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Electro (Marvel Comics)

Electro is the name of two supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, the Maxwell "Max" Dillon version of Electro was introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man #9 (Feb. 1964) as an adversary to the superhero Spider-Man. Electro has since endured as one of the web-slinger's most prominent foes, though he has also come into conflict with other heroes, most notably Daredevil. He is a founding member of the Sinister Six, and the leader of the original incarnation of the Emissaries of Evil, the first supervillain teams to oppose Spider-Man and Daredevil, respectively. In the original version of the story, Max Dillon was a lineman for an electric company who turned to a life of crime after being struck by lightning while working on a power line and becoming a living electric capacitor. Electro's superpowers revolve around controlling electricity, which he can absorb to "charge" himself and become more powerful, gaining additional abilities such as flight and enhanced physical attributes. Since his conception, the character has undergone several design changes, from his original green and yellow costume, to his modern look with blue skin and a bald head.

During the time that Max Dillon was dead between 2016 and 2021, a second Electro named Francine Frye was introduced.

Outside of comics, both Dillon and Frye have been featured in various media adaptations of Spider-Man, including feature films, television series, and video games. In particular, Jamie Foxx portrayed Dillon in the live-action films The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021).

Publication history
The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #9 (Feb. 1964). The character is also known as the member of the Frightful Four battling the Fantastic Four. He is also the first major Marvel villain to be written in publication history as battling Daredevil, even being the founder and leader of the supervillain team that oppose him, the Emissaries of Evil.

The second incarnation of Electro, Francine Frye, was created by Dan Slott and Humberto Ramos, and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 3 #2 (July 2014), though she did not become Electro until The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 4 #17 (October 2016).

Maxwell Dillon
While Maxwell "Max" Dillon, an electrical engineer and lineman, is repairing a power line, a freak lightning accident causes a mutagenic change that transforms him into a living electrical capacitor. His powers are initially weak, so he spends some time stealing electrical equipment from Stark Industries to charge himself. During this time, he is approached by Magneto, who considers him a potential recruit for his Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, claiming that Dillon's power rival his own, but Dillon refuses. The following day, Dillon is confronted by a small-time thug from whom he was borrowing money to pay for the machinery he needed. When the thug draws a gun on him because he did not pay back the money yet, he responds by shooting a blast of lightning through the thug's chest—the first time Dillon ever kills anybody.

Soon taking the name "Electro", he turns to a life of a professional crime, his first victim being J. Jonah Jameson. Electro breaks into the Daily Bugle Building and steals from Jameson's safe right in front of him. Jameson accuses Spider-Man of being an alternate identity of Electro, prompting Spider-Man to prove the publisher wrong. During their first ever confrontation, Spider-Man is nearly killed after touching the electrically charged villain. Spider-Man eventually uses a fire hose to short-circuit Electro while wearing rubber gloves to protect himself.

Electro next confronts Daredevil for the first time when trying to break into the Baxter Building. He is again defeated. Electro later joins the original Sinister Six led by Doctor Octopus, and is the first member of the group to fight Spider-Man, battling him at a Stark plant. Spider-Man enters the fight believing he lost his powers, however after dodging a bolt of electricity from Electro he realizes his powers returned. Electro loses his power when the power is cut off by Spider-Man, who gets a card from him that leads him to fight Kraven the Hunter. Electro attacks the Fantastic Four at the wedding of Sue Storm and Reed Richards, under the influence of Doctor Doom's mind-control machine, but he has no memory of this due to the actions of Mister Fantastic. He later recruits the Emissaries of Evil in a plot of revenge against Daredevil for previous defeats. This group consists of Gladiator, Stilt-Man, Leap-Frog, and the Matador.

Electro is later hired by J. Jonah Jameson to defeat Spider-Man on national television. He encounters Daredevil again in San Francisco, at which time he temporarily dons a modified costume. He then takes control of a Protarian android seeking the destruction of Omega. Electro then teams with Blizzard against Spider-Man and Daredevil. Electro then attempts to aid a band of criminals escaping the Defenders. Electro later joins the Frightful Four. As part of the Frightful Four, he uses Spider-Man as bait to trap the Fantastic Four. Subsequently, he battles the Falcon but is defeated, partly because he does not consider the Falcon to be a serious threat. Electro later learns that he can electro-statically disrupt Spider-Man's wall-crawling ability. Chameleon and Hammerhead then send the Shocker to try to recruit Electro into their organization. Instead, he later accepts Doctor Octopus' invitation to rejoin the Sinister Six, and battles Spider-Man.

Electro fights Spider-Man countless times, either on his own or as part of a group such as the Sinister Six. He also fights such other heroes as Daredevil, the Fantastic Four, and the New Avengers. Despite his immense power, he almost always is defeated, usually as a result of his foes outsmarting him or taking advantage of his weakness to water while charged. As a result of his frequent and often embarrassing defeats, Electro tries to take over New York City's power supply in an attempt at glory and respect. Spider-Man thwarts this plan, however, and convinces Electro to quit his criminal career. When Kaine (Spider-Man's insane clone) starts killing enemies of Spider-Man, Electro begins to fear for his life and temporarily joins Hobgoblin's(Jason Macendale) Sinister Seven, which were formed to combat Kaine. This group is quickly disbanded, and following Kaine's subsequent disappearance, Electro returns to retirement.

This changes when the Rose agrees to fund an experimental technique that can amplify Electro's abilities, in exchange for Electro's services as an enforcer. Seeing this as a chance to rise above the string of failures that made up so much of his life, Electro undergoes the procedure. After paying off his debt to the Rose by defeating several members of The True Believers (an offshoot of the ninja sect called the Hand), a group of ninja assassins who was interfering in the Rose's operations, Electro attempts to demonstrate his newly amplified powers to the world, once again attempting to take control of New York City's power supply. Wearing an insulated suit, Spider-Man stops him. Electro, in an effort to make a final grand gesture, throws himself into the Hudson River while his body is highly charged, seemingly killing himself in an explosion.

Somehow surviving, Electro resurfaces later as part of the re-formed Sinister Six, formed to kill Senator Stewart Ward and Doctor Octopus (whom the other members of the Six hate due to his arrogance). His powers seemingly reverted to their pre-amplification level, and he wears a new blue-and-white costume. When Venom betrays his fellow Sinister Six members, attempting to kill them one by one, he attacks Electro and leaves him for dead. Once again, Electro survives, and returns to his yellow-and green-costume. Electro is working with the Vulture when they are attacked by Spider-Man, who thinks they kidnapped his Aunt May. Electro manages to bring Spider-Man to the edge of defeat, using his powers in more intelligent ways and blowing up a large number of cars, including some with children in them. After a devastating battle, Spider-Man defeats him by fighting him to a gas refinery. The badly wounded Electro recovers and shortly afterwards joins the Sinister Twelve, assembled by the Green Goblin, though he and the rest of the team is defeated thanks to the intervention of the Fantastic Four, Daredevil, Captain America, Iron Man and Yellowjacket.

Later, separately, he is hired by the Skrull Pagon (posing as Elektra) to free Karl Lykos (also known as Sauron) from The Raft, a maximum-security prison for supervillains. After causing a riot, Electro tries to run away with his waitress girlfriend, but is captured by the New Avengers, subsequently fainting when faced with the prospect of being beaten up by Luke Cage, using Spider-Man's webbing to protect himself from Electro. Later, Electro joins Chameleon's "Exterminators", seeking to take advantage of Peter Parker and his loved ones. During the "Civil War" storyline, Electro is among the villains in Hammerhead's unnamed villain army when Iron Man and S.H.I.E.L.D. raid the hideout. In "Secret Invasion," Electro appears as member of Hood's crime syndicate and attacks a Skrull force. After the Skrull posing as Edwin Jarvis kidnaps the baby of Luke Cage and Jessica Jones, the Avengers and the Fantastic Four begin going after everyone who is associated with the Skrulls. Because of this, Electro is confronted by Wolverine in an alley where, after a battle, he leaves Dillon beaten and unconscious.

Electro returns in issue 612 starting The Gauntlet, with a new look as his face is now scarred with lightning bolts and sporting a trench coat. The revamp was explained by writer Mark Waid, stating that artist Paul Azaceta "tweaked the design a bit, adding some burn scars to reflect Electro's current situation. As Electro gets older, as his body chemistry starts to shift into middle age, his powers are becoming more erratic and less easy for him to control. So he turns to a surprise Marvel villain – someone rarely, if ever, seen in the pages of Amazing – to level up." During his appearance in "The Gauntlet", it is revealed that Electro has lost control over his powers: besides the physical disfigurement, his touch is now 100% lethal. Depressed and angry at the world because of this, Electro begins gathering other outcasts and misfits into a group known as "Power To The People", which targets right-wing newspaper baron Dexter Bennett and the New York Stock Exchange in the wake of the 2008 Financial Crisis. Electro's group manages to gain positive coverage in the media, hampering Spider-Man's ability to convince Electro's followers of his true evil nature.

Electro's duplicitous nature causes him to betray his followers to align with the amoral Bennett in exchange for help finding a way to restore his powers to a controllable level. The Mad Thinker is able to come up with a process to cure Electro, but Spider-Man interferes with the process, turning Electro into an artificial electrical thunderbolt. Furious, Electro double-crosses Bennett and ultimately uses his new powers to destroy The DB building, crippling Bennett in the process. In doing so, Electro uses up so much of his newfound power that Spider-Man is able to neutralize him with his webbing. In the epilogue, Electro runs into Sasha Kravinoff and Chameleon in his new jail cell. In the following issue involving Sandman, it is revealed that Electro has escaped. Under the orders of the Kravinoffs, he breaks the fourth Vulture out of prison.

