text:
Tony Banks (musician)

Anthony George Banks (born 27 March 1950) is an English musician primarily known as the keyboardist and founding member of the rock band Genesis. Banks is also a prolific solo artist, releasing six solo studio albums that range through progressive rock, pop, and classical music.

Banks co-founded Genesis in 1967 while studying at Charterhouse. He was their keyboardist and one of their principal songwriters and lyricists. He became a frequent user of the Hammond T-102 organ, Mellotron, ARP Pro Soloist and Yamaha CP-70 piano. In the band's earliest years Banks would play acoustic guitar for some of the mellow and pastoral songs.

In 2010, Banks was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis. In 2011, he was included on MusicRadar's list of the 27 greatest keyboard players of all time. In 2015, he was named "Prog God" at the Progressive Music Awards.

Early life
Anthony George Banks was born on 27 March 1950 in East Hoathly with Halland, East Sussex as the youngest of five children. He cites his mother, a pianist, as being particularly into music, and first listened to classical music albums that she owned from around six before he moved to musical theatre compositions by Rodgers and Hammerstein. Banks's elder brother introduced him to a wider variety, naming "Sixteen Tons" sung by Frankie Laine as one of the songs, and said, "By 1961, and for the next five to six years, I was music mad!" Banks started piano lessons at school at eight with the headmaster's wife, but did not enjoy tuition at first because he was "quite forced into it" by his parents until he grew to enjoy it. He considered himself an average piano player, and learned to recite pieces by Sergei Rachmaninoff and Maurice Ravel, his two favourite piano composers, by ear. At 13, he began lessons with an unsuitable teacher who made him lose interest in classical music, but he then started to recite songs by ear that he heard on the radio. Months later, he acquired a new piano teacher who sparked his interest in classical compositions once more, which became a deciding factor for Banks's decision to pursue a career in music. In addition to the piano, Banks taught himself to play the guitar.

At seven, Banks began six years of study at Boarzell Preparatory School, a boarding school in Hurst Green. In September 1963, Banks began study at Charterhouse School, a private school in Godalming, Surrey. He studied classical piano as an extracurricular subject. Shortly after his arrival he befriended fellow pupil and future Genesis bandmate Peter Gabriel, initially over their general distaste for the school's environment. They went on to play in Garden Wall, a school band with drummer Chris Stewart. In early 1967, they merged with guitarists Mike Rutherford and Anthony Phillips, two members of Anon, another school band, to record a series of demos which led to the formation of their new band Genesis.

Banks originally planned to study mathematics in higher education. After leaving Charterhouse, Banks began studying chemistry at Sussex University but soon switched to physics and philosophy. After a year at Sussex, he took a leave of absence in 1969 to explore a career with Genesis since the group had split but decided to reform and become a full-time professional band. Banks never returned to the university.

1967–2007: Genesis

Banks's elaborate arrangements and keyboard solos – such as the piano introduction to "Firth of Fifth" and the instrumental sections of "The Cinema Show", "Watcher of the Skies", and "Supper's Ready" – helped to establish Genesis's sound. In addition to playing keyboards, Banks contributed (along with Anthony Phillips, Steve Hackett and Rutherford) to Genesis's 12-string acoustic passages in songs such as "The Musical Box", "Entangled", "The Cinema Show", and the beginning part of "Supper's Ready". Banks also was an occasional back-up vocalist and sang co-lead vocals on "Shepherd", an unreleased track from 1970 which finally surfaced on the Genesis Archive 1967–75 boxed set. He and Rutherford can be seen singing alongside Collins in a comedic falsetto during the ending of the Invisible Touch video. Notable Banks-penned Genesis songs (post Peter Gabriel) include "Mad Man Moon", "One for the Vine" and the anthemic ballad "Afterglow", which remained a popular coda to the Banks-driven medleys that the group played during live shows for years.

In 1997, Banks turned down an invitation to play on Steve Hackett's solo album Genesis Revisited as he disliked going over past material and an appearance would have added confusion to the fact that Genesis were close to putting out Calling All Stations.

After Genesis split in 1998, Banks's career stagnated, and he considered retirement from music. It was during this time that he began composing, titling an early piece "Black Down" which led to his decision to pursue orchestra composition.

Rock albums
Banks first thought of making a solo album in 1975, following Gabriel's departure from Genesis. He had a group of songs in development at the time which were used on A Trick of the Tail (1976), their first album recorded without Gabriel, including "Mad Man Moon" and sections of "Entangled" and "Ripples".

In 1979, after Genesis had entered a break in activity, Banks and Rutherford travelled to Polar Studios in Stockholm and recorded their first studio albums. Banks's album, A Curious Feeling, was released first in October of that year. It was originally meant to be based and titled after the short story Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes, and Banks had written a complete set of lyrics for the story, but shelved the idea after he was made aware of an upcoming musical about the book. In addition to keyboards Banks plays the guitar and bass as he wanted the album to be "As personal as possible". He enlisted Kim Beacon of String Driven Thing as vocalist.

In June 1983, Banks released his second studio album, The Fugitive. It remains unique as his only album to feature him as lead vocalist on all of the songs; a role he considered after recording guide vocals for Phil Collins to sing for "Me and Sarah Jane" and "Keep It Dark" on the Genesis album Abacab (1981). Banks has employed guest vocalists on his solo albums; these have included Fish, Nik Kershaw, Toyah Willcox, Jack Hues and Jim Diamond.

In 1988, Banks recorded a pop and rock-oriented album under the group identity Bankstatement, featuring guitarist and co-producer Steve Hillage and singers Alistair Gordon and Jayney Klimek, plus additional musicians. Banks felt inspired to pursue the project having witnessed Rutherford enjoy the success of his own group, Mike + the Mechanics. Their eponymously-titled album was released in 1989. Banks also performed lead vocals on the song "Big Man."

Banks released his fourth studio album, Still, in April 1991 featuring Fish and Nik Kershaw. In contrast to his previous use of one or two vocalists on an album, he chose a greater number for Still as he saw little point in restricting himself and selected different people for tracks they suited best. As on the previous album, Banks took the lead vocal on one track (Hero For an Hour)

Banks formed his second group project outside Genesis in 1994. He initially wanted to name the band Incognito, but found out there was another group with the name and chose Strictly Inc. It featured him with Wang Chung vocalist Jack Hues, and their eponymously-titled album saw a UK release in September 1995.

In 2004, after recording his classical album Seven, Banks expressed an interest in recording another rock solo album but decided that the environment was becoming increasingly difficult in terms of securing a deal; yet the likelihood of it solely being an independent or online release did appeal to him. He added: "I'm not trying to prove anything. I haven't got to convince anybody. I don't have to worry about reviews or anything like that. You are just doing it for people who are familiar with what you are doing".

Film scores
In 1978, Banks and Rutherford were asked by musician and producer Rupert Hine to write music for the horror film The Shout (1978), after David Bowie was originally booked but failed to attend sessions. Hine recommended Genesis, and organised recording in a church without Collins as he was unavailable at short notice. The main theme that they developed was later featured on "From the Undertow" on Banks's solo album A Curious Feeling.

Banks's first major film score was for the 1983 loose remake The Wicked Lady (1983), for director Michael Winner. The soundtrack was released in April 1983 on Atlantic Records.

Around 1983, Banks was asked by director Peter Hyams to score the soundtrack to 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984), the sequel to the popular science fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), having liked his work for The Shout. However, the "masses" of music Banks had written was poorly received by Hyams which led to his departure from the project, leaving Banks disappointed. With months to spare, Banks accepted the job of scoring another science fiction film, Lorca and the Outlaws (1984), which came with no salary. Its low budget prevented Banks from using a professional studio, so he wrote the music using his own 16-track machine.

His next soundtrack was the drama film Quicksilver (1986). Banks recalled the directors were more supportive towards him and the process went smoothly, but disliked their demand for more straightforward songs on the soundtrack in order to have a hit single that they could release. Among the tracks recorded was "Shortcut to Somewhere", a collaboration with Marillion singer Fish, which became the only single from Banks's solo career to chart in the UK when it reached number 75.

Selections of music written for Lorca and the Outlaws and Quicksilver were later released on Banks's compilation album Soundtracks (1986).

Classical albums
Banks became interested in the music of Gustav Mahler after hearing it in the film Death in Venice (1971). He also cites Dmitri Shostakovich and Erik Satie as composers whose music he has enjoyed. He identifies Symphony No. 4 in A minor and Symphony No. 7 in C major by Jean Sibelius, and Symphony No. 5 in D major by Ralph Vaughan Williams as favourite pieces. Critics have noted that Vaughan Williams and film composer John Barry are notable influences on his own orchestral compositions. Banks has acknowledged similarities in style between his orchestral works and those of Vaughan Williams, Sibelius and Barry.

In March 2004, Banks released his fourth studio album, and first of entirely classical music, entitled Seven: A Suite for Orchestra on Naxos Records. He had the idea for the album around six years prior to starting working on it, and felt encouraged after hearing the orchestral arrangements of his compositions for the soundtrack to The Wicked Lady. It features seven compositions performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra with Banks on the piano for three tracks with conductor Mike Dixon.

On 26 March 2012, Banks's second classical album was released (also on Naxos), entitled Six Pieces for Orchestra, performed by the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Paul Englishby. Tracks are: "Siren" featuring Martin Robertson on alto saxophone, "Still Waters", "Blade" with Charlie Siem on violin, "Wild Pilgrimage", "The Oracle" and "City of Gold".

Banks's third classical music album, Five, was released in February 2018. As he related in the album's booklet, "In 2013, I was approached to write a piece for the following year's Cheltenham Music Festival, which I readily agreed to as this seemed a good opportunity for me to have one of my orchestral pieces played live, which had not happened before...since then I have written more music, creating this suite...". It features five pieces performed by The Czech National Symphony Orchestra and Choir conducted by Nick Ingman, and Banks on piano and celeste.

Other recent projects includes writing music for operatic tenor John Potter and to a Shakespeare sonnet.

Reception
Music historian Wayne Studer has referred to Banks as "the most tasteful keyboardist of prog rock." Scott Solida of MusicRadar also described him as "tasteful and often restrained", whose "playing was always in service to the song." Solida added, "Banks exhibited a sense of arrangement and purpose so often missing in the excesses of his peers." In 2018, Philip Wilding of Classic Rock described Banks as "the most overlooked solo artist from Genesis".

Banks has pioneered many unique keyboard and synthesizer sounds throughout his career; one of his achievements was the technique of using the trigger output of a Linn LM-1 drum machine to have the hi-hat pattern trigger an ARP Quadra synthesizer, creating such parts as the pulsating drum sound in "Mama" (from 1983's Genesis) and "By You" on The Fugitive (1983). Another unique synth technique was used on the track "Who Dunnit?" from the 1981 album Abacab; a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 was programmed with a few sounds, and the patches were switched manually (via the panel preset tabs) while he played.

Known for his lack of flamboyance on stage, Banks did wear a snorkel for performances of "Who Dunnit?" on the Abacab tour.

Instruments
Banks, who has played the piano for many years, achieved a distinctive sound by running all of his keyboards (as well as his 12-string guitar) into a mixing board and then running the signal output of the board into a Leslie speaker This can clearly be heard on everything Banks plays on the Genesis Live album.

