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Tuskegee University

Tuskegee University (Tuskegee or TU; formerly known as the Tuskegee Institute) is a private, historically black land-grant university in Tuskegee, Alabama. It was founded on July 4th in 1881 by the Alabama Legislature.

The campus was designated as the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site by the National Park Service in 1974. The university has been home to a number of important African American figures, including founder and first principal/president Booker T. Washington, scientist George Washington Carver and World War II's Tuskegee Airmen.

Tuskegee University offers 43 bachelor's degree programs, including a five-year accredited professional degree program in architecture, 17 master's degree programs, and five doctoral degree programs, including the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. Tuskegee is home to nearly 3,000 students from around the U.S. and over 30 countries.

Tuskegee's campus was designed by architect Robert Robinson Taylor, the first African-American to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in conjunction with David Williston, the first professionally trained African-American landscape architect.

Planning and establishment
The school was founded on July 4, 1881, as the Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers. This was a result of an agreement made during the 1880 elections in Macon County between a former Confederate Colonel, W.F. Foster, who was a candidate for re-election to the Alabama Senate, and a local black Leader, Lewis Adams. W.F. Foster offered that, if Adams could persuade the black constituents to vote for Foster, then Foster, if elected, would push the state of Alabama to establish a school for black people in the county. The majority of Macon County's population was black, so black constituents had political power. Adams succeeded and Foster followed through with the school.

The school became a part of the expansion of higher education for black people in the former Confederate states following the American Civil War, with many schools founded by the northern American Missionary Association. A teachers' school was the dream of Lewis Adams, a former slave, and George W. Campbell, a banker, merchant, and former slaveholder, who shared a commitment to the education of black people. Despite lacking formal education, Adams could read, write, and speak several languages. He was an experienced tinsmith, harness-maker, and shoemaker and was a Prince Hall Freemason, an acknowledged leader of the African-American community in Macon County, Alabama.

Adams and Campbell had secured $2,000 from the State of Alabama for teachers' salaries but nothing for land, buildings, or equipment. Adams, Campbell (replacing Thomas Dryer, who died after his appointment), and M. B. Swanson formed Tuskegee's first board of commissioners. Campbell wrote to the Hampton Institute in Virginia, requesting the recommendation of a teacher for their new school. Samuel C. Armstrong, the Hampton principal and a former Union general, recommended 25-year-old Booker T. Washington, an alumnus and teacher at Hampton.

As the newly hired principal in Tuskegee, Booker T. Washington began classes for his new school in a rundown church and shanty. The following year (1882), he purchased a former plantation of 100 acres in size. In 1973 the Tuskegee Institute, now Tuskegee University, did an oral history interview with Annie Lou "Bama" Miller. In that interview she indicated that her grandmother sold the original 100 acres of land to Booker T. Washington. That oral history interview is located at the Tuskegee University archives. The earliest campus buildings were constructed on that property, usually by students as part of their work-study. By the start of the 20th century, the Tuskegee Institute occupied nearly 2,300 acres.

Based on his experience at the Hampton Institute, Washington intended to train students in skills, morals, and religious life, in addition to academic subjects. Washington urged the teachers he trained "to return to the plantation districts and show the people there how to put new energy and new ideas into farming as well as into the intellectual and moral and religious life of the people." Washington's second wife Olivia A. Davidson, was instrumental to Tuskegee's success. As assistant principal, she worked with Washington to raise funds from donors in Massachusetts, and within a few months, they had raised enough to purchase a farm and construct a large school building.

Gradually, a rural extension program was developed, to take progressive ideas and training to those who could not come to the campus. Tuskegee alumni founded smaller schools and colleges throughout the South; they continued to emphasize teacher training.

Booker T. Washington's leadership

As a young free man after the Civil War, Washington sought a formal education. He worked his way through Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (now Hampton University) and attended college at Wayland Seminary in Washington, DC (now Virginia Union University). He returned to Hampton as a teacher.

Hired as principal of the new normal school (for the training of teachers) in Tuskegee, Alabama, Booker T. Washington opened his school on July 4, 1881, on the grounds of the Butler Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The following year, he bought the grounds of a former plantation, out of which he expanded the institute in the decades that followed.

The school expressed Washington's dedication to the pursuit of self-reliance. In addition to training teachers, he also taught the practical skills needed for his students to succeed at farming or other trades typical of the rural South, where most of them came from. He wanted his students to see labor as practical, but also as beautiful and dignified. As part of their work-study programs, students constructed most of the new buildings. Many students earned all or part of their expenses through the construction, agricultural, and domestic work associated with the campus, as they reared livestock and raised crops, as well as producing other goods.

The continuing expansion of black education took place against a background of increased violence against blacks in the South, after Democrats regained power in state governments and imposed white supremacy in society. They instituted legal racial segregation and a variety of Jim Crow laws, after disfranchising most blacks by constitutional amendments and electoral rules from 1890 until 1964. Against this background, Washington's vision, as expressed in his "Atlanta Compromise" speech, became controversial and was challenged by new leaders, such as W.E.B. Du Bois, who argued that blacks should have opportunities for study in classical academic programs, as well as vocational institutes. In the early twentieth century, Du Bois envisioned the rise of "the Talented Tenth" to lead African Americans.

Washington gradually attracted notable scholars to Tuskegee, including the botanist George Washington Carver, one of the university's most renowned professors.

1881–1900
Perceived as a spokesman for black "industrial" education, Washington developed a network of wealthy American philanthropists who donated to the school, such as Andrew Carnegie (funding a library building), Collis P. Huntington, John D. Rockefeller, Henry Huttleston Rogers, George Eastman, and Elizabeth Milbank Anderson. An early champion of the concept of matching funds, Henry H. Rogers was a major anonymous contributor to Tuskegee and dozens of other black schools for more than fifteen years. There is some discussion as to whether his strong support for "industrial" education was fully earnest or at least partly a strategy to attract such large donors, as he thought the idea of an "industrial" college would appeal to them. Publication of the article "Industrial Education of the Negro" in a leading magazine designed for African-American readers is one piece of evidence against this claim.

Thanks to recruitment efforts on the island and contacts with the U.S. military, Tuskegee had a particularly large population of Afro-Cuban students during these years. Following small-scale recruitments prior to the 1898–99 school year, the university quickly gained popularity among ambitious Afro-Cubans. In the first three decades of the school's existence, dozens of Afro-Cubans enrolled at Tuskegee each year, becoming the largest population of foreign students at the school.

1900–1915
Washington developed a major relationship with Julius Rosenwald, a self-made man who rose to the top of Sears, Roebuck and Company in Chicago, Illinois. He had long been concerned about the lack of educational resources for blacks, especially in the South. After meeting with Washington, Rosenwald agreed to serve on Tuskegee's board of directors. He also worked with Washington to stimulate funding to train teachers' schools such as Tuskegee and Hampton institutes.

Washington was a tireless fundraiser for the institute. In 1905 he kicked off an endowment campaign, raising money all over America in 1906 for the 25th anniversary of the institution. Along with wealthy donors, he gave a lecture at Carnegie Hall in New York on January 23, 1906, called the Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture, in which Mark Twain spoke.

Beginning with a pilot program in 1912, Rosenwald created model rural schools and stimulated construction of new schools across the South. Tuskegee architects developed the model plans, and some students helped build the schools. Rosenwald created a fund but required communities to raise matching funds, to encourage local collaboration between blacks and whites. Rosenwald and Washington stimulated the construction and operation of more than 5,000 small community schools and supporting resources for the education of blacks throughout the rural the South into the 1930s.

Despite his travels and widespread work, Washington continued as principal of Tuskegee. Concerned about the educator's health, Rosenwald encouraged him to slow his pace. In 1915, Washington died at the age of 59, as a result of high blood pressure. At his death, Tuskegee's endowment exceeded US$1.5 million. He was buried on the campus near the chapel.

Tuskegee, in cooperation with church missionary activity, work to set up industrial training programs in Africa.

1915–1940
After Washington's death, he was succeeded as principal by Robert Russa Moton for the next 20 years.

The years after World War I challenged the basis of the Tuskegee Institute. Teaching was still seen as a critical calling, but southern society was changing rapidly. Attracted by the growth of industrial jobs in the North, including the rapid expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad, suffering job losses because of the boll weevil and increasing mechanization of agriculture, and fleeing extra-legal violence, hundreds of thousands of rural blacks moved from the South to Northern and Midwestern industrial cities in the Great Migration. A total of 1.5 million moved during this period. In the South, industrialization was occurring in cities such as Birmingham, Alabama and other booming areas. The programs at Tuskegee, based on an agricultural economy, had to change. During and after World War II, migration to the North continued, with California added as a destination because of its defense industries. A total of 5 million black Southerners moved out of the South from 1940 to 1970.

Tuskegee syphilis experiment
From 1932 to 1972, Tuskegee Institute collaborated with the United States government in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment by which the effects of deliberately untreated syphilis were studied. These experiments have become infamous for deceiving study participants, poor African-American men, both by not telling them that they had latent syphilis and by pretending to give them medical care; in fact researchers were only monitoring the progression of the disease. Syphilis is a debilitating disease that can leave its victims with permanent neurological damage and horrifying scars. Penicillin was discovered in 1927 and it was being used to treat human disease by the early 1940s. In 1947 it had become the gold standard in treating syphilis and often only required one intramuscular dose to eliminate the disease. The researchers were well aware of this information and in order to continue their experiments, they chose to withhold the life-saving treatment. The researchers proceeded to actively deter study participants from obtaining penicillin from other physicians. The patients were told that they had "bad blood." This experiment was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with the Tuskegee Institute. This was a direct violation of the Hippocratic Oath; however, not a single researcher, nor the Tuskegee University was legally punished. Academic research has shown that the study had long-term, damaging effects on black men's health and contributed to mistrust of medical professionals among black men.

