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Gene Tunney

James Joseph Tunney (May 25, 1897 – November 7, 1978) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1915 to 1928. He held the world heavyweight title from 1926 to 1928, and the American light heavyweight title twice between 1922 and 1923. A highly technical boxer, Tunney had a five-fight light heavyweight rivalry with Harry Greb in which he won three, lost once, and drew once, though many ringside reporters believed Greb should have won the decision in their second meeting. Tunney also knocked out Georges Carpentier and defeated Jack Dempsey twice; first in 1926 and again in 1927. Tunney's successful title defense against Dempsey remains one of the most famous bouts in boxing history and is known as The Long Count Fight. He retired undefeated as a heavyweight after his victory over Tom Heeney in 1928, after which Tunney was named Fighter of the Year by The Ring magazine.

Early life
James Joseph Tunney was born on May 25, 1897, in New York City to Irish immigrant parents from Kiltimagh, County Mayo. His mother, Mary Lydon from Culleen House, Gorthgarve, Kiltimagh immigrated to the United States after the Great Famine and settled in New York City, where she met John Tunney, from Cill Aodain, Kiltimagh. They married after a short courtship. The Tunneys had seven children. At an early age, Gene Tunney was inspired by President Theodore Roosevelt to become physically fit.

Career
Tunney fought some 68 official professional fights, losing only one, to Harry Greb, while fighting as a light heavyweight. Tunney fought many other fights whose scoring was unofficial, judged by newspaper reporters. He also lost none of these "newspaper decisions". He reported that he lost a second fight during World War I, a 10-round decision, to Tommy Loughran, as a Marine before he began his professional boxing career. Tunney was regarded as an extremely skillful boxer who excelled in defense. In addition to beating Dempsey, the most famous fighter of his era, Tunney defeated Tommy Gibbons, Georges Carpentier and many other fine boxers.

Already the U.S. Expeditionary Forces champion, Tunney spent the winter of 1921 as a lumberjack in northern Ontario for the J. R. Booth Company of Ottawa, without revealing he was a champion boxer. He explained this as "wanting the solitude and the strenuous labors of the woods to help condition himself for the career that appeared before him."

Tunney also had a brief acting career, starring in the movie The Fighting Marine in 1926. Unfortunately, no prints of this film are known to exist.

He was elected as Ring Magazine's first-ever Fighter of the Year in 1928 and later elected to the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1980, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990 and the United States Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame in 2001.

Fighting style
Tunney was a thinking fighter who preferred to make a boxing match into a game of chess, which was not popular during the times when such sluggers as Jack Dempsey, Harry Greb and Mickey Walker were commanding center stage. Tunney's style was influenced by other noted boxing thinkers such as James J. Corbett and Benny Leonard. Nevertheless, it is incorrect to think of Tunney as a stick-and-move fighter in the Ali style. While Tunney's heavyweight fights against Gibbons, Carpentier, and Dempsey featured his fleet-footed movement and rapid-fire jabbing, his earlier bouts, especially the five against Harry Greb, demonstrated his vicious body punching and willingness to fight toe-to-toe. It was Benny Leonard who advised Tunney that the only way to beat Harry "The Human Windmill" Greb was to aim his punches at Greb's body rather than his head.

Always moving and boxing behind an excellent left jab, Tunney would study his opponents from the first bell. He generally preferred to stay outside and nullify any attacks, while using quick counters to keep the opponent off balance. In his fights against Jack Dempsey, today's viewer can see Tunney's style: hands held low for greater power, fast footwork that adjusts to every move his opponent makes and quick and accurate one-two style counter-punches with the left and right.

Tunney was never knocked out, while only ever being knocked down once, that in his second fight with Dempsey in the infamous Long Count. This makes him one of only five Heavyweight champions, alongside Rocky Marciano, Riddick Bowe, Sultan Ibragimov and Nicolai Valuev to retire without ever suffering a stoppage defeat. Tunney, along with Marciano, Lewis and Vitali Klitschko is one of four heavyweight champions to have retired as champion and to have ended their career with a win in a world title fight. Having avenged his only loss to Harry Greb, with whom he also drew), Tunney joins Ingemar Johansson, Rocky Marciano, Lennox Lewis and Riddick Bowe as the only five heavyweight champions to have retired while holding a victory over every opponent he faced as a professional (barring no-contests).

Military service
Tunney enlisted the Marine Corps during World War I and served as private with 11th Marine Regiment in France and later in Germany during the occupation of the Rhineland in 1919. He saw no combat and spent most of the war in the Marine boxing team, becoming U.S. Expeditionary Forces champion. Tunney was demobilized following the war, but remained in the Marine Corps Reserve, ultimately reaching the rank of major in the Connecticut Naval Militia.

Following the United States entry into World War II, at the request of Navy Undersecretary James Forrestal, Tunney accepted a commission in the United States Naval Reserve as a lieutenant commander to set up a physical fitness program for student pilots. He headed the Navy's physical fitness programme for the duration of the war and also made an inspection trip to Hawaii and the surrounding area.

Tunney was consecutively promoted to the ranks of commander and captain and retired shortly following the War. For his wartime service, he was decorated with the Navy Commendation Medal and was awarded the American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal. He also held the World War I Victory Medal with France Clasp, Army of Occupation of Germany Medal, and Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal for his World War I enlisted service.

Tunney Cup
In 1932, Tunney published a book called A Man Must Fight, in which he gave comments on his career and boxing techniques. In 1928, the U.S. Marine Corps presented – as a sign of friendship – a challenge cup to the Corps of Royal Marines, in the hope it might be competed for by Royal Marines association football teams. The Royal Marines named the trophy the "Tunney Cup," in honor of then-USMC Captain Tunney, who, with Sergeant Major Charles R. Francis, presented the trophy on behalf of the U.S. Marine Corps.

Personal life
In 1928, Tunney married a wealthy socialite Mary "Polly" Lauder (April 24, 1907 – April 19, 2008). After Tunney's retirement, the couple lived in Stamford, Connecticut and raised four children. They had three sons and one daughter:
 * John Varick Tunney (1934–2018), who was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from California from 1965 until 1977;
 * Jonathan "Jay" Rowland Tunney of Stamford, Connecticut;
 * Gene Lauder Tunney (1931–2009),  who became a lawyer and served as district attorney for Sonoma County, California, for 20 years; and
 * Joan Tunney Wilkinson (1939–2008) of San Francisco, who was committed to McLean Hospital on June 6, 1970, after she murdered her husband, Lynn Carter Wilkinson Jr.

Previous to his marrying Polly Lauder, Tunney was sued in 1927 for breach of promise by Katherine King Fogarty.

Death and legacy
Tunney died on November 7, 1978, at the Greenwich Hospital in Connecticut at the age of eighty-one, after suffering from a circulation ailment. He was interred at Long Ridge Union Cemetery in Stamford, Connecticut.

In popular culture

Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis had a comedy routine in which Lewis (in boxing shorts and gear) states he will be fighting Gene Tierney (the actress). Martin corrects Lewis and suggests that he must mean "Gene Tunney". Lewis then quips "You fight who you wanna fight, I'm fight'n who I wanna fight, I'm fight'n Gene Tierney."

In the song "She Twists the Knife Again" from Richard Thompson's 1985 album Across a Crowded Room, describing the mismatched intensity in a strife-ladened relationship, Thompson writes: "I'm in a fist fight/She thinks she's Gene Tunney!"

He is also mentioned in Act 1 of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman: Willy tells his sons he has a punching bag with Tunney's signature on it.

Mentioned in A Whistle in the Dark (Act 1, p. 31) by Tom Murphy: "in the words of the great Gene Tunney, a man must fight back. His father was a Mayoman too".

Mentioned in the short story "Fallon" by J. D. Luther, when imprisoned character Tyson Wayne Vance recalls his abusive father, "Was more than one night momma'd look like she went fifteen rounds with Gene Tunney...".

