text:
Talk:Misamis Occidental

mga empresyon sa Misamis Occidental

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Filipino
Mga empresyon sa Misamis Occidental 2001:4455:4EA:B400:BC01:5C2F:961B:1D3F (talk) 05:00, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Misamis Occidental


text:
Talk:Misamis Oriental

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Misamis Oriental


text:
Talk:Pampanga

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Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.mntc.com/html/projects.htm
 * In Pampanga on Sun Jul 16 21:31:06 2006, 404 Not Found
 * In Pampanga on Mon Jul 17 17:53:34 2006, 404 Not Found
 * In Pampanga on Thu Jul 27 01:25:41 2006, 404 Not Found

maru  (talk)  contribs 05:25, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Angeles
Last time I checked, Angeles is not part of Pampanga, just as Baguio isn't part of Benguet. Is the analogy between the two accurate?

 * Well, technically speaking, Angeles City is no longer Pampanga as it's a chartered/independent city since the 1960s, much like Baguio. But the thing is the people in Angeles are predominantly Kapampangan, thus making it still pretty much associated with Pampanga. Ikabod08 21:49, 8 June 2007 (UTC)Ikabod08

Fair use rationale for Image:Apalit logo.PNG
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BetacommandBot 04:55, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Bernabe Buscayno
Although he is Kapampangan, he hails from Capas in the province of Tarlac, and not Pampanga.

The Schools and Universities / Suggestion
Can we make the list in alphabetical order? This is a long list needs to be organize. Kixzer  a.k.a.  Franz710  00:55, 20 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually this long list serves NO purpose here. I propose to remove it altogether and the education section should discuss education in general and province-wide, such as provincial education standards, and status. -- P 1 9 9 ✉ 15:04, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

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Orphaned references in Pampanga
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Pampanga's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Taruc": From Hukbalahap: Taruc, L., 1967, He Who Rides the Tiger, London: Geoffrey Chapman Ltd. From Luis Taruc: Taruc, L., 1967, He Who Rides the Tiger, London: Geoffrey Chapman Ltd.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 03:16, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

Wrong flag of Pampanga
I knew that this flag has a Union Jack at the top left. Based on my perspective, Pampanga was first colonized by the Spanish, not the British. I discovered that there is a historical variant of the flag, but this flag has nothing to do with Pampanga today. The Philippine government didn't make an official flag of Pampanga. None of the flags of most provinces and cities in the Philippines has a Union Jack on it. BIG DADDY Dunkleosteus  (talk)  23:47, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pampanga


text:
Talk:Oriental Mindoro

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Spaniards discovered Mindoro huh?
Mindoro was discovered''' by the Spaniards in the 16th century, and was initially administered as part of Batangas. The island gained full provincehood in 1921. In 1950, the island was divided into the provinces of Oriental Mindoro and Occidental Mindoro.'''

Im changing the word "discovered" because those Spaniards didnt discover the island when it was already discovered by other people
 * Ah yes, of course. :) Coffee 16:25, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Kamangyan huh?
There is no such language as Kamangyan in the province of Oriental Mindoro and as far as I know, there is no such dialect in the Philippines as a whole. If you are referring to Mindoro's languages, it should be the Mangyan dialect. Renante Beron (talk) 06:21, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

The article is needed to be revised
the FAMOUS section and the newly elected officials doesn't need to be there.

How to compare Population
The National Statistics Office lists the population of Puerto Princesa City separate from the Palawan population totals. In making comparisons between provincial LGUs, should the population of HUCs be included? Shinjimikhael (talk) 18:08, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Oriental Mindoro


text:
Talk:Occidental Mindoro

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Fair use rationale for Image:Ph seal occidental mindoro mamburao.gif
Image:Ph seal occidental mindoro mamburao.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:45, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Flora and Fauna
Kindly include the "tamaraw" (bubalus mindorensis) Ramillav (talk) 21:27, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Occidental Mindoro


text:
Talk:Sorsogon

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Fair use rationale for Image:Bulanseal.jpg
Image:Bulanseal.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Bulusanseal.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Barcelonaseal.jpg
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Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request it's removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://wiki.alumni.net/wiki/Asia/Philippines/Metro_Manila/Pasay_City/Philippine_Hobie_Challenge/#Philippine_Hobie_Challenge_9
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

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External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Sorsogon


text:
Talk:Tarlac

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Use of non-free images in "Adminstrative" section
All of the images of seals used in Tarlac, except for File:SanJose,Tarlacjf3776 11.JPG, File:Tarlac City official seal.png and File:Ph seal tarlac.png, are non-free images and therefore their usage in the article must satisfy 10 criterion found at WP:NFCCP and they also must not be being used in any of the ways listed at WP:NFC. Since the current usage of these images, however, does not comply with the WP:NFC, I have removed them from the article per WP:NFCC for the following reasons:

 * 1) One of the 10 NFCCP criteria is WP:NFCC which says "The name of each article (a link to each article is also recommended) in which fair use is claimed for the item, and a separate, specific non-free use rationale for each use of the item, as explained at Non-free use rationale guideline. The rationale is presented in clear, plain language and is relevant to each use." The "separate" in this case mean a non-free use rationale needs to be provided for each use of the image; In other words, the same non-free use rationale cannot be used for multiple uses (or articles) like is being done in File:San Clemente Tarlac.png and as is also being done for each of the other non-free images.

 * 1) The second problem with the usage of these images is harder to fix than simply adding another non-free use rationale. WP:NFC and WP:NFC say that the use of non-free images like this in tables, galleries and lists is generally not allowed. This is because WP:NFCC requires that "contextual significance" be such that removing it from the article would be detrimental to the reader's understand of the subject matter. The way the images are being used in that article is mainly for decorative purposes. Each of the municipalities, etc. listed in the table has their own stand-alone Wikipedia article where the relevant seal is also being used and can be seen and each of these articles is wikilinked. The images themselves are not being discussed within the article, so there's no reason for them to be used a no information will be lost by removing. The fact that no image of the seal of Ramos is provided only reinforces that the use of the seals is purely decorative and something that is not really needed.

If these images were freely licensed, like the three exceptions mentioned above, then this would not be an issue and they could be used without problem. It may be possible to re-license some of these images as free, but as long as they are "non-free" they should not be used like this. - Marchjuly (talk) 05:04, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Kasuotan ng Tarlac
Kasuotan ng Tarlac 180.191.36.173 (talk) 12:10, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tarlac


text:
Talk:Zambales

The following was transferred from main article by User 68.121.243.78

I am uncertain if it is proper for me to post this, but i feel a need to mention these items which may be lost if not recorded here.

I cannot say that I grew up in Zambales, but I have enough connection with the first district (Subic, Castillejos and San Marcelino) to note the following information garnered from conversations with the elderly gentlemen of the area.

In the Late 70's, I met a carpenter from San Marcelino who told me that there is a volcano in his town. He gave the name of the volcano as Mt. Pinatubo, and he said the volcano is sacred to the aetas of the area. No one else that i spoke with knew that there was a volcano in the area, much more that it's name was Mt. Pinatubo. But in the early 90's, everyone knew this fact very well as it changed every facet of Zambales life.

Another impressive feat of this carpenter is that he could tell time by looking at the sun with a squinted eye. although, his accuracy was only to the hour, he could tell with great accuracy (plus or minus 5 minutes)the 5:00 pm hour, which happened to be the end of the work day and time to clean up and go home.

I wonder how this common tao gained knowledge of this information. Was it in school or another chance conversation like mine?

In the early 80's, I met a fisherman from Subic in the wee hours of the morning. please don't ask what we were doing at that time of the day. The fisherman directed me to look at the sky. He pointed to a cluster of stars in the middle of the eastern sky. I saw about six (i am unsure now as to the exact number) stars with the same size and brightness. he told me that when these stars allign to form a cross, then the time would be four o'clock in the morning. we waited until i saw the cross formation and indeed the time was 4:00 am. He explained to me that it was time for fishermen to set off to do their profession. And that, if the cross could not be seen due to cloud cover, then it would not be safe to go out to sea.

This method of telling time and weather, is as good as any Rolex watch or aneroid barometer. When asked where he learned this trick, he replied that his father who was also a fisherman taught him early in life. So, this trick is really second nature to him, but a marvel to city folk like me.

This will be all for now. I hope you the reader can explain or add to what i have written. I am Noel F.

Bluemask 19:56, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

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Zambales is also a surname of some of the citizens of the Republic of the Philippines
It may be surprising, but ZAMBALES is also a surname of some inhabitants of the Republic of the Philippines. Many of those who have Zambales as their surnames are residing in Zamboanga Peninsula, Panay Provinces,Palawan, and Metro Manila.

Philippines —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 210.213.146.91 (talk) 05:39, 21 March 2007 (UTC).

