text:
Security clearance

A security clearance is a status granted to individuals allowing them access to classified information (state or organizational secrets) or to restricted areas, after completion of a thorough background check. The term "security clearance" is also sometimes used in private organizations that have a formal process to vet employees for access to sensitive information. A clearance by itself is normally not sufficient to gain access; the organization must also determine that the cleared individual needs to know specific information. No individual is supposed to be granted automatic access to classified information solely because of rank, position, or a security clearance.

Background
Government classified information is governed by the Treasury Board Standard on Security Screening, the Security of Information Act and Privacy Act. Only those that are deemed to be loyal and reliable, and have been cleared are allowed to access sensitive information. The policy was most recently revised on 20 October 2014.

Checks include basic demographic and fingerprint based criminal record checks for all levels, and, depending on an individual appointment's requirements, credit checks, loyalty, and field checks might be conducted by the RCMP and/or CSIS.

Clearance is granted, depending on types of appointment, by individual Federal government departments or agencies or by private company security officers. Those who have contracts with Public Works and Government Services Canada are bound by the Industrial Security Program, a sub-set of the GSP.

To access designated information, one must have at least standard reliability status (see Hierarchy below). Reliability checks and assessments are conditions of employment under the Public Service Employment Act, and, thus, all Government of Canada employees have at least reliability status screening completed prior to their appointment. However, Government employees by Order-in-council are not subjected to this policy.

Clearances at the reliability status and secret levels are valid for 10 years, whereas top secret is valid for 5 years. However, departments are free to request their employees to undergo security screening any time for cause. Because security clearances are granted by individual departments instead of one central government agency, clearances are inactivated at the end of appointment or when an individual transfers out of the department. The individual concerned can then apply to reactivate and transfer the security clearance to his/her new position.

Hierarchy
Three levels of personnel screening exist, with two sub-screening categories:

Standard screenings are completed for individuals without law enforcement, security and intelligence functions with the government, whereas Enhanced screenings are for individuals with law enforcement, security and intelligence functions, or access to those data or facilities.

Security screening
Individuals who need to have RS because of their job or access to federal government assets will be required to sign the Personnel Screening, Consent and Authorization Form (TBS/SCT 330-23e).
 * Reliability Status, Standard  (RS)
 * Reliability checks are done by verifying personal data, criminal records check, credit check, educational, and professional qualifications, data on previous employment and references.
 * This level of clearance will grant the right to access designated documents with markings of Protected A & B information/assets on a need-to-know basis. It is mandatory for individuals when the duties or tasks of a position or contract necessitate access to protected information and assets, regardless of the duration of an assignment.
 * Reliability Status, Enhanced (ERS)
 * In addition to the Reliability Status, Standard checks, open-source checks, and security questionnaire or interview are required.
 * This level of clearance will grant the right to access designated documents with markings of Protected A, B & C information/assets on a need-to-know basis.

Security clearances
Individuals who require access to more sensitive information (or access to sensitive federal government sites and/or assets) because of their job will be required to sign the Security Clearance Form (TBS/SCT 330-60e). There are two levels of clearance:
 * Secret
 * Secret clearance is only granted after a reliability status is cleared, with a positive CSIS security assessment.
 * This level of clearance will grant the right to access designated and classified information up to Secret level on a need-to-know basis. Department Heads have the discretion to allow for an individual to access Top Secret-level information without higher-level clearance on a case-to-case basis.
 * Only those with a Secret clearance, with enhanced screening have access to Protected C information.
 * Top Secret
 * In addition to the checks at the Secret level, foreign travels, assets, and character references must be given. Field check will also be conducted prior to granting the clearance.
 * This level of clearance will grant the right to access all designated and classified information on a need-to-know basis.
 * Top Secret Special Access
 * In addition to the checks at the Top Secret level, 20 years of past history are investigated in person by CSIS.
 * This level of clearance will grant the right to access all designated and classified information on a need-to-know basis, primarily for intelligence roles in the Communications Security Establishment, Canadian Armed Forces, and certain senior government officials.

Site access
Two additional categories called "Site Access Status" and "Site Access Clearance" exist not for access to information purposes but for those that require physical access to sites or facilities designated by CSIS as areas "reasonably be expected to be targeted by those who engage in activities constituting threats to the security of Canada". Designated areas include Government Houses, official residences of government officials, Parliament, nuclear facilities, airport restricted areas, maritime ports, and any large-scale events that are sponsored by the federal government (e.g., 2010 Winter Olympics).

Where reliability is the primary concern, a site access status screening (similar to a reliability status, standard screening) is conducted; where loyalty to Canada is the primary concern, a site access clearance (similar to a Secret clearance screening) is required. They are both valid for 10 years.

Legal
Prior to granting access to information, an individual who has been cleared must sign a Security Screening Certificate and Briefing Form (TBS/SCT 330–47), indicating their willingness to be bound by several Acts of Parliament during and after their appointment finishes. Anyone who has been given a security clearance and releases designated/classified information without legal authority is in breach of trust under section 18(2) of the Security of Information Act with a punishment up to 2 years in jail. Those who have access to Special Operational Information are held to a higher standard. The release of such information is punishable by law, under section 17(2) of the Security of Information Act, liable to imprisonment for life.

Section 750(3) of the Criminal Code, states that no person convicted of an offence under section 121 (frauds on the Government), section 124 (selling or purchasing office), section 380 (Fraud - if directed against His Majesty) or section 418 (selling defective stores to His Majesty), has, after that conviction, the capacity to contract with His Majesty or to receive any benefits under a contract between His Majesty and any other person or to hold office under His Majesty unless a pardon has been granted. (This effectively prohibits granting of a Reliability Status to any such individual.)

National Security Clearance types
National Security Clearances are a hierarchy of levels, depending on the classification of materials that can be accessed—Baseline Personnel Security Standard (BPSS), Counter-Terrorist Check (CTC), Enhanced Baseline Standard (EBS), Security Check (SC), enhanced Security Check (eSC), Developed Vetting (DV), enhanced Developed Vetting (eDV), and STRAP.

The BPSS is the entry-level National Security Clearance, and both CTC and EBS are effectively enhancements to the BPSS, with CTC relating to checking for susceptibility to extremist persuasion, and EBS relating to checking for susceptibility to espionage persuasion, the latter being needed for supervised access to SECRET material. The SC again is focused on susceptibility to espionage persuasion, and is required for an individual to have long-term unsupervised access to SECRET material and occasional access to TOP SECRET (TS) material, whilst for regular access to TS the DV, eDV is required. Occasionally STRAP is required with DV.

Those with National Security Clearance are commonly required to sign a statement to the effect that they agree to abide by the restrictions of the Official Secrets Act (OSA). This is popularly referred to as "signing the Official Secrets Act". Signing this has no effect on which actions are legal, as the act is a law, not a contract, and individuals are bound by it whether or not they have signed it. Signing it is intended more as a reminder to the person that they are under such obligations. To this end, it is common to sign this statement both before and after a period of employment that involves access to secrets.

National Security Clearance history
After the United States entered into World War II, Britain changed its security classifications to match those of the U.S.. Previously, classifications had included the top classification "Most Secret", but it soon became apparent that the United States did not fully understand the UK's classifications, and classified information appeared in the U.S.'s press. This spearheaded the uniformity in classification between the United Kingdom and the United States. The terminology and levels of British security classifications have also changed from Positive Vetting and Enhanced Positive Vetting to SC, eSC, DV, eDV and STRAP.

Other UK clearances
In addition to National Security Clearances, other types of roles and organisations stipulate a need for clearances, including:
 * Vulnerable Group Access (including children), as operated by the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS), replacing former Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) and Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA) checks
 * Law Enforcement, with a hierarchy of Police Personnel Vetting (PPV) and Non-Police Personnel Vetting (NPPV) levels.

United States
In the United States, a security clearance is an official determination that an individual may access information classified by the United States Government. Security clearances are hierarchical; each level grants the holder access to information in that level and the levels below it.

The US president can declassify previously classified information, following a detailed process.

Gaining access
For people that require a security clearance to get access to classified information, an in-depth background investigation is conducted primarily by the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency, and the recipient signs a nondisclosure agreement.

As of 2017, certain government officials (but not their staff) are granted access to classified information needed to do their jobs without a background check: members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives for committee work, federal judges and state supreme court judges for adjudicating cases, and state governors. Attorneys representing clients in cases with classified materials require a background check, but there is a reduced-scrutiny procedure for time-sensitive access. This ex officio access can be revoked.

Pending a full security clearance an applicant may be granted a temporary security clearance of indefinite duration, which gives the applicant access to classified information while the original application is being vetted.

Access to any particular piece of information requires "need-to-know." In some cases, this requirement is only nominal, as some classified information is widely published on secure networks. In other cases, there is a formal need-to-know determination. In addition to such a determination, Special Access Programs and Sensitive Compartmented Information may require additional investigation and adjudication of the prospective clearance holder.

As of 2020, the cost of obtaining a Top Secret clearance is $5,596 while a Secret is $433. These costs are paid for by revolving government funds and not by contractor companies.

Authority
The authority for classifying information and granting security clearances to access that information is found in executive orders (EOs) and US Federal law. The United States' National Security Information (NSI) has been classified under Executive Order 13526, but since 10 January 2017 the rules were modified by James Clapper as Security Executive Agent Directive 4 in the closing days of the Obama administration. Information may be classified under this Order if a classification authority determines its unauthorized release could cause damage to the national defense or foreign relations of the United States. Information concerning nuclear weapons and fissile material may be classified under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (AEA). These clearances are only granted by the US Department of Energy. The clearance process for access to NSI or AEA information is substantially aligned. Under Executive Order 12968, the investigative and adjudicative guidelines for NSI and AEA clearances are identical. This enables reciprocity between NSI and AEA clearances, although some exceptions exist.

