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The Killing (film)

The Killing is a 1956 American film noir directed by Stanley Kubrick and produced by James B. Harris. It was written by Kubrick and Jim Thompson and based on Lionel White's novel Clean Break. It stars Sterling Hayden, Coleen Gray, and Vince Edwards, and features Marie Windsor, Elisha Cook Jr., Jay C. Flippen and Timothy Carey.

Plot
Johnny Clay is a veteran criminal planning one last heist before settling down and marrying Fay. He plans to rob the money-counting room of a racetrack during a featured race. Johnny assembles a team consisting of a corrupt cop, a betting window teller to gain access to the backroom, a sharpshooter to shoot the favorite horse during the race to distract the crowd and keep the winnings from being paid out, a wrestler to provide another distraction by provoking a fight at the track bar, and a track bartender.

George Peatty, the teller, tells his wife, Sherry, about the impending robbery. Sherry is bitter at George for not delivering on the promises of wealth he made when they married, so George hopes telling her about the robbery will impress her and keep her from leaving him. Sherry does not believe him at first, but, after learning that the robbery is real, enlists her lover Val Cannon to steal the money from George and his associates.

The heist is successful, although the sharpshooter is shot and killed by a security guard. The conspirators gather at the apartment where they are to meet Johnny and divide the money. Before Johnny arrives, Val appears with an associate to hold them up. A shootout ensues and a badly wounded George emerges as the only man standing. He goes home and shoots Sherry before collapsing.

Arriving at the apartment, Johnny sees George staggering in the street and knows that something is wrong. He buys the biggest suitcase he can find and struggles to stuff all the money in. At the airport, Johnny and Fay must check the oversized bag as regular luggage. Johnny reluctantly complies. While they wait for the plane to arrive, a woman's dog runs onto the runway and into the path of a baggage cart. The driver swerves and the suitcase falls from the cart onto the runway and breaks open, its loose banknotes swept away by the gusts from the aircraft's propellers.

Fay and Johnny seek to flee, but are unable to hail a cab before the police are alerted to them. Fay urges Johnny to escape. He refuses, calmly accepting the futility. Muttering "What's the difference?", he is approached by two officers seeking to arrest him.

Production
While playing chess in Washington Square, Kubrick met producer James B. Harris, who was looking for a young new talent to produce for, having sold his film distribution company. Harris considered Kubrick "the most intelligent, most creative person [he had] ever come in contact with", and the two formed the Harris-Kubrick Pictures Corporation in 1955. Harris purchased the rights to Lionel White's novel Clean Break for $10,000, beating United Artists, which was interested in the film as a vehicle for Frank Sinatra. At Kubrick's suggestion they hired hardboiled fiction novelist Jim Thompson to write the script. United Artists told the pair that it would help finance the picture if Harris and Kubrick could find a high-profile actor to star. They signed Sterling Hayden, who agreed to accept $40,000. But Hayden wasn't a big enough star for UA, which wound up providing only $200,000 for the film; Harris financed the rest using $80,000 of his own money and a $50,000 loan from his father. The film was the first of three on which Harris and Kubrick collaborated as producer and director over less than ten years. Working titles for the film were Clean Break and Bed of Fear. It was the last feature film completely filmed by Kubrick in the United States (interiors for Spartacus were shot on Universal's Hollywood sound stages, but its battle exteriors were shot in Spain).

Three members of the cast—Hayden, Ted de Corsia and Timothy Carey—had appeared together the previous year in the low-budget noir film Crime Wave. The art director, Ruth Sobotka, was Kubrick's wife at the time. Kubrick and Harris moved from New York to L.A. to shoot the picture, and Kubrick went unpaid during the shooting, surviving on loans from Harris. In addition to Hayden, Kubrick cast actors from films noirs he liked, such as Timothy Carey, Ted de Corsia, Elisha Cook Jr. and Marie Windsor. He chose former professional wrestler and old chess friend Kola Kwariani to play an aging, chess-playing grappler. The Hollywood cinematographers' union told Kubrick that he could not be both director and cinematographer, so veteran cinematographer Lucien Ballard was hired to shoot the picture. He and Kubrick often clashed during filming. On one occasion Kubrick favored a long tracking shot, with the camera close to the actors with a 25mm wide-angle lens to provide slight distortion of the image, but Ballard moved it further away and began using a 50mm lens. Kubrick sternly ordered him to put the camera back or he would be fired.

Theatrical run
Without a proper release across the U.S., The Killing performed poorly at the box office. In spite of a last-minute promotion as a second feature to Bandido!, it failed to turn a profit. But it garnered critical acclaim, landing on several critics' top-ten lists for 1956. Time wrongly predicted that it would "make a killing at the cash booths"—asserting that Kubrick "has shown more audacity with dialogue and camera than Hollywood has seen since the obstreperous Orson Welles went riding out of town on an exhibitors' poll"—as the film recorded a loss of $130,000.

Critical response
New York Times film critic A. H. Weiler wrote, "Though The Killing is composed of familiar ingredients and it calls for fuller explanations, it evolves as a fairly diverting melodrama. ... Aficionados of the sport of kings will discover that Mr. Kubrick's cameras have captured some colorful shots of the ponies at Bay Meadows track. Other observers should find The Killing an engrossing little adventure." Variety liked the acting and wrote, "This story of a $2 million race track holdup and steps leading up to the robbery, occasionally told in a documentary style which at first tends to be somewhat confusing, soon settles into a tense and suspenseful vein which carries through to an unexpected and ironic windup ... Hayden socks over a restrained characterization, and Cook is a particular standout. Windsor is particularly good, as she digs the plan out of her husband and reveals it to her boyfriend."

Kubrick and Harris thought the positive critical reception had made their presence known in Hollywood, but Max Youngstein of United Artists still considered them "not far from the bottom" of the pool of new talent at the time. Dore Schary of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was impressed with the film, and offered the duo $75,000 to write, direct and produce another, which became Paths of Glory.

The Killing has gained a cult following, among other Kubrick films. For example, Eddie Muller placed the film 15th among his top 25 favorite noir films, saying, "If you believe that a good script is a succession of great scenes, you can't do better than this. Hey, that scene was so good, let's do it again from somebody else's perspective".

In 1998, Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader included the film in his unranked list of the best American films not included on the AFI Top 100.

In 1999, film critic Mike Emery wrote, "Kubrick's camerawork was well on the way to finding the fluid style of his later work, and the sparse, low-budget circumstances give the film a raw, urgent sort of look. As good as the story and direction are, though, the true strength of The Killing lies in the characters and characterizations." The same year, director Peter Bogdanovich wrote in The New York Times that while The Killing did not make money, it, along with Paths of Glory, established "Kubrick's reputation as a budding genius among critics and studio executives."

In 2012, Roger Ebert added The Killing to his list of "Great Movies". In his opening remarks, Ebert writes, "Stanley Kubrick considered The Killing (1956) to be his first mature feature, after a couple of short warm-ups. He was 28 when it was released, having already been an obsessed chess player, a photographer for Look magazine and a director of March of Time newsreels. It's tempting to search here for themes and a style he would return to in his later masterpieces, but few directors seemed so determined to make every one of his films an individual, free-standing work. Seeing it without his credit, would you guess it was by Kubrick? Would you connect Dr. Strangelove with Barry Lyndon?"

Awards
Nominations
 * BAFTA Film Award, Best Film from any Source, USA; 1957.

Influence
Quentin Tarantino has said that this film was an influence on Reservoir Dogs, that he thought of that film as "my Killing, my take on that kind of heist movie."

