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The Annual Register

The Annual Register (originally subtitled "A View of the History, Politicks and Literature of the Year ...") is a long-established reference work, written and published each year, which records and analyses the year's major events, developments and trends throughout the world. It was first written in 1758 under the editorship of Edmund Burke, and has been produced continuously since that date. In its current form the first half of the book comprises articles on each of the world's countries or regions, while the latter half contains articles on international organisations, economics, the environment, science, law, religion, the arts and sport, together with obituaries, a chronicle of major events and selected documents. In addition to being produced annually in hardback, the book is also published electronically, and its entire 260-year archive is available online from its publisher, ProQuest.

Edmund Burke and the creation of The Annual Register
The Annual Register was created in 1758 by the publishers James and Robert Dodsley. On 24 April 1758 the Dodsley brothers signed a contract with Edmund Burke (1729–97) to write and edit the material for The Annual Register, which was conceived as an annual publication which would review the history, politics and literature of the day. Born in Ireland, Burke had trained as a lawyer before abandoning this field and turning to writing. He was an up-and-coming member of the intelligentsia and had already written several notable works, published by Dodsley. According to his contract with Dodsley, Burke was paid £100 per annum as editor of The Annual Register.

In its original form, The Annual Register comprised a long historical essay on the “History of the Present War” (the Seven Years' War 1756–63), a Chronology, which gave an account of interesting and noteworthy events in Britain over the previous year, and a collection of “State Papers”, a miscellany of primary source material which included official documents, speeches, letters and accounts. In his preface to the 1758 volume Burke noted the difficulties he had faced in writing the history section of the book. Taking the “broken and unconnected materials” and creating from them “one connected narrative” had been, he commented, “a work of more labour than may at first appear”. Nevertheless, his perseverance and skill as a historian meant that by the time of its publication the first volume of The Annual Register contained a unique, contemporaneous account of the war, analysing its origins and development with a perspective not readily available at the time in newspapers or magazines. As a result, the book sold widely, with the first volume going through five editions in its first 10 years.

Given the conventions of the day, within which journalism was seen as a disreputable profession for a gentleman, Burke was publicly reticent about his connection with The Annual Register. However, his biographers are in agreement that Burke wrote and edited the book single-handedly until 1765, when he entered Parliament. From this time Thomas English was closely involved in writing the book and is regarded by some authorities as having taken over the editorship from Burke in that year. Scholars are divided on the question of Burke's association with the book thereafter, although many suggest that he continued to contribute to the history section and that he played a significant role in overseeing The Annual Register's compilation until the 1790s, even though much of the editorial work by this stage was being done by others.

Competing editions
By the 1760s The Annual Register had established itself as amongst the most respected journals in print. However, the immense scale of the work meant that its early years were characterised by frequent delays in publication and a chaotic period in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries when there were two competing versions of the title, each claiming to be its legitimate incarnation.

Having been created in 1758, The Annual Register was published by the Dodsley brothers until 1763 and, following Robert Dodsley's death, by James Dodsley alone until 1790. The sequence of Dodsley volumes was confused, however, by the practice of falsely dating a number of first editions in order to conceal the increasing delays (on occasions up to three years) between the year of publication and the year of the events described within a particular volume. A number of reprints and “counterfeit firsts” were also issued during the Dodsley period.

Following the publication of the 1790 volume in December 1793, Dodsley disposed of The Annual Register. He sold the stock and copyright of the volumes already issued to Messrs Otridge and assigned responsibility for future volumes to another publisher, Rivington. Under the new publisher the delays increased further, with the 1792 volume of the “Genuine” Annual Register not appearing until September 1798 (three months after the death of Thomas English) and the 1793 volume not being printed until July 1806. During this period Otridge produced volumes of its own “Original” Annual Register, covering the missing years and selling them at 8 shillings, compared with the 13 shillings charged by Rivington. Faced with this competition from a rival with greater resources, Rivington attempted to make good the arrears while also bringing out subsequent volumes more promptly. Some ground was recovered, although a number of years had still not been produced (1813–19) when Rivington finally went into partnership with Baldwin Craddock and Joy, a publisher which had already acquired a major share of Otridge in 1815. Thus, from the 1825 edition (produced in 1826) the competing Annual Registers were combined by Baldwin and Co. into a single title.

Subsequent developments
During the remainder of the nineteenth century The Annual Register was published without major difficulty. Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, it had adopted a format which gave a number of chapters to the history of Britain and followed closely the proceedings of Parliament. There followed chapters covering other countries in turn, no longer confined only to Europe. Its expanded history section meant that there was less of the miscellaneous material which had characterised its earlier volumes. Nevertheless, poetry remained included until 1862 and the book continued to reflect topical issues of the day.

In 1947 The Annual Register acquired an advisory board for the first time consisting of the then editor, Ivison Macadam, the assistant editor, Hugh Latimer, and five representatives nominated by: the English Association, the Arts Council of Great Britain, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, and the Royal Historical Society. Explaining this innovation, Macadam stated in the preface to the 1947 volume that it was “a recognition of the need for specialisation in these complicated times”.

In 1994, after a century's ownership by Longman, The Annual Register was transferred to Cartermill. In 1996 it was sold to a US publisher, Keesing's Worldwide, which oversaw the process of digitising the book's extensive archive and making this available for the first time to subscribers. In late 2005 the title was bought by another US publisher, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, which subsequently became ProQuest.

List of editors
Although it is agreed that Edmund Burke was the first editor of The Annual Register and held the post from 1758 to 1765, the date upon which he relinquished the editorship is uncertain.

It is only possible to record with accuracy those editors of the book from the modern period. The following list shows which volumes were produced by specific editors.

 * M. Epstein (1922–1945)
 * H.T. Montague Bell (1946)
 * Ivison S. Macadam (1947–1972)
 * Harry Hodson (1973–1987)
 * Alan J. Day (1988–1999)
 * D.S. Lewis (2000–2009)
 * D.S. Lewis & Wendy Slater (2010–present)

Editorial aims
The Annual Register in its current form aims to provide an authoritative, accurate, and interesting summary of the history of the year. This includes charting the immediate history of individual countries and also covering developments across a broad spectrum of science and the humanities. It aims to maintain The Annual Register’s traditional role as a well-respected reference work, while also providing an interesting and lively read.

Modern format
The Annual Register begins with an overview of the year, a thought-provoking essay by an established modern historian. In recent years, the authors of this article have included Paul Rogers, Anatol Lieven, Philip M.H. Bell, M.R.D. Foot, Richard Overy, and J.M. Roberts. There then follow articles on each country (or group of countries) in the world, ranging from a few hundred to 10,000 words in length. The second half of the book contains articles on major international and regional organisations, and essays on various topics. These include developments in the international economy, science and the environment, law and religion, and the arts and sport. The final sections of the book contain selected documents and statistics, an obituary section, and a day-by-day chronicle of the year’s events. A number of maps and colour photographs are included to illustrate the year’s key stories.

Contributors
Each article is written by an expert in that field. Of the ninety or so contributors, some of whom have written for The Annual Register for 40 years, the vast majority are academics or journalists. Although the contributors are scattered throughout the world, the publisher invites them to an annual dinner, which serves as a forum for discussion of the book, and at which a traditional toast “to the immortal memory of Edmund Burke” is still drunk in port, after the meal.

Advisory board members
The current advisory board of The Annual Register consists of the joint editors (D.S. Lewis and Wendy Slater), and the following luminaries, who are nominated by various learned societies.

 * Chairman: Alastair Niven, LVO, OBE, Fellow, Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford (nominated by the British Council)
 * Edward Fisher, MA, DM, FRCS (ORL), Consultant ear, nose and throat surgeon; Editor, Journal of Laryngology and Otology
 * Richard O'Brien (nominated by the Royal Economic Society)
 * David Reynolds, FBA, Professor of International History, University of Cambridge (nominated by the Royal Historical Society)
 * Caroline Soper, Series editor, Insights (nominated by the Royal Institute of International Affairs)
 * Lorelly Wilson, FRSC, MBE, Professor of Science and Engineering, University of Chester (nominated by the British Science Association)

The annual board meetings are also attended by representatives of the publisher.

Current editors
D.S. Lewis studied history and economics at Manchester University, and took his PhD there in 1983. In 1987 he published Illusions of Grandeur: Mosley, Fascism and British Society (MUP), and from 1997 to 2007 he served as editor of Keesing’s Record of World Events. He became chairman of the Advisory Board of The Annual Register in 1999 but stepped down in the following year upon becoming the book's editor.

Wendy Slater read Russian at the University of Cambridge and Soviet studies at Manchester. After several years in journalism she obtained her PhD from Cambridge in 1998, and from 1999 to 2003 was lecturer in Russian contemporary history at the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), a post which she left after becoming deputy editor of The Annual Register in 2002. In 2007, she published The Many Deaths of Nicholas II: Relics, remains and the Romanovs (Routledge).