In the 1932 boxing film Winner Take All, James Cagney's character Jimmy Kane—a has-been former champion trying to get educated—laments that William Shakespeare was "the one who ruined Gene Tunney."

The novelette A KO for Christmas by Shawn Pollock features a character, Stitch Stanford, who hopes to fight Gene Tunney for the heavyweight title.

Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.

Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.

Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.

title: Gene Tunney


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Trench fever

Trench fever (also known as "five-day fever", "quintan fever" (febris quintana), and "urban trench fever" ) is a moderately serious disease transmitted by body lice. It infected armies in Flanders, France, Poland, Galicia, Italy, Macedonia, Mesopotamia, Russia and Egypt in World War I. Three noted cases during WWI were the authors J. R. R. Tolkien, A. A. Milne, and C. S. Lewis. From 1915 to 1918 between one-fifth and one-third of all British troops reported ill had trench fever while about one-fifth of ill German and Austrian troops had the disease. The disease persists among the homeless. Outbreaks have been documented, for example, in Seattle and Baltimore in the United States among injection drug users and in Marseille, France, and Burundi.

Trench fever is also called Wolhynia fever, shin bone fever, Meuse fever, His disease, and His–Werner disease or Werner-His disease (after Wilhelm His Jr. and Heinrich Werner).

The disease is caused by the bacterium Bartonella quintana (older names: Rochalimea quintana, Rickettsia quintana), found in the stomach walls of the body louse. Bartonella quintana is closely related to Bartonella henselae, the agent of cat scratch fever and bacillary angiomatosis.

Signs and symptoms
The disease is classically a five-day fever of the relapsing type, rarely exhibiting a continuous course. The incubation period is relatively long, at about two weeks. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden, with high fever, severe headache, pain on moving the eyeballs, soreness of the muscles of the legs and back, and frequent hyperaesthesia of the shins. The initial fever is usually followed in a few days by a single, short rise but there may be many relapses between periods without fever. The most constant symptom is pain in the legs. Trench fever episodes may involve loss of appetite, shin pain or tenderness, and spleen enlargement. Generally, one to five periodic episodes of fever occur, separated by four-to-six-day-long asymptomatic periods. Recovery takes a month or more. Lethal cases are rare, but in a few cases "the persistent fever might lead to heart failure". Aftereffects may include neurasthenia, cardiac disturbances, and myalgia.

Pathophysiology
Bartonella quintana is transmitted by contamination of a skin abrasion or louse-bite wound with the faeces of an infected body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis). There have also been reports of an infected louse bite passing on the infection.

Diagnosis
Serological testing is typically used to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Most serological tests would succeed only after a certain period of time past the symptom onset (usually a week). The differential diagnosis list includes typhus, ehrlichiosis, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and virus-caused exanthema (measles or rubella).

Treatment
The treatment of trench fever can vary from case to case, as the human body has the ability to rid itself of the disease without medical intervention. Some patients will require treatment, and others will not. For those who do require treatment, the best treatment comes by way of doxycycline in combination with gentamicin. Chloramphenicol is an alternative medication recommended under circumstances that render the use of tetracycline derivates undesirable, such as severe liver disease, kidney dysfunction, in children under nine years and in pregnant women. The medication is administered for seven to ten days.

Epidemiology
Trench fever is a vector-borne disease in which humans are primarily the main hosts. The vector through which the disease is typically transmitted is referred to as the human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus. The British Expeditionary Force Pyrexia of Unknown Origin Enquiry Sub-Committee concluded that the specific means by which the vector infected the host was louse waste entering the body through abraded skin. Although the disease is typically found in humans, the gram-negative bacterium which induces the disease has been seen in mammals such as dogs, cats, and macaques in small numbers.

Being that the vector of the disease is a human body louse, it can be determined that the main risk factors for infection are mostly in relation to contracting body louse. Specifically, some risk factors include body louse infestation, overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, body hygiene, war, famine, malnutrition, alcoholism, homelessness, and intravenous drug abuse.

The identified risk factors directly correlate with the subpopulations of identified infected persons throughout the duration of the known disease. Historically, trench fever was found in young male soldiers of World War I, whereas in the 21st century the disease mostly has a prevalence in middle-aged homeless men. This can be seen when looking at a 21st-century outbreak of the disease in Denver, Colorado, where researcher David McCormick and his colleagues came across the gram-negative bacterium in 15% of the 241 homeless persons who were tested. Another study done in Marseille, France found the bacterium in 5.4% of the 930 homeless individuals they tested.

History
Trench fever was first described and reported by British major John Graham in June 1915. He reported symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, and pain in the shins and back. The disease was most common in the military and consequently took much longer to identify than usual. These cases were originally confused for dengue, sandfly, or paratyphoid fever. Because insects were the suspected vector of transmission, Alexander Peacock published a study of the body louse in 1916. Due in part to his findings, the louse was determined to be the primary cause of transmission by many, but this was still contested by multiple voices in the field such as John Muir who believed the disease was of a viral nature. In 1917, the Trench Fever Investigation Commission (TFIC) had its first meeting. The TFIC performed experiments with infected blood and louse and learned much about the disease and louse behavior. Also in 1917, the American Red Cross started the Medical Research Committee (MRC). The MRC performed human experiments on trench fever, and their research was published in March 1918. The MRC and TFIC findings were very similar essentially confirming the louse as the vector of transmission. It was not until the 1920s that the bacteria B Quintana was identified as the cause of trench fever.

During World War II, the British Government commissioned sheep dip manufacturer, Cooper, McDougall & Robertson of Berkhamsted, Herts to develop a product which troops could use to ward off lice. After much trial and error, 'AL63', was developed and successfully used in a powder form. The initials stood for 'Anti-Louse' and it was the 63rd preparation which was the most efficacious.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trench fever


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Tom Heeney

Thomas Heeney (18 May 1898 – 15 June 1984) was a professional heavyweight boxer from New Zealand, best known for unsuccessfully challenging champion Gene Tunney for the heavyweight championship of the world in New York City on 26 July 1928.

Biography
Heeney was born in Gisborne, New Zealand, and worked as a plumber until he left New Zealand. He was a strong swimmer and was awarded a bronze medal by the Royal Humane Society of New Zealand in 1918 for helping rescue two women from the sea off Waikanae Beach, Gisborne. He also retrieved a third woman who did not survive.

He learnt to box from his father and his older brother Jack Heeney, who was the New Zealand amateur welterweight champion in 1914 and middleweight champion from 1919 to 1924. He became a professional boxer when he fought Bill Bartlett in Gisborne in 1920. In October 1920, Heeney became the New Zealand heavyweight champion when he beat Brian McCleary of Dunedin on a technical knockout. Heeney was also a rugby union player and played for the Hawke's Bay — Poverty Bay team against the Springboks in 1921. He boxed in Australia and won the Australian heavyweight champion title in 1922, and fought in England and South Africa in 1924.

Heeney went to the United States in 1926. He beat Jim Maloney, Johnny Risko and Jim Delaney and eventually ranked fourth among the world's heavyweight boxers. After fighting Jack Sharkey, later a heavyweight world champion, in 1928 for the right to fight Tunney, on 26 July 1928, Heeney fought Gene Tunney at Yankee Stadium, New York City, for the world heavyweight championship title. Heeney entered the boxing ring wearing a Māori cloak that was given to him by Heni Materoa, the widow of Sir James Carroll. The referee, Ed Forbes, stopped the scheduled 15 round fight in the 11th round, and Tunney won. It was said of Heeney:
 * "His gritty performance in this fight would have been considered by many observers to have justified his sobriquet of The Hard Rock from Down Under given by renowned writer and journalist, Damon Runyon."

A week after his defeat, Tom married Marion Dunn, an American. Heeney became an American citizen and boxed until 1934, accomplishing a fighting record of 70 professional bouts, 38 wins, 22 losses, 8 draws, and 2 no-contest.

