text:
Barrow's goldeneye

Barrow's goldeneye (Bucephala islandica) is a medium-sized sea duck of the genus Bucephala, the goldeneyes. This bird was named after Sir John Barrow. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek boukephalos, "bullheaded", from bous, "bull" and kephale, "head", a reference to the bulbous head shape of the bufflehead. The species name islandica means Iceland.

Taxonomy
Barrow's goldeneye was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the ducks, geese and swans in the genus Anas and coined the binomial name Anas islandica. Gmelin based his description on the "Hravn Oend" that had been briefly described in 1776 by Danish naturalist Otto Friedrich Müller. Barrow's goldeneye is now placed with the common goldeneye and the bufflehead in the genus Bucephala that was introduced in 1858 by American naturalist Spencer Baird. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek boukephalos, meaning "bullheaded", from bous "bull", and kephale, "head. The specific epithet islandica is for Iceland. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
Adults are similar in appearance to the common goldeneye. On average, adult males are 19.2 in long and weigh 2.13 lb; females are typically 17 in long and weigh 1.31 lb. The Barrow's goldeneye has a wingspan of 27.6-28.7 in (70-73 cm). Adult males have a dark head with a purplish gloss and a white crescent at the front of the face. Adult females have a mostly yellow bill. The male Barrow's goldeneye differs from the male common goldeneye in the fact that the common goldeneye has a round white patches on the face, less black on the back of the bird, a greenish gloss, and a larger bill. For the females, the common goldeneye has a less rounded head, and a bill in which only the tip is yellow.

Vocalizations
The Barrow's goldeneye is a relatively quiet bird that generally only makes vocalizations during the breeding season and courtship. These can include low volume squeaks, grunts and croaks. During flights, the fast movement of the bird's wings creates a low whistling sound.

Distribution and habitat
Their breeding habitat consists of wooded lakes and ponds primarily in northwestern North America, but also in scattered locations in eastern Canada and Iceland. Females return to the same breeding sites year after year and also tend to use the same nesting sites. The males stay with their mate through the winter and defend their territory during the breeding season, then leave for the molting site. Mating pairs often stay intact even though the male and female are apart for long periods of time over the summer during molting times. The pair then reunites at wintering areas.

In Iceland the bird is known as húsönd (house-duck); it is a common species of the Lake Mývatn in the north of the country.

There have been three records of vagrants from Scotland, the only records of this species accepted as wild in Europe outside of Iceland.

Behavior
They are migratory and most winter in protected coastal waters or open inland waters. Barrow's goldeneye, along with many other species of sea ducks, rely on urbanized, coastal estuaries as important places on their migration patterns. These estuaries provide excellent wintering and stopping places during the ducks' migration. It is an extremely rare vagrant to western Europe and to southern North America.

These diving birds forage underwater. They eat aquatic insects, crustaceans and pond vegetation. The main staples of the bird's diet are Gammarus oceanicus and Calliopius laeviusculus, which are both marine crustaceans. A large part of their diet consists of mussels and gastropods.

The Barrow's goldeneye is considered an arboreal bird species because much of its nesting is done in cavities found in mature trees. The birds will also nest in burrows or protected sites on the ground. Barrow's goldeneyes tend not to share habitat with the much more numerous common goldeneye. Barrow's goldeneye tend to be territorial towards other birds venturing into their domain. This is especially true among the drakes. Confrontations may occur in the form of fighting. Drakes often do a form of territorial display along the boundaries of their territory. This is both true on land and in the water. These territorial displays average about 6 minutes in length and often trigger other males to perform their own show.

Breeding
Very little is known about the breeding sites and patterns of the Barrow's goldeneye. After the breeding season, the birds migrate to specific molting sites to undergo molting, the loss and regeneration of feathers which causes them to be flightless for anywhere from 20–40 days. These molting sites are often wetlands that are more drought resistant and plentiful in food, along with being less influenced by humans and predators.

1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
The Barrow's goldeneye was greatly affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. The spill greatly impacted the bird's wintering areas, and numbers of the birds in these areas decreased after the spill. The birds' exposure to the oil spill mainly occurred in the shallow water mussel beds along the coast.

title: Barrow's goldeneye


text:
Operation Bowline

The United States's Bowline nuclear test series was a group of 47 nuclear tests conducted in 1968–1969. These tests followed the Operation Crosstie series and preceded the Operation Mandrel series.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Operation Bowline


text:
User:Fuzheado

See also: m:User:Fuzheado

Andrew Lih is the author of The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia (ISBN 1401303714), which was published March 17, 2009. He also co-hosts the active Wikipedia Weekly Facebook group and occasional Wikipedia Weekly podcast.

He is currently the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Wikimedia Strategist and the Smithsonian Institution's Wikimedian-at-large spearheading open content initiatives with Wikimedia projects.

His research into the use of machine learning techniques with Wikidata include:

 * Combining AI and Human Judgment to Build Knowledge about Art on a Global Scale, The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Now at The Met blog, March 4, 2019. By Andrew Lih, Wikimedia Strategist.

He formerly taught at American University in Washington, DC, University of Southern California, University of Hong Kong, where he studied participatory journalism in the form of blogs and wikis, and at Columbia University where he helped start the new media program. See the School and university projects page for more information. Sometimes he can be found at the Chinese Wikipedia. In 2012, he worked to further the use of video in Wikipedia through the use of video patterns. See User:Fuzheado/Video_project for more info.

He has been an editor since July 2003, and was made an admin/sysop October 3, 2003, when he passed the RfA process with a grand total of six yes votes.

Conflict of interest disclosures

 * I currently serve in the general role of Wikimedian-in-residence for two GLAM institutions:
 * As of 2020, I work with the Smithsonian Institution as Wikimedian-at-large in a compensated role, helping the museums, research institutions, affiliates and educational units with contributing their content under their open access initiative and Strategic Plan 2022.
 * As of 2019, I work with the Metropolitan Museum of Art as a Wikimedia Strategist in a compensated role, working with their collections managers and developers with content contributions and Wikidata work related to their Open Access initiative.
 * My goal is to make mutually beneficial contributions of multimedia and metadata more accessible to the public via collaboration with the Wikimedia community. Sometimes that is through facilitating content donations, code contributions, or teaching and service. As a veteran Wikipedian since 2003 and an administrator on English Wikipedia and Wikidata, I strive to abide by the Wikimedia movement's accepted policies and Terms of Use on conflicts of interest.
 * The original WP:COI policy had a prime directive that I abide by: "When advancing outside interests is more important to an editor than advancing the aims of Wikipedia, that editor stands in a conflict of interest." It is in this spirit where partnerships can thrive with coincident and reinforcing goals of advancing the content of Wikipedia, Wikidata and Commons through the knowledge and resources of GLAM institutions. This distinction is important, since that not all "paid" editing is seen as inherently contradictory to the Wikimedia community's goals, in the same way that not pure "volunteer" editing is not always virtuous. In the past I have helped establish guidelines and best practices for public relations and corporate communications professionals to maintain a hands-off policy for Wikipedia content, which can be seen at WP:PRCOM, which was a crucial point in Wikimedia movement's history.

 * I have assisted the Varkey Foundation in promoting their Global Teacher Prize and helping to release their content under a free license. I have contributed photos from their event to Wikimedia Commons and helped create a stand-alone Global Teacher Prize page (split from the main Varkey Foundation article) and removing overly-promotional language in 2018.
 * I have worked with the Pulitzer Prizes to take high quality portrait photos of winners (journalists, authors, artists) and upload them to Wikimedia Commons in 2018. They can be found here at commons:Category:2018_Pulitzer_Prizes.
 * I have worked with the Cleveland Museum of Art on file uploads and creation of Wikidata items related to their release of open access materials in January 2019.