Current publisher
The Annual Register is currently published by ProQuest. The company (then called CSA) bought the title in late 2005 from Keesing's Worldwide.

Winner of 2008 reference award
In 2008 the board of judges of the Specialized Information Publishers Association (SIPA) awarded The Annual Register the 2008 Best Reference Publication prize for its "editorial excellence".

Online archive
The entire archive of The Annual Register is currently available to subscribers online. This includes every volume published since 1758 and is updated annually when each new volume is completed. Each page has been scanned. Text has been captured through OCR (optical character recognition) for the earlier volumes, while recent volumes have text taken directly from the files used for the print publication. The online version includes contents tables and indexes to enable users to browse individual volumes. It also allows for keyword searches within the whole text. https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/ann_reg/

The Annual Register Edmund Burke Lectures
Since 2011, the publisher has hosted a yearly lecture by a person eminent in one of the fields covered by The Annual Register. The lecture is delivered before an invited audience, at the London headquarters of one of the institutions that nominate members of the Advisory Board.

The Edmund Burke lecturers 2011–2022

 * October 2011: Eugene Rogan, Professor of Modern Middle Eastern History, University of Oxford.
 * "After 2011: The New Middle East" (Chatham House)
 * June 2013: Paul Rogers (academic), Professor of Peace Studies, Bradford University.
 * "The Limits of Foreign Military Intervention" (the British Academy)
 * June 2014: Jeremy Farrar, Director, the Wellcome Trust.
 * "Global Health: Challenges and Opportunities" (the Royal Society of Medicine)
 * September 2015: Sir Paul Nurse, Chief Executive and Director, the Francis Crick Institute.
 * "Trust in Science" (the Royal Society)
 * October 2016: Sir Ciarán Devane, Chief Executive, the British Council.
 * "Reflections on the Revolution in Britain: Brexit, Identity, and the United Kingdom’s Place in the World" (the British Council)
 * October 2017: David Reynolds (historian), Professor of International History, University of Cambridge.
 * "Reflections on the Revolutions in Russia, 1917-2017" (Chatham House)
 * November 2018: Lola Young, Baroness Young of Hornsey.
 * "Re-imagining the Future: social and environmental justice and cultural diversity" (the English Speaking Union)
 * October 2019: Sir Simon Wessely, Regius Professor of Psychiatry at King's College, London, and the Maudsley Hospital
 * "The French have a Word for It: Reflections on the Crisis in Student Mental Health" (the Royal Society of Medicine)
 * September 2020: Hamish McRae, Principal economic commentator for the Independent.
 * The Future of the World Economy after the COVID crisis - delivered as a webinar:
 * November 2021: Jamie Shea, Deputy Assistant Secretary General at NATO until 2018.
 * "NATO can provide collective defence, but can it secure a liberal international order as well?" - delivered as a webinar:
 * November 2022: Michael Clarke (academic), Director of Royal United Services Institute 2007-2015.
 * "The War in Ukraine and Its Lasting Impact on Future Generations: Welcome to the Real 21st-Century"

Full text online free

 * 1761
 * 1763
 * 1767
 * 1768
 * 1769
 * 1772
 * 1773
 * 1774
 * 1775
 * 1776
 * 1777
 * 1778
 * 1779
 * 1780
 * 1781
 * 1782
 * 1783
 * 1784 & 1785
 * 1786
 * 1787
 * 1788
 * 1790
 * 1792
 * 1793
 * 1798
 * 1902

title: The Annual Register


text:
Western Zhou

The Western Zhou (c. 1046 – 771 BC) was a period of Chinese history corresponding roughly to the first half of the Zhou dynasty. It began when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye and ended in 771 BC when Quanrong pastoralists sacked the Zhou capital at Haojing and killed King You of Zhou. The "Western" label for the period refers to the location of the Zhou royal capitals, which were clustered in the Wei River valley near present-day Xi'an.

The early Zhou state was ascendant for about 75 years; thereafter, it gradually lost power. The former lands of the Shang were divided into hereditary fiefs that became increasingly independent of the Zhou king over time. The Zhou court was driven out of the Wei River valley in 771 BC: this marked the beginning of the Eastern Zhou period, wherein political power was wielded in actuality by the king's nominal vassals.

Archaeology
Zhou ritual bronzes have been collected since the Song dynasty and are now scattered in collections around the world. Scientific excavations began in the core Wei River valley and the Luoyang areas in the 1930s and expanded to a broader area from the 1980s. Bronze vessels are a key marker of Western Zhou sites, including buildings, workshops, city walls and burials. Elite burials usually contain sets of vessels, which can be dated using known variations in styles, as well the paleography and content of inscriptions. Hundreds of hoards of bronzes have been found in Shaanxi, dating from the fall of the western capital in 771 BC. A hoard typically contains treasured vessels accumulated by a family over three centuries, carefully buried to hide them from the invaders.

Inscriptions
The Zhou produced thousands of inscriptions, mostly on bronze ritual vessels and often considerably longer than those of the Late Shang. A vessel was typically cast for some member of the Zhou elite, recording a relevant event or an honour bestowed on the owner by the king. In the latter case, the inscription might include a narrative of the ceremony and report the speech of participants. These give a rich insight into Zhou governance and the upper levels of Zhou society.

Many inscriptions contain details that may be compared with later histories. More than a hundred of them commemorate a royal appointment to some government position. More than 50 of them describe military campaigns. Naturally the picture is incomplete, as very few inscriptions touch on military defeats or failures of government.

Inscriptions usually contain some dating information, but not the name of the current king. Scholars have devised a range of criteria to narrow down the reign of an inscription, including the style of the vessel, the form of the characters and details within the text.

History
The Han historian Sima Qian felt unable to extend his chronological table beyond 841 BC, the first year of the Gonghe Regency, and there is still no accepted chronology of Chinese history before that point. The Cambridge History of Ancient China used dates determined by Edward L. Shaughnessy from the "current text" Bamboo Annals and bronze inscriptions. The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project produced a schedule of dates based on received texts, bronze inscriptions, radiocarbon dating and astronomical events.

Conquest of the Shang
The origins of the Zhou are obscure. The archaeology of pre-conquest Wei valley is varied and complex, but no material culture comparable to the dynastic Zhou has been found. Archaeologists searching for the predynastic Zhou have focused on the Qishan area, which is mentioned in early texts and was a key ritual centre of the Western Zhou. Two different pottery types are found in this area, and archaeologists differ on whether one or the other group of people, or a mixture of the two, produced the Zhou. It is likely that several groups from across Shaanxi banded together to conquer the Shang.

The conquest is reflected in the material record by the sudden appearance throughout the Wei River basin of burials in the Shang style and sophisticated bronze vessels of all the types produced by the Shang, from which the Zhou had evidently acquired skilled craftsmen, scribes and abundant resources. They also expanded the Late Shang practice of inscribing bronze vessels to create lengthy texts recording the accomplishments of their owners and honours bestowed on them by the king. The inscriptions also show that the Zhou had adopted Shang ancestor ritual. This adoption of Shang features suggests an effort to legitimate Zhou rule. However, the Zhou did not adopt human sacrifice, which was so extensive in the Late Shang, or even mention it in any of their texts.

The Shi Qiang pan, part of a family cache found in western Shaanxi, was cast in the reign of King Gong by the latest in a family of scribes descended from a scribe brought to Shaanxi after the conquest. The lengthy inscription, summarizing the history of the Zhou and that of the Wei family, begins: Accordant with antiquity was King Wen! (He) first brought harmony to government. The Lord on High sent down fine virtue and great security. Extending to the high and low, he joined the ten thousand states.

Capturing and controlling was King Wu! (He) proceeded and campaigned through the four quarters, piercing Yin [= Shang] and governing its people. Eternally unfearful of the Di (Distant Ones), oh, he attacked the Yi minions. Longer accounts are found in later sources. Both the Historical Records and the Bamboo Annals describe campaigns by King Wen in southern Shanxi. On King Wen's death, his oldest son became King Wu and expanded the campaigns to the Shang, defeating them in the decisive Battle of Muye, which is also described in the "Great brightness" song of the Classic of Poetry. According to the Yi Zhou Shu, the Zhou army spent two months in the area mopping up resistance before returning to the Wei valley. King Wen left two or three of his brothers (depending on the source) to oversee the former Shang domains, nominally ruled by Wu Geng, the son of the last Shang king.

Civil war
Few records survive from this early period and accounts from the Western Zhou period cover little beyond a list of kings with uncertain dates. King Wu died two or three years after the conquest. Because his son King Cheng was young, his brother, the Duke of Zhou Ji Dan assisted the young and inexperienced king as regent. Wu's other brothers (Shu Du of Cai, Guan Shu, and Huo Shu), concerned about the Duke of Zhou's growing power, formed an alliance with Wu Geng and other regional rulers and Shang remnants in the rebellion of the Three Guards. The Duke of Zhou stamped out this rebellion and conquered more territory to bring other people under Zhou rule.

