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The Stainless Steel Rat

James Bolivar diGriz, alias "Slippery Jim" and "The Stainless Steel Rat", is a fictional character and a series of comic science fiction novels written by Harry Harrison.

Description
James Bolivar diGriz goes by many aliases, including "Slippery Jim" and "The Stainless Steel Rat". He is a futuristic con man, thief, and all-round rascal. He is charming and quick-witted. He is also a master of disguise and martial arts, an accomplished bank robber, a criminal mastermind, an expert on breaking and entering, and (perhaps most usefully) a skilled liar. Master of self-rationalization, the Rat frequently justifies his crimes by arguing that he is providing society with entertainment; and besides which, he only steals from institutions that he believes have insurance coverage and so will be able to recoup their losses. He displays a strong sense of morality, albeit in a much more restricted sense than is traditional. For example, diGriz will steal without compunction, but deplores killing.

The character was introduced in Harrison's short story "The Stainless Steel Rat", first published in 1957 in Astounding magazine. The story introduces the Rat, who has just carried out a successful larceny operation, and subsequently details a complex bank robbery the Rat pulls off with ease; however, he is outfoxed by the mysterious "Special Corps"—a crime-fighting organization staffed with former criminals—and recruited by them in order to fight crime. Harrison used the story, with minor modifications, as the introduction to the series's first full-length novel, also called The Stainless Steel Rat. Like other characters created by Harrison, the Rat is a speaker of Esperanto and advocates atheism.

Books
There are 12 works in the Stainless Steel Rat series.

 * The Adventures of the Stainless Steel Rat (1978) anthologized the first three books: ISBN 0-425-04378-9
 * The Stainless Steel Rat Omnibus (2008) anthologized the first three books: ISBN 978-0-575-08171-0 (Gollancz)

The series takes place in the far future (to the point where the name of the original homeworld of humankind has been lost.) According to professor Coypu, the Gregorian calendar is no longer in use (with no mention of what replaced it), but The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World provides a timeframe for the Rat's life and adventures when DiGriz is sent 32,598 years into the past and arrives in 1975 A.D., which would place the events of the series around the late 346th century.

Comics
The Stainless Steel Rat, The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World and The Stainless Steel Rat for President were adapted into comic strip form in early issues of 2000 AD, written by Kelvin Gosnell and drawn by Carlos Ezquerra. Ezquerra drew Jim with an appearance modelled on the actor James Coburn. They appeared in the following issues of 2000 AD:

 * The Stainless Steel Rat, 12 episodes, 2000 AD progs 140–151 (Nov. 1979 to Feb. 1980).
 * The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World, 12 episodes, 2000 AD progs 166–177 (June to Sep. 1980).
 * The Stainless Steel Rat for President, 12 episodes, 2000 AD progs 393–404 (Nov. 1984 to Feb. 1985).

The first appearance of The Stainless Steel Rat in prog 140 was supposed to be preceded with a brief panel of explanation of who Jim was. However, an editorial error meant that the panel actually appeared at the end of the first episode, not the beginning. This prompted a letter to be printed in prog 148 from Harry Harrison himself pointing out the error, for which he won £3.

These three stories were colorized and reprinted by Eagle Comics in 1985 and 1986 as a six-issue limited series. They were also collected in a trade paperback in July 2010 (ISBN 1906735514).

The 2000 AD comic versions were collected into a paperback (ISBN 9781781088999) and hardcover edition in August 2021 which includes the colour centre spreads as they originally appeared.

Gamebook
Harrison also produced a gamebook in the style of the Choose Your Own Adventure and Fighting Fantasy series, called You Can Be the Stainless Steel Rat (ISBN 0-441-94978-9), the reader being told that their decisions would "determine whether he or she can find Prof. Geisteskrank on the planet Skraldespand and bring him back before he activates a lethal new weapon". The reader generally cannot fail in this mission, regardless of his or her choices, although it is possible to get caught in an inescapable loop at one point.

Cameos
In the tribute anthology Foundations Friends, Harrison wrote a story, The Fourth Law of Robotics, which featured the Stainless Steel Rat in the setting of Isaac Asimov's  Robot series.

Board game
The Return of the Stainless Steel Rat, a board game inspired by the character, was published by SPI in their magazine Ares in the late 1970s. Designed by Greg Costikyan, the game involved the Rat infiltrating a space station under hostile control. The game was accompanied by a 6,000-word short story.

Video games
In 1984 a Stainless Steel Rat video game was developed by Mosaic Publishing for the ZX Spectrum, co-written by Harrison with programmer Sean O'Connell.

A text adventure game titled The Stainless Steel Rat Saves the World was released in 1984 for the Commodore 64.

Angelina diGriz
Angelina diGriz is a criminal mastermind much like the Rat, only less ethical and more willing to kill. As the Rat's first case for the Special Corps, he tracks Angelina down and ends up falling in love with her. After her capture, she undergoes psycho surgery (not to be mistaken for "psychic surgery") to lessen her homicidal tendencies and she also joins the Corps; during that time she begins a relationship with the Rat that ends with them marrying in the last trimester of her pregnancy. She later assists on many of the Rat's adventures, often providing advice and solutions that Jim himself is unable to see. While she is no longer a heartless killer, her suppressed homicidal tendencies occasionally come out, especially when she sees another woman near her husband.

James and Bolivar diGriz
James and Bolivar diGriz are the twin sons of the Rat and Angelina. The Rat missed most of the first six years of their life because of his adventures in time (he briefly sees them as babies at the end of The Stainless Steel Rat's Revenge), but they share their father's attitudes and many of his skills. They end up marrying the same woman, who falls in love with both of them and gets herself duplicated into two identical women sharing one mind.

Harold Peters Inskipp
Harold Peters Inskipp is the director of the Special Corps and one of the most powerful men in the Galaxy. He recruits the Rat, but is frequently infuriated by his insubordinate attitude and tendency to go rogue – committing independent crimes for sheer enjoyment. The Special Corps is composed almost entirely of former criminals – Inskipp himself was a legendary fugitive known as "Inskipp the Uncatchable" before being recruited and eventually becoming the Corps's commander.

Professor Coypu
One of the few Special Corps members not taken from the criminal fraternity, Professor Coypu is a boffin who had developed a Time Helix device permitting time travel as well as a portal to alternate realities. He also has a great deal of general scientific knowledge, and sent a copy of his mind with the Rat on his excursion to the 20th century to enable Jim to build a time helix and return to his native time. The only descriptions given of Coypu are his prominent buck teeth - a trait he shares with his namesake, the coypu - and a large nose. "Inskipp proved he was made of sterner stuff than any rebellious physicist. He stepped forward briskly until he and Coypu were in eyeball-to-eyeball contact--or rather nose-to-nose contact since they both had impressive honkers."