The United States' Executive Order 12968's standards are binding on all of the United States government agencies that handle classified information, but it allows certain agency heads to establish Special Access Programs (SAPs) with additional, but not duplicative, investigative and adjudicative requirements. The Intelligence Community's Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) control systems are a family of SAPs, and SCI eligibility must be granted prior to accessing any particular control system or compartment (which may require additional investigation or adjudication). SCI eligibility policy is described in Intelligence Community Directive 704 and its implementing policy guidance Within the Intelligence Community, the access to SCI information is far more common than "Collateral Top Secret information," and therefore operatives will routinely include SCI in a TS product, just to ensure they do not have to meet the "cradle-to-grave" accountability requirements of Collateral TS information. Any additional clearance measures used by SAPs must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget, which has generally limited such measures to polygraphs, exclusion of persons with non-US immediate family members, requiring more frequent reinvestigations, and requiring annual updates to security questionnaires.

Hierarchy
A security clearance is granted to an individual and generally recognizes a maximum level of clearance. Exceptions include levels above compartmentalized access or when an individual is cleared for a certain type of data. The President of the United States will be given access to any government or military information that they request, even if they would not otherwise be able to normally obtain a security clearance were they not the President. Having obtained a certain level security clearance does not mean that one automatically has access to or is given access to information cleared for that clearance level in the absence of a demonstrated "need to know". The need-to-know determination is made by a disclosure officer, who may work in the office of origin of the information. The specified need to know must be germane to the prospective user's mission, or of necessity for the integrity of a specified security apparatus.

Controlled Unclassified
Controlled Unclassified does not represent a clearance designation, but rather a clearance level at which information distribution is controlled. Controlled Unclassified designates information that may be illegal to distribute. This information is available when needed by government employees, such as United States Department of Defense (DoD) employees, but the designation signifies that the information should not be redistributed to users not designated to use it on an operational basis. For example, the organization and processes of an information-technology system may be designated Controlled Unclassified to users for whom the operational details of the system are non-critical.

Public Trust Position
Despite common misconception, this designation is not a security clearance, and is not the same as the confidential designation. Certain positions which require access to sensitive information, but not information which is classified, must obtain this designation through a background check. In the US, Public Trust Positions can either be moderate-risk or high-risk. Depending on the federal agency involved, individuals found unsuitable may be able to appeal that decision.

Confidential
This is hierarchically the first security clearance to get, typically requiring a few weeks to a few months of investigation. A Confidential clearance requires a NACLC investigation which dates back 7 years on the subject's record and must be renewed (with another investigation) every 15 years.

Secret
A Secret clearance, also known as Collateral Secret or Ordinary Secret, requires a few months to a year to investigate, depending on the individual's background. Some instances wherein individuals would take longer than normal to be investigated are many past residences, having residences in foreign countries, having relatives outside the United States, or significant ties with non-US citizens. Unpaid bills as well as criminal charges will more than likely disqualify an applicant for approval. However, a bankruptcy will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and is not an automatic disqualifier. Poor financial history is the number-one cause of rejection, and foreign activities and criminal record are also common causes for disqualification. A Secret clearance requires a NACLC, and a Credit investigation; it must also be re-investigated every 10 years. Investigative requirements for DoD clearances, which apply to most civilian contractor situations, are contained in the Personnel Security Program issuance known as DoD Regulation 5200.2-R, at part C3.4.2.

Top Secret
Top Secret is a more stringent clearance. A Top Secret, or "TS", clearance, is often given as the result of a Single Scope Background Investigation, or SSBI. Top Secret clearances, in general, afford one access to data that affects national security, counterterrorism/counterintelligence, or other highly sensitive data. There are far fewer individuals with TS clearances than Secret clearances. A TS clearance can take as few as 3 to 6 months to obtain, but often it takes 6 to 18 months. In most instances, an individual with Top Secret clearance undergoes an SSBI Period Reinvestigation (SSBI-PR) every five years.

Compartmented
As with TS clearances, Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) clearances are assigned only after one has been through the rigors of a Single Scope Background Investigation and a special adjudication process for evaluating the investigation. SCI access, however, is assigned only in "compartments". These compartments are necessarily separated from each other with respect to organization, so that an individual with access to one compartment will not necessarily have access to another. Each compartment may include its own additional special requirements and clearance process. An individual may be granted access to, or read into, a compartment for any period of time.

Top secret clearance might be required to access:
 * Communications intelligence, a subset of SIGINT
 * Design or stockpile information about nuclear weapons
 * Nuclear targeting

Such compartmentalized clearances may be expressed as "John has a TS/SCI", whereby all clearance descriptors are spelled out verbally. For example, the US National Security Agency once used specialized terms such as "Umbra",  This classification is reported to be a compartment within the "Special Intelligence" compartment of SCI. The various NSA compartments have been simplified; all but the most sensitive compartments are marked "CCO", meaning "handle through COMINT channels only".

The US Department of Defense establishes, separately from intelligence compartments, special access programs (SAP) when the vulnerability of specific information is considered exceptional and the normal criteria for determining eligibility for access applicable to information classified at the same level are not deemed sufficient to protect the information from unauthorized disclosure. The number of people cleared for access to such programs is typically kept low. Information about stealth technology, for example, often requires such access.

Area-specific clearances include:
 * L clearance (Department of Energy)
 * Q clearance (Department of Energy)
 * Yankee White (working with the President and Vice President)

Jobs that require a clearance
There are two different types of jobs that require clearance: public trust and low-risk positions, which require a Standard Form 85 application, and a positions with access to classified information, which require a Standard Form 86 application.

Anyone with access to classified data requires a clearance at or higher than the level at which the data is classified. For this reason, security clearances are required for a wide range of jobs, from senior management to janitorial. According to a 2013 Washington Post article, over 1.5 million Americans had top-secret clearances; almost one-third of them worked for private companies, rather than for the U.S. government.

Jobs that require a security clearance can be found either as positions working directly for the federal government or as authorized federal contractors. Over time, more clearance jobs are being outsourced to contractors. Due to an overall shortage in security-cleared candidates and a long time frame to obtain the credentials for an uncleared worker, those with clearance are often paid more than their non-cleared equivalent counterparts. According to one 2010 estimate, "people with security clearances are in the top 10 percent of wage earners in the country".

Requirements for a clearance
The vetting process for a security clearance is usually undertaken only when someone is hired or transferred into a position that requires access to classified information. The Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency is the primary security agency that conducts background investigations for the Federal Government, conducting 95% of all background investigations for over 100 agencies and conducting approximately 2 million background investigations each year.

The employee is typically fingerprinted and asked to provide information about themselves. This becomes a starting point for an investigation into the candidate's suitability. The process has been streamlined and now requires the person who needs clearance to input the information online using E-qip; five days are allowed for data input. Having the older paper form can be helpful for collecting and organizing the information in advance. The information on an investigation and its status is stored in either JPAS or Scattered Castles.

Investigative work is usually at least one of the following types:
 * National Agency Check with Local Agency Check and Credit Check (NACLC). An NACLC is required for a Secret, L, and CONFIDENTIAL access. (See: Background check)
 * Single Scope Background Investigation (SSBI). An SSBI is required for Top Secret, Q, and SCI access, and involves agents contacting employers, coworkers and other individuals. Standard elements include checks of employment; education; organization affiliations; local agencies; where the subject has lived, worked, or gone to school; and interviews with persons who know the individual. The investigation may include an NACLC on the candidate's spouse or cohabitant and any immediate family members who are U.S. citizens other than by birth or who are not U.S. citizens.
 * Polygraph. Some agencies may require polygraph examinations. The most common examinations are Counter Intelligence (CI) and Full-Scope (Lifestyle) polygraphs. While a positive SSBI is sufficient for access to SCI-level information, polygraphs are routinely administered for "staff-like" access to particular agencies.

If issues of concern surface during any phase of security processing, coverage is expanded to resolve those issues. At lower levels, interim clearances may be issued to individuals who are presently under investigation, but who have passed some preliminary, automatic process. Such automatic processes include things such as credit checks, felony checks, and so on. An interim clearance may be denied (although the final clearance may still be granted) for having a large amount of debt, having a foreign spouse, for having admitted to seeing a doctor for a mental health condition, or for having admitted to other items of security concern (such as a criminal record or a history of drug use.). When security concerns arise for an individual, which could bar them from holding a security clearance, adjudicators may also look at the Whole-Person Concept as a source of potential mitigation so that the person may still be granted a security clearance.

The high-level clearance process can be lengthy, sometimes taking a year or more. In recent years, there has been an increased backlog of cases which has been attributed to the economic climate. The long time needed for new appointees to be cleared has been cited as hindering the presidential transition process.

Security briefings
In the US, once the clearance is granted, the candidate is briefed on "the proper safeguarding of classified information and on the criminal, civil, and administrative sanctions that may be imposed on an individual who fails to protect classified information from unauthorized disclosure." They are also required to sign an approved non-disclosure agreement (e.g., form SF-312). High-level clearances are reviewed periodically and any "adverse information" reports received at any time can trigger a review. When a cleared person leaves their job, they are often "debriefed"—reminded of their ongoing obligations to protect the information they were allowed to see, and the possible consequences should they fail to uphold those obligations. According to NISPOM Chapter 3, newly cleared employees are required to receive an initial security briefing before having access to classified information. This training helps them understand the threat, risks to classified information, how to protect the classified information, security procedures and duties as they apply to their job. This training is followed up by refresher training that reinforces the initial security briefing.

