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Misamis Occidental

Misamis Occidental (Kasadpang Misamis; Subanen: Sindepan Mis'samis; Sedepan Misamis; Kanlurang Misamis), officially the Province of Misamis Occidental, is a province located in the region of Northern Mindanao in the Philippines. Its capital is the city of Oroquieta. The province borders Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur to the west and is separated from Lanao del Norte by Panguil Bay to the south and Iligan Bay to the east. The province of Misamis was originally inhabited by Subanens who were an easy target by the sea pirates from Lanao.

The province is named after the early settlement of the Spaniards at the entrance to the Panguil Bay. The name Misamis is believed to have been derived from the Subanen word kuyamis which is a variety of coconut, the staple food of the early settlers. During the years the name persisted as an inference of the geographical location, and upon the advent of the Spanish settlers, the word kuyamis easily gave way to the more convenient pronounceable but corrupted word Misamis.

Etymology
The name Misamis is derived from Subanen word kuyamis which is a variety of coconut.

Spanish colonial era
The area of now Misamis Occidental was first occupied by Subanen which was followed by Maranao and later Visayans settled in the coastal areas. During the 1750s was the time that the coastal villages in southern Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao suffered attacks from bands of Muslim pirates, who burned houses and crops, and captured people to be sold as slaves in Maguindanao, Sulu, Borneo or the islands now known as Indonesia. In response, the colonial government in Manila created a flotilla and appointed a Spanish Jesuit missionary, José Ducos, as its commander.

After several successful battles against the pirates, when some peace had been restored, it was decided to build a stone fort at the mouth of Panguil Bay, at a place called Misamis, and Ducos was put in charge of the construction. The construction began in 1756. It was officially called “Fuerte de la Concepción y del Triunfo”.

In 1818, Mindanao was organized into five politico-military districts, one of which was the Segundo Distrito de Misamis, the largest district in Mindanao. This area was composed of today's Misamis Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Camiguin, Bukidnon, Lanao, Zamboanga del Norte, and the northern part of Cotabato.

In 1850, the town of Misamis became the capital of the district of Misamis until February 27, 1872, when the Spanish Governor General Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada issued a decree declaring Cagayan the permanent capital of Segundo Distrito de Misamis. During this era, the name of the town was Cagayan de Misamis.

American invasion era
On November 2, 1929, Legislative Act No. 3537 passed, dividing the old province of Misamis into Misamis Occidental and Misamis Oriental, which took effect on January 1, 1930. Misamis Occidental comprised the original nine towns of Baliangao, Lopez Jaena, Tudela, Clarin, Plaridel, Oroquieta, Aloran, Jimenez, and Misamis. Don José Ozámiz y Fortich became the first governor.

On January 6, 1930, the provincial council of Misamis Occidental selected Oroquieta to become the capital town (cabecera) of the province.

In 1935, the Provincial Capitol Building, commonly called Capitolio, begun and became the seat of executive and legislative power of the province, in the town of Oroquieta.

Japanese occupation era
On May 6, 1942, the Japanese Imperial forces landed in Misamis Occidental, beginning their brief occupation of the province during World War II. In 1945, combined American and Philippine Commonwealth forces liberated the province, and with the help of the recognized guerilla units, defeated the Japanese forces. During World War II, Misamis became the capital of the Free Philippines as the seat of government of the Free Philippines then was the Capitolio. The United States Forces in the Philippines under Colonel Wendell Fertig based in Misamis Occidental, was the rallying point for the guerrillas in Mindanao. This was historically significant because it is the only time in Philippine history when its capital was in Mindanao, in the region then known as Misamis. The Free Philippine Government was then issuing Misamis Occidental emergency notes. Late President Manuel L. Quezon, upon knowing that Oroquieta was made a capital of the Free Philippines and that the town was issuing emergency notes, authorized the printing of the Mindanao emergency note.

Philippine independence
On July 16, 1948 — the town of Misamis became a chartered city by virtue of Republic Act 321, making it the 4th city in Mindanao after Zamboanga, Davao and Marawi, also renamed Misamis to Ozamiz after World War II hero Ozámiz who hailed from the province of Misamis Occidental and who at one time also served as its governor and congressional representative of the Lone District of Misamis Occidental, senator of the Philippines, a delegate to the 1935 Constitutional Convention that resulted in the creation of the 1935 Constitution for the Philippine Commonwealth Government.

On August 24, 1981 - Members of a fanatical pseudo-religious paramilitary sect called the "Rock Christ" strafed the house of the Gumapons, a family, in Barrio Lampasan, Tudela, Misamis Occidental. Ten of the twelve persons in the house, including an infant, were killed.

Contemporary
In May 2010 — the people of Misamis Occidental elected their first female governor, Herminia M. Ramiro.

Geography
Misamis Occidental is located near the narrow strip of land linking Northwestern Mindanao, to the North-central part of the island. Covering a total area of 2,055.22 km2, the province is bounded on the northeast by the Mindanao Sea, east by Iligan Bay, southeast by the Panguil Bay, and the west by the Zamboanga del Norte and Sur. Except along the coastal area, hilly and rolling land characterized the provincial terrain. Towards the western border, the terrain is particularly rugged.

Administrative divisions
Misamis Occidental comprises 14 municipalities and 3 component cities, which are organized into two legislative districts and further subdivided into 490 barangays.

Provincial capital and component city

Component city

Municipality

Demographics
The population of Misamis Occidental in the 2020 census was 617,333 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

The dense population along the coast consists mainly of ethnic Cebuanos. Thus, Cebuano is the lingua franca of the province. Most of the native Subanens live in the interior uplands. Other inhabitants not native in the province include Maranaos, Maguindanaons, Tausugs, Ilocanos, Kapampangans, Bicolanos, Tagalogs, Pangasinans, Hiligaynons and Warays. They are minority residents of the province who speak their respective native languages to varying degrees in addition to Cebuano.

Catholicism
As of 2013, Roman Catholicism remains the predominant faith of the people of Misamis Occidental having 70 percent affiliation and the second most members are with the Iglesia Filipina Independiente or Aglipayan Church with 20%.

Others
Several Protestant Churches as well as Islam are the minorities are present in the province.

Economy
The province economy depends firstly on fishing, secondly on coconuts, thirdly on rice. The province has 169 km of coastline fronting the rich fishing grounds of Panguil and Iligan bays. It also has the biggest area of brackish water fishponds in the region. Tangub City is a fishing port on Panguil Bay famous for seafood. Coconut is the chief crop. This is processed into oil, desiccated coconut, and coir, most of which are shipped to Cebu. Coconut processing is the main industry in Oroquieta City. Other crops grown are rice, corn, abaca, coffee, cacao and rubber.

Resources
Wood is the major forest product. Predominant species are the lauan group, apitong, tanguige yakal, and Philippine mahogany. There is also an abundant supply of bamboo, rattan and various vines. Forest land in the province has an area of 66,002.46 hectares; 53,262 hectares of which are considered a national park (which has legal implications).

The province has a considerable deposit of clay especially in the municipalities of Lopez Jaena and Concepcion. Plaridel is the largest in rice production, and the longest coastal town in the province.

There are also an abundant sources of sand and gravel.

The province is traditionally a net exporter of various commodities. Historical data from the Ozamiz Port District of the Bureau of Customs show that outgoing commodities, which is mainly of coconut products, far outweigh incoming cargoes.

Being a coco-based province, major manufacturing firms in Misamis Occidental are engaged in the production of crude coconut oil, cooking oil, lard, margarine, laundry soap and desiccated coconut. Other products are furniture, ceramics gifts toys and housewares, processed food like banana chips and marine products.

Locally fabricated agri-industrial machines and equipment are also available in the province.

Tourism and attractions

 * Langaranan Festival Plaridel, Misamis Occidental
 * Baobaon Islets Plaridel, Misamis Occidental
 * Shang's Resort Plaridel, Misamis Occidental
 * Century-Old Nazareno Dam Plaridel, Misamis Occidental
 * Caluya Shrine Sapang Dalaga, Misamis Occidental
 * Baliangao Protected Landscape and Seascape
 * Binalbal Festival, Tudela, Misamis Occidental
 * Christmas Symbols Festival, Tangub City
 * Dalit Festival, Tangub City
 * Dampawan Festival, Concepcion, Misamis Occidental - September
 * Fuerte de la Concepcion y del Triunfo, Ozamiz City
 * Hoyohoy Highland Stone Chapel & Adventure Park, Tangub City
 * Immaculate Conception Cathedral Pipe Organ, Ozamiz City
 * Inug-og Festival, Oroquieta City
 * Misamis Occidental Aquamarine Park
 * Mount Malindang Range Natural Park and Lake Duminagat
 * Pas'ungko S'g Mis. Occ. Festival of all Festivals - November
 * Sapang Dalaga Falls
 * Suman Festival, Clarin, Misamis Occidental - Clarin, the Suman Capital of Misamis Occidental
 * Sinakbang Festival, Sinacaban, Misamis Occidental

Asenso Misamis Occidental

 * Governor: Atty. Henry S. Oaminal (NP)
 * Vice Governor: Rowena “Wheng” L. Gutierrez (PDPLBN)
 * ABC President: Salvador C. Canlas Jr. - Ex-Officio Board Member
 * SK Federation Chairman: Clara Mie V. Villanueva - Ex-Officio Board Member
 * IPMR: Juanidy M. Vina - Ex-Officio Board Member
 * PCL President: Lowida L. Alcalde - Ex-Officio Board Member

