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Talk:Virtue ethics

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Buddhism?
In the "Achieving Eudaimonia" sections of this article, at the end, we read:

"It is possible to argue that eudaimonia can also be seen as the achievement and stabilisation in the waking consciousness of a profound state of meditation arising because practise of virtues has allowed prolonged one-pointed attention known as samadhi Enlightenment (concept) in some contemplative traditions. This approach to the virtues as important prerequisities to successful meditation resembles that of 20th century Buddhist monks of the Thai Forest Tradition such as Ajahn Thate and Ajahn Maha Bua, as practised in ancient times in the contemplative universities such as Nalanda in Northern India as well as numerous schools of mysticism from most religious faiths."

Aside from being not too well written, really, what is the point of this paragraph? Not that Buddhist ethics aren't interesting, but to haphazardly (and loosely) attempt connect eudaimonia with samadhi in such a small space really seems fruitless to me. I'm removing it, unless someone can improve this entry or argue otherwise. T of Locri (talk) 17:33, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Hospital example
The example I gave (of the hospital) comes from some half-remembered text I read years ago, it would be nice to give a reference. Anyone recognise it? Evercat 00:23 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I forgot to post a summary for my first (substantial) edit. I added brief references to Greek, Christian and modern writers who focused on virtue ethics. Once that was done, the example seemed kind of lost. Where it was it interrupted the flow, and at the end it seemed like an orphan. Think it needs amplification before coming back in. Where it was was fine for the length of article it was at that time.

Moss Hart 03:42 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Oh well. Away it goes, I guess. :-) Evercat 11:19 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Possible incorporation on page on perfectionism
I was wondering if the page on perfectionism be incorporated into this one. May help with some referencing. Kamahasanyi (talk) 16:53, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Virtue
A virtue is a disposition or a tendency to act in a specific way or do what is right. It is a habit, an inner motivation manifesting itself through outward conduct. The basis of our virtue ethic comes from both Greek and Biblical influences. The Bible places more weight on virtue than on the rules of conduct. Up until the modern era, the history of ethics gave equal weight to both virtue and conduct. Plato studied virtues such as courage, wisdom, temperance, and justice. Aquinas later added the virtues of love, faith, and hope. Aristotle looked at the weakness of the will that undermined the moral character of man.

It is not enough to have a moral reasoning about what we should do and not do, we must have a moral tendency to choose and do what is right. This makes a reliable and responsible person. I have heard that more than half of America's young people have had sexual intercourse by the time they are seventeen. Is it because they are morally ignorant, or because they have flawed moral reasoning? Knowing what is right will have no effect on a person without a virtuous inner disposition.

 * The article already mentions the four cardinal virtues of Greek philosophy in the "Historical origins" section, but does not mention the three theological virtues of love, faith, and hope expounded by Aquinas. This could be a valuable addition to the article.  Someone should consider adding, perhaps to the "Historical origins" section.--Jjhake 04:04, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

What is the Greek plural for eudaimon?
From the 'Acheiving eudaimonia' section: "This is why, for many virtue ethicists, such as Aristotle, only older people can be truly called a eudaimon as only they have enough practical experience of life." It seems to me that 'a eudaimon' should be pluralized, or the sentence should be rephrased. Anyone know Greek plurals? WhiteC 06:46, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The plural of eudaimon would be eudaimones, however, I would leave the sentence as is. Ig0774 02:01, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Why? 'Older people' is plural isn't it?  WhiteC 18:02, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Grammatically, you are, of course, right. But 'older people' may each individually be referred to in the singular, thus "a eudaimon rather than eudaimones. Besides which, Aristotle and the other "virtue ethicists" (G.E.M. Anscombe and Philippa Foot) I am familiar with tend to focus on the more individual nature of virtue (i.e. my virtue). Thus, I would favor rephrasing the sentence, if you feel that some change is necessary. Sorry that my last comment didn't make that sufficiently clear. Ig0774 06:27, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah! Yes, that makes sense.  Thankyou.  I changed the article to keep 'eudaimon' in it.  WhiteC 01:05, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I would change the sentence to read "This is why, for many virtue ethicists, such as Aristotle, only older people can be truly called eudaimon..." 'eudaimon' is an adjective, not a noun.

Speaking of which .. if a section of Virtue ethics is devoted to eudaimonism, then shouldn't epicureanism and hedonism at least be referred to, for the sake of completeness ? Bokske (talk) 20:18, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Go ahead and refer to them, if you like. Seems to me there's a much closer connection to eudaimonism than to the other two traditions, though.Talented Mr Miller (talk) 17:33, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Abolitionism
I've included a reference to David Brion Davis' work to illustrate the idea that the practice of the virtues does not preclude contemplation, and amendation, of what constitutes virtue and the good life, as some critics of the tradition have averred. There should really be a footnote to Davis in the main page, but I don't know how to add one. If anybody does, I would appreciate it if they could add it on my behalf. The work in question is Davis' monograph The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution.Talented Mr Miller 16:47, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Reconsidering organization
Perhaps it would be best to reorganize the entry to emphasize, at the beginning of the article, how contemporary normative ethics conceives of the distinction between deontological, consequentialist and virtue-focused approaches, and framing the article's structure around the central question of the definition of virtue.

Any thoughts?

 * Sounds like a fine idea to me.Talented Mr Miller 18:30, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Your suggestion would improve upon the current opening. The first two sentences of the entry are an exact copy (plagarism) of the beginning of the "Virtue Ethics" entry written by R. Jay Wallace (Professor at Berkelely, I think) for Stanford's Encyclopedia of Philosophy. - Baikaiwen 69.86.145.170 19:14, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Ten months later, I've given it a go. No more plagiarism, and I hope a sharper definition of the key concepts of the tradition and how it differs from other traditions.Talented Mr Miller 16:10, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Aristotle and the polis
The most recent edit detaches the idea of virtue from its place in the polis. It seems to me that for Aristotle the role of the polis as the site where virtue is exercised is fundamental: bringing in Plato muddies the waters and mischaracterizes Aristotle. (One of the difficulties with using Aristotle's ethics as a guide today, as MacIntyre has argued, is that Aristole presumes the polis and we no longer live in them.) Any thoughts? Barring objections, I'm going to remove the reference to Plato in a few days. Talented Mr Miller 16:47, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Hume?!
"The idea of virtue also plays a prominent role in the moral philosophy of David Hume."

Anyone mind telling me how? Hume is often seen as a forerunner of utilitarianism, whose moral philosophy verges on this theory--which conflicts with virtue ethics.

 * "It must still be allowed, that every quality of the mind, which is useful or agreeable to the person himself or to others, communicates a pleasure to the spectator, engages his esteen, and is admitted under the honourable denomination of virtue or merit. Are not justice, fidelity, honour, veracity, allegiance, chastity, esteemed solely on account of their tendency to promote the good of society? Is not that tendency inseparable from humanity, benevolence, lenity, generosity, gratitude, moderation, tenderness, friendship, and all the other social virtues?" Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. Beauchamp, p. 151.
 * Maybe it would be a good idea for the article to explain the difference between virtue ethics, strictly speaking, and character utilitarianism? - :Well said. One might go further and point out, pace MacIntyre, that many Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment philosophers have used the vocabulary of virtue, but have used it to describe merely a disposition to obey the rules, or to maximize utility.  'Virtue' in this sense is quite hollowed out compared to 'virtue' as used by virtue ethicists.Talented Mr Miller 14:36, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Hume explicitly says that moral judgments properly speaking are always about character, never about action. If that doesn't define one as a virtue ethicist I don't know what does. The Treatise has extensive chapters on several of the classical virtues, but almost nothing on anything remotely consequentialist if further proof is needed. Hume resembles a utilitarian in absolutely no important respect that I can think of, whereas the virtues are clearly central to his moral thinking. (He does hold that human happiness is the point of practical reason, including morality - but so did Aristotle, the definitive virtue theorist. That alone hardly marks one as a utilitarian.) 99.69.65.1 (talk) 04:25, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Not encyclopedic?
In the criticisms section, in the paragraph beginning "Some virtue ethicists, like Phillipa Foot, might respond to this overall objection...", the phrase "like Phillipa Foot" was recently removed with an edit summary saying "not encyclopedic". I'm not sure what about this inclusion isn't encyclopedic, but regardless, the arguments presented in this section are in desperate need of attribution, so I am reinstating the reference to Foot. I would also strongly encourage those editors who are well-versed in the literature on this topic to add attribution that would organize this section into a conversation between particular philosophers rather than a hypothetical exchange between Some Philosophers, Other Philosophers, and One Might Say. - AdelaMae (t - c - wpn) 08:54, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * You should not really bring individuals into it until you have a source (if one is well versed, it really shouldn't be hard 2 find 1). I have removed the reference to Foot and put a fact tag in its place. digitalemotion  23:41, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Classical republicanism
I've rewritten the historical section. Before there was a basic contradiction in the article in that the earlier bits emphasized the tradition's eclipse in the early modern period, while the later bits emphasized its role in the American Founding. I've attempted to draw the distinction between virtue ethics and classical republicanism to deal with this confusion, but it may be too long.Talented Mr Miller (talk) 19:22, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmm, my footnote isn't displaying properly... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Talented Mr Miller (talk • contribs) 19:23, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Contentious and unrepresentative claims
Throughout at least the header, which is as far as I could get without barfing, there are highly contentious claims such as "Virtue theory is not actually in conflict with deontology or teleology as those two viewpoints deal with which actions a person should take in any given scenario, virtue theorists simply argue that developing morally desirable virtues for their own sake will help aid moral actors when such decisions need to be made." or referring to virtues as "inherent" that simply don't represent current ethical theory. I am just beginning to dig into the massive literature on this subject but it's already clear that not only does this article get as much wrong as right, but this isn't even the benign sort of oversimplification one gives to first-year undergrads, it's just garbage. 99.69.65.1 (talk) 04:31, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Utilitarianism
The 'greatest happiness principle' was Bentham not Mill, as Mill says in the first few words of his book Utilitarianism. The Harm (sometimes known as 'Least Harm') principle was Mill.

