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Talk:June 26

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Here's one that seems to be forgotten: "In the year 1284, on the days of John and Paul, it was the 26th of June that a piper in colorful clothing led 130 children away to calvery by the Koppen Mountain never to be seen again." This is the historical date of the Pied Piper's visit to Hameln! See more at www.thepiedpiper.de or www.hameln.de

Dear Editors, please add. Michael Boyer, The Pied Piper.

--- However, June 26 on the old Julian calendar is actually July 6 on the Gregorian. So, even though it was June 26, 1284, the dates were adjusted by ten days in 1752. VideoWizard2006

Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault didn't die on June 26th. According to his article and Introducing Foucault by Chris Horrocks, he died on June 25. I'm removing it. Blingice 06:15, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Harry Potter
I've added an important date for all HP fans: Philosopher's Stone published in UK 10 years ago today.--200.32.253.158 18:13, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

High School Crash
Hi there I added an event about the crash that killed 5 high school graduates, but it was removed because an editor felt it wasn't globally notable. While I admit it may not be globally notable, it certainly is within the US. It was on CNN and various other national news programs. Your thoughts? [] --Bill.matthews 02:45, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Bill, while I can certainly sympathize how a car crash killing 5 people might impact a specific community, state or even single nation, this does not qualify it to be listed according to Notability on a global scale over time.--Pennstatephil 14:58, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I hadn't read that guideline before. I agree, it should stay off.  I also removed Internet Radio Silence Day, clearly not globally notable.  --Bill.matthews 16:42, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I would argue that it is the "d-day" in internet radio's fight to stay alive. For now, though, I think maybe Portal:Music/Anniversaries/June could be a better home for it. I'll place it there.  --Pennstatephil 18:22, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Tsarevitch's 'Mysterious' Death
What's so mysterious about it? It seems from his biography that he was tortured to death on his father's orders? GoldenRing (talk) 08:11, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

June 26, 2000
Good evening. I saw your comments on my Talk page, and saw that my edit (the addition of June 26, 2000 -- announcement of the human genome completion) had been reverted. Why? There are plenty of available citations; that was a significant event in scientific history. Yet, as I considered adding a citation, I saw that NO ENTRIES in the entire Events section had a citation. So, I reasoned, citations don't belong there, and thus didn't put one in. Also, I figured that since it was one of the most significant events in history, none was called for.

You wrote: "a minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute." I agree (that how I proceed). But I think you *mean* something like "edits of a syntactic nature" can be minor, but "edits of a semantic nature aren't"?

So, I'm flummoxed on how to proceed, or in fact, what I should have done in the first place.

(Yes, me being defensive, I'm sorry, but I thought I did it right.)

Your guidance is welcomed -- ResearcherQ (talk) 03:43, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Me again. I've re-read "Help:Minor Edits", which says:
 * When not to mark an edit as a minor edit
 * Adding or removing content in an article
 * OK, got it. So, what do I do after your reversion.  Just put the same thing in again, but not click "minor edit"?
 * Thanks -- ResearcherQ (talk) 03:49, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

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holidays and obervances - International Refrigeration Day
I presume this was put here because the day should be deleted. It seems to be an industrial promotion day. --142.163.195.90 (talk) 22:11, 5 July 2021 (UTC)

=Princess Amalia of the Netherlands=

I added on the 26. of June Princess Amalia of the Neltherlands. Cause she was born on that day. I failed to put any reference to it cause of your complicated way of how to do that But you can ask anyone in the Netherlands if its true and they all will say YES. Some things are just TRUE you can show me how to add the link or you can just watch in every encyclopedia written after 2005 maybe 2006 and you will see its true. Or you can call every government official to know its true.Do me a favor and tell me how to add a link if it has to be or watch your own wikipedia page about her cause its there.If my additon has to be removed then so has that page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.206.155.74 (talk) 18:35, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Seems to be an industry promotion. --2607:FEA8:D5DF:F3D9:0:0:0:9 (talk) 11:48, 26 June 2020 (UTC)

Birthday
Dear Team, Fahad Mustafa pakistani actor birthday is also on 26 June 1983,but his name was not in the list.. Kindly check this issue and kindly add. 119.153.173.167 (talk) 22:33, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

 * There needs to be an article about him - which appears to be the case. You also need to provide a reliable source that confirms his date of birth. Thanks, Kiwipete (talk) 09:39, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

Stitch Day (626 Day)
In recent years, this has become a holiday/observance because of the character of Stitch from Lilo & Stitch is also referred to as "Experiment 626", (626 = 6/26 = June 26). Is that notable enough to be added? - Jasonbres (talk) 17:22, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

 * For a holiday to be included it needs to have a separate article related to the holiday as per WP:EVENTDOY and would need a reliable source per WP:DOYCITE. Suonii180 (talk) 20:13, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:June 26


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Talk:Black-necked swan

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What an extraordinarily beautiful bird! I didn't know there was such a thing. I could never quite decide if our black swans or the white swans of Europe were the more attractive - now I know that the answer is "none of the above". Tannin 14:32 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Finally!!!!
There is a bird that lives in the lake behind my house that we were confused wether it was a goose or a swan and now we know!!!!! It is so pretty.......it always comes by my house and we feed it bread and things. I'm just so surprised that its a South American swan!!! Though we did notice that one of its wings is clipped so it must be a pet. Thanks to Wikikpedia now I know that the bird is a swan!!!! ---maggster s 17:19, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

"nest of vegetarian mound"
What is that phrase supposed to mean? It is in the Description. DCDuring (talk) 19:39, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Black-necked swan


text:
Compensation

Compensation may refer to:
 * Financial compensation
 * Compensation (chess), various advantages a player has in exchange for a disadvantage
 * Compensation (essay), by Ralph Waldo Emerson
 * Compensation (film), a 2000 film
 * Compensation (psychology)
 * Biological compensation, the characteristic pattern of bending of the plant or mushroom stem after turning from the normal vertical position
 * Tuning compensation in brass instruments
 * Compensation, a specific form of camouflaging in autistic people

title: Compensation


text:
New College, Toronto

New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Toronto in Canada. One of the larger colleges, with approximately 5,000 students, it stands on Huron Street at the west end of the downtown St. George campus, nestled alongside the Athletic Centre, the Earth Sciences Centre, Sidney Smith Hall and the Ramsey Wright Zoology Laboratory.

History
Founded in 1962, New College was the first college to be created within the University of Toronto since the federation with Victoria, Trinity and St. Michael's Colleges. The name of the college was initially to be "New King's College", in homage to University College, which had been known as King's College before receiving a new royal charter.

Namesake cousins
New College shares, along with Trinity College, St. Hilda's College and University College, the distinction of being Dominion cousins to namesakes in the UK. It is named after New College at the University of Oxford in England, upon which the college system at the University of Toronto is itself modelled.

Character
Designed under the "multi-faculty" concept, the vast majority of its students are from the Faculty of Arts & Science, with the rest drawn from Applied Science & Engineering, Kinesiology & Physical Education, Music, and Pharmacy. In fact, what is now known as Innis College, the second "multi-faculty" college, was originally designed as another wing of New College before it was built separately in 1964.

Housed in an integrated "serpentine" design, New College consists of three halls: Wilson Hall, Wetmore Hall, and a new hall aptly named New Building (built in 2003). Employing an integrated approach to living, residence units are located on the upper floors; the lower floors include the library and reading room, computer labs, staff offices, lecture theatres, dining hall and recreation lounges. The New Building also houses the William Doo Auditorium and a mini-gym.

New College's on-campus accommodation is well appointed for students who wish to live near many of the central facilities of University of Toronto, such as Robarts Library, Sidney Smith Hall, the Athletic Centre, and the Lash-Miller chemical laboratories.

Student life
New College has an extremely multicultural student body, with more than three-quarters of its students drawn from the ranks of new Canadians. Both the New College Residence Council (serving students who live at the college) and the New College Student Council (serving residents and commuters) plan activities that feature the college's diversity. A highlight of the year, usually held in the winter term, is Mosaic, which is an evening of music, dance and performance featuring multiethnic themes. The Student Council generally uses the William Doo Auditorium for Mosaic, and also for other events such as movie nights and musical concerts.

For students in residence at New College, social life is aided by their floor residence council. The floor residence council organizes restaurant trips, movie nights, field trips (trapeze training, rock climbing, bowling, etc.) and other activities. Each residence floor benefits from a don. New College dons are graduate or upper year students who live with the undergraduates and provide them with advice and support. The New College Residence Council oversees student life specifically for students who live in residence.

Residence student life is also generally anchored around the college's cafeteria. The dining area is large, with a number of different dishes available at each mealtime. Vegetarian, Vegan and Halal meals are offered.

In 2008, the College replaced the Dean of Residence position with a new Director of Student Life. This senior administrator is charged not only with running the residence operation but developing student life programming that integrates the 3,000-plus commuting students into the wider New College community. In addition, the college's commitment to social justice and equity is now woven through many of its extracurricular programs, a development evidenced by the 2009 appointment of a service-learning coordinator.

Specialization
New College's mission around round equity and social justice is reflected in many of its programs, such as African Studies, Caribbean Studies and Equity Studies. The College continues to maintain its connections with the field of engineering and the life sciences. Many of its early officers were from science backgrounds, including Stewart Wilson (Engineering), the first registrar and Donald Ivey (Medicine), the college's first principal. from Medicine. Today, like several of the colleges at the University of Toronto, New College coordinates a number of academic degree programmes, Human Biology being a prominent program for aspiring MD's.

