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Shanghai clique

The Shanghai clique, also referred to as the Shanghai gang, Jiang clique, or Jiang faction, refers to an informal group of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials who rose to prominence under former CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin while he served as the party chief and mayor of Shanghai.

Chinese politics have long been defined by the competition between intra-party factions' ability to place key members and allies in positions of power within the CCP and Chinese government. In the 1990s when Jiang Zemin was the CCP General Secretary, Chinese politics was dominated by the Shanghai gang as Jiang attempted to place cultivated ideological followers in senior positions within the government. Under Hu Jintao, the Shanghai gang balanced Hu's Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL) faction in government and under Xi Jinping, the Shanghai gang continues to contend with Xi's faction wherein both factions attempt to obtain the political upper-hand through the nomination of chosen officials to senior roles.

Origins
The Shanghai clique originated in June 1989, when Jiang Zemin, then Party secretary of Shanghai, was elevated as General Secretary of Communist Party after Tiananmen Square protests. However, in the first few years, Jiang was under heavy influence of party elders such as Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun. During this time, Jiang only elevated Zeng Qinghong, then Deputy Party secretary of Shanghai, into Beijing to become Deputy Director of Central Office. After the 14th Party Congress in 1992, some of Jiang's close associates such as Li Lanqing and Wu Bangguo were able to earn a seat in the Politburo. In the following years, some of the Jiang's close associates were placed in important positions. Wu Bangguo became Vice Premier in 1994, and Huang Ju became Party Secretary of Shanghai as well as entered Politburo in the same year. Jia Qinglin, another close associate with Jiang Zemin, became Party secretary of Fujian in 1993. Zeng Qinghong also took over the Central Office in 1993, when he tookover the position of director of the office from Wen Jiabao. Some of Jiang's political opponent was removed from the key position. Chen Xitong, then Party secretary of Beijing and a member of Politburo, was arrested due to the corruption charge in 1995, but many thought that Chen's downfall was mainly due to his bad relationship with Jiang Zemin and opposing some of Jiang's policy. Shanghai Clique became the dominant force in Chinese politics after the death of Deng Xiaoping in 1997, where some of Jiang's close associates such as Li Lanqing gained a seat in the powerful Politburo Standing Committee and others like Huang Ju, Zeng Qinghong, Li Changchun, and Jia Qinglin all entered politburo. Qiao Shi, the main political rival to Jiang Zemin, was retired in the same year after the Shanghai clique used Qiao's age as the reason to ask him to step down. However, Jiang could not choose his successor since Deng Xiaoping already handpicked Hu Jintao as Jiang's successor in 1992.

Outside mainland China, after Hu Jintao became general secretary of the CCP Central Committee in 2002, there have been many commentary books on the relationship between the Shanghai Gang and the central government headed by Hu at that time. It is still taboo to talk about within the mainland. In the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee elected by the 16th and 17th CCP National Congresses, the "Shanghai Gang" occupied several positions on the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee. Jiang Zemin himself also continued to serve as the chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission after Hu Jintao became the general secretary of the CCP Central Committee. In 2004, he resigned as Chairman of the Military Commission at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on September 19, 2004, but still retained his office of the Chairman of the Military Commission until the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012.

Jiang's retirement
Upon Jiang's retirement in 2004, it was widely believed that he stuffed the Politburo Standing Committee with his 'own men', and was making it difficult for Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao to carry out their own policies. Evidence for this theory included the 5th Plenary Meeting of 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, when Hu's efforts to reshuffle the Politburo was blocked by members of the Shanghai Clique. Wen's macro-economic measures aimed at slowing down infrastructure growth and nationwide overheating in the property sector received great resistance from alleged members of this clique until the fall of Chen Liangyu in September 2006.

However, as Jiang had retired from all of his positions at the 4th Plenary Meeting of 16th National Congress of the CCP, Hu Jintao became the legitimate Paramount leader. There were signs of important members of the Shanghai Clique defecting to Hu's camp, thereby strengthening Hu's position. In addition, in a bold move in September 2006, Hu acted to purge prominent rival Chen Liangyu, former Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary and Mayor of Shanghai, for alleged corruption, thus strengthening his position both within the party and in China. Following Chen Liangyu's downfall, Hu Jintao also removed some other officials appointed during Jiang Zemin's time in office. Zhang Dingfa, then commander of PLA navy who was named by Jiang Zemin in 2003, was removed from office in August 2006 and replaced by Wu Shengli. You Xigui, then director of Central Guard Bureau named by Jiang Zemin in 1994 and also a close associate of Jiang Zemin, was removed by Hu Jintao in September 2007 and replaced by Cao Qing. Follow the death of Huang Ju and retirement of Zeng Qinghong in 2007, the Shanghai clique was no longer as powerful as before after the 17th Party Congress. Hu Jintao also blocked Han Zheng, then mayor of Shanghai and a former deputy of Chen Liangyu, to become the Party Secretary of Shanghai and earn a seat in the Politburo. Instead, Hu transferred then Party Secretary of Hubei Yu Zhengsheng to take over the Party Secretary of Shanghai position from Xi Jinping. However, the clique still held key positions in Beijing. Zhou Yongkang, who has been seen as a member of the Shanghai clique and close associate with Jiang Zemin, entered the Politburo Standing Committee in 2007 and became secretary of Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, giving him the authority to command China's courts, law enforcement, prosecution agencies, paramilitary forces, and domestic intelligence agencies. Other close associates of Jiang Zemin such as Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, and Li Changchun still remain in the PSC. But with members of Tuanpai such as Li Keqiang, Li Yuanchao, and Wang Yang entering Politburo, the power is more balanced between Jiang and Hu faction. In the issue of choosing Hu Jintao's successor, however, the Shanghai clique successfully blocked Li Keqiang, a core member of Tuanpai and protege of Hu Jintao, from being selected as Hu's successor. Instead, Xi Jinping, who has connections with both Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, are being selected as Hu's successor.

After July 2009 Ürümqi riots, Hu Jintao successfully removed Wang Lequan from the position of Party secretary of Xinjiang, where he served since 1994 and was appointed Jiang Zemin. Zhang Chunxian, a member of Tuanpai, was transferred from Hunan to Xinjiang to take over the position.

After Hu left office in 2012, the influence of the Shanghai clique was no longer a visible feature of the Chinese political landscape. Some of the inner members of Shanghai clique including Zhou Yongkang and Guo Boxiong were being prosecuted under the anti-corruption started after the 18th Party Congress leading by Xi Jinping and Wang Qishan. China Leadership Monitor, which calls the group the "Shanghai Gang", has identified Han Zheng and Wang Huning (who both joined the Politburo Standing Committee in 2017) as members.

Under Hu Jintao
On September 24, 2006, Chen Liangyu, secretary of the CCP Shanghai Municipal Committee, who was an important member of the Shanghai Gang, was dismissed for his involvement in the Shanghai Social Security Fund case; overseas media pointed out that this was the "(Communist Youth) Youth League, headed by Hu Jintao, then General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee. Faction's campaign against the Shanghai Gang in the name of anti-corruption led to the resignation of Chen Liangyu. After Chen Liangyu stepped down, Xi Jinping, then secretary of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007 to serve as the secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, becoming the first municipal Party secretary to be parachuted from other places since 1985.

