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Laurent Garnier

Laurent Garnier (born 1 February 1966), also known as Choice, is a French electronic music producer and DJ. Garnier began DJing in Manchester during the late 1980s. He became a producer in the early 1990s and recorded several albums.

Early influences
In 1984, Garnier started working as a waiter at the French Embassy in London. He started playing with DJ Nelson, a.k.a. DJ Stan, at a French club. He stayed there for a year and a half before moving to Manchester in 1986. Living in England he discovered the booming UK house scene and started DJing, including at the Haçienda.

Career
In 1987, he discovered The Haçienda in Manchester, and met Mike Pickering the resident DJ. Chicago house and Detroit techno became popular, and Garnier started mixing there under the name of DJ Pedro.

In 1988, he went back to France to fulfill his military obligations. He also spent some time in New York City where he met Frankie Knuckles. Garnier shifted his attention back to France in the early 1990s, running the Wake Up parties at the Rex Club in Paris for three years, and in Dijon from 1990 to 1994 at L'An-Fer while in 1992 he played a three-night long Weekender set at the Cork venue, Sir Henry's. He also mixed in clubs such as Le Palace or Le Boy, DJing in rave parties and gradually moving into recording as well. For the FNAC label, Garnier released "French Connection" and the A Bout de Souffle EP. After that label went out of business, he formed the F Communications label with Eric Morand (a friend who had also worked for Fnac).

His first album, Shot in the Dark, was released in 1995. His second, 30, appeared in 1997 and included one of Garnier's best selling singles, "Crispy Bacon". 30 was followed by the retrospective Early Works. After appearing worldwide with DJ appearances during the late 1990s, Garnier returned to production with Unreasonable Behaviour, released in early 2000, which featured one of his best known songs, "The Man with the Red Face".

Albums

 * Shot in the Dark (1994), F Communications
 * Raw Works (US only compilation) (1996), Never Recordings
 * 30 (1997), F Communications/PIAS France
 * Unreasonable Behaviour (2000), F Communications
 * Early Works (compilation) (1998), Arcade
 * The Cloud Making Machine (2005), F Communications/PIAS
 * Retrospective (compilation) (2006), F Communications/PIAS (includes a track with Håkon Kornstad)
 * Public Outburst (2007), F Communications, live album with Bugge Wesseltoft, Philippe Nadaud, Benjamin Rippert
 * Tales of a Kleptomaniac (2009), PIAS
 * la HOME box (2015), F Communications
 * De Película (2021), with The Limiñanas, Because Music
 * 33 tours et puis s'en vont (2023), COD3 QR

With Ed Banger records

 * "Timeless EP" (2012)

With FNAC Music Dance Division

 * As French Connection (1991), with Mix Master Doody
 * Stronger By Design EP (1992)
 * "Join Hands" (remixes) (1992)
 * Paris EP (1993), with Shazz, as Choice (also published by Fragile Records)
 * A bout de souffle EP (1993) (also published by Warp Records)
 * "Wake Up!" (1993) ("One year of music for house music lovers" – free to people who went to the first anniversary of the "Wake Up" club in Paris)
 * "Lost in Alaska" (1993), with Nic Britton, as Alaska
 * Planet House EP (1993)

With F Communications

 * Alliance EP (1994), with Pascal FEOS, as Dune
 * "Astral Dreams" (1994)
 * Deuxième EP (1995), as Alaska
 * Club Traxx EP (1995)
 * "The Hoe" (1996)
 * "Crispy Bacon Part 1" (1997) UK No. 60
 * "Crispy Bacon Part 2" (1997)
 * "Flashback" (1997)
 * "Coloured City" (1998)
 * Club Traxx EP Vol 2 (1998)
 * "The Sound of the Big Babou" (1999)
 * "The Man with the Red Face" (2000) UK No. 65
 * "Greed" / "The Man with the Red Face" (2000) UK No. 36
 * "Sambou" (2002)
 * "Returning Back to Sirius" (2003), as Alaska
 * "6 Months Earlier" (2004), with Ludovic Llorca, as Marl Chingus
 * "The Cloud Making Machine" (reworks vol 1 & 2) (2005)

With Innervisions

 * Back to My Roots EP (2008)

DVDs

 * Greed DVD single – F Communications, Film Office, TDK Mediactive (2001)
 * Live à l'Elysée Montmartre – F communications (2002)

Compilations and DJ sessions

 * X-Mix – Destination Planet Dream (Studio !K7 – 1994)
 * Mixmag Live Vol. 19 (1995)
 * Laboratoire Mix (2xCD, React, 1996)
 * Early Works (2xCD, 1998)
 * Fashion TV: Spring – Summer 2001 Collection
 * Classic And Rare : La Collection Chapter 3 (F Communications, 2002)
 * Excess Luggage (3xCD, F Communications, 2003)
 * The Kings of Techno (Rapster Records, 2006)
 * Mixmag 25 Years Anniversary  (2008)

title: Laurent Garnier


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Shared-nothing architecture

A shared-nothing architecture (SN) is a distributed computing architecture in which each update request is satisfied by a single node (processor/memory/storage unit) in a computer cluster. The intent is to eliminate contention among nodes. Nodes do not share (independently access) the same memory or storage.

One alternative architecture is shared everything, in which requests are satisfied by arbitrary combinations of nodes. This may introduce contention, as multiple nodes may seek to update the same data at the same time. It also contrasts with shared-disk and shared-memory architectures.

SN eliminates single points of failure, allowing the overall system to continue operating despite failures in individual nodes and allowing individual nodes to upgrade hardware or software without a system-wide shutdown.

A SN system can scale simply by adding nodes, since no central resource bottlenecks the system. In databases, a term for the part of a database on a single node is a shard. A SN system typically partitions its data among many nodes. A refinement is to replicate commonly used but infrequently modified data across many nodes, allowing more requests to be resolved on a single node.

History
Michael Stonebraker at the University of California, Berkeley used the term in a 1986 database paper. Teradata delivered the first SN database system in 1983. Tandem Computers NonStop systems, a shared-nothing implementation of hardware and software was released to market in 1976. Tandem Computers later released NonStop SQL, a shared-nothing relational database, in 1984.

Applications
Shared-nothing is popular for web development.

Shared-nothing architectures are prevalent for data warehousing applications, although requests that require data from multiple nodes can dramatically reduce throughput.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shared-nothing architecture


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User:LordSnow

I'm a Southern Californian, primarily interested in history, political science, and philosophy.

title: User:LordSnow


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NCE

NCE may stand for:
 * Newark College of Engineering, a part of the New Jersey Institute of Technology
 * New chemical entity, an investigational drug
 * New Civil Engineer, the weekly magazine of the Institution of Civil Engineers
 * Nigerian Certificate in Education
 * Non-commercial educational radio broadcasting
 * The IATA code for Nice Côte d'Azur Airport
 * Normal curve equivalent, a statistical measure related to percentile rank
 * The National Counselor Examination for Licensure and Certification of the National Board for Certified Counselors
 * New Clee railway station, England; National Rail station code NCE.
 * Northcote railway station, Melbourne

title: NCE


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Talk:Mores

Morals vs. Ethics
"(ethics carries) connotations of... customary proper behavior peculiar to a given society"

I removed this since it is, in fact, exactly wrong and is not supported by any citations.Benjamindees (talk) 16:00, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

French
The French word for "mores" is "mœurs". This is one of the very few rare words in French which change gender with number (singular is masculine, plural is feminine). It is almost exclusively employed in the plural.

- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.193.73.33 (talk) 11:52, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Taboos form the subset of mores that forbid a society's most outrageous behaviours such as incest and murder.

I'm not sure if I quite agree with two statements in the above sentence:

1. I disagree that incest is necessarily an "outrageous" behavior.

2. I think just about any society would outlaw murder, so is it a good example to use as a taboo?

66.92.165.123 00:50, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Actaully, not to be too picky, however, naming any examples of "Taboo" behavior would essentailly violate the POV neutrality of the article. Perhaps if the culture(s) associated with recognizing a listed behavior as Taboo were succinctly listed, then it wouldn't violate the code.--68.249.239.193 21:58, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

irelevant (not just irreverant) image
What is the point of the attached image? Of the French 19th century gynecologist? It seems to to be saying that "here's an image of normal activity in one culture that's provocative in another". But it fails. How is what is depicted different from a modern Western physician giving a ob-gyn exam? It's not. I don't see how the picture illustrates the point of the article (can an abstract notion be illustrated?). This seems an excuse to display a titillating image. I will remove in a few weeks for lack of relevance.

Definition of Taboo
A taboo is not necessarily something that a culture finds wrong, but something it finds repulsive. In American society, I regret to admit that murder or rape are no longer taboos. It's not repulsive anymore because it's just so common that people have grown complacent with it all.

Are you completely morally retarded or just ignorant? To say that rape and murder aren’t taboo is completely ridiculous. In case you haven’t noticed people seem to get arrested for that AND upstanding members of society look down on it to say the least. Maybe in the hole you crawled out of murder, rape, and incest are socially acceptable, but in the rest of America all three are completely morally reprehensible, and so are your pessimistic comments. Jimmyjones22 05:40, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

I totally do not agree that murder and rape arent taboo anymore. to event think that both of these is not repulsive is totally inhumane. If society is that twisted that rape and murder have become a complacent thing to us then i must say that i feel very sorry for the generations to come. whats next it will be ok to have sex with your mother or sister????71.209.236.34 06:21, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 04:18, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Singular form?
Does mores have a singular form, or is it a plural noun? This article refers to "a more", so shouldn't this article be titled "More" or "Social more"? Just a little confused. --beefyt (talk) 15:36, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Mores exists as a loan in English. Mos doesn't. Wikipedia isn't a Latin dictionary, we give the most common name in English usage.