Asenso Distrito Uno

 * Member, House of Representatives: Jason P. Almonte (PDPLBN)
 * Members, Sangguniang Panlalawigan:
 * Alejandro “Alex” J. Guantero Jr. (Asenso Pinoy)
 * Winston “Dondon” V. Catane (Asenso Pinoy)
 * Rosanne Marie “Tata” L. Paylaga-Lim (Asenso Pinoy)
 * Donna R. Iyog (Asenso Pinoy)
 * Agnes C. Villanueva, CPA (Asenso Pinoy)

Asenso Segundo Distrito

 * Member, House of Representatives: Sancho Fernando “Ando” F. Oaminal (NP)
 * Members, Sangguniang Panlalawigan:
 * Calven Tito C. Decina (PDPLBN)
 * Nemesio D. Lahaylahay Sr. (Asenso Pinoy)
 * Eduardo “Tata” C. Cebedo (Asenso Pinoy)
 * Atty. Heinjie B. Estano (NP)
 * Jerry R. Cuizon (PDPLBN)

Former governors

 * Diego Ty Deling
 * Anselmo Bernad
 * Gella Caay
 * Loreto Leo S. Ocampos
 * José Ozámiz
 * Gedeon G. Quijano
 * Henry Y. Regalado Sr.
 * Atty. Ernie D. Clarete
 * Gorgonio F. Buaquiña II
 * William Chiongbian
 * Benito Chiongbian
 * Herminia Ramiro
 * Philip T. Tan
 * Alfonso D. Tan

title: Misamis Occidental


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Nicolas Chuquet

Nicolas Chuquet (born c. 1445; died c. 1488) was a French mathematician. He invented his own notation for algebraic concepts and exponentiation. He may have been the first mathematician to recognize zero and negative numbers as exponents.

In 1475, Jehan Adam recorded the words "bymillion" and "trimillion" (for 1012 and 1018) and it is believed that these words or similar ones were in general use at that time.

In 1484, Chuquet wrote an article Triparty en la science des nombres, which was unpublished in his lifetime. Most of it, however, was copied without attribution by Estienne de La Roche in his 1520 textbook, l'Arismetique. In the 1870s, scholar Aristide Marre discovered Chuquet's manuscript and published it in 1880. The manuscript contained notes in de la Roche's handwriting. His article shows a huge number divided into groups of six digits, and in a short passage he states that the groups can be called:
 * "million, the second mark byllion, the third mark tryllion, the fourth quadrillion, the fifth quyillion, the sixth sixlion, the seventh septyllion, the eighth ottyllion, the ninth nonyllion and so on with others as far as you wish to go.

In a second passage, he wrote:

 * ... Item lon doit savoir que ung million vault mille milliers de unitez, et ung byllion vault mille milliers de millions, et [ung] tryllion vault mille milliers de byllions, et ung quadrillion vault mille milliers de tryllions et ainsi des aultres : Et de ce en est pose ung exemple nombre divise et punctoye ainsi que devant est dit, tout lequel nombre monte 745324 tryllions 804300 byllions 700023 millions 654321. Exemple : 745324'8043000'700023'654321 ...

 * Item: one should know that a million is worth a thousand thousand units, and a byllion is worth a thousand thousand millions, and tryillion is worth a thousand thousand byllions, and a quadrillion is worth a thousand thousand tryllions, and so on for the others. And an example of this follows, a number divided up and punctuated as previously described, the whole number being seven hundred forty-five thousand three hundred and twenty-four tryllions, 804300 byllions 700023 millions 654321 ...

In the extract from Chuquet's manuscript, the transcription and translation provided here all contain an original mistake: one too many zeros in the 804300 portion of the fully written out example: 745324'8043000 '700023'654321 ...

Chuquet was, however, the original author of the earliest work using of a systematic, extended series of names ending in -illion or -yllion. The system in which the names million, billion, trillion, etc. refer to powers of one million is sometimes referred to as the Chuquet system.

In 1514, Budaeus introduced the term Milliard or Milliart for 1012, which was widely publicised around 1550 by the influential Jacques Peletier du Mans. Milliard was reduced to 109 around the end of the 17th century, leaving the modern Long scale system. This system is sometimes referred to as the Chuquet-Peletier system.

Much later, in France and in the US, a different system, the short scale, became established where the term billion signifies 109.

Last century, England and other English-speaking countries joined the US and some countries in using the short scale system; whereas, France rejoined Germany, much of Europe, and some other countries in the Chuquet-Peletier, or long scale, system.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nicolas Chuquet


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Lanao del Norte

Lanao del Norte (Cebuano: Amihanang Lanao; Hilagang Lanao; Maranao: Pangotaraan Ranao), officially the Province of Lanao del Norte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanao region. Its capital is Tubod.

The province borders Lanao del Sur to the southeast, Zamboanga del Sur to the west, Illana Bay to the southwest, Iligan Bay to the north, Misamis Oriental to the northeast, and is separated from Misamis Occidental by Panguil Bay to the northwest. According to the 2020 census, the province has a total population of 722,902 people.

Situated within Lanao del Norte is the highly urbanized city of Iligan, which is governed independently from the province and also the largest city in both land area and population.

History
The province of Lanao existed from 1914 until 1959. In 1959, Republic Act No. 222 was passed by the Philippine Congress, partitioning Lanao into two provinces: Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur. The new province was inaugurated on July 4, with Iligan City as its capital. Back in the Spanish period, Iligan was founded by thousands of Visayan immigrants and garrisoned by a hundred Spanish soldiers.

The province then consisted of the municipalities of Baloi, Kauswagan, Bacolod, Maigo, Kolambugan, Tubod, Baroy, Lala, Kapatagan, Karomatan and the following municipal districts that got converted into regular municipalities of Matungao, Pantao Ragat, Munai, Tangcal, and Nunungan.

In 1977, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Resolution No. 805, s. 1977 of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Parliamentary Bill No. 586) sponsored by Assemblyman Abdullah D. Dimaporo, into Presidential Decree 181 transferring the province's capital from Iligan City to the municipality of Tubod.

In October 1984, inaugural ceremonies were held to celebrate the occasion of the transfer of the Provincial Capitol from Poblacion, Tubod to the Don Mariano Marcos Government Center (now Governor Arsenio A. Quibranza Provincial Government Center) at Pigcarangan, in Tubod.

Despite the outbreak of the conflict of the MILF led by Abdullah Commander Bravo Goldiano Macapaar bin Sabbar and the Philippine Army in Kauswagan in March 2000, through the provincial government's effort, peace and order was restored in the province.

In 2018, the Bangsamoro Organic Law was passed into law; this law provided for the establishment of a new Bangsamoro autonomous region to replace the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. According to this law, the six municipalities of Munai, Tagoloan, Pantar, Baloi, Tangcal, and Nunungan would be incorporated into this new region should a majority of voters in both the affected municipality and the parent province vote in favor of inclusion of the aforementioned municipalities in the proposed autonomous region in a plebiscite. The plebiscite was held the following year. A majority of voters in the affected municipalities voted in favor of inclusion in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region; however, the rest of Lanao del Norte voted strongly against, and as a result, none of the six municipalities were included in the new autonomous region after the provincial government campaigned against their inclusion.

Geography
Lanao del Norte is a rugged province that ranges from the coastal shorelines in the north to the high plateaus and mountains in the south. It has also diverse flora and fauna.

Lanao del Norte covers a total area of 3,346.57 km2 occupying the southwestern section of the Northern Mindanao region in Mindanao. When Iligan is included for geographical purposes, the province's land area is 4159.94 km2. The province is bordered by Lanao del Sur to the southeast, Zamboanga del Sur to the west, Illana Bay to the southwest, Iligan Bay to the north, and Misamis Oriental to the northeast, and Panguil Bay to the northwest.

Administrative divisions
Lanao del Norte comprises 22 municipalities. The city of Iligan administers itself independently as a highly urbanized city.

Capital municipality

Municipality

Highly urbanized city (geographically within but independent from the province)

Demographics

The population of Lanao del Norte in the 2020 census was 722,902 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2. When Iligan is included for geographical purposes, the province's population is 1,019,013 people, with a density of undefined PD/sqkm.

The people in Lanao del Norte are a mixture of Maranaos and Cebuanos, with some Zamboangueños, Tausugs, Yakan, and Sama-Bajau. Historically, immigrants who came from the Christian provinces of Mindanao, Visayas and Luzon tended to settle in the northern part of Lanao while the Maranaos inhabited the south. There are also a minority of Higaonons settling in the hinterlands of Iligan. Kankanaey, an ethnic group from the Cordilleras in Luzon, can also be found as a minority in the province.

The Maranao had settled in the area long before the arrival of the Spaniards in the Philippines. Like other groups, they possess their own culture which makes them quite unique. Their language, customs, traditions, religion, social system, costumes, music, and other features are factors that make Lanao peculiar and distinct from other Philippine provinces.

The main languages are Maranao, Cebuano, and Binukid, with the latter being the native language of majority of the citizens of the province. Aside from this, Filipino (Tagalog) and English are understood and spoken.

Religion
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) report in 2020, Roman Catholicism makeup for 47.30% of the population of Lanao del Norte while 50% are adherents of Islam. Other religions include other denominations of Christianity, Buddhism and other beliefs.

Economy
The economy in Lanao del Norte is predominantly based on agriculture and fishing. Factories are mostly based in Iligan City. Lanao del Norte is the home of Agus Power plants 4-7 that stretch from Balo-i to Iligan City. It serves major parts of power supply in Mindanao. Tourism is also a growing economy in the province.

