text:
User talk:Robertb-dc

Welcome to the 'pedia! Nice article on Happy fun ball. :)

Hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need any questions answered about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. - Hephaestos 18:07 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hello. We'd be interested to hear your thoughts on the "as of" business to Wikipedia talk:As of? Thanks! -- Oliver P. 20:42, 26 Aug 2003 (UTC)

If you want your name associated with edits you made while not logged in, you can make the request at Changing attribution for an edit and it will probably happen.168... 04:21, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Please list all redirects for deletion at redirects for deletion. I moved an entry for you. --Jiang 05:48, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

 * Thank you for your message, and for the detailed explanation of the problem and proposed solution. While I think I understand the issue, I see this as more of a problem with the existing GFDL license.  Klugeing a workaround will only allow the problem to continue.  For the moment, I prefer to stick with the existing licensing arrangement, though I would be open to changing my mind if the Wikipedia standard for new contributions (including those from anonymous authors) includes both licenses by default. -- Robertb-dc 18:57, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, we are pushing for a change to the GFDL, but not in this manner. I spoke with Jimbo in NYC this weekend and he confirmed that he is actively working with members of the FSF to improve the GFDL to make a GFDL 2.0 that is more Wikipedia friendly.  Hopefully this can happen relatively soon.  But even if and when this happens, we all acknowledge that the problem exists that Wikipedia's content is still free only to the extent that the GFDL is used.  So the CC-by-sa drive will still matter even after the GFDL is improved, just so the reach of Wikipedia will be farther.  I may sometime soon pursue the idea of some sort of wording in the copyright agreement that gets anonymous edits to agree to more than one license by default, or something similar to that.    – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)   19:04, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

List of bannered U.S. Highways
Actually, in theory, and usually in practice, AASHTO has to approve them all. The vast majority are signed by the state. has a list of most of them (as well as some that were probably never signed). --SPUI (talk) 17:55, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Johnny Paycheck
Hi Robert. I saw your note in the edit summary about Johnny Paycheck changing the spelling of his name to "studly caps" during the 90s sometime. Do you have a source for that? I can't find any primary sources that show that change. I see it some on CNN reports about his death, but nothing more authoritative than that. The DJ at one of XM Radio's C&W channels hadn't heard of it, either. Joyous 18:33, Mar 17, 2005 (UTC)

(From my talk page):Thanks for the note about Johnny Paycheck (after growing up with his music, I find it hard to use CamelCase).
 * I think I'll have to stick with the unsophisticated spelling, too. I hope he didn't think that would really give his career a boost.  Joyous 02:43, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

US hwy wp
Thanks for your comment on the WP talk page... just so you know the U.S. Highway WikiProject goes on the talk page of the article, not on the article itself. A UShighway-stub is used to mark stub articles... I still have to go through all the articles and add these two tags though. Thanks! --Rschen7754 01:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

List of U.S. Highways
Hi, Robert.

Regarding your removing US-789 from the U.S. Highway List, there are others that were proposed, but not commissioned, that are listed, so I don't understand why US-789 cannot be listed as an (ns) listing, too. Take care. (posted 18:17, 17 January 2006 by Igo4U)

 * This route, however, was never even really proposed, but just bounced around a bit. AASHTO said "nyet", probably in no small part because it would have been an awful violation of the numbering standards (since there were no child routes numbered 289 through 689).  Of course, numbering standards are pretty loose these days -- how on earth did they come up with the new 400 + x/8 numbering system that has given us 400, 412.5 (rounded to 412), and 425?  The next one would be what, US 437.5?  And will they round down to 437, or up this time to 438?

 * Anyway, welcome to Wikipedia! Please remember not to indent your paragraphs, and please sign your entries on talk pages.  You sign by typing --~ at the end of your message -- Wiki does the rest, and it looks like this: --Robertb-dc 21:01, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

DART
I'm glad you liked the map, and thanks for the correction re the T&P. Now that I think about it, I've caught the Eagle to Austin and back many a time, always from the ITC, of course, yet I have no idea why I put the T&P on the map as the FW Amtrak terminal. Weird. I'll redraw the map to suit reality.

It's entirely possible I have the colors wrong. The sources I used for them are listed in the lower right corner of the map, but they don't really agree and to be honest I'm no longer sure which lines are what colors myself. As a daily TRE commuter, I hope the TRE remains the Green Line (in fact, they ought to just name it the Green Line; as a name for a train line, "TRE" is weak. Maybe NCTCOG can prevail upon them to change it.) In any case, if you'll supply me with the latest version of the many colors of the DART rainbow I'll be hapy to change the map to match.

Also, if you and your friends will keep me up to date on the latest news, I'll generate updated map versions in the future reflecting the future growth of our regional rail net. I want this map to be complete and correct so that folks can get some real use out of it. (Speaking of completeness, I was tempted to put the Tarantula Railroad and the Runaway Mine Train on there, but settled for the SkyLink 8 as a consolation prize.)

Of course the biggie will be when TXDOT tells us where the link to the TTC-35 high-speed rail line will be! -- Bchan 00:41, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Reply on Bchan's talk page. --Robertb-dc 21:19, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * System Map V2,0 is up on the DART page. Sorry for the delay. Please inform me of any errors you might find. -- Bchan 02:33, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Kaufman UFOs???
Answered you message on my talk page as did another Texan.-- Dakota ~   °  04:00, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello Robert, anwers to you question on my talk page.-- Dakota 18:35, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Robert, I listed the article on AfD. You can contribute to the discussion here.  Joyous | Talk 23:09, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Re.:Kaufman UFOs
The info. came from UFO Casebook, Jeff Rense's website, a local TV station's website, which is www.KLTV.com, other people's videotape and still pixes that are on the 'net. Why people has not notified Mufon and/or The National UFO Center surprised me. The local TV station even has pixes of these things as well. One online video I've seen is one in which one is teleporting as it is moving. Martial Law 02:24, 16 March 2006 (UTC) :o

I've been trying to find a local who can explain this matter. I do apologise if I have been offensive, etc. to you. Martial Law 02:26, 16 March 2006 (UTC) :)

 * Not so much offensive to me as much as to what I think Wikipedia is supposed to be about. However, I'm not one of the Cabal (or perhaps There Is No Cabal), so I can't really claim to know What Wikipedia Is.  So I'll let the community decide.  Thanks for not being overly upset with me for my action... if the aliens pay me a visit some day, I'll put in a good word for you.  --Robertb-dc 17:59, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Not upset at all. Wikipedia strives to be accurate in presenting the facts. This is why I'm trying to find out what is going on. All of the pixes, incl. the videotapes(I'll give you the link to more of these tapes in a sec.) show that the area has a aerial show of sorts going on. Some of the tapes may have language issues, and some, pending your terminal's format, may not play at all. Stand by for that link. Martial Law 20:27, 16 March 2006 (UTC) :)

The tapes presented may incl. some tapes from your area. Note that some may have language issues. UFO Casebook's 2005 videos. Martial Law 20:32, 16 March 2006 (UTC) :)

Two of the tapes presented are from your area. These are: Kaufman,Co.,TX. 3-12-05 and 7-17-05. Martial Law 20:35, 16 March 2006 (UTC) :)

 * I have came accross a incident in which ultralights had been used to simulate a LARGE UFO in some kind of hoax. As stated, just trying to find a local who can tell me what is going on. I've investigated the famous UFO and paranormal matters and the not so famous paranormal and UFO related matters. Some were hoaxes, while some were not. Martial Law 21:52, 16 March 2006 (UTC) :)

On the TV station link, find 4 video camera shaped icons. These are more tapes of what has been going on. Some of these may have language issues, after all you don't see a UFO every day of the week, even if you're at Area - 51 or Phoenix, Arizona. Martial Law 22:29, 16 March 2006 (UTC) :)

 * Thanks for the info. At the very least, I'll know what rumors to be listening for.  Meanwhile, a suggestion: the term "pixes" drives me just a bit nuts.  It smacks of laziness, as though it would kill you to type the three extra characters in the word "pictures".  I suspect it's part of the UFO community's vernacular, but when you're outside the community, you'll be taken more seriously if you avoid jargon and use a more standard notation.  Plus, I keep reading it as "pixies", which I'm sure doesn't help.  Just had to get that off my chest. --Robertb-dc 17:11, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

The word "pixes and "pics" are not from the "UFO community" at all. This may have came from the press, maybe the "tabloid press" at large. Point taken about the word "Pix" and "Pics". Allegedly, it is to save space, so that more content can be inserted while indicating the said content, especially if the article is surrounded by a LOT of Advertising. The newspaper is like that sometimes, and I've first seen this trend in the tabloid print media, so they can allegedly fit in more advertising, such as the "psychic hotlines". The word "pictures" is 8 letters, while the word "pix" and "pic" are only 3 letters in composition, means the same, and the advertisement or another article has more room in the print media. Hope this helps. Martial Law 18:07, 17 March 2006 (UTC) :)

Hoax
If there is a hoax going on, let the police handle the hoaxers. Some of the pictures look like they're done with the latest Photoshop program. Those that used ultralights in the mentioned hoax are allegedly doing time. Martial Law 19:01, 17 March 2006 (UTC) :)
 * Suggestion: less "allegedly", more "verifiably". The cops I know couldn't care less about some crackpot pointing at the sky and saying "look! aliens!".  They're too busy dealing with terrestrial issues, most notably those involving unauthorized chemical manufacturing. --Robertb-dc 16:14, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Point taken. Martial Law 06:35, 21 March 2006 (UTC) :)

NEW UFO Picture
Here's a NEW picture submitted. It was shot on 3-14-06, almost a week ago ! The link is NEW PICTURE. Hope this helps. Martial Law 18:48, 17 March 2006 (UTC) :)

 * Find on the photograph a copyright by a LAWWALK. Most, if not all of those submitted to UFO Casebook, has this designation on or near them. Hope this helps. Martial Law 09:57, 18 March 2006 (UTC) :)

 * Unlike the others found, this one looks like some kind of Black Ops craft, maybe like one of those "Flying Triangles" caught head on as it was flying by the photographer. Dallas used to have military bases in the area. Any still active ? One theory is that these things, well some of them, may be secret military experiments, like the F-117 and the B-2 was at one time. See UFO to see the known theories on this matter. Martial Law 06:45, 21 March 2006 (UTC) :)
 * Can you tell me what this thing is ? It was photographed with two cameras in two locations. To me, it looks like the Shuttle, but that bird has not been up recently since Columbia was destroyed upon re-entry. Martial Law 06:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC) :)

DART criticism
I've created a subsection on the DART discussion page for you to specifically list what about the DART criticism section is POVish or vandalism... so that you don't have to just delete facts you find inconvenient. TexasDawg 00:58, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Link criteria
Hey Robert :)

I tried to reach you through an e-mail account I found on your DC site, but it turned out to be unvalid. It might have been a bit bold of me to add my site to the list of fansites, but it just didn't cross my mind that it would be considered inappropriate as I'm concerned promoting the girls and not myself. I guess you are a devoted fan contributing all that stuff to wikipedia about them and if you don't think the link is appropriate I guess I'll just have to deal with it. I did read the linking rules: Request to add a link to your site from a Wikipedia article The content of Wikipedia pages, including external links, is determined entirely by our volunteers rather than any official editorial team. You may wish to read our guidelines on external links.

