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Newark Liberty International Airport

Newark Liberty International Airport is an international airport straddling the boundary between the cities of Newark in Essex County and Elizabeth in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Located approximately 4.5 mi south of downtown Newark and 9 mi west-southwest of Manhattan, it is a major gateway to destinations in Europe, South America, Asia, and Oceania. It is jointly owned by the two cities, and the airport itself is leased to its operator, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It is the second-busiest airport in the New York airport system, directly behind John F. Kennedy International Airport, but ahead of LaGuardia Airport.

The airport is near the Newark Airport Interchange, the junction between both Interstate 95 and Interstate 78 (both of which are components of the New Jersey Turnpike), and U.S. Routes 1 and 9, which has junctions with U.S. Route 22, Route 81, and Route 21. AirTrain Newark connects the terminals with the Newark Liberty International Airport Railway Station. The station is served by NJ Transit's Northeast Corridor Line and North Jersey Coast Line. Amtrak's Northeast Regional and Keystone Service routes also make stops at the station.

The City of Newark built the airport on 68 acre of marshland in 1928, and the Army Air Corps operated the facility during World War II. The airport was constructed adjacent to Port Newark and U.S. Route 1. After the Port Authority took over the facility in 1948, an instrument runway, a terminal building, a control tower, and an air cargo center were constructed. The airport's Building One from 1935 was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

During 2022, the airport served 43.4 million passengers, which made it the 13th-busiest airport in the nation, and the 23rd-busiest airport in the world. The busiest year to date was 2023, when it served 49.1 million passengers. Newark Liberty International serves 50 carriers, and is the largest hub for United Airlines by available seat miles. The airline serves about 63% of passengers at EWR, making it the largest tenant at the airport. United and FedEx Express, its second-largest tenant, operate in three buildings covering approximately 2 e6sqft of airport property.

History
In the 1920s, Newark, New Jersey, was the site of two airfields: Heller Field, which opened in 1919, and Hadley Field, which opened in 1924, that were used by the United States airmail service.

In May 1921, Heller Field was closed and all air mail services moved to Hadley Field, which by 1927 also served four airlines. The U.S. Postal Service, however, desired to have an airfield closer to New York City. In 1927, people and organizations, both national and local in scope, began calling for a new airport in the area of Newark,  including Newark's mayor, Thomas Raymond.

On August 3, 1927, Raymond ordered plans for a new airport. Construction, which was estimated to cost $6 million, began on April 1, 1928, along US Route 1 and Port Newark. The construction involved a land reclamation project to create 68 acre of level ground, 6 ft above sea level to prevent flooding, upon which a 1600 ft runway was to be laid. In addition to the 6,735,000 yd3 of earth required for the reclamation, 7,000 Christmas trees and 200 bank safes donated by a local junk vendor were used.

The airport opened on October 1, 1928, dubbed the Newark Metropolitan Airport. It was the first major airport to serve the New York metropolitan area, and the first commercial airport in the United States with a paved airstrip. The first lease for space at Newark Airport was signed by Canadian Colonial Airways in April 1928.

The nation's first air traffic control tower and airport weather station opened at Newark in 1930. The Art Deco style Newark Metropolitan Airport Administration Building, adorned with murals by Arshile Gorky, was built in 1934 and dedicated by Amelia Earhart in 1935. It served as the terminal until the opening of the North Terminal in 1953. Newark became the first airport to allow nighttime operations after installing runway lights in 1952.

Construction of the Brewster Hangar began in 1937 and continued through 1938. This hangar was the most advanced of its time. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and is now a museum and Port Authority Police headquarters.

Despite this, critics said the airport was poorly designed because there was no separation of incoming and outbound passengers and no thought given to future expansion, though this did not stop Newark from being the busiest commercial airport. United Airlines, American Airlines, Eastern Airlines, and TWA signed 10-year leases with the airport which ended in 1938. Then they would pay on a month-to-month basis until LaGuardia Airport opened in December 1939; by the middle of 1940, all passenger airlines had left Newark, no longer making it the world's busiest airport.

When the United States joined World War II in late 1941, the field was closed to commercial aviation, and it was taken over by the United States Army for logistics operations. In 1945, captured German aircraft brought from Europe on HMS Reaper for evaluation under Operation Lusty were off-loaded at Newark, and then flown or shipped to Freeman Field in Indiana, or Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland. The airlines returned to Newark in February 1946, when it was reopened to commercial service. In 1948, the city of Newark leased the airport to the Port of New York Authority, now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. As part of the lease agreement, Port Authority took operational control of the airport and began investing heavily in capital improvements, including new hangars, a new terminal, and runway 4/22.

On December 16, 1951, a Miami Airlines C-46 bound for Tampa, lost a cylinder on takeoff from runway 28 and crashed in Elizabeth, killing 56. On January 22, 1952, an American Airlines CV-240 crashed in Elizabeth while on approach to Runway 6, killing all 23 aboard and seven on the ground.

On February 11, 1952, a National DC-6 crashed in Elizabeth following takeoff from runway 24, killing 29 of 63 on board and four on the ground.

Much of Newark Airport's traffic shifted to Idlewild, today known as John F. Kennedy International Airport, after Newark was temporarily closed in February 1952; flights were shifted to LaGuardia Airport and Idlewild, which allowed for planes to takeoff and land over the water rather than over the densely populated areas surrounding Newark Airport. The airport remained closed in Newark until November 1952, with the introduction of new flight patterns that directed planes away from Elizabeth. The continued unpopularity and the New York area's growing air traffic led to searches for new airport sites. Port Authority's proposal to build a new airport at what is now the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge was defeated by local opposition.

Through the early 1970s, Newark had a single terminal building located on the north side of the field by what is now Interstate 78. A new control tower opened in 1960, and the terminal was expanded from 26 to 32 gates in 1965. A $200 million expansion of the airport, which was to include three terminals, began in 1967 after three years of planning. In 1973, the airport was renamed Newark International Airport. Former Terminal A and present Terminal B opened in 1973, although some charter and international flights requiring customs clearance remained at the North Terminal. The main building of Terminal C was completed at the same time, but only metal framing work was completed for the terminal's satellites. It would lay dormant until the mid-1980s, when, for a brief time, the western third of the terminal was readied for international arrivals and used for People Express transcontinental flights. Terminal C was then completed, and opened in June 1988.

Underutilized in the 1970s, Newark expanded dramatically in the 1980s. People Express struck a deal with the Port Authority to use the North Terminal as its air terminal and corporate office in 1981 and began operations at Newark that April. It grew quickly, increasing Newark's traffic through the 1980s. Virgin Atlantic began service between Newark and London in 1984, challenging JFK's status as New York's international gateway. Federal Express (now known as FedEx Express) opened its second hub at the airport in 1986. When People Express merged into Continental Airlines in 1987, operations (including corporate office operations) at the North Terminal were reduced, and the building was demolished to make way for cargo facilities in early 1997. This merger started the dominance of Continental Airlines, and later United Airlines, at Newark Airport.

On July 22, 1981, a railroad tank car carrying ethylene oxide caught fire at the freight yard in Port Newark, causing the evacuation of a one-mile radius including an evacuation of the North Terminal building of the airport.

In late 1996, the airport's monorail system opened, connecting the three terminals, the overflow parking lots and garages, and the rental car facilities. A new International Arrivals Facility also opened in Terminal B that year. The monorail was expanded to the new Newark Airport train station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor line in 2001, and was renamed AirTrain Newark.

21st century
In 2000, the Port Authority moved the historic Building 51 and renamed it to Building One. The building, which weighs more than 7,000 ST, was hydraulically lifted, placed atop dollies and rolled about 0.75 mi. It is now where the airport's administrative offices are located.

September 11 attacks

After the hijacking and subsequent crash of United Airlines Flight 93 during the 2001 September 11 attacks, the airport's name was changed from Newark International Airport to Newark Liberty International Airport in 2002. This name was chosen over the initial proposal, Liberty International Airport at Newark, and pays tribute to the victims of the September 11 attacks and to the landmark Statue of Liberty, lying 7 mi east of the airport.

International traffic expansion
In October 2015, Singapore Airlines announced intentions to resume direct nonstop service between Newark and its main hub at Singapore Changi Airport, which had ended in November 2013. The airline announced that service would resume some time in 2018, and the Airbus A350-900ULR was chosen as the aircraft for the route. On May 30, 2018, Singapore Airlines officially announced that nonstop service between Newark and Singapore would begin on October 11, 2018, and Newark Liberty once again became host to what was then the world's longest non-stop flight.

Continental Airlines, (now merged with United Airlines as of 2010), began flying from Newark to Beijing-Capital on June 15, 2005, and to Delhi on November 1, 2005. The airline soon started flights to Mumbai. On July 16, 2007, Continental announced it would seek government approval for nonstop flights between Newark and Shanghai-Pudong in 2009. Continental began flights to Shanghai from Newark on March 25, 2009, using a Boeing 777-200ER aircraft. Newark was the only airport in the New York City Metropolitan Area used by Philippine Airlines (PAL), until financial problems in the late 1990s compelled the airline to terminate this service.

In June 2008, flight caps were put in place to restrict the number of flights to 81 per hour. The flight caps, in effect until 2009, were intended to be a short-term solution to Newark's congestion. After the cap expired, the FAA embarked on a seven-year-long project to reduce congestion in all three New York area airports, as well as the surrounding flight paths.