This looks like a page written by a tourist board of some sort. While it is reflective of pride in the region, it isn't factually supported, written in an encyclopedic fashion, or especially relevant, imho. I'll edit some of the more egregious offenses, but someone with more regional knowledge needs to work on this page. Sonicjimi (talk) 13:42, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Map parameters are breaking the page
I believe that the map you added (beginning with this edit) has incorrect parameters in the image-label templates. The documentation for Image label says that the values for x and y should be between 0 and 1, as fractions of the width and height of the map, but the values in the templates used here are all more than 100.

The result is that on my screen, the entire article page is shrunk over to the right, and there is vast space both below and to the left of the edges of the actual article page when I scroll down or over. (This may or may not render the same way for others, depending on which browser or display they're using.) I think the software is trying to place the labels way out to the right and way down, making the browser act as if there is something on the page in those places.

I don't know very much about this kind of labeled map or image on Wikipedia, or I might try to fix it myself. I hope you'll make it work! Thanks. — Gorthian (talk) 04:53, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

Website
It doesn't seem the website links for the Zambales page is working. It seems there's a new link now but not sure how to edit it. Zjzr (talk) 23:51, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

Zip postal code
how to see 112.198.113.103 (talk) 14:19, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

Philippine politics goverment
how will does my local goverment unit perform in terms of the major function cited previously? 111.90.194.147 (talk) 13:03, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zambales


text:
Talk:Zamboanga del Norte

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title: Talk:Zamboanga del Norte


text:
Talk:Zamboanga del Sur

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Arpan and education
Ilan ang mga bayan ng lalawigan ng zamboanga del sur 103.168.38.26 (talk) 09:34, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

About Zamboanga City's inclusion to Zamboanga del Sur.
Zamboanga City is a highly urbanized city in Zamboanga Peninsula region but it is grouped under Zamboanga del Sur for geographical purposes only. However, Zamboanga City is independently governed from the province. 49.146.18.7 (talk) 05:35, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zamboanga del Sur


text:
Talk:Zamboanga Sibugay

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land area
Where is the area figure from? The 16 municipalities seem to add up to only 2,739 km². Polaron | Talk 19:16, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Sibugay or Zamboanga Sibugay?
What do you think? --Howard t he Du c k 07:49, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

hello ! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.95.82.238 (talk) 12:31, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zamboanga Sibugay


text:
Ticket

Ticket or tickets may refer to:

Slips of paper

 * Lottery ticket
 * Parking ticket, a ticket confirming that the parking fee was paid (and the time of the parking start)
 * Toll ticket, a slip of paper used to indicate where vehicles entered a toll road to charge based on an established rate when they exit
 * Traffic ticket, a notice issued by a law enforcement official accusing violation of traffic laws

Admission

 * Ticket (admission) (entrance ticket), a card or slip of paper used to gain admission to a location or event
 * Electronic ticket, an electronic form of a transport ticket, entrance ticket etc.

Transport

 * Airline ticket, a document created by an airline or a travel agent to confirm that an individual has purchased a seat on an airplane
 * Train ticket, a document issued by a railway operator that enables the bearer to travel by train

Entertainment

 * Ticket (1985 film), a film produced by Im Kwon Taek
 * Ticket (2017 film), a comedy drama film
 * Tickets (film), a 2005 film
 * "Tickets" (song), a song by Maroon 5 from their album Overexposed

Other uses

 * KTCK, AM 1310 & FM 104.1, a radio station in Dallas, Texas, USA, known as "The Ticket"
 * Ticket (election), a single election choice which fills more than one political office or seat
 * Ticket (IT security), a number generated by a network server as a means of authentication
 * Ticket, a file in an issue tracking system documenting a reported problem and the steps taken to resolve it
 * Ticket cases, a series of cases in contract law
 * Tickets also known as Tix, a former online currency in the massively multiplayer online game Roblox

title: Ticket


text:
South Asian river dolphin

South Asian river dolphins are toothed whales in the genus Platanista, which inhabit the waterways of the Indian subcontinent. They were historically considered to be one species (P. gangetica) with the Ganges river dolphin and the Indus river dolphin being subspecies (P. g. gangetica and P. g. minor respectively). Genetic and morphological evidence led to their being described as separate species in 2021. The Ganges and Indus river dolphins are estimated to have diverged 550,000 years ago. They are the only living members of the family Platanistidae and the superfamily Platanistoidea. Fossils of ancient relatives date to the late Oligocene.

South Asian river dolphins are small but stocky cetaceans with long snouts or rostra, broad flippers, and small dorsal fins. They have several unusual features. Living in murky river waters, they have eyes that are tiny and lensless; the dolphins rely instead on echolocation for navigation. The skull has large crests over the melon, which help direct their echolocation signals. These dolphins prey mainly on fish and shrimp and hunt them throughout the water column. They are active through the day and are sighted in small groups. Both species are listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List of mammals. Major threats include dams, barrages, fishing nets, and both chemical and acoustic pollution.

Taxonomy
South Asian river dolphins were traditionally considered to be one species, Platanista gangetica, with the Ganges and Indus River populations being subspecies (P. g. gangetica and P. g. minor, respectively). Heinrich Julius Lebeck named the Ganges river dolphin Delphinus gangeticus in 1801, while Johann Georg Wagler coined the genus name Platanista in 1830, a Latin word derived from the Greek "platanistēs", which may be related to the Greek words platē ("oar") or platē ("flat, broad"). This name was first given to the Ganges dolphin by Pliny the Elder in Naturalis Historia back in 77 CE. In 1853, Richard Owen described a specimen from the Indus and considered it to be the same species as the Ganges river dolphin, but a smaller form.

Based on differences in skull and vertebrae structure, blood proteins, and lipids, scientists declared them to be separate species in the 1970s. The results of these studies were criticized for their small sample sizes and the absence of statistical analyses; by the late 1990s, the two populations were again considered to be two subspecies of a single species. A 2014 mitochondrial DNA study found insufficient differences to support their classification as separate species. However, a 2021 study reanalyzed the two populations and found significant genetic divergence and major differences in skull structure; this led to the conclusion that the two were indeed distinct species.

Evolution
South Asian river dolphins are the only surviving members of the family Platanistidae and the superfamily Platanistoidea. They are not closely related to other river dolphins of the families Lipotidae, Pontoporiidae, and Iniidae, which all independently adapted to freshwater habitats. The following cladogram is based on Gatesy and colleagues (2012) and McGowen and colleagues (2020); and shows the relationship of South Asian river dolphins to other living toothed whale families:

Several fossil species have been classified under Platanistoidea, the earliest of which date back to the late Oligocene (c. 25 million years ago). The number of species peaked around the early Miocene (c. 19 million years ago) and declined afterward. Examples of ancient platanistids include the genera Otekaikea and Waipatia and the species Awamokoa tokarahi of late Oligocene New Zealand, the family Allodelphinidae of early Miocene North Pacific, and Notocetus vanbenedeni and Aondelphis talen of early Miocene Patagonia. Platanistidae fossils have been found in Miocene deposits in Europe and North America. Fossil Platanistoidea showed a diversity of cochlea shapes, though Platanista was unusual in that it developed flatter spirals with larger gaps between them.

During the middle Miocene, the ancestor of Platanista entered the Indo-Gangetic Plain, then covered by inland seas, and remained there when sea levels dropped in the late Neogene and its environment converted to freshwater. River dolphins likely traveled from the Ganges River basin to the Indus via stream capture within the last five million years. The split between the two species is estimated to have occurred around 550,000 years ago based on mitochondrial DNA.

Description
South Asian river dolphins are stocky with broad, squared-off pectoral fins; elongated, slender rostrums (snouts); and tiny triangular dorsal fins. Their neck joints give them great flexibility. Unusual among cetaceans, the blowhole is slit-shaped. The finger bones can also be seen through the flippers. South Asian river dolphins possess some features that are "primitive" for a cetacean, such as a cecum connected to the gut and air sacs near the blowhole. The testes of the males are located closer to the underside than in marine dolphins and descend more. Their skin ranges from grey to greyish-brown in colour, though the rostrum and surrounding areas may have some pinkish colouration. The Indus species tends to be more brownish.

In one study sampling 46 Ganges river dolphins, the maximum length and weight recorded were 267 cm and 108 kg. For the Indus species, the maximum length and weight were 241 cm and 120 kg (80 individuals sampled). Female Ganges dolphins are generally longer than Indus dolphins of both sexes, while male Ganges dolphins are shorter than Indus dolphins of both sexes. Indus dolphins tend to be proportionally heavier than Ganges dolphins, independent of sex.

