text:
Talk:American (word)

Page needs some cleanup: Spanish terms
While pointing out the origin of the 'controversy' in misapplication of foreign (particularly Spanish) usage to English, the article still has several flaws aside from the general need for cleanup and formatting. First (and less importantly) yanqui and gringo are not simple synonyms for norteamericanos (and, I'm just curious here, do Canadian Hispanophones get in such a huff over that usage?) but are pejoratives, albeit sometimes used lovingly or jokingly. -LlywelynII (talk) 23:41, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Is there a consistent or absolute way of saying something is pejorative or not? To most latins I know the terms yanque and gringo are not at all pejoratives.LtDoc (talk) 14:36, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that the term can be used in an affectionate way. Even when used negatively, it doesn't rise to the level of a curse.  There are parts of the world where the term American is viewed very negatively due to political or other conflict.--MoebiusFlip (talk) 20:24, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

 * See Real Academia's gringo definition to realize that usage varies from country to country. HaŋaRoa (talk) 20:15, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Page needs some cleanup: 'American POV' claims
Second and more importantly, the article makes numerous specific claims that "American" is only or primarily used as a synonym for "citizen of the United States of America" by speakers of American English. E.g.,
 * English, French, German, Italian, Japanese,[36] Hebrew, Arabic, Portuguese, and Russian[37] speakers may use the term American to refer to either inhabitants of the Americas or to US nationals. They generally have other terms specific to US nationals, such as German US-Amerikaner, French étatsunien, Japanese 米国人 beikokujin, and Italian statunitense, but these may be less common than the term American...

is simply untrue: "American" is by far the most common American demonym in all dialects of English and specification of any other use must be made in all of them. A Canadian, Briton, or Aussie speaking about "American English" will never be talking about or even imagine he could be confused with talking about "Canadian English" or "Latin American English." Similarly, while there are various synonyms for Americans (e.g., British Yank, Aussie Seppo) that could be included into the article, they are typically informal and no native English speaker refers to Latin Americans as (unqualified) Americans precisely because the word refers to the United States. Article claims or assumptions that this originates from or is exclusive to American dialect are unsupportable, misleading, and POV. -LlywelynII (talk) 23:41, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I've added tags for the French and German US-specific terms described in the article. All someone has to do is link to a dictionary, at least in the French case. That being the case, it still leaves unanswered the question of the reasons for using different terms in different contexts. For French, the term "étasunien" appears to be a very recent neologism--it does not appear in the most recent edition of the dictionary of the Académie Française. Why was it coined? For simple disambiguation? To make a political point?

 * You seem to be pretty confident about all of the other languages, are we to presume you are fluent inEnglish, French, German, Italian, Japanese,[36] Hebrew, Arabic, Portuguese, and Russian? As a portuguese speaker, I assure you that in Portuguese, while some people use the word american to describe a US Citzen, that is an incorrect use. And people who use american meaning US citizen know the term to be innapropiate (the term north-american, commonly used as well, is equally imprecise).
 * A very frequent conception by people with your point of view is that the word american only describes USA, or USA-related things. The point is that for most other people, mainly Latin Americans, I'd wager, american describes things related to all of the americas (note Im using the US-centric definition of Americas) as opposed to US related. So, when saying that a Canadian is American is the equivalent of saying that a Frenchman is European, because American means from America.201.17.97.254 (talk) 02:12, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I concur with the above statement. I don't go with popular conceptions, I go with the correct by definition ones. First, American is not a denomym for the US Citizens, it is the demonym for all the inhabitants of "The Americas" this is supported by the fact that in all legal & federal matters in the US you are a US Citizen, not an American. Second, "The Americas" is a wrong term. It is logical that America consist of the landmass from Canada to Southern Chile. Why? Well, if America was the United States, it logically means that Texas is in South America.Douken (talk) 20:46, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The whole argument on this page seems derived from Anti-Americanism or personal bias, and not from a pertinent and real linguistic dilemma. Why is there no argument regarding the Australia page directing to the Commonwealth of Australia and not the continent? Equally there is no debate regarding the demonym Australian excluding Australian-continent Indonesian and Papua New Guinean citizens.  Since when is citizenship defined by membership of a super-continent the Americas.  I've noticed a lot of the anger is misplaced understanding of the prevalent continent-naming-system in English versus other languages.  In English the Americas (landmass) is defined as two continents, North and South America; whereas in other languages it is regarded as one continent.  In the former membership is commonly described as inclusion as North American or South American, where I have noticed, at least in Spanish, the demonym is to the singular landmass/continent descriptor.  It is an often ignored fact that no other country except than the United States of America, in English and to my knowledge any other language, uses the demonyn American for its citizens.  The disambiguation comes in when a person is regarded in continental/regional membership/geographical membership, and not with national/stately membership. So the discussion to call US citizens American is certainly not a 'politically' incorrect argument.  Lastly, American is the demonym for a US citizen, and to argue against its use as such, in English, is not factual.  See: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html

or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_for_U.S._citizens --Extrabatteries (talk) 23:38, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

 * This is flat wrong. There is no continent called "America."  There are two continents, one called North America and one called South America.  Usage of the term American to refer to U.S. nationals is not inconsistent with the names of the continents.  The North American Free Trade Agreement uses the name of the continent, while the Americans with Disabilities Act refers to protection of U.S. residents with disabilities.  If it were the North American Disabilities Act, one would assume it was an international treaty covering North America.  Spanish or other usage is really irrelevant to this article, since it is an English-language word.  If Spanish speakers want to use another term in their language, Americans will not insist that they change their language to match English usage.  But on the other side, some people who speak Spanish want to assail and convert the English-language term.  It would seem that the imposition and conflict is coming from the Spanish-speaking side.  As a general rule, people should respect other languages and the terms they choose.  Given the fact that George Washington, the first American president, used the terms America and American to describe his nation and people, others should really lay off.  When Washington did that, the people in all of these Spanish-speaking Latin American countries were Spanish in the sense of being Spanish colonies.  Why would they have any claim to the term American when they were in fact Spanish?  The fact is, the change and objection came about after they were liberated from Spain.  Americans are not going to stop using this term when they speak English.  If they visit a Spanish-speaking country and speak Spanish there, it would be polite and correct Spanish to use whatever term is standard in Spanish.  Likewise, Spanish-speaking people should respect the American English term when they visit the United States.  If Americans visit any other country and are criticized about how they speak English, they should explain that American English uses this term, and that if they want to know how to speak American English, they should take note.--MoebiusFlip (talk) 20:46, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

 * People in Spanish colonies were "Spanish Americans" by then. Why? Because the name of the whole continent precedes the differentiation into two continents in current prevalent US usage. Take a look at some XVIIth c. English maps. Salut, -- IANVS (talk | cont) 01:01, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see how that enters into argument. The ambiguity is over whether a speaker is referring to themselves in political or geographical attribute.  "I am in American" meaning either: I am a citizen of a specific country the United States of America, or I am a person from the combined continental landmass of North and South America.  At least in English, the latter is a highly unlikely use of self-designation akin to someone saying "I am a Eurasian."  The ambiguity of political versus geographical is continuously being redefined on wikipedia in edit wars based on little more than regionalism.  Further, the naming of peoples from a pre-national colonial era does not prevent those terms indefinitely from evolving to take on new usage as is evident in the evolving usage and attribution of the word American.--Extrabatteries (talk) 01:43, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

 * The original sense survives today in some current expressions. For example, "Latin American". Are we referring to Latin "North" Americans or Latin "South" Americans. Well, to both of them. And the same can be said about the very name of the USA. They are the US of "America". Not the US of "North America". The tectonic-based continental division of the "two" continents is irrelevant for these uses. So the word "America" to refer to "both Americas" do make sense in English, although it may not be the prevalen usage. Salut, -- IANVS (talk | cont) 01:49, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not debating these validity of these historic notes as fact. However, they invoke a totally different word usage.  There are subtle variations in their common usage using the same qualifier 'American' -- which are discernible to an English speaker, e.g. Spanish American, Latino American, Italian American (all with American used as a political designation)...  vs Latin American, Hispanic American (both using American as a cultural designation).--Extrabatteries (talk) 02:17, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It is not a cultural definition, but a geographical one that denotes the whole lands of the Western Hemisphere. Anyway, however it may be both series of expressions (plus some other, ambiguous ones, i.e. "Native American") do use the word "American" as a meaningful qualifying adjective. So, these (and other) multiple connotations have to be dealt with. Salut, -- IANVS (talk | cont) 20:14, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I am fully aware of the definitions of the word combination. Are you suggesting something be changed or added to the article?  I am not understanding the purpose of your statements.  I infer, maybe incorrectly, that you are stating that the use of American (as a political adjective) carries some ambiguity.  American carries no ambiguity in the political sense, only in the confusion between its usage as a political vs geographical designator.  The ambiguity is a failure or problem with whatever sentence or context in which it is used, and not something inherent to the word; not any more than any other multiple-definition words used in conjunction with another or set in ambiguous context.  The ambiguity throughout this talk page is usually not based on ambiguity at all but on clear understanding of the political definition used, and a dislike of the American to ever be used as a political designator.  Which is to say, its not in fact ambiguous, but instead controversial.--Extrabatteries (talk) 21:01, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Of course it is controversial, hence the debate. But you are wrong both in understanding that the different usages should not be dealt with here in Wikipedia, because they may be auto-evident, and in assuming that there are not political ambiguous usages for the term. I give you two examples for this: Organization of American States (OAS), Pan-American. Both political terms derive from the "America as a single entity that includes both 'North' and 'South' America" definition. Salut, -- IANVS (talk | cont) 21:06, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * When I say political terms, I mean American (singular word usage, as per this article title) in regards to the names of US citizens. The alternate word definitions and uses should be clearly articulated, I agree, I am not arguing the different usage should not be defined.  Providing correct information avoids creating confusion, confusion which certainly leads and has led to more controversy. Presenting the origins of the term, origins of its use as a demonym for citizens of the United States, its historical context, and broader explanation of continent-naming systems differences (America as a continent in Spanish/America not as a continent in English), these pieces of information defuse the accusations of arrogance being seen on this talk page and its archives.  The wikipedia pages regarding American, American (word), America, Names for US citizens, all have a 'teach the controversy' approach.  I am not arguing that wikipedia should be in the business of solving a controversy, but it certainly is a disservices to fuel a controversy by not clearly outlining information which diffuses the better of it.--Extrabatteries (talk) 21:25, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