After retiring from boxing, he owned a bar in Miami, Florida. He served with the United States Navy Civil Engineer Corps in World War II, and afterward coached boxing and refereed armed forces bouts in the South Pacific. He often fished with his friend, the famous writer Ernest Hemingway. Heeney's wife, Marion, died in 1980. They had no children.

Heeney was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.

Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.

Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.

Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.

title: Tom Heeney


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Wikipedia talk:Enhanced Recent Changes

I just discovered enhanced recent changes in my preferences, real nice addition. Vera Cruz

Actually....why is there no longer a diff button??Vera Cruz

 * The lines showing individual entries show a 'cur' and/or 'last' diff button just like in the history (but, inexplicably, on the right side of the title). The multi-change header entries (the ones with the arrows) have a 'diff' link that covers all the changes they list. Send ideas for improvement to Magnus, the mastermind behind its implementation. --Brion 19:31 Jan 18, 2003 (UTC)

Plan to move this page to meta soon
We need one place to develop MediaWiki documentation so I'm starting a project-neutral MediaWiki User's Guide in meta and think it would be a good idea to cross wiki redirect this page to meta:MediaWiki User's Guide: The enhanced Recent Changes page as soon as I'm done with the conversion (before that I will change each link to this page to a direct one to meta so that it appears correctly as an external link). --mav 01:36, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Enhanced Recent Changes


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Tommy Loughran

Thomas Patrick Loughran (November 29, 1902 – July 7, 1982) was an American professional boxer and the former World Light Heavyweight Champion. Statistical boxing website BoxRec lists Loughran as the #7 ranked light heavyweight of all time, while The Ring Magazine founder Nat Fleischer placed him at #4. The International Boxing Research Organization rates Loughran as the 6th best light heavyweight ever. Loughran was named the Ring Magazine's Fighter of the Year twice, first in 1929 and again 1931. He was inducted into the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1956 and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991.

Boxing career

Loughran was one of seven children of an Irish immigrant motorman. His effective use of coordinated foot work, sound defense and swift, accurate counter punching is now regarded as a precursor to the techniques practiced in modern boxing.

Loughran fought many middleweight, light heavyweight, and heavyweight champions in his career, including Gene Tunney, Jack Sharkey, and Georges Carpentier. Loughran even achieved a newspaper decision over fistic phenom Harry Greb, whom he first met at age 19. As a light heavyweight, he defeated two future world heavyweight champions: Max Baer and James J. Braddock. Loughran finally fought Primo Carnera for the heavyweight title but lost a decision.

In an interview late in life, Loughran said his loss to Carnera was a pre-arranged fait accompli: "I had to knock him out to win, I had to agree to that". Footage of the fight is limited and scarce, but Loughran contended he had Carnera in trouble in Rounds 4 and 10, "but then, when I couldn't finish him, I knew the thing was over". The decision a foregone conclusion, Tommy Loughran told Peter Heller in April, 1972, "I beat (Carnera), no question about it".

Later life
On August 22, 1957, he refereed Floyd Patterson's defense of his heavyweight title vs. 1956 Olympic gold medalist Pete Rademacher, at Sick's Stadium, Seattle. The fight was notable in that Rademacher was the first and only fighter to challenge for the heavyweight crown in his professional debut. There were several knockdowns in the fight; Tommy counted out the challenger at 2:57 of the 6th round.

In the 1960s Loughran retired from having been a long-time, successful broker on Wall Street, where he had dealt in commodities (sugar). He became a keynote speaker, appearing at dinners and banquets, his message an attempt to promote and strengthen the image of boxers and boxing at what for the sport was a troubled time. In addition, Tommy lent color commentary to at least one championship bout, Carlos Ortiz vs. Johnny Bizarro in Pittsburgh, June 20, 1966.

In 2006, the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission raised a historical marker in front of St. Monica's Roman Catholic Church, in his old neighborhood, and reads in part: He boxed during the "Golden Age of Boxing" in many weight classes, beating 10 champs in his 18-year career. The "Philly Phantom" had a scientific style, built on precision and maneuverability rather than brute force. Considered a gentleman both in and out of the ring. Loughran was devoted to his neighborhood and church here.

Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.

Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.

Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.

title: Tommy Loughran


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User:David Thrale/Sandbox

Pages in progress

 * User:David_Thrale/Henry_Thrale
 * User:David_Thrale

Pages to do

 * Streatham Park

title: User:David Thrale/Sandbox


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The Ocean Race

The Ocean Race is a yacht race around the world, held every three or four years since 1973. Originally named the Whitbread Round the World Race after its initiating sponsor, British brewing company Whitbread, in 2001 it became the Volvo Ocean Race after Swedish automobile manufacturer Volvo took up the sponsorship, and in 2019 it was renamed The Ocean Race

Each of the entries has a sailing crew who race day and night for more than 20 days at a time on some of the legs. Since the 2008–2009 race there has also been a dedicated media crew member called the On Board Reporter (OBR), who does not contribute to the sailing of the boat, but is responsible for sending images and video to race headquarters via satellite from the middle of the ocean. In the 2017–2018 race, the number of crew ranged between 7 and 10 (plus the OBR) depending on the gender ratio, with the rules providing an incentive to having women sailors on board.

To minimize weight, crews overwhelmingly rely on freeze-dried fare for sustenance. Crews are also subjected to temperature variations from −5 to +40 degrees Celsius and will often only take one change of clothes.

History
In 1972 England's Whitbread company and the British Royal Naval Sailing Association agreed to sponsor a globe-circling regatta, which would be called the 'Whitbread Round the World Yacht Race'. 17 yachts and 167 crew started the first race of 27,500 nmi, which began from Portsmouth, United Kingdom on 8 September 1973. Approximately 3000 spectator boats set out to witness the historic start. The first race was won by Mexican amateur Ramon Carlin in a Swan 65 yacht, Sayula II. Sayula II was followed by Adventure, Grand Louis and Kriter.

The original course was designed to follow the route of the square riggers, which had carried cargo around the world during the 19th Century.

From 2001 the ownership of the race was taken over by Volvo and Volvo Cars and the race was renamed the ‘Volvo Ocean Race’. Stopover ports were added in Germany, France, and Sweden being Volvo's three biggest car markets in Europe.

Winning the race does not attract a cash prize, as the feat of competing is presented as sufficient reward.

Many of the crew in the Volvo Ocean Race race crew other professional teams in other high-profile events, such as the Olympic Games, Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, the America's Cup, or the Fastnet Race.

The worst weather conditions are usually encountered in the Southern Ocean where waves sometimes top 150 ft and winds can reach 70 kn.

The 2017–18 race covered 45,000 nautical miles, which is the longest route in its history.

The yachts
Early races had a very wide range of boat types, but concerns after the 1989–1990 race led to the development of the Whitbread 60 single design. This was a reaction to increasing costs of the biggest, "maxi", boats, and their advantage over the rest of the field – Steinlager 2 won every leg in the maxi division and was the winner overall, with many of the smaller boats finishing legs more than ten days after the winner.

The Whitbread 60 design was used for all smaller boats in the 1993–1994 race, and for all in the 1997–1998 race. The race continued to be restricted to a single class for the next seven races – but moved to the Volvo Open 70, then the Volvo Ocean 65.

Two classes of boats will be used for the 2021–22 edition of the race: the Volvo Ocean 65 and the IMOCA 60, an advanced open class normally raced two-handed.

The route
Though the route changes to accommodate various ports of call, the race typically departs Europe in October, and in recent editions has had either 9 or 10 legs, with in-port races at many of the stopover cities. The 2008–09 race started in Alicante, Spain, on October 11, 2008. The route for the 2008–2009 race was altered from previous years to include stopovers in India and Asia for the first time. The 2008–09 route covered nearly 39,000 nmi, took over nine months to complete, and reached a cumulative TV audience of 2 billion people worldwide.