South Asian river dolphin skulls have unusual features. The maxilla (fixed upper jawbone) has pneumatic extensions or "crests" on each side which curve around the melon and protrude forward over the rostrum. These likely help them focus their echolocation signals in their riverine environment. The Ganges species also has a protrusion near the frontal suture, which distinguishes it from the Indus species. The teeth of South Asian river dolphins are curved and longer in the front, where they remain exposed when the jaws are closed. Indus dolphins have more teeth than Ganges dolphins, averaging 33.2 teeth in the upper jaw and the 32.9 in the lower jaw, as compared to 28.4 in the upper jaw and 29.4 in the lower.

Living in murky waters, South Asian river dolphins are nearly blind, their tiny eyes having flattened corneas and no lens. The retina—which connects to a reduced optic nerve—does not form images but instead merely discerns light. The animal relies on a sphincter-like muscle around the eye to control access to the retina and prevent light scattering, similar to a pinhole. The ears are adapted to hearing low frequencies, having a short, flattened cochlea with widely spaced spirals.

Distribution and habitat

South Asian river dolphins inhabit the northern waterways of the Indian subcontinent. Ganges river dolphins live in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, Karnaphuli, and Sangu rivers and their tributaries. Their range extends from the Himalayan foothills to the Ganges Delta, across the countries of Nepal, India and Bangladesh. It is unknown if they are present in Bhutan. Outflows of freshwater into the Bay of Bengal have allowed them to swim along the coast, and there is at least one record of an individual entering the Budhabalanga River, around 300 km southwest of the Ganges Delta. This species has maintained much of its range since the 19th century but has disappeared from some northern and western rivers and waterways.

The Indus river dolphin mainly lives in the Indus River of Pakistan, with three subpopulations between the Chashma, Taunsa, Guddu, and Sukkur barrages. Two other populations exist south of Sukkur and in the Beas River of India. In the 19th century, this species was reported to have occurred throughout the Indus River system, from the Indus River Delta north to Kalabagh just south of the Himalayas, including all the main tributaries. The Indus river dolphin is reported to have disappeared between the Jinnah and Chashma barrages after 2001.

South Asian river dolphins inhabit major river channels during the dry season and travel to smaller tributaries for the monsoon. They are most commonly found in stream pools, meanders, and confluences, and around river islands and shoals, which produce relatively stable waters. They can be found in pools over 30 m deep, but usually dwell in shallower water.

Behaviour and life history
South Asian river dolphins appear to be active throughout the day. Living in flowing waters, they swim almost constantly with only brief periods of sleep, which add up to seven hours per day. They swim on their sides when in shallow water. River dolphins generally surface with the rostrum, head, and dorsal fin breaking the water and rarely breach or raise the tail fluke, though surface activity can vary based on age, distance from shore and time of day. Diving may last as long as eight minutes among adults and subadults; dives of newborns and juveniles are not as long. River dolphins are typically seen alone or in groups of up to 10 individuals, though enough natural resources may attract up to 30 dolphins. Individuals do not appear to have strong social bonds, outside of mothers and calves. Living in shallow river environments with acoustic obstacles, these dolphins echolocate using repetitive clicks spaced 10 to 100 milliseconds apart. Their clicks are about one octave below those of oceanic toothed whales of comparable size, meaning that they provide less information about the location of an object, but the dolphins' maxillary crests likely compensate by providing greater directional sensitivity. Vocalisations used for communication include bursts and twitterings.

River dolphins feed mainly on fish and shrimp. In one meta study, around 46% of prey items were found to be bottom-dwelling species, while 31% were near the surface, and 23% occupied the middle of the column. The most frequently taken prey are bagrid catfish, barbs, glass perches, spiny eels, gobies, and prawns. When hunting at the surface, dolphins listen for the movements of schooling fish which are then herded with spins, side-swimming, and lobtailing. Echolocation signals are not frequently used at the surface, since many fish at this level can hear ultrasound. At the mid-surface level, the dolphins use more echolocation clicks to find prey hidden in clutter and vegetation as far as 20 m away. They flush out bottom-dwelling prey by digging around.

Little is known about reproduction in these river dolphins. Courtship and mating behaviour for the Ganges species has been documented from March to May, when the water level is lower, and involves multiple males chasing one female and ends with one of the males earning the right to mate. Calves are born around a year later. Births in the Ganges river dolphin appear to be most frequent between December and January and between March and May. For Indus river dolphins, newborns are most commonly seen between April and May. Indus river dolphins calves are around 70 cm long at birth and may nurse for up to a year. They eat their first solid food within a couple months. South Asian river dolphins reach sexual maturity at around ten years, though males may not reach their adult size until 20 years. Growth layers in the teeth suggest South Asian river dolphins can live up to 30 years.

Conservation
As of 2022, the IUCN Red List of mammals lists both South Asian river dolphins as endangered. Two assessments in 2014 and 2015 estimated populations of 3,500 for the Ganges river dolphin and 1,500 for the Indus river dolphin. The Ganges species appears to be decreasing, while the Indus species may be increasing. The habitat of these river dolphins intersects with some of the most densely populated areas, leading to intense competition for water and resources.

The creation of dams and barrages in the Indus River system have heavily fragmented the range of the Indus river dolphin, leading to a population decline of 80% since the 19th century. Around 50 such structures have been built in the historical range of the Ganges species. Fragmentation of populations makes these dolphins more vulnerable to inbreeding. The heavy extraction of water in these dense populations also puts the dolphins at risk.

River dolphins accumulate high amounts of persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, and heavy metals in their system due to being at the top of their riverine food web. Hence, they are seen as bioindicators for the health of river systems. Fishermen compete with these animals for fish of certain sizes. Dolphins captured in fishing nets are usually accidental, but dolphin oil is sought after as a fish lure, and thus fishermen may be motivated to kill caught dolphins. Being nearly blind and relying on echolocation for navigation, river dolphins are also negatively affected by noise pollution from boats.

South Asian river dolphins are protected by law in all the states they inhabit. They can be found in numerous protected areas, including ones established specifically for them, such as the Indus Dolphin Reserve in Pakistan and the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in India. International trade is prohibited by the listing of the South Asian river dolphins on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. The Ganges and Indus river dolphins are considered to be the national aquatic animals of India and Pakistan respectively.

title: South Asian river dolphin


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Algerian

Algerian may refer to:
 * Something of, or related to Algeria
 * Algerian people, a person or people from Algeria, or of Algerian descent
 * Algerian cuisine
 * Algerian culture
 * Algerian Islamic reference
 * Algerian Mus'haf
 * Algerian (solitaire)
 * Algerian (typeface)

title: Algerian


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Earl of Lichfield

Earl of Lichfield is a title that has been created three times, twice in the Peerage of England (1645 and 1674) and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom (1831). The third creation is extant and is held by a member of the Anson family.

Earls of Lichfield, first creation (1645)
The first creation, in the Peerage of England, was in December 1645 by King Charles I for his 4th cousin Charles Stewart (1639–1672), whose youngest uncle Lord Bernard Stewart (1623-26 September 1645) (youngest son of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox), had been due to be created Earl of Lichfield by Charles I for his actions at the battles of Newbury and Naseby but died aged 22 in the Battle of Rowton Heath before the creation could be implemented. Charles Stewart, the son of Bernard's elder brother George Stewart, 9th Seigneur d'Aubigny (who had been killed at the Battle of Edgehill in 1642), was in his place created Earl of Lichfield in December 1645. In 1660 the 1st Earl succeeded his infant first cousin, Esmé Stuart, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 5th Duke of Lennox (1649–1660) in his titles and thus became also 3rd Duke of Richmond and 6th Duke of Lennox.

In that same year he was created Hereditary Great Chamberlain of Scotland, Hereditary Great Admiral of Scotland, and Lord-Lieutenant of Dorset. On 15 April 1661, following the Restoration of the Monarchy, he was invested by King Charles II with the Order of the Garter. He married three times, but produced no surviving male issue, being the last in the male line of Stewart of Aubigny, much beloved cousins of the Stewart monarchs. One of his wives was Frances Teresa Stuart, the celebrated beauty and alleged former mistress of King Charles II.

In disgrace with the king, Charles was sent into exile as ambassador to Denmark, where he drowned on 12 December 1672. All of the English and Scottish titles that descended in the male line became extinct. The titles of Richmond and Lennox (which had merged into the crown in 1485 and 1586 respectively) and Aubigny, were re-granted by King Charles II (with the cooperation of the French King) to his last mistress Louise de Kérouaille, 1st Duchesse d'Aubigny, and her illegitimate issue by him, namely Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, 1st Duke of Lennox, whose descendants survive today at Goodwood House in Sussex.

Earls of Lichfield, second creation (1674)
The second creation, in the Peerage of England, came in 1674 when King Charles II bestowed the titles of Baron Spelsbury, Viscount Quarendon and Earl of Lichfield upon Sir Edward Lee, 5th Baronet, of Quarendon (1663–1716) in anticipation of his marriage to the king's illegitimate daughter Charlotte Fitzroy, whose mother was Barbara Villiers. The wedding took place in 1677. The Lee baronetcy, of Quarendon in Buckinghamshire, had been created in the Baronetage of England in 1611 for Henry Lee. He was the cousin and heir of Henry Lee of Ditchley.