Home media
A digitally restored version of The Killing was released on DVD and Blu-ray by The Criterion Collection, which also included Killer's Kiss as a bonus feature. On July 26, 2022, Kino Lorber (under the KL Studio Classics line) released a Ultra HD Blu-ray edition of the film from a new remaster of the original negative with new audio commentary by film historian Alan K. Rode.

title: The Killing (film)


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Talk:Scunthorpe

Assessment
matched projects to other pages on settlements. Impressed. Lots of useful stuff here. I'd like to nominate as GA (Good article status), but it would fail without more in-line & reputable references. To be honest, It's borderline whether it should be a 'B', but benefit-of-the-doubt, good-faith etc. I've not seen anything wrong, just unreferenced. Have to respect hard work.--Robert EA Harvey (talk) 07:41, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

Lakeside archaeology
This document might be useful for something.--Robert EA Harvey (talk) 21:03, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Frodingham Ironstone - an interesting lead ....
"The church of St John the Evangelist was ... built of Frodingham ironstone." Martinevans123 (talk) 16:19, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Scunthorpe


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Stephen Decatur Sr.

Stephen Decatur Sr. (June 1751 – November 11, 1808) was an American privateer in the Revolutionary War and later in the Quasi-War was commissioned as a captain in the United States Navy. He was the father of Stephen Decatur Jr.

Life
Born in Newport, Rhode Island, Decatur was a merchant captain before the Revolution. He married Ann Pine; in addition to Stephen Jr., they had two other children: Lieutenant James Decatur, who was killed in action in 1804 during the Barbary Wars, and Ann Decatur McKnight.

During the American Revolution he commanded the Royal Louis and the Fair American.

With the outbreak of the Quasi War with France, Decatur was commissioned as a captain in the United States Navy on May 11, 1798.

On May 5, 1798, Decatur was placed in command of the converted merchant ship USS Delaware (1798) and sailed in the first American Navy squadron to cross the Atlantic along with his son Stephen Decatur Jr. Delaware captured a French privateer, La Croyable, off Great Egg Harbor, N.J., on 7 July 1798. The U.S. Navy purchased La Croyable on 30 July 1798, and renamed her USS Retaliation (1798). From 14 July to 23 September, Delaware cruised in the West Indies, often in company with the frigate USS United States (1797), and together the ships took two privateers prize. During her second cruise in the West Indies, between 15 December 1798 and 20 May 1799, she took another prize.

On October 12, 1799, he was inducted as a Mason in St. John's Lodge #1 in Newport, Rhode Island.

In 1800, Decatur commissioned Philadelphia, the very vessel that his son later burned several months after it ran aground and was captured near Tripoli harbor in 1803.

In accordance with the Peace Establishment Act of 1801, which greatly reduced the United States Army and Navy, Decatur was discharged from the Navy on October 22, 1801.

He died in 1808, at his country home "Millsdale" in Frankford, Pennsylvania. He is interred next to his famous son at St. Peter's Church in Philadelphia.

title: Stephen Decatur Sr.


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Joey Smallwood

Joseph Roberts Smallwood (December 24, 1900 – December 17, 1991) was a Newfoundlander and Canadian politician. He was the main force who brought the Dominion of Newfoundland into Canadian Confederation in 1949, becoming the first premier of Newfoundland, serving until 1972. As premier, he vigorously promoted economic development, championed the welfare state, and emphasized modernization of education and transportation. The results of his efforts to promote industrialization were mixed, with the most favourable results in hydroelectricity, iron mining and paper mills.

Smallwood was charismatic and controversial. While many Canadians today remember Smallwood as the man who brought Newfoundland into Canada, the opinions held by Newfoundlanders and their diaspora remain sharply divided as to his legacy.

Early life
Smallwood was born at Mint Brook, near Gambo, Newfoundland, to Charles and Minnie May Smallwood. His grandfather, David Smallwood, was a well-known maker of boots in St. John's. Growing up in St. John's, as a teenager he worked as an apprentice at a newspaper and moved to New York City in 1920. In New York, he worked for the socialist newspaper The Call. Smallwood returned to Newfoundland in 1925, where he soon met and married Clara Oates (23 October 1901 – 14 April 1996). In 1925, he founded a newspaper in Corner Brook.

In 1928, he acted as campaign manager for Sir Richard Squires, Prime Minister of Newfoundland. He also ran unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in Bonavista in 1932.

During the Great Depression, Smallwood worked for various newspapers and edited a two-volume collection titled The Book of Newfoundland. He also hosted a radio program, The Barrelman, beginning in 1937, that promoted pride in Newfoundland's history and culture. He was very successful in this job with a voice for radio that was easily recognizable throughout all of Newfoundland.

He left the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland in 1943 to operate a pig farm at the Newfoundland Airport at Gander.

National Convention and Confederation
As soon as prosperity returned in 1942, action began to end the Commission of Government. Newfoundland, with a population of 313,000 (plus 5,200 in Labrador), seemed too small to be independent.

At this point, Smallwood was a well-known radio personality, writer and organizer; he was a nationalist who had long criticized British rule. In 1945, London announced that a National Convention would be elected in Newfoundland to advise on what constitutional choices should to be voted on by referendum. Union with the United States was a possibility, but London rejected that option and instead offered two options: a return to dominion status or continuation of the unpopular Commission. Canada issued an invitation to join on generous financial terms.

In 1946, Smallwood was elected as a delegate to the Newfoundland National Convention, which was organized to make recommendations to London about the future of Newfoundland that would be placed before the people of the country in a constitutional referendum. Smallwood supported joining Canada, arguing that union with Canada would bring prosperity. His skills as a radio broadcaster served him well. He was able to use the proceedings of the Convention, which were broadcast over the radio, to publicise the benefits of union with Canada. He founded and led the Confederate Association that supported the Confederation option in the Convention during the 1948 Newfoundland referendums.

At the convention Smallwood emerged as the leading proponent of confederation with Canada, insisting, "Today we are more disposed to feel that our very manhood, our very creation by God, entitles us to standards of life no lower than our brothers on the mainland." He succeeded in putting the Canada option on the ballot. His main opponents were Peter Cashin and Chesley Crosbie. Cashin, a former finance minister, led the Responsible Government League, warning against cheap Canadian imports and the high Canadian income tax. Crosbie, a leader of the fishing industry, led the Economic Union Party, seeking responsible government first, to be followed by closer ties with the United States, which could be a major source of capital.

Smallwood carried his cause in a hard-fought referendum and a runoff in June and July 1948 as the decision to join Canada (rather than restoration of independent dominion status) carried 77,869, against 71,464, or 52.3%. A strong rural vote in favour of Canada overwhelmed the pro-independence vote in the capital of St. John's. Catholics (mostly of Irish descent) in the city desired independence to protect their parochial schools, leading to a Protestant backlash in rural areas. The promise of cash family allowances from Canada proved decisive.

Smallwood was a member of the 1947 Ottawa Delegation that negotiated the Terms of Union with Canada. He created another newspaper, The Confederate, to promote Confederation. The 1948 referendums resulted in Confederation being approved, and in 1949, as leader of the Liberal Party, Smallwood was elected premier of the new province.

Premiership
Smallwood ran Newfoundland virtually unchallenged for 23 years. He governed with large majorities for virtually his entire tenure. During his first six terms, he never faced more than eight opposition MHAs.

