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Shirt

A shirt is a cloth garment for the upper body (from the neck to the waist).

Originally an undergarment worn exclusively by men, it has become, in American English, a catch-all term for a broad variety of upper-body garments and undergarments. In British English, a shirt is more specifically a garment with a collar, sleeves with cuffs, and a full vertical opening with buttons or snaps (North Americans would call that a "dress shirt", a specific type of collared shirt). A shirt can also be worn with a necktie under the shirt collar.

History
The world's oldest preserved garment, discovered by Flinders Petrie, is a "highly sophisticated" linen shirt from a First Dynasty Egyptian tomb at Tarkan, dated to c. 3000 BC: "the shoulders and sleeves have been finely pleated to give form-fitting trimness while allowing the wearer room to move. The small fringe formed during weaving along one edge of the cloth has been placed by the designer to decorate the neck opening and side seam."

The shirt was an item of clothing that only men could wear as underwear, until the twentieth century. Although the women's chemise was a closely related garment to the men's, it is the men's garment that became the modern shirt. In the Middle Ages, it was a plain, undyed garment worn next to the skin and under regular garments. In medieval artworks, the shirt is only visible (uncovered) on humble characters, such as shepherds, prisoners, and penitents. In the seventeenth century, men's shirts were allowed to show, with much the same erotic import as visible underwear today. In the eighteenth century, instead of underpants, men "relied on the long tails of shirts ... to serve the function of drawers. Eighteenth-century costume historian Joseph Strutt believed that men who did not wear shirts to bed were indecent. Even as late as 1879, a visible shirt with nothing over it was considered improper.

The shirt sometimes had frills at the neck or cuffs. In the sixteenth century, men's shirts often had embroidery, and sometimes frills or lace at the neck and cuffs and through the eighteenth-century long neck frills, or jabots, were fashionable. Coloured shirts began to appear in the early nineteenth century, as can be seen in the paintings of George Caleb Bingham. They were considered casual wear, for lower-class workers only, until the twentieth century. For a gentleman, "to wear a sky-blue shirt was unthinkable in 1860, but had become standard by 1920 and, in 1980, constituted the most commonplace event."

European and American women began wearing shirts in 1860, when the Garibaldi shirt, a red shirt as worn by the freedom fighters under Giuseppe Garibaldi, was popularized by Empress Eugénie of France. At the end of the nineteenth century, the Century Dictionary described an ordinary shirt as "of cotton, with linen bosom, wristbands and cuffs prepared for stiffening with starch, the collar and wristbands being usually separate and adjustable".

The first documented appearance of the expression "To give the shirt off one's back", happened in 1771 as an idiom that indicates extreme desperation or generosity and is still in common usage. In 1827 Hannah Montague, a housewife in upstate New York, invents the detachable collar. Tired of constantly washing her husband's entire shirt when only the collar needed it, she cut off his collars and devised a way of attaching them to the neckband after washing. It was not until the 1930s that collar stays became popular, although these early accessories resembled tie clips more than the small collar stiffeners available today. They connected the collar points to the necktie, keeping them in place.

Types

 * Camp shirt – a loose, straight-cut, short sleeved shirt or blouse with a simple placket front-opening and a "camp collar".
 * Dress shirt – shirt with a formal (somewhat stiff) collar, a full-length opening at the front from the collar to the hem (usually buttoned), and sleeves with cuffs
 * White shirt – usually dress shirt which is white in colour
 * Dinner shirt – a shirt specifically made to be worn with male evening wear, e.g. a black tie or white tie.
 * Guayabera – an embroidered dress shirt with four pockets.
 * Poet shirt – a loose-fitting shirt or blouse with full bishop sleeves, usually with large frills on the front and on the cuffs.
 * T-shirt – also "tee shirt", a casual shirt without a collar or buttons, made of a stretchy, finely knit fabric, usually cotton, and usually short-sleeved. Originally worn under other shirts, it is now a common shirt for everyday wear in some countries.
 * Long-sleeved T-shirt – a T-shirt with long sleeves that extend to cover the arms.
 * Ringer T-shirt – tee with a separate piece of fabric sewn on as the collar and sleeve hems.
 * Raglan T-shirt – a T-shirt with a raglan sleeve; a sleeve that extends in one piece fully to the collar, leaving a diagonal seam from underarm to collarbone.
 * Halfshirt – a high-hemmed T-shirt
 * Sleeveless shirt – a shirt manufactured without sleeves, or one whose sleeves have been cut off, also called a tank top
 * A-shirt or vest or singlet (in British English) – essentially a sleeveless shirt with large armholes and a large neck hole, often worn by labourers or athletes for increased movability.
 * Camisole – woman's undershirt with narrow straps, or a similar garment worn alone (often with bra). Also referred to as a cami, shelf top, spaghetti straps or strappy top
 * Polo shirt (also tennis shirt or golf shirt) – a pullover soft collar short-sleeved shirt with an abbreviated button placket at the neck and a longer back than front (the "tennis tail").
 * Rugby shirt – a long-sleeved polo shirt, traditionally of rugged construction in thick cotton or wool, but often softer today
 * Henley shirt – a collarless polo shirt
 * Baseball shirt (jersey) – usually distinguished by a three-quarters sleeve, team insignia, and flat waist seam
 * Sweatshirt – long-sleeved athletic shirt of heavier material, with or without hood
 * Tunic – primitive shirt, distinguished by two-piece construction. Initially a men's garment, is normally seen in modern times being worn by women
 * Shirtwaist – historically (circa. 1890–1920) a woman's tailored shirt (also called a "tailored waist") cut like a man's dress shirt; in contemporary usage, a woman's dress cut like a men's dress shirt to the waist, then extended into dress length at the bottom
 * Nightshirt – often oversized, ruined or inexpensive light cloth undergarment shirt for sleeping.
 * Halter top – a shoulderless, sleeveless garment for women. It is mechanically analogous to an apron with a string around the back of the neck and across the lower back holding it in place.
 * Top shirt – a long-sleeved collarless polo shirt
 * Heavy shirt – a shirt with the heavy size that covers up under the neck
 * Onesie or diaper shirt – a shirt for infants which includes a long back that is wrapped between the legs and buttoned to the front of the shirt
 * Tube top (in American English) or boob tube (in British English) – a shoulderless, sleeveless "tube" that wraps the torso not reaching higher than the armpit, staying in place by elasticity or by a single strap that is attached to the front of the tube
 * Overshirt are a type of shirt that can be worn as jackets. It is worn over a shirt.
 * Punishment shirts were special shirts made for the condemned, either those cursed supernaturally, such as the poisoned shirt that killed Creusa (daughter of Creon), the Shirt of Nessus used to kill Hercules, those used to execute people in ancient Rome, such as the Tunica molesta, and those used in church heresy trials, such as the Shirt of Flame, or the Sanbenito

Parts of shirt
Many terms are used to describe and differentiate types of shirts (and upper-body garments in general) and their construction. The smallest differences may have significance to a cultural or occupational group. Recently, (late twentieth century, into the twenty-first century) it has become common to use tops as a form of advertisement. Many of these distinctions apply to other upper-body garments, such as coats and sweaters.

Sleeves
Shirts may:
 * have no covering of the shoulders or arms – a tube top (not reaching higher than the armpits, staying in place by elasticity)
 * have only shoulder straps, such as spaghetti straps
 * cover the shoulders, but without sleeves
 * have shoulderless sleeves, short or long, with or without shoulder straps, that expose the shoulders, but cover the rest of the arm from the biceps and triceps down to at least the elbow
 * have short sleeves, varying from cap sleeves (covering only the shoulder and not extending below the armpit) to half sleeves (elbow length), with some having quarter-length sleeves (reaching to a point that covers half of the biceps and triceps area)
 * have three-quarter-length sleeves (reaching to a point between the elbow and the wrist)
 * have long sleeves (reaching a point to the wrist to a little beyond wrist)

Cuffs
Shirts with long sleeves may further be distinguished by the cuffs:

 * no buttons – a closed placket cuff
 * buttons (or analogous fasteners such as snaps) – single or multiple. A single button or pair aligned parallel with the cuff hem is considered a button cuff. Multiple buttons aligned perpendicular to the cuff hem, or parallel to the placket constitute a barrel cuff.
 * buttonholes designed for cufflinks
 * a French cuff, where the end half of the cuff is folded over the cuff itself and fastened with a cufflink. This type of cuff has four buttons and a short placket.
 * more formally, a link cuff – fastened like a French cuff, except is not folded over, but instead hemmed, at the edge of the sleeve.
 * asymmetrical designs, such as one-shoulder, one-sleeve or with sleeves of different lengths.

Lower hem

 * hanging to the waist
 * leaving the belly button area bare (much more common for women than for men). See halfshirt.
 * covering the crotch
 * covering part of the legs (essentially this is a dress; however, a piece of clothing is perceived either as a shirt (worn with trousers) or as a dress (in Western culture mainly worn by women)).
 * going to the floor (as a pajama shirt)

Body

 * vertical opening on the front side, all the way down, with buttons or zipper. When fastened with buttons, this opening is often called the placket front.
 * similar opening, but in back.
 * left and right front side not separable, put on over the head; with regard to upper front side opening:
 * V-shaped permanent opening on the top of the front side
 * no opening at the upper front side
 * vertical opening on the upper front side with buttons or zipper
 * men's shirts are usually buttoned on the right whereas women's are usually buttoned on the left.

Neck

 * with polo-neck
 * with "scoop" neck
 * with v-neck but no collar
 * with plunging neck
 * with open or tassel neck
 * with collar
 * windsor collar or spread collar – a dressier collar designed with a wide distance between points (the spread) to accommodate the windsor knot tie. The standard business collar.
 * tab collar – a collar with two small fabric tabs that fasten together behind a tie to maintain collar spread.
 * wing collar – best suited for the bow tie, often only worn for very formal occasions.
 * straight collar – or point collar, a version of the windsor collar that is distinguished by a narrower spread to better accommodate the four-in-hand knot, pratt knot, and the half-windsor knot. A moderate dress collar.
 * button-down collar – A collar with buttons that fasten the points or tips to a shirt. The most casual of collars worn with a tie.
 * band collar – essentially the lower part of a normal collar, first used as the original collar to which a separate collarpiece was attached. Rarely seen in modern fashion. Also casual.
 * turtle neck collar – A collar that covers most of the throat.
 * without collar
 * V-neck no collar – The neckline protrudes down the chest and to a point, creating a "V"-looking neckline.

