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Princess Sophie of Bavaria

Princess Sophie of Bavaria (Sophie Friederike Dorothea Wilhelmine; 27 January 1805 – 28 May 1872) was the daughter of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and his second wife, Caroline of Baden. The identical twin sister of Queen Maria Anna of Saxony, Sophie became Archduchess of Austria by marriage to Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. Her eldest son, Franz Joseph, reigned as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary; her second son, Maximilian, briefly reigned as Emperor of Mexico.

Childhood (1805–1824)
The fourth child of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and Princess Caroline of Baden, Princess Sophie Friederike Dorothea Wilhelmine was born on 27 January 1805 in Nymphenburg Palace, Munich. She was said to be her father’s favorite daughter although she was more attached to her mother, whom she loved dearly. Sophie adored her twin sister Maria Anna and was very close to all her sisters.

Archduchess of Austria (1824–1872)
On 4 November 1824, she married Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. Her paternal half-sister, Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, had married the groom's widowed father, Francis II, in 1816. Sophie and Franz Karl had six children. Emperor Francis II was truly fond of Sophie. Although Sophie had little in common with her husband, she was a caring and devoted wife to Franz Karl who loved and respected her.

Unlike her husband, Sophie was attached to all of her children, especially Franz Joseph, as well as Ferdinand Maximilian, who was her favorite son. She had a reputation for being strong-willed and authoritarian by nature but she was also known as a familiar and sociable person devoted to her family and the Habsburg empire she married into. She enjoyed court life, dance, art and literature as well as horse riding.

Her ambition to place her oldest son on the Austrian throne was a constant theme in Austrian politics. At the time she was called "the only man at court". During the Revolution of 1848, she persuaded her somewhat feeble-minded husband to give up his rights to the throne in favour of their son Franz Joseph.

After Franz Joseph's accession, Sophie became the power behind the throne. Historically, Sophie is remembered for her extremely adversarial relationship with Franz Joseph's wife Sisi, who was also her niece. Elisabeth hated Sophie for being demanding and the upbringing of Elisabeth's children, but there is no evidence that the Archduchess had the same feelings, as Elisabeth is usually described quite pleasantly in Sophie's diary and letters. Nonetheless, she had better relationships with her other daughters-in-law and was a caring mother-in-law to Archduchess Maria Annunziata.

Sophie kept a detailed diary most of her life, which reveals much about Austrian court life. She was deeply affected in 1867 by the execution in Mexico of her second son Maximilian. She never recovered from that shock, and withdrew from public life. She died from pneumonia in 1872.

Alleged extramarital affair
She was also noted for her close relationship with Napoleon II, who lived at the Austrian Court as the Duke of Reichstadt. There were rumors of a sexual affair between them. There was even suspicion that Maximilian, born two weeks before Reichstadt's death in 1832, was actually his child. These claims were never verified, but it is certain that they were very good friends and that his death affected her very much. She is said to have turned into the hard, ambitious woman described in fiction after he died.

Portrayal on stage and screen

 * In the Sissi films (1955–1957), Vilma Degischer played the part of Sophie as a chillingly strict mother-in-law of the young Empress. The stereotype of Sophie as an uptight and spiteful villain seems to have spread from these films.
 * In the 1974 miniseries, Fall of Eagles, Sophie was portrayed by English actress Pamela Brown.
 * Mayerling, a 1978 ballet by Kenneth MacMillan, features Sophie in a slightly more sympathetic light.
 * Elisabeth, a 1992 musical by Michael Kunze about the life of Empress Elisabeth, where Sophie is portrayed as a malevolent intriguer, out to ruin her daughter-in-law's life by any possible means, though more recent productions have somewhat softened her character with additional scenes and a song that give more insight into Sophie's complex motivations and personality.
 * In Sissi, l'impératrice rebelle, a 2004 French television film, Sophie was played by Stéphane Audran.
 * In the 2009 European mini-series Sisi, Martina Gedeck portrayed Sophie in one of the more balanced interpretations of the character.
 * The 2022 Netflix series The Empress features a Sophie played by Melika Foroutan.

Honours

 * Austria-Hungary : Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross

title: Princess Sophie of Bavaria


text:
Talk:Shufflepuck Café

Untitled
From the looks of this page there was also a Japanese version of the game with redrawn graphics. Interestingly, the girl in the screenshot has had her hair changed to blonde from black for this version. I vaguely rememeber reading that the Apple port of the game was not released after it was leaked and widely pirated? Some cracktros for the warez Amiga version of the game contained threats towards a certain woman involved in game development.

 * I thought Biff was blind as well. And there was also the robot with a customizable difficulty level, that isn't part of the tournament but can be played individually. Vyvyan 09:06, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

No Copyvio: Talk:Shufflepuck Cafe/Temp -- Lalala666 18:03, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

It is not a copyvio. I am the user User:85.76.152.179 who originally added the text to this article, I was not registered back then. The text is my own creation, I used my memory of the game to write it, not some external website. It is quite likely that the cited website copied the text from Wikipedia, instead of the other way around. J I P | Talk 09:33, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Nerual Ttoille
I'm not going to change this article over this, but doesn't this opponent copy the player, making it extremely hard to beat him if you launch an hard attack that he's able to counter. Also makes more sense in relation to his name being one of the programmers in reverse. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.207.146.209 (talk) 10:53, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

In my version it was exactly the same, he uses the same strenght that the player uses against him. He was very easy to beat by playing slow and soft until you get an opportunity to make the point. The genreal (Eneg) was much harder. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.123.126.63 (talk) 12:54, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Shufflepuck Café


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Monmouth University

Monmouth University is a private university in West Long Branch, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Founded in 1933 as Monmouth Junior College, it became Monmouth College in 1956 and Monmouth University in 1995 after receiving its charter.

There are about 4,400 full-time and 260 part-time undergraduate and 1,750 graduate students, as well as 302 full-time faculty members. About 80% of faculty members hold Ph.D.s or other terminal degrees in their field of study. The university's student-to-faculty ratio is about 14:1. Forty-four percent of students live on-campus. Most of Monmouth's student body is drawn from the northeastern United States, although student body is composed of students from 29 states and 28 countries.

Early years
The school that would become Monmouth University was founded in 1933 as Monmouth Junior College, a two-year junior college under Dean Edward G. Schlaefer. Created in New Jersey during the Great Depression, Monmouth Junior College was intended by Schlaefer to provide an opportunity for higher education to high school graduates in Monmouth County who could not afford to go away to college. The junior college did not have its own campus at the time of its founding and was housed at Long Branch High School in Long Branch. Due to sharing a building with a high school, classes were taught during evening hours after the high school students had departed.

Monmouth Junior College opened to students on November 21, 1933. The junior college's first student enrollment was reported at 325, all graduates from Monmouth County high schools, with a faculty of 12 instructors. Federal reemployment funds financed the junior college, with approximately $18,000 approved by New Jersey Director of Emergency Relief John Colt.

In 1947, the school received full college accreditation from the New Jersey Board of Education to award associate degrees to students. 100 students became the first recipients of associate degrees from Monmouth Junior College the following year. Support from students and the community is credited with helping the school continue to teach classes and become a privately funded institution.

New location and four-year status
Monmouth Junior College acquired its own campus in 1955 when it relocated from Long Branch to the estate of Shadow Lawn in West Long Branch. The estate was purchased from Eugene H. Lehman for $350,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). In addition to the monetary cost, Lehman signed over the estate under the condition he would serve as the school's president for one year.

A year later, the school was renamed Monmouth College when it was accredited by the state to offer four-year programs that would award bachelor degrees to students. Through the agreement that granted Shadow Lawn to the school, Lehman became the first president of Monmouth College from 1956 to 1957. Schlaefer resumed leadership after Lehman's tenure, serving as president from 1957 to 1962. Monmouth's first commencement was held at Shadow Lawn the same year that Schlaefer assumed the presidency and the first bachelor's degrees were awarded the year after, in 1958.

The 1960s saw further growth for Monmouth in campus size, athletics, student life, and academics. At the start of the decade, the Murry and Leonie Foundation transferred ownership of the Murry Guggenheim House to Monmouth, which became the school's library. The transfer also included a stable and carriage house that would be converted into the Lauren K. Woods Theatre. Elmwood and Pinewood, Monmouth's first campus residence halls, opened in 1963, while the William T. Boylan Gymnasium was built in 1965 as a new home for the basketball team. Additional property was acquired by the college in 1969 when Monmouth was granted ownership of Maurice Pollak's home, the site of what would become Pollak Theatre. Amid the campus expansion, Monmouth College received authorization from the state to offer graduate programs and award master degrees in 1967.

Monmouth's 50th anniversary in 1983 was coincided by its athletics program being granted Division I status from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Teams representing Monmouth competed in the Northeast Conference for the next three decades. The 50th anniversary also saw the first Founders' Day at Monmouth, which would become an annual tradition. Four years later, the school's Athletics Hall of Fame was established. The school's athletic program was joined by a football team in 1993.

University charter
A significant development occurred for Monmouth in 1995 when it was granted university status by the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education, resulting in the school being renamed Monmouth University. The university status was obtained under the leadership of Rebecca Stafford, the school's first female president, who described Monmouth as being "on the move". The College Center, constructed in the 1970s, would be renamed the Rebecca Stafford Student Center in her honor.

