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Drew University

Drew University is a private university in Madison, New Jersey. It has a wooded 186 acres campus. As of fall 2020, more than 2,200 students were pursuing degrees at the university's three schools.

In 1867, financier and railroad tycoon Daniel Drew purchased an estate in Madison to establish a theological seminary to train candidates for Methodist ministry.

The seminary later expanded to offer an undergraduate liberal arts curriculum in 1928 and graduate studies in 1955. The College of Liberal Arts, serving more than 1,600 undergraduate students, offers concentrations in the natural sciences, social sciences, languages and literatures, humanities and the arts, and in interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fields. The Drew Theological School, the third-oldest of thirteen Methodist seminaries affiliated with the United Methodist Church, currently enrolls more than 350 students.

The Caspersen School of Graduate Studies, enrolling more than 250 graduate students, offers master's and doctoral degrees in specialized and interdisciplinary fields.

While affiliated with the Methodist faith, Drew University does not impose any religious requirements on its students.

19th century
In 1866, Daniel Drew approached church leaders during the Methodist Centenary Celebration with an offer to build, equip, and endow a theological seminary near New York City. Drew asked that his pastor, John McClintock (1814–1870), be appointed to lead the seminary as its first president. Instruction began under the direction of McClintock as both president and professor of practical theology after the first students were admitted in 1867. Drew is the third-oldest of thirteen Methodist seminaries affiliated with the United Methodist Church.

Drew offered professional training for candidates to the ministry augmented by "an opportunity for a broad culture through the study of the humanities."

The seminary attracted a faculty that made influential contributions to Methodist theology and biblical scholarship, including James Strong (1822–1894), a professor of exegetical theology, who collaborated with McClintock on the ten-volume Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature (1867–1881), and researched, compiled, and published Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (1890) during his tenure at the seminary. Writings on early church theology and Christian practice were translated into Chinese for use by foreign missions.

20th century
Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Drew Theological Seminary educated and trained hundreds of Methodist ministers. It began to expand its role with the addition of a course of study for women in 1920 when it established a "College of Missions." This course would be renamed the "College of Religious Education and Missions" in 1929 but was short-lived.

In 1928, Drew Theological Seminary accepted a gift of $1.5 million from brothers Arthur J. Baldwin (1868–1939) and Leonard D. Baldwin (1866–1933) to establish an undergraduate liberal arts college.

The Baldwins were successful attorneys who were raised on a farm in Cortland, New York. Both brothers attended Cornell University. They established a law firm with former New Jersey governor John Griggs spanning "varied interests in lumbering, manufacturing, transportation, and other enterprises that ranged from owning the Grosvenor Hotel in New York City to Arthur's legal counseling for the rising McGraw-Hill publishing empire." The Baldwins became acquainted with the seminary's president, Ezra Squier Tipple, who "welcomed the brothers to his prominent New York City Methodist Church when they came to Manhattan." Leonard Baldwin eventually became a trustee of the seminary in 1919. The donation originally consisted of $500,000 to build a college building, and $1,000,000 in the form of Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) stock. However, the Baldwins exchanged the stock with a gift of cash in October 1928.

In their modesty and in recognition of their sibling affection, the Baldwins asked that it be named "Brothers College." The theological seminary then changed its name to "Drew University" to reflect its expanded role. Brothers College, later renamed as the "College of Liberal Arts", opened in September 1928 with its first class of 12 students. Brothers College would incorporate the women's program and become coeducational in 1942 during World War II when school officials recognized that the military draft and war effort would reduce the all-male student body. Drew offered admission to United States Navy personnel through the V-12 Navy College Training Program. Drew was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the program which offered students a path to a naval officers' commission.

In 1912, Drew began offering graduate-level education. The university expanded its graduate education programs, focusing on religious studies and establishing the Graduate School, a third of Drew's degree-granting entities, in 1955, under the leadership of the university's seventh president, Fred Holloway. Holloway also delivered on goals set during previous administrations, overseeing the renovation and rebuilding of the Drew campus, including the Baldwin Gymnasium and several dormitories. Four years later, it would expand the curriculum into other areas of the humanities. The Graduate School was renamed as the "Caspersen School of Graduate Studies" after a pledge of $5,000,000 in 1999 by financier Finn M. W. Caspersen (1941–2009) and his wife (and Drew alumna) Barbara Morris Caspersen (1945–2017).

With financial assistance from the Mellon Foundation, the college established a freshman seminar program during the 1970s, which allows first-year students to participate, with faculty who also serve as their academic advisers, in intensive study of a topic of hopefully mutual interest. Interdisciplinary study became a focus of the curriculum, with the creation of majors in neuroscience and minors in such fields as American studies and museology, dance, and writing.

In 1984, psychology professors Philip Jensen and Richard Detweiler led an effort to provide a personal computer and application software to all incoming freshman, a program referred to as the "Computer Initiative". Drew was the first liberal arts college to have such a requirement. The Computer Initiative differentiated Drew from other liberal arts colleges, and continued until 2012, by which time most entering students had their own computers or wished to select their own model.

After serving two terms as New Jersey's 48th governor, Thomas Kean was appointed as Drew's tenth president in 1990. He served for 15 years before retiring in 2005. As president, Kean raised Drew's profile, overseeing fundraising efforts that tripled the size of the university's endowment, adding new faculty in African, Asian, Russian, and Middle Eastern studies, significantly increased opportunities for students to study abroad, increased applications from prospective students, and committed more than $60 million to construction of new buildings and renovation of older buildings—principally student residence halls.

21st century
After Kean's retirement, the trustees selected Robert Weisbuch, former president of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, as Drew's eleventh president in 2005. He served for seven years, and stepped down in June 2012. Under Weisbuch's direction, Drew became SAT-optional. From 2006 to 2013, applicants were allowed to submit a graded high school essay instead of SAT or ACT scores.

In 2013, the university reinstated the SAT (or ACT) as an admission requirement, and changed course two years later in 2015, making it optional once again.

MaryAnn Baenninger became the president of Drew University in July 2014 after serving 10 years as the president of the College of Saint Benedict. She succeeded Vivian A. Bull, a former economics professor and associate dean of the college at Drew and former president of Linfield College, who served as Drew's interim president from 2012 to 2014.

In 2015, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared by William Campbell, a research fellow at Drew University, for his work developing a drug that treats parasitic diseases.

Undergraduate tuition, room and board for the 2017–2018 academic year was $62,000 (excluding books, personal expenditures, and health insurance), making Drew among the most expensive private universities in New Jersey. In September 2017, the school announced that it was cutting the list price of its tuition for the 2018–2019 school year by 20%, from $48,300 to $36,600, as part of an effort to make the school more appealing to prospective students who had been deterred by the sticker price, which had been one of the state's highest.

In May 2020, the university's board of trustees that President Baenninger would step down at the conclusion of her contract on July 31, 2020. In July, the school's search committee announced the appointment of Thomas J. Schwarz as interim president, beginning on August 1, 2020. Schwarz had previously served as president of Purchase College, SUNY, from 2002 to 2019 and was named President Emeritus of Purchase College shortly following his retirement. On February 8, 2023 the University announced the appointment of its fifteenth president, Hilary L. Link, former president of Allegheny College.

Campus
Drew University is located in Madison, New Jersey, a borough approximately 25 mi west of New York City. Known as "the Rose City" because of its rose-cultivating industry in the 19th century, Madison is an affluent commuter town in New Jersey's Morris County. It is connected with the northern section of the state and Midtown Manhattan through the NJ Transit's Morris & Essex Lines. The university hosts the Shakespeare Theatre of New Jersey, an independent professional theatre company.

The university sits on the former estate of William Gibbons (1794–1852), who owned the New York–New Jersey steamboat business that became famous from the Gibbons v. Ogden case, and who pieced together a 95 acres estate in Madison, New Jersey in 1832. He named his holdings "The Forest," which gives Drew its nickname of the "University in the Forest".