Dual citizenship
Dual citizenship is associated with two categories of security concerns: foreign influence and foreign preference. Dual citizenship in itself is not the major problem in obtaining or retaining security clearance in the United States. If a security clearance applicant's dual citizenship is "based solely on parents' citizenship or birth in a foreign country", that can be a mitigating condition. However, exercising (taking advantage of the entitlements of) a non-U.S. citizenship can cause problems. For example, possession and/or use of a foreign passport is a condition disqualifying from security clearance and "is not mitigated by reasons of personal convenience, safety, requirements of foreign law, or the identity of the foreign country" as is explicitly clarified in a Department of Defense policy memorandum which defines a guideline requiring that "any clearance be denied or revoked unless the applicant surrenders the foreign passport or obtains official permission for its use from the appropriate agency of the United States Government". This guideline has been followed in administrative rulings by the Department of Defense (DoD) Defense Office of Hearings and Appeals (DOHA) office of Industrial Security Clearance Review (ISCR), which decides cases involving security clearances for Contractor personnel doing classified work for all DoD components. In one such case, an administrative judge ruled that it is not clearly consistent with U.S. national interest to grant a request for a security clearance to an applicant who was a dual national of the United States and Ireland. DOHA can rule on issues involving the granting of security clearances.

Limited Access Authorizations (LAA)
A non-US born person working in the United States on an H-1B visa may obtain a special clearance with access to secret information if they are in a critical role of a job that requires authorization.

United Nations
The UN has a Security Clearance (SC) procedure and document for United Nations staff travelling to areas designated as security phase areas, with numbers ranging from one to five ("no-phase" areas are calm countries where no SC is required).

United Nations staff can apply for SC online, at the website of the Department for Safety and Security.

Individuals who have had security clearances revoked
In the post World War II era, there have been several highly publicized, and often controversial, cases of officials or scientists having their security clearances revoked, including:

This list does not cover people whose security clearance lapsed possibly following changing their job.

Canada

 * Standard on Security Screening

Germany
German language official files
 *
 *

United Kingdom

 * UK MOD's Defence Vetting Agency

United States

 * (DoD) Factors Used for Determining Security Clearance Approval/Disapproval
 * Defense Office of Hearings and Appeals decisions
 * Security Clearance FAQs
 * How to get clearance
 * DoD Intelligence & Security Documents, directives and Instructions
 * DoD Security Clearances and Contracts Guidebook-What You Need to Know About Your Need to Know
 * Federal Suitability Security Clearance Chart
 * Defense Office of Hearings and Appeals (DOHA) Experiencing Immense Backlog of Cases, Highlighting Need for Thorough and Effective Preparation of Clearance Applications

UN

 * United Nations Department of Safety and Security

Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces

 * Vetting and the Security Sector, published by DCAF

title: Security clearance


text:
Operation Maple

During World War II, Operation Maple was a naval mine laying operation in support of the invasion of northern France (Operation Overlord). Operation Maple was part of Operation Neptune.

The objectives were stated as:

 * 1) To impede the movement of light enemy vessels stationed inside the Channel,
 * 2) To impede ingress into the Channel by enemy naval forces situated in the Atlantic and North Sea,
 * 3) To compel enemy naval forces moving toward the NEPTUNE area to follow a course to seaward of the extreme range of enemy shore batteries and shore based fighter cover, in order that allied surfaces forces would be free to intercept their progress,
 * 4) To disrupt enemy shipping generally during the critical period, in order to reduce seaborne movement of enemy reinforcements and supplies toward the battle area

The mines were laid by ships and aircraft, including HMS Apollo (M01), HMS Plover (M26), 10th, 50th, 51st and 52nd M.L. Flotillas, and the 9th, 13th, 14th, 21st, 22nd and 64th M.T.B. Flotillas. In addition, mines were laid from the air by Halifax, Stirling and Lancaster bombers of numbers 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 Groups, Bomber Command, Royal Air Force.

With the exception of the field laid in the Straits of Dover, and an area mined by aircraft to the north of the Frisian Islands, all the minefields were offensive in character. The two semi-defensive minefields, referred to above, were intended primarily to counter any movement of enemy heavier forces from the east. In April and May 1944, some of the mines laid were timed to become effective at various dates so as to escape being swept before the invasion of France.

During the course of Operation MAPLE, a total of 6,850 mines were laid. Of these, 42% were laid by naval forces in 66 operations and 58% were laid by aircraft in 1,800 sorties. These operations made an effective contribution to the general immunity from surface and U-boat attack enjoyed by the assault forces. A considerable number of casualties were inflicted on the enemy, and their minesweeping organization was stretched to the limit. Minefields in the vicinity of Ushant and off the Brittany coast had the desired effect of driving U-boats into open water, where they could be dealt with by allied anti-submarine forces. The special operation in the Kiel Canal resulted in a complete dislocation of the enemy organization at an important moment. The entire operation cost the allied cause, in casualties, only one Motor Torpedo Boat 2 and 19 minelaying aircraft.

A linked operation, Bravado laid mines in German waters, in and around the Kiel Canal. The objective was to disrupt German naval movements.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Operation Maple


text:
Peppermint (EP)

Peppermint EP is the debut EP released by Canadian rock band Sloan. It was released on their own label, Murderecords, in 1992.

The EP was recorded at Sound Market Studios in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada by Terry Pulliam, who also engineered the recording.

Three songs – "Marcus Said", "Underwhelmed", and "Sugartune" – were also included on the band's first full-length album, Smeared; "Underwhelmed" was entirely re-recorded, while "Marcus Said" and "Sugartune" were remixed versions of the original Peppermint recordings.

Jennifer Pierce of Jale provides additional backing vocals on two songs, "Marcus Said" and "Torn".

The cover is a photo of Jason Larsen, a friend of the band's, after whom the band is named. Larsen was originally called "Slow One" by his French-speaking boss, a nickname which, when said in the boss' French accent, sounded more like "Sloan". Larsen agreed they could name the band after him as long as he was on the cover of their first album.

Track listing

 * 1) "Marcus Said" (Chris Murphy) – 4:34
 * 2) "Underwhelmed" (Chris Murphy) – 5:25
 * 3) "Pretty Voice" (Jay Ferguson) – 3:08
 * 4) "Lucky for Me" (Chris Murphy) – 3:11
 * 5) "Sugartune" (Patrick Pentland) – 3:37
 * 6) "Torn" (Chris Murphy) – 2:55

Credits

 * Jay Ferguson – Guitar, vocals
 * Chris Murphy – Bass, vocals
 * Patrick Pentland – Guitar, vocals
 * Andrew Scott – Drums, vocals
 * Jennifer Pierce – vocals ("Marcus Said" and "Torn")

title: Peppermint (EP)


text:
Donau-Ries

Donau-Ries (Danube-Ries) is a Landkreis (district) in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Ansbach, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Eichstätt, Neuburg-Schrobenhausen, Aichach-Friedberg, Augsburg and Dillingen, and by the state of Baden-Württemberg (districts of Heidenheim and Ostalbkreis).

History
From Palaeolithic times on the Nördlinger Ries was a very attractive site for human settlement. The valley of the Danube was abounding with game, and many caves in the slopes of the crater provided shelter for Neanderthals and their successors.

The Ries was always densely populated. From 450 to 15 BC Celtic peoples built their settlements on the tops of the hills. Remains of Celtic circular forts and sanctuaries can be found all over the region. They were replaced about 90 AD by the Romans, who secured the region by building forts and the Limes (which was some km north of the present district).

The Romans were driven away about 250 AD by the Alamanni, which in turn were defeated by the Franks in 496. In the early years of the Holy Roman Empire new castles were erected, among them Schloss Oettingen, which was the centre of the county of Oettingen. This county was first mentioned in 1141, ruled over the villages of the Ries and managed to gain further territories around. In the 15th century the county was divided into the two states of Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Wallerstein. Later the former decided to become Protestant, while the latter remained Catholic. This was the reason for a bloody enmity resulting in decades of war. Even prior to the Thirty Years' War there were battles, mass executions and witchhunts in both parts. In the Thirty Years' War the Ries was almost completely devastated and depopulated. Two major battles of that war took place in the region: the Battle of Nördlingen (1634) and the Battle of Nördlingen (1645).

After the war, the Counts of the mini-states (in the meantime a third county called Oettingen-Spielberg had been founded) recruited settlers from Austria to repopulate the land. The hostilities between the counties were revived. There was fighting in the War of the Spanish Succession, with two major battles taking place in the Ries. All this came to an end, when the last Protestant ruler of Oettingen-Oettingen died without a successor. The remaining states of Oettingen-Wallerstein and Oettingen-Spielberg annexed his lands and turned them into a Catholic region.

In 1806 Napoleon dissolved both Oettingen states and awarded them to Bavaria. In the Congress of Vienna the affiliation of the region with Bavaria was confirmed, and the sovereignty of the Ries ended.

The present district was established in 1972 by merging the former districts of Nördlingen and Donauwörth.

Geography
In the south, the Danube crosses the district, running from west to east. It is joined by the Lech river coming from the south. North of the river there is a hill chain, the so-called Riesalb connecting the mountain chains of the Swabian Alb in the west and the Frankish Alb in the east. Further north there is the Nördlinger Ries, a huge depression, which is in fact an ancient impact crater, caused by a meteorite some 14.8 million years ago.

Politics
Donau-Ries (electoral district)

Coat of arms
The coat of arms displays:
 * The eagle of the Holy Roman Empire symbolising the Free Imperial Cities of Donauwörth and Nördlingen
 * The yellow cross on red background was part of the arms of all Oettingen counties
 * The blue and white checkered pattern of Bavaria

title: Donau-Ries


text:
Smeared

Smeared is the debut studio album by Canadian rock band Sloan. It was released in Canada on October 1, 1992, and in the United States in January, 1993, on Geffen Records. The album was recorded at a low cost of $1,200. The album is ranked 86th in the 2007 book The Top 100 Canadian Albums by music journalist Bob Mersereau and is widely considered a seminal album of Canada's 1990s alternative rock scene. In an interview with GuitarWorld, in December 2022, Patrick Pentland stated that a Smeared 30th Anniversary reissue is in the works, slated for 2023. The deluxe edition reissue was eventually released in May 2024, which featured a 44-page book, concert poster, unreleased demos & outtakes from the Smeared sessions, as well as a previously unreleased live concert from June 1993 at McGill University, in Montreal.