The 21st century saw the completion of a pedestrian underpass on campus in 2001. By the end of the decade, the Multipurpose Activity Center replaced the William T. Boylan Gymnasium as the home of the men's and women's basketball teams in 2009. The new facility, which cost $57 million, was described by then-Senior Associate Athletic Director Jeff Stapleton as "probably the biggest undertaking that the institution has done". The facility was renamed OceanFirst Bank Center in 2016 after Monmouth University and OceanFirst Bank reached a $4 million agreement through 2036 that included the naming rights of the facility.

The athletic teams would continue to compete in the Northeast Conference until 2013 when they moved to the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). As the MAAC did not sponsor collegiate football, Monmouth's football team became part of the Big South Conference as an associate member. In 2022, all teams except for women's bowling joined the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA).

Great Hall at Shadow Lawn
The centerpiece of the Monmouth University campus is Shadow Lawn. Originally, it was the site of the Shadow Lawn mansion, constructed in 1903 and housed 52 rooms.

After the original Shadow Lawn was destroyed by a fire in 1927, the current building that would become was built as a residence for Mr. and Mrs. Hubert Templeton Parson. Mr. Parson was the former head of F. W. Woolworth Company. The building was designed by Horace Trumbauer and Julian Abele. Abele is regarded as the first professional African American architect.

Shadow Lawn became municipal property during the Great Depression and until Monmouth acquired ownership, it was home to Highland Manor Junior College, a private girls' school. Today, it is a National Historic Landmark. Some classrooms and the administrative offices are inside of the building.

Shadow Lawn was named to the National Register of Historic Places on March 28, 1978. It was named a National Historic Landmark on February 4, 1985.

Shadow Lawn has also been a host of the film version of Annie, starring Aileen Quinn. Some of the scenes in this movie were filmed inside and outside of the building along with the rest of the Monmouth University campus. Shadow Lawn was used as Daddy Warbucks' mansion.

Following Monmouth's acquisition of the estate, Shadow Lawn was renamed Woodrow Wilson Hall after United States President Woodrow Wilson, who stayed in the original mansion during his campaign in summer of 1916. The current mansion was renamed to Great Hall in 2020, with the university citing racist policies of Wilson for the change.

Murry and Leonie Guggenheim Memorial Library
In 1903, Murry Guggenheim (1858–1939), son of Meyer Guggenheim, bought property in West Long Branch to build a summer residence for himself and his wife, Leonie. The original structure of the Beaux-Arts mansion, designed by Carrère and Hastings is now the Murry and Leonie Guggenheim wing of the Monmouth University Library.

It was also added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 28, 1978.

Lauren K. Woods Theater
The Guggenheim estate also included a stable and carriage house across the road on Cedar Avenue. This has been converted into the Lauren K. Woods Theatre.

Organization
Monmouth University is organized into seven schools:
 * Wayne D. McMurray School of Humanities and Social Sciences
 * School of Education
 * Leon Hess Business School
 * School of Social Work
 * School of Science
 * Marjorie K. Unterberg School of Nursing and Health Studies
 * The Honors School

Centers

 * Center for the Arts
 * Monmouth University Polling Institute
 * Kislak Real Estate Institute
 * Institute for Global Understanding
 * Center for Entrepreneurship
 * Urban Coast Institute

Presidents

 * 1933 to 1956: Edward G. Schlaefer (Dean)
 * 1956 to 1957: Eugene H. Lehman
 * 1957 to 1962: Edward G. Schlaefer
 * 1962 to 1971: William G. Van Note
 * 1971 to 1979: Richard J. Stonesifer
 * 1980 to 1993: Samuel Hays Magill
 * 1993 to 2003: Rebecca Stafford
 * 2003 to 2013: Paul G. Gaffney II
 * 2013 to 2017: Paul R. Brown
 * 2017 to 2019: Grey J. Dimenna
 * 2019 to present: Patrick F. Leahy

Undergraduate admissions
In 2023, the university accepted 90.9% of applicants, with those admitted having an average 3.57 GPA and those submitting test scores having an average 1110-1300 SAT score or average 22-30 ACT score.

Rankings
Monmouth University's placement on the U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking increased during the 2010s, moving from 76 in 2005 to 37 in 2012 and 30 in 2013 among regional universities in the Northern United States. By 2018, Monmouth ranked at 28 among northern regional universities, its highest spot at the time from U.S. News & World Report. The ranking also made Monmouth the highest private regional university in New Jersey and the state's second-highest regional university behind The College of New Jersey.

Despite moving up in the U.S. News & World Report ranking, however, Monmouth University did not appear on Forbes's List of America's Best Colleges until 2021. Mark Blackmon, the director of News and Public Affairs at Monmouth, attributed the school's omission in 2016 to Forbes relying "on some information that can be highly subjective", with schools "[losing] points for awarding grants and scholarships." In response to Forbes allegedly lowering a school's ranking for providing financial support, Blackmon commented that, "We are actually quite proud that we can assist so many students in getting an education", and concluded, "Even though Monmouth failed to make the Forbes list, I think that it doesn't reflect the quality of its teachers and the type of school that Monmouth is. I think it should have definitely made it." The 2021 ranking marked the first appearance of Monmouth University, in which it placed 394.

Monmouth University has held multiple academic symposia on the work of Bruce Springsteen and houses the Bruce Springsteen Archives and Center for American Music.

Activities
Monmouth University has a variety of on-campus clubs and organizations, including the campus television station HawkTV; the college radio station WMCX-FM, one of the last media outlets to interview Bob Marley and the first media outlet in America to announce his death; and the student-run newspaper The Outlook, which has been published since 1933.

The Department of Art and Design is an active participant in the arts of Monmouth. It maintains multiple galleries for exhibiting creative works of students, faculty, and staff, as well as practicing artists and designers.

Monmouth University also has its own independent, student run record label, Blue Hawk Records. The music organization allows students to learn hands-on, gaining relevant experience and encountering situations that would occur in the Music Industry. Blue Hawk Records allows students to work together, alongside experienced industry professionals, to build their skills in talent scouting, artist promotion and development, live music and record releases, artwork, packaging, sales, marketing, further learning the structure of business and how to mold artists into marketable material.

Fraternities

 * Kappa Sigma (Upsilon Kappa Chapter)
 * Lambda Theta Phi (Pi Chapter)
 * Sigma Pi (Delta-Beta Chapter)
 * Sigma Tau Gamma (Epsilon Omicron Chapter)
 * Tau Delta Phi (Delta Tau Chapter)
 * Phi Kappa Psi (New Jersey Beta Chapter)

Sororities

 * Alpha Kappa Alpha (Tau Eta chapter)
 * Alpha Omicron Pi (Iota Theta chapter)
 * Alpha Sigma Tau (Beta Omega chapter)
 * Alpha Xi Delta (Iota Nu chapter)
 * Chi Upsilon Sigma (Gamma Beta chapter)
 * Delta Phi Epsilon (Delta Omega chapter)
 * Lambda Theta Alpha (Tau Chapter)
 * Phi Sigma Sigma (Delta Phi chapter)

Student residences
Monmouth University joined the Colonial Athletic Association on July 1, 2022.
 * Beechwood Hall
 * Cedar Hall
 * University Bluffs
 * Elmwood Hall
 * Garden Apartments
 * Great Lawn Apartments
 * Laurel Hall
 * Maplewood Apartments
 * Mullaney Hall
 * Hesse Hall
 * Oakwood Hall
 * Pinewood Hall
 * Redwood Hall
 * Spruce Hall
 * Willow Hall

Athletics
Monmouth's athletic teams are known as the Hawks. The Hawks compete as members of the Coastal Athletic Association. The school had competed as a Division I (NCAA) school in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference from 2013 to 2022, with football competing as an FCS independent in the 2013 season before joining the Big South Conference in 2014. Monmouth left the MAAC and join the CAA on July 1, 2022. Monmouth fields the following sports at the Division I level: baseball, basketball (men's and women's), bowling (women's) cross country (men's and women's), field hockey, football, golf (men's and women's), indoor track (men's and women's), lacrosse (women's and men's), soccer (men's and women's), softball, tennis (men's and women's), and track & field (men's and women's). In the fall of 2014, Monmouth announced the reintroduction of swimming programs (women's and men's) at the Division I level in the fall of 2015.

Monmouth University (then still Monmouth College), added football to the school's ledger of sports teams in 1993. The team's first game was played on September 25 of that year. The first points in school history were scored on a bizarre defensive play by intercepting and returning a two-point conversion.

A new multipurpose activity center opened with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on September 16, 2009. The 153200 sqft Center currently serves as the primary indoor athletic structure. A partnership agreement with OceanFirst Bank named the facility as the OceanFirst Bank Center in June, 2016. It houses a 4,100 seat competition arena; a 200-meter; six-lane indoor track; locker rooms; educational and conference space; ground-level bookstore; and fitness center. The new facility adjoins the William T. Boylan Gymnasium a 2,500-seat arena built in 1965.