The following year, Gibbons commissioned the design and construction of a Greek revival antebellum-style residence that was completed in 1836.

In 1867, financier and railroad tycoon Daniel Drew (1797–1879) purchased Gibbons' estate from his descendants for $140,000. A devout Methodist, Drew donated the estate to the church to establish a Methodist theological seminary. The estate's mansion would be renamed Mead Hall in honor of Drew's wife, Roxanna Mead.

Drew's academic buildings feature a mix of Greek Revival, Collegiate Gothic, and neoclassical architecture on a 186 acre campus that is a serene, wooded oasis in the middle of a bustling suburban town. The campus features the Drew Forest Preserve, an 80 acre expanse that was recently restored with the planting of 1,100 native trees and shrubs by the university community and volunteer assistance from pharmaceutical manufacturer Pfizer, a large and local employer, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the New Jersey Audubon Society. The university's campus also features the Florence and Robert Zuck Arboretum, named for two botany faculty members, containing a mixture of native and non-native trees, plants and two small glacial ponds supporting populations of turtles, goldfish, catfish, and muskrats, and various species of birds including migratory fowl such as Canada geese, ducks, and herons.

The preserve and arboretum both provide a natural laboratory for the instruction of students in the study of biology and life sciences and for research, but is also open to the public by appointment. According to the New Jersey chapter of the Audubon Society, the arboretum and forest preserve is "important for groundwater recharge and runoff reduction within the Passaic River watershed and the Buried Valley Aquifer System".

In popular culture
Several motion pictures, television productions, and music videos have used Drew University as a filming location.

Films
In films, the Drew University campus appears in So Fine (1981), Deconstructing Harry (1997), The Family Stone (2005), Spinning into Butter (2008), and The Incredible Hulk (2008)

Television
In television, Drew University features prominently in Season 1, Episode 5 of the HBO drama series, The Sopranos, titled "College", which initially aired on February 7, 1999. In the episode, Drew's Mead Hall appears, substituting for Bates College, Colby College, and Bowdoin College in Maine., and specifically

In an episode of the NBC series "Friday Night Lights", which aired November 19, 2008, several Drew University campus locations appear, including Asbury Hall and S.W. Bowne Hall.

Undergraduate admissions
In 2024, Drew University accepted 72.7% of applicants, with those admitted having an average 3.1 GPA. Drew University is a test optional school and those submitting test scores had an average 1120-1340 SAT score (32% submitting scores) or average 26-28 ACT score (4% submitting scores).

Rankings
For 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked Drew University tied for #93 out of 211 National Liberal Arts Colleges and tied for #10 in Top Performers on Social Mobility.

Accreditation and affiliations
Drew University is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Drew was first accredited in 1932. Since 1938, the theological seminary at Drew has been accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. Drew's MAT program is accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Educator Preparation.

All of the university's programs are approved and accredited by the General Board of Higher Education and Ministry and the University Senate of the United Methodist Church. Drew is one of 119 institutions that are members of the National Association of Schools and Colleges of The United Methodist Church (NASCUMC).

Undergraduate programs
Drew University offers programs leading to the traditional undergraduate degree of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science through its College of Liberal Arts. Traditional core liberal arts courses are required of Drew students within a general education curriculum that allows them to shape an individual academic program. Drew's programs emphasize depth, independent research, experiential learning, and collaborative teaming. A declared minor is required in the general education program, and students choose from structured disciplinary and interdisciplinary offerings, or may design a minor course of study, subject to faculty approval. The university provides undergraduate major concentrations in 50 academic areas and an additional 20 minor concentrations. The Princeton Review has consistently ranked Drew as having a top 20 theatre program in the United States since 2011. Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:
 * Business Administration and Management (43)
 * Psychology (37)
 * Biology/Biological Sciences (36)
 * Communication and Media Studies (26)
 * Economics (23)
 * Fine/Studio Arts (21)
 * Computer Science (21)

Key programs available to undergraduate students include:
 * Semester on Wall Street: an 8-credit program where 20 students attend classes twice a week in New York City at St. John's University, located in the Financial District. Students have guest lecturers from the various banks, organizations, and financial agencies.
 * Semester on the United Nations: an 8-credit program where 20 students attend classes twice a week in New York City in the Church Center, directly across from UN Headquarters. Students have guest lecturers from the UN Secretariat and NGOs, and attend meetings of the UN General Assembly.
 * Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (RISE): selected students engage in research under the supervision of retired industrial scientists.
 * Drew Summer Science Institute: an on-campus summer program that pairs approximately 15 Drew students with faculty mentors for an intensive experience working full-time on a research project.
 * New York Semester on Contemporary Art: an 8-credit program where students meet weekly to discuss timely issues, and then visit New York City art museums two days a week.
 * London Semester: a 16-credit program where students explore political and social change in Great Britain.

Graduate programs
Graduate education has taken place at Drew University since 1912. Initially, graduate education was limited to theology and was conducted through the Theological School. In 1955, the Graduate School was established to take responsibility for the academic (i.e., non-ministerial) study of religion at the graduate level and allow for the development of new graduate programs. In 1999, in exchange for a private donation made by Barbara and Finn Caspersen, the school was renamed the Caspersen School of Graduate Studies.

In 2006, the Graduate Division of Religion (GDR), which includes programs in biblical studies and early Christianity, historical studies, religion & society, and theological & philosophical studies, was moved from the Graduate School to the Theological School. The transition was made to reflect current trends in the academic study of religion. In 2006, the school created a Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) program, In recent years, the school has also added Master of Education, Master of Finance, and data analytics degrees.

the Graduate School offered 10-degree programs, including an earned Doctor of Letters degree. In February 2022, it was announced that the university would halt admissions to their PhD program in History & Culture.

Theological degree programs
Drew Theological School admitted its first students in 1867. Until the 1950s, the school was known as the Drew Theological Seminary, and most students sought a Bachelor of Divinity (B.Div.) degree, which was considered the standard for becoming a minister in an established church. Occasionally, the seminary did issue other degrees, such a Master of Arts (MA) or a Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) to students engaged in the graduate study of religion. Starting in 1920 women were admitted as students, and most notably Olive Winchester was issued a Doctor of Theology in 1925, and became the first female ordained minister in Great Britain.

The school is often noted for its strong ties to Korean Methodism. The Rev. Henry Appenzeller, a graduate of the Theological School, became the first Christian missionary to Korea. He worked to establish the Korean Methodist Church, schools and universities, and he translated the Bible into Korean. Henry Appenzeller maintained relationships with members of the Drew community following his graduation in the year 1885. As a result of his work and his connection to Drew, in 2016, members of the Chungdong First Methodist Church in Seoul, South Korea, started in 1887 by Appenzeller, visited Drew and donated a bronze bust of their patron, located outside the Theological School building. the Theological School's matriculating class includes many students from South Korea.

One of the 13 official seminaries of the United Methodist Church, the Theological School prepares those pursuing ministry in the United Methodist Church. The student body also includes students preparing for ministry in other Christian denominations, and those from other faith communities.

As of 2019, the Theological School offers six different degree programs. In October 2018, the school launched the "Drew Social Justice Leadership Project" which allows students, partners and professors to express their thoughts, and share their experience regarding social justice issues in an accessible way.

Rose Memorial Library and Methodist Archives
Built in 1938 with funds donated by Lenox S. Rose, the Rose Memorial Library houses the university's library collections offering 558,000 bound volumes, more than 378,000 microforms, 10,000 periodical titles in electronic database subscriptions, and about 2,700 periodical subscriptions in paper form. The facility also includes a media resource center and learning center. The library has been designated a selective depository for U.S. government publications in accordance with the Federal Depository Library Program. Drew also maintains collections of official documents from the United Nations and the state of New Jersey. There are over 400,000 documents in the collection.