The Duke formulated the Mandate of Heaven doctrine to counter Shang claims to a divine right of rule and founded Luoyang as an eastern capital. With a feudal fengjian system, royal relatives and generals were given fiefs in the east, including Luoyang, Jin, Ying, Lu, Qi and Yan. While this was designed to maintain Zhou authority as it expanded its rule over a larger amount of territory, many of these became major states when the dynasty weakened. When the Duke of Zhou stepped down as regent, the remainder of Cheng's reign and that of his son Kang seem to have been peaceful and prosperous.

Further kings
The fourth king, Zhao led an army south against Chu and was killed, along with a large part of the Zhou army. The fifth king, Mu is remembered for his legendary visit to the Queen Mother of the West. Territory was lost to the Xu Rong in the southeast. The kingdom seems to have weakened during Mu's long reign, possibly because the familial relationship between Zhou Kings and regional rulers thinned over generations so that fiefs that were originally held by royal brothers were now held by third and fourth cousins; peripheral territories also developed local power and prestige on par with that of the Zhou royal family.

The reigns of the next four kings—Gong, Yih, Xiao, and Yi—are poorly documented. The ninth king is said to have boiled the Duke of Qi in a cauldron, implying that the vassals were no longer obedient. The tenth king, Li (877–841 BC) was forced into exile and power was held for fourteen years by the Gonghe Regency. Li's overthrow may have been accompanied by China's first recorded peasant rebellion. When Li died in exile, Gonghe retired and power passed to Li's son Xuan (827–782 BC). King Xuan worked to restore royal authority, though regional lords became less obedient later in his reign.

Fall of the Western Zhou
The conflicts with nomadic tribes from the north and the northwest, variously known as the Xianyun, Guifang, or various "Rong" tribes, such as the Xirong, Shanrong or Quanrong, intensified towards the end of the Western Zhou period. These tribes are recorded as harassing Zhou territory, but at the time the Zhou were expanding northwards, encroaching on their traditional lands, especially into the Wei River valley. Archaeologically, the Zhou expanded to the north and the northwest at the expense of the Siwa culture.

The twelfth and last king of the Western Zhou period was You (781–771 BC). When You replaced his wife with a concubine, the former queen's powerful father, the Marquess of Shen, joined forces with Quanrong barbarians. The Quanrong put an end to the Western Zhou in 771 BC, sacking the Zhou capital of Haojing and killing the last Western Zhou king You. Thereafter the task of dealing with the northern tribes was left to their vassal, the state of Qin.

His killing resulted to beginning wars between local states which continued until the completion of Qin's wars of unification five centuries later. Some scholars have surmised that the sack of Haojing might have been connected to a Scythian raid from the Altai Mountains before their westward expansion. Most of the Zhou nobles withdrew from the Wei valley and the capital was reestablished downriver at the old eastern capital of Chengzhou near modern-day Luoyang. This was the start of the Eastern Zhou period, which is customarily divided into the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Western Zhou


text:
Scarface (1983 film)

Scarface is a 1983 American crime drama film directed by Brian De Palma, written by Oliver Stone, and starring Al Pacino. It is a remake of the 1932 film of the same name, in turn based on the novel of the same name first published in 1930 by Armitage Trail. It tells the story of Cuban refugee Tony Montana (Pacino), who arrives penniless in Miami during the Mariel boatlift and becomes a powerful drug lord. The film co-stars Steven Bauer, Michelle Pfeiffer, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Robert Loggia, Míriam Colón and F. Murray Abraham.

Pacino became interested in a remake of the 1932 version after seeing it, and he and producer Martin Bregman began to develop the feature project. Sidney Lumet was initially hired to direct the film but was replaced by De Palma, who hired Stone to write the script. De Palma dedicated this version of Scarface to the memories of Howard Hawks and Ben Hecht, the director and screenwriter, respectively, of the original film. Filming took place from November 1982 to May 1983, in Los Angeles and Miami. The film's soundtrack was composed by Giorgio Moroder.

Scarface premiered in New York City on December 1, 1983, and was released on December 9 by Universal Pictures. The film grossed $45 million at the domestic box office and $66 million worldwide. Initial critical response was negative due to its excessive violence, profanity, and graphic drug usage. Some Cuban expatriates in Miami objected to the film's portrayal of Cubans as criminals and drug traffickers. In the years that followed, some critics have reappraised it, considering it one of the greatest gangster films ever made. Screenwriters and directors such as Martin Scorsese have praised the film, and it has been referenced extensively in pop culture, especially in hip hop culture/gangsta rap, as well as comic books, television programs, and video games. The film is regarded as a cult classic.

Plot
In 1980, Cuban refugee and ex-convict Tony Montana arrives in Miami as part of the Mariel boatlift, where he is sent to a refugee camp with his best friend, Manny Ribera, and their companions, Angel and Chi-Chi. The four are released and given green cards in exchange for murdering a former senior henchman of Fidel Castro, at the request of Miami drug lord Frank Lopez. They find work as dishwashers at a restaurant, but are soon dissatisfied; Tony says that he is meant for bigger things. Frank's right-hand man, Omar Suarez, sends the four to purchase cocaine from Colombian dealers. Tony and Angel are taken at gunpoint; Tony is made to watch as Angel is dismembered with a chainsaw, before Manny and Chi-Chi rescue him. They kill three of the dealers and personally deliver the recovered drugs and money to Frank, suspecting that Omar set them up.

Tony and Manny begin working for Frank, whilist Tony becomes attracted to Frank's trophy wife, Elvira. Later, Tony visits his mother and younger sister Gina, of whom he is overprotective. Expressing his hope for an easier life for the family, Tony gives his mother $1,000, claiming he earns money through "political means." Tony's mother sees through his lie and angrily disowns him, but Gina keeps the money. Manny is attracted to Gina, but Tony warns him to stay away. Frank sends Tony and Omar to Cochabamba, Bolivia to meet with cocaine kingpin Alejandro Sosa. During the meeting, Omar is unhappy when Tony negotiates a large deal without Frank's approval. Sosa later has his men hang Omar from a helicopter, telling Tony that Omar was a police informant and that Frank has poor judgment for having trusted him. Tony vouches for Frank's organization and proclaims his loyalty; Sosa takes a liking to Tony and agrees to the deal, but warns Tony to never double-cross him.

Seeing that Frank is infuriated by Omar's death, and knowing the size of the deal with Sosa, Tony sets up his own cocaine operation. Mel Bernstein, a corrupt detective on Frank's payroll, accosts Tony at a nightclub, attempting to extort him for police protection. Tony spots Gina fraternizing with a man, and violently confronts them both when he sees him grope her. Hitmen then attempt to kill Tony, who escapes with a bullet wound. He confronts Frank and Bernstein, certain that they are behind the attack; Frank confesses his involvement at gunpoint and begs for his life, but Tony has Manny shoot him before killing Bernstein. Tony marries Elvira, becoming the distributor of Sosa's product, and uses his profits to build a multi-million-dollar empire and a large, heavily guarded estate.

In 1983, a money laundering sting operation by federal agents results in Tony being charged with tax evasion and facing potential prison time. Sosa offers to use his government connections to keep Tony out of prison, but only if Tony helps kill a journalist intending to expose Sosa's drug operations. During dinner at an upscale restaurant, Tony blames Manny for his arrest and accuses Elvira of being an infertile junkie, prompting Elvira to leave him. Tony and Sosa's henchman, "Shadow", travel to New York City to assassinate the activist; Shadow puts a radio-controlled bomb under his car, but Tony tries to cancel the hit upon seeing the journalist accompanied by his wife and children. When Shadow refuses, Tony kills him before he can detonate the bomb. Tony then returns to Miami, and an enraged Sosa vows retribution for allowing the journalist to deliver the exposé.

At his mother's behest, Tony, who is high on cocaine, tracks down Gina and finds her with Manny. In a fit of rage, Tony shoots Manny dead. Right after, he learns that Gina had just married him. A distraught Tony returns to his estate, with Gina, and begins a massive cocaine binge in his office. Sosa's men begin to invade the grounds and kill Tony's guards, including Chi-Chi, as Gina enters the office with a gun, accusing him of wanting her for himself. She shoots and wounds him, but is killed by one of Sosa's men whom Tony kills in return. Tony takes a rifle and a grenade launcher to the invaders, killing many of them, but suffering multiple gunshot wounds. He taunts his attackers until an assassin climbs up to the office and shoots him in the back. Tony's body falls off the balcony into the pool, resting near the base of a globe with the ironic motto, "The World Is Yours".

