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Common shelduck

The common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) is a waterfowl species of the shelduck genus, Tadorna. It is widespread and common in the Euro-Siberian region of the Palearctic, mainly breeding in temperate and wintering in subtropical regions; in winter, it can also be found in the Maghreb.

Fossil bones from Dorkovo (Bulgaria) described as Balcanas pliocaenica may actually belong to this species. More likely, they are an extinct species of Tadorna (if not a distinct genus) due to their Early Pliocene age; the present species is not unequivocally attested from the fossil record until some 2–3 million years later (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene).

Taxonomy
The common shelduck was formally named by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Anas tadorna. Linnaeus largely based his description on "The Sheldrake or Burrough-Duck" that had been described and illustrated in 1731 by the English naturalist Eleazar Albin. The specific epithet comes from the French word Tadorne for this species, a name that was used by the French naturalist Pierre Belon in 1555. It may originally derive from Celtic roots meaning "pied waterfowl", essentially the same as the English "shelduck". Linnaeus specified the locality as Europe but restricted this to Sweden in 1761. The common shelduck is now placed in the genus Tadorna that was introduced in 1822 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
The common shelduck resembles a small short-necked goose in size and shape. It is a striking bird, with a reddish-pink bill, pink feet, a white body with chestnut patches and a black belly, and a dark green head and neck. The wing coverts are white, the primary remiges black, and the secondaries green (only showing in flight) and chestnut. The underwings are almost entirely white. Sexes are similar, but the female is smaller, with some white facial markings, while the male is particularly crisply coloured in the breeding season, his bill bright red and bearing a prominent knob at the forehead.

Ducklings are white, with black cap, hindneck and wing and back patches. Juveniles are similarly coloured, greyish above and mostly white below, but already have the adult's wing pattern.

The call is a loud honk.

Distribution and habitat
This is a bird which breeds in temperate Eurosiberia. Most populations migrate to subtropical areas in winter, but this species is largely resident in westernmost Europe, apart from movements to favoured moulting grounds, such as the Wadden Sea on the north German coast.

The common shelduck is common around the coastline of Great Britain and Ireland (where it is known simply as the shelduck), where it frequents salt marshes and estuaries. It frequently nests in rabbit burrows. Sightings of this bird are rare in North America and are reported as infrequent visitors to the U.S. and Canada.

Behaviour
Moulting flocks can be very large (100,000 on the Wadden Sea), since most pairs leave their partially grown young in a crèche with just one or two adults.

This species is mainly associated with lakes and rivers in open country, breeding in rabbit burrows, tree holes, haystacks or similar. In winter it is common on suitable estuaries and tidal mudflats as well.

This bird is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

The young will dive under water to avoid predators and the adults will fly away from them to act as a decoy.

title: Common shelduck


text:
Australian shelduck

The Australian shelduck (Tadorna tadornoides), also known as the chestnut-breasted shelduck or mountain duck, is a shelduck, a group of large goose-like ducks part of the bird family Anatidae. The genus name Tadorna comes from Celtic roots and means "pied waterfowl". They have a striking chestnut-coloured breast and black body. They are protected under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974.

Taxonomy and naming
William Jardine and Prideaux John Selby described the Australian shelduck in 1828.

Description
The males are mostly dark, with a chestnut breast. They have white neck collars and dark green heads. The females are similar, but they have white around the eyes and are smaller. Both males and females have chestnut and black wings with a green speculum, and show some white on their wings during flight.

The downy young are white with a brown crown and brown stripes from crown to tail. Juvenile males are duller than the adults and also lack a white collar, while juvenile females have a lot more white on their excluding their crown.

The vocal calls of the male are a deep honk similar to a goose, while the female's call is a high pitched and penetrating "zeek, zeek".

The size range of the Australian Shelduck is 56-72 cm, have a wingspan of 94-132cm (37-52in), and weigh between 1.3-1.6 kilograms (2.8-3.5lb).

Distribution and habitat
The Australian shelduck mainly breeds in southern Australia and Tasmania and is still fairly common. In the winter, many birds move farther north than the breeding range. As with other shelducks, this species has favourite moulting grounds, such as Lake George, New South Wales, where sizeable concentrations occur. The Australian shelduck's primary habitat is lakes in fairly open country.

Behaviour and ecology
Australian Shelducks can be seen in flocks of up to 1000 or more. They are extremely wary of humans and will often call in their presence, but they can get used to people in urban areas. They are upright on land when grazing, and in the water where they sit high. Young birds dive frequently, but adult birds only dive during moulting when they are flightless, or when they are injured or scared.

Breeding
Australian Shelducks often make their nests in tree holes lined with down, holes in banks, or similar locations. Eight to fifteen eggs are laid, and incubated for between thirty and thirty-three days. After leaving the nesting hollow, the downy and flightless young often aggregate in crèches of 20-40 birds, and even up to 100 birds rarely.