Banks's earliest setup included a Hammond L-100 organ, a Hohner Pianet N and a Mellotron MkII, all of which (as well as grand piano) are first heard on the Trespass album. Banks used the Pianet as both a substitute for a grand piano, and also as a lead instrument, with the use of a fuzz box (also homemade, similar to the Fender Blender). He would often duel with Hackett's guitar, as heard on tracks like "The Musical Box", "The Return of the Giant Hogweed", and "Supper's Ready". Banks in 1974 switched from his Pianet to an RMI 368 Electra Piano and Harpsichord, which was soon integrated into the sound of Genesis, as first heard at various points on The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974) album. It was often effected with the homemade fuzz box and an MXR Phase 100 – later these pedals were inserted in the panel of the Electra Piano. In 1978, the RMI was replaced with the Yamaha CP-70 electric grand piano.

The first synthesizer used by Banks was the monophonic ARP Pro Soloist, which Banks first acquired in 1973 along with a Hammond T-102 and a Mellotron M400 for the Selling England by the Pound album, replacing the Hammond L122 and the Mellotron MkII. With the release of the Trick of the Tail album in 1976 and onward, Banks made use of the ARP 2600, a semi-modular synthesizer. On 1978's ...And Then There Were Three... the Polymoog (one of the first polyphonic synthesizers) was integrated into Banks' expansive array, which enabled more expressive and highly layered "colorful" textures along with his unique use of MXR Phase 100 and Boss CE-1 Chorus effects pedals on the Hammond T-102 organ. During this time, he also added a Roland RS-202 string and brass synthesizer to mainly replace the Mellotron, though not used live. He also briefly used a Fender Rhodes electric piano. He also acquired a Yamaha CP-70 electric grand piano, which, when put through a Boss chorus, would become a signature part of Banks' 1970's - 80's sound.

He used this technique all the way up to Duke in 1980, when he made a major overhaul of his rig, dropping the ARP 2600, the ARP Pro-Soloist, the Mellotron and the RS-202 in favour of a Yamaha CS-80, a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, an ARP Quadra and a Roland VP-330. On Abacab in 1981, the organ was no longer featured; organ sounds were emulated using a Sequential Circuits Prophet 10 synthesizer through the Boss CE-1. For the album Genesis in 1983, he replaced the Polymoog with an E-mu Emulator digital sampler. He also added a NED Synclavier II, which also has had prominent features in Banks' career, such as on "Home by the Sea". His final changes in this rig were replacing the E-mu Emulator with an E-mu Emulator II+ and the Roland VP-330 with a Yamaha DX7 for Invisible Touch. Since the We Can't Dance (1991) album, Banks has favoured Roland and Korg synthesizers, such as Roland JD-800 and Korg Wavestation.

Evolving technology and sampling has allowed him to use a smaller rig of 4 or 3 keyboards with an array of rack mounted synth modules to emulate many of the earlier sounds. His concert rigs since When in Rome 2007 include Korg Wavestation and Roland A-90 keyboard acting as MIDI controllers for rack mounted Korg Wavestation SR, Roland JD-990, Yamaha TX7, E-mu Proteus I and II, and E-mu EIV, as well as Korg OASYS as a master keyboard.

Personal life
Banks married Margaret McBain on 29 July 1972. They had a one-day honeymoon as Banks was too busy with finishing the Genesis album Foxtrot. Banks said: "The band felt sorry for me so they paid for her to come on the next tour". The couple have two children.

Solo albums
Studio albums
 * A Curious Feeling (1979)
 * The Fugitive (1983)
 * Bankstatement (1989, credited to Bankstatement)
 * Still (1991)
 * Strictly Inc (1995, credited to Strictly Inc.)
 * Seven: A Suite for Orchestra (2004)
 * Six Pieces for Orchestra (2012)
 * Five (2018)

Soundtrack albums
 * The Wicked Lady (1983)
 * Soundtracks (1986)

Compilation albums
 * A Chord Too Far (2015)

Singles

 * "For a While" (1979)
 * "For a While" (reissue) (1979)
 * "The Wicked Lady" (1983)
 * "This Is Love" (1983)
 * "And the Wheels Keep Turning" (1983)
 * "You Call This Victory" (1985, feat. Jim Diamond)
 * "Shortcut to Somewhere" (1986, feat. Fish)
 * "Throwback" (1989, Bankstatement)
 * "I'll Be Waiting" (1989, Bankstatement)
 * "I Wanna Change the Score" (1991, feat. Nik Kershaw)
 * "The Gift" (1991, feat. Andy Taylor)
 * "Still It Takes Me by Surprise" (1992, feat. Andy Taylor)
 * "Only Seventeen" (1995, Strictly Inc.)
 * "Walls of Sound" (1995, Strictly Inc.)

title: Tony Banks (musician)


text:
DDR2 SDRAM

Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DDR2 SDRAM) is a double data rate (DDR) synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) interface. It is a JEDEC standard (JESD79-2); first published in September 2003. DDR2 succeeded the original DDR SDRAM specification, and was itself succeeded by DDR3 SDRAM in 2007. DDR2 DIMMs are neither forward compatible with DDR3 nor backward compatible with DDR.

In addition to double pumping the data bus as in DDR SDRAM (transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the bus clock signal), DDR2 allows higher bus speed and requires lower power by running the internal clock at half the speed of the data bus. The two factors combine to produce a total of four data transfers per internal clock cycle.

Since the DDR2 internal clock runs at half the DDR external clock rate, DDR2 memory operating at the same external data bus clock rate as DDR results in DDR2 being able to provide the same bandwidth but with better latency. Alternatively, DDR2 memory operating at twice the external data bus clock rate as DDR may provide twice the bandwidth with the same latency. The best-rated DDR2 memory modules are at least twice as fast as the best-rated DDR memory modules. The maximum capacity on commercially available DDR2 DIMMs is 8GB, but chipset support and availability for those DIMMs is sparse and more common 2GB per DIMM are used.

History
DDR2 SDRAM was first produced by Samsung in 2001. In 2003, the JEDEC standards organization presented Samsung with its Technical Recognition Award for the company's efforts in developing and standardizing DDR2.

DDR2 was officially introduced in the second quarter of 2003 at two initial clock rates: 200 MHz (referred to as PC2-3200) and 266 MHz (PC2-4200). Both performed worse than the original DDR specification due to higher latency, which made total access times longer. However, the original DDR technology tops out at a clock rate around 200 MHz (400 MT/s). Higher performance DDR chips exist, but JEDEC has stated that they will not be standardized. These chips are mostly standard DDR chips that have been tested and rated to be capable of operation at higher clock rates by the manufacturer. Such chips draw significantly more power than slower-clocked chips, but usually offered little or no improvement in real-world performance. DDR2 started to become competitive against the older DDR standard by the end of 2004, as modules with lower latencies became available.

Overview

The key difference between DDR2 and DDR SDRAM is the increase in prefetch length. In DDR SDRAM, the prefetch length was two bits for every bit in a word; whereas it is four bits in DDR2 SDRAM. During an access, four bits were read or written to or from a four-bit-deep prefetch queue. This queue received or transmitted its data over the data bus in two data bus clock cycles (each clock cycle transferred two bits of data). Increasing the prefetch length allowed DDR2 SDRAM to double the rate at which data could be transferred over the data bus without a corresponding doubling in the rate at which the DRAM array could be accessed. DDR2 SDRAM was designed with such a scheme to avoid an excessive increase in power consumption.

DDR2's bus frequency is boosted by electrical interface improvements, on-die termination, prefetch buffers and off-chip drivers. However, latency is greatly increased as a trade-off. The DDR2 prefetch buffer is four bits deep, whereas it is two bits deep for DDR. While DDR SDRAM has typical read latencies of between two and three bus cycles, DDR2 may have read latencies between three and nine cycles, although the typical range is between four and six. Thus, DDR2 memory must be operated at twice the data rate to achieve the same latency.

Another cost of the increased bandwidth is the requirement that the chips are packaged in a more expensive and difficult to assemble BGA package as compared to the TSSOP package of the previous memory generations such as DDR SDRAM and SDR SDRAM. This packaging change was necessary to maintain signal integrity at higher bus speeds.

Power savings are achieved primarily due to an improved manufacturing process through die shrinkage, resulting in a drop in operating voltage (1.8 V compared to DDR's 2.5 V). The lower memory clock frequency may also enable power reductions in applications that do not require the highest available data rates.

According to JEDEC the maximum recommended voltage is 1.9 volts and should be considered the absolute maximum when memory stability is an issue (such as in servers or other mission critical devices). In addition, JEDEC states that memory modules must withstand up to 2.3 volts before incurring permanent damage (although they may not actually function correctly at that level).

Chips and modules
For use in computers, DDR2 SDRAM is supplied in DIMMs with 240 pins and a single locating notch. Laptop DDR2 SO-DIMMs have 200 pins and often come identified by an additional S in their designation. DIMMs are identified by their peak transfer capacity (often called bandwidth).

* ''Some manufacturers label their DDR2 modules as PC2-4300, PC2-5400 or PC2-8600 instead of the respective names suggested by JEDEC. At least one manufacturer has reported this reflects successful testing at a higher-than-standard data rate whilst others simply round up for the name.''

Note: DDR2-xxx denotes data transfer rate, and describes raw DDR chips, whereas PC2-xxxx denotes theoretical bandwidth (with the last two digits truncated), and is used to describe assembled DIMMs. Bandwidth is calculated by taking transfers per second and multiplying by eight. This is because DDR2 memory modules transfer data on a bus that is 64 data bits wide, and since a byte comprises 8 bits, this equates to 8 bytes of data per transfer.

In addition to bandwidth and capacity variants, modules can:

 * 1) Optionally implement ECC, which is an extra data byte lane used for correcting minor errors and detecting major errors for better reliability. Modules with ECC are identified by an additional ECC in their designation. PC2-4200 ECC is a PC2-4200 module with ECC. An additional P can be added at the end of the designation, P standing for parity (ex : PC2-5300P).
 * 2) Intel ® 6402 Advanced Memory Buffer..jpg "registered" ("buffered"), which improves signal integrity (and hence potentially clock rates and physical slot capacity) by electrically buffering the signals at a cost of an extra clock of increased latency. Those modules are identified by an additional R in their designation, whereas non-registered (a.k.a. "unbuffered") RAM may be identified by an additional U in the designation.  PC2-4200R is a registered PC2-4200 module, PC2-4200R ECC is the same module but with additional ECC.
 * 3) Be aware fully buffered modules, which are designated by F or FB do not have the same notch position as other classes. Fully buffered modules cannot be used with motherboards that are made for registered modules, and the different notch position physically prevents their insertion.

Note:
 * Registered and un-buffered SDRAM generally cannot be mixed on the same channel.
 * The highest-rated DDR2 modules in 2009 operate at 533 MHz (1066 MT/s), compared to the highest-rated DDR modules operating at 200 MHz (400 MT/s). At the same time, the CAS latency of 11.2 ns = 6 / (bus clock rate) for the best PC2-8500 modules is comparable to that of 10 ns = 4 / (bus clock rate) for the best PC-3200 modules.