Politics and government
Salvador T. Lluch was the first Governor of Lanao del Norte. Second was Mohammad Ali Dimaporo, who ruled from January 1960 to September 1965 when he ran and won the congressional seat of the province. By operation of the law of succession, Vice Governor Arsenio A. Quibranza became the third Provincial Chief Executive of the province. By the mandate of the inhabitants, Quibranza was elected governor in 1967 and almost unanimously re-elected in 1971 and again in 1980. When Martial Law was declared, Quibranza was arrested as ordered by President Marcos. While in prison, Vice Governor “Toto” Felix Z. Actub would succeed him as Governor

By virtue of the power and impact of the People Power Revolution on EDSA on February 25, 1986, local government all over the Philippines changed the political atmosphere overnight. Lanao del Norte became one among the many provinces affected by the sudden changes brought by the "Snap Election" in February 1986. Local heads of offices and employees particularly those holding political positions were removed but with the installation of President Corazon Aquino as president, OIC Atty. Francisco L. Abalos became the appointed governor of the province on March 3, 1986. On February 2, 1988, Abalos was elected as governor of the province.

In the synchronized National Election of May 11, 1992, Congressman Abdullah D. Dimaporo, a legislator, economist and son of Mohammad Ali Dimaporo, was elected Provincial Governor. The Provincial government embarked on a comprehensive planning and set the groundwork for the development of the province.

In the 1998 national and local elections, Imelda Quibranza-Dimaporo, wife of Governor Abdullah D. Dimaporo was elected as Provincial Governor until 2007, and from 2016 up to present.

The eldest son of former governor and now 2nd district representative Abdullah D. Dimaporo and Imelda Q. Dimaporo, Mohammad Khalid Q. Dimaporo entered the politics in the province from 2007 until 2016.

Notable person

 * Mariane Osabel, singer

title: Lanao del Norte


text:
Talk:English numerals

2003
Years after 2000 have no set system as of yet for expressing them.

What about "twenty oh-three"?

 * That's generally not used, or, at least, i've never heard it used. --Random|832 03:15, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I've heard 2010 as "twenty-ten," 2040 as "twenty-fourty," etc. But for single digits, it's more like "two-thousand-four." LockeShocke 22:16, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * The host of the CBS show "Sunday Morning" has been using the "twenty-oh" method of pronouncing the year for a long time now. 63.115.18.19 15:53, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Belongs in wikipedia?
This is stuff. --Menchi 02:01, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

zero point zero zero two

 * 0.002 is "zero point zero zero two"

In England, many would say "nought point nought nought two", and likewise "nought" for any number zero.

Some recognition of the convention of saying "point nought two"/"point zero two" (i.e. dropping the number before the point - only done when it's a 0) might be made. I know it would confuse me if I'd never heard it. --Suitov, 13:49, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Is this OK? Sinuhe 13:28, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, looking good. Thank you. --sv

 * I nor anyone else i have met have never used anything other than "oh" for zeros after the decimal point... And also for many other non-cardinal numbers (such as years, street addresses, room numbers, TV channel numbers) - i think this is worth mentioning. --Random|832 03:15, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Dates
I don't agree with the dates section. As a Briton, I might say the twenty-ninth of January, 2004 but I'm just as likely to say January the twenty-ninth, 2004. I agree that I would not say January twenty-ninth, 2004. -- Derek Ross

 * Feel free to correct that then. However, I have yet to see a Briton write "January 29th". Would you actually write the date thus? If not, perhaps it should be mentioned that in speech, it can be different. (Is this page about naming written numbers or any numbers, though?)

 * It's true that I would generally write "29th January" but I would quite happily say the 29th of January on one occasion and January, the 29th on another, as would most Britons.

 * As for the the you've inserted, it isn't actually missing. It is implied (and was hence bolded in the 'how it is said' section). Since there is no real authority to perscribe English use, I suppose either version should work – it is just that I've always been taught not to write the the in front of the date. Might it be put in brackets? Sinuhe 08:33, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that there are two cases here. If the date stands alone (on a cheque for instance), it should certainly be written "29th January, 2004". However if it is part of a sentence, my opinion is that it should be written "I will visit you on the 29th of January, 2004". I certainly would not feel comfortable missing out "the", although I might well miss out "of". Perhaps others, like yourself, think differently. -- Derek Ross 00:38, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I've tried to put this in (alongside additional examples), with a bit of help from Oxford and Cambridge dictionaries (apparently, they recommend that the ordinal suffix not be appended when the month comes first). Please see if you agree with how it is now. :) Sinuhe 08:48, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep, that looks good now, Sinuhe. Cheers. -- Derek Ross 21:02, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Just a small note: perhaps a section could be added on centuries, i.e., nineteenth century vs. 19th century. Also, there seems to be a small (ahem!) bias towards British English. I would also like to suggest that different forms are used in different contexts. January 12th, 2006 might be used in a letter while 12 January 2006 in an academic paper. (Or is this just a reflection of my own confusion on the matter?)

No real confusion - just depends on usage (as usual). Since 1972 all government service organizations in UK have been supposed (though there is little evidence of compliance or even knowledge of the policy) to use dates in the format D MMMM YYYY or D MMM YYYY with either spaces or solidus '/' as separators, when dating a document, whilst other formats are acceptable when used in the flow of the the document's discussion. Similarly times are supposed to be in the format HH:MM (24 hr clock). As soon as I run the reference to earth I'll append it. DickyP (talk) 08:30, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

"And"
When spelling out an integer number in print or saying it out loud, using the word "and" within the number is technically wrong. Denelson83 10:02, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No, it is not wrong at all. What you mean by 'technically', however, eludes me. Certainly this is not a page where any technical usage might be advocated, but rather one where common English regardless of context is described. It is true that Americans tend not to use the 'and', so perhaps this is what you meant. I have added a note linking the appropriate section at American and British English differences. Sinuhe 10:39, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * As I see it, the use of "and" within a number is really universally incorrect. You'd never say "ninety and nine", would you? Denelson83 22:37, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No, I would not: but ninety is not a hundred. One cannot place the 'and' just anywhere: it stands ONLY after the hundreds if there is indeed anything after that. Thus: ninety-nine (99), one hundred (100), one hundred AND one (101), ten thosand and one (10001), ten thousand and ninety-nine (10099), ten thousand, nine hundred and ninety-nine (10999). Of course this is perhaps somewhat more adhered to in British English than in American, but most certainly it is correct. Have you ever seen an authoritative source claim it wrong? Sinuhe 13:38, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Although I also remember learning that "and" should never be used when speaking a number in American English, this page at mathworld seems to suggest that both are acceptable. I would like a better reference source to really nail this down, though.  Perhaps a good dictionary would provide a general rule?  --Andrew L 16:51, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * 'Technically' correct as opposed to commonly used. "Two thousand and five" is comman as is "I saw two cow's" but neither one is correct, in American usage.  The next time I'm around a manual I'll find a source (or two) to cite.  SpacemanSpork 22:49, 2005 Feb 22 (UTC)

To ad my 2 bits worth (or should I write two bits worth?), I don't recall much from my youth about this issue, except perhaps I might vaguely recall the use of "and" in expressions like "one hundred and one". I might ad that I am American and was in grade school during the 1950's. In the 1990s thru 2004 I had a second career as a math teacher, and became aware that some math curricula stress the idea of using "and" only to vocalize the decimal point so 101 is vocalized (or written in words) as "one hundred one" while 1.01 would become "one and one one hundredth". When this stress on this usage arose, I can't say, but I would guess that the reasoning is a desire for precision and a one-to-one correspondence between vocalization and writing in numerals.

All that being said, it is certainly true that general usage in America is much looser. You might hear "one hundred one", "a hundred one" or even "hundred one", while almost exclusively the colloquial usage is to use the word "point" to signify a decimal point, with the individual digits coming after it named: 1.01 would be spoken "one point zero one" or "one point oh one". Wschart (talk) 18:29, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

What i learned in school was that the only acceptable use of "and" is to represent the decimal point... by the logic of the system i was taught, 3.14159 would be read as "three and fourteen thousand one hundred fifty-nine hundred-thousandths." However, this always struck me as an obviously prescriptivist rule. Sinuhe is correct as far as i can tell, except that i've always considered the "and"s optional. --Random|832 03:15, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I am American, and I also remember being told not to say "a hundred and one" in elementary school, but this went against my natural instinct. I suppose that this is a rule that has emerged in the U.S. but not in Britain. I would be willing to bet that a lot of Americans still use "and" in this case. Lesgles 14:34, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)

What I learned 30 years ago in American English was you ONLY use the word "and" when saying 101 "one hundred and one", 201 "two hundred and one" and all other -01 numbers (301,...1001, 1101, etc.), but then drop the "and" unless referencing decimals. Two hundred twelve, one hundred fifty, one thousand three hundred twenty two, etc. Effnyc 11:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I was taught in primary school in Australian English that you put an AND after where the hundreds would be (regardless of if the hundreds exist), so like what Sinhue said before. You say six hundred million and four for 600 000 004. Thus, hundred x means hundred times x, but hundred and x means hundred plus x. Colloquially, if there's hundreds then tens, some people might sometimes drop the 'and' (so occasionally you hear two hundred twenty, but that's rare and considered (hereabouts) "wrong" as far as you could all any "and" usage, and if there's any more distance, the and is always there from what I can tell. Obviously just a case of Americans differing from the rest of us. What do they do in Canada, can anyone say? —Felix the Cassowary ( ɑe hɪː jɐ ) 14:24, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

I was born and raised here in the U.S. and have lived on both coasts and in the middle, and I have never heard of any rule against using the "and." I think before 2000 I would have referred to this year as "two thousand six," but I think I say "two thousand and six" now. Until I encountered this article, I had the impression that this was the more correct usage. In other contexts I think I always use the "and:" for instance, being an amateur genealogist, I frequently talk about things that happened "a hundred and fifty years ago." (Of course, these numbers usually come out sounding more like "a-hundred-'n'-fifty.") -- Darrell M., 12.107.67.3 18:41, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Nil
I, nor any american sportscaster i've heard on radio or TV, have never used "nil" to mean a score of zero... it's always been "none", or "nothing". --Random|832 03:15, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * In Australian football 4-0 is "four nil".
 * In cricket,
 * a batsman's score of 0 would be
 * "yet to score" if not out; and
 * a "duck" if out.
 * a bowler's score or 0/33 might be
 * "no wicket for 33 runs"; or
 * "none for 33 runs".