--Torched-Geek (talk) 01:31, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

'Teleological Necessity'
Someone has rightly highlighted the need for citations in the 'Distinctions' section at the bottom on "Virtue theory's necessary commitment to a teleological account of human life". I'm coming to this page for background information before starting to research virtue ethics, and I can already see telos as not being necessary for virtue ethics to hold weight. One simply has to place value on the virtues themselves. There need not necessarily be any ulterior aim. At very least I would like some citation in this section to point towards where this is being said elsewhere so as to engage with this position. --Erenaeoth (talk) 22:08, 6 November 2013 (GMT)

Moral and intellectual virtues
The article states that "Aristotle categorized the virtues as moral and intellectual. Aristotle identified nine intellectual virtues, the most important of which was wisdom; sophia (theoretical wisdom) and phronesis (practical wisdom). The other eight moral virtues include: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance"

This does not make much sense. It could perhaps be argued that Aristotle identifies nine intellectual virtues, but it is hardly uncontroversial. And there are definitely more than nine moral virtues discussed in the Nicomachean Ethics. Moreover, "prudence", which is here listed as a moral virtue, can only be a translation of phronesis, which has already been mentioned as an intellectual virtue (correctly so). Paukum (talk) 15:37, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Virtue ethics. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090220151652/http://buddhistethics.org:80/1/white1.html to http://www.buddhistethics.org/1/white1.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:50, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Overhaul
Hi all. It's been a few years since anyone's touched this article. I'm writing my dissertation on virtue ethics and so thought I'd overhaul it. I'm starting with restructures so that there is a clear (introduction, history, topic 1, topic 2) approach that works very well on other philosophy articles (like the philosophy of science article for instance).

Then I'll add a ton of citations. I've got dozens of books and hundreds of articles in mind from my research.

Then I'll revise the Lede. My favorite part, but must save it for last.

Please review my changes and improve them or let me know what else to improve. Thanks, CircularReason (talk) 06:16, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

History of virtue citations?
Explaining the history of virtue and how it came about is highly important in understanding virtue ethics. However, nothing is cited in this section. Where is the information coming from? Every fact does not have a point of reference. Aristotle and Plato are mentioned in this section, but adding more information about them and how their work introduced the idea of virtue will give a better understanding of what virtue is. Nayeli8rojas (talk) 03:53, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Missing criticism
Did I miss the inclusion of this, or is the criticism entirely lacking the challenge to virtue ethics to say why certain things are virtuous? Such invariably has an answer that is either deontological (the virtues are duties) or consequentialist (the virtues are what build a stable society)? LeapUK (talk) 07:24, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virtue ethics


text:
Polyphase system

A polyphase system (the term coined by Silvanus Thompson) is a means of distributing alternating-current (AC) electrical power that utilizes more than one AC phase, which refers to the phase offset value (in degrees) between AC in multiple conducting wires; phases may also refer to the corresponding terminals and conductors, as in color codes. Polyphase systems have two or more energized electrical conductors carrying alternating currents with a defined phase between the voltage waves in each conductor. Early systems used 4 wire two-phase with a 90° phase angle, but modern systems almost universally use three-phase voltage, with a phase angle of 120° (or 2π/3 radians).

Polyphase systems are particularly useful for transmitting power to electric motors which rely on alternating current to rotate. Three-phase power is used for industrial applications and for power transmission. Compared to a single-phase, two-wire system, a three-phase three-wire system transmits three times as much power for the same conductor size and voltage, using only 1.5 times as many conductors, making it twice as efficient in conductor utilization.

Systems with more than three phases are often used for rectifier and power conversion systems, and have been studied for power transmission.

Number of phases
In the very early days of commercial electric power, some installations used two-phase four-wire systems for motors. The chief advantage of these was that the winding configuration was the same as for a single-phase capacitor-start motor and, by using a four-wire system, conceptually the phases were independent and easy to analyse with mathematical tools available at the time.

Two-phase systems can also be implemented using three wires (two "hot" plus a common neutral). However this introduces asymmetry; the voltage drop in the neutral makes the phases not exactly 90 degrees apart.

Two-phase systems have been replaced with three-phase systems. The move from two to three phases was originally motivated by making a more ideal rotating field for AC motors: Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky calculated that, for simple winding configurations of the time, the magnetic field fluctuation can be reduced from 40% to a 15%. This is less important in modern machines that create a nearly ideal rotating field using sinusoidally distributed windings, but three-phase systems retain other advantages.

A two-phase supply with 90 degrees between phases can be derived from a three-phase system using a Scott-connected transformer, which can also produce three-phase power from a two-phase input.

A polyphase system must provide a defined direction of phase rotation, so mirror image voltages do not count towards the phase order. A 3-wire system with two phase conductors 180 degrees apart is still only single phase. Such systems are sometimes described as split-phase.

Motors

Polyphase power is particularly useful in AC motors, such as the induction motor, where it generates a rotating magnetic field. When a three-or-more-phase supply completes one full cycle, the magnetic field of a two-poles-per-phase motor has rotated through 360° in physical space; motors with more than two poles per phase require more power supply cycles to complete one physical revolution of the magnetic field and so these motors run more slowly. Induction motors using a rotating magnetic field were independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla and developed in a three-phase form by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky in 1889. Previously all commercial motors were DC, with expensive commutators, high-maintenance brushes and characteristics unsuitable for operation on an alternating current network. Polyphase motors are simple to construct, are self-starting and have little vibration compared with single-phase motors.

Higher phase order
Once polyphase power is available, it may be converted to any desired number of phases with a suitable arrangement of transformers. Thus, the need for more than three phases is unusual, but higher phase numbers than three have been used.

High-phase-order (HPO) power transmission has been frequently proposed as a way to increase transmission capacity within a limited-width right of way. Transmitted power is proportional to the square of the phase-to-ground voltage drop, but transmission lines require conductors spaced adequately distant to prevent both phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase electrical arcs. For three-phase power, the phase-to-phase voltage, which is $√3≈1.7$ times the phase-to-ground voltage, dominates. Higher-phase systems at the same phase-to-ground voltage have less voltage difference between adjacent phases, allowing a tighter conductor spacing. For six- and higher-phase power systems, the dominant effect becomes the phase-to-ground voltage instead.

Six-phase operation thus lets an existing double-circuit transmission line carry more power without requiring additional conductor cable. However, it requires the capital expense and impedance losses of new phase-converting transformers to interface with the conventional three-phase grid. They are particularly economical when the alternative is upgrading an existing extra high voltage (EHV, more than 345 kV phase-to-phase) transmission line to ultra-high voltage (UHV, more than 800 kV) standards.

Between 1992 and 1995, New York State Electric & Gas operated a 1.5 mile 93kV 6-phase transmission line converted from a double-circuit 3-phase 115kV transmission line. The primary result was that it is economically favorable to operate an existing double-circuit 115kV 3-phase line as a 6-phase line for distances greater than 23–28 miles.