The Bishop
The Bishop was a master criminal on Bit O'Heaven, the Stainless Steel Rat's home planet. He was a lot less physical in his capers than Jim but undertook robberies, always leaving as his calling card a picture of the bishop chess piece. He retired from robbery before Jim was born, focusing instead on computer crime, and Jim only learned of his existence from a fellow prisoner while briefly in jail. Jim then contacted The Bishop by using his calling card in a robbery. As a result, The Bishop was forced out of retirement when he underestimated the police's computer security systems after running a check on Jim himself. The Bishop eventually became Jim's mentor and taught him a great deal about their trade, as well as a code of ethics. Eventually Jim and The Bishop had to leave Bit O'Heaven and on their first off-planet adventure The Bishop was killed. As a parting gift he left Jim a note that he signed with his real name, although the name is not revealed to the reader.

The Kekkonshiki
The Kekkonshiki, also known as "The Gray Men", are a human culture who initially prefer domination to coexistence. Their expertise lies in using technology to manipulate sentient minds, and they have manipulated both humans and aliens on a grand scale. Jim has experienced one of their techniques, in which the subject is convinced, via an implanted memory and faked surgical scars, that their hands were severed by an axe and then reattached while they were unconscious from the shock; he later becomes aware of their involvement in the alien invasion when he sees the same marks on the wrists of another prisoner. Jim has knowingly opposed them on two separate occasions (The Stainless Steel Rat's Revenge and The Stainless Steel Rat Wants You), but in the latter novel he is informed that he has in fact thwarted their plans twice already, making this their third encounter. (An alternate reading of the text is that finding and infiltrating their homeworld, in the second half of the novel, is counted separately from stopping the alien invasion in the first half.) They live on a harsh, icy world, which forced them to eliminate all emotion from their culture. This society is completely patriarchal, with women being treated as nothing more than property. During Jim's interactions with Hanasu - a disgraced Kekkonshiki council leader - he persuades them to reinterpret their teachings, and they embark on a more peaceful co-existence with the rest of humanity. ("Kekkonshiki" is the romanization of the Japanese word for "Marriage Ceremony" 結婚式. Also, while on their homeworld, Jim follows a technician into a room marked "Benjo", which turns out to be a bathroom; "Benjo" is Japanese for water closet/toilet.)

In popular culture
The MIT class ring, commonly referred to as "The Brass Rat", when cast in Celestrium (also known as jeweler's steel), is often referred to as "The Stainless Steel Rat".

The Chinese activist Liu Di, writing under the screen name "Stainless Steel Rat" (不锈钢老鼠), became a high-profile symbol for democracy and free speech in China since her detention in November 2002. Her screen name is often translated as Stainless Steel Mouse.

In The Librarians episode "And the Happily Ever Afters", Flynn Carsen refers to Ezekiel Jones, a thief, "master of technologies" as the "Stainless Steel Rat".

In Obsidian's The Outer Worlds a side quest is titled "The Stainless Steel Rat."

A character in Digital Extremes' Warframe refers to the exoskeleton-wearing player characters as "stainless steel rats."

Reception
Galaxy reviewer Floyd C. Gale rated the first novel four stars out of five, saying "though pure entertainment, [it] underlines SF's role in providing speculative thought about potential problems."

The Stainless Steel Rat has been cited as Julian Assange's favourite novel, and having influenced the real-life outlaw Jim Clay "Ether" Harper VI.

title: The Stainless Steel Rat


text:
Squash (drink)

Squash (sometimes known as cordial in British English, dilute in Hiberno English, diluting juice in Scottish English and water juice in the Northern Isles of Scotland), is a non-alcoholic beverage with syrup used in beverage making. It is usually fruit-flavoured, made from fruit juice, water, and sugar or a sugar substitute. Modern squashes may also contain food colouring and additional flavouring. Some traditional squashes contain herbal extracts, most notably elderflower and ginger.

Drinks
Squash is mixed with a certain amount of water or carbonated water before drinking. The amount of water added is to taste, with the squash becoming less strong the more it is diluted. As a drink mixer, it may be combined with an alcoholic beverage to prepare a cocktail.

Citrus fruits (particularly orange, lime and lemon) or a blend of fruits and berries are commonly used as the base of squash.

Traditional squashes in Britain are usually flavoured with elderflower, orange, lemon, or blackcurrant. Raspberry and blackberry are popular in Eastern Europe, and currants is a common ingredient in the Low Countries.

Preparation
Squash is prepared by combining one part concentrate with four or five parts water (carbonated or still). Double-strength squash and traditional cordials, which are thicker, are mixed with nine parts water to one part concentrate. Some squash concentrates are quite weak, and these are sometimes mixed with one part concentrate and two or three parts water.

Storage
Most cordials and squashes contain preservatives such as potassium sorbate or (in traditional cordials) sulphites, as they are designed to be stored on shelves. They keep well because of the preservatives and their high sugar content. Nonetheless, some choose to store their squash in refrigerators.

Ingredients
Ingredients in squashes and cordials have evolved over the years. A traditional cordial contains three ingredients: sugar, juice or plant extract and some water. Usually it can contain an acidifier such as citric acid or in very old-fashioned cordials lemon juice, or even spices such as cinnamon or cloves. Recreations of these traditional preparations often contain a preservative especially sulphur dioxide, although sugar alone will keep it fresh for quite a long time. Modern squash drinks are generally more complex and sugar free squash even more so; the ingredients are usually water, sweetener such as aspartame or sodium saccharin, juice in a low quantity (typically 5–10 percent), large quantities of flavouring, preservatives and sometimes a colour such as anthocyanin. In the middle are ordinary squashes, which contain sugar, water, a larger amount of juice, preservatives, colouring such as anthocyanin and often a small amount of flavouring. Although colours such as Allura Red AC and Sunset Yellow FCF are occasionally used in squash, most modern British companies are gradually aiming to use natural colours such as beta carotene or anthocyanins, and natural flavourings.

Flavourings
Traditional squashes may be flavoured with elderflowers, lemon, pomegranate, apple, strawberry, chokeberry (often with spices such as cinnamon or cloves added), orange, pear, or raspberry.

Modern squashes usually have simpler flavours, such as orange, apple, summer fruit (mixed berries), blackcurrant, apple and blackcurrant, peach, pineapple, mango, lime, or lemon.

Terminology
"Cordial", "diluting juice", and "squash" are similar products, although the products known as cordials tend to be thicker and stronger, requiring less syrup and more water to be blended. In British English, "cordial" refers to a sweet fruit-flavoured drink (as different from a syrup). High juice is a type that contains a larger amount of juice, around 45%.

Squash is often colloquially known as "juice". However this term is a misnomer; no squash is pure juice. Squashes are commonly called according to the fruit from which they are made. More rarely, they may be called "fruit drink", especially if they are ready-diluted in a plastic bottle or paper carton (e.g., Fruit Shoot).

Fruit juice content
Squashes are measured by their juice content, the average being 30%. A variety of squash that contains a larger amount of fruit juice, up to half or more of the volume in juice, is sold in markets as high juice, and squashes are quite often called "juice" when talking to children, especially these high-juice beverages, although this may be confusing. However, many squashes contain less than 20% juice, and some as little as 5–10%. The latter are typically low in nutritional value, and the high juice versions are reasonably higher in nutrients, although one downside is that it is high in sugar and does not contain fibre or minor nutrients. That goes with almost all squashes. A low juice squash may state "with real fruit juice" on the label.

