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User talk:Svante~enwiki

Hello, Svante. Welcome to Wikipedia.

A few tips for you to start going. (I'll send more if I see that I can help you :-)

 * Just edit stuff off the cuff for a while. We like that!
 * When you have time, check out Welcome, newcomers + the links in there.
 * You can sign your stuff on talk pages with ~ It will convert to your username + the time. "anon" is fine too.
 * If puzzled, put a question on Village pump, or feel free to ask me on my talk page if it's a very general question.
 * Most of all, have fun but take our work seriously!

-- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 03:11 28 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Thanks. Svante 16:00, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Svante. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Svante~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:56, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:22, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Svante~enwiki


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User:Jodan

Hello Wikipeople one and all!

I'm Jodan. I spend most of my time on h2g2, but I sometimes things get slow over there and I wikify some things over here!

Jodan - U201497 on H2G2

title: User:Jodan


text:
Inez Milholland

Inez Milholland Boissevain (August 6, 1886 – November 25, 1916) was a leading American suffragist, lawyer, and peace activist.

From her college days at Vassar College, she campaigned aggressively for women’s rights as the principal issue of a wide-ranging socialist agenda. In 1913, she led the dramatic Woman Suffrage Procession on horseback in advance of President Woodrow Wilson's inauguration as a symbolic herald. She was also a labor lawyer and a war correspondent, as well as a high-profile New Woman of the age, with her avant-garde lifestyle and belief in free love. She died of pernicious anemia on a speaking tour, traveling against medical advice.

Early life
Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Inez Milholland grew up in a wealthy family. Known as Nan, she was the eldest daughter of John Elmer Milholland and Jean Milholland née’ Torry. She had one sister, Vida, and one brother, John (Jack). Her father was a New York Tribune reporter and editorial writer who eventually headed a pneumatic tubes business that afforded his family a privileged life in both New York and London. In London she met and was impressed by the English suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst. Milholland’s father supported many reforms, among them world peace, civil rights, and women's suffrage. Her mother exposed her children to cultural and intellectual stimulation. Milholland spent summers on her family's land in Lewis, Essex County, New York; the property is now the Meadowmount School of Music.

Education
Inez Milholland received her early education at the Comstock School in New York and Kensington Secondary School in London. After finishing school, she decided to attend Vassar but when the college wouldn't accept her graduation certificate she attended Willard School for Girls in Berlin.

As a student, she was known as an active radical. During her attendance at Vassar College, she was once suspended for organizing a women's rights meeting. The president of Vassar had forbidden suffrage meetings, but Milholland and others held regular "classes" on the issue, along with large protests and petitions. Defying the campus suffrage meeting ban, she convened one in a cemetery across the road. She started the suffrage movement at Vassar, enrolled two-thirds of the students, and taught them the principles of socialism. Milholland was president of the campus Intercollegiate Socialist Society, which was dominated by women at the time and reflected their identification with the oppressed. For Milholland, socialism was "a vital means to correct the monster evils under the sun."

With the radical group she had gathered about her, she attended socialist meetings in Poughkeepsie, which were under the ban of the faculty. An athletic young woman, she was the captain of the hockey team and a member of the 1909 track team; she also set a record in the basketball throw. Milholland was also involved in student productions, the Current Topics Club, the German Club, and the debating team.

After graduating from Vassar in 1909, she tried for admission at Yale University, Harvard University, and Cambridge University with the purpose of studying law, but was denied due to her sex. Milholland was finally matriculated at the New York University School of Law, from which she took her LL.B. degree in 1912.

Careers

Milholland's causes were far reaching. She was not only interested in prison reform, but also sought world peace and worked for equality for African Americans. Milholland was a member of the NAACP, the Women's Trade Union League, the Equality League of Self Supporting Women in New York (Women's Political Union), the National Child Labor Committee, and England's Fabian Society. She was also involved in the National American Woman Suffrage Association, which later branched into the grassroots radical National Woman's Party. She became a leader and a popular speaker on the campaign circuit of the NWP, working closely with Alice Paul and Lucy Burns.

Lawyer
Milholland was later admitted to the bar and joined the New York law firm of Osborne, Lamb, and Garvan, handling criminal and divorce cases. In one of her first assignments, she was sent to investigate conditions at Sing Sing prison. At the time, female contact with male prisoners was frowned upon, but she insisted on talking personally with the prisoners to uncover the horrible conditions. Additionally, she wanted to see what it felt like to be an inmate, so she had herself handcuffed to one.

Suffrage
Milholland stepped into her first suffrage parade on May 7, 1911. She held a sign that read, "Forward, out of error,/Leave behind the night,/Forward through the darkness,/Forward into light!" Milholland quickly became the face of the suffrage movement. The New York Sun stated that "No suffrage parade was complete without Inez Milholland." Suffrage leader Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch had Inez lead parades in 1911, 1912, and 1913. On March 3, 1913, the day before President Woodrow Wilson's inauguration, Milholland, 26, made her most memorable appearance, at the Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington D.C. which she had helped organize. Suffrage leader Alice Paul placed her at the head of the parade wearing a crown and a long white cape riding a large white horse named "Gray Dawn." Horses became a very common method of spreading information about the suffrage movement and other suffragists such as Claiborne Catlin Elliman rode horses to raise awareness for the movement.

Milholland believed that women should have the right to vote because of the traits that were unique to women. She argued that women would metaphorically become the "house-cleaners of the nation." She believed women's votes could remove social ills such as sweatshops, tenements, prostitution, hunger, poverty, and child mortality. She told men that they should not worry about the women in their lives as they were extending their sacred rights and duties to the whole country rather than inside the home. Even though she spoke of these issues, she was always disappointed that she was better known for her looks than her brains.

The concluding words of her last suffrage speech were, “Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?"

Pacifist
Milholland traveled overseas to Italy at the beginning of World War I shortly after the RMS Lusitania had been torpedoed by a German U-boat. After landing, the captain informed Milholland that a German submarine followed them across the ocean. With this information, she began writing for the Tribune and became a war correspondent. Milholland worked to be allowed to visit the front lines in the war as she continued to write anti-war articles that led to her censure by the Italian government, which banned her from the country.

Upon returning from Italy, Milholland suffered from bouts of depression. She felt that she had been barred from the front because she was a woman and not because she was a pacifist. She felt like she had returned a failure.

She was also a leading figure on Henry Ford's ill-fated Peace Ship expedition of late 1915, steaming across the Atlantic with a team of pacifist campaigners who hoped to give impetus to a negotiated settlement to the First World War. However, she left the ship in Stockholm because the trip was unorganized and dissension had ensued between passengers.

Personal life
Inez Milholland became the classic New Woman in the beginning of the 20th century. She loved the new dance crazes of the Turkey Trot and the Grizzly Bear and enjoyed traveling to Paris and buying Parisian couture gowns. Additionally, her views mirrored those of the New Woman when it came to sexual love.

By the fall of 1909, Inez Milholland and Max Eastman became rising radical stars due to their handsome looks. Inez knew Max through his sister, Crystal Eastman, whom she met at socialist and suffrage rallies. Inez told Max that she loved him and tried to convince him to elope with her. When he finally reciprocated her love and agreed to marry her, their relationship fell apart. They both realized they could not be lovers, but they did remain close lifelong friends.

In the same way that she fell fast in love with Eastman, soon after she began seeing the author John Fox, Jr. She told him she loved him but he didn't reciprocate right away. When he did tell her that he loved her, she was no longer interested. In July, 1913 while on a cruise to London, Milholland proposed to Eugen Jan Boissevain, a Dutchman she had known for about a month. The two were married on July 14 at the Kensington registry office which was as soon as they could after their arrival in London without consulting their families. John Milholland was in New York at the time and heard about the marriage from the press. John insisted that the two get remarried in a church, but Inez refused. A complication arose when the couple returned to New York from London. Milholland was no longer an American citizen because the Expatriation Act of 1907 provided that if an American woman married a non-American, she took her husband's nationality.

Milholland did not stop flirting with other men after her marriage and often wrote to Boissevain to tell him. Although Milholland adored children, the couple never had any of their own.

Death
In 1916, she went on a tour in the West, speaking for women's rights as a member of the National Woman's Party. She undertook the tour despite suffering from pernicious anemia and despite the admonitions of her family, who were concerned about her deteriorating health. On October 22, 1916, she collapsed in the middle of a speech in Los Angeles, California, at Blanchard Hall and was rushed to Good Samaritan Hospital. Despite repeated blood transfusions, she died on November 25, 1916.

Legacy
After she died, her sister Vida Milholland devoted her time to suffrage work including going to prison for three days in 1917.

In a tribute to Inez Milholland, Mount Discovery in the Adirondacks was renamed for her.

Carl Sandburg wrote a poem about Inez Milholland titled "Repetitions," which appears in his 1918 volume, Cornhuskers. Edna St. Vincent Millay, who married Milholland's widower Eugen Boissevain in 1923, wrote a poem, "To Inez Milholland," included in her 1928 collection The Buck in the Snow.

Julia Ormond portrayed Inez Milholland in the 2004 film Iron Jawed Angels. Phillipa Soo portrayed Inez Milholland in the 2022 Off-Broadway musical Suffs. Upon the production's Broadway transfer, Hannah Cruz took over the role of Milholland.