But I do see your point with my site being brand new and not offering as much content as some of the other sites. I wanted to let you know I have contacted the various DC sites like you suggested and I'll wait like everyone else to get my site listed at some search engine so fans can access it from there. I never intended to be inappropriate and I'm sorry for my bad grammar. ^^

Ann Irene

"Botilda 11:20, 18 May 2006 (UTC)"

 * Moving discussion to the Dixie Chicks talk page so that all views can be heard. --Robertb-dc 13:59, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

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Re:Picture on U.S. Route 175
I just looked at the article and picture. I see nothing wrong with the picture, but I still think it needs another. That picture is just a picture of the shield, which can be seen in the infobox. If you could take a picture of the roadway that would be helpful. That way someone can get a feel of what the roadway looks like, what the area looks like, ect.. It makes it easier to say, oh it's a rural two-lane highway through West Texas vs. an 8-lane freeway through Dallas. --Holderca1 20:06, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Carole Keeton Strayhorn
There are really two issues here. I'm looking at the edits from a policy POV, and you are looking at them from a content POV. Both views have importance. For me though, I'm really not that concerned about the content issue. I understand what you have said about the edits being silly, etc, but that's really not that big of a deal to me. For me, the important issue is following the WP:BLP policy. If the anon can somehow manage to find a source for his edits that meets WP:RS, then I would stop reverting it out. Honestly, I am doubtful that such a source exists, and so that may be an impossible chore for him.

As to his most recent edit, it made a silly, but likely good faith effort to source things. (with a dictionary link)

As for blocking him, it's not really come to that point, yet. He's been warned, and his one edit to the page since then was at least an effort at sourcing, silly or not. There have been no edits out of him in the couple of days since.

One thing I *am* ready to do, if vandalism and POV pushing ramps up in the coming weeks, is place semi-protection on the pages of all four gubenatorial (however that's spelled :)) candidates. - TexasAndroid 17:21, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Heyyyy Robert
Whats up? .. (this is Drummy). .. which you'll see with my signature..

anyway, you may have already come across it, but there's an up and running WikiProject Dallas if you're interested in joining.

Holla. By the way do you plan to see the new Dixie Chicks movie? I can't help but think you will. drumguy8800  C   T  09:37, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I got pretty well burned out on official WikiProjects after being told, basically, to p*** off when I suggested that the members of the List of United States Numbered Highways were just fine as "highways" (U.S. Highway 75) and didn't need to be changed to "routes" (U.S. Route 75). I'd just as soon play with the articles in my Watchlist, and leave the WikiPolitics to folks who have the energy to don their Asbestos Suits on a regular basis.  However, I do enjoy a trip to Uncyclopedia now and then! --Robertb-dc 15:31, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

You're welcome
I did actually use the method you outlined in the message you sent me,it just happens the version I reverted to wasn't as 'clean' as I thought.Also,someone edited my version of the article to make it look like I was the one vandalizing,and then reverted it to conceal his/her identity. Ishikawa Minoru 18:25, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Re:Tulsa Race Riot wasn't vandalism
It's OK. I make tens of reverts, so, I can just make an error. Thank you for your message. Cheers! --Meno25 21:30, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Tank girl
Admittedly an example, but it does not seem to fit with the section lead-in (and its raison d'être) of "Variations on hydraulic empires, in which some other critical material is controlled by a central ruling body, are a common theme in science fiction." --Belg4mit 18:40, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It may just be that the section in Hydraulic empire was originally written by an editor who didn't know about a literally "hydraulic" empire like the one in the movie. The rest of the article details real-life examples, so "Examples in science fiction" seemed like a natural place for the note. Perhaps the lead-in needs to be tweaked?  I'm not very much into the subject, myself -- I just free-associated to the article, and thought that Water and Power, Tank Girl's nemesis, would be the prototypical Hydraulic Empire.  --Robertb-dc 17:32, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

KY 80
Replied on my talk. -- T M F Let's Go Mets - Stats 16:57, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Feel free to contribute...
''This user page hasn't been updated in forever, though I'm now a frequent contributor to the actual article space. One example: my "project" below. All I did was poke around the highway list and create a few pages. Others picked up the concept, which eventually blossomed into Wikipedia:WikiProject U.S. Highways without any help from me at all. In fact, I was told to buzz off after I suggested that "highway" didn't need to be changed to "route" across the entire project... I figure my assistance on anything other than individual articles is no longer required.''
 * You're always welcome to contribute. I apologize if my actions were influential in this. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 23:36, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I do contribute from time to time, but I'm glad I wasn't there to witness the State Routes war -- so ridiculous that it got featured on the official list of Lamest edit wars. Thanks for noticing, though! --Robertb-dc 22:22, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi, Need your help re: your Natalie Maines page contribution
Hey, I noticed a comment you left regarding Clear Channel on the talk page for Natalie Maines entitled, "Had to Remove this Bit". I don't know the user who responded to you but I left some new information there, and I strongly hope you'll take a peek on the talk page and respond. (Don't know who else to ask.) Thanks. --leahtwosaints (talk) 05:55, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Responded on the article's talk page. Good info, but needs to be used carefully.  --Robertb-dc (talk) 14:14, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, it's finally a HUGE relief to know who "rb" was on your webpage for the DCX; before and after Natalie Maines!! I'm working on a page for Martie Maguire. I'd appreciate any help or advice, as it's my first real work on a page- please take a look at it thusfar.  There may be a spillover into working on Emily Robison, eventually, partly, because both sisters had scant stubs that were mostly plagiarized unsourced stuff.  It's not easy to find non-fan sites online, from the early years or ones who quote sources. Natkins' multimedia page is great but how to reference her embedded media interviews?   Also, whomever contributed to the Dixie Chicks page here just ran roughshod over the years of the 1980's through to 1995, as if there was no real band history then.  I see this as a breach of the NPOV that is needed. Oh, and I found a great video of the Blue Night Express playing on  as well as some photos of them when young, but doubt either are OK for wikipedia.  Do you have any early DCX photos that might be used for the Maguire, Robison, DCX Band site, or one for Laura Lynch or Robin Lynn Macy?  Thanks.  If you can get in touch with Nici or any of the other fansite folks for any help, so I can reference some of the material they copied at various times, I'd appreciate it.  --leahtwosaints (talk) 21:27, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Last TRY!
HELP! The Dixie Chicks page is too long, poorly sourced and written, needing to be split, with a new page soley for a new page for Dixie Chicks Political controversy. Please, look at Martie Maguire's page, and see how I've done so far. I don't feel I can complete it until I see how the band page turns out. So, Specifically:
 * can you suggest a template for this (strongly suggested) band's political page, which I suppose I'll have to be bold and create?
 * Please tell me of topics and sources I've missed for the early Chicks, since nobody else is willing to cover the actual history both pre-Nat and post-Nat! (I had no idea that they'd toured Europe with Laura Lynch! Who paid for the trip?  Please help. --leahtwosaints (talk) 23:45, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Info on Troy Gilchrist
Hi Robert,

I read your comment on Leahtwosaint's talk page that says, you run dixie-chicks.com. First of all, the site is great work! I have started resp. expanded most Uncle Earl related articles in Wikipedia and your site and farawayhilss were of great help.

Right now I'm trying to write an article on Troy Gilchrist, who is also mentioned on your site and got stuck. It seems, that apart from very few appearances (e.g. Big Twang, early 2000's) he has abandoned the music business altogether. I'm wondering if you know of any sources that document his career after 1990.