New College also hosts the annual University of Toronto Youth Summer Program, jointly organised by New College and University of Toronto's faculties of Law and Medicine. The Youth Summer Program is a unique enrichment program for high school students that allows early experience of top-tier academic learning in the fields of law and medical sciences.

title: New College, Toronto


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Congregation of St. Basil

The Congregation of St. Basil (Congregatio a Sancto Basilio), also called the Basilians, is a Roman Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men (priests, seminarians and lay associates). It is an apostolic community whose members profess simple vows. The Basilians seek the glory of God, especially in the works of education and evangelization. The congregation was founded in 1822 in the aftermath of the French Revolution. In the early 19th century the Basilian Fathers' educational and pastoral work brought them to a variety of locations in Canada and the United States. In the 1960s, the priests began to minister in Mexico, and in Colombia in the 1980s.

Founding
Amid the turmoil and persecution of the Catholic Church during the French Revolution and after the Reign of Terror, the Archbishop of Vienne, Charles-François d’Aviau Du Bois-de-Sanzay, encouraged Joseph Lapierre to take over the Catholic education of boys in the isolated hill commune of Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun, Ardèche department. Despite difficulties, the school grew, and in 1800, when the political climate was more favourable, the archbishop asked Lapierre to also educate candidates for the priesthood. With the addition of Joseph Marie Actorie as director, a minor seminary was founded. Increased growth made it necessary to find a new location, and in 1802 the school moved to Annonay in southern France at the suggestion of Henri Léorat-Picansel, a pastor who had previously been in Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun.

Ten men, priests and students for the priesthood, formed the staff of the school. In the ensuing years, school enrollment grew to over 300 students, and auxiliary institutions were established nearby. In the years leading up to 1820, changing French educational laws and changing church administration meant falling enrollment. The newly appointed bishop suggested that if they formed an association and bought the property of a nearby school, Maisonseule, that they would have his support. This “coincided with a desire for closer religious life already shown by several of the priests teaching in the college.” Around 1820, Abbot Bernardin Fustier purchased the Chateau de Maisonseule.

On November 21, 1822, the Feast of the Presentation of Our Lady, the congregation's first general chapter was held. Joseph Lapierre was unanimously elected superior by the nine other priests. “To these men he was the very symbol of their determination that this work should not fail.” The schools became known for their range of teaching including humanities, rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics, physics and chemistry.

Previously known as the Teaching Priests of the Ardèche, the founders chose St. Basil as their namesake. Their new school, Maisonseule, was in the Parish of St. Basil, but he was also an appropriate choice because he was “a monastic founder, a preacher and an author of a treatise on the study of pagan classics.”

Other patrons of the Basilians are the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Joseph, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Thomas Aquinas, and St. John Bosco.

The ten founding priests were:
 * Joseph Lapierre (1757–1838) was the first Superior General of the Congregation. He prepared and submitted the first draft Constitutions of the Basilians to Rome. He was a priest who fled persecution during the Revolution and secretly celebrated Mass and provided clandestine Christian education.
 * Pierre Tourvieille (1780–1859) was the second Basilian Superior General elected in 1838. He received covert education during the French Revolution from his older brother, a priest.
 * Jacques Duret (1762–1841) was born in Annonay, the son of a physician. He studied in Paris and was a classmate of the revolutionary enemy of the Catholic Church, Maximilien Robespierre.
 * Henri Martinesche (1797–1879) was ordained in 1822 and was a teacher and chaplain.
 * Jean François Pagès (1793–1861) studied philosophy and theology and was ordained in 1818. The following year, he began teaching in Annonay.
 * Augustin Payan (1771–1847) attended the clandestine seminary college at Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun, becoming a teacher and studying theology.
 * Jean-Baptiste Polly (1772–1846) was mayor of Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun (then called Mahun Libre by the revolutionaries) and hid priests to protect them. He attended the clandestine seminary college where he studied theology, and was secretly ordained.
 * Julien Tracol (1796–1885) was a teacher, librarian, record keeper and first unofficial historian of the Congregation of St. Basil.
 * Jean Antoine Vallon (1775–1840) was ordained around 1800 and was a teacher at Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun and later at Annonay.
 * André Fayolle, (1791–1867) nephew of Pierre Tourvieille, was a teacher who studied theology before he was ordained.

France
In their early years, the Basilians were not a religious congregation in the canonical sense. They were an association or society of secular priests willing to live in community and pool their resources to support Christian education and preaching. The members did not take formal religious vows of poverty, chastity and obedience until later. In the early years, boundaries were somewhat fluid on membership in the association, based on who lived in the community and taught at the schools at any time.

The early years of the Basilian congregation were full of challenges. The local bishop, who was prepared to suppress the congregation, died the night before signing a decree. However within a couple of generations, the Basilians had grown sufficiently to be formally approved by Pius IX in 1863. During the French Third Republic, Catholic schools were again a target, this time of the Socialists who were determined to secularize education. The decrees of 1880 targeted Jesuits but affected all teaching orders including the Basilians, and as a result of the persecution they were forced to close one of their schools in 1881 and one of their houses.

The French government finally suppressed all religious orders in what was known as “La loi de Combes” in 1905. The Basilian confrères were dispersed and their property was sold at auction. The religious life of the Basilian Fathers in France was suspended for twenty years, a blow from which they never recovered.

Canada
The Basilians first came to Canada in 1850 at the invitation of Bishop Armand-François-Marie de Charbonnel. As a Basilian student in Annonay from 1811 to 1819, the Bishop of Toronto turned to his former teacher and Irish Basilian, Father Patrick Molony, to assist him in his work with the largely Irish Catholic community in Toronto. Eventually, the Congregation sent four of its members to the New World. In 1852, St. Michael's College, Toronto opened its doors, offering a French style of education, a combination of high-school and university education. This effort was a large investment, risk and sacrifice as it represented a significant percentage of the total number of available Basilian priests. In ensuing years, more sacrifices were made in manpower and money to continue the mission foundations in Canada; their work took them to Sandwich in 1856 and Owen Sound in 1863. Three high schools were served by the Basilian order in Toronto including St. Michael's College School, Bishop Michael Power High School, and Father Henry Carr Catholic Secondary School. The institute also founded Assumption College School, which became Assumption University in Windsor, Ontario, now federated with the University of Windsor; St. Thomas More College in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan federated with the University of Saskatchewan; and St. Joseph's College in Edmonton, Alberta affiliated with the University of Alberta. St. Thomas College (later St. Thomas University (New Brunswick) in Chatham, New Brunswick, was founded by the Basilians in 1910, and in 1923 the college was transferred to the local diocesan clergy. Toronto remains one of the largest centers for the Congregation and is home to the Basilian Curial Offices and the Cardinal Flahiff Basilian Centre.

On April 30, 2020, the Canadian Supreme Court rejected an appeal from the Basilian Fathers of Toronto to deny a $2.6 million settlement to sex abuse victim Rod MacLeod.

Division and reunion
Discussion between the congregation in France and North America resulted in the amicable decree of separation in June 1922 creating two separate religious congregations, each with their own constitutions.

The French and North American branches were reunited in 1955, an occasion celebrated in Annonay.

United States
The Basilian Fathers have been active in the United States since the last half of the nineteenth century. The first Basilian ministry in the United States was in Louisville, Ohio at St. Louis College in 1867. The Basilians founded and still operate St. Thomas High School and the University of St. Thomas (Texas). In the 1930s the Basilians began an apostolate serving Spanish-speaking populations in Texas in communities such as Galveston, Houston, Sugar Land, Rosenberg, Wharton, New Gulf, Bay City, Angleton, Freeport and Eagle Lake. The work in Texas also served as the platform for Basilian mission work in Mexico and Colombia.

The Basilians also opened Detroit Catholic Central High School in 1928 and Andrean High School in Merrillville, Indiana. They co-sponsor Detroit Cristo Rey High School with the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

In 1937, the Basilians took over The Aquinas Institute of Rochester in Rochester, New York, and in 1948 established St. John Fisher College in the same city. The Basilians are no longer a sponsor, but maintain strong links to both The Aquinas Institute and St. John Fisher University (renamed in 2022).

Latin America
The Basilians started missions to Mexico in 1961 and Colombia in 1987. The Basilian Fathers have served in Mexico City and currently serve in Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico; and Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín, Colombia. The congregation established parishes and schools in Colombia and Mexico, and is affiliated with St. Basil's Medical Centre in Colombia.

Present
Today, the Basilians practice their ministry of teaching and preaching within parishes, campus ministry, schools, and colleges located in Canada, United States, Mexico, and Colombia. They are currently located at:
 * In France, Basilians still serve at Collège Privé Sacré-Coeur and in parishes in and around Annonay.
 * In Canada, Basilians serve at St. Michael's College School, and St. Basil's Catholic Parish, the University of St. Michael's College, and the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies in Toronto; Assumption College and Assumption Parish in Windsor; and St. Joseph's College and St. Alphonsus and St. Clare parishes in Edmonton.
 * In the United States, Basilians serve at Catholic Central and Cristo Rey high schools in Detroit; The Aquinas Institute of Rochester and St. John Fisher University in Rochester; St. Thomas High School, the University of St. Thomas, and St. Anne's Parish in Houston; and Most Holy Trinity Church in Angleton.
 * In Mexico, Basilians serve at Casa San Felipe and Parroquia San Lorenzo in Tehuacán.
 * In Colombia, Basilians serve at the parish and school Nuestra Señora de la Asunción in Cali; and Parroquia San Basilio in Medellín.
 * As well, there are Basilians engaged in Christian education, pastoral care, and media ministry in Canada and the US.
 * The Basilians have novitiate houses in Sugar Land, Texas and Bogotá, Colombia.
 * The Basilians have scholasticate (residences for Basilian seminarians) in Houston, Texas; Tlalpan, Mexico; and Medellín, Colombia.
 * The Basilians have residences for retired priests in Toronto, Ontario; Las Cruces, New Mexico; Rochester, New York; and Houston, Texas.

