text:
Oxybenzone

Oxybenzone or benzophenone-3 or BP-3 (trade names Milestab 9, Eusolex 4360, Escalol 567, KAHSCREEN BZ-3) is an organic compound belonging to the class of aromatic ketones known as benzophenones. It takes the form of pale-yellow crystals that are readily soluble in most organic solvents. It is widely used in sunscreen formulations, plastics, toys, furniture finishes, and other products to limit UV degradation. In nature, it can be found in various flowering plants (angiosperms). The compound was first synthesised in Germany by chemists König and Kostanecki in 1906.

The use of oxybenzone as sunscreen ingredient is currently under scrutiny by the scientific community due to controversies about the molecule's environmental impact and safety profile (see section below). As a result, sunscreens containing oxybenzone have been banned from sale in Hawaii, Palau, and Thailand.

Structure and electronic structure
Being a conjugated molecule, oxybenzone absorbs light at lower energies than many aromatic molecules. As in related compounds, the hydroxyl group is hydrogen bonded to the ketone. This interaction contributes to oxybenzone's light-absorption properties. At low temperatures, however, it is possible to observe both the phosphorescence and the triplet-triplet absorption spectrum. At 175 K the triplet lifetime is 24 ns. The short lifetime has been attributed to a fast intramolecular hydrogen transfer between the oxygen of the C=O and the OH.

Production
Oxybenzone is produced by the Friedel-Crafts reaction of benzoyl chloride with 3-methoxyphenol.

Uses
Oxybenzone is used in plastics as an ultraviolet light absorber and stabilizer. It is used, along with other benzophenones, in sunscreens, hair sprays, and cosmetics because they help prevent potential damage from sunlight exposure. It is also found, as a stabilizer in concentrations up to 1%, in nail polishes. Oxybenzone can also be used as a photostabilizer for synthetic resins. This substance can leach from food packaging, and is widely used as photo-initiators to activate a chemical that dries ink faster. Despite its photoprotective qualities, much controversy surrounds oxybenzone because of possible negative hormonal and photoallergenic effects, leading many countries to regulate use in sunscreen products.

Sunscreen
Oxybenzone provides a broad-spectrum ultraviolet coverage which includes UVB and short-wave UVA rays. As a photoprotective agent, it has an absorption profile spanning from 270 to 350 nm with absorption peaks at 288 and 350 nm.

Due to toxicity and environmental concerns, the percentage of sunscreen products on the market containing oxybenzone in the USA dropped to 13% in 2023 from 60% in 2019. Some brands market their sunscreens as "oxybenzone free" due to the generally negative perception of benzophenones by both the consuming public and scientific researchers.

In vivo studies
The incidence of oxybenzone causing skin eruptions is extremely uncommon, however, oxybenzone has been associated with rare allergic reactions triggered by sun exposure. In a study of 82 patients with photoallergic contact dermatitis, just over one quarter showed photoallergic reactions to oxybenzone. Evidence points to oxybenzone having contact allergen effects. Oxybenzone is allegedly the most common allergen found in sunscreens.

In a 2008 study of participants ages 6 and up, oxybenzone was detected in 96.8% of urine samples. Humans can absorb anywhere from 0.4% to 8.7% of oxybenzone after one topical application of sunscreen, as measured in urine excretions. This number can increase after multiple applications over the same period of time. Because oxybenzone is the least lipophilic of the three most common UV filters, it is the least likely to end up trapped in the stratum corneum and the most likely to be absorbed and metabolized.

When applied topically, UV filters, such as oxybenzone, are absorbed through the skin, metabolized, and excreted primarily through the urine. The method of biotransformation, the process by which a foreign compound is chemically transformed to form a metabolite, was determined by Okereke and colleagues through oral and dermal administration of oxybenzone to rats. The scientists analyzed blood, urine, feces, and tissue samples and found three metabolites: 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), 2,2-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DHMB) and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone (THB). To form DHB the methoxy functional group undergoes O-dealkylation; to form THB the same ring is hydroxylated. Ring B in oxybenzone is hydroxylated to form DHMB.

A study done in 2004 measured the levels of oxybenzone and its metabolites in urine. After topical application to human volunteers, results revealed that up to 1% of the applied dose was found in the urine. The major metabolite detected was DHB and very small amounts of THB were found. By utilizing the Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains, DHB was determined to be nonmutagenic. In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) noted in their recommendations for future study that, "While research indicates that some topical drugs can be absorbed into the body through the skin, this does not mean these drugs are unsafe." Oxybenzone can also occur as a natural product.

Environmental effects
Studies have shown possible links between oxybenzone exposure and mortality in coral larvae, coral bleaching, and to genetic damage in marine invertebrates. However, some of these studies have been criticised for not having control groups or representing real-world conditions. Nevertheless, these have led to the ban of oxybenzone-containing sunscreen in many areas such as Palau, Hawaii, nature reserves in Mexico, Bonaire, the Marshall Islands, the United States Virgin Islands, Thailand's marine natural parks, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Aruba.

Aruba
Aruba banned the use of oxybenzone in sunscreens due to environmental concerns in 2019.

Australia
As of 2023, the maximum concentration of oxybenzone in a sunscreen cannot exceed 10% according to the TGA (Therapeutic Goods Administration).

Bonaire
As of 2019 Bonaire banned oxybenzone due to coral toxicity concerns, with regards to coral larvae

Canada
Revised as of 2012, Health Canada allows oxybenzone for cosmetic use up to 6%.

European Union
The European Food Safety Authority categorises benzophenones, such as oxybenzone, as persistent, bio-accumulative, toxic, and a possible human carcinogen and endocrine disruptor. The Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) of the European Commission concluded that it poses a significant risk to consumers as a contact allergenic potential. It is allowed in face, hand, and lip products up to 6%, in body products up to 2.2%, and in other formulations up to 0.5%.

Japan
Revised as of 2001, the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare notification allows oxybenzone for cosmetic use up to 5%.

Mexico
Nature Reserves across Mexico have banned the usage of sunscreens containing Oxybenzone

Palau
The Palau government has signed a law that restricts the sale and use of sunscreen and skincare products that contain oxybenzone, and nine other chemicals. The ban came into force in 2020.

Sweden
The Swedish Research Council has determined that sunscreens with oxybenzone are unsuitable for use in young children, because children under the age of two years have not fully developed the enzymes that are believed to break it down. No regulations have come of this study yet.

Thailand
Thailand has prohibited sunscreens containing chemicals harmful to corals, including oxybenzone, in all its marine national parks. This decision was driven by evidence highlighting the detrimental effects of certain sunscreen ingredients on coral larvae, reproduction, and inducing reef bleaching. Violators face fines up to 100,000 baht (£2,100), although enforcement methods remain unspecified.

United States
In 2021 the U.S. FDA changed their classification of oxybenzone and no longer regard it as GRASE (Generally Recognised As Safe and Effective) due to the lack of safety data to support the classification.

The Hawaii State Legislature has legislated oxybenzone as illegal for use in sunscreens and personal care products since 2021 due to its environmental effects, such as mortality in developing coral, coral bleaching, genetic damage to coral, and other marine organisms.

Key West has also banned the sale of sunscreens that contain the ingredients oxybenzone (and octinoxate). The ban was to be effective as of January 1, 2021. However, this legislation was superseded by the Florida State Legislature by Senate Bill 172, which prohibits local governments from regulating over-the-counter proprietary drugs and cosmetics (such as sunscreen containing oxybenzone and octinoxate). The statute became effective July 1, 2020.

title: Oxybenzone


text:
James Bunning

James Bunning may refer to:

 * Jim Bunning (1931–2017), American baseball pitcher and politician
 * James Bunstone Bunning (1802–1863), British architect

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: James Bunning


text:
Hot swapping

Hot swapping is the replacement or addition of components to a computer system without stopping, shutting down, or rebooting the system; hot plugging describes the addition of components only. Components which have such functionality are said to be hot-swappable or hot-pluggable; likewise, components which do not are cold-swappable or cold-pluggable.

Most desktop computer hardware, such as CPUs and memory, are only cold-pluggable. However, it is common for mid to high-end servers and mainframes to feature hot-swappable capability for hardware components, such as CPU, memory, PCIe, SATA and SAS drives.

An example of hot swapping is the express ability to pull a Universal Serial Bus (USB) peripheral device, such as a thumb drive, external hard disk drive (HDD), mouse, keyboard, or printer out of a computer's USB slot or peripheral hub without ejecting it first.

Most smartphones and tablets with tray-loading holders can interchange SIM cards without powering down the system.

Dedicated digital cameras and camcorders usually have readily accessible memory card and battery compartments for quick changing with only minimal interruption of operation. Batteries can be cycled through by recharging reserve batteries externally while unused. Many cameras and camcorders feature an internal memory to allow capturing when no memory card is inserted.

Rationale
Hot swapping is used whenever it is desirable to change the configuration or repair a working system without interrupting its operation. It may simply be for convenience of avoiding the delay and nuisance of shutting down and then restarting complex equipment or because it is essential for equipment, such as a server, to be continuously active.

Hot swapping may be used to add or remove peripherals or components, to allow a device to synchronize data with a computer, and to replace faulty modules without interrupting equipment operation. A machine may have dual power supplies, each adequate to power the machine; a faulty one may be hot-swapped. Important cards such as disk controllers or host adapters may be designed with redundant paths in order for these to be replaceable in case of failure without necessitating interruption of associated computer system operation.

System considerations
Machines that support hot swapping need to be able to modify their operation for the changed configuration, either automatically on detecting the change, or by user intervention. All electrical and mechanical connections associated with hot-swapping must be designed so that neither the equipment nor the user can be harmed while hot-swapping. Other components in the system must be designed so that the removal of a hot-swappable component does not interrupt operation.