Other features

 * pockets – how many (if any), where, and with regard to closure: not closable, just a flap, or with a button or zipper.
 * with or without hood

Some combinations are not applicable, e.g. a tube top cannot have a collar.

Measures and sizes
The main measures for a jacket are:
 * Shoulders
 * Bust
 * Waist
 * Hip
 * Sleeve
 * Length, from the neck to the waist or hip.

Sizes

 * Asia Size M = US/EU Size XS.
 * Asia Size L = US/EU Size S.
 * Asia Size XL = US/EU Size M.
 * Asia Size XXL = US/EU Size L.
 * Asia Size XXXL = US/EU Size XL.
 * Asia Size XXXXL = US/EU Size XXL.

Types of fabric
There are two main categories of fibres used: natural fibre and man-made fibre (synthetics or petroleum based). Some natural fibres are linen, the first used historically, hemp, cotton, the most used, ramie, wool, silk and more recently bamboo or soya. Some synthetic fibres are polyester, tencel, viscose, etc. Polyester mixed with cotton (poly-cotton) is often used. Fabrics for shirts are called shirtings. The four main weaves for shirtings are plain weave, oxford, twill and satin. Broadcloth, poplin and end-on-end are variations of the plain weave. After weaving, finishing can be applied to the fabric.

Shirts and politics
In the 1920s and 1930s, fascists wore different coloured shirts:

 * Black shirts were used by the Italian fascists, and in Britain, Finland and Germany and Croatia.
 * Brownshirts were worn by German Nazis of the SA.
 * The Blueshirts was a fascist movement in Ireland and Canada, and the colour of the Portuguese Nacional Sindicalistas, the Spanish Falange Española, the French Solidarité Française, and the Chinese Blue Shirts Society.
 * Green shirts were used in Hungary, Ireland, Romania, Brazil and Portugal.
 * Camisas Doradas (golden shirts) were used in Mexico.
 * Red shirts were worn by the racist and antisemitic Bulgarian Ratniks.
 * Silver Shirts were worn in the United States of America.
 * Grey shirts were worn by members of the Fatherland League in Norway.

In addition, red shirts have been used to symbolize a variety of different political groups, including Garibaldi's Italian revolutionaries, nineteenth-century American street gangs, and socialist militias in Spain and Mexico during the 1930s.

Different colored shirts signified the major opposing sides that featured prominently in the 2008 Thai political crisis, with red having been worn by the supporters of the populist People's Power Party (PPP), and yellow being worn by the supporters of the royalist and anti-Thaksin Shinawatra movement the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD). Each side is commonly referred to as the 'red shirts' and 'yellow shirts' respectively, though the later opponents of the later Thaksin supporting groups have largely ceased wearing yellow shirts to protest rallies.

In the UK, the Social Credit movement of the thirties wore green shirts.

The party leaders of Dravidar Kazhagam in India wear only black shirts to symbolise atheism.

Whatever its color, the shirt itself means a certain wealth and social status. In Spain in the 19th century, then in Argentina during the time of Juan Perón, the word descamisados ("shirtless") means the masses of the poor.

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Pat Rabbitte

Pat Rabbitte (born 18 May 1949) is an Irish former Labour Party politician who served as Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources from 2011 to 2014, Leader of the Labour Party from 2002 to 2007 and a Minister of State from 1994 to 1997. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-West constituency from 1989 to 2016.

Early life
Patrick Rabbitte was born near Claremorris in 1949, and was brought up in Woodstock, Ballindine, County Mayo. He was educated locally at St Colman's College, Claremorris before emigrating to Britain to find employment. He returned shortly afterward to attend University College Galway (UCG) where he studied Arts and Law. Whilst at university, Rabbitte became involved in several college movements before serving as President of the UCG Students' Union in 1970–1971. He achieved national attention while serving, between 1972 and 1974, as President of the national Union of Students in Ireland (USI). Following the completion of his presidency in 1974, he became an official in the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU), becoming National Secretary for the union in 1980.

Rabbitte became involved in electoral politics for the first time in late 1982, when he unsuccessfully contested Dublin South-West for the Workers' Party (WP) at the November general election. He was elected to Dublin County Council in 1985. Having again failed in election at the 1987 general election, though with a greatly improved performance in the same constituency, he finally entered Dáil Éireann as a Teachta Dála (TD) for Dublin South-West at the 1989 election. He retained his seat at every subsequent election until his retirement in 2016—for the first two as a Democratic Left TD, and for subsequent ones representing the Labour Party.

After Tomás Mac Giolla's retirement as President of the WP in 1988, Rabbitte was seen as one of those who wanted to move the party away from its hard left position, and from its alignment with the Soviet Union and international communist and workers' parties. He and some others who had come from the USI via the trade union movement were seen as wanting to bring the WP toward the centre. This led Rabbitte, Eamon Gilmore and others to earn the nickname "The Student Princes". In 1992, Rabbitte played a prominent role with Proinsias De Rossa in an attempt to jettison some of the party's more hard-left positions. This eventually split the WP. Six of the seven TDs, including Rabbittee, joined Democratic Left.

Junior Minister: 1994–1997
In 1994, a new Rainbow Coalition government of Fine Gael, the Labour Party and Democratic Left came to office midway through the Dáil term. Rabbitte was appointed as Minister of State to the Government, as well as Minister at the Department of Enterprise and Employment with responsibility for Commerce, Science and Technology. He attended cabinet meetings, but without a vote. During his tenure as a junior minister, Rabbitte was involved in establishing an anti-drugs strategy as well as enacting legislation which gave the credit union movement more authority. Rabbitte also decided to locate the proposed new state-backed Technology Campus for West Dublin, based on high-speed telecommunication links, at CityWest Business Campus beside the N7 motorway, near Clondalkin.

Labour Party leader and aftermath
Following the 1997 general election the Rainbow Coalition lost office. In 1999, Democratic Left merged with the Labour Party, with Rabbitte participating in the negotiations. In October 2002 Rabbitte succeeded Ruairi Quinn as leader of the Labour Party. Under his leadership the party made some gains in the 2004 local elections. Rabbitte has been described as an extremely good performer in the Dáil, often outshining his Fine Gael counterpart Enda Kenny. He was also noted for his anti-Fianna Fáil rhetoric.

Under Rabbitte the Labour Party agreed to enter a pre-election pact with Fine Gael in an attempt to offer the electorate an alternative coalition government at the 2007 general election, which took place in May 2007. This was commonly known as The Mullingar Accord and the proposed alternative government was called the Alliance for Change. The Green Party were also anticipated to be likely members of the coalition government on the basis of agreed points of view on many issues covered by the Mullingar Accord.

The election result did not return a sufficient number of seats for the Alliance for Change to occupy government, even with the support of the Green Party. Rabbitte himself commented on the election result: "This leaves Mr. Ahern in the driving seat". Negotiations between Fianna Fáil and the Green Party resulted in a Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern forming a new government on 13 June 2007.

Following the disappointing result in the election for Labour, Rabbitte announced he was stepping down as leader on 23 August 2007. In his resignation statement, he took responsibility for the outcome of the recent general election, in which his party failed to gain new seats and failed to replace the outgoing government. He was succeeded as party leader by Eamon Gilmore.

Rabbitte gained public attention on 18 November 2010 when he angrily criticised the Minister for Community, Equality and Gaeltacht Affairs, Pat Carey, when they appeared together on Prime Time. An online recording of the outburst was viewed 100,000 times in its first three days there.

Rabbitte was re-elected on the first count in the 2011 general election. His running mate Eamonn Maloney was also elected.

Ministerial career: 2011–2014
On 9 March 2011, Rabbitte was appointed Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources.

The journalist Fintan O'Toole, writing in The Irish Times in August 2011, criticised the lack of royalties system for gas and oil in Ireland. He claimed: "The State is about to sign away almost all our resources on terms by far the worst in the developed world". Rabbitte responded with a letter, claiming that the article was inaccurate. Rabbitte's response was in turn criticised by Cian O'Callaghan, a Labour Party member of Fingal County Council, as "misguided".

In July 2014, Rabbitte was replaced by Alex White as part of a reshuffle of the cabinet. He did not contest the 2016 general election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Mary Harney

Mary Harney (born 11 March 1953) is an Irish former politician and the former Chancellor of the University of Limerick.

She was leader of the Progressive Democrats party between 1993 and 2006 and again from 2007 to 2008, resuming the role after her successor, Michael McDowell, lost his seat at the 2007 general election. She is the second longest-ever-serving female member of Dáil Éireann, serving as a Teachta Dála (TD) successively for the Dublin South-West and Dublin Mid-West constituencies from 1981 to 2011.

She was Ireland's first female Tánaiste from 1997 to 2006, and the first woman to lead a party in Dáil Éireann.

Early life and education
Harney was born in Portiuncula Hospital, Ballinasloe, County Galway, in 1953. Her parents, who lived in nearby Ahascragh, were both farmers, but shortly after her birth her family moved to Newcastle, County Dublin. She was educated at the Convent of Mercy, Inchicore, and Presentation Convent, Clondalkin, before studying at Trinity College Dublin.

During her time in Trinity, she became the first female auditor (chair) of the College Historical Society. In 1976, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Economic and Social Studies, and for a brief time was a secondary school teacher at Castleknock College in Dublin.

Fianna Fáil: 1977–1985
Harney came to the attention of Fianna Fáil leader Jack Lynch, and stood unsuccessfully as a Fianna Fáil candidate in the 1977 general election. She was then appointed to Seanad Éireann by Lynch who had become Taoiseach. She was the youngest ever member of the Seanad when appointed, aged 24.

In 1979, Harney had her first electoral success when she was elected to Dublin County Council. Two years later she was elected to the Dáil at the 1981 general election for Dublin South-West. She retained her seat at every election until her retirement in 2011, moving to the new Dublin Mid-West constituency at the 2002 general election when it was created from part of Dublin South-West.