Formation
The Basilian formation process consists of four basic steps that occur over a period of approximately seven years:
 * 1) Associate: This stage gives a candidate the opportunity to get to know the Basilians and allows the Basilians to get to know him. It can occur while a candidate is in high school, college, or working-. Generally, most associates spend their last associate year living in a Basilian community, thus indicating a stronger desire to commit to the Basilian way of life.
 * 2) Novice: This stage marks another important step of a person's journey into religious life. The novitiate lasts for one year and a day, as prescribed by canon law. It is a year away from friends, family, work, and most things familiar to our everyday life so that the novice may build a strong foundation of prayer and spirituality for the rest of his life as a Basilian. At the end of this year, the novice may profess first (temporary) vows.
 * 3) Scholastic: At this stage the candidate is living in temporary vows and engaged in three to four years of theological study. Alongside their theological studies, scholastics are engaged in various pastoral ministries during the year and often travel on assignment each summer. These ministries and assignments are tailored to the individual's interests and capabilities.
 * 4) Supervised Ministry: The Basilians consider the first year of ordination an important stage in the formation process as it is often the most challenging period for new deacons and priests. This serves as an adjustment period to the work of the priesthood in a Basilian apostolate.

Coat of Arms
The Basilian coat of arms was developed in the late 19th century. Its main components are the founding date of the congregation (1822); the congregation's motto in Latin; and a shield bearing four symbols. The four symbols and their meanings are: a chalice, representing the Blessed Sacrament; an open book, representing knowledge; a fleur-de-lis representing both the Blessed Virgin and the French origins of the Basilians; and a Greek cross, representing Christ and honoring St. Basil, the Greek patron of the congregation. The motto, which is translated as "teach me goodness, discipline, and knowledge", is often seen on the logos of Basilian schools around the world.

Superiors general

 * 1) Fr. Joseph B. Lapierre (1822-1838)
 * 2) Fr. Pierre Tourvielle (1838-1859)
 * 3) Fr. Julien Actorie (1859-1864)
 * 4) Fr. Jean-Mathieu Soulerin (1865-1879)
 * 5) Fr. Adrien Fayolle (1879-1898)
 * 6) Fr. Noel Durand (1898-1910)
 * 7) Fr. Victorin Marijon (1910-1914)
 * 8) Fr. James Frederick Players (1914-1922)
 * 9) Fr. Robert Francis Forster (1922-1929)
 * 10) Fr. Henry Carr (1930-1942)
 * 11) Fr. Edmund J. McCorkell (1942-1954)
 * 12) Cardinal George Bernard Flahiff (1954-1961)
 * 13) Fr. Joseph Charles Wey (1961-1973)
 * 14) Fr. Thomas James Hanrahan (1973-1981)
 * 15) Fr. Ulysse Ernest Pare (1981-1989)
 * 16) Fr. Robert Joseph Barringer (1993-1997)
 * 17) Bishop Ronald Peter Fabbro (1997-2002)
 * 18) Fr. Kenneth John Decker (2002-2010)
 * 19) Fr. George Terence Smith (2010-2018)
 * 20) Fr. Kevin J. Storey (2018–present)

Notable Basilians

 * David Bauer, Canadian amateur hockey advocate and Olympic hockey coach
 * Henry Carr, made significant contributions to Catholic education in Canada including broadening the curriculum at St. Michael's College's high school department so its graduates could qualify for admission to university and arranging for St. Michael's College to become a federated arts college in the university, a model that was copied by other Catholic institutions in English-speaking Canada.
 * Ronald Peter Fabbro, Bishop of London, Ontario, 2002–present
 * George Bernard Flahiff, Archbishop of Winnipeg, 1961–1982
 * Eugene Carlisle LeBel, influential administrator of Assumption College, Windsor, and later University of Windsor.
 * M. Owen Lee, American classics and music scholar, who was well known for his contributions as an intermission commentator, pianist, and quiz panelist on the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts.
 * Ulysse Paré, Superior General of the Congregation from 1981 to 1989, under his leadership the Basilians expanded their ministry to Colombia.
 * John Michael Miller, Coadjutor Archbishop of Vancouver, 2007–2009 and Archbishop of Vancouver, 2009–Present
 * Denis T. O'Connor, Bishop of London, Ontario, 1890–1899 and Archbishop of Toronto, 1899–1908
 * Ricardo Ramírez, Auxiliary Bishop of San Antonio, Texas, 1981–1982 and Bishop of Las Cruces, New Mexico, 1982–2013
 * Thomas Rosica, CEO of the Salt + Light Television network
 * Jean-Mathieu Soulerin, Superior of the Basilian Order and founder of the University of St. Michael's College
 * Charles Vincent, early administrator of the University of St. Michael's College

title: Congregation of St. Basil


text:
User:Ioan~enwiki

please i can to obtain some information,about how i can to do the "nansen passport"

Well, for a start, don't rename the bug reports page to "the nansen passport". You might want to create a link like this one: nansen passport, and click on it.

See also: Help.

-- The Anome 15:12 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: User:Ioan~enwiki


text:
Tiryns

Tiryns ( or ; Ancient Greek: Τίρυνς; Modern Greek: Τίρυνθα) is a Mycenaean archaeological site in Argolis in the Peloponnese, and the location from which the mythical hero Heracles was said to have performed his Twelve Labours. It lies 20 km south of Mycenae.

Tiryns was a hill fort with occupation ranging back seven thousand years, from before the beginning of the Bronze Age. It reached its height of importance between 1400 and 1200 BC, when it became one of the most important centers of the Mycenaean world, and in particular in Argolis. Its most notable features were its palace, its Cyclopean tunnels and especially its walls, which gave the city its Homeric epithet of "mighty walled Tiryns". Tiryns became associated with the myths surrounding Heracles, as the city was the residence of the hero during his labors, and some sources cite it as his birthplace.

The famous megaron of the palace of Tiryns has a large reception hall, the main room of which had a throne placed against the right wall and a central hearth bordered by four Minoan-style wooden columns that served as supports for the roof. Two of the three walls of the megaron were incorporated into an archaic temple of Hera. The site went into decline at the end of the Mycenaean period, and was completely deserted by the time Pausanias visited in the 2nd century AD.

In 1300 BC, the citadel and lower town had a population of 10,000 people covering 20–25 hectares. Despite the destruction of the palace in 1200 BC, the city population continued to increase and by 1150 BC it had a population of 15,000 people.

Along with the nearby ruins of Mycenae, UNESCO designated Tiryns as a World Heritage Site in 1999 because of its outstanding architecture and testimony to the development of Ancient Greek civilization.

Legend
Tiryns is first referenced by Homer, who praised its massive walls. Ancient tradition held that the walls were built by the Cyclopes because only giants of superhuman strength could have lifted the enormous stones. After viewing the walls of the ruined citadel in the 2nd century AD, the geographer Pausanias wrote that two mules pulling together could not move even the smaller stones.

Tradition also associates the walls with Proetus, the sibling of Acrisius, king of Argos. According to the legend Proetus, pursued by his brother, fled to Lycia. With the help of the Lycians, he managed to return to Argolis. There, Proetus occupied Tiryns and fortified it with the assistance of the cyclopes. Thus Greek legend links the three Argolic centers with three mythical heroes: Acrisius, founder of the Doric colony of Argos; his brother Proetus, founder of Tiryns; and his grandson Perseus, the founder of Mycenae. But this tradition was born at the beginning of the historical period, when Argos was fighting to become the hegemonic power in the area and needed a glorious past to compete with the other two cities.

Neolithic
The area has been inhabited since prehistory. A small neolithic settlement thrived.

Early Helladic
In the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, it was a flourishing early pre-Hellenic settlement located about 15 km southeast of Mycenae, on a hill 300 m long, 45-100 m wide, and no more than 18 m high. From this period, an imposing circular structure survived under the yard of a Mycenaean palace. It was 28 m in diameter. It appears to be a fortified area of refuge for the city's inhabitants in time of war, and/or a residence of a king. Its base was powerful, and was constructed from two concentric stone walls, among which there were others cross-cutting, so that the thickness reached 45 m. The superstructure was clay and the roof was made from fire-baked tiles.

Middle Helladic
The first Greek inhabitants—the creators of the Middle Helladic civilization and the Mycenaean civilization after that—settled Tiryns at the beginning of the Middle Helladic period (2000–1600 BC).

Late Helladic
In the Late Helladic, the city underwent its greatest growth, also known as the Mycenaean period. The Acropolis was constructed in three phases, the first at the end of the Late Helladic II period (1500–1400 BC), the second in Late Helladic III (1400–1300 BC), and the third at the end of the Late Helladic III B (1300–1200 BC). The surviving ruins of the Mycenaean citadel date to the end of the third period. The city proper surrounded the acropolis on the plain below.

The disaster that struck the Mycenaean centers at the end of the Bronze Age affected Tiryns, but it is certain that the area of the palace was inhabited continuously into the early Archaic period, until the middle of the 8th century BC (a little later a temple was built in the ruins of the palace). In the post-palatial LH IIIC period (c. 1180 BC), an extensive deposit of precious items, including gold and silver objects and a fifteenth-century BC Minoan signet ring, was made in a cauldron in Tiryns's lower town, within the foundations of a Mycenaean house.

Classical period
At the beginning of the Classical period Tiryns, like Mycenae, became a relatively insignificant city. When Cleomenes I of Sparta defeated the Argives, their slaves occupied Tiryns for many years, according to Herodotus. Herodotus also mentions that Tiryns took part in the Battle of Plataea in 480 BC with 400 hoplites. Even in decline, Mycenae and Tiryns were disturbing to the Argives, who in their political propaganda wanted to monopolize the glory of legendary (and mythical) ancestors. In 468 BC, Argos completely destroyed both Mycenae and Tiryns, and—according to Pausanias—transferred the residents to Argos, to increase the population of the city. However, Strabo says that many Tirynthians moved to found the city of Halieis, modern Porto Heli.