During the "Heroic Age" storyline, it is suspected by the Young Allies that Electro had a discarded and disavowed daughter named Aftershock (similar to the MC2 Universe version) who is a member of the Bastards of Evil. When Young Allies members Firestar and Gravity fight Electro, he defeats them and lets them live so that they can spread the message that he does not endorse Aftershock and the Bastards of Evil's terrorism. He also says they can look up how and when he got his powers on the internet and there was no way a girl of Aftershock's age could have been conceived after he got his powers: It is impossible for him to be Aftershock's father. Electro is later present at the scene where Mattie Franklin is sacrificed by Sasha Kravinoff as part of a ritual that resurrects Vladimir Kravinoff as a large humanoid lion creature.

During the "Origin of the Species" storyline, Electro is among the supervillains invited by Doctor Octopus to reestablish the Sinister Six, where they are promised that they will receive a reward in exchange for securing some specific items. Electro goes after Spider-Man for Menace's infant. Anticipating Spider-Man's plan to deliver the infant to a hospital, Electro waits at the nearest hospital in Spider-Man's area until Spider-Man shows up. The two begin to battle until Sandman interferes and Spider-Man tricks Electro into electrocuting Sandman, turning him into glass. Flying shards of glass hit Electro, temporarily stunning him and allowing Spider-Man to escape. Spider-Man goes on an angry rampage against all the villains after the Chameleon tricks him into thinking the infant is dead. He defeats Electro in Vinegar Hill, Brooklyn.

In the Big Time storyline, Electro becomes a member of Doctor Octopus' new Sinister Six and helps Chameleon break into an air force base in New Jersey. Electro was with the Sinister Six when it came to fighting Intelligencia. During a conflict between the Intelligencia and the Sinister Six, Mad Thinker was able to briefly deactivate Electro's powers, but was caught off-guard when Electro physically attacked him instead, the surprise of the attack allowed Electro to defeat Mad Thinker. During the "'Ends of the Earth" storyline despite the Sinister Six being prepared for a fight with the Avengers, Electro was the first of the team to be defeated, being hurled into the upper atmosphere by Thor while distracted by his inability to attack Spider-Man's new hi-tech armor.

Electro returns to Earth and attempts to avenge himself on Thor by forcing an A.I.M. scientist to convert him to generate protons instead of electrons, but he is defeated when Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Spider-Man's body) manages to convert him into a stream of protons and traps him. Superior Spider-Man places Electro in containment next to Sandman in his hidden underwater lab. Electro, Chameleon, Sandman, Mysterion, and the Vulture are later seen as part of a team led by Superior Spider-Man called the "Superior Six". Superior Spider-Man has been temporarily controlling their minds to redeem them for their crimes. He does this by forcing them to do heroic deeds against their will, some of which almost get them killed. Every time he is done controlling them, he puts them back in their containment cells. They eventually break free of Superior Spider-Man's control and attempt to exact revenge on the wall-crawler, nearly destroying New York to do so. With the help of Sun Girl, Superior Spider-Man is barely able to stop the Superior Six. Electro is later seen battling the Punisher in Los Angeles.

Sometime after Spider-Man regains his body, Electro comes into the Bar With No Name and is introduced to the Hobgoblin's servants by his friend and bartender, Deke. The villains start joking about the gloomy Electro. One mentions how Thor launched him into space, another about how "Spider-Man" made him part of the Superior Six, and yet another about how Electro was taken out by the Punisher, despite the latter's lack of powers. Electro gets angry and starts sparking, but the bartender gets the situation under control by commenting on how bad the Punisher is and with compliments like breaking so many villains out of the Raft, which earned him the respect of Crossbones and Count Nefaria. This does not stop the others, however. Determined to get respect, Electro heads back over to the Raft, ready for another breakout despite the Green Goblin having done the same just recently and the fact that it was re-christened as Spider-Island II. Electro sends a blot of electricity around, but it grows excessively big and he cannot turn it off. He finally exhausts all of his power but when this happens, he passes out and many of the villains he tried to break out are now dead. Vowing revenge, Electro soon realizes what caused this to happen to him: experiments conducted by "Spider-Man".

Electro later visits his friend, Francine Frye, and keeps his distance because of his uncontrollable powers. Francine starts to kiss Electro, only to end up dying from electrocution. At Peter Parker's behest, Parker Industries is testing out an anti-Electro netting that can capture Electro. Electro is later seen with Black Cat when they raid Eel's hideout where Electro defeats Eel. Electro and Black Cat later crash the meeting between Mister Negative and Phil Urich (who is leading the remnants of the Goblin Underground as the self-proclaimed Goblin King) where they throw Eel's body into the area where the meeting is. During Peter Parker's interview on the Fact Channel, Electro attacks the security team on the channel and the Black Cat arrives, announcing her demand that if Spider-Man does not show up in 15 minutes, Peter Parker will be dead. Electro complains about the plan but Black Cat stays determined that Spider-Man will show up, but then Silk arrives to confront them both, giving Peter the time to change into Spider-Man and jump into action, aiding Silk. As she battles against Electro and Spider-Man deals with Black Cat, J. Jonah Jameson remains on the channel forcing the cameraman to film the action. Electro fails to stop Silk, but the Black Cat redirects one of Electro's bolts into hitting Spider-Man, knocking him down in the process.

Electro pressures Sajani into telling him how effective the anti-Electro traps will be in removing his powers, but the Black Cat interrupts their talk to ask her how the device works. They both infiltrate the demonstration, suiting Electro into the "Fake Electro" costume while Black Cat disguises herself as one of the operators. Black Cat starts the machine, further enhancing Electro's power, only to be interrupted by Spider-Man and Silk. Electro tries to escape but his insulated webbing protects him by allowing Silk to cover Electro with her webbing. Black Cat changes the plan, using the wiring to overload Electro by putting his powers way out of control, shooting his lightning bolts against the helicopter. Silk saves the helicopter and Spider-Man jumps into the machine, using his webbing to cover Electro to take him out of there. Electro asks to let go, but Spider-Man remains determined to hold him until they are both saved by Silk who pulls them out of the machine and away from the explosion which failed to kill Spider-Man as Black Cat wanted and she escapes. However, Electro was apparently de-powered and taken into custody.

As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel", a de-powered Max Dillon is shown as an inmate at Andry Corrections Facility alongside Lizard. Upon being sprung out of the prison by Rhino, he meets a mysterious red-suited man who offers to restore Electro's powers in exchange for his services. Jackal and Lizard work on the procedure that would re-power Maxwell Dillon. When Dillon was reluctant to go through with the procedure, Jackal brings in a woman who Dillon recognizes as Francine Frye minus the piercings and tattoos that are on her body. Dillon agrees to go ahead with the procedure. The Jackal cloned Francine from DNA taken from her charred cheek. Francine observes the Jackal's attempt to restore Dillon's powers, but the experiment fails, charging his suit but not his body. Unexpectedly, the DNA in Dillon's saliva that was mixed in with Francine's own DNA attracts the electrical energy to Francine. Desiring more, Francine leans in to kiss Dillon and kills him in the process while absorbing his powers as the resulting action burns Dillon's body.

Upon building a special machine, Doctor Octopus resurrects Electro with his powers intact as Kindred comments on Electro's abilities while stating that Doctor Octopus is getting closer to his true self. Doctor Octopus and Electro find Kraven the Hunter in the Savage Land hunting a dinosaur. Electro shocks the dinosaur as Doctor Octopus is instructed by Kindred to entice Kraven the Hunter by quoting "The best way to entice your fourth recruit is to offer him your fifth".

Electro was among the villains who were captured by Ultra Living Brain. After Spider-Man defeated the Sinister Six-type Super-Adaptoid, Ultra Living Brain teleported the villains away.

Electro fought Spider-Man again where the fight affected Spider-Man's spider-senses. During the battle, Spider-Man's long-lost sidekick Spider-Boy showed up. To Spider-Man's surprise, Spider-Boy revealed his fangs that he used to subject Electro to his paralyzing venom. Then Spider-Boy advised Spider-Man to web him up for the police and leave a "Courtesy of Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man" notice like he always does.

Francine Frye
Debuting in The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 3 #2 (July 2014) Francine Frye is a woman who is a fan of supervillains. At some point, she befriended Electro. At the time when Electro was losing control of his abilities, she was visited by him. When attempting to kiss Electro, Francine died from electrocution.

Jackal later revived her as a clone, lacking her piercings and tattoos. She was summoned by the new Jackal to help persuade Electro to go through with the procedure that would repower him. It turned out that Electro's saliva was mixed in with Francine's DNA, which led to her kissing Dillon enough to kill him and becoming the second Electro. She later encountered Prowler, at the time when he infiltrated New U Technologies. During the chase, Electro accidentally caused the apparent death of Prowler causing Jackal to make a clone of him.