Three-phase power lines rely on transposition to equalize across all phases transmission losses due to slight deviations from ideal geometry. This is not possible with higher-phase lines, because a transposition can only swap adjacent phases, and the dihedral group on $n$ elements coincides with the full symmetric group only for $n≤3$. Full application of even that limited transposition scheme is necessary to properly protect against ground faults.

Multi-phase power generation designs with 5, 7, 9, 12, and 15 phases in conjunction with multi-phase induction generators (MPIGs) driven by wind turbines have been proposed. An induction generator produces electrical power when its rotor is turned faster than the synchronous speed. A multi-phase induction generator has more poles, and therefore a lower synchronous speed. Since the rotation speed of a wind turbine may be too slow for a substantial portion of its operation to generate single-phase or even three-phase AC power, higher phase orders allow the system to capture a larger portion of the rotational energy as electric power.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Polyphase system


text:
Zhaojun Tomb

The Zhaojun Tomb, located by the Da Hi River nine kilometers south of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, is said to be the resting place of Wang Zhaojun, a commoner woman from the Han dynasty who married a Xiongnu Chanyu, nomadic chieftain from the steppes. The tomb is also referred to by its Mongolian name, Temür Urkhu, meaning "Iron Wall". Another nickname, "Green Mound", refers to a legend that in autumn, when grass and trees wither, those plants on the cemetery mound continue to prosper.

The tomb, one of the major attractions in the city of Hohhot, occupies some 13,000 m2 of land, with a 33-metre mound containing Zhaojun's coffin. The tomb is honorary, Wang Zhaojun is not actually buried here. Her true grave and cause of death is unknown. Still the "tomb" is visited by thousands of Chinese tourists each year and is noted for its attractive scenery.

The first Chinese mention of the cemetery in written record is in the Tang dynasty, by Du You (杜佑) in A Comprehensive Guide (通典). Former Chinese head of state Dong Biwu wrote the inscription on the entrance plaque to the tomb.

title: Zhaojun Tomb


text:
American Rivers Conference

The American Rivers Conference (A-R-C) is an intercollegiate athletic conference that competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III. From 1927 until August 9, 2018, it was known officially as the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) and commonly as the Iowa Conference.

History
The A-R-C dates back to December 8, 1922, when representatives from 12 colleges formed the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Charter members were Buena Vista College, Central University of Iowa, Ellsworth College, Iowa Wesleyan College, Luther College, Morningside College, Parsons College, St. Ambrose College, Simpson College, Upper Iowa University, Western Union College and Penn College. Des Moines University was voted into the conference at that meeting as well.

The first Conference constitution was published in January 1923. Also that year, Judge Hubert Utterback of Des Moines, Iowa was named the first conference commissioner and Iowa Teachers (now known as the University of Northern Iowa) was accepted as a member. Columbia College (now known as Loras College) was admitted in 1926. Ellsworth left the conference in 1927. That spring, the conference's name was changed to the "Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference." After a three-year ban, athletics were reinstated at the University of Dubuque in 1928–29, and it joined the conference in 1929. Wartburg College was admitted to the conference in 1936, beginning competition the following year. Morningside dropped out in 1936 because of inactivity. William Penn was suspended from the conference in 1949 for using ineligible players. The school was back in the conference in 1951, though it did not compete in football until later. In 1951, St. Ambrose and Loras dropped from football competition.

The Iowa Conference reorganized in 1953, effective with the 1954–55 school year. Nine schools remained in the conference: Buena Vista, Central, Dubuque, Iowa Wesleyan, Luther, Parsons, Simpson, Upper Iowa and Wartburg. William Penn was re-admitted to the conference in 1960, effective in the spring of 1962. Parsons left the conference around 1963, while Iowa Wesleyan left effective June 1, 1965. Loras re-joined the conference in 1986, increasing the conference membership to nine schools, which continued until 1997 when Coe and Cornell left the Midwest Conference to join the IIAC. The Conference was at 11 schools until its 80th-anniversary year (2001–02) when William Penn decided to leave and switch its affiliation from the NCAA to the NAIA. The IIAC became a nine-school conference when Upper Iowa reclassified to NCAA Division II prior to the start of the 2003–04 academic year and fell back to eight schools with Cornell's return to the Midwest Conference following the 2011–12 academic year.

The conference expanded beyond the borders of Iowa in 2016 with the addition of Nebraska Wesleyan University. On August 9, 2018, the league changed its name to the American Rivers Conference to reflect its current makeup.

Chronological timeline

 * 1922 - On December 8, 1922, the American Rivers Conference was founded as the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Association (IIAA). Charter members included Buena Vista College (now Buena Vista University), Central University of Iowa (now Central College), Des Moines University, Ellsworth College (now Ellsworth Community College), Iowa Wesleyan College (now Iowa Wesleyan University), Luther College, Morningside College (now Morningside University), Parsons College, St. Ambrose College (now St. Ambrose University), Simpson College, Upper Iowa College (now Upper Iowa University), Western Union College (later Westmar University) and Penn College (now William Penn University) beginning the 1922-23 academic year.
 * 1923 - Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa) joined the IIAA in the 1923-24 academic year.
 * 1926 - Columbia College of Iowa joined the IIAA in the 1926-27 academic year.
 * 1927 - Ellsworth left the IIAA after the 1926-27 academic year.
 * 1927 - The IIAA was renamed as the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the spring season beginning the 1927-28 academic year.
 * 1929 - Des Moines U. left the IIAC as the school announced to close after the 1928-29 academic year.
 * 1929 - The University of Dubuque joined the IIAC in the 1929-30 academic year.
 * 1935 - Northern Iowa left the IIAC fully align with the North Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (NCIAC) after the 1934-35 academic year.
 * 1936 - Morningside left the IIAC to fully align with the NCIAC after the 1935-36 academic year.
 * 1936 - Wartburg College joined the IIAC beginning the 1937-38 academic year.
 * 1949 - William Penn was suspended for two seasons by the IIAC after the 1948-49 academic year.
 * 1951 - William Penn was re-instated back to the IIAC in the 1951-52 academic year.
 * 1953 - Westmar left the IIAC after the 1952-53 academic year.
 * 1954 - Loras, St. Ambrose and William Penn left the IIAC after the 1953-54 academic year.
 * 1960 - William Penn re-joined back to the IIAC beginning the 1962-63 academic year.
 * 1965 - Iowa Wesleyan left the IIAC after the 1964-65 academic year.
 * 1986 - Loras re-joined back to the IIAC in the 1986-87 academic year.
 * 1997 - Coe College and Cornell College joined the IIAC in the 1997-98 academic year.
 * 2001 - William Penn left the IIAC for a second time to join the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and the Midwest Collegiate Conference (MCC) after the 2000-01 academic year.
 * 2003 - Upper Iowa left the IIAC to join the Division II ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as an NCAA D-II Independent (which would later join the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference (NSIC) beginning the 2006-07 academic year) after the 2002-03 academic year.
 * 2012 - Cornell left the IIAC to re-join the Midwest Conference (MWC) after the 2011-12 academic year.
 * 2016 - Nebraska Wesleyan University joined the IIAC in the 2016-17 academic year.
 * 2018 - On August 9, 2018, the IIAC was rebranded as the American Rivers Conference (A-R-C) in the 2018-19 academic year.

Current members
The A-R-C currently has nine full members; all are private schools:

 * Notes:

Former members
The A-R-C had 11 former full members, all but one were private schools:

 * Notes:

Sports

 * Notes

Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the American Rivers Conference that are played by American Rivers schools

 * Notes

title: American Rivers Conference


text:
Talk:Lincoln Motor Company

Sale to Ford
Regarding the history of Lincoln, we learn in one paragraph that: "The Lincoln Motor Company was active until April 30, 1940", while in the very next paragraph we're informed that Ford purchased Lincoln in 1922. While I realize that on some level the two statements need not be mutually exclusive, some manner of clarification of the matter would be helpful for readers.--172.190.17.37 (talk) 05:40, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Audi of Volkswagen?
"Lexus of Toyota, Infiniti of Nissan, Acura of Honda, and Audi of Volkswagen."

