europe)
 * Epipactis placentina (Switzerland to Italy).
 * Epipactis pollinensis (Italy) - now synonym of Epipactis viridiflora var. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz
 * Epipactis pontica (EC. Europe to N. Turkey)
 * Epipactis provincialis (France)
 * Epipactis pseudopurpurata (Slovakia) - Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pseudopurpurata (Mered'a) Kreutz
 * Epipactis purpurata
 * Epipactis rechingeri (N. Iran)
 * Epipactis rhodanensis (France to Austria)
 * Epipactis robatschiana Bartolo, D'Emerico, Pulv., Terrasi & Stuto (Italy)
 * Epipactis royleana (E. Afghanistan to Himalaya)
 * Epipactis sancta: Lindisfarne helleborine
 * Epipactis schubertiorum (Italy) - now synonym of Epipactis helleborine subsp. schubertiorum (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis spiridonovii (Bulgaria) - now synonym of Epipactis atrorubens subsp. spiridonovii (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
 * Epipactis stellifera (Switzerland)
 * Epipactis subclausa (Greece) - now synonym of Epipactis atrorubens subsp. subclausa (Robatsch) Kreutz
 * Epipactis tallosii (Slovakia, Hungary)
 * Epipactis tenii (China)
 * Epipactis thessala (N. & C. Greece)
 * Epipactis thunbergii (S. Russian Far East to Korea, Japan to Nansei-shoto)
 * Epipactis tremolsii Pau
 * Epipactis tremolsii subsp. densifolia (W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) Kreutz
 * Epipactis tremolsii var. duriensis (Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) P.Delforge
 * Epipactis tremolsii subsp. heraclea (P.Delforge & Kreutz) Kreutz
 * Epipactis tremolsii subsp. lusitanica (D.Tyteca) Kreutz
 * Epipactis tremolsii subsp. turcica (Kreutz) Kreutz
 * Epipactis troodi (Cyprus, Turkey )
 * Epipactis turcica (E. Aegean Is. to Turkey) - now synonym of Epipactis tremolsii subsp. turcica (Kreutz) Kreutz
 * Epipactis turcomanica (C. Asia)
 * Epipactis ulugurica (Tanzania)
 * Epipactis veratrifolia : scarce marsh helleborine (Caucasus to Somalia and SC. China)
 * Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Krock : clustered helleborine, violet helleborine (Europe)
 * Epipactis viridiflora subsp. halacsyi (Robatsch) B.Baumann & H.Baumann (Greece)
 * Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) B.Baumann & H.Baumann (Italy)
 * Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pseudopurpurata (Mered'a) Kreutz
 * Epipactis viridiflora var. rosea (Erdner) Kreutz
 * Epipactis xanthophaea (China)
 * Epipactis youngiana : Young's helleborine (Great Britain) - now synonym of Epipactis helleborine var. youngiana (A.J.Richards & A.F.Porter) Kreutz

Hybrids

 * Epipactis × amigoi (E. helleborine × E. kleinii) (Europe).
 * Epipactis × barlae (E. helleborine × E. microphylla) (C. Europe).
 * Epipactis × barreana (E. latina × E. muelleri) (Italy).
 * Epipactis × breinerorum (E. helleborine subsp. helleborine × E. greuteri) (EC. Europe).
 * Epipactis × bruxellensis (E. helleborine × E. phyllanthes) (W. Europe).
 * Epipactis × capellonensis (E. atrorubens × E. latina) (Italy).
 * Epipactis × cardonneae (E. atrorubens × E. kleinii) (W. Europe).
 * Epipactis × conquensis (E. cardina × E. kleinii) (Spain).
 * Epipactis × gerbaudiorum (E. provincialis × E. tremolsii) (France)
 * Epipactis × gevaudanii (E. helleborine × E. rhodanensis) (France).
 * Epipactis × graberi (E. atrorubens × E. microphylla) (Europe).
 * Epipactis × heterogama (E. atrorubens × E. muelleri) (Europe).
 * Epipactis x nicolosii M.P.Grasso & Grillo (. (E. helleborine (L.) Crantz x E. meridionalis H.Baumann & R.Lorenz) (Sicilia)
 * Epipactis × populetorum ( E. helleborine × E. hispanica) (Spain).
 * Epipactis × pupplingensis ( E. atrorubens × E. palustris) (Europe).
 * Epipactis × reinekei (E. helleborine × E. muelleri) (Europe).
 * Epipactis × robatschii Gévaudan & P.Delforge (E. bugacensis Robatsch x E. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser subvar. borbasii )
 * Epipactis × schmalhausenii (E. atrorubens × E. helleborine) (Europe).
 * Epipactis × schmalhausenii nothosubsp. fleischmannii (E. atrorubens × E. helleborine subsp. orbicularis) (Europe). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis × schmalhausenii nothosubsp. schmalhausenii (Europe). Rhizome geophyte
 * Epipactis × schulzei (Europe).
 * Epipactis × soguksuensis(E. helleborine × E. turcica) (Turkey).
 * Epipactis × stephensonii (E. helleborine × E. leptochila) (Europe).
 * Epipactis × trikalana (E. helleborine × E. thessala) (Greece).
 * Epipactis × vermionensis (E. gracilis × E. helleborine) (Greece).

