text:
User talk:StAkAr Karnak

Your edit to Vulcan (Star Trek)
Hi! I just wanted to say many many great thanks for your edits to Vulcan (Star Trek). You filled in quite a number of details that I didn't know about or wasn't sure about. Thanks! I really appreciate your work! — Timwi 17:21, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Missing pictures for DS9 characters
Hey, thanks for the comment. I found some pictures for Klingon, Cardassian, Breen, and Vorta. I like the Martok one the best. I can't find a better Breen picture. They are as illusive on the internet as they are on Star Trek. What is your favourite DS9 episode? EDGE 02:36, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * I was thinking of asking how you got such high quality screen grabs, but now I know. :-)

 * My top 3 DS9s in random order:

 * * Far Beyond the Stars
 * * In the Pale Moonlight
 * * Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges

 * Other favorites in random order:
 * * Rocks and Shoals
 * * The Siege of AR-558
 * * It's Only a Paper Moon
 * * Trials and Tribbleations
 * * Once More Into the Breach
 * * What You Leave Behind
 * * Past Tense I & II
 * * Rapture

 * --StAkAr Karnak 02:56, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Changes to Spock's Brain
Hello,

Yes, I understand when someone does something like 'deletes a table someone worked hard on' it would piss that person off, for that I am sorry, but I deleted it, not because I thought it was ugly, I deleted it because I thought it was unecessary for the most part.

I decided to put synopses in for all the TOS Star Treks since there were only a few here now, and I was trying to keep them in the same "general format", with a line or two at the the top about the episode air date, episode number, and who wrote and directed it. I know what you had in mind, but I can tell you, I am not about to make a cell table off to the side containing a bunch of additional information like that for all 76 episodes of TOS.

I read your revision and you suggested the table could be something to put in for all of them ... I think it's more work than it's worth.

However, one thing that both really sucks about Wikipedia, and at the same time kicks ass about Wikipedia, is you can always go in and make changes to whatever you want. Looks like some people here are mature enough to deal with it, while others are babies and cry about it. I've encountered both kinds. That said, if you want the table returned to the page, and tables just like it on every TOS episode page, then by all means go right ahead and put them in yourself. I'm not about to.

Cyberia23 Oct 3 2004 12:16 PM EST

How To Edit A Star Trek Page etc
Why did you create a page about editing Wikipedia in the main namespace? This seems to me like something that would fit perfectly as the basis for a WikiProject. Would you mind if I moved it to say, WikiProject Star Trek? Ambi 03:00, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks - moved. You might want to add a link to it in the appropriate place at WikiProject and give it a bit of advertising! :) Ambi 03:08, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Changing page titles
Don't copy and paste, use the "Move" button up the top. Hope this helps :) Enjoy your stay on Wikipedia. If you need more help, leave a message on my talk page. - Ta bu shi da yu 12:57, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Descriptive log entries
Can I ask you to try and be more descriptive in your log entries? People do read them, especially if they see a substantial part of an article removed. It's not really obvious from "Misc." that you were going to move the content in Borg elsewhere. Thanks. Rl 21:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Unproduced Episodes of TOS
Hi, I noticed you put in the "lost" episodes of TOS on the TOS episode list page. Would you happen to know any webpage that might have the lost scripts? If so I could write a synopsis for them. Thanks Cyberia23 22:10, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Re: Lynch Surname
Actually, Lynch is a surname of Anglo-Norman origin. Lynch is the form used on several Irish surnames that sound similar to Lynch but are actually something else entirely. Fergananim May 30th 2005.

Hello, Fergananim again; sorry for being so long in getting back to you - next time leave me a very curt note on my site and I will be suitably swift and apolgetic!

Now, to wit: Simply because a person is named John Lynch, it does not mean that we can take his surname's orgins as a given. We may call the person concerned Irish (and rightly so). However, the name itself may be of a number of origins.

Firstly, the surname Lynch was originally de Lynch or de Linch, soon de-prefixed as Linche or Lynch. The spelling is irrelivant as most people up to the late 1800's could not read or write and in any case there was no standard manner of spelling.

This was a surname of Anglo-Norman origin. By that I mean the form "de .." was Norman-French, the world Lynch indicating the place of orign of the person concerned, apparently somewhere in Norman-occupied England. I am still trying to figure out what the name means but the de form demonstrates it was a place. To put it more simply: today's version would be John de New York, John de Seattle and so forth.

Now in Ireland, there were at least three families prior to the Norman arrival who had names which were later bastardised to Lynch. Two unrelated families of the same name were located at opposite ends of Ireland, one in Ulster (what are now co.'s Cavan, Down and Armagh and a second in Munster (in what are now countys Cork, Kerry, Tipperary and Waterford). A third one was located in Connacht (coutys Mayo, Galway, Clare). Their surname was Ó Loingsigh, and it is in these areas that the highest preponderence of bearers of the name Lynch are found in Ireland.

I emphasise that there were at least three of them; Lynch has quite a wide geographical spread in Ireland, so O Loingsigh and varient surnames must have being quite popular in Gaelic Ireland. Think of it as one of their equlivants of the likes of Smith, Jones, Wilson, etc.

There is no indication that any of these geographicly distinct Gaelic septs were related, no more than we would say all Smiths are of the one family. It just happened to be a popular name; for example there are at least nine distint Kelly septs in Ireland, and none of them are related.

Now, how they became Lynch: Ireland was anglacised. Irish ceased to be the common language of everyday use, so names that sounded like the Irish ones were used. Remember, the ruleing and administrative classes were most English with barely two words of Irish. They would be terribly confused by all these strange, barbaric names, and so simply gave them an English name that sounded like the Gaelic original, both in everyday speech and in the written record. Lynch was that name.

The exact same thing happened time and time again at Ellis Island, to cite a recent example.

In fact there was only one family of the name de Lynch or Lynch living in Ireland, and they were in Galway. Just to make matters worse yet another sept named O Loinsigh were found in Galway and when they dropped the O they too became Lynch. Some O Loinsigh did become Lynskey which though it sounds Polish is actually a better phonetic pronounciation of the orignal surname.

So in short, just because a person is named John Lynch it does not mean too much. His nationality is Irish, his first name is Semitic and his surname is that of a place name in England. Conversely, someone name Sean O'Loinsigh might actually be a descendant of a de Lynch without knowning it!

This is the case with many, many Irish surnames as English is the language used by the majority of Irish people in everyday speech, and in any case most people the world over know little enough about their names or family origins. Most get them off the back of a family coat of arms (sic) backage and assume that because they have the same name it must be their family too (duh!).

Some Irish people might have a name (and some genetic background) that owes nothing to Gaelic Ireland yet still be Irish people. Think about people such as Charles Stewart Parnell, Padraig Pearse, Gerry Adams, Eamonn de Valera, Mary Robinson, Garrett FitzGerald, Paul Hewson (Bono), and many others. As you will see in the section Irish name, some of these people use Irish versions of their names, even though the original form of their name has no Irish at all! (Gerard, Eamonn, Padraig and Mary are not Irish names in origin). Complicated, huh?

