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Arcosanti

Arcosanti is an experimental town with a bronze bell casting business in Yavapai County, central Arizona, United States, 70 mi north of Phoenix, at an elevation of 3732 ft. Its arcology concept was proposed by Italian-American architect Paolo Soleri (1919–2013). He began construction in 1970 to demonstrate how urban conditions could be improved while minimizing the destructive impact on the Earth. He taught and influenced generations of architects and urban designers who studied and worked with him there to build the proposed town.

Overview
The goal of Arcosanti is to explore the concept of arcology, which combines architecture and ecology. The project has the goals of combining the social interaction and accessibility of an urban environment with sound environmental principles, such as minimal resource use and access to the natural environment. The project has been building an experimental town on 25 acres of a 4060 acre land preserve, 860 acres of which are owned by the Cosanti Foundation, with the remainder leased from the state.

Ground was broken in 1970 to begin construction on the site and has continued at a varying pace through the present. The most recently completed building was finished in 1989. The population has varied between 50 and 150 people, many of them students and volunteers. The goal was for Arcosanti to house a population of 5,000 people. Thirteen major structures were built on the site, some several stories tall. One master plan, designed in 2001, envisioned a massive complex, called "Arcosanti 5000", that would dwarf the current buildings.

Many features are particular to the design and construction of Arcosanti. For example, tilt-up concrete panels are cast in a bed of silt acquired from the surrounding area, giving the concrete a unique texture and color that helps it blend with the landscape. Many panels were cast with embedded art. Most buildings are oriented southward to capture the sun's light and heat – roof designs admit the maximal amount of sunlight in the winter and a minimal amount during the summer. The structure built to shelter bronze casting is built in the form of an apse, a quarter-sphere or semi-dome. The layout of all the buildings is intricate and organic, rather than the grid typical of most U.S. cities, with the goals of maximal accessibility to all elements, a combination of increased social interaction and bonds, together with privacy for the residents.. Not all of the grounds are wheelchair accessible.

Existing structures at Arcosanti are meant to begin to provide for the complete needs of a community. They include: a five-story visitors' center/cafe/gift shop; a bronze-casting apse; a ceramics apse; two large barrel vaults; a ring of apartment residences and quasi-public spaces around an outdoor amphitheater; a community swimming pool; an office complex, above which is an apartment that was originally Soleri's suite. A two-bedroom "Sky Suite" occupies the highest point in the complex; it, as well as a set of rooms below the pool, is available to overnight guests. Most of the buildings have accessible roofs.

Arcosanti has a Camp area, built by and for the original construction crew. It is used today as housing for approximately one fourth of the Arcosanti population. Camp has a small greenhouse, with easy access to gardens and large agricultural fields that, as of March 2017, were not being cultivated. Terraced greenhouses are planned along the slope of the main building site for winter plant and garden space, and to collect heat to distribute through the buildings.

Arcosanti was conceived of and remains primarily an education center, with students from around the world visiting to attend workshops, classes, and to assist with the continuing construction. Forty thousand tourists visit yearly. Tourists can take a guided tour of the site or stay overnight in guest accommodations.

Some Arcosanti funding comes from sales of bells made and cast from clay and bronze on site. Additional funding comes from donations and fees for workshops. Much of the present construction at Arcosanti has been done by workshop participants and volunteers. The average salary at Arcosanti for much of its history was barely above minimum wage.

Workshops

Starting in 1970, participants have come to help build Arcosanti by enrolling in workshops. During the traditional five- or six-week workshop, they attend lectures about Paolo Soleri and the principles of Arcology design while gaining hands-on learning experience by aiding construction. Although the program attracts many who are interested in art, crafts, architecture and urban planning, it is also pertinent to those interested in philosophy, sociology, science, and agriculture. Today, workshops are shorter in duration, one week or less, and focus on learning, including experiential learning. Workshops are offered in glass blowing, siltcasting, photography and other hands-on activities.

As of 2023, more than 8,000 participants had aided in the construction through participation in five-week workshops.