Overview
Like their first release, the Peppermint EP, Smeared received comparisons to Sonic Youth and Beatles. Three songs from Peppermint re-appear on Smeared; one of these ("Underwhelmed") was entirely re-recorded, while the other two ("Marcus Said" and "Sugartune") are the same recordings with new mixing. The band had originally intended to name the album Gluegun.

Music videos were produced for the tracks "Underwhelmed" and "500 Up", with both receiving moderate rotation on MuchMusic in the early 1990s. Jennifer Pierce, of fellow Halifax band Jale, sang backing vocals on "I Am the Cancer".

Commercial performance
By September 1993, the album had sold more than 150,000 copies worldwide. The album was certified Gold in Canada on July 12, 1995. By February 1997, the album had sold 60,000 units in Canada.

Track listing
All songs credited to Sloan.

Japanese Bonus Tracks on 1998 CD Reissue

Credits

 * Jay Ferguson – guitar, vocals
 * Chris Murphy – bass, vocals, erased guitar
 * Patrick Pentland – guitar, vocals, bass
 * Andrew Scott – drums, vocals, guitar
 * Jennifer Pierce – backing vocals ("I Am the Cancer")

title: Smeared


text:
Altered state of consciousness

An altered state of consciousness (ASC), also called an altered state of mind, altered mental status (AMS) or mind alteration, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state. By 1892, the expression was in use in relation to hypnosis, though there is an ongoing debate as to whether hypnosis is to be identified as an ASC according to its modern definition. The next retrievable instance, by Max Mailhouse from his 1904 presentation to conference, however, is unequivocally identified as such, as it was in relation to epilepsy, and is still used today. In academia, the expression was used as early as 1966 by Arnold M. Ludwig and brought into common usage from 1969 by Charles Tart. It describes induced changes in one's mental state, almost always temporary. A synonymous phrase is "altered state of awareness".

Definitions
There is no general definition of an altered state of consciousness, as any definitional attempt would first have to rely on a definition of a normal state of consciousness. Attempts to define the term can however be found in philosophy, psychology and neuroscience. There is no final consensus on what the most accurate definition is. The best-established and latest definitions are provided below.

Arnold M. Ludwig attempted a first definition in 1966.

"An altered state is any mental state(s), induced by various physiological, psychological, or pharmacological maneuvers or agents, which can be recognized subjectively by the individual himself (or by an objective observer of the individual) as representing a sufficient deviation in subjective experience of psychological functioning from certain general norms for that individual during alert, waking consciousness."

Starting from this, Charles Tart focuses his definition on the subjective experience of a state of consciousness and its deviation from a normal waking state.

"Altered states of consciousness are alternate patterns or configurations of experience, which differ qualitatively from a baseline state."

Farthing's definition of an altered state of consciousness (ASC) is based on Charles Tart's terminology. Charles Tart described an altered state of consciousness as a profound change in the "overall pattern of subjective experiences". In order to define an ASC, Tart focuses on the importance of subjective experience.

Farthing adds to his definition that an ASC is short-termed or at least reversible and that it might not even be recognized as an ASC at that moment. His definition relies only on subjective experience, leaving aside behavioral changes and physiological response.

"An altered state of consciousness (ASC) may be defined as a temporary change in the overall pattern of subjective experience, such that the individual believes that his or her mental functioning is distinctly different from certain general norms for his or her normal waking state of consciousness. (Farthing, 1992, p. 205)"

He lists fourteen dimensions of changed subjective experience. To account for an ASC, multiple dimensions need to be altered.

A working definition for empirical research based on these previous definitions was by Schmidt in 2016:

"[Translated from German]: As a working definition for neuroscientific research, it might suffice to presume that most people have a strong intuition concerning which variability in their everyday wakeful state feels normal to them. This variability of experience is considered as normal fluctuation, while any state that is experienced to diverge significantly from it can be called an ASC. From an experimental perspective, it is also reasonable to compare ASC conditions to a baseline state – a state subjectively judged as average, or normal. The comparison with a 'normal' baseline requires that the ASC under investigation is of relatively short duration (minutes to hours), which differentiates ASCs from most pathological conditions. Importantly, it has been emphasized that an ASC is not a mere quantitative change in a single cognitive function (e.g. elevated arousal). Instead, it is a multidimensional phenomenon. Thereby, the relative intensity of multiple consciousness aspects constitutes a 'phenomenological pattern' characterizing a particular state. Such 'patterns' have also been referred to as relative changes in the '(basic) dimensions of consciousness'. For empirical research, such patterns correspond to a multivariate combination of independent 'consciousness factors', which can be quantified via questionnaires. The 'phenomenological pattern' results from the factor structure of the applied psychometric assessment, i.e. the individual ratings, or factor scores, of a questionnaire."

History of utilization of ASCs
Altered states of consciousness might have been employed by humans as early as 30,000 years ago. Mind-altering plants and/or excessive dancing were used to attain an ecstatic or mystic state. Examples of early religious use of altered states of consciousness are the rites of Dionysos and the Eleusinian Mysteries, as well as yoga and meditation. Followers of various shamanic traditions "enter altered states of consciousness in order to serve their community." Terence McKenna has suggested that the use of psychedelic mushrooms in prehistoric times has led to the "evolution of human language and symbol use". Some theorists propose that mind-altering substances, such as soma, might have pushed the formation of some of the world's main religions.

Meditation in its various forms is being rediscovered by modern psychology because of its therapeutic potential and its ability to "enable the activity of the mind to settle down". In psychotherapy, techniques like hypnosis and meditation support psychological processes.

History of scientific study
Due to the behaviourist paradigm in psychology altered states of consciousness were dismissed as a field of scientific inquiry during the early 20th century. They were pathologized and merely seen as symptoms of intoxication or demonic possession.

Their return into psychology began with Wiliam James' interest into a variety of altered states, such as "mystical experiences and drug-induced states". James' investigations into first-person-subjective-experience contributed to the reconsideration of introspection as a valuable research method in the academic community.

The social change of the turbulent 1960s has decisively led to a change of the scientific perspective to the point that introspection as a scientific method and ASCs as valid realms of experience became more widely accepted. Foundations for the research have been laid out by various scientists such as Abraham Maslow, Walter N. Pahnke, Stanislav Grof and Charles Tart. They focused on seemingly beneficial aspects of ASCs such as their potential to "promote creativity or treat addiction". Rather oppressive states such as dissociation from trauma were neglected.

The findings of the famous Good Friday Experiment by Pahnke suggest that mystical experiences can be triggered by psilocybin. Later investigations by Rick Doblin found that participants valued those experiences as "spiritual high points of their lives".

In the midst of the rise of new-age subculture Stanislav Grof and others formed the new field of transpersonal psychology, which emphasized "the importance of individual human experience, validity of mystical and spiritual experience, interconnectedness of self with others and the world and potential of self-transformation".

Abraham Maslow's research on peak experiences, as moments of "highest happiness and fulfillment", further contributed to the depathologization of altered states.

A first summary of the existing literature was carried out by Charles T. Tart in his book Altered the States of Consciousness, which led to a more common use of the term. Tart coined the key terms discrete and baseline states of consciousness and thought about a general classification system for ASCs. He also called for "state specific sciences" in which researchers should do science on ASCs from within such states.

Classification

A classification of Altered States of Consciousness is helpful for comparing or differentiating induced ASCs and other variations of consciousness. Various researchers have attempted the classification into a broader framework. The attempts of classification discussed in the following focus on slightly different aspects of ASCs. Several authors suggested classification schemata with regard to the genesis of altered states and with regard to the type of experiences:

A classification with five categories was suggested by Dieter Vaitl to distinguish ASCs according to how they were induced:

 * Pathological (Epilepsy, brain damage)
 * Pharmacological (psychoactive substances)
 * Physical and physiological (fasting and sex)
 * Psychological (music, meditation, hypnosis)
 * Spontaneous (day-dreaming and near death experience)

Vaitl further suggests four basic aspects of experiences: (1) activation (2) awareness span (3) self-awareness (4) sensory dynamics. Alternatively Roland Fischer suggests a classification along ergotropic (i.e., ecstasy) or trophotropic (i.e., meditation) properties. The work of Adolph Dittrich aimed to empirically determine common underlying dimensions of consciousness alterations induced by different methods, such as drugs or non-pharmacological methods. He suggested three basic dimensions, which were termed: (1) oceanic boundlessness (2) dread of ego dissolution (3) visionary restructuralization. Further, Ken Wilber proposes a multidimensional system and adds that the individual experience of an ASC is shaped by a person's unique psychological development.

Michael Winkelman argues that there are four different "modes of consciousness": (1) the waking mode (2) the deep sleep mode (3) the REM sleep / dreaming mode (4) the integrative mode. Within this framework, many ASCs (psychedelics, hypnosis, meditation, etc.) are defined as belonging to the integrative mode.

Pharmacological
An altered state of consciousness may be defined as a short-term change in the general configuration of one's individual experience, such that the rational functioning is clearly altered from one's usual state of consciousness. There are many ways that one's consciousness can be altered, such as by using psychoactive drugs, which are defined as chemical substances that pass through the blood-brain barrier and disturb brain function, causing changes in awareness, attitude, consciousness, and behavior.

Cannabis is a psychoactive drug that is known to alter the state of consciousness. Cannabis alters mental activity, memory, and pain perception. One who is under the influence of cannabis may experience degrees of paranoia, increased sensitivity, and delayed reactions not normal for their usual conscious state. A 2009 review of anxiety and cannabis studies concluded that "frequent cannabis users appear to have higher levels of anxiety than non-users," and that "a considerable number of subjects developed anxiety disorders before the first symptoms of cannabis dependence." That led researchers to believe that anxiety-prone people tend to use cannabis as a self-prescribed anxiety medicine, opposing the idea that cannabis is what's causing the anxiety.