World War II
In 1941, in an effort to train black aviators, the U.S. Army Air Corps established a training program at Tuskegee Institute, using Moton Field, about 4 mi away from the campus center. The graduates became known as the Tuskegee Airmen. The Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site at Moton Field was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy have R.O.T.C. programs on campus today.

Numerous presidents have visited Tuskegee, including Franklin D. Roosevelt. Eleanor Roosevelt was also interested in the Institute and its aeronautical school. In 1941 she visited Tuskegee Army Air Field and worked to have African Americans get the chance as pilots in the military. She corresponded with F.D. Patterson, the third president of the Tuskegee Institute, and frequently lent her support to programs.

Postwar
The noted architect Paul Rudolph was commissioned in 1958 to produce a new campus master plan. In 1960 he was awarded, along with the partnership of John A. Welch and Louis Fry, the commission for a new chapel, perhaps the most significant modern building constructed in Alabama.

The postwar decades were a time of continued expansion for Tuskegee, which added new programs and departments, adding graduate programs in several fields to reflect the rise of professional studies. For example, its School of Veterinary Medicine was added in 1944. Mechanical Engineering was added in 1953, and a four-year program in Architecture in 1957, with a six-year program in 1965.

In 1985, Tuskegee Institute achieved university status and was renamed Tuskegee University.

In July 2020, philanthropist MacKenzie Scott donated $20 million to Tuskegee. Her donation is the largest single gift in Tuskegee's history from a known donor.

In 2023, Tuskegee received funding from the National Trust for Historic Preservation to develop plans for safeguarding the school's historic buildings against climate change.

In April 2024, Tuskegee received a $20 million gift from an anonymous donor. The major gift will go towards supporting Tuskegee’s STEM programs and a variety of campus improvements.

In May 2024, Mark Brown became the first Tuskegee graduate (Class of 1986) to be appointed president of the institution.

Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site
In 1965 Tuskegee University was declared a National Historic Landmark for the significance of its academic programs, its role in higher education for African-Americans, and its status in United States history. Congress authorized the establishment of the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site in 1974.

The National Historic Site includes Booker T. Washington's home The Oaks and the George Washington Carver Museum. The district historic landmark district includes the entire Tuskegee University campus at the time. "Points of special historic interest" noted in the landmark description include:
 * The Oaks (Washington's Home)
 * Booker T. Washington monument, Lifting the Veil of Ignorance statue by Charles Keck
 * Grave of Booker T. Washington
 * Grave of George Washington Carver
 * The George Washington Carver Museum

The Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site is at Moton Field, in Tuskegee, Alabama.

Campus
Tuskegee University provides Campus Police protection for its students and staff, on and off-campus, which is on-call 24-hours. All officers are state certified.

Kellogg Hotel & Conference Center
The Kellogg Hotel & Conference Center at the renovated Dorothy Hall (built 1901) was established in 1994 on the campus of Tuskegee University by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. The Kellogg Conference Center offers multimedia meeting rooms, as well as a 300-seat auditorium and a ballroom that accommodates up to 350 guests. Students studying Hospitality Management within the Andrew F. Brimmer College of Business and Information Science & Dietetics students within the Department of Food and Nutrition Science are able to receive hands on experience at the Kellogg Hotel & Conference Center. The Kellogg Hotel & Conference Center is the only center at a historically black university; there are only 11 worldwide. Other Kellogg Conference Centers in the United States are located at: Michigan State University, Gallaudet University and the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona).

Academics

The academic programs are organized into five colleges and two schools: (1) The College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences; (2) The College of Arts and Sciences; (3) The Brimmer College of Business and Information Science; (4) The College of Engineering; (5) The College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health; (6), The Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science; and (7) The School of Education.

Tuskegee houses an undergraduate honors program for qualified rising sophomores with at least a cumulative 3.2 GPA.

Tuskegee University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award Baccalaureate, Master's, Doctorate, and professional degrees. The following academic programs are accredited by national agencies: Architecture, Business, Education, Engineering, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Social Work, and Veterinary Medicine.

Tuskegee University is the only Historically Black University to offer the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.); its School of Veterinary Medicine was established in 1944. The school is fully accredited by the Council on Education of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). About 75% of the nation's African-American veterinarians graduated from Tuskegee's program.

Tuskegee University offers several Engineering degree programs all with ABET accreditation.

The Aerospace Science Engineering department was established in 1983. Tuskegee University is the first and only Historically Black University to offer an accredited B.S. degree in Aerospace Engineering. The Mechanical Engineering Department was established in 1954 and the Chemical Engineering Department began in 1977; The Department of Electrical Engineering is the largest of five departments within the College of Engineering. The program is accredited by EAC/ABET (Engineering Accreditation Commission/Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology) and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

The Tuskegee University Andrew F. Brimmer College of Business and Information Science is fully accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB-International).

The school of Nursing was established as the Tuskegee Institute Training School of Nurses and registered with the Alabama State board of Nursing, September 1892 under the auspices of the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital. In 1948 the university began its baccalaureate program in Nursing; becoming the first nursing program in the state of Alabama. The Nursing department holds full accreditation from the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission and is approved by the Alabama State Board of Nursing.

The Occupational Therapy program is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE) of the American Occupational Therapy Association. The Clinical Laboratory Science Program is accredited by the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences. (NAACLS)

Tuskegee University began offering certificates in Architecture under the Division of Mechanical Industries in 1893. The 4-year curriculum in architecture leading to the Bachelor of Science degree was initiated in 1957 and the professional 6-year program in 1965. The Robert R. Taylor School of Architecture offers two professional programs: Architecture, and Construction Science and Management. The 5-year Bachelor of Architecture program is fully accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB). Graduates of the program are qualified to become registered architects.

In 2019, Tuskegee signed a partnership with the Ross University School of Medicine to help redress diversity shortages in the medical field. Qualified Tuskegee students will automatically gain admissions into the medical school with a tuition-free first semester.

In 2020, Tuskegee established a strategic partnership with the Cumberland School of Law that will allow Tuskegee students to receive a bachelor's degree and law degree in six years as opposed to the traditional seven.

Rankings

 * U.S. News & World Report places Tuskegee 3rd out of 79 Historically Black Colleges and Universities in their 2022 rankings.
 * U.S. News & World Report also rated Tuskegee 20th "Best Regional College in the South" for 2021 out of 134 schools evaluated.
 * Tuskegee is ranked 109th among 614 master's universities (which award a significant number of master's degrees but few or no doctoral degrees) in the U.S. according to the Washington Monthly 2020 rankings, which rate schools' contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.

National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care
National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care is the nation's first bioethics center devoted to engaging the sciences, humanities, law and religious faiths in the exploration of the core moral issues which underlie research and medical treatment of African Americans and other under-served people. The official launching of the Center took place two years after President Bill Clinton's apology to the nation, the survivors of the Syphilis Study, Tuskegee University, and Tuskegee/Macon County, Alabama for the U.S. Public Health Service medical experiment (1932–1972), where 399 poor—and mostly illiterate—African American sharecroppers became part of a study on non-treating and natural history of syphilis. The center houses the Bioethics Honors Program available to undergraduate students interested in bioethics.

Athletics
Tuskegee is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II and competes within the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC). The university has a total of 10 varsity sports teams, five men's teams called the "Golden Tigers", and five women's teams called the "Tigerettes".

Tuskegee's Men's Basketball won the 2014 SIAC Championship and the 2014 NCAA Division South Region Championship. The Golden Tigers also made it to the Elite Eight during the 2014 NCAA Men's Division II basketball tournament. Tuskegee's Women's Softball won the 2014 SIAC Championship.

The Tuskegee Department of Athletics sponsors the following sports:

Men's athletic teams
 * Baseball
 * Basketball
 * Track and Field/Cross Country
 * Football
 * Tennis

Women's athletic teams
 * Basketball
 * Track and Field/Cross Country
 * Softball
 * Tennis
 * Volleyball

Football
The Tuskegee University football team has won 29 SIAC championships (the most in SIAC history). As of 2013 the Golden Tigers continue to be the most successful HBCU with 652 wins.

In 2013 Tuskegee opted not to renew its contract to face rival Alabama State University (Division I FCS) in the Turkey Day Classic, the oldest black college football classic in the country. Instead, after going 10–2 the Golden Tigers made their first playoff appearance in school history for the 2013 NCAA Division II Football Championship, for which they had qualified in the past but could not participate due to the Turkey Day Classic. Tuskegee competed against the University of North Alabama in the first round of the playoffs, but lost 30–27. Tuskegee won the 2014 SIAC Football Championship and advanced to the first round of the NCAA Division II football playoffs with a loss of 20–17 to University of West Georgia.

Baseball
The baseball program has won thirteen SIAC championships and has produced several professional players, including big-leaguers Leon Wagner, Ken Howell, Alan Mills and Roy Lee Jackson.

Basketball
Tuskegee won the 2013–14 SIAC Championship and advanced to the 2014 NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament. Tuskegee won the NCAA Division II South Regional Championship by defeating Delta State University 80–59. The Golden Tigers fell to No. 1-ranked Metro State (Metropolitan State University of Denver), 106–87, in the Elite Eight of the NCAA Division II tournament at Ford Center, in Evansville, Indiana.

Track and field
Track began (Men and Women) at Tuskegee in 1916. The first Tuskegee Relays and Meet was held on May 7, 1927; it was the oldest African American relay meet.

The Tuskegee women's team won the championship of the Amateur Athletic Union national senior outdoor meet for all athletes 14 times in 1937–1942 and 1944–1951. The team likewise won the AAU national indoor championship four times in 1941, 1945, 1946 and 1948.

