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River dolphin

River dolphins are a polyphyletic group of fully aquatic mammals that reside exclusively in freshwater or brackish water. They are an informal grouping of dolphins, which itself is a paraphyletic group within the infraorder Cetacea. Extant river dolphins are placed in two superfamilies, Platanistoidea and Inioidea. They comprise the families Platanistidae (the South Asian dolphins), the recently extinct Lipotidae (Yangtze river dolphin), Iniidae (the Amazonian dolphins) and Pontoporiidae. There are five extant species of river dolphins. River dolphins, alongside other cetaceans, belong to the clade Artiodactyla, with even-toed ungulates, and their closest living relatives the hippopotamuses, from which they diverged about 40 million years ago. Specific types of dolphins can be pink.

River dolphins are relatively small compared to other dolphins, having evolved to survive in warm, shallow water and strong river currents. They range in size from the 5 ft long South Asian river dolphin to the 8 ft and 220 lb Amazon river dolphin. Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that the males are larger than the females. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. River dolphins use their conical-shaped teeth and long beaks to capture fast-moving prey in murky water. They have well-developed hearing that is adapted for both air and water; they do not really rely on vision since the water they swim in is usually very muddy. Instead, they tend to rely on echolocation when hunting and navigating. These species are well-adapted to living in warm, shallow waters, and, unlike other cetaceans, have little to no blubber.

River dolphins are not very widely distributed; they are all restricted to certain rivers or deltas. This makes them extremely vulnerable to habitat destruction. River dolphins feed primarily on fish. Male river dolphins typically mate with multiple females every year, but females only mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them. River dolphins produce a variety of vocalizations, usually in the form of clicks and whistles.

River dolphins are rarely kept in captivity; breeding success has been poor and the animals often die within a few months of capture. , there was only one river dolphin in captivity.

Classification
Four families of river dolphins (Iniidae, Pontoporiidae, Lipotidae and Platanistidae) are currently recognized, comprising three superfamilies (Inioidea, Lipotoidea and Platanistoidea). Platanistidae, containing the two subspecies of South Asian river dolphin, is the only living family in the superfamily Platanistoidea. Previously, many taxonomists had assigned all river dolphins to a single family, Platanistidae, and treated the Ganges and Indus river dolphins as separate species. A December 2006 survey found no members of Lipotes vexillifer (commonly known as the baiji, or Chinese river dolphin) and declared the species functionally extinct. With their disappearance, one of the recently accepted superfamilies, Lipotoidea, has become extinct.

The current classification of river dolphins is as follows:
 * Superfamily Platanistoidea
 * Family Platanistidae
 * Genus Platanista
 * South Asian river dolphin, Platanista gangetica, with two subspecies
 * Ganges river dolphin (susu), P. g. gangetica
 * Indus river dolphin (bhulan), P. g. minor
 * Family †Allodelphinidae (Oligocene - Miocene)
 * Family †Squalodelphinidae (Oligocene to Miocene)
 * Family †Squalodontidae (Oligocene to Miocene)
 * Family †Waipatiidae (Oligocene to Miocene)
 * Superfamily Inioidea
 * Family Iniidae
 * Genus IniaNOVO AIRÃO.JPG]]
 * Amazon river dolphin (boto), Inia geoffrensis
 * Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis
 * Inia geoffrensis humbotiana
 * Araguaian river dolphin, Inia araguaiaensis
 * Bolivian river dolphin, Inia boliviensis
 * Genus †Meherrinia (late Miocene)
 * Genus †Isthminia (Miocene)
 * Family Pontoporiidae
 * Genus †Auroracetus
 * †Auroracetus bakerae
 * Genus PontoporiaQiqi, a Chinese River Dolphin (Baiji) 26.jpg is listed as critically endangered, likely extinct]]
 * La Plata dolphin (Franciscana), Pontoporia blainvillei
 * Superfamily † Lipotoidea
 * Family † Lipotidae
 * Genus † Lipotes
 * † Baiji (or Chinese river dolphin), Lipotes vexillifer

In 2012 the Society for Marine Mammalogy began considering the Bolivian (Inia geoffrensis boliviensis) and Amazonian (Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis) subspecies as full species Inia boliviensis and Inia geoffrensis, respectively; however, much of the scientific community, including the IUCN, continue to consider the Bolivian population to be a subspecies of Inia geoffrensis.

In October 2014, the Society for Marine Mammalogy took Inia boliviensis and Inia araguaiaensis off their list of aquatic mammal species and subspecies and currently does not recognize these species-level separations.

Evolution
River dolphins are members of the infraorder Cetacea, which are descendants of land-dwelling mammals of the order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates). They are related to the Indohyus, an extinct chevrotain-like ungulate, from which they split approximately 48 million years ago. The primitive cetaceans, or archaeocetes, first took to the sea approximately 49 million years ago and became fully aquatic by 5–10 million years later. It is unknown when river dolphins first ventured back into fresh water.

River dolphins are thought to have relictual distributions, that is, their ancestors originally occupied marine habitats, but were then displaced from these habitats by modern dolphin lineages. Many of the morphological similarities and adaptations to freshwater habitats arose due to convergent evolution; thus, a grouping of all river dolphins is polyphyletic. Amazon river dolphins are actually more closely related to oceanic dolphins than to South Asian river dolphins. Isthminia panamensis is an extinct genus and species of river dolphin, living 5.8 to 6.1 million years ago. Its fossils were discovered near Piña, Panama.

River dolphin has been considered a taxonomic description, suggesting an evolutionary relationship among the group, although it is now known that they form two distinct clades. 'True' river dolphins are descendants of ancient evolutionary lineages that evolved in freshwater environments.

Some species of cetacean live in rivers and lakes, but are more closely related to oceanic dolphins or porpoises and entered fresh water more recently. Such species are considered facultative freshwater cetaceans as they can use both marine and freshwater environments. These include species such as the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris, found in the Mekong, Mahakam, the Irrawaddy Rivers, as well as the Yangtze finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis. Some oceanic cetacean populations are known to live semi-permanently in river and estuarine systems, such as the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin group resident in the Swan River of Western Australia which travel as far inland as Belmont.

The tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) in the Amazon River is another species descended from oceanic dolphins; however, it does not perfectly fit the label of 'facultative' either, as it occurs only in fresh water. The tucuxi was until recently considered conspecific with the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), which inhabits marine waters. It may also be true for the Irrawaddy dolphin and the finless porpoise that, although the species may be found in both freshwater and marine environments, individual animals found in rivers may not be able to survive in the ocean, and vice versa. The tucuxi is currently classified as an oceanic dolphin (Delphinidae).

The Franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) has shown a converse evolutionary pattern, and has an ancient evolutionary lineage in freshwater, but inhabits estuarine and coastal waters.

Anatomy

River dolphins have a torpedo shaped body with a flexible neck, limbs modified into flippers, non-existent external ear flaps, a tail fin, and a small bulbous head. River dolphin skulls have small eye orbits, a long snout and eyes placed on the sides of the head. River dolphins are rather small, ranging in size from the 5 ft long South Asian river dolphin to the 8 ft and 220 lbs Amazon river dolphin. They all have female-biased sexual dimorphism apart from Amazon river dolphin, with the females being larger than the males. River dolphins are polygynous, meaning male river dolphins typically mate with multiple females every year, but females only mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them.

River dolphins have conical teeth, used to catch swift prey such as small river fish. They also have very long snouts, with some measuring 23 in, four times longer than most of their oceanic counterparts. They have a two-chambered stomach that is similar in structure to that of terrestrial carnivores. They have fundic and pyloric chambers. Breathing involves expelling stale air from their blowhole, followed by inhaling fresh air into their lungs. They do not have the iconic spout, as this only forms when the warm air exhaled from the lungs meets cold external air, which does not occur in their tropical habitats.

River dolphins have a relatively thin layer of blubber. Blubber can help with buoyancy, protection from predators (they would have a hard time getting through a thick layer of fat), energy for leaner times, and insulation from harsh climates. The habitats of river dolphins lack these needs.