Drew University houses the United Methodist Archives and History Center administered by the United Methodist Commission on Archives and History. This collection is among the most comprehensive collections of Methodist books, documents and artifacts in the world offering insight into eighteenth- and nineteenth-century English and American religious and cultural history.

Special Collections at Drew University cover a wide range of materials from the 11th century to the present. Topics include religious materials such as hymnbooks, prayer books, and Bibles, as well as non-religious materials such as witchcraft, literature, graphic novels, and science fiction magazines. Most notably, the collection holds a first edition of the King James Bible.

The library's special collections include a collection of books, manuscripts, artifacts and papers of Nebraska-born author Willa Cather (1873–1947). This collection, which is regarded as the best collection of Cather's papers assembled in the United States, was given to the university by several donors, including Frederick B. Adams, former director of the Pierpont Morgan Library; Earl and Achsah Brewster, longtime friends of Cather; violinist Yehudi Menuhin; and by Finn and Barbara Caspersen.

Athletics
Originally known as "The Circuit Riders" in honor of their Methodist origins, Drew's sports teams are known as the Rangers and compete in NCAA Division III. The Rangers field 20 teams (11 female, 9 male) in 12 varsity sports. Drew is a member of the Landmark Conference for men's and women's basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, baseball, field hockey, and softball. The Rangers compete as an independent in men's and women's fencing, which compete in the Mid-Atlantic Collegiate Fencing Association (MACFA), the National Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association (NIWFA) and the Eastern Women's Fencing Conference (EWFC), and co-ed equestrian, which competes in the Intercollegiate Horse Show Association (IHSA). Drew offers many club teams including ultimate frisbee and Drew's women's and men's rugby teams, which are part of the collegiate division of the Empire Geographical Union. Drew has several intramural sports programs.

Notable people
In the university's 146-year history, Drew's faculty and alumni have taken leading roles in the ministry and missions of the United Methodist Church and other Christian denominations, in spiritual instruction, in academia, in public service, and in the professional world. Drew's faculty, starting with John McClintock and James Strong—especially with his magnum opus, Strong's Concordance —to recent faculty members including philosopher Robert S. Corrington, the founder of "ecstatic naturalism"; ethics professor Thomas C. Oden, the founder of paleo-orthodoxy, and Leonard Sweet, a leader in the emerging church movement, have continued to impact Christian theology and spiritual scholarship. Other faculty have included lexicographer Robert L. Chapman, editor of the fourth and fifth editions of Roget's Thesaurus; Ira Progoff, a psychotherapist, developed the Intensive Journal Method, and researcher of depth psychology; and Irish history scholar Christine Kinealy. William Campbell, research fellow in Drew's RISE institute, was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

According to the UMC, Drew's seminary now has more than 3,500 alumni and alumnae "in 45 states and 18 foreign countries, including 21 bishops of The United Methodist Church." Among these alumni: Henry G. Appenzeller (BD 1885) was the first Methodist missionary to Korea and fostered a relationship between Korea, the church, and Drew that endures to this day, Peter Deunov (1892), Bulgarian philosopher and spiritual teacher, and Olive Winchester (Th.D. 1925), a Church of the Nazarene theologian, was the first female ordained minister in Great Britain. Frederick Brown Harris (1912) was twice the Chaplain of the United States Senate.

Alumni include popular historian and journalist John T. Cunningham (BA 1938); Craig Stanford (BA 1978), a biology and anthropology professor and director of the Jane Goodall Research Center at the University of Southern California; and Jeff Smith (M.Div. 1965), minister, cookbook author, host of The Frugal Gourmet a television program that aired from 1973 to 1997. Several Drew alumni have had careers in public service, including Nathaniel Raymond (BA 1999), human rights advocate involved in investigations into the Dasht-i-Leili massacre; Holly Bakke (BA 1973), an attorney who served as New Jersey Commissioner of Banking and Insurance (2002–2005); Peter Verniero (BA 1981), a former New Jersey Attorney General and New Jersey Supreme Court justice;  and Thomas J. Aquilino (BA 1962), a federal judge on the United States Court of International Trade.

title: Drew University


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Fairleigh Dickinson University

Fairleigh Dickinson University is a private university with its main campuses in New Jersey, located in Madison / Florham Park and in Teaneck / Hackensack. Founded in 1942, Fairleigh Dickinson University offers more than 100 degree programs. In addition to two campuses in New Jersey, the university has a campus in Vancouver, British Columbia, one in Wroxton, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, and an online platform. Fairleigh Dickinson University is New Jersey's largest private institution of higher education, with over 12,000 students.

History
Fairleigh Dickinson University was founded as the Fairleigh Dickinson Junior College in 1942 as a junior college by Peter Sammartino and wife Sally, and was named after an early benefactor Colonel Fairleigh S. Dickinson, co-founder of Becton Dickinson. Its original campus was located in Rutherford, New Jersey. By 1948, Fairleigh Dickinson Junior College expanded its curriculum to offer a four-year program when the GI Bill and veterans' money encouraged it to redesignate itself as Fairleigh Dickinson College. In that same year, the school received accreditation from the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.

In 1953, Fairleigh Dickinson College merged with the 400-student Bergen Junior College, acquiring its campus in Teaneck, New Jersey. At the time of the merger, Fairleigh Dickinson had more than 2,800 students and would be able to accommodate a total enrollment of 4,000 with its two campuses.

In 1956, the institution was recognized as Fairleigh Dickinson University by the New Jersey State Board of Education. In 1958, the university acquired the former Twombly-Vanderbilt estate in Madison and Florham Park, New Jersey, to serve as its third campus. Fairleigh Dickinson University is a member of the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities.

Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of Central Park, had designed the landscape for the Twombly-Vanderbilt estate (now the Florham Campus). The main house of the Twombly-Vanderbilt estate, now Hennessy Hall, was designed by architectural firm McKim, Mead, and White in the Georgian Revival style. The mansion was completed in 1897 and was modeled after the wing of Hampton Court Palace designed by architect Sir Christopher Wren. The Friends of Florham, founded in 1990 by Emma Joy Dana, university librarian James Fraser, and a group of friends and colleagues works with the mission of advising and assisting the administration and board of trustees in the care, maintenance, and preservation of the Twombly Estate, known as "Florham".

Presidents
* indicates those who served only as an acting or interim president.

Campuses
Fairleigh Dickinson University has four campuses: two in New Jersey (Madison / Florham Park and Teaneck / Hackensack ), one in Vancouver, British Columbia, and one in South East England, as well as an online platform.

Florham Campus
The Florham Campus is located in the suburban towns of Madison and Florham Park, New Jersey, on the grounds of the former Florham estate of Hamilton McKown Twombly (1849–1910) and his wife, Florence Adele Vanderbilt Twombly (1854–1952), a member of the wealthy Vanderbilt family.

The Florham Campus finished construction on the John and Joan Monninger Center for Learning and Research. It opened during the spring 2013 semester. Student enrollment at the Florham Campus consists of over 2,757 undergraduates coupled with 690 graduate students giving a total of 3,417 students. The full-time equivalence (FTE) for undergraduates on the campus is 2,481. The FTE for graduates on campus is 796.

Metropolitan Campus
The Metropolitan Campus, close to New York City and spanning the Hackensack River in Teaneck and Hackensack, New Jersey, has a greater focus on business and professional majors compared to the Florham Campus. The Metropolitan Campus has 5,734 undergraduates and 1,748 graduate students, with an undergraduate full-time equivalence (FTE) of 3,003. 21% of Metropolitan Campus students are minority and international students. Approximately one thousand students live on campus in the residence halls.

