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Zambales

Zambales, officially the Province of Zambales (Probinsya nin Zambales; Probinsia ti Zambales; Pangasinan: Luyag/Probinsia na Zambales; Lalawigan ng Zambales), is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is Iba, which is located in the middle of the province. Olongapo is the largest city of the province wherein it is geographically located but politically independent.

Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north and northeast, Tarlac to the east, Pampanga to the southeast, Bataan to the south and the South China Sea to the west. With a total land area of 3830.83 km2 (including the independent city of Olongapo), Zambales is the second largest among the seven provinces of Central Luzon after Nueva Ecija. The province is noted for its mangoes, which are abundant from January to April.

Zambales does not have a functional airport; the closest functional airport is Clark International Airport in Angeles City in the neighbouring province of Pampanga. Subic Bay International Airport, which is located in Cubi Point (geographically located inside Morong, Bataan) in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone is no longer functional for domestic and international flights.

The Freeport Zone (SBFZ) is host to many tourist attractions which include casinos, parks, malls, beach-side huts, cottages and resorts, as well as historical sites.

Etymology
The name of the province is derived from "Zambales", the Hispanized name of the Sambal people. The Sambal were the original dominant ethnic group of the region.

Spanish colonial era
The Spanish first explored the area in 1572, led by Juan de Salcedo. Off Cape Bolinao (now part of Pangasinan), he and his men liberated a Zambal chieftain and his followers from a Chinese pirate ship. This act gained the natives' goodwill. Shortly thereafter, the province was organized. Among the earliest towns founded were Subic (1572), Botolan (1572), Masinloc (1607), Iba (1611), and Santa Cruz (1612). Zambales was originally derived from 2 parts: the southern area from Pampanga and the northern area from Pangasinan.

During the Spanish period, a 1774 map was made, which clearly named Scarborough Shoals as Panacot Shoal, a feature under complete sovereignty of Spanish Philippines, specifically of Zambales. The shoal's current name was chosen by Captain Philip D'Auvergne, whose East India Company East Indiaman Scarborough briefly grounded on one of the rocks on September 12, 1784, before sailing on to China. When the Philippines was granted independence in the 19th century and 20th century, Scarborough Shoal was passed by the colonial governments to the sovereign Republic of the Philippines. By the end of the 1700s, Zambales had 1,136 native families and 73 Spanish Filipino families.

American invasion era
Masinloc became the province's first capital. However, the capital was moved among the last three towns above during its history before finally settling in Iba, due to its strategic location. Seven of the province's original northern towns, which included Bolinao, Infanta, San Isidro, now Burgos, Anda, Bani, Agno and Alaminos were later transferred under the jurisdiction of Pangasinan because of their distance from the capital. The first civil governor of Zambales during the colonial American era was Potenciano Lesaca from 1901 to 1903.

Postwar Era
Under a 1947 Military Bases Agreement, the Philippines granted the United States a 99-year lease on several U.S. bases, including U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. A later amendment in 1966 reduced the original 99-year term of the agreement to 25 years. A renewal of the agreement in 1979 allowed the U.S. to continue operating the bases until November 1991, when the Philippine Senate rejected a bill for the renewal of U.S. bases in the Philippines.

During the Marcos dictatorship
The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Zambales. During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses, particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. During the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, Zambales was one of the most militarized areas.

In Olongapo, the continuation of the Vietnam war through this period meant the arrival of a constantly growing number of U.S. Sailors to Subic Naval Base, and along with it, the rapid growth of prostitution. The policies of the Marcos administration encouraged the growth of the sex-industry because it increased the flow of higher value currency into the Philippine economy. The economy of this part of Zambales evolved from a largely agricultural orientation at the end of the 1960s towards one built around sex industry related businesses such as bars by the mid-1970s.

In 1986, the province was one of the main supporters of the People Power Revolution in Manila, which topped the 21-year dictatorship and installed Corazon Aquino as president, bringing back democracy to the country.

Later 20th Century
The province was heavily affected by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Due to this, the economy of the province weakened for some time, but regained vitality a few years after the government ordered the revitalization of the province and established growth in its southern towns, which later became a significant economic zone in the country by 1995.

Contemporary
The 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff led to a situation where access to the shoal was restricted by the People's Republic of China. However, in 2016, following meetings between the Philippine president Duterte and his PRC counterparts, the PRC allowed Filipino fishermen to access the shoals for fishing.

In 2018, it was revealed that for every 3,000 peso worth of fish catch by Sambal fisherfolks, China siphoned them in exchange for 'two bottles of mineral water' worth 20 pesos. The revelations led to public unrest against China and the Duterte-administered Philippine government. Filipino president Rodrigo Duterte fired back against his fellow Filipinos, including those from Zambales, saying that China's acts were 'fine' as they were 'only barter'. On June 14, 2018, China's destruction of Scarborough Shoal's reefs surged to an extent which they became visible via Google Earth and Philippine satellites, as confirmed by the University of the Philippines Diliman.

Geography

Zambales lies on the western shores of Luzon island along the South China Sea. Its shoreline is rugged and features many coves and inlets. The Zambales Mountains in the eastern length of the province occupies about 60% of the total land area of Zambales. Subic Bay, at the southern end of the province, provides a natural harbor, and was the location of the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay until its closure in 1992.

The summit and crater lake of Mount Pinatubo lies within Botolan municipality in Zambales, near the tripoint of Zambales, Pampanga and Tarlac provinces. This volcano, once considered dormant, erupted violently in June 1991. The former summit of the volcano was obliterated by the massive eruption and replaced by a 2.5 km wide caldera, within which Lake Pinatubo is situated. With an average depth of 800 m, Lake Pinatubo is the deepest lake in the Philippines. The highest point of the caldera rim is 1485 m above sea level, some 260 m lower than the pre-eruption summit. A vast portion of the Zambales province acquired desert-like features in 1991, after being buried by more than 20 ft of lahar.

Climate
Zambales has two pronounced seasons: dry from October to June, and wet from July to September.

Administrative divisions
Zambales comprises 13 municipalities and 1 highly urbanized city, which are divided into two legislative districts. Olongapo City is a highly urbanized city and administers itself autonomously from the province. Panatag Shoal (Scarborough Shoal) a Philippine-claimed territory, is a designated part of the province.

The northern half of the province typically comprises the municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, and Palauig. The central half of the province consists of the municipalities of Iba (the capital), Botolan, Cabangan, and San Felipe. The southern half of the province is composed of the municipalities of San Narciso, San Marcelino, San Antonio, Castillejos, Subic, and the highly urbanized city of Olongapo.

Provincial capital

Municipality

Highly urbanized city (geographically within but independent from the province)

Barangays
The 13 municipalities and 1 city of the province comprise 247 barangays, with Santa Rita in Olongapo City as the most populous in 2010, and Owaog-Nibloc in Botolan as the least. If cities are excluded, Calapacuan in Subic has the highest population as of 2010.

Demographics
The population of Zambales in the 2020 census was 649,615 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2. When Olongapo City is included for geographical purposes, the province's population is 909,932 people, with a density of.

Inhabitants
The Aetas of Mount Pinatubo were the earliest inhabitants of what is now the province of Zambales. They were later displaced by the Sambal, an Austronesian people after whom the province is named. Many Sambal still believe in superstitions and mysteries that have been handed down through the generations.

The Tagalogs, the Ilocanos, the Sambal, the Kapampangans, and the Pangasinans today constitute the five largest ethnic groups in Zambales; these identities may and do, however, overlap with one another due to intermarriage and other factors. The less-populated valley of the province was settled by settlers from the Ilocos and the Tagalog regions, leading to the assimilation of Sambals to Ilocano & Tagalog settlers & modern decline in the Sambal cultural identity and language. Most of the people of southern Zambales are migrants from different parts of the country, owing the influx of job opportunities brought on by the U.S Subic Naval Base (San Antonio and Subic) during the American regime of the country. Many people found jobs and permanently settled there. The presence of the Americans greatly influenced the culture and way of life of the inhabitants.

Religion

The people of Zambales are predominantly Roman Catholic (78.22%) under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Iba. A sizeable portion of the population also belongs to the Aglipayan Church (6.12%) under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Zambales and Iglesia ni Cristo (4.89%). The remaining are divided with other Christian groups such as Born-again Christians, United Methodist Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist, United Church of Christ in the Philippines as well as Non Christians which is usually represented by Muslims.

Town fiestas honoring patron saints are practiced in each parish.

Languages
Sambal, Tagalog, and Ilocano are the three main languages of Zambales. Ilocano has 115,337 native speakers, Sambal has 114,637, and Tagalog has 250,637 (plus 24,995 non-native speakers). Sambal residents in Iba have switched their language from Sambal to Ilocano & Tagalog, while Castillejos has shifted from Ilocano to Tagalog, and Cabangan from Ilocano and Sambal to Tagalog. Sambal & Sambalic languages as a whole are most closely related to Kapampangan. More than 119,126 spoke other languages as their parent tongue, such as Kapampangan and Pangasinan (also spoken by Sambals on the Zambales-Pangasinan boundary), including non-Philippine languages such as English and Hokkien Chinese. Other Sambalic languages spoken in Zambales are Botolan, Ambala, and Mag-antsi. About 75 percent of the population speaks and understands English to varying degrees of fluency, and road signs are mostly written in that language.

Economy
Tourism plays a large role in the economy of Zambales. Local and foreign tourist flock its many beaches creating many job opportunities and contributing to the economy. Most of the province is still agricultural but there are considerable industrial zones that provide jobs not just for residents of Zambales but also for neighboring provinces. Mining has recently been booming in Zambales where there is an abundant deposit of Nickel and other minerals.