Food and Feeding
Australian Shelducks feed by grazing, dabbling and filtering. The eat tubers and other plant material, such as saltbush and samphire, along with a range of insects, crustaceans and molluscs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Australian shelduck


text:
Talk:Australian shelduck

File:Tadorna tadornoides female 1 - Perth.jpg to appear as POTD
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Tadorna tadornoides female 1 - Perth.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on January 15, 2014. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2014-01-15. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 00:15, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

File:Tadorna tadornoides male 1 - Perth.jpg
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Tadorna tadornoides male 1 - Perth.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on August 18, 2014. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2014-08-18. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 02:22, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Australian shelduck


text:
Wikipedia:Village pump/July 2003 archive

Message from David Thrale moved to the bottom. -- Tim Starling 03:55 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Please could one of the sysops re-generate a new version of Special:Longpages? I have moved/split up/reduced/etc. some of them and would like to see how the list has changed. Thanks a lot in advance. -- Timwi 20:01 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Also Orphan articles - still a small snapshot dated May 13th. -- SGBailey.

I think you need a developer for that, not just a sysop. -- Tim Starling 00:58 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * How do I best approach a developer who is capable of doing this? (seeing as nobody has done it upon this request of mine) -- Timwi 18:56 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I might be one soon, maybe even this week. -- Tim Starling 22:22 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

More on Aradia. As I was told that the contributor who wrote those articles will be of no help on the subject, if no objection is made, during the weekend I'm going to change Roman and Greek into Wiccan tradition to avoid confussion. If there is some objection, please let me know. Thanks.-- The Warlock 05:09 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Any HTML, CSS, or WAI gurus may want to check out the meta page Wikipedia accessibility, which I've set up to discuss accessibility issues on Wikipedia. It would also be great to have input from any users to whom accessibility is important for whatever reason (especially if you are disabled, use a text-only or speech browser, or otherwise require the benefits that accessible design provides). -- Wapcaplet 12:21 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * seems fine to me. See the tech mailing list for a proposed new design which avoids tables in the header & footers. -- tarquin (logged out)

 * The accessibility issue pages just seem to talk about blind people. Aren't there other accessibility issues we should be looking at?

 * Well, yeah. The page is there to bring up, and discuss, any potential accessibility issues. That often means accessibility for the blind, but as the opening paragraph states, it can mean other kinds of accessibility as well. -- Wapcaplet 23:13 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

- Is there any way to keep sub and sup from creating "extra space" between lines? Pizza Puzzle

 * Then where would the sup and sub letters fit? CGS 22:35 27 Jun 2003 (UTC).

 * They would fit if they were made smaller. Pizza Puzzle

 * With km² (that doesn't use  ), no inter-line spacing occurs. For more examples, see Three Principles of the People. It only works with the numerals though. --Menchi 23:05 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * That's a browser issue, isn't it? I don't think there's anything Wikipedia can do about it. -- Timwi 09:45 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

If its a browser issue, the wiki needs to inform people as to what browser they should use. Pizza Puzzle

 * A magic browser from fairyland that doesn't exist. :) I'm not aware of any browser that renders superscripts and subscripts that doesn't behave as above. If you do, I'd love to hear about it. --Brion 01:18 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

--

What is the standard width for a taxobox image? -- Tarquin 09:40 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I think something between 100 and 200 pixels; I think this is better asked at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tree of Life or somesuch. -- Timwi 09:47 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm busy adding pics to the birds taxoboxes and 250pixels seems about right. Have a look at Snow Goose or Bean Goose or Black Swan.
 * Adrian Pingstone 11:06 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Auto-watchlist One's Own Uploaded Files
I copied this discussion from Wikipedia talk:Image use policy, as recommended by Martin, Fantasy 22:41 28 Jun 2003 (UTC):

Why does my uploaded image description page not show up on my watchlist? I really would like to know if someone is modifying something regarding my image. Is there a reason for it that it is not automatically on the Watchlist? Thanks, Fantasy 09:56 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Strange - I thought it did. :-( Well, you can go and fix that yourself (Wikipedia software is open source) or beg a developer on village pump, I guess. It's definately a good idea :) Martin 18:09 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Did you click on the image description page to add it to your watchlist, or just the article the photo is inlined at? Image pages appear on my watchlist, but I have to add them seperately. -- Infrogmation 23:15 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * That is exactly the point. Why should I not want to watch my image? Is there a reason why it is not done automatically? Fantasy 16:44 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * We should, but many don't care for it. I guess that's irresponsible in a cruel sense, but uploaders aren't required by policy to look after their children... I mean, uploadees. It's a good manner though. --Menchi 16:54 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I think, you got me wrong. I was asking about the "automatically" on the watchlist. Fantasy 17:35 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I understood ya. I meant "We should want to watch our image, so it is a good reason to make it automatic. However, many may not care what happen to their images, so they may find such it being automatic annoying".