Wroxton College
Farleigh Dickinson University's Wroxton College is located in Wroxton, Oxfordshire, in South East England. When Fairleigh Dickinson University acquired Wroxton Abbey in 1965, FDU became the first American university to own and operate a campus, Wroxton College, outside of the United States. Although Wroxton College dates to the 18th century, the housing has been modernized.

Vancouver Campus
FDU's Vancouver Campus is located at 842 Cambie Street and 89 West Georgia Street in Vancouver, British Columbia. It opened in 2007.

Former campuses
In addition to the present campuses, Fairleigh Dickinson University previously operated campuses in Rutherford, New Jersey (where the university was founded in 1942) and in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Operations on the Rutherford Campus were merged with the Metropolitan Campus in 1993. The Rutherford Campus was sold to Felician College in 1997. The West Indies Laboratory which opened in 1972 was damaged beyond repair during Hurricane Hugo in 1989 and was closed shortly afterwards in 1990.

Academics
Fairleigh Dickinson's national student body consists of a total 10,899 students, 8,461 of whom are undergraduates and the remaining 2,438 are graduate students with a full-time equivalence (FTE) of 7,434, making it the largest private institution in the state of New Jersey. FDU has over 1,100 international students from approximately 17 countries around the world ranking it 15th nationally among their Carnegie peer group. The majority of international students attend the Metropolitan Campus and FDU's Vancouver Campus, which was founded primarily to educate international students. The Vancouver Campus is the first U.S.–owned and operated institution in British Columbia to receive University status.

The university is ranked 44th by U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges 2022 Regional University rankings (North).

Fairleigh Dickinson consists of two academic colleges: the Maxwell Becton College of Arts and Sciences and the Silberman College of Business, along with seven independent schools: the Gildart Hasse School of Computer Sciences and Engineering; the Peter Sammartino School of Education; the International School of Hospitality, Sports, and Tourism Management; the Henry P. Becton School of Nursing and Allied Health; the School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; the School of Psychology and Counseling; and the School of Public and Global Affairs.

Becton College of Arts and Sciences
Fairleigh Dickinson's Becton College offers more than 60 undergraduate majors to its full and part-time students.

Silberman College of Business
The Silberman College of Business is a tri-campus college of Fairleigh Dickinson University. It offers graduate and undergraduate degrees at the Florham Campus, the Metropolitan campus, and offers bachelor's degree studies in Business Management and Information Technology at the FDU-Vancouver campus.

FDU offers AACSB-accredited graduate and undergraduate business degrees through its Silberman College of Business. Fairleigh Dickinson's Silberman College of Business was ranked as one of the top 295 business schools in the country for 2014 by The Princeton Review.

Fairleigh Dickinson University's International School of Hospitality and Tourism Management features the US national headquarters of the international gastronomic society Confrérie de la Chaîne des Rôtisseurs located at the Chaîne House on the Florham Campus.

Graduate studies
Graduate programs are offered at all four of the university's campuses, and a number are offered solely through online delivery, including a postdoctoral MS in clinical psychopharmacology (MSCP) through the School of Psychology and Counseling. Graduate studies include the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) offered by the School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in clinical psychology, the Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) in school psychology, and a large number of master's degree programs, including the Master of Public Administration (MPA) and an MA in global affairs offered to nearby consular and diplomatic staff.

FDU School of Pharmacy
In 2012, Fairleigh Dickinson opened New Jersey's first school of pharmacy associated with a private higher education institution, at the Florham Campus. It is the second pharmacy school in New Jersey and the first to open in the state in over 120 years.

FDU School of Public and Global Affairs
After a major gift from alumnus James Orefice in 2017, Fairleigh Dickinson formed a new graduate School of Public and Global Affairs comprising the Master of Public Administration, the Master of Administrative Science, the M.A. in Global Affairs, the M.S. in Cyber and Homeland Security Administration, the Master of Arts in Higher Education Administration, and the survey research group, PublicMind.

FDU Libraries
The university maintains libraries on all four of its campuses. Between the three libraries and one archive located at FDU's Florham and Metropolitan campuses, the university library system holds over 450,000 titles.

The Florham Campus library is part of the John and Joan Monninger Center for Learning and Research. A portion of the library is housed in the old Orangerie of the Twombly-Vanderbilt estate which was built in the 1890s by McKim, Mead, and White.

The Metropolitan campus features the Metropolitan Library, the Business Reference Library in Dickinson Hall, and the North Jersey Heritage Center (an archival collection of New Jersey books, documents, maps, newspapers and reference material, as well as FDU history). The New Jersey collection began in 1961 when FDU became one of the earliest participants in the New Jersey Document Program listed as fourth in precedence out of 80 depositories behind the Council of State Government, Rutgers University and the NJ State Library. The Metropolitan Library holds the Columbia Pictures Archive, a collection of over 230 movies from the Columbia Pictures Studios on 16mm film. The archive was given by Columbia in the 1980s to FDU through the work of Jack Kells, FDU alum and former Columbia executive.

Athletics
In intercollegiate athletics, the Metropolitan Campus competes in NCAA Division I, while the Florham Campus competes in Division III, making it one of only a few schools in the United States to field both Division I and Division III teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the Knights, while the Florham Campus teams are known as the Devils.

On March 17, 2023, the Fairleigh Dickinson University men's basketball team became the second team in history to upset a 1 seed as a 16 seed against Purdue in the 2023 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.

Florham Campus – NCAA Division III
The FDU Florham Campus sports teams are called the Devils. They are in NCAA Division III and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) and they compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' (MAC) MAC Freedom. The women's basketball team won the national collegiate basketball championship in the year 2013–2014. The Women's basketball team also made it to the NCAA tournament four times in a row from the year 2012 to 2016. Their mascot is Ian the Devil.

Devils Division III Athletics

PublicMind
Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind is an independent research group that conducts public opinion polling and other research on politics, society, popular culture, consumer behavior and economic trends. PublicMind associates undertake scientific survey research for corporations, non-profits, and government agencies as well as for the public interest, as well as information regarding the FDU community as a whole.