After the killers of gay man Declan Flynn received suspended sentences, Harney challenged then Minister for Justice Michael Noonan to seek the resignation of the judge.

As a member of the so-called Gang of 22, she was expelled from the party after voting in favour of the Anglo-Irish Agreement in 1985.

Foundation of Progressive Democrats: 1985–1997
Harney went on to become a founder member of the Progressive Democrats with Desmond O'Malley and Bobby Molloy in December 1985.

Following the 1989 general election the Progressive Democrats entered into a coalition government with Fianna Fáil, led at the time by Charles Haughey. Harney was appointed Minister of State with responsibility for Environmental Protection. As Minister of State she championed legislation to ban the sale of bituminous coal in Dublin, thereby eliminating smog from the city. She served in this position until the party withdrew from government in late 1992. In February 1993, Harney was appointed deputy leader of the Progressive Democrats, and succeeded O'Malley as party leader in October of that year, making her the first female leader of an Irish political party in Dáil Eireann.

Return to coalition with Fianna Fáil: 1997–2004
Following the 1997 general election and lengthy negotiations, the Progressive Democrats entered into coalition government with Fianna Fáil. Harney was appointed the first female Tánaiste and first female Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment. Harney used her powers to initiate thirteen investigations into companies which tribunals had suggested might have breached company law. After the 2002 general election Harney led the Progressive Democrats, who had doubled their seats from four to eight, back into coalition with Fianna Fáil, the first time a government had been re-elected since 1969. She was re-appointed Tánaiste and Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment. She inaugurated the Personal Injuries Assessment Board (PIAB) in May 2004, to reduce high litigation costs in personal injuries cases and to compensate claimants quickly and cheaply. This was a major reform of the insurance market long opposed by the legal profession.

Harney was Ireland's representative to the European Council of Ministers for the Software Patents Directive. Because the council's first reading fell during the Irish Presidency of the European Council, she was chair of the meeting that discarded the amendments by the European Parliament which confirmed the exclusion of software innovations from what constitutes patentable subject matter.

In December 2001, Harney controversially used an Air Corps aircraft to travel to County Leitrim to open a friend's off-licence in Manorhamilton; the trip cost €1,500. Harney later apologised for having abused her position in using the plane for non-government business, and admitted that using the plane was wrong. The aircraft was to be used 90% of the time exclusively for maritime surveillance.

Minister for Health and Children: 2004–2011
In a government reshuffle on 29 September 2004, Harney was appointed Minister for Health and Children.

In May 2006, the Irish Nurses Organisation unanimously passed a motion of no confidence in Mary Harney, accusing her of being negative and antagonistic towards nurses. Her policy of transferring private beds in public hospitals to privately operated hospitals also attracted criticism.

In March 2006, 16 months after she took office as health minister, the INO claimed that a record number of 455 people were waiting on hospital trolleys on one day (although the Health Service Executive gave a figure of 363 people waiting on hospital trolleys for the same day). In June 2006 the Health Consumer Powerhouse ranked the Irish health service as the second-least-"consumer-friendly" in the European Union and Switzerland, coming 25th out of 26 countries, ahead of only Lithuania. However, when the same survey was conducted a year later, the Irish health service showed significant improvement, coming 16th out of 29 countries, even scoring higher than Britain's NHS, which came 17th in the survey.

In July 2006, Ireland on Sunday reported that Mary Harney's mother, Sarah Harney, jumped a queue of two emergency cases to receive hip surgery at The Adelaide and Meath Hospital in Tallaght. The allegation was strongly denied by the minister. Sixty percent of respondents to a The Irish Times/TNS mrbi poll in December 2006 said that the appointment of Harney to the position of Minister for Health had not led to any improvement in the health service. Fine Gael, the Labour Party and Harney's own Progressive Democrats supporters were those who expressed most satisfaction, with people in Dublin also feeling most dissatisfaction regionally. Harney rejected criticisms from Fine Gael during the same month that there had been a 25% increase in people waiting on trolleys in regional hospitals during the past two years; she claimed Health Service Executive statistics showed otherwise.

In July and August 2006, she issued three orders exempting two new community nursing units, to be built at St. Mary's Hospital in the Phoenix Park, from the usual legal requirement of planning permission, despite the Park being a designated and protected national monument. The Department of Health said the decision was made because of what it called the department's "emergency response to the accident and emergency crisis at the time", although the nursing units, in use since 2008, are mainly for geriatric care.

The same year, in her capacity as Minister for Health, Mary Harney introduced risk equalisation into the Irish healthcare market. This was hugely resisted by BUPA. Despite High Court proceedings, the controversial change was upheld. This forced BUPA out of the Irish healthcare market. (BUPA Ireland was afterwards bought by the Irish-owned Quinn Group, averting any fear of redundancies.) In January 2007 a leaked memo said that the planned Cancer Care Strategy, due for completion in 2011, would not be delivered on time. Harney denied this and said that since the leaking of the memo there had been much progress, although she did not elaborate. The plan was to allow for nationwide radiotherapy services by 2011.

Resignation and return as party leader: 2006–2008
On 7 September 2006, Mary Harney announced that she was resigning as leader of the Progressive Democrats and that she would remain leader until a successor was chosen. She said she wanted to continue as Minister for Health but stated that it was a matter for her successor and the Taoiseach. She was succeeded by then-Justice Minister Michael McDowell after Tom Parlon and backbencher Liz O'Donnell nominated him. Parlon became party president and O'Donnell Deputy Leader in an agreement with McDowell after much speculation that the pair would also seek the leadership.

Following the poor performance of the Progressive Democrats at the 2007 general election, in which the party lost six of its eight seats including that of party leader Michael McDowell, Harney resumed her role as party leader. The Progressive Democrats' rules at the time stipulated that the leader of the party must be a TD, and Harney was one of only two remaining TDs; she resumed the leadership in a caretaker capacity. Following a rule change that broadened the eligibility, she was succeeded by Senator Ciarán Cannon as party leader on 17 April 2008.

Independent TD: 2008–2011
When the Progressive Democrats voted to disband in November 2008, Harney said she would remain as an independent TD once the party was wound up.

Resignation as minister and retirement from Dáil: 2011
On 15 January 2011, Harney tendered her resignation as Minister for Health and Children to Taoiseach Brian Cowen. She also stated that she would not be contesting the 2011 general election.

Criticisms
Alongside her predecessor at the Department of Health, Micheál Martin, and officials at two prominent Dublin fertility clinics, she received a package which included a threatening letter on 29 February 2008.

Councillor Louise Minihan, a member of Dublin City Council, threw red paint over Harney on 1 November 2010 as Harney turned the sod on a new health centre beside the Cherry Orchard Hospital in Ballyfermot. Minihan was detained but later released.

On 12 November 2010, Harney's ministerial car was pelted with eggs and cheese as she arrived in Nenagh, with protesters referring to the "ongoing downgrading of the [local] hospital".

FÁS expenses scandal
In 2004 she travelled to Florida with senior FÁS executives, department officials, and her husband, Brian Geoghegan, and was receiving more than €100-a-day subsistence money from the taxpayer when FÁS picked up her hairdressing bill in a Florida hotel. Like all government ministers travelling abroad, she was entitled to a daily allowance for "incidental expenses".

In a RTÉ Radio 1 interview on 27 November 2008, Fianna Fáil TD Mary O'Rourke described Harney's involvement in the scandal as "a load of hoo-hah".

On 28 November 2008, Harney defended her use of expenses while on a FÁS trip to the US, saying that she was "not on holiday", she had not used public taxes for her own personal grooming, that the use of the government jet for the trip was made by the Taoiseach, and she had followed advice in claiming her expenses. She acknowledged meeting a relative for an hour while in the United States. Labour Party leader Eamon Gilmore told his party conference that Harney should resign because of her performance as Minister for Health.

Libel cases
In 2002, Harney settled a libel case with Magill magazine for around €25,000, and in 2004 she settled a case against the Sunday Independent for €70,000. In May 2011, she received a €450,000 in compensation from Newstalk radio for a slur made about her on live air by journalist Nell McCafferty.

Board memberships
In 2012, Harney joined the board of a new healthcare company, Cara. In her first interview since leaving office, Harney said she joined the boards of two Irish 'high-potential' start-ups, Cara Health and Ward Biotech. She was also employed in speaking engagements, saying: "I spoke at a recent surgeons' conference in New York on my experience as a health minister and in Berlin on the Irish pharma sector." In April 2012 Harney joined the board of car fleet insurer Euro Insurances, an Irish subsidiary of Dutch leasing giant Leaseplan. Indian pharma businessman Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, appointed Harney to the board of Biocon, a Bangalore-based company employing 7,000 and expanding in Malaysia.

2016 address
On 17 April 2016, Harney intervened in government formation talks, claiming the deadlock would damage "Ireland's reputation" in remarks made during her closing address at the three-day Women in Media conference in Ballybunion. In the same address Harney, who attended with husband Brian Geogheghan, claimed that "when she left public life she made a conscious decision to leave politics behind her".

Recognition
In 2019, Trinity College Dublin awarded Harney an honorary doctorate.

Personal life
In November 2001 Harney married Brian Geoghegan, a businessman, in a low-key afternoon ceremony in Dublin, on a day in which she attended to a number of significant political meetings.

title: Mary Harney


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Ecodefense

Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching is a book edited by Dave Foreman (and Bill Haywood in later editions), with a foreword by Edward Abbey.

Background
Much of the inspiration for the book, as well as the term "monkeywrenching", came from Edward Abbey's 1975 novel The Monkey Wrench Gang. Other inspiration for the book likely came from the 1972 book Ecotage!, which was published by the group Environmental Action and was in turn inspired by the actions of an activist in the Chicago, Illinois area who called himself "The Fox", and engaged in such vigilante actions to protect the environment as plugging smokestacks. The Fox named after the Fox River northwest of Chicago was an avid historical boater who educated and demonstrated Native American and early trapper fishing and boating techniques.