 * The debate does not merely refer to English vs. foreign-languages definition of a continent. As I explained before, America/American do make sense in English when it is used to denote "both Americas". Furthermore, this English usage is not restricted to non-political definitions, as the very name of Washinton D.C.-headquartered "Organization of American States" shows clearly enough. Thus the need to: 1) disambiguate the usages of the term "American"; 2) make explicit reference to the current controversy regarding its usage. It is a must for an encyclopedia to deal with this. Salut, -- IANVS (talk | cont) 21:33, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree, and I think this article does a good job at doing just this. The article shouldn't lean into favor or disfavor of the word appropriation, but only present cited facts.  It is possible we are simply agreeing with each other in a very argumentative way. --Extrabatteries (talk) 21:43, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Fine enough, then :) Salut, -- IANVS (talk | cont) 22:07, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

Native English speakers use the term "American" almost exclusively to refer to a citizen of the United States, which they almost exclusively refer to as "America". This is not a Spanish or Portugese Wiki article. It is an English Language Wikipedia Article and the Native Speakers of English despite how Spanish speakers from Latin America may feel about this topic do not get to insert an Anti-American bias here by attempting to impose their linguistic standard on people who don't speak Spanish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.217.83.241 (talk) 14:27, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

 * This. I think people appear to be forgetting this is the English wikipedia.  It is very rare for 'American' or 'America' to be used in the English-speaking world as meaning anything non-specific to the United States.  Non-English speakers don't get to redefine English words - that is a bizarre concept.  A disambiguation page and all of this nonsense is extremely unnecessary.  Further, in the English-speaking world, there is virtually no adoption of the Americas as one single continent in education - they are always referred to as two separate continents (since they were actually detached until just a few million years ago).  This controversy is akin to someone from Finland sparking controversy by calling themselves an Afroeurasian - to an English speaker.   68.110.28.104 (talk) 00:58, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Ok some in the discussion here are quite convinced how the term is used in all of the English world. The reference [1] in the article to confirm this is however still with a book about "Standard American English". When you look it up it explicitely references the position of the people of the United States. So the argument that this meaning appplies to all of the English language speakers is not well founded by the references. Would be nice if a better reference could be given. I just looked up Meriam-Webster and on position 1. and 2. it mentions different meanings for the term than put forward in this article. On the other hand my Oxford learning dictionary just mentions the meaning which agrees with this article.Jocme (talk) 06:30, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Regarding the Political and cultural views section
First, I have no idea why this should fall under the United Nations usage category. Second, two of the sub-sections "Spain and Hispanic America" and "Portugal and Brazil" cite nothing relevant to the political and cultural views of the English word "American" which is what this page is about. These two sections should be moved into a new category regarding American (word) in foreign languages. Otherwise its acts on the assumption that American = Americano which these two sections refute as a false friend.--Extrabatteries (talk) 21:12, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I think this is quite well answered in the last thread. As for the foreign-language usages, they fit perfectly as a subsection to this same "word-defining" article. Methinks. Salut, -- IANVS (talk | cont) 21:20, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, and in word defining wouldn't these two sections fit better in the "US national in other languages" section?--Extrabatteries (talk) 21:30, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * No, because the usages of the word exceed the "US national" definition. Salut, -- IANVS (talk | cont) 21:34, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Certainly you can read the section Spain and Hispanic America and agree that it is only talking about the Spanish usage and not English usage, and that the Portugal and Brazil section talks about Portuguese usage of americano. Both of these sections are talking about the US national definition and not a more broad definition.  How can it be argued that either of these sections fit into the Usage at the United Nations section better than the US national  in other languages section?  --Extrabatteries (talk) 21:47, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * This article probably needs a cleanup for the sake of the coherence of its organization. You are probably right. Salut, -- IANVS (talk | cont) 22:09, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

Richard Amerike
Why was the reference to Richard Amerike removed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jcchat66 (talk • contribs) 04:58, 6 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Probably because America comes from the Italian Amerigo Vespucci, not Amerike. 69.125.249.6 (talk) 19:05, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

Phrasing of the page opening
Is this really neutral phrasing?

"In modern English, Americans generally refers to residents of the United States; among native English speakers this usage is almost universal, with any other use of the term requiring specification.[1] However, this default use has been the source of complaint by some residents of Latin America who feel that using the term solely for the United States misappropriates it.[2][3] They argue instead that "American" should be broadened to include people from anywhere in North or South America, not just the United States; these critics admit their proposed usage is uncommon."

This makes it seems like the only opponents to the term are "some residents of Latin America". People from other parts of the world can (and do) debate and disagree about the usage of the word "American", shouldn't this be acknowledged too? And what is the source for the statement that "these critics admit their proposed usage is uncommon"? Taking a look at the source number [1], it only seems to discuss what people from the U.S. call themselves, not "native English speakers". Indeed, the fact that there is a large debate about the meaning of "America/American" indicates otherwise to me. 85.229.199.235 (talk) 00:41, 16 January 2016 (UTC)
 * the statement probably exaggerates the complaints " by some residents of Latin America" who are not named. Who are these people and what do they know about English usage? And who are the unnammed and uncited people elsewhere who agree with them. Rjensen (talk) 02:44, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

In addition, isn't this extremely outdated? The sources it lists stem from 1947 [2] and 1983 [3]. Is it even accurate to leave this in there when the previous sentence is talking about 'In modern English'.
 * When it comes to language, "modern" includes the last century & longer. For example, in my case I learned English in the 1940s :) Rjensen (talk) 22:56, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

 * But, with respect, your example of being a native speaker who was socialized into the norms of the 1940s actually underscores the point that language has a shelf-life. The English that you learned in the 1940s probably doesn't do a great job of preparing you to understand what teenagers are saying on social media today, right? Those teenagers are native speakers, too. And, although some might grimace at the thought, those people are the future of the language. Those among their number who choose to have kids will teach their kids to speak the language within the modalities with which they are familiar -- which may or may not align with those that you are familiar with.

 * In language, evolution and change are constant, and with the advent of modern technology, the rate of change is more rapid now than it's ever been. Look at how popular modes of address from the 1990s are already dated and possibly even offensive, in some contexts, due to rapidly changing demographic and sociological trends in the modern world. I recently went back and watched a couple epidoes of Friends, an iconic show from the '90s, and due to cultural changes, it was surprising and striking how much of the content comes across as Archie Bunker-esque in the year 2020, even though nobody associated that mien with that show when it first came out.

 * "Language is the soul of culture." When culture changes, language must inevitably change with it. When you were a young man, words like colored, negro, or possibly even nigger where commonplace in the US. Now, the use of any of these, in most contexts, will mark you as something of a social reprobate in polite company. Just one, small example to underscore the point, but there are countless others.

 * Perhaps the word "modern" isn't academically correct, but colloquially speaking, in its sense of "contemporary", it is true that sources from 1947 are woefully out of date and do nothing to attest to the current state of the language. PhilHudson82 (talk) 08:46, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

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Unxplained rollback
As my five recent edits were rolled back by without explanation, I figure I should take the matter to the talk page. Regarding the statement, "I gave an explanation - it's not my fault you ignored it", with due respect to, that is not the case. His or her edit summary read, "Reverted undiscussed changes to citation format, other unnecessary changes". An edit having neither been previously discussed nor necessary is not in itself a reason for reversion. But even that aside, I would object to the assertion that, e.g., the correction of entirely inaccurately attributed quotations is "unnecessary". And there was no particularly substantial change to the citation format given that we are already using a system of footnotes with a "Works cited" list.

That being the case, with what do you take issue,, and what led you to believe the five edits to warrant using rollback? 142.161.81.20 (talk) 23:18, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Primarily two things, but the first is so major that it wasn't possible to just undo those alone.
 * First, you changed the citation format of the article. Per WP:CITEVAR, "Editors should not attempt to change an article's established citation style merely on the grounds of personal preference, to make it match other articles, or without first seeking consensus for the change." You may think your changes were minor, but the are not. Get a consensus first.

 * Second, some of your copy edits changes are improper, for example, changing "U.S." to "US". Per WP:NOTUSA - "...retain U.S. in American or Canadian English articles in which it is already established, unless there is a good reason to change it." You gave no such reason. - BilCat (talk) 23:31, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Primarily two things, but the first is so major that it wasn't possible to just undo those alone. That wasn't the most major change made by the edits, but regardless, it's always impossible to reverse any particular changes alone. And that doesn't explain why rollback was used on a good-faith edit.

 * Per WP:CITEVAR, "Editors should not attempt to change an article's established citation style merely on the grounds of personal preference, to make it match other articles, or without first seeking consensus for the change." You may think your changes were minor, but the [sic] are not. Get a consensus first. What concerns do you have, in that case? And regarding that provision of WP:CITEVAR, nothing precluded "seeking consensus" through editing if there were no particular concerns raised.

 * Second, some of your copy edits changes are improper. Which in particular? Regarding U.S. vs US, neither was in consistent use as required by the MOS, hence why the change was made. 142.161.81.20 (talk) 23:46, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Rollbacks can be used on good-faith edits, as long as an explanation is given in an edit summary. I gave one. As to the citation style, it's up to you to give a good reason for changing it, and to get a consensus for it. It's a confusing style for some editors. As to U.S./US, there were more instances of the former than the latter, so you should have defaulted to that style. - BilCat (talk) 23:47, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

 * As to the citation style, it's up to you to give a good reason for changing it, and to get a consensus for it. As WP:BRD indicates, "Before reverting a change to an article in the absence of explicit consensus, be sure you actually have a disagreement with the content of the bold edit (and can express that disagreement), not merely a concern that someone else might disagree with the edit." Without that, it's hard to know which aspect of it to justify given that I haven't the faintest idea what your concern is. Is it the use of sfn? Or something else?