Thank you for your help

Krautmaster (talk) 15:08, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your message and thank you for trying
 * --Krautmaster (talk) 23:38, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Looking for a reference
Hey Robert! I'm trying to clean up and tidy up the part v.1 (LOL) on the Martie Maguire page. However I can't find a quote anywhere outside of blogs saying that Macy left the band for a "purer bluegrass souund". And I HAVE been looking! Any ideas? Also would you take a critical look at the page and tell me what I need to cover or omit? Please. I just discovered that the entire Dixie Chicks page is built from a stub that is entirely plagiarized--from the same fansite where I got my only Macy quote!:  (In particular, take a look at "The sound" on the fansite and compare to the DXC band page ...  OMG!  Please help.  Your feedback?... --leahtwosaints (talk) 00:03, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

GA reassessment of Natalie Maines
I have conducted a reassessment of the above article as part of the GA Sweeps process. You are being notified as you have made a number of contributions to the article. I have found some concerns which you can see at Talk:Natalie Maines/GA1. I have placed the article on hold whilst these are fixed. Thanks. Jezhotwells (talk) 05:33, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads-up. I fixed the relatively minor specific problems noted in the GA talk page, though I'm afraid I don't have time to work on the larger issues under discussion.  --Robertb-dc (talk) 15:51, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Dixie Chicks
Hi -maybe 3 years or more I was a newbie editor and tried to begin to edit Martie Maguire's article, and you helped with the info on your site. I don't know if you're active now here, but I wondered if you can sometimes answer my questions, since I'm considering adding to the Dixie Chicks articles again. I recall some interview, around the time of transition to Natalie Maines joining, where Emily Robison was asked why she didn't ever sing lead vocals, and she said she'd botched a John Denver song once, and the embarrassment was so bad she vowed not to ever sing lead. I keep thinking it's in your website, but not sure where to look.. but right now, with her new position as lead singer for the Court Yard Hounds side project, it would be really helpful.. might even be a good DYK entry. Any help you can give in showing where to look for things, it would mean a lot to me. Thanks. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 20:47, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Happy Fun Ball for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Happy Fun Ball is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Happy Fun Ball until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Questions? four OLIfanofmrtennant (she/her) 22:23, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robertb-dc


text:
User talk:ARog

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia!

As a fellow stamp enthusiast, I'd like to direct your attention to our existing articles, most of them linked from postage stamp, or from countries. For instance, there is already an article on the Penny Black, so you can just link to it from stamp collecting. Similarly, we have Inverted Jenny, Stamps and postal history of Austria, Stamps and postal history of Canada, etc. One thing I'd like to see is additional articles for things like duck stamp, souvenir sheet, postage stamp forgery, and so forth, so that top-level articles like philately and stamp collecting can be "lean and mean", with links to in-depth articles on the many topics. Looking forward to many more contributions! Stan 18:08 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Some technical advice: indenting at the beginning of a paragraph causes formatting problems; see how I editted philatelic investment. Don't type dogs ; instead type dogs ; the entire word will appear highlighted and will be clickable; it will take you to the article titled "dog" (you did this with "postage stamps".). Words in article titles should not be capitalized without reason; I moved "Tangible Investments" to "Tangible investments" (with a lower-case "i"); the first word gets capitalized automatically, so that a link to "dog" with a lower-case "d" will go to "Dog". Michael Hardy 18:55 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Welcome back!!
I'm glad that, as the original author of Philatelic investment, you have decided to improve the article further. It is missing references at the moment, do you know of any published sources on the matter? - MrArt 06:45, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:ARog


text:
The Devil's Disciple (play)

The Devil's Disciple is an 1897 play written by Irish dramatist George Bernard Shaw. The play is Shaw's eighth, and after Richard Mansfield's original 1897 American production it was his first financial success, which helped to affirm his career as a playwright. It was published in Shaw's 1901 collection Three Plays for Puritans together with Captain Brassbound's Conversion and Caesar and Cleopatra. Set in Colonial America during the Revolutionary era, the play tells the story of Richard Dudgeon, a local outcast and self-proclaimed "Devil's disciple". In a twist characteristic of Shaw's love of paradox, Dudgeon sacrifices himself in a Christ-like gesture despite his professed infernal allegiance.

Plot summary
The setting is in the Fall of 1777, during the Saratoga Campaign.

Act I
Richard (Dick) Dudgeon is an outcast from his family in colonial Websterbridge, New Hampshire. He returns their hatred with scorn. After the death of his father, Dick returns to his childhood home to hear the reading of his father's will, much to his family's dismay. Anthony Anderson, the local minister, treats him with courtesy despite Dick's self-proclaimed apostasy, but Dick's "wickedness" appalls Anderson's wife Judith. To everyone's surprise, it is revealed that Dick's father secretly changed his will just before he died, leaving the bulk of his estate to Dick. Dick promptly evicts his mother from her home, but also invites his cousin Essie (the illegitimate daughter of Dick's never-do-well uncle Peter), orphaned by the hanging of her father as a rebel by the British, to stay as long as she wants. At the end of the Act, Dick proclaims himself also a rebel against the British and scorns his family as cowards when they flee his home. He warns Anderson that the approaching army hanged his uncle in error, believing him to be a man of highest respect, unaware of his ill repute, and that Anderson will be the example set in Websterbridge.

Act II
While visiting Anderson's home at the Reverend's invitation, Dick is left alone with Judith while Anderson is called out to Mrs. Dudgeon's deathbed. Perceiving Judith's distaste for him, Dick attempts to leave, but Judith insists he stay until Anderson returns. While they are waiting, British soldiers enter Anderson's home and arrest Dick, mistaking him for Anderson. Dick allows them to take him away without revealing his actual identity. He swears Judith to secrecy lest her husband give the secret away and expose himself to arrest. Anderson returns and finds his wife in a state of great agitation. He demands to know if Dick has harmed her. Breaking her promise to Dick, Judith reveals that soldiers came to arrest Anderson but Dick went in his place. Anderson is stunned. He grabs all his money and a gun and quickly rides away, ignoring Judith's appeals. Judith believes her husband to be a coward, while Dick, whom she despised, is a hero.

Act III
Dick is being held for court martial at the local British Army headquarters. Judith visits Dick and asks to be present at his trial. He allows it as long as she promises not to speak up. The proceedings are run by the charming British General Burgoyne. After some back and forth, where, among other things, Dick makes treasonous statements, it is decided the prisoner will be hanged at noon. Judith can no longer hold her tongue and tells the court Dick is not her husband, but this makes no difference—the sentence will still be carried out. The action moves to the gallows at the Websterbridge market place, where Dick is soon to be hanged. He is saved at the last second, however, by Anderson, now the commander of a militia that has won the day.

Original New York cast
Fifth Avenue Theatre October 4, 1897
 * Anthony Anderson .. Benjamin Johnson
 * Judith Anderson .. Beatrice Cameron
 * Anne Dudgeon .. Minna Monk
 * Richard "Dick" Dudgeon .. Richard Mansfield
 * Christopher Dudgeon .. A. G. Andrews
 * Uncle William Dudgeon .. W. H. Griffith
 * Uncle Titus Dudgeon .. Le Fevre
 * Essie .. Lottie Briscoe
 * Lawyer Hawkins .. Hunter
 * General Burgoyne .. Arthur Forrest
 * Major Swindon .. Joseph Wearer
 * Rev. Mr. Brudenell .. William Courtenay
 * A Sergeant .. Francis Kingdon

Adaptations
A 1955 television broadcast featured Ralph Bellamy as Anthony Anderson, Maurice Evans (who also co-wrote the screenplay) as Dick Dudgeon, Teresa Wright as Judith Anderson, Dennis King as General Burgoyne, and Margaret Hamilton as Mrs. Dudgeon.

A 1959 film adaptation featured Burt Lancaster as Reverend Anthony Anderson, Kirk Douglas as Dick Dudgeon, Janette Scott as Judith Anderson, and Laurence Olivier as General Burgoyne.

A 1976 BBC Radio 3 broadcast featured Tony Church as General Burgoyne, James Laurenson as Dick Dudgeon, Tenniel Evans as Anthony Anderson and Lucy Fleming as Judith Anderson. The programme was subsequently re-broadcast on BBC Radio 7, later BBC Radio 4 Extra, in 2009, 2010, and 2011.

The BBC broadcast a 1987 television film on Theatre Night on 17 May with Patrick Stewart as Anthony Anderson, Mike Gwilym as Dick Dudgeon, Susan Wooldridge as Judith Anderson, and Ian Richardson as General Burgoyne.

title: The Devil's Disciple (play)


text:
Sea Scout

Sea Scouts are a part of the Scout movement, with a particular emphasis on boating and other water-based activities on the sea, rivers or lakes (canoeing, rafting, scuba, sailboarding). Sea Scouts can provide a chance to sail, cruise on boats, learn navigation, learn how to work on engines and compete in regattas. Sea Scouts often have distinctive uniforms. In some countries or Scout organizations, Sea Scouting is a program just for older Scouts.

History

One of the earliest records of "Sea Scouts" is in Chums magazine which refers to "Sea Scouts" as early as July 1909. These Sea Scouts were part of the Chums Scouts and British Boy Scouts.

Also in the Chums magazine, the British Boys Naval Brigade, later National Naval Cadets, were subtitled 'Scouts of the Sea' from the 14 July 1909 edition and, from the 28 July 1909 edition, 'Sea Scouts of the Empire'. The British Boy Scouts and an original company of The National Naval Cadets were both headquartered in Battersea, London and the 'boys' weekly newspaper Chums was the official journal of both. The National Naval Cadets affiliated with the British Boy Scouts as part of its Sea Scouts.

Later, Sea Scouts were introduced within the Baden-Powell Boy Scouts organization. In the first edition of Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell mentioned that "A Scout should be able to manage a boat, to bring it properly alongside a ship or pier....". In December 1908, the first Seamanship badge was issued as one of the first 'Efficiency' badges. A camp for Scouts was held at Bucklers Hard, Hampshire in August 1909 at which boating activities were a focus. In 1911, Baden-Powell wrote the booklet Sea Scouting for Boys. Warington Baden-Powell wrote Sea Scouting and Seamanship for Boys in 1912, with a foreword by Robert Baden-Powell. A special uniform for Sea Scouts was approved in 1910 and, in 1912, the name "Sea Scouts" was officially adopted within Baden-Powell's Boy Scouts Association.

Sea Scouting found its way to the rest of the world. In many organizations a Sea Scout troop or group has a special name, in the Boy Scouts of America it is called a ship.