Newark is a major hub for United Airlines (Continental Airlines before the 2010 merger). United has its Global Gateway at Terminal C, having completed a major expansion project that included a new, third concourse, and a new Federal Inspection Services facility. With its Newark hub, United has the most service of any airline in the New York area. On March 6, 2014, United opened a new 132000 sqft, $25 million hangar on a 3 acre parcel to accommodate their wide-body aircraft during maintenance. In 2015, the airline announced plans to leave JFK altogether and streamline its transcontinental operations at Newark. On July 7, 2016, the United States Department of Transportation announced that Newark was one of ten cities to first operate flights to José Martí International Airport in Havana, Cuba.

Southwest Airlines began service at the airport in 2011, flying to ten cities. It ended all Newark service in November 2019, primarily due to the Boeing 737 MAX groundings, low demand, and inadequate facilities, and consolidated its New York area operations to Long Island and LaGuardia. In 2016, the Port Authority approved and announced a redevelopment plan to replace Terminal A, set to fully open in 2022. A $2.7 billion investment, the new terminal was expected to increase passenger flow and gate flexibility between airlines, and would also be accompanied by a replacement for the AirTrain Newark monorail system, scheduled for completion in 2024. The new Terminal A officially opened on December 8, 2022. The new Terminal A has 33 gates, increasing Newark's gate total to 125, including 16 international gates that can be alternated so that 2 narrow-body aircraft or 1 wide-body aircraft can occupy a space.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, which affected countless services across the New York City area, aircraft operations at Newark went though drastic changes, with only 15,892,892 passengers in 2020, despite having 46,336,452 the previous years, the most in its history. Alaska Airlines trimmed its Newark schedule to three daily flights and leased their gates (A30 and A31) to JetBlue to accommodate their increased operations. In June 2022, United Airlines announced they would cut about 50 domestic flights from Newark in an effort to reduce delays. On January 11, 2023, the FAA system outage across the United States caused 103 flights from Newark to be grounded, the third highest in the country.

In October 2022, PANYNJ announced their EWR Vision, which will cover short- and long-term development through 2065. Officials named Arup, a global top aviation planning and design firm, to partner with SOM, who has done several projects with the Port Authority and EWR prior. The start of their plans included finishing the new Terminal A, which was successfully completed in January of 2023, and replacing the old AirTrain, which is expected to be completed sometime in 2026. Goals for the project include creating a World Class Gateway for New Jersey, creating long-term economic growth, and creating a phase-by-phase plan that will not affect the airport's operations, while simultaneously expanding it to accommodate passenger and cargo growth in that time.

Newark serves 50 carriers and is the third-largest hub for United Airlines after Chicago O'Hare and Houston George Bush Intercontinental. During a 12-month period ending in March 2022, over 63% of all passengers at the airport were carried by United Airlines. The second-busiest airline is JetBlue Airways, which carries 11.4%, followed by American Airlines, which carries 5.6%. The second largest tenant is FedEx, which operates in 3 buildings on around two million square feet of the airport's property.

Runways and taxiways
The airport covers 2027 acre and has three runways and one helipad:

 * 4L/22R: 11000 x, asphalt/concrete, grooved
 * 4R/22L: 10000 x, asphalt, grooved
 * 11/29: 6726 x, asphalt, grooved
 * Helipad H1: 54 x, asphalt

Runway 11/29 is one of the three runways built during World War II. In 1952, Runways 1/19 and 6/24 were closed and a new Runway 4/22 (now 4R/22L) opened at a length of 7000 ft. After 1970, this runway was extended to 9800 ft, shortened for a while to 9300 ft and finally reaching its present length by 2000. Runway 4L/22R opened in 1970 at a length of 8200 ft and was extended to its current length by 2000.

The airport has more than 12 miles of 75-foot-wide taxiways. In 2014, the Port Authority completed a $97 million rehabilitation project of Runway 4L/22R while adding four new taxiways to reduce delays. Three of the new taxiways allow multiple planes to stage for departure at the end of the runway, reducing takeoff delays, while the other new taxiway will allow arriving planes to exit the runway faster and get to the gates quicker. All approaches except Runway 29 have Instrument Landing Systems and Runway 4R is certified for Category III approaches. Runway 22L had been upgraded to CAT III approach capability.

Runway 4L/22R is primarily used for takeoffs while 4R/22L is primarily used for landings, and 11/29 is used by smaller aircraft or when there are strong crosswinds on the two main runways. Newark's parallel runways (4L and 4R) are 950 ft apart, the fourth-smallest separation of major airports in the U.S., after San Francisco International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport, and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. Helipad H1 is used by Blade, a helicopter service that goes to EWR and JFK from their heliport on East 34th street in New York City with the purpose of going to and from the airport in under 5 minutes. They use the Bell 407 helicopter.

Unlike the other two major New York–area airports, JFK and LaGuardia, which are located directly next to large bodies of water (Jamaica Bay and the East River, respectively) and whose runways extend at least partially out into them, Newark Airport and its runways are completely land-locked. While located just across Interstate 95 from Newark Bay and not far from the Hudson River, the airport does not directly front upon either body of water.

Cargo
In 1997, the North Terminal was torn down to make a new air cargo facility. EWR now has almost 1 million square feet of total cargo facility space, and 290 acre are dedicated to cargo operations. The airport is in both Newark, Essex County and Elizabeth, Union County, and is adjacent to Port Newark–Elizabeth Marine Terminal and Foreign-Trade Zone No. 49. It serves more than 45 air carriers with nearly 1,200 daily arrivals and departures to domestic and international destinations. Climate-controlled warehouse areas and cold storage accommodate perishable items.

Aeroterm operates buildings 339 and 340, and the designated United Airlines cargo facility was constructed in 2001. The FedEx Cargo Complex is a $60-million sort facility at its Newark Hub which includes Buildings 347, 156 and most of 155. Building 157 is a cargo building used by several tenants. Construction of it was completed in 2003. UPS completed construction of their new cargo building in 2019.

Air traffic control
In December 1935, the airport's first air control station came into existence following a flight that crashed outside of Kansas City, killing five people, including a U.S. senator. The airport's original terminal, or Building 51, also known as the Administration Building housed the first air traffic control tower for the airport, and was designed by John Homlish in the 1930s. A concrete brutalist-styled and toothbrush-shaped control tower was built in 1960, and opened on January 18 of that year, designed by architect Allan Gordon Lorimer; the cost of the construction was estimated to be $1.5 million. In 2002, this control tower closed and was replaced by a new and taller control tower, and was demolished in 2004. The current air traffic control tower is 325 feet tall (99 m). The current tower is located next to a Marriott hotel, which is located on the airport's property. The current tower overlooks the Manhattan Skylines and the George Washington Bridge.

Other facilities
There are several hotels adjacent to Newark Liberty International Airport. Hotels such as Courtyard by Marriott and the Holiday Inn are located on the airport's property. Signature Flight Support is the only fixed-base operator at the airport, providing various services to private aircraft. Terminals A, B, and C all have short-term parking lots. Garage P4 can access the AirTrain directly. Economy Parking P6 can be accessed from the terminals using the Port Authority shuttle bus. An Exxon gas station with a 7-Eleven store (both with street address 100 Lindbergh Road) is located on the airport's property.

Terminals
Across the airport's three terminals, there are 125 gates: Terminal A has 33 gates, Terminal B has 24 gates, and Terminal C has 68 gates.

Gate numbering starts in Terminal A with Gate A1 and ends in Terminal C at C138. Wayfinding signage throughout the terminals was designed by Paul Mijksenaar, who also designed signage for LaGuardia and JFK Airports.

Terminal A
The Port Authority approved the project to build a new Terminal A, replacing the original terminal, which opened in 1973. Built on a site once occupied by United Parcel Service and the United States Postal Service, the new terminal cost around $2.7 billion and includes redesigned roadways with 8 new bridges, a new six-level, 2,700-car parking garage and rental center, 33 gates, and a walkway to connect the AirTrain station, parking garage, and terminal building. The terminal officially opened on December 8, 2022. However, due to continued testing of the fire alarm and security system as well as a hesitance from the PANYNJ to open a brand new terminal ahead of the 2022 holiday season, the grand opening was delayed to January 12, 2023, at which 17 of the total 33 gates opened – all on the south side of the terminal. The rest of the 33 gates opened in August 2023.

Designed by Grimshaw Architects, the redevelopment offers more traffic lanes at pickup and drop-off points, closer check-in counters and security areas to the entrance, and more gate flexibility to allow planes to park at any gate in a "common-use" system. The new Terminal A has four levels: the departures level, the mezzanine level for offices, the arrivals level, and the ground floor, where baggage claim is located. The terminal is operated as EWR Terminal One LLC by Munich Airport International, a subsidiary of Munich Airport, which manages the terminal's operations, maintenance, and concessions in the 1 million square feet of retail space. The redevelopment also comes with plans to replace the existing AirTrain monorail system, scheduled to open in 2024, and was not opened along with the new Terminal A.

The new Terminal A handles flights by Air Canada, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, JetBlue (except for international arrivals from non-precleared flights which are handled at Terminal B), and a minority of United flights not in Terminal C. Multiple technologies in the terminal, such as check-in and security, have been partly-automated. The terminal's design has been noted for its use of art from local artists, art on digital columns, a new variety of restaurants and stores, and easy access to power outlets. The terminal was designed to fit New Jersey's "Garden State" (the state's nickname) image. The new terminal also has a designated section for ridesharing company pickups, public transportation, and taxis.