 * As to U.S./US, there were more instances of the former than the latter, so you should have defaulted to that style. Why would we default to U.S. when WP:NOTUSA provides that we should "use US in an article with other country abbreviations"?

 * And finally, am I correct in understanding that these are your only concerns with the five edits rolled back? 142.161.81.20 (talk) 23:57, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Again, it's up to you to justify your changes. You propose a valid reason for changing citation styles, and then we can discuss it. As to US/U.S., remove the other abbreviations then. - BilCat (talk) 00:04, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Regarding the citation style, again, our guidelines say: "Before reverting a change to an article in the absence of explicit consensus, be sure you actually have a disagreement with the content of the bold edit (and can express that disagreement)". But regardless, as I still don't know which aspect of the change to address, I suppose I'll discuss the inclusion of sfn. This is not a substantive change to an established citation style as the article already uses a separate "Works cited" section. The inclusion of sfn is for the purpose of conforming to the existing citation style, insofar as there is one. So what is your concern with that?

 * As to US/U.S., remove the other abbreviations then. Why? 142.161.81.20 (talk) 00:21, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, those were the main objections. I'll be happy to help restore those in a spirt of good faith. - BilCat (talk) 00:08, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Why was my correction of your unresolved edit summary reverted again? 142.161.81.20 (talk) 00:21, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Also, please do not in the case of an edit conflict. 142.161.81.20 (talk) 00:03, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Edit conflicts. It happens sometimes when you make too many changes to existing comments. Be more careful. - BilCat (talk) 02:57, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Are you suggesting I made "too many changes to existing comments"? I made one change, which you reversed multiple times, along with the addition of another comment. WP:EDITCONFLICT is clear that the onus is on you to resolve the edit conflict and removing someone else's comment for no reason is a clear violation of WP:TPO. How and why do you suggest I "[b]e more careful"? 142.161.81.20 (talk) 04:40, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

Gratifying to see that, a decade on, common sense has prevailed
I remember coming to this debate back in the 2000s as a native English speaker and being flummoxed to find out that non-native speakers were trying to redefine words in someone else's language, lol. They managed to cause much angst and wrangling for a long time, as the history for this page attests, but it's nice to know that, as is always the case in life, the troublemakers eventually tired and went away, and when they did, simple fact was able to prevail.

This page, in its current form in 2019, now strikes all the right notes. It acknowledges that this tempest in a teapot exists, while also being intellectually honest about the fact that, endogenously within the native-speaker community, THERE IS NO CONTROVERSY. It was only when non-natives tried to speak someone else's language in a culturally illiterate way that there was ever a problem to begin with.

This is the English wiki, and as such, it simply DOES NOT MATTER what people in other languages say or think. If it bothers you, feel free to go add the relevant info on those respective languages' wikis -- and leave this one alone! =P — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.61.13.126 (talk) 11:16, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

Rollback conflict, redux

 * This diff inserts two things that are flatly incorrect - the use of American is not a misappropriation - that idea doesn't appear in the cited reference, and even if it did such a fringe position would need to be attributed to whoever was arguing it rather than using Wikipedia's voice; and it's not incorrect to use American to refer to " to refer to people connected to the United States when intending a geographical meaning" - that isn't assert in the reference (the author does imply that other people might believe it and he's not interested in arguing with them, but he doesn't assert him, and again for such a fringe position it would need to be attributed to him if he held it, but he doesn't. It's also the case that basically every linguist would assert English-language usage can't be right or wrong, merely more common/standard or less common/standard, so we probably can't ever call usage an error in this way with an authoritative voice.  this diff is also veering into original research-y territory (and is probably wrong to boot); in at least some contexts there is a widely used alternative (US as an adjective; it's use cases are somewhat limited, but US President and American President are both widely used, and are synonyms).  A few of the other changes might be plausible, but when you stick in wrong information and misuse sources to push a fringe POV, you should expect the whole edit to get reverted, rather than expect people to devote a lot of time to see if there's anything worth salvaging. Wily D  08:28, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

American denotes a person from America not a citizen of the United States of America.
This is an article where posters from the USA have been going berserk. Even if in the USA a American denotes a person from the USA, is that the usage in all English speaking countries? Pointing to a sources that provides "Standard American English" is a bit absurd, because that denotes only part of the English speaking world and Wikipedia is an international Encyclopedia. I do not find the definition of an American as a citizen of the USA as the only definition in for example the Britannica or Merriam-Webster. The Definition of American as being from the Americas, or South and North America, or simple America comes always before the indication of an USA citizen. It seems to me that it is quite a bit of arrogance behind claiming that an American denotes an citizen of the USA only. One also has to look at the usage of American in different languages and countries and not only in the limited area of the USA.Jochum (talk) 06:01, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

 * This is English Wikipedia, so it's written from the point of view of how words are primarily used in the English language in all majority-English speaking countries, not just the USA. This article also mentions how other languages and cultures use the term "American", especially Latin America, which is where most of the objections to how the word is used come from. (I certainly don't go to Spanish Wikipedia and try to tell them what names they can call themselves in their own language, but there's certainly a lot of them doing so in English Wikipedia.) If you've read the article, then you should know all that already, so I'm really not sure why you're still going on about it. I guess words in your native language only have one meaning, which must be nice. It's certainly not that way in English! BilCat (talk) 06:39, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * OP just needs to review the sources in this article to have a basic understanding of the term. Time sink trying to explain any further. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 00:33, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree. A good example is the term «Native American». It includes people from South America, Canada, and Central America, not just the USA. Verdlanco\talk 11:51, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:American (word)


text:
Consumer Electronics Show

CES (formerly an initialism for Consumer Electronics Show ) is an annual trade show organized by the Consumer Technology Association (CTA). Held in January at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Winchester, Nevada, United States, the event typically hosts presentations of new products and technologies in the consumer electronics industry.

CES 2024 was held from Jan 9-12. Press days started two days prior.

History
The first CES was held in June 1967 in New York City. It was a spinoff of the Chicago Music Show which, until then, had served as the main event for exhibiting consumer electronics. The event had 17,500 attenders and over 100 exhibitors; the kickoff speaker was Motorola chairman Bob Galvin. From 1978 to 1994, CES was held twice each year: once in January in Las Vegas as the Winter Consumer Electronics Show (WCES) and once in June in Chicago as the Summer Consumer Electronics Show (SCES).

The winter show was held in Las Vegas in 1995 as planned. However, since the summer Chicago shows were beginning to lose popularity, the organizers decided to experiment by having the show travel around to different cities starting in 1995 with a planned show in Philadelphia at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. However, the inaugural E3 gaming show was scheduled to be held on the West Coast in May and proved a source of increasing competition, causing the Philadelphia Summer CES show to be cancelled. The 1996 Winter show was again held in Las Vegas in January, followed by a Summer show this time in Orlando, Florida; however, only a fraction of the traditional exhibitors participated. The next "Summer" show was scheduled to be held in conjunction with Spring COMDEX in Atlanta; however, when only two dozen-or-so exhibitors signed on, the CES portion of the show was cancelled.

In 1998, the show changed to a once-a-year format, with Las Vegas as the location. In Las Vegas, the show is one of the largest (the other being CONEXPO-CON/AGG), taking up to 18 days to set up, run and break down.

1967
The first CES was held in New York City from June 24 to 28, 1967. The 200 exhibitors attracted 17,500 attendees to the Hilton and Americana hotels over those four days. Also displayed were pocket radios and TVs with integrated circuits.

1970
At the 1970 CES, Philips unveiled the first-ever home VCR, the N1500 videocassette recorder. Until that point, VCRs cost upward of $50,000 and were used mainly by TV stations, but the Philips model with a built-in tuner was just $900.

1976
The 1976 Winter CES was held January 7–9 in Chicago at the Conrad Hilton Hotel. Per the show guide, it included video (with television receivers and video systems panels), audio (including CB radio, radio, audio compacts, audio components, and tape equipment panels), and calculator and watch areas (considered separate component conferences). Speakers included the FTC's Joan Bernstein on "The Warranty Law -- Its Status and Impact," and the FCC's Richard M. Smith on "Regulating Citizens' Band Radios".

The 1976 Summer CES was also held June 13–16 in Chicago at McCormick Place.

1977
The Atari VCS was shown publicly for the first time at the 1977 CES.

1979
The 1979 Winter CES was held in January in Las Vegas. Atari 400 and 800 computers were introduced. Bill Gates appeared at CES for the first time, introducing the first BASIC compiler for the Apple II. Texas Instruments showed off the TI-99/4.

The 1979 Summer CES was held June 3–6 in Chicago at McCormick Place. Features (per the show guide) included personal communications, retail advertising, promotion and store layout, exports, video, audio, auto sound/telephone sales, and a large series of retail sales and sales management breakouts.

1981
At the 1981 CES, Philips and Sony introduced the CD player, which they had developed together.

1982
The 1982 Summer CES in Chicago at McCormick Place saw the first appearance of the Commodore 64 and General Consumer Electronics' Vectrex.

1983
In 1983, Summer CES retired to McCormick Place in Chicago and featured the introduction of the Coleco Adam and the Atari 600XL.

1984
The Amiga was first shown publicly at the 1984 Summer CES. In addition, Japanese jazz fusion artist Ryo Kawasaki performed with the Commodore 64 as a demo for the Kawasaki Synthesizer.

1985
At the 1985 Summer CES, Nintendo unveiled the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), the American version of its Famicom, with a new case redesigned by Lance Barr and featuring a "zero insertion force" cartridge slot.