During the "Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy" storyline, Francine assists Rhino in attacking Spider-Man when he infiltrates New U Technologies. Both of them are defeated. When Prowler has not returned from his mission to Alcatraz, the villains he cloned start fighting again enough for Jackal to send Francine to have Madame Web's clone find Prowler. Francine shocks the answers out of Madame Web's clone as Julia Carpenter feels it on her end. After Julia Carpenter escapes, Francine confronts Prowler as his body starts failing. Prowler tries to escape Francine's wrath in Alcatraz, which proves difficult with her powers and his dying body. Using his weapons, the gift shop, and his strategic thinking, Prowler manages to defeat the simple-minded Francine.

When Jackal's police contact Chief Anderson tells him about where the clone of Gwen Stacy is, Jackal sends Rhino and Electro to Horizon University. When they retrieve the Gwen Stacy clone, she tells them to bring Kaine due to his encounter with the Carrion virus that might help in Jackal's research. Anna Marie Marconi persuades them to bring her along too since she also studied Kaine and the drug. Both villains agree to the terms. Electro later assists Doctor Octopus into fighting Spectro, following his failed attempt to make off with a test subject, where she is able to knock him out.

Alongside Kaine, Electro was being studied by Doctor Octopus to find out how to perfect the "Proto Clone". When Spider-Woman of Earth-65 tries to free Kaine, she is attacked by Electro. When Spider-Woman of Earth-65 leaves Prowler in an alley when he proves too weak to continue, he is found by Electro. Julia Carpenter arrives and fends Electro off as she tells Prowler that Spider-Man has stabilized the human and clone cells. When Electro gets the upper hand on Julia, Prowler sacrifices himself to stop Electro and dies in Julia's arms. Electro is one of the few clones that was able to survive the inverse frequency and got away.

Electro later appears as a member of the Sinister Six (consisting of Hobgoblin, Bombshell, Spot and Sandman) led by Aaron Davis in a recolored Iron Spider armor. She accompanied them in their mission to steal a decommissioned S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier. During the "Hunted" storyline, Electro was seen as a patron at the Pop-Up with No Name. Mayor Wilson Fisk's operatives later freed Electro and she was recruited to join an all-female incarnation of the Sinister Syndicate. When Francine recaps to Janice how she got her powers, she learns that Janice is Tombstone's daughter. After meeting its members, Electro was reluctant to join with them until she hears from Janice that their first mission given to them by Mayor Wilson Fisk to target Boomerang. This is enough to convince Electro to join as she asks them to put her down for two vegan cheeseburgers. The Sinister Syndicate begins their mission where they attack the F.E.A.S.T. building that Boomerang is volunteering at.

Boomerang tries to reason with Beetle and Electro who are still mad at him for betraying him. After getting Aunt May to safety, Peter Parker changes into Spider-Man and helps Boomerang fight the Syndicate. The Syndicate starts doing their formation until Spider-Man accidentally sets off Boomerang's gaserang which knocks out Spider-Man enough for the Syndicate to make off with Boomerang. As Beetle has Electro write a proposal on how the Syndicate can use Boomerang as an example to the criminal underworld, Beetle leave while calling Wilson Fisk that they caught Boomerang as she is given the information on where the exchange can happen.

When Beetle returns to the headquarters, Electro is present when Mayor Wilson Fisk brings the full force of New York City to their headquarters demanding that they surrender Boomerang to him. When Spider-Man arrives to reason with Mayor Fisk, Electro claims that Spider-Man is buying them some time. The Syndicate then assists Spider-Man against Mayor Fisk's forces. After Spider-Man evacuates Boomerang, the Syndicate fights Mayor Fisk's forces while not killing them. The Syndicate is defeated and arrested by the police. Their transport is then attacked by an unknown assailant who frees them.

During the "Sinister War" storyline, Electro is with the Sinister Syndicate when they discuss adding Ana Kravinoff to their ranks until they are abducted by Kindred's giant centipedes. Kindred offers them and the other villains the opportunity to take down Spider-Man and punish him for his sins. Electro and the rest of the Sinister Syndicate intercept Overdrive who is carrying Spider-Man away from Foreigner's group.

During the "Devil's Reign" storyline, Electro is among the characters that Mayor Wilson Fisk recruited to be part of his Thunderbolts units so that they can help the NYPD crack down on superhuman vigilantism. She assists Agony, Rhino, and U.S. Agent in taking down Moon Knight.

After Fisk is ousted as Mayor and replaced by Luke Cage, Electro joins Agent Gao's Cape Killers in exchange for a lighter sentence as seen during the "Carnage Reigns" storyline.

Electro was with the Sinister Syndicate when they took Janice Lincoln out for a bachelorette party.

During the "Gang War", Electro joins the Syndicate to support Janice instead of rejoining the Cape Killers. They raid one of Diamondback's territories only to find Rose and Digger there having defeated some of Diamondback's men before their arrival. Electro and the rest of the Sinister Syndicate fight Rose and Digger until some armored soldiers showed up with one of them quoting "Light 'em up"! The armored soldiers are revealed to be working for Wilson Fisk as they take Rose away leaving Digger behind. When Madame Masque appears in Beetle's lair, Beetle tells the rest of the Sinister Syndicate to give her a minute. Electro leaves to go take care of some business in the Bronx. When in the Bronx, Electro has a fight with Mary Jane Watson in her Jackpot outfit. She manages to escape by damaging a nearby bridge. Electro joined the rest of the Sinister Syndicate, Digger, and some gangs when it comes to face off against Madame Masque and the Maggia in Central Park. During the fight in Central Park, Electro and Lady Octopus face off against Shotgun and Rabble as Spider-Man and his allies arrive. As Tombstone order White Rabbit to have the Sinister Syndicate and those on their side to pull out of Central Park, Electro helps Trapstr immobilize She-Hulk and then zaps Spider-Man on their way out.

Powers and abilities
An unusually configured magnetic field is created when Max Dillon is struck by lightning while holding live, high-tension wires and a wound reel of one-inch cable, granting him superhuman powers. Electro can generate massive quantities of electricity, up to approximately 100,000 volts. He can employ this electrostatic energy as lightning arcs from his fingertips, and his maximum charge is more than enough to kill a normal human. When his body is charged to high levels, he becomes superhumanly strong and fast. He can also glide over power lines by using the electricity contained therein for propulsion, and he has on occasion been shown to actually ride on lightning bolts.

During a stint in prison, Doctor Octopus gave him the ideas of ionizing metals and sparking the petroleum in the fuel tanks of vehicles as a way to generate explosions. He can charge himself up to make himself more powerful. He can also absorb the energy of electrical equipment such as a power plant to increase his powers further. In New Avengers, he was shown to fly and manipulate large amounts of electricity and machinery, when he freed all the prisoners at Ryker's Island.

An experimental procedure heightens his powers, allowing Electro to store and absorb a seemingly limitless amount of electricity. He also seems to gain the power over magnetism to a certain degree, allowing him to manipulate magnetic fields and move objects in a manner similar to that of Magneto, and can overcome his old weakness to water by using the electromagnetic fields around him to vaporize water before it can touch him. He makes Spider-Man beg by stimulating the bioelectric currents in his brain, and is able to defeat Nate Grey by manipulating said currents in Nate's brain to turn his own psionic powers against him.

Electro can override any electrically powered device and manipulate it according to his mental commands. By using an external electrical power source to recharge his body's energy reserves, Electro can expend electricity indefinitely without diminishing his personal reserves. When he is fully charged, Electro is extremely sensitive to anything that may "short circuit" him, such as water. Electro propels himself along magnetic lines of force in objects that have great electrical potential, such as high-tension electrical lines. He can also create electrostatic bridges to traverse upon, at the cost of a great expenditure of energy.

During the events of the storyline "The Gauntlet", Electro becomes a living artificial thunderbolt, allowing him to travel through electrical appliances such as going through a light bulb and exiting through any other electronic device connected to the power source. He is also able to transmit himself over Spider-Man's web line.

Reception
During an interview with Newsarama about The Gauntlet and Grim Hunt, Mark Waid claimed that the character of Electro is "one of the smart criminals who was saving what he's been stealing from banks and savings and loans". He also described Electro as the "anti-bailout guy".

A Comics Bulletin review published by Ray Tate of Young Allies #2 described Electro's appearance in that issue as "a punk with a gimmick". He also claimed that the character "never harbored a pathological hatred of Spider-Man", and that he instead "developed a healthy loathing for Spidey because the Wall Crawler frequently interfered with his sole goal of larceny". Ray believes that Electro "isn't a wanton psychopath", but a "bank robber with electrical powers", and that he is "not nuts" but "a felon". These remarks show that Electro's character is received not as being mentally ill, but simply a thieving villain.

In 2009, Electro was ranked as IGN's 87th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.

In 2022, Screen Rant ranked Electro 6th in their "10 Most Powerful Silk Villains In Marvel Comics" list.

House of M
In the House of M reality, Electro is one of Rhino's friends (along with Vulture and Ox) who helped him attack and detain the Green Goblin for ruining the best chance at a good life Rhino ever had.

Marvel 1602
In Marvel 1602, Electro is a member of the Sinister Sextet, the dimension's Sinister Six. The Web Warriors (alternate versions of Spider-Man) visited the 1602 Universe to deal with the Sinister Sextet. After apprehending the villains, they noticed the dimension's Electro has escaped, unbeknownst to the heroes, followed them back to the Great Web.

