text:
Talk:Jakten på Odin

Was Odin a human?

 * Is it possible that Odin was in fact a historical person, as stated by Snorri Sturluson in his Edda and Saxo Grammaticus in Gesta Danorum?

Basis for calculations from Anglo-Saxon genealogies
This also was the hypothesis for Thor Heyerdahl in his last project, Jakten på Odin (The search for Odin). Following Heyerdahl's calculations of 30 year/generation, the man named 'Odin' would have lived sometimes during the later 2nd, early 3rd century AD. The two Anglo-Saxon genealogies of Cerdic and Ida gives us a birth date for Odin sometimes, roughly, 150 - 200 AD. Some ancient kings supposedly lived into their 80s, and got kids late that inherited the kingdom... so a longer stretch of years is possible (but hardly shorter - for a son to grow up and inherit a kingdom, he should be at least in his 20s when the father dies?). So, calculating 40 years/generation would set a birth date for Odin to be around 100 - 150 AD.

Collaboration with Ynglinga saga and Roman wars in Asia Minor
Now, how does this add up with the Asa-peoples emigration from the Black Sea to escape the Romans? The simple truth is, it does not...

Heyerdahl & Lillieström takes another route, and deducts that a tribe of the Odin-people very possibly might have emigrated from Azov-lake around 60 BC, to escape from the Roman empire forces. This is compared with the genealogy of Ynglinga saga, were Njord, contemporary with Odin, is the ancestor of Norwegian and Swedish kings, and thus gives a valid 31 - 33 year mean per generration to match the year 60 BC.

So, it seems we have two different approaches to identifying a human being named Odin, that span at least 200 years apart. It just do not match...

Conclusions and hypothesis
How can this be matched? It seems plausible that the Asas really emigrated from Azov/Asgård around 60 BC, but it certainly does not match the Anglo-Saxon genealogy as we have seen.

Is it possible to find a solution that combiness the Odin that emigrated from the Black Sea with the man that got to be worshipped as a god by the northern peoples?

Please see my homepage for a deeper analysis - and share your thoughts!

2003-06-30

Wilmer Thomas

I'm sorry. I don't mean to offend (as I've done before to another user), but I frankly don't buy the whole 'Odin-people' bit from Azerbaijan. Here's what you need to do to (try to)convince me: bring linguistic evidence. After that, photos of the people definately couldn't hurt, though its completely understand if can't come forward with pictures. Its not that I doubt the plausability of it, as it is widely known that Swedes ventured far into modern day Russia through its vast river systems. Its that they would settle there (as opposed to trading) with enough population to maintain such an identity for 1k years and not be popularly known. D.E. Cottrell 05:05, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC) The Norwegians often travelled around Varanger and Murmansk and down the rivers in Russia(great svitjod) infact easier and safer that way, than thrue difficult woodland. By the way..The russian, alias rus, ros, ors, urs needed to establies Russia with a king to rule the country, who do you think they ask to come? The Varangian brothers.. one of them called Rurik. Because he had the right blood after ...Odin.
 * Yes, it certainly seems the work of crackpots. Scandinavians went to this direction, not the other way around.  Whether it was Goths or Rus, the story has it that they went in a southeasterly direction.  There is no evidence of this connection except through fantasy.  The Volkerwanderung is the greatest factor in my reasoning to this matter especially since the invading hordes which came from the East were not in any way enjoyable to the Germanic tribes which the Swedes had been a party to.  Kenneth Alanson 09:11, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, it certainly seems the work of crackpots. Scandinavians went to this direction, not the other way around.  Whether it was Goths or Rus, the story has it that they went in a southeasterly direction.  There is no evidence of this connection except through fantasy.  The Volkerwanderung is the greatest factor in my reasoning to this matter especially since the invading hordes which came from the East were not in any way enjoyable to the Germanic tribes which the Swedes had been a party to.  Kenneth Alanson 09:11, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * interesting. Dont delete other thoughts. This discusion history is deleters histery.

 * Archaeology is based on FACTS. There are no FACTS to suggest that Heyerdahl/Lillieström are right. They have based their theories on negative evidence, which means that you might as well suggest that Odin was a spaceman from Uranus or the moon. There is no evidence to contradict this theory either, so it is as valid as the H/L theory. Grumpy444grumpy 15:31, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

This page contains the phrase "the pagan Norse gods". That seems non-NPOV to me, considering that "pagan" can be used offensively. Tristan Schmelcher 21:27, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

-

DNA might give the answer to this riddle of the origin of Odin. Also the level of strontium in the bones of one of the women found in The Oseberg find in Norway. Many historians belive that the women buried with the Oseberg ship, must have been Queen Aasa of the Ynglinge clan, the royal clan in Scandinavia in the 700 th century. Recent measures of the strontium level (2007) in the womens bones, suggest that she lived in the area of Agder in Norway, and moved to Vestfold, as Snorre says (The Oseberg find is in Vestfold). The trees used in the Oseberg ship was cut in the year 834, around the time her son Halvdan Svarte took over the kingdom, and there is no doubt that the women got a "royal" burial.

Now, what is even more interesting is that recent DNA finds, suggest that the women had ancestral roots in the areas around the Black Sea. The question is why a royal important women in Norway has roots from the Black Sea region? I know that some have suggested that it is not Queen Aasa in the Oseberg find, but the new findings in the strontium level and the DNA, must have consequence for our conclusions.

Snorre says that Odin came from the Black Sea area and that Queen Aasa is related to him. If it is Queen Aasa in the Oseberg find after all, and she has roots from the Black Sea area, then what?

Ingve Gilje, Norway 6.sep 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fjosman (talk • contribs) 19:08, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

--

Odin may have been a god-like title assigned multiple times - there may have been more than one "Odin". One independent scholar, V. Rjabchikov, (spelling uncertain here) suggests that the title relates to the Sun-God, and means 'son of', using a proto-Slavonian dialect. (Sergei V. Rjabchikov). See article "Did Odin Exist?" http://public.kubsu.ru/~usr02898/sl46.htm

Something else that may be of interest is the translation of runic stela inscriptions into the Gok-Turkic dialect by Turgay Kurum, a Turkish scholar. http://www.antalyaonline.net/futhark/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jdarrellg (talk • contribs) 08:55, 29 November 2008 (UTC) ^91.186.72.49 (talk) 22:39, 1 September 2010 (UTC)Odin had many names....wotan, woden, Udin(russians use "u" as spoken "o"). Compare Snorre and cantebury cronicles against each other and you will see almost the same names before and after Odin, alias Woden. How could Snorre sitting in Iceland, writing the saga around 12 century pinpointing exactly where Asaheim, Asgard, Asergard where? Heyerdahl started digging in the town Asov and found proof of existent in the soil. He only followed Snorres saga who has been looked at as a Mythology in scandinavia since 18 century by christian church.

Did Heyerdahl completely disregard all linguistic theory?
Seeing that it is already noted in the opening paragraph of the 'Critique' section that Heyerdahl based his reasoning on similarities between Norse concepts and present day place names, are we sure that he disregarded all linguistic theory, completely?

It would be benificial if the person(s) who originally contributed this article would elaborate on this. Would Heyerdahl himself have agreed that he disregarded linguistic theory? Was/is there perhaps a debate around Heyerdahl's use of linguistic and other scientific disciplines? Can that debate be brought into the description?

If it is correct that the entire academic community in Norway are agreed that Heyerdahl didn't understand or didn't want to apply scientific methodology, does there exist some literature to highlight this issue and can this be summarized in the article? He was from time to time interviewed in the media and these appearances should at least provide some sourcing.