World markets
Cordial is popular in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries. It is not widely consumed in the United States.

Notable companies producing squash include Britvic (under the Robinsons, MiWadi and Teisseire brands), Hamdard (under the Rooh Afza brand in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), Nichols (under the Vimto brand), Suntory (under the Ribena brand) and Coca-Cola (under the Kia-Ora brand). Australian brands include Cottee's, Bickford's, P&N Beverages and Golden Circle cordials. Indian brands include Rasna. In Israel, fruit squashes are produced by such companies as Prigat.

Animal consumption
The gorillas at London Zoo are given both squash and cold fruit tea to drink. When a silverback called Kumbuka escaped from his enclosure in 2016, he drank 5 L of undiluted blackcurrant squash that was in the keepers' area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Squash (drink)


text:
Talk:Macworld/iWorld

Untitled
This was the first article I wrote here... but.... it turns out I orphaned Macworld Expo by doing so. I edited Apple Macintosh and noticed that it listed MacWorld Expo, which had incorrect capitalization, so I decided to fix that. While I was at it, I also fixed the name so that it would match what IDG calls it. I didn't notice I had orphaned the article until later. (doh!)

No idea what to do about it... since i'm new. -- Bugmuncher

Keynote query

 * Since 1998, the Macworld Conference & Expo has been known for its keynote presentations by Apple CEO Steve Jobs

The infamous Steve Jobs keynote starring Bill Gates as Big Brother was in August 1997. So should the "Since 1998" year be 1997 or possibly earlier? Just wondering. AlistairMcMillan 05:41, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right, of course. Jsnell 18:10, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

"Culture" and vendor parties

 * "For four years at the New York show, MacAddict hosted a private dinner cruise on the Hudson River for its advertisers. Macworld schedules its annual Editor's awards ceremony for the night before the show in San Francisco. Macworld, MacAddict, and macHOME each hosted parties for advertisers as well."

I removed this section -- it seems pretty pointless to me. A list of wining-and-dining by various organizations at Macworld Expo could take up an entire article, and bore everyone to tears. It's a trade show; companies sponsor parties. Unlike the Knife party or the Hess list, I don't think magazines hosting parties really qualifies as part of the show's true "culture." It seems to lack perspective. Jsnell 04:51, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Sudden Motion Sensor patents?
In the MacBook Pro presentation, Steve said that Apple developed Sudden Motion Sensor and if I am not mistaken he said it in a context that they hold patents for it... Is that really true? I mean, my ThinkPad R51 has IBM Active Protection System, and I've got it in the summer of 2004, whilst the SMotionSensor was only introduced last year... MureninC 23:34, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Culture and speakers
Equal to the excitement of the party scene was the camaraderie among the speakers at the show. Peggy Kilburn was responsible for bringing together an array of speakers known for their excellence at presenting rather than their high-profile positions. Speakers received a t-shirt or sweatshirt as well as an attractive and well-designed totebag that featured the specific show logo (different for each event date). The occasionally well-hidden speaker's lounge was a welcome respite from the sometimes frenetic pace of the show floor. Speakers from BMUG, LaserBoard, and other major user groups spoke side by side with magazine editors and new venture leaders. David Pogue, Steve Case, and Bob LeVitus were among the speakers brought in by Kilburn. (contributed by User:Drgitlow.)

 * I've temporarily removed this because I think the addition is quite problematic. Peggy Kilburn needs to be identified -- who is she and what was her role at Macworld Expo? The phrase "known for their excellence at presenting rather than their high-profile positions" seems like a shot at the Expo's current management rather than something that's properly sourced. The sentence about speaker swag seems, to me, to be totally irrelevant to the topic at hand. I'm not sure about the BMUG sentence, other than that it's trying to portray the halcyon days of the expo when everyone joined hands -- it could be relevant but I'd really like to see some attribution, reference, or clarity. I'd also like to see a reference for Pogue, Case, and LeVitus, but again, this is one of those cases where the three names mentioned seem to me to just skim the surface of the classic Macworld Expo speakers, and I'm not sure if such a sentence does anyone any good, other than serving as a way to make this article match the author's POV. Jsnell 23:59, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I tried to present this in a neutral way, following the same tone that was used with the party entry immediately above it. There was always a big party "clique" at the show. But like high school, there were also the "speakers," the "user group leaders," and so forth. Peggy Kilburn was the heart and soul of the entire conference side of the show. It was her responsibility to bring in new speakers, make sure they were in the right place at the right time, and to make certain that the entire conference (the part other than the show floor itself) ran smoothly. I can see how the line about excellence rather than high-profile positions can seem like a shot at current management. It was unintentional, but yes, that is a problem with the management since Peggy left. The speaker swag was just a point, akin to the comment about the food at the parties...equally unimportant but it brings across what the meeting was like. This is, after all, a culture section of the entry and I'm describing the culture of the speaker group. What kind of reference do you want to see for Pogue, Case, and LeVitus? Pogue is now the technology columnist for The New York Times, Case founded America Online, and LeVitus has written 100 or so books on things related to the Macintosh. If you want a reference, I have all the original Macworld Expo conference brochures and materials. Can I cite those? They list all the speakers.

 * Again, the point of this section is to describe the culture. I'm not sure I did this any differently than the party paragraphs immediately above. Drgitlow 00:18, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I added an appropriate citation for Peggy Kilburn at the start of the history section, which seems to ignore the entire first decade or so. Given that Peggy founded the entire conference, I'm surprised she hasn't been in the article until now. Drgitlow 00:36, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The Pogue/LeVitus bit just seems out of whack because there certainly were countless other relevant speakers. I know who Pogue is -- I know him personally, in fact. It just seems like an odd bit of specificity that's out of context in the article. I've reworded and inserted it in the history section -- let me know what you think. The rest of the paragraph I'm still cool on, because it seems very, very specific, and therefore out of context with the more general tone that I feel an article like this should take. (Frankly, I think some of the other parts of the "culture" section are similarly odd and out of whack. I don't dispute the factuality as much as question if such snippets fit in the article. But maybe it's just me.) FWIW, I've personally attended more than 20 Macworld Expos, including several as a speaker, so I am somewhat familiar with the culture. But I appreciate that everyone has a different perspective. Jsnell 02:50, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks OK. I suspect that there have really been TWO MacWorld Expos, the first running from '85-'98 or so and the second being the ones that have taken place since then. The original show was very much like an old-fashioned homebrew computer show, and I admit to having attended all of them in those years, whether in Boston or San Francisco - as a speaker or member of the press at each. The second one, of which I've attended but one, seems to me to be more for suits than for hobbyists. In some ways, I suppose that's a good thing for Apple as it indicates that the computer has somehow become more mainstream than it once was. On the other hand, it may be the reason that you and I are seeing things somewhat differently with respect to the Expo itself, particularly if the majority of the shows you've attended have been in the past ten years. I still recall Bob LeVitus singing "It's the end of the world as we know it" in the speaker lounge at the last conference that Peggy Kilburn managed. You and I must have crossed paths in person at least once or twice, no? Drgitlow 14:36, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Most likely. Still, I've been at every expo since January 1994, and I don't think I would agree that the expo has changed that dramatically in that time. It might be different from a speaker's perspective, and of course the products change, but it doesn't seem dramatically different -- certainly not in the way you describe, of going from homebrew to suit-fest. I'm sure if you went to the 1986 expo and the 2006 expo you'd feel that it was radically different, but in many ways the expos of 1994-1997 were much more lavish and corporate than the ones that came after, which feel to me a bit more populated by small companies and strengthed by human ties, rather than cash. I guess our divergent perspectives are a good example of why NPOV on wikipedia is so important! Jsnell 19:08, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Spore
Regarding the mention of Spore (video game) in the 2008 section: does this bear mention? Is this one product among many, or a highlight of the show? I see two sources cited, Cnet and Joystiq, which seems to indicate some relevance. Thoughts, anyone? – Luna Santin  (talk) 23:08, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Jan Dockx (talk) 23:18, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * it's a trade show; there is thousands of products; it's inappropriate to mention one specially in this place
 * there is no such mentioning for earlier years
 * What's Spore? Can't be big news: I never heard of it :-)