Meetups
I've been to meetups with Wikipedians all over the world, including:
 * London, June 5, 2004 (first organized face-to-face meeting for English language community, with Jimmy Wales)
 * Beijing, July 25, 2004
 * Wikimania Germany, August 4-8, 2005
 * Hong Kong - September 18, 2005
 * Shanghai - November 5, 2005
 * Wikimania Boston: August 4–6, 2006
 * Wikimania Taiwan: August 3-5, 2007
 * Wikimania Alexandria: July 17-19, 2008
 * Wikimania Buenos Aires: August 26-28, 2009
 * Wikimania Gdansk: July 9-11, 2010 (and Wikisym 2010)
 * West Coast Wikiconference 2011 San Francisco: January 15, 2011
 * Wikimania Haifa: Aug 4-7, 2011
 * GLAMcamp DC: Feb 10-12, 2012
 * Hong Kong Meetup 66: June 29, 2012
 * Wikimania DC: July 12-15, 2012
 * Computer History Museum Meetup: December 12, 2012
 * GLAM Boot Camp DC: April 26-28, 2013
 * GLAM Wiki US Consortium Advisory Group Meeting: April 29, 2013
 * Wikimania Hong Kong: August 9-11, 2013 (and Wikisym 2013)
 * Smithsonian Libraries Meetup & Editathon 2013, part of Wiki Loves Libraries: October 25, 2013
 * Wikimedia DC Annual Membership Meeting: November 9, 2013
 * As part of 2014 American University class COMM535: Wikipedia and Public Knowledge:
 * American Art Museum Edit-a-thon, Washington, DC: February 11, 2014
 * National Archives and Records Administration Scan-a-thon, Washington, DC: February 25, 2014
 * Smithsonian Institution Archives Women in Science Edit-a-thon, Washington, DC: March 18, 2014
 * National Museum of the American Indian Edit-a-thon, Washington, DC: April 1, 2014
 * Smithsonian Freer/Sackler Gallery Edit-a-thon, Washington, DC: April 29, 2014
 * Wikiconference USA, New York, NY: May 30-Jun 1, 2014
 * Wikimania London: August 6-10, 2014
 * Meetup/DC/Human_Origins: October 17, 2014
 * Meetup/DC/Annual_Meeting_2014: October 18, 2014
 * Wikimedia Foundation holiday party, December 17, 2014
 * Wiki Education Foundation holiday party, December 18, 2014
 * As part of 2015 American University class COMM535: Wikipedia and Public Knowledge:
 * National Museum of American History Edit-a-thon, Washington, DC: February 10, 2015
 * American Art Museum Edit-a-thon, Washington, DC: February 24, 2015
 * National Museum of the American Indian Edit-a-thon, Washington, DC: March 31, 2015
 * National Archives and Records Administration Wikipedia Hack-a-thon, Washington, DC: April 14, 2015
 * Wikimania Mexico City: July 15-19, 2015
 * WikiAPA 2015 at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, September 4, 2015
 * Institute of Cultural Inquiry edit-a-thon in Los Angeles, September 26, 2015
 * Wikiconference USA, Washington, DC: October 9-11, 2015
 * As part of 2016 American University class COMM420
 * Smithsonian American Art Museum and American University WikiWorkshop, Washington, DC: February 16, 2016
 * National Archives and American University Scan-a-Thon, Washington, DC: March 1, 2016
 * Smithsonian Institution Archive and American University WikiWorkshop, Washington, DC: March 29, 2016
 * Wikimania Esino Lario, Italy: June 21–28, 2016
 * Wikiconference North America 2016 San Diego, California, October 7-10, 2016
 * United Nations Women Editathon - August 12, 2016
 * Edit-a-Thon In Line at the NMAAHC - September 26, 2016
 * University of Maryland, Art+Feminism training - November 14, 2016
 * BBC 100 Women of 2016 Edit-a-Thon - December 8, 2016
 * US Holocaust Memorial Museum Edit-a-Thon - December 9, 2016
 * As part of 2017 American University class COMM420/620
 * Smithsonian Institution Archive and American University WikiWorkshop, Washington, D.C.: February 28, 2017
 * Women in Science and Engineering Edit-a-Thon at MITRE - March 2, 2017
 * Wikiconference North America 2023 Toronto, Ontario, Canada, November 9-12, 2023

He's fortunate to have been to every Wikimania conference (see Wikimania/Frequent attendees)

Classes
I was one of the first to use Wikipedia in the university setting for instruction (Summer 2003), and CNN did a story about it. A full list of projects can be found at the School and university projects page. That early work can be found here:
 * Principles of journalism students
 * User:Fuzheado/JMSC0007
 * User:Fuzheado/JMSC6019

Creations
While he's started many articles and pages on Wikipedia, here are ones that are notable, and that he's (sort of) proud of creating:
 * Lamest edit wars ever
 * Most vandalized pages
 * Airbus A350
 * Ana Marie Cox
 * Arianna Huffington
 * Back Dorm Boys
 * Birthday cake
 * California Air Resources Board
 * Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
 * Commons-based peer production
 * Creflo Dollar
 * Dowd Report
 * Duff's device
 * East Harlem apartment explosion
 * Eephus pitch
 * Guy Kawasaki
 * Haing S. Ngor
 * Last mile
 * Leatherman
 * List of misleading food names
 * List of Vietnam-related topics
 * Manger Babies
 * Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)
 * Mongkok
 * MTR
 * Partial-birth abortion - after original was moved to IDX
 * Photojournalism
 * Ping Wu
 * Pulitzer Prizes
 * Private military contractor - Blackwater USA, DynCorp, Kellogg, Brown and Root
 * Rex 84
 * Rio PMP300
 * Seven dirty words - July 31, 2003
 * Seven Sisters schools
 * Stop-loss policy
 * Tioman Island in Malaysia
 * Timeline of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
 * Time shifting
 * Vanessa Mae
 * Victoria Peak in Hong Kong
 * Yellow peril
 * Zhuhai
 * Angkor Wat-related, such as: Bayon and Ta Prohm
 * News-related: New Straits Times, The Star (Malaysia), WorldNetDaily, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
 * Asia-related: Hindustan Motors, Pu-erh tea, Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Khang Khek Leu, Mengke Bateer, Roland Joffé
 * Closing credits and Cold open
 * United_States_federal_government_shutdown_of_2013
 * Censorship of student media

Featured articles
I'm not a fan of touting featured articles, either as a pre-requisite for administrator status or as a measure of community worth, but here are some I've been involved with, as far as I can tell.
 * Octopus card

Useful pages

 * Shared Most Vandalized Pages list
 * Latest edit count for me

This episode of The Simpsons always reminds of me of Wikipedia.

Quotes
“The cultivated person's first duty is to be always prepared to rewrite the encyclopedia.” ― Umberto Eco, Serendipities: Language and Lunacy

"Pertness and ignorance may ask a question in three lines, which it will cost learning and ingenuity thirty pages to answer. When this is done, the same question shall be triumphantly asked again the next year, as if nothing had ever been written upon the subject." - George Horne

Media
"Trying to determine what is going on in the world by reading newspapers is like trying to tell the time by watching the second hand of a clock." ~Ben Hecht

"Everything you read in newspapers is absolutely true, except for that rare story of which you happen to have first-hand knowledge." ~Erwin Knoll

"The reporter is the daily prisoner of clocked facts. On all working days, he is expected to do his best in one swift swipe at each story." Jim Bishop

"A good newspaper, I suppose, is a nation talking to itself." ~Arthur Miller

"Journalists cover words and delude themselves into thinking they have committed journalism." ~Hedrick Smith

"With all the mass media concentrated in a few hands, the ancient faith in the competition of ideas in the free market seems like a hollow echo of a much simpler day." ~Kingman Brewster, Jr.

"If you're not careful, the newspapers will have you hating the people who are being oppressed, and loving the people who are doing the oppressing." ~Malcolm X

"The bigger the information media, the less courage and freedom they allow. Bigness means weakness." ~Eric Sevareid, "The Press and the People," television program, 1959

"Forget 'balance.' Go find the truth." -Robert Niles

Others
"Fate is just what you call it when you don't know the name of the person screwing you over." Lois, from Malcolm in the Middle

"For a successful technology reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled." - Richard Feynman on the Space Shuttle disaster.

"The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion but rather by its superiority in applying organised violence. Westerners often forget this fact, non westerners never do." -Samuel P Huntington

"Democracy is the worst form of government except for all those others that have been tried." -Winston Churchill

"When you are the good guys, you've got to act like the good guys." -Lindsey Graham, Republican Senator from South Carolina, on the reported abuses at Abu Ghraib prison

"Among all the things I'm going to tell you today about being a journalist, all you have to remember is two words: governments lie." - US journalist I.F. Stone, to journalism students

"Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That's what we're doing." -Jimmy Wales, July 2004

Would Martin Luther King like Wikipedia?
Everybody can be great. Because anybody can serve. You don't have to have a college degree to serve. You don't have to make your subject and your verb agree to serve.... You don't have to know the second theory of thermodynamics in physics to serve. You only need a heart full of grace. A soul generated by love. -Martin Luther King, Jr.

Think Wikipedia is too combative?
Maybe not as much as you think. See some statistics for how many actual NPOV disputes there are in Wikipedia. User:Fuzheado/NPOV disputes (20 Sep 2003)

Why is Wikipedia editorship about 90% male?
Wikipedia isn't a welcoming or pleasant place for many female editors. Things like this and this illustrate why.