Despite its importance, little value was given to Tiryns and its mythical rulers and traditions by epics and drama. Pausanias dedicated a short piece (2.25.8) to Tiryns, and newer travelers, traveling to Greece in search of places where the heroes of the ancient texts lived, did not understand the significance of the city.

Excavations
The Acropolis was first excavated by Alexandros Rizos Rangavis and the German scholar Friedrich Thiersch in 1831. After trial excavations in August 1876, Heinrich Schliemann considered the palace of Tiryns to be medieval, so he came very close to destroying the remains to excavate deeper for Mycenaean treasures. He returned in 1884 with more archaeological experience and worked for 5 months there. However, the next period of excavation was under Wilhelm Dörpfeld, a director of the German Archaeological Institute; this time, the ruins were estimated properly.

The excavations were repeated later by Dörpfeld with the cooperation of other German archaeologists, who continued his work until 1938. From 1910, the excavations were led by Georg Karo, though the "Tiryns Treasure" was initially excavated in 1915 in Karo's absence by the Greek archaeologist Apostolos Arvanitopoulos, who was stationed in the region as a reserve officer of the Hellenic Army. Karo was removed from his post at the DAI in late 1916, and excavations at Tiryns thereafter ceased until the end of World War I in 1918. After World War II (1939–1945), the work was continued by the Institute and the Greek Archaeological Service. In particular, there were excavations in 1977, 1978/1979, and again in 1982/83.

Archaeological site

The walls extend to the entire area of the top of the hill. Their bases survive throughout all of their length, and their height in some places reaching 7 meters, slightly below the original height, which is estimated at 9–10 m. The walls are quite thick, usually 6 meters, and up to 17 m at the points where the tunnels pass through. A strong transverse wall separates the acropolis into two sections -the south includes the palatial buildings, while the northern protects only the top of the hill area. In this second section, which dates to the end of the Mycenaean era, small gates and many tunnels occasionally open, covered with a triangular roof, which served as a refuge for the inhabitants of the lower city in times of danger.

The entrance of the citadel was always on the east side, but had a different position and form in each of the three construction phases. In the second phase, the gate had the form of the Lion Gate of Mycenae. Left there was a tower and to the right was the arm of the wall, so the gate was well protected, since the attackers were forced to cross a very narrow corridor, while the defense could hit them from above and from both sides. In the third phase, the gate was moved further out. The palace of the king, inside the citadel, similar to that of Mycenae (dimensions 11.8 × 9.8 m) consists of three areas: the outer portico with the two columns, the prodomos (anteroom) and the domos (main room) with the cyclical fireplace that was surrounded by four wooden columns. The lateral compartments of the palace seem to have a second floor.

The decoration of the walls of the outer arcade was rich. They had a zone at the bottom of alabaster slabs with relief rosettes and flowers. The rest was decorated with frescos. Three doors lead to prodomos and then another to the domos. In the middle of the eastern wall is visible in the floor the place that corresponded to the royal throne. The floor was richly decorated with different themes in the area around the walls and the space between the columns of the fireplace. Of course, here the walls were decorated with paintings.

In the ruins of the mansion, which burned during the 8th century BC, a Doric temple was built during the Geometric period. Smaller than the mansion, it consisted of two parts, the prodomos and the cella. The width of the temple was just greater than half that of the mansion, while the back wall of the temple reached the height of the rear columns of the fireplace. Three springs fed into the compound, one in the western side of the large courtyard which could be accessed by a secret entrance, and two at the end of north side of the wall, accessed via two tunnels in the wall. These and similar such structures found in other shelters are witnesses to the care which was taken here, as in other Mycenaean acropolises, to the basic problem of water access in a time of siege.

title: Tiryns


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Rollo May

Rollo Reece May (April 21, 1909 – October 22, 1994) was an American existential psychologist and author of the influential book Love and Will (1969). He is often associated with humanistic psychology and existentialist philosophy, and alongside Viktor Frankl, was a major proponent of existential psychotherapy. The philosopher and theologian Paul Tillich was a close friend who had a significant influence on his work.

May's other works include The Meaning of Anxiety (1950, revised 1977) and The Courage to Create (1975), named after Tillich's The Courage to Be.

Early life
Reese May, otherwise known as 'Rollo' May, was born in Ada, Ohio, on April 21,1909 to Matie Boughton and Earl Tittle May, a Men's Christian Associations Field Secretary, as the first son and the second eldest of six.

His name sake, 'Rollo' or as his Mother called him, 'Little Rollo' based on the title character from a series of children's' books titled, 'Little Rollo' written by Jacob Abbott in the 19th century. Rollo was reported to have a intense lack of like for this nickname; however, he made his peace with the moniker after learning about Rollo the Conqueror, a tenth century Norman.

Some may describe Rollo's childhood as difficult due to the divorce of his parents and to his oldest sister's struggle with mental health that resulted in frequent hospitalizations. His mother often left the children alone, and with his sister suffering from schizophrenia, he bore much of the burden. At Michigan State University he majored in English, but was expelled due to his involvement in a radical student magazine. After that, he attended Oberlin College and received a bachelor's degree in English. He spent three years teaching in Greece at Anatolia College. During this time, he studied with doctor and psychotherapist Alfred Adler, with whom his later work shares theoretical similarities. He was ordained as a minister shortly after coming back to the United States, but left the ministry after several years to pursue a degree in psychology. He was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1942 and spent 18 months in a sanatorium. He later attended Union Theological Seminary for a BD during 1938, and Teachers College, Columbia University for a PhD in clinical psychology in 1949. May was a founder and faculty member of Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center in San Francisco.

He spent the final years of his life in Tiburon on San Francisco Bay. May died of congestive heart failure at the age of 85, attended by his wife, Georgia, and friends.

Earlier years (1940s–1950s)
When beginning his first books, May's topics focused on more practical uses regarding patients and mental health. His first book, The Art of Counseling (1939) talks about his experience of counseling. Some of the topics he looks at are empathy, religion, personality problems and mental health. May also gives his perspective on these and also discusses how to handle those particular types of issues should a counselor encounter them (May 1965). He followed with a more theoretical book, The Springs of Creative Living: A Study of Human Nature and God (1940) presenting a personality theory influenced by critiquing the work of others, including Freud and Adler. He claims that personality is deeper than they presented. This is also where May introduces his own meaning for different terms such as libido from Freudian Psychology (May, 1940).

His writings were interrupted in the 1940s due to being diagnosed with tuberculosis and having to work on his PhD.

His later books in the 1950s all focus on mental health. The Meaning of Anxiety (1950) explores anxiety and how it can affect mental health. May also discusses how he believes that experiencing anxiety can aid development and how dealing with it appropriately can lead to having a healthy personality. In Man’s Search for Himself (1953), May talks about his experience with his patients and the recurring problems they had in common such as loneliness and emptiness. May looks deeper into this and discusses how humans have an innate need for a sense of value and also how life can often present an overwhelming sense of anxiety. May also gives signposts on how to act during these periods. (May, 1953). May's final writing in the 1950s Existence (1958) is not entirely by May, but he examines the roots of Existential Psychology and why Existential Psychology is important in understanding a gap in human understanding of the nature of existence. He also talks about the Existential Psychotherapy and the contributions it has made. (May, Ernest, Ellenberger & Aronson, 1958)

=== Psychology and the Human Dilemma (1967) === May uses this book to reflect on a lot of both his ideas so far and those of other thinkers and also mentions some contemporary ideas despite the book's publication date. May also expands on some of his previous perspectives such as anxiety and people's feelings of insignificance (May, 1967).

Love and Will (1969)
One of May's most influential books. He talks about his perspective on love and the Daimonic; how it is part of nature and not the superego. May also discusses how love and sex are in conflict with each other and how they are two different things. May also discusses depression and creativity towards the end. Some of the views in this book are the ones that May is best known for (May, 1969).

=== Power and Innocence: A Search for the Sources of Violence (1972) === May uses this book to start some new ideas and also define words according to his way of thinking; such as power and physical courage and how power holds the potential for both human goodness and human evil. Another idea May explores is civilisation stemming out of rebellion (May, 1972).

=== Paulus: Reminiscence of a Friendship (1973) === May identified Paul Tillich as one of his biggest influences and in this book May episodically recalls Tillich's life trying to focus just on the key moments over the eight chapters, taking a psychoanalytic approach to the tale (May, 1973)

=== The Courage to Create (1975) === Listening to our ideas and helping form the structure of our world is what our creative courage can come from; this is the main direction of May in this book. May encourages that people break the pattern in their life and face their fears to reach their full potential (May, 1975).

=== Freedom and Destiny (1981) === As the title suggests, May focuses on the area of Freedom and Destiny in this book. He examines what freedom might offer and also, comparatively, how destiny is imposing limitations on us, but also how the two have an interdependence. May draws on artists and poets and others to invoke what he is saying (May, 1981).

=== The Discovery of Being: Writings in Existential Psychology (1983) === May draws on others' perspectives, including Freud's, to go into more detail on existential psychotherapy. Another topic May examines is how Psychoanalyses and Existentialism may have come from similar areas of thinking. There is attention paid to searching for stability with strong feelings of anxiety (May, 1983).

=== My Quest for Beauty (1985) === Serving as a type of memoir, May discusses his own opinions on the power of beauty. He also states his belief that beauty must be both understood and also valued in the world (May, 1985).

The Cry for Myth (1991)
Argued in this book is May's belief that humans can use myths to help them make sense of their lives, based on cases studies May uses from his patients. May discusses how this could be particularly useful to those who need direction in a confusing world (May, 1991).

=== The Psychology of Existence (1995) === Two days before May's death, he edited an advanced copy of this book. It was co-authored by Kirk Schneider and was intended to bring some life back into existential psychology. Like some previous books, this talks of existential psychotherapy and targets scholars (May & Schneider, 1995).