Mechanical design
Protective covering plates, shields, or bezels may be used on either the removable components or the main device itself to prevent operator contact with live powered circuitry, to provide antistatic protection for components being added or removed, or to prevent the removable components from accidentally touching and shorting out the powered components in the operating device.

Additional guide slots, pins, notches, or holes may be used to aid in proper insertion of a component between other live components, while mechanical engagement latches, handles, or levers may be used to assist in proper insertion and removal of devices that either require large amounts of force to connect or disconnect, or to assist in the proper mating and holding together of power and communications connectors.

Variations
There are two slightly differing meanings of the term hot swapping. It may refer only to the ability to add or remove hardware without powering down the system, while the system software may have to be notified by the user of the event in order to cope with it. Examples include RS-232 and lower-end SCSI devices.

Some implementations require a component shutdown procedure prior to removal. This simplifies the design, but such devices are not robust in the case of component failure. If a component is removed while it is being used, the operations to that device fail and the user is responsible for retrying if necessary, although this is not usually considered to be a problem.

More complex implementations may recommend but do not require that the component be shut down, with sufficient redundancy in the system to allow operation to continue if a component is removed without being shut down. In these systems hot swap is normally used for regular maintenance to the computer, or to replace a broken component.

Connectors
Most modern hot-swap methods use a specialized connector with staggered pins, so that certain pins are certain to be connected before others. Most staggered-pin designs have ground pins longer than the others, ensuring that no sensitive circuitry is connected before there is a reliable system ground. The other pins may all be the same length, but in some cases three pin lengths are used so that the incoming device is grounded first, data lines connected second, and power applied third, in rapid succession as the device is inserted. Pins of the same nominal length do not necessarily make contact at exactly the same time due to mechanical tolerances, and angling of the connector when inserted.

At one time staggered pins were thought to be an expensive solution, but many contemporary connector families now come with staggered pins as standard; for example, they are used on all modern serial SCSI disk-drives. Specialized hot-plug power connector pins are now commercially available with repeatable DC current interruption ratings of up to 16 A. Printed circuit boards are made with staggered edge-fingers for direct hot-plugging into a backplane connector.

Although the speed of plugging cannot be controlled precisely, practical considerations will provide limits that can be used to determine worst-case conditions. For a typical staggered pin design where the length difference is 0.5 mm, the elapsed time between long and short pin contact is between 25 ms and 250 ms. It is quite practical to design hot-swap circuits that can operate at that speed.

As long as the hot-swap connector is sufficiently rigid, one of the four corner pins will always be the first to engage. For a typical two-row connector arrangement this provides four first-to-make corner pins that are usually used for grounds. Other pins near the corners can be used for functions that would also benefit from this effect, for example sensing when the connector is fully seated. This diagram illustrates good practice where the grounds are in the corners and the power pins are near the center. Two sense pins are located in opposite corners so that fully seated detection is confirmed only when both of them are in contact with the slot. The remaining pins are used for all the other data signals.

Power electronics
The DC power supplies to a hot-swap component are usually pre-charged by dedicated long pins that make contact before the main power pins. These pre-charge pins are protected by a circuit that limits the inrush current to an acceptable value that cannot damage the pins nor disturb the supply voltage to adjacent slots. The pre-charge circuit might be a simple series resistor, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor, or a current-limiter circuit. Further protection can be provided by a "soft-start" circuit that provides a managed ramp-up of the internal DC supply voltages within the component.

A typical sequence for a hot-swap component being plugged into a slot could be as follows:
 * 1) Long ground pins make contact; basic electrical safety and ESD protection becomes available.
 * 2) Long (or medium) pre-charge pins make contact; decoupling capacitors start to charge up.
 * 3) Real time delay of tens of milliseconds.
 * 4) Short power/signal pins make contact.
 * 5) Connector becomes fully seated; power-on reset signal asserted within component
 * 6) Soft-start circuit starts to apply power to the component.
 * 7) Real time delay of tens of milliseconds.
 * 8) Soft-start circuit completes sequence; power-on reset circuit deasserted
 * 9) Component begins normal operation.

Hot-swap power circuits can now be purchased commercially in specially designed ASICs called hot-swap power managers (HSPMs).

Signal electronics
Circuitry attached to signal pins in a hot-swap component should include some protection against electrostatic discharge (ESD). This usually takes the form of clamp diodes to ground and to the DC power supply voltage. ESD effects can be reduced by careful design of the mechanical package around the hot-swap component, perhaps by coating it with a thin film of conductive material.

Particular care must be taken when designing systems with bussed signals which are wired to more than one hot-swap component. When a hot-swap component is inserted its input and output signal pins will represent a temporary short-circuit to ground. This can cause unwanted ground-level pulses on the signals which can disturb the operation of other hot-swap components in the system. This was a problem for early parallel SCSI disk-drives. One common design solution is to protect bussed signal pins with series diodes or resistors. CMOS buffer devices are now available with specialized inputs and outputs that minimize disturbance of bussed signals during the hot-swap operation. If all else fails, another solution is to quiesce the operation of all components during the hot-swap operation.

Radio transmitters
Modern day radio transmitters (and some TV transmitters as well) use high power RF transistor power modules instead of vacuum tubes. Hot swapping power modules is not a new technology, as many of the radio transmitters manufactured in the 1930s were capable of having power tubes swapped out while the transmitter was running—but this feature was not universally adopted due to the introduction of more reliable high power tubes.

In the mid-1990s, several radio transmitter manufactures in the US started offering swappable high power RF transistor modules.
 * There was no industry standard for the design of the swappable power modules at the time.
 * Early module designs had only limited patent protection.
 * By the early 2000s, many transmitter models were available that used many different kinds of power modules.

The reintroduction of power modules has been good for the radio transmitter industry, as it has fostered innovation. Modular transmitters have proven to be more reliable than tube transmitters, when the transmitter is properly chosen for the conditions at the transmitting site.

Power limitations:
 * Lowest power modular transmitter: generally 1.0 kW, using 600 W modules.
 * Highest power modular transmitter: 1.0 MW (for LW, MW).
 * Highest power modular transmitter: 45 kW (FM, TV).

Gaming
Although most contemporary video game systems can interchange games and multimedia (e.g. Blu-rays) without powering down the system, older generations of systems varied in their support of hot-swapping capabilities. For example, whereas the Sony PlayStation and PlayStation 2 could eject a game disc with the system powered on, the Nintendo Game Boy Advance and the Nintendo 64 would freeze up and could potentially become corrupt if the game cartridge was removed with the power on. Manufacturers specifically warned against such practices in the owner's manual or on the game cartridge. It was supposedly for this reason that Stop 'N' Swop was taken out of the Banjo-Kazooie series. With the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive system, it was sometimes possible to apply cheats (such as a player having infinite lives) and other temporary software alterations to games by hot swapping cartridges, even though the cartridges were not designed to be hot swappable.

Keyboards
Hot-swappable keyboards enable changing the switches without having to disassemble the keyboard. On standard mechanical-switch keyboards, the switch is directly soldered to the PCB. Hot-swappable keyboards instead have a socket in its place that allows the switch to be freely replaced without re-soldering.

Due to hot-swappable keyboards being less common, they often require being custom built or bought from custom keyboard manufacturers. They can be found in a variety of sizes and layouts, including more specialized ergonomic layouts.

Software
Hot swapping can also refer to the ability to alter the running code of a program without needing to interrupt its execution. Interactive programming is a programming paradigm that makes extensive use of hot swapping, so the programming activity becomes part of the program flow itself.

Only a few programming languages support hot swapping natively, including Pike, Lisp, Erlang, Smalltalk, Visual Basic 6 (not VB.NET), Java and most recently Elm and Elixir. Microsoft Visual Studio supports a kind of hot swapping called Edit and Continue, which is supported by C#, VB.NET and C/C++ when running under a debugger.

Hot swapping is the central method in live coding, where programming is an integral part of the runtime process. In general, all programming languages used in live coding, such as SuperCollider, TidalCycles, or Extempore support hot swapping.

Some web-based frameworks, such as Django, support detecting module changes and reloading them on the fly. However, although the same as hotswapping for most intents and purposes, this is technically just a cache purge, triggered by a new file. This does not apply to markup and programming languages such as HTML and PHP respectively, in the general case, as these files are normally reinterpreted on each use by default. There are a few CMSes and other PHP-based frameworks (such as Drupal) that employ caching, however. In these cases, similar abilities and exceptions apply.

Hot swapping also facilitates developing systems where large amounts of data are being processed, as in entire genomes in bioinformatics algorithms.

Trademarks
The term "HOT PLUG" was registered as a trademark in the United States in November 1992 to Core International, Inc., and cancelled in May 1999.

title: Hot swapping


text:
Arthur Currie

General Sir Arthur William Currie, (5 December 1875 – 30 November 1933) was a senior officer of the Canadian Army who fought during World War I. He had the unique distinction of starting his military career on the very bottom rung as a pre-war militia gunner before rising through the ranks to become the first Canadian commander of the Canadian Corps. Currie's success was based on his ability to rapidly adapt brigade tactics to the exigencies of trench warfare, using set piece operations and bite-and-hold tactics. He is generally considered to be among the most capable commanders of the Western Front, and one of the finest commanders in Canadian military history.