Shared watchlists
The idea of "shared watchlists" often comes up. You can do this type of thing by convention using normal pages, and the "Related changes" option. Example created as an experiment under my user page, but now a generally used page:
 * Watchlist changes for MostVandalizedPages (using Special:Recentchangeslinked)

and the related list:
 * Lamest edit wars ever

Experiences
Here's a running log of what I've experienced so far in setting 80 students loose on Wikipedia:

 * Namespaces. Some students were confused by the different namespaces, so one group created their entry as "Wikipedia:Victoria_Peak" and wound up editing that for a while before moving to "Victoria_Peak"

 * Plagiarism. One student mistakenly thought that breaking one Wikipedia entry into two was 'plagiarism' because she was copying the information onto another page. I had to convince her that because it was internal to Wikipedia, it was like rearranging furniture inside your home, not stealing someone else's sofa. So to speak.

 * Copying. Many had to adjust to what they were used to doing - copying. Some students lifted entire sections from tourism or government Web sites. Showing the power of collaborative editing, Wikipedians struck them out, or removed copyrighted photos. Good for Wikipedians. Students were warned before the project and were warned sternly once again -- no material can be copied into Wikipedia without permission. The practice still persists, however.

 * Moving around. Changing names of entries confused some, but they got it eventually. The Apple Daily was the original entry, and was changed to Apple Daily. Discussion ensued on the boards, until people realized what happened, and it was resolved.

 * Writing style. Folks were unaccustomed to using disinterested, third person, NPOV style. Having been first-person writers most of their lives, most used "I" and "we," as well as the imperative, "Let us talk about the car industry..." Because the content was about something they knew and loved - Hong Kong - many took up the role of cheerleader, and could not resist using phrases such as "the most beautiful" or "the excellent efficiency." I welcome theories to help explain this tendency. Some have said Chinese language speakers tend to the more flowery and expressive terminology.

 * Enthusiasm. Students got enthusiastic after a critical mass of information was put into their entries. They started building on each others' work and picked up momentum on their progress. Some got quite carried away with photos, like on the MTR article.

Know when to finish
畫蛇添足 (pinyin: hua4 she2 tian1 zu2) Literally: Adding legs when painting a snake. Moral: Don't ruin your work by unnecessary additions

List of Chinese proverbs

Templates
- - Disambig -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in articles will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

For images

zh:User:Fuzheado ko:%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90:Fuzheado

Madanmohan Rao's 8C's

 * connectivity
 * content
 * community
 * commerce
 * capacity
 * culture
 * cooperation
 * capital

Fuzheado Category:WikiProject WikipediaWeekly participants Category:Living people

title: User:Fuzheado


text:
Elopiformes

The Elopiformes are the order of ray-finned fish including the tarpons, tenpounders, and ladyfish, as well as a number of extinct types. They have a long fossil record, easily distinguished from other fishes by the presence of an additional set of bones in the throat.

They are related to the order of eels, although the adults superficially resemble very large or giant herrings in appearance. The larvae, however, are leptocephalic, looking very similar to those of eels.

Classification
Although many fossil forms are known, the order is relatively small today, containing just two genera and nine species:

 * Order Elopiformes Gosline 1960
 * Family †Anaethaliidae Gaudant 1968 [Anaethalionidae Gaudant 1967 ]
 * Genus †Daitingichthys Arratia 1987
 * Genus †Anaethalion White 1938 [Aethalion von Münster 1842 non Lepeletier & Serville 1828 ]
 * Genus †Holcolepis von der Marck 1868 [Macrolepis von der Marck 1863 non Rafinesque 1815 ; Rhabdolepis von der Marck 1863 non Troschel 1857 ; Petalolepis Geints 1868 ]
 * Suborder Elopoidei
 * Genus †Antofagastaichthys Arratia 1986
 * Genus †Arratiaelops Taverne 1999
 * Genus †Coryphaenopsis Frič & Bayer 1902
 * Genus †Ctenodentelops Forey et al. 2003
 * Genus †Echinelops Murray & Hoşgör 2012
 * Genus †Ectasis Jordan & Gilbert 1919
 * Genus †Elopidarum
 * Genus †Elopsomolos Arratia 2000
 * Genus †Eurygnathus Agassiz 1845 non Blackburn 1888 non Davis 1887 non Wollaston 1854 [Esocelops Woodward 1901 ]
 * Genus †Goulmimichthys Cavin 1995
 * Genus †Hypsospondylus Gorjanovic-Kramberger 1885
 * Genus †Irenichthys Jakovlev 1968
 * Genus †Laminospondylus Springer 1957
 * Genus †Tingitanichthys Taverne 1996
 * Genus †Paraelops Silva Santos 1971
 * Genus †Ichthyemidion Poyato-Ariza 1995
 * Family †Protelopidae de Saint Seine 1949
 * Genus †Eoprotelops Saint-Seine 1949
 * Genus †Protelops Laube 1885
 * Family Elopidae Bonaparte 1832/Valenciennes 1847 (ladyfish, tenpounders)
 * Genus †Flindersichthys Longman 1932
 * Genus †Histialosa Gervais 1855
 * Genus †Lyrolepis Romanowski 1886 non Rechiger 1943
 * Genus †Nardoelops Taverne & Capasso 2012
 * Genus †Opisthopteryx Pictet & Humbert 1866
 * Genus †Palelops Applegate 1970
 * Genus †Parasyllaemus
 * Genus †Sauropsidium Costa 1850 [Hyptius Costa 1864 ]
 * Genus †Thrissopteroides von der Marck 1873
 * Genus †Davichthys Forey 1973
 * Genus †Naiathaelon Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 1994
 * Genus Elops Linnaeus 1766 non Bonaparte 1831 non Commerson ex Lacépède 1801 [Helops Müller 1835 non Brandt & Ratzeburg 1833 non Agassiz 1846 non Browne 1789 ; Ellops Minding 1832 non Gistel 1848 ; Alloelops (Nybelin 1979) ; Elops (Alloelops) Nybelin 1979 ; Elops (Gularus) Whitley 1940 ; Gularus (Whitley 1940) ; Mugilomorus Lacépède 1803 ; Trichonotus Rafinesque 1815 non Bloch & S Schneider 1801 ; Harengus Catesby 1771 non Geoffroy 1767 non Klein 1775 ex Walbaum 1792 non De Garsault 1764 ] (seven species, one of which was described in 2010)
 * Family Megalopidae Jordan 1882 (Tarpons)
 * Genus †Broweria de Beaufort, 1926
 * Genus †Elopoides Wenz 1965
 * Genus †Paratarpon Bardack 1970
 * Genus †Promegalops Casier 1966
 * Genus †Protarpon Forey 1973
 * Genus †Sedenhorstia White & MoyThomas 1941 [Microcoelia Marck 1863 non Guenee 1852 non Lindley 1830 non Agardh 1876 ]
 * Genus †Starrias Jordan 1925
 * Genus Megalops Lacépède 1803 [Amia Browne 1756 ex Browne 1789 non Gronow 1763 ex Gray 1854 non Meuschen 1781 non Linnaeus 1766 ; Brisbania de Castelnau 1878 ; Cyprinodon Hamilton 1822 non Lacépède 1803 ; Oculeus Commerson ex Lacépède 1803 ; Tarpon Jordan & Evermann 1896 ] (two species)

title: Elopiformes


text:
Dating the Bible

The oldest surviving Hebrew Bible manuscripts, the Dead Sea Scrolls, date to c. the 2nd century BCE. Some of these scrolls are presently stored at the Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem. The oldest text of the entire Bible, including the New Testament, is the Codex Sinaiticus dating from the 4th century CE, with its Old Testament a copy of a Greek translation known as the Septuagint. The oldest extant manuscripts of the vocalized Masoretic Text date to the 9th century CE. With the exception of a few biblical sections in the Nevi'im, virtually no biblical text is contemporaneous with the events it describes.

Internal evidence within the texts of the 27-book New Testament canon suggests that most of these books were written in the 1st century CE. The first book written is thought to be either the Epistle to the Galatians (written around 48 CE) or 1 Thessalonians, written around 50 CE. The final book in the ordering of the canon, the Book of Revelation, is generally accepted by traditional scholarship to have been written during the reign of Domitian (81–96) before the writing of 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus and the Epistles of John. Dating the composition of the texts relies primarily on internal evidence, including direct references to historical events—textual criticism of philological and linguistic evidence provides more subjective indications.

Table I: Chronological overview
This table summarises the chronology of the main tables and serves as a guide to the historical periods mentioned. Much of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament may have been assembled in the 5th century BCE. The New Testament books were composed largely in the second half of the 1st century CE. The deuterocanonical books fall largely in between.

title: Dating the Bible


text:
Talk:Harry Potter

Semi-protected edit request on 13 March 2024
Pixie the dog is officially the new pet of Luna Lovegood. Harrypottergirlieeeee (talk) 19:06, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. GrayStorm(Talk|Contributions) 21:47, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @GrayStorm, it is a book series, so a citation does not need to be added, if I am correct. 48JCL  TALK  17:17, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Anna needs to be added 2402:B801:2879:A100:19E1:9B52:F844:28FD (talk) 20:47, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 April 2024
50.201.37.231 (talk) 16:55, 26 April 2024 (UTC) I see I typoe
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. GrayStorm(Talk|Contributions) 17:12, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

Making the second paragraph more specific
I'm still learning the ropes so I'm sorry if this suggestion isn't appropriate.