Terminal B
Terminal B, like the original Terminal A, was completed in 1973 and has four levels. Terminal B is the only passenger terminal directly operated by the Port Authority. It handles most foreign carriers, such as British Airways, Lufthansa, and Aer Lingus, ultra-low cost regional operators like Spirit Airlines, Sun Country Airlines, and Allegiant Air, and some of United's international arrivals.

In 2008, Terminal B was renovated to increase capacity for departing passengers and passenger comfort. The renovations included expanding and updating the ticketing areas, building a new departure level for domestic flights and building a new arrivals hall. In January 2012, Port Authority executive director Patrick Foye said $350 million would be spent on Terminal B, addressing complaints by passengers that they cannot move freely. Further developments were made to Terminal B when the Port Authority installed new LED fixtures in 2014. The LED fixtures, developed by Sensity Systems, use wireless network capabilities to collect and feed data into the software that can spot long lines, recognize license plates, and identify suspicious activity and alert the appropriate staff. The full renovation of Terminal B was complete by May 2014.

Terminal C
Terminal C, designed by Grad Associates, was completed in 1988. Terminal C is exclusively operated by and for United Airlines and its regional carrier United Express for their global hub. The main terminal building for Terminal C was built alongside Terminals A and B in the 1970s, but lay dormant until People Express Airlines took it over as a replacement for the former North Terminal when the airline's hub there outgrew the old facility.

From 1998 to 2003, Terminal C was rebuilt and expanded in a $1.2 billion program known as the Continental Airlines Global Gateway Project. The project, which was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, doubled the available space for outbound travelers as the former baggage claim/arrivals hall was remodeled and turned into a second departures level. International Concourse C-3, a new facility with capacity for a maximum of 19 narrow-body aircraft (or 12 wide-body planes), was added as well. Completion of this new concourse increased Terminal C's mainline jet gates to 57. Accompanying Concourse C-3 was a new international arrivals facility. Also included in the project were an airside corridor connecting Concourses C-1, C-2, and C-3, a President's Club (now United Polaris Lounge) for international business class passengers between C-2 and C-3, and new baggage processing facilities, including reconstruction of the former underground parking area into a new baggage claim and arrivals hall.

In November 2014, airport amenity manager OTG announced a $120 million renovation plan for Terminal C that included installing 6,000 iPads and 55 new restaurants headed by celebrity chefs, with the first new restaurants opening in summer of 2015 and the whole project completed in 2016. In 2019, Terminal C was named 'Best for Foodies' in the nation by Fodor's Travel Awards.

North Terminal (1953–1997)
The North Terminal opened in 1953. Former Terminal A and present Terminal B opened in 1973, although some charter and international flights requiring customs clearance remained at the North Terminal prior to the opening of two new terminals. Following significant expansion at EWR, People Express Airlines made a deal with the Port Authority to use the North Terminal as its air terminal and corporate office in 1981 and began operations at Newark that April. When People Express merged with Continental Airlines in 1987, operations at the North Terminal were reduced. In 1997, the North Terminal was closed and then demolished making place for new cargo facilities.

Terminal A (1973–2023)
The original Terminal A opened in 1973 and was closed on January 12, 2023, when the new Terminal A opened. It was operated by EWR Terminal One LLC, part of Flughafen München GmbH. Terminal A handled only domestic and Canadian flights served by JetBlue (for domestic flights), Air Canada, Air Canada Express, American Airlines, American Eagle; and some United Express flights.

In Terminal A, there was one United Club in Terminal A's second concourse (A2). It also had an Admirals Club for American Airlines and an Air Canada Maple Leaf Lounge. Terminal A was the only terminal that had no immigration facilities; flights arriving from other countries could not use Terminal A without U.S. customs preclearance, although some departing international flights used the terminal. In 2016, the Port Authority approved and announced a redevelopment plan to build a new Terminal A replacing this one.

Part of Terminal A was closed for demolition on September 30, 2021. The remainder of the former Terminal A was closed to the public, and replaced with the new Terminal A on January 12, 2023. As of late spring, 2024, the majority of the terminal has been demolished, with only the headhouse remaining.

Train
A monorail system, AirTrain Newark, connects the terminals with Newark Liberty International Airport Station. The station is served by New Jersey Transit's Northeast Corridor Line and North Jersey Coast Line, with connections to regional rail hubs such as Newark Penn Station, Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station where transfers are available to any rail line in northern New Jersey or Long Island, New York. Amtrak's Northeast Regional and Keystone Service trains also stop at the Newark Liberty International Airport station. Passengers can ride the AirTrain for free between the terminals and the parking lots, parking garages, and rental car facilities.

In September 2012, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that work would commence on a study to explore extending the PATH system to the station. The new station would be located at ground level to the west of the existing NJ Transit station. In 2014, the Board of Commissioners approved a formal proposal to extend the PATH to Newark Airport. On January 11, 2017, the Port Authority released its 10-year capital plan that included $1.7 billion for the extension. Under the plan, construction was projected to start in 2020, with service in 2026. , preliminary design and planning work for the station was underway.

In January 2019, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy announced a plan for a $2 billion replacement project for AirTrain Newark. Murphy stated that replacement is necessary because the system is reaching the end of its projected 25-year life and is subject to persistent delays and breakdowns. The Port Authority would be responsible for funding the project. In October 2019, the Port Authority board approved the replacement project with an estimated cost of $2.05 billion. On May 5, 2021, the Port Authority issued requests for proposals to four teams. In December 2023, the Port Authority announced that the Austrian company Doppelmayr had been awarded the contract to replace the existing train system with a modern cable car system. The contract includes operating costs for 20 years and is close to $1 billion. The new AirTrain is scheduled to open in 2029.

NJ Transit
NJ Transit buses operate northbound local service to Irvington, Downtown Newark and Newark Penn Station, where connections are available to the PATH and NJ Transit rail lines. The go bus 28 is a bus rapid transit line to Downtown Newark, Newark Broad Street Station and Bloomfield Station. Southbound service travels to Elizabeth, Lakewood, Toms River and intermediate points. NJ transit also operates bus routes 37, 62, 67, 107 and 107X to EWR.

Olympia Trails
Olympia Trails operates express buses to the Port Authority Bus Terminal, Bryant Park, and Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, Super-Shuttle and Go-link operate shared taxi services as GO Airport Shuttle.

Trans-Bridge Lines
United Airlines' bus service and Trans-Bridge Lines offer shuttles to Lehigh Valley International Airport (ABE) in Hanover Township, Pennsylvania outside Allentown. Continental Airlines, (which later merged into United in 2010), previously operated flights from Newark to Allentown, but switched to a bus service in 1995 due to constant delays from air traffic control.

Trans-Bridge Lines operates buses to EWR on their Allentown-Clinton-New York City eastbound and westbound route using both ABE and the Allentown Bus Terminal in Allentown, Clinton's Park and Ride, and Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan with several stops in Lehigh and Northampton counties.

Road
Private limousine, car service, and taxis also provide service to/from the airport. For trips to and from New York City, fares are set by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission.

The airport is served directly by U.S. Route 1/9, which provides connections to Route 81 and Interstate 78, both of which have interchanges with the New Jersey Turnpike at Interstate 95's exits 13A and 14, respectively. The interchange where U.S. Route 1/9, U.S. Route 22, New Jersey Route 21, Interstate 78, and Interstate 95 meet is known as the Newark Airport Interchange. Northbound, Route 1/9 becomes the Pulaski Skyway, which connects to Route 139. Route 139 continues east to the Holland Tunnel, which links Jersey City with Lower Manhattan.

The airport's northern, eastern, and western perimeters are directly surrounded by Brewster Road, a two-lane road which primarily serves to connect to the North area, South area, Port Authority police, and most parking lots. The airport's official address is 3 Brewster Road.

The airport operates short and long term parking lots with shuttle buses and monorail access to the terminals. The Port Authority's electric shuttle bus fleet comprising 36 buses and 19 chargers, was completed in October 2020 at Newark, John F. Kennedy International, and LaGuardia airports. A free cellphone lot waiting area is available for drivers picking up passengers at the airport.

Airport information
Newark Airport, along with LaGuardia and JFK airports, uses a uniform style of color-coded signage throughout the airport properties, designed by Paul Mijksenaar. Former New York City traffic reporter Bernie Wagenblast provides the voice for the airport's radio station and curbside announcements, as well as the messages heard onboard AirTrain Newark and in its stations. The airport has the IATA airport code EWR, rather than a designation that begins with the letter 'N' because the designator of "NEW" is already assigned to Lakefront Airport in New Orleans. Also, the Department of the Navy uses three-letter identifiers beginning with N for its purposes.

