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Elizabeth Warren

Elizabeth Ann Warren (née Herring; born June 22, 1949) is an American politician and former law professor who is the senior United States senator from Massachusetts, serving since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party and regarded as a progressive, Warren has focused on consumer protection, equitable economic opportunity, and the social safety net while in the Senate. Warren was a candidate in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, ultimately finishing third.

Born and raised in Oklahoma, Warren is a graduate of the University of Houston and Rutgers Law School and has taught law at several universities, including the University of Houston, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Pennsylvania, and Harvard University. She was one of the most influential professors in commercial and bankruptcy law before beginning her political career. Warren has written 12 books and more than 100 articles.

Warren's first foray into public policy began in 1995, when she worked to oppose what eventually became a 2005 act restricting bankruptcy access for individuals. During the late 2000s, her national profile grew after her forceful public stances in favor of more stringent banking regulations after the financial crisis of 2007–2008. She served as chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel of the Troubled Asset Relief Program, and proposed and established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, for which she served as the first special advisor under President Barack Obama.

In 2012, Warren defeated incumbent Republican Scott Brown and became the first female U.S. senator from Massachusetts. She won re-election by a wide margin in 2018, defeating Republican nominee Geoff Diehl. On February 9, 2019, Warren announced her candidacy in the 2020 United States presidential election. She was briefly considered the front-runner for the Democratic nomination in late 2019, but support for her campaign dwindled. She withdrew from the race on March 5, 2020, after Super Tuesday.

Early life and education

Warren was born Elizabeth Ann Herring in Oklahoma City on June 22, 1949. She is the fourth child of Pauline Louise (née Reed, 1912–1995), a homemaker, and Donald Jones Herring (1911–1997), a U.S. Army flight instructor during World War II, both of whom were members of the evangelical branch of the Protestant Methodist Church. Warren has described her early family life as teetering "on the ragged edge of the middle class" and "kind of hanging on at the edges by our fingernails." She and her three older brothers were raised Methodist.

Warren lived in Norman, Oklahoma, until she was 11 years old, when her family moved back to Oklahoma City. When she was 12, her father, then a salesman at Montgomery Ward, had a heart attack, which led to many medical bills as well as a pay cut because he could not do his previous work. After leaving his sales job, he worked as a maintenance man for an apartment building. Eventually, the family's car was repossessed because they failed to make loan payments. To help the family finances, her mother found work in the catalog-order department at Sears. When she was 13, Warren started waiting tables at her aunt's restaurant.

Warren became a star member of the debate team at Northwest Classen High School and won the state high school debating championship. She also won a debate scholarship to George Washington University (GWU) at the age of 16. She initially aspired to be a teacher, but left GWU after two years in 1968 to marry James Robert "Jim" Warren, whom she had met in high school.

Warren and her husband moved to Houston, where he was employed by IBM. She enrolled in the University of Houston and graduated in 1970 with a Bachelor of Science degree in speech pathology and audiology.

The Warrens moved to New Jersey when Jim received a job transfer. She soon became pregnant and decided to stay at home to care for their daughter, Amelia. After Amelia turned two, Warren enrolled at Rutgers Law School. She received her Juris Doctor in 1976 and passed the bar examination shortly thereafter. Shortly before graduating, Warren became pregnant with their second child, Alexander.

Career
In 1970, after obtaining a degree in speech pathology and audiology, but before enrolling in law school, Warren taught children with disabilities for a year in a public school. During law school, she worked as a summer associate at Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft. After receiving her Juris Doctor and passing the bar examination, Warren offered legal services from home, writing wills and doing real estate closings.

In the late 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Warren taught law at several American universities while researching issues related to bankruptcy and middle-class personal finance. She became involved with public work in bankruptcy regulation and consumer protection in the mid-1990s.

Academic
Warren began her career in academia as a lecturer at Rutgers University, Newark School of Law (1977–1978). She then moved to the University of Houston Law Center (1978–1983), where she became an associate dean in 1980 and obtained tenure in 1981. She taught at the University of Texas School of Law as visiting associate professor in 1981 and returned as a full professor two years later (staying from 1983 to 1987). She was a research associate at the Population Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin from 1983 to 1987 and was also a visiting professor at the University of Michigan in 1985. During this period, Warren also taught Sunday school.

Warren's earliest academic work was heavily influenced by the law and economics movement, which aimed to apply neoclassical economic theory to the study of law with an emphasis on economic efficiency. One of her articles, published in 1980 in the Notre Dame Law Review, argued that public utilities were over-regulated and that automatic utility rate increases should be instituted. But Warren soon became a proponent of on-the-ground research into how people respond to laws. Her work analyzing court records and interviewing judges, lawyers, and debtors, established her as a rising star in the field of bankruptcy law. According to Warren and economists who follow her work, one of her key insights was that rising bankruptcy rates were caused not by profligate consumer spending but by middle-class families' attempts to buy homes in good school districts. Warren worked in this field alongside colleagues Teresa A. Sullivan and Jay Westbrook, and the trio published their research in the book As We Forgive Our Debtors in 1989. Warren later recalled that she had begun her research believing that most people filing for bankruptcy were either working the system or had been irresponsible in incurring debts, but that she concluded that such abuse was in fact rare and that the legal framework for bankruptcy was poorly designed, describing the way the research challenged her fundamental beliefs as "worse than disillusionment" and "like being shocked at a deep-down level". In 2004, she published an article in the Washington University Law Review in which she argued that correlating middle-class struggles with over-consumption was a fallacy.

Warren joined the University of Pennsylvania Law School as a full professor in 1987 and obtained an endowed chair in 1990, becoming the William A. Schnader Professor of Commercial Law. In 1992, she taught for a year at Harvard Law School as the Robert Braucher Visiting Professor of Commercial Law. In 1995, Warren left Penn to become Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. In 1996, she became the highest-paid professor at Harvard University who was not an administrator, with a $181,300 salary and total compensation of $291,876, including moving expenses and an allowance in lieu of benefits contributions. , she was Harvard's only tenured law professor who had attended law school at an American public university. Warren was a highly influential law professor. She published in many fields, but her expertise was in bankruptcy and commercial law. From 2005 to 2009, Warren was among the three most-cited scholars in those fields.

Warren began to rise in prominence in 2004 with an appearance on the Dr. Phil show, and published several books including The Two-Income Trap.

Advisory roles
In 1995, the National Bankruptcy Review Commission's chair, former congressman Mike Synar, asked Warren to advise the commission. Synar had been a debate opponent of Warren's during their school years. She helped draft the commission's report and worked for several years to oppose legislation intended to severely restrict consumers' right to file for bankruptcy. Warren and others opposing the legislation were not successful; in 2005, Congress passed the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, which curtailed consumers' ability to file for bankruptcy.

From 2006 to 2010, Warren was a member of the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) Advisory Committee on Economic Inclusion. She is a member of the National Bankruptcy Conference, an independent organization that advises the U.S. Congress on bankruptcy law, a former vice president of the American Law Institute and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Warren's scholarship and public advocacy were the impetus for establishing the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in 2011.

TARP oversight

On November 14, 2008, U.S. Senate majority leader Harry Reid appointed Warren to chair the five-member Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the implementation of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act. The panel released monthly oversight reports evaluating the government bailout and related programs. During Warren's tenure, these reports covered foreclosure mitigation, consumer and small business lending, commercial real estate, AIG, bank stress tests, the impact of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) on the financial markets, government guarantees, the automotive industry and other topics.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Warren was an early advocate for creating a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). The bureau was established by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law by President Obama in July 2010. In September 2010, Obama named Warren Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury on the CFPB to set up the new agency. While liberal groups and consumer advocacy groups urged Obama to formally nominate Warren as the agency's director, financial institutions and Republican members of Congress strongly opposed her, believing she would be an overly zealous regulator. Reportedly convinced that Warren could not win Senate confirmation as the bureau's first director, in January 2012, Obama appointed former Ohio attorney general Richard Cordray to the post in a recess appointment over Republican senators' objections.

Political affiliation
A close high-school friend told Politico in 2019 that in high school Warren was a "diehard conservative" and that she had since done a "180-degree turn and an about-face". One of her colleagues at the University of Texas in Austin said that at university in the early 1980s Warren was "sometimes surprisingly anti-consumer in her attitude". Gary L. Francione, who had been a colleague of hers at the University of Pennsylvania, recalled in 2019 that when he heard her speak at the time she was becoming politically prominent, he "almost fell off [his] chair... She's definitely changed". Warren was registered as a Republican from 1991 to 1996 and voted Republican for many years. "I was a Republican because I thought that those were the people who best supported markets", she has said. But she has also said that in the six presidential elections before 1996 she voted for the Republican nominee only once, in 1976, for Gerald Ford.

Warren has said that she began to vote Democratic in 1995 because she no longer believed that the Republicans were the party who best supported markets, but she has said she has voted for both parties because she believed neither should dominate. According to Warren, she left the Republican Party because it is no longer "principled in its conservative approach to economics and to markets" and is instead tilting the playing field in favor of large financial institutions and against middle-class American families.