The Inez Milholland Professorship of Civil Liberties at New York University School of Law, filled by Burt Neuborne, was named in her honor.

title: Inez Milholland


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Talk:SS Columbia Eagle incident

Alvin Glatkowski bio
I understand that both Clyde McKay and Alvin Glatkowski went through the Harry Lundeberg School of Seamanship of the Seafarers International Union then based in New York. I understand that Glatkowski was convicted of mutiny in Norfolk and sentenced to 10 years. Has he been heard from since?

thanks, Steve Dutky - sdutky@terpalum.umd.edu (2003-07-28T05:17:47)
 * Yes, Glatkowski was sentenced to 10 years in the Federal Court in Los Angeles and served his time at Lompoc, California. He served 7 years and has not been in trouble with the law since.

 * If you wish to discuss this further, you can contact me at loiederman@sbcglobal.net. I am one of the co-authors of The Eagle Mutiny.
 * Roberto Loiederman (2007-07-08T12:01:56)

USAF not USN helicopters
There are some major errors in this article. The two helicopters mentioned were not U.S. Navy CH-53 Sea Stallions from Vietnam. They were two U.S. Air Force HH-53 Super Jolly Green Giant helicopters from Thailand. I was an enlisted aircrew member on one of the helicopters that participated in the event. I was an aerial combat still photographer and have images of our helicopters on the flight deck. -- USAF Capt. (Retired) Jeffrey L. Whitted 155.7.176.6 (talk) 21:44, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Info and photos
One of the Strangest Stories of the Vietnam War: ‘Hippies’ Hijack a Ship full of Napalm Bombs and sail it to Cambodia Johnvr4 (talk) 17:03, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

Official govt report style - Severely unbalanced coverage

 * Thank you for your feedback. I did some clean up. You are correct it reads like a gov report. It is better, still needs a little more work. May get to it later. Telecine Guy (talk) 17:42, 11 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Removed gov, speak and talk. Thank you, Telecine Guy (talk) 20:23, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

Wikipedia is NOT an official government mouthpiece, nor supposed to serve as a poster-wall for official (or insider) military propaganda. See: WP:NPOV.

This article (at present) is ridiculously one-sided in its presentation, rather obviously written by, or in the style of, a U.S. Navy historian or public-relations officer -- and almost certainly by current or former U.S. military (probably Navy) personnel. (I should know: I've read countless such documents from various U.S. naval commands, U.S. Naval History Office, DoD, etc.)

The overall approach of this article could be summed up with:
 * "The U.S. Navy did everything perfectly; very little else is important"

The article talks of the event as if it was a spontaneous event without context -- rather obviously evading the intense political context of that time, in which widespread U.S. public opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war was resulting in a wide array of anti-war resistance activity by thousands (perhaps hundreds of thousands) of Americans, at home and abroad -- of which this incident was simply an extraordinary example.

Regardless of your political leanings, it is simply poor article development to cast this as an odd, isolated incident, without presenting the wider meaning or context.

It's like talking about the assasination of Abraham Lincoln without mentioning that it was a reprisal for his role in the U.S. Civil War -- or that the Boston Tea Party was an act of vandalism, without explaining its evolution from Americans' public revulsion to the Stamp Act.

Historic events matter most in context.

The article further offers no information on the wider impact of this extraordinary event (the first armed mutiny aboard an American ship in 150 years, and happening to a shipload of munitions, in wartime, diverted to a hostile country). Little to no coverage of the executive decisions, diplomatic issues, notoriety, domestic politics, naval politics or practices, changes (if any) to U.S. Merchant Marine operations or maritime law.

It contains shockingly little about the mindset and motives of the hijackers -- and no more than a couple of words, without context, from them -- despite substantial material available online, quoting them extensively. It's as if the writer didn't want their perspective on the incident to be reported at all.

It reads like a routine "cops and robbers" story (written by a cop), with the Navy (almost) coming to the rescue -- rather than what it actually was: an extraordinary (good or bad) anti-war resistance act of the 1970s Vietnam Anti-War Movement -- the lead story in newspapers and TV broacasts across the nation -- that caught the Navy, and the U.S. Merchant Marine, utterly by surprise... both services failing to prevent or control it.

Further, this article offers only a handful of titles under "References," largely from such "unbiased and credible" sources as the U.S. Navy and Penthouse magazine -- neither of them exactly known for objectivity, nor for scrupulous accuracy, in reporting. Yet, in just a few minutes of Googling, I found these alternate (and substantial) journalistic and historiographic sources, clearly less-biased towards this article's ridiculous spin to the right.

 * Cronkite, Walter, and Nelson Benton, "Columbia Eagle / Mutiny / Cambodia," segment #208707, in transcript: CBS Evening News for 1970-03-16, from the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, Vanderbilt University, retrieved March 1, 2018.

 * Hoffman, Fred S., Associated Press, "U.S. Bomb Ship Seized in Mutiny: Anchored Off Cambodia", March 16, 1970, San Bernardino Sun, San Bernardino, California, Volume 76, Number 137, pp.1-2, photocopy at retrieved March 1, 2018 from OCR transcription in California Digital Newspaper Collection.

 * "Mutiny Involved 5: Captain,", March 19, 1970, Nashville Tennesseean, Page 13 retrieved March 1, 2018 from OCR transcription in Newspapers.com.

 * Emery, Fred, "Two Who Say They Support S.D.S. Tell How They Hijacked Ship," March 26, 1970, New York Times archives, retrieved March 1, 2018.

 * ...and its companion article, farther down the page:
 * "U.S. Asks Return of Ship," March 25, 1970, New York Times archives, retrieved March 1, 2018.

 * Associated Press, "2 American Ship Hijackers Want to Quit Cambodia," written July 3, 1970, published July 4, 1970, New York Times, retrieved March 1, 2018 from the Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, Maryland.

 * Andrews, Evan, "6 Famous Naval Mutinies," November 6, 2012, History in the Headlines newsletter, retrieved March 1, 2018 from History.com.

While I've wasted too much time researching this far, and have other duties to attend to, perhaps a more neutral editor could retouch (or overhaul) this article into a balanced, documentary-quality encyclopedic article. (No, not a left-wing re-write of right-wing history -- just a proper WP:NPOV balancing act, focused on the most historically significant aspects -- rather than which military units deserved citations for failing to stop the hijacking.

As a courtesy to anyone who wants to try, I've inserted all my references in footnotes to the lead paragraph, using ref names so you don't have to repeat the whole ref.

~ Penlite (talk) 08:42, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

(corrected) Misused Indefinite Article
"a SOS was transmitted" is incorrect. The correct usage is "an SOS was transmitted". Danielhaji (talk) 02:53, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

 * This has been corrected. Bouktin (talk) 20:51, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

Additional source material: interview of Alvin Glatkowski and Roberto Loiederman
The podcast Working Class History recorded 3 episodes on the Columbia Eagle Mutiny featuring Alvin Glatkowski and Roberto Loiederman, historian and Vietnam war-era sailor. The link can be found at E21-24: WCH Crime – The Columbia Eagle mutiny Bouktin (talk) 20:51, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:SS Columbia Eagle incident


text:
Baseball card

A baseball card is a type of trading card relating to baseball, usually printed on cardboard, silk, or plastic. In the 1950s, they came with a stick of gum and a limited number of cards. These cards feature one or more baseball players, teams, stadiums, or celebrities.

Baseball cards are most often found in the contiguous United States but are also common in Puerto Rico or countries such as Canada, Cuba, South Korea and Japan, where top-level leagues are present with a substantial fan base to support them. Some notable companies producing baseball cards include Topps and Panini Group.

Previous manufacturers include Fleer (now a brand name owned by Upper Deck), Bowman (now a brand name owned by Topps), and Donruss (now a brand name owned by Panini). Baseball card production peaked in the late 1980s and many collectors left the hobby disenchanted after the 1994-95 MLB strike. However, baseball cards are still among the most sought collectibles of all-time.

Pre-1900
During the mid-19th century in the United States, baseball and photography gained popularity. As a result, baseball clubs began to pose for group and individual pictures, much like members of other clubs and associations posed. Some of these photographs were printed onto small cards similar to modern wallet photos. The oldest known surviving card shows the Brooklyn Atlantics from around 1860.

As baseball increased in popularity and became a professional sport during the late 1860s, trade cards featuring baseball players appeared. These were used by various companies to promote their business, even if the advertised products had no connection with baseball. In 1868, Peck and Snyder, a sporting goods store in New York, began producing trade cards featuring baseball teams. Peck and Snyder sold baseball equipment, and the cards were a natural advertising vehicle. The Peck and Snyder cards are sometimes considered the first baseball cards.

Typically, a trade card of the time featured an image on one side and information advertising the business on the other. Advances in color printing increased the appeal of the cards. As a result, cards began to use photographs, either in black-and-white or sepia, or color artwork, which was not necessarily based on photographs. Some early baseball cards could be used as part of a game, which might be either a conventional card game or a simulated baseball game.

By early 1886, images of baseball players were often included on cigarette cards with cigarette packs and other tobacco products. This was partly for promotional purposes and somewhat because the card helped protect the cigarettes from damage.

As the popularity of baseball spread to other countries, so did baseball cards. By the end of the century, production had spread well beyond the Americas and into the Pacific Isles. Sets appeared in Japan as early as 1898, in Cuba as early as 1909 and in Canada as early as 1912.