He vigorously promoted economic development through the Economic Development Plan of 1951, championed the welfare state (paid for by Ottawa), and attracted favourable attention across Canada. He emphasised modernisation of education and transportation to attract outsiders, such as German industrialists, because the local economic elite would not invest in industrial development. Although he had had socialist leanings in his youth, he often sided with bankers and became hostile to the militant unions that sponsored numerous strikes. He relied heavily on the expertise of German industry in his repeated attempts to industrialise Newfoundland in the post-Confederation period. His efforts to promote industrialisation were a mixed bag, with the most favourable results in hydroelectricity, iron mining, and paper mills. Part of Smallwood’s industrialization legacy is the 1969 agreement locking Newfoundland into selling electricity from the power dam at Labrador’s Churchill Falls to Quebec until the year 2041—at a fixed rate that is now roughly one-tenth of the market price.

Smallwood was willing to side with corporations in his drive to industrialise the province. He granted foreign companies concessions to encourage development and even intervened in a labour dispute in 1959. The International Woodworkers of America had struck to get higher wages and better working conditions in the logging camps. In a controversial move, Smallwood decertified and effectively made the union illegal, replacing it with a government-sponsored union.

During his long career as Premier, Smallwood was often accused of being autocratic and self-aggrandising. He brought libel suits against The Telegram and he would threaten to pull government advertising over stories. He kept a tight rein on his ministers, regarding them as extensions of his own authority rather than as colleagues. Additionally, the House of Assembly did not have a question period, unlike most other provincial legislatures.

Smallwood announced his retirement in 1969, only to change his mind and run for the leadership against John Crosbie. In the ensuing contest, Smallwood sent Cabinet ministers to delegate selection meetings with notebooks, detailing who voted for which slate of delegates. They brought Crosbie delegates to his residence, forcing them to sign affidavits supporting Smallwood's leadership. The affidavits would later be published in local newspapers.

By Newfoundland's seventh general election in 1971, Smallwood's government had become tired and complacent. The election resulted in a hung parliament, with Smallwood's Liberals winning 20 seats to the Progressive Conservatives' 21. The Labrador Party's lone MHA, Tom Burgess, threw his support to Smallwood, resulting in a three-month deadlock. However, under the threat of a revolt in his own caucus, Smallwood was forced to resign in January 1972 in favour of the PCs' Frank Moores. Smallwood was voted out as Liberal leader soon afterward. In 1975, he took most of his followers into the Newfoundland Reform Liberal Party, which elected four candidates in that year's election. He retired for good at the end of the term.

Life after politics
In his retirement, Smallwood resumed writing; he published several books ,including an autobiography titled I Chose Canada. Later in his life, he began an ambitious project compiling a comprehensive Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador. The five volume set was completed by a charitable foundation after Smallwood's death. Smallwood's publishing firm, Newfoundland Book Publishers (1967) Ltd., published Volumes 1 and 2; the Smallwood Heritage Foundation completed and published Volumes 3, 4, and 5.

In 1986, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada, after hesitating because he felt that he should be more honoured for bringing Newfoundland and Labrador into Canada and he would have liked to have had The Right Honourable added to his name as well as a knighthood.

In 1989, a new Marine Atlantic ferry, MV Joseph and Clara Smallwood, was placed in service; she was paid off in 2011.

Death
On December 17, 1991, a week before his 91st birthday, Smallwood died. He was buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in St. John's, Newfoundland. His wife Clara, who died in 1996, is buried beside him.

Notable quotes
"I don't need you. I've been elected. But you need me. I'm sitting on top of the public chest, and not one red cent will come out of it for Ferryland unless Greg Power is elected [to Ottawa]. Unless you vote for my man, you'll be out in the cold for the next five years ... Those settlements which vote against Greg Power will get nothing – absolutely nothing."

In popular culture
Smallwood was featured in two National Film Board of Canada documentaries: In 1970, he was the subject of Julian Biggs's documentary film A Little Fellow from Gambo, for which he unusually received a Canadian Film Award for Best Actor in a Non-Feature at the 22nd Canadian Film Awards.

In 1974, he was featured alongside Newfoundland media mogul Geoff Stirling and director Michael Rubbo in Rubbo's Waiting for Fidel. In 1998, Wayne Johnston's novel The Colony of Unrequited Dreams presented a fictionalized portrayal of Smallwood.

CJON-DT, Geoff Stirling's television station, conducted several interviews with Smallwood, particularly during the years after he left politics; many of these were extended dialogues with Stirling on various esoteric topics. Many of Smallwood's interviews, as well as numerous solo films and speeches he made, are rebroadcast during the Captain Atlantis block of freeform telecasts that CJON carries very early on Saturday mornings.

title: Joey Smallwood


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User:Jake Nelson

My name is Jake Nelson. I live in Burnsville, Minnesota. My work and school background includes television production, database administration, economics, computer programming, electronics repair, web design, retail, and political campaigning.

I have held several volunteer positions in the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party and Young Democrats of America.

My personal site is JakeNelson.com.

Generally speaking, my text contributions can be used under almost any license, as long as you credit me or Wikipedia. Preferably both. (For media contributions, see their description pages for licenses.) Specific examples below.

title: User:Jake Nelson


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AC Propulsion tzero

The tZero (a mathematical symbol meaning, 'time from a standing start in sequence') is a hand-built electric sports car designed and built in very limited numbers by the U.S. pioneering company AC Propulsion in the mid 1990's. It was the inspiration and direct predecessor of the Tesla line of electric cars. The only part of the tZero that was not proprietary was the body that was based on the Piontek Sportech sports car, yet many parts of the body and interior were extensively modified. It consists of a Kevlar & Carbon Fiber reinforced body built over a custom hand-built reinforced stainless steel fabricated to package batteries space frame with double wishbone independent suspension and rack and pinion steering. AC Propulsion utilized their AC-150 drivetrain, a single-speed electric system with an overall gear ratio of 9:1.

Experimental mule in early 90's, a complete vehicle the following year and launched in January 1996, only 3 prototypes were built, the last one also being an official VIN production car. Prospect interested buyers included many big celebrities, well known scientists, and silicon valley engineers. Unfortunately, plans for a viable commercial production were eventually dropped in mid-2003. The name comes from t0, the mathematical symbol for a starting point in time. Due to high production costs, AC Propulsion ceased to produce the tzero. Only three were built, and as of 2024 only 2 survive. The only remaining examples are owned by the company itself and a private owner. The last tZero vehicle built used an advanced/updated ACP Gen 2 system that was capable of V2G (vehicle-to-grid & vehicle-to-vehicle charging system). The tZero vehicles were extensively tested. Even including a cross country USA trip.

Adjustable Regenerative Braking: Because the car recharges its batteries when the throttle is released – slowing sharply as energy is recaptured –  It can be driven hard using only the accelerator pedal. Also, if the car detects a turn with more than half a g-force (5 m/s²), it eases the rear-wheel regenerative braking to prevent slides.

Original lead–acid battery powered tzero
The original version of the tZero roadster ran on 28 Johnson Controls Optima Yellow Top spiral wound AGM deep cycle lead–acid batteries in series, which produced 150 & 165 kW (220 horsepower) and 177 lbs·ft (240 N·m) of torque at 336 volts and accelerated the 1040 kg car from a standstill to 60 mph in 4.07 seconds. The single gear ratio limited the car's maximum speed to 90 mph at 12,000 rpm, although it is said that early prototypes fitted with multiple gear ratios could hit 170 mph. Even with the single ratio, lead–acid models are capable of completing a quarter mile (400 m) drag race in 13.24 seconds. The expected range per charge of the tzero with the lead–acid batteries is 90 to 120 mi as a result of consuming only 180 watt hours (DC) per mile (112 Wh/km) on the highway and due to regenerative braking. The car could be charged from 0 to 95% within an hour. The initial base price of this version was to have been US$90,000. but later exceeded to $150K

Lithium-ion battery conversion
Tom Gage was contacted by Martin Eberhard about the tZero car which Gage had built, and was currently converting to lithium batteries, similar to those that make up the battery packs of laptop computers. Gage stated that Eberhard had multiple "Schemes" and that he had to explain to Eberhard how unfeasible most of his concepts were. The conversion was done over six months from March through September, 2003 and gave the tZero a 300 mi range. Lighter than the original version by 500 lb, the lithium-ion conversion goes from 0 - 60 mph in 3.6 seconds. The single gear ratio limits the car's maximum speed to just over 140 mph at 13,000 rpm with proper gearing, though it has never been tested at greater than the electronic limit of 105 mph. The base price of the car was US$220,000. Elon Musk and Martin Eberhard encouraged Tom Gage and Alan Cocconi to move the lithium-ion powered prototype into production. Eberhard then borrowed the converted tZero for three months and used it as a daily driver. The 2003 Li-on tZero version achieved over 320 miles range per charge.