2012
On September 14, 2011, Warren declared her intention to run for the Democratic nomination for the 2012 election in Massachusetts for the U.S. Senate. Republican Scott Brown had won the seat in a 2010 special election after Ted Kennedy's death. A week later, a video of Warren speaking in Andover went viral on the Internet. In it, Warren responds to the charge that asking the rich to pay more taxes is "class warfare" by saying that no one grew rich in the U.S. without depending on infrastructure paid for by the rest of society:

"There is nobody in this country who got rich on his own. Nobody. ... You moved your goods to market on the roads the rest of us paid for; you hired workers the rest of us paid to educate; you were safe in your factory because of police forces and fire forces that the rest of us paid for. You didn't have to worry that marauding bands would come and seize everything at your factory, and hire someone to protect against this, because of the work the rest of us did. Now look, you built a factory and it turned into something terrific, or a great idea. God bless. Keep a big hunk of it. But part of the underlying social contract is, you take a hunk of that and pay forward for the next kid who comes along."

President Obama later echoed her sentiments in a 2012 election campaign speech.

Warren ran unopposed for the Democratic nomination and won it on June 2, 2012, at the state Democratic convention with a record 95.77% of the votes of delegates. She encountered significant opposition from business interests. In August, the political director for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce commented that "no other candidate in 2012 represents a greater threat to free enterprise than Professor Warren". Warren nonetheless raised $39 million for her campaign, more than any other Senate candidate in 2012, and showed, according to The New York Times, "that it was possible to run against the big banks without Wall Street money and still win".

Warren received a prime-time speaking slot at the 2012 Democratic National Convention on September 5, 2012. She positioned herself as a champion of a beleaguered middle class that "has been chipped, squeezed, and hammered". According to Warren, "People feel like the system is rigged against them. And here's the painful part: They're right. The system is rigged." Warren said Wall Street CEOs "wrecked our economy and destroyed millions of jobs" and that they "still strut around congress, no shame, demanding favors, and acting like we should thank them".

2018
On January 6, 2017, in an email to supporters, Warren announced that she would be running for a second term as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts, writing, "The people of Massachusetts didn't send me to Washington to roll over and play dead while Donald Trump and his team of billionaires, bigots, and Wall Street bankers crush the working people of our Commonwealth and this country. ... This is no time to quit."

In the 2018 election, Warren defeated Republican nominee Geoff Diehl, 60% to 36%.

Tenure
On November 6, 2012, Warren defeated Brown with 53.7% of the vote. She is the first woman ever elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts, as part of a sitting U.S. Senate that had 20 women senators in office, which was the most in Senate history at the time, following the November 2012 elections. In December 2012, Warren was assigned a seat on the Senate Banking Committee, which oversees the implementation of Dodd–Frank and other regulation of the banking industry. Vice President Joe Biden swore Warren in on January 3, 2013.

At Warren's first Banking Committee hearing in February 2013, she pressed several banking regulators to say when they had last taken a Wall Street bank to trial and said, "I'm really concerned that 'too big to fail' has become 'too big for trial'." Videos of Warren's questioning amassed more than one million views in a matter of days. At a March Banking Committee hearing, Warren asked Treasury Department officials why criminal charges were not brought against HSBC for its money laundering practices. Warren compared money laundering to drug possession, saying: "If you're caught with an ounce of cocaine, the chances are good you're going to go to jail ... But evidently, if you launder nearly a billion dollars for drug cartels and violate our international sanctions, your company pays a fine and you go home and sleep in your own bed at night."

In May 2013, Warren sent letters to the Justice Department, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Federal Reserve questioning their decisions that settling would be more fruitful than going to court. Also in May, saying that students should get "the same great deal that banks get", Warren introduced the Bank on Student Loans Fairness Act, which would allow students to take out government education loans at the same rate that banks pay to borrow from the federal government, 0.75%. Independent senator Bernie Sanders endorsed her bill, saying: "The only thing wrong with this bill is that [she] thought of it and I didn't".

During the 2014 election cycle, Warren was a top Democratic fundraiser. After the election, Warren was appointed to become the first-ever Strategic Adviser of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee, a position created for her. The appointment added to speculation that Warren would run for president in 2016.

In early 2015, President Obama urged Congress to approve the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a proposed free trade agreement between the United States and 11 Asian and South American countries. Warren criticized the TPP, arguing that the dispute resolution mechanism in the agreement and labor protections for American workers therein were insufficient; her objections were in turn criticized by Obama.

Saying "despite the progress we've made since 2008, the biggest banks continue to threaten our economy", in July 2015 Warren, John McCain, Maria Cantwell, and Angus King reintroduced the 21st Century Glass–Steagall Act, a modern version of the Banking Act of 1933. The legislation was intended to reduce the American taxpayer's risk in the financial system and the likelihood of future financial crises.

In a September 20, 2016, hearing, Warren called on Wells Fargo CEO John Stumpf to resign, adding that he should be "criminally investigated" over Wells Fargo's opening of two million checking and credit-card accounts without the customers' consent.

In December 2016, Warren gained a seat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, which The Boston Globe called "a high-profile perch on one of the chamber's most powerful committees" that would "fuel speculation about a possible 2020 bid for president".

During the debate on Senator Jeff Sessions's nomination for United States attorney general in February 2017, Warren quoted a letter Coretta Scott King had written Senator Strom Thurmond in 1986 when Sessions was nominated for a federal judgeship. King wrote, "Mr. Sessions has used the awesome power of his office to chill the free exercise of the vote by black citizens in the district he now seeks to serve as a federal judge. This simply cannot be allowed to happen." Senate Republicans voted that by reading the letter from King, Warren had violated Senate Rule 19, which prohibits impugning another senator's character. This prohibited Warren from further participating in the debate on Sessions's nomination, and Warren instead read King's letter while streaming live online. In rebuking Warren, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said on the Senate floor, "She was warned. She was given an explanation. Nevertheless, she persisted." McConnell's language became a slogan for Warren and others.

On October 3, 2017, during Wells Fargo chief executive Timothy J. Sloan's appearance before the Senate Banking Committee, Warren called on him to resign, saying, "At best you were incompetent, at worst you were complicit."

On July 17, 2019, Warren and Representative Al Lawson introduced legislation that would make low-income college students eligible for benefits under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) according to the College Student Hunger Act of 2019.

In November 2020, Warren was named a candidate for Secretary of the Treasury in the Biden Administration.

Warren was at the Capitol to participate in the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters attacked the Capitol. She called it an "attempted coup and act of insurrection egged on by a corrupt president to overthrow our democracy", and the perpetrators "domestic terrorists." The day after the attack, Warren joined the entire Massachusetts Congressional delegation to call for Trump's immediate removal from office through the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution or impeachment.

Role in the 2016 presidential election
In the run-up to the 2016 United States presidential election, supporters put Warren forward as a possible presidential candidate, but she repeatedly said she would not run for president in 2016. In October 2013, she joined the other 15 women Democratic senators in signing a letter that encouraged Hillary Clinton to run. There was much speculation about Warren being added to the Democratic ticket as a vice-presidential candidate. On June 9, 2016, after the California Democratic primary, Warren formally endorsed Clinton for president. In response to questions when she endorsed Clinton, Warren said that she believed herself to be ready to be vice president, but she was not being vetted. On July 7, CNN reported that Warren was on a five-person short list to be Clinton's running mate. Clinton eventually chose Tim Kaine.

Until her June endorsement, Warren was neutral during the Democratic primary but made public statements that she was cheering Bernie Sanders on. In June, Warren endorsed and campaigned for Clinton. She called Donald Trump, the presumptive Republican nominee, dishonest, uncaring, and "a loser".

Current

 * Committee on Armed Services
 * Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
 * Subcommittee on Personnel (chair)
 * Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
 * Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
 * Subcommittee on Economic Policy (chair)
 * Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection
 * Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment
 * Committee on Finance
 * Subcommittee on Health Care
 * Subcommittee on Social Security, Pensions, and Family Policy
 * Subcommittee on Taxation and IRS Oversight
 * Special Committee on Aging

Previous

 * Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (2015-2017)
 * Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (2013-2021)

2020 presidential campaign

At a town hall meeting in Holyoke, Massachusetts, on September 29, 2018, Warren said she would "take a hard look" at running for president in the 2020 election after the 2018 United States elections concluded. On December 31, 2018, Warren announced that she was forming an exploratory committee to run for president.

On February 9, 2019, Warren officially announced her candidacy at a rally in Lawrence, Massachusetts, at the site of the 1912 Bread and Roses strike. A longtime critic of President Trump, Warren called him a "symptom of a larger problem [that has resulted in] a rigged system that props up the rich and powerful and kicks dirt on everyone else".

Warren staged her first campaign event in Lawrence to demonstrate the constituency groups she hopes to appeal to, including working class families, union members, women, and new immigrants. She called for major changes in government:

"It won't be enough to just undo the terrible acts of this administration. We can't afford to just tinker around the edges—a tax credit here, a regulation there. Our fight is for big, structural change. This is the fight of our lives. The fight to build an America where dreams are possible, an America that works for everyone."

Following her candidacy announcement, Warren became known for the number and depth of her policy proposals, including plans to assist family farms by addressing the advantages held by large agricultural conglomerates, plans to reduce student loan debt and offer free tuition at public colleges, a plan to make large corporations pay more in taxes and better regulate large technology companies, several proposals inspired by opposition to President Trump, a plan to utilize economic patriotism, and plans to address opioid addiction. One of her signature plans was a wealth tax, dubbed the "Ultra-Millionaire Tax", on fortunes over $50 million. Warren was credited with popularizing the idea of a wealth tax with Americans, leading competitor Bernie Sanders to release a wealth tax plan.