The Fox was radicalized and became a founding mentor of the Earth Liberation Front movement after witnessing toxic dumping into the Fox River over decades which polluted the river to near-death. The Fox became infamous after dumping a bucket of said toxic waste upon the desk of a Stone Container Corporation executive in Chicago. The Fox was rumored also to plug drainage pipes from toxic industrial plants from his canoe along the Fox River. Much of the actual content for Ecodefense came from the "Dear Ned Ludd" column in the Earth First! newsletter during the 1980s.

This book was banned in Australia, gazetted in 1992 as "refused classification" and a prohibited import.

Publication history
Ned Ludd Books published the first edition in 1985 and the second edition, revised and enlarged, in 1987. Abbzug Press in Chico, California published the third edition. Bill Haywood joined Dave Foreman as editor for the second and subsequent editions.

title: Ecodefense


text:
KLM UK

KLM UK (styled as KLM uk) was the brand name of a British airline subsidiary of the Dutch KLM, which operated services within the UK and between the UK and the Netherlands using ATR-72, Fokker 50 and Fokker 100 aircraft. KLM UK had its headquarters in the Stansted House on the grounds of London Stansted Airport in Stansted Mountfitchet, Essex.

History
KLM launched the brand name "KLM UK" in 1998, when KLM acquired majority ownership of AirUK, a commuter airline founded in 1980. Air UK began to be traded as KLM UK in January 1998. The legal name changed from Air UK Limited to KLM UK Limited.

In 2000, KLM UK launched Buzz, a low-cost subsidiary that operated a fleet of BAe 146 and Boeing 737-300 aircraft. Buzz was sold to Ryanair in 2003, when the remainder of KLM UK operations were merged into KLM Cityhopper.

Destinations
KLM UK served destinations within the United Kingdom as well as from there to Continental Europe.

Fleet
As of January 2003, the KLM UK fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

title: KLM UK


text:
Talk:List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

Correcting the count
Charles Evans Hughes should be listed as 62nd Supreme court justice as he is now and as the 74th Supreme court justice because he served at 2 different points in time and was appointed by 2 different presidents AmYisroelChai (talk) 20:44, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * The count is correct. Hughes was the 62nd justice, first from 10/10/1910 to 6/10/1916, and again from 2/24/1930 to 6/30/1941. The commonly used numbering pattern is SCOTUS justices are numbered only once, this includes those who served first as associate justice and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice, as well as those elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Drdpw (talk) 03:13, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

More clarification of multi-term justices
A reader noted the two entries for John Rutledge and initially thought it was an error. They now understand that the two entries refer to two separate terms (which also applies to some other justices). Would it help reduce confusion if the name in the left column was followed by a parenthetical e.g. (first-term), (second term)?-- S Philbrick (Talk)  18:50, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

Hidden anticipatory edits
I do not think it is either wise or appropriate to added commented-out materials to articles in advance of plausible future events, as did in this revision (Add HIDDEN language in anticipation of Kav's possible confirmation, plus a fairly stern warning explaining things.). I'd say such things belong in a sandbox page, either in userspace or perhaps (?) mainspace. Is there any concensus on this point? I would be inclined to revert the entry. Thoughts? Thanks. jhawkinson (talk) 05:05, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Greetings Jhawkinson,

 * If I remember correctly, Wikipedia policy and manuals of style allow for such usages, and they seemed to me to be appropriate in this case. I will endeavor to point to the guideline immediately.MinnesotanUser (talk) 05:12, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I imagine you're refering to WP:HIDDEN: "Preparing small amounts of information to be added to the article in the future (such as when a known event will occur). Larger amounts of information should be prepared on a subpage of the article's talk page or in user space.". I don't disagree that it's permitted by the MOS, but I don't think it is a good idea, given the current degree of controversy. Also, looking at the content of your suggested edit, you write:
 * {|class="wikitable"

 * Do not un-hide this row just because kavanaugh has been confirmed by the senate (if that happens). By law, a person is not a supreme court justice until they take their oaths of office.
 * }
 * That doesn't seem right. Sure, Kavanaugh wouldn't be a justice, technically, but it would still be appropriate to have something on the page and to explain the interim situation. Further, your edit only covers one of the two places where he would appear (both "Current justices of the Supreme Court" and "All justices of the Supreme Court"). jhawkinson (talk) 05:42, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes and bingo, that's exactly the guideline I had in mind, you beat me to it! With regard to your latter points, my "stern warning" is intended to dissuade editors from making factual errors, precisely because what is at issue is a controversial current event where it is likely for disruptive edits to be made which might harm the encyclopedia.  That's all.  This is actually part of the value of hidden comments in Wikipedia articles.  You are correct that the article could be reworked in the very-short-term on such-and-such circumstances, but these terms are likely to be so short for this particular article (a mere list article, someone either is or isn't a justice) as to be irrelevant here, in my view.  To your final point, I (had) also intend(ed) to make a parallel edit at Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in the immediate future, and I may proceed.

 * I also want to keep perspective. We've been debating a short-term hidden edit intended as a future help, and which we've spent some time thinking and arguing and writing about.  In other words, the thing under discussion is also a figment which will only last a matter of hours.  None of this is worth sweating.  We here are nowhere near the controversial character of the nomination and its salacious details.  The only thing that actually matters on this article is: is he a Justice, or not?  That was the motivation for my edit.MinnesotanUser (talk) 06:24, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Per the above discussion and as I said I might do, I've made a very similar edit at Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.MinnesotanUser (talk) 02:03, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

Vandalism
I have semi-protected the page with an expiration time of one month due to repeat vandalism from multiple IPs. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 23:59, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

Appointment v Nomination
In re: Revision as of 13:16, October 4, 2018 Drdpw (Reverted good faith edits by Mink Butler Davenport) : "appointed by" is correct. (TW)) Tag: Undo

Appointment v Nomination – As exemplified by United States Military Academy (West Point), the U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Naval Academy, a nomination is required to obtain admittance, but in no way guarantees acceptance (admittance). Annually, over 4000 candidates are nominated to the academies, but only about 1500 are accepted/admitted/appointed/chosen. In NO WAY does a nomination guarantee an appointment.

Very nearly 1,200 Executive level jobs in the United States government may be filled only by individuals whom are appointed by the President, then approved by a simple majority vote of the Senate.

Similarly, Federal Judicial nominees are exactly that – nominees. They must undergo scrutinizing by the Senate Judiciary Committee, pass the Committee’s approving vote, before being brought to a vote before the full U.S. Senate. Those are TWO stages where approval is required: After initial nomination, the nominee goes before the 1.) Senate Judiciary Committee, and then, if approved, the nominee goes to the 2.) full Senate for a vote. Those are BOTH required before CONFIRMATION occurs.

The principle difference with Appointment, is fairly straightforward – one is named to (placed in) the position. No confirmation required.

The “advice and consent” clause of the Constitution gives the Congress (in the Senate), the final say-so in the matter, to either accept, or reject, the nominee in two stages – the Committee first, and the full Senate second/last.

While the term “appointment” may be sometimes used when referring to Supreme Court candidates, it is more properly, and accurately, a nomination, which initiates a process.

See: [uscourts.gov]

See also: I. The Safeguards of the Appointments Clause The Appointments Clause provides: [The President] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

-and-

“The word "appoint" was adopted and over the course of the Convention changed into phrasing that suggests something of an obligation on Congress to establish inferior federal courts.” In: Article III, Judicial Department [gpo.gov]

See also: “It is true that an individual not properly appointed under the Appointments Clause cannot technically be an officer of the United States: “Unless a person in the service of the Government, therefore, holds his place by virtue of an appointment by the President, or of one of the courts of justice or heads of Departments authorized by law to make such an appointment, he is not, strictly speaking, an officer of the United States.” United States v. Mouat, 124 U.S. 303, 307 (1888)” In: Officers of the United States Within the Meaning of the Appointments Clause [justice.gov]

See also: “As part of the process of making an appointment to an advice and consent position, the President submits a nomination to the Senate. Most nominations are referred to the appropriate Senate committee or committees on the day they are received. Such referrals are guided by Senate Rule XXV, which establishes the subject matter under the purview of each committee and directs that “all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating primarily to [those] subjects” be referred to that committee.” In: Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation and Committees Handling Nominations, by Christopher M. Davis, Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process; Michael Greene, Senior Research Librarian; May 3, 2017, Congressional Research Service [fas.org]

-and-

See also: List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States

– M.B.D. (talk) 18:45, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

 * In theory, a President could make a recess appointment of a Justice to the Court, and then never actually nominate that Justice for confirmation by the Senate (meaning that the appointment would at some point expire and the seat would again be deemed vacant). My understanding is that official acts of the Justice during that time would still count, even if their name was never even submitted to the Senate. bd2412  T 19:55, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

Proposed merge of List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office into List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
The main list did not originally have a "Tenure length" column so the "by time in office" list was made. Now it does have a sortable column for time in office, so there is no purpose for the duplicate list. Reywas92Talk 03:41, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Not the worst idea, but I hesitate to merge a Featured List into a non-featured list. Maybe get this page up to FL status first, then merge? That way we don't lose a featured list in the process. I'd be glad to help with the nomination here. --Coemgenus (talk) 14:39, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Eh, it passed FL more than ten years ago now and would probably fail today; it's simply not necessary. This list could likely pass with little change though since it's quite well sourced. I would be happy to help with a simultaneous FLC and FLRC too. Reywas92Talk 20:19, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * No. I do not want it to be merged, because I liked how it is. Thank You! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:401:C401:9850:99F3:63D1:F9C:4846 (talk) 23:58, 9 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Mind explaining why...? Are you not aware that tables are sortable? Reywas92Talk 07:22, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, fine! I like having a separate page for Justices by time in office, because if you put it on the List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States page, it would make the page too long. Thank You!
 * Support proposal to merge, on the basis of the OP explanation -Rye 212 (talk) 19:16, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I would tend to oppose a merge, because incoming links are sometimes made to the "time in office" article by editors specifically highlighting the time that a justice spent in office. See, for example, the link in the lede of Stephen Johnson Field. Since that list is ordered by time, a reader arriving at it does not need to do anything to see the justices listed in that order. I would be okay with the merge if there were some way that an incoming link could be made to pre-sort the table on this page by time in office for those clicking that link. BD2412  T 14:11, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Since this has now sat idle for over five weeks, I'm calling it failed and removing the templates. BD2412  T 00:01, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

Table needs to be corrected
The table lists the tenure length of Samuel Chase as 15 years an 135 days. In fact, it should be 15 years an 136 days. This can be verified using the following formula in Google Sheets

=DATEDIF(StartDate, EndDate, "Y")&" years "&DATEDIF(StartDate, EndDate, "YD")&"days"

Google Sheets already accounts for the fact that there was no leap day in 1800.