 * I think it may be a Britishism. Can anyone from other English-speaking countries comment--130.164.68.211 18:26, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)? Marnanel 15:13, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I agree. I'm a USA native, and I also think 'nil' is never used for scores in USA, so I've updated the sports (not 'sport' here) examples. 21 Apr 2005

Very much an British English usage - I have rarely, if ever, heard a zeor score in Football, Rugby, Hockey etc referred to as anything other than 'nil'. In Cricket, however, a zero score by a batsman if often decribed as nought. DickyP (talk) 10:38, 7 August 2017 (UTC)

 * To add to the debate late: in Australia "Nil" is commonly used. (Also, FWIW, "sport" is more commonly used that "sports"). Cheers, --Daveb 07:20, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Actually, I've heard American sportscasters use every name under the sun for blank scores: zero, zip, zilch, nil, nada, nothing, love (even outside of tennis), squat, jack, etc. (Oops, forgot to sign.) CaptHayfever 00:03, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

hundreds over nine
What about expressing numbers such as 2500 as "twenty-five hundred". I would think it is more common in American usage than saying "two thousand five hundred". It does convey a sense of approximation, though -- I might also read 2493 as "twenty-five hundred" in an informal context.

 * Seconded. In America at least, "fifteen hundred" is at least as common as "one thousand five hundred" though it sounds informal. This definitely deserves a mention, but hopefully someone with a better sense of this article's history and direction will do it. 130.94.161.238 09:46, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nought in mathematics
My mathematics professors (in the US) tend to use nought for subscripts such as x0 ("eks nought").
 * You incorrectly closed out the sub tag (instead of closing one you opened a second one). It was messing up the rest of the page so I fixed it for you. --Bobby D. DS. 20:36, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Rename to "Names of numbers in English"
I'm about to move this page to "Names of numbers in English". Does anyone object? [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 07:30, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * With no objections, I'm going to rename the page. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 19:08, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

Linguistics over 999,999
What are the linguistic rules for coming up with such large numbers?

Million, billion, trillion, quadrillion, quintillion are fairly straight forward. But after that, what?

Sextillion or Hextillion? Which comes from which language, and which language is usually used? I'm assuming they derive from Greek, Latin or some other foreign language.

Septillion, Octillion, Nonillion, Decillion, then what?

Centillion (long scale, 1,000,000 to the power of 600; short scale, 1,000,000 to the power of 303)

Millillion (long scale, 1,000,000 to the power of 6000; short scale, 1,000,000 to the power of 3003)

What words and prefixes are used to assemble the names of such large numbers?

 * Latin prefixes are used for naming large numbers; therefore, sextillion would be the correct form.

Googol and googolplex
There's already an article which covers that sort of thing, as well as an article for each number, and each of those numbers only has one name – googol and googolplex, respectively. —Wiki Wikardo

 * Yes, but this article is a collection of all names given; there is no reason to exclude some when they occur somewhere else as well; much more detail can be given in the specialised articles. −Woodstone 11:07, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * That may be the case, but the fact remains that neither googol nor googolplex are "specialized" names. If you can find a place they belong in the article where their inclusion isn't totally jarring + out of context, by all means, go ahead. I couldn't.
 * P.S. I noticed there's no link to Names of large numbers under "See also," although it is in the article List of numbers, which is linked there. I think it belongs there. —Wiki Wikardo 01:03, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Numbers greater than 1 million
The article says that numbers greater than 1,000,000 are "seldom named" specifically. Any sources? This seems like a silly generalization and not at all encyclopedic. Problematic. Should be removed.Dave 00:00, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It said that those numbers were seldomly used. I've removed that. Voortle 20:21, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Superscripts
The use of superscripts in ordinal numbers has never been particularly common in English up to the annoying feature of Microsoft Word. So I corrected them all. 68.6.85.167 01:22, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Unverified assertions
This article generally does not cite sources. Its contributors wrote the article based on what they have heard; however, this does not accurately reflect English usage everywhere. Thus, we should cite an actual analysis of usage frequencies.

In particular, my dialect of English differs from the usage presented in the article:
 * "1/4 	one-quarter (British) or one-fourth (American)" (and 3/4) I have heard "quarter" frequently used in the USA also.
 * The Ordinal section asserts that "and" between hundreds and tens is nonstandard and rare. In my experience, this "and" is common, and omitting it seems strained.

Those from other regions, please comment; comparison of usages is essential for this article. Pcu123456789 06:17, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

I concur with the above contributor's statement regarding the passage in the article that specifically says that most Americans are taught not to put an "and" between the hundreds and the tens. This assertion definitely needs to cite a reference for plausibility. As an American and as an ESL teacher who teaches with the "and" firmly in place, such contradictory comments need some vetting before I can trust them as a reference. Also, it has been two years and it appears that nobody has found better sources for the information. If I can find something more definitive to contribute as a reference, I'll be sure to post it here and see what everyone thinks. Midnightbrewer (talk) 03:24, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Hyphens in spelled-out numbers
The page uses the example:

"There are six million dogs." (Preferred)

I'm curious as to why "six million dogs" is not better as "six-million dogs", given the use of "six million" as a compound adjective. (I guess this is not really a question about punctuating numbers, but rather about the interplay between punctuating numbers and punctuating compound adjectives.) Lee Feigenbaum 18:09, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

For the same reason you don't say five-thirty PM. 83.70.247.123 04:41, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Avogadro's number is not for the "special names" section.
Or else, so are dozens of other mathematical, chemical, and physical constants that can fit in there. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 88.155.202.20 (talk) 20:42, 17 April 2007 (UTC).

Umpty
"Umpty" is not in common usage. It can appear in the form "umpty-one" (paralleling the usage in such numbers as "twenty-one"), as in "There are umpty-one ways to do it wrong."

I'd say it's not in any kind of use. Is there any reference to this usage which I've never heard of?

Common British vernacular
The "Common British vernacular" column appears twice in one of the tables in the middle, not sure why this is. --Hooperbloob 12:29, 18 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This is because the vernacular used changes depending on the context (quantifing marbles vs pronouncing bus no.). --Meridius (talk) 10:50, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

The table is misleading because of the titles "American" and "British". The context of all three columns is different, and it is innacurate to say that one example is "American" while the other is "British". I suggest removing the titles "American" and "British" from the top row. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.91.105.168 (talk) 04:31, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction
There are two statements in the Dates section which appear to contradict each other:

 * “To read dates in ordinal fashion is considered archaic.”
 * “In British...English,... the ordinal suffix is always vocalised and often appended: "the 1st of October 1984".”

In my experience, having been a Briton for twenty-six years, the latter is correct. So, it would be nice if the editor who added the former to clarify what precisely she/he means, and differentiate it from the second.

Yet again we have the distinction between spoken and written English - definitely ordinal for spoken but not for written - normally as I'm sure there are exceptions! DickyP (talk) 08:20, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Thanks, Thebrid (talk) 11:36, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * These two do contradict each other yes. However, for the first one the rest of the paragraph is mainly about years not being given in ordinal fashion (for instance it's way more common to see/hear "two thousand and eight" not that it's the "two thousand and eighth year" although correct. The statement you quoted first is wrong because it says dates not years. Dates of the month are (especially in Britain) overall given ordinally. Sometimes the months themselves but less common. I'm deleting the first statement and should be removing the contradiction label. Deamon138 (talk) 04:21, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

This article marked for mass editing
Come on! Spelling prescriptions? Dubious geographic differences in naming? Unreferenced discussion of copyedititors' preferences in style? I'm so giving this article a massive overhaul... 131.193.237.19 (talk) 15:04, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Strange examples...
"There are six million dogs." (Preferred) "There are 6,000,000 dogs." "That is one hundred twenty-five oranges." "That is 125 oranges." (Preferred)

Six million dogs?

One hundred and twenty-five oranges?

That's a bit excessive.

Lu na  ke  et  15:46, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

They’re just that: examples, to illustrate a mostly theoretical point. In this context, it shouldn’t really matter whether they seem “realistic” or “strange” in a practical sense. It’s akin to those discussions that seem to crop up now & them about how years like 10xxx or even 100xxx should be pronounced - altogether disregarding the overwhelmingly likely possibility that the english language as we know it - perhaps even our society in general, or the human species itself - will no longer exist by the time those years come around (or even anywhere close to them.)