title: Epipactis


text:
Talk:Kennedy–Thorndike experiment

It is not possible to know absolute matter length
In the section 'Importance to Relativity' it is assumed that absolute matter length can be known. This is not possible as we do not have access to a standard against which absolute length can be ascertained. RFNo (talk) 09:26, 7 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I take it by the silence that no-one disagrees with my comment.RFNo (talk) 10:28, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * The silence could also mean that no-one agrees, or sufficiently cares to respond. - DVdm (talk) 11:14, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

 * On the contrary, by our silence, we were hoping that you'd just shut up and disappear. It was evident from previous discussions with you that you have no understanding of relativity or the theory behind the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment. Stigmatella aurantiaca (talk) 11:21, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Stigmatella, that was not very pleasant. As you disagree with my criticism then I expect you to point out where we can find this length standard by which we may determine absolute distance. Substance rather than insults, please. RFNo (talk) 09:55, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Another possibility is that "in the section 'Importance to Relativity' it is" not "assumed that absolute matter length can be known," in which case your second sentence is moot. Indeed nowhere does the section say that "absolute matter length can be known", so your comment is not about the article but about the subject, or about your personal (mis)understanding of it. Alas, that is—per wp:talk page guidelines—off-topic. That is of course part of the reason why no-one replied. - DVdm (talk) 10:13, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * DVdm. As 'absolute' length cannot be known then there is no point whatever in having a paragraph which directly or indirectly refers to it. This can only be denied by pointing out the absolute standard. I am concerned and disappointed with the replies that I am getting. Both you and others seem to have the object to support the theory of Special Relativity even when there is no relevance or when it is entirely wrong to do so, when the object should be to give a NEUTRAL description of this experiment. In this you are denying the rules of Wiki.RFNo (talk) 10:39, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * "'Absolute' length" is not mentioned, and even if it was mentioned, your objections to it would be off-topic. - DVdm (talk) 11:00, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * DVdm.The section states that alpha is determined which in turn determines beta. Thus the section states that length contraction (beta) has an absolute value.RFNo (talk) 14:42, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but I can only point you back to my previous reply. - DVdm (talk) 14:49, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * DVdm. I have refuted your previous reply. It is not me that is off topic but the whole paragraph and indeed the whole article. The KT experiment was designed to detect the Aether. It has no relevance to relativity whatsoever. This article is being misused contrary to Wiki policy as an advert for Relativity. Furthermore, it is not the only example of this misuse. I am disappointed that no other editor has come forward to support Wiki policy. I appeal to the higher authorities in Wiki to intervene in this matter.RFNo (talk) 09:39, 16 February 2014 (UTC)
 * That is the way to go, because this is going nowhere. Don't forget to bring a significant number of solid sources to support your opinion and to counterbalance the scientific consensus that you see reflected here in Google Scholar and Google Books. And of course don't forget to also have a look at Wiki policy—see WP:WEIGHT and WP:PSCI. Good luck. - DVdm (talk) 10:30, 16 February 2014 (UTC)
 * DVdm. I only need one source and that is Einstein's theory of Special Relativity. In the KT experiment the relative velocity between observer (the experimenters) and the observed body (the apparatus) is zero. Hence there are no relativistic effects. This you well know. Yet you persist in denying it. The consequence is that Wiki readers are deceived by this article (and others). Wiki policy is to be neutral. The article is most definitely not neutral and neither do you appear to be. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RFNo (talk • contribs) 11:34, 17 February 2014 (UTC)
 * The (numerous) sources that refer to the KT experiment are describing it as a fundamental test of relativity. It doesn't matter whether you understand or accept this fact. --D.H (talk) 11:42, 17 February 2014 (UTC)
 * D.H. So, although it is logically impossible that the KT experiment could be a test of relativity you are prepared to hunt out some sources that say it is. You are denying the Wiki readers a true understanding of the KT experiment for an opportunity to thrust relativity upon them. Simply put, this is immoral. RFNo (talk) 09:37, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Not immoral. Wikipedia policy. Standard scientific consensus takes precedence over our personal sense of logic. There is nothing we can do about that. When we think that standard scientific consensus is wrong, then we must go elsewhere. - DVdm (talk) 09:47, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * DVdm. All velocity is measured relative to something. If it is measured relative to the Aether it is called absolute velocity. If to any arbitrary IRF it is called relative velocity. If that is not scientific consensus then please show me why. The problem with the KT paper is that it employs a velocity which is absolute velocity BUT it calls it RELATIVE velocity. This leads to great confusion. Now Wiki can perpetuate that confusion (as it does) OR it can remove that confusion in the interests of the reader. So, is it Wiki policy to confuse the reader when it can avoid doing so? The least the article might do is to point out the reason for the confusion. Your attitude appears to be that you carefully choose which Wiki policies to hide behind for the purpose of perpetuating a false Wiki article. RFNo (talk) 11:01, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but "to point out the reason for the confusion" is original research—see wp:OR—and that is, alas, forbidden here. - DVdm (talk) 11:20, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