The 1st Earl of Lichfield from the Lee family was succeeded by his third but eldest surviving son, George Henry Lee, who became the 2nd Earl and 6th Baronet. He constructed the stately home of Ditchley in Oxfordshire. On his death the titles passed to his son George Henry Lee, the 3rd Earl. He represented Oxfordshire in the House of Commons and served as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners from 1762 to 1772. He died childless and was succeeded by his grand-uncle Robert, the 4th Earl. He was also childless. On his death in 1776 all his titles became extinct.

Country seat

The family seat of the Anson earls of Lichfield was Shugborough Hall, Staffordshire, about fifteen miles from the city of Lichfield. Admiral Anson, the 1st Earl of Lichfield and others are buried at St Michael and All Angels Church in Colwich, a short distance from Shugborough Hall. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Earl and other Ansons of Shugborough after 1854 were buried in the churchyard of St Stephen's Church in Great Haywood.

Following his father's death in 1960, Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield, decided to give Shugborough Hall up to the National Trust in lieu of death duties, an arrangement finalized in 1966. For his own burial, he chose the Anson vault at Colwich and was buried there in 2005.

Earls of Lichfield, third creation (1831)
The third creation, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, came in William IV's coronation honours of 1831 in favour of Thomas Anson, 2nd Viscount Anson (1795–1854), a landowner and Whig politician from the Anson family who served as Master of the Buckhounds from 1830 to 1834 and as Postmaster General from 1835 to 1841.

The 1st Earl was the eldest son of Thomas Anson, 1st Viscount Anson, who on 17 February 1806 had been created Baron Soberton, of Soberton in the County of Southampton, and Viscount Anson, of Shugborough and Orgreave in the County of Stafford, both in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Also in 1831, the 1st Earl's cousin William Anson was made a baronet (see Anson Baronets). The earldom of Lichfield continued to descend within the Anson family from father to son until the death of the 4th Earl, in 1960. He was succeeded by his grandson, the 5th Earl, the only son of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas William Arnold Anson, Viscount Anson (1913–1958), eldest son of the 4th Earl. Known professionally as Patrick Lichfield, he was a successful photographer.

the titles are held by the 6th Earl, only son of the 5th Earl and Lady Leonora Grosvenor, daughter of the 5th Duke of Westminster. He succeeded as the 6th Earl of Lichfield upon his father's death on 11 November 2005. The 6th Earl married in December 2009 Lady Henrietta Conyngham, daughter of Henry Conyngham, 8th Marquess Conyngham. They have one son, Thomas Ossian Patrick Wolfe Anson, Viscount Anson (b. 20 May 2011).

The courtesy title of the eldest son and heir apparent of the Earl is Viscount Anson.

Earls of Lichfield (1645)

 * Charles Stewart (1639–1672), created 1st Earl of Lichfield in 1645

Earls of Lichfield (1674)

 * Other titles: Baronet, of Quarendon (1611), Baron Spelsbury (1674), Viscount Quarendon (1674)

 * Sir Edward Henry Lee, 5th Baronet (1663–1716), created 1st Earl of Lichfield in 1674
 * Charles Lee, Viscount Quarendon (1680–1680)
 * Edward Henry Lee, Viscount Quarendon (1681–1713)
 * Sir George Henry Lee, 6th Baronet, 2nd Earl of Lichfield (1690–1742)
 * Sir George Henry Lee, 7th Baronet, 3rd Earl of Lichfield (1718–1772)
 * Sir Robert Lee, 8th Baronet, 4th Earl of Lichfield (1706–1776)

Earls of Lichfield (1831)

 * Other titles: Baron Soberton (1806), Viscount Anson (1806)

 * Thomas William Anson, 2nd Viscount Anson (1795–1854), created 1st Earl of Lichfield in 1831
 * Thomas George Anson, 2nd Earl of Lichfield (1825–1892)
 * Thomas Francis Anson, 3rd Earl of Lichfield (1856–1918)
 * Thomas Edward Anson, 4th Earl of Lichfield (1883–1960)
 * Thomas William Arnold Anson, Viscount Anson (1913–1958), married and divorced Lady Anne Bowes-Lyon, a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.
 * Thomas Patrick John Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield (1939–2005), married and divorced Lady Leonara Grosvenor, daughter of the 5th Duke of Westminster
 * Thomas William Robert Hugh Anson, 6th Earl of Lichfield (b. 1978)

Present peer
Thomas William Robert Hugh Anson, 6th Earl of Lichfield (born 19 July 1978) is the son of the 5th Earl and his wife Lady Leonora Mary Grosvenor. Styled as Viscount Anson from birth, on 11 November 2005 he succeeded his father as Earl of Lichfield (U.K., 1831), Viscount Anson, of Shugborough (U.K., 1806), and Baron Soberton (U.K., 1806).

In December 2009, at Chelsea Register Office, Chelsea, London, he married Lady Henrietta Conyngham, daughter of Henry Conyngham, 8th Marquess Conyngham. They have two children:
 * Thomas Ossian Patrick Wolfe Anson, Viscount Anson, heir apparent, born 2011
 * Finnian Anson (born 2014)

title: Earl of Lichfield


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Al-Qastal, Jerusalem

Al-Qastal ("Kastel", القسطل) was a Palestinian village located eight kilometers west of Jerusalem and named for a Crusader castle located on the hilltop. Used during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War as a military base by the Army of the Holy War, virtually all of its residents fled during the fighting and the village was eventually captured by the Palmach.

Crusader period
A Crusader castle called Belveer or Beauverium (in Latin Videbelum) was built there around 1168 CE. It is listed among the castles destroyed by Sultan al-Adil I in 1191–92 CE. No trace remains today of the castle.

Belveer is mentioned in a letter from Eraclius, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, written in the aftermath of the catastrophic Crusader defeat at the Battle of Hattin and dated September 1187, in which he describes the capture by the Muslims of a long list of towns of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the slaughter of Christians "by the sword of Mafumetus the Unbeliever and his evil worshipper Saladin".

Ottoman period
In 1838 el-Kustul was noted as a Muslim village, part of Beni Malik area, located west of Jerusalem.

In 1863, Victor Guérin found modern buildings on ancient ruins. He noted that the village belonged to the Abu Ghosh clan. An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Kastal had a population of 10, in 5 houses; the population count included only men.

In 1883, in the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine, al-Qastal was described as "a small stone village in a conspicuous position on a rocky hill-top" with springs to the east.

In 1896 the population of El-kastal was estimated to be about 39 persons.

British Mandate period
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qastal had a population 43, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 59; 55 Muslims and 4 Christians, in a total of 14 houses.

In the 1945 statistics, the village, with a population of 90 Muslims, had a total of 42 dunums of land allocated to cereals. 169 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, including 50 dunams of olive trees.

1948 war
In 1948, al-Qastal was a key position on the Jaffa-Jerusalem road and was used by Arab forces to attack Jewish relief convoys so as to prevent them from reaching the besieged Jewish parts of Jerusalem. For this purpose, it was occupied by the Army of the Holy War led by Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, the commander of the Jerusalem Hills sector.

The village was assaulted by the Palmach's Harel Brigade and two squads of the Haganah during Operation Nachshon, after a previous minor clash had already caused most civilian inhabitants to flee. Palmach troops occupied the village on April 3, but its commander was refused permission to blow up the houses.

Forces under Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni attacked and besieged the Haganah-held village on 7 April 1948. During the following, foggy night Al-Husayni himself was killed by a Haganah sentinel. On April 8, armed Arabs from the entire area, motivated by the disappearance of their leader, attacked and recaptured al-Qastal. However, Al-Husayni's death is said to have led to a loss of morale among his forces. Most fighters left their positions to attend al-Husayni's funeral at the Masjid Al-Aqsa on Friday, April 9. Palmach troops retook the almost fully deserted village on the night of April 8-9th; they blew up most of the houses and made the hill a command post, which they managed to hold on to.

Israel
Parts of the Israeli town of Mevaseret Zion are located on the former lands of Al-Qastal.

The remains of the village at the hilltop has been fitted out by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority as Castel National Site, "a symbol of the struggle to break through to Jerusalem during the War of Independence", where one can visit the 1948 trenches and a monument to the fallen, see a movie, and descend along a scenic trail.

title: Al-Qastal, Jerusalem


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Tram stop

A tram stop, tram station, streetcar stop, or light rail station is a place designated for a tram, streetcar, or light rail vehicle to stop so passengers can board or alight it. Generally, tram stops share most characteristics of bus stops, but because trams operate on rails, they often include railway platforms, especially if stepless entries are provided for accessibility. However, trams may also be used with bus stop type flags and with mid-street pavements as platforms, in street running mode.