Without such sourcing and elaboration on how Heyerdahl applied linguistic theory, the article as it stands seems too subjective and point of view to conform to encyclopedic standards. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Datsun69 (talk • contribs) 11:35, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

I have now added sourcing for the critique of Heyerdahl's Odin project, mainly the review in Maal og minne, 1/2002. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Datsun69 (talk • contribs) 15:03, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Page is pretty poor
This article is poorly cited and spends 3/4 of the page criticizing a theory that is not very well laid out in the article. Heavily biased. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blue Tie (talk • contribs) 03:41, 30 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Nice to see someone on this talk page discussing the content of the article rather than its subject! I agree, I think part of the problem is that the book it is discussing has not been translated into English. Is there anyone out there who is fluent enough in Norwegian to read the book in the original language and post a more detailed summary? I'd really like to read this book, but unless someone decides to translate the whole thing, a good-quality Wikipedia summary of its main theories will have to suffice. Nick xylas (talk) 18:53, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

Turkish and Caucasian languages have no relation whatever to Germanic?
Really? Ney kent in many Turkic (all, not only Anatolian) languages mean in english "NEW STATE"! All German umlauts are easy to say for all Turkic (all, not only Anatolian) people, and added to they new XX c. latin alphabets, becouse they were imported other way about 1700-1200 years ago. Western Turkic tribes were white, with steppe version (not slavic) of Y-hg R1a, pastoralic, exactly like R1a from Norway and Sweden (biggest % nummber of lactose tolerance in Europe) odin in russian and other slavic languages mean 1 (one); in this case it mean first (like german Fuerst) aristocrat, elder, high (like high society) (like 1 stone on the peak of piramide), ruler, head of state, or tribe. About 10 years ago i laught over Chechen officials claime, that London is of chechen language origin, but after reading many books and w3 sites i think it is not so ridiculous for me like before. Problem with you germanic idiots is that you sitting now on so high place (arian race, nordic race, pangermania, vandals and gots were Germans, Indo-Germans (where are Slavs and Celts), germanic tribes occupied and ruled whole Europe, anglo-saxon master race, WASP, bashing and destroing Catholics, Orthodox and Muslim that you dont see the reality, and will not search the true. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.186.22.70 (talk) 13:06, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

Theory of Caucasus (Azer/Esir)
http://ironlight.wordpress.com/2010/02/20/thor-heyerdahl-norwegian-explorer-in-search-of-odin/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikaz2012 (talk • contribs) 02:16, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia, front-line scholastic quality AGAIN
"Pseudo-archaeology", LOL - modern Westerners are schizotypic in cognitive dissonance and deracinated degenerative lack of integral, preserved tradition of organic folk-memory.

Where did the "Goths" hail from, the "Germanii"...? Armenia, "Persia"/Iran, Trans-Caucasian land, mid-Siberia - yet our "white Western European" ethnocentric racialist lenses of perception refuse to recognize the reality, and Wiki-Disneyland perpetuates the Nordic-Aryan mystical nationalist madness in supporting some sort of magically Evolian-Hyperborean auto-genesis out of thin air or some tear in the space-time continuum for "Nordic European Westerners" - B.S.!

The "Northmen" originated as Central Asiatic pillagers with a capitol, "ASGARD", in "ASA-LAND" of "TURK-LAND" - this is Armenian-Iranian geography of prominent rivers and mountainous climes one of whose centers was indeed "AZOV" and "AZERBAIJAN" - the "Norse" were first denominated "ASIOI", "ARSACES", "ASII" etc. precisely due to this "greater" AZERBAIJAN home nucleus of ethno-phylogeny.

Mr. Heyerdahl apparently was fighting Fascistic "Aryosophy" of dementia to no purpose - we idiotic decadent "Westerners" still refuse to accept our Central Asian origins and our fellow "Sacae" or "Sakai" in the "East"...

Wikipedia racist idiocy transmitters, knaves... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:B34B:A940:882A:ED84:CA22:D098 (talk) 19:09, 16 May 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jakten på Odin


text:
College of Creative Studies

The College of Creative Studies (CCS) is the smallest of the three undergraduate colleges at the University of California, Santa Barbara, unique within the University of California system in terms of structure and philosophy. Its small size, student privileges, and grading system are designed to encourage self-motivated students with strong interests in a field to accomplish original work as undergraduates. A former student has called it a “graduate school for undergraduates”. The college has roughly 350 students in nine majors and approximately 60 professors and lecturers. There is an additional application process to the standard UC Santa Barbara admission for prospective CCS students, and CCS accepts applications for admissions throughout the year.

The college only offers 9 majors: Art, Biology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Computing, Marine Science, Mathematics, Music Composition, Physics, and Writing and Literature.

History
In the late 1960s, the Chancellor of UC Santa Barbara, Vernon I. Cheadle, was looking for an alternative education program for undergraduate students which could embody the new thinking of the 60s and also attract attention to his growing university. He contacted a professor in the English department, Marvin Mudrick, to come up with ideas for this new program. In 1967 the University of California allowed funding for Mudrick to start up the most promising of those ideas, the College of Creative Studies.

The program started with approximately 50 students in 9 majors: Art, Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Music Composition, Literature, and Physics. The experimental program struck a chord with its students and faculty, and along with the powerful pushing of Mudrick as its provost, it secured its place at UC Santa Barbara. The program grew over the years in student and faculty size and in 1975 found its home in a building at UC Santa Barbara that dates from when the campus was a World War II marine base. In 1995, the college added the major of Computer Science. In 2005, with the retirement of Provost William Ashby, the title of the Provost was changed to Dean and the College was placed under the leadership of Dr. Bruce Tiffney.

The Art department includes the only undergraduate book arts program in the University of California system. Recently, the Physics program has become regarded as one of the best undergraduate Physics programs in the nation; its students attend graduate schools with percentages resembling those of Ivy Leagues. CCS students have won the UC Santa Barbara Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Research several times in recent years. Literature students run Spectrum, a literary magazine, and Into the Teeth of the Wind, a poetry review.

Philosophy
The philosophy of the College of Creative Studies is that certain undergraduate students are capable of rigorously exploring and adding to their chosen field of knowledge. Students skip introductory courses as appropriate and are encouraged to accomplish original work throughout their time at the College: Literature students compile a portfolio of writing, art students put on a minimum of two shows displaying their work, music students perform their own compositions, and science students enter labs by their sophomore years to conduct research and write scholarly papers for publication.

The College considers students to be the most important people involved, not the faculty or administration. It has a low student-teacher ratio, and each student is paired with a faculty adviser with whom they meet at least once a quarter.

Privileges and grading system
CCS students have few general education requirements and may take almost any course in the entire university, including graduate classes, provided they have permission from the instructor. They can drop classes up to the last day of instruction in the quarter, a privilege intended to encourage students to attempt taking many units and advanced classes without being penalized, in the event that they are unable to fulfill these commitments.

In CCS classes, students do not receive letter grades. Instead, the College uses a sliding unit scale where if a student completes all the work for a class at a satisfactory level, the student receives a full 4 units for most classes. If the student completes less work, he/she would receive fewer units, and if the student goes beyond expectations, a professor may give student more units. This system aims to promote a non-competitive atmosphere that focuses more on the student learning the material rather than learning how to take a test.

CCS students are afforded many privileges to help in the pursuit of their education.

 * Fewer prerequisites: If a CCS student can show a capability of taking an upper division or graduate class, even without the prerequisites, the college greatly facilitates the process of getting the student in that class.
 * Drop class and change grading: CCS students may drop any class up until the last day of instruction. This privilege is given as a backup if a student happens to try taking advanced classes or more classes than the usual student. They may also change their grading between letter grade or pass/no-pass for classes outside CCS.
 * Priority registration: CCS students are among the first students at UC Santa Barbara to sign up for classes each quarter. They sign up at the same time as honors students and athletes.
 * Higher unit cap: CCS students have a unit cap of 95.5 units per quarter. However, most students take between 15 and 25 units a quarter.
 * Building access: All CCS students have their access card registered at the CCS Advising Office and can enter the building with a registered card through the electronic locks at side entrances from 7:30 AM to 10:00 PM.
 * Computer Lab: CCS students have a computer lab in the building where they have free Internet access, printing and photocopying.
 * Library checkout: CCS students get quarter-long check-out from the UC Santa Barbara library and may renew materials up to five times.
 * SURF: All CCS students are eligible to apply for the college's summer undergraduate research fellowships. The standard package for one student is a stipend supporting a 10-12-week project.

The building
The College of Creative Studies is housed in its own single story building, number 494, located between campus dorms, a dining commons, and the University Center. The building was built during World War II and shares the title as the oldest building at UC Santa Barbara with the other buildings left from when the campus was a marine base.

The building contains classrooms, art studios, faculty and administrative offices, an art gallery, computer labs, print and wood shops and a small 100 person theater. For most of its life it was painted brown, but in early 2005 the administrative offices were painted yellow, the college proper was painted green and the Old Little Theatre was painted red.

The building acts as a "home base" for its students, who spend time in the building studying and socializing. Students are allowed to personalize the building, so the walls have stickers and art, classrooms contain couches and modified desks and there are a few roaming stuffed animals.

Although many students and staff members are fond of the building, the college has outgrown it and is looking for funds to renovate it and/or build new facilities.