1900–1920
By the turn of the century, most baseball cards were produced by confectionery and tobacco companies. The first major set of the 20th century was issued by the Breisch-Williams Company in 1903. Breisch-Williams was a confectionery company based in Oxford, Pennsylvania. Soon after, several other companies began advertising their products with baseball cards. This included but was not limited to, the American Tobacco Company, the American Caramel Company, the Imperial Tobacco Company of Canada, and Cabañas, a Cuban cigar manufacturer.

The American Tobacco Company decided to introduce baseball advertising cards into their tobacco products with the issue of the T206 White Border Set in 1909. The cards were included in packs of cigarettes and produced over three years until the company was dissolved. The most famous card, and most expensive for the grade, is the Honus Wagner card from this set; Wagner objected, so only a small number were ever distributed. According to cardboardconnection.com, as of 2015, it is estimated that less than 60 of the T206 Honus Wagner cards still exist. By last count, there were 57 known examples. In 2021, a T206 Wagner card was sold in a private sale for $7.5 million, a record amount for a sports card. Another famous one, from 1911, is Joe Tinker.

At the same time, many other non-tobacco companies started producing and distributing baseball trade cards to the public. Between 1909 and 1911, The American Caramel Company produced the E90-1 series, and 1911 saw the introduction of the 'Zee Nut' card. These sets were produced over 28 years by the Collins-McCarthy Company of California. By the mid-teens, companies such as The Sporting News magazine began sponsoring card issues. Caramel companies like Rueckheim Bros. & Eckstein were among the first to put 'prizes' in their boxes. In 1914, they produced the first of two Cracker Jack card issues, which featured players from both major leagues as well as players from the short-lived Federal League. The Chicago-based Boston Store Department company also issued a set as the teens drew to a close.

1920–1930
After the end of World War I in 1918, baseball card production lulled for a few years as foreign markets were not yet developed and the United States economy was transitioning away from wartime production. This trend would continue until the late 1930s when the effects of the Great Depression finally hit. The twenties produced a second influx of caramel cards, a plethora of postcard issues, and a handful of cards from different regions of the world. During the first two years, an influx of strip cards hit the market. These cards were distributed in long strips and often cut by the consumer or the retailer in the store. The American Caramel Company re-emerged as a baseball card producer and started distributing sets in 1922–1923. Few, if any cards were produced in the mid-twenties until 1927 when companies like York Caramel of York, Pennsylvania started making baseball cards. Cards with similar images as the York Caramel set were produced in 1928 for four ice cream companies, Yuengling's, Harrington's, Sweetman and Tharp's. In 1921, the Exhibit Supply Company of Chicago started to release issues on postcard stock. Although they are considered a postcard issue, many cards had statistics and other biographical information on the back.

1920 saw the emergence of foreign markets after what was essentially an eight-year hiatus. Canadian products found their way to the market, including products branded by the Peggy Popcorn and Food Products company of Winnipeg, Manitoba from 1920 to 1926 and Willard's Chocolate Company from 1923 to 1924. Other Canadian products came from ice cream manufacturers in 1925 and 1927, from Holland Creameries and Honey Boy, respectively. Billiken Cigars, a.k.a. "Cigarros Billiken", were distributed in Cuba from 1923 to 1924.

1930–1950
In the early 1930s, production soared, starting with the 1932 U.S. Caramel set. The popular 1933 Goudey Gum Co. issue, which included Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig cards, best identifies this era. In contrast to the economical designs standard in earlier decades, this card set featured bright, hand-colored player photos on the front. In addition, the backs provided brief biographies and personal information such as height, weight, and birthplace. The 240-card set, quite large for the time, included current players, former stars, and prominent minor leaguers. Individual cards measured 2+3/8 by, which Goudey printed on 24-card sheets and distributed throughout the year. The bulk of early National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees appear in this set.

1933 also saw the delivery of the World Wide Gum issue. World Wide Gum Co. was based in Montreal and had a close relationship with the Goudey Gum Company, as each of their four issues closely resembled a Goudey contemporary. Goudey, National Chicle, Delong, and a handful of other companies were competitive in the bubble gum and baseball card market until World War II began.

After 1941, cards would not be produced in any significant numbers until a few years after the end of the war. Then, wartime production transitioned into the post-war civilian consumer goods, and in 1948 baseball card production resumed in the U.S. with issues by the Bowman Gum and the Leaf Candy Company. At the same time, Topps Gum Company issued their Magic Photos set four years before they issued their first "traditional" card set. By 1950, Leaf had bowed out of the industry.

Japanese baseball cards became more numerous in 1947 and 1950. The cards were associated with Menko, a Japanese card game. Early baseball menko were often round and were printed on thick cardboard stock to facilitate the game.

1948–1980
Bowman was the major producer of baseball cards from 1948 to 1952. In 1952, Topps began to produce large sets of cards as well, releasing its first, created by Topps employee Sy Berger and publisher, Woody Gelman. The set is considered by collectors as the first modern baseball card set due to the new full-color photos, facsimile autographs, and the inclusion of statistics and bios printed on the back. The 1952 Topps set is the most sought-after post-World War set among collectors because of the scarcity of the Mickey Mantle rookie card, the first Mantle card issued by Topps. Although it is not his true rookie card (that honor belongs to his 1951 Bowman card), it is still considered the ultimate card to own of the post-war era.

Topps and Bowman then competed for customers and the rights to any baseball players' likeness. Two years later, Leaf stopped producing cards. In 1956, Topps bought out Bowman and enjoyed a largely unchallenged position in the U.S. market for the next two decades. From 1952 to 1969, Topps always offered five- or six-card nickel wax packs, and in 1952–1964 also offered one-card penny packs.

In the 1970s, Topps increased the cost of wax packs from 10 to 15 cents (with 8–14 cards depending on year) and also offered cello packs (typically around 18–33 cards) for 25 cents. Rack packs containing 39–54 cards could also be had for between 39 and 59 cents per pack.

This did not prevent a large number of regional companies from producing successful runs of trading cards. Additionally, several U.S. companies attempted to enter into the market at a national level. In 1959, Fleer, a gum company, signed Ted Williams to an exclusive contract and sold a set of cards featuring him. Williams retired in 1960, forcing Fleer to produce a set of Baseball Greats cards featuring retired players. Like the Topps cards, they were sold with gum. In 1963, Fleer produced a 67-card set of active players (this time with a cherry cookie in the packs instead of gum), which was unsuccessful, as most players were contractually obligated to appear exclusively in Topps trading card products. Post Cereals issued cards on cereal boxes from 1960 to 1963, and sister company Jell-O issued virtually identical cards on the backs of its packaging in 1962 and 1963.

In 1965, Topps licensed production to Canadian candy maker O-Pee-Chee. The O-Pee-Chee sets were identical to the Topps sets until 1969 when the backs of the cards were branded O-Pee-Chee. In 1970, due to federal legislation, O-Pee-Chee was compelled to add French-language text to the backs of its baseball cards.

In the 1970s, several companies took advantage of a new licensing scheme, not to take on Topps but to create premiums. For example, Kellogg's began to produce 3D-cards inserted with cereal and Hostess printed cards on packages of its baked goods.

In 1976, a company called TCMA, which mainly produced minor league baseball cards, produced a set of 630 cards consisting of Major League Ball players. The cards were produced under the Sports Stars Publishing Company, or SSPC. TCMA published a baseball card magazine named Collectors Quarterly, which it used to advertise its set, offering it directly via mail order. Due to a manufacturers' agreement, the cards were available directly from TCMA and were not made available again, like other sets issued by TCMA.

1981–1994
Fleer sued Topps in 1975 to break the company's monopoly on baseball cards and won, as in 1980, federal judge Clarence Charles Newcomer ended Topps Chewing Gum's exclusive right to sell baseball cards, allowing the Fleer Corporation to compete in the market. In 1981, Fleer and Donruss issued baseball card sets, both with gum. An appeal of the Fleer lawsuit by Topps clarified that Topps' exclusive rights only applied to cards sold with gum. After the appeal, Fleer and Donruss continued to produce cards issued without gum; Fleer included team logo stickers with their card packs, while Donruss introduced "Hall of Fame Diamond Kings" puzzles and included three puzzle pieces in each pack. In 1992, Topps' gum and Fleer's logo stickers were discontinued, with Donruss discontinuing the puzzle piece inserts the following year. With the issuance of a very popular and rare (compared to other sets at the time) set in 1984, Donruss began to take hold as one of the most popular card brands in competition with Topps. In particular, several rookie cards in the 1984 Donruss set are still considered the most desirable cards from that year of any brand (especially the Don Mattingly rookie card). Also in 1984, two monthly price guides came on the scene. Tuff Stuff and Beckett Baseball Card Monthly, published by Dr. James Beckett, attempted to track the approximate market value of several types of trading cards.