Tram stops without platforms
Many tram or streetcar stops, especially on older tram lines street-running on narrower streets, have no dedicated platforms. Instead, stops are located in the middle of the roadway. Passengers need to cross lanes for motor vehicles to board or alight from trams.

Examples of systems with this type of stops include:

North America

Europe
 * Toronto, ON, Canada: Most stops on all TTC streetcar routes except 509, 510, and 512
 * San Francisco, CA, United States: Muni Metro Lines J, K, L, M, and N and cable cars
 * Philadelphia, PA, United States: SEPTA Routes 11, 13, 14, 15, 34, 36, 101, and 102.
 * Dallas, TX, United States: M-Line Trolley
 * New Orleans, LA, United States: St. Charles Streetcar (in Central Business District)
 * Boston, MA, United States: MBTA Green Line E Branch (3 stops)

Oceania
 * Berlin, Germany: Berlin Trams
 * Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Frankfurt Trams
 * Vienna, Austria: Vienna Trams
 * Lisbon, Portugal: Lisbon Trams

Asia
 * Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Melbourne Trams (many stops outside CBD)

In most jurisdictions, to protect passengers' safety, at stops without a safety zone or designated platform, traffic cannot legally pass a tram or streetcar whose doors are open.
 * Hiroshima, Japan: Hiroshima Electric Railway (Koami-cho station)
 * Okayama, Japan: Okayama Electric Tramway (Chunagon and Kobashi stations)
 * Takaoka, Japan: Manyosen Takaoka Kido Line (Kataharamachi, Yochihisa, Shin-Yoshihisa stations)
 * Hong Kong SAR: Hong Kong Tramways (6 stops)
 * Dalian, China: Dalian Tram Route 201
 * Kolkata, India: Kolkata Tram

Tram stops with high-level platforms
Several light rail systems have high-platform stops or stations with dedicated platforms at railway platform height. Reasons for this include systems being created from former heavy rail routes (as in the case of the Metrolink system in Greater Manchester, England), or to provide a more rapid transit-like commuting experience (such as the Metro Rail system in Los Angeles, California). Such trams also stop at dedicated platform stops on Stadtbahn systems in Germany, especially in underground stations in city centres.

Tram stops with mixed-level platforms
Several tram stops have mixed platform heights for various reasons. In The Hague, Netherlands, on tram lines 3, 4, and 34, between Laan van NOI and Leidschenveen stops, platforms feature mixed heights to accommodate both the high-floor Rotterdam Metro line E and the low-floor standard tram vehicles.

Some stops in the pre-metro network in Brussels feature high platforms with cutouts along the edge. This allows passengers to board low-floor trams while maintaining the potential for future upgrade to full-scale metro operations. The cutouts act as access points for low-floor vehicles, ensuring the station can easily transition to a fully high-platform configuration when necessary.

The Muni Metro system in San Francisco utilizes high-floor light rail vehicles (LRVs). To ensure accessibility for wheelchair users, many street-level stations feature ramps for level boarding. Non-wheelchair users, however, access the LRV by climbing the interior steps from the street-level platform.

Sunday tram stops
Not all tram stops are served full-time. In the 1920s, Toronto created Sunday stops in addition to regular stops along its streetcar routes. Sunday stops were only used on a Sunday and, with few exceptions, were always near a Christian church. There were also a few Sunday stops near subway stations that were usable only before 9 am, the Sunday opening time of the subway system. However, the Toronto Transit Commission decided to close all Sunday stops on June 7, 2015. The TTC found that Sunday stops slow down streetcars making it more difficult to maintain schedules. Also, Sunday stops were also unfair to non-Christian places of worship which never had the equivalent of a Sunday stop. By 2015, most Sunday stops were along current and former streetcar routes.

Tram stops with platform screen doors
The Dubai Tram, which opened on 12 November 2014, became the world's first tram system to feature platform screen doors at its tram stops.

title: Tram stop


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Chippenham

Chippenham is a market town in north-west Wiltshire, England. It lies 13 mi north-east of Bath, 86 mi west of London and is near the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The town was established on a crossing of the River Avon, where some form of settlement is believed to have existed since before Roman times. It was a royal vill and probably a royal hunting lodge, under Alfred the Great. The town continued to grow when the Great Western Railway arrived in 1841. It had a population of 36,548 in 2021.

Etymology
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the town as Cippanhamme: this could refer to a person called Cippa who had his hamm, an enclosure in a river meadow. An alternative theory suggests that the name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word ceap, meaning 'market'. The name is recorded variously as Cippanhamm (878), Cepen (1042), Cheppeham (1155), Chippenham (1227), Shippenham (1319) and Chippyngham (1541). In John Speed's map of Wiltshire (1611), the name is spelt both "Chippenham" (for the hundred) and "Chipnam" (for the town).

Earliest settlement
There are believed to have been settlements in the Chippenham region since before Roman times. Remains of Romano-British settlements are visible in the wall behind the former magistrates' court, and recent redevelopments of the town have shown up other evidence of early settlements.

Early Medieval
The town (not counting the Roman villages now within its boundaries) is believed to have been founded by Anglo-Saxons around AD 600. In AD 853, Æthelswith (sister to Alfred the Great) married King Burgred of Mercia at Chippenham. Alfred was then a boy of four and the wedding was held on the site of St Andrew's church. According to Bishop Asser's Life of King Alfred, Chippenham was, under Alfred's reign, a royal vill; historians have also argued, from its proximity to the royal forests at Melksham and Barden, that it was probably a hunting lodge. Alfred's daughter was also married in Chippenham.

Danish Vikings successfully besieged Chippenham in 878. Later that year, at the Battle of Ethandun, Alfred decisively defeated the Danes, whose forces then surrendered to Alfred at Chippenham (ushering in the establishment of the Danelaw).

In 1042, the royal holding in Chippenham makes mention of a church. The 1086 Domesday Book listed Chippenham as Chepeham, with a substantial population of 177 households.

High and Late Medieval
In Norman times, the royal properties were separated into the manors of Sheldon, Rowden and Lowden. Records show that the town expanded into Langstret (now the Causeway) from 1245, and from 1406 into Le Newstret (now the New Road area of town). Throughout this period, Chippenham continued to have a thriving market in the town centre.

The A4 that runs through Chippenham incorporates parts of the 14th-century medieval road network that linked London to Bristol. This was an important road for the English cloth trade, and so its upkeep was funded in part by Bristol cloth merchants.

Chippenham was represented in the Parliament of England from 1295, and Queen Mary granted the town a Charter of Incorporation in 1554.

Analysis of the wood used to build the Yelde Hall indicates that the market hall was built around 1450. The Shambles and Buttercross were built after 1570. The Shambles were destroyed in a fire in 1856 but the Yelde Hall survived.

The parish of Chippenham Without encompasses the deserted medieval village of Sheldon, devastated by plague; all that remains today is Sheldon Manor, Wiltshire's oldest inhabited manor house, dating from 1282.

16th to 18th centuries
The wool industry took off in the 16th century, partly due to the river. The plague hit the town hard in 1611 and 1636. This, a recession in the woollen industry, and a drop in corn production in 1622 and 1623, caused massive hardship for the town's population. The trade in cloth faced further problems during the English Civil War due to a Royalist proclamation that prohibited the sale of cloth to the Parliamentarian-controlled London.

In 1747, a bribery and corruption scandal (involving two members of parliament for Chippenham) led to the downfall of Sir Robert Walpole's government.

19th and 20th centuries
A branch to Chippenham off the Wilts & Berks Canal was built in 1798, terminating at a wharf at Timber Street near the marketplace; the main commodity traded was coal. The site of the wharf is now the town's bus station, and part of Pewsham Way follows the line of the branch. The Great Western Railway arrived in Chippenham in 1841, and in turn attracted many new businesses. The arrival of these businesses required new housing which led to the expansion of the town into land north of the railway, which in turn led to the growth of further industries to support the building work.

The arrival of the railway promoted the growth of industrial agricultural businesses. In the middle of the 19th century, Chippenham was a major centre for the production of dairy and ham products; this led, later, to Nestlé and Matteson's having factories in the town centre. The railway also led to the growth of railway engineering works in Chippenham: the first of these was Roland Brotherhood in 1842. A variety of companies then took over part or all of the business on the site, until in 1935 Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company Ltd took over the site fully. The signalling side of the business remains at the Chippenham site and is now owned by Siemens Rail Automation Group; the brakes business was taken over by the German company Knorr-Bremse, and is in nearby Melksham.

On 17 April 1960, American singers Eddie Cochran and Gene Vincent, and songwriter Sharon Sheeley, were involved in a car crash in Chippenham at Rowden Hill. Cochran died as a result of his injuries and a memorial plaque was erected near the site.