1997, Dates
This article could sure use some more detail. And why is 1997, the most important MacWorld Expo ever, barely even mentioned? I don't have access to MacWorld and other periodicals to get all the dates and details. But with the lack of information, it's difficult to reconstruct the history of the meteoric return of Steve Jobs to Apple without dates. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.107.11.94 (talk) 10:56, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Attendance Figures?
If anyone could post this information it would be helpful and relevant to see where attendance figures are and where they have been.

(kieranmullen (talk) 08:07, 22 December 2011 (UTC))

What About MacIT ?
MacIT Conference - San Francisco Xb2u7Zjzc32 (talk) 00:10, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

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River Dart

The River Dart is a river in Devon, England, that rises high on Dartmoor and flows for 75 km to the sea at Dartmouth.

Name
Most hydronyms in England derive from the Brythonic language (from which the river's subsequent names ultimately derive from an original Celtic etymology. As the lower stretches of the river are still covered in ancient oak woodlands, it is accepted that the first element derives from *Dar-, meaning oak (derow, Welsh derw). However the second element (evident in the hard consonantal termination of Dar-t) is less certain, with postulated etymologies from Darwent / Derventio (Sacred place of Oak) or Darnant / Darant'' (Oak stream).

The Ravenna Cosmography records a number of Latinised names for the area, Devionisso Statio and Deventiasteno may represent corrupted doublets of a Statio (Station) on a river named Derventio. Although the name Derventio is otherwise unattested for the river, it is an established etymology throughout Britain, found at the River Darent, Derwentwater, and a number of rivers named Derwent. Anna Eliza Bray recorded that a version of the name, Darant was still in common usage as late as 1832.

Watercourse
The river begins as two separate branches (the East Dart and West Dart), which join at Dartmeet. The paths along these rivers offer very attractive walking, and there are several small waterfalls. The rivers are crossed by a number of clapper bridges, notably at the hamlet of Postbridge.

After leaving the moor, the Dart flows southwards past Buckfast Abbey and through the towns of Buckfastleigh, Dartington and Totnes. At Totnes, where there is a seventeenth-century weir (rebuilt in the 1960s), it becomes tidal, and there are no bridges below the town.

A passenger ferry operates across the river from the village of Dittisham to a point adjacent to the Greenway Estate. Formerly the home of the crime writer Agatha Christie, this has views across the river, and the house and gardens are now owned by the National Trust and are open to the public.

The entrance to the river from the sea is a rocky entrance with cliffs either side. On the East side Kingswear Castle sits very close to the water's edge, and on the west side Dartmouth Castle is built on a rocky promontory at sea level. The castles once operated a defensive chain across the estuary, which was raised at dusk to destroy enemy ships attempting to attack the harbour.

Crossings
The flooded ria that forms the lower reaches of the Dart, with its deep water and steeply sloping valley sides, is a considerable barrier to crossing traffic. There are no bridges below Totnes.

At the mouth of the river, it separates the communities of Dartmouth and Kingswear. There have been proposals to bridge the river here, but these have come to nothing. Instead the two places are linked by, in order going upstream, the Lower Ferry, Passenger Ferry and Higher Ferry. The Lower and Higher ferries both carry vehicles, the Higher one linking the A379 road.

Some 2.5 mi upstream of Dartmouth, the Greenway Ferry carries pedestrians across the river from the village of Dittisham to Greenway Quay.

A further 5 mi upstream is Totnes, where the river is spanned by two road bridges, a railway bridge and a footbridge over. Totnes Bridge is the nearest bridge to the sea and is a road bridge built in 1826–1828 by Charles Fowler. Some 1000 ft upstream is Brutus Bridge, constructed in 1982 as part of a road traffic-relief scheme and carrying the concurrent A385 and A381 roads. A further 0.5 mi upstream, the railway bridge carries the National Rail Exeter to Plymouth line over the river. Immediately upstream of the railway bridge is a footbridge, built in 1993 to provide access to the Totnes (Riverside) terminus of the South Devon Railway.

Navigation

The lower section of the River Dart forms Dartmouth Harbour, a deep water natural harbour with a long history of maritime usage. In modern times, the port's commercial activity has declined, but it is still a busy port for local fishing vessels and a wide variety of yachts and other private boats. Several local companies specialise in shipbuilding and repairs to small tonnage craft.

Dartmouth is also the home of the Britannia Royal Naval College and as a result is routinely visited by sizeable naval ships. Smaller naval tenders are often seen carrying out training exercises in the harbour and river. Large cruise ships are occasional visitors, with the largest visitor to date being the MV Royal Princess (2007).

Upstream, the Dart is navigable to seagoing vessels as far as the weir in Totnes. The river almost dries out for 2 mi below Totnes at spring tide low water, but vessels drawing up to 3 foot can proceed to Totnes from one and a half hours after low water. Above the weir, the river is navigable only to small craft such as kayaks and canoes. Several companies operate trips on the river, including Dart Pleasure Craft Limited, who also trade as River Link and operate the passenger ferry between Dartmouth and Kingswear. These include cruises from Dartmouth to Totnes, which can be combined with journeys on the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway and an open-top bus between the towns of Totnes and Paignton to create a circular trip.

The harbour and port are both leisure boating locations, and several marinas and boat yards are located on the river. The Port of Dartmouth Royal Regatta takes place annually over three days at the end of August.

Canoeing and kayaking
The upper reaches of Dartmoor, especially those on the Dart, are a focal point for whitewater kayakers and canoeists. The best known sections of the river are: Sections of the East and West Dart above Dartmeet, as well as the Webburn are also paddled when conditions permit. This is somewhat controversial, as riparian landowners and those responsible for local fisheries maintain that the East and West Dart should not be paddled.
 * Upper Dart from Dartmeet to Newbridge (Grade 3/4 (higher in high water), advanced run).
 * The Loop from Newbridge to Holne Bridge (Grade 2/3, beginner/intermediate run).
 * The Lower from Holne Bridge to Buckfastleigh (Grade 2, beginner section).