 * I personally always watchlist my uploadees, but then, I watchlist virtually all my edits too. I did want to bring up "Auto-watchlist your edit" idea to the community, but I knew the resistance would be too large, so I just keep on manually checkbox "Watch this article" for the next 1000 edits. Anyway, "Auto-watchlist your edit" is much more extreme than your "Auto-watchlist your uploadees", so your milder suggestion may come thru. Although not many has participated in this, again, probably as a result of "many don't care for it". Or ppl are just busy.

 * --Menchi 18:00 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Check your special:Preferences, man, we *have* an option to auto-watchlist all your edits. However it doesn't currently trigger on uploads; I'll see about fixing that. --Brion 18:44 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I did check it, man, several times weeks and months ago. "Watch new and modified articles" does not suggest to me "Auto-watch your edits" at all. Even now, I had to read the whole Preferences three times before realizing that's what it is. I always thought it means making my watchlist filled with all "new and modified articles", something of a RecentChanges -- which made little sense because of the overlap in function, but still, that's what it meant to me.

 * But then, it's probably just me and my flawed understanding of syntax.

 * --Menchi 18:55 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

®
I was looking at split infinitive and noticed a "®" in "The American Heritage® Book of English Usage". Is this really required? CGS 11:53 29 Jun 2003 (UTC).

 * I don't think so, see OED. But I do see them on some websites too. --Menchi 23:33 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Partial and all selection
I try to copy text from an article, but it insists on selecting all the stuff at the top of the page, the main page recent changes and title and egh make it stop! This is only occurring in article pages, not in wiki or talk pages. Pizza Puzzle

 * Try open another window, then "Edit" the article. With two windows side by side, you can copy whatever you want, even the tags!!! Wshun

 * Nice thought, but:
 * It shouldn't have to be that difficult. We should be able to just copy from the article page.
 * Until just recently, it wasn't that difficult; which suggests that something's gone wrong somewhere that needs to be looked into.
 * —Paul A 03:54 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Everything's fine in Mozilla; seems to be a bug in Internet Explorer 6, triggered by using a correct DOCTYPE declaration. I've removed it temporarily; it should be okay in IE6 now. (Reload pages as necessary; some pages will have intermediate cached versions shown for non-logged-in users that won't be cleared until they are saved or otherwise forced to regenerate.) --Brion 04:10 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * After a little hashing on the developers' list we seem to have found the exact bit that IE doesn't like (main page content being absolutely positioned), and it looks totally unnecessary so it's gone now. :) If you still get the selection bug, force a reload (ctrl and/or shift along with hitting 'reload'; and/or try clearing cache files) to make sure you get the updated style sheet. --Brion 08:53 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Unfortunately

Lag
Also, the wiki continues to lag awfully. Is somebody ever going to do something about it? Pizza Puzzle

 * It is the problem for all encyclopediae. Thousands of new things appear everyday, but there are less than one thousand wikipedians.  Bots and wikiprojects somehow improve the efficiency, but there will be no "quantum leap" unless being a wikipedian becomes a fashion. Right now, everybody just try to do their best. Wshun

 * I think Pizza Puzzle was referring to the fact that Wikipedia pages often load painfully slow. Didn't somebody say that we could get more RAM or something for the server, and that somebody is accepting donations?  --Nelson 21:25 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Super- and subscript convention
I would like to call for a convention to use super and subscripts as used at Three Principles of the People - so that line spacing remains more uniform. I also would like somebody to explain how one can do such scripting. Pizza Puzzle

 * Use Character Codes² from Character Map. I believe Alt-0178 is the code for ². Poor Yorick

 * Or you can switch from "English (United States - International)" to "English (United States - International)" on your typing input window of your Control Panels. Then you just ALT + 2 and 3 to get ² and ³.
 * I have no clue where ¹ is (ALT + 1 = ¡). I always just copy-&-pasted it, like I do with 4+ superscripts.
 * However, US-Int'l setting means that you need to type ' twice to get it. After years of doing it, I still find it mildly annoying. But such an annoyance is overwhelmed by the many conveniences US-Int'l brings. --Menchi 05:40 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * That'll only work for a small subset of characters for which Unicode contains precreated super/subscript forms. (see PDF chart from www.unicode.org for the codes -- eg &#x2071; == ⁱ superscript latin small letter i). Beware that not everyone has appropriate fonts to read these characters beyond the superscript 1 and 2 (¹ and ²) --Brion 04:49 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeh. Anyways, fixing all of the articles with super/sub, would be a monumentus (or very tedious) task.  But yeh, if it'll fix line spacing, I say go for it. Poor Yorick

 * Seems to me that the available unicode symbols for superscripted 1 and 2 would only take care of a small percentage of the articles that have superscripts or subscripts (not to mention the fact that it destroys any semantic meaning encapsulated by using real  and   elements). I haven't personally tried it, but isn't there a way with CSS to correctly align superscripts and subscripts so the problems with line spacing do not occur? I'd think it'd be relatively easy to define the style attributes of   and   so that they are aligned with their parent's baseline, and/or modify the line-height or leading of the paragraph to accomodate super/subscripts.