Currie began his military career in 1897 as a part-time soldier in the Canadian militia while making his living as a teacher and later as an insurance salesman and real estate speculator. Currie rose quickly through the ranks: commissioned as an officer in 1900, promoted to captain in 1901, then major in 1906 and became an artillery regimental commander in 1909. In 1913 Currie accepted the command of the newly created 50th Regiment Gordon Highlanders of Canada. Finding himself in debt following a real estate crash in Victoria, Currie embezzled ten thousand dollars earmarked for regimental uniforms into his personal accounts to pay off his debts. When the First World War broke out Canadian Minister of Militia Sam Hughes appointed Currie as commander of the 2nd Canadian Brigade. Following the Second Battle of Ypres Currie was promoted to major-general and commander of the 1st Canadian Division. Following the Battle of Vimy Ridge, Canadian Corps commander Julian Byng was promoted to general and Currie, the 1st Canadian Division commander, was promoted to lieutenant-general and assumed command of the Canadian Corps. Upon returning to Canada, Currie was promoted to general and was made Inspector General of the Canadian Army. Although he had only a high school diploma, Currie became the principal and vice-chancellor of McGill University in 1920, holding this post until his death in 1933.

Early life

Arthur Currie was born on 5 December 1875 to William Garner Curry and Jane Patterson on their farm near the hamlet of Napperton, Ontario, just west of Strathroy. He was the third in a family of eight children and grew up on the homestead of his paternal grandparents, John Corrigan and Jane Garner. Currie's grandparents had emigrated from Ireland in 1838 to escape religious strife, and upon their arrival in Canada they had converted from Catholicism and Anglicanism to Methodism, changing the family name from Corrigan to Curry. Arthur Currie modified the spelling of his surname from Curry to Currie in 1897.

Currie was educated in local common schools and at the Strathroy District Collegiate Institute, where he proved to be a good student especially interested in literature. He had plans to pursue a professional career in law or medicine; however, the death of his father when Arthur was fifteen made this impossible due to his limited financial means. Currie instead pursued teacher training, but he was unable to secure a job and returned to high school to complete an honours certificate in order to gain university entrance. In May 1894, mere months before his final exams, Currie quarrelled with one of his teachers, and subsequently left high school to seek his fortune in British Columbia, hoping to take advantage of the financial boom resulting from the construction of the transcontinental railway. However, Currie found no prospects outside of teaching, so he qualified as a teacher in British Columbia and took a teaching position on the Saanich Peninsula north of Victoria, British Columbia. In 1896 Currie moved to Victoria, taking a position at Boy's Central School and later Victoria High School.

Early military career
On 6 May 1897 Currie joined the Canadian Militia as a part-time gunner for the 5th (British Columbia) Field Artillery Regiment. Currie achieved the rank of corporal in 1900 and was soon after offered an officer's commission, which would give him a much higher status in the social circles of Victoria. A military commission was however an expensive proposition. Officers were expected to provide their own set of tailored uniforms and to donate their pay to the officer's mess. Currie was discouraged by his financial prospects as a teacher; and consequently, in February 1900, he left teaching and took a position as an insurance salesman with Matson & Coles, a local insurance firm. On 14 August 1901 Currie married Lucy Chaworth-Musters, who had been raised by Currie's aunt and uncle in British Columbia after being abandoned by her British military officer father following the death of her mother in childbirth.

Currie took on his role as militia officer seriously. He attended every available course offered by the British Army Contingent at Work Point Barracks in Esquimalt, often ordered military text books from London and was found on the shooting range every Saturday. He was a keen marksman and was elected president of the British Columbia Rifle Association in 1905. Currie was promoted to captain in November 1901, and then to major in 1906. By September 1909, he had risen to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, commanding the 5th Regiment. Apart from his interest in the militia, Currie was also an active Freemason, rising to the position of deputy grandmaster of the Victoria District of Freemasonry in 1907. He also served two years as president of the Young Men's Liberal Association of Victoria, and several times was suggested as a candidate for the provincial legislature.

In addition to his military career, Currie continued to be active in business. He was appointed head of the Matson Insurance Firm in 1904 when Sam Matson, who had many business interests beyond his insurance firm, decided to concentrate his energy on publishing the Daily Colonist. With a land speculation boom in Victoria in full swing, Currie and a Victoria businessman, R. A. Power, formed Currie & Power in 1908. Currie invested heavily in the real estate market. The firm was a success until 1912 when property prices began to decline. In 1913 Currie's financial situation deteriorated rapidly as the value of his real estate holdings decreased and he became financially over-extended. In August, Currie's five-year term as commander of the 5th Regiment came to a close and he faced a forced retirement from the Canadian Militia at the age of 38. At this critical juncture, he was approached to take command of a new militia regiment.

Following the Canadian federal election of 1911, Minister of Militia and Defence Sam Hughes had ordered a rapid expansion of the national force. The large number of Scottish citizens of Victoria appealed for the formation of a Highland regiment in Victoria to augment the 88th Regiment Victoria Fusiliers, which had been formed in 1912. On 15 August 1913 the government authorized the formation of the 50th Regiment Gordon Highlanders of Canada. The originally designated commanding officer for the new regiment failed to qualify for the post and Currie was approached as a logical replacement. Currie initially turned down the idea, likely recognizing that the cost of the new Highland uniforms and mess bills would only add to his financial problems. His subordinate and friend, Major Garnet Hughes, Sam Hughes' son, was responsible for persuading Currie to reconsider and accept the position. Currie attended the Militia Staff Course conducted by Major Louis Lipsett, future commander of the 3rd Canadian Division, and qualified in March 1914.

Currie was desperate to avoid personal bankruptcy, which would have resulted in a loss in social standing and forced him to resign his commission. On 31 July 1914, Currie received CA$10833.34 1914 from the Militia Department with which to purchase new uniforms. Instead of using the funds to pay contractor Moore, Taggart and Co for the regimental uniforms, Currie embezzled the funds to pay off his personal debts. The 50th Regiment's honorary colonel, William Coy, had promised to underwrite the regiment with $35,000, and Currie planned to use the funds to pay the uniform contractor. Unfortunately for Currie, Coy did not follow through with his financial commitment to the regiment, leaving Currie's accounting sleight-of-hand potentially exposed.

When World War I broke out and Canada found itself at war on 4 August 1914, Currie was offered command of Military District No.11 – British Columbia. When he turned this down, he was then offered command of the 2nd Infantry Brigade of the Canadian Expeditionary Force's 1st Canadian Division. Currie considered turning down this offer as well so he could attempt to solve his financial woes. He once again changed his mind at the urging of Garnet Hughes. Currie's promotion to brigadier-general was confirmed on 29 September 1914, and he took command of the 2nd Brigade at the Valcartier Camp in Quebec. When the 50th Regiment's acting commanding officer, Major Cecil Roberts, wrote to him inquiring as to the status of the uniform grant, Currie ignored the correspondence and sailed overseas with his brigade in October 1914.

Brigade commander
The Canadian 1st Division spent the winter of 1914–15 training in England, and were sent to France in February 1915. After a period of indoctrination in the realities of trench warfare, they took control of a section of trench in the Ypres Salient on 17 April 1915. Only five days later, the Germans used poison gas for the first time on the Western Front. French colonial troops on the Canadians' left flank broke, leaving a 7 km long hole in the Allied line. In the chaos that followed, Currie proved his worth as a leader by assessing the situation, and coolly issuing commands from his brigade headquarters even as it was gassed and then destroyed by fire. Currie cobbled together a fluid defence and counterattacked. At one point, he personally went back to the rear to try to convince two regiments of British reinforcements to move forward. After several days of fierce fighting, Allied counterattacks re-established a stable defensive line, denying the Germans a breakthrough.

Currie's leadership during the Second Battle of Ypres was a source of dispute by British historian James Edward Edmonds, who argued that Currie and his 2nd Canadian Brigade performed poorly at Ypres. Currie, supported by the Canadian official historian Colonel Archer Fortescue Duguid, waged a vigorous defense, charging that Edmonds was seeking to diminish the Canadian contribution to the Second Battle of Ypres. Edmonds wrongly accused Currie of ordering his men to retreat on 24 April 1915 because of the chaos caused by the chlorine gas and fierce attacks of the German infantry; Currie and Duguid said it was Brigadier-General Richard Turner, commanding the 3rd Canadian Brigade on Currie's left, who had ordered a retreat without orders, leaving Currie with an exposed left flank. Canadian historian Timothy Travers also argued that Edmonds was very unfair to Currie since the 1st Canadian Division occupied a position that would have been difficult to defend even under normal conditions, without considering the effects of the first mass use of poison gas and the complete withdrawal of French forces on their left flank. Although acknowledging that Currie had made mistakes, Travers maintained that unlike the Algerians who fled, Currie's 2nd Brigade held its ground at Ypres, consequently losing 46% of its total strength either killed or wounded over two days of fighting.

Following the battle, Currie was promoted to major-general, and given command of the entire First Canadian Division. He was also invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) and as Commander of the Legion d'Honneur.

Division commander
Although the Canadians did not take part in the infamous Anglo-French offensive on the Somme on 1 July 1916, they did eventually move into the line in the fall to aid the slow crawl forward. Currie proved himself to be the master of the set-piece assault, designed to take limited objectives and then hold on in the face of inevitable German counterattacks. It was at this time that Currie lost favour with former friends Sam and Garnet Hughes. Sam Hughes wanted Garnet promoted to command of a division, but Currie, having seen Garnet in action at the Second Battle of Ypres, believed Garnet to be an incompetent officer, and refused. Currie's reputation was on the rise, and Hughes did not have the necessary leverage to force Currie to comply.