History

 * 1956: Paolo and Colly Soleri purchased the land in Paradise Valley, Arizona, upon which the Cosanti studios were built. Their first official activities began there in 1959.
 * 1969: Arcosanti – Soleri coined the term "Arcology" to describe his designs for ecologically sound human habitats, as elaborated in The City in the Image of Man, published by MIT Press to accompany a 1970 exhibition of the same name at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, DC. The book develops the concept of Arcology and its design variations for different settings. Arcosanti, introduced as the last (30th) example of this exercise, was originally planned to house a relatively small population of 1,500 people. The physical construction of Arcosanti began in 1970.
 * 1975–1977: Two Suns Arcosanti – The Xerox Corporation sponsored a major Soleri exhibition, featuring a series of new arcology designs that suggested a sustainable urban habitat employing alternative energy sources. The project was called Two Suns Arcology: The Cities Energized by the Sun. The Arcosanti master plan went through a major overhaul reflecting this methodology. In the following year, Plant Show venues gave Soleri additional funding to update the Arcosanti design. The projected population was increased to 5,000.
 * 1978: During a festival held at the site on 7 October, a grass fire ignited in the area being used as a parking lot and over 180 cars were damaged or destroyed.  This had the practical effect of ending the possibility of future music festivals at the site, due to the massive cost in damage payouts.
 * 1980: Critical Mass – Ten years into the construction of the first prototype arcology, a developmental adjustment was made to gain momentum for the project. The Critical Mass concept was introduced as an incremental phase to house 10 percent of the projected population of 5,000. A series of small-scale structures, providing various amenities, were designed to support a viable community. This was intended to support the next major step, the completion of Arcosanti.
 * 1988: Nightfall – The science fiction film Nightfall was filmed at Arcosanti. Residents served as extras.
 * 2001: Arcosanti 5000 – Developed from the Super Critical Mass in "Arcosanti 2000", with the design elements of "Nudging Space Arcology" added, Arcosanti 5000 features seven phases of truncated super-apse structures. It re-establishes the macro nature of this prototype arcology for 5,000 people. This design is in development, awaiting architectural and structural resolutions.
 * 2009: Paolo Soleri's 90th Birthday Celebration and Alumni Reunion – Paolo Soleri celebrated his 90th birthday at Arcosanti, joined by 300 alumni and guests for the occasion. The official schedule started on June 19; this first day was devoted to alumni. Ongoing events included Kundalini yoga, a morning bell-carving workshop, a silent auction, and an exhibition with the newest renderings of Critical Mass. The festivities continued into the night with a bronze pour in the Foundry, followed by a techno party in the Vaults, and performances on a stage in the Ceramics Apse. The birthday celebration for Soleri resumed on Saturday with attendees partaking in a gargantuan "frugal soup" gathering in the Vaults. Documentary film maker Geoffrey Madeja presented a short video. Tomiaki Tamura followed with a visual presentation of Paolo's life and work and a pictograph especially choreographed for Soleri. The final performance of the night was hosted by Flam Chen, in a series of acrobatics involving dazzling fire, lights, and extreme heights.
 * 2011: On July 14, 2011, the Cosanti Foundation announced that its founder Soleri had retired as its President and CEO. "There are other things that I want to accomplish," said the 92-year-old Soleri. "I am ready to leave the management of the Foundation and its primary project – the urban laboratory Arcosanti – to the next generation." That generation was to be led by Boston architect Jeff Stein, AIA. Stein's proposals for Arcosanti began with: a half-dozen new apartment buildings; a canopy for the amphitheater; a renovated commercial bakery; and a storage unit for Paolo Soleri's collection of architectural models.
 * 2021: Elizabeth Martin-Malikian became the CEO of the Cosanti Foundation. She commented at the time that "Phoenix and Arizona are at the epicenter of climate change, and global studies are a big focus. There is potential to provide forums and host educational conferences on site and we are already working on that."

Arcosanti operates under aegis of the Cosanti Foundation, a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization. Arcosanti is the home of the bell-making enterprise of Cosanti Originals, which sells Soleri's sculptural wind bells to support the greater architectural project.

In popular culture

 * Over six years in the making, the (2013) feature-length documentary film on the life of Paolo Soleri and the birth of Arcosanti, The Vision of Paolo Soleri: Prophet in the Desert (2012) features on-camera interviews with journalist Morley Safer, Will Wright, architectural critic Paul Goldberger, Catherine Hardwicke, Will Bruder, Jean-Michel Cousteau, architect Steven Holl, and Eric Lloyd Wright.
 * In February 2022, Arizona hip-hop group Injury Reserve released a music video for their song "Outside", shot on location at Arcosanti.

title: Arcosanti


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Duke of Cumberland

Duke of Cumberland is a peerage title that was conferred upon junior members of the British royal family, named after the historic county of Cumberland.

History
The Earldom of Cumberland, created in 1525, became extinct in 1643. The dukedom was created in the Peerage of England in 1644 for Prince Rupert of the Rhine, nephew of King Charles I. When he died without male heirs, the title was created again in the Peerage of England in 1689 for Prince George of Denmark, husband of Princess Anne, younger daughter of King James II. He also died without heirs, in 1708. Neither of these men, however, was usually known by his peerage title.

The third creation, in the Peerage of Great Britain, was for Prince William, the third son of King George II. Other titles granted to Prince William were Marquess of Berkhampstead, Earl of Kennington, Viscount Trematon and Baron Alderney. Since the Prince died unmarried and without children, his titles became extinct at his death.

The titles Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn and Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale were later created in the Peerage of Great Britain.