 * For example:

abc abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE13 eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet. Abcd BNlabetkj2 blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkjWhee! blaetE eatkbk aet. Abcd BNlabetkj2 blaetEabc eatkbk abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet abcd BNlabetkj blaetE eatkbk aet. Abcd BNlabetkj2 blaetE eatkbk aet

-- Wapcaplet 19:07 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Citing
How are references to be cited, both in and out of the text? I have seen numerous ways of doing this, the most common way seems to be that it isn't done at all. Pizza Puzzle

 * I have wondered about that too, and have mostly cited in the == Reference == section because I think it's more common. And when the knowledge is public common knowledge, "Matsu (goddess) is said to have died in 28 or 16", then I don't cite, because there are thousands of sources on the same thing. --Menchi 05:40 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, but a statement that Terra's inner core rotates 2&deg; more, per year, than the rest of the planet - should probably have a reference right there next to the statement, and Im not sure how that should look. Pizza Puzzle

 * I usually put in a style reference, which works if you've got a URL for your reference. You can generally find a URL for articles in the major journals, but books are a bit of a problem. Perhaps in that case you could just use superscript references and a numbered list at the end. -- Tim Starling 07:44 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I used the numbering endnotes system for book sources in Canuck. --Menchi 07:55 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Its interesting that u should note superscripts - I tried these; BUT, it doesn't work since superscripts screw up the line spacing. Just makes the page look awful. Pizza Puzzle

I want to write something about methods of obtaining water in the wilderness, but I don't know what to title the article. The term I'm familiar with is evaporation still (still as in distillation), but that refers to just one of several devices. -Smack 06:48 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * You could call it Obtaining water in the wilderness or something like that. -- Tim Starling 06:53 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * If your methods include procedures you could also name it How to obtain water in the wilderness, like how it is named in HowTo. -Poor Yorick 06:57 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * wilderness water. water in the wilderness. Martin

 * gack! Why didn't I think of that?  How to obtain water in the wilderness it is. -Smack

-

Arr_.png for watchlist
The image, Arr_.png, on Watchlist of the "Watch new and modified articles" option is non-existent and shows up as an empty square with a default IE dead image border, quite ugly. But somehow it disappeared after a few hours into invisiblity. Is that intentional intent? Or is it a malfunction? Because the image name suggests "arrow" →. --Menchi 07:16 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * You're using the Enhanced Recent Changes option, which displays little arrows (Arr_r.png) next to items in Recent Changes for which there are multiple edits listed; when you click the arrow to expand the list, it turns down to show Arr_d.png.

 * When there is only one edit, the blank image Arr_.png is used as a spacer so the line lengths match up.

 * The watchlist shares the list display code with Recent Changes, so if you're using the enhanced mode, it'll use the empty spacer images in front of every line (since Watchlist does not look at history, only the most recent individual edit for each watched page, so there are no items to fold out on the list, and so no arrows are used)

 * Now, if it's showing as the dead image, there are several possibilities:
 * you have images set not to display -- turn them back on!
 * you have an error connecting to the server or for some other reason have a corrupted version of the file in your browser cache -- reload it. May need to force reloading (shift / ctrl / clear cache / etc ....)

 * Anyway, looks fine to me. --Brion 08:59 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * After a little hashing on the developers' list we seem to have found the exact bit that IE doesn't like (main page content being absolutely positioned), and it looks totally unnecessary so it's gone now. :) If you still get the selection bug, force a reload (ctrl and/or shift along with hitting 'reload'; and/or try clearing cache files) to make sure you get the updated style sheet. --Brion 08:53 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Unfortunately, the problem has no spread to all the pages. Pizza Puzzle At least, until I try ctrl-F5. Pizza Puzzle