Notable alumni and faculty
CCS alumni include:

 * Art: Carol Bennett, Macduff Everton, Mary Heebner, Peggy Oki, Halsey Rodman,
 * Biology: Angela Belcher (awarded 2004 MacArthur "Genius" Fellowship), Carol W. Greider (shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2009), Richard Anthony Jefferson (named to Scientific American's 50 Most Influential Technologists), John La Puma, Marlene Zuk (member of the National Academy of Sciences), Ronald Vale (discovered kinesin, winner of the 2017 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine)
 * Computer Science: Jay Freeman (founder of Cydia)
 * Physics: Alex Filippenko, Mika McKinnon
 * Literature: Susie Cagle, Parry Gripp, Christine Lehner, Chanel Miller, Nathan Thrall, Ethlie Ann Vare
 * Music Composition: Paul Chavez, Stephen Malinowski

CCS faculty have included:

 * Art: Charles Garabedian, John McCracken
 * Literature: Laure-Anne Bosselaar, Marvin Mudrick, Max Schott, Barry Spacks, Elizabeth Wong

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: College of Creative Studies


text:
User talk:Ditkoofseppala

I'm 58 and live in the Yukon Territory, where I operate a sleddog kennel. I've been interested in purebred dogs most of my life and written a bit about the subject in recent years. I think the Wikipedia project is really a great idea and I like co-operative "open source" things of this kind. Obviously the dog section of Wikipedia has room for a lot of hard work to be done. I'm interested in helping out.Ditkoofseppala 00:12 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hello Ditkoofseppala, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

You might want to move the information about yourself to your user page.

You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and manual of style pages are also useful. Feel free to experiment at the Sandbox. If you have any questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Angela 00:16 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Thanks, Angela. I've done a minimal interim post to my user page; hope to do a better job later. I shall endeavour to educate myself as you have suggested. I posted a discussion comment yesterday relating to the Siberian Husky page; I notice from my watchlist that the person who contributed that article is under a hard ban. I'm still too new to understand what may have been going on there, but I guess the Siberian Husky needs a new page. Maybe I'll find time to do a draft version if there are no breed fanciers interested in the job. Mostly I'd like to get a page up representing my own breed, the Seppala Siberian Sleddog, which is relatively new as a separate breed (1997) and rare. Ditkoofseppala 23:10 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The banned person was the last person to edit that page (until I made a small change this morning anyway) but didn't start the article. You can click on the "Page history" link at the top, bottom or side of the article to see all the contributors and their changes.  The bit about eating people was a silly comment that would have been deleted straight away if it had been noticed at the time.  I've taken it out.  So don't worry, just jump in and make any changes and improvements you can :)  It's great to have someone new interested in the dog articles.  I am concentrating on adding the tables at the moment, but am easily distracted by my other WikiObsessions.  So many welcomes, and I look forward to working with you.  Regards -- sannse 09:06 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

--- Whoooo! Just finished my first effort at an article from scratch: Charlotte Moorman, an old icon of mine. Needs more work. I have a couple of jpegs of her (non-topless, I'm afraid) picked up in web research; they look like newspaper images, but how on earth to determine whether they are or aren't copyright? Finding her basic biographical data was not easy, pointing up to me how much search-engine work something like Wikipedia can save people. The automatic links are impressive, and the practice of just bracketing what ought to be linked quickly reveals where the gaps in the 'pedia are! I like it, I like it! This could be a lot of fun. Ditkoofseppala 23:22 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi Ditkoofseppala, that was a good effort for Charlotte Moorman, I found your article interesting. I discovered it from a link you had made to Staten Island Ferry which I just finished writing.  Welcome to Wikipedia from another Canadian, eh? (Though I am far from our native land!). Do you know I ran into a judge in Staten Island that grew up in Montreal and studied law in French?  He came down here and became a lawyer for poor people and now is a Housing Court judge!  You know I also found that same Carolee Scheemann memorial site and used it in my Juan Downey page. I'd be interested in your comments about it.  Anyway, I enjoy this Wikipedia collaboration, hope you stick around. Alex756

Just in case you missed it, I've moved our conversation to Talk:List of dog breeds as it was specific to that page. I've also had a bash at neutralising the introductory paragraph for the list and would be grateful if you would cast your eye over it. Cheers -- sannse 19:33 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi Ditkoofseppala. A question: is "mushing" the same as "dogsled racing" and if so which title should an article be at (not that I'm planning on writing it I hasten to add - just link sorting :) -- sannse 18:47 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

From your photo, you look a bit like Howard Keel (only younger, of course). It sounds like a really interesting lifestyle. See you around. Deb 17:55 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi, got your message about the bragsheet and hopefully I've fixed it now. :) Didn't see your comments until yesterday.

I really like your dog articles! I was wondering what you thought of an idea I had though, about changing the color of the "taxobox" for these so as not to exactly match the generic animalia taxoboxes. Just a thought, don't know whether it's appropriate; maybe you and the other expert Sannse would like to hash it out? :) - Hephaestos 20:12 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi Hephaestos, 'scuse me jumping in... in the first draft the tables were green (for no particular reason). mav suggested we changed to pink to match the mammal taxoboxes (dogs being mammals an' all ;)  so we went for that.  We did consider having a colour for each of the 10 FCI groups and one for unrecognised dogs, but that's lots of colours to choose and pink seemed a reasonable solution for the short term at least.  But I'm open to discussion either way (I am not a pink person anyway) -- sannse 15:43 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hey Ditkoofseppala, you probably saw -  the copyright status of Whippet is confirmed as OK. So we can edit away. I may have a bash at it over the next few days (if you or someone else don't get there first). I also want to tackle the various Jack Russell articles soon. Anyway, I have Whippet on watch if you want to discuss there how we can reformat the page. Regards -- sannse 15:43 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

O wow.. what an honor. No, really you have no idea how much on an honor this is. Just.. wow. Everything I ever learned about dog mushing has came from your site. When I was 13 I would be yelled at for wasting ink, I printed off pages and pages of material off of that site and I read carry it around with me reading it EVERYWHERE! I had no idea you were a wikipedian. I have a 4 year old purebred red and white siberian husky now, I purchased her when I was 14 for $400. Named her Crystal. I contributed to the Siberian Husky page. Wow... it's the man that runs the Seppala Siberian Sleddog Project, bringing back the original Seppala dogs. Woolgatherer

Dear Ditkoofseppala, please appologise that I did not visit your site earlier. It was a long way for me through Wikipedia to get familiar with it. I posted a message at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Dog breeds and would be happy to know your opinion. Thanks Gangleri 04:05, 2004 Nov 2 (UTC)

I see edits! You're back? Many many "welcome back"s if you are, it's great to see you again. Warm regards -- sannse (talk) 00:34, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog. Since you had some involvement with the Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Fiddle  Faddle  12:29, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Nomination of Alaskan husky for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Alaskan husky is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Alaskan husky until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Atsme Talk 📧 13:30, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Seppala Siberian Sleddog for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Seppala Siberian Sleddog is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Seppala Siberian Sleddog (2nd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Cavalryman (talk) 00:36, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ditkoofseppala


text:
Broadway Open House

Broadway Open House is network television's first late-night comedy-variety series. It was telecast live on NBC from May 29, 1950, to August 24, 1951, airing weeknights from 11pm to midnight. One of the pioneering TV creations of NBC president Pat Weaver, it demonstrated the potential for late-night programming and led to the later development of The Tonight Show.

Hosts
The show was originally planned to be hosted by comic Don "Creesh" Hornsby (so named because he yelled "Creesh" often). Hornsby had been brought into the variety show business by Bob Hope, whose topical humor would serve as the basis for most of the late-night talk shows that would follow. One week before he was to begin hosting, the 26-year-old Hornsby suddenly contracted polio, from which he died on the day he was to host his first show, May 22, 1950. Hornsby's sudden demise forced NBC to postpone the show and rush to find new hosts on short notice. For the first few weeks, there were different hosts including Dean Martin & Jerry Lewis, Henny Youngman and Robert Alda, among others, with Morey Amsterdam hosting Mondays and Wednesdays.