By late 1916, the four Canadian divisions were in France, gathered together as the Canadian Corps under the command of Sir Julian Byng. The British High Command informed Byng that the Canadians would have a central role in the upcoming Battle of Arras by attacking Vimy Ridge, 8 km northeast of Arras on the western edge of the Douai Plains. Byng ordered Currie to study the Battle of the Somme and advise what lessons could be taken and applied. Currie was also among a set of officers who attended a series of lectures hosted by the French Army regarding their experiences during the Battle of Verdun. Currie not only questioned senior French officers but also sought out junior officers and asked the same questions, carefully noting the discrepancies between the senior officers' beliefs and the junior officers' experiences. On 20 January 1917 Currie began a series of well received lectures to Corps and divisional headquarters based on his research. In response to the Verdun visit, organizational changes were made to the platoon structure within the infantry battalions that would later become corps-wide changes. In his report, Currie evaluated not only the French tactics but also what the Canadians had done wrong in the fighting around Pozières in 1916. Currie summarized the primary factors behind successful French offensive operations as: careful staff work, thorough artillery preparation and support, the element of surprise, and a high state of training in the infantry units detailed for the assault.

Currie, in command of the 1st Canadian Division, was responsible for the broad southern sector of the Canadian Corps advance and expected to make the greatest advance in terms of distance. The attack was to begin at 5:30am on Easter Monday, 9 April 1917. By the end of the first day, the 1st Canadian Division had captured all of its first line objectives and the left half of its second line. The next morning by 9:30am, fresh troops had leap-frogged existing battalions to advance to the third objective line. To permit the troops time to consolidate the third line, the advance halted and the barrage remained stationary for ninety minutes while machine guns were brought forward. Shortly before 1:00pm, the advance recommenced and, by 2:00pm, the 1st Canadian Division secured their final objective.

Canadian Corps commander

When Byng was promoted to general in command of the British Third Army in June 1917, Currie was raised to the temporary rank of lieutenant-general on 9 June, and given command of the entire Canadian Corps. Currie was knighted by King George V and appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the King's Birthday Honours of 4 June 1917. As he was taking command of the Corps, word reached Currie that the Canadian cabinet had been informed of his embezzlement. To avoid news of the scandal from breaking, Currie borrowed money from two wealthy subordinates, David Watson and Victor Odlum, to finally pay back the money he had taken from the 50th Regiment.

The British First Army commander Lieutenant-General Henry Horne ordered the Canadian Corps to relieve I Corps opposite the city of Lens on 10 July 1917, and directed Currie to develop a plan for capturing the city by the end of July 1917. The operation was intended to engage as many German formations as possible and to prevent them from reinforcing the Ypres sector during the Third Battle of Ypres. After examining the area, Currie instead proposed to take the high ground outside the city, marked on allied maps as Hill 70, hold the feature in the expectation of a German counterattack, and inflict casualties by preparing a zone of concentrated artillery and machine gun fire. Currie's plan was implemented successfully, and by the end of the battle, some 20,000 Germans had been killed or wounded at the cost of 9,000 Canadians. The operation was effective in preventing German formations from transferring local men and equipment to Ypres, and Haig believed that the Battle of Hill 70 was one of the finest minor operations of the war.

The Canadian Corps was then transferred from Lens to Ypres to take part in the Battle of Passchendaele. Currie was tasked with continuing the advance started by the now exhausted II Anzac Corps in order to ultimately capture Passchendaele village and gain favourable observation positions and drier winter positions. Currie submitted his provisional operational plan on 16 October and presented a plan with extensive resources made available in reserve. He estimated the attack would result in 16,000 casualties. Currie's preparations included reconnaissance, road construction and a massing of artillery and heavy machine guns. Rather than one mass assault, Currie designed a series of well-prepared, sharp attacks that allowed the Corps to take an objective and then hold it against the inevitable German counterattacks. By 30 October, the Canadians, aided by two British divisions, gained the outskirts of the village in a driving rainstorm, and then held on for five days against intense shelling and counter-attacks, often standing waist deep in mud as they fought. The Canadians' victory came at the cost of 15,654 casualties, including 4,028 killed. Currie's grim casualty prediction had been accurate.

End of the war
By early 1918 the Canadian Corps was in a state of uncertainty. The Canadian government wanted to expand the Canadian Corps by forming a 5th Division but the BEF wanted the Canadian Corps reorganized to mirror British divisions. British command also intended to integrate American battalions into the depleted corps, which Currie predicted would be a disaster and would destroy the homogeneous structure of the corps. Currie was opposed to all those measures since he did not view them as being in the best interests of the corps. Currie, with the aid of the Minister of Overseas Military Forces, prevailed against the structural changes. The Canadian Corps retained its original Canadian organizational structure and fought as a homogeneous formation for the entire Hundred Days Offensive.

On 21 March 1918 the Germans launched a major Spring Offensive hoping to force an armistice on their terms, but by the summer their forward momentum had been contained and the Allies prepared to counterattack. In August 1918, when Currie was ordered to move the corps 70 mi south to Amiens, the Canadians took pains to camouflage their move. This included sending a radio unit and two battalions to Ypres as a diversion. With no preliminary artillery bombardment at Amiens to warn the Germans, the attack on 8 August was a success. The Canadians were withdrawn from the line, and moved to the Somme, where they participated in the attack on the Hindenburg Line at the Drocourt–Quéant Line on 2 September. The assault resulted in the Germans being overrun along a 7000 yd front. Historian Denis Winter called the seizure of the Drocourt–Quéant line by the Canadian Corps the "greatest single achievement" of the British Expeditionary Force during the entire war, and praised Currie for his ability to bring an "unprecedented" concentration of artillery and machine gun fire together with flexible infantry sections that were adjusted for the situation. The German Seventeenth Army then retreated behind the flooded Canal du Nord. Currie took three weeks to prepare perhaps his most audacious plan: he suggested the entire corps cross the drier section of the canal on a front of only 2700 yd. On 27 September the entire corps moved across the canal as planned, and then through the German lines in a series of planned zig-zag manoeuvres designed to confuse the Germans. Exhausted and demoralized, the German army staged a controlled retreat over the next five weeks. On 10 November, in what was to be his most controversial decision, Currie, under orders to continue to advance, ordered elements of the corps to liberate Mons. On the morning of 11 November, as Currie received orders confirming there would be a general armistice at 11:00am, the capture of Mons was completed.

In December 1918, Currie established the Canadian War Narrative Section to maintain a level of control as to how the Canadian contribution to the Hundred Days Offensive would be documented in print and presented to the public. Tim Cook argues that the Canadian War Narrative Section was an important step in not only recording and presenting the achievements of the Canadian Corps but also in restoring Currie's damaged reputation, which had been battered by Sam Hughes and his supporters in Parliament. Hughes frequently referred to Currie as a butcher.

Post-war
Currie and family had moved to England in 1915. They returned to Canada following the war, arriving in Halifax on 17 August 1919. No band or crowd received the ship when it docked and when Currie arrived at the Victoria Memorial Building to greet the 13th Canadian Parliament he received a lukewarm reception. Currie was appointed Inspector General of the Armed Forces and was then promoted to full general on 10 December, the highest ranking position in the Canadian forces. Currie intended to use the position to reform the military. However, in the post-war period, military funding was cut and Currie encountered significant opposition from the military bureaucracy to organizational changes. Deeply unhappy, Currie retired from the military, and in May 1920 accepted the position of principal and vice-chancellor of McGill University in Montreal.

McGill University

Currie had only a high school diploma, but on the recommendation of McGill's acting principal, Frank Dawson Adams, Currie was selected as principal and vice-chancellor of McGill University on the basis of his "exceptional powers of organization and administration" and his "capacity for inspiration and leadership" rather than academic prowess. Within months of Currie's appointment, he led a fund-raising campaign to revive the university, travelling from coast to coast in a personal appeal for support; the fundraising campaign raised CA$6.5 million, more than the original goal of CA$5 million. Currie made a name for himself as a premier university administrator. From 1925 to 1927 he served as president of the National Conference of Canadian Universities and was elected as a trustee of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1927. Currie was also instrumental in saving the School for Graduate Nurses at Royal Victoria College from closure in the early 1930s. During Currie's time as McGill's Principal the university established the Faculty of Music, the School for Graduate Nurses, and the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, and doubled its income despite the difficulties brought on by the Great Depression. Currie was also President of the Last Post Fund from 1924 to 1932.

Libel suit
In June 1927, the city of Mons erected a plaque commemorating its liberation by the Canadian Corps nine years earlier. But, when this event was reported in Canadian newspapers, Currie's enemies took the opportunity to again question the necessity of the final day of fighting. A front-page editorial published on 13 June 1927 by the Hughes-friendly Port Hope Evening Guide argued that Currie was either negligent or deliberate in wasting the lives of soldiers under his command in taking Mons on the final day of the war. The newspaper had only a small local circulation, and Currie's friends advised him against pursuing the matter. However, Currie was unwilling to let the matter go, and sued the newspaper for libel, seeking $50,000 ($ today) in damages. The trial in April 1928 was front-page news across Canada. On the stand, Currie testified that he had been under orders from Allied Supreme Commander Ferdinand Foch to pursue German forces; to do otherwise would have been treason. Many of Currie's senior officers testified that Currie had urged them to advance with caution, avoiding unnecessary casualties. At the end of the trial, the jury returned a verdict after four hours, finding the newspaper guilty of libel but awarding Currie only $500 ($ today) in damages, plus costs.

Although Currie was awarded only a small portion of the value sought, newspapers across Canada referred to the result as a victory for him. The trial helped to restore Currie's reputation; however, the stress took a toll on his health. Currie was subsequently elected Dominion president of the Canadian Legion of the British Empire Service League in 1928. However, he suffered a stroke the following year and his ill health obliged him to resign, whereupon he was bestowed with the honorary title of Grand President.