Tuskegee's Alice Coachman was the first African American woman to win an Olympic gold medal in any sport, at the 1948 Olympic Games in London. Iram Lewis, a Tuskegee graduate of architecture, is an Olympian relay runner who competed for the Bahamas.

The Marching Crimson Piper Band
The Marching Crimson Piper Band (MCP) is one of the oldest HBCU marching bands in the nation being founded in 1883. Since its inception, the band has performed at TU athletic events, nationally televised shows, NFL games, the Honda Battle of the Bands, Mardi Gras parades, and many other notable events. MCP is accompanied by the Crimson Piperettes (danceline) and Twirling Divas.

title: Tuskegee University


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User:Matthew Simpson

Hello. My homepage on the net is http://matthew.undertheoak.net

I have a background in psychology, social science, online collaboration, organizational development (org learning, org change, org dynamics), and knowledge management. I have been specializing my work on Communities of Practice recently.

Thank you for visiting. Should we Talk?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Matthew Simpson


text:
User talk:Matthew Simpson

Hello. Thanks for stopping by. While I was checking out the possibility of using Wikipedia software for my own projects, I got sucked in. It seems that I've just spend the past hour making an addition to an article, registering, and setting up this profile. -- Matthew Simpson 15:42, Aug 10, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matthew Simpson


text:
Talk:SAMPA chart

Cada in Spanish
(* Somebody help here: The d in spanish cada does not correspond to the ð, although many people believe it does. It is represented by đ, but I don't know if the SAMPA has a symbol for it.) -- Added at 15:02, 5 Jul 2003 by 216.72.48.40, moved here from article page

 * I'm not sure if this helps: http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/spanish.htm -- Cjmnyc 15:42, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Well there are always conflicting ways to analyze the phonology of a language but for broad/phonemic transcriptions, the simplest (or more "romanic") symbols are generally preferred. For narrow/phonetic transcriptions, the full hoard of symbols should be used. All the Spanish dictionaries I know which have IPA symbols reflect pretty closes what SAMPA uses. Hippietrail 06:40, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Put and Buddhist
OK, it says to pronounce [U] like the letter "u" in "put" and "Buddhist". I do NOT say "put" with the same vowel sound as in "Buddhist". So which one is it? What's up with that guide? Wiwaxia 11:58, 2 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Probably 'put'. However, the guidelines are only guidelines; the sensibler thing to do is to find sound files and listen to the sound that is [U] and see if it's either 'put' or 'Buddhist' or neither. In my English, for instance, I have [u] in 'put' and 'Buddist' and a diphthong ending somewhere round [}] for 'boot', and [U] often sounds like [y] or [@] to me. Kesuari 3.03, 3 Jan 2003 (UTC).

 * Perhaps "soot" and "suit" better illustrate the difference in these phonemes though I notice that Scottish English at least merges the two. Hippietrail 06:40, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hungarian
If I decyphered IPA/SAMPA right, then some hungarian examples: Not that it possibly helps too much for english speakers ;-) --grin 21:42, 8 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * c - hungarian tyúk (hen), approximately english t+y
 * J\ - hungarian egy (one), approximately englisg d+y

Um, problem. Someone could point me to the source of the IPA c in SAMPA? Seems that I have problem with defining these:

&#29d; = j\ (jj) = Voiced palatal fricative = Spanish yate, ayuda

Ġ = t' = voiceless retroflex plosive (SAMPA), voiceless retroflex stop (Unicode) ???

Ā = d' = voiced retroflex plosive (SAMPA) / v. r. stop (Unicode)

c = (voiceless palatal stop - wikipedia sampa chart) haven't found on SAMPA website

As far as I see stop not equals to fricative in theory.

SAMPA website tells hungarian ty and gy as t' and d', other sources (inclunding me in SAMPA chart) as c and J\. Who's right? --grin 16:45, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

User-friendly
I think this page needs to be reworked to be more user-friendly. It took me ages to find how to write the bon sound from French, it's a bit confusing having some things in charts, and others scattered around in various footnotes. Also, i is supposed to represent the sound in the English see, but higher up the page it says that the long e sound of ee is represented by adding a colon to the i, so see is actually written [si:] - the chart seems a bit misleading in that case. Remember that people who aren't familiar with phonetics are going to come to this page to decode pronunciations guides they find in wikipedia articles.

Some suggestions (I don't know enough to do these myself, by the way):
 * 1) to help those who know the IPA it might be a good idea to have an image file of each IPA character as well as the unicode symbol; even if people have installed a unicode font on their own computer, they might acess these pages from school/work/internet cafes etc
 * 2) in the charts the example words should all be written out in SAMPA as well as English/whatever language they come from - this will make things as clear as possible and give people lots of examples of how whole words are represented in SAMPA, they will become more familiar with the notations for syllabic stress etc, which are otherwise relegated to a footnote
 * 3) there should be a balance struck between the needs of the linguist and the needs of the person who's followed a link in an article next to a pronunciation guide... the chart shouldn't be dumbed down, but organised to be as clear and easy to use as possible (especially with regard to symbols like : ~ " = etc)
 * 4) it would be wonderful if we could get a sound file for each example word (from a native speaker), though I have no idea how we'd organise collecting these

fabiform | talk 14:03, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * 3) Symbology is never obvious in another's POV. An English speaker who is "dumb" (as you say) will never be used to the fact that y is symbolized as [j] (it being German and Dutch).
 * 4) This may not be possible. IPA is used arbitrarily sometimes. [y] in French (spelled u) and German (spelled ü) doesn't really sound like Mandarin [y] (spelled ü). The later being less [u] to my ears. And these symbols have never been otherwise in those languages. The Latino [t] are more alveolar, I think hence their "talk" sounds like "dolk". Oh yeah... and the Chinese 'h' [x], as in hai (sea), sounds barely like German [x], as in Bach.
 * --Menchi 17:30, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

3) I hope you don't think I was calling any users of these charts "dumb", that's not what the phrase implies. And since I said it took me five minutes to find bon, I was necessarily including myself in the category of the user who's stumbled on to the page.  :)  What I meant was that the page is a little intimidating as it stands. I opened it and saw the top chart which starts with "Bilabial Labiodentals Dentals Alveolars Postalveolars Palatals Velars Uvulars Pharyngeals Glottals" and thought "eek". There could be a more gentle introduction. 4) So you're saying that each SAMPA symbol represents a subtle range of sounds from language to language? All the more reason in that case to have sound files if possible so that people who don't know a wide range of languages have the chance to discover this for themselves.  fabiform | talk 20:16, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * 4) Maybe not all symbols have a range, but basically, yes, that is why there are a buncha diacritic marks in official IPA, like circles and squares and smiley faces. But they are only necessary if you are doing comparative linguistics, which is useless in language teaching. Like when I learned English, we only learned English's IPA (KK system). But when I learned French (from English), we only barely learned French's IPA. I think audiologists and speech therapists regularly use the detailed transcription though. By a subtle range, it means that as long as you fit into that certain region/area in the mouth, you got yourself a label.

 * Try SIL IPA IPA Help. It has clear recordings by native speakers of most symbols. It even has those famous ejectives ("explosion of air in mouth"). You'll have lotsa fun with it. Trust me. --Menchi 02:15, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Delete?
This page really shouldn't exist. SAMPA defines encodings for individual languages, not all of which are compatible with each other... that is to say, not all of which can be put on a chart on one page like this.

For a general ASCIIfication of the entire IPA, X-SAMPA should be used. -Muke Tever 18:53, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Good point. I think many didn't realize that SAMPA is language-specific. I didn't. --Menchi 07:49, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I think sometimes "SAMPA" is used to refer to X-SAMPA also, so this is understandable, but as an encyclopedia I think we want to be more accurate. --Muke Tever 16:20, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I ain't no linguists and never heard of SAMPA before Wikipedia, but it seemed to be a good idea; seemed to be an accepted, standard way to describe phonetics in ASCII. Seems I was mislead. If you believe X-SAMPA could be that ultimate tool to describe pronounciation then maybe you should create an article on it. I cannot judge how much support/backing does it have from scientific/linguistic community. We - as an international encyclopedia - definitely and deperately need a standard way to describe pronounciation without (along to) using IPA, since IPA characters are rarely supported by default installs of systems. I'd support whatever ultimate standard you come up with. ;-> I see no problem in copying SAMPA article(s) to X-SAMPA and start updating them. --grin 09:24, 2004 Feb 25 (UTC)

 * The several (amateur) linguistics mailing lists I subscribe to use X-SAMPA (and minor variants thereof) for general phonetic and phonemic representation. My understanding is that the community on Usenet mainly uses the Kirshenbaum system.  I'll get started on an article for X-SAMPA today.  --Muke Tever 16:20, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I put in X-SAMPA. It is somewhat weak as an article, but hopefully complete as far as symbols go.   --Muke Tever 07:38, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Merge
Either the SAMPA chart for English should go into this page or SAMPA chart for English should be a redirect here. There are a number of reasons for this:
 * SAMPA is simply a form of the IPA when one cannot type the special IPA characters. Wikipedia at one time needed to use SAMPA but can now use IPA.
 * The IPA chart for X language pages are used primarily as help pages; both for editors wishing to transcribe such languages and readers wishing to understand the transcription. This is not the case with SAMPA chart for English as Wikipedia does not use SAMPA to indicate pronunciation anymore

Of course, someone might want to come to Wikipedia to see another website's use of SAMPA, which is why I think having that chart might be in order. Thoughts? — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 19:44, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I am not an expert, but it seems to me that the SAMPA chart for English, as a separate entry, is pretty useful for those who look for a clear reference in order to decode or use SAMPA trascriptions of English. Merging it with a more general article would not help clarity. --Enry Wiki (talk) 08:31, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * As pointed out under the previous topic, the very concept of a general "SAMPA chart" is self-contradictory, since every language has its own version of SAMPA. A symbol (well, digraph in this case) such as  can represent, or maybe even  depending on what language is being discuss'd. This chart seems to be basically X-SAMPA.
 * If we're going to have a thoro treatment of SAMPA, individual language charts are going to be useful (also, Wiktionary links to the English chart from many, many words), which is another reason to get rid of this article. -- Trɔpʏliʊm • blah 17:16, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Wrong phonem
In template the & character show wrong phonem æ instead of ɶ

jcubic (talk) 10:37, 29 January 2016 (UTC)
 * English doesn't even have . In ASCII encodings of the IPA,  is found e.g. in the Kirshenbaum system. SAMPA and X-SAMPA do reserve   for  and use the less intuitive   for, but since  doesn't claim to be a SAMPA converter in particular, I don't see how this would be a problem.
 * (And actually, it seems that  does work as well: {{tlx|IPAc-en|{}} → {{IPAc-en|{}}.) -- Trɔpʏliʊm  • blah 12:02, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:SAMPA chart


text:
Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury

Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (or Chirbury) KB (3 March 1583 – 5 August 1648 ) was an English soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and religious philosopher of the Kingdom of England.