Backward compatibility
DDR2 DIMMs are not backward compatible with DDR DIMMs. The notch on DDR2 DIMMs is in a different position from DDR DIMMs, and the pin density is higher than DDR DIMMs in desktops. DDR2 is a 240-pin module, DDR is a 184-pin module. Notebooks have 200-pin SO-DIMMs for DDR and DDR2; however, the notch on DDR2 modules is in a slightly different position than on DDR modules.

Higher-speed DDR2 DIMMs can be mixed with lower-speed DDR2 DIMMs, although the memory controller will operate all DIMMs at same speed as the lowest-speed DIMM present.

Relation to GDDR memory
GDDR2, a form of GDDR SDRAM, was developed by Samsung and introduced in July 2002. The first commercial product to claim using the "DDR2" technology was the Nvidia GeForce FX 5800 graphics card. However, this GDDR2 memory used on graphics cards is not DDR2 per se, but rather an early midpoint between DDR and DDR2 technologies. Using "DDR2" to refer to GDDR2 is a colloquial misnomer. In particular, the performance-enhancing doubling of the I/O clock rate is missing. It had severe overheating issues due to the nominal DDR voltages. ATI has since designed the GDDR technology further into GDDR3, which is based on DDR2 SDRAM, though with several additions suited for graphics cards.

GDDR3 was commonly used in graphics cards and some tablet PCs. However, further confusion has been added to the mix with the appearance of budget and mid-range graphics cards which claim to use "GDDR2". These cards actually use standard DDR2 chips designed for use as main system memory although operating with higher latencies to achieve higher clockrates. These chips cannot achieve the clock rates of GDDR3 but are inexpensive and fast enough to be used as memory on mid-range cards.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: DDR2 SDRAM


text:
AG

A&G, AG, Ag or ag may refer to

Businesses and organizations

 * A&G Railroad (former reporting mark AG)
 * Action Group (Nigeria), a political party during the Nigerian First Republic
 * Aktiengesellschaft, a German type of corporation
 * Assemblies of God, the world's largest Pentecostal organization
 * Associated Group, a Pakistani company
 * Astronomische Gesellschaft, a German astronomical society
 * IATA code for Aruba Airlines
 * Australian Greens, a political party

Entertainment

 * American Gladiators (1989–1996 TV series)
 * American Gladiators (2008 TV series)
 * Atarashii Gakko!, a Japanese girl group

Government and military

 * Adjutant general, the Army branch responsible for personnel
 * Administrator-General of South West Africa, the head of government in Namibia prior to independence in 1990
 * Aerographer's mate, a rating or specialty in the US Navy that deals with weather and oceanography
 * American Holland-class submarine (Amerikansky Golland), a class of Imperial Russian submarines
 * Army green, the color of the US Army service uniform and those of several other militaries
 * Attorney general, government lawyer or law enforcement officer in several legal systems
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Miscellaneous ship (AG)

People

 * Aaron Gordon (born 1995), American basketball player
 * Adrianne Gonzalez (born 1977), American musician who goes by the stage name AG
 * Adriano Goldschmied (born 1944), Italian fashion designer
 * A. G. Cook (born 1990), British pop music producer
 * A. G. Weinberger, Romanian musician and singer/songwriter
 * Alex Gonzaga (born 1988), Filipina singer who sometimes uses the abbreviated nickname AG
 * Ariana Grande (born 1993), American musician
 * Aurela Gaçe (born 1974), Albanian singer
 * Showbiz and A.G., a hip-hop duo from The Bronx (short for "André the Giant")

Places

 * .ag, the ccTLD for Antigua and Barbuda
 * Aargau, a Swiss canton
 * Ág, a village in Hungary
 * Algeria, FIPS country code
 * Province of Agrigento, a Province of Italy (ISO 3166-2:IT code AG)
 * Antigua and Barbuda, a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean
 * Argentina, WMO country code
 * Argeș County, a county in Romania (ISO 3166-2:RO code AG)

Science and technology

 * Silver, symbol Ag, a chemical element
 * Agamous, a gene which plays a role in the ABC model of flower development
 * Allocation group, a sub-volume in a computer file system
 * Anion gap, a value calculated from the results of several medical tests
 * Antigen, a substance that stimulates an immune response
 * Astronomische Gesellschaft, a German astronomical society
 * Attogram, an SI derived unit of mass
 * Attribute grammar, in formal language theory
 * Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, in mathematics
 * American Holland-class submarine (Amerikansky Golland), a class of Imperial Russian submarines

Other uses

 * Anno Graecorum, the Seleucid era, an ancient calendar
 * Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten, a newspaper in Greenland
 * AG, dominical letter of a leap year starting on Sunday
 * Akzidenz-Grotesk, typeface

title: AG


text:
User:H0142692/Non sense culture

Final Presentation

Topic: Stephen Chow- the Godfather of "non sense culture"

Group members:

-1. Name: Lo Ching Wei HKU login ID: h0142692 -2. Name: Hui Man Ho    HKU login ID: h0119907

-3. Name: HKU login ID:

Abstract: -To let people to know more about stephen Chow, a famous artist in HK -To find out the impacts from S. Chow special style: "non sense culture" -To inspect S. Chow's and his movie's social and cultural impact, especially the "non sense culture".

title: User:H0142692/Non sense culture


text:
AQ

AQ, Aq, aQ, or aq may refer to:

Arts, entertainment and media

 * A. Q. Shipley (Allan Quay Shipley, born 1986), known as AQ, American former football center and coach
 * A-Q (born 1986), Nigerian rapper
 * AQ Interactive, a Japanese video game developer
 * AdventureQuest, a 2002 Web-based game
 * Australian Quarterly, a journal for political science
 * Ah Q or A Q, a character in 1921 novella The True Story of Ah Q
 * Al-Qatala, a fictional group in the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare video game series

Businesses and organizations

 * 9 Air, China (IATA: )
 * Acquity Group, US (NYSE: )
 * Alliance Quebec, Canada
 * Aloha Airlines, a defunct US airline (IATA: )
 * Al-Qaeda, an Islamist militant group
 * Al-Quds Force, a Iran special forces
 * Automatic Qualifying conference, in North American college sports

Chemistry

 * 8-Aminoquinoline (AQ), a heterocyclic bidentate ligand
 * Anthraquinone (AQ), an aromatic organic compound
 * Aqueous solution (aq), dissolved in water

Computing and telephony

 * .aq, the Internet domain for Antarctica
 * Adaptive quantization, a quantization process that provides efficient compression
 * Oracle Advanced Queuing, a message provider used in the software products of the Oracle Corporation

Places

 * Ak, Buin Zahra, also spelled Aq, a village in Iran
 * Antarctica (ISO 3166: )
 * Academic Quadrangle, at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
 * American Samoa (DIA 65-18 / FIPS PUB 10-4: )
 * Antigua and Barbuda, LOC MARC code
 * L'Aquila, a province of Italy

Psychology

 * Attribution questionnaire, a tool to assess mental illness stigma
 * Adversity quotient, the ability to overcome adversities
 * Autism-spectrum quotient, an adult test for autism spectrum disorder

Unit of measure

 * Aq, or inch of water, a unit of pressure

title: AQ


text:
BD

BD, Bd or bd may refer to:

In arts and entertainment

 * B. D. (Doonesbury), a major character in the Doonesbury comic strip
 * Bande dessinée (or "bédé"), a French term for comics
 * Bass drum, in sheet music notation
 * Brahe Djäknar, a Finnish choir
 * Broder Daniel, a Swedish indie pop band
 * Ben Drowned, a web serial and web series, focused on the character of the same name
 * ВD, shorthand name for the Russian gaming magazine, Velikij Drakon, where the "В" character is actually the Russian letter "ve".
 * Bette Davis's production company

Business / Technology

 * B&D Australia, manufacturing company
 * Big data, a marketing term for technology of large data sets
 * Broker-dealer
 * Business day, a day of the week on which business is conducted
 * Business development, techniques aimed at attracting customers and penetrating markets
 * Business directory, a website or printed listing of information which lists all businesses within some category

Businesses

 * Bad Dragon, an American manufacturer of fantasy-themed sex toys
 * Becton Dickinson (BD.com), an American manufacturer of medical supplies
 * BMI (airline), or British Midland Airways (IATA airline code BD until 2012)
 * Building Design, a British architectural magazine
 * Cambodia Bayon Airlines (IATA airline code BD from 2014)

Places

 * Bangladesh, (ISO 3166-1 country code BD)
 * .bd, the country top-level domain for Bangladesh
 * BD postcode area, UK, for Bradford, West Yorkshire, and the surrounding area
 * Bermuda, where "BD" is the FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code and obsolete NATO country code
 * Brunei Darussalam, where "BD" is the World Meteorological Organization country code
 * Burundi, LOC MARC code

In computing

 * Baud (Bd), an information unit
 * %BD, the URL encoded version of the one half (½) symbol
 * Big data, data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate
 * Blu-ray Disc, a high density blue laser optical disc format, or the successor of DVD
 * BD+, a component of the Blu-ray Disc Digital Rights Management system

In biology and medicine

 * Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungus that causes the fatal amphibian disease chytridiomycosis
 * BD butterfly, Callicore cynosura
 * Bipolar disorder, a mood disorder
 * "Bis die" (Latin for "twice a day"; also Bid (Medical): "bis in diem") an indication that a medication needs to be taken twice a day

Other uses in science and technology

 * Bonner Durchmusterung, a 19th-century star catalog

Other uses

 * Bachelor of Divinity, an academic degree
 * Bandung railway station, West Java, Indonesia (station code: BD)
 * Battle Dress, a British military uniform
 * Bloor-Danforth, a subway line in Toronto, Canada
 * Bondage (BDSM) and Discipline (BDSM), in sexual role-play
 * Black Disciples, a black street gang based in Chicago, United States

title: BD


text:
BI

BI, Bi or bi may refer to:

Prefix

 * Bi-, a number prefix denoting two, as in:
 * Air Sylphe Bi 582, a two-seat French powered parachute design
 * Bisexuality, or "bi", a sexual orientation toward more than one gender

Places

 * Barrie—Innisfil (federal electoral district), a Canadian electoral district
 * Burundi, by World Meteorological Organization and ISO 3166-1 country code

People

 * Bi (Rain), or Rain (born 1982), South Korean singer
 * B.I (rapper) (born Kim Han-bin, 1996), South Korean songwriter, rapper, singer and record producer
 * Bi (surname) (畢/毕), a Chinese surname
 * Brandon Ingram, commonly referred to as BI, professional basketball player

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Bi (Astyplaz album), 2008
 * Bi (Kevin Johansen album), 2012
 * "Bi" (song), a 1993 song by Living Colour
 * "B.I.: Bartificial Intelligence", a segment from the cartoon The Simpsons
 * Business Insider, or BI, a publication

Education

 * BI Norwegian Business School
 * Bishop Ireton High School, a Roman Catholic high school in Alexandria, Virginia, US

Transportation

 * "B.I", several aircraft of the name, see List of B1 aircraft
 * Braniff International Airways, a former airline
 * British-India Steam Navigation Company, former ship owner and ship operator
 * Royal Brunei Airlines, by IATA airline code
 * Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1, a Soviet short-range rocket powered interceptor developed during the Second World War.