Monmouth has been in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 1996, 2001, 2004, and 2006. Monmouth won their first NCAA men's basketball tournament game in 2006 when they beat Hampton University in that year's play-in game. It was the first time a Northeast Conference school won a game in the NCAA tournament since 1983 when Robert Morris University won in the opening round. Monmouth's men and women's soccer teams as well as baseball, women's lacrosse, men's tennis and men's golf team have also reached the NCAA tournament. The men's lacrosse team made the 2016 NCAA playoff tournament as well. The Monmouth Men's Soccer team is the only sport on campus to ever advance to the second round of the NCAA tournament. The men's soccer team also hosted three first round NCAA Tournament games on The Great Lawn, in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Monmouth's men's soccer team has even been ranked as one of the top teams in the country. In September 2010, Monmouth attained the #4 spot on the NSCAA/HendrickCars.com National Rankings and has been ranked in the national top 25 every single week for the past two seasons. Men's lacrosse won the 2021 MAAC conference championship

Politics and government

 * Tom Gallagher, American diplomat and the first openly homosexual United States Foreign Service officer
 * DiAnne Gove, member of the New Jersey General Assembly
 * Noel Lawrence Hillman, United States federal judge
 * James W. Holzapfel, member of the New Jersey Senate
 * Declan O'Scanlon, member of the New Jersey Senate
 * Lori Serrano, former commissioner and chairwoman of the Jersey City Housing Authority
 * Mitchell Shivers, former Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Security Affairs

Arts and entertainment

 * John Barnes, writer, producer and director
 * David J. Burke, producer, screenwriter and film and television director
 * Cody Calafiore, actor, model, and television personality featured on Big Brother
 * Jeff DeGrandis, animation director and producer
 * Siggy Flicker, matchmaker, podcaster, television personality, and writer featured on The Real Housewives of New Jersey
 * Brian Hanlon, sculptor
 * Jack Lawless, musician and drummer for DNCE
 * Amber Marchese, television personality and entrepreneur featured on The Real Housewives of New Jersey
 * Matt Morgan, former professional wrestler with WWE and Total Nonstop Action and television personality featured on American Gladiators
 * Michael Sorrentino, television personality featured on Jersey Shore
 * Terry Spear, author and novelist

Sports

 * Corey Albano, former basketball player in FIBA
 * R. J. Allen, former soccer defender in Major League Soccer
 * Miles Austin, American football coach and former wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, Cleveland Browns and Philadelphia Eagles
 * Alpha Bangura, basketball player in FIBA
 * Alex Blackwell, former basketball player in the National Basketball Association for the Los Angeles Lakers
 * Wendy Boglioli, former Olympic swimming champion and swimming coach at Yale University
 * Brad Brach, baseball pitcher for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball
 * Tevrin Brandon, former gridiron football defensive back in the Canadian Football League
 * Brian Brikowski, former gridiron football defensive end in the Canadian Football League and the Arena Football League
 * Dave Calloway, college basketball coach and former men's basketball head coach at Monmouth
 * Jim Carone, college baseball coach and head baseball coach at Wagner College
 * Tom DeBlass, mixed martial artist with ONE Championship and formerly with Ultimate Fighting Championship and Bellator MMA
 * Jose Gumbs, former American football safety in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins
 * Ed Halicki, former baseball pitcher in Major League Baseball for the San Francisco Giants and California Angels
 * Chris Hogan, American football wide receiver for the New England Patriots and New York Jets of the National Football League
 * Will Holder, former gridiron football player in the Arena Football League
 * Brian Kennedy, college basketball coach and current men's basketball head coach at the New Jersey Institute of Technology
 * Ryan Kinne, former soccer player in Major League Soccer
 * Eric Klenofsky, soccer goalkeeper for the Toronto FC II of USL League One
 * Pat Light, former baseball pitcher in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox and Minnesota Twins
 * Derek Luke, soccer player in the USL Championship
 * Chuck Martin, college basketball coach and assistant coach at The University of Kentucky
 * Bryan Meredith, soccer goalkeeper for the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer
 * John Nalbone, former American football tight end in the National Football League for the Miami Dolphins, Seattle Seahawks and Dallas Cowboys
 * Kevin Owens, former basketball player in FIBA
 * Chevannah Paalvast, basketball player for the Canberra Capitals of the Women's National Basketball League
 * Ford Palmer, professional middle-distance runner
 * Christie Pearce, soccer defender and former captain of the United States women's national soccer team
 * Justin Robinson, basketball player for the Élan Chalon of the LNB Pro A
 * Greg Soto, mixed martial artist formerly with Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * Neal Sterling, former American football tight end in the National Football League for the Jacksonville Jaguars and New York Jets
 * Travis Taylor, basketball player for BC Rilski Sportist of the Bulgarian National Basketball League
 * Carly Thibault-DuDonis (born 1991, class of 2013), head women's basketball coach for Fairfield University since 2022. As a basketball player at Monmouth University, she was named All-Northeast Conference in 2013 and scored 730 points overall
 * Hakeem Valles, American football tight end in the National Football League
 * Anthony Vázquez, soccer defender formerly with the Puerto Rico national football team

Others

 * William Consovoy, Constitutional rights litigation attorney
 * Foster Diebold, former president of Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and the University of Alaska System
 * Ron Lapin, Israeli-born American physician
 * John Daido Loori, Zen Buddhist priest and founding abbot of Zen Mountain Monastery
 * Lee Lozowick, spiritual teacher and author
 * Yvonne Thornton, obstetrician and author

Notable faculty

 * Jenny Rosenthal Bramley, dean of mathematics and physicist
 * Josh Emmons, professor of English and novelist
 * Melissa Febos, professor of English and writer
 * Alex Gilvarry, professor of English and novelist
 * Amy Handlin, professor of marketing and member of the New Jersey General Assembly
 * Eduard Helly, professor of mathematics and mathematician
 * Ken Loeffler, professor of law, collegiate and professional basketball coach, and member of the Basketball Hall of Fame
 * Joseph W. Oxley, professor of criminal justice, New Jersey Superior Court judge, and former Monmouth County sheriff
 * Steven Pressman, professor of economics and finance and economist
 * Gerard Scharfenberger, professor of archaeology and member of the New Jersey General Assembly
 * Tommy Tucker, professor of music and bandleader
 * Michael Waters, professor of English and poet
 * Kenneth Womack, professor of English and popular music

title: Monmouth University


text:
Eden Corn Festival

The Eden Corn Festival is a small fair held in the agriculture-based town of Eden. Eden is located in Erie County, New York, and has some of the most fertile and well-drained soils in New York State, allowing farmers to grow over 300 acres of corn annually, and produce more early corn than anyone else in upstate New York.

History
In 1959, the Eden Chamber of Commerce discussed the idea of holding an annual festival to promote the town. The resulting Garden Festival was held that year, but did not become an annual event. In 1962, the town had a very successful 150th Sesquicentennial celebration. Following the celebration, a man named John Munich brought up the idea to the Chamber of Commerce of a yearly corn festival aimed to make the town money and gain publicity. After further talk and planning, the Chamber President proposed the sweet corn festival in May, 1963, and the Eden Corn Festival was born. The dates were set for Saturday, August 15 and Sunday, August 16, due to this being the time of year that Eden's sweet corn would be most tender. Various committees were set up, and decisions had to be made regarding how big the festival should be, how much money would be required to finance it, and how the money could be raised, since the treasury balance at the time amounted to a mere few hundred dollars. The festival would be held on the grounds of the Newell Faulkner Post of the American Legion on Legion Drive and Route 62, and the committees received help from the American Legion and the Eden School District, who allowed the use of the parking lots on the school grounds and use of their athletic fields. The first corn festival was successful, featuring a carnival, corn judging and auction, a corn queen beauty contest, pet show, tug-of-war, and a parade. Corn was sold for 10 cents an ear, and had to be picked in the dark to keep up with the demand for the 6,000 ears sold. Swimming events, lacrosse and baseball games, square dancing, and a concert provided additional entertainment. It was decided that the Eden Corn Festival would become an annual event, and it has been held every year since 1964.

Years following
Early on, the festival was a local event. The concessionaires were local, and Zabel Amusements from Derby provided the rides. In 1966, it was decided to enlarge the festival by having a bigger parade with more prizes. The attendance that year reached 2,500, and eventually, the parade drew marching units and groups from all over the United States and Canada. A man named Bill Edwards became the Chairman of the Eden Corn Festival in 1974, an since then, it has become a four-day event. On August 2, 1978, a Guinness Book World Record category for the most ears of corn eaten in five minutes was established, when Luis Pirada of Eden devoured 18 ears. Attendance this year reached 75,000, and by 1980, the project outgrew the Chamber's capabilities and they turned sponsorship over to the newly formed Eden Corn Festival, Inc., which consisted of members from various organizations in the town. Over the years, the physical ground of the festival was expanded, and by 1988 the Eden Volunteer Fire Department, which to this day sponsors the corn and french fry booths, was selling 45,000 ears of corn. By 1993, the parade had become too big and expensive and was almost canceled. The budget was reduced to $2,000–$3,000, when the cost of the 29th parade a year before had been $96,000. It was decided to scale down from the New York/Pennsylvania Parade and Judging Association's Championship that was filled with bands and floats from all over the Northeast to groups from Eden and Western New York. During this time, a craft show, car show, and talent show were added, along with more rides. The 30th annual corn festival of 1993 had 105,000 in attendance, and has averaged 200,000 people or more ever since. To this day, the Eden Corn Festival is held Thursday through Sunday during the first weekend in August, and inarguably remains the highlight of the year for the town's small population.

title: Eden Corn Festival


text:
Talk:Planck scale

Possible correction
The statement:

Because the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole is roughly equal to the Compton wavelength at the Planck scale, a photon with sufficient energy to probe this realm would yield no information whatsoever.

seems to be slightly innacurate. The Schwarzschild radius is the radius that an object must attain in order to become a black hole, it is not the radius of the resulting black hole itself (which is significantly smaller than the Schwarzchild radius). The Schwarzchild radius is the start of the black hole formation at which the collaps begins. So I would suggest restating this sentence thusly:

Because the Schwarzschild radius of a Planck scale object is roughly equal to its Compton wavelength, a photon with sufficient energy to probe this realm would yield no information whatsoever.