Accidents and incidents

 * On March 17, 1929, a Colonial Western Airlines Ford Tri-Motor suffered a double engine failure during its initial climb after takeoff, failed to gain height, and crashed into a railroad freight car loaded with sand, killing 14 of the 15 people on board. At the time, it was the deadliest aviation accident in American history.
 * On January 14, 1933, Eastern Air Transport, a Curtiss Condor, crashed at Newark; two crewmembers were killed.
 * On May 4, 1947, Union Southern Airlines, a Douglas DC-3 with 12 passengers and crew, crashed on landing at Newark after overrunning the runway and into a ditch where it burned. Two crewmembers were killed.
 * On December 16, 1951, a Miami Airlines C-46 Commando (converted for passenger use) lost a cylinder on takeoff from Runway 28 and crashed in Elizabeth, killing 56.
 * On January 22, 1952, American Airlines Flight 6780, a Convair 240, crashed in Elizabeth on approach to Runway 6, killing 30.
 * On February 11, 1952, National Airlines Flight 101, a Douglas DC-6, crashed in Elizabeth after takeoff from Runway 24, killing 33.
 * On April 18, 1979, a New York Airways commuter helicopter on a routine flight to LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport plunged 150 ft into the area between Runways 4L/22R and 4R/22L, killing three passengers and injuring 15. It was later determined the crash was due to a failure in the helicopter's tail rotor.
 * On March 30, 1983, a Learjet 23 operated by Hughes Charter Air, a night check courier flight, crashed on landing at EWR during an unstabilized approach. Both crewmembers were killed. Marijuana was later found in their systems, believed to have impaired judgement.
 * On July 31, 1997, FedEx Flight 14, a McDonnell Douglas MD-11, crashed while landing after a flight from Anchorage International Airport. The Number 3 engine contacted the runway during a rough landing, which caused the aircraft to flip upside down. The aircraft was destroyed by fire. The two crewmembers and three passengers escaped uninjured.
 * In the September 11 attacks, United Airlines Flight 93 took off from Newark Airport bound for San Francisco. It was hijacked by four al-Qaeda terrorists and diverted towards Washington, D.C., with the intent of crashing the plane into either The Capitol building or the White House. After learning about the previous attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon, the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane. The passengers then forced the hijackers to crash the plane into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. After that, an American flag flew over Gate A17, the gate that Flight 93 took off from. Terminal A was demolished in 2022, but the jet bridge for Gate A17 has been preserved. In April 2022, the jetway (referred to as Jetway 17) was moved to its new home at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center headquarters in Glynco, Georgia.
 * On May 1, 2013, Scandinavian Airlines Flight 908, an A330-300 that was cleared for takeoff, collided with an ExpressJet Embraer ERJ-145 aircraft on the taxiway. The ERJ-145 lost its tail in the accident.
 * On July 20, 2023, United Airlines Flight 85, a Boeing 787-10 Dreamliner was taxiing to the ramp after landing when the right main landing gear caught fire. Newark Intl. Airport operations were paused during the incident. Aircraft inbound to EWR had to hold due to the Port Authority shutting down the airport. A Republic Airways/United Express E175 diverted to LaGuardia Airport due to low fuel. The ground stop lasted 25 minutes.

title: Newark Liberty International Airport


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This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mcheever.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:19, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

someone put more info?
why is there more info about baristas in the espresso section than in its own article? such as how baristas in italy are considered a career position but in american, its more considered as p-time job for teenagers? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.197.149.203 (talk) 03:45, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

In Italy barista means bartender, includes preparations of coffee, hot drinks, cold drinks and bar zone Management.

Made a few minor changes regarding the meaning of the Italian word ;-)

 * Yes. But Barista is the same for male and female bartender. There no such word as Baristo in Italian. The plural forms are correct (baristi, for males and mixed gender, and bariste, for females). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.235.24.187 (talk) 23:23, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Starbucks? Really?
There were other espresso houses in the US before Starbucks. I worked in one, in California. I can't prove anything, but I think the word was being used there, and no one had ever heard of Starbucks. I'd like a citation? 216.231.46.147 02:04, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * So would I. I added a citation needed tag. DarkAudit 02:18, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In the Espresso article with a section on Baristas states that Starbucks popularized the term but it was in use before that. Both of these articles should state the same origin of the word. Itsmeiam 21:46, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * *$ didn't invent the word but they shoved it into the American popular lexicon. Yes, some mention should be made of that. — Xiong 熊 talk * 04:02, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Etymological Confusion
Wait, wait... Doesn't this article disagree with itself? For the first couple of sentences, it's a Starbucks gimmick. For the next few, it's a genuine Italian term. Anyone motivated enough to fix this? --24.140.118.41 00:24, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Added a self-contradiction template until this can be researched and resolved. --Ringtail Jack 13:16, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

I don't see any contradiction, I read it as: the Italian definition is 'Bartender', and the American (doesn't actually mention Starbucks) definition is 'highly skilled in coffee preparation'. The American/English use of the word is a derivative of the Italian meaning.

(The above comment was unsigned. Mine now follows:) I, too, see no "contradiction." Etymology and local/contemporary usage need not correspond. P00r 04:14, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Barista could be Spanish
In the Spanish language the suffix ista is added to a noun to signify a person who works with that noun, for example taxi ---> taxista (taxi driver), bajo (bass)---> bajista (bass player). Source: LoMásTv: Eso es lo que hay! (a Spanish language education web site) 71.114.168.247 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 16:32, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not. Italian and Spanish are similar languages, but the use of barista in the English language comes from the Italian (along with espresso). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.150.0.78 (talk) 22:17, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Cheesy picture
That photo is looking pretty cheesy/planned. Is there any way we can get a better quality, candid photo? --Jp07 (talk) 15:28, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

I would TOTALLY agree. It looks as if the person in the photo was the one who put it there, just so he could say, "Look! I'm on Wikipedia!" - Jason Perry —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.222.27.78 (talk) 14:42, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

does wikipedia have a ban on cheesiness? 67.176.160.47 (talk) 04:27, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

That photo isn't even from a cafe, it's from the place where they biuld those espresso machines. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.120.76.200 (talk) 03:38, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Focus
Previously (as in this version), this article was over-focused on the word "barista" rather than discussing baristas in general. This is still the case, but in this version I've made an effort to recast the article to have the correct focus. Further improvement is needed, of course -- it still needs references, for starters, and ideally enough information can be found to balance out the current overemphasis on the word's usage. Powers T 20:09, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Super Automatic
Really? The article even states there are only three types of machines a barista works with, and then "Super Automatic" is tacked on. I'm removing it till I get some real citations.71.94.63.105 (talk) 17:50, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

User manual wanted
The "Baristas operate three different types of commercial espresso machine ..." section may be about the chores of being a barista, but seems a bit off-topic in an encyclopedic article (as opposed to an introduction to baristing) about baristas (not espresso machines). Don't we want to include a user manual as well? --80.121.14.15 (talk) 14:21, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

 * If I am interpreting your comments correctly, I agree that since Wikipedia is not an instruction manual, the lengthy explanation of the finer points of preparing espresso under the second (clunkily-named Application of the title) section seems out of the scope of this article. As this thought was expressed (espressed? sorry, I couldn’t resist) four years ago with no challenge, I have been bold and removed most of that content. —Wiki Wikardo 06:25, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

Very brief
Oh well, this article as it is right now could be rephrased as "a barista is a person who studied and hopefully knows how to make a good coffee". That's not much. In fact this pretty much sounds like somecompany needed to brand "good coffee we make" and titled their own coffee makers as "barista", because it sounds cool or whatever. I kind of expected some history of the title, and a few attributes of what signifies a barista to exist... Looks like there isn't any? --grin ✎ 07:09, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

 * As stated in the article, there is no certifying body regulating the use of the word barista, so, yes, any company could call their workers that. Regardless of whether its origin was some company establishing their brand “because it sounds cool or whatever,” the word has become widely understood and used in English. —Wiki Wikardo 06:25, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

 * But how about some history (not just etymology)? I never heard the term when I left the U.S. in the early eighties.  But in the 21st century it seems well established.  Can any-one provide information on when (etc.) it started getting used in the U.S. to mean coffee server (when I first heard it, I thought it was a female bar-keep)?  Also, is it used in other English-speaking countries? Kdammers (talk) 15:14, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

Farcical
You prepare coffee in a coffee shop: that's it. Get over yourselves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.90.14.87 (talk) 11:25, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

- I loled... And agreed... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.194.48.116 (talk) 20:46, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

barista = Someone who makes coffee, and is pretending that it reqiures some special skill. It does not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.154.225.120 (talk) 21:29, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

 * It's just PR and marketing by Starbucks and their many clones, the idea being to justify charging a lot of money for a very small cup of coffee. All the 'baristas' I've ever known have been totally unskilled, usually students on minimum wage working their way through college. As a PR strategy it does seem to have worked though, at least with some people. --Ef80 (talk) 21:36, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Some coffeehouse employees may indeed need to “get over themselves,” but a barista is not an unskilled position.

 * Of course, this page is the place to discuss the article, not the subject itself. —Wiki Wikardo 06:25, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * They may have some skills but they are not skilled, indeed they are generally low- or semi-skilled individuals. They are on par with shop assistants and bar staff, that is no insult but the use of this name is marketing puffery.