Anchors within Articles
Hi, I'm relatively new to the wikipedia. Although I have been browsing for a while, I have only been trying to add new articles very recently. I recently updated a page on Tropicalismo, and I am working on an article for the related Brazilian film movement of Cinema Novo, but have run into a small stumbling block. I want to add a link to information on the Brazilian military coup of 1964, whose oppressive regime inspired these new forms of creative expression. However, the closest thing that I can find is in History of Brazil. While this is certainly an adequate place for this information, it is rather broad in its scope. The relevant information on the coup is at the very bottom of the page (1964-present). Is there any way to create something along the lines of html anchors, that would allow me to link exactly to that part of the article? Thanks. -DropDeadGorgias 17:26 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * It doesn't look like you can. I found this in the archives Angela;
 * ...the syntax for defining internal anchors has never been enabled...--Brion 04:40 Mar 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * Anchors work, with the regular HTML tags, see Wikipedia_talk:How_to_edit_a_page. - Patrick 18:45 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Angela. Could someone more familiar with wikipedia customs inform me as to a reasonable formatting for this?  Is an independent article on the Brazilian Military Coup of 1964 appropriate?  -DropDeadGorgias 17:53 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * You could type "See section "Military Coup 1964" in ....". But, the internal anchors actually work quite well in fr:Liste des articles d'astronomie. They're not official wikitag, as you can, though. --Menchi 18:06 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, Merci bien Monsieur Menchi! You have saved my articles!  Two questions, actually, if you can point me in the right direction.
 * Where can I find a full listing of the features of wikitag?
 * Who designed wikitag, and are there discussions on feature requests (i.e. official anchors). I also notice that wikitag does not really behave like normal sgml.  For the 'b' tag used for the anchor, I could not close the tag in the opening element by ending with a '/' character, as is possible in html, xml, and sgml.  Instead I had to create a closing  tag.  What markup language is wikitag based on then?
 * Thanks once more - DropDeadGorgias 18:29 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I thought I replied hours ago. And after waking up fr. a nap, it turned out I just typed it out in FrontPage:

 * De rien. However, "Wikitag" doesn't exist and should be "Wiki markup". (Oui, my knowledge in computer terminology is very superficial.) Assuming that's still what you are interested in:
 * How to edit a page
 * According to "Wikipedia", probably, Clifford Adams, not a Wikipedian, and create his Wiki script long ago for something else, presumably.
 * Discussions:
 * Wikipedia talk:Feature requests, which nobody cares for. I don't even know why it's there. :-p
 * Wikitech-L of Mailing lists, much more popular, responded by half a dozen usually in a week.
 * In fact, I got that Wikilink above from here.
 * --Menchi 00:22 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Pie-Face and Curly. - why the period mark? -Smack

 * No reason. Newbie Wikilinking error (which also include an opening space). Fixed. --Menchi 18:15 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

--

Danino challenged Martin status as a sysop. Martin thus decided to refrain himself from using sysop powers as long as the situation was not clear. I think he is a valuable, long-time and trusted wikipedian. I support him as a sysop. Do you ? User:anthere

 * Here's my unqualified yes. He was one of the first people to welcome me to the Wikipedia and I think he groks the spirit of WikiWiki.--Nelson 22:56 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I can't say I've noticed Martin doing anything I didn't approve of sysop-wise. But then, I haven't been looking. :) --Brion 04:23 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-

Calling All Adventurous Spirits
If you are attracted to the open spirit of wikipedia and are looking for a good travel guide, check out http://www.capitancook.com. It is a wikiwiki site where you can add information about travel around the globe. Take a look, add an entry, join the team! Mahongue 22:20 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Info: the above site appears to licence its content under the GFDL, so its content may be useful for Wikipedia. However, apart from its front page, I can't read any of its articles using Mozilla (even though page source shows there's something there). The Anome 22:30 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I use Mozilla 1.4 and I can see the articles fine. Maybe you need to update? --Nelson 23:03 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Looks okay in my version of Mozilla (1.3.1 Linux), but perhaps the fact that it is not valid HTML has something to do with the problems you are having... Looks interesting, though! -- Wapcaplet 01:11 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I took a quick look at it and was amused to note that about half of the first half-dozen articles I looked at were heavily based on Wikipedia! At least they acknowledge their sources... -- Arwel 00:00 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I guess that's how our anonymous contributor got here :) -Smack

 * Sorry, I forgot to login before. Remember, "Wikipedia content can be copied, modified, and redistributed so long as the new version grants the same freedoms to others and acknowledges Wikipedia as the source."  But, CapitanCook.com was not meant to be a mirror site for Wikipedia.  It should have more practical information about particular places.  Addresses, phone numbers, prices, and reviews for restaurants, museums, hotels, and hostels.  Please add some traveller's information to the site.  What are some gems in the city you live in?  Right now, there are only two or three people adding entries.  We could really use your help! Mahongue 05:27 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)


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Wayland the Smith

In Germanic mythology, Wayland the Smith (Wēland; Vǫlundr, Velent ; Old Frisian: Wela(n)du; Wieland der Schmied; Wiolant; Galans (Galant) in Old French; Wēlandaz from Wilą-ndz, lit. "crafting one" ) is a master blacksmith originating in Germanic heroic legend, described by Jessie Weston as "the weird and malicious craftsman, Weyland".

Wayland's story is most clearly told in the Old Norse sources Völundarkviða (a poem in the Poetic Edda) and Þiðreks saga. In them, Wayland is a smith who is enslaved by a king. Wayland takes revenge by killing the king's sons and then escapes by crafting a winged cloak and flying away. A number of other visual and textual sources clearly allude to similar stories, most prominently the Old English poem Deor and the Franks Casket.

Wayland is also mentioned in passing in a wide range of texts, such as the Old English Waldere and Beowulf, as the maker of weapons and armour. He is mentioned in the German poems about Theoderic the Great as the father of Witige. He is also attributed to have made various swords for Charlemagne and his paladins, namely Curtana, Durendal and Joyeuse.

