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Angiotensin

Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin–angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys.

An oligopeptide, angiotensin is a hormone and a dipsogen. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver. Angiotensin was isolated in the late 1930s (first named 'angiotonin' or 'hypertensin') and subsequently characterized and synthesized by groups at the Cleveland Clinic and Ciba laboratories.

Angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen is an α-2-globulin synthesized in the liver and is a precursor for angiotensin, but has also been indicated as having many other roles not related to angiotensin peptides. It is a member of the serpin family of proteins, leading to another name: Serpin A8, although it is not known to inhibit other enzymes like most serpins. In addition, a generalized crystal structure can be estimated by examining other proteins of the serpin family, but angiotensinogen has an elongated N-terminus compared to other serpin family proteins. Obtaining actual crystals for X-ray diffractometric analysis is difficult in part due to the variability of glycosylation that angiotensinogen exhibits. The non-glycosylated and fully glycosylated states of angiotensinogen also vary in molecular weight, the former weighing 53 kDa and the latter weighing 75 kDa, with a plethora of partially glycosylated states weighing in between these two values.

Angiotensinogen is also known as renin substrate. It is cleaved at the N-terminus by renin to result in angiotensin I, which will later be modified to become angiotensin II. This peptide is 485 amino acids long, and 10 N-terminus amino acids are cleaved when renin acts on it. The first 12 amino acids are the most important for activity.

 * Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-...

Plasma angiotensinogen levels are increased by plasma corticosteroid, estrogen, thyroid hormone, and angiotensin II levels. In mice with a full body deficit of angiotensinogen, the effects observed were low newborn survival rate, stunted body weight gain, stunted growth, and abnormal renal development.

Angiotensin I

 * Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu | Val-Ile-...

Angiotensin I (CAS# 11128-99-7), officially called proangiotensin, is formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. Renin cleaves the peptide bond between the leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) residues on angiotensinogen, creating the decapeptide (ten amino acid) (des-Asp) angiotensin I. Renin is produced in the kidneys in response to renal sympathetic activity, decreased intrarenal blood pressure (<90mmHg systolic blood pressure ) at the juxtaglomerular cells, dehydration or decreased delivery of Na+ and Cl- to the macula densa. If a reduced NaCl concentration in the distal tubule is sensed by the macula densa, renin release by juxtaglomerular cells is increased. This sensing mechanism for macula densa-mediated renin secretion appears to have a specific dependency on chloride ions rather than sodium ions. Studies using isolated preparations of thick ascending limb with glomerulus attached in low NaCl perfusate were unable to inhibit renin secretion when various sodium salts were added but could inhibit renin secretion with the addition of chloride salts. This, and similar findings obtained in vivo, has led some to believe that perhaps "the initiating signal for MD control of renin secretion is a change in the rate of NaCl uptake predominantly via a luminal Na,K,2Cl co-transporter whose physiological activity is determined by a change in luminal Cl concentration."

Angiotensin I appears to have no direct biological activity and exists solely as a precursor to angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II

 * Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II (AII) through removal of two C-terminal residues by the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), primarily through ACE within the lung (but also present in endothelial cells, kidney epithelial cells, and the brain). Angiotensin II acts on the central nervous system to increase vasopressin production, and also acts on venous and arterial smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction. Angiotensin II also increases aldosterone secretion; it therefore acts as an endocrine, autocrine/paracrine, and intracrine hormone.

ACE is a target of ACE inhibitor drugs, which decrease the rate of angiotensin II production. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by stimulating the Gq protein in vascular smooth muscle cells (which in turn activates an IP3-dependent mechanism leading to a rise in intracellular calcium levels and ultimately causing contraction). In addition, angiotensin II acts at the Na+/H+ exchanger in the proximal tubules of the kidney to stimulate Na+ reabsorption and H+ excretion which is coupled to bicarbonate reabsorption. This ultimately results in an increase in blood volume, pressure, and pH. Hence, ACE inhibitors are major anti-hypertensive drugs.

Other cleavage products of ACE, seven or nine amino acids long, are also known; they have differential affinity for angiotensin receptors, although their exact role is still unclear. The action of AII itself is targeted by angiotensin II receptor antagonists, which directly block angiotensin II AT1 receptors.

Angiotensin II is degraded to angiotensin III by angiotensinases located in red blood cells and the vascular beds of most tissues. Angiotensin II has a half-life in circulation of around 30 seconds, whereas, in tissue, it may be as long as 15–30 minutes.

Angiotensin II results in increased inotropy, chronotropy, catecholamine (norepinephrine) release, catecholamine sensitivity, aldosterone levels, vasopressin levels, and cardiac remodeling and vasoconstriction through AT1 receptors on peripheral vessels (conversely, AT2 receptors impair cardiac remodeling). This is why ACE inhibitors and ARBs help to prevent remodeling that occurs secondary to angiotensin II and are beneficial in congestive heart failure.

Angiotensin III

 * Asp | Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe

Angiotensin III, along with angiotensin II, is considered an active peptide derived from angiotensinogen.

Angiotensin III has 40% of the pressor activity of angiotensin II, but 100% of the aldosterone-producing activity. Increases mean arterial pressure. It is a peptide that is formed by removing an amino acid from angiotensin II by glutamyl aminopeptidase A, which cleaves the N-terminal Asp residue.

Activation of the AT2 receptor by angiotensin III triggers natriuresis, while AT2 activation via angiotensin II does not. This natriuretic response via angiotensin III occurs when the AT1 receptor is blocked.

Angiotensin IV

 * Arg | Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe

Angiotensin IV is a hexapeptide that, like angiotensin III, has some lesser activity. Angiotensin IV has a wide range of activities in the central nervous system.

The exact identity of AT4 receptors has not been established. There is evidence that the AT4 receptor is insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). There is also evidence that angiotensin IV interacts with the HGF system through the c-Met receptor.

Synthetic small molecule analogues of angiotensin IV with the ability to penetrate through blood brain barrier have been developed.

The AT4 site may be involved in memory acquisition and recall, as well as blood flow regulation. Angiotensin IV and its analogs may also benefit spatial memory tasks such as object recognition and avoidance (conditioned and passive avoidance). Studies have also shown that the usual biological effects of angiotensin IV on the body are not affected by common AT2 receptor antagonists such as the hypertension medication Losartan.

Effects

 * See also Renin–angiotensin system

Angiotensins II, III and IV have a number of effects throughout the body:

Adipic
Angiotensins "modulate fat mass expansion through upregulation of adipose tissue lipogenesis ... and downregulation of lipolysis."

Cardiovascular
Angiotensins are potent direct vasoconstrictors, constricting arteries and increasing blood pressure. This effect is achieved through activation of the GPCR AT1, which signals through a Gq protein to activate phospholipase C, and subsequently increase intracellular calcium.

Angiotensin II has prothrombotic potential through adhesion and aggregation of platelets and stimulation of PAI-1 and PAI-2.

Neural
Angiotensin II increases thirst sensation (dipsogen) through the area postrema and subfornical organ of the brain, decreases the response of the baroreceptor reflex, increases the desire for salt, increases secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary, and increases secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. Some evidence suggests that it acts on the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) as well.

Adrenal
Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal cortex, causing it to release aldosterone, a hormone that causes the kidneys to retain sodium and lose potassium. Elevated plasma angiotensin II levels are responsible for the elevated aldosterone levels present during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

Renal
Angiotensin II has a direct effect on the proximal tubules to increase Na+ reabsorption. It has a complex and variable effect on glomerular filtration and renal blood flow depending on the setting. Increases in systemic blood pressure will maintain renal perfusion pressure; however, constriction of the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles will tend to restrict renal blood flow. The effect on the efferent arteriolar resistance is, however, markedly greater, in part due to its smaller basal diameter; this tends to increase glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and maintain glomerular filtration rate. A number of other mechanisms can affect renal blood flow and GFR. High concentrations of Angiotensin II can constrict the glomerular mesangium, reducing the area for glomerular filtration. Angiotensin II is a sensitizer to tubuloglomerular feedback, preventing an excessive rise in GFR. Angiotensin II causes the local release of prostaglandins, which, in turn, antagonize renal vasoconstriction. The net effect of these competing mechanisms on glomerular filtration will vary with the physiological and pharmacological environment.

title: Angiotensin


text:
User talk:Tim Starling/Archive 2

Since no one responded before, I'll ask again. Is there some sort of (meta)page that will list, instead of all recent changes, only those recent changes made by users who are not logged in? This might be an easy way to track vandalism, as it seems to me that most vandalism is caused by passersby rather than established users... with the obvious exception of "career" vandals such as Lir or Michael. I'm thinking a DDQ would probably do it, but I'm new to such fancy-shmancy type stuff. Any help would be appreciated. --Dante Alighieri 08:32 23 May 2003 (UTC)

 * No. Might be useful, but keep in mind that you would then be missing in-between and on-top edits by non-anonymous users, making it hard to get a coherent picture. But just to detect unchecked vandalism it might be a good idea, perhaps in the same style as the contributions page, with the "(top)" flag to indicate whether a change has been edited since, or only listing (top) edits. --Eloquence 09:21 23 May 2003 (UTC)

 * That's what I was thinking. I was hoping to have some sort of resource to make it easier to find unchecked vandalism. Can someone construct such a page or at least direct me how to do it myself? --Dante Alighieri 09:33 23 May 2003 (UTC)