He studied multiple languages and disciplines at University College, Oxford, and began his political career in Parliament, representing the Welsh counties Montgomeryshire and Merioneth.

As a soldier, Herbert distinguished himself in the Low Countries, serving under the Prince of Orange. His diplomatic career was most active in Paris, where he aimed to arrange a marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales, and Henrietta Maria, which took place in 1625.

Herbert was granted an Irish peerage as the Baron Herbert of Castle Island in 1624, followed by an English barony in 1629. During the English Civil War, he took a neutral stance, retiring to Montgomery Castle which he surrendered to Parliament.

Herbert is most renowned for his work in philosophy, particularly his treatise De Veritate which positioned him as the "father of English Deism". This seminal work distinguishes truth from revelation, probability, possibility, and falsehood. Other significant works include the De religione gentilium, a pioneering work on comparative religion, and Expedition Buckinghami ducis, a defence of the Duke of Buckingham's actions in 1627.

Herbert also produced a body of poems, showing his prowess as a faithful disciple of Donne, and his autobiography provides a lively account of his life up until 1624.

Early life
Edward Herbert was the eldest son of Richard Herbert of Montgomery Castle (a member of a collateral branch of the family of the Earls of Pembroke) and of Magdalen, daughter of Sir Richard Newport, and brother of the poet George Herbert. He was born within England at Eyton-on-Severn near Wroxeter, Shropshire. After private tuition, he matriculated at University College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, in May 1596. On 28 February 1599, at the age of 15, he married his cousin Mary, then aged 21, ("notwithstanding the disparity of years betwixt us" ), who was daughter and heiress of Sir William Herbert (d. 1593). He returned to Oxford with his wife and mother, continued his studies, and learned French, Italian and Spanish, as well as music, riding and fencing. During this period, before he was 21, he started a family.

Herbert entered Parliament as knight of the shire for Montgomeryshire in 1601. On the accession of King James I he presented himself at court and was created a Knight of the Bath on 24 July 1603. From 1604 to 1611 he was Member of Parliament for Merioneth. From 1605 he was magistrate and appointed sheriff of Montgomeryshire for 1605.

Soldier
In 1608, Edward Herbert went to Paris, with Aurelian Townshend, enjoying the friendship and hospitality of the old Constable de Montmorency at Merlou and meeting King Henry IV; he lodged for many months with Isaac Casaubon. On his return, as he wrote of himself, he was "in great esteem both in court and city, many of the greatest desiring my company". At this period he was close to both Ben Jonson and John Donne, and in Jonson's Epicoene, or the Silent Woman Herbert is probably alluded to. Both Donne and Jonson honoured him in poetry. In December 1609 he fought with a Scottish usher at Greenwich Palace who had snatched a ribbon from Mary Middlemore's hair, and if the Privy Council had not prevented it, would have fought a duel in Hyde Park.

In 1610 Herbert served as a volunteer in the Low Countries under the Prince of Orange, whose intimate friend he became, and distinguished himself at the capture of Juliers from the Holy Roman Emperor. He offered to decide the war by engaging in single combat with a champion chosen from among the enemy, but his challenge was declined. Back in England in 1611 he survived an assault in London by Sir John Eyre who accused him of having an affair with his wife Dorothy. He paid a visit to Spinola, in the Spanish camp near Wezel, and afterwards to the elector palatine at Heidelberg, subsequently travelling in Italy. At the instance of the Duke of Savoy he led an expedition of 4,000 Huguenots from Languedoc into Piedmont to help the Savoyards against Spain, but after nearly losing his life in the journey to Lyon he was imprisoned on his arrival there, and the enterprise came to nothing. Thence he returned to the Netherlands and the Prince of Orange, arriving in England in 1617.

Diplomat
In 1619, Herbert was made ambassador to Paris, taking in his entourage Thomas Carew. He became involved with the case of Piero Hugon who had stolen jewels belonging to Anne of Denmark. A quarrel with de Luynes and a challenge sent by him to the latter occasioned his recall in 1621. After the death of de Luynes, Herbert resumed his post in February 1622.

He was popular at the French court and showed considerable diplomatic ability. His chief objects were to accomplish the marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales and Henrietta Maria, and to secure the assistance of Louis XIII for Frederick V, Elector Palatine. He failed in the latter, and was dismissed in April 1624.

Herbert returned home greatly in debt and received little reward for his services beyond the Irish peerage of Baron Herbert of Castle Island on 31 May 1624 and the English barony of Herbert of Cherbury, or Chirbury, on 7 May 1629.

Later life
In 1632, Herbert was appointed a member of the council of war. He attended the king at York during the First Bishops' War with Scotland in 1639, and in May 1642 was imprisoned by the parliament for urging in the House of Lords the addition of the words "without cause" to the resolution that the king violated his coronation oath by making war on parliament. He determined after this to take no further part in the struggle that became the English Civil War, retired to Montgomery Castle, and declined the king's summons to Shrewsbury, pleading ill-health.

On 5 September 1644 he surrendered the castle, by negotiation, to the Parliamentary forces led by Sir Thomas Myddelton. He returned to London, submitted, and was granted a pension of £20 a week. In 1647 he paid a visit to Pierre Gassendi at Paris, and died in London the following summer, aged 65, being buried in the church of St Giles in the Fields.

Family
Herbert left two sons, Richard (c. 1600 – 1655), who succeeded him as 2nd Lord Herbert of Cherbury, and Edward. Richard's sons, Edward Herbert (died 1678) and Henry Herbert (died 1691), each succeeded to the title, after which it became extinct. It was revived in 1694 when Henry Herbert (1654–1709), son of Sir Henry Herbert (1594–1673), last surviving brother of the 1st Lord Herbert, was created Lord Herbert of Cherbury. Lord Herbert's cousin and namesake, Sir Edward Herbert, was also a prominent figure in the English Civil War.

De Veritate
Herbert's major work is the De Veritate, prout distinguitur a revelatione, a verisimili, a possibili, et a falso (On Truth, as It Is Distinguished from Revelation, the Probable, the Possible, and the False) He published it on the advice of Grotius.

In the De Veritate, Herbert produced the first purely metaphysical treatise, written by an Englishman. Herbert's real claim to fame is as "the father of English Deism". The common notions of religion are the famous five articles, which became the charter of the English deists. Charles Blount, in particular, acted as a publicist for Herbert's idea.

It has been placed on the index of forbidden books of the Catholic Church.

Other works
The De religione gentilium was a posthumously published work, influenced by the De theologia gentili of Gerardus Vossius, and seen into print by Isaac Vossius. It is an early work on comparative religion, and gives, in David Hume's words, "a natural history of religion." It is also to some extent dependent on the De dis Syris of John Selden, and the Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim of Marin Mersenne. By examining pagan religions Herbert finds the universality of his five great articles, and that these are clearly recognisable. The same vein is maintained in the tracts De causis errorum, an unfinished work on logical fallacies, Religio laici, and Ad sacerdotes de religione laici (1645).

Herbert's first historical work was the Expedition Buckinghami ducis, a defence of the Duke of Buckingham's conduct on the La Rochelle expedition of 1627. The Life and Raigne of King Henry VIII (1649) is considered good for its period, but hampered by limited sources.

His poems, published in 1665 (reprinted and edited by John Churton Collins in 1881), show him in general a faithful disciple of Donne. His satires are poor, but a few of his lyrical verses show power of reflection and true inspiration, while his use of the metre afterwards employed by Tennyson in his "In Memoriam" is particularly happy and effective. His Neo-Latin poems are evidence of his scholarship. Three of these had appeared together with the De causis errorum in 1645.

To these works must be added A Dialogue between a Tutor and a Pupil, which is of disputed authenticity; and a treatise on the king's supremacy in the Church (manuscript in the Record Office and at the Queen's College, Oxford). His autobiography, first published by Horace Walpole in 1764, a naïve and amusing narrative, is much occupied with his duels and amorous adventures, and breaks off in 1624. Missing from it are his friendships and the diplomatic side of his embassy in France, in relation to which he described only the splendour of his retinue and his social triumphs.