On June 2, 2007, Huang Ju, then a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee and Vice Premier of the State Council, passed away, which was another important blow to the Shanghai Gang. Faguang quoted Taiwan's Central News Agency as saying that Huang Ju was an important member of the Shanghai Gang, whose "disappearance" was full of political connotations, and was regarded as an important indicator to observe the current CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao and his predecessor Jiang Zemin's strength. Huang Ju's wife, Yu Huiwen, was accused of illegally using billions of yuan in Shanghai social security funds. Less than two months after Huang Ju's death, Wang Weigong, deputy general manager of Shanghai Shenergy Group, who had served as Huang Ju's secretary, was also arrested for his involvement in the Shanghai Social Security Fund case.

On October 15, 2007, the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held. After that, Zeng Qinghong, who was considered to be the core figure of the Shanghai Gang, retired, and Li Keqiang, the former first secretary of the Communist Youth League Central Committee, joined the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, marking the beginning of the Youth League faction.

In 2011, Commonwealth magazine stated that the power struggle between the central government of the Chinese Communist Party controlled by Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao and the local forces in Shanghai led by Jiang Zemin had worsened because the Shanghai Gang advocated that economic development in coastal areas should not be affected by overemphasizing the development of rural areas.

Under Xi Jinping
In November 2012, Xi Jinping took over as General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee, and Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun and Zhou Yongkang, who were regarded as important members of the Shanghai Gang among the 17th Central Political Bureau Standing Committee, retired after the 18th CCP National Congress. Among the newly elected members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the 18th Central Committee, the Jiang faction is still considered to have the majority. However, after Xi Jinping and Wang Qishan launched an anti-corruption campaign after the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, many Jiang faction officials were sacked in this anti-corruption campaign, including Zhou Yongkang, the former secretary of the Political and Legal Committee of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Guo Boxiong and Guo Boxiong, the former vice chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party. Xu Caihou and others.

2014 Investigations in Shanghai
According to a BBC report, on July 29, 2014, after Zhou Yongkang was announced to be under investigation, the Central Inspection Team was stationed in Shanghai. Zhou Yongkang, a former member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, is regarded as Jiang Zemin's confidant, and Shanghai is Jiang Zemin's base. After the central inspection team arrived in Shanghai, Wang Zongnan, the former chairman of Shanghai Bright Food Group, was put on file. Wang Zongnan was one of Jiang Zemin's confidants. Zhou Yongkang is the target of Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign. On August 1, 2014, the Liberty Times quoted the Financial Times as saying that Jiang Zemin, who was 87 years old at the time, had stepped down as General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee after the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2002 and resigned from the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee. The gang" still retains huge influence within the party. Four or five of the seven standing members of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee are members of the Jiang faction. The current general secretary Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign will turn to Jiang Zemin's stronghold, the Shanghai Gang. The inspection team of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection was stationed in Shanghai, and people with knowledge of the matter told the Financial Times that Jiang Zemin's influence in the party and the military had angered Xi, and the anti-corruption investigation had targeted many of Jiang Zemin's associates, including Xu Caihou, the former vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, who served as Wang Zongnan, chairman of Bright Food Group, was also investigated on suspicion of embezzling public funds and accepting bribes. On October 29, 2014, Zhang Wenyue, head of the second inspection team of the Central Committee, reported to Han Zheng, Secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the problems existing in Shanghai's officialdom, and handed over some leading cadres' clues to the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Central Organization Department and other departments.

19th National Congress
In October 2017, the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held. Among the members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 18th Central Committee, Zhang Dejiang, Liu Yunshan, Zhang Gaoli, who were regarded as members of the Jiang faction, and Yu Zhengsheng, a former secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, and Guo Boxiong, who were regarded as important members of the Jiang faction. Fan Changlong, the vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, all retired after the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. Han Zheng, who was the last member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the 19th CCP Central Committee, was regarded by some as a member of the Shanghai Gang. Li Qiang and Ying Yong, Xi Jinping's former ministries in Zhejiang, broke the convention that since 1991, all the mayors of Shanghai have been local officials.

2020 Investigations in Shanghai
From October to December 2020, the sixth round of inspections of the 19th Central Committee was officially launched, and the fourth inspection team of the Central Committee will visit Shanghai again after a lapse of six years. On February 3, 2021, Zhao Fengtong, the leader of the Fourth Inspection Team of the Central Committee, reported to Li Qiang, Secretary of the CCP Shanghai Municipal Committee, the problems existing in Shanghai's officialdom, and handed over the clues of some leading cadres to the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Central Organization Department.

Membership
Important people who have been identified as belonging to the clique include incumbent standing members of the powerful Politburo of the CCP Central Committee. Members of the Shanghai clique are marked by their tendency to represent urban business interests of the coastal regions, many of them princelings, the children of revolutionary veterans, and their expertise in commercial affairs.

Inner circle
The following individuals owe part of their career advancement to personal support from Jiang. They are listed in rough order of how often they are associated as being part of Jiang's inner circle:
 * Li Changchun
 * Zhou Yongkang
 * Zhang Dejiang
 * Liu Yunshan
 * Zhang Gaoli
 * Yang Xiong
 * Han Zheng
 * Zeng Peiyan
 * Hui Liangyu
 * Liu Qi
 * Hua Jianmin
 * Wu Guanzheng

Clique
These people have been commonly identified as members of the Shanghai clique:
 * Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Communist Party
 * Wu Bangguo
 * Huang Ju
 * Zeng Qinghong
 * Jia Qinglin
 * Chen Liangyu
 * Chen Zhili
 * Jia Ting'an

Meng Jianzhu, successor of Zhou Yongkang, also served in prominent positions in Shanghai, however they are not closely associated with Jiang and thus are usually not named as part of the Shanghai clique. Likewise, Premier Zhu Rongji, while having climbed through the ranks in Shanghai, was not necessarily associated with Jiang personally.

title: Shanghai clique


text:
Talk:Latino (demonym)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment in Spring 2017. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Leeamarie.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:16, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Latino is a USA construct word
The "latino" term was originated in the USA to identify spanish speaking americans with origins in spanish speaking countries in central and south america, it was adopted in 1997 by th U.S census, it has the same meaning as hispanic, so i removed the "A latin american" part because it's wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.4.149.152 (talk) 04:22, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

The quality of this wikipage is pretty weak, for a much more informative page, please consult https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans. For those who can read Spanish, the conceptualisation of the term "Latino" in US society is much better explained here, which includes this description: “Este neologismo se basa en el concepto estadounidense de Latinoamérica”. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:CB04:A87:6000:F999:AD75:F54B:CA03 (talk) 01:22, 12 November 2019 (UTC)
 * 2A01:CB04:A87:6000:F999:AD75:F54B:CA03, It is simply not accurate to call Latino a neologism, as it's been around for half a century, and appears in countless dictionaries, style manuals, and thousands or tens of thousands of reliable sources. If you have a suggestion how to improve the article, this is the page to do it on.  Do you have one? Mathglot (talk) 02:05, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