I was reading the second paragraph and I thought that 'Major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, madness, and death.' could be changed to 'Major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, madness, and the acceptance of death.' I feel that this would reflect on the themes of the series, namely death, in a more specific way. SI Harry Potter (talk) 19:36, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 June 2024
Edit request Illustrated editions by Jim Kay not written. PrinceAgno (talk) 17:43, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. My real namm  (💬pros · ✏cons) 18:46, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harry Potter


text:
Li Ruihuan

Li Ruihuan (born September 17, 1934) is a Chinese retired politician. Li was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), China's top decision-making body, between 1989 and 2002. Li served as Chairman of the 9th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) from 1993 to 2003; before that, he was the CCP secretary of Tianjin.

Biography
A native of a peasant family in Baodi, Tianjin, and originally a carpenter by trade, he was elected and reelected chairman of the 8th and 9th CPPCC National Committees in March 1993 and March 1998. Li Ruihuan is the sixth chairman of the CPPCC after Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Deng Yingchao, and Li Xiannian. Since this post has been held by some of the most prominent revolutionary elders, it is spoken of "noble and sacred" by reverent observers. The principal duties of the CPPCC chief are mainly advisory and conciliatory; Li's duties focused on mitigating conflict between different sectors of society, conferring on state affairs, and providing ideas for the top bodies of PRC central government for reference.

Li, born into ordinary peasant family in September 1934; worked as a construction worker in Beijing Third Construction Company from 1951 until 1965 and in his spare-time attended the architecture engineering institute; and received a college certificate. Li is known as the inventor of the "simplified calculation method," which updated the traditional "lofting method" in carpentry, Li was known as "young Lu Ban," a legendary master carpenter in ancient China. He rose up the ranks of the construction industry and Tianjin politics.

During his tenure of office as Tianjin mayor, he actively supported institutional restructuring, focusing attention on improving urban housing and public transport conditions. He gained great popularity among Tianjin residents with his call-in radio and television programs through which he directly answered residents' inquires in concrete terms.

In 1989, he became a member of the Politburo Standing Committee with Jiang Zemin and Song Ping, and became the chairman of CPPCC in 1993. Li Ruihuan retired in 2003 aged 68. He reappeared at the 20th Party Congress on 16 October 2022.

title: Li Ruihuan


text:
Talk:Bill Stevenson (musician)

Disambiguation
The link ALL currently points to the ALbanian Lek (currency). Perhaps we need a disambiguation page Dori 04:16 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Neutrality
I can't say I know anything about this guy, I found him in a link from Travis Barker's page, I do know, however, that reffering to his band mates as alchoholics is not NPOV. I don't have time to research their actual jobs and/or consumption of alchohol, for I am going to bed now, but if anyone does have any idea about their jobs, please correct if you could. --72.12.30.143 05:42, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Split section
Why? Bubba hotep 19:25, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, let me further expand on that. Why should the discog be split off from the main article. It would mean a main article of eight lines and some links and another page with a massive list. It may as well stay where it is until someone expands the article. Bubba hotep 19:42, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

I see that the discog section was removed wholesale. I have put it back in. I am willing to agree a compromise, but let's talk about it here first, shall we? Bubba hötep 08:17, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

I have trimmed the discog down to include only entries which have an album article on Wikipedia. Bubba hötep 12:07, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Tumor, blood clot, diabetes
Here is a link to an interview in which Stevenson discusses the health problems he had in 2009–2010 which resulted in his decreased musical activity during that period, several serious medical conditions that could have killed him, and how it led to the Descendents getting back together for the shows they've done recently. Seems like important info that should be added to the article. --IllaZilla (talk) 10:15, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Archived link for the above interview, since the original site doesn't exist anymore. I still think this is important info to add to his biography. It's also discussed in detail in the recent documentary film Filmage. --IllaZilla (talk) 08:47, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

-Thanks for that. Not to sound too nitpicky, but don't all tumors grow "unknowingly" until they're discovered/diagnosed? I mean, who would "knowingly" grow a tumor, honestly? Recommend deleting the word "unknowingly". — Preceding unsigned comment added by FiggazWithAttitude (talk • contribs) 15:35, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

Discography
The discography is pretty long and should probably be divided into "Performance credits" and "Production credits". Yes there will be some overlap between the two, but it will be more useful this way since Stevenson's production credits are as extensive as his performance ones, if not more so. --IllaZilla (talk) 00:29, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

Completely redoing the page and moving Selected discography to own page.
I have plans others I hope can help with to make an actually article for Stevenson. As in, personal section, career, biography and more. There's so much information on this guy not in here. Most of this page is filled with Selected discography that's really better for another page since it just looks spamming. Something like Butch Vig production discography a fine example of what I want to do.

Joseph507357 (talk) 03:55, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Stevenson (musician)


text:
Talk:Loch Garten

Lek
The link to lek points to the Albanian currency by the same name. Perhaps a disambiguation page is needed. Dori 04:17 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Viewing young birds
You can follow young Osprey in the area being raised and fed at a viewing room in the County Buildings in Wigtown where a camera on a nest in Galloway beams back some wonderful images. These birds have nested successfully now for several years. An additional Galloway attraction is the nearby whisky distillery at Bladnoch (not Badenoch)

Is this info really necessary? Surely this article should stick to the point. Greenfinch100 20:40, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. Not only does this section go off-topic, but it's hardly NPOV. 86.134.83.185 (talk) 05:43, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Loch Garten


text:
Martin Van Buren Bates

Martin Van Buren Bates (November 9, 1837 – January 19, 1919), known as the Kentucky Giant, was an American man notable for his great height. He was 7 ft tall and weighed 475 lb.

Youth and growth
Bates' growth rate jumped at the age of six or seven. At age 12 he was over 6 ft tall and weighed over 200 lb.

Civil War
Bates was attending university in Virginia when the Civil War broke out. He subsequently joined the 5th Kentucky Infantry Confederate States Army, later becoming a lieutenant and then captain. He was severely wounded in a battle near the Cumberland Gap and was captured and imprisoned at Camp Chase in Ohio, although he later escaped.

Adulthood and first marriage
He returned to Kentucky after the war. Before the war, his first occupation was as a schoolteacher. While the circus was on tour in Halifax, Canada, the 7-foot-11-inch tall Anna Haining Swan visited. She and Martin soon got to know each other, and were married in 1871. The highly publicized wedding, at St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London, England, drew thousands of people trying to attend, due to both the uncommonness of the spectacle and the couple's disarming good nature. Queen Victoria gave Bates an engraved watch, and gave Swan a satin gown and diamond ring.

They moved to Ohio in 1872, settling in Seville. On May 19, 1872, Anna gave birth to a daughter, who weighed 18 lb and died at birth. They built a large house to accommodate themselves comfortably. Martin described the next few years in his autobiography:

"While in Ohio, I purchased a farm in Seville, Medina County. It consisted of 130 acre of good land. I built a house upon it designed especially for our comfort. The furniture was all built to order and to see our guests make use of it recalls most forcibly the good Dean Swift's traveler in the land of Brobdingnag.

I had determined to become a farmer, so I stocked my farm with the best breeds of cattle, most of them being short horns. My draught horses are of the Norman breed.

My rest was not to last long, for the solicitations of managers, I consented to again travel. The seasons of 1878, 1879 and 1880 found us leading attractions of the W. W. Cole circus.

While we have during these years been blessed with many things, affliction again visited us in the loss of a boy, born on the 15th day of January 1879. He was 28 in tall and weighed 23 lb and was perfect in every respect."

Final years
Anna Bates died on August 5, 1888. Martin ordered a statue of her from Europe for her grave, sold the oversized house, and moved into the town. In 1889 he remarried, this time to a woman of typical stature, Annette LaVonne Weatherby, and lived a mostly peaceful life until his death in 1919 of nephritis. He was buried beside his first wife and their son in Seville. He is currently the tallest known person to live to at least 80 years.

Some years after his death, a family of typical heights had purchased the 14-ft ceiling home built by the giant couple. However, the original house in which he and Anna lived burnt down. Later a standard house was built on that site and eventually converted into a museum for the Seville Historical Society.

title: Martin Van Buren Bates


text:
Steering

Steering is the control of the direction of motion or the components that enable its control. Steering is achieved through various arrangements, among them ailerons for airplanes, rudders for boats, tilting rotors for helicopters, and many more.