The article gives explanation according to Lorentz Ether theory, not Einstein’s SR
The article creates an impression, that effects of length contraction and time dilation are real, and null - result of this experiment can be explained by "contraction and dilation" of the interferometer in its own frame. This explanation is correct in a framework of the Lorentz Ether Theory, which is "no longer supported" by the Mainstream Scientific Community and is not in accordance with standard scientific consensus. The Mainstream Scientific Community considers Lorentz's hypothesis to be "ad-hoc". Albert Einstein give correct explanation of this experiment. According to the Einstein's theory of the Special Relativity the interferometer neither "contract" nor "dilates" itself. That gives correct explanation of null - result of this experiment. However, the correct explanation has not been even mentioned.

“Thus, for a co-ordinate system moving with the earth the mirror system of Michelson and Morley is not shortened, but it is shortened for a co-ordinate system which is at rest relatively to the sun.”

— Albert Einstein, 1916

On the other hand - how can KT interferometer to slow down in the “coordinate system which is at rest relatively to the Sun” but not “slow down” in a co-ordinate system moving with the Earth. Mossbauer rotor test show that rotating detector actually slows down in a co-ordinate system moving with it, since it measures higher frequency of the source in the centre of centrifuge. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.197.169.74 (talk) 07:31, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kennedy–Thorndike experiment


text:
Talk:Double-ended queue

deque
This came up in a Scrabble game: how is deque pronounced? Should the correct pronunciation be put into the article? -- hike395 05:50 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Wouldn't it be a kindness if someone could come up with a different word to use for this ADT? How about "biqueue" ? Then we could quit trying to keep deque and dequeue straight from one another. --MarkGoldfain (talk) 05:05, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

pronunciation, external link nit
deque rhymes with "check"

the implementation at the external link looks to implement something like a doubly-linked list... ostensibly, one would use a linked list if one wanted a linked list...

''Maybe, but that's no reason not also to use a linked list if one wants a deque. A doubly-linked list is a very complicated structure to reason about. By hiding it behind an abstract interface with very limited access functions (push and pop at each end) one acquires a useful structure which is also easy to reason about. You're confusing interface with implementation; if a deque is the interface you want, the implementation should be largely irrelevant.''

Dequeue redirects to Deque
Dequeue is an action, which means to remove from a Queue. Deque is a double-ended queue. Therefore, I suggest that Dequeue redirect to Queue, not Deque. Cparker 21:47, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Either that, or just remove the redirect altogether. Cparker 21:47, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually you can find uses of "dequeue" as a noun, "double-ended queue". Notably, Hopcroft & Ullman use it this way.  There was some discussion of this in comp.lang.c++ a few years ago: http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.c++/browse_thread/thread/730d25ca7f9fe937/38129ef5a0328a0a?tvc=2. SpuriousQ 10:46, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Comment on Implementations
There is 3rd common way of implementing deques and that is as an array of pointers to fixed sized pages of the elements (usually a power of 2, even 1 element) The advantage of this scheme is that if new elements are inserted at the front or end of the deque, pages containing elements in the middle of the deque need not be disturbed. Nearly all the C++ vendor implement in this fashion. Note also: The C++ deque cannot be implemented using an array. There is a requirement that references to elements in the middle of a deque remain valid if only the only thing done to the deque is add new elements at either end. An array implementation would fail when the array needs to be reallocated. --Stephen Howe 14:53, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Be bold and add it! -SpuriousQ 17:50, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Applications?
Could someone add an example of what a deque may be used for? Specifically, a deque that contains the six operations described in the wiki article and no others. I think it would help me (and others) understand conceptually what a deque actually is. —Celtic Minstrel (talk • contribs) 03:23, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