BTW, I think it is also important to explain the introduction in the late 1960's and evolution of "Latino"  in this wikipage. It must have coincided with the rise of the Chicano Civil Rights movement in the 1960's. It can hardly be coincidence that the rise of an ethnonym/demonym "Latino", is pretty much parallel to the incipient use of the other geographical prefix "Afro" that would later become a demonym (for any US citizen with noticeable "black" features), too. The popularization of the term "Latino" in the US is generally attributed to LA Times journalist Frank del Olmo, who seemed to have in mind, in the first place, (often US-born) US citizens whose heritage was principally Mexican or Puerto-Rican: some kind of acknowledgment of his contribution is in order here. As for the evolution of the term "Latino", I have noticed that especially from the 2000's onwards, many US academics, intellectuals and in fact, those from the second (if not third, fourth) generation with roots in Spanish-speaking America, have also started to include under this blanket term "Latino" anyone with blood ties to Cuba, the Dominican Republic and in fact, to any Spanish-speaking, Latin-American country, if not also Portuguese-speaking Brazil. Correct me, if I'm wrong, this broadened terminology appears not to be readily accepted by many (well-off) immigrants or expats from Spanish-American or Portuguese-speaking countries with (largely) white European ancestry. The portrayal of the "Latino" in the US media is often condescending (in the liberal media), if not just negative (think of Fox News, Breitbart): being associated with crime, poverty and immigration etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a01:cb04:a87:6000:89d4:27c0:430b:f44c (talk) 00:43, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

Argumentative sock blocked
Note: I've blocked Teresa samonetta as an obvious sock of Lauracerffer, who previously disrupted this page. Feel free to remove this section if you wish, I just thought you'd all like to know. Bishonen | talk 09:48, 20 July 2018 (UTC).
 * Adding convenience link for the above:.
 * Though Bishonen's comment is from a year ago, please don't remove it. It's highly relevant just now, as there is some incandescently similar stuff going on lately, both at this article, and at Latinx.  Still investigating...  Mathglot (talk) 23:58, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

For the record: this ended with a CU-indef block of user on 6 August 2019. Mathglot (talk) 10:09, 8 August 2019 (UTC)

Lead needs rewrite
The lead is way too long, currently more than half the size of the body text, excluding appendices. Contrary to the guideline WP:LEAD, it's full of unique information not contained in the body, and doesn't adequately summarize what is there. It also has some information

When things are this bad with a lead, often the easiest thing to do to improve the situation, is to do it in stages. I propose to do the following: That's the plan. Mathglot (talk) 03:26, 6 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Move the entire lead, except the defining WP:FIRSTSENTENCE, to the body, and call it section "Introduction".
 * Analyze and triage the new "Introduction":
 * move bits of it out into existing body sections, if they fit better there.
 * remove portions that aren't relevant to the article topic, or into footnotes if peripherally relevant
 * move any good summary info back up into the lead.
 * Finally, augment the lead with new content, summarizing information from the body, as needed.
 * I'm in the middle of this, which means the lead right now is *way* too short. That's to be expected, but because WP:LEADFOLLOWSBODY, it may be a little while before the lead is the way it should be. Please help me fix up the body of the article, and then when it's in decent shape we can turn to building a decent lead. I may try to fill the lead out just a little bit, just to avoid inopportune, drive-by patches to the lead just because it appears (and is) so brief. Mathglot (talk) 10:02, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

I've made some changes to the body of the article, which certainly could use a good deal more change. But it seemed like a good point to adjust the lead, which was down to a sentence, so I've done that now, and it seemed a good time to remove the Rewrite lead template. Mathglot (talk) 09:52, 8 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Since the "Introduction" section was almost entirely about usage, I've moved that text to the relevant "Usage" section. If we need any additional introductory text, some can be added back to the lead. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 21:42, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Usage in the United States
Section Usage in the United States is long, and is almost entirely about the contrast between Latino and Hispanic. There is virtually nothing about the usage of Latino itself, except for that contrast. The section has a Main article link to Hispanic and Latino Americans, which has more about it. The article Hispanic–Latino naming dispute, not mentioned there, is entirely about this subject. The Latino article therefore, stands as a parent article to either (or both) of those child articles and need only be a brief summary of the two.

The section should be rewritten to be a brief summary of the detailed information found at the other two articles. And it should probably be retitled or have a new subsection header "Contrast with Hispanic" or similar. Missing from this section, is any specific information about the term Latino itself. Mathglot (talk) 04:09, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

The section on OMB vs census is confusing. It says hence they are using the terms differently, without any clear differences. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.171.109.147 (talk) 00:40, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Similar and related terms
Most of the content of this section appears to be a sort of mini-version of a disambig page. It seems out of place in the article to list every other possible use of the word Latino. We can leave the mention of the origin from Ancient Rome, maybe the use in Latin America (although that is covered earlier in the article body). Moving this section here, in case we want to discuss it.

Latino is also an Italian, Sicilian, Sardinian, Spanish, and Portuguese word, which has its roots in Latin.

As an English demonym "Latin" has other meanings such as:
 * an ancient Italic people entering the Italian peninsula around 1200 BCE
 * in ancient Rome an inhabitant of Old Latium (Latium vetus), later extended to New Latium (Latium adiectum) as well
 * a member of any population of the Roman Empire engaging in Roman culture and speaking Latin, regardless of their ethnicity
 * the language of Ancient Rome and the Roman Empire
 * denoting or pertaining to Italians, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanians, etc., using the Italic languages (Romance languages) that derive from Latin
 * a member of the Latin Church, or Roman Catholic Church.

This was the content of section "Similar and related terms" as of revision 909809979. Mathglot (talk) 20:26, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

The expanded discussion of Latinx does not belong here. --evrik (talk) 01:23, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

"Latinas" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Latinas. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 08:27, 7 January 2020 (UTC)
 * This RfD encompasses both Latinas and Latinos. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 22:16, 7 January 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 25 January 2020

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved as proposed, with Latino (disambiguation) moved to the base page name. Supporters of this move, please address the incoming links. BD2412 T 05:15, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