Other businesses and organizations

 * Bank of Indonesia, the central bank of Indonesia
 * Batteries Included (company), a former computer company based in Canada
 * Berggruen Institute, Los Angeles-based think tank
 * Boehringer Ingelheim, a pharmaceutical firm
 * Bohemia Interactive, a developer and publisher of video games
 * British Invisibles, a former UK company rebranded BI

Identity cards

 * Bilhete de identidade (Mozambique)
 * Bilhete de Identidade (Portugal)

Computing

 * .bi, the Internet top-level domain for Burundi
 * Breidbart Index, a measure of the severity of Usenet newsgroup spam
 * Business informatics, the combined discipline of information technology and management
 * Business intelligence, in information technology, the discipline of dealing and analysing business-related information
 * Microsoft Power BI, software for business analytics

Other uses in science and technology

 * Biot number (Bi), a dimensionless quantity in physics
 * Bismuth, symbol Bi, a chemical element

Other uses

 * Bi (cuneiform), a cuneiform sign and syllable
 * Bi (jade), a type of jade disk produced in ancient China
 * Bislama language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code BI)
 * Brain damage, brain injury, from different causes
 * Burning Index, quantifying the effort needed to contain a fire
 * Business interruption (BI), a concept in business interruption insurance
 * Indonesian language, or Bahasa Indonesia

title: BI


text:
BN

BN, Bn or bn may refer to:

Arts and media

 * RTV BN, a Bosnian Serb broadcaster
 * Bandai Namco, a gaming and entertainment conglomerate
 * Barnes & Noble, an American chain of bookstores
 * BN (band), Belarusian rock band

Transport

 * Braniff International Airways (IATA code BN), a former American airline in service from 1928 to 1982
 * Britten-Norman, a British manufacturer, based on the Isle of Wight, producing Islander and Trislander aircraft
 * La Brugeoise et Nivelles, a Belgian railway rolling stock manufacturer, now part of Alstom
 * Burlington Northern Railroad, a United States railroad that operated from 1970 to 1996
 * Horizon Airlines (Australia) (IATA code BN), a former Australian airline, ending service in 2004

Other businesses and organizations

 * Banca Nuova, an Italian bank
 * Banque Nationale (disambiguation) several banks
 * Barisan Nasional (also known as "National Front"), a political coalition in Malaysia
 * British Naturism, the UK naturist society
 * Groupe Danone (uronext stock exchange code BN), a French food-products multinational

Military

 * Bangladesh Navy
 * Battalion, a large unit

Countries

 * Brunei (ISO 3166: BN), Southeast Asia
 * Bahrain (WMO: BN), West Asia
 * Benin (FIPS 10-4: BN), West Africa
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina (LOC MARC: BN), Europe

Regions

 * BN postcode area, Sussex, England
 * Bandarban District, Bangladesh
 * Province of Benevento, Italy
 * Bloomington-Normal, Illinois, US

Place of worship

 * Baitun Nur Mosque, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Science, technology and mathematics

 * .bn, Brunei's top-level Internet domain
 * BN-reactor, a Russian nuclear reactor class
 * Batch normalization, in artificial intelligence
 * Benzyl functional group (Bn), in organic chemistry
 * Billion (disambiguation) (bn), a number
 * Boron nitride, a chemical compound
 * Bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder
 * Dynkin diagram Bn, in mathematical analysis

Other uses

 * BN (biscuit), a Franco-British brand of baked food
 * Bachelor of Nursing, a professional degree
 * Bacon Number, an actor's professional proximity to Kevin Bacon
 * Bengali language (ISO 639: bn), spoken in eastern South Asia
 * Billion (disambiguation)

title: BN


text:
BV

BV, B.V., Bv, bV, or bv may refer to:

In arts and entertainment

 * Backing vocal, in music, a vocal harmony with the lead vocalist provided by one or more backing vocalists
 * Busoni-Verzeichnis, a catalogue of compositions by Ferruccio Busoni

Companies and organizations

 * Beaulieu Vineyard, a Napa Valley winery
 * Besloten vennootschap, a type of Dutch private limited liability company. Dutch for "private company", similar to the American concept of a limited liability company.
 * Bicycle Victoria, an Australian bicycle advocacy organisation
 * Black & Veatch, a U.S.-based engineering, consulting and construction company
 * Blue Panorama Airlines (IATA airline designator)
 * Bottega Veneta, a manufacturer of luxury leather goods
 * Bureau Veritas, a testing, inspection, and certification company (stock symbol BV)

Biology and medicine

 * Bacterial vaginosis, the most common cause of vaginal infection
 * Belch Vocalizations, the most common form of intra-group communication among the mountain gorilla
 * Biological value, a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organism's body
 * Binocular vision, vision in which both eyes are used together
 * Blood vessel, part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body
 * Biovar, a rank below species often written as bv.

Mathematics and computing

 * Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism, a concept in mathematical physics to construct gauge theories
 * Bounded variation, a concept in mathematical analysis
 * Bounding volume, in computer graphics and computational geometry, a closed volume that completely contains the union of objects in the set

Other uses in science and technology

 * Bavarian B V, early German 2-4-0 type of locomotive of the Royal Bavarian State Railways
 * Bed volume, the volume of material in a vessel (e.g. of a catalyst in a vessel, or stationary phase in column chromatography)
 * Boiling vessel, equipment provided to an armoured vehicle for heating food or water (chiefly British)
 * Breakdown voltage, the minimum voltage that causes an insulator to become electrically conductive
 * Lohner B.V, a variant of the Lohner B.II military reconnaissance aircraft

Language

 * Voiced labiodental affricate (⟨b̪͡v⟩, ⟨b̪͜v⟩, or ⟨b̪v⟩), a type of consonant sound

Places

 * Bella Vista, Arkansas
 * Bouvet Island, an uninhabited South Atlantic sub-Antarctic volcanic island
 * .bv, the inactive ccTLD for Bouvet Island

Other uses

 * Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic), Mary, mother of Jesus, as venerated in the Roman Catholic Church
 * Book value, in accounting, the value of an asset according to its balance sheet account balance
 * Bronze Star Medal with Valor
 * Bysshe Vanolis, pen-name of Scottish poet James Thomson

title: BV


text:
BW

BW or Bw may stand for:

Businesses and organizations

 * Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, Ohio, US
 * Bergesen Worldwide, a shipping company
 * Best Western, a hotel company
 * British Waterways
 * Brush Engineered Materials (NYSE stock symbol BW)
 * Bundeswehr, the armed forces of Germany
 * Former BWIA West Indies Airways (IATA Airline code BW)
 * Caribbean Airlines (IATA airline code BW)

Places

 * Baden-Württemberg, a federal state of Germany
 * Bangladesh, WMO country code
 * Botswana (ISO 2-letter country code)
 * .bw, Internet Top Level Domain, Botswana

In science and technology

 * Bahnbetriebswerk, locomotive depot in German
 * Bandwidth (disambiguation), abbreviation
 * Bargmann–Wigner equations, in quantum field theory
 * SAP Business Information Warehouse or SAP BW, software
 * Body weight, e.g. when calculating dosage

Other uses

 * b/w ("backed with"), on record singles
 * Burgerlijk Wetboek, Netherlands civil code
 * Rosemary Lyons, "Beautiful Wife" of Earl Wilson

title: BW


text:
User talk:Tjunier

Greetings! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you have questions or doubts of any sort, do not hesitate to post them on the Village Pump, somebody will respond ASAP. Other helpful pages include: Have fun! --Jiang 12:05 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How does one edit a page
 * Manual of style
 * Naming conventions

Nice to see another bird article. The convention agreed for Wikipedia is that individual species are capitalised, but there is a lower case redirect to the capitalised main article. I've done that for Harpy Eagle. jimfbleak 17:10, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Oops, sorry, wasn't aware of the convention. In fact I just chanced upon the WikiProject Birds after starting the article... Tjunier 08:36, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * No probs. Pandion Haliaetus is the Osprey, which although sometimes called Fish Eagle isn't an eagle at all, but the binomial name would predate that knowledge. Haliaeetus albicilla is the White-tailed Eagle, a true eagle, and impressively massive at that.

 * I guess that the double e results from the old transliteration of Greek words, which has been largely lost in NAm, but still hangs on in scientific names and some British English spellings. For example, hemoglobin (US), haemoglobin (UK). In this instance, presumably the ae was followed by another e. (just guessing really) Jim

Thanks for adding Quercus humboldti, I'd missed this one. From checking up on it, it seems the spelling is Quercus humboldtii (two 'i's at the end) - can you confirm if this is or isn't right? - MPF 00:45, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, a quick Google search seems to indicate humboldtii, so I think you're right. Tjunier 15:16, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

HI. With regard to heron and other birds, it is normal practice to list genera and species taxonomically, to show relationships, rather than alphabetically, thanks, jimfbleak 16:01, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I see. But I fail to grasp how a list can convey information about relationships, or at least how it can do so better than a tree does. And since tree-formatted taxonomical information is also provided, I just don't see the utility of list forms. For example, consider a group of taxa A, B, C, D, and E; suppose further that their relationships is given by the tree ((C,A)(E(D,B))) - How is one to infer this from the mere list C, A, E, D, B ? This might as well stand for, say, ((C(A,E))(D,B)), which is a totally different structure. Tjunier 16:20, 2004 Aug 4 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

User categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Switzerland page as living in or being associated with Switzerland. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Switzerland for instructions. --Army1987 12:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Polistinae
This article should be entitled "Polistinae", not "Wikipedia:Polistinae". Did you put it under Wikipedia namespace as a test? This prefix is used normally for articles about Wikipedia, not encyclopedic articles. Use the Sandbox for tests. NTK 17:59, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Dummy
Ops?

Oceanic whitetip shark for FA
Hi! I have seen that you have contributed to the Oceanic whitetip shark article, we are trying to make it WP:FA, please review and update, if you have comments please comment on its talk page. Thanks! Stefan 03:04, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Condor
I started a split of the article, but I do need more help. As you worked an the article you might be able to make it better.--Mfranck 16:24, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Test
Another test.