Accomplishments

 * In 1970, May's most popular work, Love and Will (1969), won the Ralph Waldo Emerson Award for humane scholarship and became a best-seller.
 * In 1971, May won the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Contribution to Science and Profession of Clinical Psychology award.
 * In 1972, the New York Society of Clinical Psychologists presented him with the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Award for his book Power and Innocence (1972).
 * In 1987, he received the American Psychological Foundation Gold Medal Award for Lifetime Contributions to Professional Psychology.

Influences and psychological background
May was influenced by North American humanism and interested in reconciling existential psychology with other philosophies, especially Freud's.

May considered Otto Rank (1884–1939) to be the most important precursor of existential therapy. Shortly before his death, May wrote the foreword to Robert Kramer's edited collection of Rank's American lectures. "I have long considered Otto Rank to be the great unacknowledged genius in Freud's circle", wrote May.

May is often grouped with humanists, for example Abraham Maslow, who provided a good base for May's studies and theories as an existentialist. May delves further into the awareness of the serious dimensions of a human's life than Maslow did.

Erich Fromm had many ideas with which May agreed relating to May's existential ideals. Fromm studied the ways people avoid anxiety by conforming to societal norms rather than doing what they please. Fromm also focused on self-expression and free will, on all of which May based many of his studies.

Stages of development
Like Freud, May defined certain "stages" of development. These stages are not as strict as Freud's psychosexual stages, rather they signify a sequence of major issues in each individual's life:
 * 1) Innocence – the pre-egoic, pre-self-conscious stage of the infant: An innocent is only doing what he or she must do. However, an innocent does have a degree of will in the sense of a drive to fulfill needs.
 * 2) Rebellion – the rebellious person wants freedom, but does not yet have a good understanding of the responsibility that goes with it.
 * 3) Ordinary – the normal adult ego learned responsibility, but finds it too demanding, so seeks refuge in conformity and traditional values.
 * 4) Creative – the authentic adult, the existential stage, self-actualizing and transcending simple egocentrism

The stages of development that Rollo May set out are not stages in the conventional sense (not in the strict Freudian sense) i.e. both children and adults can present qualities from these stages at different times.

Aspects of the world
May's ideas about world aspects influenced his developmental theories. In total, there are three aspects:

 * 1) Umwelt
 * 2) Mitwelt
 * 3) Eigenwelt

The first, Umwelt, describes “the world around us.” This defines the biological or genetic influences of an individual, such influences are not conscious. Therefore, Umwelt teaches us about concepts like fate and destiny. Next, the Mitwelt, describes “the world.” This includes the physical world where meaning is derived from constantly shifting relationships. This aspect of the world starts to influence us as children when we learn to manipulate others and are taught about the role of responsibility. Finally, the Eigenwelt, describes our “own world.” This references the psychological realm where individuals related to themselves. This is where self-exploration, self-knowing, self-reflection, and self-identity are created. This aspect of the world is conscious, and it teaches us self-awareness. Altogether, these aspects work together to shape our individualistic perception of the world and our environment.

Anxiety
In May's book The Meaning of Anxiety, he defined anxiety as "the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a self" (1967, p. 72). He quoted Kierkegaard: "Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom". May's interest in anxiety as a result of isolation grew while he was placed in a sanatorium for tuberculosis treatment. There, he saw patients exhibiting fear and anxiety that seemed to be linked to depersonalization and isolation.

From that experience, May concluded that anxiety is essential for individual growth. It is something that we cannot escape, thus we must use anxiety to develop our humanity and freely live a life of dignity.

He believed that the feelings of threat and powerlessness associated with anxiety motivated humans to exercise freedom to act courageously instead of conforming to the comforts of modern life. Ultimately, anxiety created the opportunity for humans to live life to the fullest (Friedman). Additionally, May proposed that internalizing anxiety as fear could reduce overall anxiety because, “anxiety seeks to become fear”. He claimed that shifting anxiety to a fear incentivized avoiding a feared object or removing the fear of the object.

Love
May's thoughts on love are documented in his book Love and Will, which addressed love and sex in human behavior. He believed that society separated love and sex into two different ideologies when they should be classified as one. May identified five types of love:

May investigated and criticized the "Sexual Revolution" in the 1960s, when individuals began to explore their sexuality. The term Free Sex replaced the ideology of free love. May postulated that love is intentionally willed by an individual; love reflects human instinct for deliberation and consideration. May then explained that giving in to sexual impulses did not actually make an individual free; freedom came from resisting sexual impulses. Unsurprisingly, May believed that Hippie counterculture as well as commercialization of sex and pornography influenced society to perceive a disconnect between love and sex. Because emotion had separated from reason, it became socially acceptable to seek sexual relationships while avoiding the natural drive to relate to another person and create new life. May believed that sexual freedom caused modern society to neglect important psychological developments such as the importance of caring.
 * Libido: Biological function that can be satisfied through sexual intercourse or some other release of sexual tension.
 * Eros: Psychological desire that seeks procreation or creation through an enduring union with a loved one.
 * Philia: Intimate non-sexual friendship between two people.
 * Agape: Esteem for the other, the concern for the other's welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of it, disinterested love, typically, the love of God for man.
 * Manic: Impulsive, emotionally driven love. Feelings are very hot and cold. The relationship transitions between thriving and perfect, or bitter and ugly.

Guilt
According to May, guilt occurs when people deny their potentialities, fail to perceive the needs of others or are unaware of their dependency on the world. Both anxiety and guilt include issues dealing with one's existence in the world. May mentioned they were ontological, meaning that they both refer to the nature of being and not to the feelings coming from situations. (Feist & Feist, 2008)

Feist and Feist (2008) outline May's three forms of ontological guilt. Each form relates to one of the three modes of being, which are Umwelt, Mitwelt and Eigenwelt. Umwelt's form of guilt comes from a lack of awareness of one's existence in the world, which May believed to take place when the world becomes more technologically advanced, and people are less concerned about nature and become removed from nature.

Mitwelt's form of guilt comes from failure to see things from other's point of view. Because we cannot understand the need of others accurately, we feel inadequate in our relations with them.

Eigenwelt's form of guilt is connected with the denial of our own potentialities or failure to fulfil them. This guilt is based in our relationship with the self. This form of guilt is universal because no one can completely fulfil their potentialities.

Criticism of modern psychotherapy
May believed that psychotherapists towards the end of the 20th century had fractured away from the Jungian, Freudian and other influencing psychoanalytic thought and started creating their own 'gimmicks' causing a crisis within the world of psychotherapy. These gimmicks were said to put too much stock into the self where the real focus needed to be looking at 'man in the world'. To accomplish this, May pushed for the use of existential therapy over individually created techniques for psychotherapy.

May believed that modern psychotherapy in the late 20th century was branching away from its original founders: Freud, Jung, Rank, and Adler. May believed that modern psychotherapy isolated and ‘cured’ specific patient symptoms, called gimmicks. Typically, gimmicks are minor problems, not deep psychological issues, that emphasize the self. Ultimately, treating gimmicks puts the patient at a disadvantage by giving them a short-lasting fix, while distracting patients from their real problems. May also speculated that therapists become bored after two to three years of treating gimmicks which lead them to create more gimmicks. Dramatically, May believed that gimmicks were designed to destroy modern society. In fact, May postulated that the work of many great philosophers are no longer relevant because they focused on gimmicks.

Thus, May postulated that existential psychotherapy was the future of therapy. Existential psychotherapy aligned with the ideas of Freud, Jung, Rank, and Adler, who sought to bring the unconscious to the conscious. The conscious developed between age one and two, with the unconscious lying at the outer reaches of the conscious. Thus, existential psychotherapy helped patients to hone their mental capacities, allowing them to internalize their experiences; typically, in a more sensitive and intellectual manner. Existential psychotherapy also emphasized natural concepts like death, love, fear which relates to how individuals can fit into the world around them.

== Unconstructive trends in existential psychology == In 1961, approximately two years after existential psychology became a known domain of psychology, Rollo May voiced his critiques of the ever-growing field. He identified concepts that he believed would hinder the profession as it developed, he called these unconstructive trends. May identified five unconstructive trends:
 * 1) The idea the existential psychology could not be specialized to a particular group
 * 2) Existential psychology is not a form of therapy
 * 3) Existential psychology is not the same as Zen Buddhism
 * 4) The anti-scientific tendencies of existential psychiatry
 * 5) The widespread “wild eclecticism” would ruin modern therapy

First, May disliked the idea that existential psychology could be specialized to a particular school or group, namely the Ontoanalytic Society. This society analyzed what it meant to be human, or at least they tried to, which May believed would damage existential psychology. Not only was it empirically impossible to quantify, but it was also immoral to attempt. This analysis technique rationalized individual guilt so that the individual could feel relived from whatever was troubling them; ultimately, May believed this process was removing the humility from the human experience. May's second unconstructive trend, which builds on first trend, emphasized how existential psychology is not a system of therapy. Rather it is an attitude towards human beings. Existential psychology seeks to understand the structure of human beings and their experiences.

Third, May believed the association of existential psychology with Zen Buddhism downplayed the significant differences between these two practices. Existential psychology brings awareness for existential problems like anxiety, tragedy, guilt, and the reality of evil. Attempting to by-pass these problems using Zen Buddhist techniques would cause loss of sense of self and loss of confidence in capacity for free will. May believed that if we face problems head on, using existential psychology, then we make peace with them and assign them meaning.

Fourth, May detested the anti-scientific tendencies of psychologists practicing existential psychiatry. Such tendencies become popular alongside America's anti-intellectualism; a time period where distrust for reason was widespread. May argued against this, stating that science is a part of the universe, therefore, we must accept it.