 * "SELECT * from recentchanges where rc_user=0 order by rc_timestamp desc" gets you the anonymous changes. The top mark is a little harder, take a look at SpecialContributions.php in the Wikipedia source code and search for "topmark". Feel free to hack a page together, we can always use more developers. --Eloquence 09:41 23 May 2003 (UTC)

I submitted this exact idea to the Sourceforge feature request tracker months ago, and I also pointed out that it would only take a few lines of PHP code to implement. Preferably the option would be hidden to the "anonymous" users themselves -- if it was displayed in full view on RC, it would encourage vandals to log in. -- Tim Starling 05:23 24 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, a quick hack that only shows anonymous edits would be simple -- but not very useful, because you need to know if someone else has already edited the page in question, and you need the proper diff links. But since you seem to know enough about PHP to implement it yourself, we look forward to seeing your full implementation. --Eloquence 11:18 24 May 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't like writing code when I can't test it. My one submission so far (salted passwords) broke the code in about 5 different ways -- it took Lee quite some time to find all the bugs. I might be able to set up my own test server in a few weeks from now... Unless someone wants to lend me an account on test.wikipedia.org? Can I have CVS access as well? -- Tim Starling 15:04 24 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Give me the name of your SourceForge account and I'll set you up with CVS access. Double-check with Jimbo about a login on the server, I guess. I don't think I'm supposed to hand them out willy-nilly ;) --Brion 16:34 24 May 2003 (UTC)

 * My sourceforge account is "timstarling". And obviously if you can't give me access to test.wikipedia.org without giving me access to the whole machine we'll have to get authorization from Jimbo. That's fine. -- Tim

 * Okay, you should be added to the project and able to check in to CVS. You might also want to drop Lee Crocker a note; he's got a test installation on his server and has handed out logins to a couple other developers. --Brion 05:20 25 May 2003 (UTC)

 * What makes setting up a test server difficult? Grab a copy of Apache and MySQL, a database dump and you're ready to go, it doesn't need to be a remote machine. I have no objections to giving you CVS access, but please check back on wikitech-l before implementing that mega-move-page feature of yours; I'm afraid it might cause major breakage (potential for substantial abuse; multiple parallel edit conflicts etc.). --Eloquence 01:11 25 May 2003 (UTC)

 * The primary thing I'm worried about is HDD space: I've only got 500MB left and as far as I'm concerned that's swap space. Maybe I'll get a new one soon but it's not going to be just for Wikipedia's sake. The other thing is the time required to get Wikipedia working under Windows. My PhD, and a number of other commitments, are making me very conscious of time-management at the moment. -- Tim Starling 04:52 25 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Heh, I know the feeling - I'm on my diploma myself. But this thing is just too damn addictive ;-). As for HD space, you could use one of the smaller databases from Database download. But setting it up under Windows may be a PITA.  --Eloquence 05:00 25 May 2003 (UTC)

I noticed that you rewrote TextOut after seeing my vote for deletion. I still think it should be deleted. Wikipedia is not an SDK (to coin a policy). I haven't come across any other functions from APIs listed in the Wikipedia, and even then, the TextOut article does not provide anything more than the Windows SDK. Why do you think it should say (and by letting it stay, saying that Wikipedia should contain articles on specific functions)? CGS 20:40 28 May 2003 (UTC).

 * Answer at Votes for deletion -- Tim Starling 00:01 29 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok, but I just dread the idea of someone writing a bot that copies across the entire PHP manual or something like that. CGS 14:54 29 May 2003 (UTC).

Thanks for the tip about name changing. I might just do it. Probably not right away: a) I'd like to come up with a reasonably clever pseudonym (I prefer to remain anonymous) and b)I seem to be locked in a feud in which my credibility and good faith are constantly being questioned (to say nothing of my taste, knowledge and intelligence), and I'm afraid that changing my name would make me look as if I am suffering from shame and ducking for cover (rather than confident as ever that God is on my side, so to speak). I think you're right about the PR value of a non-IP name. I imagine I'd have gotten better treatment if I'd started that way. Good luck with the quantum computing. It sounds like cool stuff.168... 18:18 29 May 2003 (UTC)

Terrific! it reads nicely. Kingturtle 13:54 30 May 2003 (UTC)

- Hi Viking. Why didn't you choose the same name for yourself here as in the German Wikipedia? There is no sysop called Viking on de:Wikipedia:Administratoren. Which sysop are you? -- Tim Starling 14:03 30 May 2003 (UTC) ---
 * hallo Tim,
 * the way wikipedia is built all imput is tracable - we just do not want to have our names linked towards content of the like (because our children and students do sometimes look at "users contributions" - we allow you to edit our project, so why do you question or challenge a viking? Become a sysop too! We invite you! Maybe we can meet then and discuss matters of honor - a real viking would have never answered to your way of addressing, however we have not given up on cooperation and communication within wikipedia
 * Viking 14:17 30 May 2003 (UTC)

Tim - heya. Just curious, regarding Erythrophobia, is the source of a user's IP sufficient information to grant us permission to republish stuff on Wikipedia? Even if it was posted by the original author (or someone at his university), it seems that we would need some explicit declaration of rights, from them, to publish the material. -- Wapcaplet 00:16 5 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I think I'll do some editing/rephrasing anyway, to be on the safe side. As it stands, it does not even mention the word erythrophobia. Thanks for the clarification. -- Wapcaplet 00:31 5 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Tim - thanks for following up on the Erythrophobia thing. Glad to see that Dr. Gerlach was the source. I usually try to avoid copyright paranoia, but this one seemed significant enough to be concerned about. Thanks again! -- Wapcaplet 00:12 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Just for kicks, I thought I'd try making spectral envelope just the tiniest bit harder to create by unlinking it. Of course, if you object, the only place that had a link was Linear predictive coding, and you can put it back. -- Someone else 05:07 5 Jun 2003 (UTC)

In case you didn't already know, I've created a group watchlist of sorts at Favorite pages of banned users to help with tracking when Michael is vandalizing (and any future vandals like him). So feel free too use it, I have already found it helpful, and please add to it when he vandalizes more. Thanks. MB 22:12 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Thank you for you hard work on figuring out HP's Cartography Conference. A word of warning however: On some of HP's other pages on which he had written some deliberately cryptic stuff, I wrote a version explaining that "Writers on Subject X aredeliberately cryptic.. Here is an example...". Then some other well-meaning (I assume!) wikipedian saw that there was a problem with the page (on VfD) and merged HP's content with mine.. making it impossible for a reader to know what is really the heart of the matter. I have given up trying to clean after HP... it was taking up all the time I have available for the 'pedia but just thought I would warn that you are in for a long slog if you want to keep his contributions on track. Pcb21 09:53 9 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I am not an advocate of pataphysics. (that is just for the record, take it as you will) I do however want to make clear that the current practitioners of pataphysics do not necessarily have anything to do with the original science of pataphysics by Alfred Jarry; any more than say any form of christianity has to do with christs actual teachings. Uhm. I think that is all I really wanted to say. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo stick 07:38 10 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * After your last comment i thought I had better reply here. I have no great problem about living in a structured and coherent society, but I don't believe we do. You may feel safe on your streets but I am not sure that I do. (one of my neighbours was stabbed in the streets on Monday. Fortunately he is off the critical list. The last stabbing a couple of hundred yards down the street in March was fatal.) I think we live in a structured but incoherent society where wealth and resources arer taken from the majority of poor people to support islands of extravagance - well that's what I see when I look out of my window (aside from Sir Christopher Wren's Royal Observatory which I can peer at over my computer screen). I live in one of the poorest wards in England which is alongside the opulebnce of Canary Wharf. I checked out your work on Newton. When i get a chance I want to do some stuff on Gresham College, a fascinating topic - but this might involve doing some prior work on the Antwerp rebellion and the development of the bourse which Thomas Gresham emulated before setting up Gresham College (probably inspired by Humphrey Gilbert's essay proposing setting up an Academy. Harry Potter 06:08 12 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Unfortunately I think it will be impossible to do justice to Gresham College without drawing out plenty of accusations of "unverifiable factoids" and "nonsense". This is why I have hung back from the task, starting in around about way, such as Knights of St Thomas - which needs lots of development first, developing the items on other actors in the drama like Gresham, Gilbert, Francis Bacon and other such influential people before getting really to grips with the College.

By the by are yoiu familiar with John Greaves, the Gresham professor who visited Mount Athos and the pyramids and wrote "On Cubits" which I think may have been wrongly attributed to Newton. Of course there is also Newton's alchemical works which were discussed by John Maynard Keynes at a meeting of teh Royal Society in the forties (I have not tracked this text down). Oh dear so much to do and so little time!!!Harry Potter

-

Did the dingo eat your baby?

 * The dingo ate many of my babies. I can't have it going hungry, can I? -- Tim Starling 05:53 13 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I know exactly how you feel mate!

---

Hi, Tim, and thanks; I had my browser setted to disable cookies. It's fixed now. Very grateful.-- The Warlock June 13, 2003, 6:34 (GMT) O, please excuse my misspelling of "setted" instead of set; I was so shocked of being logged in that almost forgot how to write... A teacher that cannot forgive himself: The Warlock 8:51 (GMT):-)

Hi, on my talk page I have a strange comment where somebody refers to me as the Irish god, Lir. I just noticed that u left a comment when you edited a page, stating, "I am turning into Lir" I can't help but wonder what the connection is between Irish mythology and encylopedias? Pizza Puzzle

 * [name removed] (recently discussed on Wikipedia talk:Wikipedians by number of edits), also known as Lir and half a dozen other names, is a troll who hung around Wikipedia for about 6 or 9 months. He now seems to be gone, thank God. He was well known for not using the "preview" function, and constantly making perhaps half a dozen minor edits in a row, in the space of a few minutes. That was why I said "I am turning into Lir", because I didn't bother with preview and it took me three edits to make a redirect. -- Tim Starling 03:02 16 Jun 2003 (UTC)

It doesnt seem to matter whether I use preview or not, I invariably find just "one more" thing to fix after I click save page. . Pizza Puzzle

 * same here. fmt

 * Text of the GNU Free Documentation License, 4D
 * "Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document".