1988
The video game Tetris was first shown publicly in the U.S. at the 1988 Summer CES.

1990
The game John Madden Football was unveiled at the 1991 CES.

1991
Winter CES saw unveiling of Game Gear.

In Summer CES, Sony revealed a Super Famicom with a built-in CD-ROM drive, that incorporated Green Book technology or CD-i, called "Play Station" (also known as SNES-CD). However, a day after the announcement at CES, Nintendo announced that it would be breaking its partnership with Sony, opting to go with Philips instead while using the same technology. Games for NEC's TurboGrafx-16, Sega Genesis, and SNK's Neo-Geo took center stage

1992
Winter CES was held in Las Vegas. A major video game of the show was Street Fighter II on the SNES. In the summer CES held in Chicago and dominated by video game products, Apple Inc. unveiled its Newton MessagePad. First recorders introduced for the two rival digital systems targeted as replacements for the Philips Compact Cassette analog audio tape system: MiniDisc created by Sony and Digital Compact Cassette (DCC), created by Philips and Matsushita.

1993
In a one-time experiment, the 1993 Summer CES was open to the general public.

Major announcements during this edition were:
 * Capcom unveils Mega Man X for the first time in North America.   3DO Interactive Multiplayer was announced. The MiniDisc was announced as well.

1994
AT&T displayed prototype AT&T 3DO units at the Winter CES.

1998
The 1998 CES was dominated by players for the burgeoning DVD format, with a variety of features and price points. The DIVX format was also showcased, but received relatively little attention, and no companies had DIVX players on display.

2001
Microsoft and chair Bill Gates officially unveiled the final design of its Xbox console and controller. The Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) announced expansion of Charge Up to Recycle! program to include all consumer rechargeable batteries, adding Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH), Lithium Ion (Li-Ion), and Small VRLA (SSLA/Pb).

2002
Microsoft demonstrated a preview version of Windows XP Media Center Edition at CES 2002.

2003
The Memory Stick PRO was introduced as a joint effort between Sony and SanDisk. Adobe announced Adobe Photoshop Album to import, organize and edit digital photos, and allows quick and easy searching and sharing of entire photo collections. Pentax announced the OptioS digital camera. Sony launched its first DVD Handycam Camcorders. Olympus announced weather proof metal body Olympus mju U10D, S300D, u300D and 400 Digital cameras.

2004
The first handheld video players based on Microsoft's Portable Media Player (PMC) were introduced. The media saw this as a challenge against Apple's iPod line, which by that time did not have a portable video player. Creative Technology planned to be the first to introduce a player based on PMC.

Digital video recorders (DVC) were highly prolific during the show of 2004, as well as the HDMI interface.

The Blu-ray Group held at the PRIL April 2004 CES the first US press conference to promote the Blu-ray Disc format.

2005
The 2005 CES was from January 6 to 9, 2005, in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the Las Vegas Convention Center. The event started off with a twist when the main keynote address by Microsoft chairman Bill Gates went wrong, as his demonstration of the Xbox 360 resulted in an out of memory error, much to the amusement of the onlookers. Samsung showed off a 102 in plasma television.

Zimiti Ltd (renamed Boardbug Ltd in 2007) won the "Best of Innovators" award for Personal Electronics. It is the only British company to have won this award.

2006
The 2006 exhibition took place on January 5–8, 2006, at the Las Vegas Convention Center, the Sands Convention Center, the Alexis Park hotel and the Las Vegas Hilton hotel. HDTV was a central theme in the Bill Gates keynote as well as many of the other manufacturer's speeches. The standards competition between HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc was conspicuous, with some of the first HD movie releases and first HD players being announced at the show. Philips showed a rollable display prototype whose screen can retain an image for several months. Hillcrest Labs won the "Best Of Innovations" award in the video accessories category for software and hardware that allows a television to be controlled with natural gestures. Attendance was over 150,000 individuals in 1.67 million net square feet of space, making it the largest electronics event in the United States.

2007
In a break from recent tradition, the 2007 CES exhibition did not begin on a Thursday, nor span a weekend. It ran from Monday to Thursday on January 8–11, 2007. The venues also changed slightly, with the high-performance audio and home theater expo moving from the Alexis Park venue to The Venetian. The remaining venues were the same as previous years: the Las Vegas Convention Center was the center of events, with the adjacent Las Vegas Hilton, and the Sands Expo and Convention Center hosting satellite exhibitions.

The location for the main keynotes was the other major change for 2007. Previously held at the Las Vegas Hilton's Main Theater, they staged for the first time at The Palazzo Ballroom in The Venetian. Bill Gates gave his ninth pre-show keynote address on the Sunday evening. The opening keynote was presented by Gary Shapiro (President/CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, which hosts the event), with Ed Zander, Chairman/CEO of Motorola. Other keynote speakers scheduled included Robert Iger from The Walt Disney Company, Michael Dell, founder of Dell Inc., and Leslie Moonves of CBS.

Finally, Industry Insider presentations moved to the Las Vegas Hilton, with contributions from Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo, CEO of Nokia and John Chambers, CEO of Cisco.

In the gaming section for Windows Vista and DirectX 10, there were two games shown: Age of Conan and Crysis.

2008
The 2008 exhibition was from January 7 to 10, 2008, in Las Vegas with 141,150 attendees. Bill Gates gave the keynote speech, in which he formally announced his retirement from his day-to-day duties at Microsoft. Along with the announcement, he presented a lengthy comedy skit on what his last day with Microsoft would be like, complete with cameos from celebrities including Jay-Z, Steven Spielberg, Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton and many others.

Panasonic attracted much attention by releasing a 150" Plasma TV as well as a 50" TV as thin as 0.46 inches (11.6 mm).

2009
The 2009 exhibition, held January 7–10, 2009, returned to the previous Thursday–Sunday schedule, and attracted 113,085 attendees. Among more than 2,700 exhibiting companies were approximately 300 first-time exhibitors.

Several highlights included organic light-emitting diode (OLED) televisions,  the Palm Pre,  Mattel MindFlex Game, pico projectors,    the Marvell SheevaPlug plug computer, and 3D projectors.

The Minoru 3D Webcam, a USB webcam that was billed as the world's first stereoscopic 3D consumer stereo webcam won the "Fans Favorite" award. Dell introduced its Dell Adamo subnotebook.

The game show Jeopardy! filmed one episode from the celebrity series and the 2009 Tournament of Champions on a new set at the Sony booth. The set was moved to their main studio at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, starting with the show's 26th season through the 29th season.

CES 2009 suffered an attendance drop of at least 22%, which was attributed to the global financial crisis.

2010
The 2010 exhibition was held January 7–10, 2010, and attracted more than 120,000 attendees.

Highlights include the Intel Infoscape, which is run on the Intel Core i7 processor. One computer ran two 7 ft screens, displaying 576 cubes hooked up to 20,000 information sources, including 20 live video feeds. Visitors would touch one of the cubes, and an infobox displaying that content would come forward. One journalist explained, "The graphics on the giant screens were a tons of fun to move around with their uncanny quickness and smooth motion, and the whole thing felt super responsive, Giving us a peek into the future, it seemed a lot like that computer screen in the movie Minority Report. It was the most spectacular demo we saw at CES 2010." Equally impressive, Parrot presented the first prototype of Parrot AR.Drone, a remote-controlled flying toy which streams video via WiFi to an iPhone.

Sustainable Planet grew by 40% in 2010.

2011
The 2011 exhibition was held from January 6 to 9, 2011. CESWEB is reporting that their pre-audit numbers show an attendance of 128,949.

Many tablets were introduced in 2011's show, such as the Motorola Xoom tablet, winning Best of Show, which runs Android Honeycomb. Many 4G phones were also unveiled at the show, including the LG Revolution, Samsung Infuse 4G, HTC Thunderbolt, Sony Ericsson Xperia Arc, Motorola CLIQ 2, Motorola Droid Bionic, and Motorola Atrix 4G. In a push towards mobile devices, Microsoft demonstrated an early version of the next release of the Windows operating system, running on ARM-based devices.

3D TVs were introduced by many giants, such as Mitsubishi's 92-inch model of its 2011 lineup of theater-sized 3D Home Cinema TVs. Toshiba also unveiled its Glasses Free 4K 3D TV prototype. Samsung announced the Plasma 3D HD TV series named D8000 and LG introduced the LED 3D TV of its Infinia Nano series.

3net, a 3DTV channel co-owned by Discovery Communications, Sony, and IMAX, was previewed.

2012
The 2012 exhibition was held from January 8 to 13, 2012. Microsoft released an official statement saying that CES 2012 will be Microsoft’s last appearance at the event. The show organizers claimed that 153,000 people attended the 2012 show, a 2% increase from the previous year and a new all-time attendance record. Intel was caught falsifying a demo of their new Ivy Bridge processors. AMD demonstrated their new Trinity APUs.

AMTC was demonstrating this ‘Tier-2’ CE products (‘middleware’) featuring the Inview Technology platform. Inview claimed that its low processing and memory footprint means connected TV capabilities are available at low-cost, as the software is provided royalty free. Parrot presented the "world's most advanced headphones" the Parrot ZIK By Starck.

This was also the first year in which the Photo Marketing Association held its annual trade show in conjunction with CES, with the PMA show branded as PMA@CES.

2013
The 2013 International CES, instead of starting on Thursday went from Tuesday to Friday, January 8–11, 2013, in the Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Over 3,000 exhibitors showcased a wide range of innovative products this year. CES 2013 was known for what was billed as an insane opening by Qualcomm. This year the categories include 3D, Accessories, Audio, Automotive Electronics, Embedded Technology, Lifestyle Electronics, Wireless & Wireless Devices to name a few. 2013 International CES however was not necessarily being noted for announcing the newest products, but getting a lot of press for the fundamental changes about to hit the digital world; such as motion detection sensors, the driverless cars and digital home safety and technology.