 * There has been no action or comment about this. Is it because my question went unnoticed, or does nobody know the answer? —Celtic Minstrel (talk • contribs) 20:30, 13 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I added now description of one application (A-Steal job scheduling algorithm). I hope this helps. Andreas Kaufmann (talk) 21:07, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * It's somewhat helpful, but it wasn't quite what I had in mind. A stack or a queue is easy to understand, because we encounter such things all the time (a stack of papers, a queue at the supermarket). A deque, on the other hand, isn't so obvious. Perhaps that's unavoidable though. (I don't think a deck of cards makes a good example, does it?) —Celtic Minstrel (talk • contribs) 15:37, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Operations
Why should list of supported operations of an abstract data type list language specific names for these operations? --Drakyoko (talk) 23:23, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

do any one know about the merit and demerits of dequeue? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.97.117.133 (talk) 15:36, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Compexity
Why the computational cost of accessing an element in the middle of the array is even considered? --Drakyoko (talk) 23:25, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Because it's part of the tradeoff between array and linked-list implementations. Random access (this is what accessing an element in the middle by index) is O(1) in an array implementation but O(n) in a linked-list implementation. --76.167.241.45 (talk) 05:23, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
 * His point, I think, is that random access is not one of the operations that a deque exposes. Sneftel (talk) 19:04, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Neither is insertion and deletion in the middle of the list. For the operations that a deque exposes, both the array-based and linked-list implementations are O(1) or amortized O(1). So if you only care about the operations that a deque exposes, then either implementation would be very good, and there wouldn't be anything to compare. It's the additional operations that contrast them that is being talked about. --76.167.241.45 (talk) 06:45, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that it's not worth considering middle insertion/deletion either. As to comparison, there's more to linked lists and dynamic arrays than complexity analysis. Sneftel (talk) 22:29, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

First sentence: mis-statement?
"a double-ended queue ... is an abstract data structure that implements a *queue* for which elements can only be added to or removed from the front (head) or back (tail)"

Is a dequeue really a type of queue? You can only add to one end of a queue, right? I agree that a dequeue is a type of *list*, though.

(I'm holding back on changing the sentence because I might be missing something.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.107.0.76 (talk) 17:32, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

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Big problem with "Purely functional implementation"
I've read section "Purely functional implementation", and noticed a number of "errors" in it. I say "errors" because they seem to me so obvious and abundant that I'm considering it's failure to understand on my part. As a mater of fact, it looks like whole section is beyond repair, as if someone has been trolling by posting it at wikipedia. Due to sheer quantity, as well as nature of this "errors", I don't feel confident trying to fix things up: 1. It may be that I correctly identified real mistakes, in which case me fixing them would left article with a content with less obvious errors, but still deeply incorrect (especialy last two passuses, which are enormously confusing both for lack of explanation and possibly incorrect content), so problem would be "sweept under a carpet". 2. or it may be that I misunderstood whole thing, and would only do a damage.

Here are some of "mistakes" I've found.

CURRENT: "Furthermore, it is assured that |f| <= 2|r|+1 and |r| <= 2|f|+1 - intuitively, it means that neither the front nor the rear contains more than a third of the list plus one element."

CORRECTED: Furthermore, it is assured that |f| <= 2|r|+1 and |r| <= 2|f|+1 - intuitively, it means that neither the front nor the rear contains more than a two thirds of the list plus one element.

EXPLANATION: first part of this sentence (specifically formula in it) is at odds with the second part of it

CURRENT: "Note that, when a double-ended queue contains n elements in the front list and n elements in the rear list, then the inequality invariant remains satisfied after i insertions and d deletions when (i+d)/2 <= n. That is, at most n/2 operations can happen between each rebalancing."

CORRECTED:

EXPLANATION: First, formulae $$(i+d)/2 <= n$$ is incorrect, secondly, even if it was not, next sentence is in error: it should be either Now on why $$(i+d)/2 <= n$$ is incorrect: There are many ways to demonstrate this but simplest one is that you may alternately add and delete one element to the front (or back) of the list and keep it forever, and it will still stay balanced, that is list may stay balanced even after infinitely many insert and delete operations, they only need to be properly ordered. Now if certain constrains were applied, like insertion only at one end, deletions from the other, certain limits can be deduced. Also it may be said that in most unfavorable scenario, where all operations are deletion, and on the same side of deque it holds that $$(n-d)*2+1 >= n$$ ie. $$d <= (n+1)/2$$, that is after list was in a balanced state (with $$|f|=|r|$$), we're confident it will stay balanced for at least next $$(n+1)/2$$ operations, no mater what those operations are. After that, list may become unbalanced depending on what operations are applied ...
 * when (i+d)/2 <= n. That is, at most n*2 operations can happen between each rebalancing." or
 * when (i+d)*2 <= n. That is, at most n/2 operations can happen between each rebalancing."