 * IANAL, but I suggest that if someone uploads a photo to Wikipedia and they put a copyright notice on the image description page, then third parties should preserve that copyright notice in any modified version they produce. That may be a sufficient assurance for some photographers. Martin 09:20 17 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Thank you. I did say they were uninformed opinions, but they will be slightly more informed in the future. The trademark issue still remains, I assume? -- Tim Starling 10:09 17 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I frankly don't have a clue how trademark law and copyright law might interact! Martin 10:14 17 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Well yes, it's an interesting question. My (again uninformed) understanding is that you can pick which one you want to sue under. GFDL isn't copyright law, it's a contract. It applies to trademark law just as it applies to copyright.

 * I don't think it is - there needs to be some sort of agreement, and mutual benefit between parties to establish a contract. Under copyright law, by default, everything comes with all rights reserved. The GFDL is a set of conditions under which the copyright holder grants additional permissions - you can use, redistribute and/or modify only if you follow the provisions of the license, anything else has to be discussed with the copyright holder as usual. -- Jim Regan 18:15 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * A contract requires "consideration", which is mutual cost, not benefit. Here, the consideration on the part of the copyright holder is the release of information, and the approval given to copying. The consideration on the licensee side is the agreement to various restrictive terms, including redistribution only under GFDL. The "agreement" in this case is towards the implicit end of the scale, but certainly not without precedent. For example, an easily visible sign on the outside of a store warning customers bags may be checked on exit, constitutes a contract agreed to by the customer on entry. A sign on the inside of the store is not automatically a contract, but regular customers may enter such a contract through "continued action". That is, they saw the sign previously, they were aware of the terms, and yet they continued to enter the store repeatedly. GFDL has all the essential characteristics of a contract. Of course, a contract is void if it has illegal object, so someone posting copyright material on this site without permission will find no protection under GFDL. -- Tim Starling 00:49 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi Tim,

Have you voted yet on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (years in titles)?. I am afraid that wiki is about to make a major captioning error. It seems to be voting to putting the year first when naming elections, sports events, etc. While people often do so in spoken english, in titles and captions it doesn't do so, because to do so makes the year the central fact, whereas in reality what the event is is central, the year the disambigulation point. For example, media outlets caption election coverage as Election 2000, General Election 2000, Presidential Election 2000 etc because the the fact that it is an election is the main fact to know, that it is a general/presidential/local/state/congressional election central. We have been following this rule for ages on wiki, so we have everything from UK general election, 1970 to U.S. presidential election, 1932 to Irish general election, 2002, etc. Moving to 1932 US presidential election goes against standard media caption style and would involve the wholescale renaming of pages covering elections and all sorts of events from all over the globe. You are talking about hundreds if not thousands of pages having to be renamed and go against standard caption style, which is often called the where what, when rule. After all, people if they are searching for a page on an election will use the name of the election as their entry point for a list (particularly if they don't know the year). Typing in a search for ''U.S. presidential election throws up a clear orderly list of US presidential elections, with the disambigulation year at the end uniformly.

As you may guess, I do think wiki's proposed to system would amount to a pointless waste of energy in remaining vast numbers of pages, especially when it is to a format that is generally not used in titles and captions but only in speech. And this debate is all about titles. So I am canvassing support to vote down what I think is a flawed, ill thought through and pointless that originated initially with Adam Rinkleff (in the Susan Mason persona) some months ago and survived as an idea after SM was banned. FearÉIREANN 01:51 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

And why don't you want me posting Wops? to wikiwiki.org?

 * reply on User talk:165.230.149.164

Congratulations! You finally deleted that guy with the orgy and the weird name! What took you so long to get around to it?

http://www.googlism.com/index.htm?ism=Adam+Rinkleff&type=1 Pizza Puzzle

Comment about the WikiWikiWeb and salvaged WikiPedia pages
Tim, I'm sure you didn't mean any harm, but could you in future refrain from posting salvaged WikiPedia pages to the WikiWikiWeb? Richard's copy of the page is okay, since it's on his home page there, and homepages get a lot of leeway. However, posting off-topic that doesn't connect in any way to the rest of the WikiWikiWeb is considered impolite.

As an alternative, you could establish a home page there, and post salvaged content to that.

Thanks, a c2.com WikiGnome

 * Hello WikiGnome, I would reply on c2.com if you had a real name, but you don't so here will have to do. Indeed I meant no harm. If I was posting that content here, I would have put it in a user subpage (e.g. User:Tim Starling/Greetings), but I wasn't sure if you have them. Anyway, I don't mind if you move it, and if Richard doesn't do anything about it in the next few days, you should mark the page for deletion. -- Tim Starling 05:35 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * *ahem* Text of the GNU Free Documentation License, Section 2: "You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that [...] the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies...".

Martin (pedantically)

 * Sorry, what's your point? I think I'm missing something. By the way do you like[[media:Elegie (Art Tatum).ogg|Art Tatum]]? -- Tim Starling 09:47 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * The "Wops" stuff you copied across to c2.com. You didn't put a notice of its GFDL status on it.
 * Martin (listening to UFO instead)

 * Ah, right. Hang on, I'll do it now. -- Tim Starling 11:12 19 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Oh, and by the way, I deleted Original Wops from my home page and sanitized my version of Wops so that it has "Italians" doing all of those things rather than "Wops". I think my version is better, Du Wops or no Du Wops. Rickyrab 16:25 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for simultaneous equation I wasn't happy about replacing the text myself in case there was some other meaning of simultaneous equation that i was unaware of. Theresa knott 13:44 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Very cute picture, Tim (or is it Crocodile Dundee??? ;) ) Heard they got nice railroads down there, mate. Rickyrab 15:59 20 Jun 2003 (UTC) I laught out loud when I saw it. Theresa knott 16:14 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Glad to know someone else found it funny. For some reason everything seems hilarious to me at 2am. Which reminds me, good night. -- Tim Starling 16:21 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Yup, those railroads are cool... :) Rickyrab 16:20 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

- Oh, come on, there was barely even time for anyone to see it before you reverted! ;) -- John Owens 16:24 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, I'd have reverted it sooner or later myself, I'm not like that.
 * So, umm, you're signing off now, eh? Hmm.... ;-) -- John Owens 16:30 20 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I have no problem with your rewrite of Bright. It is much better than mine. Tony Vignaux 20:26 23 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Another date standard used by people who have to communicate across language barriers is dd-mm-yyyy, where dd and yyyy are arabic numbers and mm is a Roman numeral. It avoids having to use any particular language's month names. Probably not worth implementing but perhaps worth mentioning. December 31, 2002 = 31 XII 2002; March 4, 1999 = 4 III 1999.

Also you might want to consider what to do with O.S./N.S. dates and so-called "double-dates" in years where the year's start was reckoned as March (e.g. 22 Feb 1615/6). See George Balanchine, Aleksey I of Russia, Peter I of Russia, George Washington, Vladimir Lenin -- Someone else 11:59 24 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Re: User:Vasantha, OK, I hadn't been following Talk:Neutrosophy much lately... Evercat 01:28 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi Tim, just got your offer. I've been off-line for a while so I just got the message. I would be immensely thankful if you would do an archive. I would even buy you a wiki-pint!!! Merci beaucoup! FearÉIREANN 08:13 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Sorry Tim, revert unintended. When I added the extra text, I didn't spot the change (or check history) and just replaced the lot with the revised version, assuming it hadn't been touched. Laziness, not malice (although I wonder why my wp didn't pick up the error. jimfbleak 09:45 26 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi Tim, just a note to say thanks for the archiving. Of course the irony is tonight wiki is so quick it is quicker than Bill Clinton hitting on an intern! So tonight I can use Safari and enter pages over 32K, whereas for the last few days I have been reduced to I.Explorer! So buy yourself a pint on me *grin*! FearÉIREANN 00:45 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)

If you ever have any difficulty with another user over whether to use F or C - feel free to immediately create a vote and list my name in support of Celsius. Pizza Puzzle

 * Me too. (Good God! I'm agreeing with Adam for once. Zoe must be turning her grave!!! :-) FearÉIREANN 01:12 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Yes, but inevitably somebody will complain. I don't think there is a formal convention on it yet. Perhaps there is. I do not like the policy of placing text at the bottom. Pizza Puzzle

Thank you for fixing the atomic oxygen statement. Pizza Puzzle

The date/time page is too long for me to edit, but I'd like to put in another plea that Julian/Gregorian and double dates be handled properly! -- Someone else 01:16 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * My reply is on the freshly archived Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers). -- Tim Starling 02:52 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I've replied to you on my talk page. -- Oliver P. 00:45 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Yeah. Measurements are always a nightmare. I just cooked using metric measurements, but only know my height via imperial, not metric. I haven't a bulls notion about farhenheit (is that the correct spelling? I can't even spell the damn thing!) and only use celsius but measure in inches and feet, not metric. Most people I know think in miles but roadsigns say kilometres. I guess the bottom line is to remember that some people think only in metric, other in imperial and a hell of a lot in a crazy mixture of both, often without knowing conversion details. And as much as the EU tries to force people in Europe to accept universal metrication, I don't see it happening because if people feel comfortable using one form in one area of their life, no EU directive or national law is going to change it. FearÉIREANN 01:49 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I very much doubt it will happen. If anything Imperial is back in fashion in the UK and elsewhere, if nothing else to piss off the EU. Ireland officially metricated in the 1970s. Yet a proposal now to change roadsigns to km from miles has met with widespread opposition. RTÉ has stopped just using km on news bulletins because of complaints from viewers who kept saying 'stop using measurements we don't use'. It is illegal to sell food in lbs yet a packet of stuff I opened gave metric & imperial. (I cooked tonight using metric, but cook christmas cakes using imperial, and that is from a recipe I got in a book only 4 years ago!) The use of metric is seen as the eurification of Ireland, UK etc and while there is a significant minority in favour of greater European integration, there is a larger minority increasingly hostile to Europe, as shown in tiny turnouts in European Parliamentary elections, the voting down of the Nice Treaty first time around, the growing opposition to the adoption of the Euro in the UK.