Death

Currie suffered another stroke on 5 November 1933 and died on 30 November at the age of 57 at Royal Victoria Hospital from bronchial complications brought on by pneumonia. His civilian and military funeral on 5 December was held in Montreal and was the largest to that point in Canadian history. The Times wrote of his funeral: "It was, by common consent, the most impressive funeral ever seen at Montreal" and Robert Borden believed the ceremony "was perhaps more elaborate than at any state or military funeral in the history of Canada". Approximately 150,000 people lined the streets to watch the procession and the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission broadcast the funeral over radio. Those attending the funeral included Lord Bessborough, at the time the Governor General of Canada, important Canadian politicians, foreign diplomats and representatives of McGill University. No less than 170 organizations sent floral tributes. The service was conducted by the Bishop of Montreal at Christ Church Cathedral and was followed by a graveside service presided over by Archdeacon (Hon. Colonel) John Almond, a wartime Director of the Canadian Chaplain Service for the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Eight general officers acted as pallbearers. The funeral procession received a 17-gun salute. In London a memorial service was conducted in Westminster Abbey on the same day as the funeral in Montreal, which was filled to capacity. Memorial services were held elsewhere in Canada also. On 3 December, 7,000 persons attended a memorial service for Currie at Toronto's Arena Gardens. Currie was initially interred in a family plot at Mount Royal Cemetery in Montreal. However, three years after his death, Currie's remains were moved to a more prominent site surmounted by a cross of sacrifice.

Currie was survived by his wife, Lucy, and a son and daughter. Lucy was left in some financial difficulty following her husband's death when McGill decided it could not afford to continue paying her a portion of his salary. In 1935 the Canadian government finally recognized his service to Canada by granting $50,000 to his estate.

Honours and tribute

Currie was named a Companion of the Order of the Bath after the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915 and promoted Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1918 New Year Honours. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1919 New Year Honours, and was Mentioned in Despatches nine times over the course of the war. Currie also received a number of foreign awards, including the French Légion d'honneur and Croix de guerre (with Palm), the Belgian Croix de guerre and Order of the Crown, and the US Distinguished Service Medal. Currie's contributions both to the war effort as well as post-war education was recognized in 19 honorary degrees.

Many tributes have been made to Currie. In 1919 General Currie Elementary School was built in Richmond, British Columbia. A Sir Arthur Currie Elementary School under the Protestant School Board of Greater Montreal was also built. Mount Currie (2810m) located at the Spray River headwaters in Banff National Park is named after Currie. The Currie Barracks in Calgary opened in 1933 was named in his honour (later renamed to CFB Calgary). In 1934, Currie was designated as a Canadian Person of National Historic Significance. The Currie Building and Currie Hall at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario were subsequently named in his honour. In Victoria the street where Currie lived was renamed Arthur Currie Lane and an on-campus housing building at University of Victoria is named in his honour. In Strathroy, Ontario the local branch of the Royal Canadian Legion bears his name, and a statue has been raised to him. Robert A. Heinlein, in his science fiction novel Starship Troopers, named one of the basic training facilities "Camp Arthur Currie". In 2006 Canada honoured Currie as one of fourteen Canadians in the Valiants Memorial, and is one of the five people commemorated with a life-sized statue. and the Sir Arthur Currie Memorial Gymnasium at McGill University in Montreal.

Legacy
Canadian historians, including Pierre Berton and Jack Granatstein, have described Currie as Canada's greatest military commander. Although physically a large man, standing over six feet tall, Currie did not cut a heroic military figure. Nor was he a charismatic speaker. Described as aloof by his troops, who called him "Guts and Gaiters", he nevertheless inspired them. He was a brilliant tactician who used his skills to reduce casualties and is credited with accelerating the end of the war. According to historian Jack Hyatt, "His slogan was, 'Pay the price of victory in shells – not lives,' and if he did anything heroic it was that." Currie's leadership of the Canadian Corps was described in an article in Maclean's: "No flashing genius, but a capable administrator, cool headed and even tempered and sound of judgment. He has surrounded himself with a capable staff whose counsel he shares and whose advice he takes. He is the last man in the world to stick to his own plan if a better one offers. So far as tactics go he is first among equals for such is the way his staff works."

title: Arthur Currie


text:
Dioxybenzone

Dioxybenzone (benzophenone-8) is an organic compound used in sunscreen to block UVB and short-wave UVA (ultraviolet) rays. It is a derivative of benzophenone. It is a yellow powder with a melting point of 68 °C. It is insoluble in water, but moderately soluble in ethanol and isopropanol.

title: Dioxybenzone


text:
USS Annapolis

USS Annapolis may refer to:

 * USS Annapolis (PG-10), a gunboat commissioned in 1897 and in periodic service until 1919, then used as a training ship until 1940
 * USS Annapolis (PF-15), a Tacoma-class frigate in service from 1944 to 1946, and sold to Mexico in 1947
 * USS Annapolis (AGMR-1), ex-USS Gilbert Islands (CVE-107) escort carrier renamed Annapolis (AGMR-1) in 1963
 * USS Annapolis (SSN-760), a Los Angeles-class submarine commissioned in 1992

title: USS Annapolis


text:
Talk:Premier of the Republic of China

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * 中華民國行政院第30任院長 蘇貞昌.jpg

Premiership
Huh? Why premier in taiwan cannot go visit other countries unlike taiwans president?2404:8000:1027:85F6:D872:2D0F:5ED4:ECB2 (talk) 13:17, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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title: Talk:Premier of the Republic of China


text:
William Henry Hudson

William Henry Hudson (4 August 1841 – 18 August 1922), known in Argentina as Guillermo Enrique Hudson, was an Anglo-Argentine author, naturalist and ornithologist.

Life
Hudson was the son of Daniel Hudson and his wife Catherine (Kemble), United States' settlers of English and Irish origin. He was born and lived his first years in a small estancia called "25 Ombues" in what is now Ingeniero Allan, Florencio Varela, Argentina.

In 1846 the family established a pulpería further south, in the surroundings of Chascomús, not far from the lake of the same name. In this natural environment, Hudson spent his youth studying the local flora and fauna and observing both natural and human dramas on what was then a lawless frontier, while publishing his ornithological work in Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society initially in an English mingled with Spanish idioms. He had a special love for Patagonia.

Hudson emigrated to England in 1874, taking up residence at St Luke's Road in Bayswater, where he continued to live for most of his life; in 1876 he married his landlady, the former singer Emily Wingrave, in Kensington, London. One of the daughters of John Hanmer Wingrave, she was some eleven years older than Hudson, having been born on 22 December 1829. He supported himself as a writer and journalist; the couple had no children. Hudson himself was naturalized as a British subject on 4 July 1900.

Hudson was a friend of the late-19th century English author George Gissing, whom he met in 1889. They corresponded until the latter's death in 1903, occasionally exchanging their publications, discussing literary and scientific matters, and commenting on their respective access to books and newspapers, a matter of supreme importance to Gissing.

He campaigned (1900) against the building of the National Physical Laboratory in the grounds of Kew Gardens.

In 1911 Emily Hudson became an invalid and moved to Worthing in Sussex. After that, Hudson lived apart from her "for reasons of his own health", although it is clear from their abundant surviving correspondence that he visited her frequently and they remained on affectionate terms.

Hudson died on 18 August 1922, at 40 St Luke’s Road, Westbourne Park, Bayswater, and was buried in Broadwater and Worthing Cemetery, Worthing, on 22 August 1922, next to his wife, who had died early in 1921.

Hudson left an estate valued at £8225, and his Executors were the publisher Ernest Bell and Wynnard Hooper, a journalist.

Books
He produced a series of ornithological studies, including Argentine Ornithology (1888–1899) and British Birds (1895), and later achieved fame with his books on the English countryside, all of them set in Wiltshire, including Hampshire Days (1903), Afoot in England (1909), and A Shepherd's Life (1910), which helped foster the back-to-nature movement of the 1920s and 1930s.

Hudson's best-known novel is Green Mansions (1904), which was adapted into a a film starring Audrey Hepburn and Anthony Perkins, and his best-known non-fiction is Far Away and Long Ago (1918), which was also made into a film.

Scientific views
Hudson was an advocate of Lamarckian evolution. He was a critic of Darwinism and defended vitalism. He was influenced by the non-Darwinian evolutionary writings of Samuel Butler. He was an early member of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.

Recognition and awards
The Hudson Memorial Bird Sanctuary in Hyde Park, London includes a carved stone memorial by Sir Jacob Epstein representing Rima, the child goddess of nature, who featured in Hudson's novel Green Mansions. The engravings are by the designer Eric Gill.

Ernest Hemingway referred to Hudson's The Purple Land (1885) in his novel The Sun Also Rises, and to Far Away and Long Ago in his posthumous novel The Garden of Eden (1986). He listed Far Away and Long Ago in a suggested reading list for a young writer.

James Rebanks' 2015 book The Shepherd's Life about a Lake District farmer was inspired by Hudson's work of the same name: "But even more than Orwell or Hemingway, W.H. Hudson turned me into a book obsessive ..." (p. 115), and: "One day, I pulled A Shepherd's Life by W.H. Hudson from the bookcase ...and the sudden life-changing realization it gave me that we could be in books – great books." (p. 114)

In Argentina, Hudson is considered to belong to the national literature as Guillermo Enrique Hudson, the Spanish version of his name. A town in Berazategui Partido and several other public places and institutions are named after him. The town of Hudson in Buenos Aires Province is named for him.