You might want to check out Irish name and Family name (Ireland) to see what I'm on about. I plan to add a little more information there to give people an idea just how far away current anglicized forms are from the Irish originals, and indeed the other way around!

Sorry for taking up so much space here. I hope I've clarified matters somewhat for you ... or at least confused you in a very interesting manner! Slan, agus tog go bog e! Fergananim

Re: Lynch. Not a bad idea. Maybe I should work it into a stub or short article. Cheers. Fergananim

Re: Kree Infobox

 * Sorry to see you removed my infobox because you felt it was "non-standard". I was going for something similar to the box on the Klingon page. The Trek pages have these boxes for their interstellar powers, and I thought it might be nice to apply the same idea to Marvel aliens. Oh, well.

I wouldn't object if: SoM 22:46, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The relevant information exists (kind of a "duh", but I'm not sure Marvel's ever gone into alien society in detail - especially in things like currency, etc - the way Trek does. I don't think just grabbing a Trek box will do much good)
 * 2) The box fitted the style of the other WP:CMC boxes.
 * 3) You give notice at WP:CMC
 * 4) You template it rather than sticking all the Wikicode in every time. It makes editing the box info a hundred times more difficult than a template

Klingon Special Operations
Can you look at Klingon Special Operations or have someone else from the Star Trek wikiproject look at it? It needs a lot of cleaning up.--Rachack 05:18, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Star Trek survey
Hello. You seem interested in Star Trek material. Please see my Non-canon Star Trek survey. Thanks. — J I P | Talk 09:42, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Mr. Spock reorganization
Hey, thanks for your efforts reorganizing the Mr. Spock article—it needed the initiative! - Ringbang 14:18, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Combadge
Is this: what you are looking for? --AllyUnion (talk) 22:03, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Which do you like better?
Star Wars or Star Trek? You can see what I prefer. The Wookieepedian 09:51, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * They each have their strengths.

 * With Star Trek, I like that many of the episodes are morality tales that enable us to look at an issue from a fresh perspective. I also like that the aliens are (to me at least) iconic.  Vulcans = logic, Klingons = aggression, honor.  Ferengi = capitalism.  And so on.

 * With Star Wars, everyone involved seems to take pride in their work and the overall quality of stories is higher. There is a lot more money behind it, so it looks better too.  I also like the Expanded Universe - I am not tempted to read Star Trek novels, etc, because they don't 'matter' in the overall tapestry like they do with Star Wars.

 * This is all my opinion. It's nice to have a variety of SF to choose from.--StAkAr Karnak 12:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Image:Uatubust.JPG has been listed for deletion

 * If you downloaded it from a website, the exact URL you got it from needs to be on the image page for verification -Nv8200p talk 22:21, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Aleta

 * Please do not add additional meanings of "Aleta" to Aleta Ogord. That was the whole point of moving Ms. Ogord to her own page and starting a disambiguation on the main Aleta entry.--StAkAr Karnak 13:25, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

If I read you right, you're unhappy with the addition of the "fictional heroines" category. I did not add that category; I had merely fixed its capitalization. From the article history, it appears you should talk to Dimadick, who added Category:Fictional Heroines initially, then added the correctly-capitalized (but apparently undesirable) Category:Fictional heroines tag after you removed it. I hope this helps. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 19:10, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:CapitalVulcan.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Hordak.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Hordak.JPG. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Temporal Cold War
I think there's an NPOV issue on Temporal Cold War. An anonymous editor has been adding what I feel is personal commentary to the Controversy section. Since you've commented on that Talk page, I was wondering if you could take a look. I've changed it once and reverted once, and I don't like further reverting without editor consensus. The paragraph in question is under an NPOV-section template, and the discussion is at the bottom of the Talk page.--MikeJ9919 02:24, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

The opening credits of The Cosby Show
(replies on this page please)

A few months back you added the afd1 template to the above article for a second nomination, but it seems somewhat messed up and as far as I can tell you didn't ever complete the nomination by creating the Afd page or listing the article on Afd. Can you please either remove the Afd template or properly complete the nomination? If you haven't done so in a few days I'll go ahead and remove the broken template from the article. -- Hirudo 06:39, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * IIRC, I was somewhat confused when attempting to nominate the article, and hoped someone who knew what they were doing would fix it. The information has been incorporated into the list of episodes page, so the article is redundant.  I don't have the time right now to fiddle with the page and figure out what's what, so if you could complete the nomination, it would be immensely helpful.--StAkAr Karnak 16:37, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll see what I can do. I'm not familiar with how to do second nominations myself. -- Hirudo 18:13, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Warrior Races
Sorry about that - it was probably a mistake on my part - I didn't see the cat indicated at the bottom of the page. Go ahead and revert me with my blessings. Cheers. 155.84.57.253 13:17, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Adventure into Fear
Thanks for writing to me and asking a legitimate question. The series Adventure into Fear ran different features, including Morbius and Man-Thing. If you look at the similar series Strange Tales, which similarly ran Dr. Strange, Nick Fury, Cloak and Dagger, the Human Torch, Brother Voodoo, etc., you'll see that Wikipedia style is to consider this an article about the series, not the characters. While it talks about each character, it doesn't go into great detail about them or give lists for them, since Dr. Strange. Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., etc., each have their own articles.

I hope this helps. Happy Wiki-ing! -- Tenebrae 14:31, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Because this article is about the series, and your list is about the character who has his own article. I'm not sure why you object to putting the Morbius information in Morbius.

 * The current state of articles is one that's evolved through a lot of dedicated editors over the course of months or years. There's additionally WikiProject Comics. Consistency of style is important in an encyclopedia, and rather than re-do the plethora of existing series articles for which characters have their own entries, it makes sense to have newer articles conform to what has worked well and what consensus has created in the past.-- Tenebrae 20:40, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Stakar picture
Considering fair use images aren't allowed outside of articles (per Wikipedia's policy on fair use images), I'd like to request you take off the Stakar picture on your user page. Thanks. Kusonaga 16:04, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Star Trek
Hey there. I see you have been helping out with the Star Trek article. I tried putting it up for Peer Review (twice!) but no one commented. I was wondering what you thought about putting it up for FAC. Do you think it's worth it, or do you think that article needs more work? Just looking for some imput. Thanks, Newnam(talk) 04:58, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * If FAC stands for featured article, I don't think so. The article contains a lot of stuff that is redundant when other articles already exist to cover the material.  I have lost major concern for the future of the article, because the community consensus seems to like it the way it is. -- StAkAr Karnak 18:03, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Qmeadows.jpg
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Killraven
Thanks. I've reinserted the citation, which had appeared to be a dead link but is working now; might have been a server glitch at the twomorrows site. Good catch. -- Tenebrae 19:03, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Cedar Hill Area
East Rock Listing you did I find it amazing that the whole Cedar Hill Area was not on your list of Streets?? I have added them. Yes this area is East Rock little knowen to most people. We have a group of us trying to ix this we work with URI Greater New Haven Foundation and other city groups. We are a very active community in the East Rock District. Happypixie 24 October 2006