After several defeats at the polls, including the Democratic primary in her home state of Massachusetts, Warren ended her campaign on March 5, 2020.

Polls
In early June 2019, Warren placed second in some polls, with Joe Biden in first place and Bernie Sanders in third. In the following weeks her poll numbers steadily increased, and a September Iowa poll placed her in the lead with 22% to Biden's 20%. The Iowa poll also rated the number of voters at least considering voting for each candidate; Warren scored 71% to Biden's 60%. Poll respondents also gave her a higher "enthusiasm" rating, with 32% of her backers extremely enthusiastic to Biden's 22%.

An October 24 Quinnipiac poll placed Warren in the lead at 28%, with Biden at 21% and Sanders at 15%. When asked which candidate had the best policy ideas, 30% of respondents named Warren, with Sanders at 20% and Biden 15%. Sanders was most often named as the candidate who "cares most about people like you," with Warren in second place and Biden third. Sanders also placed first at 28% when respondents were asked which candidate was the most honest, followed by Warren and Biden at 15% each.

Funding

The Los Angeles Times reported that of the front-runners in the presidential race, only Sanders and Warren have previously won an election with almost exclusively small online contributions, and that no presidential primary in recent history has had two of the top three candidates refuse to use bundlers or hold private fundraisers with wealthy donors.

In January 2019, Warren said that she took no PAC money. In October 2019, Warren announced that her campaign would not accept contributions of more than $200 from executives at banks, large tech companies, private equity firms, or hedge funds, in addition to her previous refusal to accept donations of over $200 from fossil fuel or pharmaceutical executives.

In the third quarter of 2019, Warren's campaign raised $24.6 million, just less than the $25.3 million Sanders's campaign raised and well ahead of Joe Biden, the front-runner in the polls, who raised $15.2 million. Warren's average donation was $26; Sanders's was $18.

In February 2020, Warren began accepting support from Super PACs, after failing to convince other Democratic presidential candidates to join her in disavowing them.

Public appearances

As of September 2019, Warren had attended 128 town halls. She is known for remaining afterward to talk with audience members and for the large numbers of selfies she has taken with them. On September 17, over 20,000 people attended a Warren rally at New York City's Washington Square Park. After her speech long lines formed with people waiting as long as four hours for selfies.

Due to the impeachment trial of Donald Trump, Warren was unable to make final campaign stops in person and opted to send her dog, Bailey Warren, to meet with voters in Iowa.

Vice-presidential speculation
In June 2020, CNN reported that Warren was among the top four vice-presidential choices for Joe Biden, the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, along with Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms, Representative Val Demings, and Senator Kamala Harris. Kamala Harris was officially announced as Biden's running mate on August 11, 2020. On August 13, The New York Times reported that Warren was one of Biden's four finalists along with Harris, Susan Rice, and Gretchen Whitmer.

In late April, CNBC reported that big-money donors were pressuring Biden not to choose Warren, preferring other candidates purportedly on his list, such as Harris, Whitmer, and Amy Klobuchar.

Personal life
Warren and her first husband divorced in 1978, and two years later, Warren married law professor Bruce H. Mann on July 12, 1980, but kept her first husband's surname. Warren has three grandchildren through her daughter Amelia.

On April 23, 2020, Warren announced on Twitter that her eldest brother, Don Reed Herring, had died of COVID-19 two days earlier. On October 1, 2021, she announced that her brother, John Herring, had died of cancer.

As of 2019, according to Forbes Magazine, Warren's net worth was $12 million.

Political positions

Warren is widely regarded as a progressive. In 2012, the British magazine New Statesman named Warren among the "top 20 U.S. progressives".

Warren supports worker representation on corporations' board of directors, breaking up monopolies, stiffening sentences for white-collar crime, a Medicare for All plan to provide health insurance for all Americans, and a higher minimum wage.

Warren was highly critical of the Trump administration. She expressed concerns over what she says were Trump's conflicts of interest. The Presidential Conflicts of Interest Act, written by Warren, was first read in the Senate in January 2017. Warren was highly critical of Trump's immigration policies. In 2018, she called for abolishing U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).

Warren has criticized U.S. involvement in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen in support of Yemen's government against the Houthis. In January 2019, Warren criticized Trump's decision to withdraw U.S. troops from Syria and Afghanistan. She agreed that U.S. troops should be withdrawn from Syria and Afghanistan but said such withdrawals should be part of a "coordinated" plan formed with U.S. allies.

In April 2019, after reading the Mueller report, Warren called on the House of Representatives to begin impeachment proceedings against Trump, saying, "The Mueller report lays out facts showing that a hostile foreign government attacked our 2016 election to help Donald Trump and Donald Trump welcomed that help. Once elected, Donald Trump obstructed the investigation into that attack."

After the June 24, 2022, ruling in which the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, Warren wrote a New York Times op-ed requesting that President Biden unblock "critical resources and authority that states and the federal government can use to meet the surge in demand for reproductive health services".

On March 13, 2023, Warren presented a detailed analysis of the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank on March 10, 2023, and provided possible solutions to avoid further bank failures, in The New York Times.

Ancestry and Native American claims
According to Warren and her brothers, older family members told them during their childhood that they had some Native American ancestry. In 2012, she said that "being Native American has been part of my story, I guess, since the day I was born". In 1984, Warren contributed recipes to a Native American cookbook and identified herself as Cherokee. Warren is not a part of any native tribes and does not hold any tribal citizenship.

During Warren's first Senate race in 2012, her opponent, Scott Brown, speculated that she had fabricated Native ancestry to gain advantage on the employment market and used Warren's ancestry in several attack ads. Warren has denied that her alleged heritage gave her any advantages in her schooling or her career. Several colleagues and employers (including Harvard) have said her reported ethnic status played no role in her hiring. From 1995 to 2004, her employer, Harvard Law School, listed her as a Native American in its federal affirmative action forms; Warren later said she was unaware of this.

The Washington Post reported that in 1986, Warren identified her race as "American Indian" on a State Bar of Texas write-in form used for statistical information gathering, but added that there was "no indication it was used for professional advancement". A 2018 Boston Globe investigation found that her reported ethnicity played no role in her rise in the academic legal profession, and concluded there was "clear evidence, in documents and interviews, that her claim to Native American ethnicity was never considered by the Harvard Law faculty, which voted resoundingly to hire her, or by those who hired her to four prior positions at other law schools", and that "Warren was viewed as a white woman by the hiring committees at every institution that employed her". In February 2019, Warren apologized for having identified as Native American.

Throughout his presidency, former president Donald Trump mocked Warren for her assertions of Native American ancestry, and pejoratively called her "Pocahontas". At a July 2018 Montana rally, he promised that if he debated Warren, he would pay $1 million to her favorite charity if she took a DNA test and "it shows you're an Indian". In October 2018, Warren released an analysis of a DNA test by geneticist Carlos D. Bustamante that found her ancestry to be mostly European but "strongly support[ed] the existence of an unadmixed Native American ancestor", likely "in the range of 6 to 10 generations ago". According to The Boston Globe, this puts Warren somewhere between 1/64 and 1/1024 (0.09% to 1.5%) Native American. Other geneticists, while not disputing the test's validity, found the underlying science "flawed" due to the lack of Native Americans in the United States in the database. Geneticists Krystal Tsosie and Matthew Anderson called the interpretation of the test "problematic", citing, among other reasons, "Warren's motives, and the genetic variants informing the comparison". They added: "because Bustamante used Indigenous individuals from Central and South America as a reference group to compare Warren's DNA, we believe he should have stated only that Warren potentially had an 'Indigenous' ancestor 6-10 generations ago, not conclusively a 'Native American' one. The distinction might seem hypercritical to most, but to the sovereign tribal nations of the United States it's an important one."

After publicizing Bustamante's interpretation of the test, Warren asked Trump to donate the money to the National Indigenous Women's Resource Center. Trump responded: "I didn't say that. I think you better read it again". The Cherokee Nation called the use of DNA testing to determine Native American heritage "inappropriate and wrong". According to Politico, "Warren's past claims of American Indian ancestry garnered fierce criticism from both sides of the aisle", with "tribal leaders calling out Warren for claiming a heritage she did not culturally belong to."

During a January 2019 public appearance in Sioux City, Iowa, Warren was asked by an attendee, "Why did you undergo the DNA testing and give Donald more fodder to be a bully?" She responded in part, "I am not a person of color; I am not a citizen of a tribe. Tribal citizenship is very different from ancestry. Tribes, and only tribes, determine tribal citizenship, and I respect that difference." She later privately contacted leadership of the Cherokee Nation to apologize "for furthering confusion over issues of tribal sovereignty and citizenship and for any harm her announcement caused". Cherokee Nation executive director of communications Julie Hubbard said that Warren understands "that being a Cherokee Nation tribal citizen is rooted in centuries of culture and laws not through DNA tests". Warren apologized again in August 2019 before a Native American Forum in Iowa.