Works

 * The Purple Land that England Lost: Travels and Adventures in the Banda Oriental, South America (1885)
 * A Crystal Age (1887)
 * Argentine Ornithology (1888)
 * Ralph Herne (1888)
 * Fan–The Story of a Young Girl's Life (1892), as Henry Harford
 * The Naturalist in la Plata (1892)
 * Idle Days in Patagonia (1893)
 * Birds in a Village (1893)
 * Lost British Birds (1894), pamphlet
 * British Birds (1895), with a chapter by Frank Evers Beddard
 * Osprey; or, Egrets and Aigrettes (1896)
 * Birds in London (1898)
 * Nature in Downland (1900)
 * Birds and Man (1901)
 * El Ombú (1902), stories; later South American Sketches
 * Hampshire Days (1903)
 * Green Mansions: A Romance of the Tropical Forest (1904)
 * A Little Boy Lost (1905)
 * Land's End. A Naturalist's Impressions in West Cornwall (1908)
 * Afoot in England (1909)
 * A Shepherd's Life: Impressions of the South Wiltshire Downs (1910)
 * Adventures Among Birds (1913)
 * Tales of the Pampas (1916)
 * Far Away and Long Ago – A History of My Early Life (1918; new edition by Eland, 2005)
 * The Book of a Naturalist (1919)
 * Birds in Town and Village (1919)
 * Birds of La Plata (1920) two volumes
 * Dead Man's Plack and An Old Thorn (1920) – see Dead Man's Plack
 * A Traveller in Little Things (1921)
 * Tired Traveller (1921), essay
 * Seagulls in London. Why They Took To Coming To Town (1922), essay
 * A Hind in Richmond Park (1922)
 * The Collected Works (1922–23), 24 volumes
 * 153 Letters from W.H. Hudson (1923), edited by Edward Garnett
 * Rare Vanishing & Lost British Birds (1923)
 * Men, Books and Birds (1925)
 * The Disappointed Squirrel (1925) from The Book of a Naturalist
 * Mary's Little Lamb (1929)
 * South American Romances (1930) The Purple Land; Green Mansions; El Ombú
 * W.H. Hudson's Letters to R. B. Cunninghame Graham (Golden Cockerel Press 1941; about R. B. Cunninghame Graham)
 * Tales of the Gauchos (1946)
 * Letters on the Ornithology of Buenos Ayres (1951), edited by David W. Dewar
 * Diary Concerning his Voyage from Buenos Aires to Southampton on the Ebro (1958)
 * Gauchos of the Pampas and Their Horses (1963), stories, with R.B. Cunninghame Graham
 * English Birds and Green Places: Selected Writings (1964) ISBN 0-575-07207-5
 * Birds of A Feather: Unpublished Letters of W.H. Hudson (1981), edited by D. Shrubsall
 * Landscapes and Literati: Unpublished letters of W.H. Hudson and George Gissing (1985), edited by Dennis Shrubsall and Pierre Coustillas

Bibliographies

 * G. F. Wilson (1922, 1968) Bibliography of the Writings of W.H. Hudson
 * John R. Payne (1977) W.H. Hudson. a Bibliography

Biographies

 * Morley Roberts (1924) W.H. Hudson
 * Ford Madox Ford (1937) Portraits from Life
 * Robert Hamilton (1946) W.H. Hudson:The Vision of Earth
 * Richard E. Haymaker (1954) From Pampas to Hedgerows and Downs: A Study of W. H. Hudson
 * Alicia Jurado (1971) Vida y obra de W.H. Hudson
 * John T. Frederick (1972) William Henry Hudson
 * D. Shrubsall (1978) W.H. Hudson, Writer and Naturalist
 * Ruth Tomalin (1982) W.H. Hudson – a biography
 * Amy D. Ronner (1986) W.H. Hudson: The Man, The Novelist, The Naturalist
 * David Miller (1990) W.H. Hudson and the Elusive Paradise
 * Felipe Arocena (2003) William Henry Hudson: Life, Literature and Science
 * Jason Wilson: Living in the sound of the wind, [A Personal Quest For W. H. Hudson, Naturalist And Writer From The River Plate], London : Constable, 2016 ISBN 978-1-4721-2205-6

title: William Henry Hudson


text:
Agency

Agency may refer to:

Organizations

 * Institution, governmental or others
 * Advertising agency or marketing agency, a service business dedicated to creating, planning and handling advertising for its clients
 * Employment agency, a business that serves as a representative, acting on behalf of another
 * Government agency, a department of a local or national government responsible for the oversight and administration of a specific function
 * Central Intelligence Agency, nicknamed "The Agency"
 * International agency, an inter-governmental body

 * News agency
 * Talent agency

Social science

 * Agency, the abstract principle that autonomous beings, agents, are capable of acting by themselves; see Autonomy
 * Agency (law), a person acting on behalf of another person
 * Agency (moral), capacity for making moral judgments
 * Agency (philosophy), the capacity of an autonomous agent to act, relating to action theory in philosophy
 * Agency (psychology), the ability to recognize or attribute agency in humans and non-human animals
 * Agency (sociology), the ability of social actors to make independent choices, relating to action theory in sociology
 * Agency and structure, ability of an individual to organize future situations and resource distribution

Places

 * Agency (administrative division)
 * Agency, Iowa, US
 * Agency, Missouri, US
 * Agency, Montana, US
 * Agency Township (disambiguation), name of townships in four US states

Arts, entertainment and media

 * Agency (novel), a science fiction novel by William Gibson
 * The Agency (comics)
 * The Agency: Covert Ops, a spy-themed massively multiplayer online shooter video game

Film and television

 * The Agency (film), a 1980 Canadian film starring Lee Majors
 * The Agency (2001 TV series), an American action-drama
 * The Agency (2007 TV series), an American reality series
 * Morgana Robinson's The Agency, a 2016 British TV mockumentary
 * The Agency, a fictional government organization in the 2000 TV series The Invisible Man
 * Agency (South Korean TV series), a 2023 television series

Other uses

 * Agency in Mormonism, "the privilege of choice... introduced by God"
 * Agency security, securities issued by government-sponsored enterprises, often simply referred to as "Agency"
 * Agency debt, US government-sponsored agency bonds

title: Agency


text:
Talk:X-ray

X rays used in the space or other planets
Other planet species or aliens seens 171.61.226.180 (talk) 18:35, 5 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm guessing this a reference to the potential for interstellar communication using X-rays. However, this is just theoretical at the moment. NASA has tested X-ray communication systems, but only between Earth and the ISS. 2A00:23C7:99A4:5001:3533:7B73:616:5C0 (talk) 00:44, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Technical and Scientific Communication
— Assignment last updated by Brennam29 (talk) 15:21, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

I am a student editor doing a project for my Scientific Communication class. Through my research I have done for the past few weeks I have added contributions about X-ray harm. I think that is a very common worry for patients and on this Wikipedia page there should be more information about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sthomason27 (talk • contribs) 12:58, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

Mathematical inconsistency
The introductory paragraph says that X-rays have a frequency range of 30 PHz to 30 EHz, so that the limit frequencies are a factor of 1000 apart. Since photon energy is directly proportional to frequency, X-rays should therefore cover a range of energies with a 1000-fold difference between the highest energy and the lowest energy.

However, the energy range given for X-rays in the same paragraph is 145 eV (electron volts) to 124 KeV; the extremes differ not by a factor of 1000, but of approximately 855.

WolframAlpha says that 30 PHz corresponds to a photon energy of 124 eV, not 145 eV. Should I therefore change the lower energy limit of "145 eV" to "124 eV"?

Boatman4 (talk) 19:27, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

"Energy Ranges": X-Rays Vs. Gamma Rays
I wonder if it would make sense to consider X-Rays to be a low-energy form of gamma rays.

Just as the color red is a low-energy (long wavelength) form of visible light, might not X-Rays be a low-energy "color" of gamma rays?

I would be very interested in any thoughts upon this matter... The Grand Rascal (talk) 07:10, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

 * There is absolutely no physical reason to have different names for x-rays and gamma rays - and also IR, UV, etc. All these are either historical terms or are specific to human physiology. In any case, Wikipedia isn't the entity to introduce new terms... Evgeny (talk) 09:04, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Cool thanks for sharing this info to me 😁 222.153.163.70 (talk) 08:36, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The appropriate Wikipedia policy WP:COMMONNAME: "...the name most typically used in reliable sources is generally preferred." --ChetvornoTALK 16:07, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

X-ray emission from diodes?
Hi, vaguely recall a discusson about using a vacuum encapsulated silicon diode driven far beyond avalanche breakdown generating a stream of electrons that were later used as "the E-beam source for a CRT" but have heard no more about it. With the advent of vacuum ultraviolet (160nm) LEDs it might be worth investigating if such a device can be leveraged to create a new X-ray source with some modifications. In this case the drift velocity seems to be a critical factor so such a source would also be monochromatic which is desirable for physics and engineering applications. A possible device would use a helium (low mean free path) fill with such a diode, accelerating electrons from the VUV chip recombination region using a micro-piezoelectric transformer and pulse forming network onto a low work function (likely Sr, Mg or Ba) electrode for the actual X-ray emission to occur. This might actually work with some early UV-C LEDs notably the TO-5 variety as they have an open structure. It would potentially only need 4KV internally which would be unprecedented. 91.190.161.160 (talk) 04:55, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:X-ray


text:
Talk:Deng Xiaoping/Archive 1

Linked to socialist market economy.

Also removed link to was responsible for other purges and crackdowns (besides TAM) that led to the death of thousands of people. Need to be much more specific. I think that you could argue that his being part of the Anti-Rightist movement fits this, but this doesn't seem to work completely. Deng was rather remarkble for being remarkably non-bloody in his purges.