Dukes of Cumberland, first creation (1644)
House of Wittelsbach 1644–1682  also: Earl of Holderness (1644)  Prague son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia Westminster aged 62
 * Prince Rupert
 * Rupert of the Rhine.jpg
 * 17 December 1619
 * Never married
 * 29 November 1682
 * colspan="5" |Nephew of Charles I, died without legitimate issue.
 * }
 * }
 * }

Dukes of Cumberland, second creation (1689)
House of Oldenburg 1689–1708  also: Earl of Kendal and Baron Wokingham (1689)  Copenhagen Castle son of Frederick III of Denmark and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg 28 July 1683 5 children Kensington Palace aged 55
 * Prince George
 * George, Prince of Denmark by Michael Dahl.jpg
 * 2 June 1653
 * Anne
 * 28 October 1708
 * colspan="5" |Husband of Queen Anne, died without surviving issue.
 * }
 * }
 * }

Dukes of Cumberland, third creation (1726)
''' also Marquess of Berkhamsted, Earl of Kennington, Viscount Trematon and Baron Alderney (Great Britain, 1726) Leicester House, London son of George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach London aged 44
 * '''Prince William
 * Cumberland-Reynolds.jpg
 * 26 April 1721
 * Never married
 * 31 October 1765
 * colspan="5"|Also known as "Butcher" Cumberland and Sweet William.
 * }
 * }

Dukes of Cumberland and Strathearn (1766)
The sole title-holder was Prince Henry (1745–1790), third son of Frederick, Prince of Wales. He died without legitimate issue, when the dukedom again became extinct.

Dukes of Cumberland and Teviotdale (1799)
This double dukedom, in the Peerage of Great Britain, was bestowed on Prince Ernest Augustus (1771–1851) (later King of Hanover), the fifth son and eighth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and King of Hanover. In 1919, it was suspended under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 and,, has not been restored to its titular heir.

Contract bridge
An historic fixed bridge hand is known as the Duke of Cumberland hand. The hand also appeared in Ian Fleming's James Bond thriller, Moonraker.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Duke of Cumberland


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Talk:Sad (disambiguation)

Real Sociedad de Fútbol, S.A.D.
I noticed that the Real Sociedad page states that their full name is "Real Sociedad de Fútbol, S.A.D.". Does anybody know what S.A.D. stands for in that context? If so, please share the knowledge and add it to the list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.23.54.142 (talk) 20:02, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The es Wikipedia tells me it's a "sociedad anónima deportiva", or sports corporation (according to Google Translate). -- Perey (talk) 15:53, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Requested move 24 April 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move the disambiguation page to Sad (disambiguation), per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 23:58, 3 May 2018 (UTC)

SAD → Sad – Many entries on the disambiguation page are not acronyms requiring initial caps. The top entry is Sad, which redirects to Sadness, but that top entry can be simply the actual article title, Sadness, which already has a hatnote directing users to the dab page and anyone who wishes to research Sadness and types "Sad" will see "Sadness" listed as the dab page's initial entry. Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 16:27, 24 April 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Dekimasu よ! 19:37, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Looks like there are 24 acronyms on the dab, and 10 entries called "Sad." Dekimasu よ! 16:46, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Move to Sad (disambiguation). Sad already redirects to Sadness which I believe is the primary topic. I think it should be moved to this page for other uses of the term. 2601:183:101:58D0:21FA:6823:6996:3DB1 (talk) 23:15, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. —  AjaxSmack  23:25, 24 April 2018 (UTC)
 * But the number of small case / acronym uses are usually irrelevant. Isn't there a guideline to have at minor case non-CAPS? In ictu oculi (talk) 16:42, 25 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose Most uses on the DAB are acronyms. Almost no one types ALLCAPS in the URL looking for the topic of sadness. The current page arrangement is fine. -- Netoholic @ 05:27, 25 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Move to Sad (disambiguation). Sad already redirects to Sadness which is the primary topic. Then redirect SAD to the new dab location. In ictu oculi (talk) 16:40, 25 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per Netoholic.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 20:12, 25 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Move to Sad (disambiguation). Rreagan007 (talk) 04:52, 30 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. The idea that Sadness is the primarytopic for Sad seems ridiculous to me, given the great obvious ambiguity. Dicklyon (talk) 05:02, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Dicklyon, I find for the purpose of finding perspective, is is very useful to do a google image search for the term. Do a google image search for "sad" and tell me the results are not all sadness.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 06:40, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't see the relevance. The ambiguity is for sad as a topic, i.e. noun uses.  The adjective sad is not what someone is looking for when searching for an article on sad. Dicklyon (talk) 16:24, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Article traffic for this page |Sadness is quite small compared to Sadness, so I doubt there are many people typing "Sad" into the search box and looking for one of the DAB entries. The small number who do will not be WP:ASTONISHed to end up at Sadness, which has a link to the DAB page right at the top anyway. Also check out overwhelming references to sadness in in GBooks results for "sad". This seems pretty clearly the primary meaning. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 16:48, 3 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose proposed move, as "sadness" is the clear primary topic of "sad" (compare happy -> happiness; angry -> anger; bored -> boredom; comfortable -> comfort; irritated -> irritation; ecstatic -> ecstasy, frustrated -> frustration). However, I support the proposed alternative move to Sad (disambiguation). bd2412  T 16:41, 2 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Primary topic is "sadness".  Not even any particularly strong uses of "SAD".  Support move to Sad (disambiguation).  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 06:37, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Move to Sad (disambiguation). Sad makes the most sense as a WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT to Sadness. However, SAD can and should still redirect to the DAB page per WP:DIFFCAPS. In fact, the large number of entries may justify splitting off "SAD" as a separate disambiguation page for just the acronyms. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 18:08, 3 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Separate disambiguation page for SAD
I've moved the acronym entries to SAD. Unlike, say, the musical entries on this page, the initials S-A-D don't seem to have any connection to the primary topic Sadness (except possibly for Seasonal affective disorder). Also, several of the entries had |Separation_anxiety_disorder|Social_anxiety_disorder|Schizoaffective_disorder|Special_Activities_Division|Sadness significantly more pageviews than the primary topic, so it seemed logical that they should be disambiguated on a separate page. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 21:18, 4 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sad (disambiguation)


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User talk:Genek6

The article on Arkosanti is my first attempt at contributing to the Encyclopedia.