Marvel 2099
When Miguel O'Hara finds himself in an alternate version of 2099 after being trapped in the past, he encounters a 2099 version of the Sinister Six, which includes an android that calls itself "Electro" after it gained sentience and electromagnetic powers in a lightning strike. After the battle against the rebels led by Spider-Man, concluded with the death of the former leader of the Sinister Six, Goblin 2099 (who was actually Father Jennifer D'Angelo, an undercover member of the resistance), Electro and the other members of the Sinister Six are recruited by Venture as members of the terrorist organization the Fist in the year 2016.

Electro is later sent to bring defector Sonny Frisco back to the Fist's base. It follows him through Parker Industries and, defeating Captain America along the way, almost kills Sonny before Spider-Man captures Electro using wooden shields to deny its power. It is then taken and imprisoned in Miguel's private laboratory, where Electro is led to believe that Lyla, Miguel's holographic assistant, freed it and joined its crusade to start a robotic revolution. After revealing the date of the Fist's attack in New York, the simulation ends and Lyla disables Electro.

Marvel Noir
The Marvel Noir version of Electro is introduced in the first issue of Spider-Man Noir (2020). Unlike his Earth-616 counterpart, this version of Electro is stocky and muscular with a thick mustache, and his namesake, however, comes from a circular pattern of dense Tesla coils strapped to his back. He also wields a lightning rod like a lightsaber, with blinding bolts of electricity coursing through both it and the aforementioned Tesla coils. Electro is first seen attacking Peter Parker at his aunt's house, but he is clocked out by Mary Jane Watson and forced to retreat. Electro is later shown fighting Spider-Man at the Neues Museum in Berlin (where he had previously killed Dr. Heinrich Hellstrom), but flees to retreat when Byron Ironsides throws a pack of explosives at him. Electro then proceedes to Istanbul, where he drains the power from half of the city.

As he and his employer Huma Bergmann reach the Temple of Inanna in Uruk, Babylon, the proximity to the M'kraan Crystal inside affects Electro, causing him to increase in size and strength while his features become progressively more deformed. Inside the Temple, he confronts Spider-Man and Hu-Ri, throwing her and the Cicada Stone at the door to the Tomb of Heaven. The door opens a gateway to the Underworld, which causes both Electro and Spider-Man to fall into the Underworld itself. There, Electro is restored to his normal self, but is eaten whole by Ereshkigal, the Queen of the Underworld.

Marvel Zombies Return
In Marvel Zombies Return, Electro appears as a member of the Sinister Six that battles the reality-jumping zombie Spider-Man. When the zombified Spider-Man is behind him, he was bitten on the hand. Then Electro becomes headless and infected, later helping his fellow members devour Peter Parker's friends. Angered and devastated, the zombie Spider-Man then obliterates his body for what he and the team has done when his arm is snapped off and Spider-Man uses his powers against him.

MC2
In the MC2 alternate future, Electro has a daughter, Allison Dillon, who is emotionally troubled over never having had a stable father-figure in her life and becomes the supervillain Aftershock. She had inherited her father's powers, but because Dillon and Allison's electrical auras are different, the slightest touch causes them intense pain. When Dillon discovers his daughter is following in his footsteps, he asks Spider-Man for help. Spider-Man, Spider-Girl, and the Avengers help subdue Aftershock. When Dillon shows up, father and daughter vow to overcome their pain, and Max promises to be a better father.

Old Man Logan
On Earth-807128, an area of Amerika called Electroville was named after Electro after the villains eliminated the superheroes.

In the pages of Old Man Logan that took place on Earth-21923, Electro was among the villains that came together to eliminate every superhero. He accompanied Enchantress in fighting She-Hulk, Daredevil, and Moon Knight in Manhattan. Electro shocked Moon Knight into unconsciousness before being shot in the head by Punisher. Kraven the Hunter later stabbed Punisher in the back and avenged Electro. The part with an area being called Electroville remains intact.

Spider-Man: Reign
In the Spider-Man: Reign reality, Electro is one of the villains released by Edward to destroy Spider-Man; he is killed by Spider-Man after being knocked into Hydro-Man (who also dies) causing him to short circuit.

Spider-Man: The Manga
In Spider-Man: The Manga, Electro is Shiraishi, a mechanic who falls into massive debt after he accidentally hits a child with his car, leaving the boy permanently disabled. Desperate for money, Shiraishi takes on a number of odd jobs (the last of which he robs) before being contacted by the handicapped boy's father, a professor researching high-voltage emission technology. Shiraishi agrees to be a test subject for the professor's experiments, and is given superhuman abilities through "electrification devices" he is implanted with. The professor convinces Shiraishi, who is dubbed "Electro" by the media, to use his electrokinesis to rob banks, but the professor begins to have second thoughts when Shiraishi's greed proves insatiable, and he begins to murder people who get in his way.

While robbing a department store, due to the banks now being too heavily guarded, Electro is challenged by the new hero Spider-Man. During his battle with Spider-Man, Electro accidentally kills the professor, the only person who knows how to remove his powers, which leave him unable to touch any living thing without shocking them. The distraught and enraged Electro is then fatally punched by Spider-Man, and before dying explains his origin, and has his mask removed to reveal that he is the missing brother of Spider-Man's friend, Rumiko, who Spider-Man was trying to get money for by claiming the reward offered to anyone who could defeat Electro.

Spider-Verse
In Spider-Verse, a version of Electro is a member of the Six Men of Sinestry of the dimension Earth-803. Set in the year 1895, Dillion caused a blackout to enable the group to execute their move in stealing the mayor's plan and after a battle with Lady Spider, was forced to retreat after they were overwhelmed yet they were able to accomplish their mission.

This Electro went on to start a chain of events that led to an army of Electros attempting to traverse the multiverse in opposition to the Spider-Army, led by a Mike Dillon (The Battery) from a world where he used his command of electricity to become a major world leader. This Electro attempted to control the others by transforming himself into an electricity-based life-form, absorbing the power of one in ten of the other Electros gathered by his army on Earth-1082, while using assorted dimensionally displaced Doctor Octopuses as his "Think Tank". However, the Spider-Army were eventually able to trick the Electros into attacking them in Earth-803 – a 'steampunk' Earth with no available electricity for them to draw on – and containing them in a vast Faraday cage made of specially treated webbing.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Electro has been reimagined with powers gained from experimentation by Justin Hammer. Unlike his mainstream counterpart, this version is bald, wears a black leather outfit, and has some grotesque burn scars. He is sold by Hammer to the Kingpin in exchange for a real estate development contract. When Spider-Man breaks into Kingpin's office, Electro electrocutes him and he, the Enforcers, and Kingpin unmask him, revealing him to be a teenager. They decide to throw him out a window, but Spider-Man returns and defeats him.

Three weeks later, Electro wakes from his coma and escapes from federal custody, murdering several people in the process. He also becomes a being of pure electricity, due to losing his containment suit. The Ultimates members Captain America, Iron Man, and Black Widow arrive and re-apprehend him wanting to ask how he illegally tampered with his genetic structure. Electro is placed in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody along with Sandman, Doctor Octopus and Norman Osborn as Nick Fury states that they have been detained for illegally tampering with their genetic structures. Electro and the other villains meet Kraven the Hunter after he had been apprehended for the same illegal genetic structure tampering he did. The five supervillains escape and become the Ultimate Six. They attack S.H.I.E.L.D. and manage to capture Spider-Man. They tie him to a chair, torture and humiliate him, and force him to join them. In a battle with the Ultimates on the White House lawn, Thor defeats Electro. While incarcerated, Electro claims to the people guarding him that he was biding his time to attack Osborn.

Electro eventually escapes and is hired by Bolivar Trask to gauge Venom's power. Electro leads Venom on a chase throughout Manhattan when Spider-Man appears. Electro knocks Spider-Man out and tries to kill him, but Venom attacks Electro, trying to take Electro's opportunity to kill the fallen hero. Venom defeats Electro by destroying the neon signs that Electro is feeding on. When S.H.I.E.L.D. arrives Venom flees, and Electro is once again brought into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. The Green Goblin later breaks Electro out of the supervillain prison within the Ultimates' headquarters, the Triskelion, in exchange for Electro's alliance when needed. Electro goes to Osborn's penthouse to wait for instructions where he is disturbed by Spider-Man. He attempts to flee and gets involved in a fight both with Spider-Man and S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. He is eventually brought down and is assumed to be back in custody.

Alongside the rest of the Ultimate Six who are now joined by Vulture, Electro plays a role in the "Death of Spider-Man" storyline. Norman breaks him and the rest out of the Triskelion and wishes for them to kill Peter Parker. After Doctor Octopus tries to leave the group and is killed by Green Goblin, the remaining five (Electro, Green Goblin, Sandman, Kraven and Vulture) go to Parker's home in Queens. There a fight ensues between the Five and both Johnny Storm and Bobby Drake. The two heroes are defeated, with Electro himself defeating Iceman by sending a jolt of electricity through his ice, but not before Johnny manages to knock Osborn out. Peter then arrives, wearing his Spider-Man costume but no mask, and proceeds to fight the four remaining members. After a pitched battle, Electro is about to deliver the killing shot on the beaten and exhausted Peter. But before he can strike, Electro is shot three times from behind by Aunt May. He 'short circuits' in a massive electrical surge, taking out Kraven, Sandman and Vulture.

Later, Electro is shown to have survived the shooting, and is being held in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. Electro is able to power up and attempt an escape after being improperly sedated by a S.H.I.E.L.D. nurse. After taking down the Ultimates, Electro fights Nick Fury and the new Spider-Man (Miles Morales), thinking Miles is the original and angry that he is still alive. Morales stuns Electro by hitting him with a hurled crate, then Fury shoots him to end the threat. Electro later resurfaces, fighting Sabretooth over something relating to Norman Osborn. The two are broken up and defeated by Miles, with help from Cloak and Dagger.