Notable alumni

 * Stephanie Adams (1970–2018), model, writer and murderer
 * Mike Hall (bassist) (born 1989), bassist.
 * Alejandro Bedoya (born 1987), professional soccer player for Nantes in France and a U.S. International (did not graduate)
 * Brenda Blackmon, television news anchor for WPIX
 * Ron Blomberg (born 1948), baseball player who played for the New York Yankees
 * Lisa Blunt Rochester (born 1962), member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Delaware's at-large congressional district
 * Mensun Bound (born 1953), marine archaeologist
 * Ron Brill, co-founder of Home Depot.
 * Tomer Chencinski (born 1984), Israeli-Canadian football player
 * Katlyn Chookagian (born 1988), professional Mixed Martial Artist, current UFC Flyweight
 * Richard Codey (born 1946), former governor and state senate president of New Jersey
 * Nicholas Felice (born 1927), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly and was mayor of Fair Lawn
 * Marcus Gaither (1961–2020), American-French basketball player
 * Charles A. Gargano (born 1934), former U.S. Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago and chairman of the Empire State Development Corporation
 * Gilbert M. Gaul (born 1951), Pulitzer Prize winning journalist
 * John Gottman (born 1942), Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle
 * Reinaldo Marcus Green (born 1981), filmmaker and writer who directed the film King Richard
 * Seth Greenberg (born 1956), former Virginia Tech Hokies head basketball coach and current ESPN personality
 * Sung-Mo Kang, president of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
 * Jim Keogh, (born 1948), author of nearly 100 books sold worldwide introduced PC programming nationally in his Popular Electronics Magazine column in 1982
 * Eleanor Kieliszek (1925–2017; B.A. 1979), politician, first woman chosen as Mayor of Teaneck, New Jersey.
 * Garry Kitchen (born 1955; B.S. 1980), video game pioneer
 * Stewart Krentzman, president and CEO of Oki Data Americas, Inc.
 * John Legere (born 1958), former CEO of T-Mobile
 * William Leiss, president of the Royal Society of Canada from 1999 to 2001 and Officer of the Order of Canada
 * Jacob Lissek (born 1992), soccer player
 * George Martin (born 1953), former defensive end for the New York Giants, who is Executive Director NFL Alumni Association.
 * Yahya Maroofi, Former Secretary General of the Economic Cooperation Organization
 * D. Bennett Mazur (1924–1994), member of the New Jersey General Assembly
 * Danielle McEwan (born 1991), ten-pin bowler and PWBA title holder
 * John J. Mooney (1930–2020), co-inventor of the three-way catalytic converter and co-winner of National Medal of Technology
 * Vince Naimoli (1937–2019), founder and chair of the Tampa Bay Rays.
 * Peggy Noonan (born 1950), columnist, author and former speechwriter for Ronald Reagan
 * Christine O'Donnell (born 1969), 2010 Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Delaware
 * Gregory Olsen (born 1945), entrepreneur and astronaut
 * Mel Schrieberg (1942–2017), co-founder of Election.com, running the only major public sector election ever run on the Internet, the Arizona Democratic primary in March 2000
 * John Spencer, actor known for his role on The West Wing (did not graduate)
 * Dennis Strigl (born 1946), president and COO of Verizon Communications
 * Stephen Spiro, Vietnam War opponent, conscientious objector, received pardon by Gerald Ford
 * Guy Talarico, member of the New Jersey General Assembly
 * Rahshon Turner (born 1975), basketball player
 * Jeff Van Drew (born 1953), member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Jersey's second District
 * Ben Weinman (born 1975), founding lead guitarist of The Dillinger Escape Plan
 * Sara Whalen (born 1976), Olympic soccer player
 * Zygi Wilf (born 1950), billionaire real estate developer and owner of the Minnesota Vikings football team
 * Perry Williams (born 1961), cornerback who played in the NFL for the New York Giants.
 * Bill Willoughby (born 1957), retired NBA professional, who earned his FDU degree after skipping college and playing in the NBA
 * Darren Young, professional wrestler formerly working for WWE.
 * Gerald H. Zecker (born 1942), politician who served as Deputy Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fairleigh Dickinson University


text:
Strait of Canso

The Strait of Canso (also Gut of Canso or Canso Strait, also called Straits of Canceau or Canseaux until the early 20th century) is a strait located in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It divides the Nova Scotia peninsula from Cape Breton Island.

It is a long thin channel approximately 27 kilometres long and averaging 3 kilometres wide (1 km at its narrowest). The strait connects Chedabucto Bay on the Atlantic Ocean to St. George's Bay on the Northumberland Strait, a sub basin of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

The strait is extremely deep (200+ feet) with two major communities at Port Hawkesbury on the eastern side facing Mulgrave on the western side, both ports. The strait is crossed by the Canso Causeway for vehicular and rail traffic, opened in 1955. The Canso Canal allows ships to pass through the causeway, and this can accommodate any vessel capable of transiting the St. Lawrence Seaway.

An account of early settlement in the area is given in the letters of local resident Henry Nicholas Paint (1830–1921), Member of Parliament for Richmond county and merchant, whose father Nicholas secured valuable land grants and settled in a stone-built house at Belle Vue in 1817. Port Hawkesbury, at first known as Ship Harbour, emerged as a shipbuilding and boatbuilding port on the Strait in the 19th century with firms such as H.W. Embree and Sons producing distinctive fishing boats that came to be known as "Canso Boats" after the Strait.

title: Strait of Canso


text:
Preppy

Preppy (also spelled as preppie), or prep, is an American subculture associated with the alumni of college-preparatory schools in the Northeastern United States. The term, which is an abbreviation of "preparatory", is used to denote a person seen as characteristic of a student or alumnus of these schools. Characteristics of preppy individuals include a particular subcultural speech, vocabulary, dress, mannerisms and etiquette reflective of an upper class and old money upbringing.

Definition
The term preppy derives from the private college-preparatory schools that some American upper class and upper middle class children attend. The term preppy is commonly associated with the Ivy League and broader group of oldest universities in the Northeast as well as the prep schools which brought students to them, since traditionally a primary goal in attending a prep school was admittance into one of these institutions. Preppy fashion derives from the fashions of these old Northeastern schools in the early to mid-twentieth century.

Lisa Birnbach's 1980 book The Official Preppy Handbook was written to poke fun at the rich lives of privileged Ivy League and socially elite liberal arts college students. It portrays the preppy social group as well-connected, and although exclusive, courteous to other social groups without fostering serious relationships with them. Being educated and well-connected is associated with an upper-class socioeconomic status that emphasizes higher education and high-income professional success.

Fashion
For men, preppy fashion has its roots in, and substantially overlaps with, the "Ivy" style of dress, which originated in the early 1900's and had become widespread by the late 1950s. The "Ivy" style took its name from Ivy League universities where it originated. J. Press represented the quintessential purveyor of Ivy League style. In the mid-twentieth century, J. Press and Brooks Brothers both had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, Yale, and Penn.

Ivy Style was inspired by leisure activities commonly enjoyed by the upper-classes in the United Kingdom and northeastern United States (such as polo, sailing, hunting, fencing, crew rowing, lacrosse, golf, tennis, rugby, squash, and swimming) and adapted the sportswear associated with these activities as everyday wear. As such, it incorporated aspects of traditional British country clothing (tweed sport coat, brogue shoes, etc.). Distinctly preppy fashions then emerged as a still-more-casual, youthful interpretation of Ivy League style (rugby shirt, boat shoes, etc.). Thus, the sportswear, casual lifestyle apparel, and outdoor gear offered by retailers such as L.L. Bean in the Northeast (with its eponymous "Bean Boots") and Eddie Bauer in the Pacific Northwest came to form an important component of preppy style. Both outfitters, along with Vermont-based Orvis, were featured in The Official Preppy Handbook. The mostly tongue-in-cheek guide published in 1980 described L. L. Bean as "nothing less than Prep mecca." Their catalog was said to be "the biggest seller of the rugged New England Prep look."

By the 1980s, mass marketing of brands such as Ralph Lauren, Lacoste, Daniel Cremieux, and Izod brought a resurgence of Ivy and preppy styles and moved them into the mainstream.

For women, preppy-influenced fashions emerged in the 1960s, a trend led by designers such as Perry Ellis and Lilly Pulitzer, influenced by designers such as Oleg Cassini, and popularized by female students at the Seven Sisters Colleges, sister institutions to the Ivy League. These classic ensembles of the 1960s and 1970s include tailored skirt suits, low heels, wrap dresses, shift dresses, silk or cotton blouses, and jewelry with a refined style. Such clothing often includes elements drawn from typical preppy styles, such as nautical stripes, pastel colours, or equestrian details.

The Official Preppy Handbook points to daughters "borrowing the clothes her mother wore in Prep school. Before long, they share a charge account at The Talbots." The handbook also stated that "Behind the red door on every Talbots catalog cover is the best selection of women's Prep fashions anywhere." And that "the clothes here are a rare combination of Preppy, tasteful, and sophisticated."

Though traditional interest in the preppy style generally fell in the 1990s, some of the newer outfitters such as Ralph Lauren, J. Crew, Tommy Hilfiger, Vineyard Vines, Gant, and Elizabeth McKay are often perceived as having preppy styles, with designers such as Marc Jacobs and Luella Bartley adding the preppy style into their clothes in the 1990s.