You can't put it this way. Audi is NOT to VW what Lexus is to Toyota or Inifiniti to Nissan. And definitely not what Acura is to Honda. You've gathered three different marketing strategies in a half of a sentense. Lexus is a separate luxury brand with vehicles based on proven and successful domestic market models. Infinitis and Acuras are rebadged luxury versions of the mother company's models. Audi only shares platforms with VW without any similarity in the model ranges and enjoys full independence within VAG. Anyway, there's no prooflink so it's pure and simple original research. BadaBoom (talk) 17:07, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Rename to Lincoln Motor Company
Ford announced today (December 3, 2012) that 'Lincoln' is being rebranded as the 'Lincoln Motor Company'

Source: http://www.at.ford.com/news/cn/Pages/Introducing%20the%20Lincoln%20Motor%20Company.aspx

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Crazyrussian540 (talk • contribs)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Wbm1058 (talk) 16:09, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

Lincoln (automobile) → Lincoln Motor Company – The parent company, Ford Motor Company, renamed the Lincoln brand of automobiles, to the Lincoln Motor Company as of 3 Dec 2012. T-dot ( Talk/ contribs ) 19:25, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * Should we change the article name from Lincoln (automobile) to Lincoln Motor Company?
 * Would Support changing the name of the article accordingly, for the reason described - Lincoln brand renamed to Lincoln Motor Company as well documented by multiple sources, assuming no compelling reasons are presented not to do so. --T-dot ( Talk/ contribs ) 19:05, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 *  Support  --Doug Coldwell (talk) 19:17, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Support - makes a lot more sense to change the name to the proposed one. Lukeno94 (talk) 14:54, 4 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

History Section Reconstruction
The content before 1940 was fine, so I left that stand, but as far as organization went, that was all that was there, so the section has been re-organized into something that can actually be edited for content beginning to end. I know it needs some further work, but now there is at least something to work with. --SteveCof00 10:31, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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LETS MAKE A LINCOLN TOWN
DEAR SOMWONE I DONT UNDERSTAND YOU PEOPLE, YOUR LINCOLN TOWN CAR WAS ONE OF BEST CARS ON THE ROAD!! THEY ARE STILL BEING USED ALL OVER US TO THIS DAY, & YOU STOPED BUILDING THEM, & ARE MAKING THE JUNK THAT IS NOT SELLING LIKE THE TOWN.BECAUSE OF THAT I QUIT BUYING, I HAD TO LOOK ELSE WHERE TO FIND A LUXURIOUS CAR, THINK YOU GUYS NEED TO GET YOUR HEADS SCREWED ON RIGHT & GET YOUR SHIT TOGETHER & BUILD A DECENT LUXURIOUS CAR AND GET YOUR PLACE BACK THAT YOU ONCE HAD IN THE MARKET, THE PROVE IS LOOK AROUND IN ALL THE 48 STATES IN ALL THE CITY'S!! ALL YOU WILL SEE IS CABS, LIMOUSINES, PEOPLE WHO BOUGHT YOUR TOWN CARS ARE STILL DRIVING THEM, ALSO ON THE NIGHTLY NEWS WHEN IT IN WASHINGTON ALL PEOPLE OF IMPORTENS GETING IN OR OUT OF LINCOLN TOWN CAR,?? I DO NOT SEE THAT ANY MORE, GIVE ME A GOOD LUXURIOUS TOWN CAR I'LL BUY ONE IN SPILT SECOND, MINE WAS A 2011 LINCOLN TOWN CAR (CARTIER)THE MOST LUXURIOUS CAR ON THE ROAD BAR NONE, AND BELIVE I LOOKED AT THEM ALL, IN 2014 IT WAS TOTAL OUT IN ACCIDENT I MADE MY PRIDE & JOY DID NOT I DID NOT WANT TO BUY A USE ONE,BUT I DID TRY COULD FIND ONE LIKE MINE. I LOOKED A ALL YOUR LINCOLN MODELS BUT YOUR CARS HAVE LOST IT,IN MY OPINION YOU HAVE LOST YOUR EDGE IN THE MARKET, INSTEAD OF STANDING ALONE YOU HAVE JUST FOLLOW THE REST, JUST LOOK AROUND YOU,! YOU CAN'T TELL ONE CAR FROM ANOTHER!!! I HOPE SOME AT THE FORD COMPANY WILL WAKE UP!! AND DO SOMING ABOUT IT. I DID SEE SOME NEW LINCOLN TOWN PROTOTYPES ON MY COMPUTER, THEY LOOKED GREAT SO GET UP OFF OF YOUR ASSES & LETS START BUILDING THEM SO I CAN BUY ONE, I YOU DO PLEASE LET ME KNOW AS SOON AS POSSIBLE IF NOT SOONER MY EMAIL IS( skipschiapelli@outlook.com ) or mail to VICTOR SCHIAPELLI 1581 CAMEO DR SANTA ANA CA., 92705 OR CALL ME AT 714-832-0323   THANKING YOU IN ADVANCE VICTOR SCHIAPELLI

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I think this statement
needs to expanded. "Officially sold?" What does that even mean? Carptrash (talk) 16:11, 25 August 2017 (UTC)
 * "Lincoln vehicles are also officially sold in the Middle East and South Korea."

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Lincoln in NASCAR
Lincoln cars participated in many races in NASCAR's first few years, winning the very first race in 1949. At that time the Lincoln engine had a larger displacement and more power than the flathead engine used in Ford cars, giving it an advantage. From 1954, when the Fords started using the Y-block OHV V-8 in place of the flathead, the Lincoln no longer had a power advantage, and did have a significant weight disadvantage. Thus from 1954 Lincoln no longer appeared in NASCAR races, with those drivers desiring a Ford product using either a Ford or Mercury. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:589:300:CA70:49B1:5B7E:C812:F722 (talk) 01:11, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

I need a Key made
I have lost or either locked the key to my 2002 Lincoln LS in the trunk of the car and need another made can you make one if I provide the VIN Number? If Not can you Suggest a company that can? 75.176.208.12 (talk) 16:38, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

Added a photo
Added an image of a Continental Mark III to the infobox so that there is a recognizable image when you search for the company. Send me a message if this doesn't look good. I think the Mark III is a good choice because it has the iconic slab side look, and represents a portion of Lincoln's long-running mark series. It also helps that I just uploaded this awesome photo of a Continental Mark III ^-^ Let me know if you don't like this image and I can find something else that might work GeorgeRoush5 (talk) 16:59, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
 * It is far from normal practice to illustrate any particular car model in the infobox, as the criteria for inclusion would be far too subjective. There would need to be a broad consensus to change the standard format for these articles, so a discussion at the project talk page would be required. --Sable232 (talk) 21:01, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Since lincoln doesn't have its own headquarters to match the project standard, am I good to add a photo of the Ford headquarters? Continuing to leave it blank doesn't seem to be a good option GeorgeRoush5 (talk) 00:26, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

 * The company logo is often used as the lead image. See https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lincoln_logos for a selection.  Stepho  talk 01:28, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lincoln Motor Company


text:
Chinese Taipei

"Chinese Taipei" is the term used in various international organizations and tournaments for groups or delegations representing the Republic of China (ROC), a country commonly known as Taiwan.

Due to the One-China principle stipulated by the People's Republic of China (PRC, China), Taiwan, being a non-UN member after its expulsion in 1971 with ongoing dispute of its sovereignty, was prohibited from using or displaying any of its national symbols such as national name, anthem and flag that would represent the statehood of Taiwan at international events. This dissension eventually came to a compromise when the term "Chinese Taipei" was first proposed in the Nagoya Resolution in 1979, whereby the ROC/Taiwan and the PRC/China recognize the right of participation to each other and remain as separate teams in any activities of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and its correlates. This term came into official use in 1981 following a name change of the Republic of China Olympic Committee (ROCOC) to Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. Such arrangement later became a model for the ROC/Taiwan to continue participating in various international organizations and affairs in diplomacy other than the Olympic Games, including the World Trade Organization, the World Health Organization, the Metre Convention, APEC, and international pageants.

"Chinese Taipei" is a deliberately ambiguous term, which is equivocal about the political status of the ROC/Taiwan. The meaning of "Chinese" is also ambiguous, meaning either party can interpret it as national identity or cultural sphere (similar to ethnonyms as Anglo, Arab, Hispanic or Iranian). "Taipei" is only reflected as its capital city which does not specify the territorial extent of the ROC. Since the IOC has ruled out the use of the name "Republic of China", the neologism was considered as an expedient resolution and a more inclusive term than just "Taiwan" to either the Kuomintang, the ruling party of the ROC at the time during the Nagoya Resolution, or the PRC, whilst both sides were contending their legitimacy over the whole "China" that regarded to encompass both of mainland China and Taiwan. To the PRC's perspective, whose persistent policy is to keep Taipei isolated on the world stage and balks at any use of "Taiwan" as official title, lest it lend Taiwan a sense of international recognition for its "independent statehood" that may present it as a separate entity from the PRC. The term "Taiwan, China" or "Taipei, China" was rejected by the ROC government because it would simply be construed as Taiwan being a subordinate region to the PRC.