Major announcements during this edition were:
 * Samsung unveiled multi-view TVs and Flexible OLED Display Youm
 * Sony announced Sony Xperia Z smartphone, and Samsung Announced Galaxy S2 plus smartphone.
 * Sony announced TRILUMINOS quantum dot display technology.
 * Qualcomm unveils Snapdragon 600 & 800 processors that can bring 4K recording capability in Mobile Phones
 * Intel revealed ATOM processor for embedded markets as well as Bay Trail
 * Panasonic announced a wide range of smart TVs. The Panasonic's Smart Viera HDTVs lineup includes 16 plasmas and 16 LEDs.
 * Razer announced Razer Edge tablet PC
 * Nvidia announces Android handheld Project Shield
 * Research In Motion showed off the Blackberry 10 touch-screen phone

2014
The 2014 International CES was held during the week from January 7 to 10, 2014, in the Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. The first Li-Fi smartphone prototype was presented at the show. The smartphone uses SunPartner's Wysips CONNECT, a technique that converts light waves into usable energy, making the phone capable of receiving and decoding signals without drawing on its battery. The phone also has a transparent photovoltaic screen that lets light recharge the phone.

LG debuted its webOS on smartTVs and new 77-inch curved OLED Ultra HD TV. Samsung unveiled its curved TVs with two series of concave TVs.

ProtectCELL showcased its comprehensive mobile protection plans for all major devices, including the iPhone 5S and 5C, iPad Air, iPad Mini 2 and Galaxy S4. With demonstrations such as blending a Blackberry, ProtectCELL proves they will cover all damages.

The AMD presentation mentioned (among others) – the Kaveri CPU of the Steamroller architecture, Heterogenous System Architecture (HSA) lineup and the intention to build upon that, immersive experience, Mantle and AMD TrueAudio.

In the Intel keynote presentation, its CEO talked about three areas in which technology can improve: living, working, and playing. He also presented Intel Edison, a SoC of the SD card format.

Pebble announced the Pebble Steel smartwatch, which has a thin body, tactile metal buttons, and Corning Gorilla Glass.

Laser diodes were unveiled at the show that are going to be used for high-beam headlights in Audi vehicles. The high beams will be lasers, though the low beams will be light-emitting diodes. The car maker says that their high beams have a 500-meter range, which is roughly twice the distance of LED high beams. Lasers are expensive though. Lasers are smaller, brighter and more energy efficient than LED headlamps. Their laser headlamps use less than half the energy of LEDs. Laser diodes can emit 170 lumens per watt, while LEDs generate only 100 lumens. Lasers are sensitive to heat but that has not stopped their production for vehicles. Laser technology is not as advanced compared with LEDs, which have been around for decades.

2015
The 2015 International CES was held during the week January 6–9, 2015, in the Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. The 2015 CES was reportedly the largest in its history, with 3,600 exhibitors and 170,000 professional/industry attendees.

2016
The 2016 CES was held January 6–9, 2016, in Las Vegas and 3,600 companies attended; the CES 2016 venues of the Las Vegas Convention Center, the Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino and the Sands Expo & Convention Center had over 2.4 million square feet utilized for the event. The 2016 event had notably more security, with full-bag searches and police officers with tactical gear and search dogs.

In 2016, there were only 22 CES Innovation Awards Honorees in the Tech for a Better World category. These included Advanced Ordnance Teaching, Clinical Bidet, Ossia’s Cota Wireless Power Technology, eFit, eGeeTouch Smart Fingerprint-NFC Luggage Lock, Eye Tribe Tracker Pro, homnistat, Hydrao, Jacoti Hearing Suite, K-1 Assistive Device, Luminon, MATRIX, Netatmo Presence, Noke U Locke, Owlet Baby Monitor, PanaCast 2, RemoPill, SCiO, Smart Air Purifier, The New Kano, Whirlpool Smart Top Load, and ZPower.

One of the most anticipated technologies at 2016 CES was experiencing consumer device charging without wires—or "wireless power" --, as shown by companies like Energous, Ossia, and WiTricity.

2017
CES 2017 was held January 5–8, 2017, in Las Vegas. Even with tight security at the show, two prototype Razer triple-screen gaming laptops were stolen during the show. Min-Liang Tan, co-founder and chief executive officer of Razer, said that the company is treating the case as "industrial espionage". A Razer spokesperson said they were offering $25,000 for any "original information leading to the identification, arrest and conviction" of anyone who was involved with the crime.

2018
CES 2018 was held January 9–12, 2018, in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Many companies such as Amazon, Nvidia, and Google had a presence at the event.

The newest model of Sony's Aibo companion robot was featured here, and was noticed as one of the standout items of 2018.

In this year, there were 31 CES Innovation Award categories. CES Best of Innovation Award Honorees included Siren Diabetic Socks, 2018 Nissan Leaf, Samsung's first consumer Micro LED TV, Wi-Charge's Long-Range Wireless Power Technology, Intel Movidius Neural Compute Stick, 3D Touch Surface Display by Continental Automotive Systems, Aipoly Autonomous Store Platform, AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X, Amaryllo's AR4, A.I. security camera, IRIVER media player, Bang & Olufsen's BeoSound Shape, BUDDY robot by Blue Frog Robotics, HP's 3D Camera, Dell Ocean-Bound Plastics Packaging Program, ElliQ by Intuition Robotics, Ethereal Halo by Ethereal Machines, InstruMMents 01 world’s first Dimensioning Instrument, Kensington VeriMark Fingerprint Key, Lancey smart space heater, LG 4K UHD Projector, Light L16 multi-aperture camera, Looxid VR, MARS smart TWS earbuds, Sproutel's social robot, Nura headphones, 1MORE ComfoBuds Pro True Wireless In-Ear Headphones, NUVIZ Head-Up Display for motorcyclists, Samsung Family Hub 3.0 Refrigerator, Trident 3 Arctic gaming console, Dynamic's WalletCard, WHILL Model Ci and Willow Wearable Breast Pump.

Celebrating CES 2018, a Las Vegas strip club even decided to introduce the public to their creations, the world’s first-ever robot strippers.

2019
CES 2019 was held on January 8–11, 2019 in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada with 182,000 total attendants and over 4400 companies exhibited. John Deere had a presence at the event while Mercedes-Benz debuted the second-generation CLA Class at the show. Hikvision and IFlytek, two companies later sanctioned by the U.S. government for allegedly enabling human rights abuses in Xinjiang with their technology, were also present.

 * News Conference (Media Only) — January 6–9
 * Keynotes & Conference Program at Tech East, Tech West and Tech South — January 7–11
 * Exhibitors at Tech East and Tech West — January 8–11
 * C Space Conference Program & Exhibits at ARLA — January 7–10

Honda introduced the Autonomous Work Vehicle and P.A.T.H. (Predicting Action of The Human) Bot at the show. Russia's search giant Yandex announced that they had been offering free driverless rides as a demo of their autonomous Yandex taxi service.

There are 30 CES Innovation Award categories. CES Best of Innovation Honorees include the KitchenAid Cook Processor Connect, LG V40 ThinQ, Zumi RoboCar, Ring Spotlight Cam, Samsung 2019 Family Hub, and the 2018 Nissan Leaf for the second time in a row. Google had set up its Google Assistant-themed ride at their booth.

Notoriously, CES received a large amount of negative press and backlash from feminists worldwide for its decision (later reversed) to revoke a CES Innovations Award for a female pleasure device presented to Lora DiCarlo, with CES stating the reasoning for the revocation was “products that are immoral, obscene, indecent, profane, or not in keeping with CTA’s image will be disqualified.". The award was later reinstated.

2020
The 53rd CES was held in Las Vegas, Nevada from January 7 to 10, 2020. Apple Inc. attended its first CES since 1992.

Automotive has become a major part of CES with focus on innovation in electric vehicles, infotainment, telematics, autonomous capabilities and ride sharing. Even major OEMs are now using CES to introduce new automotive technologies to the public the first time. Suppliers to the automotive industry involving electronics are increasingly present at the CES. At the CES 2020 it was particularly noticeable that a large number of vendors in autonomous (self driving) technology were present. Mercedes showcased their Vision AVTR concept car of the future inspired by the movie Avatar. Sony was possibly the biggest surprise at CES 2020 with their electric vehicle concept incorporating Sony technologies for sensors and infotainment. A range of the electric vehicles shown at CES 2020 are expected to enter production in the next 1–2 years from the established OEMs as well as startups such as Rivian, BYTON, Faraday Future and others.

Hyundai and Uber announced a joint-initiative at CES 2020 to develop a 100% electrically-powered flying taxi that will feature vertical take off/landing and a four-passenger capacity at 180 mph. The partnership marks the first for the Uber Elevate initiative for aerial ridesharing.

Consumer-focused internet security startup, Clario Tech Limited, launched at CES 2020, announcing their new cross-platform security application, while hosting booth #12055.

Hydraloop won Best of the Best, Best Start Up and, Best Sustainable Product at the CES 2020.

2021
CES 2021 was a full-digital event due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The show ran from January 11 to 14.

CES management reviewed dozens of video conferencing platforms to find one that would support tens of thousands of people, and ultimately chose to use Microsoft Teams for the service. For exhibiting companies, the digital venue remained live for 30 days until February 15.

On January 12, 2021, Billie Eilish gave a live digital performance. Ryan Seacrest held a session discussing digital performances and spoke to Billie Eilish and Dua Lipa.

2022
The show ran from January 5 to 7. Although the show was originally scheduled to run until January 8, the Consumer Technology Association decided to close the show one day early, citing public health concerns after many companies pulled out of the in-person event.

Due to increased SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection counts reported, many companies such as Intel, Lenovo, TikTok, T-Mobile, Amazon, Google, and Meta switched to a virtual-only appearance. As of December 25, 2021, 42 exhibitors had canceled, which is approximately 7% of the total exhibit floor. Additionally, many major tech publications such as The Verge, CNET, Engadget, Gizmodo, TechCrunch, TechRadar and Tom's Guide as well as many tech YouTube channels only reported on the show remotely.

General Motors CEO Barra said the company would participate in a digital-only format, and that her keynote speech to debut the electric version of the Chevrolet Silverado EV would be delivered remotely.