MDMA (ecstasy) is a drug that also alters one's state of consciousness. The state of consciousness brought about by MDMA ingestion includes a rise in positive feelings and a reduction in negative feelings (Aldridge, D., & Fachner, J. ö. 2005). Users' emotions are increased and inhibitions lowered, often accompanied by a sensation of intimacy or connection with other people.

Opioids are a class of drugs that alter consciousness. Examples of opioids include heroin, morphine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone. Opioids produce analgesia and often feelings of euphoria in users. Opioid abuse may result in decreased production of endorphins in the brain, natural pain relievers whose effects may be heightened by drugs.

Cocaine alters one's state of consciousness. Cocaine affects the neurotransmitters that nerves use to communicate with each other. Cocaine inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and other neurotransmitters in the synapse, resulting in an altered state of consciousness or a "high" (Aldridge, D., & Fachner, J. ö. 2005).

Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, activates serotonin receptors (the amine transmitter of nerve urges) in brain matter. LSD acts on certain serotonin receptors, and its effects are most prominent in the cerebral cortex, an area involved in attitude, thought, and insight, which obtains sensory signs from all parts of the body. LSD's main effects are emotional and psychological. The ingester's feelings may alter quickly through a range from fear to ecstasy (Humphrey, N. 2001). This may cause one to experience many levels of altered consciousness. It has also been shown to induce ego death (or ego dissolution).

Alcohol alters consciousness by shifting levels of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" cell (often another neuron). Neurotransmitters can cause inhibitory or excitatory effects on the "target" cell they are affecting. Alcohol increases the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-Aminobutyric acid) in the brain. GABA causes slow actions and inaudible verbal communication that often occur in alcoholics. Alcohol also decreases the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Suppressing this stimulant results in a similar type of physiological slowdown. In addition to increasing the GABA and decreasing the glutamate in the brain, alcohol increases the amount of the chemical dopamine in the brain, which is one of the addictive causes of alcoholism.

Non-pharmacological
Altered states of consciousness may also be induced by:

 * Hypnosis
 * Meditation
 * Near-death experience

Emotions influence behavior that alters the state of consciousness. Emotions can be influenced by various stimuli.

Pathologies/other
Pathological or accidental induction may refer to unforeseen events or illnesses. According to Jeffrey R. Avner, professor of clinical pediatrics, a crucial element to understanding accidental and pathological causes of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) is that it begins with reduced self-awareness followed by reduced awareness in the environment (2006). Those with personal experience of conditions such as Depersonalisation often cite the opposite, that it is an increased awareness of the environment and the self that results in altered states of consciousness. When the reduction of self-awareness and environmental awareness take effect, they produce altered states of consciousness. The specific conditions below provide clarity on the types of conditions compromise accidental and pathological causes.

Traumatic experience
The first condition, traumatic experience, is defined as a lesion caused by an external force (Trauma. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online, 2013). Examples include impact to the brain caused by blunt force (i.e., a car accident). The reason a traumatic experience causes altered states of consciousness is that it changes how the brain works. The external impact diverts the blood flow from the front of the brain to other areas. The front of the brain is known as the prefrontal cortex responsible for analytical thought (Kunsman, 2012). When the damage becomes uncontrollable, the patient experiences changes in behavior and impaired self-awareness. This is exactly when an altered state of consciousness is experienced.

Epilepsy
Another common cause of ASCs is epilepsy. According to Medlineplus epilepsy is as a brain disorder that causes seizures (2013). During the seizure, the patient will experience hallucinations and loss of mental control, causing temporary dissociation from reality. A study that was conducted with six epileptic patients and used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) detected how the patients did indeed experience hallucinations while a seizure is occurring. This not only altered the patient's behavioral pattern but also made them dissociate from reality during that particular time frame.

Oxygen deficiency
Oxygen deficiency impacts the brain, which is why ASCs can occur when there is oxygen deprivation in an environment.

Infections
In addition to oxygen deprivation or deficiency, infections are a common pathological cause of ASC. A prime example of an infection is meningitis. The medical website WEBMD states that meningitis is an infection that causes the coverings of the brain to swell. This particular infection occurs in children and young adults. This infection is primarily viral. Viral meningitis causes ASC and its symptoms include fevers and seizures (2010). The Impairment becomes visible the moment seizures begin to occur, this is when the patient enters the altered state of consciousness.

Sleep deprivation
Sleep deprivation is also associated with ASCs, and can provoke seizures due to fatigue. Sleep deprivation can be chronic or short-term depending on the severity of the patient's condition. Many patients report hallucinations because sleep deprivation impacts the brain. An MRI study conducted at Harvard Medical School in 2007 found that a sleep-deprived brain was not capable of being in control of its sensorimotor functions, leading to impaired self-awareness. Patients were also much clumsier than if they had not been experiencing sleep deprivation.

Fasting
Fasting is another form of deprivation. Fasting can be deliberate, including for religious reasons or from psychological conditions such as anorexia. Fasting refers to the ability to willingly refrain from food and possibly drinks as well. The dissociation caused by fasting is not only life-threatening but it is the reason why extended fasting periods can lead to ASC. Thus, the temporary dissociation from reality allows fasting to fall into the category of an ASC following the definition provided by Avner (2006).

Psychosis
Another pathological cause is psychosis, otherwise known as a psychotic episode. Psychotic episodes often include delusions, paranoia, derealization, depersonalization, and hallucinations (Revonsuo et al., 2008). Studies have not been able to clearly identify when a person is reaching a higher level of risk for a psychotic episode (Schimmelmann, B., Walger, P., & Schultze-Lutter, F., 2013), but the earlier people are treated for psychosis the more likely they are to avoid the devastating consequences which could lead to a psychotic disorder (Schimmelmann, B., Walger, P., & Schultze-Lutter, F., 2013). Unfortunately, there are very few studies which have thoroughly investigated psychotic episodes, and the ability to predict this disorder remains unclear. (Schimmelmann, B., Walger, P., & Schultze-Lutter, F., 2013).

Reviewing the previous conditions for accidental and pathological causes, we can come to understand that all of these accidental or pathological causes share the component of reduced self-awareness. Therefore, ASCs cannot only be caused naturally but they can be induced intentionally with methods including hypnosis meditation, amongst others. There are also ASCs which are caused by less recreational purposes; people who utilize illegal substances, or heavy dosages of medications, as well as large amounts of alcohol, can indeed comply with the definition of an ASC (Revonsuo et al., 2008).

Entropic brain hypothesis
The entropic brain hypothesis by Robin Carhart-Harris in 2014 is a theory informed by neuroimaging research that uses the hallucinogen-induced neurological state to make inferences about other states of consciousness. The expression "entropy" is applied here in the context of states of consciousness and their associated neurodynamics, where high entropy means a high level of disorder. The theory proposes a general distinction between two fundamentally different modes of cognition, referred to as primary and secondary consciousness.

Primary consciousness is associated with unconstrained cognition and less ordered (higher-entropy) neurodynamics that preceded the development of modern, normal waking consciousness in adults. Examples include the rapid eye movement sleep (REM),transcendental state between REM sleep and sensory awareness(the psychedelic state), or the onset phase of psychosis. Secondary consciousness is associated with constrained cognition and more ordered neurodynamics. Examples include normal waking consciousness, the anesthetized or the depressed state.

The theory further proposes that via pharmacological induction of psychedelic substances psilocybin, the brain is able to enter into the primary state of consciousness (the psychedelic state) from normal waking consciousness. This "phase transition" between these two fundamentally different poles of consciousness is facilitated by a collapse of the normally highly organized activity within the default mode network (DMN) and a decoupling between the DMN and the medial temporal lobes (MTLs), which are normally significantly coupled. The DMN is closely associated with higher-order cognitive functions such as supporting the neurological basis for the self (e.g. self-reflection, subjectivity, introspection), thinking about others (e.g. theory of mind), remembering the past and thinking about the future (e.g. episodic memory). Task-positive networks are associated with the inverse of these things e.g., focus on and scrutiny of the external world.

The entropic brain hypothesis emphasizes the great research potential of the psychedelic state of mind for gaining more insight into general human consciousness.

CSTC-loop
Extensive scientific investigation on altered states of consciousness and their relationship to drug interactions with receptors in the brain have been performed. Particularly the study of the neurotransmitter serotonin and the effects of psychedelic drugs on the brain has been intensively researched over the past sixty years. It has been hypothesized that hallucinogens act either as an antagonist or an agonist at 5-HT2A (serotonin-2A) receptors and will elicit a state that shares some common phenomenological features with early acute stages of the group of schizophrenia disorders.

Findings implicate that abnormalities of serotonin function and the serotonergic system could be responsible for psychiatric disorders such as the spectrum of schizophrenia (gating) disorders and therefore, that serotonin agonist or antagonists might be useful in the treatment of disorders such as schizophrenia. To investigate the underlying causative neurotransmitter mechanisms of this phenomenon, the CSTC (cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical) loop model has been formulated based on empirical neurobiological work. It is indicated that the common hypofrontality (underactivation of frontal brain regions) and cortical activation pattern induced by serotonergic and glutamatergic hallucinogens is due to a common disruption of thalamic gating of sensory and cognitive information. The CSTC feedback loop plays a major role in gating or filtering out external and internal information to the cortex. Thereby it influences the regulation of the level of awareness and attention.

Disruption of the CSTC loop system is proposed to significantly influence information processing, for instance the ability to screen out, inhibit, filter, or gate extraneous stimuli and to direct selective attention to salient features of the environment. Failures of these attentional gating mechanisms might overload patients with the excessive processing of both sensory and cognitive stimuli, which could lead to a breakdown of cognitive integrity and difficulty in distinguishing self from non-self and failure to integrate an overwhelming flood of information. Descriptive elaboration of the mentioned effects can be found in the literature on schizophrenia as well as in descriptions of hallucinogenic drug action.