 * While I appreciate your enthusiasm, I consider it vandalism for you to delete content on my user page. If you are going to post comments, please do not come back and remove them.  Regarding the streets in the Cedar Hill section, I do not recall why I did not post them.  The city of New Haven has maps of what are officially considered neighborhoods here.  Lastly, please sign your post when commenting on talk pages. -- StAkAr Karnak 19:31, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

First I am new here

I wanted to add to the comment I posted and I removed it by accident I was not removing I was adding and I messed up I am sorry if that made you mad. If you dought me call URI call the town hall your link to the maps are wrong I am a member of the democatic commity of the 10th district which is East rock and yes Cedar hill is part of it. Ask anyone that know the East Rock Area. call the Police they can conmirm it to. I was not trying to offend you I was trying to fix something that was missing on your site. Which is what I thought this Wikipedia was fact. Here this was a recent meeting we had http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2006/10/post_278.php

I promise this is fact Happypixie 24 October 2006

I have just went to te map you sent me and yes w are even on your map Thank you for that link t is a great one. I am studing the history of Cedar Hil with the help of UCONN and it is a lost history but we are finding a few documen that are hidden away Happypixie 24 October 2006

 * Pixie, I encourage you in your efforts and look forward to seeing your progress. Be sure to remember to note what books or websites you get your information from at the bottom of whatever page you happen to be editing.  Wikipedia has a strict policy against original research, so all of your sources must be documented.  Out of curiousity, what is your personal connection to Cedar Hill?

 * By the way, when signing your comments, just type in four tildes "~" and it will automatically add your name with a timestamp. There's even a button on the top of the editing box that will fill in your signature for you. --StAkAr Karnak 20:46, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Thank you this place is a little hard to learn I just added the page and had wrote to them to give me a little time to set it up right. I own a house in Cedar Hill I am one of the founding member of the greenspace program here we are a growing group of people on this side of East Rock trying to clean it up and give it a better name. I am a member of the Block watch. My Uncle was Princial at Hooker school for many years (most know him) My kids gradated from there. I brought my energys that I learned from that side to this side in hopes of revitalizig it again. For all Iknow you may even know me. Watch channel 26 ctv I even have a little speach on there about my area running right now sorry again for the miss understanding darn internet is a great tool once you learn how to use it. --Happypixie 21:02, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Hi! I came upon the Cedar Hill article recently, and I think it should be merged into the East Rock category. Please discuss my proposal at Talk:East Rock (neighborhood). --orlady 23:50, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Holy Cow!!
THANK YOU!!!! sooooo Much it is great I sent the link to everyone. --Happypixie 16:28, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Image:2 37.jpg
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forum link
Forums are generally not a good thing to be linking to per WP:EL —— Eagle (ask me for help) 23:27, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Eagle 101
Im not sure what happened. I had VandalProof up with that page in the background of VP when it crashed that might have caused the problem. Sorry, I reverted. Live Long and Prosper Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 16:21, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

YouTube link
I removed it because Wikipedia is not a link farm, and current policy is to remove YouTube links unless there is a damned good reason to have such a link. --Calton | Talk 23:45, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the explanation. Could you please provide a link to the policy you cite regarding YouTube? -- StAkAr Karnak 01:19, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Try here and this template. And it's not policy, it's practice. --Calton | Talk 02:05, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The links you provided stated: Most YouTube material is unsuitable for Wikipedia because:
 * The source and legitimacy of the videos on YouTube are almost or totally impossible to determine, hence they are not reliable sources and are not verifiable (A key requirement).
 * The YouTube link would seem to be Gia Farrell's own account, since there is a professionally-produced music video there that seems to be exclusive.
 * Many videos on YouTube are of questionable copyright legitimacy, which should not be linked from Wikipedia.
 * If it is her account, it presumably has her blessing, as well as Atlantic's.
 * Since many videos are personally made, they represent original research, which Wikipedia is not in the buissiness of publishing. They may also be biased in their presentation of material.
 * Not applicable. The link was valuable to someone looking for information on this singer because access to a 'free' performance with the subject's permission aids the user in forming a complete picture of the subject - which is why they were likely looking her up to begin with. -- StAkAr Karnak 02:20, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The link was valuable to someone looking for information on this singer because access to a 'free' performance with the subject's permission

 * In other words, it falls under a different set of criteria, namely spam, ALSO verboten, since the "service" isn't valuable to the reader, it's valuable for promotion of the subject -- which leads to the next obvious question, namely whether you have a conflict of interest here. Do you? --Calton | Talk 00:33, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Thing
My apologies, that was a mistake on my part, I wasn't aware that I'd erased your edit. I meant to undo an edit that occurred prior to yours I believe and some type of mix up occurred. The edit I meant to change was in the superhero box that resulted in the removal of one of the Thing's listed powers, which is superhuman speed. It keeps getting taken out, despite the fact that the OHOTMU does list him as having some level of superhuman speed. Even though we can't use OHOTMU stats, info taken from them, provided that it hasn't been retconned, can't just be ignored. The power might be rarely used or even mentioned, but that's irrelevant. Sorry for the mix up. Odin's Beard 00:26, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Zenn-La
I think we have to remove the supposed pronounciation for Zenn-Lavians if there is no reference for it. A lot of comic book name pronounciations are open to debate not only among fans, but even among the writers (Remember when the X-movies came out how many people were upset that they said "ex-zavier" rather than "zavier"?). I'll make sure this article goes to DYK update when its turn comes. I'd prefer no little "citation needed" tags are there to detract from such a neat article. Shaundakulbara 04:21, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment! I'm sure I've seen an 'official' pronunciation given on more than one occasion, but I can't remember where.  I was hoping that someone else reading the article would know where to find the ref and plug it in.  Not a big deal. -- StAkAr Karnak 14:40, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Joachim (Star Trek)
Hi Karnak. The article Joachim (Star Trek) is currently in deletion debate. You seem to be somewhat of a comic book and sci fi expert. Perhaps you would ike to weight in on the decision? Thanks. Shaundakulbara 05:19, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * PS - I did a search for something we could reference regarding the pronounciation of "Zenn-Lavians" when we discussed it a few days ago. I came up empty. Shaundakulbara 05:22, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Fairhavenct.jpg
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Unreferenced BLPs
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Talon (Marvel Comics)

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A page you started (Krugarr) has been reviewed!
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title: User talk:StAkAr Karnak


text:
Mauna Kea Observatories

The Mauna Kea Observatories (MKO) are a group of independent astronomical research facilities and large telescope observatories that are located at the summit of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, United States. The facilities are located in a 525-acre (212 ha) special land use zone known as the "Astronomy Precinct", which is located within the 11,228-acre (4,544 ha) Mauna Kea Science Reserve. The Astronomy Precinct was established in 1967 and is located on land protected by the Historical Preservation Act for its significance to Hawaiian culture. The presence and continued construction of telescopes is highly controversial due to Mauna Kea's centrality in native Hawaiian religion and culture, as well as for a variety of environmental reasons.