OED lists "mores n., with pl. concord". You can say "the mores are ..." in English, but you cannot say "the mos is ...". --dab (𒁳) 11:47, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Correlation with Latin
The article seems to suggest that MORES was invented by a US sociologist and by the way it's also a latin word.

I think the abstract should say that mores is a latin word which means "habits" (good or bad). Morality/ethos comes after this, as "good habit". Just my opinion. Carlesso (talk) 20:31, 11 March 2012 (UTC) Oh, and of course the singular is mos (mos, moris). Mores is the plural nominative and again, there's no connotation of good or bad, and I think THIS should be pointed out in the definition. Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by Carlesso (talk • contribs) 20:32, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mores


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Peene

The Peene is a river in Germany.

Geography
The Westpeene, with the Ostpeene as its longer tributary, and the Kleine Peene/Teterower Peene (with a Peene  without specification (or Nordpeene) as its smaller and shorter affluent) flows into Kummerower See (Lake Kummerow), and from there as Peene proper to Anklam and into the Oder Lagoon.

The western branch of the Oder River, which separates the island of Usedom from the German mainland, is often also called Peene, but actually is considered a part of the Baltic Sea called the Peenestrom. It is one of three channels connecting the Oder Lagoon with the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea. (The other two are the Świna and the Dziwna.)

Hydrography
The Peene river itself has some properties of an inlet. From Kummerower See, inclusively, to the mouth, the ground of the water is five feet and more below sea level. The windkessel effect of the large surface of this lake allows reverse flows that with northern wind may last as long as a week. These reverse flows do not only occur in times of low discharge of its effluent, but also in times of an overflow of precipitation.

Ecology
The Peene Valley is one of the largest contiguous fen regions in central Europe. Thanks to its wilderness and intact nature, the river Peene and its valley is sometimes grandiloquently referred to as "the Amazon of the North".

Major towns at the Peene river are Malchin, Teterow, Demmin and Anklam.

Wolgast is on Peenestrom strait.

title: Peene


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Ramapough Mountain Indians

The Ramapough Mountain Indians (also spelled Ramapo), known also as the Ramapough Lenape Nation or Ramapough Lunaape Munsee Delaware Nation or Ramapo Mountain people, are a New Jersey state-recognized tribe based in Mahwah. They have approximately 5,000 members living in and around the Ramapo Mountains of Bergen and Passaic counties in northern New Jersey and Rockland County in southern New York, about 25 miles (40 km) from New York City.

They were recognized in 1980 by the state of New Jersey as the Ramapough Lenape Nation but are not recognized federally or recognized by the state of New York. Since January 2007, the chief of the Ramapough Lenape Nation has been Dwaine Perry.

The Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation claim a line of descent from the Lenape, whose regional bands included the Hackensack, Tappan, Rumachenanck/Haverstroo, Munsee/Minisink and Ramapo people, while absorbing people with varying degrees of Tuscarora, African, and Dutch and other European ancestry. The Lenape language in this area was Munsee, an Algonquian dialect. The Tuscarora spoke an Iroquoian language. After relations with European colonists began, ancestors of the Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation also spoke Jersey Dutch and English. Presently they speak English. The Ramapough are working to restore the Munsee language among their members.

Nonprofit organization
The Ramapough Mountain Indians or the Ramapough Lunaape Nation Inc. incorporated as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in 1980.

Their executive director is Vince Morgan as of 2023, and their president is Dwaine Perry.

Petition for recognition
The Ramapough and two other tribes were recognized as Indian tribes in 1980 by the state of New Jersey by Resolution 3031. The New Jersey citation stated: Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the State of New Jersey (the Senate concurring): 1. That the Ramapough Mountain People of the Ramapough Mountains of Bergen and Passaic counties, descendants of the Iroquois and Algonquin nations, are hereby designated by the State of New Jersey as the Ramapough Indians.

The tribe asked its New Jersey Assembly member, W. Cary Edwards, to seek state recognition. After several months of research, Edwards and Assemblyman Kern introduced Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 3031 (ACR3031) on May 21, 1979. It passed the Assembly and was passed by the Senate on January 7, 1980. Edwards said later that debate in the assembly related to a book written by historian David Cohen (see below); he noted that he and other endorsers of recognition had to demonstrate the historical basis of the Ramapough. At the time, the state had not developed its own criteria or regulations related to tribal recognition. The state resolution also requested federal recognition of the Ramapough, but is non-binding in that regard. The state of New Jersey has also recognized the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape and the Powhatan Renape, descended from the Algonquian-speaking Lenape and Powhatan, respectively. Because of increased issues related to Native Americans, the State of New Jersey created the Commission on Native American Affairs by P.L.1134, c. 295, and it was signed into law on December 22, 1995, by Governor Christine Todd Whitman.

The Ramapough Indians claim to have been recognized by the State of New York by Legislative Resolution 86 in 1979. According to Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein, who have reviewed state recognition processes, New York does not have an official, separate process of recognition of Indian tribes and never recognized the Ramapough. It recognized the Shinnecock and one other tribe using independent criteria. In 2009 the New York legislature had a bill pending to recognize the Ramapough people as Native Americans. It was never passed. In 1978 the Ramapough Mountain Indians (RMI) filed a petition for federal recognition as a tribe. They did not submit a documented petition until April 23, 1990. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) on June 15, 1990 responded with a letter outlining the deficiencies in the petition. During the process, it repeatedly offered to have representatives meet with the tribe to review topics of research, specifically court records and land deeds, for the period 1750-1820 in which records are scarce. The RMI submitted a partial response on January 28, 1991. A fully revised petition was determined to be ready for active consideration on March 5, 1992. The petition had active consideration status on July 14, 1992. In December 1993, the BIA issued its proposed finding, rejecting the tribe's petition. It granted the tribe an opportunity to respond, including extensions. It issued its Final Determination rejecting its petition on December 11, 1995. This Final Determination survived an internal BIA appeal in 1997 and a federal court appeal in 2001.

Earlier exonym
The Ramapo people were often referred to historically as the Jackson Whites, a term which they regard as being derogatory, and which, according to legend, was either from the name of the Jackson White heirloom potato or a distortion of Jacks and Whites, referring to their multiracial ancestry. Partly because of the people's multiracial ancestry, many other people assumed they were descendants of runaway and freed slaves ("Jacks" in slang) and Caucasians. Over time, the latter were believed to have included Dutch settlers (represented by surnames common among the people) and later, Hessian soldiers (German mercenaries who had fought for the British during the American Revolution); that is, people who were considered suspect by the dominant British Americans. The people supposedly fled to frontier areas of the mountains after the end of the Revolutionary War. Thousands of escaped slaves had gone to British-occupied New York City on the promise of freedom, and some left the city for more isolated areas to escape capture after the war. There is not any documentation of slaves, freed or runaway, nor of Hessian soldiers' marrying into the tribe.

The group rejects this name and its associated legends as pejorative. On July 30, 1880, The Bergen Democrat was the first newspaper to print the term Jackson Whites. A 1911 article noted it was used as a title of contempt. Instead, they called themselves "The Mountain People".

The New Jersey historian David S. Cohen, who wrote his doctoral dissertation at Princeton about the Ramapough Mountain people, has confirmed that the old stories were legends, not history. He said the legend was untrue and was "the continuing vehicle for the erroneous and derogatory stereotype of the Mountain People". He claims that some of the group's ancestors were multiracial, free Afro-Dutch who had migrated from lower Manhattan to the frontier and become landowners in the Tappan Patent during the seventeenth century.

History

A number of local historians, genealogists, and archeologists have written about the Ramapough people. Accounts have changed related to research that has revealed more archeological, historical, linguistic, and other evidence, as well as because of changed social attitudes. As with other multiracial peoples seeking recognition as Native American tribes, the Ramapough Mountain Indians have encountered differences of opinion of the significance of their real ethnic ancestry in contrast to cultural and community identity and political efforts to have them recognized as a distinct culture.

The historical tribe named the Ramapo was a Munsee-speaking group of the Lenape, an Algonquian language-speaking people who occupied a large territory throughout coastal areas of the mid-Atlantic states and along the Delaware River valley. Such groups were typically named after their geographic region. Early European colonists thought they were different peoples, but all were Lenape. Ramapo villages were recorded during the late seventeenth century in western Connecticut, near present-day Bethel and Ridgefield. In 1911 an intact dugout canoe was found underwater near Bethel and identified as possibly Ramapo; it is now held at the Connecticut State Museum of Natural History at the University of Connecticut. In 1923 Foster H. Seville, an ethnologist, authenticated two dugout canoes found in Witteck Lake, near Butler, New Jersey, as of Ramapo origin and possibly 1,000 years old. They were exhibited in the American Museum of Natural History and in Hackensack, New Jersey.

During the early 1700s, the Ramapo in present-day western Connecticut had a sachem or chief named Katonah. Due to English colonists, they sold their land in the Ridgefield area, a territory estimated at 20000 acre, and relocated away. The Ramapo migrated west and some eventually settled in the mountains in northeastern New Jersey and southwestern New York; this part of the Appalachian Mountains was named for them by colonists as the Ramapo Mountains.

The colonial Dutch referred to the Lenape Indian peoples whom they encountered in this mid-Atlantic region, along the lower Hudson and northern New Jersey areas, as the Hackensack, Tappan, Nyack, and Minsi; these names were from the Lenape words for the bands, who took the names associated with geographic places. The archeologist Herbert C. Kraft says that some of the Ramapough lived in the mountains by the mid to late seventeenth century, and theorizes they were joined by remnants of the Esopus and possibly Wappinger bands after wars with the Dutch. The Dutch allocated land from the Tappan Patent in the Hackensack Valley; it crossed what became the border between New York and New Jersey.