In February 2019, Warren received a standing ovation during a surprise visit to a Native American conference, where she was introduced by freshman Representative Deb Haaland (D-NM), one of the first two Native American women elected to the U.S. Congress. Haaland endorsed Warren for president in July 2019, calling her "a great partner for Indian Country".

Honors and awards

In 2009, The Boston Globe named Warren the Bostonian of the Year, and the Women's Bar Association of Massachusetts honored her with the Lelia J. Robinson Award. The National Law Journal has repeatedly named Warren one of the Fifty Most Influential Women Attorneys in America, and in 2010 named her one of the 40 most influential attorneys of the decade. Also in 2009, Warren became the first professor in Harvard's history to win the law school's Sacks–Freund Teaching Award for a second time. In 2011, she delivered the commencement address at Rutgers Law School, her alma mater, and received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree and membership in the Order of the Coif. In 2011, Warren was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. In January 2012, New Statesman magazine named her one of the "top 20 U.S. progressives". Warren was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World in 2009, 2010, 2015, and 2017.

In 2018, the Women's History Month theme in the United States was "Nevertheless, She Persisted: Honoring Women Who Fight All Forms of Discrimination Against Women", referring to McConnell's remark about Warren.

In popular culture

 * Warren has appeared in the documentary films Maxed Out (2007), Michael Moore's Capitalism: A Love Story (2009), Heist: Who Stole the American Dream? (2011), and Makers: Women Who Make America (2013).
 * In 2017, Kate McKinnon played Warren on Saturday Night Live. McKinnon continued her impression of Warren in 2019 and 2020, during the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. On the March 7, 2020, episode, Warren appeared as herself in the cold open alongside McKinnon's impression of her, and together they opened the show.
 * In 2019, Warren wrote the entry on Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for that year's Time 100.
 * Warren's popularity is the basis of a wide array of merchandise sold in her name, much of which incorporates Mitch McConnell's remark "Nevertheless, she persisted", including an action figure of Warren.
 * Musician Jonathan Mann has written songs about Warren, including "She Persisted".

Influence on national politics
Warren has been described as a national "liberal standard-bearer" as well as a "standard-bearer" for progressivism. In his 2024 book The Rebels: Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, and the Struggle for a New American Politics, Joshua Green cites Warren as a major figure in shaping the Democratic Party's embrace of more leftward politics in the dozen years after the Great Recession. Green considers Warren to have demonstrated "a new way" approach in national politics, whereby politicians engage in "big, loud, messy fights that offered moral clarity and galvanized public sentiment behind a position." He credited this approach for enabling Warren to "take on her own party". Warren herself had previously boasted about being a "thorn" to the Obama administration, taking pride in her willingness to be combative with the administration's major economic officials and occasionally voice public disagreement with Obama's positions.

Fellow journalist Brian Stelter concurred with Green's analysis that Warren (as well as Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio–Cortez) had "helped lead an economic 'backlash' to the 2008 financial crisis that pulled the [Democratic] party leftward." After the 2016 election of Donald Trump placed the national Democratic Party in a political wilderness as both the opposition to the president and the minority party in both chambers of the Congress, many commenters saw Warren as one of the de facto leading figures in a party that lacked a clear singular post-Obama leader.

Columnists such as Perry Bacon Jr. of The Washington Post have written that ideas Warren promoted during her presidential campaign have had some influence on the Biden administration's agenda. In February 2021, Jeff Bridgood observed that the administration appeared more receptive to Warren's input than the Obama administration had been, reflecting how the party had become more in line with her political philosophy than it had been when she first rose to political prominence. During the Biden administration, Warren has continued to be a prominent voice within her party.

Protégés
Warren has mentored several people who have gone on to hold notable political office. U.S. Representative Katie Porter, a former law student of hers, is considered her protégée. Porter co-chaired Warren's presidential campaign. Another of Warren's political protégées is Michelle Wu (mayor of Boston), who was a law student of hers and worked on her 2012 Senate campaign before running for Boston City Council herself in 2013. Suffolk County Sheriff Steven W. Tompkins also got his start in politics working on Warren's 2012 campaign. During his law school studies, former U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III considered Warren a mentor. Boston City Council president Ruthzee Louijeune has also been described as a Warren protégée and served as senior counsel to Warren's presidential campaign before running for city council.

Influence on appointments in Democratic presidential administrations
Warren strongly believes that "personnel is policy": that the policy of a presidency is shaped by who a president appoints to their administration. She has influenced President Obama, 2016 Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, and President Biden on the matter of staffing presidential administrations.

Pressuring of Hillary Clinton before the 2016 election
Warren discreetly engaged in an effort to shape the administration Hillary Clinton would lead if she won the 2016 election. In his 2024 book, Stern noted that after Warren (bullish on her own 2016 prospects of winning a presidential election) had declined grassroots efforts to draft her into a candidacy. Recognizing that Clinton stood of becoming the party's nominee, Warren quietly worked to influence how she might staff an administration.

In 2019, Alex Thompson reported in Politico on Warren's efforts ahead of the 2016 election to pressure Clinton on potential appointees. Thompson described Warren's theory on political power as "combining tough, often hyperbolic rhetoric to create leverage with quieter, hands-on, person-to-person outreach." He reported that, beginning in December 2014, Warren had discreetly "pressed Clinton to commit to not appointing Wall Street-friendly people to her administration, as Warren felt Bill Clinton and Barack Obama had done." He described this effort as a

"Two-year campaign by Warren, her staff and outside allies to push, prod and shape the would-be Clinton administration—an effort that also included an informal blacklist of Clinton allies that Warren and outside partners would resist if nominated for jobs in the Clinton administration."

Thompson reported that Warren had also "sent Clinton a list of people she wanted the campaign team to consult on economic policy in order to broaden their horizons", all of whom had been "critical of the Obama administration's response to the financial crisis, as Warren had." Thompson reported that Clinton and her political advisors gave great deference to Warren's advice, both out of concern that Warren might otherwise challenge Clinton in the primary, but also due to "Warren’s credibility among progressives and her willingness to use her bully pulpit to condemn members of her own party."

Biden administration
Warren has had notable success in lobbying President Biden on certain appointments in his administration. A number of Warren's acolytes have served in the Biden administration, including Bharat Ramamurti (a former economic policy advisor to Warren) and Sasha Baker (a former senate and campaign policy advisor to Warren on national security). Within the first three weeks of his presidency, Biden had already named four of Warren's campaign and Senate staffers to positions in his administration, among other Warren allies and protégés. In March 2021, Kara Voght of Mother Jones wrote, "Warren has been a private but constant voice to the Biden administration on personnel decisions." That same month, Zachary Warmbrodt of Politico wrote:

"President Joe Biden is enlisting a small army of [Warren's] former aides and allies to run his government. Warren's expanding network in the upper echelons of the administration includes protégés who helped execute her aggressive oversight of big banks and other corporations as well as friends who share her views of the risks looming on Wall Street. But it goes beyond finance, covering pivotal posts at the Department of Education and even the National Security Council. The Warren recruits mark a victory for the progressive movement, which has supported her yearslong "personnel is policy" campaign to chip away at the dominance of corporate insiders in setting policy for Democrats."

Books and other works
In 2004, Warren and her daughter, Amelia Tyagi, wrote The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke. In the book they state that at that time, a fully employed worker earned less inflation-adjusted income than a fully employed worker had 30 years earlier. Although families spent less at that time on clothing, appliances, and other forms of consumption, the costs of core expenses such as mortgages, health care, transportation, and child care had increased dramatically. According to the authors, the result was that even families with two income earners were no longer able to save and incurred ever greater debt.

In an article in The New York Times, Jeff Madrick said of the book:

"The authors find that it is not the free-spending young or the incapacitated elderly who are declaring bankruptcy so much as families with children ... their main thesis is undeniable. Typical families often cannot afford the high-quality education, health care, and neighborhoods required to be middle class today. More clearly than anyone else, I think, Ms. Warren and Ms. Tyagi have shown how little attention the nation and our government have paid to the way Americans really live."

In 2005, Warren and David Himmelstein published a study on bankruptcy and medical bills that found that half of all families filing for bankruptcy did so in the aftermath of a serious medical problem. They say that three-quarters of such families had medical insurance. The study was widely cited in policy debates, but some have challenged its methods and offered alternative interpretations of the data, suggesting that only 17% of bankruptcies are directly attributable to medical expenses.

Metropolitan Books published Warren's book A Fighting Chance in April 2014. According to a Boston Globe review, "the book's title refers to a time she says is now gone, when even families of modest means who worked hard and played by the rules had at a fair shot at the American dream."

In April 2017, Warren published her 11th book, This Fight Is Our Fight: The Battle to Save America's Middle Class, in which she explores the plight of the American middle class and argues that the federal government needs to do more to help working families with stronger social programs and increased investment in education.