Today (well yesterday, as it is 3.22am here) Ireland had the largest single monthly increase in unemployment in 16 years and in the last 12 months has witnessed the almost complete collapse of the previously rampant Celtic Tiger. Both of those are being openly blamed by the public, politicians and most economists on the euro and Europe. So if metric is seen as European, it is the kiss of death for it with many people. So don't throw away your instruments. The best fans of metric can hope for is that it has practical parity in Britain and Ireland with imperial measurements. In reality, things European are losing not gaining popularity. If after 30 years of official metrification, with it illegal to sell goods in imperial, millions of people are still using imperial measurements, young as well as old, imperial has a long long way to go before it is confined to the history books. (BTW just remembered: I weighted myself last week at a weighing scales in a chemists in the city centre. I got my weight in stones and pounds. I asked why the electronic machine didn't do metric. The chemist said when they tried that everyone (young and old) demanded to know their weight in real (ie imperial) measurements, not what a lot called "'Mickey Mouse" metric. He was so fed up of the grief he programmed it just to do imperial and had no complaints from anyone except the police who said it was technically illegal, but not to worry because they wouldn't have a clue, nor did they want to have a clue, what their metric weight was!) FearÉIREANN 02:40 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Even here in Australia you will more often than not find babies' weights quoted in real money, i.e. lbs. and oz., simply to make sense to people who only relate to the context that way. And talking of real money, Australian/Fijian/NZ coins in many denominations are still the same size as the British originals, whereas by now Britain has changed many of them. PML.

A user account for you is set up on larousse; info on its way by e-mail. --Brion 02:19 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I wouldn't worry about all that post-modernist rubbish. As a historian one thing I have learned is that things simply don't change that much. Everything ebbs and flows but basically remains the same. Religion becomes the craze for a few decades, then everyone abandons it. Then becomes a craze again. Nationalism and a sense of nationality rises and falls. We panic over 'crime waves', oblivious to the fact that the same thing happened a generation or two before, except perhaps hadn't a tabloid press to hype it up. Nationalism as in a sense of national identity is on the rise again. It will decline in a decade or two, then rise again, then fall again etc etc. Each generation thinks its world is either the best ever or on the brink of collapse. People look back on a golden age that is a figment of their imagination. We look back on the 'non-violent' days of the a couple of decades ago. People in the 1950s looked back on the 1930s as the good old days and thought their era embodied the collapse of civilisation! In the 1930s they looked back on the early 1900s as the good times, the 1930s as the end of civilisation! In the 1900s they looked back on the 1870s, etc etc. Usually each generation looks back about 30 years, usually far enough to their parents' childhood, when only the good bits are remembered. (An Irish Times editorial from 1928, for example, complained about a rise in VD, drinking by women, all night dances and how older people know about the complete collapse in morality and influence of religion. The 1920s!!! Nowadays we see the 1920s as one of the most conformist eras in Irish history, where religion was at its most powerful, but to people then, it was an era of social collapse and they dreamt of the good ol' days of the 1890s!)

In Europe it is natural that nationalism is on the rise. The 1930s and 1940s discredited nationalism, so those people growing up then became anti-nationalistic. So in Europe, ideas of European integration were pushed by the Schumann/Heath/Gisgard D'Estaing/Mitterrand/Kohl/FitzGerald generation formed in the 1930s when nationalism became a dirty word. The current generation of leaders and voters don't have that baggage and provided nationalism is not used to extremes, it simply acts as a bonding exercise. Hence that 1970s generations of leaders enthusiastically championed metric - a multinational new shared European ideal. Modern day Europeans (well, most of them) don't see it that way. Some do, a lot have the attitude of 'if I am using another system, why bother trying to force me to change?' Others see things like imperial, like the pound sterling as their badge of identity, hence the rise in opposition to replacing sterling with the euro in the UK. It is simply society establishing an equilibrium between embracing something new and being attached to something old.

(Hence the sudden rise in the use of Latin in the Roman Catholic Church, with even the pope in his own private chapel opting for the old Tridentine Mass rather than the Novus Ordo Missae) Society simply ebbs and flows between chance and conservation, new and old, reform and retrenchment. Old and tradition is the new 'new'. Ultimately the twin rival dreams or nightmares (society is facing an abyss, everything is going wrong, things have never been this bad, or we are facing a bright new age, everything is changing for the better) are illusions. While some things change, history goes in cycles and where we think we see dramatic change it is simply that we are deluded into imagining that we haven't been here before, albeit with some changes. So you had the fall of the Bourbons, the French Revolution, the return of the Bourbons, etc. FDR to Reagan, with another FDR coming at some stage, nationalism in Europe, internationalism, back to a somewhat different form of nationalism; the 'naughty (18)90s, imperial 1900s, all change 1920s and 1930s, retrenchment 1950s, all change 1960s, 1970s, retrenchment late 20th century/early 21st century, etc etc etc etc. The idea that society is on the road to hell, or on the road to heaven, are both constantly repeated myths. Every era changes bits about itself, role of women, system of governance, attitude to minorities, sexual attitudes, public and private ethics, but while these may change, society as a whole simply keeps ebbing and flowing, with some people seeing all bad, some seeing all good, and both being wrong because they don't know their history, the fact that like a good or bad case of deja vu we simply repeat things over and over, with each generation not knowing that their parents or grandparents went through something similar back in what we delude ourselves into believing was our good ol' days.

Here endeth the lesson. :-) FearÉIREANN 04:06 5 Jul 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Tim Starling/Archive 2


text:
Talk:Optical time-domain reflectometer

Removed the external link to a commercial webpage of only one specific OTDR supplier (Glasvezelspecialist (talk) 10:06, 23 July 2015 (UTC))

Removed since the source is Federal Standard 1037C, which is mentionned. Ceroklis 05:15, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

One wonders why this article is still listed as not citing its sources, when the source is right there at the bottom.Mschamis

title: Talk:Optical time-domain reflectometer


text:
Talk:La Union

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"highly literate"? I don't see any citation... Zer0n888 (talk) 17:23, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

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Talk:Ilocos Sur

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“The Ilocos Heritage”
At last, Ilocos, has the most colorful encyclopedia of its past and future: (the 27th book written by Visitacion de la Torre), the Ilocano legacy and the life of the Ilocano – are described as - "the browbeaten, industrious, cheerful, simple soul who has shown a remarkable strain of bravery and a bit of wanderlust." The Ilocano history reveals his struggles and victories – in battles for colonial independence from Spain and America, to Philippine leadership. The new Ilocano searched for greener pastures towards new lands local and foreign - Palawan, Mindanao, Hawaii, the United States and Greece. The Ilocano material culture and spirituality can be seen in the past - images of Spanish santo (saints), antique but intricate wooden furniture and quality local fiber. The native Ilocano is a weaver, wood carver and pottery expert. The Ilocano cuisine – ranges from the exotic "abu-os" (ant eggs) to vegetable broth "dinengdeng," the sticky "tinubong" to the "puki-puki" (eggplant salad). Ilocandia is filled with colonial churches, the legacy of Spanish Catholicism.newsinfo.inquirer.net, The rich treasures of Ilocandia. I added this, so that this bare article will be expanded, hopefully to featured or good article.--Florentino floro (talk) 05:16, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

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Talk:Ilocos Norte

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Only windmills in Philippines
It consists of 15 wind turbines, totaling 24.75 megawatts. Annual energy production is estimated to be about 74.48 gigawatt hours. The project sponsor is a local private company, NorthWind Power Development Corporation. It currently supplies 40% of the energy requirement of Ilocos Norte. The Philippine National Oil Company-Energy Development Corp. announced plans to build a 140-megawatt wind power plant in Ilocos Norte, with 4 phases, composed of three 40- megawatt wind power-generating facilities and one 20-megawatt facility in Burgos and Pagudpud. UPC Asia Wind, of UPC Group, is looking at putting up a wind power-generating facility with at least 100 megawatts in Pagudpud. Energy Logics Philippines, Inc. is also looking at a 100 to 120-megawatt wind power facility in Pasuquin/Burgos. The National Transmission Corporation, or TransCo, is rehabilitating and expanding the province’s transmission lines to 230-kilovolt capacity from the current 115 KV, at a cost of P 2 billion.GMA NEWS.TV, More wind energy projects planned in Ilocos Norte --Florentino floro (talk) 09:35, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