He was a lutenist, and his collection Lord Herbert of Cherbury's Lute-Book survives in manuscript. His own compositions, in all four preludes, four pavans and a courante, are conservative in style, showing little influence from the works of the French school that appear in his collection. According to the polymath Samuel Hartlib, he also composed 'some Excellent pieces for the Viole da Gamba' but these are not extant. Hartlib recorded in his Ephemerides that these pieces were composed "Ex intimis Matheseos fundamentis" from which Herbert derived "Rules" for composition, suggesting that Herbert was writing music derived from the mathesis universalis.

Herbert was also the author of an unfinished play, 'The Amazon', the working draft of which was rediscovered in 2009. The play was probably written while he was completing De Veritate during his terms as English ambassador to France, 1619–21 and 1622–4.

Views of prayer
Joseph Waligore, in his article "The Piety of the English Deists" has shown that Herbert was one of the most pious of the deists, as he fervently prayed to God and believed God gave signs in answer to our prayers. He was so sure God answered our prayers that he said prayer was an idea God put into every human. He said that:

"every religion believes that the Deity can hear and answer prayers; and we are bound to assume a special Providence—to omit other sources of proof—from the universal testimony of the sense of divine assistance in times of distress."

For Herbert, this universal testimony of God answering our prayers meant that it was a common notion or something engraved into our heart by God.

Herbert was speaking from experience. In his autobiography, Herbert said he once prayed for and received a divine sign. He had written De Veritate and was wondering whether he should publish it. So he got down on his knees and prayed fervently to God for a sign instructing him what to do. Even though it was a clear, sunny day with no wind, Herbert said he heard a gentle noise in the clear sky that so comforted him that he decided it was a sign from God that he should publish his book. Herbert wrote:

"Being thus doubtful in my Chamber, one fair day in the Summer, my Casement being opened towards the South, the Sun shining clear and no Wind stirring, I took my book, De Veritate, in my hand, and, kneeling on my Knees, devoutly said these words: 'O Thou Eternal God, Author of the Light which now shines upon me, and Giver of all inward Illuminations, I do beseech Thee, of Thy infinite Goodness, to pardon a greater Request than a Sinner ought to make; I am not satisfied enough whether I shall publish this Book, De Veritate; if it be for Thy glory, I beseech Thee give me some Sign from Heaven, if not, I shall suppress it.' I had no sooner spoken these words, but a loud 'tho yet gentle Noise came from the Heavens (for it was like nothing on Earth) which did so comfort and cheer me, that I took my Petition as granted, and that I had the Sign I demanded, whereupon also I resolved to print my Book."

Herbert was attacked by orthodox Protestant ministers of the eighteenth century as a religious enthusiast. One minister, John Brown, said his claim to have received a sign from God was "enthusiastic". Another minister, John Leland, said even asking for such a sign was improper, as God does not become involved like that in people's lives. Leland said that Herbert's claim "passed for a high fit of enthusiasm. ... I think it maybe justly doubted, whether an address of such a particular kind, as that made by his Lordship, was proper or regular. It does not seem to me, that we are well-founded to apply for or to expect an extraordinary sign from heaven." Clearly these two eighteenth-century Christian commentators did not see Herbert's understanding of God as distant and uninvolved. Rather, Herbert was attacked for believing in an overly-involved deity who had an overly-intimate relationship with people.

Modern scholars of deism often have difficulty fitting Herbert's religious views into their scheme of what deists believed. For example, Peter Gay said that Herbert—who lived in the early seventeenth century—was atypical of the later deists because Herbert thought he had received a divine sign but Waligore argues that instead of saying Herbert was not a deist, we should change our notions about the deists and their relationship to God through prayer.

Besides believing in prayers and divine signs, Herbert also believed in miracles, revelation, and direct divine inspiration. Herbert was so sure God performed miracles that he thought this doctrine, and the related notion that God answered our prayers, was an idea God put into every human. Herbert said his emphasis on natural religion did not mean revelation was superfluous. He said he thought the Bible was a "surer source of consolation and support" than any other book and reading it stirred "the whole inner man" to life. Herbert thought that divine inspiration generally happened through "the medium of spirits ... variously called angels, demons, intelligences and geniuses". He said that we could be sure we had divine inspiration if we prepared ourselves for it and it met certain conditions. To begin with, said Herbert, "we must employ prayers, vows, faith and every faculty which can be used to invoke" the divine. Then "the breath of the Divine Spirit must be immediately felt" and the recommended course of action must be good. When these conditions were met, "and we feel the Divine guidance in our activities, we must recognize with reverence the good will of God".

Editions and translations

 * Hauptwerke (Main Works): anastatic reprint edited in three volumes by Günter Gawlick, Stuttgart / Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1966–1971.
 * 1. De veritate (Editio tertia), De causis errorum, De religione laici, Parerga. (London 1645).
 * 2. De religione gentilium errorumque apud eos causis. (Amsterdam 1663).
 * 3. A dialogue between a tutor and his pupil. (Amsterdam 1768).
 * De Veritate, English translation by Meyrick H. Carré (University of Bristol, 1937); facsimile reprint: Thoemmes Continuum (1992) ISBN 1-85506-126-0.


text:
Son

A son is a male offspring; a boy or a man in relation to his parents. The female counterpart is a daughter. From a biological perspective, a son constitutes a first degree relative.

Social issues
In pre-industrial societies and some current countries with agriculture-based economies, a higher value was, and still is, assigned to sons rather than daughters, giving males higher social status, because males were physically stronger, and could perform farming tasks more effectively.

In China, a one-child policy was in effect until 2015 in order to address rapid population growth. Official birth records showed a rise in the level of male births since the policy was brought into law. This was attributed to a number of factors, including the illegal practice of sex-selective abortion and widespread under-reporting of female births.

In patrilineal societies, sons will customarily inherit an estate before daughters.

In some cultures, the eldest son has special privileges. For example, in Biblical times, the first-born male was bequeathed the most goods from his father. Some Japanese social norms involving the eldest son are: "that parents are more likely to live with their eldest child if their eldest child is a son" and "that parents are most likely to live with their eldest son even if he is not the eldest child".

Christian symbolism
Among Christians, "the Son" or Son of God refers to Jesus Christ. Trinitarian Christians view Jesus as the human incarnation of God the second person of the Trinity, known as God the Son. In the Gospels, Jesus sometimes refers to himself as the Son of Man.

Indications in names
In many cultures, the surname of the family means "son of", indicating a possible ancestry—i.e., that the whole family descends from a common ancestor. It may vary between the beginning or the termination of the surname.
 * Arabic
 * bin or ibn. Examples: "Ibn Sina" ("son of Sina"), "Ibn Khaldun" ("son of Khaldun").
 * Berber
 * U (also spelled ou). Examples: "Usadden" ("son of Sadden"), "Uâli" ("son of Âli").
 * Ayt (also spelled ait or aït). Examples: "Ayt Buyafar" ("sons of Buyafar"), "Ayt Mellul" ("sons of Mellul").
 * n Ayt (also spelled nait or naït). Examples: "n Ayt Ndir" ("son of the Ndir tribe/family"), "Naït Zerrad" ("son of the Zerrad tribe or family").
 * Danish
 * Sen. Examples: "Henriksen" ("son of Henrik"), "Jensen" ("son of Jens"), "Andersen" ("son of Anders").
 * Dutch
 * Sen. Examples: "Jansen" ("son of Jan"), "Petersen" ("son of Peter"), "Pietersen" ("son of Pieter")
 * Zoon. Examples: "Janszoon" ("son of Jan"), "Peterszoon" ("son of Peter"), "Pieterszoon" ("son of Pieter")
 * English
 * s. Examples: "Edwards" ("son of Edward"), "Williams" ("son of William"), "Jeffreys" ("son of Jeffrey")
 * Son. Examples: "Jefferson" ("son of Jeffery"), "Wilson" ("son of William"), "Edson" ("son of Edward"), "Anderson" ("son of Ander").
 * French
 * es. Example: "Fernandes" ("son of Fernand").
 * ot. Example: "Pierrot" ("son of Pierre").
 * de or d' . Example: "Danton" ("son of Anton").
 * Hebrew
 * ben or bin before 1300 BC. Example: "Benjamin" ("son of a right-hand man"). Also, the Hebrew word for "person" is ben Adam, meaning "son of Adam".
 * Hindi
 * beta. Example: "Mera beta Tim" ("my son Tim").
 * बेटा. Example "मेरा बेटा टिम" ("my son Tim").
 * Hungarian
 * -fi or -ffy. Examples: "Petőfi" ("son of Pető"), "Sándorfi" ("son of Sándor"), "Péterffy" ("son of Péter") (archaic spelling, indicates aristocratic origins).
 * Irish
 * Mac or Mc. Examples: "MacThomas" ("son of Thomas"), "McDonald" ("son of Donald"), "MacLean" ("son of Lean").
 * Italian
 * di. Examples: "di Stefano" ("son of Steven"), "di Giovanni" ("son of John"), "di Giuseppe" ("son of Joseph").
 * de. Examples: "de Paolo" ("son of Paul"), "de Mauro" ("son of Maurus"), "de Giorgio" ("son of George").
 * d`. Examples: "d'Antonio" ("son of Anthony"), "d'Adriano" ("son of Adrian"), "d'Agostino" ("son of Augustine").
 * -i, which comes from Latin ending for Genitive. Examples: "Paoli" ("son of Paolo"), "Richetti" ("son of Richetto, a short name for Enrico").
 * Norwegian
 * Son. Examples: "Magnusson" ("son of Magnus"); "Sigurdson" ("son of Sigurd"), "Odinson" ("son of Odin").
 * Persian
 * pur/pour. Example: "Mahdipur" ("son of Mahdi").
 * zadeh. Example: "Muhammadzadeh" ("son/daughter of Muhammad").
 * Tagalog
 * Anak Example: mga Anak ni Pedro (son and daughter of Pedro)
 * Tamil
 * Magan. Example: "En Magan Murugan" ("my son Murugan").
 * மகன். Example "என் மகன் முருகன்" ("my son Murugan").
 * Polish
 * ski. Examples: "Janowski" ("son of John"), "Piotrowski" ("son of Peter"), "Michalski" ("son of Michael").
 * Portuguese
 * Es. Examples: "Gonçalves" ("son of Gonçalo"), "Henriques" ("son of Henrique"), "Fernandes" ("son of Fernando").
 * Romanian
 * a as prefix (except for female names that start in a and probably for others that start in vowels) and ei as suffix. Example: "Amariei" ("son of Mary"), "Adomnitei" ("son of Domnita"), "Alenei" ("son of Elena/Leana").
 * escu or sometimes aşcu comes from the Latin -iscus which means "belonging to the people". Examples: "Petrescu" ("Petre's son"), "Popescu" ("Popa's son" Popa meaning Priest), "Constantinescu" ("son of Constantin")..
 * Russian
 * ov, ovich . Example: "Ivanov" ("son of Ivan").
 * ev, evich . Example: "Dmitriev" ("son of Dmitri").
 * Spanish
 * Ez. Examples: "González" ("son of Gonzalo"), "Henríquez" ("son of Henrique"), "Fernández" ("son of Fernando"), Gómez ("son of Gome"), Sánchez ("son of Sancho").
 * Turkish
 * oğlu. Examples: "Elbeyioğlu" ("son of foreigner Bey"), "Ağaoğlu" ("son of Ağa"), "Yusufoğlu" ("son of Yusuf").
 * zade. Examples: "Beyzade" (son of a Bey), "Aşıkpaşazade" ("son of Ashik Paşa), "Mehmedzade" (son of Mehmet).
 * Ukrainian
 * -enko or -ko, meaning simply "son of". Example: "Kovalenko" ("son of Koval")
 * sky . Examples: "Stanislavsky" ("son of Stanislav"), "Chaykovsky" ("son of Chayko"), "Petrovsky" ("son of Petro").
 * shyn. Examples: "Petryshyn" ("son of Petro"), "Danylyshyn" ("son of Danylo").
 * chuk. Example: "Ivanchuk" ("son of Ivan").
 * Welsh
 * ap or ab. Examples: "ap Rhys" ("son of Rhys", anglicized to "Price"), "ab Owain" ("son of Owen", anglicized to Bowen).