During the nine months of the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race, which started in Alicante, Spain in October 2011 and concluded in Galway, Ireland, in July 2012, the teams were scheduled to sail over 39,000 nmi of the world's most treacherous seas via Cape Town, Abu Dhabi, Sanya, Auckland, around Cape Horn to Itajaí, Miami, Lisbon, and Lorient.

As in the previous editions the 2014–15 Volvo Ocean Race started in Alicante, Spain on October 11. Destination was Gothenburg, Sweden, scheduled for June 2015, with stopovers in the ports of Cape Town, Abu Dhabi, Sanya, Auckland, Itajaí, Newport, Lisbon, Lorient, and with a Pitstop at The Hague through the last leg.

Notable records

 * Netherlands, only country to have three wins
 * Conny van Rietschoten, only skipper to win the race twice
 * Steinlager 2, only yacht to ever win all six legs
 * Maiden, first all-female team, skippered by Tracy Edwards

Horrevoets Trophy
In May 2009, The Ocean Race launched the Hans Horrevoets Rookie Award to recognize the outstanding under-30 sailor in each edition of the race as nominated by the respective skippers.

Recipients:

 * 2008–09 - Michael "Michi" Mueller - Puma Ocean Racing
 * 2011–12 - David "Dave" Swete - Team Sanya
 * 2014–15 - Sophie Ciszek - Team SCA
 * 2017–18 - Bleddyn Mon - Turn the Tide on Plastic

title: The Ocean Race


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Bob Martin (boxer)

'Fighting' Bob Martin (November 11, 1897 – 1978) was a heavyweight boxer who became the Heavyweight Champion of the American Expeditionary Forces and Inter-Allied Armies during World War I. He fought against future heavyweight champion, Gene Tunney, in 1918, but lost in 4 rounds.

title: Bob Martin (boxer)


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Remington Rand 409

The Remington Rand 409, a punched card calculator which was programmed with a plugboard, was designed in 1949. It was sold in two models: the UNIVAC 60 (1952) and the UNIVAC 120 (1953). The model number referred to the number of decimal digits it could read from each punched card.

The machine was designed in "The Barn", at 33 Highland Ave. in Rowayton, Connecticut, a building that currently houses the Rowayton Public Library and Community Center.

These machines were discontinued when the UNIVAC 1004 was introduced in 1962. About 1000 total had been produced by 1961.

Architecture
Numbers were fixed-point and of variable length (one to ten digits). Arithmetic was done in floating point, but all results were converted to fixed point when stored in memory.

Digits are represented in bi-quinary coded decimal. Each digit of memory storage contained five tubes. Four of these represented the digits 1, 3, 5, and 7, while the fifth tube represented 9 if activated alone but added 1 to the value if activated together with another tube.

title: Remington Rand 409


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Chiquitania

Chiquitania ("Chiquitos" or "Gran Chiquitania") is a region of tropical savannas in the Santa Cruz Department in eastern Bolivia.

Geography
"Chiquitos" is the colonial name for what is now essentially five of the six provinces that make up the Chiquitania, a region in Bolivia's Santa Cruz department. "Chiquitos" refers to a region, not a tribe.

Today, the Chiquitania lies within five provinces of Santa Cruz Department: Ángel Sandoval, Germán Busch, José Miguel de Velasco, Ñuflo de Chávez and Chiquitos province.

Peoples
One of the many tribes inhabiting Chiquitos were the Chiquitano, who still speak the Chiquitano language today.

Languages
Languages historically spoken in the Chiquitania included:

 * Chiquitano
 * Gorgotoqui (extinct)
 * Otuke (extinct)
 * Ayoreo
 * Guarani

Today, Camba Spanish is the main vernacular lingua franca.

Missions
A notable feature are the 18th-century Jesuit reductions and Franciscan settlements scattered throughout the region. Six churches still remain in the zone and were selected in 1990 as UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the name Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos.

Ecosystem
The Chiquitano dry forest is the ecosystem which connects South America's two largest biomes, the Amazon and the Gran Chaco, a dense dry forest of thorn-covered trees and scrub that extends south into Paraguay and Brazil.

title: Chiquitania


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Harry Greb

Edward Henry Greb (June 6, 1894 – October 22, 1926) was an American professional boxer. Nicknamed "The Pittsburgh Windmill", "The Smoke City Wildcat" and "The Pittsburgh Bearcat," he is widely regarded by many boxing historians as one of the best pound for pound boxers of all time.

He was the American light heavyweight champion from 1922 to 1923 and world middleweight champion from 1923 to 1926. He fought a recorded 298 times in his 13 year-career, which began at around 140 pounds. He fought against the best opposition the talent-rich 1910s and 20s could provide him and despite starting as a welterweight, he was frequently squaring off against and beating light heavyweights and even heavyweights.

Greb had a highly aggressive, very fast, swarming style of fighting and buried his opponents under a blizzard of punches. He was elusive with very good footwork to jump in and out on opponents. He was also a master at dirty fighting and had no qualms about employing all manner of dubious tactics, such as spinning his opponent and using the heel and laces of his gloves. Greb often got as much as he gave and unbeknownst to the press continued to fight a number of matches even as he became blind in one eye, due to an injury suffered in an earlier match. The 'Pittsburgh Windmill' was also very durable, suffering only 2 TKO losses in his whole career. The first was in his seventh bout when he was knocked out by an opponent who heavily outweighed him, the second happened 3 years later when Greb broke the radius of his left arm. Greb finished the round but was unable to continue the fight. Greb's ultimate weakness may have been his lack of knockout power; although he was able to hurt and bust up many opponents due to the constant onslaught of clean punches he landed on them, he struggled to stop them but this was often due to the fact that his opponents were much larger than him. He launched a vicious beating on the light heavyweight Tunney on two occasions, cutting him and hurting him badly, but was unable to knock him out both times. It was the same process with many opponents.

Widely considered one of the best fighters of all time, Greb is currently ranked by BoxRec as the 5th greatest fighter of all time. Greb was also named the 2nd greatest fighter of the past 80 years by the Ring Magazine, the 5th greatest fighter of all time by historian Bert Sugar, the 4th greatest fighter of all time by historian and boxing commentator Max Kellerman and ranked as the #1 middleweight, the #13 light heavyweight, and the #2 pound-for-pound fighter of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization in 2006, another poll by IBRO in 2019, Greb was ranked once again as the #1 middleweight, the #9 light heavyweight, and the #3 pound-for-pound fighter of all time.

Professional career
Born as Edward Henry Greb to a German immigrant father and mother of German descent, Pius and Annie Greb, who raised him in a working class household. Blue collar Greb began his professional boxing career in 1913, fighting mostly around his hometown of Pittsburgh. By 1915, he was fighting world class opposition, notably hall of famer Tommy Gibbons and reigning middleweight champion George Chip, whom he faced twice during 1915–1916 in non-title fights. Greb would lose both fights by "newspaper" decision (at the time, the rendering of an official decision at the end of a fight was prohibited, so newspapers covering the fight would render a decision), losses he would later avenge.

Greb would fight 37 times in the sole year 1917 (a record), winning 34 of those fights either officially or unofficially. Among his defeated opponents that year were the reigning light heavyweight champion Battling Levinsky (in a non-title fight), former light heavyweight champion Jack Dillon, middleweight George Chip and heavyweight Willie Meehan, who had beaten future heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey earlier in the year.

Despite all these great results, Greb was still denied a chance to fight for a title. A February 1918 newspaper draw against Mike O'Dowd, who would go on to win the middleweight title during the year, and a newspaper loss to Billy Miske, did not help in his effort. After that setback though, Greb would win his next 52 fights in a row. During that stretch, he beat future light heavyweight champion Mike McTigue, heavyweight contenders Billy Miske, Mike Gibbons, Bill Brennan, Jeff Smith, Leo Houck 3 times, and Battling Levinsky no less than four times during that stretch (6 times altogether) in newspaper decisions. Levinsky was the reigning light heavyweight champion at the time.