Broadway Open House was performed before a live studio audience, in the manner of a stage show. Pat Weaver, an NBC executive at the time, noticed the positive feedback that Jerry Lester (then hosting Cavalcade of Stars for Dumont) and his manic personality had received on a recent appearance on NBC and offered Lester the hosting position almost immediately. Lester initially hosted the Tuesday, Thursday and Friday episodes of Broadway Open House until Amsterdam exited the show, leaving Lester the sole host. Lester performed sketches with his crew of sidekicks (including some of the earliest TV appearances of brassy Barbara Nichols), running through standard nightclub comedy routines and introducing the show's vocal group, the Mello Larks. Lester's signature bit was to twist his eyeglasses at a 45-degree angle on his face. The show had occasional guests, including Lenny Bruce, who appeared May 1950 and Charlie Parker who appeared October 31, 1950 (an audio recording exists of his appearance on the show), and there were also audience participation bits, such as having women from the audience join the female cast members in modeling fur coats. Lester's fondness for bean bags became a running gag on the series. The sponsors included Anchor Hocking glassware and Blatz Beer.

Cast and crew
Other Broadway Open House cast members were tap dancer Ray Malone, accordionist Milton DeLugg, announcer Wayne Howell and vocalists Jane Harvey, Andy Roberts and David Street. The show's opening theme music was "The Beanbag Song" by DeLugg, Lester and Willie Stein. A second theme was the song "It's Almost Like Being in Love." DeLugg often played a song he wrote with Stein, "Orange Colored Sky", which became a hit for both Lester and for Nat King Cole.

Vic McLeod, Paul Munro, Ray Buffum and Jac Hein were among the producers. Hein, Munro and Joseph C. Cavalier directed. Stan Burns, Allan Sherman, Art Henley, Alan Sands, and Cal Howard were the writers. The program was developed by Sylvester "Pat" Weaver, a programming vice-president at NBC who had started his career as a production assistant on Fred Allen's radio show Town Hall Tonight in the 1930s. After the 15-month run of Broadway Open House, Weaver further developed his ideas on a local show over NBC's New York station starring Steve Allen, which eventually took to the network in 1954 as The Tonight Show. There are those who dispute Weaver's credit for The Tonight Show, including hosts Steve Allen and Jack Paar. Years later, Paar said "He didn't invent programs, but wrote great memos."

Dagmar arrives
Network variety shows were broadcast weekly, with the production staff having one week to create each new episode. Broadway Open House was under much more pressure, and it was a continuing challenge to come up with fresh material on a nightly basis. Starlet Jennie Lewis was given no script and told, "You just sit there and act dumb. Your name is Dagmar." With her new name, she sat on a stool with a sign around her neck saying "Girl Singer," did breathing exercises, and soon performed as a reader of poems and plays, while Lester made occasional jokes about her "hidden talents." Her appearances created a sensation, leading to much press coverage and a salary increase from $75 to $1,250. Lester was now in the peculiar position of being the second banana on his own show, and he asked NBC to put him on another program. Lester left Broadway Open House in May 1951, and Dagmar carried on as host. On July 16, 1951, she was featured on the front cover of Life, and the show came to an end one month later.

Lester was retained as a rotating host for a new early prime-time variety show the next season, Chesterfield Sound-Off Time, along with Fred Allen and Bob Hope. NBC filled the late-night time slot for the next year with Mary Kay's Nightcap, a non-comic show in which Mary Kay Stearns previewed the next day's programming. For a short time, Dagmar was given a weekly late-night show entitled Dagmar's Canteen. The show's even later time slot (12:15 a.m. Sunday morning) and the lack of a comic partner for Dagmar to foil were factors in the show being short-lived.

Dagmar's run on Broadway Open House and her appearances on other shows (Colgate Comedy Hour, The Milton Berle Show, Masquerade Party) made her the first major female star of television. She continued making guest appearances during the late 1950s with Jack Paar on The Tonight Show.

Steve Allen remembered Hornsby, Broadway Open House and Fred Allen in a 1997 interview. "NBC had tried unsuccessfully to do late night television with the comedian Jerry Lester and with Morey Amsterdam in the early 1950s, but that did not go over well with the viewers. I'm not certain the quality of the show had anything to do with it. At that point in time, you still had a limited number of television sets and television had still not come to a lot of the medium-sized cities around the country. I think you had a lot of people in the network executive suites who were convinced 11 o'clock was just too late for people to stay up and watch television. If that original show (Broadway Open House) had been done five years later, they may have changed their minds, because they did a lot of the same kind of humor we did later... Any time a performer dies in the process of doing a television series or a Broadway show, it's a difficult proposition how to proceed in good taste. With Fred Allen, this was in the mid-1950s and while he was never as successful in television, he had been an icon in radio... This may have been the first time, or at least one of the first times, a performer in television died while in the midst of doing a regular show. A comedian named Don Hornsby was supposed to do NBC's first late-night show, but he died two weeks before the show went on the air, so the audience had not yet seen him. But Fred Allen was one of the great humorists in the history of entertainment to that time, and the nation was still in shock because people had just seen him the previous Sunday night."

Reception
Broadway Open House was an early influence on the comedy stylings of George Carlin who spoke of the show in an interview with the Television Academy recorded December 17, 2007. Carlin prefaced the description of the show with other variety shows of the time, including The Ed Sullivan Show and The Jackie Gleason Show.

"...and nobody mentions this when they talk about The Tonight Show and late night television and where it got its start. Everybody mentions Steve Allen, which is the proper place to begin the genealogy of The Tonight Show itself, but a lot of them leave out Broadway Open House with Jerry Lester. Jerry Lester and Milton DeLugg and the orchestra. Milton played the accordion. Ray Malone was a tap dancer. Dagmar was the sex bombshell who, I guess she could pass for a singer, I don't know, uh, and Jerry Lester. Funny. Broadway Open House. And that one really got my attention. 'Cause that was mixed, planned and unplanned, slapstick and verbal and that was just, you know, for me was, that fed me. I never missed Broadway Open House."

Episode status
No episodes from Amsterdam's hosting run exist. A limited number of episodes from Lester's run have survived and are archived at the Paley Center for Media.

title: Broadway Open House


text:
1936 Governor General's Awards

The 1936 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit inaugurated Canada's annual program of Governor General's Awards, late in 1937 recognizing 1936 publications. There were only two categories, fiction and non-fiction, English language only.

The awards were presented by Lord Tweedsmuir, then Governor General of Canada—and, as John Buchan, the noted author of The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915, adapted as a 1935 film by Alfred Hitchcock).

Winners

 * Fiction: Bertram Brooker, Think of the Earth
 * Non-fiction: Thomas Beattie Roberton, TBR: Newspaper Pieces

title: 1936 Governor General's Awards


text:
Avant-garde jazz

Avant-garde jazz (also known as avant-jazz, experimental jazz, or "new thing") is a style of music and improvisation that combines avant-garde art music and composition with jazz. It originated in the early 1950s and developed through to the late 1960s. Originally synonymous with free jazz, much avant-garde jazz was distinct from that style.

1950s
Avant-garde jazz originated in the mid- to late 1950s among a group of improvisors who rejected the conventions of bebop and post bop in an effort to blur the division between the written and the spontaneous. Ornette Coleman and Cecil Taylor led the way, soon to be joined by John Coltrane. Some would come to apply it differently from free jazz, emphasizing structure and organization by the use of composed melodies, shifting but nevertheless predetermined meters and tonalities, and distinctions between soloists and accompaniment.

1960s
In Chicago, the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians began pursuing their own variety of avant-garde jazz. The AACM musicians (Muhal Richard Abrams, Anthony Braxton, Roscoe Mitchell, Hamid Drake, and the Art Ensemble of Chicago) tended towards eclecticism. Poet Amiri Baraka, an important figure in the Black Arts Movement (BAM), recorded spoken word tracks with the New York Art Quartet (“Black Dada Nihilismus,” 1964, ESP) and Sunny Murray (“Black Art,” 1965, Jihad).

title: Avant-garde jazz


text:
County of Edessa

The County of Edessa (Latin: Comitatus Edessanus) was a 12th-century Crusader state in Upper Mesopotamia. Its seat was the city of Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey).

In the late Byzantine period, Edessa became the centre of intellectual life within the Syriac Orthodox Church. As such it also became the centre for the translation of Ancient Greek philosophy into Syriac, which provided a stepping stone for the subsequent translations into Arabic. When the crusades arrived, it was still important enough to tempt a side-expedition after the siege of Antioch.