Finally, May suggested the increase in “wild eclecticism” would ruin therapeutic practice. May believed wild eclecticism overemphasized therapeutic techniques (gimmicks) leading other existentialists to conclude that therapeutic techniques were unimportant to the therapy process. Conversely, May advocated for therapeutic techniques, as long as they held clear presuppositions, and were administered in an undogmatic manner because therapy was meant to be objective.

Constructive trends in existential psychology
May also evaluated constructive trends in existential psychology, which May believed would further the understanding of existential psychology. May identified five constructive trends in existential psychology:

 * 1) Science's new approach to the study of man
 * 2) The central role of decision making in the human experience
 * 3) The problem of the ego
 * 4) How the senses are recognized as connecting man and the material world
 * 5) The concept of normal anxiety and normal guilt

First, May criticized science's new approach to the study of man. At that time, science focused heavily on the drives and forces that motivated human beings. Existential psychology, on the other hand, sought to evaluate whole human beings and their experiences. May believed existentialists should focus on the man to whom a drive or force is happening and the subsequent experiences of acting willfully. In this manner, May hoped that existentialists would better understand anxiety, despair and other existential problems which rely on the totality of human experiences.

Second, May appreciated the central role of decision making in human experience. May perceived decision making as an inherent act of the centered self. Decisions cannot be made without consciousness, thus creating the experience freedom of choice. The act of assigning value was a distinct human characteristic.

Third, May evaluated the problem of the ego. Many psychologists assumed that the existential ego was associated with the psychoanalytical ego, which was false. May theorized that the existential ego worked alongside two other aspects, known as the aspects of the existing person. These aspects identify the self, the subjective center where personal bias is shaped by experience; the person, the social center where we can relate with other people; and the ego, our individual perception of how the self relates to the person.

May's final two constructive trends were less developed than his other trends. Simply, May agreed with two shifting paradigms within the psychology world. First, May liked how Dr. Erwin Straus identified the senses as a relationship between man and the world. Up until Dr. Straus's work, Pavlovian and Freudian ideologies of the western world insisted that the sense separated man from the natural world. Next, May praised the acceptance of normal anxiety within psychology. May, however, also emphasized the need to accept normal guilt. May believed that normal guilt heavily contributed to feelings of worthlessness. If not treated, neurotic guilt could occur.

title: Rollo May


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William

William is a masculine given name of Norman French origin. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of England in 1066, and remained so throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era. It is sometimes abbreviated "Wm." Shortened familiar versions in English include Will, Wills, Willy, Willie, Liam, Bill, and Billy. A common Irish form is Liam. Scottish diminutives include Wull, Willie or Wullie (as in Oor Wullie or the play Douglas). Female forms are Willa, Willemina, Wilma and Wilhelmina.

Etymology
William is related to the German given name Wilhelm. Both ultimately descend from Proto-Germanic *Wiljahelmaz, with a direct cognate also in the Old Norse name Vilhjalmr and a West Germanic borrowing into Medieval Latin Willelmus. The Proto-Germanic name is a compound of *wiljô "will, wish, desire" and *helmaz "helm, helmet".

By regular sound change, Proto-Germanic *Wiljahelmaz should have also descended into English as *Wilhelm, but this latter form is unattested in written English of any period; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to William the Conqueror as Willelm, a back-formation from the Medieval Latin variant. The form William is a back-borrowing from Old Norman Williame, a specifically northern Norman reflex of Medieval Latin Willelmus (compare the Central French cognate Guillaume). The development of the name's northern Norman form can be traced in the different versions of the name appearing in Wace's Roman de Rou.

The first well-known bearer of the name was Charlemagne's cousin William of Gellone (755–812). This William is immortalized in the Chanson de Guillaume, and the esteem in which he was held may account for the name's subsequent popularity among European nobility.

English history
The English "William" is taken from the Anglo-Norman language and was transmitted to England after the Norman conquest in the 11th century, and soon became the most popular name in England, along with other Norman names such as Robert (the English cognate was Hrēodbeorht, which by regular sound changes would have developed into something along the lines of "Reedbart" ), Richard, Roger (the English cognate was Hroðgar ), Henry (all of Germanic origin and may have been transmitted through the Normans' use of Old French).

The name Wilkin/Wilkins is also of medieval origin, taken from the shortened version of William (Will) with the suffix "kin" added.

Variants

 * Wilem, Awilemam (Koromfe)
 * Weelum (Scots)
 * Willum (Scots)
 * Viliamu (Samoan)
 * Viliami (Tongan)
 * Whiriyamu (Karanga)
 * Whiliyamu (Ndebele)
 * Wilhelm (German, Polish, Swedish)
 * Willem, Wilhelmus, Wim (Dutch, Frisian, Low German)
 * Willem, Wilhelm (Afrikaans)
 * Wiremu (Maori)
 * Willelm (Old English)
 * Williama (Hawaiian)
 * Wëllem (Luxembourgish)
 * Walaam (Persian)
 * Wiliyom, Wiliyem (Bengali)
 * Vĩnh Liêm, Vĩnh Lâm (Vietnamese)
 * Billem (Toba Batak)
 * Cuglierme, Gugliemo (Neapolitan)
 * Golem, Gulielm, Ylli, Ylmer (Albanian)
 * Gilen, Guilen (Basque)
 * Gulielmus, Vilhelmus, Willelmus, Gullelmus, Gullielmus, Villelmus (Latin)
 * Guglielmo (Italian)
 * Guillaume (French)
 * Guildhelm (Old Dutch)
 * Guilhèm, Guilhem, Guilherme, Guilhèume, Guilhaume, Glhaume (Occitan)
 * Guillem, Guim (Catalan)
 * Guillén (Aragonese)
 * Guillermo (Spanish)
 * Guilherme (Portuguese)
 * Guillerme (Galician)
 * Gwilym (Welsh)
 * Gwilherm (Breton)
 * Gugghiermu (Sicilian)
 * Gllâome (Modern Norman)
 * Uilliam (Irish)
 * Liam (Irish)
 * Illiam (Manx Gaelic)
 * Uilleam (Scottish Gaelic)
 * وِلْيَم – William (Arabic)
 * Уилям – Uiliam (Bulgarian)
 * װֶעלװֶעל – /ˈvelvel/ (Yiddish)
 * Villem, Villu (Estonian)
 * Уильям – Uilyam (Russian)
 * Вільгельм, Вільям – Vil'hel'm, Vil'yam (Ukrainian)
 * Уільям, Вільям – Uiĺjam, Viĺjam (Belarusian)
 * Vilhelm (Danish, Norwegian, Romanian, Swedish)
 * Vilhelmo (Esperanto)
 * Vilhelms (Latvian)
 * Viliam (Slovak)
 * Viljem (Slovene)
 * ויליאם – /ˈviljam/ (older pronunciation), /ˈwiljam/ (contemporary) (Hebrew)
 * Vilim (Croatian)
 * Вилим (Serbian)
 * Vilém (Czech)
 * Vilmos (Hungarian)
 * Viljams, Vilhelms, Vilis (Latvian)
 * Vilius, Viliumas, Vilhelmas (Lithuanian)
 * Viljami, Ville, Vilho, Viljo (Finnish)
 * Vilhjálmur (Icelandic)
 * Vilhjálmur, Viljormur (Faroese)
 * Vilhjalmr (Old Norse)
 * Vilko (Croatian)
 * Vilyam, Vilyım (Turkish)
 * Vėljams (Samogitian)
 * Γουλιέλμος (Gouliélmos) (Greek)
 * ܘܠܝܡ (Wil-yam) (Assyrian)
 * Գուլիելմոս (Goulielmós) (Armenian)

title: William


text:
User talk:Cgs/Archive

Hi, Cgs. Welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stick around. Anything you need to know, just ask. To your Tea Bag question: nope. Best just to leave it as it is, as a redirect. That way, if anyone links to Tea Bag by mistake (instead of tea bag or Tea bag, they will still get to the right place. If it was a "bad" typo - let's say something like TEa bg that no-one would be likely to ever link to - then it would serve no purpose and best be deleted.

Cheers -- Tannin 14:41 Apr 23, 2003 (UTC)

Lancaster University was ranked 15th out of 123 by the Sunday Times http://domino.lancs.ac.uk/INFO/LUNews.nsf/I/00001982, I'm not sure if this counts as top or not. Mintguy

I don't really think so. 123 depends on what you count as a university. Oxford is "one of the top universities in England", Cambridge is, Bristol, Durham, Warwick, Imperial, London... I think Lancaster is a bit too low down to be considered "one of the top". I've changed it to say "respected national university". Cgs

No such word as "burglarized"? Look in the Oxford English Dictionary or any other good dictionary. "Burgle" is a new back formation that has recently (in the last 100 years or so) become commonplace in England and is seldom heard in America. To me "burgle" sounds like jocular slang. 131.183.81.100 21:10 Apr 28, 2003 (UTC)

The edit war had ended till you reopened it. Mintguy 22:36 20 May 2003 (UTC)

You are quite right you can have OOP without using an OOP language. I make that very point on one of the talk pages. I gforget which for the moment. Bu the windows API isn't OOP. It has widgets rather than objects. If you want to call these objects, then you can say that it is object-based but certainly not Object-oriented. Mintguy 22:38 20 May 2003 (UTC)

222 == the number of times  appeared in the html of this. I simply used grep -c :). Nifty huh?  I plan on making a bot for this eventually.  Tell me if you are interested.  MB 01:33 22 May 2003 (UTC)

Dunno about why LOOMs italics didn't work, I think there may have been some stray (invisible) characters in there. It works now. -- Someone else 20:19 29 May 2003 (UTC)

Regarding Anal sex, where does the pornography law you refer to apply? I don't think that you should be editing articles to make them comply with local laws. Should people in Iran come in an edit all the articles so that they fit their laws? We wouldn't have much of a Wiki left if they did, would we? CGS 12:42 30 May 2003 (UTC).