I have also independently verified the math on this by doing annual day count for each year (or part thereof) as as follows:

This adds up to a total of 5613 days, which is consistent with the number of days listed on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices_by_time_in_office — Preceding unsigned comment added by CardinalSlug (talk • contribs) 03:39, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

Party Affiliation of Judges
Why do none of the judges have their party listed? This is very important information and I feel it should be included, especially with current judges. Daleylife (talk) 23:49, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:23, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * JohnBlair.jpg

Introducing a new timeline of justices
The existing timeline is, frankly, confusing and unusable. (Its many faults have been observed beyond Wikipedia.)

So I am introducing a new version that I believe it is far more legible:

LegoK9 (talk) 21:02, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

 * The SAS critique of the current graphical timeline makes some valid points. That said, I have several problems with your proposed table. You're trying to show too many different things in the same graph and compressing a lot of information into a smaller space. Overall, it's visually unappealing. The political party colors in the table are distracting and make the name hyperlinks difficult to read. The table provides information that is of secondary/tangential importance (at least in this article it is), we should not be assign political party affiliation to the justices and we do not need to know when the various judiciary acts were implemented. Additionally, in an effort to put all the presidents' names into one row you have created a confusing soup of initials. My question to you is, why didn't you simply create a table similar to the SAS custom timeline graph presented in the linked blog post? It's simple, practical, and legible. Your proposed new version is not. Drdpw (talk) 22:17, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

 * While I prefer the 1000px width to avoid a scroll bar, it can be expanded up to 1600px if that makes it more legible.
 * The colors can be adjusted or the names can be shifted to above the bars if that helps legibility.
 * Why not include political parties? Most historical justices were politicians that had a known party affiliation. (I learned that John McLean was known as the "The Politician on the Supreme Court" for being associated with so many parties.) Modern justices are objectively known to lean to the liberal or conservative wings of the court. The political makeup of the court is always being discussed in the media. I added a footnote to the template if that makes things clear.
 * The judiciary acts were included to show the addition and removal of seats. (I designed this chart to be used on this page and on List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat.)
 * The presidents’ initials have hyperlinks. The current chart has the presidents’ names overlapping over a mess of vertical lines. Is that any better? Otherwise, we can exclude the presidents altogether. LegoK9 (talk) 19:20, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

I like this table here better than the one in the article. Sure, it could be improved further—e.g., I don't see that the labels "AJ 1", "AJ 2" etc. add much—but I do not want to continue to wait for those changes to replace the existing table. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 16:53, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

"Court Justice" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Court Justice and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 29 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 05:02, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

Ordering of associate justices
This question exists in the archive, so I'm posting the response here so it's seen. The order of seniority of associate justices of the Supreme Court of the United States goes back to § 1 of the Judiciary Act of 1789. The justices are ranked in seniority by the date their judicial commissions bear; or if bearing the same date, by their age (read: dates of birth). This rule is still in effect to this day, codified at 28 U.S.C., § 4. So, even though James Wilson was the first to have his oath of office administered, he was still de jure junior to justices Rutledge and Cushing; and would have been junior to Robert Harrison, had Harrison accepted his commission to the court.

There appears to be some similar confusion as to justices Van Devanter and J. R. Lamar. Van Devanter's commission is dated Dec. 16, 1910, and Lamar's Dec. 17, the next day.

Similarly, between justices Powell and Rehnquist, Powell's commission is dated Dec. 9, 1971, and Rehnquist's Dec. 15, 1971.

Hope this clears up any and all future confusion. -- Foofighter20x (talk) 04:50, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Stephen Breyer retirement
Is it possible to add in the list that Breyer is soon retiring? As he will do so independenly of current matters in motion. Asabiyya (talk) 18:49, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Strictly speaking, he has not retired until he has retired. Although there is not a precedent for it, he could change his mind tomorrow, and remain on the Court indefinitely. BD2412  T 18:53, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

Clarification for Above Average Term
￼ Should there be some type of clarification made, such as an alternative color for tenure and/or tenure length, if the term of a justice's tenure is/was longer than average? If so, what color should be used? Personally, I'd go for D4AF37 or Metallic Gold Ravens (talk) 16:00, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Why? I don't see a need for such clarification nor how adding color coded tenure-length classifications would enhance the table. Drdpw (talk) 16:57, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Adding that information would allow the reader to better understand how long the average tenure is for a Supreme Court Justice Ravens (talk) 17:09, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

Colors scheme in Timeline of justices
When I created the page Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices on November 22, 2012, I chose colors for the graph lines and text that would be dark enough to see and were distinctive from each other. I also tried to choose colors consistent with the colors used in the Timeline of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. The colors in the Timeline appear to have changed when it was moved to this page (Timeline of justices) on January 23, 2013 (or maybe before) and again when the seat numbers were adjusted on July 31, 2018 to correspond to the order in List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat.

To me, there is some value in having consistency between the colors on the Timeline and those on the Ideological Leanings graphs. At this point, the easiest way to make them consistent would be to change them on this page to correspond to those on the Idelological Leanings page since that only requires adjusting the color section of this page.

So here is my suggestion for making that change. These are the RBG colors I used in the graphs in the Idelological leanings page designated in hexadecimal and decimal:

Chief J:  Black       #000000  or  0, 0, 0 Seat 1:   Green       #00CC00  or  0, 204, 0 Seat 2:   Purple      #993366  or  153, 51, 102 Seat 3:   Gray        #666699  or  102, 102, 153 Seat 4:   Red         #FF0000  or  255, 0, 0 Seat 5:   Dark Green  #006600  or  0, 102, 0 Seat 6:   Orange      #FF6600  or  255, 102, 0 Seat 7:   Blue        #0066FF  or  0, 102, 255 Seat 8:   Brown       #993300  or  153, 51, 0 Seat 9:   Lavender    #CC99FF  or  204, 153, 255 Seat 10:  Lt. Blue    #00CCFF  or  0, 204, 255

Note that the graphs on the Idelological leanings page do not include Seats 5 and 7 so I have chosen colors for those seats that are similar to those currently used on the timeline.

Turning these RGB values into percent of maximum values, the code that goes onto this page would read:

Colors = id:Chief_J value:black id:seat1  value:rgb(0,0.8,0) id:seat2  value:rgb(0.6,0.2,0.4) id:seat3  value:rgb(0.4,0.4,0.6) id:seat4  value:rgb(1,0.0,0) id:seat5  value:rgb(0,0.4,0) id:seat6  value:rgb(1,0.4,0) id:seat7  value:rgb(0,0.4,1) id:seat8  value:rgb(0.6,0.2,0) id:seat9  value:rgb(0.8,0.6,1) id:seat10 value:rgb(0,0.8,1) id:blank  value:white id:POTUS  value:tan1

If anyone has any objection to me making this change, please let me know and explain why. Thank you. Randy Schutt (talk) 00:40, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * First, please explain what value you see in "having consistency between the colors on the Timeline and those on the Ideological Leanings graphs." At this point I can see no practical advantage to making this change. Drdpw (talk) 01:40, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The main value I see is just that anyone who is trying to track various justices or the shifting political/ideological balance on the Supreme Court will not be confused by different color schemes on different pages — just as it is helpful for all Wiki pages to use consistent numbering for Supreme Court seats and consistent numbers for the justices themselves. Admittedly, having a consistent color scheme will benefit few people, but it is also an easy change that doesn't seem to have any downside. Is there a reason not to make this change? Randy Schutt (talk) 11:47, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * In 2022, I did not actually duplicate the colors on the Ideological Leanings graphs for Seats 2 and 9 correctly. I have now corrected those two seats to this:
 * Seat 2: Purple   #993366  or  153, 51, 255
 * Seat 9: Pink     #FF99CC  or  255, 153, 203
 * They should all be consistent now and it should be easier to distinguish one color from the other. Randy Schutt (talk) 15:04, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

Update SC justice portraits?
The main images used for the Supreme Court justices are like massively outdated. Sotomayor and Kagan's portraits are over 10 years old. Thomas and Alito's are over 15 years old. Robert's photo is over 17 years old. Most of them look much physically different now than then. Isn't it therefore the right time to update their portraits? Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 04:59, 24 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't think we should for others besides Gorsuch. As far as I can tell, all of the pictures on the page are the same as those on SCOTUS' website, but strangely the Gorsuch one is a different picture? I think if they update the picture on the website, then the picture should be updated with it. Pacamah (talk) 23:19, 18 December 2023 (UTC)


text:
AKC

AKC may refer to:

 * American Kennel Club, registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the United States
 * Associate of King's College, an award of King's College London since 1833
 * Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy (1877−1947), Ceylonese philosopher and metaphysician

title: AKC


text:
Roman Lyashenko

Roman Yurievich Lyashenko (Роман Юрьевич Ляшенко; May 1, 1979 – July 5, 2003) was a Russian ice hockey player. He played professionally in North America for the Dallas Stars and New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1999 to 2002, and also spent time with affiliate teams in the American Hockey League (Utah Grizzlies and Hartford Wolfpack) and the now-defunct International Hockey League (Michigan K-Wings). Lyashenko also played professionally in Russia for Torpedo Yaroslavl before joining the Stars. He was drafted by the Stars in the second round (52nd overall) of the 1997 NHL Entry Draft.

Lyashenko represented Russia internationally at both the junior and senior levels, capturing three medals (gold, silver and bronze) at the World Junior Championships and a silver medal at the World Championships. Lyashenko committed suicide while on vacation with his family on July 5, 2003.