On 13 February 1998, two unexploded bombs from World War II were discovered in the field behind Hardens Mead during preparations for the building of Abbeyfield School. About 1,100 residents in the east of Chippenham had to be evacuated for two nights until the army carried out a controlled explosion. The Army initially tried to defuse the larger 750 kg device, but it was decided that owing to the bomb's orientation in the ground this would be too dangerous.

Location
Chippenham is in western Wiltshire, at a prominent crossing of the River Avon. It is located between the Marlborough Downs to the east, the southern Cotswolds to the north and west, and Salisbury Plain to the south-east.

The town is surrounded by sparsely populated countryside and there are several woodlands in or very near the town, such as Bird's Marsh, Vincients Wood and Briars Wood.

Suburbs
Suburbs include Cepen Park (North & South), Hardenhuish, Monkton, Lowden, Pewsham, Primrose Hill, Englands, Frogwell, Derriads, The Folly, Redland, Queens Crescent, Lackham, Fenway Park and Hill Rise; these loosely correspond to local government wards.

Landmarks

The original Buttercross, a stone structure, was erected in c. 1570 and stood at the centre of the Shambles at the current location of Barclays Bank. It was used for the sale of meat and dairy products. In 1889, Mr E.C. Lowndes bought the structure for £6 and re-erected it as a gazebo in the kitchen garden of the manor house at Castle Combe, where it fell into disrepair. The Buttercross was re-erected in 1995 by the Chippenham Civic Society, funded by many local people and organisations. It currently stands as the centre-piece of the pedestrianised area of the town centre, where a market is held each Friday and Saturday.

The Yelde Hall is one of very few remaining medieval timber framed buildings in the town. It originally was divided internally for use as a market hall. Both the hall and its meeting room upstairs were used by the burgess and bailiff for a variety of meetings and trials as well as for Council meetings. The space under the Council Chamber was used as the town gaol.

Population
The population of Chippenham civil parish recorded at the 2021 census was 36,548.

Chippenham's population grew rapidly in the 1990s, from 25,376 in 1991 to 28,065 at the 2001 census, an increase of 11%. This reflected the development of large housing estates (indeed, entirely new suburbs) such as Cepen Park to the west of the town, and the Pewsham development to the east (named for the small village of Pewsham, further east).

Governance
The offices of North Wiltshire District Council were in the town until 2009, when a unitary authority was created for the whole of Wiltshire. The offices in Monkton Park were taken over by Wiltshire Council, which has its headquarters in Trowbridge.

The office of Town Mayor was established in 1835, before which Chippenham was governed by a bailiff supported by burgesses. Elected annually by the Town Council, the Mayor is generally appointed to office in May each year, at the "Mayor Making" ceremony. As part of their duties as the first citizen of a town, the Mayor visits organisations, charities and groups representing all parts of the local community, acting as a figurehead to promote goodwill, cultural exchange, trade and commerce. The Mayor also nominates a charity which they will support throughout their year of office. Other tasks include presiding over Town Council meetings and acting as president of various local organisations, such as the Twinning Association and the Sea Cadets.

In 1812, Sir Robert Peel, the creator of the modern police force, served as one of the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for Chippenham.

Until 2010, the town was within the parliamentary constituency of North Wiltshire, traditionally a Conservative stronghold, although in the 19th century some Liberal members were elected. Boundary changes for the 2010 general election saw Liberal Democrat candidate Duncan Hames become the Member of Parliament for Chippenham, a newly created constituency formed from parts of three neighbouring constituencies. In 2015, Chippenham was won for the Conservatives by Michelle Donelan, who held it until 2024 when Sarah Gibson of the Liberal Democrats won the seat.

Chippenham Town Council, which is based at Chippenham Town Hall, is responsible for some public services in the town. For 2020–21 they set the 13th highest council tax of any lowest tier (parish/town) council in England at £262.05 per Band D property, and proposed to increase this to £270.44 for 2021–22. Unlike most town and parish councils, the Town Council employs a Chief Executive rather than a Town Clerk.

Economy
Historically a market town, Chippenham's economy has since changed to that of a commuter town with residents travelling to workplaces in Bath, Bristol, Swindon and even London (almost 100 miles to the east).

Several large businesses have been located in the region, with the biggest former employer being Westinghouse, now owned by Siemens, whose factory complex lies next to the railway station. The company undertakes railway signalling contracts for Network Rail, London Underground as well as railway operators in other parts of the world, e.g. Beijing Subway, Oslo Public Transport Administration, SMRT Corporation, Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation, MTR Corporation and many others. Parts of the Westinghouse site are occupied by a range of companies. There are a number of other industrial sites around the town, Bumpers Farm being the largest.

In 2005, Wincanton PLC, Europe's second-largest logistics organisation, consolidated its head office operations and moved to the newly developed Methuen Park office development in west Chippenham, where it employs around 350 people.

Market
Chippenham is a market town, with street markets taking place every Friday and Saturday around Market Place and along the High Street. A Farmers' Market for the sale of fresh, locally produced foodstuffs is also held here once a fortnight. The original Cattle Market, which closed in 2004, is now being redeveloped by Linden Homes Western Limited as one of the UK's largest eco-housing projects.

Shopping
Chippenham's main retail area surrounds the High Street (which is closed to traffic during the day) and the Market Place. Two shopping centres lie on either side of the High Street: the enclosed Emery Gate Shopping Centre and the open-air Borough Parade, with a medium-sized Tesco and a small Waitrose respectively. In and around the High Street, there are very few independent shops as franchises dominate; there are some independent shops along The Causeway and in the Upper Market Place.

Retail parks, such as the Hathaway Retail Park, Bath Road Retail Park and the Chippenham Retail Park (Bumpers Way), are towards the edge of town and contain larger superstores and fast-food outlets.

The Chippenham Co-operative Society was founded in 1890. Over the years, it played an increasing role in the local economy, becoming deeply involved in agriculture and dairy farming, and for most of the 20th century its department store dominated the lower end of the High Street. However, by the 1960s, the business was facing increasing competition and found it necessary to join forces with other co-operatives, first locally, then nationally, forming The Co-operative Group. In the 1980s, this flagship store was sold and became a Wilko branch, but the Co-operative Group diversified into other areas, such as insurance and funeral services, which still operate through many local branches.

Railway

Chippenham railway station is a stop on the Great Western Main Line. Great Western Railway operates inter-city trains to London Paddington, Swindon, Bristol Temple Meads, Weston-super-Mare, Cardiff Central, Swansea, Plymouth and Penzance. It is also served by a route connecting Swindon with Westbury, via Melksham. The Chippenham and Calne line formerly connected the town to Calne but is now a cycle path.

The station is famous for its railway arches and other buildings engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, as part of the historic Great Western Railway development.

Roads
Chippenham lies 4 mi south of the M4 motorway, which links the town to Bristol, Swindon, South Wales and London. The A4 former coach road, A420 and B4069 provide further road links to Bath, Bristol and Oxford.

The town is bypassed to the west by the A350, which links the M4 motorway with Chippenham and nearby towns to the south, such as Melksham, Warminster and Trowbridge. The A4 national route crosses the southern part of the town, linking Chippenham to nearby Corsham, Calne and Bath. In November 2019, the government approved an eastern extension linking the A4 to the A350 north of Cepen Park.

Buses
Chippenham's bus services are operated by Stagecoach West, Faresaver and Coachstyle. Key routes include the 55 to Swindon, X31 to Bath, X34 to Trowbridge and Frome, 33 to Devizes, 44K to Kington St Michael and 99 to Malmesbury and Swindon. National Express coach services call at Chippenham to destinations including Bath, Bristol, Swansea, Heathrow Airport and London.

Tourism
Surrounding the town are a number of stone-built villages, including Lacock (National Trust), Biddestone, Bremhill, and Castle Combe. The great house and art treasures of Longleat, Bowood House, Lacock Abbey, Sheldon Manor and Corsham Court are within easy reach. Chippenham Museum and Heritage Centre is in the town centre and tells the story of the market town.

Twinned towns
Chippenham is twinned with La Flèche in France and Friedberg in Germany.

La Flèche is on the Loire, 42 km from Le Mans and 72 km from Tours. Its Prytanée national militaire school dates back to the time of King Henry IV of France.

Friedberg is a walled town 64 km from Munich and the Bavarian Alps, founded in 1264 by Ludwig the severe and his nephew. It holds many sporting and cultural events such as the 17th century Street Festival.

Culture
The Chippenham Folk Festival takes place every year, usually over the Whitsuntide weekend.

There is an annual festival in remembrance of American rock and roll singer Eddie Cochran, who died on 17 April 1960 following a car accident in Chippenham on his way back to London during a tour.