 * Publications

 * Selected articles

 * Books
 * (with Teresa A. Sullivan and Jay Westbrook)
 * (with Teresa A. Sullivan and Jay Westbrook)
 * (with Amelia Warren Tyagi)
 * (with Amelia Warren Tyagi)
 * (with Lynn M. LoPucki, Daniel Keating, Ronald Mann, and Normal Goldenberg)
 * (with Jay Westbrook)
 * (with Lynn M. LoPucki)
 * (with Lynn M. LoPucki)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elizabeth Warren


text:
SBE

SBE may refer to:

Science, medicine, and technology

 * Sacred Books of the East
 * Semiconductor Bloch equations
 * Social, behavioral, environmental and medical sciences
 * Society of Broadcast Engineers
 * Specification by example, in software development
 * Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Engineering consultants

 * SBE, Studiebureau voor Bouwkunde en Expertises, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium

Other uses

 * SBE Entertainment Group, Los Angeles, US
 * Scarborough Board of Education, Ontario, Canada
 * South by east, a point of the compass

title: SBE


text:
Live action

Live action is a form of cinematography or videography that uses photography instead of animation. Some works combine live action with animation to create a live-action animated feature film. Live action is used to define film, video games or similar visual media. Photorealistic animation, particularly modern computer animation, is sometimes erroneously described as "live action", as in the case of some media reports about Disney's remake of the traditionally animated The Lion King from 1994. According to the Cambridge English Dictionary, live action involves "real people or animals, not models, or images that are drawn, or produced by computer".

Overview
As the normal process of making visual media involves live action, the term itself is usually superfluous. However, it makes an important distinction in situations in which one might normally expect animation, such as when the work is adapted from a video game, or from an animated cartoon.

The phrase "live action" also occurs within an animation context to refer to non-animated characters: in a live-action/animated film such as Space Jam, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Looney Tunes: Back in Action, or Mary Poppins in which humans and cartoons co-exist. In this case, the "live-action" characters are the "real" actors, such as Michael Jordan, Bob Hoskins and Julie Andrews, as opposed to the animated "actors", such as Roger and Jessica Rabbit.

As use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) in films has become a major trend, some critics, such as Mark Langer, have discussed the relationship between live action and animation. New films that use computer-generated special-effects can not be compared to live-action films using cartoon characters because of the perceived realism of both styles combined.

Live action vs. animation
In producing a movie, both live action and animation have their own pros and cons. Unlike animation, live action involves the photography of actors and actresses, as well as sets and props making the movie seem personal and as close to reality as possible. The only drawback is one's budget. On the other hand, animation works well in conveying abstract ideas but it generally takes much longer to produce.

title: Live action


text:
Society of Broadcast Engineers

The Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE) is a professional organization for engineers in broadcast radio and television. The SBE also offers certification in various radio frequency and video and audio technology areas for its members.

Background
The organization was founded in 1964.

The society elected its first female president, Andrea Cummis, in 2021.

Certifications
Operator Level Certifications
 * Certified Radio Operator (CRO)
 * Certified Television Operator (CTO)

Broadcast Networking Certifications
 * Certified Broadcast Networking Technologist (CBNT)
 * Certified Broadcast Networking Engineer (CBNE)

Engineer Level Certifications
 * Certified Broadcast Technologist (CBT)
 * Certified Audio Engineer (CEA)
 * Certified Video Engineer (CEV)
 * Certified broadcast radio engineer (CBRE)
 * Certified Broadcast Television Engineer (CBTE)
 * Certified Senior Broadcast Radio Engineer (CSRE)
 * Certified Senior Broadcast Television Engineer (CSTE)
 * Certified Professional Broadcast Engineer (CPBE)

Specialist Certifications
 * Certified 8-VSB Specialist (8-VSB)
 * Certified AM Directional Specialist (AMD)
 * Certified Digital Radio Broadcast Specialist (DRB)

Previous Certifications

These certifications are still in use but are no longer issued.
 * Certified Senior Broadcast Engineer (CSBE)
 * Certified Radio and Television Broadcast Engineer (CBRTE)
 * Certified Senior Radio and Television Broadcast Engineer (CSRTE)

title: Society of Broadcast Engineers


text:
Zygomatic bone

In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (from ζῠγόν), also called cheekbone or malar bone, is a paired irregular bone, situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forming part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, of the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders.

Etymology
The term zygomatic derives from the Ancient Greek Ζυγόμα, zygoma, meaning "yoke". The zygomatic bone is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term may also refer to the zygomatic arch.

Surfaces
The malar surface is convex and perforated near its center by a small aperture, the zygomaticofacial foramen, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels; below this foramen is a slight elevation, which gives origin to the zygomaticus muscle.

The temporal surface, directed posteriorly and medially, is concave, presenting medially a rough, triangular area, for articulation with the maxilla (articular surface), and laterally a smooth, concave surface, the upper part of which forms the anterior boundary of the temporal fossa, the lower a part of the infratemporal fossa. Near the center of this surface is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve.

The orbital surface forms the lateral part and some of the inferior part of the bony orbit. The zygomatic nerve passes through the zygomatic-orbital foramen on this surface. The lateral palpebral ligament attaches to a small protuberance called the orbital tubercle.

Processes
Each zygomatic bone is diamond-shaped and composed of three processes with similarly named associated bony articulations: frontal, temporal, and maxillary. Each process of the zygomatic bone forms important structures of the skull.

The orbital surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone forms the anterior lateral orbital wall, with usually a small paired foramen, the zygomaticofacial foramen opening on its lateral surface. The temporal process of the zygomatic bone forms the zygomatic arch along with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, with a paired zygomaticotemporal foramen present on the medial deep surface of the bone. The orbital surface of the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone forms a part of the infraorbital rim and a small part of the anterior part of the lateral orbital wall.

Orbital process
The orbital process is a thick, strong plate, projecting backward and medialward from the orbital margin. Its antero-medial surface forms, by its junction with the orbital surface of the maxilla and with the great wing of the sphenoid, part of the floor and lateral wall of the orbit. On it are seen the orifices of two canals, the zygomatico-orbital foramina; one of these canals opens into the temporal fossa, the other on the malar surface of the bone; the former transmits the zygomaticotemporal, the latter the zygomaticofacial nerve.
 * Its postero-lateral surface, smooth and convex, forms parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae.
 * Its anterior margin, smooth and rounded, is part of the circumference of the orbit.
 * Its superior margin, rough, and directed horizontally, articulates with the frontal bone behind the zygomatic process.
 * Its posterior margin is serrated for articulation, with the great wing of the sphenoid and the orbital surface of the maxilla.

At the angle of junction of the sphenoidal and maxillary portions, a short, concave, non-articular part is generally seen; this forms the anterior boundary of the inferior orbital fissure: occasionally, this non-articular part is absent, the fissure then being completed by the junction of the maxilla and sphenoid, or by the interposition of a small sutural bone in the angular interval between them.

Borders
The antero-superior or orbital border is smooth, concave, and forms a considerable part of the circumference of the orbit.

The antero-inferior or maxillary border is rough, and bevelled at the expense of its inner table, to articulate with the maxilla; near the orbital margin it gives origin to the quadratus labii superioris.

The postero-superior or temporal border, curved like an italic letter f, is continuous above with the commencement of the temporal line, and below with the upper border of the zygomatic arch; the temporal fascia is attached to it.

The postero-inferior or zygomatic border affords attachment by its rough edge to the masseter.

Articulations
The zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and paired temporal bones, and maxillary bones.

Development
The zygomatic bone is generally described as ossifying from three centers—one for the malar and two for the orbital portion; these appear about the eighth week and fuse about the fifth month of fetal life.

Mall describes it as being ossified from one center which appears just beneath and to the lateral side of the orbit.

After birth, the bone is sometimes divided by a horizontal suture into an upper larger, and a lower smaller division.

In some quadrumana the zygomatic bone consisted of two parts, an orbital and a malar.

Society and culture
Zygomatic arches, also known as high cheek bones, are considered physically attractive in some cultures, in both males and females.

Ancient Chinese sculptures of goddesses typically have a "broad forehead, raised eyebrows, high cheekbones, and large, sensuous mouth". Similarly, many depictions of Qin warriors in the Terracotta Army are depicted with "broad foreheads, high cheekbones, large eyes, thick eyebrows, and stiff beards."

For this reason some individuals undergo cheek augmentation, a form of cosmetic surgery.

Other animals
The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods.

Non-mammalian vertebrates

In non-mammalian vertebrates, the zygomatic bone is referred to as the jugal bone, since these animals have no zygomatic arch. It is found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species.

This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, as in the case of creatures, such as dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found. In coelacanths and early tetrapods the bone is relatively large. Here, it is a plate-like bone forming the lower margin of the orbit and much of the side of the face. In ray-finned fishes it is reduced or absent, and the entire cheek region is generally small. The bone is also absent in living amphibians.

With the exception of turtles, the jugal bone in reptiles forms a relatively narrow bar separating the orbit from the inferior temporal fenestra, of which it may also form the lower boundary. The bone is similarly reduced in birds. In mammals, it takes on broadly the form seen in humans, with the bar between the orbit and fenestra vanishing entirely, and only the lower boundary of the fenestra remaining, as the zygomatic arch.

title: Zygomatic bone


text:
Solitary sandpiper

The solitary sandpiper (Tringa solitaria) is a small shorebird. The genus name Tringa is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper by Aldrovandus in 1599 based on Ancient Greek trungas, a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by Aristotle. The specific solitaria is Latin for "solitary" from solus, "alone".