Playing career
Lyashenko spent three seasons playing with Torpedo Yaroslavl in his home country of Russia. In 130 games, he recorded 22 goals and 22 assists for 44 points. While playing with Yaroslavl, he was selected in the second round (52nd overall) of the 1997 NHL Entry Draft by the Dallas Stars. Leading up to the draft, scouts described him as a defensive forward with good character and leadership skills. He was considered an atypical Russian prospect due to his attention to defensive play. One source had him ranked as a first round prospect. He signed with the Stars in July 1999.

Lyashenko made his NHL debut with the Dallas Stars during the 1999–2000 season, seeing action in 58 games, while recording six goals and six assists. He also spent time with the Stars' International Hockey League (IHL) affiliate Michigan K-Wings, notching five points in nine games. During his rookie season in the NHL, Lyashenko played center on the Stars second line, earning praise from coach Ken Hitchcock, "His game has risen beyond his years. He's 20 years old in age only. He looks like a real good fit for us." The Stars went to the Stanley Cup Finals that season, but lost to the New Jersey Devils. In the Stars' first round playoff series against the Edmonton Oilers, Lyashenko scored the winning goal in the first game of the series. During the 2000 Western Conference final against the Colorado Avalanche, Lyashenko scored the series clinching goal in game seven. Lyashenko played in 16 playoff games for the Stars. During the playoffs in his rookie season, Hitchcock was happy with Lyashenko's play, saying, "He's an exceptional defensive player -- his offensive skills have improved as the season's gone on."

During the 2000–2001 season, Lyashenko again split time between the Stars and the Utah Grizzlies, who were the Stars' new IHL affiliate. At the end of the season, Lyashenko had played 60 games with the Stars and recorded nine points. At the IHL level, he played in six games and had one assist. Lyashenko was popular with his teammates in Dallas, at one point his teammates lobbied Hitchcock to get him more playing time.

On March 12, 2002, Lyashenko and Martin Ručinský were traded to the New York Rangers for Manny Malhotra and Barrett Heisten. During the 2001–2002 season, Lyashenko played for four different teams, the Stars and Rangers at the NHL level as well as the IHL's Grizzlies, and the Hartford Wolfpack of the American Hockey League (AHL). In his last season of professional hockey, Lyashenko played two games with the Rangers, and 71 with the Wolfpack. He put up the best numbers of his career in North America, with 23 goals and 35 assists. He played in the 2003 AHL All-Star Game, despite having asked for a release midway through the season to return to Russia. The request was denied by the Rangers, but his agent, Todd Diamond, said there were other teams interested in the forward's services; "Several teams were interested in him because they knew he wasn't a fourth-line guy."

International play
Lyashenko represented Russia internationally at both the junior and senior levels. His first experience with Russia's junior team was at the 1997 World Junior Championships, recording three points in six games as Russia defeated the Czech Republic for the bronze medal. At the 1998 World Junior championships, Lyashenko again represented Russia, as the team captured a silver medal. In seven games at the tournament, he recorded three assists. Lyashenko captained Russia's team at the 1999 World Junior Championships, which were held in Winnipeg. The Russian team captured the gold medal, defeating Canada in overtime. Lyashenko scored three goals and added two assists in seven games. With the gold medal, Lyashenko and teammate Mikhail Donika became the only two players to win a medal of each colour (gold, silver and bronze) at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

Lyashenko played in a single tournament at the senior international level, representing Russia at the 2002 World Championships. He left his AHL team, the Hartford Wolf Pack, during their playoff run to join Russia at the tournament. Wolf Pack general manager Al Coates was disappointed to lose Lyashenko from his club, but understood the decision: "Everyone wants to play for his country, and he shouldn't be portrayed as a bad guy. He's a good guy and a good player." In nine games, he recorded two assists and 14 penalty minutes. Russia captured a silver medal at the tournament after a shocking loss to Slovakia in the final.

Death
While on vacation in Antalya, Turkey with his mother and sister, Lyashenko was found dead in his hotel room the morning of July 6, 2003. His death was initially reported to be a suicide. Reports by Turkish police confirmed this, stating that Lyashenko had left a suicide note and attempted to cut his arms and wrists before hanging himself. A Turkish police officer, speaking anonymously, said that Lyashenko apologized for killing himself in the note. New York Rangers general manager Glen Sather said of Lyashenko, "Roman was a quality individual who had a positive impact on everyone he touched, both on and off the ice." Dallas Stars general manager Doug Armstrong expressed similar sentiments: "Roman was a quality young man who we were privileged to have in our organization for three years." Lyashenko was buried in Yaroslavl on July 12, 2003.

title: Roman Lyashenko


text:
Washington and Lee University

Washington and Lee University (Washington and Lee or W&L) is a private liberal arts college in Lexington, Virginia. Established in 1749 as Augusta Academy, it is among the oldest institutions of higher learning in the United States.

Washington and Lee's 325-acre campus sits at the edge of Lexington and abuts the campus of the Virginia Military Institute in the Shenandoah Valley region between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains.

The institution consists of three academic units: the college itself; the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics; and the School of Law. It hosts 24 intercollegiate varsity athletic teams which compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA Division III).

History
The classical school from which Washington and Lee descended was established in 1749 by Scots-Irish Presbyterian pioneers and soon named Augusta Academy, about 20 mi north of its present location. In 1776, it was renamed Liberty Hall in a burst of revolutionary fervor. A number of prominent men from the area acted as its original trustees, including Andrew Lewis, Thomas Lewis, Sampson Mathews, Samuel McDowell, George Moffett, William Preston, and James Waddel. The academy moved to Lexington in 1780, when it was chartered as Liberty Hall Academy, and built its first facility near town in 1782. The academy granted its first bachelor's degree in 1785.

Liberty Hall is said to have admitted its first African American student when John Chavis, a free black, enrolled in 1795. Chavis accomplished much in his life including fighting in the American Revolution, studying at both Liberty Hall and the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), becoming an ordained Presbyterian minister, and opening a school that instructed white and poor black students in North Carolina. He is believed to be the first black student to enroll in higher education in the United States, although he did not receive a degree. Washington and Lee enrolled its next African American student in 1966 in the law school. In 1796, George Washington endowed the academy with $20,000 in the form of 100 shares of James River Canal stock, at the time one of the largest gifts ever given to an educational institution in the United States. The shares were originally a gift given to Washington by the Virginia General Assembly. Washington's gift continues to provide nearly $1.87 a year toward every student's tuition. The gift rescued Liberty Hall from near-certain insolvency. In gratitude, the trustees changed the school's name to Washington Academy; in 1813 it was chartered as Washington College. An 8 ft statue of George Washington, carved by Matthew Kahle and known as Old George, was placed atop Washington Hall on the historic Colonnade in 1844 in memory of Washington's gift. The current statue is made of bronze; the original wooden statue was restored and now resides in the library. The campus took its current architectural form in the 1820s when a local merchant, "Jockey" John Robinson, an uneducated Irish immigrant, donated funds to build a central building. For the dedication celebration in 1824, Robinson supplied a huge barrel of whiskey, which he intended for the dignitaries in attendance. But according to a contemporary history, the rabble broke through the barriers and created pandemonium, which ended only when college officials demolished the whiskey barrel with an axe. A justice of the Virginia State Supreme Court, Alex. M. Harman, Jr. ('44 Law), re-created the episode in 1976 for the dedication of the new law school building by having several barrels of Scotch imported (without the unfortunate dénouement). Robinson also left his estate to Washington College. The estate included between 70 and 80 enslaved people. Until 1852, the institution benefited from their enslaved labor and, in some cases, from their sale. In 2014, Washington and Lee University joined such colleges as Harvard University, Brown University, the University of Virginia, and The College of William & Mary in researching, acknowledging, and publicly regretting their participation in the institution of slavery.

During the Civil War, the students of Washington College raised the Confederate flag in support of Virginia's secession. The students formed the Liberty Hall Volunteers, as part of the Stonewall Brigade under Confederate States Army general Stonewall Jackson and marched from Lexington. Later in the war, during Hunter's Raid, Union Captain Henry A. du Pont refused to destroy the Colonnade due to its support of the statue of George Washington, Old George.

Lee years
In the Fall of 1865, the financially ruined former general of the Confederacy, Robert E. Lee, was offered several business opportunities but he instead chose to accept an offer to become Washington College's president. Lee stated the reason he chose to become the college's president was because he had a desire to train "young men to do their duty." During his tenure, Lee established the first journalism courses (which were limited and only lasted several years), and added engineering courses, a business school, and a law school to the college curriculum, under the conviction that those occupations should be intimately and inextricably linked with the liberal arts. That was a radical idea: engineering, journalism, and law had always been considered technical crafts, not intellectual endeavors, and the study of business was viewed with skepticism.

Lee's emphasis on student self-governance for Washington College remains the distinguishing character of the student-run Honor System today. And, ardent about restoring national unity, he successfully recruited white men as students from throughout the reunited nation, North and South.

However, it has been argued that one of Lee's failings as president of Washington College was an apparent indifference to crimes of violence towards blacks committed by students at the college. Historian Elizabeth Brown Pryor notes that students at Washington College formed their own chapter of the KKK and were known by the local Freedmen's Bureau to attempt to abduct and rape black schoolgirls from the nearby black schools. There were also at least two attempted lynchings by Washington students during Lee's tenure. Yet Lee seemed to punish the racial harassment more laxly than he did more trivial offences or turned a blind eye to it altogether.

Lee died on October 12, 1870, after five years as Washington College president. The college's name was almost immediately changed to Washington and Lee University to honor Lee. On February 4, 1871, the name change was formalized by the Virginia General Assembly. The university's motto, Nōn Incautus Futūrī', meaning "Not unmindful of the future", is an adaptation of the Lee family motto. Lee's son, George Washington Custis Lee, followed his father as the institution's president. Robert E. Lee and much of his family—including his wife, his seven children, and his parents, the Revolutionary War hero Major-General Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee and Anne Hill Carter Lee—are buried in University Chapel (formerly Lee Chapel) on campus, which faces the main row of antebellum college buildings. Robert E. Lee's beloved horse Traveller is buried outside, near the wall of the chapel.