That said, you (and anyone else who shares your opinion on this) are free to replace them if you can come up with something you feel would be more appropriate to use as examples; I just personally don’t see the point. —Mojace (talk) 17:31, 19 July 2019 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no move. JPG-GR (talk) 18:03, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Names of numbers in English → Numbers in English — The following articles do not cover any pure numeral system where the symbols and notations are clearly defined, instead they cover how numbers are used in the respective languages. This distinct should be made, and they should all be renamed to a more consistent name. I propose they all be renamed "Numbers in ____". To make the distinction clearer, Roman numerals is a separate system of writing numbers distinct from Latin (Roman language). One is written as "I" in Roman numerals, while it is written as "unus" in Latin. — Voidvector (talk) 11:16, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Names of numbers in English → Numbers in English
 * Chinese numerals → Numbers in Chinese
 * Japanese numerals → Numbers in Japanese
 * Korean numerals → Numbers in Korean
 * Welsh numerals → Numbers in Welsh
 * Proto-Indo-European numerals → Numbers in Proto-Indo-European

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Oppose these should be separate proposals, this grouping is bad. 70.55.85.143 (talk) 06:58, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Please indicate how anyone of them is different from the others, and I will remove them respectively. Requested moves specifically grants user the ability to "moving several pages at once" for situations like this. --Voidvector (talk) 07:30, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Unnecessary and odd grammatical constructions. Also, in some cases the numeral systems are not for a particular language, but for the culture as a whole--thus the new titles would not be entirely accurate. Each article's title should be discussed and evaluated on its own, with input from the community of editors with expertise in each specific subject. Badagnani (talk) 07:48, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose - as per Badagnani. -- ざくら 木 12:45, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I can see what you're getting at with the notion that there's a difference between VII and septem. And so, when it comes to articles that discuss the words for numbers in various European languages, which use Roman or Arabic numerals and call them different things according to the language, I agree to your proposal. But as the template on the right side of the top of the page numeral system includes Chinese numerals (i.e. 一、二、三 as being different from 1,2,3 or I, II, III or א,ב,ג), as well as Hebrew, Japanese, and Korean. Since each of these languages uses a different set of numerals, that is, a different set of glyphs representing numbers, as according to their writing systems, it's not just a matter of the pronunciation, the words, for "Counting in X language" but that there is actually a separate numeral system. LordAmeth (talk) 15:25, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose The proposals are not unreasonable; there is a distinction between the numeral 5 and the number "five". But they are not necessary, as Lord Ameth points out, and risk unnecessary confusion with Number (grammar) in the various languages. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:28, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose - most of these articles (apart, I think from Welsh numerals) are mainly about the written form of numbers in various languages, and so are correctly named. I might support renaming of Welsh numerals, as it solely about spoken number names (and Finnish numerals has a similar problem) but each article should be listed separately . --Gandalf61 (talk)
 * Just checked "numeral" at Wiktionary and found I was wrong - a "numeral" is "a word or symbol representing a number". So "15", "fifteen" and "pymtheg" (Welsh) are all numerals. Therefore all of these articles are correctly named, and changing them to "Numbers in x" is definitely incorrect. As a matter of taste, I prefer "numerals" to the alternative construction "number names". Gandalf61 (talk) 14:36, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment: I agree; I think the title of that article should become English numerals to match the others. CRGreathouse (t | c) 20:00, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I think i am gonna move this article to English numerals when this discussion is closed. --Voidvector (talk) 06:47, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Support in principal but not in practice yes the name numeral for most of these is inaccurate, but the proposed solutions Chinese Numbers etc. is not write either. Numbers are same in all languages: two is that number which comes after one. We really have names given to numbers not numbers. --Salix alba (talk) 14:10, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not a well thought out move request.  Despite the claim that "The following articles do not cover any pure numeral system where the symbols and notations are clearly defined,", the Japanese and Korean ones clearly do (I didn't look as carefully at some of the others).  Plentiful examples are given of how to write the numbers in Japanese and Korean numerals (both are based on the Chinese of course, but anyway...).  I wonder if the nominator understands the examples.  The appearance of Chinese characters may make it seem like the written examples are of the kind "three hundred and two" rather than numerals per se, but actually that is false.  You can see price tags, menus, receipts, etc. written this way (not so much in Korea, I gather, but certainly in Japan one runs across plenty of such),   I recommend the nominator make one move request at a time.  Otherwise it is extremely difficult to understand the move rationale, which appear to apply more to some of the articles than others.   --C S (talk) 06:07, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I understand the situation perfect. You can "write out" numbers on a price tag in any format as long as both the customer and the shop agree on the price, and you can also represent it in any other pure numeral system (i.e. Suzhou numerals, Arabic numerals). It is purely based on what is customary in the region. I am trying to draw a distinction between "number names" and "non-number name" numeral systems, but it appears people don't like to be exact. --Voidvector (talk) 07:02, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * The article Japanese numerals is not solely, or even primarily, about the numerals in use in the Japanese language (which aren't Japanese). It also encompasses pronunciation and usage. It should be renamed to indicate the broader scope of the contents. Fg2 (talk) 08:48, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * This is a good point. On the other hand, pronunciation and usage of numerals is certainly relevant to an article on numerals.  I believe the scope of the contents is clearly indicated by the title.  --C S (talk) 06:11, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Thousands separator in words
When writing out numbers in English, what is used to separate groups of thousands? I've most commonly seen the comma ; for example, from what I've been taught, the number "123 456 789" would typically be written as "one hundred twenty-three million, four hundred fifty-six thousand, seven hundred eighty-nine" (note the two commas). But I've also seen the commas omitted for some numbers. I wish that the page had a section talking about this issue somewhere, as I'm sure there is some variation across different countries and usages. --128.97.245.68 (talk) 01:25, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Long scale
I think it is fair to say that use of the long scale and milliards has been entirely deprecated in the English language, and the SI use of billion is now the definitive usage. I'm uncertain that it will ever be possible to have a citation for this, but alteration to the article to update this seems necessary. Dutpar (talk) 14:53, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

New templates, more for fun than use, but let you know
Ive created a series of templates of which the top level are Template:Cardinal to word and Template:Ordinal to word which convert numbers in the range -999,999 to +999,999 to English words. I could go farther than this relatively easily, but this I think will be enough for now.

I doubt these are of much use in articles as such (easier just to write the number out in the article), but may be of use for constructors of other templates, where numbers are passed in. Si Trew (talk) 10:40, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Dates (Again)
It has not been my experience that "Two thousand and ten" is the most common way of pronouncing this year, and we cannot say what the most common way of pronouncing future years will be. I'm removing the current and future years section; 2010 can be added back in Jan. 1 2011. Zelmerszoetrop (talk) 22:25, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
 * For the record, nobody said that "Two thousand and ten" is the most common way of pronouncing this year. Why did you remove the only reliable source that was cited in the article (Oxford)? 62.123.12.8 (talk) 12:01, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Adjective numbers
In doing a search of the web for these supposed English words, the only site that I found was "Conrad's" web site [http://cgatordev.blogspot.com/2009/07/inheritance-in-human-and-software.html http://cgatordev.blogspot.com/2009/07/inheritance-in-human-and-software.html}. Several of the words seem rather suspect to me. But this does look like a good-faith effort (and quite a bit of work), I didn't treat it roughly, but unless someone can come up with some justification for it, it should be eventually deleted. TomS TDotO (talk) 10:35, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Specialized numbers
I have added the appropriate numbers commonly used especially for musical ensembles for numbers between 2 (duo) and 10 (decet). these numbers have been used for other groupings (example: Batman and his sidekick Robin form the "Dynamic Duo" in some widely-exposed pop literature and film). To be sure, the numbers in classical music refer not only to the ensembles that play certain sorts of music (as in a string quartet) but also the music written for such ensembles. But even in the use of numbers they are used outside of classical music to describe some musical groups (the Kingston Trio and barbershop quartets) that do not perform classical music. Piano trios and string quartets are perhaps the best known of permanent classical chamber ensembles, but as a rule the numbers apply to well-known works of music from duos to nonets. Decets are rare, but who knows what sort of music is possible? Names for ensembles larger than ten are clumsy and unlikely to be put to use except perhaps "dozen".Pbrower2a (talk) 14:24, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

The definition of naught/nought seems to be at odds with the Concise Oxford English Dictionary and the New Oxford American Dictionary which both show naught being used as an alternative in the US for zero, whereas in British English nought equates to zero and naught to nothing (which as we know is NOT the same as zero). DickyP (talk) 16:11, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Nine thirty-seconds or nine thirty-secondths?
This is a common case because the denominator of wrench measurements are powers of two. 188.103.56.225 (talk) 13:19, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

One-half or one half?
The current revision of this article has hyphens between the numerator and demoninator in every case except for one half. I'm curious as to why. By the way, I read a style guide that says to omit the hyphen if either the numerator or denominator contain a hyphen. For example, three twenty-fifths as opposed to three-twenty-fifths. 188.103.56.225 (talk) 13:21, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

double
Shouldn't there be mention of double, triple, and so on? TomS TDotO (talk) 11:11, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Recent move
The recent move from English numerals to English numbers is well intentioned but unsure about it, if we look at the definition from Numeral (linguistics)
 * In linguistics, number names (or numerals) are specific words in a natural language that represent numbers.

so by that definition the previous name was correct. The new name has problems - the french use the same numbers as the English, they just call then different things.--Salix (talk): 00:54, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved, with no prejudice against a new RM discussing the merits of Salix's alternative titles. (non-admin closure) Jenks24 (talk) 06:58, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