Description
This species measures 18 - 23 cm long, with a wingspan up to 50 cm and a body mass of 31 - 65 g. It is a dumpy wader with a dark green back, greyish head and breast and otherwise white underparts. It is obvious in flight, with wings dark above and below, and a dark rump and tail centre. The latter feature distinguishes it from the slightly larger and broader-winged, but otherwise very similar, green sandpiper (T. ochropus) of Europe and Asia, to which it is closely related. The latter species has a brilliant white rump. In flight, the solitary sandpiper has a characteristic three-note whistle. They both have brown wings with little light dots, and a delicate but contrasting neck and chest pattern. In addition, both species nest in trees, unlike most other scolopacids.

Distribution and habitat
It breeds in woodlands across Alaska and Canada. It is a migratory bird, wintering in Central and South America, especially in the Amazon River basin, and the Caribbean. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, and goes there in the summer–autumn period.

Subspecies
The solitary sandpiper is split into two subspecies:

 * T. s. cinnamomea, (Brewster, 1890) : breeds in Alaska & western Canada
 * T. s. solitaria, (Wilson, 1813) : breeds from eastern British Columbia to Labrador

Behaviour
As its name indicates, the solitary sandpiper is not a gregarious species, usually seen alone during migration, although sometimes small numbers congregate in suitable feeding areas. The solitary sandpiper is very much a bird of fresh water, and is often found in sites, such as ditches, too restricted for other waders, which tend to like a clear all-round view.

Breeding
The sandpiper lays a clutch of 3–5 eggs in abandoned tree nests of songbird species, such as those of thrushes. The young birds are encouraged to drop to the ground soon after hatching.

Feeding
Food is small invertebrates: insects (such as mosquito larvae, young midges, grasshoppers, caterpillars and beetles), small crustaceans and molluscs (such as snails extracted from their shells), sometimes small frogs (primarily as tadpoles), picked off the mud as the bird works steadily around the edges of its chosen pond.

title: Solitary sandpiper


text:
Who Censored Roger Rabbit?

Who Censored Roger Rabbit? is a fantasy mystery novel written by Gary K. Wolf in 1981. It was later adapted by Disney and Amblin Entertainment into the critically acclaimed 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

Plot
Eddie Valiant is a hardboiled private eye, and Roger Rabbit is a second banana comic strip character. Roger hires Valiant to find out why his employers, the DeGreasy Brothers (Rocco and Dominic), who are owners of a cartoon syndicate, have reneged on a promise to give Roger his own strip and potentially sell his contract to a mystery buyer. Evidence shows that there was no mystery buyer and the reason Roger Rabbit remained in a secondary role was because of his lack of talent. Soon after, Roger is mysteriously murdered in his home. His speech balloon, found at the crime scene, indicates his murder was a way of "censoring" him; apparently, he had just heard someone explain the source of his success. Valiant's search for the killer takes him to a variety of suspects, which includes Roger's estranged widow Jessica Rabbit, Roger's former co-star Baby Herman, and Roger's photographer Carol Masters. Valiant then meets a doppelgänger of Roger's and promises to solve the mystery of his death. At the same time, Roger's former boss, Rocco DeGreasy, is also murdered, and witnesses point to Roger as the killer, as he was allegedly seen fleeing the scene of the crime.

While Valiant investigates, the key suspects ask him to be on the lookout for a certain kettle in exchange for a reward. He eventually finds the kettle, which was in Roger's possession, and gives it to Dominic DeGreasy only to find it is actually a magic lamp with a Genie, who then kills Dominic. The Genie explains its origins, and that, over thousands of years, it has become embittered, now only granting wishes with a catch, and admits to being the one who shot Roger. He further explains that the words to command him happen to be part of a children's song that Roger habitually sings, so Roger wished for success without actually realising he had done so. When Roger accidentally activated the lantern a third time, but witnessed the apparition, the Genie killed him. Valiant holds the Genie hostage over a saltwater fish tank, saltwater being its weakness. The Genie is then forced to grant a wish made by Valiant for proof of Roger's innocence, which is provided in the form of a suicide note from Dominic DeGreasy confessing to both Roger and Rocco DeGreasy's murders. Not trusting the Genie to keep its word of letting him go, and also knowing that no one would believe him about the Genie, Valiant drops the Genie's lamp into the fish tank and the saltwater dissolves the Genie.

With Roger's murderer disposed of, Valiant concludes that Rocco DeGreasy's murderer was the original Roger Rabbit himself. Roger's motive was that Rocco had stolen Jessica from him, and he generated the doppelgänger to be an alibi. He intended to plant the murder weapon at Valiant's office, framing him, but was shot by the Genie when he accidentally summoned it. The doppelgänger confirms the truth and confesses that he "had it planned for days". However, for clearing his name and befriending him despite what he did and tried to do afterwards, he praises Valiant for his morals (calling him "a real stand-up guy"). Roger gives Valiant a final heartfelt goodbye before disintegrating.

Edition differences
The different covers used for the book give different impressions. The first is darker in tone and only shows a shadowed Roger from the back, while Valiant's face is unshaven. It focused on the two in a close-up with a black background. A later edition showed a cleanshaven Valiant while Roger's face was brightly shown. It was panned out and showed the city during day in the background. It also showed a speech bubble coming from Roger saying "Help! I'm stuck in a mystery of double-crossers, steamy broads, and killer cream pies." Both show author Gary K. Wolf modelling as Valiant.

Comparison to the film adaptation
The book and film feature many of the same core characters; however, the plot and many other elements of the film depart significantly from Wolf's novel.

The novel is set in the 1980s of the book's publication, albeit in a strange universe in which real humans and cartoon characters co-exist. The cartoons of the novel are primarily comic strip characters, as opposed to animated cartoon stars. Many famous strip characters are mentioned or make cameo appearances, such as Dick Tracy, Snoopy, Dagwood and Blondie Bumstead, Beetle Bailey, and Hägar the Horrible. Strips are produced by photographing cartoon characters. In this version, "toon" characters speak in word balloons which appear above their heads as they talk. Although some characters have learned to suppress their word balloons and speak vocally, the use of word balloons forms several important plot points.

In the book, toons have the power to create duplicates of themselves as stunt doubles for risky shots. Generally, they disintegrate after a few minutes or hours at the most. Roger creates one that lasts two days, although this is an exception, intending it to be as close a match to him as possible in order to be an alibi. When Roger is shot and killed by an unknown assailant, his doppelgänger works with the detective to solve his murder before he disintegrates. In the film, toons are more or less unkillable—except by noxious chemical "dip"—and, with a few exceptions, shrug off even the worst injuries, while their slapstick can realistically kill humans, such as Judge Doom killing Teddy Valiant (Eddie's younger brother in the film) with a piano.

The only lines of dialogue from the book that were closely re-used in the film were spoken by Baby Herman ("I've got a 50-year-old lust and a 3-year-old dinky," though in the book, Baby Herman's actual age is given as 36) and Jessica Rabbit ("I'm not bad, Mr. Valiant. I'm just drawn that way").

Comparison to the spin-off
In 1991, Wolf wrote another Roger Rabbit book, Who P-P-P-Plugged Roger Rabbit?, but (in the form of a memo from Valiant) the book says that Roger Rabbit "and his screwball buddies play fast and loose with historical accuracy", which means that the stories do not have much continuity between each other. There is no connection between this novel and the first one, with the exception of Jessica mentioning having a dream containing the events of the first novel, retconning it as just a dream.

title: Who Censored Roger Rabbit?


text:
Talk:Guantánamo

Untitled
Some people seem to have difficulties with reality!
 * :) Well, looking at your edits to Siegerjustiz, I would say you have an anti-American slant. I honestly could care less about your ideologies, but Wikipedia has an NPOV for its articles. -- Notheruser 06:41, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

It would be very interesting if someone describes the (hi)story of how the heck US have a base on Cuba. It does look strange, doesn't it? Like if North Koreans had a base in San Francisco or something.
 * Please see Guantanamo Bay.--Pharos 10:11, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Page move
Why was this page moved from the correct Spanish spelling of "Guantánamo"?--Pharos 00:39, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I moved it to the spelling which seems far more common in English, where the article originally was, and where most links still pointed. If this is controversial, perhaps we should list this on requested moves. Jonathunder 01:10, 2005 Mar 14 (UTC)

 * I deleted from here a comment I wrote before reading down.  I'm of the opinion it should be under Guantánamo.   Many English-language sources use the accentuation.   Many other Wikipedia articles have correct accentuation (See my reply to A.D.H.'s vote below).    Unfortunately I missed the vote so that's that, and the IMO wrong decision stands.   - PhilipR 15:36, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Requested move

 * Guantanamo, Cuba → Guantánamo, Cuba The accent is part of the correct spelling.  —wwoods 18:51, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation and sign your vote with ~,