Hello there Genek welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump or my talk page. You could use the these guidelines to improve the quality of your Akrosanti paper. Have fun! Cheers, Muriel Gottrop

title: User talk:Genek6


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Duke of Sussex

Duke of Sussex is a substantive title, one of several royal dukedoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It is a hereditary title of a specific rank of nobility in the British royal family. It has been created twice and takes its name from the historic county of Sussex in England.

First created in 1801, the title lapsed in 1843 but was revived when Queen Elizabeth II bestowed it on her grandson Prince Harry on 19 May 2018 just before his marriage to Meghan Markle, who then became the Duchess of Sussex.

History
A title associated with Sussex first appeared with the Kingdom of Sussex, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom that was annexed by the Kingdom of Wessex around 827, that later became part of the Kingdom of England. In charters, Sussex's monarchs were sometimes referred to as ealdormen, or duces in Latin, which is sometimes translated as "dukes".

First creation, 1801
The title of Duke of Sussex was first conferred on 24 November 1801 upon Prince Augustus Frederick, the sixth son of King George III. He was made Baron Arklow and Earl of Inverness at the same time, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The title became extinct upon the Prince's death in 1843.

Although the Prince was survived by a son and daughter by Lady Augusta Murray, their marriage (purportedly solemnized at St George's Hanover Square Church, Westminster, in 1793) had been annulled for lack of royal permission under the Royal Marriages Act 1772, rendering the children illegitimate under English law and unable to inherit titles from their father. Both children by the annulled marriage died childless, rendering the issue of their inheritance moot.

On 2 May 1831, the Prince married a second time (and again in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772) to Lady Cecilia Gore at Great Cumberland Place, London. Not being the Prince's legitimate wife, Lady Cecilia could not be received at court. On 30 March 1840, she was given the title of Duchess of Inverness in her own right by Queen Victoria.

Second creation, 2018
In 2018, the dukedom of Sussex was recreated and granted to Prince Harry, the grandson of Queen Elizabeth II and great-great-great-great-great-grandnephew of the previous duke, to mark the occasion of his wedding to Meghan Markle on 19 May 2018, who thereby became the first ever Duchess of Sussex. On his wedding day, it was announced that he would become Duke of Sussex in England, with the subsidiary titles of Earl of Dumbarton in Scotland and Baron Kilkeel in Northern Ireland. In 2019, an heir to the dukedom and the other titles, Prince Archie of Sussex, was born.

1801 creation
House of Hanover 1801–1843 also: Earl of Inverness and Baron Arklow (1801) Buckingham House, London son of King George III and Queen Charlotte Lady Augusta Murray 2 children
 * Prince Augustus Frederick
 * Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex by Guy Head.jpg
 * 27 January 1773
 * 4 April 1793

2 May 1831 Lady Cecilia Underwood No children Kensington Palace, London aged 70
 * 21 April 1843

 * colspan=5|Prince Augustus's first marriage to Lady Augusta Murray produced two children. However, due to the Royal Marriages Act 1772, the marriage was invalid (he had not asked for his father's approval to marry) and his children were thus illegitimate and could not succeed to his titles; so, accordingly, all his titles became extinct on his death.
 * colspan=5|Prince Augustus's first marriage to Lady Augusta Murray produced two children. However, due to the Royal Marriages Act 1772, the marriage was invalid (he had not asked for his father's approval to marry) and his children were thus illegitimate and could not succeed to his titles; so, accordingly, all his titles became extinct on his death.

 * }

2018 creation
House of Windsor 2018–present  also: Earl of Dumbarton and Baron Kilkeel (2018)  St Mary's Hospital, London son of King Charles III and Diana, Princess of Wales Meghan Markle 2 children
 * Prince Harry
 * Prince Harry's procession to Lying-in-State of Elizabeth II.jpg
 * 15 September 1984
 * 19 May 2018
 * Living
 * }
 * }

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a Child of the Sovereign.svg Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (born 1984)
 * Coronet of a Grandchild of the Sovereign.svg (1) Prince Archie of Sussex (born 2019)

title: Duke of Sussex


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Michael Cowpland

Michael Cowpland (born April 23, 1943 in Bexhill-on-Sea) is a British-born Canadian businessman. He is the founder and one-time president, chairman and CEO of Corel, a Canadian software company.

Mitel
Cowpland worked for Bell Northern Research (later part of Nortel Networks), then MicroSystems International. In 1973, Cowpland and Terry Matthews founded Mitel Corporation, a company that developed and sold electronic PBX systems. Initial success made both founders millionaires. Sales peaked at $250 million, but over-expansion and development problems saw the company bought by British Telecom. Both Cowpland and Matthews left the company in 1984 amid disagreements with the owners.