History of use in English
Would love more history on how and when barista came to be used in the U.S. for a café worker, but I guess the thinking was espresso = Italian = “we’ll call our workers what they call them in Italy.” —Wiki Wikardo 06:24, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

 * The funny thing is that the word "bar", from which "barista" derived, is an English word! I think it's actually stupid to call "barista" a bartender that uses an express coffe machine, but hipsters in the USA probably likes to use italian words instead of their own words... --79.41.91.32 (talk) 23:58, 14 July 2014 (UTC)
 * If there's any doubt, yes, I live in Italy, I'm italian, and I think that this article should be merged with Bartender.--79.41.91.32 (talk) 00:03, 15 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I'd certainly like to see the history of the term's becoming incorporated into English become part of this article. I lived most of my life without ever having heard the word "barista", and the person who poured coffee at the local coffeehouse was always known as a "server".  I've only heard coffee-servers regularly reffered to as "baristas" in the past maybe four or five years.
 * Has this term been around (in the US) for a long time? Or is it just the most recent example of the job title inflation that's been going on since the 70s (e.g. "sales associate" instead of cashier, or "sanitation engineer" instead of garbage man) ?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.95.43.249 (talk) 01:33, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Famous Baristas
This page could use maybe a list of famous baristas that have made headlines or that have won competitions recently. It could also talk about what they won and then delve into more of the competitive side of baristas Mcheever (talk) 21:35, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
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National Barista day
I would like to add a section on national barista day in Australia. I thought it would be suitable to add it to this page as it doesnt warrant its own article Mcbunt263 (talk) 05:50, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Language
Language 36.252.34.135 (talk) 02:54, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Barista


text:
Witches' Sabbath

A Witches' Sabbath is a purported gathering of those believed to practice witchcraft and other rituals. The phrase became especially popular in the 20th century.

Origin of the phrase
The most infamous and influential work of witch-hunting lore, Malleus Maleficarum (1486) does not contain the word sabbath (sabbatum).

The first recorded English use of sabbath referring to sorcery was in 1660, in Francis Brooke's translation of Vincent Le Blanc's book The World Surveyed: "Divers Sorcerers […] have confessed that in their Sabbaths […] they feed on such fare." The phrase "Witches' Sabbath" appeared in a 1613 translation by "W. B." of Sébastien Michaëlis's Admirable History of Possession and Conversion of a Penitent Woman: "He also said to Magdalene, Art not thou an accursed woman, that the Witches Sabbath [French le Sabath] is kept here?"

The phrase is used by Henry Charles Lea in his History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (1888). Writing in 1900, German historian Joseph Hansen who was a correspondent and a German translator of Lea's work, frequently uses the shorthand phrase hexensabbat to interpret medieval trial records, though any consistently recurring term is noticeably rare in the copious Latin sources Hansen also provides (see more on various Latin synonyms, below).

Lea and Hansen's influence may have led to a much broader use of the shorthand phrase, including in English. Prior to Hansen, use of the term by German historians also seems to have been relatively rare. A compilation of German folklore by Jakob Grimm in the 1800s (Kinder und HausMärchen, Deutsche Mythologie) seems to contain no mention of hexensabbat or any other form of the term sabbat relative to fairies or magical acts. The contemporary of Grimm and early historian of witchcraft, WG Soldan also doesn't seem to use the term in his history (1843).

A French connection
In contrast to German and English counterparts, French writers (including Francophone authors writing in Latin) used the term more frequently, albeit still relatively rare. There would seem to possibly be deep roots to inquisitorial persecution of the Waldensians. In 1124, the term inzabbatos is used to describe the Waldensians in Northern Spain. In 1438 and 1460, seemingly related terms synagogam and synagogue of Sathan are used to describe Waldensians by inquisitors in France. These terms could be a reference to Revelation 2:9. ("I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan.") Writing in Latin in 1458, Francophone author Nicolas Jacquier applies synagogam fasciniorum to what he considers a gathering of witches.

About 150 years later, near the peak of the witch-phobia and the persecutions which led to the execution of an estimated 40,000-100,000 persons, with roughly 80% being women,  the Francophone writers still seem to be the main ones using these related terms, although still infrequently and sporadically in most cases. Lambert Daneau uses sabbatha one time (1581) as Synagogas quas Satanica sabbatha. Nicholas Remi uses the term occasionally as well as synagoga (1588). Jean Bodin uses the term three times (1580) and, across the channel, the Englishman Reginald Scot (1585) writing a book in opposition to witch-phobia, uses the term but only once in quoting Bodin. (The Puritan Richard Baxter writing much later (1691) also uses the term only once in the exact same way–quoting Bodin. Other witch-phobic English Puritans who were Baxter's contemporaries, like Increase and Cotton Mather (1684, 1689, 1692), did not use the term, perhaps because they were Sabbatarians.)

In 1611, Jacques Fontaine uses sabat five times writing in French and in a way that would seem to correspond with modern usage. The following year (1612), Pierre de Lancre seems to use the term more frequently than anyone before.

In 1668, a late date relative to the major European witch trials, German writer Johannes Praetorius published "Blockes-Berges Verrichtung", with the subtitle "Oder Ausführlicher Geographischer Bericht/ von den hohen trefflich alt- und berühmten Blockes-Berge: ingleichen von der Hexenfahrt/ und Zauber-Sabbathe/ so auff solchen Berge die Unholden aus gantz Teutschland/ Jährlich den 1. Maij in Sanct-Walpurgis Nachte anstellen sollen". As indicated by the subtitle, Praetorius attempted to give a "Detailed Geographical Account of the highly admirable ancient and famous Blockula, also about the witches' journey and magic sabbaths".

Writing more than two hundred years after Pierre de Lancre, another French writer Lamothe-Langon (whose character and scholarship was questioned in the 1970s) uses the term in (presumably) translating into French a handful of documents from the inquisition in Southern France. Joseph Hansen cited Lamothe-Langon as one of many sources.

A term favored by recent translators
Despite the infrequency of the use of the word sabbath to denote any such gatherings in the historical record, it became increasingly popular during the 20th century.

Cautio Criminalis
In a 2003 translation of Friedrich Spee's Cautio Criminalis (1631) the word sabbaths is listed in the index with a large number of entries. However, unlike some of Spee's contemporaries in France (mentioned above), who occasionally, if rarely, use the term sabbatha, Friedrich Spee does not ever use words derived from sabbatha or synagoga. Spee was German-speaking, and like his contemporaries, wrote in Latin. Conventibus is the word Spee uses most frequently to denote a gathering of witches, whether supposed or real, physical or spectral, as seen in the first paragraph of question one of his book. This is the same word from which English words convention, convent, and coven are derived. Cautio Criminalis (1631) was written as a passionate innocence project. As a Jesuit, Spee was often in a position of witnessing the torture of those accused of witchcraft.

Malleus Maleficarum
In a 2009 translation of Dominican inquisitor Heinrich Kramer's Malleus Maleficarum (1486), the word sabbath does not occur. There is a line describing a supposed gathering that uses the word concionem; it is accurately translated as an assembly. However in the accompanying footnote, the translator seems to apologize for the lack of both the term sabbath and a general scarcity of other gatherings that would seem to fit the bill for what he refers to as a "black sabbath".

Fine art
The phrase is also popular in recent translations of the titles of artworks, including:
 * The Witches' Sabbath by Hans Baldung (1510)
 * Witches' Sabbath by Frans Francken (1606)
 * Witches' Sabbath in Roman Ruins by Jacob van Swanenburgh (1608)
 * As a recent translation from the original Spanish El aquelarre to the English title Witches' Sabbath (1798) and Witches' Sabbath or The Great He-Goat (1823) both works by Francisco Goya
 * Muse of the Night (Witches' Sabbath) by Luis Ricardo Falero (1880)

Music
In Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique, the fifth and final movement of the composition is titled "Hexensabbath" in German and "Songe d'une nuit du Sabbat" in French, strangely having two different meanings. In the popular English editions of the symphony, the title of the movement is "Dream of a Witches' Sabbath", a mixture of the two translations. The setting of the movement is in a satanic dream depicting the protagonist's own funeral. Crowds of sorcerers and monsters stand around him, laughing, shouting, and screeching. The protagonist's beloved appears as a witch, distorted from her previous beauty.

Disputed accuracy of the accounts of gatherings
Modern researchers have been unable to find any corroboration with the notion that physical gatherings of practitioners of witchcraft occurred. In his study "The Pursuit of Witches and the Sexual Discourse of the Sabbat", the historian Scott E. Hendrix presents a two-fold explanation for why these stories were so commonly told in spite of the fact that sabbats likely never actually occurred. First, belief in the real power of witchcraft grew during the late medieval and early-modern Europe as a doctrinal view in opposition to the canon Episcopi gained ground in certain communities. This fueled a paranoia among certain religious authorities that there was a vast underground conspiracy of witches determined to overthrow Christianity. Women beyond child-bearing years provided an easy target and were scapegoated and blamed for famines, plague, warfare, and other problems. Having prurient and orgiastic elements helped ensure that these stories would be relayed to others.

Ritual elements
Bristol University's Ronald Hutton has encapsulated the witches' sabbath as an essentially modern construction, saying: "[The concepts] represent a combination of three older mythical components, all of which are active at night: (1) A procession of female spirits, often joined by privileged human beings and often led by a supernatural woman; (2) A lone spectral huntsman, regarded as demonic, accursed, or otherworldly; (3) A procession of the human dead, normally thought to be wandering to expiate their sins, often noisy and tumultuous, and usually consisting of those who had died prematurely and violently. The first of these has pre-Christian origins, and probably contributed directly to the formulation of the concept of the witches’ sabbath. The other two seem to be medieval in their inception, with the third to be directly related to growing speculation about the fate of the dead in the 11th and 12th centuries.'"