Eurosea seminars

Eurosea is the seminar for Sea Scouting/Guiding in the European Scout Region which take place every two or three years. The aims and objectives are to enable national associations to share ideas and experiences on how to develop Sea Scouting/Guiding or water-based programs in general. Participants are members of national or regional teams responsible for Sea Scouting/Guiding or developing water-based programs and representatives from associations interested in introducing Sea Scouting/Guiding.
 * Eurosea 1, 1985: Thessaloniki, Greece
 * Eurosea 2, 1988: Harderhaven, Netherlands
 * Eurosea 3, 1992: Vässarö, Sweden
 * Eurosea 4, 1994: London, United Kingdom
 * Eurosea 5, 1997: Oslo, Norway
 * Eurosea 6, 2000: Olsztynek, Poland
 * Eurosea 7, 2003: São Jacinto, Aveiro, Portugal
 * Eurosea 8, 2006: Korpo, Finland
 * Eurosea 9, 2008: Larch Hill, Ireland
 * Eurosea 10, 2010: Plzeň, Czech Republic
 * Eurosea 11, 2012: Copenhagen, Denmark
 * Eurosea 12, 2014: Bruges, Belgium
 * Eurosea 13, 2016: Puck, Poland
 * Eurosea 14, 2018: Barcelona, Spain
 * Eurosea 15, 2022: Athens, Greece

Loss of vessels

 * 4 August 1912 – eight Boy Scouts from the 2nd Walworth (Dulwich Mission) group and another boy drowned in capsize of a cutter off Leysdown, Kent, England. The boat was carrying twenty-three Scouts from Erith to a camp at Leysdown.
 * 27 October 1913 – three Scouts and an assistant leader drowned and eleven Scouts were saved when the ketch Mirror was hit by the steamer Hogarth (1231 tons) while tacking across the river. Mirror had been a gift of the Daily Mirror newspaper to the Scouts.
 * In August 1950 – all ten Scouts on board were killed when the Wangle III, owned by 1st Mortlake Sea Scouts was lost on a return voyage from France.

title: Sea Scout


text:
Ground sloth

Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct sloths in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra. They varied widely in size with the largest, belonging to genera Lestodon, Eremotherium and Megatherium, being around the size of elephants. Ground sloths represent a paraphyletic group, as living tree sloths are thought to have evolved from ground sloth ancestors.

The early evolution of ground sloths took place during the late Paleogene and Neogene of South America, while the continent was isolated. At their earliest appearance in the fossil record, they were already distinct at the family level. Sloths dispersed into the Greater Antilles during the Oligocene, and the presence of intervening islands between the American continents in the Miocene allowed a dispersal of some species into North America, They were hardy as evidenced by their high species diversity and their presence in a wide variety of environments, extending from the far south of Patagonia (Cueva del Milodón Natural Monument) to Alaska. Sloths, and xenarthrans as a whole, represent one of the more successful South American groups during the Great American Interchange after the connection of North and South America during the late Pliocene with a number of ground sloth genera migrating northwards. One genus, Thalassocnus, even adapted for marine life along the Pacific coast of South America during the late Miocene and Pliocene epochs.

Ground sloths, which were represented by over 30 living species during the Late Pleistocene, abruptly became extinct on the American mainland as part of the end-Pleistocene extinctions around 12,000 years ago, simultaneously along with the majority of other large animals in the Americas. Their extinction has been posited to be the result of hunting by recently arrived humans and/or climate change. A number of kill sites are known where humans butchered ground sloths dating just prior to their extinction.

The Caribbean ground sloths, the most recent survivors, lived on Cuba and Hispaniola, possibly until 1550 BCE. However, radiocarbon dating suggests an age of between 2819 and 2660 BCE for the last occurrence of Megalocnus in Cuba. They survived 5,000–6,000 years longer in the Caribbean than on the American mainland, which correlates with the later colonization of this area by humans.

Anatomy
Ground sloths varied widely in size from under 100 kg in the Caribbean ground sloths, to 3700-4100 kg in the largest ground sloth genera Megatherium, Lestodon and Eremotherium. The bodies of ground sloths were generally barrel-shaped, with a broad pelvis. Like other xenarthrans, the adult teeth of ground sloths lacked enamel, with the tooth surface being composed of relatively soft orthodentine. The number of teeth in the jaws is considerably reduced in comparison to other mammals, with most ground sloths only having 5 and 4 teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaws respectively, with some ground sloths exhibiting further tooth number reduction. These teeth were rootless and were continuously growing (hypselodont), and typically have a relatively simple morphology. Some ground sloths have canine-like teeth at the front of the jaws separated from the other teeth by a gap (diastema). The skull shapes of ground sloths are highly variable. Those with narrow muzzles are likely to have had prehensile lips, while those with wider muzzles are likely to have had mobile tongues. The hands of ground sloths have ungual phalanges that indicate that they had well developed claws. In many ground sloth families (Megatheriidae, Mylodontidae, Scelidotheriidae and Nothrotheriidae), the hindfoot is inwardly rotated, meaning sole faces inwards and that the body weight was primarily borne on the fifth metatarsus and the calcaneum.

Ecology
Ground sloths are generally regarded as herbivores, with some being browsers, others grazers, and some intermediate between the two as mixed feeders (both browsing and grazing), though a number of authors have argued that some ground sloths may have been omnivores. Sloths that had longer snouts are presumed to have had greater olfactory acuity, but appear to have also had less binocular vision and poorer ability to localize sounds. A number of extinct sloth species are thought to have had hearing abilities optimized for low frequencies, perhaps related to use of infrasound for communication. Some ground sloths are suggested to have dug burrows. Their skeletal anatomy suggests that they were incapable of running, and relied on other strategies to defend against predators, though they were likely significantly more active and agile than living tree sloths. Ground sloths were likely able to adopt a bipedal stance while stationary, allowing the forelimbs to be used to grasp vegetation as well as to use their claws for defence, though whether they were capable of moving in this posture is uncertain. Some ground sloths have been suggested to be able to climb. Some authors have suggested ground sloths were largely solitary animals, like living sloths, though other authors have argued that at least some ground sloths are likely to have engaged in gregarious behaviour. Whether or not ground sloths had a slow metabolism like living xenarthrans (including living sloths) is debated.

Like living sloths, ground sloths likely only gave birth to a single offspring at a time, with likely several years between the birth of offspring. At least some ground sloths engaged in long-term parental care, with one adult (presumably female) Megalonyx found with two juveniles of different ages, with the oldest juvenile suggested to be 3–4 years old. Juvenile ground sloths may have clung to the body of their mother for some time following birth, as occurs in living tree sloths.

Evolution
The earliest unambiguous fossil evidence of ground sloths comes from the early Oligocene. Ground sloths had dispersed into the Caribbean already by 31 million years ago, as evidenced by a femur found in Puerto Rico. During the Miocene, sloths diversified, with the major families of sloths appearing during this period, with diversity waxing and waning over the course of the Miocene. Megalonychid and mylodontid sloths had migrated into North America by the Late Miocene, around 10 million years ago. At the end of the Miocene, ground sloth diversity declined, though their diversity would remain largely stable throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods, up until their extinction. During the Pliocene and Pleistocene, as part of the Great American Interchange, additional lineages of sloths migrated into Central and North America. Prior to their extinction, there were over 30 living species of ground sloths across the Americas during the Late Pleistocene.

Families
Paleontologists assign more than 80 genera of ground sloths to multiple families.

Megalonychidae
The megalonychid ground sloths first appeared in the Late Eocene, about 35 million years ago, in Patagonia. Megalonychids first reached North America by island-hopping, prior to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Some lineages of megalonychids increased in size as time progressed. The first species of these were small and may have been partly tree-dwelling, whereas the Pliocene (about 5 to 2 million years ago) species were already approximately half the size of the huge Late Pleistocene Megalonyx jeffersonii from the last ice age. Some West Indian island species were as small as a large cat; their dwarf condition typified both tropical adaptation and their restricted island environment. This small size also enabled them a degree of arboreality.

Megalonyx, which means "giant claw", was a widespread North American genus that lived past the close of the last (Wisconsin) glaciation, when so many large mammals died out. Remains have been found as far north as Alaska and the Yukon. Ongoing excavations at Tarkio Valley in southwestern Iowa may reveal something of the familial life of Megalonyx. An adult was found in direct association with two juveniles of different ages, suggesting that adults cared for young of different generations.

The earliest known North American megalonychid, Pliometanastes protistus, lived in the southern U.S. about 9 million years ago and is believed to have been the predecessor of Megalonyx. Several species of Megalonyx have been named; in fact it has been stated that "nearly every good specimen has been described as a different species". A broader perspective on the group, accounting for age, sex, individual and geographic differences, indicates that only three species are valid (M. leptostomus, M. wheatleyi, and M. jeffersonii) in the late Pliocene and Pleistocene of North America, although work by McDonald lists five species. Jefferson's ground sloth has a special place in modern paleontology, for Thomas Jefferson's letter on Megalonyx, read before the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia in August 1796, marked the beginning of vertebrate paleontology in North America. When Lewis and Clark set out, Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis to keep an eye out for ground sloths. He was hoping they would find some living in the Western range. Megalonyx jeffersonii was appropriately named after Thomas Jefferson.

Megatheriidae
The megatheriid ground sloths are relatives of the megalonychids; these two families, along with the family Nothrotheriidae, form the infraorder Megatheria. Megatheriids appeared later in the Oligocene, some 30 million years ago, also in South America. The group includes the heavily built Megatherium (given its name 'great beast' by Georges Cuvier ) and Eremotherium, which are the largest known ground sloths, thought to have had body masses of 3.5-4 tons. The skeletal structure of these ground sloths indicates that the animals were massive. Their thick bones and even thicker joints (especially those on the hind legs) gave their appendages tremendous power that, combined with their size and fearsome claws, provided a formidable defense against predators.

The earliest megatheriid in North America was Eremotherium eomigrans which arrived 2.2 million years ago, after crossing the recently formed Panamanian land bridge. With more than five tons in weight, 6 meters in length, and able to reach as high as 17 ft, it was larger than an African bush elephant bull. Unlike relatives, this species retained a plesiomorphic extra claw. While other species of Eremotherium had four fingers with only two or three claws, E. eomigrans had five fingers, four of them with claws up to nearly a foot long.