Wynant Van Gelder, the first European landowner in what became Sloatsburg in Rockland County, New York, was noted as having bought land from the Ramapough in 1738. Ramapough Mountain Indians still live in the county, especially in Hillburn, New York.

When colonists entered the areas along Ramapo Creek to develop iron mines and works during the eighteenth century, they noted that Ramapough native people occupied the hills. The founder of the iron mines brought in German and English workers, some of whose descendants settled in the area.

The historian David Cohen found that early settlers in the Hackensack Valley included "free black landowners in New York City and mulattoes with some Dutch ancestry who were among the first pioneers to settle in the Hackensack River Valley of New Jersey." Among these were Augustine Van Donck, who bought land in the Tappan Patent in 1687. As the border between New York and New Jersey divided the area of the patent in 1798, Cohen theorized that some of these early free people of color relocated west into the mountains. (The surname Van Dunk is common among the Ramapough, as are DeGroat, DeFreese, and Mann.) Cohen thought that, while some free blacks may have married Lenape remnant peoples in the area, the residents of the mountains developed not primarily with Indian culture but as multiracial people with European-American culture and rural traditions. The origin of these surnames could also be from earlier relations with the Colonials. During the late 19th century, such Indians were said to use the names given by the Colonials instead of their real names because of superstition.

Edward J. Lenik, a self-taught private archaeologist, disagrees with Cohen's findings about African-European ancestry; he says, While the Ramapough's origins are controversial, most historians and anthropologists agree that they (Ramapough) are the descendants from local Munsee-speaking Lenape (Delaware) Indians who fled to the mountains in the late seventeenth century to escape Dutch and English settlers. It is a well known fact that displacement of Indian tribes followed European Incursions in the region which resulted in the forced movement and resettlement of Indian peoples.

Controversy over origins
The multiracial ancestry of the people in the mountains was noted by their European-American neighbors. Myths, as noted in the section on their name, were derived in part from theories of origins, as well as prejudice related to unions with African descendants because slavery had developed in the colonies as a racial caste. By the mid-nineteenth century, these multi-racial people were concentrated in and near the settlements of Mahwah and Ringwood, New Jersey and Hillburn, New York. Local histories documented traditions of mixed-race descendants from intermarriages with the Lenape in the mountains.

During the twentieth century, some anthropologists classified such isolated mixed-race groups, who tended to be historically endogamous, as tri-racial isolates or simply as mixed bloods. Alanson Skinner of the American Museum of Natural History in 1915 noted the multiracial character of the people in the Ramapo Mountains. He said that Indian descendants had mixed with Africans and whites.

European Americans assumed that Indians wanted only to assimilate to the majority culture and that intermarriage meant a weakening of their cultures; in addition, attitudes associated with slavery tended to classify people of mixed-race as black rather than Indian, regardless of their cultural affiliation. Whites in the Northeast assumed that Indian cultures had largely ended after centuries of interaction with European Americans. By contrast, numerous Native American tribes had a historic tradition of absorbing other peoples by marriage or adoption; people brought up within their cultures generally identified as Native Americans of particular tribes. Thus, during the period of urbanization, high rates of immigration, and suburban development throughout the New York metropolitan area during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ramapough Mountain Indians continued to live in their historic areas of settlement in the mountains and there maintained a rural culture.

Cohen noted in 1974 that, as the federal censuses of 1790-1830 were missing for this area, it prevented "establishing positively the exact relationship between many of these colored families in the mountains, and the earlier colored families of the Hackensack River Valley". He noted the "tradition of Indian ancestry among the Ramapo Mountain People as early as the eighteenth century." Cohen also said, "Some Indian mixture is possible; however, Indian and colored interracial matings probably were not recorded in the Dutch Reformed Churches."

Before 1870, the State of New Jersey's census had only three racial or ethnic categories for residents: White, Black (free), and Black (slave), the same categories as were used in the slave states. Census enumerators tended to use black as the category for any people of color, including Indians. New Jersey passed a gradual abolition law in 1804 to end slavery; children born to slave mothers were born free. The state retained slaves born before the law in an indentured status. By a law of 1846, it reclassified them as apprentices, "apprenticed for life". The last slaves in New Jersey were not freed until 1865 and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. In 1870, New Jersey began recording Indians (Native Americans) as a separate category in its census; 16 were identified by census enumerators that year.

A less common theory of ancestry was that the Ramapough were Indian people who had been held as slaves by colonists.

With increasing interest and research in Native American history, a symposium was held during 1984 on the Lenape. James Revey (Lone Bear), then chairman of the New Jersey Indian Office, said that "Mountain Indians" were descendants of Lenape who had retreated into the mountains of western and northeastern New Jersey and southwestern New York during the colonial era. Other scholars, such as Herbert C. Kraft, have documented that some Munsee-speaking Lenape relocated into the Ramapo Mountains to escape colonial encroachment.

Kraft noted, as did Cohen (see below), that there was a gap in "the genealogical record between about 1790-1830 that prevented his assembling with exactitude individual relationships between most of the Hackensack Valley settlers and those of the Ramapo Mountains." In his own work, Kraft has not attempted to establish genealogical links between the present-day Ramapough and colonial-era Indian tribes.

According to Catalano and Planche, consultants for the tribe for its recognition process, Cohen's work has been criticized by the genealogists Alcon Pierce and Roger Joslyn. Catalano said that Cohen had no professional credentials in genealogy, and that the BIA found much of his genealogical work lacking.

Edward J. Lenik, an archeologist and author of a 1999 book about the Ramapo Indians, writes: The archaeological record indicates a strong, continuous and persistent presence of Indian bands in the northern Highlands Physiographic Providence-Ramapos well into the 18th century. Other data, such as historical accounts, record the presence of Indians in the Highlands during the 19th and 20th centuries. Oral traditions, and settlement and subsistence activities are examined as well. Native American people were a significant element among the primary progenitors of the Ramapo Mountain People...

The historian Evan T. Pritchard (Micmac), wrote The Ramapough, or "mountaineer Munsee", on the other hand, never disappeared. Their people still occupy the southwest portion of the point of Rockland County, on all sides of Ramapo Mountain. ... Whites have always tried, and continue to try to portray the Ramapough as foreigners: Dutch, blacks, Tuscarora, Gypsies, or Hessians. However, they are the only actual non-foreigners to be found still living in community in and around New York's metropolitan region. ... The main Ramapough Lenape villages in New York were Hillburn, Johnsontown, Furmanville, Sherwoodville, Bulsontown, Willowgrove, Sandyfields, and Ladentown. Better known, however, as Native American strongholds, are the towns just south of the border, namely Stagg Hill [Mahwah] and Ringwood.

The archeologist C.A. Weslager noted that the Delaware were joined in the eighteenth century by some migrating Tuscarora families migrating from South Carolina. They never continued to Iroquois country in New York, where most of the Tuscarora settled alongside the Oneida.

Governance
The Ramapo Mountain Indians have had a chief and council form of government. In 1978 they organized a non-profit. That year they filed a petition with the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs of intent to gain federal recognition as a tribe. They further organized into clans for self-government: the Wolf, the Turtle and the Deer, related to their three main settlements of Mahwah and Ringwood, New Jersey; and Hillburn, New York.

Chief Vincent Mann is the Turtle Clan chief. An activist and educator, he has spoken at Ramapo College and Ohio's University of Dayton on the effects of toxic waste dumping and the Indigenous right to a healthy environment. He has specifically advocated against the Ford Motor Company's toxic dumping on Ramapough land and waters in Ringwood, New Jersey. He created the Three Sisters Farm in Andover, New Jersey in an effort to heal through regenerative farming, cultural reclamation, and food sovereignty.

Petition for federal recognition
During August 1978 the tribe filed a petition of intent for federal recognition. The Ramapough Mountain Indians submitted its petition for recognition with supporting documentation in 1990.

Roger D. Joslyn, a certified genealogist and one of the consultants to the tribe in this process, has traced Ramapough members to people of the 18th century. He stated that tribal members were descended from the historical Munsee tribe.

In April 1993, Donald Trump (a casino owner) and two Bergen County United States Representatives said that "the Ramapo would bring in Indian gaming associated with organized crime". U.S. Representative Marge Roukema testified to the US Senate Subcommittee on Native American Affairs on October 5, 1993 about the Ramapough Lenape Indian efforts to gain recognition. She said that, since tribal representatives had approached her during the 1980s seeking a private federal bill for recognition, their "sole interest" appeared to be to establish casino gambling in Bergen County. She said she feared that Indian gaming in New Jersey would bring organized crime with it. The Ramapough do not currently possess any land as a reservation that could be used for a gambling site.

The BIA gave the Tribe an opportunity to respond to its Proposed Finding of December 8, 1993, which said its documented petition did not satisfy all the regulatory criteria. It identified areas of weakness and provided extensions requested by the Tribe. Finally in December 1995, the agency issued its Final Determination, which concluded that the Ramapough Mountain Indians had failed to meet three of seven criteria for recognition; namely, that it did not provide adequate proof of descent from a historical tribe, nor of genealogical, social and political continuity since 1950. The latter two issues were of concern since 1950, when the BIA felt that the tribe had not demonstrated a distinct Indian culture different from its neighbors. They said: "In making this Final Determination, the BIA has reviewed the evidence used to prepare the Proposed Finding, the RMI [Ramapough Mountain Indians] response to the Proposed Finding, and additional research conducted for the Final Determination by BIA staff. None of the interested party or third party comments were directed to the specific genealogies of the RMI progenitor families. None of the interested party or third party comments provided substantive proof that the earliest proven RMI ancestors descended from a historical tribe of North American Indians. Therefore, the third-party comments were not directly pertinent to criterion 83.7(e). ...