The book Compendium Maleficarum (1608) by Francesco Maria Guazzo illustrates a typical view of gathering of witches as "the attendants riding flying goats, trampling the cross, and being re-baptised in the name of the Devil while giving their clothes to him, kissing his behind, and dancing back to back forming a round."

In effect, the sabbat acted as an effective 'advertising' gimmick, causing knowledge of what these authorities believed to be the very real threat of witchcraft to be spread more rapidly across the continent. That also meant that stories of the sabbat promoted the hunting, prosecution, and execution of supposed witches.

The descriptions of Sabbats were made or published by priests, jurists and judges who never took part in these gatherings, or were transcribed during the process of the witchcraft trials. That these testimonies reflect actual events is for most of the accounts considered doubtful. Norman Cohn argued that they were determined largely by the expectations of the interrogators and free association on the part of the accused, and reflect only popular imagination of the times, influenced by ignorance, fear, and religious intolerance towards minority groups.

Some of the existing accounts of the Sabbat were given when the person recounting them was being tortured, and so motivated to agree with suggestions put to them.

Christopher F. Black claimed that the Roman Inquisition's sparse employment of torture allowed accused witches to not feel pressured into mass accusation. This in turn means there were fewer alleged groups of witches in Italy and places under inquisitorial influence. Because the Sabbath is a gathering of collective witch groups, the lack of mass accusation means Italian popular culture was less inclined to believe in the existence of Black Sabbath. The Inquisition itself also held a skeptical view toward the legitimacy of Sabbath Assemblies.

Many of the diabolical elements of the Witches' Sabbath stereotype, such as the eating of babies, poisoning of wells, desecration of hosts or kissing of the devil's anus, were also made about heretical Christian sects, lepers, Muslims, and Jews. The term is the same as the normal English word "Sabbath" (itself a transliteration of Hebrew "Shabbat", the seventh day, on which the Creator rested after creation of the world), referring to the witches' equivalent to the Christian day of rest; a more common term was "synagogue" or "synagogue of Satan" possibly reflecting anti-Jewish sentiment, although the acts attributed to witches bear little resemblance to the Sabbath in Christianity or Jewish Shabbat customs. The Errores Gazariorum (Errors of the Cathars), which mentions the Sabbat, while not discussing the actual behavior of the Cathars, is named after them, in an attempt to link these stories to an heretical Christian group.

More recently, scholars such as Emma Wilby have argued that although the more diabolical elements of the witches' sabbath stereotype were invented by inquisitors, the witchcraft suspects themselves may have encouraged these ideas to circulate by drawing on popular beliefs and experiences around liturgical misrule, cursing rites, magical conjuration and confraternal gatherings to flesh-out their descriptions of the sabbath during interrogations.

Christian missionaries' attitude to African cults was not much different in principle to their attitude to the Witches' Sabbath in Europe; some accounts viewed them as a kind of Witches' Sabbath, but they are not. Some African communities believe in witchcraft, but as in the European witch trials, people they believe to be "witches" are condemned rather than embraced.

Possible connections to real groups
Other historians, including Carlo Ginzburg, Éva Pócs, Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen hold that these testimonies can give insights into the belief systems of the accused. Ginzburg famously discovered records of a group of individuals in northern Italy, calling themselves benandanti, who believed that they went out of their bodies in spirit and fought amongst the clouds against evil spirits to secure prosperity for their villages, or congregated at large feasts presided over by a goddess, where she taught them magic and performed divinations. Ginzburg links these beliefs with similar testimonies recorded across Europe, from the armiers of the Pyrenees, from the followers of Signora Oriente in fourteenth century Milan and the followers of Richella and 'the wise Sibillia' in fifteenth century northern Italy, and much further afield, from Livonian werewolves, Dalmatian kresniki, Hungarian táltos, Romanian căluşari and Ossetian burkudzauta. In many testimonies these meetings were described as out-of-body, rather than physical, occurrences.

Role of topically-applied hallucinogens
"Magic ointments...produced effects which the subjects themselves believed in, even stating that they had intercourse with evil spirits, had been at the Sabbat and danced on the Brocken with their lovers...The peculiar hallucinations evoked by the drug had been so powerfully transmitted from the subconscious mind to consciousness that mentally uncultivated persons...believed them to be reality."

Carlo Ginzburg's researches have highlighted shamanic elements in European witchcraft compatible with (although not invariably inclusive of) drug-induced altered states of consciousness. In this context, a persistent theme in European witchcraft, stretching back to the time of classical authors such as Apuleius, is the use of unguents conferring the power of "flight" and "shape-shifting." Recipes for such "flying ointments" have survived from early modern times, permitting not only an assessment of their likely pharmacological effects – based on their various plant (and to a lesser extent animal) ingredients – but also the actual recreation of and experimentation with such fat or oil-based preparations. Ginzburg makes brief reference to the use of entheogens in European witchcraft at the end of his analysis of the Witches Sabbath, mentioning only the fungi Claviceps purpurea and Amanita muscaria by name, and stating about the "flying ointment" on page 303 of 'Ecstasies...' : "In the Sabbath the judges more and more frequently saw the accounts of real, physical events. For a long time the only dissenting voices were those of the people who, referring back to the Canon episcopi, saw witches and sorcerers as the victims of demonic illusion. In the sixteenth century scientists like Cardano or Della Porta formulated a different opinion : animal metamorphoses, flights, apparitions of the devil were the effect of malnutrition or the use of hallucinogenic substances contained in vegetable concoctions or ointments...But no form of privation, no substance, no ecstatic technique can, by itself, cause the recurrence of such complex experiences...the deliberate use of psychotropic or hallucinogenic substances, while not explaining the ecstasies of the followers of the nocturnal goddess, the werewolf, and so on, would place them in a not exclusively mythical dimension." – in short, a substrate of shamanic myth could, when catalysed by a drug experience (or simple starvation), give rise to a 'journey to the Sabbath', not of the body, but of the mind. Ergot and the Fly Agaric mushroom, while hallucinogenic, were not among the ingredients listed in recipes for the flying ointment. The active ingredients in such unguents were primarily, not fungi, but plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae, most commonly Atropa belladonna (Deadly Nightshade) and Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane), belonging to the tropane alkaloid-rich tribe Hyoscyameae. Other tropane-containing, nightshade ingredients included the Mandrake Mandragora officinarum, Scopolia carniolica and Datura stramonium, the Thornapple. The alkaloids Atropine, Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine present in these Solanaceous plants are not only potent and highly toxic hallucinogens, but are also fat-soluble and capable of being absorbed through unbroken human skin.

title: Witches' Sabbath


text:
4th Annual Grammy Awards

The 4th Annual Grammy Awards were held on May 29, 1962, at Chicago, Los Angeles and New York. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1961. Henry Mancini won 5 awards.

Award winners

 * Record of the Year
 * Henry Mancini for "Moon River"
 * Album of the Year (other than classical)
 * Judy Garland for Judy at Carnegie Hall
 * Song of the Year
 * Henry Mancini & Johnny Mercer (songwriters) for "Moon River" performed by Henry Mancini
 * Best New Artist
 * Peter Nero

Children's

 * Best Recording for Children
 * Leonard Bernstein (conductor) for Prokofiev: Peter and the Wolf performed by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra

Classical

 * Best Classical Performance - Orchestra
 * Charles Münch (conductor) & the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Ravel: Daphnis et Chloé
 * Best Classical Performance - Vocal Soloist (with or without orchestra)
 * Francesco Molinari-Pradelli (conductor), Joan Sutherland & the Royal Opera House Orchestra for The Art of the Prima Donna
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Gabriele Santini (conductor), Victoria de los Ángeles, Jussi Björling, Miriam Pirazzini, Mario Sereni & the Rome Opera Orchestra for Puccini: Madama Butterfly
 * Best Classical Performance - Choral (other than opera)
 * Robert Shaw (choir director) & the Robert Shaw Orchestra & Chorale for Bach: B Minor Mass
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist (with orchestra)
 * Eugene Ormandy (conductor), Isaac Stern & the Philadelphia Orchestra for Bartók: Violin Concerto No. 1
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Duo (without orchestra)
 * Laurindo Almeida for Reverie for Spanish Guitar
 * Best Classical Performance - Chamber Music
 * Jascha Heifetz, Gregor Piatigorsky & William Primrose for Beethoven: Serenade, Op. 8/Kodály: Duo for Violin and Cello, Op. 7
 * Best Contemporary Classical Composition
 * Laurindo Almeida (composer and artist) for Discantus
 * Igor Stravinsky (composer and artist) for Stravinsky: Movements for Piano and Orchestra
 * Album of the Year - Classical
 * Igor Stravinsky (conductor) & the Columbia Symphony Orchestra for Stravinsky Conducts 1960: Le Sacre du Printemps; Petrushka

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Performance
 * Elaine May & Mike Nichols for An Evening with Mike Nichols and Elaine May

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Theme or Instrumental Version of Song
 * Galt MacDermot for "African Waltz" performed by Cannonball Adderley
 * Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Score from Motion Picture or Television
 * Henry Mancini (composer) for Breakfast at Tiffany's
 * Best Arrangement
 * Henry Mancini (arranger & artist) for "Moon River"

Country

 * Best Country & Western Recording
 * Jimmy Dean for "Big Bad John"