Nothrotheriidae
Recently recognized, ground sloths of Nothrotheriidae are often associated with those of the Megatheriidae, and together the two form the superfamily Megatherioidea. The most prominent members of the group are the South American genus Thalassocnus, known for being aquatic, and Nothrotheriops from North America.

The last ground sloths in North America belonging to Nothrotheriops died so recently that their subfossil dung has remained undisturbed in some caves. One of the skeletons, found in a lava tube (cave) at Aden Crater, adjacent to Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico, still had skin and hair preserved, and is now at the Yale Peabody Museum. The largest samples of Nothrotheriops dung can be found in the collections of the Smithsonian Museum. Another Nothrotheriops was excavated at Shelter Cave, also in Doña Ana County, New Mexico.

Mylodontidae
The mylodontid ground sloths together with their relatives the scelidotheriids form the Mylodontoidea, the second radiation of ground sloths. The discovery of their fossils in caverns associated with human occupation led some early researchers to theorize that the early humans built corrals when they could procure a young ground sloth, to raise the animal to butchering size. However, radiocarbon dates do not support simultaneous occupation of the site by humans and sloths. Subfossil remains like coproliths, fur and skin have been discovered in some quantities. The American Museum of Natural History has exhibited a sample of Mylodon dung from Argentina with a note that reads "deposited by Theodore Roosevelt". Mylodontids are the only ground sloths confirmed to have had osteoderms embedded within their skin, though osteoderms were only present in a handful of genera and absent in many others.

The largest mylodontid is Lestodon, with an estimated mass of 3400-4100 kg.

Scelidotheriidae
The ground sloth family Scelidotheriidae was demoted in 1995 to the subfamily Scelidotheriinae within Mylodontidae. Based on collagen sequence data showing that its members are more distant from other mylodontids than Choloepodidae, it was elevated back to full family status in 2019. Together with Mylodontidae, the enigmatic Pseudoprepotherium and two-toed sloths, the scelidotheriids form the superfamily Mylodontoidea. Chubutherium is an ancestral and very plesiomorphic member of this subfamily and does not belong to the main group of closely related genera, which include Scelidotherium and Catonyx.

Phylogeny
The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019).

Extinction

Radiocarbon dating places the disappearance of ground sloths in what is now the United States at around 11,000 years ago. The Shasta ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastensis) visited Rampart Cave (located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area) seasonally, leaving behind a massive stratified subfossilized dung deposit, and seemed to be flourishing from 13,000 until 11,000 BP, when the deposition suddenly stopped. Steadman et al. argue that it is no coincidence that studies have shown that ground sloths disappeared from an area a few years after the arrival of humans. Trackways preserved in New Mexico (probably dating from 10 to 15.6 thousand years ago) that appear to show a group of humans chasing or harassing three Nothrotheriops or Paramylodon ground sloths may record the scene of a hunt. The tracks are interpreted as showing seven instances of a sloth turning and rearing up on its hind legs to confront its pursuers, while the humans approach from multiple directions, possibly in an attempt to distract it.

Those who argue in favor of humans being the direct cause of the ground sloths' extinction point out that the few sloths that remain are small sloths that spend most of their time in trees, making it difficult for them to be spotted. Although these sloths were well hidden, they still would have been affected by the climate changes that others claim wiped out the ground sloths. Additionally, after the continental ground sloths disappeared, insular sloths of the Caribbean survived for approximately 6,000 years longer, which correlates with the fact that these islands were not colonized by humans until about 5500 yr BP.

It is difficult to find evidence that supports either claim on whether humans hunted the ground sloths to extinction. Removing large amounts of meat from large mammals such as the ground sloth requires no contact with the bones; tool-inflicted damage to bones is a key sign of human interaction with the animal.

Kill sites
A number of kill sites are known for ground sloths in the Americas, these include Campo Laborde in the Pampas of Argentina, where an individual of Megatherium americanum was butchered at the edge of a swamp, dating to approximately 12,600 years Before Present (BP), with another potential Megatherium kill site being Arroyo Seco 2 in the same region, dating to approximately 14,782–11,142 cal yr BP. In northern Ohio, a Megalonyx jeffersoni skeleton dubbed the "Firelands Ground Sloth" has cut marks indicative of butchery, dating to 13,738 to 13,435 years BP. At the Santa Elina rockshelter in Mato Grosso Brazil, a specimen of Glossotherium is associated with hearths and stone tools, dating to 11,833–11,804 years BP. At Fell's Cave in southern Chilean Patagonia, a specimen of Mylodon with fractured and burned bones associated with human activity has been dated to approximately 12,766–12,354 years BP.

Hunting weapons
Humans are believed to have entered the New World via Beringia, a land bridge which connected Asia and North America during the last glacial maximum. Mosimann and Martin (1975) suggested the first of these nomads descended from hunting families who had acquired the skills to track down and kill large mammals. By this time, humans had developed proficient hunting weapons, including the Clovis points, which were narrow, carved stone projectiles used specifically for big game. A couple of hundred years later, the atlatl became widely used, which allowed them to throw spears with greater velocity. These inventions would have allowed hunters to put distance between them and their prey, potentially making it less dangerous to approach ground sloths.

Advantages
Certain characteristics and behavioral traits of the ground sloths made them easy targets for human hunting and provided hunter-gatherers with strong incentives to hunt these large mammals.

Ground sloths often fed in open fields. Recent studies have attempted to discover the diet of ground sloths through fossils of their dung. Analysis of these coproliths have found that ground sloths often ate the foliage of trees, hard grasses, shrubs, and yucca; these plants were located in areas that would have exposed them, making them susceptible to human predation. Ground sloths were not only easy to spot, but had never interacted with humans before, so would not have known how to react to them. Additionally, these large mammals waddled on their hind legs and front knuckles, keeping their claws turned in. Their movement and massive build (some weighed up to 3000 kg) imply they were relatively slow mammals.

These reasonable after-the-fact inferences from the evidence might explain why ground sloths would have been easy prey for hunters, but are not certain.

Difficulties
While ground sloths would have been relatively easy to spot and approach, big game hunters' weapons would have been useless from farther than 30 ft away. It would have been difficult to take down a ground sloth with a spear-thrower and would have required extensive knowledge of the species. Additionally, the ground sloths' already thick hide was fortified by osteoderms, making it difficult to penetrate.

Since ground sloths thrived in an environment filled with large predators, they evidently would have been able to also defend themselves against human predation, so there is no reason to expect that they would have been "easy pickings". When feeding, they had enough strength to use their long, sharp claws to tear apart tree branches; presumably their strength and formidable claws would be dangerous for hunters that attempted to attack them at close quarters.

title: Ground sloth


text:
Oriented strand board

Oriented strand board (OSB) is a type of engineered wood similar to particle board, formed by adding adhesives and then compressing layers of wood strands (flakes) in specific orientations. It was invented by Armin Elmendorf in California in 1963. OSB may have a rough and variegated surface with the individual strips of around 2.5 ×, lying unevenly across each other, and is produced in a variety of types and thicknesses.

Oriented strand board is sometimes confused with chipboard, a synonym for particle board, whose "chips" are of a size that a lay person would likely describe as "particles".

Uses

OSB is a material with favorable mechanical properties that make it particularly suitable for load-bearing applications in construction. It is now more popular than plywood, commanding 66% of the North American structural panel market. The most common uses are as sheathing in walls, flooring, and roof decking. For exterior wall applications, panels are available with a radiant-barrier layer laminated to one side; this eases installation and increases energy performance of the building envelope. OSB is also used in furniture production.

Manufacturing

Oriented strand board is manufactured in wide mats from cross-oriented layers of thin, rectangular wooden strips compressed and bonded together with wax and synthetic resin adhesives.

The adhesive resins types used include: urea-formaldehyde (OSB type 1, nonstructural, nonwaterproof); isocyanate-based glue (or PMDI poly-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate based) in inner regions with melamine-urea-formaldehyde or phenol formaldehyde resin glues at surface (OSB type 2, structural, water resistant on face); phenol formaldehyde resin throughout (OSB types 3 and 4, structural, for use in damp and outside environments).

The layers are created by shredding the wood into strips, which are sifted and then oriented on a belt or wire-mesh caul (a heated, ventilated support) and coated with the resin. The layers thus built up are transferred to a forming line and cross-oriented so that strips on the external layers are aligned to the panel's strength axis, while the internal layers are perpendicular. The number of layers placed is determined partly by the thickness of the panel, but is limited by the equipment installed at the manufacturing site. Individual layers can also vary in thickness to give different finished panel thicknesses; typically, a 15 cm layer will produce a 15 mm panel thickness. The mat is placed in a thermal press to compress the flakes and bond them by heat activation and curing of the resin that has been coated on the flakes. Individual panels are then cut from the mats into finished sizes. Most of the world's OSB is made in the United States and Canada in large production facilities.

Related products
Materials other than wood have been used to produce products similar to OSB. Oriented structural straw board is an engineered board made by splitting straw and formed by adding P-MDI adhesives and then hot compressing layers of straw in specific orientations. Strand board can also be made from bagasse.

Production
In 2005, Canadian production was 10500000 m2 (3/8 in basis) of which 8780000 m2 ($3/8$ inch) were exported, almost entirely to the United States. In 2014, Romania became the largest OSB exporting country in Europe, with 28% of the exports going to Russia and 16% to Ukraine.

Properties

Adjustments to the manufacturing process can affect thickness, panel size, strength, and rigidity. OSB panels have no internal gaps or voids, and can be water-resistant, although they do require additional membranes to achieve impermeability to water and are not recommended for exterior use. The finished product has properties similar to plywood, but is uniform and cheaper. When tested to failure, OSB has a greater load-bearing capacity than milled wood panels. It has replaced plywood in many environments, especially the North American structural panel market.