None of the outside observers cited in the RMI Response provided documentation of actual tribal descent. Statements of generically "Indian" characteristics are not equivalent under the 25 CFR Part 83 regulations to documented descent from "a historical Indian tribe or from historical Indian tribes that combined and functioned as a single autonomous political entity." Statements concerning more general "Indian" descent are not in themselves adequate to meet criterion 83.7(e), and must also be evaluated in the full context of the available evidence. ...

In conclusion, the origins and parentage of the earliest genealogically proven ancestors of the petitioner are not known. The petitioner has not demonstrated that their earliest documented ancestors were members of a historical North American Indian tribe, nor has the petitioner documented that their earliest proven progenitors descended from any known historical tribe of North American Indians. Without documentation, the BIA cannot make an assumption, on the basis of late 19th-century and early 20th-century ascriptions, that these unknown RMI ancestors were members of a historical North American Indian tribe. The petitioner has not presented acceptable evidence that the RMI descend from a historical Indian tribe, or from tribes that amalgamated and functioned as a single unit, either as individuals or as a group."

The Ramapough activists, who claimed they were opposed to gambling, appealed the BIA's decision. On November 2001, the Ramapough presented their case to the Court of Appeals. The BIA conceded that the Ramapough are Native American: At oral argument before the Court of Appeals, the BIA conceded that the RMI (Ramapough Mountain Indians) are Indians, but asserted that the Tribe provided no evidence of descent from the Aboriginal Lenape Indians, who are the only tribal group ever to have occupied the region. John "Bud" Shapard was the former chief of the Bureau of Research at the BIA from 1978-1987, when the regulations were written. Asked to review the Ramapough's case after the BIA declined their petition, in 1999 he said, "It's pretty clear they've got an Indian community as strong as some that have been recognized. There's no question about that." Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein wrote an article published in 2007 in which they reviewed the process of federal and state recognition, and factors affecting both. They noted the effect of the development of Indian gambling. They wrote, The current political environment threatens to further slow the achievement of federal recognition, as legislators and citizens in various communities band together to oppose recognition for fear that newly recognized tribes will establish a casino in their community. This opposition is sometimes financed by competing Indian casinos, adding additional money and political muscle to an already uphill fight. Unfortunately, this is unfairly hindering recognition opportunities for longstanding tribes and standing in the way of such tribes acquiring much needed non-casino related benefits, such as federal grants and governmental immunities.

They noted that many states had initiated their own processes of recognition of tribes and are building new relationships with the peoples. The Ramapough Lenape Indians had been recognized by New Jersey but not by New York, which as a policy matter does not separately recognize tribes.

Recent events
In 1995, New Jersey established a Commission on American Indian Affairs (then termed the Commission on Native American Affairs) with two seats each for the recognized tribes of the Ramapough Mountain Indians, the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape, and the Powhatan Renape (the latter two groups are located in southern New Jersey.) In addition, two seats were reserved for Inter-Tribal Members, persons who belonged to other tribes but lived in New Jersey. The Commission has been placed in the Department of State.

During the spring of 2006, Emil Mann, a Ramapough Lenape man, was killed by gunshots from a New Jersey State Parks Police ranger in a confrontation with people on all-terrain vehicles in Ringwood State Park. His family filed a civil suit against the state. Governor Jon Corzine's staff met with the Ramapough Lenape and other Native Americans in the state to identify problem areas and improve relations. The state investigated the shooting, and a grand jury indicted one of the rangers.

During August 2006, Governor Corzine formed the New Jersey Committee on Native American Community Affairs to investigate issues of civil rights, education, employment, fair housing, environmental protection, health care, infrastructure and equal opportunity confronting members of New Jersey's three indigenous Native American tribes and other New Jersey residents of Native American descent. The Committee's report was delivered on December 17, 2007 and cited "lingering discrimination, ignorance of state history and culture, and cynicism in the treatment of Indian people".

State and federal officials have worked with the tribes on other issues related to their people. For instance, in preparation for the 2010 census, state and federal officials consulted with the recognized tribes on means to get accurate counts of their people. The Census Bureau has created local partnerships. It recognizes State Designated Tribal Statistical Areas, which are established by state consultation with local tribes to identify significant areas of American Indian populations outside reservations (these had not been examined during the twentieth century). In New Jersey, these are identified as Passaic and Bergen counties for the Ramapough Mountain Tribe, and Cumberland County for the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape. The Rankokus Indian Reservation no longer qualifies, as the state has taken back much of the land it had earlier leased to the Powhatan Renape.

Tribal enrollment
The tribe has required members to be descended directly from an identified Ramapough parent listed in tribal records. People must provide certified birth certificates and documentation of at least three generations to a listed Ramapough ancestor.

Environmental concerns
The tribe has experienced environmental controversies in relation to corporate efforts on or near their land.

Ford Motor Company paint contamination controversy
Members of the community have participated with litigation (Mann v. Ford) against the Ford Motor Company regarding poisoning from a former toxic waste landfill. Portions of this site were used during the 1970s as sites for affordable housing where many Ramapough people lived.

During the 1980s, the Environmental Protection Agency designated the Ringwood Mines landfill site as a Superfund site for cleanup. Ford had operated an automobile assembly plant in Mahwah and its contractors dumped industrial paints and other hazardous wastes in a landfill owned by the company in an area where many Ramapough Mountain Indians live. The EPA identified further remediation three more times as additional sludge sites were found. Following further investigation, The EPA returned the community to the Superfund list, the only site to be so treated.

During late winter 2006, some 600 Ramapough Lenape Indians, led by Turtle Clan chief Wayne Mann and with the aid of Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., filed a mass tort suit (Mann v. Ford) against the "Ford Motor Company and its contractors, as well as the borough of Ringwood, for the dumping of toxic waste." They were represented by Vicki Gilliam of The Cochran Group. The suit was filed about the time of publication of Toxic Legacy, a five-part investigative series by The Record, which had found lead and antimony levels in excess of 100 times the safety limit near some Ramapough residences.

The paint sludge has been linked to contamination of food and water sources with lead and benzene. The contamination has been linked to nosebleeds, leukemia, and other ailments among the community.

The HBO documentary Mann v. Ford (2011) examines the lawsuit.

The EPA has directed the removal of an additional 47,000 tons of sludge and soil up to 2011, with cleanup continuing.

The Pilgrim Pipeline and Split Rock Sweetwater Prayer Camp
As of 2017, the tribe is fighting against the Pilgrim Pipeline. Pilgrim Pipelines Holdings, LLC plans to run a duel pipeline through the tribe's land which would carry refined products like gasoline, diesel, kerosene, aviation fuel and home heating oil north and Bakken formation crude oil south between Albany, New York and the Bayway Refinery on the Chemical Coast in Linden, New Jersey.

The line would also pass through the Ramapo Mountains and Ramapo Pass. In solidarity with Standing Rock, tribal members founded the Split Rock Sweetwater protest encampment in Mahwah, New Jersey in 2016 near the New York border to protest the Pilgrim Pipeline.

Movies

 * Mann v. Ford (2011) is a documentary about the lawsuit filed by the Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation against Ford. It is regularly shown on HBO. Directed by Maro Chermayeff and Mica Fink, it features Paul Mann of the Ramapough and Vicki Gilliam of The Cochran Firm, which represented the tribe. It portrays the five years of the Ramapough pursuing the suit and how they reached settlement with the company.
 * American Native (2013) is a documentary that details the Ramapough Lenape Nation's efforts to gain federal recognition as a Native American nation and the difficulties it has encountered due to loss of lands and records and alleged racism.
 * The movie Out of the Furnace (2013) is a fictional drama dealing partly with communities living in the Ramapough Mountains, featuring Christian Bale, Woody Harrelson and Willem Dafoe. Tribal leaders and town officials from Mahwah urged a boycott of the movie due to negative depictions of the Ramapough Lenape Nation, which Dwaine Perry termed a hate crime. Relativity Media responded that the movie "is not based on any one person or group" and is "entirely fictional". Nine members of the group, eight of whom have the surname DeGroat, which is given to the movie's antagonist, filed suit against the makers and other involved parties. They claimed that Out of the Furnace portrays a gang of criminals living in the Ramapo Mountains who are "lawless, drug-addicted, impoverished and violent".  On May 16, 2014, U.S. District Court Judge William Walls, in Newark, New Jersey, dismissed the lawsuit, saying that the movie did not refer directly to any of the plaintiffs.
 * The Way of the Ramapough (2022), a 30-minute documentary by Elliott Ruga, produced by the New Jersey Highlands Coalition, based on an interview with Turtle Clan Chief Vincent Mann, who discusses tribal history from the era of first contact through contemporary times and the effects of colonialism, including the dispossession of Native lands and the resulting diaspora, massacres, rejection of native identity, the attempt at federal recognition and the continuing federal and state failures to address the toxic contamination by the Ford Motor Company that continues to poison the Turtle Clan's community in Ringwood, NJ. Despite these and other challenges Chief Mann is optimistic that the Clan will be relocated, the Tribe will receive federal recognition and the Ramapough people will find a vital role in a society confronted with a drastically changing climate.

Television

 * The Red Road (2014), is a six-part HBO/SundanceTV made for television miniseries.

title: Ramapough Mountain Indians


text:
Irvine Company

The Irvine Company LLC is an American private company focused on real estate development. It is headquartered in Newport Beach, California, with a large portion of its operations centered in and around Irvine, California, a planned city of more than 300,000 people mainly designed by the Irvine Company. The company was founded by the Irvine family and is currently wholly owned by Donald Bren.

Since the company is private, its financials are not released to the public. However, Bren is the wealthiest real estate developer in the United States with a net worth of $15.3 billion as of April 2021.