Zambales is basically an agricultural province. The chief products are rice, mangoes, corn, vegetables, and root crops. Major industries include farming, fishing, and mining.

Festivals and events

 * Feast Day of Ina Poon Bato (Botolan) — January24. The Ina Poón Bató is a purportedly miraculous, syncretised image of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Legend has it that before the arrival of the Spanish in the area sometime in the 17th century, local Aeta peoples had discovered a carved wooden statue on a large rock that they called Apo Apang ("Little Queen") and began worshipping the image. On the arrival of Recollect missionaries in 1607, the natives associated the statue with the Roman Catholic depictions of the Virgin Mary, and the image was subsequently Christianised as Ina Poón Bato ("Mother of the Lord Rock").
 * Singkamas Festival and Town Fiesta (SanMarcelino) — 3rd Week of February
 * Town Fiesta (SanNarciso) — February 19–25
 * Pundakit Festival of the Arts (SanAntonio) — FebruaryJuly
 * Zambales Multi Sports Festival Senakulo — 3rd Week of March
 * Panagkakadua-an Festival (San Felipe) - 1st Week of April
 * Good Friday (Castillejos) — April
 * Foundation Day Celebration (Palauig) — April10
 * Grand Fiesta (Cabangan) — April 21–25
 * The Dinamulag Festival "Zambales Mango Festival" (Iba) — 3rd Tuesday of April The Dinamulag Festival also known as the Zambales Mango Festival is an annual festival held in the province of Zambales in the Philippines to celebrate or encourage bountiful harvest of the province's mangoes. The festival was first held in 1999.
 * Paynawen Festival (Iba) — 3rd Week of April Paynauen ‘Duyan’ Festival is held every April 25 – May 1 in Iba, Zambales. It commemorates the provincial capital's founding anniversary (founded in 1611) traces its origin from a Zambal word which means rest or pahingahan – the ancient name of Iba before the Spanish conquistadores founded the village on the shore of the Bancal River in 1611. The festival features photo competition and exhibit, sand sculpture competition, skate boarding, 2-cock derby, carabao race, beauty pageant, kite flying, banca race, boxing tournament, street dancing / Duyan Parade, among other activities.
 * Marunggay Festival and Town Fiesta (SanAntonio) — Last Week of April
 * Domorokdok Festival (Botolan) — May4
 * Laruk Laruk Festival (Candelaria) — Last Week of October
 * Binabayani Festival and Town Fiesta (Masinloc) — November30 The Binabayani Festival occurs every November in the city of Masinloc in Zambales. . A dance/play depicting the clash between the Spanish and the Natives of Masinloc or the triumph of Christianity over Paganism. The war dance starts with a procession in the afternoon of November 29 and opens in a mass on November 30. This annual religious festival is celebrated with day long activities in honor of San Andres, the patron saint of Masinloc. Binabayani is a war dance that portrays the battle between the Christian and the Aetas in the town of Masinloc. It is a word that means “bravery”. It is usually featured at the town plaza on the 30th day of November for the public to witness.
 * Kaligawan Ha Mayanan (Candelaria) — December 29–30
 * Olongapo Mardigras (Olongapo) — Last Week of October

Education
There are a number of higher educational institutions in the province. The President Ramon Magsaysay State University (PRMSU), the first state university in the province can be found in Iba. It has also satellite campuses in the municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Botolan, San Marcelino, and Castillejos. St. Joseph College-Olongapo, a college run by the Roman Catholic Church can be found in Olongapo City. The Columban College, run by the Catholic Church can be found also in Olongapo. The Magsaysay Memorial College is also run by the Roman Catholic Church and can be found in San Narciso.

Colleges and universities

 * AIE College International (Olongapo City)
 * AMA Computer College (Olongapo City)
 * AMA Computer Learning Center (Olongapo City)
 * Asian Institute of Computer Studies (Olongapo City)
 * Best Freeport Colleges Inc. (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Polytechnic College of Botolan (Botolan)
 * Capstone Institute of Business and Arts (Olongapo City)
 * Central Luzon College of Science and Technology (Olongapo City)
 * College of Subic Montessori Subic Bay (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Collegio de Castillejos (Castillejos)
 * Columban College - Barreto Campus (Olongapo City)
 * Columban College - Santa Cruz Campus (Santa Cruz)
 * Columban College - Main Campus (Olongapo City)
 * Comteq Computer and Business College (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Don Bosco College of Zambales (Castillejos)
 * Don Luis Orin Junior College of Criminology, Inc. (Iba)
 * First EDT Learning Center, Inc. (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Freeport SBLC Inc. (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * GIS Institute of Technology Phils Inc. (San Marcelino)
 * Global City Innovative College Subic (Olongapo City)
 * Gordon College (Olongapo City)
 * Holy Infant Jesus College(Olongapo City)
 * Hopeful Beginnings Institute (Iba)
 * Keystone Subic International Language Center (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Kolehiyo ng Subic (Subic)
 * Lorraine Technical School (Olongapo City)
 * Lyceum of Subic Bay (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Magsaysay Memorial College (San Narciso)
 * Metro Subic Colleges (Olongapo City)
 * Micro Asia College of Science and Technology (Santa Cruz)
 * Micro Asia College of Science and Technology (Iba)
 * Mondrian Aura College (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Network Computer and Business Colleges (Olongapo City)
 * Northern Zambales College (Masinloc)
 * Philippine Merchants Marine Academy (San Narciso)
 * President Ramon Magsaysay State University - Candelaria (Candelaria)
 * President Ramon Magsaysay State University - Castillejos (Castillejos)
 * President Ramon Magsaysay State University - Main Campus (Iba)
 * President Ramon Magsaysay State University - Masinloc (Masinloc)
 * President Ramon Magsaysay State University - Western Luzon Agricultural College (San Marcelino)
 * San Antonio Institute of Commerce and Technology (San Antonio)
 * Sand Valley Institute of Arts and Trades (Iba)
 * St. Benilde Center for Global Competence (Olongapo City)
 * St. Joseph College (Olongapo City)
 * St. Nicolas Systeq College (Palauig)
 * St. Theresa's College - (San Marcelino)
 * STI College (Olongapo City)
 * Subic Bay Foreign Language Center (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority Law Enforcement Academy (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Subic Bay Colleges Inc. - (Olongapo City)
 * Subic Institute of International Studies (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Technological College of San Felipe (San Felipe)
 * The Thomasites Center for International Studies (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * University of the Philippines - Extension Program in Olongapo (Subic Bay Freeport Zone)
 * Virgen de los Remedios College (Olongapo City)
 * Virgin de los Remedios College of Criminology (Iba)
 * Zambales Academy (San Narciso)
 * Zambales Lifesaving Inc. PCG Accredited Lifeguard training organization (Botolan)

 * President Ramon Magsaysay State University (PRMSU): The President Ramon Magsaysay State University, commonly referred to as PRMSU, is a state university/government-funded higher education institution in Iba, established in 1910. The university is named after former President Ramon Magsaysay, a native of the province. Its main campus is situated in the capital town of Iba, while satellite campuses are located in Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Botolan, San Marcelino, and Castillejos. The university also offers nursing courses at the Mondriaan Aura College in Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Business Administration at the Wesleyan College of Manila under a consortium program.

 * Columban College, Olongapo: The Columban College, is a private-catholic educational institution in Zambales that was established in 1961. the college was founded by the missionaries from Ireland under the Missionary Society of St. Columban until they turn over the institution to the Diocese of Iba. the institution's main campus is situated at the heart of Olongapo City, other campuses situated at Bo. Barretto, Olongapo which focuses on the southern part of Zambales, and Santa Cruz, Zambales which focuses on the northern part of Zambales. they value Christian Character like any other Catholic Schools as a Christ-centered but competing institution. they offer academic programs within their reach.

Notable people

 * Gerald Anderson
 * Republic Brass Band
 * Norman Balbuena a.k.a. Boobay
 * Megan Young
 * Elmer Borlongan
 * Eric Clay
 * Rafael Corpus
 * Hermogenes Ebdane
 * Loi Ejercito
 * Richard J. Gordon
 * Luz Magsaysay
 * Mitos Magsaysay
 * Ramon Magsaysay
 * Ramon Magsaysay Jr.
 * Lou Diamond Phillips
 * Isabel Rivas
 * Dennis Roldan
 * Ruben Torres
 * Teodoro R. Yangco
 * Sarah Elago
 * Freddie Aguilar
 * K Brosas
 * Gladys Guevarra
 * Wowie de Guzman
 * Kristofer Martin
 * Blakdyak
 * Willie Miller
 * Samuel Morrison
 * Topex Robinson
 * Arnel Pineda
 * Angelee delos Reyes
 * Lauren Young
 * Tom Rodriguez
 * Angelu de Leon
 * Raikko Mateo
 * Ruby Rodriguez
 * Jay Washington
 * Rico Barrera
 * Bea Alonzo

title: Zambales


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List of capitals in the United States

This is a list of capital cities of the United States, including places that serve or have served as federal, state, insular area, territorial, colonial and Native American capitals.

Washington, D.C. has been the federal capital of the United States since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas. Most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations, and other unrecognized governments.

National capitals

The buildings in cities identified in the chart below served either as official capitals of the United States under the United States Constitution, or, prior to its ratification, sites where the Second Continental Congress or Congress of the Confederation met. The United States did not have a permanent capital under the Articles of Confederation.

The U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1787, and gave the Congress the power to exercise "exclusive legislation" over a district that "may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States." The 1st Congress met at Federal Hall in New York. In 1790, it passed the Residence Act, which established the national capital at a site along the Potomac River that would become Washington, D.C. For the next ten years, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital. There, Congress met at Congress Hall. On November 17, 1800, the 6th United States Congress formally convened in Washington, D.C. Congress has met outside of Washington only twice since: on July 16, 1987, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of ratification of the Constitution; and at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York on September 6, 2002, to mark the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks. Both meetings were ceremonial.