More collectors entered the hobby during the 1980s. As a result, manufacturers such as Score (which later became Pinnacle Brands) and Upper Deck entered the marketplace in 1988 and 1989 respectively. Upper Deck introduced several innovative production methods including tamper-proof foil packaging, hologram-style logos, and higher-quality card stock. This style of production allowed Upper Deck to charge a premium for its product, becoming the first mainstream baseball card product to have a suggested retail price of 99 cents per pack. In 1989, Upper Deck's first set included the Ken Griffey Jr. rookie card. Eighteen-year-old employee, Tom Geideman, selected the players for the inaugural 1989 set proposing Griffey, a minor leaguer at the time, for the coveted #1 spot. Griffey had yet to make his major league debut with the Seattle Mariners, so in order to create his rookie card, an image of him in his San Bernardino Spirits uniform was altered. The uniform was airbrushed royal blue, and the star on his hat was replaced with a yellow “S”. The card became highly sought-after until Griffey's persistent injury troubles caused his performance level to decline. As of the summer of 2022, Professional Sports Authenticator (PSA) certified over 4,000 copies of the 1989 Ken Griffey Jr. rookie card were graded a 10, or Gem Mint status.

The other major card companies followed suit and created card brands with higher price points. Topps resurrected the Bowman brand name in 1989. Topps produced a Stadium Club issue in 1991. 1992 proved to be a breakthrough year as far as the price of baseball cards was concerned, with the previous 50-cents per pack price being replaced by higher price points, overall higher-grade cardboard stock, and the widespread introduction of limited edition "inserts" across all product lines. 1992 was the beginning of the collectors' chase for "gold foil," which was commonly stamped on the limited edition "insert" cards. Notable examples from 1992's "insert" craze include Donruss Diamond Kings, which included gold-foil accents for the first time ever, and Fleer's host of gold foil-accented "insert" cards, including All-Stars and Rookie Sensations. 1992 was also the first year that "parallel" cards were introduced. In 1992, Topps produced Topps Gold "insert" cards of each card in the standard base set. The "parallel" Topps Gold cards had the player's name and team stamped in a banner of "gold foil" on the card front. The "parallel" moniker became popular to describe these cards because each and every card in the standard base set had an accompanying "insert" variation. In 1993, the card companies stepped up the "premium" card genre with "super premium" card sets, with Fleer debuting its "Flair" set and Topps debuting its "Topps Finest" set. Topps Finest was the first set to utilize refractors, a technology that utilized a reflective foil technology that gave the card a shiny "rainbow" appearance that proved extremely popular among hobbyists. Other notable "premium" card sets from the 1990s are as follows: Donruss issued its Leaf brand in 1990; Fleer followed with Fleer Ultra sets in 1991; and Score issued Pinnacle brand cards in 1992.

1995–current
Starting in 1997 with Upper Deck, companies began inserting cards with swatches of uniforms and pieces of game-used baseball equipment as part of a plan to generate interest. Card companies obtained all manner of memorabilia, from uniform jerseys and pants, to bats, gloves, caps, and even bases and defunct stadium seats to feed this new hobby demand. It is also in 1997 that the first "one-of-one" cards were released by Fleer, beginning with the 1997 Flair Showcase "Masterpieces" (the Ultra set would begin to include purple 1-of-1 masterpieces the following year). Both kinds of inserts remain popular staples in the hobby today.

The process and cost of multi-tiered printings, monthly set issues, licensing fees, and player-spokesman contracts made for a difficult market. Pinnacle Brands folded after 1998. Pacific, which acquired full licensing in 1994, ceased production in 2001. In 2005, Fleer went bankrupt and was bought out by Upper Deck, and Donruss lost the MLB license in 2006 (they also did not produce baseball cards in 1999 and 2000). At that time, the MLBPA limited the number of companies that would produce baseball cards to offset the glut in product, and to consolidate the market. As a result of the measure that included revoking the MLB/MLBPA production licenses from Donruss, only two companies remained; Topps and Upper Deck.

Topps and Upper Deck are the only two companies that retained production licenses for baseball cards of major league players. In a move to expand their market influence, Upper Deck purchased the Fleer brand and the remnants of its production inventory. After purchasing Fleer, Upper Deck took over production of the remaining products that were slated to be released. Upper Deck continues to issue products with the Fleer name, while Topps continues to release Bowman and Bazooka card products. Topps is also the only company that continues to produce pre-collated factory sets of cards.

Card companies are trying to maintain a sizable hobby base in a variety of ways. Especially prominent is a focus on transitioning the cards to an online market. Both Topps and Upper Deck have issued cards that require online registration, while Topps has targeted the investment-minded collector with its eTopps offering of cards that are maintained and traded at its website. Also, since the late 1990s, hobby retail shops and trade-show dealers found their customer base declining, with their buyers now having access to more items and better prices on the Internet. As more collectors and dealers purchased computers and began trusting the Internet as a "safe" venue to buy and sell, the transformation from the traditional retail shops and shows to Internet transactions changed the nature of the hobby.

During the same time period, MLBPA also introduced a new guideline for players to attain a rookie card. For years, players had been highlighted in previous sets as a rookie while still in the Minor Leagues. Such players would sometimes remain in the Minor Leagues for considerable time before attaining Major League status, making a player's rookie card released years before their first game as a major leaguer. The new guideline requires players to be part of a Major League team roster before a rookie card would be released in their name, and a designated "rookie card" logo printed on the face of the card. The rookie card logo shows the words "rookie card" over a baseball bat and home plate with the Major League Baseball logo in the top left corner.

Baseball cards garnered national media attention again in early 2007, when it was found that Topps' new Derek Jeter card had allegedly been altered just prior to final printing. A reported prankster inside the company had inserted a photo of Mickey Mantle into the Yankees' dugout and another showing a smiling President George W. Bush waving from the stands. Topps Spokesman Clay Luraschi later admitted that it was done on purpose by the Topps creative department.

In February 2007, one of the hobby's most expensive card, a near mint/mint professionally graded and authenticated T206 Honus Wagner, was sold to a private collector for $2.35 million. The card was sold again later that same year for a record-setting $2.8 million.

Throughout the 20th century, baseball cards were always made from cardboard. Now, companies use other materials that they claim can withstand being soaked in salt water.

In 2012, Topps created the Topps Bunt digital trading card app. The app has gained over 2 million users from more than 50 countries.

In 2020, baseball cards—and sports cards as a whole—received a big boost in popularity, with many citing the COVID-19 pandemic as a contributing factor.

Attributes
The obverse (front) of the card typically displays an image of the player with identifying information, including, but not limited to, the player's name and team affiliation. The reverse of most modern cards displays statistics and/or biographical information. Many early trade cards displayed advertisements for a particular brand or company on the back. Tobacco companies were the most instrumental in the proliferation of baseball cards, which they used as value added bonuses and advertisements for their products. Although the function of trading cards had much in common with business cards, the format of baseball cards initially most resembled that of playing cards. An example, is the design of 1951 Topps Baseball cards.

While there are no firm standards that limit the size or shape of a baseball card, most cards of today are rectangular, measuring 2+1/2 by.

Classification: the type card
Since early baseball cards were produced primarily as a marketing vehicle, collectors began to classify those cards by the 'type' of company producing the set. The system implemented by Jefferson Burdick in The American Card Catalog has become the de facto standard in identifying and organizing trade cards produced in the Americas pre-1951. The catalog itself extends into many other areas of collecting beyond the sport of baseball. Sets like 1909–1911 White Borders, 1910 Philadelphia Caramels, and 1909 Box Tops are most commonly referred to by their ACC catalog numbers (T206, E95, and W555, respectively).

Rare cards
The most valuable cards are worth millions. One T206 Honus Wagner card was sold at auction in May 2021 for $3,750,000. A 1952 Topps Mickey Mantle card, graded as PSA 9 on a scale of 1 (worst) to 10 (best), sold for $2,880,000 in 2018. Another Topps 1952 Mickey Mantle card, graded 9.5 by SGC, sold for $12,600,000 in August 2022, becoming the most valuable sports card and item of sports memorabilia of any sort of all time. Condition can play a huge role in the price. Other 1952 Topps Mantle cards, graded 1, have sold for as little as a few thousand dollars.

Collectors and dealers
Vintage baseball cards have been a prime focus of countless collectors and historians of one of America's favorite pastimes. Since rare baseball cards are difficult to find, collectors seek for ways to be aware of the rare cards that come into the trading or selling market. Baseball card collectors normally obtain them from other card collectors or from specialized dealers. Some dealers may sell rare baseball cards over the internet, very often on eBay.

Rare baseball cards may also be purchased at major baseball card shows. These events are held periodically in different cities, allowing baseball card collectors and dealers to meet. In valuing a card, the potential buyer takes into consideration the condition (or graded condition) of the card. Rookie cards, players' first cards, are the most valuable ones.

Sports card catalogs are a main source of obtaining detailed information on baseball cards. Online catalogs typically also contain tools for collection management and trading platforms.

Alan Rosen was a high-profile card dealer, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1986, he purchased a previously unknown trove of baseball cards, the "1952 Topps Find"; he claimed to have paid upwards of $125,000 (including a finder's fee and police protection) for 5500 cards. He sold an ungraded Mickey Mantle for $1000 that year, bought it back for $40,000 in 1991 and quickly flipped it to Anthony Giordano for $50,000. That card was sold at auction for a new record price for all sports memorabilia in 2023 - $12,600,000, including buyer's premium - shattering the previous record for a baseball card (a T206 Honus Wagner, for $6,600,000 in 2021) and for sports memorabilia (the jersey Diego Maradona was wearing when he scored the infamous "hand of God" goal in the 1986 World Cup, for $9,300,000 in 2022).