Aircraft
Aircraft flight control systems are normally steered when airborne by the use of ailerons, spoileron, or both to bank the aircraft into a turn; although the rudder can also be used to turn the aircraft, it is usually used to minimize adverse yaw, rather than as a means to directly cause the turn. On the ground, aircraft are generally steered at low speeds by turning the nosewheel or tailwheel (using a tiller or the rudder pedals) or through differential braking, and by the rudder at high speeds. Missiles, airships and large hovercraft are usually steered by a rudder, thrust vectoring, or both. Small sport hovercraft have similar rudders, but steer mostly by the pilot shifting their weight from side to side and unbalancing the more powerful lift forces beneath the skirt. Jet packs and flying platforms are steered by thrust vectoring only.

Helicopter flight controls are steered by cyclic control, changing the thrust vector of the main rotor(s), and by anti-torque control, usually provided by a tail rotor.

Automotive

A conventional automotive steering arrangement allows a driver to control the direction of the vehicle by turning the direction of the front wheels using a hand–operated steering wheel positioned in front of the driver. The steering wheel is attached to a steering column, which is linked to rods, pivots and gears that allow the driver to change the direction of the front wheels. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles; for example, a tiller or rear-wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as bulldozers and tanks usually employ differential steering, where the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions, using the clutch and brakes, to achieve a change of direction.

Common steering system components include:

 * Steering wheel
 * Steering column
 * Steering box
 * Pitman arm
 * Idler arm
 * Tie rod ends
 * Rack and pinion
 * Power steering pump
 * Power steering fluid
 * Steering linkage
 * Steering knuckle
 * Ball joints
 * Steering dampers

Geometry
The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desired direction to move the vehicle as required. This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots, and gears. One of the fundamental concepts is that of caster angle. Each wheel is steered with a pivot point ahead of the wheel, which tends to make the steering self-centered in the direction of travel.

The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conform to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel travels in a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns. The angle the wheels make in the vertical plane, known as camber angle, also influences steering dynamics as do the tires.

Steering wheel turning is often measured in terms of number of full 360-degree turns to go lock-to-lock. This is when the steering input mechanism is restrained at its mechanical limit from the full right-turn stop to the left-turn stop.

Rack and pinion, recirculating ball, worm and sector

Many modern cars have a steering mechanism called a rack and pinion. The steering wheel turns a pinion gear, which moves a rack back and forth to steer the wheels. This mechanism converts the circular motion of the steering wheel to linear motion, which is applied to the wheels of the car via tie rods and a steering knuckle.

Rack and pinion steering has several advantages, such as a direct steering "feel". This means that the driver can feel the road better and have more precise control over the car's movement.

BMW was one of the first manufacturers to adopt rack and pinion steering systems in the 1930s, with many other European manufacturers following suit. American automakers began using rack and pinion steering in the 1974 Ford Pinto.

Older designs use two main principles: the worm and sector design and the screw and nut. Both types were enhanced by reducing the friction; for screw and nut it is the recirculating ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. The steering column turns a large screw, which meshes with the nut by recirculating balls. The nut moves a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the screw is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the pitman arm, which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the screw and the nut. At either end of the apparatus, the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box, which connects them with the other end of the apparatus. Thus, they are "recirculated".

The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear, but it cannot be eliminated because it will produce excessive internal forces at other positions and the mechanism will wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage.

The worm and sector was an older design, used for example in Willys and Chrysler vehicles, and the Ford Falcon (1960s). To reduce friction, the sector is replaced by a roller or rotating pins on the rocker shaft arm.

Generally, older vehicles use the recirculating ball mechanism, and only newer vehicles use rack-and-pinion steering. This division is not very strict, however, and rack-and-pinion steering systems can be found on British sports cars of the mid-1950s, and some German carmakers did not give up recirculating ball technology until the early 1990s.

Other systems for steering exist, but are uncommon on road vehicles. Children's toys and go-karts often use a very direct linkage in the form of a bellcrank (also commonly known as a pitman arm) attached directly between the steering column and the steering arms, and the use of cable-operated steering linkages (e.g. the capstan and bowstring mechanism) is also found on some home-built vehicles such as soapbox cars and recumbent tricycles.

Power steering
Power steering helps the driver of a vehicle to steer by directing some of its engine power to assist in swiveling the steered road wheels about their steering axes. As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front-wheel drive, particularly using negative offset geometry, along with increases in tire width and diameter, the effort needed to turn the wheels about their steering axis has increased, often to the point where major physical exertion would be needed were it not for power assistance. To alleviate this, auto makers have developed power steering systems, or more correctly power-assisted steering, since on road-going vehicles there has to be a mechanical linkage as a fail-safe. There are two types of power steering systems: hydraulic and electric/electronic. A hydraulic-electric hybrid system is also possible.

A Hydraulic Power Steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric Power Steering (EPS) is more efficient than hydraulic power-steering, since the electric power-steering motor only needs to provide assistance when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS, the amount of assistance is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and driver preference. An added benefit is the elimination of the environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power-steering fluid. In addition, electrical assistance is not lost when the engine fails or stalls, whereas hydraulic assistance stops working if the engine stops, making the steering doubly heavy as the driver must now turn not only the very heavy steering—without any help—but also the power-assistance system itself.

Speed-sensitive steering
Speed-sensitive steering allows for highly assisted steering at low speeds for maneuverability, and lightly assisted steering at high speed for stability. The first vehicle with this feature was the Citroën SM with its DIRAVI system, first sold in France in 1970. The hydraulic steering system applied force on a centering cam which pushed the steering rack and wheel back to the straight-ahead position. The centering force increased with speed, requiring more effort to turn the wheel at greater speeds.

Modern speed-sensitive power steering systems reduce the mechanical or electrical assistance as the vehicle speed increases, giving a more direct feel. This feature is gradually becoming more common. For example, it was used on a production pickup truck, the Tesla Cybertruck, in 2023.

Four-wheel steering

Four-wheel steering is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.

Active four-wheel steering
In an active four-wheel steering system, all four wheels turn at the same time when the driver steers. In most active four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the front wheels. There can be controls to switch off the rear steering and options to steer only the rear wheels independently of the front wheels. At low speed (e.g. parking) the rear wheels turn opposite to the front wheels, reducing the turning radius, sometimes critical for large trucks, tractors, vehicles with trailers and passenger cars with a large wheelbase, while at higher speeds both front and rear wheels turn alike (electronically controlled), so that the vehicle may change position with less yaw and improved build-up of the lateral acceleration, enhancing straight-line stability. The "snaking effect" experienced during motorway drives while towing a travel trailer is thus largely nullified.

Four-wheel steering found its most widespread use in monster trucks, where maneuverability in small arenas is critical, and it is also popular in large farm vehicles and trucks. Some of the modern European Intercity buses also utilize four-wheel steering to assist maneuverability in bus terminals, and also to improve road stability. Mazda were pioneers in applying four-wheel steering to automobiles, showing it on their 1984 Mazda MX-02 concept car, where the rear wheels counter-steered at low speeds. Mazda proceeded to offer a version of this electronic four-wheel steering system on the Mazda 626 and MX6 in 1988. The first rally vehicle to use the technology was the Peugeot 405 Turbo 16, which debuted at the 1988 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb.

Previously, Honda had mechanical four-wheel steering as an option in their 1987–2001 Prelude and Honda Ascot models (1989–1996) later upgrading to electronically controlled. General Motors offered Delphi's Quadrasteer in their Silverado/Sierra and Suburban/Yukon. Due to low demand, GM discontinued the technology at the end of the 2005 model year. Nissan/Infiniti offer several versions of their HICAS system as standard or as an option in much of their line-up.

In the early 2000s, a new generation of four-wheel steering systems was introduced into the market. In 2001 BMW equipped the E65 7 series with an all-wheel steering system (optional, called 'Integral Active Steering'), which is available on the current 5, 6, and 7 series, as an option. Renault introduced an optional all-wheel steering called '4control'  in 2009, at first on the Laguna GT, which is currently available on the Talisman, Mégane and Espace vehicle lines. In 2013, Porsche introduced a system on the 911 Turbo as standard equipment. Since 2016, the Panamera has been offered with optional all-wheel steering. The 2014 Audi Q7 was launched with an optional system. Also the Japanese OEMs offer luxury segment vehicles equipped with all-wheel steering, such as Infiniti on its QX70 model ('Rear Active Steering') and Lexus on the GS. Italian manufacturers have launched the technology in the model years 2016–17 with the Ferrari F12tdf, the Ferrari GTC4Lusso as well as the Lamborghini Aventador S.

Crab steering
Crab steering is a special type of active four-wheel steering. It operates by steering all wheels in the same direction and at the same angle. Crab steering is used when the vehicle needs to proceed in a straight line but at an angle: when changing lanes on a highway at speed, when moving loads with a reach truck, or during filming with a camera dolly.

Rear wheel steering can also be used when the rear wheels may not follow the path taken by the front wheel tracks (e.g. to reduce soil compaction when using rolling farm equipment).