History
The Irvine Company traces its history to a 185 sqmi ranch founded by James Irvine I, Benjamin and Thomas Flint, and Llewellyn Bixby in 1864 by combining three adjoining Mexican land grants. A drought in 1864 killed the livestock of Jose Antonio Sepulveda, forcing him to sell his coastal Rancho San Joaquin to Irvine and his partners. In 1866 they purchased Rancho Lomas de Santiago from William Wolfskill; largely unfarmable due to its steep, hilly terrain, it had been used mainly as a sheep ranch. In 1868 Flint, Bixby and Irvine were among the claimants of a title lawsuit that divided Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana.

Unlike other early Newport Beach landowners, Irvine and his partners had no interest in subdividing and selling, intent, instead, upon identifying the most lucrative agricultural uses for their enormous 120,000 acre. The Irish-born Irvine met Collis Huntington, soon to become one of the Central Pacific Railroad (CPR) magnates, on a trip across the Atlantic. Rather than cementing a friendship, a disagreement that lasted throughout their lives resulted. When Huntington's Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) needed Irvine's land for its route between Orange County and San Diego, Irvine refused. When SP crews began laying tracks on Irvine land without permission, ranch hands with shotguns confronted the crews. Eventually, Irvine gave the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway permission to build on his ranch. When Irvine died in 1886, trustees, left in control of the ranch until his son James II (b.1867) turned 25, tried to sell it at auction. When this auction was declared illegal, James II took over the reins of the ranch and accelerated efforts to increase its agricultural production. In 1894, he incorporated the land holdings as the Irvine Company. Between the late 1800s to the 1970s, the Irvine Company continued to also run cattle operations on the property, with "Bommer Canyon Cattle Camp" serving as its center. They also ran sheep. James Irvine remarked in 1867 that he and his men "rode about [the Irvine Ranch] a good deal, sometimes coming home in the evening after a thirty- or forty-mile ride pretty thoroughly tired out, but we had to do it in order to see much of the ranch and the flock." At the time, his Irvine Company had been purchasing further adjoining parcels of land, "[so] there [was] considerable riding to be done, if one [was] to see much of [the ranch]."

In 1953, the National Scout Jamboree was held on Irvine Ranch land in the area of what is now Fashion Island Shopping Center. Jamboree Road, running from Newport Beach to Orange, was built to allow people to travel to the jamboree from nearby train stations. In 1961, the Irvine Company sold 990 acres to the University of California system for $1.00 to develop a new campus, which became the University of California, Irvine. The school was named in honor of the Irvine family, not the city of Irvine, which did not yet exist. Three years later, the company sold, at a discounted price, an additional 510 acres to the university. During the early 1960s, the university and company, together with architect William Pereira, designed the Irvine Ranch Master Plan for developing the surrounding area. The city of Irvine, officially incorporated in 1971, grew around the campus.

By the late 1970s, the Irvine Company had ceased its cattle business. In 1977, the real estate developer Donald Bren began buying Irvine Company shares from the Irvine family. The Bommer Canyon area was sold to the City of Irvine between 1981 and 1982, purchased with grants obtained from the 1974 California Bond Act. By 1983, Bren was the majority owner of the Irvine Company. By 1996, he had purchased all outstanding shares and was sole owner.

Operations
The Irvine Company develops suburban master-planned communities throughout central and southern Orange County, California and residential buildings in Santa Monica, Silicon Valley, and San Diego County. The company also owns and manages office buildings in Milpitas, San Jose, Sunnyvale, downtown San Diego, Mission Valley, San Diego, La Jolla Village/University City, Sorrento Mesa, Del Mar Heights, Newport Center, UCI locations, West Los Angeles, Pasadena, Chicago, and New York City.

The 93000 acre Irvine Ranch remains the core holding of The Irvine Company. It encompasses almost one fifth of Orange County, from the Pacific Ocean and Newport Harbor, Laguna Beach, and Santa Ana Canyon, to the boundary of the Cleveland National Forest. Of the total ranch area, 44000 acre is retained for development whilst the remainder - principally rugged canyons, wetlands, and water districts - are maintained as wilderness and recreational preserves collectively known as the Irvine Ranch Natural Landmarks.

In August 2014, the Irvine Company announced plans to donate and preserve 2,500 additional acres of land previously approved for housing.

In part because of its land preservation grants, in 2018 Irvine Company was named Business Philanthropist of the Year by the Greater Irvine Chamber of Commerce. The Chamber also cited gifts of more than $220 million to city schools and universities.

A partial list of cities within the boundaries of the Irvine Ranch includes:
 * Irvine
 * Laguna Beach
 * Anaheim (Anaheim Hills)
 * Tustin (Tustin Ranch)
 * Orange
 * Newport Beach

The Irvine Company owns several large retail centers, including The Market Place and Irvine Spectrum Center in Irvine, and Fashion Island in Newport Beach, which is surrounded by the Newport Center commercial area. The Irvine Company also holds several office properties, particularly in Irvine and Newport Center, the 20th Century Studios Plaza in Century City, Los Angeles, the MetLife Building in New York City, and nearly 550 total properties throughout Coastal California.

Among the company properties are apartment units in Santa Clara and San Jose, including ~800 in Santa Clara Square and ~800 and Monticello in Santa Clara; and ~500 in RiverView, 2,188 in North Park, and ~500 in Crescent Village in San Jose.

The company laid off 1,700 staff in 2020 as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, which mostly affected three hotels and resorts.

title: Irvine Company


text:
Wikipedia:Dead letter office (proposal)

A proposal for a buffer for unobviously appropriate articles
Use the talk page to comment on this page. (BTW this whole top bit should be moved to talk, if this ever goes live) Rationales (more on the talk page [I hope]):

See Cleanup, based on this page and its ideas

First Contact

 * The first contact with wikipedia most users have is with editing, which is so darn easy that it easily becomes addictive. It would be nice if all the subsequent steps could be made similarly natural.

 * The first contact many users have with wikipedia users is a boilerplate welcome message, however friendly phrased, after that, they generally (not always) get messages telling what they did wrong, and either explaining graciously how they might do things better, or more rarely, but much more regrettably, telling them that what they did would not be tolerated, "so don't do it again!" without much instruction beyond that. Those are matters which should be addressed, but that is not within the purview of this page.

 * The first contact most new users have with the way Wikipedia acts as a community, is the Votes for Deletion page/pages, and that is what this page tries to soften and play down the impact of.

The Experience From The Newcomers side

 * Most new users have a vivid memory of their own first edits, the first articles they created, and all the emotional reactions they had to the way they were dealt with. Who of us can deny that those first emotionals reactions still linger on in one form or another, and instruct the way we interact with the "Leviathan" that is Wikipedia?

 * On the crucial matter of deletion a newcomers threshold for submitting another new users creations to a process which only knows two verdicts, "Guilty" (delete), and "Innocent" (keep [maybe embarrassingly long, if it really isn't that good]) may well be daunting.

 * Even though those new users may thus be the best experts on what the experience is from the other side, the threshold may even keep them from expressing their viewpoint within such an on/off process.

What then?

 * The proposal is a more multivalent process which would explicitly aknowledge that "deletion" is not the prime issue, but rather what "exactly" of many alternatives would be the best. An exchange of views, to be sure, but not over deletion, which would then be a last resort, rather than the first alternative, as it is nowadays too frequently (no matter how often diverted by samaritans rescuing articles from the jaws of deletion)

 * Currently there is no shortage of wolves (or euphemistically "weeders") looking for articles to list on Votes for Deletion. With the volume of new articles we have now, that may not present an insurmountable drain on personnel.

 * At some time in the (I assure you) quite foreseeable future, there will come a point at which we will be turning away all but the most hardshelled contributors, if we don't lower the threshold to contributing not just content but to the community process itself.

 * There should be a place where the newest of new users will genuinely feel they know what is going on, and can give valuable advice as to the final disposition of articles, without feeling they only have the choice of advocating deletion or keeping (for who knows how long) an article.

 * The heuristic should be such that an increase in new users should also increase the number of users who find it easy and useful to comment, and direct the disposition of new articles by those who are even newer than them!

begin text of the proposed page itself (feel free to edit)

 * Although it is probably not useful that articles stay on this list much longer than {foo-number} {timeunit-bar}, no one should feel rushed to transfer an article to any of the possible categories just because some imaginary deadline has passed. The goal should be that the correct category of treatment is found.

 * List on this page any articles for which you yourself don't know what the correct treatment should be, or those pages you feel unprepared to tackle for other reasons.  Also list here patent nonsense that you have blanked, an administrator will take care of it.

 * When you list something on this page, only post a link to the article and a five word description at the most (one word may make the point better!), about which direction you are tending as to the approppriate response. Do not sign your opinion.

 * Any obscene or hurtfully intended comments will be removed as a matter of course.

 * The best response to any listed article is to actively fix the problem with the article it refers to.

 * If you feel an unquenchable urge to argue the case of an article with more depth and verbosity, list it on Votes for Deletion, or discuss the article on its own talk page.

 * Comment tags you can use, include: delete - repair - fixed - wiktionary - vote - keep - fine - nonsense - unimproved - insufficient - meta - asdfjkl - stubified - expand - nonexistent - obscure - idiosyncratic - advert - selfpromotion - ungrammatic - ????? - silly - joke - repeat - link - chatty - rant - POV - NPOV - copyvio - brilliant - obscenity - blog - ...

 * You may remove usernames from timestamps which have been left before your edit, if you like. This page works based on anonymity.