The popular opinions in Taiwan have changed drastically in regard to the cross-strait relations and the nationalistic discourses since the democratization of Taiwan and the end of one-party rule by the Kuomintang, "Chinese Taipei" has constantly been viewed as anachronistic, aggravating, or even a humiliating and shameful symbol by many Taiwanese. The Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign sought alteration of the formal name from "Chinese Taipei" to "Taiwan" for the representation in Olympic Games or further potential international events. A nationwide referendum was held in 2018, in which a proposal for the name change was rejected. The main argument voting against such a move was concerning that the consequence of the renaming impact is immensely uncertain, at worst, the renaming dispute could be used by China as an excuse to exclude Taiwan from participating in the Olympic Games completely and force its existing membership to be revoked. This was the case when Taiwan was stripped of the right to host 2019 East Asian Youth Games amid its renaming issue with China during that year.

Two Chinas at the Olympics
In the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was established and the nationalist Republic of China (ROC) government retreated to Taiwan, previously a Qing territory that was ceded to Japanese rule from 1895 until its surrender at the end of World War II in 1945. As time went on, the increased official recognition of the PRC in international activities, such as when accorded recognition in 1971 by the United Nations, instead of that accorded previously to the ROC saw existing diplomatic relations transfer from Taipei to Beijing. The ROC needed to come to a beneficial conclusion to how it would be referred when there was participation by the PRC in the same forum.

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) recognized both the PRC and the ROC Olympic Committees in 1954. In 1958, the PRC withdrew its membership from the IOC and nine other international sports organizations in protest against the two-Chinas policy. After the withdrawal of the PRC, the IOC had been using a number of names in international Olympic activities to differentiate the ROC from the PRC. "Formosa" was used at the 1960 Summer Olympics, and "Taiwan" was used in 1964 and 1968. In 1975, the PRC applied to rejoin the IOC as the sole sports organization representing the whole China. The Taiwanese team, competing under the name of Republic of China at the previous Olympics, was refused the right to represent itself as the "Republic of China" or use "China" in its name by the government of the host country, Canada, at the 1976 Summer Olympics. The IOC then voted to change the name of the ROC team to "Taiwan", which was rejected by the ROC, and the ROC announced their withdrawal from the 1976 Summer Olympics a day before the opening ceremony.

The top ROC leadership at the time asserted Chinese nationalism, contending both parts of divided China are Chinese territories and Taiwan did not represent all the regions of the ROC. What people refer to as Taiwan is one of several areas or islands (Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu in addition to Taiwan) and Taiwan alone did not reflect the "territorial extent" of the ROC. Furthermore, although it is true that most products from the area controlled by the ROC are labeled "made in Taiwan", the trade practices of the ROC are such that the regional area of production is used for labeling. Some wines from Kinmen are labeled "made in Kinmen", just as some perfume are labeled "made in Paris" and not "made in France". Therefore, the ROC government refused to accept the name of Taiwan during the period.

1979 IOC resolutions
In April 1979, the IOC recognized the Olympic Committee of the PRC and maintained recognition of the Olympic Committee located in Taipei at the 81st IOC Session held in Montevideo. The resolution left problems relating to the names, anthems and flags of both committees unsolved. The PRC showed a willingness to allow Taiwan to be included in the IOC but objected to the resolution, reaffirming sports organizations in Taiwan must not use any of the emblems of the Republic of China. He Zhenliang, a representative of the PRC, stated in Montevideo: "According to the Olympic Charter, only one Chinese Olympic Committee should be recognized. In consideration of the athletes in Taiwan having an opportunity to compete in the Olympic Games, the sports constitution in Taiwan could function as a local organization of China and still remain in the Olympic Movement in the name of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. However, its anthem, flag and constitutions should be changed correspondingly."

After the 81st Session, the IOC Executive Board designated the Olympic Committee in Beijing as the Chinese Olympic Committee, with the PRC's anthem, flag and emblem. The Olympic Committee in Taipei was designated as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee, with a different anthem, flag and emblem from those the ROC used and which must be approved by the executive board. Lord Killanin, the president of the IOC, submitted the resolution to IOC members for a postal vote following the conclusion of the IOC Executive Board meeting held in October 1979 in Nagoya. The resolution, known as the Nagoya Resolution, was approved in November 1979 by the IOC members, and later other international sports federations adopted the resolution.

The Nagoya Resolution was welcomed by the PRC as the resolution followed the PRC's One China principle, whereas the ROC decided that the ROC Olympic Committee must strongly protest against the decisions. From November 1979, the ROC Olympic Committee and Taiwan's IOC member, Henry Hsu, filed a series of lawsuits in Lausanne against the IOC for annulment of the Nagoya Resolution. Taiwanese officials also boycotted the 1980 Winter and Summer Games in protest of not being allowed to use the ROC's official name, flag and national anthem.

1981 agreement
In 1980, the IOC amended the Olympic Charter so that all National Olympic Committees (NOCs) when participating in the Games could use delegation flags and anthems, instead of national ones. Juan Antonio Samaranch, the new president of the IOC, met Henry Hsu several times to discuss the ROC Olympic Committee's status in the IOC. In order for the youth to participate in the Olympic Games and counteract the PRC's strategy of isolating the ROC, the ROC government concluded that the ROC Olympic Committee should not withdraw from the IOC.

In 1981, the ROC government formally accepted the name "Chinese Taipei". A flag bearing the emblem of its Olympic Committee against a white background as the Chinese Taipei Olympic flag was confirmed in January. Based on the Olympic Charter amended at the 82nd IOC Session, an agreement was signed on 23 March in Lausanne by Juan Antonio Samaranch, the president of the IOC, and Shen Chia-ming, the president of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee (CTOC). The 1981 agreement, also known as the Lausanne Agreement, specified the name, flag and emblem of the CTOC. The CTOC is therefore entitled to be treated on the equal footing as other NOCs. In 1983, the National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China was chosen as the anthem of the Chinese Taipei delegation, and Chinese Taipei has been listed under the "T" group in IOC protocol order. Taiwan has competed under this name and flag exclusively at each Games since the 1984 Winter Olympics, as well as at the Paralympics and at other international events (with flags on which the Olympic rings are replaced by a symbol appropriate to the event).

Chinese
Both the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) agree to use the English name "Chinese Taipei". The ambiguity of the English word "Chinese" may mean either the state or the culture. The ROC translates "Chinese Taipei" as Zhōnghuá Táiběi. The term "Zhonghua" is also used in the ROC's official name and state-owned enterprises. Meanwhile, the PRC translates the name as Zhōngguó Táiběi or literally "Taipei, China", in the same manner as Zhōngguó Xiānggǎng  ("Hong Kong, China"), explicitly connoting that Taipei is a part of the Chinese state. The disagreement was left unresolved, with both governments using their own translation domestically, until just before the 1990 Asian Games where Taiwan would officially participate under the Chinese Taipei name in a Chinese-language region for the first time, forcing the need for an agreement.

In 1989, the two Olympic committees signed a pact in Hong Kong where the PRC agreed to use the ROC's translation in international sports-related occasions hosted in China. Domestically, the PRC continues to use its own "Taipei, China" translation. During the 2008 Summer Olympics, Chinese state media used the agreed-upon Zhōnghuá Táiběi both internationally and in domestic press. However, during the 2020 Summer Olympics, state media began using Zhōngguó Táiběi domestically 93% of the time. During the 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony, China's state media's broadcast cut away to a clip of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping when Taiwan's delegation paraded as Zhōnghuá Táiběi. The broadcast in the stadium introduced the team as Zhōnghuá Táiběi, while the television broadcast commentator of China Central Television announced the delegation's name as Zhōngguó Táiběi.

The World Health Organization, the international organization to both have Chinese as one of its official languages and have the ROC officially participate, uses Zhōnghuá Táiběi in meeting minutes when the ROC is officially invited, but uses Zhōngguó Táiběi in all other contexts.