JB Straubel then told Elon Musk about the newly converted, now lithium-ion powered tZero and arranged a test drive. Musk also encouraged AC Propulsion to commercialize the vehicle. Tom Gage, however, again deferred in favor of working on their electrified Scion xB called the eBox. But he put Elon Musk in contact with Martin Eberhard which led to Elon Musk's Series A funding of Tesla Motors in April, 2004 and their hiring JB Straubel.

Long Ranger genset trailer
AC PROPULSION also built a portable internal combustion powered generator mounted on a trailer known as the Long Ranger that can be towed behind the car and feed power to the batteries during travel. With an easy hook up, and a push of a button, the vehicle turns into an instant series-hybrid. The trailer uses a 500 cc Kawasaki engine with a 9.5 U.S. gallon (40 liter) fuel tank and achieved 30 - 35 mpgUS in highway driving over at least 20000 miles. It is rated at 20 kW DC output and can maintain 60 - 80 mph. The trailer incorporates a novel "backtracking" feature that automatically steers the trailer wheels allowing even novice drivers to easily back a trailer through complex maneuvers; the company published a video demonstrating the ease with which the trailer could be backed through a set of slalom cones.

Production
, only 2 of the 3 tzero production models remain, since Gruber Motor Company's car was destroyed as a result in a building fire in May 2017. The surviving two models are currently on display at The Petersen Museum.

title: AC Propulsion tzero


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User:Eloquence/Watchlist

10 Rillington Place About Schmidt Advocacy African Renaissance Alfred Kinsey Alt hierarchy Amazon River Anonymous Coward Anthimeria Anti-copyright Anti-stuckism Apache Software License April 24 Arianism Aristarchus Asia Carrera Atlantium Bad Religion Baiting Bartolome de Las Casas Bharata Natyam Black Legend Blasphemy Boba milk tea Body modification Bomis Book burning Book of Mormon Borg Bowling for Columbine Brit milah Bruce Almighty Bubble tea Burning C't Cannibalism Cantor Fitzgerald Securities Carl Sagan Catherine of Alexandria Catholicism Celebrations of the September 11, 2001 attacks Charles Darwin Chastity belt Chernobyl Child abuse Child sexual abuse Child sexuality Children of God China's Assessment of the Human Rights Record of the United States Christian views on witchcraft Circumcision Clairvoyance Clitoral hood Coca-Cola Coffee Collaborative writing Columbia Encyclopedia Common Era Conquistador Conspiracy Of One Conspiracy of One Conspiracy theory Corn flakes Cosmos Cosmos: A Personal Voyage Craig Mundie Creationism Creationism (theology) Current events Cuyo Cybersex Cyril of Alexandria Dark Ages Das Judenthum in der Musik Democritus Dissociative identity disorder Donald Rumsfeld Earth Elias Disney Emmy Award Encaustic painting Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopedia Galactica Encyclopædia Britannica Erfurt massacre Ernst Jünger Erotic art in Pompeii Erotic art in Pompeii (low quality) Evolution Execution by burning Fayum mummy portraits Fiction Finding Nemo Five Good Emperors Flat Earth Flat Earth Society Flat earth Foreskin Fred Singer Galileo Galileo Galilei Gallery of Fayum mummy portraits Gallery of Pompeii and Herculaneum German grammar Giordano Bruno Gnutella Great Expectations Guns, Germs and Steel Gunther von Hagens H2G2 Ham the Chimp Hanseatic League Harry Potter Henry Ford Home directory Homeopathy Homophobia Homosexuality and Christianity Homosexuality and morality Horoscope Horseshoe Human rights issues in the United States Hypatia of Alexandria IRC/mIRC Illuminati In the wake of huge hog lots, what is replacing the heartland's family farms? InfoAnarchy wiki Information Institute for Effective Therapy of Homosexuality Intellectual property education InterWiki Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Internet censorship in China Invisibility cloak Irony Jack Nicholson James Dobson James W. Prescott Jeb Bush Jehovah's Witnesses John Chrysostom John Lott Julian Justice K. Kay Shearin Kinsey Reports Knoppix Konqueror LOOM Lack of imagination Leipzig Declaration Leon Festinger Library of Alexandria Linus Torvalds Linux distribution List of Christians List of Scientologists List of assassins List of fictional battles List of phobias Listing of noted Christians Long-distance footpaths in the UK Long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom MKULTRA Madeline Amy Sweeney Main Page Main Page/Temp Malleus Maleficarum Mark the Evangelist Martin Luther Mary Maser Masturbation Medical analysis of circumcision Mickey Mouse Mohammed Mossadegh Mormon Motion Picture Association of America Motivation Mouse gesture Mouse gestures Negationism New York, New York New York City, New York Nicholas of Myra Nicolaus Copernicus No true Scotsman Noam Chomsky Nuclear terrorism Occam's Razor Opera (browser) Opera browser Opera web browser Opus Dei Oregon City, Oregon PETA PHP-Nuke PR Watch Palestine Liberation Organization Parapsychology Pauly-Wissowa Pearl milk tea Pedophilia Penelope People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Perl Perl programming language Pescennius Niger Pete Townshend Phoenix (browser) Phoenix Object Basic Phoenix web browser Phone sex Photon torpedo (science fiction) Physical anthropology Pig Polly Klaas Pompeii Programming language Pseudoscience Purity test RFID Remote viewing Requiem for a Dream Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan Richard Wagner Robert H. Schuller Roger & Me SETI Safari (web browser) Safer sex Saint Lawrence River Saint Nicholas Santa Claus Satanic ritual abuse Scientism Scientists' belief in God Scientists belief in God Scopes Trial September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Celebrations Sex education Sexual abstinence Sexual attraction Sexual orientation Shared resources Shock site Skeptic's Dictionary Skull and Bones Social problems of the United States Social work SpamAssassin Spanish Inquisition Subversion Subway expansion Subway expansion in New York Supernaturalization Tecumseh's curse Teenage pregnancy Terrorism against Israel Terrorism against Israelis The Bible Code The Wiki Way Tickling Tim Wirth Tongue-twister Tongue twister Trepanation Tron Tunnels to Nowhere Unification Church United States prison population Uri Geller Ustase Vannevar Bush Vietnam War Voyager Golden Record Walther Rathenau War on Terrorism War on Terrorism: Yemen Warez Wau Holland White House William Henry Harrison Witchcraft Women in science fiction World Wide Association of Specialty Programs and Schools Zbigniew Brzezinski Zero-player game Zimmermann Telegram Zimmermann telegram

title: User:Eloquence/Watchlist


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Parcheesi

Parcheesi is a brand-name American adaptation of the Indian cross and circle board game Pachisi, published by Selchow & Righter and Winning Moves Games USA.