State capitals
Each state has a capital that serves as the seat of its government. Ten of the thirteen original states and 15 other states have changed their capital city at least once; the last state to move its capital city was Oklahoma in 1910.

In the following table, the "Since" column shows the year that the city began serving as the state's capital (or the capital of the entities that preceded it). The MSA/μSA and CSA columns display the population of the metro area the city is a part of, and should not be construed to mean the population of the city's sphere of influence or that the city is an anchor for the metro area. Fields colored light yellow denote that the population is a micropolitan statistical area.

Insular area capitals
An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia, the nation's federal district. Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below.

Former national capitals
Two of the 50 U.S. states, Hawaii and Texas, were once de jure sovereign states with diplomatic recognition from the international community.

Hawaii
During its history as a sovereign nation (Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795–1893; Republic of Hawaii, 1894–1898), five sites served as the capital of Hawaii: Annexed by the United States in 1898, Honolulu remained the capital, first of the Territory of Hawaii (1900–1959), and then of the state (since 1959).
 * Waikīkī, 1795–1796
 * Hilo, 1796–1803
 * Honolulu, 1803–1812
 * Kailua-Kona, 1812–1820
 * Lahaina, 1820–1845
 * Honolulu, 1845–1898

Texas
During its history as a sovereign nation (Republic of Texas, 1836–1845), seven sites served as the capital of Texas: Annexed by the United States in 1845, Austin remains the capital of the state of Texas.
 * Washington (now Washington-on-the-Brazos), 1836
 * Harrisburg (now part of Houston), 1836
 * Galveston, 1836
 * Velasco, 1836
 * West Columbia, 1836
 * Houston, 1837–1839
 * Austin, 1839–1845

Native American capitals
Some Native American tribes, in particular the Five Civilized Tribes, organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style. Others, like the Iroquois, had long-standing, pre-Columbian traditions of a 'capitol' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status. Since they did business with the U.S. Federal Government, these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense.

Cherokee Nation
New Echota, now near Calhoun, Georgia, was founded in 1825, realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge. Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama, and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers. The town's layout was partly inspired by Ridge's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore, but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. Complete with the Council House, Supreme Court, Cherokee syllabary printing press, and the houses of several of the Nation's constitutional officers, New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation. Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils, camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park-like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements. The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay, Tennessee, on the Georgia state line, in order to evade the Georgia state militia. The log cabins, limestone springs, and park-like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears. Tahlequah, in present-day Oklahoma, served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal. After the Civil War, a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia, the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick. The building served as the capitol until 1907, when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County, Oklahoma. The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract, purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas, along the Oconaluftee River deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina. Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army, sent for the "round up", fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina, in order to remain in their homeland. In the 20th century, their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; its capital is at Cherokee, North Carolina, in the tribally-controlled Qualla Boundary.
 * New Echota 1825–1832
 * Red Clay 1832–1838
 * Tahlequah 1839–1907, 1938–present
 * Cherokee 20th century–present (Eastern Band of Cherokee)

Muscogee Creek Nation
After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta. Because some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over 3000000 acre - half of their land in what is now Arkansas. Served as the National capital after the American Civil War. It was probably named after Ocmulgee, on the Ocmulgee river in Macon, a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex. However, there were other traditional Creek "mother-towns" before removal. The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs.
 * Hot Springs, Arkansas c. 1837–1866
 * Okmulgee 1867–1906

Iroquois Confederacy
The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee, which means "People of the Longhouse", was an alliance between the Five and later Six-Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York. These include the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, after 1722, the Tuscarora Nations. Since the Confederacy's formation around 1450, the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum —which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation. Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario, the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the "world's oldest representative democracy."
 * Onondaga (Onondaga privilege c. 1450–present)

Seneca Nation of Indians

 * Jimerson Town (Allegany Reservation)
 * Irving (Cattaraugus Reservation)

The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years. Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir. The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital.

Navajo Nation
Window Rock (Navajo: Tségháhoodzání), Arizona, is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation (1936–present), the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America. It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter, adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line. Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council, Navajo Nation Supreme Court, the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President, and many Navajo government buildings.
 * Window Rock

Unrecognized national capitals
There have been a handful of self-declared or undeclared nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities; however, these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence.

Colonies of British America
Prior to the independence of the United States from Great Britain, declared July 4, 1776 in the Declaration of Independence and ultimately secured in the American Revolutionary War, several congresses were convened on behalf of some of the colonies of British America. However, these bodies did not address the question of independence from England, and therefore did not designate a national capital. The Second Continental Congress encompassed the period during which the United States declared independence, but had not yet established a permanent national capital.

Vermont Republic
Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state, Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic (1777–1791). Three cities served as the capital of the Republic:
 * Westminster, 1777
 * Windsor, 1777–?
 * Castleton, ?–1791

The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier.

State of Franklin
The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created not long after the end of the American Revolution from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government. Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee. Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years.
 * Jonesborough, Tennessee, 1784–1785
 * Greeneville, Tennessee, 1785–1788

State of Muskogee
The State of Muskogee was a Native American state in Spanish Florida created by the Englishman William Augustus Bowles, who was its "Director General", author of its Constitution, and designer of its flag. It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. It existed from 1799 to 1803. It had one capital:
 * Miccosukee, 1799–1803

Republic of West Florida
The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived nation that broke away from the territory of Spanish West Florida in 1810. It comprised the Florida Parishes of the modern state of Louisiana and the Mobile District of the modern states of Mississippi and Alabama. (The Republic of West Florida did not include any part of the modern state of Florida.) Ownership of the area had been in dispute between Spain and the United States, which claimed that it had been included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Within two months of the settlers' rebellion and the declaration of an independent nation, President James Madison sent American forces to peaceably occupy the new republic. It was formally annexed by the United States in 1812 over the objections of Spain and the land was divided between the Territory of Orleans and Territory of Mississippi. During its brief existence, the capital of the Republic of West Florida was:
 * St. Francisville, Louisiana, 1810

Republic of Indian Stream
The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire.
 * The area that would become Pittsburg, New Hampshire, 1832–1835

California Republic
Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 (following the Mexican–American War), a small portion of north-central California declared itself the California Republic, in an act of independence from Mexico, in 1846 (see Bear Flag Revolt). The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself to join the advancing American army; its claimed territory later became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican Cession.

The very short-lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States, Mexico or any other nation. The flag, featuring a silhouette of a California grizzly bear, a star, and the words "California Republic", became known as the Bear Flag and was later the basis for the official state flag of California.

There was one de facto capital of the California Republic:
 * Sonoma, 1846

Confederate States
The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) had two capitals during its existence. The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861, after Virginia seceded on May 23.

The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union (U.S.A.), although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts, some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state, traveling along with secessionist armies.

 * Montgomery, Alabama, February 4, 1861 – May 29, 1861
 * Richmond, Virginia, May 29, 1861 – April 3, 1865

Free State of Jones
In 1863 and 1864, Jones County, Mississippi revolted against Confederate rule and became practically independent under the name Free State of Jones. The Free State fought a number of skirmishes with Confederate troops. By the spring of 1864 the Jones County rebels had taken effective control of the county from the Confederate government, raised an American flag over the courthouse in Ellisville, and sent a letter to Union General William T. Sherman declaring Jones County's independence from the Confederacy.

Scholars have disputed whether the county truly seceded, with some concluding it did not fully secede. Lack of documentation makes the situation difficult to assess. The rebellion in Jones County has been variously characterized as consisting of local skirmishes to being a full-fledged war of independence.

 * Ellisville, Mississippi

Historical state, colonial, and territorial capitals
Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War. State governments operated where and as they could. The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783. A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812, during the American Civil War in many Confederate states, and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692 in New Mexico. Twenty-two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state, since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory, colony, or republic. Boston, Massachusetts, has been a capital city since 1630; it is the oldest continuously running capital in the United States. Santa Fe, New Mexico, is the oldest capital city, having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt. An even older Spanish city, St. Augustine, Florida, served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820, more than 250 years.

The table below includes the following information:
 * 1) The state, the year in which statehood was granted, and the state's capital are shown in bold type. NOTE: For the first thirteen states, formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard, the year of statehood is shown as 1776 (United States Declaration of Independence) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution. (See List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union.)
 * 2) The year listed for each capital is the starting date; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated.
 * 3) In many cases, capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state's present borders. (Those cities are generally indicated with the two-letter abbreviation for the U.S. state in which the former administrative capital is now located.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of capitals in the United States


text:
Tarlac

Tarlac, officially the Province of Tarlac (Lalawigan ning Tarlac; Luyag/Probinsia na Tarlac; Probinsia ti Tarlac; ; ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the city of Tarlac. It is bounded on the north by the province of Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija on the east, Zambales on the west, and Pampanga in the south. The province comprises three congressional districts and is subdivided into 17 municipalities and one city, Tarlac City, which is the provincial capital.

The province is situated in the heartland of Luzon, in what is known as the Central Plain also spanning the neighbouring provinces of Pampanga, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales. Tarlac covers a total land area of 3,053.45 km2.

Early in history, what came to be known as Valenzuela Ranch today was once a thickly-forested area, peopled by roving tribes of nomadic Aetas who are said to be the aboriginal settlers of the Philippines, and for a lengthy period, it was the remaining hinterland of Luzon's Central Plains. Today, Tarlac is one of the most multi-cultural provinces in the region for having a mixture of four distinct ethnic groups: the Kapampangans, the Pangasinans, the Ilocanos, and the Tagalogs. It is also known for its fine food and vast sugar and rice plantations in Central Luzon.