While OSB does not have a continuous grain like a natural wood, it does have greater strength on its long axis because more of the component grains are oriented in this direction. This can be seen by observing the alignment of the surface wood chips.

All wood-based structural use panels can be cut and installed with the same types of equipment as for solid wood.

Health and safety
The resins used to create OSB have raised questions regarding the potential for OSB to emit volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde. Urea-formaldehyde is more toxic and should be avoided in home use. Phenol-formaldehyde products are considered to be relatively hazard free. Some newer types of OSB, so-called "new-generation" OSB panels, use isocyanate resins that do not contain formaldehyde and are considered nonvolatile when cured. Industry trade groups assert that formaldehyde emissions from North American OSB are "negligible or nonexistent".

Some manufacturers treat the wood chips with various borate compounds that are toxic to termites, wood-boring beetles, molds, and fungi, but not mammals in applied doses.

Types
Five grades of OSB are defined in EN 300 in terms of their mechanical performance and relative resistance to moisture:
 * OSB/0 – No added formaldehyde
 * OSB/1 – General-purpose boards and boards for interior fitments (including furniture) for use in dry conditions
 * OSB/2 – Load-bearing boards for use in dry conditions
 * OSB/3 – Load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions
 * OSB/4 – Heavy-duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions

title: Oriented strand board


text:
Talk:John Abercrombie (physician)

Untitled
John Abercrombie, the Jazz Guitarist, is not an historical figure who died more than a century ago. Please fix this link to not point to the other person of the same name.

 * I'll create an entry for the musician. He's certainly a major figure in jazz, and deserves an entry. Several of the pages linking to the current entry are referencing the musician. Moreover, Google yields far more results for the musician than for the physician. I'll probably move the physician's entry to a separate page.

 * But in the meantime, what's with the note about borrowing text? Is this permissible? It seems to me that it wouldn't be -- and in that case, the Scottish physician's entry needs to be rewritten entirely, or deleted. Cribcage 01:05, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

blah
ABERCROMBIE, JOHN (1780-1844).--Physician and writer on mental science, _s._ of a minister, was _b._ at Aberdeen, and _ed._ at the Grammar School and Marischal College there. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, in which city he practised as a physician. He made valuable contributions to the literature of his profession, and _pub._ two works, _Enquiry Concerning the Intellectual Powers_ (1830) and _The Philosophy of the Moral Feelings_ (1833), which, though popular at the time of their publication, have long been superseded. For his services as a physician and philanthropist he received many marks of distinction, including the Rectorship of Marischal College

Here is the PD text from shor biographical dictionary of English literature. -- unsigned

title: Talk:John Abercrombie (physician)


text:
Exponential map (Riemannian geometry)

In Riemannian geometry, an exponential map is a map from a subset of a tangent space TpM of a Riemannian manifold (or pseudo-Riemannian manifold) M to M itself. The (pseudo) Riemannian metric determines a canonical affine connection, and the exponential map of the (pseudo) Riemannian manifold is given by the exponential map of this connection.

Definition
Let $M$ be a differentiable manifold and $p$ a point of $M$. An affine connection on $M$ allows one to define the notion of a straight line through the point $p$.

Let $v ∈ T_{p}M$ be a tangent vector to the manifold at $p$. Then there is a unique geodesic $γ_{v}$:[0,1] → $M$ satisfying $γ_{v}(0) = p$ with initial tangent vector $γ′_{v}(0) = v$. The corresponding exponential map is defined by $exp_{p}(v) = γ_{v}(1)$. In general, the exponential map is only locally defined, that is, it only takes a small neighborhood of the origin at $T_{p}M$, to a neighborhood of $p$ in the manifold. This is because it relies on the theorem of existence and uniqueness for ordinary differential equations which is local in nature. An affine connection is called complete if the exponential map is well-defined at every point of the tangent bundle.

Properties
Intuitively speaking, the exponential map takes a given tangent vector to the manifold, runs along the geodesic starting at that point and goes in that direction, for one unit of time. Since v corresponds to the velocity vector of the geodesic, the actual (Riemannian) distance traveled will be dependent on that. We can also reparametrize geodesics to be unit speed, so equivalently we can define expp(v) = β(|v|) where β is the unit-speed geodesic (geodesic parameterized by arc length) going in the direction of v. As we vary the tangent vector v we will get, when applying expp, different points on M which are within some distance from the base point p—this is perhaps one of the most concrete ways of demonstrating that the tangent space to a manifold is a kind of "linearization" of the manifold.

The Hopf–Rinow theorem asserts that it is possible to define the exponential map on the whole tangent space if and only if the manifold is complete as a metric space (which justifies the usual term geodesically complete for a manifold having an exponential map with this property). In particular, compact manifolds are geodesically complete. However even if expp is defined on the whole tangent space, it will in general not be a global diffeomorphism. However, its differential at the origin of the tangent space is the identity map and so, by the inverse function theorem we can find a neighborhood of the origin of TpM on which the exponential map is an embedding (i.e., the exponential map is a local diffeomorphism). The radius of the largest ball about the origin in TpM that can be mapped diffeomorphically via expp is called the injectivity radius of M at p. The cut locus of the exponential map is, roughly speaking, the set of all points where the exponential map fails to have a unique minimum.

An important property of the exponential map is the following lemma of Gauss (yet another Gauss's lemma): given any tangent vector v in the domain of definition of expp, and another vector w based at the tip of v (hence w is actually in the double-tangent space Tv(TpM)) and orthogonal to v, w remains orthogonal to v when pushed forward via the exponential map. This means, in particular, that the boundary sphere of a small ball about the origin in TpM is orthogonal to the geodesics in M determined by those vectors (i.e., the geodesics are radial). This motivates the definition of geodesic normal coordinates on a Riemannian manifold.

The exponential map is also useful in relating the abstract definition of curvature to the more concrete realization of it originally conceived by Riemann himself—the sectional curvature is intuitively defined as the Gaussian curvature of some surface (i.e., a slicing of the manifold by a 2-dimensional submanifold) through the point p in consideration. Via the exponential map, it now can be precisely defined as the Gaussian curvature of a surface through p determined by the image under expp of a 2-dimensional subspace of TpM.

Relationships to exponential maps in Lie theory
In the case of Lie groups with a bi-invariant metric—a pseudo-Riemannian metric invariant under both left and right translation—the exponential maps of the pseudo-Riemannian structure are the same as the exponential maps of the Lie group. In general, Lie groups do not have a bi-invariant metric, though all connected semi-simple (or reductive) Lie groups do. The existence of a bi-invariant Riemannian metric is stronger than that of a pseudo-Riemannian metric, and implies that the Lie algebra is the Lie algebra of a compact Lie group; conversely, any compact (or abelian) Lie group has such a Riemannian metric.

Take the example that gives the "honest" exponential map. Consider the positive real numbers R+, a Lie group under the usual multiplication. Then each tangent space is just R. On each copy of R at the point y, we introduce the modified inner product $$\langle u,v\rangle_y = \frac{uv}{y^2}$$ multiplying them as usual real numbers but scaling by y2 (this is what makes the metric left-invariant, for left multiplication by a factor will just pull out of the inner product, twice — canceling the square in the denominator).

Consider the point 1 ∈ R+, and x ∈ R an element of the tangent space at 1. The usual straight line emanating from 1, namely y(t) = 1 + xt covers the same path as a geodesic, of course, except we have to reparametrize so as to get a curve with constant speed ("constant speed", remember, is not going to be the ordinary constant speed, because we're using this funny metric). To do this we reparametrize by arc length (the integral of the length of the tangent vector in the norm $$|\cdot|_y$$ induced by the modified metric): $$s(t) = \int_0^t |x|_{y(\tau)} d\tau = \int_0^t \frac{|x|}{1 + \tau x} d\tau = |x| \int_0^t \frac{d\tau}{1 + \tau x} = \frac{|x|}{x} \ln|1 + tx|$$

and after inverting the function to obtain $t$ as a function of $s$, we substitute and get $$y(s) = e^{sx/|x|}$$

Now using the unit speed definition, we have $$\exp_1(x) = y(|x|_1) = y(|x|),$$ giving the expected ex.

The Riemannian distance defined by this is simply $$\operatorname{dist}(a, b) = \left|\ln\left(\frac b a\right)\right|.$$

title: Exponential map (Riemannian geometry)


text:
Certified Management Accountant

Certified Management Accountant (CMA) is a professional certification credential in the management accounting and financial management fields. The certification signifies that the person possesses knowledge in the areas of financial planning, analysis, control, decision support, and professional ethics. There are many professional bodies globally that have management accounting professional qualifications. The main bodies that offer the CMA certification are:

 * 1) Institute of Management Accountants USA;
 * 2) Institute of Certified Management Accountants (Australia);
 * 3) Certified Management Accountants of Canada.

Since the Canadian body merged with the CPA Canada in September 2015, there are only 2 global bodies that offer the CMA certification, IMA (USA) and ICMA (Australia). However, the certification pathways for the two bodies – in terms of entry requirements, study syllabi and experience requirements are very different and will be explored next.

The U.S. based Institute of Management Accountants USA is one of the two global bodies that offers the CMA Certification. Only authorized partners of IMA can provide coaching to students for CMA USA. CMA (USA)-certified professionals work inside organizations of all sizes, industries, and types, including manufacturing and services, public and private enterprises, not-for-profit organizations, academic institutions, Government entities (USA), and multinational corporations worldwide. To obtain certification, candidates must pass a rigorous exam, meet an educational requirement, experience requirement, and demonstrate a commitment to continuous learning through continuing professional education (CPE).

The Certified Management Accountant (USA) Exam
Prior to 2010, the CMA exam was organized into four parts: Business Analysis, Management Accounting and Reporting, Strategic Management and Decision Analysis. Since 2010, the exam has been condensed into two four-hour parts, covering largely the same material as the former four part exam with added emphasis on financial planning, analysis, control, and decision support.