Equipment
Parcheesi is typically played with two dice, four pieces per player and a with a track around the outside, four corner spaces and four home paths leading to a central end space. The most popular Parcheesi boards in America have 68 spaces around the edge of the board, 12 of which are darkened safe spaces. Each corner of the board contains one player's nest, or.

Setup

 * Each player positions their four single colored pieces in their respective starting nest.
 * Each player rolls a single die to determine player order. The player with the lowest roll goes first.
 * The order of players' turns moves to the next player on the current player's left.
 * Pieces move from the nest to the colored starting space to the left of the nest, per rules in the following section.

Gameplay
A player rolls the dice and must use the topmost facing die pip values shown to move their pieces around the board in one of the following ways:
 * Only pieces not in the nest may move forward on the board.
 * Pieces may only leave the nest with a roll of a five on a single die or the sum of the dice. A double five can be used to move two pieces from the nest simultaneously.
 * In the case of a non-doubles roll, a player may move one or two pieces, either one piece by each of the numbers on the two dice or one piece by the total. If no move is possible, the turn is forfeited.
 * When moving a single piece the total of two dice the turn is taken in increments, allowing pieces to be captured along the way. For example, if a double two is rolled and an opponent's piece lies on a cream space two spaces in front of the piece you wish to move the full four, you would move the piece two, and then two again, allowing the opponent's piece to be captured.
 * All die rolls must be taken and may not be voluntarily forfeited by a player.
 * If a player cannot use both dice, the player must use one of the dice, if possible. If either can be used, the player must use the larger die.
 * All die moves must be taken before the application of any extra rewards for sending an opponent to their nest or moving a piece to its home position.
 * With a roll of doubles, the player makes four moves, one for each of the numbers on top of the two dice and one for each of the numbers on the bottoms. The player may distribute these four moves among one, two, three, or four pieces. Note that the sum of numbers on the opposite sides of a die is always seven, so with doubles, there are a total of fourteen spaces to move. This can only be done if all four pieces are out of the nest.
 * When the player rolls doubles, the player rolls again after moving, provided all of the doubles roll was used. If the player is unable to use all of the roll, the player doesn't get another roll.
 * When a piece ends its move on the same space as an opponent's piece, the opponent's piece is sent back to its nest.
 * A piece may not be placed on a safe space (generally colored light blue) if it is occupied by an opponent's piece. The exception is the safe space used when a piece leaves its nest — a single piece occupying such a safe space is sent back to its nest when an opponent's piece leaves the nest and occupies the space.
 * A blockade is formed when two pieces of a single player occupy the same space. No piece of any player may move through a blockade, including pieces of the blockade owner. Blockade pieces may not be moved forward together with the roll of a double. Another player may break the blockade with the roll of a double one. Another player's piece cannot land in a space occupied by a blockade, even to leave its nest. Local rules may limit the number of turns that a blockade can stay in place.
 * A piece is not required to enter the home row and can pass the row and start another circuit of the board voluntarily or as the result of requirement of the use of the total die roll.
 * A turn ends when the next player rolls the dice with the consent of the current player. Any rewards not taken are lost.

Rewards of extra moves

 * The reward for sending an opponent's piece to the nest is a free move of twenty spaces that may not be split between pieces.
 * The reward for landing a piece in the home space is a free move of ten spaces that may not be split between pieces.

Winning the game

 * Moving all four pieces to the home position wins the game.
 * Pieces may only be moved to the home position with an exact application of the total roll, the value on a single die, or the complete application of a reward.

Reception
Games magazine included Parcheesi in their "Top 100 Games of 1980", praising it as a "classic chase game from India that has withstood the test of millennia".

Games magazine included Parcheesi in their "Top 100 Games of 1981", describing it as "one of the easiest board games to learn and is perfectly suited for family play".

title: Parcheesi


text:
Talk:Berryville, Arkansas

Important Tips Before Editing This Article
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Talk:Blue Eye, Arkansas

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title: Talk:Blue Eye, Arkansas


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Talk:Eureka Springs, Arkansas

Important Tips Before Editing This Article
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Reads Like a Tourism Brochure
I came to this article in anticipation of an upcoming weekend in Eureka Springs. I wanted some objective information about the town and found an advertisement. How is wikipedia supposed to be an encyclopedia if people come along and find worthless articles like this one? Matt 16:06, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

This is actually a poor attempt to give information about Eureka Springs and nothing on it really advertises anything. I have been there many times and hundreds of non-advertising facts are left out of this article. I think that is what is really missing. Sckooter 02:20, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

It does read like a brochure still, and it needs help. I live less than 10 miles from Eureka, and the article is larger than the town. It needs to be fixed, but it will consume someone's whole weekend just to salvage, and I don't have the time. I nominate...someone. Habanero man Sign Talk 19:05, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

If it's a brochure, it omits one of the largest tourist events- the Passion Play, which has been described as one of the largest outdoor performances in the United States, according to Wikipedia's article on the subject. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.76.131.62 (talk) 21:31, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Removed from article
'''The following was removed from the article. You can move acceptable text back to the article if it meets the US CITY guideline.''' • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  •  04:06, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Description
The local Catholic Church boasts a street-level entrance to its bell tower.

One of Eureka Springs' attractions is the Eureka Springs & North Arkansas Railroad, which operates excursion trains behind a vintage diesel over approximately two miles of historic tracks. The railroad also has several steam locomotives on display.

Most of the stores and shops in the commercial district are locally owned and managed. They consist primarily of specialty shops featuring local crafts, antiques, the works of local artists, and standard Ozark tourist fare. The downtown area also features various coffee shops and sidewalk cafés. The town has more than 20 art galleries in the downtown area. The city maintains a trolley service providing transportation around town for the tourists who visit the town.

Ripley's Believe It or Not has noted numerous details about the city: The Basin Park Hotel is built on a hill, with entrances at "ground level" for each of its eight stories. The Palace Bath House has the first neon sign installed west of the Mississippi River. Penn Memorial Baptist Church connects to three different streets at three different levels and has three street addresses. St. Elizabeth's Catholic Church is the only church that is entered through the bell tower. The town's winding, hilly, curved streets form 16 "S's", a large "O", and numerous "U's" and "V's," yet the town has no perpendicular street crossings.

It is home to one of few outdoor staircases not attached to a street that is considered a street by the United States Postal Service. Having no level spot in town large enough for a rodeo, circus, or baseball diamond was another fact that Ripley included. A stadium was built in 1948 after an area had been made level, but this was torn down and replaced in the 1980s by an athletic field, known as Van Pelt Stadium.

Lifestyle and people
Eureka Springs has a unique eclectic mix of people and lifestyles, including artists, retirees, families and a sizable gay and lesbian population. The city is proud of its reputation as a diversity haven for those of all walks of life. It was home to WPA-era muralist Louis Freund (one of his murals may be viewed at the Bank of Eureka Springs), jeweler Elsa Freund (named one of the foremost jewelry designers of the 1950s), novelist Constance Wagner, painter Tommy Thomas, and many others. Later, culinary writer and children's book author Crescent Dragonwagon, dubbed by USA Today "the most interesting person in Eureka Springs", made her home there for 33 years. With her late husband Ned Shank, she co-founded both the first bed-and-breakfast inn in the town, Dairy Hollow House, and later the non-profit Writer's Colony at Dairy Hollow.

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Talk:Green Forest, Arkansas

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Talk:Oak Grove, Carroll County, Arkansas

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Talk:Dermott, Arkansas

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Talk:Eudora, Arkansas

Neutrality of this article is disputed
69.254.177.210 (talk) 01:46, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Part of the article violates the standards of neutrality. The following section needs to be rewritten to stick with the facts.