Spanish colonial era
Tarlac's name is a Hispanized derivation from a talahib weed called Malatarlak, a Pangasinan term. Tarlac was originally divided into two parts: the southern division belonging to Pampanga and the northern division belonging to Pangasinan. It was the last province in Central Luzon to be organized under the Spanish colonial administration in 1874. Its nucleus were the towns of Concepcion, Capas, Bamban, Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac, Floridablanca, Victoria, and Tarlac which constituted a military comandancia. Some of these municipalities were returned to Pampanga but the rest were incorporated into the new province of Tarlac.

Unlike other provinces in Central Luzon, Tarlac was relatively free from revolts during the Spanish regime before the late 1800s rose. Only the rebellion started by Juan de la Cruz Palaris in Pangasinan spread to the northern portion of Tarlac.

Philippine revolution
During the Philippine Revolution of 1896, Tarlac was among the first eight provinces to rise against Spain, alongside neighbouring Pampanga. It became the new seat of the first Philippine Republic in March 1899 when General Emilio Aguinaldo abandoned the former capital, Malolos, Bulacan. This lasted only for a month before the seat was moved to Nueva Ecija in Aguinaldo's attempt to elude the pursuing Americans.

American invasion era
On October 23, 1899, Gregorio Aglipay, military vicar general of the revolutionary forces, called the Filipino clergy to a conference in Paniqui. There, they drafted the constitution of the Philippine Independent Church. They called for the Filipinization of the clergy, which eventually led to a separation from the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines.

Tarlac was captured by American forces in November 1899. A civil government was established in the province in 1901.

Japanese occupation era
During World War II, Camp O'Donnell in Capas became the terminal point of the infamous Bataan Death March of Filipino and American soldiers who surrendered at Bataan on April 9, 1942. Many prisoners died of hunger, disease and/or execution. The general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was established from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, and the 3rd Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary was founding again from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, and military stationed in the province of Tarlac and some parts in Central Luzon due to Japanese Occupation. Local troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army units has sending the clearing military operations in the province of Tarlac and Central Luzon from 1942 to 1945 and aided them by the recognized guerrilla groups including Hukbalahap Communist fighters and attacking Japanese Imperial forces. But in the aftermath, some local guerrilla resistance fighters and Hukbahalap groups are became retreating Imperial Japanese troops around the province and before the liberation from the Allied forces.

In early 1945, combined American and Filipino military forces with the recognized Aringay Command guerrillas liberated Camp O'Donnell. The raid in Capas resulted in the rescue of American, Filipino and other allied Prisoners of War.

From January 20, 1945, to August 15, 1945, Tarlac was recaptured by combined Filipino and American troops together with the recognized guerrilla fighters against the Japanese Imperial forces during the liberation and beginning for the Battle of Tarlac under the Luzon Campaign.

Postwar era
After the social and economic upheavals of the war and with government institutions still in their nascent form after the recognition of Philippine Independence by the international community, the first few decades after the end of the war were marked by dissatisfaction and social tension. In the largely agricultural context of Central Luzon and Tarlac those tensions tended to coalesce around the interrelated issues of land ownership, and the working conditions of agricultural workers.

The Filipino communist Hukbalahap guerrilla movement formed by the farmers of Central Luzon to fight the Japanese occupation, had found themselves sidelined by the new post-independence Philippine government which had taken up the fear of communist influence which marked the beginning of the cold war in the west. So they decided to extended their fight into a rebellion against the new government, only to be put down through a series of reforms and military victories by Defense Secretary, and later President, Ramon Magsaysay.

Ultimately more effective than those who took up arms were the numerous political and labor movements who kept working towards agricultural land reform and stronger labor rights, with laborers' and farmers' protests gathering enough steam that several Philippine presidents were forced to meet with them and then concede to their demands. Among the most successful of these were the Land Justice March of the political group known as the Filipino Agrarian Reform Movement (FARM), which intended to march from Tarlac to Malacañang in 1969, although President Marcos was forced to give in to their demands early, meeting them while they were still at Camp Servillano Aquino in Tarlac City itself.

During the Marcos dictatorship
The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Tarlac. During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses, particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. At least two major military camps in Tarlac were used as detention centers for political detainees in Tarlac: Camp Servillano Aquino and Camp Macabulos, both in Tarlac City. They were part of Regional Command for Detainees II (RECAD II) and administered under Camp Olivas in Pampanga.

Martial Law had immediate political impacts in Tarlac, since political leaders who were critical of Marcos were immediately jailed. This included Senator and Concepcion native Ninoy Aquino, and Bamban Mayor Pedro D. Mendiola who was imprisoned in Camp Crame. Other Tarlaqueño Marcos critics who had roles in government, such as Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) executive vice president Horacio Morales, tried to stay so they could pursue change from within, but eventually could not reconcile themselves with the idea of working within the dictatorship. Ordinary Tarlaqueños also resisted the dictatorship. Former Seminarian Teresito Sison campaigned for the rights of teachers, farmers, and of laborers in Clark Air Base, but torture during two stints in Marcos' detention centers caused a decline in his health until he died in 1980. Tarlaqueno activists decided to take up arms against the dicgtatorhip, including Eduardo Aquino, Merardo Arce, and Benedicto Pasetes were killed in various encounters with Marcos' forces.

Ninoy Aquino was eventually assassinated in August 1983, igniting protests throughout the Philippines which would eventually force Marcos to announce a snap election in February 1986. Even then, those who resisted Marcos were targetted for death, such as in the case of oppositionist campaign organizer Jeremias De Jesus political organizer, who was assassinated shortly before elections

Military testing ground
The Philippine Army has used Crow Valley in the borders of Barangay Patling and Santa Lucia in Capas, Tarlac as a testing ground for both Philippine forces and allies. Many of the Philippine military testings were done on March 17, 2006 most likely as a part of Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines.

Exercise Balikatan Tarlac plays a big role in the annual joint Balikatan Exercise as it is a main exercise ground of the USA and Philippine Army.

The exercise in Tarlac conducts Combat exercise including Aviation, Artillery and Small Arms training. It is conducted in Crow Valley in Capas, Tarlac. Since 2022 with more than 10,000+ Military Personnel and increasing.

Geography
The landlocked province is situated at the center of the central plains of Luzon, landlocked by four provinces: Pampanga on the south, Nueva Ecija on the east, Pangasinan on the north, and Zambales on the west. The province covers a total area of 3,053.60 km2. Approximately 75% of the province is plains while the rest is hilly to slightly mountainous.

Eastern Tarlac is a plain, while Western Tarlac is hilly to slightly mountainous. Because of this, the province includes a large portion of mountains like Mt. Telakawa (Straw Hat Mountain), located at Capas, Tarlac. Mt. Bueno, Mt. Mor-Asia and Mt. Canouman are also located in Capas as well as Mt. Dalin. The other mountains are Mt. Dueg and Mt. Maasin, found in the municipality of San Clemente. Also noted are Mt. Damas of Camiling. A portion of Mount Pinatubo (whose summit crater rests in neighbouring Zambales) also rests in Bamban and Capas. The whole of Mayantoc and San Jose are mountainous so it is suitable for the highest natural resources and forest products in the province such as coal, iron, copper, temperate-climate fruits and vegetables, fire logs, sand, rocks and forest animals such as wild boar and deer. The main water sources for agriculture include the Tarlac River at Tarlac City, the Lucong and Parua rivers in Concepcion, Sacobia-Bamban River in Bamban and the Rio Chico in La Paz.

Administrative divisions
Tarlac is subdivided into 17 municipalities and 1 component city, all encompassed by three congressional districts. There are a total of 511 barangays comprising the province.

Barangays
The 17 municipalities and 1 city of the province comprise a total of 511 barangays, with Cristo Rey in Capas as the most populous in 2010, and Malonzo in Bamban as the least.

Climate
Like the rest of Central Luzon, the province has three distinct seasons: summer from March to June, monsoon rain from July to early October, and monsoon winter from late October to February. Summer months, especially during May bring severe thunderstorms with high winds, lightnings, and hails. It is the coldest province in the region, with a yearly average of 23 C. Cold spell is not common, which gradually receives unusual average temperature of 17 C, while the maximum daytime peaks at 27 C. It is also the windiest province in the region during February and March due to its widely lowland altitude and extreme climate transition. The lowest temperature ever recorded is 11.2 C and the highest temperature is at 38.8 C. Aside air temperature, heat index is the most common calculated temperature during extreme weather observances especially dry season. The province usually experiences a maximum heat index ranging from 40 C to 50 C based on the forecasts reported by Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration.

Demographics
The population of Tarlac in the 2020 census was 1,503,456 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

There are two predominant ethnic groups in the province: the Kapampangans that mainly predominate the province's southern portion and the Ilocanos that mainly predominate the province's northern portion. Both ethno-linguistic groups intermingle together in the provincial capital. The Tagalogs and Pangasinans constitute the rest of the provincial populace; Tagalogs arrived from Nueva Ecija and Bulacan, others from Zambales, Bataan, and Aurora, most of them live at the boundary with Nueva Ecija.

Language
Kapampangan and Ilocano are mainly used throughout the entire province, as well as Pangasinan and Tagalog. Ilocanos and Tagalogs however, speak their respective languages with a Kapampangan/Pangasinan accent, as descendants of Ilocanos and Tagalogs from the first generations who lived in the province learned Kapampangan and/or Pangasinan. Ethnic groups who grew up within environment of other ethnic group also speak other native languages as second languages, like Kapampangans who grew up within an Ilocano or Pangasinan population speak Ilocano or Pangasinan. As Tarlac is part of Central Luzon, Tagalog/Filipino is spoken as lingua franca between different languages. English is widely spoken and understood as well, especially in professional and educational establishments.