 * Object. common usage -- Philip Baird Shearer 09:09, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support — note that this is a move back to its original position. Spanish placenames elsewhere in WP are spelt with the correct accent as a rule. Surprisingly, Naming conventions doesn't really cover this. Gareth Hughes 14:33, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This would not be a move to the original position; it has been moved twice, and is now where it started, which is the name most common in English. Jonathunder 15:15, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)
 * Support. This article is about the Cuban city, not the U.S. naval base.--Pharos 22:48, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Common usage is w/out accents--see Montreal for precedent. Niteowlneils 02:06, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is the English-language Wikipedia.  It's not Québec and it's not Zaïre, and it's not Guantánamo.  Local form ≠ English form.  A.D.H. (t&m) 09:26, Mar 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Contrast, however, Camagüey, Pinar del Río, Guantánamo Province, Raúl Castro, Cádiz, Cádiz (province), Ávila (province), Bayamón, Puerto Rico, São Paulo, Brasília, Île-de-France (région), Midi-Pyrénées, Lübeck, Travemünde, et al..  Apparently many of us have a lot to learn about Wikipedia standards for Anglicization!   Quebec is a flimsy precedent: check out the reasoning in the analogous discussion there, none of which applies to Cuba because the only English speakers there are at the naval base.   Issue long since decided, I know, but I couldn't let this pass uncommented (and no, I don't think any of those need the accent deleted, nor did Gtmo.). - PhilipR 15:36, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Additional comments:

 * I don't think the city gets referred to often enough for any usage to be called common. Of the top 50 pages Google found for "guantanamo -bay -base -XP -naval", only three were about the city; "common usage" would make Guantanamo a redirect to Guantanamo Bay. —wwoods 18:48, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This article currently says it's about the Cuban city, but then about half of it is about the U.S. naval base. About half of "what links here" seems to be looking for the base. In fact, the article started (without an accent) as a duplicate stub for the base. Maybe this would be a good place for a disambiguation page, and the article about the city could go to Guantánamo, Cuba (with accent). Jonathunder 04:21, 2005 Mar 25 (UTC)

 * I've been going through the links, changing them to Guantánamo or Guantanamo Bay when it's clear if the city or base is intended. Those submarines should almost certainly go too. I don't get the significance of Guàntanamo, for which Google only finds two pages. —wwoods 08:30, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * That was a typo on my part, which I corrected above. Jonathunder 18:43, 2005 Mar 25 (UTC)

Decision/American Naval Base
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. violet/riga (t) 11:43, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it is unclear for many readers why there is an American base on the territory of Cuba. Is this base rented from the government? What's the history of this place?

 * I agree, the history of Guantanamo could be included.

 * I think the bigger question is why you'd be writing about the Naval Base in this article. Only its relevance to the city and municipality of Guantanamo matters in this article. Specifics about detainees and what the US President is planning to do with them really belongs in the article about the Naval Base itself. Consider this, you wouldn't write about New Jersey politics in an article about New York, unless the politics of New York directly affect New Jersey. I think the same applies here and will delete the irrelevant stuff on the Naval Base from this article. Goeverywhere (talk)

 * Doesn't the Naval Base interfere with the ability of the people in the City to get to the ocean from their port? A question - how does that work? ( Martin | talk • contribs 22:21, 5 March 2013 (UTC))

History of Guantanamo
When I was in Cuba arround year 1999 I was told about this little piece of US in CUBA. Of course most american will never hear the story because they are not authorised to go in CUBA, only american cars from the 50's are.

The story was that Guantanamo military base was given for 100 years to the american at the Cuban independance. At the time I noticed that very soon that place should return to Cuban.

It was a surprise for me to learn after Iraq that the US was still having a base there.

Anybody with more knowledge on the real history and the secret deal that make this base still exist should update the page.

 * The article about the naval base is at Guantanamo Bay.
 * —wwoods 17:06, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The article about the naval base is titled Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. It includes a little about the lease, and a link to more. There is no expiration date stated in the lease. The Treaty of 1934 says the base will continue unless abandoned, assuming that the lease is not abrogated or breached. ( Martin | talk • contribs 22:28, 5 March 2013 (UTC))

Wrong map
The map highlights Guantanamo Bay, not Guantanamo. I won't remove it, because it's better than nothing, but it should ceratainly be replaced. Is there a place where maps are kept? DirkvdM 18:22, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Taken care of - Pollodiablo

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move/redirect/what EPA said. =] — Nightst a  llion  (?) 07:41, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Requested move: the revenge

 * Guantanamo → Guantánamo, then Guantanamo/Guantanamo Bay → redirect Guantanamo (disambiguation) — In light of recent moves and redirects/DABs: the city in Cuba is properly spelled with the á|acute accent and the proposed move harks of the rendition Guantánamo Province; see also São Paulo and Brasília. After this, both Guantanamo and Guantanamo Bay should redirect to Guantanamo (disambiguation), since all of these terms are invariably related (bay, city, province, base) and the unaccented versions can be ambiguously (and easily) construed as any or all of the items in the master DAB. E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 14:06, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Vote

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation and sign your vote with ~,

 * Support as proponent. E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 14:17, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose seems to be more common without accent in English use. Thumbelina 23:20, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment This article move is primarily for the city in Cuba, not other interpretations: most atlases and compendiums – like the US CIA World Factbook entry for Cuba w/map, National Geographic (map of Cuba), Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary, and Encyclopædia Britannica – clearly render (and distinguish) the city with an accent.  Once moved, common use would be reflected with the redirect to Guantanamo (disambiguation) without the accent. E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 23:52, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Support per nomination -- Mareklug talk  00:47, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support and if you're inclined to oppose, please read the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base talk page first. This a second (?) step of a major move project. AjaxSmack 02:16, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per discussion on other page, as this will simplify many, many references throughout Wikipedia. More below. --Dhartung | Talk 04:51, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Full support. Let's have things at their proper name whenever possible. Matt Yeager ♫ ( Talk? ) 05:42, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support — this makes sense to me — Gareth Hughes 13:06, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. Use correct accents in all names whenever possible. MikeZ 21:10, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: Naming conventions (standard letters with diacritics) has been debated numerous times and is not policy. Diacritics may be used with appropriate caveats. In this case the need for disambiguation trumps Naming conventions (common names), as I see it. It is arguable whether Naming conventions (use English) applies to the mere use of diacritics. --Dhartung | Talk 04:42, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * For rationale and recent discussion (of related moves), consult the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base talk page with germane discussion ... which has not been contested. E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 14:17, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with the first part of this move. Even though it reverses or reinstates moves that have been done in the past, it meets the common names standard. Almost all of the references to Guantánamo will be to the city. On the other hand, almost all of the references to Guantanamo will be to the naval base, not the least for its recent notoriety. As a matter of simplicity, I think that should redirect to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, but this is just something I highly recommend. I think non-base references (province, natural bay) will be so few that a top-line DAB should be sufficient. --Dhartung | Talk 04:51, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 10 July 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. Decent arguments put forward on both sides and clearly no consensus either way. However, there does appear to be agreement that the target of Guantanamo should be changed. It might be worth trying to move the DAB page to that title. Number  5  7  14:09, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

– When English speaking readers search this term, they less likely to mean the Cuban city than the detention camp or US naval base. For example, the first ten Google Books results for a search of "Guantánamo" relate to Guantanamo Bay detention camp or Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which also have more views. It's not a WP:PTM issue because books are published under such titles as "Guantánamo: Why the Illegal US Base Should be Returned to Cuba", "Guantánamo: Violation of Human Rights and International Law?" and "The Guantánamo Lawyers: Inside a Prison Outside the Law". (Compare Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2020_July_4.) Therefore, Guantánamo should be a disambiguation page. (t · c)  buidhe  02:44, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Guantánamo → Guantánamo, Cuba
 * Guantánamo (disambiguation) → Guantánamo
 * Support For me, what's most important is that the city is clearly not the primary topic of Guantanamo (without the accent). We could split it based on WP:SMALLDETAILS, but probably easier to just disambiguate everything on one page. -- King of ♥ ♦ ♣ ♠ 19:39, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and per King of Hearts above. Paintspot Infez (talk) 20:27, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. The majority of usage on Enwiki is not for the city. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 16:33, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose. Excluding the province, there is no other topic on this Wikipedia that could reasonably be called "Guantánamo". Not the base (which no one has ever shown to be written with an accent"), not the prison camp (ditto), nothing. There is literally nothing to disambiguate. No one arrives on this page by accident; accent marks do not spontaneously attach themselves to search terms. This article is, as far as I can see, the only one (again, barring the province) called "Guantánamo". The article should remain. Red   Slash  23:10, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Please see above where I have quoted the titles of multiple books which refer to the base or the prison camp exactly as "Guantánamo". (t · c)  buidhe  02:03, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) Do you believe that the Cuban city is the primary topic of Guantanamo (without an accent)? 2) If not, are you OK with Guantanamo and Guantánamo having different primary topics? -- King of ♥ ♦ ♣ ♠ 03:14, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't like to differentiate by small details, but it's policy, and it works here. Yes, Guantanamo absolutely should not take you to an article. Red   Slash  20:00, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per each of User:Red Slash's arguments pretty much verbatim. —  AjaxSmack  02:00, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. The presence of the accent doesn't change the support arguments; Guantanamo lands here, and both accented and unaccented should be disambiguated, per King of Hearts. Note to closing admin: there are 363 incoming links to the page that would have to be cleaned up. Even though that cleanup doesn't require the admin bit, somehow it's the admin's job to fix all of them before one of the disambiguation-link-fixers admonishes them on their talk page. -- JHunterJ (talk) 11:20, 17 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I volunteer to clean up the dab links if the closer doesn't want to, let me know on my talk page. (t · c)  buidhe  11:23, 17 July 2020 (UTC)
 * oppose: per Red Slash. Also: there is world outside the states, and wikipedia is a global platform which should serve entire world, not just USA. —usernamekiran (talk) 18:25, 30 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per comparable instances such as Subic Bay (which is an article the bay, not the eponymous U.S. naval station). BD2412  T 02:42, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guantánamo


text:
Kalervo Palsa

Huugo Kalervo Palsa, known as Kalle (12 March 1947 – 3 October 1987), was a Finnish artist whose style has been described as fantastic expressionism, often influenced by depictions of sexuality.