English numerals → English numbers – Most of the article is not about English numerals, but about other number words. — kwami (talk) 06:09, 5 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose If we look at the definition from Numeral (linguistics) "In linguistics, number names (or numerals) are specific words in a natural language that represent numbers." so by that definition English numerals is correct. English numbers has a lot of problems, numbers are the mathematical objects 1, one or S(0), so the title seems to imply that these concepts are specific to English. Perhaps a better option is English names for numbers or simply Names for numbers as this is the is the English wikipedia. There is Names of large numbers and Names of numbers is a redirect.--Salix (talk): 08:36, 5 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Looking at my book on Primary Mathematics, the names are referred to as "number names". Numerals in the index take you to a discussion of Arabic numerals. So there is confusion between the linguistic and common use of the word numerals. I don't think we should accept a specialist use of the word as the common usage. Following my source it should really be English number names.--Salix (talk): 14:11, 5 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose As Salix alba says, in linguistics a numeral is a "number word". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gandalf61 (talk • contribs) 13:40, 5 Mar 2012
 * Oppose; the current page uses the perfectly correct title to me. --DeLarge (talk) 17:05, 7 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Ordinal numbering of reigns, royals and non-royal kin with the same name
...is covered where?--Pawyilee (talk) 14:46, 28 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Generational titles --Pawyilee (talk) 11:02, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Ordinal numbers
Should a reference to variations be added? E.g., primary, secondary, and tertiary? allixpeeke (talk) 18:42, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

Twenty-twenty vs. 20/20
Twenty-twenty redirects here, 20/20 to visual acuity. Wiktionary (via which I arrived here) does know the spelled-out variants, so I expected at least a disambig that would lead me to visual acuity. -- 212.9.60.124 (talk) 17:22, 27 September 2013 (UTC) Just to add the confusion - don't forget Twenty/20 as used in cricket! DickyP (talk) 19:17, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

Retarded murican notation
So disgusted by the use of "ten hundred" instead of one thousand. adopt the metric system already chums — Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.240.102.6 (talk) 20:56, 24 September 2014 (UTC)
 * It disgusts you? *gleefully adopts "ten hundred" into personal vocabulary* This construction is part of Donald Knuth's -yllion system, and I strongly doubt that it is retarded. It is actually somewhat more logical than the metric system's grouping digits into thousands, as then you only get new number names when you absolutely have to – thus each number name after ten is the square of the previous (ten = 10, hundred = 102, myriad = 104, myllion = 108). If you want to get as far as you can with as few words as possible
 * The metric system's approach of inventing new prefixes ad hoc (which results in silliness: it's high time we had a prefix for 1027, and yet we don't have one, and it's not kosher to make one ourselves, nor is it guaranteed that what we make up will get understood), and doing them only at powers of three, is irritating – it means you can't translate straight scientific notation straight into SI prefixes, and have to use "base thousand" with engineering notation, and it makes significant figures a bit of an issue. To see what I mean, look at the value 5.0 × 10−4 m. OK: that's two significant figures. But converting that to SI prefixes in the obvious way gives 500 μm. How many significant figures does that have? Oh, so you can resolve the problem with 0.50 mm. But isn't that a bit of an odd choice? It basically forces you to select a prefix that gives you a decimal, and not have the measurement come out as a whole number. You can resolve this simply by having a prefix for every power: although this is inefficient in language, it's quite cool for significant figures.
 * So the myllion-system route is efficient in language, and the one-word-per-power route is nice for significant figures. (You can't really have it both ways.) But the metric-system route, of having a new prefix every third power of the base, doesn't make either of these things nice. Double sharp (talk) 15:45, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
 * P.S. This is, of course, assuming that by "metric system" you're referring to the way its prefixes are structured by thousands (save for the prefix cluster around zero, which appears to be not very well-liked). If you mean the units: that has absolutely nothing to do with what names you use for your numbers. Double sharp (talk) 09:26, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

The reference to "metric system" in this discussion section is a total red-herring as the expression refers specifically to measurement systems based on the metre - and these theoretically don't even have to be based on decimal numbering, a preference for which is what I suspect was the point the user was trying to make! DickyP (talk) 08:20, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Shock
Shock was one of a number of items listed in UK and US counting units, sourced largely to a book by Cardarelli about which numerous editors have doubts. That article was deleted at AfD, but I verifed shock in the OED and added it to this article (along with hat-trick and decade, which already have articles, but leaving aside flock which was not in OED) and to the dab page at Shock. It has now been deleted as "too rare usage". I still think that it's worth including. Rather than edit-warring, I invite other editors to comment. Pam D  08:55, 7 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The OED documents usage, not necessary common usage. As I don't have a copy of the OED, I can't tell whether it says "archaic", or "archaic and rare" (implying it was rare even when it was used).  "Score" is fairly common, as was (apparently, at least in Old English and Middle German) "hundred" for 120.  (There is an editor trying to get "hundred" or "long hundred" into  and "thousand" into, or references to the number in the Wikipedia article on the name.)  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 18:21, 7 January 2015 (UTC)
 * OED gives "Comm. Now hist." for "shock" meaning sixty, not giving "rare". I have to wonder if many of these count as "common" in the first place: I've never heard "banker's dozen" for eleven, but it appears in Wiktionary and is certainly amusing. So I think shock should be fine to put back in, though with a note saying "archaic". Double sharp (talk) 14:53, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, I've added back shock for sixty, along with its citation. I'm not so sure about the note saying "archaic", though: great hundred is certainly pretty archaic too, but it's not listed as such, and neither are many of the entries for the small numbers... Double sharp (talk) 15:21, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Great apart from the fact that Shock according to the OED is is either 12 or 60! DickyP (talk) 07:50, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I'll take your word for the OED listing. There are a few editors (most indefinitely blocked) who have been shown to have been incorrect in quoting sources, but you are not among them.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 21:33, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Here's a link to the OED entry, if you wanted it. ;-) Double sharp (talk) 09:25, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

Preantepenultimate ...
There are Italian words for the fifth and sixth from the last quintultimo and sestultimo - the dictionary entry for sestultimo cites a supposed English sestultimate. Are there real English words for before the preantepenultimate? TomS TDotO (talk) 17:18, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

banker's dozen
I made a wiki link to banker's dozen but I realize that this is not an independent source. There are lots of references turned up by Google, but what counts as a reliable source? urbandictionary.com? TomS TDotO (talk) 19:59, 5 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I came across an entry on Farlex, but it seems that Farlex may be using Wikipedia as a source, so that cannot be assured to be an independent source. TomS TDotO (talk) 23:44, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

Problem with linking scheme in the Ordinal numbers sub-section
There doesn't seem to be a unified linking scheme in the English numerals sub-section, with some linking to the wikipedia number article, others linking to the wiktionary article (1, 5, 7, 8), others leading to even different pages (10 and 12), others missing links (14, 18, 19) and others with bad links (13). Not sure how to fix this as I have no idea which one of the linking schemes was the correct one. --Gonnym (talk) 11:53, 1 July 2017 (UTC)

Yan Tan Tethera
Would it be worth it to put in the old way of counting sheep, knitting stitches, (etc.) done in Northern England? See the article yan tan tethera for instance. Ll1324 (talk) 00:43, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

"million million" in the short scale
Isn't a million million the same in both scales? why not add it to both then?--Backinstadiums (talk) 10:10, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

"Twenty thirty" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Twenty thirty and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 22 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. TartarTorte 20:25, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:English numerals


text:
Talk:Egret

Article seems a bit thin
This article is a little less than encyclopedic in its current abbreviated state. What, for instance, is the diet of an egret, what are its nesting and breeding habits, and where is a map showing general population and habitat of egrets? I'm going to Google for egret, which seems a shame. 172.10.238.180 (talk) 05:49, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
Eeek! this is going to get tricky!

The Cattle Egret is no longer Bubulcus ibis but Ardea ibis (HANZAB current list - HANZAB vol 1 (1990) used the former name). I don't know anything about Ardeola egrets.

All the Australian ones are white - I presume there are others that are darker, yes? Tannin 12:38 4 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Reddish Egret is usually, well, reddish, although a small minority (ca 5% in south Florida) are all white, and I suppose Cattle Egret is more buff than white, although that's really a bit nit-picking. Ardeola was me getting confused.

 * I suppose it's fair to say that they all have a white/whitish form.

 * I don't mind on the taxonomy, although obviously Heron and Egret should have the same sci names. Jim

 * (later) I looked up Slaty Egret on Google - it's slate coloured. In the words of the song "egrets, I've had a few, but when they draw the final curtain..."

Does anyone know what kind of Egret this is? – Quadell (talk) (help)  03:17, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * The apparent large size, all-white plumage, thick yellow bill and dark legs suggest that this is a non-breeding Great Egret. jimfbleak 06:40, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

EGRET is also the name of a space telescope --> Energetic Gamma Ray Emission Telescope - there should be a disambiguation page and a link here. --217.236.226.31 08:32, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

They are called Bagada in Marathi..
and are found in North Maharashtra, they topically fly, eat insects in large group of nearly 30-50 and don't make any type of sound. Should we include this in this article? Rock Stone Gold Castle (talk) 10:30, 1 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Do you have a appropriate sources to support the claims? - UtherSRG (talk) 14:27, 1 April 2023 (UTC)
 * yes I can add one, and will definitely add soon. Rock Stone Gold Castle (talk) 06:04, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

Egret vs. Swan
I have a picture of an Egret. When I look it up it says the bird is a Swan. It looks nothing like a Swan in the picture I have. How do I correct that? 2601:100:827E:5D50:F143:FB3C:4111:CCD5 (talk) 18:20, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Talk pages of articles are for discussing how to update the article. You would do better to ask at the WP:Help Desk. - UtherSRG (talk) 19:30, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Egret


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Charles Talbut Onions

Charles Talbut Onions (10 September 1873 – 8 January 1965) was an English grammarian and lexicographer and the fourth editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.