Other languages
In French, multiple different names have been officially used. The World Trade Organization officially translates the name as "Taipei Chinois", which has an ambiguous meaning. The text of the IOC's Nagoya Resolution in 1979 used the name "Taipei de Chine" suggesting the state meaning of "Chinese". Before signing the agreement between the IOC and the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee in 1981, representatives of two committees decided that the French name need not be stated. Only the English name would be used in the future IOC official documents. To this day, Chinese Taipei's page on the French-language IOC's website internally uses both "Taipei de Chine" and "Taipei chinois" (with a lowercase "c"; capitalization is not used by default for geographic origin adjectives in French) for some image alt text, but the title of the page itself simply uses the English name "Chinese Taipei". When the name is announced during the Parade of Nations, the French and English announcers both repeat the identical name "Chinese Taipei" in English.

In East Asian languages that would normally transcribe directly from Chinese, an English transliteration is used instead to sidestep the issue. Thus Japan uses Chainīzu Taipei (チャイニーズ・タイペイ) while South Korea uses Chainiseu Taibei (차이니스 타이베이) for their respective-language announcements during the Olympic Games. Meanwhile, Vietnam mostly follows ROC's translation and adapts the Sino-Vietnamese transcription to call Chinese Taipei as Đài Bắc Trung Hoa (alternatively Đài Bắc, Trung Hoa with a comma or Đài Bắc (Trung Hoa) with the brackets used; 臺北中華, lit. 'Taipei, Zhonghua') likely due to the cosmetic and grammatical inconvenience when using direct English transliteration or the original English designation in Vietnamese context.

International organizations and forums
Besides the International Olympic Committee and sports organizations, Taiwan is a member economy of APEC and its official name in the organization is "Chinese Taipei". Taiwan's name in the World Trade Organization, "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", is frequently abbreviated as Chinese Taipei. It also participated as an invited guest in the World Health Organization (WHO) under the name of Chinese Taipei. The WHO is the only agency of the United Nations that the ROC is able, provided it is invited each year, to participate in since 1971.

The terminology has spilled into apolitical arenas. The PRC has successfully pressured some international organizations and NGOs to refer to the ROC as Chinese Taipei. The International Society for Horticultural Science replaced "Taiwan" with "Chinese Taipei" in designation used for the membership. In a similar case, two Taiwanese medical groups were forced to change the word "Taiwan" in their membership names of ISRRT due to a request by the WHO.

In the Miss World 1998, the government of the PRC pressured the Miss World Organization to rename Miss Republic of China 1998 to "Miss Chinese Taipei". The same happened in 2000, but with the Miss Universe Organization. Three years later at the Miss Universe pageant in Panama, the first official Miss China and Miss Taiwan competed alongside each other for the first time in history, prompting the PRC government to again demand that Miss Taiwan assume the title "Miss Chinese Taipei". Today, neither Miss Universe nor Miss World, the two largest pageant contests in the world, allow Taiwan's entrants to compete under the Taiwan label. In 2005, the third-largest pageant contest, Miss Earth, initially allowed Taiwanese contestant to compete as "Miss Taiwan"; a week into the pageant, however, the contestant's sash was updated to "Taiwan ROC". In 2008, Miss Earth changed the country's label to Chinese Taipei.

In Taiwan
The name is controversial in modern Taiwan; many Taiwanese see it as a result of shameful but necessary compromise, and a symbol of oppression that mainland China forced upon them. The title "Chinese Taipei" has been described as confusing, as it leads some people to believe that "Taipei" is a country or that it is located in and/or governed by mainland China. Taiwanese Olympian Chi Cheng has described competing under the name as "aggravating, humiliating and depressing."

Changing demographics and opinions in the country meant that more than 80% of citizens in 2016 saw themselves as Taiwanese, not Chinese, whereas in 1991, this figure was only 13.6%. This radical upswell in Taiwanese national identity has seen a re-appraisal and removal of "sinocentric" labels and figures established by the government during the period of Martial Law. For sporting events, the ROC team is abbreviated in Taiwan as the Team Zhonghua. Starting around the time of the 2004 Summer Olympics, there has been a movement in Taiwan to change media references to the team to "Taiwan". During the 2020 Summer Olympics, most TV channels referred to the ROC as Team Zhonghua while some channels preferred Team Taiwan.

2017 Summer Universiade
Use of the label came under vigorous renewed criticism during the run-up to the 2017 Summer Universiade, hosted in Taiwan. An English-language guide to the Universiade was lambasted for its "absurd" use of the label. The guide was rendered nonsensically by completely avoiding the name "Taiwan" not only when referring to the label under which Taiwanese athletes compete, but even when referring to geographical features such as the island of Taiwan itself. These statements included "Introduction of our Island: ... Chinese Taipei is long and narrow that lies north to south", and "Chinese Taipei is a special island and its Capital Taipei is a great place to experience Taipei's culture."

In response, the guide was withdrawn and shortly thereafter re-issued with the designation "Taiwan" reinstated. Despite these corrections, hundreds of Taiwanese demonstrated in Taipei, demanding that Taiwan cease using "Chinese Taipei" at sporting events.

2018 referendum
In February 2018, an alliance of civic organizations submitted a proposal to Taiwan's Central Election Commission (CEC). The proposed referendum asks if the nation should apply under the name of "Taiwan" for all international sports events, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The proposal influenced the East Asian Olympic Committee (EAOC) to revoke Taichung's right to host the first East Asian Youth Games due to "political factors". An International Olympic Committee (IOC) representative reportedly said this was entirely the decision of the EAOC, and the IOC had no role in the ruling. The IOC also disapproved the altered name and sent three different warnings to the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee ahead of the referendum vote, concerning the renaming issue which may disbar Taiwan from Olympic competitions.

Taiwanese people voted during the 2018 referendum to reject the proposal to change their official Olympic-designated name from Chinese Taipei to Taiwan. The main argument for opposing the name change was worrying that Taiwan may lose its Olympic membership under Chinese pressure, which would result in athletes unable to compete in the Olympics. Another proposal for the 2024 Summer Olympics was submitted to the Taiwan's CEC in 2021. The proposal was ultimately rejected by the CEC due to concerns that it might fall outside the scope of the Referendum Act of Taiwan, potentially rendering the Act inapplicable to the matter at hand.

Other alternative references to Taiwan
The terminology used to refer to the Republic of China has varied according to the geopolitical situation. Initially, the Republic of China was known simply as "China" until 1971, when the People's Republic of China replaced the Republic of China as the exclusive legitimate representative of "China" at the United Nations. In order to distinguish the Republic of China from the People's Republic of China, there has been a growing current of support for the use of "Taiwan" in place of "China" to refer to the former.

Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu
In the World Trade Organization, the official full name of Taiwan is "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu", while its official short name is "Chinese Taipei". (In the same way, the official full name of the PRC is "People's Republic of China", while its official short name is "China", as seen in both members' accession protocols. )

As with "Chinese Taipei", the ROC and PRC also disagree on the Chinese translation of this name. The ROC uses Tái Pēng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù (, literal translation: TPKM Separate Customs Territory), while the PRC uses Zhōngguó Táiběi Dāndú Guānshuì Qū (, literal translation: Separate Customs Territory of Taipei, China).

Taiwan, Province of China
International organizations in which the PRC participates generally do not recognize Taiwan or allow its membership. Thus, for example, whenever the United Nations makes reference to Taiwan, which does not appear on its member countries list, it uses the designation "Taiwan, Province of China", and organizations that follow UN standards usually do the same, such as the International Organization for Standardization in its listing of ISO 3166-1 country codes. Certain web-based postal address programs also label the country designation name for Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China".

Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs objected to the term together with other names including "Taiwan, China", "Taipei, China" and "Chinese Taiwan" in guidelines issued in 2018.

Island of Taiwan/Formosa
The term island of Taiwan or Formosa is used sometimes to avoid any misunderstanding about the Taiwan independence movement just referring to the island.

China or Republic of China

Some non-governmental organizations which the PRC does not participate in continue to use "China" or the "Republic of China". The World Organization of the Scout Movement is one of the few international organizations that continue to use the name of "Republic of China", and the ROC affiliate as the Scouts of China. This is because Scouting in mainland China is very limited or not really active. Likewise, Freemasonry is outlawed in the PRC and thus the Grand Lodge of China is based in Taiwan.

Countries that maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan, especially the ROC's older diplomatic affiliates, also refer to the ROC as "China" on occasion; for example, during the funeral of Pope John Paul II, the president of the Republic of China, Chen Shui-bian, was seated as part of the French alphabetical seating arrangement as the head of state of "" between the first lady of Brazil, and the president of Cameroon.