The lower reaches of the Dart, including the estuary are suitable for flat water touring.

title: River Dart


text:
Low-noise amplifier

A low-noise amplifier (LNA) is an electronic component that amplifies a very low-power signal without significantly degrading its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Any electronic amplifier will increase the power of both the signal and the noise present at its input, but the amplifier will also introduce some additional noise. LNAs are designed to minimize that additional noise, by choosing special components, operating points, and circuit topologies. Minimizing additional noise must balance with other design goals such as power gain and impedance matching.

LNAs are found in radio communications systems, Amateur Radio stations, medical instruments and electronic test equipment. A typical LNA may supply a power gain of 100 (20 decibels (dB)) while decreasing the SNR by less than a factor of two (a 3 dB noise figure (NF)). Although LNAs are primarily concerned with weak signals that are just above the noise floor, they must also consider the presence of larger signals that cause intermodulation distortion.

Communications
Antennas are a common source of weak signals. An outdoor antenna is often connected to its receiver by a transmission line called a feed line. Losses in the feed line lower the received signal-to-noise ratio: a feed line loss of $3 dB$ degrades the receiver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by $3 dB$.

An example is a feed line made from 10 feet of RG-174 coaxial cable and used with a global positioning system (GPS) receiver. The loss in that feed line is $3.2 dB$ at $1 GHz$; approximately $5 dB$ at the GPS frequency ($1.575 GHz$). This feed line loss can be avoided by placing an LNA at the antenna, which supplies enough gain to offset the loss.

An LNA is a key component at the front-end of a radio receiver circuit to help reduce unwanted noise in particular. Friis' formulas for noise models the noise in a multi-stage signal collection circuit. In most receivers, the overall NF is dominated by the first few stages of the RF front end.

By using an LNA close to the signal source, the effect of noise from subsequent stages of the receive chain in the circuit is reduced by the signal gain created by the LNA, while the noise created by the LNA itself is injected directly into the received signal. The LNA boosts the desired signals' power while adding as little noise and distortion as possible. The work done by the LNA enables optimum retrieval of the desired signal in the later stages of the system.

Design considerations
Low noise amplifiers are the building blocks of communication systems and instruments. The most important LNA specifications or attributes are:
 * Gain
 * Noise figure
 * Linearity
 * Maximum RF input

A good LNA has a low NF (e.g. $1 dB$), enough gain to boost the signal (e.g. $10 dB$) and a large enough inter-modulation and compression point (IP3 and P1dB) to do the work required of it. Further specifications are the LNA's operating bandwidth, gain flatness, stability, input and output voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).

For low noise, a high amplification is required for the amplifier in the first stage. Therefore, junction field-effect transistors (JFETs) and high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are often used. They are driven in a high-current regime, which is not energy-efficient, but reduces the relative amount of shot noise. It also requires input and output impedance matching circuits for narrow-band circuits to enhance the gain (see Gain-bandwidth product).

Gain
Amplifiers need a device to provide gain. In the 1940s, that device was a vacuum tube, but now it is usually a transistor. The transistor may be one of many varieties of bipolar transistors or field-effect transistors. Other devices producing gain, such as tunnel diodes, may be used.

Broadly speaking, two categories of transistor models are used in LNA design: Small-signal models use quasi-linear models of noise and large-signal models consider non-linear mixing.

The amount of gain applied is often a compromise. On one hand, high gain makes weak signals strong. On the other hand, high gain means higher level signals, and such high level signals with high gain may exceed the amplifier's dynamic range or cause other types of noise such as harmonic distortion or nonlinear mixing.

Noise figure
The noise figure helps determine the efficiency of a particular LNA. LNA suitability for a particular application is typically based on its noise figure. In general, a low noise figure results in better signal reception.

Impedance
The circuit topology affects input and output impedance. In general, the source impedance is matched to the input impedance because that will maximize the power transfer from the source to the device. If the source impedance is low, then a common base or common gate circuit topology may be appropriate. For a medium source impedance, a common emitter or common source topology may be used. With a high source resistance, a common collector or common drain topology may be appropriate. An input impedance match may not produce the lowest noise figure.

Biasing
Another design issue is the noise introduced by biasing networks.

Applications
LNAs are used in communications receivers such as in radio telescopes, cellular telephones, GPS receivers, wireless LANs (WiFi), and satellite communications.

In a satellite communications system, the ground station receiving antenna uses an LNA because the received signal is weak since satellites have limited power and therefore use low-power transmitters. The satellites are also distant and suffer path loss: low Earth orbit satellites might be 120 mi away; a geosynchronous satellite is 22,236 mi away.

The LNA boosts the antenna signal to overcome feed line losses between the antenna and the receiver.

LNAs can enhance the performance of software-defined radio (SDR) receiver systems. SDRs are typically designed to be general purpose and therefore the noise figure is not optimized for any one particular application. With an LNA and appropriate filter, performance is improved over a range of frequencies.

title: Low-noise amplifier


text:
User talk:Dd-b

Thanks for coming to my talk page! Please put new stuff at the bottom, that's where I'll look for it.

Dd-b 16:27, 31 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

-- Hi

can you tell me the parts on the article of "Flower wars", that no make sense?, so i will fix them. I have two problems, English is not my language, and i have a diferent background, so sometines i asume the readers knows some things...

thanks Nanahuatzin 17:29, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

mmmh.. i forgot another problem... i write faster than I should... :( Nanahuatzin 17:30, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

request larger version of RAH image
Concerning Image:Ddb-371-14-200.jpg---is there any way you can scan a bigger version of that picture? (I assume you're the one who took it.) It can be thumbnailed on the Robert A. Heinlein page, but I'd like to have a better version of it available. Can you scan it at 750 pixels wide or thereabouts? Like I said, it can always be thumbnailed.

(And could you upload it with a slightly more descriptive filename, e.g., Heinlein.autographing.at.WorldCon.750px.ddb.jpg? I get nitpicky about these things, but it helps when I'm scanning the image list looking for obsolete thumbnails and whatnot.)

Thanks again for your contributions! Grendelkhan 17:53, 2004 May 17 (UTC)

I've got a larger version prepared, will upload shortly. Sorry to be so long in noticing the request!

Unfortunately my nitpickiness on file names is colliding with yours; I make a fetish of preserving the same filename for all instances of a given picture that I distribute, so that when I encounter it later or someone asks me about it it's easy to track back to what photo that actually was to begin with, and hence to find my master copies, and, with work this old, the actual negatives.

But thinking about it, I can just make the filename even more unwieldy and accommodate both of our desires about it, I guess. I hate to make other people's work harder when there's a solution!

 * Dd-b 05:25, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Copy safe?
Have you released Image:Ddb_392-32.jpg under the GFDL? That little copyright symbol makes me wonder. -Idiotfromia 01:25, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Yes, there's a GFDL release in the "special instructions" field of the IPTC info in the uploaded copy of the photo.