Television

 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro makes a cameo appearance in The Marvel Super Heroes episode "Dr. Doom's Day".
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Spider-Man (1967), voiced by Tom Harvey.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, voiced by Allan Melvin.
 * An original incarnation of Electro appears in the Spider-Man: The Animated Series five-part episode "Six Forgotten Warriors", voiced by Philip Proctor. This version is Rheinholt Schmidt, a German Nazi who masqueraded as Russian police chief Rheinholt Kragov for most of his life while searching for and impersonating his father, the Red Skull, in an attempt to gain control of his doomsday device. Once Spider-Man, the Kingpin, and the Insidious Six retrieve the keys and box needed to access it, Rheinholt traps them except for his step-brother, the Chameleon, who betrays the Kingpin to help Rheinholt access the doomsday device and free the Red Skull from his energy vortex prison. The Red Skull subsequently uses the weapon on Rheinholt, turning him into Electro, but the latter betrays him for risking his life and tries to take over the world for himself, but Spider-Man tricks him into trapping himself in the energy vortex before destroying the machine.
 * A Counter-Earth incarnation of Electro appears in the Spider-Man Unlimited (1999) episode "Ill-Met By Moonlight", voiced by Dale Wilson. This version is a Bestial electric eel and guard for the High Evolutionary.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, voiced by Ethan Embry. This version is a geeky teenager and Peter Parker's friend who attends Empire State University before gaining electrical powers after being covered in an unknown substance and struck by lightning.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Crispin Freeman. Introduced in the episode "Interactions", this version is transformed into a living electric capacitor following a freak accident involving genetically altered electric rays and eels. Afterwards, he is placed in an insulated body suit to contain his bio-electricity and attempts to lead a normal life again until Spider-Man mistakes him for a supervillain and Electro turns to crime. Following this, Electro would go on to battle Spider-Man on several occasions and join two incarnations of the Sinister Six until he is eventually defeated and arrested.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Ultimate Spider-Man (2012), voiced by Christopher Daniel Barnes. This version is a longtime enemy of Spider-Man, who views him as incompetent, until the webslinger accidentally throws Electro into a large screen in Times Square during a battle, which transforms him into a hyper-electrified form. This gives him the additional abilities of cloning himself and controlling machinery, though excessive use of his powers causes him to become physically and mentally unstable. Following this, Electro would go on to battle Spider-Man and his fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. trainees several times, join three incarnations of the Sinister Six, and become temporarily trapped in the Siege Perilous by the Green Goblin, who uses him to travel the multiverse.
 * The Francine Frye incarnation of Electro appears in Spider-Man (2017), voiced by Daisy Lightfoot. This version is an African-American teenager who uses an exoskeleton that grants her electrical powers, which she needs to constantly recharge.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Marvel Super Hero Adventures, voiced by Ian James Corlett.
 * The Francine Frye incarnation of Electro appears in Spidey and His Amazing Friends, voiced by Stephanie Lemelin.

Film

 * An original incarnation of Electro appears in James Cameron's aborted 1994 film script, with Lance Henriksen being considered for the role. This version would have been Carlton Strand, who acquired his powers years prior while on the run from the police after he stole mercury in New Mexico. Over the years, he became a powerful billionaire and attempts to create a "master race" with him as its leader. He and his henchman "Boyd", a man with sand powers, would also try to bribe Spider-Man into joining him, but Strand is killed in battle over the World Trade Center.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in two Marvel films, portrayed by Jamie Foxx. This version is an Oscorp electrical engineer who views himself as a nobody and idolizes Spider-Man after the hero saves him from Aleksei Sytsevich.
 * Dillon first appears in the Sony Pictures film The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Foxx revealed that the character was redesigned to be more grounded and that the villain's classic yellow and green suit would be omitted in favor of a modern look. While fixing a power line on his birthday, Dillon is electrocuted and falls into a tank of genetically engineered electric eels, which grant him electrical powers. Surviving the ordeal, a disfigured but drained Dillon heads to Times Square to "charge" himself with more electricity, but is confronted by Spider-Man. Initially excited, a stray shot from an NYPD sniper causes Dillon to believe Spider-Man set him up before attacking him, only to be subdued and sent to Ravencroft for study. Taking the name "Electro", he is broken out by Harry Osborn, who requires his help in breaking into Oscorp to find a cure for his terminal illness. Electro agrees and is given a new suit to control his powers. After they successfully break in, Harry allows Electro to take over the electrical grid he designed and take control of New York's electricity. Magnetizing his web-shooters to protect them from Electro, Spider-Man confronts him once more and repairs the damaged electrical grid so Gwen Stacy can reactivate it; allowing the web-slinger to overload Electro with his own electricity.
 * Dillon appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home, sporting an updated redesign more closely resembling his mainstream comics counterpart. Prior to becoming pure energy, he is transported to another universe and absorbs its electricity, which restores his human form. He is subsequently confronted by Sandman and the native Spider-Man (later dubbed "Peter-One") before they are brought to the New York Sanctum along with other dimensionally-displaced supervillains. Peter-One later breaks the villains out and persuades them to let him cure them and avert their original fates. However, the Green Goblin sabotages the experiment, allowing Electro and the other villains to escape. After gaining power from an Arc Reactor, Electro fights three Spider-Men until Doctor Octopus cures him. Dillon laments losing his powers, but his Spider-Man assures him that he is not a nobody and convinces him to abandon his villainy before Doctor Strange returns Dillon and the dimensionally-displaced individuals to their respective universes.

Video games

 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears as a boss in Spider-Man: The Video Game, Spider-Man: Mysterio's Menace, Spider-Man: Return of the Sinister Six, and Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Spider-Man and Captain America in Doctor Doom's Revenge.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. He intends to use the "Bio-Nexus Device", a mechanism that can enhance a person's bioelectric field, to become a god. Working with Shocker, Sandman, the Beetle, and Hammerhead, Electro abducts Dr. Watts, the creator of the device, and fights Spider-Man over its possession. Electro eventually uses the device to become a being of pure energy dubbed "Hyper-Electro", but is ultimately de-powered and defeated by Spider-Man and imprisoned.
 * The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Max Dillon / Electro appears as a boss in the Ultimate Spider-Man (2005), voiced by James Arnold Taylor.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears as a boss in the Game Boy Advance version of Spider-Man 3.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears as a boss and playable character in the PSP version of Spider-Man: Friend or Foe, voiced by David Kaye. Mysterio captures and places him under mind control before sending him to an island in the Mediterranean Sea to retrieve a meteor shard. After Spider-Man defeats him and destroys his mind-control device, Electro joins forces with him to exact revenge on Mysterio.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears as an assist character in Spider-Man: Web of Shadows, voiced by Liam O'Brien. He goes on a rampage through quarantine camps that S.H.I.E.L.D. established for symbiote-infected people while searching for his sister. After Spider-Man defeats him, Electro is shot by Black Widow, though his infected sister approaches and infects him with her symbiote to heal him. While the symbiote-infected Electro escapes, he reemerges during the symbiotes' invasion before he is defeated by Spider-Man, who frees him from his symbiote's control.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears as a boss in most versions of Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by Kirk Thornton.
 * The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Max Dillon / Electro appears as a boss in Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions, voiced by Thomas F. Wilson. He uses a fragment of the Tablet of Order and Chaos to enhance his powers and take over a hydroelectric dam, becoming larger and more powerful as he absorbs more energy. He also gains the ability to create minions to attack Spider-Man, who eventually defeats Electro by tricking him into destroying the dam, shorting him out, while Spider-Man claims his tablet fragment. In the Nintendo DS version, the mainstream incarnation of Max Dillon / Electro appears as a boss.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Marvel Heroes, voiced again by Liam O'Brien.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Steve Blum.
 * Both the mainstream and Ultimate Marvel incarnations of Max Dillon / Electro appear as separate playable characters in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, both voiced by David Sobolov.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears as a boss in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 film tie-in game, voiced by Michael A. Shepperd in most versions and by Liam O'Brien in the mobile version. Similarly to the film the game is based on, this version is an Oscorp engineer who is rescued by Spider-Man after two rival gangs attack the company. Dillon also helps Spider-Man prevent a potentially catastrophic incident, which causes him to develop an unhealthy attraction towards the hero. After failing to report an Oscorp employee who took credit for his power grid to Donald Menken, Dillon suffers a freak accident that grants him electrical powers. Realizing that Spider-Man will not recognize him in his current state and for fear of being arrested, he becomes the criminal Electro. He is subsequently arrested and sent to Ravencroft, where he becomes one of several test subjects for experiments funded by the Kingpin and overseen by Menken. Dillon eventually escapes and drains the city's power, causing a blackout. When Spider-Man confronts him, Dillon reveals the experiments he was subjected to and blames the web-slinger for not being there to save him. After a battle with Spider-Man, Electro is defeated and his body explodes.
 * Various alternate reality versions of Max Dillon / Electro appear as bosses in Spider-Man Unlimited (2014), all voiced again by Christopher Daniel Barnes. They appear as members of a multiversal Sinister Six.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2. Additionally, his Marvel 2099 counterpart is also playable and serves as a minor boss in the game's story.
 * The Francine Frye incarnation of Electro appears in Marvel Strike Force as a member of the Sinister Six.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears as a boss in Marvel's Spider-Man, voiced by Josh Keaton. This version is bald and has star-shaped facial scars. Within the game's continuity, Spider-Man has been a superhero for eight years and is well-familiar with Electro, having fought him several times in the past. Electro is initially imprisoned in the Raft until Otto Octavius stages a prison break and recruits Electro, among others, into his Sinister Six in exchange for Octavius helping him achieve his ultimate goal of becoming a being of pure energy. After the team overpowers Spider-Man, the Sinister Six split up to attack different Oscorp properties, with Electro being sent to cripple the city's power supply. He later joins forces with the Vulture to kill Spider-Man, but both are ultimately defeated and re-incarcerated.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears as a boss in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Christopher Daniel Barnes. This version is a member of the Sinister Six.
 * The Francine Frye incarnation of Electro appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.