United States
Baseball cards in the United States have gone through numerous changes in everything from production and marketing to distribution and use. The earliest cards were targeted primarily at adults as they were produced and associated by photographers selling services and tobacco companies in order to market their wares. By the early 1910s, many cards were issued as part of games and confection companies began to distribute their own card sets.

The market in the United States has been particularly affected by issues both sports and non-sports related. Economic effects of World War I, World War II, and the Great Depression have all had a major impact on the production of cards. For example, World War I suppressed baseball card production to the point where only a handful of sets were produced until the economy had transitioned away from wartime industrialization.

The 1994 players' strike caused a decline in interest and industry consolidation. Yet, with the advent and acceptance of third-party companies bringing greater objectivity in the grading of baseball cards (coupled with online marketing), the vintage baseball card business has become quite popular again, with sales in the multi-millions of dollars recorded every year for at least ten years. Player performance records and other demand variables are reflected by baseball card prices.

The Topps monopoly
Topps' purchase of Bowman led to a stranglehold on player contracts. Since Topps had no competition and there was no easy way for others to break into the national market, the company had a de facto monopoly. However, several regional sets featuring players from local teams, both major league and minor league, were issued by various companies.

Over the years, there was also a great deal of resistance from other companies. In 1967, Topps faced an attempt to undermine its position from the Major League Baseball Players Association, the League's nascent players' union. Struggling to raise funds, the MLBPA discovered that it could generate significant income by pooling the publicity rights of its members and offering companies a group license to use their images on various products. After initially putting players on Coca-Cola bottlecaps, the union concluded that the Topps contracts did not pay players adequately for their rights.

Fleer even filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission alleging that Topps was engaged in unfair competition through its aggregation of exclusive contracts. A hearing examiner ruled against Topps in 1965, but the Commission reversed this decision on appeal. The Commission concluded that because the contracts only covered the sale of cards with gum, competition was still possible by selling cards with other small, low-cost products. However, Fleer chose not to pursue such options and instead sold its remaining player contracts to Topps for $395,000 in 1966.

Soon after, MLBPA executive director Marvin Miller then approached Joel Shorin, the president of Topps, about renegotiating these contracts. At this time, Topps had every major league player under contract, generally for five years plus renewal options, so Shorin declined. After continued discussions went nowhere, before the 1968 season, the union asked its members to stop signing renewals on these contracts, and offered Fleer the exclusive rights to market cards. Although Fleer declined the proposal, by the end of 1973, Topps had agreed to double its payments to each player from $125 to $250, and also to begin paying players a percentage of Topps' overall sales. The figure for individual player contracts has since increased to $500. Since then, Topps used individual player contracts as the basis for its baseball cards.

Fleer vs. Topps
In April 1975, Fleer asked for Topps to waive its exclusive rights and allow Fleer to produce stickers, stamps, or other small items featuring active baseball players. Topps refused, and Fleer then sued both Topps and the MLBPA to break the Topps monopoly. After several years of litigation, the court ordered the union to offer group licenses for baseball cards to companies other than Topps. Fleer and another company, Donruss, were thus allowed to begin making cards in 1981. Fleer's legal victory was overturned after one season, but they continued to manufacture cards, substituting stickers with team logos for gum. Donruss distributed their cards with a Jigsaw puzzle piece.

Canada
The history of baseball cards in Canada is somewhat similar to that of baseball cards in the United States. The first cards were trade cards, then cards issued with tobacco products and later candies and gum. World Wide Gum and O-Pee-Chee both produced major sets during the 1930s.

In 1952, Topps started distributing its American made cards in Canada. In 1965 O-Pee-Chee re-entered the baseball card market producing a licensed version of the Topps set. From 1970 until the last Topps based set was produced in 1992 the cards were bi-lingual French/English to comply with Canadian law

From 1985 until 1988, Donruss issued a parallel Canadian set under the Leaf name. The set was basically identical to the Donruss issues of the same years however it was bi-lingual. All the Leaf sets were produced in the United States.

There were several promotional issues issued by Canadian firms since Major League Baseball began in Canada in 1969. There were also several public safety sets issued, most notably the Toronto Blue Jays fire safety sets of the 1980s and early 1990s and the Toronto Public Libraries "Reading is fun" set of 1998 and 1999. These sets were distributed in the Toronto area. The cards were monolingual and only issued in English.

Japan
The first baseball cards appeared in Japan in the late 19th century. Unlike American cards of the same era, the cards utilized traditional Japanese pen-and-ink illustrations. In the 1920s, black-and-white photo postcards were issued, but illustrated cards were the norm until the 1950s. That decade brought about cards which incorporated photos of players, mostly in black and white. Menko cards also became popular at the time.

NPB branded baseball cards are currently widely available in Japanese toy stores, convenience stores, sports stores, and as bonus items included in certain packages of potato chips.

Starting in 2021, Topps has distributed NPB baseball cards, with the same design as the MLB releases. Boxes sell for ¥13,200 on Topps' Japan website.

United Kingdom
In 1987 and 1988 the American company Topps issued two series of American baseball cards featuring cards from American and Canadian Major League Baseball teams in the UK. The full color cards were produced by Topps Republic of Ireland subsidiary company and contained explanations of baseball terms. Given baseball's lack of popularity in the United Kingdom, the issues were unsuccessful.

Latin America
Topps issued licensed sets in Venezuela from 1959 to 1977. Most of the set had Spanish in place of the English text on the cards and the sets included winter league players. There were locally produced cards depicting players from the winter leagues produced by Offset Venezolana C.A., Sport Grafico, and others which were in production until the late 1990s.

In Cuba, sets were issued first in the early 1900s. By the 1930s various candy, gum and chocolate makers were offering cards, most notably Baguer Chocolate. The post-World War Two era had cards issued by magazines, candy makers, Coca-Cola, and of course a gum company. In post revolution Cuba, baseball cards were still issued.

Several sets of Mexican League baseball cards have been issued in the past few years.

American made cards of Major League Baseball players-Puerto Rican and internationals-are widely available in Puerto Rico.

Australia
Australian produced baseball cards were first released in 1990 by the then newly created trading card company Futera. These cards featured players from the newly created Australian Baseball League. Subsequent baseball cards were released annually in boxed sets or foil packs until 1996 when declining interest saw production cease. No new baseball cards were released in Australia until Select Australia released six team sets of cards during the 2012-13 Australian Baseball League season. This was then followed up by Dingo Trading Cards releasing multiple baseball card team sets during the 2013-14 Australian Baseball League season.

Price guides
Price guides are used mostly to list the prices of different baseball cards in many different conditions. One of the most famous price guides is the Beckett price guide series. The Beckett price guide is a graded card price guide, which means it is graded by a 1–10 scale, one being the lowest possible score and ten the highest. In addition, Professional Sports Authenticator (PSA) grades cards 1–10, and can authenticate autographs as well. Other grading companies include Beckett, SGC, and CGC.

title: Baseball card


text:
Talk:Mayaguez incident

Recent Edits Dispute regarding last man.
The article currently states:

 * "At 20:00 Knife 51 landed and began loading in the dark and under fire. Having loaded everyone save for themselves, Captain Davis and Gunnery Sergeant McNemar combed the beach looking for stragglers. Knife 51 Pararescueman Technical Sergeant Wayne Fisk was at the end of the ramp when two more Marines stumbled out of the darkness. Fisk asked Davis if all his men were aboard and he confirmed they were, and Fisk combed the beach one last time for stragglers. Finding none, he leaped onto the hovering CH-53 and at 20:10 Knife 51 left Koh Tang for the Coral Sea."

However, this is incorrect as per the works listed below:

 * Koh Tang / Mayaguez Veterans Association and their upload of Greg Wilson's account of the events on Koh Tang
 * The 'The Last Boarding Party: The USMC and the SS Mayaguez, 1975,' by Clayton K. S. Chun.
 * Guilmartin, John F. 1995. A very short war the Mayaguez and the Battle of Koh Tang. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

 * A further work worthy of note is: 'Monograph 5: Fourteen Hours at Koh Tang 29th December, 1975' prepared by Captain Thomas D. Des Brisay for General Louis L. Wilson, Jr. - Reviewed by Headquarters Pacific (USAF).

And so, this paragraph should read:

 * "At 20:00 Knife 51 landed and began loading in the dark and under fire. Having loaded everyone save for himself, Knife 51 Pararescueman Technical Sergeant Wayne Fisk combed the beach looking for stragglers until he stumbled upon two marines providing covering fire for Knife 51. Immediately, Fisk escorts the marines back to Knife 51". Fisk asked Davis if all his men were aboard and he confirmed they were. Fisk leaped onto the hovering CH-53 and at 20:10 Knife 51 left Koh Tang for the Coral Sea''.

As only Technical Sergeant Wayne Fisk departed Knife 51 in search of any marines left behind, not Captain Davis and Gunnery Sergeant McNemar

EDJT840 (talk) 13:35, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

cc User:Mztourist — Preceding unsigned comment added by EDJT840 (talk • contribs) 16:32, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

The current wording comes from Ralph Wetterhahn's book and the official USMC history, which I regard as more reliable sources than the two books that EDJT840 has cited. Mztourist (talk) 02:51, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

And, as it stands, Ralph Wetterhahn's book is mistaken. As per the sources above (one of which is the official stance of the United States Air Force) and another, from the very Marines themselves. I standby the requested change in the interest of historical accuracy.