Semitic
The Arabic word for son is ibn. Because family and ancestry are important cultural values in the Arab world and Islam, Arabs and most Muslims (e.g. Bruneian) often use bin, which is a form of ibn, in their full names. The bin here means "son of." For example, the Arab name "Saleh bin Tarif bin Khaled Al-Fulani" translates as "Saleh, son of Tarif, son of Khaled; of the family Al-Fulani" (cf. Arab family naming conventions). Accordingly, the opposite of ibn/bin is abu, meaning "the father of." It is a retronym, given upon the birth of one's first-born son, and is used as a moniker to indicate the newly acquired fatherhood status, rather than a family name. For example, if Mahmoud's first-born son is named Abdullah, from that point on Mahmoud can be called "Abu Abdullah."

This is cognate with the Hebrew language ben, as in "Judah ben Abram HaLevi," which means "Judah, son of Abram, the Levite." Ben is also a standalone name.

title: Son


text:
User talk:Mattworld

Hello Matt, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and style guide pages are also useful. There is a sandbox which you can use to experiment in. If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. Angela 16:13, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hi, regarding your vote on http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_logo_vote/Ratification#English_Wikipedia To be valid you need to have a active userpage on Meta which points to your userpage of your home-wikipedia Giskart Walter 21:43, 26 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * So just do a #REDIRECT? Mattworld 15:44, 28 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * 1) redirecten:User:Mattworld would do it. Angela 15:45, 28 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Mattworld 15:48, 28 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * No problem. :)

Alexandros changed what he wrote after Evil saltine made that comment on Vandalism in progress. I've removed it now anyway as it has been cleared up. There was never actually vandalism on the charmed page. Angela 02:15, Oct 30, 2003 (UTC)
 * OK, the whole issue makes sense now--I didn't figure out that he changed what he wrote. Thanks. -- Mattworld 02:51, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I deleted the KATV for you. Angela 20:45, Nov 1, 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks (again!) -- Mattworld 20:48, 1 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Why did you delet my additional information on the "Landshut"-hijacking? 82.82.131.134 00:51, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Hm...what article? I don't remember doing that...I apologize if I did delete something important, you can restore it and I won't bother you. -- Mattworld 01:45, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes. I reverted it because there were grammar problems and misspellings, and I could barely tell what it was trying to say. In retrospect, I should have just fixed the errors, rather than reverting the page. I apologize, and I hope you'll continue to contribute to Wikipedia.
 * Also, why don't you consider getting a username? It's a good idea. -- Mattworld 01:48, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

That's a good question. It's usually only vandalized by Michael, and I had it protected for a while until we got a good system in place to get him blocked when he showed up. Nowadays it happens less (if you can believe that) since he's consequently here less, but I think leaving it unprotected is a good way to spot him and thus get him blocked quickly when he does show up. - Hephaestos 23:46, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Thanks very much for the heads up on my nomination. I'm interested to see what kind of opinions weigh in. I've had some heated exchanges with people around here.168... 05:10, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the warm welcome and helpful advice, Matt. Hoot 01:20, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi Matt, is the Axis Power vs. Axis Powers issue resolved now? It's still listed on Current disputes over articles. You may want to remove it if the page is not longer in dispute. Thanks. Angela 01:36, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Done -- Mattworld 02:01, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. :) Angela

Hi Matt, just passing by and spontaneously trying to be WikiGnoming a little, I was wondering whether you could you have a look at this issue I've explained here? Seems to me it relates to a phrase you added. Oh, and please don't mind my coming along anonymous (yes, I'm planning on conversion some time later, just not now.) --145.254.... 05:13, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Wikinews demo up and running
Hi!

I'm writing to let you know that the Wikimedia Board of Trustees has approved the first stage of the Wikinews project. There's now a fully operational English demo site at demo.wikinews.org. This will be used for experimenting with various review models and basic policies before the site is launched officially in about a week. demo.wikinews.org will become the English version later. You voted for the Wikinews project, so I'm asking for your participation now. Everything is open, nothing is final. What Wikinews will and can be depends in large part on you. There already is a global Wikinews mailing list for discussing the project. If you are interested at all, please subscribe -- coordination is of key importance. There's also an IRC channel #wikinews on irc.freenode.net. Realtime discussion can help to polish up articles. If you're looking for something to do, check out the articles in development and articles in review. Or start a new story in the Wikinews workspace, or ignore the proposed review system - it's up to you. I hope you'll join us soon in this exciting experiment.--Eloquence* 02:00, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

Serial comma
Hello. In the past, you've spoken in favor of the serial comma in the WP Manual of Style. Currently, two or three users have been taking out all guidance on that in favor of a statement that the MoS takes no position. They've said they reached a consensus on the talk page. Would you care to comment there? Jonathunder 22:05, 2005 May 9 (UTC)

Yeah. I've heard of the Wren, Brafferton, and President's house referred to as 'Ancient Campus', although I doubt this is any sort of official terminology. I've heard it clumped in with both 'old campus' and 'ancient campus'. The area around the sunken garden is 'definitely' old campus, although I guess the other 3 are debatable because they predate the rest of old campus by quite a bit --Orang55 01:31, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Image:Wikistrike.png listed for deletion
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title: User talk:Mattworld


text:
Günzburg (district)

Günzburg is a Landkreis (district) in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. Its capital is the town Günzburg. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Dillingen, Augsburg, Unterallgäu and Neu-Ulm, and by the state of Baden-Württemberg (districts Alb-Donau and Heidenheim).

History
In the early Middle Ages the tiny county of Burgau ruled the region. In 1213 the county was acquired by the lords of Berg; it was then known as Berg-Burgau, but the last ruler of this collateral line died in 1301, and Burgau (now raised to the level of a margraviate) became an exclave of Austria. In the early 17th century the administrative seat was moved from the town of Burgau to Günzburg, but the margraviate retained its name. When the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist in 1806, the margraviate was dissolved and the region was annexed by Bavaria.

The district was established in 1972 by merging the former districts of Günzburg and Krumbach. Günzburg lost its status as an urban district and became the administrative seat of the new district.

Geography
The Danube river and its tributaries characterise this district. The Danube runs through the northernmost parts of the district, passing the cities of Günzburg and Leipheim. There are several affluents coming from the south, for example Biber, Günz and Mindel. Most of the district's area is covered with forests; the eastern third of the territory is part of the Augsburg Western Forests Nature Park.

Coat of arms
On the right there are the old arms of the margravate of Burgau: red and white with a yellow beam. The eagle is from the arms of the Schwabegg-Ursberg family, which founded two monasteries in the district.

title: Günzburg (district)


text:
Craig Rosebraugh

Craig Rosebraugh (born April 15, 1972) is an American writer, filmmaker and activist advocating for political and social justice, and environmental and animal protection.