Each exam consists of descriptive questions and two 30-minute essay questions. Candidates are given 3 hours to complete the multiple choice section and one hour to complete the essays. Candidates must show their work for the essay questions in order to receive credit. Parts 1 and 2 of the CMA exam are scored on a scale of 0–500 with a candidate's raw score converted to a uniform scaled score against all exam candidates. On this scale, a score of 360 represents the minimum passing scaled score.

Exam Content
Part 1 – Financial Planning, Performance, and Analytics.
 * External financial reporting decisions (15%)
 * Planning, budgeting and forecasting (20%)
 * Performance management (20%)
 * Cost management (15%)
 * Internal controls (15%)
 * Technology and Analytics (15%)

Part 2 – Strategic Financial Management
 * Financial statement analysis (20%)
 * Corporate finance (20%)
 * Decision analysis (25%)
 * Risk management (10%)
 * Investment decisions (10%)
 * Professional ethics (15%)

Additional Certification Requirements
In addition to successfully passing the exams, CMA candidates must fulfill education and experience requirements in order to be certified:

1. Bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university

2. Two continuous years of professional experience employing the principles of management accounting and financial management including:
 * Preparation of financial statements
 * Financial planning & analysis
 * Monthly, quarterly, and year end close
 * Auditing (external or internal)
 * Budget preparation & reporting
 * Manage general ledger and balance sheets
 * Forecasting
 * Company investment decision making
 * Costing analysis
 * Risk evaluation

3. For certified CMAs, 30 hours of CPE credits, including two hours of ethics, and annual IMA Membership are required to maintain active status. In September 2021, IMA announced the historic milestone of awarding 100,000 CMA certifications. IMA awards 100,000th CMA certification to Qatar's Parkar

The Certified Management Accountant (Australia) Exam
The Institute of Certified Management Accountants (ICMA) is an Australian organisation operating globally, focused on management accounting. A management accountant applies his or her professional knowledge and skill in the preparation and presentation of financial and other decision-oriented information in such a way as to assist management in the formulation of policies and in the planning and control of the operation of the undertaking.

Management Accountants therefore are seen as the "value-creators" amongst the accountants. They are much more interested in forward looking and taking decisions that will affect the future of the organization, than in the historical recording and compliance (scorekeeping) aspects of the profession. Management accounting knowledge and experience can therefore be obtained from varied fields and functions within an organization, such as information management, treasury, efficiency auditing, marketing, valuation, pricing, logistics, etc.

Education Program
ICMA (Australia) is committed to scholarship and quality education at the lowest possible cost to its students. The educational objectives of the Institute of Certified Management Accountants (ICMA) are therefore to further the development of management accounting education in the universities and business schools of Australia and Internationally, to encourage research into the application of management accounting theory and practice, and to provide continuing professional development for its members.

In order to achieve the above objectives, the following educational programmes have been implemented by the institute.

Technician Level Programmes
These programmes cover the three technician-level qualifications of ICMA:

 * Certified Accounting Technician (CAT)
 * Registered Cost Accountant (RCA)
 * Registered Business Accountant (RBA)

There are 4-Stages in the Technician-Level Programs, consisting of 4-Subjects each as follows:

Stage 1

 * Organizational Management
 * Accounting Principles & Practice
 * Accounting Control Systems
 * Financial Information Systems

Stage 2

 * Financial Economics
 * International Business Law & Governance
 * Business Analysis & Audit
 * International Business Taxation

Stage 3

 * Financial Accounting
 * Marketing Management
 * Information Management
 * Strategic Management

Stage 4

 * Financial Management
 * Financial Statement Analysis
 * Financial Modelling
 * Managerial Accounting

Professional Level Programmes
These programmes cover the professional-level qualifications of ICMA

 * Graduate Management Accountant (GMA)
 * Associate Management Accountant (AMA)
 * Certified Management Accountant (CMA)

These certifications are only open to degree holders. Those holding an accounting/finance degree (or equivalent professional qualification) are exempt from all four stages of the Technician-level program and can advance directly to the CMA program. Those holding a non-accounting/finance degree or professional qualification need to undertake a Graduate Conversion program (Stage 4) prior to undertaking the CMA program

Graduate Conversion Program (for Non-Accounting Graduates/ Non-Accounting Professionals).
Students who have obtained a non-accounting degree, or are full members of recognized professional non-accounting bodies (e.g., Chartered Institute of Marketing) would have satisfied the broad educational objectives to enrol in the Graduate Conversion programme -which is to complete Stage 4 of the GMA programme prior to undertaking the CMA program. A student completing the Graduate Conversion programme is eligible to join as a Graduate Management Accountant (GMA).

A student completing the Graduate Management Accountant (GMA) program and having 3 years or more of business experience is eligible to join as an Associate Management Accountant (AMA). Such students can enrol for the post-graduate level CMA program at any time; but must successfully complete this program and also accumulate 5-years of business experience to be eligible to join as a Certified Management Accountant (CMA).

CMA Program (for Accounting Graduates/Professional Accountants)
The flagship CMA Preparatory Program consists of two subjects:

 * 1) Strategic Cost Management
 * 2) Strategic Business Analysis

The CMA program from Australia is designed as the first post-graduate level management accounting qualification in the world. There are other unique aspects to ICMA's Education program. It was the first professional body in the world to embed its CMA subjects within master's degree programs in accredited universities; and allow those universities to examine students internally.

Entry Criteria for CMA (Australia) Program
The CMA Preparatory Program is only open to those with a university degree in accounting or finance; or an MBA, or a recognised professional qualification in accounting/finance. Those not meeting these entry criteria need to complete the Graduate Management Accountant (GMA) or GMA Conversion program first.

Assessments
Those undertaking course at an ICMA Recognised Provider Institution are all examined by the ICMA: [A student must obtain a 50% pass grade, in the final assessment to pass the subject. Students obtaining less than 50% in the final assessment would Fail the subject.]

Additional Certification Requirements
In addition to passing the two subjects, one needs to have 5-years of business experience to qualify as a Certified Management Accountant (CMA).

title: Certified Management Accountant


text:
Talk:Map wiki

Comments
Can someone give me an example here about this "feature"? Or is this a joke?

 * I don't understand it, too Roepers 19:46 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Map wiki


text:
Robert Siegel

Robert Charles Siegel (born June 26, 1947) is an American retired radio journalist. He was one of the co-hosts of the National Public Radio afternoon news broadcast All Things Considered from 1987 until his retirement in January 2018.

Early life, family and education
Siegel was born June 26, 1947, in New York City, to parents Joseph and Edith Siegel (née Joffe). His father was a commercial education teacher, and his mother a secretary at Stuyvesant High School. He grew up at Stuyvesant Town—Peter Cooper Village. His maternal grandfather claimed to descend from rabbinical scholar Mordechai Yoffe, and Siegel has identified on-air as Jewish. After graduating in 1964 from Stuyvesant, Siegel studied at Columbia University, graduating from Columbia College in 1968. During this time, he was an anchor for the reporting of the 1968 Columbia demonstrations at the college radio station, WKCR-FM. He attended Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism for a year.

Career
Siegel's first professional broadcasting job was at WGLI in Babylon, New York, where he "did morning newscasts and a show that was part phone-ins, part Top Forty, all under the pseudonym Bob Charles." After graduate school, he worked for WRVR in New York from 1971 to 1976.

Siegel was hired as a newscaster for NPR in Washington, D.C., in 1976, and he has held various news and production jobs at NPR since then. In broadcasts prior to the Panama Canal Treaty debates, he was referred to as "Bob," rather than his preferred "Robert." From 1979 to 1983 he was based in London, making him the first NPR staffer to be based overseas. Upon his return to America, he became the director of the News and Information Department, and was responsible for overseeing production of both All Things Considered and Morning Edition, as well as the creation of Weekend Edition. Starting in 1987, he was a host of All Things Considered. He took a short break in 1992 to host Talk of the Nation, NPR's call-in talk show. In 2010, Siegel was presented with the John Chancellor Award for Excellence in Journalism by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Siegel won three Silver Batons from Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University and the American Bar Association's Silver Gavel Award.

In April 2017, Siegel announced he would end his time with All Things Considered. His last day on the program was January 5, 2018.

Siegel has made cameo appearances in several television shows, including The Simpsons, Northern Exposure, BoJack Horseman and the film Yesterday Was a Lie.

For the weeks of June 5, 2018, and February 17, 2020, Siegel guest-hosted NPR's On Point.

Personal life
In 1973, Siegel married Jane Claudia Schwartz, who worked for the United States Department of Commerce. They have two daughters, Erica Anne Siegel and musician Leah Siegel.

title: Robert Siegel


text:
Talk:Sweater

Boring 👎🏼 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.20.104.22 (talk) 06:43, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

Redirect?
It seems almost crazy to me to have "sweater" redirect to jumper. This is potentially a very rich topic in its own right, ranging from the hockey sweater to sweater girls. A very extensive article could certainly be written on the history of the former in particular. --Daniel C. Boyer 18:30 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Especially odd redirect as the definition of jumper is a sweater made of wool. Rmhermen 19:50 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * This is a US/UK difference, I believe.
 * The point is that it is a circular redirect. Rmhermen 16:23 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * I think the way that things have been worked now is very good. --[[User:Daniel C. Boyer|Daniel C.
 * Where's my sweater article?