Examples of preppy wardrobe staples include:
 * a navy blazer with gold buttons;
 * repp stripe and silk knit neckties;
 * sweaters (as opposed to sweatshirts, windbreakers, etc.), particularly those with cable knitting, argyle patterns, or a university name/logo;
 * grosgrain ("ribbon"), surcingle, or woven leather belts;
 * seersucker and madras clothing (commonly sport jackets, trousers, and shorts);
 * casual button down shirts particularly the Oxford cloth button down ("OCBD") );
 * chino cloth trousers, corduroy trousers, and Go-to-hell pants;
 * pearl necklaces and earrings;
 * gold bangle or large chain bracelets;
 * loafers (particularly penny loafers), for both men and women;
 * buckskin derby shoes (particularly in white);
 * polo shirts (sometimes with a "popped" collar) and rugby shirts; and
 * boat shoes and other moccasin-style shoes (for both men and women).

title: Preppy


text:
Talk:Jan Masaryk

Untitled
It is not 100% clear whether Jan Masaryk was murdured or not, althought the evidence seems to point towards murder. -- J.V.

Defenestration
This probably error to include his murder (or whatever it was) among Defenestrations of Prague, because the defenestration is usually understood to be public act of revolting public against the government (and it has beautiful advantage that all suspects are hidden in a crowd, so not one person is culpable of all crime). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.241.170.98 (talk • contribs).

Jan Masaryk's death
The person conducting the post mortuum on Jan Masaryk was also an expert witness coopted by the Germans for the investigation into the Katyn Massacre.

This and other details of the injuries suffered by JM appeared in a book on Twentieth Century Mysteries —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jackiespeel (talk • contribs).

If anyone can get hold of the details of the Post Mortem and related reports and post a summary of the injuries it might be able to argue the case (IIRC there were injuries to his heart and ribs (as well as other areas) could these be the effect of someone trying heart massage and getting it wrong - then trying to cover up?) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.85.15.68 (talk • contribs).

.......... Asn I recall from an article in Time Magazine from 1968, two pieces of evidence suggested that Mararyk had no intention of committing suicide. First, he had a full calendar for a considerable time after his death, which is inconsistent with suicide. People committing suicide ordinarirly wrap up the little loose ends of life before they kill themselves.

Second, the phone lines to Masaryk's office were cut. Why would Masaryk do that himself? If he were going to kill himself, then why would he concern himself with telephone calls afterwards?

Masaryk might not have been able to thwart the communist seizure of power had he lived, and ironically, the Czechoslovak communists installed a moderate as a foreign minister.

If he had a heart attack and fell, then remember that numerous poisons can cause heart attacks, and the Soviet secret police, already present in Czechoslovakia, could have administered the poison quite secretively. --66.231.38.97 00:32, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Jan Masaryk's murder
http://zpravy.idnes.cz/domaci.asp?r=domaci&c=A050309_214822_domaci_miz

I do not know if everbody can read this, but this is the official information needed to evidence that Masaryk was killed.--Ekkenekepen 09:14, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This is far from "official" information. It is opinion of a media savvy psychiatrist who plans political career. Getting full page about an emotional topic in newspaper is always handy. Until an order to murder Masaryk or direct wittness will be found everything is just a speculation.

 * The article is also missing information that Jan Masaryk was rather mentally unstable, was in psychiatric care when living in the US before WWI and suffered from "complex of children of famous people". The February 1948 communist takeover was the end of everything his father and he worked for so suicide is not /that/ unthinkable. Pavel Vozenilek 10:37, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

MF DNES article presenting latest findings in the Masaryk Case
In this section you will find first the complete Czech news-article, the user above refers to with the following link: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/domaci.asp?r=domaci&c=A050309_214822_domaci_miz.

Below the article you will find an ad-hoc translation into English by myself. I tried to stick to the original paragraphs as created by the author, also I have decided to stick as close to the Czech sentences as possible. Only where Czech constructions were impossible to translate without screwing the meaning I chose to translate more freely to catch the true sense. This will hopefully allow you to judge whether these findings are really a progress in solving the masaryk case or not.

Personally I think they are not. If you asked me why, I would reply: Read Claire STERLING's "The Masaryk-Case". Since it is not my intention to influence neither hobby-investigators nor those of you who might be scientifically interested in younger Czech history, I would like you to make up your own mind concerning the reliability of the author and the "docu-novel" on the "Masaryk-case". You will find STERLING's vita and comments on her novel "The Masaryk Case" in the internet. I have found all of it just by googling around.

Enjoy!

(newspaper extract taken from the webpages of MF DNES)

Výpověď znalce: Masaryka zavraždili

10. března 2005 1:00

Jan Masaryk byl zavražděn. S novým důkazem o záhadné smrti ministra, jehož tělo bylo nalezeno na nádvoří pražského Černínského paláce 10. března 1948, přišel pražský psychiatr Cyril Höschl. Vypovídal pro Úřad dokumentace a vyšetřování zločinů komunismu (ÚDV)

"Mechanismem projekce (vcítění se do situace sebevraha) si lze jen těžko představit, že by v případě plánované sebevraždy postupoval tak, jak je známo," uvedl Höschl. Případ byl již před jeho výpovědí uzavřen: šlo o vraždu, pachatel neznámý. Höschl závěr podpořil: "Nejde si představit, že po ukončení pracovního dne by se Masaryk z civilního oděvu převlékl do pyžama při vědomí, že bude po skoku nalezen a že tento obraz vejde ve všeobecnou známost." Agentka: Vrazi byli z NKVD Přestože i dnes mnozí podporují verzi sebevraždy, pro vraždu svědčí stále více stop. Pravda může být ukryta v moskevských archivech. Bývalá agentka sovětské tajné služby NKVD Jelizaveta Paršinová již dříve řekla, že Masaryka zabili její kolegové. Uvedl to i její syn pro Svobodnou Evropu. "Požádali jsme Rusko o právní pomoc. Reakcí však bylo sdělení, že paní Paršinová zemřela a listinné materiály k případu Masaryk podléhají stále režimu utajení," řekl náměstek ředitele ÚDV Pavel Bret. Verze, podle níž Masaryka zavraždila sovětská tajná služba, se objevila poprvé v roce 1993. Tehdy se Rádiu Svobodná Evropa v Mnichově přihlásil muž, který tvrdil, že o vraždě Masaryka slyšel od své matky, Paršinové, žijící vMoskvě. "Poskytl rozhovor pro ruské vysílání Svobodné Evropy. Já jsem to slyšel a utíkal do studia českého vysílání, kde jsem tuto informaci zveřejnil," říká Jefim Fištejn, který v té době pracoval pro české vysílání jako komentátor. Podle Fištejna se však muž poté z Německa ztratil, pravděpodobně se vrátil do Ruska. Snažil se prý utéct po římse "Vyprávěl, že slyšel, o čem se bavila jeho matka s dalšími bývalými příslušníky tajné služby, když se napili. Masaryka prý vyhodili z okna její kolegové. Snažil se jim prý utéct po římse," říká Fištejn. Jeho výpověď potvrdila sama Paršinová, když s ní Česká televize v Rusku natáčela dokument Československo ve zvláštních službách. Jenže žádost o právní pomoc, kterou poté podala česká policie, ruské orgány odmítly. Paršinová je prý po smrti a dokumenty, které se týkají Masaryka, jsou tajné. "Po půl roce nám poslali její úmrtní list," řekl vyšetřovatel Ilja Pravda, který měl případ Masaryk na starosti v Úřadu pro dokumentaci a vyšetřování zločinů komunismu (ÚDV). Verzi o vraždě, kterou však nemusela mít na svědomí jen sovětská tajná služba (podezřelých bylo totiž víc) naposledy podpořil psychiatr Höschl. Byl zřejmě ke skoku donucen, říká Höschl Podle něj byl Masaryk ke skoku z okna někýmdonucen, popřípadě vyskočil ve strachu a pod tlakem situace. Höschl uvedl: "Je nepravděpodobné, že by se po rozhodnutí skočit z okna snažil realizaci ještě dále zkomplikovat přemístěním se dál od okna. Argument, že skok provedl čelem ke zdi, je v mých očích spíše argumentem pro to, že skok nebyl z vlastního rozhodnutí. Navíc je velmi nepravděpodobné, že by rozhodnutí k sebevraždě bylo slučitelné s pokračováním v běžných povinnostech – personálu přislíbil setkání na druhý den a připravoval si projev." Přestože pro verzi vraždy svědčí stále více a více stop, řada znalců i pamětníků je přesvědčena o jeho dobrovolném odchodu ze života. O tom, že se sebeobětoval v době krize po převzetí moci komunisty, je například přesvědčen jeho někdejší tajemník Antonín Sum. ÚDV proto připravuje právě v těchto dnech odbornou publikaci, která nabídne pohled na "případ Masaryk" ze všech hledisek a nebude se držet jediné verze jeho konce. "Publikace se netýká jen jeho smrti, ale i období, které předcházelo. Aby si lidé uvědomili jeho roli a neomezovali se jen na ten tragický okamžik," říká náměstek ředitele ÚDV Pavel Bret. Publikaci dostanou přednostně školy. Muž jeho formátu by se nepřevlékl do pyžama, říká psychiatr Psychiatr Cyril Höschl nabízí svůj pohled na smrt Jana Masaryka. Nevěří, že by se člověk jako on převlékl před sebevraždou do pyžama. Höschl se vyjádřil jako odborník, který má zkušenosti s depresivními pacienty včetně těch, kteří skončili život sebevraždou. Co považujete za nejvýznamnější argument proti sebevraždě? To, že by se Masaryk, celým národem milován a uctíván, s vědomím, že bude po pádu nalezen, převlékl před sebevraždou do pyžama, že by pro skok volil komplikovanější cestu a že by se před pádem přesouval po římse na méně příhodné místo. Jsou i argumenty opačné? Ano, údajný výskyt deprese (melancholie) v rodině, u matky Charlotty Masarykové. Jak člověk jeho typu jedná, když se rozhodne pro sebevraždu? To je dnes velmi obtížné posoudit. Jistě méně okázalé, do značné míry snazší a pohodlnější by bylo spolykání prášků, pomineme-li možnost se zastřelit. Kdyby se rozhodl pro skok z okna, asi by si ho nekomplikoval cestou přes koupelnu a po římse. Pravděpodobně by také nechal vysvětlující dopis, ať již na místě nebo u někoho z přátel. Také by se asi na skok neoblékl do pyžama, pokud by nebyl pod vlivem alkoholu, což nebyl. Jaký je váš výsledný názor? Podle mého soudu byl Masaryk ke skoku z okna někým donucen, popřípadě vyskočil ve strachu a pod tlakem situace vyvolané jinými osobami. Tato verze zahrnuje i možnost, že se zoufale pokusil oknem uprchnout a po římse, z níž nakonec spadl, se někam dostat. Luděk Navara, MF DNES