Latino → Latino (demonym) – The page was previously moved to the base name without discussion. However, when readers search for or follow a link to Latina or Latino, they can reasonably expect to land at Hispanic and Latino Americans, that is, the people rather than the terminology. Therefore the latter page seems like the primary topic for both terms. See also Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 January 7. Sangdeboeuf (talk) 05:04, 25 January 2020 (UTC) —Relisting. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 14:00, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Support But only if Latino (disambiguation) is moved to Latino, because I don't see a clear primary topic here. Both articles get similar amounts of pageviews.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 09:44, 25 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The question is, what are those readers looking for under Latino? If many are looking for an article about the people called Latinos, as seems likely to be the case, then that article should be primary. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 15:29, 25 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Some seem to be looking for one, some seem to be looking for the other. Given the pageview comparison I don't see an obvious primary topic.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 06:23, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't see how it's possible to know which use of Latino people are looking for from just the page traffic alone. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 10:25, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Did you know that Latinos are Latinos even if they don't live in America? Strong oppose Red   Slash  20:12, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Then maybe the first sentence of the article is a bit misleading when it says "to refer to people in the United States". HiLo48 (talk) 23:41, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Woof. That is a BRUTAL first sentence. Yes, this article desperately needs a rewrite. Red   Slash  19:22, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * One of the sources used in the article says the term applies "only in reference to the U.S. experience". Where are the sources that indicate otherwise? —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 14:50, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * are you opposing just the proposed redirect, or the move away from the base name as well? If both, what leads you to conclude that this page is the primary topic? —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 04:13, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Red Slash. And make it more WP:WORLDWIDE. The United States isn't the only places where Latinos live. — Amakuru (talk) 15:48, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment – totally agree with making it a more worldwide view.  cookie monster  (2020)  755  16:27, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I already gave a source from an academic publisher saying the term only applies to the United States. Which sources state otherwise? —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 19:10, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * a dictionary would be one such source. Meaning 1: "a native or inhabitant of Latin America". And would an American visiting Mexico or Argentina not think of the inhabitants there as Latinos? Plus there are Latinos in Canada too. Even some here in the UK: "nestled away in one of south London's many Latino haunts". It doesn't seem like a concept that is unique to just one country. Cheers — Amakuru (talk) 21:09, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Still, this article is specifically about the term as used in the U.S. I note that no one who has opposed the move so far has attempted to broaden the scope of the article. And I fail to see what usage of the term has to do with whether or not it should be disambiguated as proposed. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 04:37, 21 February 2020 (UTC)
 * If that's the focus you want, then the sentence should begin, "In discussions of US ethnic groups ..." rather than implying the more limited use of the word. 2601:2C6:4380:46B0:A486:D8BD:6AD3:C0DE (talk) 07:12, 21 February 2020 (UTC)KM
 * Something like that would work for me. Whatever we do we shouldn't abandon the fact that this article is specifically about the term as used in the US. Doug Weller  talk 09:12, 21 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per Zxcvbnm. --Soumyabrata (talk • subpages) 07:34, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. Undiscussed move should certainly be reverted, as it has probably broken a great many links. Agree that there is no Primary Topic, and even if there were, it is of cource my opinion that it would be better for all concerned to have the DAB as the base name destination. Andrewa (talk) 07:11, 26 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Mislinkings
Good point,, I'll fix the mislinkings this whole business has created as I find time. There are somewhere between one and two thousand to look at by my quick look. Of course, if we had deprecated Primary Topic as I have long suggested, we'd avoid all problems of this sort, at very little cost. Andrewa (talk) 21:06, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

Well, well, well... I have only done two but those two went to two different destinations, one to Latino (demonym) as one would naively expect but the other to Latin America, a destination not even listed at the DAB until I just added it. So that particular article was already mislinked before the recent move, and particularly badly mislinked.

I'll say it again, to deliberately create an article at, or move an article to, an ambiguous article name is just asking for trouble. That we ever allow it is somewhat bizarre.

I've set up a very rudimentary toolkit at User:Andrewa/latino, feel free to use and/or add to it. Andrewa (talk) 16:58, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

Well, well, well, well... and the third wikilink I look at, from Lusitanic, actually appears to be correct now. It was previously a mislinking but was corrected by the recent move. Andrewa (talk) 17:12, 3 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think that one should link to Latino (demonym) rather than the DAB page. I've fixed it. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 21:41, 3 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Arguable IMO but not a big issue... "The broader term Latino more often encompasses both Hispanic and Lusitanic, and has sometimes been used even more widely, to include other speakers of Latinate languages (French, Italians, Romanians) or their descendants." The point being simply that had the base name of this ambiguous term been a DAB when the link was first created, the original author would have received a warning and could have been expected to have fixed it then.
 * But thanks for fixng it... feel free to do any of the others! Andrewa (talk) 22:50, 3 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I've done about 40 so far. Many of the rest seemed to be census data boilerplate, as in "Hispanic or Latino of any race were X.X% of the population" of a given place, which didn't seem too urgent. But it looks like many have since been fixed. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 23:23, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

Another example of one that might be best left pointing to the DAB is Arts and Industries Building. Interested in other opinions. Andrewa (talk) 05:52, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * "...a possible site for a national Latino museum" would imply Hispanic and Latino Americans. See "Baird's Dream: History of the Arts and Industries Building": "It will also be considered for a Smithsonian Latino American Museum". —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 23:33, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Omega Phi Chi is now listed as linking to the DAB but I cannot see how... what am I missing? Andrewa (talk) 22:44, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * There was a piped link in the lead paragraph; I've . —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 23:21, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Brazil?
I've removed the mention of usage in Brazil. The BBC source only makes a passing reference to Latinos ; the statement that inhabitants of Brazil "do not want free movement of Latinos across its borders" is referring to people from Hispanic America. Note that the term itself is being used in reference to something else (use-mention distinction). Therefore it's not actually about the topic of this article. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 21:35, 23 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your work on this. Doug Weller  talk 14:04, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

"Latin race"
Martinez (2009) Talks about colonizers in the Americas of "Latin descent", meaning Southern Europeans generally. The closest topic we have an article on would be Romance languages. The so-called Latin race doesn't seem to exist, not on Wikipedia anyway. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 23:10, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

Latinx
Latinx is NOT popular in Latin America outside of sociology departments at universities. RAE does not approve it, and people get bullied for even using it.

According to Pew Research Center, only 20% of latinos in the USA even know "latinx" is a word and not a misspelling. Out of said 20%, only 3% use it, and out of that 3% they are mostly 18-29 year olds, and only 1% of latino men ages 18-29 even use the word in the United States of America

Let me emphasize that means the number is much lower in Latin America, and it is even considered imperialism by most scholars, even those who tend to push for equality. As already mentioned, it is not welcomed by a majority of spanish speakers, a very large majority, so it should not be listed without that being mentioned, specially its controversy, and most definitely in the first paragraph of the Wiki without citations.

I am also going to point out that most people that use that monstrosity of a term are not of Latin American ancestry, and do not speak the language. Not only does the idea of imposing said word and change to the language that over 400 million call their native tongue sound ridiculous already, but then those people decided to choose a word that is nearly unpronounceable, and reminds people of a brand of condoms; Durex.

Almost every language is gendered, why not italianx? Because what?

The word should not be included, if it is included then not without being let be known that it is not a popular term, and it is not preferred by latinos. Much less in the first paragraph of the wiki without a citation, that's called agenda pushing.

Signed, a Latin American.

PS. When you uses latinx, people do not think you are this progressive hero, they think you are either annoying or cannot spell. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:D01:76C0:6D08:C897:5FF9:A434 (talk) 02:51, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

 * - Google new, useful sources for its use. Doug Weller  talk 19:42, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