Cast
Other cast members in the film include Ted Beniades as Seidelbaum, an undercover police officer; Geno Silva as "The Skull", the assassin who kills Tony Montana, Richard Belzer as the Babylon Club M.C., Albert Carrier as Pedro Quinn, a sugar mogul working with Sosa; Victor Millan as Ariel Blayer, a Bolivian politician working with Sosa; Roberto Contreras as Emilio Rebenga, a Cuban emigre Montana assassinates; and Gregg Henry as Charles Goodson, an American associate of Sosa's.

De Palma regulars Charles Durning and Dennis Franz provided uncredited voiceover dubbing of the Immigration and Naturalization Service officers who interrogate Montana in the opening scene, played on-screen by Garnett Smith, Tony Perez and John Brandon. Lana Clarkson, Angela Aames, Ava Lazar, Margaret Michaels, and Katt Shea appear as patrons at the Babylon Club. Teen model Tammy Lynn Leppert appears as a prostitute during the chainsaw scene. News reporter Mario Machado appears as himself.

Development
Scarface began development after Al Pacino saw the 1932 film of the same name at the Tiffany Theater while in Los Angeles. He later called his manager, producer Martin Bregman, and informed him of his belief in the potential for a remake of that film. Pacino originally wanted to retain the period piece aspect, but realized that because of its melodramatic nature it would be difficult to accomplish. Sidney Lumet became attached as the director, developing the idea for Montana to be a Cuban arriving in the United States during the Mariel boatlift.

Bregman and Lumet's creative differences saw Lumet drop out of the project. Lumet had wanted to make a more political story that focused on blaming the current Presidential administration for the influx of cocaine into the United States, but Bregman disagreed. Bregman replaced him with Brian De Palma, and hired writer Oliver Stone; Stone had seen the original 1932 Scarface and had not enjoyed it, so he initially rejected the offer. Only after he talked to Lumet was he convinced to accept the offer since they agreed on transforming the film from a period piece to a contemporary film, saying, "Sidney had a great idea to take the 1930s American prohibition gangster movie and make it into a modern immigrant gangster movie dealing with the same problems that we had then, that we're prohibiting drugs instead of alcohol. There's a prohibition against drugs that's created the same criminal class as (prohibition of alcohol) created the Mafia". In the book The Oliver Stone Experience, Stone wrote: "I didn't want to do an Italian Mafia movie ... We'd had dozens of these things. But then Bregman came back to me and said, Sidney has a great idea — he wants to do it as a Marielito picture in Miami. I said, That's interesting! Sidney's idea was a good one".

Stone researched the script while battling his own cocaine addiction. He and Bregman performed their own research, traveling to Miami, Florida, where they were given access to records from the U.S. Attorney's Office and the Organized Crime Bureau. Stone moved to Paris to write the script, believing he could not break his addiction while in the United States, stating in a 2003 interview that he was completely off drugs at the time "because I don't think cocaine helps writing. It's very destructive to the brain cells".

Among other changes to the original story, was the addition of the character Alejandro Sosa. Stone patterned the character after Roberto Suárez Gómez, a Bolivian drug lord nicknamed the "King of Cocaine."

Casting
Pacino insisted on taking the lead role as Tony Montana, although Robert De Niro had been offered it and had turned it down. Pacino worked with experts in knife combat, trainers, and boxer Roberto Durán to attain the body type that he wanted for the role. Durán also helped inspire the character, who had "a certain lion in him", according to Pacino. Meryl Streep's immigrant character in Sophie's Choice (1982) also influenced Pacino's portrayal of Tony Montana. Bauer and a dialect coach helped him learn aspects of the Cuban Spanish language and pronunciation.

Pfeiffer was an unknown actress at the time, known primarily for her role in Grease 2; both Pacino and De Palma had argued against her casting, but Bregman fought for her inclusion. Glenn Close was the original choice for the role, while others were also considered, including Geena Davis, Carrie Fisher, Kelly McGillis, Rosanna Arquette, Melanie Griffith, Kim Basinger, Brooke Shields, Sharon Stone, and Sigourney Weaver.

Bauer got his role without even auditioning. During the audition process, casting director Alixe Gordin saw Bauer and instantly noted that he was right for the role of Manny, a judgment with which both De Palma and Bregman agreed. He was the only actual Cuban in the principal cast. John Travolta was considered for the role.

Filming
The picture was shot over 24 weeks from November 22, 1982, to May 6, 1983. Although the film is set in Miami, the Miami Tourist Board declined requests to film there, fearing that the film's themes of drugs and gangsters would deter tourism. Instead, much of the film was shot in Los Angeles. In April 1983, however, one scene was shot at Miami's Fontainebleau Miami Beach. The chainsaw scene was filmed on Miami Beach's Ocean Drive. A second unit team shot for one day at Coronado Beach in San Diego, California. Tony's opulent mansion was El Fureidis, a Roman-styled mansion near Santa Barbara, California.

The production was halted twice for severe weather events in California. During production in March, Pacino burned his left hand on the muzzle of the gun that had just been fired when he tripped during a fight scene. Production was shut down for more than a week while Pacino recovered. A premature bomb explosion also injured two stuntmen during a scene shot in his absence.

The gunfight scene at the end of the film includes a single camera shot directed by Steven Spielberg, who was visiting the set at the time. Powdered baby laxative was used as the fake substance for cocaine in the film; Pacino's nasal passage was slightly damaged due to snorting large quantities over the course of filming. The special effects were performed by Ken Pepiot and Stan Parks.

According to De Palma, he arranged for Stone to leave the set because the latter was getting in the way of the former's direction by "talking to the actors on the set."

Rating
Less than two months before the film's release, on October 28, 1983, Scarface was given an X rating by the MPAA for "excessive and cumulative violence and for language". De Palma had already re-cut the film three times by that point; De Palma stated: "I said I've had it with these people, I'm not taking any more out". Bregman told The New York Times that "we have been designated as a pornographic film ... We'll accept the X rating and appeal". Universal would not release the film with an X rating due to the porn perception and the reduction of ticket sales being from ticket buyers, most newspapers, TV, and radio stations, who would not run ads for an X-rated film. On November 8, an appeal board composed of 20 theater owners, studio executives and independent distributors overturned the decision 17 to 3 in favor of an R rating—more than the two-thirds required. De Palma believed that the changes were minor enough to be unnoticeable and requested to release the original cut of the film with the rating. When the MPAA refused, De Palma released the film uncut anyway, only admitting to it months after the film's release.

Music
Instead of using popular music from the period in which the film is set, the music in Scarface was produced by Academy Award-winning Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder. Reflecting Moroder's style, the soundtrack consists mostly of synthesized new wave and electronic music. De Palma said that he repeatedly denied Universal's requests to release the film with a "pop" score because he felt Moroder's score was adequate. In June 2022, the complete score and soundtrack was released by La-La Land Records.

Theatrical
Scarface premiered on December 1, 1983, in New York City, where it was initially greeted with mixed reaction. The film's two stars, Al Pacino and Steven Bauer, were joined in attendance by Burt and Diane Lane, Melanie Griffith, Raquel Welch, Joan Collins, her boyfriend Peter Holm, and Eddie Murphy, among others. It was then given a wide release on December 9.

Home media
Scarface was initially released by MCA Home Video on VHS, CED Videodisc, LaserDisc, and Beta in the summer of 1984 – a two-tape set in 1.33:1 pan and scan ratio – and quickly became a bestseller, becoming the first to sell 100,000 copies at a retail price of $79.95. A VHS formatted in the film's theatrical 2.35:1 Widescreen aspect ratio followed years later in 1998 to coincide with the special edition DVD release. The last VHS release was in 2003 to counterpart the 20th anniversary edition DVD. The 2003 DVD was remastered and re-released through Universal Records.

The television version of Scarface premiered on ABC on January 7, 1989. 32 minutes of violence, profanity and sex were edited out, and much of the dialogue, including the constant use of the word "fuck", which was muted after the beginning of "f-" or replaced with less offensive alternatives.

The film received a North American DVD release on the film's fifteenth anniversary in 1998, which was basically the Signature Collection LaserDisc release of the film, but recycled onto DVD, featuring a non-anamorphic widescreen transfer, a "Making of" documentary, outtakes, trailers, a photo gallery, production notes, and cast and crew biographies. This release was not successful, and many fans and reviewers complained about its unwatchable video transfer and muddled sound, describing it as "one of the worst big studio releases out there". The 20th Anniversary edition was released on DVD and VHS in 2003, with the DVD selling more than 2 million units in its first week and becoming the best-selling R-rated DVD title.

In 2003, Music Inspired by Scarface, a Def Jam Recordings compilation album, featured songs by various hip-hop artists which either draw direct inspiration from the film, or contain subject matter that can relate to the film.