Earliest evidence
The oldest reference known to Wayland the Smith is possibly a gold solidus with a Frisian runic inscription ᚹᛖᛚᚪᛞᚢ wela[n]du 'wayland'. It is not certain whether the coin depicts the legendary smith or bears the name of a moneyer who happened to be called Wayland (perhaps because he had taken the name of the legendary smith as an epithet). The coin was found near Schweindorf, in the region Ostfriesland in north-west Germany, and is dated AD 575–625.

Visual
Wayland's legend is depicted on Ardre image stone VIII, and probably on a tenth-century copper mount found in Uppåkra in 2011. A number of other possible visual representations exist in early medieval Scandinavia, but are harder to verify as they do not contain enough distinctive features corresponding to the story of Wayland found in textual sources.

Völundarkviða
According to Völundarkviða, the king of the Finns (the Old Norse term for the Sámi)  had three sons: Völundr (Wayland) and his two brothers Egil and Slagfiðr. In one version of the myth, the three brothers lived with three Valkyries: Ölrún, Hervör alvitr and Hlaðguðr svanhvít. After nine years, the Valkyries left their lovers. Egil and Slagfiðr followed, never to return. In another version, Völundr married the swan maiden Hervör, and they had a son, Heime, but Hervör later left Völundr. In both versions, his love left him with a ring. In the former myth, he forged seven hundred duplicates of this ring.

Later, King Niðhad captured Völundr in his sleep in Nerike and ordered him hamstrung and imprisoned on the island of Sævarstöð. There Völundr was forced to forge items for the king. Völundr's wife's ring was given to the king's daughter, Böðvildr. Niðhad wore Völundr's sword.

In revenge, Völundr killed the king's sons when they visited him in secret, and fashioned goblets from their skulls, jewels from their eyes, and a brooch from their teeth. He sent the goblets to the king, the jewels to the queen and the brooch to the king's daughter. When Böðvild takes her ring to Völundr for mending, he tricks and seduces her, and gets her pregnant. Later, he flies to Niðhad's hall where he explains how he has murdered the king's sons, fashioned jewelry from their bodies and fathered a child with Böðvild. The crying king laments that his archers and horsemen can't reach Völundr, as the smith flies away never to be seen again. Niðhad summons his daughter, asking her if Völundr's story was true. The poem ends with Böðvild stating that she was unable to protect herself from Völundr as he was too strong for her.

Þiðreks saga
Þiðreks saga also includes a version of the story of Wayland (Velent). This part of the saga is sometimes called Velents þáttr smiðs.

The events described at King Niðung's court (identifiable with Niðhad in the Eddic lay) broadly follow the version in the Poetic Edda (though in the saga his brother, Egil the archer, is present to help him to make his wings and to help Velent escape ). However, the rest of the story is different. It tells of how Wayland was the son of a giant named Wade (Vadi), and how he was taught to smith by two dwarfs. It also tells of how he came to be with King Nidung, crossing the sea in a hollow log, and how he forged the sword Mimung as part of a bet with the king's smith. And it also tells about the argument that led to Nidung's hamstringing of Wayland, and ultimately to Wayland's revenge: Nidung had promised to give Wayland his daughter in marriage and also half his kingdom, and then went back on this promise.

The saga elaborates on the flying contraption he builds using feathers collected by Egil; the contraption was called the flygil which suggests it was a pair of wings in the original German version, but conceived of as a fjaðrhamr (feather cloak) by the saga-writers. Wayland here also wears a blood-filled bladder as a prop, instructing Egil to aim his arrow at this bag, thus feigning injury and deceiving the king.

The saga also tells of the birth of a son, Wideke (Viðga), to Wayland and Nidung's daughter. While he was still in captivity, the couple have a conversation, and they vow each other's love; the smith also reveals he has fashioned a weapon and hidden it in the forge for his unborn son. He settles in his native Sjoland and eventually marries the princess with the blessing of her brother who became the next king after Niðung's death.

This son inherits the sword Mimung, and goes on to become one of Thidrek/Didrik's warriors.

Other
In Icelandic manuscripts from the fourteenth century onwards, the terms Labyrinth and Domus Daedali ('home of Daedalus') are rendered Vǫlundarhús ('house of Vǫlundr'). This shows that Völundr was seen as equivalent to, or even identical with, the classical hero Daedalus.

In Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar, Völundr is the manufacturer of the magic sword Gram (also named Balmung and Nothung) and the magic ring that Þorsteinn retrieves.