There are about three or four ways one could justify that statement, but since I'm not a mind reader I'll leave it to the original author to go into detail about what he meant.

-- Removed this statement. This sentence implies a reallocation of resources which did not occur in China. Quite the opposite, Russian-style socialist theory tends to create overallocation of capital in heavy industries, and overall, the Deng Xiaoping reforms have causes capital to move *from* heavy industry causing large numbers of industrial plants to shut down.

 * With the short gestation period, low capital requirements, and high foreign-exchange export earnings, profits generated by light manufacturing were able to be reinvested in more capital-intensive industries

I know this, Roadrunner. This doesn't change the fact that profits generated by light industry are reinvested to more capital-intensive industries. That's industrialization. The movement from primitive toward more technologically advanced industry. Your charges, that I do not understand the difference between Soviet and Chinese development models, are slander and vandalism.

 * But the profits weren't reinvested. The capital invested in heavy industry largely comes from the banking system, and  most of that capital comes from consumer deposits.  One of the first items of the DXP reforms was to prevent reallocation of profits except through taxation or through the banking system.

 * The whole point of the DXP is that profits wouldn't be transferred because doing so would discourage people from trying to make a profit.

--User:Roadrunner -

172,

Can you explain what is wrong with my edits?

If I know what is objectionable, I can step by step explain the rationale behind them.

for example, its important to mention that DXP allowed experimentation with concepts that were merely not "anti-Mao" but also "seemingly capitalist". This is what made DXP different from Chen Yun who was also quite anti-Maoist but drew the line at some measures that would make China seem too capitalist.

Similarly, I changed the statement by Jiang from "expressed the sentiment of the nation" because there are large segments of the Chinese population who dislike DXP because of his role in TAM. Public sentiment toward Deng is generally favorable, but it's not universally favorable.

My objections to the description of light industry is stated above. I tried to rework the wording to keep some of your thoughts, but I think what you wrote had a someone misleading description of how the DXP reforms worked.

etc. etc. etc.

-- User:Roadrunner

My sentence was a bit vague, but I was fully aware of what you’ve illustrated above. I’m also aware of the contrasts between Chen and Deng. Those contrasts might be more appropriate in the article on PRC history though.

So what exactly is wrong with my edits which would prompt a mass revert. It's important to point out the differences not only between Deng and Mao but also between Deng and Hua Guofeng and Chen Yun.

--- User:Roadrunner

- I did not see that new paragraph in the legacy section. Sorry. Keep in mind though, this is an article on Deng, not PRC history. If anything, I put too much on economic history in the article.

172,

Rather than massive revert, I'm going to get lunch and when I come back I'm going to introduce my changes one at a time. For example, my objection to 172 description of the focus on light industry is that while it does distinguish Chinese economic reform from Soviet russia, it *doesn't* distinguish Chinese economic reform for the reforms in Yugoslavia and Hungary which was also focused in light industry and trade with Western Europe.

The important difference is that in China, the profits from light industry weren't reinvested in heavy industry by government mandate. One of the first reforms in 1983 or so was that the central government would no longer direct the flow of capital and would not direct how the profits of the TVE's were to be spend.

-

Roadrunner:

You are acting like a childish show-off.

 * In other words, you can't find a flaw in what I've said.

This is an encyclopedia article. I gave a brief synopsis on economic history that will allow readers to understand what kind of changes are going on right now in Chinese society. Keep in mind that a short encyclopedia entry on Deng is not going to be written at our level. Let's find a different forum to discuss the inner-workings of Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang, Li Peng, Hua Guofeng, etc. Let’s find another forum for comparative economics.

 * The most important thing for an encyclopedia article is that it be *correct*. If the problem is that you think that my edits have too much detail, you are perfectly free to move them to talk, create another article, or act in any number of ways.

 * The edits I made are rather crucial because they distinguish between the Chinese model of reform and the Yugoslav model of reform.

Add whatever the hell you want, but don’t delete my writing. It’s succinct and understandable, thus being beneficial to the “laymen” whom you callously deride.

 * The problem is that in many places, it is either wrong or misleading.

Why don’t you devote your time to writing new articles are revamping incomplete ones?

-172 ---

Started putting in new edits....

1) Added text to compare and contrast Deng's views with those of Hua Guofeng and Chen Yun.

2) Added text to explain Deng's role in Chinese economic reform and compare and contrast with Gorbachev's role.

3) Added caveat on the nature of Chinese central planning. Up until 1995 or so the model for Chinese central planning was South Korea and Japan.  Since 1995, it's been the United States.

4) reworded light industry section a bit. Introduced contrast with Yugoslavia and Hungary.  Also changed profit -> revenue which is an important distinction.  One of the important aspects of the Deng reforms is that the entity that makes the profit gets to keep it.  The capital for heavy industry comes from consumer deposits, and worker salaries are part of revenue but not profit on the balance sheet.

5) Added section on class background and repudiation of Cultural Revolution. This should be expanded to include Beijing Spring and Democracy Wall as well as the leadership context.

6) Added stubs for anti-rightist movement.

7) Added more stuff about 1970's leadership struggles.

Roadrunner,

I welcome these new additions. This time, you’re enhancing the content rather than deleting and replacing parts of what I wrote.

---

One of the tenants of Deng Xiaoping Theroy is that there should not and cannot be only one mode of development, one concept of values and only one type of social system in the world due to differences in historical conditions, social systems, development levels, cultural traditions and concepts of values. While indicative of Deng’s “seeking truth from facts” and his highly empiricist, scientific (and I’d say sophisticated and correct) understanding of Historical Materialism, this tennent was a rejection of the application of both Western-style capitalism and representative democracy and the Soviet model. With that in mind, I changed the word “copied” to “were influenced”. They certainly didn’t copy the Tiger’s model, though the influence was invaluable.

Also, something had to be mentioned BRIEFLY about the Special Economic Zones, Hong Kong, and improving relations with the West. Soviet relations are also important.

Roadrunner’s croissant anecdote is humorous, but the role of France is a bit more important. There, he was exposed to Marxism and revolutionary ideas, like Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh.

172

Removed following sentence, which was POV: "The gravity of these concerns, however, pales in comparison to the social ills faced by China as late as the Tiananmen rebellion of 1989, not to mention the days of mass famine and civil war before the founding of the People's Republic.  " soulpatch

soulpatch: I'm reverting that sentence. It's simply a fact. Apparently, you don’t know much about Chinese history.

 * Sentences like "apparently you don't know much about Chinese history" are not an even remotely serious attempt at discussing the issue here. The Discussion pages are for discussing, not for dismissive comments like that.  You need to justify your claims here when people challenge you.  And to claim that the gravity of human rights concerns "pales in comparison" to other problems is an OPINION, not a fact.  Any attempt at juggling human rights concerns versus other concerns is necessarily a value judgment.  As soon as you want to try to write serious articles here that aren't blatant examples of POV, please join us in the Discuss page and try to hash out something. soulpatch

 * Exactly, and even not withstanding that, there are a lot of people who think that China's economic problems today more much more serious and dangerous than those in 1989. I think that they are wrong, but that point of view needs to be mentioned.

Roadrunner

-- I agree with Soulpatch's removal. *I* personally agree with the removed sentence, but a lot of people *don't*. Bao Tong, George Chang, Wei Jingsheng, He Qianling, most revolutionary Maoists to name a few.

To see the problem with the sentence, you don't need to understand much about Chinese history. Just Wikipedia NPOV guidelines.

User:Roadrunner

I compromised. The sentence has been revised.

I still think that Soulpatch is being extreme about these NPOV guidelines. Pretty soon, we’ll have to follow the NPOV guidelines to placate Solipsists and conspiracy theorists.

 * Thank you. I think that that your change is a step in the right direction. soulpatch

-- Soulpatch: I hope that you’re not one of those parochial Westerners who thinks that blocked internet usage does not pale in comparison to the catastrophes of the nineteenth century that killed hundreds of millions of people.

 * What I think is irrelevant. This article needs to be NPOV.  That means not asserting value judgments as if they were fact.  soulpatch

 * It is a very widely-held belief that that China under Deng's leadership, when measured against things like the Universal Declaration of human rights, didn't. It is not particularly controversial to state that China did at the time, and still does, suppress political dissent in ways unacceptable to many.  This is entirely appropriate to mention in an article on Deng, just as it is to mention that, say, Winston Churchill was amongst the idiots responsible for the military catastrophe at Gallipoli, or for that matter that Bill Clinton was fellated by an intern and lied under oath about it.

I'm TALKING with you in the TALK section. Lighten up.