“The Ilocos Heritage”
At last, Ilocos, has the most colorful encyclopedia of its past and future: (the 27th book written by Visitacion de la Torre), the Ilocano legacy and the life of the Ilocano – are described as - "the browbeaten, industrious, cheerful, simple soul who has shown a remarkable strain of bravery and a bit of wanderlust." The Ilocano history reveals his struggles and victories – in battles for colonial independence from Spain and America, to Philippine leadership. The new Ilocano searched for greener pastures towards new lands local and foreign - Palawan, Mindanao, Hawaii, the United States and Greece. The Ilocano material culture and spirituality can be seen in the past - images of Spanish santo (saints), antique but intricate wooden furniture and quality local fiber. The native Ilocano is a weaver, wood carver and pottery expert. The Ilocano cuisine – ranges from the exotic "abu-os" (ant eggs) to vegetable broth "dinengdeng," the sticky "tinubong" to the "puki-puki" (eggplant salad). Ilocandia is filled with colonial churches, the legacy of Spanish Catholicism.newsinfo.inquirer.net, The rich treasures of Ilocandia. I added this, so that this bare article will be expanded, hopefully to featured or good article.--Florentino floro (talk) 05:17, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

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Marcos
Obviously, he was and still is extremely well known for being a dictator, and any content related to him should not attempt to whitewash these facts. Thanks 124.106.141.35 (talk) 15:51, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

Still neutral
It's like calling out the Braunau am Inn for its seeming biasedness due to it being mentioned as the birthplace of Adolf Hitler. It is as neutral as it gets. Leave it as it is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Choy4311 (talk • contribs) 03:49, November 11, 2021 (UTC)

 * First of all, that's a false equivalence, since a province is much bigger than an inn. Second, the province is significant for a great many other things, and not just as the birthplace of any one individual. So either we remove the undue emphasis, or recognize those other things which Ilocos Norte is noted for. Since you want to keep that segment, I've gone and added some of the more notable other things about Ilocos Norte.  What remains is to add citations for all those things, and maybe to add a brief paragraph about the history and economy of the province. - Batongmalake (talk) 07:25, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ilocos Norte


text:
Francesco Maria Guazzo

Francesco Maria Guazzo, aka Guaccio, aka Guaccius (1570 –16??) was an Italian priest. He is most well known for authoring the Compendium Maleficarum.

Life and work
He was a member of one of the oldest of the Catholic Ambrosian orders. These religious brotherhoods had appeared at various times since the 14th Century in and around the city of Milan and were quite plentiful, but the only one to attain more than simply local importance was the ‘Fratres Sancti Ambrosii ad Nemus’ sometimes known as 'The Brethren of the Grove'.

Before 1441 there were various monasteries that were canonically recognized under the name ‘Fratres Sancti Ambrosii ad Nemus’ but there was little link between them. However, in 1441 Pope Eugene IV merged them into one congregation called ‘Congregatio Sancti Ambrosii ad Nemus’ of which Francesco Maria Guazzo was a member under the papacy of Pope Sixtus V and Pope Paul V.

Guazzo was highly regarded in the field of possessions and demonology and the cures thereof.

During his life he is credited with performing several exorcisms including to members of several ducal and princely families, notably the bewitched Cardinal Charles of Lorraine and his relative, Eric, Bishop of Verdun.

On another occasion Guazzo was called to Düsseldorf in order to exorcise the mad John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1562–1609). Guazzo first diagnosed possession, but after five months of unsuccessful attempts at spiritual healing and in the summer of 1604, the diagnosis was changed to bewitchment as the cause of the poor Duke’s mental illness. Guazzo had been sent to Düsseldorf by Duke Charles III of Lorraine (a family with which he had a long running association, having exorcised the Cardinal, Charles of Lorraine) on behalf of his daughter Antoinette (1569–1610), Duke Johann Wilhelm’s wife.

It was these direct experiences that inspired Guazzo to write his Compendium Maleficarum which was published in 1608 and was widely regarded among his contemporaries as the authoritative manuscript on Witchcraft. Within his text, Guazzo discusses witches’ pacts with the devil, detailed descriptions of witches’ powers and poisons and also prepared his classification of the demons based on a previous work by Michael Psellus.

In this work, Guazzo was greatly influenced by Duke Charles III of Lorraine’s leading lawyer and demonologist, Nicholas Remy (Remy produced one of the most important early works on demonology and witchcraft in 1595, Daemonolatreiae libri tres, and claimed to have sentenced to death over 900 people during witch trials between 1582–1592).

Major works

 * Compendium Maleficarum (1628; new edition London 1929, republished 2004 by Book Tree), limited preview online

title: Francesco Maria Guazzo


text:
Prony equation

The Prony equation (named after Gaspard de Prony) is a historically important equation in hydraulics, used to calculate the head loss due to friction within a given run of pipe. It is an empirical equation developed by Frenchman Gaspard de Prony in the 19th century:

 * $$h_f = \frac{L}{D} (aV + bV^2)$$

where hf is the head loss due to friction, calculated from: the ratio of the length to diameter of the pipe L/D, the velocity of the flow V, and two empirical factors a and b to account for friction.

This equation has been supplanted in modern hydraulics by the Darcy–Weisbach equation, which used it as a starting point.

title: Prony equation


text:
Shedim

Shedim (שֵׁדִים; singular: שֵׁד Sheyd) are spirits or demons in the Tanakh and Jewish mythology. Shedim do not, however, correspond exactly to the modern conception of demons as evil entities as originated in Christianity. While evil spirits were thought to be the cause of maladies, shedim differed conceptually from evil spirits. Shedim were not considered as evil demigods, but the gods of foreigners, and were envisaged as evil only in the sense that they were not God.

They appear only twice (and in both instances in the plural) in the Tanakh, at Psalm 106:37 and Deuteronomy 32:17. In both instances, the text deals with child sacrifice or animal sacrifice. Although the word is traditionally derived from the root (שוד shûd) that conveys the meaning of "acting with violence" or "laying waste," it was possibly a loan-word from Akkadian in which the word shedu referred to a spirit which could be either protective or malevolent. With the translation of Hebrew texts into Greek, under the influence of Zoroastrian dualism, the term shedim was translated into Greek as daimonia with implicit connotations of negativity. Later, in Judeo-Islamic culture, shedim became the Hebrew word for Jinn conveying the morally ambivalent attitude of these beings.

Origin
According to one legend, the shedim are the descendants of serpents, or of demons in serpent form, in allusion to the story of the serpent in Eden, as related in Genesis. A second view is that they are the offspring of Lilith, from her union with Adam or other men, while a third says that God created them on the sixth day, starting to fashion their bodies but failing to complete the work because he was obliged to rest on the Sabbath. Even after the Sabbath, he left them as they were, in order to show that, when the Sabbath comes, all work still unfinished at the beginning of the Sabbath must afterward be viewed as complete. As a result, the shedim have souls like those of humans, but lack the bodies to contain them. Yet a fourth conception was that the shedim had their origins among the builders of the Tower of Babel - these being divided by their motivations into three groups, of which the third and worst comprised those who sought actively to wage war against God and were punished for their sacrilegious hubris by transformation into the shedim. Finally, the Zohar describes them as offspring of the demons Azazel and Naamah.

Biblical and rabbinical texts depict shedim as demonic entities, with references such as Deuteronomy 32:17 and Psalm 106:37 suggesting sacrifices to these beings, including human sacrifices like the firstborn. However, the extent and details of such practices in ancient Israel remain a subject of debate among scholars. Hurwitz's work, citing archaeological finds and the existing rite of 'pidjon ha’ben,' supports the notion of such sacrifices, especially in the archaic period.

Traits
The Talmud describes the shedim as possessing some traits of angels, and some traits of humans: "In three ways, they are like ministering angels: They have wings like ministering angels; and they fly from one end of the world to the other like ministering angels; and they know what will be in the future like ministering angels. And in three ways, they are similar to humans: They eat and drink like humans; they multiply like humans; and they die like humans."

- Babylonian Talmud Hagigah 16a

According to Rashi, shedim, like lillin but unlike ruchos, have human form, although no human body. They eat and drink as humans do.

They can cause sickness and misfortune, follow the dead and fly around graves.

There are many things that one is admonished not to do in order to avoid invoking the shedim, such as whistling or even saying the word "shedim". The 12th century mystic Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg wrote in his will and testament that one should not seal up windows completely because it traps shedim in the house.

The shedim are not always seen as malicious creatures and are also considered to be helpful to humans. They are said to be even able to live according to the Torah, like Asmodeus.

Conjuring shedim is not necessarily forbidden, depending on whether the theologian discussing the topic views such summoning to constitute sorcery. Even if summoning shedim is an act of sorcery and thus forbidden, consulting shedim conjured by a non-Jew would be permissible.

Appearance
In early midrashim shedim are corporeal beings. If they take on human forms, their feet would remain that of a rooster. To see if the shedim were present, ashes were thrown to the ground or floor, which rendered their footsteps visible. In later Judaism, these entities developed into more abstract beings.

Shedim can shapeshift, sometimes assuming a human form, the Talmud telling of the sheyd Asmodeus assuming King Solomon's form and actually ruling in his place for a time, although he had to take care never to be seen barefoot, because he could not disguise his clawed feet.

In the Zohar: "The Shekhinah hid Esther from Ahasuerus and gave him a Shedah [a she-devil] instead while she returned to Mordechai's arms. [...] This is why a man must speak with his wife before he mates with her, because she might have been exchanged with a female demon."

title: Shedim


text:
Empirical relationship

In science, an empirical relationship or phenomenological relationship is a relationship or correlation that is supported by experiment or observation but not necessarily supported by theory.