Vision problems
In 1921, during a fight with tough light heavyweight Kid Norfolk (real name William Ward), he was thumbed in the right eye, which is believed to have resulted in a retinal tear. The injury would eventually lead to permanent blindness. Greb fought on admirably, winning via ten-round newspaper decision and finally getting a shot at the middleweight title. It is commonly believed that Greb completely lost sight in the eye after his fifth bout with Bob Roper, after which it took almost two months to recover and he was seen in a hospital with patches over both eyes. Incredibly, he kept the injury a secret from all but his wife and closest friends, fooling physicians during pre-fight physicals by memorizing the order of the letters on the eye chart (Greb would later lose some vision in his left eye and his gradual loss of sight led him to always go to bed with the light on).

Greb vs. Tunney
On May 23, 1922, Harry Greb was matched with Gene Tunney, the undefeated American light heavyweight champion (the world title was then in the hands of Frenchman Georges Carpentier) in what would arguably end up being the defining bout of his career. In the first round Greb immediately fractured Tunney's nose in two places and then proceeded to open a deep gash over the reigning champ's left eye. According to eye-witness reports, Greb was subsequently forced to commission the referee to intermittently wipe off his bloodstained gloves with a towel. Throughout the bout, Greb would repeatedly petition the referee to stop the fight while a determined Tunney concurrently implored him to allow the contest to continue. Round after round, the beating continued with Tunney refusing to submit and even smiling during the bloodshed to keep the referee from halting the match. At the end of fifteen brutal rounds, Tunney was a bloody mess and Greb was crowned champion via unanimous decision. This was the first and only professional loss in Tunney's career, with the bout being hailed as the Fight of the Year for 1922 by the Ring Magazine.

After defending his title against Tommy Loughran, Greb granted Tunney a rematch. In a hotly disputed battle, fought at Madison Square Garden in February 1923, Tunney regained his title by a highly controversial split decision. Multiple eyewitness reports state that Greb controlled the fight and battered Tunney, cutting him and rocking him from punches on more than one occasion. But Tunney was able to fight back unlike in the first encounter and at some points was competitive with Greb. The crowd booed heavily when Tunney was announced as the winner.

The two men would meet three more times, with Tunney successfully defending his regained title in another fifteen round bout and then fighting to a no decision newspaper draw, where most newspapers had Greb winning but referee Matt Hinkel stated he would have ruled a draw, so the record books have it that way. The fifth battle was reminiscent of the first fight in their series, except this time it was Tunney bludgeoning Greb for the duration of the bout. According to Tunney, near the end of the match while the two fighters were locked in a clinch, Greb straightforwardly asked Tunney not to knock him out. Tunney reputedly acquiesced to this request and later acknowledged the incident as the highest tribute he received in his career, stating "Here was one of the greatest fighters of all time laying down his shield, admitting defeat and knowing I would not expose him". Tunney would go on to beat Jack Dempsey for the heavyweight title. Greb remained the only man ever to have beaten Tunney, and the latter would be among the pall-bearers at Greb's funeral.

Middleweight champion
One month after losing his light heavyweight title to Tunney, Greb set his sights on middleweight champion Johnny Wilson; however, when Wilson's manager Marty Killelea refused to offer him the bout Greb reportedly devised an ingenious solution. He apparently paid a few speakeasy waiters in Pittsburgh and New York to serve him water in colored tumblers, and then proceeded to feign intoxication in a highly theatrical spectacle. When Killelea witnessed one of these performances, he assumed Greb was ripe for the taking and hurriedly arranged for the bout to take place. On August 31, 1923, Greb faced Wilson for the world middleweight title, winning a workmanlike 15-round decision in what would be nothing short of a roughhouser battle. When referee Jack O'Sullivan stepped in to separate the fighters during a particular rough clinch, he incredulously asked Greb what he thought he was doing, to which Greb responded, "Gouging Johnny in the eye, can't you see?" Greb would grant Wilson a rematch on January 18, 1924, in Madison Square Garden, winning another 15-round decision.

Greb vs. Walker
Greb's most notable defense of the title was against reigning world welterweight champion, Mickey Walker, in July 1925 at the Polo Grounds in New York. Most pundits and even Walker himself believed that Greb would have trouble making the 160 lb weight limit, but when it was reported that Greb weighed in at 157 1/2 lbs he was inserted as the 9–5 odds favorite. During the first few rounds of the battle, Walker came out attacking Greb to the body as the defending champion apparently tried to stave off cramps in both his legs. The middle rounds saw Greb starting to relax and control the pace of the bout while Walker was still able to land some eye-catching combinations. The championship rounds were all Greb, who during the 14th round, attempted to knock out a tiring Walker by overwhelming him with a torrid onslaught of punches. Walker was able to withstand the assault, and Greb was awarded a unanimous decision by the judges and retained the championship. Walker, a great fighter who would win the middleweight title the following year, relayed years later a tale that he stumbled upon Greb at a nightclub after their fight, and, according to the legend, the two fought an impromptu rematch there. According to some reports, Greb easily won the spontaneous rematch while the general consensus maintains that Walker landed a sucker punch on Greb that knocked him out cold. According to Walker himself, the two were sitting down discussing their fight over a drink when Walker made a comment stating that he felt had it not been for Greb thumbing him in the eye, he would have won the fight. The heavily intoxicated Greb took great offense to this and jumped to his feet to fight. As he was struggling to take off his jacket, Walker seized the moment and landed a vicious uppercut that would have knocked out anyone, but not Greb. The two fought and ended up outside where several friends of each separated the men.

Later career
At 32, a shopworn Greb was years past his best when he was matched with tricky southpaw Tiger Flowers (who was a one-year junior of Greb) in Madison Square Garden in February 1926. Flowers, a defensive specialist, countered the Smoke City Wildcat's attacks well and won a disputed decision after fifteen rounds to annex Greb's middleweight title. Flowers beat Greb again in their rematch six months later, on an even more controversial decision, with the fans storming the ring in protest of the outcome. Greb later stated, "Well, that was one fight I won if I ever won any", referring to what would end up to be the last battle of a legendary career.

Personal life
Harry Greb married Mildred Catherine Reilly on January 19, 1919, in Epiphany Church. They had one child.

Retirement and death
Greb retired following the second Flowers loss and relayed to a friend that he planned on opening a gym in downtown Pittsburgh. In September 1926, he had his right eye removed and replaced with a glass prosthesis. Having declined a job as Jack Dempsey's sparring partner in preparation for Dempsey-Tunney I (Greb declaring: "I'd feel like a burglar taking Jack's money. Nobody can get him in good enough condition to whip Gene"), Greb checked into an Atlantic City clinic for surgery to repair damage to his nose and respiratory tract caused by his ring career and several car crashes. However, complications occurred and he died of heart failure on October 22, 1926, at 2:30 pm. Greb was buried at Calvary Cemetery in his hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Legacy
Greb is remembered for his indomitable fighting spirit and the will to face all viable opposition despite assumed disadvantages. Especially laudable was his willingness to box highly skilled African-American fighters that included Jack Blackburn, Kid Norfolk and Tiger Flowers in an era when many white boxers refused to do so.

In total, Greb faced 16 Hall of Famers, more than any other boxer. Greb fought them a combined total of 48 times during his career, going 32–11–5 against men who would later be defined as all-time greats. These Hall of Famers include Jack Blackburn, who got in as a trainer, not a fighter. In 1919 alone, he fought 45 fights and went 45–0, a feat that is extremely unlikely to be repeated given the current trajectory taken by modern boxers.

Greb was enshrined in the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1955, the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1970, the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1980, and the International Boxing Hall of Fame as a first-class inductee in 1990.

Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.

Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.

Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.

title: Harry Greb


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Bataille

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Hi Wegalu, on Political position ranking of the People's Republic of China, could you clarify what the types are? No one is quite sure what they mean. Thanks, OCNative 09:22, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images

This page gives an overview of how images are used in Wikipedia; for more information, see Image use policy and see Help:Files on how to upload and include an image.