CURRENT: "... double-ended queue  leads almost to the ..."

CORRECTED: " ... double-ended queue  leads almost to the ... "

EXPLANATION: list is sixtuple (as it was previously called)

Next two pasuses lack explaination, so I can't really say what/if something is wrong with them besides being confusing since I didn't understand them really, but given previous pasages I'm not sure if that is maybe due to them containing mistakes as well..

In short, I considered correcting specific problems within this section but than backed-off since that would be incomplete and whole section actualy seems broken. Then, there was an option to simply delete section, but that would potentialy be considered an act of vandalism, and besides that it wouldn't be that good idea removing whole thing - best if someone who knows his busines would actualy fix or rewrite the whole section. Besides that, I started wandering if I am maybe geting it all teribly wrong, and this is not as bad as I came to think.

Anyway, if you have good understanding of this section's subject, please try and fix it. I usualy don't revisit wery often pages I've already read trough, so I'll posibly miss any answeres posted here. This edit was mostly to draw attention to identified deficiencies in this article, so they could be potentialy fixed by someone else who's closer to subject at hand.

If this is an error on my part, please excuse me for vasting your time - I see this post is quite a long one.

Edit:

CURRENT: In code example at the end of this section, on two similar lines:

and

CORRECTED:  and

EXPLANATION: Variable 'left' is mentioned. It does not exist, and it doesn't make sense at all. It probably should be 'lenf' instead.

Wikoped (talk) 12:46, 9 June 2018 (UTC)

 * . Given that I wrote most part of it, you find me very sorry that I sounded like a troll and that it took me so long to answer. May I suggest you pinging the author of wrong content next time, so that they get notified of the issue. I clearly admit that you noticed some errors that are actually real errors. I'm going to correct them, and hopefully the content will be more clear, I'd love to improve the content as much as possible until it becomes actually useful! As an example, your first remark is totally right, having front and rear of size at most a third is absurd, there would be a third of the list missing. I should have wrote "at least a third", which makes far more sens. I plainly admit it's an error, that is obvious when proof reading. I would hope that it's just human error and not troll level. Which does not mean that I'm happy that it was in wikipedia during three years. Arthur MILCHIOR (talk) 07:33, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Persistent implementations
Two related questions. Both about this change. I think this whole part should be removed from Language support. We should keep what Haskell currently is. The remaining should be in a section about persistent implementations. Also, User:Dfeuer can you please add references for the various implementations you mention. I can't find any paper co-authored by Tarjan and by some Mihaesau. I find some reference online mentioning a version with Mihaescu, but nothing that lead to an article. Appart from wikipedia quality, I'd also like to read the implementation. Arthur MILCHIOR (talk) 07:24, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

 * The name is Mihaescu, Radu. I added the missing references. AFAIK no implementation nor official publication. You can find some comments on stackoverflow. Xavier-gl71 (talk) 13:21, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I believe there has been an implementation, which Ed Kmett pointed me to. No, I don't remember where. It's rather absurdly complex. Dfeuer (talk) 03:33, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

"Common name(s)" in the chart makes no sense
Last year @Defur added this column to the chart of various language names, with no references and no clue as to what qualification makes them "common" when not a single listed language uses them. Maybe a few old CS papers once did? I'm inclined to remove the column, but I'd like to make sure I'm not missing something here. SilverbackNet talk 05:29, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Double-ended queue


text:
Talk:Jacobite Rebellions

This article has never really gone anywhere. There is actually more detail on the campaigns at the Jacobitism page. Therefore I think that this page should be a redirect to the fuller treatment on that page. -- Derek Ross | Talk 08:39, 2004 Jul 11 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jacobite Rebellions


text:
Talk:Measures of national income and output

Split
This article should be split up. There are volumes of books written about GNP,GNO, and GNI. I don't think its appropriate to shove them all into one article. Instead, this article should have sections that branch off to main articles.Mainly, I believe that GNP deserves its own article and shouldn't redirect here.Smallman12q (talk) 20:57, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Yes and no. I agree that there should be short, definitional articles about all those concepts (certainly including GNP!) But it will be impossible to 'see the forest for the trees' unless we also have a main article that discusses how they are all related. This article, under this title, is a great place to discuss how all these concepts are related. And discussing how they are all related means it will be much more than a standard disambiguation page. So please, let's NOT eliminate this page, just improve it. --Rinconsoleao (talk) 11:29, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but a strong no. If the point is to show the relation of different measures, this is best achieved by keeping the different measures together, esp. if accounting relations make clear the differences. In a broad conceptual sense, GNP = GNI. The National income and product accounts spell out in detail differnces as well. --Thomasmeeks (talk) 13:50, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