If I am wrong about this please let me know - I am trying to learn. Perhaps a Planck scale object and a black hole are nearly congruous and it does not matter too much which you say: "black hole" or "Planck scale object." --Randy O123 (talk) 05:48, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

By the way - I just read an article that talked about the Scharzschild radius; it says that this is the radius of the event horizon. Now I am ambivalent about my "Possible correction".--Randy O123 (talk) 03:01, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Comment about the text
The statement:

"Any photon energetic enough to precisely measure a Planck-sized object could actually create a particle of that dimension, but it would be massive enough to immediately become a black hole (a.k.a Planck particle), thus completely distorting that region of space, and swallowing the photon."

really does not make sense (I am not well enough versed in grammar to state the technical details) but, at a minimum it seems that the wrong conjunction 'but' is used. There is no support for this conjunction in the previous half of the sentance.

Perhaps this is a viable fix:

Any photon energetic enough to precisely measure a Planck-sized object could actually create a particle of equivalent size and would also be massive enough to immediately become a black hole (a.k.a Planck particle) which would completely distort that region of space, and swallow the incident photon.

. . . or, perhaps this:

Any photon energetic enough to precisely measure a Planck-sized object not only could actually create another Planck sized object but, it would be massive enough to immediately become a black hole (a.k.a Planck particle) which would completely distort that region of space, and swallow the incident photon (and perhaps the Planck-sized object it was attempting to measure). --Randy O123 (talk) 05:24, 7 November 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Randy O123 (talk • contribs) 05:00, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Theoretical Ideas Section
There are way too many rhetorical questions. Instead, it should be prefixed with people that have offered alternative theories along with the details of those theories. Even if these theories are going to be spouted without evidence or reference, they should no longer be rhetorical questions. Freebytes 14:31, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Comment about Natural Units
You don't need to use natural units to define the Planck scale! They really are two entirely different things! Phys

 * Ditto for Planck length, Planck temperature, Planck mass, etc. Phys

Article Expanded to include second definition in common usage
I added a reference for the other common usage of the term, as it arises in physical cosmology. I attempted to use similar structure as particle physics entry, but expand a bit. I'll probably add a third paragraph and some relevant external links, when I have time. There's actually a lot of new data from the cosmology side (WMAP and IceCube) which serves to illuminate Planck Scale dynamics. But the data from RHIC are voluminous, and everbody expects to see exciting stuff when the new collider comes online at CERN. Plus the recent theoretical work of Connes may show us a shortcut to understanding this domain. That is; suddenly there is a lot to say on this topic. I'll carefully add little bits, over time, to this article. JonathanD 16:34, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

General Info & Experimental Evidence sections added
I added a paragraph with general info about Planck Scale Physics, and a paragraph with some info about experimental attempts to probe the Planck scale domain. I found it deplorable there was so little on this page, prior to my augmentations, and that only the Particle Physics definition had been delineated. That usage was foreign to me, being more a cosmology guy, and I tried to do justice to all parties with this article. It's mostly general info, distilled from a large number of sources. It is my attempt to reflect the 'common knowledge' on this topic. I am prepared to cite and corroborate, but a complete list of references will have to wait. Is it time to delete the 'stub' tag? JonathanD 02:19, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Stub Tag Removed
After sectionalizing paragraphs under indexed headings, and reviewing accuracy and completeness, I deleted the Stub tag. JonathanD 23:05, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Corrections and re-arrangements made

 * Hi Jonathan. I like the new stuff you added to the article. I made several corrections and some re-arrangements. Hope you like it. Yevgeny Kats 05:46, 12 October

Thank you Yevgeny, for your contributions and edits. I greatly prefer your new heading for the section Theoretical Ideas. I like some of the other edits too, but question others. It was a noble attempt to relate the two sections at the top of page, but I wonder if it adds confusion. The usage of the term Planck Scale in Astrophysics is overwhelmingly related to its meaning as a lower limit to the Length Scale. If the reader's exposure to Cosmology is mainly from Mathematical Physics, especially String theory or Particle Physics, your edits make perfect sense. People in Astronomy, or Astrophysics, might feel slighted. To them; it is a proven fact that the universe was once immeasurably small, and some of the items you elevated to factual status remain in the realm of the reasonable but unproven assumptions. Let's continue to collaborate, as your experience appears stonger in areas I am weak, and together we'll make this into an A-rated article. JonathanD 16:08, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Question about Initial Size of Universe being at Planck Scale

 * Dear Jonathan, I completely agree with you that the article should be easily accessible to people who come from astrophysics. However, I think it's a misconception on your side saying that the size of the universe was literally of the Planck length. If space is infinite, then it was always infinite, down to the Big Bang. It would be correct to say that the curvature becomes Planckian if the temperature reaches Planck temperature, and then quantum gravity is required. (Note however, that in a recent lecture Hawking suggests that it's not necessarily the case, and that it's possible that the universe has never been in the Planckian regime.) Yevgeny Kats 18:54, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Hmm.. Well, what I can glean from scanning recent papers on this topic is that the foremost experts feel that the Planck Area (or square of the Planck length) is actually a more fundamental concept and/or state, than the Planck Length, but the universe was once infinitesmal. So far as I can tell; most theorists do indeed assume that space underwent a process of evolution, in terms of the scale metric itself, and that not only the universe, but space itself once occupied a very tiny dimension at the outset. It is believed that the process of Cosmic Inflation is what brought the universe to macroscopic dimensions, with the boundaries of space expanding by a factor of 1050 from an initial size of 10-26 meters in diameter (a hundred billion times smaller than a proton) to approximately one hundred million light years (1024 m) in diameter, over a period of 10-32 seconds. This came after the Planck Era or Planck epoch, and gave rise to the essentially infinite flat space you describe.

There are several theories on the table, that address the problems of understanding this realm. Loop Quantum Gravity, Noncommutative Geometry, String theory, and M-theory all give slightly different answers to this queston, but there is some consensus that the properties of space at the lower extreme of measureable size play an important part, and set the stage for the Big Bang. In my opinion, while saying that the diameter of the universe at its inception was the Planck Length may be inaccurate, it is likely less than one order of magnitude away from the truth. Perhaps 'approximately' should be inserted. I'll look into this further, and share what I find. However, the notion that the universe once had a size near the Planck length (or Planck area), is definitely part of the common usage in Astrophysics today. JonathanD 04:49, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but to me this all sounds like science fiction and maybe astrophysics and / or quantum physics stretch out evident and applicable theories to wildly speculative deductions and call it science. If articles like these do not involve any enlightenment as to how the ideas came about, I think they should not be part of wikipedia, as they will never be in the realm of "common knowledge" if not layed out in a logical manner. What about the history of the planck scale? How did the notion come to existence? What does it really mean, besides very small in scale or high in energy? And then again, it was a long way from the definition of these terms to what "recent" papers, ideas, scientists proclaim to be derived by these concepts, and I don't find a culmination in what is stated in this article. tb,14:30, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

More Debate on Initial Size and request for References
Regarding the question of whether the Planck scale is the initial size of the universe, the Astronomy Knowledge Base at the U of Ottowa gives this definition for the Planck Era (seems to say yes)... Planck Era - definition JonathanD 15:22, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you have any books or articles that include a calculation or an argument that shows the following:
 * (1) The size of the universe at the beginning was approximately the Planck length.
 * (2) The point at which quantum gravity should become important is when the size of the universe is approximately the Planck length.
 * I think you won't find any of these statements, which would mean that what you wrote in the article is wrong.
 * (Do you believe there was some special point in the history of the universe at which it switched from being finite to infinite? Of course not. Then your statement that the universe had a finite size in the past implies that it is finite now as well. I guess you know that this is not necessarily true.)
 * P.S. I'm familiar with modern cosmology, including inflation and everything else, so you don't need to explain me the basics.
 * P.P.S. The definition from that website doesn't seem to be correct.
 * P.P.P.S Maybe you can make your statements correct in some way by talking about the size of the horizon rather than the size of the universe.
 * Yevgeny Kats 16:45, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Well gee... The short answer is yes, but maybe no, as there is no definitive theory or measurement which allows us to make absolute statements about the Planck epoch. The lecture by Hawking was interesting, and though he states that the evidence doesn't require a mosaic and allows for the possiblity of a continuum, it hardly constututes proof. Most astrophysics texts do state that the universe itself was unbelievably small at the outset of the Big Bang. My cosmology texts (Silk - The Big Bang, and Seeds - Horizons) do make this statement explicitly, but they are quite out of date, especially after the 'Revolution' in cosmology during the last 5 years. The wikipedia section on The Big Bang does make a similar statement as well, and I've found quite a few references.
 * Dave Mattingly's definition of Planck Scale
 * Big Bang page from CERN is supportive of my view.
 * Cosmology pages from WMAP support my view, but also echo your statements regarding the infinite extent of space.