Although his work did not draw significant attention in his lifetime, Kalervo Palsa's reputation grew after being the subject of exhibitions and writings following his death. In 2013, a film based on his life, Kalervo Palsa ja kuriton käsi was released. In 2013, his house was converted into the Palsa Museum, dedicated to his work.

Life
Palsa was a native of Kittilä in Lapland. As a child, he grew up in a dysfunctional household where display of emotion was discouraged.

Palsa began keeping a journal in which he recorded his thoughts in the early 1960s. His work was first exhibited in Rovaniemi in 1967, and he became the first member of his family to graduate high school in 1970. He spent time in the 1970s as an art student in Helsinki, but resided permanently at a small studio cabin in Kittilä. It was connected to electricity by a long extension cable from a nearby house, and Palsa called it his "Getsemane" after the biblical site, or sometimes his "castle in the clouds".

Palsa died in 1987, lying in bed at home alone with pneumonia.

Legacy
During his life he had artist friends including Reidar Särestöniemi, but his two biggest supporters were his mother, and his soulmate/muse Maj-Lis Pitkänen, the sister of his childhood sweetheart Maaret.

After his death, Maj-Lis was bequeathed his artistic works and journal, and donated them to the Kiasma art museum in 1999. She would later go on to curate several exhibitions of his work and to edit compilations of his writings. She led a long-term campaign to install a memorial cenotaph for Palsa, which was sculpted by the Finnish artist, Pekka Pitkänen, Maj-Lis's husband. The statue, shaped like a stylized seed or bullroarer, was viewed by the parish as pagan, or even representing female sexual organs. Some argued against Palsa's burial in the parish due to his supposed sexual perversion, though his reputation has been partially rehabilitated since.

Art
Kalervo Palsa used a varied palette of techniques and materials, including housepaint. He painted over 1,000 self-portraits.

Most of his works explore in graphic detail the dark side of humanity, and especially of his native northern regions, with prominent themes including grotesque sexuality, sadism, homosexuality, bisexuality and a general emotional frigidity paraphilia.

Palsa went through a brief phase of experimentation with abstract art while staying in New York City. According to his diaries, this phase ended suddenly one day when he saw an unconscious black man sprawled on a subway bench.

Besides Hieronymus Bosch, his work has been compared to that of Frida Kahlo. His artistic influences include René Magritte and Vincent van Gogh, and his works also include references to Jean-Paul Sartre, August Strindberg and Jean Genet. On the first page of Eläkeläinen muistelee, he mentions other looser influences such as Jonathan Swift and Vladimir Lenin, among others.

Some researchers have noted that though he remained active in his work up to his death in 1987, his work did not show signs of the postmodernism evident in the work of many other artists of the time.

Notable works

 * Turva ("Security") is a painting of a giant anus surrounded by horrifying images. At the center of the painting the anus opens as a window showing a man seated serenely in a rocking chair, apparently untouched by the horrors.
 * Missi Paskantaa ("A Beauty Pageant Contestant Takes a Dump"), a black-and-white inked comic strip. The work consists of a few pages of deadpan illustrated technical description of the practical ramifications of beauty pageant contestants having to defecate, and finally ends with an illustrated listing of varieties of consistency of faeces that might come out of such a girl's anus, with attendant analysis.
 * Eläkeläinen Muistelee ("Retiree Reminisces"), a black-and-white inked comic-book recounting a plethora of highly surreal homosexual sadistic tales.
 * Miehen Kuukautiset ("The Male Period"), a painting of a man's bleeding anus.
 * Vapautuminen ("Deliverance"), a painting of a man suspended in mid-air, hung by a rope attached around the glans of his own huge penis.
 * Uusi Ihminen ("New (Hu)Man"), a man giving birth through his anal opening.

title: Kalervo Palsa


text:
University System of Maryland

The University System of Maryland (USM) is a public university system in the U.S. state of Maryland. The system is composed of the eleven campuses at College Park, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Princess Anne, Towson, Salisbury, Bowie, Frostburg, Hagerstown, Rockville, Cambridge, and Adelphi, along with four regional higher education centers located throughout the state.

History
In 1974, Maryland, along with seven other states, mainly in the South, submitted plans to desegregate its state universities; Maryland's plans were approved by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The University System of Maryland was created in 1988 from the merger of University of Maryland (UM) and Board of Trustees of State Universities and Colleges (BTSUC).

Campuses
With more than 172,000 students at all levels, USM institutions award 78% of bachelor's degrees in Maryland.

Finances
Nearly 50 percent of undergraduates graduate without debt. USM institutions attract more than $1.4 billion in research and development funding to the state annually and have helped foster the creation of more than 700 startup companies since 2011. The system's Aa1 bond rating enables its institutions to borrow at lower costs to students, families and taxpayers. Related effectiveness and efficiency initiatives have saved Marylanders nearly $600 million in administrative costs since 2004.

Governance
The USM is governed by a board of regents and led by a chancellor, who serves as the CEO of the university system and leads the USM Office.

USM Board of Regents
A 17-member volunteer Board of Regents, including one full-time student, governs the University System of Maryland. Appointed by the governor, the regents oversee the system's academic, administrative, and financial operations; formulate policy; and appoint the USM chancellor and the presidents of the system's 12 institutions. With the exception of the student member, each regent is appointed for a term of five years, and may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The student regent is appointed for a one-year term, and may be reappointed. Regents serve on the board without compensation.

USM chancellors

 * John S. Toll (1988–1990)
 * Donald Langenberg (1990–2002)
 * William E. Kirwan (2002–2015)
 * Robert L. Caret (2015–2020)
 * Jay A. Perman (2020–present)

USM Office
The USM Office, led by the system chancellor, is the staff to the Board of Regents. Staff members advocate on behalf of the 12 USM institutions, facilitate collaboration and efficiencies among the institutions, and provide information about the system to the public.

With leadership from the USM Board of Regents and the chancellor, the system office coordinates academic programs, assists with long-range planning and resource management, facilitates private fund raising, and provides financial stewardship.

The system office is headquartered in Baltimore, and has locations in College Park (Adelphi postal address), Annapolis, and Columbia. Formerly the Adelphi office was the headquarters of the entire system.

title: University System of Maryland


text:
Talk:1937

WWII start
Oh dear, edit wars ahoy ;-)

Most historians concede that WW2 started on September 1st 1939 with the German invasion of Poland. There is no doubt that existing conflicts came to be seen as part of this world war, but are not in themselves accepted as THE start of the war. This is a small but important difference. Otherwise I guess the Spanish Civil War could be considered the start of WW2, or even WW1! GRAHAMUK 07:19, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * You are 100% correct in your assertion. WWII started on September 1st. Incidents that occurred before are seen as the run-up to the War or a contributary factor, but the date the war is said to have started is with Hitler's invasion of Poland and nothing else. FearÉIREANN 19:24, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * It's a very Franco/Anglo-centric view of the war, and this is reflective in most of the prior Historical consensus. While I am sure the actual date will change in our collective history once the field moves away from Nationalized History and more towards the people that make up those Nations, (For instance, the first British, French, and American deaths in the fight against, and sometimes for, Fascism/Nationalism were in the Spanish Civil War, way back in 1936, but because the Governments of the future 'Allied Powers' lagged behind their own people in noticing the threat they are relegated to the footnotes of history.) a resource such as Wikipedia should follow the "official" historical consensus until its inevitable revision. It's hard to want to follow the British and French perspective of the war as definitive, when tens of thousands had already died and entire Nation-States had already fallen by the time of their belated entry. In my opinion 1936 makes more sense, as just a year later what is regarded as Asia's entry into the war would occur. Perhaps all that is required is a change in terminology in the future - already existing conflicts "merging" into a 'World War' in 1939? So much of our accepted historical norms come out of Nationalized propaganda and hyperbole, one day this will have to change, but not here, I suppose.-B — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.33.77.131 (talk) 16:24, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Year in topic
As per discussion at WikiProject_Years the year in topic paragraph is scheduled to be deleted as it largely duplicates the links in the top box, and is not consistent with other year. Any objections should be made on that page please --BozMo|talk 19:34, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Format
[See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 13:19, 14 December 2006 (UTC)] The FDR inauguration thing, says that it occured on January 20th, but that from then on it occured on Jan 20th. ???? (130.132.179.168 16:06, 9 April 2007 (UTC))

Condor Legion's arrival in Spain
This page lists the date in May, which seems impossible given Guernica and Jaen(?) were bombed a month prior to this by the very same Condor Legion. Someone might want to look into it. I'm not a member of Wikipedia and as such I don't want to make such changes to the page, but I had thought it was in March that they arrived. - B — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.33.77.131 (talk) 16:24, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:1937