 * There are absolutely no uses for it, it is not widely accepted by large numbers of latinos, nor is it something necessary at all. I cited Pew Research Center with the statistics, an actual relevant and respected source. If you choose to ignore it, you are part of the problem.
 * As I said, latinos assume you are either a weird person with pink hair that does not shave your armpits and reads the communist manifesto like a bible, or that you cannot spell.
 * If you choose to ignore data, then the answer is not that you wish to use the correct word, but that you simply are being annoying.
 * Signed, me again. An actual latin american. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:d01:76c0:944c:f49:232d:739b (talk) 20:24, 2 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Pues, yo tambien soy latinoamericano. And I not only know what Latinx is, so does my community -- and we use it.  (And no, I'm not in the age demographic you mentioned.)  I would of course expect that in my native country insisting on using "Latinx" would be seen as imperialism -- because in my native country *they speak Spanish*.  Why would they use an English demonym?
 * It is, similarly, perfectly simple for both myself and the fellow bilinguals in my peer group to understand the difference between the English loanword "Latino" and the Spanish word "Latino" (and the total and complete irrelevance that RAE's opinion would hold upon a word in the English language -- no matter how hard some try to force it, English prescriptivism *doesn't exist*.)
 * Frankly, though, I'm not interested in some "battle of anecdotes." The fact is, the article mentioned with stats on recognition of the term Latinx among "U.S. Hispanics" actually *validates* the mention of it here.  A demonym (or any other term) doesn't need to have majority usage to be notable as far as Wikipedia goes; the fact that nearly half of young Hispanics in the US and nearly 40% of them with a college degree recognize the term is more than enough to meet WP:N guidelines, and in fact the existence of a nationally-administered Pew poll taken to gauge the uptake of the term in the first place and an article announcing its results would have likely been sufficient on its own.  And given that the notability requirements are met, opinions that the term is a "monstrosity" is just editorializing, and claiming there is a "controversy" in the Latino community about its use (which the article would seem to imply *against*; how can people who don't know of the existence of a term find it controversial?) would require some independent source citation to be an appropriate addition.
 * As an aside, "Italianx" isn't used because there isn't an English word "Italiano." That should be pretty obvious. Gnassar (talk) 02:53, 31 August 2021 (UTC)
 * It is, similarly, perfectly simple for both myself and the fellow bilinguals in my peer group to understand the difference between the English loanword "Latino" and the Spanish word "Latino" (and the total and complete irrelevance that RAE's opinion would hold upon a word in the English language -- no matter how hard some try to force it, English prescriptivism *doesn't exist*.)
 * Frankly, though, I'm not interested in some "battle of anecdotes." The fact is, the article mentioned with stats on recognition of the term Latinx among "U.S. Hispanics" actually *validates* the mention of it here.  A demonym (or any other term) doesn't need to have majority usage to be notable as far as Wikipedia goes; the fact that nearly half of young Hispanics in the US and nearly 40% of them with a college degree recognize the term is more than enough to meet WP:N guidelines, and in fact the existence of a nationally-administered Pew poll taken to gauge the uptake of the term in the first place and an article announcing its results would have likely been sufficient on its own.  And given that the notability requirements are met, opinions that the term is a "monstrosity" is just editorializing, and claiming there is a "controversy" in the Latino community about its use (which the article would seem to imply *against*; how can people who don't know of the existence of a term find it controversial?) would require some independent source citation to be an appropriate addition.
 * As an aside, "Italianx" isn't used because there isn't an English word "Italiano." That should be pretty obvious. Gnassar (talk) 02:53, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

Origins
the Martinez 2009 source doesn't appear to say anything about "Latino" as a term for the Latin alphabet, citizens of Italy, etc. This article is specifically about the term used in the US for people with ties to Latin America. I've removed your addition as off-topic and improper synthesis. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 22:57, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

 * The Martinez 2009 source is from a 12 year old book called "Hispanic American Religious Cultures" which has a total of 8 extremely overpriced new and used copies available on Amazon and not a single Amazon review of the book. It does not have to mention Rome's alfabeto latino (Latin alphabet) because it is written in the Latin alphabet. Nor, does it have to mention Citizens of Italy, etc. as being Latins. As you know, we Italians have been Latino/a for 3 millenniums. If you Google "Origins of surname Latino", you will see that it is an Italian surname with a family crest and coat of arms. We Italians are the original Latin race followed by French, Romanians, Portuguese and Spanish. You already know there are Germanic races, Nordic races and Slavic races. Please, do not hide your head in the sand over this.
 * The mid-19th century Latin Americans, and Romance-speaking people of Africa are not Latin races. They are products of Pan-Latinism. Latin Americans are a fusion of 17 millenniums of New Word Asians, Europeans and black African races and cultures. It is specifically American culture. Like the culture in the USA. It is not European culture at all. Mind you, America is not a country, as Anglo-Saxons think it is. It is a continent as we Latino people know it is. America is named after a Latino; the Italian scholar and navigator Amerigo Vespucci. Now, with the much-discussed Spanish language rapidly supplanting the English language in the USA, the term America will mean all of the continent, not just personalized for the USA (like the words latino and latina are over there). The term Latin America should become obsolete and the word America will mean all of the American countries in total. Which is what it meant before the arrival of the Puritans.
 * When there is a flow of Hispanic presidents in the USA, they are not going to be able to tell the presidents of other American countries that the US president is "President of America" because the presidents of the other American countries will not be going for it. Mind you, the term Latin America was instigated by Anglo-Saxons who just could not stand the idea of living on a continent named after an Italian. So, they called the United States Anglo-Saxon America and considered themselves the only white people on the continent. This and the loss of California owing to the Mexican-American War caused the Romance-speaking people in America to call their countries Latin America. Well, the United States, as you may or may not know, is growing up. It is changing. Soon, no more hoarding the terms America, Latino and Latina for the USA. It never should have been that way in the first place. You use the French Sangedeboeuf (Blood of beef) here. If you are not a Latin (French) living in the USA, just think...you will be considered a product of Pan-Latinism when a Romance language is spoken in the USA. So, enjoy your country's transition into a Pan-Latinism affair. Do not say you have not been forewarned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by R. Martiello (talk • contribs) 01:24, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * The above has nothing to do with writing an encyclopedia that I can see. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 02:08, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Oh, but it does have everything to do with writing an encyclopedia. A trustworthy one, that is. And it has much to do with the United States' transition (and your own) into Pan-Latinism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by R. Martiello (talk • contribs) 02:59, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Then please provide a reliable source that supports the content you want to include, in the context of article. –Sangdeboeuf (talk) 07:55, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Oh, but it does have everything to do with writing an encyclopedia. A trustworthy one, that is. And it has much to do with the United States' transition (and your own) into Pan-Latinism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by R. Martiello (talk • contribs) 02:59, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Then please provide a reliable source that supports the content you want to include, in the context of article. –Sangdeboeuf (talk) 07:55, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Then please provide a reliable source that supports the content you want to include, in the context of article. –Sangdeboeuf (talk) 07:55, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

You must be joking. I had linked Wikipedia's own articles on il latino (Latin), lingua latina (Latin-language), alfabeto latino (Latin alphabet), Latino Malabranca Orsini, Latino Orsini, Latino Latini, Latino Galasso and Joseph Nunzio Latino and you took them away. Are you saying that Wikipedia's articles are not reliable sources that support the content I wish to include? Hmmm? Moreover, you created a topic on the Latino talk page called Latin race and claimed Latin races do not exist on Wikipedia. There should be an article on Wikipedia called Latin races which refers to Italians, French, Romanians, Portuguese and Spaniards. Latin American should be a separate article. And, if need be, another article for Latin Americans living in the United States.

Now, since yesterday, the Latino article has been changed (by you, the one who claimed there were no Latin race(s)) to say that by late 1858 Californians began identifying themselves as latinos for their "hemispheric membership in la raza latina" which brings you to an article called La Raza. In the History section of that article, there is a citation 6 from Ramon A. Guierrez' 2016 book "The New Latino Studies Reader" (only 1 Amazon review of the book) which says back in the 1860s "two rival races are competing with each other...the Anglo Saxon and the Latin one." Just because one of the Latin races was competing with the Anglo Saxon race does not mean we other Latin races (Italians, French, Portuguese, Romanians) were.