Mr. William Stanton is now the first black mayor of Eudora, Arkansas. He was elected in an overall election in 2006. Eudora looks forward to growth and prosperity under his leadership. Eudora was once popular to young educators in the state now it is without a public school system. Hopefully, the town will see a dramatic change in culture and overall character climate with William Stanton at the helm. Mr. Stanton, a former educator, is known as a man of intergrety and values and with him leading, Eudorians can have a bright and promising future.

75.21.16.124 (talk) 15:09, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Removed the opinions in the text listed above.

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Talk:Lake Village, Arkansas

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title: Talk:Lake Village, Arkansas


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Talk:Amity, Arkansas

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title: Talk:Amity, Arkansas


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Talk:Arkadelphia, Arkansas

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"Arkadelphia" certainly does not translate "literally" as "arc of brotherly love". Philadelphia is from "philos" (=love) and "adelphos" (=brother). Once you take away the philos, you've removed the love part. -Ben (talk) 14:59, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

I noticed that the Wikipedia article about Arkadelphia AL says, "Arkadelphia was settled in the 19th century, with a post office opening in 1854." It doesn't say for how long the AL town had been called "Arkadelphia," but this casts some doubt on the suggestion that the town in AR, named in 1839, was named after the AL town. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.98.198.153 (talk) 02:22, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

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Town's name...
I edited the history section, which had previously expressed uncertainty about the etymology of the town's name, and suggested an alternative theory. The source actually cited though lists only one etymology of the name, and expresses no uncertainty about it at all, so I've changed the article to reflect that. -2003:CA:872B:6702:7DAC:B281:EC84:CF7 (talk) 13:51, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arkadelphia, Arkansas


text:
Talk:Caddo Valley, Arkansas

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Talk:Gum Springs, Arkansas

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title: Talk:Gum Springs, Arkansas


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Talk:Gurdon, Arkansas

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The tracks where the light can be seen is not used by the railroad any more, and has not been used for some time. Instead, the railoard uses another set of tracks further off the path where the light would be. I am removing the warning sentence.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:51, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gurdon, Arkansas


text:
Talk:Okolona, Arkansas

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Talk:Whelen Springs, Arkansas

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title: Talk:Whelen Springs, Arkansas


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Talk:Corning, Arkansas

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Talk:Greenway, Arkansas

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Talk:Knobel, Arkansas

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 * Does somebody know why this city was called Knobel ? The only famous Knobel I know (excepted myself, of course ;) ) is a british astronom... --82.126.134.4 (talk) 22:52, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Knobel really had its beginning in the early 1870's when the railroad was being laid. The town was named for the engineer of the project, Gus Knobel. (http://www.geocities.com/knobeltown/index.html) --82.126.135.117 (talk) 10:20, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

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Source for pronunciation
I added a pronunciation, but I don't know how to add sources to articles. I consulted some news videos from an Arkansas ABC station, one of which can be found here.67.83.99.134 (talk) 20:54, 1 October 2022 (UTC)corpho

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Talk:McDougal, Arkansas

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Changed redirect
Changed redirect from McDougall and McDougal to a disambig page. Fishhead64 22:25, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

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Talk:Nimmons, Arkansas

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Prism (optics)

An optical prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that are designed to refract light. At least one surface must be angled — elements with two parallel surfaces are not prisms. The most familiar type of optical prism is the triangular prism, which has a triangular base and rectangular sides. Not all optical prisms are geometric prisms, and not all geometric prisms would count as an optical prism. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, acrylic and fluorite.

A dispersive prism can be used to break white light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow) to form a spectrum as described in the following section. Other types of prisms noted below can be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with different polarizations.

Dispersive

Dispersive prisms are used to break up light into its constituent spectral colors because the refractive index depends on wavelength; the white light entering the prism is a mixture of different wavelengths, each of which gets bent slightly differently. Blue light is slowed more than red light and will therefore be bent more than red light.

 * Triangular prism
 * Amici prism and other types of compound prisms
 * Littrow prism with mirror on its rear facet
 * Pellin–Broca prism
 * Abbe prism
 * Grism, a dispersive prism with a diffraction grating on its surface
 * Féry prism

Spectral dispersion is the best known property of optical prisms, although not the most frequent purpose of using optical prisms in practice.

Reflective
Reflective prisms are used to reflect light, in order to flip, invert, rotate, deviate or displace the light beam. They are typically used to erect the image in binoculars or single-lens reflex cameras – without the prisms the image would be upside down for the user.

Reflective prisms use total internal reflection to achieve near-perfect reflection of light that strikes the facets at a sufficiently oblique angle. Prisms are usually made of optical glass which, combined with anti-reflective coating of input and output facets, leads to significantly lower light loss than metallic mirrors.

 * Odd number of reflections, image projects as flipped (mirrored)
 * triangular prism reflector, projects image sideways (chromatic dispersion is zero in case of perpendicular input and output incidence)
 * Roof pentaprism projects image sideways flipped along the other axis
 * Dove prism projects image forward
 * Corner-cube retroreflector projects image backwards
 * Even number of reflections, image projects upright (without change in handedness; may or may not be rotated)
 * Porro prism projects image backwards and displaced
 * Porro–Abbe prism projects image forward, rotated by 180° and displaced
 * Perger prism a development based on the Porro–Abbe prism, projects image forward, rotated by 180° and displaced
 * Abbe–Koenig prism projects image forward, rotated by 180° and collinear (4 internal reflections [2 reflections are on roof plains])
 * Bauernfeind prism projects image sideways (inclined by 45°)
 * Amici roof prism projects image sideways
 * Pentaprism projects image sideways
 * Schmidt–Pechan prism projects image forward, rotated by 180° (6 reflections [2 reflections are on roof plains]; composed of Bauernfeind part and Schmidt part)
 * Uppendahl prism projects image forward, rotated by 180° and collinear (6 reflections [2 reflections are on roof plains]); composed of 3 prisms cemented together)

Beam-splitting
Various thin-film optical layers can be deposited on the hypotenuse of one right-angled prism, and cemented to another prism to form a beam-splitter cube. Overall optical performance of such a cube is determined by the thin layer.

In comparison with a usual glass substrate, the glass cube provides protection of the thin-film layer from both sides and better mechanical stability. The cube can also eliminate etalon effects, back-side reflection and slight beam deflection.

 * dichroic color filters form a dichroic prism
 * Polarizing cube beamsplitters have lower extinction ratio than birefringent ones, but less expensive
 * Partially-metallized mirrors provide non-polarizing beamsplitters
 * Air gap − When hypotenuses of two triangular prisms are stacked very close to each other with air gap, frustrated total internal reflection in one prism makes it possible to couple part of the radiation into a propagating wave in the second prism. The transmitted power drops exponentially with the gap width, so it can be tuned over many orders of magnitude by a micrometric screw.
 * Biprism (or Fresnel biprism): two prisms joined at their bases, forming a wide vertex angle (~ 180°); used in common-path interferometry.

Polarizing
Another class is formed by polarizing prisms which use birefringence to split a beam of light into components of varying polarization. In the visible and UV regions, they have very low losses and their extinction ratio typically exceeds $$10^5:1$$, which is superior to other types of polarizers. They may or may not employ total internal reflection;

 * One polarization is separated by total internal reflection:
 * Nicol prism
 * Glan–Foucault prism
 * Glan–Taylor prism, a high-power variant of which is also denoted as Glan–laser prism
 * Glan–Thompson prism
 * One polarization is deviated by different refraction only:
 * Rochon prism
 * Sénarmont prism
 * Both polarizations are deviated by refraction:
 * Wollaston prism
 * Nomarski prism – a variant of the Wollaston prism where p- and s-components emerge displaced and converging towards each other; important for differential interference contrast microscopy
 * Both polarizations stay parallel, but are spatially separated:
 * polarisation beam displacers, typically made of thick anisotropic crystal with plan-parallel facets

These are typically made of a birefringent crystalline material like calcite, but other materials like quartz and α-BBO may be necessary for UV applications, and others (MgF2, YVO4 and TiO2) will extend transmission farther into the infrared spectral range.