Analytical solutions without a theory
An empirical relationship is supported by confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis such as first principles. Sometimes theoretical explanations for what were initially empirical relationships are found, in which case the relationships are no longer considered empirical. An example was the Rydberg formula to predict the wavelengths of hydrogen spectral lines. Proposed in 1876, it perfectly predicted the wavelengths of the Lyman series, but lacked a theoretical basis until Niels Bohr produced his Bohr model of the atom in 1925.

On occasion, what was thought to be an empirical factor is later deemed to be a fundamental physical constant.

Approximations
Some empirical relationships are merely approximations, often equivalent to the first few terms of the Taylor series of an analytical solution describing a phenomenon. Other relationships only hold under certain specific conditions, reducing them to special cases of more general relationship. Some approximations, in particular phenomenological models, may even contradict theory; they are employed because they are more mathematically tractable than some theories, and are able to yield results.

title: Empirical relationship


text:
Jacques Collin de Plancy

Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy (28 January 1793 in Plancy-l'Abbaye – 1881 in Paris) was a French occultist, demonologist and writer. He published several works on occultism and demonology.

Biography
He was born Jacques Albin Simon Collin on 28 (in some sources 30) January 1793 in Plancy (presently Plancy-l'Abbaye), the son of Edme-Aubin Collin and Marie-Anne Danton, the sister of Georges-Jacques Danton who was executed the year after Jacques was born. He later added the aristocratic de Plancy himself – an addition which later caused accusations against his son in his career as a diplomat. He was a free-thinker influenced by Voltaire. He worked as a printer and publisher in Plancy-l'Abbaye and Paris. Between 1830 and 1837, he resided in Brussels, and then in the Netherlands, before he returned to France after having converted to the Catholic religion.

Collin de Plancy followed the tradition of many previous demonologists of cataloguing demons by name and title of nobility, as it happened with grimoires like Pseudomonarchia Daemonum and The Lesser Key of Solomon. In 1818, his best known work, Dictionnaire Infernal, was published. In 1863, some images were added that made it famous: imaginative drawings concerning the appearance of certain demons. In 1822, it was advertised as:

 * "Anecdotes of the nineteenth new century or historiettes, recent anecdotes, features and words little known, singular adventures, various quotations, bringings together and curious parts, to be used for the history of customs and the spirit of the century when we live compared with the last centuries."

It is considered a major work documenting beings, characters, books, deeds and causes which pertain to the manifestations and magic of trafficking with Hell; divinations, occult sciences, grimoires, marvels, errors, prejudices, traditions, folktales, the various superstitions, and generally all manner of marvellous, surprising, mysterious, and supernatural beliefs.

By the end of 1830, he ostensibly became an enthusiastic Catholic, much to the confusion of his former admirers and detractors. In 1846, he published a two-volume work entitled Dictionnaire Sciences Occultes et des Idées superstitieuses, another listing of demons. The set cost 16 francs.

Jacques Collin de Plancy was the father of Victor Collin de Plancy (1853–1924), who, for nearly a decade, starting in 1884, was French Minister to Korea and whose collected art works and books became part of the core of the Korean collections of the French Bibliothèque Nationale and the Musée Guimet in Paris.

title: Jacques Collin de Plancy


text:
Allan Cunningham (botanist)

Allan Cunningham (13 July 1791 – 27 June 1839) was an English botanist and explorer, primarily known for his expeditions into uncolonised areas of eastern Australia to collect plants and report on the suitability of the land for grazing purposes.

Early life
Cunningham was born in Wimbledon, London, England, the son of Allan Cunningham (head gardener at Wimbledon Park House), who came from Renfrewshire, Scotland, and his English wife Sarah (née Juson/Jewson née Dicken). Allan Cunningham was educated at a Putney private school, Reverend John Adams Academy and then went into a solicitor's office (a Lincoln's Inn Conveyancer). He afterwards obtained a position with William Townsend Aiton superintendent of Kew Gardens, and this brought him in touch with Robert Brown and Joseph Banks.

Brazil
On Banks' recommendation, Cunningham went to Brazil with James Bowie between 1814 and 1816 collecting specimens for Kew Gardens. Banks later wrote the Cunningham's collections of orchids and bulbs from this part of South America contributed much honour to the Royal Gardens.

New South Wales
He was soon ordered to the colony of New South Wales and on 28 September 1816 he sailed for Sydney where he arrived on 20 December 1816. He established himself at Parramatta.

Botanist on Oxley's 1817 expedition
Cunningham joined John Oxley's 1817 expedition beyond the Blue Mountains to the Lachlan and Macquarie rivers and shared in the privations of the 1,200 miles (1,930 km) journey. He collected specimens of about 450 species and gained valuable experience as an explorer. Cunningham named the species Acacia pendula and Eucalyptus dumosa during this expedition.

Botanist on P.P. King's 1817-1822 circumnavigation voyages
Cunningham traveled as the ship's botanist aboard HMS Mermaid under Phillip Parker King from 1817 to 1820. The Mermaid was of only 85 tons, but sailing on 22 December 1817 they reached King George Sound on 21 January 1818. Though their stay was short many specimens were found but the islands on the west coast were comparatively barren. Towards the end of March the Goulburn Islands on the north coast were reached and many new plants were discovered. They reached Timor on 4 June 1818 and, turning for home, arrived at Port Jackson on 29 July 1818. Cunningham's collections during this voyage included about 300 species.

Shortly after his return, Cunningham made an excursion south from Sydney, ascending the prominent peak of Mount Keira overlooking the Illawarra region and present day Wollongong. Towards the end of the year he made a voyage to Tasmania arriving at Hobart on 2 January 1819. He next visited Launceston and though often finding the botany interesting, he found little that was absolutely new, as Brown had preceded him. In May he went with King in the Mermaid on a second voyage to the north and north-west coasts. On this occasion they started up the east coast and Cunningham found many opportunities for adding to his collections. One of these was after the ship reached the mouth of the Endeavour River (the site of modern Cooktown) on 28 June 1819.

The circumnavigation of Australia was completed on 27 August when they reached Vernon Island in Clarence Strait. They again visited Timor and arrived back in Sydney on 12 January 1820. The third voyage to the north coast with King began on 15 June, but meeting bad weather the bowsprit was lost and a return was made for repairs. Sailing again on 13 July 1820 the northerly course was followed and eventually the continent was circumnavigated. Though they found the little vessel was in a bad state when they were on the north-west coast, and though serious danger was escaped until they were close to home, they were nearly wrecked off Botany Bay. The Mermaid was then condemned and the next voyage was on the Bathurst which was twice the size of the Mermaid. They left on 26 May 1821, the northern route was chosen, and when they were on the west coast of Australia it was found necessary to go to Mauritius to refit, where they arrived on 27 September 1821. They left after a stay of seven weeks and reached King George Sound on 24 December 1821. A sufficiently long stay was made for Cunningham to make an excellent collection of plants, and then turning on their tracks the Bathurst sailed up the west coast and round the north of Australia. Sydney was reached again on 25 April 1822. Cunningham provided a chapter on botany to King's Narrative of a Survey.

1823 exploration for a pass over the Liverpool Range
In September 1822 Cunningham went on an expedition over the Blue Mountains and arrived at Bathurst on 14 October 1822 and returned to Parramatta in January 1823. His account of about 100 plants met with will be found in Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales, edited by Barron Field, 1825, under the title "A Specimen of the Indigenous Botany ... between Port Jackson and Bathurst".

Cunningham soon became more interested in expeditions of discovery than botany and in 1823 he set out from Bathurst to explore inside the Great Dividing Range. With five men and five horses, he journeyed north from Bathurst, along the Cudgegong River, passing through what is now Rylstone and Coolah and then eastwards looking for a pass through the Liverpool Range. Unable to find one, he returned west through what is now Merriwa and then north to the base of the ranges there. On 7 June, after some difficult climbing, he came across a gap in the mountains which he named Pandora's Pass, which he thought would allow for a practicable road to the Liverpool Plains. This pass was soon superseded however by more accessible passes found to the east. He returned to Bathurst through an undeveloped Mudgee on 27 June 1823.

Cunningham also undertook an expedition to what is now Canberra in 1824. He travelled with three convicts, three horses and a cart and he travelled via Lake Bathurst, Captains Flat and the valley in which flows the Queanbeyan River. Poor weather prevented him from continuing his journey south.

Voyage to Moreton Bay in 1824
In September 1824 Cunningham accompanied John Oxley on his second expedition to Moreton Bay and explored up the Brisbane River.

Voyage to New Zealand in 1826
Cunningham had long wished to visit New Zealand and on 28 August 1826 he was able to sail on a whaler. He was hospitably received by the missionaries in the Bay of Islands, was able to do much botanical work, and returned to Sydney on 20 January 1827. Accounts of his work in New Zealand will be found in Hooker's Companion to the Botanical Magazine, 1836, and Annals of Natural History, 1838 and 1839.

1827 exploration of discovery to the Darling Downs
In probably his most famous expedition, Cunningham set out to explore the area to the west of Moreton Bay in 1827, crossing to the west of the Great Dividing Range from the Hunter Valley and travelling north. On this journey, Cunningham named many geographical landmarks including the Dumaresq River, Macintyre River, Condamine River, the Darling Downs, Mount Dumaresq and the Burrell or Gwydir River. He wrote in his diary that the lush grassland plains on the Darling Downs were ideal for livestock grazing. Exploring around Mount Dumaresq, Cunningham found a pass, now known as Cunninghams Gap.