The idea of the universe being Planck-sized at its outset seems far less controversial, however, than ascribing a particular number of dimensions to the early universe. That is; we may be able to know how 'big' the universe was, but not the dimensionality of space itself. To some extent; the idea of space having an extent (infinite or otherwise)is meaningless at the Planck scale, as no measurement or observation is possible (due to the limitations of Optical Geometry). Strictly speaking, it may be more correct to speak about the horizon, rather than the extent of space or the size of the universe at the beginning. Also; the dimensionality of space itself can only be measured in relation to objects and/or observers contained therein. Ergo; it is likely that at the Planck scale space has more than 3 dimensions, but they can more properly be spoken of as degrees of freedom. In the Randall-Sundrum formulation, an infinite 5-dimensional space lives on the other side of the brane from our 3-dimensional space, and there is a literal transition from one character of space to another. It is commonly believed that this change in the character of space happens somewhere between the Planck epoch and the end of the decoupling era, with recombination (a term I abhor, because matter wasn't connected beforehand). It is widely believed that the metric of space has evolved, which accounts for expansion, but your belief that the universe was always infinite is also widely held. Some interesting facts relate. Did you know that a 5-d ball (or hypersphere) has a larger content (volume) than one of 6 dimensions? Surface area, on the other hand peaks out in a 7-dimensional space. More Later, but I value your commentary. It goes to show how much opinions differ, often just down the hallway in the same institution, within the same Physics department. I will seek some definitive references of recent vintage. Truth is - nobody knows what's correct yet, but the article should reflect the breadth (or full range) of commonly held beliefs, or a consensus view, and my statements still match the consensus pretty well. Thanks again. JonathanD 20:41, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Ball from Mathworld
 * Hypersphere from Mathworld

Accuracy and Relevance of References challenged

 * Dear Jonathan, the 3 webpages that you bring as evidence do not give any support to your statement. The first webpage doesn't say a word about the size of the universe. (It only says that the Planck length is the scale on which the spacetime is expected to have some structure. This doesn't mean that the size of the universe is Planck length.) The second and the third webpages don't even include the words "Planck length". Yevgeny Kats 23:48, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks again, Yevgeny, for the lively debate, here goes...

Unique; you and I read the same words, and drew opposing conclusions. The fact is - nobody knows for sure, what the state of the universe is, at the Planck time. It's all largely conjecture based upon extrapolation of known facts. But your queries can be addressed point by point. The CERN web-site states the following. "there was no space to expand through at the beginning of time. Rather, physicists believe the Big Bang created and stretched space itself, expanding the universe." This states pretty directly that an infinite expanse of 3-d space did not exist, during the Planck epoch. In their article for Scientific American (March 2005), Lineweaver and Davis attempt to debunk some of the misconceptions people have about the Big Bang and the expansion of the universe. They state categorically that the Big Bang was not like an explosion in space, but rather an explosion of space itself. Read the technical version of this analysis at
 * astro-ph/0310808

One of their suggested sources has been a rich source of information for me, as well..
 * Ned Wright's Cosmology tutorial

Rather than settling the score, or giving us an 'answer,' these sources and the WMAP website link add fuel to the fire, strengthening both our arguments, but calling some of our supposed facts into question. Nothing I've read, so far, conflicts with the view that the universe is Planck-sized at the Planck time, but it would be impossible to prove, whether or not it's true. Still; the idea that the universe was 10-26 meters in diameter at the outset of inflation, and underwent expansion prior to that time, is a fairly well accepted part of Inflationary Universe theories. The only way we 'know' that universe once occupied the Planck scale (dimensionally) is that it appears to have had the Planck energy at the outset, and this corresponds to a Planck-sized area of space. Rather than trying to run the clock backwards, however, we need to learn what makes it run forward, in the first place. To put it plainly; there is no way to prove the universe was Planck-sized, but there is compelling evidence, and no clear evidence to the contrary. I find our debate on this interesting and curious, because the term Planck Scale is one that I have almost always encountered as a lower limit on size, and as that dimension the universe was supposed to have occupied at the beginning of the Big Bang. The usage as a measure of energy is relatively foreign and unfamiliar. That is; I regard Planck scale to be primarily a term for the infinitesmal size of the universe at its outset, and the notion that Planck scale refers to a level of energy as a secondary definition, that follows naturally from the correspondence of small size with high energies. One of the first times I encountered the term Planck scale in the context of energy, was in this wiki article before I added to it. I don't know how you can categorically reject the Astronomy Knowledge Base definition, if you have any familiarity with cosmology whatsoever. But I acknowledge that all of the cosmology textbooks have had to be re-written at least twice, in the past 10 years. Things may have changed, in terms of the current consensus.

Still, I'd put the length scale definition first on the page, and derive the energy scale from that concept, as it is far more common in my experience, to speak of the Planck Scale that way. But for now, I'll leave that be as it is.

I'll look for some definitive references from recent texts or papers. I think John Baez has some comments on this subject that should help settle our dispute, and he is considered an authority. More Later, JonathanD 03:28, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Assumptions, References, and confusion of Scale with Size
Regarding the idea of the Universe beginning with size at the Planck Scale - Here we go: I have conducted considerable research, and the story goes like this. For most of the last 40-50 years, the idea that the universe began with a size near the Planck length has been a central assumption of cosmology. This assumption has been the basis of many theories and equations, rather than the result of same. Perhaps the central equation justifying this assumption has been the relation setting the Schwartzchild radius equal to the Compton length, as they are roughly equal at the Planck scale. I am uncertain whether it was Planck or Hubble, who first voiced this view, but it quickly became a part of the standard Big Bang theory. More recent theories have called this assumption into question, but it is still a popular view among cosmologists and theoretical physicists, as it is so convenient in explaining the convergence of force magnitudes. Supersymmetry, universe on a wall theories, and some inflationary scenarios posit that the unification of forces may happen at a larger distance scale, typically near the electroweak boundary, which would allow for the possibility that the universe could be significantly larger at its inception, but there is no proof of this. I did a search on arxiv.org for papers containing the words Planck Scale and I came up with a lot more info. BTW - the majority of those papers employed the usage of Planck scale as a distance measurement, and not one of energy. Especially helpful is the following paper, which seems to explicitly state that my assumption is correct, or is widely believed in Physics today. "In the latest approaches such as Quantum Strings (or M-theory) or Quntum Gravity theories, it is generally accepted that the Planck Scale defines a minimum scale for the universe" (Several references cited here). physics/0509026 Is that good enough for you? I have a bunch more, if you still have questions, or dispute my orginal wording. I note it's been changed already, but no harm is done. I may elect to restore the reference, however, if it has been deleted entirely, as I believe my claim is proven factual. JonathanD 21:34, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Jonathan, there is a difference between a scale and a size. I'll give you an example: suppose you have a piece of material and you want to describe its elastic properties. Suppose you're applying all kind of stresses on the material, and describe how it deforms. If you're trying to curve it such that the radius of the curvature is comparable to the size of an atom, your usual description of material's elasticity will break down. And it will be completely meaningless to discuss a situation is which the radius of curvature is several orders of magnitude smaller than the size of the atom. In this example, the size of the atom is the minimal scale of the elastic material. Similarly, when people talk about the minimum scale for the universe, they talk about the situation in which the curvature radius of the universe is of the order of the Planck length. It doesn't mean that the size of the universe is equal to the Planck length when such curvature exists, exactly like it would be incorrect to say that the size of the elastic material is the size of the atom when you curve the material on such scale. (In conclusion, you haven't presented yet any reference that says that the size of the universe at the beginning was of the order of the Planck length.) Yevgeny Kats 22:43, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Why is Planck length related to Planck energy via Uncertainty Principle?
A question for Yevgeny: Why is the Planck length related to Planck energy by the uncertainty principle? Isn't it much simpler to use the wavelength of a photon? JonathanD 22:09, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The description using the wavelength of a photon is roughly the same as the uncertainty principle argument. However, there is nothing special about the photon, it works for any particle. Yevgeny Kats 22:43, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

I disagree, as no other particle known decreases in size with an increase of energy. The dimension of sub-atomic particles is fixed by a balance of forces (the strong and weak force, specifically). Your statement that it "works for any particle" seems almost absurd, but I invite you to explain. JonathanD 03:18, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right that for composite particles the relation works only up to the scale of their compositeness. Still, there are many particles that you can use besides the photon: all the gauge bosons, quarks, leptons, etc. Yevgeny Kats 04:30, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Hi Jonathan and Yevgeny, in my understanding there is no uncontroversial way to define the size of an elementary (i.e. non-composite) elementary particle in quantum mechanical terms. For example, see the 'Wave–particle duality and uncertainty principles' section in Wikipedia page 'Photon', where it is stated that a photon can be 'absorbed or emitted as a whole by arbitrarily small systems, systems much smaller than its wavelength, such as an atomic nucleus (≈10−15 m across) or even the point-like electron'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paolo.vicari (talk • contribs) 07:11, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Claim that References were Rejected without Counter-Evidence
Regarding the initial size of the universe, I did present the following reference, which you chose to reject out of hand. You have not cited any references which refute this, and I think perhaps you won't find any. Several knowledgeable parties have stated that anyone would be crazy to make a definitive statement regarding the universe at the Planck time, but some go on to describe what is sensible. I have discovered some dissenting opinions about my original statement, but only after considerable research. I invite you to find your own counter-example, or to cite any credible reference which you feel refutes my statement about the initial size of the universe being at or near the Planck scale in size. JonathanD 03:36, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Plank Era - from Astronomy Knowledge Base

P.S. - I am continuing my search for an acceptably definitive reference to confirm my statement. I will make it known, once I have found a text of recent enough vintage (5 years old or less) to be current. So far as your arguments go, they may raise doubts, but do not disprove my point. I will not correct your mis-statements until I have an alternative which is more precisely correct, however. JonathanD 04:12, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

References Section will be added
I will be creating a section for citation of References to support claims made in this article. I would ask all editors to the Planck Scale entry to pay careful attention to syntax. The references are embedded in the body of the article, but will appear in the References section.