 * 00:09 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- Old socks (nonsense) + stubified - unimproved + fixed - insufficient - delete - vote + (moved to VfD)
 * 00:12 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- Linked from somewhere (asdfjkl) + (test deleted)
 * 00:15 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- Lake Joutajärvi (nonsense) + fixed - fine + (article rescued)
 * 00:17 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- Woohoo (obscenity) + (deleted)
 * 00:22 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- George CMXVII of En-ger-land (whitespace) + (deleted)
 * 00:23 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- Military of Sealand (joke) - delete + (deleted) + (undeleted, the facts check out) - we shouldn't have this crap - watch your language, article factual - sealand is a joke + (moved to Vfd)
 * 00:23 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- List of polydactyl large apes (joke, same IP as above) + (deleted)
 * 00:23 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- List of tinfoil-capped dictators (as above) + (deleted)
 * 00:23 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- You can't stop me (ditto) + (deleted)
 * 00:23 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- You've been tesprodged to the max (simply delete) + (deleted)
 * 01:02 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- hindquarters (substub) - repair - wiktionary + (article moved to wiktionary)
 * 02:15 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- abuse of power (delete?) - vote - keep - repair - meta - nonsense
 * 05:25 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- pro patria (I've no idea) - keep - repair + stubified - insufficient
 * 10:17 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- jubjub (joke) - Lewis Carroll - garbage - keep
 * 21:45 25 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- fillyloo (joke) - Lewis Carroll again, keep -
 * Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 00:36 26 Jul 2003 (UTC) -- Felchenmaier effect (?????)

title: Wikipedia:Dead letter office (proposal)


text:
Talk:Peloponnesian War

Who are Fine and Kagan?
I see the names of these two authors used as sources in this article but what are their names and where and when were their books published? This is perhaps one of the most important wars in the history of the Greek city states yet there are so little sources.

If someone has the time to improve it, please consult R. Sealey's History of the Greek States (Berkeley, 1976) for a decent narrative on the war.--The Diamond Apex (talk) 19:46, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * How do you not know Donald Kagan? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.96.0.102 (talk) 02:26, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

 * It certainly needs improving. The article makes no mention of the battle of Delium, a turning point in the war. And it says 300-400 Spartan hoplites were taken prisoner at Sphacteria - I believe it was more like 120 Spartiates and the rest were allied hoplites. Somewhere out there there is an editor ready willing and able to give this article the attention it needs - the Peloponnesian War is one of the cornerstones of ancient history. Lucretius (talk) 01:21, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It still unclear, 14 years later, what books are being referenced re Fine and Kagan. It does not matter whether I know Donald Kagan personally or not, I want to know what specific book is being referenced! Ifly6 (talk) 22:09, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

Rewrite
I will be working on and off (WP:No deadlines) on a rewrite of the article based on a number of modern sources at User:Ifly6/Peloponnesian War. Ifly6 (talk) 22:13, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peloponnesian War


text:
List of electronic music genres

This is a list of electronic music genres, consisting of genres of electronic music, primarily created with electronic musical instruments or electronic music technology. A distinction has been made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, electric piano, and the electric guitar. Purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. Genre, however, is not always dependent on instrumentation.

In its early development, electronic music was associated almost exclusively with Western art music, but from the late 1960s, the availability of affordable music technology—particularly of synthesizers—meant that music produced using electronic means became increasingly common in the popular domains of rock and pop music and classical music, resulting in major electronically based subgenres. After the definition of MIDI in 1982 and the development of digital audio, the creation of purely electronic sounds and their manipulation became much simpler. As a result, synthesizers came to dominate the pop music of the early 1980s. In the late 1980s, electronic dance music (EDM) records made using only electronic instruments became increasingly popular, resulting in a proliferation of electronic genres, subgenres, and scenes. In the new millennium, as computer technology became even more accessible and music software advanced, interacting with music production technology made it possible to create music that has some similarities and some differences to traditional musical performance practices, leading to further developments and rapidly evolving subgenres.

Genres
• Ambient

• * Ambient dub

• * Dark ambient

• ** Ambient industrial

• ** Dungeon synth

• ** Isolationism

• * Dreampunk

• * Illbient

• * New-age

• ** Neoclassical new-age

• ** Space music

• Bass music

• * Footwork

• * Future bass

• ** Kawaii future bass

• * Jungle terror

• * Midtempo bass

• * Trap (EDM)

• * UK bass

• * Wave

• ** Hardwave

• Breakbeat

• * Acid breaks

• * Baltimore club

• ** Jersey club

• ** Philly club

• * Big beat

• * Breakbeat hardcore

• ** Darkcore

• ** Hardcore breaks

• * Broken beat

• * Florida breaks

• * Nu skool breaks

• * Progressive breaks

• * Psychedelic breakbeat

• Chill-out

• * Downtempo

• * Psybient

• ** Psydub

• * Trip hop

• * Trip rock

• Disco

• * Afro/cosmic music

• * Electro-disco

• ** Hi-NRG

• *** Eurobeat

• *** Eurodance

• **** Italo dance

• ** Italo disco

• *** Spacesynth

• ** Space disco

• * Eurodisco

• * Nu-disco

• * Post-disco

• ** Boogie

• ** City pop

• Drum and bass

• * Darkstep

• * Drumfunk

• * Drumstep

• * Hardstep

• * Intelligent drum and bass

• ** Atmospheric drum and bass

• * Jazzstep

• * Jump-up

• * Liquid funk

• * Neurofunk

• * Sambass

• * Techstep

• Dub

• * Dub poetry

• * Dubtronica

• Electronic rock

• * Dance-rock

• ** Alternative dance

• *** Baggy (Madchester)

• *** New rave

• ** Dance-punk

• * Electronic pop

• ** Dance-pop

• *** Freestyle

• *** Disco polo

• ** Hyperpop

• ** Sophisti-pop

• ** Synth-pop

• *** Electroclash

• **** Electropop

• ** Wonky pop

• * Indietronica

• * Krautrock

• * New wave

• ** Cold wave

• ** Dark wave

• *** Neoclassical dark wave

• *** Neue Deutsche Todeskunst

• ** Ethereal wave

• *** Nu-gaze

• ** Minimal wave

• ** Neue Deutsche Welle

• ** New romantic

• * Post-rock

• * Space rock

• * Synth-metal

• ** Electrogrind

• ** Electronicore

• * Synth-punk

• Electronica

• * Folktronica

• * Live electronic (Livetronica)

• ** Laptronica

• * Nu jazz (Jazztronica)

• * Progressive electronic

• ** Berlin School of electronic music

• ** Kosmische musik

• Ethnic electronica and regional EDM

• * Asian Underground

• * African electronic dance music

• ** Afrobeats

• *** Azonto

• ** Coupé-décalé

• ** Kuduro

• ** Mahraganat

• ** Shangaan electro

• * Budots

• * Changa tuki

• * Dancehall pop

• * Denpa music

• * Guaracha (EDM)

• * Funk carioca

• ** Funk melody

• ** Funk ostentação

• ** Proibidão

• ** Rasteirinha

• * Merenhouse

• * Nortec

• * Rabòday

• * Rara tech

• * Russ music

• * Shamstep

• * Tecnocumbia

• * Tribal guarachero

• * Worldbeat

• ** Manila sound

• Experimental electronic

• * Black MIDI

• * Deconstructed club

• * Drone

• * Electroacoustic music

• ** Acousmatic music

• ** Electroacoustic improvisation

• ** Musique concrète

• ** Soundscape

• * Glitch

• * Microsound

• * Noise music

• ** Danger music

• ** Japanoise

• ** Harsh noise

• *** Harsh noise wall

• ** Power electronics

• *** Death industrial

• ** Power noise

• * Plunderphonics

• ** Sampledelia

• * Reductionism

• ** Lowercase

• ** Onkyokei

• Funk fusion genres

• * Acid jazz

• * Funktronica

• * Synth-funk

• Jungle

• * Ragga jungle

• Hard dance

• * Hard NRG

• * Hardstyle

• ** Dubstyle

• ** Euphoric frenchcore

• ** Euphoric hardstyle

• ** Rawstyle

• ** Trapstyle

• * Jumpstyle

• * Lento violento

• * Mákina

• Hardcore

• * Bouncy techno

• * Breakcore

• ** Raggacore

• * Digital hardcore

• * Frenchcore

• * Gabber

• ** Early hardcore

• ** Mainstream hardcore

• * Happy hardcore

• ** UK hardcore

• * Industrial hardcore

• * J-core

• * Speedcore

• ** Extratone

• ** Flashcore

• ** Splittercore

• Hauntology

• * Chillwave

• * Hypnagogic pop

• * Synthwave

• ** Darksynth

• ** Sovietwave

• * Vaporwave

• ** Future funk

• ** Hardvapour

• ** Mallsoft

• Hip hop fusion genres

• * Afroswing

• * Alternative hip hop

• ** Hipster hop

• * Cloud rap

• * Crunk

• ** Crunkcore

• ** Snap music

• * Electro

• * Emo rap

• * Glitch hop

• * Instrumental hip hop

• * Lofi hip hop

• * Miami bass

• * Mumble rap

• * Trap

• ** Afro trap

• ** Drill

• *** Brooklyn drill

• *** UK drill

• ** Latin trap

• ** Phonk

• *** Drift phonk

• *** Brazilian phonk

• ** Plugg

• ** UK trap

• House music

• * Acid house

• * Afro house

• ** Afro tech

• ** Amapiano

• ** Kidandali

• * Ambient house

• * Balearic beat

• * Ballroom

• * Bass house (genre)

• * Brazilian bass

• ** Slap house

• * Blog house

• * Chicago hard house

• * Chicago house

• * Deep house

• * Disco house

• * Diva house

• ** Hardbag

• * Electro house

• ** Big room house

• *** Future rave

• ** Complextro

• ** Dutch house

• ** Fidget house

• ** Melbourne bounce

• * Electro swing

• * Eurohouse

• * French house

• * Funky house

• * Future house

• * Garage house

• * Ghetto house

• ** Ghettotech

• ** Juke house

• * Gqom

• * Hip house

• ** Electro hop

• * Italo house

• * Jackin house

• * Jazz house

• * Kwaito

• * Latin house

• * Melodic house

• * Microhouse

• * Moombahcore

• * Moombahton

• ** Moombahsoul

• * New Jersey sound

• * Outsider house

• ** Lo-fi house

• * Progressive house

• * Soulful house

• * Stadium house

• * Tech house

• * Tribal house

• * Tropical house

• * Trouse

• * UK hard house

• ** Pumping house

• *** Hardbass

• ** Scouse house

• Industrial and post-industrial

• * Electro-industrial

• ** Dark electro

• *** Aggrotech

• * Electronic body music (EBM)