Scarface was released on Blu-ray on September 6, 2011, in a two-disc, limited edition, steelbox package: the set was criticized for its poor picture quality due to usage of an old master created from the DVD release. Disc two is a DVD of the 1932 Scarface, featuring a TCM-produced introduction by Robert Osborne and an alternate ending. Bonus features include The Making of Scarface documentary, and a new retrospective documentary: The Scarface Phenomenon.

A special gift set, limited to 1,000 copies, features the Blu-ray set housed in a cigar humidor, designed by humidor craftsman Daniel Marshall. The humidor box set retailed at $999.99.

A standard 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray and limited edition set were released on October 15, 2019. The limited edition set contains a specially made statue, a newly remastered transfer and, for the first time on Blu-ray, the 1932 original. There is also a standard set which contains the same 4K transfer and a remastered 1080p disk but does not include the 1932 version. A month later on November 19, the 1932 original was given its own individual release. The 4K release ports over all of the old special features and adds one new one, which is a reunion special in tribute to the 35th anniversary of the movie's release.

In the United States, the film sold 3.7 million DVD units for US$78.2 million in 2003, and 285,916 Blu-ray units for $6,103,545, totaling 0 DVD and Blu-ray units sold for US$.

Box office
Scarface was released theatrically in North America on December 9, 1983. The film earned $4.5 million from 996 theaters during its opening weekend, an average of $4,616 per theater, and ranking as the second-highest-grossing film of the weekend behind Sudden Impact ($9.6 million), which debuted the same weekend. It went on to earn $44.6 million in North America and $20.4 million from other markets, for a total of $65.1 million. This figure made Scarface the 16th highest-grossing film of 1983, and seventh highest grossing R-rated film in North America for 1983. It has since been given three re-releases in 2003, which featured a remastered film for the film's 20th anniversary, 2012, and 2014, bringing the total earned to $45.4 million domestically, for a total of $66 million worldwide.

In terms of box office admissions, the film sold 14,197,700 tickets in the United States and Spain, 1,067,544 tickets in France and Italy, 250,746 tickets in South Korea, and 195,872 tickets in Germany, for a total of 0 tickets sold in these territories.

Critical response
Critics were generally negative about Scarface when it was originally released; the film was noted for its violence and profanity. The New York Magazine called it an empty, bullying, overblown B-movie. Writers Kurt Vonnegut and John Irving both stated they walked out after the chainsaw scene. At the middle of the film, Martin Scorsese reportedly said to Bauer, "You guys are great – but be prepared, because they're going to hate it in Hollywood ... because it's about them".

In his review for Newsweek, David Ansen wrote: "If Scarface makes you shudder, it's from what you think you see and from the accumulated tension of this feral landscape. It's a grand, shallow, decadent entertainment, which like all good Hollywood gangster movies delivers the punch and counterpunch of glamour and disgust". Jay Scott wrote in his review for The Globe and Mail: "For a while, Al Pacino is hypnotic as Montana. But the effort expended on the flawless Cuban accent and the attempts to flesh out a character cut from inch-thick cardboard are hopeless". In his review for The Washington Post, Gary Arnold wrote: "A movie that appeared intent on revealing an alarmingly contemporary criminal subculture gradually reverts to underworld cliche, covering its derivative tracks with outrageous decor and an apocalyptic, production number finale, ingeniously choreographed to leave the antihero floating face down in a literal bloodbath".

Roger Ebert rated it four stars out of four in his 1983 review, and he later added it to his "Great Movies" list. Ebert wrote, "DePalma and his writer, Oliver Stone, have created a gallery of specific individuals, and one of the fascinations of the movie is that we aren't watching crime-movie clichés, we're watching people who are criminals". Vincent Canby praised the film in The New York Times: "The dominant mood of the film is... bleak and futile: what goes up must always come down. When it comes down in Scarface, the crash is as terrifying as it is vivid and arresting".

Leonard Maltin was among those critics who held a negative opinion of Scarface. He gave the film 1½ stars out of four, stating that Scarface "wallows in excess and unpleasantness for nearly three hours, and offers no new insights except that crime doesn't pay. At least the 1932 movie moved". Maltin included an addendum to his review in later editions of his annual movie guide, stating his surprise with the film's newfound popularity as a cult classic.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 79% approval rating based on 77 reviews, with an average rating of 7.50/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Director Brian De Palma and star Al Pacino take it to the limit in this stylized, ultra-violent and eminently quotable gangster epic that walks a thin white line between moral drama and celebratory excess". Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 65 out of 100 based on reviews from 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Depiction of stereotypes
During filming, some Cubans objected to the film's Cuban characters being portrayed as criminals by mostly non-Cuban actors. The film featured a disclaimer following its credits stating in red, all-cap lettering "Scarface is a fictional account of the activities of a small group of ruthless criminals. The characters do not represent the Cuban/American community and it would be erroneous and unfair to suggest that they do. The vast majority of Cuban/Americans have demonstrated a dedication, vitality and enterprise that has enriched the American scene".

In 2008, Damarys Ocaña of The Guardian wrote that the film reinforces stereotypes of Marielito Cubans, as it exaggerated the number of criminals in the Mariel boatlift. She also called Pacino's portrayal of a Cuban-American as having a "ridiculous accent and overacting". According to a 1985 Sun Sentinel magazine article, it was rumored that, of the approximate 125,000 refugees that entered the United States on the boatlift, around 16,000 to 20,000 were estimated to be criminals and around 350 to 400 Mariel Cubans were reported to inhabit Dade County jails on a typical day. However, in a New York Daily News editorial following the film's release, Miguel Perez charged, "the movie fails to say that even among those Marielitos who had criminal records, there were thousands whose offenses were so minor that they would not be considered criminals here, and thousands of others whose 'criminal record' was based on their opposition to the Communist regime."

Demetrio Perez, the city commissioner of Miami, led the charge against the film. Estimates assert that the Cuban refugees only included some 2,700 hardened criminals. In The Oliver Stone Experience, Stone commented: "Well, Tony Montana was a gangster ... His mother and his sister represent the clean-cut Cuban community. His mother scolds him: You're a scumbag, get out of my house! You're ruining your sister! So there is a strong morality in the movie. I knew about the criticisms even in advance, that Cubans were not like that. But I'm sorry: A lot of Cubans did become Marielitos. If I'd done it about Colombians, they would've said the same thing: 'You're anti-Colombian'".

Accolades
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
 * Tony Montana – Nominated Villain
 * 2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
 * Tony Montana: "Say "hello" to my little friend!" – #61
 * 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
 * No. 10 Gangster Film

Notably, Scarface is the only remake to appear in the same AFI 10 Top 10 list as the original film. It is No. 10 while the 1932 original is No. 6.

Film industry
Pacino was already an established successful actor, but Scarface helped launch Pfeiffer's and Mastrantonio's careers; both were relatively unknown beforehand but went on to individual successes. Entertainment Weekly ranked the film #8 on their list of "The Top 50 Cult Films", and Empire Magazine placed it among the top 500 films of all time, at #284. In 2009, Total Film listed it at number 9 on their list of the 30 Greatest Gangster movies. Scarface was among the earliest films in which the expletive "fuck" is used persistently, 226 times in total. The company set up by former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein to launder money was named Montana Management after Tony Montana's money laundering operation in the film.

Relatability to mobsters
During a 2012 police raid of Italian mafia gangster Carlo Padovani's Naples home, a life-sized porcelain bust of Tony Montana was found. Leading figures in the Italian mafia were said to admire the Scarface movie and Tony Montana, further confirming that the film depicts the life of real drug lords. Yet another Naples drug lord, Walter Schiavone, instructed to have an exact replica of Tony Montana's Miami mansion built in Naples, Italy.

Influence in hip hop
The release of Scarface coincided with the rise of hip hop, and the film has had a lasting influence on hip hop music artists. American rapper Nas compared himself to Tony Montana and compared rapper Jay-Z to Manolo, both characters from Scarface, on Nas's track "Last Real Nigga Alive" from his album God's Son, during the time of the high-profile feud between the two. Rapper AZ, Nas's close associate has referred himself as SOSA over the years.

Rapper Chief Keef uses the nickname "Sosa" after Alejandro Sosa. South-Korean rapper and member of group BTS, Agust D also compared himself to Tony Montana and made multiple references to the movie in his track "Tony Montana" from his debut album, Agust D. In The Lonely Island parody hip hop 2011 song "Jack Sparrow", a rap song intended to be about clubbing is ruined by Michael Bolton singing about various films, including Scarface.

In 2011, Rapper Future released the gold-certified Tony Montana. The beginning of the music video for the song "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted" by rapper 2Pac featuring Snoop Dogg is a reference to a scene from the movie. Rapper Tony Yayo's stage name is derived from the movie, referencing Tony Montana's first name and a moment in the movie where Tony tells Chi-Chi to "get the yeyo". In 2023, Drake sampled a monologue by Pacino in the film and included it on the song Daylight.