Thanks,

JonathanD 21:46, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Planck-sized elegant universe
JonathanD wrote on my talk page:
 * Thank you Yevgeny, for taking me to the wall on this issue, and making me prove my point.... However; it seems I was exactly right all along. In "The Elegant Universe" Brian Greene echoes almost precisely my original statement (inserting the conditional term 'known' universe) in the Chapter reflections on cosmology (pp. 350 in the paperback) he states. "In a cosmological context, this occurred (breakdown of QFT) when the whole of the known universe fit within a Planck-sized nugget". A few pages later the sub-Heading reads "In the Beginning There was a Planck-sized Nugget" and he takes the time to explain this in detail. Continuing on that page, he states "At the beginning moment of the universe, all of the dimensions of string theory are on a completely equal footing--they are completely symmetric--all curled up into a multidimensional Planck-sized nugget." Q.E.D. !!! User:JonathanD 19:23, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear Jonathan, I agree that it is a plausible picture in the framework of string theory, and should be presented as such. However, as you probably know, the details of how to apply string theory to cosmology are not known (yet), and this picture is just a reasonable guess. (Furthermore, there are serious directions of research which do incorporate string theory, but in which the Planck-scale cosmology is different or even non-existent, like was described in Hawking's seminar in CERN that I referred to earlier on this talk page). In conclusion, it wouldn't be appropriate to present this statement as an established truth (and definitely not as a definition!), but as a plausible scenario in the framework of string theory (and possibly in a number of non-stringy models). Yevgeny Kats 05:08, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Still intend to add more references, but article appears stable
I still intend to add a few more references, which I have already collected, once I relocate my summary sheet. I added a tag requesting a peer review, as I feel this article is relevant and informative. JonathanD 17:32, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Regarding Request for Peer Review
As this article presents info of relevance, and has been stable (free of edit-wars), I feel it deserves to be reviewed by a knowledgable person, assigned a rating, included in future compilations of content, and so forth. My belief is that it's already fairly accurate, but comments are appreciated, and pertinent additions can still be made. If it needs something, let it be known on this page, make changes, or both. JonathanD 17:41, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Assigned Mid importance to article
After reviewing the lists of Physics articles ranked for importance, I gave this article a conservative Mid rating. Given my personal interests, I think the subject warrants a High importance, but I am admittedly biased. ;) It's definitely more pertinent than most items in the Low importance category. Comments are invited, including an evaluation of quality. JonathanD 20:20, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Planck Scale and Big-Bang?!?
This is all far fetched, and HIGHLY CONTROVERSIAL, stretching out scientific theories (rather than conclusive methods) over too large spacial / temporal dimensions as for humans to be possibly able to interconnect in terms of physical laws and or actual activities. Just like in "And we have measured the afterglow of that era with instruments such as the WMAP probe, which recently accumulated sufficient data to allow scientists to probe back to the first trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, near the electroweak phase transition." This whole thing is outrageously presumptuous and defining as absolute what is TOTALLY UNKNOWN, wildly speculated about at best. Please remove anything that is drawing conclusions about Plancks Ideas and leave those to themselves or relate to rather recent ideas / constructs in individual (then again HIGHLY speculative articles) separate from what was initially intended by introducing these energy /dimensional levels. Playing around with "what were if this was like that" doesn't lead but to speculations and neither applicable nor provalbe theories. tb, 14:30, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Results of an automated peer review
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, Hfarmer 12:45, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * This article has no images. Please see if there are any free use images that fall under the Image use policy and fit under one of the Image copyright tags that can be uploaded. To upload images on Wikipedia, go to Special:Upload; to upload non-fair use images on the Wikimedia Commons, go to commons:special:upload.[?]
 * See if possible if there is a free use image that can go on the top right corner of this article.[?]
 * There may be an applicable infobox for this article. For example, see Template:Infobox Biography, Template:Infobox School, or Template:Infobox City.[?] (Note that there might not be an applicable infobox; remember that these suggestions are not generated manually)
 * Per Manual of Style (headings), headings generally should not repeat the title of the article. For example, if the article was Ferdinand Magellan, instead of using the heading  ==Magellan's journey== , use  ==Journey== .[?]
 * This article is a bit too short, and therefore may not be as comprehensive as WP:WIAFA critera 1(b) is looking for. Please see if anything can be expanded upon.[?]
 * Watch for redundancies that make the article too wordy instead of being crisp and concise. (You may wish to try Tony1's redundancy exercises.)
 * Vague terms of size often are unnecessary and redundant - “some”, “a variety/number/majority of”, “several”, “a few”, “many”, “any”, and “all”. For example, “ All pigs are pink, so we thought of a number of ways to turn them green.”
 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.[?]

I am also going to look online for some more references to back up the claims made in the article. --Hfarmer 12:45, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

sub-Planck page created but vandalized and destroyed by editors
Wikipedia's know-it-all editors keep destroying my sub-Planck page which is totally distinct from Planck Scale. They are related topics but need separate pages. sub-Planck is to Planck like Nuclear Physics is compared to Chemistry

Please help protest and get the editors to restore, respect,and fix the sub-Planck page... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Physicman123 (talk • contribs) 13:59, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Sub-Planck is a good article: how to restore?
I have a Ph.D. in particle physics, and everything Physicman123 said is true. He has two relevant, peer-reviewed sources in Phys. Rev. Lett. Sub-Planck is a distinct topic from the Planck Scale. No particle physicist would disagree with his list of schools of thought.

Yes, it would be nice if he had put in some footnoted references. No, I am not going to put in footnoted references because I no longer have free access to the journals he referenced.

Overall, the Sub-Planck article is of better quality than the Planck Scale article to which it was pointing. The theoretical ideas section of the Planck Scale article has numerous unreferenced, highly speculative questions in an unenclyopedic form.

If you are going to get rid of Sub-Planck again, then the Planck Scale article should go to. But I think that both articles, depsite their unclear referencing, are helpful to beginners and laymen in particle physics.

How do I re-open the discussion on the deletion of Sub-Planck?

--Dr.enh (talk) 03:30, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Wondering where equivalence went
Since I wrote much of this article, I visit it from time to time, and I was dismayed to find that the equivalence I'd established between the definition of Planck Scale referring to energy, which may not be attainable, and the definition of Planck Scale as being the infinitesimal realm, beyond which observation may not be possible. There is some debate on how small we can really measure (Ng-Van Dam vs Baez-Olson), but the vast majority of papers I've read talk about Planck scale dynamics primarily as something taking place in the realm of very small size, not at high energies. I might be biased in what I read, but I don't want readers to miss the point, or lose half the story.

I've sent a note to Dr.enh's user page, as I don't want to just over-write other people's careful work, but I think it's wrong to leave out the association of Planck scale with ultra-small size, as that is perhaps it's most common usage. So, I'll try to put that idea back in order, and I may try to save the table, but re-format it to include all four constants.

JonathanD (talk) 18:11, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. --Ozob (talk) 14:12, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

Section: Experiments probing the Planck Scale
There is an experiment intended to look for effects (noise) implied by the minimum time scale / maximum frequency that can occur due to Planck scale: http://holometer.fnal.gov/team.html Maybe someone can integrate it into the article? -- 21:52, 6 November 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.89.100.203 (talk)

How do they know the size of the planck scale?
It isn't from observation, so I infer that it must have been inferred. But from what? I doubt that it was implied by pure mathematics, either.

Anyway, whatever the answer, it should be in the article. If you can point me to a highly technical explanation, I'll translate it into normal-people language. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.108.188.137 (talk) 05:20, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

On masses
The text lists: Planck mass = 2.17645 × 10−8 kg That's just on the edge of atomic mass scale. Is that right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.25.211.33 (talk) 22:24, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

Planck Scale is an energy scale
A what now? Seriously? The article is a little light on references actually stating any fundamental definition, but none of them appear to support this claim. This needs to be clarified quickly or the article must go back to a redirect (Planck units may be more appropriate than just picking Planck length as previously). While an article here may (or may not, since Planck units essentially describes the same concept) be notable, one that is fundamentally flawed is not a good idea. Lithopsian (talk) 15:18, 24 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I have reverted to a redirect. The existing content is a reinstatement of the article as it was several years ago when it was proposed to be merged into Planck units.  There was no discussion that I can see, but the merge duly took place.  The redirect target was then changed to Planck length, which seems to be just as inappropriate as calling the Planck scale an energy scale.  I've changed that back also, despite it being in place for several years.  The article had plenty of problems before it was merged, and time hasn't improved it.  I'm going to suggest that it isn't now split until the completion of discussion at Talk:Planck units.  Lithopsian (talk) 18:42, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Planck scale


text:
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I work on Wikipedia, but I also talk and write about it a lot in various contexts, and as a former member of the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation was involved in our project-wide governance. I have also been involved in a variety of other projects, including lots of in-person outreach and event work, detailed below.