Visual
The Franks Casket is one of a number of other early English references to Wayland, whose story was evidently well known and popular, although no extended version in Old English has survived. In the front panel of the Franks Casket, incongruously paired with an Adoration of the Magi, Wayland stands at the extreme left in the forge where he is held as a slave by King Niðhad, who has had his hamstrings cut to hobble him. Below the forge is the headless body of Niðhad's son, whom Wayland has killed, making a goblet from his skull; his head is probably the object held in the tongs in Wayland's hand. With his other hand Wayland offers the goblet to Böðvildr, Niðhad's daughter. Another female figure is shown in the centre; perhaps Wayland's helper, brother Egil, or Böðvildr again. To the right of the scene his brother) catches birds, which he then makes wings from with their feathers, so he is able to escape.

During the Viking Age in northern England, Wayland is depicted in his smithy, surrounded by his tools, at Halton, Lancashire, and fleeing from his royal captor by clinging to a flying bird, on crosses at Leeds, West Yorkshire, and at Sherburn-in-Elmet and Bedale, both in North Yorkshire.

English local tradition placed Wayland's forge in a Neolithic long barrow mound known as Wayland's Smithy, close to the Uffington White Horse in Oxfordshire. If a horse to be shod, or any broken tool, were left with a sixpenny piece at the entrance of the barrow the repairs would be executed.

Textual
The Old English poem Deor, which recounts the famous sufferings of various figures before turning to those of Deor, its author, begins with "Welund":
 * Welund tasted misery among snakes.
 * The stout-hearted hero endured troubles
 * had sorrow and longing as his companions
 * cruelty cold as winter - he often found woe
 * Once Nithad laid restraints on him,
 * supple sinew-bonds on the better man.
 * That went by; so can this.

 * To Beadohilde, her brothers' death was not
 * so painful to her heart as her own problem
 * which she had readily perceived
 * that she was pregnant; nor could she ever
 * foresee without fear how things would turn out.
 * That went by, so can this.

Weland had fashioned the mail shirt worn by Beowulf according to lines 450–455 of the epic poem of the same name:
 * No need then
 * to lament for long or lay out my body.
 * If the battle takes me, send back
 * this breast-webbing that Weland fashioned
 * and Hrethel gave me, to Lord Hygelac.
 * Fate goes ever as fate must.
 * (Heaney trans.)

The reference in Waldere is similar to that in Beowulf – the hero's sword was made by Weland – while Alfred the Great in his translation of Boethius asks plaintively: "What now are the bones of Wayland, the goldsmith preeminently wise?"

Swords fashioned by Wayland are regular properties of medieval romance. King Rhydderch Hael gave one to Merlin, and Rimenhild made a similar gift to Child Horn. English literature was also aware of the character Wade, whose name is similar to that of Vaði, the father of Wayland in Þiðreks saga.

Continental Germanic
Wayland is known by the name Wieland in line 965 of the Latin epic Waltharius, a literary composition based on Old High German oral tradition, as the smith who made the poem's eponymous protagonist's armor:

Toponyms and folklore
Wayland is associated with Wayland's Smithy, a burial mound in the Berkshire Downs. This was named by the English, but the megalithic mound significantly predates them. It is from this association that the folk belief came about that a horse left there overnight with a small silver coin (groat) would be shod by morning.

This belief is mentioned in the first episode of Puck of Pook's Hill by Rudyard Kipling, "Weland's Sword", which narrates the rise and fall of the god.

In modern culture
Sir Walter Scott includes Wayland Smith as a character in his novel Kenilworth set in 1575.

Both the Austrian composer Siegmund von Hausegger (1904) and the Russian composer Leopold van der Pals (1913) used the Wayland saga as inspiration for symphonic poems.

In the ITV Series Robin of Sherwood, Wayland the Smith was credited for creating the Seven Swords that were charged with "the Power of Light and Darkness". "Morax, Solas, Orias, Albion, Elidor, Beleth, Flauros. On each of them, words of high magic unspoken since they were made. Wayland knew the danger. Oh yes, he knew. That’s why he scattered them, and for hundreds of years they remained apart. Two of them were buried. Others lost in battle, and some so cunningly hidden that none had knowledge of them, except the Cauldron of Lucifer. They knew. The search took many years, many lives. - Morgwyn of Ravenscar" Of the seven, the protagonist Robin of Loxley is gifted Albion by Herne the Hunter at the beginning of the series.

title: Wayland the Smith


text:
List of mythological places

This is a list of mythological places which appear in mythological tales, folklore, and varying religious texts.

Religion

 * Bethulia (Christianity, Bible / old testament)

title: List of mythological places


text:
IOP

IOP may refer to:

Organizations

 * Institute of Optronics, a Pakistani technical organization
 * Institute of Physics, London-based professional association for physicists
 * IOP Publishing, its publishing company
 * Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, an Indian research institute
 * Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, a school of King's College London, England, previously known as Institute of Psychiatry (IoP)
 * Institute of Play, an American educational corporation

Science and technology

 * UGV Interoperability Profile
 * Cromemco IOP, an input/output processor S-100 card
 * Intraocular pressure, the fluid pressure inside the eye
 * Intensive outpatient program, a rehabilitation therapy

Other uses

 * Independent Olympic Participant: IOC country code
 * Integrated Options Portfolio, a portfolio of investments allowing the owner to change those investments
 * Isle of Palms, South Carolina, US
 * Italian occult psychedelia, a subgenre of Italian psychedelic music

title: IOP


text:
Herbie Mann

Herbert Jay Solomon (April 16, 1930 – July 1, 2003), known by his stage name Herbie Mann, was an American jazz flute player and important early practitioner of world music. Early in his career, he also played tenor saxophone and clarinet (including bass clarinet), but Mann was among the first jazz musicians to specialize on the flute. His most popular single was "Hi-Jack", which was a Billboard No. 1 dance hit for three weeks in 1975.