Locomotion
River dolphins have two flippers and a tail fin. These flippers contain four digits. Although river dolphins do not possess fully developed hind limbs, some possess discrete rudimentary appendages, which may contain feet and digits. River dolphins are slow swimmers in comparison to oceanic dolphins, which can travel at speeds up to 35 mph; the tucuxi can only travel at about 14 mph. Unlike other cetaceans, their neck vertebrae are not fused together, meaning they have greater flexibility than other non-terrestrial aquatic mammals, at the expense of speed. This means they can turn their head without actually moving their entire body. When swimming, river dolphins rely on their tail fins to propel themselves through the water. Flipper movement is continuous. River dolphins swim by moving their tail fins and lower bodies up and down, propelling themselves through vertical movement, while their flippers are mainly used for steering. All species have a dorsal fin.

Senses

The ears of river dolphins have specific adaptations to their aquatic environment. In humans, the middle ear works as an impedance equalizer between the outside air's low impedance and the cochlear fluid's high impedance. In river dolphins, and other cetaceans, there is no great difference between the outer and inner environments. Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle ear, river dolphins receive sound through the throat, from which it passes through a low-impedance fat-filled cavity to the inner ear. The ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air-filled sinus pockets, which allows for greater directional hearing underwater. Dolphins send out high frequency clicks from an organ known as a melon. This melon consists of fat, and the skull of any such creature containing a melon will have a large depression. This allows river dolphins to produce biosonar for orientation. They are so dependent on echolocation that they can survive even if they are blind. Beyond locating an object, echolocation also provides the animal with an idea on the object's shape and size, though how exactly this works is not yet understood. The small hairs on the rostrum of the Amazon river dolphin are believed to function as a tactile sense, possibly to compensate for their poor eyesight.

River dolphins have very small eyes for their size, and do not have a very good sense of sight. In addition, the eyes are placed on the sides of the head, so the vision consists of two fields, rather than a binocular view like humans have. When river dolphins surface, their lens and cornea correct the nearsightedness that results from the refraction of light. They have both rod and cone cells, meaning they can see in both dim and bright light. Most river dolphins have slightly flattened eyeballs, enlarged pupils (which shrink as they surface to prevent damage), slightly flattened corneas and a tapetum lucidum; these adaptations allow for large amounts of light to pass through the eye and, therefore, a very clear image of the surrounding area. They also have glands on their eyelids and an outer corneal layer that act as protection for the cornea.

Olfactory lobes are absent in river dolphins, suggesting that they have no sense of smell.

River dolphins are not thought to have a sense of taste, as their taste buds are atrophied or missing altogether. However, some dolphins have preferences between different kinds of fish, indicating some sort of attachment to taste.

Development
Development and agriculture have had devastating impacts on the habitats on river dolphins. The total population of Araguaian river dolphins is estimated to be between 600 and 1,500 individuals, and genetic diversity is limited. The ecology of their habitat has been adversely affected by agricultural, ranching and industrial activities, as well as by the use of dams for hydroelectric power. The inhabited section of the Araguaia River probably extends over about 900 mi out of a total length of 1300 mi. The Tocantins river habitat is fragmented by six hydroelectric dams, so the population there is at particular risk. Its probable eventual IUCN status is vulnerable or worse.

Both subspecies of South Asian river dolphins have been very adversely affected by human use of the river systems in the subcontinent. Irrigation has lowered water levels throughout both subspecies' ranges. Poisoning of the water supply from industrial and agricultural chemicals may have also contributed to population decline. Perhaps the most significant issue is the building of more than 50 dams along many rivers, causing the segregation of populations and a narrowed gene pool in which the dolphins can breed. Currently, three subpopulations of Indus river dolphins are considered capable of long-term survival if protected.

As China developed economically, pressure on the baiji river dolphin grew significantly. Industrial and residential waste flowed into the Yangtze. The riverbed was dredged and reinforced with concrete in many locations. Ship traffic multiplied, boats grew in size, and fishermen employed wider and more lethal nets. Noise pollution caused the nearly blind animal to collide with propellers. Stocks of the dolphin's prey declined drastically in the late 20th century, with some fish populations declining to one thousandth of their pre-industrial levels. In the 1950s, the population was estimated at 6,000 animals, but declined rapidly over the subsequent five decades. Only a few hundred were left by 1970. Then the number dropped down to 400 by the 1980s and then to 13 in 1997 when a full-fledged search was conducted. On December 13, 2006, the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) was declared "functionally extinct", after a 45-day search by leading experts in the field failed to find a single specimen. The last verified sighting was in September 2004.

Competition
The region of the Amazon in Brazil has an extension of 3,100,000 mi2 containing diverse fundamental ecosystems. One of these ecosystems is a floodplain, or a várzea forest, and is home to a large number of fish species which are an essential resource for human consumption. The várzea is also a major source of income through excessive local commercialized fishing. Várzea consist of muddy river waters containing a vast number and diversity of nutrient-rich species. The abundance of distinct fish species lures the Amazon River dolphin into the várzea areas of high water occurrences during the seasonal flooding.

In addition to attracting predators such as the Amazon river dolphin, these high-water occurrences are an ideal location to draw in the local fisheries. Human fishing activities directly compete with the dolphins for the same fish species, the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and the pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), resulting in deliberate or unintentional catches of the Amazon river dolphin. The local fishermen overfish, and when the Amazon river dolphins remove the commercialized fish from the nets and lines, it damages the equipment and the capture and causes a negative reaction from the local fishermen. The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources prohibit fishermen from killing the Amazon river dolphin, yet they are not compensated for the damage to their equipment and the loss of their catch.

Bycatch
During the process of catching the commercialized fish, the Amazon river dolphins get caught in the nets and exhaust themselves until they die, or the local fishermen deliberately kill the dolphins that become entangled in their nets. The carcasses are discarded, consumed, or used as bait to attract a scavenger catfish, the piracatinga (Calophysus macropterus). The use of the Amazon river dolphin carcass as bait for the piracatinga dates back from 2000. The increasing consumption demand by the local inhabitants and Colombia for the piracatinga has created a market for distribution of the Amazon river dolphin carcasses to be used as bait throughout these regions.

For example, of the 15 dolphin carcasses found in the Japurá River in 2010–2011 surveys, 73% of the dolphins were killed for bait, disposed of, or abandoned in entangled gillnets. The data does not fully represent the actual overall number of deaths of the Amazon river dolphins, whether accidental or intentional, because a variety of factors make it extremely complicated to record and medically examine all the carcasses. Scavenger species feed upon them and the complexity of the river currents makes it nearly impossible to locate all the carcasses. More importantly, the local fishermen do not report these deaths out of fear that legal action will be taken against them, as the Amazon river dolphin and other cetaceans are protected under the Brazilian federal law, prohibiting any takes, harassments, and kills of the species.

Conservation
The Global Declaration for River Dolphins was signed by nine countries on 24 October 2023, a date chosen as it is known as the International River Dolphin Day. This pact is intended to promote research and cooperation between countries with river dolphin populations. It is hoped that five further countries will join.

In captivity
A baiji conservation dolphinarium was established at the Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB) in Wuhan in 1992. This was planned as a backup to any other conservation efforts by producing an area completely protected from any threats, and where the baiji could be easily observed. The site includes an indoor and outdoor holding pool, a water filtration system, food storage and preparation facilities, research labs and a small museum. The aim is to also generate income from tourism which can be put towards the baiji plight. The pools are not very large, only kidney shaped tanks with dimensions of 82 ft arc 23 ft width and 11 ft depth, 33 ft diameter, 6.6 ft deep and 39 ft diameter, 11 ft deep, and are not capable of holding many baijis at one time. Douglas Adams and Mark Carwardine documented their encounters with the endangered animals on their conservation travels for the BBC programme Last Chance to See. The book by the same name, published in 1990, included pictures of a captive specimen, a male named Qi Qi (淇淇) that lived in the Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology dolphinarium from 1980 to July 14, 2002. Discovered by a fisherman in Dongting Lake, he became the sole resident of the Baiji Dolphinarium (白鱀豚水族馆) beside East Lake. A sexually mature female was captured in late 1995, but died after half a year in 1996 when the Shishou Tian-e-Zhou Baiji Semi-natural Reserve (石首半自然白鱀豚保护区), which had contained only finless porpoises since 1990, was flooded.