20th century and beyond
After Lee's death, the institution continued his program of educational innovation, modernization, and expansion. In 1905, the board of trustees formally organized a School of Commerce in order to train students in business and finance alongside the college and the School of Law. In 1995, Ernest Williams II of the Class of 1938 endowed the School of Commerce which was renamed the Ernest Williams II School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics. Also in 1905, Andrew Carnegie donated $55,000 to the Washington and Lee for the erection of a new library.

Omicron Delta Kappa or ODK, a national honor society, was founded at Washington and Lee on December 3, 1914. For many years ODK's annual convocation was held at the school in University Chapel on or about Robert E. Lee's birthday, January 19, in conjunction with a board of trustees-mandated holiday/Lee commemoration called "Founders Day", a version of the Robert E. Lee Day birthday holiday still officially celebrated in a few southern states. (The board of trustees announced the discontinuation of "Founders Day" on June 4, 2021. ) ODK Chapters, known as Circles, are located on over 300 college campuses. The society recognizes achievement in the five areas of scholarship; athletics; campus/community service, social/religious activities, and campus government; journalism, speech and the mass media; and creative and performing arts. ODK is a quasi-secret society with regard to the way in which its members are selected and kept secret for a period of time. Membership in the Omicron Delta Kappa Society is regarded as one of the highest collegiate honors that can be awarded to an individual, along with Phi Kappa Phi and Phi Beta Kappa. Some circles limit membership to less than the top one quarter of one percent of students on their respective campuses. Omicron Delta Kappa continues to maintain its headquarters in Lexington and is a major presence at W&L.

During the first half of the 20th century, the institution began its traditions of the Fancy Dress Ball and Mock Convention. Both of these are still staples of the W&L experience.The second half of the 20th century saw Washington and Lee move from being an all-men's college to a co-ed institution. The School of Law enrolled its first women in 1972 and the undergraduate program enrolled its first woman in 1985. Washington and Lee built new buildings to house its science departments as well as a new School of Law facility. Further, W&L successfully completed several multimillion-dollar capital campaigns.

Among many alumni who have followed in George Washington's footsteps by donating generously, Rupert Johnson Jr., a 1962 graduate who is vice chairman of the $600 billion Franklin Templeton investment management firm, gave $100 million to Washington and Lee in June 2007, establishing a merit-based financial aid and curriculum-enrichment program.

In 2014, a large Confederate battle flag and a number of related state flags were removed from University Chapel, after a group of black students protested that the school was unwelcoming to minorities. In his letter, President Kenneth P. Ruscio publicly apologized for the school's ownership of about 80 enslaved people during the period from 1826 to 1852, some of whom were forced to build a dormitory on campus.

Some students, faculty, and alumni have advocated that Washington and Lee disassociate itself from Lee, including advocating a change of name. Other students and alumni have defended the association with Lee. In July 2020, for the first time, faculty (by more than a three-quarters vote) and the executive committee of the Student Body called for Robert E. Lee's name to be removed from the name of the institution. The board of trustees announced the formation of a committee to consider name-change, removing portraits of Lee from diplomas, and how names and symbols of Lee and confederates "uphold slavery" and "abhorrent racist sentiment." On June 4, 2021, after 11 months of deliberation, the board voted 22–6 to keep the name.

Campus

The central core of the campus, including the row of brick buildings that form the Colonnade, are a designated National Historic Landmark District for their architecture. The University Chapel, separately designated a National Historic Landmark, is also a part of that district.

In 1926, the poet and dramatist John Drinkwater, author of Robert E. Lee and other plays, wrote of W&L, "This Lexington university is one of the loveliest spots in the world." Jonathan W. Daniels, North Carolina author, newspaper editor and White House Press Secretary to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, wrote that it was "the South at its most beautiful: the green sloping campus to the red-brick buildings with the tall white porticoes....I wish it were the picture of the South. I wish, indeed, it were the picture of America." Washington and Lee History Professor Ted DeLaney, who was born and grew up in Lexington during Jim Crow and spent more than 45 years of his 60-year career at W&L, more than a quarter-century as a professor, including serving as the first Black chair of the History Department, said in 2019, "W&L is unique because the entire campus is a Confederate monument."

In recent years, Washington and Lee has invested heavily in upgrading and expanding its academic, residential, athletic, research, arts and extracurricular facilities. The new facilities include an undergraduate library, gymnasium, art/music/theater complex, dorms, student center, student activities pavilion and tennis pavilion, as well as renovation of the journalism and commerce buildings and renovation of every fraternity house and construction of several sorority houses. Lewis Hall, the 30-year-old home of the law school, as well as athletic fields and the antebellum Historic Front Campus buildings, are all currently undergoing major renovation.

Constructed in 1991, the Lenfest Center for the Arts has presented both performances from students and presentations that are open to the community. The Reeves Center houses a notable ceramics collection which spans 4000 years and includes ceramics from Asia, Europe and America, and examples of Chinese export porcelain. The indoor athletics facility, Duchossois, is undergoing renovation and is scheduled to be reopened in fall 2020.

Organization and administration
The school is governed by a board of trustees that has a maximum of 34 members.

The undergraduate calendar is an unusual three-term system with 13-week fall and winter terms followed by a four-week spring term. The spring-term courses include topical, often unique, seminars, faculty-supervised study abroad, and some domestic and international internships. The law calendar consists of the more traditional early semester system.

Honor system
Washington and Lee maintains a rigorous honor system that dates from the 1840s. Students, upon entering the institution, vow to act honorably in all academic and nonacademic endeavors.

The honor system is administered by students through the executive committee of the Student Body (and has been since 1905). Students found guilty of an Honor Violation by their peers are subject to a single sanction: expulsion. The honor system is defined solely by students, and there is an appeal process. Appeals are heard by juries composed of students drawn randomly by the University Registrar. A formal assessment of the honor system's "White Book", occasionally including referendums, is held every three years to review the tenets of the honor system. Overwhelmingly, students continue to support the honor system and its single sanction, and they and alumni point to the honor system as one of the distinctive marks they carry with them from their W&L experience.

Washington and Lee's honor system does not have a list of rules that define punishable behavior—beyond the traditional guide of the offenses lying, cheating or stealing. Exams at W&L are ordinarily unproctored and self-scheduled. It is not unusual for professors to assign take-home, closed-book finals with an explicit trust in their students not to cheat.

The honor system is strongly enforced. In most years, only a few students withdraw in the face of an honor charge or after investigations and closed hearings conducted by the executive committee of the Student Body, the elected student government (with the accused counseled by Honor Advocates, often law students). In recent years, four or five students have left each year. Students found guilty in a closed hearing may appeal the verdict to an open hearing before the entire student body, although this option is rarely exercised. If found guilty at an open trial, the student is dismissed permanently.

Separately from the student-run honor system, the Student Judicial Council and the Student-Faculty Hearing Board hear allegations of student misconduct.

Rankings and reputation
In the 2022 U.S. News & World Report rankings, the undergraduate college is 11th among national liberal arts colleges and 9th among Best Value Schools, and the law school is ranked 35th nationally among all law schools. The 2019 Forbes magazine college rankings place W&L 42nd among 650 universities, liberal arts colleges, and service academies. Washington Monthly ranked Washington and Lee 1st among 214 liberal arts colleges in the U.S. based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. In 2023, Degreechoices ranked Washington and Lee 3rd out of 209 liberal arts colleges and 14th for business.

Kiplinger's Personal Finance ranked the college 3rd in its 2019 list of 149 best private liberal arts college values and 6th overall among 500 colleges and universities. In 2015, The Economist ranked Washington and Lee first among all undergraduate institutions in the United States in terms of the positive gap between its students' actual median earnings ten years from graduation and what the publication's statistical model would suggest. Of its findings, the newspaper wrote that "No other college combines the intimate academic setting and broad curriculum of a LAC [liberal arts college] with a potent old-boy network."

Admissions and financial aid
For the class of 2026, W&L reported the following:

Admissions information Financial aid information
 * 17% Selectivity rate ~ 1229 admitted out of 7229 applications[[File:Cyrus McCormick statue Washington and Lee University campus Lexington VA June 2021.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Cyrus McCormick]]]]
 * 39% Yield rate ~ 480 enrolled out of 1229 admitted
 * 21% Domestic students of color (students identifying as Asian American, African American, Hispanic, Native American, Pacific Islander and multi-racial)
 * 10% First-generation college students
 * 10% Children of alumni
 * 9% International students
 * Scores (55% of students who submitted scores during this test-optional year)
 * 32-35 Middle 50% ACT Composite
 * 34 Median ACT
 * 1420-1510 Middle 50% SAT
 * 1470 Median SAT
 * 57% Students receiving W&L grant assistance
 * $57,976 Average need-based grant
 * $59,949 Average institutional award (need and/or merit-based)
 * 13% Pell Grant recipients

Organization
Washington and Lee is divided into three schools: (1) The College, where all undergraduates begin their studies, encompassing the liberal arts, humanities and hard sciences, with notable interest among students in pre-health and pre-law studies; (2) the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics, which offers majors in accounting, business administration, economics, and politics; and (3) the School of Law, which offers the Juris Doctor degree.

More than 800 undergraduate courses are offered. With no graduate program (except in law), every course is taught by a faculty member. The libraries contain more than 700,000 volumes as well as a vast electronic network. The law library has an additional 400,000 volumes as well as extensive electronic resources.

Washington and Lee offers 40 undergraduate majors (including interdisciplinary majors in neuroscience, Medieval and Renaissance studies, and Russian area studies) and 30 minors, including interdisciplinary programs in Africana studies, East Asian studies, Education and Education policy, environmental studies, Latin American & Caribbean studies, Middle East and South Asian studies, poverty and human capability studies (Shepherd Program), and women's, gender, and sexuality studies. Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:
 * Business Administration and Management (90)
 * Economics (49)
 * Accounting (45)
 * Political Science and Government (35)
 * Research and Experimental Psychology (24)
 * History (21)

Though Washington and Lee has refused since 2003 to submit data to The Princeton Review, the 2006 edition of The Best 357 Colleges ranked W&L highly for "Best Overall Academic Experience", "Professors Get High Marks", and "Professor Accessibility". In the 2007 edition, Washington and Lee was ranked fourth in "Professors Get High Marks" and sixth in "Professor Accessibility". Combining academics with an active social culture, Washington and Lee ranked 14th in "Best Overall Academic Experience for Undergraduates".