Religion
Spanish influence is very visible in the province as shown by religious adherence. Roman Catholicism is professed by 80%-83% of the population. Protestant groups are also present such as evangelicals forming 8% of the province population. The St. Michael Archangel Parish Church in Camiling was the oldest religious structure in the entire province until it burned down in 1997.

According to 2010 Census, other prominent Christian groups include the Iglesia ni Cristo (7.43%), Aglipayan Church (2.24%), Evangelicals (1.97%), Jehovah's Witnesses (0.64%) and others. Muslims, Anitists, animists, and atheists are also present in the province.

Economy

The economy of Tarlac is predominantly agricultural. It is among the biggest producers of rice and sugarcane (the principal crops) in Central Luzon. Other major crops are corn and coconuts, fruits (bananas, calamansi and mangoes) and vegetables (eggplants, garlic and onions).

Because the province is landlocked, its fish production is limited to fishpens, but it has vast river systems and irrigation. On the Zambales boundary to its west, forest land provides timber for the logging industry. Mineral reserves such as manganese and iron can also be found along the western section.

Tarlac has its own rice and corn mills, sawmills and logging outfits. It has three sugar-refining centrals and hosts many sugar products in Central Luzon, especially the Muscovado sugar of the municipality of Victoria. Other firms service agricultural needs such as fertilizers. Among its cottage industries, ceramics has become available because of the abundant supply of clay. Some of the major industries here involve making chicharon (pork skin chips) and iniruban in the municipality of Camiling and Ilang-Ilang products of Anao. Tilapia production is also improving in Tarlac, with an aim to make the province the second "Tilapia Capital of Central Luzon" after its mother province, Pampanga.

Belenismo sa Tarlac
Belenismo sa Tarlac was launched by Isabel Cojuangco-Suntay, sister of former Ambassador Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., to transform the province into the Belén Capital of the Philippines. The Belen Festival began in September 2007, with the first Belen-making workshop conducted on December 16, 2007. Organizers have intended the festival to become an annual event in the province. Senator Loren Legarda led the awarding of the first Belen-making competition where Tarlac PNP Office Belen, built by at least 24 policemen, won the first prize.

Belenismo in Spanish means the art of making Belén, a representation of the Nativity scene in which the Holy Family (Joseph, Mary and the infant Jesus) is visited by the three wise men who came to the manger through the guidance of a star.

Chicharon Iniruban Festival
It is a festivity that is yearly celebrated in the town of Camiling during the last week of October. It is intended as a preparation for All Saints' Day and a Thanksgiving Celebration for the good harvest and for the good quality of meat products especially the chicharon or Bagnet. It also features the exotic and delicious rice cake Iniruban, as called by Ilocanos. The festival's highlights are the street dancing competition, Miss Iniruban beauty pageant, and the municipality's agri-trade. It is the oldest cultural celebration in the province introduced in 2000.

Provincial capital
The highest seat of political power of the province is located on a hill in Barangay San Vicente, Tarlac City. The present structure was finished in 1909. During the Japanese occupation, the provincial capitol was vacated and used as the provincial headquarters of the Imperial Army. The capitol suffered great damages during the Second World War, but afterwards, in 1946, the United States of America helped rebuild and improve its structure. Because of its historical background, the picture of the capitol façade appeared in the previous version of the 500 peso bill.

National heroes and patriots

 * Francisco Makabulos – Filipino Revolutionary General, and former Governor of Tarlac
 * Servillano Aquino – Filipino Revolutionary General
 * Benigno Aquino Jr. – former Philippine senator and opposition leader during Martial Law dictatorship of dictator Ferdinand Marcos

Politics and government

 * Corazon Aquino – 11th President of the Philippines
 * Benigno Aquino III – 15th President of the Philippines
 * Carlos P. Romulo – 4th President of the United Nations General Assembly, 14th Secretary of the Department of the Foreign Affairs, 11th President of the University of the Philippines, and National Artist of the Philippines for Literature
 * Onofre Corpuz – 23rd Secretary of the Department of Education, 13th President of the University of the Philippines, and National Scientist of the Philippines for Political Economics and Government
 * Horacio Morales – 8th Secretary of the Department of Agrarian Reform
 * Alberto Romulo – 23rd Secretary of the Department of the Foreign Affairs, 34th Executive Secretary of the Philippines
 * Jesli Lapus – 31st Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry, and 34th Secretary of the Department of Education
 * Gilbert Teodoro – 25th Secretary of the Department of National Defense
 * Voltaire Gazmin – 26th Secretary of the Department of National Defense
 * Benigno Aquino Sr. – 6th Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, and 10th Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and former Philippine senator
 * Macario Peralta Jr. – former Philippine senator, and 13th Secretary of the Department of National Defense
 * Jose Roy – former Philippine senator
 * Eva Estrada Kalaw – former Philippine senator
 * Tessie Aquino-Oreta – former Philippine senator
 * César Bengzon – 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, and first Filipino Justice of the International Court of Justice
 * Jesus Barrera – 67th Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
 * Paulino Santos – 2nd Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
 * Ricardo David – 41st Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
 * Nicanor Bartolome - 16th Chief of the Philippine National Police

Historical Personalities

 * Leonor Rivera – José Rizal's second cousin and love interest well known as Maria Clara.
 * Bernabe Buscayno – founder of the New People's Army, the military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines.

Arts and Sciences

 * Gregorio C. Brillantes - A multi-awarded fiction writer.
 * Alex Niño - Filipino comics artist best known for his work for the American publishers DC Comics, Marvel Comics, and Warren Publishing, and in Heavy Metal magazine.
 * Xiao Chua - public historian

Religion

 * Alberto Ramento - ninth Supreme Bishop and Chairperson of the Supreme Council of Bishops of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI).

Business

 * Danding Cojuangco - chairman and CEO of San Miguel Corporation, the largest food and beverage corporation in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. He was widely considered a crony during the Marcos regime.

Entertainer

 * Ion Perez – tv host personality.
 * Lorna Tolentino – veteran actress.

title: Tarlac


text:
Ladytron

Ladytron is an English electronic band formed in Liverpool in 1999. The group consists of Scottish lead singer Helen Marnie (lead vocals, synthesizers), Mira Aroyo (vocals, synthesizers), and Daniel Hunt (synthesizers, guitar, vocals). Reuben Wu (synthesizers) was a member from 1999 until 2023. They have released seven studio albums: 604 (2001), Light & Magic (2002), Witching Hour (2005), Velocifero (2008), Gravity the Seducer (2011), Ladytron (2019) and Time's Arrow (2023). They also issued the live album Live at London Astoria 16.07.08 in 2009 and the compilation album Best of 00–10 in 2011. They have produced remixes for artists such as Dave Gahan, Erasure, Goldfrapp, Apoptygma Berzerk, Placebo, Blondie, Gang of Four, Christina Aguilera, Nine Inch Nails, Bloc Party, Kings of Convenience, Soulwax and Róisín Murphy.

The band's name was taken from the song "Ladytron" by Roxy Music. Former Roxy Music member Brian Eno said in 2009, "Ladytron are, for me, the best of English pop music. They're the kind of band that really only appears in England, with this funny mixture of eccentric art-school dicking around and dressing up, with a full awareness of what's happening everywhere musically, which is kind of knitted together and woven into something quite new." Ladytron described their sound as "electronic pop", while music journalists have also described their sound as synth-pop, electronic rock, post-punk, and new wave, among other genres. Some of the group's songs contain lyrics written by Aroyo in her native Bulgarian.

Band formation and debut single
Liverpudlian producers and DJs Daniel Hunt and Reuben Wu met in the 1990s. Hunt was a member of the bands Venini and Jules Verne and also founded the indie record label Invicta Hi-Fi and a nightclub. Wu trained in Industrial Design at Sheffield Hallam University and graduated in 1997. He became an industrial designer at Team Consulting Limited, until finally going full-time with the band around 2002.

Using a moniker inspired by the song "Ladytron" by Roxy Music, Hunt and Wu recorded the debut single "He Took Her to a Movie" for £50 with the guest vocalist Lisa Eriksson (who later formed the band Techno Squirrels) and released it in July 1999.

In the summer of 1999, Hunt and Wu met Scottish student Helen Marnie through various DJ gigs, and Bulgarian-Israeli Mira Aroyo through a mutual friend. Marnie and Aroyo joined the band as vocalists and keyboardists. Helen Marnie studied music at the University of Liverpool where she received a Bachelor of Arts in pop music in 1999. Mira Aroyo was a postgraduate research geneticist in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford.

First EPs and 604 (1999–2001)
During 1999 and 2001 Ladytron released the EPs Miss Black and Her Friends in December 1999 exclusively in Japan, Commodore Rock in June 2000, Mu-Tron EP in October 2000 and the singles "Play Girl / Commodore Rock" in 2000, "Playgirl" in 2000 and again in 2001, "The Way That I Found You" in 2001. All the songs (except "Miss Black", "Olivetti Jerk" and the remixes) from these releases were later included on their debut studio album. "He Took Her to a Movie", Mu-Tron EP, "The Way That I Found You", were all selected as NME "Single of the Week".

Ladytron released the debut album 604 on 6 February 2001 on Emperor Norton (US), on 26 March 2001 on Labels (Germany) and on 2 April 2001 on Invicta Hi-Fi (UK). It was re-released on 20 July 2004 on Emperor Norton (US) and on 14 January 2011 (Germany), 18 January 2011 (US), 24 January 2011 (UK) on Nettwerk. 604 has been written mostly by Daniel Hunt and co-produced by him and Lance Thomas (who also engineered and mixed the album).