The location is near ideal because of its dark skies from lack of light pollution, good astronomical seeing, low humidity, high elevation of 4,205 meter, position above most of the water vapor in the atmosphere, clean air, good weather and low latitude location.

Origin and background
Significantly predating the current observatories there is evidence of active astronomy on Mauna Kea in the 1901 Land Office Map of the Island of Hawaii showing the "Hawaii Astronomy Station" near the Mauna Kea summit.

After studying photos for NASA's Apollo program that contained greater detail than any ground-based telescope, Gerard Kuiper began seeking an arid site for infrared studies. While he first began looking in Chile, he also made the decision to perform tests in the Hawaiian Islands. Tests on Maui's Haleakalā were promising, but the mountain was too low in the inversion layer and often covered by clouds. On the "Big Island" of Hawaiʻi, Mauna Kea is considered the second-highest island mountain in the world. While the summit is often covered with snow, the air is extremely dry. Kuiper began looking into the possibility of an observatory on Mauna Kea. After testing, he discovered the low humidity was perfect for infrared signals. He persuaded Hawaiʻi Governor John A. Burns to bulldoze a dirt road to the summit where he built a small telescope on Puu Poliahu, a cinder cone peak. The peak was the second highest on the mountain with the highest peak being holy ground, so Kuiper avoided it. Next, Kuiper tried enlisting NASA to fund a larger facility with a large telescope, housing and other needed structures. NASA, in turn, decided to make the project open to competition. Professor of physics, John Jefferies of the University of Hawaii placed a bid on behalf of the university. Jefferies had gained his reputation through observations at Sacramento Peak Observatory. The proposal was for a two-meter telescope to serve both the needs of NASA and the university. While large telescopes are not ordinarily awarded to universities without well-established astronomers, Jefferies and UH were awarded the NASA contract, infuriating Kuiper, who felt that "his mountain" had been "stolen" from him. Kuiper would abandon his site (the very first telescope on Mauna Kea) over the competition and begin work in Arizona on a different NASA project. After considerable testing by Jefferies' team, the best locations were determined to be near the summit at the top of the cinder cones. Testing also determined Mauna Kea to be superb for nighttime viewing due to many factors, including the thin air, constant trade winds and being surrounded by sea. Jefferies would build a 2.24 meter telescope with the State of Hawaiʻi agreeing to build a reliable, all weather roadway to the summit. Building began in 1967 and first light was seen in 1970.

Other groups began requesting subleases on the newly accessible mountaintop. By 1970, two 24 in telescopes had been constructed by the United States Air Force and Lowell Observatory. In 1973, Canada and France agreed to build the 3.6 m CFHT on Mauna Kea. However, local organizations started to raise concerns about the environmental impact of the observatory. This led the Department of Land and Natural Resources to prepare an initial management plan, drafted in 1977 and supplemented in 1980. In January 1982, the University of Hawaiʻi Board of Regents approved a plan to support the continued development of scientific facilities at the site. In 1998, 2033 acre were transferred from the observatory lease to supplement the Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve. The 1982 plan was replaced in 2000 by an extension designed to serve until 2020: it instituted an Office of Mauna Kea Management, designated 525 acre for astronomy, and shifted the remaining 10763 acre to "natural and cultural preservation". This plan was further revised to address concern expressed in the Hawaiian community that a lack of respect was being shown toward the cultural value the mountain embodied to the region's indigenous people.

, the Mauna Kea Science Reserve has 13 observation facilities, each funded by as many as 11 countries. It is one of the world's premier observatories for optical, infrared, and submillimeter astronomy, and in 2009 was the largest measured by light gathering power. There are nine telescopes working in the visible and infrared spectrum, three in the submillimeter spectrum, and one in the radio spectrum, with mirrors or dishes ranging from 0.9 to 25 m. In comparison, the Hubble Space Telescope has a 2.4 m mirror, similar in size to the UH88, now the second smallest telescope on the mountain.

Controversies
Planned new telescopes, including the Thirty Meter Telescope, have attracted controversy due to their potential cultural and ecological impact. The multi-telescope "outrigger" extension to the Keck telescopes, which required new sites, was eventually canceled. Three or four of the mountain's 13 existing telescopes must be dismantled over the next decade with the TMT proposal to be the last area on Mauna Kea on which any telescope would ever be built.

With all the controversy, the building of telescopes has led to the creation of the Hawaii Night Sky Protection Act. As artificial light forms a light cloud above the land, the excess light disrupts the clear pictures taken by the telescopes. On July 1, 2013, the Hawaii Night Sky Protection Act was initiated, affecting both the Big Island and Maui. A large difference between the Hawaiian islands and the mainland United States can be observed: street lighting. Almost all streets are dark as the lamps have either not been built, have been removed, or have been dimmed.

Scientific discoveries
The Mauna Kea Observatories involves thirteen large telescopes. In November 2020, in collaboration with Europe's low-frequency ARray radio telescope, Mauna Kea's Gemini observatory and the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (NITF), discovered the first Super-Planet. In October, 2011, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt, and Adam G. Riess; the prize recognized their findings, based on research on supernovae at the observatories, that dark energy is a force causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate.

Management
The Reserve was established in 1968, and is leased by the State of Hawaiʻi's Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). The University of Hawaiʻi manages the site and leases land to several multi-national facilities, which have invested more than $2 billion in science and technology. The lease expires in 2033 and after that 40 of 45 square kilometers (25 of 28 square miles) revert to the state of Hawaii. Currently, pressure has been placed on the University based management. Locals never agreed to thirteen telescopes atop the mountain and demand a say in the legislation process. House Bill 2024 pushes for new stewardship on the summit. The area will be integrated in terms of management. Some land will be jurisdicted by the local community. The Bill pushes for future laws and regulations in terms of new building. As always, the cultural and environmental sites will be heavily recognized as a factor for consideration.

Location
The altitude and isolation in the middle of the Pacific Ocean makes Mauna Kea one of the best locations on Earth for ground-based astronomy. It is an ideal location for submillimeter, infrared and optical observations. The seeing statistics show that Mauna Kea is the best site in terms of optical and infrared image quality; for example, the CFHT site has a median seeing of 0.43 arcseconds.

Accommodations for research astronomers are located at the Onizuka Center for International Astronomy (often called Hale Pōhaku), 7 miles by unpaved steep road from the summit at 9300 ft above sea level.

An adjacent visitor information station is located at 9200 ft. The summit of Mauna Kea is so high that tourists are advised to stop at the visitor station for at least 30 minutes to acclimate to atmospheric conditions before continuing to the summit, and scientists often stay at Hale Pōhaku for eight hours or more before spending a full night at observatories on the summit, with some telescopes requiring observers to spend one full night at Hale Pōhaku before working at the summit.