Passive rear-wheel steering
Many modern vehicles have passive rear-wheel steering. On many vehicles, when cornering, the rear wheels tend to steer slightly to the outside of a turn, which can reduce stability. The passive steering system uses the lateral forces generated in a turn (through suspension geometry) and the bushings to correct this tendency and steer the wheels slightly to the inside of the corner. This improves the stability of the car through the turn. This effect is called compliance understeer; it, or its opposite, is present on all suspensions. Typical methods of achieving compliance understeer are to use a Watt's link on a live rear axle, or the use of toe control bushings on a twist beam suspension. On an independent rear suspension it is normally achieved by changing the rates of the rubber bushings in the suspension. Some suspensions typically have compliance oversteer due to geometry, such as Hotchkiss live axles, semi-trailing arm IRS, and rear twist beams, but may be mitigated by revisions to the pivot points of the leaf spring or trailing arm, or additional suspension links, or complex internal geometry of the bushings.

Passive rear-wheel steering is not a new concept, as it has been in use for many years, although not always recognized as such.

Articulated steering
Articulated steering is a system by which a vehicle is split into front and rear halves which are connected by a vertical hinge. The front and rear halves are connected with one or more hydraulic cylinders that change the angle between the halves, including the front and rear axles and wheels, thus steering the vehicle. This system does not use steering arms, king pins, tie rods, etc. as does four-wheel steering. If the vertical hinge is placed equidistant between the two axles, it also eliminates the need for a central differential in four-wheel drive vehicles, as both front and rear axles will follow the same path, and thus rotate at the same speed. Articulated haulers have very good off-road performance.

Vehicle-trailer-combinations such as semi-trailers, road trains, articulated buses, and internal transport trolley trains can be regarded as passively-articulated vehicles.

Rear-wheel steering
A few types of vehicle use only rear-wheel steering, notably fork lift trucks, camera dollies, early pay loaders, Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion car, and the ThrustSSC.

In cars, rear-wheel steering tends to be unstable because, in turns, the steering geometry changes, hence decreasing the turn radius (oversteer), rather than increasing it (understeer). Rear-wheel steering is meant for slower vehicles that need high-maneuverability in tight spaces, e.g. fork lifts.

For heavy haulage or for increased maneuverability, some semi-trailers are fitted with rear-wheel steering, controlled electro-hydraulically. The wheels on all or some of the rear axles may be turned through different angles to enable tighter cornering, or through the same angle (crab steering) to move the rear of the trailer laterally.

Steer-by-wire
The aim of steer-by-wire technology is to completely remove as many mechanical components (steering shaft, column, gear reduction mechanism, etc.) as possible. Completely replacing conventional steering system with steer-by-wire has several advantages, such as:
 * The absence of steering column simplifies the car interior design.
 * The absence of steering shaft, column and gear reduction mechanism allows much better space utilization in the engine compartment.
 * The steering mechanism can be designed and installed as a modular unit.
 * Without mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the road wheel, it is less likely that the impact of a frontal crash will cause the steering wheel to impact the driver.
 * Steering system characteristics can easily be adjusted to change the steering response and feel.

Steer-by-wire without the use of a steering column was first offered in a production car with the Nissan Infiniti Q50 in 2013. Steer-by-wire continued to be offered with the QX50 and QX55, and as of 2022 is being offered with the Infiniti Q60 coupe.

Production battery electric vehicles in the 2020s that offer steer-by-wire with no steering column include the Canoo Lifestyle Vehicle, Lexus RZ 450e, REE Automotive P7-module-based vehicles, Toyota bZ4X, and Tesla Cybertruck. As of 2023 Lotus, Peugeot, and Mercedes-Benz plan to offer steer-by-wire cars in the mid to late 2020s.

Safety
Traditionally, cars feature a collapsible steering column (energy absorbing steering column) which will collapse in the event of a heavy frontal impact to avoid excessive injuries to the driver. Airbags are also generally fitted as standard. Non-collapsible steering columns fitted to older vehicles very often impaled drivers in frontal crashes, particularly when the steering box or rack was mounted in front of the front axle line, at the front of the crumple zone. This was particularly a problem on vehicles that had a rigid separate chassis frame with no crumple zone. Many modern vehicle steering boxes or racks are mounted behind the front axle on the front bulkhead, at the rear of the front crumple zone.

Collapsible steering columns were invented by Béla Barényi and were introduced in the 1959 Mercedes-Benz W111 Fintail, along with crumple zones. This safety feature first appeared on cars built by General Motors after an extensive and very public lobbying campaign enacted by Ralph Nader. Ford started to install collapsible steering columns in 1968.

Audi used a retractable steering wheel and seat belt tensioning system called procon-ten, but it has since been discontinued in favor of airbags and pyrotechnic seat belt pre-tensioners.

Cycles
See the section § Bicycles.

Differential steering
Differential steering is the primary means of steering tracked vehicles, such as tanks and bulldozers; it is also used in certain wheeled vehicles commonly known as skid-steers, and implemented in some automobiles, where it is called torque vectoring, to augment steering by changing wheel direction relative to the vehicle.

Regulations

 * In the European Union, Russia and Japan, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) vehicle regulation 79 is related to steering.
 * In the United States, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 203 and 204 are related to impact protection for the driver from the steering control system and steering control rearward displacement while 49 Code of Federal Regulations § 393.209 is related to steering wheel systems.
 * In North America, "hands-off" or "hands-free" level-2 systems allowing the drivers to remove both hands from the steering wheel were introduced and legally permitted. General Motors' Super Cruise is such an implementation. In those designs warnings are raised when driver disengages his/her visual attention.
 * In May 2023, in Europe, UNECE regulation 79 still requires assistant systems for steering to prompt drivers not to remove their hands from the steering wheel. Those systems are known as "hands-on" systems. With "hands-on" assisted driving systems, British and European drivers are required by the system itself to keep one or both hands on the steering wheel, as with unassisted driving: When driving with assisted steering, if drivers remove both hands from the steering wheel, an optical warning occurs after the first 15 seconds and an acoustic warning occurs after 15 more seconds. Assisted steering is deactivated after additional 30 seconds.
 * In the United Kingdom, drivers must control the vehicle at all times, and Rule 160 of the Highway Code instructs to "drive with both hands on the wheel where possible." and to "use (ADAS) according to the manufacturer's instructions."

Bicycles
The bicycle is steered by turning the handlebar and by the lean of the rider and the bicycle:

 * Turning the handlebar rotates the front wheel with respect to the plane of the circumference of the rear wheel. Friction of the front wheel with the ground provides the lateral forces that steer the bicycle. Modern bicycles have the front-wheel ground-contact-point trailing behind the steering axis, which is the long axis of the bicycle fork through the center of the front wheel. This trailing contact point adds to the effects of inertia and center-of-mass offset which affect the steering and self-stability of the bicycle.
 * Leaning the frame of the bicycle, which displaces the rider and parts of the bicycle in relation to the axis along the ground contact points of the wheels. Gravitational forces then provide the lateral forces that steer the bicycle.

Watercraft
Ships and boats are usually steered with a rudder. Depending on the size of the vessel, rudders can be manually actuated, or operated using a servomechanism, or a trim tab or servo tab system. Rowing may be used to steer rowboats by using specific paddle strokes. Boats using outboard motors steer by rotating the entire drive unit. Boats with inboard motors sometimes steer by rotating the propeller pod only (i.e., Volvo Penta IPS drive). Steering wheels may be used to control the rudder or propeller. Modern ships with diesel-electric drive use azimuth thrusters. Boats powered by oars or paddles are steered by generating a higher propulsion force on the side of the boat opposite of the direction of turn. Jet skis are steered by weight-shift induced roll and water jet thrust vectoring.

The rudder of a vessel can steer the ship only when water is passing over it. Hence, when a ship is not moving relative to the water it is in or cannot move its rudder, it does not respond to the helm and is said to have lost steerage. The motion of a ship through the water is known as making way. Boats on rivers must always be under propulsion, even when traveling downstream, in order to steer, requiring sufficient water to pass over the surface of the rudder to effect changes in the direction of the boat in response to the helm. This is called having "steerage way".

title: Steering


text:
Anna Haining Bates

Anna Haining Bates (née Swan; August 6, 1846 – August 5, 1888) was a Canadian woman notable for her great stature of 7 ft. She was one of the tallest women ever. Her parents were of average height and were Scottish immigrants.

Early life
Anna Swan was born at Mill Brook, New Annan, Nova Scotia. At birth she weighed 16 lbs. She was the third of 13 children, all of the others being around average height. From birth she grew very rapidly. Anna's mother recalled that her daughter's growth rate was "Phenomenal". On her fourth birthday she was 4 ft tall and weighed 94 lbs. On her 6th birthday she was measured at 5 ft tall, an inch or two (2.5–5 cm) shorter than her mother. On her 10th birthday she measured 6 ft tall and weighed at 203 lbs.