Nested parentheses and Arthur Cayley
Hi (Salut!), I noticed your edit to Tree structure regarding nested parentheses. Very interesting! Do you have a reference for how/where/when Cayley noted the correspondence? Knuth (1968) mentions nested parentheses as a representation for trees, but I don't recall him mentionning Cayley as the originator. MichaelMcGuffin 20:42, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tjunier


text:
CI

CI or Ci may refer to:

Business terminology

 * Commercial invoice
 * Competitive intelligence
 * Confidential information
 * Continual improvement
 * Corporate identity
 * Customer intelligence, a discipline in marketing

Academia and education

 * California State University, Channel Islands
 * Channel Islands High School
 * Collegium Invisibile
 * Confucius Institute

Religion

 * Josephites of Belgium, a Catholic congregation
 * Christian Identity
 * Christian Institute, a British charity which promotes Christian values

Other businesses and organizations

 * CI Financial, Canadian investment management company
 * Charity Intelligence Canada
 * China Airlines (IATA code)
 * Cigna health services (NYSE symbol)
 * Consumers International
 * Cycling Ireland
 * CI Records, a music record label
 * Cambria and Indiana Railroad
 * CANZUK International, organisation which promotes cooperation between Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom
 * Conservation International, an international environmental non-governmental organization
 * Communications International, a former global union federation
 * Communist International
 * Children International, a non-profit child sponsorship organization

Law and military

 * Counterintelligence
 * Confidential informant
 * Compliance Inspection, a United States Air Force inspection
 * Chief inspector, a police rank
 * Circle inspector, a junior police rank
 * Certificate of identity
 * Civilian Internee, a special status of a prisoner during wartime
 * Civilian Instructor, an adult volunteer in the British Air Training Corps and Canada Air Cadets

Places

 * Ci County, in Hebei, China
 * Cayman Islands
 * Chile (FIPS country code, obsolete NATO country code)
 * Coney Island
 * Cocos (Keeling) Islands, an external territory of Australia
 * Cook Islands, an island-country in the South Pacific Ocean
 * Côte d'Ivoire (ISO country code)
 * Channel Islands
 * Channel Islands of California
 * Carbonia-Iglesias, a province in southern Italy
 * Central India, region of India, abbreviated CI
 * Central India Circuit or C. I. Circuit, a Hindi film distribution circuit comprising parts of Madhya Pradesh (Indian state within central India)

Biology and medicine

 * cI protein, a repressor protein of Enterobacteria phage λ
 * Cytoplasmic incompatibility, a reproductive system
 * Cardiac index
 * Ci protein, Cubitus interruptus -protein
 * Coital incontinence
 * Convergence insufficiency
 * Corpulence index
 * Cumulative incidence, used as a measure of disease frequency in epidemiology
 * Cochlear implant
 * Chemical injury syndrome, an increased sensitivity to common chemicals also called multiple chemical sensitivity.
 * Chronic illness, a condition that is long-lasting or recurrent
 * Contraindication

Computing

 * .ci, the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Côte d'Ivoire
 * Common Interface, for a Conditional Access Module
 * CI+, Common Interface Plus
 * Computational intelligence
 * Configuration item, the fundamental structural unit of a configuration management system
 * Core Image, non-destructive image processing technology
 * Continuous integration, a software-engineering practice of merging developer code into a main code base frequently
 * CodeIgniter, a PHP framework

Earth science

 * Cirrus cloud
 * Convective instability

Mathematics

 * Conditional independence, a type of relation of random variables in probability theory
 * Confidence interval, an interval estimate of a population parameter used in statistics
 * 101 (number) (in Roman numerals)
 * Compound interest
 * Cosine integral (standard mathematical symbols "Ci" and "ci")

Physics

 * Conical intersection, the location of a discrete degeneracy between two electronic states
 * Curie (unit) (Symbol: Ci), a measurement of radioactivity named after Marie Curie
 * Copenhagen interpretation, an interpretation of quantum mechanics
 * Cubic inch, a unit of volume

Other uses in science and technology

 * CI group, a type of carbonaceous chondrite meteorite
 * Carrier interferometry, a radio and optical communication coding technology
 * Chemical ionization, a technique used in mass spectrometry
 * Configuration interaction, a post-Hartree–Fock method used in computational chemistry
 * Contextual inquiry, a user-centered design research method
 * Collective intelligence, a subfield of sociology
 * Colour Index International, a reference database of CI numbers for dyes and pigments
 * Bavarian C I, a steam locomotive with the Royal Bavarian State Railways
 * Compression ignition engine, another name for a diesel engine

Television

 * Canadian Idol, a Canadian television series
 * Law & Order: Criminal Intent, an American television series
 * Crime & Investigation Network
 * Crime & Investigation Network (Australia), Australian cable and satellite network focusing on Crime
 * Crime & Investigation Network (Europe), a pan-European television channel
 * Crime & Investigation Network (South East Asia)

Other uses

 * Ci (poetry), a form of Chinese lyric poetry
 * Qi, a central concept in several eastern philosophies
 * Categorical imperative, in philosophy
 * Colour Index International, a reference database
 * Comprehensible input
 * Contact improvisation, a dance technique
 * CI, postnominal for Companion of the Order of the Crown of India
 * Ci, a form of the surname Qi, of the Tungusic peoples

title: CI


text:
CK

CK, Ck, or ck may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Conductive keratoplasty, a type of refractive surgery
 * Creatine kinase, an enzyme
 * Cytokinin, a plant hormone
 * Cytokeratin (CK1 to CK20), keratin proteins
 * Cyanogen chloride, an inorganic chemical

Computing

 * .ck, the Internet country code top-level domain for the Cook Islands
 * Collective Knowledge (software), a framework for collaborative and reproducible research

Organizations

 * Calvin Klein, a fashion company
 * Chowking, a Filipino fast food chain
 * Colombo Kings, a team participating in Lanka Premier League
 * CK Hutchison Holdings, a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Hong Kong
 * Bloods, a US-based street gang, from the nickname "Crip Killer"
 * Circle K, an international chain of convenience stores

Transportation

 * China Cargo Airlines (IATA code CK)
 * Composite Corridor, a designation of British Rail carriages
 * Chevrolet C/K, a model of pickup truck

People

 * Louis C.K. (born 1967), American comedian
 * Con Kolivas, Australian anaesthetist

Other uses

 * ck (digraph), a letter combination used in spelling
 * C-K theory (concept-knowledge theory), in design
 * CK (album), a 1988 album by Chaka Khan
 * Civilinis kodeksas, the Code of Lithuania
 * Core Knowledge, a textbook series
 * Cranbrook Kingswood, a school in the US

title: CK


text:
CL

CL or cl may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * CL (rapper) or Lee Chae-rin (born 1991), singer and rapper, former leader of the K-pop girl group 2NE1
 * Creative Loafing, a newspaper publisher

Brands and enterprises

 * Colgate-Palmolive's NYSE stock symbol
 * Companhia das Lezírias, an agribusiness company in Portugal

Computing and technology

 * cl.exe, the command-line C/C++ compiler for Microsoft Visual C++
 * .cl, Internet country code top-level domain for Chile
 * CL register, the low byte of an X86 16-bit CX register
 * CAS latency, a measure used in computer memory
 * Common Lisp, a programming language
 * Common Logic, a framework for a family of logic languages
 * Control Language, a scripting language for the IBM AS/400 midrange platform

Industry and technology

 * CL, the prefix for Canadair manufactured aircraft model numbers
 * Caseless ammunition

Organizations

 * Catholic League (U.S.), also known as The Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights
 * Communion and Liberation, a lay ecclesial movement within the Catholic Church

Places

 * Chile's ISO country code
 * Province of Caltanissetta's ISO 3166-2:IT code
 * Călărași County's ISO 3166-2:RO code

Science

 * cl (elliptic function), cosine lemniscate function
 * Centilitre (cL), a metric measure of volume
 * Chlorine, symbol Cl, a chemical element
 * Confidence level
 * Lift coefficient (CL)
 * Topological closure ($$\operatorname{cl} X$$)

Sports

 * Closer (baseball), a relief pitcher who specializes in finishing a game
 * Central League, one of two leagues in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball
 * Continental League, a 1959 proposed third major league for baseball in Canada and the United States

Transportation

 * Acura CL, a Japanese-American mid-size coupe
 * Mercedes-Benz CL-Class, a German sports car
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Light cruiser (CL)
 * Lufthansa CityLine's IATA code

Other uses

 * Certificated Location, a Caravan Club site
 * 150 (number) or CL in Roman numerals
 * Light crude oil's New York Mercantile Exchange symbol
 * Shilluk language's ISO 639-1 language code
 * Centerline, an engineering drawing symbol, stylized by an overlapping C and L (℄)

title: CL


text:
CR

CR or Cr may refer to:

In business

 * Conversion rate, in marketing
 * Credit Record, in accounting
 * Crown Royal, a brand of Canadian whisky

Religious organizations

 * Celtic Reconstructionism, a form of Polytheism
 * Congregation of Clerics Regular of the Divine Providence (Theatines), a Roman Catholic religious order
 * Community of the Resurrection, an Anglican religious order
 * Congregation of the Resurrection, a Catholic religious order

Other organizations

 * Choose Responsibility, a US non-profit addressing alcohol consumption by young adults
 * Consumer Reports, an American nonprofit consumer organization dedicated to independent product testing, investigative journalism, consumer-oriented research, public education, and consumer advocacy; publishes a magazine of the same name
 * College of the Redwoods, a public two-year community college in Humboldt County, California, US
 * College Republicans, a college branch of the US political party
 * Czech Radio, a public radio broadcaster in the Czech Republic

People

 * C. Rajagopalachari, Indian politician
 * Christina Ricci, American actress
 * Chris Rock, American comedian and actor
 * Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese footballer
 * Christopher Reeve, American actor
 * A Royal cypher representing a monarch
 * Charles Rex (CR / C III R), the royal cypher of King Charles III

Countries

 * Coral Sea Islands (FIPS country code and obsolete NATO country code CR)
 * Costa Rica (ISO 3166-1 country code)
 * .cr, the top-level domain (ccTLD) for Costa Rica
 * Czech Republic

Other places

 * CR postcode area in south London, UK
 * Castle Rock (disambiguation)
 * Campbell River (disambiguation), various rivers
 * Cedar Rapids, Iowa, US
 * Crawford County, Kansas, US
 * Province of Cremona, Italy
 * Disney's Contemporary Resort, at Walt Disney World

Publications

 * Casino Royale (novel), a James Bond novel
 * Comptes Rendus (disambiguation), several publications of the Comptes Rendus (proceedings) of academic organizations
 * Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, the proceedings of the French Académie des Sciences, often simply Comptes Rendus or CR
 * Consumer Reports, various publications and media by organization of the same name
 * Critical Review (disambiguation), several publications by this name
 * CR (magazine), magazine published by the American Association for Cancer Research

Biology and medicine

 * CR gas, dibenzoxazepine
 * Calorie restriction
 * Chemokine receptor
 * Complete remission, in oncology
 * Computed radiography
 * Controlled/continuous release, see time release technology
 * Creatine, a molecule found in myocytes
 * Critically endangered species

Computing and telecommunications

 * Candidate recommendation, in W3C recommendations
 * Carriage return, a new line of text in typing and computing
 * Challenge-response spam filtering
 * Code review, a systematic examination of computer source code during development
 * Cognitive radio, an outgrowth of software-defined radio
 * Cognitive robotics
 * Control register
 * Card reader

Other uses in mathematics, science, and technology

 * Chromium, symbol Cr, a chemical element
 * Cr or CR, an improper designation given to astronomical objects in the Collinder catalog of open clusters from Collinder 1–471
 * Change request, a document containing a call for an adjustment of a system
 * Compression ratio, the ratio of the volume of a combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity
 * Concentration ratio, in economics
 * Conjugate residual method, an iterative numeric method used for solving systems of linear equations
 * Complex resistivity (measurement method), a measurement method in geophysics
 * Cosmic rays

Photography

 * Camera Raw, an image file raw converter by Adobe

Sports

 * Colorado Rockies, a Major League Baseball team
 * Cincinnati Reds, another Major League Baseball team
 * Colorado Rockies (NHL), a former National Hockey League team
 * Cristiano Ronaldo, footballer
 * Commonwealth record in athletics
 * Commonwealth record in swimming

Railways

 * Caledonian Railway (Scotland)
 * Commonwealth Railways (Australia)
 * Central Railway (India)
 * Chiltern Railways (England)
 * China Railway, or China Railway Corporation, a national corporation in People's Republic of China
 * Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail), US
 * Copper Range Railroad