GNP should definitely have its own page, that clearly differentiates it from GDP as well a stressing it importance as an indicator of economic development (along with its limitations). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.41.247.231 (talk) 19:05, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

I agree that GNP should have its own page, under the condition that someone writes more about it. If not, it should at least have its own section in this article! There are so many economics-related articles on Wikipedia that lack a wealth of information. Are you willing to write a separate article for GNP? Because until we get more content on it, it will probably remain here. SweetNightmares (talk) 03:09, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * nasstom says yeah because of something 41.59.215.163 (talk) 18:34, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

I also agree it need to be split up, my class is doing an asignment on GNP and its hard from most of my class to find the information needed. It gets confusing and unorganized. ~Jason —Preceding undated comment added 14:16, 3 December 2009 (UTC).

Could you specify which sections you would like to have split off into separate articles? I'd be happy to do the splitting but I'd need to know what was wanted. Cloudbound (talk) 14:20, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * There appears to be some consensus that the article doesn't need splitting, but that an article on GNP would be helpful. I have removed the Split template and created a stub article on GNP, which editors can build on. I have wikified the long lead section - though this has been crudely done, and someone with knowledge of the subject should go through and make the appropriate improvements.  SilkTork  *YES! 18:26, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

consequences of redirection
the redirection of national income has as a consequence that there are no interwiki links. you may feel no loss, but I think this is not very clever. --Eddi Bühler (talk) 22:25, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

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Economics
The national Income is a wide concept to calculate income of a country. It includes the domestic income earned by normal residents and the net factor income from abroad.(that is the difference of income brought from abroad and income to abroad). Symbolically we can present NNPfc=NDPfc + NFIA Preeti pradeep Mathur (talk) 17:03, 26 June 2018 (UTC)

economic
NNP 27.34.47.82 (talk) 01:25, 13 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
Clotted cream

Clotted cream (dehen molys, sometimes called scalded, clouted, Devonshire or Cornish cream) is a thick cream made by heating full-cream cow's milk using steam or a water bath and then leaving it in shallow pans to cool slowly. During this time, the cream content rises to the surface and forms "clots" or "clouts", hence the name. Clotted cream is an essential ingredient for cream tea.

Although its origin is uncertain, the cream is associated with dairy farms in South West England and in particular the counties of Devon and Cornwall. The largest commercial producer in the United Kingdom is Rodda's at Scorrier, near Redruth, Cornwall, which can produce up to 25 tons of clotted cream a day.

In 1998, "Cornish clotted cream" was registered as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) under European Union law. The designation can be used if the production follows certain requirements, from milk produced in Cornwall and the cream has a minimum fat content of 55%. Following Brexit, the PDO was also registered under UK law. It is recognised as a geographical indication in Georgia, Iceland, Moldova, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland, and Ukraine.

Description
Clotted cream has been described as having a "nutty, cooked milk" flavour, and a "rich sweet flavour" with a texture that is grainy, sometimes with oily globules on the crusted surface. It is a thick cream, with a very high fat content (a minimum of 55 percent, but an average of 64 percent). For comparison, the fat content of single cream is only 18 percent.

According to the UK Food Standards Agency, clotted cream provides 586 kcal per 100 g.

History
Originally made by farmers to reduce the amount of waste from their milk, clotted cream has become so deep-rooted in the culture of southwest Britain that it is embedded as part of the region's tourist attractions. While there is no doubt of its strong and long association with Cornwall and Devon, it is not clear how ancient its origins are. The Oxford Companion to Food follows traditional folklore by suggesting it may have been introduced to Cornwall by Phoenician traders in search of tin. It is similar to kaymak (or kajmak), a Near Eastern delicacy that is made throughout the Middle East, southeast Europe, Iran, Afghanistan, India, and Turkey. A similar clotted cream known as (өрөм) is also made in Mongolia.

Contemporary ancient food experts, noting Strabo's commentaries on Britain, have proposed that the early Britons would probably have clotted cream to preserve its freshness.

More recently, regional archaeologists have associated the stone fogou (dial. 'fuggy-hole'), or souterrains, found across Atlantic Britain, France, and Ireland as a possible form of "cold store" for dairy production of milk, cream, and cheese in particular. Similar functions are ascribed to the linhay (or 'linney') stone-built form, often used as a dairy in later medieval longhouses in the same regions.