Miscellaneous

 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro in The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man, voiced by Jim Wise. This version is a member of the Sinister Syndicate.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, portrayed by Emmanuel Brown. This version was originally an Oscorp scientist until the Green Goblin turns him into Electro and manipulates him into joining his Sinister Six.
 * The Max Dillon incarnation of Electro appears in Marvel Universe: LIVE!. This version is a member of the Sinister Six.

title: Electro (Marvel Comics)


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Marechal Foch (grape)

Maréchal Foch is an inter-specific hybrid French red wine grape variety. It was developed at the Oberlin Institute in Colmar-Alsace, at the beginning of the 20th century, by Eugène Kuhlmann, then known as Kuhlmann 188-2. The variety arrived in the U.S. in 1946, where it was subsequently renamed Marechal Foch in honor of Marshall Ferdinand Foch, Supreme Allied Commander during the First World War. Some believe it to be a cross of Goldriesling (itself an intra-specific cross of Riesling and Courtiller Musqué) with a Vitis riparia - Vitis rupestris cross. Others contend that its pedigree is uncertain and may contain the grape variety Oberlin 595. It ripens early, and it is cold-hardy and resistant to fungal diseases. It is a teinturier, with pigmented juice as well as skins. The berry size is small, which makes it prone to bird injury. The quality of wine produced by Marechal Foch vines is highly dependent upon vine age, and the flavor profile associated with many new-world hybrid varietals is much reduced in examples made with fruit picked from older vines.

Wine regions
Marechal Foch was formerly commonly grown in the Loire, but today it is limited to a small number of hectares in Europe. Because it is a hybrid variety, cultivation for commercial wines in Europe is restricted by European Union regulation.

It is more extensively grown in North America, including southern Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia, as well as the eastern wine growing regions of the United States, where it ripens fully by the end of September. It is also commonly grown in Minnesota and Ohio. In the west, it is grown in Colorado in Delta County. Additionally, it is grown in Oregon's Willamette Valley, Missoula, Montana and Canada's Okanagan Valley and Comox Valley. Marechal Foch was introduced to Canadian vineyards in 1946 by Adhemar de Chaunac of Brights' wines, along with several other French hybrids.

However, the extent to which Marechal Foch is grown in Canada has been much reduced, due to an extensive vine-pull program in the early 1980s designed to replace hybrids with (Vitis vinifera) cultivars.

Wines
Marechal Foch is used to make a variety of styles of wine, ranging from a light red wine similar to Beaujolais to more extracted wines with intense dark "inky" purple colour and unique varietal character, and even sweet, fortified, Port-like wines. Wines made from Marechal Foch tend to have strong acidity, aromas of black fruits and, in some cases, toasted wheat, mocha, fresh coffee, bitter chocolate, vanilla bean, and musk. In the darker variants of the wine a strong gamey nose is also often described. Highly extracted, and more carefully produced wines made from older plantings of Marechal Foch have recently been successfully marketed as more expensive niche wines with a dedicated following.

Related varieties
The grape varieties Léon Millot, Lucie Kuhlman, and Marechal Foch came out of the same crossing, and are therefore related.

Synonyms
Foch, Kuhlmann 188.2, Marschall Foch

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marechal Foch (grape)


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Cracidae

The chachalacas, guans and curassows are birds in the family Cracidae. These are species of tropical and subtropical Central and South America. The range of one species, the plain chachalaca, just reaches southernmost parts of Texas in the United States. Two species, the Trinidad piping guan and the rufous-vented chachalaca occur on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago respectively.

Systematics and evolution
The family Cracidae was introduced (as Craxia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. The Cracidae are an ancient group related to the Australasian mound-builders. They are sometimes united with these in a distinct order, "Craciformes", but this is not supported by more recent research which suggests that either is a well-marked, basal lineage of Galliformes.

Phylogeny
Cladogram based on the study by De Chen and collaborators published in 2021. The numbers of species are from the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.

Classification
Extinct species assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive and Paleofile.com websites.
 * Genus †Procrax Tordoff & Macdonald 1957
 * †Procrax brevipes Tordoff & Macdonald 1957
 * Genus †Paleophasianus Wetmore 1940
 * †Paleophasianus meleagroides Wetmore 1940
 * Genus †Taoperdix Milne-Edwards 1869
 * †Taoperdix pesseiti (Gervais 1862) Milne-Edwards 1869
 * Subfamily Penelopinae (Guans)
 * Genus Aburria Reichenbach 1853
 * Subgenus (Aburria)
 * Wattled guan, Aburria aburri (Lesson 1828) Reichenbach 1853
 * Subgenus (Pipile) Bonaparte 1856 (piping guans)
 * Black-fronted piping guan, Pipile jacutinga (von Spix 1825)
 * Red-throated piping guan, Pipile cujubi (Pelzeln 1858)
 * Trinidad piping guan, Pipile pipile (Jacquin 1784)
 * Blue-throated piping guan, Pipile cumanensis (Jacquin 1784)
 * White-throated piping guan, Pipile grayi (Pelzeln 1858)
 * Genus Chamaepetes Wagler 1832
 * Black guan, Chamaepetes unicolor Salvin 1867
 * Sickle-winged guan, Chamaepetes goudotii (Lesson 1828)
 * Genus Penelope Merrem 1786 (15 species)
 * Band-tailed guan, Penelope argyrotis (Bonaparte 1856)
 * Bearded guan, Penelope barbata Chapman 1921
 * Baudo guan, Penelope ortoni Salvin 1874
 * Andean guan, Penelope montagnii (Bonaparte 1856)
 * Marail guan, Penelope marail (Müller 1776)
 * Rusty-margined guan, Penelope superciliaris Temminck 1815
 * Red-faced/Dabbene's guanPenelope dabbenei Hellmayr & Conover 1942
 * Crested guan, Penelope purpurascens Wagler 1830
 * Cauca guan, Penelope perspicax Bangs 1911
 * White-winged guan, Penelope albipennis Taczanowski 1878
 * Spix's guan, Penelope jacquacu von Spix 1825
 * Dusky-legged guan, Penelope obscura Temminck 1815
 * White-crested guan, Penelope pileata Wagler 1830
 * Chestnut-bellied guan, Penelope ochrogaster Pelzeln 1870
 * White-browed guan, Penelope jacucaca von Spix 1825
 * Genus Penelopina Reichenbach 1861
 * Highland guan, Penelopina nigra (Fraser 1852) Reichenbach 1861
 * Subfamily Cracinae
 * Tribe Ortalidini Donegan 2012
 * Genus Ortalis Merrem 1786 (chachalacas, 16 species)
 * †Ortalis affinis Feduccia & Wilson 1967
 * †Ortalis phengites Wetmore 1923
 * †Ortalis pollicaris Miller 1944
 * †Ortalis tantala Wetmore 1933
 * Plain chachalaca, Ortalis vetula (Wagler 1830)
 * Grey-headed chachalaca, Ortalis cinereiceps Gray 1867
 * Chestnut-winged chachalaca, Ortalis garrula (von Humboldt 1805)
 * Rufous-vented chachalaca, Ortalis ruficauda Jardine 1847
 * Rufous-headed chachalaca, Ortalis erythroptera Sclater & Salvin 1870
 * Rufous-bellied chachalaca, Ortalis wagleri Gray 1867
 * West Mexican chachalaca Ortalis poliocephala (Wagler 1830)
 * Chaco chachalaca, Ortalis canicollis (Wagler 1830)
 * White-bellied chachalaca, Ortalis leucogastra (Gould 1843)
 * Speckled chachalaca, Ortalis guttata (von Spix 1825)
 * Colombian chachalaca, Ortalis columbiana Hellmayr 1906
 * East Brazilian chachalaca Ortalis araucuan (von Spix 1825)
 * Scaled chachalaca, Ortalis squamata Lesson 1829
 * Little/variable/Guiana chachalaca, Ortalis motmot (Linnaeus 1766)
 * Chestnut-headed chachalaca, Ortalis ruficeps (Wagler 1830)
 * Buff-browed chachalaca, Ortalis superciliaris Gray 1867
 * Tribe Oreophasini Bonaparte 1853
 * Genus Oreophasis Gray 1844
 * Horned guan, Oreophasis derbianus Gray 1844
 * Tribe Cracini Rafinesque 1815 (curassows)
 * Genus Crax Linnaeus 1758 (7 species)
 * Great curassow, Crax rubra Linnaeus 1758
 * Prince Albert's/Blue-billed/knobbed curassow, Crax alberti Fraser 1852
 * Yellow-knobbed curassow, Crax daubentoni Gray 1867
 * Globulose/Wattled/Yarrell's curassow, Crax globulosa von Spix 1825
 * Red-billed curassow, Crax blumenbachii von Spix 1825
 * Black curassow, Crax alector Linnaeus 1766
 * Bare-faced curassow, Crax fasciolata von Spix 1825
 * Genus Mitu Lesson 1831 (razor-billed curassows)
 * Crestless curassow, Mitu tomentosum (von Spix 1825)
 * Salvin's curassow, Mitu salvini Reinhardt 1879
 * Razor-billed curassow, Mitu tuberosum (von Spix 1825)
 * Alagoas curassow, Mitu mitu (Linnaeus 1766) (extinct in the wild)
 * Genus Nothocrax Burmeister 1856
 * Nocturnal curassow, Nothocrax urumutum (von Spix 1825) Burmeister 1856
 * Genus Pauxi Temminck 1813 (helmeted curassows)
 * Horned curassow, Pauxi unicornis Bond & Meyer de Schauensee 1939
 * Sira curassow, Pauxi koepckeae Weske & Terborgh 1971
 * Helmeted curassow, Pauxi pauxi (Linnaeus 1766) Temminck 1813