Despite strong evidence linking serotonin and psychosis, novel research indicates that some behavioral effects of drugs such as psilocybin appear to be independent of the classical 5-HT2A receptor-agonist actions, implying that the model described here is not the only underlying framework at play. Interdisciplinary research enterprises have set out to study the convergence of serotonergic and glutamatergic models of psychosis and dynamic neurotransmitter interactions, derived from the study of hallucinogenic drugs, in the future.

Synthetic surprise
Synthetic surprise is a theoretical concept explaining the altered states of consciousness induced by psychedelic substances like LSD and psilocybin. Central to this concept is the activation of the 5-HT2A receptor by psychedelics. The hypothesis suggests that these substances induce a state of synthetic surprise through the selective activation of the 5-HT receptors system, based on recent insights supporting a role of 5-HT in signaling surprise. This state aligns with the 'prediction error' in the predictive coding framework of brain function, where there's a discrepancy between the brain's expectations and the actual sensory input. The precision of this sensory data is crucial in modifying the brain's pre-existing beliefs or 'priors'. Under the influence of psychedelics, the interplay between top-down expectations and bottom-up sensory information is altered, leading to the characteristic changes in consciousness. Hallucinations in this context can be explained by the previously proposed "Strong priors" theory. This understanding of synthetic surprise has significant implications for the clinical use of psychedelic substances. The ability of psychedelics to induce surprise is proposed to be central to their therapeutic potential, especially in disrupting maladaptive cognitive and perceptual patterns.

title: Altered state of consciousness


text:
Indian River

Indian River may refer to:

In Barbados

 * Indian River (Barbados)

In Canada

 * Indian River (British Columbia), which enters Indian Arm to the north of North Vancouver
 * Indian River, a tidal flow east of Deer Island, New Brunswick
 * In Ontario:
 * Indian River (Algoma District), a right tributary of the Montreal River
 * Indian River (Rice Lake), in Peterborough County, which flows from Stoney Lake to Rice Lake
 * Indian River (Lanark County), a tributary of the Mississippi River
 * Indian River (Muskoka District), which flows from Lake Rosseau to Lake Muskoka
 * Indian River (Muskrat River watershed), in Renfrew County and Nipissing District, a left tributary of the Muskrat River
 * In the Yukon:
 * Indian River (Yukon), a tributary of the Yukon River
 * Dän Tàgé, formerly known as the Indian River

In Dominica

 * Indian River (Dominica), a river in Portsmouth

In the United States

 * Indian River (Alaska)
 * Indian River (Connecticut)
 * Indian River (Delaware)
 * Indian River (Florida)
 * Indian River (Maine)
 * Southwest Branch Indian River
 * In Michigan:
 * Indian River (Manistique River tributary), in the Upper Peninsula
 * Indian River (Mullett Lake), in the Lower Peninsula
 * Indian River (New Hampshire)
 * In New York:
 * Indian River (Black Lake), a tributary of the Oswegatchie River in far northern New York
 * Indian River (Hudson River tributary), in the Adirondack Mountains
 * Indian River (Moose River tributary), in the Adirondack Mountains, part of the Black River watershed
 * Indian River (West Canada Creek tributary), in the Adirondack Mountains, part of the Mohawk River watershed
 * Indian River (South Dakota), a tributary of the Big Sioux River
 * Indian River (Virginia)

In Canada

 * Indian River, Ontario, a community in Otonabee-South Monaghan
 * Indian River (reserve), a First Nations reserve in Ontario
 * Indian River, Prince Edward Island

In the United States

 * Indian River Hundred, an unincorporated subdivision of Sussex County, Delaware
 * Indian River County, Florida
 * Indian River Estates, Florida
 * Indian River Shores, Florida
 * Indian River, Michigan

Other uses

 * "Indian River" (poem), a 1917 poem by Wallace Stevens
 * PS Indian River, a sidewheel steamer built in 1861, formerly USS Clyde

title: Indian River


text:
Jacques Tardi

Jacques Tardi (born 30 August 1946) is a French comic artist. He is often credited solely as Tardi.

Biography
Tardi was born on 30 August 1946 in Valence, Drôme. After graduating from the École nationale des beaux-arts de Lyon and the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs in Paris, he started drawing comics in 1969, at the age of 23, in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Pilote, initially illustrating short stories written by Jean Giraud and Serge de Beketch, before creating the political fiction story Rumeur sur le Rouergue from a scenario by Pierre Christin in 1972.

In the English language, many of Tardi's books are published by Fantagraphics Books, edited and translated by Fantagraphics' co-founder Kim Thompson.

In 2013, Tardi was nominated as a Chevalier in France's Legion of Honour, the country's highest distinction. However, he turned down the distinction, citing that he will "remain a free man and not be held hostage by any power whatsoever."

Awards

 * 1974: Grand Prix Phénix
 * 1975: Award for Best French Artist at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France
 * – Grand Prix for Black Humor

 * 1977: Best Foreign Artist at the Prix Saint-Michel, Belgium
 * 1982: Award for best comic by "l'Association 813" at the Festival du Polar in Reims
 * 1985: Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême, France
 * – Knighted in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France

 * 1986: Adamson Award, Sweden
 * 1990: Best German-language Comic/Comic-related Publication at the Max & Moritz Prizes, Germany
 * 1991: Special mention at the Best Promotional Comic Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
 * 1994: Audience Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
 * – Best German-language Comic/Comic-related Publication at the Max & Moritz Prizes, Germany

 * 1998: nominated for the Award for Best Comic Book at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
 * 2002: Audience Award and Award for Artwork at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
 * – nominated for the Prix de la critique and the Canal BD Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival

 * 2003: nominated for the Audience Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
 * 2004: nominated for Best American Edition of Foreign Material at the Harvey Awards, U.S.
 * 2005: nominated for Award for a Series at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
 * 2006: nominated for the Award for Best Comic Book and the Audience Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
 * 2006: Special Prize for outstanding life's work at the Max & Moritz Prizes, Germany
 * – nominated for the Grand Prix Saint-Michel

 * 2007: nominated for the Grand Prix Saint-Michel
 * 2010: nominated for the Press Prize at the Prix Saint-Michel
 * 2011: winner of two Eisner Awards
 * 2021: winner of Einhard-Preis

Scenario and artwork

 * Adieu Brindavoine followed by La Fleur au fusil (Casterman, 1974)
 * Le Démon des glaces (with characters by Léo Malet) (Casterman, 1974), ISBN 2-205-00857-9
 * La Véritable Histoire du soldat inconnu (Futuropolis, 1974)
 * Mouh Mouh (Yellow Submarine, 1979)
 * Déprime (Futuropolis, 1981)
 * Le Trou d'obus (Imagerie Pellerin, 1984), ISBN 2-86207-073-4
 * C'était la guerre des tranchées (Casterman, 1993), ISBN 2-203-35905-6
 * Les Aventures extraordinaires d'Adèle Blanc-Sec (Casterman, 1976–2022)
 * "Adèle et la bête" (1976), ISBN 2-203-30501-0
 * "Le Démon de la tour Eiffel" (1976), ISBN 2-203-30502-9
 * "Le Savant fou" (1977), ISBN 2-203-30503-7
 * "Momies en folie" (1978), ISBN 2-203-30504-5
 * "Le Secret de la salamandre" (1981), ISBN 2-203-30506-1
 * "Le Noyé à deux têtes" (1985), ISBN 2-203-30507-X
 * "Tous des monstres !" (1994), ISBN 2-203-30508-8
 * "Le Mystère des profondeurs" (1998), ISBN 2-203-30509-6
 * "Le Labyrinthe infernal" (2007), ISBN 978-2-203-00736-9
 * "Le Bébé des Buttes-Chaumont" (2022).
 * Putain de Guerre! (Casterman, 2008), ISBN 2203017392
 * Moi, René Tardi, Prisonnier de guerre – stalag IIB (Casterman, 2012), ISBN 978-2-203-04898-0

Adaptations

 * Nestor Burma (comic book series), based on novels by Léo Malet (Casterman, 1982–2000)
 * Brouillard au pont de Tolbiac (Casterman, 1982), ISBN 2-203-33413-4
 * 120, rue de la Gare (Casterman, 1988), ISBN 2-203-34302-8
 * Une gueule de bois en plomb (Casterman, 1990), ISBN 2-203-34802-X
 * Casse-pipe à la Nation (Casterman, 1996), ISBN 2-203-39903-1
 * M'as-tu vu en cadavre? (Casterman, 2000), ISBN 2-203-39925-2
 * Jeux pour mourir based on a novel by Géo-Charles Véran (Casterman, 1992), ISBN 2-203-35902-1
 * Le Der des Ders, based on a novel by Didier Daeninckx (Casterman, 1997), ISBN 2-203-39906-6
 * Le Cri du peuple (comic book series), based on a novel by Jean Vautrin (Casterman, 2001–2004)
 * Les canons du 18 mars (2001), ISBN 2-203-39927-9
 * L'espoir assassiné (2002), ISBN 2-203-39929-5
 * Les heures sanglantes (2003), ISBN 2-203-39930-9
 * Le testament des ruines (2004), ISBN 2-203-39931-7
 * Le Petit Bleu de la côte ouest (Les Humanoïdes Associés, 2005), based on a novel by Jean-Patrick Manchette
 * Le secret de l'étrangleur (Casterman, 2006), based on a novel by Pierre Siniac
 * La Position du tireur couché (Futuropolis, 2010), based on a novel by Manchette
 * Ô dingos, ô châteaux! (Futuropolis, 2011), based on a novel by Manchette