Roads

 * County highway, county road, or county route
 * Legislative route (Minnesota) or constitutional route

Other uses

 * Clash Royale, a popular mobile strategy game developed and published by Supercell
 * Challenge rating, a rating of challenges in Dungeons & Dragons
 * Chart Rulership or Chart Ruler, in astrology
 * Comfort room, another name for a public toilet
 * Consciousness raising, in social activism
 * Continuing resolution, a type of appropriations legislation in the US
 * Councillor, a title for a public servant, used in Australia and New Zealand
 * Cree language (ISO 639 alpha-2 code CR)
 * Critical reading, a skill measured by the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)
 * Critical Role, a Dungeons & Dragons show
 * Critical Role Productions; the associated media production company
 * Crore, a number representing 10,000,000 in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system
 * Crunchyroll, internet streaming service showing anime
 * Cr$ or ₢, symbol for Brazilian cruzeiro

title: CR


text:
CU

CU or cu may refer to:

 * Close-up, in film making
 * Cuba (ISO 3166, FIPS Pub 10-4 and obsolete NATO digram)
 * .cu, Cuba's top-level domain country code
 * Old Church Slavonic (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code)
 * "See you", in e-mail shorthand
 * Civil union, type of legal partnership
 * Cubit, ancient unit of length

Businesses and organizations

 * CU (store), a chain of South Korean convenience stores
 * Customs union, a type of intergovernmental trade bloc
 * ChristianUnion, a political party in the Netherlands
 * Christian Union (students), a university or college student Christian group
 * Consumers Union, a non-profit organization based in the United States
 * Credit union, a member-owned financial cooperative
 * Cubana de Aviación (IATA airline designator CU)

Science, technology, and mathematics

 * Copper, symbol Cu, a chemical element
 * CU (power line), running between North Dakota and Minnesota, US
 * cu (Unix utility), a remote login command
 * Callous and unemotional traits, in psychology
 * Cellulase Unit, an enzyme measurement
 * Compute unit
 * Control unit (disambiguation)
 * ".cu", the filename extension for CUDA objects
 * Cumulative update, a group of updates bundled into one
 * Chemical formula of uranium carbide

Africa

 * Cairo University, Egypt
 * Covenant University, Nigeria

Asia

 * Chandigarh University, India
 * Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
 * Chitkara University, Punjab, India
 * Chittagong University, Bangladesh
 * Chongqing University, China
 * Christ University, India
 * Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
 * University of Calcutta, India

Australia

 * Curtin University, Australia

Europe

 * University of Cambridge, UK
 * Cardiff University, UK
 * Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany
 * Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
 * Cranfield University, UK
 * Coventry University, UK

North America

 * Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, US
 * Cameron University, Oklahoma, US
 * Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
 * Cedarville University, Ohio, US
 * Chapman University, California, US
 * Ciudad Universitaria, the main campus of the National University of Mexico
 * Clarkson University, New York, US
 * Clemson University, South Carolina, US
 * Colgate University, New York, US
 * Columbia University, New York, US
 * Concordia University (Montreal), Canada
 * Cooper Union, New York, US
 * Cornell University, New York, US
 * Cornerstone University, Michigan, US
 * Creighton University, Nebraska, US
 * University of Colorado, US
 * University of Colorado Boulder (cf. Colorado Buffaloes, this school's athletic program)

title: CU


text:
DZ

DZ, Dz, or dz may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * DarkZero Esports, an American esports organization
 * Delftsche Zwervers, a Dutch student society and rover crew
 * Delta Zeta, a college sorority in the USA
 * Discovery Zone, an American children's entertainment business from 1989 to 2001 and currently since 2020.
 * Donghai Airlines, the IATA code for this airline.

In language

 * Dz (digraph), used in Polish, Kashubian, Macedonian, Slovak, Esperanto, Hungarian, Dene Suline (Chipewyan) and Cantonese Pinyin
 * Dzongkha (ISO 639 alpha-2 code)
 * Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate or, as in the English word "adze"

People

 * John Drewienkiewicz, British soldier
 * Dolph Ziggler, American professional wrestler

In science and technology

 * dz, in calculus, notation for the differential of a variable z
 * DZ, METAR code for drizzle

Other uses

 * Algeria (ISO 3166-1 country code)
 * .dz, Algeria's internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD)
 * Demilitarized zone, a buffer zone between military powers
 * Drop zone, as in a parachuting drop zone
 * contraction for dozen

title: DZ


text:
EG

Eg or EG may refer to:

In arts and media

 * E.G. (EP), an EP by Goodshirt
 * EG (magazine), a journal dedicated to chess endgame studies
 * Eg White (born 1966), a British musician, songwriter and producer
 * E.G. Records, a music record label
 * Electric Gardens, a music festival in Faversham, UK
 * My Little Pony: Equestria Girls, an American toy line and media franchise by Hasbro

Businesses and organizations

 * EG Group, British operator of filling stations
 * Enskilda Gymnasiet, a private secondary school in Stockholm, Sweden
 * Eurographics, European Association for Computer Graphics
 * Evil Geniuses, an electronic sports team
 * Japan Asia Airways (IATA code EG)

Places

 * Egypt, a country in Northern Africa
 * Eg, Afghanistan, a town
 * Eg (Kristiansand), a neighbourhood in Kristiansand, Norway
 * Eg River, a river in northern Mongolia
 * Equatorial Guinea, a small African country

In science and technology

 * .eg, Internet country code top-level domain for Egypt
 * Envelope generator, used in synthesizers
 * Ethylene glycol, an alcohol
 * Exagram (Eg), an SI unit of mass
 * Band gap energy, an energy range in a solid in which no electron states can exist

Other uses

 * Evangelisches Gesangbuch, hymnal of many German language Protestant congregations
 * EG, a model code for the 5th generation Honda Civic
 * eingetragene Genossenschaft (eG), a registered cooperative society under German law
 * e.g., abbreviation for exempli gratia, a Latin phrase meaning "for example"

title: EG


text:
EH

EH, Eh, or eh may refer to:

Arts and media

 * "Eh", a song by Death Grips from the album Bottomless Pit
 * Eh? (play), a 1966 play by dramatist Henry Livings from London
 * English Hymnal, published in 1906 for the Church of England
 * Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961), American novelist, short story writer, and journalist

Businesses and organizations

 * ANA Wings (IATA airline code EH)
 * EHang, a Chinese vehicle company (NASDAQ stock ticker EH)
 * Eisenbahn und Häfen GmbH, a German rail freight company
 * English Heritage, a registered charity that manages the National Heritage Collection of the UK
 * Sociedad Anónima Ecuatoriana de Transportes Aéreos (IATA airline code EH)

Places

 * EH postcode area, Scotland, UK
 * Eastern Hemisphere, global indicator used for journeys within or between TC Area 1 and Area 3
 * Euskal Herria, Basque Country, Spain
 * Eusoff Hall, National University of Singapore
 * Western Sahara (ISO 3166-1: )
 * .eh, Internet country code top-level domain for the Western Sahara

Science and technology

 * Exahenry, an SI unit of inductance
 * Exception handling, in computer programming languages
 * Holden EH, an early Australian Holden car
 * Early Helladic, a period in Southern Balkan Prehistory
 * Hartree (written Eh), an atomic unit of energy
 * Reduction potential (written $$E_{h}$$), a chemical property
 * Exponential hierarchy, a computational complexity class

Other uses

 * Eh, a spoken interjection in English, Italian, and Spanish
 * ANA Wings IATA airline code. It inherits the code from one of its predecessors, the former Air Nippon Network.

title: EH


text:
ET

ET or et may refer to:

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial franchise

 * E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, a 1982 film
 * E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game), a 1982 video game
 * E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (soundtrack), a soundtrack score album by John Williams
 * E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album), an audiobook album by Michael Jackson and the original cast
 * E.T. (character), the titular alien from the film.

Music

 * Electro Team, a eurodance band from Croatia
 * "E.T." (song), a 2011 song by Katy Perry from Teenage Dream
 * "ET (Extra-Terrestrial)", a song by OutKast from ATLiens
 * "E.T. Phone Home", a song by Jupiter 8 Featuring Kitty Woodson, co-authored by George Terry

Film

 * Etharkkum Thunindhavan, a 2022 Indian film

Other

 * Entertainment Tonight, an American television entertainment news show
 * Eastern Television, a Taiwanese television network
 * The Epoch Times, a newspaper
 * Economic Times (disambiguation), several newspapers

Biology and medicine

 * ET tube, or endotracheal tube
 * Essential thrombocythemia, a chronic blood cancer
 * Essential tremor, a neurological disorder characterized by shaking of hands and limbs
 * Evapotranspiration, a sum of evaporation and plant transpiration

Chemistry

 * Electron transfer, the move of an electron from one atom or molecule to another
 * Ethyl group, a functional group in organic chemistry

Other uses in science and technology

 * Electromagnetic testing
 * Electron tomography
 * Envelope tracking, a technique to provide a dynamic power supply to RF power amplifier
 * Space Shuttle external tank
 * Köppen climate classification for tundra
 * Extraterrestrial life

People

 * Electronics Technician, a rating in the United States Navy
 * Andrew Ettingshausen, rugby league footballer
 * E Thi, Burmese fortune teller

 * Eric Thomas (motivational speaker)
 * Errol Thompson (audio engineer), dub producer

Places

 * Eastern Time Zone
 * Ethiopia's ISO 3166-1 country code
 * .et, the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ethiopia

Other uses

 * Ampersand punctuation mark (&), originally derived from Latin et
 * Et (Armenian letter), a letter in the Armenian alphabet
 * Energy Transfer Partners, American pipeline company (NYSE stock symbol ET)
 * Estonian language's ISO 639 code
 * Ethiopian Airlines' IATA airline designator

title: ET


text:
FJ

FJ may refer to:

Places

 * Fiji (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code)
 * .fj, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Fiji
 * Fijian language (ISO 639-1 language code)
 * Fujian, a province of China

Vehicles

 * FJ Fury, an early Cold War fighter aircraft of the US Navy
 * Flying Junior, a sailing dinghy
 * Holden FJ, an Australian car
 * Jeep FJ, a compact delivery van
 * Toyota FJ Cruiser, a sport utility vehicle
 * Yamaha FJ, motorcycle

Science and mathematics

 * The FASEB Journal, a scientific journal of experimental biosciences
 * Femtojoule (fJ), an SI unit of energy equal to 10−15 joules
 * Fritz John conditions, conditions in optimization problems

Media

 * FictionJunction, a J-pop group
 * The FJ Holden, an Australian film

Military

 * Fallschirmjäger, German paratroopers
 * Fahnenjunker, a military rank of the Bundeswehr
 * FJ ABM, an anti-ballistic missile
 * Young Force (Fuerza Joven), the former youth wing of the Fuerza Nueva
 * Youth Front (Frente de la Juventud), a Spanish terrorist organization

Aviation

 * Fiji Airways (IATA code)
 * Williams FJ33 and FJ44, families of turbofan jet engines

Other uses

 * FJ Management, an American corporation
 * FJ Reitz High School, a public high school in Evansville, Indiana
 * Formula Junior, an auto racing class
 * Sony Vaio FJ, a mid-2000s series of laptops

title: FJ


text:
FK

FK or fk may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Flyer Killer, fictional automated robots in the Terminator film franchise
 * Fox Kids, a former American children's television programming block
 * Funky Kong, a video game character

Place

 * FK postcode area, UK, centred on Falkirk in Scotland.
 * Falkland Islands, FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code and ISO 3166 digram
 * .fk, country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Falkland Islands.