Prisms made of isotropic materials like glass will also alter polarization of light, as partial reflection under oblique angles does not maintain the amplitude ratio (nor phase) of the s- and p-polarized components of the light, leading to general elliptical polarization. This is generally an unwanted effect of dispersive prisms. In some cases this can be avoided by choosing prism geometry which light enters and exits under perpendicular angle, by compensation through non-planar light trajectory, or by use of p-polarized light.

Total internal reflection alters only the mutual phase between s- and p-polarized light. Under well chosen angle of incidence, this phase is close to $$\pi/4$$.
 * Fresnel rhomb uses this effect to achieve conversion between circular and linear polarisation. This phase difference is not explicitly dependent on wavelength, but only on refractive index, so Fresnel rhombs made of low-dispersion glasses achieve much broader spectral range than quarter-wave plates. They displace the beam, however.
 * Doubled Fresnel rhomb, with quadruple reflection and zero beam displacement, substitutes a half-wave plate.
 * Similar effect can also be used to make a polarization-maintaining optics.

Depolarizers
Birefringent crystals can be assembled in a way that leads to apparent depolarization of the light. Depolarization would not be observed for an ideal monochromatic plane wave, as actually both devices turn reduced temporal coherence or spatial coherence, respectively, of the beam into decoherence of its polarization components.
 * Cornu depolarizer
 * Lyot depolarizer

Other uses
Total internal reflection in prisms finds numerous uses through optics, plasmonics and microscopy. In particular:
 * Prisms are used to couple propagating light to surface plasmons. Either the hypotenuse of a triangular prism is metallized (Kretschmann configuration), or evanescent wave is coupled to very close metallic surface (Otto configuration).
 * Some laser active media can be formed as a prism where the low-quality pump beam enters the front facet, while the amplified beam undergoes total internal reflection under grazing incidence from it. Such a design suffers less from thermal stress and is easy to be pumped by high-power laser diodes.

Other uses of prisms are based on their beam-deviating refraction:
 * Wedge prisms are used to deflect a beam of monochromatic light by a fixed angle. A pair of such prisms can be used for beam steering; by rotating the prisms the beam can be deflected into any desired angle within a conical "field of regard". The most commonly found implementation is a Risley prism pair.
 * Transparent windows of, e.g., vacuum chambers or cuvettes can also be slightly wedged (10' − 1°). While this does not reduce reflection, it suppresses Fabry-Pérot interferences that would otherwise modulate their transmission spectrum.
 * Anamorphic pair of similar, but asymmetrically placed prisms can also change the profile of a beam. This is often used to make a round beam from the elliptical output of a laser diode. With its monochromatic light, slight chromatic dispersion arising from different wedge inclination is not a problem.
 * Deck prisms were used on sailing ships to bring daylight below deck, since candles and kerosene lamps are a fire hazard on wooden ships.

In optometry
By shifting corrective lenses off axis, images seen through them can be displaced in the same way that a prism displaces images. Eye care professionals use prisms, as well as lenses off axis, to treat various orthoptics problems:

 * Diplopia (double vision)
 * Positive and negative fusion problems

Prism spectacles with a single prism perform a relative displacement of the two eyes, thereby correcting eso-, exo, hyper- or hypotropia.

In contrast, spectacles with prisms of equal power for both eyes, called yoked prisms (also: conjugate prisms, ambient lenses or performance glasses) shift the visual field of both eyes to the same extent.

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Talk:Peach Orchard, Arkansas

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Talk:Rector, Arkansas

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Additional Notable Native:

Carter, Bill - Secret Service Agent; Attorney; Author of "Get Carter: Backstage in History from JFK's Assassination to The Rolling Stones" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.225.80.225 (talk) 03:39, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Notable Rector AR people
Denver “Bull” Randleman. 506th PIR, the “Band Of Brothers”. JimFBowmn (talk) 16:09, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

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Talk:St. Francis, Arkansas

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Talk:Success, Arkansas

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well, i grew up near Success (Reyno)and i visited Success a lot, caught a couple fish from the L.Black River, killed a squirrel there too, felt bad about that...picked a little cotton...used to go to Current View to buy beer...Wondering how to edit this U.S. City Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Cities standards might help.

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Talk:Concord, Arkansas

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Talk:Fairfield Bay, Arkansas

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Schools
My family is moving to Fairfield Bay and I see no information about school in or near Fairfield Bay, please submit. Thank you —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.18.7.203 (talk) 13:39, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

I see that the schools listed are Greers Ferry, but, I drive for FedEx in Fairfield Bay, and I'm pretty sure that it's Shirley school buses I see every day. Might want to double check that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.222.157.168 (talk) 01:05, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

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Prism (geometry)

In geometry, a prism is a polyhedron comprising an $n$-sided polygon base, a second base which is a translated copy (rigidly moved without rotation) of the first, and $n$ other faces, necessarily all parallelograms, joining corresponding sides of the two bases. All cross-sections parallel to the bases are translations of the bases. Prisms are named after their bases, e.g. a prism with a pentagonal base is called a pentagonal prism. Prisms are a subclass of prismatoids.

Like many basic geometric terms, the word prism was first used in Euclid's Elements. Euclid defined the term in Book XI as “a solid figure contained by two opposite, equal and parallel planes, while the rest are parallelograms”. However, this definition has been criticized for not being specific enough in regard to the nature of the bases (a cause of some confusion amongst generations of later geometry writers).

Oblique vs right
An oblique prism is a prism in which the joining edges and faces are not perpendicular to the base faces.

Example: a parallelepiped is an oblique prism whose base is a parallelogram, or equivalently a polyhedron with six parallelogram faces.

A right prism is a prism in which the joining edges and faces are perpendicular to the base faces. This applies if and only if all the joining faces are rectangular.

The dual of a right $n$-prism is a right $n$-bipyramid.

A right prism (with rectangular sides) with regular $n$-gon bases has Schläfli symbol $n = 6$ It approaches a cylinder as $n$ approaches infinity.

Special cases

 * A right rectangular prism (with a rectangular base) is also called a cuboid, or informally a rectangular box. A right rectangular prism has Schläfli symbol $2 n$
 * A right square prism (with a square base) is also called a square cuboid, or informally a square box.

Note: some texts may apply the term rectangular prism or square prism to both a right rectangular-based prism and a right square-based prism.

Regular prism
A regular prism is a prism with regular bases.

Uniform prism
A uniform prism or semiregular prism is a right prism with regular bases and all edges of the same length.

Thus all the side faces of a uniform prism are squares.

Thus all the faces of a uniform prism are regular polygons. Also, such prisms are isogonal; thus they are uniform polyhedra. They form one of the two infinite series of semiregular polyhedra, the other series being formed by the antiprisms.

A uniform $n$-gonal prism has Schläfli symbol $3n$

Volume
The volume of a prism is the product of the area of the base by the height, i.e. the distance between the two base faces (in the case of a non-right prism, note that this means the perpendicular distance).

The volume is therefore:
 * $$V = Bh,$$

where $n$ is the base area and $n$ is the height.