The Amazon river dolphin has historically been kept in dolphinariums. Today, only three exist in captivity: one in Acuario de Valencia in Venezuela, one in Zoologico de Guistochoca in Peru, and one in Duisburg Zoo in Germany. Several hundred were captured between the 1950s and 1970s, and were distributed in dolphinariums throughout the US, Europe, and Japan. Around 100 went to US dolphinariums, and of that, only 20 survived; the last (named Chuckles) died in Pittsburgh Zoo in 2002.

Asia
In Hindu mythology, the Ganges river dolphin is associated with Ganga, the deity of the Ganges river. The dolphin is said to be one of the creatures which heralded the goddess' descent from the heavens, and Ganga's mount, the Makara, is sometimes depicted as a dolphin.

In Chinese mythology, the baiji has many origin stories. For example, near the mouth of the Yangtze, the baiji was a princess that had lost her parents and had lived with her stepfather, whom she had longed to get away from. The stepfather wanted to trade her since she would be sold for a great sum of money, but as they were crossing the river to get to the trader, a storm rolled in. The enraged stepfather tried to take her, but she plunged herself into the river, was transformed into a dolphin before she drowned, and swam away from her abusive stepfather, who also fell in and was transformed into a porpoise.

In another story, the baiji was the daughter of a general deported from the city of Wuhan during a war who ran away while her father was in duty. Later, the general met a woman who told him how her father was a general. When he realized that she was his daughter, he threw himself into the river out of shame, and his daughter ran after him and also fell into the river. Before they were drowned, the daughter was transformed into a dolphin and the general into a porpoise.

South America
Amazon river dolphins, known by the natives as the boto, encantados or toninhas, are very prevalent in the mythology of the native South Americans. They are often characterized in mythology with superior musical ability, seductiveness and love of sex that often results in illegitimate children, and attraction to parties. Despite the fact that the Encante are said to come from a utopia full of wealth and without pain or death, the encantados crave the pleasures and hardships of human societies.

Transformation into human form is said to be rare, and usually occurs at night. The encantado will often be seen running from a festa, despite protests from the others for it to stay, and can be seen by pursuers as it hurries to the river and reverts to dolphin form. When it is under human form, it wears a hat to hide its blowhole, which does not disappear with the shapeshift.

Besides the ability to shapeshift into human form, encantados frequently wield other magical abilities, such as controlling storms, hypnotizing humans into doing their will, transforming humans into encantados, and inflicting illness, insanity, and even death. Shamans often intervene in these situations.

Kidnapping is also a common theme in such folklore. Encantados are said to be fond of abducting humans with whom they fall in love, children born of their illicit love affairs, or just about anyone near the river who can keep them company, and taking them back to the Encante. The fear of this is so great among people who live near the Amazon River that both children and adults are terrified of going near the water between dusk and dawn, or entering water alone. Some who supposedly have encountered encantados while out in their canoes have been said to have gone insane, but the creatures seem to have done little more than follow their boats and nudge them from time to time.

title: River dolphin


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Gavialinae

Gavialinae is a subfamily of large semiaquatic crocodilian reptiles, resembling crocodiles, but with much thinner snouts. Gavialinae is one of the two major subfamilies within the family Gavialidae - the other being the subfamily Tomistominae, which contains the false gharial and extinct relatives.

Classification
Gavialinae was first proposed by Nopcsa in 1923, and was cladistically defined by Brochu in 2003 as Gavialis gangeticus (the gharial) and all crocodylians more closely related to it than to Tomistoma schlegelii (the false gharial). This is a stem-based definition for gavialinae, and means that it includes more basal extinct gavialine ancestors that are more closely related to the gharial than to the false gharial.

The false gharial was once thought to be only distantly related to the gharial despite its similar appearance. The false gharial and other tomistomines were traditionally classified within the superfamily Crocodyloidea as close relatives of crocodiles, based solely on morphological evidence. However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have found that they are in fact more closely related to each other than any other extant (living) crocodilian.

The placement of extinct gavialids between Gavialinae and Tomistominae is unresolved.

The below cladogram is from the 2022 Iijima et al. study:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gavialinae


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Gavialidae

Gavialidae is a family of large semiaquatic crocodilians with elongated, narrow snouts. Gavialidae consists of two living species, the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and the false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii), both occurring in Asia. Many extinct members are known from a broader range, including the recently extinct Hanyusuchus. Gavialids are generally regarded as lacking the jaw strength to capture the large mammalian prey favoured by crocodiles and alligators of similar size so their thin snout is best used to catch fish, however the false gharial has been found to have a generalist diet with mature adults preying upon larger vertebrates, such as ungulates.

Taxonomy
The family Gavialidae was proposed by Arthur Adams in 1854 for reptiles with a very long and slender muzzle, webbed feet and nearly equal teeth. It is currently recognized as a crown group, meaning that it only includes the last common ancestor of all extant (living) gavialids (the gharial and false gharial) and their descendants (living or extinct).

Traditionally, crocodiles and alligators were considered more closely related and grouped together in the clade Brevirostres, to the exclusion of the gharials. This classification was based on morphological studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species. However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have rejected Brevirostres upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators. The new clade Longirostres was named by Harshman et al. in 2003.

In addition, these recent molecular DNA studies consistently indicate that the false gharial (Tomistoma) (and by inference other related extinct forms) traditionally viewed as belonging to the crocodylian subfamily Tomistominae actually belong to Gavialoidea (and Gavialidae). As its name suggests, the false gharial was once thought to be only distantly related to the gharial despite its similar appearance. The false gharial and other tomistomines were traditionally classified within the superfamily Crocodyloidea as close relatives of crocodiles, based solely on morphological evidence.

A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia, which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay. The tip dating analysis resolved the extinct Thoracosaurus and similar extinct close relatives ("thoracosaurs") as outside of Gavialoidea due to the large time difference. They concluded that the only possible explanation for the morphological data placing thoracosaurs within the gharial lineage was a significant amount of homoplastic convergence between thoracosaurs and Gavialis.

The below cladogram from latest study shows Gavialidae's placement within Crocodylia:

Here is a more detailed cladogram that shows the proposed phylogeny of Gavialidae including extinct members:

Species list
Family Gavialidae
 * Subfamily Tomistominae
 * Genus Gavialosuchus?
 * Genus Maomingosuchus?
 * Genus Melitosaurus
 * Genus Paratomistoma?
 * Genus Thecachampsa?
 * Genus Tomistoma
 * Tomistoma schlegelii, false gharial or Malayan gharial
 * Tomistoma lusitanicum
 * Subfamily Gavialinae
 * Genus Aktiogavialis
 * Genus Argochampsa?
 * Genus Dadagavialis
 * Genus Eogavialis?
 * Genus Eosuchus?
 * Genus Eothoracosaurus?
 * Genus Gavialis
 * Gavialis gangeticus, gharial
 * Gavialis bengawanicus
 * Genus Gavialosuchus?
 * Genus Gryposuchus? (may by paraphyletic, along with Gryposuchinae)
 * Genus Hanyusuchus
 * Genus Harpacochampsa?
 * Genus Hesperogavialis
 * Genus Ikanogavialis
 * Genus Maomingosuchus?
 * Genus Ocepesuchus
 * Genus Paratomistoma?
 * Genus Penghusuchus
 * Genus Piscogavialis
 * Genus Rhamphosuchus
 * Genus Siquisiquesuchus
 * Genus Thoracosaurus?
 * Genus Toyotamaphimeia

† Indicates extinct group

title: Gavialidae


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Izhak Graziani

Izhak Graziani (יצחק גרציאני (August 4, 1924 - July 7, 2003) was an Israeli music conductor.

Biography
Izhak ("Ziko") Graziani was born in Ruse, Bulgaria, where he studied music and conducting. In 1948, he immigrated to Israel and joined the IDF Orchestra as a trumpet player.

Graziani died at his home in Ramat Aviv at the age of 79, and was buried in Kiryat Shaul Cemetery  He left behind a wife, Dora, two daughters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. His daughter, Kochva Gal-Gratziani, is a choir conductor.