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See WP:Extended image syntax for further features and options. If the image does not display after you have carefully checked the syntax, it may have been blacklisted.

VR photographs
To display VR photographs (aka 360-degree panoramas or photospheres), use PanoViewer.

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- -). -  -.

Portrait
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Inline images
produces   This  is an inline image. produces   This  is an inline image with a border.
 * Substituting  for   produces an "inline" image. For example,
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Making images yourself
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Finding images on the Internet
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Editing images

An image's utility or quality may be improved by cropping (to focus on the relevant portion), cleaning up scanning artifacts, correcting color balance, removing red-eye effect, or other adjustments.

The caption of an image should mention such edits (e.g. introduction of false color or pseudocolor) if a reader needs to know about them to properly interpret the image.

Edits that improve the presentation without materially altering the content need not be mentioned in the caption e.g. rotation to correct a slightly crooked image, improvement to the contrast of a scan, or blurring a background to make the main subject more prominent. (However, all changes to images taken from outside sources should be noted on the image's description page. For images created by editors themselves, changes which could have been part of the image's original composition—such as rotation or minor cropping—need not be mentioned on the description page.)

Images should not be changed in ways that materially mislead the viewer. For example, images showing artworks, faces, identifiable places or buildings, or text should not be reversed (although those showing soap bubbles or bacteria might be). Do not change color integral to the subject, such as in images of animals. It is usually appropriate to de-speckle or remove scratches from images, though that might be inappropriate for historical photographs.

An image that was originally published as a monochrome image, such as black-and-white or sepia photographs, should not usually be colorized. Adding color to such an image constitutes original research. Images that were colorized by their creator, an expert, or a reliable source may sometimes be acceptable.

AI upscaling software should generally not be used to increase the resolution or quality of an old or low-resolution image. Original historical images should always be used in place of AI upscaled versions. If an AI-upscaled image is used in an article, this fact should be noted in its caption.

For assistance in editing images, try WP:Graphics Lab.

Uploading images
Logged in users with autoconfirmed accounts (meaning at least four days old and at least ten edits at the English Wikipedia) can upload media to the English Wikipedia. free licensed media, fair use media, may be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. Media on Wikimedia Commons can be linked to in the same way as media of the same name on Wikipedia. To upload media to the English Wikipedia, go to special:upload and for Wikimedia Commons, go to commons:special:upload. For preferred file formats, see: Preparing images for upload.

Image description pages
Each image has a corresponding description page, which documents the image's source, author and copyright status; descriptive (who, what, when, where, why) information; and technical (equipment, software, etc.) data useful to readers and later editors.

To maximize the utility and educational value of an image, please describe its contents as fully as possible on the image's description page. For example, photographs of artwork benefit from documentation of the artist, title, location, dates, museum identification numbers, and so on. Images that are described only in vague terms (for example, "a cuneiform tablet" or "a medieval manuscript") are often less useful for Wikipedia and less informative to our readers.

Reliable sources, if any, may be listed on the image's description page. Generally, Wikipedia assumes in good faith that image creators are correctly identifying the contents of photographs they have taken. If such sources are available, it is helpful to provide them. This is particularly important for technical drawings, as someone may want to verify that the image is accurate.

Description pages for images are rediscovered by editors using the search engine and the categories. To help editors find precise images, please remember to document the image description page accordingly. Well-categorized and well-described images are more likely to be used.

Consideration of image download size
Images can greatly increase the bandwidth cost of viewing an article – a consideration for readers on slow or expensive connections. Articles carry reduced-size thumbnails instead of full images (which the user can view by "clicking through" the thumbnail) but in some file types a thumbnail's reduced dimensions doesn't translate into a concomitant reduction in file size. (In most browsers you can see a thumbnail's size by right-clicking for its "Properties".)

If one image's file size is disproportionate to those of others in the same article, you may want to reduce it by selecting a different file format:
 * GIF images with a frame size larger than 100 million pixels (measured as pixel height × pixel width × number of frames in the animation) cannot currently be displayed in thumbnail form in Wikipedia articles. A thumbnail of a GIF image can be considerably larger in kilobytes than the original image file.
 * The PNG format is useful for storing graphics that contain text, line art, or other images with sharp transitions. It can achieve the same graphical results as a GIF file, and in many cases do so with a higher rate of file compression. For this reason, PNG format files are usually preferred to the GIF format. For images with substantial editing, or for which further editing may be warranted, uploading a PNG as well as a JPEG is common (PNG is lossless compression, so repeatedly saving edits on a PNG will not result in loss of quality).
 * Animated GIF images have a few additional restrictions. Images larger than 100 million pixels (measured as pixel height × pixel width × number of frames in the animation) currently will only show the first frame of the animation in a thumbnail. When not using a GIF animation at its original frame size, consider creating an Ogg Theora movie of the animation.
 * Animated PNG images with a frame size larger than 12.5 million pixels cannot currently be displayed in thumbnail form in Wikipedia articles, a significantly lower limit than the GIF format, and is not fully supported on all browsers.
 * A JPEG or other compressed image format can be much smaller than a comparable GIF or PNG format file. When there is no apparent difference in quality, such as with a photograph that has no sharp graphical transitions, a compressed image format such as JPEG may be preferable for reasons of download performance. Wikipedia is often able to achieve much better compression of JPEG photograph thumbnails than comparable PNG images, and with little perceptible loss of quality. Repeatedly loading and resaving an image as JPEG will result in loss of quality, however, as will using low settings for the JPEG; as such, if you've made edits, it can be helpful to save a PNG or TIFF copy before closing the image editor and upload that as well; this copy can then be used to generate a new JPEG after further editing.
 * Where an image consists solely of line art, charts text and simple graphics, an SVG file can be significantly smaller than other graphics formats. This is because the data is encoded as a series of drawing commands, rather than as raster graphics. There are open source applications available for rendering graphics in SVG format. However, SVG thumbnails are rendered as PNGs.
 * Rather than including an image gallery on an article, which could add significantly to the download size, consider creating a gallery/category on the Wikimedia Commons instead.

title: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images


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User talk:Disertus

Hello Disertus, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and manual of style pages are also useful. Feel free to experiment at the Sandbox. If you have any questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You don't need to add your user name to your articles. These are recorded in the article's history automatically. Angela

title: User talk:Disertus


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Talk:IP address

Additional Reserved IPv4 Subnets Per RFC5737
The IP Address page is protected (and my English is not good enough for editing such a page) so I just like to note that there are 3 more IP addresses subnets that are reserved: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5737/

The blocks 192.0.2.0/24 (TEST-NET-1), 198.51.100.0/24 (TEST-NET-2), and 203.0.113.0/24 (TEST-NET-3) are provided for use in documentation and I think that this should be noted in a separate paragraph. 2A06:C701:4C05:C200:47E2:4FB4:F37A:C580 (talk) 21:35, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:IP address


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RAA

RAA or Raa may refer to:

RAA

 * Ralph Appelbaum Associates, museum exhibition design firms
 * Ramos Arizpe Assembly, a General Motors automobile factory in Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico
 * Reasoned action approach, a psychological theory to explain behavior
 * Reciprocal Access Agreement, a bilateral defense and security pact between Australia and Japan
 * Recreation and Amusement Association, a system of brothels set up by the Japanese government for US occupation forces
 * Recreational Aviation Australia, governing body for ultralights in Australia
 * Reductio ad absurdum, a style of logical argument or formal rule inference
 * Reeve Aleutian Airways, an airline headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska
 * Regional Airline Association
 * Requiem: Avenging Angel, a 1999 first-person shooter video game
 * Research on Armenian Architecture
 * Resource acquisition ability, a term in social psychology.
 * Right atrial appendage
 * Royal Artillery Association, an association of serving or former Royal Regiment of Artillery soldiers
 * Royal Australian Artillery, a corps in the Australian Army
 * Royal Automobile Association, of South Australia, also known as RAA
 * Ruby Application Archive
 * The Rural Alberta Advantage, a Canadian indie band
 * Riksantikvarieämbetet, the Swedish National Heritage Board
 * Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, another name for the renin–angiotensin system