Activism
A political activist since the early 1990s when he opposed the first Gulf War, Rosebraugh has been involved in a variety of human rights, environmental and animal protection campaigns. In 1996, he co-formed the Liberation Collective organization, a group based in Portland, Oregon that worked to bring together commonalities in various justice struggles. The same year he took part in a protest against the Seattle Fur Exchange, and was one of five people arrested for civil disobedience after blocking the entrance. In May of the same year, Rosebraugh was one of four people who blockaded the entrance to the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center in protest of primate experimentation. In 1997, Rosebraugh co-organized the 1997 Primate Tour, a series of vigils at the then seven regional primate research facilities in the United States. The same year, he took part in a national protest against the California Regional Primate Research Center at the University of California Davis, and was one of thirty-two people arrested for non-violent civil disobedience. In 1997, Rosebraugh also began acting as a spokesperson for the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front. In 1998, he wrote the essay, Arguments Against The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical And Scientific Experimentation, where he seeks to examine the ethical implications of the experimentation on animals and refute its supposed contribution to the medical research for human health. The following year, Rosebraugh was a co-founder of the Coalition to End Primate Experimentation (CEPE) and served as the National Organizer for the 1999 Primate Freedom Tour, a four-month-long protest tour of the primary primate research facilities in the United States.

From 1997 to 2001, Rosebraugh served as a spokesperson for the Earth Liberation Front receiving anonymous communiques from the ELF and forwarding them on to news media internationally. In 1999, Rosebraugh co-formed the North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office (NAELFPO) with Leslie James Pickering, where he continued to forward communiques, conduct international press interviews, and nationwide informational lectures on the ideology of the ELF movement. Between 1997 and 2006, Rosebraugh received eight subpoenas to appear before federal grand juries to discuss his sources, but he has said he has no knowledge of them and refused to cooperate with the proceedings. The New York Times Magazine dubbed him the "Face of Ecoterrorism" in 1998.

Rosebraugh resigned his position as spokesperson on September 5, 2001, believing that a refocusing of strategies and tactics needed to occur to fully promote justice in the United States.

Despite the seizure of his computer equipment; searches of his business, person, and home; grand jury investigations; FBI and ATF questioning; facing years in prison and hundreds of death threats; he did not reveal the identities of members of the Earth Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front movements.

Rosebraugh's first book, "The Logic of Political Violence: Lessons in Reform and Revolution" was published in 2003 and is a comparison study between the use of non-violence and politically motivated violence in historical justice struggles. His second book, "Burning Rage of a Dying Planet: Speaking for the Earth Liberation Front" was published in 2004 and is a memoir of his time speaking on behalf of the Earth Liberation Front. In 2009, Rosebraugh was the contributing editor of the book, "This Country Must Change: Essays on the Necessity of Revolution in the U.S.A.," a compilation of essays from prominent political prisoners and activists in the United States.

In the Summer of 2009, the first issue of his magazine, Resistance: Journal of the Earth Liberation Movement, was released. The magazine covers the actions and discusses the philosophy and tactics of earth liberation groups, such as the ELF and ALF.

Also in 2009, Rosebraugh co-formed Responsible Education and Media (R.E.M.), a non-profit organization in Los Angeles combining art and entertainment with a factual analysis of social and political issues impacting the global community to promote global justice. The group's projects have included full-page information advertisements in Los Angeles and Phoenix, Arizona newspapers railing against the use of ammonia in the nation's meat supply and Arizona Senate Bill 1070, the controversial immigration law.

Restaurant owner
In January 2004, with the financial backing of his parents, Rosebraugh opened Calendula, then Portland's only all-vegan and organic restaurant. The restaurant was named one of the best vegetarian restaurants in North America in 2004 by Veg News Magazine. He was criticized in the local press for his treatment of his employees and for failing to adhere to principles he had espoused. Employees that he fired joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) which organized a boycott of the restaurant. Rosebraugh spent $3,000 to defend himself in ads in the local alternative press. Other employees came to Rosebraugh's defense, accusing the IWW union as misguided and "barking up the wrong tree." He closed the restaurant in September 2004, and reopened it for a short time in December of that year. The restaurant closed for the final time during the final months of 2005.

Filmography
Rosebraugh's screenplay, Burning Rage, was a quarterfinalist in the prestigious Francis Ford Coppola 2007 Zoetrope International Screenplay Competition and also in the 2009 Phoenix Film Festival Screenplay Competition. In 2009, Rosebraugh began working on a feature-length documentary entitled Greedy Lying Bastards, an investigation into the power and dominance of the fossil fuel industry. Filmed in fourteen countries during the first half of 2010, Greedy Lying Bastards was released theatrically in North America on March 8, 2013, in the UK on September 27, 2013, and is currently available in North America for digital download, video on demand and DVD sales. The President of One Earth Productions in Los Angeles, Rosebraugh's background includes significant work in both feature film and television scripted and non-scripted content and he has personally overseen numerous projects from conception and development, through financing and pre-production, into production, post-production and distribution. Rosebraugh additionally works as a consultant for independent filmmakers as well as continuing to write, direct, and produce content.

Books

 * This Country Must Change: Essays on the Necessity of Revolution in the USA (Arissa Media Group, 2009). ISBN 978-0-9742884-7-5
 * Burning Rage of a Dying Planet: Speaking for the Earth Liberation Front (Lantern Books, 2004). ISBN 1-59056-064-7
 * The Logic of Political Violence: Lessons in Reform and Revolution (Arissa Media Group, 2003). ISBN 0-9742884-1-1

Education
Craig attended Linn-Benton Community College At age 37, Rosebraugh went to law school.
 * Tigard High School, Tigard, Oregon (1990)
 * B.A. Social Sciences – Marylhurst University, Marylhurst, Oregon (1999)
 * M.A. Political Theory/History – Goddard College, Plainfield, Vermont
 * J.D. Arizona State University School of Law, Tempe, Arizona (2011)
 * LL.M. Entertainment, Media and Intellectual Property University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles, California (2014)

title: Craig Rosebraugh


text:
Kakwa people

The Kakwa people are a Nilotic ethnic group and part of the Karo people found in north-western Uganda, south-western South Sudan, and north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly to the west of the White Nile river.

==Demography == The Kakwa people are a small minority but a part of the larger Karo people, an intermarried group that also includes the Bari, Pojulu, Mundari, Kuku, Ngepo, and Nyangwara. Their language, Kutuk na Kakwa, is an Eastern Nilotic language.

The major cities of the Kakwa people are the city of Yei and Morobo County (South Sudan), Koboko District (Uganda), and Imgbokolo and Aba (Democratic Republic of the Congo). The Kakwa people sometimes refer to themselves as "Kakwa Salia Musala", translated directly as "Kakwa three country's" a phrase they commonly use to denote their 'oneness' in spite of being politically dispersed among three countries.

History
According to the Kakwa oral tradition, they migrated out of East Africa (Nubian region) from the city of Kawa in between the third and fourth cataracts of the Nile. First into South Sudan, and from there southwards into Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Some of the Kakwa who bordered Uganda, converted to Islam, accepting the Maliki school of Sunni theology in the medieval era. They were annexed into the Equatoria region claimed by the Egyptian Islamic ruler Khedive Ismail (Isma'ili Pasha) by his descendant Tewfik Pasha in 1889. As the British colonial empire expanded into East Africa and Egypt, the region with Kakwa people became a part of the Uganda Protectorate.

The Kakwa people rose to international prominence when General Idi Amin, of Kakwa ancestry, assumed power in Uganda through a military coup. He filled important military and civil positions in his administration with his ethnic group, and Nubians. He arrested and killed officials from other ethnic groups such as the Acholi and Lango people, whom he doubted. Idi Amin also supplied arms and financed the Sudanese Kakwa people in the first civil war of Sudan. The Kakwa officials in Idi Amin regime were later accused of many humanitarian crimes. After Amin was deposed in 1979, many Kakwa people were killed in revenge killings, causing others to leave the area and fled to Sudan. However, they have now returned to their native areas in the West Nile region of northern Uganda.

Ethnic violence
For most of the South Sudanese Civil War, the fighting was focused in the Greater Upper Nile region. After the clashes in Juba in 2016, the fighting largely shifted to the previously safe haven of Equatoria, where the bulk of SPLM-IO forces went for shelter. Accounts point to both sides targeting civilians on ethnic lines between the Dinka and the dozens of ethnic groups among the Equatorian who are historically in conflict with the Dinka, such as the Karo, who include the Bari. Witnesses report Dinka soldiers threatening villagers that they will kill all Kakwa people for their alleged support to Machar and killing Pojulu people while sparing those who they find can speak Dinka. A UN investigation said rape was being used a tool of ethnic cleansing and Adama Dieng, the U.N.'s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, warned of genocide after visiting areas of fighting in Yei.

Lifestyle
The traditional Kakwa livelihood has been based on cultivating corn, millet, cassava, fishing and cattle. The traditional villages of Kakwa are linked by their lineage, with males forming councils of elders. Polygyny is accepted and practiced, while Christian and Islamic traditions form part of the Kakwa people’s [cultural value systems and living style].

Countries where Kakwa are located

 * South Sudan
 * Uganda
 * Democratic republic of Congo

Cultural food consumed by the Kakwa people

 * Maize
 * Casava
 * Sorghum
 * Millet
 * Beans
 * Cowpeas
 * Sesame
 * Groundnuts
 * Palm oil
 * Yams
 * Sweet potatoes
 * and local fruits

See also.

 * Equatorians-Dinka fighting.

SECODARY SCHOOL.
Kanyara secondary school.

PRIMARY SCHOOLS.