From 1963, the Town Museum was housed in the Yelde Hall. By 2000, it had outgrown the site and moved to the former Magistrates' Court in the Market Place. The museum charts the history of the town from Neolithic times until today. By 2005, the museum had attracted over 90,000 visitors.

Local media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from the Mendip TV transmitter.

Chippenham is served by these local radio stations: BBC Radio Wiltshire, Heart West, Greatest Hits Radio South West and Chippenham Hospital Radio which broadcast from the Chippenham Community Hospital in the town.

The local newspapers are the Gazette and Herald and Wiltshire Times.

Sport and leisure
Chippenham is well served with sports clubs and leisure facilities. The Olympiad Leisure Centre opened in 1989, replacing an outdoor pool which had closed in 1988. It caters for a wide range of interests and has a variety of swimming pools and full gym facilities. It also hosts events including the popular annual CAMRA Beer Festival.

Chippenham Sports Club, on the A420 Bristol Road, is a members' sports club. Its facilities include a two-storey pavilion that overlooks the six hard-surface floodlit tennis courts and the cricket square and field. The all-weather hockey pitches are used by ladies' and men's teams. The Dome, an inflatable, all year round, indoor sports dome, provides amenities including netball, cricket nets and a five-a-side football league. Chippenham Town Bowls Club, with its own pavilion, is on the same site.

The town is home to Chippenham Town F.C. They were formed in 1873, and most notably played in the FA Vase 2000 final, when they lost 1–0 to Deal Town F.C. They currently play in the National League South. Chippenham United F.C., formed in 1905, played for twelve seasons in the Wiltshire Football League after World War II, but folded in 1962.

Chippenham Rugby Club is on the western outskirts alongside the A350 bypass and is accessed from the Bristol Road at Allington Farm Shop. This members' club has an all-weather rugby pitch and two full size grass rugby pitches, all with floodlights. In addition there are grass areas for mini rugby, all-weather cricket nets and a cricket ground used by Allington Cricket Club.

Chippenham Golf Club, formed in 1896, is on the A350 as it leads north from the town towards the M4.

Chippenham has a small cinema, the Reel Astoria, on the A420 Marshfield Road, to the west of the town centre.

The Sustrans National Cycle Network Route 403 passes through the town.

17th and 18th centuries
In his will of 1661, Richard Scott directed that his house in Cooke's Street should be used as a school, and William Woodruffe gave an annuity of £5 in 1664 for the teaching of ten poor boys. In 1713 the school was reopened with a benefaction of £10 per annum for 24 boys.

Late 19th century
From 1875 a private venture grammar school existed in Chippenham, conducted in St Mary Street by Mr Wilson and from 1883 by Mr Cruikshank.

In 1891, the Technical Instruction Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 76) and the Technical Instruction Act 1891 (54 & 55 Vict. c. 4) provided financial assistance for evening classes in various science and arts subjects. Earlier voluntary classes were now coordinated, and this became the beginning of a national system of technical education. Subjects included Shorthand, Animal Physiology, Chemistry, Physics, Hygiene, Carpentry and Dressmaking.

In 1893, Edward Newall Tuck was appointed by the Education Committee of the Borough of Chippenham to organise technical classes in Chippenham and district. Classes were held in rented premises at No. 21 London Road and at the Jubilee Institute, as well as in villages including Grittleton and Yatton Keynell. Teachers from elementary schools attended classes in a School of Art on Saturdays at the Jubilee Institute. Mr Tuck, in addition, gave talks on Wiltshire history and nature study; he also served as town councillor and was Mayor of Chippenham from 1931 to 1932. In 1894, pupils were not admitted to classes until they reached the age of 11. Pupils from day schools were admitted free from age 11 to 16. The fees at this time were fixed at 6d per month, the whole expenses of the school being met by fees and grants from the Science and Art Department and the County Council. Higher grade classes for boys, including Woodwork and Chemistry, were held at No. 21 London Road.

In 1896, under the provisions of the Technical and Industrial Institutions Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c. 29), the Borough of Chippenham established the Chippenham and District County School, subsequently known as the Chippenham County Secondary School for Boys and Girls, with Mr Tuck as the first headmaster (he remained in this post until 1939). The first Chair of Governors was former mayor Alderman John Coles.

The premises were still located at No. 21 London Road and the Jubilee Institute. As the tenancy of the private venture school was to end on 25 March 1896, the Town Council paid Mr Cruikshank £10 for the desks, books and goodwill of his school. Boys were drawn from three elementary schools in Chippenham: the British, National and St. Paul's Schools. In addition twelve boys had previously attended the private grammar school. Others were from other private schools in Chippenham, Corsham, Devizes, Calne and surrounding villages. There were 39 boys aged 11 to 16 on the admission register from 13 April 1896. The curriculum included Latin, French, science, history, geography, grammar, bookkeeping, shorthand, arithmetic, writing, geometry and freehand drawing.

In September 1898, a girls' school was established, against some opposition, in the Temperance Hall, Foghamshire; 22 girls were admitted at opening, from the schools of Mrs Parry (Market Place), Miss Alexander (Monkton Hill), Mrs White (Marshfield Road), from private tuition and from local National and British schools.

20th century
On 24 September 1900, the Chippenham District County School opened in Cocklebury Lane, now part of Wiltshire College (built on an acre of land purchased in 1896 by the county, Urban and Rural District Councils). The ceremony was attended by the Mayor and Aldermen of Chippenham. In addition to Mr Edward Newall Tuck as headmaster, the staff included three masters and one mistress; there were 99 pupils. The total cost of the project was £6,000. In addition to the buildings and playground, four acres of adjoining land were rented for playing fields. All day classes were consolidated here and pupil numbers increased rapidly.

On 1 May 1901 the Governors decided that the school should become a Science School. Four scholarships were granted (to three girls and one boy). In July it was decided to establish a centre for pupil-teachers at the school. In 1902, local education authorities were established and Wiltshire County Council became responsible for education in Chippenham. Latin was omitted from the curriculum. By 1904 there were 101 pupils: 50 from urban and 51 from rural areas. In addition 49 pupil teachers were attending, 9 from urban and the remainder from rural schools, and the evening classes had 139 pupils. From 1905 girls from elementary schools attended Cookery classes at the Cocklebury Road site.

By October 1907 the school had 128 pupils: 64 boys and 64 girls. The age of admission was 9, and the leaving age 17 to 18. In addition to the yearly fees paid by pupils, the school was financed by County and Government grants. In 1908 the fees were five guineas a year, including books. However, there were a number of scholarships available and figures for the year show that of 115 pupils (66 girls and 49 boys), 57 held scholarships, one a "free place", and only 57 were fee-payers.

In 1922, the school received further County and Government grants. In the inter-war years, numbers of pupils on roll increased steadily, and by 1929 there were 262. The Junior department was reorganised as a Kindergarten and Preparatory Form, catering for 61 children aged 8 to 10. However, the number of pupils over the age of 16 was proportionally small in comparison with the average for Wiltshire Grammar Schools, and so there was no separate sixth form, although a few pupils did go on to university, some with the aid of County Scholarships.

By the early 1930s the buildings were overcrowded, and by 1935 pupil numbers had reached 288. Wiltshire County Council purchased Hardenhuish Park from the Clutterbuck family to satisfy the educational requirements of the growing town. In 1938, the Secondary Grammar School moved from Cocklebury Road to new buildings (since demolished) on the east side of Hardenhuish House. The old Manor House became the headmaster's room, the school library and some classrooms. The new school extended over 40 acres (16 hectares) of Hardenhuish Park; new buildings contained a hall, gymnasium, laboratories, classrooms, and cloakrooms. In 1939, the Preparatory department closed.

By 1940 there were 414 pupils, of whom 25 were evacuees. 10% were under the age of 11 and, still, only 2% over 16. The Cocklebury Road premises became Chippenham County Secondary Modern School, a senior mixed school taking children aged 11 and over from the primary schools of Chippenham and district.

Modern
The nearest third-level institution is the University of Bath campus at Claverton Down, situated 12 miles to the west of Chippenham.

Tertiary
Wiltshire College & University Centre, the successor to Chippenham Technical College, has a campus (built in 2015) on Cocklebury Road.

Secondary
Three secondary schools cater for students from age 11 through sixth form.
 * Hardenhuish School, Hardenhuish Lane has been an Academy since September 2010. Originally, from 1956, a girls' secondary modern school was designated specialist status as a Mathematics and Computing College and Science College.
 * Sheldon School, Hardenhuish Lane has been an Academy since September 2012. From 1959, a boys' secondary modern school, then a comprehensive from 1975, was designated specialist status as a Science College, Sports College and Language College.
 * Abbeyfield School, Stanley Lane, which opened in 2001, was designated specialist status as a Business and Enterprise College.