Boyer]] 21:49, 30 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Um... there's no article for Sweatshirt. see below - Sweatshirt != sweater... --208.242.14.200 (talk) 17:37, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

Where is a short-sleeved sweater called a vest?
The article says 'If the sweater has no sleeves, it is generally called a vest.' Where? Here in England a vest is a type of sleeveless undershirt. In the US I got the impression a vest was a waistcoat. A sleeveless sweater, on the other hand, in England, is called a tanktop. Where does vest mean a sleeveless sweater?--Jcvamp 03:36, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

I agree. In the Midwestern US, a vest is a sleeveless, non-knitted garment, worn under a jacket as part of a three piece suit. A tank-top is a (usually) woman's garment, sleeveless, often eleastic. I've never heard of a sweater called a "tank top", but tank tops may be made of machine-knit cotton. Not quite a sweater.Pustelnik 14:15, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know what part of the midwestern U.S. you're from, but a tank top is a sleeveless t-shirt (not exclusive to women), and a vest is "a sleeveless, waist- or hip-length garment made of various materials, with a front opening usually secured by buttons, a zipper, or the like, worn over a shirt, blouse, dress, or other article for style or warmth: a sweater vest; a down vest."

--- Got rid of the the sweater.gif, it is a silly image because the image changes too quickly and distracts from the article. The sweaters are also out of fashion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.238.143.208 (talk) 17:17, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

A vest in the US is any sleeveless garment worn outside a shirt/blouse. So a sweater without sleeves is called a vest, albeit usually a sweater vest. Sailorknightwing (talk) 04:31, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Rewrite Needed (Badly!)/Misperception?
I jumped to this page checking out an explanation and was puzzled by its content. As I have always understood it sweater is a contraction from sweatshirt not an overarching term and is distinct from jersey which refers to a knitted garment eg School Jerseys! My mistake or some tidying/international adjusting required? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.190.200.254 (talk) 17:06, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Wool Bondage
Seriously...? Sergeirichard (talk) 18:20, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Although the wool bondage portion seems to have been removed, the excessive focus on how much skin a woman's sweater displays is bizarre and distracting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.21.226.228 (talk) 05:25, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

UK/US nomenclature confusion
The first paragraph of this article is filled with problematic statements, many of which may be due to US/UK language differences.

First of all, in American English, or at least the English I speak, "sweater" and "sweatshirt" are not interchangeable. A sweater is a garment knitted from wool or acrylic used mainly for warmth, often seen in a v-neck and worn over a collared shirt. A sweatshirt is typically cotton or cotton/polyester and is traditionally meant more for athletic use (sometimes accompanying matching sweatpants). One difference has to do with dress codes: I think of a nice sweater being acceptable in semi-formal or smart casual situations, whereas a sweatshirt would not be.

"Hoodie" and "sweatshirt" are not mutually exclusive. A hoodie is a hooded sweatshirt, and as such is a type of sweatshirt. The word hoodie hasn't been around that long. What did people call them before? I don't know where the word "jumper" fits into all this, as that's not a word that's really used in the US.

As for vest, tank top, etc.: As far as I can tell, in UK English, (British=American): waistcoat=vest, vest=tank top, tank top=sweater vest. Sound right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.164.128.78 (talk) 08:20, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I'd agree that there are problems but not exactly you identify. Sweater for me (NZE) means sweatshirt. The problem is this says a sweater includes jerseys which are absolutely not sweatshirts. That being said, and just to confuse the issue, there are school jerseys, sold to the graduating year at a school, that mimic sports jerseys. Outside those however school jerseys refers to something more akin to the seamens jumper image - bottom right of the article, albeit with a V kneck, minus the pocket etc. 118.208.168.232 (talk) 09:48, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

Also, "jersey" as it's used in US English almost always refers to a top worn while playing sports, often one specifically designed for a particular sport (a football jersey, a Chicago Bulls jersey, etc.). It also means the type of fabric commonly used to make T-shirts, but this use is less common among average people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.164.128.78 (talk) 04:31, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I was having a discussion about this with colleagues the other day. As an Australian English Speaker, A jumper and sweater and are used interchangeably to refer to knitted garments (US sweater) and non-knitted cotton-synthetic garments (US sweatshirt). I wonder if there is any research on this. Perhaps there does need to be more explanation? Mozzie (talk) 12:03, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I just had a bit more of a look. The opening paragraph is really confusing. Is a knitted cardigan a sweater? Is a jumper in the uk also a cardigan? I would try to reword but I'm so lost! Mozzie (talk) 12:15, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I have reworded it slightly. See if you can answer your own questions now. jnestorius(talk) 13:06, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm British and slightly confused too. I'd agree a "jersey" is more commonly something of thin material often though not exclusively used in sports, since presumably it's named after jersey (fabric), a fine long-sleeved material, originally woollen, now usually a mixture of fibres. We rarely use the term "sweater" in the UK, a somewhat revolting term for what we'd call a jumper. Pullover is a slightly old-fashioned term, less often used. Purely to add confusion, in England a vest is something worn under your clothes for warm, in the US it's what we'd call a waistcoast. Two countries divided by a single language ;) Gymnophoria (talk) 10:32, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

Etymology
I'd like to know the etymology of sweater. Why is it called like that? Is it because originally it was cotton and it absorbs sweat?Jubeidono (talk) 16:41, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The etymology section is now a mess and difficult to follow. Needs simplifying; the convoluted explanation we have now could be a footnote. Malick78 (talk) 14:17, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

Peculiar sentence
In Customary wear: "Some people enjoy wearing ugly sweaters around Christmastime."

What is this statement based on and is it really necessary for this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.250.175.87 (talk) 17:20, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Don't forget that it's popular among men, women AND children OF ALL AGES! Everyone? Anyone? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.212.254.204 (talk) 19:17, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

Sweater != jumper = pullover
AFAIK,
 * the words "cardigan" and "pullover" are non-overlapping terms with the same definitions in US English as in UK English.
 * However, US "sweater" does not have the same meaning as UK "jumper": a sweater may be either a pullover or a cardigan, but a jumper must be a pullover and not a cardigan. (I think: are there Americans for whom cardigans are not sweaters; i.e. only pullovers count as sweaters?)

I think the lede needs to be reworded in the light of this. A first draft for comments:
 * A sweater (American English) is a knitted garments intended to cover the torso and arms; either a pullover or a cardigan, distinguished in that cardigans open at the front while pullovers do not. In British English, a pullover may also be called a jumper or jersey, and there is no hyponym equivalent to sweater covering both pullovers and cardigans.

This misalignment of vocabulary causes some problems elsewhere in this article and others in Category:Sweaters. Aran jumper would be better at Aran sweater, since there are Aran cardigans as well; but the Aran Islands are in Ireland, so US "sweater" violates MOS:ENGVAR. Christmas sweaters may be cardigans or pullovers; pullovers are more common, but cardigans have extra camp value. The article is at "sweater" but the description is UK-centric with no mention of cardigans. OTOH I presume Jayne Mansfield was a sweater girl whether wearing a pullover or a cardigan. jnestorius(talk) 14:18, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

 * In the face of overwhelming feedback I have been bold. jnestorius(talk)

 * I live in England and I've never heard the phrase "Aran jumper" - it's always "Aran sweater". That's the only circumstance under which I ever really hear the word "sweater" used. 195.171.114.69 (talk) 13:53, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

ALSO - SWEATSHIRT isn't a SWEATER --208.242.14.200 (talk) 17:38, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

What were sweaters/jumpers called before the 20th century?
Seems both the words are fairly modern, is that because the articles of clothing are modern too? If not, what were they called? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.103.10.5 (talk) 17:42, 14 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Google's n-gram viewer shows them present before 1900, with a rapid rise starting around 1880 for 'sweater,' but no examples given before around 1904. 2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:DB2E:DF73:29AF:1481 (talk) 01:08, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Separate sweatshirt content to sweatshirt article?
A sweatshirt is not a sweater. A sweatshirt is very clearly it's own thing and should have it's own article. Timtempleton (talk) 03:47, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Powers T 01:39, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

To me, a pullover / pull-over is not a sweater. A sweater is knit, but a pullover is like a T-shirt or a sweatshirt. This is from my memories as an American child. I don't have any sources to back me up, though. 2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:DB2E:DF73:29AF:1481 (talk) 01:03, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Still confusing regarding US/UK terminology
In the opening paragraph, the sentence "There is no hypernym equivalent to sweater covering both pullovers and cardigans" is highly confusing. It appears to contradict the earlier statement that "A sweater is either a pullover or a cardigan".

From the position next to a sentence about British English terms, and from other comments on this talk page, I might infer that the sentence about no hypernym existing refers only to British English. If so, I think it should be reworded to state that "There is no British English hypernym equivalent to sweater covering both pullovers and cardigans" because otherwise it is not clear that it refers only to British English.

But this results in an incorrect statement. The supposedly elusive BrE hypernym for pullovers and cardigans is "jumper". I speak British English. We would use the term "jumper" to refer to both pullovers and cardigans. In fact, we often use the term "jumper" as a catch-all term for any kind of warm, upper-body overgarment with sleeves, including sweatshirts and hoodies but excluding jackets and coats, making it a hypernym rather than a synonym to AmE "sweater", which seems to exclude sweatshirts. In my experience, BrE "sweater" is commonly understood as a synonym for "sweatshirt" rather than being equivalent to AmE "sweater".

I can't immediately think of a good way to resolve all of this.

81.149.152.4 (talk) 10:16, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

 * First, two edits on 16 June 2016 and 14 January 2017 garbled the text; I have reverted them.
 * Second, I have never heard "jumper" used of a cardigan. I see now that British dictionaries differ (some follow your understanding and others mine) so I have added a note to that effect. jnestorius(talk) 16:19, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

That seems less confusing and quite comprehensive. Thank you. 81.149.152.4 (talk) 20:46, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

I'm not only a British English speaker, but British. I have never heard anyone ever refer to a cardigan as a jumper or vice versa.2603:6080:A204:309A:999D:AA87:90C6:A1D5 (talk) 01:20, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Same, FWIW. A cardigan is a cardigan; I don't recall hearing them called anything else.  Definitely not a jumper, sweater or pullover. --Vometia (talk) 04:35, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

History section?
Needs a history section.--Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 05:56, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

Woollie
"Woollie" (British English) is/was a very common term for a woollen jumper.--Brenont (talk) 23:18, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sweater