Sorry I took so long to notice this, I must have missed the notification email when you posted it.

 * Dd-b 05:19, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

your comment on Wikipedia talk:Speedy deletion criterion for unsourced articles
That page is inactive, and discussion has moved on (proposed deletion for unsourced articles was a followup), but I felt I ought to respond. The main problem with trusting expert knowledge is that you don't know who's really an expert and who just says they are, the whole EssJay scandal is case in point. Plus, wikipedia isn't supposed to be the place of first publication for new knowledge, it's just a summary of what's already known. Therefore, you skip both the problem of verifying identities and weeding out false information by sticking to what's been published. Otherwise, we'll spend all our time telling what expert opinion is correct instead of just checking the cited book or paper against the facts in the article and saying 'yup, verified.' It's not an obsession, just a recognition that the knowledge we publish has to come from somewhere, and people who aren't experts need to be able to tell if it's correct. Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 16:45, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Knowledge comes, in the end, from people. When the experts disagree with a published article, most often the article is wrong (either was always wrong, or expert opinion has changed). I could see getting more interested in requiring citations of sources when there's a war going on between competing claim-to-be-experts; short of that, though, it's a hoop. Articles should IMHO never be deleted for lack of sources. Dd-b 19:03, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

And so do laws, but we cite published decisions when writing briefs, not just knowing so. It's not about preexisting articles, it's about establishing a rule for new articles. Shouldn't people be encouraged to include sources when they create an article? Since you should be taking your information from a source anyway, listing that source is trivial compared to the effort of writing the article. It's a lot more effort to wait until someone disputes it. Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 19:10, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Nope, that rule actively discourages experts from contributing from their expert knowledge. In my near-expert field, science fiction, I will often know something from a source like "I remember Harlan said that on a panel I saw him on; maybe it was at the 1974 Worldcon". There's probably no published source I could find to cite, but if you asked other people with an interest and time in the field, they'd confirm it. And if it's for new articles only, how come suddenly people are tagging all sorts of existing articles? (Yes, if people have sources in mind that they can cite, it's good for them to do so; I do agree to that extent.) Dd-b 19:24, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Right, but we're not supposed to be a place of first publication for knowledge. We want to discourage that kind of behavior. Otherwise you get everyone writing about, say, dogs and cats from personal experience. Or everyone's an expert on human behavior, and writes about it from their own mind. So first publish it somewhere else, even if it's just a brief mention on a blog or something, and then cite that. Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 19:36, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

A little late, but I just noticed it today
Please don't add the names of Nate Bucklin's wife and stepson without their permission, they are not public figures and might not wish to have their names on Wikipedia :) Jtrainor 12:15, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

I made that edit after communicating with Nate about it, and it's simply putting on Wikipedia information that they've already published on the web themselves. I just added a citation to the existing web source to the page. -- Dd-b (talk) 18:41, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Image:Ddb-371-14-200.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Ddb-371-14-200.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. BlueAzure (talk) 04:39, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for the notice. The higher-res version cited as the reason for deleting the older version is real, legit, mine, and in fact better in all ways, so this is the correct action. -- Dd-b (talk) 17:13, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

File:Ddb 392-32.jpg missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as File:Ddb 392-32.jpg is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors to make better use of the image, and it will be more informative for readers.

If you have any questions please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 11:54, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Ddb 392-32.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Ddb 392-32.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:48, 17 May 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Papa November (talk) 10:48, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your message. I contacted you on your user page (see the message directly above) and placed a message on the image description page and in the caption for each use of the image.  This was because you didn't provide any information about where you found the image, its author or its copyright status.  The image was subsequently deleted by Runningonbrains 12 days later.  If you can show that the image is out of copyright or otherwise freely licensed then I'll happily restore it for you.  Papa November (talk) 00:13, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * You're right, obviously; the message above is clearly there :-). I don't spend much time on Wikipedia, and don't mostly think of looking at my talk page; I hate having to poll for possible changes in a million places, it wastes my time, so if it doesn't send me email, mostly it doesn't exist.

 * The image in question is a photo I took. The file I uploaded clearly says that in the IPTC data.  The file I uploaded contained the GFDL release recommended by Wikipedia.  And when I uploaded it I checked all the boxes that claimed it was my work (though I don't have screenshots of that to prove it).

 * I've re-uploaded the photo to commons, and checked all the boxes, and put it in the article again, as that seemed the easiest solution. Dd-b (talk) 00:56, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Great, thanks a lot! Papa November (talk) 14:15, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

August 2014
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title: User talk:Dd-b


text:
Modigliani–Miller theorem

The Modigliani–Miller theorem (of Franco Modigliani, Merton Miller) is an influential element of economic theory; it forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure. The basic theorem states that in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and asymmetric information, and in an efficient market, the enterprise value of a firm is unaffected by how that firm is financed. This is not to be confused with the value of the equity of the firm. Since the value of the firm depends neither on its dividend policy nor its decision to raise capital by issuing shares or selling debt, the Modigliani–Miller theorem is often called the capital structure irrelevance principle.

The key Modigliani–Miller theorem was developed for a world without taxes. However, if we move to a world where there are taxes, when the interest on debt is tax-deductible, and ignoring other frictions, the value of the company increases in proportion to the amount of debt used. The additional value equals the total discounted value of future taxes saved by issuing debt instead of equity.

Modigliani was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Economics for this and other contributions.

Miller was a professor at the University of Chicago when he was awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Economics, along with Harry Markowitz and William F. Sharpe, for their "work in the theory of financial economics", with Miller specifically cited for "fundamental contributions to the theory of corporate finance".

Historical background
Miller and Modigliani derived and published their theorem when they were both professors at the Graduate School of Industrial Administration (GSIA) of Carnegie Mellon University. Despite limited prior experience in corporate finance, Miller and Modigliani were assigned to teach the subject to current business students. Finding the published material on the topic lacking, the professors created the theorem based on their own research. The result of this was the article in the American Economic Review and what has later been known as the M&M theorem.

Miller and Modigliani published a number of follow-up papers discussing some of these issues. The theorem was first proposed by F. Modigliani and M. Miller in 1958.

The theorem
Consider two firms which are identical except for their financial structures. The first (Firm U) is unlevered: that is, it is financed by equity only. The other (Firm L) is levered: it is financed partly by equity, and partly by debt. The Modigliani–Miller theorem states that the enterprise value of the two firms is the same. Enterprise value encompasses claims by both creditors and shareholders, and is not to be confused with the value of the equity of the firm.

The operational justification of the theorem can be visualized using the working of arbitrage. Consider that the two firms operate in a perfect capital market: both the firms are identical in all aspects except, one of the firms employ debt in its capital structure while the other doesn't. Investors of the firm which has higher overall value can sell their stake and buy the stake in the firm whose value is lower. They will be able to earn the same return at a lower capital outlay and hence, lower perceived risk. Due to arbitrage, there would be an excess selling of the stake in the higher value firm bringing its price down, meanwhile for the lower value firm, due to the increased buying the price of its stake will rise. This corrects the market distortion, created by unequal risk amount and ultimately the value of both the firms will be leveled.