Primary
There are ten primary schools in the town:
 * Charter Primary School, Wood Lane
 * Frogwell Primary School, Derriads Lane
 * Ivy Lane School, Ivy Lane
 * Kings Lodge School, Lodge Road
 * St Mary's Primary School, Rowden Hill
 * Monkton Park Primary School, Sadlers Mead
 * St Paul's Primary School, The Oaks
 * St Peter's Academy, Lords Mead
 * Redland Primary School, Brook Street
 * Queen's Crescent School, Queens Crescent

Special schools

 * Silverwood, Malmesbury Road
 * Poplar College, Cocklebury Road

Religion
In the 2001 census, 73.2% of the population in Chippenham parish defined themselves as Christian, 17.3% said they were of no religion and 8% did not state a religion.

In the 2011 census, 59.6% of the population in the parish defined themselves as Christian, 31.1% said they were of no religion and 7.3% did not state a religion.

Church of England

 * St Andrew's parish church is believed to have been built on the site of an Anglo-Saxon church. Many features of the present church are Norman (with the chancel arch being completed in c.1120). The spire was completed in 1633 although the 8 bells currently present were not added until 1734, and the back-lit clock and chimes in 1858. The organ has a case front dating from the 18th century. The church registers date from 1578. There was a Victorian era restoration of the interior of the church in 1875–1878 and again in the 1990s.

 * St. Nicholas church was built in 1779 and replaced an older medieval church that had previously stood on the same Hardenhuish site. The church was designed by John Wood, the Younger of Bath. The church registers date from 1730.
 * St. Paul's church was built in 1854–55 by Sir George Gilbert Scott, was consecrated on 18 April 1855 and has registers dating from that time.
 * St. Peter's original build started in 1885 and opened on 19 November 1886 as a stone and red brick building. The church was replaced by the current church in 1968. The newer St Peter's is a modern six-sided design, originally with a copper roof (now tiled), a fibreglass spire and no internal supports.

Roman Catholic

 * Saint Mary's Roman Catholic Church, originally built in Saint Mary's Place in 1855. The new church was built in 1935 on Station Hill, replacing the original on 29 February 1936.

Non-Conformist

 * Central Methodist church was built in 1909 to mark the centenary of Methodism in Chippenham. It was originally called Monkton Hill Methodist Church but was renamed after it joined parishes with that of Primitive Methodist Chapel, The Causeway which closed in the late 1980s.
 * Christian Fellowship – Elim Pentecostal Church
 * Emmanuel Evangelical Church was founded in April 2005, and meets at its building on Goldney Avenue on Sundays. It is affiliated to the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches.
 * Ladyfield Evangelical Church is also affiliated to the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches.
 * Oasis Church was founded April 2004 by Pastors Ralph and Heather Burden of the Assemblies of God. It focuses on younger worshippers, meeting on Saturday evenings and featuring rock music.
 * The Old Baptist Chapel opened on 10 June 1804 but was not registered until 1810. The internal baptistry was added in 1818.
 * The Salvation Army Citadel was originally opened in 1903 in Bath Road but the building was later sold to Pictons, after which the Salvation Army moved into the Co-op hall in Foghamshire. November 2012 saw the building reopen as The Citadel Hall.
 * Sheldon Road Methodist Church was built in 1901.
 * Station Hill Baptist Chapel was built in 1855.
 * Tabernacle United Reformed Church was built in 1770, replaced in 1826, and refitted in 1889. The church had substantial internal renovations in the 1990s.

Closed churches

 * Cepen Park Methodist Church held services in two local schools and closed in 2005.
 * Primitive Methodist Chapel, The Causeway opened in 1896, replacing an older chapel believed to have been built around 1835 on the same site, which was retained as a schoolroom at the rear of the newer building. The chapel closed in the late 1980s although the buildings remain.
 * Christian Science Society Church, Lowden Avenue. The building is now used by a children's nursery.

Notable people

 * Dominic West, actor, director and musician
 * Gabrielle Aplin, singer-songwriter, attended Sheldon School
 * David Bishop, track athlete, attended Hardenhuish School
 * Roland Brotherhood, railway engineer
 * Major-General Walter Clutterbuck, British Army officer who commanded the 1st Infantry Division during World War II
 * Jeremy Corbyn, former Labour Party leader, brought up nearby at Kington St Michael
 * Piers Corbyn, weather forecaster (brother of Jeremy), brought up nearby at Kington St Michael
 * Jamie Cullum, jazz musician, attended Sheldon School
 * Tom Dunn, hooker for Bath
 * Darren Eadie, Norwich City Football Club player
 * Sir Cyril Fox, archaeologist, Director of the National Museum of Wales
 * Christopher Hinton, nuclear engineer, attended Hardenhuish School
 * Robin Hobbs, England test cricketer, Wiltshire's most capped test cricketer
 * Wil Hodgson, comedian, winner Perrier Best Newcomer 2004
 * Chris Horsman, former Welsh international rugby union prop forward player who moved to coaching, attended Sheldon School
 * Danny Kent, Moto3 motorcyclist
 * Francis Kilvert, diarist, born in Hardenhuish and lived in nearby Langley Burrell
 * Yan Klukowski, professional footballer who played for Chippenham Town, Forest Green Rovers and Newport County, attended Sheldon School
 * Gary Leitzell, ex-mayor of Dayton, Ohio, attended Hardenhuish School
 * Tyrone Mings, professional footballer who plays for Aston Villa, attended Sheldon School
 * Sol Pryce, professional footballer for Swindon Town FC, attended Sheldon School
 * Robert Peel, Prime Minister and police reformer, was MP for a short time
 * David Simeon, television and theatre actor
 * Henry Fox Talbot, inventor and pioneer of photography, served as MP
 * Heather Tanner (née Spackman), writer and campaigner, wife of Robin Tanner, attended Hardenhuish School
 * Robin Tanner, artist, etcher and printmaker, husband of Heather Tanner, attended Hardenhuish School
 * David Turner, played cricket for Hampshire 1966–1989
 * Sir Peter Wanless, Chief Executive at the NSPCC since June 2013, Chief Executive at the Big Lottery Fund from February 2008 to May 2013, former Director of School Performance and Reform for the Department for Education and Skills, attended Sheldon School
 * Victoria Wicks, radio, television and theatre actress
 * Richard Wodehouse, cricketer, one of three brothers of author P. G. Wodehouse

Freedom of the Town
The following military units have received the Freedom of the Town of Chippenham.
 * RAF Rudloe Manor: 1992.
 * Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment: 1994.
 * 9 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps: 19 January 2012.
 * 1st Battalion The Rifles: 19 January 2012.

title: Chippenham


text:
Talk:Iwate Prefecture

Map wrong
The map indictes Akita prefecture. Iwate is east of Akita facing the Pacific Ocean. Desktoptetsu 11:34 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing it out. That's what you get when you do to much copy and paste :(.
 * cheers, --synthetik 11:41 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

What is "Wa-Yamato"? Is it identical to Yamato?Baru 16:20, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mergers
Be careful with the language for city mergers, specifically about merging "with" and "into". "With" would imply a merger on equal terms (vs. an annexation by the larger town/city) but isn't clear on the new city's name. "Into" could imply either an annexation by a larger city, or the formation of a new city by the merging municipalities. The difference between annexation and merging on equal terms is that in the former case a pre-existing city simply expands, whereas in the latter, a new city (whether by the same name or not) is formed (usually requiring renegotiation of the city government structure, policies, etc.).

For example, the Jan 1 merger of "the towns of Ishidoriya, Ohasama, and Towa into the city of Hanamaki" could mean that the three towns merged and renamed themselves "Hanamaki," or it could mean they were annexed by the pre-existing city of Hanamaki.

In this case Hanamaki City merged on equal terms with the three towns, and the new city's name also happens to be "Hanamaki." I changed that instance accordingly, but I don't know the details of the other mergers enough to correct them. Eric's penguin 01:51, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Earthquake Size?
This article gets the level of the Earth at 7.2. But the actual page of the earthquake lists it at only a 6.8. Does anyone have a reason for this difference?

MrEaton (talk) 03:14, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

"Name"
I added a citation for the story about the oni. It's in Japanese, and I'm not sure how to include a partial translation of the text in my reference, but it basically says "The gods made to tie [or chain] the oni between the three rocks of Mitsuishi, but when the oni wailed and begged for forgiveness, proclaiming that he would never perform violent acts again, the gods took pity on him. They made him promise never to return to this place, and forced him to impress his hand on the rock. They then drove the oni out of this land. It is said that even now, after a heavy rain, one can see the oni's handprint on the top of the rock. This is why this land is called 'Iwate' [rock-hand]." elvenscout742 (talk) 01:37, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

Covid
Why are there no cases of Covid whatsoever in Iwate? Sloppy reporting or something in the water? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 36.11.224.77 (talk) 04:29, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iwate Prefecture