Further exploration of the Moreton Bay region
Cunningham returned to the Moreton Bay penal colony in 1828, setting off from Brisbane with Patrick Logan, Charles Fraser and five men to find Mount Warning and to establish the route to Cunningham's Gap which he did, on 24 July. The peaks on either side of the gap were also named, Mount Cordeaux and Mount Mitchell. After exploring the McPherson Range area, Cunningham travelled on the south side of the Gap whereas the highway today runs further north, through the gap, from the small township of Aratula. Spicer's Gap which runs parallel to Cunningham's Gap was actually the pass first identified by Cunningham in 1827. After its rediscovery in 1847, Spicer's Gap was used as a stagecoach route. In 1829, Cunningham explored the Brisbane River.

Contributions to botany
Australia's most prolific plant collector of the early nineteenth century, Cunningham had been sent to Australia to expand the collection at the King' Garden at Kew and he was given the title of "King's Collector for the Royal Garden at Kew". He was so successful that a hothouse built for specimens from Africa was renamed "Botany Bay House". Although his main role was to collect propagation material, his lasting legacy are his herbarium sheets which are thought by his biographer, Anthony Orchard, to exceed 20,000.

It is often thought that Cunningham published few papers on botany and in his obituary, John Lindley wrote, "How little he regarded posthumous fame is seen by the fewness of his published works, a brief sketch of the Flora of New Zealand being the only systematic account of his Botanical discoveries...". In fact, although he was effectively barred from publishing on botany whilst employed as "King's Collector", he nevertheless later published seven major papers, and 57 shorter papers on subjects including taxonomy, geology, physical geography and zoology. He was one of the first scientists to publish papers on botanical geography.

Cunningham was concerned that many of his discoveries sent to Kew were not published, allowing others, including William Baxter to be credited with their discovery. (Baxter had risked arrest and a possible flogging for undermining Cunningham's work by sending specimens to commercial interests.) When Cunningham returned to London, he sent duplicates of his herbarium specimens to other botanists, including de Candolle, Schauer, William Jackson Hooker, Bentham, Lindley and others, who published his descriptions with acknowledgement to "A.Cunn.".

Later life
In 1831, Cunningham returned to England, but went back to Australia in 1837 on board Norfolk as government botanist, resigning the following year on finding that he was required to grow vegetables for government officials. On 27 June 1839, he died of consumption in Sydney, and was buried in the Devonshire Street Cemetery. In 1901, his remains were "reverently removed" and re-interred in an obelisk within the Royal Botanic Garden in Sydney.

Legacy
Some of Australia's plants: Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (Bangalow palm), Banksia cunninghamii, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (jigal), Casuarina cunninghamiana (river sheoak), Centipeda cunninghamii (old man weed), Ficus cunninghamii, Medicosma cunninghamii (bone wood), Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle tree, Tasmania), Pennantia cunninghamii (brown beech), and Polyosma cunninghamii (rainforest featherwood) commemorate Allan and his brother Richard, a botanist. The Cunningham Highway is named in honour of Allan. The genus Alania was created by Endlicher in Cunningham's honour. Robert Brown named the conifer genus Cunninghamia after both Allan Cunningham and Dr. James Cunningham, a British doctor who introduced the trees into cultivation in 1702.

A species of Australian lizard, Egernia cunninghami, is named in honour of Allan Cunningham.

The Australian federal seat of Cunningham, which stretches from Port Kembla in the south of Wollongong to Heathcote in southern Sydney, was named after him in honour of his being the first European explorer to visit the Illawarra region.

The locality of Allan, Queensland was named after him.

title: Allan Cunningham (botanist)


text:
Timeline of aviation

This is a timeline of aviation history, and a list of more detailed aviation timelines. The texts in the diagram are clickable links to articles.

Timeline

 * Timeline of aviation before the 18th century
 * Timeline of aviation – 18th century
 * Timeline of aviation – 19th century
 * Timeline of aviation – 20th century

By decade

 * 1900s: 1900 – 1901 – 1902 – 1903 – 1904 – 1905 – 1906 – 1907 – 1908 – 1909
 * 1910s: 1910 – 1911 – 1912 – 1913 – 1914 – 1915 – 1916 – 1917 – 1918 – 1919
 * 1920s: 1920 – 1921 – 1922 – 1923 – 1924 – 1925 – 1926 – 1927 – 1928 – 1929
 * 1930s: 1930 – 1931 – 1932 – 1933 – 1934 – 1935 – 1936 – 1937 – 1938 – 1939
 * 1940s: 1940 – 1941 – 1942 – 1943 – 1944 – 1945 – 1946 – 1947 – 1948 – 1949
 * 1950s: 1950 – 1951 – 1952 – 1953 – 1954 – 1955 – 1956 – 1957 – 1958 – 1959
 * 1960s: 1960 – 1961 – 1962 – 1963 – 1964 – 1965 – 1966 – 1967 – 1968 – 1969
 * 1970s: 1970 – 1971 – 1972 – 1973 – 1974 – 1975 – 1976 – 1977 – 1978 – 1979
 * 1980s: 1980 – 1981 – 1982 – 1983 – 1984 – 1985 – 1986 – 1987 – 1988 – 1989
 * 1990s: 1990 – 1991 – 1992 – 1993 – 1994 – 1995 – 1996 – 1997 – 1998 – 1999
 * 2000s: 2000 – 2001 – 2002 – 2003 – 2004 – 2005 – 2006 – 2007 – 2008 – 2009
 * 2010s: 2010 – 2011 – 2012 – 2013 – 2014 – 2015 – 2016 – 2017 – 2018 – 2019
 * 2020s: 2020 – 2021 - 2022 - 2023 - 2024

title: Timeline of aviation


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Formal verification

In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification is a key incentive for formal specification of systems, and is at the core of formal methods. It represents an important dimension of analysis and verification in electronic design automation and is one approach to software verification. The use of formal verification enables the highest Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL7) in the framework of common criteria for computer security certification.

Formal verification can be helpful in proving the correctness of systems such as: cryptographic protocols, combinational circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and software expressed as source code in a programming language. Prominent examples of verified software systems include the CompCert verified C compiler and the seL4 high-assurance operating system kernel.

The verification of these systems is done by ensuring the existence of a formal proof of a mathematical model of the system. Examples of mathematical objects used to model systems are: finite-state machines, labelled transition systems, Horn clauses, Petri nets, vector addition systems, timed automata, hybrid automata, process algebra, formal semantics of programming languages such as operational semantics, denotational semantics, axiomatic semantics and Hoare logic.

Approaches
One approach and formation is model checking, which consists of a systematically exhaustive exploration of the mathematical model (this is possible for finite models, but also for some infinite models where infinite sets of states can be effectively represented finitely by using abstraction or taking advantage of symmetry). Usually, this consists of exploring all states and transitions in the model, by using smart and domain-specific abstraction techniques to consider whole groups of states in a single operation and reduce computing time. Implementation techniques include state space enumeration, symbolic state space enumeration, abstract interpretation, symbolic simulation, abstraction refinement. The properties to be verified are often described in temporal logics, such as linear temporal logic (LTL), Property Specification Language (PSL), SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA), or computational tree logic (CTL). The great advantage of model checking is that it is often fully automatic; its primary disadvantage is that it does not in general scale to large systems; symbolic models are typically limited to a few hundred bits of state, while explicit state enumeration requires the state space being explored to be relatively small.

Another approach is deductive verification. It consists of generating from the system and its specifications (and possibly other annotations) a collection of mathematical proof obligations, the truth of which imply conformance of the system to its specification, and discharging these obligations using either proof assistants (interactive theorem provers) (such as HOL, ACL2, Isabelle, Coq or PVS), or automatic theorem provers, including in particular satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers. This approach has the disadvantage that it may require the user to understand in detail why the system works correctly, and to convey this information to the verification system, either in the form of a sequence of theorems to be proved or in the form of specifications (invariants, preconditions, postconditions) of system components (e.g. functions or procedures) and perhaps subcomponents (such as loops or data structures).

Software
Formal verification of software programs involves proving that a program satisfies a formal specification of its behavior. Subareas of formal verification include deductive verification (see above), abstract interpretation, automated theorem proving, type systems, and lightweight formal methods. A promising type-based verification approach is dependently typed programming, in which the types of functions include (at least part of) those functions' specifications, and type-checking the code establishes its correctness against those specifications. Fully featured dependently typed languages support deductive verification as a special case.

Another complementary approach is program derivation, in which efficient code is produced from functional specifications by a series of correctness-preserving steps. An example of this approach is the Bird–Meertens formalism, and this approach can be seen as another form of correctness by construction.

These techniques can be sound, meaning that the verified properties can be logically deduced from the semantics, or unsound, meaning that there is no such guarantee. A sound technique yields a result only once it has covered the entire space of possibilities. An example of an unsound technique is one that covers only a subset of the possibilities, for instance only integers up to a certain number, and give a "good-enough" result. Techniques can also be decidable, meaning that their algorithmic implementations are guaranteed to terminate with an answer, or undecidable, meaning that they may never terminate. By bounding the scope of possibilities, unsound techniques that are decidable might be able to be constructed when no decidable sound techniques are available.

Verification and validation
Verification is one aspect of testing a product's fitness for purpose. Validation is the complementary aspect. Often one refers to the overall checking process as V & V.

 * Validation: "Are we trying to make the right thing?", i.e., is the product specified to the user's actual needs?
 * Verification: "Have we made what we were trying to make?", i.e., does the product conform to the specifications?