It has long been disputed whether clotted cream originated in Devon or Cornwall, and which county makes it best. There is evidence that the monks of Tavistock Abbey were making clotted cream in the early 14th century. After their abbey had been ransacked by Vikings in AD 997, the monks rebuilt it with the help of Ordulf, Earl of Devon. In a BBC report, local historians claimed local workers were drafted in to help with the repairs, and the monks rewarded them with bread, clotted cream, and strawberry preserves. The 1658 cookery book The Compleat Cook had a recipe for "clouted cream".

In the 19th century it was regarded as better nourishment than "raw" cream because that cream was liable to go sour and be difficult to digest, causing illness. An article from 1853 calculates that creating clotted cream will produce 25 percent more cream than regular methods. In Devon, it was so common that in the mid-19th century it was used in the formative processes of butter, instead of churning cream or milk. The butter made in this way had a longer lifespan and was free from any negative flavours added by the churning.

It has long been the practice for local residents in southwest England, or those on holiday, to send small tins or tubs of clotted cream by post to friends and relations in other parts of the British Isles.

Protected Designation of Origin
In 1993, an application was made for the name Cornish clotted cream to have a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in the European Union for cream produced by the traditional recipe in Cornwall. This was accepted in 1998. Cornish clotted cream must be made from milk produced in Cornwall and have a minimum butterfat content of 55 percent. The unique, slightly yellow Cornish clotted cream colour is due to the high carotene levels in the grass.

Preparation
Traditionally, clotted cream was created by straining fresh cow's milk, letting it stand in a shallow pan in a cool place for several hours to allow the cream to rise to the surface, then heating it either over hot cinders or in a water bath, before a slow cooling. The clots that formed on the top were then skimmed off with a long-handled cream-skimmer, known in Devon as a reamer or raimer. By the mid-1930s, the traditional way of using milk brought straight from the dairy was becoming a rarity in Devon because using a cream separator actively separated the cream from the milk using centrifugal force, which produced far more clotted cream than the traditional method from the same amount of milk.

Today, there are two distinct methods for making clotted cream. The "float cream method" includes scalding a floating layer of double cream in milk (skimmed or whole) in shallow trays. To scald, the trays are heated using steam or very hot water. After the mixture has been heated for up to an hour it is slowly cooled for 12 hours or more, before the cream is separated and packaged. The "scald cream method" is similar, but the milk layer is removed and a layer of cream, which has been mechanically separated to a minimum fat level is used. This cream is then heated in a similar manner, but at a lower temperature and after a set amount of time it is then chilled and packaged. In the United Kingdom the resultant cream is deemed to be equivalent to pasteurised for legal purposes. Unlike pasteurisation, however, there is no requirement for the temperatures to be recorded on thermograph charts. As the temperatures are lower than used in standard pasteurisation, much care is needed in ensuring high standards of hygiene.

The largest manufacturer in the United Kingdom is Rodda's, a family-owned business based in Scorrier, Cornwall. Founded in 1890, the company was producing over 1000000 lb per year in 1985. In 2010 the managing director said that they might produce as little as 5 long ton a day in January, but up to 25 long ton a day as Christmas approached. In the early 1980s, Rodda's signed deals with international airlines to serve small tubs of clotted cream with the in-flight desserts. The company considers the annual Wimbledon tennis championships one of their peak selling periods. As a by-product, for every 100 impgal of milk used, 94 impgal of skimmed milk is produced, which is then used in food manufacture.

One Devon manufacturer, Definitely Devon was purchased by Robert Wiseman Dairies in March 2006, closing one of the two Devon dairies and moving all production to Okehampton. However, in 2011 Robert Wiseman sold the Definitely Devon Brand to Rodda's, who moved the production of Definitely Devon to Cornwall, which caused some controversy as the name was not changed, prompting an investigation by Trading Standards.

Throughout southwest England, clotted cream manufacture is a cottage industry, with many farms and dairies producing cream for sale in local outlets. Clotted cream is also produced in Somerset, Dorset, Herefordshire, Pembrokeshire, and the Isle of Wight.

When authentic clotted cream is not available, there are ways to create a substitute product, such as by mixing mascarpone with whipped cream, a little sugar, and vanilla extract.