Artwork

 * Rumeurs sur le Rouergue (scenario by Pierre Christin) (Gallimard, 1976)
 * Polonius (bande dessinée) (scenario by Philippe Picaret) (Futuropolis, 1977)
 * Griffu (scenario by Jean-Patrick Manchette) (Square, then Dargaud, then Casterman, 1978)
 * Ici Même (scenario by Jean-Claude Forest) (Casterman, 1979), ISBN 2-203-33401-0
 * Tueur de cafards (scenario by Benjamin Legrand) (Casterman, 1984), ISBN 2-203-33803-2
 * Grange bleue (scenario by Dominique Grange) (Futuropolis, 1985)
 * Le sens de la houppelande (scenario by Daniel Pennac) (Futuropolis, 1991), ISBN 2-7376-2739-7
 * Un strapontin pour deux (scenario by Michel Boujut) (Casterman, 1995)
 * L'évasion du cheval gris (scenario by Claude Verrien) (Sapristi, 1996)
 * Sodome et Virginie (scenario by Daniel Prevost) (Casterman, 1996), ISBN 2-207-24487-3
 * Varlot soldat (scenario by Didier Daeninckx) (L'Association, 1999), ISBN 2-84414-010-6
 * La débauche (scenario by Daniel Pennac) (Futuropolis, 2000), ISBN 2-07-078800-8

Scenario

 * Le voyage d'Alphonse (artwork by Antoine Leconte) (Duculot, 2003)

Sketchbooks

 * Mine de plomb (Futuropolis, 1985)
 * Chiures de gommes (Futuropolis, 1985)
 * Tardi en banlieue (Casterman, 1990), ISBN 2-203-38018-7
 * Carnet (JC Menu, 2001), ISBN 2-84414-099-8

Illustrated novels
Céline adaptations:
 * Voyage au bout de la nuit (Futuropolis, 1988), ISBN 2-7376-2615-3
 * Casse-pipe (Futuropolis, 1989), ISBN 2-7376-2658-7
 * Mort à crédit (Futuropolis, 1991), ISBN 2-7376-2703-6

Jules Verne adaptations:
 * Un prêtre en 1839 (Cherche Midi, 1992), ISBN 2-86274-247-3
 * San Carlos (Cherche Midi, 1993), ISBN 2-86274-267-8

Novel

 * Rue des Rebuts (Alain Beaulet, 1990)

In English

 * Adèle and the Beast – Adèle et la bête (NBM Publishing 1990), ISBN 0-918348-85-4
 * The Demon of the Eiffel Tower – Le Démon de la tour Eiffel (NBM Publishing, 1990), ISBN 1-56163-001-2
 * The Mad Scientist and Mummies on Parade – Le Savant fou and Momies en folie (NBM Publishing, 1996), ISBN 1-56163-156-6
 * The Secret of the Salamander – Le Secret de la salamandre (NBM Publishing, 1992)
 * The Bloody Streets of Paris – 120, rue de la Gare (iBooks, 2003), ISBN 0-7434-7448-1
 * West Coast Blues – Le petit bleu de la côte ouest (Fantagraphics, 2009), ISBN 978-1-60699-295-1
 * You Are There – Ici Même (Fantagraphics, 2009), ISBN 978-1-60699-294-4
 * It Was the War of the Trenches – C'était la guerre des tranchées (Fantagraphics, 2010) ISBN 978-1-60699-353-8
 * The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec Vol. 1: Pterror Over Paris and The Eiffel Tower Demon – Adèle et la bête and Le Démon de la tour Eiffel (Fantagraphics, 2010), ISBN 978-1-60699-382-8
 * The Arctic Marauder – Le Démon des glaces (Fantagraphics, 2011) ISBN 978-1-60699-435-1
 * Like a Sniper Lining Up His Shot – La Position du tireur couché (Fantagraphics, 2011), ISBN 978-1-60699-448-1
 * The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec Vol. 2: The Mad Scientist and Mummies on Parade – Le Savant fou and Momies en folie (Fantagraphics, 2011), ISBN 978-1-60699-493-1
 * Goddamn This War – Putain de Guerre! (Fantagraphics, 2013), ISBN 978-1-60699-582-2
 * Run Like Crazy Run Like Hell – Ô dingos, ô châteaux! (Fantagraphics, 2015), ISBN 978-1-60699-620-1
 * Fog Over Tolbiac Bridge: A Nestor Burma Mystery – Brouillard au pont de Tolbiac (Fantagraphics, 2017), ISBN 978-1606997055
 * I, Rene Tardi, Prisoner of War in Stalag IIB (Fantagraphics, 2018), ISBN 978-1683961086
 * I, Rene Tardi, Prisoner of War in Stalag IIB Vol. 2: My Return Home (Fantagraphics, 2019), ISBN 978-1683961796
 * I, Rene Tardi, Prisoner of War in Stalag IIB Vol. 3: After the War (Fantagraphics, 2020), ISBN 978-1683963660
 * Streets of Paris, Streets of Murder: The Complete Noir Stories of Manchette & Tardi Vol. 1 – Collects Griffu & West Coast Blues (Fantagraphics, 2020), ISBN 978-1683962861
 * Streets of Paris, Streets of Murder: The Complete Noir Stories of Manchette & Tardi Vol. 2 – Collects Like a Sniper Lining Up His Shot & Run Like Crazy Run Like Hell (Fantagraphics, 2020), ISBN 978-1683963202
 * Farewell, Brindavoine (Fantagraphics, 2021), ISBN 978-1683964339

title: Jacques Tardi


text:
Twice Removed

Twice Removed is the second album by Canadian rock band Sloan, released on Geffen Records in 1994. The album took seven weeks and cost $120,000 to record. More melodic than their previous album, Smeared, Geffen gave the record little promotion because it defied the label's commercially dominant grunge rock style of the time. The band and Geffen parted ways after Twice Removed's release. After the band's trouble with the label, they took time off from touring and writing and were broken up for a brief period.

Commercial performance
Twice Removed peaked at No. 25 on the RPM Canadian Albums Chart. By February 1997, the album had sold 58,000 units in Canada. The album was certified Gold in Canada on October 20, 1998.

Legacy
In 1996, the music magazine Chart conducted a reader poll to determine the best Canadian albums of all time. Twice Removed topped that poll. When the magazine conducted a follow-up poll in 2000, Twice Removed lost the top spot to Joni Mitchell's Blue, but still placed third. In the third poll, in 2005, Twice Removed reclaimed the top spot.

It was also ranked fourteenth in Bob Mersereau's 2007 book The Top 100 Canadian Albums.

In 2012, the album received a deluxe reissue on vinyl. This edition includes another three discs: one containing demo versions of the Twice Removed songs; another containing B-sides that were originally intended for the album but left off; and a 7-inch, 45 RPM disc containing songs that, in the words of guitarist Jay Ferguson, "didn't really fit anywhere else in the package". The release also includes a 12x12, 32-page colour booklet containing photos, interviews and other stories from the band's members. The reissue was made available exclusively via the band's website.

In 2015, the album was named the winner in the 1990s category of the inaugural Slaight Family Polaris Heritage Prize, an annual Canadian music award for classic albums released prior to the creation of the Polaris Music Prize.

Track listing
All songs credited to Sloan.

Japanese Bonus Tracks

The Demos (2012 Deluxe Reissue Box Set)

The Outtakes (2012 Deluxe Reissue Box Set)

7" Single (2012 Deluxe Reissue Box Set)

B-Sides
 * "Coax Me (Icks Nay on the Evie Stay Micks)" (Coax Me 7")
 * "One Professional Care" (Coax Me 7")
 * "I Can Feel It (demo)" (Promotional 7")

Trivia

 * Jennifer Pierce from Jale appears once again as a backup singer on "I Can Feel It".
 * Lyrics for the first track on the album, "Penpals", were taken from broken English fan letters to Kurt Cobain, which the band rummaged through when they were signed to Geffen in the early ’90s.

 * "Penpals" is referenced in the graphic novel Lost at Sea by Bryan Lee O'Malley when one character sings the lyrics from it.

title: Twice Removed


text:
List of monarchs of Moldavia

This is a list of monarchs of Moldavia, from the first mention of the medieval polity east of the Carpathians and until its disestablishment in 1862, when it united with Wallachia, the other Danubian Principality, to form the modern-day state of Romania.

Pre-Phanariote period
The Ottoman influence in the Moldavian rulers' election grows from the mid-17th century onward. From 1659, the rulers elected are mostly scions of Greek families, and increasingly less linked to the original Moldavian ruling family. The process reached its peak with the called Phanariote period (1715-1859), where, between the rulers, there was already no connection (or a very distant one) with the dynasty of Bogdan-Musat.

title: List of monarchs of Moldavia


text:
Inwood

Inwood may refer to:

Places
In Canada:
 * Inwood, Manitoba
 * Inwood, Ontario

In the United Kingdom:
 * Inwood, Warleigh, Wiltshire, England

In the United States:
 * Inwood, Florida
 * Inwood, Indiana
 * Inwood, Iowa
 * Inwood, Manhattan, a neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City
 * Inwood Hill Park
 * Inwood – 207th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line), a New York City Subway station serving the A train
 * Inwood, Mississippi, a ghost town
 * Inwood, New York, in Nassau County
 * Inwood (LIRR station), a Long Island Rail Road station
 * Inwood Country Club
 * Inwood, Maryland
 * Inwood, Michigan, ghost town
 * Inwood, San Antonio, a district of the city of San Antonio, Texas
 * Inwood, West Virginia
 * Inwood Forest, Houston, Texas
 * Inwood Township, Michigan

Other uses

 * Inwood (surname)

title: Inwood


text:
User talk:PublicNMI

Hello PublicNMI, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and manual of style pages are also useful. Feel free to experiment at the Sandbox. If you have any questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Angela

title: User talk:PublicNMI


text:
One Chord to Another

One Chord to Another is the third studio album by the Canadian rock band Sloan. The album was released in Canada through Murderecords in 1996 and in the United States through The Enclave in 1997. Like their previous album, One Chord to Another is a Beatles-influenced power pop record.