The band wore uniforms inspired by the science fiction movie The Andromeda Strain until the end of 2003. Daniel Hunt said in an interview for Jound from 2001: "I'm really into The Andromeda Strain, so that's kind of an influence on the title of the album and the uniforms we've got and stuff. But the design – me and Reuben just love that film". Also in an interview for Chaos Control magazine from 2002 Hunt explained the 604 album title: "It's the area code for British Columbia... we're glad we've attached this strange importance to that number, it crops up everywhere now. We noticed when we stayed in Hamburg in Germany (in a hotel called "Commodore" – pure coincidence), that the number to phone reception from your room was '604'. Moments afterwards the building had caught fire and we were lucky to escape with our lives. I'm not joking".

Ladytron performed on 4 August 2001 at Festival Internacional de Benicàssim in Spain, on 10 August 2001 at La Route du Rock in France, and on 26 August 2001 at Reading Festival in the UK. On 5 December 2001, they performed four songs for Radio 1's John Peel Show.

On 1 October 2001, the compilation album Reproductions: Songs of The Human League was released on Carrot Top Records and it included The Human League' song "Open Your Heart" covered by Ladytron.

Light and Magic (2002–2003)
Their second album Light & Magic was released on 17 September 2002 at Emperor Norton Records (US) and Telstar (UK). The album was also released on 7 April 2003 at Warner Music (Germany) and on 21 June 2003 at Victor Entertainment (Japan). It was re-released on 20 July 2004 on Emperor Norton (US) and on 14 January 2011 (Germany)/18 January 2011 (US)/24 January 2011 (UK) on Nettwerk.

Light & Magic featured a darker sound than their previous album. It was written and produced in Los Angeles by the band and co-produced by Mickey Petralia. The album included the underground hits "Seventeen", "Blue Jeans" and "Evil". They also issued in 2003 a limited 7" single, "Cracked LCD / USA vs. White Noise".

They toured over a year to support the album. On 4 December 2002, Ladytron returned to John Peel Show and performed live 11 songs from their first 2 albums.

In 2002, Ladytron rescored the 1982 Tron film for a live event in London.

On 7 October 2003, they issued the mix compilation Softcore Jukebox on Emperor Norton. Besides the songs of other artists, the compilation also includes two of their own songs, the single remix of "Blue Jeans" renamed "Blue Jeans 2.0" and a cover of Tweet's "Oops (Oh My)".

Witching Hour (2004–2007)
Ladytron began working on demos for their next album immediately after concluding Light & Magic tour with a homecoming gig in Liverpool in September 2003, where they were supported by Franz Ferdinand. Within a few months, they had mapped out the entire record and by the time they were ready to start recording in April 2004, their UK label Telstar Records had gone into administration. Their US label, Emperor Norton, also had problems: the company was purchased by Rykodisc in 2004 and was then shut down later that year, with Rykodisc inheriting its back-catalogue. The band announced on 7 December 2004 that they signed to Island Records.

In 2004, Ladytron were booked to play a series of shows in China as part of an exhibition tour set up by the British Council. They played on 24 and 25 September 2004 in Shenzhen, 28 September 2004 in Chongqing, 6 October 2004 and 7 October 2004 (DJ set) in Shanghai.

Ladytron released their critically acclaimed third studio album Witching Hour on 3 October 2005 on Island (UK) and later in other territories. Island Records also released a limited edition of this album in the form of a 2 disc set: a CD with the album and a DVD of video from the tour of China ("Once Upon a Time in the East: Ladytron in China") plus 3 music videos ("Destroy Everything You Touch", "Sugar", "Seventeen"). Witching Hour was re-released on 5 April 2007 on Major (Germany), on 5 November 2007 on So Sweet (UK), and on 18 January 2011 (US)/24 January 2011 (UK) on Nettwerk.

The album was recorded in 2004 at Elevator Studios in Liverpool and it was produced by Ladytron and Jim Abbiss. It featured Pop Levi on bass, live drums by Keith York and electric guitars mixed with their trademark sound. Pitchfork described it as a "quantum leap record". The songs "Sugar", "Destroy Everything You Touch", "International Dateline", "Weekend", and "Soft Power" were issued as singles. "Destroy Everything You Touch" became the band's best known song.

In 2006 saw the light Extended Play, a two-disc EP CD/DVD compilation that featured exclusive unreleased remixes and B-sides, as well as a DVD with the same content as the one from Witching Hour limited edition. Also in 2006 Ladytron recorded and released the live EP The Harmonium Sessions with 4 songs from their third album.

Without any real label support, Ladytron toured exhaustively over the next two years, on the strength of their cult following. They played in North America, Europe, and South America. In early 2007, they also opened for the European shows of Nine Inch Nails, at the invitation of Trent Reznor.

Velocifero (2007–2009)
Ladytron were dropped by Island Records and signed to Nettwerk in late 2007.

Between 2007 and 2008, the band recorded the follow-up to Witching Hour at Studio de la Grande Armée in Paris with help from Alessandro Cortini (Modwheelmood, Nine Inch Nails, SONOIO) and Vicarious Bliss (Justice, DJ Mehdi). On 2 June 2008, Ladytron released their fourth album Velocifero on Nettwerk. The band stated that "velocifero" literally means "bringer of speed" and is also the name of a classic retro styled scooter. The album spawned three singles: "Ghosts", "Runaway" and "Tomorrow".

In mid 2008, the group composed three exclusive tracks performed in Simlish for The Sims 3 game soundtrack: "Rockfalls & Estuaries", "She Stepped Out of the Car" and "Young Etruscians". Ladytron sang a song titled "Use Your Mind" on Nickelodeon's Yo Gabba Gabba!.

On 6 April 2009, Nettwerk issued the remix compilation Velocifero (Remixed & Rare).

In 2009, Ladytron toured North America with The Faint, and performed two special shows with Brian Eno at the Sydney Opera House. In the same year they announced that they would be the opening act for Depeche Mode on a few concerts in Eastern Europe, but these concerts were cancelled due to Dave Gahan's illness.

Also in 2009 Ladytron self-released their first live album Live at London Astoria 16.07.08, and co-wrote and produced a few songs for Christina Aguilera. The songs "Birds of Prey" and "Little Dreamer" were released a bonus tracks on the deluxe edition of her 2010 album Bionic, and "Birds of Prey" was later named as one of the "Best Deep Cuts by 21st Century Pop Stars" by the Billboard magazine.

Best of 00–10 and Gravity the Seducer (2010–2011)
The soundtrack of the video game FIFA 11 included a new Ladytron song, "Ace of Hz", which was also released as digital single on 30 November 2010. On 11 January 2011, the band issued the music download Ace of Hz EP, which contained the album mix as well as five remixes.

On 28 March 2011, it was released the compilation Best of 00–10 featuring 17 tracks on standard edition and 33 tracks on deluxe edition plus an 80-page booklet. Both editions included two extra tracks, "Ace of Hz" and a cover version of Death in June's "Little Black Angel". Also in 2011, Nettwerk reissued all their previous albums, the remix compilation Best of Remixes and the iTunes video compilation Best of 00–10 Videos which included music videos for the singles "Playgirl", "Blue Jeans", "Seventeen", "Sugar", "Destroy Everything You Touch", "Ghosts", "Runaway", "Tomorrow" and "Ace of Hz". On 20 December 2011, Nettwerk issued the remix compilations 604 (Remixed & Rare), Light & Magic (Remixed & Rare) and Witching Hour (Remixed & Rare).

During April 2011 and July 2011, Ladytron performed live in Austria, China, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Poland, UK, Ireland, Hungary and Spain.

Their fifth studio album, Gravity the Seducer, was released in the United Kingdom on 12 September 2011 and in the United States on 13 September 2011. The album was recorded in Kent's countryside and it was produced by Ladytron and Barny Barnicott (Arctic Monkeys, Kasabian, Editors). Daniel Hunt said that "Gravity the Seducer is more of a jump than the last album was, more ethereal and melodic, a touch more abstract in places than we've gone before, baroque 'n' roll".

"Ace of Hz", which appears on the album, was previously released as a single from the band's greatest hits compilation Best of 00–10. The first single from Gravity the Seducer, "White Elephant", was issued on 17 May 2011 and its accompanying video was posted on YouTube on 26 July 2011. The band released two more singles, "Ambulances" on 16 June 2011 and "Mirage" on 8 August 2011. The music video for "Mirage" was posted on YouTube on 11 November 2011.

During September 2011 and December 2011, the band toured in United States, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, Chile, Thailand, Indonesia, and Singapore. For the concerts in North America, Ladytron were supported by SONOIO, VHS or Beta and Geographer.

Hiatus and side projects (2012–2015)
The soundtrack of the video game The Sims 3: Supernatural included a new Ladytron instrumental track, "Tesla".

Using her surname as a stage name, Helen Marnie started in 2012 a solo career. She self-released through PledgeMusic her debut solo album Crystal World on 11 June 2013. The album was produced in 2012 in Reykjavík, Iceland by her bandmate Daniel Hunt in collaboration with the Icelandic musician Barði Jóhannsson. Marnie released a second solo album titled Strange Words and Weird Wars on 2 June 2017 on Disco Pinata. This album was recorded at Chem19 Studio, Glasgow and produced by Jonny Scott.

On 22 February 2013, Ladytron premiered the "International Dateline" music video. It was shot in 2006 during Witching Hour era, left unfinished, rediscovered and finished by Daniel Hunt in 2012.

On 29 November 2013, Ladytron released the remix album Gravity the Seducer Remixed, a collection of remixes of Gravity the Seducer songs.

Ladytron featured shortly on the section "Resurgence" of the 2014 music documentary Beautiful Noise. This documentary also features several short interviews with Daniel Hunt.