Samsung Electronics introduced Bespoke Home, a consumer-tailored home appliance. The company also unveiled a micro-LED TV and QD-OLED panels. Benz announced the new electric concept car EQXX. Hyundai Motor Group unveiled a meta-mobility vision which combines robotics and metaverse. They also unveiled personal mobility, L7, Spot, and MobED. BMW unveiled an iX flow that uses electronic ink to change the color of the vehicle's exterior. VinFast (a member of Vingroup from Vietnam) also introduced their electric sub VF 5, VF 6, VF 7, VF 8 and VF 9. Ossia, Inc showcased the Cota Power Table, which leverages a wireless power invention created and patented by Hatem Zeine; Cota which received the 2022 CES Innovation Award in the Mobile Devices and Accessories category.

2023
CES 2023 was held from January 5 to 8, attracting 115,000 attendees.

Production cars:
 * Cenntro Logistar 300
 * Volkswagen ID.7

Concept cars:
 * BMW i Vision Dee
 * Holon Mover
 * Hyundai Mobis M.Vision HI
 * Hyundai Mobis M.Vision TO
 * Peugeot Inception
 * Project Arrow
 * Afeela prototype
 * Ram 1500 Revolution BEV
 * ZF Next Generation Shuttle
 * VinFast VF 6, VF 7, VF 8 & VF 9, and 4 e-bike models.

2024
CES 2024 was held from January 9 to 12.

Production cars:
 * VinFast VF 3

Concept cars:
 * VinFast VF Wild
 * VinFast DrgnFly
 * LG αble
 * Hyundai MOBION
 * Kia Concept PV1
 * Kia Concept PV5
 * Kia Concept PV7
 * Honda O Saloon
 * Honda O Space-Hub
 * M Benz Concept CLA

CES Asia
The CES created a corresponding Asian conference, CES Asia, was planned to happen annually during the month of June in Shanghai, China but has been cancelled indefinitely:
 * 2019: The CES Asia 2019 took place from 11 to 13 June 2019.
 * 2020: The CES Asia 2020 was originally scheduled for 10 to 12 June 2020, but was cancelled due to safety concerns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Consumer Electronics Show


text:
Talk:Digitizer

What is digitizer?

Tell me part of digitizer.

History of digitizer.

Example of digitizer.

Digitizer is use for what?

title: Talk:Digitizer


text:
Johannes Ockeghem

Johannes Ockeghem (c. 1410 – 6 February 1497) was a Franco-Flemish composer and singer of early Renaissance music. Ockeghem was the most influential European composer in the period between Guillaume Du Fay and Josquin des Prez, and he was—with his colleague Antoine Busnois—the leading European composer in the second half of the 15th century. He was an important proponent of the early Franco-Flemish School.

Ockeghem was well associated with other leading composers of the time, and spent most of his career serving the French royal court under Charles VII, Louis XI and Charles VIII. Numerous poets and musicians lamented his death, including Erasmus, Guillaume Crétin, Jean Molinet and Josquin, who composed the well known Nymphes des bois for him.

It is thought that Ockeghem's extant works represent only a small part of his entire oeuvre, including around 14 masses, 20 chansons and fewer than 10 motets—though the exact numbers vary due to attribution uncertainties. His better-known works include the canon-based Missa prolationum; the Missa cuiusvis toni, which can be sung in any mode; the chanson Fors seulement; and the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem.

Background and early life
The spelling of Ockeghem's name comes from a supposed autograph of his which survived as late as 1885, and was reproduced by Eugène Giraudet, a historian in Tours; the document has since been lost. In 15th-century sources, the spelling "Okeghem" predominates. Other spellings include Ogkegum, Okchem, Hocquegam and Ockegham.

Ockeghem is believed to have been born in the Walloon city Saint-Ghislain, Burgundian Netherlands (now Belgium). His birthdate is unknown; dates as early as 1410 and as late as 1430 have been proposed. The earlier date is based on the possibility that he knew Binchois in Hainaut before the older composer moved from Mons to Lille in 1423. Ockeghem would have to have been younger than 15 at the time. This particular speculation derives from Ockeghem's reference, in the lament he wrote on the death of Binchois in 1460, to a chanson by Binchois dated to that time. In this lament Ockeghem not only honored the older composer by imitating his style, but also revealed some useful biographical information about him. The comment by the poet Guillaume Crétin, in the lament he wrote on Ockeghem's death in 1497, "it was a great shame that a composer of his talents should die before 100 years old", is also often taken as evidence for the earlier birthdate for Ockeghem.

In 1993, documents dating from 1607 were found stating that "Jan Hocquegam" was a native of Saint-Ghislain in the County of Hainaut, which was confirmed by references in 16th century documents. This suggests that, though he first appears in records in Flanders, he was a native speaker of Picard. Previously, most biographies surmised that he was born in East Flanders, either in the town after which he was named (present-day Okegem, from which his ancestors must have come) or in the neighboring town of Dendermonde (French: Termonde), where the surname Ockeghem occurred in the 14th and 15th century. Occasionally, Bavay, now in the Nord department in France, was suggested as his birthplace as well.

Details of his early life are lacking. Like many composers in this period, he started his musical career as a chorister, although the exact location of his education is unknown: Mons, a town near Saint-Ghislain that had at least two churches with competent music schools, has been suggested. The first actual documented record of Ockeghem is from the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe cathedral in Antwerp, where he was employed in June 1443 as a "left-hand choir singer" ("left-handers" sang composed music, "right-handers" sang chant). He probably sang under the direction of Johannes Pullois, whose employment also dates from that year. This church was a distinguished establishment, and it was likely here that Ockeghem became familiar with the English compositional style, which influenced late 15th-century musical practice on the continent.

Training and career

Ockeghem probably studied with Gilles Binchois, and at least was closely associated with him at the Burgundian court. Since Antoine Busnois wrote a motet in honor of Ockeghem sometime before 1467, it is probable that those two were acquainted as well; and writers of the time often link Dufay, Busnois and Ockeghem. Although Ockeghem's musical style differs considerably from that of the older generation, it is probable that he acquired his basic technique from them, and as such can be seen as a direct link from the Burgundian style to the next generation of Netherlanders, such as Obrecht and Josquin.

Between 1446 and 1448 Ockeghem served, along with singer and composer Jean Cousin, at the court of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon in Moulins, now in central France. During this service he became the first among the singing chaplains to appear in the court records. Around 1452 he moved to Paris where he served as maestro di cappella to the French court, as well as treasurer of the collegiate church of St. Martin, at Tours. In addition to serving at the French court – both for Charles VII and Louis XI – he held posts at Notre Dame de Paris and at St. Benoît. He is known to have travelled to Spain in 1470, as part of a diplomatic mission for the King, which was a complex affair attempting both to dissuade Spain from joining an alliance with England and Burgundy against France, and to arrange a marriage between Isabella I of Castile and Charles, Duke of Guyenne (the brother of king Louis XI). After the death of Louis XI (1483), not much is known for certain about Ockeghem's whereabouts, though it is known that he went to Bruges and Tours, and he probably died in the latter town since he left a will there. An indication of the renown in which Ockeghem was held is the number of laments written on his death on 6 February 1497; among the most famous of the musical settings of these many poems is Nymphes des bois by Josquin des Prez. Other authors of these poems included Molinet and Desiderius Erasmus; Johannes Lupi provided another musical setting.

Music and influence
Ockeghem was not a prolific composer, given the length of his career and extent of his reputation, and some of his work was lost. Many works formerly attributed to him are now presumed to be by other composers; Ockeghem's total output of reliably attributed compositions, as with many of the most famous composers of the time (such as Josquin), has shrunk with time. Surviving reliably-attributed works include some 14 masses (including a Requiem), an isolated Credo (Credo sine nomine), five motets, a motet-chanson (a deploration on the death of Binchois), and 21 chansons. Thirteen of Ockeghem's masses are preserved in the Chigi codex, a Flemish manuscript dating to around 1500. His Missa pro Defunctis is the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem mass (another possibly earlier setting by Dufay has been lost). Some of his works, alongside compositions by his contemporaries, are included in Petrucci's Harmonice musices odhecaton (1501), the first collection of music published using moveable type.

Dating Ockeghem's works is difficult, as there are almost no external points of reference, except of course the death of Binchois (1460) for which Ockeghem composed a motet-chanson. The Missa Caput is almost certainly an early work, since it follows on an anonymous English mass of the same title dated to the 1440s, and his late masses may include the Missa Ma maistresse and Missa Fors seulement, in view of both his innovative treatment of the cantus firmus and his increasingly homogeneous textures later in his life.

Ockeghem used the cantus firmus technique in about half of his masses; the earliest of these masses use head-motifs at the start of the individual movements, a common practice around 1440 but one that had already become archaic by around 1450. Three of his masses, Missa Ma maistresse, Missa Fors seulement, and Missa Mi-mi are based on chansons he wrote himself, and use more than one voice of the chanson, foreshadowing the parody mass techniques of the 16th century. In his remaining masses, including the Missa cuiusvis toni and Missa prolationum, no borrowed material has been found, and the works seem to have been freely composed.

Ockeghem would sometimes place borrowed material in the lowest voice, such as in the Missa Caput, one of three masses written in the mid-15th century based on that fragment of chant from the English Sarum Rite. Other characteristics of Ockeghem's compositional technique include variation in voices' rhythmic character so as to maintain their independence.

A strong influence on Josquin des Prez and the subsequent generation of Netherlanders, Ockeghem was famous throughout Europe for his expressive music, though he was equally renowned for his technical prowess. Two of the most famous contrapuntal achievements of the 15th century include his Missa prolationum, which consists entirely of mensuration canons, and the Missa cuiusvis toni, designed to be performed in any of the different modes, but even these technique-oriented pieces demonstrate his uniquely expressive use of vocal ranges and tonal language. Ockeghem's use of wide-ranging and rhythmically active bass lines sets him apart from many of the other composers in the Netherlandish Schools, and may be because this was his voice range.