Folk

 * Best Folk Recording
 * The Belafonte Folk Singers for Belafonte Folk Singers at Home and Abroad

Gospel

 * Best Gospel or Other Religious Recording
 * Mahalia Jackson for Everytime I Feel the Spirit

Jazz

 * Best Jazz Performance - Soloist or Small Group (Instrumental)
 * André Previn for André Previn Plays Harold Arlen
 * Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental)
 * Stan Kenton for Kenton's West Side Story
 * Best Original Jazz Composition
 * Galt MacDermot (composer) for "African Waltz" performed by Cannonball Adderley

Musical show

 * Best Original Cast Show Album
 * Frank Loesser (composer) & the original cast with Robert Morse, Rudy Vallee, Charles Nelson Reilly, Bonnie Scott, Claudette Southerland & Sammy Smith for How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying
 * Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast From a Motion Picture or Television
 * Irwin Kostal, Johnny Green, Saul Chaplin, Sid Ramin (music directors) & the original cast for West Side Story

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Cover - Classical
 * Marvin Schwartz (art director) for Puccini: Madama Butterfly performed by the Rome Opera Orchestra conducted by Gabriele Santini
 * Best Album Cover - Other Than Classical
 * Jim Silke (art director) for Judy at Carnegie Hall performed by Judy Garland

Pop

 * Best Solo Vocal Performance, Female
 * Judy Garland for Judy at Carnegie Hall
 * Best Solo Vocal Performance, Male
 * Jack Jones for "Lollipops and Roses"
 * Best Performance by a Vocal Group
 * Lambert, Hendricks & Ross for High Flying
 * Best Performance by a Chorus
 * Johnny Mann for Great Band With Great Voices performed by the Johnny Mann Singers and the Si Zentner Orchestra
 * Best Performance by an Orchestra - for Dancing
 * Si Zentner for Up a Lazy River
 * Best Performance by an Orchestra - for Other Than Dancing
 * Henry Mancini for Breakfast at Tiffany's
 * Best Rock and Roll Recording
 * Chubby Checker for "Let's Twist Again"

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineering Contribution - Popular Recording
 * Robert Arnold (engineer) for Judy at Carnegie Hall performed by Judy Garland
 * Best Engineering Contribution - Classical Recording
 * Lewis W. Layton (engineer), Charles Münch (conductor) & the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Ravel: Daphnis et Chloé
 * Best Engineering Contribution - Novelty
 * John Kraus (engineer) for Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America performed by Stan Freberg

R&B

 * Best Rhythm & Blues Performance
 * Ray Charles for "Hit the Road Jack"

Spoken

 * Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy)
 * Leonard Bernstein for Humor in Music

title: 4th Annual Grammy Awards


text:
Marcha Real

The Marcha Real (lit. 'Royal March') is the national anthem of Spain. It is one of only four national anthems in the world – along with those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, San Marino and Kosovo – that have no official lyrics. Although many different lyrics have been made for it in the past, it has never had official lyrics as a national anthem.

History
One of the oldest in the world, the Spanish national anthem was first printed in a document dated 1761 and entitled Libro de la Ordenanza de los Toques de Pífanos y Tambores que se tocan nuevamente en la Ynfantª Española (Book of the Ordinance of Newly Played Military Fife and Drum Calls by The Spanish Infantry), by Manuel de Espinosa. There, it is entitled La Marcha Granadera (March of the Grenadiers). According to the document, Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros is the composer.

There is a misconception that its author was Frederick II of Prussia, a great lover of music. That mistaken belief arose in 1861 when it was      published as fact in the periodical La España militar (Military Spain). In 1864, Col. Antonio Vallecillo published the story in the diary El Espíritu Público (The Public Spirit), claiming a supposed Prussian origin for Marcha Real. According to Vallecillo, the anthem was a gift from Frederick II to the Count of Colomera, who was serving in the Prussian Court to learn the military tactics developed by Frederick II's army, under orders of King Charles III. In 1868, this spurious history was published in Los Sucesos, changing the beneficiary of the gift to the Count of Aranda. The myth was picked up in different publications of 1884 and 1903 until it was included in 1908 in the Enciclopedia Espasa.

In 1770, Charles III declared the Marcha de Granaderos the official Honor March, an act that formalized the tradition of playing it in public, especially on solemn occasions. It became the official Spanish anthem during Isabel II's reign.

In 1870, after the 1868 Revolution, General Juan Prim organized a national contest to create a new official state anthem, and a jury consisting of three well-known composers was chosen to designate a winning entry. Although over 400 compositions were submitted, including those written by the young composers Federico Chueca, Ruperto Chapí and Tomás Bretón, a new anthem was never selected. After extensive deliberations, the jury had advised that Marcha de Granaderos was already considered the country's official anthem, and the contest was suspended. By Alfonso XIII's time, the Royal Circular Order of 27 August 1908 established the musical score orchestrated by Bartolomé Pérez Casas, Superior musician of the Royal Corps of Halberdier Guards, as the official version; it is known traditionally as the Grenadier March or the Royal Spanish March. During the Spanish Second Republic the Himno de Riego was adopted as the anthem of the republic.

The current symphonic version of the Marcha Real that replaced the Pérez Casas one was written by maestro Francisco Grau and is the official one after the Royal Decree of 10 October 1997, when the Kingdom of Spain bought the author rights of the Marcha Real, then belonging to Pérez Casas's heirs. According to the Royal Decree 1560/1997, it should be in the key of B-flat major and a tempo of 76 bpm (♩=76), with a form of AABB and a duration of 52 seconds.

Current version
The current official version of Marcha Real, as described in Royal Decree 1560/1997, is a sixteen-bar long phrase, divided in two sections, each one is made up of four repeated bars (AABB form). Tempo is set to ♩= 76 and key to B-flat.

The long, complete version is the honors music for the King, while a shorter version without the repetitions is performed for the Princess of Asturias, the President of the Government of Spain, or during sporting events.

There are also three official arrangements: one for orchestra, another for military band, and a third for organ, written by Francisco Grau and requested by the Government of Spain. All in all, there are six different official adaptations, for each arrangement and length. They all were recorded by the Spanish National Orchestra and the Spanish Royal Guard Band as an official recording and released on compact disc for a limited period of time.

Copyright issues
As the harmonisation of Marcha Real was written by Pérez Casas in the early 20th century, the copyright has not yet expired. The government bought it from Pérez Casas' estate in 1997 for 130 million pesetas (781,315.734 euros) to avoid future legal problems. Until it expires, the copyright belongs to the Ministry of Culture and collecting societies charge copyright fees, which has led to criticism.

As a result, many different harmonisations have been devised by performers to avoid paying. Nonetheless, the rights to the 1997 Francisco Grau revision were transferred to the government at no charge, but they were not placed in the public domain.

Lyrics
Though the Marcha Real has no official lyrics, words have been written and used for it in the past. One version was used during Alfonso XIII's reign and another during the Francoist State; however, none of them were ever made official. The national anthem has been played without words since 1978 when lyrics that had been approved by General Francisco Franco were abandoned. Occasionally the Francoist lyrics have been erroneously performed after their abandonment.

Lyrics competition
After witnessing a rendition of You'll Never Walk Alone at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee (COE), Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to La Marcha Real ahead of Madrid's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games. That same year Telecinco, enticed by the COE, organized a national contest and posted 25 different lyrics on their website which they thought best matched COE's requirements. The winner was chosen, although only 40,000 people voted. The lyrics by Enrique Hernández-Luike, magazine publisher and poet, spoke of freedom, peace and the Constitution. The winning lyrics were sung by the Ronda de Aranzueque choir in Pastrana, and filmed by German television. However, the COE organized a new competition for the lyrics, which resulted in between 2,000 and 7,000 entries (depending on source). A private team of jurors chose the entry by Paulino Cubero, then unemployed. The new lyrics received criticism, resulting in them being pulled only five days later, and the idea was scrapped indefinitely.

A number of the autonomous communities of Spain have their own regional anthems.

Lyrics during Alfonso XIII's reign
These lyrics were written by Eduardo Marquina (1879–1946) on the occasion of Alfonso XIII's silver wedding anniversary. Still, they were never made official. La bandera de España (Coro) Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria, soberana luz que es oro en tu Pendón. Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria, que en tus ojos es abierto corazón...! Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal; en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están. Púrpura y oro: querer y lograr; Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán.

España guiadora (Solo) ¡Pide, España! ¡Tu nombre llevaremos donde quieras tú; que honrarlo es nuestra ley! ¡Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos, porque vivas tú, sin tregua pueblo y rey! Una bandera gloriosa nos das; ¡nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará! Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir, ¡danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti!

¡Viva España!... (Coro) ¡Viva España! Del grito de la Patria, la explosión triunfal abrió camino al sol; ¡Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos y al hablar dan fe del ánimo español... ¡Marquen arado martillo y clarín su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe! ¡Guíe la mente a la mano hasta el fin, al "Viva España" asista toda España en pie!

Flag of Spain (Chorus) Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland sovereign light which in your standard is gold. Life, life, future of the Fatherland, in your eyes it is an open heart Purple and gold: immortal flag; in your colors, together, flesh and soul are. Purple and gold: to want and to achieve; You are, flag, the sign of human effort.