For why I work on Wikipedia -- why I started and why I continue -- see my essay Why work on Wikipedia?

"You start talking about the long term — about being one of the first large information sources on the web that is truly free. You start talking about what will happen if this works; that because it's free, it's going to be the default resource for a whole lot of people, and you start to get a little bit awed by the responsibility to build it properly, and keep it open, and keep it sane, and most of all, to get the facts right, because this work is going to be a base on which many unforeseeable future projects will be built. -- user:CatherineMunro" Other userpages: on meta   on other projects

Board of Trustees
In July 2010 I was selected for a two-year term on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees through the chapters seat selection process. During 2011-2012 I served as the Executive Secretary. In July 2012 my term ended, as I was not re-elected by the chapters. With the resignation of Arne Klempert (who held the other chapter-appointed seat), we were replaced by Alice Weigand and Patricio Lorente.

I ran for the board again in Spring 2013 and was reelected by the community for a two-year term, serving until 2015.

The 10-member volunteer Board of Trustees governs the Wikimedia Foundation, which runs the infrastructure for Wikipedia and her sister projects, as well as development and maintenance of the MediaWiki software. The work of the Foundation includes legal, press, financial, technical and administrative support, as well as community-focused activities; the Board is responsible for fiduciary and legal oversight as well as charting the strategic direction of the WMF, including thinking about the future of the Wikimedia projects and movement as a whole. That means that the Board approves the annual plan (budget) for the WMF, but also think about longer-term strategy and "big picture" issues. You can find more about the Board here.

 * Note: unless explicitly stated otherwise, please assume that any edits or statements I make here (or on any other projects) I am making as a community member and not in any official capacity whatsoever.

Book: How Wikipedia Works
With Charles Matthews and Ben Yates, I am the author of How Wikipedia Works, a book about using and editing Wikipedia. It was published in September 2008 by No Starch Press. Find more information here, or find the full text of the book at Wikibooks: How Wikipedia Works. The book is licensed under the GFDL, relicensed under CC-BY-SA, and covers all aspects of Wikipedia from a community perspective. The book's official website is howwikipediaworks.net.

If you are interested in leaving comments or questions, please add them to the Wikibooks site or feel free to email me. The old page about the book, with suggestions, can be found here; user:phoebe/book; Feel free to email me if you would like to be notified of announcements and news about the book. Cheers!

Article (and other) editor

 * Editor on en:wp since August 2003 | 10K+ edits as of 2011 sometime | 15K edits as of Jan 2015 (I am slow but thorough)
 * As of 2019-20, I've been focusing on climate change related articles, and trying to analyze quality of these. I've also been working on articles about prisons and related topics.
 * You'll see me editing a smattering of lots of things, thanks to leading editathons and helping others edit.
 * I have a decade+ project going to work on historical scientific biographies and related topics. I care about the library articles and core topics, and have historically worked on marine science articles. I like doing merges. Lately I've been doing a lot of work on biographies, both old and new.
 * However, I also have interests in lots of other areas and I like to research things. Sometimes I just fix typos, or merge articles, or rewrite clunky phrasing. Things I'd like to see improved include core articles, heavily-accessed articles, applied science and technology articles (including engineering), and sourcing for nearly everything.
 * Referencing is my true love. I estimate I've added roughly a couple hundred references (so far) to print sources for articles I didn't originally write, mostly due to my Dictionary of Scientific Biography project.
 * Lately I've been doing a lot of fixing and maintenance of references, especially working off of this vast list and fixing broken links. This often entails updating the journal name if it's wrong (often is), checking other metadata, and finding a current or archived URL.
 * a very, very outdated list of contributions | see what I've been up to lately

 * I also contribute to: Spanish Wikipedia | meta | Commons | Wikidata (6K edits by hand!) | Wikibooks | Wikivoyage | Outreachwiki | WMFwiki | and have dabbled in other multilingual work, such as helping out on Yoruba Wikipedia

Conferences and meetups
I am a big believer in the benefit of getting together face-to-face to build community, socialize, and get work done. I feel extremely privileged that I have gotten to meet Wikimedians and go to Wikimedia events on five continents, over many years. I have organized or helped with the organization of dozens of events, large and small, in the Wikimedia world. Here's an incomplete list:
 * Wikimania: I have had the great joy of being involved in the international Wikimania conferences, and I care a lot about making it a great event. I have been involved in writing and fixing up the event handbook and documentation on meta, at m:Wikimania. My involvement has been as an organizer (Wikimania 2006-2009) and I ran the program of Wikimania 2017 in the beautiful city of Montreal; as a bid jury member, moderator or advisor (Wikimania 2007-2012), and as a presenter/moderator at the actual conference (2005-2013, 2018). I'm currently on the Wikimania Steering Committee. For a full resume of my participation (and a scratchpad for notes), see here. As of 2020, I have been to all of the Wikimanias except Esino Lario (2016): 15 years of amazing intercontinental joy.
 * WikiConference North America: WikiConference North America in San Diego, 2016 was the third annual all-hands editor conference in North America, with participants from Canada, Mexico and the United States. I helped run the conference with a fine crew of folks. I also co-led WikiConference 2019 hosted at MIT and Boston. So great!
 * WikiSym: WikiSym is an academic conference about wikis and open collaboration; it is unaffiliated with Wikimedia but there is obvious overlap -- many research papers about Wikipedia get presented at WikiSym. I was chair of WikiSym 2010 and was on the conference steering committee for a few years; I have also been on the program committee and planning committee as Wikimedia liaison (for 2008 and 2009 respectively).
 * RCC: I went to several of the early "Recent Changes Camps" for wiki enthusiasts, and helped out with Recent Changes Camp San Francisco, May 9-11 2008: "The family reunion for the wiki ohana!"
 * Anniversaries: I was involved in both the 10 year anniversary and the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia celebrations: for the 10th I helped run a 2-day conference + party in San Francisco, and for the 20th (a Covid year) I ran a trivia game for our global webcast!
 * Local meetups: I was involved with the irregular San Francisco-area meetups, which has a mailing list & regular activities. I also helped out with SF-area events, notably our annual booth at Maker Faire. In 2013 (and beyond) I ran events at the University of California, Davis.
 * Boston: I help run the long-running Boston meetup group and organize regular events at MIT Libraries with my colleagues there, which everyone is welcome to attend.

UC Davis WikiProject
In 2013-2014, I worked on the UC Davis WikiProject, a GLAM project based in the UC Davis libraries to train students, faculty and librarians in how to edit, produce evaluation and analysis materials, share UC libraries materials on Wikipedia, build community and work with other UC libraries. A page about the project is here. This was (I think) the first long-term Wikipedia project based specifically out of a university library (as opposed to a national library, a museum, or another type of department).

The project, and my work, was focused on running training workshops (edit-a-thons and teaching workshops) for the UC Davis and surrounding community throughout the academic year; assessing the level of interest in Wikipedia on campus; and building some tools for evaluating articles and assessing contributions that will be of interest to academics contributing to Wikipedia.

Note: this disclaimer isn't really needed anymore since I no longer work for UCD or am working on the project, but I'll keep it for historical interest. Disclaimer: While my focus is on training others to edit and making sure faculty teaching with Wikipedia and librarians interested in adding materials have the information they need, rather than editing specific articles myself, you may see me categorizing or tagging UC-related articles and articles relating to subjects studied at UCD (especially our specialties in science and agriculture). Additionally, while this project is part of my job, it is unrelated to my work as a Wikimedia trustee and also unrelated to the editing I continue to do as a volunteer. I do not believe this project poses a conflict of interest (but rather is an opportunity to spend *even more* of my time on Wikipedia work), and have checked with the WMF legal team about any conflicts with my other Wikimedia duties. If you have concerns about any of my work, (as always) please feel free to revert any of my changes and leave a note with any concerns on my talk page.

Boston and MIT meetups
Beginning in 2015, I've been helping my amazing colleagues at the MIT Libraries run edit-a-thons on site. Here's a few; a complete list is at the Boston meetup page. All our events are open to the whole community.

 * Writing Black History into Wikipedia (Jan 2016)
 * Intro to editing & teaching with Wikipedia (Jan 2016)
 * Art & Feminism (Mar 2016)
 * Images of Science and Technology (Oct 2016)
 * Exploring rare books (Oct 2016)

And I've been doing occasional stuff with the New England Meetup group, like organizing our 2016 Wiknic! I'm the 2019-20 chair of the group.

Other projects

 * research into Wikipedia
 * I'm interested in and participate in the Wikipedia and wiki research community. I presented a short paper at Wikimania 2005; completed a literature review of ongoing research that was presented at ASIS&T'06; and helped with a successful research BoF at Wikimania '06. As per above, I was also involved with WikiSym (an academic conference about wikis), chairing it in 2010. Check out the new Research index on meta!
 * scratchpad: User:Phoebe/Research

 * Signpost community newsletter
 * For several years, I have contributed occasional stories for the Signpost; in 2009, I was the lead reporter for the "news and notes" section, writing almost every week, stopping when I joined the Board of Trustees out of fears of conflicts of interest.
 * Besides the News and Notes column, other stories include: license update | books extension | Wikimania 2008 wrapup | report on Maker Faire and Recent Changes Camp in SF | Wikimania 2007 plans | and a whole series of articles in Summer 2006, with sj, about Wikimania 2006.