Other uses

 * First aid kit
 * First Corridor rail coach
 * Football Club, abbreviated "FK" in Slavic and Balkan countries
 * Foreign key, in database design
 * Forward kinematics, in robotics and animation, the use of kinematic equations to find the position of an articulated object
 * Fuck, an English-language vulgarity
 * Africa West Airlines (IATA airline designator FK)
 * Finders Keepers
 * kinetic friction, in physics, mechanics

title: FK


text:
FO

Fo or FO may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Fallout (video game), a 1997 video game
 * Fo Fai, a character in the Battle Arena Toshinden video game series
 * Folio (printing), a book size, the page number of books, or sheets with multiple printed pages
 * Foreign Objects (band), a Pennsylvania music group
 * FunOrb, a 2008 Java-based gaming website

Businesses and organisations

 * Airlines of Tasmania (IATA airline designator), airline of Tasmania, Australia
 * Family office, an investing office controlled by a family
 * Felix Airways (IATA airline designator), a regional airline of Yemen
 * Football Outsiders, a website devoted to statistical analysis of the NFL
 * Force Ouvrière, a French trade unions confederation
 * Foreign Office, a department of the United Kingdom government, currently named Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
 * Flybondi (IATA airline designator), airline of Argentina

Computing

 * FO (complexity), a complexity class

 * .fo, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Faroe Islands

 * Fiber optic
 * XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO), a markup language

Other uses in mathematics, science, and technology

 * Fan out (FO), number of loads at the output of a ring oscillator
 * First-order logic, a system of mathematical logic
 * Forsterite, magnesium-rich end-member in the olivine solid solution series
 * Fourier number (Fo) in physics
 * Fuel factor (Fo), used to check the accuracy of an emission measurement system
 * Fuel oil, also called Furnace Oil
 * FO, a subunit of F1FO type ATPase enzyme

Military or aeronautical roles

 * Field officer, a senior army officer
 * First Officer, or co-pilot on an airliner
 * Flying officer, a Royal Air Force rank
 * Forward Observer, a soldier who directs artillery fire

People

 * Dario Fo (1926–2016), Italian playwright and Nobel laureate
 * Fo Porter, a contestant on America's Next Top Model, Cycle 12
 * Fó or Fú (佛、仏), the Chinese name for Buddha
 * Franco-ontarien, referring to a French-speaking citizen of the (largely anglophone) Canadian province of Ontario, Canada

Places

 * Faroe Islands, ISO 3166-1 country code, FO
 * .fo, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Faroe Islands
 * Faroese language (language code fo), a North Germanic language
 * Fô Department of the Houet Province of Burkina Faso
 * , the chief town in Fo Department
 * Province of Forlì, Italy
 * Fort Ord, California

Other uses

 * Face Off (disambiguation)
 * Faroese language (language code fo), a North Germanic language
 * Foreign object (disambiguation)
 * Front office, an area where visitors arrive and first encounter a staff at a place of business
 * Fuck off (disambiguation), an English expletive, and various other meanings
 * Furka Oberalp Railway, a Swiss railway
 * Follow-on, a practice of making a team bat multiple innings in a row in cricket

title: FO


text:
GF

GF, gf or gF may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * GuitarFreaks, a music video game series
 * Ground Floor, an American comedy series created by Bill Lawrence and Greg Malins
 * Gravity Falls, a Disney TV show
 * Girls' Frontline, a strategy role-playing mobile game

Airlines

 * Gulf Air (IATA airline designator: GF)
 * Sierra Leone (ICAO airport designator prefix: GF)

Other businesses and organizations

 * Game Freak, a game developer
 * Georg Fischer, abbreviated +GF+
 * GlobalFoundries, a semiconductor foundry headquartered in Santa Clara, California
 * Grafiska Fackförbundet - Mediafacket, the Swedish Graphic Workers' Union

Math, science, and technology

 * Cyclosarin nerve gas (NATO designation: GF)
 * Fermi's constant, GF
 * Fluid intelligence as opposed to gC, crystallized intelligence
 * Galois field, in mathematics
 * Generating function, in mathematics
 * GF method, Wilson's normal mode analysis
 * Gram force (symbol: gf)
 * Grammatical Framework, a type-theoretic grammar formalism
 * Greater fool theory, in economics
 * Growth factor, in biology
 * Glass Fibre, in Plastic material identification

Other uses

 * French Guiana (ISO 3166 country code: GF)
 * Goals for, a statistic in ice hockey and other sports
 * Girlfriend
 * Gluten free, denoting foods free from the protein gluten
 * Good faith, a sincere intention
 * Good Friday, a Christian holiday
 * Godfather, a male godparent
 * Dominical letter GF, for a leap year starting on Monday
 * Good fight, what is generally said after a fight in a Massively multiplayer online game
 * A first generation Subaru Impreza station wagon (ID code: GF)

title: GF


text:
GL

GL, Gl, or gl may refer to:

Businesses and brands

 * Air Greenland, IATA airline designator
 * Germanischer Lloyd, a classification society
 * GlobalLogic, a Digital Product Engineering Services company

Government and military

 * GreenLeft, a Dutch political party
 * Green-Libertarian, a North American political philosophy
 * Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance group during World War II
 * Grenade launcher, a military weapon

Language

 * Galician language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code)
 * Good Luck, in Internet slang
 * Palatal lateral approximant, a digraph in Italian

Miscellaneous media

 * Girls' love, an anime and manga jargon term for lesbian fiction
 * Golden Lovers, a Japanese professional wrestling team
 * Good Luck!!, a 2003 television drama
 * Green Lantern, any of a number of similarly themed DC Comics characters
 * Guiding Light, an American soap opera
 * Gurren Lagann, a 2007 Japanese anime

People

 * G. L. Peiris, Sri Lankan politician and academic
 * Gary Lightbody, lead singer of Snow Patrol
 * George Lucas, American film director

Places

 * GL postcode area, UK
 * Geauga Lake, an amusement park in Ohio, US that closed in 2007
 * Gelnica District, Slovakia
 * Bergisch Gladbach, Germany (vehicle registration plate for Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis)
 * Canton of Glarus, Switzerland
 * Gloucester, a city in the South West of England
 * Gorkhaland, the name given to the area around Darjeeling and the Duars in north West Bengal in India
 * Governor Livingston High School, a high school in New Jersey
 * Greenland (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code)

Science and technology

 * .gl, the country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Greenland
 * Degrees Gay-Lussac, a measure of alcohol by volume
 * General linear group, a concept in algebra
 * General linear Lie algebra
 * Gigalitre (or gigaliter), a metric unit of volume
 * Glycemic load, an estimate of how much food will raise a person's blood glucose level
 * Graphics library, a program library designed to aid in rendering computer graphics to a monitor
 * Grenade launcher, in military parlance
 * Gulonolactone, an enzyme that produces vitamin C
 * Gl, the symbol for Glucinium, the former designation of Beryllium
 * Gauss's law, an important law relating the electric flux through a closed surface with the charge present inside it
 * OpenGL, an API for rendering 2D and 3D graphics

Vehicles

 * Geely Emgrand GL, a Chinese compact sedan
 * Mercedes-Benz GL-Class, a German full-size SUV

Other uses

 * Gay-Lesbian, an alternative term for homosexual people
 * General Ledger, a bookkeeping ledger in which accounting data are posted from journals, and aggregated from subledgers such as accounts payable and accounts receivable, cash management, fixed assets, purchasing and projects
 * Gloss (annotation), a brief notation of the meaning of a word in a text
 * Leather Union, a former German trade union

title: GL


text:
Tetrazene

Tetrazene is a chemical compound with the molecular formula H2NN=NNH2. It is a colorless explosive material. An analogue is the organosilicon derivative (tms)2NN=NN(tms)2 where tms is trimethylsilyl. Isomeric with tetrazine is ammonium azide.

Tetrazene explosive, commonly known simply as tetrazene, is used for sensitization of priming compositions.

Properties
Tetrazene has eleven isomers. The most stable of these is the straight-chain 2-tetrazene (H2N-N=N-NH2), having a standard heat of formation at 301.3 kJ/mol. The eleven isomers can be arranged into three groups: straight-chain tetrazenes, four-membered cyclotetrazane, and three-membered cyclotriazanes. Each straight-chain tetrazene isomer possesses one N=N double bond and two N-N single bonds. Tautomerizations do occur between the isomers. The ionic compound ammonium azide is also a constitutional isomer of tetrazene.

Organometallic derivatives
A variety of coordination complexes are known for R2N42- (R = methyl, benzyl).

title: Tetrazene


text:
GN

GN may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * Air Gabon (IATA code: GN), an airline based in Libreville, Gabon
 * Gendarmerie Nationale (disambiguation), any of several national police forces
 * Gente Nueva, a Mexican criminal organization
 * GN Store Nord, a Danish manufacturer
 * GN (car), a British car company operating from 1910 to 1925
 * Great Northern Railway (U.S.), a railway that ran from St. Paul to Seattle
 * Guardia Nacional (disambiguation), a national guard or military in some Latin American nations

Music

 * G. N. (album), a 1981 album by Gianna Nannini
 * GN (album), a 2017 album by Ratboys

Places

 * Guinea (ISO country code: GN), a nation in West Africa
 * .gn, the Internet top-level domain for Guinea

Science and technology

 * Graduate nurse
 * Suzuki GN series, a range of motorcycles
 * Giganewton, a metric unit
 * Glomerulonephritis, a medical condition
 * Grain (unit), a unit of mass
 * Ground Network, former name of Near Earth Network
 * Guide number, for an electronic camera flash
 * Gauss-Newton, an algorithm in statistics

Other uses

 * Gastronorm sizes, a set of food storage containers based on EN 631 standard
 * Gn (digraph), a two-character combination in various languages
 * Guarani language (ISO 639-1 code "gn")
 * gn, abbreviation for guinea, a former British coin and currency unit

title: GN


text:
GS

GS may stand for:

Businesses and organizations

 * Goldman Sachs, one of the world's largest global investment banks
 * Global Star Software, a former Canadian video game publisher
 * GS (Swedish union), a trade union in Sweden
 * GS Group, a Korean company that is a spin-off from the LG Group
 * Columbia University School of General Studies, one of three undergraduate colleges at Columbia University in New York City
 * Tianjin Airlines, by IATA code

Music

 * GS Boyz (explicitly G-Spot Boyz), an American hip hop group from Arlington, Texas,

Places

 * Gansu, a province of China (Guobiao abbreviation GS)
 * South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (ISO country code GS), a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean

Biology and medicine

 * Gs alpha subunit, a subtype of G-protein coupled receptors
 * Gilbert's syndrome, a liver enzyme disorder which can cause elevated levels of serum bilirubin
 * Gitelman syndrome, an autosomal recessive kidney tubule disorder
 * Geopathic stress, a pseudoscientific condition