• ** Futurepop

• ** New beat

• * Industrial hip hop

• * Industrial metal

• ** Cyber metal

• ** Neue Deutsche Härte

• * Industrial rock

• * Martial industrial

• * Witch house

• Intelligent dance music (IDM)

• * Algorave

• * Drill 'n' bass

• R&B and soul fusion genres

• * Alternative R&B

• * Contemporary R&B

• * Neo soul

• * New jack swing

• Techno

• * Acid techno

• * Ambient techno

• * Birmingham sound

• * Bleep techno

• * Detroit techno

• * Dub techno

• * Hard techno

• ** Free tekno

• *** Jungletek

• *** Raggatek

• * Industrial techno

• * Minimal techno

• * Schaffel

• * Toytown techno

• Trance music

• * Acid trance

• * Balearic trance

• * Dream trance

• * Eurotrance

• ** Hands up

• * Goa trance

• ** Nitzhonot

• * Hard trance

• * Progressive trance

• * Psychedelic trance

• ** Dark psytrance

• ** Full-on

• ** Minimal psytrance

• ** Progressive psytrance

• ** Suomisaundi

• * Tech trance

• * Uplifting trance

• * Vocal trance

• UK garage

• * 2-step garage

• * Bassline

• * Breakstep

• * Dubstep

• ** Brostep

• ** Post-dubstep

• ** Reggaestep

• ** Riddim

• * Future garage

• * Grime

• ** Grindie

• * Speed garage

• * UK funky

• ** Funkstep

• * Wonky

• Video game music

• * Chiptune

• ** Bitpop

• ** Skweee

• ** Nintendocore

• * FM synthesis

• * Sequencer music

Remix derivatives

 * Chopped and screwed
 * Disco edits
 * Nightcore
 * Tecno brega
 * Weird SoundCloud

Broader genre groups

 * Electronic dance music
 * Christian electronic dance music
 * Rave music

title: List of electronic music genres


text:
Non-commercial educational station

A non-commercial educational station (NCE station) is a radio station or television station that does not accept on-air advertisements (TV ads or radio ads), as defined in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and was originally intended to offer educational programming as part, or whole, of its programming. NCE stations do not pay broadcast license fees for their non-profit uses of the radio spectrum. Stations which are almost always operated as NCE include public broadcasting, community radio, and college radio, as well as many religious broadcasting stations. Nearly all Non-Commercial radio stations derive their support from listener support, grants and endowments, such as the governmental entity Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) that distributes supporting funds provided by the congress to support Public Radio.

Reserved channels
On the FM broadcast band, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has reserved the lowest 20 channels, 201~220 (88.1~91.9 MHz) for NCE stations only. This is known as the reserved band, sometimes known by the term "left of the dial" (taken from the Replacements' song of the same name), which refers to the college and other non-commercial stations that broadcast from those frequencies. It also includes channel 200 (87.9 MHz), but only for class D NCE stations unable to find another frequency; the frequency has been unused for its intended purpose in the United States since KSFH shut down in 2021.

Many of the reserved-band channels are used by stations bordering the United States, such as with broadcasting in the San Diego/Tijuana metropolitan area. Additionally, neither the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission nor the Federal Telecommunications Institute have such a reserved band in Canada nor Mexico, respectively. (In Mexico, individual stations belonging to state and federal governments, educational institutions, and non-profit groups are licensed under permits or permisos, which are non-commercial, non-profit licenses that do not permit advertising. Canada, in practice, generally keeps most of the U.S. NCE band as noncommercial or with limited advertising based on each individual licence, but there are exceptions, such as CIXL, a fully commercial station that operates on 91.7.)

NCE stations may also operate on a non-reserved channel. However this was rare in the United States due to the high cost of buying a commercial broadcasting station, and because for years the FCC failed to maintain a process that would ensure that non-commercial applicants would have a chance against those who could afford to bid at spectrum auctions. Two such stations are WGPB FM in Rome, Georgia and WNGH-FM in Chatsworth, Georgia, former commercial stations purchased in 2007 and 2008 and operated by Georgia Public Broadcasting (GPB), serving the mountains northwest of Atlanta which previously had no GPB radio service. In addition, there were at least four stations with commercial licenses that formerly operated as PBS member stations (WNYC-TV in New York City, WMHX in Albany, New York, KAUT-TV in Oklahoma City, and KCPQ-TV in Seattle are a few examples of this); most of those stations now broadcast as affiliates of commercially owned networks. This is also rare in Mexico, though XEIMT-TV, a cultural channel in Mexico City, and XEWH-TV, the main station of the state network of Sonora, operate under commercial concessions and not permits. A number of new low power FM (LPFM) NCE stations operating in the non-reserved part of the spectrum have been licensed by the FCC since the Local Community Radio Act was enacted in 2010.

Definition of "commercial"
The FCC defines several different activities as being commercial in nature. Sponsorship of NCE stations is called underwriting, and stations may make announcements of these grants on-air. However, they may not accept money for such mentions, only goods and services, unless the sponsor itself is a non-profit, such as a charitable organization or public college. Money can be accepted if there is no on-air mention of the sponsor. NCE stations may also not mention prices or qualities of commercial products or services in any situation which would be construed as promoting or endorsing any company, regardless of whether it sponsors the station.

Underwriting spots are brief and to-the-point, as they must not be disruptive to programming. Additionally, underwriting spots on public TV are at the beginning or end of the TV show rather than in the middle, as they have increasingly become on commercial stations.

Retransmission consent has often been chosen over must-carry by the major commercial television networks. Under the present rules, a new agreement is negotiated every three years, and stations must choose must-carry or retransmission consent for each cable system they wish their signal to be carried on. Non-commercial stations (such as local PBS stations) may not seek retransmission consent and may only invoke must-carry status.

Multichannel obligations
Like commercial stations, NCE stations are allowed to lease subcarriers in exchange for money, essentially making the station a common carrier. This may be for a commercial audio, video, or data service, or a non-commercial one like a radio reading service for the blind.

NCE stations broadcasting in digital TV or HD Radio may lease part of their bandwidth (actually bitrate) in a similar manner, however, the commercial use is limited. The main program must always be non-commercial, and must not have its quality diminished excessively by increased lossy compression done in order to fit the auxiliary service within the allowable bit rate. NCE digital television (DTV) stations do not pay the FCC a percentage of their revenue from these leases as commercial DTV stations do. No such datacasting fee is levied on any analog or FM/AM station, whether commercial or NCE.

title: Non-commercial educational station


text:
Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf

Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf (Gräfin Reuß zu Ebersdorf; 19 January 1757 – 16 November 1831), was by marriage the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She was the grandmother and godmother of both Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her husband and cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Family
Augusta was born on 19 January 1757, the second child of Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf and Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg. Her birthplace, Ebersdorf, was a center of Pietism in Thuringia and Augusta's grandparents were ardent admirers of this religious movement.

Augusta's grandaunt, Countess Erdmuthe Dorothea of Reuss-Ebersdorf, was married to Count Nicholas Louis von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, leader of the revivalist Moravian Church. This background explains the deep religious feelings of Duchess Augusta in later years.

Marriage
Her father commissioned a portrait of Augusta as Artemisia by the painter Johann Heinrich Tischbein. Count Heinrich XXIV showed this painting during the Perpetual Diet so potential marriage candidates were aware of his beautiful daughter.

In Ebersdorf on 13 June 1777, Augusta married Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who previously acquired the Artemisia painting for four times the original price because he was deeply in love with Augusta, but he was already obliged to marry his relative Princess Sophie of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Princess Sophie died 7 months after the wedding, so the young Duke was free to wed again.

During her marriage, Augusta bore her husband 10 children, though only seven of them survived to adulthood; some of their children played important roles in European history: Victoria, Duchess of Kent, and King Leopold I of Belgium.

Notable descendants
Countess Augusta was the grandmother of many notable monarchs of Europe, including both Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (through her mother Victoria) and her husband, Prince Albert (through his father Ernst), King Consort of Portugal Ferdinand II (through his father Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), and also Empress Carlota of Mexico and her brother Leopold II of Belgium (through their father Leopold I who was elected King of the Belgians on 26 June 1831).

title: Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf


text:
Fever Pitch

Fever Pitch: A Fan's Life is a 1992 autobiographical essay by British author Nick Hornby. The book is the basis for two films: Fever Pitch (1997, UK) and Fever Pitch (2005, US). The first edition was subtitled "A Fan's Life", but later paperback editions were not.

Book
Fever Pitch, first published in 1992, is a memoir and Hornby's second book. It tells the story of the author's relationship with football, and with Arsenal Football Club in particular. It consists of several chapters in chronological order, from the time the author first became a football fan as a child until his early thirties. Each chapter is about a football match that he remembers watching, most but not all at Arsenal Stadium, Highbury, and how it related to the events that were going on with his life. As well as recounting Arsenal's highs and lows, Hornby talks about other football clubs that play in London, and his interest in the contrasting surroundings of Cambridge United and Cambridge City, whose matches he attends while at university.

Fever Pitch sold over a million copies in the United Kingdom. It won the William Hill Sports Book of the Year in 1992 and was reprinted with a new cover and made available as part of the 2005–06 Arsenal F.C. membership pack as part of the "Final Salute" to Highbury Stadium. The book was made a Penguin Modern Classic in August 2012.