Corel
Matthews went on to found Newbridge Networks, while Cowpland launched Cowpland Research Laboratory (soon Corel) in Ottawa in 1985. At first, the company sold DTP workstations, but success did not arrive until the launch of the graphics software CorelDRAW in 1989.

In 1996, he offered a challenge to Microsoft with a move into productivity software, acquiring WordPerfect from Novell for $158 million. However this was unsuccessful as Microsoft managed to get many new computers loaded with Microsoft Word along with Windows. The company also made unsuccessful forays into CAD, videoconferencing, Java, Linux and other developments.

He was investigated by the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) in 1999–2000 regarding allegations that he had used insider information to sell $20 million in Corel shares at $8/share shortly before the company posted disappointing results. The two sides settled the case in 2003, with Cowpland agreeing to pay $575,000. Subsequent to Cowpland's alleged insider sale at $8, Corel shares hit a peak of $60/share around November 1999, during the height of the Linux boom when Corel's Desktop Linux was seen to be a potential rival to Microsoft Windows.

After an unsuccessful attempt to buy Borland with a view to creating a critical mass for Linux, Cowpland left Corel in August 2000, and moved on to buy control of ZIM corporation, a database and mobile content company which is listed on the NASDAQ bulletin board (ZIMCF).

Personal life
He was married to his first wife Darlene until 1991 when they divorced. They have two daughters, Paula and Christine. In 1992, he married his second wife, Marlen Cowpland. The couple live in a $14-million 1,800-square-metre mansion in Rockcliffe Park, Ontario.

title: Michael Cowpland


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Youth for Christ

Youth For Christ (YFC) is a worldwide Christian movement working with young people, whose main purpose is evangelism among teenagers. It began informally in New York City in 1940, when Jack Wyrtzen held evangelical Protestant rallies for teenagers. Rallies were held in other U.S. cities during World War II, attracting particularly large crowds in Chicago led by Torrey Johnson, who became YFC’s first president in 1944. Johnson hired Billy Graham as YFC’s first employee. Former YFC staff have launched over 100 related Christian organizations, including the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and World Vision.

In 1962, the original Youth For Christ International organization was renamed Youth For Christ USA; as the group launched a new, international federation of YFC ministries based in Switzerland. Today, YFC International issues a charter to over 100 nationally-led YFC organizations, each autonomous in their strategy and operations but united under a common mission to reach young people everywhere. The international delegation meets every three years for a General Assembly.

Early years, 1940s–1950s
Youth for Christ rallies were first held in New York City in 1940, organized by Jack Wyrtzen, a young ex-insurance salesman who had also played the trombone in a cavalry band. The Youth for Christ campaign idea spread to Washington, D.C., Detroit, Indianapolis and St. Louis. In 1944 Torrey Johnson, a Baptist minister and pastor of Chicago's Midwest Bible Church, staged "Chicagoland for Christ" and became the most successful advocate of this type of campaign. Johnson was elected Youth for Christ's first president, with Billy Graham as its first full-time evangelist.

Following the end of World War II, the movement expanded to other countries after Charles Templeton of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Torrey Johnson met with a number of youth leaders from around the United States at Winona Lake, Indiana, in 1945 to form a working group that would become an international organization. The name "Youth for Christ International" was adopted in 1946. By then, Youth for Christ International had approximately 300 units in the United States and over 200 overseas. The average attendance at rallies in 1946 was 350. The largest attendance at that time was 70,000 at Soldier's Field in Chicago. Popular youth events such as Bible quizzing, which is now embraced by many Christian denominations, were originally begun as Youth for Christ activities.

Evangelist Billy Graham was the first full-time evangelist of YFCI. Graham took over Johnson's local radio program called Songs in the Night which was broadcast over a local station in Illinois and predated YFCI. The movement also benefited by promotional publicity in the newspapers and magazines owned or influenced by William Randolph Hearst. Large rallies were held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, California, organized by Wilbur Nelson in 1949-1950.

The 1960s–1980s
In 1968, in a little publicized conference in Jamaica, representatives from different countries created the International Council of Youth for Christ with Dr. Sam Wolgemuth as the first International President. The number of nations with Youth for Christ ministry had grown to over 100. Youth for Christ continued its growth throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Different ministry models and ministry emphases were developed and refined to reach young people around the world. During this time the current Youth for Christ logo was launched and adopted by the global organization.

The 1990s–2000s
In 1996 a report was presented to the Youth for Christ movement in Taiwan, with recommendations for a restructuring of the organisation. In March, 2000, the Youth for Christ organisation met in Muhltal, Germany. Most of the leadership, including the International Board, attended the gathering. The Youth for Christ worldwide Staff and Leadership Conference (General Assembly) was held in Denver, Colorado later that year.

The Global Ministry Plan
In 2002, leadership teams worldwide again met in Hungary to further explore how various Youth for Christ entities could unite behind a global ministry initiative. After a week of deliberation and consultation, the participants developed the framework of what later became the Global Ministry Plan. Between 2002 and 2003, The Global Ministry Plan was communicated and discussed throughout the Youth for Christ movement.