One Chord to Another was the band's first LP not to be released through Geffen Records. It was also the band's first album to win a Juno Award.

Recording
Sloan began recording One Chord to Another in December, 1995. The album was recorded over a two-week period and cost $10,000 to make, $110,000 less than the cost of their previous album. It was the band's first album to feature trumpets.

Commercial performance
The album debuted at No. 15 on The Record's Canadian Albums Chart. It was certified gold in Canada on November 21, 1996. By February 1997, the album had sold 80,000 units in Canada. It remains Sloan's best-selling album.

Critical acclaim
The album won the award for Best Alternative Album at the 1997 Juno Awards. In a 2000 poll by music magazine Chart, One Chord to Another was voted the ninth greatest Canadian album of all time. It was also ranked 34th in Bob Mersereau's 2007 book The Top 100 Canadian Albums.

Track listing
All songs credited to Sloan.

Japanese Bonus Tracks
 * "Stood Up" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 3:50
 * "Same Old Flame" (Patrick Pentland/Sloan) – 3:53

B-sides
 * "Stood Up" (7" single)
 * "Same Old Flame" (7" single)
 * "Autobiography" (Demo) ("The Good in Everyone" 7")

Note: Prior to the release of One Chord to Another, Sloan released "Same Old Flame" b/w "Stood Up" as a 7" single on murderecords.  These songs were re-recorded for the first pressing of One Chord to Another in Japan, released on EMI. While these versions of "Stood Up" are a Chris Murphy original, the song by the same name on Recorded "Live" at a Sloan Party! is a cover of a Matthew Grimson song.

20th anniversary edition box set

 * LP1 – Original album
 * 1) "The Good in Everyone" (Patrick Pentland/Sloan) – 2:17
 * 2) "Nothing Left to Make Me Want to Stay" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 2:35
 * 3) "Autobiography" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 3:18
 * 4) "Junior Panthers" (Jay Ferguson/Sloan) – 2:38
 * 5) G Turns to D" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 3:24
 * 6) A Side Wins" (Andrew Scott/Sloan) – 3:11
 * 7) "Everything You've Done Wrong" (Patrick Pentland/Sloan) – 3:29
 * 8) "Anyone Who's Anyone" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 2:48
 * 9) "The Lines You Amend" (Jay Ferguson/Sloan) – 2:32
 * 10) "Take the Bench" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 3:50
 * 11) "Can't Face Up" (Patrick Pentland/Sloan) – 3:53
 * 12) "400 Metres" (Andrew Scott/Sloan) – 4:31

 * LP2 – The Outtakes
 * 1) "El Say" (Andrew Scott/Sloan) – 1:51
 * 2) "Pictures Now" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 3:00
 * 3) "Adele" (Patrick Pentland/Sloan) – 3:12
 * 4) "Baxter" (Andrew Scott/Sloan) – 3:39
 * 5) "I'm Gonna Give It a Try" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 2:43
 * 6) "Song #1" (Andrew Scott/Sloan) – 1:53
 * 7) "Learn How to Play Dead" (Jay Ferguson/Sloan) – 3:37
 * 8) "Imagine All the Songs" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 3:03
 * 9) "Flexible Flyer" (Andrew Scott/Sloan) – 2:28
 * 10) "In My Mind" (Patrick Pentland/Sloan) – 2:28
 * 11) "Teachers in the Bleachers" (Andrew Scott/Sloan) – 3:44

 * LP3 – Recorded "Live" at a Sloan Party!
 * 1) "Let's Get the Party Started" (Sloan) – 2:28
 * 2) "I Can Feel It" (Patrick Pentland/Sloan) - 3:54
 * 3) "Dignified and Old" (Jonathan Richman) - 3:12
 * 4) "Glitter and Gold" (Barry Mann/Cynthia Weil) - 3:02
 * 5) "Over You" (Bryan Ferry/Phil Manzanera) - 3:20
 * 6) "I Am the Cancer" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 3:22
 * 7) "I Can't Let Go" (Al Gorgoni/Chip Taylor) – 2:35
 * 8) "Stood Up" – 3:28 (Matthew Grimson)
 * 9) "On the Road Again/Transona Five" (Tim Gane/Floyd Jones/Lætitia Sadier/Alan Wilson) – 4:42
 * 10) "I Wouldn't Want to Lose Your Love" (Myles Goodwyn) – 5:45

 * 7"
 * 1) "Mirror Ball" (Junior Panthers demo) (Jay Ferguson/Sloan)
 * 2) "John, You Made It On" (G Turns to D demo) (Chris Murphy/Sloan)

 * One Chord to Another Demos (Digital Download and limited cassette)
 * 1) "The Good in Everyone" (demo) (Patrick Pentland/Sloan)
 * 2) "Billy Joel" (Nothing Left to Make Me Want to Stay demo) (Chris Murphy/Sloan)
 * 3) "Autobiography" (demo) (Chris Murphy/Sloan)
 * 4) "Mirror Ball" (Junior Panthers demo) (Jay Ferguson/Sloan)
 * 5) "John, You Made It On" (G Turns to D demo) (Chris Murphy/Sloan)
 * 6) "A Side Wins" (demo) (Andrew Scott/Sloan)
 * 7) "Everything You've Done Wrong" (demo) (Patrick Pentland/Sloan)
 * 8) "Everyone Who's Anyone" (Anyone Who's Anyone demo) (Chris Murphy/Sloan)
 * 9) "Found a Way" (The Lines You Amend demo) (Jay Ferguson/Sloan)
 * 10) "Sing Your Little Heart Out" (Take the Bench demo from Pier 21) (Chris Murphy/Sloan)
 * 11) "Can't Face Up" (demo from Idea of East Recording) (Patrick Pentland/Sloan)
 * 12) "400 Metres" (demo) (Andrew Scott/Sloan)

American and Japanese releases
One Chord to Another was not released until 1997 in the United States on the independent label, The Enclave. It was originally released in an LP-style cardboard gatefold jacket rather than a traditional plastic jewel box, and included a 10-track bonus CD of material entitled Recorded Live at a Sloan Party! This bonus CD consisted of cover versions and re-recordings of previous Sloan songs; it was recorded in the studio but was overdubbed with miscellaneous party-type sounds to give the impression of being recorded live at an intimate gathering of friends (somewhat akin to the Beach Boys' Party! album). To date, the "Sloan Party" CD has not been released in the band's native Canada and has only been available as an American import. In 2016, the "Sloan Party" album was released on vinyl as part of the 20th anniversary One Chord to Another box set, and featuring new album art reminiscent of the Beach Boys' Party! album.

 * 1) "Let's Get the Party Started" (Sloan) – 2:28
 * 2) "I Can Feel It" (Patrick Pentland/Sloan) - 3:54 (new version; original version on Twice Removed)
 * 3) "Dignified and Old" (Jonathan Richman) - 3:12 (originally performed by The Modern Lovers)
 * 4) "Glitter and Gold" (Barry Mann/Cynthia Weil) - 3:02 (originally performed by The Turtles, and later, The Everly Brothers)
 * 5) "Over You" (Bryan Ferry/Phil Manzanera) - 3:20 (originally performed by Roxy Music)
 * 6) "I Am the Cancer" (Chris Murphy/Sloan) – 3:22 (new version; original version on Smeared)
 * 7) "I Can't Let Go" (Al Gorgoni/Chip Taylor) – 2:35 (originally performed by Evie Sands, and later, The Hollies)
 * 8) "Stood Up" (Matthew Grimson) – 3:28 (originally performed by Matthew Grimson)
 * 9) "On the Road Again/Transona Five" (Tim Gane/Floyd Jones/Lætitia Sadier/Alan Wilson) – 4:42 (originally performed by Canned Heat and Stereolab, respectively)
 * 10) "I Wouldn't Want to Lose Your Love" (Myles Goodwyn) – 5:45 (originally performed by April Wine)

Note: All of track 1 and the last 2:35 of track 10 consist of party sound effects only; track 8 is a cover of a song by Matthew Grimson, not the similarly-titled song released as a 1996 7" single by Sloan. Track 2 is performed by Patrick Pentland and Jennifer Pierce; track 3 is performed by Chris Murphy; track 4 is performed by Andrew Scott; track 5 is performed by Jay Ferguson; track 6 is performed by Chris Murphy; track 7 is performed by Jay Ferguson; track 8 is performed by Chris Murphy; track 9 is performed by Jay Ferguson; track 10 is performed by Patrick Pentland.

One Chord to Another was Sloan's first album to be released in Japan. They secured a distribution deal with EMI, who released the album with new recordings of "Stood Up" and "Same Old Flame". When Navy Blues was released in Canada, however, Sloan's distribution deal with Universal Canada led to new Japanese distribution with Universal Japan. Universal then released Sloan's first three albums in Japan. The new Universal Japan version of One Chord to Another was a one-disc release featuring Recorded Live at a Sloan Party! as bonus tracks, making the original Japanese release on EMI, with its two exclusive tracks, a rarity in the Sloan catalogue.

title: One Chord to Another


text:
Jamesville

Jamesville can refer to
 * Jamesville, New York
 * Jamesville, North Carolina
 * Jamesville, Pennsylvania
 * Jamesville, Virginia
 * Hamilton, Ontario has a neighborhood called Jamesville
 * Yankton County, South Dakota has a township called Jamesville

title: Jamesville


text:
Janesville

Janesville is the name of several places in the United States of America:

 * Janesville, California
 * Janesville, Iowa
 * Janesville, Minnesota
 * Janesville, Wisconsin
 * Janesville (town), Wisconsin
 * Janesville Township, Minnesota

Janesville may also refer to:
 * Janesville: An American Story, a book by Amy Goldstein

title: Janesville