Moreover, if you look at the article La Raza closely, you will see many Latin Americans reject the term latino and have replaced it with Hispanidad. Mexicans, who live in Mexico, do not use Latino. They use Mexicano/a and, some, Mexicanx. As well, in Mexico and Central America, la raza emphasizes Amerindian people or mestizo. They reject the European label Latino from Rome, Italy. As much as the US Census would like to believe that Native Americans only live in the USA and are down to 1% of the population, and all other Indians from American countries must be called Latino, it is looking like the Indians are taking their land back from those Yankee Doodle boys. NYC, Florida, Boston, California (from sea to shining sea), a trip to the USA shows American Indians speaking Spanish (and Portuguese).

It is said frequently in the EU, especially since Brexit, that the Anglo Saxons are fascinated by their demise in Britain. This mirrors the Anglo Saxons demise in the USA. The white Anglo Saxon people are diminishing rapidly. Both Britain and the USA are looking like Asia and black Africa. Colonization, anyone? 47 presidents in the USA and finally a president with some Latin ancestry. Joe Biden is part French. A country with racist intentions that foolishly adopted the word Latino in 1997 and the stubborn belief that the word America belongs solely to the USA are two of that country's candles in the wind. Welcome to Pan-Latinism, Sangedeboeuf. (I want to say LeSilencedesagneaux is a better French Wikipedia name for you...but I won't;)) — Preceding unsigned comment added by R. Martiello (talk • contribs) 14:52, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * A Wikipedia article is not a reliable source, and in any case La Raza is about a (mostly obsolete) synonym for Hispanidad, not an actual "race" of people. The book The New Latino Studies Reader mentions an opinion piece in a newspaper from . That neither proves the existence of any "Latin race", nor does it have anything to do with the content you added. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 15:41, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

Variations in usage, "explanation needed" tag
In response to an Explain tag in the lede, I added a source which gave more detail on the topic of the breadth of variety in which the term is used within the Latino community. In doing so, and to align with the source material, I changed the line "...refers to United States inhabitants who have cultural ties to Latin America" to "...most commonly refers to...", and added a bit of text explaining that. As this Wikipedia entry *already* acknowledged that there was some variation, I thought this would be uncontroversial and that the single source would be sufficient. The edit was then reverted by another editor, claiming that the source was "unreliable."

As I mentioned, it's not a particularly controversial fact, meaning there is actually a large amount of source material available to back that statement. I did a quick search and found a half-dozen or so; I plan to re-introduce the same edits with all those sources, which should really be sufficient validation for anyone that it's at very least clearly a common enough usage to be noteworthy. If I were just doing this, I probably wouldn't even mention it here.

As of right now, I also plan to retain the original source that I cited when re-introducing my edit. I *did* want to mention that here, to discuss the potential bias in that source and the editor's objection to it.

For those not interested in that discussion, the tl;dr: Perhaps the source *should* be removed, and if common consensus thinks it should I certainly won't stand in its way. Whether it should or shouldn't basically revolves around the answer to this question: Is a source whose most relevant portions constitute a high-quality source, but which when read in its totality including its less relevant portions becomes lower in quality, in the end considered "high-quality" or "low-quality" as a source for a Wikipedia entry?

The source in question is, |"Ask a Scholar: What is the True Definition of Latino?" The edit that criticized the source and removed my edit reads in full, "Advocacy org, not reliable -- legitimate academic sources usually don't purport to offer the 'true definition' of something."

I can understand why the editor would have that misconception just from the title of the text, but I do wish he'd read the article, as the confusion would have been cleared up pretty immediately. The article is a question/answer format, where the question asked is by a reader (in this case a college student) and the answer is written by a professor with a particular expertise in the subject. The answer the professor gives actually pretty explicitly clarifies that there is *no* "true definition" of the term, and gives a breadth of definitions over a variety of different eras and cultures. The editor basically treated a "Dear Abby" column titled, "My teenager is pregnant, what should I do?" and mistakenly concluded that Abby condones teenage pregnancy. The fact that the article's title is based on the student's question, not the professor's answer, is obviously very common in articles in that question/answer format, and I'm sure the editor would have noticed if he had read the article itself that his complaint about it "purporting to offer the 'true definition'" accused it of something it never did in the first place.

I did, however, mention potential bias in that article -- so what am I referring to? Well, the article is on the blog of the National Association of Scholars website, which (as I only found out later) has historically leaned conservative and could certainly be considered an advocacy organization; and although the author of the article does not seem to have any obvious ties to the organization other than having been requested to write the answer to the student's question, he has himself been accused on other occasions of interweaving conservative editorializing into his otherwise fairly credible and well-reputed academic research. You can see some of that editorializing yourself at the end of the source article I used, where he goes off on a thinly veiled tangent about academic departments focusing on ethnic studies. But outside of that, the article and in particular its first two or three paragraphs which are most relevant to this topic do tend to stick to historical (and verifiable) statements and don't stray far from that, and they do summarize the historical transition of the term pretty well in my opinion -- which is what I cited it for in the first place.

Like I said earlier, from there I leave it to the community -- if that source should be removed, it should be removed. It doesn't affect the edit itself; if it needs even more sources than I'm adding I am sure I can find even more, as the differing meaning of the word in its Spanish usage within the bilingual Latino community is pretty well understood at this point and it would take an exceptional level of evidence to suggest that the sort of linguistic bleed-through from one language to the other that has proven itself basically inevitable over the course of time and history was *not* occurring here. Gnassar (talk) 05:00, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I should also note that the meaning of the term in Spanish being different is, aside from the sources I cite, also confirmed by Wikipedia itself -- in the Spanish Wikipedia, that is: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(Estados_Unidos) Again, it would seem like the opinion that that secondary meaning is not sufficiently notable, let alone nonexistent or rare, would require an exceptional level of evidence to validate, rather than the other way around. Gnassar (talk) 05:00, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

Brazilians are "Lusos" not Latinos.
I don't know why there's all this reference of "Including Brazil", "Excluding Brazil" it sounds arrogant and racist. IF Brazil is going to be included, you can equally include French Guyana as well. Sense French is a Latin based language. 68.189.2.14 (talk) 21:28, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Latino (demonym)


text:
User talk:Momomom

I removed a few silly items and switched the wording in the paragraph about ways breastfeeding can harm an infant. I also changed a never to a rare in reference to not being able to produce breastmilk. I think "beestings" should be removed as this term is not used in reference to human lactation, but rather most commonly with bovine lactation. Any thoughts on this? I figured I'd done enough as a newbie to this forum (not to lactation).

Hello there Momomom, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. MB 14:37 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Elijah25.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Elijah25.JPG. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. -- Longhair 10:08, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Momomom


text:
Sunbird

Sunbirds and spiderhunters make up the family Nectariniidae of passerine birds. They are small, slender passerines from the Old World, usually with downward-curved bills. Many are brightly coloured, often with iridescent feathers, particularly in the males. Many species also have especially long tail feathers. Their range extends through most of Africa to the Middle East, South Asia, South-east Asia and southern China, to Indonesia, New Guinea and northern Australia. Species diversity is highest in equatorial regions.

There are 151 species in 16 genera. Their family name is from most sunbirds feeding largely on nectar, but they will also catch insects and spiders, especially when feeding their young. Flowers that prevent access to their nectar because of their shape (for example, very long and narrow flowers) are simply punctured at the base near the nectaries, from which the birds sip the nectar. Fruit is also part of the diet of some species. Their flight is fast and direct, thanks to their short wings.