Cultural references
In 2010, artist James Georgopoulos included the screen-used guns from Scarface in his popular Guns of Cinema series. Dark Horse Comics' imprint DH Press released a novel called Scarface: The Beginning by L. A. Banks. IDW publishing released a five-issue limited series called Scarface: Scarred For Life from December 2006 to April 2007. It starts with corrupt police officers finding that Tony has survived the final mansion showdown. Tony works at rebuilding his criminal empire, similar to the game The World Is Yours. IDW would then publish a four-issue prequel series called Scarface: Devil in Disguise from July to October 2007. It follows Tony as he grows up on the crime-filled streets of a Castro-controlled Cuba, ultimately molding himself into the potential Miami-based gangster seen in the movie.

Scarface is among the films that served as inspiration for the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, which took place in a representation of 1980s' Miami and featured a recreation of Montana's mansion. The video for Mötley Crüe's song "Dr. Feelgood" echoes several elements of the film (the end of the video features a bloodless version of the climatic shootout where Tony Montana is killed) and the song itself describes a young man who rises to great power in the drug trade and then loses it all.

The video game series Yakuza takes many influences from the film. Among these include Kiryu Kazuma's various outfits which bear similarities to those worn by Tony Montana.

Scarface got its own direct tie-in with the 2006 video games Scarface: The World Is Yours and Scarface: Money. Power. Respect.

The quote "Say hello to my little friend!" from the film's climactic scene has become a pop culture staple, and ranked 61 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes list.

In 1992, professional wrestler Scott Hall joined the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) as Razor Ramon, a shady and stylish Cuban American bully from Miami. The character was modeled after the characters Tony Montana and Manny Ribera from Scarface. Ramon's nickname (The Bad Guy) and catchphrase ("Say hello to The Bad Guy") derive from Montana's quotes: "Say hello to my little friend" and "Say goodnight to the bad guy". Later in his career, Hall claimed he pitched the idea of a Scarface-like character during a meeting with Vince McMahon and Pat Patterson, as a joke.

Bob Dylan's 2020 song "My Own Version of You" references it with the line, "I'll take the Scarface Pacino and the Godfather Brando / Mix 'em up in a tank and get a robot commando".

Metric's 2009 song "Gold Guns Girls" from the album Fantasies was inspired by the film.

A 3D recreation of Tony's mansion was featured in the November 9, 2006 episode of MTV Cribs as a marketing piece by Vivendi (before acquired by Activision) for the release of the game video game. The episode featured Tony himself (voiced by André Sogliuzzo) leading a cameraman throughout his mansion giving a in-depth tour of each room as seen in the film and game.

In the cartoon series The Batman, the character of the Ventriloquist uses a dummy wearing an outfit modelled on Montana's.

Cancelled sequel
In 2001, plans were made for hip hop artist Cuban Link to write and star in a sequel to Scarface titled Son of Tony. The plans drew both praise and criticism and, after several years, Cuban Link indicated that he may no longer be involved with the project as the result of film rights issues and creative control.

Proposed remake
In 2011, Universal began developing a new version of Scarface. The studio stated that the new film is neither a sequel nor a remake, but will take elements from both this version and its 1932 predecessor, including the basic premise: a man who becomes a kingpin in his quest for the American Dream. Bregman, who produced the 1983 remake was set to produce this version also, with a screenplay by David Ayer, and David Yates in talks to direct the film.

In March 2014, TheWrap reported that Pablo Larraín was in negotiations to direct the film, along with Paul Attanasio to write the script. The film's update was going to be an original story set in modern-day Los Angeles that follows a Mexican immigrant's rise in the criminal underworld as he strives for the American Dream. Jonathan Herman was set in March 2015 to rewrite both drafts of the script.

Antoine Fuqua was hired to direct the film in August 2016, with Terence Winter to penn the script for the film. In January 2017, Fuqua left the project and Diego Luna was cast in the lead role.

The film was initially scheduled to be released in theaters on August 10, 2018, with the film's script being written by the Coen brothers. Fuqua was brought back to direct the new film, with Gareth Dunnet-Alcocer writing the screenplay. However, the film had not been released in theaters as originally planned and filming had been announced to start in October.

Fuqua again departed the project in May 2020. Instead, Luca Guadagnino signed on to direct the film, with the script again being confirmed to be by the Coen brothers.

As of 2022, the status of the film has reached a standstill; Guadagnino has not announced whether he was still involved or not.

title: Scarface (1983 film)


text:
Berberis aquifolium

Berberis aquifolium, the Oregon grape or holly-leaved barberry, is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to western North America. It is an evergreen shrub growing 1-3 m tall and 1.5 m wide, with pinnate leaves consisting of spiny leaflets, and dense clusters of yellow flowers in early spring, followed by dark bluish-black berries.

The berries are included in the diet of some aboriginal peoples of the Pacific Northwest, and the species is recognized as the state flower of Oregon.

Description
Berberis aquifolium grows to 1–3 m tall by 1.5 m wide. The stems and twigs have a thickened, corky appearance. The leaves are pinnate and up to 30 cm long, comprising spiny leaflets. The leathery leaves resemble those of holly. The yellow flowers are borne in dense clusters 3–6 cm long in late spring. Each of the six stamens terminates in two spreading branches. The six yellow petals are enclosed by six yellow sepals. At the base of the flower are three greenish-yellow bracts, less than half as long as the sepals. The spherical berries are dark dusty-blue and tart in taste.

Chemistry
Berberis aquifolium contains 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin (5'-MHC), a multidrug resistance pump inhibitor, which works to decrease bacterial resistance in vitro.

Taxonomy
Some botanists continue to place part of the barberry genus Berberis in a separate genus, Mahonia. Under this classification Berberis aquifolium is named Mahonia aquifolium. As of 2023 Plants of the World Online (POWO) classifies it as Berberis aquifolium with no valid subspecies.

Etymology
The Latin specific epithet aquifolium denotes "sharp-leafed" (as in Ilex aquifolium, the common holly), referring to the spiny foliage.

Berberis aquifolium is not closely related to either the true holly (Ilex aquifolium) or the true grape (Vitis), but its common name, Oregon-grape holly comes from its resemblance to these plants.

Distribution and habitat
Berberis aquifolium is a native plant in the North American West from Southeast Alaska to Northern California to central New Mexico, often occurring in the understory of Douglas-fir forests (although other forest types contain the species) and in brushlands in the Cascades, Rockies, and northern Sierra Nevada.

Ecology

As with some other Berberis, Berberis aquifolium can serve as an alternate host for Wheat yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; the primary host of Pst being wheat). However, in B. aquifolium this was only achieved by intentional inoculation in a lab, and it remains unknown whether this occurs naturally.

In some areas outside its native range, Berberis aquifolium has been classified as an invasive exotic species that may displace native vegetation.

Cultivation
Berberis aquifolium is a popular subject in shady or woodland plantings. It is valued for its striking foliage and flowers, which often appear before those of other shrubs. It is resistant to summer drought, tolerates poor soils, and does not create excessive leaf litter. Its berries attract birds.

Numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
 * M. × wagneri 'Pinnacle' (B. aquifolium × Berberis pinnata)
 * 'Apollo'

Uses
The small purplish-black fruits, which are quite tart and contain large seeds, are edible raw after the season's first frosts. They were included in small quantities in the traditional diets of Pacific Northwest indigenous peoples, mixed with salal or another sweeter fruit. Today, they are sometimes used to make jelly, alone or mixed with salal. Oregon-grape juice can be fermented to make wine, similar to European barberry wine folk traditions, although it requires an unusually high amount of sugar.

The inner bark of the larger stems and roots of Oregon grape yield a yellow dye. The berries contain a dye that can be purple, blue, pink, or green depending on the pH of water used to make the dye, due to the berries containing a naturally occurring pH indicator.

Medicinal uses
Some Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau use Oregon grape for indigestion.

The plant contains berberine and reportedly has antimicrobial properties similar to those of goldenseal.

Culture
In 1899, Oregon-grape was recognized as the state flower of Oregon.

title: Berberis aquifolium


text:
Leucocyte (disambiguation)

Leucocyte may refer to:
 * White blood cells, the cells of the immune system
 * Leucocyte (album), a 2008 album by jazz band Esbjörn Svensson Trio

title: Leucocyte (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:H0227673

Hello, Welcome to Wikipedia.

A few tips for you to start going. (I'll send more if I see that I can help you :-)

 * Just edit stuff off the cuff for a while. We like that fine!
 * When you have time, check out Welcome, newcomers + the links in there.
 * You can sign your stuff on talk pages with ~ It will convert to your username + the time. "anon" is fine too.
 * If puzzled, put a question on Village pump, or feel free to ask me on my talk page if it's a very general question.
 * Most of all, have fun but take our work seriously!

-- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 13:15 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

An introduction of the page is important. This lets people know about what the page is going to tell them.

-- H0227673

As Golden Beach is a popular beach in Hong Kong, it should be introduced in the page.