After consultations with most of the Youth for Christ chartered nations, the Global Ministry Plan was unanimously approved by the General Assembly at a gathering of the worldwide Youth for Christ family in Belo Horizonte, Brazil September 2003. At the Belo Horizonte General Assembly a new strategic focus statement was also adopted which is foundational to the Global Ministry Plan: "Youth for Christ reaches young people everywhere, working together with the local church and other like-minded partners to raise up lifelong followers of Jesus who lead by their godliness in lifestyle, devotion to the Word of God and prayer, passion for sharing the love of Christ and commitment to social involvement".

The British branch is now a member of The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services, by virtue of its work for the personal and social development of young people.

2008 General Assembly – Young Leader's Process
In September 2008 the Youth for Christ worldwide family gathered in Magaliesburg, South Africa for the General Assembly. This was special event as over 350 young leaders from around the world joined the staff and a new initiative was launched: The Young Leader Development and Empowerment Process.

Leadership
Dave Brereton is the current International Director of Youth for Christ. Jacob Bland is the 10th President/CEO of Youth For Christ USA.

Book references

 * Billy Graham, a biography, by Roger Bruns. Greenwood Press, Connecticut. 2004. ISBN 0-313-32718-1 (See pages 23–34 for details of Billy Graham's involvement with YFCI.)
 * Charles Templeton, Farewell to God, by Charles Templeton. McClelland & Stewart, Toronto. 1996. ISBN 0-7710-8508-7 See page 4: "Youth for Christ was a North American phenomenon in the 1940s. The atmosphere was informal and upbeat - more like show business than church - and young people flocked to the meetings in their thousands in various American cities. ... When a few months later a group of us formed Youth for Christ International, I was named as one of three vice-presidents and, at our first meeting, moved that we appoint Graham our evangelist-at-large."
 * Young Man on Fire: The Story of Torrey Johnson and Youth for Christ, by Mel Larson. Youth Publications, Chicago. 1943. Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4367-0738-1

title: Youth for Christ


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Rheinwiesenlager

The Rheinwiesenlager (, Rhine meadow camps) were a group of 19 concentration camps built in the Allied-occupied part of Germany by the U.S. Army to hold captured German soldiers at the close of the Second World War. Officially named Prisoner of War Temporary Enclosures (PWTE), they held between one and almost two million surrendered Wehrmacht personnel from April until September 1945.

Prisoners held in the camps were designated disarmed enemy forces, not prisoners of war. This decision was made in March 1945 by SHAEF commander in chief Dwight D. Eisenhower: by not classifying the hundreds of thousands of captured troops as POWs, the logistical problems associated with accommodating so many prisoners of war mandated by the Geneva Convention governing their treatment were negated.

Background
By early 1945 half of almost all German soldiers taken prisoner in the West were held by U.S. forces, while the other half were taken by the British. But in late March 1945, as Allied forces struck into the heart of Germany after crossing the Rhine at Remagen, the number of German prisoners being processed caused the British to stop accepting any more prisoners into their camps. This forced the U.S. Army to take immediate action and establish the Rheinwiesenlager in the western part of Germany.

The creation of the camps was made easier because prisoners would be deemed Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), a decision that had been made in March 1945 by Eisenhower. Furthermore, all captured soldiers would no longer have the rights of prisoners of war guaranteed to them under the Geneva Convention because they belonged to Nazi Germany, a state that had ceased to exist.

The camps were also established to stop any German insurgency following the surrender of Nazi Germany on 8 May 1945. The Allied leadership were worried that die-hard Nazi units might try to mount an effective guerrilla campaign against the occupation. Historian Perry Biddiscombe believed the decision to keep hundreds of thousands of men in poor conditions of the Rheinwiesenlager camps was "mainly to prevent Werwolf activity" in post-war Germany.

Location of Rheinwiesenlager
Listings are from north to south with official number

 * A4 Büderich
 * A1 Rheinberg
 * A9 Wickrathberg
 * A2 Remagen (the Golden Mile)
 * A5 Sinzig
 * Siershahn
 * A11 A14 Andernach
 * Diez
 * A13 Urmitz
 * A10 Koblenz
 * A8 Dietersheim
 * A12 Heidesheim
 * A6 Winzenheim/Bretzenheim
 * A16 A17 Hechtsheim
 * A7 A15 Biebelsheim
 * A3 Bad Kreuznach
 * C1 Ludwigshafen
 * C2 Böhl-Iggelheim
 * C3 C4 Heilbronn

Camp construction
In the beginning, there were plans to transport the prisoners of war to Britain, where they would remain until capitulation, because there they could be better provided for. After the failure of the Ardennes offensive, 250,000 German soldiers surrendered. After the breakdown of the Ruhr pocket another 325,000 were taken prisoner. After capitulation there were 3.4 million German soldiers in the custody of the Western Allies. With such large numbers of prisoners, it seemed more logical to keep them in Germany.