The United States Air Force Historical Support Division equally, with a series of primary and secondary sources only note that 'Fisk' departed from the helicopter. EDJT840 (talk) 09:46, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

Furthermore, Guilmartin's account has received praise for its accuracy regarding the helicopter borne assault on Koh Tang. His section covering this is in keeping with Wise's and Reminick's. EDJT840 (talk) 09:53, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Who says Guilmartin's account has received praise for its accuracy? Unlike Wetterhahn he didn't interview the Khmer Rouge and gave no account of the 3 Marines left behind. Mztourist (talk) 11:57, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

 * My apologies on this late reply Mztourist. Guilmartin's work, despite its lack of mention of those three marines left behind, is applauded by Siegel, Meiliniger, and Charles D. Brown (the first two being academic/historians, the latter a member of the Koh Tang / Mayaguez Veterans Association). Guilmartin's, and others' works differ from the account listed on Wikipedia. Guilmartin's account of the entire thing is as follows (pardon my lack of references, you can see his via his work):

 * - The Marines pullback to a horseshoe, and become stagnant. Davis and McNemar address this by moving along the perimeter, forcing the marines to move towards Knife 51.
 * - As they did, Fisk departs with permission from Brimm.
 * - Fisk conducted an orderly withdrawal, following Davis and McNemar aboard Knife 51.
 * - Fisk again requests permission to deplane, as he leaves, two marines barge past onto Knife 51.
 * - Fisk locates Davis aboard Knife 51, asking if all were aboard; Davis says yes.
 * - Fisk once again asks for permission to decamp, as he does so, McNemar follows suit.
 * - Fisk runs back towards Knife 51, where 'seeing him coming, NcNemar jumped back aboard' (and so, McNemar did not follow him, nor did Davis). [Further supported by DCS Plans and Operations, HQ PACAF, in Assault on Koh Tang, p. 12].

 * Admittedly, this differs from my proposed edit, as my other supporting sources (listed above) propose that Fisk found the marines, instead of them barging past.

 * Also, Ralph Wetterhahn's work does not support the current paragraph on the Wikipedia page, instead, agrees entirely with Guilmartins account (save for a few additional details), see pp. 246.247.EDJT840 (talk) 12:55, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I can't be bothered debating this any further. Mztourist (talk) 13:09, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mayaguez incident


text:
Talk:Brandenburger Regiment

Untitled
might want to mention what war and what army (it seems to be ww2 and the us army)

Its actually the german army, they dressed up as U.S. and Supposedly USSR troops to infiltrate the lines and carry out sabotage work...

And yes, the articles should be merged.

I agree, the articles should be merged.

I've linked to this article a lot because ive been working on detailing a lot of Abwehr II stuff. Keep Brandenburg/Brandenburger Regiment and merge. If anyone knows anything about No.1 SS special Service troop can you let me know? thanks Fluffy999 21:30, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge---Tomtom9041 22:19, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brandenburger Regiment


text:
Mastermind

Mastermind, Master Mind or The Mastermind may refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Mastermind (Jason Wyngarde), a fictional supervillain in Marvel Comics, a title also held by his daughters:
 * Martinique Jason, the first daughter and successor of the Mastermind
 * Lady Mastermind, the second daughter and successor of the Mastermind
 * Mastermind (computer), a character in Marvel Comics' Captain Britain
 * Mastermind, an enemy of the Challengers of the Unknown in DC Comics

Literature

 * The Master Mind; or, The Key to Mental Power Development and Efficiency, a 1913 non-fiction book by William Walker Atkinson, writing as Theron Q. Dumont
 * The Master Mind (1913), a novel by Marvin Dana, a novelization of the 1913 play by Daniel D. Carter
 * "Master Mind" (comics), a comic strip in British comic Buster
 * Mastermind: How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes, a 2013 non-fiction book by Maria Konnikova
 * The Mastermind: Drugs. Empire. Murder. Betrayal., a 2019 non-fiction book by Evan Ratliff
 * Masterminds, a novel series by Gordon Korman

Films

 * Master Minds (1949 film), a 1949 American comedy film in The Bowery Boys series
 * Mastermind (1976 film), a Charlie Chan spoof feature film, released in 1976
 * Masterminds (1997 film), an American action comedy
 * Masterminds (2013 film), a direct to DVD film
 * Masterminds (2016 film), an American comedy film
 * The Master Mind (1914 film), an American crime/drama film, based on a 1913 play
 * The Master Mind (1920 film), a lost American silent crime drama, also based on the play
 * Wallander: Mastermind, a 2005 Swedish film
 * Master Mind (2015 film), an Indian Kannada-language film
 * Master Mind, the original title of 2010 film Megamind

Television

 * Mastermind (British game show), a British quiz show
 * Mastermind India, an Indian quiz show based on the British show
 * Mastermind (Irish game show), an Irish quiz show based on the British show
 * Mastermind (Australian game show), an Australian version of the show
 * Masterminds (Canadian TV series), a true crime documentary
 * Masterminds (quiz bowl), an American TV show
 * Master Minds (game show), a successor to Best Ever Trivia Show
 * Mastermind (audio drama), a 2013 Doctor Who drama

Music

 * Mastermind (American band), a progressive rock band
 * Dr. Mastermind, an American heavy metal band
 * Herbie the Mastermind, a British DJ

Albums

 * Mastermind (Tina Cousins album), 2005
 * Mastermind (Monster Magnet album), 2010
 * Mastermind (Rick Ross album), 2014
 * Mastermind (EP), by Beast, 2010

Songs

 * "Mastermind", a song by Mike Oldfield from the 1999 album The Millennium Bell
 * "Mastermind", a song by Mindless Self Indulgence from the 2008 album If
 * "Mastermind", a song by Megadeth from the 1997 album Cryptic Writings
 * "Mastermind", a song by Deltron 3030 from the 2000 album Deltron 3030
 * Mastermind (song), a song by Taylor Swift from the 2022 album Midnights

Other uses

 * Mastermind (board game), a classic board game
 * Mastermind (role variant), in the Keirsey Temperament Sorter
 * Mastermind Toys, a Canadian chain of toy stores
 * Mastermind School, in Dhaka, Bangladesh

title: Mastermind


text:
Talk:Lucius Malfoy

Note: This article has been redirected to Talk:Dark wizards in Harry Potter

Family Tree
The Black sisters are in the wrong order on the tree. It's supposed to be Bellatrix, Andromeda, and then Narcissa.

Also, the father of Lucius, Abraxas Malfoy was left out. --195.228.10.55 20:46, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Okay people, _why_ is the Black family tree here?! Yes, Lucius appears in the tree... but I find it pointless to put it here. If you insist in having a tree, someone could allways put a link, since he is not a Black, but has ties to the family

The Color
See Talk: Barty Crouch Jr., and the Edit War on Color. Please! We need to fix this problem!Emily 17:15, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Explain to me why you are posting this on several HP characters' talk pages when we are more than capable of discussing it on just the one? I have them all in my watchlist. — NathanHP (T • C • W) 07:49, 28 March 2006 (UTC) oops, sorry?

This topic of Info Box Colours is being discussed on the Harry Potter Project talk page please put forth you views there, to try and reach a consensus. Also could I please remind everybody to remain civil and respect other peoples opinions. Thanks. Death Eater Dan    ( Muahaha ) 23:42, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I was corrected - the correct infobox colours are at WikiProject_Harry_Potter/Templates. There is no problem, just a misunderstanding. — NathanHP (T • C • W) 05:32, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Occupation
I only just noticed, reading through the fifth book: Is it ever mentioned, what Lucius does for a living? He is supposed to be immensely rich, but even a huge inheritance cannot sustain a family for a longer period of time, especially not in as luxurious a life style as the malfoys obviously demand. What does Lucius do? — Mütze 01:45, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You should check out this URL - - http://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/fictional/15.html - - for it lists Lucius as the 15th richest person in the world @ 900 Millon.  Craige...  209.11.184.1 21:38, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Amusing, but net really canon. :-D — Mütze 14:12, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * when lucius first encounters arthur weasley on film, he somewhat casualy reflects that he will see him 'at work', not only implying that they work in the same local ('the ministry of magic') but that their offices or physical distances are such that normal encounters are at least expected. can much be construed from this? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Carlosbenjamin (talk • contribs) 06:41, 7 May 2007 (UTC).

 * He was on Hogwarts' gubernatorial board, but was sacked from that in CoS. Don't know what position he took after that. Therequiembellishere 00:09, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Age Difference
Lucius and Narcissa are approx 20 years apart in age. They couldn't have attended school together.