A large street is named after him In Sofia. Street were named after him in Kfar Saba, Rosh Ha'Ayin and Tel Aviv

Music career
Graziani played with the orchestra until 1952. In 1960, after the retirement of conductor Shalom Ronli-Riklis, Graziani took his place. He went on to become conductor of the IBA Radio Orchestra (later renamed IBA Radio and TV Orchestra). Graziani was also music director of the Eurovision Song Contest 1979.

Graziani retired in 2003 and died three months later.

He collaborated with Leonard Bernstein.

title: Izhak Graziani


text:
Talk:Aklan

WikiProject Philippine LGUs
Wondering how to edit the article? The WikiProject Philippine LGUs could be of help. :)

Jim Burney
I removed the following text which had been inserted into the References section of the article:

The news.com.au article can be seen here. That article said, "Investigators recovered the gun used in the killing and were still determining the motive behind the attack, DPA said." Other reports, with a bit more info, can be seen here, here, here, here, and probably elsewhere. There is a fairly long article here.

I live on Boracay island, which is in Aklan province. There has been much discussion about Jim's recent death in the expat community here. As far as I know, I never met Jim; I wish I had. I offer my condolences. -- Boracay Bill (talk) 02:28, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Col. Alejandro Melchor, Sr.
This recent edit adding material crediting Alejandro Melchor as "the inventor of pontoon bridge used by Allied Forces during World War II" provoked this comment from me after a bit of googling. I suggest here as well that this needs a second look. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 02:55, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

From First class to second class province?
According to the Economy section of this article, it's a first class province. However, upon visiting the reference link, it indicates that Aklan is 2nd class with only two first class municipalities. I haven't visited the page before so I'm not sure if it has always been like that or if Aklan has suddenly been degraded to a 2nd class? and for what reason? — Preceding unsigned comment added by TJ Reyes (talk • contribs) 11:39, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Aklan


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Talk:Capiz

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How does one pronounce Capiz? It's not in the dictionary, so I don't know if I'm pronounceing it correctly.

 * Answer: ka-pis . Hard C, z is pronounced as 's'.--Jondel 00:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Aswang
Is there a reason why this should be removed? Is this bad for the image of Capiz?-- Jondel 07:41, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I really find this description very discriminatory. First, it is absolutely not related to the local culture. And yes, it is harmful and bad for the image of Capiz because many Filipino steroetypes actually believe it is true. You should make more researches on the historical orgins of the term "aswang". It actually originated during the colonial era during the rebellions. The term actually refers to a "herbal healer" who lived in the forest. Their image as were later derived to "witches" when these people resisted against the Spaniards and Americans also continued to promote this nonsense. We are talking about geographical discrimination against the locals of Capiz here. This has no connection to the mythology and legends of Capiz at all. User:The Patrician 04:41, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe we should make Aswang, a brief mention or minimize, but totally leaving it out is like having the Transylvania article not mentioning Dracula or Area 51 not mentioning  UFO]]'s. herbal healers are arbularyos aren't they? I'm not sure about Aswangs were originally arbularyos. I'm from Capiz but grew up in Manila.How can it be discriminatory unless it is implied that aswangs actually exists?!!?? My view is that it just makes things interesting. In Roswell, they have a UFO museum and UFO festival.--Jondel 14:58, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it's not that discriminating, Capizeneos already has this reputation and we/they just laugh at it. They won't declare it as a festival there if it would discriminate them. They're proud of it. Fddfred talk 11:58, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

I toned down the aswang vignette, hope this is enough.--Jondel 02:24, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I would recommend including or mentioning aswang in this article - it is part of the Filipino culture and superstitious beliefs. Also the reason why Capizeños celebrate the Aswang festival. I undid an edit/comment about vampires in this article simply because it was not well thought of and not carefully written. We could still mention it in a non-discriminatory way. My parents are both from Capiz and I spent my elementary years there.Fddfred talk 04:09, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah. From the Roswell, New Mexico, I'm paraphrasing this sentence:Roswell is most popularly known for having its name attached to what is now called the 1947 Roswell UFO incident, => Roswell Capiz is most popularly known for having its name attached to what is now called the 1947 Roswell UFO incident, a popular local myth of Aswang. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jondel (talk • contribs) 12:48, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

capiz shell
Would be nice to have an article or at least few more informations on the shells: how they look like before they are processed, how are processed, etc. --Dia^ (talk) 15:41, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Pan-ay vs. Panay
Yesterday (by my local time) I changed a couple of occurrences of Pan-ay to Panay but in retrospect I think I may have been a little hasty and have reverted that edit. At the time of my initial change, I supposed I was improving consistency in some way, but after doing a little more reading, both within the article itself and elsewhere around the Web, I'm not sure that was true.

Whether or not any change is merited here, and if so, what it should be, I will leave to those more versed in the appropriate historical, social, and linguistic contexts. My personal interest in the island stems mostly from having visited there briefly as a child in December 1970. --Gltackett (talk) 14:27, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

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Filipinos
Is it favourable for people of Capiz or other region with same case like us that we have to go to region 7 like Cebu to get our products ordered from merchandising company like shopee or Lazada because we do not have collection point here? 112.198.112.223 (talk) 03:35, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Capiz


text:
Talk:Iloilo

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Politics and Neutrality
Please do not and I repeat DO NOT place the names of the incumbent political figures in this entry. This violates, to my opinion the neutrality of the article as this is self-serving for one reason or another, furthermore the names of all the incumbent figures are not relevant to Iloilo province's wikipedia entry.

--JohnAriola (talk) 15:58, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Pranks and Mischievous Edits
If anyone sees an edit reverting the name of isla Pan de Azucar (Sugarloaf island) to Pan de Monay (roughly translated as women's-private-part loaf in hiligaynon) please revert to Pan de Azucar. Pan de Monay as an island in the Province of Iloilo does not exist, -or-, I haven't heard of it at all.

Any comments would be appreciated by editing this talk page.

--JohnAriola (talk) 10:46, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Jaro, Iloilo
What is the status of this place? -- Howard  the   Duck  14:59, 11 December 2006 (UTC) I'm new to wikipedia but had to register because I wish someone would correct erroneous information entered in Iloilo's history as fact, specifically pertaining to the Code of Kalantiaw - which has already been uncovered as mere fabrication. I cannot currently cite sources as I'm not knowledgeable in history as much as I want to be, but if someone could correct information in this article. Please? "... under laws such as the Codes of Kalantiaw. " Regarding your question on Jaro's Status, yes Jaro is a district within Iloilo City and it is part of Metro Iloilo. (I'm not sure with what you meant by its status btw) --JohnAriola 10:37, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Update: Jaro was a city apart from Iloilo Circa 1897, during the American Era, iloilo was demoted with Jaro remaining a city, its status was reversed later with Jaro being absorbed into the newly reelevated city of Iloilo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JohnAriola (talk • contribs) 06:03, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

Follow up question... district within Iloilo City? I thought Iloilo City is a lone district? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.87.198.122 (talk) 15:44, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Iloilo


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Talk:Guimaras

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WOW

Guimaras
I have to add this so that readers can have more things to know about this province. I had been here in 1998, and I saw the monastery, the mangos and the beaches. Unlike Boracay, Antique, Bacolod, this poor province might not really develop fast. And these 2 links describe the beauty and the disaster of the spill:In August 2006, M/V Solar 1, an oil tanker chartered by Petron, sank off Guimaras’ shores, spilling 2.4 million liters of oil and contaminating 1,000 hectares of mangrove areas. The massive oil spill threatened species such as dugong and rare sea turtles. At that time, environmentalists called the accident the worst oil spill in the country’s history and estimated the cleanup to take at least a year.*The hidden jewel that is Guimaras
 * Guimaras grabs tourism alternative --Florentino floro (talk) 10:52, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

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Talk:Negros Occidental

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Notable people section is too long
The Notable people section is too long. Maybe it should be split into a new list article, just like what was done in Iloilo. Sanglahi86 (talk) 10:26, 25 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Sanglahi86, done. Frietjes (talk) 13:25, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