Alternatively, all subfamilies except the Penelopinae could be lumped into the Cracinae. As the initial radiation of cracids is not well resolved at present (see below), the system used here seems more appropriate. It is also quite probable that entirely extinct subfamilies exist as the fossil record is utterly incomplete.

Evolution

Recent research has analyzed mt and nDNA sequences, morphological, and biogeographical data to study the phylogenetic relationships of cracid birds, namely the relationships among the genera (Pereira et al., 2002), the relationships between the species of curassows (Pereira & Baker, 2004) and between the piping- and wattled guans (Grau et al., 2005). The traditional groups—chachalacas, guans, and curassows—are verified as distinct clades, but the horned guan represents the sole survivor of a very distinct and ancient lineage.

In addition, the molecular data suggest that the Cracidae originated in the Late Cretaceous, but the authors caution that this cannot be more than a hypothesis at present: as the rate of molecular evolution is neither constant over time nor uniform between genera and even species, dating based on molecular information has a very low accuracy over such long timespans and needs to be corroborated by fossil evidence. The fossil record of cracids is limited to a single doubtfully distinct genus of chachalaca, Boreortalis (Hawthorn Early Miocene of Florida, USA; may actually be a junior synonym of Ortalis) and some species in the modern genus Ortalis, however. This does not provide any assistance in evaluating the hypothesis (Pereira et al., 2002) that the split between the 4 main lineages of our time occurred quite rapidly, approximately in the Oligocene or slightly earlier, somewhere between 40 and 20 mya.

The genera Procrax and Palaeonossax are often considered cracids, but this is not certain at all; they may belong to a related extinct lineage. It is unfortunate that of these too, few good fossils are known, as they date to about the time when the modern groups presumably diverged. Should they be cracids, they are not unlikely to represent either some of the last members of the family before guans, chachalacas, etc. evolved, or very early representatives of these lineages.

Thus, the assumption that the modern diversity started to evolve in the late Paleogene, continuing throughout the Miocene and onwards, must also be considered hypothetical given the lack of robust evidence. Still, the "molecular" scenario is entirely possible considering what is known about the evolution and radiation of the Galloanserae, and consistent with the paleogeography of the Americas. The ichnotaxon Tristraguloolithus cracioides is based on fossil eggshell fragments from the Late Cretaceous Oldman Formation of southern Alberta, Canada which are similar to chachalaca eggs (Zelenitsky et al., 1996), but in the absence of bone material their relationships cannot be determined except that they are apparently not from a dinosaur.

By comparison, speciation within curassows (Crax, Nothocrax, Pauxi and Mitu) and the piping/wattled guans is supported by better evidence. It was usually caused by changes in topography which divided populations (vicariant speciation), mainly due to the uplift of the Andes which led to the establishment of the modern river basins. The distribution of curassow and piping-guan species for the most part follows the layout of these river systems, and in the latter case, apparently many extinctions of populations in lowland areas (Grau et al., 2005). Another result was that the wattled guan belongs to the same genus as the piping-guans, which thus use the older name Aburria (Grau et al., 2005).

Originally interpreted as a turkey by Othniel Charles Marsh, Meleagris antiquus was referred to as Cracidae in 1964 by Pierce Brodkorb. It is nowadays considered unambiguously to be a Cariamiformes under Bathornithidae, and indeed a very different animal from cracids, being a 2 meter tall terrestrial predator. Similarly, Palaeophasianus has been reassigned to Geranoididae, a lineage of large, ostrich-like stem-cranes.

Description

Cracids are large birds, similar in general appearance to turkeys. The guans and curassows live in trees, but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrubby habitats. Many species are fairly long tailed, which may be an aide to navigating their largely arboreal existence. They are generally dull-plumaged, but the curassows and some guans have colourful facial ornaments. The birds in this family are particularly vocal, with the chachalacas taking their name from the sound of their call. Cracids range in size from the little chachalaca (Ortalis motmot), at as little as 38 cm and 350 g, to the great curassow (Crax rubra), at nearly 1 m and 4.3 kg.

Behaviour and ecology
These species feed on fruit, insects and worms. They build nests in trees, and lay two to three large white eggs, which only the female incubates alone. The young are precocial and are born with an instinct to immediately climb and seek refuge in the nesting tree. They are able to fly within days of hatching.

title: Cracidae


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Dimitrie Sturdza

Dimitrie Sturdza (, in full Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza-Miclăușanu; 10 March 1833 – 21 October 1914) was a Romanian statesman and author of the late 19th century, and president of the Romanian Academy between 1882 and 1884.

Biography
Born in Iași, Moldavia, and educated there at the Academia Mihăileană, he continued his studies in Germany at Munich, Göttingen, Bonn, and Berlin. He took part in the political movements of the time.

Sturdza was private secretary to Prince Alexander John Cuza. He afterwards turned against the increasingly unsanctioned rule of Cuza: He became Minister of Public Instruction in 1859, and was one of the most zealous promoters of the overthrow of Cuza. In 1866, he joined Ion Brătianu and others in the deposition of Cuza and the election of Prince Charles of Hohenzollern (later King Carol I of Romania). He became a member of the Liberal government. In the cabinet of Bratianu, 1876–88, he repeatedly held ministerial posts.

In 1892 he was elected leader of the National Liberal Party in succession to Brătianu, and was four times Prime Minister. During his last term in office, in 1907, Sturdza was called by King Carol I to handle the crisis created by the peasants' revolt of March. Although noted for his capacity for work, he was also a nationalist, resentful of "aliens" (in line with the anti-Jewish policies of his party), and supported blocking non-Romanians from a large number of social positions. Sturdza was a notorious antisemite, supporting measures such as the expulsion of Romanian Jews, and he was known for his opposition towards the naturalization of the Jews in Romania. He was responsible for the exile of Romanian Jewish intellectuals Moses Gaster and Lazăr Şăineanu.

He was appointed permanent secretary of the Romanian Academy, and became a recognized authority on Romanian numismatics. As secretary of the academy he was instrumental in assisting the publication of the collections of historic documents made by Constantin Hurmuzachi (30 vols., Bucharest, 1876–1897), and other acts and documents, as well as a number of minor political pamphlets of transitory value.

His son Alexandru D. Sturdza, by then a Colonel in the Romanian Army, defected to the Germans in 1916, during World War I.

Works

 * La Marche progressive de la Russie sur le Danube (1878)
 * Uebersicht der Münzen und Medaillen des Fürstentums Rumänien (1874)
 * Europa, Russia, Romania (1888)
 * La question des portes de fer et des cataractes du Danube (1899)
 * Charles I., roi de Roumanie (1899 et seq.)
 * Otu, Petre, Georgescu, Maria: Durchleuchtung eines Verrats. Der Fall des Oberst Alexandru D. Sturdza. Lektor Verlag. Hainburg. 2022.

title: Dimitrie Sturdza


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Guan (surname)

Guan may refer to any of at least four Chinese family names (all rendered in Cantonese as Kwan, or also in English as Kuan). The four names are as follows:

Guān (關)
The most famous of all the Guan surnames due to its association with the war deity Guan Yu, the Guan (關) family name came from Dongfu (董父) the descendant of ruler Shuan (叔安) in Chifeng in old Rehe Province.
 * Guwalgiya (瓜尔佳) family the Jurchen people of Jin dynasty

Guān (官)
Guan (官) is a Chinese family name, Guan, Kuan, Quan, Kwan in common, origin from;

 * During the Zhou dynasty, Guan (官) family found from name of Guan Country of Jin (state) (晉)
 * The Guan People (官) are an old Ancient Chinese Minority, the surname Guan came from the tribe name
 * In the Chu state, shortened from the compound surname 上官 (Shangguan)
 * Another Guan (關) family adopted the surname Guan (官) with the same dialect
 * During the Jin dynasty (金), Mulao (仫佬) people took the surname Guan (官)
 * Manchu people, Mongolian use surname Guan (官)

People with the surname Guān 官

 * Ella Koon (官恩娜), Hong Kong actress

Guǎn (管)
Guan, The corresponding Vietnamese version is Quản, the anglicized variation of which is Quan.