Computing

 * GS, a group separator character in the C0 control code set
 * .gs, Internet country code top-level domain of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 * GS register, in the X86 computer architecture
 * Ghostscript, a free software suite for handling PostScript and Portable Document Format (PDF) files
 * Apple IIGS, the most powerful model in the Apple II computer line

Other uses in science and technology

 * GS, the METAR reporting code for graupe or hail smaller than 5 mm in diameter
 * Roland GS, an extension of General MIDI electronic musical instruments' specification by Roland Corporation
 * g-force, measure in "g's"
 * Geprüfte Sicherheit, a safety mark appearing on technical equipment
 * Glide slope, part of the instrument landing system used by aircraft
 * Ground segment, in space systems

Sports

 * Galatasaray S.K., a Turkish sports club
 * Games started, a baseball statistic
 * Giant slalom skiing, an alpine skiing discipline
 * Goal shooter, a position in netball
 * Golden State Warriors, a professional NBA basketball team based in San Francisco, California
 * GS Pétroliers (handball), an Algerian handball team

Automobiles

 * Citroën GS, a French compact car lineup
 * Geely Emgrand GS, a Chinese compact crossover
 * Lexus GS, a Japanese executive sedan
 * MG GS, a British compact SUV

Trim lines

 * Buick Gran Sport, an American high-performance sports package series
 * Toyota G Sports, a Japanese high-performance package series

Motorcycles

 * BMW GS, a German dual purpose off-road/on-road motorcycle series
 * Suzuki GS series, a Japanese road motorcycle series

Other uses

 * Gagasan Sejahtera, an informal coalition of opposition Islamist political parties in Malaysia
 * General Schedule (US civil service pay scale), a prefix designating a pay grade in the US civil service
 * Group Sounds, a genre of Japanese music
 * Pokémon Gold and Silver, installments of the Pokémon series of video games
 * Gabbar Singh, 2012 Indian film abbreviated GS

title: GS


text:
GU

GU, Gu, or gu may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Gu (instrument), Chinese drums
 * Bangu (drum), or gu, a Chinese frame drum
 * Global Underground, an electronic dance music compilation series
 * GU Comics, an online comic
 * .hack//G.U., a video game series
 * Godzilla: Unleashed, a video game
 * Gu (film), a 2024 Indian horror fantasy thriller film

Businesses

 * Gü, a dessert manufacturing company
 * GU (retailer), Japanese clothing brand
 * GU Energy Labs, a sports nutrition product manufacturer

Universities

 * Gandhara University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
 * Gannon University, Erie, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
 * Georgetown University, Washington D.C., United States
 * Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
 * Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
 * Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington, United States
 * University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (Göteborgs universitet)
 * Grantham University, now University of Arkansas Grantham, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
 * Griffith University, several campuses in Brisbane and the Gold Coast area, Australia
 * University of Guilan, Guilan, Rasht, Iran
 * Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

People

 * Gu (surname) (顾), a Chinese family name
 * Gǔ (surname) (谷), a Chinese family name
 * Gǔ (surname 古), a Chinese family name
 * Gū (surname) (辜), a Chinese family name

Places

 * Gu County, Shanxi, China
 * Gu, Chabahar, Iran
 * Gu (administrative division), South Korea
 * Gu's Park, former name of Fuxing Park in Shanghai, China
 * GU postcode area, or Guildford postcode area, England
 * Guam, ISO 3166 code GU

Other uses

 * Gu (digraph)
 * Gu (god), a spirit that appears in several African religions
 * Gu (poison), a venom-based poison associated with cultures of south China
 * Gu (vessel), a type of ancient Chinese ritual bronze vessel
 * Gujarati language, ISO 639-1 language code gu
 * gu, several characters in the Sumerian language
 * Gu (kana), or ku
 * GU, a prefix for several types of bi-pin lamp base

title: GU


text:
Yaddo

Yaddo is an artists' community located on a 400 acre estate in Saratoga Springs, New York. Its mission is "to nurture the creative process by providing an opportunity for artists to work without interruption in a supportive environment." On March 11, 2013 it was designated a National Historic Landmark.

It offers residencies to artists working in choreography, film, literature, musical composition, painting, performance art, photography, printmaking, sculpture, and video. Collectively, artists who have worked at Yaddo have won 82 Pulitzer Prizes, 34 MacArthur Fellowships, 70 National Book Awards, 24 National Book Critics Circle Awards, 108 Rome Prizes, 49 Whiting Writers' Awards, a Nobel Prize (Saul Bellow, who won the Pulitzer Prize in Fiction and Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976), at least one Man Booker Prize (Alan Hollinghurst, 2004) and countless other honors. Yaddo is included in the Union Avenue Historic District.

History
The estate was purchased in 1881 by the financier Spencer Trask and his wife, the writer Katrina Trask. The first mansion on the property burned down in 1893, and the Trasks then built the current house. Yaddo is a neologism invented by one of the Trask children and was meant to rhyme with "shadow".

Artists' colony
In 1900, after the premature deaths of the Trasks' four children, Spencer Trask decided to turn the estate into an artists' retreat as a gift to his wife. He did this with the financial assistance of philanthropist George Foster Peabody. The first artists arrived in 1926. The success of Yaddo encouraged Spencer and Katrina later to donate land for a working women's retreat center as well, known as Wiawaka Holiday House, at the request of Mary Wiltsie Fuller. At least in its early years, Yaddo was funded by profits from the Bowling Green Offices Building in Manhattan, in which Spencer Trask was extensively involved. In 1949 during the McCarthy Era, a news story accurately accused writer Agnes Smedley of spying for the Soviet Union. Smedley had traveled with Mao Zedong to report on the Chinese Communist Revolution and, beginning in 1943, had spent five years at Yaddo. Poet Robert Lowell pushed the Board of Directors to oust Yaddo's director, Elizabeth Ames, who was being questioned by the FBI. Ames was eventually exonerated of all charges but learned from the investigation that her assistant Mary Townsend was an FBI informant. Ames remained director until her retirement in 1969, having overseen the Yaddo community from its creation in 1924. Ames was succeeded by Newman E. Waite who served as president from 1969 until 1977 when Curtis Harnack assumed the position.

Literary critic and eventual Yaddo board member Louis Kronenberger wrote in his memoir that to call Yaddo "a mixture of some of the most attractive, enjoyable, generous-minded people and of others who were weird, megalomaniac, intransigent, pugnacious is only to say that it has housed and nourished most of the finest talents in the arts of the past forty-odd years—the immensely fruitful years of Elizabeth Ames's directorship."

Recent years
In May 2005, vandals, using paintball guns, damaged two of the Four Seasons statues, the Poet's Bench, a fountain, and pathways with blue paint. Repairs cost $1,400. In 2018, Yaddo elected photographer Peter Kayafas and novelist Janice Y.K. Lee as co-chairs of its board of directors.

Yaddo has received large contributions from Spencer Trask & Company and Kevin Kimberlin, the firm's current chairman. Novelist Patricia Highsmith bequeathed her estate, valued at $3 million, to the community.

Facilities and gardens
Yaddo's gardens are modeled after the classical Italian gardens the Trasks had visited in Europe. The Four Seasons statues were acquired and installed in the garden in 1909. There are many statues and sculptures located within the estate, including a sundial that bears the inscription, "Hours fly, Flowers die, New days, New ways, Pass by, Love stays." While visitors are not admitted to the main mansion or artists' residences, they may visit the gardens.

Alumni artists-in-residence
Yaddo has hosted more than 6,000 artists including:

 * Ayad Akhtar
 * Hannah Arendt
 * Michael Ashkin
 * Newton Arvin
 * Milton Avery
 * Annie Baker
 * James Baldwin
 * Louise Belcourt
 * Saul Bellow
 * Leonard Bernstein
 * Elizabeth Bishop
 * James L. Brooks
 * Sharon Butler
 * Truman Capote
 * Henri Cartier-Bresson
 * Raymond Carver
 * Jordan Casteel
 * Rebecca Chace
 * John Cheever
 * Lisa Cholodenko
 * Ta-Nehisi Coates
 * Aaron Copland
 * Roger Crossgrove
 * Beauford Delaney
 * Samuel R. Delany
 * Arthur Deshaies
 * Blane De St. Croix
 * Sari Dienes
 * John Dilg
 * Torkwase Dyson
 * Mary Beth Edelson
 * Jonathan Elliott
 * Kenneth Fearing
 * Gladys Fornell
 * Jonathan Franzen
 * Daniel Fuchs
 * William Gass
 * Steve Giovinco
 * Keli Goff
 * Philip Guston
 * Daron Hagen
 * Michael Harrison
 * Ruth Heller
 * Sabine Heinlein
 * Patricia Highsmith
 * Chester Himes
 * Marilyn Gayle Hoff
 * Langston Hughes
 * Ted Hughes
 * Alfred Kazin
 * X. J. Kennedy
 * Jeanne Jaffe
 * Tamara Jenkins
 * Miranda July
 * Ulysses Kay
 * Porochista Khakpour
 * Wlodzimierz Ksiazek
 * Louis Kronenberger
 * Stanley Kunitz
 * Penny Lane
 * James Lapine
 * Jacob Lawrence
 * Young Jean Lee
 * Alan Lelchuk
 * Robert Lowell
 * Grace Lumpkin
 * Alison Lurie
 * Carmen Maria Machado
 * Rosemary Mahoney
 * Carson McCullers
 * Melissa Meyer
 * Robert Nozick
 * Flannery O'Connor
 * Dorothy Parker
 * William Ordway Partridge
 * Sylvia Plath
 * Katherine Anne Porter
 * Mario Puzo
 * Carl Rakosi
 * Tom Raworth
 * Dee Rees
 * Jason Reitman
 * Esther Rolick
 * Ned Rorem
 * Henry Roth
 * Philip Roth
 * Carl Schmitt
 * Delmore Schwartz
 * Ann Loomis Silsbee
 * Michael Simms
 * Elizabeth Sparhawk-Jones
 * Clyfford Still
 * Stephanie Strickland
 * Shaina Taub
 * Michael Tilson Thomas
 * Virgil Thomson
 * Colm Tóibín
 * Lionel Trilling
 * Anne Truitt
 * Byron Vazakas
 * David Foster Wallace
 * Eudora Welty
 * Chloé Zhao

In popular culture
Jonathan Ames' book Wake Up Sir! (2004) is partially set at Yaddo.

Dagger of the Mind (1941), a novel by 1930s Yaddo resident Kenneth Fearing, takes place in Demarest Hall, an art colony modeled after Yaddo.

In You season 1, episode 8: "You Got Me Babe", Blythe helps Beck focus on writing and break through writer's block by disconnecting Beck from her cellphone and the Internet, and setting up Beck's apartment to make her "own Yaddo".

Yaddo is mentioned repeatedly throughout the Theresa Rebeck play Seminar.

In the 2018 Netflix comedy-drama Private Life, aspiring writer Sadie (played by Kayli Carter) gets the opportunity to spend a month at Yaddo to focus on refining her writing skills. It is also repeatedly mentioned and referenced throughout the movie, e.g. by a coffee mug showing the Yaddo name on it. A few scenes of the movie are set at Yaddo‘s location as well.

Mentioned in the Showtime series The Affair season 2, episode 11 where Noah Solloway's agent offers to set him up at Yaddo to write his second novel.

title: Yaddo