 * Okay, fair enough. But I think we are at cross purposes here.  I understand that you think that modern human rights abuses are not as bad as previous problems in China.  You may even be right.  What I am trying to say is this--who is to say whether one bad thing pales in comparison to another bad thing?  Should such a statement really belong in an encyclopedia?  soulpatch

Actually, the Chinese people have more individual freedom now than ever. That's fairly hard to dispute.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:54, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

Needle inside a ball of cotton
Deng Xiaoping appears to have been frequently liked to a needle inside a ball of cotton because of his tolerance (hence the cotton), which nevertheless had sharp limits (the needle). This seems like it could be mentioned in the article somewhere. But where exactly? I'm bringing this up because redirects here and it is currently under discussion at RfD. – Uanfala (talk) 10:28, 30 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Judging by this young fella's general temperament and personal ideology, there seem to be more than one time in his tenure(s) when he may have picked up this alt name. One would have to weed through the sources to find the earliest when and who.  If they can be found, then one would know where in the article to reference the nickname.  Namaste, Uanfala!   Paine Ellsworth   put'r there  13:35, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Statesman
Statesman is defined as "usually a politician, diplomat or other notable public figure who has had a long and respected career at the national or international level." Deng's career certainly was long, he led the nation and represented it internationally, and he was respected. Therefore, I feel it is appropriate to label him a "statesman" in the lead sentence and have reverted "politician" to "statesman." Phlar (talk) 11:38, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I do not in general agree with this change. You have done this on at least four articles without discussion yourself. Do not expect that it will stay frozen during this period. You need to defend this change in a much more specific way for each of the figures you have done it with rather than put up this kind of boilerplate. Rgr09 (talk) 12:03, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I think you've misunderstood. It's been "statesman" for most of the past two years, if not longer. Another user changed it to "politician" two days ago. I reverted that edit and started this discussion topic. And I've made similar reversions and comments on a few other pages. Phlar (talk) 12:40, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * My apologies. I see this is the case for Liu Shaoqi as well. I should have checked the history of the articles first. Since that has been the general designation for so long, I would not dispute the consensus for Deng. For Liu and Soong Ching-ling, I think the case is much weaker, and I would be interested in raising the topic. I look forward to any comments you have. Rgr09 (talk) 12:50, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * That's the reason you think he is a statesman? Why not think Zhao Ziyang is a statesman? He is only the super leader of PRC. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.83.69.156 (talk) 13:39, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I do think Zhao was a statesman. What's your point? Phlar (talk) 13:51, 23 September 2017 (UTC)
 * @Rgr09: Apologies accepted. I've replied at the other talk pages. Phlar (talk) 13:51, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

Can this be sourced? Would be relevant.
Page 337 of Ross Terrill's "China in our time". Deng went so far as to warn the world in 1989 that unless he was permitted to rule China his way with an iron fist, 100 million refugees from China would flood the world. Italic text Terrill gives NO source. The aspect is still valid today. Current US policies aim to hold China down, which could lead to extreme migration waves. 2001:8003:AD40:8400:B57D:8113:3689:D667 (talk) 03:46, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

Per "Legacy"
The "Legacy" section feels funny to me due to the fact that it switches tones so quickly from a pro-Deng paragraph instantly to an offensive, incisive paragraph, calling him "little" and expressing great disdain for him. I'm Caker18 ! I edit Wikipedia sparingly. (talk) 23:59, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

Name change?
When I learned about this man in history class, his name was Dung Chow Ping ( in English: dung-chow-ping). Here his name is given as "Deng Xiaoping" -- in English, this would be "deng - ekseea - oh-ping". Why the name change? I don't see any mention in the article.
 * Hey, in Chinese Pinyin the name is Deng Xiaoping, and as such as a general courtesy in English we leave it as such. I'm  Caker18 ! I edit Wikipedia sparingly. (talk)  00:00, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Revisionism
I think this article need to be added content, such as Criticism of Deng, many Maoists and other anti-revisionists think Deng is a strong revisionist, a traitor of communism and Marxism. They also think the Reform and Opening is a strong revisionist movement. I come from China, so I know the reception of Deng clearly. JohnGao (talk) 04:31, 31 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is a neutral source. If you have criticisms of Deng, you can express them from the point of view of the general populace - just do not make it such that it appears that Wikipedia is advertising against Deng. I'm Caker18 ! I edit Wikipedia sparingly. (talk)  00:03, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Why is there a massive blank space at the top of this page?
There is clearly some type of formatting error with this page. The infobox appears to have pushed much of the introduction below it. This needs to be fixed ASAP. I tried tinkering with it, but didn't do much. Thanks HAL  333  21:34, 27 October 2019 (UTC)

Regarding changes to the lead
, please read the lead guidelines in the Wikipedia:Manual of Style. There is a reason why the lead must be reserved to four paragraphs. Any attempt to change the lead would result to warnings of vandalism.

祝好，Sinoam(聊天) 15:37, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The IP put too many excessive details. I've trimmed it down while keeping important & accurate information.--SCreditC (talk) 04:03, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:54, 9 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Deng Xiaoping 001.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:07, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Citizens read Anti-Xiaoping Posters during the 'Critique Deng Xiaoping Campaign'.png

Office or personnel swapped here
Chen Yun is listed in the sidebar as the successor to Deng as chair of the Central Military Commission, but he was actually successor as chair of the Central Advisory Commission as stated elsewhere in the article and confirmed on other pages. Jiang Zemin is listed as successor in the CAC instead of CMC. I wasn't sure if just these 2 names were swapped, or the headers with the titles (CAC and CMC), so I did not make an edit and will defer to someone else. It seems like the titles themselves were swapped, because the predecessor in the CMC is listed as "none," while that should be the case for the CAC. 67.10.242.77 (talk) 19:59, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

Introduction box
Hello, I was advised to not get into an edit war. So I want to resolve an issue I have with this article. I would like the ideology to be pit in the little info box, instead of the redundant information of that he was Chinese or a politician. I would do it so you can access information more easily and it’s simpler to understand. Would it be fine if we did so? Grizi fu (talk) 07:29, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I think the idea of bringing forward more of his ideological stances was a fine one, and for that reason I was the editor who brought forward Deng's contributions to the Socialist market economy and his ideological contributions to Socialism with Chinese characteristics being regarded as Deng Xiaoping Theory.
 * Why do you focus on market socialist in particular, among the other available characterizations? It is less precise than these and less specific to the Chinese context.  JArthur1984 (talk) 14:00, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I focus on the market socialist part as I think it’s very complicated for people that have less interest in political economics, what his ideas were, that’s why I want to put the market socialist part in the info box, so people get ideas more easily Grizi fu (talk) 07:15, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I understand your rationale better now. I think it is good to want to be clear for general readers. In this instance, I would continue to recommend the existing terms, as I do not think the benefits in simplification outweigh the benefits in precision.
 * Also generally, I recommend finding ways to describe ideology in a way that avoids a "Wikivoice" conclusion that a person or thing "is" or "was" a specific ideology. It can often result in contention or many extra characterizations being added. In the Deng example, someone might ask -- why would we say we was a "market socialist" instead of saying we was a communist? Or he was a Marxist-Leninist? Or he was a pragmatist? And so on. JArthur1984 (talk) 14:13, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I understand your point, but could I make a suggestion ? How about we put in the article, what you already wrote but then put in a subordinate clause his ideology and the in brackets deng xiaoping theory, for those who want more explanation? Thus we both would be happy and the article would be easier to understand and the overall quality of the article would even improve a bit. Would this be a good idea? Grizi fu (talk) 07:03, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Your attempts to rewrite the lead are not helpful: they are not meaningfully more accurate or more descriptive for an English-language audience. Remsense  诉  21:38, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * How are they not helpful? Maybe if you had read my edit notes, you would have known why they are helpful. And if you read them, tell me why is the non western version is not helpful Grizi fu (talk) 05:34, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * If you're going to make me diagram all the reasons out, I really hope you engage with it.
 * The last sentence is a pretty awful-looking, confusing sea of blue.
 * I hate pointing this out in particular, but since you're making me do it, "more simpler" is not correct English grammar.
 * If one clicks on Deng Xiaoping Theory, they will learn these additional characterizations of it, which is what the link is for.
 * Socialist market economy is already linked a few sentences previous.
 * Work with me, here. This is poorly-written kludge for the first paragraph of an article. Not every term we personally think is super important goes into an article's lead, which is meant to summarize the body. Remsense  诉  05:42, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I understand your point however if we already use deng xiaoping theory, we might as well use a more western term for a more western audience. You have to understand that this article is going to be read by 11 year olds as well as 78 year olds as well as non native speakers and especially those people will enjoy a simpler term, than deng xiaoping theory. I understand that you dislike the cluster of blue and I would be willing to remove that. Also more simpler is correct grammar. Grizi fu (talk) 08:24, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I am also sympathetic with your point—however, this is an encyclopedia, and it's usually better when we are specific—the more often we editorialize, the less precise and useful our characterizations become. Remsense  诉  08:27, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I think it is better to move past this issue, Grizi fu. Perhaps wait and see if there are any other views from editors not previously involved in the discussion. JArthur1984 (talk) 11:34, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok I will for now, accept this outcome, and not fight over this term.
 * Might I also ask since you guys have been on wikipedia for some time why we don’t put the ideology of politicians in the introduction box, I mean it makes more sense, doesn’t it? Grizi fu (talk) 12:59, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * When you refer to the "introduction box", are you referring to an article's lead, or to its Infobox? JArthur1984 (talk) 13:20, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Well both, I mean we have it for political parties why not for their members as well? Grizi fu (talk) 21:12, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Because it's not easy to define for many reasons, and infoboxes (I assume you mean infoboxes) are designed to communicate key well-defined information, not labels that require a lot of explanation and nuance. For example, a politician's ideology may have changed throughout their life, like Deng's did for example. Remsense  诉  13:23, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * And in the lead section? Why not there? For the same reasons? And for political parties the ideology is also in the info box, then why not for their representatives? Grizi fu (talk) 21:14, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Also since I was technically correct about the market socialism part, could I maybe add it somewhere where it makes more sense? Grizi fu (talk) 21:21, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Right now there's an unsourced and synth-sounding reference to "Deng's market socialism" in the article. Maybe you could re-work it with some appropriate sources or some other well-sourced perspective. JArthur1984 (talk) 22:17, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok I will gry it. Thanks for the information:) Grizi fu (talk) 08:13, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok I will gry it. Thanks for the information:) Grizi fu (talk) 08:13, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deng Xiaoping/Archive 1