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Filipino grade 7
Produkto at tanawin sa negros occidental 122.52.143.139 (talk) 11:07, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Negros Occidental


text:
Talk:Bohol

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nicole2793. Peer reviewers: Nicole2793.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:03, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

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clarification on Bohol Article - LGU or island?
Just checking: the current article on Bohol refers to the LGU Bohol Province, right? It is not the article on Bohol Island which should be a different article...Please clarify. Thank you...Guest818 17:21, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, there's a different article for Bohol Island. --Coffee 00:33, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Okey, I should have checked...Anyway, I will see what I can do to check and make sure Bohol is about the LGU Province and Bohol Island is about the island of Bohol. Any thoughts as of the current contents of each right now? Guest818 03:13, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The way I see it right now, the contents in the intro in Bohol are about the island, not the Provincial Government of Bohol. I think we need to change the title of Bohol to Provincial Government of Bohol and retain Bohol Island as well as re-direct an Bohol to Bohol Island... I don't know...Just a thought!  Guest818 03:24, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Comments
Please comment on the present contents of the article Bohol and Bohol Island. How else to improve both?--Pinay06 01:08, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

It needs a lot more information per Municipality, some of the infos are biased considering which municipality the editor is affiliated —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dumzki (talk • contribs) 20:08, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Needs Overhaul
This article seems to be written in list. Wikipedia is not a list of stuff, and therefore discourages such. And also the images were placed in the wrong section. It becomes so irrelevant. I am going to remove it if no one contends. --BritandBeyonce (talk•contribs) 08:55, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Go ahead and be bold! You can use this reason: Wikipedia is not a directory. Cheers! --seav 09:21, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you. --βritandβeyonce (talk•contribs) 10:23, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Need help. I can't make this alone. --βritandβeyonce (talk•contribs) 10:26, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Recent edit
I edited the page a bit for some reasons:
 * Removed images
 * Image:Alona Beach Palmtree.jpg - the image is irrelevant to media section.
 * Image:Lobocrivercruise.jpg - cannot determine the relevance of the image to section U.S. intervention and occupation because no caption was added.
 * Image:boholplaza.jpg - doesn't make additional information or illustration to political section. The other image is better and remained intact.
 * Image:ChocolateHills.JPG - redundant
 * Image:ChocoHillsCarmen1.jpg - redundant
 * Image:Tarsier-GG.jpg - this Philippine tarsier is important to Bohol article but was placed in the wrong section.
 * Image:Andabeach.jpg - not an infrastructure.

 * Removed a big portion of the page:

Landmarks
Historical
 * Blood Compact Site - Barangay Bool, Tagbilaran City)
 * Anibogan Massacre Site - Catigbian (73 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Behind the Clouds - Catigbian (38 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Camp Verde - Duero (73 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Dagohoy Marker - Danao, Bohol (92 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Mt. Carmel Hill -Balilihan (24 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Pres. Carlos P. Garcia Memorial Park -Tagbilaran City
 * Ubujan Marker -Death of Capt. Francisco Salazar of the Moalong Ambush fame; Tagbilaran City
 * The Historic Ermita Ruins - Dimiao (36.7 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Punta Cruz Ancient Watchtower - Punta Cruz, Maribojoc, Bohol - (14 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Inang-angan (212 steps) - Moto Norte to Napo Loon, Bohol - (27.5 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Moalong Bridge Ambush (World War II, September 27, 1942) - Sitio Moalong, Barangays Basac and Canhangdon Occidental Loon, Bohol - (est. 32 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Circular cemetery made from coral stone blocks - Loon (27.5 km north of Tagbilaran)
 * American-motif Public Plaza completed in 1929 (Note the Statue of Liberty atop the grandiose monument dedicated to Dr. Jose P. Rizal, national hero) - 27.5 km north of Tagbilaran
 * Our Lady of Light Church (Loon) - completed in 1855; considered the "Crowning Glory of the Recollect Mission in Bohol"; biggest coral-stone church in the Visayas and Mindanao.
 * Spanish Colonial Bridge (Sitio Sombria, Cogon Norte, Loon, Bohol) - most imposing colonial bridge in Bohol

Bohol cultural Bohol natural
 * Baclayon Museum -Baclayon (7 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Bohol Museum -Tagbilaran City
 * Clarin Ancestral House -Loay (18 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Anda Beach -Anda (101 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Alona Beach -Panglao (20 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Alejawan Beach -Jagna (58 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Balbalan Beach -Dimiao (36.7 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Basdacu Beach - Loon (25 km north of Tagbilaran City)
 * Basdio Rock Island Cove Loon (32 km north of Tagbilaran City)
 * Bay Watch -Panggangan Island Calape (41 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Bikini Beach -Dauis (8 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Canuba Beach -Jagna (58 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Clarin Beach -Loay (28 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Darak Beach -Panggangan Island Calape (41 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Doljo Beach -Panglao (20 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Duero Beach -Duero (73 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Imelda Beach -Dimiao (40 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Cainggit Beach -Tagbilaran City
 * Laya Beach -Baclayon (9 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Lintuan Beach -Loon (25 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Looc Beach - Cabilao Island, Loon (38 km north of tagbilaran City]]
 * Pantudlan Beach - Cabilao Island, Loon (38 km north of Tagbilaran City
 * Sta. Fe Beach -Alburquerque (13 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Chocolate Hills -Carmen, Bohol (55 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Antaeg Spring - Loon (34 km north of Tagbilaran City)
 * Banat-i Hill -Tagbilaran City
 * Elly Hill -Tagbilaran City
 * Himontagon Hill -Loay (20 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Sampoangon Hill -Calape (41 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Hinagdanan Cave -Dauis(6 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Danicop Hidden Valley and Springs -Loon (32 km north of Tagbilaran City]]
 * Eva Cave (Odiong – Jagna (58 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Kokok & Nueva Vida Sur Caves -Carmen, Bohol (59 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Batungay Cave - San Antonio, Trinidad, Bohol
 * Busay Falls -Loboc (26 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Busay Falls -Sevilla (34 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Camugao Falls -Balilihan (22 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Dimiao Twin Falls -Dimiao (38 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Mag-aso Falls -Antequera (20 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Kawasan Falls -Balilihan (22 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Kinahugan Falls -Jagna (58 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Inambacan Falls -Antequera (19 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Niluksoan Falls -Balilihan (22 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Pahangog Twin Falls & Caverns -Dimiao (36.7 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Tontonan Falls -Loboc (27 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Badiang Spring -Valencia (44 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Cabasi Spring -Carmen, Bohol (54 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Loboc River -Loboc (21 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Logarita Spring -Bilar (41 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Moalong River -Loon (32 kilometers north of Tagbilaran City)
 * Roxas Park & Spring -Garcia Hernandez, Bohol (53 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Omjon Resort -Valencia (44 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Other Popular Bohol Diving Sites
 * Arc Point
 * Cabilao and Sandingan Island Protected Seascapes -Loon (32-38 km north of Tagbilaran City)

 * Puntod Point
 * Pamilacan Island
 * Cervera Shoal
 * Doljo Point
 * Momo Point
 * Gak-ang Point
 * Napoling Point
 * Tangnan Point

Bohol religious See: List of Bohol Churches; Also Bohol Churches''
 * Alburquerque Church - Alburquerque, Bohol (12 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Baclayon Church -Baclayon (6 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Calape Church -Calape (41 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Dauis Church -Dauis; (3 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Dimiao Church -Dimiao (36.7 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Lord of Pardon Hill -Duero (73 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Loboc Church -Loboc (24 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Our Lady of Light (Kasilak) Church -Loon (27.5 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Maribojoc Church -Maribojoc (14 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church -Balilihan (22 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Virgen sa Calo-oy -Calape (41 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Cruz Daku - Loboc - (26.5 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Panglao Church -Panglao (18 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Ilihan Hill -Jagna (54 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Mt. Carmel Hill -Balilihan (22 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * The Fatima Rosary Hill -Carmen, Bohol (55 km. from Tagbilaran City)