Mann emphasized the groove approach in his music. Mann felt that from his repertoire, the "epitome of a groove record" was Memphis Underground or Push Push, because the "rhythm section locked all in one perception."

Early life, family and education
Herbie Mann was born in Brooklyn, New York, New York, to Jewish parents Harry C. Solomon (May 30, 1902 – May 31, 1980), who was of Russian descent, and Ruth Rose Solomon (née Brecher) (July 4, 1905 – November 11, 2004), of Romanian descent who was born in Bukovina, Austria-Hungary but immigrated to the United States with her family at the age of 6. Both of his parents were dancers and singers, as well as dance instructors later in life.

He attended Lincoln High School in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn.

Career
His first professional performance was playing the Catskills resorts at age 15. In the 1950s Mann was primarily a bop flutist, playing in combos with artists such as Phil Woods, occasionally playing bass clarinet, tenor saxophone and solo flute.

Mann was an early pioneer of the fusion of jazz and world music. In 1959, following a US State Department-sponsored tour of Africa, he recorded Flautista!, an album of Afro-Cuban jazz. In 1961, Mann toured Brazil, returning to the US to record with Brazilian musicians, including Antonio Carlos Jobim and guitarist Baden Powell. These albums helped popularize bossa nova in the US and Europe. He often worked with Brazilian themes. In the mid-1960s Mann hired a young Chick Corea to play in some of his bands. In the late 1970s and early 1980s Mann played duets at New York City's The Bottom Line and Village Gate clubs, with Sarod virtuoso Vasant Rai.

Following the 1969 hit album Memphis Underground, a number of smooth jazz records influenced by Southern soul, blues rock, reggae, funk and disco elicited criticism from jazz purists but allowed Mann to remain active during a period of declining interest in jazz. The musicians on these recordings are some of the best-known session players in soul and jazz, including singer Cissy Houston, guitarists Duane Allman, Larry Coryell, and Sonny Sharrock, bassists Donald "Duck" Dunn, Chuck Rainey, and Miroslav Vitous, and drummers Al Jackson, Jr. and Bernard Purdie. In this period Mann had a number of pop hits — rare for a jazz musician. According to a 1998 interview Mann had made at least 25 albums that were on the Billboard 200 pop charts, success denied most of his jazz peers."

Mann provided the music for the 1978 National Film Board of Canada animated short Afterlife, by Ishu Patel.

In the early 1970s, he founded his own label, Embryo Records, distributed by Cotillion Records, a division of Atlantic Records. Embryo produced jazz albums, such as Ron Carter's Uptown Conversation (1970); Miroslav Vitous' first solo album, Infinite Search (1969); Phil Woods and his European Rhythm Machine at the Frankfurt Jazz Festival (1971); and Dick Morrissey and Jim Mullen's Up (1976), which featured the Average White Band as a rhythm section; and the 730 Series, with a more rock-oriented style, including Zero Time (1971) by TONTO's Expanding Head Band. He later set up Kokopelli Records after difficulty with established labels. In 1996, Mann collaborated with Stereolab on the song "One Note Samba/Surfboard" for the AIDS-Benefit album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization. Mann also played flutes on the Bee Gees' album Spirits Having Flown.

His last appearance was on May 3, 2003, at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival.

In a review of Mann's Beyond Brooklyn (2004), his final recording (co-led with Phil Woods), critic George Kanzler proposed that Mann's status as an innovator had been overlooked:
 * ...Mann's career, in both its questing nature and embrace of various musical styles, parallels that of Miles Davis. Mann championed Brazilian music even before Stan Getz. When Miles was fusing jazz with rock, Mann was fusing it with Memphis soul and Southern rock. He also was an early exponent of world music. But while Miles was usually hailed as a visionary, Mann was dismissed as just a popularizer selling out. It was a bum rap.

Personal life and death
Mann was married to Susan Janeal Arison. His four children are: Paul Mann, Claudia Mann, Laura Mann-Lepik and Geoffrey Mann. Geoff is a multi-instrumentalist who plays drums for Los Angeles-based metal/afrobeat group Here Lies Man.

After a long battle with prostate cancer, Herbie Mann died at age 73 on July 1, 2003, at his home in Pecos, New Mexico.

title: Herbie Mann