-- H0227673

As Hung Sing Yeh Beach is a beauitful beach, I hope more people will know it after reading the page Beaches of Hong Kong.

-- H0227673 12:13 16 Jul 2003

Please stop creating user accounts. It is very annoying -- Tim Starling 04:15 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Listusers&limit=100&offset=5400

title: User talk:H0227673


text:
Talk:Geyser

Disambiguation required
Countries using British English refer to a Water heater as a geyser ("geezer"). (Perhaps just mentioning this usage will suffice?)

 * I just came here looking for water heater info, so i added a disambiguation link at the top. --Piet Delport 23:13, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Miscellaneous
This strikes me as odd and out of place. There may be a few sentences in here that could be salvaged and either re-entered into this article or other articles (the Leidenfrost effect, perhaps)? Ed Cormany 04:03 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I concur; also, the previous several paragraphs (describing the Great Geysir in Iceland) are badly out of date. I think this whole section must have been taken without attribution from some very old book. The absence of more than a passing mention of the Yellowstone geysers, any mention at all of the geyser fields in Kamchatka, and a paragraph about Californian geysers which just plain do not exist, all bespeak a serious need for someone to rewrite this article from scratch.

(Actually several geysers DO exist in California --- see: (Bryan 1995 and Glennon 2005) May 2005). Except during major tectonic events, they are all quite small – less than a meter high).

I volunteer, but I can't take the time right now. I'll be back in a few days. Evan Hunt 00:05 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

A very hot Bath
Would it not be very convenient to live near a geyser? We might have our victuals cooked by it, and have pipes led from it all round our house, to keep us comfortable in winter; and we might have nice hot baths in our dressing-rooms, arid even a little steam-engine to roast our meat and grind our coffee. But perhaps you may think it might not be altogether pleasant to be kept so continually in hot water.

Were any of the water from the geyser to fall on your hands, you would doubtless feel it rather sore; still more so, were you to be so rash as to thrust your hand fairly into the jet of boiling water, as it ascends into the air. Nevertheless, strange as it may seem, it would be possible for you, without feeling any pain or sustaining any injury, to thrust your hand right into the glowing lava as it flows from the crater of Hekla. The only precaution needful to be observed, is first to plunge the hand into cold water, and then dry it gently with a soft towel, but so as to leave it still a little moist. This discovery was made by a French philosopher, M. Boutigny, and has been practically proved both by him and M. Houdin, the celebrated conjuror, by thrusting their hands into molten iron, as it flowed from the furnace. The latter describes the sensation as like what one might imagine to be felt on putting the hand into liquid velvet. The reason why this experiment proves so harmless is that between the skin and the glowing substance there is formed a film of vapour, which acts as a complete protection. It is this elastic cushion of vapour which imparts that feeling of softness described by M. Houdin; for it is with it alone that the hand comes into contact.

I have added a series of photos of Strokkur (Great Geysir's very active next door neighbour), but I know little about page layout and HTML... can anyone with the necessary skills make it look better? Pete 08:55, 16 Aug 2003 (UTC)

and climate
which effect has the climate? what kind of climate is necessary for the existence of geysers? --141.53.194.251 13:13, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Geysers exist in all climates. --MrGulli (talk) 00:05, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

A map
Would be great to have a map showing world distribution of geysers. Is anyone able to create it? --Eleassar777 15:43, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Had a bash, using this page as a guide - not sure what I've done looks very good, but if anyone thinks it looks ok for the article then move it over!

 * There is a map in hot spring for the USA but that is not limited to geysers. For the USA, see http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/geotherm.shtml and search the database. For example, request Wyoming without otherwise limiting the search, and you'll see several items with "geyser" in their name. One of the other links on that page goes to some more global information. (SEWilco 02:25, 21 May 2005 (UTC))

Geysers and Climate
Geysers exist in all climates, thus I removed "climate" as a factor necessary for geysers.

Geothermal activity on Triton
It seems a little strange that the article discusses the likelihood of geothermal activity on Triton. "Geothermal" seems like a word that could apply to Earth only. Perhaps someone with more knowledge on the subject can comment.
 * I get you point and agree with you. I do not know whom should i talk with on this. Maybe Geothermal relates to Earth but "geyser" (which the article is) has no restrictions. Indianescence (talk) 14:41, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

homero
homero chupame un huevooo

About the Table of Contents
Are the TOC and first section supposed to look like that? --Thinboy00 talk/contribs @174, i.e. 03:10, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Hydrothermal vents
Aren't undersea vents a type of geyser? If so, the article needs to be massively overwritten. For example the article claims only 1000 but it seems that underwater there are significantly more the article mentions two types of geysers, but wouldn't the undersea type be a third? etc., Perhaps a comparison of geysers and undersea vents is in order? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.18.146.209 (talk) 05:47, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * See hydrothermal vent. They are different from geysers, particularly that most vents seem to have a constant flow of water through them, so they're more like a hot spring.  However, unlike a hot spring their motion seems to be due to heat-driven convection rather than gravity-driven water pressure. – SEWilco (talk) 05:53, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Article under massive construction.
the article is currently maintained by User:Sushant gupta and User:Indianescence. pls. discuss before making any big change. thank you, Sushant gupta (talk) 14:53, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Topics required to be coverd
1>An introduction to the geysers talking about how are they formed and where are they found. Just a brief paragraph.
 * ✅ formation and working have been discussed. Sushant gupta (talk) 08:57, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

2>Relation between geysers and Volcanoes. ✅ by Sushant in paragraph of formation. 3>Geothermal Energy (important topic) 4>Uses of Geysers should cover:
 * a]Geothermal Energy
 * b]Other uses like heating of houses, industries etc.
 * c]Medical use by humans.

✅

Comments welcome. Indianescence (talk) 07:59, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
 * So ultimately work is done. Commercial Medical Use is still disputed as Hot Springs are used for this purpose and not geysers. So i would say it should not be considered. Hot Springs article should look into the matter. Indianescence (talk) 08:17, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Survey
WP:Good article usage is a survey of the language and style of Wikipedia editors in articles being reviewed for Good article nomination. It will help make the experience of writing Good Articles as non-threatening and satisfying as possible if all the participating editors would take a moment to answer a few questions for us, in this section please. The survey will end on April 30.

 * Would you like any additional feedback on the writing style in this article?

 * If you write a lot outside of Wikipedia, what kind of writing do you do?

 * Is your writing style influenced by any particular WikiProject or other group on Wikipedia?

At any point during this review, let us know if we recommend any edits, including markup, punctuation and language, that you feel don't fit with your writing style. Thanks for your time. - Dan Dank55 (talk) 01:35, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Indianescence
'''Ans. 1''' Yes, i will always welcome additional feedbacks as they help in improving the article.

'''Ans. 2''' Well, i am a student and i currently study English as a subject, therefore there is a lot of writing practice done by me in the form of Essays, reports etc.

'''Ans. 3''' I have learnt a lot about writing through wikipedia. I had initially started with Gwen Stefani related articles and the language used in them has influenced me a little bit. But overall, i still write with the language style i usually use.

I am still not comfortable with the use of &nbsp but i do put in the essential punctuations.

 * I'm hoping we'll have some good news for you there soon; there's a current proposal in front of the software developers (at bugzilla) to have the software handle many of those line-break issues so that we don't have to. - Dan Dank55 (talk) 13:08, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I hope so too. Things like these (&nbsp and others) become a reason for people to oppose during FAC and GAC etc., which i feel is not correct. If such things are made mandatory then the real matter in the article remains ignored. And many a times it is not easy to give special attention to such line-break things. Indianescence (talk) 17:31, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Good article nomination on hold
This article's Good Article promotion has been put on hold. During review, some issues were discovered that can be resolved without a major re-write. This is how the article, as of April 13, 2008, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|15px]] Overall, the article has high quality prose. There are some Manual of Style issues and writing style problems though. First, GA-class encyclopedic articles should never use self-referential language such as "Some types are stated below.". Simply state your facts, the organization of the article should be in a natural enough flow to suggest that what comes next elaborates on your previously stated points. In Artificial geysers, you refer to a pair of terms in italics. According to the MOS italics and quotes guidelines, words referred to as themselves should be in quotes not italics(example: "sheep" is the word for a domestic animal with wool). Last and of least importance: some of your image placement violates WP:MOS and interferes with the readability of the text. I'm going to try and fix these myself. There are few other smaller MOS or layout concerns I can address personally as well. One I will note (because you talk about it above I think) is using of long dashes i.e. emdashes. If you're going to use these, don't put spaces around them. They should be touching the adjacent text.
 * 2. Factually accurate?: [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|15px]] Plenty of reliable sources are provided, but the use of in-line citations to these sources needs some work. With some notable exceptions, the general rule of thumb for GA citation standards are at least one citation at the end of each paragraph. Thus, the sections Formation and working, Eruptions, General categorization, the middle paragraph of Nitrogen geysers on Triton, and the end of Biology of geysers (when you claim things such as "first" and "most important", you should have in-line cites)should have additional citations added after the punctuation.
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Definitely broad in coverage. I have one suggestion though: the section Nitrogen geysers on Triton feels like too much detail about one minor aspect for a general overview. My understanding of the subject is limited, are these the only non-Earth geysers? If no other planets/moons have geysers, then this should be stated early on to make clear why so much detail is given.
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Gives fair representation to all significant points of view.
 * 5. Article stability? [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Obviously stable, no edit wars etc.
 * 6. Images?: [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] All images have sources provided and proper licensing information.