Bohol man-made
 * Jaycee Promenade -Tagbilaran City
 * Rizal Park -Tagbilaran City
 * Children’s Playground and Mini Park -Tagbilaran City
 * Lions Children’s Playground
 * Lionettes Mini Park

 * Magsiha Swimming Pool -Balilihan (24 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Magsaysay Camp - (Bilar; (45 km. from Tagbilaran City) - Boys Scout Camp
 * Bilarma Camp -Bilar (45 km. from Tagbilaran City) - Provincial Girl Scout encampment
 * Malinao Dam -Pilar 72 km. from Tagbilaran City) - A PhP1.4 Billion irrigation project with a man-made lake ideal for rowboating and fishing
 * Wahig-Pamacsalan Dam -Bilar (41 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * The Home -Carmen, Bohol (55 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Roxas Park -Garcia Hernandez, Bohol (55 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Tigbao Hanging Bridge -Loboc (29 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Balicasag Island
 * Bungan & Mahaba Islets -Talibon (109 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Corpus Antique Spanish House -Calape (41 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Jagna
 * Lasang-Lasang Park -Carmen, Bohol (54 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Macas Orchids and Farm - Lindaville, Tagbilaran City
 * Mantatao Island -Calape (41 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Pamilacan Island
 * Pantudlan-Cabilao Island -Loon (38 km north of Tagbilaran City
 * Tubig-Loon Spring Resort -Loon (28 km north of Tagbilaran City)
 * Panglao Island
 * Tarsier sanctuary -Corella (10 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Ubay Stock Farm

Bohol special interest
 * Lila Rice Terraces - Lila (35 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Lunar Rice Terraces -Boctol Jagna (58 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Rice Terraces -Dimiao (36.7 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * McArthur’s Cap -Dimiao (36.7 km. from Tagbilaran City)
 * Badiang Spring -Valencia (44 km. from Tagbilaran City)

This part is redundant. The page has alreasy a list of municipalities with their corresponding district.

City Municipalities
 * Tagbilaran City

This portion was written like an advertisement excluding the last two sentences.

Amenities Bohol has adequate accommodation facilities to offer to tourists and investors alike. In place are 7 hotels, 34 lodging/pension houses, and 29 beach resorts. There are about 852 rooms of varying standards. Other tourist facilities are 9 diving shops, 8 sports centers, 11 high-end diving centers and 16 centers for shopping and recreation. There are 7 establishments that can cater to conventions. Likewise, a strong and enthusiastic banking sector has enabled the province to be at par with the rest of the urban centers in the country. There are 45 banking units providing banking facilities.

Not good.

Media
 * Telephone lines: 12,200
 * Cellular phone firms: 3
 * Telecommunication companies: 6
 * Radio stations (AM, FM): 5
 * DYRD-AM Worldwide! Live broadcast worldwide via audio streaming

 * TV/Cable stations: 5
 * BCCTV

 * Messengerial/Courier: 7
 * Post Offices: 49
 * Newspapers:
 * The Bohol Chronicle
 * The Bohol Sunday Post
 * The Bohol Times
 * The Bohol Standard Weekly
 * Bantay Balita Newspaper

 * Internet service providers: 3
 * Auza.Net

 * Technology Related Websites : 3
 * Web Design from Bohol
 * Tech Source from Bohol
 * Bohol Technology Updates

 * Online Press Release Websites: 1
 * Bohol Press Release

 * Bohol News Website: 1
 * Bohol News Daily

 * Bohol Classified Ads Website: 1
 * Bohol Classified Ads

 * Bohol's Portal Website: 1
 * Boholanos Online Portal

 * Bohol's Business Directory Website: 2
 * Bohol Information Online Portal
 * Bohols Online Business Directory

 * Scholarship for Boholanos Website: 1
 * Filipino Scholar
 * Send A Soul to School

 * Bohol Religious Websites:
 * Tagbilaran Diocese Website
 * Booy Parish Website

 * Trade publication: 1

'''Reason: Wikipedia is not a directory. Also, Wikipedia is not a travel guide.'''

To move this back to the page, please make it, if possible, encyclopedic and brief or if not, every item in the list must have a short description so it will not look like a list. Furthermore, to avoid this long list, merging little info to relevant sections is better. Thank you for your consideration. βritandβeyonce (talk•contribs) 06:24, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://web.archive.org/web/20060220173455/http://www.bohol.gov.ph/geography.html. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and according to fair use may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 14:07, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment. Instead of outright deletion, ever considered paraphrasing them to retain their valuable info?--RioHondo (talk) 23:58, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: here and here. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and according to fair use may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 17:58, 11 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Useless and dim. What's the point in retrieve dead url just to say it's dead. Mary McAllen (talk) 10:09, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

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Bohol history
The Municipal of Cortes has the abatan river which has a deep end and is very nice visit more often — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.151.76.140 (talk) 10:19, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

Why split off the section on municipalities?
What's the point of moving it? Especially when it doesn't then work. 112.198.70.1 (talk) 06:47, 22 February 2017 (UTC)
 * It seems to work OK at the moment. Note that there was an older version of the table on the page List of municipalities of Bohol, which I've restored. Merging these tables would be nice, but may not be easy as they're constructed in radically different ways. See the discussion at Talk:Cebu/Archives/2021/March which may be relevant to the rationale for this split. – wbm1058 (talk) 17:12, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

Why is Recent History so blank?
I'm sure there are other things to say about Bohol recent history than the ASG attack. Why is this section so empty guys?!?!?! - Boholanabeachbum (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 09:04, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

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 * Blood Compact Bohol.jpg

Rendition error in Android Wikipedia app and iOS Wikipedia app

Above problems solved by myself.

NEW THEORY Bohol hills/mounds
"The unique land form known as the Chocolate Hills of Bohol was formed ages ago by the uplift of coral deposits and the action of rain water and erosion." Although the theory of uplift of coral deposits and the action of rain water and erosion is the currently known general theory of the formation of the Chocolate Hills of Bohol, and the likes throughout the world, a new theory has emerged with specifics. The new theory: Approximately 4300 years ago, at the time following the recession of the waters after the great flood, much volcanic activity around the world occurred. Specifically, in the area of Bohol, scattered ash from multiple volcanic explosions covered all of this known land. This ash was fine dust particles that settled at a height of hundreds of feet. This was part of the rebirth of Earth. After much of this volcanic action and ash disbursement, many days and weeks followed with Earth tremors that caused vibrations across the land of Bohol. The many, many days of Earth surface vibration caused the ash to clump into similar and separate mound sizes across the land. The Earth vibration frequency and its duration determined the mound sizes and separation distances. As the Earth tremors subsided, rain fall mixed with the mounds causing the dust/ash to become cement-like, and with the very warm temperatures that is known in the Philippines, and eventually harden into lime stone. It is a fact that certain volcanic incidences do create ash that will have the same consistency of concrete when rain water is combined with it. It will then harden and become limestone. Why 4300 years ago? This is the known timeline of the recession of the great flood noted in the Bible. It is impossible to have such mounds created before the great flood, and to have survived erosion from the rise of flood waters and its recession. It is possible that the mounds could have been created in later years, less than 4200 years ago. The main timeline fact is that the mounds could not have been created earlier than 4300 years ago, before the great flood. Also, "...was formed ages ago..." is a phrase current science use to define that they don't know the when, and assume tens of thousand or millions of years. Remember, current scientific theory is theory. This means, not yet proven, never proven, it's just an idea that no one will disprove, or we came from monkeys. The theory of "...uplift of coral deposits...' is impossible for the fact that there is no scientific evidence, nor scientific model, nor scientific history where any kind of deposits would create such geographical earthly dome shapes. The "...action of rain water and erosion" to help create the mounds without the movement via the Earth vibration is also not possible. There is also no scientific evidence, and no scientific model, that would demonstrate erosion that through the flow of water create such mounds. Water runs relative to the direction of its gravitational path, ALWAYS causing a longitudinal shape upon any shapely grounds. The fact that the mounds are circular in its lateral shape, defies the knowledge of ANY know scientific water erosion models. A simple** scientific exercise can support the volcanic ash and Earth tremors combination pointing to the mound creation: .** Spread a significant amount of ash or dust onto a flat surface, a floor or floor board. .** Inject constant vibration upon that flat surface, using a drill or a multiuse-vibrating-tool. .** Observe the movement of the ash/dust as it clumps into several individual cone-like shapes at relative size and distance. NEW THEORY added by tfc-56...***... — Preceding unsigned comment added by TFC-56 (talk • contribs) 08:17, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bohol


text:
Talk:Negros Oriental

WikiProject Philippine LGUs
Wondering how to edit the article? The WikiProject Philippine LGUs could be of help. :)