Baldwin of Boulogne, the first count of Edessa, became king of Jerusalem, and subsequent counts were his cousins. Unlike the other Crusader states, the county was landlocked. It was remote from the other states and was not on particularly good terms with its closest neighbor, the Principality of Antioch. Half of the county, including its capital, was located east of the Euphrates, far to the east, rendering it particularly vulnerable. The west part of the Euphrates was controlled from the stronghold of Turbessel. The eastern border of Edessa was the Tigris, but the County may not have extended quite that far.

The fall of Edessa in 1144 was the first major setback for Outremer and provoked the Second Crusade. All the later Crusades, however, were troubled by strategic uncertainties and disagreements. The Second Crusade did not even try to recover Edessa, calculating it to be strategically better to take Damascus. But the campaign failed and Edessa was lost for the Christians.

Founding
In 1098, Baldwin of Boulogne left the main Crusading army, which was travelling south towards Antioch and Jerusalem. He went first south into Cilicia, then east to Edessa, where he convinced its lord, Thoros, to adopt him as son and heir. He also married Thoros' daughter, Arda of Armenia, who eventually became the first queen of Jerusalem. Thoros was a Christian of Armenian origin but of Greek Orthodox religion and largely disliked by his Armenian Apostolic subjects, which led to his removal from power in March 1098. Different sources claim he was assassinated or abdicated, and it is debated whether Baldwin played a role in this. Nonetheless, Baldwin succeeded Thoros as ruler, taking the title of count (having been Count of Verdun as a vassal of his brother in Europe).

In 1100, Baldwin became King of Jerusalem when his brother, Godfrey of Bouillon, died. The County of Edessa passed to his cousin Baldwin of Bourcq. He was joined by Joscelin of Courtenay, who became lord of the fortress of Turbessel on the Euphrates, an important outpost against the Seljuk Turks.

The Frankish lords formed a good rapport with their Armenian subjects, and there were frequent intermarriages; the first three counts all married Armenians. Count Baldwin's wife had died in Marash in 1097, and after he succeeded to Edessa he married Arda, a granddaughter of the Armenian Roupenid Prince Constantine. Baldwin of Bourcq married Morphia, a daughter of Gabriel of Melitene, and Joscelin of Courtenay married a daughter of Constantine.

Conflicts with Muslim neighbours
Baldwin II quickly became involved in the affairs of northern Assyria and Asia Minor. He helped secure the ransom of Bohemond I of Antioch from the Danishmends in 1103, and, with Antioch, attacked the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia in 1104. Later in 1104, Edessa was attacked by Mosul, and both Baldwin and Joscelin were taken prisoner after their defeat at the Battle of Harran. Bohemond's cousin Tancred became regent in Edessa (although Richard of Salerno actually governed the territory), until Baldwin and Joscelin were ransomed in 1108. Baldwin had to fight to regain control of the city; Tancred was eventually defeated, though Baldwin had to ally with some of the local Muslim rulers.

In 1110, all lands east of the Euphrates were lost to Mawdud of Mosul. This was not followed by an assault on Edessa itself as the Muslim rulers were more concerned with consolidating their own power.

Baldwin II became King of Jerusalem (also as Baldwin II) when Baldwin I died in 1118. Although Eustace of Boulogne had a better claim as the late Baldwin's brother, he was in France and did not want the title. Edessa was given to Joscelin in 1119. Joscelin was taken prisoner once again in 1122; when Baldwin came to rescue him, he too was captured, and Jerusalem was left without its king. Joscelin escaped in 1123, and obtained Baldwin's release the next year.

Fall of the county
Joscelin was gravely injured during a siege in 1131 and was succeeded by his son Joscelin II. By this time, Zengi had united Aleppo and Mosul and began to threaten Edessa. Meanwhile, Joscelin II paid little attention to the security of his county, and argued with the counts of Tripoli who then refused to come to his aid. Zengi besieged the city in 1144, capturing it on 24 December that year. Joscelin continued to rule his lands west of the Euphrates, and he also managed to take advantage of the death of Zengi in September 1146 to regain and briefly hold his old capital. The city was again lost in November, and Joscelin barely escaped. In 1150 he was captured by Zengi's son Nur ad-Din, and was kept a prisoner in Aleppo until he died in 1159. His wife sold Turbessel and what was left of the county to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus, but these lands were conquered by Nur ad-Din and the Sultan of Rum within a year. Edessa was the first Crusader state to be created, and also the first to be lost.

Population and demographics
Edessa was one of the largest of the Crusader states in terms of territory but had one of the smallest populations. Edessa itself had about 10,000 inhabitants. The rest of the county consisted mostly of fortresses. The county's territory extended from Antioch in the west to across the Euphrates in the east at its greatest extent. It also often occupied land as far north as Armenia proper. To the south and east were the powerful Muslim cities of Aleppo and Mosul, and the Jazira (northern Iraq). The inhabitants were mostly Syriac Orthodox and Armenian Orthodox Christians, with some Greek Orthodox Christians and Arab Muslims. Although the numbers of Latins always remained small, there was a Roman Catholic archbishop. The fall of the city was the catalyst for the Second Crusade in 1146.

Counts of Edessa

 * Baldwin I 1098–1100
 * Baldwin II 1100–1118
 * Tancred of Galilee as regent, with Richard of Salerno as governor (1104–1108)
 * Joscelin I 1118–1131
 * Joscelin II 1131–1144, d. 1159
 * ''Joscelin III, titular Count from 1159
 * Beatrice, titular Countess from 1200

Lordship of Turbessel
Turbessel was firstly the lordship of Joscelin I when he was not yet the count of Edessa. It controlled the area west of the Euphrates, and held the border against Antioch. It then was a special holding of Courtenay counts of Edessa, and again became their seat after the loss of the city of Edessa. It was sold with the remaining parts of the county to the Byzantines just before it was conquered by Muslims. After the sale, the wife and family of Joscelin II moved with the proceeds to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, near Acre.

title: County of Edessa


text:
Art music

Art music (alternatively called classical music, cultivated music, serious music, and canonic music ) is music considered to be of high phonoaesthetic value. It typically implies advanced structural and theoretical considerations or a written musical tradition. In this context, the terms "serious" or "cultivated" are frequently used to present a contrast with ordinary, everyday music (i.e. popular and folk music, also called "vernacular music"). Many cultures have art music traditions; in the Western world, the term typically refers to Western classical music.

Definition
In Western literature, "Art music" is mostly used to refer to music descending from the tradition of Western classical music. Musicologist Philip Tagg refers to the elitism associated with art music as one of an "axiomatic triangle consisting of 'folk', 'art' and 'popular' musics". He explains that each of these three is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria. According to Bruno Nettl, "Western classical music" may also be synonymous with "art music", "canonic music", "cultivated music", "serious music", as well as the more flippantly used "real music" and "normal music". Musician Catherine Schmidt-Jones defines art music as "a music which requires significantly more work by the listener to fully appreciate than is typical of popular music". In her view, "[t]his can include the more challenging types of jazz and rock music, as well as Classical".

The term "art music" refers primarily to classical traditions (including contemporary as well as historical classical music forms) that focus on formal styles, invite technical and detailed deconstruction and criticism, and demand focused attention from the listener. In strict western practice, art music is considered primarily a written musical tradition, preserved in some form of music notation, as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote, or in recordings (like popular and traditional music).

Popular music
There have been continual attempts throughout the history of popular music to make a claim for itself as art rather than as popular culture, and a number of music styles that were previously understood as "popular music" have since been categorized in the art or classical category. According to the academic Tim Wall, the most significant example of the struggle between Tin Pan Alley, African-American, vernacular, and art discourses was in jazz. As early as the 1930s, artists attempted to cultivate ideas of "symphonic jazz", taking it away from its perceived vernacular and black American roots. Following these developments, histories of popular music tend to marginalize jazz, partly because the reformulation of jazz in the art discourse has been so successful that many (as of 2013) would not consider it a form of popular music.

At the beginning of the 20th century, art music was divided into "serious music" and "light music". During the second half of the century, there was a large-scale trend in American culture toward blurring the boundaries between art and pop music. Beginning in 1966, the degree of social and artistic dialogue among rock musicians dramatically accelerated for bands who fused elements of composed music with the oral musical traditions of rock. During the late 1960s and 1970s, progressive rock bands represented a form of crossover music that combined rock with high art musical forms either through quotation, allusion, or imitation. Progressive music may be equated with explicit references to aspects of art music, sometimes resulting in the reification of rock as art music.