List of compositions

 * Masses
 * 1) Missa sine nomine a 3 (doubtful attribution)
 * 2) Missa sine nomine a 5 (incomplete: only Kyrie, Gloria and Credo exist)
 * 3) Missa Au travail suis a 4
 * 4) Missa Caput
 * 5) Missa cuiusvis toni
 * 6) Missa De plus en plus
 * 7) Missa Ecce ancilla Domini
 * 8) Missa Fors seulement a 5 (has not survived complete: only Kyrie, Gloria and Credo remain)
 * 9) Missa L'homme armé a 4
 * 10) Missa Ma maistresse (only Kyrie and Gloria extant)
 * 11) Missa Mi-mi a 4 (also known as the Missa quarti toni)
 * 12) Missa prolationum a 4 (circa 1470)
 * 13) Missa quinti toni a 3
 * 14) Missa pro defunctis (Requiem) a 4 (incomplete, probably composed for the funeral of Charles VII in 1461)
 * 15) Credo sine nomine (Mass section, also known as Credo "De village")

 * Motets

 * Marian antiphons
 * 1) Alma Redemptoris Mater
 * 2) Ave Maria
 * 3) Salve Regina

 * Others
 * 1) Intemerata Dei mater a 5 (possibly written 1487)
 * 2) Ut heremita solus (possibly intended for instrumental performance)
 * 3) Deo gratias a 36 (doubtful attribution)
 * 4) Gaude Maria (doubtful attribution)

 * Motet-chanson
 * 1) Mort tu as navré/Miserere (lamentation on the death of Gilles Binchois, probably written in 1460)

 * Chansons

 * Two voices
 * 1) O rosa bella (ballata) (Ai lasso mi – John Bedyngham/John Dunstaple?)

 * Three voices
 * 1) Aultre Venus estes
 * 2) Au travail suis (attrib: possibly by Barbingant)
 * 3) Baisiés moy dont fort
 * 4) D'ung aultre amer
 * 5) Fors seulement contre
 * 6) Fors seulement l'attente
 * 7) Il ne m'en chault plus
 * 8) La despourveue et la bannie
 * 9) L'autre d'antan
 * 10) Les desléaux ont la saison
 * 11) Ma bouche rit
 * 12) Ma maistresse
 * 13) Prenez sur moi
 * 14) Presque transi
 * 15) Quant de vous seul
 * 16) Qu'es mi vida preguntays
 * 17) Se vostre cuer eslongne
 * 18) Tant fuz gentement resjouy
 * 19) Ung aultre l'a

 * Three or four voices
 * 1) J'en ay dueil

 * Four voices
 * 1) S'elle m'amera/Petite camusette

Recordings

 * Flemish Masters, Virginia Arts Recordings, VA-04413, performed by Zephyrus. Includes the Ockeghem Alma Redemptoris mater, the Obrecht Missa Sub tuum presidium, as well as motets by Willaert, Clemens non Papa, Josquin, Mouton, and Gombert.
 * Angelus, Virginia Arts Recordings, VA-00338, performed by Zephyrus. Includes the Ockeghem Ave Maria ... benedicta tu, as well as motets by Palestrina, Josquin, Victoria, Rore, Morales, Clemens non Papa, Lassus, de Wert, and Andrea Gabrieli
 * "Missa Cuiusvis Toni", æon, ÆCD 0753 (2 CDs-2007), performed by Ensemble Musica Nova, Lucien Kandel; First recording of the four versions. Ed. Gérard Geay.
 * "Missa prolationum", agogique AGO 008, Ensemble Musica Nova, Lucien Kandel. Ed. Gérard Geay.

title: Johannes Ockeghem


text:
Skin Games

Skin Games were a British pop/rock band of the late 1980s and early 1990s that were signed to Epic Records. Their name was inspired by a Dylan Thomas short story. Critically acclaimed as artists, they never gained commercial success, and broke up after just one album, The Blood Rush, released in 1989. The soaring vocal style of lead singer Wendy Page has been compared with both Kate Bush and The Cocteau Twins but the music is otherwise hard to categorise. The band released a number of singles from the album, but only "Brilliant Shining" managed to gain any significant airplay. Their first single, Cowboy Joe, was produced by Steve Hillage.

Skin Games were:
 * Wendy Page (vocals)
 * Jim Marr (bass guitar)
 * Jonny Willett (lead guitar)
 * Dave Innes (drums)
 * Adam Lee (keyboards)

Despite sinking with relatively little trace, Wendy Page and Jim Marr went on to pen some hits for Martine McCutcheon ("Perfect Moment") and Billie Piper ("Honey to the Bee", "Because We Want To") and wrote and produced "Dangerous To Know" on Hilary Duff's third album. In 1999, Page collaborated with production duo Tin Tin Out on the album Eleven to Fly, co-writing and providing lead vocals on the majority of the tracks. She also continues to have a solo career.

title: Skin Games


text:
George Gissing

George Robert Gissing (22 November 1857 – 28 December 1903) was an English novelist, who published 23 novels between 1880 and 1903. In the 1890s he was considered one of the three greatest novelists in England, and by the 1940s he had been recognised as a literary genius. Gissing's best-known works have reappeared in modern editions. They include The Nether World (1889), New Grub Street (1891) and The Odd Women (1893). He retains a small but devoted group of followers.

Early life
Gissing was born on 22 November 1857 in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, the eldest of five children of Thomas Waller Gissing, who ran a chemist's shop, and Margaret (née Bedford). His siblings were: William, who died aged twenty; Algernon, who became a writer; Margaret; and Ellen. His childhood home in Thompson's Yard, Wakefield, is maintained by The Gissing Trust.

Gissing was educated at Back Lane School in Wakefield, where he was a diligent and enthusiastic student. His serious interest in books began at the age of ten when he read The Old Curiosity Shop by Charles Dickens and subsequently, encouraged by his father and inspired by the family library, his literary interest grew. Juvenilia written at this time was published in 1995 in The Poetry of George Gissing. He was also skilled at drawing. Gissing's father died when he was 12 years old, and he and his brothers were sent to Lindow Grove School at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, where he was a solitary student who studied hard.

In 1872, after an exceptional performance in the Oxford Local Examinations, Gissing won a scholarship to Owens College, the forerunner of the Victoria University of Manchester, subsequently merged with University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology to form the University of Manchester. There he continued his intense studies, and won many prizes, including the Poem Prize in 1873 and the Shakespeare scholarship in 1875. He also began a relationship with Marianne "Nell" Harrison.

When he ran short of money and stole from his fellow students, Gissing's academic career ended in disgrace. The college hired a detective to investigate the thefts, and Gissing was prosecuted, found guilty, expelled, and sentenced to a month's hard labour in Belle Vue Gaol, Manchester, in 1876.

In September 1876, with support from sympathisers, he travelled to the United States, where he spent time in Boston and Waltham, Massachusetts, writing and teaching classics. When his money ran out, he moved to Chicago, where he earned a precarious living writing short stories for newspapers, including the Chicago Tribune. He lived in poverty until he met a travelling salesman in need of an assistant, and Gissing demonstrated his products. These experiences partially inspired his 1891 novel, New Grub Street. In September 1877, Gissing left America and returned to England.

Literary career
After returning to England, Gissing settled in London with Nell, writing fiction and working as a private tutor. He failed to get his first novel Workers in the Dawn accepted by a publisher and published it privately, funding it with money from an inheritance. Gissing married Nell on 27 October 1879. Their marriage was plagued with poverty and they were frequently separated while Nell was hospitalised for poor health. One of his friends was a fellow author and Owens College alumnus Morley Roberts, who wrote a novel based on Gissing's life, The Private Life of Henry Maitland, in 1912. He was friends with Eduard Bertz, a German socialist with whom he became acquainted in 1879. Gissing spent much time reading classical authors at the British Museum Reading Room, as well as coaching students for examinations. He took long walks through the streets of London observing the poor. In his reading, John Forster's Life of Dickens particularly interested him. He wrote in his diary entry for 23 January 1888 that Forster's work was "a book I constantly take up for impulse, when work at a standstill'.

According to his pupil Austin Harrison, from 1882 Gissing made a decent living by teaching; tales of a fight with poverty, including some of his own remembrances, were untrue. Gissing often claimed poverty to his family, whom he largely supported, in order to discourage them from asking for assistance, and the issue of his supposed poverty may be explained by Gissing's attitude to teaching, which he felt to be an inferior profession, somewhat beneath him. He was also guilty of extravagance and poor management of his finances.

Gissing's next novel, Mrs Grundy's Enemies, remained unpublished like the first, although bought for publication by Bentley & Son in 1882. George Bentley decided against publishing it despite revisions that Gissing made. Before his next novel, The Unclassed, was published in 1884, Gissing and his wife separated, largely because Gissing would not give the time and energy to support her through increasingly chronic ill-health. He continued to pay a small alimony until her death in 1888. Between his return to England and publication of The Unclassed, Gissing wrote 11 short stories, but only "Phoebe" appeared at the time, in the March 1884 issue of Temple Bar.

The years after the publication of The Unclassed brought great literary activity. Isabel Clarendon and Demos appeared in 1886; Demos began a relationship with Smith, Elder & Co., which published him until New Grub Street in 1891. The novels he wrote in this period depict a conservative view of the working class. Gissing used £150 earned from the rights to The Nether World in 1889 to fund a long-awaited trip to Italy to pursue his interest in the classics. His experiences there formed a basis for the 1890 work The Emancipated.

On 25 February 1891, Gissing married another working-class woman, Edith Alice Underwood. They settled in Exeter but moved to Brixton in June 1893 and Epsom in 1894. They had two children, Walter Leonard (1891–1916) and Alfred Charles Gissing (1896–1975), but the marriage was unsuccessful. Edith did not understand his work and Gissing insisted on keeping them socially isolated from his peers, which exacerbated the problems. Whereas Nell was too sick to complain about his controlling behaviour, some historians believe Edith stood up to him argumentatively. She may have gone into violent, uncontrolled rages as Gissing claimed in letters to Bertz, but the truth is elusive at this distance in time. Gissing took revenge (or acted to protect their older child from continual violent assaults, since he stated in letters his safety was in danger) in April 1896, when Walter was spirited away without Edith's knowledge and sent to stay with Gissing's sisters in Wakefield. Gissing pleaded Edith's violence, but he strongly disliked the way she presented him to his son. Alfred, the younger child, remained with his mother. The couple separated in 1897, though this was no clean break - Gissing spent time dodging Edith and afraid she might seek a reconciliation. In 1902, Edith was certified insane and confined to an asylum. At this time Gissing met and befriended Clara Collet who was probably in love with him, although it is unclear whether he reciprocated. They remained friends for the rest of his life and after his death, she helped to support Edith and the children. Gissing's work began to be paid better. New Grub Street (1891) brought him £250. In 1892 he befriended and was influenced in his work by a fellow writer, George Meredith. In the 1890s Gissing lived more comfortably on his earnings, but his health suffered, which limited the time he spent in London. Novels from the period include Born in Exile (1892), The Odd Women (1893), In the Year of Jubilee (1894) and The Whirlpool (1897). From 1893, Gissing also wrote short stories, some of which were collected in an 1898 volume, Human Odds and Ends, and others in volumes published after his death. In 1895, he published three novellas, Eve's Ransom, The Paying Guest and Sleeping Fires. This too reflected changing tastes in the reading public, away from three-volume novels.