You might wanna change that. Hillary Newton

 * 1954 and 1955 is NOT 20 years. Michaelsanders 15:34, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Loyalty?
please tell me someone noticed the stuff written under Loyalty. Gay pride? Ponytails? what!? im new to this whole editing thing, but that needs to be fixed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.156.128.19 (talk) 15:09, 21 January 2007 (UTC).
 * Given that that vandalism was removed yesterday a minute after it was added, I'd say it was pretty likely that someone noticed. Michaelsanders 15:12, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Modified verbiage: Dobby given clothes
This is my first modification so I hope I did it correctly. I modified verbiage related to the freeing of Dobby. The previous version inaccurately stated (according to the film) that Dobby threw Malfoy down a flight of stairs. Also adjusted "tone" related to the "filthy sock" and attempted to make the text more easily understandable. We know Harry had gotten dirty but have to assume the sock was fresh that morning. lol. ZouBEini 01:15, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Hair Colour and Eye Colour
What on Earth?! Eye colo(u)r and hair colo(u)r are missing from all HP characters; how, when and why?

.....well, because its not relavent in the slightest and too in-universe for wikipedia -- Gen. S.T. Shrink  *Get to the bunker*  02:19, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lucius Malfoy


text:
George

George may refer to:

Names

 * George (given name)
 * George (surname)

People

 * George (singer), American-Canadian singer George Nozuka, known by the mononym George
 * George V, King of Great Britain, Ireland, the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 1910 to 1936
 * George VI, King of Great Britain, Ireland, the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 1936 to 1952
 * Prince George of Wales
 * George Papagheorghe, also known as Jorge / GEØRGE
 * George, stage name of Giorgio Moroder
 * George, son of Andrew I of Hungary

South Africa

 * George, Western Cape
 * George Airport

United States

 * George, Iowa
 * George, Missouri
 * George, Washington
 * George County, Mississippi
 * George Air Force Base, a former U.S. Air Force base located in California

Computing

 * George (algebraic compiler) also known as 'Laning and Zierler system', an algebraic compiler by Laning and Zierler in 1952
 * GEORGE (computer), early computer built by Argonne National Laboratory in 1957
 * GEORGE (operating system), a range of operating systems (George 1–4) for the ICT 1900 range of computers in the 1960s
 * GEORGE (programming language), an autocode system invented by Charles Leonard Hamblin in 1957
 * George (robot), a simple humanoid robot built by Tony Sale in 1949

Film and television

 * George (1972 TV series), a Canadian-Swiss television series
 * George (1993 TV series), a short-lived sitcom starring George Foreman
 * George, the sixth MGM lion
 * "George" (M*A*S*H), a 1974 episode of the television series M*A*S*H

Print

 * George (magazine), a magazine founded by John F. Kennedy, Jr.
 * George (novel), a 2016 novel by Alex Gino
 * (George), a 1970 novel by E. L. Konigsburg

Music

 * George (band), an Australian band
 * George (EP), an EP by Cartman
 * "George" (song), a song by Headless Chickens
 * "George", a 1959 spoken word track by Joyce Grenfell

Transport

 * Autopilot, affectionately known as "George"
 * George (bus service), a bus service in Falls Church, Virginia, United States
 * George (ship), an Australian sloop wrecked in 1806
 * Kawanishi N1K-J, a Japanese fighter aircraft Allied codenamed "George"
 * Pullman porters, often referred to as "George"

Animals

 * George (dog), a Jack Russell Terrier who defended children from a two-dog attack
 * George (lobster)
 * George (snail)
 * Lonesome George, the last Pinta Island tortoise

Other uses

 * George (club), a members club on Mount Street in London's Mayfair district
 * George (fashion label), a clothing brand sold exclusively in Walmart and Asda stores
 * George (vacuum cleaner)
 * Greenhouse George, a nuclear bomb

title: George


text:
Talk:Colonial history of the United States

Colonial history of the United States / Colonial history of America
This article is one big naming quandary. As you may know, until recently it was called "Colonial history of the United States." Then someone changed the name, because back then there was no such thing as the United States. But the new name is no more appropriate, because today's United States is only a small part of America. Neither can we merge it into British colonization of the Americas, because the British had other colonies in Canada and the Caribbean. Help, anyone? -Smack 00:31, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Why was it moved from "Colonial history of the United States"? Currently, it seems to focus on the British colonies... is it to be about the colonial era of the land that is now the USA, or the colonial era of the Americas generally? Either way, the Spanish had settlements in Florida (including St. Augustine, which is older than Jamestown and still inhabited) and the southwestern US, and the French controlled Louisiana. If we really want a thorough history of the colonies that once were what is now the USA, Russia controlled Alaska. What's the focus of this article? Kwertii 19:00, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * It was moved because there was no entity called the 'United States' during the time which this article describes. (I am not the one who moved it, btw.)  I am, however, the one who wrote most of the text that is now in the article (see my profile for information as to why it's unfinished), and I did intend to cover to some extent the history of non-British colonies that were later annexed (Florida, New Netherland, Louisiana, etc.)  -Smack 22:04, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * Certainly the United States of America was not formed until later, but the previous title of "Colonial history of the United States" was certainly a better reflection of the article contents than the title "Colonial America". -- Infrogmation 17:06, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think I have come up with a solution to the naming dilemma. We should call this article "Pre-National History of the United States."  Does anyone have any objections?  -Smack 06:04, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)  P.S: Before registering your objections, please read the discussion above. -Smack
 * Yes. That name is horrendous.  RickK 06:06, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * That's awkward, but it's certainly much better than the article's current title. -- Infrogmation 17:06, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Rename it British North America (1492-1776)
Rename the article "British North America (1492-1776)" and include information on Canada, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. No offense, but I think Americans are somewhat narrow-minded in that they only focus on their own pre-revolution history, rather than look at their SHARED pre-revolution history with other British North Americans. When offering a general discussion of British American colonies of that time, there is no reason to exclude Newfoundland and Nova Scotia - it's already pointed out in the article that the British colonies differed widely in character, founding principles, etc, so why exclude these colonies? Even after the declaration of independence, two sides of the story should be told, both from the side of the colonies which participated in the revolution, and those which fought against it.
 * I agree. I am American, but there is no narrow mindedness here.  Although, I thought the 13 colonies were administered separately from those up in modern day Canada?  I vote for "British North America", and, as well I would add in the country infobox with appx population, official flag, languages.  In fact, if I get no objection I will add the infobox myself.  IT would really help the article look better, although I request help from those who might have demographics information for the time period (Canadians? I think maybe you guys might know as you were all in the colonies for much longer) user:Pzg Ratzinger

I find it a bit strange that this is not linked to British history in the context of all its other colonies in British America? I mean while the 13 (then 14 Colonies) and Canada and the Caribbean colonies / Central American Colonies were ruled in a non-confederate sense, they were all ruled by Great Britain. I find it a bit strange to claim this is an American history page when there was no United States of America at the time. There seems to be a huge historical disambiguation between North America and America in-terms of British rule, either way this written in a historical vacuum with no links to the other American colonies.

"North America" misleading
This article is very misleading. For one thing Columbus never visited North America, and it's even possible he was unaware of its existence. He spent much of his eight years in the area bouncing between the Caribbean and South America, apparently looking for Japan (Cipangu).

Amerigo Vespucci, likewise, never set foot in North America. That honor goes to Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot), the discoverer of Newfoundland, and possibly Nova Scotia (at least he's the first we know about). sugarfish 00:12, 17 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * I never said that Columbus discovered North America. The opening paragraph reads, as it did when I wrote it, "the lands of the Western Hemisphere."  It also explains that North America was a "backwater of colonialism." -Smack 05:54, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Possible Religious Bias
I hate American History....It seems so depressing....unlike Russian history where the bolsheviks killed a bunch of people....wait thats depressing as well....oh well...we cant have it all

In speaking about religious toleration versus religious "domination", author appears to be presenting his or her own opinion. Possible Bias. Any comments? Lukilus
 * It's perfectly accurate. Pilgrims came to New England seeking to establish a society in which they could enforce their religious convictions. They weren't seeking a place where others were free to practice their own convictions. That concept would come later. It's not a disputed point of history. - Nunh-huh 03:06, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Iroquois not French
Little problem with the French and Indian war section - "The war is called the French and Indian because the Iroquois confederacy, which had been playing the British and the French against each other successfully for decades, saw that Britain was getting the upper hand and threw itself decisively into the French camp." The Iroquis were actually on the British side, whereas the Huron (among others) sided with the French. Any objections to a change?

Northern America = New Spain
The New Spain was also known as "Northen America", also Mexico's first declaration of independece was with the name of "Northen America" and an official document was signed in 1813 called Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America see: Mexican War of Independence. -JC 26 September 2007 20:40 (PST)

Lack of recognition of Indigenous sovereignty
This article has little mention of the multiple indigenous polities that existed during the colonial era of the United States. James Merrell, an historian, explains in Second Thoughts on Colonial Histories and American Indians ," there needs to be a greater consideration of Native peoples in early United States history" (Merrell 451). Native peoples made significant challenges to the dominance of European powers through governments and coalitions that existed during the same time (Merrell 479). Therefore, it is important to recognize the major influence of indigenous peoples during this time period.Digit2334 (talk) 21:44, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree with Digit2334. There are multiple sources for this, ones that come to mind for me are specifically r/t French colonization, White's The Middle Ground and Michael Witgen's An Infinity of Nations, but the East Coast is covered by Jean O'Brien's Firsting and Lasting, the Midwest by Miles' Ties that Bind, the Southwest by Blackhawk's Violence over the Land, and the Pacific Northwest by Reid's The Sea is my Country, Cothran's Remembering the Modoc War, and Thrush's Native Seattle.
 * That is to say, there's a wealth of important information r/t Native sovereignty that's left out of the history on this page. Also, discussion of the destruction caused by (and continued to be caused by) the colonization discussed here, I think, should be added. --Hobomok (talk) 19:42, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

Colonial Pennsylvania
Some brief history about 24.102.240.75 (talk) 02:05, 15 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:List of architectural styles

Discussion
Should critical regionalism be included on this page? there is an article on it but it is not connected... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.105.89.38 (talk) 10:12, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

How about Pueblo Revival Style? Cmyk 01:52, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmyk (talk • contribs) 01:52, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

This page needs lots of working. The information is inadequate and sometimes incorrect.