 * To answer your question: Pornography law of the United States of America, such content like within fisting or rimming or Anal sex might endanger the whole survival of wikipedia, which is standing on relatively weak feet (just remember how fast Larry died, and you do need a host and somebody to carry the expenses and responsibilities - like it or not - you should at least become a sysop before critcizing others in such a way) - if you are interested and capable: read the German or Dutch sites of our project, those correspond to the laws (which is much more liberal, even in Germany)
 * Viking 12:52 30 May 2003 (UTC)

Are you some sort of secret society, Viking? How about discolosing who your members are? CGS 15:04 30 May 2003 (UTC).
 * You want us to give you the name of the children associated with this user? So what are your plans? Go after them or us (like the wife of a sysop) with a "secret society"? What exactely have we done wrong? Viking 15:18 30 May 2003 (UTC)

 * WTF? No, I don't want to harass your children. You say that you (the user Viking) are a sysop, that is not true (see the list of administrators), so one of your members (the one who replied to my post on your talk page) must be a sysop, I just want to know who it is. CGS 15:34 30 May 2003 (UTC).

 * Yes CGS, you are right, but that sysop does not want to be brought into connection with the old content of fisting anal sex or rimming - maybe you can understand that - luckyly the direct instructions for sex are not up any longer on the english version, so our efforts were worthwhile - this is the end of the Viking Project - it becommes too dangerous: people inquiring for names, just like in the inquisition times - that is not what we think of of free education Viking 15:43 30 May 2003 (UTC) (over 7 people)

Just wanted to thank you for all your help with User:Kils/User:Viking. It was certainly an unpleasant situation. MB 07:39 1 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Congratulations, you have just been made a sysop! You have volunteered for boring housekeeping activities which normal users sadly cannot participate in. Sysops basically can't do anything: They cannot delete pages arbitarily (only obvious junk like "jklasdfl,öasdf JOSH IS GAY"), they cannot protect pages in an edit war they are involved in, they cannot ban signed in users. What they can do is delete junk as it appears, ban anonymous vandals, remove pages that have been listed on Votes for deletion for more than a week, protect pages when asked to, and help keep the few protected pages there are, among them the precious Main Page, up to date.

Note that almost everything you can do can be undone, so don't be too worried about making mistakes. You will find more information at Administrators, please take a look before experimenting with your new powers. Drop me a message if there are any questions or if you want to stop being a sysop (could it be?). Have fun! --Eloquence 17:53 1 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi Cgs, Would it still be accurate to change English literature to English literature on your user page? English is a disambiguation page, so we want to minimise the number of links to there. Fixing links to disambiguation pages is one of my favourite WikiObsessions ;) Regards -- sannse 17:46 7 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Sure. Done. CGS 19:11 7 Jun 2003 (UTC).

I hope you won't be annoyed with me messing with your personal page but I couldn't resist lightening your two cathedral pics, do you think there's an improvement? Best Wishes Adrian Pingstone 14:30 11 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I think the originals have a higher contrast, which picks out the detail in the stonework better. It was a little overcast when I took these on the way to the pub, so I already did a little doctoring. Maybe your screen is very different from mine, but I see yours as a little too bright and washed out. I don't think any two users have a similar level of gamma, brightness and contrast, so it would be impossible to get them to be perfect for all users. CGS 17:30 11 Jun 2003 (UTC).

 * Thanks for your reply. I think I overdid the lightening but I respect what you say. I guess, in the end, it comes down to personal preference. Sorry I messed up your personal page.
 * Adrian Pingstone 18:24 11 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cgs/Archive


text:
Resistive force

In physics, resistive force is a force, or the vector sum of numerous forces, whose direction is opposite to the motion of a body, and may refer to:

 * Friction, during sliding and/or rolling
 * Drag (physics), during movement through a fluid (see fluid dynamics)
 * Normal force, exerted reactionally back on the acting body by the compressive, tensile or shear stress within the recipient body
 * Intermolecular forces, when separating adhesively bonded surfaces
 * Magnetic repulsion, when a magnetic object moves against another magnetic field
 * Gravity, during vertical takeoff
 * Mechanical load, in a simple machine

title: Resistive force


text:
Canada Council

The Canada Council for the Arts (Conseil des arts du Canada), commonly called the Canada Council, is a Crown corporation established in 1957 as an arts council of the Government of Canada. It is Canada's public arts funder, with a mandate to foster and promote the study and enjoyment of, and the production of works in, the arts.

The Council's grants, services, initiatives, prizes and payments contribute to the vibrancy of a creative and diverse arts and literary scene and support its presence across Canada and abroad. The Council's investments contribute to fostering greater engagement in the arts among Canadians and international audiences.

In addition, the Canada Council administers the Art Bank, which operates art rental programs and an exhibitions and outreach program. The Canada Council Art Bank holds the largest collection of contemporary Canadian art in the world. The Canada Council is also responsible for the secretariat for the Canadian Commission for UNESCO and the Public Lending Right Commission.

Organization
The Canada Council for the Arts is an arms-length organization based in Ottawa, Ontario, that reports to Parliament through the Minister of Canadian Heritage. Its endowment income is supplemented by annual appropriations from Parliament, donations, and bequests. Its main duty is allotting grants and prizes to Canadian artists based on the merits of their applications. The Canada Council also funds and administers many of Canada's top arts awards, including the Governor General's Literary Awards and the Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts.

The Canada Council is called from time to time to appear before parliamentary committees, particularly the Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage. Its accounts are audited by the Auditor General of Canada and included in an Annual Report to Parliament.

History of the Act
"In 1977, the Canada Council sets up the Payment for Public Use Committee to discuss the creation of a Public Lending Right (PLR) program. The following year, the federal government created the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, adopting responsibility for the humanities and social sciences from the Canada Council, which would now only be responsible for the arts.” Starting in 1978, there were attempts to rename the Council to the Killam-Dunn Council, in recognition of contributions to the Council made by Sir Isaac Walton Killam and Sir James Dunn.

The first version of the Canada Council for the Arts Act was titled An Act for the Establishment of a Canada Council for the Encouragement of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. It was assented to on March 28, 1957, by the 22nd federal parliament under Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. This version of the Act established a council of 21 members who could serve between three and five years, depending on their role in the Council. The Act also granted them the power to co-operate with organizations who had similar aims (such as universities) in funding and facilitating work in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences across Canada, as well as promoting Canadian work in these fields abroad.

There were several amendments over the years, with most being minor alterations to language or the status of Council members for tax purposes. Two major amendments, passed in the 1970s and later the 1990s, were more significant. In 1976–77, an amendment renamed the Act to simply the Canada Council Act. In conjunction with the establishment of the Social Science and Humanities Research Council, the Act narrowed the Council's mandate exclusively to “the study and enjoyment of, and the production of works in, the arts”. While the council's powers as a promoting and sponsoring body remained, all references to social sciences and humanities were removed. In 1992, this was reversed, and duties of the Research Council, as well as promotional activities of the Department of External Affairs, were reabsorbed into the Canada Council. This amendment also reduced the number of mandatory Council meetings to two, and shortened the deadline for the Council to submit its financial audits.

The Modern Act
The Canada Council for the Arts Act was last amended in 2009. This is the current version as of 2022. Between 2002 and 2009 were a number of small revisions to get to the modern Act that we have today. The majority of the changes to the Canada Council for the Arts Act since 2002 involve updates to language due to evolving definitions. For example, in section 12 of Objects, Powers and Duties of the Council 'public service of Canada' from 2002 was updated to 'federal public administration' as of 2005.

However, one of the most significant changes concerns Part 4 – Members of the Council. In the major 2002 Amendment other members of the council who were not the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson would be appointed for a period of three years. In 2006 this was updated and changed to a period of four years and has remained fours years since, up to and including the current version.

Another significant change is the loss of council members. Instead of 21 council members, in the modern Act there is the Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson along with 9 other members of the council. That is a reduction of 10 members since the 1977 version of the Act.

Governance
The Canada Council for the Arts, as a federal Crown corporation, is accountable to Parliament through the Minister of Canadian Heritage and is governed by an 11-member Board. The Board is composed of a Chair, Vice-Chair, and nine other members from across Canada.

Along with the Director and CEO, Board members are appointed by the Governor-in-Council for fixed terms. The Board meets at least three times per year and is responsible for the oversight of the Canada Council's policies, programs, budgets, and grant decisions. The Canada Council's Executive Management, on the other hand—which is led by the Director and CEO—is responsible for establishing and implementing the broad directions and vision developed by the Board, as well as managing the Council itself. The Director is appointed by the Governor in Council as well, and also acts as the chief executive officer (CEO).

Chairs of the Canada Council: Executive Management:
 * Brooke Claxton, 1957–1960
 * Claude Bissell, 1960–1962
 * Douglas B. Weldon, 1962–1964
 * Jean Martineau, 1964–1969
 * John G. Prentice, 1969–1974
 * Brian Flemming (interim), 1974–1975
 * Gertrude M. Laing, 1975–1978
 * Mavor Moore, 1979–1983
 * Maureen Forrester, 1983–1988
 * Allan Gotlieb, 1989–1994
 * Donna Scott, 1994–1998
 * Jean-Louis Roux, 1998–2004
 * Karen Kain, 2004–2008
 * Joseph L. Rotman, 2008–2015
 * Pierre Lassonde, 2015–2020
 * Jesse Wente, 2020–2025

 * For the complete list of members of the Canada Council's Executive Management, visit the organization's website.

History
The Canada Council for the Arts was established and began operations in 1957 as part of a major recommendation of the 1951 report by the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, commonly known as the Massey Commission.