Governing authorities on Taiwan
The United States uses the term "governing authorities on Taiwan" in the Taiwan Relations Act, officially defining the term "Taiwan" to "include...the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores...and the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized by the United States as the Republic of China prior to January 1, 1979." Geographically and following the similar content in the earlier defense treaty from 1955, it excludes the other islands or archipelagos under the control of the Republic of China, such as Kinmen and the Matsu Islands.

Other non-specified areas
The United Nations publishes population projections for each nation, with nations grouped under geographic area; in 2015, the East Asia group contained an entry named "Other non-specified areas" referring to Taiwan. However, the 2017 publication updated the entry's name to the UN's preferred "Taiwan, Province of China".

title: Chinese Taipei


text:
Parliament of China (disambiguation)

The Parliament of China may refer to:
 * The National People's Congress, the legislative body of the People's Republic of China
 * The tricameral parliament of the Republican China:
 * The National Assembly (1947–2005), the defunct legislature and electoral college of the Republic of China
 * The Control Yuan, the former upper house of the Chinese Parliament
 * The Legislative Yuan, the former lower house of the Chinese Parliament, but now operates as a unicameral parliament since 2005 in Taiwan.

title: Parliament of China (disambiguation)


text:
Histriomastix

Histriomastix: The Player's Scourge, or Actor's Tragedy published in 1632 is a critique of professional theatre and actors, written by the Puritan author and controversialist William Prynne.

Publication
While the publishing history of the work is not absolutely clear, Histriomastix was published late in 1632 by the bookseller Michael Sparke. It had been in preparation by its author for almost ten years before its printing.

The title page of the first edition is erroneously dated 1633; as a result many sources cite this as the date of publication. Depositions given in connection with Prynne's trial indicate that the actual writing of the text was accomplished between spring 1631 and mid-to-late 1632.

Themes
Histriomastix represents the culmination of the Puritan attack on the English Renaissance theatre and celebrations such as Christmas, as noted in the following: "Our Christmas lords of misrule, together with dancing, masks, mummeries, state players, and such other Christmas disorders, now in use with Christians, were derived from these Roman Saturnalia and Bacchanalian festivals, which should cause all pious Christians eternally to abominate them."

Running to over a thousand pages, and with a main title of 43 lines, Histriomastix marshals a multitude of ancient and medieval authorities against the "sin" of dramatic performance. The book condemns most aspects of dramatic performance in its era, from the practice of boy actors representing women to the "obscene lascivious love songs, most melodiously chanted out upon the stage...."

Theological and political context
Prynne's book was not by any means the first such attack on the stage, though it certainly was the longest. Its Puritan theology was in any case unwelcome to the civil authorities, led by Attorney General William Noy.

Trial and sentence
Prynne was imprisoned in 1633 but not tried until 1634, at which time he had to appear before the Star Chamber on a charge of seditious libel. Prosecuted by the barrister William Hudson on behalf of Noy, he was defended by Edward Atkyns and John Herne. Sentence on Prynne was pronounced by Lord Cottington, and the other judges (Sir John Coke, Robert Heath, the Earl of Pembroke, and Sir Thomas Richardson) concurred.

At Prynne's trial, some fifty separate and allegedly seditious excerpts from the book were quoted; but the one that has attracted most attention from subsequent critics is Prynne's attack on women actors as "notorious whores." Though Prynne's text made clear he was referring to French actresses who had recently performed at Blackfriars, the remark was, at the time, taken as a direct reference to Queen Henrietta Maria. The Queen had had a speaking role in Walter Montagu's masque The Shepherd's Paradise, which was staged on January 9, 1633, most likely after Prynne's book was in print, but she had also appeared and danced in two earlier masques and performed a spoken part in French in a private performance of Honorat de Racan's pastoral, Artenice, in 1626.

In the end, Prynne was sentenced to be pilloried twice, fined £5,000, and imprisoned for life. In addition, his book was to be burned by the common hangman, and he was expelled from his university, prohibited from practicing law, and mutilated by the severance of his ears. During his imprisonment, Prynne continued to produce anonymous pamphlets attacking leaders of the Anglican Church, which induced the authorities, in 1637, to inflict further mutilation: first, the surviving stumps of his severed ears were cut off, and, second, his cheeks were branded with the letters “S.L.” The letters represented the words “Seditious Libeler,” but since his biting words sometimes attacked Archbishop Laud, Prynne preferred to render them as “Stigmata Laudis,” or, “the marks of Laud.”

Purported retraction
Not long before the execution of Charles I, which occurred on 30 January 1649, a tract began to circulate, datelined "London, printed in the year 1649," and bearing the title Mr. William Prynn His Defence of Stage Plays in a Retractation of a former Book of his called Histrio-Mastix. Written in Prynne’s style and under his name, the text purported to be a retraction of the sentiments expressed in Histriomastix. Prynne responded with a “posting-bill,” or flyer, of his own under the title “Vindication,” which bore the date January 10, 1648, oddly a full year before the publication of the alleged retraction. In 1825, the antiquarian E. W. Brayley undertook to expose the “retraction” as a hoax in a slim volume entitled An Enquiry into the Genuineness of Prynne’s “Defense of Stage Plays,” and his argument addresses, in part, the anomaly of the dates by explaining the slow acceptance of the calendar reforms of 1582.

Aftermath
Prynne was released from prison during the Long Parliament. The notorious book was never fully suppressed; however, in the next generation, even King Charles II had a copy in his library.

title: Histriomastix


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Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association

The Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) is an intercollegiate athletic conference that competes in the NCAA's Division III. There are nine teams in the conference, all located in the states of Michigan and Indiana. The Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association was established on March 24, 1888, making it the oldest college athletic conference in the United States. The current members of the MIAA include Adrian College, Albion College, Alma College, Calvin University, Hope College, Kalamazoo College, University of Olivet, Saint Mary's College of Notre Dame, Indiana, and Trine University, formerly known as Tri-State University. Olivet, Alma and Albion are the only charter members remaining in the conference. Former members include such colleges as Michigan State University, previously Michigan Agricultural College, (1888–1907), Eastern Michigan University, previously Michigan State Normal College, (1892–1926), Hillsdale College (1888–1961), and Defiance College (1997–2000).

The members of the MIAA were unchanged from 1961 until 1997 when Defiance College of Ohio and Saint Mary's College of Indiana were invited to join. Defiance College and Saint Mary's College of Indiana were the first colleges from outside of Michigan to be admitted to the conference. Adrian, Albion, Alma, Calvin, Hope, Kalamazoo, Olivet and Saint Mary's have not been members of any other conference. In 2002, the league accepted Wisconsin Lutheran College as an associate member for the purpose of competing only in football. Wisconsin Lutheran College left the MIAA for another conference in 2007. The newest member of the MIAA was accepted in the 2004–05 season, Tri-State University. Tri-State University changed their name to Trine University in 2008.

History
The MIAA conference was established on March 24, 1888, and is the oldest collegiate athletic conference in the United States. The conference includes 23 different sports, 12 being men's and 11 being women's. The number of sports with competition is 23 (12 men and 11 women sports). These sports include cross country, football, golf, basketball, tennis, swimming, baseball, volleyball, softball, indoor track and field, outdoor track and field, lacrosse, soccer, and men's wrestling. Some past sports that are no longer in competition include bicycle racing, Indian club juggling, archery, and field hockey.

The "Father" of the MIAA, was James Heckman of Hillsdale. Heckman promoted the idea of a permanent league after several schools had sponsored successful track and field days from 1884 to 1887. The first delegates met in Jackson on March 17, 1888, to organize the MIAA. A week after the meeting delegates from Albion, Hillsdale, Michigan State and Olivet drew up the MIAA's first constitution.

The schools that were to be a part of the MIAA in 1888 had diverse enrollment numbers. The largest enrollment belonged to Eastern with 714. Albion was listed as 451, Hillsdale 450, Michigan State 314, Olivet 277, Adrian 150, Hope 148, Kalamazoo 143 and Alma with 95 students. Some of the enrollment figures included many students taking work on a high school level. This meant that athletic teams of those years included both high school and college students. A five or six-year career of athletic participation was not unusual at that time.

On May 31, June 1–2, 1888 the first MIAA track and field meet was held at East Lansing, not even three months after the original meeting. The events that were held included the 100- yard dash, 200-yard dash, 880- yard run, high jump, long jump, shot put, hammer throw and mile relay. Some other events that would not normally be at a track and field meet today, were lawn tennis, wrestling, Indian club swing, horizontal and parallel bar performing, bicycle racing, sparring, and tug-of-war. The teams that competed in this event were Hillsdale, Albion, Michigan State, and Olivet. Hillsdale was the first MIAA track champion.