Raa

 * Raa, Rā or Tama-nui-te-rā, the personification of the sun in Māori mythology
 * Raa (film), a 2001 Telugu film
 * Raa (surname)
 * Raa Atoll, an administrative division of the Maldives
 * Raa, the fourth consonant of the Thaana abugaida used in Dhivehi

title: RAA


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Talk:German submarine U-487

U-459 or U-487?
The article talks about U-459, but the title refers to U-487. Which one is being discussed? - Molinari 21:52 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * D'oh! --the Epopt 23:11 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:German submarine U-487


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Herbert Crossley

Herbert Crossley (5 May 1901 – 15 November 1921) was a heavyweight boxing contender against Gene Tunney on 5 September 1921, shortly after arriving in the United States from England. Crossley died from pneumonia and sepsis on 15 November 1921 at the age of 20.

title: Herbert Crossley


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Bruce Farr

Bruce Kenneth Farr (born 1949 in Auckland) is a New Zealand designer of racing and cruising yachts. Farrdesigned boats have won, challenged for, or placed highly in the Whitbread Round the World Race, America's Cup, and Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, among others.

Farr's services to yacht design were recognised in the 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours, when he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He currently lives near Annapolis, Maryland, USA.

Early boats
Farr began building boats at the age of 13 near Warkworth north of Auckland. His first boats were plywood hard chine Moth class designs. He later designed and built variants of Cherubs and especially Flying 18s. His early designs were built in plywood with a focus on light weight and good planing shapes. By his late teens he was designing small lightweight keel boats that were successful on the race course.

He first achieved acclaim as a sailboat designer in the highly competitive 18ft Skiff class, popular in Australia and New Zealand. Farr designs won the 18 ft Skiff Giltinan World title several times in the early 70s.

Ocean racing
Boats designed by Farr Yacht Design competed in every Whitbread Round the World Race after 1981, and won the 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998 races. The first Bruce Farr yacht in the Whitbread Race was the Farr-designed Ceramco New Zealand, which competed in the 1980 Whitbread Race and won the Sydney to Hobart the same year. Farr's design proved exceedingly fast, and Ceramco New Zealand would have won the Round the World Race, save for an unfortunate dismasting on the first leg, a trans-Atlantic crossing. The deltas for the rest of the legs would have put Ceramco New Zealand 30 hours ahead of her next competitor. This yacht was helmed and captained by New Zealand's most famous yachtsman Sir Peter Blake.

Farr designed the 58-foot yacht which came to be known as Maiden, with the first all-female crew in the 1989–90 Whitbread Round the World Race, skippered by Tracy Edwards MBE. The yacht had previously been skippered by South African Bertie Reed in the 1986-87 BOC single-handed challenge. Maiden is still active in 2018.

In 2001 the event was renamed the Volvo Ocean Race. The Farr Yacht Design-designed Illbruck Challenge was victorious in 2002. Farr's Volvo Ocean Race boats fared less well in 2006 as all four of his designs experienced problems after various failures in their Farr-designed keel canting mechanisms, including an abandonment of the yacht Movistar which was unable to prevent the flow of water through the keel box and, to this day, lies on the ocean floor, unrecovered.

Farr's Volvo Ocean 65 was the first ever One-Design selected for the Volvo Ocean Race, for the 2014-15 race, and again in the 2017-18 edition.

Farr is the most successful designer of winners of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, having designed 15 overall winners between 1945 and 2003.

Cookson Boatworks developed a new 50' design, using the Farr office to collaborate, called the Cookson 50. Irish-owned yacht Chieftain, conceived, developed and constructed in 2005 at Cookson's in New Zealand, was the overall winner of the 2007 Rolex Fastnet race. Shortly after it was launched, Chieftain finished 5th at Australia's Hamilton Island Race Week, then won class in the 2005 Rolex Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.

Chieftain competed in all of the 2006 season Royal Ocean Racing Club races and won class in the Round Ireland, won overall in Round Britain and Ireland Races, was awarded Boat of the Year in Ireland in 2006, and finished as the overall winner of the Rolex Fastnet Race.

America's Cup
Farr is also a designer of America's Cup competitors, including New Zealand's entries in 1986 (co-designed with Ron Holland and Laurie Davidson) and 2000, and Larry Ellison's United States's BMW Oracle Racing Challenger in 2003 (accepted as Challenger of Record for the 2007 Cup). Farr's design Young America (USA-36) proved faster than the other American sailed yachts, but was unsuccessful in defending the Cup in the 1995 Finals, losing 0–5 to a Davidson designed Black Magic of New Zealand, led by the late Sir Peter Blake.

Among the most impressive of Farr's design boats was the 90-foot-long KZ-1, the Michael Fay-sponsored boat brought forth to challenge the San Diego Yacht Club immediately following their gaining the cup in 1987. The challenge was unusual in that it did not allow the host yacht club the conventional three to four years to prepare for the event, nor did the challenging boat adhere to the 12-metre class design that the America's Cup had been contested in for thirty-five years, nor did it allow time for other international challengers and defenders to participate. The unconventional challenge was answered with an unconventional defence, and the entire episode serves as an excellent case study on how the process of yacht racing can be mired in the legal system when America's Cup participants radically depart from the spirit of the rules. Farr sailed on the boat during the 1988 America's Cup.

Cruising yachts
Farr's cruising yachts have been sold and sailed the world around. His production designs (mass-produced as opposed to custom) have been produced by a variety of yacht manufacturers including Cookson Boats, Carroll Marine, Beneteau, Concordia, Baltic, and Nauta.

Some of the larger cruising luxury yachts Farr has designed include Bavaria, Mirabella, Philanderer, Sojana, and the two Southern Wind-built 100 footers: Farewell and Farandwide.

Designs

 * Bavaria Cruiser 40 (2011)
 * Beneteau 34.7
 * Beneteau 44 CC
 * Beneteau 57
 * Beneteau 62
 * Beneteau First 40.7
 * Farr 3.7
 * Farr 30
 * Farr B30
 * Farr 35
 * Farr 37
 * Farr 38
 * Farr 50 Pilot House
 * Farr 5000
 * Farr 6000
 * Farr 7500
 * Laser 28
 * Farr 1020
 * Farr 1220
 * Farr 727
 * Farr 920
 * Farr 1104
 * Farr 9.2
 * Grand Soleil Maxi One
 * Ceramco NZ
 * Steinlager 2
 * Fisher & Paykel
 * NZ Endeavour
 * Noelex 30
 * NZI Enterprise
 * Jenny H
 * Disque D'or
 * Farr MRX
 * Atlantic Privateer
 * UBS Switzerland
 * Farr Phase 4
 * The Card
 * Merit
 * Maiden
 * Brindabella
 * Yamaha
 * Intrum Justitia
 * Winston
 * La Poste
 * Merit Cup
 * Sun Odyssey 51
 * Sun Odyssey 52.2
 * Tokio
 * Tag Heuer
 * Mumm 36
 * Ragamuffin
 * Beneteau First 42S7
 * Sayonara
 * Farr 44
 * Beneteau First 45F5
 * Flash Gordon
 * Farr 40
 * Cookson 12
 * Gerontius

title: Bruce Farr


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User talk:Ebruchez

Hello there Ebruchez, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. MB 22:07 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I've replied on my talk page. Dysprosia 08:00, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Mascagni page
Respectfully I disagree with you per sources found. Opera Glass at Stanford University is widely recognized as an excellent web source for historical records on operas. In addition, with, at least the last opera's mention in Opera News, I can not see both sources being wrong on this point. I have posted a note at the opera wikiproject.Nrswanson (talk) 06:02, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds fine to me. Thanks for your work. You might want to mention that some sources have reported in error that they were actual completed works.Nrswanson (talk) 18:19, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You may also want to drop a note at the discussion on this page: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Opera.Nrswanson (talk) 18:47, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Good suggestion, I have added a note at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Opera.Ebruchez (talk) 06:45, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ebruchez


text:
User talk:Jubal

Hello there Jubal, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. MB 22:07 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jubal


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Talk:Saffir–Simpson scale

scale colors?
Out of curiosity, does someone know where did the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale color scheme start out? for example, http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/atlantic/

the current article (as of sept. 28) uses an alternative scale coloring scheme (white, yellow, orange, red)

The Colors
I’ve noticed that the colors for the categories have changed, like how red now represents category 4 cyclones and how purple represents category 5. Any particular reason for this? Just curious. Infinitive01 (talk) 22:01, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * There is a very lengthy discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Weather. In short, though, we needed to make the colors more distinct from each other, especially for colorblind people. TornadoLGS (talk) 22:08, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * why are we not in a tornado alley 69.24.214.12 (talk) 22:59, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Please change the colors back to where they were. If the colors are not Changed back, I will have to consider this an Act of Vandalism and will have to report it.