The report described an unpromising cultural landscape in Canada: professional theatre was "moribund;" the musical space was meager; professional artistic ventures were lacking and virtually absent outside of the largest urban areas; and English Canada produced only 14 works of fiction in an entire year. Moreover, the report stated: "No novelist, poet, short story writer, historian, biographer, or other writer of non-technical books can make even a modestly comfortable living by selling his work in Canada. No composer of music can live at all on what Canada pays him for his compositions. Apart from radio drama, no playwright, and only a few actors and producers, can live by working in the theatre in Canada.' Gifted Canadians 'must be content with a precarious and unrewarding life in Canada, or go abroad where their talents are in demand."As such, the report recommended that the Government of Canada establish a Canada Council for the Encouragement of the Arts, Letters, Humanities and Social Sciences. Due to "the dangers inherent in any system of subvention by the central government to the arts and letters and to the culture of the country generally," the Commission—operating in the aftermath of WWII—proposed that the new council be created with a large amount of independence from government. In introducing the Canada Council Act to Parliament, then-Prime Minister Louis St-Laurent said: "Our main object in recommending the establishment of the Canada Council is to provide some assistance to universities, to the arts, humanities and social sciences as well as to students in those fields without attempting in any way to control their activities or to tamper with their freedom. Governments should, I feel, support the cultural development of the nation but not attempt to control it."The Canada Council for the Arts was thereafter created as an independent, arm's-length body, accountable to Parliament through the Minister of Canadian Heritage with responsibility for establishing its priorities, policies, and funding programs as well as making grant decisions. In its first year, from an initial endowment of CA$50 million, the Council had a budget of $1.5 million for the arts, humanities, and social sciences. By 1964, the Council proposed for a substantial increase to the endowment. Instead, the Council's main source of revenue became yearly government appropriations.

In 1977, the Canada Council sets up the Payment for Public Use Committee to discuss the creation of a Public Lending Right (PLR) program. The following year, the federal government created the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, adopting responsibility for the humanities and social sciences from the Canada Council, which would now only be responsible for the arts. In March 1986, the Payment for Public Use (PPU) program was established by a Cabinet decision, with an initial budget of $3 million allocated to it by the Treasury Board Secretariat. This would make Canada the 13th country in the world to develop a PLR program. The initial name was promptly changed to Public Lending Right, and catalogue-based system was adopted.

The mid-1990s "program review" process, which the federal government undertook to curb spending and reduce the deficit, affected the Canada Council as it did other federal agencies and departments. During the mid-1990s period, the Council was restructured and its staff numbers reduced. Toward the end of the decade, however, came what the then-chairman of the Council, actor Jean-Louis Roux, called "the beginnings of a new period of growth." In October 1997, the Canadian Heritage Minister announced another $25 million of funding for 1997–98 and for each of the following 4 years. An additional $10-million increase in the appropriation was announced in the federal budget of February 2000. In May 2001, further $25 million was provided to the Council by the federal government between 2001–02 and 2003–05. In 2006, the Canadian government provided one-time funding of $50 million (divided into $20 million for 2006–07 and $30 million for 2007–08), all of which would go towards grants. In 2007, the government announced an additional $30 million to be added permanently to the Council's base budget, bringing the Parliamentary appropriation to around $180 million in 2008–09.

Âjagemô Exhibition Space
Âjagemô is a 3,000-square-foot (278.71 m2) display and performance space at the Canada Council offices that features various exhibitions of contemporary Canadian art, including work from the collection of the Canada Council Art Bank. It takes its name from the Algonquin word for 'crossroads'.

Art Bank
The Canada Council for the Arts oversees the Art Bank (Banque d’art), a division of the Canada Council with the mandate to rent works of art to public and private sector offices.

The Art Bank's collection—the largest collection of contemporary Canadian art in the world —includes some 18,000 artworks by over 3,000 Canadian artists, including those from Indigenous backgrounds. These works include the 6,400 currently being rented to over 200 government and corporate clients. It offers public access to this art through its 3 programs: art rental, loans to museums, and outreach projects.

Established in the 1970s and developed by Canada Council Visual Arts Officer Suzanne Rivard-Lemoyne, the Art Bank buys art from notable Canadian artists through a system of peer-review juries. The Bank is completely self-funded, earning its money from renting out works in its collection, and continues to expand its collection by buying works in accord with its annual purchasing budget. The vast majority of its art is rented by the federal government, with less than 10% being rented to the private sector. Works of art are rented out for two-year periods. The rental rate is generally 20% of the piece's market value. Although located in Ottawa, Ontario, the Art Bank services its clients across the country. Its collection has been appraised to be worth over 71 million dollars.

In 2002 the Canada Council Art Bank began to purchase Indigenous art to enhance its collection as part of its 45th anniversary.

Canadian Commission for UNESCO
Overseeing UNESCO activities in Canada, the Canada Council operates the Canadian Commission for UNESCO (CCUNESCO), which helps governments, organizations, and individual Canadians share information, along with making recommendations to the federal Canadian government on UNESCO programs and budgets.

Established by the Canada Council for the Arts in 1957, the Commission is managed by a 17-member executive committee consisting of representatives of government departments, academics, and other experts in education, culture, and world heritage.

Prizes
The Canada Council for the Arts promotes public awareness of the arts through its communications, research and arts promotion activities. In particular, every year, the Canada Council awards a broad range of prizes to over 200 Canadian artists and scholars in recognition of their work.

The Canada Council administers various Governor General's Awards, including Medals in Architecture, Literary Awards, Performing Arts Awards, and Awards in Visual and Media Arts. Other awards include the Killam Program of scholarly awards, J.B.C Watkins Awards, the John G. Diefenbaker Award, the Musical Instrument Bank, and the Walter Carsen Prize for Excellence in the Performing Arts, among others.

The John G. Diefenbaker Award, with a prize of up to $95,000, allows a distinguished German scholar in the humanities to conduct research in Canada and spend brief periods gaining additional experience at American institutions. The Award was created in 1991, in memory of former Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker, as the Canadian counterpart to the Konrad Adenauer Award, which was established by the Government of Germany for Canadian scholars in 1988.

The Killam Research Fellowship, granted for two years with a prize of $70,000 per year, provides support to scholars by granting them time to pursue research projects of broad significance and widespread interest within the disciplines of the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, health sciences, engineering, or studies linking any of these disciplines. This award is one of the most distinguished research fellowships in Canada, and was established by the Killam Trusts through Dorothy J. Killam, in memory of her husband, Izaak Walton Killam.

Musical Instrument Bank
The Musical Instrument Bank (MIB; La Banque d’instruments de musique) is an initiative of Canada Council wherein preeminent Canadian classical musicians, especially young artists, compete for the opportunity to become the steward and performer of a classical instrument from the Musical Instrument Bank on a 3-year loan.

The MIB was established in 1985 with a $100,000 bequest from the Barwick Family along with the fundraising efforts of businessman William Turner and cellist Denis Brott, both of Montréal. Since then, the Bank has received donations and loans of violins, cellos, and bows—created by such luthiers as Stradivari, Gagliano, Guarneri, and Pressenda—as well as generous bequests for the Canada Council to purchase additional instruments.

The Musical Instrument Bank has supported various notable Canadian classical musicians, including Lara St. John, Alexandre Da Costa, Martin Beaver, Judy Kang, and Denise Djokic. among others.

Grants
In 2018–19, the Canada Council awarded grants to over 2,800 Canadian artists, almost 450 groups, and over 2,000 arts organizations.

Each year the organization receives some 16,000 grant requests, which are reviewed by peer assessment committees. In 2006–07, the Canada Council awarded some 6,000 grants to artists and arts organizations and made payments to more than 15,400 authors through the Public Lending Right Commission. Grants and payments totaled more than $152 million.

Public Lending Right
Through its Public Lending Right (PLR) program, the Canada Council financially compensates over 17,000 Canadian authors annually for providing free public access to their books in Canadian public libraries. Authors are compensated through direct payments ranging from CA$50 to $4,500 a year. Eligible work includes original writing, translation, illustration, narration and photography contained in library books across a range.

The Public Lending Right Commission is a permanent advisory board that works with the Canada Council "to define the program's criteria and promote the program among eligible authors, illustrators, narrators and translators" from a variety of literary and scholarly genres. The Commission consists of writers, translators, librarians, and publishers, as well as non-voting representatives from the Canada Council, the Department of Canadian Heritage, Library and Archives Canada, and Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Author Mélikah Abdelmoumen is the current Commission Chair, with writer Russell Wangersky as Vice-Chair.

The creation of a PLR program was first deliberated in 1977, when the Council sets up the Payment for Public Use Committee to discuss the matter. Also that year, UNEQ (Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois) is founded in order to defend the rights of Quebec authors. In 1982, the Applebaum-Hébert Committee recommended that the federal government create a program to pay authors for the use of their books in libraries. Soon after, in March 1986, the Payment for Public Use (PPU) program was established by a Cabinet decision, with an initial budget of $3 million allocated to it by the Treasury Board Secretariat. This would make Canada the 13th country in the world to develop a PLR program. The initial name was promptly changed to Public Lending Right and catalogue-based system was adopted.

The PLR Commission developed and approved its Constitution and Bylaws in 1988, its second year of operation. In 2008, the Commission would unanimously adopt a growth management strategy, including a new four-tier payment scale for PLR payments, which was implemented two years later. The Commission first moved in favour of the possibility of ebooks being eligible in the PLR Program in 2011. However, it would not be until 2016, when the Program opened registration to ebooks. Also in 2016, the Program would begin to consider the future eligibility of audiobook materials, and the Canada Council would pledge to increase direct payments to authors through the PLR Program. In 2012, author Roy MacSkimming published the first of three major research studies related to PLR; subsequent reports would address the arrival of new technologies and compare the Canadian model to other PLR systems operating around the world. The PLR Program would finally open registration to audiobooks in 2019. For the first time, works must have been published during the previous 5 years in order to be eligible for registration.

title: Canada Council