 * Presentations
 * I give general presentations about wikis and Wikipedia to various groups, particularly librarians. In recent years I have presented at:
 * The American Libraries Association annual conference
 * The Special Libraries Association annual conference
 * The Charleston conference
 * SXSW
 * and several other venues.

 * A handout I developed for librarians may be found here. I am happy to share slides, notes, and thoughts on what works & what doesn't. More notes are here. Someday I will get around to making a full listing of my talks, with slides! But that day is not today. You can, however, find my recent stock Wikipedia presentations on Slideshare.

I sometimes give interviews, as a Wikipedian or on behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation. I have been interviewed for both radio and print stories, and on a few occasions for TV. I am a member of the Communications Committee (comcom) list and help out where I can.
 * Press

 * misc
 * I am interested in good essays about Wikipedia; please add them to essays.
 * I also served on the now-defunct Special Projects Committee, from May 2006-2007ish.
 * for a couple of years in from late 2008-early 2010, I worked on summarizing the Foundation-l mailing list at the List Summary Service; hopefully this is useful to those who need to quickly catch up with the list.
 * I can often be found on IRC, where I go by brassratgirl; and can sometimes be found sending long-winded posts to various Wikimedia mailing lists. I almost always regret this in the morning.

Things I do in other places
In the rest of my life, I am a librarian at the amazing MIT, specializing in electrical engineering and computer science. I have academic training in literature and history, as well as library science, and have worked as an engineering librarian at UC Davis and the University of Washington as well as MIT. Professionally, I am interested in open access and scholarly communications issues, scientific information and data management, collection management, how people find and learn to find information, the effective use of collaborative tools (such as wikis) within communities, and how trustworthy information and knowledge is created both on- and off-line. I have a personal website here.

Things I care about

 * Foundation governance, transparency, and sustainability; integrating new contributors into governance smoothly; exploring what it really means to "lead with a community."
 * Goodwill and fun with my fellow Wikipedians: hence, meetups and Wikimania :) Events are very important to the community as a whole, and I encourage everyone to go to and organize meetups.
 * References and sources in articles. This is not about arguing whether crufty websites 'count' as sources; this is about making sure the 90% of totally verifiable content gets good references added, for the sake of the readers.
 * Communicating about Wikipedia.
 * Gender on the projects; the construction of outsiders versus insiders, and implications for creating knowledge.
 * Free knowledge; parse this as you will.

Friends and usernames
I use the name user:phoebe on all the Wikimedia wikis; I do not have a second or official account. I will always note when I am explicitly making an "official" edit (such as when uploading board minutes); everything else I say and do on my own behalf, and is not necessarily the viewpoint of the WMF, MIT, or any other organization.
 * I have been fortunate to meet many Wikipedians in person.
 * on usernames:

There are a few User:Phoebe accounts on a few smaller wikis that date to pre-SUL that aren't me. I think none of those folks are active, though.

I used to edit content under the name brassratgirl. I generally teach and present using my given name. That username is longstanding and has nothing whatsoever to do with MIT, or this. It is also not symbolic of anything in particular. If you're curious, ask and I'll send you the explanation. (I am also not user:BrassRat, or related to any other variation). wikihiero

personal principles

 * From the past: or the use common sense department, or why it's good to remember not to make a big deal out of things.

 * On RFAs and project history:

A question from the very first batch of archived RFAs, in 2003 (around the time I joined the project):
 * Wow. I don't know. What are the responsibilities of being a sysop?
 * As far as I know, there aren't really any responsibilities, just a list of obvious things not to do.

I'd encourage anyone new to the project who is thinking about being an adminstrator, or who is getting heavily involved, to read up on your history; many of these friendly people are still around today, though many others sadly aren't.

 * the wikipedia oracle

If Wikipedia achieves its potential there will be thousands of people writing and editing articles. There is no system in place that would allow all of this activity to be monitored by some central authority to insure compliance with various editorial policies. With this in mind, we should not try now to lay down policies as if the project is easily controlled. We should assume that policies will emerge from use and experience. We should not try to anticipate what the lessons of experience will be. from Tim Shell, from here
 * On policy:

 * If all policy discussion was conducted in verse, the world would be so much better.

I wrote a mini-essay about why sourcing is important, and posted it on Foundation-L. You can join those (unfortunate?) readers here.
 * On sourcing

 * this is a lovely essay on sourcing and how writing for Wikipedia can change how you see the world.

 * On arguments
 * (nb: I wrote the following paragraph soon after joining wp, but it holds true today; though after a couple of years I don't mind holding my own in a debate, I still don't participate in many arguments.) Things I like doing on Wikipedia: browsing, wikifying, adding citations, verifying things like bibliographies and expanding articles about common yet complicated things, and having the sense of working on an encyclopedia in the grand tradition of same, albeit in a completely new fashion. I also like reading articles. Things I don't like at all: debates about controversial subjects, flame or edit wars.

 * On pet peeves:
 * My biggest pet peeve: cite your sources, people! If you need help finding sources, there's the Reference Desk, the new Newspaper and magazine article request service, the fact and reference check people, or I will individually work with anyone who needs help finding or verifying sources. Just ask.

 * When in doubt, be nice and see Simplified_Ruleset. It's not so hard.

 * A warning, or, EHICKTASMISHCTR

 * things to keep:
 * A few of the unpopular things I have fought to keep over the years:
 * WP:BJAODN : part of our history; community building; sometimes genuinely funny. In remembrance, have started my own small collection: User:Phoebe/fame.
 * List of important publications in computer science : imperfect but actually useful.
 * Library of Congress classification subpages : more browsing systems are good. Could go to wikisource as suggested by mako.

''Oppose. Bananas do not have nearly the nutirition and great flavor of plantains when cooked right. It would be an insult to plantains to combine the two.'' from Talk:Banana.
 * On mergers

''People seem to think that Gauge Theory is difficult. Bah! What's really confusing is the history of this article ;) From Talk:Gauge theory
 * On splits

 * On trivia
 * from user:rothorpe

 * On trivia
 * I'm in favour of trivia sections
 * People will add their pet facts
 * Reverting them feels cruel, integrating them feels foolish
 * Apartheid for trivia is the best policy

A referencing challenge
There are many useful and scholarly online sources of further reading and information that I feel should be systematically cited in appropriate articles. For example: for those with access to printed or expensive resources: more to come
 * the great bibliographies of basic mathematical books available from the "Basic library list" of the Mathematical Association of America
 * How products are made, an encyclopedia from McGraw-Hill that is inexplicably free online (and very cool)
 * Internet Public Library pathfinders are lovely guides to the web in a small topic area
 * not to mention the Librarian's Index to the Internet, a peer-reviewed collection of sites on all topics
 * The National Academies Press puts most of its books online; they are generally nicely reviewed treatises on policy and technical issues
 * the National Science Digital Library has good resources also
 * The LOC American Memory "on this day" project -- for the date articles
 * Almost every topic has a book about it listed in worldcat
 * Open CourseWare courses
 * biographies of biologists from biologists
 * tree of life pages with citations
 * A giant list of field guides! guides for almost everything imaginable.
 * british newspapers
 * Africana bibliography
 * see here for a project to collect history of science biographical resources

editing and teaching resources

 * Are you a professor teaching or a student in a class about Wikipedia? read this.
 * For any editor: An amazing index
 * How to satisfy Criterion 1a
 * how to find everything
 * Mediawiki user's guide -- despite writing a book, I have a terrible time remembering syntax

Random things:
 * dict. sci. bio.
 * Infoboxen!
 * upload images and that new-fangled image markup
 * templates for you!
 * line art drawings of fish for use on marine/fishery/fish pages. Excellent line art drawings. done so far: sturgeon, flounder, mola mola..
 * how to look up page view statistics:

Handouts
These are handouts for learning and teaching Wikipedia. Feel free to print them, distribute them, use them for presentations, change them, claim them, whatever you need to do.

 * |Getting started (pdf)
 * How to evaluate an article (pdf)
 * the (extensive) list of resources for librarians (and everybody else) new to Wikipedia

 * Also see: Instructional material

toolbox
This article does not cite its references or sources. You can help Wikipedia by not citing "My Friend Carl" as a source. shamelessly stolen from user:Ravedave

Reference: unreferenced/unsourced template should be used extremely liberally | as should Template:Not verified | WikiProject Fact and Reference Check | Newspapers and magazines request service | journals cited by Wikipedia

Librariana: WikiProject Librarians | Library-stub articles | Reference Desk

Research: WikiProject Wikidemia | (see also: meta)

Fix it: Cleanup resources | cleanup templates | articles to be merged (perhaps my favorite cleanup task | Typo | the professor test | Engineering x fact-check articles | Electrical Eng x fact-check | Unreferenced BLPs | db reports | broken ref names | no sources | citation needed (8,111 from Feb '07 | 309,558 total - on Feb. 12, 2013 |328,455 total on Nov. 12, 2013)  | ref cleanup | a satisfying task

Make it great: Wikipedia 1.0 | List of articles all languages should have | Template:Grading_scheme and Category:Wikipedia editorial validation (meta-discussion) | core biographies!

Meet: Meetup (I'm still a Seattleite at heart) | Wikimania

Tools: catscan, the greatest thing ever | stats are good for you

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title: User:Phoebe