Nobody, And i mean NOBODY asked for these changes,Don't act like it isn't true, It IS.

So please do the right thing, The Smart thing, and change them back, Otherwise it will be reported. GhostHunter94 (talk) 05:10, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * the old color scheme is no longer an option. There's an ongoing discussion on the currently accepted version and possibly changing it, but the old scale could not be kept for accessibility reasons. You're more than welcome to waste your time and report it tho. ~ Cyclonebiskit (chat) 05:17, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * YES IT COULD.
 * But now that you've wrongfully ignored us in the Majority that wished to keep it, I'll have no choice but to report you and anyone in the Minority who act like it needed to happen, when it didnt.
 * This Unacceptable, and somebody BETTER change it back, NOW. GhostHunter94 (talk) 17:13, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Bro GhostHunter94 the smart thing is not making it inaccessible and possibly causing death through misinformation and nobody but you cares about the change in a negative light. 80.0.214.105 (talk) 16:28, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * the new purple color is actually better, in my opinion. 184.67.166.254 (talk) 18:12, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * it should be noted, that the hypothetical hurricane wiki still uses the old colors. though that wiki is NONSENSE! 184.67.166.254 (talk) 18:11, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

Unless you guys out up alert notices (like merger banners), there's no way most people will have any clue where that discussion is happening. Or even that such a discussion exists. I think it's unfair that those new colors were pushed through without much feedback. I've seen a lot of anger on Twitter over the new colors, too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JirenOverload (talk • contribs) 02:44, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * We have had a lot of discussion and feedback about the colours and at the end of the day, the old colour scheme did not work for people who have accessibility problems. However, there is a further discussion going on at the moment about the colours.Jason Rees (talk) 11:08, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

I also agree that the colors should be reverted back to how they were before as the maps don't match. At least make things consistant for readers so they don't get confused. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 16:06, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * There was an extremely long RfC discussion, where members of not just WikiProject Weather, but also Wikipedia in general, commented and participated. The consensus and majority, which has to be respected and honored in this case, agreed to change the colors to better support color blindness. I know you as well as some other don’t like the change, but the majority was actually in support of these changes. A while ago, someone way smarter and more experienced told me:

 * If you disagree with a consensus, which you did not participate in, you have 2 options. 1) Get over it and learn to live with it or 2) read the entire consensus-giving discussion (all comments) and if you have a policy-based reason, which was not mentioned in the discussion (aka not considered in the discussion), you can open a new discussion, which is based strictly on policy and not opinions.

 * That said, the amount of people who commented and participated in the color discussion basically mean all avenues were covered. One could have been missed though. I will note, opening a discussion based on a I just don’t like it style of argument, or on a repeat of a topic covered in the previous discussion is generally considered to be disruptive and not helpful. Hopefully that helps. Cheers! The Weather Event Writer (Talk Page) 16:15, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

 * In my humble opinion, the maps are a major issue. I won't start up a new discussion to go against changing the colors back, but if it's meant to help the colorblind then these maps are rendered useless. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 16:23, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

"Tropical storm" and "Tropical depression" definitions
In the table at the top of the page, there is defined a "Tropical storm" as being > 18 m/s, and a "Tropical depression" as being ≤ 17 m/s. I have not found any references that define Tropical storm and Tropical depression that way, and definitely not in the articles on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Where have these come from, and can someone find references for these definitions? Richard n 13:50, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Update: found it: pd01006004curr.pdf (noaa.gov). Richard n  12:45, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Adding Ian
Ian was the third most damaging Atlantic Hurricane on record, only behind Harvey and Katrina. It definitely deserves some spot on this list. ✶Mitch 199811  ✶  18:56, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Nope Ian does not deserve a spot as it didnt make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane, as the rule of thumb has been that a system has to both peak and make landfall at the same intensity before it is listed. This is why Katrina isnt included.Jason Rees (talk) 02:00, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

Possible additional source for the section on proposed extensions
The growing inadequacy of an open-ended Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in a warming world, a study by Wehner and Kossin, is currently seeing a lot of media coverage for its findings that a Category 6 is increasingly justified. 166.181.82.178 (talk) 00:46, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Proposed Intuitive Color scheme
This is my proposed color scheme for the Saffir-Simpson scale. Any opinions and suggestions?

INFIYNJTE (talk) 16:19, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, I like it, but the color scheme will not change anytime soon. From 2021 to 2023, there was a very (very) long debate and discussion pertaining to the tropical storm and tornado color schemes on Wikipedia. For reference, the page linked there, aka the archived discussions about it, is 629,000 bytes (characters) long. Basically, the color scheme is, in complete actuality, permanent to what it is now due to that very long 2-3 year discussion. The Weather Event Writer (Talk Page) 16:31, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * understood INFIYNJTE (talk) 16:42, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose: I think the old color scheme looks better; and doesn’t blend in as much. West Virginia WXeditor (talk) 01:03, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * There needs to be at least some blue or green for tropical depression/storm. Otherwise I oppose. West Virginia WXeditor (talk) 01:07, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Alright. Added a better color scheme to my proposal. INFIYNJTE (talk) 03:25, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose due to the already lengthy color debate that settled on the current scheme. TornadoLGS (talk) 02:05, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the color for category 5 as purple is counterintuitive. The color for the other categories are fine. INFIYNJTE (talk) 03:10, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok I made some changes. I think the current color scheme is counterintuitive although it is good visually. Hence, I propose a more intuitive version.
 * Category 1,2,3,4, TS, and TD can stay the same, but Category 5 should change to a darker red because it signifies it is very dangerous. INFIYNJTE (talk) 18:31, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * If you are seriously proposing a change it would have to be handled at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Weather. That being said, I am rather opposed to this because we already went through a long, arduous, and contentious process when we changed the colors in 2022. TornadoLGS (talk) 18:37, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I know you want to make new proposals and such, and I don't want to stop you or anything like that, but honestly, nothing you propose is going to be added. The color-discussion to get the current tropical cyclone/tornado colors took over two years. The colors were changed to better fit colorblindness. In all reality, that consensus will not change, given it involved dozens of editors and so much time and effort. I would recommend scrolling through the discussion itself, as pretty much every combination was discussed and looked at. There is a chance your exact proposal or something almost identical to it was directly voted on and/or discussed in the discussion.
 * As another smaller point, consensus can change, however, any new discussions need to have new evidence not previously discussed to convince editors why X consensus should be looked at/overturned. Given how long and detailed the discussion is, a smaller post like this isn't going to change that consensus. The Weather Event Writer (Talk Page) 18:42, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Alright, then I will drop my proposal. The other thing took a long time and required rigorous revision to make it color-blind friendly, and that is more important than intuitive color schemes.
 * Hence, I'm dropping my proposal indefinitely. INFIYNJTE (talk) 19:20, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saffir–Simpson scale