While progressive rock is often cited for its merging of high culture and low culture, few artists incorporated literal classical themes in their work to any great degree, as author Kevin Holm-Hudson explains: "sometimes progressive rock fails to integrate classical sources ... [it] moves continuously between explicit and implicit references to genres and strategies derived not only from European art music, but other cultural domains (such as East Indian, Celtic, folk, and African) and hence involves a continuous aesthetic movement between formalism and eclecticism".

title: Art music


text:
Talk:Rat Pack

Opening comment
Joey Bishop was also a member of the Rat Pack.

Antonio Modern Rat Martin

Ashton Kutcher
Is it worth adding Ashton Kutcher's brief flirtation with calling himself and P Diddy the new Rat Pack? matt kane's brain 13:52, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think so.
 * I don't think the article is worthwhile. What a bunch of bloody unencyclopedic nonsense. 76.102.1.193 (talk) 22:51, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

female Rat Packers?
Could somebody educate me on this? I though the Rat Pack name was bestowed on 'only' Sinatra, Martin, Davis, Lawford and Bishop? GoodDay 16:10, 20 October 2007 (UTC) I would also have thought that, after Shirley McLaine, Angie Dickinson was the gal most associated with them Plutonium27 (talk) 00:01, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

This issue has not been resolved. I removed the un-sourced entry that is in question. It was tagged several months ago as needing a source, but none was provided. If there is support for this idea, please post it on the discussion page for comments and review. 173.75.210.73 (talk)

Fifties Pack
The article is incomplete in its depiction of the origins of "The Rat Pack" in the 1950s. In fact, it skips altogether the beginnings of this social group with actors Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacal, Judy Garland, et. al. --Satyricrash (talk) 07:17, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Additionally, mention of the origin of the nickname would be nice. --71.227.113.171 (talk) 05:03, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Added some facts about origins and developments after the passing of Bogart in 1957 when Sinatra became engaged to Bacall.Kotofski (talk) 21:57, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rat Pack.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 03:53, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Sal Mineo
Only mentioned once in the article, as a member, with no citation. The Wikipedia article about Mineo doesn't say he's part of the Rat Pack.Arnold Rothstein1921 (talk) 15:22, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Took Sal off the list.Arnold Rothstein1921 (talk) 04:53, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

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Music
This is good "Christmas with the Rat Pack, a collection of holiday tunes sung by Sinatra, Martin and Davis, was released in 2001. The Ultimate Rat Pack Collection: Live & Swingin' went on sale in 2003. A concert featuring the three men, Live from the Sands in Las Vegas, also is available on CD."

I also own two CDs - The Clan in Chicago and Welcome to the Rat Pack.

I would add them to the entry, but I do not know what the criteria is here...do they have to be "official" releases for this mention? Thanks! FiggazWithAttitude (talk) 15:25, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Rat Pack transformation
The Rat Pack group undergone several transformations. The best-known transformation happened under the leadership of Frank Sinatra.

In 1957, after the passing of Humphrey Bogart, Frank Sinatra and Lauren Bacall became engaged and planned a marriage while living together in Sinatra's homes. Frank Sinatra became the Rat Pack leader from 1957 on. By the end of the 1950s, the Rat Pack evolved into an informal production group whose members united their star power to support each other's careers. At that time, the Rat Pack activities expanded to Las Vegas where members performed regular gigs and helped each other by making unannounced appearances to impress the audiences. In 1958, Sinatra, Martin, and MacLaine starred in Some Came Running (film). At the same time in 1958, a story about a series of Las Vegas casino robberies circulated among entertainers, so Peter Lawford bought the rights and Frank Sinatra became interested in the idea. Several members of the Rat Pack who were regulars in Vegas, were naturally fit to lead the cast of characters in the upcoming production, including Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop. and also Angie Dickinson, Cesar Romero, and Shirley McLaine. A variety of writers worked on the project, titled Ocean's 11, and the production was set to begin in January 1960. Thus the movie Ocean's 11 documented the second incarnation of the Rat Pack that evolved during the 1950s and 1960s.Kotofski (talk) 21:57, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Together Again Tour
This article says, about the March 13 performance of the Together Again Tour “ Davis opened the show, followed by Martin and then Sinatra”. There is footage from the show on YouTube, and it seems Martin opened. So is the info correct? Ivo Goedhart (talk) 23:01, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rat Pack


text:
Talk:Anna Nicole Smith

Tabloid sources

 * Anonymous contributor constantly vandalized ANS and Dannieynn's pages with lurid, tabloid unsourced information. Smith was a tabloid fodder, but should we mention all  her scandals, feuds, gossip, trysts,  etc.? Glendale10 (talk) 15:19, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No, per WP:PROPORTION, "An article should not give undue weight to minor aspects of its subject". Normal Op (talk) 16:59, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

Ref 92 (Monument)
This link is useless. 78.126.117.185 (talk) 17:15, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

Netflix
The 2023 Netflix documentary interviewed those involved 15 years down the line. Those who wanted to talk to netflix did so. They also included old footage. 2A01:799:31F:5F00:6AC9:A87D:9C2A:A17D (talk) 13:30, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi there, you're right. My idea is to add some references coming from the documentary, and add some information about her career because the section of Personal life is way too long. Greetings! Juan Pop Gamer (talk) 02:18, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anna Nicole Smith


text:
1937 Governor General's Awards

The 1937 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were the second rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1937 and were presented in 1938. There were no cash prizes.

Poetry or drama was introduced as a third category alongside the original awards for fiction and non-fiction. There was one award in each, which recognized English-language works only.

Winners

 * Fiction: Laura G. Salverson, The Dark Weaver
 * Poetry or drama: E. J. Pratt, The Fable of the Goats
 * Non-fiction: Stephen Leacock, My Discovery of the West

title: 1937 Governor General's Awards


text:
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada

The deputy prime minister of Canada (vice-première ministre du Canada) is a minister of the Crown and a member of the Canadian Cabinet. The office is conferred at the discretion of the prime minister and does not have an associated departmental portfolio. Canadian deputy prime ministers are appointed to the Privy Council and styled as the Honourable (l'honorable), a privilege maintained for life.

Chrystia Freeland is the tenth and current deputy prime minister of Canada, having assumed the role on November 20, 2019. She serves concurrently as the minister of finance, and was the minister of foreign affairs before Prime Minister Justin Trudeau elevated her to the position of deputy prime minister following the 2019 federal election. The post was vacant from 2006 to 2019.

The deputy prime minister should not be confused with the position of the clerk of the Privy Council, who is effectively the deputy minister (the senior civil servant in a department) of the prime minister's department (which is the Privy Council Office).

History
The position of deputy prime minister was created by Pierre Trudeau in 1977, largely to recognize the long years of service of Allan MacEachen. Before then, Trudeau had given the title of senior minister to a member of his cabinet. The last to occupy that position was Paul Hellyer.

Joe Clark's government did not have a deputy prime minister. Similarly, Prime Minister Stephen Harper did not designate a deputy prime minister, nor did Prime Minister Justin Trudeau until the appointment of Chrystia Freeland in his second mandate. Prior to Freeland's appointment, Canada's most recent deputy prime minister was Anne McLellan, who in 2006, was also the first deputy prime minister to lose her seat in the House of Commons.

Harper gave special status in the line of authority to members of his cabinet: under an Order in Council issued on February 6, 2006—the day Harper was appointed prime minister—when "the prime minister is unable to perform the functions of his office", Lawrence Cannon, then Jim Prentice, then the balance of the Cabinet by order of precedence, were "authorized to act for the prime minister". This order was followed by a number of others updating the list; in each case, the status as the top person on that list was accorded to the vice-chair of the cabinet's Priorities and Planning Committee. Previous prime ministers have had similar orders-in-council, under which the deputy prime minister and then the balance of the Cabinet, in order of precedence, have been authorized to act for the prime minister. Media analysts generally credited the top person on these lists as being the de facto deputy prime minister, although the title was never conferred. These "order of precedence" lists have no status as a formal line of succession, however, and would carry no special weight in determining who would take over as the new prime minister if an incumbent died in office or was forced to suddenly resign in advance of a leadership convention.

Cannon seconded the pro forma bill to start the first session of the 39th Canadian Parliament; the bill is introduced before the House takes the Speech from the Throne under consideration to maintain the right of the House to consider matters other than those directed to it by the crown. Traditionally, either the deputy prime minister or government house leader seconds this bill.