The camps were founded in April 1945 and remained in existence until September. There was a similar plan for the construction of all the camps. Open farmland close to a village with a railroad line was enclosed with barbed wire and divided into 10 to 20 camps, each housing 5,000 to 10,000 men. Existing field paths were used as streets of the camp and surrounding buildings as the administration, kitchen and hospital. The prisoners of war, forced to surrender their equipment, had to dig holes in the earth by hand in which to sleep. Soon the camps were grossly overcrowded; e.g., Camp Remagen, intended for 100,000, grew to 184,000 prisoners.

Operations and management
To circumvent international laws that dealt with the handling of POWs, the surrendered forces were termed "Disarmed Enemy Forces" (DEF) and the term "Prisoners of war" (POW) was not applied. Due to the numbers of prisoners, the Americans transferred internal control of the camps over to the Germans. All administration such as doctors, cooks and work forces was undertaken by the prisoners. Even the armed guards were former troops from the Wehrmacht's Feldgendarmerie and Feldjägerkorps. Known as Wehrmachtordnungstruppe (Armed Forces Order Troop), they received extra rations for preventing escapes and keeping order in the camps. In June 1946, these military police would be the last German soldiers to officially surrender their arms.

Within weeks of the camps being established, some prisoner releases were started. First to be allowed to leave were members of the Hitlerjugend and female personnel who were deemed to have no affiliation with the Nazi Party. Professional groups, such as farmers, drivers and miners, soon followed because they were urgently required to assist in the reconstruction of German infrastructure. By the end of June 1945, the camps at Remagen, Böhl-Iggelheim and Büderich had been emptied.

On 12 June 1945, the British forces took control of the two Rheinwiesenlager camps designated to be in the British Zone. On 10 July 1945, all releases were halted after SHAEF handed control of the camps over to the French. The deal was struck because the government of Charles de Gaulle wanted 1.75 million prisoners of war for forced labor in France. In total roughly 182,400 prisoners from Sinzig, Andernach, Siershahn, Bretzenheim, Dietersheim, Koblenz, Hechtzheim and Dietz were given to France. The British handed over those fit for work from the two camps it controlled at Büderich and Rheinberg and released the remainder.

By the end of September 1945 nearly all the Rheinwiesenlager camps had been closed. Only a camp at Bretzenheim near Bad Kreuznach remained open until 1948, serving as a transit camp for German prisoners released from France.

Conditions and death rates

Throughout the summer of 1945, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was prevented from visiting prisoners in any of the Allies' Rheinwiesenlager. Visits were started only in the autumn of 1945, at a time when most camps had closed or were closing. The Red Cross was granted permission to send delegations to visit camps in the French and UK occupation zones. On 4 February 1946 the Red Cross was allowed to send relief to those in the U.S. run occupation zone. The International Red Cross website states "The quantities received by the ICRC for these captives remained very small, however. During their visits, the delegates observed that German prisoners of war were often detained in appalling conditions. They drew the attention of the authorities to this fact, and gradually succeeded in getting some improvements made." According to a report by the Army Medical Department, "Some of the enclosures resembled Andersonville Prison in 1864".

Official United States statistics conclude there were just over 3,000 deaths in the Rheinwiesenlager while German figures state them to be 4,537. American academic R. J. Rummel believes the figure is around 6,000. Canadian writer James Bacque claimed in his 1989 book Other Losses that the number is likely in the hundreds of thousands, and may be as high as 1,000,000. But historians including Stephen Ambrose, Albert E. Cowdrey and Rüdiger Overmans have examined and rejected Bacque's claims, arguing that they were the result of faulty research practices. More recently, writing in the Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War and Internment, military historian S.P. MacKenzie stated: "That German prisoners were treated very badly in the months immediately after the war […] is beyond dispute. All in all, however, Bacque's thesis and mortality figures cannot be taken as accurate".

In 1972, the official German inquiry into the numbers of deaths was published by the Maschke committee (named after its chairman, Erich Maschke). It had conducted detailed research of the camp histories on behalf of the Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Flüchtlinge und Kriegsgeschädigte (German Federal Ministry of Displaced persons, Refugees, and War Victims). According to their results, the camps with the highest mortality were: An analysis of the documents of the local administrations around the camps of Remagen yields similar results.
 * 1) Bad Kreuznach (Lager Galgenberg und Bretzenheim)
 * 2) Sinzig near Remagen
 * 3) Rheinberg
 * 4) Heidesheim
 * 5) Wickrathberg
 * 6) Büderich

The official death rate for Germans held by the American military was among the lowest experienced by surrendered combatants during and after the war, which is not surprising as the prisoners were held for only a few months.

Postwar conclusions
In 1969, Lieutenant General Leonard D. Heaton prepared and published an exhaustive report for the United States Army Medical Department that examined preventive medicine and the problems associated with housing such a large number of German prisoners after World War II. The report found a number of problems, including:

 * The army had lost track of some of the locations where POWs were held.
 * The number of prisoners greatly exceeded expectations.
 * Organization of the camps was left to prisoners.
 * Food and water supplies were insufficient during April and May 1945, though they later improved.
 * The 1200 to 1500 calories ration that the Disarmed Enemy Forces were receiving in August 1945 was inadequate.
 * The lack of food led in some cases to "extensive malnutrition."