The verification process consists of static/structural and dynamic/behavioral aspects. E.g., for a software product one can inspect the source code (static) and run against specific test cases (dynamic). Validation usually can be done only dynamically, i.e., the product is tested by putting it through typical and atypical usages ("Does it satisfactorily meet all use cases?").

Automated program repair
Program repair is performed with respect to an oracle, encompassing the desired functionality of the program which is used for validation of the generated fix. A simple example is a test-suite—the input/output pairs specify the functionality of the program. A variety of techniques are employed, most notably using satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers, and genetic programming, using evolutionary computing to generate and evaluate possible candidates for fixes. The former method is deterministic, while the latter is randomized.

Program repair combines techniques from formal verification and program synthesis. Fault-localization techniques in formal verification are used to compute program points which might be possible bug-locations, which can be targeted by the synthesis modules. Repair systems often focus on a small pre-defined class of bugs in order to reduce the search space. Industrial use is limited owing to the computational cost of existing techniques.

Industry use
The growth in complexity of designs increases the importance of formal verification techniques in the hardware industry. At present, formal verification is used by most or all leading hardware companies, but its use in the software industry is still languishing. This could be attributed to the greater need in the hardware industry, where errors have greater commercial significance. Because of the potential subtle interactions between components, it is increasingly difficult to exercise a realistic set of possibilities by simulation. Important aspects of hardware design are amenable to automated proof methods, making formal verification easier to introduce and more productive.

, several operating systems have been formally verified: NICTA's Secure Embedded L4 microkernel, sold commercially as seL4 by OK Labs; OSEK/VDX based real-time operating system ORIENTAIS by East China Normal University; Green Hills Software's Integrity operating system; and SYSGO's PikeOS. In 2016, a team led by Zhong Shao at Yale developed a formally verified operating system kernel called CertiKOS.

As of 2017, formal verification has been applied to the design of large computer networks through a mathematical model of the network, and as part of a new network technology category, intent-based networking. Network software vendors that offer formal verification solutions include Cisco Forward Networks and Veriflow Systems.

The SPARK programming language provides a toolset which enables software development with formal verification and is used in several high-integrity systems.

The CompCert C compiler is a formally verified C compiler implementing the majority of ISO C.

title: Formal verification


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Henry Darcy

Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy (10 June 1803 – 3 January 1858) was a French engineer who made several important contributions to hydraulics, including Darcy’s law for flow in porous media.

Early life
Darcy was born in Dijon, France, on June 10, 1803. His first given name is Henry; although the French spelling Henri appears in multiple sources such as necrological notices, Darcy used the Anglicized spelling.

Despite his father's death in 1817 when he was 14, his mother was able to borrow money to pay for his tutors. In 1821 he enrolled at the École Polytechnique (Polytechnic School) in Paris, and transferred two years later to the School of Bridges and Roads, which led to employment in the Corps of Bridges and Roads.

Darcy met an English woman, Henriette Carey, whose family had been living in Dijon, and married her in 1828.

Engineering career
As a member of the Corps, he built an adequate pressurized water distribution system in Dijon following the failure of attempts to supply adequate fresh water by drilling wells. The system carried water from Rosoir Spring 12.7 km away through a covered aqueduct (watercourse) to reservoirs near the city, which then fed into a network of 28,000 meters of pressurized pipes delivering water to much of the city. The system was fully closed and driven by gravity, and thus required no pumps with just sand acting as a filter. He was also involved in many other public works in and around Dijon, as well as in the politics of the Dijon city government.

During this period he modified the Prony equation for calculating head loss due to friction, which after further modification by Julius Weisbach would become the well-known Darcy–Weisbach equation still in use today.

In 1848 he became Chief Engineer for the département of which Dijon is the capital. Soon thereafter he left Dijon due to political pressure, but was promoted to Chief Director for Water and Pavements and took up office in Paris. While in that position, he was able to focus more on his hydraulics research, especially on flow and friction losses in pipes. During this period he improved the design of the Pitot tube, into essentially the form used today.

He resigned from his post in 1855 due to poor health but was permitted to continue his research in Dijon. In 1855 and 1856 he conducted experiments where water flowed through a column filled with sand that established what has become known as Darcy's law; initially developed to describe flow through sands, it has since been generalized to a variety of situations and is in widespread use today e.g. for calculating the resistance of any type of porous media flow. The unit of measure of material permeability, the darcy is named in his honour.

Darcy died of pneumonia while on a trip to Paris in 1858 and is buried in Cimetière de Dijon (formerly known as Péjoces) in Dijon.

Publications

title: Henry Darcy


text:
Flores Historiarum

The Flores Historiarum (Flowers of History) is the name of two different (though related) Latin chronicles by medieval English historians that were created in the 13th century, associated originally with the Abbey of St Albans.

Wendover's Flores Historiarum
The first Flores Historiarum was created by St Albans writer, Roger of Wendover, who carried his chronology from the Creation up to 1235, the year before his death. Roger claims in his preface to have selected "from the books of catholic writers worthy of credit, just as flowers of various colours are gathered from various fields." Hence he also called his work Flores Historiarum. However, like most chronicles, it is now valued not so much for what was culled from previous writers, as for its full and lively narrative of contemporary events from 1215 to 1235, including the signing of Magna Carta by King John at Runnymede.

The book has survived in one thirteenth-century manuscript in the Bodleian Library (MS Douce 207), a mutilated 14th-century copy in the British Library (Cotton MS Otho B V), and in the version adapted by Matthew Paris which forms the first part of his Chronica Majora (ed. Henry Richards Luard, Rolls Series, seven volumes).

The sources brought together in the Flores include Bede, Geoffrey of Monmouth, Sigebert of Gembloux, Florence of Worcester, Simeon of Durham, William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, Robert de Monte, William of Tyre, Ralph de Diceto, Benedictus Abbas, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph of Coggeshall (to 1194). A detailed list is given by Luard, who in his running text also marks up the apparent source of each section. From 1201 and through the reign of King John it draws on a source common between it and the Annales Sancti Edmundi later also used by John de Taxster, and also some annals added to the St. Albans copy of Diceto.

The date of creation of the earliest nucleus of the compilation has been disputed. The manuscript in the Bodleian Library, written out ca. 1300, contains a marginal note against the annal for 1188 that reads "up to here in Abbot John's chronicle book". Luard took this to mean that there had existed a core of the Flores going up to 1188, the creation of which had been supervised by John of Wallingford at some point during his tenure as abbot of St Albans between 1195 and 1214. On the other hand, 1188 is also when the first manuscript of Matthew Paris's Chronica Majora concludes, with the end of the reign of Henry II, so an alternative view is that this may have been the chronicle book referred to, which may have been in the possession of a later Abbot John at the turn of the 14th century when the manuscript was written out.

Considering the text itself, some of the earlier parts of the work draw heavily on the Historia scholastica (ca. 1173) of Petrus Comestor, a copy of which was not introduced into the monastery until John of Wallingford's abbacy. (Though Luard elsewhere notes some differences between the treatment of Comestor and that of some other writers). The work of Diceto, which is used throughout the Flores but especially after 1066, was also not copied for the Abbey until 1204. In its final form the annal for 1179 contains a reference to the Lateran Council of 1215, and Vaughan finds that all of the extant manuscripts ultimately descend from a common ancestral exemplar that can be no earlier than 1228. However, Vaughan does not rule out the possibility that there might have been some earlier compilation used by Wendover, and finds some evidence for such a compilation, extending perhaps to 1066.

Paris's Flores Historiarum, and its continuation
The second and more widely distributed Flores Historiarum runs from the creation to 1326 (although some of the earlier manuscripts end at 1306). It was compiled by various persons and quickly acquired contemporary popularity, for it was continued by many hands in many manuscript traditions. Among twenty surviving manuscripts are those compiled at St Benet Holme, Norfolk, continued at Tintern Abbey (Royal Mss 14.c.6); at Norwich (Cottonian Claudius E 8); Rochester (Cottonian Nero D 2); St Paul's, London (Lambeth Mss 1106); St Mary's, Southwark (Bodleian Library, Rawlinson Mss B 177); and at St Augustine's, Canterbury (Harley MS 641).

It was written originally at St Albans Abbey and later at Westminster Abbey. The earliest manuscript, the basis for all the various continuations, is conserved in Chetham's Library, Manchester. This manuscript was carried down to 1265, with brief notes and emendations in the hand of Matthew Paris. A continuation carried the chronicle down to 1306; the continuation from 1306 to 1325/26 was compiled at Westminster by Robert of Reading (d. 1325) and another Westminster monk.

The second Flores Historiarum was for many years attributed to a "Matthew of Westminster," who Henry Richards Luard demonstrated was actually Matthew Paris.

The Flores Historiarum is markedly opposed to Robert the Bruce. According to the chronicle, after Bruce had had himself crowned king of Scots in the spring of 1306, Lady Elisabeth Bruce tells her husband: "I reckon that you are a summer king; perhaps you won't be a winter one".

Editions

 * Wendover's Flores Historiarum
 * Henry Coxe (1841–44): vol 1, vol 2, vol 3, vol 4, Appendix
 * John Allen Giles (1849): vol 1, vol 2
 * Henry Gay Hewlett, for the Rolls series, (1886–89): vol 1, vol 2, vol 3

 * 13th–14th century Flores Historiarum
 * Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, from a single manuscript (1567).
 * Thomas Marsh, (1570): vol
 * C. D. Yonge (2 vols, London, 1853): vol 1 vol 2
 * Henry Richards Luard, for the Rolls series, (3 vols, London, 1890): vol 1, vol 2, vol 3

title: Flores Historiarum