''For readability, please place any comments or questions pertaining to the review below rather than within the body of the review. Thank you!''

Please address these matters soon and then leave a note here showing how they have been resolved. After 48 hours the article should be reviewed again. If these issues are not addressed within 7 days, the article may be failed without further notice. Thank you for your work so far. Van Tucky 00:08, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * One more thing about the dashes. There is strong support both in and out of Wikipedia not to have spaces around very long dashes, and on most people's screens, those em-dashes are almost 2 m's long.  However, on some screens, they're a little shorter, and the unspaced em-dashes look funny to some people.  There is a lot of support at WT:MoS for saying, "If you see a spaced em-dash, change it to a spaced en-dash (&ndash;)", rather than asking people to take away the spaces.  Do whichever looks better to you. -  Dan Dank55 (talk) 11:38, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't want to give advice at the moment on meters vs. feet, because it's part of a current debate. Please look at WP:UNITS and think about how you want to handle these issues.  For instance, should "feet" be the first units given?  Remember to use the same or almost the same number of significant digits in conversion. - Dan Dank55 (talk) 13:19, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * (copied from my talk page) so what do you want! shall we use reversal of units. Sushant gupta (talk) 13:28, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * What I'm saying is that my own feelings are a little different from what WP:UNITS (which is part of WP:MoS) says, and a little different from what most people on WT:MoS and WT:MOSNUM have said ... I'd rather not say until we're finished with the conversations. When we get finished, I'll come back and post a message on the talk page, but my work on this isn't part of your Good Article nomination.  VanTucky, do you have a preference? - Dan Dank55 (talk) 13:33, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I hope that all these discussions and debates going on don't affect the GA nominations. I would not like to see GA nominated articles to remain on Hold till all these debates are resolved. It will be a long process and time consuming. I am not being impatient here, but logical. The articles should be reviewed as usual and when a decision is taken, then the changes should be made. Just because of dashes and spaces, articles should not be kept on LONG holds. Indianescence (talk) 15:17, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with Indianescence! thanks, Sushant gupta (talk) 15:59, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not your GAN reviewer; you only have to listen to VanTucky, and he's not going to say anything unreasonable. I'm not going to review articles until May 1 when the survey is done.  The most important thing is to be consistent in which units you choose, and whether you convert the units or not.  Since every country except the U.S. uses SI units (sometimes called the metric system), there's some preference to use SI, especially in a "popular science" article like this one.  But you can see in WP:UNITS that, for the benefit of US-Americans, we prefer that feet, miles, etc be added in parentheses.  The convert template is quite useful, and one editor has already used it in your article.  The reason I'm pointing out this one issue is that it's not really a style issue IMO; it's an accuracy and "free exchange of information" issue.  The English Wikipedia has 2.3 million pages, but all of the Wikipedias have 10 million pages.  Everyone knows that, if a conversion number is given in parentheses, you can't count on the accuracy of the second number as much as the accuracy of the first number; there will be a rounding error, at the least.  So if the U.S. unit is given first, that makes it less likely that accurate information will travel between other Wikipedias and the English Wikipedia, or travel from or to anyone outside the U.S., which after all has only 300 million people in a world of 6.6 billion people.  That's my thought, anyway. - Dan Dank55 (talk) 16:17, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

(unindent) My understanding of units is that the goal (at least for GA) is to: 1. use one system primarily. 2. when possible, convert the units to the other form in parentheses. It would be great if you could do that, but the GA criteria does not require that article comply 100% with the Manual of Style in every detail. Let me know what you prefer to do, I'll be passing the article once I hear from you in all likelihood. Van Tucky 22:27, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * i think VanTucky is absolutely right. well Dan is currently busy with his discussion on WP:UNITS. as soon he reaches his conclusion we can change the layout. anyway user:Indianescence and i would rather suggest that the article should be reviewed with respect to fundamental criteria for GA. thanks, Sushant gupta (talk) 02:53, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * My previous note:
 * I have removed those sentences and i have also removed spaces around emdashes. Thank you for shifting those images. It was very kind. As you can see now, there is a citation at the end of every paragraph. I have worked on the inline citations.Indianescence (talk) 05:43, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * As you all can see now, the conversions are as follows uniformly:
 * Meter (feet)
 * Celcius (farenheit)
 * Kilometer (miles)
 * cubic kilometres (litres)
 * Its uniform in the whole article. I hope that is good enough. Indianescence (talk) 04:06, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
 * That's perfect. Thanks very much. I'll pass the article forthwith. Congratulations, Van Tucky 02:09, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Thank you so much.Indianescence (talk) 04:28, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Thanks VanTucky! i appreciate your efforts in reviewing this article. Sushant gupta (talk) 14:46, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Requirements for FA
FA does not look far now! A little expansion here and there with some more effort, FA will be easy to achieve! I feel the following are essential now:

1.A section explaning working of Geothermal energy plants (brief explaination) and how does it depend on Geysers, how much energy they produce, the future of geothermal energy, should not be very long).

2.Tourism and Geysers (i don't feel its a bad idea at all!)

3.A little more expansion of Major Geyser fields to make them decent paragraphs.
 * ✅ I have expanded those lines to paragraphs. I have even added some more reliable references. I feel that section is done. I think the only thing which is remaining is a proper map. But if this is the only map we can afford, then we can keep this also. Indianescence (talk) 14:48, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

4.It seems there are many style-related requirements which have to be fulfilled. The web site references should be renamed uniformly and properly. The book references look good. If they too have some requirements, they should be fulfilled.

5.Removing references from the lead and shifting them to the article.

6.Some little things here and there do require more references.

7.Relationship between geysers and volcanoes need expansion,maybe a new section.

I feel if these are done, then FA will be very easy. General expansion is a must. becomes 43,000 to 45,000 bytes long, it will be perfect. If the article The article already has a good framework for FA. Geyser is a article of Geographical importance and requires to be FA. Comments always welcome.Indianescence (talk) 17:35, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Enceludus
While Triton gets a mention, Enceladus also has (predominately) water geysers. Ref 'Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus' DOI: 10.1126/Science, 1123013 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.233.237.117 (talk) 08:16, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Hot soda water geysers
“The world’s only hot soda[!?] water geyser” is allegedly to be found in Te Aroha, New Zealand. I wonder if somebody could add a passage about this and include it under the subdivision Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand (or under the main article Taupo Volcanic Zone. Soda water in connection with geysers is mentioned in neither of these articles, but is cropping up “everywhere” in tourist brochures covering the NZ region. Hirpex (talk) 11:55, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

physics of geyser eruption
The article states that a geyser eruption begins with boiling at the bottom, and the surface waters are cooler (at least implied that they are not boiling). This does not appear to be the case for all geysers, and some of the more famous ones (such as Old Faithful) actually seem to reach the critical temperature near the top of the column. I need to dig at this a little more (this is my first wiki edit), but the "shock tube" model of Kieffer should probably be mentioned as a more modern alternative mechanism.

Brian 42 Davis (talk) 16:32, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Why no link to the Andernach Geyser page?
Hi, I was looking for info on the Andernach Geyser, and naturally I came to this page. It had a photo of the geyser, but a "page does not exist" tag on the Andernach Geyser name. When I clicked on the photo, I found a link in the description to a German language page on this particular geyser (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geysir_Andernach). Is there a reason why this German page is not linked to the Geyser page? Although it's a German page, I was still able to get the gist of it using the automatic translation. I'm simply not sure of the rules regarding linking pages of different languages, or on different Wikipedia sites, and would appreciate it if someone could clarify standard practice, before I go adding a link. Thanks, Resinguy (talk) 19:08, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

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"not playing league or mounds"
Under the "General Categorization" section the page says, "There are two types of geysers: fountain geysers which erupt from pools of water, typically in a series of intense, even violent, bursts; and musa geysers which erupt from not playing league or mounds of siliceous sinter." I suspect "not playing league or" can be deleted, but because I don't know much about geysers I left it up in case it was an awkward translation of some useful information. Can someone knowledgeable take a look? Alianoraree (talk) 10:42, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for spotting this. It was part of some vandalism a few days ago. I have reverted it. DuncanHill (talk) 20:05, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geyser