1997 film
A 1997 film version of Fever Pitch, with a screenplay adapted by Hornby, fictionalised the story, concentrating on Arsenal's First Division championship-winning season in 1988–89 and its effect on the protagonist's romantic relationship. Paul Ashworth, played by Colin Firth, the character based on Hornby, a teacher at a school in North London and his burgeoning romance with Sarah Hughes (Ruth Gemmell), a new teacher who joins Ashworth's school. The film culminates with Arsenal playing title rivals Liverpool in the final game of the season on 26 May 1989, in which a last minute Michael Thomas goal gives Arsenal the 2–0 win they need to win the title. Fever Pitch compares Hornby's life at Arsenal and other football clubs.

2005 film
A 2005 film remake of Fever Pitch, directed by the Farrelly Brothers with Hornby as an executive producer, starred Jimmy Fallon and Drew Barrymore. In this adaptation (based on the 1997 film, not the 1992 book), the action is moved from London to Boston, the focus of the protagonist's obsession is shifted from football to baseball and the story is based on the 2004 Boston Red Sox season, which culminated with the team's first Major League Baseball World Series victory in 86 years. This championship was entirely coincidental; the 2005 version was being filmed during the 2004 regular season, including scenes filmed at Fenway Park during actual games. As the Red Sox continued to progress through the playoffs, the Farrellys rewrote the script to include the historic moment. The movie was renamed The Perfect Catch outside North America to avoid confusion with the 1997 film.

title: Fever Pitch


text:
List of electronic music record labels

This is a list of notable electronic music record labels:

0–9

 * 3 Beat Records
 * 12k
 * 430 West Records
 * 8bitpeoples

A

 * A Different Drum
 * Ad Noiseam
 * Adjunct Audio
 * Alex Tronic Records
 * Alfa Matrix
 * Alien8
 * All Around the World
 * All Saints Records
 * Almighty Records
 * Amorfon
 * A-Musik
 * Anjunabeats
 * Anticipate Recordings
 * Apollo Recordings
 * Arcola
 * Armada Music
 * Aropa Records
 * Artoffact Records
 * Astralwerks
 * Asthmatic Kitty
 * Asylum Records
 * ATIC Records
 * Atlantic Jaxx
 * Audio Dregs
 * Azuli Records

B

 * Basic Channel
 * Beatservice Records
 * Because Music
 * Bedrock Records
 * Benbecula Records
 * Big Beat Records (American record label)
 * Big Life
 * Biohazzard Records
 * Bitbird
 * Black Butter Records
 * Black Hole Recordings
 * Blue Room Released
 * Bonzai Records
 * BPitch Control
 * Brainfeeder
 * Breakbeat Kaos

C

 * Chalice
 * Cheap Records
 * Circus Records
 * City Centre Offices
 * Cleopatra Records
 * Cocoon Recordings
 * Compuphonic
 * Cooking Vinyl
 * Crammed Discs
 * Cuneiform Records

D

 * Darkest Labyrinth
 * Darla Records
 * Deconstruction Records
 * Defected
 * Dependent Records
 * Deviant Records
 * DFA Records
 * Dial Records
 * Digital Hardcore Recordings
 * Dim Mak Records
 * Dimension
 * Disques Hushush
 * Distinctive Records
 * Dreyfus Records
 * DSFA Records
 * Durtro

E

 * East West (Human League)
 * Ed Banger Records
 * Eenie Meenie Records
 * Elefant Records
 * Emperor Norton Records
 * Em:t Records
 * Energy Rekords
 * Epic Records
 * Erased Tapes
 * Ersatz Audio
 * ESL Music
 * Eye Q

F

 * Fat Cat Records
 * Fatal Recordings
 * FAX +49-69/450464
 * F Communications
 * FFRR Records
 * Finger Lickin' Records
 * Fitamin Un
 * FiXT Music
 * Flashover Recordings
 * Fly Eye Records
 * Fool's Gold Records
 * Freakdance Records
 * Fringe Product
 * Fueradeserie!
 * Future House Music

G

 * Garuda
 * Geffen Records
 * Get Physical Music
 * Ghost Box Music
 * Ghostly International
 * Glasgow Underground Recordings
 * Good Looking Records
 * Gooom Disques
 * Grand Central Records
 * Gravitas Recordings

H

 * Hallucination Recordings
 * Harthouse
 * Heavenly
 * Hed Kandi
 * Hefty Records
 * Hippos in Tanks
 * Hospital Records
 * Hotflush Recordings
 * Hyperdub
 * Hyperium Records

I

 * Illegal Art
 * Imputor?
 * Incentive Records
 * INCredible
 * Innova Recordings
 * Instant Karma
 * Instinct Records
 * Intec Digital
 * International DeeJay Gigolo Records
 * Italians Do It Better

J

 * Jahtari
 * Jarring Effects
 * Jive Electro

K

 * KLF Communications
 * Kinetic Records
 * Kitsuné Music
 * Kitty-Yo
 * Kompakt Records
 * Kontor Records
 * Kranky
 * Kreislauf

L

 * Lo Recordings
 * Luaka Bop
 * LuckyMe
 * Legion Records

M

 * Mau5trap
 * Macro
 * Mad Decent
 * Magnanimous Records
 * Magnatune
 * Marian Records
 * Marine Parade Records
 * Mass mvmnt
 * Masters of Hardcore
 * Mego
 * Merck Records
 * Metal Blade Records
 * Metalheadz
 * Metropolis Records
 * Mille Plateaux
 * Ministry of Sound
 * Minus
 * Mo' Wax
 * Mode Records
 * Modular Recordings
 * Mole Listening Pearls
 * Monstercat
 * Moonshine Music
 * Morr Music
 * Moving Shadow
 * Mush Records
 * Musicor Records
 * Mute

N

 * n5MD
 * Nardis Records
 * Network Records
 * Nexsound
 * Newhouse Records
 * Nextera
 * Night Slugs
 * Nilaihah Records
 * Ninja Tune
 * NoCopyrightSounds
 * Noh Poetry Records
 * Nothing Records
 * Nova Zembla
 * Novamute Records
 * Ntone
 * Nukleuz

O

 * Off Beat
 * Old Europa Cafe
 * Om Records
 * On-U Sound Records
 * One Little Indian
 * Ophelia Records
 * Or Records
 * Origo Sound
 * Organized Nature
 * Ostgut Ton
 * Out of Line Music
 * Owsla

P

 * Pacific Front Recordings
 * Pangea Recordings
 * PC Music
 * Pendragon Records
 * Perfecto Records
 * Perlon
 * Phantasy Sound
 * Planet Mu
 * Plastic Raygun
 * Plastiq Musiq
 * Platipus Records
 * Play It Again Sam
 * Plug Research
 * Plus 8
 * POF Music
 * Pork Recordings
 * Positiva Records
 * Positron! Records
 * Prikosnovénie
 * Psy-Harmonics
 * Purple Music Switzerland

R

 * R&S Records
 * Radikal Records
 * Ragged Flag
 * Ram Records
 * Raster-Noton
 * React Records
 * Red Melon Records
 * Reinforced Records
 * Reflective Records
 * Renaissance
 * Rephlex Records
 * Resist Music
 * Revealed Recordings
 * Rikos Records
 * Rinse Recordings
 * Rocket Girl
 * Rob's House Records
 * Rotterdam Records
 * Rotters Golf Club
 * Roulé
 * Rune Grammofon

S

 * Sacred Bones
 * Sähkö Recordings
 * Samadhi Sound
 * Saw Recordings
 * Scantraxx
 * Scantraxx Evolutionz
 * Scantraxx Italy
 * Scantraxx Reloaded
 * Scantraxx Special
 * Section 44 Records
 * Seed Records
 * Several Reasons
 * Shitkatapult
 * Sigma Editions
 * Sinnbus
 * Skam Records
 * Skint Records
 * Sky Records
 * Smalltown Supersound
 * Smash The House
 * Soleilmoon
 * Soma Quality Recordings
 * Some Bizzare Records
 * Sonar Kollektiv
 * Spectral Sound
 * Spinnin' Deep
 * Spinnin' Records
 * Spirit Zone Records
 * Steel Tiger Records
 * Stmpd Rcrds
 * Studio !K7
 * Subconscious Communications
 * Subplate Records
 * Suburban Base
 * Sutemos
 * Sweat it Out

T

 * Ten12 Records
 * Text Records
 * Thinner
 * Third Mind Records
 * Threshold House
 * Thrill Jockey Records
 * Thrive Records
 * Tidy Trax
 * Tigerbeat6
 * Tigersushi Records
 * Time Unlimited
 * Tino Corp.
 * Toast Hawaii
 * Tokyo Dawn Records
 * Too Pure
 * Touch Music
 * Transmission Communications
 * Traum Schallplatten
 * Tresor
 * Tribe Records
 * Trickdisc Recordings
 * Tru Thoughts
 * Twisted Records (UK)
 * Twisted Records (US)

U

 * Ugly Nephew Records
 * UKF Music
 * Ultimae Records
 * Ultra Records
 * Unidisc Music Inc.
 * Union City Recordings
 * Utopia Records

V

 * V/Vm Test Records
 * Vandit
 * Vendlus Records
 * Victory Records
 * Visage Records
 * Vision Quest Records
 * Voices of Wonder
 * Volition Records

W

 * Wall of Sound
 * Warp Records
 * Wax Trax! Records
 * Werk Discs
 * West End Records
 * Why Not Records
 * Work It Baby
 * Work Records
 * WOLV Records
 * WTII Records

X

 * XL Recordings

Y

 * Yoshitoshi Recordings
 * Young formerly Young Turks from 2006 - April 2021

Z

 * Zoth Ommog Records
 * ZYX Music

title: List of electronic music record labels