Self-titled album and Time's Arrow (2016–present)
On 18 July 2016, the band posted on their official website: "After a five year hiatus following the release of their fifth album Gravity the Seducer, another chapter in Ladytron's story is about to begin." On 26 November 2016, Ladytron posted on Instagram an image with a SSL recording console, implying that the recording of their sixth album started. On 28 February 2018, Ladytron started a PledgeMusic campaign to finish recording and releasing their new album. On the same day they released the first single "The Animals". On 16 August the band premiered the single "The Island". The track was accompanied by a disturbing short film directed by Bryan M. Ferguson.

On 10 October the band announced that the new album would be titled Ladytron and released on 15 February 2019 through their own Ladytron Music imprint via !K7. PledgeMusic suspended operations in February 2019, after repeated cases of failing to pay artists. The band subsequently issued updates stating that while much of the merchandise had never been made, they had been able to buy the vinyl and CDs from PledgeMusic's administrators and were in the process of sending them out to subscribers who were willing to pay for the postage.

On 16 September 2019 Ladytron premiered the music video for "Deadzone". The video was directed by frequent collaborator Bryan M. Ferguson.

On 4 February 2020 Ladytron premiered the music video of "Tower of Glass".

Ladytron released a 20th anniversary edition of their second album, Light & Magic. On 22 August 2022, the band published a previously unreleased video for the album's title track, "Light & Magic".

Ladytron announced the release of their seventh studio album, Time's Arrow for January 2023, alongside the release of the single "City of Angels" in October 2022. On 14 March 2023, Wu announced on Twitter that he left the band due to his commitments to his art and photography career in USA.

Side projects
All band members are also involved in various side projects. Besides touring, each member plays DJ sets (solo and with other band members) in clubs and events around the world.

Ladytron have produced remixes for many artists, including Dave Gahan, Erasure, Goldfrapp, Apoptygma Berzerk, Placebo, Blondie, Gang of Four, Christina Aguilera, Nine Inch Nails, Bloc Party, Kings of Convenience, Soulwax and Róisín Murphy.

Using her surname as stage name, Helen Marnie released 2 solo albums: Crystal World on 11 June 2013 and Strange Words and Weird Wars on 2 June 2017.

Daniel Hunt worked on several movie scores, including that of Would You Rather in collaboration with Icelandic musician Barði Jóhannsson. Hunt also produced Marnie's album, Crystal World. He started the band Tamoios with singer Luisa Maita, and Fernando Rischbieter, in 2014, in São Paulo, Brazil.

Reuben Wu is an accomplished photographer. He posted a selection of photos on his own website and he also released in 2011 a book with a collection of photographs from an expedition with a friend on Svalbard in the same year.

Hunt, Wu and DJ Revo opened the Liverpool club night Evol in September 2003. In September 2005, Hunt and Wu helped by some collaborators, opened the Liverpool bar/restaurant/music venue Korova.

Mira Aroyo collaborated with John Foxx and the Maths and The Projects. She also worked for some documentaries.

Ladytron are credited as co-writers and producers of the bonus songs "Birds of Prey" and "Little Dreamer" from the 2010 album Bionic by Christina Aguilera.

Music style
Ladytron have described their sound as "electronic pop", with music journalists similarly describing their sound as electropop. They focused on a balance between pop structures and experimental sounds. Their sound has also been described as synth-pop, electronic rock,   post-punk revival, new wave, shoegaze, witch house, and art pop. While some writers have labeled Ladytron as an electroclash act, others have claimed that they are not entirely electroclash and Ladytron members have also rejected the term, with Daniel Hunt and Helen Marnie commenting:

Reuben Wu said about the process of making a new Ladytron album:

Touring
Ladytron toured during each one of their major albums: 604 (2001), Light & Magic (2002–2004), Witching Hour (2005–2007), Velocifero (2008–2009), Best of 00–10 (2011), Gravity the Seducer  (2011), Ladytron (2019–2020). During the years, they toured in Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia.

The band played at various music festivals like La Route du Rock 2001, Reading Festival 2001, Koneisto 2001, Festival Internacional de Benicàssim 2001 and 2005, Coachella Festival 2003 and 2006, Hultsfred Festival 2003, Arvikafestivalen 2003 and 2006, Lowlands Festival 2003, Dot-to-Dot Festival 2005, Pukkelpop 2005, Exit Festival 2005, Creamfields 2007, Electric Picnic 2007, Bonnaroo Festival 2008, Ruisrock Festival 2009, Traffic Festival 2009, Standon Calling Festival 2009, Electrosonic Festival 2009, Ping Gu Valley Festival 2011, Donaufestival 2011, Selector Festival 2011, Hegyalja Festival 2011, Decibel Festival 2011, DeLuna Fest 2011, Zouk Festival 2011, Wave-Gotik Treffen 2024.

Since Light & Magic, Ladytron started to tour extensively and to add touring members to play live bass and drums. Previous touring members include Pop Levi (bass during Light & Magic tour), Andrea Goldsworthy (bass during Witching Hour tour), and Keith York (drums during Light & Magic and Witching Hour tours).

Bands to open for Ladytron on their tours include Simian, The Presets, Client, Phaser, CSS, Asobi Seksu, Mount Sims, Crocodiles, Franz Ferdinand, SONOIO, VHS or Beta and Geographer.

Ladytron have opened for other artists like Soulwax on their UK tour in 2001, Björk in 2003, and Goldfrapp in 2006. In early 2007, they opened for Nine Inch Nails on their European tour, at the invitation of Trent Reznor. In 2009, Ladytron and The Faint co-headlined a North American tour.

During the early part of the Witching Hour tour, the band used to name their four Korg MS-2000B synths to easily differentiate them: Cleopatra (Marnie), Babylon (Aroyo), Ulysses (Hunt), and Gloria (Wu). A staple of all Ladytron shows is Korg MS-20 played by Mira Aroyo.

Band Members
Current members
 * Helen Marnie – lead vocals, synthesizers (1999–present)
 * Mira Aroyo – synthesizers, vocals (1999–present)
 * Daniel Hunt – synthesizers, guitars, bass guitar, vocals (1999–present)

Former members
 * Reuben Wu – synthesizers (1999–2023)

Discography

 * 604 (2001)
 * Light & Magic (2002)
 * Witching Hour (2005)
 * Velocifero (2008)
 * Gravity the Seducer (2011)
 * Ladytron (2019)
 * Time's Arrow (2023)

Awards and nominations
Classic Pop Reader Awards

 * 2019
 * "The Island"
 * Video of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

MVPA Awards

 * 2006
 * "Destroy Everything You Touch"
 * Best Directional Debut
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

PLUG Awards

 * 2006
 * "Destroy Everything You Touch"
 * Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Popjustice Twenty Quid Music Prize

 * 2003
 * "Seventeen"
 * rowspan=2|Best British Pop Single
 * Nominated
 * 2006
 * "Destroy Everything You Touch"
 * Nominated
 * "Destroy Everything You Touch"
 * Nominated

title: Ladytron


text:
Talk:Singulative number

Examples?
I sense that this page would benefit from the addition of more examples. Unfortunately I am unable to locate another definition.

More examples?
Would any or all of the following appear to be suitable: pair, dozen, gross, mole, trio, score, pod, few, many, several?

Thanks.

 * I don't think that is what is meant. Those are number names. This page might (note might) be about words such as 'brethren', which is distinct from singular (brother) and plural (brothers). Not sure though. -- Tarquin 19:52 30 Jun 2003 (UTC)

A collective, as I understand it, is a noun form that treats to a group of conceptually distinguishable items as a single blob, e.g. grass, hair, grain, etc. A singulative is a construction for denoting a single instance of what is usually referred to by a collective form, e.g. blade of grass, a hair, a grain. Can anyone out there with more solid linguistics credentials comfirm this or provide some additional examples? --Savage 18:31, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Japanese plurals
The statement about Japanese having no plurals is not strictly true. A small number of words can form plurals through reduplication (hitobito, wareware, shimajima, tokidoki, sorezore, etc.). Pbattley 00:32, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I am proposing a merger of plural, nullar, trial (grammatical number), paucal, collective number and singulative with grammatical number. Here are my reasons: A related page which is probably best left separate is the one on the dual number, which seems too large to merge with 'grammatical number'. FilipeS 20:19, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Most of those other entries have very little in them. They could easily become sections, or even paragraphs in 'grammatical number';
 * One exception is the plural entry, which does contain quite a bit, but a lot of what it has could just as well be in a general entry about 'grammatical number';
 * I think that some of what is currently in the plural article might be used to improve the quality of the 'grammatical number' article;

Expansion
I just expanded this page. Unfortunately I don't have the time or resources at the moment to really expound on the usage of derivational and lexical collectives, which constitute an important topic. More examples are always good, and it wouldn't hurt to see a better explanation of the mechanisms behind the formation of collective words. If I get a chance, I can write some stuff in about singularitives and collectives in Indo-European languages. I also would like to explain why lexical collectives develop, but most of what I know on that comes from (currently) unpublished reseach, and as such violates WP's policy.

J Riddy 00:39, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the contribution, but the examples you added were of Collective nouns, not of the collective number, which is when the "plural" form of a noun is the unmarked one, rather than the singular. I've moved them to the appropriate page. FilipeS 16:42, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Proposal: move Collective number → Singulative number
Arguments: FilipeS (talk) 17:35, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * "Collective number" has a tendency to be confused with "collective noun".
 * "Collective number" and "singulative number" have to be explained together, anyway.
 * It's what happens to the singulars, in languages with the singulative-collective system, that is interesting.

 * Done. FilipeS (talk) 21:42, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Tachi
I am not seeing what this bit has to do with the concept explained by the rest of the article or the singulative number in general:

However, groups of people can be referred to, either by context or periphrastically (i.e., with additional words or phrases).