At Christmas 1856 she was measured at 6 ft. On her 11th birthday, she was measured at 6 ft tall. On her 15th birthday Swan was measured at 7 ft tall. She reached her full height three years later. Her feet were 14.2 in long.

Swan excelled at literature and music and was considered to be very intelligent. She also excelled at her studies of acting, piano and voice. On one occasion she played Lady Macbeth.

Circus career
When she was 17, Swan started working with American showman P. T. Barnum. She lived in Barnum's American Museum in New York City, and on July 13, 1865 she nearly burned to death when the museum was destroyed by fire. The stairs were in flames and she was too large to escape through a window. At the time she weighed 384 lb. (159 kg). Her highest recorded weight was 418 lb or just under 30st. She got help and escaped safely. Swan later toured the western United States, followed by Europe where she appeared before Queen Victoria. When visiting a circus in Halifax with which Martin Van Buren Bates—another enormously tall person known as the "Kentucky Giant"—was travelling, Swan was spotted by the promoter and hired on the spot. The giant couple became a touring sensation and eventually fell in love; they married on June 17, 1871, in St Martin-in-the-Fields in London. Queen Victoria gave Anna a satin gown and diamond ring, and gave Martin an engraved watch.

Children
Bates conceived two children with Martin. The first was a girl born on May 19, 1872; she weighed 18 lbs and died at birth. While touring in the summer of 1878, Anna was pregnant for the second time. The boy was born on January 18, 1879, and survived only 11 hours. Named just "Babe" he was said by his father to have had the appearance of a perfect 6-month-old. He was the largest newborn ever recorded, at 22 lb and 28 inches tall (c. 72 cm); each of his feet was 6 in long. For this, he was posthumously awarded a Guinness World Record.

Later life
The Bateses retired to Seville, Ohio, where they built a mansion with high ceilings and doorframes. The main part of the house had 14 ft ceilings, while the doors were extra wide and were 8 ft tall. The back part of the house was built an average size for servants and guests.

They resumed touring with the W. W. Cole Circus in the summer of 1879, and again in the spring of 1880, which was her final ever tour. After that, Bates spent her remaining years quietly on the farm that she and her husband owned. She had joined the local Baptist Church in 1877 and attended services with her husband.

Death
Anna Bates died suddenly and unexpectedly of heart failure in her sleep at her home on August 5, 1888, one day before her 42nd birthday.

The cause of her height was never discovered in her lifetime. X-rays were not discovered until 1895, so it could not be ascertained if she had a pituitary tumor.

title: Anna Haining Bates


text:
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport

Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is a public international airport located in Boone County, Kentucky, United States, around the community of Hebron. The airport serves the Cincinnati tri-state area. The airport's code, CVG, is derived from the nearest city at the time of the airport's opening, Covington, Kentucky. The airport covers an area of 7,700 acres. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027, in which it is categorized as a medium-hub primary commercial service facility.

Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport offers non-stop passenger service to over 50 destinations in North America and Europe, handling numerous domestic and international cargo flights every day. The airport is a cargo global hub for Amazon Air, Atlas Air, ABX Air, Kalitta Air, and DHL Aviation. The airport is currently the 6th busiest airport in the United States by cargo traffic and 12th largest in the world. CVG is the fastest-growing cargo airport in North America.

Beginnings
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration approved preliminary funds for site development of the Greater Cincinnati Airport on February 11, 1942. This was part of the United States Army Air Corps program to establish training facilities during World War II. At the time, air traffic in the area centered on Lunken Airport just southeast of central Cincinnati. Lunken opened in 1926 in the Ohio River Valley; it frequently experienced fog, and the 1937 flood submerged its runways and two-story terminal building. Federal officials wanted an airfield site that would not be prone to flooding, but Cincinnati officials hoped to build Lunken into the region's main airport.

Officials from Boone, Kenton, and Campbell counties in Kentucky took advantage of Cincinnati's short-sightedness and lobbied Congress to build an airfield there. Boone County officials offered a suitable site on the provision that Kenton County paid the acquisition cost. In October 1942, Congress provided $2 million to build four runways.

The field opened August 12, 1944, with the first B-17 bombers beginning practice runs on August 15. As the tide of the war had already turned, the Air Corps only used the field until it was declared surplus in 1945. However, this was not before the first regularly scheduled air freight shipment in the United States arrived in mid-September, signalling the future importance of the airport.

On October 27, 1946, a small wooden terminal building opened and the airport prepared for commercial service under the name Greater Cincinnati Airport. Boone County Airlines was the first airline to provide scheduled service from the airport and had its headquarters at the airport.

The first commercial flight, an American Airlines DC-3 from Cleveland, landed on January 10, 1947, at 9:53 am. A Delta Air Lines flight followed moments later. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 97 weekday departures: 37 American, 26 Delta, 24 TWA, 8 Piedmont, and 2 Lake Central. As late as November 1959 the airport had four 5500 ft runways at 45-degree angles, the north–south runway eventually being extended into today's runway 18C/36C.

In the 1950s Cincinnati city leaders began pushing for expansion of a site in Blue Ash to both compete with the Greater Cincinnati Airport and replace Lunken as the city's primary airport. The city purchased Hugh Watson Field in 1955, turning it into Blue Ash Airport. The city's Blue Ash plans were hampered by community opposition, three failed Hamilton County bond measures, political infighting, and Cincinnati's decision not to participate in the federal airfield program.

Jet age
On December 16, 1960, the jet age arrived in Cincinnati when a Delta Air Lines Convair 880 from Miami completed the first scheduled jet flight. The airport needed to expand and build more modern terminals and other facilities; the original Terminal A was expanded and renovated. The north–south runway was extended from 3100 to 8600 ft. In 1964, the board approved a $12 million bond to expand the south concourse of Terminal A by 32000 sqft and provide nine gates for TWA, American, and Delta. A new east–west runway crossing the longer north–south runway was constructed in 1971 south of the older east–west runway.

In 1977, before the Airline Deregulation Act was passed, CVG, like many small airports, anticipated the loss of numerous flights; creating the opportunity for Patrick Sowers, Robert Tranter, and David and Raymound Mueller to establish Comair to fill the void. The airline began service to Akron/Canton, Cleveland, and Evansville. In 1981, Comair became a public company, added 30-seat turboprops to its fleet, and began to rapidly expand its destinations. In 1984, Comair became a Delta Connection carrier with Delta's establishment of a hub at CVG. That same year, Comair introduced its first international flights from Cincinnati to Toronto. In 1992, Comair moved into Concourse C, as Delta Air Lines gradually continued to acquire more of the airline's stock. In 1993, Comair was the launch customer for the Canadair Regional Jet, of which it would later operate the largest fleet in the world. By 1999, Comair was the largest regional airline in the country worth over $2 billion, transporting 6 million passengers yearly to 83 destinations on 101 aircraft. Later that year, Delta Air Lines acquired the remaining portion of Comair's stock, causing Comair to solely operate Delta Connection flights.

In 1988, two founders of Comair, Patrick Sowers and Robert Tranter launched a new scheduled airline from CVG named Enterprise Airlines, which served 16 cities at its peak. The airline spearheaded the regional jet revolution in a unique manner by operating 10-seat Cessna Citation business jets in scheduled services. The flights became popular with Cincinnati companies. The airline served destinations including Baltimore, Boston, Cedar Rapids, Columbus (OH), Green Bay, Greensboro, Greenville, Hartford, Memphis, Milwaukee, New York–JFK, and Wilmington (NC). The airline also became the first international feed carrier by feeding the British Airways Concorde at JFK. In 1991, the airline ceased operations because of high fuel prices and the suspension of the British Airways contract after the first Gulf War.

Delta Air Lines hub
In the mid-1980s, Delta opened a hub in Cincinnati and constructed Terminals C and D with 22 gates. During the decade, Delta ramped up both mainline and Comair operations and established Delta Connection. Delta's continued growth at CVG then prompted them to spend $550 million to build their own terminal facility in the 1990s. The new terminal, known then as Terminal 3, opened in 1994 and would largely replace Terminal D. Terminal 3 consisted of three airside concourses, with most of Terminal D's gate space being repurposed into Terminal 3's Concourse A while Concourses B and C were new construction. Concourses A and B were parallel concourses connected to Terminal 3's main building by an underground walkway which also included a people mover (a similar layout to Delta's main hub at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport). Concourse C was only accessible by shuttle buses and was a ground-level facility for regional aircraft used by Delta Connection (operated by Comair). After the opening of Terminal 3, the former Terminals B and C were renamed Terminals 1 and 2 respectively, which continued to house non-Delta airlines.