Spain guiding (Solo) Ask of us, Spain! Your name we will take anywhere you want; because honoring it is our law! Command us, Spain, and united we will fight, so that you may live, relentless people and king! You give us a glorious flag; Nobody, who is alive, Spain, will take it from us! So that, one day, we can be covered by it, Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you!

'''Long live Spain! ...''' (Chorus) Long live Spain! The cry of the Fatherland, the triumphant explosion Has opened the way to the sun; Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples and when they speak they have faith in the Spanish will ... Mark plow hammer and bugle your noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith! Guide the mind and the hand until the end, the "Long Live Spain" Spain attends all standing!

Franco-era lyrics
Lyrics were adapted from an earlier version on 1928 written by José María Pemán (1897–1981) during the reign of Alfonso XIII and the government of Miguel Primo de Rivera. The changes, made by Peman himself, intended to fit the symbols of the extreme right-wing ideology of General Francisco Franco, referred to as National-Catholicism, which were the "salute with the extended right arm" and the "yoke and arrows". The yoke and arrows were the appropriated symbol of Falangism in Spain.

There were no singular official lyrics at the time, though they became popular in certain contexts. In fact, the school textbook "Enciclopedia Álvarez" featured different lyrics that were taught to children.

Interpretation and etiquette
Military bands of the Spanish Armed Forces and the National Police Corps of Spain and civilian Marching bands and Concert bands play the B flat-major version of the anthem adapted for wind bands (as arranged by Francisco Grau), and playing the A major version is optional.

The bugle call To the Colors in Spain is the version played by Bugle bands in Spanish churches in religious occasions and processions organized by civil groups and the parishes. Various versions adapted for the drum and the bugle are used, even though brass instruments play the anthem as well. But in some bugle bands, the A flat version of the anthem (the old official one, adapted for the bugle) is played. Only a bugle call is sounded when the B flat version is played.

Being the national anthem, and played in honor of the King and the Queen of Spain, it is common for all to stand once it is played. Even though it is also played in church events, respect for the royal family is required by everyone in attendance; civilians stand at attention, and those in uniform salute when not in formation.

title: Marcha Real


text:
LH

LH or lh may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Laurel and Hardy, a comedy double act during the early Classical Hollywood era of American cinema
 * "Little Hide", 1998 single by Snow Patrol
 * Lovehammers, a Chicago-based band
 * Love Hina, a 1998 popular manga (and anime) series by author Ken Akamatsu
 * The Lurking Horror, an interactive fiction game released in 1987

Businesses and organizations

 * Korea Land and Housing Corporation, a South Korean state-owned housing company
 * LabCorp (stock symbol LH), a clinical laboratory company
 * Lernout & Hauspie, a former Belgium-based speech and language technology company
 * Lifehacker, a blog website owned by Gawker Media
 * Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)
 * Lufthansa (IATA airline designator), large European airline

Places

 * Le Havre, a French city
 * Lincoln Highway, in the US
 * Locks Heath, a suburb of Fareham, UK
 * County Louth, Ireland (code LH)

Science and technology

 * Linear hashing, a computer science algorithm for a dynamic hash
 * LH, a type of single-mode optical fiber
 * LH (complexity) (for "logarithmic hierarchy), a computational complexity class
 * LH (DOS command), a DOS command that loads a program into the upper memory area
 * Luteinizing hormone, a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
 * Windows Longhorn, the original code name during the development of Windows Vista

Sport

 * Lethbridge Hurricanes, a WHL hockey team based in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
 * Lewis Hamilton (born 1985), British racing driver

Other uses

 * lh (digraph), in many languages
 * Bristol LH, a type of British bus manufactured between 1967 and 1982
 * Chrysler LH platform, a type of Chrysler car made from 1993 through 2004
 * Leasehold, or tenure, in property law
 * Left-handed, or left hand
 * Letterhead, a heading at the top of a sheet of letter paper
 * Late Helladic, a period in the history of ancient Greece, during the Bronze Age

title: LH


text:
Talk:GAIM

Was that GNU AIM or GNOME AIM?

I believe it was GNU, but it was dropped because it    wasn't an official GNU project. it was originally a    GTK+ app without GNOME support, so i don't see how that would fit. (maybe i could ask one of the maintainers) -jrousseau

title: Talk:GAIM


text:
Talk:4th Annual Grammy Awards

}}

Comments
Thursday June 19th 2003, +-2h 15 am

Robert A.: I did my best to write a template form for missing Grammys.. I have used the 1995 Grammy as a model...

Since some categories did not exist in 1962, please modify accordingly...

I did something simple. Just enter the data after the :

I have seen that in some Grammys the category itself is between [] and it creates a page... Is that really necessary? Are we down the line actually going to take the information from each Grammy and write it down as a page?

Ex: Song of the year 1962 1963                    1964 etc.

I wonder..

Well.. All things considered I will take the 1971 template..

Please fill in the information and delete the categories that were not yet established in 1962.. Thanks!

---

Hello user 152.163.252.34, perhaps you can explain your reasoning behind editing this article here! You are annoying some wikipedians by not telling us how you plan to improve the article! Perhaps you can paste a copy of your proposed template here. Poor Yorick

---

Hello Poor Yorick.. Before I start explaining my reasoning, could I ask you to help me download and install the Wikipedia software on a server? I would like to edit the Quebec Wiki.. 4 of my friends tried already (4 PHP experts!). They all failed because mainly MYSQL could not install (after they solved all the other PHP permission problems!).. My E-mail is Pnb12@aol.com; my aim: pnb120  Thanks!

 * This is not the best place to ask. Try Reference desk. -- sannse 13:22 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

--

Regarding the template, I was trying to put a basic template in all the missing Grammy Awards years so all the user(s) who knew the info had to do was to enter the winners after the ** and to delete the categories that did not exist at the time (I finally chose to put the 2003 template)...

This did not work for 1962 (because of editing conflicts; it created a mumbo-jumbo and I instructed the user where to erase) but it did work with 1963 and 1964... Perhaps you guys didn't think it was a good idea since you erased it for 1963 and 1964...

Anyway, this is the template; if you think it is a good idea, I will paste it in all the years with no info... Let me know what you think...

 * I can see why you thought a template was a good idea, but all it gives us is lots of pages with no useful information - especially as the older Grammy awards were very different from the most recent. It is much better to leave the pages blank until someone is ready to add the information.  I have been doing this slowly - and I already have a template stored on my computer for doing this (based on the list of the Grammy Award page).  If I were to add listings for this year, I would just be deleting the blank template anyway.  It's also not usual to put instructions in the main article space.  They will almost always be deleted by other users because they add nothing to the usefulness of the article.  I really appreciate your interest in this section, maybe it will give me a boost to do some more work on the missing pages :) - but I think you should leave the template off the pages.  Thanks -- sannse 13:22 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

- Friday June 20th 2003, 10:56 pm

Hi Sansse! Thanks for your reply and also thanks for entering the 1962 data.. I will leave the pages blank as instructed.

Someone wrote in one of the Grammy Articles (at the very top) that the Ceremony was televised coast to coast.. I think that is a great idea! If you could also mention that info it would be nice...

I understand there will also be a page with precise Grammy requests such as: Grammy Best song of the year.. So there will be a lot of copy and paste to do down the line...

Finally, the Wiki software serves its purpose very well ..But not as a forum... Wikipedia needs a  real  forum.. Check out a great forum (also called Bulletin Board) at: http://phpbb.com/phpBB/

It is free but a bit difficult to install. Some programmer is willing to install it for a fee.. I am willing to pay him.. But at the end of the day, you will see how great having a real forum is... I can have it set up and if you guys don't like it I will have it removed.. This is not demanding in terms of space: PHPBB has a few hundred thousand messages on ... 60 megs!!!!!

Since I don't know precisely what your needs are, I would need someone to help me install the categories... Maybee you!!!! (I read you bio; very well written.. And you are pretty brave to mention your depression.. Heck! Science has lost you but lexicography has gained you!!!! Too bad for science! lol)

Let me know about the forum..

So long..

Robert A.

 * Hi Robert.

 * If you can confirm that the awards were televised in a particular year (careful! they may not have been in every year) then why not add the information? If you don't get round to it, I intend to add that sort of information when I have done the listings, so it should get added eventually :)

 * A lot of people have talked about a forum, but the general consensus seems to be that the mailing lists and the talk pages work well for now. I quite like forums (I used to use DelphiForums a lot) but am happy to go along with the consensus.  If you post at the village pump you might find someone interested in working with you on this (although I'm not optimistic, we can be a conservative bunch round here ;)

 * You might want to consider making an account, that helps in communication because you have your own talk page. It also gives you other useful options like automatic signing and dating of messages and a "move page" function.

 * But this is all a bit off topic for this page. If you want to talk more, feel free to leave a message on my talk page

 * Regards -- sannse 11:20 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

template removed please use the awards list at Grammy Award or the template at User:Sannse/Grammy template -- sannse 11:20 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Why is the above information on the Talk page? RickK

 * Basically because Robert A. thought it was a good idea to have a template available on each Grammy page without listings (of which the 1962 article was one at the time). Others, including me, thought that unnecessary and removed the template from the article space so he posted it here.  We don't really need it, because the article at Grammy Award gives a useful structure for the pages, but I've put a version at User:Sannse/Grammy template in case anyone wants it. -- sannse 11:20 21 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:4th Annual Grammy Awards