Similarly, no deputy prime minister was named in the first cabinet of incumbent prime minister Justin Trudeau. Ralph Goodale was deputy leader of the Liberal Party and had been ranked first in the "order of precedence" in the cabinet, and an order in council designated him as first in line to assume the prime minister's duties in the event Trudeau ever became incapacitated. However, media analysts focused on Dominic Leblanc, who despite having been lower in the official order of precedence served on numerous cabinet committees and as the government's liaison with the Senate, as being the "de facto deputy prime minister".

Following the 2019 federal election, which saw the Liberals returned to power in a minority government but being shut out of the western provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, Goodale was defeated in the Saskatchewan riding of Regina—Wascana, while Leblanc was reelected in his New Brunswick riding of Beauséjour but on medical leave due to recovery from cancer treatment. The Liberals were pressed to respond to concerns about lack of representation in cabinet from the prairie provinces potentially driving sentiments of western alienation. On November 20, 2019, Trudeau appointed Chrystia Freeland, who represents the Toronto riding of University—Rosedale in Parliament but was born in Peace River, Alberta and grew up in Alberta, as the deputy prime minister.

Duties
The official duties of the deputy prime minister are to answer questions pertaining to overall government policy during Question Period and to chair the Cabinet in the absence of the prime minister. The office has no standing in law and does not carry any formal duties or tasks—that is, it is without a portfolio—though, the prime minister may negotiate or assign specific tasks in conjunction with the title. With the exception of Herb Gray, all deputy prime ministers have held another ministerial portfolio alongside this title.

According to journalist Joseph Brean of the Postmedia Network, the role can sometimes be "a poisoned chalice, or a leash to keep a rival under close control" rather than an indication that the Prime Minister trusts the authority of the deputy. For the political analysis magazine Policy Options Eugene Lang and Greg Schmidt describe the role as one of "soft power", in which a deputy prime minister only carries as much or as little power within a government as the prime minister chooses to permit them; the level of power is usually communicated less by the deputy prime minister's title itself, and more by what other roles they do or don't hold alongside it.

One deputy prime minister, Sheila Copps, attracted controversy in 1993 after asserting that she was "in charge" of government business while the then prime minister, Jean Chrétien, was on a brief holiday. After she left politics, she wrote that although the position of deputy prime minister is only ceremonial, "very often, the DPM's job was to protect the prime minister from the political damage that Question Period can inflict on a leader", further citing the experience of Erik Nielsen during the Sinclair Stevens scandal.

Succession
Unlike the role of vice president in some presidential systems, the deputy prime minister does not automatically assume the office of prime minister if the incumbent of the latter office dies or resigns. Although they may serve in an acting capacity on a temporary caretaker basis to ensure continuity of government function during the immediate period of transition, the deputy prime minister does not automatically become the new permanent prime minister; rather, constitutional convention requires the governor general to consult the governing party regarding the leadership, and to call on a member of that party's caucus to assume the prime ministership. No policy or convention precludes the deputy prime minister from being chosen as the new prime minister in such a scenario, but none assures it, either—the party caucus would be free to recommend any new leader of its choice to the governor general. Barring extraordinary circumstances, the governor general is expected to follow the wishes of the party, although officially they retain the authority to make the final decision. That being the case, no prime minister has died in office or resigned suddenly (except following his or her party's electoral defeat) since the 1890s, many decades before the office of deputy prime minister was created.

Extended notice is usually given when a sitting prime minister does not plan to lead his/her party into another election. Leadership contests to determine the successor to a prime minister are usually held during the final days of the incumbent's term, and are traditionally a lengthy and competitive process. In almost all cases, the outgoing prime minister hands over power directly to their designated successor, without any interim prime minister. By contrast, during leadership contests for the official opposition party, the leader of the opposition has often (though not always) been occupied by an interim parliamentary leader. The opposition party's deputy leader (assuming that post is occupied) is often chosen for this role unless they plan to run in the leadership election, in which case someone else would be chosen since it would be considered harmful to the election process if the interim leader was to be one of the candidates.

Legally speaking, any interim prime minister appointed by the governor general would not merely be acting on behalf of the prime minister, but would have the full powers and prerogatives of any other prime minister.

List of deputy prime ministers
Key:

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Acting prime minister

Prior to the creation of the position of deputy prime minister, a prime minister would routinely name a member of the cabinet to temporarily act on the prime minister's behalf while the prime minister was away from the regular duties of his job for a period of time, such as being out of the country on a working visit or a vacation. The delegate was thus a caretaker, whose role was to oversee the routine day-to-day functioning of the government and cabinet during the prime minister's absence; for example, in his capacity as acting prime minister, Mitchell Sharp ordered a precautionary one-day shutdown of government offices in Ottawa on August 20, 1970, as the storm that had spawned the Sudbury tornado headed toward Ottawa. An acting prime minister did not otherwise have the authority to act independently of the sitting prime minister in a legislative or political capacity, nor would an acting prime minister be considered to have actually served as prime minister. As well the acting prime minister was not given the title The Right Honourable, even during the acting period, although some people who served as acting prime ministers may have independently earned that distinction for other reasons.

Due to the routine and relatively minor nature of the role, few to no research sources exist to provide a complete list of everyone who was ever named as acting prime minister. However, John Diefenbaker's selection of Ellen Fairclough as acting prime minister on February 19 and 20, 1958, is historically noteworthy as Fairclough was the first woman ever designated.

Senior Minister
Prior to the creation of this position, the position of "Senior Minister" was a ceremonial position used in a similar manner, heading the order of precedence. Upon the absence of the prime minister, the senior minister would act on behalf of the prime minister.

title: Deputy Prime Minister of Canada


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Achromatopsia

Achromatopsia, also known as Rod monochromacy, is a medical syndrome that exhibits symptoms relating to five conditions, most notably monochromacy. Historically, the name referred to monochromacy in general, but now typically refers only to an autosomal recessive congenital color vision condition. The term is also used to describe cerebral achromatopsia, though monochromacy is usually the only common symptom. The conditions include: monochromatic color blindness, poor visual acuity, and day-blindness. The syndrome is also present in an incomplete form that exhibits milder symptoms, including residual color vision. Achromatopsia is estimated to affect 1 in 30,000 live births worldwide.

Signs and symptoms
The five symptoms associated with achromatopsia are:
 * 1) Color blindness – usually monochromacy
 * 2) Reduced visual acuity – uncorrectable with lenses
 * 3) Hemeralopia – with the subject exhibiting photophobia
 * 4) Nystagmus
 * 5) Iris operating abnormalities

The syndrome is typically first noticed in children around six months of age due to their photophobia or their nystagmus. The nystagmus becomes less noticeable with age but the other symptoms of the syndrome become more relevant as school age approaches. Visual acuity and stability of the eye motions generally improve during the first six to seven years of life – but remain near 20/200. Otherwise the syndrome is considered stationary and does not worsen with age.

If the light level during testing is optimized, achromats may achieve corrected visual acuity of 20/100 to 20/150 at lower light levels, regardless of the absence of color. The fundus of the eye appears completely normal.

Achromatopsia can be classified as complete or incomplete. In general, symptoms of incomplete achromatopsia are attenuated versions of those of complete achromatopsia. Individuals with incomplete achromatopsia have reduced visual acuity with or without nystagmus or photophobia. Incomplete achromats show only partial impairment of cone cell function.

Cause
Achromatopsia is sometimes called rod monochromacy (as opposed to blue cone monochromacy), as achromats exhibit a complete absence of cone cell activity via electroretinography in photopic lighting. There are at least four genetic causes of achromatopsia, two of which involve cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (ACHM2, ACHM3), a third involves the cone photoreceptor transducin (GNAT2, ACHM4), and the last remains unknown.

Known genetic causes of this include mutations in the cone cell cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels CNGA3 (ACHM2) and CNGB3 (ACHM3), the cone cell transducin, GNAT2 (ACHM4), subunits of cone phosphodiesterase PDE6C (ACHM5, OMIM 613093) and PDEH (ACHM6, OMIM 610024), and ATF6 (ACHM7, OMIM 616517).

Pathophysiology
The hemeralopic aspect of achromatopsia can be diagnosed non-invasively using electroretinography. The response at low (scotopic) and median (mesopic) light levels will be normal but the response under high light level (photopic) conditions will be absent. The mesopic level is approximately a hundred times lower than the clinical level used for the typical high level electroretinogram. When as described; the condition is due to a saturation in the neural portion of the retina and not due to the absence of the photoreceptors per se.