Cream tea

Clotted cream is an essential part of a cream tea, a favourite with tourists particularly in Cornwall and Devon. It is served on scones—or the more traditional "splits" —with strawberry jam, along with a pot of tea. Traditionally, there are differences in the way it is eaten in each county: in Devon, the cream is traditionally spread first on the scone, with the jam dolloped on top. In Cornwall the jam is spread first with a dollop of cream. Cream teas, known as Devonshire teas, spread to southern Australia as early immigrants from Cornwall and Devon took their traditional recipes with them. In 2010, Langage Farm in Devon started a campaign for "Devon cream tea" to have protected designation of origin similar to "Cornish clotted cream". One variation on a cream tea is called "Thunder and Lightning" which consists of a round of bread topped with clotted cream and golden syrup, honey, or treacle.

Confectionery
Clotted cream can be used as an accompaniment to hot or cold desserts. Clotted cream, especially clotted cream from Devon, where it is less yellow due to lower carotene levels in the grass, is regularly used in baking. It is used throughout southwest England in the production of ice cream and fudge.

Savoury dishes
Clotted cream is used in some savoury dishes, and can be incorporated into mashed potato, risotto or scrambled eggs.

Historical
Cabbage cream (which does not contain cabbage despite the name) was a delicacy in the mid-17th century: layers of clotted cream were interspersed with sugar and rosewater, creating a cabbage-like effect when served. It was a common accompaniment to junket, a milk-based dessert that went out of fashion in the mid-20th century.

Literature and folklore
Clotted cream was mentioned in The Shepheardes Calendar, a poem by Edmund Spenser in 1579:

Ne would she scorn the simple shepherd swain, For she would call him often heam, And give him curds and clouted cream.

As with many Cornish and Devonian icons, clotted cream has become entrenched in local folklore. For example, one myth tells of Jenny who enticed the giant Blunderbore (sometimes called Moran) by feeding him clotted cream. He eventually fell in love with her and made her his fourth wife. Another myth, from Dartmoor, tells of a princess who wanted to marry an elven prince, but according to tradition had to bathe in pure cream first. A witch who wanted the prince for her daughter kept souring the cream. Eventually, the prince offered the princess clotted cream that the witch was unable to sour.

Clotted cream is also mentioned as one of the staple foods of the hobbits in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings books.

title: Clotted cream


text:
AC Propulsion

AC Propulsion is a San Dimas, California, USA company founded in 1992 by Alan Cocconi, Wally Rippel, and Paul Carosa, that specializes in alternating current-based drivetrain systems for electric vehicles. It offers AC-induction traction motors. The company produces electric vehicle drive systems featuring high performance, high efficiency induction motors and integrated high power battery charging. Previously, they built an electric sports car, the tzero and the eBox, an electric conversion based on the Scion XB. They also develop prototype electric vehicles for OEM customers.

History
Founder Alan Cocconi designed and built the controller used in the original GM Impact, which later became the GM EV1. ACP introduced the first AC-100 in 1992 and the AC-150 150 kW (200 hp) integrated drive system in 1994. The AC-150 has been used in a variety of applications such as the BMW Mini E, Foton Midi taxi and a USPS LLV demo vehicle. AC Propulsion is a leader in Vehicle to grid or V2G systems, with their second generation AC-150 drivetrain offering a bidirectional grid power connection.

The company works with automobile manufacturers such as Changan Automobile.

Vehicles using an AC Propulsion electric drivetrain

 * AC Propulsion tzero
 * AC Propulsion eBox
 * Volvo 3CC
 * Venturi Fetish
 * Courreges EXE
 * Courreges ZOOOP (with lithium polymer batteries)
 * Wrightspeed X1 (based on the Ariel Atom)
 * Mini E
 * Peraves E-Tracer
 * Toyota RAV4 EV
 * Tesla Roadster (2008)

Connection with Tesla Motors
Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning had both taken test drives in the lithium-ion battery powered revision of the AC Propulsion tzero before founding Tesla Motors. Martin Eberhard encouraged Tom Gage and Alan Cocconi to move their prototype tzero into production. When they declined, in favor of working on their electrified Scion xB called the eBox, Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning incorporated Tesla Motors to pursue the idea of building an electric roadster in the spirit of the tzero. Elon Musk later test drove the tzero as well, and he also encouraged AC Propulsion to commercialize the vehicle. Tom Gage again deferred, but put Elon Musk in contact with Martin Eberhard which led to Musk becoming Tesla Motors' first major investor through Series A funding.

Before Tesla Motors developed its Roadster's proprietary powertrain, the company licensed AC Propulsion's EV Power System design and Reductive Charging patent which covers integration of the charging electronics with the inverter, thus reducing mass, complexity, and cost. Tesla then designed and built its own power electronics, motor, and other drivetrain components that incorporated this licensed technology from AC Propulsion. Given the extensive redevelopment of the vehicle, Tesla Motors no longer licenses any proprietary technology from AC Propulsion.

title: AC Propulsion