An example from Japanese:

—Largo Plazo (talk) 02:34, 4 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Tanaka-san "Mr/Ms Tanaka"
 * Tanaka-san-tachi "The Tanakas", "Tanaka & Co.", "Tanaka and friends", etc.

Grammatical number, or just a means of word formation?
Are articles, adjectives, verbs etc. declined/conjugated for singulative (in a way distinct from collective or any other number)? I think the article should provide examples for such behaviour if it exists in some languages, or otherwise state that this does not happen. (I myself don't know which one it is.) By the way, in the latter case, can this really be referred to as grammatical number? (What makes it a grammatical category if this is not reflected in declined/conjugated forms?) 188.169.229.30 (talk) 14:24, 24 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't know either, but I presume such differences exist. Though in languages like Welsh, which is described here as having both singular-plural AND singulative-collective number, I'd be interested to know whether the conjugational (etc.) differences are the same in both cases (i.e. whether the verb forms are the same for plurals and collectives, and for singulars and singulatives). I'll try to find someone to ask. (Asked at the Wales noticeboard.)--Kotniski (talk) 14:36, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Could really do with a little more help by way of example as to what you're after, but consider these Welsh examples :
 * "Mae John yn mynd." (John is going - "mae" singular)
 * "Mae o'n mynd."  (He's going)
 * "Mae'r plant yn mynd." (The children are going.  with "mae" singular)
 * BUT "Maen nhw'n mynd."   (They are going -  plural verb)
 * Note questions too -
 * "Ydy John yn mynd? -  Ydy"    (is John going?  Yes he is)
 * "Ydy'r plant yn mynd? - Ydyn"   (are the children going? -  singular verb - yes THEY are)
 * "Ydyn nhw'n mynd? - Ydyn"    (are they going?  yes THEY ARE)
 * This pattern happens in all tenses, not just the present tense shown.
 * This pattern happens in all tenses, not just the present tense shown.
 * This pattern happens in all tenses, not just the present tense shown.

 * Hope that helps a little. Hogyn Lleol (talk) 17:43, 24 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, thanks, that's helpful. So it seems that "collective" nouns take singular verbs, but may be replaced by plural pronouns (which then take plural verbs). Does that apply to all the examples given in the article? For example, plant "children", plentyn "a child"; and coed "forest", coeden "a tree". Would all four of these nouns take verbs like mae and ydy rather than maen and ydyn? --Kotniski (talk) 18:01, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes.   "Mae'r plentyn/plant yn sâl"  (The child/chidren is/are ill.)
 * "Ydy'r goeden/coed yn fawr?"   (Is/are the tree/trees big?)
 * Hogyn Lleol (talk) 07:45, 25 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Right, thanks! (Incidentally, getting off the topic, but I'm just curious - is there any difference in meaning between mae and ydy, or is it just that the first is used for statements and the second for questions? Do any other verbs have special question forms?)--Kotniski (talk) 08:45, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Sadly it's a lot more complicated than that. "Ydy" can appear in statements  - "Mr Jones ydy'r bos"  (Mr Jones is the boss), and also in negatives ("nid ydy ...").   Best not go there!    This is the verb to be "bod", which in the present tense can be "mae", "ydy" or "sydd".  Other verbs (which are not as irregular as "bod") are merely subject to mutations in things like question and negative forms.  You're opening a can of worms .....!!   Hogyn Lleol (talk) 15:23, 25 November 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, sounds interesting, thanks for the info (I will learn Welsh one day...)--Kotniski (talk) 16:39, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Wait, "Nid Ydy"? I've only seen the negative form as "Dydy", is that a shortening of "Nid Ydy"? Erated8 (talk) 03:47, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Singulative number


text:
Melisende

Melisende was a popular French name in the Middle Ages, and may refer to:

 * Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem (1105–1161), Queen regnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
 * Melisende, Viscountess of Châteaudun (died before 1040)
 * Melisende of Arsuf (born before 1177), French noblewoman
 * Melisende of Lusignan (1200–after 1249), Princess of Antioch
 * Melisende of Montlhéry, grandmother of Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem
 * Melisende of Piquigny, possible mother of Godfrey de Saint-Omer (11th–12th century)
 * Melisende of Tripoli (fl. c. 1160), Cousin of the King of Jerusalem

title: Melisende


text:
Talk:Law of excluded middle

law of excluded middle should only be used when the boundaries are known (how many choices there are)
If we have to decide between P and P), that means that we're not even 100% sure which one is true (exists). Therefore there's also the possibility to ask to decide between R and R) and so on...; if we have to decide

between P, P), R and R) than obviously we have more than two choices, therefore the law of excluded middle

cannot be applied here - where we don't even know the boundaries (i.e. how many choices do we have).

Clarification: Example 1: Maybe we can ask someone to decide whether Socrates is supernatural or not supernatural (even this can be argued, see below)...

Example 2: but we cannot ask someone to decide whether God exists or does not exists without asking someone to decide whether 1 God exists or 10 Gods exists. I know 10 Gods is might not be 1 God negated, but how can we assume that if we don't even know which one is true AND we don't even know our boundaries (how many choices we have to choose from)

Argument on Example 1: If somehow Socrates becomes supernatural for a fraction of a second, does that qualify him as supernatural? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rodamn (talk • contribs) 2008-03-04T19:23:27 (UTC)

The founding a priori necessary fact: (l) p w ~p ,that is to say,the law of excluded middle.
Let the symbol (l) represent a priori necessity. (l) p w ~p means that the fact p and the fact not-p are a priori necessarily contradictory. On the one hand, they are necessarily in-compatible in reality, on the other hand they cannot be both excluded from reality. Hence the fact p ≡ p. That means that the fact p is the fact excluding the fact not-p as the fact not-p is the fact excluding p. The author of this remark refers the potential reader to An inquiry into meaning and truth, chapter 20 by Bertrand Russell and to what is devoted to the said chapter entitled The law of excluded middle in the following papers:

KNOLmnc 1 To defend his views about modal logic and strict implication, Jean-François Monteil utilizes the chapter of Bertrand Russell’s An inquiry into meaning and truth entitled The law of excluded middle.

KNOLmnc 1 Modal logic. The three ingredients of strict implication. Calcutta. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.234.2.195 (talk) 2013-12-13T16:49:06 (UTC)

"This statement is not false"
The part ""This statement is not false", can be assigned true." is unclear/misleading. It can also be assigned false without leading to any contradiction right? How is this resolved? I think this should be expanded on. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Abenthy (talk • contribs) 2021-07-21T10:24:46 (UTC)

General Edits
The first section provides a definition for the law of excluded middle, but does not preview other sections, which I think could be useful for general comprehension of the article. The last sentence of the lead section ("A commonly cited counterexample uses statements unprovable now, but provable in the future to show that the law of excluded middle may apply when the principle of bivalence fails.[3]") is also confusing, as the counterexample is not explained. In the history section, most of the text is block quotes instead of synthesis, and the grammar for some sentences throughout the history section could be improved. The "Consequences of the law of excluded middle in Principia Mathematica" section uses lemmas not known to the reader just looking at this article; perhaps the proof could have links to relevant lemmas and theorems? Additionally, the criticism sections is not so much criticism as it is a description of how perception and usage of the law of excluded middle evolved over time; I would suggest changing the title or modifying the content to include arguments against the law (ex. the last sentence in the section). Riyeng (talk) 16:42, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Law of excluded middle


text:
Beleth

In demonology, Beleth, also spelled Bilet, Bileth, Byleth, or Bilith, is a king of Hell who has eighty-five legions of demons under his command. He rides a pale horse, and a variety of music is heard before him, according to most authors on demonology and the most known grimoires.

According to Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, Noah's son Ham was the first in invoking him after the flood, and wrote a book on mathematics with his help.

When appearing, he looks fierce in order to frighten the conjurer or to see if they are courageous. The conjurer must be brave, and hazel wand in hand, must draw a triangle by striking towards the south, east, and upwards, then commanding Beleth into it by means of some conjurations.

The Dictionnaire Infernal states that to summon Beleth, the person should hold a silver ring on the middle finger of the left hand against their face, to pay respect to Beleth's rank as king.

title: Beleth


text:
Trouble at the Henhouse

Trouble at the Henhouse is the fifth studio album by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip, released in 1996. It was the band's first album to be released simultaneously in Canada and the United States.

The song "Butts Wigglin'" appeared in the 1996 film Kids in the Hall: Brain Candy.

Commercial and critical performance
The album debuted at #1 on the Canadian Albums Chart, and stayed at #1 for four straight weeks. The album has been certified 5× platinum in Canada. By March 1997, the album had sold 650,000 units in Canada. It peaked at No. 134 on the Billboard 200. Trouble at the Henhouse peaked at #80 in the Netherlands.

The Encyclopedia of Popular Music deemed the album "reliably melodic." The Washington Post wrote that "a surprisingly large number of these songs are more atmospheric than aggressive." Trouser Press wrote that "too much of Henhouse finds the Hip wallowing in meandering psychedelica, and too many of the slower songs ('Sherpa,' 'Flamenco,' 'Put It Off') sound too much alike." The Orlando Sentinel praised Gord Downie's ability to pen lyrics that "found beauty in the tiny wonders of life while exploring big questions of existence."

The album won Album of the Year and North Star Rock Album of the Year at the 1997 Juno Awards.

Track listing
All songs written by The Tragically Hip.

The Tragically Hip

 * Gord Downie – lead vocals
 * Rob Baker – lead guitar
 * Paul Langlois – rhythm guitar
 * Gord Sinclair – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Johnny Fay – drums

title: Trouble at the Henhouse