According to MM Hypothesis, the value of levered firm can never be higher than that of the unlevered firm. The two must be equal. There is neither an advantage nor a disadvantage in using debt in a firm's capital structure.

Proposition I
$$V_U = V_L \,$$

where

$$V_U$$ is the value of an unlevered firm = price of buying a firm composed only of equity, and $$V_L$$ is the value of a levered firm = price of buying a firm that is composed of some mix of debt and equity. Another word for levered is geared, which has the same meaning.

To see why this should be true, suppose an investor is considering buying one of the two firms, U or L. Instead of purchasing the shares of the levered firm L, he could purchase the shares of firm U and borrow the same amount of money B that firm L does. The eventual returns to either of these investments would be the same. Therefore the price of L must be the same as the price of U minus the money borrowed B, which is the value of L's debt.

This discussion also clarifies the role of some of the theorem's assumptions. We have implicitly assumed that the investor's cost of borrowing money is the same as that of the firm, which need not be true in the presence of asymmetric information, in the absence of efficient markets, or if the investor has a different risk profile than the firm.

Proposition II

 * $$r_E = r_0 + \frac{D}{E}(r_0 - r_D)$$

where

 * $$r_E$$ is the expected rate of return on equity of a leveraged firm, or cost of equity.
 * $$r_0$$ is the company cost of equity capital with no leverage (unlevered cost of equity, or return on assets with D/E = 0).
 * $$r_D$$ is the expected rate of return on borrowings, or cost of debt.
 * $$\frac{D}{E}$$ is the debt-to-equity ratio.

A higher debt-to-equity ratio leads to a higher required return on equity, because of the higher risk involved for equity-holders in a company with debt. The formula is derived from the theory of weighted average cost of capital (WACC).

These propositions are true under the following assumptions:
 * no transaction costs exist, and
 * individuals and corporations borrow at the same rates.

These results might seem irrelevant (after all, none of the conditions are met in the real world), but the theorem is still taught and studied because it tells something very important. That is, capital structure matters precisely because one or more of these assumptions is violated. It tells where to look for determinants of optimal capital structure and how those factors might affect optimal capital structure.

Proposition I

 * $$V_L =V_U + T_C D\,$$

where

Derivation of $$T_C D$$- Amount of Annual Interest= Debt x Interest Rate Annual Tax Shield= Debt x Interest Rate x Tax Rate Capitalisation Value (Perpetual Firm) = (Debt × Interest Rate x Tax Rate) ÷ Cost of Debt
 * $$V_L$$ is the value of a levered  firm.
 * $$V_U$$ is the value of an unlevered firm.
 * $$T_C D$$ ''is the tax rate ($$T_C$$) x the value of debt (D)"
 * the term $$T_C D$$ assumes debt is perpetual

This means that there are advantages for firms to be levered, since corporations can deduct interest payments. Therefore leverage lowers tax payments. Dividend payments are non-deductible.

Proposition II

 * $$r_E = r_0 + \frac{D}{E}(r_0 - r_D)(1-T_C)$$

where:

 * $$r_E$$ is the required rate of return on equity, or cost of levered equity = unlevered equity + financing premium.
 * $$r_0$$ is the company cost of equity capital with no leverage (unlevered cost of equity, or return on assets with D/E = 0).
 * $$r_D$$ is the required rate of return on borrowings, or cost of debt.
 * $${D}/{E}$$ is the debt-to-equity ratio.
 * $$T_c$$ is the tax rate.

The same relationship as earlier described stating that the cost of equity rises with leverage, because the risk to equity rises, still holds. The formula, however, has implications for the difference with the WACC. Their second attempt on capital structure included taxes has identified that as the level of gearing increases by replacing equity with cheap debt the level of the WACC drops and an optimal capital structure does indeed exist at a point where debt is 100%.

The following assumptions are made in the propositions with taxes:
 * corporations are taxed at the rate $$T_C$$ on earnings after interest,
 * no transaction costs exist, and
 * individuals and corporations borrow at the same rate.

title: Modigliani–Miller theorem


text:
Dennis Lee

Dennis Lee may refer to:

 * Dennis Lee (author) (born 1939), Canadian children's writer and poet
 * Dennis Lee, director of Fireflies in the Garden and Jesus Henry Christ
 * Dennis Lee (singer), vocalist for Alesana

title: Dennis Lee


text:
Mark Leiren-Young

Mark Leiren-Young (born September 4, 1962) is a Canadian playwright, author, journalist, screenwriter, filmmaker, and performer. He lives in Saanich, British Columbia and is married to Rayne Ellycrys Benu.

Early life
Mark Leiren-Young was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He spent two years at the University of British Columbia where he wrote extensively for The Ubyssey student newspaper. His first stage play, "The Initiation," which he wrote and directed while a UBC student, is the subject of his comic memoir "Free Magic Secrets Revealed." He completed his Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theatre and Creative Writing at the University of Victoria and graduated with distinction in 1985. Leiren-Young's first full-time journalism job was at The Williams Lake Tribune, a newspaper in Williams Lake, British Columbia. He left Williams Lake to write and direct "Exposé: Sometimes the World's Fair, Sometimes it Ain't" a comedy revue about Expo 86 that played for several months at Vancouver's Firehall Theatre (now the Firehalls Arts Centre), and the 1 act play "Escape From Fantasy Gardens", a play about then Premier Bill VanDerZalm.

Film and television
Leiren-Young's documentary, "The Hundred-Year-Old Whale" (2017), which he wrote and directed, won the 2017 Writers Guild of Canada award for "best documentary." The movie explores the life of Granny (orca) and the history of our relationship with the Southern resident killer whales. Leiren-Young's first feature film, The Green Chain (2007), which he wrote, directed and produced, explores the issues facing dying logging communities in British Columbia. The movie won the El Prat de Llobregat Award at the 15th Annual Festival Internacional de Cinema de Medi Ambient (FICMA 2008) in Barcelona. Leiren-Young also has extensive television writing credits, with over 100 hours of produced work. His love of comic books inspired his work on a number of animated series, including a ReBoot episode parodying The X-Files (details of which were featured in Entertainment Weekly) and Beast Wars: Transformers. He has written for numerous TV shows including PSI Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal and Blood Ties.

Theatre
Leiren-Young's plays have been produced in Canada, the United States, Europe, and Australia. His work has been translated into French, Czech and Danish. In 2017 his play Bar Mitzvah Boy was the winner of the Jewish Playwriting Contest of the Jewish Plays Project. The play has been produced in Canada and the U.S. and is being published in 2020 by Playwright's Canada Press. His award-winning Shylock (Anvil Press, 1996), about the tensions surrounding theatre's most famous Jewish character. Shylock has been produced around the world. Leiren-Young frequently collaborated with director John Juliani. The work they developed together included Articles of Faith (Anvil Press, 2001), about the Anglican church's internal struggle over the issue of same sex marriage and Leiren-Young's 1991 radio drama, Dim Sum Diaries, which received international recognition when it debuted on CBC Radio's Morningside. Leiren-Young has frequently written for and about young audiences. His Theatre for Young Audiences scripts include Basically Good Kids (about teens caught up in a riot) and Jim (a solo show about a teen runaway obsessed with The Doors frontman Jim Morrison).