Aircraft operations dramatically increased from around 300,000 to 500,000 yearly aircraft movements. In turn, passenger volumes doubled within a decade from 10 million to over 20 million. This expansion prompted the building of runway 18L/36R and the airport began making preparations to construct Concourse D while adding an expansion to Concourse A and B.

At its peak, CVG became Delta's second largest hub, handling over 600 flights daily in 2005. It was the fourth largest hub in the world for a single airline, based on departures, ranking only behind Atlanta, Chicago–O'Hare, and Dallas/Fort Worth. The hub served everything from a 64-mile flight to Dayton, to a daily nonstop to Honolulu and Anchorage, to transatlantic destinations including Amsterdam, Brussels, Frankfurt, London, Manchester, Munich, Paris, Rome, and Zürich. Additionally, Air France operated flights into CVG for several periods for over a decade before finally terminating the service in 2007.

When Delta went into bankruptcy in September 2005, a large reduction at CVG eliminated most early-morning and night flights. These initial cuts caused additional routes to become unprofitable, causing the frequency of low-volume routes to be further cut from 2006 to 2007. Planning for the new east–west runway stopped, along with all expansions to current terminals; Terminal 1 was closed due to lack of service. In 2008, Delta merged with Northwest Airlines and cut flight capacity from the Cincinnati hub by 22 percent with an additional 17 percent reduction in 2009. Concourse C, opened in 1994 at a cost of $50 million, was permanently closed in 2008 and demolished in 2016. Further reductions in early 2010 caused Delta to close Concourse A in Terminal 3 on May 1, consolidating all operations into Concourse B. This resulted in the layoff of more than 800 employees.

By 2011, Delta was down to roughly 130 flights per day at CVG. After several years of cuts to its older fleet, which were cited as being cut due to high costs associated with rising oil prices, Delta's wholly-owned and CVG-based subsidiary, Comair, ceased all operations in September 2012, ending over three decades of operations. In 2017, the hub was downgraded to a focus city.

Recent history
Until 2015, CVG consistently ranked among the most expensive major airports in the United States. Delta operated over 75% of flights at CVG, a fact often cited as a reason for relatively high domestic ticket prices. Airline officials suggested that Delta was practicing predatory pricing to drive away discount airlines. From 1990 to 2003, ten discount airlines began service at CVG, but later pulled out, including Vanguard Airlines, which pulled out of CVG twice. After Delta downsized its hub operations, low cost carriers began operations and have been sustained at the airport ever since.

Terminal 2 was closed in May 2012, and CVG re-opened and consolidated all non-Delta airlines to Concourse A in Terminal 3 at that time, which became the sole terminal. Renovation and expansion of the ticketing/check-in area and Concourse A took place that year to accommodate the move. Terminals 1 and 2 were torn down in early 2017 to construct an overnight parking and deicing area. Both concourses, the customs facility, baggage claim, and ticketing areas were renovated in late 2017 to mid 2018 under a $4.5 million plan. In 2021, the airport opened a new rental car and ground transportation center adjacent to the main terminal.

Location
The airport is in an unincorporated area of the county. Various articles of the Cincinnati Enquirer describe the airport as being in Hebron. The airport terminal uses a Hebron postal address, while the administrative headquarters uses an Erlanger postal address. The airport is outside of the Hebron census-designated place, which is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, and the airport is also not in Erlanger, a city.

The office, at 77 Comair Boulevard, was formerly the headquarters of the American regional airline Comair.

Terminal
The airport has one terminal and two concourses with a total of 51 gates. Both concourses are islands and are only accessible by an underground moving walkway and people mover. All international arrivals without pre-clearance are handled in Concourse B.

 * Concourse A has 23 gates.
 * Concourse B has 28 gates.

Art
The airport is home to 14 large Art Deco murals created for the train concourse building at Cincinnati Union Terminal during the station's construction in 1932. Mosaic murals depicting people at work in local Cincinnati workplaces were incorporated into the interior design of the railroad station by Winold Reiss, a German-born artist with a reputation in interior design. When the train concourse building was designated for demolition in 1972, a "Save the Terminal Committee" raised funds to remove and transport the 14 murals in the concourse to new locations in the Airport. They were placed in Terminal 1, as well as Terminals 2 and 3, which were then being constructed as part of major airport expansion and renovation. When Terminals 1 and 2 were demolished, the murals in those areas were stored and the new Security Screening building was designed to accommodate the heavy weight of the murals with the eastern "store front" windows designed to be removable to permit the future installation of the murals. The murals were also featured in a scene in the film Rain Man starring Dustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise. In addition, a walkway to one of the terminals at CVG was featured in the scene in the film when Hoffman's character, Raymond, refused to fly on a plane. The nine murals located in the former Terminals 1 & 2 were relocated to the Duke Energy Convention Center in downtown Cincinnati.

Additionally, there are several pieces of Charley Harper artwork in the Concourse B food court.

Cargo hubs
In 1984, DHL opened its CVG hub and began operations throughout the world. However, in 2004, DHL decided to move its hub to Wilmington, Ohio, The plan ended up failing, and DHL moved back to CVG in 2009 to resume its original operations. CVG now serves as the largest of DHL's three global hubs (the other two being Leipzig/Halle and Hong Kong) with numerous flights each day to destinations across North America, Europe, Middle East, Asia, and the Pacific. DHL has completed a $105 million expansion and employs approximately 2,500 at CVG. Because of this growth, CVG now stands as the 4th busiest airport in North America based on cargo tonnage and 34th in the world. On May 28, 2015, DHL announced a $108M expansion to its current facility, which doubled the current cargo operations. The money was used to double the gate capacity for transferring cargo, an expansion to the sorting facility, and various technical improvements, which was completed in Autumn 2016. In addition, this has provided many more jobs for the Cincinnati area, and will dramatically increase the airport's operations.

On January 31, 2017, Amazon announced that its new cargo airline, Amazon Air would pick CVG as its main worldwide shipping hub, following an investment of $1.49B in the construction and expansion of a cargo facility on the airport grounds. The company used DHL's facilities prior to the construction of its new facility. The hub is Amazon's principal shipping hub and was constructed on 1,129 acre of land at the airport with a 3,000,000 ft2 sorting facility and parking positions for over 100 aircraft. On April 30, 2017, Amazon began operations at CVG with 75 Boeing 767-200ER/300ER aircraft based at the airport and planned to have 200 daily takeoffs and landings from its CVG hub to destinations across the U.S. and internationally. The hub could create up to 15,000 jobs in the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky region. On August 11, 2021, Amazon debuted its new cargo hub at CVG. On May 28, 2024, Atlas announced that "Atlas Air has successfully reached an agreement to fully exit their Amazon CMI operations, which no longer aligned with our company plans. Separately, through Titan, we are pleased to extend the dry leasing portion of our relationship with Amazon."

Ground transportation
The TANK 2X bus provides daily service in to downtown Cincinnati.

Accidents and incidents

 * On January 12, 1955, 1955 Cincinnati mid-air collision, a Martin 2-0-2 was in the take off phase of departure from the airport when it collided with a privately owned Castleton Farm DC-3. The mid-air collision killed 13 people on the commercial airliner and 2 on the privately owned plane.
 * On November 14, 1961, Zantop cargo flight, a DC-4, crashed near runway 18 into an apple orchard. The crew survived.
 * On November 8, 1965, American Airlines Flight 383, a Boeing 727, crashed on approach to runway 18C, killing 58 (53 passengers and 5 crew) of the 62 (56 passengers and 6 crew) on board.
 * On November 6, 1967, TWA Flight 159, a Boeing 707, overran the runway during an aborted takeoff, injuring 11 of the 29 passengers. One of the injured passengers died four days later. The seven crew members were unhurt.
 * On November 20, 1967, TWA Flight 128, a Convair 880, crashed on approach to runway 18, killing 70 (65 passengers and 5 crew) of the 82 persons aboard (75 passengers and 7 crew).
 * On October 8, 1979, Comair Flight 444, a Piper Navajo, crashed shortly after takeoff. Seven passengers and the pilot were killed.
 * On October 19, 1979, Burlington Airways, a Beechcraft Model 18 crash landed on KY 237 at the I-275 bridge overpass. There were no injures.
 * On June 2, 1983, Air Canada Flight 797, a DC-9 flying on the Dallas-Toronto-Montreal route, made an emergency landing at Cincinnati due to a cabin fire. 23 of the 41 passengers died of smoke inhalation or fire burns, including folk singer Stan Rogers. All five crew members survived.
 * On August 13, 2004, Air Tahoma Flight 185, a Convair 580, was en route to Cincinnati from Memphis, Tennessee, carrying freight under contract for DHL Worldwide Express. The aircraft crashed on a golf course just south of the Cincinnati airport due to fuel starvation and dual engine failure, killing the first officer and injuring the captain.