The sunbirds have counterparts in two very distantly related groups: the hummingbirds of the Americas and the honeyeaters of Australia. The resemblances are due to convergent evolution brought about by a similar nectar-feeding lifestyle. Some sunbird species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but they usually perch to feed.

Description
The family ranges in size from the 5-gram black-bellied sunbird to the spectacled spiderhunter, at about 45 grams. Like the hummingbirds, sunbirds are strongly sexually dimorphic, with the males usually brilliantly plumaged in iridescent colours. In addition to this the tails of many species are longer in the males, and overall the males are larger. Sunbirds have long thin down-curved bills and brush-tipped tubular tongues, both adaptations to their nectar feeding. The spiderhunters, of the genus Arachnothera, are distinct in appearance from the other members of the family. They are typically larger than the other sunbirds, with drab brown plumage that is the same for both sexes, and long, down-curved beaks.

In metabolic behaviour similar to that of Andes hummingbirds, species of sunbirds that live at high altitudes or latitudes will enter torpor while roosting at night, lowering their body temperature and entering a state of low activity and responsiveness.

The moulting regimes of sunbirds are complex, being different in different species. Many species have no eclipse plumage, but do have juvenile plumage. Some species do show duller plumage in the off-season. In the dry months of June−August, male copper sunbirds and variable sunbirds lose much of their metallic sheen. In some instances different populations of the same species can display variation in different molting regimes.

Distribution and habitat
Sunbirds are a tropical Old World family, with representatives in Africa, Asia and Australasia. In Africa they are found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar but are also distributed in Egypt. In Asia the group occurs along the coasts of the Red Sea as far north as Israel, and along the Mediterranean as far north as Beirut, with a gap in their distribution across inland Syria and Iraq, and resuming in Iran, from where the group occurs continuously as far as southern China and Indonesia. In Australasia the family occurs in New Guinea, north eastern Australia and the Solomon Islands. They are generally not found on oceanic islands, with the exception of the Seychelles. The greatest variety of species is found in Africa, where the group probably arose. Most species are sedentary or short-distance seasonal migrants. Sunbirds occur over the entire family's range, whereas the spiderhunters are restricted to Asia.

The sunbirds and spiderhunters occupy a wide range of habitats, with a majority of species being found in primary rainforest, but other habitats used by the family including disturbed secondary forest, open woodland, open scrub and savannah, coastal scrub and alpine forest. Some species have readily adapted to human modified landscapes such as plantations, gardens and agricultural land. Many species are able to occupy a wide range of habitats from sea level to 4900 m.

Behaviour and ecology
Sunbird are active diurnal birds that generally occur in pairs or occasionally in small family groups. A few species occasionally gather in larger groups, and sunbird will join with other birds to mob potential predators, although sunbirds will also aggressively target other species, even if they are not predators, when defending their territories.

Breeding
Sunbirds that breed outside of the equatorial regions are mostly seasonal breeders, with the majority of them breeding in the wet season. This timing reflects the increased availability of insect prey for the growing young. Where species, like the buff-throated sunbird, breed in the dry season, it is thought to be associated with the flowering of favoured food plants. Species of sunbird in the equatorial areas breed throughout the year. They are generally monogamous and often territorial, although a few species of sunbirds have lekking behaviour. The nests of sunbirds are generally purse-shaped, enclosed, suspended from thin branches with generous use of spiderweb. The nests of the spiderhunters are different, both from the sunbirds and in some cases from each other. Some, like the little spiderhunter, are small woven cups attached to the underside of large leaves; that of the yellow-eared spiderhunter is similarly attached but is a long tube. The nests of spiderhunters are inconspicuous, in contrast to those of the other sunbirds which are more visible. In most species the female alone constructs the nest. Up to four eggs are laid. The female builds the nest and incubates the eggs alone, although the male assists in rearing the nestlings. In the spiderhunters both sexes help to incubate the eggs. The nests of sunbirds and spiderhunters are often targeted by brood parasites such as cuckoos and honeyguides.

Pollination
As nectar is a primary food source for sunbirds, they are important pollinators in African ecosystems. Sunbird-pollinated flowers are typically long, tubular, and red-to-orange in colour, showing convergent evolution with many hummingbird-pollinated flowers in the Americas. A key difference is that sunbirds cannot hover, so sunbird-pollinated flowers and inflorescences are typically sturdier than hummingbird-pollinated flowers, with an appropriate landing spot from which the bird can feed. Sunbirds are critical pollinators for many iconic African plants, including proteas, aloes, Erica, Erythrina coral trees, and bird-of-paradise flowers. Specialization on sunbirds vs other pollinators is thought to have contributed to plant speciation, including the exceptionally high floral diversity in southern Africa.

Relationship with humans
Overall the family has fared better than many others, with only seven species considered to be threatened with extinction. Most species are fairly resistant to changes in habitat, and while attractive the family is not sought after by the cagebird trade, as they have what is considered an unpleasant song and are tricky to keep alive. Sunbirds are considered attractive birds and readily enter gardens where flowering plants are planted to attract them. There are a few negative interactions, for example the scarlet-chested sunbird is considered a pest in cocoa plantations as it spreads parasitic mistletoes.

List of genera
The family contains 151 species divided into 16 genera: For more detail, see list of sunbird species.

title: Sunbird


text:
Survey

Survey may refer to:

Statistics and human research

 * Statistical survey, a method for collecting quantitative information about items in a population
 * Survey (human research), including opinion polls

Spatial measurement

 * Surveying, the technique and science of measuring positions and distances on Earth

Types and methods

 * Photogrammetry, a method of collecting information using aerial photography and satellite images
 * Cadastral surveyor, used to document land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, plats, and maps
 * Dominion Land Survey, the method used to divide most of Western Canada into one-square-mile sections for agricultural and other purposes
 * Public Land Survey System, a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels
 * Survey township, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side, done by the U.S. Public Land Survey System
 * Construction surveying, the locating of structures relative to a reference line, used in the construction of buildings, roads, mines, and tunnels
 * Deviation survey, used in the oil industry to measure a borehole's departure from the vertical

Geospatial survey organizations

 * Survey of India, India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying
 * Ordnance Survey, a national mapping agency for Great Britain
 * U.S. National Geodetic Survey, performing geographic surveys as part of the U.S. Department of Commerce
 * United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, a former surveying agency of the United States Government

Geological surveys

 * Geological survey, an investigation of the subsurface of the ground to create a geological map or model

Types

 * Cave survey, the three-dimensional mapping of caverns
 * Geophysical survey, the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies
 * Hydrographic survey, the gathering of information about navigable waters for the purposes of safe navigation of vessels
 * Soil survey, the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area

Geological survey organizations

 * British Geological Survey, a body which carries out geological surveys and monitors the UK landmass
 * United States Geological Survey, a government scientific research agency which studies the landscape of the United States

Astronomical surveys

 * Astronomical survey, imaging or mapping regions of the sky
 * Durchmusterung, a German word for a systematic survey of objects or data, generally used in astronomy
 * Redshift survey, an astronomical survey of a section of the sky to calculate the distance of objects from Earth

Field research

 * Field survey or field research
 * Archaeological field survey, the collection of information by archaeologists prior to excavation

Other types of survey

 * Site survey, inspection of an area where work is proposed
 * Vessel safety survey, required for ships
 * Survey article, a scholarly publication to summarize an area of research

title: Survey


text:
Cepheus (constellation)

Cepheus is a constellation in the deep northern sky, named after Cepheus, a king of Aethiopia in Greek mythology. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the second century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 constellations in the modern times.