Corn
This page links to the disambiguation page Corn, but I'm not sure which sense is intended. Can you help? Thanks. — Pekinensis 29 June 2005 13:18 (UTC)

 * Sure. Sweetcorn it is... TheCoffee

GA Nom Passed
Congratulations! I've promoted the article to GA status. The article can be improved by merging one sentence paragraphs or expanding them, merging or expanding short sections and giving every fact an inline reference. --CTS Wyneken (talk) 16:11, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've made a few copy more edits and done some more internal linking, and will try and make a few more edits when I get the time, God willing. I'm a bit puzzled why my previous comments were excised, User:Medvedenko. Was it a whoopsie?... Gaimhreadhan (kiwiexile at DMOZ) talk  • 23:00, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

GA on hold
This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject Good articles/Project quality task force in an effort to ensure all listed Good articles continue to meet the Good article criteria. In reviewing the article, I have found that these statements require inline citations: *"the oldest bell tower is the Dumaguete Bell Tower." *"Dumaguete City, the provincial capital, is known as a university town due to the existence of four universities and colleges in this relatively small city. Silliman University (established 1901), the first American-Protestant university in Asia, is the largest in the province and distinguished as an institution of higher education in the Visayas."
 * "Augustinian friars began the Christianization of the island the next year. The island was administered as part of the jurisdiction of Oton until 1734 when it became a military district, and Ilog became the capital of the island. The capital was transferred to Himamaylan in 1795. Negros became a politico-military province in 1856 and the capital was transferred to Bacolod."
 * "The island of Negros was then divided into the provinces of Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental by a royal decree executed by Governor General Valeriano Weyler on January 1, 1890. Dumaguete City was made the first capital of Negros Oriental. In 1892, Siquijor became a part of Negros Oriental, having previously been administered by Spain under the politico-military province of Bohol."
 * "The Philippine Revolution reached the province in 1898, disrupting government functions but without bloodshed. Revolutionary troops in the province were composed mostly of farm laborers and other prominent people of the Negros Oriental province who were organized and led by Don Diego de la Viña. The Spanish government in Dumaguete was overthrown on November 24, 1898."
 * "Negros Island was taken back from the Japanese on August 6, 1945."
 * "At the southern end of the province is the Cuernos de Negros (Horns of Negros) stratovolcano which rises to a height of 1864 meters. At the northern end of the province is Mount Canlaon, the highest peak in the island with a height of 2465 meters and an active volcano."
 * "The eastern part of the province is characterized by unpronounced maximum rainfall with a short dry season lasting from one to three months. The western half of the province is characterized by a distinct wet season and dry season. Also because of the mountain range, the province is sheltered from the full impact of typhoons originating from the southwest. However, the northern part of the province (from Canlaon City to La Libertad) is in the path of typhoons from the east."
 * "Negros Oriental is subdivided into 20 municipalities and 5 cities, which are further subdivided into 557 barangays."
 * "A large portion of residents do not own private vehicles, and are totally reliant on public transport."

Also, the culture and economy sections need expanding, and references should include the author, access date and publishing date, if known.

I will check back in no less than seven days. If progress is being made and issues are addressed, the article will remain listed as a Good article. Otherwise, it may be delisted (such a decision may be challenged through WP:GA/R). If improved after it has been delisted, it may be nominated at WP:GAC. Feel free to drop a message on my talk page if you have any questions. Regards, Epbr123 14:51, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * As no progress has been made in the past eight days, I'm afraid I've had to delist the article. Epbr123 00:09, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

"one of the most livable islands in the world"
The citation for the statement in the intro that Negros Oriental is "one of the most livable islands in the world" doesn't lead to a reference, just the main page of Islands.com. Neither a site search nor a google site search produce anything on Negros Oriental. A quick google search doesn't turn up any sources for this statement. Unless a reliable source can be found I'm going to remove the statement. MrVibrating (talk) 11:11, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Mt. Talinis
I added this sub-section here, to Valencia and Dumaguete, because the contents of Born to be Wild plus the contents of site of Dumaguete states, this is the highest peak of Negros, then it is in Valencia, but the feature is really about Dumaguete. --Florentino floro (talk) 07:43, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * In the previous paragraph it says that Mt Canlaon is higher. Since Mt Canlaon is higher, I'm going to remove the parts that say Talinis is higher. Additionally, "the contents of Born to be Wild" is not a valid reason to add a subsection to an article. You need to ask yourself, "does this content belong?" "Does this content make the article better?" maxsch (talk) 14:39, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Editing policy - Max, I now cite to you this pertinent rule: ''"Major changes - With large proposed deletions or replacements, it may be best to suggest changes in a discussion, lest the original author be discouraged from posting again. One person's improvement is another's desecration, and nobody likes to see their work destroyed without prior notice. If you make deletions, you should try to explain why you delete their contributions in the article talk page. This could reduce the possibility of reverting wars and unnecessary arguments.
 * If, in your considered judgment, a page simply needs to be rewritten or changed substantially, go ahead and do that. But preserve any old contents you think might have some discussion value on the talk page, along with a comment about why you made the change. Even if you delete something that's just plain false, odds are that it got there because someone believed it was true, so preserve a comment to inform later editors that it is in fact false."''
 * Application to the case at bar: I have to re-add your incorrectly deleted contents. In additions, I will notify administrator User:Lenticel who lives there/or near thereat, for comment on this. If Lenticel would delete my re-add, then, it would be for the good of Wikipedia, and I will respect the admin's opinion on this. Now, the mere fact that Mt. Kanlaon was stated to be higher than Mt. Malinis, and contrary to the official link I added as reference, does not matter. It is not for us users to settle this issue. At issue here is bio-diversity plus tourist notability. Your deleting of my edits, then, resulted in great and irreparable damage to Wikipedia, on Valencia and Negros Oriental, especially, that our Philippine Tourism Authority is struggling to earn dollars by scouting for foreigners to visit bio-diverse Mts., inter alia. Now, Born to be Wild (TV series) is a top TV encyclopedic series of our country, not news, for tourism promotion. If you remove the same, it will be detrimental to tourists and readers of Wiki who might be tempted to come to Mt. Talinis.--Florentino floro (talk) 07:13, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Mt. Talinis is in Valencia, and one of the highest in Negros Oriental
There is no mention of Mt. Talinis in the prior paragraph of Negros as you said, and even if there is, still, my addition of this landmark not only tourist but bio-diverse MT. is an encyclopedic matter which is most notable in both Valencia and Negros Oriental, not just in Dumaguete - that you incorrectly pondered and edited. Here is the official Philippine website, or at the very least most reliable source, without any doubt: "Mount Talinis - Negros Oriental - Philippines Mount Talinis Location Mount Talinis is known to be the highest peak in the province of Negros Oriental. Dubbed as Cuernos de Negros or the Horns of Negros, this majestic mountain is one of Negros Oriental’s most visited places. Mount Talinis is specifically located in the quiet town of Valencia in Negros Oriental."--Florentino floro (talk) 07:13, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I really don't appreciate on being a portable dispute resolution kit Mr. Floro. I suggest that you post a link (not the whole discussion) in WP:PINOY.-- Lenticel ( talk ) 07:27, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi, I did a full research on Mt. Talinis from Firefox google. And I revised the entire sub-section on culture and eco-tourism. I had to preserve Born to be wild, since I spent one hour playing it over and over, since I could not get the correct names of the rare species, which are not in the english link of GMA-7. Now, I found it is 1903 and not 1864 or 1870. I had been amazed by this Mt. since it is the most, I say MOST bio-diverse in fauna and flora with rare species found only in Mt. Talinis. It is sad that my Bulacan has none of these, and since 1960, I had been using Winchester to shoot wild pigeons but none of these Mt. Talinis thing. I know that you would not want to be in our dispute. Thanks for the message. I only want to preserve this Mt. Talinis thing in Wiki, it is so great Mt.--Florentino floro (talk) 08:05, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20040819041341/http://wowphilippines.com.ph:80/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=history&province=41 to http://www.wowphilippines.com.ph/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=history&province=41
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060127142725/http://www.agribizoriental.com:80/climate.htm to http://www.agribizoriental.com/climate.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060519121336/http://www.agribizoriental.com:80/transportation.htm to http://www.agribizoriental.com/transportation.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080510121254/http://www.sunstar.com.ph:80/static/dav/2006/12/14/life/let.s.do.dumaguete!.html to http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/dav/2006/12/14/life/let.s.do.dumaguete!.html