The following year in 1889, the second annual MIAA Field Day was done. At this Field Day Albion and Olivet participated in an exhibition "football match." It was not until 1891 when the first official intercollegiate football game in the MIAA was played with Albion defeating Hillsdale 36–4. Football was not recognized until 1894 as an official league sport.

The following sports came into effect as follows: Baseball, the 440-yard dash, mile run, high hurdles and pole vault in 1889. Football was recognized as an official league sport in 1894. The two mile run and discus in 1912 and the javelin replaced the hammer throw in 1913. Basketball became a league sport in 1911. Cross country was introduced in 1922 while golf was in 1934. Wrestling was introduced in 1969, but then was dropped in 1981. Soccer in 1970 and swimming in 1971.

Contrary to what many would think that sports for women only started in 1978-79 there is evidence that it started much earlier than that. The first Albion college tennis tournament held six years after the league was formed was actually a co-ed event. In 1936, Albion invited all of the MIAA schools to a play day and convention which was the first attempt to organize a women's athletic program for the MIAA. 100 women from all of the colleges in the MIAA participated in events such as archery, tennis, volleyball, basketball, badminton, softball, and swimming. In 1941 the Athletic Federation of Michigan College Women (AFMCW) was established. It later became known as the Women's Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (WMIAA) in 1946.

In 1977 league presidents voted to allow post-season participation by member schools if they were so invited by the NCAA Division III Football Committee (Harburn 4). This ended a seventeen-year ban on post-season competition. Albion's 1977 team was the first team chosen to participate. Many teams during the ban did not have the chance to show off their skills as some teams were even ranked in the Top Ten nationally, because of the NCAA rule prohibiting more than two teams from the same region being selected (Harburn 4). Hillsdale College left the conference in 1960 because they accepted a bid to a postseason football bowl game and were subsequently suspended two years by the conference.

In 1978–79, the league combined into a single structure the administration of the men's and women's athletic programs of the member schools. This meant that women sports would be included.

Chronological timeline

 * 1888 - The Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) was founded. Charter members included Albion College, Hillsdale College, Olivet College (now the University of Olivet), and the State Agricultural College of Michigan (now Michigan State University), effective beginning in the 1888-89 academic year.
 * 1892 - Michigan State Normal School (now Eastern Michigan University) joined the MIAA, effective in the 1892-93 academic year.
 * 1896 - Kalamazoo College joined the MIAA, effective in the 1896-97 academic year.
 * 1902 - Eastern Michigan left the MIAA, effective after the 1901-02 academic year.
 * 1902 - Alma College joined the MIAA, effective in the 1902-03 academic year.
 * 1907 - Michigan State left the MIAA, effective after the 1906-07 academic year.
 * 1908 - Adrian College joined the MIAA, effective in the 1908-09 academic year.
 * 1920 - Eastern Michigan rejoined the MIAA, effective in the 1920-21 academic year.
 * 1922 - Adrian left the MIAA, effective after the 1921-22 academic year.
 * 1926 - Eastern Michigan left the MIAA for a second time, effective after the 1925-26 academic year.
 * 1926 - Hope College joined the MIAA, effective in the 1926-27 academic year.
 * 1937 - Adrian rejoined the MIAA, effective in the 1937-38 academic year.
 * 1940 - Olivet left the MIAA, effective after the 1939-40 academic year.
 * 1952 - Olivet rejoined the MIAA, effective in the 1952-54 academic year.
 * 1953 - Calvin College (now Calvin University) joined the MIAA, effective in the 1953-54 academic year.
 * 1978 - The MIAA would add women's sports, effective in the 1978-79 academic year.
 * 1997 - Defiance College and Saint Mary's College of Indiana joined the MIAA, effective in the 1997-98 academic year.
 * 2000 - Defiance left the MIAA to join the Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference (HCAC), effective after the 1999-2000 academic year.
 * 2002 - Wisconsin Lutheran College joined the MIAA as an affiliate member for football, effective in the 2002 fall season (2002-03 academic year).
 * 2004 - Trine University joined the MIAA, effective in the 2004-05 academic year.
 * 2008 - Wisconsin Lutheran left the MIAA as an affiliate member for football, effective after the 2007 fall season (2007-08 academic year).
 * 2018 - Finlandia University joined the MIAA as an affiliate member for football, effective in the 2018 fall season (2018-19 academic year).
 * 2021 - Finlandia left the MIAA as an affiliate member for football, effective after the 2020 fall season (2020-21 academic year).

Winning streaks and distinguished coaches
The MIAA has had its share of many winning seasons, but there are some that may stick out more than others. For example, Kalamazoo College men's tennis has been a part of one that cannot be matched by any other college or university in America. They have won or shared every MIAA Finals championship since 1936, which is 72 consecutive titles (www.miaa.org accessed 5/2/10). The only times they had to share the title was with Hope College in 1962 and 2003. Some other notable championship streaks include Calvin's men cross country 33 years in a row (active); Calvin's women track & field 27 years in a row.

Since 1990, MIAA member colleges have won 18 National Division III championships. The first MIAA national championship was won by Kalamazoo in 1976 when it won the men's tennis championship (Renner 19). The Kalamazoo College Hornets would later win back-to-back championships in 1986 and 1987 (Renner 19) and again in 1991, 1992, and 1993. NCAA Division III history was made in 1991-92 when the MIAA claimed two national championships in basketball with Calvin winning the men's title and Alma with the women's. The league has had 82 individual NCAA national championship performances since 1978.

The league has had many coaches throughout its history. There are always some coaches that stand out from the rest. One coach that stands out from the rest is George Acker of Kalamazoo College. Acker was a Phys. Ed Professor and men's tennis coach for 35 years. His impressive resume includes coaching 7 NCAA Division III Championships and 35 MIAA Championships. An impressive 209-1 MIAA career dual-meet record and an overall 537–231 record (www.kzoo.edu/sports/ahof/sport.html accessed October 15, 2008). Acker was the winningest coach in the MIAA. He is followed by John Patnott of Hope College, Tish Loveless (Kalamazoo College), Chester Barnard (Kalamazoo College), and Bob Kent also from Kalamazoo College.

Another such coach was Jare T. Klein of Olivet. As coach of the famed Olivet College wrestling program, Olivet teams won 10 league championships (including 9 straight) in 15 seasons. His team's overall dual meet record during his 29-year coaching tenure was 569 - 119. It appears that Klein may have been a victim to his own success as the MIAA dropped wrestling as a league sport in 1984.

Rivalries
Of course a league will have many rivalries and the MIAA is no different. In a recent interview Jamie Zorbo, head football coach for Kalamazoo College, talked about the tradition of the MIAA and the rivalries. "It is a competitive league; all the teams that are competing have been for a long time and have a lot of history to play for... Great rivalries are made including Kalamazoo vs. Hope; Albion vs. Kalamazoo and the Calvin vs. Hope rivalry in basketball. These are just a few of them." (Zorbo, Jamie. Personal Interview, October 15, 2008).

The Calvin vs. Hope rivalry has actually made national news. ESPN recently identified the nation's greatest college basketball rivalries. Calvin–Hope rivalry tops the Division III and is ranked fourth in all college hoops. ESPN covered this game in 2005 and a "fan poll" was conducted after the game where 80% of the voters voted for Calvin-Hope as number one. It was also covered in July 2007 in an ESPN series (http://www.hope.edu/pr/athletics/therivalry/index.html accessed October 15, 2008).

Current members
The MIAA currently has nine full members, all are private schools:

 * Notes:

Former members
The MIAA had four former full members, two being public schools and the other two being private: Both public schools are now NCAA Division I members, with one being a member of one of the so-called Power Five conferences.

 * Notes:

Former affiliate members
The MIAA had two former affiliate members, both were private schools:

Sports
Member teams compete in cross country, football (men only), golf, soccer, volleyball (women only), basketball, swimming, baseball (men only), softball (women only), tennis, lacrosse, outdoor track and field, and indoor track and field. As a women's school, Saint Mary's does not participate in football or baseball.


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User talk:Alexwatson

Hello, Alexwatson. Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. For help on editing pages, visit How does one edit a page or for help on formatting them, visit our Manual of Style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Oh yes, and does Somebody Else's Problem field look all right to you now? -- Oliver P. 00:44 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks Oliver, Somebody Else's Problem field makes more sense now. I see you also edited the March Hare article I did - I think knowing where best to put in links to other articles is going to be a bit of an acquired skill for me! -- Alexwatson 14:33 6 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alexwatson