The constellation's brightest star is Alpha Cephei, with an apparent magnitude of 2.5. Delta Cephei is the prototype of an important class of star known as a Cepheid variable. RW Cephei, an orange hypergiant, together with the red supergiants Mu Cephei, MY Cephei, VV Cephei, V381 Cephei, and V354 Cephei are among the largest stars known. In addition, Cepheus also has the hyperluminous quasar S5 0014+81, which hosts an ultramassive black hole in its core, reported at 40 billion solar masses, about 10,000 times more massive than the central black hole of the Milky Way, making this among the most massive black holes currently known.

History and mythology
Cepheus was the King of Aethiopia. He was married to Cassiopeia and was the father of Andromeda, both of whom are immortalized as modern day constellations along with Cepheus.

Features

Alderamin, also known as Alpha Cephei, is the brightest star in the constellation, with an apparent magnitude of 2.51. Gamma Cephei, also known as Errai, is the second-brightest star in the constellation, with an apparent magnitude of 3.21. It is a binary star, made up by a orange giant or subgiant and a red dwarf. The primary component hosts one exoplanet, Gamma Cephei Ab (Tadmor). Delta Cephei is a yellow-hued supergiant star 980 light-years from Earth and the prototype of the class of the Cepheid variables. It was discovered to be variable by John Goodricke in 1784. It varies between 3.5m and 4.4m over a period of 5 days and 9 hours. The Cepheids are a class of pulsating variable stars; Delta Cephei has a minimum size of 40 solar diameters and a maximum size of 46 solar diameters. It is also a double star; the primary star also has a wide-set blue-hued companion of magnitude 6.3.

There are four red supergiants in the constellation that are visible to the naked eye. Mu Cephei is also known as Herschel's Garnet Star due to its deep red colour. It is a semiregular variable star with a minimum magnitude of 5.1 and a maximum magnitude of 3.4. Its period is approximately 2 years. The star's radius has been estimated to be from 972 solar radius to 1420 solar radius. If it were placed at the center of the Solar System, it would likely extend past the orbit of Jupiter. The second, VV Cephei A, is a semiregular variable star, located approximately 5,000 light-years from Earth. It has a minimum magnitude of 5.4 and a maximum magnitude of 4.8, and is paired with a blue main sequence star called VV Cephei B. The red supergiant primary is around 1,050 times larger than the Sun. VV Cephei is also an unusually long-period eclipsing binary, but the eclipses, which occur every 20.3 years, are too faint to be observed with the unaided eye. The third, V381 Cephei Aa, is the faintest of all, at maximum magnitude 5.5. It is part of a triple star system similar to VV Cephei, and has a diameter 980 times that of the Sun. The fourth, Zeta Cephei, is not as large as with a diameter less than 200 times that of the Sun; however, its surface would lie between the orbits of Venus and Earth if placed at the center of the Solar System. Zeta Cephei has an apparent magnitude of 3.35, being the fourth-brightest star in the constellation. All four stars have initial masses more than eight times that of the Sun and are accepted core-collapse supernova candidates.

Nu Cephei is a blue supergiant similar to Deneb with an initial mass of over 20 solar masses. It belongs to the Cepheus OB2 stellar association along with Mu Cephei and VV Cephei, which have similar initial masses.

There are several prominent double stars and binary stars in Cepheus. Omicron Cephei is a binary star with a period of 800 years. The system, 211 light-years from Earth, consists of an orange-hued giant primary of magnitude 4.9 and a secondary of magnitude 7.1. Xi Cephei is another binary star, 102 light-years from Earth, with a period of 4,000 years. It has a blue-white primary of magnitude 4.4 and a yellow secondary of magnitude 6.5.

Krüger 60 is an 11th-magnitude binary star consisting of two red dwarfs. The star system is one of the nearest, being only 13 light-years away from Earth. It was once proposed as a possible home system for 2I/Borisov, the first accepted interstellar comet, but this was later rejected.

Deep-sky objects

 * NGC 188 is an open cluster that has the distinction of being the closest open cluster to the north celestial pole, as well as one of the oldest-known open clusters.
 * NGC 6946 is a spiral galaxy in which ten supernovae have been observed, more than in any other galaxy. It is sometimes called the Fireworks Galaxy.
 * IC 469 is another spiral galaxy, characterized by a compact nucleus, of oval shape, with perceptible side arms.
 * The nebula NGC 7538 is home to the largest-yet-discovered protostar.
 * NGC 7023 is a reflection nebula with an associated star cluster (Collinder 429); it has an overall magnitude of 7.7 and is 1,400 light-years from Earth. The nebula and cluster are located near Beta Cephei and T Cephei.
 * S 155, also known as the Cave Nebula, is a dim and very diffuse bright nebula within a larger nebula complex containing emission, reflection, and dark nebulosity.
 * The quasar 6C B0014+8120 is one of the most powerful objects in the universe, powered by a supermassive black hole which is as massive as 40 billion Suns.

Visualizations
Cepheus is most commonly depicted as holding his arms aloft, praying for the deities to spare the life of Andromeda. He also is depicted as a more regal monarch sitting on his throne.

Equivalents
In Chinese astronomy, the stars of the constellation Cepheus are found in two areas: the Purple Forbidden enclosure (紫微垣, Zǐ Wēi Yuán) and the Black Tortoise of the North (北方玄武, Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ).

Namesakes

 * USS Cepheus (AKA-18) and USS Cepheus (AK-265), United States Navy ships.
 * Update 3.4 "Cepheus" of the videogame Stellaris

title: Cepheus (constellation)


text:
HMS Agincourt

Five ships of the Royal Navy have been called HMS Agincourt, named after the Battle of Agincourt of 1415, and construction of another was started but not completed.

 * HMS Agincourt (1796) was a 64-gun third-rate ship of the line bought from the East India Company, where she had been named Earl Talbot, in 1796. She became a prison ship in 1812 and was renamed HMS Bristol. She was sold in 1814.
 * HMS Agincourt (1817) was a 74-gun third rate launched in 1817. She was used for harbour service from 1848, was renamed HMS Vigo in 1865 and was sold in 1884.
 * HMS Agincourt (1865) was a Minotaur-class ironclad frigate launched in 1865. She was renamed HMS Boscawen and used for harbour service from 1904, was renamed HMS Ganges II in 1906, became a coal hulk named C109 in 1908 and was broken up in 1960.
 * HMS Agincourt was to have been a Queen Elizabeth-class battleship. She was ordered in 1914, but cancelled that year.
 * HMS Agincourt (1913) was a battleship originally built for Brazil as Rio de Janeiro and launched in 1913. She was sold to Turkey as Sultan Osman, but the Royal Navy took her over before delivery on the outbreak of the First World War. She was present at the Battle of Jutland and was sold in 1922.
 * HMS Agincourt (D86) was a Battle-class destroyer launched in 1945. She was converted to a radar picket in 1959 and scrapped in 1974.
 * HMS Agincourt (S125) is an Astute-class submarine that is under construction and due to commission in 2024.

title: HMS Agincourt