Washington and Lee University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

Washington and Lee University serves as the host for the Virginia Governor's School for Foreign Language as part of the annual Summer Residential Governor's Schools.

Student life
The institution has 1829 students. The median family income is $261,100, with 55% of students coming from the top 5% highest-earning families, 8% from the bottom 60%, and 1.5% from the bottom 20% (among the lowest of any U.S. college or university). 82% of students are white, 4.5% are Hispanic, 3.4% are Asian, and 2.2% are Black.

Athletics
The school's teams are known as "The Generals" and compete in NCAA Division III in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the Centennial Conference for wrestling. Washington and Lee has 12 men's teams (baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis, indoor and outdoor track & field, and wrestling) and 12 women's teams (basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, riding, soccer, swimming, tennis, indoor and outdoor track & field, and volleyball). Washington and Lee holds two NCAA National Championship team titles. In 1988, the men's tennis team won the NCAA Division III National Championship title and holds 35 ODAC championships. In 2007, the women's tennis team claimed the NCAA Division III National Championship title. In 2018, the men's golf team finished as runner-up in the NCAA Division III championship. In 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2015, the Generals football team won the Old Dominion Athletic Conference championship. In 2009, the Generals baseball team won the ODAC championship.

Athletic exclusion was manifest in the early 20th century, when the school forced Rutgers to sit out star African American football player Paul Robeson for a 1916 football game and later forfeited a 1923 game when Washington and Jefferson refused to comply with a similar demand.

Traditions
Every four years, the school sponsors the Washington and Lee Mock Convention for whichever political party (Democratic or Republican) does not hold the presidency. The convention has received gavel-to-gavel coverage on C-SPAN and attention from many other national media outlets. The convention has correctly picked the out-of-power nominee for 20 of the past 27 national elections. It has been wrong three times since 1948, including its incorrect choice of Bernie Sanders in 2020. In 1984, the failure of the scoreboard significantly slowed the vote tally process and almost led to a wrong selection. The Washington Post declared Washington and Lee's Mock Convention "one of the nation's oldest and most prestigious mock conventions."

It hosts the Fancy Dress Ball, a 105-year-old formal black-tie event. It is put on by a committee of students appointed by the executive committee. The committee is responsible each year to create a theme and handle the logistics of setting up the Fancy Dress Ball. The Fancy Dress Ball has a budget of over $80,000.

Washington and Lee University also follows the "speaking tradition" which traces its history to Robert E. Lee. Under this tradition, students are suggested to greet one another upon passing on campus. This tradition is not enforced.

Washington and Lee University has several mysterious societies including the Cadaver Society, the Sigma Society, and the Mongolian Minks.

Fraternities and sororities
Greek letter organizations play a major role in Washington and Lee's social scene. A significant percentage of the student population participate and affiliate in Greek organizations on campus. The following is a list of active, recognized fraternities and sororities.

Fraternities

 * Chi Psi – Alpha Omicron Delta
 * Kappa Alpha Order – Alpha
 * Kappa Sigma – Mu
 * Lambda Chi Alpha – Gamma Phi Zeta
 * Phi Gamma Delta – Zeta Deuteron
 * Phi Kappa Psi – Virginia Beta
 * Pi Kappa Alpha – Pi
 * Pi Kappa Phi – Rho
 * Sigma Chi – Zeta

Alpha Phi Alpha, a historically African American fraternity, also maintains an active chapter on campus.

The Kappa Alpha Order, one of the Lexington Triad, was founded at W&L. Alpha Tau Omega and Sigma Nu, the other two members of the Triad, were founded at neighboring VMI and instituted early chapters at W&L.

Dormant fraternity chapters at Washington and Lee also include Alpha Chi Rho, Alpha Tau Omega, Beta Theta Pi, Chi Phi, Delta Sigma Phi, Delta Tau Delta, Delta Upsilon, Theta Delta Chi, Phi Delta Theta, Phi Kappa Sigma, Psi Upsilon, Phi Epsilon Pi, Phi Zeta Delta, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Nu, Sigma Phi Epsilon, Saint Anthony Hall, and Zeta Beta Tau.

Sororities

 * Alpha Kappa Alpha – Tau Zeta Chapter
 * Kappa Kappa Gamma – Zeta Tau Chapter
 * Kappa Alpha Theta – Zeta Iota Chapter
 * Alpha Delta Pi – Theta Zeta Chapter
 * Chi Omega – Xi Lambda Chapter
 * Pi Beta Phi – Virginia Theta Chapter
 * Delta Society – local

Dormant chapters

 * Kappa Delta - Zeta Tau Chapter
 * Delta Sigma Theta – Tau Omega Chapter

Media and culture
The eminent photographer Sally Mann got her start at Washington and Lee, photographing the construction of the law school while an employee. The photos eventually became the basis of a one-woman exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C. Secretariat, who holds the record for the fastest time in the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes, and the winner of the Triple Crown in 1973, wore royal blue and white (as shown in the 2010 film) because his co-owner, Christopher Chenery, was a graduate and trustee of Washington and Lee.

Alumnus George William Crump, while a student (in 1804) at Washington College (predecessor to Washington and Lee University) circa 1800 to 1804, was arrested for running naked through Lexington, Virginia, and such arrest is the United States' first recorded incident of streaking. Crump is better known as member of the United States House of Representatives in the 19th United States Congress and the U.S. Ambassador to Chile.

A Washington and Lee art history professor, Pamela Hemenway Simpson, in 1999 wrote the first scholarly book on linoleum, giving it the title Cheap, Quick and Easy. The book also examines other lower-cost home-design materials.

Washington and Lee is home to a collection of 18th- and 19th-century Chinese and European porcelain, the gift of Euchlin Dalcho Reeves, a 1927 graduate of the law school, and his wife, Louise Herreshoff. In 1967, Reeves contacted Washington and Lee about making "a small gift", which turned out to be a collection of porcelain so vast that it filled two entire houses which he and his wife owned in Providence, Rhode Island. A number of dirt-covered picture frames, found in the two houses, were put on the van along with the porcelain. Soon it was discovered that the frames actually contained Impressionist-like paintings created by Herreshoff as a young woman in the early days of the century. In 1976 the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C., mounted a posthumous one-woman exhibition of Herreshoff's works.

Music
Before it morphed into a swing, Dixieland and bluegrass standard, "The Washington and Lee Swing" was one of the most well known—and widely borrowed—football marches ever written, according to Robert Lissauer's Encyclopedia of Popular Music in America. Schools and colleges from Tulane to Slippery Rock copied it (sometimes with attribution). It was written in 1910 by Mark W. Sheafe, '06, Clarence A. (Tod) Robbins, '11, and Thornton W. Allen, '13. It has been recorded by virtually every important jazz and swing musician, including Glenn Miller (with Tex Beneke on vocals), Louis Armstrong, Kay Kyser, Hal Kemp and the Dukes of Dixieland. "The Swing" was a trademark of the New Orleans showman Pete Fountain. The trumpeter Red Nichols played it (and Danny Kaye pretended to play it) in the 1959 movie The Five Pennies. (Here is an audio excerpt from a 1944 recording by Jan Garber, a prominent dance-band leader of the era. Here is an exuberant instrumental version by a group called the Dixie Boys, which YouTube dates to 2006.)

The "Swing" was parodied in "The Dummy Song" by Ray Brown and Lew Henderson. "Dummy" was recorded by NRBQ, Louis Armstrong, Louis Prima and Glenn Miller's vocal jazz group, the Modernaires, and many others, and was used in the movie You've Got Mail.

Notable alumni

Washington and Lee University is the alma mater of three United States Supreme Court justices, a Nobel Prize laureate, winners of the Pulitzer Prize, the Tony Award, and the Emmy Award, as well as 27 U.S. senators, 67 U.S. representatives, 31 state governors, as well as numerous other government officials, judges, business leaders, entertainers, and athletes.

Several well-known alumni include past American Bar Association President Linda Klein (School of Law), Utah Governor Spencer Cox (School of Law), Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin, Virginia Governor Linwood Holton, United States Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr.; United States Senator John Warner from Virginia; United States Solicitor General John W. Davis, Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States during the 1924 presidential election; author Tom Wolfe, founder of New Journalism; broadcast journalist Roger Mudd; Anglican bishop Steve Breedlove; artist Cy Twombly; voice actor Mike Henry; Federal Judge and Civil Rights champion John Minor Wisdom; and billionaire Rupert Johnson Jr. of Franklin Templeton Investments.

Archives of the papers of notable alumni and other resources relating to the history of the institution may be found in the manuscript collections at Washington and Lee's James Graham Leyburn Library. Publication of the 1995 guide to the collections was made possible by a grant from the Jessie Ball DuPont Fund.

In literature
A fictionalized representation of the institution appears in L'Étudiant étranger by Philippe Labro (1986, Editions Gallimard), translated into English two years later and published as The Foreign Student (Ballantine Books). In 1994 it was made into a movie, starring Robin Givens and Marco Hofschneider, but it grossed only $113,000 at the box office.

Other novels about Washington and Lee University include Geese in the Forum (Knopf, 1940) by Lawrence Edward Watkin, a professor of English who went on to become a screenwriter for Disney (the college faculty were the titular geese); The Hero (Julian Messner, 1949), by Millard Lampell, filmed as Saturday's Hero, starring Donna Reed and John Derek (Columbia Studios, 1951), about a football player who struggles to balance athletics, academics and a social life; and A Sound of Voices Dying by Glenn Scott (E.P. Dutton, 1954), released in a paperback edition in 1955 under the new title Farewell My Young Lover (replete with a lurid illustration on the cover). The Russian-born American author Maxim D. Shrayer depicted a fictionalized version of the Washington & Lee campus in the story "Trout Fishing in Virginia" (2007), included in his collection Yom Kippur in Amsterdam (2009).

title: Washington and Lee University