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060203093420/http://www.dti.gov.ph:80/contentment/9/60/64/613.jsp to http://www.dti.gov.ph/contentment/9/60/64/613.jsp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100820043834/http://www.negroshub.com:80/buglasan-festival-dumaguete-negros-oriental/ to http://www.negroshub.com/buglasan-festival-dumaguete-negros-oriental/

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Nomination of Portal:Negros Oriental for deletion
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Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page. North America1000 04:39, 14 May 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Negros Oriental


text:
La Plata dolphin

The La Plata dolphin, franciscana or toninha (Pontoporia blainvillei) is a species of river dolphin found in coastal Atlantic waters of southeastern South America. It is a member of the Inioidea group and the only one that lives in the ocean and saltwater estuaries, rather than inhabiting exclusively freshwater systems. Commercialized areas that create agricultural runoffs and industrialized zones can affect the health of the La Plata dolphin, especially in regards to their contributions of waste and pollution, which can lead to habitat degradation and poisoned food among other concerns.

Taxonomy
The La Plata dolphin is the only species in its genus, Pontoporia, and is often placed in its own family, Pontoporiidae. It was first described by Paul Gervais and Alcide d'Orbigny in 1844 (the species epithet blainvillei commemorates the French zoologist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville). The La Plata dolphin is also widely known as the Franciscana (the Argentine and Uruguayan name), a name that has been adopted internationally. Other common names are the toninha (the Brazilian name) and cachimbo.

Description
The La Plata dolphin has the longest beak (as a proportion of body size) of any extant cetacean — as much as 15% in older adults. Males grow to 1.6 m and females to 1.8 m. The body is a greyish brown colour, with a lighter underside. The flippers are also very large in comparison with body size and are very broad, but narrow on joining the body, so are almost triangular in shape. The trailing edges are serrated. The crescent-shaped blowhole lies just in front of a crease in the neck, giving the impression that dolphin forever has its head cricked upwards. The dorsal fin has a long base and a rounded tip. The La Plata dolphin has homodont dentition with conical-shaped teeth. The number of teeth ranges from 48 to 61 on each side of its upper and lower jaw.

The La Plata dolphin weighs up to 50 kg, and lives for up to 20 years. Sexual maturity is reached between two and three years. Females have a two-year reproductive cycle. Calves are 70 to 75 cm when born after a gestation of 10–11 months. Calves are weaned at a year old. Females may be giving birth by the age of five.

Reproduction
The La Plata dolphin reaches sexual maturity around two to three years for both sexes, but some populations have shown as long as five years. Although it is difficult to observe La Plata dolphins, the reproductive patterns of one population of La Plata near Brazil was studied extensively. A majority of the dolphins observed were born around September to February, during the austral spring and summer. La Plata dolphin has an average gestation period of about 11 months.

Smaller testes indicate less importance of sperm competition when considering mating strategies, and La Plata dolphins generally have smaller testes. However, data reveals that the size of an individual's testes has seasonal variation which indicates their breeding season, but there is still research needed to further this observation. The size of La Plata testes in relation to their body mass may reveal that they primarily perform serial monogamy. This does not directly indicate that La Plata are purely monogamous, but that they may remain with one partner during a breeding season or a portion of that season.

There is evidence that suggests that La Plata have a reproductive cycle of two years; however, more is required to make any legitimate claims.

Behavior and feeding
The animal is very inconspicuous—it moves very smoothly and slowly—and can be difficult to spot unless estuary conditions are very calm. It will commonly swim alone or in small groups. Exceptional groups as large as 15 have been seen. La Plata dolphins are bottom feeders and gut inspections have revealed they eat at least 24 different species of fish, depending on which species are most common. They will also take octopus, squid and shrimp. They are, in turn, hunted by killer whales (orcas) and several species of sharks.

Range and habitat
The La Plata dolphin is found in the coastal Atlantic waters of southeastern South America, including the Río de la Plata estuary. Its distribution ranges from the Tropic of Capricorn near Ubatuba, Brazil, south to Península Valdés, Argentina. It is the only member of the river dolphin group that lives in the ocean and saltwater estuaries, rather than freshwater. Although some members of the species do spend portions of their lives outside of river systems, many individuals live their entire lives within rivers, never venturing into the ocean proper.

The species has been observed in Miramar, Buenos Aires Province, Rio Negro Province, Bahia Rosas swimming in small groups. Their reported range is from the opening of the Doce River, Regencia, Espirito Santo, Brasil to Peninsula Valdes in Chubut Province, Argentina.

When along the Brazilian coast, the species is usually reported in depths ranging from 8 to 30 meters, and up to 35 for accidental captures. However, there are a few reports of individual further away from the shore.

Threats
The La Plata dolphin is affected by factors like habitat destruction and water pollution. Plastic debris and synthetic material has been found in the stomach contents of these animals. More research is necessary to determine whether or not these factors negatively affect the health of La Plata dolphins. 90% of the population in Guanabara Bay was lost in three decades. La Plata also faces threats from fishing nets and other types of fishing gear that they get caught in while searching for prey.

Commercialized areas often have agricultural runoff or industrial zones that are harmful to the species's health. Waste and pollution from these areas lead to habitat degradation and toxic chemicals in fish that dolphins feed on.

Since the La Plata dolphin is a small mammal and their habitat is regularly hunted by sharks and killer whales, they are generally quiet in nature and inhabit shallow coastal waters.

Conservation
The La Plata dolphin is listed as "Vulnerable" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, the Franciscana is a particular conservation concern because of its restricted distribution and vulnerability to incidental capture in fishing gear. Large numbers are killed in gillnets. Although the largest documented catches in the 1970s were in Uruguay, catches in recent decades have also been high in southern Brazil and Argentina. Scientists from all three countries have voiced their concerns, and asked for international assistance in highlighting the plight of the dolphin (see Reeves et al., pg. 53).

The species is listed on Appendix I and Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix I as this species has been categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of its range. CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. It is listed on Appendix II as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

A young La Plata dolphin was rescued in 2011 off Montevideo, Uruguay. In February 2016 a young dolphin died on the beach of Santa Teresita, Argentina. Reports circulated internationally that the dolphin's death resulted after being passed around by a crowd who were posing for selfies with it. However, an interview by the photographer of the images, Hernan Coria, contradicted such claim.

title: La Plata dolphin


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Talk:Cebu

The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
"The time allocated for running scripts has expired." (And I don't want to attempt to fix this and do something wrong. Is it just me seeing these error messages at the bottom of the page, or are they there for everyone?) Dogman15  ( talk ) 07:33, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

 * That message isn't appearing for me. Not sure what the cause might be. CMD (talk) 08:11, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

Hiligaynon a native language, says who?
I removed it in the first because no statistical study confirmed that Hipigaynon is a native language of the province, other than it's a minority language. Officially, Filipino, English and Cebuano are the only languages recognized by the local government. The minority languages are the languages mostly spoken by immigrants. Whoever keeps editing the corrections I made, I am challenging you to please send me a paper or a statistic. 124.217.16.80 (talk) 12:34, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

Edit the history
The Early History needs verification. Rather than citing a source not from a university nor from verified historians, then please don't include it. Wikipedia itself already recognized the unverified claim. 124.217.16.80 (talk) 12:37, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cebu