In general, the molecular pathomechanism of achromatopsia is either the inability to properly control or respond to altered levels of cGMP; particularly important in visual perception as its level controls the opening of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGs). Decreasing the concentration of cGMP results in closure of CNGs and resulting hyperpolarization and cessation of glutamate release. Native retinal CNGs are composed of 2 α- and 2 β-subunits, which are CNGA3 and CNGB3, respectively, in cone cells. When expressed alone, CNGB3 cannot produce functional channels, whereas this is not the case for CNGA3. Coassembly of CNGA3 and CNGB3 produces channels with altered membrane expression, ion permeability (Na+ vs. K+ and Ca2+), relative efficacy of cAMP/cGMP activation, decreased outward rectification, current flickering, and sensitivity to block by L-cis-diltiazem.

Mutations tend to result in the loss of CNGB3 function or gain of function—often increased affinity for cGMP—of CNGA3. cGMP levels are controlled by the activity of the cone cell transducin, GNAT2. Mutations in GNAT2 tend to result in a truncated and, presumably, non-functional protein, thereby preventing alteration of cGMP levels by photons. There is a positive correlation between the severity of mutations in these proteins and the completeness of the achromatopsia phenotype.

Molecular diagnosis can be established by identification of biallelic variants in the causative genes. Molecular genetic testing approaches used in achromatopsia can include targeted analysis for the common CNGB3 variant c.1148delC (p.Thr383IlefsTer13), use of a multigenerational panel, or comprehensive genomic testing.

ACHM2
While some mutations in CNGA3 result in truncated and, presumably, non-functional channels this is largely not the case. While few mutations have received in-depth study, at least one mutation does result in functional channels. Curiously, this mutation, T369S, produces profound alterations when expressed without CNGB3. One such alteration is decreased affinity for Cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Others include the introduction of a sub-conductance, altered single-channel gating kinetics, and increased calcium permeability.

When mutant T369S channels coassemble with CNGB3, however, the only remaining aberration is increased calcium permeability. While it is not immediately clear how this increase in Ca2+ leads to achromatopsia, one hypothesis is that this increased current decreases the signal-to-noise ratio. Other characterized mutations, such as Y181C and the other S1 region mutations, result in decreased current density due to an inability of the channel to traffic to the surface. Such loss of function will undoubtedly negate the cone cell's ability to respond to visual input and produce achromatopsia. At least one other missense mutation outside of the S1 region, T224R, also leads to loss of function.

ACHM3
While very few mutations in CNGB3 have been characterized, the vast majority of them result in truncated channels that are presumably non-functional. This will largely result in haploinsufficiency, though in some cases the truncated proteins may be able to coassemble with wild-type channels in a dominant negative fashion. The most prevalent ACHM3 mutation, T383IfsX12, results in a non-functional truncated protein that does not properly traffic to the cell membrane.

The three missense mutations that have received further study show a number of aberrant properties, with one underlying theme. The R403Q mutation, which lies in the pore region of the channel, results in an increase in outward current rectification, versus the largely linear current-voltage relationship of wild-type channels, concomitant with an increase in cGMP affinity. The other mutations show either increased (S435F) or decreased (F525N) surface expression but also with increased affinity for cAMP and cGMP. It is the increased affinity for cGMP and cAMP in these mutants that is likely the disorder-causing change. Such increased affinity will result in channels that are insensitive to the slight concentration changes of cGMP due to light input into the retina.

ACHM4
Upon activation by light, cone opsin causes the exchange of GDP for GTP in the guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) α-transducing activity polypeptide 2 (GNAT2). This causes the release of the activated α-subunit from the inhibitory β/γ-subunits. This α-subunit then activates a phosphodiesterase that catalyzes the conversion of cGMP to GMP, thereby reducing current through CNG3 channels. As this process is absolutely vital for proper color processing it is not surprising that mutations in GNAT2 lead to achromatopsia. The known mutations in this gene, all result in truncated proteins. Presumably, then, these proteins are non-functional and, consequently, cone opsin that has been activated by light does not lead to altered cGMP levels or photoreceptor membrane hyperpolarization.

Gene therapy
As achromatopsia is linked to only a few single-gene mutations, it is a good candidate for gene therapy. Gene therapy is a technique for injecting functional genes into the cells that need them, replacing or overruling the original alleles linked to achromatopsia, thereby curing it – at least in part. Achromatopsia has been a focus of gene therapy since 2010, when achromatopsia in dogs was partially cured. Several clinical trials on humans are ongoing with mixed results. In July 2023, a study found positive but limited improvements on congenital CNGA3 achromatopsia.

Eyeborg
Since 2003, a cybernetic device called the eyeborg has allowed people to perceive color through sound waves. This form of Sensory substitution maps the hue perceived by a camera worn on the head to a pitch experienced through bone conduction according to a sonochromatic scale. This allows achromats (or even the totally blind) to perceive – or estimate – the color of an object. Achromat and artist Neil Harbisson was the first to use the eyeborg in early 2004, which allowed him to start painting in color. He has since acted as a spokesperson for the technology, namely in a 2012 TED Talk. A 2015 study suggests that achromats who use the Eyeborg for several years exhibit neural plasticity, which indicates the sensory substitution has become intuitive for them.

Other accommodations
While gene therapy and the Eyeborg may currently have low uptake with achromats, there are several more practical ways for achromats to manage their condition:
 * Some colors can be estimated through the use of colored filters. By comparing the luminosity of a color with and without a filter (or between two different filters), the color can be estimated. This is the premise of monocular lenses and the SeeKey. In some US states, achromats can use a red filter while driving to determine the color of a traffic light.
 * To alleviate photophobia stemming from hemeralopia, dark red or plum colored filters as either sunglasses or tinted contacts are very helpful at decreasing light sensitivity.
 * To manage the low visual acuity that is typical of achromatopsia, achromats may use telescopic systems, specifically when driving, to increase the resolution of an object of interest.

Epidemiology
Achromatopsia is a relatively uncommon disorder, with a prevalence of 1 in 30,000 people.

However, on the small Micronesian atoll of Pingelap, approximately five percent of the atoll's 3,000 inhabitants are affected. This is the result of a population bottleneck caused by a typhoon and ensuing famine in the 1770s, which killed all but about twenty islanders, including one who was heterozygous for achromatopsia.

The people of this region have termed achromatopsia "maskun", which literally means "not see" in Pingelapese. This unusual population drew neurologist Oliver Sacks to the island for which he wrote his 1997 book, The Island of the Colorblind.

Blue cone monochromacy
Blue cone monochromacy (BCM) is another genetic condition causing monochromacy. It mimics many of the symptoms of incomplete achromatopsia and before the discovery of its molecular biological basis was commonly referred to as x-linked achromatopsia, sex-linked achromatopsia or atypical achromatopsia. BCM stems from mutations or deletions of the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes, both on the X chromosome. As a recessive x-linked condition, BCM disproportionately affects males, unlike typical achromatopsia.

Cerebral achromatopsia
Cerebral achromatopsia is a form of acquired color blindness that is caused by damage to the cerebral cortex. Damage is most commonly localized to visual area V4 of the visual cortex (the major part of the colour center), which receives information from the parvocellular pathway involved in color processing. It is most frequently caused by physical trauma, hemorrhage or tumor tissue growth. If there is unilateral damage, a loss of color perception in only half of the visual field may result; this is known as hemiachromatopsia. Cerebral achromats usually do not experience the other major symptoms of congenital achromatopsia, since photopic vision is still functions.

Color agnosia involves having difficulty recognizing colors, while still being able to perceive them as measured by a color matching or categorizing task.

Terminology
Monochromacy: Complete lack of the perception of color in a subject, seeing only in black, white, and shades of grey. Hemeralopia: Reduced visual capacity in bright light, i.e. day-blindness. Nystagmus: Term to describe both normal and pathological conditions related to the oculomotor system. In the current context, it is a pathological condition involving an uncontrolled oscillatory movement of the eyes during which the amplitude of oscillation is quite noticeable and the frequency of the oscillation tends to be quite low. Photophobia: Avoidance of bright light by those who have hemeralopia.

title: Achromatopsia


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1938 Governor General's Awards

The 1938 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were the third rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1938 and were presented in 1939. There were no cash prizes.

There was one award in each of three established categories, which recognized English-language works only.

Winners

 * Fiction: Gwethalyn Graham, Swiss Sonata
 * Poetry or drama: Kenneth Leslie, By Stubborn Stars
 * Non-fiction: John Murray Gibbon, Canadian Mosaic

title: 1938 Governor General's Awards