(orig posted by KRS on Warofdreams' talk page) Regarding your edits in Architectural style, it is good that you have removed the short descriptive sentences(which I have been wanting to do for some time).

But your categorisation is not accurate, though you have claimed it to be. I think the earlier categorisation was better and more accurate, probably because I ordered it out of the confusion which existed earlier:-)

Some of the mistakes as of now are - 1.You can't classify something as Western tradition, probably under Western architecture 2.Islamic architecture is not under Western tradition. 3. Deconstructivism is not usually classified under Postmodern architecture, it is one of the many directions after modernism. Or you should use post Modern Modern with a gap, in the sense of after.

You have also removed links by changing the names, if you do that you have to use the disambiguation technique so that the links still are valid.

Will be changing it shortly. If you have anything to clarify, let's discuss in Talk Page of article. KRS 15:51, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I think this is more accurate, though as you point out, it still needs lots of work. Why not Western tradition?  Islamic architecture is heavily influenced by the Western tradition, most immediately by Byzantine architecture (of course there are other influences).  Deconstructivism is often classified under postmodern architecture, but Post Modern architecture would suit me fine.  Which links have been removed? Point them out and I'll happily reinsert them - thought I had them all.  Warofdreams 15:58, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * There are lots of directions after modernism, Postmodernism being only one of them. Also, after the advent of modernism, also called as international style, the directions can no longer be called Western. Hence the very classification under Western tradition is not correct after this period. For example, Critical Regionalism is a direction which though has universal application, is more followed in countries such as India, Japan, etc.,And Islamic architecture is not influenced heavily by Western tradition at all.

KRS 16:12, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * There is already a page on Deconstructivism, removed by edit to Deconstructivist architecture. KRS 16:03, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Arts and Crafts
The Arts and Crafts style has been overlooked here. Perhaps an external link is required?
 * Done. Bards (talk) 19:43, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Type of Architecture?
There's a style of architecture whose name I do not know but I'm curious about. The general idea is that something very beautiful and ornate is concealed behind something which is worn and ugly. For example, if you've heard of "The Ruins" restaurant in Seattle, it's a very opulent restaurant concealed inside an old warehouse. The outside is very worn, but inside they build some sort of a substructure to make it appear like its own building inside a building. In the movie Face/Off, as well, the apartment there is much like this style. Does anyone know what this is called/have any information about it?

 * I believe this is a facet of Postmodern Architecture. "Building-within-a-building" and the combination of multiple unrelated architectural styles - does "polystylistic" sound right? Kibblesnbits 22:08, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

I have a question
I live in central Illinois and in any downtown around here there are tall, narrow buildings all next to each other in a block. They were built from like 1865-1920ish. What kind of architectural style could this be? This picture shows some of kind of buildings I'm talking about: http://www.city-data.com/picfilesc/picc34794.php —Preceding unsigned comment added by Soyseñorsnibbles (talk • contribs) 22:15, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * These might be Chicago School. Bards (talk) 20:10, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * (opinion) Probably not Chicago School, more like commercial Italianate or commercial Queen Anne. neither of which are discussed on wikipediaCarptrash (talk) 21:11, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks. If you are inclined to, please take a look at the lists in this article and make corrections. My knowledge of US styles is fairly limited. Bards (talk) 10:30, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Sure, God willing and the creek don't rise. The article's coverage of the commercial versions of the styles is pretty .... nonexistent.

Nordic & Viking architectural styles.
The dragon-headed stave architectural of the 1100's and presumably earlier (which Stave churches are made in) should probably be added in-between Norman & Gothic architecture. Though an article would have to be made. Nagelfar (talk) 10:25, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Removed item at the top of article
Have removed following item from the top of the article as it makes no sense the way it is written:

 * classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time period, region, etc. It overlaps with, and emerges from the study of the evolution and history of architecture. In architectural history, the study of Gothic architecture, for instance, would include all aspects of the cultural context that went into the design and construction of these structures. Architectural style is a way of classifying architecture that gives emphasis to characteristic features of design, leading to a terminology such as Gothic "style".

Is it meant to be recommendations of how to edit the article, or an intro, or what? Anyway, it makes little sense the way it is written. Please re-enter and edit the text, so it makes more sense. Dieter Simon (talk) 00:05, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. Bards (talk) 21:15, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Does architecture or style emerge from history?
There is a sentence in the first paragraph: "Most architecture can be classified as a chronology of styles which changes over time.", and another in the second paragraph: "Styles therefore emerge from the history of a society...", which seem to depend on a commitment to a historicist or idealist account of architecture. Although buildings are classified in a chronological order of styles, it doesn't follow that architecture or styles emerge from history.

For example, one may argue that the gothic style didn't emerge from history but from a specific building in Saint-Denis in 1144. We may, of course, include such a discovery in a historical sequence, but it is unclear whether it emerged from that sequence. Futurism refuted rather than emerged from traditional styles (although one might perhaps say it "emerged" from social unrest). Many contemporary buildings evade styles altogether by being "non-referential", arbitrary, or accidental even.

Therefore, I suggest a more neutral description of architecture or style: one that doesn't assume that they emerge from history.

Kopare (talk) 20:29, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Is there a distinctive "theme park" architectural style?
One might argue that some theme parks, particularly those of the Disney variety, have a distinctive architectural and planning style - it is a combination of styles, really, but there is a distinctive logic underlying those styles, revolving around the functioning of theme parks. Do any reliable sources support such a hypothesis? 68.37.254.48 (talk) 17:16, 6 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I suppose there's a "Disneyland-zukuri" style, as there are five separate parks, in various parts of the world, built in appearance to be somewhat similar to each other. Each park, roughly speaking, has a Victorian style "main street" midway, an Asian/Southeast Asian/Oceanic "Adventureland", a modernist or futuristic "Tomorrowland", a somewhat earlier looking Anglo-American/rustic "Frontierland", and an European-vernacular/Gothic inspired "Fantasyland" (although the parks vary in the details). The retail buildings are often interconnected, so that big-box style stores can take on the appearance of a set of small stores. The corridors are wide, paved walkways; buildings often have enormous gallery areas to accommodate lines of people (each in line with whatever theme belongs to the ride and the area). At the center of each park is a "fairy-tale" castle. One could argue that there is an architectural/planning style connecting all five or so of the parks in question. 68.37.254.48 (talk) 17:33, 6 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The parks in question are Disneyland, the Magic Kingdom, Disneyland Park (Paris), Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland, and Shanghai Disneyland Park. The parks may have influenced Beijing Shijingshan Amusement Park, Nara Dreamland, Freedomland U.S.A.,Magic Mountain, and Pleasure Island. 68.37.254.48 (talk) 17:42, 6 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Theme parks are usually just regional revivalist styles. Usually they will dip their toes in multiple styles at a time. Magjozs (talk) 16:40, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

I am staying awake nights because
I don't think that Chicago Style and Commercial Style is the same thing. My insomnia is compounded by the fact that the claim that they are the same is made by a dead link. Marcus Whiffen (WHAT! a red link?) in his American ArchitectureSince 1780: A Guide to the Styles does not have them as being the same. Condit, in his groundbreaking The Chicago School of Architecture suggests that they might be the same thing, but then he goes up to Harry Weese and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, which we also seem to do even though these are clearly a different style from the earlier stuff. As my wife might say, "We have a relationship so let's talk about it." Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 17:54, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

This Chronology Section is Crazy
it seems as though the chronology section wants to categorize based upon eras and regions at the same time. The problem with this is that the European method of tracking eras (prehistoric, classical, medieval, Modern) does not translate very well to regional civilization eras. This is especially true for the Americas where you probably should not split architecture up into classical and medieval categories. THe whole thing seems quite confusing. Magjozs (talk) 16:39, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, this article gave me a headache just trying to read it. – Treetoes023 (talk) 01:45, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the article should be split into sections based on regions and then chronologically list the architecture styles instead of the other way around. – Treetoes023 (talk) 02:08, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I tried cleaning it up a bit by redoing the eras and trying to regionalize it a bit, but it still hurts to read haha Magjozs (talk) 18:59, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I looked back at the page before your changes and it's definitely better now than it was then, but I think the page should probably be redone. Sorting by time period and then regions is just flawed no matter how it's done, I can try to to reorganize it by region first and time period second sometime this week if you want. – Treetoes023 (talk) 20:37, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey man, You do you. I won't complain. Magjozs (talk) 11:28, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of architectural styles


text:
Lake George, New York

Lake George, New York may refer to one of several locations in New York State in the United States:

 * Lake George (lake), New York
 * Lake George (town), New York
 * Lake George (village), New York, which sits within the town of Lake George

title: Lake George, New York