Telescopes

Telescopes found at the summit of Mauna Kea are funded by government agencies of various nations. The University of Hawaiʻi directly administers two telescopes. In total, there are twelve facilities housing thirteen telescopes at or around the summit of Mauna Kea.

 * Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO): Caltech — closed 2015
 * Canada–France–Hawaiʻi Telescope (CFHT): Canada, France, University of Hawaiʻi
 * Gemini North Telescope: United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Chile, Australia, Argentina, Brazil
 * NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF): NASA
 * James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT): China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Canada
 * Subaru Telescope: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
 * Sub-Millimeter Array (SMA): Taiwan, United States
 * Thirty Meter Telescope, proposed for Mauna Kea, alternatively the Canary Islands
 * United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT): Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, University of Hawaiʻi, University of Arizona
 * University of Hawaiʻi 88 in telescope (UH88): University of Hawaiʻi
 * University of Hawaiʻi 36 in telescope (Hoku Kea): University of Hawaii at Hilo
 * One receiver of the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA): United States
 * W. M. Keck Observatory: California Association for Research in Astronomy

CSO, UKIRT, and Hoku Kea are scheduled for decommissioning as part of the Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan.

Opposition and protests

In Honolulu, the governor and legislature, enthusiastic about the development, set aside an even larger area for the observatory after the initial project, causing opposition on the Big Island, in the city of Hilo. Native Hawaiians (kānaka ʻōiwi) believed the entire site was sacred and that developing the mountain, even for science, would spoil the area. Environmentalists were concerned about rare native bird populations and other citizens of Hilo were concerned about the sight of the domes from the city. Using town hall meetings, Jefferies was able to overcome opposition by weighing the economic advantage and prestige the island would receive. There has been substantial opposition to the Mauna Kea observatories that continues to grow. Over the years, the opposition to the observatories may have become the most visible example of the conflict science has encountered over access and use of environmental and culturally significant sites. Opposition to development grew shortly after expansion of the observatories commenced. Once access was opened up by the roadway to the summit, skiers began using it for recreation and objected when the road was closed as a precaution against vandalism when the telescopes were being built. Hunters voiced concerns, as did the Hawaiian Audubon Society who were supported by Governor George Ariyoshi.

The Audubon Society objected to further development on Mauna Kea over concerns to habitat of the endangered Palila, a species endemic to only specific parts of this mountain. The bird is the last of the finch billed honeycreepers existing on the island. Over 50% of native bird species had been killed off due to loss of habitat from early western settlers or the introduction of non-native species competing for resources. Hunters and sportsmen were concerned that the hunting of feral animals would be affected by the telescope operations. A "Save Mauna Kea" movement was inspired by the proliferation of telescopes, with opposition believing development of the mountain to be sacrilegious. Native Hawaiian non-profit groups, such as Kahea, whose goals are the protection of cultural heritage and the environment, oppose development on Mauna Kea as a sacred space to the Hawaiian religion. The land is protected by the United States Historical Preservation Act due to its significance to Hawaiian culture, but still allowed development.

2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake
A number of the telescopes sustained minor damage during the October 15, 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake and aftershocks. JCMT was performing an inclinometry run and recorded the earthquake on its tilt sensors. Both CFHT and W. M. Keck Observatory were operational and back online by October 19.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mauna Kea Observatories


text:
Talk:Alberto Giacometti

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
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 * Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Venezia, 1962) - BEIC 6356049.jpg
 * Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Venezia, 1962) - BEIC 6363726.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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'Other legacy' section
I moved the advertising item to the end of this list, but this was reverted by with the comment "From both the perspectives both of chronology and impact, this one probably has priority." I do not agree.

I propose this section should follow the following sequence (but without these headings):

1. Works created by Giacometti

2. Major recognition of Giacometti

3. Exhibitions

4. Other

which would resequence the items in this section into the following order:

Grave of Gerda Taro

Waiting for Godot

100 Swiss franc banknote

National Portrait Gallery

Final Portrait movie

Royal Bank of Scotland advertisement

Opinions? Masato.harada (talk) 09:00, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Johnbod (talk) 11:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Would put the RBS ad above the Movie, but below the 100CHF. Otherwise fair enough. Chumpih  t 21:14, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alberto Giacometti


text:
Berghof

Berghof or Berghoff may refer to:

 * Berghof (residence), Adolf Hitler's home in the mountains of Bavaria
 * Berghof (Sölden), a residence and former farmstead in Austria
 * Berghof (Vienna), a Roman settlement in Vienna, Austria
 * The Berghoff (restaurant), Chicago, US
 * Berghoff, a beer brewed by the Joseph Huber Brewing Company
 * German exonym for the city of Brocēni, Latvia
 * The fictional sanatorium in Thomas Mann's novel The Magic Mountain

People

 * Dagmar Berghoff (born 1943), German journalist
 * Herman Berghoff, founder of The Berghoff (restaurant) in Chicago, US
 * Henry C. Berghoff, German-American businessman and politician, co-founder of the Herman J. Berghoff Brewing Company, 19th Mayor of Fort Wayne, brother of Herman Berghoff
 * Maggie Berghoff, American clinician

title: Berghof


text:
Head Start (program)

Head Start is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and families. It is the oldest and largest program of its kind. The program's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships, enhance children's physical and emotional well-being, and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills. The transition from preschool to elementary school imposes diverse developmental challenges that include requiring the children to engage successfully with their peers outside the family network, adjust to the space of a classroom, and meet the expectations the school setting provides.

Launched in 1965 by its creator and first director Jule Sugarman and Bernice H. Fleiss, Head Start was originally conceived as a catch-up summer school program that would teach low-income children in a few weeks what they needed to know to start elementary school. The Head Start Act of 1981 expanded the program. The program was revised and reauthorized in December 2007. , more than 22 million children had participated. As of June 30, 2023, the current director of Head Start is Dr. Khari Garvin.

History

Head Start began as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society campaign. Its justification came from the staff of the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Stan Salett, civil rights organizer, national education policy adviser, and creator of the Upward Bound Program, is also credited with initiating the Head Start program.

Johnson started the War on Poverty shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. The murder shook the nation, and Johnson attempted to gain public trust by passing legacy legislation during the subsequent months. Johnson received an initial briefing from Walter Heller, who informed Johnson of Kennedy's poverty program. By March 1964, the legislation, now known as the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, had been prepared for Congress. The legislation included training, educational, and service programs for communities, including the Job Corps.