In 2003, historian Richard Dominic Wiggers argued that the Allies violated international law regarding the feeding of enemy civilians, and that they both directly and indirectly caused the unnecessary suffering and death of large numbers of civilians and prisoners in occupied Germany, guided partly by a spirit of postwar vengeance when creating the circumstances that contributed to their deaths.

title: Rheinwiesenlager


text:
Talk:Computer animation

Splitting 3D and 2D into two different categories
Hello,

Over the next few weeks I plan to separate the topics of 3D and 2D animation into two separate categories as is noted on this article's "To-do list." I will be sure to preserve the content and particularly focus on making the article more readable and organized by allowing each sub topic to have its own section. Feel free to leave any suggestions here or questions about what I will do here. ZacZig (talk) 18:07, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I definitely support. — the Main Logan  (t•c) 01:40, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Computer animation


text:
Talk:Anattā

living beings - category error: false.
The lede stated In Buddhism, the term anattā (Pali) or anātman (Sanskrit) refers to the doctrine of "non-self", that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in living beings.

The qualification that this refers only to living beings is false for all Buddhism, especially (but not solely) the Mahayana tradition of Nagarjuna following Candrakirti.

Candrakirti's Bodhisattvayogacaryācatuḥśatakaṭikā 256.1.7 states that 'self' is ''an essence of things that does not depend on others; it is an intrinsic nature. The non-existence of that is selflessness (Anatta)''

This citation is translated in Vol. 3 ISBN 1-55939-166-9

20040302 (talk) 10:30, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

I also notice that there is real confusion (also found in many cited sources) between the assertion of Anatta and the assertion of 'person' and the personal self. Most of which, some scholars believe (eg. Elizabeth Napper) was based on erroneous assumptions of early Buddhist scholars concerning the scope of Anatta. (20040302 (talk))

Notice: Page moved
Hi all, please note that I moved this page from “Anatta” to “Anattā” just now. Anatta is now a redirect to this new page. I have also fixed all the double redirects. -Colathewikian (talk) 13:19, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Lead
Does belong in Wikipedia voice? I assume a Hindu might call consciousness the empirical coordinate. Srnec (talk) 15:22, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

Use of Anattā vs. Anātman in Mahayana Section
Just a note that it feels incongruous to use "anattā" in the Mahayana section when the discourse in that tradition rarely uses Pali terms, and certainly not for this concept. Would anyone be opposed to changing it to "anātman" in that section, or do people feel that consistency is more important than congruity? DJLayton4 (talk) 15:46, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Congruity seems to be the pattern used on other pages such as prajna, maitri and karma. So if that is the case than yeah i think making the page congruous with the respective traditions languages makes sense. Wikiman5676 (talk) 04:54, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Is Etymology and Nomenclature really necessary?
This is already a pretty long article, and in my opinion, having Etymology and Nomenclature at the top is largely padding that doesn't serve to inform the reader about what the meat of the concept really is past the (probably necessarily) simplistic opening paragraph. Especially since this is likely one of the first articles people trying to learn about Buddhism might read, the paragraph about "non-Self" vs "not-Self" uses too obscure terminology. It's a good section, but it should be at the end of the article or on Wiktionary. Makhnoboi19 (talk) 17:52, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anattā


text:
GHQ Line

The GHQ Line (General Headquarters Line) was a defence line built in the United Kingdom during World War II to contain an expected German invasion.

The British Army had abandoned most of its equipment in France after the Dunkirk evacuation. It was therefore decided to build a static system of defensive lines around Britain, designed to compartmentalise the country and delay the Germans long enough for more mobile forces to counter-attack. Over 50 defensive lines were constructed across the country. After the coastal defences, the GHQ Line was the longest and most important, designed to protect London and the industrial heart of Britain, and was considered to be the last chance of defence.

The "green" section of the GHQ Line ran from the northern end of the Taunton Stop Line near Highbridge in Somerset, along the River Brue, across the Mendips from Wells and following the railway from Masbury into the Wellow valley. This joined the "blue" line which followed the Kennet and Avon Canal to Reading. The green line continued from Bradford-on-Avon along the river to Malmesbury where it met the "red" line which ran to Abingdon, along the Thames to Pangbourne and rejoined the blue line at Theale. The green line continued to Avening then down the valley to Framilode, protecting the strategic areas of Bristol, Avonmouth, and Sharpness. The eastern line was to run inland of the coast from Essex to Edinburgh but was not completed. London was protected by the concentric rings of the Outer London Defence Ring.

On the section of the line in Essex, between Great Chesterford and Canvey Island, the defences were made up of around 400 FW3 type concrete pillboxes, which were part of the British hardened field defences of World War II. Well over 100 pillboxes still exist on this section in 2024, with around 40 highly visible FW3 Type 22, 24, 26, 27 and 28 boxes between the Rettendon Turnpike and Howe Green, mostly alongside the A130 road. Many more FW3s are still in place north of Chelmsford along the Chelmer Valley and towards Great Dunmow.

title: GHQ Line