Life
C. T. Onions was born in Edgbaston, Birmingham, the eldest son of Ralph John Onions and Harriet, daughter of locksmith John Talbut. The Onions family were traditionally bellows-makers, but Ralph Onions was a designer and embosser in metal. Charles Onions said he was "the first not to make (his) living by using (his) hands". The name "Onions" derives from the Welsh "Einion".

Onions early came under the influence of A. J. Smith, the headmaster of the King Edward VI Camp Hill School, where Onions received his first contact with lexicography. He obtained a London BA in 1892 and an MA in 1895, both while attending Mason College (which later became the University of Birmingham).

James Murray invited Onions to join the staff of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) at Oxford in 1895, and in 1914 he began independent editorial work with his own assistants. His Shakespeare Glossary was published in 1911; he co-edited Shakespeare's England: an account of the life and manners of his age (2 volumes; 1916) and, in 1933, he co-edited the OED Supplement with William Craigie. Following the death of William Little in 1922, he assumed the editorship of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.

Onions served as a fellow and librarian of Magdalen College, Oxford. He was president of the Philological Society from 1929 to 1933 and was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1938. On completion of the OED, the universities of Oxford, Leeds, and Birmingham conferred honorary degrees upon him. Onions was appointed a Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1934. In 1945 he succeeded R. W. Chambers as honorary director of the Early English Text Society and worked to extend its publishing program. He was editor of Medium Aevum, the journal of the Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature, from its inception in 1932 to 1956. Onions' last twenty years were largely devoted to completing The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966), which treated over 38,000 words and went to press just prior to his death.

Personal life
In 1907 he married Angela (1883–1941), daughter of Rev. Arthur Blythman, rector of Shenington, and they had seven sons and three daughters. Late in life, two of the children described their father as "a strict and distant figure whose primary relationship was with the Dictionary rather than with them." During World War I, Onions served in British naval intelligence where his knowledge of German proved a significant asset. For much of his life, Onions had a stutter.

Anne Onions, one of his daughters, worked for many years in the Earth Sciences department at the University of Oxford as the departmental secretary and financial administrator.

Archives
Onions' letters are held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.

title: Charles Talbut Onions


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H. W. Fowler

Henry Watson Fowler (10 March 1858 – 26 December 1933) was an English schoolmaster, lexicographer and commentator on the usage of the English language. He is notable for both A Dictionary of Modern English Usage and his work on the Concise Oxford Dictionary, and was described by The Times as "a lexicographical genius".

After an Oxford education, Fowler was a schoolmaster until his middle age and then worked in London as a freelance writer and journalist, but was not very successful. In partnership with his brother Francis, beginning in 1906, he began publishing seminal grammar, style and lexicography books. After his brother's death in 1918, he completed the works on which they had collaborated and edited additional works.

Youth and studies
Fowler was born on 10 March 1858 in Tonbridge, Kent. His parents, the Rev. Robert Fowler and his wife Caroline, née Watson, were originally from Devon. Robert Fowler was a Cambridge graduate, clergyman and schoolmaster. At the time of Henry's birth he was teaching mathematics at Tonbridge School, but the family soon moved to nearby Tunbridge Wells. Henry was the eldest child of eight, and his father's early death in 1879 left him to assume a leading role in caring for his younger brothers and sister (Charles, Alexander, [Edward] Seymour, Edith, Arthur, Francis and [Herbert] Samuel).

Henry Fowler spent some time at a boarding school in Germany before enrolling at Rugby School in 1871. He concentrated on Latin and Greek, winning a school prize for his translation into Greek verse of part of Percy Bysshe Shelley's play Prometheus Unbound. He also took part in drama and debating and in his final year served as head of his house, School House. He was greatly inspired by one of his classics teachers, Robert Whitelaw, with whom he kept up a correspondence later in life.

In 1877 Fowler began attending Balliol College, Oxford. He did not excel at Oxford as he had at Rugby, earning only second-class honours in both Moderations and Literae Humaniores. Although he participated little in Oxford sport, he did begin a practice that he was to continue for the rest of his life: a daily morning run followed by a swim in the nearest body of water. He left Oxford in 1881, but was not awarded a degree until 1886, because he failed to pass his Divinity examination.

Teaching
Trusting in the judgment of the Balliol College master that he had "a natural aptitude for the profession of Schoolmaster", Fowler took up a temporary teaching position at Fettes College in Edinburgh. After spending two terms there, he moved south again to Yorkshire (present-day Cumbria) to begin a mastership at Sedbergh School in 1882. There he taught Latin, Greek and English, starting with the first form, but soon switching to the sixth form. He was a respected but uninspiring teacher, earning the nickname "Joey Stinker" owing to his propensity for tobacco smoking.

Several of the Fowler brothers were reunited at Sedbergh. Charles Fowler taught temporarily at the school during the illness of one of the house masters. Arthur Fowler had transferred from Rugby to Sedbergh for his last eighteen months at school and later became a master there. Samuel, the troublesome youngest brother, was sent to Sedbergh, probably to be taken care of by Henry and Arthur, but he stayed only a year before leaving the school, and of him nothing further is known. Henry Fowler made several lifelong friends at Sedbergh, who often accompanied him on holiday to the Alps. These included Ralph St John Ainslie, a music teacher and caricaturist; E. P. Lemarchand, whose sister eventually married Arthur Fowler; Bernard Tower, who went on to become headmaster at Lancing; and George Coulton, who was to write the first biography of Henry Fowler.

Despite being the son of a clergyman, Fowler had been an atheist for quite some time, though he rarely spoke of his beliefs in public. He had the chance of becoming a housemaster at Sedbergh on three occasions. The third offer was accompanied by a long discussion with the headmaster, Henry Hart, about the religious requirements for the post, which included preparing the boys for confirmation in the Church of England. This was against Fowler's principles, and when it became clear that no compromise on this matter was possible, he resigned.

London
In the summer of 1899 Fowler moved to a house at 14 Paultons Square, Chelsea, London (where there is now a blue plaque in his honour), and sought work as a freelance writer and journalist, surviving on his meagre writer's earnings and a small inheritance from his father. In his first published article, "Books We Think We Have Read" (1900), he first discusses the habit among Englishmen of pretending a familiarity with certain books—such as the works of Shakespeare or books considered "juvenile"—then proceeds to recommend that the savouring of these books should be "no tossing off of ardent spirits, but the connoisseur's deliberate rolling in the mouth of some old vintage". In "Outdoor London", published a year later in the short-lived Anglo-Saxon Review, Fowler describes the sights and sounds of his new home, praising its plants, its Cockney inhabitants, and its magical night scenes.

Writing partnership
In 1903, he moved to the island of Guernsey, where he worked with his brother Francis George Fowler. Their first joint project was a translation of the works of Lucian of Samosata. The translation, described by The Times as of "remarkable quality", was taken up by the Oxford University Press and published in four volumes in 1905. Their next work was The King's English (1906), a book meant to encourage writers to be stylistically simple and direct and not to misuse words. This book "took the world by storm".

Fowler collected some of his journalistic articles into volumes and published them pseudonymously, including More Popular Fallacies (1904) by "Quillet", and Si mihi —! (1907) by "Egomet". In 1908, on his fiftieth birthday, he married Jessie Marian Wills (1862–1930). It was an exceptionally happy, but childless, marriage.

The Oxford University Press commissioned from the Fowler brothers a single-volume abridgement of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which was published as the Concise Oxford Dictionary in 1911. The Concise Oxford has remained in print ever since, being regularly revised.

The next commission for the brothers was a much smaller, pocket-sized abridgement of the OED at the same time they were working on Modern English Usage; work on both began in 1911, with Henry Fowler concentrating on Modern English Usage and Francis on the pocket dictionary. Neither work was complete at the start of World War I.

In 1914, Fowler and his younger brother volunteered for service in the British army. To gain acceptance, the 56-year-old Henry lied about his age. Both he and Francis were invalided out of the army in 1916 and resumed work on Modern English Usage. In 1918, Francis died aged 47 of tuberculosis, contracted during service with the BEF. After his brother's death, Henry Fowler and his wife moved to Hinton St George in Somerset, where he worked on the Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Modern English Usage, which he dedicated to his brother.

Later years
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, published in 1926, considered by many to be the definitive style guide to the English language, "made the name of Fowler a household word in all English-speaking countries". The Times described it as a "fascinating, formidable book". Winston Churchill directed his officials to read it. The success of the book was such that the publishers had to reprint it three times in the first year of publication, and there were twelve further reprints before a second edition was finally commissioned in the 1960s.

On the death of its original editor in 1922, Fowler helped complete the first edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, under the editorship of C.T. Onions.

In 1929 Fowler republished Si mihi—! under his own name as If Wishes were Horses, and another volume of old journalistic articles under the title Some Comparative Values.

On 26 December 1933, Fowler died at his home, "Sunnyside", Hinton St George, England, aged 75.

Legacy
Currently, The King's English and Modern English Usage remain in print. The latter was updated by Sir Ernest Gowers for the second edition (1965) and largely rewritten by Robert Burchfield for the third (1996). A Pocket edition (ISBN 0-19-860947-7) edited by Robert Allen, based on Burchfield's edition, is available online to subscribers of the Oxford Reference On-line Premium collection.