The Office of Economic Opportunity's Community Action Program launched Project Head Start as an eight-week summer program in 1965. The program was led by Dr. Robert Cooke, a pediatrician at Johns Hopkins University, and Dr. Edward Zigler, a professor of psychology and director of the Yale Child Study Center. They designed a comprehensive child development program intended to help communities meet the needs of disadvantaged preschool children. Rather than proceeding with a smaller pilot program, the decision was made to roll it out on a large scale with the enrollment of 500,000 children in 2,500 communities. The following year it was authorized by Congress as a year–round program. In 1968, Head Start began funding a television series that would eventually be called Sesame Street, operated by the Carnegie Corporation Children's Television Workshop (CTW).

In 1969, Head Start was transferred to the Office of Child Development in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (later the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)) by the Nixon Administration. Today the program is in the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) division of DHHS.

In 1994, the Early Head Start program was established to serve children from birth to age three, in an effort to capitalize on research evidence that showed that the first three years are critical to children's long-term development.

In the early years, some 700,000 children enrolled at a per-capita cost of $2,000 to $3,000 (2011 dollars). Under the full-time program, enrollment dropped to under 400,000 by the early 1970s. Enrollment reached close to 1 million children by 2011. The program has experienced underfunding and under-enrollment in recent years. In 2023, there were about 820,000 children enrolled in the program.

Policy Council
The Head Start Policy Council makes up part of the Head Start governing body. Policy Council must be composed of two types of representatives: parents of currently enrolled children and community representatives. At least 51% of the members of this group must be the parents of currently enrolled children (see 45 CFR 1306.3(h) for a definition of a Head Start Parent). All parent members of the Policy Council stand for election or re-election annually through individual parent groups. Grantees/Delegates are required to provide proportionate representation to parents in all program options and settings. If agencies operate programs serving different geographical regions or ethnic groups, they must ensure that all groups being served will have an equal opportunity to serve on the Policy Council. The Policy Council is required to meet once each month. The term follows the federal government fiscal year, running November–November. Service on the Policy Council board is limited to at most five one year terms. The meetings are conducted in accordance with Robert's Rules. The meeting day and time is agreed upon during the first meeting of the term year and may be adjusted as needed.

The Policy Council approval is needed for several program functions, from new hires to the program, as well as for the budget and spending. The Council can serve the program in ways that the others in the program cannot, as it is the only body that is part of Head Start that can do fundraising. In addition to monthly meetings, Policy Council may at times need to hold special or emergency meetings or have a phone vote. Policy Council representatives are required to attend classroom meetings and report back to the Policy Council with issues and needs of the classroom. They may also be asked to sit in on interviews as Head Start requires that a Policy Council representative be present for all interviews. The officers of Policy Council include vice-chairperson, secretary, and vice-secretary. Classrooms are also able to elect alternate Policy Council reps in case the main rep is unable to attend the meetings.

Services and programs
Head Start serves over 1 million children and their families each year in urban and rural areas in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. territories. Related health services include health screenings and check-ups, eye examinations and dental check-ups. Meals and snacks are also provided, which can help ease financial pressure on families and improve children's diets. Family advocates assist parents in accessing community resources. All services are specific to each family's culture and experience. Head Start programs also seek to support children's social emotional development.

Programs and services include:
 * Early Head Start promotes healthy prenatal outcomes, healthy families, as well as infant and toddler development beginning as early as birth.
 * Head Start helps to create healthy development and early childhood education in low-income children ages three to five.
 * Family and Community Partnerships engage and support parents to identify and meet their own goals, nurture their children, and advocate for communities that support children and families.
 * Migrant and Seasonal services are for children of migrant and seasonal farm workers. Service hours are longer and programs extend for fewer months than traditional Head Start.
 * Head Start serves indigenous Americans with centers on reservations and in urban communities.
 * Homeless children were included explicitly as subjects with the 2007 re-authorization. Programs must identify and provide services to homeless children of all ages within a reasonable period. The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 2001 also requires access to early childhood education such as Head Start for homeless children and families.

Eligibility
Eligibility is largely income-based, although each local program includes other eligibility criteria, such as disabilities and services needed by other family members. Families must earn less than 100% of the federal poverty level. Programs may accept up to 10% of the total children over poverty given the program has unfilled spots and the over poverty is less than 130%. The federal poverty line measure is not absolute, and it changes yearly to account for inflation. Families may also qualify under a categorical eligibility category—receipt of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) funds, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Supplemental Security funds, or Homeless, as per the McKinney-Vento Act. Up to 10% of any funded program's enrollment can be from higher income families or families experiencing emergency situations. All programs are required to provide services to children with disabilities, who must comprise 10% of their total enrollment. Per the Head Start Act (2007), programs may elect to serve families whose income is between 100-130% under certain circumstances. Programs must also complete additional reporting requirements if this is appropriate for their community.

Military families stationed abroad can apply for Sure Start. Sure Start is the military version of Head Start and is overseen by the Department of Defense Education Activity. There are four priority tiers for Sure Start, and like Head Start, not all eligible families are guaranteed a spot. The tiers are based on the sponsor's rank and are, in order, E1-E4, E5, E6-E7, and E8-E9.

Budget and funding
The 2011 federal budget for Head Start was $8.1 billion. 85% was to be devoted to direct services and no more than 15% on administration, serving approximately one million students. The budget was $12 billion in 2023.

Local grantees must provide a 20% cash/in-kind match. Each local grantee is required to obtain an annual financial audit, if it receives more than $500,000 in federal support.

Grants are awarded by the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) Regional Offices and the American Indian – Alaska Native and Migrant and Seasonal Program Branches directly to local public agencies, private organizations, Indian tribes and school systems.

The individual Head Start classrooms/centers "repay" the grant through a program known as InKind. The Inkind program is a way to get their parents and their students working together on out of class studies.

Teachers
All lead teachers must have a bachelor's degree or be working towards one. Most have completed six or more courses in early-childhood education. By 2013, all teachers were to have associate degrees in a related field and half must have bachelor's degrees.

As of 2003, the average Head Start teacher made $21,000 per year, compared to the public school teacher average of $43,000.

Teachers are also required to complete a (CDA) Child Development Associate certificate.

Operations
While Head Start is a national program, the implementation is up to individual states. Head Start programs typically operate independently from local school districts. Most often they are administered through local social-services agencies. Classes are generally small, with fewer than ten enrollees per adult staff member. Individual programs develop their own academic and social curricula, following federal performance standards.

Impact
A 2020 study found that cohorts that attended Head Start had higher incomes and years of education as adults than similar children who did not attend. A 2021 study found that the children exposed to more generous Head Start funding had substantially improved test scores relative to children that were not exposed to generous Head Start funding. Another 2021 study found that students enrolled in Head Start ended up having substantially higher high school completion, college enrollment and college completion rates than comparable children who were not enrolled in Head Start. The authors of the study concluded, "these estimates imply sizable, long-term returns to investments in means-tested, public preschool programs." A 2009 study, which compared siblings, found that those who attended Head Start showed stronger academic performance as shown on test scores for years afterward, were less likely to be diagnosed as learning-disabled, less likely to commit crime, more likely to graduate from high school and attend college, and less likely to suffer from poor health as an adult. This study was replicated in a 2020 study which looked at 10 additional birth cohorts, and found a negligible impact.