 * Guan Shu (管叔) the ruler of the State of Guan and uncle of King Wu of Zhou
 * King Mu of Zhou of the Zhou dynasty
 * Xibe people in northeast China during the Qing dynasty period

People with the surname Guăn 管

 * Guan Zhong (管仲, ? – 645 BCE) of the State of Qi
 * Guan Pinghu (管平湖, 1897–1967), Chinese guqin musician
 * Guan Moye (管謨業, 1955), pen name Mo Yan (莫言), Chinese writer
 * Guan Chenchen (管晨辰, 2004), Chinese artistic gymnast

Guàn (灌)

 * Guan (灌) family name came from Yu the Great during the Xia dynasty

People with the surname Guàn 灌

 * Guan Ying (灌嬰), Han dynasty general

Fictional characters

 * Master Monk Guan, a fictional character on Kid's WB's Xiaolin Showdown

title: Guan (surname)


text:
Talk:Stevie Case

Content Dispute
User 192.246.40.32 deleted most of the content of this article with no explanation. I reverted it. The only thing the user added was that the Playboy photo shoot pics never appeared in the mag. I have no idea if this is true—I don't subscribe and I don't have the time to research it. —Frecklefoot 15:59 9 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * NOTE: new at this, be patient, beginning to get a hang of it... Regarding changes and lack of comment:  There were factual errors and it was better deleted.  Some data were irrelevant but went ahead and simply corrected for current accuracy.  ---User 192.246.40.32

 * Below is the paragraph you deleted. The information was taken from Case's website (when it was still online).  What information in it is inaccurate?

 * While attending high school, Case sued the Unified School District no. 233 for banning the book Annie on My Mind by Nancy Garden from the school libraries. She won the case and was awarded the J. Phillip Immroth Intellectual Freedom Award from the American Libraries Association.

 * Thanks for getting back and commenting and updating the info in the article. :-) —Frecklefoot 13:52 15 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I had been informed that Case did not sue but was rather part of a group action. I found that this item was both irrelevant and also misleading.  Since I could not find details of that suit thought it better to be left deleted.  ---User 192.246.40.32

 * I can see how it could be misleading if it weren't true, but I don't really see how it would be irrelevant. The article is about Stevie Case, and that seems like a pretty significant acheivement to me.  I don't mind leaving it out until the facts can be verified, though.  I thought coming from her own website, though, it was pretty reliable.  I also found this resource: http://www.libr.org/Juice/issues/vol1/LJ_45.html.  If you see item 4 (or just search for Stevana on the page), you'll see information on the case.  It lists Stevena as the chief plaintiff, so I think the wording of the paragraph is accurate.  It also shows that she did earn the award.  I think the paragraph should go back in, but I'll wait a while to get input from others.

 * One more thing: I see you added a sentence that Case had plastic surgery and that she was only approached by Playboy after the procedure (implying she was too ugly before the surgery?). This might be true, but is there any documentation on this?  What did she have done? —Frecklefoot 13:57 16 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The information about Stevie getting an award in High School is irrelevant because that is not what gained her fame. If it had anything to do with her notoriety, then it would be relevant.  I'm sure if we were to list the childhood awards and honors bestowed upon some of the well known and honored figures in the gaming industry, it would seem as irrelevant as the award previously listed for Case.

 * In regards to Case's plastic surgery, I encountered a website quite some time ago (which is no longer available unfortunately) where it showed before and after photos of a slightly obese girl with brown mousy hair, slightly crooked nose, and small chest next to the after surgery Case. It was quite stunning.  It has been rumored (but never confirmed) that Case had liposuction, facial enhancements, along with the obvious chest enlargements. If you are part of the gaming industry it is a known fact that Stevie did not gain notoriety for stunning good looks till after the Playboy fiasco.

 * Okay, I'm cool with leaving out the HS award. As far as the plastic surgery goes, since we don't have any concrete evidence for it, I changed it to "rumored."  If we can get some evidence (even such as a credible web site link), we can change the wording to reflect that the surgery did in fact take place.  I do have to admit, though, that she does look very different from how she did as a teen. —Frecklefoot 14:52 21 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Official Website
Anyone know if her web site is ever going to come back online? It's been down for several months. If it doesn't look it'll be back up anytime soon, I think we should just nix it. —Frecklefoot 15:29, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Since the current status as of 6/23/04 is "REDEMPTIONPERIOD" I bet it won't be back online. But it will remain as REDEMPTIONPERIOD until 7/9/04 (30 days) after which it will go to PENDING DELETION. So ... I'd nix it, frankly. Too bad, too, since I've talked with Stevie and she was always a cool person. Hope she does something again soon.206.156.242.39 21:44, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Since you seem to know her personally, what has she been up to lately? I haven't heard anything about her since her split with Romero. Has she left the industry completely? — Frecklefoot | Talk 14:56, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)

I don't know her personally, but we have chatted a few times via email and such. She always was a great person and very nice. Answered questions and whatnot. I have sorta lost touvh with her, but plan on trying to see what she's up to soon for a website relaunch. Other than that, I kinda hope she does get back to business. Too bad she left Monkeystone, it would have made staying in touch easier. But since Romero is there...along with the wife, and the breakup... Well, you can see why she split. (At least, that's how I perceive it.)206.156.242.39 20:24, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I can see why she left Monkeystone, but I have no reason why she and Romero broke up. Since she left Monkeystone, it seems like she's dropped off the face of the Earth. :-S   — Frecklefoot | Talk 20:14, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

hey, here's some new stuff for you guys: the dude stevie is involved with is named Stuart Platt. In 2003 he was working for THQ Wireless, which did a deal with Monkeystone Games to port Red Faction to the N-Gage. That would explain how she met him. He has since moved on to Capcom.

article about stuart, with picture: http://wgamer.com/articles/intellivision032202 article about Red Faction port to n-gage: http://wgamer.com/articles/ngage_romero

the stuart-and-stevie site currently has only one blog-like entry from both of them, dating back to early 2004. stuart says that 2003 was a "tough year" for them. other sites have alluded to the romero-stevana breakup as a messy one. interesting, no? unfortunately i was not able to google up any further details.

-- a stevie fan

 * It was also fairly known in the Quake community that KillCreek was romantically involved with Tom "ParadoX" Mustaine of Ritual Entertainment prior to her relationship with Romero. Pimlottc 18:32, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Mammoplasty
I reverted the addition of the comment that her plastic surgery was mammoplasty. The whole plastic surgery thing was questionable from the beginning, so adding more details seemed spurious at best. Besides, I think was the user meant was augmentation mammoplasty. — Frecklefoot | Talk 20:14, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * I see 4.11.122.115 has put the comment back in. As stated above, don't keep replacing your edit until you provide evidence!  There just isn't any evidence that she had cosmetic surgery at all.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:41, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey Frecklefoot, have you seen the Playboy pics? She has clearly had mammoplasty. I suppose you might argue that's original research, but so is pointing out that the sky is blue. Bob92 23:10, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you mean. Does she have scars from the surgery?  Can it be pointed out that the only way to get such scars is from mammoplasty?  Or are her, um, "subjects" unnaturally pert?  I don't know... I don't think emperical observation is good enough for a case such as this.  But, I am not an expert. — Frecklefoot | Talk 19:09, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move to Stevie Case. Kimchi.sg 08:18, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * Stevie "Killcreek" Case → Stevie Case — Stevie Case redirects to Stevie "Killcreek" Case. Per WP:NAME, I believe the proper name for the article would be the former, as the nickname is unneeded. — Talk:Stevie "Killcreek" Case — Toffile 20:18, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~
 * As a note, I support Stevie Case as that's the most common name in use.--Toffile 02:05, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Rename to Stevie Case and include "Stevana" and "Killcreek" within article. David Kernow 21:56, 16 June 2006 (UTC), amended 09:32, 19 June 2006 (UTC).

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Stevie Case


text:
Curassow

Curassows are one of the three major groups of cracid birds. They comprise the largest-bodied species of the cracid family. Three of the four genera are restricted to tropical South America; a single species of Crax ranges north to Mexico. They form a distinct clade which is usually classified as the subfamily Cracinae.

Evolution
In line with the other 3 main lineages of cracids (chachalacas, true guans, and the horned guan), mt and nDNA sequence data indicates that the curassows diverged from their closest living relatives (probably the guans) at some time during the Oligocene, or c.35–20 mya (Pereira et al. 2002). This data must be considered preliminary until corroborated by material (e.g. fossil) evidence however.

What appears certain from analysis of the molecular data, calibrated against geological events that would have induced speciation is that there are 2 major lineages of curassows: one containing only Crax, and another made up of Mitu and Pauxi. The position of the peculiar nocturnal curassow is not well resolved; it might be closer to the latter, but in any case, it diverged around the same time as the split between the two major lineages. All curassow genera appear to have diverged, in fact, during the Tortonian (early Late Miocene): the initial split took place some 10–9 mya, and Pauxi diverged from Mitu some 8–7.4 mya (but see genus article).(Pereira & Baker 2004)

Unlike the other cracids, biogeography and phylogeny indicate that the extant lineages of curassows probably originated in the lowlands of the western/northwestern Amazonas basin, most likely in the general area where the borders of Brazil, Peru and Colombia meet. In the two larger genera, vicariant speciation seems to have played a major role.(Pereira et al. 2002, Pereira & Baker 2004)

title: Curassow


text:
Wikipedia:Press releases/Wikipedia surpasses Britannica

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