The volume of a prism whose base is an $n$-sided regular polygon with side length $B$ is therefore: $$V = \frac{n}{4} h s^2 \cot\frac{\pi}{n}.$$

Surface area
The surface area of a right prism is:
 * $$2B + Ph,$$

where $h$ is the area of the base, $n$ the height, and $s$ the base perimeter.

The surface area of a right prism whose base is a regular $B$-sided polygon with side length $h$, and with height $P$, is therefore:

 * $$A = \frac{n}{2} s^2 \cot\frac{\pi}{n} + nsh.$$

Symmetry
The symmetry group of a right $n$-sided prism with regular base is $2n$ of order $4.4.n$, except in the case of a cube, which has the larger symmetry group ${n}×{ }$ of order 48, which has three versions of $t{2,n}$ as subgroups. The rotation group is $Pn$ of order $D_{nh}, [n,2], (*n22),$, except in the case of a cube, which has the larger symmetry group $4n$ of order 24, which has three versions of $D_{n}, [n,2]^{+}, (n22),$ as subgroups.

The symmetry group $2n$ contains inversion iff $s$ is even.

The hosohedra and dihedra also possess dihedral symmetry, and an $h$-gonal prism can be constructed via the geometrical truncation of an $n$-gonal hosohedron, as well as through the cantellation or expansion of an $n$-gonal dihedron.

Truncated prism
A truncated prism is formed when prism is sliced by a plane that is not parallel to its bases. A truncated prism's bases are not congruent, and its sides are not parallelograms.

Twisted prism
A twisted prism is a nonconvex polyhedron constructed from a uniform $n$-prism with each side face bisected on the square diagonal, by twisting the top, usually by $n$ radians ($n$ degrees) in the same direction, causing sides to be concave.

A twisted prism cannot be dissected into tetrahedra without adding new vertices. The simplest twisted prism has triangle bases and is called a Schönhardt polyhedron.

An $n$-gonal twisted prism is topologically identical to the $\pi⁄n$-gonal uniform antiprism, but has half the symmetry group: $n = 9$, order ${ }×{n}.$. It can be seen as a nonconvex antiprism, with tetrahedra removed between pairs of triangles.

Frustum
A frustum is a similar construction to a prism, with trapezoid lateral faces and differently sized top and bottom polygons.

Star prism
A star prism is a nonconvex polyhedron constructed by two identical star polygon faces on the top and bottom, being parallel and offset by a distance and connected by rectangular faces. A uniform star prism will have Schläfli symbol ${ }×{ }×{ }.$ with $180⁄n$ rectangles and 2 $t{2,n}.$ faces. It is topologically identical to a $n$-gonal prism.

Crossed prism
A crossed prism is a nonconvex polyhedron constructed from a prism, where the vertices of one base are inverted around the center of this base (or rotated by 180°). This transforms the side rectangular faces into crossed rectangles. For a regular polygon base, the appearance is an $n$-gonal hour glass. All oblique edges pass through a single body center. Note: no vertex is at this body centre. A crossed prism is topologically identical to an $p$-gonal prism.

Toroidal prism
A toroidal prism is a nonconvex polyhedron like a crossed prism, but without bottom and top base faces, and with simple rectangular side faces closing the polyhedron. This can only be done for even-sided base polygons. These are topological tori, with Euler characteristic of zero. The topological polyhedral net can be cut from two rows of a square tiling (with vertex configuration $D_{nh}$): a band of $p$ squares, each attached to a crossed rectangle. An $n$-gonal toroidal prism has $4n$ vertices, $O_{h}$ faces: $n$ squares and $n$ crossed rectangles, and $D_{4h}$ edges. It is topologically self-dual.

Prismatic polytope
A prismatic polytope is a higher-dimensional generalization of a prism. An $n$-dimensional prismatic polytope is constructed from two ($D_{n}$)-dimensional polytopes, translated into the next dimension.

The prismatic $n$-polytope elements are doubled from the ($2n$)-polytope elements and then creating new elements from the next lower element.

Take an $n$-polytope with $n$ $n$-face elements ($O$). Its ($D_{4}$)-polytope prism will have $D_{nh}$ $n$-face elements. (With $D_{n}, [n,2]^{+}$, $2n$.)

By dimension:
 * Take a polygon with $F_{i}$ vertices, $i$ edges. Its prism has ${p/q} × { },$ vertices, ${p/q}$ edges, and ${ }×{ }_{180}×{ }$ faces.
 * Take a polyhedron with $i$ vertices, $n$ edges, and $n$ faces. Its prism has $t_{a}{3}×{ }$ vertices, ${5/2}×{ }$ edges, ${7/2}×{ }$ faces, and ${7/3}×{ }$ cells.
 * Take a polychoron with $V$ vertices, $E$ edges, $F$ faces, and $V$ cells. Its prism has ${8/3}×{ }$ vertices, $D_{2h}$ edges, $D_{3h}$ faces, $D_{5h}$ cells, and $D_{7h}$ hypercells.

Uniform prismatic polytope
A regular $E$-polytope represented by Schläfli symbol $D_{8h}$ can form a uniform prismatic (${ }×{ }_{180}×{ }_{180}$)-polytope represented by a Cartesian product of two Schläfli symbols: $t_{a}{3}×{ }_{180}$

By dimension: Higher order prismatic polytopes also exist as cartesian products of any two or more polytopes. The dimension of a product polytope is the sum of the dimensions of its elements. The first examples of these exist in 4-dimensional space; they are called duoprisms as the product of two polygons in 4-dimensions.
 * A 0-polytopic prism is a line segment, represented by an empty Schläfli symbol ${3}×{ }_{180}$
 * [[Image:Complete graph K2.svg|60px]]
 * A 1-polytopic prism is a rectangle, made from 2 translated line segments. It is represented as the product Schläfli symbol ${4}×{ }_{180}$ If it is square, symmetry can be reduced: ${5}×{ }_{180}$
 * Example: [[Image:Square diagonals.svg|60px]], Square, ${5/2}×{ }_{180}$ two parallel line segments, connected by two line segment sides.
 * A polygonal prism is a 3-dimensional prism made from two translated polygons connected by rectangles. A regular polygon ${6}×{ }_{180}$ can construct a uniform $F$-gonal prism represented by the product $D_{2h}$ If $D_{3d}$, with square sides symmetry it becomes a cube: $D_{4h}$
 * Example: [[Image:Pentagonal prism.png|60px]], Pentagonal prism, $D_{5d}$ two parallel pentagons connected by 5 rectangular sides.
 * A polyhedral prism is a 4-dimensional prism made from two translated polyhedra connected by 3-dimensional prism cells. A regular polyhedron $D_{6d}$ can construct the uniform polychoric prism, represented by the product $4.4.4.4$ If the polyhedron and the sides are cubes, it becomes a tesseract: $2n$
 * Example: [[Image:Dodecahedral prism.png|50px]], Dodecahedral prism, $2n$ two parallel dodecahedra connected by 12 pentagonal prism sides.

Regular duoprisms are represented as $4n$ with $C$ vertices, $D_{4h}$ edges, $n$ square faces, $n$ $pq$-gon faces, $pq$ $p$-gon faces, and bounded by $q$ $q$-gonal prisms and $p$ $p$-gonal prisms.

For example, $D_{6h}$ a 4-4 duoprism is a lower symmetry form of a tesseract, as is $V = 8$ a cubic prism. $E = 16$ (4-4 duoprism prism), $F = 8$ (cube-4 duoprism) and $V = 12$ (tesseractic prism) are lower symmetry forms of a 5-cube.

title: Prism (geometry)


text:
Talk:Greers Ferry, Arkansas

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Talk:Heber Springs, Arkansas

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