A 2022 study found that Head Start increased the employment and earnings of single mothers.

In 2015, CCR Analytics, formerly Child Care Analytics, published the results of their Family Outcomes Survey completed by nearly 11,600 California Head Start and Early Head Start parents. 90% of parents surveyed said that Head Start helped them to get or keep a job. 92% of parents surveyed said that Head Start helped them to enroll in an educational or training program. 99% of families surveyed said that Head Start helped them to improve their parenting skills, such as responding to children's misbehavior and helping their children to learn. These results indicate that Head Start has a positive impact on the whole family, beyond the individual children who attend the program.

In 2014, CCR Analytics published the results of their study of 49,467 children assessed in the 2012–2013 school year from 81 Head Start programs throughout the state of California (more than 50% of the entire California Head Start population). Participation in the study was open to all California Head Start programs who used the DRDP-PS 2010 assessment tool. The study found that providing two years of Head Start to a child increases the probability by between 13% and 86% that the child will meet age appropriate expectations. Regression discontinuity design was used to measure program impact without denying a control group the opportunity to attend Head Start. The analysis compared three-year-olds enrolled in Head Start to four-year-olds who returned to Head Start for their second year. This also eliminated the issue of selection bias because both groups chose to attend Head Start as three-year-olds.

A randomized control study of the pre-k program serving socioeconomically disadvantaged children in Tennessee found short-term gains in language, literacy and math outcomes for pre-k participants compared with children who did not participate, which was also confirmed by a discontinuity analysis (Lip, Farran, Bilbrey, Hofer, & Dong, 2011).

Lee collected data across sixty Head Start classrooms in 2007 and 2008. A sample of 1,260 children ages three to four were selected as the final sample. Of these children, 446 had entered Head Start at age 3 and enrolled for a year (Group 1); 498 had been entered at age 4 and enrolled for a year (Group 2); and 316 children had been enrolled for 2 years, entering at age 3 (Group 3). Academic outcome measures in literacy, math and science were collected based on the Head Start and Early Childhood Program Observational Checklist rating on a 4-point scale (1—not yet to 4—excels. Family risk factor indicators (developed by the State Department of Education) included single parent, unemployed parent, teenage parent, parental loss (divorce/death), low parental school achievement, food insufficiency. Group 3 had higher literacy, math and science scores than the other groups. Children in the high-risk group had significantly lower literacy, math, and science scores than those who had three or fewer risk factors. Head Start is associated with significant gains in test scores. Head Start significantly reduces the probability that a child will repeat a grade.

In 2002, Garces, Thomas and Currie used data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics to review outcomes for close to 4,000 participating adults followed from childhood and compared with non-participant siblings. Among European Americans, adults who had attended Head Start were significantly more likely to complete high school, attend college and possibly have higher earnings in their early twenties. African-American adults who had attended Head Start were significantly less likely to be booked/charged for a crime. Head Start may increase the likelihood that African-American males graduate from high school. Separately the authors noted larger effects for younger siblings who attended Head Start after an older sibling.

In 1998, Congress mandated an intensive study of the effectiveness of Head Start, the "Head Start Impact Study," which studied a target population of 5,000 3- and 4-year-old children. The study measured Head Start's effectiveness as compared to other forms of community support and educational intervention, as opposed to comparing Head Start to a nonintervention alternative. Head Start Impact Study First Year Findings were released in June 2005. Study participants were assigned to either Head Start or other parent–selected community resources for one year. 60% of the children in the control group were placed in other preschools. The first report showed consistent small to moderate advantages to 3-year-old children including pre-reading, pre-vocabulary and parent reports of children's literacy skills. No significant impacts were found for oral comprehension, phonological awareness, or early mathematics skills for either age group. Fewer positive benefits were found for 4-year-olds. The benefits improved with early participation and varied across racial and ethnic groups. These analyses did not assess the benefits' durability.

In 1975, Seitz, Abelson, Levine and Zigler compared disadvantaged children enrolled and not enrolled in Head Start, using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). The participants were low-income inner-city black children whose unemployed, economically disadvantaged parents were considered unskilled. The Head Start children had attended for at least five months at the time of testing, including nine boys and 11 girls. The non-enrolled group was on the Head Start waiting list. The control group consisted of 11 boys and nine girls. The groups were matched by family income, parental employment and marital status. The tester tested children at home and in a school or office setting. The Head Start children scored higher than the controls in both settings, which suggested preschool intervention programs may have influenced the result. The controls tested at home scored the lowest, apparently due to anxiety from having an unfamiliar person in their homes. The Head Start children were unaffected by the environmental factor. In evaluating this study vs. others, the relatively small sample size should be noted: 20 children vs. thousands in other studies.

A 2005 review of the literature by Barnett and Hustedt found "mixed, but generally positive, evidence regarding Head Start's long-term benefits. Although studies typically find that increases in IQ fade out over time, many other studies also find decreases in grade retention and special education placements. Sustained increases in school achievement are sometimes found, but in other cases flawed research methods produce results that mimic fade-out. In recent years, the federal government has funded large-scale evaluations of Head Start and Early Head Start. Results from the Early Head Start evaluation are particularly informative, as study participants were randomly assigned to either the Early Head Start group or a control group. Early Head Start demonstrated modest improvements in children's development and parent beliefs and behavior."

A 1995 within–family analysis compared subjects with nonparticipant siblings. Mothers who had themselves been enrolled in Head Start were compared to adult sisters who were not. Currie and Thomas separately analyzed white, black and Hispanic participants. White children showed larger and longer lasting improvements than black children.

"Head Start Fade", in which significant initial impacts quickly fade, has often been observed, as early as second and third grade. One hypothesis is that the decline is because Head Start participants are likely to attend lower-quality schools, which fail to reinforce Head Start gains. Fryer and Levitt found no evidence that Head Start participation had lasting effect on test scores in the early years of school.