Translation of the above news-article

An Expert’s Testimonial: They killed Masaryk

March 10, 2005, 01:00

Jan Masaryk was assassinated. Such is the conclusion of Cyril Höschl, a psychiatrist from Prague(CZ), who lately testified in front of the UDV, which is the Communist Crimes Investigation Office. Höschl had re-analyzed the obscure death of the former Czechoslovak Foreign Minister, whose corpse was found in the courtyard of the Cerninsky Palace (Foreign Office) in the early morning hours on March 10, 1948.

“By the use of the method of projection (which is an emphatic approach to “feel into” a person just about to commit suicide), it is hard to imagine, why –if the suicide was planned- he (Masaryk, interpreter’s remark) proceeded the way which is commonly known,” stated Höschl.

The case was closed prior to Höschl’s testimony, already. Yet his resume only supports the official findings: “One cannot imagine that in a working day’s end Masaryk changes his suit for pyjamas, fully aware that after jumping out of the window he will be found dressed like this and leave this picture to become publicly known.”

A Female Agent: The murderers were sent by the NKVD

Despite even today many believe in a suicide, there is still more and more evidence for a murder. The truth may be hidden somewhere in Moscow’s archives. Former soviet NKVD agent Yeleezaveta Parasheenova had already stated in the past that actually here colleagues had killed Jan Masaryk. In an interview with Radio Free Europe her son stated just the same. “We have asked Russia for legal support in this issue, however, we were told, that information concerning the Masaryk-case still are confidential”, said Pavel Bret, deputy director of UDV.

The version according to which Masaryk was supposed to be killed by the soviet secret service, had emerged in 1993 for the first time. At that time a young Russian contacted Radio Free Europe in Munich, Germany, saying that his mother Parasinova (Parasheenova) now living in Russia had told him of Masaryk’s murder before. “He gave an interview for the Russian language broadcasting service. When I had heard what he was saying, I immediately ran off to the Czech broadcasting service to have this information released,” says Jefim Fistejn, that time being a commentator for Czech broadcasts. According to Fistejn, however, this young man disappeared from Germany, and probably returned to Russia.

Allegedly he tried to escape on the cornice

“He said that he remembered his mother talking to former secret service colleagues while getting drunk. Allegedly her colleagues had thrown Masaryk out of the window. He had tried to escape on the cornice” says Fistejn. His statements were later supported by Parasinova herself, when Czech Television produced a documentary in Russia on Czechoslovakia in Special Services. A hereupon launched request for legal support by Czech police authorities was however rejected by Russian authorities stating that Parasinova had died meanwhile and documentation on the Masaryk case was still confidential. “Half a year later they sent us her death certificate,” stated investigator Ilja Pravda, who was responsible for solving the Masaryk case on behalf of the UDV.

The murder-theory, for which not necessarily only soviet services might be held responsible for, (since there were more services suspected), is supported by Höschls findings at last:

Obviously he was forced to jump, says Höschl

In his opinion Masaryk had been forced to jump either by somebody or by his fear because of the situation he might have found himself in. Höschl argued: "It is unlikely that he would have complicated the realization of his suicide, after having decided to jump, by moving himself farther away from the window. The statement that Masaryk had fallen down facing the wall, only supports the version that he did not jump intentionally, in my eyes. Furthermore it is unlikely somebody prepares his suicide and makes daily-business arrangements for the following day – he had scheduled to meet his staff the next day and speeches prepared to hold on that occasion.”

Even though more and more evidence suggests an assassination rather than a suicide, there is a row of experts and contemporaries convinced of Masaryk having left this world voluntarily. So is Masaryk’s former secretary Antonín Sum, who believes Masaryk sacrificed himself shortly after the communists had come to power.

Therefore UDV currently prepares a professional publication, which is to highlight the “Masaryk case” from various angles, thus avoiding to stick only to one version and its end. “This publication does not focus exceptionally on Masaryk’s death, it also analyzes the preceded period, so that people are made aware of Masaryk’s role and not only of one tragic moment, “ says deputy director of the UDV, Pavel Bret. The publication will be distributed among schools primarily.

A Man Of His Format Would Never Have Dressed In Pyjamas, says the psychiatrist

Psychiatrist Cyril Höschl offers you his view of Jan Masaryk’s death. He does not believe a person like Masaryk would change into his pyjamas when committing suicide. Höschl testified as an expert with experience in treatment of depressed patients, also with those who ended up their lives themselves.

What do you think is the most important argument against suicide?

The one that Masaryk, a man beloved and honoured by a whole nation, knowing that he will be found later on, commits suicide in his pyjamas, and while doing so, does not jump out the window straight away but instead climbs a certain distance along the cornice just to find a less suitable place.

Are there any opposite arguments?

Yes there are, allegedly his mother Charlotte had suffered from depressions (melancholy).

How does a type like Masaryk act, if determined to commit suicide?

This question is hard to answer today. Certainly this person would do so less spectacularly; to certain extend it would be easier and more comfortably to swallow a pill if we neglect the possibility to shoot oneself. If he had intended to jump, he certainly would not have had complicated the execution of his plan by going first to his bathroom, then climb off the window and further along the cornice just to jump from there. Most likely he would have left a final explanatory letter, either in loco or with some friend. Also he would not have worn pyjamas when determined to kill himself, except he had been drunk, which he had not been.