Memoirs
Twenty years after his stint at The Williams Lake Tribune, Leiren-Young turned his experiences into a comic memoir, Never Shoot A Stampede Queen (Heritage House, 2009), which won the 2009 Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour. Leiren-Young adapted the memoir for stage, where it received its world premiere with the Western Canada Theatre company in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada in 2013. A second production debuted at Vancouver's Granville Island Stage in May, 2013. The book was adapted for the stage by Leiren-Young and directed and dramaturged by TJ Dawe. His latest memoir, Free Magic Secrets Revealed (Harbour Publishing, 2013), tells the story of his high school misadventures staging a disastrous magic show. Leiren-Young is currently adapting both memoirs for film.

Journalism
Leiren-Young's news and feature writing, humour pieces, reviews, and columns have appeared in a host of publications in Canada and the United States, including Time, Maclean's, and The Utne Reader. He writes a theatre column for The Vancouver Sun. He's a contributor to The Georgia Straight, where he has written since the mid-1980s. He has covered the Toronto International Film Festival for The Georgia Straight for the past ten years. In the fall of 2014, Leiren-Young was appointed editor of Reel West Magazine, a publication focused on the Western Canadian film industry. Leiren-Young also became the University of Victoria's 2014 Harvey Stevenson Southam Lecturer in Journalism and Nonfiction for the Department of Writing, the first alumnus to hold this position.

Environmentalism
Leiren-Young is a passionate environmentalist. He hosts the Skaana podcast where he interviews experts like Paul Watson, David Suzuki and Elizabeth May about orcas, oceans and the environment. He has written and spoken about how Canada's Trans Mountain Pipeline could lead to the extinction of the endangered Southern resident killer whales. He hosted a podcast for Vancouver's independent online news site The Tyee, where he often addressed issues facing British Columbia's old growth forests. His Tyee interviews provided the content for his book, The Green Chain: Nothing Is Ever Clear Cut (Heritage House, 2009), which examines the logging industry. Described by the National Post as "Canada's go to guy for dolphins, whales and trees", Leiren-Young has also been dubbed "Canada's greenest writer". Many of his projects feature a sustainability theme, such as his award-winning short film, The Green Film, and his feature-length movie, The Green Chain, which stars Tricia Helfer. As half of the comedy duo, "Local Anxiety" with Kevin Crofton, Leiren-Young wrote and co-starred in the EarthVision award-winning TV special, Greenpieces: The World's First Eco-Comedy. He released the 2009 CD Greenpieces, and cuts from the satirical album are often featured on CBC Radio. He also coauthored This Crazy Time: Living our Environmental Challenge (Knopf Canada, 2012) with controversial Canadian environmentalist, Tzeporah Berman. In 2012, Leiren-Young debuted Greener Than Thou, a comic, autobiographical monologue detailing the journey of "going green".

Moby Doll
In October 2014, Leiren-Young wrote the article "Moby Doll" for The Walrus. The Walrus feature tells the story of the first killer whale displayed in captivity, Moby Doll, who was harpooned in the summer of 1964 off the coast of British Columbia's Saturna Island. Moby Doll survived just eighty-seven days in a waterfront pen but, during that time, changed the world's attitude towards orcas. The Walrus article was a finalist for the 2015 National Magazine Awards. Leiren-Young wrote Moby Doll: The Whale that Changed the World, which aired as a radio broadcast November 7, 2014 on CBC Radio's Ideas with Paul Kennedy. The documentary won the 2014 Jack Webster Award for Best Feature Story in radio for the broadcast. In 2016, the book The Killer Whale Who Changed the World was published. It spent four weeks on the Maclean's bestseller list and was long-listed for the 2017 RBC Taylor Prize, and short-listed for the Hubert Evans Prize. It was the winner of the Science Writers and Communicators of Canada award for the best "general interest" book.

A feature-length film documentary of The Killer Whale Who Changed the World is currently in post-production (2020). The movie is set to be distributed by Kinosmith (the Canadian distributors of Blackfish).

Awards
Leiren-Young won the 2017 Writers Guild of Canada Award for Best Documentary for his movie, "The Hundred-Year-Old Whale." He has received three other Writers Guild of Canada nominations for his work in radio and film. He received the 2017 Bron Iris Award in 2017 for his "commitment to the promotion of female creators" in film and television. He won the 2009 Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour for his comic memoir, "Never Shoot a Stampede Queen." Leiren-Young was the 1993 recipient of a National Magazine award for his Theatrum column and has received two Western Magazine Awards, the latest presented in 2013.

Books by Mark Leiren-Young

 * Never Shoot A Stampede Queen - 2009
 * The Green Chain: Nothing is Ever Clear Cut - 2009
 * This Crazy Time: Living our environmental challeng - 2011
 * Free Magic Secrets Revealed - 2013
 * The Killer Whale Who Changed the World - 2016
 * Orcas Everywhere - 2019

Film

 * The Green Chain (2007, feature) - Writer/Director/Producer
 * The Hundred-Year-Old Whale (2017, short) - Writer/Director/Producer
 * The Green Film (short) – writer, (2008)

Television

 * ReBoot: The Guardian Code (TV series) - writer,
 * RollBots (TV series) – writer, (200
 * Blood Ties (Lifetime series) - Story editor and writer, (2007)
 * Pucca (TV series) – writer, (2007)
 * Class of the Titans (TV series) – writer, (2007)
 * The Collector (TV series) - writer, (2006)
 * Ace Lightning (TV series) – writer, (2002-2004)
 * The Great Canadian Music Dream (CBC miniseries) - writer, (2003)
 * Mentors (TV series) - writer, (2001)
 * Psi Factor - writer, (2000)
 * Life and Times: The Brian Orser Story - writer, (2000)
 * Greenpieces (TV special short), (2000)
 * Grand Illusions: The Story of Magic (TV series), (1998)
 * The 27th Annual Juno Awards – (1998)
 * Transformers: Beast Wars (TV series) – writer, (1997)
 * ReBoot - writer, (1996)
 * Jonovision (CBC) - writer, (1996)

Theatre

 * Bar Mitzvah Boy - 2017
 * Never Shoot a Stampede Queen - 2013
 * Articles of Faith - 2001
 * Easy Money – 1999
 * If You Really Love Me... - 2000
 * Shylock - 1996
 * Basically Good Kids - 1993
 * Blueprints From Space - 1993
 * Dim Sum Diaries – 1991
 * Jim - 1990
 * Escape from Fantasy Gardens - 1989
 * Watchin` - 1986

Music

 * Greenpieces - Local Anxiety - 2009
 * Hockey Nut in Canada - Local Anxiety - 2007
 * Forgive Us - We're Canadian - Local Anxiety - 2003
 * Is Nothing Sacred? Local Anxiety - 1992

title: Mark Leiren-Young