A 2010 report by the Department of Health and Human Services, Head Start Impact, examined the cognitive development, social-emotional development, and physical health outcomes of 4,667 three- and four-year-old children in a nationally representative sample of programs across 23 states. Children were randomly assigned to either a Head Start group (participants) or a non-Head Start group (control group). The children in the two groups were similar in all measured characteristics at program entry. Pre-participation assessments of all critical outcome measures were taken. Control group children optionally enrolled in non-Head Start programs. Nearly half of the control-group children enrolled in other preschool programs. Outcome measures covered cognitive development, social-emotional development, health status and access to health care, and parenting practices. Head Start students were split into two cohorts – 3-year-olds with two years of Head Start and 4-year-olds with one year of Head Start. The study found:
 * Participants showed positive effects in cognitive skills during their Head Start years, including letter-naming, vocabulary, letter-word identification and applied math problems, although the "advantages children gained during their Head Start and age 4 years yielded only a few statistically significant differences in outcomes at the end of 1st grade for the sample as a whole. Impacts at the end of kindergarten were scattered. ... " The gains applied to different skills across cohorts and grades, undermining generalizations about program impacts.
 * Participants showed fewer significant improvements in social and behavioral skills, even in the Head Start year, with inconsistent results between the three- and four-year-old cohorts. The four-year-old cohort showed no significant improvement in the Head Start year or kindergarten, but in third grade, parents reported a significant reduction in total problem behavior and social and behavioral skills. Three-year-olds showed multiple, significant improvements in social and behavioral skills, but only for outcomes assessed by parents. Significant negative effects emerged in teacher relationships as rated by first-grade and third-grade teachers; and no significant positive effects for this cohort were reported by teachers for any elementary year.
 * By the end of first grade, only "a single cognitive impact was found for each cohort". Compared to students in the control group, the 4-year-old Head Start cohort did "significantly better" on vocabulary and the 3-year-old cohort tested better in oral comprehension.
 * Head Start had significant health-related effects, especially in increasing the number of children receiving dental care and having health-insurance coverage. These effects were not consistent, however. For example, while participants increased health-insurance coverage, it did not extend into the third-grade year for either cohort. Parenting practice changes were significant, but applied only to the three-year-old cohort. Most related to discipline, such as reduced spanking or time-outs. The spanking outcome occurred did not last into the first grade. The significant effect on parental reading to children did not last into kindergarten.

The HSIS study concludes, "Head Start has benefits for both 3-year-olds and 4-year-olds in the cognitive, health, and parenting domains, and for 3-year-olds in the social-emotional domain. However, the benefits of access to Head Start at age four are largely absent by 1st grade for the program population as a whole. For 3-year-olds, there are few sustained benefits, although access to the program may lead to improved parent-child relationships through 1st grade, a potentially important finding for children's longer-term development."

According to the Administrative History of the Office of Economic Opportunity, children who finish the program and are placed into disadvantaged schools perform worse than their peers by second grade. Only by isolating such children (such as dispersing and sending them to better-performing school districts) could gains be sustained.

In an op-ed piece in The New York Times, "Head Start Falls Further Behind", Besharov and Call discuss a 1998 evaluation that led to a national reevaluation of the program. The authors stated that research concluded that the current program had little meaningful impact. However, they did not cite primary sources.

In 2011, Time magazine's columnist Joe Klein called for the elimination of Head Start, citing an internal report that the program is costly and makes a negligible impact on children's well-being over time. Klein wrote, "You take the million or so poorest 3- and 4-year-old children and give them a leg up on socialization and education by providing preschool for them; if it works, it saves money in the long run by producing fewer criminals and welfare recipients ... it is now 45 years later. We spend more than $7 billion providing Head Start to nearly 1 million children each year. And finally there is indisputable evidence about the program's effectiveness, provided by the Department of Health and Human Services: Head Start simply does not work."

W. Steven Barnett, director of the National Institute for Early Education Research at Rutgers University, rebutted Klein, "Weighing all of the evidence and not just that cited by partisans on one side or the other, the most accurate conclusion is that Head Start produces modest benefits including some long-term gains for children."

Access
There is not enough government funding to provide Head Start for all eligible families, so to enroll in Head Start, families must apply and then be chosen. In 2017, there were 1 million children enrolled in Head Start and Early Head Start, but there were about 19 million children under five in the United States and around 3 million children under five living in poverty.

Head Start covers families living below the federal poverty line, but there 65% of children under the age of 6 having both their parents (or one parent, if they are a single parent) in the workforce. Hotz and Wiswall’s research found that for two-parent households, childcare is the most expensive cost outside their rent or mortgage; in perspective, the median percent of income that goes towards childcare is 30%.

US government—Administration for Children & Families

 * Office of Head Start
 * Early Childhood Learning and Knowledge Center (official)
 * Office of Regional Operations
 * Office of Regional Operations

Head Start Associations

 * National Head Start Association
 * New England Head Start (Region 1)
 * Region 2 Head Start
 * Region III Head Start
 * Region IV Head Start
 * Region V Head Start
 * Region VI Head Start
 * Region 7 Head Start
 * Region VIII Head Start
 * Region 9 Head Start

General Information

 * The Head Start Experience
 * Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Head Start
 * The Center for Law and Social Policy
 * National Bureau of Economic Research
 * NET Journal documentary "Head Start in Mississippi" from 1967 at the American Archive of Public Broadcasting

title: Head Start (program)


text:
Danna, Baysan

Danna (دنه), was a Palestinian village 13 kilometres north of Baysan that was captured by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, and the villagers were expelled.

Byzantine period
A basalt lintel decorated with a menorah bas-relief, dated to the 5th-6th century and discovered at Kafr Danna, is possibly the only remaining element of a Byzantine synagogue once standing there.

Ottoman period
In 1517 Danna was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley, Haifa, Jenin, Beit She'an Valley, northern Jabal Nablus, Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe, and the northern part of the Sharon plain.

In 1596, Danna was part of the nahiya (subdistrict) of Shafa under the liwa'  (district) of Lajjun with a population of 5 Muslim families, (estimated 28 people). It paid a fixed tax rate of 25% to the Ottoman government on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, and other types of produce, such as goats and beehives; a total of 3,500 akçe.

Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, a Swiss traveler to Palestine who passed through the area around 1817, mentioned the village without providing a description.

In 1838, Denna was noted as part of the Jenin District.

Victor Guérin described in 1875  the village as being "humble", and situated on a hill. He noted that it had once been much larger, as north of the village centre were ruins of houses. In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Danna as being  situated on a slope, and  surrounded by farmland. There was a spring with a watering trough to the west. The village houses were built of stone and adobe.

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the Mandatory Palestine authorities,  Danna had a population of 176 Muslims, decreasing in the  1931 census   to 149, still all  Muslims, in 28  houses.

The village was shaped like a rectangle whose longer sides were aligned in a north–south direction. During this era the village expanded and new houses, constructed of stone and adobe brick, were built along the road to the nearby village of Kafra. It was classified as a hamlet in the Palestine Index Gazetteer. There were a few shops and a mosque which contained the maqam (shrine) of a Shaykh Daniyal. The village spring provided water for all the residents. The villagers worked primarily in rainfed agriculture.

In the 1945 statistics Danna had a population of 190 Muslims, with a total of 6,614 dunams of land. Of this, a total of 5,097 dunams was used for cereals; 14 dunams were irrigated or used for orchards, while 15 were built-up (urban) land. Grass and leafy vegetation grew on the slopes and peaks of the neighboring mountains and were used for grazing.

1948, aftermath
On the 28 May 1948 the village was occupied  by Israeli forces, and the villagers were expelled.

According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, 1992, the remaining structures on the village land were: "'Bushes, cactus plants, thorns, and grass now grow around piles of rubble on the village site. Thick weeds grow in the wadi and near the springs. The lands in the area are cultivated by Israeli farmers.'"

title: Danna, Baysan