What is your final conclusion then?

My judgment is that Masaryk was forced by somebody to jump, respectively circumstances of fear caused by somebody urged him to do so. This version also includes that he might have wanted to flee along the cronice.

Author of the original text in Czech: Luděk Navara, MF DNES

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.168.20.120 (talk • contribs).

Good riddance?
In Hungary people make fun of Masaryk. His name means "to have a bowel movement today" when said phonetically in the hungarian language, which is the basis for several dirty jokes. This is because hungarians feel Masaryk had a lot to do with oppression against ethnic hungarians in the 1920's and 30's CzechSlovakia. The popularity of communist ideology grew in Hungary when the word spread that the czech workers' party killed him. In 1949 Hungary itself was taken over by communists. 195.70.48.242 09:12, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Anniversay of death
It being the 60th anniversary, it could have been on the main page list of dates today: does not even appear on the Czech and Slovak equivalents). Jackiespeel (talk) 16:01, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

NKVD? In 1948?
NKVD could not be made responsible for deaths in 1948, because that time no organization with such name existed. Inform better ! --93.104.102.25 (talk) 18:02, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

I am a supposed decendant! HELP
My name is Jacqueline Faurie. daughter to Charmaine MASURIK. The reason im here is because my mother once mentioned to me JAN MASARYK. Years later im now doing my research and apparently there is a tie between MASURIK and MASARYK, but i keep hitting a block at jan masaryk. my grand fathers name is DAVID MARTIN MASURIK. Can anybody please help me figure out my family tree! it would be much appreciated. thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by J.masurik (talk • contribs) 08:49, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

Start class?
This is an interesting article, but it seems start class to me. It lacks valid references throughout. Thanks, DA Sonnenfeld (talk) 10:04, 6 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, you're absolutely right. I have updated the classification accordingly. Cloudz 679 16:34, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

.
Vladimir Petrov ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Mikhaylovich_Petrov_(diplomat) ) confided to a nurse in an australian hospital that he was one of the KGB men involved in throwing JM out of the window. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.151.17.240 (talk) 22:43, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Shoal

In oceanography, geomorphology, and geoscience, a shoal is a natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material, and rises from the bed of a body of water close to the surface or above it, which poses a danger to navigation. Shoals are also known as sandbanks, sandbars, or gravelbars. Two or more shoals that are either separated by shared troughs or interconnected by past or present sedimentary and hydrographic processes are referred to as a shoal complex.

The term shoal is also used in a number of ways that can be either similar to, or quite different from, how it is used in geologic, geomorphic, and oceanographic literature. Sometimes, the term refers to either any relatively shallow place in a stream, lake, sea, or other body of water; a rocky area on the seafloor within an area mapped for navigation purposes; or, a growth of vegetation on the bottom of a deep lake, that occurs at any depth, or is used as a verb for the process of proceeding from a greater to a lesser depth of water.

Description
Shoals are characteristically long and narrow (linear) ridges. They can develop where a stream, river, or ocean current promotes deposition of sediment and granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Marine shoals also develop either by the in-place drowning of barrier islands as the result of episodic sea level rise or by the erosion and submergence of inactive delta lobes.

Shoals can appear as a coastal landform in the sea, where they are classified as a type of ocean bank, or as fluvial landforms in rivers, streams, and lakes.

A shoal–sandbar may seasonally separate a smaller body of water from the sea, such as:
 * Marine lagoons
 * Brackish water estuaries
 * Freshwater seasonal stream and river mouths and deltas.

The term bar can apply to landform features spanning a considerable range in size, from a length of a few meters in a small stream to marine depositions stretching for hundreds of kilometers along a coastline, often called barrier islands.

Composition
They are typically composed of sand, although they could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important.

Formation
Wave shoaling is the process when surface waves move towards shallow water, such as a beach, they slow down, their wave height increases and the distance between waves decreases. This behavior is called shoaling, and the waves are said to shoal. The waves may or may not build to the point where they break, depending on how large they were to begin with, and how steep the slope of the beach is. In particular, waves shoal as they pass over submerged sandbanks or reefs. This can be treacherous for boats and ships.

Shoaling can also refract waves, so the waves change direction. For example, if waves pass over a sloping bank which is shallower at one end than the other, then the shoaling effect will result in the waves slowing more at the shallow end. Thus, the wave fronts will refract, changing direction like light passing through a prism. Refraction also occurs as waves move towards a beach if the waves come in at an angle to the beach, or if the beach slopes more gradually at one end than the other.

Sandbars and longshore bars
Sandbars, also known as a trough bars, form where the waves are breaking, because the breaking waves set up a shoreward current with a compensating counter-current along the bottom. Sometimes this occurs seaward of a trough (marine landform).

Sand carried by the offshore moving bottom current is deposited where the current reaches the wave break. Other longshore bars may lie further offshore, representing the break point of even larger waves, or the break point at low tide.

Peresyp
In Russian tradition of geomorphology, a peresyp is a sandbar that rises above the water level (like a spit) and separates a liman or a lagoon from the sea. Unlike tombolo bars, a peresyp seldom forms a contiguous strip and usually has one or several channels that connect the liman and the sea.

Harbor and river bars
A harbor or river bar is a sedimentary deposit formed at a harbor entrance or river mouth by the deposition of freshwater sediment or by the action of waves on the sea floor or on up-current beaches.

Where beaches are suitably mobile, or the river's suspended or bed loads are large enough, deposition can build up a sandbar that completely blocks a river mouth and dams the river. It can be a seasonally natural process of aquatic ecology, causing the formation of estuaries and wetlands in the lower course of the river. This situation will persist until the bar is eroded by the sea, or the dammed river develops sufficient head to break through the bar.

The formation of harbor bars that prevent access for boats and shipping can be the result of:
 * construction up-coast or at the harbor — e.g.: breakwaters, dune habitat destruction.
 * upriver development — e.g.: dams and reservoirs, riparian zone destruction, river bank alterations, river adjacent agricultural land practices, water diversions.
 * watershed erosion from habitat alterations — e.g.: deforestation, wildfires, grading for development.
 * artificially created/deepened harbors that require periodic dredging maintenance.

Nautical navigation
In a nautical sense, a bar is a shoal, similar to a reef: a shallow formation of (usually) sand that is a navigation or grounding hazard, with a depth of water of 6 fathom or less. It therefore applies to a silt accumulation that shallows the entrance to or course of a river, or creek. A bar can form a dangerous obstacle to shipping, preventing access to the river or harbor in poor weather conditions or at some states of the tide.

Geological units
In addition to longshore bars discussed above that are relatively small features of a beach, the term shoal can be applied to larger geological units that form off a coastline as part of the process of coastal erosion, such as spits and baymouth bars that form across the front of embayments and rias. A tombolo is a bar that forms an isthmus between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore.

In places of reentrance along a coastline (such as inlets, coves, rias, and bays), sediments carried by a longshore current will fall out where the current dissipates, forming a spit. An area of water isolated behind a large bar is called a lagoon. Over time, lagoons may silt up, becoming salt marshes.

In some cases, shoals may be precursors to beach expansion and dunes formation, providing a source of windblown sediment to augment such beach or dunes landforms.

Human habitation
Since prehistoric times, humans have chosen some shoals as a site of habitation. In some early cases, the locations provided easy access to exploit marine resources. In modern times, these sites are sometimes chosen for the water amenity or view, but many such locations are prone to storm damage.

An area in Northwest Alabama is commonly referred to as “The Shoals” by local inhabitants, and one of the cities, Muscle Shoals, is named for such landform and its abundance of Mussels.

title: Shoal