A biography of Fowler was published in 2001 called The Warden of English. The author was Jenny McMorris (1946–2002), archivist to the Oxford English Dictionary at the Oxford University Press. The Times described the book as "an acclaimed and meticulously researched biography". The Word Man, a play about Fowler's life and career by the writer Chris Harrald, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4's Afternoon Play on 17 January 2008.

Books

 * More Popular Fallacies. London: Elliot Stock, 1904.
 * ; volume II; volume III; volume IV
 * The King's English. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906.
 * Sentence Analysis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906.
 * Si Mihi! London: Brown, Langham, 1907.
 * reissued as If Wishes Were Horses. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1929.
 * Between Boy and Man. London: Watts, 1908.
 * with F. G. Fowler. The King's English, abridged edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
 * with F. G. Fowler. Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911 [2nd edition, 1929].
 * with F. G. Fowler. Pocket Oxford Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.
 * A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926. [Wordsworth Edition reprint, 1994, ISBN 1-85326-318-4.]
 * Some Comparative Values. Oxford: Blackwell, 1929.
 * Rhymes of Darby to Joan. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1931.
 * with W. Little and J. Coulson. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933.

Articles

 * "Books We Think We Have Read". Spectator, 20 January 1900.
 * "Outdoor London". Anglo-Saxon Review, June 1901.
 * "Irony and Some Synonyms". Gentleman's Magazine, October 1901, 378.
 * "Quotation". Longman's Magazine, January 1901, 241.
 * "On Hyphens, 'Shall' & 'Will', 'Should' 'Would' in the Newspapers of Today". Society for Pure English, Tract 6. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921.
 * "Note on 'as to'". Society for Pure English Tract 8. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.
 * "Grammatical Inversions". Society for Pure English Tract 10. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.
 * "Preposition at End". Society for Pure English Tract 14. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.
 * "Split Infinitive, &c." Society for Pure English Tract 15. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.
 * "Subjunctives". Society for Pure English Tract 18. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.
 * "Notes on fasci, fascisti, broadcast(ed)". Society for Pure English Tract 19. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925.
 * "Italic, Fused Participles, &c." Society for Pure English Tract 22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925.
 * "Ing". Society for Pure English Tract 26. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.
 * "Comprise". Society for Pure English Tract 36. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925.

title: H. W. Fowler


text:
List of cities in the Philippines

This is a list of chartered cities in the Philippines. Philippine cities are classified into three groups: highly urbanized cities (HUC), independent component cities (ICC), and component cities (CC).

Classes
Highly urbanized cities are local government units autonomous from provinces that have a minimum population of 200,000 and an annual income of at least ₱ 50 million (in 1991 constant prices). Independent component cities are cities outside of provincial jurisdiction (although some are allowed to participate in the election of provincial officials) that have not yet attained the 'highly urbanized' status, while component cities are those under a province's jurisdiction. In addition, each city is classified into six income brackets according to income in a four-year period. For instance, 1st class cities have an income of ₱ 400 million or more, while 6th class cities earn less than ₱ 80 million in a four-year period.

Each city is governed by both the Local Government Code of 1991 and the city's own municipal charter, under the laws of the Philippines.

List
There are 149 cities of the Philippines as of July 8, 2023. Thirty-three of these are highly urbanized cities (HUC), five are independent component cities (ICC), with the rest being component cities (CC) of their respective provinces. City charter documents, if available, could be accessed by clicking on the related external link (CA indicates Commonwealth Act, RA for Republic Act).

title: List of cities in the Philippines


text:
Creswell Crags

Creswell Crags is an enclosed limestone gorge on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, England, near the villages of Creswell and Whitwell. The cliffs in the ravine contain several caves that were occupied during the last ice age, between around 43,000 and 10,000 years ago. Its caves contain the northernmost cave art in Europe. The evidence of occupation found in the rich series of sediments that accumulated over many thousands of years is regarded as internationally unique in demonstrating how prehistoric people managed to live at the extreme northernmost limits of their territory during the Late Pleistocene period.

The caves contain occupation layers with evidence of flint tools from the Mousterian, proto-Solutrean, Creswellian and Maglemosian cultures. They were seasonally occupied by nomadic groups of people during the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. Evidence of Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and post-medieval activity has also been found there. There is evidence of Neanderthal occupation 50,000–60,000 years ago, a brief Gravettian occupation around 32,000 years ago and use of all the main caves during the Magdalenian around 14,000 years ago.

The site is open to the public and has a visitor centre with a small museum of objects associated with the caves, including a stuffed cave hyena. As a result of its unique features, Creswell Crags has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It has also been put forward as a potential World Heritage Site.

Creswell Crags and Whitwell Gap
Before Creswell village was built around the colliery in the late 19th century, there were only farms around the entrance to the Crags. The local Anglo Saxon villages were Whitwell, Elmton and Thorpe (Salvin). Creswell was the name of the farm nearest to the colliery site, and so a drop-off point for materials used in the building of the colliery. At that time Creswell Crags was known locally as Whitwell Crags. The Crags may be what was referred to by the Anglo Saxon poets who recorded King Alfred's grandson, King Edmund, conquering the 5 boroughs from the Viking Earls in 942 AD, reaching as far as Dore and "Hwitan Wylles Geat" (the Whitwell Gap).

Caves
The most occupied caves were:

 * Mother Grundy's Parlour, which has produced numerous flint tools and split bones and was occupied until Mesolithic times.
 * Robin Hood's Cave, the location of a bone engraved with a horse's head and evidence that its occupants hunted and trapped woolly rhinoceros and Arctic hare.
 * The Pin Hole, the location of the Pinhole Cave Man, a human figure engraved on bone and discovered in the 1920s, and an ivory pin with etched lines.
 * Church Hole, with more than 80 engravings on its walls and occupied intermittently until Roman times.

Finds
A bone engraved with a horse's head and other worked bone items along with the remains of a variety of prehistoric animals have been found in excavations since 1876, including hyenas and hippopotami. The "Ochre Horse" was found on 29 June 1876 at the back of the western chamber in the Robin Hood Cave.

In 2003, the Ochre Horse was estimated to be between 11,000 and 13,000 years old.

Cave art
In April 2003, engravings and bas-reliefs were found on the walls and ceilings of some of the caves, an important find as it had previously been thought that no British cave art existed. The discoveries, made by Paul Bahn, Sergio Rippoll and Paul Pettitt, included an animal originally identified as an ibex but later confirmed as a stag. These, and subsequent finds included carvings on the ceiling of Church Hole Cave, have made Creswell a site of international importance. The finds are the most northerly yet discovered in Europe. Their subject matter includes representations of animals including bison and, arguably, several different bird species. Some workers, however, consider that the "bird" figures are more likely to be female anthropomorphs. The engravers seem to have made use of the naturally uneven cave surface in their carvings and it is likely that they relied on the early-morning sunlight entering the caves to illuminate the art.

Thin layers of calcium carbonate flowstone overlaying some of the engravings were dated using the uranium-series disequilibrium method, which showed the oldest of these flowstones to have formed at least 12,800 years ago. This provides a minimum age for the underlying engraving. The scientists and archaeologists concluded that it was most likely the engravings were contemporary with evidence for occupation at the site during the late glacial interstadial around 13,000–15,000 years ago. Most of the engravings are found in Church Hole Cave on the Nottinghamshire side of the gorge. Since this discovery, however, an engraved reindeer from a cave on the Gower Peninsula has yielded two minimum dates (through uranium-series dating) of 12,572 years BP and 14,505 years BP.

Not all of the figures identified as prehistoric art are in fact human made. An example given by archaeologists Paul Bahn and Paul Pettitt is the 'horse-head', Which they say is "highly visible and resembles a heavily maned horse-head... lacks any trace of work: it is a combination of erosion, black stains for the head, and natural burrow cast reliefs for the mane." Others are a 'bison-head' which they think may be natural and a 'bear' image which "lacks any evidence of human work." Notwithstanding they believe that more figures may be discovered in the future.

The site was the subject of the BBC Radio 4 documentaries Unearthing Mysteries, Nature and Drawings on the Wall, and featured in the 2005 BBC Two television programme Seven Natural Wonders, as one of the wonders of the Midlands. In the Drawings on the Wall (Episode 1) Dr Paul Pettitt was interviewed about the so-called 'naked ladies' engravings in Church Hole Cave.

World Heritage Site nomination
Creswell Crags first applied for World Heritage Site status in 1986, but was unsuccessful. Since then further research and development has been carried out and, in 2011, it was again put forward for consideration. In 2012 it was added to the United Kingdom's 'tentative list' – an essential prerequisite to formal nomination, evaluation and potential inscription as a World Heritage Site. The Tentative List identifies the universal outstanding value of Creswell Crags as being:
 * 1) The outstanding landscape of a narrow limestone gorge containing a complex of caves having long-intact palaeoenvironmental cave and gorge sediment sequences, containing rich cultural archaeological remains as well as diverse animal bone, plant macro- and micro-fossil assemblages
 * 2) In situ Palaeolithic rock art on the walls and ceilings of caves, dated directly to 13,000 years ago, providing direct cultural associations with Late Magdalenian human groups operating at extreme northern latitudes

In addition, Creswell Crags' significance has been enhanced by the discovery of a number of pieces of portable art made of engraved bone – the UK's only known figurative Ice Age art – as well as assemblages of bone, stone and ivory tools.

title: Creswell Crags