In 1897 Gissing met H. G. Wells and his wife, who spent the spring with him and his sister at Budleigh Salterton. Wells said Gissing was "no longer the glorious, indefatigable, impracticable youth of the London flat, but a damaged and ailing man, full of ill-advised precautions against the imaginary illnesses that were his interpretations of a general malaise."

Later years
After separating from Edith, Gissing revisited Italy in 1897–1898, as told in a travel book, By the Ionian Sea (1901). While in Siena he wrote Charles Dickens: a Critical Study. In Rome he met H. G. Wells and his wife and did research for a romantic novel set in the 6th century, Veranilda. Meanwhile The Town Traveller, written in the final months of his marriage in 1897, was published. After a short stay with his friend Bertz in Potsdam, he returned to England in 1898 and moved to Dorking in Surrey.

In July 1898, Gissing met Gabrielle Marie Edith Fleury (1868–1954), a Frenchwoman who approached him for permission to translate New Grub Street. Ten months later, they became partners in a common-law marriage, as Gissing did not divorce Edith. They moved to France, where he remained, returning to England briefly in 1901 for a six-week stay in a sanatorium in Nayland, Suffolk. The couple settled in Paris, but moved to Arcachon when Gissing's health deteriorated. The final years of his life were spent in the villages of Ciboure, near St Jean-de-Luz, and Ispoure, near Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port.

Gissing's relations with Fleury provided inspiration for his 1899 novel The Crown of Life. He wrote several novels during his third marriage, including Among the Prophets, which remained unpublished and has not survived, Our Friend the Charlatan (1901) and Will Warburton (published posthumously in 1905). Gissing worked on his historical novel Veranilda, but it was unfinished when he died. In 1903, he published The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, written in 1900–1901 and appearing initially as a serial entitled "An author at grass" in the Fortnightly Review. It consists of imaginary autobiographical essays from a once-struggling writer who has inherited a legacy enabling him to retire in the countryside. It brought Gissing much acclaim.

Apart from fiction, Gissing followed up his study of Dickens with further writings, including introductions to editions of Dickens's works, articles for journals and a revised edition of John Forster's Dickens biography.

Gissing died aged 46 on 28 December 1903 having caught a chill on an ill-advised winter walk. He is buried in the English cemetery at Saint-Jean-de-Luz. Veranilda was published incompletely in 1904. H. G. Wells, after a Christmas Eve telegram, came to Gissing at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port in his final days and helped to nurse him. Wells characterized him as a "flimsy inordinate stir of grey matter", and wrote of Gissing's "poor vexed brain—so competent for learning and aesthetic reception, so incompetent, so impulsive and weakly yielding under the real stresses of life", adding: "He was a pessimistic writer. He spent his big fine brain depreciating life because he would not and perhaps could not look life squarely in the eyes — neither his circumstances nor the conventions about him nor the adverse things about him nor the limitations of his personal character. But whether it was nature or education that made this tragedy I cannot tell." Will Warburton was published in 1905, as was his final volume, the short-story collection The House of Cobwebs.

Gissing is prominent in Russell Kirk's The Conservative Mind. His conservatism was rooted in his aristocratic sensibility. After a brief youthful flirtation with socialism, Gissing lost faith in the labour movements and scorned the popular enthusiasms of his day. In 1892, he told his sister Ellen, "I fear we shall live through great troubles yet... We cannot resist it, but I throw what weight I may have on the side of those who believe in an aristocracy of brains, as against the brute domination of the quarter-educated mob." In The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, Gissing reflected, "To think I once called myself a socialist, communist, anything you like of the revolutionary kind! Not for long, to be sure, and I suspect there was always something in me that scoffed when my lips uttered such things." In a fictionalised biography of Gissing, The Private Life of Henry Maitland, his friend Morley Roberts commented:"He had once, as he owned, been touched by Socialism, probably of a purely academic kind; and yet, when he was afterwards withdrawn from such stimuli as had influenced him to think for once in terms of sociology, he went back to his more natural despairing conservative frame of mind. He lived in the past, and was conscious every day that something in the past that he loved was dying and must vanish. No form of future civilisation, whatever it might be, which was gained by means implying the destruction of what he chiefly loved, could ever appeal to him. He was not even able to believe that the gross and partial education of the populace was better than no education at all, in that it must someday inevitably lead to better education and a finer type of society. It was for that reason that he was a conservative. But he was the kind of conservative who would now be repudiated by those who call themselves such, except perhaps in some belated and befogged country house."

Reception
Gissing's early novels were ill-received, but greater recognition came in the 1890s in England and overseas. The increased popularity affected his novels, the short stories he wrote in the period, and his friendships with influential, respected literary figures such as the journalist Henry Norman, author J. M. Barrie and writer and critic Edmund Gosse. By the end of the century, critics placed him with Thomas Hardy and George Meredith as one of the three leading novelists in England. Sir William Robertson Nicoll called him "one of the most original, daring and conscientious workers in fiction". Chesterton saw in him the "soundest of the Dickens critics, a man of genius". George Orwell admired him and in a 1943 Tribune article called him "perhaps the best novelist England has produced," believing his masterpieces were the "three novels, The Odd Women, Demos, and New Grub Street, and his book on Dickens. [The novels'] central theme can be stated in three words — 'not enough money'."

Style
The traditional view of critics is that Émile Zola was a primary influence on Gissing, but Jacob Korg suggests that George Eliot was a greater influence.

The Gissing Journal
The Gissing Journal, a quarterly single-author journal devoted to the life and works of George Gissing, publishes essays, and book reviews. It appeared in January 1965, with Jacob Korg of the University of Washington as editor until December 1968. He was followed from January 1969 to April 2013 by Pierre Coustillas, emeritus professor of English at the University of Lille, and from July 2013 by Malcolm Allen of the University of Wisconsin. However, Allen was only able to produce six issues and it ceased publication in December 2014. Markus Neacey, a regular contributor and independent Gissing scholar, restarted The Gissing Journal as editor in January 2017. He had in 2016 written a history and index of The Gissing Journal.

The Gissing Journal is indexed by the Modern Language Association, reviewed annually by The Year's Work in English Studies and regularly mentioned in the Times Literary Supplement. The contents up to 2008 can be read on The Gissing in Cyberspace website.

Works

 * Novels
 * Workers in the Dawn, 3 vols, 1880
 * The Unclassed, 3 vols, 1884
 * Isabel Clarendon, 2 vols, 1885
 * Demos, 3 vols, 1886
 * Thyrza, 3 vols, 1887
 * A Life's Morning, 3 vols, 1888
 * The Nether World, 3 vols, 1889
 * The Emancipated, 3 vols, 1890
 * New Grub Street, 3 vols, 1891
 * Denzil Quarrier, 1892
 * Born in Exile, 3 vols, 1892
 * The Odd Women, 3 vols, 1893
 * In the Year of Jubilee, 3 vols, 1894
 * Eve's Ransom, 1895
 * The Paying Guest, 1895
 * Sleeping Fires, 1895
 * The Whirlpool, 1897
 * The Town Traveller, 1898
 * The Crown of Life, 1899
 * Our Friend the Charlatan, 1901
 * The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, 1903
 * Veranilda, 1904, unfinished
 * Will Warburton, 1905, published posthumously

 * Travel
 * By the Ionian Sea, 1901

 * Criticism
 * Charles Dickens: A Critical Study, 1898

 * Short story collections
 * Human Odds and Ends, short stories, 1898
 * The House of Cobwebs and other stories, 15 short stories, 1906
 * Letters to Edward Clodd, 1914
 * Letters to an Editor, 1915
 * The Sins of the Fathers and Other Tales, 1924
 * The Immortal Dickens, 1925
 * A Victim of Circumstances and Other Stories, 1927
 * A Yorkshire Lass, 1928
 * Brownie, 1931, seven stories for the Chicago Tribune, c. 1876–1877
 * Stories and Sketches, with preface by Alfred C. Gissing, 1938
 * Essays and Fiction, 1970
 * My First Rehearsal and My Clerical Rival, 1970

Selected short stories

 * "Lou and Liz," The English Illustrated Review, Vol. X, 1893
 * "Our Mr. Jupp," The English Illustrated Review, Vol. XI, 1894
 * "The Pessimist of Plato Road," The English Illustrated Review, Vol. XII, 1894
 * "A Capitalist," The National Review, Vol. XXIII, 1894
 * "The Poet's Portmanteau," The English Illustrated Review, Vol. XII, 1895
 * "In Honour Bound," The English Illustrated Review, Vol. XIII, 1895
 * "The Foolish Virgin," The Yellow Book, Vol. VIII, January 1896
 * "Great Men in Little Worlds," Part II, Part III, Part IV, Part V, The English Illustrated Review, Vol. XV, 1896
 * "The Light on the Tower," The English Illustrated Review, Vol. XVI, 1897
 * "Spellbound," The English Illustrated Review, Vol. XVIII, 1897
 * "One Way of Happiness," The English Illustrated Review, Vol. XIX, 1898
 * "A Despot on Tour," Strand Magazine, Vol. XV, 1898

title: George Gissing