 * Morobo primary school.
 * Epc primary school.
 * Alpha nursery and primary school.
 * Bright Future Islamic primary school.
 * Luanga primary school.
 * Kanyara primary school.

title: Kakwa people


text:
OL

OL may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Orphaned Land, an Israeli progressive metal band
 * Old Lace (comics) a telepathically linked dinosaur hero

Businesses and organizations

 * OLT Express Germany (IATA airline code ), a scheduled and charter airline based in Emden in Germany
 * Open Library, an online project intended to create "one web page for every book ever published"
 * OL Groupe (Olympique Lyonnais), a French sporting business holding company

Places

 * OL postcode area, for parts of Greater Manchester and Lancashire, surrounding Oldham, England
 * Oulu railway station, Finland (abbreviated OL)

Science and technology

 * -ol, a suffix for chemical compounds that are alcohols
 * Guillaume-Antoine Olivier, in botanist or zoologist author citations (Ol.)
 * , an HTML tag for creating ordered list elements
 * Optics Letters, a journal published by the Optical Society of America
 * A Unified Soil Classification System symbol for organic silt and/or clay

Sport

 * Olympic Games, an international sport event
 * Olympique Lyonnais, a prominent French association football club based in Lyon
 * Olympique Lyonnais Féminin, the women's football section of the above club
 * OL Reign, an American women's soccer team primarily owned by the parent company of Olympique Lyonnais
 * Offensive lineman, a player who plays on the offensive line of scrimmage in American football

Other

 * Office lady, a low-tier female office worker in Japan
 * Old Lancastrians, alumni of Lancaster Royal Grammar School, England
 * Old Lawrentians, alumni of St Lawrence College, Ramsgate, England
 * Ol Chiki script, writing script for Santali language
 * Ol Onal script, writing script for Bhumij language

title: OL


text:
Seon

Seon may refer to:

 * Seon, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Aargau
 * Seon, a type of arranged marriage in South Korea
 * Korean Seon, a Zen school of Korean Buddhism
 * Seon (food), steamed vegetable dishes with fillings in Korean cuisine
 * Seon (Korean name), including a list of people with the name
 * Seon, Anglicisation of Gaelic forename Seán or Seathan (other Anglicisations include Sean, Shane, Eathain, Iain, and Ian, Shaun, and Shawn).
 * Seon, like Sheehan, an Anglicised form Gaelic surname Ó Síocháin.

title: Seon


text:
Ambrogio Spinola

Ambrogio Spinola Doria, 1st Marquess of Los Balbases and 1st Duke of Sesto (1569 – 25 September 1630) was an Italian condottiero and nobleman of the Republic of Genoa, who served as a Spanish general and won a number of important battles. He is often called "Ambrosio" by Spanish-speaking people and is considered one of the greatest military commanders of his time and in the history of the Spanish army. His military achievements earned him the title of Marquess of Los Balbases in the Spanish peerage, as well as the Order of the Golden Fleece and Order of Santiago.

Early life
Ambrogio Spinola was born in Genoa, the eldest son of Filippo Spinola, Marquis of Sexten and Venafro, and his wife Polissena Grimaldi, daughter of Nicolò prince of Salerno. The family of Spinola was of great antiquity, wealth and power in Genoa. Don Ambrogio's sister Donna Lelia was married to Don Giulio Cesare Squarciafico, 2nd Marquess of Galatone, from whom descend the Princes of Belmonte.

In the 16th century, the Italian Republic of Genoa was in practical terms a protected state of the Spanish Empire; the Genoese were the bankers of the Spanish monarchy and had control of its finances. Several of the younger brothers of Ambrogio Spinola sought their fortune in Spain, and one of them, Federico, distinguished himself greatly as a soldier in the Army of Flanders. As the eldest brother, Ambrogio remained at home to marry and continue the family. In 1592 he was married to Giovanna Bacciadonne, daughter of the count of Galerata.

Spanish service
The houses of Spinola and Doria were rivals for authority within the republic. Ambrogio Spinola continued the rivalry with the count of Tursi, then the chief of the Dorias. He was not successful, and having lost a lawsuit into which he had entered to enforce a right of pre-emption of a palace belonging to the Salerno family which the Doria wished to purchase, he decided to withdraw from the city and advance the fortunes of his house by serving the Spanish monarchy in Flanders.

In 1602 he and his brother Federico entered into a contract with the Spanish government—a condotta on the old Italian model. It was a speculation on which Spinola risked the whole of the great fortune of his house. Ambrogio Spinola undertook to raise 9,000 Lombard mercenaries for land service, and Federico to form a squadron of galley ships for service on the coast.

Several of Federico's galleys were destroyed by English and Dutch war-ships; first at the at Sesimbra in June and then at the in October in the English Channel. He himself was slain in an action with the Dutch on 24 May 1603.

Ambrogio Spinola marched overland to Flanders in 1602 with the men he had raised at his own expense. During the first months of his stay in Flanders, the Spanish government played with schemes for employing him on an invasion of England, which came to nothing. At the close of the year, he returned to Italy for more men.

His experience as a soldier did not begin until, as General, and at the age of thirty-four, he undertook to continue the Siege of Ostend on 29 September 1603. Despite failing to relieve Sluis under siege at the same time, the ruins of Ostend fell into his hands on 22 September 1604. For this victory, he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1605.

War in Flanders
The governor of Flanders Archduke Albert and the Infanta Clara Eugenia, daughter of Philip II, who had set their hearts on taking Ostend, were delighted at Spinola's success, and it won him a high reputation among the soldiers of the time. At the close of the campaign, he went to Spain to meet with the court, then in Valladolid, and make arrangements for the continuation of the war. At Valladolid, he insisted on being appointed commander-in-chief in Flanders.

By April he was back in Brussels to lead his first campaign. At this period, the wars of the Low Countries consisted almost entirely of sieges, and Spinola made himself famous by the number of places he took in spite of the efforts of Maurice of Nassau to defend them, including heavily fortified Groenlo.

In 1606 he again went to Spain. He was received with much outward honour, and entrusted with a very secret mission to secure the government of Flanders in case of the death of the Archduke or his wife. However, he could not obtain the grandeeship which he desired and was compelled to pledge his entire fortune as security for the expenses of the war before the bankers would advance funds to the Spanish government. He was never repaid, resulting in his complete financial ruin.

The Spanish government now had a reason to keep him away from Spain. Until the signing of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1609, he continued to command in the field with general success. After it was signed he retained his post, and had among other duties to conduct the negotiations with France when Henry II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé fled to Flanders with his wife, Charlotte-Marguerite de Montmorency, in order to put her beyond the reach of the admiration of the older Henry IV of France.

By 1611 Spinola's financial ruin was complete, but he was given the aristocratic title, a Grandeza, which he had sought. In 1614 he was involved with operations connected with the settlement of the War of the Jülich Succession, which awarded Cleves to George William, Elector of Brandenburg and Jülich to Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg. From 1620 to 1622, in the Thirty Years' War, he led the Palatinate campaign in the Lower Palatinate, which included the capture of many towns and villages, including Drais, and was rewarded with the rank of Captain-General.

After the renewal of the war in the Low Countries in 1621 he had the most renowned victory of his career, the capture of Breda. Success came after a long siege (28 August 1624 – 5 June 1625), in spite of the objections of Philip IV of Spain, who thought the siege was too risky and expensive, and the strenuous efforts of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange to save it. The surrender of Breda is the subject of a famous painting by Velázquez, known as Las Lanzas.

Capture of Breda
Spinola captured the city after a prolonged siege. After its surrender, he gave safe passage to its leaders and soldiers, who were allowed to leave the city with their banners and arms, an extraordinary and magnanimous gesture that made Spinola famous throughout Europe. Spinola famously argued that "El valor del vencido es la gloria del vencedor" ("The valour of the defeated is the glory of the victor"). The gesture, which was understood as true Christian benevolence, is depicted in Velázquez's work.

The taking of Breda was the culmination of Spinola's career. Utter want of money paralysed the Spanish government, and the new favourite, Olivares, was jealous of the general. Spinola could not prevent Frederick Henry of Nassau from taking Groll (or Groenlo) in 1627, a good set-off for Breda.

In January 1628 he left for Spain, resolved not to resume the command in Flanders unless security was given to him for the support of his army. At Madrid he had to endure much insolence from Olivares, who endeavoured to make him responsible for the loss of Groll. Spinola was resolute not to return to Flanders.

Death
Meanwhile, the Spanish government added a war over the succession to the Duchy of Mantua to its heavy burdens. Spinola was appointed as plenipotentiary and general. He landed at Genoa on 19 September 1629. With him, at the suggestion of painter Peter Paul Rubens, came the Spanish royal painter Diego Velázquez, who went with him to see famous paintings in Genoa, Milan, Venice and Rome.

In Italy, he was pursued by the enmity of the Conde-Duque of Olivares, who had been, curiously enough, born in Rome in 1587, where his father, don Enrique de Guzmán y Ribera, a cadet child from one of Spain's oldest noble families, was the Spanish ambassador. Olivares ultimately caused Spinola to be deprived of his powers as plenipotentiary.

Spinola's health broke down, as he was already 61 years old, with over 30 years' experience on the battlefield. He died on 25 September 1630 at the Siege of Casale, muttering, apparently, the words "honour" and "reputation."

The title of "Marquess of Los Balbases", still borne by his representatives in Spain, was all that his family received for the vast fortune they spent in the service of Philip III and IV. He would be painted however after his death, by Diego Velázquez, in 1635, as ordered by Felipe IV, in The Surrender of Breda.

Spinola was a brilliant field commander, whose daring in battle often was used to outflank his opponents and catch them off guard. He was not a great technical innovator but was a master of military skills. He used rapid movement and pell-mell actions in his battles. He was skilled at picking out an enemy's weakest spot and applying force there to achieve victory.

Family
Spinola and Giovanna Bacciadonne had three children:
 * Filippo (1594 – 8 August 1659), 2nd Marquess of Balbases and his successor.
 * Polissena (died 1639), married Diego Felipe de Guzmán, 1st Marquess of Leganés, Governor of Flanders.
 * Agustin (1597 – 12 February 1649), Bishop of Tortosa 1625, Archbishop of Granada 1627, Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela 1630, Archbishop of Sevilla 1645.

title: Ambrogio Spinola